cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CM tuning can be compatible with sharply tuned receptor potentials.

Abstract There is convincing evidence that cochlear microphonics (CM) arise primarily from outer hair cells and have a frequency distribution that is much broader than that measured in inner hair cells by Russel and Sellick [6,7]. The broad tuning results from the fact that CM generated at each location decays exponentially along the cochlear duct. This implies that the sources of CM (the outer hair cells) must be more sharply tuned that the CM itself. We modeled approximately the tuning of outer hairs on the assumption that it is proportional to the shear motion between the tectorial membrane and the reticular lamina. At each frequency the spatial distribution of CM is computed by convolving the shear distribution with an exponential decay function. The frequency dependence of CM at a given location can then be found by making a cut through a family of such frequency curves. The resulting CM tuning is much flatter than that of the modeled outer hair-cell receptor potentials and roughly parallels basilar-membrane tuning below the best frequency. Above the best frequency, the theoretical curves show a frequency-dependent plateau similar to that found in physiological CM measurements.
A New Cytotoxic Sterol Methoxymethyl Ether from a Deep Water Marine Sponge Scleritoderma sp. cf. paccardi

24(R)-Methyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-enyl 3 beta-methoxymethyl ether (1), a new sterol ether, has been isolated from a deep-water marine sponge Scleritoderma sp. cf. paccardi. Compound 1 exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity against the cultured murine P-388 tumor cell line with an IC50 of 2.3 micrograms/mL. The isolation and structure elucidation of 1 by NMR spectroscopy is described.
Cross‐validation of Murine UV Signal Transduction Pathways in Human Skin†

Acute UVB irradiation of mouse skin results in activation of phospatidyinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways leading to altered protein phosphorylation and downstream transcription of genes. We determined whether activation of these pathways also occurs in human skin exposed to 4x minimal erythemic dose of UVB in 23 volunteers. Biopsies were taken prior to, at 30 min, 1 and 24 h post-UVB. In agreement with mouse studies, the earliest UV-induced changes in epidermis were seen in phospho-CREB (two- and five-fold at 30 min and 1 h) and in phospho-MAPKAPK-2 (three-fold at both 30 min and 1 h). At 1 h, phospho-c-JUN and phospho-p38 were increased five- and two-fold, respectively. Moreover, phospho-c-JUN and phospho-p38 were further increased at 24 h (12- and six-fold, respectively). Phospho-GSK-3beta was similarly increased at all time points. Increases in phospho-p53 (12-fold), COX-2 (four-fold), c-FOS (14-fold) and apoptosis were not seen until 24 h. Our data suggest that UVB acts through MAPK p38 and PI-3 kinase with phosphorylation of MAPKAPK-2, CREB, c-JUN, p38, GSK-3beta and p53 leading to marked increases in c-FOS, COX-2 and apoptosis. Validation of murine models in human skin will aid in development of effective skin cancer chemoprevention and prevention strategies.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: clinical features and outcomes.

Introduction Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease of unknown etiology and variable natural history. To date, the largest series from a single institution has consisted of 68 individuals. To extend the understanding of the clinical features and natural history of PAP, we present a series of 24 patients with PAP from a single institution. Methods Patients with PAP were identified by a review of The Cleveland Clinic Foundation discharge database from 1965 to 1995. After identification, a chart review of the 24 selected patients was conducted. Charts were abstracted for historical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features. Diagnosis was confirmed by a review of the lung biopsy, where it was available, by a lung pathologist. Follow-up by telephone was performed with 19 patients. Results Most patients (70%) were male, and smoking was common (75%; mean pack-years, 29) in the group. The mean age at initial evaluation was 43 years. Presenting symptoms were as follows: 19 patients (79%) reported dyspnea, 19 patients (79%) reported a cough, 4 patients (17%) reported hemoptysis, and 3 patients (13%) reported chest pain. The earliest available spirometry after presentation of symptoms showed a prediction of mean FEV1 of 74% (range, 45 to 99%) and a prediction of mean FVC of 76% (range, 41 to 99%). The diagnosis of PAP was established by transbronchial biopsy alone in 7 patients (29%) and by open-lung biopsy alone in 17 patients (71%). Whole lung lavage was deemed necessary in 13 patients (54%); 3 patients underwent lavage of one lung only, and 10 patients underwent bilateral whole lung lavage. Whole lung lavage was required only once in 46% of patients, and from two to four times in the remainder of patients. During the follow-up period (mean length of follow-up, 8.5 years; range, 5 months to 21 years), 25% of the patients died, but none as a result of sequelae of PAP. Half of the survivors reported persistent symptoms. Conclusions In this series, which represents one of the largest single institutional experiences with PAP reported, the clinical features are largely consistent with previously reported cases. However, contrary to early reported experiences in which open-lung biopsy was frequently required to establish PAP and in which whole lung lavage was needed, transbronchial biopsy established the diagnosis in 29% of patients and whole lung lavage could be deferred in 46% of patients.
A radical approach to discovering the real self

