cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant breeding: Past achievements and expectations for the future

Plant breeding improvements have been responsible for 50 percent or more of the gains in yield per unit area of major crop plants in the United States over the past 50 yr. Rates of gain attributable to genetic improvements have averaged 1% per year, have generally been linear, and show no sign of slackening. Extrapolations indicate that varieties and hybrids of the year 2000 will yield, on average, 15% more than those of 1985 Improvements in tolerance to environmental stress, in grain-to-straw ratios, and in standability, as well as maintenance of required levels of resistance to disease, insect and nematode pests, have been the major genetic causes of higher achieved yields and will continue to be the foundation for further gains in productivity and stability. Broadened genetic diversity is also an increasingly important goal to promote stability and increase productivity potentials. Proportionately large research inputs are now needed to maintain desired rates of improvement, compared to earlier years. It seems likely that contributions from biotechnology will become increasingly important in years to come if improvement rates are to be maintained.
Indium phosphide nanowires integrated directly on carbon fibers

We have demonstrated the growth of a group III-V semiconductor binary alloy, indium phosphide (InP), directly on carbon fibers thereby enabling a union of semiconductor and structural materials. Carbon fibers were prepared by electrospinning solutions of polyacrilonitrile (PAN) and dimethylformamide (DMF) followed by carbonization at 750 °C in inert atmosphere. Gold nanoparticles dispersed on the fibers catalyzed nanowire growth by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. X-ray diffraction suggests that the nanowires appear to be epitaxially grown along the (110) direction. Geometrical parameters have been determined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and elemental analysis has been carried out using energy dispersive spectroscopy. The nanowires grown from carbon fibers are composed of an amorphous shell and crystalline core which alternates at high spatial frequency.mountai
MELCOR Simulations of the Severe Accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Unit 1 Reactor

AbstractIn response to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station in Japan, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and U.S. Department of Energy agreed to jointly sponsor an accident reconstruction study as a means of assessing the severe accident modeling capability of the MELCOR code and developing an understanding of the likely accident progression. Objectives of the project included reconstruction of the accident progressions using computer models and accident data, and validation of MELCOR and the Fukushima models against plant data. In this study Sandia National Laboratories developed MELCOR 2.1 models of Fukushima Daiichi Units 1 (1F1), 2, and 3 as well as the Unit 4 spent fuel pool. This paper reports on the analysis of the 1F1 accident. Details are presented on the modeled accident progression, hypothesized mode of failures in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and containment pressure boundary, and release of fission products to the environment. The MELCOR-predicted RPV and conta...
Transesophageal mediastinoscopy by submucosal endoscopy with mucosal flap safety valve technique

Background Indications for NOTES (natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery) studied so far are limited to intra-abdominal surgery. Objectives To determine the technical feasibility and the safety of transesophageal mediastinocosopy by using the submucosal endoscopy with mucosal flap safety valve (SEMF) technique. Design Two-week survival study with 4 porcine models. Interventions High-pressure carbon dioxide injection and balloon dissection created a large submucosal working space for insertion of a cap-fitted endoscope. The muscularis propria was resected inside the submucosal space, and the mediastinoscopy was performed by using the endoscope inserted via the myotomy site. The muscular defect was sealed with the overlying mucosal flap, and the mucosal entry site was closed with clips. Main Outcome Measurements Repeated endoscopy and necropsy were performed 2 weeks after the procedure. Results With the SEMF technique, the posterior mediastinum was successfully accessed in all animals. Three pigs survived 2 weeks without clinical complications, and the defects were completely sealed by the mucosal flap. One pig with proximal esophageal mediastinal entry managed under voluntary respiration was euthanized because of pleural injury. Conclusions The SEMF technique provided safe entry into the mediastinum, with a protective submucosal tunnel that prevented mediastinal soiling. Mid to distal esophageal access is safer than the higher level access. Mechanical ventilation might allow safer respiratory support.
Leveraging the Use of Mobile Applications to Increase Knowledge Retention in a Classroom Lecture

This research sought to determine if the use of mobile applications (e.g., iPhone® apps) had an impact on students’ ability to learn new material. A control group was compared against a group of students who used mobile devices during a statistics lecture. Students participated separately in a lecture followed by a period of either pencil and paper only or technology-assisted examples. They then took a quiz over the material. The data collected shows that the app group outperformed the control group on every question and scored 16% higher overall. A post-experimental survey found that participants in the app group felt strongly that mobile applications helped them understand the new concepts more clearly and were more confident in their ability to quickly learn this new material than the control group. Overall, this research demonstrates that technology-assisted learning positively impacts students’ learning. It also suggests that technology is changing the way people think and learn.
Economic reforms and the evolution of China's total factor productivity

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of economic reforms on China's growth in total factor productivity (TFP). I build a model with two sectors in production – the private and the state sectors – that features capital market imperfections on the private sector. Following the removal of prohibitive barriers to private entrepreneurship (reforms), TFP gains follow the expansion of the private sector and the closure of the least productive state enterprises. Although the distribution of production technologies in both sectors is identical, the model generates persistently higher TFP in the private sector via a selection mechanism arising from financial frictions.
Thigh muscle activity, knee motion, and impact force during side-step pivoting in agility-trained female basketball players.

Abstract Context: Improving neuromuscular control of hamstrings muscles might have implications for decreasing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in females. Objective: To examine the effects of a...
Fast stereo volume rendering

We present new volume rendering techniques for efficiently generating high-quality stereoscopic images and propose criteria to evaluate stereo volume rendering algorithms. Specifically, we present fast stereo volume ray casting algorithms using segment composition and linearly-interpolated re-projection. A fast stereo shear-warp volume rendering algorithm is also presented and discussed.
The Dirac Operator over Abelian Finite Groups

In this paper we show how to construct a Dirac operator on a lattice in complete analogy with the continuum. In fact we consider a more general problem, that is, the Dirac operator over an abelian finite group (for which a lattice is a particular example). Our results appear to be in direct connexion with the so called fermion doubling problem. In order to find this Dirac operator we need to introduce an algebraic structure (that generalizes the Clifford algebras) where we have quantities that work as square-root of the translation operator. Quantities like these square-roots have been used recently in order to provide an approach to fermions on the lattice that is free from doubling and has chiral invariance in the massless limit, and our studies seem to give a mathematical basis to it.
Assessing backbone solvation effects in the conformational propensities of amino acid residues in unfolded peptides

Conformational ensembles of individual amino acid residues within model GxG peptides (x representing different amino acid residues) are dominated by a mixture of polyproline II (pPII) and β-strand like conformations. We recently discovered rather substantial differences between the enthalpic and entropic contributions to this equilibrium for different amino acid residues. Isoleucine and valine exceed all other amino acid residues in terms of their rather large enthalpic stabilization and entropic destabilization of polyproline II. In order to shed light on these underlying physical mechanisms, we performed high-level DFT calculations to explore the energetics of four representative GxG peptides where x = alanine (A), leucine (L), valine (V), and isoleucine (I) in explicit water (10 H2O molecules with a polarizable continuum water model) and in vacuo. We found that the large energetic contributions to the stabilization of pPII result, to a major extent, from peptide-water, water-water interactions, and changes of the solvent self-energy. Differences between the peptide-solvent interaction energies of hydration in pPII and β-strand peptides are particularly important for the pPII ⇌ β equilibria of the more aliphatic peptides GIG and GLG. Furthermore, we performed a vibrational analysis of the four peptides in both conformations and discovered a rather substantial mixing between water motions and peptide vibrations below 700 cm(-1). We found that the respective vibrational entropies are substantially different for the considered conformations, and their contributions to the Gibbs/Helmholtz energy stabilize β-strand conformations. Taken together, our results underscore the notion of the solvent being the predominant determinant of peptide (and protein) conformations in the unfolded state.
Direct recognition of homology between double helices of DNA in Neurospora crassa

In living cells, intact DNA molecules that share the same sequence can recognize one another. Here, Gladyshev and Kleckner identify one mechanism of recognition that works by matching DNA triplets, one triplet per turn, between two aligned DNA double helices.
α4 Integrins are Type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase-anchoring proteins

A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) control the localization and substrate specificity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), tetramers of regulatory (PKA-R) and catalytic (PKA-C) subunits, by binding to PKA-R subunits1. Most mammalian AKAPs bind Type II PKA through PKA-RII (ref. 2), whereas dual specificity AKAPs bind both PKA-RI and PKA-RII (ref. 3). Inhibition of PKA–AKAP interactions modulates PKA signalling2. Localized PKA activation in pseudopodia of migrating cells4 phosphorylates α4 integrins to provide spatial cues governing cell motility5. Here, we report that the α4 cytoplasmic domain is a Type I PKA-specific AKAP that is distinct from canonical AKAPs in two ways: the α4 interaction requires the PKA holoenzyme, and is insensitive to amphipathic peptides that disrupt most PKA–AKAP interactions. We exploited type-specific PKA anchoring peptides to create genetically encoded baits that sequester specific PKA isoforms to the mitochondria and found that mislocalization of Type I, but not Type II, PKA disrupts α4 phosphorylation and markedly inhibits the velocity and directional persistence of cell migration.
Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance of gamma-irradiated lithium hydride☆

Abstract Some of the effects of 60 Co gamma irradiation on lithium hydride are described. Volume increase and nuclear magnetic resonance data are given for samples irradiated from 40 to 395°C. Maximum swelling occurs between 160 and 200°C; negligible swelling occurs above 300°C. Motionally narrowed proton and 7 Li nuclear magnetic resonance signals appear on irradiation and increase with increasing swelling. These decomposition products, which are trapped inside the LiH, can amount to more than one-tenth the total sample at doses of ∼ 50 Grad. At this point, ∼ 25 volume per cent swelling has occurred and the growth rate has subsided. The hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance signal has been shown to come from H 2 molecules by observation of the ortho-para conversion on cooling. Hydrogen densities derived independently from the longitudinal relaxation time and the swelling data are in reasonable agreement. The corresponding gas pressures range from 750 to 5000 atm. The H 2 is thought to be in bubbles which cause the volume growth, and recent electron microscopy results support this view. The 7 Li signal has a Knight shift, and the lithium is present as metal particles. Above 200°C, the H 2 and Li back-react rapidly. Above 300°C this reaction takes place as fast as the decomposition, which was caused by the irradiation.
The Genetic Basis of Smoltification-Related Traits in Oncorhynchus mykiss

The timing and propensity for migration between fresh- and seawater is a key theme in the diversity of life histories within the salmonid fishes. Across salmonid species, life-history strategies range from wholly freshwater-resident populations, to migratory and nonmigratory variation within populations, to populations and species that are primarily migratory. Despite the central theme of migration to the evolution of these fishes, the genetic architecture of migration-related processes is poorly understood. Using a genetic cross of clonal lines derived from migratory and nonmigratory life-history types of Onchorhynchus mykiss (steelhead and rainbow trout, respectively), we have dissected the genetic architecture of the complex physiological and morphological transformation that occurs immediately prior to seaward migration (termed smoltification). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses were used to identify the number, effects, and genomic location of loci associated with smoltification-related traits, including growth and condition factor, body coloration, morphology, and osmoregulatory enzymes during the smoltification period. Genetic analyses revealed numerous QTL, but one locus in particular is associated with multiple traits in single and joint analyses. Dissecting the genetic architecture of this highly complex trait has profound implications for understanding the genetic and evolutionary basis of life-history diversity within and among migratory fishes.
mTOR signaling, Tregs and immune modulation

Foxp3+ Tregs are central regulators of immune tolerance. As dysregulated Treg responses contribute to disease pathogenesis, novel approaches to target the immunomodulatory functions of Tregs are currently under investigation. mTORC1 and mTORC2 are therapeutic targets of interest. Recent studies revealed that mTOR signaling impacts conventional T-cell homeostasis, activation and differentiation. Moreover, mTOR controls the differentiation and functions of Tregs, suggesting that its activity could be targeted to modulate Treg responses. Here, we summarize how Tregs suppress immune responses, their roles in disease development and methods used to alter their functions therapeutically. We also discuss the diverse effects exerted by mTOR inhibition on the development, homeostasis, and functions of conventional T cells and Tregs. We conclude with a discussion of how modulation of mTOR activity in Tregs may be therapeutically beneficial or detrimental in different disease settings.
Intraoperative Use of Remifentanil for TIVA: Postoperative Pain, Acute Tolerance, and Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia.

REMIFENTANIL IS frequently the opioid of choice when relying on total intravenous anesthetic (TIVA) protocols. The unique pharmacokinetic properties of remifentanil afford a fast onset of action and a predictable and rapid recovery independent of the infusion duration. The high lipid solubility and low ionization of remifentanil at physiological pH allow for its quick transfer from blood to central nervous system binding sites as mirrored by its fast onset of action. The very short elimination half-life and stable context-sensitive half time reflect the exceptionally high clearance of remifentanil by plasma and tissue esterases. In the context of TIVA, these pharmacokinetic properties are ideal to meet anesthetics needs with the rapid up-and-down titration of remifentanil and the exposure to relatively high cumulative doses, as such use hardy affects recovery time. While the advantageous pharmacokinetic properties of remifentanil favor its liberal use, significant concern exist among clinicians that such use may negatively affect postoperative pain. More specifically, severe postoperative pain after the intraoperative use of remifentanil has repeatedly been linked to the development of acute tolerance and/or opioidinduced hyperalgesia (OIH). The claim has also been made that remifentanil, compared to other opioids, is particularly prone to induce acute tolerance and OIH due to its high potency and specific pharmacokinetic properties. The purpose of this topical review is to examine whether or not the intraoperative use of remifentanil has a unique negative impact on postoperative pain by inducing acute tolerance and/or OIH. The review will highlight 3 distinct phenomena associated with the intraoperative use of remifentanil: (1) the impact of an abrupt analgesic offset on spontaneous pain, (2) the development of acute tolerance and/or OIH as indicated by an aggravation of spontaneous pain, and (3) the development of OIH as indicated by an aggravation of wound hyperalgesia. Distinguishing between spontaneous pain and wound hyperalgesia is important as these phenomena are mechanistically distinct and lack a strong correlation. However, it is not uncommon that
A 700MHz 2T1C embedded DRAM macro in a generic logic process with no boosted supplies

6T SRAMs have been the embedded memory of choice for modern microprocessors due to their logic compatibility, high speed, and refresh-free operation. The relatively large cell size and conflicting requirements for read and write at low operating voltages make aggressive scaling of 6T SRAMs challenging in sub-22nm. Recently, 1T1C embedded DRAMs (eDRAMs) have replaced SRAMs in several server applications reducing the cache area and improving performance [1]. Difficulties in scaling the trench capacitor and the additional process steps involved in manufacturing the thick oxide access devices are currently limiting the wide spread adoption of 1T1C technology. Gain cells have features such as decoupled read and write paths, a nondestructive read, and a 2X higher bit-cell density than a 6T SRAM, making them a strong contender for future embedded memories [2–4]. However, the boosted supplies needed for robust operation necessitates thick oxide devices to prevent gate reliability issues in gain cells. Although this would lead to a larger bit-cell size and decreased macro performance, these limitations have been overlooked in the past. In this paper, we present the following circuit techniques for realizing a truly logic compatible (i.e. thin oxide only implementation) gain cell eDRAM with no boosted supplies; (i) a 2T1C gain cell featuring a beneficial couple-up read and a preferential couple-down write, (ii) a single-ended 7T SRAM to repair weak gain cells, and (iii) a storage voltage monitor capable of tracking PVT and cell retention time for adaptive refresh control. The 64kb test macro in Fig. 28.10.1 achieves a random cycle frequency of 700MHz and a retention time of 500μsec.
The Role of ErbB Inhibitors in Trastuzumab Resistance

The ErbB family of receptors and ligands is a complex, delicately balanced system involved in the growth and differentiation of normal human cells as well as neoplasms. Targeting this system with therapies that inhibit ErbB receptor activity in cancer patients has been somewhat successful, but resistance to ErbB inhibitor monotherapy is substantial. An understanding of the biology of ErbB receptor inhibitors is necessary to determine how best to utilize them in treatment regimens. Experimental evidence has provided valuable insights regarding mechanisms involved in resistance, and indicates that resistance can be reversed in some models. Ongoing studies in patients are evaluating whether agents that target both the epidermal growth factor (EGFR, ErbB-1) and ErbB-2 (HER-2) receptors can prevent or delay resistance in patients with metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER-2. With a better understanding of the biology of breast cancer, and with several novel ErbB receptor inhibitors in development, continued progress for improved patient outcomes is expected.
Advanced low-complexity compression for maskless lithography data

A direct-write maskless lithography system using 25nm for 50nm feature sizes requires data rates of about 10 Tb/s to maintain a throughput of one wafer per minute per layer achieved by today’s optical lithography systems. In a previous paper, we presented an architecture that achieves this data rate contingent on 25 to 1 compression of lithography data, and on implementation of a real-time decompressor fabricated on the same chip as a massively parallel array of lithography writers for 50 nm feature sizes. A number of compression techniques, including JBIG, ZIP, the novel 2D-LZ, and BZIP2 were demonstrated to achieve sufficiently high compression ratios on lithography data to make the architecture feasible, although no single technique could achieve this for all test layouts. In this paper we present a novel lossless compression algorithm called Context Copy Combinatorial Code (C4) specifically tailored for lithography data. It successfully combines the advantages of context-based modeling in JBIG and copying in ZIP to achieve higher compression ratios across all test layouts. As part of C4, we have developed a low-complexity binary entropy coding technique called combinatorial coding which is simultaneously as efficient as arithmetic coding and as fast as Huffman coding. Compression results show C4 outperforms JBIG, ZIP, BZIP2, and 2D-LZ, and achieves lossless compression ratios greater than 22 for binary layout image data, and greater than 14 for grey-pixel image data. The tradeoff between decoder buffer size, which directly affects implementation complexity and compression ratio is examined. For the same buffer size, C4 achieves higher compression than LZ77, ZIP, and BZIP2.
Animals in Japanese Buddhism: The Third Path of Existence

Buddhism is often romanticized for promoting great kindness toward nonhuman animals, but while the tradition grants animals a degree of subjecthood and does not categorically deny them reason, morality, or the potential for salvation, there are also ambiguities and contradictions, even outright anthropocentrism. This overview of recent research on animals in premodern Japanese Buddhism demonstrates that animals shared with humans their status as sentient, living beings and were often attributed with superhuman, if not divine, powers; and yet as beasts, they also had a subhuman status. Because of their simultaneous kinship with and persistent otherness from humans, nonhuman animals were anthropomorphized for didactic purposes, delineating unwholesome and meritorious human conduct and its karmic effects and expressing tensions between competing ritual and religious systems. As spiritually hindered and potentially volatile beings, animals received ritual attention, but the objectives of such rituals often did not consist of bettering the lives of animals in the here and now. Instead, these rituals were often motivated by propitiatory and soteriological concerns and sometimes even served to condone violence against animals despite the persistent antisacrificial rhetoric in Buddhist discourse.
The gated-access MNOS memory transistor

A new modification of the MNOS transistor results in significant advantages. It combines a depletion-mode channel with electrically separate electrodes over the memory portion and the fixed threshold portion of a step-gate device. This elimnates read disturb during interrogation; therefore, much longer retention is now possible. It also decreases access time within an LSI array. For block-written EAROM's, a new form of dynamic inhibit makes memory array isolation unnecessary. These and other improvements obtained with this structure do not require new processes or a significant increase in size.
Carbon Export from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Roots Involves the Translocation of Carbohydrate as well as Lipid

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi take up photosynthetically fixed carbon from plant roots and translocate it to their external mycelium. Previous experiments have shown that fungal lipid synthesized from carbohydrate in the root is one form of exported carbon. In this study, an analysis of the labeling in storage and structural carbohydrates after 13 C 1 glucose was provided to AM roots shows that this is not the only pathway for the flow of carbon from the intraradical to the extraradical mycelium (ERM). Labeling patterns in glycogen, chitin, and trehalose during the development of the symbiosis are consistent with a significant flux of exported glycogen. The identification, among expressed genes, of putative sequences for glycogen synthase, glycogen branching enzyme, chitin synthase, and for the first enzyme in chitin synthesis (glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase) is reported. The results of quantifying glycogen synthase gene expression within mycorrhizal roots, germinating spores, and ERM are consistent with labeling observations using 13 C-labeled acetate and glycerol, both of which indicate that glycogen is synthesized by the fungus in germinating spores and during symbiosis. Implications of the labeling analyses and gene sequences for the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism are discussed, and a 4-fold role for glycogen in the AM symbiosis is proposed: sequestration of hexose taken from the host, long-term storage in spores, translocation from intraradical mycelium to ERM, and buffering of intracellular hexose levels throughout the life cycle.
Towards Domain-Independent Machine Intelligence

Adaptive predictive search (APS), is a learning system frame-work, which given little initial domain knowledge, increases its decision-making abilities in complex problems domains. In this paper we give an entirely domain-independent version of APS that we are implementing in the PEIRCE conceptual graphs workbench. By using conceptual graphs as the “base language” a learning system is capable of refining its own pattern language for evaluating states in the given domain that it finds itself in. In addition to generalizing APS to be domain-independent and CG-based we describe fundamental principles for the development of AI systems based on the structured pattern approach of APS. It is hoped that this effort will lead the way to a more principled, and well-founded approach to the problems of mechanizing machine intelligence.
Tracking of white-tailed deer migration by Global Positioning System

We used global positioning system (GPS) radiocollars on female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus )t o document details of onsets of migrations, rates of travel, patterns of travel, durations of migrations, and distances traveled by 8 deer in spring and 4 deer in autumn in northeastern Minnesota in 1998, 1999, and 2001. In spring, deer migrated 23–45 km during 31–356 h, deviating a maximum 1.6–4.0 km perpendicular from a straight line of travel between their seasonal ranges. They migrated a minimum of 2.1–18.6 km/day over 11–56 h during 2–14 periods of travel. Minimum travel during 1-h intervals averaged 1.5 km/h (SD ¼ 0.6, n ¼ 27). Deer paused 1–12 times, averaging 24 h/pause (SD ¼ 29, n ¼ 43, range 19–306 h/pause). Deer migrated similar distances in autumn with comparable rates and patterns of travel. A difference of 1.9- to 7.5-fold in duration of migrations by deer migrating the same distances suggests that much of the variation in durations may be independent of migration distance.
Utility of novel fetal echocardiographic morphometric measures of the aortic arch in the diagnosis of neonatal coarctation of the aorta

Objectives Prenatal diagnosis of neonatal coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is challenging; there is a high false-positive rate, yet 60-80% are not identified prenatally. We aimed to identify novel fetal echocardiographic measures to improve prenatal identification of CoA. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of subjects seen from 1/2007-1/2014 with prenatal suspicion for CoA and postnatal follow-up. The last fetal echocardiogram prior to delivery was evaluated for right/left ventricular dimensions, ascending (AAo), transverse (TAo), descending aorta (DAo), aortic isthmus (AoI), ductus arteriosus (DA), and main pulmonary artery diameters, and AoI and DA spectral Doppler. Three novel fetal measurements were performed: left common carotid-to-left subclavian artery distance (LCSA), AAo-DAo angle, and TAo-DAo angle. Postnatal data included diagnosis, surgical approach, and timing. Results Forty subjects were identified (mean gestational age at fetal echo 32.8 ± 4.2 weeks) with prenatal suspicion for CoA. Comparing subjects with (n = 20) and without CoA (n = 20), significant differences were detected for LCSA, AAo-DAo angle, and TAo-DAo angle (p 4.5 mm (sensitivity 80%,specificity 95%), AAo-DAo angle ≤20.31° (sensitivity 95%,specificity 100%) and TAo-DAo angle ≥96.15°(sensitivity 90%,specificity 100%) identified CoA. Conclusions Fetal LCSA, AAo-DAo angle, and TAo-DAo angles are novel measures that can differentiate between subjects with and without CoA.
A review of the genera and subgenera of Oxaeinae (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

The supraspecific groups of the bee subfamily Oxaeinae are briefly reviewed and a revised classification proposed. The following new groups are established: Mesoxaea ( Heteroxaea ) Engel, new subgenus; Oxaea ( Rhodoxaea ) Engel, new subgenus; and Oxaea ( Percnoxaea ) Engel, new subgenus. A key to the genera and subgenera of Oxaeinae is provided.
How the U.S. Farm Firm Has Evolved: A Conceptual Framework

Farm organization literature often focuses on the farm firm as a simple entity, where ownership and control is largely combined, a large amount of contractual relationships are informal, and optimal organizational choice can be examined using comparative static analysis. In this paper, we suggest a framework in which we distinguish how some U.S. farm firms have evolved to be a different organizational form in the 20th century. These differences include more separation of ownership and control, more formality, and more complexity. Farm firm evolution involves more complexity because of the interdependency of farm firms to improve performance and the addition of property rights to the farm manager to reduce transaction costs. Because of the assumptions on farm firm simplicity (lack of interdependency), and limiting discussion of optimal farm organization choice to the land and employment transaction, the current frameworks in the literature may fail to understand the evolution of farm organization. We develop a conceptual framework that incorporates the important dimensions to understand farm firm evolution.
Minimizing the Number of Fixed Points

Let P denote the topological space obtained by taking a closed neighborhood of the figure-eight in the plane. Let MF(f) denote the minimum number of fixed points achievable among maps homotopic to a given self-map f of P. We present here a formula for the value of MF(f). Note that MF(f) depends on the induced homomorphism, f≠, on fundamental group, so our formula concerns the two relevant words in the free group on the letters a and b corresponding to the loops which comprise the figure eight. Special case: Let gm: P → P, m ≥ 0, be given such that (gm)≠(a) = (bab−1a−1)mba and (gm)≠(b) = 1. It is easy to show that Nielsen number of gm, N(gm) , equal to zero. 0n the other hand, our formula shows that MF(gm) = 2m. Hence the difference between N(f) and MF(f) can be made arbitrarily large.
The First Rule of Plant Transposable Element Silencing: Location, Location, Location

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile units of DNA that comprise large portions of plant genomes. Besides creating mutations via transposition and contributing to genome size, TEs play key roles in chromosome architecture and gene regulation. TE activity is repressed by overlapping mechanisms of chromatin condensation, epigenetic transcriptional silencing, and targeting by small interfering RNAs. The specific regulation of different TEs, as well as their different roles in chromosome architecture and gene regulation, is specified by where on the chromosome the TE is located: near a gene, within a gene, in a pericentromere/TE island, or at the centromere core. In this Review, we investigate the silencing mechanisms responsible for inhibiting TE activity for each of these chromosomal contexts, emphasizing that chromosomal location is the first rule dictating the specific regulation of each TE.
The Semiclassical Initial Value Representation: A Potentially Practical Way for Adding Quantum Effects to Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The semiclassical (SC) initial value representation (IVR) provides a potentially practical way for adding quantum mechanical effects to classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the dynamics of complex molecular systems (i.e., those with many degrees of freedom). It does this by replacing the nonlinear boundary value problem of semiclassical theory by an average over the initial conditions of classical trajectories. This paper reviews the background and rebirth of interest in such approaches and surveys a variety of their recent applications. Special focus is on the ability to treat the dynamics of complex systems, and in this regard, the forward−backward (FB) version of the approach is especially promising. Several examples of the FB-IVR applied to model problems of many degrees of freedom show it to be capable of describing quantum effects quite well and also how these effects are quenched when some of the degrees of freedom are averaged over (“decoherence”).
CMOS Integrated Ge Detectors

Methods for integrating germanium detectors within CMOS processes to form high performance integrated monolithic receivers will be reviewed. Focus will be on achieving fiber-coupled input sensitivity that meets or exceeds traditional ROSA approaches.
Over-expression ofS. cerevisiae G1 cyclins restores the viability ofalg1 N-glycosylation mutants

In budding yeast, one of three G1 cyclins is required for progression though START, when cells commit to a further round of cell division. We have identified mutations inALG1 (ERC14), a gene required for N-glycosylation, which are inviable in acln1 cln2 background but are rescued by over-expression ofCLNs.CLN1 andCLN2 are much more efficient thanCLN3 in rescuing theerc14-1 allele. Theerc14-1 allele results in a significant N-glycosylation defect, and no rescue of this defect byCLN1 over-expression was detected. These data suggest thatCLN over-expression could be allowing cells to live with lower levels of N-glycosylation, possibly by overcoming a checkpoint sensitive to N-glycosylation capacity. A plasmid suppressor ofalg1, PSA1, encodes a 361 amino-acid protein with homology to NDP-hexose pyrophosphorylases, the enzymes that catalyze the formation of activated sugar nucleotides.PSA1 is an essential gene, andPSA1 transcription is nearly co-ordinately regulated withCLN2 transcription, peaking near START. Co-ordinate regulation of glycosylation, sugar nucleotide metabolism, and cell-cycle progression through G1 may be a feature that ensures adequate cell-wall precursors are present before bud emergence.
Contrastive Analysis of Convex Arithmetic and Interval Arithmetic in Reliability Design

A contrastive analysis of non-probabilistic reliability index was made theoretically and graphically between the relevant interval model and convex set model.It was found that there is a unidirectional consistence between the non-probabilistic reliability indices determined by two different arithmetics,i.e.,the interval arithmetic and convex arithmetic.It means that if an index is thought to be reliable by the interval arithmetic,the index is necessarily thought to be reliable by the convex arithmetic as well but not vice versa.However,the interval arithmetic is relatively conservation than the convex one in judging the reliability on index basis,and a conclusion is therefore drawn that the convex arithmetic is more practical in production/engineering.The conclusion is further proved through the comparison of non-probabilistic reliability index obtained by the two arithmetics.
Network TV Playing Technology Based on IP Multicast

Aiming at the problems of developing software with Tuner card SDK or Video for Windows(VFW), which depends on concreteequipment and high cost, this paper proposes a network television system based on Microsoft DirectShow and COM technologies.The systemenhances the generality and declines the cost.And it uses IP multicast technology to transmit data, so that it saves network bandwidth resources andimproves the efficiency of data transmission.
Compact distributed multi-finger MOSFET model for circuit-level ESD simulation

Abstract This work presents a model for multi-finger MOSFETs operating under ESD conditions. It is a distributed model that can reproduce the effect of layout geometry on trigger voltage, on-state resistance, and non-uniform turn-on of device fingers. A three-terminal transmission line pulsing technique enables model parameter extraction. Analysis of measurement data and TCAD simulation reveals that self-heating is not uniform across the device, and this affects the relation between on-state resistance and the number of fingers. With self-heating incorporated, the model correctly reproduces the device I–V curve up to high current levels.
Feasibility and challenges of inpatient psychotherapy for psychosis: lessons learned from a veterans health administration pilot randomized controlled trial

Background In large health care systems, decision regarding broad implementation of psychotherapies for inpatients with psychosis require substantial evidence regarding effectiveness and feasibility for implementation. It is important to recognize challenges in conducting research to inform such decisions, including difficulties in obtaining consent from and engaging inpatients with psychosis in research. We set out to conduct a feasibility and effectiveness Hybrid Type I pilot randomized controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and a semi-formative evaluation of barriers and facilitators to implementation.
0.8dB IL 46dBm OIP3 Ka band SPDT for 5G communication

In this paper, we first present the Ron versus frequency for different channel length devices, it shows the Ron advantages in narrow channel device in mm-Wave frequency range. Then investigated the single-pole double-throw (SPDT) design with NFET or PFET based on 45nm RFSOI process for 5G phased array communication applications. Both NFET and PFET SPDTs are designed with similar design strategies and then implemented in silicon. For both SPDTs, the measured insertion loss (IL) is < 0.8dB at 28GHz, PFET SPDT show slightly better P1dB 29.5dBm versus 29dBm for NFET SPDT. Two-tone OIP3 is 46dBm. The die active area is 160μm × 25μm and can be used in the low cost phased array design.
Clinical effectiveness of family therapeutic interventions in the prevention and treatment of perinatal depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Family therapy is a potential strategy to increase family support for those suffering from perinatal depression. Family therapeutic interventions for this population typically target depressed women and their adult family members to improve family functioning and reduce depressive symptoms. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis is a synthesis of the current evidence on the usefulness of family therapy interventions in the prevention and treatment of perinatal depression and impacts on maternal depressive symptoms and family functioning. Methods This study used the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Six electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials and cluster randomized trials. The primary outcomes included maternal depressive symptoms and family functioning. Results Seven studies were included in the qualitative and quantitative analyses. Fixed effects models showed statistically significant reductions in depressive symptoms at post-intervention in intervention group mothers. Intervention intensity and level of family involvement moderated intervention impacts on maternal depression. A fixed effects model showed a trend in improving family functioning at post-intervention in intervention group couples. Conclusion Although a limited number of controlled trials on family therapeutic interventions for this population exist, the findings show that these types of interventions are effective in both the prevention and treatment of perinatal depression. Recommendations for future research are addressed. Systematic review and meta-analysis protocol registration PROSPERO, CRD42017075150.
A population-based examination of trends and disparities in medication treatment for opioid use disorders among Medicaid enrollees

