cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superhelix density of replicating simian virus 40 DNA molecules

Abstract Simian virus 40 replicating DNA molecules were isolated and fractionated according to the extent of replication by isopynic centrifugation in ethidium bromide-CsCl. Electron microscopic examination of the replicating molecules in the presence of ethidium bromide revealed that the sense of the superhelix in replicating molecules is the same as that of simian virus 40 DNA I. Replicating DNA molecules of differing extents of replication were also analyzed by sedimentation in varying concentrations of ethidium bromide. It was observed that the superhelix density of the unreplicated portion of replicating molecules was greater than that of DNA I and that it increased as the degree of replication increased. In contrast with the increase in superhelix density that was related to the extent of replication, all replicating molecules contained a rather constant number (2 to 5) of additional superhelical turns per molecule, irrespective of the extent of replication. This suggests that a region (or regions) of about 20 to 50 nucleotides may exist in a denatured state in replicating molecules, presumably at the replicating forks of the molecule.
Two-color resonant four-wave mixing spectroscopy of ammonia

Abstract We demonstrate the use of two-color resonant four-wave mixing (TC-RFWM) spectroscopy to detect gas-phase ammonia molecules. Appropriate choice of the two different excitation frequencies is shown to cause substantial enhancement in the third-order susceptibility, χ (3) , and a consequent increase both in spectral sensitivity and in selectivity as compared with the corresponding one-color degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) technique.
Classification of Whiskies by Principal Component Analysis

Trace components in forty-eight samples in five whiskey categories were extracted into methylene chloride, concentrated and separated by capillary column gas chromatography. The technique of principal component analysis was applied to the peaks in the resulting gas chromatograms and the samples formed clusters according to category. Further studies showed that variation in sample composition due to dilution, blending, or contamination using a model contaminant could be detected with good sensitivity.
Ultrastructural Features of NUT Midline Carcinoma

Midline carcinomas associated with the nuclear protein in testis (NUT) gene rearrangement are rare, aggressive tumors that have been diagnosed most commonly in the head, neck, mediastinum, and upper aerodigestive tract. The ultrastructural features associated with this tumor have thus far received only brief comment and have never been illustrated. The authors provide a more extensive description and illustrate the electron microscopic findings in a typical case of NUT midline carcinoma, confirmed by cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies. This tumor was composed of cells displaying large, irregularly shaped nuclei with prominent compact nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm containing prominent bundles of tonofilaments, occasional clusters of pleomorphic granules, small numbers of lipid inclusions, and rare glycogen deposits. The cells exhibited stubby microvillous projections, were intermittently enveloped by basal lamina, and were interjoined by numerous well-formed desmosomal-type juncti...
On anti-stokes luminescence from Rhodamine 6G in ethanol solutions

Abstract Anti-Stokes luminescence form Rhodamine 6G ethanol solutions excited by a He-Ne laser is observed to be strongly temperature dependent. A theoretical model is proposed for the absorption line shape on the long wavelength side of the pure electronic transition which fits the absorption and luminescence data. Vavilov's law is found to hold even when the absorption coefficient is 10-6 times the peak absorption coefficient for the Rhodamine 6G dye solution. Another luminescence peak at 6650 A is observed which is attributed to impurity fluorescence. It could not be related to photochemical products.
Characterization of defects in 3C-silicon carbide crystals

Abstract Defect structures in (1 1 1) 3C-SiC platelets, grown using the Baikov technique, were studied using synchrotron white-beam X-ray topography and triple-axis diffractometry. The ( 1 1 1 ) facets of the platelets were covered with a lamella of twinned single crystal less than 15 μm thick that could be imaged in reflection and transmission X-ray topographs. Rocking curves of the twin lamella were broadened, while X-ray topographs of the crystals’ bulk matrixes showed the matrixes were of nearly perfect crystal. Stacking faults on the (1 1 1) habit planes were observed in topographs of the bulk of the crystals; these always persisted into the topographs of the twin lamellae. Inclusions occurred near the composition plane of the twin lamellae. Open-ended stacking fault tetrahedra were also noted.
Laboratory assessment of forest microhabitat substrates as sources of the gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus

Abstract Various bioassays were used to determine which forest microhabitats contained the most nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of the gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar ) and which of these microhabitats most readily led to infection of newly hatched gypsy moth larvae. Soil just under the leaf litter layer and gypsy moth pupal exuviae on tree trunks had significantly more virus than tree bark. In the laboratory, neonates became infected by walking over field-collected pupal exuviae, but contaminated larvae did not transmit the virus to other larvae when confined for a day with them in the same container. Washing larvae with disinfectant immediately after they walked over pupal exuviae reduced the rate of infection, suggesting that polyhedra from exuviae adhere to caterpillars' integuments and are ingested later. However, less than 7% of larvae that walked over contaminated soil became infected, even though 60% of caterpillars died from NPV in bioassays of water extracts of soil, demonstrating the abundant presence of viable virus in soil. Thus, of the environmental surfaces tested, pupal exuviae were the most important source for horizontal transmission of virus to newly hatched caterpillars.
Terms of trade fluctuations and economic growth in developing economies

