cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute Suppurative Otitis Media

Most pediatricians recognize and treat acute otitis media several times each day. Yet there is wide disagreement about certain aspects of its diagnosis and treatment, despite a large and growing literature on the subject. This review attempts to summarize what is known about acute otitis media in children. DEFINITION Acute suppurative otitis media is distinguished from secretory (serous) otitis media by the presence of purulent fluid in the middle ear. Pathogenic bacteria may be cultured from the majority of needle aspirates of this purulent fluid. In secretory otitis media, relatively few polymorphonuclear cells are present in the middle ear fluid, which is either thin and straw-colored (serous) or thick and translucent grey (mucoid). The fluid has the chemical characteristics either of a transudate of plasma or of a mucoid secretion, presumably produced by goblet cells and mucous glands which are greatly increased in the middle ear mucosa of patients with secretory otitis media. Cultures of this middle ear fluid are usually negative for pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Suppurative otitis media can be diagnosed positively only by aspiration of purulent fluid from the middle ear, but this procedure is rarely necessary for initial diagnosis and management. Clinical findings helpful in distinguishing suppurative from secretory otitis media are discussed below. INCIDENCE In a study of 847 British children during the first five years of life, 19% had at least one episode of otitis media; one third of these had more than one episode. This was considered to be a minimal estimate in these children, since otorrhea was the chief criterion for diagnosis.
Fecal incontinence in a 39-year-old man

A 3%year-old man was referred for the evaluation of mild tenesmus associated with rectal mucosal prolapse, rectal urgency, and infrequent episodes of gross fecal incontinence. These symptoms had been present for approximately 2 years and had progressively worsened over the last 6 months. He denied urinary incontinence but had noted mild difficulty initiating urination in the seated position. He was otherwise healthy and had no history of diabetes or neuromuscular disorders. There had been no rectal surgery, homosexual activity, or rectal trauma. He denied back pain or trauma and history of orthopedic disease of the spine. He described a sense of rectal fullness and tenesmus that was worse when standing. He was troubled by a sense of incomplete evacuation and complained of a sense of rectal fullness after defecation. There were occasional episodes of near fecal incontinence and infrequent episodes of gross fecal incontinence. well as the general physical examination, were unremarkable. Anorectal manometry was performed to assess anal sphincter strength and rectal sensation. A multilumenperfusion catheter was used in a station-pull-through technique: maximum basal pressure, 75 mmHg (normal, >55 mmHg); maximum squeeze pressure, 215 mmHg (normal, 200 mmHg); rectal sensation, threshold normal at 10 cm3 of balloon distention; inhibitory reflex, 72% inhibition (normal, 70%-85%). Although the perfusion catheter possessed radial ports, no asymmetry of the basal or squeeze pressures was noted. With the determination of rectal sensation, the patient accurately identified a normal threshold of balloon distention. However, with increasing volumes of balloon distention, he was unable to discriminate among the tests and reported “slight” sensation for all volumes.
Autophagy Protects against CYP2E1/Chronic Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Autophagy is an intracellular pathway by which lysosomes degrade and recycle long-lived proteins and cellular organelles. The effects of ethanol on autophagy are complex but recent studies have shown that autophagy serves a protective function against ethanol-induced liver injury. Autophagy was found to also be protective against CYP2E1-dependent toxicity in vitro in HepG2 cells which express CYP2E1 and in vivo in an acute alcohol/CYPE1-dependent liver injury model. The goal of the current report was to extend the previous in vitro and acute in vivo experiments to a chronic ethanol model to evaluate whether autophagy is also protective against CYP2E1-dependent liver injury in a chronic ethanol-fed mouse model. Wild type (WT), CYP2E1 knockout (KO) or CYP2E1 humanized transgenic knockin (KI), mice were fed an ethanol liquid diet or control dextrose diet for four weeks. In the last week, some mice received either saline or 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an inhibitor of autophagy, or rapamycin, which stimulates autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA potentiated the ethanol-induced increases in serum transaminase and triglyceride levels in the WT and KI mice but not KO mice, while rapamycin prevented the ethanol liver injury. Treatment with 3-MA enhanced the ethanol-induced fat accumulation in WT mice and caused necrosis in the KI mice; little or no effect was found in the ethanol-fed KO mice or any of the dextrose-fed mice. 3-MA treatment further lowered the ethanol-decrease in hepatic GSH levels and further increased formation of TBARS in WT and KI mice, whereas rapamycin blunted these effects of ethanol. Neither 3-MA nor rapamycin treatment affected CYP2E1 catalytic activity or content or the induction CYP2E1 by ethanol. The 3-MA treatment decreased levels of Beclin-1 and Atg 7 but increased levels of p62 in the ethanol-fed WT and KI mice whereas rapamycin had the opposite effects, validating inhibition and stimulation of autophagy, respectively. These results suggest that autophagy is protective against CYP2E1-dependent liver injury in a chronic ethanol-fed mouse model. We speculate that autophagy-dependent processes such as mitophagy and lipophagy help to minimize ethanol-induced CYP2E1-dependent oxidative stress and therefore the subsequent liver injury and steatosis. Attempts to stimulate autophagy may be helpful in lowering ethanol and CYP2E1-dependent liver toxicity.
Release of 5‐aminosalicylic acid from bioadhesive N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymers by azoreductases in vitro

