cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the mathematical representation of phenomena of emergence

Abstract This paper is a philosophical enquiry into the role that mathematics play in the articulation of science. It is conducted, in its essentials, in the spirit of Wittgenstein's views on the nature and function of philosophy, which are to lay bare, as it were, the manner in which we do whatever it is that we do, and then to examine the claims that we make for the deed. My conclusions should be easily accessible to those familiar with his thinking on the subject of science. The case that has inspired the writing of this paper is not that of biology, nor is it the biological theory of evolution; rather, the case I have kept in mind while writing this paper is that of cognitive science, sometimes presented as a “science of mind” by its practitioners. It is primarily a computational theory characterized by two distinct approaches, one internal, the gist of which is that the brain/mind distinction is definitely passe; the other external, based on the view that the mark of human mentation is to be found in...
Behavior of Axially Loaded Drilled Shaft Foundations with Symmetric Voids Outside and Inside the Caging

Drilled shaft foundations usually carry very high design loads, and often serve as a single load-carrying unit. These conditions have created a need for a high-level of quality assurance during and after construction process. During the construction process, different types of anomalies such as necking, soft-bottom gap at the base, voids and soil intrusions can occur. Anomalies throughout the length can significantly reduce the axial load capacity of the drilled shaft. This paper studies the effect of voids inside and outside the reinforcement cage on the strength and structural capacity of drilled shafts. The objective of this research is to quantify the extent of loss in axial strength and stiffness of drilled shafts due to presence of three different types of symmetric voids throughout their lengths; also, to evaluate the potential for buckling of longitudinal bars within the various types of voids. To complete these objectives, fifteen large-scale drilled shaft samples were built and tested using a hydraulic actuator at the Florida International University’s (FIU) Titan America Structures and Construction Testing (TASCT) laboratory. During the static load test, load-displacement curves were recorded by the data acquisition system (MegaDAC). Results show that the presence of symmetric voids outside the rebar cage (void Type C) that occupy 40% of the cross sectional area of the drilled shafts cause 27% reduction in the axial capacity, while the symmetric voids that penetrate inside the core (void Type B) cause 47% reduction in the axial capacity. The findings indicate that the voids Type B decrease the capacity and stiffness of drilled shafts more than other types due to the resulting inadequate confinement of the concrete and reinforcement.
Policy and Practice Implications from the Lives of Aging International Migrant Women

From a study of the cross-cultural experiences of older women who came to the US as adults from Asia or the Caribbean we can learn about how to formulate appropriate services and legislation. Women in Pennsylvania aged 60-89 were interviewed. They sometimes experienced con.ict between their original cultures and their lives in the US. Their stories included material about initial adjustment, work and economic issues, health, and culture and gender roles.
Effect of reducing groundwater on the retardation of redox-sensitive radionuclides

Laboratory batch sorption experiments were used to investigate variations in the retardation behavior of redox-sensitive radionuclides. Water-rock compositions were designed to simulate subsurface conditions at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), where a suite of radionuclides were deposited as a result of underground nuclear testing. Experimental redox conditions were controlled by varying the oxygen content inside an enclosed glove box and by adding reductants into the testing solutions. Under atmospheric (oxidizing) conditions, radionuclide distribution coefficients varied with the mineralogic composition of the sorbent and the water chemistry. Under reducing conditions, distribution coefficients showed marked increases for 99Tc (from 1.22 at oxidizing to 378 mL/g at mildly reducing conditions) and 237Np (an increase from 4.6 to 930 mL/g) in devitrified tuff, but much smaller variations in alluvium, carbonate rock, and zeolitic tuff. This effect was particularly important for 99Tc, which tends to be mobile under oxidizing conditions. A review of the literature suggests that iodine sorption should decrease under reducing conditions when I- is the predominant species; this was not consistently observed in batch tests. Overall, sorption of U to alluvium, devitrified tuff, and zeolitic tuff under atmospheric conditions was less than in the glove-box tests. However, the mildly reducing conditions achieved here were not likely to result in substantial U(VI) reduction to U(IV). Sorption of Pu was not affected by the decreasing Eh conditions achieved in this study, as the predominant sorbed Pu species in all conditions was expected to be the low-solubility and strongly sorbing Pu(OH)4. Depending on the aquifer lithology, the occurrence of reducing conditions along a groundwater flowpath could potentially contribute to the retardation of redox-sensitive radionuclides 99Tc and 237Np, which are commonly identified as long-term dose contributors in the risk assessment in various radionuclide environmental contamination scenarios. The implications for increased sorption of 99Tc and 237Np to devitrified tuff under reducing conditions are significant as the fractured devitrified tuff serves as important water flow path at the NTS and the horizon for a proposed repository to store high-level nuclear waste at Yucca Mountain.
The impact of redox properties on the reactivity of V2O5/Al2O3 catalysts

