cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of apparent protein digestibility of live Artemia and a microparticulate diet in 8-week-old Atlantic cod Gadus morhua larvae

Abstract A technique was developed to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein in microparticulate and live feeds for marine fish larvae. The technique is analogous to methods used for larger fish and allows for an in vivo measurement of protein digestibility by employing a spectrophotometric protein assay for protein determination and rare earth oxides as inert digestibility markers. Either a microbound microparticulate diet developed in our laboratory or Artemia nauplii were fed to 8-week-old Atlantic cod as a single 30-min feeding and fecal solids collected 6 h later. Protein ADCs for the two diets were significantly different ( P = 0.016) with determined ranges of 47 to 58% and 76 to 86%, ( Artemia and microparticulate diets, respectively). Measured ADCs are presented as a range to account for the possibility of leaching of protein from the microparticulate diet, and the evacuation (loss) of marker from the live prey during the 30-min feeding. It is suggested that this new technique will assist researchers in selecting experimental larval feeds with the most nutritive potential for extended feeding studies. Detection limits for this technique were determined to be 8.6 μg for protein and 0.020 and 0.038 μg for yttrium (Y 2 O 3 ) and dysprosium (Dy 2 O 3 ) markers, respectively, in collected fecal solids.
Therapeutic effects of glucagon on carbon monoxide poisoning

Study objectives: Carbo monoxide (CO) is the presumed leading cause of poisoning deaths in the United States. Traditional treatment modalities for CO poisoning revolve around hyperbaric oxygen therapy to reduce the half-life of the CO-hemoglobin association in the blood. Normal physiologic processing of the small amount of CO naturally produced in the body is regulated by at least 2 mechanisms that decrease the affinity of CO for the heme molecule. One pathway involves the amino acid histidine, which, in proximity to the heme-CO complex, causes dissociation through steric hindrance. The second pathway involves bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), an intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. When BPG binds to heme, the affinity for CO is decreased, shifting the oxygen-dissociation curve to the right. Glucagon contains a distal histidine and increases BPG levels by 2 enzymatic pathways. Treatment of CO poisoning with glucagon is a proposed novel therapeutic approach for rapidly decreasing CO blood levels by increasing steric hindrance of the heme-CO association and by production of BPG, which decreases the affinity of heme for CO. We seek to assess whether therapeutic doses of glucagon will significantly reduce peripheral blood CO levels in a timely manner. Methods: A prospective controlled study was completed using 8 Sprague-Dawley rats and 15 CD-1 mice. The animals were individually exposed to high levels of CO in a sealed chamber until the primary sign of seizures was observed, indicating CO toxicity. Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations were obtained from the saphenous vein before and after exposure. The animals were then treated with intraperitoneal saline solution (control) or intraperitoneal glucagon (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 20 mg/kg), and CO blood levels were measured at 5, 10, 20, 30, or 60 minutes after exposure. Results: Glucagon at different dose levels during the specified time interval showed no statistically significant reduction in blood carboxyhemoglobin levels in either the rat or mouse population ( P =.22 and P =.80, respectively). Conclusion: Whereas hyperbaric oxygen therapy is not always readily available and carries the risk of serious side effects such as seizures, other treatment modalities for CO poisoning need to be examined. Although it initially appears that glucagon therapy is not singularly effective in treating CO poisoning, the biochemical properties of glucagon in conjunction with other treatment modalities and in other subject groups warrants further investigation.
Phase preference for the display of activity is associated with the phase of extra-suprachiasmatic nucleus oscillators within and between species

Many features of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are the same in diurnal and nocturnal animals, suggesting that differences in phase preference are determined by mechanisms downstream from the SCN. Here, we examined this hypothesis by characterizing rhythmic expression of Period 1 (PER1) and Period 2 (PER2) in several extra-SCN areas in the brains of a diurnal murid rodent, Arvicanthis niloticus (grass rats). In the shell of the nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum, piriform cortex, and CA1 of the hippocampus, both PER1 and PER2 were rhythmic, with peak expression occurring at ZT10. PER1 in the dentate gyrus also peaked at ZT10, but PER2 was arrhythmic in this region. In general, these patterns are 180° out of phase with those reported for nocturnal species. In a second study, we examined inter-individual differences in the multioscillator system of grass rats. Here, we housed grass rats in cages with running wheels, under which conditions some individuals spontaneously adopt a day active (DA) and others a night active (NA) phase preference. In the majority of the extra-SCN regions sampled, the patterns of PER1 and PER2 expression of NA grass rats resembled those of nocturnal species, while those of DA grass rats were similar to the ones seen in grass without access to running wheels. In contrast, the rhythmic expression of both PER proteins was identical in the SCN and ventral subparaventricular zone (vSPZ) of DA and NA animals. Differences in the phase of oscillators downstream from the SCN, and perhaps the vSPZ, appear to determine the phase preference of particular species, as well as that of members of a diurnal species that show voluntary phase reversals. The latter observation has important implications for the understanding of health problems associated with human shift work.
Effect of EDTA and low calcium fertility on pericarp cation levels and ripening of rin tomato fruit

