cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of the Shingles Vaccine in Altering Clinical Shingles after Heart Transplantation

Purpose Herpes zoster, otherwise known as shingles, can be a devastating complication after heart transplantation due to persistent and severe herpetic neuralgia. Our heart transplant patients are recommended to have the shingles vaccine prior to heart transplantation, but this is not always achieved. We sought to assess whether the shingles vaccine did indeed prevent clinical shingles development after heart transplantation. Methods Between 2010 and 2018, we assessed 40 heart transplant patients who developed shingles post-transplant. We divided patients into those that received either the Zostavax or Shingrix vaccine at our center before transplant versus those that did not. Endpoints included the severity in terms of general pain level and herpetic neuralgia and the location of the rash. Results 19 of the 40 patients who developed shingles post-transplant had been vaccinated prior to transplant. Most patients were treated with acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir. Patients in both groups appear to face a comparable severity of shingles. While patients who received the shingles vaccine developed rashes primarily in the truncal area of the body, patients without the vaccine developed rashes mostly in the truncal area and above the neck. Conclusion Receiving the shingles vaccine prior to heart transplant does not seem to decrease the clinical development of shingles post-transplant. However, a larger number of patients are needed to confirm these findings.
The Corrupted Scientist Archetype and Its Implications for Climate Change Communication and Public Perceptions of Science

In debates about policy responses to anthropogenic global warming (AGW), arguers sometimes challenge the credibility of scientists by alleging that those scientists have been tainted by financial a...
USSR: REFORM AND REGRESSION, AFTER 1965

Publisher Summary In 1965, the Soviet government launched few extensive reforms of their economy. The chapter highlights the ideological roots in Marx, the newer socialist economic theories, the Yugoslav experience, and the increasing economic troubles of the Soviet Union. The failure to decentralize and make the operation of Soviet planning more efficient does not imply that all centrally planned economies are non-reformable. The extreme centralization of the USSR economy is a function of Soviet history. The tautness in the planning system, the unwillingness to allow even small investments on local initiative, the constant tutelage of bureaucrats reluctant to reduce enterprise indicators, and so forth, can all be traced to the extreme distrust that has infested the Communist party and the economic hierarchy. The demonstrated ability of other centrally planned economies to continue overall planning while effectively decentralizing many detailed decisions, either administratively or through use of the market mechanism, highlights the special character of economic problems in the Soviet Union. The chapter also reviews the central planning experience in other socialist economies.
Convergence of a sinusoidal infinite series from Borwein, Bailey, and Girgensohn

Borwein, Bailey, and Girgensohn (2004) asked whether the following infinite series converges: the sum of $(\frac{2}{3} + \frac{1}{3} \sin n)^n / n$ over all positive integers $n$. We prove that their series converges. The proof uses the irrationality measure of $\pi$.
Self-terminating etching process for automated support removal and surface finishing of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4 V

Abstract The advent of Additive Manufacturing (AM) has widened the design space for Ti-6Al-4 V (Ti64) components. However, the complex geometries fabricated using AM can result in high post-processing costs due to challenges associated with support removal, powder removal, and improving surface finish. To address these issues, this work introduces a novel, self-terminating etching process for Ti64 alloys that can remove support structures and trapped powder while also improving surface finish for both exterior and interior features. The component is first treated in a furnace to sulfidize the outer 50–150 µm of its surface and the supports. Next, this sulfide layer is selectively dissolved in a solution of 5 M H2SO4 and 0.25 M Na2MoO4. This solution readily dissolves sulfides without dissolving the Ti64 base metal and enables this etching process to be uniquely self-terminating at the sulfide/Ti64 interface. For this work, the amount of Ti64 converted to sulfides as a function of sulfidation temperature, the surface roughness before and after each sulfidation-dissolution cycle, and the microstructural evolution was quantified. The inherently self-terminating nature of this novel process means that, for the first time, post-processing of Ti64 components can be done in a geometry agnostic manner with the knowledge that a specified and known amount of material will be removed from all surfaces. As a result, support structures and trapped powder can be removed with ease at the same time that the surface finish is improved. This process is expected to reduce post-processing costs while expanding the design space for additively manufactured Ti64 parts.
Ability self-concepts and parental support may protect adolescents when they experience low support from their math teachers