Abstract The effect of terms of trade fluctuations on capital accumulation is investigated in a simple open economy stochastic growth model. Imported inputs make domestic capital more productive, but export prices are uncertain. The model's output process has a random walk component so even transient price shocks have permanent effects on output levels. The size of the random walk component depends on the country's trade share, the supply response of exports and other structural parameters. Also, more variable export prices generally reduce expected domestic investment. These results are consistent with the estimated variance ratios and impulse response functions for a number of LDCs.
Number of Subtractions in Partial-Wave Dispersion Relations

Under the usual assumption of unitarity and analyticity for the partial-wave amplitude ${f}_{l}(s)$, it is proved that the dispersion relation for ${f}_{l}(s)$ requires no more than one subtraction for any angular momentum $l$, provided that $|{f}_{l}(s)|\ensuremath{\le}\mathrm{exp}[C{(\mathrm{ln}|s|)}^{2\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}}]$, $\ensuremath{\epsilon}g0$, holds for $|s|\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$, and that the number of times that the sign of the discontinuity $\mathrm{Im}{f}_{l}(s+i0)$ changes in the interval ($s$, 0) does not increase more rapidly than ${C}^{\ensuremath{'}}{(\mathrm{ln}|s|)}^{1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$ as $s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty}$ along the negative real axis.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Pegylated Compounds in Dopc Lipid Bilayer

Lipids constitute the primary structural element of biological membrane and they play a central role in biochemical and biophysical processes of the cells. Because of their obvious biocompatibility, lipids and their derivatives are of great importance in pharmaceutical applications. Lipids can self-assemble into a variety of structures such as bilayers, micelles, and liposomes. Liposomes are the key structure for drug delivery because they can transport hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds embedded in their interior and in the bilayer respectively. Liposomes are vulnerable to attack from the immune system and after a first adhesion to the proteins in the blood plasma they are recognized and removed from the blood. The circulation time of liposomes in the bloodstream can be prolonged using lipids with hydrophilic polymers attached to their headgroups, which form a protective steric barrier.In this study, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to analyze the effect of the Polyethylene glycol (PEG) as polymer coatings. Here we analyze different biophysical properties of the equilibrated mixed bilayers to determine how the presence of PEGylated compounds in varying chain lengths and concentration affects the lipid bilayer. Short PEG chains ( 20 PEG units) are more stable in the water phase and their aggregates do not show the tendency to diffuse from the water to the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer. These simulations reveal that PEG chain length is an important factor in the development of functionalized liposomes for drug delivery.
Modification of low-grade ceria by high-energy mechanical milling: changes in phase composition, reducibility, and oxygen storage capacity

Abstract Cerium concentrate, a mixture of ceria (about 60 wt.%) and other rare-earth (mostly lanthanum) oxides, partially transforms into a solid solution upon high-energy mechanical milling. Temperature-programmed reduction of the milled material resembles that of the high-oxygen-storage material, ceria-zirconia, but the kinetics of oxygen removal, observed in pulse experiments with either CO or H 2 , are much slower. The oxygen storage capacity of a Pd catalyst made with the milled material is found to be less than that of one made with unmilled material when measured on a short (
Humoral and Ionic Regulation of Osteoclast Acidity

Regulation of the acidity of osteoclasts was determinedin situ on the endocranial surfaces of mouse calvaria using acridine orange, a fluorescent weak base. Osteoclasts could be identified by (1) large size, (2) multiple nuclei, (3) relatively small numbers of cells, and (4) the way and the extent to which they took up the dye. Nonosteoclastic cells were stained mainly in their nuclei and occasionally in a few lysosomes surrounding their nuclei, which were uniformly single in nonosteoclasts. Nuclei in osteoclasts were also stained, but the staining of the nuclei was partially masked by the intensity and completeness of the staining of the cytoplasm. In some cells the cytoplasmic staining appeared to be in discrete granules, giving the cytoplasm a bright, frothy appearance. This fluorescence was present in both treated and untreated cells and aided in identifying the osteoclasts. Acridine orange fluorescence at 624 nm intensity, and hence, osteoclast acidity, was increased by parathyroid hormone and prostaglandin E2. Parathyroid hormone-induced increases in acidity were inhibited by calcitonin, cortisol, sodium fluoride, and prostaglandin E2. Furthermore, osteoclast acidity was dependent largely or partially on (1) maintenance of K+ and Na+ gradients, (2) patent Na+ channels, (3) chloride-bicarbonate exchange, and (4) H+, K+-ATPase. These findings demonstrate that osteoclasts become acidified by mechanisms similar to those occurring in gastric parietal cells.
Barriers to providing lung-protective ventilation to patients with acute lung injury.