N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers (11a, b) containing side chains terminating in 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and fucosylamine (10) were synthesized. A reactive polymeric precursor (9), a copolymer of HPMA (7) and N-methacryloylglycylglycine p-nitrophenyl ester (8), was consecutively aminolyzed with 5-[4-(2-aminoethylcarbamoyl)phenylazo]-salicylic acid (6) and fucosylamine (10). The latter renders the copolymers bioadhesive in the gastrointestinal tract. The release of 5-ASA from 11a, b was studied in vitro by incubation with cell-free extracts isolated from rat cecum, and factors influencing the degradation were determined. The rate of azo bond cleavage of 11a, b was similar to the rate of cleavage of low-molecular-weight substrates, methyl orange and compound 6. Addition of benzyl viologen, a low potential electron carrier, increased the rate of cleavage. At optimal benzyl viologen and substrate concentration ratios, a zero order release was observed. At higher substrate concentration, the rate of 5-ASA release decreased.
Diverging Patterns: Labor in the Pacific Northwest Wood Products Industry

In 1986 workers in the Pacific Northwest United States accepted wage concessions while their Canadian counterparts prevailed after a lengthy strike. This study examines the forces behind the divergence in bargaining trends between American and Canadian wood products workers. It finds that while structural and cyclical economic changes in the industry were similar in both countries, there were crucial institutional and environmental differences. These enhanced the bargaining power of the Canadian membership of the International Woodworkers of America compared to that of IWA Region 3 in Oregon and Washington.
Work‐based learning in US higher education policy

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss how US institutions of higher education make appreciable use of work‐based learning options, but their attention to experiential education as a learning vehicle is relatively limited. The connection between the work experience and the on‐campus curriculum is only loosely formed, and students are not often given a chance to reflect concurrently and collectively on their workplace lessons. Some changes in higher educational policy have been initiated to augment the pedagogical contribution of a work‐based learning, but notable institutional barriers remain.Design/methodology/approach – Essay based on policy and literature review.Findings – Work‐based learning epistemology has demonstrated that knowledge may be equally, if not even more effectively, acquired through reflective discourse within the very activity of practice. Aside from discourse's lens into social structure, it can also be used as a means to expand knowledge for improved action in the world.Re...
Effects of Ordinal Position on Academic Self-Concept

This study was conducted to determine whether a relationship exists between birth order and academic self-concept. While previous studies have not consistently given evidence for such a relationshi...
The allure of a cure.

L atchel and Okifuji’s report on the cost-effectiveness of comprehensive pain programs (CPPs) for chronic nonmalignant pain (CNP) does an excelent job of demonstrating the superior ability of CPPs to ddress the myriad of problems associated with chronic ain. They trace the development of CPPs to the emerence of the biopsychosocial model acknowledging the omplex etiology of CNP that involves interplay between iological, psychological, and social factors. Despite the ocumented success of CPPs, the authors indicate that hese programs are significantly underutilized in the reatment of CNP. The most common reason given for heir underutilization is the perception of high cost by any third-party payers. Rational arguments refuting he claim of high costs, however, are nicely summarized y Gatchel and Okifuji as well as by Turk et al. So, if not igh costs, why are these programs underutilized? We xplore alternative explanations to this question.
Latest global developments in microwave materials processing

AbstractApplication of microwave energy for materials processing is emerging as a novel and innovative technology with many advantages over conventional processing, such as reduction in processing cycle time resulting into substantial energy and cost savings, providing finer microstructures leading to improved mechanical properties, and eco friendliness. The microwave energy is highly versatile in its application to numerous diverse fields such as communication, chemical reactions, rubber vulcanisation, drying, food processing and medical related fields. However, its application in ceramic processing and metallic materials has developed only in the last two decades. Most recent potential applications involve steel making, used tires recycling and alternative sources for energy recovery (oil shale and capped oil wells). Many specialty ceramics, composites, and metal powders have been successfully processed in microwave with improved properties. The selective heating feature of microwaves has led to effecti...
Increased vascular responsiveness to bradykinin in kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Effect of N omega-nitro-L-arginine.

We investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO)-dependent and NO-independent mechanisms in mediation of renal vasodilatory responses to bradykinin in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), rats with angiotensin II-induced hypertension (200 ng/min i.p. for 6 days) and the corresponding normotensive control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and sham-infused rats. To this end, we contrasted the effects of arterial injections of bradykinin and other vasodilators, acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, on perfusion pressure and output of cyclic GMP in isolated kidneys perfused with Krebs bicarbonate buffer containing phenylephrine, both with and without N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG) (50 microM), an inhibitor of NO synthetase. In kidneys perfused without L-NOARG, all agonists increased the output of cyclic GMP and reduced perfusion pressure, indicative of vasodilation. In kidneys perfused with L-NOARG, vasodilatory responses to bradykinin and acetylcholine were attenuated, and associated effects on output of cyclic GMP were abolished, suggesting dependency on NO synthesis. Irrespective of whether kidneys were perfused with or without L-NOARG, kidneys of SHR were more responsive than kidneys of WKY rats with regard to bradykinin-induced vasodilation. In contrast, vasodilatory responsiveness to bradykinin was nearly equal in perfused kidneys of rats with angiotensin II-induced hypertension and in normotensive controls. Also, vasodilatory responsiveness to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside was similar in kidneys of normotensive and hypertensive rats. These data suggest that the renal vasculature of SHR is uniquely and selectively hyperresponsive to bradykinin, with regard to both the NO-dependent and NO-independent vasodilatory actions.
Formation and persistence of safrole-DNA adducts over a 10,000-fold dose range in mouse liver.

The spice constituent safrole (1-allyl-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene) and related allylbenzenes form DNA adducts and are rodent carcinogens. This study examined both dose and time dependence of hepatic safrole-DNA adduct formation over a 10,000-fold dose range up to 30 days after single administration. Female CD-1 mice were treated with safrole i.p. at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/mouse in 0.2 ml tricaprylin or with vehicle alone. Liver DNA was analyzed at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 7, 15 and 30 days via the dinucleotide/monophosphate version of the 32P-postlabeling assay. An approximately 10-fold increase in total safrole adduct levels with each successive 10-fold increase in dose was observed, giving relative adduct labeling (RAL) values of 10(-9)-10(-5). Each dose elicited identical kinetics of adduct formation, showing peak levels at 2 days and only slight decreases thereafter. The time course of adduct persistence was independent of the dose (0.01-10 mg/mouse). An in vitro experiment established that the assay responded in strictly linear fashion to adduct concentration over a 10,000-fold range, and thus was suitable for in vivo dosimetry. DNA synthesis, as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation, was enhanced only for the 10.0 mg dose at 2, 3 and 7 days. These results indicate a linear response of safrole-DNA adduct formation and persistence in mouse liver following administration of minute (0.001 mg/mouse) to high (10.0 mg/mouse) doses of the carcinogen.
Theoretical Foundations of Public Policy A Pragmatic Perspective

Many theoretical developments in the business and society field do not pay enough attention to the policy environment in which business functions and through which corporate behavior is largely sha...
Characterization of diet induced aortic atherosclerosis in Syrian F1B hamsters

Summary We characterized atherosclerotic lesions in Syrian F 1 B hamsters fed a diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol. Total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly higher for treated animals than for low fat controls. After 4, 12, 18, 26, 32 and 44 weeks on either diet, the vasculature was fixed in situ and the aortic arch prepared for light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Fatty streak lesions comprised of foam cells were noted at 4 weeks along the inner curvature of the aortic arch. Fibromuscular lesions became evident at 26 weeks with excess connective tissue and a thickened media. Lesion size increased as foam cells accumulated in the subendothelial space and collagen was deposited in the upper media beneath an intact internal elastic lamina. By 44 weeks an advanced lesion had developed that consisted of a smooth muscle and extracellular matrix cap with an intact endothelium over a lipid rich core. The core consisted of foam cells, extracellular lipid, necrotic debris, cholesterol clefts, calcium deposits, and extracellular proteins. Oxidized LDL was only detected in the treated hamsters and localized to foam cells in early lesions, spread to extracellular matrix in fibrofatty lesions, and further involved medial smooth muscle cells in advanced lesions. Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 were observed at low levels in both groups; however, cyclooxygenase-2 was noticeably upregulated in the early lesions of treated animals. Atherosclerotic lesions similar to each major stage of pathology in humans developed at a predictable site in the hamster aorta in a relatively short period.
Intrinsic damping rate and volume plasmon energy in Mg from radiative decay measurements

Abstract The radiative decay of volume plasmons, created in Mg by 80 keV electrons has been studied. An intrinsic lifetime of (1.14 ± 0.11) × 10 -15 sec and a plasmon energy of (10.43 ± 0.03) eV for Mg have been determined.
meaning, agency and colonial history: Navosavakadua and the Tuka movement in Fiji

