cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Headache, Pituitary Apoplexy and Diabetes insipidus: Suspect Necrotizing Hypophysitis

Background: Necrotizing hypophysitis (NH) is an exceedingly rare clinical entity; we found only 5 reported cases in a literature review. CASE: A 34-year-old female with a history of primary hypothyroidism developed a headache, double vision, nausea, vomiting, decrease in appetite, galactorrhea, and weight loss. An MRI of the brain showed a 0.9 cm T2 hyperintense pituitary lesion with features suggestive of cystic degeneration or apoplexy of an adenoma There was effacement of the optic nerve anterior to the optic chiasm. Eye examination revealed optic nerve edema and a cranial nerve VI palsy. Laboratory studies revealed a normal prolactin 20.0 (3.3-26.7 ng/ml), and IGF-1 189 (RR: 66 - 303 ng/ml). The pituitary-adrenal axis and pituitary-gonadal axis appeared intact. After short treatment with dexamethasone, her primary symptom of severe headache improved but she later developed polyuria. The evaluation confirmed diabetes insipidus. Her headache worsened after the completion of the brief course of steroids. After a repeat MRI showed mild interval enlargement of the hypo-enhancing posterior pituitary, she underwent transsphenoidal pituitary tumor surgery. A biopsy showed necrotizing inflammation with foci of acute necrosis accompanied by polymorphonuclear cells. There was no granuloma seen. Special stains were negative for fungal, acid-fast, and bacterial organisms. Laboratory studies revealed negative ANA, negative ANCA, PR-3 Ab, MPO Ab, and anti-TPO Abs. The ACE enzyme was elevated at 85 (RR: 8-53 U/l), but the repeat test was within the normal range. A chest CT was not suggestive of pulmonary sarcoidosis. A post-surgery MRI demonstrated a decrease in pituitary size. Her headache worsened with a reduction in prednisone below 20 mg daily. In order to attempt further reduction in prednisone, azathioprine was started as a steroid-sparing agent. Titration of azathioprine up to 175 mg allowed prednisone to be reduced to the replacement dose of prednisone 5 mg daily. An MRI showed the pituitary mass to be unchanged. DISCUSSION: Hypophysitis is associated with diffuse enlargement and dysfunction of the pituitary gland. This case of NH is of unclear cause. There was no evidence of other inflammatory causes such as sarcoidosis, IgG4-related disease, ANCA-associated vasculitis, or infectious cause. As with typical lymphocytic hypophysitis, NH can present with sudden-onset hypopituitarism, neural compression, diabetes insipidus, and radiologic features of ischemic pituitary apoplexy. Signs and symptoms at diagnosis, as well as pituitary hormone abnormalities, vary on the degree of pituitary involvement. Pituitary adenoma commonly does not cause diabetes Insipidus. Radiologic findings consistent with ischemic pituitary apoplexy coupled with the presence of diabetes insipidus is suggestive of NH. A definitive diagnosis of NH, however, requires histopathology.
Zirconia aerogels for thermal management: Review of synthesis, processing, and properties information architecture.

Abstract Zirconia aerogels are porous nanomaterials with high specific surface areas and low thermal conductivities that are suitable for a wide range of functions. The applications of zirconia aerogels include numerous uses in thermal management systems that are specifically beneficial in aeronautics and aerospace systems. This review seeks to detail the synthesis, processing, and characterization of these unique materials. However, the many distinctive synthesis pathways and processing conditions of zirconia aerogels can make the optimization of these materials difficult, potentially inhibiting further development. Independent variables in the synthesis process alone include zirconium precursor, rare earth stabilizer, solvent system, gelation agent, and surfactant templating agent. If only two distinct options were available for each synthetic variable, there would be up to 32 different synthetic pathways; if there were three options for each variable, 243 different synthetic pathways would be possible. Apart from the gel synthesis, processing conditions, including drying method, drying temperature, drying solvent, and sintering temperature, as well as various techniques used to characterize aerogels, need to be considered. To mitigate the sheer volume of synthetic parameters, this review uses an architected information structure to contemplate approximately 600 aerogel materials, along with the synthesis and processing conditions that make each material unique. By utilizing this information structure, containing over 10,000 relationships amongst 3,800 nodes, the connection between specific properties of zirconia aerogels and the pathways used to produce them can be more easily visualized, leading to a more effective understanding of the many variables that are used in the synthesis and processing of these materials. This review seeks to utilize data science in a way that can elucidate structure-property relationships in colloidal chemistry, providing a more efficient way to evaluate the synthesis and processing of materials with high experimental dimensionality.
A Model for Value Co-Production and Cross-Producer Bundles