Abstract Introduction Experiencing low support from teachers can be associated with low academic achievement. Nonetheless, individual- (i.e., ability self-concepts) and contextual-level (i.e., parental support) protective factors may help adolescents to display academic resilience. This study examined whether high school students’ math ability self-concepts and parental support can mitigate the possible negative association between perceived low math teacher support and their math achievement. Method Correlational data were drawn from the High School Longitudinal Study (N = 14,580, Mage = 17.42 in 11th grade, 51% female), a nationally representative study of high school students in the U.S. The measures of protective factors (i.e., math ability self-concepts and parental support) were obtained from the surveys administered to students and parents in 9th grade. Students’ perceived teacher support and their math achievement score were measured in 11th grade. A series of linear regression analyses were estimated to test our hypotheses. Results & Conclusions Perceived low teacher support was negatively associated with adolescents’ math achievement. Adolescents’ math ability self-concepts were directly and positively associated with their math achievement. The interaction between perceived low teacher support and ability self-concepts in predicting adolescents’ achievement varied by parental support. The association between perceived low teacher support and adolescents’ math achievement was not statistically significant when adolescents were high on one of the protective factors. That is, high parental support may be protective for adolescents with low math ability self-concepts. This study highlights the interaction between adolescents’ academic motivation and parental support in demonstrating resilience to perceived low teacher support.
I Don't Always Teach the History of Economic Thought...But When I Do, I Prefer an NCAA-Style Tournament

I describe an assignment for a history of economic thought (HET) course, "The Most Interesting Economist in History," modeled off of the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament. Students vote in head-to-head matchups between economic writers by era for whom they find to be more "interesting" and explain their reasoning behind their votes. This assignment promotes active learning and is a more fun way of juggling complex themes and a slew of writers over a semester-long seminar.
Epilepsy phenotypes associated with MAP1B-related brain malformations

Recently, studies on whole-exome sequencing (WES) of large cohorts of people with periventricular heterotopia (PVH) have reported an association with loss-of-function variants in the MAP1B gene. However, neurological phenotypes of these patients remain poorly characterized. Four family members with seizures beginning in early childhood were evaluated. Integrated genomic analysis with WES and microarray was performed. Affected family members had various combinations of: febrile, fever-triggered and afebrile seizures; photo-sensitivity; comorbid mild developmental delays; obsessive-compulsive behaviors; and poor attention span. Neuroimaging showed PVH, corpus callosum abnormalities, and perisylvian polymicrogyria. A novel heterozygous frameshift variant in MAP1B was found in all affected family members. This report extends the clinical and neuroimaging phenotypes associated with MAP1B pathogenic variants. MAP1B variants may be considered in patients with febrile and afebrile seizures if characteristic neuroimaging, particularly PVH, is observed.
Migration of households from New York City and the Second Peak in Covid-19 cases in New Jersey, Connecticut and New York Counties.

The five boroughs of New York City (NYC) were early epicenters of the Covid-19 pandemic in the United States, with over 380,000 cases by May 31. High caseloads were also seen in nearby counties in New Jersey (NJ), Connecticut (CT) and New York (NY). The pandemic started in the area in March with an exponential rise in the number of daily cases, peaked in early April, briefly declined, and then, showed clear signs of a second peak in several counties. We will show that despite control measures such as lockdown and restriction of movement during the exponential rise in daily cases, there was a significant net migration of households from NYC boroughs to the neighboring counties in NJ, CT and NY State. We propose that the second peak in daily cases in these counties around NYC was due, in part, to the movement of people from NYC boroughs to these counties. We estimate the movement of people using "Change of Address" (CoA) data from the US Postal Service, provided under the "Freedom of Information Act" of 1967. To identify the timing of the second peak and the number of cases in it, we use a previously proposed SIR model, which accurately describes the early stages of the coronavirus pandemic in European countries. Subtracting the model fits from the data identified, we establish the timing and the number of cases, N CS , in the second peak. We then related the number of cases in the second peak to the county population density, P, and the excess Change of Address, E CoA, into each county using the simple model which fits the data very well with α = 0.68, β = 0.31 (R 2 = 0.74, p = 1.3e-8). We also find that the time between the first and second peaks was proportional to the distance of the county seat from NY Penn Station, suggesting that this migration of households and disease was a directed flow and not a diffusion process. Our analysis provides a simple method to use change of address data to track the spread of an infectious agent, such as SARS-Cov-2, due to migrations away from epicenters during the initial stages of a pandemic.
automemcpy: a framework for automatic generation of fundamental memory operations

Memory manipulation primitives (memcpy, memset, memcmp) are used by virtually every application, from high performance computing to user interfaces. They often consume a significant portion of CPU cycles. Because they are so ubiquitous and critical, they are provided by language runtimes and in particular by libc, the C standard library. These implementations are heavily optimized, typically written in hand-tuned assembly for each target architecture. In this article, we propose a principled alternative to hand-tuning these functions: (1) we profile the calls to these functions in their production environment and use this data to drive the important high-level algorithmic decisions, (2) we use a high-level language for the implementation, delegate the job of tuning the generated code to the compiler, and (3) we use constraint programming and automatic benchmarks to select the optimal high-level structure of the functions. We compile our memfunctions implementations using the same compiler toolchain that we use for application code, which allows leveraging the compiler further by allowing whole-program optimization. We have evaluated our approach by applying it to the fleet of one of the largest computing enterprises in the world. This work increased the performance of the fleet by 1%.
Quality of life analysis of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer patients in a randomized trial of reduced-dose (rdCRT) versus standard (sdCRT) chemoradiotherapy: Five-year follow-up.

