cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated and Embedded Passives

The ability to integrate transistors into a common substrate started the microelectronics revolution half a century ago. In the past couple of decades, considerable research and development (R&D) efforts have been mounted to do the same for passive devices: resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The ability to integrate them into a circuit board instead of mounting them as individual components on the board's surfaces would provide benefits similar to that observed in integrated circuits (ICs): very low incremental cost per passive, the liberation of board surface area for ICs, improved performance for some, and shortened interconnect lengths. Today, a small fraction of passives in consumer devices is integrated in devices where size is critical. Small-valued inductors are commonly integrated in cell phones because they require only metal patterning for fabrication. There are several commercial sources for resistor integration over a wide range of values. Choices for capacitor dielectrics are still limited, and there are no commercialized materials and methods for integrating anything above the smallest values of required capacitors. Work continues in all three areas. This article provides an overview of the basic science and technology of passive integration and the most attractive application areas. Keywords: passives; resistors; capacitors; inductors; microelectronics
Significant and unexpected, and critical diagnoses in surgical pathology: a College of American Pathologists' survey of 1130 laboratories

Abstract Context.—The Joint Commission and the College of American Pathologists have emphasized improved communication as a strategy to improve patient safety and reduce errors. Objective.—To determine current policies and practices concerning critical and/or significant and unexpected results in anatomic pathology. Design.—A survey was distributed with the 2007 D mailing of the Performance Improvement Program slides. The survey included questions that determined laboratory size, practice setting, and anatomic pathology critical and/or significant and unexpected result policies and practices. Results.—Surveys from 1130 laboratories were received. A total of 75% had a written policy regarding anatomic pathology critical and/or significant and unexpected results; 25% did not. A total of 30% of laboratories with written policies stated that their policies included guidelines but did not include specific examples. A total of 33% listed 5 or fewer specific examples, 18% listed more than 5 examples, and 19% sta...
NABP1, a novel RORγ-regulated gene encoding a single-stranded nucleic-acid-binding protein

RORγ2 (retinoid-related orphan receptor γ2) plays a critical role in the regulation of thymopoiesis. Microarray analysis was performed in order to uncover differences in gene expression between thymocytes of wild-type and RORγ−/− mice. This analysis identified a novel gene encoding a 22 kDa protein, referred to as NABP1 (nucleic-acid-binding protein 1). This subsequently led to the identification of an additional protein, closely related to NABP1, designated NABP2. Both proteins contain an OB (oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding) motif at their N-terminus. This motif is highly conserved between the two proteins. NABP1 is highly expressed in the thymus of wild-type mice and is greatly suppressed in RORγ−/− mice. During thymopoiesis, NABP1 mRNA expression is restricted to CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, an expression pattern similar to that observed for RORγ2. These observations appear to suggest that NABP1 expression is regulated either directly or indirectly by RORγ2. Confocal microscopic analysis showed that the NABP1 protein localizes to the nucleus. Analysis of nuclear proteins by size-exclusion chromatography indicated that NABP1 is part of a high molecular-mass protein complex. Since the OB-fold is frequently involved in the recognition of nucleic acids, the interaction of NABP1 with various nucleic acids was examined. Our results demonstrate that NABP1 binds single-stranded nucleic acids, but not double-stranded DNA, suggesting that it functions as a single-stranded nucleic acid binding protein.
Generating climate benchmark atmospheric soundings using GPS occultation data

Atmospheric soundings derived from Global Positioning System radio occultations (GPSRO) acquired in low-Earth orbit have the potential to be global climate benchmark observations of significant value to the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Geophysical observables such as atmospheric pressure and temperature are derived by measuring propagation delay induced by the atmosphere, a measurement whose fundamental unit-the second-is absolutely determined by calibration against atomic clocks. In this paper, we analyze the sources of systematic and random error for GPSRO soundings to determine the steps needed to establish GPSRO as a climate benchmark observation. Benchmarks require specific processing strategies and specific forms of documentation so that confidence in the accuracy and precision of the measurements is assured. Establishing calibration traceability to absolute standards (SI-traceability) is an essential strategy. We discuss a wide range of error sources in a geophysical retrieval, such as orbit determination error, signal delay in the Earth's ionosphere, and quality control strategies. Uncalibrated ionospheric delay is identified as the error source deserving the most attention in establishing SI-traceability of the retrievals, to meet stringent climate observation requirements of 0.5 K accuracy and 0.04 K stability. Profile comparisons from the recently launched COSMIC constellation establish strong upper limits on systematic error arising from the individual instruments. These encouraging results suggest that GPSRO should become a permanent resource for the GCOS. These highly precise and accurate instruments can be deployed on future Earth Observation satellites at a low per-sensor cost and minimal interference to existing and planned observational programs.
Chromatic aberration effects in small electron probes

Abstract The tolerance for chromatic aberration in low voltage probe-forming systems is much larger than we had believed previously. In this article, we calculate the effect of chromatic aberration on small probes on the basis of wave optics. An upper limit for chromatic aberration is established as a practical guide.
On the Use of Microwave Radiation Energy for Brain Tissue Fixation

