cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individuals in Aristotle's Categories

W ith the publication of J. L. Ackrill's translation of the Categories' and G. E. L. Owen's paper "Inherence"2 a dispute has arisen over what Aristotle means in that work by an individual where the individuals in question are not prime substances. The bulk of published opinion has favoured Ackrill's account of the matter,3 an account which is also found in the writings of W. D. Ross and Miss Anscombe.4 However, this account involves certain difficulties. The major difficulty is an internal one, the question of the interpretation of 2 a 34-b 6. This passage is described by Ackrill as "compressed and careless,"5 while Owen claims that the matter "is put beyond question" in favour of his own view by the lines, and that "by themselves they settle the issue."6 A second immediate difficulty is that such non-substantial individuals do not seem to reappear elsewhere in the Aristotelian corpus and are absent even from his discussion of the various categories in theCategories itself. Modern philosophers may have been inured to entities of this type by the centuries of phenomenalist writing that have intervened, but it is extremely difficult to see why Aristotle, at a time when 'sense-data' and 'qualia' had yet to be postulated, should have been lead to claim that there are non-recurrent and individual non-substantial entities in the world. Indeed, it is noticable that one of the most sympathetic and sensitive of Aristotle's modern commentators, Miss Anscombe, while agreeing with this line of interpretation should write that Aristotle's own examples are "slightly obscure to us" and should proceed to discuss, not Aristotle's own examples, but her own one, that of an object's
Hydroxy Double Salt Anion Exchange Kinetics: Effects of Precursor Structure and Anion Size†

1H NMR spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction have been used to explore the details of anion exchange reactions of two layered hydroxy double salts (HDSs), zinc copper hydroxy acetate (ZCA), nickel zinc hydroxy acetate (NZA), and a related layered material, zinc hydroxy acetate (ZHA), at room temperature (21−22 °C). Reactions that followed Avrami−Erofe'ev kinetics with respect to temporal profiles for acetate release, ZCA with butyrate (k = 1.7 × 10-3 s-1), and octanoate (k = 0.79 × 10-3 s-1) anions, as well as ZHA with octanoate (k = 2.6 × 10-3 s-1), demonstrate that rate constants for acetate release are influenced by the exchange anion relative size as well as by the solid precursor structure/composition. The reaction of NZA with octanoate deviated from expected Avrami−Erofe'ev behavior, with evidence for an intermediate species in the solid phase that may influence the rate of acetate release into solution. The reaction of ZCA with formate anions exhibited a unique zeroth-order kinetics release of ...
Viral Design: Conceptual Contributions to Architectural Attributes of Space Station Design

This paper highlights a conceptual space architecture design project that was approached by advanced students of architecture. Two primary considerations of the project are discussed including: 1) the viral conceptual design contributions to the field of space architecture and 2) the educational value of space architecture to students of architecture. The notion of viral design is such that conceptual contributions are made from non-expert designers outside the professional norm and disseminate into the general discussion of space tourism and economically viable space station design. Viral design in this case is adapted from the concept of viral marketing where ideas spread on their own. The benefit to the space architecture community however lies beyond the fostered dissemination of these particular designs. The idea is that the conceptual designs would be fleshed out and revised by autonomous contributors supporting the effort. In this case, the initial contributions come from architectural design students who have schematically developed station designs with the larger goal that they provoke professionals actually working in the field. The design project itself primarily approached three concerns including: economic viability, human accommodation and construction feasibility. The students were guided with expertise in terms of engineering from outside professional consultants, but approached most design problems initially from an architectural perspective. Such an approach breaks the norm of a typical systems or trade analysis approach to confronting space architecture design problems. The second primary consideration of the project lies in the educational value of exposing students of architecture to problems of space architecture. Space architecture is an ideal test bed to explore many of the basic interfaces which concern humans in an optimized way. The design problem presented three principal areas of educational value including: 1) developing equilibrium between practical and livable concerns, 2) prioritizing spatial efficiency and optimization as well as 3) managing a mass balance of resources needed for sustaining life. All three of these issues are extremely important in their application to space architecture and are directly translatable to terrestrial applications of architectural design.
Using an onboard kilovoltage imager to measure setup deviation in intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head-and-neck patients.

