cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dilational viscoelastic properties of fluid interfaces—I

Abstract The rheological properties of interfaces play a significant role in many engineering and scientific applications where an interfacial motion is involve The present study focuses on the dilational rheological properties of liquid-gas interfaces. The study of dilational interfacial properties presents so inherent difficulties, because ddational strains are accompanied by a mass exchange between the interface and the adjoining bulk, as also by a mass tra on the interface itself. These mass transfer interactions manifest themselves as additional “compositional” viscoelastic resistance to dilational d and thereby make the analysis and interpretation of measured quantities difficult. This difficulty has been overcome in the present work by a suitable of “net” viscoelastic properties which combine the contributions of the “intrinsic” viscoelastic properties of an interface and the composition properties. A longitudinal wave technique combined with tracer particle measurements, which o offers a promising method for the measurement of dilational viscoelas fluid interfaces, has been developed. In this technique, a longitudinal wave disturbance is imparted to an interface by means of a sinusoidally oscilla the resulting response of the interface is measured in terms of amplitude and time-lag of the tracer particle motion relative to the original disturban of the hydrodynamics and mass transfer interactions for liquid-gas interfaces is presented.
Solvent-free MALDI-MS for the analysis of a membrane protein via the mini ball mill approach: case study of bacteriorhodopsin.

A mini ball mill (MBM) solvent-free matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) method allows for the analysis of bacteriorhodopsin (BR), an integral membrane protein that previously presented special analytical problems. For well-defined signals in the molecular ion region of the analytes, a desalting procedure of the MBM sample directly on the MALDI target plate was used to reduce adduction by sodium and other cations that are normally attendant with hydrophobic peptides and proteins as a result of the sample preparation procedure. Mass analysis of the intact hydrophobic protein and the few hydrophobic and hydrophilic tryptic peptides available in the digest is demonstrated with this robust new approach. MS and MS/MS spectra of BR tryptic peptides and intact protein were generally superior to the traditional solvent-based method using the desalted “dry” MALDI preparation procedure. The solvent-free method expands the range of peptides that can be effectively analyzed by MA...
The effect of particle dimensionality on granular friction in laboratory shear zones

[1] To match the boundary conditions of numerical models and to examine the effect of particle dimensionality on granular friction, we conducted laboratory experiments on rods sheared in 1-D and 2-D configurations, glass beads (3-D), and angular quartz sand (rough 3-D). The average coefficient of friction during stable sliding for 1-D, 2-D, smooth 3-D, and rough 3-D particles is 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, and 0.6, respectively. Frictional strength of 2-D layers exceeds 1-D friction by an amount associated with dilatancy and the additional contact plane in 2-D. We show that 3-D granular friction exceeds 2-D friction by the amount of interparticle friction on the out-of-plane particle contacts that do not exist in 2-D. Data from our 2-D experiments are remarkably similar to numerical results based on 2-D particle dynamic simulations. Our data indicate that application of numerical models of granular friction to tectonic faults will require computations involving rough, 3-D particles.
Spatial direction and grammatical form of instructions affect the solution of spatial problems.

One hundred and forty-eight undergraduate women were orally instructed to repeatedly and quickly draw circles in spatial relation to squares printed on sheets of paper. On each trial, the instructions required the circle to be drawn either above, below, to the right of, or to the left of the square. The instructions were expressed so that the circle was either the logical subject (e.g., “circle above square”) or the logical object (e.g., “square below circle”) of the statement. Each subject received all experimental conditions for a total of 24 separate drawings per subject. Analysis of variance of the total number of errors disclosed significant effects of all experimental variables. Performance was significantly more accurate when the circle was the logical subject, when the orientations were “above” and “right of” rather than “below” and “left of” and for the vertical dimension. The results are discussed in terms of current theories on “asymmetries” in information processing.
Comment on knowler et Al. Preventing diabetes in american Indian communities. Diabetes care 2013;36:1820-1822.

Knowler and Ackermann (1) provided a commentary regarding our article reporting the Special Diabetes Program for Indians Diabetes Prevention (SDPI-DP) demonstration project (2). We deeply appreciate the efforts of the editorial staff in recruiting such a knowledgeable group of diabetes prevention experts to comment on this article. We are especially grateful to the authors for underscoring the contribution that the Indian Health Service has made, which includes the SDPI-DP, to lessen the daunting diabetes disparities that face American Indian and Alaska Natives. The commentary correctly pointed out difficulties in quantifying the benefits of the intervention among SDPI-DP participants absent a control group. However, as we sought to communicate, the primary purpose of the SDPI-DP was to …
Transonic Radiation Flow in Aerogel Foams as a New Power Diagnostic on Z

