cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Europa’s ridged plains and smooth low albedo plains: Distinctive compositions and compositional gradients at the leading side–trailing side boundary

Abstract This investigation uses linear mixture modeling employing cryogenic laboratory reference spectra to estimate surface compositions and water ice grain sizes of Europa’s ridged plains and smooth low albedo plains. Near-infrared spectra for 23 exposures of ridged plains materials are analyzed along with 11 spectra representing low albedo plains. Modeling indicates that these geologic units differ both in the relative abundance of non-ice hydrated species and in the abundance and grain sizes of water ice. The background ridged plains in our study area appear to consist predominantly of water ice (∼46%) with approximately equal amounts (on average) of hydrated sulfuric acid (∼27%) and hydrated salts (∼27%). The solutions for the smooth low albedo plains are dominated by hydrated salts (∼62%), with a relatively low mean abundance of water ice (∼10%), and an abundance of hydrated sulfuric acid similar to that found in ridged plains (∼27%). The model yields larger water ice grain sizes (100 μm versus 50–75 μm) in the ridged plains. The 1.5-μm water ice absorption band minimum is found at shorter wavelengths in the low albedo plains deposits than in the ridged plains (1.498 ± .003 μm versus 1.504 ± .001 μm). The 2.0-μm band minimum in the low albedo plains exhibits a somewhat larger blueshift (1.964 ± .006 μm versus 1.983 ± .006 μm for the ridged plains). The study area spans longitudes from 168° to 185°W, which includes Europa’s leading side–trailing side boundary. A well-defined spatial gradient of sulfuric acid hydrate abundance is found for both geologic units, with concentrations increasing in the direction of the trailing side apex. We associate this distribution with the exogenic effects of magnetospheric charged particle bombardment and associated chemical processing of surface materials (the radiolytic sulfur cycle). However, one family of low albedo plains exposures exhibits sulfuric acid hydrate abundances up to 33% lower than found for adjacent exposures, suggesting that these materials have undergone less processing, thus implying that these deposits may have been emplaced more recently. Modeling identifies high abundances (to 30%) of magnesium sulfate brines in the low albedo plains exposures. Our investigation marks the first spectroscopic identification of MgSO4 brine on Europa. We also find significantly higher abundances of sodium-bearing species (bloedite and mirabilite) in the low albedo plains. The results illuminate the role of radiolytic processes in modifying the surface composition of Europa, and may provide new constraints for models of the composition of Europa’s putative subsurface ocean.
Interpreting the folding kinetics of helical proteins.

The detailed mechanism of protein folding is one of the major problems in structural biology1,2. Its solution is of practical as well as fundamental interest because of its possible role in utilizing the many sequences becoming available from genomic analysis3. Although the Levinthal paradox4 (namely, that a polypeptide chain can find its unique native state in spite of the astronomical number of configurations in the denatured state) has been resolved4,5,6,7, the reasons for the differences in the folding behaviour of individual proteins remain to be elucidated. Here a Cα-based three-helix-bundle-like protein model with a realistic thermodynamic phase diagram is used to calculate several hundred folding trajectories. By varying a single parameter, the difference between the strength of native and non-native contacts, folding is changed from a diffusion–collision mechanism8 to one that involves simultaneous collapse and partial secondary-structure formation, followed by reorganization to the native structure. Non-obligatory intermediates are important in the former, whereas there is an obligatory on-pathway intermediate in the latter. Our results provide a basis for understanding the range of folding behaviour that is observed in helical proteins.
The vorhiesi Group of Vaejovis C.L. Koch, 1836 (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae), in Arizona, with Description of a New Species from the Hualapai Mountains

ABSTRACT A new species in the vorhiesi group of Vaejovis C.L. Koch, 1836 (Vaejovidae Thorell, 1876), which appears to be endemic to the Hualapai Mountains near Kingman, Arizona, is described and illustrated. Vaejovis tenuipalpus, n. sp., the 11th species in the vorhiesi group, is compared to morphologically similar species, including V. jonesi Stahnke, 1940, V. lapidicola Stahnke, 1940, V. vorhiesi Stahnke, 1940, and V. deboerae Ayrey, 2009. The new species possesses the most slender pedipalp chelae in the vorhiesi group. New distribution records and a comprehensive distribution map are provided for all Arizona members of the group.
Social stratification and tooth loss among middle-aged and older Americans from 1988 to 2004

Objectives Tooth retention has improved over the past few decades but it is not known whether these trends have been observed across all demographic/socioeconomic subgroups. We examined number of missing teeth among dentate individuals (n=9,113) as well as edentulism and systematically modeled their trends over time by using clinical examination data.
Synthesized speech intelligibility and early preschool-age children: comparing accuracy for single-word repetition with repeated exposure.

