cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between non-small cell lung cancer FDG uptake at PET, tumor histology, and Ki-67 proliferation index.

Introduction We compared primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake at positron emission tomography (PET) to tumor histologic features and Ki-67 proliferation index. This large, prospectively-recruited patient cohort has previously been analyzed based on differences in FDG uptake across stage groups; the current analysis adds further dimensions to this characterization. Materials and Methods One hundred seventy-eight patients with potentially-resectable NSCLC were scanned with FDG PET before therapy. A partial volume correction algorithm was used to correct FDG uptake values for their dependence on tumor size. Primary tumor resection specimens, core biopsies, and biopsies of metastatic lymph nodes were used to assess each tumor's NSCLC histologic subtype, degree of differentiation, and Ki-67 proliferation index. Results Bronchioalveolar carcinomas were found to have lower FDG uptake at PET and lower Ki-67 scores than any other histologic subtype. Non-bronchioalveolar adenocarcinomas had lower FDG uptake and Ki-67 scores than squamous cell carcinomas or large cell undifferentiated carcinomas. Better differentiated NSCLCs had lower FDG uptake and Ki-67 scores than more poorly differentiated NSCLCs. There was a significant positive correlation between FDG uptake and Ki-67 scores. Partial volume correction increased the strength of this correlation, while also diminishing the strong positive correlation between FDG uptake and tumor size. Conclusions There are significant differences in NSCLC FDG uptake across histologic subtypes and differentiation groups. These differences parallel nearly identical differences in Ki-67 scores, implying that differences in NSCLC tumor cell proliferation may give rise to commensurate differences in tumor glucose metabolism.
B lymphocyte activation during cognate interactions with CD4+ T lymphocytes: molecular dynamics and immunologic consequences

Productive interaction between T and B lymphocytes is required for humoral immune responses to many foreign protein antigens and production of pathogenic antibodies characteristic of several autoimmune conditions. Thus, much attention has been given in recent years to understand the dynamic molecular interactions and signal transduction required for productive T-B interaction. In this review we highlight current knowledge of signaling and biologic responses that occur in B cells during cognate interactions with helper T cells, focusing on the dynamic function of B cell-surface molecules in T-B synapses.
Studying Organizational Cultures Through Rites and Ceremonials

Studies of organizational culture often focus on discrete cultural forms and fail to place phenomena studied within an overarching conception of culture. Overlap and confusion in terminology occur across studies. To alleviate these problems, this paper offers distinguishing definitions and advocates studying rites and ceremonials, which consolidate multiple cultural forms. The paper also presents, illustrates, and discusses a typology of rites and ceremonials and examines the implications of cultural studies for research and practice.
Irrigation management in Arizona using satellites and airplanes

Agriculture has long been promoted as a prime beneficiary of remotely sensed data and satellite data are now routinely used in crop production forecasts and for resource surveys. However the potential for using satellite data for irrigation management has not been realized. An experiment was conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center, Arizona, to test the feasibility of using satellite and aircraft data for crop monitoring and irrigation management. This experiment identified several shortcomings of present satellite systems with respect to providing timely information for irrigation management. On the other hand, a preliminary evaluation of aircraft data showed some potential for application to irrigation scheduling. A simple cost/benefit analysis suggested that profits could be achieved through the communal use of remotely sensed information from both satellites and aircraft in moderate-size irrigation districts.
Bands with isomorphic endomorphism semigroups

Let End S denote the endomorphism semigroup of a semigroup S. If S and T are bands (i.e., idempotent semigroups), then every isomorphism of End S onto End T is induced by a uniquely determined bijection of S onto T. This bijection either preserves both the natural order relation and D-quasi-order relation on S or reverses both these relations. If S is a normal band, then the bijection induces isomorphisms of all rectangular components of S onto those of T, or it induces anti-isomorphisms of the rectangular components. If both S and T are normal bands, then S and T are isomorphic, or anti-isomorphic, or S ≅ Y × C and T ≅ Y∗ × C, where Y is a chain considered as a lower semilattice, Y∗ is a dual chain, and C is a rectangular band, or S ≅ Y × C, T ≅ Y∗ × Copp, where Y, Y∗, and C are as above and Copp is antiisomorphic to C.
New tools for targeted disruption of cholinergic synaptic transmission in Drosophila melanogaster.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. The α7 subtype of nAChRs is involved in neurological pathologies such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, addiction, epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders. The Drosophila melanogaster α7 (Dα7) has the closest sequence homology to the vertebrate α7 subunit and it can form homopentameric receptors just as the vertebrate counterpart. The Dα7 subunits are essential for the function of the Giant Fiber circuit, which mediates the escape response of the fly. To further characterize the receptor function, we generated different missense mutations in the Dα7 nAChR’s ligand binding domain. We characterized the effects of targeted expression of two UAS-constructs carrying a single mutation, D197A and Y195T, as well as a UAS-construct carrying a triple D77T, L117Q, I196P mutation in a Dα7 null mutant and in a wild type background. Expression of the triple mutation was able to restore the function of the circuit in Dα7 null mutants and had no disruptive effects when expressed in wild type. In contrast, both single mutations severely disrupted the synaptic transmission of Dα7-dependent but not glutamatergic or gap junction dependent synapses in wild type background, and did not or only partially rescued the synaptic defects of the null mutant. These observations are consistent with the formation of hybrid receptors, consisting of D197A or Y195T subunits and wild type Dα7 subunits, in which the binding of acetylcholine or acetylcholine-induced conformational changes of the Dα7 receptor are altered and causes inhibition of cholinergic responses. Thus targeted expression of D197A or Y195T can be used to selectively disrupt synaptic transmission of Dα7-dependent synapses in neuronal circuits. Hence, these constructs can be used as tools to study learning and memory or addiction associated behaviors by allowing the manipulation of neuronal processing in the circuits without affecting other cellular signaling.
Decrease in hnRNP A/B expression during erythropoiesis mediates a pre-mRNA splicing switch.