This article describes the one‐to‐one integrated tutoring and therapy offered to gifted underachievers at the Willings Learning Clinic in the U K. This approach represents a type of intervention that focuses on and celebrates strengths rather than weaknesses. The approach centers on respect for the Self and is central to the philosophy that gifted children (and adults) have unlimited capacity for personal growth which is very frequently blocked, but can be unblocked.
Stability and change in US prospective teachers’ beliefs and decisions about diversity and learning to teach

Abstract Helping prospective teachers develop the beliefs, knowledge, skills, attitudes, and practices necessary to meet the needs of diverse learners in the US is critical given that the teaching force remains overwhelmingly White, monolingual, and middle class and the student population is increasingly diverse. Teacher education programmes, in particular, are faced with the arduous task of creating courses and other experiences for prospective teachers that help mitigate some of the challenges that diverse learners encounter in public schools. The results of a course that attempted to help prospective teachers gain a richer understanding of diversity is reported in this article. Particular attention is placed on the stability and change of the prospective teachers’ beliefs and practices around diversity and learning to teach as a result of the course. The results suggest that the extent of change in prospective teachers’ beliefs and practices was linked explicitly to their interactions and experiences with diverse individuals and contexts. The development of international immersion partnerships is suggested as a means to help US prospective teachers develop the consciousness, skills, and knowledge necessary to teach culturally and ethnically diverse students in ways that optimise teaching and learning.
Development of Standard Data for Stereoscopic Microscope Work

Abstract The development of a predetermined motion time data system for microscopic assembly work is described. Through the cooperative efforts of the MTM Association, the University of Michigan, and seven industrial companies, the prediction system will be completed in 1973. Preliminary results as of February 1973 are presented here.
Maximum-likelihood estimation for frequency-modulated continuous-wave laser ranging using photon-counting detectors

We analyze the minimum achievable mean-square error in frequency-modulated continuous-wave range estimation of a single stationary target when photon-counting detectors are employed. Starting from the probability density function for the photon-arrival times in photodetectors with subunity quantum efficiency, dark counts, and dead time, we derive the Cramer–Rao bound and highlight three important asymptotic regimes. We then derive the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator for arbitrary frequency modulation. Simulation of the ML estimator shows that its performance approaches the standard quantum limit only when the mean received photons are between two thresholds. We provide analytic approximations to these thresholds for linear frequency modulation. We also compare the ML estimator’s performance to conventional Fourier transform (FT) frequency estimation, showing that they are equivalent if the reference arm is much stronger than the target return, but that when the reference field is weak the FT estimator is suboptimal by approximately a factor of 2 in root-mean-square error. Finally, we report on a proof-of-concept experiment in which the ML estimator achieves this theoretically predicted improvement over the FT estimator.
Copulatory behaviour and differential reproduction of laboratory rats in a two-male, one-female competitive situation

Abstract In order to relate copulatory behaviour to differential reproductiion, 20 Long-Evans and 20 F344 male rats were observed in both one-male and two-male tests with an F344 female. Copulatory behaviour was quite similar in the two conditions, although there were some quantitative differences. Little fighting occurred. Long-Evans males attained 56% of the ejaculations and sired 76% of the offspring. The first male to ejaculate gained no advantage with respect to siring offspring. By contrast, the male ejaculating last or most frequently gained a significant reproductive advantage. Far from being wasted activity, persistent copulation in male rats plays an integral role in differential reproduction.
Using stable isotope analysis to validate effective trophic levels from Ecopath models of areas closed and open to shrimp trawling in Core Sound, NC, USA

Abstract We used stable isotope ratios of nitrogen ( 15 N/ 14 N) as a validation tool for determining the accuracy of the effective trophic levels computed in network analysis models for Core Sound, North Carolina, USA. Ecological network models (using Ecopath) were assembled for two trawling management areas, closed areas where shrimp trawling has been restricted for 30 years, and open trawling areas within the estuary. Effective trophic levels (ETLs) were computed from the two Ecopath models and compared with δ 15 N values measured from the same species at the same time in the two areas. Comparisons of ETLs between species compartments of the two models were very similar, and ETLs were positively related to δ 15 N values. Linear regression of ETL as a predictor of δ 15 N value was highly significant ( R 2 = 0.50, p > 0.00001), suggesting that δ 15 N values increase by 2.52‰ per trophic level. This increase in δ 15 N value agrees well with a recent global meta-analysis of nitrogen fractionation estimates. There was no significant difference in δ 15 N values between trawling zones over all species examined, although there were significantly higher δ 15 N values in the areas open to trawling for certain species of fish (pinfish, spot) and invertebrate (blue crabs). Atlantic menhaden, which feed on detritus and zooplankton, had much higher δ 15 N values than the Ecopath ETL and δ 15 N regression model predicted (large studentized residuals), suggesting that Ecopath incorrectly computes the trophic level of animals that consume dead material (in our model, detritus and shrimp trawl bycatch species). Shrimp trawl bycatch species are mostly pinfish, spot and blue crabs, with ETLs of 2.5 or higher, but are inappropriately assumed to be at trophic level 1 when dead in Ecopath. Despite this discrepancy for some species of detritivores and scavengers, we conclude that this Ecopath network model of Core Sound is reliable and predicts with good accuracy the shifts and changes in trophic level and diet as measured by stable isotopes and observed in diet studies. The Core Sound network model will be a useful approach when predicting impacts in the ecosystem due to changes in trawling or other fisheries management decisions.
Flow field analysis of the kneading disc region in a co‐rotating twin screw extruder

