cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ten-year trends in family medicine residency productivity and staffing: impact of electronic health records, resident duty hours, and the medical home.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Electronic health records (EHRs), resident duty hour restrictions, and Patient-centered Medical Home (PCMH) innovations have all impacted the clinical practices of residency programs over the past decade. The University of Washington Family Medicine Network (UWFMN) residencies have collaborated for 10 years in collecting and comparing data regarding the productivity and operations of their training programs to identify the program-level effects of such changes. Based on five survey results from 2000 to 2010, this study examines changes in faculty and resident productivity and staffing models of UWFMN residency training clinics using a standardized methodology, specifically describing the productivity impact of EHR changes and duty hour restrictions and the implementation of the PCMH by residencies. METHODS Data were systematically collected via standardized questionnaire, evaluated for quality, clarified, and then analyzed. RESULTS Resident productivity decreased over the 10-year interval, with resident total yearly patient visits down 17.2%. Core family medicine faculty productivity was highly variable among programs, and nonphysician provider visits increased. Faculty part-time status increased. Front office, medical assistant, and nursing staffing grew significantly, but other administrative staff decreased, resulting in minimal change in total non-provider staffing. A majority of programs engaged in PCMH initiatives in 2010 and had implemented an EHR. CONCLUSIONS Physician productivity in UWFMN residency programs decreased for all resident physicians from 2000 to 2010, likely due to a combination of decreased resident duty hours and other clinical practice changes. Productivity trends have implications for the structure and training requirements for family medicine residency programs.
What Is the Purpose of CEO Cash Bonuses

Given the substantial stock and option portfolios held by most CEOs, much recent literature on CEO incentives regards cash-based bonus plans as largely irrelevant. This begs the question of why nearly all CEO compensation plans include such bonuses. We re-examine the financial incentives provided by bonuses and their role in executive compensation packages. Using detailed data on bonus-plan performance measures, we document that the pay-performance sensitivity of CEO cash compensation is much greater than prior estimates and that cash-based pay provides a substantial portion of many CEOs’ total financial incentives early in their tenure. However, we find little evidence that boards adjust bonus plans over time in response to CEO-specific characteristics, such as the evolution of CEO equity holdings or liquidity needs. This “stickiness” results in growing disparity between the magnitudes of cash- and equity portfolio-based incentives over a typical CEO’s tenure. At the same time, we find evidence that bonus plans appear to consider liquidity and incentive issues for lower-level executives, leading us to conclude that cash-based plans are designed mainly for the overall management team, as well as perhaps new CEOs.
Accuracy of Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Elimination Measurements in 2 Breath-by-Breath Devices.

BACKGROUND: Although accurate quantification of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide elimination (VCO2) provides important insights into a patient9s nutritional and hemodynamic status, few devices exist to accurately measure these parameters in children. Therefore, we assessed the accuracy and agreement of 2 devices currently on the market using a pediatric in vitro model of gas exchange. METHODS: We utilized a Huszczuk simulation model, which simulates oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production using gas dilution, to examine the accuracy of two FDA-cleared respiratory modules (E-COVX and E-sCAiOVX-00). VO2 and VCO2 were set at 20, 40, 60, and 100 mL/min, ranges typical for infant and pediatric patients. Bland-Altman analysis was used to calculate the bias and limits of agreement of each device relative to simulated values for VO2 and VCO2. RESULTS: The E-COVX mean percentage bias (limits of agreement) was −26.3% (−36.1 to −16.6%) and −39.3% (−47.5 to −31.1%) for VO2 and VCO2, respectively. The mean bias (limits of agreement) for the E-aCAiOVX-00 was −0.5% (−13.3 to 12.3%) and −6.0% (−13.8 to 1.7%) for VO2 and VCO2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The E-COVX demonstrated bias and limits of agreement that were not clinically acceptable; therefore, application of this module to pediatric patients would not be recommended. The new module, E-sCAiOVX, demonstrated acceptable bias and limits of agreement for the VO2 and VCO2 in the range 40–100 mL/min (which corresponds to patients in the range of ∼5–16 kg).
BCL-6 Overexpression Predicts Poor Response to Reduced Immune Suppression Therapy in Children with Post-Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disease (PTLD).

