cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How inhibitory oscillations can train neural networks and punish competitors

We present a new learning algorithm that leverages oscillations in the strength of neural inhibition to train neural networks. Raising inhibition can be used to identify weak parts of target memories, which are then strengthened. Conversely, lowering inhibition can be used to identify competitors, which are then weakened. To update weights, we apply the Contrastive Hebbian Learning equation to successive time steps of the network. The sign of the weight change equation varies as a function of the phase of the inhibitory oscillation. We show that the learning algorithm can memorize large numbers of correlated input patterns without collapsing and that it shows good generalization to test patterns that do not exactly match studied patterns.
Correcting chromatic aberrations using image warping

The use of image warping to reduce the impact of chromatic aberration in vision applications is addressed. The warp is determined using edge displacements which are fit with cubic splines. An image reconstruction algorithm is used for nonlinear resampling. The main contribution of this work is to analyze the quality of the warping approach by comparing it with active lens control. Test results for two different imaging systems are reported. >
Promoting Healthy Outcomes Among Youth with Multiple Risks: Innovative Approaches

Adolescent behavior problems such as substance use, antisocial behavior problems, and mental health problems have extremely high social costs and lead to overburdened mental health and juvenile justice systems in the United States and Europe. The prevalence of these problems is substantial, and at-risk youth often present with a combination of concerns. An understanding of risk and protective factors at multiple levels, including the child, family, peer, school, and community, has influenced intervention development. At the individual and family levels, the most effective and cost-effective programs work intensively with youth and their families or use individual and group cognitive-behavioral approaches. However, there is a paucity of careful studies of effective policies and programs in the juvenile justice system. Research is needed that focuses on adoption, financing, implementation, and sustainable use of evidence-based programs in public service systems. In addition, the field needs to understand better for whom current programs are most effective to create the next generation of more effective and efficient programs.
Exploring mobile technologies for the urban homeless

My research examines the practical and social impact of technology on the urban homeless. To accomplish this, I have conducted interviews with the homeless to understand how technology-from mobile phones to bus passes-affects their lives. I have also conducted ethnographic fieldwork at care providers to understand how technology figures into the provision of care for the homeless. These formative studies have motivated the design of a set of information sharing services that aggregate information available in the community and provide it to the homeless via mobile phones. I will deploy this system to diverse set of homeless individuals to better understand how such technologies fit within the social and economic constraints of the homeless community. I expect my research to result in theoretical contributions and guidelines for designing for uncommon users, like the homeless.
In Vitro and in Vivo Analysis of the Regulation of a Transcription Factor Gene by Thyroid Hormone during Xenopus laevis Metamorphosis

A novel, basic region leucine zipper transcription factor (TH/bZIP) is dramatically up-regulated at the climax of metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. It can be induced in tadpoles prematurely by thyroid hormone (TH) with kinetics that are intermediate between early and late Xenopus TH response genes. A small amount of early, cycloheximide-resistant up-regulation is observed, but the majority of TH/bZIP mRNA accumulation occurs after 12 h of treatment in parallel with late response gene induction. There are two genomic TH/bZIP genes in the pseudotetraploid X. laevis genome that are coordinately regulated. They have highly conserved regulatory regions that contain two conserved, adjoining DR+4 thyroid response elements (TRE) in opposite orientation. The early/late TH induction kinetics has been reproduced in transient transfection assays. The secondary rise of transcriptional activity requires DNA regions other than the TREs and, therefore, the interaction of transcription factors other than the TH receptors. ...
Depressive symptoms in prodromal Huntington's Disease correlate with Stroop-interference related functional connectivity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Huntington's Disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) triplet repeat-expansion in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. Diagnosis of HD is classically defined by the presence of motor symptoms; however, cognitive and depressive symptoms frequently precede motor manifestations, and may occur early in the prodromal phase. There are sparse data so far on functional brain correlates of depressive symptoms in prodromal HD. A Stroop color-naming test was administered to 32 subjects in the prodromal phase of HD and 52 expansion-negative controls while performing functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3Tesla. Networks of functional connectivity were identified using group independent component analysis, followed by an analysis of functional network interactions. A contrast of temporal regression-based beta-weights was calculated as a reflection of Stroop-interference related activity and correlated with Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scores. For secondary analysis, patients were stratified into two subgroups by median split of CAG repeat-length. Stroop performance was independent of HTT mutation-carrier status and CES-D score. Stroop-interference-related activity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex-node of the default-mode network, calculated by temporal-regression beta-weights, was more highly correlated with depressive symptoms in subjects in the prodromal phase of HD than in controls, differing significantly. The strength of this correlation and its difference from controls increased when a subgroup of patients with longer CAG repeat lengths was analyzed. These findings suggest that depressive symptoms in prodromal HD subjects may reflect altered functional brain network activity in the context of early HD-related brain alterations.
Predicted Failure Alerting in a Supervisory Control Task Does Not Always Enhance Performance