Abstract Ripening inhibited ( rin ) tomato plants were grown in silicate sand and watered with half-strength Hoagland's solution until flowering. After flowering, plants were watered until run-off daily with full-strength Hoagland's solution containing 5 mM (control) or 1 mM calcium, or full-strength Hoagland's solution with 1.25 mM or 2.5 mM Na 2 EDTA. Fruit pericarp calcium levels were the same in Na 2 EDTA and control treatments at 90 days postpollination. The 1 mM Ca treatment significantly decreased total pericarp Ca levels compared to the control treatment. Sodium levels were higher in fruit from Na 2 EDTA-treated plants than controls. Fruit from control and 1 mM Ca treatments had significantly higher Zn than fruit from the Na 2 EDTA-treatments. None of the treatments induced increased ethylene production, redness, or increased soluble solids content of rin fruit.
Social controversy belongs in the climate science classroom

Scientists, educators and stakeholders are grappling with how best to approach climate change education for diverse audiences, given the persistent social controversy associated with it. This Perspective examines how socio-cultural learning theories inform climate change education for learners with varied understanding of and attitudes towards climate change. Scientists, educators and stakeholders are grappling with how to best approach climate change education for diverse audiences, a task made difficult due to persistent social controversy. This Perspective examines how sociocultural learning theories can inform the design and implementation of climate change education experiences for learners with varied understandings of and attitudes towards climate change. The literature demonstrates that explicitly addressing learners' social and community experiences, values and knowledge supports understandings of and increased concern about climate change. Science learning environments that situate climate change in its social context can support conceptual understandings, shift attitudes and increase the participation of diverse communities in responding to climate change. Examples are provided of successful programmes that attend to social dimensions and learners' previous experiences, including experiences of social controversy.
Ego network properties as a way to reveal conflict in collaboration's clothing

Abstract A need for successful collaborative strategies is an enduring problem in natural resource management. Several qualities of “successful” partnerships have been identified but few empirical studies have tested these claims against the information sharing structure of “unsuccessful” partnerships. This paper examines the ego networks of members in a partnership that has not successfully reached its goals as an illustration of the ways in which external ties relate to attitudes and relationships within a partnership. By focusing on information sharing frequencies, member ideologies, and power structure among organizations involved in a groundwater controversy, we test the extent to which the process and outcomes of participation align with conditions often used to indicate “success”. Results show that individuals who think that science is objective maintain information sharing ego networks that include a larger proportion of ties outside of the partnership than those who consider science to be less certain. Individuals who consider themselves a member of the partnership are more central to the network of organizations invited to join the partnership and maintain a greater proportions of unique ties relative to ties common across multiple actors. This case study challenges widely held assumptions about the properties of successful collaborations and supports claims that scientific discourse can be used to obscure debates over values.
Relation between quantum computing and quantum controllability

It is demonstrated that the universality of any quantum computing element can be understood and verified via a precise mathematical criterion which tests for the controllability of an associated quantum control system. This relation between quantum computing and quantum control is deeper in that tools of coherent control of quantum dynamics may be used to arrive at specific designs for quantum computing devices. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Relative fecundability of users and nonusers of contraception.

Data from a fertility survey taken at the end of 1962 in Taichung Taiwan on 2443 married women (aged 20-39) were used to calculate the relative fecundability between birth control users and nonusers. The same women were interviewed at the end of 1963 and further follow-up was possible through a survey in 1965. 17% of the total accepted contraception; 78% of these selected the IUD and the rest used traditional methods. Using a Type I geometric model it was shown that acceptors who had used contraception had an initial fecundability about 25% higher than nonacceptors who had not used contraception prior to the interview which indicated that acceptors had had higher fecundability at marriage as well as at the time of the interview. These results suggest that family planning programs have a greater impact on fertility than would be expected if fecundability were the same for acceptors and nonacceptors. Approaching older women with higher parity who accept family planning methods more readily is important because of their greater potential in contributing to birth rates than other women in the same age groups.
Magnetic field distributions in a large single crystal of YBa2Cu3O7−δ with cylindrical non-conducting inclusions

