cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High dose-per-fraction irradiation of limited lung volumes using an image-guided, highly focused irradiator: simulating stereotactic body radiotherapy regimens in a small-animal model.

Purpose To investigate the underlying biology associated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), both in vivo models and image-guided, highly focal irradiation systems are necessary. Here, we describe such an irradiation system and use it to examine normal tissue toxicity in a small-animal model at lung volumes similar to those associated with human therapy. Methods and Materials High-dose radiation was delivered to a small volume of the left lung of C3H/HeJCr mice using a small-animal stereotactic irradiator. The irradiator has a collimation mechanism to produce focal radiation beams, an imaging subsystem consisting of a fluorescent screen coupled to a charge-coupled device camera, and a manual positioning stage. Histopathologic examination and micro-CT were used to evaluate the radiation response. Results Focal obliteration of the alveoli by fibrous connective tissue, hyperplasia of the bronchiolar epithelium, and presence of a small number of inflammatory cells are the main reactions to low-volume/high-dose irradiation of the mouse lung. The tissue response suggested a radiation dose threshold for early phase fibrosis lying between 40 and 100 Gy. The irradiation system satisfied our requirements of high-dose-rate, small beam diameter, and precise localization and verification. Conclusions We have established an experimental model and image-guided animal irradiation system for the study of high dose per fraction irradiations such as those used with SBRT at volumes analogous to those used in human beings. It will also allow the targeting of specific anatomical structures of the thorax or ultimately, orthotopic tumors of the lung.
Multidimensional effects in nonadiabatic statistical theories of spin- forbidden kinetics. A case study of 3O + CO → CO2

The appropriateness of treating crossing seams of electronic states of different spins as nonadiabatic transition states in statistical calculations of spin-forbidden reaction rates is considered. We show that the spin-forbidden reaction coordinate, the nuclear coordinate perpendicular to the crossing seam, is coupled to the remaining nuclear degrees of freedom. This coupling gives rise to multidimensional effects that are not typically included in statistical treatments of spin-forbidden kinetics. Three qualitative categories of multidimensional effects may be identified: static multidimensional effects due to the geometry-dependence of the local shape of the crossing seam and of the spin–orbit coupling, dynamical multidimensional effects due to energy exchange with the reaction coordinate during the seam crossing, and nonlocal (history-dependent) multidimensional effects due to interference of the electronic variables at second, third, and later seam crossings. Nonlocal multidimensional effects are inti...
Relation of expressed attitudes to improvement in functional psychotics.

The attitudes of a sample of 120 mental hospital patients toward themselves, their future, their symptoms and their hospitalization were correlated with 6 measures of improvement. It was found that the attitudes expressed by the patients were relevant for predicting the outcome of their mental disorder.
Children's Attributions to Self and Situation

Summary Thirty-two nursery school boys and girls were presented questions about themselves and another and asked to attribute the cause of an event to the actor's personality or the situation. They were also asked to answer 10 questions from the Stanford Preschool Internal-External Scale about themselves and another. They made more personality attributions to others than to themselves for both positive and negative outcomes, when situational attributions did not imply a lack of control over the environment. Differences in attributions to self and other did not occur on the I-E scale where situational attributions represent external control. Most children saw themselves and others as externally controlled.
Depicting gestures: Examples of the analysis of embodied communication in the arts of the West

In “Depicting by gestures” (Gesture, 8 (3)), I have explored the methods by which hand gestures depict the world. Here I explore how gestures themselves are depicted. Many paintings and sculptures show human bodies in motion or showcase traces of body movements, including gestures of the hand. The issue is how the artists succeeded in depicting or insinuating movement in media that are inherently still, and how such arrested gestures function in pictures of social life so that these are perceived as “legible interactions” (Gombrich). By scrutinizing the changing logic of representation of embodied communication in the visual arts, gesture researchers can gain insights into the relationships between movement, form, meaning, and context, and recontextualize their own analytic methodologies within the broader discourse in the humanities on human behavior and its interpretation (Streeck, 2003). In the following, I examine a number of characteristic attempts, made during different periods of Western art-history, to solve this problem: in Egyptian, Greek, and Hellenistic art; in some medieval illuminations; in the early and late Renaissance; and in the 20th century styles of “ecriture automatique” and Abstract Expressionism. Each of the strategies involved is predicated on three types of analysis: of ways in which body motion communicates meaning, of visual perception, and of the nature of pictorial representation.
Cationic glutathione S-transferase of human erythrocytes has unique kinetic characteristics among human glutathione S-transferases.