Many emerging technologies mandate supervisory control of automation, with operators monitoring and intervening within systems that change dynamically over time. Providing decision aiding to these operators at critical moments has the potential to improve performance. The current study employed a supervisory control task to examine the effects of supplying a secondary aid (an alert to a predicted automation failure) to task performance. The aid signified potential anomalies in automated planning, and was either present throughout training, or only after some task experience was obtained. The aid occasionally changed operator decision-making, but did not consistently improve task performance. Crucially, the presence of the aid did not improve operators’ abilities to reject bad automated plans. Overall these results highlight a critical issue for the development of detection systems to effectively support future supervisory control activities, and the implications are discussed.
The Elusive Basis of Inferential Robustness

Robustness concepts are often invoked to manage two obstacles confronting models of ecological systems: complexity and uncertainty. The intuitive idea is that any result derived from many idealized but credible models is thereby made more reliable or is better confirmed. An appropriate basis for this inference has proven elusive. Here, several representations of robustness analysis are vetted, paying particular attention to complex models of ecosystems and the global climate. The claim that robustness is itself confirmatory because robustness analysis employs a Bayesian variety-of-evidence argument is criticized, but recent overwhelming pessimism about robustness may have a silver lining.
Virtues and vices of virtue epistemology

(1993). Virtues and Vices of Virtue Epistemology. Canadian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 413-432.
Redox potential tuning through differential quinone binding in the photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

Ubiquinone forms an integral part of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration and photosynthesis across a vast number of organisms. Prior experimental results have shown that the photosynthetic reaction center (RC) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is only fully functional with a limited set of methoxy-bearing quinones, suggesting that specific interactions with this substituent are required to drive electron transport and the formation of quinol. The nature of these interactions has yet to be determined. Through parameterization of a CHARMM-compatible quinone force field and subsequent molecular dynamics simulations of the quinone-bound RC, we have investigated and characterized the interactions of the protein with the quinones in the QA and QB sites using both equilibrium simulation and thermodynamic integration. In particular, we identify a specific interaction between the 2-methoxy group of ubiquinone in the QB site and the amide nitrogen of GlyL225 that we implicate in locking the orientation ...
The Catalyst for the Formation of Network New Words

The network language becomes popular along with the popularization of internet and the production of network new words tend to follow the social hot issues and hot events. From the perspective of linguistics, the reason of this phenomenon is related to the influence of social environment in addition to associating with the variability and dynamic nature of language itself. In this paper, by means of Conceptual Integration Theory, Metaphor Theory, and Construction Grammar Theory, the inner cognitive factors of the network new words formed after hot issues are discussed. This paper mainly focuses on the social environment serving as a catalyst for the formation of network new words from the aspect of cognitive linguistics.
SU-F-J-133: Adaptive Radiation Therapy with a Four-Dimensional Dose Calculation Algorithm That Optimizes Dose Distribution Considering Breathing Motion

Purpose: To model patient motion and produce four-dimensional (4D) optimized dose distributions that consider motion-artifacts in the dose calculation during the treatment planning process. Methods: An algorithm for dose calculation is developed where patient motion is considered in dose calculation at the stage of the treatment planning. First, optimal dose distributions are calculated for the stationary target volume where the dose distributions are optimized considering intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Second, a convolution-kernel is produced from the best-fitting curve which matches the motion trajectory of the patient. Third, the motion kernel is deconvolved with the initial dose distribution optimized for the stationary target to produce a dose distribution that is optimized in four-dimensions. This algorithm is tested with measured doses using a mobile phantom that moves with controlled motion patterns. Results: A motion-optimized dose distribution is obtained from the initial dose distribution of the stationary target by deconvolution with the motion-kernel of the mobile target. This motion-optimized dose distribution is equivalent to that optimized for the stationary target using IMRT. The motion-optimized and measured dose distributions are tested with the gamma index with a passing rate of >95% considering 3% dose-difference and 3mm distance-to-agreement. If the dose delivery per beam takes place over several respiratory cycles, then the spread-out of the dose distributions is only dependent on the motion amplitude and not affected by motion frequency and phase. This algorithm is limited to motion amplitudes that are smaller than the length of the target along the direction of motion. Conclusion: An algorithm is developed to optimize dose in 4D. Besides IMRT that provides optimal dose coverage for a stationary target, it extends dose optimization to 4D considering target motion. This algorithm provides alternative to motion management techniques such as beam-gating or breath-holding and has potential applications in adaptive radiation therapy.
Inference by Variable Elimination

