cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Approach for Detecting and Distinguishing Errors versus Attacks in Sensor Networks

Distributed sensor networks are highly prone to accidental errors and malicious activities, owing to their limited resources and tight interaction with the environment. Yet only a few studies have analyzed and coped with the effects of corrupted sensor data. This paper contributes with the proposal of an on-the-fly statistical technique that can detect and distinguish faulty data from malicious data in a distributed sensor network. Detecting faults and attacks is essential to ensure the correct semantic of the network, while distinguishing faults from attacks is necessary to initiate a correct recovery action. The approach uses Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to capture the error/attack-free dynamics of the environment and the dynamics of error/attack data. It then performs a structural analysis of these HMMs to determine the type of error/ attack affecting sensor observations. The methodology is demonstrated with real data traces collected over one month of observation from motes deployed on the Great Duck Island.
Gene Conversion and Different Population Histories May Explain the Contrast between Polymorphism and Linkage Disequilibrium Levels

To characterize linkage disequilibrium (LD) levels in human populations, we have analyzed 10 independent noncoding segments in three population samples from the major ethnic groups—that is, Africans, Asians, and Europeans. Descriptive statistics show that LD decays much faster in the African samples than in the non-African ones. With the assumption of an equilibrium model, we estimated the population crossing-over parameter (4Nerbp, where Ne is the effective population size and rbp is the crossing-over rate per generation between adjacent base pairs) in the presence of gene conversion. In the African sample, LD and polymorphism levels lead to similar estimates of effective population size, as expected under an equilibrium model. Conversely, in both non-African samples, LD levels suggest a smaller effective population size than that implied by polymorphism levels. This observation is paralleled by significant departures from an equilibrium model in the spectrum of allele frequencies of the non-African samples. Besides ruling out the possibility that non-African populations are at equilibrium, these results suggest different demographic history (temporal and spatial) of these groups. Interestingly, the African sample fits the expectations of an equilibrium model based on polymorphism and divergence levels and on frequency spectrum. For this sample, the estimated ratio of gene conversion to crossing-over rates is 7.3 for a mean tract length of 500 bp, suggesting that gene conversion may be more frequent than previously thought. These findings imply that disease-association studies will require a much denser map of polymorphic sites in African than in non-African populations.
Obtaining inferences about relative stability and metastable phase sequences from phase diagrams

Phase diagrams that include metastable equilibria can be constructed from empirical observations on metastable phases and extrapolations of data from stable phases. Such diagrams contain useful hierarchical information about metastable phase equilibrium sequences.
Modelling of benzene-1,4-dithiol on a Au(1 1 1) surface

Abstract The bonding of benzene-1,4-dithiol to a Au(1 1 1) surface is studied using a Au 25 –SC 6 H 4 SH model. We find that the most favorable structure has the S directly above an Au atom, i.e., an on-top site. If the molecule is constrained to be perpendicular to the surface, the on-top site is the least favorable site and the threefold hollow is the most favorable one.
Feedback attribution of the land-sea warming contrast in a global warming simulation of the NCAR CCSM4

One of the salient features in both observations and climate simulations is a stronger land warming than sea. This paper provides a quantitative understanding of the main processes that contribute to the land-sea warming asymmetry in a global warming simulation of the NCAR CCSM4. The CO2 forcing alone warms the surface nearly the same for both land and sea, suggesting that feedbacks are responsible for the warming contrast. Our analysis on one hand confirms that the principal contributor to the above-unity land-to-sea warming ratio is the evaporation feedback; on the other hand the results indicate that the sensible heat flux feedback has the largest land-sea warming difference that favors a greater ocean than land warming. Therefore, the results uniquely highlight the importance of other feedbacks in establishing the above-unity land-to-sea warming ratio. Particularly, the SW cloud feedback and the ocean heat storage in the transient response are key contributors to the greater warming over land than sea.
FAST OPTICAL DIGITAL ARITHMETIC PROCESSORS

A new scheme for digital optical computing, utilizing a non-holographic opto-electronic addressable memory (CAM), is discussed. To illustrate the performance of this arithmetic processor, the design of an optical binary carry look-ahead adder (CLA), also, the design of a binary, a logarithmic number (LN) and a residue number (RN) multipliers are presented. Compared to existing opto-electronic approaches, this non-holographic CAM offers a number of practical advantages, such as fast processing speed, ease of optical implementation and alignment. Two spatial input data encoding techniques, an active low and high, are discussed. A multioperation multibit CAM processor is presented. Experimental results for a CLA adders; and a binary, residue and logarithmic number multipliers are also presented.
The new field of nanopiezotronics