Objective: No studies have explored the barriers to implementing lung-protective ventilation in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Our objective was to identify barriers to using lung-protective ventilation in patients with ALI/ARDS. Design: Survey with content analysis of open-ended responses. Setting: Medical center. Participants: Experienced intensive care unit nurses and respiratory therapists network identified through purposive sampling at hospitals from the ARDS Network, a National Institutes of Health-sponsored research consortium. Interventions: Survey. Results: Fifty-five surveys representing all ten ARDS Network sites were received. Twenty-seven (49%) of the respondents were intensive care unit nurses, 24 (44%) were respiratory therapists, and four did not indicate their profession. Clinicians had used lung-protective ventilation in a median of 20 (interquartile range, 10 ‐50) patients with ALI/ARDS. Respondents identified physician willingness to relinquish control of ventilator, physician recognition of ALI/ARDS, and physician perceptions of patient contraindications to low tidal volumes as important barriers to initiating lung-protective ventilation. Important barriers to continuing patients on lungprotective ventilation were concerns over patient discomfort and tachypnea and concerns over hypercapnia, acidosis, and hypoxemia. Techniques for overcoming barriers were identified including specific ventilator setup recommendations, clinician education, and tools to assess patient discomfort. Conclusions: Experienced bedside clinicians perceive important barriers to implementing lung-protective ventilation. Successful strategies to increase use of lung-protective ventilation should target these barriers. (Crit Care Med 2004; 32:1289 ‐1293)
Protection of stored legume seeds against attack by storage fungi and weevils: Mechanism of action of lipoidal and oil seed treatments

Abstract Some lipids applied as seed treatments were effective in preventing adult development of the Mexican bean weevil, Zabrotes subfasicatus (Boheman), and others decreased seed infection by the storage fungus, Aspergillus ruber (Konig, Spieckermann and Bremer) Thom and Church. The mechanisms of three lipids, a mineral oil and two soybean lipids, differing in degree of saturation were studied. Treating seeds with lipids labelled with a fluorescent dye (Nile red) revealed that lipids differed in their ability to penetrate dry beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., and indicated that different amounts of these lipids remained on the seed surface. Residual lipid from Nile red-labelled lipids was observed on and around the weevil egg laid on treated seeds. The incorporation of fluorescent microspheres into test oil or lipids demonstrated the migration of the highly saturated lipids over the egg surface. Scanning electron micrographs revealed a variation in the accumulation of residual lipid on the egg surface. After 80 h in storage all of the highly saturated soybean lipid applied to the seed surface could still be extracted. The highly unsaturated soybean lipid significantly reduced radial growth of A. ruber when tested 6 weeks after treatment, but not when tested on freshly prepared medium.
Preparation and properties of citric and tartaric acid salts of piperazine.

The following salts of piperazine with tartaric and citric acids were prepared: piperazine monotartrate, piperazine ditartrate, piperazine monocitrate, piperazine dicitrate, and tripiperazine dicitrate. There are indications that dipiperazine monotartrate and tripiperazine monocitrate exist in solution, but attempts to isolate these salts were not successful. The tartaric and citric acid salts of piperazine are odorless white crystalline solids with relatively high water solubility. The tartrate salts are nonhygroscopic whereas the citrate salts occur as a variety of hydrates, some of which are quite stable. All the salts are relatively stable at elevated temperatures and are suitable for incorporation in common pharmaceutical forms; however, there are characteristic differences which should be considered in their use.
The College Fed Challenge Competition

In this paper, I briefly discuss the history of the College Federal Reserve Bank Challenge and provide an introduction to this Fed Challenge symposium in the Eastern Economic Journal.
The power of choice in growing trees

The “power of choice” has been shown to radically alter the behavior of a number of randomized algorithms. Here we explore the effects of choice on models of random tree growth. In our models each new node has k randomly chosen contacts, where k > 1 is a constant. It then attaches to whichever one of these contacts is most desirable in some sense, such as its distance from the root or its degree. Even when the new node has just two choices, i.e., when k = 2, the resulting tree can be very different from a random graph or tree. For instance, if the new node attaches to the contact which is closest to the root of the tree, the distribution of depths changes from Poisson to a traveling wave solution. If the new node attaches to the contact with the smallest degree, the degree distribution is closer to uniform than in a random graph, so that with high probability there are no nodes in the tree with degree greater than O(log log N). Finally, if the new node attaches to the contact with the largest degree, we find that the degree distribution is a power law with exponent -1 up to degrees roughly equal to k, with an exponential cutoff beyond that; thus, in this case, we need k ≫ 1 to see a power law over a wide range of degrees.
Pediatric cardiovascular intensive care: Neurologic problems

