cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Low Temperature on the Conformation of Thyroglobulin

Abstract Analyses of l-valine[14C] incorporation into protein by guinea pig thyroid tissue slices show different numbers of sedimenting species depending on the temperatures used for sucrose gradient centrifugation. When analyzed at 23° the radioactive peaks which are observed correspond to native 19 S thyroglobulin and species sedimenting in the 3 to 8 S range. At 2°, the temperature generally used for sucrose gradient analysis, a new sedimenting component is observed with a rate near 15 S. This species is produced from 19 S as the temperature is reduced and appears to represent an unfolded form of 19 S. A rapid, reversible equilibrium exists between the 19 and 15 S species. Low iodine thyroglobulin, obtained from goitrogen-fed guinea pigs, showed temperature-dependent changes in sedimentation rates similar to those of newly synthesized protein. Thyroglobulin from normal animals, however, did not show any changes at low temperatures. Evidently 19 S becomes more refractory to low temperature unfolding with increasing levels of iodine. With standing at 2°, the 15 S species dissociates into 12 S subunits. When the temperature is raised to 23°, 19 S is reformed from the 12 S subunits. In contrast to the rates of the 19 S ⇌ 15 S reaction, which are faster than the time required for sucrose gradient analysis, the rates of the 15 S ⇌ 12 S reaction are slower. In addition to iodine, it was observed that ammonium sulfate affects the stability at low temperatures of newly synthesized or low iodine thyroglobulin. Ammonium sulfate precipitation was found to enhance the formation of 12 S.
ET-AIM accelerated analysis of scattering from inhomogeneous objects with time-varying permittivity

Scattering from inhomogeneous objects whose constitutive relationship for the electric-flux density can be expressed in terms of a time-varying permittivity e (r,t) as D(r,t) e (r,t)E(r,t) is of interest in a variety of high-power and optical applications; e.g., space-time modulation of permittivity has been recently explored as a mechanism for designing non-reciprocal ring resonators (D. L. Sounas and A. Alu, IEEE Antennas Propagat. Soc. Int. Symp., 2014). Because of frequency mixing introduced by the temporal change in e, traditional frequency-domain analysis is inapplicable and transient analysis in time-domain is the natural approach for finding the scattered fields. Indeed, various finite-difference time-domain (X. Liu and D. McNamara, Int. J. Infrared Millim. Waves, 28(9), 2007) and time-domain integral-equation (F. V. Fedotov, et. al., J. of Lightwave Tech., 21(1), 2003) methods have already been used for this analysis. Such time-domain simulations, however, can be very expensive when e varies slowly compared to the rate of change of fields (as is often the case). This is because the time-step size used must be small enough to resolve the fast variations of the fields while the time interval that is analyzed must be long enough to capture all the effects of the varying material property (determined in part by the largest distance the fields must travel across the object and any resonances). As these two time scales become more disparate, the computational costs of time-domain methods increase and alternative methods become more attractive. For example, the number of time steps that must be simulated can be drastically reduced by envelope-tracking methods (G. Kaur and A. E. Yilmaz, Proc. IEEE Antennas Propagat. Soc. Int. Symp., 2011) that use larger time steps that are dictated by the bandwidth rather than the maximum frequency content of the fields.
Soy, Soy Phytoestrogens and Cardiovascular Disease

Dietary soy protein has been shown to have several beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. The best-documented effect is on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, with reductions of approximately 10% in LDL cholesterol concentrations (somewhat greater for individuals with high pretreatment LDL cholesterol concentrations) and small increases in HDL cholesterol concentrations. Dietary soy protein improves flow-mediated arterial dilation of postmenopausal women but worsens that of men. Soy isoflavone extracts improve systemic arterial compliance, an indicator of atherosclerosis extent. Complete soy protein but not alcohol-washed soy protein reduces atherosclerosis of postmenopausal monkeys. No definite experimental evidence exists currently to establish that the cardiovascular benefits of soy protein are accounted for by its isoflavones.
On the relation between etch pits or growth hillocks and dislocations on the (111) faces of potassium aluminium alum

Abstract A correlation has been made between etch pits formed on the (111) faces of potassium aluminium alum after etching in water and dislocations in the crystal by application of a simple etch, polish and reetch technique and by relating the observed optical stress birefringence images of edge dislocations with higher Burgers vectors in the crystal to etch pits at the surface. Growth hillocks observed on solution grown potash alum (111) could be related to dislocation outcrops at the crystal surface, giving a direct evidence for a spiral growth mechanism.
A role for guanylate cyclase C in acid-stimulated duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion

Luminal acidification provides the strongest physiological stimulus for duodenal \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{ams...
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY APPROACHES TO GENETIC ENGINEERING