Semiconducting and piezoelectric nanowires and nanobelts have exciting applications in electronics, optoelectronics, sensors, and the biological sciences. We review the use of ZnO nanowires and nanobelts in electromechanical coupled devices. A nanogenerator that uses aligned ZnO nanowires for converting nanoscale mechanical energy into electric energy is described. The mechanism of the nanogenerator relies on the unique coupling of ZnO’s piezoelectric and semiconducting properties. The approach has the potential to convert biological mechanical energy, acoustic/ultrasonic vibration energy, and biofluid hydraulic energy into electricity, demonstrating a new pathway for harvesting energy for self-powered wireless nanodevices and nanosystems. Based on the nanogenerator mechanism, we also describe piezoelectric field-effect transistors, diodes, force/pressure sensors, and resonators. These devices form the fundamental components of nanopiezotronics, a new field in nanotechnology.
Molecular and Epidemiologic Trends of Caliciviruses Associated with Outbreaks of Acute Gastroenteritis in the United States, 2000–2004

Between July 2000 and June 2004, fecal specimens from 270 outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention by local or state health departments for calicivirus testing. Of the 226 outbreaks that met the criteria for inclusion in the present study, caliciviruses were detected in 184 (81%) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing. Nursing homes, retirement centers, and hospitals were the most frequently reported settings, and person-to-person contact was the most common mode of transmission, followed by foodborne spread. Overall, genogroup II norovirus (NoV) strains were the most abundant (79%), followed by genogroup I NoV strains (19%) and sapovirus (2%). Nucleotide-sequence analysis indicated a great diversity of NoV strains and implicated the emergence of one particular sequence variant in outbreaks occurring between July 2002 and June 2003. The public health impact of caliciviruses will not be fully appreciated, nor will interventions be completely evaluated, until methods to detect these viruses are more routinely used.
Multiple Personality and Psychoanalysis: An Introduction

(1992). Multiple personality and psychoanalysis: An introduction. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 12, Perspective on Multiple Personality Disorder, pp. 3-48.
Identification of Orcinus orca by underwater acoustics in Dabob Bay

Acoustic vocalizations were recorded from a pod of Orcinus orca under uncontrolled conditions in Dabob Bay, Washington. The animals were not contained, controlled or prompted. This recording was made of wild resident Orcas while they were actively vocalizing in the vicinity of a permanent hydrophone array. The acquisition system is a permanently moored array of omni-phones used by the Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division, Keyport for acquiring and analyzing torpedo and ship radiated noise. The ecology of the Dabob Bay area and information about the acquisition system is included. Orca vocalization and specific examples comparing known vocalizations to the recordings are described. The acoustic output was compared to acoustic vocalizations and compared well with the j-pod known to reside in the Puget Sound area.
Reading Level Assessment Using Support Vector Machines and Statistical Language Models

Reading proficiency is a fundamental component of language competency. However, finding topical texts at an appropriate reading level for foreign and second language learners is a challenge for teachers. This task can be addressed with natural language processing technology to assess reading level. Existing measures of reading level are not well suited to this task, but previous work and our own pilot experiments have shown the benefit of using statistical language models. In this paper, we also use support vector machines to combine features from traditional reading level measures, statistical language models, and other language processing tools to produce a better method of assessing reading level.
Preliminary Validation of a Measure of Life Support Preferences

A rapid, easy to use instrument that provides illustrations of life support choices can enhance discussion of life support measures with patients. The goal of this preliminary study was to develop and validate an instrument, the Life Support Preferences Questionnaire (LSPQ). In a convenience sample of 116 healthy adults, the LSPQ showed a sturdy degree of internal consistency for a short measure. The 2-week stability evidence was supportive of respondents' consistent attitudes over time at both the item and scale level. Principal factor analyses give evidence there is one dominant theme underlying the items. Use of the LSPQ with hospitalized patients is being explored as a response to policy changes resulting from the 1991 Patient Self-Determination Act.
Pediatric non alcoholic fatty liver disease: old and new concepts on development, progression, metabolic insight and potential treatment targets

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in children. NAFLD has emerged to be extremely prevalent, and predicted by obesity and male gender. It is defined by hepatic fat infiltration >5% hepatocytes, in the absence of other causes of liver pathology. It includes a spectrum of disease ranging from intrahepatic fat accumulation (steatosis) to various degrees of necrotic inflammation and fibrosis (non-alcoholic steatohepatatis [NASH]). NAFLD is associated, in children as in adults, with severe metabolic impairments, determining an increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome. It can evolve to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, with the consequent need for liver transplantation. Both genetic and environmental factors seem to be involved in the development and progression of the disease, but its physiopathology is not yet entirely clear. In view of this mounting epidemic phenomenon involving the youth, the study of NAFLD should be a priority for all health care systems. This review provides an overview of current and new clinical-histological concepts of pediatric NAFLD, going through possible implications into patho-physiolocical and therapeutic perspectives.
Aerosol optical properties along the northeast coast of North America during the New England Air Quality Study–Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2004 campaign and the influence of aerosol composition