Abstract Neurologic syndromes are among the more common extracardiac complications of congenital heart disease. Major advances in the surgical management of congenital heart disease have changed the neurologic risk profile of this population. Recent focus has been on presumed intraoperative cerebral injury and its prevention, and on neurologic dysfunction presenting in the early postoperative period. The more common complications in the postoperative patient include seizures and stroke; in addition, movement disorders, such as choreoathetosis, present major challenges both in prevention and management. This article will focus on recent advances in our understanding of these problems, specifically their clinical presentation and management. In addition, areas in need of further investigation will be discussed.
Application of carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy for measurement of antiferromagnetic coupling in μ-oxo iron(III) porphyrin dimers

Abstract Variable temperature carbon-13 NMR solution measurements have been made for μ-oxo dimeric iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin and iron(III) octaethylporphyrin species. Hyperfine chemical shifts have been fit to an antiferromagnetic-coupled model, in which coupling constants of −156 and −143 cm −1 are obtained for the respective μ-oxo dimers. Within a given molecule identical coupling constants are calculated for α- and β-pyrrole carbon atoms. The carbon-13 NMR results are in agreement with those previously obtained by proton spectroscopy, thus indicating that any T −2 dipolar contribution is negligible. Electron-nuclear coupling constants in the dimers approximate those for monomeric high-spin iron(III) porphyrin complexes, but the moderately strong-field oxo ligand perturbs the high-spin iron(III) electronic structure.
Enzastaurin, an Oral Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor, As Second- or Third-Line Therapy of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose Enzastaurin, an oral serine/threonine kinase inhibitor, suppresses protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase B/AK transforming (AKT) signaling, induces tumor cell apoptosis, and inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis. Increased PKC and AKT activity is associated with poor prognosis in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This phase II trial of enzastaurin was conducted to determine the 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate in advanced, metastatic NSCLC. Patients and Methods Patients with metastatic (stage IV and wet IIIB) NSCLC, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤ 2, and ≤ two prior systemic regimens (including one or more platinum-based chemotherapy regimens) received 500 mg of enzastaurin administered once daily. Results Fifty-five patients were enrolled (55% male patients, 45% female patients; median age, 63 years; range, 44 to 82 years; 78% of patients having stage IV disease). Adenocarcinoma was the most common diagnosis (65%). Prior therapies included radiotherapy ...
Smoothing of the bivariate LOD score for non-normal quantitative traits

Variance component analysis provides an efficient method for performing linkage analysis for quantitative traits. However, type I error of variance components-based likelihood ratio testing may be affected when phenotypic data are non-normally distributed (especially with high values of kurtosis). This results in inflated LOD scores when the normality assumption does not hold. Even though different solutions have been proposed to deal with this problem with univariate phenotypes, little work has been done in the multivariate case. We present an empirical approach to adjust the inflated LOD scores obtained from a bivariate phenotype that violates the assumption of normality. Using the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data available for the Genetic Analysis Workshop 14, we show how bivariate linkage analysis with leptokurtotic traits gives an inflated type I error. We perform a novel correction that achieves acceptable levels of type I error.
Self Psychology and the Higher Mental Functioning Hypothesis: Complementary Theories

Self Psychology and the Higher Mental Functioning hypothesis emphasize positive aspects of patients' efforts to stabilize defective (unstable) functioning and begin growth. The theories overlap and their application increases clinical awareness of transactions within the treatment setting. Clinical examples are presented from psycho-therapy groups that illustrate applications, advantages and problems of the two theoretical approaches.
MORE GUIDANCE, BETTER RESULTS? Three-Year Effects of an Enhanced Student Services Program at Two Community Colleges

In this program, low-income students received enhanced student services and were eligible for a modest stipend for two semesters. The program improved academic outcomes in the second semester and registration in the semester after that, but these effects did not persist in subsequent semesters.
Taylor instability of an evaporating plane interface

A new mode of high-flux heat transfer is proposed, which consists of film boiling from a porous solid plate, the vapor being sucked off through the plate. For horizontal plates the average vapor film thickness is determined by Taylor instability of the vapor-liquid interface. A theory is presented for predicting the minimum vapor film thickness which takes into account the stabilizing influence of the reactive pressure of the vapor leaving the interface. The predicted heat transfer coefficients are five to ten times greater than observed heat transfer coefficients in film boiling from nonporous surfaces. (auth)
Modeling and Design of Biomimetic Adhesives Inspired by Gecko Foot-Hairs

This novel research work is motivated by the fascinating climbing ability of geckos. Recent experiments on the attachment mechanism of gecko feet have confirmed that van der Waals forces dominate gecko adhesion. Images of gecko feet have revealed a very intricate hierarchical fiber structures. These fibers are primarily responsible for the important properties of the gecko feet including strong adhesion, easy detachment, rough surface adaptation, self-cleaning, and resistance to wear. This paper introduces a methodology for designing biomimetic dry adhesive pads inspired by the attachment mechanism of gecko feet. The research has enhanced the understanding of gecko adhesive properties and their dependence on the geometry and material properties of gecko feet nano-fibers. We model the fibers as an array of oriented cantilever beams. Mathematical relations between the adhesion properties and fiber properties are studied, and design guidelines are formulated for fabrication of the biomimetic synthetic adhesives
Ozone activates airway nerves via the selective stimulation of TRPA1 ion channels

