cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat-shock proteins, and γα/δ T cells

1. hsp of bacteria are important immunogens. 2. The immune response to bacterial hsp include clones of T cells which may recognize self antigens and, therefore, could lead to autoimmunity. This response could be regulated by the genetic make-up (HLA-DR association) or environmental exposure (exposure to cross-reacting bacterial antigens) or both. In this regard the putative association of bacterial colonization with rejection following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation [33] is analogous to the allogeneic response induced by virus exposure [8]. Both of these phenomena could be the result of an exposure which stimulates T cell clones with alloreactivity. Such examples added to those cited above may represent foreign bacterial antigens eliciting an antiself response. 3. The mapping of hsp to the MHC and the role of hsp in antigen binding and presentation is intriguing both from a standpoint of a possible role in cell regulation and in association with disease susceptibility. If the presence of a disease is linked to a given hsp allele (as appears to be the case with juvenile diabetes), this could occur because (1) the hsp is involved in presentation of a foreign antigen which stimulates a cross-reactive T cell clone, (2) the hsp allele is recognized by a T cell population which is expanded by an particular bacterial cross-reactive antigen, or (3) the hsp allele affects the magnitude of the immune response by itself presenting the antigen (analogous to HLA-DR) or through some other ill-defined mechanism.
Intermediates in transcription initiation and propagation.

Control of gene expression is a subject central to an understanding of the biological basis for differentiation, cancer and aging. Nearly all cells contain a full complement of the genetic information characteristic of their species, but each cell expresses only a fraction of the RNA sequences encoded in its DNA. The program of gene expression characteristic of differentiated cells is clearly altered upon transformation. A recent example is the reported loss of expression of the major histocompatibility complex class I gene in a malignant cell line (Tanaka et al., 1985); restoration of an expressed copy of that gene renders the cell line less oncogenetic, probably by virtue of the body’s ability to mount an immunological defense. Altered gene expression seems likely to be important in the aging process as well, although genes specifically related to normal aging seem not yet to have been found.
When Evil Appears in Imagery

In the clinical practice of imagery, frightening, powerful, spontaneous images occur which hold a foreboding quality. They send chills down the therapist’s back. They engender a cold sweat, hyper-alertness, a kind of fear response. We are not tempted to help our client lovingly embrace these images. As therapists, we may want to flee from them as rapidly as possible. Great therapeutic potential can be lost when we succomb to that fear.
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia: An Updated Review of Diagnosis and Management.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) is a condition caused by the replacement of the normal right ventricular myocardium with fibrofatty tissue. ARVC/D can present with a variety of clinical conditions including right ventricular dysfunction, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, sudden cardiac arrest, and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Since the first report of ARVC/D in 1982, many advances have been made in the diagnosis, genetic findings for pathology, and treatment. The 2010 International Task Force diagnostic criteria distinguish between major and minor criteria and focus on gross structural changes, microscopic changes, repolarization defects, conduction defects, arrhythmias, and family history. Implantable cardiac defibrillators and catheter ablation of the endocardium and epicardium with electromagnetic mapping have emerged as successful tools in the treatment and prevention of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and SCD. This review discusses the pathophysiology, genetics, diagnosis, and treatment advances in ARVC/D.
Capturing magnetic bead-based arrays using perpendicular magnetic anisotropy.

Designing and implementing means of locally trapping magnetic beads and understanding the factors underlying the bead capture force are important steps toward advancing the capture-release process of magnetic particles for biological applications. In particular, capturing magnetically labeled cells using magnetic microstructures with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) will enable an approach to cell manipulation for emerging lab-on-a-chip devices. Here, a Co (0.2 nm)/Ni (0.4 nm) multilayered structure was designed to exhibit strong PMA and large saturation magnetization (Ms). Finite element simulations were performed to assess the dependence of the capture force on the value of Ms. The simulated force profile indicated the largest force at the perimeter of the disks. Arrays of Co/Ni disk structures of (4–7) μm diameter were fabricated and tested in a microchannel with suspended fluorescent magnetic beads. The magnetic beads were captured and localized to the edge of the disks as predicted by the simulations. This approach has been demonstrated to enable uniform assembly of magnetic beads without external fields and may provide a pathway toward precise cell manipulation methods.
Irish Neutrality: Louis MacNeice’s Poetic Politics at the Outset of “The Emergency”

This article builds upon previous scholarship attuned to Ireland’s complex position as a neutral state during the Second World War (“The Emergency”), and which points out Louis MacNeice’s hostility towards the Irish government’s official stance. It does so by looking at “The Closing Album” as a political lyric critiquing Irish neutrality’s isolation0 ist and damaging effects and shows how the poem – in the act of critiquing neutrality – asserts the modern poet’s position as an emotionally invested political spokesman. I argue that the nation’s political goals were irreconcilable with postcolonial artistic aims: Irish writers were intent on constructing an image of Irishness that was not dictated by British coloring and was exportable through the medium of their art, while the government aimed at becoming a self-sufficient, sovereign nation. This split between politician and artist during The Emergency ushers in a modern Irish poetry that is at once political and aesthetic.
Optimizing In-Place Density Through Improved Density Specifications:

The objective of this research was to (1) determine critical requirement(s) for in-place density based on a review of the literature; (2) analyze density test results shared by state highway agenci...
Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19.