: Focused microwave irradiation (MWR) is an increasingly accepted method of sacrifice of laboratory animals such as the mouse or rat. By fixing the brain within a fraction of a second with heat inactivation, the investigation of fast neurochemical events may be obtained. Even though the technique is widely utilized, its application is inconsistent. This report illustrates some of the requirements necessary for the proper application of MWR for the sacrifice of animals, particularly those related to the length of time MWR is applied and the efficiency with which generated MWR power is coupled to the brain tissue. Studies were performed on the mouse, using either a 2.5 KW or 6.3 KW generator with a focused, closed system waveguide at time intervals of 350 or 500 ms or 1.4 s. During each of these intervals MWR was varied so that core brain temperatures for all groups were held between 83 and 95°C. In contrast with reported studies that used full animal restraint, all animals were minimally restrained for less than 1 s before sacrifice. Tissue content of cyclic AMP, an index of neuronal activity grossly affected by subtle changes in the activity of adenylate cyclase and/or phosphodiesterases, was monitored. No differences in tissue cyclic AMP content in any of 12 brain regions were detected after MWR, either at 350 or 500 ms. A substantial increase in cyclic AMP content occurred in 8 of 12 brain regions examined following microwave irradiation for 1.4 s. On the basis of these experiments, accurate determination of cyclic AMP in rodent brain requires that the maximum time interval of MWR exposure should not exceed 500 ms.
Superiority of conventional culture technique over rapid detection of group A Streptococcus by optical immunoassay.

Abstract An optical immunoassay (OIA) has been reported to be more sensitive than conventional culture for the detection of Group A Streptococcus , eliminating the need for culture. We attempted to confirm the sensitivity and specificity through a laboratory quantitation study and a clinical trial. OIA did not detect Group A Streptococcus below 10 5 colony forming units (CFU). Culture detected Streptococcus to 10 2 CFU from the inoculated swab. In the clinical study, throat swabs were obtained from 77 patients in an outpatient clinic. Compared with culture, the sensitivity of OIA was 78% and the specificity was 90%. These results demonstrate that OIA was less sensitive than culture in seeded experiments and missed 22% of positives in clinical practice. Our study, contrary to previous reports, suggests that OIA is not sensitive enough to be used as the sole assay for Group A Streptococcus pharyngitis.
Cocaine-sensitive and -insensitive dopamine uptake in prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and striatum.

Abstract Behavioral studies have indicated that the reinforcing effects of cocaine are dependent on inhibition of dopamine uptake in nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. As it has been suggested that dopamine uptake and cocaine-inhibition of dopamine uptake may differ in nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex and striatum, we have further characterized dopamine uptake and its susceptibility to inhibition in these three regions. Dopamine uptake was resolved into two processes, which accounts for some of the apparent reported regional differences in sensitivity of dopamine to inhibition by cocaine. One, which is probably associated with uptake into dopaminergic terminals, was sensitive to 6-hydroxydopamine lesions, cocaine, GBR 12909 or ouabain and was dependent on temperature and sodium ion concentration; this was responsible for most of the observed uptake in tissue from striatum and nucleus accumbens, but not from prefrontal cortex. There appeared to be no regional difference in susceptibility of this mode of dopamine uptake to either cocaine or GBR 12909. The other type of dopamine uptake, which represented a significant proportion of the total in prefrontal cortex, but not in striatum or nucleus accumbens, was relatively insensitive to cocaine, GBR 12909 and ouabain and was dependent on temperature, but not sodium ion concentration. In addition, the cocaine-insensitive dopamine uptake was more sensitive to inhibition by dopamine than serotonin, but did not distinguish between dopamine and norepinephrine. The occurrence of cocaine-sensitive dopamine uptake in all examined regions and its equal sensitivity to cocaine and GBR 12909 is consistent with the involvement of nucleus accumbens and/or prefrontal cortex in the reinforcing effects of cocaine. The possibility is discussed that cocaine-insensitive dopamine uptake may be associated with astroglia and play an important role in regulating extracellular dopamine concentrations when synaptic levels are elevated.
New shuttle vectors for direct cloning in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract We have constructed new shuttle vectors to facilitate the screening of recombinant plasmids after direct transformation of yeast cells. The vectors are pBluescript-based shuttle vectors in which the lacZ marker has been replaced by an analogous system based on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae URA3 gene. DNA fragments are inserted in a Polylinker located after the beginning of the URA3 coding sequence. Transformants are selected either by Trp or Leu prototrophy. Plasmids bearing an insert are selected by growth on 5-fluoro-orotic acid (5-FOA), a uracil analog toxic to cells containing a functional URA3 + gene (thus, this method requires the recipient strain to be ura3 -); only cells containing a plasmid with an insert that disrupts the functional continuity of the URA3 gene can grow on medium containing 5-FOA. Using these plasmids, we were able to directly redone the ACE 1 gene from genomic DNA by directly transforming a strain deleted for ACE 1. These vectors can be used for a variety of purposes including rapid cloning of genes by complementation or expression of fusion genes driven from the URA3 promoter.
Response: Variability in the prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci infection in patients with OAML

