cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN EVALUATION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN QUALITY OF ATTENTION AND NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT WITH CHILDREN WHO DISPLAY ESCAPE‐MAINTAINED PROBLEM BEHAVIOR

The choice-making behavior of 2 typically developing children who engaged in problem behavior maintained by negative reinforcement was evaluated within a concurrent-operants assessment that varied the quality of attention across free-play and demand conditions. The results demonstrated that it was possible to bias responding towards academic demands for both participants by providing high-quality attention, despite the continuous availability of negative reinforcement. The current study extended brief clinical methods with typically developing children and demonstrated how different qualities of attention provided across concurrent schedules could bias responding.
Maps, Geography Libraries, and Health Outcomes: Gazing into the Future of Medical Geography

This article introduces issues and concepts related to current opportunities in medical geography. The opportunities described herein pertain to not only the academic geographer, but also to the nonacademic researcher wishing to utilize geographic insights. These opportunities lend themselves to map and geography reference librarians who oversee the databases and archives that support these research endeavors. As these special theme issues on “Geographic Opportunities in Medicine” will reveal, map and geography libraries can act as “enablers” to distribute geographic databases and resources to a wider, nontraditional and nonacademic audience of health care delivery and service providers.
SPEED-DEPENDENT ANISOTROPY PARAMETERS IN THE UV PHOTODISSOCIATION OF OZONE

Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization coupled with time-of-flight product imaging has been used to study the O2(3Σg-) + O(3Pj) product channel in the UV photodissociation of ozone at photolysis wavelengths of 226, 230, 240, and 266 nm. For dissociation at 226 and 230 nm the O(3P2) fragment is produced with a strongly bimodal velocity distribution, in keeping with the previous findings of Miller et al., Syage, and Stranges et al. at photolysis wavelengths of 226 and 193 nm. At the longer dissociation wavelengths of 240 and 266 nm, the bimodal velocity distribution becomes less evident in the O(3P2) product. Anisotropy parameters have been determined as a function of the O(3P2) fragment speed. A very similar and clear speed dependence is evident at all photolysis wavelengths considered, with the anisotropy parameters rising steadily as the oxygen atom speed increases. The UV dissociation dynamics of ozone to the channel producing triplet products are discussed in light of this analysis.
Thermal interaction of semiconductor devices on copper-clad ceramic substrates

The temperature rise due to the spacing between two heat dissipating devices mounted on metallized or copper-clad ceramic substrates is presented. The thickness of the copper layer, the thermal conductivity of the substrate material, and the thermal resistance of the heat sink system are considered. Results for parameters typically found in power hybrid applications are presented in nondimensional form. The results indicate that increasing the thickness of the copper metallization requires that the devices be placed farther apart to prevent thermal interaction. An increase in the copper layer thickness can significantly decrease the device temperatures on alumina, but may increase temperatures on high thermal conductivity ceramic substrates such as beryllia (BeO). The results also demonstrate that the external heat sink thermal resistance can cause significant heat flow spreading and increased temperatures in the substrate. As the external resistance increases, the spacing required to prevent thermal interaction also increases. >
User-defined relevance criteria: an exploratory study

The objective of this study was to describe the criteria mentioned by users evaluating the information within documents as it related to the users' information need situations. Data were collected by asking users in an academic environment to evaluate representations and the full text of documents that had been retrieved specifically for each user's information need situation. Users were asked to mark the portions of the document representations or of the full text of documents that indicated to the users whether they would or would not pursue the information within documents. An open-ended interview technique was then employed to discuss each marked portion with users. The interviews were audiotaped, the tapes transcribed, and the transcriptions were content analyzed in order to identify and describe evaluation criteria. The results indicate that the criteria employed by users included tangible characteristics of documents (e.g., the information content of the document, the provision of references to other sources of information), subjective qualities (e.g., agreement with the information provided by the document) and situational factors (e.g., the time constraints under which the user was working). The implications of this research for our understanding of the concept of relevance, and for the design and evaluation of information retrieval systems, are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Receptor-targeted gene delivery viafolate-conjugated polyethylenimine