make their history? Does this make their terms of agency already a reflection of colonial culture? Reconsidering an aspect of Fijian history previously studied as "cargo cult," this study examines issues of meaning and agency, novelty and cultural continuity. In the late 1870s Christian missionaries had been in Fiji for almost 50 years. The islands had been ceded to Great Britain in 1874. Then, in the hinterlands of Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island, an oracle priest called Navosavakadua mobilized in opposition to enemies old and new. He foretold a world overturned, in which Fijian chiefs would serve the Fijian people and foreigners would be driven out. He foretold the return of ancestor gods and ancestors; he made miracles and granted immortality (tuka) to his followers. Revealing the return of two Fijian gods, the Twins, to the sacred Nakauvadra mountain range, he identified them as the true Jehovah and Jesus. Colonial authorities found his Tuka movement heathen and criminal; Navosavakadua and his followers were the subject of extensive colonial surveillance and were ultimately deported. Their present-day descendants, now returned to their ancestral lands, have little to say about Tuka but much to say about their ancestor. They assert that Navosavakadua served Jehovah and worshipped him before the missionaries came to Fiji. From the 1870s to the present, Navosavakadua has remained a potent legendary figure, renowned among his direct descendants in the north of Viti Levu island, his name known by Fijians throughout the Fiji group. He has remained potent in the concerns of the colonial and postcolonial state1 and in the Western scholarly imagination. Navosavakadua has been called a prophet, and Tuka has been read as a paradigmatic example of the "cargo cult" (Worsley 1968) or "millenarian movement" (Burridge 1969). Rather than proposing a new general theory of cults, however, I seek to dissolve the analytic construct How are we to understand the agency of "others" in colonial encounters? Analyses of indigenous history making and of colonial hegemony can be harmonized: in colonial societies multiple cultural articulations are formed, contested, and routinized. This essay reconsiders Navosavakadua, a 19th-century Fijian oracle priest, and his Tuka movement, once considered a paradigmatic "cargo cult." Navosavakadua's project contested a developing colonial orthodoxy; both were articulations of Fijian ritual-politics, colonial authority, and the Christian god. Colonizers try to routinize articulations that privilege them, but "others" also make history with their own powers to articulate. [history, colonialism, agency, ritual-politics,
The use of single plane angiocardiograms for the calculation of left ventricular volume in man.

Abstract A method has been presented for calculating LVV from films taken in a single (A-P) plane projection. This method is based on the assumption that the LV chamber can be represented by an ellipsoid of revolution (prolate spheroid) reference figure. LV volumes were calculated from measurements made on biplane films taken in the A-P and left lateral chest projections. The biplane studies demonstrated that the A-P and lateral diameters of the ventricular chamber were very closely related. Volumes calculated from measurements made only on A-P films closely agreed with biplane calculations of volume. The use of single plane techniques did not result in significant errors for the calculation of absolute end-systolic volume or for calculation of stroke volume.
Spectral detection of micro-metastases in lymph node histo-pathology

The first detection of breast cancer micrometastases in lymph nodes by infrared spectral imaging and methods of multivariate analysis is reported. Micrometastases are indicators of early spread of cancer from the organ originally affected by disease, and their detection is of prime importance for the staging and treatment of cancer. Infrared spectral imaging, at a spatial resolution of ca. 10–12 μm, can detect small metastases down to the level of a few cancerous cells. The results presented here add to a rapidly growing database of infrared spectral imaging results for cancer diagnostics. Microscopic image of a stained lymph node section, and a 5-cluster pseudo-color infrared image obtained from same section. The blue areas co-localize with the micro-metastases apparent in left Panel.
Geometry and boundary conditions in the Das-Peierls electromigration theorem

In a set of closely related papers, one by Das and Peierls, the other by this author, identical expressions were derived for the driving force in electromigration. Two later papers, one by Sham, the other by Turban, Nozi\`eres and Gerl, cite the same expression. It is shown that the apparent agreement by Turban, Nozi\`eres, and Gerl is not a result of real agreement about the detailed physics of the process. The argument given by Sham has some ambiguity about geometry and boundary conditions, but is closer to that of the two earlier papers.
Anger management style and emotional reactivity to noxious stimuli among chronic pain patients and healthy controls: the role of endogenous opioids.

Objective: Previous work suggests that elevated trait anger-out exacerbates pain responses in part through endogenous opioid dysfunction. The authors examined whether this opioid dysfunction affects not only perceived pain intensity, but also emotional responses to being hurt. Design: 79 chronic low back pain (LBP) patients and 46 healthy controls received opioid blockade (8 mg naloxone i.v.) and placebo in randomized, counterbalanced order in separate sessions. During each session, participants sequentially experienced finger pressure pain and ischemic forearm pain tasks, with emotional state assessed at baseline and postpain. Main Outcome Measures: Blockade effects indexing opioid modulation of emotional reactivity were derived by subtracting placebo from blockade condition emotional reactivity. Results: Significant Participant Type X Anger-Out interactions on blockade effects indicated that in LBP participants but not in controls, greater anger-out was associated with deficient opioid modulation of anxiety, anger, and fear reactivity to noxious stimulation. Across participant types, greater anger-in was associated with impaired opioid modulation of anxiety and fear reactivity. Anger-in opioid effects were partially due to overlap with general negative affect. Conclusions: Opioid dysfunction associated with trait anger-out may affect not only perceived pain intensity, but also pain-related suffering in individuals with chronic pain conditions. Implications for understanding the health effects of anger management styles are discussed.
Flight investigation of a multivariable model-following control system for rotorcraft

