cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlled local presentation of matrix proteins in microparticle-laden cell aggregates.

Multi-cellular aggregates are found in healthy and diseased tissues, and while cell–cell contact is important for regulating many cell functions, cells also interact, to varying degrees, with extra-cellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Islets of Langerhans are one such example of cell aggregates in contact with ECM, both at the periphery of the cluster and dispersed throughout. While several studies have investigated the effect of reintroducing contact with ECM proteins on islet cell survival and function, the majority of these experiments only allow contact with the exterior cells. Thus, cell-culture platforms that enable the study of ECM–cell interactions throughout multi-cellular aggregates are of interest. Here, local presentation of ECM proteins was achieved using hydrogel microwell arrays to incorporate protein-laden microparticles during formation of MIN6 β-cell aggregates. Varying the microparticle seeding density reproducibly controlled the number of microparticles incorporated within three-dimensional aggregates (i.e., total amount of protein). Further, a relatively uniform spatial distribution of laminin- and fibronectin-coated microparticles was achieved throughout the x-, y-, and z-directions. Multiple ECM proteins were presented to β-cells in concert by incorporating two distinct populations of microparticles throughout the aggregates. Finally, scaling the microwell device dimensions allowed for the formation of two different sized cell–particle aggregates, ∼80 and 160 µm in diameter. While the total number of microparticles incorporated per aggregate varied with size, the fraction of the aggregate occupied by microparticles was affected only by the microparticle seeding density, indicating that uniform local concentrations of proteins can be preserved while changing the overall aggregate dimensions. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1028–1037. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Holographic Stokesmeter using polarization-sensitive volume gratings

A holographic Stokesmeter utilizes the inherent polarization sensitivity of volume gratings to determine all four parameters of the input Stokes vector. We present theoretical and experimental results for an example system.
Fertilizer and Irrigation Management Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Nitrate Leaching

Irrigation and N fertilizer management are important factors affecting crop yield, N fertilizer recovery efficiency, and N losses as nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitrate (NO₃–⁾. Split application of conventional urea (split-U) and/or one-time application of products designed to perform as enhanced-efficiency N fertilizers may mitigate N losses. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of controlled-release polymer-coated urea (PCU), stabilized urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors (IU) and split-U on direct soil-to-atmosphere N₂O emissions, NO₃– leaching, and yield for fully irrigated and minimum-irrigated corn in loamy sand. Indirect N₂O emissions due to NO₃– leaching were estimated using published emission factors (EF₅). Split-U increased yield and N uptake compared with preplant-applied PCU or IU and decreased NO₃– leaching compared with PCU. Direct N₂O emissions were significantly less with IU or split-U than with PCU, and there was a trend for greater emissions with split-U than with IU (P = 0.08). Irrigation significantly increased NO₃– leaching during the growing season but had no significant effect on direct N₂O emissions. After accounting for significantly increased yields with irrigation, however, N losses expressed on a yield basis did not differ and in some cases decreased with irrigation. Post-harvest soil N and soil-water NO₃– in spring showed the potential for greater N leaching in minimum-irrigated than fully irrigated plots. Indirect emissions due to NO₃– leaching were estimated to be 79 to 117% of direct emissions using the default value of EF₅, thus signifying the potential importance of indirect emissions in evaluating management effects on N₂O emissions.
Numerical Investigation of Perfectly Premixed Combustion and the Effect of NOx Emission for Syngas in a Gas Turbine Combustor

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is a gasification process that is used to produce syngas from variety of fossil fuels, including coal, biomass, organic waste, and refinery residual. It contains variable composition of CO and H2. Because of its wide fuel flexibility, the syngas is considered as most effective fuel particularly for power generation purposes. These types of high hydrogen content fuel faces a great difficulty to lower the NOx emission due to its high flame speed, low ignition energy can cause flashback. This paper is focused on the syngas combustion along with the NOx emissions for different equivalence ratios for a multi-tube injector inside a gas turbine combustion chamber. This paper describes the numerical study of the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) for perfectly premixed combustion using CFD combustion modeling. In this study CO+H2 is mixed with air in lean equivalence ratio. The CFD Eddy Dissipation model is used to study the perfectly premixed combustion. Commercial software ANSYS Fluent has been used for CFD analysis. The Eddy Dissipation model is best for turbulent flows when the chemical reaction rate is fast relative to the transport processes in the flow. There is no kinetic control of the reaction process. The Eddy Dissipation model is sufficient enough for the combustion process if air and fuel is available in a control volume.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Finding History: How Captain Cortez Enloe's Journal Sheds New Light on the History of the World War II Air Commandos and Operation Thursday

This paper discusses the unknown journal kept by Air Commando flight surgeon Captain Cortez Enloe, the only surviving personal day-to-day account of the Air Commandos of World War II. The journal sheds new light on the history of the Air Commandos and Operation Thursday.
Long-Term Depletion of Naive T Cells in Patients Treated for Hodgkin's Disease

