cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment and outcome of congenital adrenal hyperplasia: 21-hydroxylase deficiency.

The use of glucocorticoids to treat individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) was first reported by both Wilkins and Bartter in 1950. Since that time, the care of these patients has improved dramatically, and through the efforts of dedicated medical researchers, it continues to improve today. With early detection by newborn screening, initiation of treatment in infants with salt-wasting CAH has led to reduced morbidity and mortality. This special issue of the International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology is intended to review the state of the art in medical treatment and psychological management as well as evaluations of the outcomes of patients with CAH. We begin with a summary of the recent Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline, which provides an overview of the diagnosis and treatment of CAH across the lifespan. We then move on to discussions concerning the diagnosis and treatment of nonclassic CAH and the management of the various forms of CAH in the adult patient. Although hydrocortisone has been the treatment of choice for many years in children with CAH, more potent glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone are considered by some to be superior. A series of articles addresses the choice of glucocorticoid and the timing of administration. The section on treatment finishes with discussions of mineralocorticoid replacement and newer therapeutic modalities. The next section deals with psychological management, specifically with regards to psychosocial stress in families of affected patients. We then move on to models of care provision, including establishment of a medical home, multidisciplinary care, and a discussion of the roles of support and advocacy groups in the care of individuals with CAH. Assessments of treatment outcomes are critical for efforts to improve care. This issue finishes with a series of papers reviewing CAH outcomes, including growth in children, gynecologic and reproductive issues in women, bone health, and psychological, cognitive, and gender identity outcomes. The guest editors hope that this issue will, in a small way, advance their understanding of CAH and stimulate additional research and multidisciplinary teamwork, with the goal of improving the lives of those affected with this potentially devastating condition. Peter A. Lee John S. Fuqua Todd D. Nebesio
The design of shock-free supercritical airfoils including viscous effects

A numerical procedure has been developed for the design of shock-free supercritical airfoil sections with an allowance for viscous effects, provided the boundary layer is fully attached over the airfoil. The method described combines, in an interative process, an inviscid hodograph-based inverse-design algorithm (IDA) developed by the author and the inverse-boundary layer algorithm (LTBLCEQL) by Miner, Anderson and Lewis. Here, the subcritical portion of the inviscid solution is obtained by solving the full stream function equation in a computational plane which is a conformal map of the two-sheeted hodograph plane. For the supercritical portion, a characteristics calculation is carried out in the hodograph plane. Viscous effects are then incorporated via the displacement surface concept. A Crank–Nicolson type implicit finite difference scheme is utilized to solve the laminar and turbulent boundary layer equation which are expressed in Levy–Lees variables. A transition model allowing for gradual, rather than instantaneous, transition to turbulent flow is also incorporated. The numerical coupling procedure is applied to the design of two airfoil sections for a range of supercritical Mach numbers.
Acetonitrile-Facilitated Reductive Dimerization of TCNE to Octacyanobutanediide, [C4(CN)8]2−, by Iron(II) Chloride

The redox properties of MCl2 (M=Mn, Fe, Co) acetonitrile solvates were electrochemically and spectroscopically characterized. The three voltammogram waves at 0.86, 0.48, and 0.21 V versus SCE for FeCl2 dissolved in MeCN are assigned as one-electron reduction potentials for [FeIIClx(NCMe)4−x]2−x (1≤x≤3), respectively, and only [FeIICl3(NCMe)]− {and [FeIICl4]2− (=0.04 V vs. SCE), if present} has a potential sufficient for TCNE reduction. The presence in solution of [FeII(NCMe)6]2+ was also spectroscopically confirmed. The reduction potentials of MIICl2 (M=Mn, Co) acetonitrile adducts were inadequate to reduce TCNE. FeCl2 reacts with TCNE in MeCN to form [FeII{C4(CN)8}(NCMe)2] (4), which is composed of layers of octahedral FeII ions equatorially bonded to the four terminal N atoms of the μ4-[C4(CN)8]2− ion, with trans-MeCN groups and with 15-membered rings. Formation of 4 requires the simultaneous presence of [TCNE].− and [FeII(NCMe)6]2+ in solution, which is in contrast to when [(NEt4)2][FeIICl4] was used to reduce TCNE. A reaction scheme is proposed. Paramagnetic [FeII{C4(CN)8}(NCMe)2] exhibits substantial antiferromagnetic coupling (θ=−13.3 K), and orders as an antiferromagnet below 7.8 K. The irreversibility of zero-field and field-cooled magnetization suggests that the material exists below Tc in two magnetic states relatively close in energy, that is, the purely antiferromagnetic ground state and a slightly canted antiferromagnetic metastable state.
Emotional and Behavioral Disorders An Analysis of State Definitions, Eligibility Criteria, and Recommended Procedures