Purpose This investigation examined the effect of repeated exposure to novel and repeated spoken words in typical environments on the intelligibility of 2 synthesized voices and human recorded speech in preschools. Method Eighteen preschoolers listened to and repeated single words presented in human-recorded speech, DECtalk Paul, and AT&T Voice Michael during 5 experimental sessions. Stimuli consisted of repeated and novel words presented in each speech output condition during each session. Sessions took place in the presence of typically occurring noise in classroom or home settings. Results There was a significant main effect for voice as participants accurately identified significantly more words in the human-recorded speech and AT&T Voice than in the DECtalk speech output condition. When averaged across speech output conditions, children increased their accuracy as they participated in additional sessions. There was a statistically significant interaction between session and voice. DECtalk had a sligh...
Quantitation of in vivo phosphorus metabolites in human brain with magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI).

Abstract A method for quantitation of in vivo 31P metabolite concentrations in human brain with 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is described. The method relies on comparison of brain and calibration phantom measurements, with corrections for coil loading and metabolite magnetic relaxation. Estimated metabolite concentrations for the centrum semiovale in 11 normal adults (mean ± SD) were: phosphomonoesters = 3.0 ± 0.7 mM, inorganic phosphate = 0.7 ± 0.2 mM, phosphodiesters = 10.9 ± 1.8 mM, phosphocreatine = 2.7 ± 0.5 mM, and adenosine triphosphate = 2.9 ± 0.3 mM. These values are similar to previous results obtained from single-volume localized spectroscopy.
Structural studies of alkali-doped polyparaphenylene vinylene

Abstract Alkali-doped polyparaphenylene vinylene (PPV) has been investigated by x-ray diffraction using oriented polymer films. Initial doping by Na, K, and Cs vapors is characterized by the formation of high-symmetry phases whereas Rb-doped samples transform directly into a complex 3-D structure. The K- and Na-doping transitions are dominated by a channel structure in which the alkali-ions fill 1-D columns formed by three surrounding polymer chains. Cesium doping produces a 4-fold column structure. These results suggest that the relative Rb + -ion/polymer size-ratio lies at (or near) a crossover point and is unstable towards formation of either structure.
The Chaco Connection: Evaluating Bonito-Style Architecture in Outlier Communities

Because architecture shapes and is shaped by human actions and perceptions, architectural variability has the potential to provide information about relationships among prehistoric social groups. This study examines communicative and enculturative information contained in Bonito-style architecture constructed in Chaco Canyon and outlying communities during the late eleventh century A.D. Does the appearance of Bonito-style architecture at outliers constitute direct involvement on the part of a centralized, Chacoan entity or could local people have been emulating Bonito-style architecture they saw at Chaco or in neighboring communities? These questions have implications for existing models of Chacoan social organization. To investigate, a comparative architectural analysis uses data from 61 great houses in 55 outlier communities. Analysis is based on the premise that outlier similarity should reflect a unified, direct Chacoan source for Bonito-style architecture, and diversity should reflect the converse. Because highly visible, external architectural characteristics can be emulated, five internal, low-visibility great-house architectural attributes were selected for comparison. Results indicate substantial diversity is contained within the Chacoan world. A variety of relationships probably existed between outlier communities and Chaco Canyon, and a range of explanatory models is necessary. Bonito-style architecture is more likely to be associated with a struggle to legitimate social power than with spontaneous, cooperative communal activity. Competitive emulation may account for the appearance of Bonito-style architecture in outlier communities toward the local end of the outlier spectrum.
DYNAMIC GAS EFFECTS ON THE BREAKDOWN POTENTIAL FOR HELIUM, NITROGEN, AND ARGON.

Gas velocity and pressure influence on electrical breakdown potential of Ar, N and He between parallel flat plate and concentric electrodes
RISK PREDICTORS FOR SIDS: C02 RESPONSE TESTING VS. THE PNEUMOCARDIOGRAM

Evaluation of the ventilatory response to CO2 is more accurate than the pneumocardiogram (PCG) in predicting well being in infants managed with home monitors. Twenty-two infants (BW 1150-3900g, GA 28-41 wks) were evaluated at 35-47 wks postconceptual age with CO2 response studies and PCGs due to presence of risk factors for SIDS (prolonged apnea, BPD). Abnormal CO2 response was defined by a slope below 20 mm/kg/min/mmHg BTPS, and abnormal PCG was based on the presence of excessive periodic breathing, apnea, and bradycardia. Nineteen infants had normal slopes (43.5±21.8 mm/kg/min/mmHg BTPS) while 3 were abnormal (10.6±3.2 mm/kg/min/mmHg BTPS). Ten infants had an abnormal PCG while 12 were considered to be normal. The relationship between CO2 response slope and PCG result are shown below.
Spermatophore of the mealworm beetle: Immunochemical characteristics suggest affinities with male accessory gland

Abstract Acid hydrolysis of the spermatophore and of the bean-shaped accessory gland (BAG) of male Tenebrio yields strikingly similar amino acid components; proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine predominate in both. Antisera were prepared against extracts of the spermatophore and BAG. The two antisera shared common cross-reactive male-specific components as shown by both complement fixation tests and immunodiffusion procedures.
Low-income African American and non-Hispanic White mothers' self-efficacy, "picky eater" perception, and toddler fruit and vegetable consumption.

