cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Full Field Displacement Measurements of AFM Cantilevers During Loading

Research collaboration between the University of Florida and National Institute of Standards and Technology is focused on the development of a reference standard for atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever stiffness calibration. The end goal is production of flexure-based artifacts that exhibit low fabrication expense, stiffness adjustability by design, insensitivity to load application point, mechanical robustness, and good reproducibility. Experimental determination of AFM cantilever spring constants is important because the measured forces are inferred from the cantilever displacement and a linear relationship between force and displacement. As a first step in this study, we have constructed a test setup that enables us to: 1) monitor AFM cantilever behavior during loading; and 2) record the shape of the cantilever under test during contact to better understand boundary conditions. The fundamental metrology tool employed by the test setup is a three-dimensional optical profiler, or scanning white light interferometer. By locating the cantilever (and test surface) within the measurement area of the profiler, we are able to record “snapshots” of the cantilever shape under various loading conditions. Given the deflected shape, we can make comparisons between the actual shape and the profile that would be obtained by ideal (fixed-free) boundary conditions. Results for cantilevers with various stiffness values (spanning four orders of magnitude) are presented and comparisons with ideal deflected shapes are provided.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Interictal epileptiform discharges in temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis versus medial temporal lobe tumors.

Summary: Purpose: It remains controversial whether a specific pattern of interictal epileptiform activity exists that may help to differentiate temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) due to hippocampal sclerosis (HS) from other forms of TLE. In this study, we characterized the distribution of interictal epileptiform discharges in TLE due to HS as compared with those in patients with tumors restricted to the medial temporal lobe structures. Methods: The study included 21 adult patients with unilateral HS who remained seizure free (>1 year) after anterior temporal lobectomy with amygdalohippocampectomy. Patients with “dual pathology” were excluded. The comparison group consisted of nine patients with tumors restricted to the amygdala and hippocampus. All patients underwent video-EEG monitoring preoperatively by using 39 scalp electrodes (including the 10–10 system over both temporal regions) and bilateral sphenoidal electrodes. Results: The HS patient group showed a significantly higher percentage of ipsilateral epileptiform discharges maximal at anterior temporal electrodes (median, 97.0%; sphenoidal electrode alone, 88.1%), as compared with the tumor group (median, 72.1%; p < 0.001; sphenoidal electrode alone, 24.8%; p < 0.001). The HS group had significantly fewer extratemporal spikes/sharp waves (median, 0.0), as compared with the tumor group (10.0%; p < 0.001). At least 90% of the interictal discharges were located in the anterior temporal region in 20 (95.2%) of 21 HS patients, but in none of the tumor patients (p < 0.001). Bilateral temporal discharges were found in nine (42.9%) of 21 patients with HS and in two (22.2%) of nine tumor patients (p = 0.42). Conclusions: We conclude that ipsilateral interictal epileptiform discharges outside the anterior temporal region are rare (<10%) in adults with intractable TLE due to unilateral HS. Frequent posterior or extratemporal sharp waves may detract from the certainty of this diagnosis in complicated cases. These restricted epileptiform discharges suggest a smaller irritative zone in HS as compared with medial tumors, or a more organized activity associated with intrinsic hippocampal disease. Bilateral epileptiform discharges were not uncommon in both groups.
Balloon X-ray astronomy.

Instrumental and observational aspects of balloon X-ray astronomy involving position, angular size, intensity and spectral measurements of X-ray sources
Folding a simple polygon: a paradigm for computational geometry

We describe a linear-time algorithm that folds a simple polygon decomposed into convex k-gons into a single k-gon; for instance, we can fold a triangulated simple polygon into a single triangle. Using this technique, we can improve and simplify a number of algorithms that deal with convex decompositions of simple polygons into k-gons, as well as offer a structural characterization of various attributes of such polygons. Such characterizations include a very simple proof of Chvatal’s Watchman Theorem [3] and of its rectilinear version due to Kahn et al. [5]. We describe optimal algorithms, based on the degree sequence of the boundary vertices of the given simple polygon and its convex decomposition, to construct the dual tree of the decomposition in linear-time. The same algorithm, with minor modification, can be used to reconstruct the decomposition from its degree sequence; Beyer et al. [1] gave a similar algorithm for maximal outerplanar graphs, but our approach is simpler and more general. Parts of this work, limited to triangulated simple polygons, appeared in an earlier conference proceedings [6].
SafeQ: Secure and Efficient Query Processing in Sensor Networks