A high-bandwidth, multivariable, explicit model-following control system for advanced rotorcraft has been developed and evaluated on the NASA Ames CH-47B fly-by-wire helicopter. This control system has expanded the in-flight simulation capabilities of the CH-47B to support research efforts directed at the next generation of superaugmented helicopters. A detailed, analytical model of the augmented CH-47B has also been developed to support the flight tests. Analysis using this theoretical model was used to expose fundamental limitations caused by the basic vehicle characteristics and original control system implementation that had affected the performance of the model-following control system. Improvements were made to the nominal control system design to compensate for large time delays created by the higher-orderd dynamics of the aircraft and its control system. With these improvements, high bandwidth control and excellent model-following performance were achieved. Both analytical and flight-test results for the lateral axis are presented and compared. In addition, frequency-domain techniques are employed for documenting the system performance.
Inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption as a novel treatment for diabetes patients

The importance of the kidney in glucose homeostasis has been recognized for many years. Recent observations indicating a greater role of renal glucose metabolism in various physiologic and pathologic conditions have rekindled the interest in renal glucose handling as a potential target for the treatment of diabetes. The enormous capacity of the proximal tubular cells to reabsorb the filtered glucose load entirely, utilizing the sodium-glucose co-transporter system (primarily SGLT-2), became the focus of attention. Original studies conducted in experimental animals [...]
Determination of the Age of a Basic Igneous Intrusion by the Potassium–Argon Method

POTASSIUM–ARGON age determinations have been carried out mainly on minerals with a high potassium content, particularly micas and potassium feldspars, found in intermediate to acid igneous rocks, but little work has been done on minerals with a low content of potassium, such as occur in basic igneous rocks. However, Hart et al. 1 have shown recently that it is possible to obtain reliable ages using hornblende and pyroxene. I decided to investigate the relative argon retention properties of pyroxene, plagioclase and sanidine in two specimens from a Tasmanian dolerite body, and in so doing hoped to determine the time of intrusion of the dolerite. The presence of chilled margins to these dolerite intrusions also suggested the possibility of carrying out potassium–argon dating on a whole rock sample from such a contact.
Awareness, perceptions, and provider recommendation related to genetic testing for hereditary breast cancer risk among at-risk Hispanic women: similarities and variations by sub-ethnicity.

This study explored awareness of risk factors for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC), awareness, knowledge and concerns about genetic testing, and preference for how to have genetic testing recommended by a care provider among at-risk Hispanic women. Differences in these factors among Mexican, Cuban, and Puerto Rican women were also examined. Women with a personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer from the Tampa Bay Area participated in a qualitative interview (N = 53). Data were analyzed using a combination of open and axial coding with a grounded theory approach. Study participants in all groups reported: being aware that family history was a breast cancer risk factor, limited knowledge of genetic testing, fear of test results, concerns about children’s risks, and no physician referral for genetic testing. Noteworthy sub-ethnic differences included preferences for physician recommendation and information about genetic testing. This study provides important preliminary information about areas related to HBOC that require additional education in the Hispanic community as a whole and by sub-ethnicity.
Differential rotation in the solar atmosphere inferred from optical, radio, and interplanetary data

Autocorrelation analysis of sunspot number, solar radio flux, and interplanetary field in the period 1967 to 1970 yields new information concerning solar atmospheric rotation. The upper chromosphere and the lower corona are rotating on the average about 5 to 8 % faster than is either the photosphere or the upper corona. In addition, short-lived features in the chromosphere and lower corona are found to rotate sometimes as much as 10% faster than relatively long-lived features at the same height. Coronal and photospheric features are found to rotate more or less synchronously. Analysis of yearly data has indicated a considerable change in rotation periods from one year to another.
Plant Density and Nitrogen Rate Effects on Sugar Beet Yield and Quality Early in Harvest

The sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) industry has adopted an early harvest option that lengthens the processing campaign by 15 to 30 d. Field experiments were conducted near Powell, WY, from 1989 to 1991, to determine whether plant density and N rate should be adjusted for earlier harvests. Main plots were N application rates of 0, 112, 168, 224, 280, and 336 kg N ha -1 ; split plots were target plant densities of 37 100, 61 800, 86 500, and 111 200 plants ha -1 . Harvests were at regular intervals beginning 13 September and ending 25 October. During the harvest season, root yield increased 8.0 Mg ha -1 , sucrose content increased 29 g kg -1 , and recoverable sucrose increased 2A4 Mg ha -1 . The first 112 kg N ha -1 increased root yield 11.8 Mg ha -1 , while the next 56 kg N ha -1 increased root yield 5.2 Mg ha -1 . Sucrose content decreased from 164 to 157 g kg -1 as N rate increased from 0 to 336 kg ha -1 The first 168 kg N ha -1 increased recoverable sucrose 2.48 Mg ha -1 . Plant density had no effect on root yield. Sucrose content increased 5 g kg -1 as plant density increased from 42 000 to 112 000 plants ha -1 . Recoverable sucrose increased from 7.40 Mg ha -1 at 42 700 plants ha -1 to a maximum of 7.79 Mg ha -1 at 88 600 plants ha -1 . No consistent harvest date x plant density interactions were observed for yield and quality measurements, suggesting that no adjustments in plant density were needed for earlier harvest dates. A harvest date x N rate interaction for recoverable sucrose implies that N rate should be decreased for earlier harvest dates.
Tolerance of signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) to Persteril 36 supports use of peracetic acid in astaciculture.