Co-rotating, intermeshing twin screw extruders are widely used in polymer compounding and blending. Among the different modules of the co-rotating twin screw extruder, the kneading discs are the dominant ones in determining mixing efficiency. The major difficulty in solving the flow problem in the kneading disc region arises from the complex geometry and the time-dependent flow boundaries as the discs rotate. In this work, a fluid dynamics analysis package—FIDAP—using the finite element method was employed to simulate the flow patterns in the kneading disc region of a Werner & Pfleiderer ZSK-30 co-rotating twin screw extruder. The problem of time dependent flow boundaries was solved by selecting a number of sequential geometries to represent a complete mixing cycle. The flow field was characterized in terms of velocity profiles, pressure distributions, shear stresses generated and a parameter λ quantifying the elongational flow components. The last two parameters are the most important ones in analyzing mixing efficiency. The influence of design variables (stagger angle, right or left handed configuration) and processing conditions (rpm, axial pressure gradient) on the flow characteristics was analyzed.
Ocular NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase in the baboon*

Isoelectric focusing (IEF) techniques and spectrophotometric analyses were used to examine the distribution and properties of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes in ocular tissue of olive and yellow baboons. Cornea extracts exhibited very high specific activities of the 'stomach-specific' ADH and ALDH isozymes (designated ADH-3 and ALDH-III respectively), and were devoid of the major liver and kidney isozymes. Lens extracts exhibited lower activities of ADH-3 and ALDH-III, and also showed significant activity of ALDH-II (the major liver cytosolic isozyme) and a group of 'lens-specific' ALDHs of low isoelectric point. Extracts of baboon retina also exhibited ADH-3 and ALDH-III activities, together with activities of the major liver cytosolic (ALDH-II) and mitochondrial (ALDH-I) isozymes of ALDH; and ADH-5 (or chi-ADH) activity. Evidence was obtained for individual variation of ALDH-III activity in the lens. An electrophoretic variant for ADH-3 indicated genetic identity of the major stomach and ocular ADH isozyme. The catalytic properties of the high specific activity corneal ADH and ALDH isozymes indicated a role in the detoxification of lipid peroxidation by-products.
Characterization of a Resonant MEMS Heat Engine

The dynamic operation of a MEMS heat engine has been studied using a linear transfer function approach. The engine was operated at resonance and shown to produce a cycle with a PV diagram. A lumped parameter model was developed and validated. The model was used to explore the heat rejection process and its effect on the pressure volume diagram.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Determinants of Layoff Announcements Following M&As: An Empirical Investigation

It is often argued that mergers and acquisitions (M&As) lead to employee layoffs. This paper examines factors that influence the probability that a layoff announcement will follow an M&A. A sample of 136 large M&As, involving U.S. targets, that occurred between 1989 and 1993 is analyzed. Analyses of this sample indicate that the probability of a layoff announcement is higher if the firms involved in the transaction are related. The probability that a layoff will be announced was not changed when the acquirer was a non-U.S. firm (cross-border transactions). Target revenue per employee before the M&A is negatively related to the probability that a layoff was announced. Target financial performance prior to the transaction and use of borrowed funds to finance the merger were not found to have an impact on the probability that a layoff will be announced. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for a sidereal-time dependent cosmic ray signal

Abstract Data are presented for over 20 000 muon events produced by a neutral component of the cosmic rays which goes evidence of a strong dependence on sidereal time. The data presented covers the period from 11 May 1965 to January 1966.
Interaction of a line vortex with a round parachute canopy

The interaction of a rectilinear vortex with an inflated round parachute canopy model was studied experimentally in a water tunnel where the vortex core was aligned with the axis of the canopy. Three different canopy diameters were used, and the canopy model was attached to a streamlined forebody. Dye flow visualization indicated that vortex breakdown was present when the core trajectory was within the canopy opening. Vortex breakdown occurred about one to two canopy diameters upstream of the canopy opening. The vortex core completely disintegrated when it interacted with the forebody near the canopy centerline. The vortex breakdown and disintegration caused unsteady, asymmetric deformations on the canopy surface. A reduction in the time-averaged drag and an increase in the fluctuating drag was observed when the vortex core was within the canopy opening. The disintegration of the vortex core near the canopy centerline lessened the drag reduction brought on by the presence of the core.
Thermal effects of scanning speed and constitutional supercooling during zone-melting recrystallization of silicon-on-insulator structures

The effects of scanning speed and constitutional supercooling during zone-melting recrystallization (ZMR) of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures were studied numerically. Effects of strip motion and constitutional supercooling on the temperature profiles and the size and structure of the molten region were investigated. The temperature distribution and melt zone width does not alter for processing speeds lower than 400 μm/s. For higher speeds, motion causes the temperature profiles to lag behind the strip. The size of the molten zone decreases for increasing scanning speeds and increases for increasing degrees of supercooling. The combined effects of strip motion and supercooling on the size of the molten zone were determined. Supercooling reduced the size of the solidification region where liquid and solid phase silicon coexist.
Application of a radiotelemetric system to evaluate the performance of enteric coated and plain aspirin tablets.

