cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic renormalization in Hamiltonian light front field theory: The Massive generalization

AbstractHamiltonian light-front ﬁeld theory can be used to solve for hadron statesin QCD. To this end, a method has been developed for systematic renormal-ization of Hamiltonian light-front ﬁeld theories, with the hope of applyingthe method to QCD. It assumed massless particles, so its immediate appli-cation to QCD is limited to gluon states or states where quark masses canbe neglected. This paper builds on the previous work by including particlemasses non-perturbatively, which is necessary for a full treatment of QCD.We show that several subtle new issues are encountered when includingmasses non-perturbatively. The method with masses is algebraically andconceptually more diﬃcult; however, we focus on how the methods diﬀer.We demonstrate the method using massive φ 3 theory in 5+1 dimensions,which has important similarities to QCD. 1 Introduction The use of a Hamiltonian light-front formalism may simplify the solution of quantum chromody-namics (QCD) by allowing us to make a convergent expansion of hadron states in free-particleFock-space sectors. The Fock-space expansion will rapidly converge if the Hamiltonian satisﬁescertain conditions [1]. The Hamiltonian can then be used to solve for approximate hadron states.Inspired by the work of Dyson [2], Wilson [3], G lazek and Wilson [4], and Wegner [5], signiﬁcantwork has been done to perturbatively derive light-front Hamiltonians that satisfy these conditionsin the full Fock-space, neglecting zero modes [6-13]. The method developed by Allen and Perry[1] includes the scale dependence of the coupling and can be used to systematically renormalizelight-front Hamiltonians, ﬁxing all non-canonical operators, in principle to all orders.In this method the theory is regulated by placing on the Hamiltonian a smooth cutoﬀ on changein free mass. The cutoﬀ violates several physical principles, preventing renormalization exclusivelythrough the redeﬁnition of masses and canonical couplings. Renormalization must be completed byrequiring the Hamiltonian to produce cutoﬀ-independent physical quantities, and by requiring it toobey the physical principles of the theory that are not violated by the cutoﬀ. These requirementscompletely ﬁx the Hamiltonian so that it will give results consistent with all the physical principlesof the theory, even those violated by the cutoﬀ. The most powerful characteristic of this approach
Monte Carlo Solution to the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov Equation for Resummation in Perturbative QCD

A simple solution to the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov (BFKL) equation is obtained as a series in the number of real gluons emitted with transverse momentum greater than some small cutoff \ensuremath{\mu}. This solution reveals physics inside the BFKL ladder which is hidden in the standard inclusive solution, and lends itself to a straightforward Monte Carlo implementation. With this approach one can explore new useful physical observables, which are shown to be independent of the cutoff \ensuremath{\mu}. In addition, this approach allows the imposition of kinematic constraints (such as energy conservation) which are important at finite energies. The distribution of $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{E}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ of particles in a central rapidity bin between two widely spaced jets is presented as an example.
Dynamic behavior of horizontally curved I-girder bridges

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the dynamic behavior of horizontally curved I-girder bridges due to one or two trucks (side by side) moving across rough bridge decks. The bridge is modeled as a planar grillage beam system composed of horizontally curved beam elements and straight beam elements. Warping torsion is taken into consideration in the analysis. The analytical vehicle is simulated as a nonlinear vehicle model with 11 independent degrees of freedom according to the HS20–44 truck design loading contained in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specifications. Four different classes of road surface roughness generated from power spectral density function for very good, good, average, and poor roads are used in the study. The analytical results are very significant and show that the dynamic behavior of curved I-girder bridges is quite different from that of straight girder bridges. The impact factors of bending and shear for inside girders of curved I-girder bridges are significantly smaller than those for outside girders.
Evaluation of Monte Carlo generation of long-tailed symmetric and contaminated symmetric distributions.

Abstract Generating random variables from a specific distribution, whether symmetric or assymmetric, is a concern of investigators involved in Monte Carlo studies. Of particular interest to those concerned with robustness is the generation of contaminated symmetric distributions such as those used in the Princeton Robustness Study. A reliable composite uniform U(0,1) generator is described and algorithms for transforming U(0,1) to symmetric long-tailed and contaminated symmetric distributions are given. Goodness-of-fit tests and graphical illustrations demonstrate the adequacy of the empirical distributions.
Biosynthesis of heme in leukemic leukocytes.