Abstract The cationic glutathione S-transferase (GST σ) of human erythrocytes is activated when incubated with 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide or other sulfhydryl blocking agents. Other GST isoenzymes of human tissues were inhibited by these reagents under similar conditions. At higher concentrations of NEM, GST σ was also inhibited. Dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, and sodium borohydride also caused several fold activation of GST σ but none of the other human GST isoenzymes were activated by these reagents.
Improving sustainability through effective reuse of product returns: minimizing waste in a batch blending process environment

Abstract A case study of a successful reuse program in a batch blending production environment is presented. This program involves not only addressing the company's own potential waste, but also working with distributors and customers to take back and reuse product, thus eliminating the customers' burden of disposal. Implications of the program for downstream supply chain partners are identified and a structured approach for implementation is presented. Modification for use in similar production environments is possible, enhancing sustainability, while providing environmental as well as economic benefits.
H$alpha$ CORONAGRAPH OBSERVATIONS OF A FLARE SPRAY, MARCH 1, 1969.

H alpha solar spray-like prominence ejected in association with bright limb flare, determining knots trajectories and velocities from coronagraph observations
Modular and compact design for an isolated high-frequency-link inverter using hybrid-modulation scheme

High frequency link (HFL) power converters, due to advancements in magnetics and semiconductor devices, have been gaining considerable attention among designers and researchers. This paper presents a compact and modular isolated dc-link capacitor less HFL inverter that is suitable for renewable-energy systems. Modular three-phase insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power modules are employed to increase the power density of the inverter. In addition, bulky dc-link capacitor is eliminated from the power stage of the inverter to achieve a compact and high-power-density design. Hybrid modulation (HM) scheme is used to decrease the switching losses of the inverter because it decreases the switching requirement of the pulsating-dc/ac converter by 66%. This paper shows that dc-link-capacitor less HFL inverter has a proper output THD over a wide range of output-load power despite that fact that it operates without any dc-link capacitors. The experimental results verify the operation of a 2 kW dc-link-capacitor less HFL inverter using the HM scheme.
The synthesis and properties in enzymic reactions of substrate analogs containing the methylphosphonyl group.

Abstract The properties of the methylphosphonyl group as a substrate analog for the phosphoryl moiety of various biological phosphoryl donors have been investigated in several enzymic phosphoryl transfer reactions. The synthesis and characterization of adenosine 5′-[β-methylphosphonyl]diphosphate, adenosine 5′-methylphosphonate, acetyl methylphosphonate, and methylphosphonoenolpyruvate are fully described. Adenosine 5′-[β-methylphosphonyl]diphosphate is not a substrate for adenylate kinase, hexokinase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, glycerol kinase, phosphofructokinase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, or nucleoside 5′-diphosphate kinase. Competitive inhibition of ATP was observed with hexokinase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase with K i K m ∼- 10 . Adenosine 5′-methylphosphonate was a substrate for adenylate deaminase and 5′-nucleotidase, but not for adenylate kinase, acid phosphatase, 5′-phosphodiesterase, or 3′-phosphodiesterase. Acetyl methylphosphonate inhibits the reaction of acetyl phosphate with acetate kinase, but methylphosphonoenolpyruvate has no effect upon the reaction of phosphoenolpyruvate with pyruvate kinase. The results indicate that with the exception of 5′-nucleotidase, the methyphosphonyl group is incapable of undergoing phosphoryl transfer. One interpretation among others is that a metaphosphate-type mechanism is required for these processes.
Experimental Measurement of Density, Pressure and Temperature fields in a Supersonic free jet using Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry

A supersonic free jet facility is designed and the density, static pressure and static temperature distributions are obtained using intrusive probes and non-intrusive Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry (RSD) technique. The supersonic flow field was generated by a converging-diverging (C-D) nozzle flow (M=1.5, Dexit=26 mm) exhausting into the atmosphere. The jet stagnation pressure was varied to obtain overexpanded, underexpanded and fully expanded flow fields. Flow Mach number was measured using a conical probe while the total pressure was measured using a Pitot tube. The Mach number and the total pressure data were next used to calculate the static pressure. The RSD technique was used to obtain the distributions of density, pressure, and temperature. Comparison between probe and RSD measurements shows only qualitative agreement. Future work with focus on reducing the probe measurement uncertainties and on improving the optical setup used for the RSD measurements.
The bromometric determination of bulk enol content of β-diketones that undergo rapid tautomerization

Abstract The bulk enol content observed for the model compound, 2,4-pentanedione as determined by bromometric methods depends on the time interval between addit
Ghostwriting and the cult of leadership

A continuation of the lively debate carried on at the 1982 SCA convention in Louisville, and re‐entered at the 1983 convention in Washington, DC.
Nitric oxide sensitive fluorescent poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel microstructures

