cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical expressions for the NMR apparent diffusion coefficients in an anisotropic system and a simplified method for determining fiber orientation

NMR measurements of anisotropic diffusion were studied using a three-dimensional random-walk model. It was found that the apparent diffusion coefficient can be expressed in a canonical form as the product of a diagonal matrix, an orthonormal rotation matrix, and a vector representing the encoding magnetic field gradient. The diffusion coefficient can be interpreted as the sum of the corresponding coefficients measured along the principal diffusion axes, weighted by the squares of the directional cosines of the encoding direction with respect to the principal axes. The analysis revealed that determining the orientation of anisotropy, in a cylindrically symmetric system, requires a minimum of four diffusion measurements. A special pulse sequence which minimized gradient cross-terms and possible restricted diffusion effects was used to characterize diffusion anisotropy in cut chicken gizzards. Diffusion coefficients parallel to the muscle fibers were found to be approximately two to three times larger than those in the transverse direction. Furthermore, the method was successful in detecting the angular change when the sample was rotated by 30°. Results indicate that the proposed approach to measure fiber orientation is valid and may be used to improve the time efficiency of diffusion anisotropy measurements.
Cdc7-Dbf4 Regulates NDT80 Transcription as Well as Reductional Segregation during Budding Yeast Meiosis

In budding yeast, as in other eukaryotes, the Cdc7 protein kinase is important for initiation of DNA synthesis in vegetative cells. In addition, Cdc7 has crucial meiotic functions: it facilitates premeiotic DNA replication, and it is essential for the initiation of recombination. This work uses a chemical genetic approach to demonstrate that Cdc7 kinase has additional roles in meiosis. First, Cdc7 allows expression of NDT80, a meiosis-specific transcriptional activator required for the induction of genes involved in exit from pachytene, meiotic progression, and spore formation. Second, Cdc7 is necessary for recruitment of monopolin to sister kinetochores, and it is necessary for the reductional segregation occurring at meiosis I. The use of the same kinase to regulate several distinct meiosis-specific processes may be important for the coordination of these processes during meiosis.
The expansin superfamily

The expansin superfamily of plant proteins is made up of four families, designated α-expansin, β-expansin, expansin-like A and expansin-like B. α-Expansin and β-expansin proteins are known to have cell-wall loosening activity and to be involved in cell expansion and other developmental events during which cell-wall modification occurs. Proteins in these two families bind tightly to the cell wall and their activity is typically assayed by their stimulation of cell-wall extension and stress relaxation; no bona fide enzymatic activity has been detected for these proteins. α-Expansin proteins and some, but not all, β-expansin proteins are implicated as catalysts of 'acid growth', the enlargement of plant cells stimulated by low extracellular pH. A divergent group of β-expansin genes are expressed at high levels in the pollen of grasses but not of other plant groups. They probably function to loosen maternal cell walls during growth of the pollen tube towards the ovary. All expansins consist of two domains; domain 1 is homologous to the catalytic domain of proteins in the glycoside hydrolase family 45 (GH45); expansin domain 2 is homologous to group-2 grass pollen allergens, which are of unknown biological function. Experimental evidence suggests that expansins loosen cell walls via a nonenzymatic mechanism that induces slippage of cellulose microfibrils in the plant cell wall.
Analysis of an optical rib waveguide with a nonlinear substrate

A treatment of a channel waveguide with a nonlinear, Kerr-type substrate is presented. A modified effective-index method was used to calculate mode indices and electric field distributions for the nonlinear waves.
Fracture Characteristics of Czochralski‐Grown Y3Al5O12

The fracture surfaces of single-crystal Y3A15O12 (YAG) have been examined in detail using differential interference microscopy and atomic force microscopy. In YAG crystals grown in 1977 by the Czochralski method strikingly regular undulations of microscopic and submicroscopic dimensions (4–20 nm in amplitude, 1–20 μm in wavelength) are observed on every fracture surface. The undulations do not exhibit typical characteristics of Wallner lines; furthermore, they are not observed in identical fracture tests for YAG crystals grown in 1990 by the Czochralski method. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the crystals grown in 1977 exhibit a periodic fluctuation of the ratio of the concentrations of aluminum to yttrium, suggesting that the fracture surface features are caused by periodic astoichiometry.
Quasi-reversible photoluminescence quenching of stable dispersions of silicon nanoparticles

Optically clear and stable dispersions of brightly photoluminescent Si nanoparticles were obtained by covalent attachment of alkenoic compounds to the particles. Quenching of photoluminescence by ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, pyrazine, and piperazine was investigated. The photoluminescence was quenched by the action of these nitrogenous species, but in some cases could be partially restored by the addition of trifluoroacetic acid. The extent of restoration of photoluminescence, after equilibrium is reached, was independent of the sequence of addition of the amine and the acid. The photoluminescence quenching and recovery are influenced by a combination of basicity, polarity, and steric factors of the quencher molecules. The quenching and subsequent restoration occurs gradually at room temperature and it takes several minutes to reach equilibrium.
Linear Tracking for a Fixed-Wing UAV Using Nonlinear Model Predictive Control