The purpose of this study was to measure interfractional and intrafractional setup deviations, using a kilovoltage imaging device, in patients with head and neck or brain cancers receiving IMRT (intensity-modulated radiotherapy) treatment. Seven patients were imaged approximately 3 times per week, before and after IMRT treatment, using the Varian On-Board Imager (OBI), a kilovoltage imaging device permanently mounted on the gantry of a Varian 21EX machine (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto California). Due to commissioning of the remote couch correction of the OBI during this study, online setup corrections were performed on 2 patients, and for the other 5 patients weekly corrections were made based on a sliding average of the measured data. From these data, we determined the interfractional setup deviation, defined as the shift from the original set-up position suggested by the daily image, the residual error associated with the weekly correction protocol, as well as the intrafractional setup deviation, defined as the difference between the post-treatment and pre-treatment images. Interfractional and intrafractional rotational deviations were also determined from the images using our own image-registration software based on the template matching method. In addition, we evaluated the influence of inter-observer variation on our results, and whether the use of different registration techniques introduced differences. Finally, translational data was compared with rotational data to search for correlations. Translational setup errors from all the data were 0.0 ± 0.2, -0.1 ± 0.3, and -0.2 ± 0.3 cm in the right-left (RL), anterior-posterior (AP), and superior-inferior (SI) directions, respectively. Residual error for the 5 patients with a weekly correction protocol was -0.1 ± 0.2 (RL), 0.0 ± 0.3 (AP), and 0.0 ± 0.2 (SI). Intrafractional translation errors were small, amounting to 0.0 ± 0.1, -0.1 ± 0.2, and 0.0 ± 0.1 cm in the RL, AP, and SI directions, respectively. Inter-fractional rotational errors were -1.1 ± 1.7 and -0.5 ± 0.9 degrees, and intrafractional rotational error 0.3 ± 0.6 and 0.2 ± 0.5 degrees, in the sagittal and coronal views respectively. No significant correlation was seen between translational and rotational data. OBI image data was used to study setup error in the head and neck. Nonzero systematic errors were seen in the interfractional translational and rotational data but not in the intrafractional data indicating that the mask is better at maintaining head position than in reproducing it.
A Technique for Unknotting an Intracardiac Flow-Directed Balloon Catheter

Described is an unusual complication occurring during right-sided cardiac catheterization using a 7F flow-directed balloon catheter. During an attempt to direct the catheter from the main pulmonary artery into the pulmonary wedge position, the tip became entangled in a loop of catheter and knotted. Initially, all attempts to unknot or remove the catheter failed. A movable-core guide wire was passed through the major lumen of the catheter, resulting in the immediate unknotting of the catheter, thus allowing its withdrawal.
A Salute to the Knowledge Gained with Elsevier Publishing

[Excerpt] This "double issue" of Cornell Quarterly is special in a number of ways. Most obviously, it is quite lengthy. Given the amount of material for this issue, we decided to make this a combined issue, and thus this represents the October-December 2003 issue (numbers 5 and 6 of volume 44). But besides its length, the timing of this issue is also noteworthy. This is the final issue of Cornell Quarterly to be published by Elsevier. The reasons and benefits of this change will be discussed in our next issue; however, I did want to mention this important point. Furthermore, as this marks the end of an impressive run, I wanted to end this relationship by looking back over Elsevier's publishing tenure, and provide a salute to the content that CQ has printed over this time.
The in vivo microdialysis recovery of dopamine is altered independently of basal level by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions to the nucleus accumbens.

Abstract The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the active neurotransmitter processes of release and uptake affect the in vivo microdialysis recovery of dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (N ACC) of the rat. The in vivo recovery for DA was established for rats which had received either unilateral infusions of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 8 μg) or vehicle (0.2 μg ascorbate). In the quantitative dialysis method used (point of no net flux method), DA is added to the perfusate at concentrations above and below the expected extracellular concentration (0, 5, 10 and 20 nM) and DA is measured in the dialysate from the brain to generate a series of points. A linear fit is performed, the slope of which is the in vivo recovery of the dialysis probe. The in vivo recovery of the 6-OHDA group was 30 ± 3% which was significantly lower ( P P P
Analyzing a full-duplex cellular system

Recent progress in single channel full-duplex (SC-FD) radio design [1]-[4] has attracted the attention of many researchers. A SC-FD transceiver is capable of transmitting and receiving on the same frequency at the same time, which will have a great impact on the design and performance of current wireless networks that are based on half duplex designs. This paper analyzes the effects of adopting SC-FD enabled base stations in a cellular system with legacy mobile stations. We use a multi-cell analytical model based on stochastic geometry to derive the theoretical performance gain of such a system. To validate the performance using a realistic setting, we conduct extensive simulations for a multi-cell OFDMA system. Both sets of results show that a full-duplex design for a cellular system, while not quite doubling system capacity, does greatly increases capacity over traditional cellular systems. Our results show that the uplink, compared with the downlink, is more susceptible to the extra interference caused by using the same frequency in both directions.
Gauge invariance and mass