Abstract The redox properties of 5 and 15 wt.% V2O5/Al2O3 catalysts calcined at 753 and 973 K were characterized by measuring their composition as a function of P O 2 at 748 K using coulometric titration. The redox isotherms showed that the 5 wt.% catalyst calcined at 753 K underwent gradual reduction from V+5 to V+4 at P O 2 between 10−4 and 10−19 atm, and stepwise reduction from V+4 to V+3 at a P O 2 of 10−24 atm corresponding to a ΔGred of 343 kJ/mol of O2. This sample was also found to exhibit relatively high thermal stability. The redox isotherm for a 15 wt.% catalyst calcined at 753 K was similar to that obtained for a 5 wt.% catalyst. This sample was much less thermally stable, however, and recrystallized upon calcination at 973 K, forming a highly reducible AlVOx species that underwent reduction from V+5 to V+3 in a single step at a P O 2 of 10−6 atm at 748 K with a ΔGred of 86 kJ/mol. In spite of the differences in the redox properties, all the catalysts were found to exhibit a similar reactivity for the selective oxidation of methanol. The catalysts also exhibited a similar propane ODH activity except for the 15 wt.% catalyst calcined at 973 K which had a lower activity, was unselective, and produced only CO2.
Comment on "Superconductivity in electron-doped layered TiNCl with variable interlayer coupling"

In their article, Zhang et al. [Phys. Rev. B 86, 024516 (2012)] present a remarkable result for ${A}_{x}{(S)}_{y}\mathrm{TiNCl}$ compounds ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$-phase TiNCl partially intercalated with alkali $A$ and optionally co-intercalated molecular species $S$), finding the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ scales with ${d}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where the spacing $d$ between TiNCl-layered structures depends on intercalant thickness. Recognizing that this behavior indicates interlayer coupling, Zhang et al. cite, among other papers, the interlayer Coulombic pairing mechanism picture [Harshman et al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 23, 295701 (2011)]. This Comment shows that superconductivity occurs by interactions between the chlorine layers of the TiNCl structure and the layers containing ${A}_{x}$, wherein the transverse ${A}_{x}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Cl}$ separation distance $\ensuremath{\zeta}$ is smaller than $d$. In the absence of pair-breaking interactions, the optimal transition temperature is modeled by ${T}_{c0}\ensuremath{\propto}{(\ensuremath{\sigma}/A)}^{1/2}{\ensuremath{\zeta}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where $\ensuremath{\sigma}/A$ is the fractional charge per area per formula unit. Particularly noteworthy are the rather marginally metallic trends in resistivities of ${A}_{x}{(S)}_{y}\mathrm{TiNCl}$, indicating high scattering rates, which are expected to partially originate from remote Coulomb scattering (RCS) from the ${A}_{x}$ ions. By modeling a small fraction of the RCS as inducing pair breaking, taken to cut off exponentially with $\ensuremath{\zeta}$, observations of ${T}_{c}l{T}_{c0}$ are quantitatively described for compounds with $\ensuremath{\zeta}l4\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\AA{}$ and ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}{T}_{c0}$ for $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}_{0.16}{(S)}_{y}\mathrm{TiNCl}$ with propylene carbonate and butylene carbonate co-intercalants for which $\ensuremath{\zeta}g7\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\AA{}$. Since a spatially separated alkali-ion layer is not formed in $\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{i}}_{0.13}\mathrm{TiNCl}$, the observed ${T}_{c}$ of 5.9 K is attributed to an intergrowth phase related to TiN $({T}_{c}=5.6\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)-(1–14) and -(1–11) Analogs Conformationally Constrained by α-Aminoisobutyric Acid Mediate Full Agonist Responses via the Juxtamembrane Region of the PTH-1 Receptor

The N-terminal portion of parathyroid hormone is critical for PTH-1 receptor (P1R) activation and has been postulated to be alpha-helical when bound to the receptor. We investigated whether substitution of the sterically hindered and helix-promoting amino acid alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) in N-terminal PTH oligopeptides would improve the capacity of the peptide to activate the P1R. Analysis of the effects of individual Aib substitutions at each position in [Ala(3,12),Gln(10),Har(11),Trp(14)]PTH(1-14)NH(2) ([M]PTH(1-14)) on cAMP-stimulating potency in HKRK-B28 cells revealed that Aib at most positions diminished potency; however, Aib at positions 1 and 3 enhanced potency. Thus [Aib(1,3),M]PTH(1-14) was approximately 100-fold more potent than [M]PTH(1-14) (EC(50) = 1.1 +/- 0.1 and 100 +/- 20 nm, respectively), approximately 100,000-fold more potent than native PTH(1-14), and 2-fold more potent than PTH(1-34). The shorter peptide, [Aib(1,3),M]PTH(1-11), was also fully efficacious and 1,000-fold more potent than [M]PTH(1-11) (EC(50) 4 +/- 1 nm versus 3 +/- 1 microm). In cAMP stimulation assays performed in COS-7 cells expressing P1R-delNt, a receptor that lacks most of the N-terminal extracellular domain, [Aib(1,3),M]PTH(1-14) was 50-fold more potent than [M]PTH(1-14) (EC(50) = 0.7 +/- 0.2 versus 40 +/- 2 nm) and 1,000-fold more potent than PTH(1-34) (EC(50) = 700 nm). [Aib(1,3),M]PTH(1-14), but not PTH(1-34), inhibited the binding of (125)I-[Aib(1,3),Nle(8),Gln(10),Har(11),Ala(12),Trp(14),Arg(19),Tyr(21)]PTH(1-21)NH(2) to hP1R-delNt (IC(50) = 1,600 +/- 200 nm). The Aib(1,3) substitutions in otherwise unmodified PTH(1-34) enhanced potency and binding affinity on hP1R-delNt, but they had no effect for this peptide on hP1R-WT. Circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrated that the Aib-1,3 substitutions increased helicity in all peptides tested, including PTH(1-34). The overall data thus suggest that the N-terminal residues of PTH are intrinsically disordered but become conformationally constrained, possibly as an alpha-helix, upon interaction with the activation domain of the PTH-1 receptor.
The Radiodensity of Medications Seen on X-ray Films