Inhalation of ozone is a major health risk in industrialized nations. Ozone can impair lung function and induce respiratory symptoms through sensory neural-mediated pathways, yet the specific interaction of ozone with airway sensory nerves has yet to be elucidated. Here we demonstrate, using a vagally innervated ex vivo tracheal–lung mouse preparation, that ozone selectively and directly evokes action potential discharge in a subset of nociceptive bronchopulmonary nerves, namely slow conducting C-fibres. Sensitivity to ozone correlated with the transient receptor potential (TRP) A1 agonist, cinnamaldehyde, with ozone having no effect on cinnamaldehyde-insensitive fibres. C-fibre responses to ozone were abolished by ruthenium red (TRP inhibitor). Ozone also stimulated a subset of nociceptive sensory neurones isolated from vagal ganglia of wild-type mice, but failed to activate neurones isolated from transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) knockout mice. Ozone activated HEK293 cells transfected with TRPA1, but failed to activate non-transfected HEK293 or HEK293 transfected with the capsaicin-sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel. Thus, ozone is not an indiscriminate neuronal activator, but rather it potently and selectively activates a subset of airway C-fibres by directly stimulating TRPA1.
Clinical context: Current concepts of coronary heart disease management

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the single greatest cause of death among adults in the United States. It is also a major cause of disability and is associated with direct and indirect costs that exceed $118 billion annually. Elevation of serum lipid levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, is closely linked to the development of CHD. Lipid levels that increase the risk of CHD are present in nearly one third of the US population. Large-scale intervention studies have shown that decreasing LDL-C can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality, adverse cardiovascular events, and the requirement for revascularization procedures. Statins are now thought the most effective agents for lowering LDL-C, and they also have positive effects on other components of the serum lipid profile. These drugs are also better tolerated than other lipid-lowering agents. Statin therapy significantly decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and is a cost-effective cardiovascular treatment according to current standards. Because statins vary substantially in acquisition cost, using statins in the most cost-effective manner is important for controlling health-care costs. Optimizing the cost-effectiveness of statin therapy is a particular concern to managed care organizations in light of the large number of patients who are now considered candidates for this treatment.
On estimating location and scale parameters from truncated samples

Abstract : Asymptotically efficient estimators are developed for the problem of estimating a location and a scale parameter, using only the observations between the p and q sample quantiles.
Toward real-time estimation of regional moment tensors

Abstract Recent advances in broadband station coverage, continuous telemetry systems, moment-tensor procedures, and computer data-processing methods have given us the opportunity to automate the two regional moment-tensor methods employed at the UC Berkeley Seismographic Station for events in northern and central California. Preliminary solutions are available within minutes after an event has occurred and are subsequently human reviewed. We compare the solutions of the two methods to each other, as well as the automatic and revised solutions of each individual method. Efforts are being made to establish robust criteria for determining accurate solutions with human review and to fully automate the moment-tensor procedures into the already-existing automated earthquake-location system.
Nulling limitations for a multiple-beam antenna

Some fundamental limitations on radiation pattern nulling inherent in any multiple-beam antenna system are derived. The specific case of a satellite multiple-beam antenna at synchronous altitude operating over the earth field of view is considered in detail, although the general results are presented so as to be applicable to an arbitrary planar aperture such as a phased array. The multiple-beam antenna offers the large aperture needed for good nulling resolution, while keeping the number of signal ports utilized in any nulling algorithm at a tractable number. Two specific modes of operation are considered: an earth-coverage mode, in which one desires to null a number of interfering sources while realizing the best possible earth-coverage communications link over the remaining earth field of view; and a maximum signal mode, where one desires only to maximize the signal to a specified number of users while nulling the interfering sources. Both cases are treated in detail. Optimum results are derived for an arbitrary planar aperture and compared to what can be accomplished with a fixed set of beams (the case of 7 and 19 beams are considered). For the earth-coverage mode, the quality of the earth-coverage radiation pattern versus beam position must be traded off with the optimum beam position for good nulling-i.e., it will be shown that the set of beams which gives the flatest earth-coverage radiation pattern with no prescribed nulls is not optimum when nulls are to be formed. The optimum beam positioning is determined using the results of two-dimensional sampling theory. Furthermore, the earth-coverage constraint is seen to severely limit the gain available to a signal source near the null, relative to the maximum signal mode. The maximum directivity available to a user in the maximum signal mode is also shown to be a function of beam position. For signal sources close to the edge of the field of view, the directivity available to the source can be significantly less than optimum.
Comprehension of Relational Concepts: Use of Bilingual Children to Separate Cognitive and Linguistic Factors:

Spanish/English bilingual children's comprehension of 26 relational concepts in their two languages was studied to separate some cognitive and linguistic factors in relational concept acquisition and to establish some pertinent operat ing principles for language acquisition. The following oper ating principles were proposed and supported by the results: (a) concepts with positive polarity are acquired prior to concepts with negative polarity; (b) the rate of acquisition for the terms in the two languages is a function of linguistic complexity; (c) terms are acquired in identical order in the two languages when cognitive complexity is equivalent; (d) terms are acquired from the most general to the most specific; (e) where two concepts have equivalent cognitive complexity, the terms with the higher frequency of usage are acquired before terms with the lower frequency of usage; and (f) terms which are morphologically related are acquired before terms which are lexically distinct. A methodology which takes ad...
On Ending the Forced Choice between Attributions of Change to Exogenous vs. Endogenous Causes

This comment is in response to Frederic L. Pryor (2000). 7ldquo;The Millennium Survey: How Economists View the U.S. Economy in the 21st Century.”The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 59 (January), pp. 3-33.
A pen-based tool for visualizing vector mathematics

We present VectorPad, a novel, pen-based application for three-dimensional vector mathematics visualization. VectorPad allows users to define vectors and perform mathematical operations on them through the recognition of handwritten mathematics. The user interface consists of a sketching area, where the user can write vector definitions and operations such as addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and cross product, and a 3D graph for visualization. Vectors are visualized dynamically on the graph, which can be manipulated by the user. We also performed a short, informal user study evaluating the user interface and visualizations of VectorPad. Results from the study show that visualizations were generally well liked but the application needs to provide a more comprehensive set of visualization tools as well as refinement to some of the animations.
I. The Royal Dockyards: The Earliest Visitations and Reform 1749–1778

Naval historians traditionally have been preoccupied with operations at sea. Yet sea power hinges on the dockyards without which there would be no navies and no battles to write about. If Britain's greatness in the eighteenth century depended on a navy greater than any other in Europe, it depended no less on land-based facilities sufficient to create and maintain that navy. Two-thirds of the fleet on the eve of the American Revolution had been built in the navy's own dockyards, and virtually all the ships of the fleet were fitted and repaired in them, although in wartime especially upkeep to some extent devolved on the limited facilities of overseas bases. Moreover, decommissioned ships—the ships in Ordinary—which in peacetime were several times more numerous than those in service, were maintained at the royal dockyards. The requirements of an ever-growing fleet—170 ships of twenty guns and upwards in 1739, 271 in 1775, 360 in 1787—made the yards much the largest employer in eighteenth-century Britain. Slightly more than 5,000 workmen of all kinds were employed in 1754; by 1775 the number had risen to more than 7,500 and exceeded 9,500 in 1782 when, due to the demands of war, the number of sixth-rate ships and above was approaching 500.
Comparing Random Sample Q and R Methods for Understanding Natural Resource Attitudes

This study collects data on community views of the Wabash River in north-central Indiana using 36 representative statements. The statements were incorporated into two different formats: (1) a standard survey, or Likert-type, instrument and (2) a Q-methodology instrument for mailed distribution to two separate random samples of community residents, which allowed for comparing the results of these methodologies. The data were analyzed using factor analysis techniques. The analysis revealed that under identical sampling conditions, the results of Q and R methodologies are similar. Additional discussion focuses on the similarities and differences of these results and how Q methodology can contribute to our understanding of community attitudes toward natural resources.
Compact range measurement systems for electrically small test zones

Traditional range requirements are evaluated for spherical and compact range measurement systems. It is shown that a compact range system is more appropriate for targets three wavelengths ( lambda ) and larger because of the chamber size needed to meet these requirements. Commercially available compact range systems are, however, normally restricted to 10 lambda or larger targets because of the excessive diffraction associated with currently available compact range reflectors. It is shown that this limitation could be overcome by using a blended rolled edge compact range reflector. For example, a 9 lambda *9 lambda blended rolled edge reflector can be used to measure 3 lambda targets at the lowest frequency of operation. As the frequency of operation increases, the test zone of the reflector approaches one half the reflector's linear dimension, which is consistent with presently available compact range systems. >
Traumatic aortic rupture: Delayed presentation with a normal chest radiograph

Traumatic aortic injury is a potentially fatal complication of blunt trauma. Patients with this entity may have a constellation of signs and symptoms and frequently have other significant injuries. The diagnosis is often suspected through abnormalities on the presenting chest radiograph. Delay in diagnosis results in increased morbidity and mortality. This report details the delayed presentation of an ambulatory patient with traumatic aortic rupture and a normal chest radiograph.
Bilateral e-services negotiation under uncertainty

