cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Locke's Philosophy of Language

Acknowledgements Note on textual references Introduction 1. Signs and signification 2. Particles and propositions 3. Essence and abstraction 4. Locke contra the Aristotelians: signification and definition 5. Beyond the bounds of sense? 6. The reception of Locke's philosophy of language 7. Conclusion Bibliography Index.
Labour productivity and energy intensity in Australia 1974–87: An input-output analysis

Abstract Energy and labour productivity in Australia is examined using the notion of vertical integration in an input-output framework. Results indicate a decline in productivity growth rates during the 1978–1982 period for both energy and labour. Energy productivity growth was negative during this period. The productivity slowdown was pronounced in the natural resource sectors, agriculture, food products, and minerals. Results indicate that movements in primary input efficiency are positively correlated suggesting that input complementarity may override substitution effects during macroeconomic shocks.
Ecological stoichiometry quantitatively predicts responses of tadpoles to a food quality gradient

Ecological stoichiometry (ES) uses elemental ratios and mass balance to explain organismal growth, an important parameter in ecological systems. In this study, we tested quantitative predictions of the ES "minimal model" for the growth rates of two tadpole species (wood frogs, Lithobates sylvaticus and American toads, Anaxyrus americanus), by manipulating light and the quality of a leaf litter mixture in a seminatural mesocosm experiment. We predicted that wood frogs, which consume leaf litter as a resource, would respond more strongly to leaf litter quality than toads, which forage on periphyton and algae. The ES minimal model, parameterized from literature values, provided strikingly accurate quantitative predictions of nonlinear wood frog growth patterns across gradients of leaf litter quality, both in this experiment and when applied to previously published data on wood frog growth responses to various leaf litter species. In contrast, toad growth was best explained by the biomass of periphyton, which was driven primarily by light availability and only indirectly influenced by litter-derived soluble polyphenols. This study demonstrates the power of ES to predict organism growth rates, and highlights potential applications of this theory to predicting population- and community-level responses to changing forest environments.
Patient blood transfusion management: discharge hemoglobin level as a surrogate marker for red blood cell utilization appropriateness.

BACKGROUND: Blood transfusion management strategies minimize transfusion-associated risks, enhance outcomes, and reduce costs. We explored an association of discharge hemoglobin (Hb) with pretransfusion Hb, transfusion indications, and red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. We stipulate that patients with discharge Hb concentrations greater than 10.0 g/dL, or even 9.0 g/dL, received excessive RBC transfusions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We examined aggregate data from five hospitals and for one of the hospitals, the focus hospital, we reviewed patient records for a period of 6 months. Data analyses included number of RBC units transfused and Hb values before transfusion, after transfusion, and at discharge. RESULTS: In aggregate, 27% to 47% patients had discharge Hb levels greater than 10.0 g/dL. At the focus hospital, 27% had a discharge Hb level greater than 10 g/dL and 50.3% had a discharge Hb level greater than 9.0 g/dL. At the focus hospital, the mean Hb trigger for transfusion was a Hb level of 7.3 g/dL; the mean posttransfusion Hb level was 9.3 g/dL and mean discharge Hb level was 9.2 g/dL. Overall, 76% of the transfusions were of an even number of RBC units. CONCLUSION: In aggregate, overutilization exceeded 20%. At the focus hospital, approximately one-quarter of patients receiving transfusions had a Hb concentration greater than 10.0 g/dL at discharge. Transfused patients' discharge Hb concentration represents an effective indicator for retrospective monitoring of transfusion appropriateness. In light of the large number of patients receiving even number transfusions, reviewing Hb levels after transfusion of each RBC unit could reduce unnecessary transfusions. Retrospective review of discharge Hb data focuses providers on transfusion outcomes and affords an educational opportunity for blood utilization management.
The effect of temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption of post-larvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de man) (crustacea: palaemonidae)

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen consumption of post-larvae of the catadromous prawn Macrohrachium rosenbergii was monitored at 20, 27, and 34 C at four levels of salinity (0, 7, 14, and 28%.) using a Gilson differential respirometer. 2. 2. Differences in oxygen consumption among salinity treatments were not significant except in larger animals, in which oxygen consumption decreased as salinity increased. 3. 3. Oxygen consumption increased with temperature. There was some evidence of weight dependency of the temperature response. Deviations in the weight-respiration relation at 34°C suggest high temperature is stressful. 4. 4. These data suggest that salinity does not affect distribution of small post-larvae but may influence movements of larger animals. High temperatures may induce migrations of smaller post-larvae.
The association of population density, reduced space, and uncomfortable temperatures with misconduct in a prison community

This study investigated the relation of population size, amount of personal space, and population density to the incidence of disruptive behavior over a 3-year period in a correctional institution for male youthful offenders. Population size was significantly correlated with the number but not the rate of disciplinary violations. The total amount of personal space and the index of population density were significantly correlated with both the number and the rate of violations. A post hoc analysis showed that the incidence of uncomfortably hot days had no relation to disruptive behavior. These results are contrasted with laboratory data on human crowding reporting no relation between population density and behavior pathology. It is suggested that the chronic high density explored in the present field study differs from temporarily crowded conditions produced in laboratory research on human crowding.
Dynamic modeling and analysis of a pouch type LiMn2O4/Carbon high power Li-polymer battery based on electrochemical-thermal principles