We thank Drs Ponzoni et al for their interest in our review on extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of the ocular adnexa (OAML) and would like to express our point of view regarding the comments the authors are raising on the association between Chlamydophila psittaci (Cp) and OAML. As illustrated in
A GEOGRAPHY OF MAN AND ENVIRONMENT (Review Article)

(1967). A GEOGRAPHY OF MAN AND ENVIRONMENT (Review Article) The Professional Geographer: Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 336-342.
CO2 transduction mechanisms in avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptors: experiments and models

Intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC) are neurons that sense tonic and phasic CO2 stimuli in the lungs of birds and diapsid reptiles. IPC are different from most other vertebrate respiratory CO2 receptors because: (1) they are stimulated by low PCO2 and inhibited by high PCO2, (2) they have extremely rapid response characteristics, (3) their CO2 sensitivity is nearly abolished by intracellular inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase, and (4) their CO2 sensitivity is strongly depressed by inhibiting Na+/H+ antiport exchange. Experimental evidence suggests that IPC respond to intracellular pH, not CO2 directly, and that intracellular pH and IPC discharge are determined by a kinetic balance between CO2 hydration/dehydration rates, transmembrane acid/base exchange rates, and intracellular buffering. We review experimental evidence for and against various mechanisms of IPC CO2 chemotransduction, present a conceptual and mathematical model of the proposed mechanisms, and compare this model to CO2 transduction in other respiratory chemoreceptors.
Establishment of a functional HGF/C-MET autocrine loop in spontaneous transformants of WB-F344 rat liver stem-like cells

A model of spontaneous malignant transformation was used to evaluate the molecular changes that take place in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells during neoplastic transformation and tumorigenesis. A comparison of wild-type low-passage WB-F344 cells to spontaneously transformed tumor cell lines revealed that the majority of the tumor cell lines have an increased capacity for autonomous proliferation and motility when maintained in serum-free media. In the current study, we show that c-met is expressed at some level in wild-type WB-F344 cells and in all of the spontaneously transformed tumor cell lines, and that 9/16 of the tumor cell lines have acquired hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) expression. In vitro growth of HGF-expressing tumor cell lines is inhibited as much as 68% by the addition of neutralizing antibodies to HGF or antisense HGF oligonucleotides, indicating that the production of HGF by the tumor cells is partially responsible for driving autonomous proliferation in a subset of tumor cell lines. Furthermore, conditioned media collected from HGF-expressing tumor cell lines stimulates DNA synthesis in wild-type WB-F344 cells, and this effect can be abrogated by pre-incubation of the conditioned media with neutralizing antibodies to HGF. Because HGF is a motility-promoting growth factor, all cell lines were evaluated to determine if expression of HGF stimulated motogenesis. All tumor cell lines (regardless of HGF expression) were highly motile in comparison with wild-type WB-F344 cells, with a 3.5-fold to 20-fold greater number of motile cells. The high basal rate of motility characteristic of the tumor cell lines is not a result of the production of HGF, because it is also a property of the cell lines that do not express HGF messenger RNA. Furthermore, tumor cell motility is not inhibited by antisense oligonucleotides or neutralizing antibodies. Establishment of an autocrine HGF/c-met loop in a subset of spontaneously transformed WB-F344 cell lines may influence development and/or expression of the tumorigenic phenotype by driving cellular proliferation.
Electronic properties of the eletride-type molecule Li(9-crown-3)2. Comparison of Hartree-Fock and local density approximations: implications for crystalline crown ether electrides

Abstract We consider the title molecule and its positive ion and calculate the HOMO charge density for the neutral molecule and the potentials for the positive ion, using the Hartree-Fock (HF) and local density approximation (LDA). Both approximations suggest that the ground state of the neutral is Rydberg-like with a spatially extended HOMO charge density with the LDA density considerably more compact than the HF. We analyze this difference in terms of the potential energy seen by the HOMO electrons in the two approximations.
The androgenicity of progestins

