cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communication Satellites for Public Television

Over the years, broadcasting in the United States, both radio and television, developed chiefly as a privately owned, commercial service. In that same period, however, some commercial television and radio stations emerged to meet various special needs, as for example, the requirements of schools and universities for educational programs. These stations were mainly local, set up by educational and other local public organizations. These groups had a number of common interests which resulted in the setting up of associations or other similar bodies which could act for groups of stations and organize the sharing of programs. The most familiar of these early organizations is probably National Educational Television (NET) which for many years operated a limited television distribution network.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation microarrays for identification of genes silenced by histone H3 lysine 9 methylation

Switching from acetylation to methylation at histone H3 lysine 9 (K9) has recently been shown to contribute to euchromatin gene silencing. To identify genes silenced by K9 modifications, we probed a human CpG island microarray with DNA obtained by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in a cancer cell line using an anti-H3-K9 methylated antibody or an anti-H3-K9 acetylated antibody. Of the 27 clones with the highest signal ratio of K9 methylation over acetylation (Me/Ac), 13 contained repetitive sequences. Among 14 nonrepetitive clones, we identified 11 genes (seven known and four previously undescribed), one EST, and two unknown fragments. Using ChIP-PCR, all 18 examined clones showed higher ratios of H3-K9 Me/Ac than the active gene control, P21, thus confirming the microarray data. In addition, we found a strong correlation between the K9 Me/Ac ratio and CpG island DNA methylation (R = 0.92, P < 0.01), and five of seven genes examined (megalin, thrombospondin-4, KR18, latrophilin-3, and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase P101 subunit) showed lack of expression by RT-PCR and reactivation by DNA methylation and/or histone deacetylase inhibition, suggesting that these genes are true targets of silencing through histone modifications. All five genes also showed significant DNA methylation in a cell line panel and in primary colon cancers. Our data suggest that CpG island microarray coupled with ChIP can identify novel targets of gene silencing in cancer. This unbiased approach confirms the tight coupling between DNA methylation and histone modifications in cancer and could be used to probe gene silencing in nonneoplastic conditions as well.
Impact of Epoetin Alfa on Left Ventricular Structure, Function, and Pressure Volume Relations as Assessed by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance: The Heart Failure Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFPEF) Anemia Trial

Anemia, a common comorbidity in older adults with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF), is associated with worse outcomes. The authors quantified the effect of anemia treatment on left ventricular (LV) structure and function as measured by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. A prospective, randomized single-blind clinical trial (NCT NCT00286182) comparing the safety and efficacy of epoetin alfa vs placebo for 24 weeks in which a subgroup (n=22) had cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline and after 3 and 6 months to evaluate changes in cardiac structure and function. Pressure volume (PV) indices were derived from MRI measures of ventricular volume coupled with sphygmomanometer-measured pressure and Doppler estimates of filling pressure. The end-systolic and end-diastolic PV relations and the area between them as a function of end-diastolic pressure, the isovolumic PV area (PVAiso), were calculated. Patients (75±10 years, 64% women) with HFPEF (EF=63%±15%) with an average hemoglobin of 10.3±1.1 gm/dL were treated with epoetin alfa using a dose-adjusted algorithm that increased hemoglobin compared with placebo (P<.0001). As compared with baseline, there were no significant changes in end-diastolic (-7±8 mL vs -3±8 mL, P=.81) or end-systolic (-0.4±2 mL vs -0.7±5 mL, P=.96) volumes at 6-month follow-up between epoetin alfa compared with placebo. LV function as measured based on EF (-1.5%±1.6% vs -2.6%±3.3%, P=.91) and pressure volume indices (PVAiso-EDP at 30 mm Hg, -5071±4308 vs -1662±4140, P=.58) did not differ between epoetin alfa and placebo. Administration of epoetin alfa to older adult patients with HFPEF resulted in a significant increase in hemoglobin, without evident change in LV structure, function, or pressure volume relationships as measured quantitatively using CMR imaging.
Testing factorization in B → D ( * ) X decays

In QCD the amplitude for ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{(*)+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ factorizes in the large ${N}_{c}$ limit or in the large energy limit $Q\ensuremath{\gg}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{QCD}}$ where $Q={{m}_{b}{,m}_{c}{,m}_{b}\ensuremath{-}{m}_{c}}.$ Data also suggest factorization in the exclusive processes $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{B}{D}^{*}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{B}{D}^{*}\ensuremath{\omega}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}};$ however, by themselves neither a large ${N}_{c}$ nor a large Q can account for this. We give exact large ${N}_{c}$ relations among isospin amplitudes for $\overline{B}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{(*)}X$ and $\overline{B}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{(*)}{D}^{(*)}X,$ which can be used to test factorization through exclusive or inclusive measurements. Noting that the condition for large energy release in ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is enforced by the small velocity limit, ${m}_{b}\ensuremath{\gg}{m}_{b}\ensuremath{-}{m}_{c}\ensuremath{\gg}\ensuremath{\Lambda},$ we propose that the combined large ${N}_{c}$ and SV limits justify factorization in $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{B}{D}^{(*)}X.$ This combined limit is tested with the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{B}{D}^{*}X$ inclusive decay spectrum measured by CLEO.
Securitized transition costs: Rethinking who wins and who loses