The architecture of two-tiered sensor networks, where storage nodes serve as an intermediate tier between sensors and a sink for storing data and processing queries, has been widely adopted because of the benefits of power and storage saving for sensors as well as the efficiency of query processing. However, the importance of storage nodes also makes them attractive to attackers. In this paper, we propose SafeQ, a protocol that prevents attackers from gaining information from both sensor collected data and sink issued queries. SafeQ also allows a sink to detect compromised storage nodes when they misbehave. To preserve privacy, SafeQ uses a novel technique to encode both data and queries such that a storage node can correctly process encoded queries over encoded data without knowing their values. To preserve integrity, we propose a new data structure called neighborhood chains that allows a sink to verify whether the result of a query contains exactly the data items that satisfy the query. In addition, we propose a solution to adapt SafeQ for event-driven sensor networks.
Fundamental frequency, language processing, and linguistic structure in Wernicke's aphasia

Five Wernicke's aphasics and five normal control subjects were tested in order to assess several aspects of fundamental frequency (F0) in speech production. The clinical impression of normal prosody in Wernicke's aphasia is correct inasmuch as these patients generally exhibited F0 declination. However, F0 declination ranged over shorter domains than in normal speech. Moreover, the increased use of F0 continuation rises by the Wernicke's aphasics indicated their inability to maintain a single F0 contour over constituents which are normally integral. The hypermelodic quality of F0 in the speech of Wernicke's aphasics further supported the notion that speech prosody was not strictly normal. F0 attributes tended to be normal when they corresponded to the global linguistic variable of sentence length, while they were abnormal when they corresponded to the processing of syntactic structure. No evidence was found that paraphasias and neologisms directly affected the programming of F0. The results are discussed in terms of speech processing abilities and limitations in Wernicke's aphasia.
Synthesis of LnMn2O5 (Ln = Nd, Pr) crystals using fused salt electrolysis

Abstract A simple method of synthesis of LnMn2O5 (Ln = Nd, Pr) is presented. Mixtures of sodium molybdate, molybdenum(VI) oxide, MnCO3, and Nd2O3 or Pr6O11 were electrolyzed for 3–24 h at 930–1020°C with platinum electrodes. Single crystals of LnMn2O5 (Ln = Nd, Pr) with an edge up to 1.5 mm formed at the anode. The crystal structures of NdMn2O5 and PrMn2O5 were refined by Rietveld profile analysis in space group Pbam (Z = 4); the lattice parameters are a = 7.4970(2) A, b = 8.6086(2) A, c = 5.6963(1) A and a = 7.5384(2) A, b = 8.6319(2) A, c = 5.7022(1) A, respectively. The magnetic susceptibility measurements show an antiferromagnetic transition at 25 K for PrMn2O5. Both the NdMn2O5 and PrMn2O5 crystals are insulating.
Bibliosupervision: A Creative Supervision Technique

This column is designed to underscore relationally based creative interventions used by counselors and psychotherapists in their practices. Our intention is to provide examples of novel, innovative ways of working with clients in their efforts to deepen self-awareness and their connections with others. Although the interventions within this column will be presented in a linear “how-to” manner, an essential premise of this column is that interventions submitted for publication have a contextual and relational basis. Basic to this column is the therapeutic focus of working through latent hurts and impediments to our clients' health and happiness. Client goals generally involve creating the requisite emotional space needed for genuine relational choice for connection to manifest. If you have created a useful therapy tool, or if you have adapted an existing creative tool that you would like to share with readers, please follow submission guidelines in the author information packet available at http://www.crea...
Spread of the light response along the rod outer segment: An estimate from patch-clamp recordings

Abstract Longitudinal spread of the light response was studied using cell-attached patch-clamp recordings from the outer segments of isolated rod photoreceptors from toad retina. The effective photon-collecting area over which photoisomerizations influenced the membrane current through the recorded patch of membrane was determined by measuring the probability of a detectable response as a function of flash photon density (i.e. a “frequency-of-seeing” experiment). The effective collecting area averaged 0.40 μm 2 , which corresponds to a total sampling length of approximately 1 μm for the patch electrode.
Effect of Ethanolamine and Betaine on Perosis in Chicks.

SummarySummary.The occurrence of perosis in chicks was markedly reduced by supplementing the basal diet with betaine hydrochloride. Ethanolamine was slightly effective in one experiment in preventi...
FORMATION OF A BACTERIAL TOXIN (STREPTOLYSIN S) BY RESTING CELLS

The interaction of washed cocci, prepared under specified conditions, and a polynucleotide (AF) results in the formation of streptolysin S provided a fermentable carbohydrate is present. Maximum toxin formation requires, in addition, the presence of magnesium, potassium, and phosphate ions. Streptolysin S production proceeds anaerobically as well as aerobically but under the latter condition, apparently only if the system is sufficiently reducing. Temperature has a marked effect on the rate of appearance of toxin, the critical thermal increment having a value of approximately 36,000. The formation of streptolysin S is inhibited by mercuric ion, arsenite, iodoacetate, dinitrophenol, azide, and other enzyme poisons. The development of streptolysin S in resting cell systems depends neither upon autolysis nor upon physical extraction of preformed toxin but upon toxin synthesis. From the supernatant fluid of the resting cell system, a product containing 20,000 to 30,000 units of streptolysin S per mg. dry weight can be isolated. Information concerning the pH stability of the product is presented. The product is free of streptokinase, hyaluronidase, and proteinase, but possesses appreciable desoxyribonuclease activity. Chemical analyses and other findings indicate that polynucleotide and carbohydrate are present in major amount, and that a small but undetermined quantity of protein is present. Inactivation of streptolysin S by chymotrypsin, ficin, papain, or cathepsin, and not by a variety of other enzymes, indicates that protein is essential for activity, but the precise chemical composition of the toxin remains to be established.
Experimental studies on the influences of physical activity on ligaments, tendons and joints: a brief review.