We present in this chapter one of the simplest methods for general inference in Bayesian networks, which is based on the principle of variable elimination: A process by which we successively remove variables from a Bayesian network while maintaining its ability to answer queries of interest. Introduction We saw in Chapter 5 how a number of real-world problems can be solved by posing queries with respect to Bayesian networks. We also identified four types of queries: probability of evidence, prior and posterior marginals, most probable explanation (MPE), and maximum a posterior hypothesis (MAP). We present in this chapter one of the simplest inference algorithms for answering these types of queries, which is based on the principle of variable elimination. Our interest here will be restricted to computing the probability of evidence and marginal distributions, leaving the discussion of MPE and MAP queries to Chapter 10. We start in Section 6.2 by introducing the process of eliminating a variable. This process relies on some basic operations on a class of functions known as factors, which we discuss in Section 6.3. We then introduce the variable elimination algorithm in Section 6.4 and see how it can be used to compute prior marginals in Section 6.5. The performance of variable elimination will critically depend on the order in which we eliminate variables. We discuss this issue in Section 6.6, where we also provide some heuristics for choosing good elimination orders.
Information Sharing, Community Development, and Deindividuation in the eLearning Domain

In a study of the information behaviors of graduate students enrolled in an online Masters of Library and Information Science (MLIS) program, it was determined that learners engage in threaded discussions not only for cognitive purposes but for affective reasons as well. The information sharing among students was particularly prolific during a session in which medical ailments and information were discussed. Data were collected from an asynchronous class in a graduate LIS program, and were examined through learner/context analysis and textual analysis. This study used syllabi, course construction, specific assignments and requirements, and other details that contribute to the totality of the learning environment. Specific attention was given to the threaded discussions assigned in the class. This data provided insight into the students’ activities and learning during 15 weeks, and enhanced the overall context for the small world that develops within an online learning community. Students connected with their peers and instructor through copious exchanges of information during which a concerted and consistent effort was made to connect with one another by using personal names, engaging in humor and joke-telling, using emoticons, and expressing support and empathy.
The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communications By Paul Starr. New York: Basic Books, 2004. 484 Pp.

(2004). The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communications By Paul Starr. New York: Basic Books, 2004. 484 Pp. American Journalism: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 116-118.
Forecasting for the Risk of Transmission Line Galloping Trip Based on BP Neural Network

Due to the strong randomness and nonlinear characteristics of the transmission line galloping, the prediction of the intensity and the characteristics (amplitude, frequency, trip rate, etc.) of the galloping cannot reach a high precision. A BP neural network model is employed to map three main meteorological factors and galloping trip-out risk. Three main meteorological factors, temperature, humidity and wind speed were used as input parameters and the risk of galloping trip as the output parameter of the model. Typical galloping data from State Grid Corporation were used to verify the validity of the model. In order to counteract random factors, the operations were performed for 20 times with the same training and testing data. All of the network results had more than 90% accuracy and the average rate was 92.3%. The results show that it is feasible to use this model to predict the risk of transmission line galloping trip. The research results can provide support for the transmission line galloping prediction and early warning technology, so as to improve the level of intelligent operation and maintenance of power grid.
Performance Effects of Inter-firm Ties in Financial Markets

We suggest that there is a closely connected tie between an investor and an entrepreneurial firm if the investor is the limited partner of the entrepreneurial firm’s lead VC fund. We show the effect of the information obtained through close inter-firm ties on the investor’s risk adjusted returns. We hypothesize that such closely connected ties convey credible, timely and precise information regarding the underlying value of the entrepreneurial firm, which is especially valuable when market conditions are unfavorable and when the investor faces higher information asymmetry. Supporting our hypotheses, we show that investors with closely connected ties to the entrepreneurial firms receive higher returns on their investments, and their returns are particularly high when investor sentiment is low (unfavorable market conditions) and when there is higher information asymmetry due to greater geographical distance or low analyst coverage.
Toward an improved conceptual understanding of North American tree species distributions

Species distributions have often been assumed to represent climatic limitations, yet recent evidence has challenged these assumptions and emphasized the potential importance of biotic interactions, dispersal limitation, and disturbance. Despite significant investigation into these factors, an integrated understanding of where and when they may be important is lacking. Here, we review evidence for the factors underlying the historical and contemporary distributions of North American tree species and argue that a cohesive conceptual framework must be informed by an understanding of species ecological and evolutionary history. We further demonstrate that available evidence offers little indication of a significant, independent influence of biotic interactions or dispersal limitation on species distributions. Disturbance may provide important constraints on distributions in limited contexts. Overall, historic and contemporary evidence suggests that species distributions are strongly influenced by climate, yet examples of disequilibrium with climate abound. We propose that differences among life stages and the impacts of human land use may contribute to explain these inconsistencies and are deserving of greater research attention.
What Society and Medicine Want-for Themselves and from Each Other.

