cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IPM of Thrips palmi in Vegetables

The melon thrips, Thrips palmi, is an introduced pest in Hawaii and several other island localities in the Pacific Basin. Initial attempts to manage T. palmi through calendar insecticide applications were not successful, often resulting in increases in populations. Research in watermelon in Hawaii indicated that T. palmi populations varied among individual plantings with densities as high as 125 individuals per leaf, but usually averaging 10 per leaf. Use of nominal economic thresholds, routine sampling, and rapid implementation of controls as part of integrated pest management on watermelon indicated that T. palmi could be managed without weekly insecticide treatments. Data obtained from monitoring of 43 watermelon plantings on Oahu and Molokai indicated that the thrips were present on 90% of the dates surveyed, but insecticide treatments were required on <26% of those survey dates. Biological control provided by predatory anthocorids (Orius spp.) may provide alternatives to pesticides.
Software for Human Hardware

Because we live in a “Scientific and Technical Age, we like to think that our decisions and actions are based on scientific findings and technological rationality. But the human mind does not always obey the dictates of science and reason; instead, ”human hardware“ — engrained emotions, likes and dislikes, fears and hopes — sometimes lead people to disregard the scientific evidence, thereby creating difficulties.
Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Young Children.

C.C., a 32-year-old white woman, presents to your office with her nine-month-old son for a routine well-child visit. She is preparing to switch him from breast milk to formula and had noted that most formulas contain iron. She wonders if her son should be screened for iron deficiency and possibly iron deficiency anemia before she starts him on formula.
An intensive longitudinal examination of daily physical activity and sleep in midlife women

Abstract Objectives Previous research examining physical activity (PA) and sleep link has largely ignored the day-to-day variability that is present in these 2 health behaviors, and few studies have addressed this relation using objective assessments of PA and sleep. Through an intensive longitudinal design, the present study aimed: (1) to elucidate the reciprocal associations between PA and sleep; and (2) to better understand the role of body mass index (BMI) in these 2 health behaviors. Methods Community-dwelling midlife women (N = 103; M=53, age range=40-60 years) wore an accelerometer for the objective assessment of PA and sleep for 21 days. A series of multilevel models were estimated to test concurrent and lagged associations between PA (activity counts, moderate-to-vigorous PA) and sleep (total sleep time [TST], sleep efficiency, sleep fragmentation indices). Results and conclusions In concurrent, same-day analyses, a positive association emerged between PA and sleep such that as activity counts increased during the day, TST at night also increased ( P P
Demonstration of pathogenic fungi in formalin-fixed tissues by immunofluorescence.

This study was designed to improve current methods for demonstrating fungi in sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue by the fluorescent antibody technic. The findings in this study indicate that digestion of sections in 1.0% trypsin solution for 1 hr. at 37 C. before conjugates are applied is a single, inexpensive procedure that enhances considerably the staining of Blastomyces dermatitidis , Coccidioides immitis , Cryptococcus neoformans , Histoplasma capsulatum , and Sporotrichum schenckii . The results of this study also demonstrate that these fungi can be stained by the fluorescent antibody technic in tissue sections that have been stained previously by the hematoxylin and eosin, the Brown and Brenn, and the Giemsa procedures. They cannot be stained, however, in sections that have been stained previously by the Gomori methenamine-silver nitrate, the periodic acid-Schiff, or the Gridley procedures. Apparently, the oxidation of polysaccharides in the walls of these fungi by the periodic acid or the chromic acid alters the antigenicity of these organisms so that they no longer react with the labeled antibodies. The addition of dimethyl sulfoxide to conjugates in a ratio of 1:9 or 1:14 was found to improve the fluorescent antibody staining results obtained with these fungi in formalinized tissue sections. This improvement is the result of enhancement of contrast between stained organisms and the background.
How do thoughts, emotions, and decisions align? A new way to examine theory of mind during middle childhood and beyond

Abstract The current study examined 4- to 10-year-olds’ and adults’ (N = 280) tendency to connect people’s thoughts, emotions, and decisions into valence-matched mental state triads (thought valence = emotion valence = decision valence; e.g., anticipate something bad + feel worried + avoid) and valence-matched mental state dyads (thought–emotion, thought–decision, and emotion–decision). Participants heard vignettes about focal characters who re-encountered individuals who had previously harmed them twice, helped them twice, or both harmed and helped them. Baseline trials involved no past experience. Children and adults predicted the focal characters’ thoughts (anticipate something good or bad), emotions (feel happy or worried), and decisions (go near or stay away). Results showed significant increases between 4 and 10 years of age in the formation of valence-matched mental state triads and dyads, with thoughts and emotions most often aligned by valence. We also documented age-related improvement in awareness that uncertain situations elicit less valence-consistent mental states than more certain situations, with females expecting weaker coherence among characters’ thoughts, emotions, and decisions than males. Controlling for age and sex, individuals with stronger executive function (working memory and inhibitory control) predicted more valence-aligned mental states. These findings add to the emerging literature on development and individual differences in children’s reasoning about mental states and emotions during middle childhood and beyond.
Central inhibitory effects of carbon dioxide; Macacus rhesus.