. The clinical practices of the future depend upon the experimental findings of today. Because of the uniqueness of connective tissue, animal experimentation will be essential for advances in this field. During the last decade, the improvements in technology and the increased interest of basic scientists and research clinicans on the effects of physical activity has markedly enhanced the amount of information available to practicing physicians. Studies spanning the appearances of structure to the changes in the crosslinks of collagen, clearly demonstrate that limb immobilization (inactivity) is deleterious to all structures involved whether evaluated anatomically, physiologically, or biomechanically. Furthermore, when surgical repair is included, there are stages when the deleterious processes become accelerated with or without immobilization. Hence, clinical immobilization must be utilized in a prudent and careful manner. There is sufficent experimental evidence for clinicians to utilize motion and mechanical stimuli as a means to improve the structure and function of tendons, ligaments, and joints. However, the unresolved issues are the mode, time of initiation, or the intensity of application. Even when used with repair, recovery of normal structures and function is protracted. The primary or secondary mechanisms associated with these effects of physical activity are unknown and virtually uninvestigated at the present time.
The growth of regenerating soleus muscle transplants after ablation of the gastrocnemius muscle.

Abstract Soleus muscle transplants were analyzed at intervals after ablation of the gastrocnemius muscle to determine if the growth of transplants could be stimulated under conditions which cause hypertrophy of normal muscle. Soleus muscles in both hind limbs of rats were Marcaine treated and orthotopically transplanted (returned to their original position); the gastrocnemius muscle was removed from one hind limb 7 days later (overloaded transplant). Muscles were examined at 1, 2, 7, 9, 11, 40, and 60 days after transplantation. Histological analyses demonstrated that both types of transplants followed the typical pattern of muscle degeneration and regeneration. At days 11 and 20, dry muscle weights were significantly greater ( P ≤ 0.05) in overloaded transplants. Morphometric analyses of 20-day transplants demonstrated that overloaded transplants contained more fibers per cross section and larger fibers ( P ≤ 0.05) than control transplants. Hydroxyproline concentration assays indicated that the marked increase in the size of overloaded transplants was not due to increased amounts of connective tissue, although there was more connective tissue in both types of transplants compared with normal muscle. The persistence of the transplants was equally variable in both control and experimental muscles by the 60th day, suggesting that overload affected only the early regenerative response. We conclude that ablation of the gastrocnemius (i) markedly increases the mass of the soleus transplant by increasing both the number and size of the regenerating fibers, (ii) does not alter the relative amount of connective tissue characteristic of muscle regeneration, and (iii) does not improve the probability of persistence of the transplant at later (60 day) stages. Our data suggest that the early enhanced growth of the overloaded transplants is independent of neural influence and occurs in response to the stretch imposed by ablation of the synergist.
PILOT STUDY OF SEQUENTIAL ORAL ANTIBIOTICS FOR THE TREATMENT OF INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

Purpose: Interstitial cystitis is a chronic disease of unknown etiology characterized by bladder pain, urgency and frequency. Although a single microbe has not been implicated as a cause of interstitial cystitis, several groups noted various organisms in the urine of some women with interstitial cystitis and some patients reported that antibiotics decrease symptoms. Consequently we performed a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled pilot study of sequential oral antibiotics.Materials and Methods: We randomized 50 patients with interstitial cystitis to receive 18 weeks of placebo or antibiotics, including rifampin plus a sequence of doxycycline, erythromycin, metronidazole, clindamycin, amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin for 3 weeks each.Results: Intent to treat analysis demonstrated that 12 of 25 patients (48%) in the antibiotic and 6 of 25 (24%) in the placebo group reported overall improvement (p = 0.14), while 10 and 5, respectively, noticed improvement in pain and urgency (p = 0.22). I...
Report on the Development of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