Physician's view of what society expects of physicians and what physicians expect from society. Society demands accessible, quality care. Physicians want balanced lives. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Did not Alter trans-10,cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Incorporation into Mice Brain and Eye Lipids

trans 10,cis 12-CLA has been reported to alter fatty acid composition in several non-neurological tissues, but its effects are less known in neurological tissues. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if CLA supplementation would alter brain and eye fatty acid composition and if those changes could be prevented by concomitant supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n3) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n3). Eight-week-old, pathogen-free C57BL/6N female mice (n = 6/group) were fed either the control diet or diets containing 0.5% (w/w) t10,c12-CLA in the presence or absence of either 1.5% DHA or 1.5% EPA for 8 weeks. CLA concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the eye but not in the brain lipids of the CLA group when compared with the control group. The sums of saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and n3:n6 ratio did not differ between these two groups for both tissues. The n3:n6 ratio and concentrations of 20:5n3 and 22:5n3 were significantly greater, and those of 20:4n6, 22:4n6, and 22:5n6 were lesser in the CLA + DHA and CLA + EPA groups than in the control and CLA groups for either tissue. DHA concentration was higher in the CLA + DHA group only but not in the CLA + EPA group when compared with the CLA group for both tissues. The dietary fatty acids generally induced similar changes in brain and eye fatty acid concentration and at the concentrations used both DHA and EPA fed individually with CLA were more potent than CLA alone in altering the tissue fatty acid concentration.
History, Historians, and Autobiography Revisited

By the last years of the twentieth century, autobiographical memoirs by professional historians had become relatively common, reflecting the aging of a generation whose lives had been shaped by the...
Sleeve gastrectomy surgery: when 2 alcoholic drinks are converted to 4.

Abstract Background While it is well established that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) causes a rapid and heightened peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC), results from previous studies on the effects of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on alcohol pharmacokinetics are conflicting. Data from 2 studies found SG did not affect BAC, whereas another study found SG caused a heightened peak BAC after alcohol ingestion. Moreover, these 3 studies estimated BAC from breathalyzers, which might not reliably estimate peak BAC. Objectives The aims of this study were to evaluate (1) the effect of SG, relative to RYGB and a presurgery group, on alcohol pharmacokinetics and subjective effects, and (2) whether breathalyzers are reliable in this population. Setting Single-center prospective nonrandomized trial. Methods We performed alcohol challenge tests in 11 women who had SG surgery 1.9 ± .1 years ago (body mass index = 35.1 ± 6.6 kg/m2), 8 women who had RYGB surgery 2.2 ± .4 years ago (body mass index = 30.0 ± 5.2 kg/m2), and 9 women who were scheduled for bariatric surgery (body mass index = 44.1 ± 4.0 kg/m2). BACs were estimated from breath samples and measured by gas chromatography at various times after consuming approximately 2 standard drinks. Results BAC increased faster, peak BAC was approximately 2-fold higher, and feelings of drunkenness were heightened in both SG and RYGB groups relative to the presurgery group (P values Conclusions SG, similar to RYGB, causes marked alterations in the response to alcohol ingestion manifested by a faster and higher peak BAC. The breathalyzer is invalid to assess effects of gastric surgeries on pharmacokinetics of ingested alcohol.
Nerve Fiber Flux Analysis Using Wide-Field Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography.

Purpose To devise a method to quantify nerve fibers over their arcuate courses over an extended peripapillary area using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods Participants were imaged with 8 × 8-mm volumetric OCT scans centered at the optic disc. A new quantity, nerve fiber flux (NFF), represents the cross-sectional area transected perpendicular to the nerve fibers. The peripapillary area was divided into 64 tracks with equal flux. An iterative algorithm traced the trajectory of the tracks assuming that the relative distribution of the NFF was conserved with compensation for fiber connections to ganglion cells on the macular side. Average trajectory was averaged from normal eyes and use to calculate the NFF maps for glaucomatous eyes. The NFF maps were divided into eight sectors that correspond to visual field regions. Results There were 24 healthy and 10 glaucomatous eyes enrolled. The algorithm converged on similar patterns of NFL tracks for all healthy eyes. In glaucomatous eyes, NFF correlated with visual field sensitivity in the arcuate sectors (Spearman ρ = 0.53-0.62). Focal nerve fiber loss in glaucomatous eyes appeared as uniform tracks of NFF defects that followed the expected arcuate fiber trajectory. Conclusions Using an algorithm based on the conservation of flux, we derived nerve fiber trajectories in the peripapillary area. The NFF map is useful for the visualization of focal defects and quantification of sector nerve fiber loss from wide-area volumetric OCT scans. Translational relevance NFF provides a cumulative measure of volumetric loss along nerve fiber tracks and could improve the detection of focal glaucoma damage.
Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy: Chemistry to Clinical Implications