The bioavailability of enteric coated and plain aspirin tablets was studied in four beagle dogs. Blood sampling for enteric coated tablets was planned with the aid of a radiotelemetric system. The release of aspirin from its dosage form was detected by monitoring the change in intestinal pH. Aspirin and salicylic acid levels in plasma obtained from the enteric coated dosage form exhibited familiar concentration versus time absorption profiles. Variation in the plasma concentrations of these two compounds within each dog studied (four runs each) was relatively small when time zero was adjusted to the commencement of tablet dissolution. The plasma levels obtained from plain aspirin (three runs each), however, show atypical absorption. The estimated absolute bioavailability was 0.432 ± 0.0213 and 0.527 ± 0.0260 for enteric coated and plain aspirin, respectively. Other pharmacokinetic parameters for these two dosage forms such as the highest observed plasma concentration (Cmax) (10.9 ± 0.535 μg/mL versus 13.6 ± 1.88 μg/mL) and the time to reach Cmax (tmax) (26.6 ± 1.94 min versus 31.0 ± 7.04 min) agree well. The mean values for gastric emptying time, in vivo coating dissolution time, and in vivo disintegration/dissolution time of the tablet core for enteric coated aspirin are 48.7 ± 7.23 min, 44.3 ± 3.80 min, and 34.7 ± 2.04 min, respectively.
1221 ELEVATED KETONE OXIDATION IN RAT JEJUNUM EXPOSED TO AMINO-OXYACETATE

Since glutamine is the preferred oxidative substrate in suckling rat jejunum, we determined in developing rat jejunum the activity of alanine aminotransferase, one of three enzymes that converts glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate. The jejunal activity of alanine aminotransferase in cytosolic supernatant is 0.24±0.02 (umol of pyruvate/mg prot/hr) in suckling pups and 0.39±0.04 in postwean pups. Amino-oxyacetate is a known inhibitor of alanine aminotransferase. We determined the effect of amino-oxyacetate on glutamine, glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate(3-HB) oxidation by adult rat jejunum. Glutamine oxidation to CO2 and glucose oxidation to lactate, an indicator of glycolysis, is inhibited by 80%. Glucose oxidation to CO2 is inhibited 40%. 3-HB oxidation is activated by 340%. These data suggest that the major pathway by which glutamine oxidation enters the citric acid cycle is through alanine aminotransferase. Glycolysis is inhibited by amino-oxyacetate. In the absence of glutamine oxidation and glycolysis 3-HB oxidation is activated indicating a high potential for intestinal oxidation of ketones. values = means ± S.E.(no.=4) All oxidation rates in which amino-oxyacetate is added are different than control (p<0.01). We conclude that if glucose and glutamine oxidation is suppressed, ketone oxidation can be a major source of energy in rat jejunum.
Early versus late treatment of neonatal acidosis in low-birth-weight infants: relation to respiratory distress syndrome.

Neonatal acidosis was detected by analysis of fetal scalp, umbilical cord arterial, or umbilical arterial blood during the immediate perinatal period in 90 preterm low-birth-weight (appropriate-for-date) infants. The acidosis was randomly treated early (at approximately 30 minutes of life) or late (approximately 2 1/2 hours) by rapid intravascular infusion of sodium bicarbonate. Serial analyses revealed that the group treated early had a higher arterial blood pH during the first 24 hours and a higher Pao 2 during the first three hours of life. The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome was similar in the early and late treatment groups; however the severity of the disease was significantly milder in the early treatment group. There was no significant difference in the mortality rates between the early and late treatment groups, whether the infants weighed less than 1,500 Gm. or between 1,501 and 2,250 Gm. However, when infants who weighed 1,001 to 1,500 Gm. were considered separately by retrospective analysis, more of those treated late died (9 of 21) than those treated early (4 of 21). It was concluded that early detection and correction of neonatal acidosis in low-birth-weight infants is helpful in reducing the morbidity rate and may improve the survival rate of infants with respiratory distress syndrome.
Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Safety Challenges for Shared Operations of High-Speed Passenger and Heavy Freight Rail in the U.S.