A physiologically important alternative pre-mRNA splicing switch, involving activation of protein 4.1R exon 16 (E16) splicing, is required for the establishment of proper mechanical integrity of the erythrocyte membrane during erythropoiesis. Here we identify a conserved exonic splicing silencer element (CE16) in E16 that interacts with hnRNP A/B proteins and plays a role in repression of E16 splicing during early erythropoiesis. Experiments with model pre-mRNAs showed that CE16 can repress splicing of upstream introns, and that mutagenesis or replacement of CE16 can relieve this inhibition. An affinity selection assay with biotinylated CE16 RNA demonstrated specific binding of hnRNP A/B proteins. Depletion of hnRNP A/B proteins from nuclear extract significantly increased E16 inclusion, while repletion with recombinant hnRNP A/B restored E16 silencing. Most importantly, differentiating mouse erythroblasts exhibited a stage-specific activation of the E16 splicing switch in concert with a dramatic and specific down-regulation of hnRNP A/B protein expression. These findings demonstrate that natural developmental changes in hnRNP A/B proteins can effect physiologically important switches in pre-mRNA splicing.
Changing French trade conditions, national welfare, and the 1860 Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce

Abstract The signing of the 1860 Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce is the central event that ushered in the first great era of free trade in Western Europe. Yet we still lack a thorough analysis of the history and the economics of the treaty. The two questions that need to be answered are: (1) What effects did the treaty have on French national welfare? and (2) What explains the timing and successful shift toward more open trade of a nation that had been staunchly opposed to tariff reform for over half a century? In this essay, I estimate a system of export equations as a first step toward a comprehensive analysis of the 1860 treaty. I argue that real changes in the nature of world trade increased the potential benefits to be derived from free trade and raised the costs of the existing system of prohibitions. The changing external conditions combined with internal political considerations to make a regime of moderate tariffs increasingly desirable to a larger segment of the French populace, thus sustaining what would otherwise have been a wholly unacceptable action on the part of the Emperor Napoleon III. Moreover, the trade estimates suggest that the French economy benefited from the abolition of prohibitions and the move to lower tariffs.
Land Use Dynamics of Chester County, Pennsylvania, from a Satellite Remote Sensing Perspective

Abstract The potential for using satellite data in regional planning is suggested by analyses of land cover change for a rapidly urbanizing county in Pennsylvania. Land classification maps can be generated from satellite imagery with relative ease on an annual basis, enabling communities to track the loss of their forested and agricultural lands, and the growth of residential areas and urban centers in a timely manner. Additionally, the satellite enables planners to compare spatially and temporally such environmental indicators of urbanization as surface temperature, vegetation fraction and impervious coverage. Estimates of changes in a region's evaporative energy losses, which can be related to stormwater runoff, are also possible if the satellite data is combined with a surface climate model. Urban planners and environmental agencies can use the demonstrated techniques to monitor their region's microclimate ‐ bearing in mind its implications for human comfort and the creation of sustainable living condi...
The pediatric critical care pharmacist: A student's perspective

Abstract Didactic learning of pharmacy is an essential part of building the foundation of knowledge needed as a pharmacist. Application of that knowledge is essential to optimal patient care. Pharmacy students in their early professional years do not get adequately exposed to the practice of clinical pharmacy and often have a narrow view of the pharmacy profession, especially pediatrics. Early exposure to clinical pharmacy can help guide students and show first-hand how the curriculum taught in the classroom is applied and impacts patients' lives. As second-year pharmacy students, we describe our experiences on a short clinical shadowing in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.
Avian renal proximal tubule urate secretion is inhibited by cellular stress-induced AMP-activated protein kinase.