Many markets feature an economic structure with value co-created by multiple producers whose outputs are sold as a common bundle by a producer-consortium or independent firm. Examples include in-home video entertainment, technology goods and services, multi-sourced data platforms, and patent pools. This paper develops an economic model to study demand, production choices, revenue-sharing, and relative market power in such markets. Producers in these markets are not rivalrous competitors in the usual zero-sum sense, because output of each casts an externality on production decisions of others and total market demand expands with total output, albeit with diminishing returns. This property allows multiple producers to flourish in equilibrium (vs. just one with the most favorable technological or cost structure), and more so when the market expands less quickly with total output. Equilibrium production quantities of competitors are strategic complements, yet competition between producers does manifest itself, e.g., if one acquires better production technology (i.e., makes value units at lower cost) then the equilibrium production levels of other producers are reduced. Insights are also derived for alternative market structures, e.g., producers have more output and earn higher profit when organized into a distribution consortium (e.g., Hulu, or consortia of zoos or museums) vs. relying on a separate retailer. Mergers between producers have similar effect. The formulation enables us to rigorously answer economic questions ranging from pricing, revenue sharing, and production levels in a static setting, to market dynamics covering both the causes and effects of changes in industry structure.
Abstract 2497: Inositol Polyphosphate 4-Phosphatase Type-II B protects mice from benign prostatic hyperplasia

BPH is the most common tumor-like condition that afflicts more than 50% of men between the ages of 51-60 and over 90% in men older than 80. While connection between obesity and BPH is well established, the driving signaling pathways are not clear. BPH is a nonmalignant enlargement of prostate epithelium that requires androgen receptor (AR) signaling. INPP4B and EZH2 are highly expressed in prostate epithelium where they regulate AR signaling and play an important role in prostate cancer etiology. EZH2 is an epigenetic silencer that methylates histone H3 on K9 and K27 residues and INPP4B is a dual specificity phosphatase that dephosphorylates PI(3,4)P2 and PI(4,5)P2, membrane lipids that activate Akt and PKC signaling pathways respectively. We discovered that Inpp4b-/- male mice develop BPH at 3 months old of age and subsequently prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) when fed high fat diet. While expression of AR in the prostates of these mice is similar, AR activity is reduced. The loss of INPP4B caused reduction in EZH2 protein levels in prostate cancer cell lines and in mouse prostate. Inhibition of Akt and PKC signaling reduced EZH2 levels in ventral and dorsolateral prostate lobes of Inpp4b-/- males, suggesting that INPP4B upregulates EZH2 levels by suppressing Akt and PKC signaling pathways. Consistent with decline in EZH2 levels, Inpp4b-/- males have reduced levels of H3K27me3 and H3K9me2 in the ventral prostate, and high fat diet exacerbated this phenotype. Our data suggests that INPP4B modulates epigenetic profile of prostate epithelium by stabilizing EZH2 levels. Both loss of INPP4B and high fat diet treatment lead to decline in EZH2 levels and activity and contribute to development of BPH in mouse model. Citation Format: Yasemin Ceyhan, Manqi Zhang, Irina U. Agoulnik. Inositol Polyphosphate 4-Phosphatase Type-II B protects mice from benign prostatic hyperplasia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2497.
The Ballet Collaborations of Richard Strauss

Richard Strauss contributed music to several ballets during his career, collaborating with prominent dance artists of his time. His ballets include an unfinished Die Insel Kythere (The Island of Cythera, 1900), inspired by French Rococo paintings; Josephslegende (The Legend of Joseph, 1914), choreographed by Leonide Massine for the Ballets Russes; a 1923 Ballettsoiree with dances by Heinrich Kroller, showcasing the Vienna Ballet and including Strauss's arrangements of music by Francois Couperin; Schlagobers (Whipped Cream, 1924), a "Comic Viennese Ballet"choreographed by Kroller; and Verklungene Feste: Tanzvisionen aus Zwei Jahrhunderten (Faded Celebrations: Dance Visions from Two Centuries, 1941), premiered in Munich with meta-historical dances by the dancer-choreographer team Pia and Pino Mlakar. In The Ballet Collaborations of Richard Strauss, Heisler considers Strauss's ballet scores alongside story, mise-en-scene, and choreography, revealing Strauss's shift from a parodic conception of classical dance in the years leading up to World War I to a belated obsession with Romantic-era ballet in its aftermath. Heisler explores issues central to Strauss's relationship to modernism: his mining in Die Insel Kythere (1900) of the decorative aspects of dance, suggesting a shared sensibility with fin-de-siecle Jugendstil and a critique of Romanticism; the dynamics of collective creation and Strauss's penchant for parody in relation to Josephslegende (1914); his stance on interwar cultural politics through the 1923 Ballettsoiree and Schlagobers (1924); and Verklungene Feste (1941) as this composer's autumnal meditation on the conceit of music and dance as vehicles for transcendence. The Ballet Collaborations of Richard Strauss is a richly interdisciplinary study that promises to nuance the popular, critical, and academic reception of this ever-popular composer. Wayne Heisler Jr. is assistant professor and Coordinator of Historical and Cultural Studies in Music at The College of New Jersey.
Inhibition of human oral squamous carcinoma cell (SCC-25) proliferation by prostaglandin E2 and vitamin E succinate.

