cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multilevel adaptive solver based on second-generation wavelet thresholding techniques

In this manuscript, we introduce a second-generation wavelet thresholding technique used to construct a numerically stable non-dyadic sparse grid representation. The resulting second-generation wavelet projectors, when coupled to a multigrid solver, provide an elegant method for integrating the numerical solution. The combined method is then utilized in the solution of a singular perturbation problem that arises when modelling an n-MOS gate exhibiting quantum tunnelling. The resulting solution is compared with the full Schrodinger–Poisson system, and the two solutions are shown to be in good agreement. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decision models for aiding FMS scheduling and control

Control of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) requires the complex interaction of two components: (1) computers to perform automated control and routing activities, and (2) humans to supervise the automation, to monitor system flows and outputs, and to intervene to diagnose and either correct or compensate for unanticipated events. Current academic FMS scheduling research has focused mainly on the first component in the control loop, development of scheduling algorithms for optimization and control. Here, the second component is included in both the definition of the FMS control problem and the corresponding control approach. A more realistic definition of the FMS control environment is presented using a supervisory control framework. Within this context, the concept of aiding a human operator who supervises the predominantly automated FMS operations is developed. >
Behavioral cues associated with oviposition by Trioza eugeniae

Trioza eugeniae oviposited significantly more eggs on Syzygium paniculatum leaves free of eggs compared to leaves with pre-existing eggs in a choice experiment, suggesting that females modify oviposition based on cues associated with the presence of eggs. In separate experiments, females avoided ovipositing on parts of leaves where eggs were present, but readily oviposited on areas of the same leaf without eggs. Epideictic pheromones are apparently not used by this species because females readily oviposited on areas of a leaf from which eggs had previously been removed. Females laid 57% of all their eggs along the margins of normal leaves, but also oviposited on artificial margins produced by cutting the leaves. The preference for natural margins over artificial margins was eliminated when the entire margin was coated with an antitranspirant compound to mask the damaged edge. These studies show that ovipositing psyllids respond both to the presence of eggs and to the suitability of the substrate.
Transport of selenate and selenite into astragalus roots.

After incubation for 1 hr with 75Se-selenate, excised roots of Astragalus crotalariae, a selenium-accumulating species, and A. lentiginosus, a nonaccumulator, had absorbed radioactivity to levels well over the external concentration. About 98% of the radioactivity was ethanol-soluble, and when analyzed by column and paper chromatography and by electrophoresis proved to be selenate. This and previous evidence shows an active transport for selenate. Considerably less radioactivity was absorbed when 75Se-selenite was supplied to the excised roots, and levels of the ethanol-soluble radioactivity did not exceed the external concentration. A good deal of the radioactivity was ethanol-insoluble. Analysis of the soluble radioactivity from both species showed appreciable conversion of selenite to other forms.
Determination of the mode of interaction of Mn2+ and Cu2+ with cis-inositol by 13C NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Natural abundance 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 13 C NMR) was used to study the mode of binding of Mn 2+ and Cu 2+ to the cyclitol, cis -inositol. Resonance linewidths and the electron nuclear relaxation rates [( T 1 e ) −1 values] were used to establish that a unique binding site exists for these metal-ions on this cyclitol involving only the three axial hydroxyl groups. This work may aid in the development of new organometallic complexes used as paramagnetic relaxation agents in magnetic resonance imaging research.
Within you, without you: HIV-1 Rev and RNA export

Nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of RNA is one of many cellular pathways whose illumination has progressed hand in hand with understanding of retroviral mechanisms. A recent paper in Cell reports the involvement of an RNA helicase in the pathway by which HIV exports partially spliced and unspliced RNA out of the nucleus. This suggests the ubiquity of RNA helicases in RNA export from the nucleus, and has novel mechanistic implications.
Regulation of Foods and Drugs and Libertarian Ideals: Perspectives of a Fellow-Traveler

For one with libertarian sympathies, the official regulation of foods and drugs is presumptively a bad thing. One is most accustomed to seeing the argument in debates about legalizing marijuana and other hedonic drugs. And it remains a very good if by now well-trafficked question, which will be more well-trafficked still by the time this essay ends, why government should be in the business of telling people what sorts of chemical moodenhancers they may take. But as the criminologist James Jacobs has pointed out, to ask this question is to put in play matters far larger and more important than marijuana. What business is it of government to say what medicines may be sold and by whom they may be sold? Why should certain chemical agents be available to willing buyers only with a doctor's scrip, and other agents, such as unproved drugs or devices, forbidden to all, even with medical permission? If libertarians answer these questions impatiently, then admirers of the administrative welfare state (“statists”) will be happy to play rope-a-dope with them, chattering on about the endearing eccentricities of libertarians' assumptions and avoiding the challenge to articulate and defend their own increasingly shabby-looking principles. Those principles are much in need of defense. Food and drug laws are among the most well-established offices of regulatory government. They are complicated, hypertechnical, mysterious, and expensive to administer and maintain. One is entitled to suspect that a number of them are carried on more out of habit and routine than out of any authentic conviction that they are the best way, or among the better ways, to provide for the welfare of citizens.
Reduction in Early Dislocation Rate With Large-Diameter Femoral Heads in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty

Large-diameter femoral heads, which may reduce dislocation, are used without extensive in vivo research. Two studies were done to determine relative dislocation rates. Study 1 compared dislocation rates in primary total hip arthroplasties (THAs) using 28- or 38-mm heads. Study 2 evaluated dislocation rates in large-diameter (38-56 mm) metal-on-metal heads. In study 1, 136 patients with 38-mm heads via posterior approach and 160 patients with 28-mm heads via Hardinge approach had an average of 52 months of follow-up (range, 32-106 months). In study 2, 469 patients had THA with large-diameter metal-on-metal heads, with an average of 36 months of follow-up (range, 24-46 months). Harris hip scores evaluated the clinical outcomes. Study 1 had no dislocations in the 38-mm group and had 4 dislocations (2.5%) in the 28-mm group (P = .12). Study 2 had 2 dislocations (0.4%). Dislocation rates in primary THA with 38-mm bearings via posterior approach are the same as 28-mm bearings via Hardinge approach. Metal-on-metal THA with 38 to 56 mm heads is also associated with low dislocation rates (0.4%) at short-term follow-up.
What If Social Scientists Had Reviewed Great Scientific Works of the Past

One might question whether the great works in the history of science would get good reviews if subjected to the type of reviewing process to which psychologists are forced to submit their manuscripts. In some ways, behavioral scientists are too critical, and in other ways they are insufficiently so. To explore these issues, we imagine that great works from the history of nonsocial sciences were submitted for review in behavioral science journals and present simulated editor letters summarizing the comments of behavioral science reviewers. The philosophical underpinnings and justifications of the arguments are discussed, and recommendations for improved reviewing are offered.
Text Mining Biomedical Literature for Discovering Gene-to-Gene Relationships: A Comparative Study of Algorithms

Partitioning closely related genes into clusters has become an important element of practically all statistical analyses of microarray data. A number of computer algorithms have been developed for this task. Although these algorithms have demonstrated their usefulness for gene clustering, some basic problems remain. This paper describes our work on extracting functional keywords from MEDLINE for a set of genes that are isolated for further study from microarray experiments based on their differential expression patterns. The sharing of functional keywords among genes is used as a basis for clustering in a new approach called BEA-PARTITION in this paper. Functional keywords associated with genes were extracted from MEDLINE abstracts. We modified the Bond Energy Algorithm (BEA), which is widely accepted in psychology and database design but is virtually unknown in bioinformatics, to cluster genes by functional keyword associations. The results showed that BEA-PARTITION and hierarchical clustering algorithm outperformed k\hbox{-}{\rm{means}} clustering and self-organizing map by correctly assigning 25 of 26 genes in a test set of four known gene groups. To evaluate the effectiveness of BEA-PARTITION for clustering genes identified by microarray profiles, 44 yeast genes that are differentially expressed during the cell cycle and have been widely studied in the literature were used as a second test set. Using established measures of cluster quality, the results produced by BEA-PARTITION had higher purity, lower entropy, and higher mutual information than those produced by k\hbox{-}{\rm{means}} and self-organizing map. Whereas BEA-PARTITION and the hierarchical clustering produced similar quality of clusters, BEA-PARTITION provides clear cluster boundaries compared to the hierarchical clustering. BEA-PARTITION is simple to implement and provides a powerful approach to clustering genes or to any clustering problem where starting matrices are available from experimental observations.
Kicking the epicardium up a Notch

see related article, pages 51–59 The epicardium is a layer of fibrous mesothelium that covers the external surface of the heart. Until recently, the main function of this tissue was thought to be protective and to contribute to production of pericardial fluid. Recently, however, renewed interest in the function of the epicardium has identified important contributions to cardiac development, disease, and regeneration. In the developing embryo, the epicardium derives from the proepicardial organ, a cluster of multipotent progenitor cells located dorsal to the looped heart tube during early stages of embryogenesis.1,2 Some proepicardial cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to generate migratory cells that encase the heart, invade the myocardium, and ultimately give rise to fibroblasts, coronary smooth muscle, and possibly endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes.3,–,9 The embryonic epicardium provides factors necessary for the normal development and expansion of the myocardium; disruption of critical epicardial signaling pathways leads to thin and poorly functioning myocardium.10,–,12 These discoveries have raised the question of whether the epicardium might play a role in adult cardiac homeostasis or response to injury by providing cells or growth factors that impact cardiac function. Several recent studies, including a study by Russell et al in this issue of Circulation Research ,13 have begun to establish a novel paradigm for the adult epicardium as a tissue able to undergo dynamic activation in response to stress reminiscent of embryonic epicardial EMT. Prior studies in zebrafish have demonstrated generalized activation of the epicardium following amputation of the apex of the heart, which subsequently provides a conducive environment …
Spatial-based channel assignment: flexible channel assignment using the Global Positioning System (GPS)