Abstract Securitization of revenues is an efficient financial innovation that first reached electric utilities during their transition to competition. Because securitization is being used as a device for coping with stranded costs, the dialogue over its implementation has become mired in peripheral issues that cloud our evaluations of it. In all likelihood, it promises neither the salvation of utilities nor the death of competition.
Nanoparticles and the Environment

Nanoparticles are a class of materials with properties distinctively different from their bulk and molecular counterparts. A critical review of the very broad topic of environmental nanoparticles is presented. Because of the vast nature of the topic, the review is focused primarily on gas-borne nanoparticles. The "life history of nanoparticles" is presented, tracking it from its formation to its potential use and eventual fate in the environment. Nanoparticle sources, anthropogenic emissions from industrial and occupational settings, and conversion and formation in the atmosphere are discussed. The ability to characterize and capture these nanoparticles (as would be necessary in a nanoparticle production system), as well as their control (of emissions from an industrial source) is discussed. A description on the use of nanoparticles in environmental technologies and the potential impact on the energy sector is provided. The potential effects on human health and the environment, both adverse and beneficial, are important aspects that need to be considered. As will be evident, the study of "environmental nanoparticles" is a new and fast-growing field. Much work remains to be done before we can fully harness the advantages of nanoparticles and ensure that there are no potential adverse consequences. A set of recommendations for additional work in each area is provided.
Intense tai chi exercise training and fall occurrences in older, transitionally frail adults: a randomized, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether an intense tai chi (TC) exercise program could reduce the risk of falls more than a wellness education (WE) program in older adults meeting criteria for transitioning to frailty. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial of 48 weeks duration. SETTING: Twenty congregate living facilities in the greater Atlanta area. PARTICIPANTS: Sample of 291 women and 20 men aged 70 to 97. MEASUREMENTS: Demographics, time to first fall and all subsequent falls, functional measures, Sickness Impact Profile, Centers for Epidemiologic StudiesFDepression Scale, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale, Falls Efficacy Scales, and adherence to interventions. RESULTS: The risk ratio (RR) of falling was not statistically different in the TC group and the WE group (RR 50.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 50.52‐1.08), P 5.13). Over the 48 weeks of intervention, 46% (n 5132) of the participants did not fall; the percentage of participants that fell at least once was 47.6% for the TC group and 60.3% for the WE group. CONCLUSION: TC did not reduce the RR of falling in transitionally frail, older adults, but the direction of effect observed in this study, together with positive findings seen previously in more-robust older adults, suggests that TC may be clinically important and should be evaluated further in this high-risk population. J Am Geriatr Soc 51:1693– 1701, 2003.
Analyzing Logistic Map Pseudorandom Number Generators for Periodicity Induced by Finite Precision Floating-Point Representation

Abstract Because of the mixing and aperiodic properties of chaotic maps, such maps have been used as the basis for pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs). However, when implemented on a finite precision computer, chaotic maps have finite and periodic orbits. This manuscript explores the consequences finite precision has on the periodicity of a PRNG based on the logistic map. A comparison is made with conventional methods of generating pseudorandom numbers. The approach used to determine the number, delay, and period of the orbits of the logistic map at varying degrees of precision (3 to 23 bits) is described in detail, including the use of the Condor high-throughput computing environment to parallelize independent tasks of analyzing a large initial seed space. Results demonstrate that in terms of pathological seeds and effective bit length, a PRNG based on the logistic map performs exponentially worse than conventional PRNGs.
Literacy development of linguistically diverse first graders in a mainstream English classroom: Connecting speaking and writing:

Children who speak different home languages and dialects in a monolingual classroom often carry the challenge of having to develop literacy in a different language. This article presents a qualitat...
Economic Evaluation of a Hypothetical Screening Assay for Alloimmunization Risk Among Transfused Patients with Sickle Cell Disease

Background Thirty percent of chronically transfused patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) become alloimmunized. Antigen-matching reduces alloimmunization. Matching may be prospective (for all patients) or based on history (only for patients with an alloimmunization history). We assessed the clinical and financial value of a potential assay to identify at-risk patients to guide antigen-matching.
A Rad-Hard Miniaturized Switching Module for High-Voltage Applications