Several environmental problems related to plant genetic engineering may prohibit advancement of this technology and prevent realization of its full potential. One such common concern is the demonstrated escape of foreign genes through pollen dispersal from transgenic crop plants to their weedy relatives, creating super weeds or causing gene pollution among other crops or toxicity of transgenic pollen to nontarget insects. The high rates of gene flow from crops to wild relatives (as high as 38% in sunflower and 50% in strawberries) are certainly a serious concern. Maternal inheritance of the herbicide resistance gene via chloroplast genetic engineering has been shown to be a practical solution to these problems. Another common concern is the suboptimal production of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal protein or reliance on a single (or similar) B.t. protein in commercial transgenic crops, resulting in B.t. resistance among target pests. Clearly, different insecticidal proteins should be produced in lethal quantities to decrease the development of resistance. Such hyperexpression of a novel B.t. protein in chloroplasts has resulted in 100% mortality of insects that are up to 40 000-fold resistant to other B.t. proteins. Yet another concern is the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in transgenic plants that could inactivate oral doses of the antibiotic or be transferred to pathogenic microbes in the GI tract or in soil, rendering them resistant to treatment with such antibiotics. Cotransformation and elimination of antibiotic resistant genes from transgenic plants using transposable elements via breeding are promising new approaches. Genetic engineering efforts have also addressed yet another concern, i.e., the accumulation and persistence of plastics in our environment by production of biodegradable plastics. Recent approaches and accomplishments in addressing these environmental concerns via chloroplast genetic engineering are discussed in this review.
Effect of Heparin Modeling on Delivered Hemodialysis Therapy

Heparin anticoagulation is standard practice in hemodialysis. To assess the effect of adequate heparinization on dialysis delivery, 28 chronic dialysis patients (mean age, 55 ± 17 years; 18 men, 10 women) were selected for heparin modeling (HM). Polysulfone dialyzers were used. The dialysis prescription was kept unchanged, and an automated nonbleach reuse procedure was used. Measurements of time average concentration of urea (TAC urea ), KT/V delivered, normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR), hematocrit, and dialyzer total blood compartment volumes [TBCVs] (fiber bundle volume [FBV] + header volume) were evaluated before and after heparin dosages were changed as indicated by HM. Heparin dosage increased from 2,400 ± 841 IU to 4,398 ± 3,112 IU ( P P urea decreased from 48.8 ± 22.3 to 35.8 ± 21.5 mg/dL ( P urea . Heparin dosing should be given close attention because it does affect the dialysis dose delivered.
Constructive Methods for Higher Genus Correlation Functions of Level One Simply Laced {WZW} Models

Abstract Constructive methods for calculating the partition and correlation functions of level-one SU(N) Wess-Zumino-Witten models, valid for any compact Riemann surface, are presented. Both hamiltonian and lagrangian formulations of the fermionic description of s^SU(N)1, which involves constrained Dirac fermions, are considered. Results are confirmed by comparison with a theory of toroidally compactified free bosons. Bose-Fermi equivalence for s^SU(N)1 thus exhibited on surfaces of arbitrary genus. In the path integral treatment, modular invariance emerges automatically, while the spectrum is more clearly exhibited in the hamiltonian formulation.
Prey–Predator Communication: For Your Sensors Only

Prey have evolved myriad strategies to escape predation. Ground squirrels tailor their defensive signals to the predator at hand and use infrared warning signals in response to heat-sensitive rattlesnakes.
Selective attention and the auditory vertex potential. II. Effects of signal intensity and masking noise

A randomized sequence of tone bursts was delivered to subjects at short inter-stimulus intervals with the tones originating from one of three spatially and frequency specific channels. The subject's task was to count the tones in one of the three channels at a time, ignoring the other two, and press a button after each tenth tone. In different conditions, tones were given at high and low intensities and with or without a background white noise to mask the tones. The N sub 1 component of the auditory vertex potential was found to be larger in response to attended channel tones in relation to unattended tones. This selective enhancement of N sub 1 was minimal for loud tones presented without noise and increased markedly for the lower tone intensity and in noise added conditions.
Review and Analysis of Literature on Self-Management Interventions to Promote Appropriate Classroom Behaviors (1988-2008).

In the late 1980s, J. W. Fantuzzo and colleagues conducted a review of the selfmanagement literature in order to better define the characteristics of this class of interventions. Results indicated that many interventions were minimally studentdirected despite the title “self-managed” and that student-managed interventions demonstrated incremental effects above teacher-managed interventions. In the current study, updated information was compiled with regard to how self-management interventions have been described, including the degree to which self-management interventions continue to rely on external (i.e., teacher) contingencies. Review of the literature identified 16 different characterizations of self-management interventions, each of which varied widely in terms of the number of intervention components included as well as the degree to which students were involved in implementation. Although self-observation and recording of a predefined behavior appear to be the cornerstones of self-management interventions, meaningful differences were noted, including whether reinforcement was involved and whether changes in performance were tracked over time. Furthermore, although self-management interventions appear to have undergone a small shift toward increased reliance on internal (i.e., studentmanaged) contingencies, adults continue to play a large role in the implementation.
A generalized concordance correlation coefficient for continuous and categorical data.

