cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The development of glycine-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal cochlear nucleus

Both anatomical and physiological lines of evidence suggest that inhibitory influences are active early in the development of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). Data from physiological/pharmacological studies suggest that in the adult these inhibitory influences may be mediated at least in part by the neurotransmitter glycine. Using a polyclonal antibody to examine the development of glycine in the DCN, we have observed that glycine-like immunoreactive cell bodies and punctate label are present in the DCN by the day of birth in the hamster and in the kitten at least 10 days prior to birth. In contrast to the development of immunoreactivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) (Schweitzer et al., 1993), glycine-like immunoreactivity shows a homogeneous distribution throughout the DCN from the day of birth through adulthood. In addition, glycine immunoreactivity is present earlier than GAD-immunoreactivity and is present well before these brain structures become responsive to air-borne sounds. Thus, glycine is present in the very young animal and may mediate inhibitory effects that occur early in development.
Percutaneous Mechanical Reperfusion During Acute Myocardial Infarction

The treatment of acute myocardial infarction has progressed from bedrest to mechanical, catheter-based reperfusion. The authors review the use of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as a primary treatment for acute myocardial infarction and the use of adjunctive agents. The most recent American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines for the use of PCI in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) advocate the use of PCI as primary therapy at those centers in which the procedure can be performed within accepted standards. Because a majority of hospitals (80%) do not have the capability of performing primary PCI, most patients are treated with thrombolytic therapy. PCI should be considered in those patients treated with thrombolytic therapy who have persistent or recurrent ischemia and/or cardiogenic shock. For patients with non-ST elevation MI, the use of an invasive strategy (early angiography and PCI if needed) has recently shown to be beneficial. Although revasc...
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Pain Management in the United States

Purpose: To critically examine research on racial and ethnic disparities in pain management with a focus on who has been studied, the magnitude of disparities, and potential explanations for those disparities. Design: A systematic literature review. Articles included were reports of original research in which at least two racial or ethnic groups were compared on adequacy of pain management. Methods: Review of research articles published between 1990 and 2004 with the primary aim of identifying the influence of race or ethnicity on pain management in the US. Databases were CINAHL, Medline, and Pubmed. Relevant articles were categorized by pain type. Effect sizes were calculated where sufficient data were provided. Findings: Studies were focused on Blacks or African Americans, Whites or non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, and Asians. Terms for describing these groups were neither well defined nor consistently used within and across studies. Disparities in pain management were reported in relation to minority status, but the magnitudes of these disparities were mostly small. Conclusions: Greater clarity and consistency are needed in the use of the terms race, ethnicity, and minority. Groups were treated as if they were homogeneous, and details were lacking about whether subgroups of different races or ethnicities had been studied. Although reported disparities in pain management were small, they were consistent. Further research is needed to examine differences within groups and to explain possible reasons for disparities across groups.
Monoclonal antibodies to chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins

Abstract A thyroglobulin conjugate of dioxin (thyroglobulin-2 adipamide, 3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) (TG-TCDD) was used to immunize BALB/c mice. Hybridomas were produced by cell fusion between immune spleen cells and mouse myelomas SP2/0, P3, or NS1. In order to screen the thousands of resultant cultures for production of MoAb, a rapid, solid phase radioimmunoassay for antibody to dioxins was developed. This involved attaching bovine serum albumin coupled with trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (BSA-TCDD) to polystyrene plates to be used as a solid phase target antigen for reaction with MoAb. Fourteen hybridomas were identified that produced MoAb reacting with BSA-TCDD but not with BSA alone. Antibodies were tested for binding to BSA-aniline to eliminate those with limited binding specificity. Initial studies indicated that most MoAbs bound BSA-aniline as well as BSA-TCDD. More detailed analyses indicated that while most MoAbs showed some reaction with BSA-aniline, two showed preferential binding to BSA-TCDD of more than 200 fold whereas rabbit antisera demonstrated only a 5-fold discrimination. MoAb 391-1B was purified from mouse ascites fluid and after radioiodination, was tested for direct binding to BSA-TCDD or BSA-aniline. 125I MoAb showed no significant binding to BSA-aniline while demonstrating high binding to BSA-TCDD ( Ka = 4.5 × 1081 mole ). Experiments are in progress to use these MoAbs to develop sensitive radioimmunoassays or enzyme linked assays specific for 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
The consequences of failure should be considered in siting geologic carbon sequestration projects

Geologic carbon sequestration is the injection of anthropogenic CO{sub 2} into deep geologic formations where the CO{sub 2} is intended to remain indefinitely. If successfully implemented, geologic carbon sequestration will have little or no impact on terrestrial ecosystems aside from the mitigation of climate change. However, failure of a geologic carbon sequestration site, such as large-scale leakage of CO{sub 2} into a potable groundwater aquifer, could cause impacts that would require costly remediation measures. Governments are attempting to develop regulations for permitting geologic carbon sequestration sites to ensure their safety and effectiveness. At present, these regulations focus largely on decreasing the probability of failure. In this paper we propose that regulations for the siting of early geologic carbon sequestration projects should emphasize limiting the consequences of failure because consequences are easier to quantify than failure probability.
Injuries and Bungee Jumping