This paper presents an approach for bilateral negotiation between an e-service provider and an e-service consumer in the presence of uncertainty. The approach can be applied to any type of negotiation, including buyer/seller negotiation. The type of uncertainty discussed is uncertainty of what offers and counteroffers to make, at a particular point in the negotiation. The approach makes use of reputation to arrive at a list of candidates who have negotiated the same or similar issues in the past, from whom the negotiator can learn the possible offers and counteroffers that could be made.
Protection Factor for N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators Exposed to Laboratory Aerosols Containing Different Concentrations of Nanoparticles

A previous study used a PortaCount Plus to measure the ratio of particle concentrations outside (C out) to inside (C in) of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) worn by test subjects and calculated the total inward leakage (TIL) (C in/C out) to evaluate the reproducibility of the TIL test method between two different National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health laboratories (Laboratories 1 and 2) at the Pittsburgh Campus. The purpose of this study is to utilize the originally obtained PortaCount C out/C in ratio as a measure of protection factor (PF) and evaluate the influence of particle distribution and filter efficiency. PFs were obtained for five N95 model FFRs worn by 35 subjects for three donnings (5 models × 35 subjects × 3 donnings) for a total of 525 tests in each laboratory. The geometric mean of PFs, geometric standard deviation (GSD), and the 5th percentile values for the five N95 FFR models were calculated for the two laboratories. Filter efficiency was obtained by measuring the penetration for four models (A, B, C, and D) against Laboratory 2 aerosol using two condensation particle counters. Particle size distribution, measured using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer, showed a mean count median diameter (CMD) of 82 nm in Laboratory 1 and 131 nm in Laboratory 2. The smaller CMD showed relatively higher concentration of nanoparticles in Laboratory 1 than in Laboratory 2. Results showed that the PFs and 5th percentile values for two models (B and E) were larger than other three models (A, C, and D) in both laboratories. The PFs and 5th percentile values of models B and E in Laboratory 1 with a count median diameter (CMD) of 82 nm were smaller than in Laboratory 2 with a CMD of 131 nm, indicating an association between particle size distribution and PF. The three lower efficiency models (A, C, and D) showed lower PF values than the higher efficiency model B showing the influence of filter efficiency on PF value. Overall, the data show that particle size distribution and filter efficiency influence the PFs and 5th percentile values. The PFs and 5th percentile values decreased with increasing nanoparticle concentration (from CMD of 131 to 82 nm) indicating lower PFs for aerosol distribution within nanoparticle size range (<100 nm). Further studies on the relationship between particle size distribution and PF are needed to better understand the respiratory protection against nanoparticles.
Poleward Buoyancy Transport in the Ocean and Mesoscale Eddies

Abstract There are many dynamic similarities between mesoscale eddies in the ocean, and cyclones and anticyclones in the earth's atmosphere. Observational data, however, are still not adequate to explore this analogy in detail. In the present study a new eddy-resolving ocean circulation model, which includes both wind-driving and buoyancy-driving, is used to determine whether mesoscale eddies play a role in poleward buoyancy transport in any way comparable to the role of synoptic scale motions in transporting heat in the atmosphere. Within an Eulerian reference frame, mesoscale eddies transport buoyancy poleward through two mechanisms. One involves the correlation of time-dependent fluctuations of horizontal velocity and buoyancy. The other transport mechanism involves wave-driven cells in the meridional plane. These cells are analogous to the Ferrel cell in the atmosphere, except that the geometry of the ocean basin allows them to be geostrophically balanced. In an eddy-resolving model of ocean circulati...
Coming Home: Adjustment of Americans to the United States after Living Abroad

The task of readapting to the United States after living overseas is, for many, the most difficult hurdle in the cycle of international life. People who have lived overseas emphatically report that it is far less stressful to leave the United States and find a place in a new country than it is to experience the unexpected jolt of coming back home. As a 20-year-old woman recalled: “People pushed and shoved you in the New York subways; they treated you as if you simply don’t exist. I hated everyone and everything I saw here and had to tell myself over and over again: ‘Whoa, this is your country; it is what you are part of.’”
Effect of 2 different premilking teat sanitation routines on reduction of bacterial counts on teat skin of cows on commercial dairy farms