A miniaturized, scalable, and rad-hard high-voltage module is demonstrated as a “proof-of-concept.” The module is suitable for space applications. The design uses a commercial process that combines 0.25-μm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors with a high-voltage lateral double-diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (DMOS) device (>600 V). The design was simulated, fabricated, and tested and shows functionality up to 2.5 kV. Several radiation-hardening-by-design (RHBD) techniques were used to improve radiation hardness over 100 krad.
RAD51 mutants cause replication defects and chromosomal instability

RAD51 is important for restarting stalled replication forks and for repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through a pathway called homology-directed repair (HDR). However, analysis of the consequences of specific RAD51 mutants has been difficult since they are toxic. Here we report on the dominant effects of two human RAD51 mutants defective for ATP binding (K133A) or ATP hydrolysis (K133R) expressed in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells that also expressed normal mouse RAD51 from the other chromosome. These cells were defective for restarting stalled replication forks and repairing breaks. They were also hypersensitive to camptothecin, a genotoxin that generates breaks specifically at the replication fork. In addition, these cells exhibited a wide range of structural chromosomal changes that included multiple breakpoints within the same chromosome. Thus, ATP binding and hydrolysis are essential for chromosomal maintenance. Fusion of RAD51 to a fluorescent tag (enhanced green fluorescent protein [eGFP]) allowed visualization of these proteins at sites of replication and repair. We found very low levels of mutant protein present at these sites compared to normal protein, suggesting that low levels of mutant protein were sufficient for disruption of RAD51 activity and generation of chromosomal rearrangements.
Garbage collection can be faster than stack allocation

Abstract An old and simple algorithm for garbage collection gives very good results when the physical memory is much larger than the number of reachable cells. In fact, the overhead associated with allocating and collecting cells from the heap can be reduced to less than one instruction per cell by increasing the size of physical memory. Special hardware, intricate garbage-collection algorithms, and fancy compiler analysis become unnecessary.
Detection and quantitation of calcific atherosclerosis by ultrafast computed tomography in children and young adults with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.

Ultrafast computed tomography (CT) is a new method for detecting calcific lesions in the coronary arteries. The ability of CT to detect and quantify coronary artery atherosclerosis in children and young adults at risk for malignant atherogenesis was evaluated. A total of 11 consecutive familial hypercholesterolemic (FH) homozygotes (3 to 37 years old) participated. Untreated total cholesterol concentrations were 488 to 1277 mg/dL (12.7 to 33.2 mmol/L). Angiography detected significant lesions in 7 of 11 patients. CT detected calcific atherosclerosis in all 9 of the patients older than 12 years of age, including all those with angina. CT was more sensitive in detecting aortic root and coronary ostial lesions, where atherosclerosis first appears in homozygous FH. The volume of calcification (in cubic millimeters) correlated with the severity and duration of the hypercholesterolemia (r = .62, P 150 mm3 of calcified volume, whereas only 1 of 4 asymptomatic patients had a volume score > 150 mm3. We conclude that (1) coronary and aortic calcium phosphate deposits are common in young FH homozygotes; (2) these deposits are associated with the presence of angiographic stenoses, as has been seen in adults with coronary atherosclerosis; and (3) aortic calcific deposits are more common than calcific coronary lesions.
Regulation of retinoic acid signaling during lung morphogenesis

Little is known about how retinoic acid (RA) synthesis, utilization and metabolism are regulated in the embryonic lung and how these activities relate to lung pattern formation. Here we report that early lung bud formation and subsequent branching morphogenesis are characterized by distinct stages of RA signaling. At the onset of lung development RA signaling is ubiquitously activated in primary buds, as shown by expression of the major RA-synthesizing enzyme, RALDH-2 and activation of a RARE-lacZ transgene. Nevertheless, further airway branching appears to require downregulation of RA pathways by decreased synthesis, increased RA degradation in the epithelium via P450RAI-mediated metabolism, and inhibition of RA signaling in the mesenchyme by COUPTF-II expression. These mechanisms controlling local RA signaling may be critical for normal branching, since we show that manipulating RA levels in vitro to maintain RA signaling activated as in the initial stage, leads to an immature lung phenotype characterized by failure to form typical distal buds. We show that this phenotype likely results from RA interfering with the establishment of a distal signaling center, altering levels and distribution of Fgf10 and Bmp4, genes that are essential for distal lung formation. Furthermore, RA upregulates P450RAI expression, suggesting the presence of feedback mechanisms controlling RA availability. Our study illustrates the importance of regional mechanisms that control RA availability and utilization for correct expression of pattern regulators and normal morphogenesis during lung development.
ROLE OF ELECTROLYTES AND STARVATION IN ALTERING APPARENT RADIOSENSITIVITY OF BAKERS' YEAST*