Abstract Here we discuss a nitric oxide (NO) sensor which utilizes 4-amino-5-methylamino-2′,7′-difluorofluorescein (DAF-FM) entrapped in a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel microstructure prepared by photolithography. The sensor can be used to detect cellular quantities of dissolved nitric oxide produced in cultured mammalian cells without directly interacting with the cells. The NO-sensitive fluorescence of the dye was characterized in solutions of Phenol Red free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), Phenol Red DMEM, and phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The nitric oxide concentration range that was detected was 1–100 μM with only DAF-FM in solution. Hydrogel microstructures encapsulating this dye were 500 μm diameter cylinders and were prepared on glass substrate. The poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel was derived by cross-linking poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (molecular weight 575) with a photoinitiator using 365 nm ultraviolet light. The sensor response was linear in Phenol Red free DMEM, Phenol Red DMEM, and PBS, though the sensitivity of the sensor was dependent on the media that is used. The nitric oxide concentration range that was investigated was 0.5–8 μM in PBS for the hydrogel microstructures with DAF-FM.
The role of cell-specific circadian clocks in metabolism and disease

Biological rhythms are an integral component of essentially all aspects of life. These rhythms are controlled in part by circadian clocks, transcriptionally based mechanisms that synchronize the organism to its changing environment. The central circadian clock is located within the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain, while peripheral clocks are located within virtually all cells outside of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Although our understanding of central clock structure and function is well advanced, the role of peripheral clocks in whole body energy metabolism is just beginning to be elucidated. Both central and peripheral circadian clocks likely regulate many physiological functions, including insulin sensitivity, endocrine regulation, energy homeostasis, satiety signalling, cellular proliferation and cardiovascular function. Widely varying phenotypes have been reported following global genetic disruption of the clock mechanism in mice, with phenotype dependent on both the clock component targeted and genetic background. The inconsistency in phenotypes associated with clock disruption may be due, in part, to cell-specific effects of the circadian clocks. To address this question, many laboratories have begun generating animal models of cell type-specific clock disruption. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on tissue-specific models of circadian clock disruption and provide a focus for future research in this area.
Sexual Precocity of the Male Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst, and the Influence of Temperatures on Reproduction during Early Adult Life

In the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum single-pair matings of different age combinations, young (1 day old) and old (10 days old) maintained for two weeks at 29 ± 2 °C. and 70% relative humidity showed that males matured sexually on the second day of adult life; females matured on the fourth. Between days 7 and 14, regardless of age, productivity was expressed as a single straight line with zero slope and an intercept of 16.4.Young x young pairs maintained at 25, 29 and 32 °C. had fertilities peculiar to the temperature. The higher the temperature, the earlier reproduction began and the greater the number of F1 adults per day during the two-week experimental period.
An admissions interview to measure "good" dentist attributes.

Evidence of the validity of an interview providing a score on nongrade attributes in 14 dimensions, for use in selecting applicants to dental school, is reported. This study reports on the validity of a structured, standardized interview designed for selecting applicants for dental schools. The interview provides a score on nongrade attributes in 14 dimensions and was based on characteristics of successful dentists. A class of 86 fourth-year dental students at the University of Iowa was interviewed. Sufficient validity was found to justify the use of the interview for admissions purposes for the 1978 class.
Simulating Solute Transport in Porous Media Using Model Reduction Techniques

In this study, we introduce a numerical method to reduce the solute transport equation into a reduced form that can replicate the behavior of the model described by the original equation. The basic idea is to collect an ensemble of data of state variables (say, solute concentration), called snapshots, by running the original model, and then use the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) techniques (or the Karhunen-Loeve decomposition) to create a set of basis functions that span the snapshot collection. The snapshots can be reconstructed using these basis functions. The solute concentration at any time and location in the domain is expressed as a linear combination of these basis functions, and a Galerkin procedure is applied to the original model to obtain a set of ordinary differential equations for the coefficients in the linear representation. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the reduced model have been demonstrated using several one-dimensional and two-dimensional examples
Oppression, knowledge and the built environment

Abstract Urban places are not neutral in their impacts on people's lives. Some environments are oppressive and in certain cases this oppression is contested as people struggle to improve their day-to-day lives. These contests are implicated in the changing forms of our cities. The multiple forms that oppression might take are examined and then the potential responses we see to oppressive situations are outlined. In doing so, the question is asked: whose visions, or knowledges, are being used to map urban form? How do urban landscapes reflect the responses of the oppressed to the hegemonic power structures in which they are socialized? How is the welfare state involved in the production, reproduction and transformation of oppressive and/or just urban landscapes? The example of women's struggles to make cities less threatening illustrates the ways in which the efforts of the oppressed might transform cityscapes
Tissue cadmium and zinc content in emphysema and bronchogenic carcinoma

INTRODUCTION THIS LABORATORY recently reported a significant increase in renal, hepatic and blood cadmium concentration in persons with bronchogenic carcinoma [l]. A report by Lewis et al has noted a significant increase in hepatic water-soluble protein-bound cadmium in emphysema and/or bronchitis [2]. Since the two diseases may coexist, it seemed important to re-examine our data in regard to the presence or absence of emphysema. Additional observations on persons with emphysema but without bronchogenic carcinoma are added for comparison. Cadmium has also been found in significant amounts in cigarette smoke [3]. An attempt was therefore made to correlate the findings with smoking history or industrial exposure to cadmium dusts. There is little cadmium in the body at birth, but since excretion is minimal it tends to accumulate during life. Storage is primarily in the liver and kidney; cadmium content in lung may be low even after known exposure by inhalation [4]. Since the content of cadmium in the liver and kidney reflect accumulative exposure during life [5], these organs, rather than lung tissue, were selected for examination.
A Case for Leadership Development to Meet the Need for Excellence in Teachers and Youth.