Bungee jumping is a recreational sport that has gained world-wide popularity since its inception in 1955. Over 2 million individuals have performed bungee jumps since that time. The injuries and deaths which have occurred have made safety an integral issue in the practice of the sport. Although early reports of significant injuries are infrequent, more recent investigations have indicated severe sequelae, including ocular haemorrhage, peroneal nerve palsy and quadriplegia. Reports of minor trauma have also been numerous. Aetiology includes natural forces, impact, technician error, equipment failure and repetitive stress. Free-falling approximately 60 to 120m (200 to 400ft) and then being jerked to safety at the last minute creates a certain amount of unavoidable, and almost desired risk. A reduction in acute trauma may be possible with immediate changes in equipment, technique and regulations. Further studies are warranted to determine the future direction and safety of this recreational sport.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF THE JEFFERSON LAB HIGH-POWER FREE-ELECTRON LASER

Abstract In partnership with the US Navy, high-technology corporations, and research universities, Jefferson Lab is building a superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerator-driven free-electron laser (FEL) and is outfitting an FEL user facility. This first fourth-generation light source – a 1 kW, 3 μm infrared (IR) laser – is the first step in a program to develop high-average-power SRF-based IR and ultraviolet (UV) FELs for multiple manufacturing applications as well as for defense-related applied research and basic scientific research. This initial FEL will be driven by a 42 MeV, 5 mA recirculating SRF linac similar to the much larger SRF linac in Jefferson Lab's 4 GeV, 200 μA Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). The FEL is expected to demonstrate 75% energy recovery. Its linac will be cooled by the existing CEBAF cryogenic system. At Jefferson Lab, an infrastructure of facilities and people already supports the advance of SRF and closely related technologies in the furtherance of the lab's primary mission of nuclear and particle physics. This paper summarizes the opportunity represented by SRF-driven FELs and reports on the program now underway to develop them.
The Dynamic Stability and Non-Linear Resonance of a Flexible Connecting Rod: Single-Mode Model

Abstract An analytical and computer simulation investigation of the dynamic behavior associated with the flexible connecting rod of an otherwise rigid, in-line, planar slider-crank mechanism is presented. The main goal of this work is to determine the manner in which this response depends on the system parameters, with a particular emphasis on non-linear analyses of the dynamic response near resonance conditions. A single-mode model is distilled from the governing partial equations and is used to describe the transverse deflection of the connecting rod. It is found that the slider mass is the primary source of the non-linearity, and that the connecting rod behaves as a system with a softening type of non-linearity, which is subjected to both external and parametric excitations. The effects of selected non-dimensional system parameters, such as the length ratio, damping ratios, frequency ratios and inertia ratios, are investigated in detail. A systematic numerical study is also carried out and compared with the analytical results.
The human high-risk plaque and its detection by magnetic resonance imaging

The study of atherosclerotic disease during its natural history and after therapeutic intervention will enhance our understanding of the progression and regression of this disease and will aid in selecting the appropriate treatments. Several invasive and noninvasive imaging techniques are available to assess vessels in atherosclerotic disease. Most of the standard techniques, however, identify luminal diameter or stenosis, wall thickness, or plaque volume. None of the standard techniques can characterize the composition of an atherosclerotic plaque and therefore are incapable of identifying the high-risk plaques. High-resolution, multicontrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can noninvasively image vulnerable plaques and characterize plaques in terms of their different components (ie, lipid, fibrous, calcium, or thrombus). Application of MRI opens up whole new areas for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of atherosclerosis.
Calcium transients in feline left ventricular myocytes with hypertrophy induced by slow progressive pressure overload

Abstract A model of chronic, progressive pressure overload of the left ventricle was characterized in the cat. The aortas of young cats (10 weeks) were partially constricted with a 2.8 mm ID band, and the cats were allowed to grow to adulthood (8–13 months). This procedure resulted in severe cardiac hypertrophy as indicated by heart wt/body wt (g/kg) of 3.3 ± 0.2 in controls (C) vs. 8.2 ± 0.6 in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The degree of aortic constriction (measured as the peak gradient across the root of the aorta) was significantly elevated in LVH 76 ± 14 vs. −3.2 ± 6 mmHg (C). Left ventricular systolic pressure was significantly elevated in LVH (162 ± 18 vs. 96 ± 7 mmHg in C). Cardiac index was significantly reduced in LVH 100 ± 17 vs. 149 ± 17 ml/min/kg in C, suggesting that the animals may have been progressing from a state of compensated hypertrophy to a decompensated state. The mechanical and contractile properties of isolated myocytes were also studied. LVH myocytes had significantly reduced magnitudes of shortening (6.2 ± 0.4 vs. 7.8 ± 0.12 %DCL), rates of shortening (0.28 ± 0.03 vs. 0.45 ± 0.05 %DCL/s), rates of relengthening (0.24 ± 0.03 vs. 0.40 ± 0.05 %DCL/s) and prolonged duration of twitch (0.67 ± 0.04 vs. 0.55 ± 0.03 s) compared to controls. Ca2+ transients were measured using indo-1. LVH myocytes had significantly depressed peak Ca2+ ( I 410 I 480 2.31 ± 0.07 vs. 2.53 ± 0.08 in C) and significantly prolonged transient durations (0.74 ± 0.03 vs. 0.59 ± 0.02 s). These results suggest that this model of chronic progressive LV pressure overload may provide better insights into the possible cellular mechanisms underlying the development of congestive heart failure.
Evaluation of a prostacyclin analog, iloprost, and a thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist, daltroban, in experimental intimal hyperplasia.