The invariance of a theory involving a vector field ${A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}(x)$ under local gauge transformations ${A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}(x)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}(x)+{\ensuremath{\partial}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\Lambda}(x)$, etc., for all $c$--number functions $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(x)$ in some gauge group $\mathcal{G}$, does not imply that the theory contains a zero-mass gauge particle. It is shown that what is relevant to the existence of zero-mass excitations is not the existence of $\mathcal{G}$ but the presence in $\mathcal{G}$ of the simple gauge functions $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(x)=R(x)\ensuremath{\equiv}r\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}x$, ${r}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}=\mathrm{constants}$, under which ${A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}(x)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}(x)+{r}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$. If $R(x)\ensuremath{\in}\mathcal{G}$, then the transverse gauge particle propagator has a singularity at zero mass. This result and similar results for the other proper vertex functions are deduced by both structural and functional methods. In conventional Lorentz-gauge four-dimensional QED, $R\ensuremath{\in}\mathcal{G}$ and so the physical photon can be interpreted as a Goldstone boson arising from the spontaneous breakdown of the $R$-transformation invariance. In two-dimensional massless QED (Schwinger model), $R\ensuremath{\notin}\mathcal{G}$ and so there the photon can be (and is) massive. The point is further illustrated in other two-dimensional soluble models and four-dimensional perturbative models.
The electrophysiologic features of sciatic neuropathy in 100 patients

We reviewed the electrophysiologic data of 100 consecutive patients with sciatic neuropathy in order to better understand this disorder. Most patients (93%) had electrodiagnostic signs of significant axonal loss. Seven patients had predominantly signs of demyelination; 6 were due to compression and 1 was idiopathic. The peroneal division was more severely affected than the tibial division in 64% of patients. Tibialis anterior EMGs were abnormal in 92%, and the EDB CMAP was low in amplitude or absent in 80%. CMAP and SNAP amplitudes and EMGs were all normal in the tibial division in 12%. In contrast, the tibial division was more severely affected in only 8 patients. Of those, 5 were due to thigh trauma (gunshot wounds or femur fracture), 2 from gunshot wounds to the hip, and the other was chronic and idiopathic. Sciatic neuropathies are commonly, but not always, axonal loss lesions that affect the peroneal greater than tibial division.
Do sigma factors need help with a meltdown

In this issue of Cell , Hsu et al. (2006) report on the binding activity of a variant of the bacterial transcriptional specificity factor sigma (σ) to promoter DNA. This study demonstrates that the σ variant induces a large distortion in the transcriptional start site in the absence of core RNA polymerase, raising intriguing new questions about the roles of σ and core RNA polymerase in transcription initiation.
High-temperature magnetic properties of Sm(CobalFe0.1Cu0.088Zrx)8.5 magnets

Abstract The effect of Zr content on the high-temperature magnetic properties of Sm(Co bal Fe 0.1 Cu 0.088 Zr x ) 8.5 magnets with x =0–0.1 has been systematically studied over a range of temperatures from 25 to 500°C. The microstructural results show that cell size decreases from 120 to 35 nm with increasing x from 0.01 to 0.08. It suggests that the addition of Zr leads to a fine uniform cellular microstructure and thus improves coercivity and its temperature dependence. An excessive addition of Zr results in a rapid decrease of coercivity due to the formation of a considerable amount of 2 : 7 phase. The magnets studied have a room temperature intrinsic coercivity H ci of around 40 kOe and a room temperature saturation magnetization M s of 95 to 80 emu/g for x in the range from 0.02 to 0.06. For this Zr content, the temperature coefficient of coercivity β (RT – 500°C) and H ci at 500°C are −0.18 to 0.16%/°C and 5.8–8.5 kOe, while the temperature coefficient of saturation magnetization and M s at 500°C are −0.046 to 0.062%/°C and 74 to 55 emu/g, respectively. Such magnetic properties are valuable for practical high-temperature applications.
Electropolymerized 1,3-diaminobenzene for the construction of a 1,1′-dimethylferrocene mediated glucose biosensor

Abstract An electron-mediated glucose biosensor was constructed from spectroscopic-grade graphite electrodes in three steps. A non-conducting electropolymerized film serves to screen out electroactive interferents and prevents electrode fouling. The electron mediator 1,1′-dimethylferrocene is adsorbed on, and retained by the polymer film-modified electrode. Glucose oxidase is then crosslinked with glutaraldehyde on the modified electrode. This yields a biosensor with linear glucose response (2–76 mM) at +150 mV vs. SCE, and little or no interference from oxygen, with a lifetime of up to four months.
Effect of Yield Surface Curvature on Necking and Failure in Porous Plastic Solids

The effect of material path dependent hardening on neck development and the onset of ductile failure is analyzed numerically. The calculations are carried out using an elastic-viscoplastic constitutive relation that has isotropic hardening and kinematic hardening behaviors as limiting cases and that accounts for the weakening due to the growth of micro-voids. Final material failure is incorporated into the constitutive model by the dependence of the plastic potential on void volume fraction. Results are obtained for both axisymmetric and plane strain tension. Failure is found to initiate by void coalescence at the neck center in axisymmetric tension and within a shear band in plane strain tension. The increased curvature of flow potential surfaces associated with the kinematic hardening solid leads to somewhat more rapid diffuse neck development than occurs for the isotropic hardening solid. However, a much greater difference between the predictions of the two constitutive models is found for the onset of ductile failure.
Transport theory for coupled electron-phonon systems : an independent-particle approach