[1] Optical and hygroscopic properties of submicrometer diameter aerosol particles were measured on board the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown as part of the NEAQS-ITCT field campaign. The campaign occurred along the northeast coast of North America during the summer of 2004. A scanning relative humidity (RH) nephelometry system (humidograph) measured total light scattering and backscattering coefficients (σsp and σbsp, respectively) at three wavelengths (λs) and RH = 26% and while RH was scanned between 40% and 85%. These measurements were combined with aerosol light absorption and composition measurements to describe σsp, σbsp, single scattering albedo (ω), Angstrom exponent (a), and hemispheric backscatter fraction (b) at a low reference RH of 26 ± 4% and the aerosol's hygroscopic properties based on its optical response up to 85% RH. Humidogram curve structure was dominated by hygroscopic growth without hysteresis (76% frequency). Dependence of the aerosol's σsp values with changes in RH, fσsp(RH, 26), was observed to decrease with increasing mass fraction of particulate organic matter (POM, FO). Statistical analyses indicated that increasing FO resulted in a less hygroscopic aerosol, while increasing molar equivalence ratio (ER) resulted in lower hysteresis factors based on the aerosols' optical responses at a 0.95 confidence level. ω showed little RH dependence while a and b decreased with increasing RH values. Values for a(λ1, λ2), b, and fσsp(82, 26) increased with increasing λ values. Sensitivities of top of the atmosphere aerosol radiative forcing to changes in ω, b, and σsp with RH were also estimated.
Anxiety-like responses in adolescent rats following a 10–11-day withdrawal period from repeated cocaine administration

Abstract The present study was conducted to determine whether increases in anxiety-like behavior in adolescent rats repeatedly treated with cocaine would be observed following a withdrawal period of an intermediate length (i.e., more than 1 day but less than 2 weeks). Accordingly, rats were injected with either 10 or 20 mg/kg cocaine or with saline for 7–8 consecutive days followed by a 10–11-day drug-free recovery period at which time assessment in a zero maze was instituted. All animals were assessed in the zero maze twice with the two sessions being separated by 24 h of non-testing. The results indicated that all three groups spent equivalent amounts of time in the open portions of the maze on the initial test day. Group differences, however, emerged on the second test day with animals in both cocaine-treated groups spending significantly less time in the open portions of the maze relative to saline-injected control subjects. This was due to control animals increasing the amount of time spent in the open areas of the maze from the first to the second day of testing, an effect not observed in either of the two cocaine-treated groups. These data provide evidence that an anxiogenic-like response produced by repeated cocaine treatment in adolescent rats emerges after a relatively short withdrawal period.
T1R2 and T1R3 subunits are individually unnecessary for normal affective licking responses to polycose: implications for saccharide taste receptors in mice

The T1R2 and T1R3 proteins are expressed in taste receptor cells and form a heterodimer binding with compounds described as sweet by humans. We examined whether Polycose taste might be mediated through this heterodimer by testing T1R2 knockout (KO) and T1R3 KO mice and their wild-type (WT) littermate controls in a series of brief-access taste tests (25-min sessions with 5-s trials). Sucrose, Na-saccharin, and Polycose were each tested for three consecutive sessions with order of presentation varied among subgroups in a Latin-Square manner. Both KO groups displayed blunted licking responses and initiated significantly fewer trials of sucrose and Na-saccharin across a range of concentrations. KO mice tested after Polycose exposure demonstrated some degree of concentration-dependent licking of sucrose, likely attributable to learning related to prior postingestive experience. These results are consistent with prior findings in the literature, implicating the T1R2+3 heterodimer as the principal taste receptor for sweet-tasting ligands, and also provide support for the potential of postingestive experience to influence responding in the KO mice. In contrast, T1R2 KO and T1R3 KO mice displayed concentration-dependent licking responses to Polycose that tracked those of their WT controls and in some cases licked midrange concentrations more; the number of Polycose trials initiated overall did not differ between KO and WT mice. Thus, the T1R2 and T1R3 proteins are individually unnecessary for normal concentration-dependent licking of Polycose to be expressed in a brief-access test. Whether at least one of these T1R protein subunits is necessary for normal Polycose responsiveness remains untested. Alternatively, there may be a novel taste receptor(s) that mediates polysaccharide taste.
Biomarkers of xenobiotic exposures

Direct measurement of xenobiotic (foreign) chemicals is not always feasible as an exposure assessment,--owing to rapid metabolism, sequestration into fatty tissues, or lack of suitable assay methods. Furthermore, suspect exposures often involve complex mixtures of organics. In these circumstances, indirect biomarkers of exposure can be most helpful. This paper reviews four urinary parameters that hold promise as biomarkers of exposure in occupational and environmental settings: glucaric acid (end-product of the glucuronidation pathway), thioethers (end-product of glutathione reaction with electrophilic or alkylating agents), porphyrin pattern (altered with disruption in heme biosynthesis), and the Ames mutagenicity test. 112 references.
Experimental Searches for Magnetic Monopoles

Analysis of the sensitivity of previous negative searches for magnetic monopoles shows that they constitute prior evidence against the monopole interpretation of the event reported as “evidence for detection of a moving magnetic monopole.” The strength of the evidence varies with the unknown mass of the monopole. For M ≲ 105 GeV, odds are greater than 106: 1 against. For larger masses, the limits depend strongly on assumption about the range of monopoles and the threshold for detection of monopole tracks in obsidian. In no case are the odds less then 8: 1 and they may be no less than 8000: 1 against. Since the reported event may also be due to an electrically charged heavy particle, it is probably not due to a monopole.
Picosecond reflection high‐energy electron diffraction