Background: PTLD is a well known complication of organ transplantation. While the understanding of this disease is increasing, the diagnosis and treatment remain challenging. The clinical, morphological, and molecular findings in PTLD vary widely. Reduction of immune suppression is the treatment of choice, but is effective in only 20–50% of patients. Mutations in the BCL6 gene have been demonstrated in some lymphomas and PTLD and may have prognostic implications. A single study, in which most subjects were adults, has suggested that BCL6 mutation in PTLD predicts a lack of response to reduced immunosuppression (IS). Objectives : To determine if BCL-6 overexpression predicts poor response to reduced IS or decreased survival in children with PTLD. Methods: Clinical data of patients identified with PTLD at The Children’s Hospital (TCH) from 1992–2002 were obtained, including age, type of organ transplanted, subtype of PTLD, treatment received, response to treatment, relapse free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS). Archived specimens of lesions obtained at the time of diagnosis of PTLD were evaluated for the presence of BCL-6 expression by immunohistochemistry. Results: Between 1992 and 2002, 486 organ transplants (211 heart, 107 hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), 86 liver, 82 kidney) were performed at TCH. During that same period, 20 children were diagnosed with 21 cases of PTLD. Eleven patients had liver transplants (12.7% of transplants), 5 had heart transplants (2.4%), 3 had HSC transplants (2.8%), and 1 had a kidney transplant (1.2%). Histologic classifications of PTLD included 1 follicular hyperplasia, 9 polymorphic PTLD, and 11 lymphomas. Only 5 of 20 patients responded to reduced IS. Overall mortality was 45% (9/20). BCL-6 was overexpressed in 7 of 18 evaluable specimens from 20 patients. None of the patients with BCL-6 overexpression responded to reduced IS (p=0.05). BCL-6 overexpression was associated with monomorphic histology (p=0.02), but did not predict RFS or OS. Conclusions: BCL-6 expression is associated with monomorphic histology and non-response to reduced IS in children with PTLD. Larger, prospective studies of BCL-6 mutation and expression are needed to verify the clinical significance of these findings.
Role of Integrated Pulmonary Index in Identifying Extubation Failure

BACKGROUND: The integrated pulmonary index (IPI) utilizes an algorithm based on the measurement of end-tidal carbon dioxide, breathing frequency, heart rate, and oxygen saturation to provide an assessment of the patient9s ventilatory status. This clinical trial was designed to determine whether lower IPI values were associated with extubation failure. METHODS: This prospective observational trial was conducted in an academic medical center. After institutional review board approval, 100 mechanically ventilated subjects were enrolled. A stand-alone respiratory monitor that measures IPI was placed on subjects before starting a spontaneous breathing trial and continued for up to 48 h postextubation. Clinicians were blinded, and data were recorded continuously. Extubation failure was defined as the need for positive-pressure ventilation within 48 h after extubation. Mixed-effects regression models were employed to examine differences in IPI patterns between subjects with extubation success or failure. Significant IPI changes from baseline were then evaluated to predict extubation outcome. RESULTS: IPI was successfully recorded on 62 subjects (48 successful and 14 failed extubations). Although mean IPI 5 min before and after extubation were not significantly different, mean IPI 1 h after extubation in the failure group was significantly lower by 1.19 ( P = .044) compared with the successful group. Negative change in IPI 1 h after extubation increased odds of failure (odds ratio = 1.57, 95% CI 1.001–2.454). The last mean IPI recorded after extubation was also significantly lower in the failure group compared with the successful group by 3.03 ( P CONCLUSIONS: Declining IPI measurements postextubation are predictive of extubation failure. Further clinical trials are needed to assess the role of IPI in guiding interventions in extubated patients.
Future Prospects in Lymphatic Reconstructive Surgery

Lymphedema is increasingly recognized as a cause of significant morbidity in those who are affected. While lymphedema can present as a result of many etiologies, in the United States, it is most commonly caused by cancer treatment. Treatment for lymphedema has made progress in recent years due to an improved understanding of the lymphatic system and lymphedema pathophysiology as well as advances in imaging, surgical equipment, and other technologies. However, many limitations still exist with respect to the current treatment approaches and a cure for lymphedema has yet to be found. Moving forward, prevention strategies as well as options to reconstruct and regenerate the lymphatic system will come into focus. This chapter will highlight the current options, emerging technologies, and future prospects in lymphatic surgery.
Bella Here and There: Forming and Re-Forming Identities Across School Contexts

The study described here is a case analysis of an emergent bilingual and her English literacy development. Mobilizing identity theory, the study explores ways in which the young girl’s language and...
Food Insecurity Is Associated With Poorer Glycemic Control in Patients Receiving Free Versus Fee-Based Care.

IN BRIEF This study examined differences in household food security (HFS), household adult food security (HAFS), and indicators of diabetes management between clients using free and fee-for-service clinics for diabetes care and management. The study’s 166 participants (free clinic, n = 41; fee-for-service clinic, n =125) had a mean age of 53 ± 16 years and were primarily Caucasian ( n = 147 [91.9%]). Both HFS ( P P P = 0.005). A1C increased as HFS ( r = 0.293, P r = 0.288, P = 0.001) worsened.
The impact of True Fit Technology on Consumer Confidence in their online clothing purchase

As online shopping gains traction, consumers have more choice from where they buy clothing, however, it also comes with the worry that because they are buying a clothing item sight-unseen, it just won't fit and hence will be a waste of money. This proposed conceptual study is exploratory in nature and aims at examining the use of True FitÂ® technology by consumers and its' impact on consumer confidence with respect to online sizing. Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Uncertainty will be used as the basis for the theoretical framework for this study. The study will be set up as an experiment and will analyze consumers' beliefs with respect to online sizing both pre and post exposure to True FitÂ® technology.
Text Comprehension: Models in Psychology