The primary objective of this investigation was to study the effect of D-alpha-tocopherol acid succinate (vitamin E succinate) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), individually and in combination, on the proliferation of human tongue squamous carcinoma cells (SCC-25) in vitro. Test compounds in varying concentrations were incubated with cells in serum-free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium-Ham's F-12 Medium (50:50), supplemented with 0.1% albumin for sixteen hours. Cell proliferation was measured by the incorporation of [3H] thymidine in acid-insoluble material (i.e. DNA). Prostaglandin E2 and vitamin E succinate, individually at 10(-9)-10(-6) M, caused significant dose-dependent inhibition in DNA synthesis. A combined dose of each compound at 10(-5) M resulted in significant additive inhibition which averaged 43.53% (p < 0.005). Addition of indomethacin (INDO) to cell cultures induced significant dose-dependent stimulation in DNA synthesis. Hence, we might suggest that the overall potential of vitamin E in controlling malignant cell proliferation in vivo could be due to its own effect combined with that of endogenous PGs which are normally produced in excessive amounts by malignant cells.
Flow-injection systems for sample introduction in mass spectrometry

Abstract A feasibility study of flow injection/mass spectrometry is described. Flow-injection systems can be used either for direct introduction of an analyte to the mass spectrometer, or to convert the analyte to a suitable form for detection. This ability, along with the members separation, provides enhanced selectivity and scope. The selectivity and sensitivity inherent in mass spectrometry serve to increase the utility of flow-injection methods. Determination of arsenic and chloroform are discussed.
Individualized interactive home-based haptic telerehabilitation

We present a haptic telerehabilitation framework for patients with upper-limb dysfunction that is well-suited for deployment in patients' homes. Specifically, a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) haptic force-feedback driving wheel interfaces with a PC to create a haptic Virtual Driving Environment (hVDE). Coupling this framework with parametric exercise/ movement protocols-structured as driving exercises along paths of varying complexity-is the key to the creation of an inexpensive, immersive, and yet individualized personal-movement trainer
Inconvenient truths about supplier induced demand and unwarranted variation in medical practice.

Doctors need to confront the implications of variation in clinical practice and improve the quality of medical decision making
Parallel alternating direction multiplier decomposition of convex programs

This paper describes two specializations of the alternating direction method of multipliers: the alternating step method and the epigraphic projection method. The alternating step method applies to monotropic programs, while the epigraphic method applies to general block-separable convex programs, including monotropic programs as a special case. The epigraphic method resembles an earlier parallel method due to Spingarn, but solves a larger number of simpler subproblems at each iteration. This paper gives convergence results for both the alternating step and epigraphic methods, and compares their performance on random dense separable quadratic programs.
Wave Mixing Effects on a Periodically Ribbed Cylindrical Shell

An examination of the response of a periodically ribbed cylindrical shell shows several effects due to the mixing of fast and slow waves on the shell. In wavenumber-frequency space, this mixing manifests itself in the formation of hybrid modes, for example, mixtures of part shear and part flexural vibration. The mixing is strongest when the phase speeds of the different wave types coincide and so reflect the dispersion curves of the flexural Bloch wavenumber. The dispersion curves may be significantly altered by mixing effects, and even for weak wave mixing the polarization of the fast waves can be changed significantly. This effect greatly alters the coupling of the fast waves to an external fluid.
Fossil diatoms and the mid to late Holocene paleolimnology of Lake Turkana, Kenya: a reconnaissance study

A 12 m sediment core recovered from the south basin of Lake Turkana, northwestern Kenya, reveals four major diatom assemblages that span approximately 5450 to 1070 years BP based on AMS radiocarbon analyses. The oldest assemblage, Zone D (5450 to 4850 yr BP), is dominated by Melosira nyassensis and Stephanodiscus spp. and is interpreted to reflect higher lake levels, fresher water and more variable seasonal mixing of the water column than the modern lake. Melosira dominates the assemblage in Zone C (4850 to 3900 yr BP) with some Surirella engleri and Stephanodiscus. This assemblage indicates a continuation of relatively high lake levels and seasonal mixing of a stratified lake. The brief peak of Surirella, interpreted as benthic, suggests an episode of slightly lower lake level. Thalassiosira rudolfi and Surirella predominate since the beginning of Zone B (3900 to 1900 yr BP), reflecting a decrease in lake level and increase in water column salinity. Increasing dominance of Surirella in Zone A (1900 to 1070 yr BP) may suggest that the lake continued to decrease in depth. Salinity probably rose to levels comparable with the modern lake. These results are consistent with paleoclimatic interpretations based on carbonate abundance, lamination thickness, oxygen isotope and bulk geochemistry profiles from this core and cores recovered from the north basin. It extends the known paleolimnology beyond 4000 yr BP of the earlier research to 5450 yr BP and into the early to mid Holocene pluvial phase in northern intertropical east Africa.
Stylet Morphometrics and Citrus Leaf Vein Structure in Relation to Feeding Behavior of the Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri, Vector of Citrus Huanglongbing Bacterium

