cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The IBM SQL/DS system

Structured Query Language/Data System (SQL/DS) is IBM's relational database management system for the DOS/VSE and VM/CMS environments. It offers, for the intermediate system user, database management system functions, interactive access and programming facilities which are compatible with the MVS implementation, Database 2. All these facilities are discussed in this paper. The ability of SQL/DS to function in a range of environments has opened up many possibilities for application development for the intermediate IBM system user, with great productivity benefits. In the area of personal computing, SQL/DS is a sound basis for developing the Information Centre, with the end user selecting the appropriate tool to meet his requirements. SQL/DS is now installed at several hundred customer sites worldwide, and case studies of its use in multiple industries are included in this paper.
Überblick und Einführung

Zahnrader gehoren zu den am haufigsten verwendeten Maschinenelementen — es gibt wohl nur wenige Maschinen, die keine Zahnrader enthalten. Jeder im Maschinenbau tatige Konstrukteur mus sich deshalb immer wieder mit den Fragen des Entwurfs, der Herstellung und des Betriebsverhaltens von Zahnradern befassen.
Machine cut nails and wire nails: American production and use for dating 19th-century and early-20th-century sites

The commonly cited sources used by archaeologists for dating nails have been rendered outdated by later research. Machine cut and headed nails date from 1815 onwards, while wire nails date from 1819 onward. Historical archaeologists need to avoid the simplistic use of invention dates and patent dates and focus instead on the mass-production dates. There can be a significant amount of time between an invention and its first production, and even greater time until production figures are significantly high enough to affect the archaeological record. Usually wire nails are ascribed an 1850s beginning date, but that date is both too early and too late. While some wire nails were produced in 1819, no significant quantities were produced in the United States until the mid-1880s. Thus, we need to extend the manufacturing date back some 30 years with the caveat that the effective manufacturing date range begins in the 1880s. By examining production figures for wire nails, a model is generated for dating sites built of machine cut nails. This model is then examined using data from dozens of sites in the USA and Canada. Just as important, the model provides clues to recycling activity and access to different manufacturing sources.
Mechanisms of Viral Immunopathology

Animal virology began as a branch of pathology, whereas immunology started as a branch of microbiology. Virology as a discipline advanced rapidly only when it adopted microbiology as its new home, mainly because of the discovery of bacterial viruses that were used during the 1950s for some of the most classical experiments in molecular biology leading to major concepts which later extended into animal virology. On the other hand, immunology in its infancy revealed only one of its several faces, serology, that was most visible to the medical microbiologist. Both of these disciplines, virology and immunology, have finally come of age during the last 30 years. Thus, it is now possible for virologists to move back into pathology with a greatly enriched understanding; and, for immunology to outgrow the boundaries imposed by microbiology. As a result, immunologists have recently established their new home in the immediate vicinity of microbiology, but joined to virology by the common bridge of immunopathology. However, as many areas of biology and medicine mature even further in the world of knowledge and depth of understanding, they will need to become interdisciplinary in approach and cooperation.
Cooperative Small Cell HetNets with Sleeping and Energy Harvesting

This paper considers a heterogenous network HetNet where a macro base station (MBS) coexists with many small base stations (SBSs). SBSs can be deactivated and put to sleep to save energy and are equipped with two power sources, harvested energy (HE) source and a power grid source, where first the SBS will use its available HE to serve the associated users. Then, the SBS will request any shortage of its energy from other active or deactivated SBSs which have surplus of HE. Finally, if there is still shortage in energy, the SBS will use the power drawn from the grid. This transfer of energy is facilitated through the use of the promising technology of the smart grid (SG). We investigate the grid energy minimization problem by optimizing both the transmission power and activation/deactivation (Dynamic Sleeping) of the SBSs. Moreover, a decomposition of the problem into a convex optimization problem and users association according to the best SINR is proposed. Then, we derived a closed form of the optimal transmission power and use the IPOPT algorithm to find the Lagrangian variables. The results clearly show the advantages of our model operational strategy.
Indium Phosphide Photonic Integrated Circuit Transmitter with Integrated Linewidth Narrowing for Laser Communications and Sensing

An indium phosphide photonic integrated circuit transmitter with integrated linewidth narrowing capability is demonstrated. Frequency discrimination is achieved with an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
Stress measurement of a pressurized vessel using candle soot nanocomposite based photoacoustic excitation

This article aims to develop a pressure sensing method by utilizing both a contacting active sensor and a non-contacting laser ultrasound transmitter. An overloaded stress in an industrial pressure tank such as a nuclear reactor may cause a catastrophic explosion; thus, it is essential to monitor the mechanical stress in a reliable manner for the structural safety. Among many different types of stress sensing methods, ultrasound sensing has been attractive due to its non-invasive measurement feature. For the recent decades, subsurface longitudinal (SSL) ultrasonic wave has been widely used since it is not only less dependent on the internal medium and the surface condition, but also has the fastest wave speed without wave distortion. In our work, laser source and Aluminum nitride (AlN) wafer are used to generate and to receive SSL ultrasonic waves, respectively. In order to increase the photoacoustic efficacy, a composite of carbon-soot nanoparticles (CSNP) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was attached onto the intermediate wedge at the transmitter side. The photoacoustic experiment results demonstrate a reasonable linear relationship between the stress level and the time-of-flight variation of the propagated wave signal.
Have We Actually Reduced Our 30-Day Short-Term Surgical Site Infection Rates in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in the United States?

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to track the 30-day postoperative annual rates and trends of (1) overall, (2) deep, and (3) superficial surgical site infections (SSIs) following total hip arthroplasty (THA) using a large nationwide database. Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for all THA cases performed between 2012 and 2016. After an overall 5-year correlation and trends analysis, univariate analysis was performed to compare the most recent year, 2016, with the preceding 4 years. Correlation coefficients and chi-squared tests were used to determine correlation and statistical significance. Results The lowest incidence of SSIs was in the most recent year, 2016 (0.81%), while the greatest incidence was in the earliest year, 2012 (1.12%), marking a 31% decrease (P Conclusion The findings from this study suggest a decreasing trend in SSIs within 30 days following THA. Furthermore, deep SSIs, which can pose substantial threats to implant survivorship, have also decreased throughout the years. These results highlight that potentially through improved medical and surgical techniques, we are winning the fight against short-term infections, but that more can still be done.
Where Would I Be If My 25 Year-Old Self Was Aware of the Gravitas of Dr. David Audretsch?

Using their relationship and years of academic discussions as a backdrop, chapter author Brett Anitra Gilbert outlines David’s career, interests, and impact, highlighting the last two decades. Noting David’s long-standing high profile in academia, Gilbert discusses David’s humility and willingness to grant opportunities to others. Gilbert includes comments on David’s famous ability to recall journal articles and to organize his thoughts on the fly.
High Potential Nitrate Removal by Urban Accidental Wetlands in a Desert City: Limitations and Spatiotemporal Patterns

Urban areas are typically considered to be net exporters of reactive nitrogen. As a result, much effort has gone into creating or restoring areas supporting microbial denitrification, which permanently removes nitrate from urban ecosystems. However, denitrification is a facultative process, with complex spatiotemporal drivers and limitations, making it difficult to predict where or when denitrification will occur. This is particularly true in urban systems, where drivers and limitations can differ greatly from those of native systems. In this study, we examine novel urban ecosystems in a unique geographic setting, investigating limitations and spatiotemporal drivers of denitrification in accidental wetlands (AW) located in a desert city (Phoenix, AZ). These wetlands were unintentionally created by runoff generated in Phoenix and exiting storm pipes into a dry riverbed. Previous work in native, nonurban Arizona wetlands (NW) found that monsoon floods and plant patches are important spatiotemporal drivers of denitrification. While we found that AW had high potential to process nitrate, denitrification patterns in AW exhibit different drivers from NW. As predicted, denitrification potential in AW was greater under plant patches, but surprisingly, this was not only due to the plants alleviating carbon limitation as both vegetated and unvegetated patches were not carbon limited. Contrary to predictions, monsoon floods did not increase denitrification potential, and perennially inundated AW had the highest denitrification potential, suggesting less temporal variation in denitrification in AW than in NW. Together, these findings offer novel insights into the complex interactions shaping spatiotemporal patterns of nitrate processing in arid urban regions.
The Sexual Assault Forensic Examination Telehealth (SAFE-T) Center: A Comprehensive, Nurse-led Telehealth Model to Address Disparities in Sexual Assault Care.