In this paper, a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is used to design a high-level controller for a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Given the kinematic model of the UAV dynamics, which is used as a model of the UAV with low-level autopilot avionics, the control objective of the NMPC is determined to track a desired line. After the error dynamics are derived, the problem of tracking a desired line is transformed into a problem of regulating the error from the desired line. A stability analysis follows to provide the conditions that can assure the closed-loop stability of the designed high-level NMPC. Furthermore, the control objective is extended to track adjoined multiple line segments. The simulation results demonstrate that the UAV controlled by the NMPC converged rapidly with a small overshoot. The performance of the NMPC was also verified through realistic ?hardware in the loop simulation.?
Interpolation and extrapolation for accurate color measurement

A comparison is presented between recommended CIE interpolation and extrapolation methods and those derived from signal processing methods. While the DSP based methods are superior in estimating tri-stimulus values, the difference in CIEL*a*b* values is slight.
Improving Patient Care, Medical Education, and Biomedical Research in the United States: The Role of Social Media

The healthcare system is one of the largest and most important multinational enterprises in the United States [1]. Healthcare service is comprised of three essential activities including patient-care, education, and research. In 2008, over 14 million residents in the United States were employed in the healthcare field, excluding related industries such as insurance and pharmaceutical companies [2]. The United States spends roughly $8,000 per person, per year on healthcare (a growing figure), which is 51% more than the nation with the next largest expenditure [3]. A significant amount of this spending is on health research activities (e.g. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Although this spending is a noteworthy share of the Nation’s Gross Domestic Product, it can be valuable if products are produced that can put this money back into the system. The development of new knowledge and products via healthcare research activities is one viable method of replacing this capital.
Safety and Behavioral Effects of High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Stroke

Background and Purpose— Electromagnetic brain stimulation might have value to reduce motor deficits after stroke. Safety and behavioral effects of higher frequencies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) require detailed assessment. Methods— Using an active treatment-only, unblinded, 2-center study design, patients with chronic stroke received 20 minutes of 20 Hz rTMS to the ipsilesional primary motor cortex hand area. Patients were assessed before, during the hour after, and 1 week after rTMS. Results— The 12 patients were 4.7±4.9 years poststroke (mean±SD) with moderate–severe arm motor deficits. In terms of safety, rTMS was well tolerated and did not cause new symptoms; systolic blood pressure increased from pre- to immediately post-rTMS by 7 mm Hg (P=0.043); and none of the behavioral measures showed a decrement. In terms of behavioral effects, modest improvements were seen, for example, in grip strength, range of motion, and pegboard performance, up to 1 week after rTMS. The stronges...
Part 2: The Determination of Web Credibility: A Theoretical Model Derived From Qualitative Data

Previous research uncovered 12 factors impacting Web credibility judgments: authority, page layout, site motive, URL, crosscheckability, user motive, content, date, professionalism, site familiarity, process, and personal beliefs. These factors are examined in terms of general trends as they pertain to the three groups that provided the data: undergraduate students, graduate students, and faculty. A theoretical model is created from the data to describe the process through which web users make web credibility judgments.
Alternative Standard Cell Placement Strategies for Single-Event Multiple-Transient Mitigation

As fabrication technology scales towards smaller transistor sizes, lower critical charge, and higher operating frequencies, single-event radiation effects are more likely to cause errant behavior in multiple, physically adjacent devices in modern integrated circuits (ICs). In order to increase future system reliability, circuit designers need greater awareness of multiple-transient charge-sharing effects during the early stages of their design flow with standard cell placement and routing. To measure the propagation and observability of multiple transients from single radiation events, this work uses several intra-pipeline combinational logic circuits at the 32-nm technology node, investigates several different standard cell placements of each design, and analyzes those placements with a novel, physically realistic transient injection and simulation method. It is shown that: (1) this simulation methodology, informed by experimental data, provides an increased realism over other works in traditional fault injection fields, (2) different placements of the same circuit where standard cells are grouped by logical hierarchy can result in different reliability behavior, and (3) improved reliability through charge-sharing transient mitigation can be gained with no area penalty and virtually no speed penalty by adjusting the placement of standard cells.
Entering and exiting the protein-polyelectrolyte coacervate phase via nonmonotonic salt dependence of critical conditions.