Leadership development to meet the need for excellence in teachers and youth is explored. Two examples are given: (a) an award winning teacher education program for bringing high ability students into teacher education; and (b) a residential summer program designed to identify and develop leadership giftedness in middle school and high school youth.
A spatial regression analysis of the influence of topography on monthly rainfall in East Africa

Precipitation in Kenya is highly variable and dominated by a variety of physical processes. Statistical studies of climate patterns have historically focused on application of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to test hypotheses related to multiple predictive variables, perhaps in an attempt to better understand the physical mechanisms that drive precipitation, or on use of spatially explicit models, typically kriging- or spline-based analyses, for the purpose of improving predictions. Each of these approaches may be individually useful; however, they all possess limitations. OLS approaches have yielded biased results in the presence of spatially autocorrelated data. Kriging- and spline-based studies often focus on providing improved predictions rather than understanding. Here we use spatial regression, a method not commonly used in analysis of climate data, to assess the role of predictive variables while explicitly incorporating spatial autocorrelation in parameter estimation and hypothesis testing. This approach can yield a better understanding of relationships between precipitation and multiple predictive variables with improved statistical rigour. Using spatial regression, we show that topographic variables such as elevation and slope strongly influence rainfall during the ‘long rains’ and ‘short rains’, which are vital for Kenyan agriculture. Outside these seasons, we find that smaller (mesoscale) variations in elevation are statistically significant. Further, we demonstrate the shortcomings of automated selection procedures such as stepwise regression through the identification of spurious results due to confounding. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion in a boy with Opitz (G/BBB) syndrome

This report is on a 14-month-old boy with manifestations of Opitz (G/BBB) syndrome in whom a 22q11.2 deletion was found. Deletion analysis was requested because of some findings in this patient reminiscent of velocardiofacial (VCF) syndrome. The extent of aspiration and of respiratory symptoms in this child is not usually seen in VCF syndrome. Opitz syndrome maps to at least two loci, one on Xp, the other on 22q11.2.
Species specialization in cytokine biology : Is interleukin-4 central to the TH1-TH2 paradigm in swine?

The TH1-TH2 paradigm provides an elegant model of directed response to infectious pathogens. Developed in the mouse, the model has provided a framework for systematic and mechanistic studies of immune regulation, protective immunity, and vaccine development in swine. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) plays a central role in the paradigm as a regulatory molecule directing development of the TH2 phenotype, as a developmental cytokine essential for antibody production, and as a soluble diagnostic marker of the TH2 cell type. In contrast, while characterizing the biological properties of porcine IL-4, we discovered that it was not a stimulatory factor for porcine B cells. Rather, it blocked antibody and IL-6 secretion and suppressed antigen-stimulated proliferation of B cells. Inhibition was not reversed by treatment with IL-2 and IL-6 treatment. IL-4 did not stimulate T lymphocyte proliferation, but induced cell growth in lymphoblasts in a dose-dependent fashion. These results suggest that IL-4 plays a different role in pigs than in mice and humans, in which it stimulates B cells and is essential for antibody production. Furthermore, the functions of IL-4 in swine cannot be inferred from results in model systems such as the mouse. General models of disease resistance show substantial variation between pigs and mice at the cellular and molecular level. Advances in somatic cell technologies and animal engineering to enable gene knockouts in pigs, in combination with a continuously expanding immunological toolkit, promise an exciting future for pig immunology, detailed mechanistic elucidation of the TH1-TH2 paradigm, and an improved understanding of the role of IL-4 in porcine immunity to infectious disease.
Treatment of psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia (PIP syndrome) using lithium and phenytoin.

Abstract Six patients [5 men and I woman, mean age 37.3 ± 8.2 (SD) years] with psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia (PIP syndrome) underwent a sequence of treatments in an effort to normalize basal serum sodium levels and thereby protect the patients against complications, including hyponatremic seizures and coma. The morning baseline group mean basal serum sodium value was 132.5 ± 3.8 meqlliter. Over a 20-monthperiod, the sequence of treatments was salt-added diet, lithium and phenytoin, and lithium alone. Each treatment program yielded morning group mean basal serum sodium determinations superior to baseline values, except for the program of lithium alone, which could not be tolerated. The combination of lithium and phenytoin provided a morning group mean basal serum sodium level of 140.6 ±3.2 meqlliter, which was superior ( p to all other treatment modalities. Early morning hyposthenuria persisted throughout the 20-month period of observation .
Tractability and artificial intelligence

Abstract This paper argues that tractability should be a primary concern for computational theories of intelligence. The majority of research in artificial intelligence is devoted to the study of intractable problems and formalisms, but these do not directly address tractability. This paper suggest that one methodology for discovering tractable problems is to construct and analyse ad hoc programs.
Distributions of monooxygenase components and epoxide hydratase within the livers of untreated male rats

Abstract The localizations and distributions of two forms of cytochrome P-450 (PB-B and MC-B), NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase, epixide hydratase, cytochrome b5, and hepatic ferredoxin were investigated within the livers of untreated male rats employing both an unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique and an indirect fluorescent antibody method. In both immunohistochemical procedures, staining for each enzyme was detected throughout the liver lobule, but differences were noted in the intensities of immunostaining for each enzyme in hepatocytes within the three regions of the lobule. After indirect fluorescent antibody staining, the relative extents of binding of each antibody to centrilobular, midzonal, and periportal hepatocytes were determined. These semi-quantitative determinations revealed that each enzyme exhibits a nonuniform patters of intralobular distribution within the livers of untreated male rats.
X-ray crystal structures of a series of [MII(SR)4]2− complexes (MMn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd and Hg) with S4 crystallographic symmetry

Abstract The X-ray crystal structures of an isomorphous and isostructural series of compounds, M(II) tetrathiolate complexes, [Et4N]2[M(S-2-Ph-C6H4)4]·2CH3CN (MMn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, Hg) are determined. The compounds crystallize in the tetragonal space group I 4 c2 (No. 120), which imposes S4 crystallographic symmetry on the [M(S-2-Ph-C6H4)4]2− anions. Each of the [M(S-2-Ph-C6H4)4]2− anions have tetragonally compressed [MS4] cores. The structures of this series of complexes add to the structural analysis of conformational isomers of [M(SAr)4]2−/1− complexes which are significant as models for [M(II)-(S-cys)4] centers in proteins.
The effects of interactions between intrinsic properties and network parameters on bilateral phasing in a reduced leech heartbeat system

The leech heartbeat central pattern generator (CPG) consists of a network of heart interneurons (HN) that coordinate heart excitor (HE) motor neuron activity via inhibitory chemical synapses. Each segmental pair of HE’s is connected to one another via electrical coupling. Depending on the segment, the pair of motor neurons in the living system is active across a wide range of phase differences from nearly in-phase to anti-phase [1]. Prior efforts to model this complete network have not quantitatively matched all contralateral phase values observed [2]. We have created a reduced network model in Simulink to explore parameters that contribute to these phase differences. This parameter search has been analyzed in MATLAB using the PANDORA toolbox [3]. In our network model, we implemented known neuronal properties and synaptic connections from a single segmental ganglion. The HN’s were modeled as endogenous bursters as previously described with a network cycle period of 9.45 ± 0.11 sec [4]; in previous studies [5], the HE’s were modeled as tonic firers. We varied three network parameters shown in Figure ​Figure11 in this study: phased delay of the right HN synaptic input [ΦSyn], the maximum conductances of the inhibitory synapse [gSyn], and electrical coupling strength [gcoup]. We varied ΦSyn to emulate the variable timing of inhibition onto HE’s in the full network of the living system. In addition, we varied the set of maximum conductances for the HE neurons in a linear fashion from classical HE (tonic firing) to HN (endogenous bursting) values to ascertain the role of intrinsic properties on phase-shifts. Figure 1 Leech heartbeat circuit diagram showing identified CPG heart interneurons (HN) and heart excitor motor neurons (HE). This linear variation of HE properties from tonic firing towards endogenous bursting led to a step-wise phase advance up to ~0.10 for both neurons. In-phase (ΦSyn: 0.0) and anti-phase (0.5) values of ΦSyn produced expected HE phase differences. However, intermediate synaptic delays (0.25, 0.75) caused a reduction in phase differences as the two motor neurons pull towards one another due to their electrical coupling. The amount of phase difference reduction was directly impacted in a nonlinear manner by the intrinsic properties of these HE neurons. Duty cycle (burst duration / cycle period) was not significantly impacted by intrinsic properties. In summary, increases in ΦSyn led to non-monotonic changes in HE motor neuron contralateral phase differences. Our search of parameter space continues to provide a foundation for understanding the mechanisms underlying variable phase differences in neuronal networks and reinforces the importance of interactions between endogenous properties and synaptic connections for producing functional motor patterns. The project described was supported by Vermont Genetics Network through an NIGMS (NIH) Institutional Development Award P20 {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GM103449","term_id":"221402118","term_text":"GM103449"}}GM103449.
Bcl-XL, but not Bcl-2, can protect human B-lymphoma cell lines from parthenolide-induced apoptosis