The purpose of this project is to demonstrate that GPS' precision navigation capabilities can be used to enhance and optimize mobile computing channel assignment procedures. Current channel assignments are typically based on hand-off procedures relying on signal strength differences between the mobile user and nearby base stations. The use of timing and positioning information from GPS can significantly enhance the channel assignment process used in existing mobile computing systems at reduced cost and increase effectiveness.
A 61-year-old man with Parkinson's disease

Dr Delbanco: Dr H, a 61-year-old dentist, was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD) in August 1990 by one of his patients, a neurologist, who noticed a change in his gait and difficulty in swallowing and speech. There was no tremor. Married and the father of three children living close to his home in the Boston, Mass, suburbs, Dr H has individual health insurance through a private managed care plan. Dr H's patient encouraged him to seek a formal opinion, and a consulting neurologist confirmed that Dr H had PD; his condition was considered to be in the early stages. In retrospect, his primary care doctor, Dr C, now believes that earlier episodes of drooling and voice changes were due to PD. Of note in his medical history is mild hypertension and a resection of a right frontal meningioma in 1978, which has not recurred and left no neurologic residua. His
Death by Drama and Other Medieval Urban Legends. By Jody Enders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002; pp. xxx + 324; 9 illus. $35 cloth.

Death by Drama is revisionist theatre history at its invigorating best. Taking her cue from modern studies of urban legends, Jody Enders treats theatrical apocrypha—such as the well-known account of a convicted heretic who was supposedly executed on stage during a performance of the drama of Judith and Holofernes in 1549 in Tournai—not as fact, as such stories have often unquestioningly been taken, but as medieval urban legends that reveal spectators' attitudes toward the theatre as a place of potential threat where the true and the false dangerously mix. Looking at such legends as expressions of a culture's specific hopes, fears, and anxieties, Enders examines the “ways in which early France told, retold, invented, and reinvented stories of the tenuous boundaries between theatre and real life, thereby helping audiences to confront the nature of artistic representation” (xxiv). Although Enders's focus is medieval French theatre, her reach extends to modern theatre, film, and media, and her impeccable historical scholarship is enriched by savvy recourse to contemporary critical theory and performance studies. The resulting book shakes up settled assumptions about “what really happened” on the medieval stage, while raising profound questions about theatre's social functions then and now.
Latent life: Concepts and practices of human tissue preservation in the International Biological Program:

Before the rise of DNA sequence analysis or the controversies over the Human Genome Diversity Project, there was the International Biological Program, which ran from 1964 to 1974. The Human Adaptab...
DDIR Versus VVIR Pacing in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Tachyarrhythmias

Patients with sinus node dysfunction (SND) in particular those with tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome and patients undergoing atrioventricular nodal ablation procedures for refractory paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias (PAT), are candidates for single chamber (VVIR mode) or dual chamber rate responsive (DDIR mode) systems. To evaluate the benefits and disadvantages of each pacing mode we retrospectively analyzed 33 patients with a history of frequent PAT who received a VVIR (22 patients); or a DDDR pacemaker (11 patients) programmed to the DDIR mode. The mean follow-up time was 25 and 18 months, respectively. Preimplant left atrial diameter was significantly smaller in the DDIR group. Chronic atrial fibrillation developed in 54% of the VVIR patients and 27% of the DDIR group, but this difference was not significant. Complications of patients with VVIR pacemakers included new mitral and tricuspid insufficiency, stroke, pacemaker intolerance and aggravated congestive heart failure. Patients with DDIR pacemakers had a lower incidence of symptoms and complications. However, this group received more antiarrhythmic medication, required a closer follow-up, and their pacemakers needed frequent reprogramming. Our findings suggest that VVIR is a poor choice for patients with SND, congestive heart failure, and PAT, and that DDIR may be an acceptable alternative.
Acoustical simulation of a randomly fading Communication channel

Experimental studies of fading RF communication chan nels are usually very difficult to perform under actual operating conditions. This paper describes a fading chan nel simulator which is easily constructed and flexible in operation. Using this simulator, modulation and coding techniques suitable for use in communication and ranging equipment can be tested and optimized for operation dur ing periods of severe fading. The simulator uses ultrasonic acoustical waves transmitted through water to achieve favorable changes in the space and time scales; typical fading rates are from 2 to 30 fades per second.The paper also describes simple hybrid statistical mea surement equipment used in studying the probability dis tributions and correlation functions of the received signals.
Next generation TPS architecture