In 1997, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) initiated a process to select a symmetric-key encryption algorithm to be used to protect sensitive (unclassified) Federal information in furtherance of NIST’s statutory responsibilities. In 1998, NIST announced the acceptance of fifteen candidate algorithms and requested the assistance of the cryptographic research community in analyzing the candidates. This analysis included an initial examination of the security and efficiency characteristics for each algorithm. NIST reviewed the results of this preliminary research and selected MARS, RC6™, Rijndael, Serpent and Twofish as finalists. Having reviewed further public analysis of the finalists, NIST has decided to propose Rijndael as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). The research results and rationale for this selection are documented in this report.
Numerical simulation of air-sea coupling during coastal upwelling

Air–sea coupling during coastal upwelling was examined through idealized three-dimensional numerical simulations with a coupled atmosphere–ocean mesoscale model. Geometry, topography, and initial and boundary conditions were chosen to be representative of summertime coastal conditions off the Oregon coast. Over the 72-h simulations, sea surface temperatures were reduced several degrees near the coast by a wind-driven upwelling of cold water that developed within 10–20 km off the coast. In this region, the interaction of the atmospheric boundary layer with the cold upwelled water resulted in the formation of an internal boundary layer below 100-m altitude in the inversion-capped boundary layer and a reduction of the wind stress in the coupled model to half the offshore value. Surface heat fluxes were also modified by the coupling. The simulated modification of the atmospheric boundary layer by ocean upwelling was consistent with recent moored and aircraft observations of the lower atmosphere off the Oregon coast during the upwelling season. For these 72-h simulations, comparisons of coupled and uncoupled model results showed that the coupling caused measurable differences in the upwelling circulation within 20 km off the coast. The coastal Ekman transport divergence was distributed over a wider offshore extent and a thinner ocean surface boundary layer, with consistently smaller offshore and depth-integrated alongshore transport formed in the upwelling region, in the coupled case relative to the uncoupled case. The results indicate that accurate models of coastal upwelling processes can require representations of ocean–atmosphere interactions on short temporal and horizontal scales.
Mechanisms of chromosomal and gene inactivation in Drosophila.

HE best documented cases of chromosome suppression in Drosophila are inTcluded in the phenomenon called “position-eff ect variegation”. I would like to review for you the present state of the evidence supporting the hypothesis that this phenomenon is based on suppression of gene transcription, the suppression being due to events at the chromosomal rather than at the cytoplasmic level. As you will see, the evidence is quite clear on some points, still ambiguous on others. It should be recalled that this type of variegated gene expression in somatic tissue is the result of suppression of gene activity in certain cells of the tissue and not of somatic mutation. The evidence on this point is clear and has been reviewed previously (LEWIS 1950; BAKER 1963). The phenomenon, as we shall see, is one of regulation of gene expression in individual cells thus making its study relevant to problems of development. Before dealing directly with experiments bearing on the hypothesis proposed, it might be beneficial to review certain other of the cytogenetic facts known about position-effect variegation. If g+ is the gene whose activity is suppressed by a chromosome rearrangement, H, and bp denotes the breakpoint of the rearranged chromosome whereas bp+ signifies the lack of the breakpoint in the normal chromosome, then variegated expression is observed in the first genotype shown in Figure la and wild-type expression in the second. This is a typical cis-trans effect, the “mutant” breakpoint (bp) must be cis to the gene affected (gf ) in order for suppression to occur. Since one can produce the second genotype from the first (and vice versa) by crossing over between the breakpoint and the affected gene, the cis-trans nature of the phenomenon has been proved in a number of cases. The breakpoint, bp, referred to is, of course, only one of the at least two breaks that occur in a chromosomal rearrangement, but it is a very special one. In all cases of position-effect variegation, one of the breaks occurs in a heterochromatic chromosome region and this is the breakpoint referred to as bp, the other break being close to the gene suppressed. If this gene is normally situated in a euchromatic region, as is the common case, then the second break serves only to place the gene near to the region of heterochromatin disrupted by bp. It is this disrupted heterochromatin that is apparently responsible for the gene suppression; we shall call it the “suppressor”. If the affected gene is normally located in a heterochromatic region, then a break in the heterochromatin proximal (with reference to Much of the research reported herein has been supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, of
A learning-based approach for IP geolocation

The ability to pinpoint the geographic location of IP hosts is compelling for applications such as on-line advertising and network attack diagnosis. While prior methods can accurately identify the location of hosts in some regions of the Internet, they produce erroneous results when the delay or topology measurement on which they are based is limited. The hypothesis of our work is that the accuracy of IP geolocation can be improved through the creation of a flexible analytic framework that accommodates different types of geolocation information. In this paper, we describe a new framework for IP geolocation that reduces to a machine-learning classification problem. Our methodology considers a set of lightweight measurements from a set of known monitors to a target, and then classifies the location of that target based on the most probable geographic region given probability densities learned from a training set. For this study, we employ a Naive Bayes framework that has low computational complexity and enables additional environmental information to be easily added to enhance the classification process. To demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of our approach, we test IP geolocation on over 16,000 routers given ping measurements from 78 monitors with known geographic placement. Our results show that the simple application of our method improves geolocation accuracy for over 96% of the nodes identified in our data set, with on average accuracy 70 miles closer to the true geographic location versus prior constraint-based geolocation. These results highlight the promise of our method and indicate how future expansion of the classifier can lead to further improvements in geolocation accuracy.
Research in the Service of Theatre: the Example of Shakespeare Studies