Abstract μSR experiments on a large single crystal sample of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ with non-conducting Y 2 BaCuO 5 inclusions show some interesting characteristics, especially the magnetic field distribution in the inclusion regions. This internal magnetic field distribution has been calculated using the London equations for the superconducting regions. In the model we develop here we assume that the inclusions are cylindrical and infinite in length. The interaction energy between an inclusion and an hexagonal array of vortices is also obtained. The difference between the field value in the inclusions and the value at the saddle point is sensitive, in our model, to the penetration depth. Comparing the calculated to observed field differences provides a new alternative method of determining the penetration depth.
Irradiated pectin as a substrate for pectic enzymes

Gamma irradiation of a 1 per cent pectin solution with doses up to 250 krad increased the susceptibility of the pectin to pectin methylesterase and decreased its susceptibility to pectin-polygalacturonase and pectin-transeliminase. Major physicochemical changes occurred in the 500–1000 krad dose range as revealed by a rapid decrease in susceptibility to all three enzymes. Irradiation under anoxic conditions did not significantly alter the radiation effect. Uniquely altered interactions of the enzymes with irradiated substrate offer a diagnostic tool for the study of both the nature of radiation damage and the mode of enzymic attack.
Measurement of ruminal volatile fatty acid production from alfalfa hay or corn silage rations using a continuous infusion isotope dilution technique.

Abstract A continuous infusion isotope dilution technique was used to measure ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) production in a nonlactating cow. Equal portions of the daily ration of alfalfa hay (H) or corn silage (S) were fed every hour. Daily dry matter (DM) intake was 3.9kg of silage or 3.5kg of the hay. Following a priming dose of acetate-1- 14 C, butyrate-1- 14 C, or propionate-2- 14 C, the same acid was continuously infused into the rumen for 10, 10, and 8 hours, respectively. Steady-state conditions were obtained during the final two hours of each infusion. Interconversion of carbon between acetate and butyrate was extensive. With the silage ration, 72% of the butyrate carbon was in equilibrium with 15% of the acetate carbon. With the hay ration, 62% of the butyrate carbon was in equilibrium with 18% of the acetate carbon. Little propionate was randomized. A three-compartment model was used to correct for the interconversion of the volatile fatty acid carbon in the rumen, enabling determination of net volatile fatty acid production. The daily ruminal production of acetate, propionate, and butyrate for the silage and hay rations were, respectively, 19.6, 6.7, and 4.6 and 19.6, 5.2, and 1.9 moles. Total ruminal volatile acid production (moles) per kilogram of dry matter intake was 8.8 with silage, and 6.8 with the hay. The proportions of the individual volatile acids were similar, whether determined from the ruminal concentration or the daily volatile fatty acid production.
Stories of Success High Minority, High Poverty Public School Graduate Narratives on Accessing Higher Education

Worrisome trends in achievement have been identified for students of color in high minority, high poverty (HMHP) high schools, as they are less likely to attend college and encounter greater challe...
THE EFFECT OF REINFORCEMENT AND TRAINING ON GROUP STANDARDIZED TEST BEHAVIOR

(often divided into groups on variables such as ethnicity, geographical location, aptitude, type of program, or sex) are frequently used to make decisions about funding, program evaluation, student placement, and curriculum selection. When test scores are used to document the occurrence of educational inequities, to compare results across groups of students, and to make educational decisions regarding policies, the results need to be valid and interpretable as indicators of student knowledge (i.e., scores must be a measure of the skills the test was designed to measure). Previous research has demonstrated that a number of variables other than knowledge can contribute to students' test scores. (Reviews by Jensen, 1980; Kirkland, 1971; Millman, Bishop & Ebel, 1965; Sattler & Theve, 1967; and Vernon, 1954 are particularly recommended.) Variables that have been shown to affect test scores include reinforcement procedures, practice tests, and test-wiseness. Previous research has demonstrated that higher test scores are associated with providing students with tangible rewards or verbal praise (Ayllon & Kelly, 1972; Baer, 1978; Edlund, 1972; Hurlock, 1925; Rasmussen, 1974), having students practice on identical or similar tests (Droege, 1966; Peel, 1951, 1952; Quereshi, 1968), and coaching students on test-wiseness skills and strategies (Gibb, 1964; Moore, 1971; Moore, Schultz, & Baker, 1966; Sherriffs & Boomer, 1954; Slakter, 1968; Wahlstrom & Boersma, 1968). There have been very little data reported in the literature on adherence to standardized procedures, but studies have demonstrated that factors associated with the actual administration of tests do affect test scores. Previous research has shown that higher test scores are associated with the use of familiar examiners (Thomas, Hertzig, Dryman & Fernandez, 1971), positive pretest interactions between examiner and student (Mandler & S. Sarason, 1952; S. Sarason & Mandler, 1952), and familiar testing locations (Seitz, Abelson, Levine & Zigler, 1975). Examiners can influence test scores by preparing students for the test. For instance, students who know the testing purpose (Carlson & Lazarus, 1953), have a positive perception of the examiner (Davis, 1951; Postman, Bronson & Gropper, 1953), take a practice test (Snow, 1974), and possess a low level of anxiety (Butler, 1980; Hill, 1967; McCoy, 1965; I. Sarason, 1973), receive higher test
Laser/Lidar Technologies for NASA's Science and Exploration Mission's Applications

