cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics and Genomics, Statistics in

Statistical concepts and methods, together with those of stochastic process theory, arise in at least four broad areas in genetics. First, standard statistical methods of estimation and hypothesis testing are used to estimate genetic parameters and test hypotheses about these parameters. Second, several central themes of plant and animal breeding theory and biological evolution are phrased in statistical terms and make substantial use of statistical techniques. Third, stochastic process theory is used to investigate properties of the evolution of a population subject to random changes in gene frequency. Finally, statistical methods are central to several currently active areas in genomics. Many statistical concepts, including in particular the Analysis of Variance, first arose in the context of genetics. Keywords: BLAST; branching processes; correlation; diffusion processes; evolution; gene; genetic diseases; genomics; genotype; linkage; Markov chains
Heat Shock Protein gp96 Is a Master Chaperone for Toll-like Receptors and Is Important in the Innate Function of Macrophages

gp96 is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone for cell-surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Little is known about its roles in chaperoning other TLRs or in the biology of macrophage in vivo. We generated a macrophage-specific gp96-deficient mouse. Despite normal development and activation by interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β, the mutant macrophages failed to respond to ligands of both cell-surface and intracellular TLRs including TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR9. Furthermore, we found that TLR4 and TLR9 preferentially interacted with a super-glycosylated gp96 species. The categorical loss of TLRs in gp96-deficient macrophages operationally created a conditional and cell-specific TLR null mouse. These mice were resistant to endotoxin shock but were highly susceptible to Listeria monocytogenes. Our results demonstrate that gp96 is the master chaperone for TLRs and that macrophages, but not other myeloid cells, are the dominant source of proinflammatory cytokines during endotoxemia and Listeria infections.
Student Heart Failure Intervention Project: A Pilot Study of Population Analytics and Outreach

Introduction: Several studies have reported that up to 25% of patients hospitalized for heart failure (HF) are readmitted within 30 days of discharge. This confirms the need for patient education and innovative programs to promote adherence to physicians’ directives and self-reliant care. The objective of the SHIP (Student Heart Failure Intervention Project) quality improvement pilot was to identify high-risk patients in a local population and implement a “constant contact” program to improve chronic HF patients’ follow-through on independent self-care. Increased compliance with post-discharge and clinic instructions may ultimately reduce further hospitalizations. Methods: One hundred and ninety-eight systolic and diastolic HF patients were treated in our clinic between 06/2012 and 09/2014. Their charts were cross-referenced with hospital admission records. High-risk patients (n580) were defined by severity of HF symptoms and more than 15 clinic visits during the study period. Twelve patients (15%) were enrolled in SHIP. Medical students made weekly calls over 8 weeks (minimum 3 attempts weekly) to record the patients’ health statuses and reiterate the importance of adherence and maintenance of self-care. Each patient was given the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) at the beginning and end of the study with a response rate of 44%. Results: MLHFQ responses indicated overall symptom improvement. Most patients (83%) had increased knowledge of their conditions; 87% reported symptom improvement. Three patients were lost to follow-up. No participants reported continuous compliance with physicians’ directives (recording weight and blood pressure daily; smoking cessation). Average call time decreased during the study. Table 1 summarizes other results. Conclusion: In this outcome-driven age of health care, traditional health care is increasingly being supplemented with innovative programs. Our constant contact program benefited high-risk HF patients and offered medical students greater exposure to population analytics and chronic disease management. An improvement was seen in most measured outcomes (symptoms, patients’ understanding and compliance, and admission rates), but the data were not statistically significant. Further project scaling will allow enough power for statistical analysis that was not possible for the measured outcomes. Once initial lifestyle changes are made, patients may need further motivational support to achieve long-term positive lifestyle changes.
Preliminary studies on the effect of feeding during whole sediment bioassays using Chironomus riparius larvae

Abstract Current protocols for freshwater sediment bioassays require feeding, which will likely alter the exposure to sediment-associated contaminants. To determine the potential change in exposure brought about by adding uncontaminated food, whole sediment contaminant bioaccumulation by the midge, Chironomus riparius , was determined in the presence and absence of added food. Lake Michigan sediment was dosed with radiolabeled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and/or DDT and trans -chlordane. Three groups of organisms (Feeding Levels I and II plus a control) were exposed in static assays. After two-, four-, seven-, and ten-day exposures, individual larvae were analyzed for contaminant concentration, mass, and total lipid content. After 7 to 10 days, accumulation of pyrene and benzo( a )pyrene was significantly greater with feeding, while larvae exposed to chrysene accumulated significantly less contaminant when fed, compared to controls. No feeding-related differences in accumulation of the two insecticides were observed. Significant differences in larval mass between test animals and controls were observed only with pyrene-dosed sediment. Larval lipid content tended to remain constant throughout the exposures and did not differ between fed and unfed organisms. Thus, it appears that contaminant bioavailability can be altered by the addition of uncontaminated food. However, this phenomenon appears to be compound-specific and not broadly predictable.
MORPHOLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR COLLAGEN CHANGES IN CHICH EMBRYOS TREATED WITH ß-AMINOPROPIONITRILE