A dynamic model for a pouch type Li-polymer battery based on electrochemical and thermal principles is developed to analyze static and dynamic performances of a single cell. The model for the single cell is a quasi-three-dimensional, constructed by connecting one-dimensional models for micro cells using current collectors. The developed model can represent distributions of temperature, potentials, and current flows along with distribution of lithium ions through the plane. The model is coded using MATLAB and validated against a LiMn2O4/Carbon pouch type power cell. The static analysis includes responses of the terminal voltage at different current rates derived from the distribution of overpotentials in the micro cell as function of state of charge (SOC) as well as distribution of potentials and current flows in the single cell. Ion concentration in the electrodes and electrolyte of the micro cell are analyzed. The dynamic analysis includes voltage and temperature responses during charging and discharging processes. The results demonstrate effects of operation conditions on key variables of the cell performance that includes distribution of ions in the electrodes and electrolyte in micro cells as well as distribution of heat generation in single cell level during a charging and discharging process.
The Influence of Tailpipe Length on Flame Stability

The influence of tailpipe length on the stability of a flame anchored in a high-velocity propane-air stream contained in a 2-in. pipe test section has been experimentally examined. Two flameholders were studied; a bluff body and a reverse-jet. A satisfactory correlation of the bluff-body data was obtained by plotting (blowoff velocity) (tailpipe length) 0.31 versus equivalence ratio. For the reverse-jet, the correlation procedure yielded a value of 0.64 for the exponent on tailpipe length but the correlation was poorer. A better correlation of the bluff-body data was obtained when the exponent on tailpipe length was taken as a function of equivalence ratio.Copyright © 1967 by ASME
Lesion with the neurotoxin AF64A alters hippocampal cholinergic receptor function

Abstract The effect of selective lesion of cholinergic inputs to the hippocampus on the function of hippocampal cholinergic receptors was examined. Hippocampal cholinergic neurons were lesioned in the rat by administration of the selective cholinergic neurotoxin AF64A (ethylcholine mustard azirtdinium). Cholinergic receptor function was examined by assessing the ability of cholinergic agonists and antagonists to modulate the evoked release of radiolabelled acetylcholine (ACh) from hippocampal slices. Nicotine enhanced release, with a bell-shaped dose-response curve. The dose-response curve and EC 50 for nicotine was shifted 10-fold to the left in lesioned rats, suggesting an increased sensitivity to nicotine. However, there were no differences in either the number or affinity of nicotinic receptors as determined with binding studies. The muscarinic agonist oxotremorine inhibited the evoked release of ACh in control tissues, but had much less effect in AF64A-lesioned tissues. Binding to the M1 receptor subtype was not changed. However, the K d for binding to the high affinity subtype of the M2 receptor was increased 10-fold, suggesting that the receptor has become less sensitive to stimulation. Loss of M2 function may allow an increase in the effect of stimulating nicotinic receptors that modulate ACh release.
Damping in beams and plates due to slipping at the support boundaries, part 2: Numerical and experimental study

A numerical and experimental study for a beam and rectangular plate with dry friction damping due to slipping at the support boundaries is described. The results of the numerical simulation show that the simpler, more approximate theory of the companion paper, Part 1 [1], very closely predicts the measured vibration response, when slip or slip-stick occurs at the support boundaries. The design of the beam experimental apparatus, the utilization of the associated instrumentation, and the methodology for measuring the dry friction coefficient are also described in this paper.
Ranking anomalies in data centers

Data centers are growing in size and complexity driven by trends such as cloud computing and on-line services. Such large data centers pose several challenges for system management. Key among them is anomaly detection which is required to monitor and analyze metrics across several thousands servers and across multiple layers of abstractions to detect anomalous system behavior. In practice, multiple anomaly detection tools are used to continuously raise alarms across multiple metrics and servers. These alarms include both true positives and false alarms. Administrators and management tools act on these alarms for diagnosis and deeper root cause analysis and take appropriate management actions to mitigate the anomalous behaviors. Given the scale and scope of the system, the administrators and management tools are overwhelmed with the large number of alarms at any given instant, many of which are false alarms. It is therefore necessary to prioritize and rank these alarms, so as to take timely actions that maintain the service level agreements for the data center. Existing techniques for such ranking are ad-hoc and not scalable. We propose ranking windows of monitored metrics based on their probability of occurrence. We explain how these probabilities can be computed based either on the false positive rates for which the accompanying anomaly detectors were designed, or, when available, on the probability models underlying the false positive rates. In the simplest case, the ranking procedure reduces to computing the Z-score of the observed measurements and computing a statistic from a window of Z-scores to use as a basis for ranking. The proposed techniques are reliable, lightweight and easy to deploy in the modern data center. We have validated these techniques on synthetic data containing injected anomalies and on data acquired from production data centers.
A Heuristic Chip-Level Test Generation Algorithm