Background Rural and underserved communities often struggle to provide access to specialized health care, including sexual assault care. Telehealth is an effective solution for providing access to an array of specialized health care services. Prior sexual assault telehealth programs have provided evidence that telehealth is a feasible and acceptable solution. However, there is scant information about program development and considerations in the literature to guide those who may seek to implement a sexual assault telehealth program in their communities. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the Sexual Assault Forensic Examination Telehealth (SAFE-T) Center-a nurse-led model for providing comprehensive, high-quality sexual assault care in rural and underserved communities recently implemented at 3 hospitals in rural Pennsylvania. Methods Using the program's logic model, we present our community-engaged approach to the development and implementation phases of the SAFE-T Center. Findings We first describe how academic researchers partnered with multiple stakeholders to form a statewide advisory board and articulated a vision and mission for the SAFE-T Center that meets the needs of local communities. We then describe the overall design of the model, how it was informed by this academic-community partnership, and how each element relates to anticipated outcomes. We also present our plans for program evaluation, expansion, and sustainability. Conclusion This detailed description of collaborative partnership, coalition-building, program design and implementation can serve as a guide for hospitals and health systems seeking to implement telehealth programs to improve the care provided to survivors of sexual assault.
Cheating and gaming the system in ancient athletics

The contradictions and ambiguities in, admiration for, and potential benefits derived from cheating in modern athletics have numerous parallels in ancient Greek culture. Because both ancient and mo...
Minimum ignition energy and propagation dynamics of laminar premixed cool flames

Abstract Laminar premixed cool flames, induced by the coupling of low-temperature chemistry and convective-diffusive transport process, have recently attracted extensive interest in combustion and engine research. In this work, numerical simulations have been conducted using a recently developed open-source reacting flow platform reactingFOAM-SCT, to investigate the minimum ignition energy (MIE) and propagation dynamics of premixed cool flames in a 1D spherical coordinate. Results have shown that when ignition energy is below the MIE of regular hot flames, a class of cool flames could be initiated, which allow much wider flammability limits, both lean and rich, compared to hot flames. Furthermore, the overall cool flame propagation dynamics exhibit intrinsic similarity to those of hot flames, in that, they begin with an ignition kernel propagation regime, followed by two transition regimes, and eventually reach a normal flame propagation regime. However, a spherical expanding cool flame responds completely differently to stretch. Specifically, a regular outwardly propagating hot spherical flame accelerates with increasing stretch rate when the mixture Le 1. However, it is found that a cool flame always tends to decelerate with increasing stretch rate regardless of mixture composition, exhibiting unique flame aerodynamic characteristic. This research discovers novel features of premixed cool flame initiation and propagation dynamics and sheds light on flame transition, spark-ignition system design, and advanced engine combustion control.
Clumped 13CH2D and 12CHD2 compositions of methyl groups from wood and synthetic monomers: Methods, experimental and theoretical calibrations, and initial results