The authors describe the symptom-model-based (SMB) approach, which correlates the failure symptom with the ambiguity group using historical data and diagnostic knowledge of the specific line replaceable units (LRUs). The SMB approach incorporates three key techniques for developing a next-generation TPS (test program set) architecture. The first technique is model-based diagnosis, which involves isolating the cause of failure based on the defined structure and functions of the components. Several different techniques and levels of detail for modeling an LRU are considered. The second technique is empirical diagnosis, which involves computing the most probable cause of failure using historical data and results from failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). The third technique is rule-based diagnosis, which uses the knowledge of experts to isolate failures in an expedient manner. The implementation of each of these techniques is evaluated based on the capability to replace the fault with the correct component, the time to isolate the fault and the complexity of the associated TPS structure. >
8 x 8 array of thin-film photodetectors vertically electrically interconnected to silicon circuitry

This paper reports the integration of an 8/spl times/8 array of thin-film GaAs-AlGaAs photodetectors onto a silicon-oscillator array circuit for massively parallel-image processing applications. Each detector was electrically connected to the oscillator below it using vertical electrical interconnections. Both sides of the thin-film devices were metallized for electrical contact, which minimized the interconnection density on the silicon circuit, thereby maximizing the available signal processing area. The yield of this integrated array and associated circuit was 100%, with the majority of pixels demonstrating a dynamic range of 50 dB. >
Coming into focus: the nonovarian origins of ovarian cancer.

Background The traditional view of epithelial ovarian cancer asserts that all tumor subtypes share a common origin in the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE)
Trends in food and beverage television brand appearances viewed by children and adolescents from 2009 to 2014 in the USA.

Objective Public health experts raise concerns about marketing unhealthy products to young people through television (TV) product placements. Coca-Cola brand appearances (product placements) reached a substantial child and adolescent audience in 2008, but additional brands now sponsor popular programming. We aimed to quantify child and adolescent exposure to food and beverage appearances since 2008. Design In 2015, we purchased Nielsen data on occurrences and child/adolescent exposure to food, beverage and restaurant brand appearances on US prime-time TV from 2009 to 2014, and analysed appearances by product category, company, brand and year. We compared exposure to appearances with exposure to traditional commercials for top brands. Setting Nationally representative panel of approximately 20 000 TV-viewing households. Subjects Children (2–11 years) and adolescents (12–17 years). Results Exposure to food and beverage brand appearances peaked in 2012 and declined through 2014. Whereas full-calorie soda brands dominated before 2012, other sugary drink and quick-serve restaurant brands contributed over one-third of appearances viewed by children in 2013 and 2014. Nine hundred and fifty-four companies had brand appearances from 2009 to 2014, but just four were responsible for over half of exposures: The Coca-Cola Company, Dr Pepper Snapple Group, PepsiCo and Starbucks. Approximately half were viewed on reality TV programmes and one sitcom. Each year from 2009 to 2013, brand appearance exposure exceeded traditional advertising exposure for at least one brand. Conclusions Despite recent reductions in brand appearances viewed by young people, some unhealthy branded products continue to be marketed via this method. We suggest policy options to reduce child and adolescent exposure to such appearances.
Total Ionizing Dose Radiation Effects on 14 nm FinFET and SOI UTBB Technologies

14 nm technology node bulk silicon FinFETs and SOI FinFETs and 14 nm SOI Ultra-Thin-Body and BOX nFETs were irradiated under bias using a 10 keV X-ray source. Irradiation resulted in significant changes in the threshold voltages of the SOI devices and large changes in the off-state current of the bulk FinFETs.
Carcinoma of the Bartholin Gland

(1) Ba.ss, F.: Zentrallil. f. Gyniik. 52: 1213, 1928. (2) Davies and Stra:ng: Brit. M. J. 1: 540, 1930. (3) Fellerlim,: Zentralbl. f. Gynlik. 52: 2037, 1928. (4) Graff: Brit. X. J. 1: 902, 1930. (5) llalbam, a:nd Seitz: Biologie und Path·. ologie des Weibes 7: pt. 2. (6) Hattber: Zentralbl. f. Gynak., p. 2376, 1928. (7) Liebe: Monatsehr. f. Geburtsh. u. Gynil.k. 54: 102, 1921. (8) Ma:nley: AM. J. OBST. & GYNEC. 2: 512, 1926. (9) Martin: Erkrankungen dcr Eierst1icke. (10) Meyer: Zentralbl. f. Gyniik. 19: 1920. (11) RiMes: J. Obst. & Gynec. Brit. Emp. 35: 316, 1928. (12) Stra.sll"JMnn: Arch. f. Gynil.k. 119: 168, 1923. (13) StraWJs: AM. J. 0BST. & GYNEO. 18: 781, 1929. (14) Suttt)'l~: AM .• J. 0BST. & GYNEC. 7: 1, 1924.
Search Strategies Used by Older Adults in a Virtual Reality Place Learning Task