This paper discusses a generalized version of the concordance correlation coefficient for agreement data. The concordance correlation coefficient evaluates the accuracy and precision between two measures, and is based on the expected value of the squared function of distance. We have generalized this coefficient by applying alternative functions of distance to produce more robust versions of the concordance correlation coefficient. In this paper we extend the application of this class of estimators to categorical data as well, and demonstrate similarities to the kappa and weighted kappa statistics. We also introduce a stratified concordance correlation coefficient which adjusts for explanatory factors, and an extended concordance correlation coefficient which measures agreement among more than two responses. With these extensions, the generalized concordance correlation coefficient provides a unifying approach to assessing agreement among two or more measures that are either continuous or categorical in scale.
AUTOMATED CLASSIFICATION OF ASTRONOMICAL IMAGES

Current efforts to perform automatic image measurement and classification are reviewed. As an example, we discuss the acquisition, calibration, and star-galaxy classification of O and E band imagery from POSS-I obtained with the Minnesota Automated Plate Scanner (APS). For galaxies with isophotal diameters (muB = 24.5 mss) larger than 25", it is shown that a variety of two-dimensional photometric parameter spaces provide a crude segregation of Hubble types. Initial results are presented on the training and testing of two artificial neural networks developed to map input image parameter vectors to an 8 step morphological type scale.
Characterization of earthquake sources in the Gulf of Alaska

Abstract The characterization of earthquake sources in the Gulf of Alaska and the relative significance of earthquake sources for establishing seismic design inputs at a typical site for engineering purposes are discussed. Earthquake sources in the complex tectonic environment can be divided into two groups: (a) a subduction zone that underlies the entire region (maximum magnitude M = 8.5); and (b) individual thrust and strike‐slip faults associated with the plate motions (maximum magnitude M = 6 to 7.5). The sources of either group and individual earthquake events can be represented as planar surfaces for consistency with the physical process and a mathematically tractable computational scheme. Although the area is very active seismically, the degree of activity of individual sources varies significantly. Therefore, even for sources with the same maximum earthquakes, different magnitudes may apply for a selected design return period. The area is considered to be a “seismic gap.”; No great earthquakes hav...
Risk factors for infection and the effect of an institutional shunt protocol on the incidence of ventricular access device infections in preterm infants.

OBJECT Intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants often leads to progressive ventricular dilation and the need for ventricular reservoir placement. Unfortunately, these reservoirs have a higher rate of infection than ventriculoperitoneal shunts in premature babies. The authors analyzed the risk factors for infection in this population and studied whether the implementation of an institutional protocol for shunt placement had a corollary effect on ventricular access device (VAD) infection rates in premature neonates with intraventricular hemorrhage. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective cohort review of consecutive premature neonates in whom VADs were inserted in the operating room at Primary Children's Hospital between June 2003 and June 2011 to identify risk factors for infection. Medical records were reviewed for information on infection (culture proven or eroded hardware at 90 days), gestational age at birth, weight, gestational age at surgery, intrathecal antibiotics, hemorrhage, death, ...
Nonblocking Algorithms and Preemption-Safe Locking on Multiprogrammed Shared Memory Multiprocessors

Most multiprocessors are multiprogrammed to achieve acceptable response time and to increase their utilization. Unfortunately, inopportune preemption may significantly degrade the performance of synchronized parallel applications. To address this problem, researchers have developed two principal strategies for a concurrent, atomic update of shared data structures: (1)preemption-safe lockingand (2)nonblocking(lock-free)algorithms. Preemption-safe locking requires kernel support. Nonblocking algorithms generally require a universal atomic primitive such ascompare-and-swaporload-linked/store-conditionaland are widely regarded as inefficient. We evaluate the performance of preemption-safe lock-based and nonblocking implementations of important data structures?queues, stacks, heaps, and counters?including nonblocking and lock-based queue algorithms of our own, in microbenchmarks and real applications on a 12-processor SGI Challenge multiprocessor. Our results indicate that our nonblocking queue consistently outperforms the best known alternatives and that data-structure-specific nonblocking algorithms, which exist for queues, stacks, and counters, can work extremely well. Not only do they outperform preemption-safe lock-based algorithms on multiprogrammed machines, they also outperform ordinary locks on dedicated machines. At the same time, since general-purpose nonblocking techniques do not yet appear to be practical, preemption-safe locks remain the preferred alternative for complex data structures: they outperform conventional locks by significant margins on multiprogrammed systems.
Two tools to facilitate pre-service teachers’ self-regulation during instructional planning

I nstructional planning is a key element of the teaching process. Teacher preparation programs spend a significant number of hours instructing pre-service teachers (PST) how to write effective instructional plans. Two major perspectives, the instructivist (or traditional) and the constructivist approaches to instructional planning, are implemented by colleges of education to prepare future teachers. However, By Amy L. Baylor, Anastasia Kitsantas, and Haihong Hu writing an instructional plan for a specific student population requires more than knowing the essential elements that constitute an effective instructional plan. It requires PST to use self-regulatory processes, especially self-monitoring and self-evaluation, to enable them through reflection to tailor the instructional plan to the needs of the particular group of students.
Microsomal activation to mutagens of antischistosomal methyl thioxanthenones and initial tests on a possibly non-mutagenic analogue.