Abstract It is shown that an important class of coupled electron-phonon systems, in and out of thermal equilibrium, can be described approximately by self-consistent mean-field equations. The relevance of this result to the validity of the scattering picture for nanostructures is discussed.
Specialty Groups for Drug Court Participants

This study describes and evaluates specialty groups added to the traditional drug court services in Orange County, California, with a goal of increasing program retention and successful completion (graduation) rates for drug court participants. These enhanced treatment groups added an average of 90 minutes of specialty group therapy to traditional services offered to 139 drug court participants between January 2004 and March 2005. Data were gathered from various sources, including the drug court management information system (MIS) and probation records, as well as pre- and post-test surveys for each specialty group offered. The results suggest three specialty counseling groups (alcohol recovery, mask of addiction, and journaling) were related to positive outcomes in drug court. Limitations of this study include the small sample sizes in some of the specialty groups, as well as the typical enrollment/onset of group therapy that generally occurs as clients successfully progress toward graduation. This resea...
Surface residual stresses in machined austenitic stainless steel

Surface residual stresses due to turning operations in AISI 304 type stainless steel were studied as a function of machining speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and tool geometry and coating. Residual stress tensors were determined using X-ray diffraction technique. The effects of turning conditions and tool on the residual stresses were discussed in terms of mechanically and thermally induced non-homogeneous plastic deformation of the surface layers of the workpiece.
Nitrene additions to [60]fullerene do not generate [6,5] aziridines

Addition of nitrenes to C60 reportedly furnished the first closed [6,5] fullerene derivatives. However, detailed spectroscopic analysis has revealed that these products are open [6,5] azaannulenes rather than aziridines.
Antipathogen genes and the replacement of disease‐vectoring mosquito populations: a model‐based evaluation

Recently, genetic strategies aimed at controlling populations of disease-vectoring mosquitoes have received considerable attention as alternatives to traditional measures. Theoretical studies have shown that female-killing (FK), antipathogen (AP), and reduce and replace (R&R) strategies can each decrease the number competent vectors. In this study, we utilize a mathematical model to evaluate impacts on competent Aedes aegypti populations of FK, AP, and R&R releases as well as hybrid strategies that result from combinations of these three approaches. We show that while the ordering of efficacy of these strategies depends upon population life history parameters, sex ratio of releases, and switch time in combination strategies, AP-only and R&R/AP releases typically lead to the greatest long-term reduction in competent vectors. R&R-only releases are often less effective at long-term reduction of competent vectors than AP-only releases or R&R/AP releases. Furthermore, the reduction in competent vectors caused by AP-only releases is easier to maintain than that caused by FK-only or R&R-only releases even when the AP gene confers a fitness cost. We discuss the roles that density dependence and inclusion of females play in the order of efficacy of the strategies. We anticipate that our results will provide added impetus to continue developing AP strategies.
Recovery of singularities for formally determined inverse problems

In this paper we considered several formally determined problems in two dimensions. There are no global identifiability results for these problems. However, we can recover an important feature of these functions, namely their singularities. More precisely, we prove that one can determine the location and strength of singularities of anL∞ compactly supported potential by knowing the associated scattering amplitude at a fixed energy. Also we prove that one can determine the location and strength of the singularities of the sound speed of a medium by making measurements just on the boundary of the medium.
The Same Air

—for Guy Murchie, The Seven Mysteries of Life The same air that moves through me and you through the waving branches of the bronchial tree through veins through the heart the same air that fills balloons that carries voices full of lies and truths and half-truths that holds up the wings of butterflies humming birds eagles hang gliders 747s the same air that sits like a dull relative on humid lakes in Minnesota in summer the same air trapped in vintage champagne in old bicycle tires lost tennis balls the air inside a vial in a sarcophagus in a tomb in a pyramid buried beneath the sand the same air inside your freezer wrapping its cold arms around your t.v. dinners the same air that supports you that supports me the same air that moves through us that we move through the same air frogs croak with cattle bellow with monks meditate with and on the same air we moan with in pleasure or in pain the breath I’m taking now will be in China in two weeks my lungs have passed an atom of oxygen that passed through the lungs of Socrates or Plato or Lao-tsu or Buddha or Walt Disney or Ronald Reagan or a starving child in Somalia or certainly you you right here right now yes certainly you the same air the very same air
Detection of the ethyl- and pentyl-radical adducts of alpha-(4-pyridyl-1- oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone in rat-liver microsomes treated with ADP, NADPH and ferric chloride

HPLC-EPR analyses of the reaction mixtures of microsomal suspensions incubated with ADP, ferric chloride, NADPH and alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (4-POBN) were performed. In the elution pattern of the reaction mixture, three peaks (peaks 1, 2 and 3) were detected. The radical adducts (1 and 3) were identified as being the pentyl- and ethyl-radical adducts of 4-POBN by comparing their retention times with those of the authentic radical adducts.
Does Job Function Influence Ethical Reasoning? An Adapted Wason Task Application