A novel synthetic gene transfer vector was evaluated for tumor cell-specific targeted gene delivery. The folate receptor is a tumor marker overexpressed in more than 90% of ovarian carcinomas and large percentages of other human tumors. Folic acid is a high affinity ligand for the folate receptor that retains its binding affinity upon derivatization via its gamma carboxyl. Folate conjugation, therefore, presents a potential strategy for tumor-selective targeted gene delivery. In the current study, we investigated a series of folate conjugates of the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) for potential use in gene delivery. A plasmid containing a luciferase reporter gene (pCMV-Luc) and the folate receptor expressing human oral cancer KB cells were used to monitor gene transfer efficiency in vitro. Transfection activity of polyplexes containing unmodified polyethylenimine was highly dependent on the positive to negative charge (or the N/P) ratio. Folate directly attached to PEI did not significantly alter the transfection activity of its DNA complexes compared to unmodified PEI. Modification of PEI by polyethyleneglycol (PEG) led to a partial inhibition of gene delivery compared to unmodified PEI. Attaching folates to the distal termini of PEG-modified PEI greatly enhanced the transfection activity of the corresponding DNA complexes over the polyplexes containing PEG-modified PEI. The enhancements were observed at all N/P ratios tested and could be blocked partially by co-incubation with 200 μM free folic acid, which suggested the involvement of folate receptor in gene transfer. Targeted vectors based on the folate-PEG-PEI conjugate are potentially useful as simple tumor-specific vehicles of therapeutic genes.
Prediction of binding constants of α-cyclodextrin complexes

Proceeding from a phenomenological theory of pairwise interactions (solvent-solvent, solvent-solute, and solute-solute), the binding constant K11 (in M-1) for 1:1 complex formation by alpha-cyclodextrin at a substrate binding site, at 25 degrees C in water, is given by log K11 = -1.74 - [Z] + 0.032(-delta A), where [Z] incorporates solvent-solute (solvation) and solute-solute interactions and delta A is the decrease in nonpolar surface area (in A2 molecule-1) on the substrate that is exposed to solvent when the binding site enters the cyclodextrin cavity. delta A is estimated from the structure of the binding site. Three levels of approximation are described for estimating [Z]. At the third (highest) level, the procedure when applied to 569 complex systems generated predicted values of log K11 that agreed within 0.30 unit of the experimental values in 58% of cases, and that agreed within 1.00 unit in 95% of cases.
Sharp interface tracking using the phase-field equation

A general interface tracking method based on the phase-field equation is presented. The zero phase-field contour is used to implicitly track the sharp interface on a fixed grid. The phase-field propagation equation is derived from an interface advection equation by expressing the interface normal and curvature in terms of a hyperbolic tangent phase-field profile across the interface. In addition to normal interface motion driven by a given interface speed or by interface curvature, interface advection by an arbitrary external velocity field is also considered. In the absence of curvature-driven interface motion, a previously developed counter term is used in the phase-field equation to cancel out such motion. Various modifications of the phase-field equation, including nonlinear preconditioning, are also investigated. The accuracy of the present method is demonstrated in several numerical examples for a variety of interface motions and shapes that include singularities, such as sharp corners and topology changes. Good convergence with respect to the grid spacing is obtained. Mass conservation is achieved without the use of separate re-initialization schemes or Lagrangian marker particles. Similarities with and differences to other interface tracking approaches are emphasized.
When Does Government Limit the Impact of Voter Initiatives? The Politics of Implementation and Enforcement

In many states and localities, citizens make laws by initiative. Many winning initiatives, however, are later ignored or altered substantially. Why? Our answer emerges from two underappreciated aspects of the initiative process. First, many initiatives contain policies that powerful governmental actors once prevented from passing via traditional legislative channels. Second, implementation can require these actors to comply with policies they once opposed. The question then becomes: When do governmental actors comply with winning initiatives? We use a model and examples to clarify the post-election politics of initiative compliance. Our findings defy conventional explanations of how initiatives change public policy.
Defined by our strategy or our culture? Hierarchical differences in perceptions of organizational identity and change

While theory and research have identified the possibility for multiple organizational identities to exist within an organization, there is little empirical evidence on how differentiation occurs or what its implications are for the organization. In the course of inductively studying an organizational spin-off, evidence of identity differentiation based on hierarchy level emerged in interview-, documentation-, and observation-based data. Higher levels of the hierarchy tended to see identity in light of the organization’s strategy, whereas lower aspects of the hierarchy saw it in relation to the organization’s culture. This identity differentiation was evident in marked differences in the perceptions organizational members had about: (i) the nature of organizational identity; (ii) the most salient identity-based discrepancies; (iii) the basis for organizational identity change; and (iv) how identity change can be implemented. After examining how and why this hierarchical differentiation occurred, I discuss ...
Computational model of a closed queuing network with exponential servers

A simplification and extension to Gordon and Newell's approach to closed queuing networks is derived. The equations, valid for exponential servers, with one server being a multiserver, greatly reduce the computation time required by the former approach. In addition, simplified equations for the details of the queuing network are derived.
Hydrogen is a preferred intermediate in the energy-conserving electron transport chain of Methanosarcina barkeri