SummaryMonkeys fitted with bilateral screw-in electrodes and immobilized with dihydro-beta-erythroidine were artificially ventilated with various concentrations of carbon dioxide-oxygen for different periods of time. At the end of these periods they were stimulated with threshold and super-threshold voltages, and it was found that concentrations of carbon dioxide over 20% prevented seizures when inhaled for 3 minutes.
Transient Discrete Ordinate Method and Experiments of Pulsed Radiative Transfer Through Scattering Absorbing Media

The objective of this paper is to validate the solution of transient radiation transfer equation with experimental measurements using short pulse laser source having a Gaussian distribution. The transient radiative transfer equation for the case of short pulse laser propagation through scattering absorbing media such as tissue is an integrodifferential equation and is therefore complicated to solve. The time-dependent discrete ordinates method in conjunction with high order upwind piecewise parabolic interpolation scheme is used to solve the transient radiative transfer equation for the case of anisotropically scattering absorbing medium having a rectangular geometry in which an inhomogeneity is embedded. A parametric study involving different scattering and absorption coefficients of the medium, inhomogeneity and inhomogeneity size as well as the detector position is performed. The numerical modeling results and experimental measurements are in excellent agreement for various parameters studied in this paper.© 2004 ASME
TOP-DOWN RELIGION AND THE DESIGN OF POST-WORLD WAR II AMERICAN PLURALISM

Academics are falsely rumored to have a low regard for religion. Although Richard Dawkins and Christopher Hitchens, authors of The God Delusion and God Is Not Great, respectively, made atheism a best-selling subject in the United States, it is not coincidental that Hitchens and Dawkins are English. They were educated in a country where a strident antipathy toward religion is not unpatriotic. American atheists with as much brass are rare. Kicking religion around cannot be an American sport because, from colonial to contemporary times, religion has been a central component of American culture. To be sure, a lot of scholarly criticism has been directed at right-wing Christian and Islamic movements. But scholars whose personal views on faith incline them to echo Hitchens's mordant formula that “religion poisons everything” should probably look for a country other than the United States to study. The recent books of historians and sociologists of American religion have taken a tone toward the subject that has ranged from gentle to friendly.
Factors to consider in the selection of a calcium supplement.

Calcium supplements are widely used, yet many questions remain as to the absorption of various calcium salts. Because the solubility of many calcium salts is dependent upon pH, the type of salt used, the condition of the patient, and the time of administration should be considered. Studies show that many calcium supplements on the market today do not meet standards of quality established in the "U.S. Pharmacopeia" (USP). Consumers must be discerning about the products they purchase. Calcium supplements should be taken with meals to ensure solubility. Calcium carbonate, and particularly tribasic calcium phosphate tablets, are not recommended for patients with achlorhydria. Calcium tablets, like almost all drugs, should be taken with 8 ounces of water or other liquid.
Using new media for practice-based fine arts research in the classroom

This paper and demo describes our approach and initial results of using David Hockney's work as a model for practice-based arts research in a digital imaging class. Hockney's innovative photo-collages of the 1980sdemonstrate an artist thinking in media, while the Hockney-Falco thesis promotes discussion on the relationship artists have with technology. Using Hockney's photo-collage work as a practice-based research agenda, we describe a series of class projects to extend his joiner technique into the new dimensions of 3D and interactive media.
Critical values of the Lenth method for unreplicated factorial designs

Lenth statistics are computed for factorial effects and compared to corresponding critical values. (The Lenth method is an objective method for testing effects from unreplicated factorial designs. It eliminates the subjectivity of half-normal plots.) ..
The Hierarchy of Naval Capability

General patterns in the structure and setting of more than one hundred Third-World navies may be studied by ranking these navies within a hierarchy divided into six groups. Each Third-World navy has, of course, its peculiarities but important patterns nevertheless emerge from the application of the hierarchical model. Though some Third-World navies have been included for selected purposes in two specific attempts to derive a global naval hierarchy, there has been no previous systematic attempt to develop and justify a Third-World naval hierarchy. The two attempts suffer from important shortcomings which are enumerated in Appendices 2D and 2E.
The Nature of Coal Material