Electron microscope analysis of thin sections of intact skin from 17 day chick embryos injected with β-aminopropionitrile 3 days earlier, revealed markedly increased dispersion in fibril diameter both above and below the narrow distribution of normal fibril size. Extraction with cold 1 M neutral saline caused a dissolution of the fibrils to fine filaments of varying diameters. Histologic examination of the connective tissue of lathyritic skin prior to extraction revealed little difference from the normal. After extraction the collagen either disappeared almost entirely or was observed as a homogeneous smear. These results of morphologic analysis are consistent with previous chemical studies, supporting the thesis that lathyrogenic agents induce disruption of intermolecular cross-linking within normally insoluble collagen fibrils, allowing them to dissolve in cold neutral salt solutions.
The Continuum of Care for Individuals With Lifelong Disabilities: Role of the Physical Therapist

Many individuals with lifelong disabilities (LLDs) of childhood onset are living longer, participating in adult roles, and seeking comprehensive health care services, including physical therapy, with greater frequency than in the past. Individuals with LLDs have the same goals of health and wellness as those without disabilities. Aging with a chronic LLD is not yet well understood; however, impairments such as pain, fatigue, and osteoporosis often present earlier than in adults who are aging typically. People with LLDs, especially those living with developmental disabilities such as cerebral palsy, myelomeningocele, Down syndrome, and intellectual disabilities, frequently have complex and multiple body system impairments and functional limitations that can: (1) be the cause of numerous and varied secondary conditions, (2) limit overall earning power, (3) diminish insurance coverage, and (4) create unique challenges for accessing health care. Collaboration between adult and pediatric practitioners is encouraged to facilitate smooth transitions to health practitioners, including physical therapists. A collaborative client-centered emphasis to support the transition to adult-oriented facilities and promote strategies to increase accessibility should become standard parts of examination, goal setting, and intervention. This perspective article identifies barriers individuals with selected LLDs experience in accessing health care, including physical therapy. Strategies are suggested, including establishment of niche practices, physical accessibility improvement, and inclusion of more specific curriculum content in professional (entry-level) doctorate physical therapy schools.
Separation Hypothesis Tests in the Agricultural Household Model

In an agricultural household model, farmers’ production decisions can be either separated or nonseparated from preferences. Since previous studies on agricultural household behavior and policy effects have shown that the model with separation yields different results than the model with nonseparation, it is important to have a test to identify the correct model. This paper provides new tests that extend current tests in two directions. First, the new tests avoid issues that current tests have to address, such as simultaneity bias and the estimation of the production function. Second, the new tests make use of more information implied from the separation hypothesis than current tests.
Irreligious Socialization? The Adult Religious Preferences of Individuals Raised with No Religion

Recent birth cohorts of Americans are more likely than previous cohorts to be raised outside of a religious tradition. In addition, those raised with no religion are increasingly likely to have no religious preference as adults. Despite their growing numbers, individuals raised with no religion have received little attention from scholars. The adult religious preferences of these individuals provide researchers with a unique opportunity to test theories of religion and social change. Using General Social Survey data, I examine the adult religious preferences and beliefs of individuals raised with no religion. I provide evidence of a shift in socialization and social influences experienced by those who report growing up with no religion. Compared with earlier cohorts raised with no religion, more recent cohorts have had more secular upbringings and tend to be more secular, liberal, and wary of organized religion as adults. They are also more likely to have a religiously unaffiliated spouse, if they marry at all. Results from a logistic regression analysis indicate that these trends explain much of the cohort differences in the likelihood of remaining unaffiliated as an adult.
Sensitive, Simple, and Robust Nano-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Amyloid Protein Subtyping

Amyloidosis is a rare condition characterized by deposits of insoluble proteins in the form of β-pleated sheets. These deposits interfere with the normal structure and function of varying tissues. Thirty-one amyloid proteins have been identified, and the correct identification is critical due to the varying treatments. Immunohistochemistry, the most routine method for identification of amyloid proteins, suffers from limitations. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods offer better sensitivity and specificity. We describe here a sensitive, simple, and robust MS-based method for the identification of amyloid proteins. Amyloid deposits are excised from formalin-fixed tissue by laser microdissection and is put through protein extraction followed by trypsin digestion. The resulting peptides are separated by nano-liquid chromatography and analyzed by high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometry data are then searched against a human protein database for identification and semi-quantification.
Neural coding in barrel cortex during whisker-guided locomotion