Objective To analyze the radiodensity of commonly used medications and determine their ability to be seen on plain x-ray films. Material and Methods Under conditions intended to simulate a patient undergoing radiography of the abdomen (including the use of a patient-equivalent phantom), 50 prescription and nonprescription drugs were tested. Their radiodensities were quantified, and their visibility on plain x-ray films was noted. The study drugs were then ranked in order of decreasing radiodensity. In addition, we report an illustrative case of ingested pills in the stomach that mimicked gallstones, a phenomenon we termed "pseudogallstones." Results In a 71-year-old woman with upper abdominal pain and nausea, a presumptive diagnosis of gallstones based on x-ray findings was subsequently found to be retained iron tablets. This case prompted our assessment of the radiodensity of medications frequently prescribed for elderly patients. Although all 50 medications studied were visible on plain x-ray films, a 13-fold difference was found in their relative radiodensities. Of the medications studied, potassium chloride was the most radiodense, and prednisone was the least radiodense. As a group, minerals were the most radiodense of all medications studied. Conclusion Numerous commonly prescribed medications in their undissolved, undigested state are visible on plain x-ray films, as are mineral supplements, which have high radiodensities. At times, the appearance of these medications and supplements may be confused with organic pathologic conditions.
Noncommutative Schubert Calculus and Grothendieck Polynomials

Abstract In this paper we extend the work of Fomin and Greene on noncommutative Schur functions by defining noncommutative analogs of Schubert polynomials. If the variables satisfy certain relations (essentially the same as those needed in the theory of noncommutative Schur functions), we prove a Pieri-type formula and a Cauchy identity for our noncommutative polynomials. Our results imply the conjecture of Fomin and Kirillov concerning the expansion of an arbitrary Grothendieck polynomial in the basis of Schubert polynomials; we also present a combinatorial interpretation for the coefficients of the expansion. We conclude with some open problems related to it.
Covalent structure of collagen: Amino acid sequence of three cyanogen bromide-derived peptides from human α1(V) collagen chain

Abstract Type V collagen was prepared from human amnionic/chorionic membranes and separated into α1(V) and α2(V) polypeptide chains. The α1(V) chain was digested with cyanogen bromide and nine peptides were obtained and purified. Three of the peptides, α1(V)CB1, CB4, and CB7 having molecular weights of 5000, 8000, and 6000, respectively, were further analyzed by amino acid sequence analysis and thermolytic or tryptic digestions. CB1 contained 54 amino acids and identification of its complete sequence was aided by thermolysin digestion and isolation of two peptides, Th1 and Th2. CB4 contained 81 amino acids and sequence analysis of intact CB4 and five tryptic peptides provided us with its complete amino acid sequence. The peptide CB7 contained 67 amino acids and was cleaved into four tryptic peptides that were used for complete sequence analysis. The above results represent the first available covalent structure information on the α1(V) collagen chain. These data enabled us to establish the location of these peptides within the helical structure of other collagen chains. CB4 was homologous to residues 66–145 in the collagen chain while CB1 represented residues 146–200 and CB7 was homologous with residues 201–269. This alignment was facilitated by identification of a helical collagen crossing site consisting of Hyl-Gly-His-Arg located at positions 87–90 in all collagen chains of this size thus far identified. Seventy-one percent homology (excluding Gly residues) was found between amino acids in this region of the α1(XI) and of α1(V) collagen chains while only 21 and 19% identity was calculated for the same region of α2(V) and α1(I) collagen chains, respectively.
Direct synthesis of palladium-containing mesoporous carbon

Abstract Palladium-containing mesoporous carbon materials with high surface area, large pore volume and narrow pore size distribution have been synthesized by a simple one-step sol–gel technique followed by a carbonization and template removal processes. These materials contain uniformed pores with 2.2 nm average pore diameter and surface areas larger than 1500 m 2 /g. The palladium content of these materials can be precisely controlled during the sol–gel process. Compared with the commercially available activated carbon supported palladium catalysts, these materials exhibit improved catalytic activities for Heck reaction of iodobenzene and styrene.
The effects of selected cotton-leaf volatiles on growth, development and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus.