An algorithm is given for generating tests from chip-level functional descriptions. The algorithm uses a chip-level fault model to define faults and fault sensitization requirements, and uses the hardware description language (HDL) definition to solve for the test vector. Artificial intelligence techniques of goal trees and rule databases are used to implement the algorithm in ProLog. The goal types and solving strategies are outlined. The current, partial ProLog implementation is discussed.
CTLA4 engagement is required for induction of murine liver transplant spontaneous tolerance

Liver transplantation in mice is accepted spontaneously in all strain combinations. The mechanisms remain largely undefined. We hypothesize that signaling via the B7-CTLA4 receptor pathway is required for induction of liver transplant tolerance. Liver transplantation was performed from B10 (H2(b)) to C3H (H2(k)) mice. The recipients received anti-mouse CTLA4 mAb 0.25 mg i.p. every other day post-operatively. Liver grafts in anti-CTLA4 mAb treated recipients were acutely rejected. The allo-specific proliferative responses, anti-donor CTL and NK cell activities of GIC and SC and the serum levels of IFN-gamma and IL-2 from anti-CTLA4 mAb treated recipients were elevated significantly in comparison to the control mice. The frequency of IFN-gamma and IL-2 producing cells were markedly increased also in the anti-CTLA4 treated recipients. The immunohistology of liver grafts from anti-CTLA4 mAb treated mice showed extensively increased lymphocyte infiltration in the portal and general parenchymal areas, and expanded T-cell area in the spleen, with a reduction in the frequency of apoptotic cells observed by TUNEL staining compared with control mice. Thus CTLA4 signaling is critical for murine liver transplant tolerance induction. CTLA4 blockade promotes donor specific T-cell activation, cytotoxicity and Th1 polarization; protects alloreactive T cells from apoptotic death and induces liver allograft acute rejection.
Reflection Image Reducer

A reflection image reducer is described which will demagnify an infrared image to match the small sensitive area of an infrared detector. The folded optical system is compact. Spherical surfaces are used in a manner which corrects for spherical aberration. The optics are used nearly on axis to minimize off-axis aberrations.
Childhood Teasing and Adult Implicit Cognitive Biases

There is growing evidence for the role of negative implicit cognitions in eating disorders as well as other forms of psychopathology. What is less well understood are the potential developmental correlates of these biases and whether there is any preferential relation between the type of childhood experiences and implicit cognitions for one disorder versus another. This study examined the relations of implicit eating-relevant and depression-relevant cognitions with adult women’s reports of childhood teasing. As hypothesized, reports of childhood teasing were significantly related to both eating-relevant and depressive implicit associations. Supporting the preferential relations hypothesis, reports of a specific type of teasing—weight-related teasing—were significantly more strongly related to eating-relevant implicit associations than depression-relevant implicit associations. These findings were maintained even after statistically controlling for current symptom levels. Given the high comorbidity of eating disorders and depression, these findings represent an important step in better discerning the characteristics of negative childhood events hypothesized to be uniquely associated with disorder-specific cognitions.
Topoisomerase IIβ is required for lamina-specific targeting of retinal ganglion cell axons and dendrites

The specific partnering of synaptically connected neurons is central to nervous system function. Proper wiring requires the interchange of signals between a postmitotic neuron and its environment, a distinct pattern of transcription in the nucleus, and deployment of guidance and adhesion cues to the cell surface. To identify genes involved in neurite targeting by retinal ganglion cells (GCs), their presynaptic partners in the retina, and their postsynaptic targets in the optic tectum, we undertook a forward genetic screen for mutations disrupting visual responses in zebrafish. This rapid primary screen was subsequently refined by immunohistochemical labeling of retinal and tectal neurites to detect patterning errors. From this unbiased screen, the notorious (noto) mutant exhibited the most specific phenotypes: intact retinal and tectal differentiation but multiple neurite targeting defects in the retinal inner plexiform layer (IPL) and tectal neuropil. Positional cloning and morpholino phenocopy revealed that the mutation disrupts Topoisomerase IIβ (Top2b), a broadly distributed nuclear protein involved in chromatin modifications during postmitotic differentiation. Top2b-DNA interactions are known to regulate transcription of developmentally important genes, including axon guidance factors and cell adhesion molecules, but a specific role in local synaptic targeting has not been previously described. The neurite targeting defects among GC axons are largely restricted to crossovers between sublaminae of a specific layer, SFGS, and were shown by mosaic analysis to be autonomous to the GC axons. The noto mutant provides the first example of the importance of an epigenetic regulator, Top2b, in the intricate series of events that lead to a properly wired visual system.
The development and application of dynamic operational risk assessment in oil/gas and chemical process industry