Objectives: To examine whether and how toddlers' vegetable and fruit consumption is associated with maternal vegetable and fruit consumption, mothers' perceptions of toddlers as “picky eaters,” maternal efficacy, and sociodemographic characteristics of the family. Design and Sample: A cross-sectional survey. One hundred and ninety-nine African American and 200 Non-Hispanic White low-income, mother-toddler dyads enrolled in 8 Early Head Start programs in a Midwestern state. Measures: Mothers completed the Feeding Self-Efficacy Scale, Toddler-Parent Mealtime Behavior Questionnaire, and Mothers' and Toddlers' Food Frequency Questionnaires. Data were analyzed using linear and logistic regression models. Results: Toddlers were less likely to consume vegetables 4 or more times a week if their mothers: viewed them as “picky eaters” (OR: 2.5), did not consume vegetables 4 or more times a week themselves (OR: 10.1), and were African American (OR: 2.2). Toddlers were less likely to consume fruits 4 or more times a week if their mothers: viewed them as “picky eaters” (OR: 1.6) and did not consume fruit 4 or more times a week (OR: 9.9) themselves. Conclusions: Health professionals need to consider mothers' own consumption of fruits and vegetables when developing strategies to increase toddler consumption of fruits and vegetables.
Finding Meaning in Labor’s “Perfect Storm”: Lessons from the 1981 PATCO Strike

Attention is given to four constructive lessons in employee relations that can be drawn from the 1981 PATCO strike of our traffic controllers. First, separate truth from fiction in a strike’s record and alleged impact. Second, learn the shortcomings of one party of an organization. Third, learn that the “new employee” is best managed by a mix of mutual respect, consideration, and flexibility. Finally, learn that radical organizational change always remains possible, but only if there is first a major overhaul of top leadership.
Intracranial aneurysms: detection and characterization with MR angiography with use of an advanced postprocessing technique in a blinded-reader study.

PURPOSE: To assess magnetic resonance (MR) angiography for the detection and characterization of angiographically proved intracranial aneurysms by using an advanced method of postprocessing, in a blinded-reader study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty-eight vessels were examined with catheter angiography and three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography in 44 patients with 63 aneurysms and 15 patients with no aneurysm at catheter angiography. Postprocessing was performed off-line with an advanced multifeature-extraction, ray-tracing algorithm. MR angiograms were interpreted independently by three neuroradiologists blinded to the catheter angiographic results for presence, location, size, and morphology of the aneurysm. Proof of diagnosis was consensus reading of catheter angiograms. RESULTS: Mean sensitivity for detection of aneurysms was 75% (range, 70%-79%). As a screening tool (ie, detection of at least one aneurysm necessitating catheter angiography), mean sensitivity was 91% for all aneurysm...
Broadening inclusion of vulnerable populations in HIV vaccine trials

The urgent need for a preventive HIV vaccine, as well as the complexities of its development, calls for timely and reinforced efforts to ensure vaccine licensure for use in a broad range of at-risk populations from the outset. Such an integrated strategy to HIV vaccine development should include infants of HIV-infected women, adolescents and injection drug users. A safe and effective HIV vaccine licensed for use in these populations, in addition to sexually active adults, would probably have the most timely and profound impact on the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Advanced clinical development of HIV vaccines in these vulnerable populations imposes particular scientific, operational and ethical challenges. Recent developments, including the early termination of a Phase IIb trial, present additional previously unanticipated challenges.
Impact of technology transfer on process engineering in developing countries