1. Respiration and fermentation of yeast receiving 90,000 r of 250 kv. x-rays were studied under a variety of conditions. This dose will nearly completely inhibit growth or colony formation. 2. The apparent effects of irradiation are quite dependent on the K+ and H+ of the suspending medium. At pH 4.5 stimulatory effects were observed in KH2PO2 buffer and inhibition in potassium-free (T-S-T) buffer. At pH 6.5 the situation was reversed and the effects were very small (about 10 per cent). Addition of K+ to irradiated yeast in T-S-T buffer at pH 4.5 can completely reverse the inhibition seen. 3. Starving increases the apparent radiosensitivity of respiration and fermentation, probably by depletion of metabolite and/or electrolyte reserves. 4. Treatment with a cation exchange resin (dowex 50) results in marked inhibition of these processes in irradiated yeast, either fresh or starved. This was most effective if given after irradiation. Almost complete inhibition of anaerobic CO2 production occurs with starvation, irradiation, and dowex treatment combined. 5. The effects of starvation and cation exchange resin treatment can be reversed, though not completely, by adding K+ to the medium.
Signal transducers and activators of transcription mediate fibroblast growth factor-induced vascular endothelial morphogenesis

The fibroblast growth factors (FGF) play diverse roles in development, wound healing, and angiogenesis. The intracellular signal transduction pathways, which mediate these pleiotropic activities, remain incompletely understood. We show here that the proangiogenic factors FGF2 and FGF8b can activate signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) in mouse microvascular endothelial cells (EC). Both FGF2 and FGF8b activate STAT5 and to a lesser extent STAT1, but not STAT3. The FGF2-dependent activation of endothelial STAT5 was confirmed in vivo with the Matrigel plug angiogenesis assay. In tissue samples of human gliomas, a tumor type wherein FGF-induced angiogenesis is important, STAT5 is detected in tumor vessel EC nuclei, consistent with STAT5 activation. By forced expression of constitutively active or dominant-negative mutant STAT5A in mouse brain ECs, we further show that STAT5 activation is both necessary and sufficient for FGF-induced cell migration, invasion, and tube formation, which are key events in vascular endothelial morphogenesis and angiogenesis. In contrast, STAT5 is not required for brain EC mitogenesis. The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases Src and Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) both seem to be involved in the activation of STAT5, as their inhibition reduces FGF2- and FGF8b-induced STAT5 phosphorylation and EC tube formation. Constitutively active STAT5A partially restores tube formation in the presence of Src or Jak2 inhibitors. These observations show that FGFs use distinct signaling pathways to induce angiogenic phenotypes. Together, our findings implicate the FGF-Jak2/Src-STAT5 cascade as a critical angiogenic FGF signaling pathway.
A role-based access control policy verification framework for real-time systems

This paper presents a framework for verifying the access control requirements of real-time application systems such as workflow management systems and active databases. The temporal and event-based semantics of these applications can be expressed using event-driven role based access control (RBAC) model. Any comprehensive access control model such as RBAC requires verification and validation mechanisms to ensure the consistency of access control specification. An inconsistent access control specification exposes the underlying system to numerous vulnerabilities and security risks. In this paper, we propose a Petri-net based framework for verifying the correctness of event-driven RBAC policies.
Female preferences for socially variable call characters in the cricket frog, Acris crepitans

Male cricket frogs produce only one type of call, the advertisement call, which both attracts females and repels rival males. The temporal and spectral structure of this call varies in a graded fashion with social context: males increase the temporal complexity and decrease the dominant frequency of their advertisement calls when interacting with neighbouring males. Previous studies of male behaviour suggested that vocal escalation signals fighting ability or aggressive intent. In this study, we examined an alternative hypothesis for the function of vocal escalation, that it increases a male's relative attractiveness to females when other males are nearby. We tested female cricket frogs for phonotactic preferences with respect to spectral and temporal call characters. Females did not show preferences for call dominant frequency, although they tended to choose calls with dominant frequencies near the population mean over calls with high or low dominant frequencies. Females preferred temporal call characters representative of interacting males to the temporal characters of undisturbed males. Males may use changes in temporal call characters to facultatively increase their relative attractiveness to females in the presence of other males.
Meeting accountability or evading responsibility

(1979). Meeting accountability or evading responsibility. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 18, Education: A Vision NOT A Viewpoint (Accountability), pp. 372-378.
Locus of control in nondisabled versus congenitally physically disabled adolescents.

Locus of control in 13 nondisabled and 8 congenitally physically disabled adolescents was examined with the use of the Nowicki-Strickland Locus ofControl Scale for Children (Nowicki & Strickland, 1973a). All sub­ jects with disabilities had IQs within normal limits, used wheelchairs, and could communicate verbally. The two groups were matched in IQ, age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. It was hypothesized that the locus of control scores for the disabled group would evidence significantly more externality than the scores for the nondisabled group. A Mann Whitney U test was done to analyze the data gathered, and the results were found to be statistically nonsignificant (U = 58.50, p = .635). Adjunct analyses were conducted to explore the percentage of internal and external an­ swers between the two groups. Race was the only vari­ able correlating Significantly with locus of control scores (r = .54, p = .05). The study's results suggest that disability is not a significant predictor of exter­ nality in adolescents. Persons with an internal locus ofcontrol are more assertive and better able to cope with their environment; occupational therapists can offer many therapeutic strategies to persons with an external locus ofcontrol for improved function and quality oflife.
God and his imaginary friends: a Hassidic metaphysics