Abstract This study evaluated the efficacy of a prostacyclin analog, iloprost, and a thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist, daltroban, as inhibitors of experimental intimal hyperplasia. The vascular injury model used is based on an endothelial injury induced by a brief infusion of air into an isolated segment of the common carotid artery in the rat. Iloprost and daltroban were administered by continuous IV infusion for two weeks. The infusion rates were 0.1 μg/kg/min for iloprost and 0.1 mg/kg/hr for daltroban; these dosing rates are associated with significant alterations in eicosanoid-related pharmacologic effects. The animals were sacrificed at two weeks and the carotid arteries fixed in situ for light microscopy. The myointimal thickening was measured as the intima to media area (I/M) ratio. The control animals developed marked intimal thickening, with an I/M ratio of 0.76 ± 0.12 (mean ± SEM; N=7). There was no inhibition of intimal hyperplasia (P>0.05) after either iloprost (I/M ratio: 1.04 ± 0.13; N=8) or daltroban (I/M ratio: 0.70 ± 0.04; N=6). It is concluded that neither of these two modulators of eicosanoid activity, iloprost and daltroban, inhibit intimal hyperplasia following experimental endothelial injury.
Influence of viscoelastic dampers on the seismic response of a lightly reinforced concrete flat slab structure

Abstract A 1/3‐scale model of a section of a three‐story lightly reinforced concrete flat slab structure was constructed. Researchers installed a viscoelastic damper (VED) seismic rehabilitation system on the model and subjected it to seismic simulations on a shaking table. Successive simulations were conducted with increasing base accelerations until the horizontal displacement limit of the shaking table was reached. The dampers were then removed, and the simulations were repeated until structural failure occurred. This paper summarizes the responses of the model. Brief comparisons of the responses of the model with and without VEDs installed are made. The VEDs improved energy dissipation characteristics and serviceability of the structure by reducing interstory displacements. Earthquake simulation responses indicated that the damper configuration that was employed in the experimental investigation permitted rotations of the VEDs, which lowered their energy dissipation efficiency. An alternate arrangemen...
Impacts of Perceived Environmental Variability on Patterns of Work Related Communication

This study investigates the impact of environmental variability on communications within and outside a large R&D laboratory. For high performing subunits, intra-project communication was found to b...
How we used a patient visit tracker tool to advance experiential learning in systems-based practice and quality improvement in a medical student clinic

Poorly designed healthcare systems increase costs and preventable medical errors. To address these issues, systems-based practice (SBP) education provides future physicians with the tools to identify systemic errors and implement quality improvement (QI) initiatives to enhance the delivery of cost-effective, safe and multi-disciplinary care. Although SBP education is being implemented in residency programs and is mandated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) as one of its core competencies, it has largely not been integrated into undergraduate medical education. We propose that Medical Student-Faculty Collaborative Clinics (MSFCCs) may be the ideal environment in which to train medical students in SBPs and QI initiatives, as they allow students to play pivotal roles in project development, administration, and management. Here we describe a process of experiential learning that was developed within a newly established MSFCC, which challenged students to identify inefficiencies, implement interventions, and track the results. After identifying bottlenecks in clinic operations, our students designed a patient visit tracker tool to monitor clinic flow and implemented solutions to decrease patient visit times. Our model allowed students to drive their own active learning in a practical clinical setting, providing early and unique training in crucial QI skills.
Variation of albedo of selected sagebrush range in the intermountain region

Abstract The albedo of three range sites in southeastern Idaho were measured during June 1969 and found to be relatively uniform with respect to time and space. Albedo obtained from a low sagebrush site averaged 13.1% and from a big sagebrush site 13.4%. On a site consisting of scattered large sagebrush and cheatgrass (the result of a range improvement program) albedo was not measured directly but was estimated to be 18%. Uniformity between the site albedos was due to the relatively small differences between the albedo of the individual soil and vegetation components. Potential impact of changes in albedo through manipulation of vegetation on the net radiation was small.
The effect of volume on the distribution of substances instilled into the peritoneal cavity.