Premilking teat sanitation reduces the load of bacteria on teat skin before milking and it is a fundamental practice used to ensure collection of high-quality milk. The objective of this study was to compare reduction in bacterial populations of teat skin after premilking preparation using either predipping with 0.5% iodine followed by drying (conventional; CONV) or using a semiautomated teat scrubber that uses chlorine dioxide (TS; FutureCow, Longwood, FL). Ten farms currently using a commercial teat scrubber system were enrolled. Cows (n=40 per farm) were assigned to CONV (n=198) or TS (n=196) premilking udder preparation. Teat skin swabs were collected before and after udder preparation and analyzed for total bacterial count (TBC), Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and gram-negative bacteria (GNB). Reduction (RED) of each bacterial group was defined as the difference in the number of bacteria measured before and after udder preparation. Before udder preparation, Staphylococcus spp. (15,036 cfu/mL) and Streptococcus spp. (12,621 cfu/mL) were the most numerous microflora. Gram-negative bacteria were less numerous (1,538 cfu/mL). A significant treatment by farm interaction was identified for RED of all bacterial counts. Compared with teats prepared using TS, teats prepared using CONV preparation had greater RED of TBC on 3 farms, of Streptococcus spp. on 2 farms, and of Staphylococcus spp. on 1 farm. On all other farms, RED in TBC, Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. did not differ based on teat preparation method. Use of TS resulted in greater RED of GNB of teats on 3 farms, but RED in GNB was greater for teats cleaned by CONV on 1 farm; for the other 6 farms, RED of GNB did not differ between methods. For all bacterial counts, an effect of chlorine dioxide concentration used in the teat scrubber was observed. Results from this study suggest both CONV and TS can effectively reduce bacterial counts, but farm conditions and management practices can have a significant effect on the effectiveness of teat disinfection.
Image analyses for video-based remote structure vibration monitoring system

Video-based vibration measurement is a cost-effective way for remote monitoring the health conditions of transportation and other civil structures, especially for situations where accessibility is restricted and does not allow installation of conventional monitoring devices. Besides, video-based system is global measurement. The technical basis of video-based remote vibration measurement system is digital image analysis. Comparison of the images allow the field of motion to be accurately delineated. Such information is important to understand the structure behaviors including the motion and strain distribution. This paper presents system and analyses to monitor the vibration velocity and displacement field. The performance is demonstrated on a testbed of model building. Three different methods (i.e., frame difference method, particle image velocimetry, and optical Flow Method) are utilized to analyze the image sequences to extract the feature of motion. The Performance is validated using accelerometer data. The results indicate that all three methods can estimate the velocity field of the model building, although the results can be affected by factors such as background noise and environmental interference. Optical flow method achieved the best performance among these three methods studied. With further refinement of system hardware and image processing software, it will be developed into a remote video based monitoring system for structural health monitoring of transportation infrastructure to assist the diagnoses of its health conditions.
Metabolic Responses of Adrenalectomized Rats to Exercise

SummaryMetabolic responses to exercise were determined in adrenalectomized and sham-operated rats. Exercised animals were forced to run 1/4 mile in 30 min each day for 8 wk. All animals were fed ad libitum at 48% protein, 28% fat, 15.5% carbohydrate diet. Extra (0.9%) NaCl was added to the diet given to the adrenalectomized rats. Under these experimental conditions, exercise reduced body weights gains to a similar degree in both the adrenalectomized and sham-operated animals and similarly lowered liver fat, liver cholesterol and serum insulin. No differences in food intake, body weight gain, blood glucose, serum insulin, carcass protein, or serum triglycerides were observed with the removal of the adrenals. Adrenalectomy did, however, affect the percentage carcass fat and the level of cholesterol in the livers of the sedentary animals. From this data it was suggested that two separate mechanisms exist for the mobilization of carcass fat: one activated by exercise and the other by the adrenal hormones.The ...
Ultrafast Exciton Dynamics in CdTe Nanocrystals and Core/Shell CdTe/CdS Nanocrystals

CdTe and CdTe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals (NCs) have been synthesized, structurally characterized, and studied using steady-state and transient optical methods. Time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) and transient absorption (TA) decays both showed exciton lifetimes in the tens of nanoseconds. The TA spectra of the CdTe NCs showed multiple bleaches, which have been assigned to the 1S3/2(h)–1S(e), 2S3/2(h)–1S(e), and 1P3/2(h)–1P(e) transitions. The spectral shifts of these bleaches with NC size and after shell deposition have been analyzed in the context of a quasi-type-II carrier distribution in the core/shell samples. The measured energy level spacings show clear evidence for electron delocalization and strong core-confinement of the hole in the core/shell NCs. In addition, the ultrafast evolution of these bleach features has been examined to extract electron cooling rates. For core and core/shell NCs of similar band gap, the arrival time of the electron in the 1S(e) level is approximately 40% longer for t...
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis: Epidemiology and Risk Assessment

Neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS) continues to be a significant source of morbidity and mortality among newborns, especially among very low-birth-weight infants. Epidemiologic risk factors for EOS have been defined, and considerable resources are devoted to the identification and evaluation of infants at risk for EOS. The widespread implementation of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease has reduced the overall incidence of neonatal EOS and influenced the microbiology of persistent early-onset infection. Recommendations for perinatal risk factor–based evaluation and empiric antibiotics treatment of neonates result in a large proportion of uninfected infants undergoing medical intervention, including antibiotic therapy. Objective risk assessment tools have been developed that may allow safe restriction of medical intervention in uninfected newborns, promote antibiotic stewardship, and optimize resource use.