We investigated the representation of T cells in patients who had been treated for Hodgkin's disease (HD). We found a marked depletion in both CD4 and CD8 naive T-cell counts that persists up to 30 years after completion of treatment. In contrast, CD4 and CD8 memory T-cell subsets recovered to normal or above normal levels by 5 years posttreatment. Thus, the previously-reported long-term deficit in total CD4 T-cell counts after treatment for HD is due to specific depletion of naive T cells. Similarly, total CD8 T-cell counts return to normal by 5 years only because CD8 memory T cells expand to higher than normal levels. These findings suggest that the treatment (mediastinal irradiation) results in a longterm dysregulation of T-cell subset homeostasis. The profound depletion of naive T cells may explain the altered T-cell function in treated patients, including the poor response to immunization after treatment for HD. Further, in some individuals, we identified expansions of unusual subsets expressing low levels of CD8. Eight-color fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses showed that these cells largely express CD8αα homodimers and CD57, consistent with the phenotype of potentially extrathymically derived T cells. In addition, these cells, both CD4+ and CD4−, are probably cytotoxic lymphocytes, as they express high levels of intracellular perforin. In adults treated for HD, an increased activity of extrathymic T-cell differentiation may partially compensate for the loss of thymic-derived T cells.
The Ω hyperon

A large group of physicists at Brookhaven National Laboratory (Barnes 1964) have observed a hyperon of hypercharge Y = - 2 which decays by weak interactions. The existence of this hyperon was predicted (Behrends 1962, Gell-Mann 1962b, Glashow 1962) within the framework of unitary symmetry (to be discussed in the next section). The other quantum numbers of the Ω are predicted to be I = 0, J P = 3/2+.
The Advent of Sociocultural and Applied Anthropology at Arizona: A Brief Genealogy

Arizona Anthropologist Centennial Edition: 52-69. © 2015 Arizona Anthropologist John H. Provinse was on Dean Byron Cummings’ staff in the Department of Archaeology when he heard that Eshreh Shevky was recruiting a team of anthropologists to conduct surveys for the Soil Conservation Service on the Navajo reservation. Provinse had received his Ph.D at the University of Chicago under the direction of A.R. Radcliffe-Brown and Robert Redfield. Upon getting the SCS job, he wrote to Redfield in the fall of 1936: “I am sure that my Chicago training was largely responsible for securing me the appointment... I am trying to fit my conceptual scheme into the concepts employed by Shevky and his associates in the Planning Division. I find it very stimulating after the antiquarian sterility of Tucson” (Kelly 1985:142). During his abbreviated stay in Tucson, Provinse established friendships with two young colleagues, Harry T. Getty and Edward H. (Ned) Spicer. Getty received a master’s in 1932 for a thesis on the archaeology of the The Advent of Sociocultural and Applied Anthropology at Arizona: A Brief Genealogy
In Vitro Stability and Recovery of Insecticides from Milk

Recoveries of Sevin® (1-naphthyl N -methylcarbamate), Kepone® (decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-21f-cyclobuta [ed] pentalen-2-one), Bayer 29493 ( O,O -dimethyl O -[4-(methylthio)- m -tolyl] phosphorothioate), Bayer 22408 ( O -naphthalimido- O,O -diethyl phosphorothioate), Ruelene® ( O -4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl O -methyl methylphosphoramidate), and CoRal® ( O,O -diethyI O -(3-ch loro-4-methylumbelliferonc) phosphorothioate) from milk ranged from 87% to 97% using acetonitrile and chloroform as the primary extraction solvents and acetonitrile- N -hexane as a cleanup procedure. This extraction procedure was somewhat less effective for removing known amounts of DDT and dieldrin from milk. Acetonitrile-chloroform extraction of milk was usually more efficient for removing insecticides than was a 2: 1 mixture of diethyl ether and N -hexane. Ruelene, Bayer 22408, and Bayer 29493 were stable In Vitro in raw milk for periods up to 14 days of incubation, but after 3 days incubation, some Co-Ral equivalents remained in the milk residue following acetonitrile-chloroform extraction.
Crystalline Framework Material Containing Arrays of Vanadium Oxide Nanoclusters: A Polyoxovanadate Framework with Room Temperature NOx Sensing Properties

Transition metal oxide clusters provide attractive building blocks for synthesizing new materials with interesting structural, electronic, and magnetic properties. An interesting framework structure material [CdII3(H2O)12VIV16VV2O36(OH)6(AO4)]·24H2O (A = V, S), 1, composed of three-dimensional arrays of vanadium oxide nanoclusters {V18O42(AO4)} interconnected by {-O–Cd–O-} bridging groups, has been prepared and characterized. Compound 1, whose structure is resolved at the atomic level by single crystal X-ray structure analysis, exhibits properties suitable for gas sensing applications. Sensor devices fabricated from 1 show promising sensing properties for detecting environmentally detrimental {NOx} (NO and NO2) gases with good sensitivity and reversibility. This is a rare example of a polyoxometalate-based material showing room temperature NOx sensing properties.
Sleep-Dependent Consolidation of Value-Based Learning