Lessons from arthritis and cell therapy in cancer patients point to therapy for severe disease
Night Time Vehicle Detection and Tracking by Fusing Vehicle Parts From Multiple Cameras

Night time vehicle detection and tracking using traditional visible light cameras is a challenging task due to the limited visibility. The current state-of-the-art systems treat the vehicles at night time as paired vehicle headlights or taillights, with no ability to determine the contour of the vehicle or its spatial occupancy. Therefore, this paper proposes the first night time framework that combines the vehicle headlights and taillights to localize the vehicle contours. This new framework includes a novel multi-camera vehicle representation that groups and reconstructs vehicle headlights and taillights following mutual geometric distances between different vehicle components. This novel vehicle contour representation successfully removes duplicated vehicle lights and also compensates for the missing vehicle lights in the detection process. Eventually, vehicle headlight alignment and contour adjustment are used to further refine the vehicle contours. The proposed multi-camera system considers typical four-wheel vehicles, e.g., cars and SUVs, in the monitoring and might not be able to handle large trucks, e.g., 18-wheelers. The experiments are conducted on night time traffic videos under various scenarios and the proposed system attains an average of 0.896 in Multiple Object Tracking Accuracy (MOTA) and an average of 0.904 in Jaccard Coefficient (JC), which indicates 19.2% and 15.9% increases over the baseline system. The night time traffic datasets used in this paper are available at https://github.com/JustMeZXX/Intelligent-Night-Time- Traffic-Surveillance
Radiological assessment of persistent retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic lymph nodes after neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: An analysis of the United States Rectal Cancer Consortium

Introduction Management of retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic lymph nodes (RLPN) in rectal cancer remains unclear. With total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT), more patients have radiologic complete clinical response (rCR). We sought to evaluate the impact of radiographic persistent RLPN after neoadjuvant therapy on survival. Materials and methods Patients with rectal adenocarcinoma with isolated RLPN metastasis, who received neoadjuvant therapy before surgery were included from the United States Rectal Cancer Consortium database. Primary outcomes were recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Results Of 77 patients, all received neoadjuvant therapy, with 35 (46%) receiving TNT. Posttreatment, 33 (43%) had rCR while 44 (57%) had radiographic persistent RLPN. Median number of radiographic positive RLPN was 1 (IQR 1-2). Receipt of TNT was associated with radiographic RLPN rCR (OR 4.77, 95% CI 1.81-12.60, p .05). Conclusions Radiographic persistence of RLPN was not associated with worse survival in well-selected patients and may not be a reliable indicator of pathological response. TNT may be the preferred management strategy to select patients given its association with rCR. Radiographic persistence of RLPN after preoperative therapy should not necessarily preclude surgery.
Context-Dependent Immunomodulatory Effects of MEK Inhibition Are Enhanced with T-cell Agonist Therapy.

MEK inhibition (MEKi) is proposed to enhance antitumor immunity but has demonstrated mixed results as an immunomodulatory strategy in human clinical trials. MEKi exerts direct immunomodulatory effects on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, but these effects have not been independently investigated. Here we modeled tumor-specific MEKi through CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing of tumor cells (MEK1 KO) and pharmacologic MEKi with cobimetinib in a RAS-driven model of colorectal cancer. This approach allowed us to distinguish tumor-mediated and tumor-independent mechanisms of MEKi immunomodulation. MEK1 KO tumors demonstrated upregulation of JAK/STAT signaling; enhanced MHCI expression, CD8+ T-cell infiltration and T-cell activation; and impaired tumor growth that is immune-dependent. Pharmacologic MEKi recapitulated tumor-intrinsic effects but simultaneously impaired T-cell activation in the tumor microenvironment. We confirmed a reduction in human peripheral lymphocyte activation from a clinical trial of anti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) with or without cobimetinib in biliary tract cancers. Impaired activation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes treated with pharmacologic MEKi was reversible and was rescued with the addition of a 41BB agonist. Collectively, these data underscore the ability of MEKi to induce context-dependent immunomodulatory effects and suggest that T cell-agonist therapy maximizes the beneficial effects of MEKi on the antitumor immune response.
Monte Carlo simulations of H2O–CaCl2 and H2O–CaCl2–CO2 mixtures