An analysis of state definitions (N = 51, including the District of Columbia) of the emotionally disturbed/behaviorally disordered category of handicapped children, entrance and exit criteria, and procedures for referral, evaluation, and program placement is reported. Lack of definitional consensus and eligibility agreement were found. A detailed analysis of each state and an overall analysis are reported. Lack of agreement among states and with the federal definition are reviewed and discussed.
The Impact of Internal Union Politics on the 1981 UMWA Strike

This paper explicitly addresses the role internal union politics played in the rank-and-file rejection of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA)-Bituminous Coal Operators Association (BCOA) contract in March 1981. The strike decision is viewed as having both political and economic components and as being rooted in the specific history and traditions of the UMWA. Using a unique data set, a statistically significant relationship between the vote for challenger Richard Trumka and the vote for the strike is found. Miners struck for many reasons in 1981. This study concludes that one of those reasons was to protest the union leadership.
CMC Modes for Learning Tasks at a Distance

Which communication mode(s) do experienced distance learners choose as they collaborate on tasks, and what do they talk about in each mode? How do the participants choose modes for various aspects of a task, and which phases of knowledge construction are present? In this study, case study and computer-mediated discourse analysis procedures are used to investigate transcripts and individual reflections of 10 small groups of distance learners. The findings reveal that the discussion forum was used significantly more often for conceptual moves and for later phases of the knowledge construction process. Email was used more for social moves, and chat was use dm ore for later phases of knowledge construction. Implications for providing grou ps with various CMC modes to complete tasks and for advising novice online learners about the affordances of each mode are addressed.
Preferences and Perceptions About Getting Support Expressed by Low-Income Fathers

This report examines the perspectives of fathers of low-income children about their needs and resources for support to help them with their parenting responsibilities. The data are taken from openended, qualitative interviews of 575 men as part of a comprehensive study of fathers related to the Early Head Start Longitudinal Study. The interviews, taken when the father or father figure’s child was 24 months of age, asked fathers about the barriers they experienced to fathering, about the sources of support or help they had available, and about supports they thought might be useful. The transcripts were analyzed using a constant comparison method to create a coding structure and coded using NUD*IST software. The primary barrier discussed by fathers was the difficulty of juggling work and other time demands, and their time for fathering. A number of fathers said there were no barriers and furthermore said they did not want any help or support. Fathers described their primary sources of support as their spouse or partner, their own parents (especially their mothers), and their own internal resources (e.g., motivation, patience). Themes fathers discussed related to Early Head Start included (a) direct supports to fathers for parenting or concrete supports (e.g., employment, social services); (b) indirect supports to their child’s mother; and (c) no supports perceived. Implications for Early Head Start father involvement programs are discussed.
Improved non-approximability results

We indicate strong non-approximability factors for central problems: N{sup 1/4} for Max Clique; N{sup 1/10} for Chromatic Number; and 66/65 for Max 3SAT. Underlying the Max Clique result is a proof system in which the verifier examines only three {open_quotes}free bits{close_quotes} to attain an error of 1/2. Underlying the Chromatic Number result is a reduction from Max Clique which is more efficient than previous ones.
Is Green Education Blue or Red? State-Level Environmental Education Program Development Through the Lens of Red- and Blue-State Politics

Environmental educators have long dealt with the charge that the practice of teaching about environmental issues is an attempt to introduce a liberal agenda into the classroom curriculum. However, traditionally Republican states and traditionally Democratic states are both among the nation's leaders and laggards in institutionalizing environmental education (EE) programs at the state level. Because of the political power of the charge of liberal bias in EE politics, it is important for researchers to try to determine the veracity of this charge in some meaningful way. The authors applied quantitative statistical methods to this issue and found that, in general, there were not significant differences among the degrees of state-level EE program activity between Democratic states and Republican states. In short, the political party affiliation of a given state is not a reliable predictor of that state's EE program activities. Thus, the evidence does not support the claim that EE is solely a liberal undertaking.
Protective action of midgut catalase in lepidopteran larvae against oxidative plant defenses.

Catalase activity was detected in the midgut tissues and regurgitate of several lepidopteran pests of the tomato plant. Greatest activity in the midgut was detected in larvalHelicoverpa zea, followed bySpodoptera exigua, Manduca sexta, andHeliothis virescens. We present evidence that catalase, in addition to removing toxic hydrogen peroxide, may inhibit the oxidation of plant phenolics mediated by plant peroxidases. Small amounts of larval regurgitate significantly inhibited foliar peroxidase activity via removal of hydrogen peroxide. Treatment of foliage with purified catalase nearly eliminated peroxidase activity and was superior as a larval food source compared to untreated foliage. Tomato foliar peroxidases oxidize an array of endogenous compounds including caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, and guaiacol. The oxidized forms of these compounds are potent alkylators of dietary and/or cellular nucleophiles (e.g., thiol and amino functions of proteins, peptides, and amines). When tomato foliar protein was pretreated with peroxidase and chlorogenic acid and incorporated in artificial diet, larval growth was reduced compared to larvae fed untreated protein. Thus, the diminution of peroxidase activity and removal of hydrogen peroxide by catalase may represent an important adaptation to leaf-feeding. The secretion of catalase in salivary fluid during insect feeding is also suggested to be a potential mechanism for reducing hydrogen peroxide formation as an elicitor of inducible plant defenses.
Kinetic parameters for coupled bulk and wall reactions in a tubular flow reactor