Urate is a potent antioxidant at high concentrations but it has also been associated with a wide variety of health risks. Plasma urate concentration is determined by ingestion, production, and urin...
Role of neutron activation analysis in the evaluation of sampling, storage, and analysis of samples for the national environmental banking system

Some problems inherent to the sampling, storage and analysis of whole organs or tissue biopsies were studied. The method used to evaluate the proper conditions of these, was neutron activation analysis.
The Factor Structure of the BASC-2 Behavioral and Emotional Screening System Teacher Form, Child/Adolescent

The BASC-2 Behavioral and Emotional Screening System Teacher, Child/Adolescent Form (BESS Teacher Form C/A; Kamphaus & Reynolds, 2007) is a brief teacher-report rating scale designed to identify students who are at-risk for behavioral and emotional problems. The aim of this study was to describe the latent dimensions that underlie the responses to the BESS Teacher Form C/A. Exploratory factor analyses (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) across two random subsets of a nationally representative sample of 2,582 children aged 6 to 12 years suggested that the BESS Teacher Form C/A contains a four-factor latent structure consisting of Externalizing Problems, Internalizing Problems, School Problems, and Adaptive Skills.
Islet-1 Regulates Arx Transcription during Pancreatic Islet α-Cell Development *

Aristaless related homeodomain protein (Arx) specifies the formation of the pancreatic islet α-cell during development. This cell type produces glucagon, a major counteracting hormone to insulin in regulating glucose homeostasis in adults. However, little is known about the factors that regulate Arx transcription in the pancreas. In this study, we showed that the number of Arx+ cells was significantly reduced in the pancreata of embryos deficient for the Islet-1 (Isl-1) transcription factor, which was also supported by the reduction in Arx mRNA levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis localized Isl-1 activator binding sites within two highly conserved noncoding regulatory regions (Re) in the Arx locus, termed Re1 (+5.6 to +6.1 kb) and Re2 (+23.6 to +24 kb). Using cell line-based transfection assays, we demonstrated that a Re1- and Re2-driven reporter was selectively activated in islet α-cells, a process mediated by Isl-1 in overexpression, knockdown, and site-directed mutation experiments. Moreover, Arx mRNA levels were up-regulated in islet α-cells upon Isl-1 overexpression in vivo. Isl-1 represents the first known activator of Arx transcription in α-cells, here established to be acting through the conserved Re1 and Re2 control domains.
Plasma testosterone levels in vasectomized rats.

The possibility that vasectomy alters plasma testosterone (T) concentrations was studied in rats. 14 of 15 vasectomized animals showed yellowish granulomata at the proximal ligature or in the cauda epididymis. Sex organ weights generally decreased after surgery. T levels were not significantly different among unoperated sham-operated and vasectomized rats. It is concluded that vasectomy does not alter testosterone secretion as was earlier reported.
The effects of thyroid and of choline and inositol on cholesterol distribution in rats fed a high cholesterol diet.

It was observed recently in rats fed a diet containing 1 per cent cholesterol and 0.5 per cent bile salt, that thyroid did not prevent a significant deposition of the sterol in the liver, although the plasma cholesterol content was reduced practically to normal levels (Marx, et al., 1950). The possibility was considered that in the hyperthyroid state the requirement for lipotropic substances is increased. In order to study this interrelationship between thyroid and lipotropic agents further, the effects of choline and inositol on cholesterol and lipid distribution were investigated in normal and hyperthyroid rats fed a diet high in cholesterol and fat. METHODS Female rats (University of Southern California strain) 27 to 31 days old and weighing about 60 gms., were divided into seven groups. All animals were fed, ad libitum, a purified diet containing 20 per cent fat, 18 per cent casein, and 0.25 per cent bile salt.
Elected Officials’ Familiarity with Smart Growth Policies Insights from the US Eastern States

AbstractState smart growth programmes (SGPs) attempt to alter local sprawling development patterns through incentives encouraging local governments to apply smart growth policies. This incentive approach makes applications of smart growth policies rely mainly on local government decisions to adopt such policies. Little research investigated elected officials’ familiarity with smart growth policies, especially in small cities/towns. This research paper compares elected officials’ familiarity with smart growth policies across small cities/towns that are located in the US eastern states with and without SGPs. Based on data collected from a mail survey sent to elected officials in 481 small cities/towns, the researcher conducted bivariate and regression analyses to assess elected officials’ familiarity and investigate effects of adopting statewide SGPs on that familiarity. The survey shows that most elected officials are familiar with the term smart growth in general, but their familiarity with smart growth p...
A Dynamic Balanced Regional Input—Output Model of Pollution Control

One of the important problems in environmental management is the sharing of responsibility for cleaning the pollution. It may happen that a particular region may suffer pollution caused by the production of inputs and outputs which are consumed outside the region. This is also further complicated by the diffusion of pollutants over space. Within the framework of a balanced regional input–output model, a scheme for subsidy/tax has been presented so that interregional equity is maintained. Pollution control strategies must result in regional unemployment, migration, capital movements over space, changes in interregional competitive position, etc. A dynamic scheme is suggested so that, given some exogenous policy decisions and technological constraints, the activity levels of production in different regions are determined so that the system is in equilibrium.
First-principles calculations and thermodynamic re-modeling of the Hf-W system