Critical conditions for coacervation of poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) with bovine serum albumin were determined as a function of ionic strength, pH, and protein/polyelectrolyte stoichiometry. The resultant phase boundaries, clearly defined with this narrow molecular weight distribution PDADMAC sample, showed nonmonotonic ionic strength dependence, with the pH-induced onset of coacervation (at pHϕ) occurring most readily at 20 mM NaCl. The corresponding onset of soluble complex formation, pHc, determined using high-precision turbidimetry sensitive to changes of less than 0.1% transmittance units, mirrored the ionic strength dependence of pHϕ. This nonmonotonic binding behavior is attributable to simultaneous screening of short-range attraction and long-range repulsion. The similarity of pHc and pHϕ was explained by the effect of salt on protein binding, and consequently on the number of bound proteins relative to that required for charge neutralization of the complex, a requirement for p...
Expression of the Nitroarene Dioxygenase Genes in Comamonas sp. Strain JS765 and Acidovorax sp. Strain JS42 Is Induced by Multiple Aromatic Compounds

This work reports a genetic analysis of the expression of nitrobenzene dioxygenase (NBDO) in Comamonas sp. strain JS765 and 2-nitrotoluene dioxygenase (2NTDO) in Acidovorax sp. strain JS42. Strains JS765 and JS42 possess identical LysR-type regulatory proteins, NbzR and NtdR, respectively. NbzR/NtdR is homologous to NahR, the positive salicylate-responsive transcriptional activator of the naphthalene degradation genes in Pseudomonas putida G7. The genes encoding NBDO and 2NTDO in each strain are cotranscribed, and transcription starts at the same site within identical promoter regions for each operon. Results from a lacZ reporter gene fusion demonstrated that expression of NBDO and 2NTDO is induced by multiple aromatic compounds, including an array of nitroaromatic compounds (nitrobenzene, 2-, 3-, and 4-nitrotoluene, 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene, and aminodinitrotoluenes), as well as salicylate and anthranilate. The nitroaromatic compounds appear to be the actual effector molecules. Analysis of β-galactosidase and 2NTDO activities with strain JS42 demonstrated that NtdR was required for induction by all of the inducing compounds, high basal-level expression of 2NTDO, and complementation of a JS42 ntdR null mutant. Complementation with the closely related regulators NagR (from Ralstonia sp. strain U2) and NahR restored only induction by the archetype inducers, salicylate or salicylate and anthranilate, respectively, and did not restore the high basal level of expression of 2NTDO. The mechanism of 2NTDO gene regulation in JS42, and presumably that of NBDO gene regulation in JS765, appear similar to that of NahR-regulated genes in Pseudomonas putida G7. However, NbzR and NtdR appear to have evolved a broader specificity in JS42 and JS765, allowing for recognition of nitroaromatic compounds while retaining the ability to respond to salicylate and anthranilate. NtdR is also the first example of a nitroarene-responsive LysR-type transcriptional activator.
Resources Versus Results: Comparative Performance of State Highway Systems, 1984–1990

This article compares the relative performance of the U.S. and the 50 state highway systems against resources available, over the period 1984–1990. Data are collected on 13 measures of revenues, expenditures, pavement condition, congestion, bridge condition, and accidents. Statistics are normalized to control the effects of size and inflation. Each state's performance is then graded according to whether the state is making progress, holding steady, or losing ground relative to the national trends. Findings show that the U.S. highway system is in good condition and is continuing to improve: even statistics on congestion are now beginning to show improvement. Against this general improvement six states have been able to maintain or improve their highway systems with considerably less resources per mile than other states. These states are New Mexico, South Dakota, Wyoming, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Arkansas. Each of these stales seems to have a combination of geography, traffic, economic structure, and fiscal capability that results in particularly cost-effective highway systems. The findings suggest that simplistic explanations of performance based on location, urban/rural distinctions, weather, climate, or taxes are inadequate; more research is needed to explain the causes of these differences.
Controversy Undermines Support For State Mandates On The Human Papillomavirus Vaccine

State actions requiring adolescent girls to receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine created controversy following the vaccine's approval in 2006. Some health professionals worried that the controversy might dampen public support for those state policies and for other school immunizations in general. We fielded an experimental Internet survey to determine how controversy affects attitudes about vaccines. We discovered that public support for the HPV vaccine mandates wanes when the public is informed that the policies are controversial. However, the experimental survey also revealed that exposure to this policy controversy did not spill over and reduce public support for immunizations in general.
African Americans and Women Have the Highest Stroke Mortality in Texas

Background and Purpose Hispanic American (HA), African American (AA), and non-Hispanic white (NHW) populations are well represented in Texas. The Texas HA population is 95% Mexican American, affording comparison with other Hispanic populations. From risk factor profiles we expected stroke mortality to be highest in AAs and HAs. We also expected stroke mortality to be considerably higher for men than for women based on previous data. Methods We used International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, codes 430 to 438 to search Texas vital statistics data for the 5-year period from 1988 through 1992. Race/ethnic differences are presented in age- and sex-specific format to avoid masking the important interaction of age and sex with stroke mortality. Results Women constituted 61% of the 40 346 stroke deaths in Texas during this period. The ratio of stroke deaths for women versus men approximates the ratio of women to men in the population. AAs had a threefold to fourfold increased stroke mortality relativ...
A transformation for a Multiple Depot, Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem

In this paper, a Multiple Depot, Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem is transformed into a Single, Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem if the cost of the edges satisfy the triangle inequality. This improves on the previously known transformation for a 2-Depot, Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem in the literature. To test the effectiveness of the transformation, some computational results are presented by applying the well known LKH heuristic on the transformed problem for instances involving Dubins vehicles. Results show that the transformation is effective and high quality solutions can be found for large instances in a relatively short time.
The use of different information and communication technologies to support knowledge sharing in organizations: From e-mail to micro-blogging

Previous research has revealed the following three challenges for knowledge sharing: awareness of expertise distribution, motivation for sharing, and network ties. In this case study, we examine how different generations of information and communication technologies (ICTs), ranging from e-mail to micro-blogging, can help address these challenges. Twenty-one interviews with employees from a multinational company revealed that although people think social media can better address these challenges than older tools, the full potential of social media for supporting knowledge sharing has yet to be achieved. When examining the interconnections among different ICTs, we found that employees′ choice of a combination of ICTs, as affected by their functional backgrounds, could create “technological divides” among them and separate resources. This finding indicates that having more ICTs is not necessarily better. ICT integration, as well as support for easy navigation, is crucial for effective knowledge search and sharing. Adaptation to local culture is also needed to ensure worldwide participation in knowledge sharing.
RNA Processing and Human Disorders

Errors in messenger ribonucleic acid biogenesis at any one of a number of steps often result in human disease because of the failure to synthesize functional protein. Keywords: splicing; 3′ end formation; editing; defective RNA processing; human diseases
Changes in adenine nucleotide levels and respiration during 1-methyladenine induced maturation of starfish oocytes.

Abstract The effects of 1-methyladenine on oxygen consumption and adenine nucleotide levels were examined in oocytes of Pisaster ochraceus and Patiria miniata. Oocytes of both genera to which 1-methyladenine was added consumed more oxygen than control oocytes beginning 1 to 1 1 2 h after 1-methyladenine addition. The increase in oxygen consumption was correlated with maturation changes in the oocytes and particularly with germinal vesicle breakdown. Pre-fertilization oxygen consumption of eggs did not differ significantly from post-fertilization oxygen consumption of eggs in either genus for 2 1 2 h after fertilization. ATP and AMP concentrations within the oocytes decreased during 1-methyladenine induced maturation, while the ADP concentration increased. It was suggested that increases in ADP concentration and decreases in ATP concentration within maturing starfish oocytes occurred in response to greater energy demands. The simultaneous increase in oocyte oxygen consumption was interpreted as an indicator of increased oxidative phosphorylation acting to restore initial nucleotide concentrations.
Medial Temporal Lobe Contributions to Future Thinking: Evidence from Neuroimaging and Amnesia

Following early amnesic case reports, there is now considerable evidence suggesting a link between remembering the past and envisioning the future. This link is evident in the overlap in neural substrates as well as cognitive processes involved in both kinds of tasks. While constructing a future narrative requires multiple processes, neuroimaging and lesion data converge on a critical role for the medial temporal lobes (MTL) in retrieving and recombining details from memory in the service of novel simulations. Deficient detail retrieval and recombination may lead to impairments not only in episodic, but also in semantic prospection. MTL contributions to scene construction and mental time travel may further compound impairments in amnesia on tasks that pose additional demands on these processes, but are unlikely to form the core deficit underlying amnesics' cross-domain future thinking impairment. Future studies exploring the role of episodic memory in other forms of self-projection or future-oriented behaviour may elucidate further the adaptive role of memory.
High-Tech Business Survivorship: An Analysis By Organization Type

Previous studies have shown that organizational and environmental factors such as start-up size, number of establishments, start-up year, geographic location, and industry are all significant determinants of a business’s survival rate. However, the link between survival rates and the legal structure of businesses has not been established. This analysis of new and existing high-tech businesses between the years of 1998 and 2009 reveals that given the same organizational characteristics and environmental factors, businesses legally structured as sole proprietorships and partnerships had significantly lower survival rates than did businesses structured as corporations or other organization types. Corporations had the lowest mortality rate among all groups. In comparison, partnerships exited at a 50 percent higher rate than did corporations, while sole proprietorships exited at twice the rate of corporations. This paper models hazard rates over the lifetime of a business and shows that businesses tend to have the highest mortality rates in their second and third years of business, after which exit rates decrease at a logarithmic rate. Sole proprietorships, however, do not follow this trend as their mortality rate was highest in their first year of business. In addition, impacts on survivorship of high-tech businesses due to start-up size, number of establishments, industry, and location are measured and compared with findings from previous studies.
The story of Feynman diagrams