Purpose of the study Older adults often have problems finding their way in novel environments such as senior living residences and hospitals. The purpose of this study was to examine the types of self-reported search strategies and cues that older adults use to find their way in a virtual maze. Design and methods Healthy, independently living older adults (n = 129) aged 55-96 were tested in a virtual maze task over a period of 3 days in which they had to repeatedly find their way to a specified goal. They were interviewed about their strategies on days 1 and 3. Content analysis was used to identify the strategies and cues described by the participants in order to find their way. Strategies and cues used were compared among groups. Results The participants reported the use of multiple spatial and non-spatial strategies, and some of the strategies differed among age groups and over time. The oldest age group was less likely to use strategies such as triangulation and distance strategies. All participants used visual landmarks to find their way, but the use of geometric cues (corners) was used less by the older participants. Implications These findings add to the theoretical understanding of how older adults find their way in complex environments. The understanding of how wayfinding changes with age is essential in order to design more supportive environments.
Ethnic Identity and Implicit Anti-fat Bias: Similarities and Differences between African American and Caucasian Women

Research using self-report or explicit measures of body image suggests African American women have a more accepting view of larger figures than non-Hispanic White (NHW) women. However, increasing research indicates that explicit views may vary from those held at a deeper, implicit level. Our study examined whether African American women held an implicit negative bias toward overweight/fat individuals, despite a greater explicit acceptance of larger body size. Additionally, ethnic identity was measured to assess if strength of identity relates to bias. Anti-fat bias was compared within and between ethnic groups using an Implicit Association Test (IAT), which measures the strength of automatic associations between two concepts. This online IAT measured spontaneous thoughts about figures of various body weights (underweight, overweight, obese) and positive and negative terms (eg, attractive and unattractive or healthy and unhealthy). A pervasive anti-fat bias was found in African American as well as NHW women. For both groups this bias was related to ethnic identity when thinking about figure size and health. Specifically, African American women with lower ethnic identity were more negatively biased and NHW women with higher ethnic identity were more negatively biased. Findings from this study indicate that implicitly there are few differences in the way these two ethnicities classify heavy figures, and therefore African Americans may not be immune to weight stigma. Given the prevalence of obesity and the lack of research on weight stigma among African American women, there is need to address this issue and its impact on well-being. Ethn Dis. 2016;26(1):69-76; doi:10.18865/ed.26.1.69
Processing and Properties of Nb5Si3/Nb Laminates

Mechanical alloying(MA) and Reactive Sintering(RS) techniques were successfully used to produce Nb5Si3. Model laminates of mechanically alloyed Nb5Si3 and commercially pure niobium were prepared via vacuum hot pressing. Tensile properties for the as-received, vacuum heat treated and niobium with a solid solution of silicon were obtained at 298K and 77K. 298K bend tests were conducted in an in situ deformation stage in a SEM. 77K bend tests were also conducted. Toughness values are correlated to the ligament properties and effect of constraint.
Stress-induced increases in progesterone and cortisol in naturally cycling women

Studies with animals of both sexes show that the adrenal glands release progesterone in addition to cortisol in response to stress. However, little is known about the progesterone response to stress in naturally cycling women. We investigated the effect of stress on estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol levels in women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. We found that physical stress (the cold pressor test) had no effect on estradiol levels, but increased progesterone and cortisol. We also found positive correlations between baseline progesterone and cortisol levels, as well as between the change in progesterone and cortisol before and after water exposure in both the stress and control sessions. Mediation analyses revealed during the stress session, the change in progesterone from baseline to 42-min post-stress onset was mediated by the magnitude of change in cortisol levels across the same time span. Overall, these findings reveal that progesterone released in response to stress as observed in animals and men extends to women during the low ovarian output follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, and that the mechanism of release may be similar to the mechanism of cortisol release.
Husband-Wife Influence in Purchase Decisions-A Confirmation and Extension

This article provides two kinds of information about the measurement of husband-wife influence in family decision making. First, confirmatory support is given to certain conclusions by Davis [4] in his study of alternative measures of relative spousal influence. Second, the article extends the application of multitrait-multimethod procedures to the stages or phases of the decision process to determine the commonality of perceived influence across spouses and how these phases interrelate. Limited information about ethnic variations in family decision behavior is also presented since only black families were included in the study. METHODOLOGY
Atmospheric Science Research at Whiteface Mountain, NY: Site Description and History