What happens when you assume that the world is a dream in the mind of God, or that the world's history is a story that God is spinning? Focusing on the role that this assumption plays in the thought of Rabbi Mordechai Yosef Leiner (1801–1854), at least as it is understood by Rabbi Herzl Hefter, I argue that this assumption generates interesting solutions to old riddles in the philosophy of religion and interesting insights into the nature of religious language.
Food web quantification using secondary production analysis: predaceous invertebrates of the snag habitat in a subtropical river

1. Secondary production was estimated for Plecoptera, Odonata and Megaloptera (mostly large predators) occurring on the snag habitat of a subtropical blackwater river in the southeastern U.S.A. Coastal Plain for 2 years. Production estimates and gut analyses were used in estimating species-specific ingestion to construct a quantitative food web of the predator portion of the invertebrate assemblage. Neither basal resources (e.g. detritus) nor predaceous vertebrates (e.g. fishes) were considered in this analysis. A discharge-specific model of snag-habitat availability was used to convert values per m2 of snag surface to values per m2 of river bed. 2. These three orders included the major large predators on the snag habitat, as well as two detritivorous stoneflies. The major predators were the hellgrammite (Corydaluscornutus), five perlid stoneflies (Paragnetinakansensis, Perlestaplacida, Neoperlaclymene, Acroneuriaevoluta and Acroneuriaabnormis) and two dragonflies (Neurocorduliamolesta and Boyeriavinosa). The detritivores were Pteronarcysdorsata and Taeniopteryxlita. 3. Total predator production was high, but varied from only 7.1 to 7.4 g dry mass (DM) m−2 y−1 of snag surface (2.4–2.7 g DM m−2 y−1 of river bed) over two years. Corydalus was the largest predator and had the highest production (2.8–3.1 g DM m−2 of snag surface). The most productive stoneflies were Perlesta (0.7–1.0 g DM m−2 of snag surface) and Paragnetina (1.0–1.3 g DM m−2 of snag surface). The most productive dragonfly was Neurocordulia (0.7–1.9 g DM m−2 of snag surface). Production of the non-predaceous stoneflies was 1.0–2.3 g DM m−2 of snag surface. Production values per m2 of river bed were 2–3.5 times lower than the values per m2 snag surface. 4. Measurement of ingestion fluxes within the predator portion of the food web showed that predaceous invertebrates were primarily supported by chironomid and mayfly prey. However, the greatest consumption of chironomids and mayflies was by omnivorous hydropsychid caddisflies, which had a considerably higher production than the larger predators. There was a hierarchy of feeding with Corydalus as top predator consuming all other groups, followed in order by dragonflies, stoneflies and hydropsychids. Although the feeding hierarchy suggested the presence of four predatory trophic levels within the invertebrate assemblage, calculations of trophic position indicated there were less than two. With primary consumers (e.g. midges) having a trophic position of 2, Corydalus had a trophic position of only 3.5. 5. A relatively high fraction of invertebrate production was consumed by predaceous invertebrates, ranging from 9 to >100% for various primary consumer groups, with total consumption representing 52% of total production. Because these estimates do not include vertebrate consumption or emergence, it means that a high fraction of larval mortality is due to predation.
Zircaloy-4 cladding deformation during power reactor irradiation

Axial elongation, circumferential creep, ovalization and ridging in Zircaloy fuel cladding were investigated for fuel irradiated in four modern PWR's. For fueled rods, only fluence and stress were found to influence elongation, while for nonfueled rods the texture was also important. Time and flux had weaker than linear influence on circumferential creep strain in nonfueled rods, while the influence of the stress was stronger than linear. The strain rate was almost athermal. The creep strain clearly increased with preirradiation yield strength. The creep rate decreased with an increase in the angle between the basal poles and the radial direction. Ovalization of fueled and nonfueled rods was observed. Clad ridging developed in fueled rods, usually in a time period between one and two reactor cycles and almost always after three cycles. 29 refs.
Hypotheses and Certainty in Cartesian Science

In his early methodological and scientific writings [the Discourse and Regulae as well as the Optics and Meterology] Descartes frequently claims that his goal is to produce a science deducible from first principles; one that would provide a level of certainty hitherto unattained. Although Descartes fails to provide in these texts the ultimate principles from which to deduce his physical explanations, he nevertheless promises to provide a complete account of his system in a later work. This is the task he set for himself in the Principles of Philosophy.
Fuse and Load Testing with Mid-Sized, High Energy Density Flux Compression Generators