I am not sure how many physicists would agree with David Kaiser that there are no theories – only tools – in theoretical physics. Even the Standard Model of particle physics, Kaiser argues, is just a set of techniques for calculation, rather than a conceptual framework for understanding and explanation, as well as a paradigm for guiding further research. However, I am sure that Kaiser enjoys strong support from his colleagues in the field of "science studies".
A mild reduction of food intake slows disease progression in an orthologous mouse model of polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common cause of end-stage renal disease, and no approved treatment is available in the United States to slow disease progression. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is aberrantly activated in renal cysts, and while mTOR inhibitors are highly effective in rodent models, clinical trials in ADPKD have been disappointing due to dose-limiting extrarenal side effects. Since mTOR is known to be regulated by nutrients and cellular energy status, we hypothesized that dietary restriction may affect renal cyst growth. Here, we show that reduced food intake (RFI) by 23% profoundly affects polycystic kidneys in an orthologous mouse model of ADPKD with a mosaic conditional knockout of PKD1. This mild level of RFI does not affect normal body weight gain, cause malnutrition, or have any other apparent side effects. RFI substantially slows disease progression: relative kidney weight increase was 41 vs. 151% in controls, and proliferation of cyst-lining cells was 7.7 vs. 15.9% in controls. Mice on an RFI diet maintained kidney function and did not progress to end-stage renal disease. The two major branches of mTORC1 signaling, S6 and 4EBP1, are both suppressed in cyst-lining cells by RFI, suggesting that this dietary regimen may be more broadly effective than pharmacological mTOR inhibition with rapalogs, which primarily affects the S6 branch. These results indicate that polycystic kidneys are exquisitely sensitive to minor reductions in nutrient supply or energy status. This study suggests that a mild decrease in food intake represents a potential therapeutic intervention to slow disease progression in ADPKD patients.
Linearized Theory of Supersonic Control Surfaces

The purpose of the present paper is to make some contributions to the aerodynamic theory of control surfaces in supersonic flight. The control surfaces discussed have trapezoidal or triangular plan forms and are attached to an immovable surface ("wing") so that a mutual interference exists between the stationary surface and the deflected control surface. The linearized theory is used exclusively. The basic property computed is the pressure distribution induced by the deflection of the control surface; from this pressure distribution, lift, and center of pressure are found. I t will be seen that, in general, only a comparatively small part of the wing is influenced by the deflection of the control surface, so that most of the aerodynamic load will be carried by the control surface itself. However, in the cases considered in this report, the interference is favorable—i.e., the total lift on the wing and on the control surface induced by a deflection is greater than the total lift obtained by the same deflection of an isolated control surface. This depends mainly on the fact that the mutual dependence of the upper and lower surfaces near a subsonic edge (which causes loss of lift as compared to the two-dimensional value) is prevented by the presence of a wing. For real fluids there might be some communication between upper and lower surfaces, because of leakage through the "gap" between wing and deflected surface. This leakage, which is not taken into account in the linearized theory, could cause loss of lift. There are many similar phenomena that tend to reduce lift which may not be treated in the linearized theory and which are intimately connected with the viscous properties of the fluid. Thus, in general, while linearized theory gives a fair prediction of lift and wave drag of a wing, it is expected to give values that are too high when applied to control surfaces. Correction factors will have to be found from experiments; from the suspected importance of viscous effects, it seems advisable to pay much attention to the Reynolds Number in such experiments. The present paper is an abbreviated version of reference 1, which contains detailed explanations, computations, and also some discussion of the applicability of the theory to real fluids. The basic formulas for pressure distribution are taken from the theory of conical flow and may be found in references 2 and 3.
Community College Global Counterparts: Historical Contexts

Since 1971, scholarship on community college global counterparts has documented the nuances of these institutions and charted their similarities to one another. The purpose of this article is to detail the first three decades of community college global-counterpart scholarship from 1971–2001. Within each decade there exists scholarship that corresponds to changing global communication patterns over the past 45 years. The discussion on scholarship in each decade is divided into two perspectives. The first depicts US consciousness of Others as the impetus for comparative discourse. The second examines perspectives of non-US scholars whose scholarship celebrates developments in their home countries. Combined scholarship during these years illustrates how variability of institutional type denotes economic, historical, political, and cultural patterns of educational borrowing.
Tissue binding of antimicrobials: A brief review

The binding of antimicrobials to various constituents of tissue is reviewed. Binding to interstitial fluid proteins is of major importance only for drugs with a high binding affinity for serum albumin. The polymyxin and polyene antibiotics bind to cell membranes. Interaction of antimicrobials with the large cell membrane mass in the body can markedly affect drug distribution. Binding to cell membranes also appears to account for the toxicity of these antibiotics. Various antimicrobials, primarily organic anions, bind to soluble intracellular proteins such as ligandin, hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase. These proteins, especially ligandin, may be important in the cellular uptake and transport of drugs by specialized tissues such as liver, kidney and small intestine. Aminoglycoside antibiotics bind to other nonsoluble intracellular substances. This interaction may be important in toxicity to these drugs, but can also result in reduced activity in pus and necrotic tissue.
Smartphone reconnaissance: Operating system identification