Chemotherapy is one of the major therapeutic options for cancer treatment. Chemotherapy is often associated with a low therapeutic window due to its poor specificity towards tumor cells/tissues. Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) technology may provide a potentially new therapeutic solution for cancer treatment. ADC technology uses an antibody-mediated delivery of cytotoxic drugs to the tumors in a targeted manner, while sparing normal cells. Such a targeted approach can improve the tumor-to-normal tissue selectivity and specificity in chemotherapy. Considering its importance in cancer treatment, we aim to review recent efforts for the design and development of ADCs. ADCs are mainly composed of an antibody, a cytotoxic payload, and a linker, which can offer selectivity against tumors, anti-cancer activity, and stability in systemic circulation. Therefore, we have reviewed recent updates and principal considerations behind ADC designs, which are not only based on the identification of target antigen, cytotoxic drug, and linker, but also on the drug-linker chemistry and conjugation site at the antibody. Our review focuses on site-specific conjugation methods for producing homogenous ADCs with constant drug-antibody ratio (DAR) in order to tackle several drawbacks that exists in conventional conjugation methods.
Description logic-ground knowledge integration and management

This abstract describes ongoing work in developing large-scale knowledge repositories. The project addresses three primary aspects of such systems: integration of knowledge sources; access and retrieval of stored knowledge; scalable, effective repositories. Previous results have shown the effectiveness of description logic-based representations in integrating knowledge sources and the role of non-standard inferences in supporting repository reasoning tasks. Current efforts include developing general-purpose mechanisms for adapting reasoning algorithms for optimized inference under known domain structure and effective use of database technology as a large-scale knowledge base backend.
Hemorheological and Perihemorheological Aspects of the Vessel-Blood Organ Affecting Ischemia

In 1978, the author participated in a conference on “Brain and Heart Infarct” at Castle Auel, where he presented a paper entitled “Hemorheology and Ischemia” [11]. Indeed, it is gratifying that the symposium here deals entirely with hemorheology and ischemia, with emphasis on the brain. At that time Copley proposed a new theory of atherogenesis, which was further developed later [12,13]. He also dealt with phenomena, such as compaction stasis in inflammation, affecting both the rheology of the vessel wall and the flow properties of blood. This communication is concerned mainly with transcapillary transport and perihemorheology, which are expected to have considerable impact on future studies of ischemia, including cerebral ischemia.
Congenital Airway Malformations

Congenital airway malformations comprise a broad spectrum of rare to common anomalies. These anomalies occur at various anatomic levels and manifest in a wide array of airway symptoms, with presentation signifi cantly infl uenced by the level at which obstruction occurs as well as by the severity of obstruction. Given the distinctive anatomic features of the pediatric airway and the risk of airway symptoms rapidly progressing to life-threatening airway compromise, early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of these anomalies are crucial. This chapter provides an overview of congenital airway malformations, progressing from the larynx to the distal airway. In light of the comprehensive nature of this topic, many of these complex anomalies receive only cursory attention.
Can Monte Carlo Methods Achieve Chemical Accuracy

The potential energy surface of the LiH molecule is calculated using the Green’s function Monte Carlo method subject only to the fixed node approximation. The short time approximation has been eliminated and the results are strictly variational within the limits of statistical error. Essentially 100 percent of the correlation energy has been recovered.
Association between otitis media infection and failed hearing screenings in children