It has been suggested that sleep selectively enhances memories with future relevance. Given that sleep’s benefits can vary by item within a learning context, the present study investigated whether the amount of sleep-dependent consolidation may vary across items based on the value of the to-be-learned material. For this purpose, we used a value-based learning paradigm in which participants studied words paired with point values. There were two groups; participants either studied the words in the evening and were tested after a 12 hr interval containing a full night of sleep, or studied the words in the morning and were tested after 12 hr of continuous daytime wake. Free recall (F(1,36) = 19.35, p<.001) and recognition accuracy (F(1,36) = 7.59, p = .01) for words were better following sleep relative to wake. However there was no difference in the linear increase in the probability of delayed recall with increasing word value for sleep and wake groups (p = .74). Thus, while encoding may vary with the value of the to-be-learned item, sleep-dependent consolidation does not.
Colloidal Stability of Particles in Lakes: Measurement and Significance

The stability of natural particles in a lake water is determined and effects of solution characteristics on particle stability are examined. Model simulations of the effects of particle stability, solid-solute partitioning, and hydraulic loading on the transport and fate of particles and associated pollutants and nutrients are presented.
Analysis of lead and cadmium contamination in foods of Jinan during 2010-2012

Objective To understand the pollution levels of lead and cadmium in main food of Jinan,in order to provide a reliable basis for carrying out the evaluation and early warning of lead and cadmium pollution in food. Methods According to the food contaminants monitoring plans of Shandong province and Jinan city,the food samples were collected to detect the lead and cadmium by graphite furnace atomic absorption in the experimental part,then the detection results were evaluated according to the relevant national standards. Results Lead was detected in 512 samples in 3 years,the over- limit rate was 0. 78%,mainly in wheat. While cadmium was detected in 454 samples in 3 years,the over- limit rate was 1. 1%,mainly in bivalves,gastropods,cephalopods of the aquatic products and wheat. Conclusion Lead and cadmium contamination level is low in food of Jinan,but heavy metals were detected more or less in various types of food. So it need to further strengthen the monitoring and control of pollution,to protect the health of the population.
Myocardial Cytosolic Calcium Accumulation During Ischemia/Reperfusion: The Effects of Aging and Cardioplegia

Cytosolic calcium in the myocardium is rapidly accumulated during ischemia and has been correlated with the attenuation of functional recovery in the myocardium. The aged myocardium is more sensitive to ischemia and accumulates significantly more cytosolic calcium than either the newborn or the mature myocardium. Modification of the age-related propensity to increased cytosolic calcium accumulation may be achieved through the use of magnesium or potassium/magnesium cardioplegia. Improved postischemic ventricular function obtained with magnesium or potassium/magnesium cardioplegia may have important implications in the reduction of myocardial morbidity and mortality.
Mastery of the logic of natural numbers is not the result of mastery of counting: evidence from late counters.

To master the natural number system, children must understand both the concepts that number words capture and the counting procedure by which they are applied. These two types of knowledge develop in childhood, but their connection is poorly understood. Here we explore the relationship between the mastery of counting and the mastery of exact numerical equality (one central aspect of natural number) in the Tsimane’, a farming-foraging group whose children master counting at a delayed age and with higher variability than do children in industrialized societies. By taking advantage of this variation, we can better understand how counting and exact equality relate to each other, while controlling for age and education. We find that the Tsimane’ come to understand exact equality at later and variable ages. This understanding correlates with their mastery of number words and counting, controlling for age and education. However, some children who have mastered counting lack an understanding of exact equality, and some children who have not mastered counting have achieved this understanding. These results suggest that understanding of counting and of natural number concepts are at least partially distinct achievements, and that both draw on inputs and resources whose distribution and availability differ across cultures.
As El Niño builds, Pacific Warm Pool expands, ocean gains more heat

El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects substantial redistributions of ocean temperature, both horizontal and vertical, on interannual time scales, especially in the Pacific Ocean. Analyses of monthly Argo-based ocean temperature maps illustrate large-scale ocean heat content redistributions with ENSO. They quantify a globally averaged sea surface temperature warming of ~0.1°C with a 1°C increase of the Nino3.4 index (a moderate El Nino), a substantial perturbation to the 0.13°C decade−1 trend in sea surface temperature. Monthly satellite-based estimates of Earth's energy imbalance suggest that a 1°C increase of the Nino3.4 index corresponds to an increase of ~3.4 ZJ in Earth's energy storage, more gently modulating the longer-term ~114 ZJ decade−1 trend. Yearly global ocean heat content estimates based on ocean temperature data, with their reduced uncertainties compared to monthly maps, reveal interannual variations in Earth's energy storage that correspond well with satellite-based estimates.
Optimizing regional power production under thermal pollution constraints