Abstract 99m Tc-labeled human serum albumin was placed into the peritoneal cavity of monkeys with 20- and 250-ml volumes of vehicle. Its distribution was monitored with a γ camera. Only the large volume injections produced uniform distribution of the label.
Model-based engineering methods for certification of cloud-based network systems

Our paper focuses on two aspects of certifying a cloud-based network system: i) metrics to quantify the dependability of cloud-based applications; and ii) identifying techniques to measure these metrics prior to deployment of applications. We treat system dependability as an application-level QoS for management purposes, and advocate a probabilistic evaluation of dependability. Our approach is corroborated by measurements on system-level prototypes and simulation analysis of system models in the face of hostile environment conditions.
Regulation of eukaryotic protein synthesis by protein kinases that phosphorylate initiation factor eIF-2: further evidence for a common mechanism of inhibition of protein synthesis.

Abstract The role of reversing factor (RF) in the regulation of protein synthesis by inhibitory protein kinases that phosphorylate the 38,000-dalton subunit of initiation factor eIF-2 has been examined. Results show that as with the heme-regulated protein kinase (HRI), RF restores protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates inhibited by translational inhibitors from rat liver, wheat germ, Krebs ascites cell, by oxidized glutathione, the protein kinase activated by double stranded RNA (dRI), and the interferon-induced double stranded RNA activated protein kinase from Ehrlich ascites and Hela cells. These findings suggest that RF plays an important role in eukaryotic protein chain initiation cycle.
Reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal FGF signaling is required for cecal development

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling mediates reciprocal mesenchymal-epithelial cell interactions in the developing mouse lung and limb. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, FGF10 is expressed in the cecal mesenchyme and signals to an epithelial splice form of FGF receptor (FGFR) 2 to regulate epithelial budding. Here, we identify FGF9 as a reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal signal required for cecal morphogenesis. Fgf9 null ( Fgf9 -/- ) mouse embryos have agenesis of the embryonic cecum, lacking both mesenchymal expansion and an epithelial bud. In the cecal region of Fgf9 -/- embryos, mesenchymal expression of Fgf10 and Bmp4 is notably absent, whereas the expression of epithelial markers, such as sonic hedgehog, is not affected. Using epithelial and whole explant cultures, we show that FGF9 signals to mesenchymal FGFRs and that FGF10 signals to epithelial FGFRs. Taken together, these data show that an epithelial FGF9 signal is necessary for the expansion of cecal mesenchyme and the expression of mesenchymal genes that are required for epithelial budding. Thus, these data add to our understanding of FGF-mediated reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal signaling.
Chain reversals in proteins

The native structures of eight proteins are analyzed for the presence of chain reversals. Of the 135 bends found, 129 belong to a set of ten types. Conformational energy calculations were carried out on the pentapeptide N-acetyl N′-methyl Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala amide in order to determine the backbone conformations of minimum energy for bend and non-bend structures. Additional energy calculations were carried out on three pentapeptides having residues with polar side chains, such as serine and aspartic acid, to demonstrate how side chain-backbone interactions influence the stability of the bend structures. On the basis of the results from the conformational energy calculations, a possible mechanism for bend formation (nucleation) is given.
Maximum acceptable weights, heart rates and RPEs for one hour's repetitive asymmetric lifting.

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effects of repetitive asymmetric lifting on psychophysically determined maximum acceptable weights and resulting heart rates and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Eight male college students lifted a box in the sagittal plane and at three different angles of asymmetry (30, 60 and 90°) from the floor to an 81 cm high table and from an 81 cm high table to a 152 cm high table at a rate of 3,6 and 9 lifts min−1 for a period of one hour. For each lifting task, static strength was measured at the origin of lift. The maximum acceptable weights and static strengths were significantly lower and heart rates and RPEs were significantly higher for asymmetric lifting than those for symmetric lifting in the sagittal plane (p 0·05) on the percentage dec...
Arithmetic properties of the Nörlund polynomial B x n

Abstract For any prime p we establish a congruence of Kummer type for the Norlund polynomial B n ( x ) , and determine the highest power of p which divides the coefficient denominators of the Norlund polynomial. This improves the result of Carlitz (Math, Nachr. 33 (1967) 297–311), where only an upper bound was proven. We deduce a simple formula for the least common denominator of the coefficients. Applications are made for the Stirling polynomials.
The 36Ar(d, α)34Cl reaction at 19 MeV

Abstract The 36 Ar(d, α) 34 Cl reaction was used to study level properties of 34 Cl up to 3.6 MeV excitation. The observed angular distributions are found to exhibit a systematic L -dependent structure which confirms the spin and parity assignments for most of the known 1 + states and places J π limits for some other states. The DWBA analysis was performed using the s 1 2 − d 3 2 shell-mod wave functions of Glaudemans. The calculated relative cross sections are in satisfactory agreement with measurements for only a few low-lying states. Considerable configuration mixing in 34 Cl is indicated.
Translation regulation in sleep: Making experience last.