The incorporation of 59Fe into heme and the synthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid by leukocyte homogenates were studied. Whereas polymorphonudear peritoneal exudates from rabbits, as well as leukocytes from healthy adult volunteers and patients with chronic leukemia, lacked the capacity to incorporate radioiron into heme, immature leukemic cells from patients with acute leukemia possessed iron-incorporating activity. In addition these cells could utilize δ-aminolevulinic acid as substrate for heme synthesis. Delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity could not be demonstrated in immature leukemic cells nor could they utilize glycine as substrate for heme synthesis. This work does not reveal whether the heme-synthesizing capacity in immature leukemic leukocytes is a function of this immaturity or of malignant transformation.
Preparation of Heteroatom Compounds by Stepwise Atom/Group Transfer in cis- and trans-[OsVI(tpy)(Cl)2(N)]+

Rapid 2e-, N- transfer reactions occur between both cis- and trans-[OsVI(tpy)(Cl)2(N)]+ and Me2C6H3SH to give cis- and trans-[OsIV(tpy)(Cl)2(NS(H)C6H3Me2)]+ with retention of stereochemistry. These...
Du marché temporaire à la colonie permanente. L'évolution de la politique commerciale au moyen âge

Qui songerait aujourd'hui a brosser un tableau du commerce entre la France et l'Union Sovietique ou entre l'Angleterre et les Etats-Unis sans tenir compte des restrictions que lois et traites imposent a la circulation des hommes, de l'argent et des marchandises ? Si les echanges internationaux ne peuvent etre aneantis par ces restrictions, ils en sont neanmoins profondement affectes. Et la conclusion d'un nouveau traite ou l'abrogation d'une clause defavorable pourraient sans aucun doute donner aux echanges un nouvel essor. Voila qui devrait etre present a notre esprit lorsque nous etudions le commerce international au haut moyen âge. Il ne suffit pas d'analyser les conditions sociales pour voir si elles portaient vers l'economie fermee ou vers l'economie d'echange et si la guerre, la piraterie et le brigandage coupaient les chemins ou les laissaient ouverts ; il faut encore se demander jusqu'a quel point le commerce international etait entrave ou favorise par la politique commerciale des differents Etats.
Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.

• The diagnosis of intramedullary spinal cord metastasis (ISM) is difficult, and treatment is usually ineffective. We review our own experience with ISM as well as the pertinent medical literature, and suggest a practical diagnostic and therapeutic approach. The problem of the diagnosis of ISM is essentially that of the differential diagnosis of a noncompressive myelopathy in a patient with systemic cancer. Most such patients prove to have ISM, meningeal carcinomatosis, radiation myelopathy, or paraneoplastic necrotizing myelopathy. Neurologic features of value in this differential diagnosis are pain, the tempo and mode of progression of symptoms, and tumor cells in the spinal fluid. Oncologic features of value are the location of the primary tumor, the past exposure to therapeutic radiation, cerebral metastases, and the extent of systemic metastatic disease. The myelogram in ISM is either normal or nonspecifically abnormal; therefore, the diagnosis must be made on clinical grounds. Although no single finding is diagnostic of ISM, a careful clinical analysis will lead to the correct diagnosis in most cases. Radiation therapy is effective treatment for ISM, but only if it is administered early, before paraplegia supervenes. Thus, the diagnosis should be made and treatment begun as soon as possible. Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis is often multifocal rather than solitary; therefore, whole-cord rather than local spinal radiation should be given, if possible. If local radiotherapy is chosen, the construction of the portal can be based on the myelogram or, in the event of a normal study, on the clinical localization of the tumor.
Molecular correlates of epilepsy in early diagnosed and treated Menkes disease

Epilepsy is a major feature of Menkes disease, an X-linked recessive infantile neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in ATP7A, which produces a copper-transporting ATPase. Three prior surveys indicated clinical seizures and electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities in a combined 27 of 29 (93%) symptomatic Menkes disease patients diagnosed at 2 months of age or older. To assess the influence of earlier, presymptomatic diagnosis and treatment on seizure semiology and brain electrical activity, we evaluated 71 EEGs in 24 Menkes disease patients who were diagnosed and treated with copper injections in early infancy (≤6 weeks of age), and whose ATP7A mutations we determined. Clinical seizures were observed in only 12.5% (3/24) of these patients, although 46% (11/24) had at least one abnormal EEG tracing, including 50% of patients with large deletions in ATP7A, 50% of those with small deletions, 60% of those with nonsense mutations, and 57% of those with canonical splice junction mutations. In contrast, five patients with mutations shown to retain partial function, either via some correct RNA splicing or residual copper transport capacity, had neither clinical seizures nor EEG abnormalities. Our findings suggest that early diagnosis and treatment improve brain electrical activity and decrease seizure occurrence in classical Menkes disease irrespective of the precise molecular defect. Subjects with ATP7A mutations that retain some function seem particularly well protected by early intervention against the possibility of epilepsy.
XX sex reversal in the American cocker spaniel dog: phenotypic expression and inheritance