In this report, we investigated the effects of the natural product parthenolide on human B-lymphoma cell lines. We show that parthenolide inhibited NF-κB transcription factor c-Rel (REL). In addition, the sensitivity of several human B-lymphoma cell lines to parthenolide-induced apoptosis inversely correlated with their levels of anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-XL. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Bcl-XL (but not Bcl-2) in two B-lymphoma cell lines decreased their sensitivity to parthenolide-induced apoptosis. Finally, over-expression of a transforming mutant of REL, which increased expression of endogenous Bcl-XL, decreased the sensitivity of BJAB B-lymphoma cells to parthenolide-induced apoptosis. These results demonstrate that the NF-κB target gene products Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 can play different roles in protecting B-lymphoma cells from chemical-induced apoptosis.
New methods for computing interpolation and decimation using polyphase decomposition

There are many applications in communication systems where the sampling rate must be changed. Interpolators and decimators are utilized to increase or decrease the sampling rate. Computationally efficient implementation of interpolators and decimators employ polyphase decomposition. In this work, the authors present new methods for performing decimation or interpolations similar to the way numbers are multiplied on paper. Their proposed methods are easy to learn and compute and can be incorporated into digital signal processing (DSP) courses that deal with multirate filters.
The nephrotic syndrome of infancy: clinical, morphologic, and immunologic studies of four infants.

Two types of infantile nephrotic syndrome were studied in four patients. The disease in the first type was hereditary and congenital and showed characteristic renal morphology and resistance to corticosteroid therapy. In the second, the syndrome started at 6 months of age, showed no morphologic evidence of microcysts in the kidney, and was responsive to prolonged intravenous ACTH therapy. Immunologic investigation of three of these children included immunofluorescent studies of the kidneys, complement determinations, and skin grafts to their mothers. Evidence that immune factors are not primary in the pathogenesis of the nephrotic syndrome of infancy was obtained.
Separation of Organic Dyes from Wastewater by Using Colloidal Gas Aphrons

Abstract Auxiliary chemicals used in the preparation of water-based dyes have been reported to pose problems in conventional wastewater treatment processes. The dye manufacturing industries have to find alternate wastewater treatment processes to remove dyes from their waste effluents. This paper investigates a novel method of separation of dyes by flotation using colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs). The results indicate that this is an effective method for the separation of synthetic dyes from wastewater. The mechanism of removal has been shown to be ion coupling of the oppositely charged species of the surfactant forming the CGA and the dye and flotation of the ion-dye complex on the surface of CGA microbubbles.
Texture analysis to characterize strain distribution in elastograms

Elastography is an upcoming and promising imaging modality which is used to map as an image, termed elastogram, information related to tissue elastic properties. An elastogram reflects strain information resulting from an applied stress. This paper presents a study of various image texture features as applied to simulated elastograms for the purpose of obtaining effective texture features. These features are those that exhibit non-overlapping distributions for different modulus distributions. Among various texture features studied, five are found to be effective for simulated elastograms. These include fractal signature, wavelet energy, and entropy, contrast and energy extracted from the sum and difference histograms. Upon the availability of clinical data, the results of this study are used to classify abnormalities into malignant or benign tissue classes.
A single-fiber bidirectional optical link using colocated emitters and detectors

This letter reports the bonding of a small, thin-film GaAs-based emitter onto a larger silicon detector to realize spatial colocation of the emitter and detector. These colocated devices enable single fiber bidirectional communication between the two analog/digital silicon circuits that contain the emitter/detector pairs. Bidirectional communication between two of these circuits is demonstrated with a single plastic optical fiber.
What room for accident in history?: explaining big changes by small events

There is a kind of historiography that I would call optative: history as it might have, must have, should have been.' One would not expect to find much of it in economic history, a branch that likes to pride itself on hard reasoning and exact proof; but we have it here as well. The classic instance is the debate over the social consequences of the industrial revolution (optimists versus pessimists). Both sides have been generous and ingenious in their mobilization of facts; yet both sides are essentially immune to them. One takes sides here because of conviction not by evidence, but rather by sympathy. And so in other classically inexhaustible debates: optative history is to be found whenever deduction takes precedence over induction, when the end (the result desired) determines as well as justifies the means. I should like to devote my attention here to a special subspecies of the genus optative history-what we may call history as accident. As some might put it: there but for the grace of God . . . ; or for the wrath of God.... Or for the nonand unbelievers: a little nudge, and it could have, should have, gone the other way.
The Intersection between Soft Skill Development and Leadership Education.