Abstract Monte Carlo simulations were performed to obtain the phase behavior of binary H 2 O–CaCl 2 and ternary H 2 O–CaCl 2 –CO 2 mixtures over a range of conditions. The solubility of CO 2 in brines plays a key role in determining the amount that can be trapped via geological carbon storage. Isobaric-isothermal and Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations with several fixed-point charge force field models were used for the calculations of liquid densities and vapor pressures for the binary, and compositions of both phases for the ternary system. We used the SPC and SPC/E models for water; the Aqvist, Deublein et al., and Smith–Dang parameterizations for CaCl 2 ; and the EPM2, Murthy et al., and TraPPE models for CO 2 . While none of the model combinations were able to reproduce all the properties of interest, we found that some combinations produce accurate descriptions of individual properties. For the binary system, liquid densities are well represented by the SPC/E and Aqvist model combination, and vapor pressures are best described by the SPC and Aqvist model combination. For CO 2 solubility in aqueous CaCl 2 , the combination of SPC, Smith–Dang, and TraPPE models gives the best predictions, but all the models studied show good predictive capabilities, given that no intermolecular potential parameters were optimized in the present study. These results are broadly consistent with previous calculations for the H 2 O–NaCl–CO 2 system; CaCl 2 is found to have a stronger salting-out effect than NaCl at the same molality.
La pertenencia no es un lujo: procesos de ciudadanía cultural dentro de una sociedad multicultural

The next argues that citizenship can be seen as a cultural process in the sense that the marginalized and excluded have a particular membership which would be considered vision and that vision to renegotiate the contract with such national groups. Event discussed is that of Chicanos in the United States and social movements seeking civil rights, as well as border issues and racial discrimination.
From Scratch: Designing and Implementing a New International Studies Program at a Small College

Dolan, Chris. (2011) From Scratch: Designing and Implementing a New International Studies Program at a Small College. International Studies Perspectives, doi: 10.1111/j.1528-3585.2011.00435.x © 2011 International Studies Association This article advances a blueprint for small colleges interested in implementing new international studies programs. In response to a call from its strategic plan, the faculty at Lebanon Valley College (LVC) recently approved an IS program with two concentrations (international affairs and comparative culture) emphasizing core and advanced elective courses, foreign language, study abroad, as well as undergraduate research, and internship experiences. This article frames the undergraduate international studies program within the broader context of the prevailing literature and identifies the potential advantages and drawbacks of initiating and directing the major and minor. It then provides a brief discussion of the ways in which the program can be assessed and a general overview of the career opportunities available to majors. The article concludes by recommending that small colleges like LVC have the potential to prepare students for the responsibilities of global citizenship when international studies programs are designed to incorporate and maximize college-wide strengths.
Using the PRECEDE Model for Causal Analysis of Bulimic Tendencies among Elite Women Swimmers

Abstract Although swimmers have been identified as a risk group for eating disorders, little research has focused on highly competitive swimmers. This study examines contributors to pathogenic weight control techniques and bulimic tendencies among elite female swimmers. Responses were obtained from 298 female participants at a recent U.S. Olympic Swimming Selection Meet. Instrument construction and data analysis were guided by the PRECEDE model, a theoretical framework of causal relations predicting health outcomes. Results demonstrate that drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, difficulty in recognizing internal states, and public weighing or measuring influence the use of unhealthy weight control techniques. Concern with being thin and lack of awareness of emotional and physical states also contribute to bulimic tendencies, as do weight/percent fat measured at practice, being told to lose weight, guilt about weight gain, and pathogenic weight control methods. The explanatory power of the PRECEDE mode...
The Accuracy of Thyroid Nodule Ultrasound to Predict Thyroid Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Context: Significant uncertainty remains surrounding the diagnostic accuracy of sonographic features used to predict the malignant potential of thyroid nodules. Objective: The objective of the study was to summarize the available literature related to the accuracy of thyroid nodule ultrasound (US) in the prediction of thyroid cancer. Methods: We searched multiple databases and reference lists for cohort studies that enrolled adults with thyroid nodules with reported diagnostic measures of sonography. A total of 14 relevant US features were analyzed. Results: We included 31 studies between 1985 and 2012 (number of nodules studied 18 288; average size 15 mm). The frequency of thyroid cancer was 20%. The most common type of cancer was papillary thyroid cancer (84%). The US nodule features with the highest diagnostic odds ratio for malignancy was being taller than wider [11.14 (95% confidence interval 6.6–18.9)]. Conversely, the US nodule features with the highest diagnostic odds ratio for benign nodules was ...
Challenges and trends for geological modelling and visualisation

The successful execution of both large and complex construction projects and environmental and natural hazard assessments requires a precise definition of subsurface conditions. Over the past two decades, a series of sophisticated 3-D modelling technologies—collectively identified as geoscientific information systems, or GSIS—have been developed to address this subsurface characterisation need. Existing commercial systems reflect their historical origins. The modelling and visualisation process remains technically challenging. Rapid development of computer hardware and software, modern data base design concepts and expanded information transmission capabilities across the Internet are encouraging the greater use of GSIS technologies as they become cheaper and easier to use and integrate within corporate decision-support systems. The integration of GSIS with broader information management systems is not common, but limited initial experiences suggest that large benefits are likely to result.
Parameter identification of analytical and experimental rubber isolators represented by Maxwell models