Masterpieces of theatre are tantalizingly inaccessible, except in print. Before we can see or hear the great plays of past ages, a theatre company has to learn how to produce them in a very different world from that in which they were written. Directors, designers, and actors who are available today are very different from the people first responsible for staging the plays. The buildings and equipment of newly-built theatres make their own distinct and irresistible contributions to any production. Before old texts can be staged problems of meaning, characterization, convention, and stagecraft have to be tackled. How can classics become fully and engagingly alive under such changed conditions? Any responsible theatre should consider establishing its own laboratory in which to conduct the necessary research.
Assessing Sleep in Psychiatric Inpatients: Nurse and Patient Reports versus Wrist Actigraphy

This study was designed to evaluate the conventional techniques of assessing sleep, nursing and patient report, of inpatients on a clinical psychiatric unit. Nurses assessed sleep/wake status at hourly checks and patients completed a sleep diary. For three nights patients wore a wrist actigraph, a portable instrument which provides objective data about sleep/wake activity. The nursing and patient data obtained were compared with actigraphy data. Nursing staff evaluated sleep with satisfactory agreement (76.5% night 1 and 81.6% night 3) that improved over the first three nights of hospitalization (p < 0.03). When the nurses' report did not agree with the actigraph, they tended to overestimate sleep. Patients tended to underestimate their total sleep time and total time awake after sleep onset. Time in bed and initial sleep latency were overestimated. There was great intersubject variability, making determination of agreement impossible. This data suggest that treatment teams on psychiatric units should in general consider nursing reports of sleep more accurate than patient self-report. However, since nursing staff and patients observe different aspects of sleep, both sources of data are important to inpatient treatment teams on clinical units.
Melanoma in-situ arising in seborrheic keratosis: a case report

Background Seborrheic keratosis is a very common benign skin tumor in man. Melanoma is rare but is the most dreaded of all malignant skin tumors. A melanoma arising in a seborrheic keratosis is distinctly rare. We are reporting such a case occurring in an 86-year-old man.
Evaluation of the MPA Procedure for Estimating Seismic Demands: RC-SMRF Buildings

The modal pushover analysis (MPA) procedure is extended for analysis of reinforced concrete special moment resisting frame (RC-SMRF) buildings, after demonstrating that the theory, assumptions, and...
A control system design method for a system having a plant with variable parameters

Abstract A design method is presented which permits a feedback control system with variable plant parameters to satisfy the desired performance specifications. The method utilizes state-variable feedback with constant feedback gains and satisfies the quadratic performance index (P.I.). The design application is an aircraft pitch attitude control system. The control system must be insensitive to parameter variations which occur over a range of flight conditions. The design example allowed large variations in the plant parameters while still maintaining the desired response. The gain in this design is high, but not in the sense of Horowitz's high-gain system design (LaBounty and Houpis 1906). Because of this relatively high gain, the disturbance response of this system is within acceptable limits. In comparison with previous control system designs (LaBounty and Houpis 1966), the design presented in this paper resulted in a simpler system configuration, i.e. reduced system complexity.
Improved LP Lower Bounds for Difference Triangle Sets

In 1991 Lorentzen and Nilsen showed how to use linear programming to prove lower bounds on the size of difference triangle sets. In this note we show how to improve these bounds by including additional valid linear inequalities in the LP formulation. We also give some new optimal difference triangle sets found by computer search.
Molecular analysis of the t(1;19) breakpoint cluster region in pre-b cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias

The t(1;19) chromosomal translocation in acute lymphoblastic pre-B cell leukemias involves the gene E2A for helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins E12 and E47, ubiquitous transcriptional proteins implicated in the regulation of various lymphoid and nonlymphoid genes. To characterize the molecular features of the t(1;19)(q23;p13) translocation, we molecularly cloned breakpoint DNA from t(1;19)-carrying pre-B cell leukemias. In all cases, breakpoints on chromosome 19 occurred within 2 kb of each other in a single intron of the E2A gene. This clustered arrangement resulted in specific truncation of the E2A gene and transcript, with loss of sequences encoding the basic DNA-binding and HLH dimerization motifs from the derivative 19 chromosome. In contrast, breakpoints on chromosome 1 were distributed over a large region and could not be linked to exonic sequences of the PBX1 gene, although identical chromosome 1 sequences are joined to E2A sequences in 1;19 fusion transcripts. These data show that the 1;19 translocation consistently results in exchange of 3' exons encoding the HLH motifs of E2A with DNA from chromosome 1 to form a fusion gene on the derivative 19 chromosome.
Calcium/calmodulin-mediated signal network in plants