Absrracr Imperfect o r total lack of any effective technology transfer was a major reason for the very limited usefulness of many post-war aid programmes. The paper describes the more sensitive regions of oil refining, petrochemicals and industrial chemicals process design, plant installation and operation which bear on the success or failure of the transfer. The first requirement is a satisfactory availability of technical manpower. In sectors where there is a large investment per unit of production a good deal can ‘be left’ t o external engineering organizations but where, as in plastic fabrication, the investment of capital is low the demand on indigenous engineering and science skills will be higher. Some technologies, such as refrigeration or desalination are key ones for seeding the local development of engineering skills. Moreover, with manpower development in mind, the investment programme should be staggered to ensure integration with related sectors. Mechanical engineering is a key skill and plans to develop this in the educational system and investment programme of the receiving country should be part of the strategy. Two very important common failings are inattention to critical detail during the initial stages of a project and the fallacy that the process must be designed to minimize capital investment. Plant reliability in a hostile climate and with poor maintenance is a more important consideration than costs. The paper concludes with lists of critical off-site and on-site features and decisions needing attention in the design stage and gives useful guidelines for the selection of plant managers and staff.
Upregulation of EMMPRIN after Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Elevated activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) following ischemic stroke have been shown to mediate ischemic injury as well as neurovascular remodeling. The extracellular MMP inducer (EMMPRIN) is a 58-kDa cell surface glycoprotein, which has been known to play a key regulatory role for MMP activities. The roles of EMMPRIN in stroke injury are not clearly understood. In this study, we investigated changes of EMMPRIN in a mouse model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia, and examined potential association between EMMPRIN and MMP-9 expression. Adult male CD-1 mice were subjected to permanent focal ischemia by intraluminal occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCAO) under anesthesia. EMMPRIN expression was markedly upregulated in the peri-infarct area at 2-7 days after ischemia compared to the contralateral non-ischemic hemisphere by Western blot analysis. Immunofluorescent double staining demonstrated that EMMPRIN signals co-localized with vwF-positive endothelial cells and GFAP-positive peri-vascular astrocytes. In contrast, EMMPRIN signal did not co-localize with NeuN-positive neurons, or MPO-positive neutrophils. Dual fluorescent staining revealed that EMMPRIN co-localized with MMP-9. Our data also demonstrated that increased EMMPRIN expression correlated with increased MMP-9 levels in a temporal manner. In summary, we report for the first time that EMMPRIN expression was significantly increased in a mouse model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia. The spatial and temporal association between increased EMMPRIN expression and elevated MMP-9 levels suggest that EMMPRIN may modulate MMP-9 activity, and participate in neurovascular remodeling after ischemic stroke.
Pancreatic duct evaluation: accuracy of portal venous phase 64 MDCT

Background Many patients presenting with nonspecific signs and symptoms often receive CT scans using general protocols, not optimized to evaluate for pancreatic pathology. Therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate portal venous phase 64 multi-row detector CT (MDCT) scans for detecting pancreatic duct strictures, stones, pancreas divisum, and communication between pancreatic ducts and cystic pancreatic lesions.
Serial sonographic findings in a fetus with congenital hiatal hernia.

A continuum of prenatal findings in a case of hiatal hernia is described. Second-trimester scans showed absence of fetal stomach and polyhydramnios suggestive of esophageal atresia. Third-trimester scans revealed a dilated tubular structure in the thoracic cavity with intermittent visualization of an intra-abdominal small stomach. A diagnosis of hiatal hernia was entertained. After birth, the diagnosis of a dilated esophagus with the stomach herniated into the thoracic cavity through a very lax esophageal hiatus was confirmed and the baby underwent corrective surgery. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
The Use of Computers in Hospitals: An Analysis of Adopters and Nonadopters

The introduction of the computer and information management techniques has been considered by many to be a possible solution to some of the major management problems currently facing hospitals. Nevertheless, only 40% of the nonfederal hospitals in the United States were using computers in 1970. It seems relevant to investigate the reasons why some hospitals have adopted computer use and others have not. This paper presents a basic hypothesis of the factors that distinguish adopters from nonadopters. Data from the state of Texas is used to support the hypothesis. Moreover, characteristic profiles of adopters and nonadopters are developed. Some implications of these results, both for those concerned with hospital administration and those concerned with implementation of computer technology, are discussed.
Alfven soliton created by Reynolds' stress of the lower-hybrid waves

The modulational interaction of very short wavelength lower-hybrid waves with slow density modulations associated with inertial Alfven mode is investigated. Nonlinear equations governing this interaction are derived and soliton-like solutions of these equations are discussed in the context of auroral ionosphere.
In vitro synthesis of IgM and IgM rheumatoid factor in seronegative arthritides.

In vitro patterns of IgM and IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) synthesis exhibited by peripheral blood B cells (MNL) obtained from healthy individuals as well as patients with seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been previously examined. The present study was performed in a group of patients with non-rheumatoid seronegative arthritis (SNA) in order to compare patterns of in vitro IgM and IgM RF synthesis to that previously observed with seropositive and seronegative RA. Eighteen patients with SNA (4 ankylosing spondylitis, 10 psoriatic arthritis, and 4 unclassified variant disease) were studied as well as 18 healthy adult controls.
Culture, Masculinity, and Psychological Well-being in Punjab, India

This study was designed to examine the relationship between internalized idealized cultural beliefs (machismo, chastity, and caste identity) and psychological well-being (life satisfaction and anxiety) in a male surplus population. The study was conducted using questionnaires in a community sample of Jat caste persons in Punjab, India (N = 398). Overall, the correlation between machismo, chastity, and caste beliefs were significant. Men scored significantly higher than women on beliefs about machismo, chastity, and caste identity. For men, divine beliefs about chastity predicted higher life satisfaction, and prescriptive beliefs about chastity practices predicted lower life satisfaction. For women, machismo predicted lower anxiety. The importance of cultural ecological context in the production of masculinity was highlighted.
Current therapeutic strategies for childhood hepatic tumors: surgical and interventional treatments for hepatoblastoma