A parameter identification method based on constraint optimization is developed for a single mass elastomeric isolation system where the isolator is represented by a Maxwell model with two or more Maxwell elements. The method utilizes measured static stiffness and frequency response of the isolator in a single mass configuration with constraints on the natural frequency and damping ratio. It is revealed through analytical examples that Maxwell models consisting of only one or two Maxwell elements can accurately replicate the dynamic behavior of Maxwell systems having two or more Maxwell elements. To experimentally evaluate the method, three different rubber isolators are considered. For all three rubber isolators, it is shown that Voigt models are incapable of accurately representing the measured static stiffness and frequency response. Although identified Maxwell models having only one Maxwell element can match the measured natural frequency, damping ratio and static stiffness, they cannot match the measured frequency response curves well. However, identified Maxwell models with two Maxwell elements can accurately represent the measured static and dynamic characteristics of the real elastomeric isolation systems.
CASH CONVERSION CYCLE AND FIRM SIZE: A STUDY OF RETAIL FIRMS

Many businesses are faced with liquidity problems for various reasons. This is especially true for small businesses, since most must operate with fewer sources of both short and long term financing than larger firms. Where less financing is available, more assets must be held in liquid form to meet daily transactions and emergency requirements. Larger firms, that have better access to both the money and capital markets, can afford to hold fewer current assets and meet cash requirements just as quickly and efficiently through borrowing.
Broadband tuning (170 nm) of InGaAs quantum well lasers

The wavelength tuning properties of strained InGaAs quantum well lasers using an external grating for feedback is reported. Tunable laser oscillation has been observed over a range of 170 nm, between 840 and 1010 nm, under pulsed current excitation. The optimal conditions for broadband tunability for the InGaAs lasers are different from GaAs lasers, which is attributed to a difference in spectral gain curves. Together with an optimised GaAs quantum well laser the entire region between 740 and 1010 nm is spanned.
Pretreatment of tannery wastewaters by an ion exchange process for Cr(III) removal and recovery

Conventional treatment of tannery wastewaters includes the physico-chemical treatment in order to precipitate metals (mostly Cr(III). The landfilling disposal of mixed physico-chemical and biological tannery sludges is an economical and environmental problem, due to the saturation of possible sites. A new process, namely, IERECHROM® (Ion Exchange REcovery of CHROMium), has been developed for removal, recovery and reuse of Cr(III) ionic complex from segregated tannery wastewaters. The process is based on the use of a weak electrolyte macroporous carboxylate resin, retaining the metal of reference together with other trace metals, including aluminum and iron. A 10 m 3 /d fully automated pilot plant was assembled and a demonstration campaign was carried out at a medium size Italian tannery by using the IERECHROM process. The adoption of the IERECHROM process simplified the tannery wastewater treatment lay-out as the physico-chemical treatment was not necessary. A considerable decrease in the use of chemical compounds, a sludge production reduced by 80% with respect to the traditional treatment, and lower costs for sludge treatment and disposal were demonstrated.
A STUDY OF THE MUTATION RATES OF SEVERAL POLIOVIRUS STRAINS TO THE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY TEMPERATURE/40+ AND GUANIDINE MARKER CHARACTERISTICS.

Abstract Mutation rates to the reproductive capacity temperature/40+ ( rct 40 + ) and guanidine dependent (g+) characters were determined for several poliovirus strains; the rates obtained for different virus populations were found to vary markedly. Possible causes of this variability were examined. Several of the strains contained virus particles that differed in their capacity to replicate at 40°C and in their rates of mutation to the rct 40 + and g+ characters. However, variations in the mutation rates of strains and of clones derived from them did not appear to be based upon differences in the number of steps (of equal rate) that were required to attain the rct 40 + or g+ character. The mutation rate obtained for a virus population was not correlated with its stability during passage in the human intestine. The strain with the highest mutation rate to the rct 40 + character (W-Fox) was unstable during passage in the human, but several virus populations that exhibited low mutation rates were also found to be markedly unstable during passage in the human, their character changing from rct 40 − to rct 40 + . Mutation rates to the g+ character varied from one strain to another and the variation paralleled qualitatively that obtained in the rct 40 character.
Selection for temperature tolerance during power plant entrainment of Copepods

Abstract 1. 1.|Progeny of copepods collected before and after entrainment through power plants, differed significantly in temperature tolerance. 2. 2.|The difference was genetic and thus the result of selection, since the progeny were grown in uniform conditions and maternal effects on tolerance were negligible. 3. 3.|The selection producing the greater tolerance in discharge progeny resulted from increased heat, since the difference was reversed in the absence of heat.
Tracking contrast agents using real-time 2D photoacoustic imaging system for cardiac applications