Abstract A methodology of dynamic operational risk assessment (DORA) is proposed for operational risk analysis in oil/gas and chemical industries. The methodology is introduced comprehensively starting from the conceptual framework design to mathematical modeling and to decision making based on cost–benefit analysis. The probabilistic modeling part of DORA integrates stochastic modeling and process dynamics modeling to evaluate operational risk. The stochastic system-state trajectory is modeled according to the abnormal behavior or failure of each component. For each of the possible system-state trajectories, a process dynamics evaluation is carried out to check whether process variables, e.g., level, flow rate, temperature, pressure, or chemical concentration, remain in their desirable regions. Component testing/inspection intervals and repair times are critical parameters to define the system-state configuration, and play an important role for evaluating the probability of operational failure. This methodology not only provides a framework to evaluate the dynamic operational risk in oil/gas and chemical industries, but also guides the process design and further optimization. To illustrate the probabilistic study, we present a case-study of a level control in an oil/gas separator at an offshore plant.
Individual differences in the detection of embedded figures.

The individual differences in processing obtained by Hock (1973) were extended to two experiments in which the embedded figures test was recast into the form of a yes-no reaction time task. Ss emphasizing analytic processes detected the embedded figures more rapidly than Ss emphasizing structural processes, supporting the hypothesis that attention to the parts of the embedded figures was the strategy most appropriate for the task. Based on the interaction between familiarity (normal vs rotated orientation) and embeddedness (intact vs embedded figures), it was concluded in both experiments that familiarity facilitated the detection of the embedded figures for analytic Ss. For structural Ss, familiarity was similarly found to facilitate the detection of the embedded figures, but only when a template-matching strategy was possible (when the target figure and the embedded figure were physically identical).
Finding the reduct by granular computing using bit maps: Decision rules mining

Finding reduct is the core theme in rough set theory, and could be considered one form of data mining. However to find the "perfect" reduct has been proved to be an NP-hard problem. In this paper, we compute a reduct based on granular data model; each granule is represented by a bit string. The computing is very fast.
Propensity Score Method for Partially Matched Omics Studies

This paper focuses on the problem of partially matched samples in the presence of confounders. We propose using propensity score matching to adjust for confounding factors for the subset of data with incomplete pairs, followed by integrating the P-values computed from the complete and incomplete paired samples, respectively. Several simulations and a case study on DNA methylation are considered to evaluate the operating characteristics of the proposed method.
Crystal structure of the DNA gyrase GyrA N-terminal domain from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

In all cells, the topological problems associated with DNA replication, transcription and repair are managed by a class of enzymes known as DNA topoisomerases1. Many bacteria retain a unique topoisomerase, DNA gyrase, which maintains genomes in a negatively-supercoiled state using an ATP-dependent DNA duplex strand passage mechanism2. A key intermediate in gyrase’s catalytic cycle is the formation of an enzyme-mediated, double-stranded break in which a tyrosine resident in each of the two GyrA subunits of the heterotetrameric enzyme becomes covalently attached to the DNA3. This “cleavage complex” is potentially cytotoxic and is stabilized by the action of clinically-used antibiotics such as the fluoroquinolones4. Despite their clinical success, fluoroquinolone efficacy is being eroded by increasing levels of antibiotic resistance. In 2007, there were an estimated 9.2 million new Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, 4.9% of which were caused by multidrug-resistant strains5. The challenge of designing new antibiotics to combat rising resistance can be assisted by high-resolution structures of antibiotic targets; to this end, we have solved the crystal structure of the 59kDa M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase GyrA N-terminal domain (MtGyrA59), the principal drug-binding region of the enzyme. A comparative structural analysis of the M. tuberculosis and E. coli GyrA N-terminal domains reveals previously unobserved structural flexibility in a key hotspot for fluoroquinolone resistance.
Onlay Tibial Implants Appear to Provide Superior Clinical Results in Robotic Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

Background Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is an increasingly popular option for the treatment of single-compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA) in adults. Two options for tibial resurfacing during UKA are (1) all-polyethylene inlays and (2) metal-backed onlays.
1983 Society of Teachers of Emergency Medicine debate.

*Associate Residency DIrector, Department of Emergency Medlclne, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Mlchlgan TAsslstant Professor, Dlvlslon of Emergency MedIcal Services, Uwersity of Connecticut and Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Francls Hospital and MedIcal Center, Hartford, Connecticut *ClInical AssIstant Professor of Emergency Medlclne, Unlverslty of Illlnols, College of Medlclne at Peoria, Director of Emergency Medtcal Serwces. St. Francls Medlcal Center, Peoria, lltlnols §Professor, Dwsion of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver General Hospital
13C CP-MAS study of the polymorphs of naphthazarin and of some methyl derivatives

The high-resolution 13C solid-state NMR spectra of naphthazarin polymorphs and some of its derivatives having methyl substituents are discussed. Differences observed between the spectra of the A and B forms and that of the C modification of naphthazarin are explained by invoking hydrogen-bonding effects. The 2-methyl and 2,3-dimethyl derivatives show spectra consistent with their x-ray-determined structure as being mainly composed of the tautomer bearing the substituents on the quinonoid ring. The 2,7-dimethyl-substituted compound undergoes a fast intramolecular proton migration at room temperature between tautomers present in nearly equal amounts.
Is the paradigm shifting