Abstract An integrative approach coupling first-principles calculations and the CALculation of PHAse Diagram (CALPHAD) method provides a more thermodynamically accurate model of the Hf–W system when compared to previous models. A two-sublattice model is used for describing the solid solubility of the HfW2 Laves phase. The modeling of the Laves phase includes input from first-principles total energy calculations and predictions of finite temperature properties from the Debye–Gruneisen model. In addition, first-principles calculations performed on hcp and bcc special quasirandom structures (SQS) predicted a positive enthalpy of mixing in both solid solution phases. Predicting the finite temperature properties of bcc SQS with the Debye–Gruneisen model was necessary to balance the positive, asymmetric enthalpy of mixing found in the bcc solid solution. The model produced by the coupling of CALPHAD modeling with first-principles calculations agrees well with experimental data. It also reproduces the Hf–W phase diagram with fewer parameters than previous models, which were created without the aid of first-principles calculations.
Using Blog Mining as an Analytical Method to Study the Use of Social Media by Small Businesses

The growth in popularity of blogs opens up new opportunities for conducting information studies. Due to its capability of processing large amount of text data effectively, blog mining can be a valuable method for gaining insights into a given topic. For this study blog mining was used to analyze online blog posts related to social media use by small businesses. This study identified seven relevant themes and found that blog mining is a promising method for understanding emerging Internet-based phenomena. The article also lists some tools for blog mining, discusses the limitations of blog mining, and provides suggestions for overcoming these limitations.
Time in organizations

Current organizational theory looks at time on task, as opposed to time off task. However, there is a more complex pattern of time use. Organization time, based on these findings, is defined as whether one engages with organization, or disengages from organization, and engages with task, or disengages from task. This article explores the theoretical implications of these complex relationships, as the locus of an individual’s use of time moves along the axes of engagement/disengagement from organization and task. The author urges organizational theorists to explore and evaluate the importance of understanding time usage for a better understanding of phenomena such as organizational learning, creativity, and quality of work life. This model provides a framework for further investigation and theoretical understanding of time from the perspective of the individual as well as of the organization.
A Mg++ dependent cortical reaction in the eggs of penaeid shrimp

Mature penaeid oocytes contain large cortical specializations (rods) in their cortex. These rods reside in membrane crypts and are isolated from the external environment by a thin investment coat which surrounds the oocyte. When oocytes contact seawater, at spawning, their cortical rods are expelled and form a striking investment layer which subsequently dissipates. During cortical rod dissipation a hatching membrane forms around the egg. Oocytes spawned into Mg++ free seawater do not exhibit cortical rod explusion. If oocytes spawned into Mg++ free seawater are returned to normal seawater cortical rod explusion proceeds, however the expelled rods do not dissipate.
Effects of combination chemotherapy on immunoregulatory cells in peripheral blood of solid tumor cancer patients: correlation with rebound overshoot immune function recovery.

Abstract Phytohemagglutinin-induced (PHA) lymphocyte DNA synthesis was evaluated in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 20 solid tumor patients prior to and following treatment with combination chemotherapy to assess the effects of drug treatment on the kinetics and extent of immune function recovery. At each immune testing point, levels of immunoregulation by glass-adherent cells, indomethacin-sensitive cells, glass-nonadherent cells and concanavalin A (Con A)-inducible cells were measured and total lymphocyte number, T cells, T G cells, and T M cells were quantitated in an attempt to correlate drug-induced modification of suppressor cell function and recovery of PHA responsiveness. Of the 20 patients studied, 14 demonstrated post-treatment rebound overshoot recovery of PHA responsiveness which reached or exceeded 150% of the observed pretreatment response. Each instance of rebound overshoot occurred at a time when elevated levels of regulatory cell function by glass-adherent and indomethacin-sensitive cells were reduced to a normal level. Those patients who did not experience post-treatment rebound overshoot recovery of immunity did not manifest drug-induced alteration of regulatory function by glass-adherent and indomethacin-sensitive cells. Alteration of regulatory function by glass-nonadherent cells and Con A-inducible cells was seen in some patients following drug treatment as were changes in the relative proportions of T G and T M cells. Those changes, however, could not be correlated with immune function recovery. We conclude that drug-induced suppression of regulatory function by glass-adherent/indomethacin-sensitive cells is responsible for postchemotherapy rebound overshoot immune recovery.
Calibration of the Solar Channels of the NOAA-9 AVHRR Using High Altitude Aircraft Measurements