Surgery is the mainstay of multimodal treatment for hepatoblastomas. Among the various staging systems used, PRETEXT is currently adopted in all major study groups worldwide as a common pretreatment staging system. Although variations of treatment strategies among study groups exist, the majority of hepatoblastoma cases currently undergo preoperative chemotherapy. It is therefore critical to determine the optimal surgical treatment during the initial courses of chemotherapy. Patients with PRETEXT IV tumors, multifocal tumors and tumors invading major vessels of the liver are candidates for liver transplantation. Liver transplantation requires preparation in advance, and consultation to a liver expertise team must take place no later than after two cycles of chemotherapy. The existence of pulmonary metastasis is a predictor of poor prognosis of the patient. Surgery for pulmonary nodules should be considered for those patients remaining positive after cycles of chemotherapy. A considerable number of patients have been reported to achieve long-term survival after resecting pulmonary metastasis. The existence of pulmonary metastasis at diagnosis is no longer a contraindication for liver transplantation, provided that the pulmonary nodules are eliminated by chemotherapy or by metastasectomy. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a useful tool for the local control of hepatoblastomas, although there are very few reports statistically supporting the significant advantage of this treatment modality. Based on individual cases, TACE could be beneficial in maximizing the anti-tumor effect with less toxic side effects.
Assessment of beta blockade with propranolol.

Each of seven subjects received on a weekly basis placebo or 10, 20, 40, 80, or 160 mg propranolol orally four times daily. The effect of propranolol on the resting heart rate and the heart rate response to the Valsalva maneuver, tilt, isoproterenol, and maximal exercise were measured. Coefficients of determination were calculated from the individual dose-response curves. The results indicate that the resting heart rate and the tachycardiac response to the Valsalva maneuver and tilt cannot be used to estimate beta blockade. Propranolol concentrations correlated well (mean r2 = 0.80) with the isoproterenol dose ratio minus one, but isoproterenol challenges appear clinically inapplicable. Reduction in maximal exercise tachycardia correlated best with propranolol concentrations (mean r2 = 0.89) but, to the extent that exercise could not be performed, there was no reliable way of clinically documenting beta blockade and only the serum concentration of propranolol was available as an indicator of appropriate therapy. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 30, 283–290; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.161
ON THE ABSORPTION OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN FROM THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT OF THE NORMAL AND SHOCKED ANIMAL

Coliform-free rabbits fed P(32) labeled E. coli 0111B(4) prior to the induction of experimental hemorrhagic shock were shown to have a substantial amount of the type-specific 0111B(4) antigen in the circulating blood, liver, and spleen, whereas normal rabbits fed the same amount of these bacteria and held under identical conditions, but not exposed to shock, have the antigen within the liver, and occasionally in the kidney, but not in the blood. That the antigen recovered from the blood and tissues was derived from this specific strain of bacteria was demonstrated by the use of the hemagglutination inhibition reaction, by the absence of cross-reacting antigens in appropriate control animals, and by agreement in the amount of antigen as estimated by two different technics. Transport of bacterial endotoxin across the intestinal membrane appears to be achieved primarily by passive diffusion. The accumulation of biologically active endotoxin in the blood and tissues of the shocked animal appears to be due to a reduction in the detoxifying potential of the reticulo-endothelial system, and not to a greater than normal absorption of endotoxin from the intestine. The absence of toxicity in the specific antigen extracted from normal liver demonstrates that the degradation of endotoxic potency can be achieved without altering the chemical integrity of the polysaccharide moiety of the molecule. The implications of the hypothesis that there is a continuous but fluctuating absorption of bacterial endotoxin from the intestine are briefly discussed, and the contribution of free circulating bacterial endotoxin of intestinal origin to the fate of the shocked animal is noted.
13C NMR Chemical Shift Assignments in Dibucaine and Dibucaine Hydrochloride Determined by Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy

Abstract 13C NMR chemical shift assignments were obtained for dibucaine in CDCl3 and dibucaine hydrochloride in D2O solution using one-bond and long-range two-dimensional heteronuclear correlation techniques. The 13C chemical shift assignments, together with the fully coupled 13C spectrum, allowed the measurement of one-bond, and long-range 13C1H coupling constants.
Rice Growth, Yield and Photosynthetic Responses to Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Drought

SUMMARY Rice is a major food crop that should respond favorably to expected future increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Due to uncertainties in the timing and amounts of monsoonal rainfall, drought is common in some rainfed rice production systems. In this paper, we summarize results of experiments conducted by the University of Florida and USDA-ARS at Gainesville, FL, USA, where the effects and interactions of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and periodic drought were examined in relation to grain yield and canopy-scale gas exchanges, specifically photosynthesis, respiration, and evapotranspiration. Elevated CO2 increased rice growth, grain yield and canopy photosynthesis while reducing evapotranspiration by about 10%. During drought stress cycles, this water savings under elevated CO2 allowed photosynthesis to continue for one to two days longer compared with the ambient CO2 treatment. Rice canopy photosynthesis saturated with respect to CO2 near 500 μmol mol−1 and we ...
Efficacy of oral and intravenous indecainide in ventricular arrhythmias