Abstract Five methylthioxanthenone and methylbenzothiopyranoindazole analogues, including lucanthone (Miracil D), are non-mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium but are activated to mutagens by a rat liver microsome preparation. Hydroxymethyl analogues, includinng hycanthone )Etrenol), are mutagenic in the absebce of microsomes. It seems reasonable to assume that the hydroxymethyl derivatives are the more proximal mutagens and that Salmonella is unable to carry out the hydroxylation necessary for mutagen activation. During the past 24 years, several million patients with schistosomiasis have been treated with lucanthone, and in recent years about 700 000 persons with hycanthone. The possible long-term deleterious effects of these agents for man even now remain to be determined. Our studies indicate that particular modifications in the structure of thioxanthenones drastically alter their mutagenicity. One apparently non-mutagenic thioxanthenone has been found. A number of the less mutagenic compounds also exhibit decreased acute toxicity in the mouse while retaining appreciable antischistosomal activity, suggesting that genetic and schistosomicidal activities may be dissociated from each other.
Advances in the mechanisms of cell delivery to cardiovascular scaffolds: comparison of two rotating cell culture systems.

Having a reliable method of delivering cells to polymer scaffolds in vitro is fundamental to the development of tissue engineered structures. This paper compares the efficacy of two rotating systems for this purpose. Ten conduits, measuring 40 mm by 10 mm, were fabricated from polyglycolic acid mesh and poly-4-hydrobutyrate. Five conduits were placed in a rotating wall vessel (RWV, Synthecon Inc., Houston, TX), developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); five conduits were also placed in rotating individual sealed tubes (RISTs). Medium in the RWV was left unchanged for the duration of the experiment; medium in the RISTs required daily change. Samples of the discarded medium and samples from the RWV were analyzed for pH, pCO 2 , pO 2 , and lactate concentration. Constructs were assayed for DNA content as a surrogate for cell number. In the RWV, pH, pCO 2 , and pO 2 remained stable, while the lactate concentration gradually increased. The measure of pO 2 did not differ significantly between the RWV and the RISTs, but the pH was lower and the pCO 2 and the lactate concentration measurements were higher in the RIST system at each time point (p = 0.001). After 6 days (p = 0.001), the total DNA per conduit was 226 ′ 7 μg for the conduits seeded in the RISTs and 396 ′ 18 μg for the conduits in the RWV, suggesting that the RWV is superior to the RIST system for delivering cells to polymer scaffolds.
Detrital modes of new zealand graywackes

Abstract Graywacke, used here for any dark indurated sandstone, and argillite are the dominant pre-Tertiary rocks underlying much of New Zealand. The strata, mainly Permian to Jurassic, can be divided into two facies: (1) the western marginal facies of orderly, fossiliferous strata exposed in the New Zealand marginal syncline; and (2) the eastern axial facies of strongly folded and faulted, and partly schistose, rocks that occupy the keel of the New Zealand geosyncline. The two facies are in fault contact along the length of New Zealand. Each facies is 15–20 km thick, and records deposition, probably on oceanic crust, at a rate ≈125 ± 25 m/million years (m.y.) for ≈150 m.y. The western marginal facies apparently was deposited on a rapidly subsiding shelf that was positioned as a major topographic bench between an oceanic trench, site of sedimentation of the turbidites of the eastern axial facies, and a volcano-plutonic arc, probable provenance of the detritus in the two facies. The two facies were metamorphosed at low grade under relatively high pressures and low temperatures, probably in the sub-trench belt of paired metamorphic belts, with the provenance region being the sub-arc belt of relatively low pressure and high temperature. The graywackes of the western marginal facies apparently record a progressive erosional modification of the volcano-plutonic provenance, from a volcanic terrane that shed detritus into lower horizons of the sequence to a plutonic terrane that shed detritus into higher horizons of the sequence as dissection bit into the igneous source rocks of the arc. The most common graywackes of the eastern axial facies are more quartzose than those of the western marginal facies, and may have received plutonic detritus that bypassed the shelf between the arc and the trench. Feldspatholithic “volcanic” graywackes are poor in quartz, rich in pyriboles, bear mainly plagioclase feldspar, and contain mostly volcanic rock fragments. Lithofeldspathic “plutonic” graywackes are relatively high in quartz and mica, bear K-feldspar as well as plagioclase, and contain abundant metamorphic as well as volcanic rock fragments. Analogous paired suites of graywackes may be common in the circum-Pacific region.
On convergence of moments in uncertainty quantification based on direct quadrature