Abstract The fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus produce the hepatocarcinogenic, secondary metabolites, aflatoxins, in cottonseed, corn, peanuts and treenuts. Results have shown that aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus grown in the presence of specific cotton-leaf volatiles exhibit alterations in aflatoxin production accompanied by variations in growth of the fungi. In this study, two alcohols (3-methyl-1-butanol (3-MB) and nonanol) and two terpenes (camphene and limonene) were chosen as representative cotton-leaf volatiles based on the effects they had on fungal growth and/or aflatoxin production in previous investigations. The morphological effects of volatile exposure were examined in correlation with fungal growth and aflatoxin production. 3-MB-treated samples exhibited a decrease in fungal radial growth which was directly proportional to the volatile dosage. Additionally, 3-MB treatment resulted in loss of mycelial pigmentation and a decrease in sporulation. Limonene and camphene-treated samples yielded negligible differences in radial growth and morphology when compared to unexposed controls. In addition to radial growth inhibition, samples grown in the presence of nonanol demonstrated uniquely aerial hyphae. In comparison to an unexposed control, aflatoxin production increased in cultures exposed to 3-MB but decreased when exposed to the other three volatiles studied.
The value of unprotected habitat in conserving the critically endangered Tana River red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus)

We determined the importance of unprotected forest habitat outside the Tana River Primate National Reserve (TRPNR), Kenya, in conserving the critically endangered Tana red colobus. We compared colobus and forest attributes inside and outside the reserve and found no significant difference in colobus density or mean group size, although absolute values for both measures were higher outside the reserve. Forests outside TRPNR had a higher basal area of trees, basal area per tree, and basal area of stumps from human use. We also compared data on group size and composition collected inside and outside TRPNR during the period of reserve establishment (1978), 10 years after establishment (1988) and over 20 years after establishment (2000). Mean group size declined by nearly 50% since the reserve was established across all age classes both inside and outside TRPNR. Since the red colobus population is in decline and forests outside TRPNR are as suitable as those inside as colobus habitat, we recommend adopting a community-based conservation strategy of sustainable forest management and use outside TRPNR to enhance conservation goals.
Characterization of a rat insulin-like growth factor I gene promoter.

Rat IGF-I mRNAs contain one of two alternative 5′-untranslated regions which are encoded by alternative exons (exons 1 and 2) and whose expression is controlled by alternative promoter elements. We investigated the ability of fragments of DNA which contain exon 1 and its 5′-flanking region to regulate transcription of a luciferase reporter gene in transient transfection assays. Maximal promoter activity was obtained with a construct which contained 412 bp of 5′-flanking region while constructs which contained 1120 and 1690 bp of 5′-flanking region induced ∼50% less enzymatic activity. Mapping of transcription start sites by RNase protection assay demonstrated that native start sites were used by these constructs, although the relative use of different start sites was different from start site usage by the endogenous gene. These data demonstrate that the 5′-flanking region of exon 1 is capable of regulating transcription of IGF-I mRNAs.
Determination of isotopic ratios of neodymium by resonance ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract Measurements of neodymium isotope ratios have been made using laser-induced resonance ionization mass spectrometry. Results are presented for samples at the 3 μg and 40 ng levels, along with the wavelengths used for ionization. Analytical precision, bias, and elemental selectivity are reported which demonstrate the potential usefulness of this technique.
Topical Fluoride Therapy: Discussion of Some Aspects of Toxicology, Safety, and Efficacy

Although ingestion of an acute toxic dose of fluoride is extremely rare in dental treatments, practitioners should be familiar with the signs and symptoms and with emergency measures of treating accidental overdosage. The amount of fluoride ingested chronically from the use of self-applied topical fluoride can be reduced to safe limits by instructing parents to dispense small amounts of toothpaste for their young children and to ensure that fluoride dentifrices and mouthrinses are fully expectorated. Similarly, when custom-fitted trays are used, only minimal amounts of fluoride gels are necessary. The minimal amount of such gels that can be dispensed appears to be influenced by their viscosity. Clinical efficacy does not support a reduction in the concentration of fluoride in commercial dentifrices.
Social versus physiological motives in the drug careers of methadone clinic clients

This article analyzes the retrospective accounts, obtained through open‐ended interviews, of 60 methadone clinic clients about their motivations for drug use over the course of their drug careers. A substantial majority cited the widespread popularity of illegal drugs during the late 1960s and early 1970s in this country's youth movement and in Vietnam as the major factor in initial drug use. This explanation is consistent with the typical sociological emphasis on social and subcultural factors. We found, however, that after the respondents’ drug use expanded to include heroin, their motivations for drug use changed dramatically. Sooner or later physiological survival needs displaced social motives as the main reason for continued drug use. It is crucial that this shift in drug users’ conscious motivations be reflected in both sociological and social psychological models of drug use. Although clients continued to participate in the drug subculture as a matter of necessity, their conscious motivations were...
Contralateral mastectomy for women with hereditary breast cancer

Still a very personal decision Angelina Jolie’s disclosure in May 2013 of her prophylactic bilateral mastectomy triggered a wide range of reactions among women, caregivers, and scientists. In an editorial in the New York Times the actress announced that she was a carrier of a BRCA1 genetic mutation, significantly increasing her risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Jolie’s decision was intended to lower her risk of developing and dying from breast cancer. Carriers of a mutation in the BRCA1/2 gene who develop breast cancer face a decision similar to that of Jolie’s: should they part with their unaffected breast to prevent a second tumour? The question such women ask is: will this reduce my risk of dying from breast cancer? In a linked paper (doi:10.1136/bmj.g226), Metcalfe and colleagues present new data for consideration by affected women and their doctors. Results from this observational study suggest that preventive mastectomy of the contralateral breast may reduce the risk of dying from breast cancer by 48% within 20 years after the first diagnosis. As the most common malignancy among women worldwide, breast cancer is a serious threat to women’s health. The prospect that …
Immigration and Its Effect on the College-Going Outcomes of Natives.