Summary This Chapter is an introduction to the genesis and structure of coals, particularly from the point of view of the geologist. Coal is a rock composed of organic entities, called macerals, with lesser amounts of inorganic minerals, distinct associations of these being called lithotypes. Coal strata occur worldwide and physical structures within these strata (seams) are well defined. Proximate and ultimate analyses of coals broadly characterise the coals and are extended to include calorific values and fluid properties developed on heating. A significant use of coal is for making of metallurgical coke and coals to be carbonized must produce coke of adequate strength and minimum reactivity. Coals and coal blends for coke making are characterised effectively by optical microscopy of polished sections to monitor maceral contents and coal reflectivity which is a rank indicator. The macerals are grouped into Vitrinite, Liptinite and Inertinite for applied petrography. The vitrinite macerals are the most abundant in Northern Hemisphere coals and impart fluidity to coals. The liptinite group are waxy and resinous, derived from spores and cuticles. Inertinite macerals, found more abundantly in Southern Hemisphere coals, have been strongly altered and remain little changed on carbonization. Coal rank, which represents extent of metamorphic change in the dominant coal property, ranges from lignites to anthracites. Rank properties are summarised. Finally, the Chapter discusses such matters as sampling and weathering of coals.
Modeling Dietary Exposure with Special Sections on Modeling Aggregate and Cumulative Exposure

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on methodology to estimate dietary exposures and provides options that range from worst-case screening assessments to much more refined and accurate assessments. Separate sections describe techniques that can be used to conduct aggregate and cumulative assessments. In many situations other assessment methods are necessary to identify the potential importance of a specific route relative to other pathways of exposure. These methods are generally referred to as indirect methods. Typically, indirect exposures are estimated for each route and then combined in order to estimate total exposure. Again, the three potential routes are oral, dermal, and inhalation. Indirect estimates of consumer exposure to a pesticide require data on the levels in the media as well as estimates of the amount of food consumed, extent of dermal exposure, and inhalation rates. Dietary, cumulative, and aggregate exposure methodologies are discussed in this chapter along with examples of the algorithms and data that can be employed for each method. Exposure assessments can be useful to identify the potential importance of a specific route relative to other pathways of exposure. That is, the method should identify the proportion of exposure that can result from oral, dermal, or inhalation or a combination of these routes. In many cases, exposures from more than one source need to be considered. The methods should allow the user to aggregate exposures as appropriate for the scenarios under consideration. Aggregation may be relevant to one chemical contained in one product that has multiple routes of exposure.
Lyndon B. Johnson

Rarely has a president responded so directly to radical protest as in this speech Lyndon B. Johnson gave to Congress on March 15, 1965, just after the bloody repression of protests in Selma, Alabama. LBJ indicted segregation with the authority of a white southerner who had upheld it for decades. In an extraordinary gesture, he invoked the slogan of the civil rights movement by declaring with great firmness, “We shall overcome. ” Concretely, he demanded a voting rights act that would guarantee African Americans a share of power in the United States, and he got it. The act passed in August 1965, mandating federal elections registrars in any county where 40 percent of the eligible voters were not registered. It was the most direct intervention in state and local politics since Reconstruction.
What Is Gratitude and How Can It Be Measured

In this chapter I attempt to provide an adequate definition and description of gratitude. After a brief exploration of the history of the words grateful and thankful, I provide an outline of Rosenberg’s (Rev Gen Psychol 2:247–270, 1998) typology for the study of emotional phenomena. Following her approach, I begin by providing a definition of gratitude as an emotional state, and then I review research that speaks to the thought/action tendencies of grateful emotion. I move on to an extensive discussion of gratitude as affective trait, followed by a more brief review of the research relating to grateful mood. I conclude the definitional section of this chapter by discussing the relationship of gratitude to appreciation. An important aspect of operationalizing gratitude is being able to measure the construct, and I spend considerable space describing the various self-report and behavioral measures that have been used to measure gratitude. Indirect measures of gratitude would be valuable, and I describe how development of such measures might be pursued. I conclude by presenting a discussion contrasting indebtedness with gratitude. Although indebtedness and gratitude have often been treated as redundant constructs, research shows that these two states and traits should be distinguished.
Utility of routine PET/CT and MRI staging in patients with sentinel lymph node positive melanoma

9071 Background: The utility of routine radiographic staging in sentinel lymph node (SLN) positive stage III melanoma is unclear. Although body computed tomography (CT) has proven unlikely to identify occult metastasis at the time of diagnosis, there is some suggestion that whole body positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) may be more sensitive in the detection of clinically unsuspected metastatic melanoma. We evaluated the ability of routine PET/CT and brain MRI to detect occult metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis in patients with SLN positive stage III melanoma. Methods: All clinically node- negative patients with cutaneous melanoma and a positive SLN who completed staging with PET/CT from 2003 through 2008 were identified from a prospective, IRB-approved, single-institution database. Data were analyzed to determine the positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values of PET/CT in detecting occult metastatic disease. Results: 72 patients had a positive SLN and...
Rural Risk: Geographic Disparities in Trauma Mortality