Reduction in bone mass has long dominated the thinking about and approach to the problem of osteoporosis. A now large body of evidence indicates that bone mass is not adequate to explain satisfactorily either the skeletal fragility of osteoporosis or the effects of bone active agents. By contrast, bone remodeling activity seems to provide a better explanation of both. It is suggested that current syntheses in the field are shifting to this conclusion. In attempting to make sense out of how a process designed by evolution to sustain bone strength could instead be contributing to weakness, I suggest: (1) prevailing bone remodeling levels are substantially higher than are optimal for maintenance of bone strength; (2) this high level has discernible environmental causes; and (3) such high remodeling is a major source-perhaps the major source-of osteoporotic bony fragility. Within this context, reduced bone mass, rather than the primary cause of fracture, is seen as a factor that predisposes individuals to the harmful effects of excessive remodeling.
Hemorrhagic varicella: A case report and review of the complications of varicella in children

The case of a previously healthy child who developed progressive systemic varicella with purpura is reported. The clinical course of this patient is outlined, and the range of potential complications of chickenpox in children is reviewed. Familiarity with the usual uncomplicated natural history of primary varicella infection should alert the clinician to signs and symptoms that signal significant systemic involvement.
Interaction of the synthetic ultimate carcinogens, N-sulfonoxy- and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, and of enzymatically activated N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene with nucleophiles

The interaction of four cellular nucleophiles with the putative ultimate carcinogens N-sulfonoxy-2-[ring-3H]acetylaminofluorene (N-sulfonoxy-2-AAF) and N-acetoxy-2-[ring-3H] acetylaminofluorene (N-acetoxy-2-AAF), and with N-hydroxy-2-[ring-3H]acetylaminofluorene (N-hydroxy-2-AAF) activated to the ultimate carcinogens by enzymatic sulfonation or transacetylation was determined. The adducts were isolated and adduct formation was quantified by isotope dilution. The order of nucleophilicity of the acceptors was guanosine greater than tRNA congruent to polyguanylic acid (poly G) greater than N-acetyl-L-methionine when N-sulfonoxy-2-AAF, N-acetoxy-2-AAF or N-hydroxy-2-AAF activated by transacetylation were the electrophiles. In the case of N-hydroxy-2-AAF activated by enzymatic sulfonation, the order of nucleophilicity was N-acetyl-L-methionine greater than guanosine congruent to tRNA greater than poly G. The increase in the reactivity of N-acetyl-L-methionine is hypothesized to be due to cytosolic enzyme(s) which facilitate transfer of the methionine residue from the nitrogen to carbon atoms 3 and 1 of the fluorene moiety. Of the two synthetic esters, N-sulfonoxy-2- AAF exhibited greater electrophilicity than N-acetoxy-2-AAF. The rate of adduct formation of N-sulfonoxy-2-AAF and of N-acetoxy-2-AAF with each nucleophile was a function of nucleophile concentration, indicative of a bimolecular reaction mechanism. The interaction is thought to involve attack of the nucleophile on the uncharged ultimate carcinogen, although interaction with an ion pair cannot be eliminated. The mutagenicity of N-sulfonoxy-2-AAF, N-acetoxy-2-AAF and of enzymatically activated N-hydroxy-2-AAF was evaluated by the Ames test. N-Sulfonoxy-2-AAF was virtually inactive, while N-acetoxy-2-AAF exhibited weak mutagenicity. N-Hydroxy-2-AAF activated by enzymatic sulfonation exhibited greater mutagenicity than synthetic N-sulfonoxy-2-AAF. The mutagenicity and reactivity of ultimate carcinogens derived from N-hydroxy-2-AAF by enzymatic activation do not necessarily coincide with the mutagenicity and reactivity of the synthetic ultimate carcinogens.
Mass spectral fragmentation pathways of N‐acetylnitramines: 1‐acetylhexahydro‐3,5‐dinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine and 1‐acetyloctahydro‐3,5,7‐trinitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine

Mass spectra of the N-acetylnitramines 1-acetylhexahydro-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (TAX) and 1-acetyloctahydro-3,5,7-trinitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (SEX) were recorded in electron impact (EI) and positive and negative chemical ionization (PCI and NCI) modes, and the fragmentation pathways were compared with those of other nitramines which have been well documented and characterized. Unexpectedly, for both acetylnitramines in the EI mode (and in the PCI mode) proton adducts were the only molecular ion species observed; in neither mode was there evidence for higher adducts. In contrast, for TAX in the NCI mode the [M+NO 2 ] − adduct was the second most abundant ion (70%); relatively small amounts of the [M+NO] − adduct (2%) and the hydrogen adduct [MH] − (3%) were observed. Under identical NCI conditions no molecular ion species or adduct ions were detected for SEX; the ion of highest m/z corresponded to loss of NO 2 or HNO 2 from a molecular ion species. The findings of collision-induced dissociation experiments are also discussed
Transcriptional profiling of stress response in cultured porcine islets.