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a rapidly developing imaging modality that can detect optical contrast agents with high sensitivity. While detectors in PA imaging have traditionally been single element ultrasound transducers, use of array systems is desirable because they potentially provide high frame rates to capture dynamic events, such as injection and distribution of contrast in clinical applications. We present preliminary data consisting of 40 second sequences of coregistered pulse-echo (PE) and PA images acquired simultaneously in real time using a clinical ultrasonic machine. Using a 7 MHz linear array, the scanner allowed simultaneous acquisition of inphase-quadrature (IQ) data on 64 elements at a rate limited by the illumination source (Q-switched laser at 20 Hz) with spatial resolution determined to be 0.6 mm (axial) and 0.4 mm (lateral). PA images had a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 35 dB without averaging. The sequences captured the injection and distribution of an infrared-absorbing contrast agent into a cadaver rat heart. From these data, a perfusion time constant of 0.23 s -1 was estimated. After further refinement, the system will be tested in live animals. Ultimately, an integrated system in the clinic could facilitate inexpensive molecular screening for coronary artery disease.
Experimental Test Results for Four High-Speed, High-Pressure, Orifice-Compensated Hybrid Bearings

In this study, four hybrid bearings having different geometric configurations were experimentally tested for their static and dynamic characteristics, including flowrate, load capacity, rotordynamic coefficients, and whirl frequency ratio. The four bearings included a square-recess, smooth-land, radial-orifice bearing (baseline), a circular-recess bearing, a triangular-recess bearing, and an angled-orifice bearing. Each bearing had the same orifice diameter rather than the same pressure ratio. Unique to these test results is the measurement of the added mass terms, which became significant in the present tests because of high operating Reynolds numbers. Comparisons of the results were made between bearings to determine which bearing had the best performance
Heritability of platelet function in families with premature coronary artery disease.

Summary. Background: Variations in platelet function among individuals may be related to differences in platelet-related genes. The major goal of our study was to estimate the contribution of inheritance to the variability in platelet function in unaffected individuals from white and African American families with premature coronary artery disease.Methods: Platelet reactivity, in the absence of antiplatelet agents, was assessed by in vitro aggregation and the platelet function analyzer closure time. Heritability was estimated using a variance components model.Results: Both white (n = 687) and African American (n = 321) subjects exhibited moderate to strong heritability (h2) for epinephrine- and adenosine diphosphate-induced aggregation (0.36–0.42 for white and >0.71 for African American subjects), but heritability for collagen-induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma was prominent only in African American subjects. Platelet lag phase after collagen stimulation was heritable in both groups (0.47–0.50). A limited genotype analysis demonstrated that the C825T polymorphism of GNB3 was associated with the platelet aggregation response to 2 μM epinephrine, but the effect differed by race.Conclusions: Considering the few and modest genetic effects reported to affect platelet function, our findings suggest the likely existence of undiscovered important genes that modify platelet reactivity, some of which affect multiple aspects of platelet biology.
The Ada language and environment

A brief outline of the history and current status of Ada is followed by a description of salient language features and a discussion of the proposed Ada environment. Language-level support of modularity may result in substantially cheaper program development and maintenance, and will have a profound effect on both programming style and methods of teaching. Environment requirements include a data base for program development and maintenance, a kernel which is the interface for portability, and a minimal toolset which provides a common base for individual environments. The UNIX approach could be used as a starting point for developing Ada environments, but would have to be modified to reflect military embedded computer requirements and the fact that Ada rather than C would be the system programming language. It is predicted that Ada usage will overtake Fortran usage by 1995.
Continuous measurements of nitrous oxide in the troposphere

CONTINUOUS measurements of N2O at the ground surface by Brice, et al.1 have been interpreted as “evidence for the existence of an appreciable, but unidentified, ground surface sink mechanism”. They based this conclusion on an apparent regular diurnal variation in the concentration of N2O in the air 5 m above the ground, observed during the periods 24–29 July and 4–8 August 1976. “A minimum was nearly always recorded in the early hours of the morning and a maximum was recorded in the late afternoon or evening.”1 In contrast to these results, Cicerone, et al.2 reported N2O measurements made during 25–27 May and 29 August–1 September 1977 which show exactly the opposite behaviour, suggesting instead “that the 1200–1800 h time period sees significantly (at the 1σlevel) lower N2O concentrations than does the period 0000–0600 h LT”. Contrary to both these results, we made continuous measurements of tropospheric N2O for a full year and found no significant diurnal variation in the atmospheric level of N2O. The only diurnal variation we observed was an experimental artefact created by the diurnal variation in the ambient temperature affecting the sensitivity of the instrument.
Patterns of overweight, inactivity, and snacking in Chinese children

Objective: To examine patterns of inactivity and snacking and their relationship with overweight status in Chinese children. Research Methods and Procedures: The study population was drawn from the 1997 China Health National Survey (1385 children, ages 6 to 11 years), conducted with a representative sample from nine provinces. The 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention BMI charts were used to calculate “at risk of overweight” as those above the 85th percentile. Three days of 24-hour recall dietary data and detailed questions on physical activity and inactivity for the previous 7 days were used. Results: 9.4% of the children were classified as overweight. Weekly mean and range of hours spent watching television/videos, playing video games, studying, and in inactive transport were 5.1 (0 to 35), 0.3 (0 to 10), 4.7 (0 to 60), and 0.14 (0 to 4.2), respectively. Television/video viewing and studying did not differ in any meaningful manner between overweight and normal weight children. Snacking is inconsequential in China, comprising only 0.9% of energy intake. Discussion: Chinese children are less overweight, less inactive, and less likely to ingest calories as snacks than children in the U.S. The absence of impact of these measures of inactivity, which are below an hour per day for the average Chinese child, indicate the possible value of limiting television viewing and other types of inactivity in other countries. Modern Western-style television programming and advertising started to come to China after 1997; therefore, extensive changes in television viewing patterns are expected to emerge.
Least‐squares finite element approximation of Fisher's reaction–diffusion equation