Methanogens use an unusual energy-conserving electron transport chain that involves reduction of a limited number of electron acceptors to methane gas. Previous biochemical studies suggested that the proton-pumping F420H2 dehydrogenase (Fpo) plays a crucial role in this process during growth on methanol. However, Methanosarcina barkeri Δfpo mutants constructed in this study display no measurable phenotype on this substrate, indicating that Fpo plays a minor role, if any. In contrast, Δfrh mutants lacking the cytoplasmic F420-reducing hydrogenase (Frh) are severely affected in their ability to grow and make methane from methanol, and double Δfpo/Δfrh mutants are completely unable to use this substrate. These data suggest that the preferred electron transport chain involves production of hydrogen gas in the cytoplasm, which then diffuses out of the cell, where it is reoxidized with transfer of electrons into the energy-conserving electron transport chain. This hydrogen-cycling metabolism leads directly to production of a proton motive force that can be used by the cell for ATP synthesis. Nevertheless, M. barkeri does have the flexibility to use the Fpo-dependent electron transport chain when needed, as shown by the poor growth of the Δfrh mutant. Our data suggest that the rapid enzymatic turnover of hydrogenases may allow a competitive advantage via faster growth rates in this freshwater organism. The mutant analysis also confirms the proposed role of Frh in growth on hydrogen/carbon dioxide and suggests that either Frh or Fpo is needed for aceticlastic growth of M. barkeri.
Can medicine really learn anything from aviation? Or are patients and their disease processes too complex?

Much has been written in the medical and human factors literature in recent years about the similarities between aviation and medicine (especially anesthesiology). In this discussion, we ask whether medicine really can learn lessons from aviation and what those lessons are. In particular we will focus on error management, the root causes of adverse events, including fatigue, barriers for safety, and the personality traits that may contribute to adverse outcomes (for which we have coined the term “Shiva factor”—named for the Hindu god who can be both the preserver of life and the destroyer).
The effect of type and quantity of food intake on the response of the adrenal gland to cold exposure.

introduction Fasted normal rats and fed diabetic rats have been reported to show a maximal adrenal cortical response to a cold environment, whereas the response was much less in fed, normal animals (Shepherd, Smith and Longwell, 1952). This observation led to the suggestion that the supply of available carbohydrate played a role in the determination of the adrenal reaction. Gluconeogenesis, a reaction which introduces more substrate into the metabolic pool, is accentuated by a stress stimulus. This reaction, partially controlled by adrenal cortical hormones (Long, Katzin and Fry, 1940), would be required to a greater extent in the absence of ample carbohydrate, a situation which would presumably result in stimulation of the adrenal. Results which point to this possibility are found in the work of Dugal, Leblond and Therien (1945), who reported that high carbohydrate and high fat diets were effective in prolonging the survival of animals exposed to extremes in temperature.
RESURRECTING THE ROLE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CHANGE IN DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION

A long-standing question in evolutionary and developmental biology concerns the relative contribution of cis-regulatory and protein changes to developmental evolution. Central to this argument is which mutations generate evolutionarily relevant phenotypic variation? A review of the growing body of evolutionary and developmental literature supports the notion that many developmentally relevant differences occur in the cis-regulatory regions of protein-coding genes, generally to the exclusion of changes in the protein-coding region of genes. However, accumulating experimental evidence demonstrates that many of the arguments against a role for proteins in the evolution of gene regulation, and the developmental evolution in general, are no longer supported and there is an increasing number of cases in which transcription factor protein changes have been demonstrated in evolution. Here, we review the evidence that cis-regulatory evolution is an important driver of phenotypic evolution and provide examples of protein-mediated developmental evolution. Finally, we present an argument that the evolution of proteins may play a more substantial, but thus far underestimated, role in developmental evolution.
Deep Learning: Methods and Applications

This monograph provides an overview of general deep learning methodology and its applications to a variety of signal and information processing tasks. The application areas are chosen with the following three criteria in mind: (1) expertise or knowledge of the authors; (2) the application areas that have already been transformed by the successful use of deep learning technology, such as speech recognition and computer vision; and (3) the application areas that have the potential to be impacted significantly by deep learning and that have been experiencing research growth, including natural language and text processing, information retrieval, and multimodal information processing empowered by multi-task deep learning.
Simultaneous buffer and wire sizing for performance and power optimization

In this paper, we study the simultaneous buffer and wire sizing (SBWS) problem for delay and power dissipation minimization. We prove the BS/WS relation for optimal SBWS solutions. This relation leads to a polynomial time algorithm for computing the lower and upper bounds of the optimal SBWS solutions, which enables an efficient optimal algorithm for computing optimal SBWS solutions. We have applied the SBWS algorithms to the clock nets in a spread spectrum IF transceiver chip and HSPICE simulations show that our algorithms can reduce skew and power by a factor of 3.5X and 2.6X, respectively, when compared to the manual layout of the clock nets in the original chip.
The response of a damped pendulum to a large driving force