Abstract Peracetic acid (PAA) is useful in treating a wide variety of serious fish diseases in aquaculture. As no information on PAA toxicity to crayfish is available, we conducted acute toxicity tests of Persteril 36, a commercial PAA-containing product, on three age/size classes of signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. Results confirmed high tolerance of the target species to this product, expressed as a 96 h LC50 of 77.3 ± 1.0 mg L− 1 PAA in adults and low post-treatment mortality in 9 month old juveniles. As PAA concentrations successfully applied in aquaculture are generally 2.0 mg L− 1 or lower, PAA can be recommended for use in astaciculture. After necessary evaluations, uses might include limiting spread of crayfish plague, treating saprolegniosis on artificially incubated crayfish eggs, and avoiding translocations of further crayfish-related non-native species when introducing crayfish or stocking them in closed culture systems.
Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on the Predictability of Tropical Cyclones

AbstractThrough cloud-resolving simulations, this study examines the effect of vertical wind shear and system-scale flow asymmetry on the predictability of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity during different stages of the TC life cycle. A series of ensemble experiments is performed with varying magnitudes of vertical wind shear, each initialized with an idealized weak TC-like vortex, with small-scale, small-amplitude random perturbations added to the initial conditions. It is found that the environmental shear can significantly affect the intrinsic predictability of tropical cyclones, especially during the formation and rapid intensification stage. The larger the vertical wind shear, the larger the uncertainty in the intensity forecast, primarily owing to the difference in the timing of rapid intensification.In the presence of environmental shear, initial random noise may result in changes in the timing of rapid intensification by as much as 1–2 days through the randomness (and chaotic nature) of moist conve...
Behavioral Couples Therapy for the Treatment of Substance Abuse: A Substantive and Methodological Review of O'Farrell, Fals-Stewart, and Colleagues' Program of Research

Behavioral couples therapy (BCT) is an evidence-based couple therapy intervention for married or cohabitating substance abusers and their partners. This paper provides readers with a substantive and methodological review of Fals-Stewart, O'Farrell, and colleagues' program of research on BCT. The 23 studies included in this review provide support for the efficacy of BCT for improving substance use behavior, dyadic adjustment, child psychosocial outcomes, and reducing partner violence. This review includes a description of BCT, summaries of primary and secondary outcomes, highlights methodological strengths and weaknesses, notes barriers to dissemination, suggests future research directions, and provides clinical implications for couple and family therapists. Although there are several versions of BCT developed for the treatment of substance abuse this paper focuses on the version developed by O'Farrell, Fals-Stewart, and colleagues.
Insulin-like growth factor 1: common mediator of multiple enterotrophic hormones and growth factors.

Purpose of reviewTo summarize the recent evidence that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) mediates growth effects of multiple trophic factors and discuss clinical relevance.Recent findingsRecent reviews and original reports indicate benefits of growth hormone (GH) and long-acting glucagon-like pept
Instruments and rules: R. B. Woodward and the tools of twentieth-century organic chemistry

Abstract The paper illustrates how organic chemists dramatically altered their practices in the middle part of the twentieth century through the adoption of analytical instrumentation — such as ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy — through which the difficult process of structure determination for small molecules became routine. Changes in practice were manifested in two ways: in the use of these instruments in the development of ‘rule-based’ theories; and in an increased focus on synthesis, at the expense of chemical analysis. These rule-based theories took the form of generalizations relating structure to chemical and physical properties, as measured by instrumentation. This ‘Instrumental Revolution’ in organic chemistry was two-fold: encompassing an embrace of new tools that provided unprecedented access to structures, and a new way of thinking about molecules and their reactivity in terms of shape and structure. These practices suggest the possibility of a change in the ontological status of chemical structures, brought about by the regular use of instruments. The career of Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979) provides the central historical examples for the paper. Woodward was an organic chemist at Harvard from 1937 until the time of his death. In 1965, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
The taxonomic status of clematis gattingeri small (Ranunculaceae)

Recognition ofClematis gattingeri Small as an independent species has been based primarily on the smaller flowers and glandular pubescence of specimens collected from 1897 to 1901 by A. Gattinger. Recent studies have indicated that flower size varies among all members of subsect.Viornae to whichC. gattingeri belongs and should not be considered a significant taxonomic character for species delimitation. Studies using both light and scanning electron microscopy confirm the presence of glandular pubescence on Gattinger’s specimens, but other specimens with glandular pubescence have never since been found.Clematis gattingeri is believed to have been a minor variant ofC. viorna L. and is accordingly placed in synonymy.
1134 SERUM BILIRUBIN: A POOR PREDICTOR OF KERNICTERUS

Kernicterus was found in 20 infants autopsied between Jan ′72 and June ′77 at Kings County Hospital-Downstate Medical Center. Most of the infants were very premature; mean gestational age was 31.5(27-37)wks with mean birth weight of 1430(670-2910)g. Age at death ranged from 41 hrs. to 5 mos. with a median of 130 hrs. Peak serum bilirubin values ranged from 6.5 to 20.6 mg% (mean, 11.5mg%). Only 2 infants had values greater than 15mg%; both of these infants received exchange transfusion and 11 others had phototherapy. Since the bilirubin levels were so low, we analyzed the clinical and laboratory features which may have contributed to the development of kernicterus. Hypoalbuminemia (<2.5%) was found in 6/9. In 4 of 5 infants in whom HABA dye binding studies were done, the values were very low (<25%). Anemia was present in all infants with evidence of hemolysis in 9/14. Internal bleeding was found in all, including 15/20 cases of intracranial hemorrhage. Respiratory distress with acidosis and hypoxia was present in all cases. There was evidence of infection in 13/20 infants. A greater proportion of the larger (≥1950g) infants had infection (5/6) than did the smaller infants (8/14). Although most of the infants did not exhibit all the classical signs of kernicterus clinically, they did have evidence of non-specific CNS involvement such as apnea, bradycardia and cardiorespiratory arrest. On the basis of these findings, it is difficult to define a safe level of serum bilirubin below which kernicterus cannot occur. It would appear that in infants with extreme prematurity, infection, acidosis and hypoxia, we must either find a mean of preventing even modest bilirubin accumulation or a new index to assess the state of bilirubin diffusibility.
Formation and stability of the self‐consistent one‐dimensional tail current sheet

The paper investigates the formation, the structure, and the stability of self-consistent one-dimensional current sheets in which the ions carry most of the current and momentum (the occurrence of which was suggested by observations of Mitchell et al., 1990; and Sergeev et al., 1990). Results of the analysis showed that, for the case of a cold current sheet, the characteristic thickness lamba equals to about (Bz/B0) exp 4/3 c/omega(p0), where Bz is the normal field component, B0 is the asymptotic magnitude of the reversing field, and c/omega(p0)is the collisionless ion skin depth based on lobe density. A two-dimensional self-consistent dynamical simulation model is developed, which demonstrates that these idealized current sheets are unstable to kink perturbations driven by the anisotropic pressure distribution produced by the chaotic nature of the particle orbits in a field-reversal region.
Transitional Urology: an Evolving Paradigm for Care of the Aging Adolescent

Congenital genitourinary anomalies present an interesting challenge to many pediatric urologists. Patients with these conditions require complex care early in life and continued urologic follow-up into adulthood to optimize their function and quality of life. There is a growing awareness that continuity of care beginning in adolescence and progressing through adulthood can have a positive impact on these patients in a number of domains. This may include condition-specific surgical reconstruction, psychosocial development, health economics, and health policy. The process of transitioning care between adolescence and adulthood is evolving as a unique opportunity in urology as congenital genitourinary conditions pose a lifelong challenge for patients, families, caregivers, and health systems. This manuscript highlights the current state of development for this niche as well as future opportunities for education, discovery, and delivery of care for transitional urology.
A test of uncertainty, expectations, and error response in two strike models

An information-uncertainty form of the Hicks strike model is used to test earlier work on the role of forecasts and uncertainty in determining strike activity. The expected zero coefficients for economic forecasts appear in preferred equations, but the expected positive coefficient for inflation uncertainty often appears as significantly negative. Alternative formulations and reasoning make the results appear somewhat more plausible. The performance of the Hicks model is contrasted with an updated Ashenfelter and Johnson model, which performs and predicts well without any untidy coefficients. Both models predict better than naive forecasting. Certain data and concept refinements are added to the testing of both analyses to bring them closer to the spirit of their models and to established research in wage determination and macroeconomics.
The Breakdown of Democratic Party Organization, 1940-1980

American Democratic parties have traditionally drawn their strength from local party organizations. This book examines the origins of the spectacular collapse of these party organizations in the United States which occurred between the early 1960's and the mid 1970's. It is the first major study of organizational decay at local level. Dr. Ware draws attention to the problems faced by many local parties in America during this period, concentrating on Democratic parties in three major urban areas - New York City, which previously had strong parties; East Bay in California, which has always had weak parties; and Denver, which is an intermediate case. He argues that the collapse in the 1960's resulted form the complex interaction of various factors, and left parties ill-equipped to deal with candidate-centered compaigning and the quickening of social, economic, and political changes during the Vietnam era. 'Alan Ware's second book on American party politics ...firmly establishes him as one of the most distinguished scholars of American politics working in the UK today.' Parliamentary Affairs First-degree and graduate courses on American politics in the UK; courses on American electoral politics, and the comparative study of political parties in the US; political commentators, journalists, party activists.
Type and strain dependence of enterovirus adsorption to activated sludge, soils and estuarine sediments