Abstract A method for calibrating satellite radiometers is investigated. A calibrated spectral radiometer carried aboard a U2 aircraft at an altitude of 60 000 ft was aligned with White Sands. New Mexico along the same view vector as the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the NOAA-9 spacecraft at the time of the spacecraft's overpass on 26 August 1985. Both sets of data have been transformed into best estimates of the radiance at satellite altitude inside the footprint of the aircraft radiometer, allowing an estimate of radiance calibration changes in the AVHRR to be made. It is assumed that both instrument systems are linear, that the spectral response function of AVHRR has not changed from its prelaunch value, and that the zero radiance responses of both instruments are accurately known. Extrapolation of the radiances measured from the aircraft to those expected at satellite altitude is achieved by modeling the experimental conditions at White Sands and calculating the ratio of radiance...
Mechanisms of Short-Term Training-Induced Reaching Improvement in Severely Hemiparetic Stroke Patients A TMS Study

Background. The neurophysiological mechanisms underlying improved upper-extremity motor skills have been partially investigated in patients with good motor recovery but are poorly understood in mor...
Discrimination of integumentary prey chemicals and strike-induced chemosensory searching in the ball python,Python regius

Experimental tests show that the ball python (Python regius) has the ability to discriminate prey chemicals from control substances by tongue-flicking and exhibits a poststrike elevation in tongue-flicking rate (PETF). Prey chemical discrimination was revealed by significantly higher number of tongue-flicks and tongue-flick attack score in response to integumental chemicals from mice than to cologne or distilled water and by a higher frequency of biting in response to prey than control chemicals. PETF was indicated by higher tongue-flicking rates after biting than in several control conditions. Concurrent movements of the body suggest the operation of strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS). Ecological factors affecting responses to prey chemicals, including defensive behaviors and characteristics of foraging behavior related to reliance on different sensory modalities, are discussed. The presence of PETF and SICS in a henophidian snake and in scleroglossan lizards suggests that these behaviors are plesiomorphic in snakes.
Photoelectric thresholds for tetrahedrally coordinated semiconductors

Abstract The photoelectric threshold, Φ, is calculated for a variety of tetrahedrally coordinated semiconductors using the Bond Orbital Model. The variation of Φ with anion component and charge transfer is discussed. These results are compared with experiment and good agreement is found. The pressure dependence of Φ is also discussed.
Desorption kinetics during capillary flow

A model for coupling desorption and convective diffusion processes during capillary flow is considered. The desorption leads to the decrease in surface concentration, i.e., to surface cleaning. The model is specified with respect to the cleaning of long, narrow tubes of endoscopes, specifically for the case when desorption plays a larger role than hydrodynamic detachment. During the final stage of cleaning, coverage of the tube surface by contaminants (adsorbate) is low. Consideration of contaminants as isolated adsorbed particles (molecules) with no lateral interaction with each other on a uniform tube surface enables one to use a rather general mixed-desorption model called the kinetic-diffusion controlled model. Our model predicts that after cleaning, the tube remains slightly contaminated near its exit even though there is almost complete cleaning at the entrance. This is caused by regularities of the coupling between desorption and convective diffusion processes. Since this prediction agrees with our observations, a practical recommendation for improving tube exit cleaning is formulated. Modeling of this system became possible due to the simple velocity distribution of Poiseuille's flow in this geometry, which allows us to apply the Levich theory of convective diffusion in our modeling.
Molecular dynamics simulation of nonlinear effects in sputtering - Au(100) and Au(111) targets

Nonlinear effects in sputtering from Au(100) and Au(111) targets have been simulated with the multiple-interaction molecular dynamics code SPUT2. Both dimer and single-ion (monomer) impacts were studied for Kr, Xe, Au, and U ions normally incident on Au(100) and Au(111) with energies of 5 keV/atom. Statistically significant nonlinear dimer-to-monomer yield ratios were found in all cases. For each case studied the dimer-to-monomer nonlinear yield ratio from the Au(111) target was greater than from the Au(100) target. However, this ratio decreased as the mass of the incident projectile increased. Our simulations suggest that this was the result of significant nonlinear effects that occured when the heavier single-ions impacted the Au(100) and Au(111) surfaces. The nonlinear effects observed at these bombarding energies appear to be due primarily to collisional spikes involving moving atoms, and only secondarily to the lowering of the surface binding energy that results from damage to the surface.
Ex Vivo Comparison of One Versus Two Distal Screws in 8 mm Model 11 Interlocking Nails Used to Stabilize Canine Distal Femoral Fractures