This study was conducted to define the range of phenotypic expression and mode of inheritance of XX sex reversal in the cocker spaniel dog. Breeding experiments produced F1, F1BC, and F2 generations in which 29 XX true hermaphrodites and 3 XX males were defined by chromosome constitution, serial histologic sections of the gonads, and examination of the internal and external genitalia. In XX true hermaphrodites, the most common combination of gonads was bilateral ovotestes, followed by ovotestis and ovary, then ovotestis and testis. The amount of testicular tissue in the two gonads was closely correlated within each true hermaphrodite. The distribution of testicular tissue within ovotestes of true hermaphrodites was consistent with the hypothesis that testicular differentiation is initiated in the center of the gonad and spreads outward. XX males had bilateral aspermatogenic testes and the internal ducts and external genitalia were more masculinized than in true hermaphrodites. Results of breeding experiments are consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance, the affected phenotype being expressed only in dogs with an XX chromosome constitution. The phenotypic expression and mode of inheritance of this disorder is compared to XX sex reversal in humans and other animals.
Didymium ovoideum culture and mating system

Reliable spore to spore culture of Didymium ovoideum was achieved using a high CaCl2 fruiting me? dium. Fourteen isolates from southwestern Virginia and northern West Virginia were investigated and all displayed a heterothallic mating system. Only two mat? ing types (A1 and A2) were uncovered, and in all 14 isolates the mating type segregation ratio was highly skewed with one of the mating types (usually A2) miss- ing or greatly reduced in frequency. No plasmodia were produced when clones of these mating types were crossed to all known Didymium iridis sibling species mating type testers. This suggests that D. ovoideum is a distinct biological species.
The role of hydrogen cars in the economy of California

Abstract Hydrogen has been proposed as an alternative transportation fuel that could reduce energy consumption and eliminate tailpipe emissions when used in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). To investigate the potential effects of hydrogen vehicles on California’s economy over the next two decades, we employed the modified Costs for Advanced Vehicles and Energy (CAVE) model and a California-specific computable general equilibrium model. Results indicate that, even in the aggressive scenario, hydrogen cars can only account for a minor fraction of the on-road fleet through 2030. Although new sales could drop sharply, conventional gasoline cars and carryover pre-2010 vehicles are still expected to dominate the on-road vehicle stock and consume the majority of transportation energy through 2030. Transportation energy consumption could decline dramatically, mainly because of the fuel economy advantage of FCVs over conventional cars. Both moderate and aggressive hydrogen scenarios are estimated to have a slightly negative influence on California’s economy. However, the negative economic impacts could be lessened as the market for hydrogen and FCVs builds up. Based on the economic optimization model, both hydrogen scenarios would have a negative economic impact on California’s oil refining sector and, as expected, a positive impact on the other directly related sectors that contribute to either hydrogen production or FCV manufacturing.
Moving beyond the mechanistic model: An alternative approach to staffing for contemporary organizations

Abstract The currently accepted model of employee staffing is grounded in traditional principles of industrial psychology which stem from concepts associated with a view of organizations as machines. This perspective is incompatible with modern organizations that are frequently structured around networks and teams rather than around individuals performing jobs. A new staffing model based on the notion of organizing through emergent relationships is developed to explain how modern organizations select new members and develop agreements that define their roles. This model acknowledges the fact that individual roles emerge around idiosyncratic characteristics of individuals and can not be adequately defined through prehire job analysis. Implications of this model for research are discussed.
Dissection in the subgaleal and subperiosteal plane: implications on scalp wound healing

Craniofacial reconstruction often involves the use of dissection in the subperiosteal or subgaleal plane to access the cranial vault and facial skeleton. Clinically, physical changes to the periosteal layer and underlying cortex were observed in the re-operative field. This article compares aspects of wound healing, structural integrity of the progenitor periosteal layer, and underlying bony changes when elevating a subgaleal or subperiosteal flap in a Lewis rat calvarial model. Cranial dissection in the subperiosteal or subgaleal plane was performed on 14 Lewis rats. En bloc resection of the calvarium and overlying soft tissue was harvested at days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56. Samples underwent SEM imaging and were analysed histologically after trichrome and haematoxylin and eosin staining. One sample of native periosteum underwent cellular expansion to determine periosteal cell regenerative capability. Up to 56 days, subperiosteal dissection results in diffuse hypercellularity within the cambial layer (p < 0.001). There are irregular cortical changes at the periosteal interface and increased disorganised bone remodelling at the temporal ridges. Subgaleal dissection did not reveal any underlying bony changes, and cell counts were not significantly different from controls (p < 0.001). Subperiosteal dissection causes structural and cellular changes to the periosteum and underlying bone composition with a possible influence on its regenerative capability.
Individual differences in undetected errors in skilled cognitive performance

Abstract Skilled performers of cognitive tasks make fewer errors than novices, but they continue to make some errors. A number of these errors, which occur in near-transfer situations, go undetected by the performer. Such errors can have disastrous consequences. We investigated a number of individual differences variables that were correlated with undetected error making in a laboratory task (number reduction) requiring subjects to apply reduction rules to strings of digits to arrive at a single digit answer. In two experiments, we determined: (a.) self-report measures of the propensity to make cognitive slips and lapses were statistically unrelated to performance on our experimental task; and (b) performance-based cognitive resource measures (i.e., working memory capacity) were related to performance. Self-report measures appear to be influenced by social desirability or some correlated construct.
Abnormal bonding and electronic states in the gap of amorphous solids