Summary form only given. The Sandia Z dynamic hohlraum radiation drive produces high radiation powers and energies. Using these high powers and energies, a new in-situ diagnostic has been developed and tested, that uses the super-sonic to sub-sonic transition of a Marshak radiation wave in a cylindrical block of SiO2 aerogel foam. When this transition takes place, a shock is launched, with a velocity much less than the preceding Marshak wave, and the resulting density enhancement in the foam can be radiographed. This process is analogous to the creation of a radiation "fireball" which results in a "blast wave" shock. A successful demonstration of this diagnostic technique was achieved in the Z-1430 experiment on 25 Jan 2005. Data and simulations of this experiment are presented and the sensitivity to drive power and other variables is indicated.
Volume status influences atrial peptide-induced water conductivity changes in leopard frog mesenteric capillaries

1. Three sets of North American leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) were housed on damp sand (DS, n = 19), in fresh water (FW, n = 19), or with free access to both damp sand and fresh water (FA, n = 23) for a period of 5-6 days. At the end of this period pithed frogs were prepared for measurement of capillary hydraulic conductivity and samples of whole-blood, lymph and body cavity fluid were collected for measurement of haematocrit and protein content. 2. To measure hydraulic conductivity (Lp), individual capillaries of the mesenteries of the three groups were cannulated and perfused with a minimum of two, and a maximum of three, frog Ringer solutions. The first solution, common to all experiments, contained dialysed bovine serum albumin (BSA) at a concentration of 10 mg ml-1. The second and third solutions also contained either 10 nM-atrial peptide (AP) or 1 microM-sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Lp was determined from measurements of fluid filtration rate at a minimum of two different capillary pressures (Michel, Mason, Curry, Tooke & Hunter, 1974). 3. In vessels from damp sand-stored frogs (DS), the paired Lp in the presence of 10 nM-atrial peptide (Lp, AP) was 3.2 +/- 0.4-fold higher than Lp, BSA (n = 25). By contrast, in the FW group, Lp, AP did not differ significantly from Lp, BSA (Lp, AP-FW/Lp, BSA = 1.3 +/- 0.2; n = 23). In frogs given free access to water and dry terrain the response to atrial peptide was similar to that observed in the DS group (Lp, AP-FA/Lp, BSA = 3.6 +/- 07; n = 23). Thus, storage in fresh water appears to have inhibited the acute Lp response to atrial peptide observed in vessels from the FA or DS animals. 4. Atrial peptide and sodium nitroprusside elevate intracellular cyclic GMP levels by membrane receptor-dependent and -independent processes, respectively. No difference was observed in the Lp response to 1 microM-perfusate sodium nitroprusside (Lp, SNP) in DS (n = 7), FW (n = 8) or FA (n = 30) frogs (Lp, SNP/Lp, BSA ratios were 3.5 +/- 1.5-, 2.7 +/- 0.8- and 2.6 +/- 0.5-fold, respectively). Thus, the Lp response to sodium nitroprusside was not affected by storage conditions. 5. The mean haematocrit of skin blood samples from the DS groups was 26.5 +/- 1.0% (+/- S.E.M.) compared to 19.1 +/- 1.2% from the FW groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Histologic comparison of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer associated with MSH2 and MLH1 and colorectal cancer from the general population

PURPOSE: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer is reported to have special histologic features. This study compares the histologic features of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer to colorectal cancers from the general population when hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer cases are restricted to families with known MSH2 and MLH1 mutations. METHODS: Thirty-seven cancers from kindreds carrying MSH2 mutations, 27 cancers from kindreds carrying MLH1 mutations, and 37 colorectal cancers from the general population were reviewed by a pathologist blinded to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer gene status. Tumor grade, growth pattern, Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction, mucin production, extent of disease in the bowel wall, and lymph node status were evaluated. RESULTS: Poor differentiation and Crohn's-like reaction were a feature of 44 and 49 percent of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer compared with 14 percent (P=0.002) and 27 percent (P=0.049) of colorectal cancers from the general population, respectively. There was no difference in growth pattern, mucin production, lymph node involvement, or local extent of disease between hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and colorectal cancers from the general population. Poor differentiation and lymph node metastases were found in 57 and 49 percent of MSH2 compared with 26 percent (P=0.002) and 10 percent (P=0.03) of MLH1-associated cancers, respectively. There was no difference in growth pattern, mucin production, Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction, or local extent of disease between subgroups of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Poor differentiation and Crohn's-like reaction are more common in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer than colorectal cancers from general population. Poor differentiation and lymph node metastases are more commonly seen in MSH2-associated cancers than MLH1. Evaluation of the natural history, pathogenesis, and prognosis of colorectal cancer in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer should include consideration of which mismatch repair genes are mutated and what the specific mutations are.
Toward a Caribbean Psychology: An African-Centered Approach