6062Background: Human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer (HPV OPC) portends a more favorable prognosis compared to HPV-negative cases. To prevent overtreatment, long-term morbidity and de...
Evolution and Hydrodynamics of Rotating Stars

Stellar evolution sequences of models of spherical stars were very successful in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s in outlining the major stages and even many of the details of the stellar life cycle. Since then, we have continued to modify the physics and model properties to explain discrepancies as new observations became available. For the most part this has been successful, but there remain some pieces of the puzzle which either do not fit or must be tortured into place. One might divide these into three particular classes - surface abundances of elements show peculiarities for which traditional stellar evolution does not easily account, observed global properties such as the masses of massive main sequence stars do not agree with stellar evolution calculations, and regions of the H-R diagram are not populated either at all or to the extent that observations indicate (such as the number ratio of blue to red supergiants, the region between the end of core hydrogen burning and the beginning of core helium burning in massive stars, and the location of blue loops for some intermediate mass stars).
Outcomes of laparoscopic hepatic resection for colorectal cancer metastases.

The role of laparoscopic liver resection for cancer remains controversial. This review summarizes the expanding literature on outcomes of minimally invasive hepatic resection for colorectal cancer liver metastases. Four recent studies (in more than 300 patients) show 5-year overall-survival rates of 46–64%, which are comparable to results in modern open hepatic resection series. The advantages of laparoscopic liver resection include smaller incisions, less pain, less narcotic requirements, and shorter length of stay. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:975–977. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pre-venture managerial experience and new venture innovation : An opportunity costs perspective

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore direct and indirect effects of pre-venture managerial experience (PVME) on new venture innovation. Using opportunity-costs framework, the following questions are explored: does the entrepreneur's PVME directly affect the extent of innovation in the new venture? What is the role of expectation for high returns in the relationship between PVME and innovation? What is the role of expectation for high returns in the relationship between PVME and innovation? Is there a relationship between abilities and expectancies and does it affect innovation? Design/methodology/approach – Data were obtained from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics II, which is a national database of individuals in various stages of starting a business. Overall sample consisted of 982 nascent entrepreneurs. Statistical methods explored a multiple serial mediation model using OLS regressions supplemented by analyses based on bootstrapping for assessment of indirect effects. Findings –...
Query Processing in Quantitative Logic Programming

In [12] the notion of a quantitative logic program has been introduced, and its declarative semantics explored. The operational semantics given in [12] is extended significantly in this paper — in particular, the notion of correct answer substitution is introduced and soundness and completeness results obtained. In addition, the completeness results for the and-or tree searching technique given in [12] is strengthened to be applicable to quantitative logic programs that are not well covered, thus removing one restriction in the completeness theorem obtained in [12]. In addition, the soundness and completeness results for SLDq-resolution in [12] are strengthened to apply to any nice QLP. Moreover, all these soundness and completeness results are applicable to existential queries unlike the results of [12,13] and [14] which are applicable to ground queries only. It was shown in [12] that the greatest supported model of a class of QLPs is semi-computable. In this paper, we give an explicit procedure to compute (partially) the greatest supported model, and obtain soundness and completeness results. This has applications in reasoning about beliefs.
Managing Complex Dynamical Systems

Management commonly engages in a variety of research designed to provide insight into the motivation and relationships of individuals, departments, organizations, etc. This paper demonstrates how the application of concepts associated with the analysis of complex systems applied to such data sets can yield enhanced insights for managerial action.
Mode Localization Induced by a Nonlinear Control Loop

We present the analysis of a nonlinear control system that is used to excite and maintain a specified amplitude of oscillation in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory vibratory gyroscope. This experimental application shows that nonlinear localization through active means can be implemented in a practical system when it is desirable to confine the response to a favorable mode. The closed-loop system response predicted by the model shows very close agreement with the experimental results for a significant range of controller parameters. We also experimentally demonstrate that the actively localized motion is eliminated through bifurcation, similar to what was observed in previous passive localization studies applied to extended flexible oscillators.
Experimental chlamydial salpingitis in the guinea pig