Etude cinetique de la pyrolyse du trichloro-1,1,1 ethane dans un reacteur tubulaire. On considere d'une part, la reaction en masse et d'autre part la reaction a la paroi pour des modeles d'ecoulement: ecoulement laminaire et ecoulement piston
Comparison of the SIT with the WISC-R for gifted students

There has been a need to identify a quick screening and reevaluation instrument to determine eligibility status for specialized programs. The Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) is one instrument that has been suggested for this purpose. In a ten-year review of validity studies with the SIT, Stewart and Jones (1976) found substantial correlations between the SIT and WISC. They recommended that future validity studies with the SIT focus on specific subgroups with restricted IQ ranges. The present study compared the SIT with the WISC-R for a group of intellectually gifted students. The results indicated reduced correlations between the measures. The calculated regression equation was dissimilar to the one reported by Stewart and Jones for nonrestricted IQ populations, although predictive ability was greater. The need for comparing the SIT with other measures for specific subgroups was supported.
Basic Concepts for a Theory of Organization

Classical and behavioral theories can be reconciled if organization is regarded as an input-processing-output system. If material and financial resources are disregarded, all organizations utilize human performances, expectations, and interactions as inputs. In newly formed groups and organizations, these three variables act upon each other to generate structure, operations, and interpersonnel. The latter three variables, once they become differentiated and are utilized in task performance, act as processors to transform the inputs further into product, drive, and cohesiveness as outputs. The hypothesized relationships between the output variables are in accord with research findings and reconcile long standing discrepancies.
Phase diagram of the Kane-Mele-Hubbard model

Motivated by recent numerical results, we study the phase diagram of the Kane-Mele-Hubbard model, especially the nature of its quantum critical points. The phase diagram of the Kane-Mele-Hubbard model can be understood by breaking the $\mathrm{SO}(4)$ symmetry of our previous work down to $\mathrm{U}{(1)}_{\mathrm{spin}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}{(1)}_{\mathrm{charge}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{PH}$ symmetry. The vortices of the in-plane N\'eel phase carry charge, and the proliferation of the charged magnetic vortex drives the transition between the in-plane N\'eel phase and the quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulator phase; this transition belongs to the three-dimensional XY universality class. The transition between the liquid phase and the in-plane N\'eel phase is an anisotropic O(4) transition, which eventually becomes first order due to quantum fluctuation. The liquid-QSH transition is predicted to be first order based on a $1/N$ calculation.
QEPAS methane sensor performance for humidified gases

A trace gas sensor based on quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) was evaluated using humidified nitrogen samples and ambient air. Relaxation processes following vibrational excitation of 2ν3 state of CH4 were investigated. Sensor performance at different gas pressures could be predicted based on a developed kinetic model. The experimentally determined normalized detection sensitivity for CH4 in humid gas is 1.0×10-8 cm-1 W/Hz1/2.
Consultation with the Specialist: Eye Examinations in Infants and Children

1. Joseph H. Calhoun, MD* 1. 2. *Director, Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA. Typically the pediatrician is the first physician who recognizes the signs or symptoms of possible eye disease in children. Therefore, it is incumbent upon him or her to be cognizant of those signs or symptoms that merit referral to an ophthalmologist for further evaluation and treatment. As in many other diseases in the field of pediatrics, appropriate examination and evaluation vary with the age of the child. In the first several days of life, examination of the eyes can be difficult. The lids may be swollen from the birthing process and from chemical conjunctivitis caused by the required gonococcal prophylaxis. The newborn usually will be sleeping and the eyes closed at the time of examination. In spite of these difficulties, it is important to exclude any major anomalies of eye development. The examination should include an inspection of the external surface of the eyeball, using any direct source of light, such as a penlight, a flashlight, or room light in the nursery. If the lids are closed and cannot be opened by active movement or twirling of the infant, cotton-tipped applicators may be used to open them. The applicators are placed on the lid margins, at the lashes, and are directed so as to push each lid margin against the cornea while at the same time separating the lids. This should allow a view of at least half of the cornea and the iris. This lid separation may be manipulated to view most of the front surface of the eyeball. If the applicators are placed away from the lid margins in the middle of each lid, the lids will evert, revealing only their back surfaces. The examiner should determine that each eye is the same and has a transparent cornea that provides a clear view of each iris (usually blue) …
High temperature stability of indium tin oxide thin films