Abstract Localized electronic states lying deep within the forbidden energy gap of an amorphous solid are improbable occurrences associated with distortions for which the energetics appropriate to normally bonded atoms are no longer necessarily applicable. We describe an abnormal bonding model which facilitates the enumeration of these admittedly improbable, but none the less possible, states. A wellcharacterized subset of the highly localized deep gap states possible in groups V, VI, and V-VI amorphous solids is discussed in terms of known experimental facts.
STUDYING NUCLEAR QUARK-GLUON MANIFESTATIONS USING MULTI-GEV POLARIZED PROTONS

Abstract One of the major challenges in Nuclear Physics today is to arrive at a description of the basis of the strong interactions between nucleons in terms of quantum chromodynamics. The role which a 20 GeV polarized cooled stored beam might play in providing critical test is outlined and some specific experiments are presented. The unique attributes of such a facility are discussed in the context of the proposed Light Ion Spin Synchrotron project.
Diastolic Stress Echocardiography: The Time Has Come for Its Integration into Clinical Practice

5.0 6 0.8 to 6.2 6 0.9, P < .0001) with exercise, the investigators did not document any difference in the response to exercise between the athletic and nonathletic young healthy groups. Moreover, there was a weak correlation between the percentage of predicted VO2max and exertional E (r = 0.28, P = .03) and lateral e 0 (r = 0.32, P = .01), but the strongest predictor was indexed left ventricular (LV) enddiastolic volume (r = 0.66, P < .0001). Another interesting observation from the study was that diastolic function at rest was largely unrelated to exercise capacity, but exertional early diastolic velocities exhibited a significant association with VO2max. These findings imply that enhancement of diastolic function during exercise may contribute to increased performance of the athletic heart. This report comes at the 10th anniversary of our feasibility study of diastolic exercise echocardiography 3 after the initial description of the normal values of diastolic echocardiographic parameters with exercise in a middle-aged healthy control 1 year prior. 2
Knowing is believing: information and attitudes towards physical activity during pregnancy

Physical activity is safe for most pregnant women and improves maternal fitness and birth outcomes. Yet, despite evidence of benefit, prevalence rates are low. Research in other populations suggests that attitudes and information are associated with physical activity. We examined the sources and types of information that women receive about physical activity during pregnancy and their association with attitudes towards prenatal physical activity. We also investigated whether particular groups of women are more likely to receive physical activity information. Questionnaires were completed by 179 ethnically and socio-economically diverse pregnant women. Women who were younger, unpartnered, less educated and had less income were less likely to report receiving information about prenatal physical activity. Receipt of information concerning benefits and risks of activity, risks of inactivity and specific techniques was associated with more favourable attitudes towards physical activity. Women who perceived low risk of birth complications also held more favourable attitudes. Some viewed all forms of physical activity as dangerous. Results suggest that providing information about benefits and risks of prenatal physical activity may motivate pregnant women to practice better health behaviours.
Correlation of perfusion abnormalities on CTAP and immediate postintravenous gadolinium-enhanced gradient echo MRI

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients with wedge-shaped perfusion defects seen on spiral CT arterial portography for the presence of transient increased wedge-shaped enhancement on dynamic gadolinium-enhanced gradient echo MR images.
On the characteristic length scale for correlating melting heat transfer data

Abstract An attempt has been made to correlate melt fraction vs. dimensionless time data for melting from a vertical wall. Several correlations were attempted with little success in collapsing the data. It is concluded that the height of the phase change material is not appropriate as length scale in the governing dimensionless parameters.
School Psychology and Limited-English-Proficient (LEP) Children: New Competencies.

Abstract Children with limited-English-proficiency (LEP) and special education needs will be more numerous in the public schools of certain states. This article presents a set of competencies that are relevant to the practice of school psychology with LEP special pupils. Although the focus is on Hispanic children, the competencies apply to bilingual special education in general. They cover the following areas: second-language proficiency of the psychologist, cross-cultural awareness, assessment, knowledge of language development, skill in working with interpreters, and knowledge of bilingual education curriculum.
Comment: Atheism à la carte

Rational arguments, not emotional lobbying, are the best way to sell atheism in America, says Lawrence Krauss
Negative-parity states in 152Gd and a quadrupole-octupole coupling model☆

Abstract Odd-spin negative-parity states to spin 17 have been identified in 152Gd from in-beam spectra of (α, xn) reactions. The level scheme is well accounted for by a simple model coupling an octupole vibration to the transitional core.
Intrametropolitan Spatial Differentiation and Decline of Inner-Ring Suburbs: A Comparison of Four U.S. Metropolitan Areas