This study presents an overview of the challenges of grade crossings to shared high-speed rail (HSR) passenger and heavy-axle-load (HAL) freight operations in the U.S., as well as an in-depth analysis of the relevant research to date, through an extensive literature review. Results from this study are expected to identify principal technical challenges related to grade crossings in developing HSR systems. This will facilitate the planning, development, construction, and operation of new HSR shared corridors in the U.S. The challenges and research needs described in this paper may also be relevant to development of shared passenger and freight operations outside the U.S.
Catalytic effects observed during the co-gasification of coal and switchgrass

We are investigating catalytic gasification of coal char using biomass-derived potassium salts. Alkali metal salts, especially those containing potassium, are excellent promoters of gasification reactions but are generally considered too expensive for commercial use. Fast-growing biomass, which contains large quantities of potassium, may prove to be an excellent source of inexpensive gasification catalyst. A series of CO2-char gasification tests were performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to evaluate the catalytic activity of alkali-rich biomass-derived materials. Both switchgrass char and switchgrass ash displayed catalytic activity in mixtures with coal char produced from Illinois No. 6 coal. The results obtained with switchgrass ash were especially impressive, with an almost eight-fold increase in coal char gasification rate at 895°C in a 10:90 mixture of coal char and switchgrass ash. These results give encouragement that biomass could be the source of inexpensive, coal gasification catalysts.
Preclinical Development of siRNA Therapeutics for AL Amyloidosis

Amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare hematologic disorder characterized by the accumulation of a misfolded monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain (LC) as fibrillar protein deposits. Current treatments, including cytotoxic chemotherapy and immunomodulatory therapy, are directed at killing the plasma cells that produce the LCs, but have significant toxicity for other cell types. We have designed small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting the amyloidogenic LC messenger RNA (mRNA) in order to reduce expression of the amyloid precursor protein. Using nanomolar concentrations of siRNAs, we have inhibited synthesis of LC in transfected cells in vitro in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, in an in vivo plasmacytoma mouse model of AL amyloidosis, we have demonstrated that these siRNAs can significantly reduce local production and circulating levels of LC. This model system highlights the therapeutic potential of siRNA for AL amyloidosis.
Identification of genes differentially regulated by interferon α, β, or γ using oligonucleotide arrays

The pleiotropic activities of interferons (IFNs) are mediated primarily through the transcriptional regulation of many downstream effector genes. The mRNA profiles from IFN-α, -β, or -γ treatments of the human fibrosarcoma cell line, HT1080, were determined by using oligonucleotide arrays with probe sets corresponding to more than 6,800 human genes. Among these were transcripts for known IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), the expression of which were consistent with previous studies in which the particular ISG was characterized as responsive to either Type I (α, β) or Type II (γ) IFNs, or both. Importantly, many novel IFN-stimulated genes were identified that were diverse in their known biological functions. For instance, several novel ISGs were identified that are implicated in apoptosis (including RAP46/Bag-1, phospholipid scramblase, and hypoxia inducible factor-1α). Furthermore, several IFN-repressed genes also were identified. These results demonstrate the usefulness of oligonucleotide arrays in monitoring mammalian gene expression on a broad and unprecedented scale. In particular, these findings provide insights into the basic mechanisms of IFN actions and ultimately may contribute to better therapeutic uses for IFNs.
Non-nutritive sweeteners: evidence for benefit vs. risk

Purpose of reviewIntake of added sugars in the American diet is high and has been linked to weight gain and adverse effects on glycemic control and diabetes. Several national health organizations recommend decreasing added sugars intake. Among the many strategies to consider to achieve this reductio
SU-GG-T-18: A Feasibility Study of HDR Source Strength Verification with EDR2 and X-V Films

Purpose: The use of well type NIST calibrated ion chamber to verify HDR source strength before daily treatments has been well established in most clinics. However, generally there is no alternative means in most medical facilities to carry out source strength check in case the ion chamber fails to function. X‐V and EDR2 films (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY) have become a popular choice for performing external beam QAs. But the feasibility of using these convenient means for HDR source measurement has not been fully explored. The purpose of this study is to verify both the energy dependence and feasibility of using films for HDR source strength measurements. Method and Materials: The calibration curves respectively for X‐V and EDR2 films with the same batches of films and similar film processor condition were obtained by exposing films in solid water phantom by linac 6X beams. The monitor units required for delivering certain amount dose to the film locations by linac 6X beam were calculated by Eclipse. A list of build‐ups ranging from 1.2 to 3.9 cm and a series of HDR source dwelling time from 19 second to 274 seconds were used. The doses received by films were then obtained by applying corresponding calibration curves. A TG43U1 formula was used to derive the source strength. The ion‐chamber measured source strength was used to compare the film measurements. Results: Our results showed that the X‐V films are capable of measuring the source strength within the uncertainty of 8%. But the EDR2 film is not able to make good reproducibility if use the calibration curve of linac 6X beam. Conclusion: The X‐V films showed less energy dependent than the EDR2 films and are more capable to predict the HDR source strength. Therefore, X‐V film could serve as a rough alternative for source strength check.
Evaluation of Sires in Herds Feeding Differing Proportions of Concentrates and Roughages