All steroid hormones are structurally similar, but relatively minor differences cause profound alterations in biochemical activity. The 21-carbon series (pregnane nucleus) includes the corticoids and the true progestins (e.g., medroxyprogesterone acetate). The 19-carbon series (androstane nucleus) includes all the androgens, among them the progestins used in most oral and parenteral contraceptives. The removal of carbon 19 from testosterone changes the major hormonal effect from androgenic to progestogenic, but these "19-nor" steroids retain varying degrees of androgenic activity. (They can also have limited estrogenic activity, but this is insignificant at the low doses used for contraception.) Some of the 19-nortestosterone progestins are metabolized to other compounds (e.g., norethynodrel, ethynodiol diacetate, and lynestrenol to norethindrone), and some (levonorgestrel, desogestrel) are active unchanged. The lingering androgenic effects of 19-nor progestins are dose-related, opposed by estrogen, and are manifested metabolically (e.g., glucose tolerance, lipoprotein synthesis) and symptomatically (e.g., acne, weight gain). The effect of 19-nortestosterones on lipoproteins prompted the development of less androgenic compounds, but the obvious benefit of the new progestins (desogestrel, gestodene, norgestimate) is a reduction in the symptoms associated with the androgenicity of the older compounds. Mitigation of androgenic effects on lipoprotein and carbohydrate metabolism could have long-term benefits, especially for women who are at risk of arteriosclerotic vascular disease; however, these effects remain to be epidemiologically demonstrated.
Altered ultrasonic vocalization and impaired learning and memory in Angelman syndrome mouse model with a large maternal deletion from Ube3a to Gabrb3.

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurobehavioral disorder associated with mental retardation, absence of language development, characteristic electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities and epilepsy, happy disposition, movement or balance disorders, and autistic behaviors. The molecular defects underlying AS are heterogeneous, including large maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11–q13 (70%), paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 15 (5%), imprinting mutations (rare), and mutations in the E6-AP ubiquitin ligase gene UBE3A (15%). Although patients with UBE3A mutations have a wide spectrum of neurological phenotypes, their features are usually milder than AS patients with deletions of 15q11–q13. Using a chromosomal engineering strategy, we generated mutant mice with a 1.6-Mb chromosomal deletion from Ube3a to Gabrb3, which inactivated the Ube3a and Gabrb3 genes and deleted the Atp10a gene. Homozygous deletion mutant mice died in the perinatal period due to a cleft palate resulting from the null mutation in Gabrb3 gene. Mice with a maternal deletion (m−/p+) were viable and did not have any obvious developmental defects. Expression analysis of the maternal and paternal deletion mice confirmed that the Ube3a gene is maternally expressed in brain, and showed that the Atp10a and Gabrb3 genes are biallelically expressed in all brain sub-regions studied. Maternal (m−/p+), but not paternal (m+/p−), deletion mice had increased spontaneous seizure activity and abnormal EEG. Extensive behavioral analyses revealed significant impairment in motor function, learning and memory tasks, and anxiety-related measures assayed in the light-dark box in maternal deletion but not paternal deletion mice. Ultrasonic vocalization (USV) recording in newborns revealed that maternal deletion pups emitted significantly more USVs than wild-type littermates. The increased USV in maternal deletion mice suggests abnormal signaling behavior between mothers and pups that may reflect abnormal communication behaviors in human AS patients. Thus, mutant mice with a maternal deletion from Ube3a to Gabrb3 provide an AS mouse model that is molecularly more similar to the contiguous gene deletion form of AS in humans than mice with Ube3a mutation alone. These mice will be valuable for future comparative studies to mice with maternal deficiency of Ube3a alone.
Growth curves with yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum

Growth curves can be determined for yeast phase H. capsulatum and can be predicted in successive transfers if initiated from cells in the exponential phase of growth. The procedure is applicable to all strains which can be propagated in the yeast phase. The growth curve, however, must be predetermined for each strain in the liquid medium in which studies are to be carried out.
Sorghum 3-Deoxyanthocyanins Possess Strong Phase II Enzyme Inducer Activity and Cancer Cell Growth Inhibition Properties

3-Deoxyanthoxyanins (3-DXA) possess unique chemical and biochemical properties and may be useful in helping reduce incidence of gastrointestinal cancer. This study tested sorghum extracts rich in 3-DXA as well as isolated and synthetic 3-DXA for potential to induce activity of phase II enzymes in murine hepatoma cells using the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO) assay and to inhibit proliferation of the HT-29 human colon cancer cells using MTT and PicoGreen assays. Crude black sorghum extract that contained high levels of methoxylated 3-DXA was a strong inducer of NQO activity (3.0 times at 50 μg/mL), compared to red or white sorghum extracts with low or no methoxylated 3-DXA (1.6 times at 200 μg/mL). All sorghum extracts had strong antiproliferative activity against HT-29 cells after 48 h of incubation (IC50 = 180−557 μg/mL). Among isolated fractions, nonmethoxylated 3-DXA were very effective against HT-29 cell growth (IC50 = 44−68 μM at 48 h), but were noninducers of NQO. On the other hand, the methox...
Normal and superconducting states in Kondo-lattice and resonating-valence-bond systems: why Tc is so low

Abstract The Kondo single-ion state is real-space spin-singlet pairing of electrons. The Kondo-lattice (KL) state may be nearly-real-space Kondo pairing of electrons. Such pairing is incoherent and not superconductivity because the number of pairs is locally almost certain, causing the phase of the pairing wave function to be independently uncertain everywhere. Long-range phase coherence and e ∗ = 2 e superconductivity can occur in second-order pairing of two single-particle states determined by the presence of incoherent Kondo pairing. The two-band resonating-valence-bond (RVB) system is essentially equivalent to Kondo pairing in a Kondo lattice. Tc for superconductivity due to second-order pairing mediated by magnetic excitations of the KL or RVB normal state would be T KL e -1 λM rather than TKL, or equivalently TRVB, or ω Debye e -1 λph .
Use of Vaginal Lubrication Containing Carbomer Affects Adequacy of ThinPrep Pap Test