Background Barriers to trauma care for rural populations are well documented, but little is known about the magnitude of urban-rural disparities in injury mortality. This study sought to quantify differences in injury mortality comparing rural and nonrural residents with traumatic injuries. Methods Using data from the 2009-2010 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate odds of death after traumatic injury for rural residents compared with nonrural residents, while controlling for age, sex, injury type and severity, comorbidities, trauma designation, and Census region. Results Rural residents were 14% more likely to die after traumatic injury compared with nonrural residents (P Conclusion Rural residents are significantly more likely than nonrural residents to die after traumatic injury. This disparity varies by trauma center designation, injury severity, and US Census region. Distance and time to treatment likely play a role in rural injury outcomes, along with regional differences in prehospital care and trauma system organization.
A lightweight secure cyber foraging infrastructure for resource-constrained devices

Resource-constrained embedded and mobile devices are becoming increasingly common. Cyber foraging, which allows such devices to offload computation to less resource-constrained surrogate machines, enables new and interesting applications for these devices. In this paper, we describe a surrogate infrastructure based on virtual machine technology that allows resource-constrained devices to utilize a surrogate's compute, network, and storage resources. After describing the design of our surrogate infrastructure, we demonstrate how it can be used to support real-time speech recognition and a synthetic Web services application. Using a surrogate reduces the response time of speech recognition by a factor of 200 while reducing the energy drain on the client device by a factor of 60. Using a surrogate reduces the response time and energy drain on the client by factors of 21 and 25, respectively, for the Web services application.
Physicochemical properties of liposomal modifiers that shift macrophage phenotype.

Liposomes are one of the most widely studied drug carriers due to their relative biocompatibility, lack of immune system stimulation, ability to be cell specific, and serve as a protective drug carrier. Due to several physicochemical properties such as size and charge, liposomes naturally target the phagocytic capabilities of macrophages. In the tumor microenvironment, macrophages strongly influence growth and progression, making them an appealing target for drug delivery. Using the natural capability of liposomes to target macrophages, and the knowledge that material properties can alter cellular responses, this work aims to influence macrophage phenotype with arginine-like surface modified DOPE:DOPC liposomes. These liposomes were incubated with interleukin-4 (IL-4) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated macrophages and naive RAW 264.7 macrophages. Macrophage phenotype was determined through arginase activity, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion, and nitrite production. With significant variations in the molecular profiles of each activated cell type, these findings suggest that macrophage responses could be altered with small variations in surface functionality of liposomes.
Factors Associated With Achieving a Body Mass Index of Less Than 30 After Bariatric Surgery

Importance Achieving a body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of less than 30 is an important goal of bariatric surgery, given the increased risk for weight-related morbidity and mortality with a BMI above this threshold. Objective To identify predictors for achieving a BMI of less than 30 after bariatric surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective study used data from the Michigan Bariatric Surgery Collaborative, a statewide quality improvement collaborative that uses a prospectively gathered clinical data registry. A total of 27 320 adults undergoing primary bariatric surgery between June 2006 and May 2015 at teaching and nonteaching hospitals in Michigan were included. Exposure Bariatric surgery. Main Outcomes and Measures Logistic regression was used to identify predictors for achieving a BMI of less than 30 at 1 year after surgery. Secondary outcome measures included 30-day postoperative complications and 1-year self-reported comorbidity remission. Results A total of 9713 patients (36%; mean [SD] age, 46.9 [11.3] years; 16.6% male) achieved a BMI of less than 30 at 1 year after bariatric surgery. A significant predictor for achieving this goal was a preoperative BMI of less than 40 (odds ratio [OR], 12.88; 95% CI, 11.71-14.16; P P P P P P P P Conclusions and Relevance Patients with a preoperative BMI of less than 40 are more likely to achieve a BMI of less than 30 after bariatric surgery and are more likely to experience comorbidity remission. Policies and practice patterns that delay bariatric surgery until the BMI is 50 or greater can result in significantly inferior outcomes.
Moral Responsibility and Mental Illness: a Call for Nuance

Does having a mental disorder, in general, affect whether someone is morally responsible for an action? Many people seem to think so, holding that mental disorders nearly always mitigate responsibility. Against this Naive view, we argue for a Nuanced account. The problem is not just that different theories of responsibility yield different verdicts about particular cases. Even when all reasonable theories agree about what’s relevant to responsibility, the ways mental illness can affect behavior are so varied that a more nuanced approach is needed.
Chapter 15 – Androgens and Skeletal Biology: Basic Mechanisms