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is the primary vector of the phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (LAS) associated with huanglongbing (HLB, citrus greening), considered the world’s most serious disease of citrus. Stylet morphometrics of ACP nymphs and adults were studied in relation to citrus vein structure and to their putative (histologically verified) feeding sites on Valencia orange leaves. ACP nymphs preferred to settle and feed on the lower (abaxial) side of young leaves either on secondary veins or on the sides of the midrib, whereas adults preferred to settle and feed on the upper (adaxial) or lower secondary veins of young or old leaves. Early instar nymphs can reach and probe the phloem probably because the distance to the phloem is considerably shorter in younger than in mature leaves, and is shorter from the sides of the midrib compared to that from the center. Additionally, the thick-walled ‘fibrous ring’ (sclerenchyma) around the phloem, which may act as a barrier to ACP stylet penetration into the phloem, is more prominent in older than in younger leaves and in the center than on the sides of the midrib. The majority (80–90%) of the salivary sheath termini produced by ACP nymphs and adults that reached a vascular bundle were associated with the phloem, whereas only 10–20% were associated with xylem vessels. Ultrastructural studies on ACP stylets and LAS-infected leaves suggested that the width of the maxillary food canal in first instar nymphs is wide enough for LAS bacteria to traverse during food ingestion (and LAS acquisition). However, the width of the maxillary salivary canal in these nymphs may not be wide enough to accommodate LAS bacteria during salivation (and LAS inoculation) into host plants. This may explain the inability of early instar nymphs to transmit LAS/HLB in earlier reports.
Demographic analysis of serum folate and folate-binding capacity in hospitalized patients

Serum folate levels and unsaturated folate-binding capacity (UFBC) in a mixed population of outpatients and inpatients were analyzed with respect to race, sex, and age. The results supported the relatively high prevalence of subnormal serum folates in patient populations, did not find lower serum folates in the elderly, and revealed significantly higher UFBC in Negro patients, in male patients, and in patients older than 50 years.
Thermal expansion of the hexagonal (6H) polytype of silicon carbide

X-ray diffraction is presently used to determine the thermal expansion of the hexagonal (6H) polytype of alpha-SiC over the 20-1000 C range. The principal (alpha-11 and alpha-33) axial coefficients of thermal expansion can be expressed by second-order polynomials; the former is noted to be larger than the latter over the entire temperature range, while the thermal expansion anisotropy increases continuously with increasing temperature. The thermal expansion and thermal expansion anisotropy obtained are compared with previously published results for the (6H) polytype, and discussed with respect to the structure.
Separation and identification of phenolic acids and related compounds by gas chromatography and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Phenolic acids and related compounds were separated by gas chromatography using three separate columns. One of these columns was coupled to a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The trimethylsilyl derivatives could be separated and identified by comparing the relative retention times of the three different columns. However, where there was overlap, the accompanying infrared data clearly distinguished between the questionable derivatives, thus enabling characterization of all derivatives.
Integral balance of forces and momenta in accelerated boundary layers.

Accelerated boundary layers classified in terms of integral balance of pressure, inertia, wall friction forces and entrainment momenta
Loss of lattice rigidity in iron-nitrogen austenite

Abstract Mossbauer spectra were taken at room temperature and at 183°K of an iron-nitrogen sample containing about 40% of room temperature-aged martensite and the remainder austenite. The intensities of the martensite spectra are larger by about 8% at the lower temperature, as expected from thermal variation of the recoilless fraction. Conversely, the intensities of the austenite spectra are smaller at 183°K. This is associated with a lessening of lattice resistance to excitations caused by absorption of the γ-ray recoil energy. The abnormal decrease in lattice rigidity in the austenite at this temperature, which is below Ms, may be related to the transformation to martensite.
Assessing algorithms for defining vascular architecture in subharmonic images of breast lesions

The ability to accurately and non-invasively characterize breast lesions and their vasculature would greatly limit the number of unneeded biopsies performed annually. Subharmonic ultrasound imaging (SHI) allows exclusive imaging of vasculature in real time, while completely suppressing tissue signals. Previously, cumulative maximum intensity (CMI) projections of SHI data were shown to be useful for characterization, but lacked means of quantification. In this study we investigate three potential thinning algorithms for defining breast lesion architecture. Sequential thinning, parallel thinning, and distance transformation algorithms were compared using 40 in vitro test images. Sequential thinning was selected due to superior connectivity, minimal rotational variance, and sufficient data reduction. This algorithm was then applied to 16 CMI SHI images of breast lesions, out of which 13 were successfully skeletonized. Average bifurcations were 9.8 ± 8.18 and 6.9 ± 6.50 in malignant and benign lesions, respectively (p > 0.60). Average vessel-chain length was 88.9 ± 79.10 pixels versus 63.2 ± 45.65 pixels in malignant versus benign lesions (p > 0.40). While the sequential thinning algorithm was promising for quantifying breast vasculature, its ability to significantly differentiate between malignant and benign lesions in this study was limited by a high degree of variability and limited sample size.
A Gestalt perspective on computer simulations of cognitive processes.