Animals seek out relevant information by moving through a dynamic world, but sensory systems are usually studied under highly constrained and passive conditions that may not probe important dimensions of the neural code. Here, we explored neural coding in the barrel cortex of head-fixed mice that tracked walls with their whiskers in tactile virtual reality. Optogenetic manipulations revealed that barrel cortex plays a role in wall-tracking. Closed-loop optogenetic control of layer 4 neurons can substitute for whisker-object contact to guide behavior resembling wall tracking. We measured neural activity using two-photon calcium imaging and extracellular recordings. Neurons were tuned to the distance between the animal snout and the contralateral wall, with monotonic, unimodal, and multimodal tuning curves. This rich representation of object location in the barrel cortex could not be predicted based on simple stimulus-response relationships involving individual whiskers and likely emerges within cortical circuits.
Engineering nonphosphorylative metabolism to generate lignocellulose-derived products

Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products provides important environmental and economic benefits. Here we report the engineering of an unconventional metabolism for the production of tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle derivatives from D-xylose, L-arabinose and D-galacturonate. We designed a growth-based selection platform to identify several gene clusters functional in Escherichia coli that can perform this nonphosphorylative assimilation of sugars into the TCA cycle in less than six steps. To demonstrate the application of this new metabolic platform, we built artificial biosynthetic pathways to 1,4-butanediol (BDO) with a theoretical molar yield of 100%. By screening and engineering downstream pathway enzymes, 2-ketoacid decarboxylases and alcohol dehydrogenases, we constructed E. coli strains capable of producing BDO from D-xylose, L-arabinose and D-galacturonate. The titers, rates and yields were higher than those previously reported using conventional pathways. This work demonstrates the potential of nonphosphorylative metabolism for biomanufacturing with improved biosynthetic efficiencies.
Biceps and rotator interval: imaging update

The rotator interval contains several important anatomical structures that contribute to the stability and normal function of the shoulder joint including the biceps tendon, coracohumeral ligament, superior glenohumeral ligament, rotator interval capsule, anterior fibers of the supraspinatus tendon, and superior fibers of the subscapularis tendon. Rotator interval pathology is associated with biceps instability, glenohumeral instability, and adhesive capsulitis, all of which can be challenging to clinically diagnose and treat. The complex anatomy and orientation of the rotator interval structures within a relatively small space can make it difficult to evaluate by imaging; however, improvements in MR technology have allowed better detection of disease in this region. Furthermore, the rotator interval is not routinely evaluated arthroscopically unless the clinical examination or imaging findings suggest pathology at this level. Imaging, therefore, can play a significant role in helping the clinician make the diagnosis and initiate appropriate treatment. This article discusses the normal anatomy and biomechanics of the rotator interval and its structures as well as the normal and pathologic appearances on imaging and the treatment options of abnormalities of structures in this region.
What we don’t know about the judaism of America’s jews

The foci of a sociologist of religion studying American Judaism would include: how American Jews feel about their religion; the extent to which they observe both personal and family rituals; the extent to which they engage in other types of Jewish religious behavior; the extent to which their core religious beliefs flow from their religious socialization, especially education; and, American Judaism's patterns of institutionalization, including the nature of religious authority and denominational differences. Some of these issues can be clarified by analysis of the most extensive and, most reliable sources of data on American Jewry, the 1990 National Jewish Population Study (NJPS) and a series of community surveys sponsored by local Jewish federations. However, there are significant limitations to the type of information that NJPS and the local community surveys provide. Within the context of this paper, the major limitation is that, at best, they measure affiliation, ritual and other types of religious-related behavior, but they rarely ask questions concerning religious belief. Thus, although NJPS had more than two dozen questions about religious affiliation and behavior, it had but one or two questions about religious belief. The most explicit belief question concerned the authorship of the Bible, a question that is almost identical to one used in the General Social Survey (GSS), and those findings will be analyzed below. Since I have worked extensively with the data on Jewish baby boomers (Waxman 2001), that is, people who were born between 1945-1964, I will emphasize the data from NJPS 1990 for that age group. Although the figures for the overall Jewish population are, undoubtedly, somewhat different, there is reason to assume that the basic patterns are quite similar for the entire American Jewish population. (It should also be emphasized that the figures presented below are for those who identified themselves as Jews.) The importance of one's Judaism is, as Simon Herman pointed out, an indication of its "salience and centrality," and he measured that salience and centrality by asking direct questions about the importance of being Jewish (Herman 1989). NJPS 1990 also included a question which specifically asked respondents how important their being Jewish was to them. Forty-four percent of the American Jewish baby boomer respondents stated that they considered their Jewishness to be "very important", and another 42 percent considered their Jewishness as "somewhat important" in their lives. In other words, the overwhelming majority of American Jewish baby boomers, more than eight in ten,
Space-Time Resolved Reflectivity Measurements of Picosecond Laser Induced Phase Transitions in Silicon