This study examined the relationship of soft skills gained to the amount of leadership education completed by graduates from the Department of Leadership studies at a Midwestern regional university. Those who received no leadership education were compared with those who received a leadership certificate and those who received a bachelor’s degree in Organizational Leadership. The study provided insight into whether academic leadership education enhances graduate’s soft skill development and assessed the impact this had on their perception of teamwork proficiency. Results indicate that a bachelor’s degree in leadership does make limited significant changes in graduates’ soft skill proficiency as compared with graduates who received a leadership certificate. Multiple significant changes were found in graduates with bachelor’s degrees as compared with graduates who received no leadership coursework.
A time-series approach for shock outcome prediction using machine learning

Chances of successful defibrillation, and that of subsequent return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), worsen rapidly with passage of time during cardiac arrest. The Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal of ventricular fibrillation (VF) has been analyzed for certain characteristics which may be predictive of successful defibrillation. Time-series features were extracted. A total of 59 counter shocks (CS) were analyzed. They were best classified as successful or unsuccessful by employing the Random Tree method. An average accuracy of 71% was achieved for 6 randomized runs of 6-fold cross validation. Classification could be performed on ECG tracings of 40 seconds.
Multi-dimensional time-frequency control of micro-milling instability:

Micro-milling is inherently unstable and chattering with aberrational tool vibrations. While the time response is bounded, however, micro-milling can become unstably broadband and chaotic in the frequency domain, inadvertently rendering poor tolerance and frequent tool damage. A novel simultaneous time-frequency control theory is applied to negate the various nonlinear dynamic instabilities including tool chatter and tool resonance displayed by a multi-dimensional, time-delayed micro-milling model. The time and frequency responses of the force and vibration of the model agree well with the experimental results published by Jun et al. A multi-variable control scheme is realized by implementing two independent controllers in parallel to follow a target signal representing the desired micro-milling state of stability. The control of unstable cutting at high spindle speeds ranging from 63,000 to 180,000 rpm and different axial depth-of-cuts are investigated using phase portrait, Poincare section, and instanta...
Acute Infection of Macaca nemestrina by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

The pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) has a marked sensitivity to infection by simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2). On this basis, we previously studied this species' susceptibility to HIV-1 and demonstrated infection in six macaques inoculated with either cell-associated HIV-1 or cell-free virus alone. This report expands upon our initial in vitro and in vivo findings. Five laboratory-adapted and one primary clinical strain of HIV-1 replicated in vitro in human and M. nemestrina peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Replication was enhanced when CD4+ purified PBMCs were infected and inhibited when PBMC cultures were treated with zidovudine. All six macaques demonstrated HIV-1 infection of PBMCs from 2 to 8 weeks after inoculation but nearly all PBMC cultures were negative from weeks 10 to 40. Polymerase chain reaction showed HIV-1 gag DNA in the PBMCs of all infected macaques, including times when the macaques were culture negative. All macaques developed and maintained antibodies to gag and envelope HIV-1 proteins from week 4 after inoculation through the period of observation. Five macaques showed neutralizing antibody. These findings suggest that M. nemestrina can be infected by cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1. This model of acute HIV-1 infection may help in evaluating the pathogenesis of HIV-1 replication and candidate vaccines and therapies.
The Relationship of Pitch-Matching and Pitch-Discrimination Abilities of Preschool and Fourth-Grade Students:

This study examined the relationship between pitch-discrimination and vocal pitch-matching abilities of preschool and fourth-grade children. One hundred forty-four students were selected randomly and tested individually on both ability measures. Scores on the pitch-discrimination test served as the basis for three ability-level groups within each age group. Analysis of pitch-matching scores indicated a significant difference between the age groups, but not for the pitch-discrimination based ability groups; nor was there a significant age-by-ability group interaction. Rank-order correlations between the two measures were generally low, with the exception of the high-ability group of fourth-graders, where r = 61.
On Energy-Reliability Tradeoff in Analog-to-Digital Converters with Imperfect Comparators

The paper investigates the tradeoff between energy-per-conversion and comparator reliability for Flash, first order SigmaDelta, and Beta expansion analog-to-digital converter architectures. Upper bounds on the minimum number of index bits required to achieve a prescribed distortion are derived as a function of comparator reliability. These bounds are then combined with a comparator energy-per-comparison-reliability relation to provide upper bounds on the energy-per-conversion for each architecture. The upper bounds are found to be monotonically increasing in reliability, suggesting that it is better from an energy-per-conversion perspective to use relatively unreliable comparators.
Taming Prometheus: Talk About Safety and Culture