This study aims to assess prospectively whether there is an association between frequencies of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) or asthma in early childhood and failed otoacoustic emission (OAE) screenings later in life. There are no clear recommendations for hearing testing following acute otitis media (AOM) infection. This is a retrospective, practice based chart review. Participants from a primary care setting were 517 pre-adolescent and adolescent children (49.9% female) (ages 10–21; mean, 15 y/o), who had presented with at least one specific bacterial URTI (AOM, Group A Streptococcus (GAS) tonsillitis, or Influenza) during childhood. Hearing testing was recorded incidentally at all subsequent routine health care maintenance visits (OAE hearing screen). Simple linear regression analyses were performed using R (v3.4.4). We found that number of episodes of AOM infections strongly correlated with number of failed OAE screenings later in life (F = 76.37; P = <0.001; R2 = 0.1279), while GAS (F = 1.859; P = 0.1733; R2 = 0.0016) or Influenza infection (F = 2.624; P = 0.1059; R2 = 0.0031) were not associated with failed OAE screening. Correlation between number of AOM infections and number of failed OAE screenings was not strengthened by presence of asthma. This study found evidence of an association between childhood history of AOM and failed OAE screenings in adolescence. Since this population may be at a higher risk for developing permanent or fluctuating hearing losses, further studies to clarify indications and timing of standard audiological testing among these children should be considered.
Paid Family Leave: An Emerging Benefit for Employed Family Caregivers of Older Adults

As our population ages, the ability to take time off to care for an ill family member or close friend without losing income or a job is a growing social, health, and economic issue for American families. Therefore, the need for paid family leave policies for workers with caregiving responsibilities is an important topic for employers and policymakers, in the clinical care of older adults, and at kitchen tables across the United States. Despite this growing need, paid family leave is not available to most workers, and there is no national paid family leave policy. Health care and social service providers have a role in ensuring that family members of their patients with a serious health condition or disability are aware of the potential availability of paid family leave benefits in the states and businesses that provide them. Building a better system of care for older adults means changes not only in health care settings and in long-term services and supports, but in workplaces too. This article describes the challenges faced by workers with family caregiving responsibilities, explains why paid family leave matters, indicates which states have adopted these protections, and reviews research on existing paid family leave policies. Finally, actions by clinicians and other stakeholders are offered to advance awareness about paid family leave benefits, including coverage for workers with care responsibilities for older people.
Electromodulation and Transient Absorption SpectroscopySuggest Conduction Band Electron Lifetime, Electron Trapping Parameters,and CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Solar Cell Fill FactorAre Correlated

While lead halide perovskite solar cells have shown a steady increase in power conversion efficiencies over the past several years, it is well-known that minor variations in film fabrication condit...
Association of IL17-expressing γδ t cells with acute radiation-induced pneumonitis.

e21097 Background: Radiation pneumonitis is a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality with thoracic radiation for lung cancer. Little is known about the crucial mechanisms of the inflammatory ...
CNS-Derived Blood Exosomes as a Promising Source of Biomarkers: Opportunities and Challenges

Eukaryotic cells release different types of extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes, ectosomes, and microvesicles. Exosomes are nanovesicles, 30-200 nm in diameter, that carry cell- and cell-state-specific cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, including mRNA and miRNA. Recent studies have shown that central nervous system (CNS)-derived exosomes may carry amyloidogenic proteins and facilitate their cell-to-cell transfer, thus playing a critical role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as tauopathies and synucleinopathies. CNS-derived exosomes also have been shown to cross the blood-brain-barrier into the bloodstream and therefore have drawn substantial attention as a source of biomarkers for various neurodegenerative diseases as they can be isolated via a minimally invasive blood draw and report on the biochemical status of the CNS. However, although isolating specific brain-cell-derived exosomes from the blood is theoretically simple and the approach has great promise, practical details are of crucial importance and may compromise the reproducibility and utility of this approach, especially when different laboratories use different protocols. In this review we discuss the role of exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases, the usefulness of CNS-derived blood exosomes as a source of biomarkers for these diseases, and practical challenges associated with the methodology of CNS-derived blood exosomes and subsequent biomarker analysis.
Realigning the Conventional Routes of Transmission: An Improved Model for Occupational Exposure Assessment and Infection Prevention

Current recommendations for standard and transmission-based precautions in place for patients who are suspected or known to be infected or colonized with infectious agents are best suited to prevent the transfer of micro-organisms to other patients - that is, to prevent the acquisition of a healthcare-associated infection, rather than to protect the healthcare worker from self-contamination resulting in a potential occupationally acquired infection. This article reviews current recommended infection prevention and control practices and offers a framework for better protection and controls from an occupational health point of view. We offer a model with two exposure routes - contact and aerosol - resulting from work activities and environments, shifting the focus away from particular pathogenic micro-organisms' typical methods for spreading to patients or to other non-workers in hospital and community settings.
Pharmacodynamic Effects of Switching From Ticagrelor to Clopidogrel in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: Results of the SWAP-4 Study.