The changes in reflectivity of a silicon surface, irradiated by a green picosecond pulse, are probed during and following that pulse with a spatial resolution of 10µm. The data indicate the development of a liquid phase, and a resolidification either into a single crystal or an amorphous phase. The latter has a characteristic ring-type pattern, and occurs only at locations where the incident picosecond laser fluence lies between 0.2 and 0.26 J/cm2. The reflectivity data appear to be in good quantitative agreement with a “simple heating” model, in which the electrons and phonons maintain a local thermodynamic equilibrium on a picosecond time scale.
The Fate of Methoxychlor Applied by Helicopter for Smaller European Elm Bark Beetle Control

Methoxychlor residues, applied by helicopter to control Scolytus multislriatus (Marsham) were determined by gas-liguid chromatography from foliage, twig crotches, and soil beneath American elm, Ulmus americana L. , trees. Substantial residues were detected in twig crotches and soil beneath trees 1 year after they received mistblower sprays. Four methoxychlor formulations, one at a reduced rate and another containing a drift control chemical, were evaluated. All sprays produced measurable bark residues after 130 days, but xylene-based formulations gave longer-lasting deposits. Decagin added to 12½% sprays confined sprays within a 50-ft swath under winds of 2–4 mph yet did not deter twig-crotch deposition. Sprays applied without Dacagin drifted excessively and failed to maintain adequate swath coverage with a wind of 3 mph. The presence of foliage adversely affected twigcrotch deposits, but foliar residues declined drastically after 130 days. Water samples from a stream adjacent to treated trees indicated that most residues were in the top inch, were diluted by stream flow, and were undetectable after 24 hours. Samples taken at 2-week intervals from spring through fall showed methoxychlor present in 1 part per trillion in water and 1 part per billion in silt.
An overview of phonon-based heat conduction models and their solution

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and some recent advances in the models, analysis and simulation of thermal transport of phonons as related to the field of microscale/macroscale heat conduction in solids. The efforts focus upon a fairly comprehensive overview of the subject matter from a unified standpoint highlighting the various approximations inherent in the thermal models. Subsequently, the numerical formulations and illustrations using the current state-of-the-art are provided. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is dedicated to the approximate solution to the relaxation time phonon Boltzmann equation (BE). While original contributions are pointed out and addressed appropriately, the efforts and contributions will be focussed on a relatively complete overview highlighting the field from one unified standpoint and clearly stating all assumptions that go into the approximations inherent to existing models. The contents will be divided as follows: In the first section t...
Toward a reflective SimStudent: Using experience to avoid generalization errors.

Simulated learner systems are used for many purposes ranging from computational models of learning to teachable agents. To support these varying applications, some simulated learner systems have relied heavily on machine learning to achieve the necessary generality. However, these efforts have resulted in simulated learners that sometimes make generalization errors that the humans they model never make. In this paper, we discuss an approach to reducing these kinds of generalization errors by having the simulated learner system reflect before acting. During these reflections, the system uses background knowledge to recognize implausible actions as incorrect without having to receive external feedback. The result of this metacognitive approach is a system that avoids implausible errors and requires less instruction. We discuss this approach in the context of SimStudent, a computational model of human learning that acquires a production rule model from demonstrations.
The Function of the MEF2 Family of Transcription Factors in Cardiac Development, Cardiogenomics, and Direct Reprogramming.

Proper formation of the mammalian heart requires precise spatiotemporal transcriptional regulation of gene programs in cardiomyocytes. Sophisticated regulatory networks have evolved to not only integrate the activities of distinct transcription factors to control tissue-specific gene programs but also, in many instances, to incorporate multiple members within these transcription factor families to ensure accuracy and specificity in the system. Unsurprisingly, perturbations in this elaborate transcriptional circuitry can lead to severe cardiac abnormalities. Myocyte enhancer factor–2 (MEF2) transcription factor belongs to the evolutionarily conserved cardiac gene regulatory network. Given its central role in muscle gene regulation and its evolutionary conservation, MEF2 is considered one of only a few core cardiac transcription factors. In addition to its firmly established role as a differentiation factor, MEF2 regulates wide variety of, sometimes antagonistic, cellular processes such as cell survival and death. Vertebrate genomes encode multiple MEF2 family members thereby expanding the transcriptional potential of this core transcription factor in the heart. This review highlights the requirement of the MEF2 family and their orthologs in cardiac development in diverse animal model systems. Furthermore, we describe the recently characterized role of MEF2 in direct reprogramming and genome-wide cardiomyocyte gene regulation. A thorough understanding of the regulatory functions of the MEF2 family in cardiac development and cardiogenomics is required in order to develop effective therapeutic strategies to repair the diseased heart.
Subways: a case for redundant, inexpensive data center edge links