A review of extent business ethics research uncovered well over 200 published articles that investigated the role of job functions within a business organization as an explanatory factor of ethical or unethical behavior. While an important body of work, ethical breaches are often found to cut across job functions and involve multiple disciplines embedded in a business organization. This research seeks to explore a cross-functional explanation for ethical reasoning by using an instrument new to business ethics research, the Wason selection task, but well-grounded and validated in cognitive research and evolutionary psychology, to assess an individual’s ability to detect rule-based social contract violations. A sample of 276 full-time business practitioners, enrolled in part-time M.B.A. programs, from the accounting, finance, information technology, marketing, supply chain, and human resource management job functions were compared on their ability to detect rule violators across a series of production scenarios in the Wason selection task. Rates of cheater detection were calculated to determine if substantive differences existed across job functions. This was followed by a series of pair-wise comparisons of percentages of cheater detection across the job functions using z-tests for assessing statistical significance. The data analysis showed differences in cheater detection, with most of the variance due to the marketing job function group. Insights from this study for scholars, educators, and practitioners in the business ethics field are discussed.
Evaluation of training with an annotation schema for manual annotation of clinical conditions from emergency department reports.

Abstract Objective Determine whether agreement among annotators improves after being trained to use an annotation schema that specifies: what types of clinical conditions to annotate, the linguistic form of the annotations, and which modifiers to include. Methods Three physicians and 3 lay people individually annotated all clinical conditions in 23 emergency department reports. For annotations made using a Baseline Schema and annotations made after training on a detailed annotation schema, we compared: (1) variability of annotation length and number and (2) annotator agreement, using the F -measure. Results Physicians showed higher agreement and lower variability after training on the detailed annotation schema than when applying the Baseline Schema. Lay people agreed with physicians almost as well as other physicians did but showed a slower learning curve. Conclusion Training annotators on the annotation schema we developed increased agreement among annotators and should be useful in generating reference standard sets for natural language processing studies. The methodology we used to evaluate the schema could be applied to other types of annotation or classification tasks in biomedical informatics.
Guided waves in a circular duct containing an assembly of circular cylinders

Abstract This paper provides an analytical scheme to calculate the admissible acoustic propagation modes of fluid in a circular duct containing an assembly of circular cylinders, as might occur in gas-cooled fast breeder reactors and advanced gas-cooled reactors. The duct wall and cylinders are assumed to be stationary, and their axes are assumed to be parallel to each other. The solution to the acoustic wave equation is expressed in a sum of the partial fluid velocity potentials associated with each rod co-ordinate and duct co-ordinate. The technique of transformation of cylindrical wave functions is then used to solve the boundary value problem. Two kinds of acoustic boundary conditions are considered, acoustically hard and acoustically soft, respectively.
Measurements of UGR of LED Light by a DSLR Colorimeter

We have developed an image-based measurement method on UGR (unified glare rating) of interior lighting environment. A calibrated DSLR (digital single-lens reflex camera) with an ultra wide-angle lens was used to measure the luminance distribution, by which the corresponding parameters can be automatically calculated. A LED lighting was placed in a room and measured at various positions and directions to study the properties of UGR. The testing results are fitted with visual experiences and UGR principles. To further examine the results, a spectroradiometer and an illuminance meter were respectively used to measure the luminance and illuminance at the same position and orientation of the DSLR. The calculation of UGR by this image-based method may solve the problem of non-uniform luminance-distribution of LED lighting, and was studied on segmentation of the luminance graph for the calculations.
Culture-Confirmed Pneumonia Due to Chlamydia pneumoniae

Diagnosis of infection caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae, a newly recognized respiratory pathogen, has proved difficult. Between July 1987 and April 1988, culture and serologic tests for C. pneumoniae were done on specimens from 49 patients with pneumonia seen at an Atlanta hospital emergency room. Cultures from 3 patients (6%) grew C. pneumoniae. Genus-specific Chlamydia complement fixation titers and microimmunofluorescence titers for C. pneumoniae were suggestive of acute infection in all 3 culture-positive patients. Three other patients had evidence of acute disease by published criteria for antibody titers. Most studies of C. pneumonia have not had culture-proven cases; the 6% rate of positive cultures in this study support the role of C. pneumoniae as a cause of pneumonia. More widespread availability of simplified culture systems for C. pneumoniae is needed. Caution should be used when interpreting serologic tests in the absence of culture confirmation.
Modelling ventilation rate, balance temperature and supplemental heat need in alternative vs. conventional laying-hen housing systems