Whiteface Mountain, with an elevation of 1483 m above sea level, is a relatively low mountain by global standards. At the same time, the summit is some 90 m above the tree line and it is the fifth highest peak in the Adirondack Mountain Range of New York State. Whiteface Mountain is set apart from the other Adirondack High Peaks, providing an ideal location for many types of atmospheric measurements. The geographical location in the northeastern U.S., the lone massif character of the mountain, and the fact that the summit is very often enveloped in cloud has made the observatory an attractive place for scientific research. A four story building specifically for the purposes of scientific research and fire monitoring was built on the summit in 1971. The headquarters of the Whiteface Mountain facility, the Marble Mountain Lodge, is perched on the shoulder of the massif at an elevation of 604 m a.s.l. In some cases the same measurements are made at the two locations to explore the two different but geographically close environments. A summary of past and current measurement activity at both locations is presented in the paper along with selected examples of data sets, analyses, and applications. Important research in the areas of forest ecology, cloud water chemistry, precipitation chemistry, reactive trace gases, and airborne particulate matter are reviewed. Collected data sets for temperature and ozone at the summit are presented, as well as research linking the measured gaseous SO_2 to acid deposition at this location. In addition, an example is given using this long-term data for both gases and particulate matter that helps to establish the accountability of air pollution regulations in the control of sulfur oxides.
Genetic Factors in Congenital Heart Disease

In about 30 inherited syndromes involving many organ systems, the heart, too, is affected; given the limited phenotypic expression of cardiac malformation, a lesion such as coarctation of the aorta may have a genetic basis in some patients. If so, the recurrence risk can be more or less defined for counseling purposes. Perhaps more often, however, an interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental trigger is responsible.
Gait kinetics of above- and below-branch quadrupedal locomotion in lemurid primates

For primates and other mammals moving on relatively thin branches, the ability to effectively adopt both above- and below-branch locomotion is seen as critical for successful arboreal locomotion, and has been considered an important step prior to the evolution of specialized suspensory locomotion within our Order. Yet, little information exists on the ways in which limb mechanics change when animals shift from above- to below-branch quadrupedal locomotion. This study tested the hypothesis that vertical force magnitude and distribution do not vary between locomotor modes, but that the propulsive and braking roles of the forelimb change when animals shift from above- to below-branch quadrupedal locomotion. We collected kinetic data on two lemur species (Varecia variegata and Lemur catta) walking above and below an instrumented arboreal runway. Values for peak vertical, braking and propulsive forces as well as horizontal impulses were collected for each limb. When walking below branch, both species demonstrated a significant shift in limb kinetics compared with above-branch movement. The forelimb became both the primary weight-bearing limb and propulsive organ, while the hindlimb reduced its weight-bearing role and became the primary braking limb. This shift in force distribution represents a shift toward mechanics associated with bimanual suspensory locomotion, a locomotor mode unusual to primates and central to human evolution. The ability to make this change is not accompanied by significant anatomical changes, and thus likely represents an underlying mechanical flexibility present in most primates.
A multilevel examination of racial disparities in high school discipline: Black and white adolescents’ perceived equity, school belonging, and adjustment problems

National data have shown for decades that Black students experience more frequent and severe disciplinary actions that remove them from school (e.g., suspension), compared with their White peers. Despite extensive research documenting the sequelae associated with suspension (e.g., school drop-out and delinquency), there has been relatively scant research addressing the discipline gap as it relates to students’ sense of belonging and equitable treatment at school, or to potential adjustment problems it may evoke. The present observational study examined the Black–White discipline gap in 58 high schools with a sample of 19,726 adolescents (Black n = 7,064, White n = 12,622) in Maryland. Employing a multilevel framework and leveraging data from the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights and the student-report Maryland Safe and Supportive Schools (MDS3) School Climate Survey, we characterized 58 high schools by their excess in Black relative to White student risk of out-of-school suspension. We then assessed whether Black students’ excess risk of out-of-school suspension was negatively associated with perceived school equity and school belonging, and positively associated with adjustment problems (i.e., externalizing symptoms) in a stratified analysis of White and Black students. We found that school-level discipline gaps were associated with Black students’ perceptions of less school equity (γ = −.54, p < .001), less school belonging (γ = −.50, p < .001), and increased adjustment problems (γ = .77, p < .001), even when accounting for student demographics (i.e., gender, grade level, socioeconomic status) and school-level contextual factors (i.e., socioeconomic status, student diversity, overall suspension rates), whereas these associations were not significant for White students. Study findings have implications for educational reform in high schools in which out-of-school suspension practices differ by race.
Primary Care Physicians' Willingness to Prescribe HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for People who Inject Drugs.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV (PrEP) is recommended for people who inject drugs (PWID). Despite their central role in disease prevention, willingness to prescribe PrEP to PWID among primary care physicians (PCPs) is largely understudied. We conducted an online survey (April–May 2015) of members of a society for academic general internists regarding PrEP. Among 250 respondents, 74% (n = 185) of PCPs reported high willingness to prescribe PrEP to PWID. PCPs were more likely to report high willingness to prescribe PrEP to all other HIV risk groups (p’s < 0.03 for all pair comparisons). Compared with PCPs delivering care to more HIV-infected clinic patients, PCPs delivering care to fewer HIV-infected patients were more likely to report low willingness to prescribe PrEP to PWID (Odds Ratio [95% CI] = 6.38 [1.48–27.47]). PCP and practice characteristics were not otherwise associated with low willingness to prescribe PrEP to PWID. Interventions to improve PCPs’ willingness to prescribe PrEP to PWID are needed.
Serotonergic Synergy in the Pharmacotherapy of Acute Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Exacerbation: A Case Report