Acute self-limited salpingitis developed when guinea pigs' fallopian tubes were infected with the guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent (Chlamydia psittaci). The disease peaked at approximately 8 days post infection and had diminished markedly by day 14. The inflammatory reaction was concentrated at the luminal surface. Chlamydial replication was demonstrated and inclusions were found in epithelial cells.
Serum retinyl esters are not elevated in postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis whose preformed vitamin A intakes are high

Background Recent observational studies suggest that preformed vitamin A (VA) intakes of 1500-2000 microg/d may increase the risk of osteoporosis and hip fracture. However, few studies have examined associations between biologic indicators of VA and osteoporosis. Objective This study characterized VA intake, serum VA, and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis. Design Bone density was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subjects were separated into those with osteoporosis (n = 30) and those with normal bone density (n = 29). Women with osteopenia were excluded. Complete blood chemistries were obtained. Serum was analyzed for retinol, retinyl esters, and metabolites. Assays for 3 bone turnover markers were performed by using commercially available kits. Diet records were quantified. Logistic regression was used to test for an association between dietary and serum variables and osteoporosis. Results Dietary VA did not differ significantly between the groups but was nearly twice the Recommended Dietary Allowance in both groups. Body mass index (BMI) and serum triacylglycerols were significantly lower in the osteoporosis group. Retinyl esters were not elevated in either group, but a trend existed for the association of serum retinyl esters as a percentage of total VA with osteoporosis (P = 0.070) after adjustment for BMI and triacylglycerols in the statistical model. Milk, fruit, and vegetable intakes were below the current recommendations. Conclusions Serum retinyl esters were not elevated in these postmenopausal women despite intakes of total VA that were nearly two-fold the Recommended Dietary Allowance. However, retinyl ester concentration (percentage of total VA) was marginally associated with osteoporosis and should be further investigated.
Reasons that orthodontic faculty teach and consider leaving teaching.

To assess reasons why orthodontic faculty consider leaving academia, a pretested questionnaire was mailed to 200 full-time (FT) and 200 part-time (PT) faculty randomly selected from the United States and Canada. A total of 144 (72 percent) of FT and 120 (60 percent) PT responded. About 38 percent FT and 25 percent PT were currently considering leaving academia. The average age of each group was about fifty years. Although significant differences were found in fifteen factors affecting the decision to leave, three factors ranked as most important (means> or =3.4) for FTs: salary support, financial support of department, and control over work or destiny. The three factors most important (means>3. 1) for PTs were: challenge of private practice, family commitments, and personal. FT and PT were similar in the most important and least important factors influencing their initial reasons to teach and satisfaction in teaching. However, the reasons why FT considered leaving were work related, while the PT9s reasons were more personal. With the current shortage of FT orthodontic faculty becoming imminently greater, it appears that work-related issues could be addressed directly by administration.
The specificity of S-adenosylmethionine derivatives in methyl transfer reactions.

Abstract The preparation, purification, and analysis of a variety of new sulfonium derivatives of methionine is reported. Deamination of S-adenosyl-l-methionine with nitrous acid yielded, depending on experimental conditions, S-adenosyl l-(2-hydroxy-4-methylthio)butyric acid or S-inosyl-l-(2-hydroxy-4-methylthio)butyric acid. S-Inosyl-l-methionine was obtained by enzymatic deamination of S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine to S-inosyl-l-homocysteine and methylation of the latter by methyl iodide. 4-Dimethylsulfonium-l-(2hydroxy)butyric acid has been prepared from S-methyl-l-methionine sulfonium salt. The sulfonium derivatives were purified by ion exchange chromatography and were characterized by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, paper and thin layer chromatography, electrophoresis, and hydrolysis to known fragments. The new methionine sulfonium derivatives and S-adenosyl-(5')-3-methylthiopropylamine were investigated as methyl donors and as inhibitors with three purified methyltransferases: histamine methyltransferase, acetylserotonin methyltransferase, and homocysteine methyltransferase. The replacement of the 2-amino group of the methionine moiety by the hydroxyl group resulted in complete loss of activity in all systems investigated; these deaminated derivatives were also inactive as inhibitors of S-adenosyl-l-methionine in the transmethylations. The methyl donor capacity of inosine derivatives and of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine ranged between inactivity and an effect equal to that of the biological methyl donor. Homocysteine methyltransferase was the least specific of the three enzymes. Experiments with S-inosylmethionine, racemic with respect to the sulfonium pole, established that both sulfonium diastereoisomers were utilized in the methylation of homocysteine. S-Adenosyl-l-homocysteine was found to be a very effective inhibitor of the systems investigated; the enzymatic removal of its amino group in the adenine part led to Sinosylhomocysteine, which was without effect as an inhibitor. 5'-Methylthioadenosine, a catabolite of S-adenosylmethionine, inhibited the methylation of histamine and acetylserotonin. On the basis of these results, three binding sites for S-adenosylmethionine on the methyl transfer enzymes may be postulated.
Hydroid stolonal contractions mediated by contractile vacuoles