Fisher's equation is a classical diffusion–reaction type of problem describing diffusion and nonlinear reproduction of a species. In the present study we develop a least-squares finite element formulation of Fisher's equation and carry out supporting numerical studies. Of particular interest are questions associated with the approximation of progressive wave solutions with minimum speed and the viability of the least-squares approach for this class of problem. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sensitivity of Lemna minor Growth to Osmotic Potential and Relative Tolerance of its Callus

Summary Growth of Lemna minor L. plants was blocked by 2.5 mM external proline, but growth of L. minor callus was only 50 % inhibited by 5 mM external proline. The growth rates of plants and callus decreased linearly with external Na 2 SO 4 , NaCl, mannitol, or PEG-8000 concentration, with the slope of decrease dependent upon the particular osmoticum, and the internal proline content generally increased as growth decreased. The correlations between decreased growth rate and proline accumulation were stronger for plants than for callus, and the callus showed a smaller growth decrease per unit external osmotic pressure. The accumulation of anions and cations as the external Na 2 S0 4 concentration increased was only linear for SO 4 ∔2 . The tissue content of SO 4 ∔2 was almost alone able to account for continued growth of plant or callus as [Na 2 SO 4 ] ext increased to 35.2 mM. A Callus Line Adapted To Fair Growth On 70.4 Mm Na 2 So 4 Showed The Same Rate Of Growth Declination In The Presence Of The Four Osmotica As Did The Unadapted Callus: the response curves were merely shifted to higher external osmoticum values. The relative tolerance to osmotic pressure of the Na 2 SO 4 -adaptedcallus could not be accounted for in terms of proline or sugar content.
Investigation of the dielectric waveguide modes in homostructure GaAs laser

The investigation of the propagation modes in a homostructure GaAs laser and particularly of the spatial displacement of the TE and TM mode is reported. For this investigation, a homostructure GaAs laser was operated in an external optical cavity and experiments were performed where the resonator alignment was varied to displace the image of the p-n junction, formed in the optical cavity, from the p-n junction of the laser diode. The peak power of the laser radiation (which is in the TEM 00 mode), the delay, the optical waveform, and the polarization were measured at room temperature for different cavity alignments. For the evaluation of the propagation modes the experimental results are correlated with the computed field distributions of the modes in a three-layer dielectric waveguide.
Site-directed mutation affecting polyomavirus capsid self-assembly in vitro

Nonequivalent bonding of identical protein subunits occurs in the polyomavirus capsid were identical pentameric capsomeres occupy both hexavalent and pentavalent positions in the icosahedral surface lattice. The polyomavirus major capsid protein VP1, purified after expression of the recombinant gene in Escherichia coli, has been isolated as capsomeres that self-assemble into capsid-like structures in vitro. The ability to switch bonding specificity in different symmetry environments therefore must be intrinsic to the VP1 molecule. In vitro self-assembly provides an assay for VP1 mutations affecting capsomere and capsid formation. We report here that a directed mutation in the VP1 expression vector, leading to a protein truncated at the carboxy terminus, results in a mutant VP1 that forms capsomeres, but not capsids, in the in vitro assembly assay. The carboxy terminus of VP1 therefore appears to be involved in the specific bonding responsible for the non-equivalent association of capsomeres.
Nitrogen Volatilization from Arizona Irrigation Waters

A laboratory study was initiated to investigate the effects of temperature (25, 30, 35, and 40 °C) and water quality on the loss of fertilizer nitrogen (N) through volatilization out of irrigation waters collected from 10 different Arizona sources. A 300‐mL volume of each water source was placed in 450‐mL beakers open to the atmosphere in a constant‐temperature water bath with 10 mg of analytical‐grade ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] dissolved into each sample. Small aliquots were drawn at specific time intervals over a 24‐h period and then analyzed for ammonium (NH4 +)‐N and nitrate (NO3 −)‐N concentrations. Results showed potential losses from volatilization to be highly temperature dependent. Total losses (after 24 h) ranged from 30–48% at 25 °C to more than 90% at 40 °C. Volatilization loss of fertilizer N from irrigation waters was found to be significant and should be considered when making decisions regarding fertilizer N applications for crop production in Arizona particularly when using ammonia‐base...
Synthesis of some imidazole- and pyrazole- derived chelating agents