Smartphone reconnaissance, the first step to launch security attacks to a target smartphone, enables an adversary to tailor attacks by exploiting known vulnerabilities of the target system. We investigate OS identification against smartphones that use encrypted traffic. A traffic content agnostic identification algorithm is proposed that is based on the spectral analysis of the encrypted traffic. The identification algorithm is designed for high identification accuracy by removing noise frequency components and for high efficiency in terms of computation complexity. We evaluate the identification algorithm against collected smartphone traffic. The experiment results show that the algorithm can identify the smartphone OS accurately. The identification accuracy can reach 100% with only 30 seconds of smartphone traffic.
Properties of Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Prepared by a Spray Drying Technique

In previous studies nano sized hydroxyapatite (HA) particles were prepared by solgel or precipitation methods, in which the products were washed by aqueous or non-aqueous liquids to remove impurities or undesired components. The washing is know to modify the surfaces of the cystalline particles. This study evaluated properties of nano HA materials prepared by a spray drying method in which the HA product was not exposed to any liquid after its formation. The spray drying apparatus consisted of a nozzle that sprayed an acidic calcium phosphate solution in the form of a fine mist into a stream of filtered air flowing through a heated glass column. The water and volatile acid were evaporated by the time the mist reached the end of the column, and the fine particles were collected by an electrostatic precipitator. Powder x ray diffraction patterns suggested the material was amorphous, exhibiting a single broad peak at 30.5° 2θ. However, high resolution transmission electron microscopic analysis showed that the particles, some of which were 5 nm in size, exhibited well ordered HA lattice fringes. Small area diffraction patterns were indicative of HA. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy showed patterns of typical of HA with small amounts of HPO4 (2-). The thermodynamic solubility product of the nano HA was 3.3 × 10(-94) compared to 1 × 10(-117) for macro scale crystalline HA. These results showed that a spray drying technique can be used to prepare nanometer sized crystalline HA that have significantly different physicochemical properties than those of its bulk-scale counterpart.
Imaging Metal Nanoparticle Tumor Targeting Kinetics

Metal nanoparticles constitute multifunctional nanovectors for the combined targeting, imaging, and treatment of solid tumors. We demonstrate the in vivo targeting kinetics of metal nanoparticles (rods and shells) using multiphoton microscopy, narrowband imaging, and DOS.
245 REGULATION OF MURINE MATERNAL AND FETAL HEMODYNAMIC FUNCTION BY HEME OXYGENASE.

Heme oxygenase (HO) regulates vascular tone and blood pressure through the production of the vasodilator carbon monoxide (CO), derived from the heme degradation pathway. During pregnancy, the maternal circulation undergoes significant adaptations to accommodate for the hemodynamic demands of the developing fetus. Our objective was to investigate the role of HO and its bioactive product, CO, on maternal and fetal hemodynamics during pregnancy. In this study, we hypothesized that CO regulates maternal vascular tone, affecting uteroplacental artery dilation and placental perfusion and subsequently influencing fetal hemodynamic function. Compared with age-matched nonpregnant (control) levels, baseline total body CO excretion (VeCO) rates and blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels in pregnant mice were significantly elevated as well as HO activity in maternal livers, spleens, and placentas. Placental HO activity was the highest at embryonic ages E12.5 through E15.5. The maternal abdominal aorta (AA) was significantly dilated in pregnant mice compared with nonpregnant controls (0.88 vs 0.68 mm, respectively). To elucidate the function of HO and the production of CO during pregnancy, mice at ≈E12.5 to E14.5 were administered tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP), a potent HO inhibitor, at a dose of 30 μmol/kg, IV. Maternal heart rate and AA diameter, as well as fetal heart rate and umbilical artery blood flow and diameter, were measured using microultrasonography. Two hours post-SnMP administration, VeCO levels were reduced by 20%, and HO activity was significantly inhibited in maternal livers and placentas (80% and 90%, respectively) but only slightly (10%) in the fetal liver. In addition, AA was significantly constricted by 33% (0.88-0.59 mm); this effect was not observed in SnMP-treated nonpregnant mice. Furthermore, maternal heart and respiratory rates were elevated. Umbilical artery blood flow and fetal heart rate increased 44% and 38%, respectively, but umbilical artery diameter did not change. We conclude that during pregnancy, elevated levels of CO are produced by increases in HO activity in the maternal liver and placenta and play an important role in maintaining maternal vascular tone and fetal hemodynamic function. This work was study was supported in part by the Mary L. Johnson and Christopher Hess Research Funds.
The application of DFSS methodology in the electronic product design of new energy vehicles

The application of design for six Sigma(DFSS)technique to the electronic product design in new energy vehicles is investigated.The application of DFSS methodology in the electronic product design of new energy vehicles is displayed through a detailed VCU(Vehicle Controller Unit)design example,and it is shown according to the design result that 6 Sigma design makes the designed product meeting the requirements of customers and reducing the product cost heavily.It is concluded that DFSS methodology has been the important impetus in the competition of electronic product for new energy vehicles.
Sleep duration and obesity in children and adolescents

