cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fate of septohippocampal neurons following fimbria-fornix transection: a time course analysis.

Abstract Neurons in the medial septum (MS) and vertical limb of the diagonal band (vDB) undergo degenerative changes following transection of their axons. These changes have been well studied by histological techniques such as Nissl stains and immunocytochemistry. A dramatic loss of stained neurons occurs following axotomy and this has been interpreted as indicative of neuronal death. However, since the staining intensity and the size of affected neurons may be reduced by axotomy, it is possible that the apparent neuronal death may actually be due to a decrease in somal size or the ability to detect neurons by routine histological methods. The present study describes the effects of axotomy on MS and vDB neurons which have been labeled by hippocampal injections of the retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold (FG), prior to transection of the fimbria-fornix and supracallosal stria. The number of FG-labeled neurons in the MS decreased by 21% at three weeks, 36% at six weeks, and 31% at ten weeks after fimbria-fornix transection. The reduction was statistically significant at 6 and 10 weeks. The number of FG-labeled neurons in the vDB showed no reduction at three weeks but was decreased by 31% and 37% at six and ten weeks, respectively. This was statistically significant only at 10 weeks. By comparison, the number of neurons immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was reduced by 75–80% at these time points. The size (area and diameter) of FG-labeled somata decreased in both the MS and vDB within three weeks following fimbria-fornix transection and remained relatively constant at the six- and ten-week time points. These data suggest that the majority of MS and vDB neurons which project to the hippocampus do not die within 10 weeks following axotomy but rather shrink and become undetectable by routine histological methods.
Effect of insulin, insulin-dextrose, and water diuresis on metabolism of isopropyl alcohol.

Summary1. Insulin in doses of 1 unit per kg, either with or without dextrose, and water diuresis were ineffective in influencing the blood isopropyl alcohol curve in dogs given 1.0 g per kg intravenously. The predominant effect was a retardation of the rate of decline, and the use of these substances clinically in acute isopropyl alcoholic intoxication does not appear to be practical.
Atomic Distortion and the Combining Rule for Repulsive Potentials

The exponential repulsion between atoms, molecules, and ions with closed-shell structure arising from the Pauli exclusion principle is examined in the light of a distortion model. The repulsion energy arises mainly from the distortion of the two atoms, each of which is constrained by the presence of the other to terminate at an intermediate surface, which is often approximately planar. The location of this surface is determined by minimizing the total distortion energy, with the result that the restoring forces in each atom are equal and opposite. There results a new combining rule for these repulsive potentials, allowing the potential for $\mathrm{AB}$ to be deduced from those for ${A}_{2}$ and ${B}_{2}$, which reduces in some special cases to the previously assumed geometric-mean rule. A further consequence is a relationship between the instantaneous collisional dipole moments in a family of asymmetric collisions such as HeNe, NeAr, and ArHe, provided that they are all measured at equal values of the collision force.
Dynamics and transport of a localized soluble surfactant on a thin film

The flow induced by a localized droplet of soluble surfactant on the surface of a thin film is analysed, motivated by an interest in the interaction between inhaled droplets and the lung's thin liquid lining after an aerosol lands on its surface. The spreading is driven by gradients of surface tension and results in flow of the droplet and underlying liquid film. This induced flow field plays an important role in the transport of dissolved species from the droplet, through the film, and to the tissue for absorption.Evolution equations for the film thickness, surface and bulk liquid concentrations are derived using lubrication theory, since the depth of the film is much smaller than the characteristic radius of the droplet. Solutions are obtained numerically using the method of lines for a variety of surface Peclet numbers.We find that the effect of solubility is to decrease both film disturbances and surface concentrations, and to induce an absorption-driven backflow. In addition, there is a gravity-driven backflow from hydrostatics. At large surface Peclet numbers, large film disturbances are obtained and more surfactant is able to diffuse across the rigid permeable wall, while surface diffusion causes more rapid spreading and decreases film disturbances. Gravity acts as a restoring force by creating a bidirectional flow, and hence disenhances the vertical flux of surfactant across the air-liquid interface. This model may have implications for the delivery of drugs by aerosol inhalation.
Electron Impact near the a Π 3 State of CO: Dipole-Dominated Resonances

Sharp structures have been observed in the elastic and vibrational ($v=1$ and $v=2$) cross sections of the ground electronic state of CO at energies coincident with the $v=0, 1, \mathrm{and} 2$ levels of the $a^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}$ state of CO. The large electric dipole moment of the $a^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}$ state of CO (1.38 D) appears to be sufficient to bind temporarily the incoming electron at or near the top of the potential well. The potential energy curve for this "dipole-dominated resonance" coincides with that of the $a^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}$ state.
Changes in Gender Discrimination after Death: Evidence from a Cemetery

Information on tombstones from a large cemetery in New York State were analyzed for gender discrimination. Criteria for gender bias were indications of familial relationships, absence of surnames, and absence of maiden names combined with surname for married women. Overall, females were far more likely to be identified in terms of familial relationships and were far less likely to have their married surname included on their gravestone. However, when the data were divided into 50 year epochs, it was apparent that identification of women in terms of familial relationships had become far less common and indication of surnames had become more common over the last 150 years. There was also a slight trend for women to have both their maiden and surnames on their grave markers.
The Toxicology, Information Working Party—an exercise in user collaboration

The Toxicology Information Working Party (TIWP) was set up following a joint meeting of the Association of Information Officers in the Pharmaceutical Industry (AIOPI) and the UK Online User Group (UKOLUG), held at Pfizer Central Research, Sandwich, in early 1979, to discuss problems of chemical toxicology searching. A strong feeling emerged from this meeting that some co‐operative action among users to improve information provision in this area was both possible and highly desirable. The TIWP was set up, under the auspices of AIOPI and UKOLUG, to investigate this possibility, and to initiate suitable projects. We review here the activities of TIWP during its first six months of existance.
Assessment of residual stresses on U10Mo alloy based monolithic mini-plates during Hot Isostatic Pressing

Abstract This article presents an assessment of the residual stresses in U–10 wt.% Mo (U10Mo) alloy based monolithic fuel plates and the elasto-plastic response to thermo-mechanical processing. Monolithic, plate-type fuel is a new fuel form being developed for research and test reactors to achieve higher uranium densities within the reactor core to allow the use of low-enriched uranium fuel in high-performance reactors. Understanding of the three-dimensional residual stress field is important for understanding the in-reactor performance of these plate-type fuels. To define fuel-cladding stress–strain characteristics, a thermo-mechanical finite element model was developed. During fuel plate fabrication, the hot pressing temperature approaches the melting temperature of the cladding, so that temperature dependent material properties were incorporated to improve the accuracy of the model. By using elasto-thermo-plastic material models, it was determined that the cladding material (Al6061-O) is subjected to tensile stresses that exceed its proportional limits. The fuel foil is subject to compressive stresses and remains below yield. The residual stresses in the plates are significant, and therefore, should not be neglected. In particular, the simulations indicate the presence of high stress gradients at the fuel/cladding interface, thus emphasizing the need for a high quality bond.
Accurate identification of non-polyadenylated RNA using a custom human cytomegalovirus tiling array.

Abstract Most eukaryotes regulate commonly translation by polyadenylation of messenger RNA. RNA sequences without 3′ polyadenylation are usually quickly degraded, thus finely tuning the expression of gene transcripts. Some viruses are known to regulate mRNA levels via polyadenylation. A method is described that utilizes a customized tiling array to determine if any human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) transcripts are subject to regulation via de-polyadenylation and subsequent mRNA decay. The results of this study indicate that the highly expressed intron of large non-coding RNA (lncRNA5) that is not polyadenylated, as documented previously. This differential polyadenylation protocol can also be modified for other tiling array applications (such as ChIP-chip analysis).
International Migration and Nutritional Outcomes in Tajikistan

Abstract Tajikistan is the country with the largest share of remittances to GDP in the world. At the same time it suffers from stubbornly high levels of child malnutrition against which only very slow progress has been made. This paper investigates the relationship between international migration and child malnutrition, using data from a recent nationally representative household survey. There are theoretical reasons to expect that migration may be exerting both positive and negative effects on nutrition and food security, so that understanding what the net effect may be is essentially an empirical question. Our results indicate that migration appears to be playing a positive role in enhancing child growth patterns (as measured by height-for-age z-scores) in the country. We explore some of the possible channels through which this effect might be operating and find that one such channel is by increasing households’ kilocalorie consumption.
Magnetically Assembled 3-D Mesoscopic Patterns Using Suspension of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles

A self assembly process is characterized by the spontaneous and ordered aggregation of similar components. At the nanoscale, these constituents can be colloids, or other nanoparticles that combine to form structures of meso- and macroscopic dimensions. Self assembly is most evident during the growth of biological structures. Due to its natural elegance, there is considerable interest in investigating similar methods in other fields of sciences. In principle, the process of dynamic self assembly is characterized by a competition between at least two forces — one attractive and the other repulsive — in thermodynimacally nonequilibrium systems. Several researchers have described self assembly in configurations where biological [1] or chemical [2] mediation, electrostatic [3], capillary [4] or fluid dynamic [5] forces have provided a motive potential.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Russian directors’ business ethic: A study of industrial enterprises in St Petersburg, 1993

(1994). Russian directors’ business ethic: A study of industrial enterprises in St Petersburg, 1993. Europe-Asia Studies: Vol. 46, No. 7, pp. 1075-1107.
Ki67 expression levels are a better marker of reduced melanoma growth following MEK inhibitor treatment than phospho-ERK levels

The loss of tumour phospho-extracellular responsive kinase (pERK) positivity is the major treatment biomarker for mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular responsive kinase (MEK) inhibitors. Here, we demonstrate that there is a poor correlation between pERK inhibition and the anti-proliferative effects of MEK inhibitors in melanoma cells. We suggest that Ki67 is a better biomarker for future clinical studies.
“Fab 13:” The Learning Factory

This paper describes how situated learning theory was employed in the design of Fab 13, a four-day simulation-based learning experience for manufacturing professionals at Intel Corporation. The instructional challenge confronted by Intel is described, along with the rationale for adopting situated learning as the theoretical framework for the instructional intervention. A conceptual framework for understanding situated learning is also presented with detailed descriptions of how the elements were incorporated into the design of the Fab 13 simulation.
Using Bioactive Glasses for the Treatment of Periodontal Intrabony Defects may Result in Modest Probing Depth Reduction and Clinical Attachment Level Gain Compared to Open Flap Debridement

Article Title and Bibliographic Information An evaluation of bioactive glass in the treatment of periodontal defects: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Sohrabi K, Saraiya V, Laage TA, Harris M, Blieden M, Karimbux N. J Periodontol 2012;83:453-64. Reviewers Hsun-Liang Chan, DDS, MS, Hom-Lay Wang, DDS, PhD* Purpose/Question To determine whether the use of bioactive glass in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects results in more PD reduction and CAL gain than other treatment methods Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Systematic review with meta-analysis Level of Evidence Level 2: limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade C: Consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series for studies of diagnosis, treatment, prevention, or screening
Calcium signaling during convergent extension in Xenopus

Background: During Xenopus gastrulation, cell intercalation drives convergent extension of dorsal tissues. This process requires the coordination of motility throughout a large population of cells. The signaling mechanisms that regulate these movements in space and time remain poorly understood. Results: To investigate the potential contribution of calcium signaling to the control of morphogenetic movements, we visualized calcium dynamics during convergent extension using a calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye and a novel confocal microscopy system. We found that dramatic intercellular waves of calcium mobilization occurred in cells undergoing convergent extension in explants of gastrulating Xenopus embryos. These waves arose stochastically with respect to timing and position within the dorsal tissues. Waves propagated quickly and were often accompanied by a wave of contraction within the tissue. Calcium waves were not observed in explants of the ventral marginal zone or prospective epidermis. Pharmacological depletion of intracellular calcium stores abolished the calcium dynamics and also inhibited convergent extension without affecting cell fate. These data indicate that calcium signaling plays a direct role in the coordination of convergent extension cell movements. Conclusions: The data presented here indicate that intercellular calcium signaling plays an important role in vertebrate convergent extension. We suggest that calcium waves may represent a widely used mechanism by which large groups of cells can coordinate complex cell movements.
Clinical implications and surgical management of intussusception in pediatric patients with Burkitt lymphoma.

Abstract Background/Purpose Intussusception as a presenting feature of Burkitt lymphoma may be associated with early stage disease, which is curable with less intensive therapy. We determined the incidence, presentation, stage, and outcome of children with Burkitt lymphoma presenting with intussusception. Methods The medical records of patients with Burkitt lymphoma treated at our hospital from 1962 to 2005 were reviewed, and the patients presenting with intussusception were then further analyzed. Results Of 189 patients with primary abdominal Burkitt lymphoma, 33 (17.5%) presented with intussusception. Their median age at diagnosis was 10 years (range, 3-19 years). Most patients presented with abdominal pain (88%) and/or nausea/vomiting (42%). Twenty-three (70%) of these 33 patients as compared with 10 of the other 156 patients with abdominal lymphoma could have complete resection of their tumor ( P Conclusion Pediatric patients with Burkitt lymphoma presenting with intussusception often have completely resectable disease and are older than general pediatric patients with intussusception.
A novel high-Q cavity resonator for reconfigurable WPAN applications at 60 GHz

A novel silicon micromachined high-Q cavity resonator at 60 GHz is presented in this paper. The concept of the high-Q resonator is introduced. The novel realization of the cavity resonator is demonstrated through silicon micromachining techniques. Full wave simulations are conducted to verify the propagation mode and the resonant frequency. The resonant frequency of the cavity resonator can be tuned by changing the length of a planar stub shunted to a current probe in the cavity. Experimental results validate the simulation and show great Q factors which are over 320 at the resonances for the WPAN applications.
Aging and age stereotypes.

The present research explored developmental differences in evaluations of older adults. Two groups, one consisting of persons 30 to 45 years old and the other of persons 55 to 70 years old, rated positive-youthful, positive-elderly, negative-youthful, and negative-elderly characteristics. In Studies 1 and 2, evaluations of older adults were assessed by asking subjects to rate the characteristics on a youthful-elderly dimension. In Study 3, evaluations of older adults were assessed by asking subjects to rate the characteristics on an admirable-unadmirable dimension. Findings from the latter study indicate an ingroup evaluative bias: Adult development is accompanied by a tendency to rate characteristics associated with older adults as more admirable. By contrast, findings from Studies 1 and 2 do not indicate an ingroup evaluative bias: Adult development is not accompanied by a tendency to assign more positive or fewer negative traits to older adults. It is suggested that the differences in findings arise be...
Individual differences in internet search outcomes and processes

A study was conducted, with 180 participants, to evaluate whether individual differences in basic cognitive abilities (i.e., spatial and verbal ability), attitudes towards computers, and prior experience with computers influence peoples' ability to search for and find information on the internet. Spatial and verbal ability, as well as attitudes towards computers, influenced the accuracy and speed of internet search. Current analyses are focusing on whether cognitive abilities and attitudes influence component search processes, as well as overall accuracy and speed.
The number of alleles at a microsatellite defines the allele frequency spectrum and facilitates fast, accurate estimation of θ

Theoretical work focused on microsatellite variation has produced a number of important results, including the expected distribution of repeat sizes and the expected squared difference in repeat size between two randomly selected samples. However, closed-form expressions for the sampling distribution and frequency spectrum of microsatellite variation have not been identified. Here, we use coalescent simulations of the stepwise mutation model to develop gamma and exponential approximations of the microsatellite allele frequency spectrum, a distribution central to the description of microsatellite variation across the genome. For both approximations, the parameter of biological relevance is the number of alleles at a locus, which we express as a function of θ, the population-scaled mutation rate, based on simulated data. Discovered relationships between θ, the number of alleles, and the frequency spectrum support the development of three new estimators of microsatellite θ. The three estimators exhibit roughly similar mean squared errors (MSEs) and all are biased. However, across a broad range of sample sizes and θ values, the MSEs of these estimators are frequently lower than all other estimators tested. The new estimators are also reasonably robust to mutation that includes step sizes greater than one. Finally, our approximation to the microsatellite allele frequency spectrum provides a null distribution of microsatellite variation. In this context, a preliminary analysis of the effects of demographic change on the frequency spectrum is performed. We suggest that simulations of the microsatellite frequency spectrum under evolutionary scenarios of interest may guide investigators to the use of relevant and sometimes novel summary statistics.
Localization of secretory, membrane-associated and cytoskeletal proteins in rat testis using an improved immunocytochemical protocol that employs polyester wax.

Immunocytochemistry is a compromise between maintaining antigenicity and preserving tissue morphology. In the testis, successful immunostaining results at the level of resolution provided by the light microscope have been obtained through use of either frozen or paraffin sections, although both techniques are fraught with limitations. With freezing, tissue preservation is not optimum, whereas with paraffin embedding, antigenicity is often destroyed. These limitations are not trivial and have led to numerous ambiguous results in the literature. In the present study we wish to report the results of immunocytochemical localization of various proteins in testis fixed by perfusion with Bouin's fluid and embedded in polyester wax, a ribboning embedding medium for histology. The advantages of this medium are that it does not require clearing of tissues in xylene solvents before embedding and that unlike paraffin, it liquifies at 38°C. Because of these two properties, the polyester was appears to adequately maintain antigenicity as compared to that observed in frozen sections, yet because it is a ribboning wax, it preserves detailed structure as well as paraffin does. Proteins that were immunolocalized included cytoskeletal proteins (tubulin, actin, vinculin, vimentin) and cell-specific markers: 1) androgen-binding protein (ABP) for Sertoli cells; 2) peripheral type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) for Leydig cells; and 3) nuclear lamins for germ cells. Biotin-streptavidin peroxidase immunocytochemistry was employed to determine the specific distribution of the various proteins, and both rabbit antisera and mouse monoclonal antibodies were used with equal success. In addition, fluorochrome-labeled second antibodies combined with confocal microscopy were used to examine the disposition of the antigens in the testis. Results revealed maintenance of antigenicity and morphology far superior to that obtained with paraffin and frozen sections, respectively, they also showed that within the seminiferous epithelium, germ cell or Sertoli cell-specific proteins were unambiguously immunolocalized to their respective cells. Specific observations made possible through use of this protocol suggest that neither tubulin or vimentin immunostaining patterns in Sertoli cells are altered during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Similarly, ABP staining appeared constant throughout the cycle. Further, we wish to report that anti-PBR is a specific probe for Leydig cells in vivo and that an anti-nuclear lamin antibody appears to serve as a specific probe for spermatogonia and pachytene spermatocytes, but that the commercially available anti-smooth muscle a-actin monoclonal antibody immunostains both the myoid and lymphatic endothelial cells forming the peritubular cells layer of the seminiferous tubule. We would like to suggest the use of this embedding protocol as a means for immunocytochemical examination of protein antigens in the testis.
Reducing the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Child Care and Changing Provider Practices: Lessons Learned From a Demonstration Project

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to evaluate, through an American Academy of Pediatrics demonstration project, the effectiveness of a curriculum and train-the-trainer model in changing child care providers9 behaviors regarding safe infant sleep practices. METHODS. Participating licensed child care centers and family child care homes were assigned randomly to intervention and control groups. Observers performed an initial unannounced visit to each site, to watch infants being placed for sleep, to inventory sleep policies, and to administer questionnaires to center staff members. Trainers then used the American Academy of Pediatrics curriculum in educational sessions at intervention sites. Three months later, observers conducted a follow-up observation at each site, and staff members completed a questionnaire about logistic barriers encountered in implementation of safe sleep recommendations. RESULTS. A total of 264 programs and 1212 providers completed the study; the care of 1993 infants was observed. Provider awareness of the American Academy of Pediatrics infant supine sleep position recommendation increased from 59.7% (both groups) to 64.8% (control) and 80.5% (intervention). Exclusive use of the supine position in programs increased from 65.0% to 70.4% (control) and 87.8% (intervention). Observed supine placement increased from 51.0% to 57.1% (control) and 62.1% (intervention). CONCLUSIONS. A sudden infant death syndrome risk reduction curriculum using a train-the-trainer model is effective in improving the knowledge and practices of child care providers. Perceived parental objections, provider skepticism about the benefits of supine positioning, and lack of program policies and training opportunities are important barriers to implementation of safe sleep policies. Continued education of parents, expanded training efforts, and statewide regulations, mandates, and monitoring are critical to ongoing efforts to decrease further the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in child care.
N1 action potentials in humans. Influence of simultaneous contralateral stimulation.

N1 action potentials, elicited by low-level, 4.0-kHz filtered clicks, were recorded from the ear canals of normal-hearing adults. Responses were recorded at two sensation levels in the presence and...
Midfacial Growth After Costochondral Graft Construction of the Mandibular Ramus in Hemifacial Microsomia

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to document vertical midfacial growth after costochondral graft mandibular ramus construction in children with type IIB and type III hemifacial microsomia (HFM). Methods: This is a retrospective study of 33 children who underwent costochondral graft (CCG) construction for mandibular type IIB (abnormal, small, and medially displaced ramus, n = 19) and mandibular type III (absent ramus and glenoid fossa, n = 14) HFM, between 1980 and 1990. Types I and IIA patients were not included because their milder mandibular deformities were lengthened by osteotomy. Mean age at operation was 6.2 (2 to 10) years, and the mean follow-up period was 5.5 (1 to 13.5) years. Occlusal cant, piriform angle, and intergonial angle were measured on the most current posteroanterior (PA) cephalogram. The ratio of unaffected to affected ramus length was determined on the most current panoramic radiograph. Patient outcomes were classified based on the occlusal cant at the latest follow-up: group 1, successful result with a symmetrical maxilla (occlusal cant of <5°); group 2, acceptable result (occlusal cant ≥5° but <8°), and Group 3, failure (occlusal cant ≥8°). OMENS scores were calculated for each patient: each of the five major anatomic deformities of HFM (orbital, mandibular, auricular, neural, and soft tissue) were graded 0 to 3 and summed. The mean differences in age at operation and OMENS scores between groups were calculated (ANOVA). Results: At the end of follow-up, patients defined as having a successful result (group 1) had a mean occlusal cant of 2°, a mandibular length ratio of 1.0, and an intergonial angle of 2°. However, the final piriform angle was 7°, indicating less vertical midfacial growth than maxillary alveolar growth. These patients were older at the time of operation (mean age, 6.7 years), and their mean OMENS score (6.3) was significantly lower (P = .004) than in patients in group 2 (mean age at operation, 6.3 years; mean OMENS score, 6.8) and group 3 (mean age at operation, 5.8 years; mean OMENS score, 7.8). In group 2, the occlusal cant, mandibular length ratio, and intergonial and piriform angles did not improve. In group 3, the occlusal cant and piriform angle became worse during the follow-up period. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that after construction of the ramus and condyle in type IIB and III HFM patients, vertical midface growth is secondary to a combination of midfacial and alveolar growth. Patients operated on at an older age were more likely to have a successful long-term result. Finally, the severity of the overall deformity, as reflected in a higher OMENS score, appeared to be an important factor in the response to early correction.
The Behavioral Observation System (BOS): A line staff assessment instrument of psychopathology

This study examined the initial reliability and validity of the Behavioral Observation System (BOS). The BOS, which consists of 34 items rating inpatient behaviors and is completed by psychiatric aids, was developed to assess the domains of Psychosis, Mania, Depression, and Behavioral Dyscontrol. Three studies are described. Results of the reliability study suggest adequate intraclass correlations and coefficient αs. Analyses of the interscale correlations demonstrated appropriate initial discrimination between the scales. A comparison of diagnoses with ratings yielded expected convergent validity. The overall results suggest the BOS is likely to provide reliable and useful information to treatment teams. Directions of future studies also are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1435–1444, 2001.
Justice in Transition: The Micropolitics of Reconciliation in Postwar Peru

This article draws on anthropological research conducted with communities in Ayacucho, the region of Peru that suffered the greatest loss of life during the internal armed conflict of the 1980s and 1990s. One particularity of internal wars, such as Peru’s, is that foreign armies do not wage the attacks: frequently, the enemy is a son-in-law, a godfather, an old schoolmate, or the community that lies just across the valley. The charged social landscape of the present reflects the lasting damage done by a recent past in which people saw just what their neighbors could do. The author contributes to the literature on transitional justice by examining the construction and deconstruction of lethal violence among “intimate enemies” and by analyzing how the concepts and practices of communal justice have permitted the development of a micropolitics of reconciliation in which campesinos administer both retributive and restorative forms of justice.
Ultra low-leakage power strategies for sub-1 V VLSI: novel circuit styles and design methodologies for partially depleted silicon-on-insulator (PD-SOI) CMOS technology

As supply voltage is scaled to below 1 V, leakage power becomes significant in CMOS ICs. This paper proposes novel circuit techniques in PD-SOI technology to reduce standby power in the sub-1 V regime by over three orders of magnitude while maintaining circuit speed and with minimal overhead. Simulation results obtained using process parameters from an IBM 0.13 /spl mu/m PD-SOI technology show considerable improvement over previously proposed methods as supply voltage is scaled to 0.5 V. A new design algorithm for efficient implementation of these PD-SOI standby power reduction schemes is also described.
Three-valued Karnaugh maps

A method is presented for the disjunctive simplification of three-valued logic functions using three-valued Karnaugh maps. The number of variables that can be depicted is at most four. While a particular set of primitive operations is used with the simplification method, the method is not restricted to any particular operation set, provided only that the operations of disjunction and conjunction are included. >
Optimization of Flexible Wing Structures Subject to Strength and Induced Drag Constraints

An optimization procedure for designing wing structures subject to stress, strain, and drag constraints is presented. The optimization method utilizes an extended penalty function formulation for converting the constrained problem into a series of unconstrained ones. Newton's method is used to solve the unconstrained problems. An iterative analysis procedure is used to obtain the displacements of the wing structure including the effects of load redistribution due to the flexibility of the structure. The induced drag is calculated from the lift distribution. Approximate expressions for the constraints used during major portions of the optimization process enhance the efficiency of the procedure. A typical fighter wing is used to demonstrate the procedure. Aluminum and composite material designs are obtained. The tradeoff between weight savings and drag reduction is investigated.
Origins of primate locomotion: Gait mechanics of the woolly opossum

The locomotion of primates differs from that of other mammals in three fundamental ways. During quadrupedal walking, primates use diagonal sequence gaits, protract their arms more at forelimb touchdown, and experience lower vertical substrate reaction forces on their forelimbs relative to their hindlimbs. It is widely held that the unusual walking gaits of primates represent a basal adaptation for movement on thin, flexible branches and reflect a major change in the functional role of the forelimb. However, little data on nonprimate arboreal mammals exist to test this notion. To that end, we examined the gait mechanics of the woolly opossum (Caluromys philander), a marsupial convergent with small-bodied prosimians in ecology, behavior, and morphology. Data on the footfall sequence, relative arm protraction, and peak vertical substrate reaction forces were obtained from videotapes and force records for three adult woolly opossums walking quadrupedally on a wooden runway and a thin pole. For all steps recorded on both substrates, woolly opossums always used diagonal sequence walking gaits, protracted their arms beyond 90 degrees relative to horizontal body axis, and experienced peak vertical substrate reaction forces on forelimbs that were significantly lower than on hindlimbs. The woolly opossum is the first nonprimate mammal to show locomotor mechanics that are identical to those of primates. This case of convergence between primates and a committed fine-branch, arboreal marsupial strongly implies that the earliest primates evolved gait specializations for fine-branch locomotion, which reflect important changes in forelimb function.
Development and application of methodology for assessing the role of lysosomes in experimental ulcerogenesis in the guinea pig.

Abstract In order to determine if lysosomes are causally involved in gastric ulcerogenesis, we (a) systematically characterized homogenization techniques and assay conditions for measurement of lysosomal enzymes in guinea pig gastric mucosa, and (b) assessed the relationship among histamine-induced gastric erosions, lysosomal enzyme activities, and the integrity of lysosomal membranes. We developed procedures that yielded tissue homogenates of gastric mucosa in which a majority of cells had been disrupted, but at least two-thirds of the lysosomes were preserved. We also demonstrated that two lysosomal enzymes from gastric mucosa, N -acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and β-glucuronidase, had acid pH optima and activities that were linear with time, mucosal protein, and substrate concentration, and exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Moreover, using isopycnic centrifugation of light mitochondrial fractions on continuous and discontinuous sucrose gradients, we showed that Triton WR-1339, a nonionic detergent known to accumulate in hepatic cells, also accumulates in gastric mucosal cell lysosomes, causing a decrease in their density and an increase in their fragility. Finally, we found no correlation between histamine-induced gastric erosions and the integrity of gastric mucosal cell lysosomes; pretreatment of guinea pigs with Triton WR-1339 increased the fragility of gastric cell lysosomes, but did not enhance the ulcerogenic effect of histamine. Our findings do not support a role for gastric cell lysosomes in histamine-induced gastric mucosal injury.
One-Sided Hypotheses in a Multinomial Model

Several independent data sets are represented as coordinates of one i.i.d. data set. We consider model selection for several 2 x 2 contingency tables including models with and without a common odds ratio and one-sided models such as models where a treatment is beneficial. We use Jeffreys priors on each model. For studies of long-term treatment with aspirin after a heart attack, we find that the treatment appeared to be beneficial if it began within six months after the heart attack; if begun later it had no effect on mortality.
Effects of business maturity, experience, and size on farms economic vitality: a credit migration analysis of farm service agency borrowers.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relative financial strength and endurance of several paired classes of farmers according to business maturity (beginning versus mature farm businesses), farm operators’ age/experience (young versus older, more experienced farm operators), and farm size (small vs large farm businesses) by utilizing random-effects ordered logistic techniques. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a credit migration approach to analyze the factors that impact the probability of farm credit migration rates. An ordered logit model is used to assess the influence that factors have on a farm upgrading, staying same, or downgrading in credit rating. Findings Results show that increasing farm size will lead to a higher probability of class upgrades. Being a young farm operator, meanwhile, decreases this probability. Positive changes in money supply and farm real estate values were found to increase the likelihood of credit upgrades. Results also show trend reversal of credit risk movement, where upgrades (downgrades) are more likely to be followed by downgrades (upgrades). Originality/value With farms being dependent on capital for growth, knowing what factors affect the ability of a farm to obtain credit lends insight in the agricultural credit markets. This paper is also the first to assess the impacts of these factors on small farms which constitute 92 percent of farms in the USA per the US Department of Agriculture.
What Does Self-rated Health Mean? Changes and Variations in the Association of Obesity with Objective and Subjective Components Of Self-rated Health

There are concerns about the meaning of self-rated health (SRH) and the factors individuals consider. To illustrate how SRH is contextualized, we examine how the obesity-SRH association varies across age, periods, and cohorts. We decompose SRH into subjective and objective components and use a mechanism-based age-period-cohort model approach with four decades (1970s to 2000s) and five birth cohorts of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (N = 26,184). Obese adults rate their health more negatively than non-obese when using overall SRH with little variation by age, period, or cohort. However, when we decomposed SRH into objective and subjective components, the obesity gap widened with increasing age in objective SRH but narrowed in subjective SRH. Additionally, the gap narrowed for more recently born cohorts for objective SRH but widened for subjective SRH. The results provide indirect evidence that the relationship between obesity and SRH is socially patterned according to exposure to information about obesity and the availability of resources to manage it.
Factors influencing self-assessment of cognition and functioning in bipolar disorder: a preliminary study

Introduction. Self-assessment deficits are common in schizophrenia and span multiple aspects of functioning, including awareness of symptoms, and the ability to assess objective levels of cognitive deficits and everyday functioning. Whereas impaired awareness of illness in bipolar disorder during symptomatic periods is well understood, awareness of disability and cognitive deficits has been less well studied.Methods. In this pilot study, 30 patients with a lifetime history of bipolar I disorder and current bipolar depression completed performance-based tests of cognition and functional capacity and self-reported their opinions of their cognitive abilities, everyday functioning and symptoms. High contact clinicians also provided impressions of the patients’ cognitive performance and everyday functioning.Results. Clinician impressions of cognition and everyday functioning were correlated with the results of the performance-based assessments, whereas the patient self-reports of cognition and functioning were...
Adaptive Governance of Water Resources Shared with Indigenous Peoples: The Role of Law

Adaptive governance is an emergent phenomenon resulting from the interaction of locally driven collaborative efforts with a hierarchy of governmental regulation and management and is thought to be capable of navigating social−ecological change as society responds to the effects of climate change. The assertion of Native American water rights on highly developed water systems in North America has triggered governance innovations that resemble certain aspects of adaptive governance, and have emerged to accommodate the need for Indigenous water development and restoration of cultural and ecological resources. Similar innovations are observed in the assertion of Indigenous voices in Australia. This presents an opportunity to analyze the emergence of adaptive processes within complex legal systems. We explore the role of law in locally driven innovation in this context, concluding that any system of governance that requires greater flexibility will only be viewed as legitimate, and thus succeed, if attention is given not only to adaptive capacity, but also to aspects of good governance. Through examples of the assertion of Indigenous rights, we illustrate critical links between adaptive capacity in water management, good governance, and law.
Response of Oriental Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Associated Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Different-Color Spheres

Oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel. captures were higher on yellow and white than on orange, red, light green, dark green, blue, and black spheres hung in guava ( Psidium guajava L.) trees. Captures were greater on 4-cm than on 2-cm yellow spheres. During a series of four l-wk study periods, mean numbers of D. dorsalis captured on yellow and white spheres were 4.4 and 6.3 flies per sphere, respectively. Four species of D. dorsalis parasitoids were also captured on 4-cm yellow and white spheres: Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), Psyttalia incise (Silvestri), Biosteres vandenboschi (Fullaway), and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead). These species constituted 84.1, 5.3, 5.3, and 5.3%, respectively, of the total braconid parasitoids captured on yellow spheres and 83.3, 10.5,3.1, and 3.1%, respectively, of the total parasitoids captured on white spheres. Mean numbers of B. arisanus , the most abundant opiine parasitoid, were 1.6 wasps per yellow sphere and 0.8 wasp per white sphere. This research indicates yellow or white spheres would be useful devices for monitoring D. dorsalis and parasitoid populations simultaneously.
Study on the RTDS-Based Testing Technology of Large Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems

In order to comprehensively test the large scale bettery energy storage system(BESS),which was developed by China Southern Power Grid Co.(CSG) in Shenzhen and is soon in operation,analyzing thoroughly the control strategy,protective function and advanced application functions of the large scale BESS,this paper studies the key RTDS-based testing technologies of the BESS.The results indicate that there are several difficult points for the RTDS testing such as to design the test scheme,to evaluate the modeling scale and to perform the system modeling,and the key point is to perform the modelling of the bettery group and power conversion system(PCS) so to establish a test platform for RTDS testing.The proposed model in this paper is able to meet the RTDS control charateristics of the BESS,and thus to test and verify the functionality and dynamic performance of the BESS.
Immunolocalization of aquaporin CHIP in the guinea pig inner ear.

Aquaporin CHIP (AQP-CHIP) is a water channel protein previously identified in red blood cells and water transporting epithelia. The inner ear is an organ of hearing and balance whose normal function depends critically on maintenance of fluid homeostasis. In this study, AQP-CHIP, or a close homologue, was found in specific cells of the inner ear, as assessed by immunocytochemistry with the use of affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies against AQP-CHIP.AQP-CHIP was predominantly found in fibrocytes in close association with bone, including most of the cells lining the bony labyrinth and in fibrocytes lining the endolymphatic duct and sac. AQP-CHIP-positive cells not directly apposing bone include cells under the basilar membrane, some type III fibrocytes of the spiral ligament, fibrocytes of the spiral limbus, and the trabecular perilymphatic tissue extending from the membranous to the bony labyrinth. AQP-CHIP was also found in the periosteum of the middle ear and cranial bones, as well as in chondrocytes of the oval window and stapes. The distribution of AQP-CHIP in the inner ear suggests that AQP-CHIP may have special significance for maintenance of bone and the basilar membrane, and for function of the spiral ligament.
Hodgkin’s Disease in Childhood

Thirty-eight children with Hodgkin’s disease have been treated over the past 8 yr with either intensive radiotherapy or combination chemotherapy (MOPP), depending on their initial stage. The median survival of the entire group of children has not yet been reached, as 63% are still alive, but it will be in excess of 58 mo. Median survivals by stage are as follows: stage I, greater than 46 mo; stage II, greater than 46 mo; stage III, 35 mo; and stage IV, 26.7 mo. Although the numbers of children are small, these results appear significantly superior to published reports utilizing less intensive radiotherapy and single-agent chemotherapy and suggest that intensive radiotherapy for localized disease and combination chemotherapy for advanced disease may, at present, be the preferred forms of therapy for Hodgkin’s disease in childhood.
Extracellular Matrix and Organ Transplantation

Extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex structural entity of tissues and blood vessel walls, envisioned for many decades as a “simple passive” support for cells, has far more challenging roles in regulating a number of biological processes, mediated by specific cellular receptors and intracellular signaling pathways’, 2.