Over the years, lasers have proven themselves to be invaluable to a variety of remote sensing applications. LIDAR techniques have been used to measure atmospheric aerosols and a variety of trace species, profile winds, and develop high resolution topographical maps. In many cases, it would be of great advantage to make these measurements from an orbiting satellite. Unfortunately, the space environment is a challenging one for the high power lasers that would enable many LIDAR missions. Optical mounts must maintain precision alignment during and after launch. Outgassing materials in the vacuum of space lead to contamination of laser optics. Electronic components and optical materials must survive the space environment, including a vacuum atmosphere, thermal cycling, and radiation exposure. Laser designs must be lightweight, compact, and energy efficient. Many LIDAR applications require frequency conversion systems that have never been designed or tested for use in space. The National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) has undertaken a program specifically directed at addressing the durability and long term reliability issues that face space-borne lasers. The effort is shared between NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. We will give an overview of the issues facing space-borne lasers and the efforts that these two centers are pursuing to address them.
Prediction of xenobiotic clearance in avian species using mammalian or avian data: how accurate is the prediction?

*Elanco Animal Health, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Greenﬁeld, IN, USA; Ofﬁce of Blood Review & Research (OBRR), Center forBiologic Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA; Division of Therapeutic Drugs for Food Animals (HFV-130), Ofﬁce of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food & Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
This Bed of Roses Has Thorns: Cultural Assumptions and Community in an Elementary School

Educational reformers and social observers call for increasing community in our schools and neighborhoods. In that discourse, community appears as a catch phrase that has become meaningless in its ubiquity. Through an ethnographic study of a small elementary school in which community is regularly invoked, the author identifies community's negative as well as beneficial aspects and discusses the implications for schools.
Tolerating Cache-Miss Latency with Multipass Pipelines

Microprocessors exploit instruction-level parallelism and tolerate memory-access latencies to achieve high-performance. Out-of-order microprocessors do this by dynamically scheduling instruction execution, but require power-hungry hardware structures. This article describes multipass pipelining, a microarchitectural model that provides an alternative to out-of-order execution for tolerating memory access latencies. We call our approach "flea-flicker" multipass pipelining because it uses two (or more) passes of preexecution or execution to achieve performance efficacy. Multipass pipelining assumes compile-time scheduling for lower-power and lower-complexity exploitation of instruction-level parallelism
Human embryonic stem cell neural differentiation and enhanced cell survival promoted by hypoxic preconditioning

Transplantation of neural progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provides a potential therapy for ischemic stroke. However, poor graft survival within the host environment has hampered the benefits and applications of cell-based therapies. The present investigation tested a preconditioning strategy to enhance hESC tolerance, thereby improving graft survival and the therapeutic potential of hESC transplantation. UC06 hESCs underwent neural induction and terminal differentiation for up to 30 days, becoming neural lineage cells, exhibiting extensive neurites and axonal projections, generating synapses and action potentials. To induce a cytoprotective phenotype, hESC-derived neurospheres were cultured at 0.1% oxygen for 12 h, dissociated and plated for terminal differentiation under 21% oxygen. Immunocytochemistry and electrophysiology demonstrated the ‘hypoxic preconditioning’ promoted neuronal differentiation. Western blotting revealed significantly upregulated oxygen-sensitive transcription factors hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-2α, while producing a biphasic response within HIF targets, including erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor and Bcl-2 family members, during hypoxia and subsequent reoxygenation. This cytoprotective phenotype resulted in a 50% increase in both total and neural precursor cell survival after either hydrogen peroxide insult or oxygen–glucose deprivation. Cellular protection was maintained for at least 5 days and corresponded to upregulation of neuroprotective proteins. These results suggest that hypoxic preconditioning could be used to improve the effectiveness of human neural precursor transplantation therapies.
Thermal conductance and thermopower of an individual single-wall carbon nanotube.