Sleep improves cognition and is necessary for normal brain plasticity, but the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating these effects are unknown. At the molecular level, experience-dependent synaptic plasticity triggers new gene and protein expression necessary for long-lasting changes in synaptic strength.1 In particular, translation of mRNAs at remodeling synapses is emerging as an important mechanism in persistent forms of synaptic plasticity in vitro and certain forms of memory consolidation.2 We have previously shown that sleep is required for the consolidation of a canonical model of in vivo plasticity (i.e., ocular dominance plasticity [ODP] in the developing cat).3 Using this model, we recently showed that protein synthesis during sleep participates in the consolidation process. We demonstrate that activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin [mTOR] pathway, an important regulator of translation initiation,4 is necessary for sleep-dependent ODP consolidation and that sleep promotes translation (but not transcription) of proteins essential for synaptic plasticity (i.e., ARC and BDNF). Our study thus reveals a previously unknown mechanism operating during sleep that consolidates cortical plasticity in vivo.
The formate complex of the cytochrome bo quinol oxidase of Escherichia coli exhibits a 'g = 12' EPR feature analogous to that of 'slow' cytochrome oxidase.

Abstract The cytochrome bo quinol oxidase of Escherichia coli is homologous in sequence and in structure to cytochrome aa 3 type cytochrome oxidase in subunit 1, which contains the catalytic core. The cytochrome bo enzyme forms a formate complex which exhibits ‘g = 12’ and ‘g = 2.9’ EPR signals at X band; similar signals have previously been observed only in association with the ‘slow’ and formate-ligated states of cytochrome oxidase. These signals arise from transitions within integral spin multiplets identified with the homologous heme-copper binuclear catalytic centers in both enzymes.
Depositional Environments and Oil Shale Genesis in Eocene Green River Formation: Retrospect and Prospect: ABSTRACT

Geologic studies of oil shale were pioneered by W. H. Bradley in 1929. His basic model for the genesis of oil shale called for a deep stratified lake in which anaerobic conditions in the hypolimnion ensured the preservation of organics and accounted for the finely laminated character of the oil shale. Until recently, studies involving the depositional environment and genesis of oil shale were based on the stratified lake model. In 1973 Eugster and Surdam presented an alternate model (playa lake model) that accounted for the origin of oil shale in a shallow lake fringed by broad mud flats or playas. The playa lake model accounted for observed shallow-water sedimentary structures and evidence of a low topographic gradient. This abrupt change in basic concepts was not readily accepted by many workers. Views have polarized, primarily because of the variety of depositional conditions that existed in separate but geographically related basins of deposition. This polarization will not be resolved until a more adequate and comprehensive model is developed. It must account for most of the pertinent observations, including preservation of organic matter, sedimentary structures, carbonate deposition and diagenesis, vertical and lateral facies relationships, and paleontology of the Green River Formation, all of which are critical to an understanding of oil shale genesis. End_of_Article - Last_Page 458------------
Surface Waves on Polymer Brushes

We present a simple analytical method to study the deformation behavior of a grafted melt polymer brush. We calculate the change in the free energy associated with (1) small-amplitude deformations of the free surface, (2) nonuniformity in the areal density of grafted chains, and (3) deformations of the grafting surface. We obtain the same results as Fredrickson et al.4 for long-wavelength surface modes of melt brushes if we make their approximation that all the chain free ends reside at the surface. Our method can be applied to a wide range of problems, such as the deformation of cylindrical or spherical micelles.
Oral immunization with an anti-idiotypic antibody to the exoglycolipid antigen protects against experimental Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

Oral immunization with an anti–idiotypic antibody to the exoglycolipid antigen protects against experimental Chlamydia trachomatis infection
Association of systemic lupus erythematosus and SLE-like syndromes with hereditary and acquired complement deficiency states.

The most prominent association of rheumatic diseases with hereditary complement deficiency is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and discoid lupus erythematosus with homozygous C2 deficiency in females. The lupus disease in these patients differs from classic lupus in 1) the increased incidence of discoid lesions, 2) the low incidence of renal disease, 3) the low or absent titers of antibodies to native DNA, and 4) the infrequent finding of immunoglobulin and complement in skin lesions. The strong positive linkage disequilibrium between C2 deficiency and HLA genes raises the possibility that genes other than those determining C2 levels may have the primary role in determining predisposition to disease in these patients. However, the finding of similar diseases in certain patients with hereditary angioedema and SLE-related syndrome who have acquired deficiency of the early components of complement supports a primary role of the C2 deficiency gene in predisposing to lupus disease in these patients.
1253 TREATMENT OF EARLY NEONATAL HYPOCALCEMIA

Hypocalcemia is a major biochemical abnormality in the first three days of life. This study was designed to define the optimal approach to treatment of this disorder. 12 neonates with ionized calcium levels (Cai) 3.0 mg/dl. The bolus method resulted in large non-physiologic oscillations in Cai while the constant infusion method required several hours to reach physiologic levels but then maintained a constant Cai. We conclude that constant infusion is a more physiologic approach to the treatment of early neonatal hypocalcemia and are presently studying the use of an initial bolus followed by a constant infusion in order to optimize treatment of hypocalcemia.
Crafting Citizens: Resettlement Agencies and Refugee Incorporation in the U. S.