The growth and development of colonial hydroids is dependent upon a flow of gastrovascular fluid through a common vasculature. Gastrovascular flow is believed to be driven by polyp contractions, stolonal contractions and endodermal ciliation. In the athecate hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus we found that polyp contractions, stolonal contractions and gastrovascular flow were only weakly correlated on a local scale. Stolons isolated from vascular continuity to polyps were found to display contraction frequencies indistinguishable from those observed in intact colonies. Transmission electron micrographs reveal a unique organelle, with characteristics of a contractile vacuole, in the apical stolonal endoderm. The activity of this organelle, inferred from static observations, correlates with the observed pattern of stolonal contractions. This is the first record of a contractile vacuole in an eumetazoan animal. Its description calls for a revision of existing interpretations of the mechanism of stolonal contractions in hydroids.
Shadowing and iterative interpolation for Čebyšev mixing transformations

Abstract The iteration of Cebysev polynomials generates mixing transformations that model canonical features of chaotic systems: These include pseudo-random evolution, ergodicity, fading memory, and the irreversible dispersal of any set of positive measure throughout the mixing region. Mixing processes are also analytically and numerically unstable. Nevertheless, iterative interpolation, or numerical retrodiction, demonstrates that the computer generated trajectories are shadowed within strict error bounds by exact Cebysev iterates. Pervasive shadowing is, however, not sufficient to ensure a generic correspondence between computer simulations and “true dynamics.” This latitude is illustrated by several basic distinctions between the computer generated orbit structures and the exact analytic orbits of the Cebysev mixing transformations.
The Load-Sharing Banyan Network

Banyan networks, as well as many other self-routing networks, have a simple and regular topology, and can be easily diagnosed and maintained. However, like many other self- routing networks, Banyan networks have only one path between each input and output pair. Failures of a single link or node will make many paths unavailable, and certain traffic patterns can cause severe congestion in the networks.
The Emerging Role of Cognitive Remediation Therapy

Age-related cognitive declines can hinder older adults' ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living. As a result, this decline places an additional burden on formal and informal caregivers. Fortunately, based on the principles of cognitive reserve and neuroplasticity, cognitive remediation therapy shows promise in reducing the severity of such cognitive declines and improving everyday functioning. Incorporating such therapy into institutional settings represents an avenue for improving cognitive functioning, ameliorating self-care, and facilitating successful aging. Suggestions for adapting this approach in institutional settings are provided.
EFFECTS OF UNBALANCED RESPONSE SCALES ON JUDGMENTS OF SOCIAL STIMULI

-The general purpose of the research was to determine if scale judgments of certain social stimuli would be differentially affected by the distribution of scale categories constituting the response scale. Previous research (Weiss & Hodgson, 1963) had demonstrated such an effect on iudgments of neutral, physical stimuli. Two experiments were therefore conducted in which 72 and 248 college students judged the social prestige of 4 0 occupations. Ss used one of four types of scales: a 3-category balanced scale (+, 0, ) , a 7-category balanced scale ( 4 3 to -3) . a 5-category unbalanced minus scale (+, 0, -1, -2, 3 ) , or a 5-category unbalanced plus scale ( + 3 , +2, +1, 0, -) . The non-discriminating plus and minus categories were to be used for occupations that were above or below the average in prestige, regardless of how far above or belouv they might be. The zero category designated those average in prestige. And the discriminating plus or minus categories represented degrees of prestige above or below the average. The data revealed significant effects of the scales on the typical social prestige of occupations assigned to the 'average' category of judgment. Relative to the balanced scales, the unbalanced ones induced a shift in the prestige value of the 'average' category in the direction of the single, non-discriminating category. Relative to the 7-category balanced scale, the 3-category one produced a shift in the direction of the non-discriminating plus side. The data were interpreted primarily in terms of relationships berween implicit category standards, latitudes of categories, and the distribution of the judged stimuli.
Electrophysiological and Behavioral Studies on Ddt-Sensitive and Ddt-Resistant House Flies

One of the problems confronting insect physiologists is that of discovering the reason why certain strains of house flies have the capacity to resist the toxic action of DDT. Wiesman (1947) claimed that the resistance is due to structural differences such as cuticle thickness, whereas King and Gahan (1947), Bruce (1949), and Bruce and Decker (1950) believed that resistance is due to different behavior patterns. On the other hand, Perry and Hoskins (1950), Sternburg and Kearns (1950), March and Metcalf (1950), Lindquist, Roth, Yates, Hoffman and Butts (1951) have presented evidence which indicates that survival in the presence of DDT is due to the capacity to convert DDT to its nontoxic, derivative, DDE. A survey of such physiological studies on DDT resistance was made by Chadwick (1952) and Metcalf (1955).
Slug regulates E-cadherin repression via p19Arf in prostate tumorigenesis