Background:Switching between different classes of P2Y12 inhibitors, including de-escalation from ticagrelor to clopidogrel, commonly occurs in clinical practice. However, the pharmacodynamic profil...
Ethylene-triggered subcellular trafficking of CTR1 suppresses the response to ethylene gas

Ethylene gas controls plant growth and stress responses. Ethylene-exposed dark-grown seedlings exhibit a dramatic growth reduction, yet the seedlings rapidly return to the basal growth rate when ethylene gas is removed. However, the underlying mechanism governing this remarkable reversible acclimation of dark-grown seedlings to ethylene remains enigmatic. Here, we report that ethylene triggers the translocation of the Raf-like protein kinase CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1), a negative regulator of ethylene signaling, from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus. Nuclear-localized CTR1 inhibits the ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) transcription factor via the EIN3-BINDING F-box Proteins, resulting in rapid suppression of the ethylene response, thus promoting fast growth recovery. These findings uncover a mechanism of the ethylene signaling pathway that links the spatiotemporal dynamics of cellular signaling components to organismal responses.
Erratum to: Characterizing Benefit from Temozolomide in MGMT Promoter Unmethylated and Methylated Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background The current standard of care for the management of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) includes maximal safe resection followed by radiotherapy (RT) with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ). While it is well established that TMZ has better efficacy in patients with MGMT promoter methylation, it remains an area of debate whether TMZ should be omitted when treating GBM patients with unmethylated MGMT. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide separate estimates of median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) for patients with methylated and unmethylated GBM treated with RT with or without TMZ. We searched multiple databases from inception to January 13, 2020. Results The median OS for patients with unmethylated GBM treated with RT/TMZ pooled from 5 phase III studies (N = 655) was 14.11 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.18-15.04) with a median PFS of 4.99 months (95% CI, 4.25-5.72). In contrast, the median OS for patients with methylated GBM pooled from 6 studies (N = 753) was 24.59 months (95% CI, 22.19-26.99) with a median PFS pooled from 7 studies (N = 805) of 9.51 months (95% CI, 7.41-11.61). There is a paucity of prospective data pertaining to OS/PFS in unmethylated patients treated with RT only and therefore a direct comparison was not possible. Conclusions This meta-analysis provides estimates of survival for patients with MGMT methylated or unmethylated GBM treated with RT/TMZ. Further research is needed to delineate whether TMZ should be withheld for patients with unmethylated GBM outside of the setting of clinical trials.
Power-aware heart rate monitoring using particle filters

This article describes a novel methodology to balance computational power and estimation accuracy for the application of robust heartrate (HR) monitoring through leveraging particle filters. We formulate the power-accuracy trade-off as the number of particles in the particle filter framework, where a higher number of particles leads to higher computational resolution and accuracy at the cost of higher computational power. Our particle filter-based HR monitoring technique can be applied to a variety of physiological signals including but not limited to electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG).
UN Global Pulse: A UN Innovation Initiative with a Multiplier Effect

UN Global Pulse is recognized today worldwide as centre of excellence on the use of big data and artificial intelligence for the public good. It is a flagship innovation initiative on big data under the Executive Office of the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General that was launched with the mission to accelerate the discovery, development and scaled adoption of big data innovation for sustainable development practice and humanitarian action.
A Review of: “Taiwo Afuape. (2011)”. Power, Resistance and Liberation in Therapy with Survivors of Trauma: To Have Our Hearts Broken

If you're looking for an alternative to the mental health “trauma industry” (Summerfield, 2001, para. 13; see also Bracken, 2002), this book is a good place to start. Afuape's piercing sensitivity ...
The distribution of calanoid copepods in the plankton of Wisconsin Lakes

Zooplankton communities from 499 lakes were examined for calanoid copepod species. Limnocalanus macrurus and Senecella calaloides are confined to Lakes Michigan, Superior and one inland lake each. Eurytemora affinis has recently become established in the coastal waters of Lakes Michigan and Superior. Epischura lacustris is present in the summer plankton of a wide variety of lake types. Aglaodiaptomus leptopus is sensitive to fish predation and confined to small lakes without fish. Leptodiaptomus ashlandi is restricted to Lakes Michigan and Superior, but L. sicilis is also found in some inland lakes. Leptodiaptomus minutus is a boreal species found mostly in lakes of the far north. Skistodiaptomus oregonensis is the most commonly occurring calanoid and seems well adapted to lakes of the meso-to low eutrophic types. Skistodiaptomus pallidus is also generally distributed throughout the state, but less common than oregonensis and adapted to more eutrophic lakes. Leptodiaptomus siciloides and A. clavipes are western species, adapted to eutrophic lakes, which are expanding their ranges eastward, aided by cultural eutrophication.
Skin, Molecular Cell Biology of