The obvious impact of the menopause on skeletal health has focused much of the research describing the general action of gonadal steroids on the specific effects of estrogen in bone. However, androgens clearly have important beneficial effects, in both men and women, on skeletal development and on the maintenance of bone mass. Thus it has been demonstrated that androgens (a) influence growth plate maturation and closure helping to determine longitudinal bone growth during development, (b) mediate regulation of trabecular (cancellous) and cortical bone mass in a fashion distinct from estrogen, leading to a sexually dimorphic skeleton, (c) modulate peak bone mass acquisition, and (d) inhibit bone loss. In castrated animals, replacement with nonaromatizable androgens (e.g., 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)) yields beneficial effects that are clearly distinct from those observed with estrogen replacement. In intact females, blockade of the androgen receptor (AR) with the specific AR antagonist hydroxyflutamide results in osteopenia. Furthermore, treatment with nonaromatizable androgen alone in females results in improvements in bone mineral density (BMD). Finally, combination therapy with estrogen and androgen in postmenopausal women is more beneficial than either steroid alone, indicating complementary but nonparallel and distinct pathways of action. Combined, these reports illustrate the distinct actions of androgens and estrogens on the skeleton. Thus, in both men and women it is probable that androgens and estrogens each have important yet distinct functions during bone development, and in the subsequent maintenance of skeletal homeostasis. As is clear from the osteopenia that develops after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) used for the treatment of prostate cancer and with the loss of sex steroids in older men, androgen signaling is important for bone health in the adult and during aging. With the awareness of the importance of the effects of androgen on skeletal homeostasis, and the potential to make use of this information for the treatment of bone disorders, much remains to be learned.
Complication types and rates in pediatric cervical spine surgery

Arthrodesis of the cervical spine is performed in children for various abnormalities such as spinal instability, congenital malformations, and trauma. Complications may be related to the individual patient’s abnormalities or the surgery itself. Complication rates also vary with surgical approach and method of instrumentation. The complication types, rates, and management options are discussed in this chapter. Knowledge of these issues may help surgeons to anticipate and manage them effectively.
A 3.77 nW, 11.4 fJ/b/mm link for reliable wireline communication in ultra-low power on-body sensor networks

Self-powered systems prove useful in health monitoring and fitness tracking, especially in the wearable space. Existing many-node on-body systems monitor health and use power hungry wireless radios. We introduce a reliable wireline transceiver in 130 nm CMOS to address the communication power problem. The transmitter uses complementary source followers for a reduced swing without static current. The receiver uses a subthreshold continuous time comparator with a configurable bias generator for a large voltage operating range and minimal sleep power. A contention free SR latch efficiently stores received data. The transceiver is demonstrated with a 3m (pessimistic) Ethernet cable and a flexible textile-based interconnect. Through Ethernet, the transceiver achieves 1e-9 BER, consuming 5.42 nW with efficiency of 1.20 fJ/b/mm and 585 pW sleep power. Through the textile, it achieves 1e-6 BER, consuming 3.77 nW and 11.4 fJ/b/mm and enables on-body self-powered integrated systems.
OP69 Circulating n-3 polyunsaturated-fatty acids and the maintenance of healthy ageing in older adults, the cardiovascular health study

Background Maintaining healthy ageing (HA) is a crucial priority in older adults worldwide, given global population ageing, increased number of years living with disability, and the need for new treatments. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) from seafood and plants exert favourable physiologic effects that could benefit HA. However, relationships between n3-PUFA and HA are not well-established, especially using serial biomarkers which provide highly objective measures. Methods We investigated the longitudinal association between serial circulating n3-PUFAs and maintenance of HA in the Cardiovascular Health Study, evaluating 2342 older U.S. adults with mean age 75 years and successful HA to-date at baseline in 1992–93. Individual plasma phospholipid n3-PUFAs (expressed as% of total fatty acids) including alpha-linoleic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were quantified using gas chromatography in 1992–93, 1998–99, and 2005–06. HA was defined as survival free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, lung disease, and severe chronic kidney disease, with no difficulties with activities of daily living and intact cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination ≥80 th percentile); dying with a lifetime meeting this criteria was also considered as HA. Events were centrally adjudicated or determined from medical records and diagnostic tests. Multivariable-Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying covariates evaluated the association between time-varying, cumulative average n3-PUFAs and unsuccessful HA. Results During 22 years of follow-up, 267 (11%) participants experienced successful HA. After multivariable-adjustments, the interquintile range of total n3-PUFAs and seafood-derived n3-PUFAs was associated with lower risk of unsuccessful HA by 17% (0.74%–0.93 95% CI, p = 0.002 ) and 16% (0.75%–0.94 95% CI, p = 0.002 ), respectively. Individually, EPA, DPA and DHA each associated with lower risk of unsuccessful HA by 12% (0.80%–0.97 95% CI, p = 0.009 ), 14% (0.77%–0.97 95% CI, p = 0.010 ) and 15% (0.76%–0.96 95% CI, p = 0.009 ), respectively. Plant-derived ALA levels were not significantly associated with HA. Sensitivity analyses including freedom from atrial fibrillation, milder chronic kidney disease, and diabetes within the HA definition did not appreciably alter results. Conclusion Among older adults with mean age 75 years and HA to-date, a higher cumulative level of circulating seafood-derived n3-PUFAs (combined and individually), but not plant-derived ALA, was associated with maintainence of HA. These novel findings support guidelines for increased fish intake among older adults; and need for further investigations into plausible biological mechanisms and interventions for effects of n3-PUFAs on maintenance of HA.
Epigenetic inheritance mediated by coupling of RNAi and histone H3K9 methylation.

Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are associated with epigenetic states that form the basis for cell-type-specific gene expression1,2. Once established, histone PTMs can be maintained by positive feedback involving enzymes that recognize a pre-existing histone modification and catalyse the same modification on newly deposited histones. Recent studies suggest that in wild-type cells, histone PTM-based positive feedback is too weak to mediate epigenetic inheritance in the absence of other inputs3–7. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated histone H3 lysine 9 methylation (H3K9me) and heterochromatin formation define a potential epigenetic inheritance mechanism in which positive feedback involving short interfering RNA (siRNA) amplification can be directly coupled to histone PTM positive feedback8–14. However, it is not known whether the coupling of these two feedback loops can maintain epigenetic silencing independently of DNA sequence and in the absence of enabling mutations that disrupt genome-wide chromatin structure or transcription15–17. Here, using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we show that siRNA-induced H3K9me and silencing of a euchromatic gene can be epigenetically inherited in cis during multiple mitotic and meiotic cell divisions in wild-type cells. This inheritance involves the spreading of secondary siRNAs and H3K9me3 to the targeted gene and surrounding areas, and requires both RNAi and H3K9me, suggesting that the siRNA and H3K9me positive-feedback loops act synergistically to maintain silencing. By contrast, when maintained solely by histone PTM positive feedback, silencing is erased by H3K9 demethylation promoted by Epe1, or by interallelic interactions that occur after mating to cells containing an expressed allele even in the absence of Epe1. These findings demonstrate that the RNAi machinery can mediate transgenerational epigenetic inheritance independently of DNA sequence or enabling mutations, and reveal a role for the coupling of the siRNA and H3K9me positive-feedback loops in the protection of epigenetic alleles from erasure. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, histone H3K9 methylation acts synergistically with short interfering RNA to perpetuate gene silencing during multiple mitotic and meiotic cell divisions.
Economic, Human, and Natural, Resources to Support Changes that Improve the Quality of Life for Existing and Future Urban Dwellers

The rehabilitation/redevelopment of urban centers is costly and once begun will take several years to accomplish. It is most efficiently completed in stages by discreet neighborhoods within a city and by prioritized need in adjoining shantytowns/slums. The time to start a renewal process is now as pressures from growing populations increase daily as evidenced by the demographic projection that the 2018 city population of ~4 billion people will rise to 6.9 billion by 2050 fueled as already noted by births, rural citizen in-migration, and sometimes immigration. Today, as previously stated, there are scores of millions of people living in shantytowns/slums in developing and less developed nations especially in Asia and Africa, but also in South America. For most people living in these squalid conditions, basic needs for a reasonably good quality of life are not being provided. What can be expected in terms of social stability as years pass to 2050 and beyond? Restless masses demanding change are a likely answer if indeed municipalities and nations do not show progress to a better life by steadily improving delivery of basic needs to citizens as each year passes. Progress begins slowly with small but real improvements in living conditions in shantytowns/slums by providing basic services that contribute to good public health (safe water, access to adequate sanitation, and regular garbage collection).
Forecasting the Coastal Optical Properties Using Satellite Ocean Color

Satellite ocean color has been providing a monitoring capability for bio-optical properties along the coastal line using several ocean color sensors for a number of years. Applications of these data for coastal managers and researchers are limited by coverage and the ability to “forecast” the changing conditions. We examine the capability to couple satellite bio-optical properties with physical forecast circulation models to provide a “real-time” prediction of 24 h bio-optical distribution along coastal regions. A real-time and long term evaluation of the optical forecast is assessed by comparison with the next day imagery. The forecast is based on eulerian advection which does not account for biological and optical degradation and growth processes. However, for near real-time (∼24 h) coastal applications, this assumption appears valid and provides a new capability for planning and coastal management.
The 1985 Binkhorst Lecture: Ultraviolet-absorbing chromophores: Chemical and ultraviolet transmission characteristics