Models of text comprehension describe and explain the processes involved in understanding and remembering verbal information. Three groups of variables impact text comprehension: the characteristics of the text itself; the prior knowledge, working memory, and interest of the reader; and the demands of the specific task or situation. Text comprehension is assessed both ‘on-line’ as it is taking place, or by examining indices of the mental representation of the text that results from comprehension. Computational models of text comprehension instantiate models of text comprehension as computer programs that attempt to simulate the behavioral data. Currently the most influential computational models of text comprehension are the Collaborative Activation-based Production System model of Just and Carpenter (1992) and the Construction–Integration model of Kintsch (1998).
Risks and Hidden Costs: A Study of 26 Outsourced Projects

Despite the current unfavorable outlook of the larger economy, there has been a steady increase in information systems outsourcing by organizations which is projected to reach $97.9 billion in 2012. Ordinarily, organizations outsource their software projects to avoid the risks associated with developing the software internally and to control costs. However, a study of twenty six outsourced projects indicates that such organizations face unique risks and hidden costs that are particular to software outsourcing. This paper describes research done to estimate the effort expended by organizations in overseeing and participating in outsourced software projects and the implications for identifying risks and predicting costs of such projects. For many of the organizations that participated in the survey, uncovering the actual costs and risks of an outsourced project was an eye opener: the hidden costs and risks are surprisingly significant and are typically not managed by the organization.
A Projection-based, Data-Driven Method for High-Dimensional Black-Box Optimization

Abstract A derivative-free optimization method based on projection of samples onto a univariate space is proposed to solve multi-dimensional box-constrained black-box problems. This space is defined using sum of the decision variables. When the objective function values are projected onto this space, a multivalued function is generated. It is shown that a univariate function exists on this map that contains the global minima of the original function. A two-step strategy is proposed to identify the function. Sensitivity theorem is employed to predict the values of the function and a trust-region based algorithm is used to correct the predicted point. An algorithm is proposed that identifies the univariate function and then optimizes it such that it corresponds to the actual optima. The proposed algorithm is applied to a test suite of 393 test problems comprising of sets of convex nonsmooth and nonconvex smooth black-box problems and compared with other competitive model-based solvers.
Racial and Geographic Disparities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Outcomes.

Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma disproportionately affects minorities. Southern states have high proportions of black populations and prevalence of known risk factors. Further research is needed to understand the role of southern geography in hepatocellular carcinoma disparities. This paper examined racial disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, demographics, tumor characteristics, receipt of treatment, and all-cause mortality in southern and non-southern cancer registries. Methods Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results data were probed in 2015 to identify 43,868 patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma from 2000 to 2012 (5,455 in southern registries [Atlanta, Louisiana, and Rural and Greater Georgia]). Results Southern registries showed steeper increases of age-adjusted hepatocellular carcinoma incidence (from 2.89 to 5.29cases/100,000 people) versus non-southern areas (from 3.58 to 5.54cases/100,000 people). Blacks were over-concentrated in southern registries (32% vs 10%). Compared with whites, blacks were significantly younger at diagnosis, more likely diagnosed with metastasis, and less likely to receive surgical therapies in both registry groups. After adjustment, blacks had a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality compared with whites in southern (hazard ratio=1.10, p=0.007) and non-southern areas (hazard ratio=1.08, p Conclusions Age-adjusted incidence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma are plateauing overall, but are still rising in southern areas. Race and geography had independent associations with all-cause mortality excess risk among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Further studies are needed to understand the root causes of potential mortality risk excess among overall populations with hepatocellular carcinoma living in the South. Supplement information This article is part of a supplement entitled African American Men's Health: Research, Practice, and Policy Implications, which is sponsored by the National Institutes of Health.
Subjects of Technology: An Auto-Archeology of Attention Deficit Disorder in Neoliberal Time(s):

This essay (re)presents my own experiences living with attention deficit disorder (ADD) as a child and adult to provide a radically historical, contextual, and critical autoethnographic conceptuali...
Incubation of Cocaine Craving After Intermittent-Access Self-administration: Sex Differences and Estrous Cycle.