Abstract Impressive computer simulations of the thinking processes of novices confronting problems and powerful programs displaying artificial intelligence in the solution of problems in highly limited domains are among the recent achievements in the application of the modern computer to issues in cognitive psychology. Missing in such work is the crucial step of understanding, that is, grasping both what is crucial in any given problem and why it is crucial. Classical Gestalt analyses of productive thought emphasized precisely this phenomenon of insight. This article summarizes some of the Gestalt concepts and principles in the psychology of problem solving and creative thinking. Modern cognitive psychology has largely ignored, or has found intractable, the phenomenon of achieving an appropriate representation (an understanding) of a problem domain, and, until a more adequate theory of insight is developed, computer models of genuine human thinking and problem solving will remain incomplete. It is proposed that re-examination of the classical Gestalt literature on problem solving and productive thinking may help guide psychologists in fruitful directions in their effort to improve the simulation of complex human cognitive processes, particularly in the domain of problem solving.
Sensory blockade of smoking satisfaction

Abstract Cigarette smokers were presented with controlled doses of cigarette smoke to determine wheter the resulting reduction in cigarette craving depended upon perceiving the sensory qualities of the smoke. Cigarette craving was assessed before and after inhaling controlled doses of smoke in two conditions: (1) Local anesthesia of the upper and lower respiratory airways, induced by mouth rinsing, gargling and inhalation of a mist containing the topical anesthetic lidocaine; and (2) no-anesthesia control, in which all solutions were saline. A sham smoking procedure was presented in both conditions. Craving and ad lib smoking behavior were also assessed 30 minutes after controlled smoking. The results indicated that smoke, as opposed to sham puffs, significantly reduced reports of cigarette craving, and local anesthesia significantly blocked this immediate reduction in craving produced by smoke inhalation. Puffs were also rated as less desirable in the anesthesia condition. Thirty minutes after smoking, craving was no different in the anesthesia and saline control conditions. However, craving as well as smoking intake in both conditions was less when smoke had been given previously than in the sham smoking control. These results suggest that sensory cues accompanying inhalation of cigarette smoke are important determinants of immediate smoking satisfaction. However, the sustained effects of smoke intake on subsequent smoking behavior (30 min later) may be mediated by processes other than sensory stimulation of the respiratory tract, such as plasma nicotine levels.
Independent verification of gantry angle for pre-treatment VMAT QA using EPID

We propose a method to incorporate independent verification of gantry angle for electronic portal imaging device (EPID)-based pre-treatment quality assurance (QA) of clinical volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans. Gantry angle is measured using projections in the EPID of a custom phantom placed on the couch and the treatment plan is modified so as to be incident on the phantom with a portion of the beam that is collimated in the clinical plan. For our implementation, collimator and couch angles were set to zero and the inferior jaw and two most inferior multi-leaf collimator pairs were opened for the entire QA delivery. A phantom containing five gold coils was used to measure the gantry rotation through which each portal image was acquired. We performed the EPID QA for ten clinical plans and evaluated accuracy of gantry angle measurement, scatter incident on the imager due to the phantom, inter-image pixel linearity and inter- and intra-image noise. The gantry angle could be measured to within 0.0 ± 0.3° for static gantry and 0.2 ± 0.2° for arc acquisitions. Scatter due to the presence of the phantom was negligible. The procedure was shown to be feasible and adds gantry angle to the treatment planning parameters that can be verified by EPID-based pre-treatment VMAT QA.
1064. Haute Couture Vectors: Solving Clinical Problems with Custom Designed AAV Vectors

Compelling evidence that therapeutic transgene levels can be achieved from adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors has not been observed in any human gene therapy application to date. We show that AAV capsids can be tailored to solve such clinical problems and describe here a new generation of AAV vectors approved for use in clinical studies.
Did Banks' Security Affiliates Add Value?: Evidence from the Commercial Banking Industry during the 1920s

This paper finds that banks' security affiliates added 4 percent to 7 percent to the market value of commercial banks in 1926 and 1927. This result is robust to the inclusion of a large array of control variables, including risk, regulatory environment, and financial health variables such as the capital-asset ratio and profitability measures. Bank size explains about 40 percent of this premium, thus suggesting that economies of scale were present. The remaining 60 percent of the premium most likely came from economies of scope. This result implies that the Glass-Steagall Act, by disallowing banks' involvement in the securities industry, had a direct cost in lost market value for the commercial banking industry.
An Experimental Investigation of Structured Roughness Effect on Heat Transfer During Single-Phase Liquid Flow at Microscale