Objective— To compare the structural properties of an 8 mm model 11 interlocking nail (IN) with 2 proximal and 2 distal screws (2/2) to 2 proximal and 1 distal screws (2/1) in an unstable canine fracture model. Study Design— Ex vivo biomechanical investigation. Sample Population— Eight pairs of adult canine femurs. Methods— A simple transverse distal metaphyseal femoral fracture with a 1 cm gap was created. The unstable fracture in 1 femur was repaired with a nail with 2 distal and 2 proximal screws and the paired femur with a nail with 1 distal and 2 proximal screws. Cyclic mechanical testing in torsion was performed to assess fatigue life, peak torque, stiffness, and mode of failure. Results— All 2/1 IN-femoral constructs, but only 2 of eight 2/2 constructs, failed before completion of 50,000 loading cycles. The 2/2 constructs had significantly greater peak torque to failure (P=.002) and longer fatigue life (P=.00003) compared with 2/1 constructs. There were no significant differences in stiffness between 2/2 and 2/1 constructs when the non-failed constructs were compared (P>.5). All constructs failed by screw deformation. Conclusions— An 8 mm model 11 IN used for fixation of unstable canine distal femoral fractures has a longer fatigue life and is stronger under torsional loads when 2 rather than 1 distal screws are placed. Clinical Relevance— When repairing unstable canine distal femoral fractures with an IN system, 2 distal screws should be inserted to avoid catastrophic implant failure before bone healing is achieved.
A new family of dimolybdenum compounds with cyanide and phosphine ligands

Reaction of Mo2Cl4(dppm)2 with excess [n-Bu4N][CN] produces [Bu4N]2[Mo2 II,II (CN)6(dppm)2]P2(CH3CN)P2(C6H6 )( 1 )the first example of an edge-sharing bioctahedral compound of Mo(II), that upon exposure to air oxidizes to the mixed valence analog [Bu4N][Mo2 II,III (CN)6(dppm)2]P2(H2O)P2(CH3CN )( 2 ) . q2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Theory of probability

Theory of probability has found many applications, some of a practical nature, others less elementary such as in the development of statistical theories of matter. There is a mathematical theory of probability, the rules of operation of which are generally acceptable and lead to results of increasing scientific and economic significance; however, the theory still is considered to rest upon an unsatisfactory philosophical basis. This article presents a brief outline of the history of probability theory and more detailed discussions of present concepts.
Exploiting statistics on query expressions for optimization

Statistics play an important role in influencing the plans produced by a query optimizer. Traditionally, optimizers use statistics built over base tables and assume independence between attributes while propagating statistical information through the query plan. This approach can introduce large estimation errors, which may result in the optimizer choosing inefficient execution plans. In this paper, we show how to extend a generic optimizer so that it also exploits statistics built on expressions corresponding to intermediate nodes of query plans. We show that in some cases, the quality of the resulting plans is significantly better than when only base-table statistics are available. Unfortunately, even moderately-sized schemas may have too many relevant candidate statistics. We introduce a workload-driven technique to identify a small subset of statistics that can provide significant benefits over just maintaining base-table statistics. Finally, we present experimental results on an implementation of our approach in Microsoft SQL Server 2000.
Mechanical Design of the NSTX High-k Scattering Diagnostic

The NSTX high-k scattering diagnostic measures small-scale density fluctuations by the heterodyne detection of waves scattered from a millimeter wave probe beam at 280 GHz and lambda=1.07 mm. To enable this measurement, major alterations were made to the NSTX vacuum vessel and neutral beam armor. Close collaboration between the PPPL physics and engineering staff resulted in a flexible system with steerable launch and detection optics that can position the scattering volume either near the magnetic axis (rhoap.1) or near the edge (rhoap.8). 150 feet of carefully aligned corrugated waveguide was installed for injection of the probe beam and collection of the scattered signal into the detection electronics
Misconceptions of Psychology among Academicians.

(1983). Misconceptions of Psychology Among Academicians. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 20-22.
Nutrient accumulation and nitrate leaching under broiler litter amended corn fields

Abstract Alabama's broiler chicken (Gallus gallus) industry produces large amounts of waste, which are disposed of by application to crop and pasture land. Land application of litter (manure and bedding) from broiler production can lead to contamination from losses of nutrients accumulated in soil. A study was conducted on 2 and 4% slopes from 1991 to 1993 at Belle Mina, Alabama, to determine the effects of broiler litter (BL) on soil elemental concentrations and nitrate leaching under a corn (Zea mays L.) ‐ winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cropping system amended with either: l) 9 mg#lbha‐1 of BL, 2) 18 mg#lbha‐1 of BL, or 3) commercial fertilizer (F) at a recommended rate. Soil was sampled to 100 cm prior to corn planting and subsequent to com harvest. Soil leachate samples were collected biweekly with wick lysimeters installed at a depth of 100 cm. Litter applications increased concentrations of soil organic carbon (C), extractable phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu) ...
Dysplastic endocervical curettings: a predictor of cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective To identify parameters associated with the presence or development of invasive cervical cancer among patients who underwent cold knife conization (CKC) following loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP) revealing positive endocervical curettings for stage 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN III). Study Design Patients who underwent CKC following LEEP with endocervical curettings indicating CIN III were observed retrospectively. Results Of 146 patients identified, 133 (91.1%) had residual CIN on their cone biopsy; 23 (15.8%) had invasive cervical carcinoma. Patients with residual CIN III, ectocervical and endocervical margins with CIN, and positive endocervical curettings on cone biopsy were more likely to harbor or develop invasive cervical carcinoma. Conclusion Patients with CIN III on endocervical curettage at the time of LEEP procedure are at high risk for harboring residual cervical dysplasia or micros-invasive carcinoma, or developing carcinoma in the future. Residual CIN III, ectocervical or endocervical margins positive for CIN, and/or positive endocervical curettings on CKC subsequent to LEEP with positive endocervical curettings for CIN III all indicate a higher likelihood of harboring or developing cervical carcinoma.
Mass relations and neutrino oscillations in an SO(10) model