An Excel-based spreadsheet model has been developed to delineate ventilation rate (VR), supplemental heat need ( H s ), balance temperature ( t bal , outdoor temperature below which H s is required to maintain the desired indoor temperature), energy use and cost for H s in alternative (aviary and enriched colony) vs. conventional cage laying-hen houses. The model was applied to the Midwestern U.S. housing characteristics (same land footprint) and winter weather conditions (−30 °C to 5 °C ambient temperature, and a constant relative humidity or RH of 70%). Effects of hen stocking density, target indoor temperature and RH ( t i , RH i ), building insulation, and light period vs. dark period on VR, t bal and H s were examined. For the housing characteristics considered and target indoor condition of 25 °C and 60% RH, t bal for the alternative housing systems was found to be 2.0–2.6 °C higher than that for the conventional cage counterpart. The supplemental heater capacity would need to be 20.5–22.0 kW per 10,000 hens for the aviary houses (107,000-hen capacity) and 17.6 kW per 10,000 hens for the enriched colony house (124,000-hen capacity). Annual H s was estimated to be 0.09 and 0.12 MJ [kg egg] −1 for the enriched and aviary houses, respectively. The corresponding H s cost (in US dollars) would be, respectively, 0.11 and 0.15 US cent [kg egg] −1 at a wholesale liquid propane (LP) fuel price of $0.32 l −1 ($1.21 gal −1 ) or 0.26 and 0.35 US cent [kg egg] −1 at a retail LP fuel price of $0.75 l −1 ($2.84 gal −1 ). Among all the influencing factors considered, t i and RH i setpoints had more pronounced impacts on t bal and H s . The analysis indicated that H s energy cost for the alternative housing systems in the Midwestern USA is less than 0.3% of the total production cost. The simulation model was validated with measured heating energy use by a commercial aviary house in northern Iowa and the difference between the predicted and field-measured H s values was less than 5%. This interactive model can be readily used for analysis of other laying-hen housing, climatic conditions, and/or management scenarios.
Independence and the Havel-Hakimi residue

Favaron et al. (1991) have obtained a proof of a conjecture of Fajtlowicz' computer program Graffiti that for every graph G the number of zeroes left after fully reducing the degree sequence as in the Havel-Hakimi Theorem is at most the independence number of G. In this paper we present a simplified version of the proof of Graffiti's conjecture, and we find how the residue relates to a natural greedy algorithm for constructing large independent sets in G.
The Rhizomatic Left, neoliberal capitalism and class: Theoretical interventions on contemporary social movements in the global north

This article begins to theoretically explore today's left social movement formations in relation to shifts in capital and class relations. The article links the emergence of a novel matrix of social movement politics, which it calls the Rhizomatic Left, to the structural shifts from Fordism to neoliberal capitalism. Drawing on Deleuze and Guattari, the image of the rhizome is insightful for outlining the nature and workings of contemporary social movement powered politics. The article briefly sketches four central characteristics of the Rhizomatic Left: transnationality, diversity, multi-connectivity and communication. Despite arguable success, however, the Rhizomatic Left also faces inherent challenges for sustained movement building. The article locates these limitations in the absence of a unifying or transversal dimension of and for the diversity of the constitutive groups and movements of the Rhizomatic Left. The article suggests that re-emphasizing capitalism and class relations as such a transversa...
A fast directional algorithm for high-frequency electromagnetic scattering

This paper is concerned with the fast solution of high-frequency electromagnetic scattering problems using the boundary integral formulation. We extend the O(NlogN) directional multilevel algorithm previously proposed for the acoustic scattering case to the vector electromagnetic case. We also detail how to incorporate the curl operator of the magnetic field integral equation into the algorithm. When combined with a standard iterative method, this results in an almost linear complexity solver for the combined field integral equations. In addition, the butterfly algorithm is utilized to compute the far field pattern and radar cross section with O(NlogN) complexity.
Kinetics of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in isolated rat hearts assessed by 87Rb NMR spectroscopy.

An experimental model was developed to evaluate the effects of activators and inhibitors of K ATP channels on unidirectional K + fluxes in the whole heart. Isolated rat hearts perfused in the Langendorff mode were equilibrated with P i -free Krebs- Henseleit buffer (KH buffer) containing 0.94- 2.14 mM RbCl and 3.76 mM KCI (20-36% of K + substituted by Rb + ). Rb + efflux was initiated by removing Rb + from the perfusate and 87 Rb spectra were acquired continuously with a 1- 2 min time resolution. In hearts with normal energetics, the efflux of Rb + fit a monoexponential function, and the rate constant did not depend on intracellular [Rb + ]. Agents depressing excitability and heart rate (HR), such as 0.6 mM lidocaine (Lido), 10 M carbachol (carb) and 20 mM MgS04, inhibited Rb + efflux such that the rate constant, k (10 3 /min), decreased from 50 ±1.2 in the beating heart to 26 ± 1, 40 ± 1.1 and 19 ±1.2, respectively. In contrast, high [K + ] (21 mM) did not affect the k value (50± 4.5), independently of the presence or absence of bumetanide (Bum, 30 μ M) and glibenclamide (Glib, 5 μ M). Dinitrophenol (DNP, 0.2 mM) added in the presence of high [K + ] + Bum increased k three-fold, to 160 ± 5. This effect was associated with a significant decrease in phosphocreatine (PCr, <10% of initial) and ATP (15%) levels, and a 7-fold increase in the P i level, assessed by 31 P-NMR spectroscopy. Glib completely reversed the effect of DNP. Pinacidil (Pin, 20-80 M) did not affect the k value either in beating control hearts or in the presence of Carb or KCI + Bum. Moreover, under conditions of moderate metabolic stress induced by 0.05 mM DNP (PCr, 35%; ATP, 65%), where half-maximal activation of K ATP channels occurred, Pin did not further activate Rb + efflux. We conclude that:(1) heart rate-independent Rb + efflux accounts for 40- 80% of the total Rb + efflux in beating (300 bpm) rat hearts;(2) DNP-activated Rb + efflux is a good model for testing inhibitors of K ATP channels in whole hearts; and (3) Pin is not an effective K ATP channel opener in the rat heart model.
Killing of listeria monocytogenes by inflammatory neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes from immune and nonimmune mice.