Being a citizen means more than simply possessing proper legal documents. It also entails notions of belonging that are defined and cultivated in large part by the nation-state. As Aihwa Ong (2003) observes, citizenship is a ‘social process,’ which, in the context of the United States, is tied to wealth accumulation and self-reliance. The role of the state in this process is clearly visible in refugee resettlement, where newly arrived refugees come into contact with a host of social services designed to create citizens who are appropriately "American."
Electronic Marketing Communications: An Evolving Environment, but Similar Story Regarding the Perception of Unsolicited Commercial E-Mail and Postal Direct Mail

The internet is still a relatively new mass communication tool for advertisers and marketers. When weighing the potential benefits of electronic techniques against the financial investment, spam seems particularly attractive to marketers for either for-profit or non-profit objectives. Since it is unlikely that marketers will decrease their efforts related to spam and postal direct mail as a form of communicating to mass consumers, it is important to track consumer attitudes so that audiences are not subjected to the backlash predicted by psychological reactance. The results of this study found that spam is more irritating than postal direct mail at both T1 (2004) and T2 (2006), and participants in T2 found both direct marketing communication methods more intrusive than those in T1.
Examination of the fetal cardiovascular system

Doppler evaluation of the placenta and fetal cardiovascular system is one of the primary surveillance tools in prenatal medicine. By assessing uterine and umbilical arteries, placental development can be documented. This is useful for the prediction of hypertensive maternal disorders and placental dysfunction and fetal growth failure. The umbilical artery flow velocity waveform provides an estimate of villous vascular occlusion in the fetal compartment of the placenta. Middle cerebral artery Doppler is important in studying fetal responses to abnormal oxygenation and fetal anemia. Precordial venous Doppler gives insight into the cardiac effects of many conditions such as fetal growth restriction, twin-twin transfusion syndrome and fetal arrhythmia. Further quantification of these effects requires cardiac Doppler to quantify diastolic and systolic function as well as global myocardial performance. This article reviews important characteristics of arterial and venous Doppler waveform analysis, individual vascular beds and their clinical application in fetal evaluation.
Short- and long-range order of the binary Madelung lattice.

We discuss the influence of point-ion electrostatics on the long- (LRO) and short-range order (SRO) in binary fcc-, bcc-, and simple-cubic-based (sc) alloys. The electrostatic problem is studied by a combination of (a) a model for the distribution of point charges on lattice sites, motivated by recent first-principles calculations, (b) a mapping of the infinite-ranged Coulomb interaction onto a rapidly convergent series of effective interactions, and (c) Monte Carlo simulated annealing of the ensuing Ising-like expansion. This provides a means to identify the lowest energy structures (``ground states'') at zero temperature and the dominant wave vectors of the SRO at high temperatures, which are stabilized by ionic interactions. (i) We confirm previous results that the three ground states of the fcc Madelung lattice are the D${0}_{22}$ (${\mathit{A}}_{3}$B and ${\mathit{AB}}_{3}$) and ``40'' (AB) structures, which can all be described as 〈210〉 superlattices. We further find that the ground states of the bcc and sc Madelung lattices are CsCl and NaCl, respectively. (ii) Despite the fact that the structure ``40'' has the lowest electrostatic energy of any fcc-type compound, this structure is very rare in nature. We find that this rarity could imply that a highly ionic fcc AB compound will transform to the bcc structure CsCl that is electrostatically more stable for the same charge distribution. The exception is when the energy required to promote the elemental solids A+B from fcc to bcc is larger than the gain in electrostatic energy. (iii) Monte Carlo and mean-field calculations both demonstrate that the dominant wave vectors of LRO and SRO coincide for the bcc and sc Madelung lattices.However, for compositions x\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.33 and x\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.67 on the fcc lattice, mean-field calculations incorrectly predict SRO peaks at the 〈11/20〉 points, whereas Monte Carlo calculations show SRO peaks at the 〈100〉 points. Thus, in describing fcc electrostatics, the mean-field theory of SRO is seen to qualitatively fail. (iv) Electrostatic point-ion interactions lead to significant SRO correlations. Near the transition temperature, these correlations account for a \ensuremath{\gtrsim}60% change in the energy of the random alloy.
1997-1998 El Niño off Peru: A numerical study

An eddy-resolving numerical simulation for the Peru–Chile system between 1993 and 2000 is analyzed, mainly for the 1997–1998 El Nino. Atmospheric and lateral oceanic forcings are realistic and contain a wide range of scales from days to interannual. The solution is validated against altimetric observations and the few in situ observations available. The simulated 1997–1998 El Nino closely resembles the real 1997–1998 El Nino in its time sequence of events. The two well-marked, sea-level peaks in May–June and November–December 1997 are reproduced with amplitudes close to those observed. Other sub-periods of the El Nino seem to be captured adequately. Simple dynamical analyses are performed to explain the 1997–1998 evolution of the upwelling in the model. The intensity of the upwelling appears to be determined by an interplay between alongshore, poleward advection (related to coastal trapped waves) and wind intensity, but also by the cross-shore geostrophic flow and distribution of the water masses on a scale of 1000 km or more (involving Rossby waves westward propagation and advection from equatorial currents). In particular, the delay of upwelling recovery until fall 1998 (i.e., well after the second El Nino peak) is partly due to the persistent advection of offshore stratified water toward the coast of Peru. Altimetry data suggest that these interpretations of the numerical solution also apply to the real ocean.
Stromal Contributions to Radiation Resistance of Breast Cancer Stem Cells