Abstract A robust high temperature strain gage based on indium-tin-oxide (ITO) has been used to measure static and dynamic strains at temperatures up to 1400 °C. These thin film, ceramic strain gages have several advantages over metal strain gages including a large gage factor and increased chemical and electrical stability at very high temperatures. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) of ITO films deposited onto high purity alumina substrates and subjected to temperatures up to 1400 °C indicated that the ITO films had undergone an interfacial reaction with the substrate. In addition, the interfacial reaction appears to have been responsible for high temperature stabilization through the formation of an ITO/Al2O3 solid solution. When similar ITO films were deposited onto alumina with a platinum diffusion barrier, there was no evidence of an interfacial reaction. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that bulk ITO may not be stable in air ambients at temperatures above 1300 °C but the alumina substrates stabilized the ITO to temperatures well beyond this value.
Radiative efficiency and spontaneous recombination rate of staggered InGaN quantum well LED at 420-510 nm

Staggered InGaN quantum wells (QW) grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition was demonstrated as improved active region for visible light emitters. Fermi's Golden Rule indicates that InGaN QW with step-function like In distribution leads to significantly improved radiative recombination rate and optical gain due to increased electronhole wavefunction overlap, in comparison to that of conventional InGaN QW. Spontaneous emission spectra of both conventional and staggered InGaN QW were calculated based on energy dispersion and transition matrix element obtained by 6-band k•p formalism for wurtzite semiconductor, taking into account valence-band-states mixing, strain effects, and polarization-induced electric fields. The calculated spectra for the staggered InGaN QW showed enhancement of radiative recombination rate, which is in good agreement with photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence measurements at emission wavelength regime of 425-nm and 500-nm. Experimental results of light emitting diode (LED) structures at 45-nm utilizing staggered InGaN QW show improvement in output power much higher than what is predicted theoretically. Reduction in non-radiative recombination rate due to improved materials quality, in addition to the enhancement in radiative recombination rate in the staggered InGaN QW could presumably be the reason behind this significant output power improvement.
Plasmon-resonant aerosols for space optics

We identify a cloud of plasmon-resonant particles as an ultimate low-power third-order nonlinear-optic medium that may be suitable for configuring large holographic optical elements in space. We compute the third-order susceptibility and the saturation power density of such a cloud in a space environment. We find that electrostatic repulsion of the particles because of charging by the background plasma dominates as the effective internal pressure of the cloud. The pump-power density required for configuring a space hologram in a cloud of plasmon-resonant particles for 100-μm radiation under ideal conditions is computed to be ~1 W/m2 for a background plasma density and an electron temperature of 108 cm−3 and 1 eV, respectively. The scaling behavior of the pump-power density with the radiation wavelength and the cloud thickness is exhibited and compared with results for nonresonant particles.
The international documents librarian

In 1972,270 expert librarians and documentarians recommended that steps be taken to insure full acceptance of international documentation and to improve conditions of its use by training of responsible personnel.’ The deplorable state of many collections of international documents was found to be caused mainly by the lack of specialized librarians, and the absence of basic principles for the organization and utilization of these documents. An examination of study programmes of library schools throughout the world, published by UNESCO in a volume entitled “World Guide to Library Schools and Training Courses in Documentation,“2 establishes the fact that international documentation is not yet generally taught. Exceptions are, in practice, made by a few library schools, the best example being the Ecole de Bibliothecaires in Geneva, Switzerland, which, located near a number of international organizations, and often supplying staff for their libraries and information centres, has traditionally taught this discipline.
The evolution of software distribution: where did we come from and where are we heading?

With the installation of Ethernet into dormitories in the early to mid-1990s the University of Pennsylvania was suddenly faced with the daunting task of helping 7,000 students connect to its network, and install software that would help them get the most out of the Internet.Over time, consolidation of network interface hardware coupled with advancements in operating systems and software have helped Penn's End-User Software Interface (EUSI) evolve from a boot disk containing DOS NIC drivers, a minimal TCP/IP implementation, and a few key applications such as Telnet and FTP, into the PennConnect CD. In its current state, the PennConnect CD is a sophisticated software installation CD that employs an intelligent interface to guide users through specific tasks. Students install software and learn about computing in a way that is specific to student life at Penn, while faculty and staff are sent down paths relevant to their needs. These various routes are determined by data collected via the CD's interface.With the academic computing landscape changing at an ever-increasing rate, with high-speed Internet connections becoming nearly ubiquitous, with security vulnerabilities mandating more frequent upgrades to supported software, and with customers demanding the most current information on a 24 x 7 x 365 basis, is the relatively static software CD destined for extinction? This presentation will chart the history of software distribution at Penn and hopes to spur discussion about how some of the current realities of academic computing are shaping the plans for future methods of software distribution.
Corporate Health Care Purchasing and the Revised Social Contract with Workers