Abstract To evaluate the efficacy of oral and intravenous indecainide, a new class IC antiarrhythmic agent, 3 separate protocols were performed in patients with benign or potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias. An open-label intravenous trial in 10 patients was conducted using a dose of 1.7 mg/kg/min under constant monitoring. An oral short-term in-hospital trial in 20 patients (8 patients entered directly from the intravenous short-term trial) was conducted using a single-blind placebo dose titration protocol in which 50 mg of indecainide every 8 hours was increased at 3-day intervals to 75 mg, and then 100 mg every 8 hours depending on the observed change in ventricular arrhythmia frequency by Holter monitoring. Finally, an outpatient long-term oral trial was conducted in 17 of the 20 patients who completed the inpatient oral short-term trial. Two of the 10 patients from the inpatient intravenous trial did not enter the oral trial, because a proarrhythmic response developed in 1 and because of a lack of efficacy in the other. During the inpatient oral trial, 17 of 20 patients (85%) responded to indecainide and entered the long-term phase. Two of these patients were removed from the trial because of lack of efficacy at 3 and 10 months, respectively. In the oral therapy protocols, minor side effects of the central nervous system occurred in 4 of 17 patients (24%). Six of 20 patients (30%) each had more than a 25% increase in PR and QRS duration that was not associated with higher degrees of block. Thus, indecainide may be an effective and well tolerated class IC antiarrhythmic agent in patients with benign or potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias.
A novel in-line automated metrology for photolithography

Novel metrology has been developed for measuring in situ film thickness and absorption coefficient simultaneously. Designed specifically for photolithography processes, this metrology if applied to photoresist films, can measure thickness and photoactive compound concentration in situ, which are important parameters for photolithography process control and diagnosis.
Exploratory development and validation of a perceptual job burnout inventory: comparison of corporate sector and human services professionals.

Summary.-The present s~dy investigated the efficacy of a scale designed to assess various aspects of burnout syndrome for use with corporate sector and human services professionals as prior research and scale development have focused solely on the latter. The scale was administered to two samples of professionals--one drawn from the corporate sector (n = 150) and one drawn from a variety of human services organizations (n = 237)and the resulting data were submitted to factor analysis. A two-factor solution for perceived burnout emerged for the corporate sector employees while a fivefactor solution emerged for the human services employees. The results are discussed in light of the applicability of the burnout scale for use in a wide variety of occupations. Research on the causes and consequences of stress in organizations has gained in popularity in recent years with the appearance in the scientific literature of several reviews and empirical studies related to the topic (Beehr & Newman, 1978; Gupta & Beehr, 1979; Matteson & Ivancevich, 1979; Schuler, 1980), as well as timely books on the subject (McLean, 1980; Cooper & Payne, 1978, 1980). Researchers investigating organizational stress have noted a number of dysfunctional outcomes resulting from stress-both physiological and psychological-which ultimately affect the functioning and effectiveness of the organization and its members. While the studies of job stress have (a) focused on identifying stressors in the enviromlent (Rummel 6: Rader, 1979), (b) suggested ways for coping with stress (Adams, 1978), and (c) been conducted in a wide range of organizational environments such as businesses (Gupta & Beehr, 1979), hospitals (Freudenberger, 1975) and government agencies (Levi, 1967), relatively little empirical research on the "burnout syndrome" has been published which focused on private sector or corporate environments. Of those few studies available on burnout, the majority have focused primarily on human services
Combining image classification and image compression using vector quantization

The goal is to produce codes where the compressed image incorporates classification information without further signal processing. This technique can provide direct low level classification or an efficient front end to more sophisticated full-frame recognition algorithms. Vector quantization is a natural choice because two of its design components, clustering and tree-structured classification methods, have obvious applications to the pure classification problem as well as to the compression problem. The authors explicitly incorporate a Bayes risk component into the distortion measure used for code design in order to permit a tradeoff of mean squared error with classification error. This method is used to analyze simulated data, identify tumors in computerized tomography lung images, and identify man-made regions in aerial images. >
Toward strategic management of shale gas development: Regional, collective impacts on water resources