Talk of safety culture has emerged as a common trope in contemporary scholarship and popular media as an explanation for accidents and as a recipe for improvement in complex sociotechnical systems. Three conceptions of culture appear in talk about safety: culture as causal attitude, culture as engineered organization, and culture as emergent and indeterminate. If we understand culture as sociologists and anthropologists theorize as an indissoluble dialectic of system and practice, as both the product and context of social action, the first two perspectives deploying standard causal logics fail to provide persuasive accounts. Displaying affinities with individualist and reductionist epistemologies, safety culture is frequently operationalized in terms of the attitudes and behaviors of individual actors, often the lowest-level actors, with the least authority, in the organizational hierarchy. Sociological critiques claim that culture is emergent and indeterminate and cannot be instrumentalized to prevent technological accidents. Research should explore the features of complex systems that have been elided in the talk of safety culture: normative heterogeneity and conflict, inequalities in power and authority, and competing sets of legitimate interests within organizations.
Cytochrome P450 in Neurological Disease

Advances in a multitude of disciplines support an emerging role for cytochrome P450 enzymes and their metabolic substrates and end-products in the pathogenesis and treatment of central nervous system disorders, including acute cerebrovascular injury, such as stroke, chronic neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease, as well as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis and psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. The neural tissue contains its own unique set of P450 genes that are regulated in a manner that is distinct from their molecular regulation in peripheral tissue. Furthermore, brain P450s catalyze the formation of important brain signaling molecules, such as neurosteroids and eicosanoids, and metabolize substrates as diverse as vitamins A and D, cholesterol, bile acids, as well as centrally acting drugs, anesthetics and environmental neurotoxins. These unique characteristics allow this family of proteins and their metabolites to perform such vital functions in brain as neurotrophic support, neuroprotection, control of cerebral blood flow, temperature control, neuropeptide release, maintenance of brain cholesterol homoeostasis, elimination of retinoids from CNS, regulation of neurotransmitter levels and other functions important in brain physiology, development and disease.
Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AP183 with Antibacterial Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACT Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AP183 expresses secondary metabolites that inhibit the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Here, we present a ~3.99-Mbp draft genome sequence of AP183 with the aims of providing insights into the genomic basis of its antibacterial mechanisms and exploring its potential use in preventing MRSA skin colonization.
Contribution of ABCC4-mediated gastric transport to the absorption and efficacy of dasatinib.

Purpose: Several oral multikinase inhibitors are known to interact in vitro with the human ATP-binding cassettetransporterABCC4(MRP4),buttheinvivorelevanceofthisinteractionremainspoorlyunderstood. We hypothesized that host ABCC4 activity may influence the pharmacokinetic profile of dasatinib and subsequently affect its antitumor properties. Experimental Design: Transport of dasatinib was studied in cells transfected with human ABCC4 or the ortholog mouse transporter, Abcc4. Pharmacokinetic studies were done in wild-type and Abcc4-null mice. TheinfluenceofAbcc4deficiencyondasatinibefficacywasevaluatedinamodelofPh þ acutelymphoblastic leukemia by injection of luciferase-positive, p185(BCR-ABL)-expressing Arf(� /� ) pre-B cells. Results: Dasatinib accumulation was significantly changed in cells overexpressing ABCC4 or Abcc4 comparedwithcontrolcells(P <0.001).DeficiencyofAbcc4invivowasassociatedwitha1.75-folddecrease in systemic exposure to oral dasatinib, but had no influence on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous dasatinib.Abcc4wasfoundtobehighlyexpressedinthestomach,anddasatinibeffluxfromisolatedmouse stomachsex vivowas impaired by Abcc4 deficiency (P <0.01), without any detectable changesin gastric pH. Abcc4-null mice receiving dasatinib had an increase in leukemic burden, based on bioluminescence imaging, and decreased overall survival compared with wild-type mice (P ¼ 0.048). Conclusions: This study suggests that Abcc4 in the stomach facilitates the oral absorption of dasatinib, and it possibly plays a similar role for other orally administered substrates, such as acetylsalicylic acid. This phenomenon also provides a mechanistic explanation for the malabsorption of certain drugs following gastric resection. Clin Cancer Res; 19(16); 4359–70. � 2013 AACR.
Analysis of the Canadian boreal forest using enhanced resolution ERS-1 scatterometer imagery

Scatterometer backscatter measurements (/spl sigma//spl deg/) are primarily and traditionally used to estimate wind speed and direction over the ocean. This paper presents an investigation of the backscatter coefficient of boreal forest and neighboring vegetation regions. ERS-1 backscatter A-values of the Canadian boreal forest are imaged using a resolution enhancement algorithm for this analysis. Regions of boreal forest, tundra, and grassland are individually analyzed over the extent of the ERS-1 scatterometer's data set (1992-1995). The annual variation of the mean /spl sigma//spl deg/ value for each region is presented. Distinct seasonal variations exist for these vegetation types. Boreal forests exhibit a stronger response (/spl sim/2.5 dB) during warm summer months than during the snow and ice covered winter months. The results of this study indicate good potential for further analysis of boreal forest regions using ERS-1 scatterometer data.