Various extracellular stimuli elicit specific calcium signatures that can be recognized by different calcium sensors. Calmodulin, the predominant calcium receptor, is one of the best-characterized calcium sensors in eukaryotes. In recent years, completion of the Arabidopsis genome project and advances in functional genomics have helped to identify and characterize numerous calmodulin-binding proteins in plants. There are some similarities in Ca(2+)/calmodulin-mediated signaling in plants and animals. However, plants possess multiple calmodulin genes and many calmodulin target proteins, including unique protein kinases and transcription factors. Some of these proteins are likely to act as "hubs" during calcium signal transduction. Hence, a better understanding of the function of these calmodulin target proteins should help in deciphering the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-mediated signal network and its role in plant growth, development and response to environmental stimuli.
Teaching Qualitative Research Lessons From Practice

Qualitative research has become increasingly perceived as well suited to the advancement of counseling psychology, yet opportunities for formal training in qualitative inquiry remain inconsistently available within and across graduate programs. For the potential contribution of this approach to counseling psychology to be realized, graduate students need routine access to adequate and appropriate coursework. In this article, the author shares a design and rationale for an introductory course in qualitative research, describes typical challenges faced by students, and offers strategies for fostering student learning and success. Limitations of the approach are discussed and recommendations offered based on lessons learned from practice.
Promoting Relationship Building and Connection: Adapting an Evidence-Based Parenting Program for Families Involved in the Child Welfare System.

Abstract The high needs of youth involved in the child welfare system and the poor long-term outcomes of former foster youth represent a significant systemic challenge. As part of a process to adapt an evidence-based parenting program for a child welfare population, we conducted a series of focus groups with child welfare staff, foster caregivers, and young adults who were involved in the foster system as teens. From these focus groups we learned that, although there is a need for evidence-based parenting programs for families involved in the child welfare setting, one of the significant barriers to program implementation is the lack of a meaningful connection between caregivers and youth in their care. We will provide an in-depth discussion on the proposed adaptations to make Staying Connected more relevant for foster families, including the addition of skills training to help overcome some of the barriers to connection. Staying Connected holds the promise of cultivating more supportive home environments that have the capacity to nurture youths' healthy development, including the avoidance of high-risk behaviors.
Emerging Evidence on the Role of Soy in Reducing Prostate Cancer Risk

Soyfoods are a unique dietary source of isoflavones, which have both hormonal and non-hormonal effects relevant to prostate cancer prevention. In vitro, the main soybean isoflavone, genistein, inhibits prostate cancer cell growth; in animals, most but not all studies show isoflavone-rich soy protein and isolated isoflavones inhibit prostate tumor development. Currently, although only limited epidemiologic data indicate soy intake reduces prostate cancer risk, results from a pilot intervention trial suggest isoflavones may be beneficial to prostate cancer patients. For several reasons, men concerned about their prostate health may consider incorporating soy into their diet.
Others and the Problem of Community

Community building has been a key concern for a wide array of educational projects. Recently, educational theories concerned about social justice have begun to challenge assumptions about community...
Tumor volume as a predictor of adverse pathologic features and biochemical recurrence (BCR) in radical prostatectomy specimens: A tale of two methods

The prognostic value of tumor volume in predicting biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy has been debated. Our aim in this study was to (a) evaluate tumor volume as an independent predictor of adverse pathologic outcomes and BCR and (b) determine the effect of two different methods of tumor volume estimation. We reviewed the charts of 3,087 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy at Vanderbilt University Medical Center between 2000 and 2008; of which 1,747 patients had data sufficient for analysis. Prostate specimens were processed as whole mount between 2000 and 2003 and then via systematic sampling from 2003 to 2008, with tumor volume measured by planimetry in the whole-mount group and tumor volume estimated by percent tumor involvement in the systematic sampling group. Tumor volume estimates were higher with SS than with WM. There were significant associations between larger tumor volume and adverse pathological outcomes, regardless of pathologic method (all with P < 0.001). Controlling for other pathologic parameters, tumor volume was an independent predictor of PGS, EPE, and SM in logistic regression models (P < 0.001 for TV in all models). Tumor volume was demonstrated to be an independent predictor of BCR in the WM group (1.06, 95% CI 1.01–1.11, P = 0.013), though tumor volume was not a significant predictor of BCR in the SS group. Though the prognostic value of tumor volume is debated, our data demonstrate that tumor volume, when calculated via planimetry on whole-mount pathologic sectioning, is a significant predictor of biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy.
Strategies for Reducing the Out-of-Plane Radiation in Photonic Crystal Heterostructure Microcavities for Continuous Wave Laser Applications

The directional optical loss properties of photonic crystal double heterostructure cavities are analyzed using the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. It is found that these high quality factor cavities are dominated by vertical radiation loss, and the addition of heat-sinking lower substrates exacerbates the vertical loss problem. An alternative heterostructure geometry based on introducing a glide-plane is proposed and is shown to significantly reduce out-of-plane radiation. This new geometry is a promising candidate for building chip-scale edge-emitting photonic crystal lasers operating under continuous wave conditions. Alternative vertical slab structures are investigated, and the plausibility of forming electrically injected photonic crystal lasers is discussed.
Estimating the full cost of workplace injuries

While many studies estimate medical costs and lost wages from workplace injuries, few have estimated pain and suffering costs. This study develops a wage-risk model for railroad workers and estimates the total cost of on-the-job injuries. On average, the total cost of an on-the-job injury to a railroad worker in 1980 was between $19,500 and $22,500. These estimates are substantially higher than the sum of medical costs plus lost wages.
Evolution of Large-Scale Circulation during TOGA COARE: Model Intercomparison and Basic Features

Abstract An intercomparison study of the evolution of large-scale circulation features during TOGA COARE has been carried out using data from three 4D assimilation systems: the National Meteorological Center (NMC, currently known as the National Center for Environmental Prediction), the Navy Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center, and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Results show that the preliminary assimilation products, though somewhat crude, can provide important information concerning the evolution of the large-scale atmospheric circulation over the tropical western Pacific during TOGA COARE. Large-scale features such as sea level pressure, rotational wind field, and temperature are highly consistent among models. However, the rainfall and wind divergence distributions show poor agreement among models, even though some useful information can still be derived. All three models shows a continuous background rain over the Intensive Flux Area (IFA), even during periods with suppressed convection, in co...
Code status documentation in the outpatient electronic medical records of patients with metastatic cancer

9576 Background: Advanced care planning is an essential component of cancer care for patients with incurable malignancies. However, the extent to which clinicians clearly document end-of-life care ...
Proposed Noncompensatory Partnership Options Regulations Provide Nonrecognition on Exercise or Conversion, But Add Complex Allocation of Inherent Gain on Revaluation

In January, the IRS issued proposed regulations dealing with noncompesatory partnership options. The good news is that they generally provide that exercise of an option or conversion privilege is a nonrecognition event for the holder, the partnership, and the other partners. The bad news is that the regulations require complex allocations of inherent partnership income, and, in some circumstances, of gross income. In addition, there are issues not addressed, including the effect of accrued interest on convertible debt. The Preamble states that the nonrecognition principle does not apply to options or conversion privileges for disregarded entities, primarily LLCs, that become partnerships on exercise of the option or conversion privilege, and seeks comment whether it should. The proposed effective date is for options (including convertible securities) issued on or after the publication of the final regulations. Thus, the tax consequences of existing partnership options or convertible securities, and any new ones issued in the interim, remain subject to the uncertainties of existing law. This may be one situation in which retroactive regulations would be pro-taxpayer. The article examines the proposed regulations in detail, discussing issues that should be addressed before they are finalized.
Balancing the skill sets of founders: Implications for the quality of organizational outputs

The jack-of-all-trades theory of entrepreneurship suggests that technically adept employees require additional skills in order to effectively transition to the more generalist role of founder. Howe...
Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of 1,3,5-Triisopropylcyclohexane

Recent surrogate diesel fuel mixture development identified the need for a multiply substituted, low cetane number, high molecular mass monocycloalkane component. On the basis of a thermophysical property evaluation and prediction, 1,3,5-triisopropylcyclohexane was chosen to serve this need. This fluid is not commercially available; therefore, very few thermophysical property measurements exist, and the thermal decomposition kinetics have not yet been investigated. In this work, we study the thermal decomposition kinetics of 1,3,5-triisopropylcyclohexane between 350 and 425 °C. The decomposition reactions were performed in stainless-steel ampule reactors. At each temperature, the extent of decomposition as a function of time was determined by analyzing the thermally stressed liquid phase by use of gas chromatography. These data were used to derive pseudo-first-order rate constants that ranged from 2.38 × 10–7 s–1 at 350 °C to 7.28 × 10–5 s–1 at 425 °C. The Arrhenius parameters of the thermal decomposition...
National Legislatures: The Foundations of Comparative International Law

One critique of some common-law comparative legal academies is their intensively “court-centric” focus, which, some believe, “marginalize[s]” the role of the legislative branch. The same may be said of the extant comparative international law literature: most of it concerns the interpretive approaches of national courts. In fact, one of the field’s seminal pieces defines comparative international law as the process of “seeking to identify and interpret international law by engaging in comparative analyses of various domestic court decisions.” Not surprisingly, then, nearly all of this volume’s contributions deal mostly or exclusively with courts and judicial decisions. While we agree with this volume’s other contributors that courts can play a significant part in diversifying how international law works across different systems, we contend that the foundation of the comparative international law project lies elsewhere. We argue that among the most important and underappreciated interpretative acts — and therefore, those currently most needing study — are the international law interpretations of national legislatures.
Quality improvement in web services using function replication

Service identification is the first and the most important step in service-oriented development and improving the quality of identified services is an important issue. In this paper, a method for replicating functions in identified services is proposed. In this method, after clustering the functions and defining each cluster as a service, the quality of each service is calculated using Turbo-MQ fitness function. Then, functions that could increase the value of fitness function are identified and replicated in the target cluster. Function replication might cause new inter- and intra-cluster relations; also, creating a replica for a function has extra cost in terms of implementation and maintenance. Therefore, after considering these challenges, a useful function replication will increase service quality and service call efficiency in a whole system. This method can be added to all business process-based service identification methods, and improve the accuracy of these methods.
Cheapening Death: Danger, Police Street Culture, and the Use of Deadly Force

The police have come under fire recently as videos showing their use of force are heavily publicized in public and social media. The President's Task Force on 21st-century policing, though useful i...
Introduction: Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Contemporary Civilization

During the 1960s, Herbert Marcuse was more widely discussed than any other living philosopher. His criticisms of advanced industrial society and defence of radical politics achieved world-wide impact, and he was acclaimed ‘father of the New Left’.1 Almost alone among contemporary philosophers, Marcuse’s ideas became topics of debate not only in scholarly journals, but in the popular press as well. For instance, an author in the Saturday Evening Post wrote that: ‘Like rock ‘n’ roll and some of the mind-expanding drugs and those movies in which beginning-middle-end come in reverse or spiral or other or no patterns, Marcuse is a stimulant to fantasy and action, not the architect of a system. He is a writer of anthems and manifestos, not the organiser of reality. Thoughtful students are temporary people, bound for elsewhere — an elsewhere that they cannot clearly define. Marcuse tells them that this voyage is freedom, and that in the world to come the perpetual student will be the whole man.’2 Summing up this phenomenon, Paul Breines writes: Almost overnight the unknown dialectician became, in Fortune’s phrase, the ‘improbable guru of surrealist politics’ and simultaneously evoked the wrath of authorities and authoritarians everywhere. Indeed, it is one of the unique achievements of Marcuse’s work that it has unified California’s right-wing elders, Pravda, liberals such as Irving Howe and Nathan Glazer, the French Communist Party, and, most recently, the Pope in a single chorus of reprobation against the supposed pied piper who has corrupted the minds, morals and manners of the young.3
Ictal SPECT Focal Hyperperfusion in West Syndrome

Ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and EEG were used to determine the mechanism of clustered spasms in 3 patients with symptomatic West syndrome (WS), in a study at Tokushima University, Japan.
Frontal Lobe MRI Abnormalities in HHV-6 Encephalopathy

Magnetic resonance imaging and SPECT findings in 10 children with a diagnosis of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) encephalopathy are reported from Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo; and Saitama Children's Medical Center, Japan.
Efficient broadcast trees for weighted vertices

In this paper, we consider a weighted-vertex model for information dissemination in communication networks. Each node of the network (e.g., a processing machine) is assigned a weight, which represents the delay of the node after receiving data and before sending it to its neighbors. We are interested in the broadcasting problem in which the goal is to disseminate information from one node to all other nodes as quickly as possible. We introduce a simple algorithm for optimal broadcasting from a given node in weighted-vertex trees. We also study the problem of constructing efficient broadcast trees that minimize the required time for broadcasting. We investigate two variants of this problem. First, we show that, given a set of vertices with specified weights, one can construct a tree that connects all vertices and enables broadcasting from any vertex in the optimal time of ź ( log n ) . Second, given a set of weighted vertices among which one vertex is specified as the originator, we introduce a polynomial algorithm that connects vertices with a tree in which broadcasting from the originator completes in minimum time.
High Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines in the Reproductive Tract of Women with BV and Engaging in Intravaginal Douching: A Cross-Sectional Study of Participants in the Women Interagency HIV Study.

Abstract High levels of inflammatory cytokines in the genital tract suggest mucosal vulnerability and increased risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition. Intravaginal douching is associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) in women in the United States, and both douching and BV are linked to HIV and STI acquisition. This study evaluates inflammatory cytokines in the genital tract to increase understanding of the effects of both BV and intravaginal douching to the vaginal mucosa. A cross-sectional study of participants in the Miami WIHS investigated 72 reproductive age women (45 HIV+ and 27 high-risk HIV−) who completed intravaginal douching questionnaires and underwent collection of vaginal swabs and cervicovaginal lavages (CVLs). BV was assessed using the Nugent score. Inflammatory cytokines in the CVLs (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-1α, IL-1β, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 [sICAM-1], interferon [IFN]α2, chemokine C ligand 5 (CCL5), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF...