cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Yttrium-Alkyl Complexes Supported by a Ferrocene-Based Phosphinimine Ligand

The synthesis and characterization of two yttrium alkyl complexes supported by a bisphosphinimine ferrocene ligand, NPfc (1,1′-di(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-diphenylphosphiniminophenoxy)ferrocene), were accomplished. Although (NPfc)Y(CH2Ph) and (NPfc)Y(CH2SiMe3) could be structurally characterized, these compounds are thermally sensitive and decompose at ambient temperature within hours. Their characterization was accomplished by NMR spectroscopy, electrochemical measurements, and elemental analysis. Reactivity studies were also carried out; however, the lack of prolonged thermal stability at ambient temperature of these molecules led to decomposition before a clean transformation to reaction products could be observed.
Arsenic Cross-Contamination in GaSb/InAs Superlattices

We have investigated the cross-contamination of As in GaSb/InAs superlattices. We demonstrate a method of varying the lattice constant of the superlattice. By controlling the As background pressure in the growth chamber, the strain can be controlled to about 0:01%, corresponding to As cross-incorporation variations of about � 1%. The distribution of As is investigated by X-ray diffraction and cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy, and the critical thickness is obtained.
Effects of Distraction and Pictorial Illustration on Memory for Countries in Older Adults with Probable Alzheimer's Disease

Eight participants with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) were trained to recall names of countries using the spaced-retrieval memory intervention. Six training sessions were administered on alternate days over a 2-week period. Half of the participants studied a target country alone and the other half studied a target country along with eight distractor countries. Training stimuli appeared in text-only format in half of the sessions and text with a color photograph of the country in the other sessions. On each trial, participants selected the target at increasingly longer retention intervals, contingent upon successful recall. Results indicated that the mean proportion of correct trials and longest duration achieved increased across training sessions, confirming the success of the spaced-retrieval intervention. Pictorial illustrations enhanced explicit memory for target country names. Implications of these data for current views on memory remediation in cognitively impaired older adults are discussed.
Fluoride intoxication in fish: a review.

A wide range of environmental and genetic factors cause fish to respond differently to given levels of fluorides, but they do display characteristic fluoride intoxication signs. Some of the variation can also be explained by postulating a chloride-fluoride excretion mechanism over the epithelial tissues. Such a mechanism would explain variations in toxicity correlated with different chloride concentrations and the survival of natural populations of fish at fluoride concentrations which are lethal under laboratory conditions.
Collaborative Design Using the Internet: A Case Study

Advances in Internet communication are redefining interior design education and suggest new and exciting potentials for collaboration and the sharing of knowledge. The goal of this project was to explore issues related to collaborative work using Internet communication to resolve a complex design problem. Interior design and architecture students at two universities participated in an exploratory studio project which took place over a seven-week time period. Students developed a working knowledge of several distance communications technologies as required to complete the detailed studio problem. Use of the Internet as a communication device for collaborative design allowed students, as future professionals, to challenge ways in which collaborative design is accomplished in the workplace. Just as importantly, new communications technologies suggest exciting possibilities for interuniversity, interdisciplinary, and student/professional partnering. As universities scramble to implement new technologies, it is incumbent on interior design educators to envision the potential of this technology and to construct learning experiences which challenge existing models for design and communication processes.
Interrelations of maternal expressed emotion, maltreatment, and separation/divorce and links to family conflict and children's externalizing behavior.

Research has documented that maternal expressed emotion-criticism (EE-Crit) from the Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) predicts family conflict and children’s externalizing behavior in clinical and community samples. However, studies have not examined EE-Crit in maltreating or separated/divorced families, or whether these family risks exacerbate the links between EE-Crit and family conflict and externalizing behavior. The current study examined the associations between maternal EE-Crit, maltreatment, and separation/divorce, and whether maltreatment and separation/divorce moderated associations between EE-Crit and children’s externalizing problems, and EE-Crit and family conflict. Participants included 123 children (M = 8.01 years, SD = 1.58; 64.2 % males) from maltreating (n = 83) or low-income, comparison (n = 40) families, and 123 mothers (n = 48 separated/divorced). Mothers completed the FMSS for EE-Crit and the Family Environment Scale for family conflict. Maltreatment was coded with the Maltreatment Classification System using information from official Child Protection Services (CPS) reports from the Department of Human Services (DHS). Trained summer camp counselors rated children’s externalizing behavior. Maltreatment was directly associated with higher externalizing problems, and separation/divorce, but not maltreatment, moderated the association between EE-Crit and externalizing behavior. Analyses pertaining to family conflict were not significant. Findings indicate that maltreatment is a direct risk factor for children’s externalizing behavior and separation/divorce is a vulnerability factor for externalizing behavior in family contexts with high maternal EE-Crit. Intervention, prevention, and policy efforts to promote resilience in high-risk families may be effective in targeting maltreating and critical parents, especially those with co-occurring separation/divorce. Key Words: expressed emotion, EE-Crit, Five-Minute Speech Sample; maltreatment, divorce, externalizing behavior
Ventricular infusion of norepinephrine and amphetamine: direct versus indirect action.

Abstract The behavioral hyperactivity produced by intraventricular infusions of norepinephrine in rats is potentiated by pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Pretreatment with the catecholamine uptake blocker desmethylimipramine does not alter the effect of norepinephrine, which indicates that the potentiation observed after 6-hydroxdopamine is due to an enhancement of receptor sensitivity rather than to a loss of an uptake inactivation mechanism. Intraventricular infusions of d-amphetamine result in behavioral effects which are comparable to those observed following systematically administered amphetamine: (1) increasing doses produce a graded increase in locomotor activity; (2) high doses elicit a pattern of stereotypy; and (3) d-amphetamine is more potent than l-amphetamine in producing these bahavioral effects. The behavioral effects of amphetamine, in contrast to those induced by norepinephrine, appear to be dependent upon the functional levels of brain catecholamines as indicated by the suppression of amphetamine effects following pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine or reserpine. These results provide evidence for a direct mechanism of action for infused norepinephrine and indicate the potential usefulness of norepinephrine-induced activity as an index of alterations in receptor sensitivity.
Emotional memory functions of the human amygdala

Affective space is conceptually parsed according to two principal factors or underlying dimensions—arousal and valence. The aforementioned analysis supports a basic dissociation between the amygdala’s contribution to arousal versus valence functions in memory. Whereas the amygdala mediates arousal effects during conditioned emotional learning and across various stages of explicit memory processing (eg, encoding, consolidation, and retrieval), preference formation and affective semantic integration occur outside the amygdaloid system. Unlike its sister structure, the hippocampus, the amygdala’s role inmemory cuts across the implicitexplicit dichotomy. Arousal systems are associated with survival functions, including defensive, reproductive, and maternal behaviors, which may account for the amygdala’s participation in certain emotions over others. The scientific understanding of emotional memory will be further refined with improved neuroscientific methodologies and paradigm development. In particular, future studies should characterize the amygdala’s participation in other forms of implicit memory and clarify the scope of its influence beyond basic emotions such as fear.
Medicare Part D and quality of prescription medication use in older adults

In 2006, the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services implemented Medicare Part D to provide outpatient prescription drug insurance to disabled and older adults. In creating Part D, a key provision to address quality included medication therapy management (MTM) programmes designed to increase proper and safe use of medications among targeted Part D beneficiaries. A preponderance of evidence shows that Part D has increased medication affordability and accessibility; however, what remains less clear is whether it has improved the quality of medication use and optimized health outcomes. Now in its sixth year, Part D is undergoing its first major revision, with the gradual elimination of the coverage gap by 2020. Therefore, now is a good time to review the accumulated evidence on the impact of Part D and MTM programmes on the quality of medication use to help inform future policy decisions and research directions. In this review, we found that Part D’s net effect on quality of medication use has mainly been positive. Cost-related medication nonadherence improved moderately and there were fewer than expected treatment interruptions. However, vulnerable subgroups, such as sicker and dual-eligible beneficiaries, experienced lags in improvement. Beneficiaries who entered the coverage gap consistently experienced interruptions and displayed worsening medication adherence after entering the gap, with generic-only gap drug coverage offering limited benefit. Such findings can serve as baseline information as the coverage gap phases out. Limited availability of data is the greatest barrier to research into Part D. Part D’s overall effect on health outcomes and adverse medical events, such as hospitalizations, is inconclusive because of inadequate evidence to date. Similarly, no evaluation of quality of medication use is available with respect to utilization management strategies and MTM programmes delivered under Part D. Future research will need to further examine the added value of Part D and address whether Part D optimizes health outcomes in the Medicare population. As the current economic recession increases the pressure to cut costs, the effect of future spending restrictions, such as restrictions on coverage subsidies, will also be of special concern.
A French Reaction to the Wilde Affair and Increasing Homophobia in Late-Nineteenth-Century France: Pierre Loti’s Judith Renaudin

Oscar Wilde’s condemnation for homosexual acts in 1895 in England, where such acts were illegal, caused a great stir in France as well, even though such acts had not been illegal there since the beginning of the nineteenth century with the creation of the Napoleonic Code. Both Wilde’s trial and, when he was released two years later, his arrival in France were covered extensively in the French press, with much commentary. It was just at this time that Pierre Loti, by then a very well known figure in France, began work on his play Judith Renaudin. Loti himself had been the subject of public speculation about his sexuality since the publication of his novel My Brother Yves in 1883. In Judith Renaudin, he makes use of an event that happened to his own ancestors during the persecution of Huguenots during the seventeenth century to speculate on what could happen to modern Frenchmen suspected of homosexuality should France follow in the path of England in the wake of the Wilde Affair.
Applying vertebral boundary semantics to CBIR of digitized spine x-ray images

There is a growing research interest in reliable content-based image retrieval (CBIR) techniques specialized for biomedical image retrieval. Applicable feature representation and similarity algorithms have to balance conflicting goals of efficient and effective retrieval while allowing queries on important and often subtle biomedical features. In a collection of digitized X-rays of the spine, such as that from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) maintained by the National Library of Medicine, a typical user may be interested in only a small region of the vertebral boundary pertinent to the pathology: for this experiment, the Anterior Osteophyte (AO). A previous experiment in pathology-based retrieval using partial shape matching (PSM) on a subset from the above collection; about 89% normal vertebrae were correctly retrieved. In contrast only 45% of moderate and severe cases were correctly retrieved, and on the average only 46% of the pathology classes were correctly determined. Further analysis revealed that mere shape matching is insufficient for semantically correct retrieval of pathological cases. This paper describes an automatic 9 point localization algorithm that incorporates reasoning about boundary semantics equivalent to that applied by the content-expert as a step in our enhancements to PSM, and results from initial experiments.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hardware implementation of the double-tree scan architecture

In a scan-based test architecture, the scan power and and test data volume can be reduced by utilizing a double tree scan (DTS) architecture. This paper presents a novel hardware implementation of the DTS architecture and compares the hardware overhead with the conventional scan architecture. The implementation proposed utilizes a clock structure which greatly decreases the number of clocked flip-flops and thereby reduces power consumption. A test chip is designed and fabricated in a 0.5 µm CMOS technology to verify the power saving properties of the architecture.
Progressive alterations in microstructural organization and biomechanical response in the ApoE mouse model of aneurysm.

AAA is a complex disease that leads to a localized dilation of the infrarenal aorta that develops over years. Longitudinal information in humans has been difficult to obtain for this disease, therefore mouse models have become increasingly used to study the development of AAAs. The objective of this study was to determine any changes that occur in the biomechanical response and fiber microstructure in the ApoE−/− AngII mouse model of aneurysm during disease progression. Adult ApoE−/− AngII infused mice along with wild-type controls were taken at 14 and 28 d. Aortas were excised and tested simultaneously for biaxial mechanical response and ECM organization. Data sets were fit to a Fung-type constitutive model to give peak strains and stiffness values. Images from two photon microscopy were quantified in order to assess the preferred fiber alignment and degree of fiber orientation. Biomechanical results found significant differences that were present at 14 d had returned to normal by 28 d along with signifi...
Inflation osteoplasty for the reduction of depressed tibial plateau fractures: description of a new technique

Current techniques for the reduction of depressed tibial plateau fractures are difficult and often imprecise. Treatment goals are centered on restoring the native anatomy and articular congruency. Reduction methods currently consist of manually elevating any depressed fragments and filling the subsequent void. Current instruments are imprecise and considerable variability exists as to acceptable reduction limits. Often the void is small and insufficient space available for bone filler to provide adequate support. Recently, we have begun using an inflatable bone tamp for the reduction of depressed tibial plateau fractures. The concept is built upon the success of the tamp in kyphoplasty of the spine, but it has yet to be described for use in the extremities. We describe a technique for percutaneous reduction of depressed articular fragments using the inflatable tamp. It is safe and effective and offers the benefit of minimizing soft tissue trauma and creating an expanded void to be filled with graft or other bone substitute.
One world--one health.

A spectrum of new infectious diseases has emerged recently, including avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and novel H1N1 influenza, causing major economic losses, straining international relations, and diminishing trust in existing public health infrastructures. The theme of One World--One Health (a registered trademark of the Wildlife Conservation Society [WCS]) is an effort to bridge the gap in our current infectious disease surveillance and response mechanisms that engages stakeholders through projects and multidisciplinary symposia, and has generated guidelines for future efforts, such as the Manhattan Principles. The Aedes albopictus mosquito is an alien species to Italy that is now widespread, introduced in the 1990s from the importation of American tires. The growing livestock industry due to rising global protein demand is an increasingly important source of emerging infectious diseases. Policy makers in organizations such as the WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, and the World Animal Health Organization (WHO) are also increasingly endorsing the One World--One Health concept. While the World Animal Health Organization has traditionally focused on livestock health, it is now expanding the list of animal diseases that must be reported by its member countries to include zoonotic and wildlife diseases such as chytridiomycosis in amphibians.
Sorption of nonpolar neutral organic compounds to humic acid-coated sands: Contributions of organic and mineral components

Abstract The contributions of organic matter and the mineral surface to the overall sorption of six nonpolar neutral organic compounds (1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, m-xylene, toluene, benzene) by five humic acid (HA)-coated sands with different fractions of organic carbon (foc) ranging from 0.024% to 0.154% were evaluated on the basis of measured data and four different sorption models. Sorption of all six sorbates to both uncoated and heated sands was nearly linear due to the coverage of hydrophilic mineral surface with the ordered vicinal water region. Sorption of all six sorbates to the HA-coated sands was also essentially linear, and resulted from a combination of sorption to both organic matter and the mineral surface, with the dominance of either contribution depending on the properties of the sorbents (e.g., foc) and the sorbates (e.g., Kow). A proposed two-component model for sorption including blocking effect was appropriate for quantifying the contributions of organic matter and the mineral surface to the overall sorption. However, conventional sorption models considering the contributions of both organic matter and the mineral surface provided essentially as good agreement between predicted and measured distribution coefficients as the more complicated, two-component model for sorption that takes into account mineral surface blocking by HA.
Global youth connectivity (GYC) - using ICT for peaceful recovery and long-term change

ICT enables peaceful change in communities affected by conflicts, poverty and injustice. In this demo, we illustrate how young people use multimedia, cell phones and the internet to become global citizen s responsible for building secure, productive and just communities at home and around the world. Global Youth Connectivity allows disaffected youth to express thoughts and feelings, while also scaling global citizenship education and civic engagement across borders. Thousands of Middle-Eastern and American youth have exchanged content and discussed online since 2005. Innovations and partnerships should enable Mercy Corps to empower millions more living in extreme vulnerability.
Connexin isoform expression in smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells of hamster cheek pouch arterioles and retractor feed arteries.

Objective: Gap junction channels formed by connexin (Cx) protein subunits enable cell-to-cell conduction of vasoactive signals. Given the lack of quantitative measurements of Cx expression in microvascular endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC), the objective was to determine whether Cx expression differed between EC and SMC of resistance microvessels for which conduction is well-characterized.Methods: Cheek pouch arterioles (CPA) and retractor feed arteries (RFA) were hand-dissected and dissociated to obtain SMC or endothelial tubes. In complementary experiments, small intestine was dissociated to obtain SMC. Following reverse transcription, quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed by using specific primers and fluorescent probes for Cx37, Cx40, and Cx43. Smooth muscle α-actin (SMAA) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) served as respective reference genes.Results: Transcript copy numbers were similar for each Cx isoform in EC from CPA ...
Plasma contactor design for electrodynamic tether applications

The plasma contacting process is described and experiments are discussed that suggest the key role that cold ions play in establishing a low impedance plasma bridge that can conduct current in either direction between a contactor electrode and a dilute plasma. A ring cusp contactor is shown to provide from 1000-mA of electron emission to 500-mA of electron collection as its bias relative to a simulated space plasma is varied through an 80-v range.
Gender Inequities of Self-Efficacy on Task-Specific Computer Applications in Business

In this article, the authors investigated the impact of evolving technology on gender disparity and the contradictions found in previous research relating to the computing gender gap to determine if certain computer software tasks are gender-specific and if those skills represent a gender gap in technology. Based on the social cognitive theory and established methodology of self-efficacy reporting, the authors provide an analysis of gender differences in computing self-efficacy over a variety of technological skills needed in today's business environment.
A test of an adapted multiple domain model in predicting sexual behaviors among unmarried young adults in India.

Theory-based, scientific research examining sexual behaviors of young adults is sparse in India, even though pre-marital sex among unmarried young people has been rising in recent years. At the same time, young people aged 15 to 24 are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. This has been attributed in part to rising pre-marital sexual behaviors, coupled with a lack of sex education. The objective of this study was to advance an understanding of the determinants of sexual behavior among unmarried young adults in northern India. An adaptation of a comprehensive model of health behavior, the Multiple Domain Model, was employed to study the effects of environmental/cultural influences (parental and media), structural determinants (sex, socioeconomic status, age, caste, and place of residence), personality factors (sensation-seeking and impulsive decision making), gender role identity, psychosocial variables (attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy), contextual influences (relationship status and alcohol/drug us...
A rapid sample preparation and spotting technique for thin-layer chromatography

Abstract A fast, simple technique for purifying powdered samples and applying them directly to a thin-layer plate is described. The sample (powdered tablet or capsule contents) is dissolved, filtered, and then spotted by using a disposable micropipet. Risk of sample contamination or decomposition is minimized. The operation requires only 2–3 min, and permits good control of spot size. Spots as small as the micropipet tip can be obtained. An inexpensive, easily constructed device makes it possible to spot 28 samples simultaneously in a single operation.
Hydrogen peroxide alters the physical state and function of the plasma membrane of pulmonary artery endothelial cells.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important mediator of acute oxidative injury to vascular endothelium. Because the plasma membrane is the initial site of interaction between endothelial cells and extracellular H2O2 produced by stimulated neutrophils or macrophages, we evaluated the effect of H2O2 on the physical state, i.e., fluidity, and function of porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cell plasma membranes. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake, limiting fluorescence anisotropy (r infinity) for trimethylamino-diphenylhexatriene (TMA-DPH), and conjugated dienes were measured 0.5, 6, and 24 hr after cells were exposed for 30 min to 50-microM H2O2 or Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (control). Compared with control cells, H2O2 caused significant increases in LDH release and in 5-HT uptake 6 hr after exposure. The increase in 5-HT uptake was not blocked by imipramine. H2O2 also caused a significant increase in r infinity for TMA-DPH 0.5 hr after exposure and a significant reduction in r infinity for TMA-DPH 6 hr after exposure. Cellular contents of conjugated dienes were increased 0.5 and 6 hr after exposure to H2O2. Twenty-four hours after exposure LDH release, r infinity, 5-HT uptake, and conjugated dienes had returned to control levels. Preincubation with 50-microM alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) or 1-mM or 10-mM dimethylthiourea (DMTU) for 1 hr or 24 hr prevented endothelial cell injury, whereas addition of vitamin E or DMTU to the medium 1 hr or 3 hr after H2O2 exposure did not protect against injury. These results indicate that H2O2 causes significant damage to the plasma membrane of pulmonary artery endothelial cells in vitro, leading to alterations in fluidity and leakiness of the membrane. This injury is associated with membrane lipid peroxidation, is reversible, and can be prevented by pretreatment, but not by post-treatment, with vitamin E or DMTU.
A comprehensive investigation of putative correlates of bulimia among college-age women: object relations, dependency, ego defenses, trait anxiety, and depression.

This study investigated putative correlates of bulimia, which included measures of object relations impairment, dependency, ego defenses, trait anxiety and depression. Subjects were college-age women drawn from a larger sample (n = 417) and selected on the basis of their scores on the revised version of the Bulimia Test. The bulimia group was composed of those scoring in the top 5% (n = 23), concordant with the base rate of bulimia in this population, whereas controls (n = 23) were conservatively selected from those scoring around the mean (56th-61st percentile). A multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant group difference across dependent variables (p < .05), and univariate Fs uniformly demonstrate predicted group differences. A stepwise discriminant analysis was performed to assess the relative contribution of these variables toward the differentiation between psychometrically defined, bulimic and nonbulimic women, revealing that trait anxiety, dependency, and depression reliably differentiated these groups, accounting for 37% of between-groups variance. In replicating and extending prior research, the results have implications for elucidating the phenomenology and potential etiologic factors associated with bulimia and for informing treatment and future research.
Mo1651 Evaluating the Clinical Applicability of the European Staging System for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Background In 2011, a new European Staging System (ESS) for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC) was proposed with the expressed purpose of comparing treatment and outcomes data between institutions. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of ESS data capture.
Short-Term Effects of an Oil Spill on Marsh-Edge Fishes and Decapod Crustaceans

On 19 April 2005, an oil spill occurred in southeastern Louisiana’s Barataria Bay estuary. We used a drop sampler to characterize the marsh-edge nekton community. Thirty-six locations were sampled in pre- and post-spill time frames from March through May 2005. Before–after control–impact (BACI) analyses of the total number of individuals (fishes + decapod crustaceans), total fishes, and sensitive species found significant interactions between the temporal (before/after) and spatial (control/impact) treatments and indicated an effect of the oil spill. Nonparametric analyses detected varied faunal assemblages across temporal treatments, but were similar in species composition among spatial treatments. While the BACI analyses showed event effects, differences were not strongly detected in nonparametric analyses of community structure. Fish are mobile and left the spill area after the disturbance, whereas the less mobile but more numerous benthic decapod crustaceans remained. The overall community structure appears to be robust and quickly recovered from the localized spill event.
TEACHERS' PERCEPTIONS OF EFFECTIVE PREPARATION TO TEACH

The Delphi Technique of survey and consensus-building was used to obtain ratings from experienced teachers to four questions related to their professional preparation. 13 teachers with varying amounts of experience completed four rounds of questioning over a 14-wk. period. The highest-rated responses indicated teachers' perceived importance of classroom organization and management skills, lesson design and delivery skills, and a “humanistic” orientation toward pupils. These perceptions were considered in relation to conclusions from research on effective teaching.
Multiple rib fracture repair in a neonatal Holstein calf.

Objectives To report rib fracture repair in a neonatal calf using the Securos Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair System (SCCLRS). Study Design Case report. Animals A 2-day-old female Holstein calf with fracture of right ribs 4-10. Methods On the day of admission the calf was anesthetized and rib fractures were repaired using open reduction and the SCCLRS. Results Rib fractures were successfully stabilized and the calf discharged from the hospital 8 days postoperatively. Conclusions Modification of previously reported use of the SCCLRS to repair rib fractures in foals was required because of the different anatomy in the calf. This new technique was rapidly and easily performed for a large number of fractured ribs in this case. Clinical Relevance Effective rib fracture repair in calves can be readily performed using the SCCLRS with modification of the technique reported in foals.
Chromate-Reducing Properties of Soluble Flavoproteins from Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli

Cr(VI) (chromate) is a toxic, soluble environmental contaminant. Bacteria can reduce chromate to the insoluble and less toxic Cr(III), and thus chromate bioremediation is of interest. Genetic and protein engineering of suitable enzymes can improve bacterial bioremediation. Many bacterial enzymes catalyze one-electron reduction of chromate, generating Cr(V), which redox cycles, generating excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such enzymes are not appropriate for bioremediation, as they harm the bacteria and their primary end product is not Cr(III). In this work, the chromate reductase activities of two electrophoretically pure soluble bacterial flavoproteins--ChrR (from Pseudomonas putida) and YieF (from Escherichia coli)-were examined. Both are dimers and reduce chromate efficiently to Cr(III) (kcat/Km = approximately 2 x 10(4) M(-1) x s(-1)). The ChrR dimer generated a flavin semiquinone during chromate reduction and transferred >25% of the NADH electrons to ROS. However, the semiquinone was formed transiently and ROS diminished with time. Thus, ChrR probably generates Cr(V), but only transiently. Studies with mutants showed that ChrR protects against chromate toxicity; this is possibly because it preempts chromate reduction by the cellular one-electron reducers, thereby minimizing ROS generation. ChrR is thus a suitable enzyme for further studies. During chromate reduction by YieF, no flavin semiquinone was generated and only 25% of the NADH electrons were transferred to ROS. The YieF dimer may therefore be an obligatory four-electron chromate reducer which in one step transfers three electrons to chromate and one to molecular oxygen. As a mutant lacking this enzyme could not be obtained, the role of YieF in chromate protection could not be directly explored. The results nevertheless suggest that YieF may be an even more suitable candidate for further studies than ChrR.
Evolution of Cooperation: Combining Kin Selection and Reciprocal Altruism into Matrix Games with Social Dilemmas

Darwinian selection should preclude cooperation from evolving; yet cooperation is widespread among organisms. We show how kin selection and reciprocal altruism can promote cooperation in diverse 2×2 matrix games (prisoner’s dilemma, snowdrift, and hawk-dove). We visualize kin selection as non-random interactions with like-strategies interacting more than by chance. Reciprocal altruism emerges from iterated games where players have some likelihood of knowing the identity of other players. This perspective allows us to combine kin selection and reciprocal altruism into a general matrix game model. Both mechanisms operating together should influence the evolution of cooperation. In the absence of kin selection, reciprocal altruism may be an evolutionarily stable strategy but is unable to invade a population of non-co-operators. Similarly, it may take a high degree of relatedness to permit cooperation to supplant non-cooperation. Together, a little bit of reciprocal altruism can, however, greatly reduce the threshold at which kin selection promotes cooperation, and vice-versa. To properly frame applications and tests of cooperation, empiricists should consider kin selection and reciprocal altruism together rather than as alternatives, and they should be applied to a broader class of social dilemmas than just the prisoner’s dilemma.
Vascular anatomy and organ-specific tumor growth as critical factors in the development of metastases and their distribution among organs.

We have examined with 19 tumor cell lines the discrete roles that vascular anatomy and tumor-cell-organ-affinity play in the development of metastases and their distribution among organs. Spontaneous metastases of B16-G3.26 melanoma cells from a primary tumor growing in the foot pad of mice, or experimental metastases 21 days after intravenous tumor-cell injection resulted in tumor colonies only in the lungs. In contrast, when the lung microvasculature was bypassed, and the same cells given by systemic intra-arterial (s.i.a.) injection, large tumor colonies developed selectively in the ovaries, adrenal glands and bones, but rarely in the lungs. When animals injected i.v. were allowed to live with lung metastases for a long period of time, small tumor colonies began to develop in extra-pulmonary organs with a distribution identical to that seen after s.i.a. injection. Seven murine tumor cell lines (previously characterized by their ability to colonize primarily the lungs after i.v. injection) and 7 of the 8 studied human tumor cell lines colonized different specific extra-pulmonary organs after s.i.a. injection, frequently producing metastatic syndromes commonly described in patients with cancer, but rarely seen in animal models of metastasis. These results suggest that metastatic cells, even those capable of colonizing specific organs, do not freely circulate in the blood stream and lodge in specific tissues. In contrast, the cells must establish a vascular route of access to the target organ, e.g., through the systemic circulation from metastatic tumors in the lungs. Two cell lines considered to be tumorigenic but non-metastatic failed to colonize the lungs or extra-pulmonary organs after i.v. injection, but readily colonized specific organs after s.i.a. injection. Thus, tumor cells considered to be non-metastatic may be indeed metastatic if they are provided with vascular access to an organ more congenial to their growth requirements.
Application of the Finite Element Method to the Quasi-Static Thermoelastic Analysis of Prestress in Multilayer Pressure Vessels

Multilayered wrapped vessel technology utilizes the compressive prestress induced during construction process to gain a considerable advantage over the monoblock vessels. The compressive prestress allows for more efficient use of construction material and more uniform distribution of stress throughout the vessel's cross section. Analysis of the magnitude of prestress throughout the vessel's thickness has been previously reported (Rasty, 1988). However, one major idealization in such analysis has been the circumference of the vessel. In this research, thermoelastic finite element method was utilized to simulate the construction process of one layer of the vessel. It was concluded that the compressive residual stress induced by the weld shrinkage varies through the circumference of the vessel by as much as 13.5 percent. Circumferential distributions of the prestress are presented and compared to the closed-form solutions (constant prestress assumption) in earlier works.
The hallmarks of cancer.

We wish to thank Terry Schoop of Biomed Arts Associates, San Francisco, for preparation of the figures, Cori Bargmann and Zena Werb for insightful comments on the manuscript, and Normita Santore for editorial assistance. In addition, we are indebted to Joe Harford and Richard Klausner, who allowed us to adapt and expand their depiction of the cell signaling network, and we appreciate suggestions on signaling pathways from Randy Watnick, Brian Elenbas, Bill Lundberg, Dave Morgan, and Henry Bourne. R. A. W. is a Ludwig Foundation and American Cancer Society Professor of Biology. His work has been supported by the Department of the Army and the National Institutes of Health. D. H. acknowledges the support and encouragement of the National Cancer Institute. Editorial policy has rendered the citations illustrative but not comprehensive.
Crystal structure of Escherichia coli SsuE: defining a general catalytic cycle for FMN reductases of the flavodoxin-like superfamily.

The Escherichia coli sulfur starvation utilization (ssu) operon includes a two-component monooxygenase system consisting of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent flavin mononucleotide (FMN) reductase, SsuE, and a monooxygenase, SsuD. SsuE is part of the flavodoxin-like superfamily, and we report here the crystal structures of its apo, FMN-bound, and FMNH2-bound forms at ∼2 A resolution. In the crystals, SsuE forms a tetramer that is a dimer of dimers similar to those seen for homologous FMN reductases, quinone reductases, and the WrbA family of enzymes. A π-helix present at the tetramer building interface is unique to the reductases from two-component monooxygenase systems. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies of SsuE confirm a dimer–tetramer equilibrium exists in solution, with FMN binding favoring the dimer. As the active site includes residues from both subunits, at least a dimeric association is required for the function of SsuE. The structures show that one FMN binds tight...
Bridged Boratabenzene Zirconium Complexes: Analogues of the ansa-Zirconocene Polymerization Catalysts

Ethylene-bridged bis(N,N-diisopropyl-1-aminoboratabenzene-4-yl)zirconium dichloride (5a), dimethylsilyl-bridged bis(N,N-diisopropyl-1-aminoboratabenzene-4-yl)zirconium dichloride (7a), and dimethylmethylene-bridged (cyclopentadienyl)(N,N-diisopropyl-1-aminoboratabenzene-4-yl)zirconium dichloride (6a) have been prepared. X-ray crystal structures of the dimethyl derivatives of 5 and 7 show that the complexes closely resemble the corresponding ansa-zirconocenes. When activated by excess methylaluminoxane, 5a, 6a, and 7a are catalysts for the polymerization of olefins.
Coupled finite-difference/finite-element approach for wing-body aeroelasticity

Computational methods using finite-difference approaches for fluids and finite-element approaches for structures have individually advanced to solve almost full-aircraft configurations. However, coupled approaches to solve fluid/structural interaction problems are still in their early stages of development, particularly for complex geometries using complete equations such as the Euler/Navier-Stokes equations. Earlier work demonstrated the success of coupling finite-difference and finite-element methods for simple wing configurations using the Euler/Navier-Stokes equations. In this paper, the same approach is extended for general wing-body configurations. The structural properties are represented by beam-type finite elements. The flow is modeled using the Euler/Navier-Stokes equations. A general procedure to fully couple structural finite-element boundary conditions with fluid finite-difference boundary conditions is developed for wing-body configurations. Computations are made using moving grids that adapt to wing-body structural deformations. Results are illustrated for a typical wing-body configuration.
Image atlas construction via intrinsic averaging on the manifold of images

In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for computing an atlas from a collection of images. In the literature, atlases have almost always been computed as some types of means such as the straightforward Euclidean means or the more general Karcher means on Riemannian manifolds. In the context of images, the paper's main contribution is a geometric framework for computing image atlases through a two-step process: the localization of mean and the realization of it as an image. In the localization step, a few nearest neighbors of the mean among the input images are determined, and the realization step then proceeds to reconstruct the atlas image using these neighbors. Decoupling the localization step from the realization step provides the flexibility that allows us to formulate a general algorithm for computing image atlas. More specifically, we assume the input images belong to some smooth manifold M modulo image rotations. We use a graph structure to represent the manifold, and for the localization step, we formulate a convex optimization problem in Rk (k the number of input images) to determine the crucial neighbors that are used in the realization step to form the atlas image. The algorithm is both unbiased and rotation-invariant. We have evaluated the algorithm using synthetic and real images. In particular, experimental results demonstrate that the atlases computed using the proposed algorithm preserve important image features and generally enjoy better image quality in comparison with atlases computed using existing methods.
Who Knows What? Maintaining Multiple Perspectives During Reading

Recent findings (Keysar, 1994; Weingartner & Klin, 2005) have shown that readers are not always accurate at taking a story character's perspective. When readers evaluated a character's understanding of a written message, they mistakenly took into account information that was inaccessible to that character. The results from the three experiments reported here demonstrate that this “illusory transparency of intention” is not dependent on the message readers' communicative role: Even when the message was composed for one character but read by another, readers assumed that the message was understood as it was intended. The results are discussed in the context of two theoretical accounts for these perspective-taking errors: the “knowledge projection hypothesis,” which appeals to readers’ expectations about cooperative behavior during communication, and “construal,” which attributes the illusory transparency of intention to a general cognitive bias that occurs during the perception of ambiguous stimuli.
Recent progress in tumour vaccine development

Immunotherapy offers an exciting opportunity to treat human cancer. Analysis of tumour-associated antigens is progressing. Assisted by animal models, such knowledge can be used to design tumour vaccines. By including adjuvants to increase immunogenicity, several tumours previously thought to be non-immunogenic are now considered targets for tumour vaccines. Newly acquired knowledge regarding dendritic cell physiology is incorporated in newly designed vaccines that are currently in Phase I and II trials. Such assessment provides the overall conclusion that tumour vaccines are safe and deserve a more prominent place in the sequel of treatments for human cancer.
Low-Energy Three-Body Scattering in a Hyperspherical Adiabatic Basis

We propose a hyperspherical adiabatic formalism for the calculation of the 3-to-3S-matrix at low energy, for repulsive potentials, and use it then in a model calculation. That is for McGuire's model (3 particles in one dimension subject to repulsive delta-function interactions), we use analytical expressions for the hyperspherical adiabatic basis, the adiabatic coupling matrix elements, and eigenpotentials to obtain the first terms of the exactS-matrix analytically, in an expansion in powers of the wave number. We were able to associate the definite powers ofq in the expansion of theS-matrix to the corresponding inverse powers of ρ in the expansions of the adiabatic eigenpotentials and coupling matrix elements. We investigate the effect of making the “usual” approximations found in the literature (extreme and uncoupled adiabatic approximations), when calculating the diagonal and off-diagonalS-matrix elements. Finally, we show that the coupled adiabatic equations uncouple as the energy goes to zero.
Fat adherence syndrome: An animal model

Abstract Background Fat adherence syndrome (FAS) is a permanent restrictive strabismus that can occur after periocular surgery or trauma. The pathophysiology is poorly characterized. Methods Under varying conditions, fat autografts were secured with dissolvable sutures between the inferior rectus and the periosteum of the inferior orbital rim in both eyes of 15 New Zealand white rabbits. Sutures without fat autografts were placed in both eyes of three control rabbits. The force required to move the eyeball superiorly 4, 6, or 8 mm was measured with a digital strain gauge preoperatively and 6 weeks after surgery. Twelve of the 15 rabbits with autografts were then sacrificed, and exenteration specimens were taken. The three remaining rabbits (six eyes) were observed for 6 months after placement of fat autografts. Results Analysis of variance allowed rejection of the null hypothesis that there was no difference among the postsurgical groups for all deflection points when 6 weeks postoperative was compared to baseline (preoperative) measurements (P ≤ 0.05). Regression analyses showed that stiffness at each deflection was dependent on the amount of fat placed in the orbit. In three rabbits observed for 6 months, restriction tended to be stable over the 6-month observation period and was not alleviated by lysis of adhesions or removal of the fat grafts. Conclusion A fat autograft introduced into an extraocular wound in rabbits will produce a permanent restrictive strabismus. This model may prove useful in the study of FAS.