Abstract Shale gas resources are relatively plentiful in the United States and in many countries and regions around the world. Development of these resources is moving ahead amidst concerns regarding environmental risks, especially to water resources. The complex nature of this distributed extractive industry, combined with limited impact data, makes establishing possible effects and designing appropriate regulatory responses challenging. Here we move beyond the project level impact assessment approach to use regional collective impact analysis in order to assess a subset of potential water management policy options. Specifically, we examine hypothetical water withdrawals for hydraulic fracturing and the subsequent treatment of wastewater that could be returned or produced from future active shale gas wells in the currently undeveloped Susquehanna River Basin region of New York. Our results indicate that proposed water withdrawal management strategies may not provide greater environmental protection than simpler approaches. We suggest a strategy that maximizes protectiveness while reducing regulatory complexity. For wastewater treatment, we show that the Susquehanna River Basin region of New York State has limited capacity to treat wastewater using extant municipal infrastructure. We suggest that modest private investment in industrial treatment facilities can achieve treatment goals without putting public systems at risk. We conclude that regulation of deterministic water resource impacts of shale gas extraction should be approached on a regional, collective basis, and suggest that water resource management objectives can be met by balancing the need for development with environmental considerations and regulatory constraints.
Superscoops: Their significance as elements of eolian architecture

Superscoops are large concave-up features associated with rocks deposited by eolian depositional systems. They can be tens of metres deep and several kilometres wide and are common in Pennsylvanian through Jurassic eolian sandstones of the Colorado Plateau. They are formed by wind deflation or water scouring and are filled with eolian or aqueous sediments. They are associated with entirely eolian sequences to mixed eolian and noneolian sequences. Formation of superscoops requires a pause in deposition followed by erosion. The surfaces are subsequently filled and preserved in the stratigraphic sequence. The preserved fill may contrast with enclosing deposits, thus providing information about ancient depositional systems not represented in enclosing deposits.
Increased Early Life Stress and Depressive Symptoms in Patients With Comorbid Substance Abuse and Schizophrenia

Early adverse events have been associated with increased rates of substance abuse and depression. To investigate the association between early adverse events and comorbid substance abuse in schizophrenia patients, early life stress, depressive symptoms, positive and negative symptoms, anxiety, and cognitive function were measured in an age-, sex-, and race-matched sample of 40 schizophrenia patients with and without comorbid substance abuse. Compared to patients without substance abuse, patients with schizophrenia and a history of substance abuse had a significantly higher incidence of early life trauma, as well as significantly higher scores on the Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview Life Events Scale. No differences between groups were found in positive or negative symptoms, anxiety, or cognitive function. The results emphasize the importance of early life stress and affective symptoms and their potential relationship to substance abuse disorders in schizophrenia patients.
Spatial models in marketing research and practice

Spatial models formalize how cross-sectional observations relate to each other as a function of their spatial location. This paper discusses the generality of such models and how they are helpful to marketing practitioners in the description of marketing data, segmentation of markets, prediction of market behaviour, and the pooling of data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Convergence Analysis of Unconstrained and Bound Constrained Evolutionary Pattern Search

We present and analyze a class of evolutionary algorithms for unconstrained and bound constrained optimization on Rn: evolutionary pattern search algorithms (EPSAs). EPSAs adaptively modify the step size of the mutation operator in response to the success of previous optimization steps. The design of EPSAs is inspired by recent analyses of pattern search methods. We show that EPSAs can be cast as stochastic pattern search methods, and we use this observation to prove that EPSAs have a probabilistic, weak stationary point convergence theory. This convergence theory is distinguished by the fact that the analysis does not approximate the stochastic process of EPSAs, and hence it exactly characterizes their convergence properties.
Cardiac orienting responses of 6- and 16-week-old infants☆

Abstract Since previous data suggested that the magnitude of orienting evidenced by cardiac deceleration increased over the first 16 weeks of life, 6- and 16-week-old infants were compared on various characteristics of orienting: habituation, dishabituation, and magnitude of deceleration to stimulus offset as well as to stimulus onset. Neither the change in stimulus following habituation trials nor the stimulus offset produced a large enough response to confidently evaluate age differences suggested by the data. Stimulus onset elicited a pronounced deceleration which for the two age groups was of equivalent magnitude on initial trials and declined similarly with stimulus repetition. It was suggested that similarity of the two age groups on these parameters was due to control of state within a narrow alert range, and that, in general, younger infants are less likely than older infants to show orienting when conditions for orienting are marginal.
The 2012 State of the Science Congress

As I write this piece, the State of the Science Congress on Nursing Research Planning Committee is putting the final touches on the 2012 program, Discovery through Innovation. Chair Susan Gennaro and her committee have put together a terrific program. The 2012 Congress, Discovery through Innovation, will examine current trends in harnessing the best interdisciplinary research teams that are most able to use the power of data and technology to develop the most relevant science to improve the health of the nation. The Conference will focus on the ways nurse scientists are applying innovative approaches to complex health problems and health care issues to advance the science. The conference objectives include: (1) To predict how interdisciplinary teams can lead to greater improvements in health; (2) To debate the effectiveness of different approaches to discovery; and (3) To apply discoveries to a variety of health problems. The program includes plenary sessions on Effectiveness Science, Practice-Based Informatics Research, Building Dream Teams for research, and the keynote address will be on the topic Innovation that Works! In addition to the plenary sessions,more than 400 abstracts of completed or in-progress research across the full spectrum of nursing science will be presented in symposia, oral abstracts, or posters. Two years ago, nearly 900 researchers, clinicians and administrators came together to share advances in nursing science at the last Congress. As this year’s program has evolved, it mademe realize about how far our research has come since my early days when NINR
Evidence that DNase I hypersensitive site 5 of the human β-globin locus control region functions as a chromosomal insulator in transgenic mice