Although the Americas and Caribbean region are purported to comprise different ethnic groups, this article’s focus is on people of African descent, who represent the largest ethnic group in many countries. The emphasis on people of African descent is related to their family structure, ethnic identity, cultural, psychohistorical, and contemporary psychosocial realities. This article discusses the limitations of Western psychology for theory, research, and applied work on people of African descent in the Americas and Caribbean region. In view of the adaptations that some people of African descent have made to slavery, colonialism, and more contemporary forms of cultural intrusions, it is argued that when necessary, notwithstanding Western psychology’s limitations, Caribbean psychologists should reconstruct mainstream psychology to address the psychological needs of these Caribbean people. The relationship between theory and psychological interventions for the optimal development of people of African descent is emphasized throughout this article. In this regard, the African-centered and constructionist viewpoint is argued to be of utility in addressing the psychological growth and development of people of African descent living in the Americas and Caribbean region.
The value of incorporating bioindicators in economic approaches to water pollution control

Abstract Bioindicators provide better information about environmental quality than chemical and physical measures alone. This paper addresses how this information can improve the efficiency of water pollution control policy. We model bioindicators as a means of resolving uncertainty about the relationship of human activities and environmental effects. Two economic policy models are developed to formalize efficiency gains that result from biological information. We find that resolving uncertainty is valuable in both a benefit-cost framework and in implementing an exogenously-determined safety standard. The results imply that ecological research capable of providing this kind of information can have a direct economic payoff.
Identifying body fluid distribution by measuring electrical impedance.

The effects of critical illness on extracellular water (ECW) and total body water (TBW) were measured using (1) a multiple dilutional technique, and (2) whole body and regional bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in a group of stable patients. Total body water and body resistance (R) were similar in patients when compared with normal healthy subjects (TBW: 45.1 +/- 4.5 vs. 46.2 +/- 3.4 L, p = 0.85; R: 518 +/- 42 vs. 500 +/- 22 omega, p = 0.70), and a significant relationship was present between these measurements (r = -0.87, p or = 0.137) and disease (Xc/R < or = 0.101). Bioelectrical impedance analysis is a noninvasive and simple bedside technique that can be used to predict TBW and identify altered fluid distribution following critical illness.
The relation of microstructure and fracture properties of electron beam melted, modified SAE 4620 steels

A method is described for the transmission and scanning electron microscope study of the relationship between the microstructure and the fracture properties of two quenched and tempered, electron beam melted, modified SAE 4620 steels consisting of tempered low carbon martensite. Among all the microstructure constituents considered, the constituentR (randomly oriented, “tempered low carbon martensite, TLCM”) achieved the highest probability for dimple fracture. The thick TLCM laths (designated as the microstructure constituent II) exhibited higher probability of dimple plus quasi-dimple mode of fracture than the thin laths (I). It is concluded that the steel EB1035 derived the high toughness from a) the high concentration of the “high toughness” microstructure constituentsR and II, b) “non-embrittled” prior austenite grain boundaries with 50 pct probability for smooth plus quasi-smooth mode and 50 pct dimple plus quasi-dimple mode of intergranular fracture. In contrast, besides having low content ofR and II, the steel EB1014 displayed “completely embrittled” prior austenite grain boundaries with 100 pct probability for smooth plus quasi-smooth intergranular fracture. The conclusions derived from the microconstituentsR, II and I seemed to reflect the “embrittling” effect of decreased spacings between the pseudo twin related laths and between the lath boundary cementite films, and the “toughening” effect of the randomly oriented laths. Auger spectra obtained from the fracture surface before and after sputtering is analyzed to determine the presence of grain boundary sulfur segregation.
Remediation of a heavy metal-contaminated soil by a rhamnolipid foam

Abstract Studies were initiated with a rhamnolipid biosurfactant in columns to simulate in situ soil remediation conditions. The biosurfactant was injected in the form of a foam and liquid solution. The study was conducted in three steps: evaluation of the foam characteristics, investigation of pressure buildup by foam injection and the removal of metals by the foam. Foam quality of the rhamnolipid was shown to vary between 90% and 99% with stabilities from 17 to 41 min. Pressure buildup was then evaluated with different flow rates, foam quality and concentration of the biosurfactant solutions. Metal removal was then evaluated from a sandy soil contaminated with 1710 ppm of Cd and 2010 ppm of Ni. Maximum removal was obtained by a foam produced by 0.5% rhamnolipid solution after 20 pore volumes. Removal efficiency for the biosurfactant foam was 73.2% of Cd and 68.1% of Ni. With the biosurfactant liquid solution, 61.7% Cd and 51.0% were removed. Distilled water removed only 18% of both Cd and Ni. Concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% rhamnolipid at pH values of 6.8, 8 and 10 were also evaluated but the effect of pH did not show significant effects. Therefore, rhamnolipid foam may be an effective and non-toxic method of remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils. Further efforts will be required to optimize the performance of the foam.
CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR POWER, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MEDICAL TRIALS