Procedures involving condensation of o-phenylenediamines with carboxylic acids, and reaction of bifunctional alkyl halides with bifunctional nucleophiles are described. Syntheses are reported of 2,6-bis-(2-benzimidazyl)-pyridine, 1,3-bis(2-benzimidazyl)-2-thiapropane, 1,7-bis(2-benzimidazyl)-2,6-dithiaheptane, 2-hydroxymethyl-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, 2-chloromethyl-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole hydrochloride, 1,7-bis(5,6-dimethyl-2-benzimidazyl)-2,6-dithiaheptane, 3,6-bis(1-pyrazolyl)pyridazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl–phenyl)benzimidazole, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole, 5-(2-hydroxphenyl)-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole, 3(5)-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5(3)-methylpyrazole, 3(5)-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5(3)-phenylpyrazole, and 1,3-bis((5-methylpyridyl)imino)isoindoline.
Implant Site: A Determinant of Completeness of Arterial Prosthesis Healing in the Dog and Possibly in Humans

This paper compares the healing of supported knitted Dacron prostheses implanted in the descending thoracic aorta and in the subcutaneous carotid-femoral positions in each of 10 dogs. The descending thoracic aorta prostheses were 6 cm long and the carotid-femoral prostheses averaged 76 cm in length. The healing of four porous clinical axillofemoral grafts is compared to that of the experimental carotid-femoral grafts. There was little similarity between the healing observed in the descending thoracic aortic and subcutaneous positions; the descending thoracic aorta grafts healed rapidly and completely by eight weeks, with thrombus-free flow surfaces covered with confluent endothelial cells. However, the inner wall of the carotid-femoral grafts remained largely unhealed at one year, with endothelialization largely confined to a limited pannus ingrowth across the anastomoses. This indicates that the implant site in the dog is a primary determinant of the rapidity and completeness of healing. The clinical axillofemoral grafts explanted after 20 months to six and one-half years exhibited healing characteristics that were similar to those seen in the carotid-femoral position in the dog. These findings suggest that valid comparisons of interspecies healing require data obtained from similar implant locations. They present a challenge to the previously held concepts of major interspecies differences in speed and extent of tissue ingrowth based on data obtained from noncomparable implant sites.
Changes in bedrock channel morphology driven by displacement rate increase during normal fault interaction and linkage

We attribute changes in the morphology of relay ramp channels (increased slope and decreased width) to variations in displacement rate on ramp-adjacent normal faults. We map the faults and fluvial channels associated with four sites in different stages of fault interaction and linkage on the Volcanic Tableland, a Late Pleistocene ash-flow tuff in east-central California. Because these channels are inactive today, we estimate downstream changes in channel width and depth using HEC-RAS, a one-dimensional open channel flow model. Our results show that channel slope must be greater than about 0.05 before there are substantial decreases in width or substantial increases in depth. Displacement rate increases during interaction between en echelon segments results in the increases in channel slope and decreases in channel width. Moreover, our data show that these changes begin to occur during the very early stages of fault interaction, well before the fault geometry would indicate ongoing or imminent linkage.
Acylation/Cyclialkylation of Allylbenzene: A Novel Synthesis of 4-Benzyl-2-Tetralone#

Abstract A novel synthesis of 4-benzyl-2-tetralone from allylbenzene and phenylacetyl chloride is described.
Effect of Dietary Calcium, Phosphorus, Chloride, and Zeolite on the Development of Tibial Dyschondroplasia

Abstract The effect of synthetic zeolite was investigated on the development of tibial dyschondroplasia in young broilers fed diets in which the dietary levels of calcium, phosphorus, and chloride ranged from adequate to deficient. In the first two experiments the calcium level was maintained at .65% and four combinations were fed of .30% and .15% chloride and .75 % and .50% phosphorus with and without 1% zeolite. Feeding the high phosphorus diet caused a high incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia that was lowered by feeding 1% zeolite. In both experiments the feeding of zeolite at a low level of dietary phosphorus caused a significant lowering of 16-day weight and bone ash. In the third experiment, when diets containing all combinations of .65% and .80% calcium and .50% and .60% phosphorus were fed, the addition of 1% zeolite caused a significant lowering of the 16-day weight, bone ash, and incidence, score, and percentage severe tibial dyschondroplasia. Once again as in the previous two experiments, there was a significant interaction between dietary phosphorus level and zeolite and 16-day weight and bone ash. Feeding zeolite significantly decreased phytate phosphorus retention.
Composition of the noble gases in Canyon Diablo.

