cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A functional approach to explanation-seeking curiosity.

Abstract Why do some (and only some) observations prompt people to ask “why?” We propose a functional approach to “Explanation-Seeking Curiosity” (ESC): the state that motivates people to seek an explanation. If ESC tends to prompt explanation search when doing so is likely to be beneficial, we can use prior work on the functional consequences of explanation search to derive “forward-looking” candidate triggers of ESC—those that concern expectations about the downstream consequences of pursuing explanation search. Across three studies (N = 867), we test hypotheses derived from this functional approach. In Studies 1–3, we find that ESC is most strongly predicted by expectations about future learning and future utility. We also find that judgments of novelty, surprise, and information gap predict ESC, consistent with prior work on curiosity; however, the role for forward-looking considerations is not reducible to these factors. In Studies 2–3, we find that predictors of ESC form three clusters, expectations about learning (about the target of explanation), expectations about export (to other cases and future contexts), and backward-looking considerations (having to do with the relationship between the target of explanation and prior knowledge). Additionally, these clusters are consistent across stimulus sets that probe ESC, but not fact-seeking curiosity. These findings suggest that explanation-seeking curiosity is aroused in a systematic way, and that people are not only sensitive to the match or mismatch between a given stimulus and their current or former beliefs, but to how they expect an explanation for that stimulus to improve their epistemic state.
Midbrain dopamine neurons encode internal effort signal

Abstract Midbrain dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) play a central role in both positive and negative motivation. As motivation and effort are intrinsically connected, we asked how the VTA dopamine neurons may also process internally driven effort signal. We designed two novel jumping tasks, the reward- and escape-motivated jumps, and revealed that the VTA dopamine neurons exhibit an effort-correlated activation during both jumping behaviors.
Beyond algorithmic reformism: Forward engineering the designs of algorithmic systems:

This article develops a method for investigating the consequences of algorithmic systems according to the documents that specify their design constrains. As opposed to reverse engineering algorithm...
Exercise for Assimilation: Physical Culture for Indigenous Girls and Women

This chapter explores three snapshots of ambivalence toward physical culture programs in government-run boarding schools for indigenous students during the Progressive Era with an in-depth look at the physical education component within the boarding school curriculum as well as performances at the Model Indian School at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis. At this particular site, the practice in the schools themselves seemed almost nonexistent. Despite the lack of physical culture training in most of these schools, school leaders and the Bureau of Indian Affairs nonetheless utilized physical culture performance in order to demonstrate how well the schools assimilated Native students into practices of whiteness. Physical culture circulated as a spectacular popular performance form with its own conventions and production design and could therefore be easily and readily replicated as performance, as happened at the Model Indian School. Consequently, at least in this particular case, one could mount a physical culture exhibition without necessarily having an actual physical culture class that the performance represented. Thus, the absence of physical fitness programs for indigenous girls and women in reform institutions effectively denied their reproductive potential and in so doing prevented them from becoming legible as US citizens while simultaneously claiming to do the opposite.
Machine learning the Hubbard U parameter in DFT+U using Bayesian optimization

Within density functional theory (DFT), adding a Hubbard U correction can mitigate some of the deficiencies of local and semi-local exchange-correlation functionals, while maintaining computational efficiency. However, the accuracy of DFT+U largely depends on the chosen Hubbard U values. We propose an approach to determining the optimal U parameters for a given material by machine learning. The Bayesian optimization (BO) algorithm is used with an objective function formulated to reproduce the band structures produced by more accurate hybrid functionals. This approach is demonstrated for transition metal oxides, europium chalcogenides, and narrow-gap semiconductors. The band structures obtained using the BO U values are in agreement with hybrid functional results. Additionally, comparison to the linear response (LR) approach to determining U demonstrates that the BO method is superior.
Transmission Potential of Zika Virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Ae. mediovittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations From Puerto Rico

Recurrence of local transmission of Zika virus in Puerto Rico is a major public health risk to the United States, where mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes mediovittatus (Coquillett) are abundant. To determine the extent to which Ae. mediovittatus are capable of transmitting Zika virus and the influence of viremia, we evaluated infection and transmission in Ae. mediovittatus and Ae. aegypti from Puerto Rico using serial dilutions of infectious blood. Higher doses of infectious blood resulted in greater infection rates in both mosquitoes. Aedes aegypti females were up to twice as susceptible to infection than Ae. mediovittatus, indicating a more effective midgut infection barrier in the latter mosquito species. Aedes aegypti exhibited higher disseminated infection (40–95%) than Ae. mediovittatus (<5%), suggesting a substantial midgut escape barrier in Ae. mediovittatus. For Ae. aegypti, transmission rates were low over a range of doses of Zika virus ingested, suggesting substantial salivary gland barriers.
Pseudohypoglycemia: A Simple Approach to Complex Phenomenon

Background: Pseudohypoglycemia is a condition where the measured glucose level is falsely lower than the actual level. It can be due to impaired circulation or in vitro glycolysis. Clinical Case: Patient 1: A 58-year-old male with a past medical history of sickle cell trait was admitted for alcohol intoxication. Low blood glucose levels were found on finger stick point-of-care testing (POCT). Fasting and postprandial glucose levels were between 17 and 60 mg/dL. The patient was asymptomatic, alert with no tremor, palpitation, or sweating. Glucose POCT was repeated from the earlobe each time a low finger stick level was found, showing normal glucose levels ranging between 85 to 115 mg/dL, confirmed with venous blood glucose measurement. On examination, the patient had mild skin thickening of the hands, with no acrocyanosis, calcinosis, or finger ulceration—normal peripheral pulses with no signs of heart failure. Lab results showed macrocytic anemia, otherwise normal metabolic panel. ANA, anti-Scl-70, and anticentromere antibodies were negative. Patient 2: A 91-year-old female admitted for decompensated heart failure was incidentally found to have fasting glucose levels on finger stick POCT ranging between 30–50 mg/dL. Postprandial glucose on finger stick POCT was ranging between 55–120 mg/dL. Venous glucose levels were ranging between 90 and 180 mg/dL. The patient was alert and asymptomatic. Examination showed bilateral acrocyanosis, poor peripheral circulation with capillary refill > 5 seconds, pitting pedal edema, elevated JVP, and crackles on chest auscultation. Labs showed BNP levels of 1130 pg/mL (n < 100 pg/mL), with ejection fraction of about 35% on echocardiography. Heart failure management was optimized, and warming of the hands with blankets improved peripheral circulation, with capillary refill < 2 seconds, and resolution of cyanosis coinciding with matching of finger stick POCT glucose levels to that of venous blood. Both patients were asymptomatic at the time of low POCT glucose and thus did not fulfill Whipple’s triad (measured hypoglycemia, symptomatic, a reversal of symptoms on glucose administration). Furthermore, they had no history of diabetes or the use of any hypoglycemic agents. Thus, normal venous blood glucose levels documented at the time of low POCT glucose lead to a diagnosis of pseudohypoglycemia. The etiology in patient 1 was likely due to peripheral vascular disease. In patient 2, the cause was likely due to congestive heart failure, with poor peripheral perfusion. Clinical Lesson: Low glucose levels are frequently encountered in clinical practice. It is essential to check if the non-diabetic patient is symptomatic or not. It is worth checking glucose levels from other sites in asymptomatic patients who do not fulfill Whipple’s triad before preceding into an elaborate hypoglycemia work-up.
Horse racing and British society in the long 18th century: by Mike Huggins, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2018, 326 pp., £60.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-78327-318-8

Horse racing as it developed three hundred years ago in England not only influenced the eighteenth-century world of politics and culture but reached forward to shape the global sport as practised t...
Reactivities of the Front Pocket N-Cap Cysteines in Human Kinases

Abstract Discovery of targeted covalent inhibitors directed at nucleophilic cysteines is attracting enormous interest. The front pocket (FP) N-cap cysteine has been the most popular site of covalent modification in kinases. Curiously, a long-standing hypothesis associates the N-cap position with cysteine hyper-reactivity; however, traditional computational methods suggest that the FP N-cap cysteines in all human kinases are predominantly unreactive at physiological pH. Here we applied a newly developed GPU-accelerated continuous constant pH molecular dynamics (CpHMD) tool to test the N-cap hypothesis and elucidate the cysteine reactivities. Simulations showed that the N-cap cysteines in BTK/BMX/TEC/ITK/TXK, JAK3, and MKK7 sample the reactive thiolate form to varying degrees at physiological pH; however, those in BLK and EGFR/ERBB2/ERBB4 which contain an Asp at the N-cap+3 position adopt the unreactive thiol form. The latter argues in favor of the base-assisted thiol-Michael addition mechanisms as suggested by the quantum mechanical calculations and experimental structure-function studies of EGFR inhibitors. Analysis revealed that the reactive N-cap cysteines are stabilized by hydrogen bond as well as electrostatic interactions, and in their absence a N-cap cysteine is unreactive due to desolvation. To test a corollary of the N-cap hypothesis, we also examined the reactivities of the FP N-cap+2 cysteines in JNK1/JNK2/JNK3 and CASK. Additionally, our simulations predicted the reactive cysteine and lysine locations in all 15 kinases. Our findings offer a systematic understanding of cysteine reactivities in kinases and demonstrate the predictive power and physical insights CpHMD can provide to guide the rational design of targeted covalent inhibitors.
Genetic models of latent tuberculosis in mice reveal differential influence of adaptive immunity

Studying latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection has been limited by the lack of a suitable mouse model. We discovered that transient depletion of biotin protein ligase (BPL) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxB2) results in latent infections during which Mtb cannot be detected but that relapse in a subset of mice. The immune requirements for Mtb control during latency, and the frequency of relapse, were strikingly different depending on how latency was established. TrxB2 depletion resulted in a latent infection that required adaptive immunity for control and reactivated with high frequency, whereas latent infection after BPL depletion was independent of adaptive immunity and rarely reactivated. We identified immune signatures of T cells indicative of relapse and demonstrated that BCG vaccination failed to protect mice from TB relapse. These reproducible genetic latency models allow investigation of the host immunological determinants that control the latent state and offer opportunities to evaluate therapeutic strategies in settings that mimic aspects of latency and TB relapse in humans.
Virtual Ophthalmology Fellowship Interviews: Perceptions of U.S. Ophthalmology Fellowship Applicants in 2020

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the experiences and preferences of ophthalmology fellowship applicants utilizing a virtual interview format. Design Present study is a cross-sectional study. Subjects All fellowship applicants to Wills Eye Hospital during 2020 to 2021 application cycle were included. Methods A nonvalidated, online survey was conducted, and surveys were distributed at the conclusion of the interview process after rank list submission. Main Outcome Measures Applicant demographics, application submissions, interview experiences, financial considerations, and suggestions for improvement of the virtual interview process were the primary outcomes of this cross-sectional study. Results Survey responses were received from 68 fellowship applicants (34% response rate). Thirty (44%) applicants preferred in-person interviews, 25 (36%) preferred virtual interviews, and 13 (19%) would like to prefer the option to choose either. Fifty-five of 68 (80%) applicants attended the same range of interviews for which they received interview invitations. Reduced costs were reported as the highest ranked strength of virtual interviews in 44 (65%) applicants, with a majority of respondents (68%) spending less than U.S. $250 throughout the entire process. The highest ranked limitation for virtual interviews was limited exposure to the culture/environment of the program in 20 (29%) respondents. On a scale of 0 to 100, the mean (standard deviation [SD]) satisfaction level with the fellowship application process was 74.6 (18.3) and mean (SD) perceived effectiveness levels of virtual interviews was 67.4 (20.4). Conclusion Respondents were generally satisfied with virtual interviews and noted reduced costs and increased ability to attend more fellowship interviews as the strengths of the virtual interview format. Limited exposure to the culture/environment of the program was cited as the most important limitation.
Antiobesity drug therapy.

To the Editor : The article by Mauer et al[1][1] in the August issue is an excellent and comprehensive review of antiobesity pharmacologic therapy. The authors twice mention the positive impact of antiobesity medications in reducing blood pressure. I wish to highlight that the pre-semaglutide trials
Experimental Law and Economics

This entry reviews experimental economics research relevant to law and economics. The introduction includes a brief discussion of experimental methodology and a survey of the categories of experiments relevant to law and economics, with citations to other reviews and compilations. The entry then reviews two series of economics experiments particularly important to law: those relating to the Coase theorem and those relating to pre-trial bargaining and settlement.
Single versus bilateral lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A ten-year institutional experience☆☆☆

Abstract Objective: Between July 1988 and July 1998, we performed 433 lung transplants. Forty-five patients had idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and operations for these patients included 32 single lung transplants and 13 bilateral sequential lung transplants. This study reviews this experience and compares single lung transplantation and bilateral lung transplantation for pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: We performed a retrospective review, including inpatient hospital charts, outpatient clinic records, and telephone contact with patients to verify current health status. Results: Perioperative mortality was 4 (8.9%) patients. One patient underwent redo bilateral lung transplantation for reperfusion injury and graft failure after single lung transplantation. The median hospitalization was 22 days. Actuarial survival at 1 and 5 years was 75.5% and 53.5%, respectively, which was not significantly different from our survival for all recipients (85.5% and 56.4%, respectively). Seventeen (41%) of 41 operative survivors have died. Late causes of death included obliterative bronchiolitis with respiratory failure (9), malignancy (3), and cytomegalovirus pneumonitis (2). Hospital mortality was 3 (9.4%) of 32 after single lung transplantation and 1 (7.7%) of 13 after bilateral lung transplantation. There was no difference between single and bilateral lung transplantation with regard to hospital stay. Four (12.5%) of the 32 patients undergoing single lung transplantation required tracheostomy, whereas 3 (23%) of 13 recipients undergoing bilateral lung transplantation required tracheostomy. Conclusion: Single or bilateral lung transplantations offer viable therapy for patients with pulmonary fibrosis. We demonstrate no benefit of bilateral over single lung transplantation for patients with this diagnosis. Survival after transplantation appears better than that of historic control subjects receiving standard medical care at other institutions. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:99-107)
Biosynthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate III. FORMATION OF A SULFATED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN WITH A MICROSOMAL PREPARATION FROM CHICK EMBRYO CARTILAGE

Abstract A microsomal preparation from chick embryo epiphyseal cartilage previously has been shown to catalyze the formation of chondroitin and to catalyze the incorporation of sulfate-35S into endogenous microsomal chondroitin sulfate. This same preparation has now been shown to catalyze the new formation of chondroitin-14C sulfate. This formation requires the addition of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate as well as uridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine and uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid-14C to the reaction mixture. The final products, which appear to be a mixture of approximately 25% chondroitin sulfate and 75% chondroitin, remain bound to the microsomal preparation. It is suggested that the polysaccharide polymerization and sulfation to form chondroitin sulfate take place in close proximity in the cell.
Tumor microenvironment and nanotherapeutics

Recent studies delineate a predominant role for the tumor microenvironment in tumor growth and progression. Improved knowledge of cancer biology and investigation of the complex functional interrelation between the cellular and noncellular compartments of the tumor microenvironment have provided an ideal platform for the evolution of novel cancer nanotherapies. In addition, multifunctional “smart” nanoparticles carrying imaging agents and delivering multiple drugs targeted preferentially to the tumor/tumor microenvironment will lead to early diagnosis and better treatment for patients with cancer. The emerging knowledge of the tumor microenvironment has enabled rational designing of nanoparticles for combinatorial treatment strategies that include radiotherapy, antiangiogenesis and chemotherapy. This multimodality approach is thus expected to achieve therapeutic efficacy and enhance the quality of life of cancer patients. This review highlights the unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment that are exploited by nanotechnology to develop novel drug delivery systems aimed to target the tumor/tumor microenvironment.
Comparison of the Nutritive Values of L-, DL- and D-Tryptophan in the Rat and Chick

Experiments were designed to compare the nutritive values of L-, DL- and D-tryptophan in rats and chicks. Growing rats and chicks were fed for 19 and 21 days, respectively, diets containing amino acid mixtures with graded levels of either L-, DL- or D-tryptophan so that the regression of weight gain or protein retention on tryptophan intake could be established. After the end of the experiments, plasma free L-tryptophan was estimated by a microbiological method. The nutritive values of DL- and D-tryptophan relative to the L-isomer were 47 and 21%, respectively in chicks and close to 100% in rats. In chicks, plasma free L-tryptophan concentration increased with the increase of L- and DL-tryptophan levels in the diet, but remained at a low level regardless of the D-tryptophan level in the diet. In rats, however, a good correlation was observed between plasma free L-tryptophan and tryptophan level in the diet.
Calibration, Algorithms in

This article has no abstract. Keywords: multiple chemicals; principal components regression; partial least squares; simulated annealing; genetic algorithm; artificial neural networks; optimization; source apportionment; receptor modeling
Pyrrolidine, Piperidine, and Pyridine Alkaloids

There are only a few simple pyrrolidine alkaloids found in nature, although pyrrolidine (or pyrrole) rings combined into larger structures are relatively common (e.g., in the indole alkaloids). Methylated derivatives of proline or hydroxyproline could be called alkaloids but are here placed with protoalkaloids in Chapter 2; β-methylpyrroline is considered with the terpenoid alkaloids in Chapter 13.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT OF TIRE MATERIALS

The interest in improving vehicle fuel economy has prompted the development of a computer model to predict the power loss of a rolling tire. This model will allow rapid evaluation of the effects of various tire geometric and materials properties on the tire power loss. This work describes method of measuring the thermal conductivity of tire materials, which is just one of the data based inputs required by the model.
Properties of Newtonian Potentials at Points of Free Space

So far, we have studied potentials arising from given distributions of matter. But in many problems, the distribution is not known, and the potential must be determined by means of other data. Thus in higher geodesy, very little is known of the distribution of the masses except at the surface. But the forces can be measured on the surface, and from these the potential can be determined, approximately, at least. In order to solve problems given in terms of data other than the distribution of acting matter, we need more information on the properties of potentials. We first consider such properties at points exterior to the regions occupied by the distributions. Such points are called points of free space.
Visual feature selection for GP-based localization using an omnidirectional camera

This paper considers visual feature selection and its regression to estimate the position of a vehicle using an omnidirectional camera. The Gaussian process (GP)-based localization builds on a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) with a GP regression from optimally selected visual features. In particular, the collection of selected features over a surveillance region is modeled by a multivariate GP with unknown hyperparameters. The hyperparameters are identified through the learning process as the corresponding MLEs and they are used for prediction in an empirical Bayes fashion. To select features, we apply a backward sequential elimination technique in order to improve the quality of the position estimation with reduced number of features for efficient GP-based localization. The excellent results of the proposed algorithm from the real-world outdoor experimental study are illustrated using different visual features.
Low levels of KATP channel activation decrease excitability and contractility of urinary bladder

Activation of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels can regulate smooth muscle function through membrane potential hyperpolarization. A critical issue in understanding the role of KATP channels i...
A Model for Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreaks in an Age-Structured Forest: Predicting Severity and Outbreak-Recovery Cycle Period

The mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae), a tree-killing bark beetle, has historically been part of the normal disturbance regime in lodgepole pine(Pinuscontorta)forests. Inrecentyears,warmwintersandsummershaveallowed MPB populations to achieve synchronous emergence and successful attacks, result- ing in widespread population outbreaks and resultant tree mortality across western North America. We develop an age-structured forest demographic model that incor- porates temperature-dependent MPB infestations. Stability of fixed points is analyzed as a function of (thermally controlled) MPB population growth rates and indicates the existence of periodic outbreaks that intensify as growth rates increase. We devise analytical methods to predict outbreak severity and duration as well as outbreak return time. After incorporating a spatial aspect and controlling initial stand demographic variation, the model predicts cycle periods that fall within observed outbreak return time ranges. To assess future MPB impact on forests, we use climate model pro- jected temperatures with our model-based approximation methods to predict potential severity of future outbreaks that reflect the effects of changing climate.
Who's Afraid of the Spoofer? GPS/GNSS Spoofing Detection via Automatic Gain Control (AGC)

The idea of Global Positioning System (GPS)/Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) “spoofing,” or the ability to mislead a satellite navigation receiver into establishing a position or time fix which is incorrect, has been gaining attention as spoofing has become more sophisticated. Various techniques have been proposed to enable detection if a receiver is being spoofed – with varying degrees of success and computational complexity. In this paper, a monitor in the Radio Frequency (RF) front end using the automatic gain control (AGC) mechanism is outlined. It has low computational complexity and is an extremely powerful means to detect spoofing, making spoofing no more of a threat than the much less sophisticated radio frequency interference/jamming. The technique is validated using live testing. Copyright © 2012 Institute of Navigation.
Alternative methods for testing radiochemical purity of 111In-pentetreotide

2113 Objectives The SepPak® method for testing 111In-pentetreotide radiochemical purity (RCP) involves expensive supplies, excess radiation exposure, and is time consuming. Although there is a published ITLC-SG method, the production of ITLC-SG strips has been discontinued. The purpose of this study was to develop an alternative method using ITLC-SA paper. Methods Both ITLC-SA and ITLC-SG alternatives were compared with the standard SepPak® method. Both ITLC methods consisted of 0.7 x 6.0 cm sized chromatography strips, 0.9% NaCl as the mobile phase, and 0.05 M DTPA as the chelator for free 111InCl. Kits were reconstituted according to the package insert which requires a RCP minimum of 90%. 111InCl was added to create trials with RCP values below the accepted value of 90% purity in order to evaluate the sensitivity of the alternative methods. Assessment of the two alternative methods consisted of estimating their test-retest variability and their agreement of 90% purity with the standard method. Results A total of 6 experiments were conducted with 5 replications resulting in 30 individual trials of each alternative method. The test-retest variability of the ITLC-SA method was 0.84 and had perfect agreement (100%) with the SepPak® method in determining if 111In-pentetreotide was above or below the acceptable RCP level. For the ITLC-SG method, however, the test-retest variability was 2.95 and the agreement was only 83%. All of the disagreement for the ITLC-SG method was a result of rejecting samples that were deemed acceptable by the SepPak® method. Conclusions ITLC-SA chromatography has smaller test-retest variability in comparison to ITLC-SG system. The agreement between SepPak® and ITLC-SA methods was also higher than that between SepPak® and ITLC-SG methods, but more trials below the critical 90% purity level are needed. ITLC-SA paper is readily available and could serve as a viable alternative RCP testing method for 111In-pentetreotide
Public Disclosure, Reputation Sensitivity, and Labor Law Compliance: Evidence from Better Factories Cambodia

Public disclosure of labor conditions has been suggested as one way to encourage compliance with labor law and improvements in working conditions. Analyzing labor law compliance data in the apparel industry from Better Factories Cambodia, this paper finds that after the elimination of public disclosure of factory-level noncompliance the rate of increase in compliance slowed,but did not return to the baseline, even in the absence of a reputation sensitive buyer.
Dyskeratosis congenita: a combined immunodeficiency with broad clinical spectrum: a single-center pediatric experience

To cite this article: Jyonouchi S, Forbes L, Ruchelli E, Sullivan KE. Dyskeratosis congenita: a combined immunodeficiency with broad clinical spectrum – a single-center pediatric experience. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 313–319. Abstract Background: Dyskeratosis Congenita (DKC) is a syndrome characterized by immunodeficiency, bone marrow failure, somatic abnormalities, and cancer predisposition resulting from defective telomere maintenance. The immunologic features of DKC remain under diagnosed and under treated despite the fact that immunodeficiency is a major cause of premature mortality in DKC. Methods: This study undertook a retrospective review of 7 DKC patients diagnosed at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. In parallel, we reviewed previously reported immunologic findings in DKC patients. Results: Immunologic abnormalities (lymphopenia, low B-cell numbers, hypogammaglobulinemia, and decreased T-cell function) were the most frequent laboratory findings at initial presentation, preceding the development of significant anemia or thrombocytopenia. Recurrent sinopulmonary or opportunistic infections were present in 6/7 patients. Infant-onset patients had more severe immunologic and somatic features (particularly severe enteropathy). Conclusion: In DKC, development of immunologic abnormalities can precede bone marrow failure, highlighting the importance of proper immunodeficiency management to minimize morbidity and premature mortality in this disease.
Faculty ratings of retention strategies for minority nursing students.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate a) the types of retention strategies used by undergraduate nursing programs for the purpose of retaining minority students, b) the rated effectiveness of the strategies, as identified by faculty in those programs, and c) whether there is a relationship between strategies rated as effective and the type of nursing program, baccalaureate (BSN) or associate (AD) degree. Administrator-selected faculty from randomly sampled BSN and AD nursing programs within a 16-state area of the southeastern United States were asked to respond to an online survey regarding the use and effectiveness of retention strategies selected from the literature. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests for association were used to analyze the data. Of the 14 strategies included in this analysis, faculty availability and timely feedback on tests and clinical performances were used by all undergraduate programs. Organized study groups and peer mentoring were the least used strategi...
Insider trading regulation in Japan

The U.S.-controlled occupation imposed on Japan in the late 1940s an American-style securities statute. The U.S. statute did not ban insider trading at the time, and neither did the new Japanese law. Not until the 1960s did U.S. prosecutors and judges start to criminalize insider trading. Their Japanese counterparts did not follow their lead, and as of the mid-1980s had left insider trading largely unpoliced.In 1988, the Japanese Diet banned and criminalized insider trading. Rather than use a vague rule like 10b-5, it carefully specified which investors, which trades, and which contexts would trigger the ban. In 2004, it added an administrative surcharge regime.Commentators in Japan ostensibly urged the Diet to adopt the bill because they hoped to restore investor confidence in the stock market. If the ban restored investor confidence, it did not show. Shortly after the ban took effect, the Japanese stock market collapsed.
Mechanisms for fracture and fatigue-crack propagation in a bulk metallic glass

The fracture and fatigue properties of a newly developed bulk metallic glass alloy, Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5 Ni10Be22.5 (at. pct), have been examined. Experimental measurements using conventional fatigue precracked compact-tension C(T) specimens (∼7-mm thick) indicated that the fully amorphous alloy has a plane-strain fracture toughness comparable to polycrystalline aluminum alloys. However, significant variability was observed and possible sources are identified. The fracture surfaces exhibited a vein morphology typical of metallic glasses, and, in some cases, evidence for local melting was observed. Attempts were made to rationalize the fracture toughness in terms of a previously developed micromechanical model based on the Taylor instability, as well as on the observation of extensive crack branching and deflection. Upon partial or complete crystallization, however, the alloy was severely embrittled, with toughnesses dropping to ∼1 MPa % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9vqpe0x% c9q8qqaqFn0dXdir-xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq-dir-f0-yqaqVe0xe9Fve9% Fve9qapdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaOaaaeaaie% aacaWFTbaaleqaaaaa!3A30! $$\sqrt m $$ . Commensurate with this drop in toughness was a marginal increase in hardness and a reduction in ductility (as measured via depthsensing indentation experiments). Under cyclic loading, crack-propagation behavior in the amorphous structure was similar to that observed in polycrystalline steel and aluminum alloys. Moreover, the crack-advance mechanism was associated with alternating blunting and resharpening of the crack tip. This was evidenced by striations on fatigue fracture surfaces. Conversely, the (unnotched) stress/life (S/N) properties were markedly different. Crack initiation and subsequent growth occurred quite readily, due to the lack of microstructural barriers that would normally provide local crack-arrest points. This resulted in a low fatigue limit of ∼4 pct of ultimate tensile strength.
Determination of density matrices of H(n = 3) atoms formed in charge transfer between protons and helium atoms

Abstract Fast hydrogen atoms are formed in charge transfer reactions between incident protons (60 keV) and helium atoms. The formed excited hydrogen atoms are allowed to decay in the presence of externally applied electric fields which dramatically change the intensity and polarization of the emitted radiation. Balmer-alpha radiation emitted from a 7 mm long section of the proton beam is measured as a function of applied electric field strength using a precision polarimeter. Detailed analysis of the experiment in which the time evolution of the hydrogen atoms in the presence of external fields is calculated allows the extraction of the full, axially symmetric density matrix of the H(n = 3) atoms at the time of their production.
Profiles of Child Maltreatment Perpetrators and Risk for Fatal Assault: A Latent Class Analysis

This study examined characteristics and profiles of 196 child maltreatment perpetrators in Florida, including 126 who committed fatal assaults during 1999–2002. Results of logistic regression suggest that being a biologically unrelated caregiver is the strongest predictor of fatal child maltreatment. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to classify perpetrators, and three classes were identified: Biological Mothers with Health Problems, Male Perpetrators with Domestic Violence History, and Multiple-Problem Perpetrators. Results of LCA showed that compared to Biological Mothers with Health Problems, Multiple-Problem Perpetrators were seven times more likely and Male Perpetrators with Domestic Violence History were 12 times more likely to commit a fatal assault. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Hepatobiliary dysfunction and inhibition of adenosine triphosphatase activity of bile canaliculi-enriched fractions following in vivo mirex, photomirex, and chlordecone exposures*1

Abstract Hepatobiliary dysfunction was induced by dietary exposure of male Spraque-Dawley rats to mirex (M), photomirex (PM), or chlordecone (CD). The possible relationship to ATPase activities of a bile canaliculi-enriched fraction (BCEF) also was examined employing a dosing regimen which either did (100 ppm for 15 days) or did not impair (10 ppm for 15 days) hepatobiliary function. The 1-hr cumulative biliary excretion of phenolphthalein glucuronide was significantly inhibited by all of the organochlorine analogs at 100 ppm (38, 28, and 36%, by M, PM, and CD, respectively) while bile flow was significantly increased (1.98-, 1.86-, and 1.96-fold, respectively) in bile duct-cannulated, intact animal preparations. Animals treated at levels of 10 ppm were without similar effect. Oligomycin-insensitive Mg2+-ATPase (OI MATPase) represented the major ATPase activity of BCEF followed by oligomycin-sensitive MATPase and Na + K + -ATPase . A positive correlation (r = 0.91) was found between OI MATPase activity and biliary excretory function in control, M, and PM but not in CD-treated rats. This apparent disparity was due to “washing-out” of CD during membrane isolation because of its relatively high water solubility as suggested by the ratios of octanol:water partition coefficients of 20:1:0.6 for CD:M:PM. Liver:bile ratios observed for the organochlorines which approximate their octanol:water partition coefficients discount the possibility that competitive phenomena underlie hepatobiliary dysfunction produced by the chlorocarbon analogs studied. Instead, the hepatobiliary dysfunction may be more closely associated with the inhibition of BCEF ATPase activities.
Shrub Microsite Influences Post-Fire Perennial Grass Establishment

Woody plants can cause localized increases in resources (i.e., resource islands) that can persist after fire and create a heterogeneous environment for restoration. Others have found that subcanopies have increased soil organic matter, nitrogen, and carbon and elevated post-fire soil temperature. We tested the hypothesis that burned sagebrush subcanopies would have increased seedling establishment and performance of post-fire seeded perennial bunchgrasses compared to burned interspaces. We used a randomized complete block design with five study sites located in southeast Oregon. The area was burned in a wildfire (2007) and reseeded in the same year with a seed mix that included non-native and native perennial bunchgrasses. Seedling density, height, and reproductive status were measured in October 2008 in burned subcanopy and interspace microsites. Non-native perennial grasses had greater densities than native species (P , 0.001) and were six times more abundant in burned subcanopies compared to burned interspaces (P , 0.001). Density of natives in burned subcanopies was 24-fold higher than burned interspaces (P 5 0.043). Seedlings were taller in burned subcanopies compared to burned interspaces (P 5 0.001). Subcanopy microsites had more reproductive seedlings than interspace microsites (P , 0.001). Our results suggest that under the fire conditions examined in this study, pre-burn shrub cover may be important to post-fire restoration of perennial grasses. Determining the mechanisms responsible for increased seeding success in subcanopy microsites may suggest tactics that could be used to improve existing restoration technologies. Resumen
Identifying missed monitoring alerts based on unstructured incident tickets

Automatic system monitoring is an efficient and reliable mean for problem detection in enterprise IT infrastructures. The performance of monitoring systems depends on their configurations specified by the system administrators. In dynamic and large IT environments, the IT infrastructures are frequently changed to meet various business requirements, so the configurations may not be always consistent with the updated status. Misconfigurations can lead to false positive (false alarms) and false negative (missing alerts) for the system administrators. The false negatives can cause serious system faults. This paper presents an automatic approach for discovering the false negatives from incident tickets that are created by humans. The discovered results help the system administrators correct the misconfigurations and minimize the false negatives in future. This approach applies a text classification model for analyzing the descriptions of incident tickets and identifying the corresponding system issues. The domain knowledge for describing those issues can be incorporated to assist with this model. Experiments are conducted on real system incident tickets from a large enterprise IT infrastructure. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Algorithms for de novo peptide sequencing using tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract There is growing interest in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of proteins on a proteome-wide scale. Mass spectrometry plays an important role in the high-throughput study of proteomics. There have been two major advances in mass spectrometry technology: instrumental (including physiochemical) development, such as the development of chromatography, protein ionization and protein labeling technologies; and the development of computational algorithms for the analysis of mass spectra produced by mass spectrometers. In this review, we provide an overview of the development of computational algorithms for de novo peptide sequencing using tandem mass spectrometry.
The effects of feedback filtering on nasalization in normal and hypernasal speakers.

Two groups of subjects, one with normal speech and one with hypernasal speech, spoke while hearing their voices unfiltered, low-pass filtered with cut-off frequencies of 1000, 500, and 300 Hz and h...
“GOOD” NEIGHBORHOODS IN PORTLAND, OREGON: FOCUS ON BOTH SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS

ABSTRACT: We conduct an empirical investigation of the social environment of "good" neighborhoods in physical form in a model of the "compact city," Portland, Oregon and discuss the implications for design and evaluation of policies inspired by smart growth and new urbanist movements that focus on the urban form and transportation dimensions of neighborhoods, and of housing assistance policies designed to change the economic mix in neighborhoods. We conceptualize the physical and social dimensions of the "good" neighborhood environment and develop an approach to operationalization that uses publicly available data. Our findings indicate that for the most part, Portland has been successful in creating neighborhoods at several economic scales that feature not only the connectivity, accessibility, mixed land use, and access to public transit that characterize "good" neighborhoods from a physical perspective, but also a "good" social environment indicative of strong ties and collective efficacy. However, there are signs that in the process, Portland may be creating poverty areas that lack connectivity, accessibility, and access to public transit and a mix of destinations.
Radiochemical and Spectrometer Studies of Several Neutron-Deficient Zirconium Isotopes and Their Decay Products

Radioactive zirconium isotopes of mass number 90 have been prepared by bombardment of niobium with 100-Mev protons. These isotopes and their decay products have been extensively studied in the beta-ray spectrometer and by radiochemical methods. ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{87}$ is shown to be a 94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6-minute activity, emitting positrons of 2.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02-Mev energy and decaying into ${\mathrm{Y}}^{87m}$. Accompanying its 14-hour decay into ${\mathrm{Y}}^{87}$, ${\mathrm{Y}}^{87m}$ has a complex gamma-ray spectrum. The most prominent conversion electrons correspond to a 0.389\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004-Mev gamma-ray. ${\mathrm{Y}}^{87}$ decays by orbital electron capture into ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{87m}$ which decays by emission of a 0.394\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004-Mev gamma-ray with a 2.80\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 hour half-life into stable ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{87}$. ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{86}$ is a 17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2-hour orbital electron capturing isotope decaying into ${\mathrm{Y}}^{86}$, which in turn disintegrates into stable ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{86}$ with a half-life of 14.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 hours by the emission of positrons. This positron spectrum is complex, with two components of approximately equal intensity. The energies are 1.80\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 and 1.19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 Mev. The latter appears to have a forbidden Fermi-Kurie plot corresponding to a first-forbidden transition with a spin change of two units and a change of parity.The energy of the ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{89}$ positron is redetermined as 0.910\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010 Mev. Conversion electrons corresponding to previously unreported gamma-rays of energy 0.027, 0.396, 0.917, and 1.27 Mev are observed. Preliminary evidence for ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{88}$ is presented which indicates that this isotope decays, by the capture of orbital electrons with a half-life of the order of 150 days, into 105-day ${\mathrm{Y}}^{88}$. Conversion electrons of a 0.406-Mev gamma-ray are prominent in the decay of ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{88}$.
Daily Supplementation of Recommended Dose of Multivitamin Does Not Reduce the Frequency and Duration of Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Multivitamin therapy for recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Lalla RV, Choquette LE, et al. J Am Dent Assoc 2012;143(4):370-6. Reviewer Mabi Singh, DMD, MS Purpose/Question Does the daily supplementation of multivitamins reduce the frequency and duration of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS)? Source of Funding National Institutes of Health Grants M01R006192 and NIH K23DE016946, and The Patrick and Catherine Weldone Donaghue Medical Research Foundation Type of Study/Design Randomized controlled trial Level of Evidence Level 1: Good-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Richard Whately and the Revival of Logic in Nineteenth-Century England

ichard Whately's views on rhetoric and logic have been the focus of several studies.' In brief, Whately saw rhetoric as dependent on logic in the same sense that content is de­ pendent on form, or a buUding's walls on the foundation beneath. As Whately wrote in an early unpublished manuscript, "Logic fur­ nishes only the framework—the bare skeleton, as it were, of your argument, the flesh and skin must be laid on afterwards. This skeleton need not be kept exposed to sight, but it is of the first con­ sequence that it should be accurately constructed."^ To help insure
Tissue transglutaminase contributes to disease progression in the R6/2 Huntington's disease mouse model via aggregate-independent mechanisms.

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expansion of CAG repeats within the huntingtin gene and is characterized by intraneuronal mutant huntingtin protein aggregates. In order to determine the role of tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in HD aggregate formation and disease progression, we cross-bred the R6/2 HD mouse model with a tTG knockout mouse line. R6/2 mice that were tTG heterozygous knockouts (R6/2 : tTG+/–) and tTG homozygous knockouts (R6/2 : tTG–/–) showed a very similar increase in aggregate number within the striatum compared with R6/2 mice that were wild-type with respect to tTG (R6/2 : tTG+/+). Interestingly, a significant delay in the onset of motor dysfunction and death occurred in R6/2 : tTG–/– mice compared with both R6/2 : tTG+/+ and R6/2 : tTG+/– mice. As aggregate number was similarly increased in the striatum of both R6/2 : tTG+/– and R6/2 : tTG–/– mice, whereas only R6/2 : tTG–/– mice showed delayed disease progression, these data suggest that the contribution of tTG towards motor dysfunction and death in the R6/2 mouse is independent of its ability to negatively regulate aggregate formation. Moreover, the combined results from this study suggest that the formation of striatal huntingtin aggregates does not directly influence motor dysfunction or death in this HD mouse model.