Abstract Cell-based diabetes therapy may be achieved through xenotransplantation of adult porcine islets, but tissue quality and immunoreactivity barriers need to be overcome. Early identification and exclusion of irreversibly stressed and dying islets may improve transplant outcomes. We used oligonucleotide microarray and quantitative RT-PCR to identify molecular markers of physiological and immunological stress in porcine islets cultured under stress conditions of elevated glucose (16.7 mM), inflammatory cytokine addition (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ), or both, for 48 h. Hyperglycemic conditions were associated with increased thioredoxin interacting protein and metabolic process mRNAs, as observed in rodent and primate species. Cytokine treatment increased expression of JAK-STAT pathway components, oxidative stress (transglutaminase 2), and β cell dysfunction genes. Transglutaminase 2 induction is unique to porcine islets. Biomarkers involved in hyperglycemia and islet inflammation may serve as novel targets for improving and monitoring isolated porcine islet function and viability.
Chemical Kinetic Analysis of Rocket Exhaust Temperature Measurements

5 There is a considerable difference between the values of rate con- stants which these two groups fouod best to fit their respec- tive experimental data The differences in rate constants, under some conditions, lead to significant differences in pre- dicted exhaust conditions During the past few years, a technique of studying the infrared emissivities of gases, using a small rocket motor with a contoured nozzle to generate the hot gases, has been de- veloped by Ferriso and his co-workers 6 7
SECOND ATTACKS OF POLIOMYELITIS : AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

1. It was found in forty rhesus monkeys that intracerebral, intraocular, intracutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraspinal, and neural inoculations of poliomyelitis virus produced no lesions in the olfactory bulbs despite the fact that the animals contracted pronounced paralyses. This indicated that the virus could be restricted to certain neuronal systems. 2. Similarly intranasal inoculation of seven animals produced no lesions in the ciliary ganglia. 3. Two monkeys convalescent from an intracutaneous and an intracerebral inoculation respectively had further paralyses after intranasal inoculation of heterologous virus. A third animal convalescent from an intranasal inoculation showed extension of lesions after intranasal and intraocular inoculation with heterologous virus. 4. Two spinal animals in which an attack of poliomyelitis was limited to an isolated segment of spinal cord, contracted typical paralyses in the previously uninvaded portions of the CNS following intranasal inoculation of homologous virus. 5. Four of six convalescent monkeys showed extension of lesions but no clinical signs after homologous virus inoculation through a previously un-invaded portal. 6. Four animals convalescent from a unilateral intranasal inoculation showed evidence of new invasion in the opposite olfactory bulb but no extension of paralyses following a second inoculation of homologous virus into the appropriate nostril. 7. Two animals had second attacks after heterologous second inoculations. The intranasal portal was employed for both exposures. 8. It thus seems apparent that in the rhesus monkey a second attack of poliomyelitis, whether paralytic or not, seems to depend upon the strains of virus used and the degree to which virus is disseminated through the neuraxis during the first exposure. 9. The above experimental data emphasize the difficulty of utilizing the rhesus monkey for experiments seeking to elucidate the mechanisms of immunity in man and suggest that human immunity to poliomyelitis does not result from immunization of the nervous system but rather is the result of some process which prevents infective quantities of active virus from reaching nervous tissue.
Comparison of spirometry performed on the same subjects by two teams using similar instruments: An investigation of variability in prevalence of impairment

To investigate variability in results of spirometric testing, spirometry was performed with similar automated equipment by two independently trained teams employing their customary procedures in 181 asbestos insulation workers. Results were analyzed for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume − 1 sec (FEV1), FEV1FVC, and forced expiratory flow (FEF)25–75. Differences > 10% were found for FVC in 31 workers (17%), for FEV1 in 36 workers (20%), and for FEF27–75 in 110 workers (61%). Prevalence of impairment as conventionally defined varied considerably, e.g., 13% decreased FVC vs 22% and 40% decreased FEV1FVC vs 30%. Variability in results was related to failure to monitor subject effort by recording a flow-volume or volume-time curve and failure to calibrate the instrument physically. External calibration of automated equipment and monitoring of subject effort by inscribed curves are essential for pulmonary function testing in epidemiologic surveys. Standardization of techniques must include these procedures. Otherwise the value of these investigations will be limited.
Urinary nerve growth factor level could be a biomarker in the differential diagnosis of mixed urinary incontinence in women