Five separate fractions of noble gases were extracted and analyzed as a 150g sample of the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite was heated to successively higher temperatures by direct coupling with an RF coil. Isotopic compositions of the light gases, He, Ne and Ar, demonstrate that essentially their entire inventory was produced by spallation reactions. Spallation products are also a prominent feature of the isotopes of Kr and Xe, but in each gas fraction the spallogenic heavy gases were mixed with a nonspallogenic component. The isotopic composition of Kr and Xe trapped in Canyon Diablo are shown to be type-Y, rather than the type-X Kr and Xe that is found with planetary He and Ne in mildly oxidized carbon fractions of chondrites. Large variations are observed in ratios of the light spallogenic noble gases. Spallation products in Kr and Xe tend to correlate with those in Ne, rather than in Ar, suggesting that diffusive fractionation is not responsible for variations in the 21Ne/38Ar ratio. It is suggested that portions of the material in Canyon Diablo may have been preirradiated. Xenon contains a large component of excess 129Xe and 131Xe from neutron capture on Te at energies above 0.4ev, but there is no indication that the decay of primordial 129I or the incorporation of exotic interstellar dust produced the excess 129Xe or 131Xe in our sample of Canyon Diablo. The maximum amount of excess 136Xe in our sample from fission of the hypothetical superheavy elements is shown to be 600atoms/g if the trapped Xe is atmospheric in composition; however, if the trapped Xe is AVCC, it might be as high as 6, 000atoms/g.
Coal microlithotype response to froth flotation in selected western Kentucky coals

Abstract Seven coals representing four western Kentucky coal seams and the coal rank range from high volatile C to high volatile A bituminous were selected for bench-scale froth flotation processing. Each coal was represented by two splits of the run-of-mine coal: a 12.7 mm × 0 fraction (crushed to 28 mesh × 0) and a 28 mesh × 0 fraction. The original 28 mesh × 0 split was found to be higher in the inertinite macerals fusinite and semifusinite than the coarser fraction. The separation of the inertinite macerals, expressed as the microlithotype inertite, from the vitrinite-rich vitrite and clarite microlithotypes proved to be markedly rank dependent. In the higher rank coals vitrite and clarite were concentrated in the clean coal while inertite was concentrated in the clean product in the high volatile C coals. Whereas in gravity-based coal cleaning only the finest pyrite usually remains in the clean coal, in this study no consistent trend in pyrite-size or pyrite-quantity partitioning was noted.
Pathway engineering for production of aromatics in Escherichia coli: Confirmation of stoichiometric analysis by independent modulation of AroG, TktA, and Pps activities.

The synthesis of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) is the first commitment of resources toward aromatics production in Escherichia coli. DAHP is produced during the condensation reaction between phosphenolpyruvate (PEP) and erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P) catalyzed by DAHP synthases (coded by aroF, aroG, and aroH). Stoichiometric analysis has shown a severe PEP limitation in the theoretical yield of DAHP production from glucose due to the phosphotransferase system (PTS) for sugar uptake. In the present study the authors confirm the predictions of the stoichiometric analysis by introducing pps, tktA, and aroG into vectors under independently controlled promoters, In glucose medium, although TktA has some positive effect on the final DAHP concentration, it has no effect on the yield (percent conversion). With Pps overexpression, the DAHP concentration produced from glucose is increased almost twofold and the yield is approaching the theoretical maximum, the final DAHP concentration and the yield are completely determined by the AroG activity. TktA and Pps play no or insignificant roles, and the yield can reach the theoretical maximum without overexpression of these two enzymes. The results shown hare are important for both rational design of metabolic pathways and industrial production of aromatics such as tryptophan, phenylalanine, indigo, quinic acid, and catechol.
Characterization of bile acid binding to rat intestinal brush border membranes

Studies were performed to characterize the binding1 of bile acids to intestinal brush border membranes. Total14C-taurodeoxycholate binding was: 1) similar for brush borders prepared from jejunum and ileum, 2) linear with respect to monomer concentration, 3) uninhibited by a structural analog, and 4) not depressed by boiling or trypsin. A linear relationship existed between binding and the number of hydrogen bonds formed by a bile acid and the slope of the line corresponded to σΔF of 300 cal/mol. The binding of bile acids to the 105,000×g supernatant fraction of sonicated brush borders was similar to the binding of phospholipid liposomes using gel chromatography. These data suggest that: 1) the kinetics and characteristics of binding of bile acid to ileal brush borders do not reflect the kinetics and characteristics of active ileal transport previously obtained in whole tissue preparations, but instead reflect the kinetics and characteristics of passive jejunal transport; 2) a determinant of binding is hydrogen bonding with water; 3) isolated intact brush borders are relatively polar membranes; and 4) binding to solubilized brush borders may represent partitioning between the aqueous phase and membrane lipid.
Cases of Pediatric Narcolepsy After Misdiagnoses

Narcolepsy is characterized by recurrent brief attacks of irresistible sleepiness. Signs can begin during childhood. However, diagnoses are frequently delayed by 10-15 years because of unfamiliarity with pediatric narcolepsy and variable presentations of its associated features (cataplexy, hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis). Therefore, patients may remain untreated during their formative years. Three children with narcolepsy who were initially misdiagnosed are described. Each child’s signs were initially related to depression, hypothyroidism, jaw dysfunction, or conversion disorder. However, after a multiple sleep latency test, the diagnosis of narcolepsy was established. All three patients were treated appropriately with stimulant medications, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or sodium oxybate, and demonstrated positive responses. Although no definitive cure exists for narcolepsy, early recognition and appropriate symptomatic treatment with medications can allow affected children to improve quality of life and achieve normality, both academically and socially.