Abstract Methyl groups are found in numerous biogenic and synthetic materials including geologically preserved materials such as wood. The carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of methyl groups are used as tracers in biogeochemical cycles, as paleothermometers, and to determine the hydrogen isotopic composition of ancient rain. Here we present analyses of resolved 13C–D (13CH2D) and D–D (12CHD2) clumped isotope compositions of methyl groups as new variables for the study of methyl groups in the present and past. We first present chemical methods to extract, purify, and derivatize methyl groups from methoxyl (R–O–CH3) groups as CH3F and CH3Cl, and high-resolution mass spectrometric techniques to determine the clumped isotope compositions of these species. We achieve precisions for 13C–D clumping of ±0.25‰ and D–D clumping of ±2.5‰. We anchor our clumped isotopic measurements to a thermodynamic reference frame by first calculating the theoretical temperature dependences of 13C–D and D–D clumping in CH3Cl, then placing our measurements onto this reference frame through experimental internal isotopic equilibration of CH3Cl at 200 °C. Finally, we provide and analyze an initial dataset of clumped 13C–D and D–D compositions of methyl groups from various commercial/synthetic monomers and environmental woods. We observe ranges in clumped isotope compositions of ∼11‰ in 13C–D and ∼48‰ in D–D, and systematic differences within these ranges between methyl groups from commercial monomers and wood. Specifically, commercial clumped 13C–D compositions are between 0 and 3‰, which correspond to apparent equilibrium temperatures between 170 °C and the infinite temperature limit. In contrast, the clumped 13C–D compositions of wood methoxyl groups are distinctively high (9.50–11.25‰) and 3–6‰ higher than would be expected if formed in internal isotopic equilibrium at Earth-surface temperatures. Commercial/synthetic methyl and wood methoxyl clumped D–D compositions are also distinct: −5 to +13‰ in commercial monomers vs. −35 to −8‰ in wood—such negative values cannot result from formation in isotopic equilibrium and require kinetic processes to have occurred. These results indicate that wood methoxyl groups are formed out of isotopic equilibrium and that clumped isotope compositions of methyl groups may be useful tracers of methyl group sources and sinks in the environment. For instance, isotopic clumping in methyl groups may be useful for understanding controls on isotopic clumping in methane produced by methylotrophic methanogens.
The Government's Involvement in Prenatal Drug Testing May Be Toxic.

In 25 U.S. states, healthcare professionals are mandated to report pregnant people for substance use to child protection service (CPS) agencies. This practice is not evidence-based, and we believe it harms the patient-provider relationship, opposes reproductive autonomy, and contributes to racial disparities in CPS referrals and their outcomes. Black patients are more often screened and reported than white patients for prenatal substance use; besides the impact on their obstetric care, this may be a barrier to seeking treatment for substance use disorders. Furthermore, strict, punitive state-level policies are associated with greater odds of neonatal abstinence syndrome. The treatment of substance use disorders in pregnancy under the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act opposes robust evidence understanding substance use disorders as chronic illnesses. Among non-pregnant people seeking healthcare, substance use is not a “reportable offense.” This double marginalization of pregnant patients limits their autonomy and unduly exposes them to the criminal-legal system. Given disparities in prenatal drug screening, Black pregnant patients are at greater risk of such double-jeopardy. Public health and medical organizations have released policy statements against states’ punitive laws, but little has changed. Healthcare providers and institutions should prioritize evidence-based care to benefit the health and wellbeing of birthing person and their infant and combat “legal” interference at the clinic and public-health scale.
Property Outlaws: How Squatters, Pirates, and Protesters Improve the Law of Ownership

Property Outlaws puts forth the intriguingly counterintuitive proposition that, in the case of both tangible and intellectual property law, disobedience can often lead to an improvement in legal regulation. The authors argue that in property law there is a tension between the competing demands of stability and dynamism, but its tendency is to become static and fall out of step with the needs of society. The authors employ wide-ranging examples of the behaviors of "property outlaws"--the trespasser, squatter, pirate, or file-sharer--to show how specific behaviors have induced legal innovation. They also delineate the similarities between the actions of property outlaws in the spheres of tangible and intellectual property. An important conclusion of the book is that a dynamic between the activities of "property outlaws" and legal innovation should be cultivated in order to maintain this avenue of legal reform.
Computational Capacity of Complex Memcapacitive Networks