The implicit social contract between large companies and their employees has been recently revised to emphasize workforce flexibility and the financial responsibility of individual employees for th...
An Examination of the Effects of Corruption on Financial Market Volatility

Corruption has a profound impact on many aspects of a society, such as, productivity growth, foreign direct investment or income equality. We propose that corruption also has an impact on stability of financial markets. In this study, we demonstrate a strong correlation between corruption and financial market stability and compare corruption with other social and economic factors in terms of their correlations with financial market stability. The data used in this study include financial data of 29 countries’ index funds for the last five years (2002–07), the Corruption Perception Index 2007 and the Index of Economic Freedom 2007.JEL Classification: D73, G15, G32
Short-Term Planetary-Scale Interactions over the Tropics and Midlatitudes. Part II: Winter-MONEX Period

The FGGE/winter-Monex wind data from 850 and 200 mb are used to analyze the short-term teleconnections over the tropical and midlatitude Pacific and monsoonal surges in the winter of 1978-79. The data were taken twice a day, and included the total wind field, the computed rotational and divergent winds, the velocity potential, and the streamfunction. Cold surges were identified from shipboard data over the South China Sea and characterized an increase in the surface northerly wind and a surface pressure differential between Hong Kong and 30 deg N, 115 deg E. Midlatitude baroclinic disturbances triggered the cold surges, which displayed intensities dependent on the strength of the midlatitude anticyclogenesis and the intensity of the East Asia local Hadley cell. Fluctuations in the 200 mb jet streak over Japan indicated changes in eddy behavior over the North Pacific and the intensity of the East Asia local Hadley cell circulation and tropical convection. It was concluded that midlatitude synoptic systems could force equatorial convection that produces remote midlatitude responses.
Relationship between body mass index, diet, exercise and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms in a community

SUMMARY Background: Body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for gastro-oesophageal reflux but may simply be explained by diet and lifestyle. Aim: We aimed to determine the contribution of BMI, diet and exercise to GER. Methods: Community subjects (n ¼ 211, mean age ¼ 36 years, 43% males) completed validated questionnaires on gastro-oesophageal reflux, energy expenditure (Harvard Alumni Activity Survey), dietary intake (Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire) and measures of personality and life event stress. Diet, exercise, BMI and other potential risk factors for reflux were analysed using logistic regression analyses. Results: The overall mean (±s.d.) BMI was 26.6 (±5.7); 79 (37%) reported infrequent ( 25, 10% reported frequent reflux compared to 4% of those with BMI £ 25. In a model which included age, sex and Symptom Checklist-90 somatisation T-score, BMI was associated with reflux (OR per 5 units ¼ 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.0). In models which included diet and exercise variables, BMI but not diet or exercise was associated with reflux. Conclusion: BMI may be associated with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux independent of diet and exercise.
The WPI Autonomous Mobile Robot Project: A Progress Report

This paper presents a report on the WPI autonomous mobile robot (WAMR). This robot is currently under development by the Intelligent Machines Project at WPI. Its purpose is to serve as a testbed for real-time artificial intelligence. WAMR is expected to find its way from one place in a building to another, avoiding people and obstacles enroute. It is given no a priori knowledge of the building, but must learn about its environment by goal-directed exploration. Design concepts and descriptions of the major items completed thus far are presented. WAMR is a self-contained, wheeled robot that uses evidence based techniques to reason about actions. The robot builds and continually updates a world model of its environment. This is done using a combination of ultrasonic and visual data. This world model is interpreted and movement plans are generated by a planner utilizing uses real-time incremental evidence techniques. These movement plans are then carried out by a hierarchical evidence-based adaptive controller. Two interesting features of the robot are the line imaging ultrasonic sensor and the video subsystem. The former uses frequency variation to form a line image of obstacles between one and twenty feet in front of the robot. The latter attempts to mimic the human eye using neural network pattern recognition techniques. Several items have been completed thus far. The paper describes some of these, including the multiprocessor navigator and non-skid motion control system, the ultrasonic line imager, the concepts of the vision system, and the computer hardware and software environment.
SAMA: Spectrum Agile Medium Access control for cognitive radios

In this paper we propose a novel Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol that provides spectrum agile bandwidth allocation for cognitive radios. Our MAC protocol, called Spectrum Agile Multiple Access or simply SAMA, harnesses the frequency agility of cognitive radios in allocating fair and contention free bandwidth under a heterogeneous spectrum environment. SAMA accomplishes its bandwidth allocation by allowing each radio to synchronize its channel access schedule with its neighbors through the use of TDMA based dynamic control slot scheduling to exchange schedule information. Combining the schedule information with the cross layer information, SAMA establishes a unique communication group called “Context Group (CG)” which consists of radios which belong to a common information flow (i.e. intermediate nodes in a route) for optimizing bandwidth allocation and improving end-to-end latency. The establishment of CG leads to a dramatic throughput improvement over a naive approach as shown by our simulation results.
Sizes and mass distributions of clathrin-coated vesicles from bovine brain.