SLUG represses E-cadherin to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various cancers. Mechanisms that regulate SLUG/E-cadherin pathway remain poorly understood, especially during tumorigenesis in vivo. Here we report that p19(Arf) (p14(ARF) in human) stabilizes Slug to inhibit E-cadherin in prostate cancer mouse models. Inactivation of p19(Arf) reduces Slug levels, resulting in increased E-cadherin expression and delaying the onset and progression of prostate cancer in Pten/Trp53 double null mice. Mechanistically, p14(ARF) stabilizes SLUG through increased sumoylation at lysine residue 192. Importantly, levels of SLUG and p14(ARF) are positively correlated in human prostate cancer specimens. These data demonstrated that ARF modulates the SLUG/E-cadherin signaling axis for augmenting prostate tumorigenesis in vivo, revealing a novel paradigm where the oncogenic functions of SLUG require ARF to target E-cadherin in prostate cancer. Collectively, our findings further support that ARF has dual tumor suppressive/oncogenic roles in cancers in a context-dependent manner.
Bone marrow lesions: A systematic diagnostic approach

Bone marrow lesions on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are common and may be seen with various pathologies. The authors outline a systematic diagnostic approach with proposed categorization of various etiologies of bone marrow lesions. Utilization of typical imaging features on conventional MR imaging techniques and other problem-solving techniques, such as chemical shift imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), to achieve accurate final diagnosis has been highlighted.
New therapeutic targets for osteoporosis: Beyond denosumab

Treatments for osteoporosis over the last few decades have largely focused on antiresorptive agents that effectively prevent bone loss. Beginning with hormone therapy, a variety of new potent antiresorptive agents were developed, including oral and intravenous bisphosphonates, raloxifene and other selective estrogen receptor modulators, nasal spray calcitonin, and denosumab. Teriparatide and PTH 1-84 are the only approved anabolic agents to date that primarily build new bone density. A variety of new biologic agents that focus on molecular targets important for the stimulation of new bone formation are being developed. Cathepsin K inhibitors appear to have mixed antiresorptive and anabolic actions because they inhibit one of the major osteoclast digestive enzymes without suppressing bone formation, thereby leading to anabolic effects on bone. New biologic agents in clinical trials include anti-sclerostin and anti-dickkopf antibodies that stimulate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in osteoblasts, leading to new bone formation. These new agents will effectively stimulate new bone formation by different mechanisms, leading to improved bone mineral density and reduced fractures.
Evidence of endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia: decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression is associated with increased cell permeability in endothelial cells from preeclampsia.

Abstract Objective The purposes of this study were to examine endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in endothelial cells and to determine whether the inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase could impair endothelial barrier function in preeclampsia. Study design Messenger RNA and protein expression for endothelial nitric oxide synthase were examined in endothelial cells that were isolated from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Endothelial monolayer permeable response to interleukin-8 stimulation was determined. Normal endothelial cells that were treated with nitric oxide inhibitor were used to test the association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelial barrier function. Messenger RNA expression for endothelial nitric oxide synthase was determined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, and protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis. Endothelial permeability was measured by horseradish peroxidase leakage through endothelial cell filters. Interleukin-8 production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were presented as mean±SE and analyzed by analysis of variance or nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Results Relative messenger RNA expression and protein expression for endothelial nitric oxide synthase were decreased significantly in endothelial cells from preeclampsia compared with cells from normal pregnancies (messenger RNA expression, 0.191±0.057 vs 0.508±0.061 [ P P P P 7-fold increase in normal endothelial cells, but only a 4-fold increase in preeclamptic endothelial cells in response to interleukin-8 stimulation at 25 pg/mL. The inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase with N G -Monomethyl-L-arginine resulted in an increase in interleukin-8–induced endothelial cell permeability. No difference for interleukin-8 production was observed between normal and preeclamptic endothelial cells (1.15±0.21 ng/mg protein vs 1.29±0.23 ng/mg protein, P >.5). Conclusion Increased endothelial permeability may be associated with decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and activity in endothelial cells from preeclampsia.
The correspondence between foreign policy rhetoric and behavior: Insights from role theory and exchange theory

In this paper two theories which originated from research at the level of individual organisms or persons, i.e. role theory and exchange theory, are employed to analyze patterns of rhetoric and behavior at the level of societal systems or nations. The data sources include a content analysis of speeches by the leaders of these nations and an inventory of foreign policy actions attributed to their nations. The analysis incorporates many of the concepts and propositions from role theory, relates them to the principles of exchange theory, and tests some research hypotheses derived from the synthesis of role theory and exchange theory. The findings offer qualified support for these propositions, but various methodological problems associated with merging two data sets for a secondary analysis make the results of these tests heuristic rather than conclusive. However, the analysis does illustrate how a synthesis of role theory and exchange theory might offer some insights into the description and explanation of foreign policy rhetoric and behavior. Methodologically, a summative aggregation strategy of index construction for role and exchange theory makes it possible to employ a synthesis of these two conceptual systems in the exploration of living systems at two levels: individual and society.
Harlequin Syndrome as a Complication of Epidural Anesthesia

Harlequin syndrome is a rare neurological condition that results in unilateral facial flushing and sweating. Although the syndrome is generally a benign condition with complete resolution if appropriate treatment is initiated, unilateral facial flushing can be a sign of several serious conditions and should be thoroughly investigated. Sudden onset of facial flushing related to harlequin syndrome developed in a patient who had bilateral lung transplant with postoperative epidural anesthesia for pain control. Differential diagnosis includes neurovascular disease (acute stroke), malignant neoplasm of brain or lung, Horner syndrome, idiopathic hyperhidrosis, and Frey syndrome. Harlequin syndrome is often easily treated by discontinuing the anesthetic or adjusting placement of the epidural catheter.
Structure-activity correlations of the insecticide Prolan and its analogs

Abstract Structure-activity correlations for 45 insecticidal diaryl nitropropanes (Prolan analogs) were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. Molecular bulk constants including van der Waal's radii, molar attraction constants, parachor, steric constants such as Taft's E 8 and Verloop's dimensional steric constants, hydrophobic constants such as II, and electronic parameters such as σ, F , and R were evaluated. It was concluded that the diaryl nitropropanes like the diaryl trichloroethanes fit into a receptor site which has an optimum volume for maximum interaction. The interaction between the insecticide and the receptor shows high correlation with steric constants for the aryl substituents and with intermolecular attractive forces. Highly asymmetrical compounds such as 1-( p -fluorophenyl)-1-( p -hexoxyphenyl)-2-nitropropane were surprisingly effective insecticides.
Optimal DNA Codes for Computing and Self-Assembly

DNA has been re-discovered and explored in the last decade as a “smart glue” for self-assembly from the “bottom-up” at nanoscales through mesoscales to microand macro-scales. These applications require an unprecedented degree of precision in placing atom-scale components. Finding large sets of probes to serve as anchors for such applications has been thus explored in the last few years through several methods. We describe results of a tour de force to conduct an exhaustive search to produce large codes that are (nearly) maximal sets while guaranteeing high quality, as measured by the minimum Gibbs energy between any pair of code words, and other criteria. We also present a quantitative characterization of the sets for sizes up to 20-mers and show how critical building blocks can be extracted to produce codes of very high quality for larger lengths by probabilistic combinations, for which an exhaustive search is out of reach.
A perspective of composite sampling

Composite samples are formed by physically mixing samples. Usually, composite samples are used to reduce the overall cost associated with analytical procedures that must be performed on each sample, but they can also be used to protect the privacy of individuals. Composite sampling can reduce the cost of identifying individual cases that have a certain trait, such as those with a rare disease or those exceeding pollution-level standards. Not much is lost by applying this method as long as the trait is relatively rare. Composite sampling can reduce the cost of estimating the mean of some process. When samples are composited, the ability to estimate the variance is lost. In spite of this, the potential savings are so great that composite samples have been used. Much of this paper deasl with the variance of estimators based on composite sampling when the porportions of hte original samples comprising the composite sample are actually random. Taking repeated samples and measurements on several composite sampl...
ORGANIZATIONAL CONTROLS AND DISCRETIONARY PROGRAM DECISION MAKING: A FIELD STUDY.

Abstract This paper reports the results of a field study aimed at exploring how one important class of decisions— discretionary program decisions—are controlled in decentralized films. Data were collected from profit centre managers using unstructured interviews and a questionnaire survey. The data show that decisions are affected by many devices that can be called controls, including net income targets, expense targets, headcount constraints, requirements for approvals, and directives given by higher management. They also show that the effects of the controls can vary with certain characteristics of the profit centers' situation (e.g. strategy, recent performance), the management style of the company chairman, and the accounting treatment for the expenditure (i.e. whether capitalized or expensed).
The oxymoron strain in American rhetoric

At the Speech Communication Association annual meeting in San Francisco in December 1976 Professor Carroll C. Arnold offered his observations on the rhetorical aspects and implications of the American experience. Professors Lawrence W. Rosenfield and Robert G. Gunderson responded. Professors Arnold, Rosenfield, and Gunderson have revised their original papers for publication here.
Discrimination and adjustment among Chinese American adolescents: family conflict and family cohesion as vulnerability and protective factors.