Compact Pulsed Power Systems (CPPSs) require power sources that are small in size yet can produce the necessary electrical energy required to drive a given load. Helical Flux Compression Generators (HFCGs) are attractive for single shot applications due to their rapid conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy. Mid-sized generators occupy little total volume (∼4,000-cm3 total with a compressible volume of ∼300-cm3 in the present generator design), while the high explosives used in an HFCG provide an energy density of ∼8,000 MJ/m3. Consistent output current and energy gain from shot to shot are key variables in the ability of an HFCG to drive CPPSs effectively. An investigation into the practicality of using mid-sized HFCGs as the driver for single shot CPPSs is presented. Data and waveforms from generators fired into 3 μH inductive loads are shown, with results measuring the generator’s performance as a driver for an inductive energy storage (IES) system. Results are also shown from adding a power conditioning system to the output of the HFCG, where the measurements demonstrate the ability of an HFCG to drive high impedance loads. The effectiveness of a mid-sized HFCG as drivers for these systems will be evaluated.
Reducing Admissions Utilizing the Boston Syncope Criteria

Abstract Background We previously developed criteria to identify patients with syncope at risk for adverse events. Although we proposed a theoretical substantial reduction in admission, these criteria were untested in actual practice. Objective To perform a prospective effectiveness study testing the hypothesis that using the Boston Syncope Criteria as a clinical guideline will safely reduce the proportion of patients admitted with syncope. Methods A prospective, before-and-after cohort study of consecutive Emergency Department (ED) patients presenting with syncope. After in-service training, the Boston Syncope Criteria were implemented as a clinical guideline for emergency physicians who were encouraged to make admission decisions based on the criteria adverse outcomes at 30-day follow-up, including death, myocardial infarction/intervention, dysrhythmia or alterations in dysrhythmics, pulmonary embolus, stroke, or hemorrhage. Operating characteristics of the rule and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results In the “before” phase, 201/293 (69%; 95% CI 63–74%) patients with syncope were admitted, compared to 160/277 (58%; 95% CI 52–64%) after the criteria were introduced; an 11% reduction in admission. Among the 160 patients admitted after the intervention, 64 (40%) had adverse events during hospitalization, compared to none in the discharged group. At 30-day follow-up, 6 additional patients (4%) had adverse outcomes; all were admitted initially. Real-time application of the criteria had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 94–100%), a specificity of 57% (95% CI 50–63%), and a negative predictive value of 100%. Conclusion In our ED, implementing the Boston Syncope Criteria safely reduced admissions to the hospital. Future studies are needed to test external validity and generalizability.
Cortical speech-evoked response patterns in multiple auditory fields are correlated with behavioral discrimination ability

Different speech sounds evoke unique patterns of activity in primary auditory cortex (A1). Behavioral discrimination by rats is well correlated with the distinctness of the A1 patterns evoked by individual consonants, but only when precise spike timing is preserved. In this study we recorded the speech-evoked responses in the primary, anterior, ventral, and posterior auditory fields of the rat and evaluated whether activity in these fields is better correlated with speech discrimination ability when spike timing information is included or eliminated. Spike timing information improved consonant discrimination in all four of the auditory fields examined. Behavioral discrimination was significantly correlated with neural discrimination in all four auditory fields. The diversity of speech responses across recordings sites was greater in posterior and ventral auditory fields compared with A1 and anterior auditor fields. These results suggest that, while the various auditory fields of the rat process speech sounds differently, neural activity in each field could be used to distinguish between consonant sounds with accuracy that closely parallels behavioral discrimination. Earlier observations in the visual and somatosensory systems that cortical neurons do not rely on spike timing should be reevaluated with more complex natural stimuli to determine whether spike timing contributes to sensory encoding.
Novel Technique to Improve Adhesion Between Metal-Polymer Interfaces

Partially embedded copper clusters within a polyimide substrate have been utilized to act as “nano-nails” to anchor the bulk metal overlayer to the underlying polyimide substrate resulting in increased adhesion between the metal and substrate. Isolated nano-sized copper clusters can be formed on a polyimide surface under UHV conditions using very slow deposition rates and temperatures that are high enough to induce mobility of copper atoms on the polyimide surface. Because copper has a high surface energy with respect to the copper/polyimide interface and the polymer surface, the copper clusters exert an embedding force on the polyimide substrate. These clusters can be made to embed in the polymer by annealing in vacuum at temperatures close to the glass transition temperature of the polymer. By regulating the time and temperature of post-deposition anneals, the degree of embedding of the copper clusters can be controlled. Cross-sectional TEM results will illustrate the various degrees of cluster embedding, while adhesion testing results will be presented to show the improved adhesion obtained from these interfaces.
Morphing Structures by way of Stiffness Variations

[Abstract] This paper presents a concept for varying the stiffness of a layered cantilever beam by bonding and un-bonding the layers. The results of an analytical and experimental study are presented of a layered beam that incorporates structural layers, adhesive layers, and heating elements for stimulation. The heating elements serve to raise the temperature of the adhesive above its thermal transition temperature, causing greatly reduced binding between the beam layers, and consequently, a reduction in the stiffness of the beam. The paper first presents an analytical study of the concept, followed by the experimental results. It is shown that over an order of magnitude change in stiffness can be realized.
Plant extracts, spices, and essential oils inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 and reduce formation of potentially carcinogenic heterocyclic amines in cooked beef patties.