Abstract Background Studies using continuous-access drug self-administration showed that cocaine seeking increases during abstinence (incubation of cocaine craving). Recently, studies using intermittent-access self-administration showed increased motivation to self-administer and seek cocaine. We examined whether intermittent cocaine self-administration would potentiate incubation of craving in male and female rats and examined the estrous cycle’s role in this incubation. Methods In experiment 1, male and female rats self-administered cocaine either continuously (8 hours/day) or intermittently (5 minutes ON, 25 minutes OFF × 16) for 12 days, followed by relapse tests after 2 or 29 days. In experiments 2 and 3, female rats self-administered cocaine intermittently for six, 12, or 18 sessions. In experiment 4, female rats self-administered cocaine continuously followed by relapse tests after 2 or 29 days. In experiments 3 and 4, the estrous cycle was measured using a vaginal smear test. Results Incubation of cocaine craving was observed in both sexes after either intermittent or continuous drug self-administration. Independent of access condition and abstinence day, cocaine seeking was higher in female rats than in male rats. In both sexes, cocaine seeking on both abstinence days was higher after intermittent drug access than after continuous drug access. In female rats, incubation of craving after either intermittent or continuous drug access was significantly higher during estrus than during non-estrus; for intermittent drug access, this effect was independent of the training duration. Conclusions In both sexes, intermittent cocaine access caused time-independent increases in drug seeking during abstinence. In female rats, the time-dependent increase in drug seeking (incubation) is critically dependent on the estrous cycle phase.
Red tape is not so hot: Asset tests impact participation in the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program

Abstract Many social welfare programs, including the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) consider both income and assets to determine assistance eligibility. LIHEAP is historically an underfunded block grant program that helps low-income households pay their utility bills. LIHEAP's eligibility requirements, including the presence of an asset test, are at the discretion of the state. Asset tests are included in welfare programs to limit abuse of the benefit; however, the literature suggests that building assets is important to overall well-being. Using a generalized difference-in-difference model, we evaluate the effect of eliminating an asset test on LIHEAP's participation rates and administration costs. We find that the inclusion of an asset test reduces program participation in a regressive manner, hurting the lowest-income households the most, and increases average administrative costs of program operations. On average, we estimate that the elimination of asset tests would allow each state that retained an asset test to heat an additional 9097 households in 2014. Therefore, LIHEAP's asset tests may divert resources that could be used to assist low-income households. In the absence of expanding LIHEAP funding, we recommend eliminating asset tests and lowering the income-eligibility thresholds so that existing funds can be targeted to the lowest-income households.
Superseding van der Waals with Electrostatic Interactions: Intercalation of Cs into the Interlayer Space of SiAs2.

CsyMxSi1–xAs2 (M = Cu, Zn, or Ga; y = 0.15–0.19; x depends on M) represents a new group of pseudo-two-dimensional compounds that allow property tuning with various metal substituents without altera...
Kiska and Cupcake.

He was, when sober, quite likable. For reasons I could not understand but possibly just because I was a woman, he called me “Cupcake.”
How Do Legal Strategies Advance Social Accountability? Evaluating Mechanisms in Colombia

While prior studies have suggested that legal strategies offer promising tools for social accountability, the existing literature has not yet identified the underlying mechanisms that link legal st...
Risk of brain metastases in T1-3N0 NSCLC: a population-based analysis.

Aim Several consensus guidelines recommend against routine brain imaging at diagnosis of T1-3N0 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods From the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry, patients with pathologically confirmed T1-3N0 NSCLC were identified. Risks of brain metastases at time of initial diagnosis were analyzed. Results Patients selected to not undergo primary NSCLC resection had approximately tenfold greater incidence of brain metastases versus those who did. Younger age, adenocarcinoma histology, higher tumor stage and higher histologic grade were all significantly (p < 0.0001) associated with greater likelihood of presenting with brain metastases. Conclusion Given the morbidity and mortality of brain metastases, routine brain screening after NSCLC diagnosis (particularly adenocarcinoma) may be justifiable, though more refined cost-benefit analyses are warranted.
Identification of carnivore kill sites is improved by verified accelerometer data

Quantifying kill rates is central to understanding predation ecology. However, estimating kill rates and prey composition in carnivore diets is challenging due to their low densities and cryptic behaviors limiting direct observations, especially when the prey is small (i.e., < 5 kg). Global positioning system (GPS) collars and use of collar-mounted activity sensors linked with GPS data can provide insights into animal movements, behavior, and activity. We verified activity thresholds for American black bears (Ursus americanus), a bobcat (Lynx rufus), and wolves (Canis spp.) with GPS collars containing on-board accelerometers by visual observations of captive individuals’ behavior. We applied these activity threshold values to GPS location and accelerometer data from free-ranging carnivores at locations identified by a GPS cluster algorithm which we visited and described as kill sites or non-kill sites. We then assessed use of GPS, landscape, and activity data in a predictive model for improving detection of kill sites for free-ranging black bears, bobcats, coyotes (C. latrans), and wolves using logistic regression during May–August 2013–2015. Accelerometer values differed between active and inactive states for black bears (P < 0.01), the bobcat (P < 0.01), and wolves (P < 0.01). Top-performing models of kill site identification for each carnivore species included activity data which improved correct assignment of kill sites by 5–38% above models that did not include activity. Though inclusion of activity data improved model performance, predictive power was less than 45% for all species. Collar-mounted accelerometers can improve identification of predation sites for some carnivores as compared to use of GPS and landscape informed covariates alone and increase our understanding of predator–prey relations.
Effects of secondary void-initiating particles on the steady-state crack growth resistance of high-strength steel