A majority of electricity generation in the US is produced by thermoelectric power plants which require a constant supply of water for cooling. Many of these plants eject large quantities of hot water that was used for cooling into an adjacent river—a phenomenon known as thermal pollution—causing harm to local ecosystems and aquatic life. Commonly, plants lie within interconnected river networks, whence thermal pollution from plants upstream is translated to plants dowstream, causing less-effective cooling, and decreases in efficiency. By default, plants are managed locally, and government regulations combating thermal pollution take the form of local river temperature constraints. We propose analyzing this situation regionally, seeking to balance the trade-off between power demand and required pollution minimization in a region. We first consider fractional variants of this problem where plants may operate at some fraction of their total capacity. We provide optimal poly-time algorithms for such cases. We show that the integer version of the problem—where plants are either fully on or off—is already NP-hard when the river network topology is a path graph. We provide a dynamic programming FPTAS in this case. We compare the results of our algorithms to baseline heuristics in simulation.
Dialysis, Albumin Binding, and Competitive Binding: A Laboratory Lesson Relating Three Chemical Concepts to Healthcare

Introductory Chemistry laboratories must go beyond “cookbook” methods to illustrate how chemistry concepts apply to complex, real-world problems. In our case, we are preparing students to use their chemistry knowledge in the healthcare profession. The experiment described here explicitly models three important chemical concepts: dialysis of small molecules (dye), reversible binding (dye binding to albumin), and competitive binding (dye and a competitor binding to albumin). Moreover, each concept is intimately related to a physiological phenomenon: dialysis is used to treat renal failure, drugs travel in the blood bound to albumin, and competitive albumin binding is a common drug–drug interaction. In the context of this simple series of experiments, students create models, use evidence to validate their models, and finally use their understanding to describe physiological phenomena. This laboratory experiment was implemented in a 100-level course for predominantly prenursing majors. Student pre- and postla...
From Search to Construction

A different approach to solving search problems is shown in this chapter using the example of the aircraft war game. LG was applied to this game, the 2D/4A problem, in Chapter 3. The solution considered was a result of a very small search, just 46 moves. In (Stilman, 1996b, 1997d) it was proved that this solution is optimal. The subsequent research showed that the approach based on a minor alteration of this proof allows us to construct a solution without any search at all. Moreover, this approach is applicable to a broader class of the abstract board games, the Reti-like problems.
Atmospheric pCO2 reconstructed across five early Eocene global warming events

Abstract Multiple short-lived global warming events, known as hyperthermals, occurred during the early Eocene (56–52 Ma). Five of these events – the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM or ETM1), H1 (or ETM2), H2, I1, and I2 – are marked by a carbon isotope excursion (CIE) within both marine and terrestrial sediments. The magnitude of CIE, which is a function of the amount and isotopic composition of carbon added to the ocean–atmosphere system, varies significantly between marine versus terrestrial substrates. Here we use the increase in carbon isotope fractionation by C3 land plants in response to increased pCO2 to reconcile this difference and reconstruct a range of background pCO2 and peak pCO2 for each CIE, provided two potential carbon sources: methane hydrate destabilization and permafrost-thawing/organic matter oxidation. Although the uncertainty on each pCO2 estimate using this approach is low (e.g., median uncertainty = + 23 % / − 18 % ), this work highlights the potential for significant systematic bias in the pCO2 estimate resulting from sampling resolution, substrate type, diagenesis, and environmental change. Careful consideration of each of these factors is required especially when applying this approach to a single marine–terrestrial CIE pair. Given these limitations, we provide an upper estimate for background early Eocene pCO2 of 463 +248/−131 ppmv (methane hydrate scenario) to 806 +127/−104 ppmv (permafrost-thawing/organic matter oxidation scenario). These results, which represent the first pCO2 proxy estimates directly tied to the Eocene hyperthermals, demonstrate that early Eocene warmth was supported by background pCO2 less than ∼3.5× preindustrial levels and that p CO 2 > 1000 ppmv may have occurred only briefly, during hyperthermal events.
Algebraic study of the sewing operation

The main purpose of this and the next chapter is to study the sewing operation for spheres with tubes in great detail. In the preceding chapter, we have seen that local coordinate maps play an essential role in the definition of the sewing operation and that the sewing equation involves local coordinate maps. Since local coordinate maps can always be expanded as power series, the sewing operation should have a corresponding interpretation in terms of series. It turns out that we need not only this interpretation but also a whole formal theory of the sewing operation.
Abstract P162: The Association Between Hypertension and Incident Heart Failure by Race and Gender