Meats need to be heated to inactivate foodborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7. High-temperature treatment used to prepare well-done meats increases the formation of carcinogenic hetero...
A Situational View of Information Content in TV Advertising in the U.S. and U.K.

A study of the information content of U.S. and U.K. advertising was developed in the context of the Foote, Cone and Belding (FCB) planning matrix. A 1985 sample shows that U.S. television ads in th...
Embedded mental action in self-attribution of belief

You can come to know that you believe that p partly by reflecting on whether p and then judging that p. Call this procedure “the transparency method for belief.” How exactly does the transparency method generate known self-attributions of belief? To answer that question, we cannot interpret the transparency method as involving a transition between the contents p and I believe that p. It is hard to see how some such transition could be warranted. Instead, in this context, one mental action is both a judgment that p and a self-attribution of a belief that p. The notion of embedded mental action is introduced here to explain how this can be so and to provide a full epistemic explanation of the transparency method. That explanation makes sense of first-person authority and immediacy in transparent self-knowledge. In generalized form, it gives sufficient conditions on an attitude’s being known transparently.
Rapid detection and molecular characterization of type 1 Streptococcus suis of first human infection case in Jiangsu Province

Objective To apply rapid detection and molecular characteristics of pathogen in 1suspected-Streptococcus suis infection case in Jiangsu Province,2014.Methods DNA was extracted from patient's specimens.PCR was used to detect specific gene of Streptococcus suis serotype 2and identification of virulence genes followed by multi-locus sequence typing analysis.Results Streptococcus suis specific gene(16srRNA)and serotype 2specific gene encoding Capsular polysaccharide(cps-2J),together with 5virulence genes(mrp,sly ef,gapdh and fbps)were all positive in PCR reactions.Multi-locus sequence typing analysis showed pathogen was type 1 Streptococcus suis(ST1).Conculsion It was a case of human infection with type 1Streptococcus suis of serotype 2carrying 5virulence genes,which was first reported in Jiangsu Province.
Asynchronous pole assignment for linear systems with blocks of incomplete rank

We consider a linear periodic control system with constant matrix multiplying the control in the critical case under the assumption that the mean of the coefficient matrix is block triangular and some blocks of its nonstationary part have incomplete column rank. A linear state feedback control periodic with the same period as the system itself is considered. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the asynchronous pole assignment problem, that is, the problem of finding a feedback factor such that the closed-loop system has a strongly irregular periodic solution with desired frequencies.
New pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease revealed by posteroventral pallidotomy.

AbstractSince the failure of levodopa therapy to maintain long-term symptom relief in Parkinson’s disease, posteroventral pallidotomy has seen a dramatic increase in use and interest It has significantly reduced both the akinetic and hyperkinetic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease while requiring most patients to maintain preoperative levodopa doses. Here we review the clinical results of over 300 posteroventral pallidotomies and pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease in relationship to different neurotransmitters and medical therapy. [Neurol Res 1995; 17: 178-180]
Induction Motor: Modeling and Control

The physical construction of induction motors is very simple since they do not have brushes, commutator, permanent magnet, or windings on the rotor. The name, induction motor, is due to the fact that the rotor voltage is induced in the rotor windings rather than being supplied by an external voltage source. No DC field current is required to run the machine. Induction motors have either squirrel-cage rotors or wound rotors. A squirrel-cage rotor consists of a series of conducting bars (made of copper or aluminum) short-circuited together at both ends of the rotor. In wound rotors, the rotor windings are brought out to slip rings that can be short-circuited through external, variable resistances.
High current density, long duration cycling of soluble organic active species for non-aqueous redox flow batteries

Non-aqueous redox flow batteries (NAqRFBs) employing redox-active organic molecules show promise to meet requirements for grid energy storage. Here, we combine the rational design of organic molecules with flow cell engineering to boost NAqRFB performance. We synthesize two highly soluble phenothiazine derivatives, N-(2-methoxyethyl)phenothiazine (MEPT) and N-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]phenothiazine (MEEPT), via a one-step synthesis from inexpensive precursors. Synthesis and isolation of the radical-cation salts permit UV-vis decay studies that illustrate the high stability of these open-shell species. Cyclic voltammetry and bulk electrolysis experiments reveal the promising electrochemical properties of MEPT and MEEPT under dilute conditions. A high performance non-aqueous flow cell, employing interdigitated flow fields and carbon paper electrodes, is engineered and demonstrated; polarization and impedance studies quantify the cell's low area-specific resistance (3.2–3.3 Ω cm2). We combine the most soluble derivative, MEEPT, and its tetrafluoroborate radical-cation salt in the flow cell for symmetric cycling, evincing a current density of 100 mA cm−2 with undetectable capacity fade over 100 cycles. This coincident high current density and capacity retention is unprecedented in NAqRFB literature.
The Interaction of Intramuscular Ketorolac (Toradol) and Concussion in a Rat Model.