Abstract We present in detail a grand unified model based on SO(10) which naturally reproduces known fermion mass relations and mixing angles. It predicts m ν e ⪡ m ν μ , m ν τ , and predominant ν μ - ν τ oscillations. Several other features of the model are analyzed in detail: construction of the Higgs potential, predictions for τ p and sin 2 θ w in a temporarily free model and a relation between the mass of the t-quark and the lifetime of the B meson.
Attachment and Field Dependence: Individual Differences in Information Processing

The present research analyzes the relationship between attachment styles at an adult age and field dependence in order to identify possible individual differences in information processing. The “Experience in Close Relationships” test of Brennan et al. was administered to a sample of 380 individuals (160 males, 220 females), while a subsample of 122 subjects was given the Embedded Figure Test to measure field dependence. Confirming the starting hypothesis, the results have shown that individuals with different attachment styles have a different way of perceiving the figure against the background. Ambivalent and avoidant individuals lie at the two extremes of the same dimension while secure individuals occupy the central part. Significant differences also emerged between males and females.
Differential Sensitivity of Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus to Alcohol-Induced Toxicity

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a brain region responsible for executive functions including working memory, impulse control and decision making. The loss of these functions may ultimately lead to addiction. Using histological analysis combined with stereological technique, we demonstrated that the PFC is more vulnerable to chronic alcohol-induced oxidative stress and neuronal cell death than the hippocampus. This increased vulnerability is evidenced by elevated oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and enhanced expression of apoptotic markers in PFC neurons. We also found that one-carbon metabolism (OCM) impairment plays a significant role in alcohol toxicity to the PFC seen from the difference in the effects of acute and chronic alcohol exposure on DNA repair and from exaggeration of the damaging effects upon additional OCM impairment in mice deficient in a key OCM enzyme, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Given that damage to the PFC leads to loss of executive function and addiction, our study may shed light on the mechanism of alcohol addiction.
A new steel expansion joint for industrial plants: Bubble joint

In power, steel, chemical and other industrial plants, ducts are essential to carry air and effluent gases. Ducts are designed such that under the temperature they can expand and contract freely in order to eliminate internal thermal stresses. To allow for free movements, expansion joints are introduced at the points of change in direction and also in long duct runs. Whenever large lateral movements are encountered, either a very deep single expansion joint or a toggle section with two joints is currently used in practice. In this article, a new type of steel expansion joint is proposed by introducing a bubble in the center of the single expansion joint with the goal of increasing its lateral movement capacity. The lateral movement capacity of the proposed joint is investigated by finite element simulation taking into account both material and geometrical nonlinearities. The results show that the new steel bubble joint can accommodate substantially more lateral movements than the conventional steel expansion joint. The new bubble joint provides an economical solution for retrofitting an existing plant where the available space is limited.
The genus Stilbohypoxylon

Stilbohypoxylon is resurrected. The type species, S. moelleri , is redescribed and S. samuelsii is described as new. The third species, S. quisquiliarum , represents a new combination. A key to these taxa is provided.
MOVING-LEAST-SQUARES-PARTICLE HYDRODYNAMICS-I. CONSISTENCY AND STABILITY

The Smooth-Particle-Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is derived in a novel manner by means of a Galerkin approximation applied to the Lagrangian equations of continuum mechanics as in the finite-element method. This derivation is modified to replace the SPH interpolant with the Moving-Least-Squares (MLS) interpolant of Lancaster and Saulkaskas, and define a new particle volume which ensures thermodynamic compatibility. A variable-rank modification of the MLS interpolants which retains their desirable summation properties is introduced to remove the singularities that occur when divergent flow reduces the number of neighbours of a particle to less than the minimum required. A surprise benefit of the Galerkin SPH derivation is a theoretical justification of a common ad hoc technique for variable-h SPH. The new MLSPH method is conservative if an anti-symmetric quadrature rule for the stiffness matrix elements can be supplied. In this paper, a simple one-point collocation rule is used to retain similarity with SPH, leading to a non-conservative method. Several examples document how MLSPH renders dramatic improvements due to the linear consistency of its gradients on three canonical difficulties of the SPH method: spurious boundary effects, erroneous rates of strain and rotation and tension instability. Two of these examples are non-linear Lagrangian patch tests with analytic solutions with which MLSPH agrees almost exactly. The examples also show that MLSPH is not absolutely stable if the problems are run to very long times. A linear stability analysis explains both why it is more stable than SPH and not yet absolutely stable and an argument is made that for realistic dynamic problems MLSPH is stable enough. The notion of coherent particles, for which the numerical stability is identical to the physical stability, is introduced. The new method is easily retrofitted into a generic SPH code and some observations on performance are made. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPARC Groups: A Model for Incorporating Spiritual Psychoeducation into Group Work.