Objective To investigate the relationship between sleep duration and obesity in children and adolescents and to provide scientific evidence for prevention and intervention strategies of obesity. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kunming,Dali,Honghe among 7 200 Han students aged 7 to 18 years by stratified random cluster sampling method. Weight and height were measured. Sleep duration was obtained by self-report. Results The overweight and obesity rates with children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years was 11. 8% and 5. 7%,respectively. Overweight and obesity rate was significantly higher in boys versus girls,the first and second economic areas versus the third economic area,urban versus rural areas; overweight and obesity rates decreased with age. Overweight and obesity rate was significantly higher in exercise time more than 1 hour. Overweight rate was significantly higher in students with insufficient sleep. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that dynamic activity and sleep had effects on overweight or obesity. When demographic,static and dynamic factors were controlled,logistic regression analysis revealed insufficient sleep was risk factor for overweight( OR = 1. 954 in girls and 2. 429 in boys). Conclusion Insufficient sleep is an independent risk factor of overweight among children and adolescents. The prevalence of overweight and obesity should be prevented and controlled by improving the sleep status of children and adolescents.
Abstract B186: ITRI-2531 - A novel kinase inhibitor for treating hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers and is also a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Until now, treatments for HCC remain limited, especially for the shortage of promising systemic therapies to replace systemic chemotherapy. Sorafenib, the first drug applied in targeted therapy for HCC, was approved and drew considerable attention. However, the efficacy and side effects of sorafenib are still unsatisfied, which make sorafenib far from ideal for treatment of HCC. Thus, developing novel therapeutics for HCC is necessary. A novel compound, ITRI-2531, is developed to improve the efficacy from sorafenib. ITRI-2531 shows cytotoxicity in HCC cell lines (Huh-7 and PLC/PRF/5) and patient-derived HCC tissue cell lines. In studies of kinase activities, ITRI-2531 suppresses the phosphorylation of MEK and ERK in PLC/PRF/5 cells and shows inhibition of multiple kinases (FLT3, FLT4, PDGFRA, PGDFRB, and VEGFR2) in KINOMEscanTM study. In in vivo studies, oral treatment of ITRI-2531 repressed subcutaneous Huh-7 and PLC/PRF/5 tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice and shows better efficacy than sorafinib. Moreover, ITRI-2531 prolongs the survival of SCID mice with orthotopic patient-derived xenograft tumor and suppresses alpha-fetoprotein in serum. On the other hand, ITRI-2531 also has good pharmacokinetic profiles. According to these results, we believe that ITRI-2531 warrants further evaluation as a new anti-HCC drug. Citation Format: Tsung-Keng Kuo, On Lee, Mai-Wei Lin, Li-Zong Lin, Chun-Min Liu, Tai-ju Hsieh, Chun-Chung Wang, Shyh-Horng Lin, Chia-Ni Chang, Hui-Chun Hsu, Nien-Tzu Chou, Chin-Pen Lai, Chih-Hung Chen, Chia-Mu Tu, Shih-Ta Chen, Yuan-Jang Tsai, Chih-Peng Liu, Jenn-Tsang Hwang, Jui-Wen Huang, Yen-Chun Chen, Chrong-Shiong Hwang, Hsiang-Wen Tseng. ITRI-2531 - A novel kinase inhibitor for treating hepatocellular carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr B186.
Effects of Indomethacin on Corpus Luteum Function and Pregnancy in Rhesus Monkeys

Indomethacin was administered during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and during late pregnancy in rhesus monkeys. The plasma indomethacin concentrations achieved were within the ranges effective in inhibiting the microsomal prostaglandin synthetase, even when allowances were made for 90% binding to plasma proteins. There were no significant differences in duration of the luteal phase of menses or in luteal phase progesterone concentrations with indomethacin treatment. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that endogenous prostaglandins are important luteolysins in primates. They provide indirect evidence that administration of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors would have no therapeutic benefit in treatment of the "short luteal phase" syndrome in women. Indomethacin administration in late pregnancy had a significant effect in prolonging gestation. Uteri of treated animals remained flaccid and distended after fundal hysterotomy and removal of fetuses. Maternal plasma concentrations of unconjugated estradiol, estrone, and progesterone during indomethacin treatment were within the expected ranges for late pregnancy in rhesus monkey, although in two animals we found transient, unexplained, high concentrations of estrone in maternal plasma. Chronic indomethacin administration was associated with continuing fetal and placental growth, a 50% fetal mortality rate, oligohydramnios, and meconium staining, and maternal anemia but normal bleeding times. Severe oligohydramnios was noted in preterm as well as post-term fetuses, indicating that indomethacin per se alters regulation of amniotic fluid volume.
The reality of being a "quaint" country doctor.