Acquired resistance to the facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is thought to require immunologically activated macrophages. Using peritoneal exudate cells from nonimmunized mice in a suspension bactericidal assay, however, we found that peritoneal neutrophils obtained early during the inflammatory process (4 hr after elicitation) and macrophages obtained later during inflammation (maximal listericidal activity at 48 hr after elicitation) were able to kill Listeria in vitro. The kinetics of expression of bactericidal activity by inflammatory neutrophils and macrophages against both L monocytogenes and E coli were similar. Although intraperitoneal immunization or intravenous hyperimmunization markedly enhanced resistance of mice to Listeria in vivo, immunization did not increase the ability of inflammatory peritoneal phagocytes to kill Listeria in vitro. However, in response to intraperitoneal injection of proteose-peptone or dead Listeria, immunized mice mobilized more neutrophils and monocytes into the inflamed peritoneum. These data suggest that, rather than systemic activation of mononuclear phagocyte bactericidal activity, increased mobilization of neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes into sites of infection may be of prime importance in resistance to listeriosis.
Durham House and the Chapels Royal: their liturgical impact on the Church of Scotland

Ever since the laying of the foundation stone of the present Norman building, Durham Cathedral has had an ambiguous relationship with Scotland – some good (the huge contribution of Dean William Whittingham through liturgy, metrical psalms and the Geneva Bible) and some extremely negative (the cathedral served as the prison for the Scottish prisoners after the battle of Dunbar). Amongst the more negative are the liturgical ideals and practices of the Durham House group, more commonly though inaccurately known as ‘Laudians’. The members of the group, which did include William Laud, were the proteges of the bishop of Durham, Richard Neile, and they met in his house in London. He promoted many as prebendaries at Durham Cathedral, and there they developed their liturgical ideals and practices. These ideals were ones which Neile shared with his contemporaries and close friends, Bishops Lancelot Andrewes and John Buckeridge. This article argues that the origin and precedent for these practices were the Chapels Royal with which most of the ‘players’ had affiliation in some way or other. Elizabeth I insisted on liturgical ceremonial and furnishings that supported or matched the grandeur of court ceremonial. It was a style which she hoped would also be adopted in English cathedrals. It was a style of worship which also appealed to James VI and through the Chapels Royal in Scotland he attempted to introduce a similar liturgical style. He also sought to conform the Church of Scotland to the Church of England, both in polity and liturgical text. The policy was continued by Charles I, who attempted to extend it to the Scottish cathedrals. Opponents of this court liturgical style and ‘Englishing’ of the liturgy found it convenient to blame the bishops who were given the task of implementing the liturgical changes rather than attack the source, namely the monarchy. The ultimate outcome was that, rather than the Church of Scotland adopting the 1637 Book of Common Prayer and Durham House ceremonial, it eventually even lost the liturgy which Scottish tradition had ascribed to John Knox, but the lion's share of which was more probably the work of Dean William Whittingham. Instead the Church of Scotland accepted the Directory of Public Worship, itself mainly the work of English divines. It became one of the few Reformed churches that did not have a set form for its public worship.
TRAINING TALES IN FAMILY THERAPY: EXPLORING THE ALEXANDRIA QUARTET

Educators frequently consider live supervision as the method of choice in facilitating and epistemological shift for family therapy graduate students. I this article, excerpts from and novel serve as and additional training tool to therapeutic interaction. Lawrence Durrell's The Alexandria Quartet reveals epistemological concepts relevant to family therapy in its protrayal of the richness of multiple voices and a lack of certainty about predictable outcomes. Family therapy doctoral students studied a didactic module based upon passages for the Quarted; descriptive evaluation of this particular training experience suggests how literature can be useful in facilitating an epistemological shift that is often a challenge to family therapy graduate students and educators.
A prospective cohort study of women after primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter laceration