Abstract Clathrin-coated vesicles obtained from bovine brain have been studied by ultracentrifugation and dynamic light scattering techniques to provide information on their sedimentation and mass distributions and their average diffusion coefficients. “Uncoated” vesicles, obtained by removing the protein coat from coated vesicles, have been similarly characterized. For typical preparations, maximal values of approximately 210 and 95 S are observed for the sedimentation coefficients of coated and uncoated vesicles, respectively. Corresponding values for the average molecular weights, determined from values of average sedimentation and diffusion coefficients, are 49 × 106 and 13 × 106; values obtained by equilibrium sedimentation are 37.2 × 106 and 10.6 × 106. In order to obtain these results, some minor modifications of sedimentation and light-scattering techniques have been devised which may have application to other studies of size distributions of large particles.
A comparison of spatial autocorrelation indices and landscape metrics in measuring urban landscape fragmentation

Abstract The combined use of remote sensing based land cover classification and landscape metrics has provided a positive step toward gaining a comprehensive understanding of the features of landscape structure. However, numerous limitations of land cover classification indicate that the utilization of classified thematic maps in landscape pattern analysis is questionable and may even lead to large errors in subsequent analyses. Instead of generating and employing detailed land cover classification maps, the utility of local spatial autocorrelation indices derived directly from satellite imagery to measure landscape fragmentation was examined. Since local spatial autocorrelation can capture spatial pattern at a local scale, it can be expected to detail the spatial heterogeneity for various parts of a landscape instead of providing a single value as in the case with the global measures. This study compares the traditional landscape metrics to the use of satellite imagery based local spatial autocorrelation measures in quantifying landscape structure over Phoenix urban area. Two local spatial autocorrelation indices, the Getis statistic and the local Moran's I were employed in evaluating landscape pattern, using normalized indices as the inputs. Results show that there is a clear relationship between local spatial autocorrelation indices and FRAGSTATS metrics. Both the Getis statistic and the local Moran's I can serve as useful indicators of landscape heterogeneity, for the entire landscape, and for different land use and land cover types. The paper provides a feasible methodology for urban planners and resource managers for effectively characterizing landscape fragmentation using continuous dataset.
Human keratinocytes synthesize and secrete the extracellular matrix protein, thrombospondin

Thrombospondin (TSP) a glycoprotein originally identified as the endogenous lectin of platelets, is also synthesized by fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pneumocytes, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. Thrombospondin is subdivided into functional domains which bind specifically to heparin, fibronectin, collagen, and to specific cellular receptors. It is found within the basement membranes of kidney, lung, smooth muscle, and skin. Thus TSP may serve as an important link between cells and matrices. Thrombospondin also has been reported at the epidermal-dermal junction. We wished to determine whether human keratinocytes synthesize and secrete TSP. Pure human keratinocytes were grown in defined medium without fibroblast feeder layers. Immunofluorescent staining with either rabbit polyclonal or mouse monoclonal antibodies to human platelet TSP yielded specific granular staining within the cytoplasm of keratinocytes. Culture media and cellular lysates were harvested from cultures metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine. Trichloroacetic acid precipitation, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and autoradiography revealed a major labeled band comigrating with purified platelet TSP in both the media and the cellular lysates. Immunoprecipitation with either the polyclonal or the monoclonal anti-TSP antibodies followed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography identified this band as TSP. Thus keratinocytes in culture synthesize and secrete TSP. Thrombospondin may play an important role in epidermal interactions with extracellular matrix.
Methionine and Protein Metabolism in Non Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: Evidence for Lower Rate of Transmethylation of Methionine

Hepatic metabolism of methionine is the source of cysteine, the precursor of glutathione, the major intracellular antioxidant in the body. Methionine also is the immediate precursor of SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) the key methyl donor for phosphatidylcholine synthesis required for the export of VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) triacylglycerols (triglycerides) from the liver. We have examined the kinetics of methionine, its transmethylation and trans-sulfuration with estimates of whole body rate of protein turnover and urea synthesis in clinically stable biopsy-confirmed subjects with NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis). Subjects with NASH were more insulin-resistant and had significantly higher plasma concentrations of usCRP (ultrasensitive C-reactive protein), TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) and other inflammatory cytokines. There was no significant effect of insulin resistance and NASH on whole body rate of protein turnover [phenylalanine Ra (rate of appearance)] and on the rate of urea synthesis. The rates of methylation of homocysteine and transmethylation of methionine were significantly lower in NASH compared with controls. There was no difference in the rate of trans-sulfuration of methionine between the two groups. Enteric mixed nutrient load resulted in a significant increase in all the measured parameters of methionine kinetics. Heterozygosity for MTHFR (5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase) (677C→T) did not have an impact on methionine metabolism. We speculate that, as a result of oxidant stress possibly due to high fatty acid oxidation, the activity of methionine adenosyltransferase is attenuated resulting in a lower rate of transmethylation of methionine and of SAM synthesis. These results are the first evidence for perturbed metabolism of methionine in NASH in humans and provide a rationale for the development of targeted intervention strategies.
A biophysically based dendrite model using programmable floating-gate devices

This paper presents our programmable floating-gate dendrite model based upon our transistor channel models. We are developing a flexible, low-power, real-time computational engine for studying, understanding, and implementing neural computation. Here we present a systematic study of the dynamics seen in this silicon model, emphasizing the connection to conventional neurobiological modeling of dendrites. These results provide a foundation for future work on larger systems.
Analysis of phenylethylamines by gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract A method is described for the simultaneous analysis of several biologically important phenylethylamines using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The amines are converted to N -dinitrophenyl, O -trimethylsilyl derivatives prior to their separation by gas chromatography. By using selected ion monitoring in the chemical ionization mode, we have been able to quantitate the endogenous concentrations of phenylethylamine and phenylethanolamine in rat brain.
Social relationships in locality and livelihood: The embeddedness of rural economic restructuring

Abstract In this paper, we apply an embeddedness perspective to data collected from group interviews in four rural Wisconsin communities. The interviews focused on interpretations of local economic conditions and changes and on the consequences of these changes for family well-being and activities. We analyze our participants' relationships to locality, their interpretations of local economic changes, and their formal and informal work arrangements. Just as restructuring is not occurring on the ‘head of a pin’, neither are the social relations that influence people's interpretations of, and responses to, restructuring. The restructuring of places leads to and is defined by the restructuring of social relationships in places. Family and marital relations are central to the kinds of actions and understandings we studied. In addition, we noted the importance of neighboring and class relationships. Some of these relationships were primarily based on a competition of interests, others were based on mutual accommodation and cooperation. All these relationships are embedded in place, occurring in and helping to define locality. We conclude with a discussion of localities as continuously constructed, not only by macro-economic forces, but by the history of social relations that provide tolerance and resistance.
Massive vector field and electromagnetic field in the landau gauge

It is shown that by introducing an auxiliary scalar field having negative norm, one can formulate a consistent, manifestly covariant, and manifestly renormalizable theory of a neutral vector field. The $S$ matrix is unitary if the vector field couples with a conserved current. An important feature of this theory is that it smoothly tends to quantum electrodynamics in the Landau gauge when the bare mass of the vector field goes to zero. On the basis of this fact, one resolves the drawback of Johnson's proof of the statement that the physical mass of the vector field must vanish when its bare mass vanishes. Furthermore, it is explicitly demonstrated how the vacuum expectation value of the commutator of Heisenberg operators behaves as the mass tends to zero. Finally, an extension of this theory to the massive Yang-Mills field is briefly discussed.
Use of Normative Data for the Selective Reminding Test

As there are multiple forms of the Selective Reminding Test, it is critical to consider the implications of using published normative data in interpretation of results as different forms of administration may not be equivalent in regards to the domain of memory assessed.
Development of attraction to estrous females in male dogs

Abstract In simultaneous choice tests male beagles were allowed to visit a caged female in estrus, or caged, spayed female not in estrus. Males were tested periodically from 1–3 to 22–24 months of age. The 3 subject groups were normal males (Group N), males castrated 4–7 days postpartum and injected with testosterone propionate (TP) until they were 3 months old (Group TPTC), and males castrated 4–7 days but given no hormone treatment, i.e., untreated castrates (Group UC). A statistically reliable preference for visiting the estrous rather than the nonestrous female first appeared in N males at 4–6 months, in TPTC males at 1–3 months, and in UC males at 10–12 months. In N males attraction to the estrous female (measured by time spent visiting her) increased progressively from 4–6 to 16–18 months. In the same period concentration of plasma testosterone rapidly increased, reached a peak at 10–12 months, and then declined. UC males exhibited no significant increase in attraction to the estrous female from 10–12 months (when a preference first appeared) to 22–24 months. They then received 10 injections of TP after which their visiting time to the estrous female was equal to that of N males. TPTC males exhibited a precocious preference for the estrous female at 1–3 months, while they were receiving TP, and there was no decrease in strength of attraction in the following 9 months during which time no hormone was administered. Between 10–12 and 13–15 months, still without exogenous androgen, visiting to the estrous female began to increase and continued to do so until 19–21 months.
Service Learning and Expectations for Ethical Growth: An Interview with Brian Hoyt

About Brian Hoyt Brian Hoyt is associate professor of management at Ohio University in the department of management. He teaches management and marketing classes. Prior to entering the higher education work force, Brian was an executive in the manufacturing and distribution business sectors. He continues to consult with companies in a variety of industry sectors on strategic planning and training
Comparison of the Ideal and Real Body as Women Age Relationships to Age Identity, Body Satisfaction and Importance, and Attention to Models in Advertising

This study examines the relationship between age, body image, and women's proclivity to compare themselves with fashion models. A sample of 281 women between the ages of 30 and 80 participated in t...
Part XVII: Application of translesional pressure and flow velocity assessment in a severely calcified coronary narrowing in a patient with unstable angina

While the angiographic appearance of coronary stenoses commonly directs interventional decisions, it may correlate imprecisely with hemodynamic or physiologic lesional significance. Previous data would suggest that direct measures of translesional physiology can be helpful in assessing the hemodynamic significance of stable coronary stenoses. In unstable ischemic syndromes, however, the hemodynamic severity of lesions may depend on the presence of variably occlusive intraluminal thrombus superimposed on fluctuating vessel tone. Under these circumstances, physiologic lesional assessment can yield helpful information, which nonetheless must be interpreted with caution in light of the clinical context. Determination of optimal management strategies for such patients remains difficult and must await further investigation of prognosis and outcome.
Schizophrenia in adolescence.

The emergence of schizophrenic psychoses during middle and late adolescence poses the question of how adolescence as a developmental stage is related to the emergence of severe psychopathology. This paper examines several possible explanations for adolescence as the beginning of the high-risk age, particularly for the schizophrenias. After discussing the nature of adolescence as distinguished from puberty, and then considering the nature of schizophrenia, we report some data from a long-range study of young adult psychiatric patients, both schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic. Our data support the idea that serious psychopathology—not only schizophrenia—occurs in a setting of poor competence in a variety of crucial skills which include the social, intellectual, and physical realms. The demands made on adolescents by societal expectations for independence and role establishment summon a variety of competencies. Where these competencies are dysfunctional, societal demands strain an already vulnerable youth, and potentiate disorganization.
Fetal toxicity of kepone in rats and mice.

Abstract Doses of 10, 6, and 2 mg/kg/day of Kepone in CD rats and 12, 8, 4, and 2 mg/kg/day in CD-1 mice were administered to pregnant animals by gastric intubation during the major period of organogenesis, Days 7–16 of gestation. Fetal toxicity was produced in both rats and mice at doses which caused significant reductions in maternal weight gains during gestation and increased liver/body weight ratios. In rats, fetuses from dams receiving the highest dose (which also resulted in 19% maternal mortality) exhibited significant incidences of reduced fetal weight, reduced degree of ossification, edema, undescended testis, enlarged renal pelvis, and enlarged cerebral ventricles. Lower dose levels which also produced maternal weight loss and liver/body weight ratio increase, but no mortality, caused only reduced fetal weight and reduced degree of ossification. Male rats born to dams treated with Kepone during gestation showed no reproductive impairment. In the mouse, fetotoxicity only occurred in the highest dose group and was manifested by increased fetal mortality and clubfoot.
A critical role for peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-α nuclear receptors in the development of cardiomyocyte degeneration and necrosis

Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor that regulates genes involved in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. PPAR-α activators, including fibrates, have been used to treat dyslipidemia for several decades. In contrast to their known effects on lipids, the pharmacological consequences of PPAR-α activation on cardiac metabolism and function are not well understood. Therefore, we evaluated the role that PPAR-α receptors play in the heart. Our studies demonstrate that activation of PPAR-α receptors using a selective PPAR-α ligand results in cardiomyocyte necrosis in mice. Studies in PPAR-α-deficient mice demonstrated that cardiomyocyte necrosis is a consequence of the activation of PPAR-α receptors. Cardiac fatty acyl-CoA oxidase mRNA levels increased at doses in which cardiac damage was observed and temporally preceded cardiomyocyte degeneration, suggesting that peroxisomal β-oxidation correlates with the appearance of microscopic injury and cardiac injury biomarkers. Increased myocardial oxidative stress was evident in mice treated with the PPAR-α agonists coinciding with increased peroxisomal biomarkers of fatty acid oxidation. These findings suggest that activation of PPAR-α leads to increased cardiac fatty acid oxidation and subsequent accumulation of oxidative stress intermediates resulting in cardiomyocyte necrosis.