Reflection high‐energy electron diffraction with picosecond time resolution is demonstrated. The surface diffraction patterns are obtained using a laser driven picosecond electron gun. Due to the synchronization of the photogenerated electron pulses with the laser source, such a technique provides a picosecond time‐resolved surface structural probe sensitive to the first few monolayers.
EZH2 inhibition re-sensitizes multidrug resistant B-cell lymphomas to etoposide mediated apoptosis

Reactivation of apoptotic pathways is an attractive strategy for patients with treatment-resistant B-cell lymphoma. The tumor suppressor, p53 is central for apoptotic response to multiple DNA damaging agents used to treat aggressive B-cell lymphomas, including etoposide. It has been demonstrated that etoposide induced DNA damage and therapeutic efficacy is enhanced by combination with inhibitors of the histone methyltransferase, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2). Further, EZH2 was identified to regulate cell fate decisions in response to DNA damage. Using B-cell lymphoma cell lines resistant to etoposide induced cell death; we show that p53 is dramatically down regulated and MDMX, a negative regulator of p53, is significantly up regulated. However, these cell lines remain responsive to etoposide mediated DNA damage and exhibit cell cycle inhibition and induction of senescence. Furthermore, chemical inhibition of EZH2 directs DNA damage to a predominant p53 dependent apoptotic response associated with loss of MDMX and BCL-XL. These data provide confirmation of EZH2 in determining cell fate following DNA damage and propose a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with aggressive treatment-resistant B-cell lymphoma.
Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Effects of Substerilizing Doses of Radiation and Inherited Sterility on Reproduction

Corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), males and females were irradiated with substerilizing doses of radiation. These moths were inbred or outcrossed and observed for their ability to reproduce. Inherited deleterious effects resulting from irradiation of P1 males were recorded for several generations. Reduced fecundity and egg hatch, together with an increased incidence of larval and adult mortality, were observed. A 10-krad dose of radiation induced deleterious effects that were inherited through the F2 generation. These radiation-induced deleterious effects were similar to those reported in other species of Lepidoptera. Results and analysis of this study indicated that use of substerilizing doses of radiation and inherited sterility has a much greater potential as a selective management strategy for H. zea than does the conventional 100% sterilizing dosage.
Electronic transport properties in graphene oxide frameworks

The electronic transport properties in multiterminal graphene oxide framework (GOF) materials are investigated using a combination of theoretical and computational methods. GOFs make up four-terminal $[origin=c]90H$-shaped GNR-$L$-GNR junctions where sandwiched boronic acid molecules (L) are covalently linked to two graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) of different edge chiralities. The transport properties are governed by both tunneling and quasiresonant regimes. We determine how the presence of linker molecules affects the transport properties and establish that the through-molecule transport properties can be tuned by varying the chemical composition of the pillar molecules but are not significantly modified when changing the type of electrodes from zigzag GNRs to armchair GNRs. In addition, we find that in multilinker systems containing two parallel molecules in the device area, the coupling between the molecules can lead to both constructive and destructive quantum interferences. We also examine the inability of the classical Kirchhoff's superposition law to account for electron flow in multilinker GOF nanonetworks.
Super Gas Barrier of All-Polymer Multilayer Thin Films

Thin film assemblies of branched polyethylenimine (PEI) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), deposited using the layer-by-layer technique, were studied in an effort to produce all-polymer thin films with low oxygen permeability. Altering the pH of PEI and PAA results in large thickness variations (from 90 nm to 4.74 μm for 30-bilayer films). Cross-linking these films with glutaraldehyde (GA) create an inhibition of polymer interdiffusion, causing exponential film growth to be reset. AFM images show the surface morphology of PEI/PAA assemblies can be controlled by the pH and the final polymer layer deposited, with surface roughness ranging from 2.1 to 49.1 nm. Most pH combinations failed to produce a film with high oxygen barrier, but 8 bilayers of PEI at pH 10 and PAA at pH 4 produce a 305 nm thick film with an oxygen transmission rate below 0.005 cm3/(m2 day). This unique thin film barrier (PO2 < 3.2 × 10−21 cm3 (STP) cm/(cm2 s Pa)) is a promising alternative to current polymeric membranes, flexible electronics...
Effect of calf weaning age and cow supplementation on cow productivity.

Five years of data were collected on 124 Brangus-type cows to evaluate weaning calves at 8.5 or 10.5 mo of age and winter supplementation of the brood cow with 2.25 kg of molasses daily. Cows with calves weaned at 10.5 mg of age gained 14 kg less weight (P less than .01) during the late nursing period than did cows from which calves were earlier weaned. Age of calf at weaning had no effect on cow reproduction, but calves weaned at 10.5 mo were 2 to 3 d younger (P less than .06) and 5.3 kg lighter (P less than .05) at 8.5 mo of age. During the last 2 mo of nursing, calves weaned at 10.5 mo of age gained 37.2 kg and had a 31.9-kg heavier weaning weight than calves weaned at 8.5 mo of age. Molasses supplementation resulted in differences (P less than .01) in cow weight changes. Cows fed molasses had calving percentages 5 to 7 units higher (P less than .30) than cows not fed molasses. Feeding cows molasses for 145 d throughout the calving and breeding season increased calf weaning weight 7.7 (P less than .02) and 11.2 (P less than .03) kg, respectively, at 8.5 and 10.5 mo of age over the nonsupplemented controls.
Mutations in the Phylloquinone Biosynthetic Pathway: A Foreign Quinone is Recruited into the A1 Binding Site after Inactivation of the menA and menB Genes in Syneehocystis sp. PCC 6803