The skin is the one organ of the body that is constantly exposed to a changing environment. Maintaining its integrity is a complex process, and assaults from surgical incisions, injuries, or burns can lead to life-threatening consequences without appropriate treatment. Human skin is divided into two primary layers—epidermis (outermost layer) and dermis (innermost layer) (Fig. 1). These two layers are separated by a structure called the basement membrane. Beneath the dermis is a layer of loose connective tissue called the hypodermis or subcutis, and beneath the subcutis is the fat layer. Major functions of the skin are protection, immunity, thermoregulation, sensation, metabolism, and communication. The skin of the average adult covers approximately 3000 square inches, or an area almost equivalent to 2 m2. From birth to maturity the skin covering will undergo a sevenfold expansion. It weighs about 6 lbs (or up to 15% of total adult body weight), is the largest organ, and receives one-third of the body's circulating blood volume. The skin forms a protective barrier from the external environment while maintaining a homeostatic internal environment. Epidermal appendages—nails, hair follicles, sweat or sebaceous glands—which are lined with epidermal cells, are also present in the skin. During the healing of partial-thickness wounds, these epidermal cells migrate to resurface the wound. This organ is capable of self-regeneration and can withstand limited mechanical and chemical assaults. The skin varies in thickness from 0.5 mm in the tympanic membrane to 6 mm in the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands. Variations are attributable to differences in the thickness of the skin layers covering underlying organs, bones, muscle, and cartilage. Diseases of the skin can result from genetic causes, so-called genodermatoses, infection, immune dysfunction, and trauma. Skin diseases can involve some or all of the layers of the skin. Keywords: Dermis; Epidermis; Wound Healing
Physicians and Cancer Patients: Communication and Advance Directives

Over the previous several decades, numerous changes have occurred in the medical care of cancer patients in the United States. Medications and technologies not previously dreamed of are now commonplace as physicians treat patients with various malignancies. In the midst of these diagnostic and therapeutic advances, another significant change has occurred in how physicians talk to patients with cancer. Just a few decades ago, physicians routinely would not disclose the diagnosis of cancer with a patient. Today, such an approach would be unthinkable to most physicians and patients in the United States. In fact, the current discussions about advance directives assume that a certain minimum level of communication between doctor and patient has occurred.
Maximum likelihood estimation of exponential signals in noise using a Newton algorithm

The authors present a Newton algorithm for exact maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of multiple exponential signals in additive white Gaussian noise. Closed-form expressions are derived for the gradient and Hessian of the criterion function. These are used in the algorithm to locate the optimum polynomial whose roots represent the parameters of the signals. It is concluded that the algorithm is useful for direction-of-arrival estimation using uniform linear sensor arrays, and for estimating parameters of exponentially damped sine waves in noise. >
Pre-migration Trauma Exposure and Psychological Distress for Asian American Immigrants: Linking the Pre- and Post-migration Contexts

Drawing on the life course perspective and the assumptive world theory, this paper examines whether pre-migration trauma exposure is associated with psychological distress through post-migration perceived discrimination for Asian American immigrants. The study is based on cross-sectional data from the National Latino and Asian American Study (N = 1639). Structural equation model is used to estimate the relationship between pre-migration trauma, post-migration perceived discrimination, and psychological distress. Additional models are estimated to explore possible variations across ethnic groups as well as across different types of pre-migration trauma experience. Pre-migration trauma exposure is associated with higher levels of psychological distress, both directly and indirectly through higher level of perceived discrimination, even after controlling for demographic/acculturative factors and post-migration trauma exposure. This pattern holds for the following sub-types of pre-migration trauma: political trauma, crime victimization, physical violence, accidental trauma, and relational trauma. Multi-group analyses show that this pattern holds for all Asian immigrant subgroups except the Vietnamese. Studies of immigrant mental health primarily focus on post-migration stressors. Few studies have considered the link between pre- and post-migration contexts in assessing mental health outcomes. The study illustrates the usefulness of bridging the pre- and post-migration context in identifying the mental health risks along the immigrant life course.
The Violence of Adolescent Life: Experiencing and Managing Everyday Threats

This article examines the experiences of 43 adolescents living in Denver, Colorado, from 1994 to 1996—the 2-year period following the peak of the youth violence epidemic. Where the dominant theories explaining inner-city violence tend to focus on disadvantaged communities, this study sampled youths from 5 neighborhoods with varying crime, poverty, family stability, and resident mobility rates. The findings demonstrate that, although most teens worried about the seemingly pervasive violence surrounding them, adolescents’ experiences with and attempts to manage violence differed dramatically. By identifying a range of violence management strategies used by individuals living in resource-poor and resource-rich neighborhoods, this study examines the way that everyday interactions within and across a variety of contexts may theoretically increase violence rates. The implications of these findings for violence research and prevention are also discussed.