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to prospectively assess subjective anorectal symptoms by questionnaire and to prospectively assess the integrity of the anal sphincter by physical and ultrasonographic examination in women with and without obstetric anal sphincter laceration. Study Design: Fifteen subjects who sustained obstetric anal sphincter lacerations at the time of vaginal delivery were matched with 15 control subjects and followed up prospectively. Women underwent physical and ultrasonographic evaluations and answered questionnaires regarding anorectal symptoms at 6 weeks and at 4 months post partum. Data were evaluated with the Fisher exact test, the Wilcoxon exact and signed rank tests, and the McNemar test. Results: On postpartum examination the subjects with lacerations had more separated sphincters and decreased anal resting and squeeze tones with respect to control subjects ( P P = .43; and internal anal sphincter, 47% vs 7%; P = .035). Subjective rating of fecal incontinence was significantly greater in the laceration group than in the control group ( P P = .08). Conclusion: Reports of fecal incontinence were significantly greater among women with a history of primarily repaired obstetric anal sphincter lacerations than among control subjects. Ultrasonographic examination revealed separated anal sphincters in 40% of the women with obstetric anal sphincter lacerations, despite repair at the time of delivery. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1317-23.)
Geographic scope, isolating mechanisms, and value appropriation

Extending extant literature on geographic scope that has primarily focused on its role in value creation, I investigate the value appropriation aspect of geographic scope of knowledge acquisition. I maintain that isolating mechanisms created via geographic scope of knowledge acquisition can help firms prevent competitors from accessing their innovative knowledge and, by doing so, can help firms capture a larger proportion of economic returns from innovation, thus helping them enjoy better financial performance. Mediating and moderating effect analyses with patent- and firm-level data of the semiconductor industry corroborate the value appropriation aspect of geographic scope.
Dominant role of monocytes in control of tissue function and aging.

We propose that monocyte-derived cells regulate expression of epitopes of specific tissue cells, and in that way control recognition of tissue cells by autoreactive T lymphocytes and autoantibodies. Such T cells and antibodies are suggested to participate in stimulation of tissue cell differentiation. This may ultimately result in the aging and degeneration of tissue cells. By the end of their adaptation in early ontogeny, the monocyte-derived cells are supposed to encounter the most differentiated tissue cells in a tissue specific manner, and then prevent tissue cells to differentiate beyond the encoded state. Retardation or acceleration of certain tissue differentiation during adaptation results in a rigid and permanent alteration of this tissue function. The ability of monocytes to preserve tissue cells in the functional state declines with age, and this is accompanied by functional decline of various tissues within the body, and an increased incidence of degenerative diseases.
Intelligently creating and recommending reusable reformatting rules

When users combine data from multiple sources into a spreadsheet or dataset, the result is often a mishmash of different formats, since phone numbers, dates, course numbers and other string-like kinds of data can each be written in many different formats. Although spreadsheets provide features for reformatting numbers and a few specific kinds of string data, they do not provide any support for the wide range of other kinds of string data encountered by users. We describe a user interface where a user can describe the formats of each kind of data. We provide an algorithm that uses these formats to automatically generate reformatting rules that transform strings from one format to another. In effect, our system enables users to create a small expert system called a "tope" that can recognize and reformat instances of one kind of data. Later, as the user is working with a spreadsheet, our system recommends appropriate topes for validating and reformatting the data. With a recall of over 80% for a query time of under 1 second, this algorithm is accurate enough and fast enough to make useful recommendations in an interactive setting. A laboratory experiment shows that compared to manual typing, users can reformat sample spreadsheet data more than twice as fast by creating and using topes.
Image-guided multilevel vertebral osteotomies for en bloc resection of giant cell tumor of the thoracic spine: case report and description of operative technique

The use of frameless stereotactic navigation is gaining popularity in spinal surgery. Although initially used in the spine for placement of lumbar pedicle screws, this technology has expanded to facilitate placement of spinal instrumentation at virtually all spinal levels. While previous reports have described the utility of image guidance for placement of spinal instrumentation, its use in assisting with resection of complex spine tumors has not been extensively reported. Here we describe the use of frameless stereotaxy to guide a complex, four-level sagittal vertebral osteotomy for en bloc resection of a giant cell tumor involving the chest wall and thoracic spine.
Stratigraphic Response Across a Structurally Dynamic Shelf: The Latest Guadalupian Composite Sequence at Walnut Canyon, New Mexico, U.S.A.

Abstract The uppermost Yates and Tansill formations (Late Permian), as exposed along Walnut Canyon in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico, USA, provide a unique opportunity to document the depositional architecture of a progradational, oversteepened, and mechanically failure-prone carbonate platform. Detailed facies mapping permitted critical assessment of depositional processes operating along this structurally dynamic platform margin. At the shelf crest, thick (12 m), vertically stacked fenestral–pisolite–tepee complexes indicate a stable shoreline. Early lithification of sediments and extensive cementation fostered rapid vertical accretion and allowed the shelf crest to easily adjust to base-level oscillations by stepping landward, stepping seaward, or aggrading. This production imbalance—in combination with syndepositional brittle failure and down-to-the-basin tilting(