This article examines the impact of metropolitan growth patterns on intrametropolitan spatial differentiation and inner-ring suburban decline in the four metropolitan areas of Atlanta, Cleveland, Philadelphia, and Portland, using longitudinal census data from 1970 to 2000. The findings of this study show that inner-ring suburbs were increasingly vulnerable to socioeconomic decline relative to other metropolitan subareas. In contrast, the outer-ring suburbs continued to thrive, drawing most of the new population and housing development in the context of intrametropolitan spatial differentiation. The downtowns and some parts of the inner city showed a gradual recovery from the pattern of deterioration. By recognizing the interdependence of all the subareas and applying sound, holistic policies, the public policy decision-making entities can ensure the future stability of the inner-ring suburbs as well as all the surrounding areas of a metropolitan region.
Molar Volume, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, and Related Properties of Liquid He 4 under Pressure

From measurements of the dielectric constant, we have determined the molar volume of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ along various isobars in the region 1.25 to 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 0.5 to 28 atm. Tables of molar volume, thermal expansion co-efficient ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{P}$, entropy of compression, and isobaric change in the isothermal compressibility are presented for this region. Values of ${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$, ${P}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$, and ${V}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ are presented. Particular emphasis was put on the form of the expansion coefficient near the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ transition. We have found that the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{P}$ singularity is logarithmic over the range of 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K displacement from the transition, and from the data that lead to this conclusion, we have been able to calculate various other properties of the fluid near the transition. These results are compared with those of other experiments wherever possible.
Thickness-Displacement Relationships for Fault Zones

Abstract Fault zone thickness and displacement data have been used in recent studies to infer a global linear relationship between the two parameters in log-log space, and based on this empirical relationship, several models of fault growth have been proposed. Examination of the original data sets, but on linear graphs, indicates that there is a wide statistical variability of many of the data, and that larger values of displacement along faults are only generally related to an increase of fault zone thickness. The earlier data do not confirm a thickness-displacement relationship for faults of similar displacement, nor for faults in similar rock types. Reasons for the lack of correlation may be the wide range of rock types, structural settings, and processes responsible for the development of the faults measured. An example of thickness variations along the Bismark fault, southwest Montana, shows the variations of fault zone thickness along strike and down plunge. Conceptual and quantitative models which rely heavily on thickness-displacement relationships should be considered with caution until further data are collected on the topic. Future studies should explicitly state the criteria used to determine faulted and unfaulted rock, present in explicit form the slip vector used to determine net offset, and present, if possible, measurements of thickness and displacement from: (1) different points along the same fault, (2) families of faults in similar rock types with different amounts of slip, and (3) faults with similar amounts of net slip in similar structural settings.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION OF THE ELDERLY POPULATION: EFFECTS OF DARIFENACIN

ABSTRACT Purpose: Overactive bladder is common in the elderly population, which is susceptible to cognitive disorders and drug induced cognitive impairment. Existing overactive bladder treatments may cause adverse events, such as cognitive impairment, due to antagonism of the M 1 receptor in the central nervous system. In this study we evaluated the effect of darifenacin, an M 3 selective antagonist, on cognitive function in elderly volunteers without clinical dementia. Materials and Methods: This double-blind, 3-period crossover study randomized 129 volunteers 65 years or older with no/mild cognitive impairment to receive 3 of 5 treatments, namely darifenacin controlled release (3.75, 7.5 or 15 mg once daily), darifenacin immediate-release (5 mg 3 times daily) or matching placebo for 14 days. Each treatment period was separated by 7 days of washout. Cognitive function tests were completed at baseline and at treatment end. Results: For the primary end points of memory scanning sensitivity, speed of choice reaction time and word recognition sensitivity, there were no statistically significant differences for darifenacin vs placebo. There were no statistically significant differences in secondary variables except memory scanning speed, which increased in all groups relative to baseline, but improvement was greater with placebo than with 3.75 mg darifenacin. Darifenacin treatment was not associated with changes in alertness, contentment or calmness, which are likely to be clinically relevant. Darifenacin was well tolerated. Conclusions: In elderly volunteers 2 weeks of treatment with darifenacin had no effect on cognitive function compared with baseline and it was not significantly different from placebo. This may be related to its M 3 receptor selectivity with negligible M 1 receptor antagonism.
Airshark: detecting non-WiFi RF devices using commodity WiFi hardware