The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction of a single dose of Toradol and head impact in an in vivo rat model for sport-related concussion using a validated rat concussion model. Thirty-five Sprague–Dawley rats were placed into one of four groups: (1) Control, (2) Impact Only, (3) Toradol Only, (4) Impact and Toradol. Animals in the impact groups were subjected to a single head impact. Animals in the Toradol group received a single intramuscular injection of Toradol prior to impact. We examined magnetic resonance imaging, serum S100-B and cognitive function using a Morris Water Maze. In the control group, latency decreased significantly from day 0 (74.9 s) to 24 h (57.4 s) after anesthesia. There was no statistically significant difference between time zero and 24 h after impact in the Impact only or Impact and Toradol group. Our findings indicate that there were no differences between cognitive ability, MRI findings or S100B in rats that were administered a single dose of Toradol and subjected to a single impact and rats that were subjected to a single impact only. In both impact groups there were transient changes in cognitive ability as measured by the Morris Water Maze.
Accuracy of Birth Certificate Data for Classifying Preterm Birth

Background Classifying preterm birth as spontaneous or indicated is critical both for clinical care and research, yet the accuracy of classification based on different data sources is unclear. We examined the accuracy of preterm birth classification as spontaneous or indicated based on birth certificate data. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of 123 birth certificates from preterm births in Missouri. Correct classification of spontaneous or indicated preterm birth subtype was based on multi-provider (RN, MFM Fellow, MFM attending) consensus after full medical record review. A categorisation algorithm based on clinical data available in the birth certificate was designed a priori and classification was performed by a single investigator according to the algorithm. Accuracy of birth certificate classification as spontaneous or indicated was compared to the consensus classification. Errors in misclassification were explored. Results Classification based on birth certificates was correct for 66% of preterm births. Most errors in classification by birth certificate occurred in classifying a birth as spontaneous when it was in fact indicated. The vast majority of errors occurred when preterm rupture of membranes (≥12 h) was checked on the birth certificate causing classification as spontaneous when there was a maternal or fetal indication for delivery. Conclusions Birth certificate classification overestimated spontaneous preterm birth and underestimated indicated preterm birth compared to classification performed from medical record review. Revisions to birth certificate clinical data would allow more accurate population level surveillance of preterm birth subtypes.
Aurora A kinase regulates non-homologous end-joining and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase function in ovarian carcinoma cells.

// Thuy-Vy Do 1 , Jeff Hirst 1 , Stephen Hyter 1 , Katherine F. Roby 2,3 and Andrew K. Godwin 1,3 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA 2 Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA 3 University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, USA Correspondence to: Andrew K. Godwin, email: // Keywords : Aurora A kinase, ovarian cancer, PARP, alisertib, double-strand break Received : April 07, 2017 Accepted : June 16, 2017 Published : July 05, 2017 Abstract Ovarian cancer is usually diagnosed at late stages when cancer has spread beyond the ovary and patients ultimately succumb to the development of drug-resistant disease. There is an urgent and unmet need to develop therapeutic strategies that effectively treat ovarian cancer and this requires a better understanding of signaling pathways important for ovarian cancer progression. Aurora A kinase (AURKA) plays an important role in ovarian cancer progression by mediating mitosis and chromosomal instability. In the current study, we investigated the role of AURKA in regulating the DNA damage response and DNA repair in ovarian carcinoma cells. We discovered that AURKA modulated the expression and activity of PARP, a crucial mediator of DNA repair that is a target of therapeutic interest for the treatment of ovarian and other cancers. Further, specific inhibition of AURKA activity with the small molecule inhibitor, alisertib, stimulated the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair pathway by elevating DNA-PKcs activity, a catalytic subunit required for double-strand break (DSB) repair, as well as decreased the expression of PARP and BRCA1/2, which are required for high-fidelity homologous recombination-based DNA repair. Further, AURKA inhibition stimulates error-prone NHEJ repair of DNA double-strand breaks with incompatible ends. Consistent with in vitro findings, alisertib treatment increased phosphorylated DNA-PKcs(pDNA-PKcs T2609 ) and decreased PARP levels in vivo . Collectively, these results reveal new non-mitotic functions for AURKA in the regulation of DNA repair, which may inform of new therapeutic targets and strategies for treating ovarian cancer.