Analysing the motion of a driven, damped pendulum as a function of the amplitude of the driving force, we show, first, that for moderate values and larger of the amplitude, deviations from a simple motion with the period of the driving force are bounded by a constant times the inverse square root of the amplitude, for late times. For amplitudes above a larger threshold we are able to show that, for late times, the motion becomes a periodic motion with the period of the driving force. The manner in which this periodic motion is achieved with the passage of time is analysed.
Intraguild Predation of Beneficial Arthropods by Red Imported Fire Ants in Cotton

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Buren), is an invasive species in the southern United States and is expanding its range westward to California and eastward up the Atlantic Coast. This voracious predator can reach extremely high densities and have widespread effects once it invades an ecosystem. We conducted a 2-yr sampling study and a series of greenhouse and field experiments to document the impact of red imported fire ants on beneficial insects in cotton. We found that the densities of 12 of 13 natural enemies sampled on cotton plants in 1999, and 8 out of 8 sampled in 2000, were negatively correlated with the densities of foraging fire ant workers. Red imported fire ants reduced the survival of lady beetles (Coccinella septempunctata L., and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) by 50% and green lacewing larvae (Chrysoperla carnea Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) by 38% in greenhouse experiments. Fire ants did not, however, reduce the survival of spiders (Oxyopidae, Thomisidae, and Clubionidae). We used a commercially available fire ant bait to suppress fire ant populations in cotton fields during the 2000 growing season and compared the densities of beneficial arthropods in treated versus control fields. Densities of lady beetles, spiders, and big-eyed bugs (Heteroptera: Geocoridae) were significantly higher in fields with suppressed fire ant populations than in fields with relatively large fire ant populations. The effect of fire ants on minute pirate bugs (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) was inconsistent, and populations of damsel bugs (Heteroptera: Nabidae) and hooded beetles (Coleoptera: Anthicidae) were not affected by fire ant suppression. The results of this study suggest that red imported fire ants are major intraguild predators of important beneficial arthropods in cotton.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF THE RESIDUAL DEFORMITY FROM SUPPURATIVE ARTHRITIS OF THE HIP OCCURRING IN YOUNG CHILDREN

Suppurative arthritis of the hip in the very young child usually runs a benign acute course, but results in destruction of the entire cartilaginous portion of the upper femur. When the child begins to walk, the pathological dislocation so produced is evident. The presence of the pathological dislocation cannot always be decided from a study of roentgenograms. Physical examination and comparative roentgenographic study of the pelvis, when reverse traction is applied to the abnormal leg, may demonstrate a hip stabilized by sufficient cartilage. When the presence of a pathological dislocation is demonstrated, good results may be obtained by the type of reconstruction operation described in this report. The optimum time for this operation is during the second and third years of life. Roentgenograms taken prior to operation will demonstrate any internal markings in the bone which might contra-indicate the reconstructive operation. While only two reconstruction operations upon children so young have been reported (Hallock's case and the one presented here), the amount of articular bone produced, and the subsequent stability of the hip favor the early recognition of these rare cases, and their immediate treatment by reconstruction. The patients should then be followed closely and appropriate measures should be taken to equalize leg length as indicated.
Synthesis and unprecedented electro-optic response properties of twisted π-system chromophores

A series of unconventional twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) chromophores was designed and synthesized. These chromophores exhibit ultra-large first hyperpolarizabilities. The structural characteristic that promotes this unusual nonlinear optical response is a sterochemically enforced reduction of the D- π-A conjugation that enforces zwitterionic behavior in the ground state and provides a low-energy, large-oscillator strength intramolecular excitation feature. The consequence is that molecules with relatively small numbers of π-electrons exhibit responses far larger than those of traditional planar π-conjugated chromophores. At 1907 nm, non-resonant νβ values as high as -466,000 × 10 -48 esu are observed.
Velocity of Roton Second Sound

Roton second sound is a collective excitation similar to ordinary second sound, but involving only excitations from the roton part of the spectrum. If number is conserved in collisions between rotons, the velocity is predicted to be1 $${c_N}=\frac{{3kT}}{{{p_o}}}$$ (1) where po is the momentum at the roton minimum. If a number is not conserved, the velocity should be 2,3 co, which is smaller than cN by a factor of. Roton scattering is believed to be almost entirely of the type $$R + R\prime \to R\prime \prime + R\prime \prime \prime$$ (2) Thus, roton number is expected to be conserved. Measurement of the velocity (1) would therefore provide confirmation of current views on roton-roton interactions.
Abstract 1246: Mechanism of endostatin action in prostate cancer in dependent on androgen receptor signaling