Abstract In this paper, I analyze immigration's effect on the SAT-scores and college application patterns of high school students in California and Texas. The student-level dataset used is longitudinal in nature and is matched via a unique algorithm to the Census 2000 summary tabulation files to determine immigration at the local census-place level. The Census measure of immigration developed here is extremely specific and improves upon existing immigration measures. Using empirical strategies to account for issues of selection, this essay's main finding is that the 1990s immigration did not harm, and possibly benefited the student outcomes of U.S. citizens.
Structure and Dielectric Properties of Materials in the Solid Solution System Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/33)O3:Pb(W1/2Mg1/2)O3

Solid solutions between the relaxor ferroelectric Pb3MgNb2O9 (PMN) and the ordered antiferroelectric Pb2MgWO6 (PMW) were studied. X-ray diffraction shows that the superstructure reflections characteristic of the doubling of the perovskite subcell evident in pure PMW begin to appear in compositions containing more than 20 mol% PMW. Dielectric measurements, however, show that the diffuse transition behavior characteristic of PMN persists up to compositions Containing 80 mol% PMW. Results are discussed on the basis of present models for ferroelectric relaxor behavior.
Hereditary angioedema: What the gastroenterologist needs to know

Up to 93% of patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE) experience recurrent abdominal pain. Many of these patients, who often present to emergency departments, primary care physicians, general surgeons, or gastroenterologists, are misdiagnosed for years and undergo unnecessary testing and surgical procedures. Making the diagnosis of HAE can be challenging because symptoms and attack locations are often inconsistent from one episode to the next. Abdominal attacks are common and can occur without other attack locations. An early, accurate diagnosis is central to managing HAE. Unexplained abdominal pain, particularly when accompanied by swelling of the face and extremities, suggests the diagnosis of HAE. A family history and radiologic imaging demonstrating edematous bowel also support an HAE diagnosis. Once HAE is suspected, C4 and C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) laboratory studies are usually diagnostic. Patients with HAE may benefit from recently approved specific treatments, including plasma-derived C1-INH or recombinant C1-INH, a bradykinin B2-receptor antagonist, or a kallikrein inhibitor as first-line therapy and solvent/detergent-treated or fresh frozen plasma as second-line therapy for acute episodes. Short-term or long-term prophylaxis with nanofiltered C1-INH or attenuated androgens will prevent or reduce the frequency and severity of episodes. Gastroenterologists can play a critical role in identifying and treating patients with HAE, and should have a high index of suspicion when encountering patients with recurrent, unexplained bouts of abdominal pain. Given the high rate of abdominal attacks in HAE, it is important for gastroenterologists to appropriately diagnose and promptly recognize and treat HAE, or refer patients with HAE to an allergist.
An interest rate and factor price equalization theorem with nontraded commodities

Abstract The model under consideration consists of m pure consumption goods, n capital goods, and h ≦ m primary factors of production in long-run time-phased equilibrium. Two alternative capital intensity conditions are defined in terms of physical unit input coefficients which suffice for equalization of the interest rate, all capital good prices, and all primary factor prices, provided only there is positive trade in every consumption good and in at least one capital good. If the capital intensity conditions hold at all factor prices, the result remains valid even if trading regions have a technology consisting of neoclassical production functions.
EFFECT OF MICROBIAL ADSORPTION AT THE GAS/LIQUID INTERFACE ON OXYGEN ENHANCEMENT FACTORS

The adsorption of micro-organisms at the gas/liquid interface causes both an increase in the oxygen respiration rate and a decrease in the oxygen diffusion coefficient near the interface. An increase in the oxygen consumption rate increases the oxygen mass transfer rate into the bacterial broth but a decreased oxygen diffusion coefficient reduces the mass transfer rate. These two factors must be taken into account when enhancement factors are calculated.
Inhibition of murine neutrophil serine proteinases by human and murine secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor.

Abstract Human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is a predominant physiologic inhibitor of elastase and cathepsin G, proinflammatory serine proteases released by activated neutrophils. In order to fully evaluate the potential pharmacologic efficacy of human SLPI in animal models of inflammation, it is critical to know the potency of the inhibitor for corresponding proteases from the species of interest. In this report, we compare the inhibitory activity of human and murine SLPI against elastase and cathepsin G from both species. Human and murine neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G display comparable K m values for their specific peptide substrates. Murine SLPI inhibits murine neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G with K i values of 5 and 0.12 nM, respectively, while human SLPI inhibits the both murine serine proteases with K i 's of 0.02 nM. In contrast, murine SLPI inhibits human neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G with K i values of 1.4 and 90 nM, respectively, while human SLPI inhibits the proteases with K i 's of 0.3 and 10 nM, respectively. These results demonstrate species-specific variations in the protease inhibitory activities of SLPI. Such variations should be considered in the evaluation of the activity of human SLPI in murine pharmacologic models.
New species of Ceratocystis.