We have observed experimentally that the thermal conductance of a 2.76-μm-long individual suspended single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was very close to the calculated ballistic thermal conductance of a 1-nm-diameter SWCNT without showing signatures of phonon−phonon Umklapp scattering for temperatures between 110 and 300 K. Although the observed thermopower of the SWCNT can be attributed to a linear diffusion contribution and a constant phonon drag effect, there could be an additional contact effect.
Neural system for controlling the contents of object working memory in humans

Working memory (WM), the active maintenance of currently relevant information, is a flexible system allowing for fast and frequent goal-directed changes of rehearsed information. Successful WM maintenance prevents interference from distracting stimuli while allowing new task-relevant information to update the contents of WM. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that when WM contents were updated, regardless of stimulus type (faces or houses), a frontoparietal network showed transient increases in activation. Some of these regions are highly similar to those identified in studies of shifting attention, supporting the idea that updating WM involves a change in the attentional priority afforded to the current perceptual input. A region within the midventrolateral prefrontal cortex, near the junction of the inferior frontal sulcus and precentral sulcus (inferior frontal junction), that has previously been implicated in cognitive control, demonstrated transient increases in activity during updating as well as sustained maintenance activity. A more anterior prefrontal region, middle frontal gyrus, previously implicated in protecting the contents of WM from interfering stimuli during maintenance, demonstrated transient increases in activity during updating. The current study suggests that updating WM results from a combination of increased attention to the visual stimulus and a change in the system’s interference protection state.
Cost-Effectiveness of Risperidone, Olanzapine, and Conventional Antipsychotic Medications

To assess the cost and effectiveness of risperidone, olanzapine, and conventional antipsychotic medications under "usual practice" conditions in a large, public mental health system, 108 persons diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were randomly assigned to one of these three medication groups and followed prospectively over a 12-month period using standard instruments and procedures. Psychiatric medication costs increased more over time in both the olanzapine and risperidone groups than in the conventional medication group. Compliance with the prescribed medication was higher in the olanzapine group than in the conventional group. No differential effects by medication group were evident in this sample on the symptoms of schizophrenia, side effects, psychosocial functioning, time to discharge for index hospitalization, survival to initial rehospitalization, or client satisfaction with services. These results extend findings from previous efficacy and naturalistic studies in several ways but are limited chiefly by the small number of subjects who completed 6 to 12 months of the clinical trial, and the resulting power to detect differences in the statistical analyses.
Dual busy tone multiple access (DBTMA)-a multiple access control scheme for ad hoc networks

In ad hoc networks, the hidden- and the exposed-terminal problems can severely reduce the network capacity on the MAC layer. To address these problems, the ready-to-send and clear-to-send (RTS/CTS) dialogue has been proposed in the literature. However, MAC schemes using only the RTS/CTS dialogue cannot completely solve the hidden and the exposed terminal problems, as pure "packet sensing" MAC schemes are not safe even in fully connected networks. We propose a new MAC protocol, termed the dual busy tone multiple access (DBTMA) scheme. The operation of the DBTMA protocol is based on the RTS packet and two narrow-bandwidth, out-of-band busy tones. With the use of the RTS packet and the receive busy tone, which is set up by the receiver, our scheme completely solves the hidden- and the exposed-terminal problems. The busy tone, which is set up by the transmitter, provides protection for the RTS packets, increasing the probability of successful RTS reception and, consequently, increasing the throughput. This paper outlines the operation rules of the DBTMA scheme and analyzes its performance. Simulation results are also provided to support the analytical results. It is concluded that the DBTMA protocol is superior to other schemes that rely on the RTS/CTS dialogue on a single channel or to those that rely on a single busy tone. As a point of reference, the DBTMA scheme out-performs FAMA-NCS by 20-40% in our simulations using the network topologies borrowed from the FAMA-NCS paper. In an ad hoc network with a large coverage area, DBTMA achieves performance gain of 140% over FAMA-NCS and performance gain of 20% over RI-BTMA.
Addition of dietary fat to cholesterol in the diets of LDL receptor knockout mice: effects on plasma insulin, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis

The factors underlying cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes have not been clearly elucidated. Efforts to study this in mice have been hindered because the usual atherogenic diets that contain fat and cholesterol also lead to obesity and insulin resistance. We compared plasma glucose, insulin, and atherosclerotic lesion formation in LDL receptor knockout (Ldlr(-/-)) mice fed diets with varying fat and cholesterol content that induced similar lipoprotein profiles. Ldlr(-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet developed obesity, mild hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Quantitative and qualitative assessments of atherosclerosis were unchanged in diabetic Ldlr(-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet compared with lean nondiabetic control mice after 20 weeks of diet. Although one group of mice fed diets for 40 weeks had larger lesions at the aortic root, this was associated with a more atherogenic lipoprotein profile. The presence of a human aldose reductase transgene had no effect on atherosclerosis in fat-fed Ldlr(-/-) mice with mild diabetes. Our data suggest that when lipoprotein profiles are similar, addition of fat to a cholesterol-rich diet does not increase atherosclerotic lesion formation in Ldlr(-/-) mice.
Modification of coevolved insect-plant interactions by an exotic plant pathogen