Introduction: High grade tubo-ovarian serous adenocarcinoma is a significant cause of mortality. In recent years attention has turned to the fallopian tube as a primary source of precursor neoplastic lesions. The cytologic features of fallopian tube brushings from low risk patients have not been well described in modern cytology literature. Material and Methods: We describe the cytomorphologic features of tubal epithelium from prospectively collected experimental in vivo brushings of normal fallopian tubes from low risk patients. Both ThinPrep slides and cell blocks were prepared and reviewed in all specimens. P53 and Ki-67 immunostains were also performed when epithelial cells were detected in cell block specimens. Available follow-up histopathologic salpingectomy material was also reviewed. Results: A total of 15 specimens were obtained from 7 patients, ten collected by laparoscopy, 4 by hysteroscopy, and one after hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy on an ex-vivo specimen. Cytologic findings were as followscellularity: moderate to high (nZ13), low (nZ2); background: granular debris (nZ10), clean (nZ4), blood (nZ1); architecture: mixture of clusters and single cells (nZ11), clusters (nZ3); nuclear overlap: moderate/marked (nZ14), mild/none (nZ1); nuclear pleomorphism moderate/marked (nZ13), mild/none (nZ2); nuclear membrane irregularities moderate/marked (nZ6), mild/none (nZ9); nucleoli: mixture of single and multiple (nZ15); diffusely present (nZ15); mitoses absent (nZ15). Cell blocks of epithelial cells detected in 4 samples found P53 and Ki-67 stains to be negative. Salpingectomy specimens available in 3 patients documented benign histopathologic findings. Conclusions: Nuclear overlap, nuclear pleomorphism, prominent single nucleoli, multiple nucleoli, and background granular debris are all common findings encountered when reviewing direct experimental in vivo fallopian tube brushings from benign specimens. With experience, these cytologic findings should not be misinterpreted as suspicious or malignant.
Influence of Exogenous Fatty Acids on Cottonseed Germination

Effects of exogenous free fatty acid application on percentage germination and radicle length were investigated with more chill sensitive (Pima S-4) and less chill sensitive (Pima S-5) cottonseed (Gossypium barbadense L.) at chilling (14°C) and optimal (34°C) temperatures. Of the organic solvents able to solubilize free fatty acids, aqueous solutions as high as 5% dimethyl sulfoxide did not adversely affect germination at 34°C. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids (120 μM) were solubilized in 5% DMSO. At 14°C, percent germination of fatty acid treated Pima S-5 significantly increased, while no difference was observed for Pima S-4. Conversely, radicle length of fatty acid treated Pima S-4 significantly increased especially with oleate and linoleate, while no difference was detected for Pima S-5. Fatty acid supplementation influenced neither germination nor radicle length for Pima S-4 and Pima S-5 at 34°C.
Intensive lifestyle intervention improves physical function among obese adults with knee pain: findings from the Look AHEAD trial.

Lifestyle interventions have resulted in weight loss or improved physical fitness among individuals with obesity, which may lead to improved physical function. This prospective investigation involved participants in the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial who reported knee pain at baseline (n = 2,203). The purposes of this investigation were to determine whether an Intensive Lifestyle Intervention (ILI) condition resulted in improvement in self-reported physical function from baseline to 12 months vs. a Diabetes Support and Education (DSE) condition, and whether changes in weight or fitness mediated the effect of the ILI. Outcome measures included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain, stiffness, and physical function subscales, and WOMAC summary score. ILI participants exhibited greater adjusted mean weight loss (s.e.) vs. DSE participants (−9.02 kg (0.48) vs. −0.78 kg (0.49); P < 0.001)). ILI participants also demonstrated more favorable change in WOMAC summary scores vs. DSE participants (β (s.e.) = −1.81 (0.63); P = 0.004). Multiple regression mediation analyses revealed that weight loss was a mediator of the effect of the ILI intervention on change in WOMAC pain, function, and summary scores (P < 0.001). In separate analyses, increased fitness also mediated the effect of the ILI intervention upon WOMAC summary score (P < 0.001). The ILI condition resulted in significant improvement in physical function among overweight and obese adults with diabetes and knee pain. The ILI condition also resulted in significant weight loss and improved fitness, which are possible mechanisms through which the ILI condition improved physical function.
The pulmonary toxicity of nitrosoureas

Drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis in cancer chemotherapy has become a more serious problem as treatment regimens are refined, larger total doses of cytotoxic drugs are administered and patient prognosis improves. The nitrosoureas are a class of chemotherapeutic agents whose clinical use is severely limited by drug-induced toxicities. The myelosuppression caused by nitrosourea administration can be managed clinically; however, the development of irreversible pulmonary fibrosis is a more serious clinical problem. Studies are needed to identify biochemical markers for early lung injury so that the amount of pulmonary tissue damage can be assessed and monitored. Additionally, considerable research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which these agents produce lung injury, so that therapeutic regimens can be developed to minimize or prevent lung toxicity. In understanding the mechanisms of toxicity, potentially the pulmonary injury caused by nitrosourea administration can be altered without affecting the clinical antitumor activity of this class of compounds. In the future, knowledge on mechanisms of drug-induced pulmonary injury can be used in the development of antineoplastic agents which are more disease specific and less pulmonary toxic.
The chromatin domain as a unit of gene regulation.