ABSTRACT Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often associated with acute panic, dissociation, suicidality, and aggression. However, pharmacologic interventions for such acute exacerbations are understudied. In this article, we report a case of combat-related PTSD with severe panic, suicidality, and agitation which responded favorably to a combination of ziprasidone, propranolol, and hydroxyzine. Methods: An extensive literature search did not reveal any use of this combination, and there were few studies about each medication individually, with regard to PTSD. We reviewed current literature to provide potential explanations for the case. Results: Our case report describes a novel medication regimen which was used to treat an acute PTSD exacerbation. We explore possible biochemical explanations examining the pharmacologic profiles of ziprasidone, propranolol, and hydroxyzine. Conclusion: These medications each have relatively rapid onset and unique serotonergic activities. Given the role of ...
Contests to Become CEO

Firms tend to promote insiders to the CEO position rather than to hire outsiders. This paper explains this phenomenon by developing a framework in which firms value the incentive that the contest to become CEO provides to current employees, but also want the most able candidate (insider or outsider) to become CEO. We determine the optimal payment to current employees, the payment to the new CEO if she is promoted from within, the payment to the new CEO if he is hired from outside, and the size of the handicap imposed on outside candidates (i.e., the bias toward insiders). We find that, at the optimum, outsiders must be clearly superior for the firm to facilitate their selection via negative handicapping (i.e., a bias towards outsiders). By contrast, if outsiders are not clearly superior, incentive provision to insiders via handicapping of outsiders or via higher payments to successful insiders is more important than selecting the most able CEO. We also find that the ability (or inability) of a firm to precommit to a large payment to a promoted insider CEO is critical. The ability to precommit reduces the handicap imposed on outsiders, raises the payment to insider CEOs, and lowers the payment to current employees. The outsider handicap, and so the likelihood that an insider will be chosen, depends positively on the number of insiders and the number of outsiders competing to be CEO, provided that the firm cannot precommit. The handicap imposed on outsiders can depend positively on the extent of commonality among insiders, provided that the firm wants to elicit effort from insiders but this effort is relatively small. The handicap depends negatively on the average ability of outsiders, the extent of commonality among insiders (provided that the firm wants to elicit effort from insiders and this effort is relatively large), the similarity of the shocks faced by insiders and outsiders, and financial stress faced by the firm.
Intravenous IgG did not benefit patients with the chronic fatique syndrome

Source Citation Peterson PK, Shepard J, Macres M, et al. A controlled trial of intravenous IgG in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med. 1990;89:554-60.
Terahertz emitters at Center for Quantum Devices: recent advances and future trends

This paper reviews the recent advances and future trends of terahertz (THz) emitters at CQD/NU, highlights the high-performance THz sources based on intracavity nonlinear frequency generation in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. Significant performance improvements of our THz sources in the power, wall plug efficiency are achieved by systematic optimizing the device's active region, waveguide, and chip bonding strategy. High THz power up to 1.9 mW and 0.014 mW for pulsed mode and continuous wave operations at room temperature are demonstrated, respectively. Even higher power and efficiency are envisioned based on enhancements in outcoupling efficiency and mid-IR performance. Our compact THz device with high power and wide tuning range is highly suitable for the imaging, sensing, spectroscopy, medical diagnosis, and many other applications.
Timetable: Police Deviance and Serious Misconduct in the United States