SUMMARY New species, Ceratocystis ponderosae, isolated from blue stain of ponderosa pine, and C. fraxinopennsylvanica, isolated from brown stain associated with bark beetle larvae galleries in green ash, are described. Ceratocystis ponderosae is morphologically similar to C. pilifera but differs in growth habit and staining ability. The ostiolar tip and imperfect state of C. fraxinopennsylvanica separate this species from others.
Functional Analysis of the Trypanosomal AAA ProteinTbVCP with trans-Dominant ATP Hydrolysis Mutants

Abstract TbVCP is a member of the AAA (ATPases Associated with a variety of cellularActivities) family of proteins containing two ATPase domains. Southern analysis indicates TbVCP to have a single-locus, two-copy, genomic organization. One copy, but not both, can be disrupted by targeted gene replacement, suggesting thatTbVCP is essential for trypanosome viability. Site-directed mutagenesis of the ATP hydrolysis motifs indicates that the second conserved ATPase domain is essential for TbVCP activity. Constitutive overexpression of TbVCP with a single mutation in the second hydrolysis motif or with mutations in both hydrolysis motifs was not possible. Regulated overexpression of these mutants resulted in cell death as a dominant negative phenotype. In each case cell growth arrested at 24-h post-induction and at all stages of the cell cycle as judged by replication of nuclear and kinetoplast genomes. Onset of growth arrest coincided with the development of severe and characteristic morphological alterations for each mutant. Neither constitutive nor regulated overexpression of wild typeTbVCP or the single first hydrolysis domain mutant had any overt effect on cell viability or morphology. However, the distinct phenotype of the double mutant indicates that the first hydrolysis domain, although not essential, does modulate overall TbVCP function. Finally, yeast complementation studies demonstrated thatTbVCP can functionally replace the yeast homologue Cdc48p, indicating that protein·protein interactions essential to function have been maintained over great phylogenetic distances.
An Anisotropic Constitutive Equation for the Stress Tensor of Blood Based on Mixture Theory

Based on ideas proposed by Massoudi and Rajagopal (M-R), we develop a model for blood using the theory of interacting continua, that is, the mixture theory. We first provide a brief review of mixture theory, and then discuss certain issues in constitutive modeling of a two-component mixture. In the present formulation, we ignore the biochemistry of blood and assume that blood is composed of red blood cells (RBCs) suspended in plasma, where the plasma behaves as a linearly viscous fluid and the RBCs are modeled as an anisotropic nonlinear density-gradient-type fluid. We obtain a constitutive relation for blood, based on the simplified constitutive relations derived for plasma and RBCs. A simple shear flow is discussed, and an exact solution is obtained for a very special case; for more general cases, it is necessary to solve the nonlinear coupled equations numerically.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein-5 (IGFBP-5) Stimulates Growth and IGF-I Secretion in Human Intestinal Smooth Muscle by Ras-dependent Activation of p38 MAP Kinase and Erk1/2 Pathways

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are produced by human intestinal smooth muscle cells. Endogenous IGF-I stimulates growth and increases IGFBP-5 secretion. IGFBP-5 augments the effects of IGF-I by facilitating interaction of IGF-I with the IGF-I receptor tyrosine kinase. Andress (Andress, D. L. (1998) Am. J. Physiol. 274, E744–E750) and Berfield et al. (Berfield, A. K., Andress, D. L., and Abrass, C. K. (2000) Kidney Int. 57, 1991–2003) have shown that in osteoblasts and kidney mesangial cells, IGFBP-5 stimulates proliferation and filopodia formation independently of IGF-I, presumably by activating a distinct IGFBP-5 receptor serine kinase. The present study determined whether IGFBP-5 exerts direct effects on growth in human intestinal smooth muscle cells and identified the intracellular signaling pathways involved. IGFBP-5 caused a concentration-dependent increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation and an increase in IGF-I secretion that occurred independently of IGF-I and the IGF-I receptor tyrosine kinase. IGFBP-5-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, which was abolished by SB203580, or expression of a dominant negative Ras mutant, Ras(S17N), and phosphorylation of Erk1/2, which was abolished by a Raf1 kinase inhibitor, U1026, or expression of Ras(S17N). IGFBP-5-stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation and IGF-I secretion were partly inhibited by SB203580 or U1026 and abolished by the combination of the two inhibitors or by expression of Ras(S17N). These data show that IGFBP-5 stimulates growth and IGF-I secretion in human intestinal smooth muscle cells by activation of p38 MAP kinase-dependent and Erk1/2-dependent pathways that are independent of IGF-I. A positive feedback mechanism therefore links IGFBP-5 and IGF-I secretion that reinforces their individual effects on growth.
Integrin-dependent functions of the angiogenic inducer NOV (CCN3): implication in wound healing.