Objectives. We examined racial/ethnic discrimination experiences of Chinese American adolescents to determine how discrimination is linked to poor adjustment (i.e., loneliness, anxiety, and somatization) and how the context of the family can buffer or exacerbate these links.Methods. We collected survey data from 181 Chinese American adolescents and their parents in Northern California. We conducted hierarchical regression analyses to examine main effects and 2-way interactions of perceived discrimination with family conflict and family cohesion.Results. Discrimination was related to poorer adjustment in terms of loneliness, anxiety, and somatization, but family conflict and cohesion modified these relations. Greater family conflict exacerbated the negative effects of discrimination, and greater family cohesion buffered the negative effects of discrimination.Conclusions. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying family-level moderators to help adolescents and their families handle experiences of...
Refinement of the pressure assay for milk urea nitrogen.

We report improvements in the application of a pressure-based assay for urea. The assay involved the enzymatic hydrolysis of urea and subsequent measurement of CO2 partial pressure. Effects of the preservative bronopol on the assay and their implications for laboratory applications are discussed. A method of remediating these effects with cysteine is described. A method is also described wherein these additives can be used to prepare standards of known urea concentration in milk. The improved assay can be used to measure urea N in unadulterated milk or in bronopol preserved milk with an accuracy of ±0.7 mg/dl (0.25 mM) in the range from 0 to 30 mg/dl (0 to 10.7 mM).
Systematics of continuum pion double charge exchange on T=0 nuclei.

Pion double-charge-exchange cross sections have been measured at forward angles for targets of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$, $^{32}\mathrm{S}$, and $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ at incident pion energies of 120--210 MeV. Angular distributions were obtained at 164 MeV for the lightest ${(\mathrm{}}^{12}$C) and heaviest ${(\mathrm{}}^{40}$Ca) targets. Pions corresponding to excitation energies up to 25 MeV in the final nuclei have been detected. Double differential cross sections ${d}^{2}$\ensuremath{\sigma}/d\ensuremath{\Omega} dE are presented and the dependence on target mass, incident pion energy, excitation energy, and scattering angle has been investigated. The summed cross sections show a much smoother energy dependence than the ground state transition and mass dependence as ${A}^{p}$, with p varying with excitation energy rougly from -2 to -1. The excitation functions for the discrete nonanalog transitions to the first ${2}^{+}$ state in $^{12}$O and $^{40}$Ti have been measured.
TH-C-17A-02: New Radioluminescence Strategies Based On CRET (Cerenkov Radiation Energy Transfer) for Imaging and Therapy

Purpose: Cerenkov photons are produced when charged particles, emitted from radionuclides, travel through a media with a speed greater than that of the light in the media. Cerenkov radiation is mostly in the UV/Blue region and, thus, readily absorbed by biological tissue. Cerenkov Radiation Energy Transfer (CRET) is a wavelength-shifting phenomenon from blue Cerenkov light to more penetrating red wavelengths. We demonstrate the feasibility of in-depth imaging of CRET light originating from radionuclides realized by down conversion of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs, a novel particle composed of few atoms of gold coated with serum proteins) in vivo. Methods: Bovine Serum Albumin, Human Serum Albumin and Transferrin conjugated gold nanoclusters were synthesized, characterized and examined for CRET. Three different clinically used radiotracers: 18F-FDG, 90Y and 99mTc were used. Optical spectrum (440–750 nm) was recorded by sensitive bioluminescence imaging system at physiological temperature. Dose dependence (activity range from 0.5 up to 800uCi) and concentration dependence (0.01 to 1uM) studies were carried out. The compound was also imaged in a xenograft mouse model. Results: Only β+ and β--emitting radionuclides (18F-FDG, 90Y) are capable of CRET; no signal was found in 99mTc (γ-emitter). The emission peak of CRET by AuNCs was found to be ∼700 nm and was ∼3 fold times of background. In vitro studies showed a linear dependency between luminescence intensity and dose and concentration. CRET by gold nanoclusters was observed in xenografted mice injected with 100uCi of 18F-FDG. Conclusion: The unique optical, transport and chemical properties of AuNCs (gold nanoclusters) make them ideal candidates for in-vivo imaging applications. Development of new molecular imaging probes will allow us to achieve substantially improved spatiotemporal resolution, sensitivity and specificity for tumor imaging and detection.