The effect of structured roughness on the heat transfer of water flowing through minichannels was experimentally investigated in this study. The test channels were formed by two 12.7 mm wide � 94.6 mm long stainless steel strips. Eight structured roughness elements were generated using a wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) process as lateral grooves of sinusoidal profile on the channel walls. The height of the roughness structures ranged from 18 l mt o 96lm, and the pitch was varied from 250 lm to 400 lm. The hydraulic diameter of the rectangular flow channels ranged from 0.71 mm to 1.87 mm, while the constricted hydraulic diameter (obtained by using the narrowest flow gap) ranged from 0.68 mm to 1.76 mm. After accounting for heat losses from the edges and end sections, the heat transfer coefficient for smooth channels was found to be in good agreement with the conventional correlations in the laminar entry region as well as in the laminar fully developed region. All roughness elements were found to enhance the heat transfer. In the ranges of parameters tested, the roughness element pitch was found to have almost no effect, while the heat transfer coefficient was significantly enhanced by increasing the roughness element height. An earlier transition from laminar to turbulent flow was observed with increasing relative roughness (ratio of roughness height to hydraulic diameter). For the roughness element designated as B-1 with a pitch of 250 lm, roughness height of 96 lm and a constricted hydraulic diameter of 690 lm, a maximum heat transfer enhancement of 377% was obtained, while the corresponding friction factor increase was 371% in the laminar fully developed region. Comparing different enhancement techniques reported in the literature, the highest roughness element tested in the present work resulted in the highest thermal performance factor, defined as the ratio of heat transfer enhancement factor (over smooth channels) and the corresponding friction enhancement factor to the power 1/3. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4006844]
Light microscopic immunocytochemical evidence of converging serotonin and dopamine terminals in ventrolateral nucleus accumbens.

Abstract The mesencephalic tegmentum contains monoaminergic neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). These monoaminergic neurons consist of the serotonergic (5-HT) neurons of the dorsal and median raphe and the dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Recent neurochemical reports describe cocaine-induced alterations in dopamine and serotonin release in NAcc that has coincidental occurrence both spatially and temporally, as shown by in vivo voltammetry. There is a functional role for 5-HT-DA interactions within the NAcc in the underlying mechanism of action of cocaine as well as for 5-HT in A10 DA neurons in the basal or endogenous state whether or not cocaine-relevant reward circuits are involved. Our objective was to study the neuroanatomic localization of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing (TH) and 5-HT-containing axons in the ventrolateral region of the rat NAcc, where codetection of monoamines had been assessed. The significance of this vINAcc is its reciprocal connectivity with VTA, which contains the somatodendritic portions of the mesoaccumbens DA neurons. The results showed that, in the vINAcc, the core contained a dense terminal field of TH axons that had an extensive overlap with 5-HT axons in the periphery within the core. Because the in vivo electrochemical codetection of DA and 5-HT assessed in the ventral-most aspect of this overlap zone can be correlated with terminal release, a functional interaction of 5-HT and DA at postsynaptic sites in vINAcc is possible.
Purification of Myosin Light Chain Kinase from Rabbit Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

To investigate the regulation of actin-myosin interaction in rabbit phagocytic cells, purified myosin and a partially purified cofactor protein were obtained from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and alveolar macrophages (ALM) by molecular sieve filtration over an agarose column. ALM cofactor enhanced the Mg++-ATPase activity of ALM myosin by actin to 0.15 +/- 0.04 mumoles Pi per mg myosin per min and PMN cofactor enhanced PMN myosin to 0.43 +/- 0.03 mumoles Pi per mg myosin per min. The crude cofactor preparations isolated from the two types of leukocyte extracts were interchangeable with the leukocyte myosins. When ALM cofactor was added to a PMN actomyosin complex, the Mg++-ATPase activity of the PMN myosin was 3-fold higher than with ALM cofactor and its own actomyosin complex. In contrast, PMN cofactor did not enhance ALM actomyosin Mg++-ATPase activity beyond that observed with ALM cofactor and ALM actomyosin. Cofactor protein from the PMN was further purified on a DEAE-Sephagel column. After electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel, the isolated fraction weighed 70,000 daltons. This fraction stimulated the actinmediated myosin Mg++-ATPase. In the presence of Mg++ and [gamma 32P]ATP, the 70,000 dalton protein phosphorylated the 20,000 dalton light chain of PMN myosin, leading to the incorporation of 0.62 +/- 0.09 moles of Pi per mole myosin. On the basis of these results, we propose that phagocytic cofactor is a kinase which regulates the enzymatic activity of phagocytic cell myosin.
Trade in services competitiveness: An assessment methodology

The share of developing countries in exports of world services increased from 15% in 2000 to 21% in 2011. Interestingly, in many of the developing economies, the growth in services exports is derived from not just traditional services, but also from modern, high-value, skill-intensive services. Given the rising importance of services, this paper develops a widely applicable methodology for evaluating the contribution of the service sector and the potential of using the sector for growth, employment and trade diversification objectives. We summarize a few key indicators for assessing the performance of the services sector using the available cross-country and bilateral trade data on the services sector. The indicators proposed in this paper are fairly general and draw on cross-country databases; however, to illustrate the methodology we use examples of the following nine countries: Brazil, Chile, Egypt, Hungary, India, Malaysia, Philippines, South Africa, and Ukraine.
Sound production through the substrate during reproduction in the mottled sculpin,Cottus bairdi (Cottidae)