worse prognosis in patients with NSCLC. However, the relationship between HGK and VM formation in NSCLC is unknown. In this study, we investigated the possible role of HGK in NSCLC. Materials/Methods: We examined the expression of HGK and VM formation by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays consisting of 300 samples of NSCLC, PNL (paired noncancerous lung) and 50 samples of NL (normal Lung, lung tissue). We examined the VM formation under three-dimensional culture conditions in NSCLC cells by silencing HGK with short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) and establishing transfectants overexpressing HGK. The expression of HGK and twist in NSCLC cells were investigated by western blot analysis. Results: Overexpression of HGK was detected in 300/300 (100%) of NSCLCs, which was significantly higher than those in nontumorous lung tissues (p < 0.01). Compared with VM negative tissues, higher expression of HGK was observed in VM positive tissues (p < 0.01). The overexpression of HGK enhanced NSCLC cell invasion, migration and VM formation, up-regulated twist expression, whereas, inhibition of HGK by shRNA reduced NSCLC cell invasion, migration and VM formation, down-regulated twist expression. Conclusions: These results suggested that HGK plays an important role in VM formation in NSCLC through up-regulation of twist. Author Disclosure: J. Ma: None. Z. Qing: None. H. Su-xia: None. L. Yaodong: None. Z. Jing: None.
Reliability and stability of a semistructured DSM-IV interview designed for family studies.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the interrater reliability and stability of diagnoses, and to compare the results of in-person versus telephone administration of the Missouri Assessment of Genetics Interview for Children (the MAGIC), a new, semistructured, glossary-based diagnostic interview for children and adolescents. Method The interview was developed for a large-scale epidemiological family genetics study. For reliability measures, parent report on offspring, child self-report, and adolescent self-report interviews were independently scored by two different raters on a population-based sample of respondents. The stability of diagnoses was assessed by comparing repeat interviews of parents, children, and adolescents, separated on average by 13 months. Frequencies of parent and adolescent report of disorders were determined for telephone and in-person interviews. Results High interrater reliabilities were achieved for individual DSM-IV symptoms and diagnoses and for individual characteristics of diagnostic domains, including number, clustering, duration, and impairment of symptoms. The stability of diagnoses was also high for parents and adolescents. No significant differences in the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and major depressive disorder were found for interviews administered in person or by telephone. Conclusions The MAGIC demonstrates high interrater reliability and stability for DSM-IV symptoms and diagnoses.
Breast cancer metastatic to abdomen and pelvis: role of surgical resection.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and outcome of women with metastatic breast cancer to the abdomen and pelvis, and to assess the role of surgical resection of abdominal and pelvic metastasis in this disease. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 59 women with documented metastatic breast cancer to the abdomen or pelvis who had exploratory surgery by the Gynecology Service between 1986 and 2001. Results Exploratory surgery was performed a median of 5 years (range, 0–25 years) after initial diagnosis of breast cancer. Median survival from diagnosis of abdominal disease was 23 months, and 5-year survival was 24%. Survival was 36 months for optimally debulked patients ( P = 0.07). Patients diagnosed 5 or more years after initial breast cancer diagnosis had a median survival of 36 months versus 17 months if diagnosed earlier ( P P P = 0.02]. Conclusions The disease pattern of metastatic breast carcinoma to the abdomen and pelvis does not appear to effect survival. Survival in patients where optimal debulking is achieved and in those recurring late is improved. Surgical resection of metachronous metastatic breast cancer to the abdomen and pelvis may be an important component of the management of this disease and should be considered in candidate patients.
Reflections on the Field: Aspirations of Learning Science and the Practical Logic of Instructional Enterprises.

Over 100 years of learning and cognition research have had only modest cumulative impact on teaching, while many other practical domains such as agriculture have shown a steady growth in widely accepted, research-informed practices. Several reasons have been advanced for the painfully slow adoption of science-based instructional procedures. One important but not widely recognized obstacle is proposed here, namely, that the aims of fundamental learning and teaching research do not mesh well with the practical logic of schools. Basic learning research tends to focus on efficiency, i.e., how much can be learned from a given amount of effort or time but teaching efficiency is not a strong concern for schools. This is because they generally focus on global year-end results while the efforts required at the tactical lesson level are only loosely monitored. School administrators tend to reckon costs in terms of the number of engaged teachers and not in the difficulty of each teacher’s job. For these reasons, schools can be expected to have only nominal interests in science-informed, close management of tactical pedagogic units. Psychological work on labor saving possibilities, such as research-based instructive products, is more likely to be readily welcomed than improvements in lesson efficiency, especially in middle and high schools. Instructional enterprises in which the cost and the benefits of instruction are borne by the same agency, such as industrial training, are the most likely consumers of efficiency-related basic cognitive research.
Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus: an ideal persistent virus?