Abstract This investigation focuses on the dependence of stable crack growth resistance, as measured by the short-rod fracture toughness test, on secondary void-initiating particles such as AlN and Ti-based grain-refining precipitates in a variety of high-strength steels with tempered martensitic microstructures. The model developed by Ritchie and Thompson is modified to illustrate the significant amounts of toughening that can result from the refinement of secondary particles. Analysis of the data suggests that material strength is a predominant factor in increasing the short-rod fracture toughness relative to linear-elastic measures of initiation fracture toughness, but the extent of toughening is limited by the size and number density of secondary particles in the microstructure. The variation in estimates of secondary microvoid initiation and growth strains with precipitate size reinforce the notion that primary fracture at non-metallic inclusions and secondary fracture at smaller particles occur as sequential processes with a degree of concurrence that is dependent on the state of precipitation in both particle dispersions. Toughening in this connection is maximized by increases in microvoid growth strain that result from decreases in the size and areal number density of secondary void-initiating particles. Finally, the occurrence of transient instabilities during crack extension in short-rod specimens is explained with a phenomenological model that relates crack growth stability to natural variations in the dispersion of secondary void-initiating particles in the microstructure.
Examination of parents’ attitudes toward and efforts to discuss child sexual abuse prevention with their children

Abstract Prevention efforts for child sexual abuse (CSA) have focused on programming for children through schools while few parent-based programs are available in the community. Research over the past few decades show that parents lack access to such programs and aren't actively discussing CSA concepts with their children and continue to possess incorrect knowledge about risks. This study aims to analyzing parents’ attitudes toward CSA, and their engagement in discussions about CSA with children. Three hundred and two parents (90% mothers) across the US completed an online survey. This study employed an explanatory mixed methods research design. Descriptive data analysis focused on exploring the relationships between socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge about sexual abuse prevention, and communication about sexual abuse prevention. While most parents (64%) engaged in such discussions, they still desired more information from trusted sources and needed developmentally appropriate materials. Parents reported the need for education through courses, trainings, and/or support groups. The prevention concepts parents talked to their children about differed based on the gender of the child, as well as the marital status of the parent. Single parents discussed less CSA concepts than married. White/Non-Hispanic parents were more educated about sexual abuse compared to Hispanic/Latino parents and talked to their children more about prevention concepts. Parents also discussed CSA with girls more compared to boys. The majority of parents are discussing CSA and have adequate knowledge about prevention concepts, but still desire more assistance from experts. Some parents are in need of more assistance in conducting CSA discussions with their children.
Ordinary Differential Equations

In this chapter we review some basic facts about systems of ordinary differential equations of the form
Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis Presenting as Septic Shock with Multiorgan Failure

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. While infections are usually mild, severe disease occurs in immunocompromised patients. Dissemination is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Because of the tendency of this disease to imitate many diseases, diagnosis may be difficult on presentation. We present a case of disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a patient who was initially managed as miliary tuberculosis. In endemic areas, coccidioidomycosis is one of the two top differentials for miliary micronodular distribution on chest imaging. The patient was a recently diagnosed HIV positive patient and presented to the hospital with multiorgan failure, septic shock, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. He rapidly deteriorated and died within three days of presentation at the emergency department.
Sex Offender Registration and Community Notification Laws: An Empirical Evaluation

Despite being in existence for over a quarter century, costing multiple millions of dollars and affecting the lives of hundreds of thousands of individuals, sex offender registration and notification (SORN) laws have yet to be subject to a book-length treatment of their empirical dimensions, examining their premises, coverage, and impact on public safety. This volume, edited by Professors Wayne A. Logan and J.J. Prescott, assembles the leading researchers in the field to provide an in-depth look at what have come to be known as “Megan’s Laws,” offering a social science-based analysis of one of the most important and controversial criminal justice system initiatives undertaken in modern times. The editors attach the title page, table of contents, and preface of the volume.
Colorectal cancer during pregnancy or postpartum: Case series and literature review

BackgroundColorectal cancer in young adults is on the rise. This rise combined with delayed childbearing increases the likelihood of colorectal cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or in the postpartu...
Comment on "Enterocyte-innate lymphoid cell crosstalk drives early IFNg-mediated control of Cryptosporidium".

The parasite Cryptosporidia infects and completes its entire life cycle within the intestinal epithelium. It has been long appreciated that interferon gamma is critical for protection, but the source of this cytokine, the mechanism of induction and the cell site of action have been unknown. Here Gullicksrud et al.1 demonstrate in a mouse model that interferon gamma regulation and protection center on the infected epithelial cell. The work is of importance for the fundamental advances it provides on mucosal defense from intracellular parasitism, as well as providing a foundation for the advancement of vaccination against this cause of diarrhea, malnutrition and death of infants in low and middle income countries.
The need for professional standards in global health.