The novel angiogenic inducer CCN3 (NOV, nephroblastoma overexpressed) is a matricellular protein of the CCN family, which also includes CCN1 (CYR61), CCN2 (CTGF), CCN4 (WISP-1), CCN5 (WISP-2), and CCN6 (WISP-3). CCN3 is broadly expressed in derivatives of all three germ layers during mammalian development, and its deranged expression is associated with vascular injury and a broad range of tumors. We have shown that CCN3 promotes proangiogenic activities in vascular endothelial cells through integrin receptors and induces neovascularization in vivo (Lin, C. G., Leu, S. J., Chen, N., Tebeau, C. M., Lin, S. X., Yeung, C. Y., and Lau, L. F. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 24200–24208). In this study, we show that CCN3 is highly expressed in granulation tissue of cutaneous wounds 5–7 days after injury and is capable of inducing responses in primary fibroblasts consistent with wound healing. Purified CCN3 supports primary skin fibroblast adhesion through integrins α5β1 and α6β1 and induces fibroblast chemotaxis through integrin αvβ5. We show that CCN3 is a novel ligand of αvβ5 in a solid phase binding assay. Although not mitogenic on its own, CCN3 also enhances basic fibroblast growth factor-induced DNA synthesis. Furthermore, CCN3 up-regulates MMP-1 and PAI-1 expression but interacts with TGF-β1 in an antagonistic or synergistic manner to regulate the expression of specific genes. These findings, together with its angiogenic activity, support a role for CCN3 in cutaneous wound healing in skin fibroblasts and establish its matricellular mode of action through integrin receptors.
Do immigrants reduce bilateral trade costs? An empirical test

We use the first comprehensive estimates of bilateral trade costs to test the extensively stated, but rarely evaluated, hypothesis that immigrants reduce trade-related transaction costs. Our results provide robust and direct evidence supporting this often-posited hypothesis. We examine the period from 1995 through 2010 using data that represent 174 im-migrant home countries and 19 OECD member host countries. We find that a 10% increase in the stock of immigrants from a given home country that reside in a given host country corresponds with a 1.04% decrease in the overall bilateral trade costs between the home and host countries. While different in magnitudes, we also find that the effect of immigrants, in reducing trade costs, persists across both manufactured and agricultural products.
Interpretation of the Verwey transition in terms of a mean-field model

The thermodynamic approach (mean field theory) of Strassler and Kittel has been applied to rationalize a large body of experimental work on magnetite. A single long-range order parameter suffices to describe the entropy of the Verwey transition, the Seebeck coefficient, and the resistivity of Fe3O4. The parametrization scheme yields results consistent with two regimes. For Fe3(1−δ)O4 with δ δc the transition is second-order, consistent with two doubly degenerate states. These features may be conveniently visualized by mapping the equilibrium free energy constraint into a cusp catastrophe, one of several elementary ones in Thom's classification scheme.
LEARNING PERCEPTUALLY-GROUNDED SEMANTICS IN THE Lo PROJECT

A method is presented for acquiring perceptually-grounded semantics for spatial terms in a simple visual domain, as a part of the L0 miniature language acquisition project. Two central problems in this learning task are (a) ensuring that the terms learned generalize well, so that they can be accurately applied to new scenes, and (b) learning in the absence of explicit negative evidence. Solutions to these two problems are presented, and the results discussed.
Lessons From the Military: A New Framework for Managing Change (C5)

The environment of continuous, serial change has increased employee stress and leads to a condition known as enervative change. Enervative change reflects the stage where the energy mobilized by the change process is beginning to run down and increased job stress occurs. U.S. military research, experiences, and practices into “combat stress” as well as the “adaptive enterprise” have been used as the basis for a proposed new change management framework (“C5”) to be deployed as a means to moderate the stress related to organizational change leading to increased adaptability. Combat stress is analogous in many ways to enervative change, with similar cognitive and emotional stressors and employee/soldier reactions.
The Onsager relations and birefringence in optical fibers

When there is no helicity, then the Onsager relations are inherited by the waveguide, and the birefringence must be linear. By contrast, fiber twisting can transform the intrinsic linear birefringence into an extrinsic birefringence that is elliptical.
Outcomes following thoracoabdominal resection of neuroblastoma.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the intraoperative and postoperative care of children following thoracoabdominal resection of neuroblastoma. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of major pediatric cancer center. PATIENTS Eighty-eight patients undergoing thoracoabdominal resection of neuroblastoma over a 6-year period. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Demographic and clinical data were collected, including: length of PICU stay (LOS-P), duration of mechanical ventilation (MVD), mean arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure (CVP), fluid management, pressor use, and mortality. Twenty-one patients required inotropic/vasopressors support pressors following surgery. Patients who received pressors had longer operative times (p < .05) and received less intraoperative fluid (p < .05), but had the same estimated blood loss and urine output as nonpressor (NP) patients. Among the patients who received pressors, the MVD was 57 hrs, compared with 24 hrs in the NP group (p < .01). The LOS-P was 118 hours in the pressors group, vs. 69 hrs in the NP group (p < .01). The mean arterial blood pressure was lower and the CVP was higher in the pressors group compared with the NP group, and pressors patients received significantly more fluid postoperatively (p < .01). When pressors were initiated at a low CVP (<8), MVD was 39 hrs compared with 71 hrs when pressors were started at a higher CVP (p = .08). LOS-P was only slightly shorter in the low CVP group, 112 hrs vs. 123 hours (p = NS). The PICU mortality rate was 0%. CONCLUSIONS Patients who received pressors had longer operative times and received less intraoperative fluid. Subsequently, they required more postoperative fluid, which is likely the result of hemodynamic instability leading to longer MVD and LOS-P. A prospective study evaluating operative fluid management and optimal time for initiation of pressors, in addition to the role of catecholamines and cytokines in this unique postoperative patient population is indicated.
How Animals Move: Comparative Lessons on Animal Locomotion