During reproduction maleCottus bairdi defend cavities beneath stones and perform defense and reproductive displays. Using a geophone to detect substrate vibrations under dark conditions (infrared viewing), we recorded three types of sounds. ‘Knocks’ are produced during head nods and an acoustically similar sound is produced when the fish slaps the head to the substrate. A third sound, the ‘drum roll’ appears to be a fast repetition of several knocks followed by a head slap. We argue that these signals traveling through the substrate are of greater importance than sounds traveling through the water because (1) the substrate vibration attenuates at a much lesser rate than the water vibration and, (2) even near riffles, which generate much water vibration, the background noise in the substrate is low enough for the fish to detect such sounds.
The effect of population density on spacing patterns and behavioral interactions in the cockroach, Byrsotria fumigata (Guérin)

A dominance hierarchy, in which one individual was dominant over all other individuals but in which the relationships among the subordinates were unclear, was observed in male groups of the cockroach, Byrsotria fumigata (Guerin), over a wide range of population densities. There was no tendency towards territoriality, even in low density populations. The rate of interindividual interactions remained nearly constant at all densities, but the number of contests in which one animal was a clear winner decreased significantly as density decreased. Certain behavioral acts, including submission, decreased with decreasing density, while others, such as fleeing, increased. The social repertoire seems to be relatively plastic, depending upon the density at which animals are kept. Usually hierarchies were maintained when groups of animals were transferred from one density to another, but in some cases a previously subordinate animal became dominant.
An old drug for new ideas: metformin promotes adult neurogenesis and spatial memory formation.

Identifying well-tolerated, oral medications that enhance adult neurogenesis is of great clinical interest. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Wang et al. (2012) demonstrate that the diabetes medication metformin enhances spatial learning in mice by activating the atypical PKC/CBP pathway in adult neural stem cells.
Modeling Abstractions of Vehicle Suspension Systems Supporting the Rigid Body Analysis

It is possible to use architecture concept models for CAE analyses supporting the design and optimization of a vehicle's general layout prior to the time consuming and expensive preparation of detailed models. Suspension system, including kinematic linkages, compliance and damping elements, wheels, tires, and brakes, plays a key role in determining whether the basic layout of a vehicle is suitable for given application. This paper presents an appropriate set of architecture level abstractions for suspension systems that can be incorporated into full vehicle concept models. These modeling abstractions provide abstract representations of a wide variety of suspension system configurations that illustrate both geometric and functional properties without resorting to high-fidelity solid model renderings of parts using details that simply do not exist this early in the design process. The architecture concept suspension model presented in this study can be used for vehicles rigid body analysis.
Equilibrium theory of exsorption: a gas—liquid—adsorbent mass-transfer operation

Abstract A three-phase (gas—liquid—adsorbent) mass-transfer operation, called exsorption , which may have potential in chemical, biochemical and environmental processes, is described. The system of interest consists of a column packed with adsorbent particles through which gas and liquid streams flow in countercurrent mode. Distributed-parameter models, which assume isothermal operation and transfer of a single solute among the mutually immiscible phases, are presented for the two different wetting states of adsorbent particles. Equilibrium theory of exsorption is established on the basis of the distributed-parameter models of the system. The equilibrium theory predicts various aspects of propagation dynamics of concentration waves and reveals individual—relative effects of concentration dependence of gas—liquid, liquid—adsorbent and gas—adsorbent equilibrium isotherms. Based on the characteristics of the equilibrium isotherms, criteria for the development of sharpening, spreading, and stagnant concentration waves can be obtained directly from the equilibrium propagation velocity of the system. The equilibrium theory of exsorption is compared with the equilibrium theories of fixed-bed adsorption and countercurrent gas—liquid mass-transfer operations.
Effect of Acute Mitral Insufficiency of Various Degrees on Mean Arterial Blood Pressure, Coronary Blood Flow Cardiac Output and Oxygen Consumption

In anesthetized dog, acute mitral insufficiency of variable severity results in an increase in coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption. The increase in oxygen consumption is interpreted as meaning either that the left ventricle expends a significant amount of energy in regurgitating blood into the left atrium during mitral insufficiency, or that mitral insufficiency induces a decrease of the efficiency of the left ventricle or both.
Effect of Lime on Ignition Furnace Calibration

This study investigated mix components, other than aggregate source, that were perceived to affect the ignition furnace mixture calibration. Four sets of experiments with one aggregate were designed and run to evaluate the effects of the amounts of lime, sulfur, calcium carboxylates, and fines. Five asphalt binders with different chemistries were evaluated. Two binders had high and low sulfur contents, respectively; two other binders contained relatively high concentrations of carboxylates. Various concentrations of hydrated lime (0 to 3 percent by weight) were added to mixtures and were found to have a significant effect on the ignition furnace correction factor for all five binders. The magnitude of the effect was large enough to cause the quality control tests to fail the tolerances established by the Virginia Department of Transportation. The lime appears to react with the sulfur dioxide (SO2) formed from the combustion of organic sulfur to generate calcium sulfate. The amount of sulfur present in the...
Acquired von Willebrand's syndrome: a single institution experience