To promote good practices, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in global health should adopt and follow rules of professional conduct that put communities' wants and needs over those of the NGOs.
Estimating Reliability When all Test Trials are Administered on the Same Day

(1969). Estimating Reliability When all Test Trials are Administered on the Same Day. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 222-225.
Superweakly interacting massive particle solutions to small scale structure problems.

Collisionless, cold dark matter in the form of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) is well motivated in particle physics, naturally yields the observed relic density, and successfully explains structure formation on large scales. On small scales, however, it predicts too much power, leading to cuspy halos, dense cores, and large numbers of subhalos, in apparent conflict with observations. We consider super-WIMP dark matter, produced with large velocity in late decays at times ${10}^{5}--{10}^{8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{s}$. As analyzed by Kaplinghat in a more general setting, we find that super-WIMPs have sufficiently large free-streaming lengths and low phase space densities to help resolve small scale structure problems while preserving all of the above-mentioned WIMP virtues.
Evaluation of fever in the international traveler: Unwanted 'souvenir' can have many causes

As international travel becomes more common, primary care physicians will be increasingly involved in the treatment of patients who return home with febrile illnesses. The initial laboratory evaluation is critical. This approach to diagnosis involves taking a thorough history, asking specific questions about the patient's travel itinerary and activities, and giving a careful and complete physical examination. Malaria is the most common cause of febrile illness in travelers returning from endemic areas, and prompt evaluation is essential to initiating timely treatment. Various resources are available to assist in this evaluation.
Potentially Infectious Agents Associated with Shearling Bedpads: Effect of Laundering with Detergent-Disinfectant Combinations on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Glutaraldehyde-tanned woolskins which are used as bedpads to prevent decubitus ulcers were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442). Two methods of exposure, direct contact and aerosol, were used in separate experiments. Attempts were made to decrease the bacterial population placed on the woolskins by laundering them in a quaternary ammonium disinfectant, a phenolic disinfectant, or alkalinized glutaraldehyde, in combination with an anionic or nonionic detergent. The effect of a commercial detergent-sanitizer was also studied. Bacterial populations were significantly reduced in all experiments, but only laundering in glutaraldehyde in combination with either detergent resulted in maximum removal of bacteria. Viable bacteria were usually not detected in the rinse water (<1 viable organism/5 ml of rinse water).
Effect of surfactant on the break-up of a liquid thread: Modeling, computations and experiments

Abstract The effect of insoluble surfactant on the breakup of an inviscid jet surrounded by a viscous fluid at low Reynolds number is studied both theoretically and experimentally. Equations governing the evolution of the interface and surfactant concentration are derived using long wavelength approximations. Numerical simulations of this long-wave asymptotic model show that the presence of surfactant at the interface retards the pinch-off and a slender quasi-steady thread is formed. After the formation of the thread, the diffusion of surfactant plays an important role and causes the jet to pinch. Experiments are performed and the results are presented which show that the presence of surfactant slows down the breakup of the bubble. We used high speed digital imaging to capture details of the pinching bubble in a glycerol/water mixture in the absence or presence of surfactants. Digitized video images of bubble elongation are captured sequentially in time and analyzed using image analysis software. It is found that the presence of surfactant slows down the breakup of a jet in a highly viscous exterior fluid. Experimental findings are in agreement with the theoretical and computational results.
Consequences of Fatty Acid Excess in Ischemic Myocardium and Effects of Therapeutic Interventions

Suspicion that long-chain fatty acids may impair cardiac performance was first reported by Hoak and workers (1) who infused stearic acid bound to albumin into previously anticoagulated but otherwise normal dogs and ducks and noticed an increased prevalence of sudden death and heart failure. This same group in later studies reported that elevating serum free fatty acids in geese caused supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular ectopy, and sudden death and was associated histologically with several lesions including myocytic degeneration, destructive changes in myofibrils, and intramitochondrial inclusion particles (2). That this association was something more than just an isolated laboratory finding unique to experimental animals was next reported by Oliver and colleagues (3). In 200 patients suffering acute myocardial infarction, a twofold increase in serum free fatty acids was observed within the first 48 hours following the onset of pain. Patients with the highest increases in serum fatty acids had the highest prevalence of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias; ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation; second and third degree heart blocks; and total numbers of death.
Single Spin Transverse Asymmetries of Neutral Pions at Forward Rapidities in s = 62.4 GeV Polarized Proton Collisions in PHENIX