In this paper, we propose Airshark -- a system that detects multiple non-WiFi RF devices in real-time and using only commodity WiFi hardware. To motivate the need for systems like Airshark, we start with measurement study that characterizes the usage and prevalence of non-WiFi devices across many locations. We then present the design and implementation of Airshark. Airshark extracts unique features using the functionality provided by a WiFi card to detect multiple non-WiFi devices including fixed frequency devices (e.g., ZigBee, analog cordless phone), frequency hoppers (e.g., Bluetooth, game controllers like Xbox), and broadband interferers (e.g., microwave ovens). Airshark has an average detection accuracy of 91-96%, even in the presence of multiple simultaneously active RF devices operating at a wide range of signal strengths (-80 to -30 dBm), while maintaining a low false positive rate. Through a deployment in two production WLANs, we show that Airshark can be a useful tool to the WLAN administrators in understanding non-WiFi interference.
Volcanic and Solar Forcing of the Tropical Pacific over the Past 1000 Years

The response of El Nino to natural radiative forcing changes over the past 1000 yr is investigated based on numerical experiments employing the Zebiak–Cane model of the tropical Pacific coupled ocean– atmosphere system. Previously published empirical results demonstrating a statistically significant tendency toward El Nino conditions in response to past volcanic radiative forcing are reproduced in the model experiments. A combination of responses to past changes in volcanic and solar radiative forcing closely reproduces changes in the mean state and interannual variability in El Nino in past centuries recorded from fossil corals. The dynamics of El Nino thus appear to have played an important role in the response of the global climate to past changes in radiative forcing.
The Effects of High-frequency Positive-pressure Ventilation on Intracranial Pressure and Brain Surface Movement in Cats

Compared to traditional, low-frequency ventilation (LFV), mechanical ventilation at high frequencies (60-200 breaths/min) and low tidal volumes (HFV) is known to: 1) eliminate respiratory-synchronous variations in blood pressure; 2) minimize ventilatory effects on the cardiovascular system; 3) reduce peak airway pressures; and 4) suppress spontaneous respiratory efforts. Since these and other properties may make HFV useful in patients with acute intracranial pathology, we studied the effects of HFV on intracranial pressure (ICP) in cats. Compared with LFV (rate 11/min, tidal volume equals 15 ml/kg), HFV (rate 100/min, VT equals 3.3 ml/kg) had little effect on mean arterial pressure, heart rate, right atrial pressure, mean ICP or mean cerebral perfusion pressures, even if baseline ICP was raised using an epidural balloon. However, HFV effectively eliminated ventilator-linked fluctuations in both blood pressure and ICP, and at all levels of mean ICP studied (4.8, 15, and 30 torr), significantly reduced the peak ICP seen during a single respiratory cycle. The reduction in ICP fluctuation and peak pressure was more pronounced as intracranial complicance fell. However, the physiologic significance of such a change in the ICP pressure waveform is unknown. Because of the observed influence of HFV on ICP fluctuations, we also examined its effects on the physical movement of the exposed brain, using a non-contact, inductive displacement measuring device. During LFV, the cortical surface moved "in and out" by 0.36 plus or minus 0.1 (plus or minus SD) mm, a distance sufficient to make microscopic focusing difficult. Changing to HFV reduced surface movement to 0.05 plus or minus 0.01 mm, producing a very stable surface. These results suggested that HFV may play a very important role in the intraoperative management oif patients undergoing certain neurosurgical procedures, particularly those requiring microsurgical techniques where reduced brain movement may facilitate surgery.
Planning for the Disposal of the Dead

Problem: Concurrent with the dramatic increase in the nation's elderly population expected in coming decades will be a need to dispose of larger numbers of our dead. This issue has religious, cultural, and economic salience, but is not typically considered a planning problem. Although cremation rates are rising, burial is projected to remain the preferred alternative for the majority of the U.S. population, and urban space for cemeteries is limited in many communities. Purpose: We outline issues related to cemeteries and burial, describe a number of alternatives to traditional cemeteries, and explain how planners might usefully contribute. Methods: This work is based on a literature review. Results and conclusions: Alternatives to the cemetery are emerging, but remain limited. Some require changes to laws or public perceptions. Planning practice could be advanced by case studies showing how to integrate burial grounds into existing communities and how to alter public policy to permit alternatives to buria...
Gelation and Emulsification Properties of Partially Insolubilized Whey Protein Concentrates

Ultrafiltered retentate of whey was heat-processed to prepare whey protein concentrates (WPC) with protein solubilities ranging from 27.5% to 98.1% in 0.1M NaCl, pH 7.0. Proximate and protein compositions of each WPC were determined. Properties of 20% (w/w) protein WPC gels in 0.1M and 0.6 M NaCl, pH 7.0, on heating to 60, 70, 80, and 90°C and emulsification properties of WPC (0.5% (w/w) protein) in 0.1M NaCl at pH 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 were analyzed. Gel apparent stress and strain at failure decreased and expressible moisture increased as solubility decreased from 98.1% to 41.0% at all heating temperatures. Emulsification Activity Index was highest at pH 7.0, emulsions were most stable at pH 8.0.
The Los Angeles Community Development Bank: The Possible Pitfalls of Public‐Private Partnerships

In response to the 1992 Los Angeles riots, the federal government, city and county officials, commercial banks and community leaders established the nonprofit Los Angeles Community Development Bank...
Risky business: adolescents and human immunodeficiency virus.