We recently reported that stable expression of endostatin and angiostatin arrested the progression of well differentiated prostate carcinoma to poorly-differentiated state and distant metastasis in TRAMP mice when given prior to the onset of metastasis switch. Analysis of the expression of angiogenesis-related genes in the prostate tissue of endostatin treated mice indicated a significant downregulation of genes involved in cell motility, proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis when therapy was initiated at early stage-disease. In vitro experiments demonstrated that recombinant endostatin treatment significantly downregulated the expression of growth factors, receptor tyrosine kinases and proteases in androgen sensitive cells. A similar pattern was confirmed in prostate tissues obtained from in vivo studies. Targeted downregulation of androgen receptor (AR) prior to endostatin treatment indicated that the effect of endostatin through AR downregulation is by a non-genotypic mechanism on MAPK/ERK pathway, and independently of Src kinase. Further analysis indicated the kinetics of endostatin internalization for androgen sensitive prostate cancer cells to be much higher than in androgen independent cells. Co-immunoprecipitation studies in human prostate cancer cells, and yeast two-hybrid studies with endostatin and AR demonstrated a direct binding of endostatin protein with AR. Based on the results so far, we predict that direct interaction of endostatin with AR possibly eliminates ligand binding during early stages of prostate cancer arresting and delaying the progression of the disease. However, once metastatic switch occurs, when the cells grow in androgen independent manner, a limitation in endostatin internalization or binding of non-androgen ligands at other domains in AR impairs the tumoristatic ability of endostatin. Ongoing studies are aimed in identifying interaction domains of endostatin with AR by NMR as well as testing the combination of endostatin therapy with therapies targeting AR signaling. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1246.
A comparison of the staphylococcal clumping test and an agglutination test for detection of fibrinogen degradation products.

The staphylococcal clumping test was compared with an agglutination test (the recently introduced Thrombo-Wellco test) for the detection of fibrinogen degradation products. The staphylococcal clumping test was found to be superior for the detection of purified fibrinogen and fragments X and Y, whereas the agglutination test was considerably more sensitive in detecting fragments D and E. Despite these differences, there was excellent correlation between the two tests in detecting fibrinogen degradation products in a variety of clinical disorders, including disseminated intravascular coagulation. The agglutination test appears to be a convenient, accurate test for the detection of fibrinogen degradation products.
Perceived Quality of Care of Community Health Worker and Facility-Based Health Worker Management of Pneumonia in Children Under 5 Years in Western Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Multidimensional Study

Integrated community case management (iCCM) programs that train lay community health workers (CHWs) in the diagnosis and treatment of diarrhea, malaria, and pneumonia have been increasingly adopted throughout sub-Saharan Africa to provide services in areas where accessibility to formal public sector health services is low. One important aspect of successful iCCM programs is the acceptability and utilization of services provided by CHWs. To understand community perceptions of the quality of care in an iCCM intervention in western Kenya, we used the Primary Care Assessment Survey to compare caregiver attitudes about the diagnosis and treatment of childhood pneumonia as provided by CHWs and facility-based health workers (FBHWs). Overall, caregivers rated CHWs more highly than FBHWs across a set of 10 domains that capture multiple dimensions of the care process. Caregivers perceived CHWs to provide higher quality care in terms of accessibility and patient relationship and equal quality care on clinical aspects. These results argue for the continued implementation and scale-up of iCCM programs as an acceptable intervention for increasing access to treatment of childhood pneumonia.
The Presidential Statutory Stretch

This paper, prepared for a Fall, 2015 conference in honor of Professor Harold Bruff, argues that, in certain circumstances, a "statutory stretch" in defense of a presidential initiative may be both justified and more protective of the rule of law than would be bolder claims of exclusive executive authority under Article II. Such a rhetorical strategy may be superior in preserving an ethos of legal accountability within the executive branch and implicitly invites Congress to respond with legislative change if it disapproves the presidential action. It is a strategy that should be reserved, however, for truly exigent circumstances in which the Administration is willing to expose its argument to public scrutiny. Government lawyers assisting in the "stretch" should insure that their clients understand the vulnerabilities to their argument and should not knowingly offer weak arguments to avoid legal constraints aimed at avoiding grievous harm to individuals.
Mindfulness-based stress reduction as a novel treatment for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a standardized meditation program that may be an effective therapy for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a condition exacerbated by stress. The aims of this study were to explore whether MBSR improved IC/BPS symptoms and the feasibility/acceptability of MSBR among women with IC/BPS. This randomized controlled trial included women with IC/BPS undergoing first- or second-line therapies. Women were randomized to continuation of usual care (UC) or an 8-week MBSR class + usual care (MBSR). Participants completed baseline and 8-week post-treatment questionnaires, including the O’Leary–Sant Symptom Problem Index (OSPI), the visual analog pain scale (VAS), the Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ). The Global Response Assessment (GRA) was completed post-treatment. Analyses were performed using Student’s t test, Chi-squared, and MANOVA where appropriate. Eleven women were randomized to UC and 9 to MBSR, without differences in group characteristics. More MBSR participants’ symptoms were improved on the GRA (7 out of 8 [87.5 %] vs 4 out of 11 [36.4 %], p = 0.03). The MBSR group showed greater improvement in the OSPI total (p = 0.0498) and problem scores (p = 0.036); the OSPI symptom score change did not differ. PSEQ scores improved in MBSR compared with UC (p = 0.035). VAS, SF-12, and FSFI change did not differ between groups. Eighty-six percent of MBSR participants felt more empowered to control symptoms, and all participants planned to continue MBSR. This trial provides initial evidence that MBSR is a promising adjunctive therapy for IC/BPS. Its benefit may arise from patients’ empowerment and ability to cope with symptoms.
Symptomatic Cognitive Enhancing Agents