Intraocular lenses containing an ultraviolet chromophore, representing the products of seven manufacturers, were analyzed for chemical and ultraviolet transmission characteristics and the results are reported. The clinical use of this type of intraocular lens and the absence of any long-term safety data are discussed.
Abstract WP269: Induced Harking: Selective Reporting Bias After Changes in Instructions for Preparing Abstracts for the International Stroke Conference

Background: Irreproducibility is a systemic problem in medical research, affecting 75-89% of major reported findings. An important cause of irreproducibility is hypothesizing after the results are known (HARKing): presenting a post hoc hypothesis according with findings as if it were a confirmed a priori hypothesis. Meeting abstract instructions may deter or encourage HARKing. Hypothesis: Compared with abstract instructions NOT indicating a "hypothesis" should be stated, instructions indicating THAT a "hypothesis" should be stated will increase the proportion of abstracts judged by field content experts to exhibit HARKing. Methods: We analyzed purposefully random-sampled abstracts from 3 ISC meeting years with highly forceful (2015), moderately forceful (2017), and no (2013) requirements for statement of a “Hypothesis” in abstract preparation instructions, regardless of whether a hypothesis statement was appropriate (confirmatory science) or inappropriate (exploratory science). Results: The 153 abstracts,...
Keeping the learning going: using mobile technology to enhance learning transfer

Every year billions of dollars are spent on development aid and training around the world. Little attention is paid, however, to the sustainability of the various interventions. Some studies suggest that technology usage can serve as an effective post-learning intervention to enhance the transfer of learning. Currently, there is a limited body of research examining how best to follow up after an educational professional development program in Africa. This qualitative exploratory study sought to address the gap in education development policy by examining three schools in Ghana, West Africa. This study helps increase our understanding of how technology can promote learning transfer in marginalized communities. It also provides suggestions for trainers and practitioners and offers a tentative model of learning transfer. Findings indicate that the use of group texting via WhatsApp helped training participants implement new knowledge in their schools. Participants reported that the mobile technology intervention assisted peer learning, increased participants’ motivation, reminded them of the training content and allowed them to network.
An Output Feedback MRAC Scheme for Three-phase Grid-Connected Inverters in Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems

This paper studies output tracking control of three-phase grid-connected systems with parameter uncertainties. An output feedback model reference adaptive control (MRAC) scheme is employed to achieve three main goals: (i) the asymptotic output tracking of a time-varying reference signal, (ii) the asymptotic rejection of a practical class of unknown high-order harmonic signal disturbances, and (iii) a large reduction of signal measurements for control implementation. Control design conditions are verified for the PV system model, and the MRAC based disturbance rejection scheme is derived. Desired system performance is verified by simulation results. This study shows potential advantages of using adaptive control techniques for PV inverter systems.
UNDERSTANDING THE CHALLENGES, NEEDS, AND QUALITIES OF FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA FAMILY CAREGIVERS

Introduction Caregivers of persons with frontotemporal disorders (FTD) have unique challenges and needs. They show higher levels of stress, depression, and burden than those caring for persons with Alzheimer's disease. The clinical profiles and pathologies associated with FTD are heterogeneous and characterized by two main phenotypes: a progressive deterioration in behavior, emotion, and interpersonal conduct known as behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) and a decline in language skills known as primary progressive aphasia (PPA). While there is abundant literature regarding the experience of caregiving for persons with AD, there are very few studies examining the experience of caring for persons with FTD and none that have compared behavior and language variant caregivers. Methods Caregivers of persons with bvFTD (Indiana University) and PPA (Northwestern University) were invited to participate in in-depth individual interviews to understand the nature of living with FTD from early symptoms to diagnosis and caregiving over time. 9 caregivers (5 bvFTD and 4 PPA) were interviewed. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Transcripts underwent content analysis for emerging themes within the same profile and then discussed among authors for similarities and differences between profiles. Results Analysis revealed the following resulting themes: 1) Obtaining an accurate diagnosis was a difficult and lengthy process; 2) Finding lack of available information and misunderstanding the diagnosis; 3) Adapting to changing roles; 3) Experiencing significant financial and legal challenges; 4) Grieving losses, particularly developmentally non-normative losses due to younger age of onset; 5) Finding lack of disease specific services and knowledgeable providers; and 6) Receiving support in disease specific programs. Within these common general themes, there were differences in how disease presentations impacted functioning and challenged relationships. Conclusions Caregivers of persons with FTD experience distinctive challenges that involve psychosocial, financial, and legal aspects of their lives. Likewise, their needs include finding accurate and specific information as well as competent providers. Perseverance and adaptability are two key qualities involved in caring for persons with FTD, yet caregiver burden remains high. The findings from these interviews illuminate the need for greater attention and support for FTD caregivers by knowledgeable care providers. This research was funded by Not applicable.
Modeling the Recording of Intraneural Action Potentials with Microelectrodes Using FEM and Point-Source Methods

To better serve the demands of the amputee population, there is a need to increase the number of independent channels of motor-control and sensory-feedback information used with prosthetic limbs. As a result, there is a drive to increase the number of channels in intraneural peripheral-nerve interfaces. Computational modeling can inform efforts to improve the design of neural interfaces. We compare two coupled modeling methodologies for recording action potentials using a biophysical model tuned for recording in mammalian motor nerve fibers: the analytical point-source model and a finite-element-method (FEM) reciprocity model. After assessing the size of the model space needed for high accuracy, the two methods are compared. Results show the models agree well and reveal the effect of electrode size, fiber-electrode separation, and fiber diameter on recorded action potentials.
Dialogue Act Sequence Labeling Using Hierarchical Encoder With CRF.

Dialogue Act recognition associate dialogue acts (i.e., semantic labels) to utterances in a conversation. The problem of associating semantic labels to utterances can be treated as a sequence labeling problem. In this work, we build a hierarchical recurrent neural network using bidirectional LSTM as a base unit and the conditional random field (CRF) as the top layer to classify each utterance into its corresponding dialogue act. The hierarchical network learns representations at multiple levels, i.e., word level, utterance level, and conversation level. The conversation level representations are input to the CRF layer, which takes into account not only all previous utterances but also their dialogue acts, thus modeling the dependency among both, labels and utterances, an important consideration of natural dialogue. We validate our approach on two different benchmark data sets, Switchboard and Meeting Recorder Dialogue Act, and show performance improvement over the state-of-the-art methods by 2.2% and 4.1% absolute points, respectively. It is worth noting that the inter-annotator agreement on Switchboard data set is 84%, and our method is able to achieve the accuracy of about 79% despite being trained on the noisy data.
Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary inflammation in critically ill patients: The role of inflammatory biomarkers.

Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary inflammation in critically ill patients: The role of inflammatory biomarkers
Indigenous health care initiatives in Brazil.

The CMAJ Analysis article by Allen and colleagues[1][1] has shown the disparity in health access between Indigenous Peoples and the general population in Canada. In a review of the literature from Brazil on this topic, we find a similar situation: the predominantly biomedical approach does not
Pathology in practice: urolithiasis.

Abstract : A young adult male Hartley guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) weighing 197 g (0.43 lb) was evaluated at the Comparative Pathology Branch, US Army medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, Md, for a complete necropsy following sudden death; it had been observed alive approximately 1 hour earlier. The guinea pig, originally assigned to an active neurobehavior research protocol, was not used for that study because of low weight and poor growth.
Arterial Thrombotic Complications of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

Abnormal expression or function of several classes of kinases contribute to the development of many types of solid and hematologic malignancies. TKs (tyrosine kinases) in particular play a role in ...
Anatomy of the Superficial Face: Muscles of Face and Scalp, Superficial Vessels and Nerves, Major Salivary Glands

This chapter describes the muscles of facial expression and their function. All receive motor innervation from the facial nerve. The superficial motor nerves to the muscles of facial expression from the facial nerve (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical branches, and the posterior auricular nerve) are described. The sensory nerves to the face (branches of each of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve or cervical nerves) are delineated. Superficial areas where nerves and blood vessels can be located are indicated. The parotid gland is the largest of the major salivary glands lying superficial to and behind the posterior mandible and anterior to the external auditory meatus. The submandibular gland is inferior and medial to the mandible. The sublingual gland is in the floor of the mouth. The various important functions of saliva are explained.
Effect of oral calcium bolus supplementation on rumination and activity patterns in early lactation dairy cows

Subclinical hypocalcemia occurs frequently in multiparous dairy cattle during early lactation. Calcium supplements are widely used in an attempt to mitigate the substantial negative effects of subclinical hypocalcemia on health and production. Cows with subclinical hypocalcemia spend less time ruminating than normocalcemic cows. The objective of this study was to determine whether oral supplementation of calcium at calving and 12 h after calving was associated with changes in rumination or activity patterns in multiparous Holstein cows. Our hypothesis was that cows supplemented with oral calcium at calving would spend more time ruminating and have altered activity compared with unsupplemented cows during early lactation.