The secondary electron acceptor, A1, in Photosystem I (PS I) of cyanobacteria and green plants is phylloquinone (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone; Vitamin K,). This cofactor accepts an electron from the primary acceptor, A0, and passes it forward to Fx, the first of three cubane iron-sulfur clusters in PS I (see ref. [1] for review). There are reports that electron transfer from A0 to the terminal iron-sulfur clusters occurs with a high quantum yield at cryogenic temperatures after extraction of phylloquinone with 80% water-saturated ether [2,3]. Solvent extraction, however, may lead to ancillary damage such as removal of antenna chlorophylls and s-carotenes, opening the possibility for changes in distances and geometries between the remaining cofactors. The biosynthetic pathway of phylloquinone in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 has been identified by analogy with the menaquinone pathway of Escherichia coli. The genes include menB, which codes for naphthoate synthase; menA, which codes for phytyl transferase; and an unidentified gene (menG) which codes for SAM-2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone methyltransferase. We interrupted the menA and menB genes to preclude phylloquinone biosynthesis for the purpose of studying electron transfer through A1. Our expectation was that when the mutant cells were grown the A1 site would be empty, thereby allowing us to study electron transfer from A0 to FX in the absence of a bound quinone.
Alpha-synuclein modulates retinal iron homeostasis by facilitating the uptake of transferrin-bound iron: Implications for visual manifestations of Parkinson's disease

Aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in neurons of the substantia nigra is diagnostic of Parkinson's disease (PD), a neuro-motor disorder with prominent visual symptoms. Here, we demonstrate that α-syn, the principal protein involved in the pathogenesis of PD, is expressed widely in the neuroretina, and facilitates the uptake of transferrin-bound iron (Tf-Fe) by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells that form the outer blood-retinal barrier. Absence of α-syn in knock-out mice (α-syn(-/-)) resulted in down-regulation of ferritin in the neuroretina, indicating depletion of cellular iron stores. A similar phenotype of iron deficiency was observed in the spleen, femur, and brain tissue of α-syn(-)(/-) mice, organs that utilize mainly Tf-Fe for their metabolic needs. The liver and kidney, organs that take up significant amounts of non-Tf-bound iron (NTBI), showed minimal change. Evaluation of the underlying mechanism in the human RPE47 cell line suggested a prominent role of α-syn in the uptake of Tf-Fe by modulating the endocytosis and recycling of transferrin (Tf)/transferrin-receptor (TfR) complex. Down-regulation of α-syn in RPE cells by RNAi resulted in the accumulation of Tf/TfR complex in common recycling endosomes (CREs), indicating disruption of recycling to the plasma membrane. Over-expression of exogenous α-syn in RPE cells, on the other hand, up-regulated ferritin and TfR expression. Interestingly, exposure to exogenous iron increased membrane association and co-localization of α-syn with TfR, supporting its role in iron uptake by the Tf/TfR complex. Together with our observations indicating basolateral expression of α-syn and TfR on RPE cells in vivo, this study reveals a novel function of α-syn in the uptake of Tf-Fe by the neuroretina. It is likely that retinal iron dyshomeostasis due to impaired or altered function of α-syn contributes to the visual symptoms associated with PD.
Exciton Transfer and Emergent Excitonic States in Oppositely-Charged Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Complexes

Photosynthetic organisms have mastered the use of “soft” macromolecular assemblies for light absorption and concentration of electronic excitation energy. Nature’s design centers on an optically inactive protein-based backbone that acts as a host matrix for an array of light-harvesting pigment molecules. The pigments are organized in space such that excited states can migrate between molecules, ultimately delivering the energy to the reaction center. Here we report our investigation of an artificial light-harvesting energy transfer antenna based on complexes of oppositely charged conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs). The conjugated backbone and the charged side chains of the CPE lead to an architecture that simultaneously functions as a structural scaffold and an electronic energy “highway”. We find that the process of ionic complex formation leads to a remarkable change in the excitonic wavefunction of the energy acceptor, which manifests in a dramatic increase in the fluorescence quantum yield. We argue t...
Scalable histopathological image analysis via supervised hashing with multiple features.