Background: Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart failure (HF), but associations of hypertension with HF may vary by race and gender. Objective: To assess race and gender differences in the association between hypertension and incident HF hospitalization in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Methods: REGARDS participants without suspected baseline HF (n = 25,759) were followed from study entry in 2003-2007 through 2014 with adjudication of incident HF hospitalizations (n = 855). Hypertension was defined as systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg or self-reported antihypertensive medication use. Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between hypertension and HF hospitalization in subgroups separately by race or gender, with each subgroup model adjusted for race, gender, age, income, region of residence, health insurance, body mass index, smoking, history of coronary heart disease, diabetes, reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate, total cholesterol, statin use, physical activity, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms. Results: The mean age of the population was 64.5 years, 40.0% were black and 55.0% were female. The prevalence of hypertension was 57.1% and more common among blacks (69.3%) compared to whites (48.9%) but similar among males (56.5%) and females (57.6%). Over a median follow-up of 8.4 years, incidence rates for HF hospitalization were 4.19, 4.46, 5.14 and 4.29 per 1,000 person-years for whites, blacks, males and females, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, the association between hypertension and HF was stronger among blacks versus whites (HR 2.28 vs HR 1.50, p-interaction=0.04) and similar among males and females (HR 1.61 vs HR 1.83, p-interaction=0.19). ( Figure ) Conclusion: Hypertension may be a stronger risk factor for incident HF among blacks versus whites. This finding may be due to disparities in hypertension severity, control, or duration.
Reference intervals for the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy canines.

Background Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) exists as 5 isoenzymes (LD-1 through LD-5) that are expressed throughout the body and can be detected in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). LD and its isoenzymes have been relatively unstudied in veterinary medicine, although studies in human medicine have demonstrated that changes in total LD activity and atypical isoenzyme patterns can indicate disease processes, including neurologic abnormalities. Objectives The purpose of this study was to establish RIs for LD and its isoenzymes in the serum and CSF of clinically healthy dogs. By establishing a definitive RI for this enzyme in healthy canines, further study of the clinical and diagnostic usefulness of LD can be undertaken. Methods Serum and atlantoaxial CSF were collected from clinically healthy dogs. Total LD activity was measured spectrophotometrically immediately after collection. Isoenzyme distributions were also determined within 8 hours of collection using the QuickGel LD Isoenzyme technique and a densitometric scanner. Results The median serum total LD in healthy canines was 69.0 U/L (n = 41; range: 21.0-217.0 U/L), while the median CSF total LD was 10.0 U/L (n = 40; range: 6.0-19.3 U/L). LD-5 is the predominant isoenzyme in canine serum (n = 40), contributing over half of the total enzyme activity. Conversely, in canine CSF (n = 42), LD-1 is the predominant isoenzyme, followed by LD-2 and LD-3. Conclusions Knowledge of the distribution and concentration of LD in the serum and CSF of healthy dogs will set the foundation for future studies of canine LD as a potentially clinically useful biomarker.
Reproductive medicine: Walk, don't run: a case study of frozen embryo transfers.

The past decade has witnessed an accelerated trend towards freeze-all or frozen embryo transfer cycles in reproductive medicine. However, the results of two recent randomized controlled trials seem to indicate that this deliberate shift in practice towards frozen embryo transfer cycles was premature and perhaps even misguided.
Modular heat sink for chip-scale GaN transistors in multilevel converters

The flying capacitor multilevel topology shows promise for high power density inverter designs and presents new cooling challenges. Typical implementations feature a number of coplanar power transistors, including those with top-cooled, flipchip packages, assembled on a single printed circuit board or array of switching cell daughter boards. Cooling each transistor requires the use of a compressible thermal interface material to compensate for component height tolerance and to provide electrical insulation. However, this interface material presents a high impedance in the thermal path. Thus, a modular approach for forced-air heat sinking is proposed, where variation in height can be accommodated per device while electrical isolation may no longer be necessary. This scheme allows a thinner, less compliant, and higher performance interface material to be used. Additionally, a 3D-printed manifold is presented as a means to favorably direct forced-air across the cooling surfaces.
A Robust and Self-Adaptive Clocking Technique for RSFQ Circuits — The Architecture

In the beyond-CMOS era, many researchers are investigating technologies that have the potential of complementing, if not overtaking, silicon-based electronics. One of which is rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) superconductive technology. Due to timing and uncertainties challenges, the promised benefits of three orders of magnitude lower power at an order of magnitude higher performance does not look attainable. In this paper, we propose an innovative self-adaptive clocking technique which is designed to be robust against an unprecedented variability. Whereas the traditional zero-skew clocking is not reliable for large scale RSFQ designs, our proposed hierarchical chains of homogeneous clover-leaves clocking inherits its robustness from spatially correlated cell delays and from the timing robustness of the RSFQ traditional counter-flow clocking. Our simulations on ISCAS'85 benchmark circuits show our robust clocking costs can be on average within 34% as fast as ideal zero-skew jitter-free clock trees with an average area overhead of 58%. Moreover, lower area overhead is also possible at the cost of performance, demonstrating the possible trade-off between performance and area. We assert that these overheads are acceptable given the benefits of much higher functionality and feasibility, as quantified by yield, as well as improved scalability. In particular, previous efforts [1] reported that a similar, but more limited, clocking structure leads to up to 93% higher yield than zero-skew trees.
Synthesis and characterization of lactose fatty acid ester biosurfactants using free and immobilized lipases in organic solvents