Abstract The degree of enterovirus adsorption to surfaces was found to be both type- and strain-dependent.
Molecular dynamics studies of the structure and properties of polymer nano-particles

Abstract Recently, we have developed an experimental technique for the production of monodisperse polymer particles with arbitrary size and composition. In order to examine the behavior and properties of polymer particles in the micron and submicron size, computational simulations were employed. A molecular dynamics based method for the generation and analysis of polymeric nano-particles is described in this article. This technique is used to study the dynamics as well as the behavior and the structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of nano-meter scale polymer particles.
Antenatal and Postnatal Corticosteroids: Effect on the Very Low Birth Infant ≤1500 grams. 1360

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia or chronic lung disease remains a serious problem for infants <1500 gms. Systemic corticosteroids have been used to reverse the inflammatory process associated with this disease. In addition, antenatal corticosteroid has been used to induce lung maturity and is now widely recommended for women at risk for premature delivery. Glucocorticoid treatment affects the metabolism of many different organs and tissues in the premature neonate. This proposal aims to prospectively evaluate the combined effects of antenatal and postnatal corticosteroid exposure on the catabolic state and blood pressure levels in the infant ≤ 1500 grams. Data was obtained retrospectively from medical records on all the infants less than≤ 32 weeks and ≤1500gms from July 1, 1995 to June 30, 1996. Data collected included: Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr.), white blood cell count (WBC) and morning blood pressure (BP) values on admission, pre-steroid and post-steroid treatment. All infant's mothers received antenatal corticosteroids. Infants were then divided into two groups: post-natal steroid treatment, no post-natal steroids.Table
Spectral calibration in hyperspectral sounders

It is widely accepted that the knowledge of the frequencies of the spectral response functions (SRF) of the channels of hyperspectral sounders at the 10 parts per million (ppm) of frequency level is adequate for the retrieval of temperature and moisture profiles and data assimilation for weather forecasting. However, SI traceability and knowledge at the 1 ppm level and better are required to separate artifacts in the knowledge of the SRF due to orbital and seasonal instrument effects from diurnal and seasonal effects due to climate change. We use examples from AIRS to discuss a spectral calibration that uses the SI traceable upwelling radiance spectra to achieve an absolute accuracy of 0.5 ppm.
Ethical issues arising from the performance of pelvic examinations by medical students on anesthetized patients

Anesthetized women are frequently examined by medical students before gynecologic surgery is performed. We argue that the key element in determining the appropriateness of such examinations is whether there is benefit to the patient as a result. Because every member of a surgical team needs a clear understanding of the nature, goals, and technical steps to be used in carrying out any operation, it is appropriate for a medical student to examine those patients in whose surgery he or she is going to participate as an active member of the surgical team. However, if pelvic examinations are carried out "solely for educational purposes" by students who are not actual members of the operating team, such actions are not appropriate unless specific permission has been obtained from the patient by the surgeon in charge of the case.
Redefining “Child-Directed Advertising” to Reduce Unhealthy Television Food Advertising

Background Food and beverage companies have pledged to reduce unhealthy marketing to children through the Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI). However, public health experts question the initiative's effectiveness because pledges apply to only some types of marketing. For instance, the CFBAI covers only TV advertising that is “child-directed,” defined as advertising during programs for which children make up 35% or more of the viewing audience. Purpose To quantify the proportion of food and beverage TV advertisements (ads) viewed by children that is covered by current CFBAI pledges and examine the potential impact of broader definitions of child-directed advertising. Methods Nielsen data were used to quantify percentages of children (aged 2–11 years) in the audience (i.e., child-audience share), as well as absolute numbers of child viewers, for all national TV programs in 2009. Nielsen advertising data provided the number of food and beverage ads viewed by preschoolers (aged 2–5 years); older children (aged 6–11 years); and adults (aged 18–49 years) during programs with various child-audience compositions. Data were collected in 2010 and analyzed in 2011. Results Just 45%–48% of food ads viewed by children met current CFBAI definitions of child-directed advertising. Expanding this definition to include advertising during programs with a child-audience share of 20% or higher and/or 100,000 or more child viewers would cover 70%–71% of food advertising seen by children but just one third of ads seen by adults. Conclusions Children viewed an estimated 35% fewer food ads during TV programs with a high child-audience share (≥50%) in 2009 compared with 2004. However, ensuring that nutrition standards apply to the majority of food ads viewed by children requires broader definitions of child-directed advertising.
Dioxygen activation by an organometallic Pd(II) precursor: formation of a Pd(IV)–OH complex and its C–O bond formation reactivity

The complex (Me3tacn)PdII(CH2CMe2C6H4) is readily oxidized by O2 or H2O2 to yield the PdIV–OH complex [(Me3tacn)PdIV(OH)(CH2CMe2C6H4)]+. Thermolysis of this product leads to the selective C(sp2)–O reductive elimination of 2-tert-butylphenol, no C(sp3)–O elimination product being detected. This system represents a rare example of selective C(sp2)–O bond formation that is relevant to Pd-catalyzed aerobic C–H hydroxylation reactions.