Histopathology is crucial to diagnosis of cancer, yet its interpretation is tedious and challenging. To facilitate this procedure, content-based image retrieval methods have been developed as case-based reasoning tools. Especially, with the rapid growth of digital histopathology, hashing-based retrieval approaches are gaining popularity due to their exceptional efficiency and scalability. Nevertheless, few hashing-based histopathological image analysis methods perform feature fusion, despite the fact that it is a common practice to improve image retrieval performance. In response, we exploit joint kernel-based supervised hashing (JKSH) to integrate complementary features in a hashing framework. Specifically, hashing functions are designed based on linearly combined kernel functions associated with individual features. Supervised information is incorporated to bridge the semantic gap between low-level features and high-level diagnosis. An alternating optimization method is utilized to learn the kernel combination and hashing functions. The obtained hashing functions compress multiple high-dimensional features into tens of binary bits, enabling fast retrieval from a large database. Our approach is extensively validated on 3121 breast-tissue histopathological images by distinguishing between actionable and benign cases. It achieves 88.1% retrieval precision and 91.3% classification accuracy within 16.5 ms query time, comparing favorably with traditional methods.
Characterization of right ventricular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension associated with patient outcomes by 3-dimensional wall motion tracking echocardiography.

Background— Adverse right ventricular (RV) remodeling has significant prognostic and therapeutic implications to patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, differentiating RV adaption from adverse remodeling associated with poor outcomes is difficult. We hypothesized that novel 3-dimensional (3D) wall motion tracking echocardiography can differentiate morphological features of RV adaption from adverse remodeling heralding an unfavorable short-term prognosis in patients with PH. Methods and Results— We studied 112 subjects: 92 patients with PH and 20 normal controls with 3D wall motion tracking for RV end-systolic volume index (ESVi), RV ejection fraction (EF), and RV global area strain. Patients with PH also had invasive hemodynamic measurements. Pressure–volume relations classified patients with PH into 3 groups, such as RV adapted, RV adapted–remodeled, and RV adverse–remodeled. The predefined combined end point was PH-related hospitalization, death, or lung surgery (lung transplantation or pulmonary endarterectomy) during 6 months. The 92 patients with PH had significantly larger RV volumes, lower RVEF and global area strain than normal controls as expected. Patients with PH classified as RV adapted (ESVi, ≤ 72 mL/m2) had a more favorable clinical outcome than those classified as RV adapted–remodeled (ESVi, 73–113 mL/m2) or RV adverse–remodeled (ESVi, ≥ 114 mL/m2): hazard ratio, 0.15; 95% confidence intervals, 0.07 to 0.39; P <0.0001. RV adverse–remodeled patients (ESVi, ≥ 114 mL/m2) had worse short-term outcome than the RV adapted–remodeled patients: hazard ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 5.39; P =0.04. Conclusions— Quantitative 3D echocardiography in patients with PH demonstrated morphological subsets of RV adaption and remodeling associated with clinical outcomes.
The Directions for Technological Change: Alternative Economic Majorities and Opportunity Costs

Governments redirect R & D resources. Thegovernment supports R & D in technologies and in partsof the country that the private sector is unlikely tosupport, and the government provides funds forinexperienced businesses and for minority-ownedbusinesses when the private sector will not. Becausethe distribution of income and wealth is so unequal,our conventional methods of evaluating the socialusefulness of the redirection of the resources may notwork well. Redirection of R & D resources to meetSchumpeterian and Jeffersonian objectives may actuallybe efficient despite generating less economic surplusgiven the current distribution of income and wealth.
5-HT2C Agonists Modulate Schizophrenia-Like Behaviors in Mice

All FDA-approved antipsychotic drugs (APDs) target primarily dopamine D2 or serotonin (5-HT2A) receptors, or both; however, these medications are not universally effective, they may produce undesirable side effects, and provide only partial amelioration of negative and cognitive symptoms. The heterogeneity of pharmacological responses in schizophrenic patients suggests that additional drug targets may be effective in improving aspects of this syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that 5-HT2C receptors may be a promising target for schizophrenia since their activation reduces mesolimbic nigrostriatal dopamine release (which conveys antipsychotic action), they are expressed almost exclusively in CNS, and have weight-loss-promoting capabilities. A difficulty in developing 5-HT2C agonists is that most ligands also possess 5-HT2B and/or 5-HT2A activities. We have developed selective 5-HT2C ligands and herein describe their preclinical effectiveness for treating schizophrenia-like behaviors. JJ-3-45, JJ-3-42, and JJ-5-34 reduced amphetamine-stimulated hyperlocomotion, restored amphetamine-disrupted prepulse inhibition, improved social behavior, and novel object recognition memory in NMDA receptor hypofunctioning NR1-knockdown mice, and were essentially devoid of catalepsy. However, they decreased motivation in a breakpoint assay and did not promote reversal learning in MK-801-treated mice. Somewhat similar effects were observed with lorcaserin, a 5-HT2C agonist with potent 5-HT2B and 5-HT2A agonist activities, which is approved for treating obesity. Microdialysis studies revealed that both JJ-3-42 and lorcaserin reduced dopamine efflux in the infralimbic cortex, while only JJ-3-42 decreased it in striatum. Collectively, these results provide additional evidence that 5-HT2C receptors are suitable drug targets with fewer side effects, greater therapeutic selectivity, and enhanced efficacy for treating schizophrenia and related disorders than current APDs.
Framework for Evaluating the Severity of Cybervulnerability of a Traffic Cabinet