Abstract In this work, lactose fatty acid esters were enzymatically synthesized from fatty acids and lactose using Candida antarctica B lipase (CALB) in organic solvents. Products were purified using a solvent extraction method and analyzed using ATR-FTIR and surface-active properties measurements. Results showed that hexanes and acetonitrile provide the highest conversions for both free and immobilized lipases, up to 77% and 93% respectively. The conversion rate of esterification is solvent-dependent for free lipase; the conversion rate of immobilized lipase still shows solvent dependency, but to a lesser degree. Surface tension, interfacial tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), and contact angles were also measured for all of the samples, showing the potentials of these sugar esters as naturally derived surfactants for the food industry.
The Postcranial Morphotype of Primates

The goal of this chapter is to reconstruct aspects of the postcranial morphotype of the order Primates and to assess their significance for the positional behavior of the ancestor. What derived features of the limb skeleton are likely to have distinguished the last common ancestor of primates from more remote ancestors and what implications does this set of features have for the way of life of the ancestor of Primates? In pursuing this goal, the following questions are addressed:
Three Tides: The Development and State of the Art of Urban Ecological Science

The development of the science of urban ecology in the United States has not been continuous. We identify three specific periods during the twentieth century when the application of ecological science to understanding the structure and dynamics of urban areas gained momentum. We begin with the Chicago School of the 1920s and 1930s that applied concepts from ecological science to understand the spatial differentiation of people and land uses. The second period considered the city as a system. The third, and contemporary period, advocates an inclusive approach that considers cities as integrated ecological and social systems. We use the metaphor of tides to frame our discussion of the developments that allowed the tide to come in and that perhaps also caused that tide to ebb. Each tide however, contributed approaches and understandings that were ready to be used upon the arrival of the next tide.
A Natural Algal Polyculture Outperforms an Assembled Polyculture in Wastewater-Based Open Pond Biofuel Production

Abstract Use of diverse algal polycultures could enhance the viability of mass algal cultivation by increasing the productivity and stability of production. However, there are multiple approaches for selecting productive polycultures, ranging from a synthetic ecology approach using carefully selected laboratory strains, to collection and cultivation of naturally occurring polycultures. In this study, we compared the performance of a systematically assembled and a naturally occurring polyculture under two conditions: 1) pilot-scale, semi-continuous culture conditions and 2) grazing and resource stress conditions. The naturally occurring polyculture had 25% higher mean biomass productivity and 19% higher N-removal efficiency than the assembled polyculture under semi-continuous culture. Differences became even more pronounced under grazing and resource stress conditions; mean biomass productivity was 60% higher in the naturally occurring polyculture when exposed to stress. Lipid and protein content (% dry mass) were significantly higher in the assembled polyculture, while carbohydrate content was higher in the naturally occurring polyculture. The naturally occurring polyculture maintained higher diversity than the assembled polyculture throughout the experiment, suggesting a greater degree of niche complementarity as a potential mechanism for differences in biomass yields and nutrient uptake. Our results show that systematically engineered algal communities may not always lead to greater productivity than algal communities found in nature per se. We suggest that future studies using polycultures assembled from lab strains should test them against those occurring naturally; collectively, this would both serve as a benchmark for progress in synthetic ecology and would test whether there are generalities in the performance of natural vs. assembled polycultures.
Racial disparities in surveillance mammography among older breast cancer survivors

Despite lower incidence rates among black women and a national decline in breast cancer (BC) deaths, there is a widening gap in BC mortality rates between black and white women in the United States. A previous study evaluating data from 1992 to 1999 found a racial disparity in the receipt of surveillance mammography. We sought to evaluate whether this disparity persists between black and white women diagnosed with BC between 2000 and 2011. Using the SEER-Medicare registry, we conducted an analysis of women ≥ 66 years diagnosed with early-stage (0–III) BC between 2000 and 2011 who underwent BC surgery. The primary outcome was receipt of surveillance mammography within 12 months of surgery. Chi square analyses were used to compare characteristics between black and white women. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess receipt of surveillance mammography after controlling for potential confounders. There were 3353 black and 40,564 white women in the final cohort. After adjusting for confounders, black women were still 24% less likely than white women to receive surveillance mammography (Odds ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.70–0.0.82). Those who were married, younger, in the highest income quartile, diagnosed at earlier stages, had a lower comorbidity score, or who resided in metropolitan areas were more likely to receive surveillance mammography (p < 0.05). We found that older black BC survivors continue to experience lower rates of surveillance mammography, even after adjusting for multiple potential confounders. There remains a need to investigate which individual and systemic factors affect disparities in breast cancer care.
Abstract CS1-3: Moderate penetrance mutations: What to do?

Genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility has expanded beyond sequencing of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Panel testing has allowed for rapid, affordable, and routine testing of multiple genes simultaneously. There is no one standard “panel” – panels range in types and number of genes tested and panel composition is at the discretion of the ordering provider. Some of the genes commonly included have been long associated with specific genetic syndromes with high lifetime risks of the associated cancers, e.g. mutations in PTEN and Cowden9s Syndrome, TP53 and Li Fraumeni Syndrome, STK11 and Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, and CHD1 and Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer. The inclusion of these “high penetrance genes” on broad cancer panels can lead to challenges regarding discussion and management when detected in families which are not syndromic (for example, the discussion of prophylactic gastrectomy in individuals with CDH1 mutations and no family history of gastric cancer). Mutations in other genes are clearly associated with breast cancer but with lower lifetime risks than for BRCA1 and BRCA2; for example, the lifetime risk of breast cancer for a PALB2 mutation is approximately 40-50%, whereas for ATM and truncating CHEK2 mutations this risk is 25-30%. Mutations in BRIP, RAD51C, and RAD51D are clearly associated with ovarian cancer with lifetime risks of approximately 10% (significantly lower than for BRCA1 mutations). This lecture will address the current understanding of associated cancer risks for mutations in genes included in hereditary cancer panels with a focus on implications for risk reduction and treatment. Citation Format: Domchek S. Moderate penetrance mutations: What to do? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr CS1-3.
Association Between Author Diversity and Acceptance Rates and Citations in Peer-Reviewed Earth Science Manuscripts

The scientific community is becoming more demographically diverse, and team science is becoming more common. Here, we compare metrics of success in STEM, such as acceptance rates and citations, bet...
Maximum Gaps in Path Coverage

We study the maximum size of coverage gaps by sensors selected to cover a path. Gap sizes, and not just total coverage, are important because significant events can be missed during uncovered periods. The amount of knowledge about a path affects the ability to select sensors to cover it. We first study how coverage gaps are affected by increases in knowledge and improvements in selection strategies when sensors are selected to maximize path coverage. The gap size does not necessarily decrease in the same way that coverage increases with a better selection. We then show that even simple modifications to the algorithm can reduce the coverage gap, and show how this is affected about the level of knowledge.
Evaluation of a novel esophageal retractor utilizing vacuum suction and mechanical force for deviating the esophagus.

BACKGROUND Deviation of the esophagus prevents esophageal injury during atrial fibrillation ablation. OBJECTIVES This study is to evaluate, in animals, safety and effectiveness of a novel esophageal retractor that utilizes vacuum suction and mechanical force to deviate the esophagus. METHODS Following general anesthesia, a radiopaque ruler was placed behind the animal perpendicular to the esophagus. The esophageal retractor was inserted and esophagram was completed. Suction force (280-300 mm Hg) was applied to the distal aspect of the device that resulted in adherence of the esophagus in a circumferential manner. Then movement of a deflecting arm was used to deviate the esophagus. Four animal studies completed: (a) deviation distance and presence of trailing edge; (b) effect of 1 hour continuous suction and deviation upon esophageal cellular architecture; (c) impact on luminal esophageal temperature (LET) during high power ablation; and (d) compatibility of esophageal retractor with electroanatomic mapping system. RESULTS The distance of deviation to the right (26.6 ± 2.5 mm) was higher than to the left (18.7 ± 2.3 mm; P < .01). There was no esophageal trailing edge in 65/68 deviations (96%). With continuous suction for 1 hour, pathology revealed small, <1mm, circular area of hyperemia in the esophageal mucosa. During high power ablation, the maximum increase in LET was 0.2°C. Finally, there was no interference between the device and electro-anatomical mapping system. CONCLUSION In animal models, the esophageal retractor utilizing vacuum suction was successful at deviating the esophagus without significant trailing edge and with minor (1 mm) injury with prolonged continuous suction.
Trihalomethane precursors: Land use hot spots, persistence during transport, and management options.