As network demand increases, data center network operators face a number of challenges including the need to add capacity to the network. Unfortunately, network upgrades can be an expensive proposition, particularly at the edge of the network where most of the network's cost lies.This paper presents a quantitative study of alternative ways of wiring multiple server links into a data center network. In it, we propose and evaluate Subways, a new approach to wiring servers and Top-of-Rack (ToR) switches that provides an inexpensive incremental upgrade path as well as decreased network congestion, better load balancing, and improved fault tolerance. Our simulation-based results show that Subways significantly improves performance compared to alternative ways of wiring the same number of links and switches together. For example, we show that Subways offers up to 3.1× better performance on a MapReduce shuffle workload compared to an equivalent capacity network.
Abstract 4340: Nuclear expression of antizyme inhibitor is associated with poor prostate cancer prognosis

Novel molecular markers that are associated with prostate cancer progression are needed to provide more useful information for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. The antizyme inhibitor (AZI), a non-enzymatic homologue of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), is upregulated in many cancer types, including: prostate cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer. In this study, we examined the distribution of AZI in benign prostate tissues and in prostate cancers at differing stages. We were interested specifically in the possible correlation between AZI expression and patient survival. We found that AZI can reside in the cytoplasm and/or nuclear space in prostate cancer tissue. Nuclear AZI was observed in nearly all of the prostate cancer specimens but not in benign prostate tissue. Cytoplasmic AZI was found both in tumor cells and in adjacent benign prostate tissue. Nuclear AZI was associated significantly with prostate-specific antigen recurrence-free survival but not with overall survival. Further, we found that the presence of nuclear AZI could distinguish poor survival in lower grade patients (Gleason score ≤ 7), especially in samples with non-cribriform tumors. Our results demonstrate a potential role for nuclear AZI as an independent marker of patient outcome in prostate cancer patients. Citation Format: Liangzhe Wang, Yingjie Xu, Shulin Wu, Mary Fergus, Chin-Lee Wu, Bruce Zetter. Nuclear expression of antizyme inhibitor is associated with poor prostate cancer prognosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4340. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4340
Monitoring a skipped heartbeat: a real-time premature ventricular contraction (PVC) monitor

A Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC) is an irregular heartbeat caused by the spontaneous firing of the Purkinje fibers when the Sinoatrial node fails to establish the normal pacing of the heart. PVCs can impair cardiac function and lead to greater risk of cardiovascular disease. PVCs are usually monitored with a Holter monitor or event monitor, which are bulky and can be uncomfortable for the user. This paper outlines the design, development, and testing of a wearable chest band that captures the wearer’s ECG signal and wirelessly transmits the information via Bluetooth Low Energy to an Android device. The Android app then differentiates normal rhythm from PVC and alerts the user once a PVC event has been detected. The device is capable of being worn under clothes for inconspicuous, continuous monitoring of PVCs or being used to monitor PVC events whenever symptoms may arise.
Personalizing Colon Cancer Screening: Role of Age and Comorbid Conditions

Purpose of Review This review will discuss the impact of patient age and comorbidity on colorectal cancer (CRC) screening value.
Arbovirus Adaptation: Roles in Transmission and Emergence

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) comprise a diverse group of clinically and economically relevant animal and plant pathogens. These unique pathogens must cycle through very disparate environments and thus arboviruses must rapidly evolve and adapt to maintain a successful infectious lifecycle. In this review, we highlight natural adaptation events as well as efforts to proactively study arbovirus adaptation in the laboratory. Natural adaptation events, in both viral protein and RNA elements, have led to outbreaks and epidemics of important human pathogens. In addition, numerous studies in the laboratory have added to our understanding of how arboviruses evolve to vectors, hosts, and external pressures. Arboviruses rapidly adapt to their ever-changing environments. Studies retrospective to disease outbreaks as well as proactive studies understanding how arboviruses evolve have shed light on how arboviruses adapt during the course of a complete lifecycle.
Influence of intramolecular vs. intermolecular phosphonium-borohydrides in catalytic hydrogen, hydride, and proton transfer reactions

In this computational study, the thermodynamics of hydrogen, hydride, and proton transfer from 22 phosphonium-borohydride intramolecular and intermolecular frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) to eight probe substrates was investigated. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the thermodynamics of H2 transfer with intramolecular phosphonium-borohydrides; to determine whether intramolecular or intermolecular FLPs are preferred in FLP-catalyzed hydrogenation reactions. Comparison of the computed thermodynamic values showed that by connecting a borohydride and phosphonium center through a linker, H2 loss from the respective intramolecular phosphonium-borohydride became less favorable by about five and seven kcal mol−1 in acetonitrile and toluene, respectively. Connecting the borohydride and phosphonium centers also resulted in both hydride and proton loss becoming less favorable, on average, by about 10.0 kcal mol−1 and about 4.6 pKa units, respectively. Analysis of hydrogen, proton, and hydride transfer to eight probe substrates showed that initial proton transfer is 49 and 20 kcal mol−1 more favorable than the initial hydride transfer in the reduction of nitrogen-containing and oxygen-containing unsaturated substrates, respectively. These results suggest that proton transfer, followed by hydride transfer occurs in the reduction of imines, ketones, aldehydes, and enamines. From the thermodynamic analysis of proton and hydride transfer, an intramolecular phosphonium-borohydride was the desired catalyst for the reduction of imines and enamines, while an intermolecular phosphonium-borohydride was the favored catalyst for the reduction of ketones and aldehydes.
Infrastructure Bandwidth Allocation for Social Welfare Maximization in Future Connected Autonomous Vehicular Networks

Control of conventional transportation networks aims at bringing the state of the network to the system optimal (SO) state. This optimum is characterized by the minimality of the social cost function, i.e., the total cost of travel of all drivers. On the other hand, drivers are assumed to be rational and selfish, and make their travel decisions to optimize their own travel costs, bringing the state of the network to a user equilibrium (UE). In this paper, we model the behavior of users in the future connected vehicular transportation networks, where users consider both the travel cost and the utility from data communication when making their travel decisions. We divide the users into two groups based on the kind of data network they are using. We leverage the data communication aspect of the decision making to influence the user route choices, driving the UE state to the SO state. We propose a V2I bandwidth allocation scheme, which provides a guideline on how the system operator can adjust the parameters of the communication network to achieve the optimal UE.
Midwifery and Antenatal Care for Black Women: A Narrative Review:

Non-Hispanic Black mothers are 2.3 times more likely than White mothers to receive delayed or no prenatal care. Black women possess a long history of midwifery-led care, but there is a recent absen...
RE3Mo14O30 and RE2Mo9O19, Two Reduced Rare-Earth Molybdates with Honeycomb-Related Structures ( RE = La-Pr).

The previously unreported RE3Mo14O30 and RE2Mo9O19 phases were synthesized in vacuo from rare-earth oxides, molybdenum oxide, and molybdenum metal using halide fluxes at 875-1000 °C. Both phases adopt structures in the triclinic P1 space group albeit with several notable differences. The structures display an ordering of layers along the a direction of the unit cell, forming distinct honeycomb-related lattice arrangements composed of MoO6 octahedra and vacancies. Mo-Mo bonding and clusters are present; the RE3Mo14O30 structure contains Mo dimers and rhomboid tetramers, while the RE2Mo9O19 structure contains rhomboid tetramers and an unusual arrangement of planar tetramers, pentamers, and hexamers. The magnetic measurements found the RE2Mo9O19 phases to be simple paramagnets, while La3Mo14O30 was observed to order antiferromagnetically at 18 K. Electrical resistivity measurements confirmed all of the samples to behave as nondegenerate semiconductors.
Surveillance, Bureaucracy, and the Politics of Anonymity in Democratic Kampuchea:

Between 1975 and 1979 upwards of two million men, women, and children died from exposure, exhaustion, disease, starvation, and murder under the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK). Pervasive to the ...
Normalized subtraction of serial brain magnetic resonance images and fludeoxyglucose-Positron emission tomography images for tumor treatment monitoring: Case report and method description

A 60-year-old Caucasian male with a long history of cigarette smoking was diagnosed with epidermal growth factor receptor-mutation negative lung adenocarcinoma. The single cerebral metastasis in the right frontal lobe was treated with stereotactic radiosurgery and systemic chemotherapies. Normalized subtraction (NS) method was used to evaluate the serial brain magnetic resonance (MR) and fludeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) findings retrospectively, and the potential benefit of concurrent NS of serial MR images (MRIs) and PET images was demonstrated. MIM 4.1 (MIM Software Inc., Cleveland, OH) was used to co-register MRI with PET data and to perform NS on the serial MRI and PET data. MIM 4.1 provides fully automated alignment of imaging data by maximization of mutual information. Cortical regions distant from the brain lesion were used to adjust for the intensity differences between scans, so the voxel differences in normal brain regions were near zero in the NS images. A difference of 15% or greater in voxel densities was used for both MRI and PET, above or below which a change in MR signal intensity and FDG avidity was considered significant. The use of NS, in this case, allowed for an enhanced correlation of morphologic and functional information, which may have added value in the early treatment monitoring of brain tumors and help distinguish recurrent tumor from postradiation changes.
A (Different) Virtue Responsibilism: Epistemic Virtues Without Motivations

Debate rages in virtue epistemology between virtue reliabilists and responsibilists. Here, I develop and argue for a new kind of responsibilism that is more conciliar to reliabilism. First, I argue that competence-based virtue reliabilism(s) cannot adequately ground epistemic credit. Then, with this problem in hand, I show how Aristotle’s virtue theory is motivated by analogous worries. Yet, incorporating too many details of Aristotelian moral theory leads to problems, notably the problem of unmotivated belief. As a result, I suggest a re-turn to Aristotle to develop a distinctively epistemological virtue theory that does not require any motive or affect for epistemic virtue. Nevertheless, my theory affirms that virtues are acquired, agent-expressive traits. The result is a conciliar responsibilism that leans closer to reliabilism. I end by arguing that my virtue responsibilism can solve worries facing both reliabilism and (extant) responsibilism.
The Distinctive Value of Elections and the Case for Compulsory Voting

In this article, I defend compulsory voting on the grounds that it reinforces the distinctive and valuable role that elections play in contemporary democracy. Some scholars have suggested that mandatory voting laws can improve government responsiveness to members of poor and marginalized groups who are less likely to vote. Critics of compulsory voting object that citizens can participate in a wide variety of ways; voting is not important enough to justify forcing people to do it. These critics neglect the importance of voting's particular role in contemporary democratic practice, though. The case for compulsory voting rests on an implicit, but widely shared, understanding of elections as special moments of mass participation that manifest the equal political authority of all citizens. The most prominent objections to mandatory voting fail to appreciate this distinctive role for voting and the way it is embedded within a broader democratic framework.
Park use preferences and physical activity among ethnic minority children in low-income neighborhoods in New York City.

Abstract Urban parks offer a broad range of opportunities for children’s recreation and physical activity. Park use patterns however are not equal in terms of race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. In order to design policies to improve park design and to provide healthy park experiences among children of communities of color, insight on park use patterns is needed. This research examines the association between park characteristics and park use among children 5–10 years old from Asian, Latino and African American backgrounds. Using the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC), systematic observations were conducted in 20 New York City parks in 2017, located in low-income areas with high presence of Latino or Asian residents. 16,577 children from 5 to 10 years old were observed. Playgrounds and swings were common use areas across ethnicities, both in terms of number of children and their physical activity. Other activity settings such as basketball courts, handball and baseball fields showed distinct patterns of use among the different ethnicities. Significant associations between park use, physical activity levels and the characteristics of the park area, with distinct patterns by race/ethnicity. Findings underline the importance of considering different design and features when trying to appeal to different populations.
157 RACIAL DISPARITIES IN ASTHMA TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES.

Purpose Asthma morbidity and mortality disproportionately affect blacks. Whether these racial disparities are totally explained by differences in access to care, asthma treatment, or socioeconomic status is unknown. Our objectives were (1) to examine whether there are racial disparities in asthma treatment among members of a managed care organization that provides broad access to the full complement of primary to tertiary care services and (2) if racial disparities in treatment exist, to what degree these disparities are associated with asthma severity and health status. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients (N = 865, which included 524 white and 154 black patients) who were recruited after hospitalization for asthma. All patients were members of the same large, integrated health care organization. We collected data about preventive and treatment measures for asthma (long-term controller medication use, rescue medication use, monitoring strategies, and educational efforts). We then examined the impact of race on patient-centered outcomes, including asthma severity, asthma-related quality of life, overall health status, and restricted activity due to asthma symptoms. Multivariate analyses were used to examine the associations between race, asthma treatment, and these patient-centered asthma outcomes. Results Blacks reported increased use of short-acting inhaled β-agonists or nebulizers compared with whites (OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.19-2.79 and OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.11-2.28, respectively). Blacks were more likely to have used their peak flow meters regularly (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.05-2.21). There were no clear differences in asthma severity, asthma-related quality of life, overall health status, or restricted activity days between blacks and whites after adjusting for individual and area-level socioeconomic status (lowest p value = .16). Conclusion In a health care setting that provides uniform access to care, black race was associated with some differences in asthma treatment, including increased use of rescue medications. However, despite these differences in asthma treatment, we found no racial disparities in asthma severity, asthma-related quality of life, or overall health status.
Mythologizing Mortis: The Clone Wars as Dialogic Spirituality

This article explores the Mortis trilogy, a three-episode story arc from the third season of Star Wars: The Clone Wars, as the rhetorical articulation of a spiritual text. As more than one Star War...
Career Aspirations as a Function of Holland Personality Type among Mathematically Talented Female Adolescents

The present study examined the Self Directed Search (SDS) response patterns of mathematically talented female adolecents to determine whether SDS patterns vary as a function of career aspiration group membership. The results indicated that the six personality types studied significantly discriminated among the six ideal career aspiration groups. These results support the hypothesis that mathematically talented female adolescents aspiring to careers in math and science significantly differ from their mathematically talented counterparts who do not aspire to a career in this area in terms of global personality type.
Correction to: Hyperbolicity of the partition Jensen polynomials

There is a minor typographical error on page 3 which says that the hyperbolicity of the polynomial P(X) is equivalent.
Fatigue damage evaluation of carbon fiber reinforced composites using nonlinear resonance spectroscopy

Abstract The present work explores the use of nonlinear resonance spectroscopy to detect early fatigue damage in carbon fiber-epoxy composite laminates. The objective is to test composite samples at mid to high cycle fatigue (>10∧3 cycles), so that the damage evolution could be tracked. The nondestructive nature of the testing method ensures that the sample can be loaded and tested till failure, i.e. interrupted fatigue testing. The acoustic nonlinear response tracked over the fatigue life of the sample includes, the nonlinear frequency shift and modal damping ratio. Additionally, slow dynamic diagnostics was also carried out to investigate the recovery rate and recovery time. The samples that were tested were all quasi-isotropic laminates under 4-point bending load. These included a pristine sample, and two samples with impact damage to introduce variability. Tracking the nonlinear parameters over fatigue life showed a non-monotonic increase in nonlinearity. Conjectures based on acoustic response to microdamage and different stages of fatigue were used to explain the observed variation.
Eigenvarieties and invariant norms

We give a proof of the Breuil-Schneider conjecture in a large number of cases, which complement the indecomposable case, which we dealt with earlier in [Sor]. In this paper, we view the conjecture from a broader global perspective. If U=F is any denite unitary group, which is an inner form of GL(n) overK, we point out how the eigenvariety X(K p ) parametrizes a global p-adic Langlands correspondence between certain n-dimensional p-adic semisimple representations of Gal( QjK) (or what amounts to the same, pseudo-representations) and certain Banach-Hecke modulesB with an admissible unitary action of U(F Qp), when p splits. We express the locally regular-algebraic vectors ofB in terms of the Breuil-Schneider representation of . As an application, we give a weak form of local-global compatibility in the crystalline case, showing that the Banach space representationsB; of Schneider-Teitelbaum [ScTe] t the picture as predicted. 1 2
Comparing Infant Safe Sleep Practices Between Birthing and Children’s Hospitals in Ohio

PurposeObjectives: Families tend to model behaviors that they observe within the hospital setting. Unfortunately, recent literature has shown that infants in the children’s hospital setting are rarely observed in the AAP-recommended safe sleep locations and environments. The goal of this study was to compare infant safe sleep practices in birthing hospitals to free-standing children’s hospitals in order to determine where to concentrate safe sleep education and quality improvement efforts. Design/Methods: One state's AAP chapter recruited hospitalists from three freestanding children’s and six …
Concentration inequalities using higher moments information

In this paper, we generalize and improve some fundamental concentration inequalities using information on the random variables' higher moments. In particular, we improve the classical Hoeffding's and Bennett's inequalities for the case where there is some information on the random variables' first $p$ moments for every positive integer $p$. Importantly, our generalized Hoeffding's inequality is tighter than Hoeffding's inequality and is given in a simple closed-form expression for every positive integer $p$. Hence, the generalized Hoeffding's inequality is easy to use in applications. To prove our results, we derive novel upper bounds on the moment-generating function of a random variable that depend on the random variable's first $p$ moments and show that these bounds satisfy appropriate convexity properties.
Sex differences in bidirectional associations between conduct problems and cannabis use across two years of adolescence.

Abstract Background There is a large body of research that has identified bidirectional associations between conduct problems and cannabis use. Despite growing knowledge regarding comorbidities between conduct problems and cannabis use, it remains unclear whether these findings generalize across both males and females. The current study examined sex differences in longitudinal associations between conduct problems and cannabis use in a predominantly Hispanic sample of adolescents followed over a two-year period. Methods Participants were 401 adolescents (89.8% Hispanic, 46% female; Mage = 15.5) taking part in a two-year longitudinal investigation examining the associations between neurocognitive functioning and cannabis use. The sample consisted predominantly of youth selected for risk of cannabis escalation, with 90% reporting using cannabis, nicotine, or alcohol prior to baseline. Negative binomial cross-lagged regressions and simple slope difference tests were used for all analyses. Results We found support for bidirectional associations between conduct problems and cannabis use, controlling for demographics, covariates, and baseline frequencies. Simple slope difference tests revealed that there was a significant, positive association between baseline cannabis use and subsequent conduct problems among females but not males. In contrast, the association between baseline conduct problems and subsequent frequency of cannabis use did not differ as a function of sex. Conclusions Our results underscore the importance of viewing cannabis use as a risk factor for maladjustment rather than solely as a consequence, particularly among female adolescents. Information gained from temporal sequencing of cannabis use and conduct problem symptoms can guide the selection of intervention programs for referred youth.