Abstract To study the effect of a potential shift from rations high in concentrates to high forage on sire evaluation, separate sire evaluations were calculated from records from groups of herds in the Northeast which differed in proportion to concentrates fed. These sire effects were computed from first lactations for each group as though they were fixed effects in a model which included effects of herd-year-season. Components of variance for sires and covariance between sire effects in different groups were used to compute genetic correlations. The covariance between solutions for the same sires in two groups is an unbiased estimate of the genetic covariance. Sire variances seemed to be underestimated by Henderson's Method 3, so they also were estimated from the covariance between two sets of sire solutions from splitting each group. The correlations were similar for all combinations of groups and did not decline as the groups compared became more separated in proportion of concentrates fed. Therefore, the fraction of net energy provided by concentrates does not need to be considered in sire evaluations.
Enzymic lysis of plasma clots: The influence of fibrin stabilization on lysis rates

Abstract Fibrin clots, freshly formed from recalcified plasma, displayed high susceptibility to lysis by the plasminogen activator, urokinase, or the proteolytic enzymes, plasmin or trypsin; later these clots became insoluble in 5 m urea or 1% monochloroacetic acid and developed increased resistance to enzymic lysis (5- to 10-fold that of the unstabilized clot). In contrast, clots formed from EDTA plasma and clotted with thrombin usually remained soluble in solvents capable of rupturing hydrogen bonds, and did not develop resistance to enzymic lysis. Transamidation inhibitors (glycine amide, methylester, and glycyl derivative) and sulfhydryl inhibitors (iodoacetamide, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, etc.) inhibited fibrin stabilization and the development of clot resistance to enzymic lysis. Only limited correlation existed between conventional solubility measures of clot stabilization and clot resistance to enzymic lysis, the latter increasing after solubility criteria demonstrated fibrin stabilization. It is suggested that clot resistance to enzymic lysis may constitute an additional valuable measure and criterion of fibrin stabilization.
Metastatic melanoma: the spectrum of ultrastructural morphology.

The fine structure of 26 metastatic melanomas, including 13 pigmented and 13 amelanotic tumors, was studied to define ultrastructural criteria for diagnosis. Several important features in addition to melanosome granules were identified. Dendritic cytoplasmic processes were seen in 25 of the 26 cases, cell clusters formed by concentric aggregates of several cells and their processes were present in 18, and microvilli were found on cell surfaces in all cases. The cytoplasm was complex, containing numerous mitochondria, Golgi systems, endoplasmic reticulum, nonspecific filaments, and microtubules. Nuclear morphology was variable. Basement membranes and cell junctions including desmosomes were often encountered, and some melanomas shared features with Schwann cells, including complex membrane interdigitations. All tumors contained melanosomes, although the classic forms were frequently difficult to identify and abnormal variant forms often predominated. Knowledge of the variant melanosome morphology and an un...
Src and multiple MAP kinase activation in cardiac hypertrophy and congestive heart failure under chronic pressure-overload: comparison with acute mechanical stretch.

Activation of members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family and their downstream effectors has been proposed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of cell survival, ischaemic preconditioning, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. This study investigated the responses of Src kinase and multiple MAP kinases during the transition from compensated pressure-overload hypertrophy to decompensated congestive heart failure. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38, and Src were activated by chronic pressure-overload and their activity was sustained for 8 weeks after aortic banding. In contrast, while p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (90RSK) and big MAP kinase 1 (BMK1) were activated in compensated hypertrophy, their activities were significantly decreased in hearts with heart failure. No changes were found in C-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) activity after aortic banding. These data suggest that differential activation of MAP kinase family members may contribute to the transition from compensated to decompensated hypertrophy. We also examined acute effects of mechanical stretch on the activation of these kinases in normal and hypertrophied hearts. In the isolated coronary-perfused heart, a balloon in the left ventricle was inflated to achieve minimum end-diastolic pressure of 25 mmHg for 10-20 min. In normal guinea pig hearts, stretch activated ERK1/2, p90RSK, p38, Src, and BMK1 but not JNK. However in hypertrophied hearts, further activation of these kinases was not observed by acute mechanical stretch. Mechanical stretch-induced activation of ERK1/2 and p38 kinase in normal hearts was attenuated significantly by a protein kinase C inhibitor, chelerythrine. We demonstrate that ERK1/2, p90RSK, p38, Src, and BMK1 are activated by chronic pressure-overload and by acute mechanical stretch. These data suggest that Src, BMK1 and p90RSK play a role as novel signal transduction pathways leading to cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, the differential inhibition of p90RSK and BMK1 in hearts with congestive heart failure suggests the specific role of these two kinases to maintain cardiac function under chronic pressure-overload.
Molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanical studies of the hydrogen bond in water cluster systems