The use of spirituality as a resource for clients within the counseling field is growing; however, the primary focus has been on individual therapy. The purpose of this article is to provide counseling practitioners, administrators, and researchers with an approach for incorporating spiritual psychoeducation into group work. The proposed model can be utilized in various settings from residential treatment to outpatient practice. This model is named SPARC, which denotes Spiritual Psychoeducation, Activities, Reflection, and Connection. It incorporates four components built on the foundation of being a competent counselor for spiritual psychoeducation groups. Detailed examples of six sessions are provided.
The rat inferior olive as seen with immunostaining for glutamate decarboxylase.

Boutons presumed to use γ-aminobutyric acid as neurotransmitter (GABAergic boutons) were detected by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunocytochemistry in all regions of the rat inferior olive. The remarkably high concentration of these boutons allowed a clear visualization of olivary subnuclei boundaries. Regional variations in GAD immunostaining intensity were observed within the nuclear complex and were graded both visually and photometrically. The regional staining variations, for the most part, followed subnuclei boundaries and olivary zonal compartments that have been delineated by the topography of climbing fiber projections. Some subnuclei were grouped by similar staining intensities. The beta nucleus and a medial region in the ventral fold of the dorsal accessory olive were most intensely immunostained, followed by the subnucleus c of the medial accessory olive. Lower staining intensities were observed in the dorsomedial cell column, the dorsal fold of the dorsal accessory olive and the dorsal cap. The lowest intensities were observed in the subnuclei a and b of the medial accessory olive, the ventrolateral outgrowth, the rostral lamella of the medial accessory olive, the principal olive, and the lateral part of the ventral fold of the dorsal accessory olive. The factors contributing to the variations in immunostaining intensity (bouton size and frequency of occurrence) were investigated. The largest boutons were observed in the beta nucleus. Intermediate sized boutons were observed in the dorsomedial cell column, dorsal cap and the dorsal fold of the dorsal accessory olive. The smallest boutons were present in the remaining regions of the inferior olive, including the principal olive, the rostral lamella of the medial accessory olive, and the ventral fold of the dorsal accessory olive. The medial region of the dorsal accessory olive ventral fold contained a higher density of GABAergic boutons than other regions. GABAergic bouton size and innervation density therefore largely accounted for the variations in GAD immunostaining intensity. This study provides a map of the rat inferior olive based on the distribution of GABAergic nerve terminals, and may serve as a basis for characterizing different GABAergic afferent systems in the inferior olive.
Rheological Properties of Daqing Crude Oil and Their Application in Pipeline Transportation

The variation of the rheological properties of Daqing waxy crudes with their thermal history and their time effect are discussed. Rheological properties of Daqing crude were determined in the laboratory with rotational viscometers and U-tube devices. The feasibility of using the proper heat treatment to improve the low-temperature flow property of Daqing crude was studied. Field tests on three long-distance heated-crude pipelines showed good agreement with laboratory measurement. A mathematical model for determination of the optimum operation parameters of pipeline transportation is also given.
Electronic properties of n-i-p-i structures in elemental Si/Ge strained-layer superlattices.

On etudie deux epaisseurs differentes de couche de Si et Ge et deux separations differentes des dopants. Les proprietes electroniques des superreseaux non dopes sont radicalement alterees par les configurations de dopage a-i-p-i, pour les concentrations en dopant introduites dans la modelisation
Early development of olfactory receptor cell axons

Abstract An electron microscope study was done on development of olfactory receptor cell axons in rat fetuses 13–17 days after conception (E13–E17). Initiation of axon outgrowth was first seen on E13. On E14, small bundles of olfactory axons, accompanied by epithelial cells, grow out of the epithelium and, by so doing, breach the basal lamina. Close examination of these epithelial cells from E14 fetuses has revealed that they can be grouped into two types, one containing a ribosome-rich, dense cytoplasm, the other containing fewer free ribosomes and a more lucent cytoplasm. The first of these types is present infrequently or not at all at later times in development. The fate of the migrating cells is not known. Another notable observation was the indentation of olfactory epithelium by blood vessels during the developmental stages studied. There is very close association between processes of vascular endothelium and cells of the olfactory epithelium, so close, in fact, that a basal lamina is frequently absent. It is possible that vascular endothelium plays a role in breakdown of basal lamina, thus enabling olfactory axons to breach this barrier as they leave the epithelium.