In the RHIC run of 2006, PHENIX recorded data from about 20 nb−1 of transversely polarized p+p collisions at s = 62.4 GeV and polarization of about 50%. Also in this last run PHENIX successfully commissioned a new PbWO4 based electromagnetic calorimeter, the Muon Piston Calorimeter (MPC), covering 2π in azimuth and 3.1 < η < 3.7. The forward coverage allows PHENIX to measure high xF π0 production. We present the current status of the analysis for the single inclusive π0 transverse asymmetry AN at forward rapidities in PHENIX.
Lifetime-sensitive modulo scheduling

This paper shows how to software pipeline a loop for minimal register pressure without sacrificing the loop's minimum execution time. This novel bidirectional slack-scheduling method has been implemented in a FORTRAN compiler and tested on many scientific benchmarks. The empirical results—when measured against an absolute lower bound on execution time, and against a novel schedule-independent absolute lower bound on register pressure—indicate near-optimal performance.
An Argument for Critical and Comparative Research on the Urban Economic Geography of the Americas

The authors identify problems associated with the treatment of Latin American topics in the Anglo-American social science literature, particularly in geography. Latin American research has been peripheralized and the flow of concepts and learning between Latin and Anglo America has been almost entirely from North to South. To explain why research by Latin Americans, and by Latin Americanists, has had relatively limited influence on recent geographic debates over theory and method, the authors employ contemporary discourse analysis. This method assists us in (1) deciphering how development geography presents Latin America, (2) in posing questions about the character and origins of the concepts that shape writing and, indeed, thinking, and (3) in identifying the perspective biases that must be confronted for interregional dialogue to occur. This critical commentary on Latin and Anglo-American research is highly relevant to reconstructed regional geography. It, too, is confronting issues such as the role of ...
Genuine Religious Tolerance: Is It a Thing of the Past in Public Schools?.

The so-called Culture Wars have made the issue of religious tolerance in schools more confusing than ever. Where once free speech trumped nearly every concern in these wars in the public schools, there is now great concern about whether messages put out are politically correct. The preoccupation teachers now have with avoiding speech or themes likely to get them into trouble has led to a new form of censorship. The authors explain that free speech in the educational forum requires respect for every earnest attempt to get at a legitimate truth claim. In matters religious, this epistemic openness is no longer respected. The argument below does not encourage teachers to engage in debate among students in matters religious, or even to encourage it. Nor are the arguments below aimed at introducing religious discourse as a means of developing skills of critical thinking as the feminist, moral philosopher Nel Noddings has previously recommended. The argument simply concludes with the modest recommendation that teachers be more conscientious about indirectly censoring or trivializing student religious speculations.
Role of posttranscriptional processes in the regulation of glutathione S-transferase P1 gene expression in human breast cancer cells.

Abstract Human glutathione S -transferase P1 (GSTP1) is normally expressed in estrogen receptor negative (ER−) but not receptor positive (ER+) cultured breast cancer cells. Previous results indicated that posttranscriptional mechanisms may contribute to this differential expression of GSTP1 ( J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10544–10550, 1992). Here, we have tested the hypothesis that differences in posttranscriptional processing of primary transcripts to mature mRNA or differences in mRNA stability influence the levels of GSTP1 in ER− versus ER+ breast cancer cells. We examined the expression both of the endogenous GSTP1 gene and of uniquely designed GSTP1 minigenes that were stably transfected into HS578T (ER−) and MCF7 (ER+) cells. In both cell lines, GSTP1 transcripts are processed to mature, functional mRNAs. However, GSTP1 mRNA is considerably less stable in MCF7 than in HS578T cells. These results indicate that for a given level of GSTP1 gene transcription, differential mRNA stability will result in higher steady state levels of GSTP1 mRNA in ER−, HS578T than in ER+, MCF7 cells.
Large eddy simulation of free-stream turbulence effects on heat transfer to a high-pressure turbine cascade

Large eddy simulation of an uncooled, transonic, linear high-pressure turbine vane cascade has been pursued using a high-order numerical method with about 83 million grid points. Heat transfer and boundary layer development on the surface of the blade are investigated in the presence of inflow turbulence. Quantitative comparisons with the experiments of Arts et al. (Tech. Note 174, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Belgium, 1990) show excellent agreement. The distortion of vortices from the inflow turbulence in the cascade passage leads to the formation of long streamwise streaky structures, leading to transition of suction-side boundary layer. Significant heat transfer augmentation is seen on both the pressure and suction sides because of the presence of these structures.
Ideas underlying the Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties

Key ideas underlying the application of Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties (QMU) to nuclear weapons stockpile lifecycle decisions are described. While QMU is a broad process and methodology for generating critical technical information to be used in U.S. nuclear weapon stockpile management, this paper emphasizes one component, which is information produced by computational modeling and simulation. In particular, the following topics are discussed: (i) the key principles of developing QMU information in the form of Best Estimate Plus Uncertainty, (ii) the need to separate aleatory and epistemic uncertainty in QMU, and (iii) the properties of risk-informed decision making (RIDM) that are best suited for effective application of QMU. The paper is written at a high level, but provides an extensive bibliography of useful papers for interested readers to deepen their understanding of the presented ideas.
Modelling of Thermal Residual Stresses During Field-Assisted Anodic Bonding of Optical Fibre to SI V-Groove for Optoelectronic Packaging