The increasing connectivity in transportation infrastructure is driving a need for additional security in transportation systems. For security decisions in a budget-constrained environment, the possible effect of a cyberattack must be numerically characterized. The size of an effect depends on the level of access and the vehicular demand on the intersections being controlled. This paper proposes a framework for better understanding of the levels of access and the effect that can be had in scenarios with varying demand. Simulations are performed on a simplistic corridor to provide numerical examples of the possible effects. The paper concludes that the possibility of some levels of cyberthreat may be acceptable in locations where traffic volumes would not be able to create an unmanageable queue. The more intimate levels of access can cause serious safety concerns by modifying the settings of the traffic controller in ways that encourage red-light running and accidents. The proposed framework can be used by...
An internetworked self-driving car system-of-systems

This paper presents an overview of the architecture of an internetworked self-driving car system-of-systems. The architecture considers both the car as a system-of-systems as well as multiple cars participation in a larger multi-vehicle system-of-systems. Each relevant aspect of the architecture is reviewed.
Variation among cleft centres in the use of secondary surgery for children with cleft palate: a retrospective cohort study.

Objectives To test whether cleft centres vary in their use of secondary cleft palate surgery, also known as revision palate surgery, and if so to identify modifiable hospital factors and surgeon factors that are associated with use of secondary surgery. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Forty-three paediatric hospitals across the USA. Patients Children with cleft lip and palate who underwent primary cleft palate repair from 1999 to 2013. Main outcome measures Time from primary cleft palate repair to secondary palate surgery. Results We identified 4939 children who underwent primary cleft palate repair. At 10 years after primary palate repair, 44% of children had undergone secondary palate surgery. Significant variation existed among hospitals (p 0.05). Of the outcome variation attributable to hospitals and surgeons, between-hospital differences accounted for 59% (p Conclusions Substantial variation in the hazard of secondary palate surgery exists depending on a child’s age at primary palate repair and the hospital and surgeon performing their repair. Performing primary palate repair before 9 months of age substantially increases the hazard of secondary surgery. Further research is needed to identify other factors contributing to variation in palate surgery outcomes among hospitals and surgeons.
On Cowbells in Rock Anthems (and Property in IP): A Comment on Justifying Intellectual Property

This article contributes to a symposium issue on the Philosophical Foundations of Intellectual Property. In a popular Saturday Night Live skit, a famous record producer helps a rock band record a rock anthem by demanding maniacally that the band put more cowbell on the recording. This article reviews Justifying Intellectual Property (2011), by Robert Merges, in a similar spirit.Justifying Intellectual Property challenges contemporary IP scholarly sensibilities by arguing that IP is better justified on moral, rights-based foundations than on economic or other utilitarian foundations. The book provides an excellent moral defense of property rights in copyright and patent. It provides an excellent account of at least one set of rights-based foundations for IP, i.e. Lockean theory. It also provides an extremely helpful framework for explaining how rights-based foundations get implemented into specific IP doctrines. However, as the record producer could have used a little more cowbell on the rock anthem, so Merges could have used a little more property theory in his account of how IP law implements rights-based foundations in practice. This article illustrates its praises and criticisms using the damages-versus-injunction remedy question considered by the U.S. Supreme Court in eBay v. MercExchange (2006).
Helix Propensities of Amino Acid Residues via Thioester Exchange

We describe the use of thioester exchange equilibria to measure the propensities of amino acid residues to participate in helical secondary structure at room temperature in the absence of denaturants. Thermally or chemically induced unfolding has previously been employed to measure α-helix propensities among proteinogenic α-amino acid residues, and quantitative comparison with precedents indicates that the thioester exchange system is reliable for residues that lack side chain charge. This system allows the measurement of α-helix propensities for d-α-amino acid residues and propensities of residues with nonproteinogenic backbones, such as those derived from a β-amino acid, to participate in an α-helix-like secondary structure.
Dissecting COPD exacerbations: time to rethink our definition

Variables measured during COPD exacerbations inform about their relationships and exacerbation definition http://ow.ly/3mdc30etU3s
A 450 fs 65-nm CMOS Millimeter-Wave Time-to-Digital Converter Using Statistical Element Selection for All-Digital PLLs

This paper presents a time-to-digital converter (TDC) that operates with a 20–64 GHz input and underpins the phase digitization function in a millimeter-wave all-digital fractional-N frequency synthesizer. A self-calibrated inductor-less frequency divider using dynamic CML latches provides an eight-phase input to a 3-bit “coarse” TDC, which is interfaced to a 5-bit “fine” TDC through a sub-sampling coarse-fine interface circuit. A wide bandwidth low dropout (LDO) on-chip regulator is used to decrease the effect of supply noise on TDC performance. A synthesized digital engine implements calibration using statistical element selection with mean adaptation to alleviate TDC nonlinearity that results from random mismatches and PVT variations. The TDC is fabricated in 65-nm CMOS along with the divider and calibration circuits, and achieves 450-fs resolution. The measured DNL and INL of the TDC are 0.65 and 1.2 LSB, respectively. The TDC consumes 11 mA from 1-V supply voltage. The TDC features a figure-of-merit of 0.167 (0.47) pJ per conversion step without (with) the frequency divider. A single-shot experiment shows that the on-chip LDO reduces the effect of TDC noise by reducing the standard deviation from 0.856 to 0.167 LSB for constant input. The prototype occupies an active area of $502\times 110~\mu \text{m}^{\mathbf {2}}$ excluding pads.
Macrophage Polarization Alters Postphagocytosis Survivability of the Commensal Streptococcus gordonii