Comparative physiology often provides unique insights in animal structure and function. It is specifically through this lens that we discuss the fundamental properties of skeletal muscle and animal locomotion, incorporating variation in body size and evolved difference among species. For example, muscle frequencies in vivo are highly constrained by body size, which apparently tunes muscle use to maximize recovery of elastic recoil potential energy. Secondary to this constraint, there is an expected linking of skeletal muscle structural and functional properties. Muscle is relatively simple structurally, but by changing proportions of the few muscle components, a diverse range of functional outputs is possible. Thus, there is a consistent and predictable relation between muscle function and myocyte composition that illuminates animal locomotion. When animals move, the mechanical properties of muscle diverge from the static textbook force-velocity relations described by A. V. Hill, as recovery of elastic potential energy together with force and power enhancement with activation during stretch combine to modulate performance. These relations are best understood through the tool of work loops. Also, when animals move, locomotion is often conveniently categorized energetically. Burst locomotion is typified by high-power outputs and short durations while sustained, cyclic, locomotion engages a smaller fraction of the muscle tissue, yielding lower force and power. However, closer examination reveals that rather than a dichotomy, energetics of locomotion is a continuum. There is a remarkably predictable relationship between duration of activity and peak sustainable performance. © 2013 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 3:289-314, 2013.
Concept boundary detection for speeding up SVMs

Support Vector Machines (SVMs) suffer from an O(n2) training cost, where n denotes the number of training instances. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to select boundary instances as training data to substantially reduce n. Our proposed algorithm is motivated by the result of (Burges, 1999) that, removing non-support vectors from the training set does not change SVM training results. Our algorithm eliminates instances that are likely to be non-support vectors. In the concept-independent preprocessing step of our algorithm, we prepare nearest-neighbor lists for training instances. In the concept-specific sampling step, we can then effectively select useful training data for each target concept. Empirical studies show our algorithm to be effective in reducing n, outperforming other competing downsampling algorithms without significantly compromising testing accuracy.
Associations between a parental history of premature cardiovascular disease and coronary artery calcium and carotid intima-media thickness: the Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) study

BackgroundIt is unclear if associations between a parental history of premature CVD (pCVD) and subclinical atherosclerosis are attenuated by adjustment for long-term risk factor levels through middle adulthood.DesignProspective community-based cohort study.MethodsCARDIA participants who attended the year-20 exam (n = 2283, mean age 45 years) were grouped by pCVD status: maternal only, paternal only, any parental, and no parental history (referent). We used separate logistic regression models, adjusted for average risk factor levels over a 20-year follow up to assess associations of parental pCVD and subclinical atherosclerosis in offspring.ResultsWhite participants with any parental history of pCVD had a higher odds of coronary artery calcium (CAC) >0 than participants with no parental history (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.01–2.37). This was largely driven by the association of a paternal history of pCVD with CAC >0 (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.42–3.23), which was minimally attenuated by multivariable adjustment (OR 2.09, 95%...
Mixed myxoid/round cell liposarcoma of the scalp.

Liposarcoma of the head and neck is rare. Only 12 cases of scalp liposarcoma have been previously reported. In this report, we describe a case of myxoid/round cell liposarcoma in the scalp of a 28-year-old woman. This case report highlights a histologic pattern rarely reported in the head and neck but consistent with the evolving classification of liposarcomas. (Am J Otolaryngol 2003;24:121-127. Copyright 2003 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.)
Assessing Probabilistic Timing Constraints on System Performance

We propose an algorithm for assessing probabilistic timing constraints for systems including components with uncertain delays. We make a case for designing systems based on a probabilistic relaxation of such constraints, as this has the potential for resulting in lower silicon area and/or power consumption. We consider a concrete example, an MPEG decoder, for which we discuss modeling and assessment of probabilistic throughput constraints.
The Negotiated Hibernian: Discourse on the Fenian in England and America

During the 1850s and 1860s, the British Empire faced a threat from nationalists advocating self‐rule for Ireland. Known as the Fenians, the English press quickly identified them as a monolithic terrorist organization and blamed them for all manner of threats against the Empire; furthermore, they argued that elements in the United States, for reasons of their own, supported the separatists. However, the image of the Fenian was far more complex than the simple rhetorical image constructed in the British press, especially when an alternate stream of pro‐Irish rhetoric is considered. Indeed, the Fenian was as much a rhetorical cultural construct as it was a transnational independence movement.