Abstract The formation and persistence of hydrogen bonds are inherently dynamic processes. In this research the technique of molecular dynamics is used to examine the evolution of hydrogen bonds as a function of initial conditions such as temperature, internal energy, and geometry. Clusters of water molecules serve as the prototypical hydrogen-bonded system. Inherent in the molecular dynamics simulations is the choice of the potential energy function. The results of molecular dynamics studies on a semi-empirical quantum mechanical potential surface are compared with simulations using a central force pair potential. In addition to the molecular dynamics calculations, ab initio quantum mechanical calculations of cluster geometry and stability were made for comparison with the predictions of the semi-empirical and empirical potentials. For both potentials used in the molecular dynamics simulations, the hydrogen bond was found to be quite flexible. It is found that the lifetime of a specific hydrogen bond can be substantially less than the lifetime of the cluster. This can be the case even when the average number of hydrogen bonds in the cluster remains constant. The flexibility of the hydrogen bond opens dynamically accessible reaction paths for molecular rearrangement or dissociation. Cooperative motions serve effectively to reduce energy barriers for such reactions. Hence the dynamical simulation can provide more realistic insight into the role of the hydrogen bonds in the process of interest than can examination of the static energy surface. The sensitivity of the results to the details of the potential is discussed. Preparation of the initial state of the molecule or cluster is seen to affect directly the evolution of the system.
Melt transformation coextrusion. I

Using the Melt Transformation Coextrusion process it is possible to enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of polymeric extrudates directly from the melt and maintain continuous production rates. This adaption of melt transformation extrusion has significantly enhanced line speed compared to the precursor process. The required operating pressures in both processes are low enough to allow for the usage of commercial plasticating extruders as the polymer melt sources. Molecular orientation necessary to produce property enhancement is induced in the converging section of specially designed dies and retained by the core layer of the extrudate by imposing a steep temperature gradient in the land section of the die. Mechanical properties (i.e. tensile strength and modulus) and melting point elevation observed for the polypropylene core/polyethylene skin extrudates were functions of extrusion pressure. The highest values of these properties noted were: tensile modulus, 9.37 × 105 psi; tensile strength, 2.10 × 104 psi; and melting point elevation in excess of 10 K. The levels of property enhancement seem to be bound in their lower limit by a metastable liquid crystalline form. The upper theoretical limit of property enhancement should correspond to a fully extended chain morphology.
Measurement of the supply of agricultural products: an international comparison.

Recently the supply situation of agricultural products has received increased attention due to a growing world population, the rising demand for animal products, an increased use of biomass for bioenergy production, highly volatile market for agricultural and food products and climate change, among other things. Therefore, a proper method to represent the total agricultural production is required. With this in mind, this paper provides an international comparative survey of procedures that aggregate agricultural production. In order to identify international best practices with regard to accounting agricultural production, monetary and physical aggregations to measure food supply are analysed. Based on the international comparison, we identify the Austrian feed database and the French model “Foresight feed” as advanced methodological approaches.
Eliciting and focusing geographic volunteer work

Open content communities such as wikis derive their value from the work done by users. However, a key challenge is to elicit work that is sufficient and focused where needed. We address this challenge in a geographic open content community, the Cyclopath bicycle route finding system. We devised two techniques to elicit and focus user work, one using familiarity to direct work opportunities and another visually highlighting them. We conducted a field experiment, finding that (a) the techniques succeeded in eliciting user work, (b) the distribution of work across users was highly unequal, and (c) user work benefitted the community (reducing the length of the average computed route by 1 kilometer).
Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase by oleandrin and oleandrigenin, and their detection by digoxin immunoassays

Ingestion of oleander plant, containing the cardiac glycoside oleandrin, has been reported to induce fatal poisonings. Derivatives of oleandrin are structurally similar to digoxin. We investigated the cross-reactivities of oleandrin and its aglycone metabolite, oleandrigenin, in several commercially available digoxin immunoassays; assessed their ability to inhibit Na,K-ATPase catalytic activity; and measured their binding to proteins in serum. As assayed with ACS:180, Stratus, RIA, On-Line, and TDx digoxin assays, oleandrin at 100 micromol/L in digoxin-free serum gave apparent digoxin values of 0, 0.83, 2.24, 2.37, and 5.34 nmol/L, respectively, whereas oleandrigenin at that concentration gave results of 0, 0.52, 0.77, 4.94, and 1.40 nmol/L. Study of Na,K-ATPase inhibition showed IC50 values (micromol/L) of 0.22 for ouabain, 0.62 for oleandrin, 1.23 for oleandrigenin, and 2.69 for digoxin. At 25 degrees C, 96% of oleandrin and 48% of oleandrigenin were bound to serum proteins. Because detection of oleandrin and oleandrigenin by digoxin immunoassays is variable between assays as well as between congeners, assessment of cross-reactivity is warranted for each assay. The inhibition of Na,K-ATPase by oleandrin and oleandrigenin confirms that they likely exert their toxic effects through inhibition of sodium pump activity. In cases of digitalis-like poisoning with suspicion of oleander ingestion, a combination of digoxin immunoassays may be useful to effectively rule out the presence of oleander.
Specification of real-time imaging systems using the UML