Oral streptococci are generally considered commensal organisms; however, they are becoming recognized as important associate pathogens during the development of periodontal disease as well as being associated with several systemic diseases, including as a causative agent of infective endocarditis. An important virulence determinant of these bacteria is an ability to evade destruction by phagocytic cells, yet how this subversion occurs is mostly unknown. Using Streptococcus gordonii as a model commensal oral streptococcus that is also associated with disease, we find that resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) with an active ability to damage phagosomes allows the bacterium to avoid destruction within macrophages. This ability to survive relies not only on the ROS resistance capabilities of the bacterium but also on ROS production by macrophages, with both being required for maximal survival of internalized bacteria. Importantly, we also show that this dependence on ROS production by macrophages for resistance has functional significance: S. gordonii intracellular survival increases when macrophages are polarized toward an activated (M1) profile, which is known to result in prolonged phagosomal ROS production compared to that of alternatively (M2) polarized macrophages. We additionally find evidence of the bacterium being capable of both delaying the maturation of and damaging phagosomes. Taken together, these results provide essential insights regarding the mechanisms through which normally commensal oral bacteria can contribute to both local and systemic inflammatory disease.
Factors Associated With Injury Among Employees at a U.S. Army Hospital

The purpose of this study was to investigate injury incidence and factors associated with injury among employees at a large U.S. Army hospital to inform injury prevention planning and health promotion education efforts. Demographics, health behaviors, and injury history were collected by survey from hospital employees between October and December 2014. Descriptive statistics were reported and factors associated with injury were determined using multiple logistic regression. Respondents (380; 56% females, 44% males; 54% active duty military, 45% civilians) reported a prevalence of unhealthy behaviors (e.g., not enough exercise [58%] and poor sleeping habits [49%]). Nearly half of respondents (47%) reported at least one occupational injury in the past 12 months. Leading mechanisms of injuries were repetitive overuse (36%), falls (15%), and single twisting movement/overexertion (14%). Leading activities at the time of injury were physical training (24%), walking/hiking (15%), and lifting or moving objects (11%). Factors associated with injury included active duty military status, less education, tobacco use, overuse of alcohol or drugs, and stress. Health education efforts and materials intended for hospital staff should incorporate identified modifiable injury risk factors (e.g., alcohol and drug use, stress, tobacco use, poor sleep). Injury prevention initiatives should focus on physical training, walking/hiking, and lifting. Establishment of surveillance and routine review of employee injury, illness, and health behavior data are recommended to monitor program effects and collect data necessary to inform future prevention priorities and planning.
Breast carcinoma with 21-gene recurrence score lower than 18: rate of locoregional recurrence in a large series with clinical follow-up

The 21-gene recurrence score (RS) assay determines the benefit of adding chemotherapy to endocrine therapy for patients with early stage, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. The RS risk groups predict the likelihood of distant recurrence and have recently been associated with an increased risk of locoregional recurrence (LRR). This study analyzed clinicopathologic features of patients with low RS and LRR. In our institutional database, we identified 1396 consecutive female patients with lymph node negative, ER+/HER2- invasive breast carcinoma and low RS (<18) results, treated at our center from 2008 to 2013. We collected data on clinicopathologic features, treatment and outcome. The median patient age was 57 years (range 22–90). The median tumor size was 1.2 cm (range 0.3–5.8). Overall, 66.6% (930/1396) women were treated with breast conserving surgery (BCS) and radiation therapy, 3.4% (48/1396) with BCS alone, 29.7% (414/1396) with total mastectomy, and 0.3% (4/1396) with total mastectomy and radiation therapy. Most patients (84.8%; 1184/1396) received endocrine therapy alone, 12.1% (169/1396) were treated with chemotherapy plus endocrine therapy, and only 3.1% (43/1396) received no systemic therapy. At a median follow-up of 52 months, 0.9% (13/1396) of patients developed LRR. Sites of LRR included the ipsilateral breast (n = 8), chest wall (n = 3), axillary node (n = 1), and internal mammary node (n = 1). All patients with LRR had negative resection margins at the initial surgery. The rate of LRR in patients treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy alone was 0.7% (8/1184). All eight patients received standard local treatment. Three patients had lymphovascular invasion but no other significant risk factors for LRR were identified. Our study of node negative, ER+/HER2- breast cancer patients with low RS observed extremely low rates of LRR: 0.9% (13/1396) in the whole cohort and 0.7% (8/1184) in patients treated with endocrine therapy alone. As the largest series to date, we report detailed clinicopathologic data and clinical outcomes of this cohort and provide a comprehensive characterization of patients who developed LRR.