A technique is given for drawing valid inferences in cases where performance characteristics of statistical procedures (e.g. power for a test, or probability of a correct selection for a selection procedure) depend upon unknown parameters (e.g. an unknown variance). The technique is especially useful in situations where sample sizes are small (e.g. in many medical trials); the “usual” approximate procedures are found to be misleading in such cases.
Saturation magnetization and perpendicular anisotropy of Fe/GaAs(110) epitaxial films studied by the extraordinary hall effect

Abstract The magnetic field dependence of the extraordinary Hall effect (EHE) has been used to determine the sum of the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and the saturation magnetization of thin (5–20 nm) Fe films. The films were grown on (110) surfaces of GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy. The free surface of the films was not protected thereby allowing an iron oxide layer to form upon removal from the MBE apparatus. The relation between the film thickness and the sum of the perpendicular anisotropy energy and the saturation magnetization was compared to that determined in a previous study which relied on ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) to measure the same quantity. The FMR study measured both oxide covered films and also films with a protective overcoating of Al to prevent oxidation. It is found that the data from the EHE are not in agreement with the FMR data taken on the iron oxide covered films but instead are in agreement with the FMR data of the protected or nonoxidized films. In addition a determination of the surface anisotropy energy can be made by subtracting the magnetization data measured on overcoated films from the sum determined by the EHE analysis. In this case there is no indication of a large surface anisotropy energy making the perpendicular direction an easy axis.
Embodying the Faith: Religious Practice and the Making of a Muslim Moral Habitus

Despite a number of contemporary theoretical works in sociology and moral philosophy arguing that the project of modern selfhood is necessarily a deeply moral endeavor, there are few empirical studies examining the specific ways in which social actors construct moral selves and lives. Utilizing ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth interviews, this article examines how a group of adult Muslim converts in Missouri produced new moral selves in and through the use of embodied religious practices. Drawing on the theoretical insights of Bourdieu, I demonstrate how the embodied religious practices of ritual prayer, fasting and covering formed within converts the moral dispositions, or habitus, associated with becoming a "good Muslim".
Orbital Experience from an Integration and Test Perspective

Space vehicle schedule and cost reduction strategies tend to focus on test optimization without a comprehensive analytical approach to the impact on mission success. This study provides valuable stochastic insights into orbital physics of failure while identifying potential relationships to ground integration and test processes by analyzing data across a large population of space vehicle programs. Failure data analysis uses reliability growth modeling techniques to provide greater insight into environmental test effectiveness. Results show correlations between orbital failures, environmental test, hardware retest, and hardware categories. Test strategies are discussed to mitigate risk of orbital failures for hardware subjected to varying degrees of retest and late integration.
Aids in mesh grafting.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Freshwater, Division of Plastic Surgery (R89j, University of Miami School of Medicine, PO Box 016960, Miami, FL 33101. The use of the Tanner-Vanderput mesh grafter in the treatment of large open areas such as burns requires repetitive, time-consuming steps. Three previously undescribed aids in streamlining the preparation and utilization of mesh grafts have been successful in our hands. Although Zimmer recommends that the Dermacarrier be employed with the graft placed on it epidermis side up, we have found it simpler to place the graft dermis side up (Fig 1). This technique facilitates smoothing out the graft because with the dermis exposed to air, moisture evaporates more quickly, allowing the graft to flatten faster and pass through the mesher without buckling proximal to the rollers. This buckling leads to chevron-shaped cuts in the graft that prevent maximum expansion.
Hydrodynamic theory of coupled current and magnetization dynamics in spin-textured ferromagnets

We develop the hydrodynamic theory of collinear spin currents coupled to magnetization dynamics in metallic ferromagnets. The collective spin density couples to the spin current through a U(1) Berry-phase gauge field determined by the local texture and dynamics of the magnetization. We determine phenomenologically the dissipative corrections to the equation of motion for the electronic current, which consist of a dissipative spin-motive force generated by magnetization dynamics and a magnetic texture-dependent resistivity tensor. The reciprocal dissipative, adiabatic spin torque on the magnetic texture follows from the Onsager principle. We investigate the effects of thermal fluctuations and find that electronic dynamics contribute to a nonlocal Gilbert damping tensor in the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation for the magnetization. Several simple examples, including magnetic vortices, helices, and spirals, are analyzed in detail to demonstrate general principles.
Relation of sperm morphology to genotypically controlled variations in fertility.

ConclusionsMost of the sperms in the sterile individuals of these genotypes were normal looking and presumably physiologically inefficient. I agree with Chang(10) in stating that a morphologically normal sperm may be physiologically incapable of effecting fertilization. The fact that the acrosome alterations as revealed by P.-A.S. technic may easily be overlooked when treated by usual methods suggests that differences in such non-chromosomal elements may be of considerable importance in evaluating morphological normality of a spermatozoon.
Hyponatremia as observed in a chronic disease facility.

: A random sampling of 160 patients in a chronic disease facility showed that 36 patients (22.5 percent) had chronic hyponatremia. Their mean age was 72 years (range, 42–94 years); 75 percent of the patients were more than 65 years old. Women comprised 57 percent of the group. The mean serum sodium level was 120 mEq/L (range, 109–135 mEq/L). The mean serum osmolarity was 270 mOsm/L (range, 251–294 mOsm/L). Of the 36 patients, 9 were asymptomatic. Symptoms were associated with underlying disorders rather than with hyponatremia, although in 9 patients the hyponatremia appeared to have intensified existing symptoms. The most common cause of hyponatremia (in 41.6 percent of 20 overhydrated patients) was inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (IADH syndrome). Factors accounting for the high incidence of IADH were the age of the patient and the nature of the underlying disorders, particularly diseases associated with aging. Simple measures were used to manage the hyponatremia, e.g., water restriction for patients who were overhydrated; replacement of sodium chloride for patients who were losing salt excessively and had a low sodium intake; and control of hyperglycemia in the pseudohyponatremic patients with hyperglycemia. No treatment was required for pseudohyponatremia associated with hyperlipidemia. When hyponatremia was due to drug-induced ADH excess, the involved drug was discontinued. Emphasis on management of the patients' primary disorders also ameliorated the hyponatremic state.
The effect of fault-bend folding on seismic velocity in the marginal ridge of accretionary prisms

Fluid venting in accretionary prisms, which feeds chemosynthetic biological communities, occurs mostly on the marginal thrust ridge. New seismic data for the marginal ridge of the Cascadia prism show significantly lower velocity than that in the adjacent oceanic basin and place important constraints on the interpretations of why fluid venting occurs mostly on the marginal ridge. We employed a finite-element method to analyze a typical fault-bend folding model to explain the phenomenon. The fault in the model is simulated by contact elements. The elements are characterized not only by finite sliding along a slide line, but also by elastoplastic deformation. We present the results of a stress analysis which show that the marginal ridge is under subhorizontal extension and the frontal thrust is under compression. This state of stress favors the growth of tensile cracks in the marginal ridge, facilitates fluid flow and reduces seismic velocities therein; on the other hand, it may close fluid pathways along the frontal thrust and divert fluid flow to the marginal ridge.
Effect of Affinity for Droplet Surfaces on the Fraction of Analyte Molecules Charged during Electrospray Droplet Fission

The effect of uneven fissioning of mass and charge from electrospray droplets on the amount of analyte charged during the electrospray process was explored. A surface selectivity factor (S) was developed to describe the affinity of an analyte for the droplet surface, and both theoretical and experimental response curves were compared for analytes with various S values. The theoretical response curves were generated by calculating the overlap between the charge and analyte spawned from parent droplets to determine the amount of analyte charged. This overlap was then graphed as a function of analyte concentration. Differences in the amount of analyte charged during droplet fission were predicted for analytes of varying surface affinities. The issue of analyte partitioning between the surface and interior phases of the ESI droplet was also included in the discussion. This was accomplished by applying the equilibrium partitioning model to a set of offspring droplets to determine the amount of analyte on their surfaces and then calculating the overlap between fissioning analyte and excess charge. Experimental response curves resembled theoretical ones, and S values predicted from theory were in excellent agreement with those predicted on the basis of the structural characteristics of the analytes.
Mutational spectrometry: a general approach for hot-spot point mutations in selectable genes.

Abstract To observe point mutational spectra with a high degree of precision, independent large cultures of human lymphoblastoid cells were treated with a mutagen, benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide, and mutants at the HPRT gene were selected en masse by 6-thioguanine resistance. An average of 1.6 x 10(4) 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants were created per experiment and the kinds, positions, and numbers of the most frequent mutations were examined in exon 3 of the HPRT gene by using a high-fidelity polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Sixteen exon 3-specific mutations were found to be predominantly G----T transversions and corresponded to an average of 3500 induced mutants per experiment. Of these mutations, 6 occurred within a run of 6 guanines and 5 occurred in the sequence 5'-GAAGAG-3'. The variation among independent experiments is consistent with the numerical expectation that all 16 mutations fulfill reasonable statistical criteria for mutational hot spots. The agreement with data from various systems using clone-by-clone analysis shows that the protocol reported herein can be a useful tool to study hot-spot point mutational spectra for DNA sequences for which phenotypic selection systems exist.
THE ROLE OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN ALCOHOL OR DRUG RELAPSE OF PROBATIONERS RECENTLY RELEASED FROM JAIL

Objectives: Many individuals involved with the criminal justice system also meet criteria for a substance use disorder. Social support has been identified as an important factor in alcohol and drug relapse, and also for individuals who are incarcerated. The purposes of this study were to describe personal characteristics and the social networks of adult male probationers with substance use disorders and test how changes in social networks related to alcohol or drug use after release from jail.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Photophysical Studies of New Blue Light Emitting Segmented Copolymers

A series of new segmented copolymers containing m-phenylene in the chromophore unit have been synthesized by Wittig condensation. They are readily soluble in organic solvents and have high photoluminescence quantum yields in chloroform. Face-to-face π-stacking in the solid state is limited or prevented by molecular nonlinearity due to the meta-linkage and by the presence of a bulky tert-butyl group in the chromophores. Single-layer electroluminescence devices with an ITO/polymer/Ca−Al configuration emitted in the blue region (470−490 nm) for all of these systems.
MR imaging of acute cervical spinal ligamentous and soft tissue trauma

The increasing availability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the high sensitivity of MRI for soft tissue injury are resulting in the increased use of MRI for the evaluation of acute trauma. As cervical spine injury can have a devastating consequence, MRI is being more commonly used to evaluate cervical spine injury in the acute setting, necessitating emergent interpretation by the on-call radiologist. Unless one is formally trained in a trauma center, the MRI findings of soft tissue and ligamentous cervical spine injury may not be fully appreciated. The goal of this pictorial review is to familiarize the reader with some of the more common soft tissue, vascular, and ligamentous injuries seen on MRI of the cervical spine in the emergent setting.
Fixed Optical Interconnects For Concurrent Computing Systems

Concurrent computing systems are effective only if the data rates to and from processing elements are sufficient to keep the processing elements occupied. The inherent parallelism of optics makes it a natural candidate for information transfer while the existing technology of silicon very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits is the most suitable for performing computational tasks. In this paper we present the use of fixed optical interconnects for information transfer in electronic based concurrent computing systems. This capability is based on the development of electrically addressable spatial light modulators (SLM's) fabricated as part of integrated circuit devices.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tyrosine kinase A, galanin and nitric oxide synthase within basal forebrain neurons in the rat.

Abstract Cholinergic basal forebrain neurons appear to play a key role in cognition and attention. In rat, basal forebrain neurons express multiple proteins including the high-affinity signal transducing tyrosine kinase A receptor for nerve growth factor, the neuropeptide galanin and nitric oxide synthase, a marker for the novel neurotransmitter nitric oxide. The present study was undertaken to define the relationship between neurons expressing each of these markers within the medial septum-vertical limb of the diagonal band, horizontal limb of the diagonal band and nucleus basalis in colchicine pre-treated rats. Tyrosine kinase A-immunopositive neurons were seen throughout all subfields of the basal forebrain. In contrast, nitric oxide synthase- and galanin-immunoreactive neurons were mainly distributed within the septal-diagonal band complex. Co-localization experiments revealed that virtually all nitric oxide synthase-positive neurons (visualized by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry) also contained tyrosine kinase A, whereas, many fewer tyrosine kinase A neurons were nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase positive within the medial septum-vertical limb of the diagonal band. Within the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, numerous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase neurons expressed tyrosine kinase A, whereas only a small number of tyrosine kinase A neurons contained nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase. Within the nucleus basalis very few neurons were nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase reactive, and a minor number contained tyrosine kinase A. Additional co-localization experiments revealed minor percentages of neurons containing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase and galanin immunoreactivity within the various subfields of the basal forebrain. Within the horizontal limb of the diagonal band minor numbers of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase-reactive perikarya displayed galanin. Similarly, only a few galanin-containing neurons expressed nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase. The existence of tyrosine kinase A, nitric oxide synthase and galanin within select neuronal subgroups of the cholinergic basal forebrain suggests that these perikarya are responsive to a complex set of chemical signals. A greater understanding of the chemical signature of the cholinergic basal forebrain neurons will provide the insight required to develop novel pharmacological approaches aimed at preventing or slowing the degenerative processes that effect these neurons in aging and pathologic disorders.
Cooling-induced contraction and protein tyrosine kinase activity of isolated arterioles in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon

OBJECTIVE To investigate the response of skin arterioles from control subjects and patients with scleroderma and Raynaud's phenomenon (RP/SSc) to cooling and modulators of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity. METHODS We used the microvessel perfusion technique to characterize the response of isolated dermal arterioles (100-200 microm, outside diameter) from normal (n = 17) and RP/SSc (n = 17) subjects to cooling from 37 degrees to 31 degrees C. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry was used to measure tyrosine phosphorylation. RESULTS Arterioles from control subjects exhibited dilation in response to cooling from 37 to 31 degrees C whereas those from RP/SSc subjects contracted (+4.3 +/- 1.7 vs -16.7 +/- 3.1%, P < 0.05, n = 6). In the presence of the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate (SOV, 10 microM), the response of arterioles from control subjects did not change; however, arterioles from RP/SSC subjects exhibited a significantly greater contraction (-72.6 +/- 19.7%; P < 0.05, n = 6). Tyrosine phosphorylation of arterioles at 37 degrees C from control and RP/SSc subjects was similar. In response to cooling to 31 degrees C, however, arterioles from RP/SSc subjects exhibited a significantly greater increase in tyrosine phosphorylation compared with those from control subjects (43 +/- 7.0% vs 10 +/- 3.8%; P < 0.01). SOV increased tyrosine phosphorylation in arterioles from both groups (73 +/- 11.6% vs 42 +/- 5.6%; P < 0.05, n = 5). Arterioles from RP/SSC subjects precontracted with norepinephrine exhibited greatly attenuated relaxation to acetylcholine compared with those from control subjects. CONCLUSION The results of this study support the view that the hallmark of Raynaud's phenomenon associated with scleroderma, cooling-induced vasospasm, appears to be mediated by an increase in PTK activity possibly exacerbated by impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation.
Introduction: the JEMCO-2 study of time, technology, and groups

An experimental study of 60 work groups that met weekly either face to face or via a computer conferencing system for seven weeks is described. The experimental design, computer technology, experimental tasks, and composition of the groups are described in detail. A brief overview is given of the five empirical pieces in this special issue that report findings from this experimental study.
Optical characterization of silver nanorod thin films grown using oblique angle deposition

Nanorods are metamaterial structures that have been shown to have wide application, ranging from biomedical uses to photovoltaic materials. These materials have unique optical characteristics. In this paper, two silver (Ag) nanorod thin-film samples are created using Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) at both near-room temperature (∼300 K) and cryogenic temperature (∼100 K). Generalized ellipsometry is used to measure the optical constants of the samples. The strong difference between the optical constants of the constituent materials and those of these thin films shows that the characteristics of the samples are due to how their metamaterial structures are defined.The principle optical axes of the films align well with the morphological characteristics of the nanostructures. The axis with the greatest index of refraction remains aligned to the principle axes but shifts orientation with respect to morphological characteristics between samples. Experimental results show differences in both magnitude and characteristics of the nanorod indexes. Reflectance and transmittance measurements are performed to extract absorptance data. The room temperature deposited sample shows a higher overall absorptance, while the cryogenic sample shows a clear orientation-dependent absorptance. Polarization data is analyzed to show that the 100 K thin film exhibits polarization-dependent absorptance, while the 300 K sample's absorptance has a strong orientation dependence.
Endocytosis of aminoglycoside antibiotics in sensory hair cells

Immuno-gold electron microscopy was used to assess the uptake pathways of aminoglycoside antibiotic kanamycin (KM) in sensory hair cells. Accumulation of gold particles was evident on the plasma membrane as well as in large smooth vesicles beneath the apical surfaces of hair cells 12 h after a systemic administration of KM. Immuno-gold was exclusively localized in the vesicles 27 h post-injection. Cationic ferritin, a membrane-bound insoluble marker, was colocalized with KM in the vesicle structures after their simultaneous in vitro application. These results strongly suggest that KM is taken up into sensory hair cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis at their apical surfaces. In addition, the profound time lag between KM uptake and hair cell death suggests involvement of targeting mechanisms in cytotoxic signalling pathways of the drugs.
The Double Meaning of the Narrative of Universal Judgment in Matthew 25.31-46

The scene of universal final judgment in Mt. 25.31-46 operates with a double mean ing in which the audience is encouraged to behave first like the righteous sheep and then in a different way also like Jesus' least brothers. The judgment of the goats indi cates that helping the needy least ones is a necessary requirement not just an option. Jesus' identification of himself with the needy least ones means he is not really absent and adds to the Matthean theme of his abiding presence.
Abstract A105: The extracellular calcium sensing receptor regulates the proliferation of colonic epithelial cells

The progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) from normal colonic epithelium to the malignant phenotype is associated with diverse genetic and epigenetic changes, including mutations of APC or beta-catenin genes. Extensive experimental and epidemiological evidence also suggest that differences in diet contribute to more variation in CRC incidence than any other factor. For example, several animal experimental studies support the notion that dietary Ca2+ prevents the development of CRC. The precise mechanism(s) mediating the chemopreventive properties of Ca2+ remain incompletely understood. The extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaR), a GPCRs originally cloned from parathyroid chief cells, plays a major role in the control of extracellular Ca2+ concentration by regulating parathyroid hormone secretion. However, subsequent studies demonstrated that the CaR is also expressed in other tissues and organs, including the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Interestingly, CaR expression in colonic carcinomas is greatly reduced or lost, suggesting that the suppression of its expression may be associated with abnormal differentiation and malignant progression. Here, we assessed the role of the CaR in colonic epithelial cells proliferation. In order to elucidate the mechanisms involved, we examined in vitro changes in beta-catenin phosphorylation and intracellular distribution and cellular proliferation triggered by CaR stimulation. We found that CaR stimulation promotes, in human epithelial cells derived from normal colon and from colorectal adenocarcinoma, a decrease of up to 60% in beta-catenin Ser-552 phosphorylation, a residue involved in beta-catenin nuclear import and transcriptional activity regulation. This change in phosphorylation was accompanied by a redistribution of beta-catenin from the cytoplasm and nuclei to the plasma membrane and by a marked proliferation inhibition. To determine the role of the CaR in the proliferation of colonic cells in vivo, we employed a novel mouse model where the expression of the CaR was specifically knocked out in the GI tract. The results show that the crypts in the distal colon are deeper in knock out (KO) mice (389 ± 7.39 Arbitrary Units, mean ± SEM) than controls littermates (268 ± 6.35 AU) P Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):A105.
Parallel programming for the web

Parallel hardware is today's reality and language extensions that ease exploiting its promised performance flourish. For most mainstream languages, one or more tailored solutions exist that address the specific needs of the language to access parallel hardware. Yet, one widely used language is still stuck in the sequential past: JavaScript, the lingua franca of the web.Our position is that existing solutions do not transfer well to the world of JavaScript due to differences in programming models, the additional requirements of the web, like safety, and to developer expectations. To address this we propose River Trail, a new parallel programming API designed specifically for JavaScript and we show how it satisfies the needs of the web. To prove that our approach is viable, we have implemented a prototype JIT compiler in Fire-fox that shows an order of magnitude performance improvement for a realistic web application.
Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes Associated with Acinetobacter baumannii Infection.

Objective To determine perinatal and pregnancy outcomes of Acinetobacter baumannii infection using clinicopathologic material from pregnant women, neonates, and perinatal postmortem examinations with positive cultures. Study Design This is a retrospective record review with placental and postmortem examination. Results During a 5-year period, 40 positive cultures were found. Three pregnancies with positive cultures close in the peripartum period were all associated with adverse outcomes including spontaneous abortion, preterm labor, and one full-term birth with histological chorioamnionitis. Two positive cultures were found in preterm neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit. Two of three cases of perinatal death grew pure cultures from blood and/or fetal tissue with placental or fetal examination demonstrating evidence of infection/inflammation with fetal inflammatory response. Conclusion This is the first case series report of A. baumannii-positive cultures in maternal, fetal, and neonatal specimen, with histopathologic evidence of infection. The results suggest a significant role of A. baumannii infection in adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes.
Adaptive sparse signal processing of on-orbit lightning data using learned dictionaries

For the past two decades, there has been an ongoing research effort at Los Alamos National Laboratory to learn more about the Earth’s radiofrequency (RF) background utilizing satellite-based RF observations of terrestrial lightning. The Fast On-orbit Recording of Transient Events (FORTE) satellite provided a rich RF lighting database, comprising of five years of data recorded from its two RF payloads. While some classification work has been done previously on the FORTE RF database, application of modern pattern recognition techniques may advance lightning research in the scientific community and potentially improve on-orbit processing and event discrimination capabilities for future satellite payloads. We now develop and implement new event classification capability on the FORTE database using state-of-the-art adaptive signal processing combined with compressive sensing and machine learning techniques. The focus of our work is improved feature extraction using sparse representations in learned dictionaries. Conventional localized data representations for RF transients using analytical dictionaries, such as a short-time Fourier basis or wavelets, can be suitable for analyzing some types of signals, but not others. Instead, we learn RF dictionaries directly from data, without relying on analytical constraints or additional knowledge about the signal characteristics, using several established machine learning algorithms. Sparse classification features are extracted via matching pursuit search over the learned dictionaries, and used in conjunction with a statistical classifier to distinguish between lightning types. We present preliminary results of our work and discuss classification scenarios and future development.
Effect of early underfeeding on the weight of the White Carneau pigeon

Abstract The growth of the White Carneau pigeon has been studied and a method of significantly underfeeding the squabs during the preweaning period has been developed. The growth of 160 squabs was analyzed at weekly intervals till 6 weeks, then at 8 weeks, and at 6 months. The animals grew remarkably from an average of 22.2 g at hatch to 187.9 at 1 week, 389.3 at 2 weeks, 494.8 at 3 weeks, and 519.4 at 4 weeks. Growth was slow thereafter, reaching 568.6 g at 6 months when the animals are considered to be adult. Underfeeding was accomplished by feeding the mother and father one-third their normal diet during the preweaning 4-week period. The weight reduction was considerable, the squab weighing 21.9 g at hatch, 135.4 at 1 week, 212.8 at 2 weeks, 271.9 at 3 weeks, and 388.7 at 4 weeks. Nonetheless, there was rapid catch-up growth, the animals at 6 months weighing 557.7 g. Forty-two squabs (27 normally fed and 15 underfed) had to be sacrificed for various reasons, such as defective limbs. Pathological analysis of the aorta at the bifurcation of the thoracic aorta at the coeliac axis indicated that the early atherosclerotic lesion had a delayed onset in the underfed animals. In the 27 normally fed animals, Grade 1 lesions were present at 7 weeks, and by 12 weeks, the lesion was usually Grade II. At 24 weeks, the atherosclerotic lesion was often Grade III. In the 15 underfed squabs, no Grade I lesion was seen till 14 weeks and there was one Grade II lesion at 30 weeks.