Emerging memcapacitive nanoscale devices have the potential to perform computations in new ways. In this article, we systematically study, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, the computational capacity of complex memcapacitive networks, which function as reservoirs in reservoir computing, one of the brain-inspired computing architectures. Memcapacitive networks are composed of memcapacitive devices randomly connected through nanowires. Previous studies have shown that both regular and random reservoirs provide sufficient dynamics to perform simple tasks. How do complex memcapacitive networks illustrate their computational capability, and what are the topological structures of memcapacitive networks that solve complex tasks with efficiency? Studies show that small-world power-law (SWPL) networks offer an ideal trade-off between the communication properties and the wiring cost of networks. In this study, we illustrate the computing nature of SWPL memcapacitive reservoirs by exploring the two essential properties: fading memory and linear separation through measurements of kernel quality. Compared to ideal reservoirs, nanowire memcapacitive reservoirs had a better dynamic response and improved their performance by 4.67% on three tasks: MNIST, Isolated Spoken Digits, and CIFAR-10. On the same three tasks, compared to memristive reservoirs, nanowire memcapacitive reservoirs achieved comparable performance with much less power, on average, about 99× , 17×, and 277×, respectively. Simulation results of the topological transformation of memcapacitive networks reveal that that topological structures of the memcapacitive SWPL reservoirs did not affect their performance but significantly contributed to the wiring cost and the power consumption of the systems. The minimum trade-off between the wiring cost and the power consumption occurred at different network settings of α and β: 4.5 and 0.61 for Biolek reservoirs, 2.7 and 1.0 for Mohamed reservoirs, and 3.0 and 1.0 for Najem reservoirs. The results of our research illustrate the computational capacity of complex memcapacitive networks as reservoirs in reservoir computing. Such memcapacitive networks with an SWPL topology are energy-efficient systems that are suitable for low-power applications such as mobile devices and the Internet of Things.
Peer-delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-based Intervention Reduced Depression and Stress in Community Dwelling Adults With Diabetes and Chronic Pain: A Cluster Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND Finding effective, accessible treatment options such as professional-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for medically complex individuals is challenging in rural communities. PURPOSE We examined whether a CBT-based program intended to increase physical activity despite chronic pain in patients with diabetes delivered by community members trained as peer coaches also improved depressive symptoms and perceived stress. METHODS Participants in a cluster-randomized controlled trial received a 3-month telephonic lifestyle modification program with integrated CBT elements. Peer coaches assisted participants in developing skills related to adaptive coping, diabetes self-management goal-setting, stress reduction, and cognitive restructuring. Attention controls received general health advice with an equal number of contacts but no CBT elements. Depressive symptoms and stress were assessed using the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression and Perceived Stress scales. Assessments occurred at baseline, 3 months, and 1 year. RESULTS Of 177 participants with follow-up data, 96% were African Americans, 79% women, and 74% reported annual income <$20,000. There was a significant reduction in perceived stress in intervention compared to control participants at 3-months (β = -2.79, p = .002 [95% CI -4.52, -1.07]) and 1 year (β = -2.59, p < .0001 [95% CI -3.30, -1.87]). Similarly, intervention participants reported significant decreases in depressive symptoms at 3-months (β = -2.48, p < .0001 [95% CI -2.48, -2.02]) and at 1 year (β = -1.62, p < .0001 [95% CI -2.37, -0.86]). CONCLUSIONS This peer-delivered CBT-based program improved depressive symptoms and stress in individuals with diabetes and chronic pain. Training community members may be a feasible strategy for offering CBT-based interventions in rural and under-resourced communities. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02538055.
Contralateral eyelid elevation following unilateral upper eyelid retraction repair.

Purpose: To report the influence of unilateral upper eyelid retraction repair on the upper eyelid position of the contralateral, non-operative side.Methods: An IRB-approved retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients who underwent unilateral upper eyelid retraction repair. Patient demographics, etiology of upper eyelid retraction, previous surgeries, and periocular measurements from pre-operative and follow-up visits were reviewed.Results: Thirteen patients who underwent unilateral upper eyelid retraction repair due to thyroid eye disease or iatrogenic retraction secondary to ptosis repair demonstrated an elevation in contralateral eyelid height post-operatively. The mean pre-operative MRD-1 was 6.6 mm in the operative eye and 2.6 mm in the contralateral eye. All patients demonstrated a decreased MRD-1 in the operative eye (mean change: -2.6 mm [-38.4%]; standard deviation [SD]: 1.2 mm) and an increased MRD-1 in the contralateral eye (mean change: +1.3 mm [+62.4%]; SD: 0.6 mm) following unilateral upper eyelid retraction repair. The mean post-operative MRD-1 measurements were 4.0 mm ± 0.5 mm and 3.9 mm ± 0.6 mm in the operative and contralateral eyes, respectively.Conclusions: Unilateral upper eyelid retraction repair may induce an elevation of the contralateral upper eyelid position in some patients. The findings in this report may support unilateral intervention in patients with upper lid retraction, especially in the setting of contralateral blepharoptosis.
Superfluid onset and compressibility of He 4 films adsorbed on carbon nanotubes