Theoretical results for the convergence of statistical moments in numerical quadrature based polynomial chaos computational uncertainty quantification are presented in this work. This is accomplished by considering the computation of the moments through a direct numerical quadrature method, which is shown to be equivalent to stochastic collocation. For problems which involve output variables which have a polynomial dependence on the random input variables, lower bound expressions are derived for the number of quadrature points required for convergence of arbitrary order moments. In addition, an error expression is derived for when this lower bound is used for problems which have a higher degree of continuity than what was assumed when the bounds are computed. The theoretical results are demonstrated through a simple random algebraic problem and a nonlinear plate problem. The results presented in this work provide further insight into the widely used polynomial chaos expansion method of uncertainty quantification along with presenting simple expressions which can be used for uncertainty quantification code verification.
CHANGES IN FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF SURFACTANT PHOSPHATIDYL-CHOLINE IN PRETERM INFANTS AFTER SURFACTANT THERAPY AND I.V.-LIPIDS † 1474

CHANGES IN FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF SURFACTANT PHOSPHATIDYL-CHOLINE IN PRETERM INFANTS AFTER SURFACTANT THERAPY AND I.V.-LIPIDS † 1474
Shock tube measurements of 3-pentanone pyrolysis and oxidation

Abstract High-temperature 3-pentanone pyrolysis and oxidation studies were performed behind reflected shock waves using laser-based species time-history measurements (3-pentanone, CH 3 , CO, C 2 H 4 , OH and H 2 O) and ignition delay time measurements. The overall 3-pentanone decomposition rate coefficient was inferred from the measured 3-pentanone and CH 3 time-histories during pyrolysis at temperatures of 1070–1530 K and a pressure of 1.6 atm., and yielded a mathematical expression for k tot = 4.383 × 10 49 T −10 exp(−44,780/T) s −1 with an uncertainty of ±35% over 1070–1330 K. The measured species time-histories and ignition delay times were also compared to simulations from a detailed kinetic mechanism of Serinyel et al. (2010) [14] . The measured k tot was approximately 3.5 times faster than the value used by Serinyel et al. Additionally, the absence of a methyl ketene decomposition reaction was identified as the cause of a deficiency in the O-atom balance of the measured 3-pentanone and CO time-histories. Using the revised overall 3-pentanone decomposition rate coefficient and an additional methyl ketene decomposition pathway, the modified mechanism was able to successfully simulate all six species time-histories, and showed a significant improvement in the predictions of ignition delay times. Finally, a comparison of ignition delay times and OH species time-histories during 3-pentanone, 2-pentanone and acetone oxidation found that 3-pentanone was the most reactive of the three ketones.
Experimental study of three exit pressure distortions on turbine performance

A cold flow air test of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) High Pressure Fuel Turbopump (HPFTP) turbine was conducted with a circumferential pressure distortion at the turbine exit. The effects of three circumferential exit pressure distortions on turbine efficiency and pressure ratio, are presented. Circumferential and radial total pressure, total temperature, static pressure, and flow angle distributions at the turbine exit are also presented. Efficiency and total-to-total pressure ratio are shown to have a circumferential variation as high as 13.7 percent (or points of efficiency) and 7.1 percent, respectively. A slight pressure distortion was measured downstream of the first stage nozzle and the distortion increased across subsequent blade rows to a maximum downstream of the second stage rotor for all three plates. A brief discussion of the test facility, model, instrumentation, and test plan is given for completeness.
Industry rent seeking and the filing of ‘unfair trade’ complaints

Abstract This paper adopts a rent-seeking framework to explain the incidence of antidumping and countervailing duty complaints brought to the U.S. International Trade Commission and the Department of Commerce. Tobit analysis on all 3-digit SIC industries is employed to examine the relationship between the frequency of ‘unfair trade’ complaints and such factors as industry concentration, unionization, capital intensity, and levels and/or changes in employment, price-cost margins, and import penetration. Large capital-intensive industries, particularly those facing employment losses and rising import shares, are found to be most likely to file complaints. Protection of quasi-rents accruing to capital and labor, rather than protection of monopoly returns, appears to be the primary impetus behind the filing of unfair trade complaints.
Expedient synthesis of a 72-membered isoxazolino-β-ketoamide library by a 2·3-component reaction.

An efficient 2·3-component reaction (2·3CR; a 2-component reaction followed, in one pot, by a3-component reaction) is presented for the synthesis of isoxazolino-β-ketoamides. This 2·3CR proceeds by (i) a Meldrum’s acid-generated acyl ketene, which is trapped by an amine to form a β-ketoamide intermediate in a 2CR followed, in one pot, by (ii) a Mannich reaction followed by elimination of dimethyl amine·HCl to generate an α,β-unsaturated β-ketoamide dipolarophile that reacts in a nitrile oxide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. This one-pot 2·3CR process delivers the targeted isoxazolino-β-ketoamide product. A total of 72 compounds are presented, all of which have been submitted to the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository for high-throughput biological screening.
Correlation of enthalphy of octanes with orthogonal connectivity indices