Abstract Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are the only agents approved for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) type dementia. The success of these agents provides a model for the development of other symptomatic cognitive enhancing agents. In addition to current treatments, novel approaches to cognitive enhancement include nicotinic alpha-7 agonists, 5-HT6 antagonists, H3 histaminergic antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, cannabinoid antagonists, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, metabolic enhancing agents, mitochondrial stimulating agents, psychotropic agents with cognitive enhancing properties, synaptic support interventions, and cognitive enhancing devices such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation. Development of symptomatic cognitive enhancing agents is a critical aspect of developing new therapeutic approaches to AD.
High elevation watersheds in the southern Appalachians: indicators of sensitivity to acidic deposition and the potential for restoration through liming

Abstract Southern Appalachian high elevation watersheds have deep rocky soils with high organic matter content, different vegetation communities, and receive greater inputs of acidic deposition compared to low elevation sites within the region. Since the implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendment in the 1990s, concentrations of acidic anions in rainfall have declined. However, some high elevation streams continue to show signs of chronic to episodic acidity, where acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) ranges from 0 to 20 μeq L−1. We studied three 3rd order watersheds (North River in Cherokee National Forest, Santeetlah Creek in Nantahala National Forest, and North Fork of the French Broad in Pisgah National Forest) and selected four to six 1st order catchments within each watershed to represent a gradient in elevation (849–1526 m) and a range in acidic stream ANC values (11–50 μeq L−1). Our objectives were to (1) identify biotic, physical and chemical catchment parameters that could be used as indices of stream ANC, pH and Ca:Al molar ratios and (2) estimate the lime required to restore catchments from the effects of excess acidity and increase base cation availability. We quantified each catchment’s biotic, physical, and chemical characteristics and collected stream, O-horizon, and mineral soil samples for chemical analysis seasonally for one year. Using repeated measures analysis, we examined variability in stream chemistry and catchment characteristics; we used a nested split-plot design to identify catchment characteristics that were correlated with stream chemistry. Watersheds differed significantly and the catchments sampled provided a wide range of stream chemical, biotic, physical and chemical characteristics. Variability in stream ANC, pH, and Ca:Al molar ratio were significantly correlated with catchment vegetation characteristics (basal area, tree height, and tree diameter) as well as O-horizon nitrogen and aluminum concentrations. Total soil carbon and calcium (an indicator of parent material), were significant covariates for stream ANC, pH and Ca:Al molar ratios. Lime requirement estimates did not differ among watersheds but this data will help select catchments for future restoration and lime application studies. Not surprisingly, this work found many vegetation and chemical characteristics that were useful indicators of stream acidity. However, some expected relationships such as concentrations of mineral soil extractable Ca and SO4 were not significant. This suggests that an extensive test of these indicators across the southern Appalachians will be required to identify high elevation forested catchments that would benefit from restoration activities.
Effects of grooved roller design on lateral tape motion in data tape drives

In magnetic tape recording, control of lateral tape motion (LTM) is a critical factor affecting the reliability of read/write operations. Rollers play a significant role to this end. In particular, grooved rollers are capable of reducing the air lubrication effect that develops in the tape-roller interface. By using grooved rollers, reliable operation can be carried out for an extended range of system parameters such as tape thickness, tension and velocity [1-6].
Response of tree ring holocellulose δ 13 C to moisutre availability in Populus fremontii at perennial and intermittent stream reaches