We have previously reported that DNase I hypersensitive site 5 (5'HS5) of the human beta-globin locus control region functions as a chromatin insulator in stable transfection assays. In this report we show that a 3.2 kb DNA fragment containing the entire 5'HS5 region can protect a position-sensitive (A)gamma-globin gene against position effects in transgenic mice. Bracketing is required for function of 5'HS5 as an insulator. The 5'HS5 insulator operates in adult as well as in embryonic murine erythroid cells. The insulator has no significant stimulatory effects of its own. These results indicate that 5'HS5 can function as a chromatin insulator in vivo.
Temporary Help Agencies and the Making of a New Empoyment Practice

Executive Overview Over the past 50 years in America, we have gone from a system of work characterized by lifetime employment at a single employer to a patchwork system characterized by low security and high volatility. A major player in our new world of work is the temporary help agency, which serves as the intermediary between workers and companies. Traditionally, temporary help agencies have been regarded, at best, as a necessary evil, and, at worst, as machines that eat up and spit out workers. In fact, the reality is far more nuanced. When job seekers' options are unemployment or degraded employment, working with the staff of an agency that has an investment in promoting its profit-making commodity—good temporary workers— gives them a distinct advantage. Agency staff help applicants and valued workers improve resumes and refine their job expectations in productive ways, and often advocate for better wages, higher-level positions, and more humane, safer working conditions for their temps. Temporary em...
Hyperosmolality accompanies hypovolemia: A simple explanation of additivity of stimuli for drinking

Abstract Water intakes (1) and blood plasma conditions of rats were measured following: (a) injection of hypertonic saline, (b) hemorrhage, and (c) injection+hemorrhage. Water intakes were additive, i.e. Ia+Ib = Ic. Significant plasma osmotic pressure elevations were obtained under all condition, even following hemorrhage which was previously thought to be free of osmotic pressure changes. Experiment 2 determined plasma conditions at various times following hemorrhage. Hemorrhage induced plasma hyperosmolality was found to be coincident with the onset of drinking only, with no changes from ad lib levels at the other times tested. The results are discussed in terms of the hyperosmotic and hypovolemic additivity of water intakes, and the adequate internal stimulus for drinking.
Temperature sensitivity of phase-matched second-harmonic generation in LiIO/sub 3/

Measurements were made of the temperature dependence (between 23 and 65 degrees C) of the phase-matching angle theta /sub pm/ for type I frequency doubling of 1064-nm laser light in lithium iodate (LiIO/sub 3/). The measured value of d theta /sub pm//dT is -14.7+or-1 mu rad/ degrees C, which corresponds to a thermal sensitivity beta /sub T/=0.24+or-0.02 cm/sup -1// degrees C for this process. Also calculated is a value of d theta /sub pm//dT using experimentally determined thermooptic data available in the literature. The calculated value of d theta /sub pm//dT is -31+or-18 mu rad/ degrees C using literature values of n and dn/dT for LiIO/sub 3/. The extreme sensitivity of the calculated value of d theta /sub pm//dT to small errors in the thermooptic coefficients may be the reason for this discrepancy. >
Detailed Model of Intersegmental Coordination in the Timing Network of the Leech Heartbeat Central Pattern Generator

To address the general problem of intersegmental coordination of oscillatory neuronal networks, we have studied the leech heartbeat central pattern generator. The core of this pattern generator is ...
Impact of diagnosing diabetic complications on future hemoglobin A1c levels

Abstract Aim To assess how hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c ) values might change following the diagnosis of the first complication from diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods Using a nationwide, longitudinal managed care network claims database (2001–2011), we identified patients with DM who experienced an initial diabetes-related complication. A paired t-test was used to compare average HbA 1c levels before the initial complication was first diagnosed to average HbA 1c levels following the diagnosis of the complication. Results 518 enrollees met study inclusion criteria. Patients with suboptimally controlled DM (defined as HbA 1c >7% (53mmol/mol)) prior to the diagnosis of their first diabetic complication demonstrated a clinically significant reduction in average HbA 1c following the diagnosis of their first complication (mean pre-complication HbA 1c =8.5±1.5% (69±17mmol/mol) vs. mean post-complication HbA 1c =7.9±1.7% (63±18mmol/mol) (p Conclusion Enrollees with suboptimally controlled DM may achieve better glycemic control following the diagnosis of a complication from DM. The results from this study, if confirmed in prospective studies, may provide a rationale for the earlier detection of complications from DM to facilitate improved glycemic control among patients with DM.