Abstract We investigated the isomeric variations of the enthalpies of formation of octanes by use of orthogonalized connectivity indices as molecular descriptors. With two omega descriptors the multivariate regression coefficient of 0.932 and the standard error of 0.478 were obtained. The residual of the multivariate regression based on the two orthogonalized connectivity indices could not be reduced by an explicit use of terms attributed to simple steric effects, while at the same time the contributions to the enthalpies empirically assigned to steric terms show a very high correlation with the omega indices (i.e. orthogonalized connectives) 1 Ω and 2 Ω. Hence the dom- inant contributions of steric terms in octane isomers are well accounted for by the connectivity indices, the graph invariants that apparently parallel the particular three-dimensional characteristics of alkane molecules.
The Economics of Joint Ventures in Less Developed Countries

The paper examines the microeconomic (partial equilibrium) behavior of joint ventures established between transnational corporations and domestic partners in less developed countries. It focuses on issues relating to resource allocation and profit distribution under various institutional scenarios. The analysis places special emphasis on the role of bargaining power, transfer pricing, stock ownership, and profit shares of the parties, and the responsiveness of joint ventures to national development goals. Some of the results apply to wholly owned subsidiaries of transnational corporations, local firms, and licensing arrangements, which emerge as special cases.
Raman study of SO2 at high pressure: aggregation, phase transformations, and photochemistry

Abstract We report Raman measurements made on SO2 in a diamond cell up to 75 kbar showing two new phases, solid II and solid III, which differ from known, zero-pressure solid I. Spectra indicate that SO2 molecules aggregate in solid III to possibly form a cyclical trimer; solid III is shown to be photochemically active to blue radiation.
Effect of Competing Reversible Reactions on Optimal Operating Policies for Plants with Recycle

A simple classification procedure for determining optimal steady-state operating policies for plants with recycle has recently been developed by Griffin et al. to cover complex process chemistries. (Griffin, D. W.; Mellichamp, D. A.; Doherty, M. F. AIChE J. 2008, 54, 2597). This procedure classifies a process chemistry into one of two groups of operating policies based solely on the reaction kinetics. The optimal operating policy for a bounded chemistry is to operate the reactor completely full for all production rates while a nonbounded chemistry may have a variable reactor volume subject to system constraints. The current work focuses on process chemistries with reversible reactions and demonstrates that the optimal operating policy can change depending on which reaction(s) is(are) reversible and the magnitude of the equilibrium constant(s). Process chemistries with a reversible desired reaction also exhibit multiple steady-states, but only one of the steady-states corresponds to feasible operating cond...
Tribute to Folke Skoog

This month's The Hot and the Classic pays tribute to the scientific contributions of Dr. Folke Skoog who passed away this February in his 92nd year. Chief among his many awards and honors were his memberships in the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and his
Three‐dimensional immobilization of β‐galactosidase on a silicon surface

Many alternative strategies to immobilize and stabilize enzymes have been investigated in recent years for applications in biosensors. The entrapment of enzymes within silica-based nanospheres formed through silicification reactions provides high loading capacities for enzyme immobilization, resulting in high volumetric activity and enhanced mechanical stability. Here we report a strategy for chemically associating silica nanospheres containing entrapped enzyme to a silicon support. beta-galactosidase from E. coli was used as a model enzyme due to its versatility as a biosensor for lactose. The immobilization strategy resulted in a three-dimensional network of silica attached directly at the silicon surface, providing a significant increase in surface area and a corresponding 3.5-fold increase in enzyme loading compared to enzyme attached directly at the surface. The maximum activity recovered for a silicon square sample of 0.5 x 0.5 cm was 0.045 IU using the direct attachment of the enzyme through glutaraldehyde and 0.16 IU when using silica nanospheres. The immobilized beta-galactosidase prepared by silica deposition was stable and retained more than 80% of its initial activity after 10 days at 24 degrees C. The ability to generate three-dimensional structures with enhanced loading capacity for biosensing molecules offers the potential to substantially amplify biosensor sensitivity.
Seiberg-Witten invariants and surface singularities: splicings and cyclic covers

We verify the conjecture formulated in [36] for suspension singularities of type g(x, y, z)=f(x, y)+z n , where f is an irreducible plane curve singularity. More precisely, we prove that the modified Seiberg–Witten invariant of the link M of g, associated with the canonical spin c structure, equals −σ(F)/8, where σ(F) is the signature of the Milnor fiber of g. In order to do this, we prove general splicing formulae for the Casson–Walker invariant and for the sign-refined Reidemeister–Turaev torsion. These provide results for some cyclic covers as well. As a by-product, we compute all the relevant invariants of M in terms of the Newton pairs of f and the integer n.
Cancer-related fatigue. Suffering a different fatigue.

Purpose: The purpose of this naturalistic inquiry was to understand, from the patient's perspective, the differences between cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and “typical” fatigue and to describe its impact on their lives. Description of study: The sample consisted of 17 adult patients with cancer who agreed to participate, yielding 23 in-depth audiotaped interviews. Participants included inpatients and outpatients from a dedicated cancer center and a Veterans Affairs Hospital. Symbolic interactionism was the framework used for the interviews to understand how individuals and groups construct and discover the meaning of events. Transcribed data were coded by distress category to classify the textual information and to reduce the text to more relevant and manageable bits of data. Five to 10 representative excerpts from each coding category were chosen and were coded independently by a second coder to evaluate intercoder reliability. Results: CRF was found to be more rapid in onset, more energy draining, more intense, longer lasting, more severe, and more unrelenting when compared with “typical” fatigue. CRF caused distress in the physical, social, spiritual, psychological, and cognitive domains of the participants' lives. All participants agreed that CRF was different than the typical fatigue of everyday life. Clinical implications: This study's findings indicate that because of this different fatigue, CRF, participants did not just experience the symptom, but they suffered with it. The current oncology literature and texts do not portray the morbidity of the CRF experience as described by the participants in this study. These data can be used as part of an experiential teaching guide to assist healthcare students and practitioners in understanding the CRF experience. This increased awareness will afford clinicians a better foundation for implementing management strategies. A CRF distress instrument is in development based on these data.
Calcium Sensing Receptor Activation by a Calcimimetic Suggests a Link between Cooperativity and Intracellular Calcium Oscillations

Abstract Activation of the calcium sensing receptor (CaR) by small increments in extracellular calcium (Ca2+ e) induces intracellular calcium (Ca2+ i) oscillations that are dependent on thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular calcium stores. Phenylalkylamines such as NPS R-568 are allosteric modulators (calcimimetics) that activate CaR by increasing the apparent affinity of the receptor for calcium. We determined, by fluorescence imaging with fura-2, whether the calcimimetic NPS R-568 could activate Ca2+ ioscillations in HEK-293 cells expressing human CaR. NPS R-568 was more potent than Ca2+ e at eliciting Ca2+ i oscillations, particularly at low [Ca2+]e (as low as 0.1 mm). The oscillation frequencies elicited by NPS R-568 varied over a 2-fold range from peak to peak intervals of 60–70 to 30–45 s, depending upon the concentrations of both Ca2+ e and NPS R-568. Finally, NPS R-568 induced sustained (>15 min after drug removal) Ca2+ i oscillations, suggesting slow release of the drug from its binding site. We exploited the potency of NPS R-568 for eliciting Ca2+ i oscillations for structural studies. Truncation of the CaR carboxyl terminus from 1077 to 886 amino acids had no effect on the ability of Ca2+ or NPS R-568 to induce Ca2+ i oscillations, but further truncation (to 868 amino acids) eliminated both highly cooperative Ca2+-dependent activation and regular Ca2+ i oscillations. Alanine scanning within the amino acid sequence from Arg873 to His879 reveals a linkage between the cooperativity for Ca2+-dependent activation and establishment and maintenance of intracellular Ca2+ oscillations. The amino acid residues critical to both functions of CaR may contribute to interactions with either G proteins or between CaR monomers within the functional dimer.
Criticality dosimetry using a sulfur disk and a priori neutron spectral knowledge

Abstract This paper proposes the design of a new approach to criticality accident dosimetry, which uses a priori knowledge of the neutron spectra for criticality accident conditions, and depends upon accurate detector spectral response characterization and environmental modeling. The sulfur disk was selected as a potential neutron detector, for neutrons of higher energies. Several sulfur disks were exposed to a critical Godiva experiment, the spectral response function determined using Monte Carlo methods, and the activity determined using knowledge of the known criticality spectrum. The new method, possibly with two or more different detectors to measure other energy ranges, holds promise as a practical approach to neutron criticality dosimetry.
Feature interaction-how it works in telecommunication software

The results from feature interaction can be seen as a problem from different perspectives. The two primary perspectives are from the end user's view and the application developer's view. This article pursues solutions that originate from the applications designer's view. Even within this view, there are different ways to approach the feature interaction problem. These solutions, in turn, have the potential to introduce new problems. Each of these views lead to different solutions to our problem. The solution to the feature interaction has three parts. First, avoid undesirable interactions whenever possible. Second, detect interactions when they occur. Finally, resolve the interactions as quickly as possible. Preferably, this final step should be automated. Feature interactions will occur in real-time, and must be handled on-the-fly for our communication networks to perform as expected by the end user.
Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope Observations of the Horizontal Branch in M13

Images of the globular cluster M13 were obtained with the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) during the Astro-2 Spacelab mission. A total of 488 stars are detected in the UIT B5 filter centered at 1620 A. Of an uncrowded sample of 247 stars, 232 are well correlated with ground-based Johnson V photometry, which was provided by K. Montgomery (1995, private communication). A color-magnitude diagram, constructed from the (m1620 − V) color index and the m1620 magnitude, shows a well-populated, blue horizontal branch extending to a temperature in excess of 35,000 K. A King plot of radial density distribution is satisfied by an exponential of index α=3.0, which is consistent with Laget et al. Recent evolutionary models by Sweigart that include the effects of helium mixing into the hydrogen envelope of horizontal-branch stars, in addition to the latest canonical models, are considered when discussing the extreme blue horizontal-branch morphology. An offset toward a higher luminosity of stars near the zero-age horizontal branch in the 4.1 < logTeff < 4.3 region is also discussed.
One-step synthesis of noble metal–titanium dioxide nanocomposites in a flame aerosol reactor

Abstract Noble metal–titanium dioxide nanocomposites (Pt/TiO 2 , Pd/TiO 2 and bimetallic Pt-Pd/TiO 2 ) were synthesized in one step using a flame aerosol reactor (FLAR). The specific surface area, crystal phase and morphology of the nanocomposites were controlled by adjusting the reactant concentration and the temperature–time history in the reactor. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption (BET). Nanocomposites with 0.5–3.0% (wt%) noble metal loading were synthesized. Nanosized noble metal particles (2–4 nm) were dispersed on the 30–40 nm TiO 2 surface with an overall specific surface area in the range of 40–60 m 2 /g. The specific surface area increased with increasing noble metal loading. For the chosen flame conditions, a mixture of anatase and rutile phase was obtained without noble metal addition. On incorporation of the noble metal, the formation of the rutile phase of titanium dioxide was suppressed. The synthesized nanocomposites were tested for the photocatalytic oxidation of methyl orange dye in an aqueous phase. Platinum particles dispersed on the TiO 2 surface enhanced the photocatalytic activity compared to pristine TiO 2 . The existence of an optimum platinum loading for the highest photocatalytic activity was confirmed, and was approximately 0.5–1.0% Pt. Palladium addition had a detrimental effect on the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide. Bimetallic noble metal catalysts (Pt-Pd/TiO 2 ) showed enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to pristine titanium dioxide, but lower than platinum (only)–titanium dioxide nanocomposites.
The effect of PEA on serotonin and catecholamines.

Abstract Differences of behavior in rats have been noted when using d-amphetamine or β-phenylethylamine (PEA). Both these drugs can disaggregate polyribosomes. It would appear that amphetamine affects both behavior and polyribosomal disaggregation through the release and activity of dopamine, while PEA acts through serotonin and to a lesser degree through norepinephrine and dopamine.
Foreign Subsidiary Compensation Strategy: An Agency Theory Perspective

This study extends agency theory to explain the design of compensation strategy in foreign subsidiaries competing within global industries. Results from 100 subsidiaries in five countries indicate ...
Acute cerebral dysfunction in diabetic ketoacidosis: Survival followed by panhypopituitarism

Abstract We report a unique case of a 15-yr-old diabetic patient who survived ketoacidosis complicated by acute severe encephalopathy, hypopituitarism, and optic atrophy. We reviewed our 25-yr experience with fatal diabetic ketoacidosis; three additional cases resembled the “cerebral edema” syndrome. We observed that (1) cerebral edema is not often documented in this syndrome, (2) the cause of the acute neuronal disturbance in these patients may be hypoxic, with cerebral edema a secondary development, and (3) development of encephalopathy was probably unrelated to overvigorous correction of acidosis and hyperglycemia in our cases.
Mixing sumatriptan: a prospective study of stratified care using multiple formulations.

Objective.—To assess the acceptability, utility, and tolerability of a system of stratified care of acute migraine using multiple formulations of sumatriptan. Background.—Stratified care matches the treatment of a disease to its level of severity. Sumatriptan, with its multiple formulations, seems a logical option in a stratified care approach. Little data exists on the use of multiple formulations in a single patient population. Design and Methods.—A prospective, open-label, outpatient study recruited patients from a single center during the period from January 1998 through June 1998. Entry criteria included International Headache Society migraine diagnostic codes 1.1 or 1.2 and an established response to sumatriptan tablets or nasal spray. Patients who enrolled were allowed to use subcutaneous sumatriptan as either primary or rescue therapy for individual migraine attacks. Results.—Two hundred eighteen (80%) of 273 patients on tablets and 40 (85%) of 47 patients on nasal spray enrolled. During a period of 6 months, 61% of the patients on tablets and 85% of the patients using the nasal spray used at least one subcutaneous dose of sumatriptan. This system was efficacious and well tolerated. The majority of injections were used as rescue treatments following a failed oral or nasal dose. Two percent withdrew due to lack of efficacy, and 6% withdrew due to adverse events; however, 92% professed satisfaction with subcutaneous sumatriptan as an available tool for migraine management. Conclusion.—A system of stratified care using multiple formulations of sumatriptan is efficacious, well tolerated, and preferable to a program involving a single form of the drug.
Synergistic use of optical and microwave data in agrometeorological applications

Remotely sensed optical and microwave data can be synergistically used to infer land surface properties. Optical data can be used to estimate surface albedo, radiation absorption by vegetation canopies and their photosynthetic efficiencies. Vegetation canopy reflectance at red and near-infrared wavelengths can be used to correct for vegetation effect on microwave emissivities at low frequencies for estimating soil moisture. Optical data can also provide information about surface and air temperatures, precipitable water vapor, cloud top temperature and its water content. This information can be utilized to correct microwave data for atmospheric effects. These points are illustrated with theoretical analyses and by application to satellite data. The basic physical mechanisms operative at the various wavelengths are also discussed.