New perspectives New Perspectives is intended to allow the communication of comments, viewpoints, and speculative interpretation of issues in ecology pertinent to entomology. Comments, viewpoints, or suggestions arising from published papers intended to fuel discussion and debate are also welcome. Contributions should be as concise as possible, normally not exceeding two thousand words. Formal research reports will not be acceptable, but summarised novel data, suitably supported by statistics, may be allowed.
Stereo vision and terrain modeling for quadruped robots

Legged robots offer the potential to navigate highly challenging terrain, and there has recently been much progress in this area. However, a great deal of this recent work has operated under the assumption that either the robot has complete knowledge of its environment or that its environment is suitably regular so as to be navigated with only minimal perception, an unrealistic assumption in many real-world domains. In this paper we present an integrated perception and control system for a quadruped robot that allows it to perceive and traverse previously unseen, rugged terrain that includes large, irregular obstacles. A key element of the system is a novel terrain modeling algorithm, used for filling in the occluded models resulting from on-board vision systems. We apply our approach to the LittleDog robot, and show that it allows the robot to walk over challenging terrain using only on-board perception.
Managerial Enterprise and Competitive Capabilities

This article relates the managerial enterprise (a firm in which decisions as to current production and distribution and allocation of resources for future production and distribution are made by salaried managers with little or no equity in the firms they operate in) to competitive success in the new capital-intensive industries that began to appear in the United States and Western Europe after the completion of modern transportation and communication networks. It begins by examining the reasons for the rapid rise of managerial firms in these industries, the global oligopolistic competition that ensued, and the organisational capabilities such competition engendered. It then reviews the competitive performance of such firms in global markets in chemicals, metals, electrical equipment, and heavy and light machinery in the early years of the century, motor vehicles in the inter-war years, and computers and semiconductors after World War II. These managerial firms grew by moving into foreign or related produ...
The Enduring Significance of Race in Mixed-Income Developments

While public housing reforms seek to address poverty among what is a predominantly African-American population, there has been little explicit attention given to the signance of race in the formation of new mixed-income communities. Indeed, the policy framing of these efforts has focused on economic integration and has been essentially silent about racial integration. In this article, we examine whether and how race remains relevant to the everyday life and experiences of residents in mixed-income developments. Drawing on a multiyear research study of three mixed-income developments in Chicago, we examine the nature of interracial and intraracial social dynamics within these (still) predominantly African-American neighborhoods. Consistent with critical race theory, we find that institutionalized notions of “ghetto culture” continue to inhere in the attitudes of many higher-income, nonblack homeowners and professionals in these contexts, and that the relative privilege and power these groups have to establ...
Pattern of expression of engrailed in relation to gamma-aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the adult grasshopper.

Engrailed (En) protein expression in neurons of the mesothoracic and metathoracic ganglia of the adult grasshopper, Schistocerca americana, was examined by immunohistochemistry. Each neuromere had a dorsally located cluster of En-positive neurons within the dorsal unpaired median (DUM) group, comprising one cluster in the mesothoracic ganglion (T2) and four clusters in the metathoracic ganglion, one for each component neuromere (T3, A1, A2, A3). Ventrally, En-positive neurons occurred in the posterior one-third of each neuromere. In T2 and T3, three ventral groups of neurons were labeled bilaterally. In the abdominal neuromeres, many fewer ventral neurons were En-positive. These also were bilaterally symmetrical, but did not occur in patterns that allowed assignment of homology with the T2 and T3 groups. Altogether, En-positive neurons comprised roughly 10% of the ganglionic populations. In the bilateral groups, as in the DUM groups, En expression was restricted to interneurons, consistent with the suggestion that En expression contributes to some aspect of interneuronal phenotype. En-positive neurons in the DUM groups also expressed gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity. Further study showed that all neurons in one En-positive bilateral group and some neurons in another bilateral group were GABA immunoreactive, but that neurons in a third bilateral group were En-positive only. Additionally, several discrete clusters of neurons were GABA-immunoreactive but En-negative. A provisional morphological scheme is presented, which relates the several neuronal clusters to their likely neuroblasts of origin, as a basis for further research into the composition of neuronal lineages.
Heterosynaptic Plasticity Underlies Aversive Olfactory Learning in Drosophila

Although associative learning has been localized to specific brain areas in many animals, identifying the underlying synaptic processes in vivo has been difficult. Here, we provide the first demonstration of long-term synaptic plasticity at the output site of the Drosophila mushroom body. Pairing an odor with activation of specific dopamine neurons induces both learning and odor-specific synaptic depression. The plasticity induction strictly depends on the temporal order of the two stimuli, replicating the logical requirement for associative learning. Furthermore, we reveal that dopamine action is confined to and distinct across different anatomical compartments of the mushroom body lobes. Finally, we find that overlap between sparse representations of different odors defines both stimulus specificity of the plasticity and generalizability of associative memories across odors. Thus, the plasticity we find here not only manifests important features of associative learning but also provides general insights into how a sparse sensory code is read out.
Capital management and bank value

Many banks are under pressure to increase funding by capital, especially equity capital. Return on assets increases, the leverage multiplier declines and the return required by investors should decline as banks increase reliance on equity financing. This article empirically demonstrates the importance of risk and profitability on bank value, and then conceptually illustrates how the price/book ratio and related value should be affected by those banking units either able to issue equity capital or change their capital structure.
TRENDS IN THE INCIDENCE OF AND INDICATIONS FOR CESAREAN SECTION AT CHARLOTTE MEMORIAL HOSPITAL DURING THE LAST 10 YEARS.

Abstract 1. In 22 years, 1,154 cesarean sections have been performed at Charlotte Memorial Hospital, the rate being 4 per cent. 2. In the past 10 years: (a) A significant decrease in the rate of cesarean section has occurred. Factors responsible include the use of intravenous oxytocin, less pre-eclampsia, and a somewhat more conservative attitude on the part of the attending staff. (b) The maternal mortality rate was 0.3 per cent. (c) The section fetal mortality rate was 3.8 per cent (uncorrected); term 2.2 per cent (uncorrected); and 1.3 per cent (corrected). 3. Questionnaire replies from 40 per cent of the membership of the South Atlantic Association showed the predominant cesarean section rate to be virtually unchanged for the past 20 years, remaining a conservative 2 to 3 per cent.
Differences between antigenic specificity of nonsoluble particles and soluble extracts prepared from Brucellae by disintegration

SummaryBacterial agglutinins were removed partly by intact bacteria or cell walls from brucella antisera and by absorption with heterologous antigens monospecific antisera were produced. Cell wall agglutination parallels almost completely the agglutination of intact bacteria, when cell wall suspensions of high density were employed. Precipitins for soluble bacterial antigens demonstrable by agar gel precipitation technic were nonspecific and were removed by relatively small amounts of absorbing antigens.
Closing the ultrafine particle number concentration budget at road-to-ambient scale: Implications for particle dynamics

ABSTRACTFreshly emitted vehicle exhaust particles are diluted quickly as they mix into ambient air, but the contribution of evaporation, coagulation, and/or nucleation of new particles to the number concentration has been the subject of some debate. We analyzed one-second time resolution size distribution data from an early morning field campaign, data collected at a time at which dilution has a smaller (but still dominant; ∼70−80%) impact on particle concentrations. Because the plume is diluted over an hour, and a distance of 1500 m, we can constrain the processes with higher accuracy. We find that concentrations in the smaller size bins (5.6–23.7 nm) peak further downwind than the reference particles (42.1–562 nm), and decay significantly faster than larger particles particularly in the area 100−400 m downwind. Comparisons of the cumulative contributions of van der Waals enhanced coagulation, dry deposition, and dilution and the observed decay curves, imply that for up to the first 50–100 m there is nuc...
Highly selective colorimetric and electrochemical sensing of iron (III) using Nile red functionalized graphene film.

Abstract We report a highly selective method for identification and detection of iron (III) (ferric iron, Fe 3+ ) using Nile red (NR) as a complexing agent. Fe 3+ preferentially binds with NR in dimethylformamide (DMF)/water (1:1) solution over other cations such as Fe 2+ , Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ , Hg 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ , Co 2+ and Cd 2+ at room temperature. In the presence of Fe 3+ , the color of NR solution changes from purple to dark brown, which is detectable with bare eyes. Using UV–vis spectroscopy, we could measure the amount of Fe 3+ in the sample solution by monitoring changes in absorption from 540 to 580 nm; the linear range and the limit of detection are 30–1000 µM and 24.9 µM, respectively. Taking advantage of the NR selectivity, we treated partially oxidized graphene sheets (po-Gr) with NR to obtain po-Gr-NR dispersion by ultrasonication. The NR-treated po-Gr flakes (po-Gr-NR) were characterized by UV–vis, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopies and FE-SEM, which indicated attachment of NR on po-Gr sheets. The po-Gr-NR hybrid film deposited glassy carbon electrode (po-Gr-NR/GCE) served as the Fe 3+ sensor. Differential pulse voltammetry was used to investigate the detection of Fe 3+ in 0.05 M HCl+0.05 M KCl solution. The linear range and the limit of detection of Fe 3+ were from 37.5 nM to 21.53 µM and 18.7 nM, respectively. Furthermore, this sensor was successfully used to measure Fe 3+ content in red wine samples.
Antonin Scalia, Living Constitutionalist

Justice Antonin Scalia was a vigorous defender of originalism, but in some of his most important opinions, he was a superb practitioner of living constitutionalism. Two of the best examples are his majority opinions in Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife (involving standing) and Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (involving “takings”). His affirmative action opinions fall in the same category, and District of Columbia v. Heller, though written in originalist terms, can easily be seen as a moral reading of the Second Amendment. One lesson involves the gravitational pull of precedents, which can draw judges away from their preferred methodologies. The larger lesson is that moral readings of the Constitution are exceptionally difficult to avoid in specific cases, even for judges who abhor them in general.
Angiotensin II modulates the intrarenal effects of atrial natriuretic peptide

The mechanism by which atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases renal water and solute excretion is not fully understood. We studied the renal effects of ANP and angiotensin II (ANG II) separately and together in uninephrectomized conscious dogs (n = 7) in sodium metabolic balance (80 meq/day). Exogenous ANG II and ANP were without measurable systemic effects as demonstrated by absence of changes in blood pressure, plasma aldosterone concentration, and plasma renin activity. The quantity of ANG II that had significant renal effects that were without measurable systemic effects was 0.2 pmol.kg-1.min-1. Three infusion rates of ANP had significant renal effects (1, 10, and 20 pmol.kg-1.min-1). These quantities of ANP caused significant diuresis, natriuresis, kaliuresis, and increased glomerular filtration rate without significant changes in renal plasma flow. ANG II alone caused significant antidiuresis, antinatriuresis, and decreased glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow. When ANG II and ANP were given together, no change in urinary flow rate, urinary sodium or potassium excretion, or renal plasma flow was observed, whereas glomerular filtration rate increased. Filtration fraction increased significantly with ANG II and ANP separately and together. Intrarenal ANP prevents the ANG II-induced decrement in urinary sodium excretion and urine flow rate. ANP may play an important role in escape from the sodium-retaining action of intrarenal ANG II.
Stress and Bodily Illness

The relationship between stress and the development of illness is not that simple or straightforward. To understand the role of stress in a multifactorial disease model and to pinpoint areas in which psychological interventions might be useful, we must evaluate the empirical work supporting a link between stress and disease, and specify the mechanisms that might be involved. What is meant by the word “stress” is clarified, and some methodologic problems in the data base are considered.
Mind–Body Practices for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Mind–body practices have existed for hundreds to thousands of years. Within the last century, the medical community has become interested in the effects of these practices. There is encouraging data to suggest that mind–body practices can exert significant beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. It is probable that the beneficial effects of mind–body practices on such diverse factors as blood pressure, autonomic function, response to stress, inflammation, mood, interpersonal relationships, lifestyle, and telomere length will result in reduced cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality. While more data on cardiovascular endpoints are needed, mind–body practices should strongly be considered for the promotion of overall mental and physical health.
Vision-based pedestrian monitoring at intersections including behavior & crossing count

This work presents a tracking system which delivers count and behavior analysis of pedestrians by leveraging existing traffic camera infrastructure. The proposed system is able to detect either stationary or moving pedestrians through contextual fusion of appearance and motion cues. Pedestrian recognition performance is improved through cooperating tracking algorithms. Greedy bipartite graph matching is used to initialize newly detected pedestrians and optical flow is then utilized to handle tracking through partial occlusions. Experimental results including system evaluation and behavior analyses of pedestrians show the efficiency of the system to count and assess pedestrians' waiting time and crossing speeds. Additionally, heat-maps which indicate the waiting and moving locations of pedestrians at the intersection are provided to better understand usage patterns.
Lupus Skin Is Primed for IL-6 Inflammatory Responses through a Keratinocyte-Mediated Autocrine Type I Interferon Loop.

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus is a disfiguring and common manifestation in systemic lupus erythematosus, and the etiology of this predisposition for cutaneous inflammation is unknown. Here, we sought to examine the keratinocyte as an important source of IL-6 and define the mechanism for its increased production in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Evaluation of discoid and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus lesions showed significant epidermal up-regulation of IL-6 compared with control via real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Keratinocytes from unaffected skin of lupus patients produced significantly more IL-6 compared with healthy control subjects after exposure to toll-like receptor 2, 3, or 4 agonists or exposure to UVB radiation. Pretreatment with type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-κ) increased IL-6 production by control keratinocytes, and type I IFN blockade decreased IL-6 secretion by lupus keratinocytes. Secretion of keratinocyte-specific IFN-κ was significantly increased after toll-like receptor 2 and UVB treatment in lupus keratinocytes, and neutralization of IFN-κ decreased IL-6 production by lupus keratinocytes. Thus, lupus keratinocytes are primed for IL-6 hyperproduction in a type I IFN-dependent manner. Increased production of IFN-κ by lupus keratinocytes drives this response, indicating that IFN-κ may play a pathogenic role in cutaneous lupus erythematosus and serve as a target for treatment.