We measured δ 13 C of tree ring holocellulose to assess intra- and interannual variation in integrated leaf gas exchange responses of Fremont cottonwood ( Populus fremontii ) to monsoonal moisture inputs in southeastern Arizona. We predicted that δ 13 C of trees growing along drought-susceptible intermittent reaches of this semiarid river system would be more responsive to monsoonal moisture inputs than trees found along perennial reaches, where groundwater is consistently available. We sampled stem xylem cores from 7 trees, each at an intermittent and perennial reach of the San Pedro River near Tombstone, Arizona. We identified and subdivided individual rings from 1990 to 2000. δ 13 C of holocellulose from these subdivisions was compared with precipitation amount, atmospheric vapor pressure deficit ( D a ), and 90% exceedence flows ( Q 90 ) calculated from seasonal flow duration data. δ 13 C values were higher at the intermittent reach than at the perennial reach. Furthermore, annual ring δ 13 C values at the perennial reach were not correlated with stream flow, precipitation, or D a . δ 13 C values for trees at the intermittent reach were negatively correlated with monsoon stream flow, precipitation, or D a . δ 13 C values for trees at the intermittent reach were negatively correlated with monsoon season (1 July-15 September) Q 90 ( r 2 = 0.50, P = 0.015) and positively correlated with D a ( r 2 = 0.45, P = 0.03). Shifts in δ 13 C between the inner- and outer-third of the annual ring were used as a measure of intra-annual variation. These shifts were correlated with monsoon season D a ( r 2 = 0.57, P = 0.01) and Q 90 ( r 2 = 0.59, P = 0.005) for trees growing along the intermittent reach. Intra- and interannual variation in integrated photosynthetic response exists at the population-scale for these native, riparian forests. Changes in monsoonal precipitation and stream flow may differentially alter photosynthetic gas exchange of P. fremontii and function of these riparian ecosystems.
Omeprazole for prevention of duodenal ulcer relapse

Source Citation Lauritsen K, Andersen BN, Laursen LS, et al. Omeprazole mg three days a week and 10 mg daily in prevention of duodenal ulcer relapse. Double-blind comparative trial. Gastroenterolog...
Scanning tunneling potentiometry, charge transport, and Landauer's resistivity dipole from the quantum to the classical transport regime

Using the nonequilibrium Keldysh formalism, we investigate the spatial relation between the electrochemical potential measured in scanning tunneling potentiometry, and local current patterns over the entire range from the quantum to the classical transport regime. These quantities show similar spatial patterns near the quantum limit but are related by Ohm's law only in the classical regime. We demonstrate that defects induce a Landauer residual resistivity dipole in the electrochemical potential with the concomitant spatial current pattern representing the field lines of the dipole.
Hip-Spine Syndrome: a cadaveric analysis between osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine and hip joints

Abstract Background Authors have recently proposed the concept of “hip-spine syndrome”, however there exists limited evidence available to differentiate whether these concomitant arthritides are due to anatomic/structural causes, or systemic/metabolic effects. Exploring this relationship has important implications during the evaluation and treatment of both spine and hip disorders—a common clinical presentation of many patients. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the individual contribution of hip arthritis towards the development of spine arthritis, with knee arthritis also being analyzed as a negative (systemic) control. Hypothesis Hip and spine arthritis are caused by both metabolic and anatomic causes. Methods A large, well-organized osteological database was queried, and osteoarthritis of the spine, hip, and knee joints was quantified using a validated scoring criteria. Six hundred and twenty-five specimens were chosen for analysis. Multivariate linear regression models were created to quantify the independent contributions of age, gender, race, height, and arthritis of the spine and hip joints. Results Age was the strongest predictor of arthritis at each site (standardized betas > 0.281, P Conclusions Anatomic/structural influences about the lumbosacral-pelvic junction contribute towards the development of arthritis that is separate from any systemic/metabolic effects. Surgeons performing total hip arthroplasty should remain aware of these relationships, although future research is necessary regarding optimal surgical treatment of these patients. Level of evidence N/A (cadaveric study).
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Pain in the Rehabilitation Patient

Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is a frequently overlooked neuromodulation modality that has been successfully used for a variety of clinical indications over the last several decades. It has a special role in the management of chronic pain, as it is specifically suited for focused treatment of various neuropathic pain conditions, in a targeted and selective fashion. In regard to its role in the rehabilitation process, PNS has tremendous value in the management of pain in the extremities, trunk (including low back), neck, head, and the face. The recent rapid acceleration in technological advancements is expected to increase the visibility and widespread acceptance of PNS as a valid and valuable alternative in the management of many medically intractable conditions.
Do They See What You See?: HR Practices, Employee Perceptions, and Outcomes

Strategic human resource management (HRM) scholars have recognized that employee perceptions and reactions to HR practices are consequential. However, the reasons for variance in employee perceptio...
Accuracy, reliability, and timing of visual evaluations of decay in fresh-cut lettuce.

Visual assessments are used for evaluating the quality of food products, such as fresh-cut lettuce packaged in bags with modified atmosphere. We have compared the accuracy and the reliability of visual evaluations of decay on fresh-cut lettuce performed with experienced and inexperienced raters. In addition, we have analyzed decay data from over 4.5 thousand bags to determine the optimum timing for evaluations to detect differences among accessions. Lin’s concordance coefficient (ρc) that takes into consideration both the closeness of the data and the conformance to the identity line showed high repeatability (intra-rater reliability, ρc = 0.97), reproducibility (inter-rater reliability, ρc = 0.92), and accuracy (ρc = 0.96) for experienced raters. Inexperienced raters did not perform as well and their ratings showed decreased repeatability (ρc = 0.93), but even larger reduction in reproducibility (ρc = 0.80) and accuracy (ρc = 0.90). We have detected that 5.3% of ratings were outside of the 95% limits of agreement. These under- or overestimates were predominantly found for bags with intermediate levels of decay, which corresponds to the middle of the rating scale. This occurs because intermediate amounts of decay are more difficult to discriminate than extremes. The frequencies of aberrant ratings for experienced raters ranged from 0.6% to 4.4% (mean = 2.1%), for inexperienced raters the frequencies were substantially higher, ranging from 6.1% to 15.6% (mean = 9.4%). Therefore, we recommend that new raters receive training that includes practical examples in this range of decay, use of standard area diagrams, and continuing interaction with experienced raters (consultation during actual rating). Very high agreement among experienced raters indicate that visual ratings can be successfully used for evaluations of decay, until a more objective, rapid, and affordable method is developed. We recommend evaluating samples at multiple time points until 42 days after processing (about 80% decay on average) and then combining these individual ratings into the area under the decay progress stairs (AUDePS) score. Applying this approach, experienced evaluators can accurately detect difference among lettuce accessions and identify lettuce cultivars with reduced decay.
Feature Compensation Employing Variational Model Composition for Robust Speech Recognition in In-Vehicle Environment

This chapter proposes a novel model composition method to improve speech recognition performance in time-varying background noise conditions. It is suggested that each order of the cepstral coefficients represents the frequency degree of changing components in the envelope of the log-spectrum. With this motivation, in the proposed method, variational noise models are generated by selectively applying perturbation factors to a basis model, resulting in a collection of various types of spectral patterns in the log-spectral domain. The basis noise model is obtained from the silent duration segments of input speech. The proposed Variational Model Composition (VMC) method is employed to generate multiple environmental models for our previously proposed feature compensation method. Experimental results prove that the proposed method is considerably more effective at increasing speech recognition performance in time-varying background noise conditions with +20.80% relative improvement in word error rates for the CU-Move real-life in-vehicle corpus, compared to an existing single model–based method.
The metrical parse is guided by gradient phonotactics

Phonotactic generalisations can be computed at different levels of granularity, from a coarse-grained legal/illegal dichotomy (blick, dwick ≻ *bnick, *lbick) to a fine-grained gradient of acceptability (blick ≻ dwick ≻ bnick ≻ lbick). This article investigates the sensitivity of the English metrical parse to the granularity of medial onset phonotactics. We present two experiments that feature pseudo-words with medial consonants and CC clusters varying in word-edge frequency and sonority (e.g. vatablick, vatadwick, vatabnick, vatalbick). The metrical parse is inferred from a hyphenation experiment and an online stress-assignment experiment. The results of both studies indicate that the parse is stochastic, and guided by relatively fine-grained phonotactic dependencies. Vocabulary simulations suggest that this level of granularity may arise because the gradient parser consistently outperforms the coarse-grained alternative across the developing lexicon.
The American Express Opinion, Tech Platforms & the Rule of Reason

This paper makes two points. First, it describes the opinion as creating a mirror-image of the "per se" rulings, this time favoring defendants instead of plaintiffs. Second, however, it points out the narrowness of the decision. If the American Express opinion had created rules for all two-sided platforms it would have fundamentally changed much of antitrust law, by reaching so much of American commerce. For the concept of a two-sided platform is open-ended enough to conceivably describe businesses as diverse as malls, sports leagues, real estate agents, stock exchanges, and most tech platforms. However, the American Express opinion is narrower than this, and claims that the decision “immunizes” the major tech platforms from antitrust scrutiny are incorrect. It seems clear that firms like Google, Facebook, and Twitter are not covered by the American Express opinion. For the Court emphasized that credit-card companies are so-called “transaction platforms,” a subset of two-sided platforms. The opinion goes on to define transaction platforms as those that can’t provide a service to one side of the market independently — those that, by necessity, facilitate a “simultaneous” interaction between the two sides. As such, according to the Court, transaction platforms only compete with other transaction platforms.