OBJECTIVES To measure urinary nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and overactive bladder symptoms (OAB) and to assess whether urinary NGF levels can be a biomarker of detrusor overactivity (DO) in women with mixed urinary incontinence. PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODS Urinary NGF levels were measured in 38 women with urodynamic SUI (USI) with OAB, in 26 with urodynamic DO but no SUI, in 21 with persistent USI after anti-incontinence surgery, in 15 with de novo DO, and in 31 normal control subjects. All participants had a video-urodynamic study for the differential diagnosis of the underlying causes of UI. Urinary NGF levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and were compared among all subgroups, and corrected using urinary creatinine (Cr) levels. RESULTS The mean (sem) urinary NGF/Cr levels were low both in controls, at 0.06 (0.004) and in women with pure USI, at 0.056 (0.037) (P = 0.108). The NGF/Cr levels were significantly higher in women with mixed USI and DO, at 1.00 (0.244), than in controls (P 0.05 was found in 9% of women with USI, 77% with DO, 81% with mixed USI and DO, and 80% with de novo DO. CONCLUSION The urinary NGF level could be a potential biomarker of DO in women with mixed UI.
Not Your Parents' Presidential Debates: Examining the Effects of the CNN/YouTube Debates on Young Citizens' Civic Engagement

During the 2007–2008 U.S. presidential primaries, CNN partnered with YouTube to create the first nationally televised presidential debates where citizens interrogated the candidates via video questions posted to the Internet. The creators of these debates claimed their novel use of Internet technology “would change the face of presidential candidate debates.” The CNN/YouTube debates were designed expressly to engage citizens in the campaign dialogue, and specifically to engage young citizens who are frequent users of YouTube yet not always among the viewing audience for a televised presidential debate. The current study examines the effects of viewing the CNN/YouTube debates, and particularly the debates' influence on young citizens' “normative” democratic attitudes. Building on previous research designed to test differences in debate formats, this study compares young citizens' reactions to the CNN/YouTube debates and also to a more traditional presidential debate with candidate questioning controlled by...
Nuclear structure implications for controlled energy release of isomers

Heavy-ion induced Coulomb excitation has been used to determine level energies and Eλ matrix elements for rotational bands built on isomeric states in 178Hf. The Eλ matrix elements are consistent with a dramatic increase in K mixing with increasing spin in the ground band, presumably due to Coriolis induced rotation alignment. The spin dependence of the K-distribution for the mixed K ground band states has been deduced. The large K mixing at higher spin provides viable Coulomb excitation paths for stimulated depopulation of high-K isomers in 178Hf.
A new section of clitoria subgenus neurocarpum (Leguminosae) and a new species endemic to Thailand

Tanystyloba Fantz is a section ofClitoria subgenusNeurocarpum which includes six species:C. macrophylla Wall, ex Benth.,C. javanica Miq.,C. australis Benth.,C. hanceana Hemsl.,C. linearis Gagn., andC. cordiformis Fantz, a species endemic to Thailand.
Norgestrel and carbohydrate-lipid metabolism: glucose, insulin and triglyceride changes during six months time of use.

Abstract The metabolic effects of the daily oral administration of 0.075 mg of Norgestrel were studied in 89 women utilizing a prospective research design. Three-hour oral glucose tolerance tests were performed before and after six months of drug usage and both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured. In addition, fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations were measured. It was found that the use of the steroid was associated with significant elevations of both glucose and insulin. In addition, there was a significant increase in the mean weight during the six months and this was positively correlated with the altered carbohydrate metabolic parameters. Approximately 10% of “normal” glucose tolerance tests deteriorated to either “borderline abnormal” or “abnormal” types. There was a significant decrease in the fasting triglyceride levels during the six months and this was unrelated to the circulating insulin changes. These data are discussed as a prelude to the “mini-pill” era and as an aid to further understanding of the carbohydrate and lipid metabolic effects of steroid contraceptives.
Structural changes in membranes of transformed lymphocytes demonstrated by freeze-etching

Abstract Stimulation of lymphocytes with PHA for twenty-four hours caused a rapid increase in the density of 70 A globular particles in the cell membrane and in the number of nuclear pores. These structural changes, demonstrated by freeze-etching and electron microscopy, were reversible if transformed cells were cultured in media free of mitogenic agents. These data suggest that during lymphocyte transformation there is a significant increase in the synthesis and insertion of membrane components which form the intramembranous particles. Since the particles appear to be associated with the glycoprotein of the cell membrane, the observed variation in particle density may reflect changes in receptor density and possibly in the expression of different membrane antigens.
Stimulation of pigmentation in melanoma cells by trimethylpsoralen in the absence of ultraviolet irradiation

SUMMARY The effects of trimethylpsoralcn and 8-mcthoxypsoralen on the pigmentary characteristics of cultured murine melanoma cells were investigated in the absence of ultraviolet irradiation. Stimulation of pigmentation was assayed by gross examination of centrifuged cell pellets, light microscopy of cells, electron microscopy, a biochemical determination of cell tyrosinase activity, and a chemical determination of cell melanin content. It was found that an adequate concentration (10-5 M) of trimethylpsoralen for an adequate exposure time stimulated pigmentation in the dark, whereas 8-methoxypsoralcn in the same experimental setting did not stimulate pigmentation.
Number-theoretic degeneracy of the energy levels of a perturbed N-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator

The problem of constructing all integer solutions n"1 >= n"2 >= ... >= n"N to the pair of Diophantine equations n = n"1 + ... + n"N, m = n"1^2 + ... + n"N^2 arises in the determination of the degeneracy of a given energy level of an N-dimensional isotropic quantum oscillator that is perturbed by an isotropic quartic potential energy term. This problem is solved recursively (in N) using the concept of a multiplet, which is a finite set of points in a lattice space L^N whose points are N-tuples of integers that sum to zero. The basic definition and properties of multiplets are given and then used to obtain the solutions to the Diophantine equations described above. The classification of multiplets into two types, fundamental and nonfundamental, is shown to have an important role in elucidating the structure of multiplets. The concept of a fundamental multiplet is demonstrated to be an important characterization of the solutions to a pair of Diophantine equations that are closely related to those of the original problem.
Analytical model for screening potential CO2 repositories

Assessing potential repositories for geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide using numerical models can be complicated, costly, and time-consuming, especially when faced with the challenge of selecting a repository from a multitude of potential repositories. This paper presents a set of simple analytical equations (model), based on the work of previous researchers, that could be used to evaluate the suitability of candidate repositories for subsurface sequestration of carbon dioxide. We considered the injection of carbon dioxide at a constant rate into a confined saline aquifer via a fully perforated vertical injection well. The validity of the analytical model was assessed via comparison with the TOUGH2 numerical model. The metrics used in comparing the two models include (1) spatial variations in formation pressure and (2) vertically integrated brine saturation profile. The analytical model and TOUGH2 show excellent agreement in their results when similar input conditions and assumptions are applied in both. The analytical model neglects capillary pressure and the pressure dependence of fluid properties. However, simulations in TOUGH2 indicate that little error is introduced by these simplifications. Sensitivity studies indicate that the agreement between the analytical model and TOUGH2 depends strongly on (1) the residual brine saturation, (2) the difference in density between carbon dioxide and resident brine (buoyancy), and (3) the relationship between relative permeability and brine saturation. The results achieved suggest that the analytical model is valid when the relationship between relative permeability and brine saturation is linear or quasi-linear and when the irreducible saturation of brine is zero or very small.
Articulated thoughts, irrational beliefs, and fear of negative evaluation

Contemporary cognitive behavioral theories of psychopathology and therapy assume that people's emotional and behavioral problems are influenced by particular patterns of thought. And yet there is little direct evidence in support of this widespread belief. An experiment is reported that examined the thoughts of people high or low on measures of social-evaluative anxiety and of the tendency to think irrationally. Subjects' cognition was studied under controlled laboratory conditions in the “articulated thoughts during simulated situations” paradigm, in which the subject role-played an audiotaped interpersonal encounter and, at predetermined points, verbalized thoughts elicited by a short segment of the fictitious event. Several findings emerged: Subjects thought less rationally when confronted with stressful situations than with a nonstressful one; subjects high on questionnaire-defined fear of negative evaluation and irrational thinking rated stressful tapes as more anxietyprovoking than did subjects low on these inventories; for highly fearful and irrational subjects, self-reported global anxiety elicited by stressful tapes correlated significantly with irrationality detected in their articulated thoughts. Irrational thinking as measured by articulated thoughts, however, did not correlate with inventories that are expected to predict irrationality in specific situations.
PLANKTON PATCHINESS: EFFECTS ON REPEATED NET TOWS1

Simulated net tows in a computer model of a body of water containing aggregations of individuals demonstrated that the size and distribution of the patches significantly affects both the accuracy and the precision of estimates of abundance. A comparison between tows taken with nets of 25, loo-, and 200-cm diameter showed that, in general, estimates from the largest net were the most accurate ancl precise.
Estimation of long-run inefficiency levels: a dynamic frontier approach

Cornwell, Schmidt, and Sickles (1990) and Kumbhakar (1990), among others, developed stochasticfrontier production models which allow firm specific inefficiency levels to change over time. These studies assumed arbitrary restrictions on the short-run dynamics of efficiency levels which have little theoretical justification. Further, the models are inappropriate for estimation of long-run efficiencies. We consider estimation of an alternative frontier model in which firmspecific technical inefficiency levels are autoregressive. This model is particularly useful to examine a potential dynamic link between technical innovations and production inefficiency levels. We apply our methodology to a panel of US airlines.
Electricity production in membrane-less microbial fuel cell fed with livestock organic solid waste

Two different MFC configurations designed for handling solid wastes as a feedstock were evaluated in batch mode: a single compartment combined membrane-electrodes (SCME) design; and a twin-compartment brush-type anode electrodes (TBE) design (reversed T-shape MFC with two-air cathode) without a proton exchange membrane (PEM). Cattle manure was tested as a model livestock organic solid waste feedstock. Under steady conditions, voltage of 0.38 V was recorded with an external resistance of 470Ω. When digested anaerobic sludge was used as the seed in the SCME design, a maximum power density of 36.6 mW/m(2) was recorded. When hydrogen-generating bacteria (HGB) were used as the seed used in the TBE design, a higher power density of 67 mW/m(2) was recorded.