Over the last six decades, a number of sensational incidents involving police corruption, brutality, and serious misconduct have brought these isolated events to the forefront of the national media and created public outcry demanding appropriate judicial attention, enhanced professionalism, and policy reform. Extreme incidents such as the Los Angeles Police Department confrontation with Rodney King and the brutal attack of criminal suspect Abner Louima at the hands of New York City Police Department officers in a police station have resulted in the excessive scrutiny of police leadership, organizational accountability, and professional standards. Many of the more notorious allegations of police deviance involving the New York City Police Department, the Los Angeles Police Department, and other American law enforcement agencies will be described and analyzed in detail. Understanding trends in police deviance since the 1960s and lapses in organizational ethical and professional standards over that time frame will potentially provide insight into criminological and sociological explanations and prospective policy reform measures.
Water policy interventions for food security in Afghanistan

AbstractAfghanistan is a headwater state that contributes supplies to several countries in Central and South Asia. However, despite being a water source, it faces the challenge of establishing its ...
A new miniature Melanesian Forest Frog (Ceratobatrachidae: Cornufer) from New Britain Island, constituting the first record of the subgenus Batrachylodes from outside of the Solomon Archipelago.

We describe a new species of Cornufer , subgenus Batrachylodes , from high-elevation forests of New Britain Island in the Bismarck Archipelago of Eastern Melanesia. The new species, Cornufer exedrus sp. nov., is a biogeographically disjunct member of the Batrachylodes clade, representing the first record of the subgenus from outside of the Solomon Archipelago. The new species is a small terrestrial form from dense, closed-canopy forests above 1500 meters elevation in the Nakanai Mountains of eastern New Britain. It differs from its closest relatives, the other members of the subgenus Batrachylodes , on the basis of its minute body size, degree of digital disc expansion, reduced subdigital tuberculation, color pattern, and other traits related to its small size. We also provide a description of the new species’ simple advertisement call. The diversity of ceratobatrachid frogs of the Bismarck Archipelago is most likely still underestimated despite several recent surveys. Our understanding of evolutionary trends and species boundaries in the subgenus Batrachylodes currently is hampered by lack of genetic samples and call recordings corresponding to voucher specimens of the endemic species of Bougainville Island.
A Model for Mainstreaming Autistic Children

Systematic teaching of children with autism is relatively new, and teaching these students with their nondisabled peers is a very recent innovation. Jowonio School,* located in Syracuse, New York, was begun in 1970 by parents seeking an alternative to public education for their normal children. Gradually, children with social and academic problems were taken into the school, and in 1975 three young children with autism were accepted. Thus, Jowonio School was one of the first schools to design a curriculum for such a wide range of learners.
Predictors of Knee Arthrofibrosis and Outcomes after Arthroscopic Lysis of Adhesions following Ligamentous Reconstruction: A Retrospective Case-Control Study with Over Two Years' Average Follow-Up.

Arthrofibrosis can be a devastating complication after ligamentous knee reconstruction. Beyond early range of motion (ROM), manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) and arthroscopic lysis of adhesions (LOAs) are the most frequently employed interventions for the condition. There is a paucity of data regarding predictive factors of arthrofibrosis requiring MUA and LOA, and even less data regarding changes in validated patient-reported outcome measures following the procedure. A retrospective case-control study was performed at an academic, urban Level I trauma center of patients that developed arthrofibrosis requiring MUA and LOA following ligamentous reconstruction. The indication for LOA was failure to achieve a 90° arc of ROM by 6 weeks. Seventeen cases and 141 controls were identified. Follow-up for cases was 26.9 ± 17.1 months (mean ± standard deviation). Time from initial reconstruction to LOA was 75.2 ± 27.9 days. Cases had higher body mass indices by a mean of 2.9 (p = 0.024). The most significant risk factors for stiffness were concomitant anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, and posterolateral corner/lateral collateral ligament injury (odds ratio [OR], 17.08), knee dislocation (OR, 12.84), and use of an external fixator (OR, 12.81, 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.03-54.20) (all p < 0.0026). Mean Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Indices, and International Knee Documentation Committee scores improved by 47.5, 50.5, and 47.3% (all p < 0.0038), respectively. All patients reported improvement in pain, with maximum daily pain scores improving by a mean of 4.1 points on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (p < 0.001). Mean ROM arc improved by 38.8° (p < 0.001). All 17 cases were satisfied with the procedure. Twelve cases (70.59%) reported a full return to preinjury level of activity. No factors were identified that predicted success from the procedure, likely due to inadequate sample size. Arthrofibrosis following knee injury and ligamentous reconstruction can be predicted by the severity of injury and early intervention with MUA and arthroscopic LOA can lead to a satisfactory outcome for the patient.
Redox-Annulations of Cyclic Amines with 2-(2-Oxoethyl)malonates

Amines such as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline undergo redox-neutral annulations with 2-(2-oxoethyl)malonates in the presence of catalytic amounts of benzoic acid. These reactions install a fully saturated five-membered ring and provide access to structures closely related to the natural products crispine A and harmicine.