There's so much more to rural medicine than making house calls across the picturesque countryside.
Steady-state performance optimization of a 500 kHz photovoltaic module emulator

This paper presents a new low-cost hardware design of a photovoltaic (PV) module emulator using a non-synchronous buck converter topology to emulate typical voltage-current characteristics of actual PV modules. The emulator has a high power density of 20.8 W/cm3 offering significant compactness with high accuracy and resolution capable of operating at up to 48 V input and a variable DC output between 0–40 V and 0–10 A. The converter uses a switching frequency of 500 kHz and has a measured maximum efficiency of 97.2%. The methods used to carry out the design are discussed in detail including PV modeling, emulator design and experimental results that demonstrate the accurate operation of the emulator.
CHAPTER 333 – Overview of Cell–Cell and Cell–Matrix Interactions

Cell-signaling pathways are not simply linear, but in fact form extensive interactive networks. Indeed it is the overlapping and interconnecting nature of these that provides the distinctive features distinguishing many of the response properties of specific tissues and organs. The complexity of these networks will require a great deal of research before their organization is understood in detail, but some generalities are beginning to emerge. The advent of the techniques of genomics, including microchip arrays of genes and proteomics, will stimulate much more rapid development of understanding of pathway interactions as we see how a given signal reverberates through the tissue and cellular systems. Indeed, a considerable amount is already known, and in many systemsthe overall patterns are beginning to be made clear. Completing this knowledge will undoubtedly be the goal of a great deal of research in the near future. This chapter describes how many major tissue and organ systems work as they consider the many signals that play upon them.
Teaching about Sexuality and Veiling in Islam.

This article proposes strategies for teaching about sexuality in Islam through student-centered learning activities, such as self-reflection, multimedia presentations, and small group discussions. We focus on a diversity of perspectives related to veiling in Islam. The approaches we describe help students deconstruct and reevaluate common U.S. cultural assumptions that equate veiling in Islam with the oppression of Muslim women. Through the use of Likert scale questionnaires and written reflection papers, we have found that students are able to acknowledge and distinguish a multiplicity of perspectives regarding veiling and sexuality in Islam after they have been introduced to academic scholarship on the history of veiling, and after they have had multiple opportunities to engage in small and large group discussions on the topic.
Subsurface Migration of Radioactive Waste Materials by Particulate Transport

The role of suspended particles as carriers of dissolved nuclides from high-level radioactive waste repositories has been investigated. Depending on the concentrations of suspended particles and th...
Lyell's Proposal of the Term "Pleistocene"

In order to simplify his terminology of Tertiary subdivisions, and probably at the urging of his friend, Charles Darwin, Charles Lyell introduced the Pleistocene "period" (Wilson, 1972, p. 484-485). The term was substituted for "Newer Pliocene" as the name of the most recent of the Tertiary divisions, based on the ratio of extant to extinct species of fossil mollusks. According to Lyell's original criteria, the presence of ninety percent or more extant species from any formation anywhere in the world indicated deposition during the Newer Pliocene (Lyell, 1833, p. 58-59). (Lyell's concept of percentages recently has undergone a very interesting revival at the hands of evolutionary paleobiologists; see Stanley, 1979, p. 113-118.). Because attributes of assemblages of fossil mollusks were the first keys to the identification of latest Tertiary formations, we reproduce in Figure 1 Lyell's illustration of the species regarded as typical Pliocene forms.
Comparison of searching behavior of parasitoid, Toxoneuron nigriceps Vierick, for three tobacco herbivores

Host searching behavior of females of the endoparasitoid Toxoneuron nigriceps Vierick (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was observed in the field for three tobacco herbivores, Heliothis virescens (F.), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). The only developmentally suitable host for the parasitoid was H. virescens. Hovering, searching, and oviposition (for plants with herbivores) by T. nigriceps were observed for a combination of two plant types, plants with only herbivore-induced plant volatiles or damaged plants with herbivores, and three insect species. The six treatments were as follows: (1) plants with only H. wrescens-induced plant volatiles, (2) plants with only H. zea-induced plant volatiles, (3) plants with only M. sexfa-induced plant volatiles, (4) plants damaged by H. virescens, (5) plants damaged by H. zea, and (6) plants damaged by M. sexta. Parasitoid females readily hovered around and searched on plants of both types. However, females spent more time foraging for H. virescens than for the nonhosts, H. zea and M. sexta. For plants with only herbivore-induced plant volatiles, T. nigriceps females spent more time searching on H. virescens plants than on H. zea and M. sexta plants. For damaged plants, parasitoid females visited more H. virescens plants than M. sexta plants and spent more time searching for H. virescens larvae than for M. sexta and H. zea larvae. Even though T. nigriceps females laid eggs in M. sexta and H. zea larvae, oviposition was higher for H. virescens than for the nonhosts. In conclusion, T. nigriceps females utilized more of their energy searching for and parasitizing H. virescens over the nonhosts on tobacco.