AbstractThe objective of this study is to investigate the residual stresses formed during the process of directly attaching optical fibres to v-grooves in silicon submounts under field-assisted anodic bonding. Simulations conducted with finite element model revealed that the stresses at the fibre–silicon interface exceed the fracture strength of the silica–fibre bond. These predictions are verified by experimental investigations, exposing the silica traces of fibre along the flat submount surface during the cooling process. With the introduction of 1µm layer of compliant Al or Ti onto the v-groove promoted increased bonding area and acted as a stress-relieving layer to lower the peak residual stresses at the interface, and bonds formed with this compliant metal layer are robust at room temperature.
Exploratory Studies of Joined Wing Aeroelasticity

Interest in Joined Wing configurations has been growing recently especially with the appearance of new possible applications such as the sensorcraft and advanced aerial tanker. The aeroelastic behavior of Joined Wings is the focus of this work. Particular attention is given to the eect of structural nonlinearity on the divergence and linearized flutter predictions for such configurations. In a typical flight condition, significant compressive loads are present in the rear wing (which supports the main wing) and its eective stiness (linear + geometric) varies. As a consequence, the aeroelastic behavior of the wing system changes significantly and a nonlinear structural analysis is required. The paper reports the results of a study based on linear aerodynamic theory and a nonlinear Updated Lagrangian Formulation for the structural part. The goal is to demonstrate an approach to the evaluation of aeroelastic characteristics in the early design stages.
Soil Microfungi of Dry to Mesic Conifer-Hardwood Forests in Northern Wisconsin

The Soil microfungi in 36 northern Wisconsin conifer—hardwood forests have been surveyed by the dilution plate technique. Populations of 180 isolates from six sites in each forest examined, and frequency (sites of occurrence) was used to assess species importance. The 6,461 isolates represented 476 taxonomic entities, but only 87 (18%) of these occurred in three or more forests or had one frequency of at least 50% The principal forms in the conifer—hardwood unit were Mortierella vinacea II, Trichoderma spp., Mortierella isabellina, Penicillium nigricans, Mortierella nana, Pullularia pullulans, and Monocillium humicola var. brunneum. A few of the top—ranking conifer—hardwood microfungi are widely distributed in Wisconsin soils, others have occurred in similar types in northern and southern Wisconsin, and a third assemblage (including Mortierella vinacea II and M. nana) has been isolated only from conifer and conifer—hardwood soils in the State. An ordination, based upon compositional similarity in the micr...
Vegetation and climate near Lago Llanquihue in the Chilean Lake District between 20200 and 950014C yr BP

Radiocarbon-dated pollen records of two adjacent sediment cores from Canal de la Puntilla (40°579090S, 72°549180W) in the Chilean Lake District reveal that a sparsely vegetated landscape prevailed during the portion of the Last Glacial Maximum between 20 200 and about 14 800 14 C yr BP. Dominating the vegetation was Nothofagus, Gramineae and Compositae, along with taxa commonly found today above the Andean treeline (Perezia-type, Valeriana) and in Magellanic Moorlands (Donatia, Astelia). Nothofagus expanded between 20 200 and 15 800 14 C yr BP, interrupted by a reversal at 19 200 14 C yr BP and followed by a prominent increase in Gramineae pollen between 15 800 and about 14 800 14 C yr BP. A major increase in Nothofagus started at about 14 800 14 C yr BP, followed by an abrupt expansion of thermophilous Valdivian/North Patagonian Rain Forest taxa (Myrtaceae, Lomatia/Gevuina, Hydrangea, etc.) at about 14 000 14 C yr BP. An opening of the rain forest and an expansion of Podocarpus nubigena, Misodendrum, and Maytenus disticha-type subsequently occurred between 11 000 and 10 000 14 C yr BP. These results suggest that mean annual temperature was 6-7°C colder than at present, with twice the modern annual precipitation between 20 200 and 14 000 14 C yr BP, implying a northward shift and intensification of the westerlies storm-tracks. Slight climate warming occurred between 20 200 and 15 800 14 C yr BP, featuring cooling reversals at 19 200 14 C yr BP, and later at 15 800 14 C yr BP. The warming of the last termination started at about 14 800 14 Cy r BP, and reached a total temperature rise of $5°C by 12 400 14 C yr BP, followed by cooling between 11 000 and 10 000 14 C yr BP. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UV radiation in the southern seas in early spring 1993

Radiation measurements were carried out during a research cruise of theN. Palmer in August and September 1993, from the tip of South America to Antarctica. As the measurements were carried out on a moving platform their validity had to be confirmed. This was undertaken for hourly data. Some of the main results are as follows: