cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parameter Screening in Dynamic Computer Model Calibration Using Global Sensitivities

Sensitivity analysis and computer model calibration are generally treated as two separate topics. In sensitivity analysis one quantifies the effect of each input factor on outputs, whereas in calibration one finds the values of input factors that provide the best match to a set of field data. In this paper we show a connection between these two seemingly separate concepts, and illustrate it with an automotive industry application involving a Road Load Acquisition Data (RLDA) computer model. We use global sensitivity analysis for computer models with transient responses to screen out inactive input parameters and make the calibration algorithm numerically more stable. Because the computer model can be computationally intensive, we construct a fast statistical surrogate for the computer model with transient responses. This fast surrogate is used for both sensitivity analysis and RLDA computer model calibration.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Fracture toughness and ndt requirements for aircraft design

Abstract This paper reviews current design concepts of fracture toughness and ndt in fracture-control programmes for advanced aircraft. The author discusses the dual role of fracture toughness for materials selection and for design where fatigue-crack growth is analysed under constant-amplitude and spectrum loading. It is essential that the lower limit of detection be known with confidence. The materials are then chosen so that the critical flaw size is above this limit. From this knowledge the life of a particular design may be forecast for different conditions of service. The lifetime is influenced by both detection capabilities and changes in service conditions.
Discriminative stimulus effects of the structurally novel cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor partial agonist BAY 59-3074 in the rat.

Abstract BAY 59-3074 {3-[2-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]phenyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-butane-sulfonate} is a structurally novel cannabinoid CB 1 /CB 2 receptor partial agonist with analgesic properties. The present study was performed to confirm its receptor binding profile in a highly sensitive in vivo assay. Rats ( n =10) learned to discriminate BAY 59-3074 (0.5 mg/kg, p.o., t −1 h) from vehicle in a fixed-ratio: 10, food-reinforced two-lever procedure after a median number of 28 training sessions. BAY 59-3074 generalized dose-dependently (ED 50 : 0.081 mg/kg, p.o.) and the cue was detectable between 0.25 and 4 h after administration. The selective cannabinoid CB 1 receptor antagonist SR 141716A [ N -(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1 H -pyrazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride] blocked the discriminative effects of BAY 59-3074 (ID 50 : 1.79 mg/kg, i.p.). Complete generalization was also obtained after i.p. administration of BAY 59-3074 (ED 50 value: 0.41 mg/kg), and the reference cannabinoids BAY 38-7271 [(−)-( R )-3-(2-hydroxymethylindanyl-4-oxy)phenyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-butanesulfonate, 0.011 mg/kg], CP 55,940 {(−)- cis -3-[2-hydroxy-4(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]- trans -4-(3-hydroxy-propyl)cyclohexanol, 0.013 mg/kg}, HU-210 [(−)-11-OH-Δ 8 -tetrahydrocannabinol dimethylheptyl, 0.022 mg/kg], WIN 55,212-2 [( R )-4,5-dihydro-2-methyl-4(4-morpholinylmethyl)-1-(1-naphthalenylcarbonyl)-6 H -pyrrolo [3,2,1- ij ] quinolin-6-one, 0.41 mg/kg] and (−)-Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (0.41 mg/kg). Non-cannabinoids with analgesic properties, such as morphine, amitriptyline, carbamazepine, gabapentin and baclofen, did not generalize to the cue. It is concluded that the discriminative stimulus effects of BAY 59-3074 are specifically mediated by cannabinoid CB 1 receptor activation.
Identifying Accuracy of Social Tags by Using Clustering Representations of Song Lyrics

Social tags have been acknowledged as a highly useful resource in retrieving music by moods or topics. However, since social tags are open for labeling, some social tags are inaccurate. In this paper, we present a new framework to identify accurate social tags of songs. In our framework, we first clean and filter music tags. Then we apply an improved hierarchical clustering algorithm to group the tags to build a tag category. Based on the category, we classify music songs using lyrics. In order to extend the semantic information of lyrics, we apply CLOPE to cluster lyrics and use the centroid of the corresponding cluster to represent the lyrics. Based on the Na\"ive Bayes method, the probability of assigning lyrics to particular class is predicted. The classification result is then used to determine whether a social tag is accurate. The experimental results show that the proposed framework is effective and encouraging.
Mathematical theory of biological periodicities: formulation of the n-body case.

In a series of papers, L. Danziger and G. Elmergreen (Bull. Math. Biophysics,16, 15–21, 1954;18, 1–13, 1956;19, 9–18, 1957) showed that a non-linear biochemical interaction between the anterior pituary gland and the thyroid gland may result under certain conditions in sustained periodical oscillations of the rates of production and of the blood level of the thyrotropic and of the thyroid hormone. They treated the systems, however, as a homogeneous one. N. Rashevsky (Some Medical Aspects of Mathematical Biology, Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1965;Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 395–401, 1967) generalized the above results by taking into account the histological structures of the two glands as well as the diffusion coefficients and permeabilities of cells involved. The present paper is the first step toward the theory of interaction of any numbern of glands or, more generally,n components. The differential equations which govern the behavior of such a system represent a system of2n 2+n non-linear first order ordinary equations and involve a total of 7 n 2+3n parameters of partly histological, partly biochemical nature. The requirements of the existence of sustained oscillations demand 4n 2+2n+2 inequalities between those 7n 2+3n parameters.
Differences between serum and urinary LH in hypergonadotropic states

Abstract In an attempt to investigate the relationship between molecular configuration, immunoreactivity, radioligand binding, and biological activity, we compared the elution profiles of immunoreactive and radioligand receptor-active LH following gel filtration over Sephadex G-100 (1.6 × 100 cm column). Samples of sera and urinary acetone-insoluble material from normal cycling women during the LH surge (n = 4) and postmenopausal (n = 2) and castrate women (n = 2) were examined. One major peak of LH immunoreactivity was present in the sera and the urinary samples from all subjects. However, this peak of immunoreactive LH in the urinary precipitate consistently occurred 8–10 fractions later than the peak activity observed in the sera. Despite the differences in the profiles of immunoreactivity between sera and urinary precipitates, the major peak of radioligand receptor activity for LH was observed in the same fractions in all samples and corresponded to the major peak of immunoreactivity observed in the sera. Thus, binding activity was sometimes observed in urinary fractions containing little immunoreactivity for LH. Bioassay of selected fractions using the rat interstitial cell-testosterone assay revealed good agreement between receptor activity and bioactivity but not between immunoreactivity and bioactivity. The ratios of total radioreceptor-active to total immunoreactive LH were consistently higher in the sera than in the urinary precipitates. These data suggest alterations in molecular form during metabolism and/or excretion of LH. Whether these alterations represent differences in peptide structure or merely carbohydrate moieties remains to be determined.
Real-time remote monitoring of water quality: a review of current applications, and advancements in sensor, telemetry, and computing technologies

Recent advances in communication and sensor technology have catalyzed progress in remote monitoring capabilities for water quality. As a result, the ability to characterize dynamic hydrologic properties at adequate temporal and spatial scales has greatly improved. These advances have led to improved statistical and mechanistic modeling in monitoring of water quality trends at local, watershed and regional scales for freshwater, estuarine and marine ecosystems. In addition, they have greatly enhanced rapid (e.g., real-time) detection of hydrologic variability, recognized as a critical need for early warning systems and rapid response to harmful algal bloom events. Here, we present some of the landmark developments and technological achievements that led to the advent of real-time remote monitors for hydrologic properties. We conclude that increased use and continuing advancements of real-time remote monitoring (RTRM) and sensing technologies will become a progressively more important tool for evaluating water quality. Recent engineering and deployment of RTRM technologies by federal and state regulatory agencies, industries, and academic laboratories is now permitting rapid detection of, and responses to, environmental threats imposed by increased nutrient loadings, development of hypoxic and anoxic areas, toxicants, and harmful algal bloom outbreaks leading to fish kill events and potential human health impacts.
Preventing Unintentional Injuries in the Home Using the Health Impact Pyramid

Injuries continue to be the leading cause of death for the first four decades of life. These injuries result from a confluence of behavioral, physical, structural, environmental, and social factors. Taken together, these illustrate the importance of taking a broad and multileveled approach to injury prevention. Using examples from fall, fire, scald, and poisoning-related injuries, this article illustrates the utility of an approach that incorporates a social-environmental perspective in identifying and selecting interventions to improve the health and safety of individuals. Injury prevention efforts to prevent home injuries benefit from multilevel modifications of behavior, public policy, laws and enforcement, the environment, consumer products and engineering standards, as demonstrated with Frieden's Health Impact Pyramid. A greater understanding, however, is needed to explain the associations between tiers. While interventions that include modifications of the social environment are being field-tested, much more work needs to be done in measuring social-environmental change and in evaluating these programs to disentangle what works best.
Effect of γ Radiation on Plastic Flow of NaCl

Room-temperature load-relaxation tests were performed on γ-irradiated and unirradiated NaCl single crystals. The σ-ɛ reresults were analyzed in terms of Hart's constitutive equations for inelastic deformation. The log σ-log ɛ curves for the unirradiated crystals were virtually flat, suggesting that both the high- and low-temperature components of the flow stress were operating. The log σ-log ɛ curves for the irradiated crystals were concave downward, indicating that the high-temperature mechanism was dominating the flow stress.
Ocular and Ocular Adnexal Injuries Treated by United States Military Ophthalmologists during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm

Background: Ocular and ocular adnexal injuries, both combat-related and accidental, are common during wartime. In a combat setting, the eye is particularly vulnerable to serious injury from tiny flying particles that might minimally affect other parts of the body. The purpose of this study is to examine the incidence of serious ocular and ocular adnexal injuries that occurred during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed serious ocular and ocular adnexal injuries treated by United States Army and Navy ophthalmologists that occurred during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Only those injuries that resulted in, or would have resulted in, hospital admission because of the ocular or ocular adnexal injury alone are presented. Results: During Desert Shield, 20 patients (23 eyes) suffered serious ocular or ocular adnexal injuries compared with 160 patients (198 eyes) in Desert Storm. During Desert Storm, 78% of all serious injuries were caused by blast fragmentation from munitions. More than one third of the 98 globe lacerations reported in this article were 10 mm or less in size. Of 35 enucleations performed during Desert Storm, 94% were the result of munitions fragments. Conclusions: During Operation Desert Storm, fragmentation wounds from munitions were the most common cause of ocular and ocular adnexal morbidity. The authors' findings indicate that polycarbonate ballistic protective eyewear could have prevented many of the ocular injuries that they report.
Obesity and economic environments.

This review summarizes current understanding of economic factors during the obesity epidemic and dispels some widely held, but incorrect, beliefs. Rising obesity rates coincided with increases in leisure time (rather than increased work hours), increased fruit and vegetable availability (rather than a decline in healthier foods), and increased exercise uptake. As a share of disposable income, Americans now have the cheapest food available in history, which fueled the obesity epidemic. Weight gain was surprisingly similar across sociodemographic groups or geographic areas, rather than specific to some groups (at every point in time; however, there are clear disparities). It suggests that if one wants to understand the role of the environment in the obesity epidemic, one needs to understand changes over time affecting all groups, not differences between subgroups at a given time. Although economic and technological changes in the environment drove the obesity epidemic, the evidence for effective economic policies to prevent obesity remains limited. Taxes on foods with low nutritional value could nudge behavior toward healthier diets, as could subsidies/discounts for healthier foods. However, even a large price change for healthy foods could close only part of the gap between dietary guidelines and actual food consumption. Political support has been lacking for even moderate price interventions in the United States and this may continue until the role of environmental factors is accepted more widely. As opinion leaders, clinicians play an important role in shaping the understanding of the causes of obesity. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;000:000-000. V C 2014 American Cancer Society.
Do core inflation measures help forecast inflation

Abstract We conduct cointegration and Granger causality tests for traditional and new measures of core inflation. We find that both measures are consistent with desired properties of measures of underlying inflation, but neither is very useful for forecasting purposes.
A stochastic negotiation model for organizational choice

Traditional group negotiation has focused largely on human conduct with regard to large and generally isolated problems such as procurement and claim settlements. Once the negotiation is accomplished, the process usually attains closure and is quickly forgotten or the long-term impacts of the outcome are often ignored. In organizations, however, decisions involving gives and takes are also made on a continuous basis in that there is a ripple effect in the sequential nature of decision making. When lengthy periods are involved, the organizational contexts can change significantly. Hence, methods useful to a "one-shot" bargaining strategy may neither be applicable nor effective. Furthermore, when organizations face consequences of their own past decisions as well as that of external random events, it is hard to predict where the organization will be at a future time. In this research, we postulate that organizations evolve from one state to another following a probabilistic transition pattern than totally random. Considered this way, organizations can be modeled using sequential Markov chains having a tendency to achieve homeostasis. Understanding organizational behavior in this perspective can be greatly beneficial to negotiators by enabling them to accept short term losses in favor of the larger and better payoffs that are to come.
Direct Comparison of Adjacent Endocardial and Epicardial Electrograms: Implications for Substrate Mapping

Background-—Analysis of unipolar voltage maps has been used to detect epicardial scar, but data to define optimal parameters to identify scar remote from the recording site is limited. This study compares the characteristics of electrograms at endocardial sites adjacent to abnormal epicardial sites. Methods and Results-—Data obtained from endocardial and epicardial electroanatomical maps of 31 patients with scar-related ventricular tachycardia were reviewed. Five hundred twenty-three pairs of endo- and epicardial points were selected according to predefined criteria. The endocardial points adjacent to epicardial scar (bipolar voltage <1.5 mV) had smaller unipolar voltage than those distant from epicardial scar (P<0.001). In multivariable analysis, unipolar voltage was the only endocardial electrogram predictor of epicardial scar (P<0.001, OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.97). An endocardial unipolar amplitude <4.4 mV in the right ventricular (RV) (sensitivity 93%, specificity 76%) and <5.1 mV in the left ventricular (LV) (sensitivity 91%, specificity 75%) was the optimal cutoff predicting epicardial scar. Applying these thresholds to electroanatomical maps, revealed a good match between endocardial unipolar abnormality and epicardial scar for 67% of LV and 75% of RV maps, respectively, but notably poor matches occurred in 8 (29%) maps (7 with nonischemic cardiomyopathy). Site-by-site correlations were better for ischemic than nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Conclusions-—This study supports the contention that unipolar electrograms are capable of indicating overlying epicardial scar during endocardial mapping, but illustrates limitations that appear to differ with nonischemic as compared to ischemic cardiomyopathy. The presence of epicardial arrhythmia substrate cannot be excluded by analysis of unipolar endocardial maps in some patients. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:e000215 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000215)
Community services outcomes for families and children with autism spectrum disorders

Abstract In an era in which evidence based practices are becoming the standard of care, there is little evidence that the current array of services commonly delivered for those with autism is helpful. This study describes community-based service utilization and caregiver-rated outcomes of services on symptoms of 113 children with autism spectrum disorders and their families. Parents/caregivers reported on nine types of services, received in the prior 6 months, which were evaluated against child and family outcomes. Caregivers rated in-home behavior therapy as providing the best outcomes overall for the child and respite care as providing the best outcomes for the family. Younger children were reported to have better outcomes than older children. Polytherapy was the rule, rather than the exception, as children used a mean of 3.5 different services. The frequency of services and the number of different types of services utilized correlated with family but not child outcomes. Examination of the potentiating effect of medication on outcomes of psychosocial interventions was not significant.
EDUCATION, COMMUNITY AND RACIAL-ETHNIC RELATIONS: EXPERIENCES IN THE UNITED STATES AND MALI

Black students, as a group, are underserved by neoliberal policies and poorly resourced urban schools and Black Americans are over-represented in privatized prisons. This article challenges cultural deficit thinking and theorizing about Black children’s language and culture, which have been so pervasive in the U.S. Research discussed in this article interrupts this discourse of Black inferiority and highlights the importance of students developing a critical Black consciousness, which can contribute to their academic and cultural excellence. Emancipatory pedagogy for human freedom, which supports students’ positive sense of themselves and their racial-ethnic group, is also discussed. Emancipatory teaching for critical Black consciousness and human freedom means recovering history, memory and identity, so students understand the state of Black America from a critical, historical perspective. Education for this kind of consciousness requires connecting students to their family, community history and to their ancestors. Five principles of emancipatory pedagogy are presented that can guide teacher preparation, curriculum, text development, and standards-based instruction and support positive racial-ethnic relationships. These are: conscientization, critique of ideology/critique of racism as ideology, cultural agency/resistance to oppression, dialectical epistemology and teaching through cultural arts. The example of the Songhoy Club, a pedagogical laboratory for heritage teaching for students and doctoral students and engaging parents, demonstrates how teaching Songhoy language and culture connects students with their African heritage, “from the Nile to the Niger to the Neighborhood.” Teaching this heritage is very important given that northern Mali is occupied by Islamic extremists who have destroyed historic cultural artifacts in Timbuktu. Key words : Black Education; Emancipatory pedagogy; Critical Black consciousness; Racial-ethnic identity. See also the translation of this article for the Portuguese language in the same issue.
Radiation levels in SSC detectors

Abstract Estimates of ionizing dose and neutron fluence have been made for typical SSC detector configurations exposed to radiation from p-p collisions. Using standard descriptions of average events in conjunction with simulations of secondary processes, it is found that in most cases the radiation exposure can be parameterized by functions of the form A〈p⊥〉α coshα′η, where η( = − ln tan θ 2 ) is the pseudorapidity, the exponent α lies between 0.5 and 1.0, and α′ = α or α + 2, depending upon the problem. A calorimeter element 2 m from the interaction point and 6 ° from the beam line is subjected to an annual dose of 0.1 MGy at shower maximum. The annual neutron fluence in a central cavity of this radius exceeds 1012 cm−2. The annual dose from the direct flux of charged particles scales inversely as the square of the distance from the beam line and is 0.4 MGy at 1 cm. A detector at a 8 TeV on 8 TeV p-p with the same “physics reach” would experience about 27 times as much radiation.
Continuous scalable blood filtration device using inertial microfluidics

Cell separation is broadly useful for applications in clinical diagnostics, biological research, and potentially regenerative medicine. Recent attention has been paid to label-free size-based techniques that may avoid the costs or clogging issues associated with centrifugation and mechanical filtration. We present for the first time a massively parallel microfluidic device that passively separates pathogenic bacteria cells from diluted blood with macroscale performance. The device was designed to process large sample volumes in a high-throughput, continuous manner using 40 single microchannels placed in a radial array with one inlet and two rings of outlets. Each single channel consists of a short focusing, gradual expansion and collection region and uses unique differential transit times due to size-dependent inertial lift forces as a method of cell separation. The gradual channel expansion region is shown to manipulate cell equilibrium positions close to the microchannel walls, critical for higher efficiency collection. We demonstrate >80% removal of pathogenic bacteria from blood after two passes of the single channel system. The massively parallel device can process 240 mL/h with a throughput of 400 million cells/min. We expect that this parallelizable, robust, and label-free approach would be useful for filtration of blood as well as for other cell separation and concentration applications from large volume samples.
Repression of alpha myosin heavy chain gene expression and promoter activity by the b-agonist isoproterenol – role for Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinase and ERK1/2 pathway

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) from either primary or secondary causes is a major cause of chronic heart failure, and is a result of a prolonged condition of compensatory cardiac hypertrophy. The DCM phenotype consists of two pathophysiological components, contractile dysfunction and pathological hypertrophy/remodeling. b-adrenergic activation plays an important role in the natural history of DCM and its activation during periods of decreased myocardial performance or increased hemodynamic load results in increases in heart rate and contractility, effectively improving cardiac output. Heart failure is also characterized by changes in the expression levels of many of the components of the contractile apparatus. Of the changes that are observed in failing hearts, increases in b-MyHC, skeletal a-actin, and ANF, with coordinate decreases in a-MyHC and SRCA2a, are perhaps the most well-known and are generally referred to as fetal gene induction. We have recently shown that patients that respond to b1or b1, b2, a1adrenergic receptor blockade, also have a partial reversal of the fetal gene program with up-regulation of a-MyHC and Serca2A and down-regulation of b-MyHC and ANP. We have also shown that the transcription factor YY1 is upregulated in Human Heart Failure and represses the activity of the aMyHC promoter. In the work presented here, we show that stimulation of b-ARs with isoproterenol does cause a “fetal” response in the relative activities of the human cardiac MyHC promoter that includes the repression of the human a-MyHC promoter with simultaneous activation of the ANF promoter. Furthermore, we show that this “fetal” response of the MyHC promoters to isoproterenol treatment is specifically mediated by the b1-AR, 154
Collaboration framework for nomadic healthcare providers

Collaboration among nomadic healthcare providers presents unique challenges. This paper describes a set of requirements and an implementation approach for a collaboration architecture to meet these challenges. The collaboration framework consists of a set of services and client applications that provide authentication, messaging, scheduling, decision support and workflow.
Potential for interdependent development of tRNA determinants for aminoacylation and ribosome decoding

Aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetases are conserved between bacteria and eukaryotes; however, bacterial enzymes cannot acylate eukaryote tRNAs. Now, fusion of a human and bacterial enzyme is shown to overcome the species barrier and confer tRNA specificity during both codon selection and proofreading on the ribosome.
Predicting rna secondary interactions from primary sequence

Prediction algorithms for the secondary structure of RNA from the primary sequence have been developed. A series of three computer programs search the nucleotide sequence for stable helical regions and from these generate a list of possible structures. These are evaluated by free energy criteria.
Tuberculostatic action of chloromycetin in vitro and in vivo.

Summary and ConclusionsThe antibiotic Chloromycetin has been found to be only moderately bacteriostatic for virulent human type tubercle bacilli in vitro as compared with streptomycin or para-aminosalicylic acid. The majority of 19 human type strains studied were completely inhibited in their growth by between 6.25 and 12.5 micrograms or more of the drug in the presence of serum. One bovine strain was equally sensitive. This degree of bacteriostatic activity was not markedly affected by the number of tubercle bacilli present nor was the bacteriostatic activity of para-aminosalicylic acid or streptomycin enhanced by the addition of Chloromycetin.When administered subcutaneously, Chloromycetin has been shown to be ineffective, whereas, when admixed with the diet in concentrations of 0.5 and 0.25%, it was slightly effective for the suppression of experimental murine tuberculosis.
Modern tracking, estimation and identification in tactical missile control

A reinitializing tracker using concatenated measurements in Kalman filter is applied for tracking, estimation, and identification in a bank-to-turn (BTT) tactical missile control. Reinitializing tracker is first introduced, then its application to missile tracking is presented. Lastly, real-time, on-line missile parameter identification is presented using both the Singer filter and the reinitializing tracker.
The MGAP: a high performance, user programmable, multifunctional architecture for DSP

The MGAP is a user programmable, multifunctional architecture. Its potential as a general purpose, high performance problem solver has been demonstrated in earlier papers. We describe its salient features and show that it solves DSP problems efficiently. With the current growing trend towards mobile communications and multimedia systems, low cost, small size and high performance are primary concerns. At the same time there is need for addressing a diverse set of applications. The MGAP caters to all these requirements. It is a complete computing environment that is small enough to be incorporated into a personal desktop machine and affordable by everyday users while powerful and versatile enough to meet the performance goals in real time situations. >
Bioengineered-inorganic nanosystems for nanophotonics and bio-nanotechnology

Here we nanoengineered tunable quantum dot and cationic conjugated polymer nanoarrays based on surface plasmon enhanced fluorescence where we achieved a 15-fold and 25-fold increase in their emission intensities, respectively. These peptide mediated hybrid systems were fabricated by horizontally tuning the localized surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoarrays and laterally tuning the distance of the fluorophore from the metal surface. This approach permits a comprehensive control both laterally (i.e., lithographically defined gold nanoarrays) and vertically (i.e., QD/CCP-metal distance) of the collectively behaving QD-NP and CP-NP assemblies by way of biomolecular recognition. The highest photoluminescence was achieved when the quantum dots and cationic conjugated polymers were self-assembled at a distance of 16.00 nm and 18.50 nm from the metal surface, respectively. Specifically, we demonstrated the spectral tuning of plasmon resonant metal nanoarrays and the self-assembly of protein-functionalized QDs/CCPs in a step-wise fashion with a concomitant incremental increase in separation from the metal surface through biotin-streptavidin spacer units. These well-controlled self-assembled patterned arrays provide highly organized architectures for improving optoelectronic devices and/or increasing the sensitivity of bio-chemical sensors.
A Systems Engineering Process for Systems of Systems

This paper discusses a systems engineering process to develop complex military systems of systems. The steps—from the mission need through requirements definition, functional identification and decomposition, subsystem development, integration, test, and deployment—are described. The difficulties associated with incorporating legacy equipment and providing seamless and synergistic integration of new elements are discussed. The integration and test of these systems of systems also requires new dimensions and measurement systems to assess performance. Finally, the need for new doctrine, rules, and procedures that link these systems of systems to expert control systems when deployed is discussed.
Decisive Decision Making: An Exercise Using Ethical Frameworks:

The article presents an exercise dealing with ethical behavior and demonstrates the application of five ethical frameworks. The exercise encourages students to become actively involved in their learning, asks them to share multiple perspectives in assessing ethical behavior, and allows them to recognize the value of using frameworks to assist in the decision process. Results from students who have completed the exercise, including results from cross-cultural groups, are discussed.
Graph OLAP: a multi-dimensional framework for graph data analysis

Databases and data warehouse systems have been evolving from handling normalized spreadsheets stored in relational databases, to managing and analyzing diverse application-oriented data with complex interconnecting structures. Responding to this emerging trend, graphs have been growing rapidly and showing their critical importance in many applications, such as the analysis of XML, social networks, Web, biological data, multimedia data and spatiotemporal data. Can we extend useful functions of databases and data warehouse systems to handle graph structured data? In particular, OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing) has been a popular tool for fast and user-friendly multi-dimensional analysis of data warehouses. Can we OLAP graphs? Unfortunately, to our best knowledge, there are no OLAP tools available that can interactively view and analyze graph data from different perspectives and with multiple granularities. In this paper, we argue that it is critically important to OLAP graph structured data and propose a novel Graph OLAP framework. According to this framework, given a graph dataset with its nodes and edges associated with respective attributes, a multi-dimensional model can be built to enable efficient on-line analytical processing so that any portions of the graphs can be generalized/specialized dynamically, offering multiple, versatile views of the data. The contributions of this work are three-fold. First, starting from basic definitions, i.e., what are dimensions and measures in the Graph OLAP scenario, we develop a conceptual framework for data cubes on graphs. We also look into different semantics of OLAP operations, and classify the framework into two major subcases: informational OLAP and topological OLAP. Second, we show how a graph cube can be materialized by calculating a special kind of measure called aggregated graph and how to implement it efficiently. This includes both full materialization and partial materialization where constraints are enforced to obtain an iceberg cube. As we can see, due to the increased structural complexity of data, aggregated graphs that depend on the underlying “network” properties of the graph dataset are much harder to compute than their traditional OLAP counterparts. Third, to provide more flexible, interesting and informative OLAP of graphs, we further propose a discovery-driven multi-dimensional analysis model to ensure that OLAP is performed in an intelligent manner, guided by expert rules and knowledge discovery processes. We outline such a framework and discuss some challenging research issues for discovery-driven Graph OLAP.
Fixity amid Flux: Aesthetics and Environmentalism in Amitav Ghosh's The Hungry Tide

This paper explores the formal means by which Amitav Ghosh's The Hungry Tide-- a 2004 novel set in the Sundarbans islands-- articulates an environmental politics that reconciles social justice and ecological concerns. The novel's internal contradictions come to the surface in its treatment of the South Asian fisherman, Fokir, as an idealized peasant whose fixity is in marked contrast with the fluid subjectivities of the metropolitan characters. I argue that Fokir's idealization is a problematic way by which the novel mourns the loss of peasant culture in the context of neoliberalism's destruction of rural ecologies.
Translesion Polymerases Drive Microhomology-Mediated Break-Induced Replication Leading to Complex Chromosomal Rearrangements

Complex genomic rearrangements (CGRs) are a hallmark of many human diseases. Recently, CGRs were suggested to result from microhomology-mediated break-induced replication (MMBIR), a replicative mechanism involving template switching at positions of microhomology. Currently, the cause of MMBIR and the proteins mediating this process remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate in yeast that a collapse of homology-driven break-induced replication (BIR) caused by defective repair DNA synthesis in the absence of Pif1 helicase leads to template switches involving 0-6 nt of homology, followed by resolution of recombination intermediates into chromosomal rearrangements. Importantly, we show that these microhomology-mediated template switches, indicative of MMBIR, are driven by translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases Polζ and Rev1. Thus, an interruption of BIR involving fully homologous chromosomes in yeast triggers a switch to MMBIR catalyzed by TLS polymerases. Overall, our study provides important mechanistic insights into the initiation of MMBIR associated with genomic rearrangements, similar to those promoting diseases in humans.
The Making of Jewish Revolutionaries in the Pale of Settlement: Community and Identity during the Russian Revolution and its Immediate Aftermath, 1905–1907

Inna Shtakser's The Making of Jewish Revolutionaries in the Pale of Settlement is a reworking of her 2007 University of Texas dissertation, ‘Structure of Feeling and Radical Identity among Working-...
Dispersal and Abundance of Lygus hesperus in Field Crops

Abstract To predict Lygus hesperus Knight population dynamics in the field, a quantitative understanding of dispersal is needed. L. hesperus is a major pest of cotton and other seed crops in the San Joaquin Valley. Mark recapture experiments were performed that measured movement and abundance of L. hesperus in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and blackeye bean (Vigna sinensis L.). Male L. hesperus moved farther than females (4.6 versus 3.6 m/d). Movement was greater in the east-west axis than the north-south axis (7.0 versus 2.4 m/d). Calculations based on mark–recapture data suggest that a random walk model describes L. hesperus dispersal well. Diffusion estimates predict 98% movement radiuses in cotton, alfalfa, and bean as 15.6, 14.4, and 7.3 m/d, respectively. Estimates of absolute L. hesperus abundance were 45,000/ha in alfalfa during the August peak, approximately five times those in cotton. The results suggest that management of L. hesperus may be affected by greater di...
Public Service Motivation and Decisions to Report Wrongdoing in U.S. Federal Agencies: Is This Relationship Mediated by the Seriousness of the Wrongdoing:

Scholars have argued that whistle-blowing is consistent with public service motivation (PSM), given that whistle-blowing is a form of self-sacrifice and concern for the public interest. Such a conn...
Weak convergence of bivariate sequence to bivariate normal

ABSTRACTIt is shown that under certain conditions the distributions of a bivariate sequence of random vectors converge weakly to that of a bivariate normal distribution.
Conceptual Design of a Single-Aisle Turboelectric Commercial Transport With Fuselage Boundary Layer Ingestion

A single-aisle commercial transport concept with a turboelectric propulsion system architecture was developed assuming entry into service in 2035 and compared to a similar technology conventional configuration. The turboelectric architecture consisted of two underwing turbofans with generators extracting power from the fan shaft and sending it to a rear fuselage, axisymmetric, boundary layer ingesting fan. Results indicate that the turbo- electric concept has an economic mission fuel burn reduction of 7%, and a design mission fuel burn reduction of 12% compared to the conventional configuration. An exploration of the design space was performed to better understand how the turboelectric architecture changes the design space, and system sensitivities were run to determine the sensitivity of thrust specific fuel consumption at top of climb and propulsion system weight to the motor power, fan pressure ratio, and electrical transmission efficiency of the aft boundary layer ingesting fan.
Fictive locomotion and scratching inhibit dorsal horn neurons receiving thin fiber afferent input.

In decerebrate paralyzed cats, we examined the effects of two central motor commands (fictive locomotion and scratching) on the discharge of dorsal horn neurons receiving input from group III and I...
Measuring Device for Terminal and Meters of DMS

The application of terminal and meters in DMS is more and more popular,but now there is no integral device which can gather the function of terminal meter and other meters. This paper will introduce a device utilized by the modern communication technology,it can imitate kinds operating state of distribution network,and integrates all the measuring features for the instruments including the distribution transformer terminal,networked power meters,commercial customer terminals,and multi-function powers meters. The emulational source of the device is armed with the digital PWM technology,which reduces the weight and size of the device but increases the efficiency. This device is used in Jiangxi province successfully.
Social Commerce Benefits for Small Businesses: An Organizational Level Study

Small businesses represent an important element of many western economies. However, they often struggle with resources needed to succeed, and small business owners often have to perform many, if not all, roles in their organizations. One of the key functions that small businesses need to excel at for business success today is social commerce since much of their business is migrating towards the use of social media for business. In this study, determinants of social commerce benefits for small businesses are explored. Using survey data from 60 small companies, this research identifies stakeholder pressure and partner pressure as the most significant factors in determining social commerce benefits for small business. Implications of these findings and provide suggestions for future research are discussed.
Brave Old World

John Hunter, the Scottish surgeon we first met in Chap. 3, was thoughtful enough to preserve those gonads he extracted from freemartins, classifying them as “Morbid Anatomy of Monsters” (Fig. 7.1). After his death, the specimens would be housed at the Royal College of Surgeons’ museum, which bears his name today. Into the twentieth century, researchers marveled at their excellent condition. “These specimens, although now about 140 years old, are in perfect preservation,” commented the physician Berry Hart (Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics 23(3):193–205, 1910), “and it is still more remarkable that the microscopical sections, cut in celloidin and stained with logwood and eosin, show even the finer details in a recognisable manner” (p. 198). Contra to Hunter, however, he did not see the freemartin’s “anomalous sex-condition” as hermaphroditism. It simply was evidence of male sterility in a cow born co-twin with a potent bull.
A layered 6 Li foil multi-wire proportional counter

The shortage of 3He gas for neutron detection has led to alternative technologies for large-area high-efficiency neutron detectors. Large area sheets of 6Li foils covering more than 625 cm2 were positioned 1.6 cm apart in a multi-wire proportional counter each with an anode wire bank positioned on each side of the absorber sheet. The intrinsic neutron detection efficiency was measured at P-10 pressures of 1.1,1.5,2.0, and 2.8 atm, using 252Cf as the neutron source, and was calculated to be approximately 18% at all pressures. Additionally, the intrinsic thermal neutron detection efficiency was measured to be greater than 50% for a detector with four 6Li foil layers. The gamma-ray sensitivity, measured with the same gas pressures, was determined with a 137CS source positioned at a distance to yield an average field strength of 60 mRlhr. The relatively high gamma-ray exposure rate had minimal impact on the neutron measurements, as evidenced from the pulse-height spectra.
Arachnoid Granulations Within the Dural Sinuses

Arachnoid (pacchionian) granulations are enlarged arachnoid villi, being extensions of the subarachnoid space that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) internally. They serve as an important drainage route for CSF into the venous system. These outpouchings extend from the subarachnoid space through the dura mater into the dural sinuses (and occasionally into the calvarium). They may simulate dural sinus filling defects such as thrombus, stenosis, or occlusion. Studies have shown that they can be identified in most asymptomatic patients (60–90 %, based on imaging or autopsy) if a thin-section postcontrast MRI or MR venogram (MRV) is thoroughly inspected, and that they are often multiple. On contrast-enhanced CT, the frequency is lower, likely in the range of 25–33 %.
Quadratic minimization of predictors for protein secondary structure : application to transmembrane α-helices

Abstract Sliding-window averaging of amino acid properties is often used for predicting protein secondary structure. Such a scheme (linear convolutional recognizer, LCR) assigns a number (weight) to each type of monomer, and then convolutes a window function with the sequence of weights to yield a decision function. Features, regions having the property of interest, are predicted to occur where the decision function exceeds some threshold. A general method for approximating the best possible window and weights is presented. The needed data are the sequences of some chains and the locations of their features. The method is applied to transmembrane helices (TMH) of membrane proteins. Optimal weights and windows are calculated, using bacteriorhodopsin and photosynthetic reaction centers as the reference chains. The predictor is then tested on other proteins. No TMH are predicted in porin, whose transmembrane segments are β-sheets. This shows that the predictor is specific for helical segments. Few segments are predicted for non-membrane globular proteins. The predictor thus correctly rejects their hydrophobic helices. Finally, the predictor is tested with some membrane proteins whose transmembrane topology is partially known. Among their TMH, the LCR is unable to resolve 6% which are closely spaced. Taking 17 as the minimum allowed length of a predicted TMH, 4% of the known ones are missed and 6% of the predicted ones are false. For a minimum length of 10, 0·5% are missed and 14% are false. The mean magnitude of the endpoint error is about four residues. Alternative prediction methods make more errors.
Data Extraction from Brain PET Images Using Three-Dimensional Stereotactic Surface Projections

Data extraction is an essential procedure in the analysis of positron emission tomography (PET) images of the human brain. A novel data extraction technique, three-dimensional stereotactic surface projections (3D-SSP), specifically targeting cortical functional analysis, has been developed. In this technique, a reconstructed brain PET image set is first standardized to a stereotactic coordinate system. Cortical activity is searched on a predefined search vector from a predefined stereotactic surface pixel in three dimensions. The peak cortical activity along the vector is then projected back and assigned to the surface pixel. This procedure is repeated on a pixel-by-pixel basis covering the whole cortex, including medial aspects of the hemispheres. The quantitative accuracy of this technique was evaluated using 3D-simulated brain PET images as well as PET images obtained in humans. Results demonstrated that the quantitative accuracy of 3D-SSP data extraction was less biased by the size of regions or by cortical atrophy when compared to standard volume of interest (VOI) analysis. Influence of image noise on 3D-SSP data extraction was no worse than that on VOI-extracted data. Tracer kinetic estimation of rate constants in a neuroreceptor study was improved with 3D-SSP data extraction because of less contamination from white matter and cerebrospinal fluid space. In pixel-by-pixel group subtraction analysis, 3D-SSP minimized subtraction artifacts due to small cortical mismatches between two groups. Three-dimensional SSP-extracted data are readily viewed in three dimensions, which improves region identification and visual interpretation. Three-dimensional SSP will be a useful tool in quantitative PET analysis of various cortical functions.