Real-time imaging systems are expected to perform at a rate set by the operating environment. This places additional temporal constraints on the implementation, and has led to advances in parallel processing and optimization. The constraints are also applied, however, to the analysis and design models of the system, an aspect that has received far less consideration, particularly outside of academia. It is well understood that the earlier an error is discovered the cheaper the fix and this is taken to the extent that, if an error can be found during design or even analysis, the repair can be several orders of magnitude cheaper. It is therefore an economic imperative that the analysis and design models are sufficiently expressive such that the flaws in the model can be discovered before they are implemented, and this applies equally to real-time constraints.The contribution of this paper is to make the case for the use of the Unified Modeling Language, extended with a rigorous formal method, the Q-model, for the specification and design of real-time imaging systems. To illustrate its utility the proposed approach is examined in comparison with a more traditional approach, Structured Analysis and Design, by way of a case study.
The synthesis of amino acids by reaction of an electrophilic glycine cation equivalent with carbon nucleophiles

Abstract Acetate 1 , a glycine cation equivalent, is reacted with organocopper reagents to yield products 2 , which can readily be converted to the higher amino acids. This method provides access to aryl-substituted amino acids as well as amino acids containing a β-tertiary carbon.
Essential features of telepresence robots

Telepresence robots are mobile robot platforms capable of providing two way audio and video communication. Recently there has been a surge in companies designing telepresence robots. We conducted a series of user studies at Google in Mountain View with two different commercially available telepresence robots. Based on the data collected from these user studies, we present a set of guidelines for designing telepresence robots. These essential guidelines pertain to video, audio, user interface, physical features, and autonomous behaviors.
Biological Transmission of Arboviruses: Reexamination of and New Insights into Components, Mechanisms, and Unique Traits as Well as Their Evolutionary Trends

Among animal viruses, arboviruses are unique in that they depend on arthropod vectors for transmission. Field research and laboratory investigations related to the three components of this unique mode of transmission, virus, vector, and vertebrate host, have produced an enormous amount of valuable information that may be found in numerous publications. However, despite many reviews on specific viruses, diseases, or interests, a systematic approach to organizing the available information on all facets of biological transmission and then to interpret it in the context of the evolutionary process has not been attempted before. Such an attempt in this review clearly demonstrates tremendous progress made worldwide to characterize the viruses, to comprehend disease transmission and pathogenesis, and to understand the biology of vectors and their role in transmission. The rapid progress in molecular biologic techniques also helped resolve many virologic puzzles and yielded highly valuable data hitherto unavailable, such as characterization of virus receptors, the genetic basis of vertebrate resistance to viral infection, and phylogenetic evidence of the history of host range shifts in arboviruses. However, glaring gaps in knowledge of many critical subjects, such as the mechanism of viral persistence and the existence of vertebrate reservoirs, are still evident. Furthermore, with the accumulated data, new questions were raised, such as evolutionary directions of virus virulence and of host range. Although many fundamental questions on the evolution of this unique mode of transmission remained unresolved in the absence of a fossil record, available observations for arboviruses and the information derived from studies in other fields of the biological sciences suggested convergent evolution as a plausible process. Overall, discussion of the diverse range of theories proposed and observations made by many investigators was found to be highly valuable for sorting out the possible mechanism(s) of the emergence of arboviral diseases.
Do zooplankton contribute to an ultraviolet clear-water phase in lakes?

Seasonal increases in the ultraviolet (UV) transparency of the surface waters of an oligotrophic lake in Pennsylvania suggest that clear-water phase (CWP) events similar to those previously observed for visible light also exist for the potentially damaging UV wavelengths. Seasonal increases in zooplankton grazers indicate that they play a role in these changes in UV that is similar to the role that zooplankton play in CWP events involving longer-wavelength visible, or photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400-700 nm). The potential role of zooplankton and incident UV in generating UV CWP events was investigated with a set of in situ microcosm experiments that manipulated UV and zooplankton, and followed changes in particulate and dissolved absorbance in the UV (320 nm) and PAR wavelength ranges over an 8-d period in April. Nutrients were also manipulated independently to examine the potential role of nutrient regeneration by zooplankton grazing in altering water transparency. Photobleaching by incident solar UV led to a strong and significant decrease in dissolved UV and PAR absorbance. The presence of zooplankton grazers also significantly decreased dissolved UV absorbance but increased dissolved PAR absorbance. Neither zooplankton nor UV had any significant effects on UV or PAR absorbance by particulates. In contrast, nutrient additions significantly increased dissolved absorbance in both the UV and PAR wavelength ranges, indicating that regeneration of nutrients by zooplankton offsets decreases in UV absorbance and enhances increases in PAR absorbance due to grazing. While photobleaching by UV radiation is likely to make a consistent strong contribution to UV CWP events in lakes, the net effects of zooplankton on UV transparency in a given lake will depend upon multiple factors including zooplankton density and a balance between the edibility and extent of nutrient limitation of the phytoplankton.