LDV contradicts all commonly held views about mechanisms of virus persistence, namely that persistence is primarily associated with noncytopathic viruses, or the selection of immune escape variants or other mutants, or a decrease in expression of certain viral proteins by infected cells, or replication in “immune-privileged sites”, or a general suppression of the host immune system, etc. [1, 2, 5, 54, 77, 78]. LDV is a highly cytocidal virus that invariably establishes a life-long, viremic, persistence in mice, in spite of normal anti-viral immune responses.
Young, Gay, and Suicidal: Dynamic Nominalism and the Process of Defining a Social Problem with Statistics

Since 1989, widely circulating statistics on gay teen suicide in the United States have acted as catalysts for institutional reforms, scientific research, and the creation of an identity category “...
The electrocardiographic effects of injury at the endocardial surface of the left ventricle.

Abstract 1.1. A case is presented in which the distribution of myocardial necrosis is more extensive or intense at the endocardial surfaces and at the apex than at the epicardial surfaces of the ventricular muscle. 2.2. The electrocardiographic effects produced are in accord with the concepts of modern electrocardiographic theory. 1–3 The injury effects or RS-T junction displacements are the inverse of those which occur in connection with acute diffuse pericarditis. The mechanism has been described elsewhere as injury-against-the-rule. 4 A unipolar lead recorded with the exploring electrode placed superjacent to the injured region displays a downward displacement of the RS-T junction when the intensity or extent of injury is greater at the endocardial, than at the epicardial, surface. 3.3. The phenomenon of injury-against-the-rule is observed in connection with certain cases of so-called isolated myocarditis, accounts for certain atypical electrocardiograms obtained from subjects with acute myocardial infarction, and appears to be a common feature of curves recorded from subjects undergoing an attack of angina pectoris.
Analogs in the Wintertime 500 mb Height Field

Abstract A 15-winter sample of daily gridded values of Northern Hemisphere 500 mb heights is examined for the existence of recurrent flow patterns (“analogs”). The analog search is repeated several times after degrees of freedom are successively removed from the data by spatial filtering, temporal averaging, and consideration of smaller sectors of the hemisphere. The root mean square difference (or “rms error”) between the most closely analogous maps, defined over the middle latitudes (30–70°N), is slightly greater than half the average error between randomly chosen maps, with an estimated rms error doubling time of nearly 8 days. If the analog search is conducted using only the longwave component (zonal wavenumbers 0–4) of each map, the rms error between the best analog pairs is reduced to less than half of the rms error between long-wave anomalies on randomly chosen maps, but the doubling time is also reduced to less than 7 days. If the analog search is further restricted to a limited region over North ...
Navajo and Blanca: Two new potato varieties resistant to scab and adapted to Colorado

Navajo (U.S.D.A. C.S. 13,178) and Blanca (U.S.D.A. C.S. 12,240) are high-yielding, medium-maturing, scab-resistant varieties adaptable to Colorado. Their tubers are smooth, white, and oval to round and slightly flattened. Tests have shown that they are equal to Katahdin in yielding ability and are usually superior in solids content. They are both good bakers. High-quality chips were made from their tubers after harvest and when reconditioned after storage.
Physicians' Use of Email With Patients: Factors Influencing Electronic Communication and Adherence to Best Practices

BACKGROUND: With the public’s increased use of the Internet, the use of email as a means of communication between patients and physicians will likely increase. Yet, despite evidence of increased interest by patients, email use by physicians for clinical care has been slow. OBJECTIVE: To examine the factors associated with physician-patient email, and report on the physicians’ adherence to recognized guidelines for email communication. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey (March–May, 2005) of all primary care physicians (n = 10253), and a 25% stratified, random sample of all ambulatory clinical specialists (n = 3954) in the state of Florida. Physicians were surveyed on email use with patients, adherence to recognized guidelines, and demographics. RESULTS: The 4203 physicians completed the questionnaire (a 28.2% participation rate). Of these, 689 (16.6%) had personally used email to communicate with patients. Only 120 (2.9%) used email with patients frequently. In univariate analysis, email use correlated with physician age (decreased use: age > 61; P = .014), race (decreased use: Asian background; P 50 physicians, P < .001), and geographic location (urban 17.2% vs. rural, 7.9%; P < .001). Multivariate modeling showed that only practice size greater than 50 (OR = 1.94; 95% CI = 1.01-3.79) and Asian-American race (OR = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.14-0.49) were related to email use with patients. Remarkably, only 46 physicians (6.7%) adhered to at least half of the 13 selected guidelines for email communication. CONCLUSIONS: This large survey of physicians, practicing in ambulatory settings, shows only modest advances in the adoption of email communication, and little adherence to recognized guidelines for email correspondence. Further efforts are required to educate both patients and physicians on the advantages and limitations of email communication, and to remove fiscal and legal barriers to its adoption. [J Med Internet Res 2006;8(1):e2]