There are three new features that distinguish the second decade of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic among youth from the first decade: (1) HIV clearly has entered the teenage population in this country and around the world; (2) the messages developed for prevention of HIV infection among adults are not appropriate for and have not worked for adolescents; (3) there is a critical gap in HIV-related services for at-risk and HIV-infected teenagers created by the increased availability of HIV antibody testing without age-specific follow-up services. Despite general awareness of the AIDS epidemic and sexual transmission of HIV, the greatest proportional increase in sexual intercourse among teenagers since 1970 occurred in the most recent years studied (1986 to 1988).
Inhibition of Mobilization of Acetylcholine

The authors have demonstrated earlier, by direct measurement of acetylcholine (ACh), that d-tubocurarine (d-Tc) and other nondepolarizing muscle relaxants decrease the release of ACh from the indirectly stimulated mouse hemidiaphragm preparation. It was the purpose of the present study to determine whether the decrease of the stimulated release of ACh and the increase in the intensity of the partial neuromuscular block observed at higher stimulation rates is caused by the inhibition of mobilization of ACh from reserve depots to release sites or by inhibition of the release process itself. To attain our objective, the authors have investigated the influence of the progressive increase of the rate of stimulation from 0.1 to 1, 2, 3, and 5 Hz on the force of contraction on the in vitro phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm and in vivo sciatic nerve-tibialis anterior preparation in the absence of drugs and after about 20% neuromuscular block produced by d-Tc or by Mg2+. The latter is known to inhibit the Ca2+ dependent release of ACh. In the absence of drugs increasing the stimulation rate increased the force of contraction, in vivo and in vitro, during both indirect and direct stimulation. In the phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation the increase was significant at 1, 2, 3, and 5 Hz (P less than 0.001) with both types of stimulation. In the sciatic nerve-tibialis anterior preparation the force of contraction was only higher at 3 and 5 Hz (P less than 0.01). The similar magnitude of the increase of the force of contraction during direct and indirect stimulation indicates that it is caused by facilitation of the contraction of the muscle fibers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Equilibrium Conformations of Concentric-tube Continuum Robots

Robots consisting of several concentric, preshaped, elastic tubes can work dexterously in narrow, constrained, and/or winding spaces, as are commonly found in minimally invasive surgery. Previous models of these âactive cannulasâ assume piecewise constant precurvature of component tubes and neglect torsion in curved sections of the device. In this paper we develop a new coordinate-free energy formulation that accounts for general preshaping of an arbitrary number of component tubes, and which explicitly includes both bending and torsion throughout the device. We show that previously reported models are special cases of our formulation, and then explore in detail the implications of torsional flexibility for the special case of two tubes. Experiments demonstrate that this framework is more descriptive of physical prototype behavior than previous models1 it reduces model prediction error by 82% over the calibrated bending-only model, and 17% over the calibrated transmissional torsion model in a set of experiments.
Illicit Drug Use and the Social Context of HIV/AIDS in Alabama's Black Belt

ABSTRACT: Context: The rural Black Belt of Alabama is among the poorest areas of the nation. Poverty, lack of health infrastructure, and health disparities involving HIV/AIDS and other diseases reflect the lower life expectancy of people in the region. The Black Belt region has the highest HIV rates in rural America. Purpose: Using Alabama as a case example, the paper describes the role of illicit drug use in pathways to HIV transmission in the Black Belt and examines the relationship between drug use and social context with respect to HIV/AIDS disparities in the region. Methods: Published research and national and state data were triangulated for information on interactions between illicit drug use, social context, and HIV/AIDS. Findings: Illicit drug use is implicated in HIV risk in Alabama's Black Belt, but less so than in other parts of the nation. Published research suggests that the impetus for drug use involves status seeking in the context of heterosexual contact and economic disparities. HIV transmission in Alabama's Black Belt speaks to the tyranny of small places; that is, the risk of HIV/AIDS occurs in geographically bounded areas with a history of racial homogeneity, historically high rates of sexually transmitted infections, and clustered sexual networks in this isolated region. Conclusions: Social context is an important correlate of HIV risk in the Black Belt. The role of drug use in HIV risk is secondary to social-contextual factors involving rural isolation, racial homogeneity, and the racial disparities of the region.
Clinically significant changes in burden and depression among dementia caregivers following nursing home admission