The process by which the genetically identical cell lineages of a multicellular organism acquire the propensity to express distinct arrays of gene products is among the most significant and fascinating questions in modern biology. Not surprisingly, this complex process requires control at several levels, each level providing a condition that is necessary but not sufficient for transcription to occur. Evidence suggests that one level of control concerns a region of DNA much larger than the transcription unit itself – the chromatin domain. This domain must be in a specific chromatin conformation in order to permit transcription; other control mechanisms may be required to bring about overt transcription. A hypothesis concerning the nature of chromatin domains and the relationship between early replication and transcription potential is presented.
Clarity in Science Writing is Not Enough

It is misleading to take for granted that scientific writing need not be pleasurable reading. Aiming only for clarity, simplicity, brevity, and directness, the writer may still produce writing that...
Energy the enabler, in our changing world

Abstract Historical industrial and social development made possible by energy technologies throughout the world serves as a paradigm for looking into the future. Energy usage is directly responsible for productivity. World population is increasing rapidly necessitating still more energy. The number of college students (a measure of new ideas and demands) has also increased rapidly. The U.S. has led in energy usage and the resultant growth in transportation and communication but changes are occurring. Urbanization - another effect of energy - shows the majority of high density populations now are in developing countries. Societies are changing from single nation states to interdependent loosely-knit larger socio-economic-environmental areas - Economic Communities. Successful technology must now engage producers, users, governments, as well as communities of interest. Political management systems must recognize these changes to permit the continued development of energy technologies. Looking toward the 21st Century and our continued development in a changing world necessitates recognition of the need for a systems orientation, interdisciplinary approach to find multi-answers to problems. All must participate in the decision making process - looking for solutions (rather than identification of problems) learning together and from each other - and most importantly, managing conflict before it manages us.
Fish oils in the prevention of atherosclerosis

The hypothesis that oils derived from the flesh of fish and marine mammals inhibit the atherosclerotic process is critically reviewed. Populations consuming a diet rich in fish have low rates of coronary heart disease. Dietary fish oil is associated with changes in serum lipids, prostaglandin and leukotriene metabolism, enhanced endothelial function and effects on growth factors released from platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells. Dietary fish oil supplementation has been associated with inhibition of atherosclerosis experimentally induced by dietary hyperlipidemia and balloon injury. Results of studies of the use of fish oil to inhibit postangioplasty restenosis in human subjects have been inconclusive.
Redundant Synthesis of Cysteinyl-tRNACys in Methanosarcina mazei*

A subset of methanogenic archaea synthesize the cysteinyl-tRNACys (Cys-tRNACys) needed for protein synthesis using both a canonical cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CysRS) as well as a set of two enzymes that operate via a separate indirect pathway. In the indirect route, phosphoseryl-tRNACys (Sep-tRNACys) is first synthesized by phosphoseryl-tRNA synthetase (SepRS), and this misacylated intermediate is then converted to Cys-tRNACys by Sep-tRNA:Cys-tRNA synthase (SepCysS) via a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent mechanism. Here, we explore the function of all three enzymes in the mesophilic methanogen Methanosarcina mazei. The genome of M. mazei also features three distinct tRNACys isoacceptors, further indicating the unusual and complex nature of Cys-tRNACys synthesis in this organism. Comparative aminoacylation kinetics by M. mazei CysRS and SepRS reveals that each enzyme prefers a distinct tRNACys isoacceptor or pair of isoacceptors. Recognition determinants distinguishing the tRNAs are shown to reside in the globular core of the molecule. Both enzymes also require the S-adenosylmethione-dependent formation of m1G37 in the anticodon loop for efficient aminoacylation. We further report a new, highly sensitive assay to measure the activity of SepCysS under anaerobic conditions. With this approach, we demonstrate that SepCysS functions as a multiple-turnover catalyst with kinetic behavior similar to bacterial selenocysteine synthase and the archaeal/eukaryotic SepSecS enzyme. Together, these data suggest that both metabolic routes and all three tRNACys species in M. mazei play important roles in the cellular physiology of the organism.
Sex Differences in Carrying Behavior

Males and females differ in their methods of carrying books. Females wrap one or both arms around their books, which they clasp against the body. Males carry their books in one hand at the side of the body. Sex differences in carrying behavior occur in college students, high school students, and heterogeneous adult populations which include elderly people. These differences are widespread in the United States and are found in college students in other cultures. Both male and female college students are individually consistent in their use of sex-typical carrying methods, but males are much more consistent than females. Although size of load affects the sex-typical book-carrying behavior of some females, it has no effect on males' carrying. Males who carried books atypically for their sex scored differently on psychological tests from those who carried typically. This difference was not found in females. There does not seem to be a simple explanation for the sex differences in book-carrying behavior, but p...
Coalition Formation in a Five-Person Market Game

Market games constitute a class of cooperative n-person games with sidepayments in which several coalitions may form simultaneously. In order to study coalition forming behavior in such games and to test the descriptive power of four major solution concepts that yield differing prescriptions for market games, 11 pentads of students each played 6 different market games presented in characteristic function form through a computer-controlled experimental procedure. The outcomes showed strong consistencies over pentads and sharp differences among games. None of the models fully accounted for these data. Instead, considerations of sequential formation of coalitions within a coalition structure, the concept of maximal share structure suggested in the equal share solution, and a recently developed model, that encompasses the predictions of the bargaining set and equal shares, served jointly as the first-order determinants of both the decision of which coalition to form and the allocation of payoff to coalition members.
New strategies in the management of acute leukemias.

The rapidly emerging knowledge of cytogenetics, cell surface markers, cytochemistry, electron microscopy and flow microspectrophotometry makes the objective identification of subsets of acute leukemia
Activity‐based costing: a tool for adaptive and generative organizational learning?

This paper examines activity‐based costing (ABC) as a tool for organizational learning. More specifically, it is suggested that ABC can help business organizations engage in adaptive as well as generative learning. ABC facilitates adaptive learning by supporting continuous improvement and the management of existing knowledge. It facilitates generative learning by supporting the development of a learning culture and the social context in which new mental models can be developed. Important guidelines for implementing ABC to enhance organizational learning are distilled from a mini case study of a health care services provider.
DETECTING DELAY IN PREMATURE INFANTS: THE NEED FOR PARTIAL CORRECTION. † 1683

While premature infants are generally regarded as at high risk for developmental delay, and many early intervention programs are specifically targeted toward premature infants, there is a general consensus that: 1. full age adjustment is necessary (to compensate for prematurity), and 2. developmental delay cannot be detected accurately for several years due to extreme variability in delayed infants or their test results. In this study, 44 premature infants (mean gestational age 29.0 weeks, mean birthweight 1291 grams) were evaluated for suspected developmental delay at least twice, using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development Mental Development Index, in a high risk infant follow-up clinic. Mean age at initial testing was 12.8 months and at follow-up testing was 27.6 months. T-tests and linear regression were used to evaluate the effects of age adjustment at initial testing upon later developmental scores. Results obtained showed that: 1. 50% correction for prematurity produced the most consistent developmental test scores over time 2. both full correction and no correction produced scores that were significantly different than later developmental measures (mean difference from test 1 to test 2 +8.1 to -11.8, t values 2.40 and 2.10, p=0.02 and 0.04, respectively) 3. when 50% correction was used, developmental scores were remarkably consistent over time, and accurately predicted developmental delay. It is recommended that clinicians utilize 50% age adjustment when evaluating premature infant development.
Mission design for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility

The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is the fourth in NASA's series of Great Observatories. It will feature a one-meter class cryogenically cooled telescope. It is planned for a NASA fiscal start for the development phase in 1994 with a launch in about 2001. The launch vehicle will be the new upgraded Titan IV with a Centaur upper stage. The operational orbit will be circular at an altitude of about 100,000 km. The planned mission lifetime is 5 years. This paper addresses the rationale in the selection of the high altitude orbit, the performance of the launch vehicle in delivering the observatory to orbit, other orbit options, and the planned observational modes and capabilities of the observatory. The paper will also address the viewing geometry and viewing constraints affecting science observation, telescope aperture shade design, and spacecraft solar-panel and communication design.
Guided ion beam and theoretical studies of sequential bond energies of water to sodium cysteine cation

Absolute bond dissociation energies of water to sodium cysteine (Cys) cations and cysteine to hydrated sodium cations are determined experimentally by collision-induced dissociation of Na+Cys(H2O)x, where x = 1–4, complexes with xenon in a guided ion beam mass spectrometer. Experimental results show that the binding energies of water and cysteine to the complexes decrease monotonically with increasing number of water molecules. Quantum chemical calculations at three different levels show reasonable agreement with the experimental bond energies. The calculations indicate that the primary binding site for Na+ changes from charge-solvated tridentate chelation at the amino nitrogen, carbonyl oxygen, and sulfur side-chain for x = 0 and 1 to the C terminus of zwitterionic cysteine for x = 4, whereas different levels of theory provide conflicting predictions for x = 2 and 3. The first solvent shell of Na+Cys is found to be complete at four waters. This is fewer than needed for the aliphatic amino acid glycine, because the functionalized side-chain of Cys provides an internal solvation site, a binding motif that probably applies for most other functionalized amino acids.
Fate of labeled polyoma virus DNA in cell cultures.