ABSTRACTBackground: Medication treatment (MT) with methadone and buprenorphine are effective treatments for opioid use disorders, but little information is available regarding the extent to which buprenorphine's approval resulted in more individuals receiving MT nor to what extent receipt of such treatment was equitable across communities. Methods: To examine changes in MT utilization and the association between MT utilization and county-level indicators of poverty, race/ethnicity, and urbanicity, we used Medicaid claims of non-dually eligible Medicaid enrollees aged 18–64 from 14 states for 2002–2009. We generated county-level aggregate counts of MT (methadone, buprenorphine, and any MT) by year (N = 7760 county-years). We estimated count data models to identify associations between MT and county characteristics, including levels of poverty and racial/ethnic concentration. Results: The number of Medicaid enrollees receiving MT increased 62% from 2002 to 2009. The number of enrollees receiving methadone i...
Suspended Sediment and Plankton Relationships in Maumee River and Maumee Bay of Lake Erie

In mid-March 1975, a survey was conducted in the lower Maumee River, Maumee Bay and the adjacent portions of western Lake Erie to determine the quality of water issuing from the river, particularly suspended sediment, and the plankton populations in the receiving body of water. The study was conducted during spring run-off in an attempt to quantify the effect of the river discharge on such populations. The sediment-ladened effluent from the river coupled with wave-resuspended sediments produced highly turbid water for approximately seven miles offshore at the outer terminus of the bay. Phytoplankton populations appeared to have been greatly inhibited in the river and inner bay; they reached the greatest density at the outer terminus of the bay and then decreased lakeward even though the clarity of the water improved. Cold Detroit River flow (1°C) influenced the lakeward area and probably inhibited algal growth.
Ramsay Hunt Facial Paralysis: Clinical Analyses of 185 Patients:

In a prospective study of 1507 patients, evaluated consecutively for facial palsy in the Cranial Nerve Research Clinic at the Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Oakland, California, between 1966 and 1976, 185 cases (12%) were diagnosed as Ramsay Hunt syndrome. In 46 cases (25%), the diagnosis of herpes zoster was confirmed by acute and convalescent serum titers for varicella-zoster virus. In 139 cases (75%), viral titers were not performed and the diagnosis was based on the characteristic clinical presentation of the Ramsay Hunt syndrome. The data were subjected to multivariate analysis evaluating age, sex, race, signs, and symptoms at onset, severity of paralysis, associated medical problems with concomitant neurologic deficits, and response to therapy. These were compared with data of 1202 patients with Bell's (herpes simplex) palsy. The facial palsy of Ramsay Hunt syndrome was found to be more severe, to cause late neural denervation, and to have a less favorable recovery profile than Bell's (herpes simplex) facial palsy. Prognostic factors and treatment recommendations are discussed.
Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms Using Directional Antennas for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Power consumption is an important issue in the wireless ad hoc networking environment. In this paper, we present several energy-efficient routing algorithms using directional antennas for wireless ad hoc networks. These algorithms are simple to implement and are distributed and can be applied to mobile environments. We evaluate how directional antennas improve system throughput. We study the influence of the battery recovery effect and mobility on the network throughput during a network lifetime. We also present an algorithm that exploits the broadcast nature of the wireless communication environment to improve end-to-end bit error performance for a Rayleigh fading channel.
Influence of socioeconomic events on cause-specific mortality in urban Shanghai, China, from 1974 to 2015: a population-based longitudinal study.

Background: Understanding how socioeconomic events influence cause-specific mortality is essential for optimizing disease-control strategies. We characterized long-term trends in cause-specific mortality in a stable population from a very large urban centre. Methods: We derived population data from 1974 to 2015 on vital status, demographics and causes of death from the death registration system in Yangpu District, Shanghai, China. We examined temporal trends in mortality and assessed the effects of age, period and birth cohort. Results: Over 41 879 864 person-years of follow-up, we analyzed 290 332 deaths: 3.80% from communicable conditions (group 1), 86.50% from noncommunicable diseases (group 2), and 5.56% from injuries (group 3). Age-standardized mortality decreased after 1988 for group 1 (average annual percentage change [AAPC] −6.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] −9.3 to −4.1), after 1995 for group 2 (AAPC −2.9, 95% CI −3.5 to −2.3), and after 1994 for group 3 (AAPC −5.4, 95% CI −6.3 to −4.5), after improvements in public health and clinical service infrastructure and the removal of polluting industries during the 1980s. We observed increased mortality from group 2 and group 3 causes in those born between 1955 and 1965, a period that included the Great Chinese Famine. Cause-specific mortality risks increased in those born after 1949 for cancer and diabetes only. Interpretation: Birth cohorts exposed to extreme starvation in early life had increased premature cause-specific mortality in later life. Decreased cause-specific mortality followed improvements in public health, medical infrastructure and pollution control, but not for cancer or diabetes, likely because of exposure to new risk factors.
Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Prediction of Computer Simulator Output

This chapter and Chap. 4 discuss techniques for predicting output for a computer simulator based on “training” runs from the model. Knowing how to predict computer output is a prerequisite for answering most practical research questions that involve computer simulators including those listed in Sect. 1.3. As an example where the prediction methods described below will be central, Chap. 6 will present a sequential design for a computer experiment to find input conditions \(\boldsymbol{x}\) that maximize a computer output which requires prediction of \(y(\boldsymbol{x})\) at all untried sites.