Background: Although extensive research exists on informal long-term care, little work has examined the clinical significance of transitions in family caregiving due to a lack of established clinical cut-points on key measures. The objectives of this study were to determine whether clinically significant changes in symptoms of burden and depression occur among caregivers within 12 months of nursing home admission (NHA) of their relatives with dementia, and to identify key predictors of clinically persistent burden and depression in the first year after institutionalization. Methods: Secondary longitudinal analysis of dementia caregivers were recruited from eight catchment areas in the United States with 6- and 12-month post-placement follow-up data. The sample included data on 1,610 dementia caregivers with pre- and six-month post-placement data and 1,116 with pre-placement, six-month, and 12-month post-placement data. Burden was measured with a modified version of the Zarit Burden Inventory. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Geriatric Depression Scale. Results: Chi-square analyses found significant (P < .05) reductions in the number of caregivers who reported clinically significant burden and depressive symptoms after NHA compared to pre-placement. Logistic regression models revealed that wives and daughters were most likely to experience clinically persistent burden and husbands were most likely to experience clinically significant depression after NHA. Conclusions: In addition to suggesting that clinically significant decreases in caregiver burden and depression are likely to occur following institutionalization, the results reveal particular subsets of caregivers who are at continued risk of distress. Such findings can facilitate development of screening processes to identify families at-risk following institutionalization.
Chondroitin sulfate reduces the friction coefficient of articular cartilage.

Summary The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chondroitin sulfate (CS)-C on the frictional response of bovine articular cartilage. The main hypothesis is that CS decreases the friction coefficient of articular cartilage. Corollary hypotheses are that viscosity and osmotic pressure are not the mechanisms that mediate the reduction in the friction coefficient by CS. In Experiment 1, bovine articular cartilage samples ( n =29) were tested in either phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or in PBS containing 100 mg/ml of CS following 48 h incubation in PBS or in PBS+100 mg/ml CS (control specimens were not subjected to any incubation). In Experiment 2, samples ( n =23) were tested in four different solutions: PBS, PBS+100 mg/ml CS, and PBS+polyethylene glycol (PEG) (133 or 170 mg/ml). In Experiment 3, samples ( n =18) were tested in three solutions of CS (0, 10 and 100 mg/ml). Frictional tests (cartilage-on-glass) were performed under constant stress (0.5 MPa) for 3600 s and the time-dependent friction coefficient was measured. Samples incubated or tested in a 100 mg/ml CS solution exhibited a significantly lower equilibrium friction coefficient than the respective PBS control. PEG solutions delayed the rise in the friction coefficient relative to the PBS control, but did not reduce the equilibrium value. Testing in PBS+10 mg/ml of CS did not cause any significant decrease in the friction coefficient. In conclusion, CS at a concentration of 100 mg/ml significantly reduces the friction coefficient of bovine articular cartilage and this mechanism is neither mediated by viscosity nor osmolarity. These results suggest that direct injection of CS into the joint may provide beneficial tribological effects.
Visibility improvement of aerial imagery by a locally tuned nonlinear enhancement technique

This paper presents the effectiveness of locally tuned sine nonlinear (LTSN) image enhancement technique on poor contrast and low quality images that exhibit dark shadows and over exposed regions due to the limited dynamic ranges of imaging and display devices. We use a wide area motion imagery data [1] to evaluate the performance of the LTSN method. A quantitative evaluation is performed by estimating the number of Harris corners and Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) in the enhanced images and compared the performance with other state of the art methods. The evaluation results confirms that the LTSN method can be applied as a preprocessing technique for object detection, tracking and recognition in wide area motion imagery.
A 28 nm 50% power reduced 2T mask ROM with 0.72 ns read access time using column source bias

We propose a new 2T mask ROM with dynamic column source bias control technique, which allows us to achieve both high-speed operation and low-power consumption. One can also overcome the inherent problem of the cross-talk noise between bitlines. The fabricated 128-kb ROM macro using 28-nm high-k and metal-gate CMOS bulk technology realizes 0.72 ns read access time at 0.85 V, which is comparable with recent high-speed embedded SRAMs. Measured active power dissipation is 0.5× smaller than conventional 2T ROM. The standby leakage also can be reduced to a half of the conventional macros.
Extracting paths from fields built with linear interpolation

Algorithms such as Field-D* [1] use linear interpolation to infer continuous fields of costdistance-to-goal, where costdistance is cost integrated over distance. Traditionally, field values have been used as direct input to trajectory planners. In contrast, we focus on extracting a minimum costdistance path between two points, given the continuous field. We identify a suboptimal phenomenon that occurs when standard path extraction techniques are used on linearly interpolated quantity-to-goal fields. The phenomenon causes paths to drift sideways toward their horizontal or vertical bounds, resulting in increased path length and unnecessary turns. We find that the sub-optimality is a mathematical consequence of the linear interpolation used to create the costdistance-to-goal field. We present a possible improvement that calculates path segment directions using an interpolation between the costdistance-to-goal gradient vectors, and perform a series of experiments comparing this method with the current state-of-the-art. We find that the proposed method can achieve a significant reduction in path length error, and we provide discussion and examples of when it should and should not be used.