SummaryExperiments performed to determine the effectiveness of adsorption-elution cycles of polyoma virus purification techniques indicated that an excess of 90% of the label in purified virus preparations is associated with virus. This was corroborated by isolating, and identifying the radioactive component of virus DNA as a thymidylic acid moiety. Experiments employing labeled polyoma virus as a tracer in primary METC cells have indicated that the virus was rapidly adsorbed by the cells since the maximum amount of radioactivity was found in the DNA fraction as early as 1 hr after infection. The virus remained associated with the DNA fraction of the cells and probably was not degraded as indicated by the consistent absence of radioactivity in the acid soluble fractions. Label from parental virus DNA was not found in progeny virus in detectable amounts. It would seem, therefore, that at the time of harvest parental DNA did not undergo encapsidation and become a member of the progeny population. The fate o...
The serotonin syndrome—the need for physician’s awareness

Serotonin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction that results from therapeutic drug use, usually of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), intentional excessive use or interactions between various drugs. A 16-year-old Caucasian boy presented to our emergency department (ED) with alteration in his mental status for 6 h prior to arrival. On physical examination in our ED, he was combative and disoriented to time, place and person. He was febrile, hypertensive and tachycardic as well. He had intermittent rigid extremities with myoclonus of both lower extremities. A diagnosis of serotonin syndrome (SS) was made based on history of intake of fluoxetine and clinical signs, which included presence of inducible clonus and agitation. The child received supportive care involving intravenous fluids and intravenous lorazepam. The child was back to his baseline mental status and had a normal neurological exam by 24 h and was discharged home later for follow-up with a psychiatrist. SS occurs with increasing frequency, and most cases resolve with prompt recognition and supportive care. Failure to make an early diagnosis and to comprehend adverse pharmacological effects of therapy can lead to adverse outcomes.
The accuracy of left ventricular mass determined by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in chronic animal and clinical studies: a comparison with postmortem examination and magnetic resonance imaging.

Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE), 2-dimensional echocardiography (2DE), and M-mode echocardiography were performed in 28 sheep with cardiac pathologies and 27 patients with heart disease to demonstrate the superiority of RT3DE over M-mode and 2DE for the determination of left ventricular mass. Postmortem examination and magnetic resonance imaging were used as a reference standard for the animal and clinical studies, respectively. In the animal study, the highest concordance correlation (0.92) was obtained between the actual weight of left ventricular mass and that estimated by RT3DE (0.69 for 2DE and 0.77 for M-mode, P P
Genetic Evidence for an Interaction of the UbiG O-Methyltransferase with UbiX in Escherichia coli Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis

IS16 is a thiol-sensitive, Q-deficient mutant strain of Escherichia coli. Here, we show that IS16 harbors a mutation in the ubiG gene encoding a methyltransferase required for two O-methylation steps of Q biosynthesis. Complementation of IS16 with either ubiG or ubiXK-12 reverses this phenotype, suggesting that UbiX may interact with UbiG.
Spatial Mapping of Analyte Distribution within a Graphite Furnace Atomizer

A versatile diagnostic scheme based on the combination of the unique properties of a laser, such as collimation and monochromaticity, together with absorption spectroscopy and subsequent computer extraction of quantitative information from a video signal has been applied to acquire spatially and temporally resolved information in a graphite tube atomizer. Spatially resolved concentration profiles with a 256 × 240 array of intensities can be obtained in 1/60 second. This capability has been demonstrated in the study of sodium atom distribution within a graphite furnace. Spatially and temporally resolved absorbance profiles taken within the furnace show extreme nonuniformities throughout the lifetime of the sodium atom plume. Early in the absorbance signal, the distributions show absorbances which decrease in going from the bottom, where the sample was initially deposited, to the top of the furnace. A more uniform distribution of the free atoms can be seen after a majority of the analyte has been released from the surface of the graphite tube, i.e., after the absorbance peak.
Transmission spectroelectrochemical study of anion adsorption at a Hg−Pt optically transparent electrode

Abstract Transmission spectroelectrochemistry has been utilized to study the specific adsorption of anions on a mercury coated platinum optically transparent electrode (Hg−Pt OTE). Double potential step experiments performed while passing 525 nm light through a Hg−Pt OTE in contact with acqueous solutions of NaF, NaBr, NaNO3, Na2CO3, CH3COONa, NaCl, or NaSO4 produce optical signals whose magnitudes correlate with the known sequence of anion specific adsorption on mercury. The potential dependence of the optical signal is similar to the extent of anion adsorption which is observed on pure mercury by electrochemical techniques. Ratios of absorbance changes for anion pairs correlate well with analogous ratios of charges corresponding to amounts of specifically adsorbed anions obtained by capacitance measurements on mercury. The concentration dependence of the optical response for NaBr from 10−4 M to 0.1 M is reported as an isotherm under constant potential. The optical response for NaBr is wavelength-dependent in the 400–600 nm range.