Abstract To meet drinking water regulations, rather than investing in costly treatment plant operations, managers can look for ways to improve source water quality; this requires understanding watershed sources and fates of constituents of concern. Trihalomethanes (THMs) are one of the major classes of regulated disinfection byproducts, formed when a specific fraction of the organic carbon pool—referred to as THM precursors—reacts with chorine and/or bromine during treatment. Understanding the source, fate, timing and duration of the organic compounds that react to form THMs will allow identification of targeted and effective management actions. In this study we evaluated THM precursor contributions from multiple land use categories and hydrologic contexts, including novel data for urban land uses that demonstrate strong potential to release water with high THM formation potential (THMFP; median 618 μg L−1): greater than storm runoff integrated across a mixed-use (1/3 natural, 2/3 agricultural) watershed (median 460 μg L−1), irrigation runoff from agricultural systems (357 μg L−1), or runoff from a natural forested (median 123 μg L−1) and shrubland/grassland (median 259 μg L−1) watersheds. While individual storm events released high THM precursor concentrations over short periods, dry season agricultural irrigation as well as urban landscapes have the potential to release water high in THM precursors for several months. Experimental bioassays and sampling along 333 miles of the California Aqueduct confirmed bioavailability and photooxidation potential of less than 10% for THM precursors, suggesting that rivers with residence times of days to weeks may act as THM precursor conduits, shuttling THM precursors from hundreds of miles away to drinking water intakes with minimal degradation. This finding has considerable implications for water managers, who may therefore consider THM precursor management strategies that target even sources located far upstream.
When floods hit the road: Resilience to flood-related traffic disruption in the San Francisco Bay Area and beyond

As sea level rises, urban traffic networks in low-lying coastal areas face increasing risks of flood disruptions. Closure of flooded roads causes employee absences and delays, creating cascading impacts to communities. We integrate a traffic model with flood maps that represent potential combinations of storm surges, tides, seasonal cycles, interannual anomalies driven by large-scale climate variability such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation, and sea level rise. When identifying inundated roads, we propose corrections for potential biases arising from model integration. Our results for the San Francisco Bay Area show that employee absences are limited to the homes and workplaces within the areas of inundation, while delays propagate far inland. Communities with limited availability of alternate roads experience long delays irrespective of their proximity to the areas of inundation. We show that metric reach, a measure of road network density, is a better proxy for delays than flood exposure.
Acute diverticulitis: Surgical management

Abstract The management of acute diverticulitis is a constantly evolving field. Diverticular disease can range from mild abdominal pain to severe disease with perforation and sepsis. Due to this wide spectrum of presentation, management must be tailored to the individual. Treatment options vary from medical management to laparoscopic lavage to colectomy to appropriately treat the patient. The surgeon is responsible in assessing the necessity of surgery for patients who not only present acutely, but for those who have recovered and may need planning for possible recurrences. This chapter will review the current recommendations for the surgical management of acute diverticulitis.
Midlife Women with HIV: Health, Social, and Economic Factors Shaping Their Futures

Women are the fastest growing population infected with HIV. They are more impoverished, less healthy, and they succumb to AIDS faster than men. Even in Wisconsin, a relatively low prevalence state,...
Regulation of EGF Receptors and Nuclear Protooncogenes by Estrogen

Estrogens stimulate the growth of both normal target tissues and estrogen sensitive tumor cells. Recent studies from a number of laboratories have raised the possibility that these growth responses may involve an interplay between the steroid, peptide growth factors, and nuclear protooncogenes. For example, estrogens stimulate secretion of IGF and EGF-like peptides in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, and these peptides can support MCF-7 cell growth in the absence of the steroid (Dickson et al., 1986a, b). Similarly, in vivo, estrogens regulate uterine EGF (Gonzales et al.; DiAugustine et al.), EGF receptors (Mukku et al., 1985a), IGF (Murphy et al., 1988; Murphy et al., 1987a) and several nuclear protooncogenes (Travers et al.; Murphy et al., 1987b; Loose-Mitchell et al.; Weisz et al.). Furthermore, it has been reported that antibodies to EGF can diminish estrogen induced uterine growth in organ cultures (McLachlan et al.). Consequently, our laboratories have studied the in vivo induction of the nuclear protooncogene c-fos (Loose-Mitchell et al.) and the EGF receptor (Lingham et al.; Mukku et al., 1985a) by estrogens.
Discovery and optimization of a novel anti-GUCY2c x CD3 bispecific antibody for the treatment of solid tumors

We report here the discovery and optimization of a novel T cell retargeting anti-GUCY2C x anti-CD3e bispecific antibody for the treatment of solid tumors. Using a combination of hybridoma, phage di...
Death, Deprivation and the Afterlife

Most people believe that death is bad for the one who dies. Much attention has been paid to the Epicurean puzzle about death that the rests on a tension between that belief and another—that death is the end of one’s existence. But there is nearby puzzle about death that philosophers have largely left untouched. This puzzle rests on a tension between the belief that death is bad for the one who dies and the belief that that death is not the end of one’s existence. Many philosophers have responded to the Epicurean puzzle with the deprivation account of the badness of death, which seeks to make sense of the badness of death given that there is no life after death. This paper focus on the other puzzle, and advances the argument that the deprivation account can also make sense of the badness of death given that there is life after death.