Acquired von Willebrand's disease or syndrome (AVWS) is a rare bleeding disorder distinguished from congenital von Willebrand's disease by age at presentation and absence of personal and family history of bleeding disorders. We report on 22 patients with AVWS seen over 25 years. Mean age at diagnosis was 61.3 years (range 38-86 years); most patients had a spontaneous or a post-operative hemorrhage at presentation. Gastrointestinal bleeding and epistaxis were the most common spontaneous symptoms. Bleeding time was prolonged in most patients, associated with marked reductions in plasma von Willebrand factor antigen and ristocetin cofactor activity. Plasma VWF multimer distribution was normal (type 1 pattern) in 5 patients, indeterminate (no multimers detectable) in 6 patients (type 3 pattern), and abnormal (decreased higher-molecular-weight multimers, type 2 pattern) in 11 patients. None of 17 patients tested had an inhibitor of ristocetin cofactor activity. An underlying malignant or benign hematologic disease was found in 18 patients, and 1 patient had Crohn's disease. Desmopressin was effective in only half the patients so treated, but all patients responded to treatment with VWF-containing concentrates. Resolution of AVWS occurred with therapy of lymphoma (1 patient) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1 patient). Sixteen patients were alive at last follow-up; no deaths were related to bleeding. AVWS may be more prevalent than has been appreciated; we estimate up to 0.04%. Awareness of the existence of AVWS is essential for diagnosis and appropriate management. Therapy of associated diseases may improve the bleeding disorder.
Policies for Reducing Blood Wastage in Hospital Blood Banks

This paper presents new operational policies for reducing wastage due to blood exceeding its transfusable age limit without adversely affecting shortages stockouts. One policy, called double-crossmatching, tests the same unit of blood for compatibility with two potential recipients so that it is available for use by either and also insures that blood is available for both. Another policy involves using Rh-negative blood for Rh-positive patients under certain blood-age conditions, when medically feasible. The simultaneous use of both policies is also investigated. The performance of these policies is measured by wastage-cost effectiveness over a range of demand levels and by blood type. Operational procedures for using these policies are also discussed.
Laminar flow development and heat transfer in converging plane-walled channels

The characteristics of flow development and heat transfer in converging plane-walled channels are studied by the finite difference method. The velocity and temperature profiles in both angular and radial directions, the average Nusselt number and the pressure drop are calculated for three different taper angles. The results show that the transport process is governed by three parameters: the inlet Reynolds number, the Peclet number and the taper angle. The increase of the taper angle yields an increase of the Nusselt number and a decrease of the pressure drop.
Recovering Aristotle: Rhetoric, politics, and the limits of rationality

ARISTOTLE ON POLITICAL REASONING: A COMMENTARY ON THE “RHETORIC.” By Larry Arnhart. De Kalb: University of Northern Illinois Press, 1981. pp. 370. $18.00. POLITICAL JUDGMENT. By Ronald Beiner. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1983. $20.00; paper $9.50.
The use of Stigeoclonium subsecundum (chlorophyceae) as a bioassay organism II. The use of stigeometers in a continuous flow system

Abstract A continuous flow algal bioassay system using Stigeoclonium subsecundum attached to glass slides (stigeometers) was developed. An artificial stream was constructed so that the algal biomass on each stigeometer could be increased to a specific level prior to the bioassay. Battery jars, in which the stigeometers were placed on vertical glass rods were used for the bioassay. A continuous flow of water entered the battery jar through a stopcock and left by means of a siphon outlet system which also maintained a constant water level in the battery jar. A paddle located in the center of the battery jar and connected to a variable speed motor produced a current of water over the stigeometers. Dechlorinated tap water was used to maintain the growth of the attached algae in both the artificial stream and in the battery jars. A one week limit was set as the maximum length of time a bioassay could be conducted. This was due to the extremely fast growth of the algal mat in the battery jars exposed to a current of 0.75 m s−1. Zoospores released by the attached filaments and sampled by concentrating the battery jar effluent also because difficult to count after one week. The flexibility of this type of algal bioassay system was also discussed.
X-ray photon detection with multilayered Josephson junctions

Abstract Superconducting tunnel junctions can be configured as high resolution X-ray spectrometers however, because they are thin, STJs suffer from inherent photoabsorption inefficiency. A common approach to enhance quantum efficiency is to couple the junctions to superconducting absorbers and employ quasiparticle traps. An alternative approach is to use vertical stacks of tunnel junctions as detectors. These multilayered superconducting tunnel junctions (MSTJs) need not be thin and may have additional advantages including increased signal to noise ratio. We report on the fabrication of multilayered tunnel junctions and successful X-ray detection by an MSTJ.