Third sound measurements of superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ thin films adsorbed on 10-nm-diameter multiwall carbon nanotubes are used to probe the superfluid onset temperature as a function of the film thickness, and to study the temperature dependence of the film compressibility. The nanotubes provide a highly ordered carbon surface, with layer-by-layer growth of the adsorbed film as shown by oscillation peaks in the third sound velocity at the completion of the third, fourth, and fifth atomic layers, arising from oscillations in the compressibility. In temperature sweeps the third sound velocity at very low temperatures is found to be linear with temperature, but oscillating between positive and negative slope depending on the film thickness. Analysis shows that this can be attributed to a linearly decreasing compressibility of the film with temperature that appears to hold even near zero temperature. The superfluid onset temperature is found to be linear in the film thickness, as predicted by the Kosterlitz-Thouless theory, but the slope is anomalous, a factor of 3 smaller than the predicted universal value.
Reducing CO2 emissions by targeting the world’s hyper-polluting power plants

Combusting fossil fuels to produce electricity is the single largest contributor to sector-level, anthropogenic carbon pollution. Because sector-wide policies are often too unwieldy to implement, however, some researchers have recommended reducing electricity-based CO2 emissions by targeting the most extreme emitters of each nation's electricity industry. Here, we use a unique international data source to measure national disproportionalities in power plant CO2 emissions and estimate the fraction of each country's electricity-based CO2 emissions that would be reduced if its most profligate polluters lowered their emission intensities, switched to gas fuels, and incorporated carbon capture and storage systems. We find that countries' disproportionalities vary greatly and have mostly grown over time. We also find that 17% to 49% of the world's CO2 emissions from electricity generation could be eliminated depending on the intensity standards, fuels, or carbon capture technologies adopted by hyper-emitting plants. This suggests that policies aimed at improving the environmental performance of "super polluters" are effective strategies for transitioning to decarbonized energy systems.
America’s fleet evolution in an automated future

Abstract Cost reductions and technological advancements are priming autonomous, electric, and shared vehicles for rapid growth, which may improve safety and mobility, but may also increase vehicle-miles traveled (VMT). This study seeks to improve upon existing fleet evolution work, by simulating the adoption of autonomous, electric, and shared vehicles in a single fleet evolution simulation, calibrated with results of a recent survey of Americans. Statistical models are used in the household-level microsimulation to model decisions regarding vehicle transactions, travel behavior, and land use decisions. The simulation predicts a shift in the powertrain makeup of the United States fleet, with hybrid-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles each comprising over 40% of the private fleet by 2050. The rate of decline of the price premium for self-driving vehicle technology has a significant effect on autonomous vehicle (AV) adoption rates. Allowing the ability to retain a human-driving option in self-driving vehicles increases AV adoption rates by roughly 10% by 2050. Shared autonomous vehicle (SAV) use rises to roughly 35% of overall VMT by 2050, about one third of which is via dynamic ride-sharing (DRS). VMT among private vehicles roughly follows adoption rates, though technologies with greater adoption generally experience disproportionately higher VMT.
Stenanthium leimanthoides and S. densum (Melanthiaceae) revisited, with the description of two new species

The genus Stenanthium, distributed through much of eastern United States, has previously been circumscribed with four species. Herbarium and field research on Stenanthium densum and S. leimanthoides (Melanthiaceae) support the recognition of two new segregate species, S. macrum and S. tennesseense. Data are presented on morphology, phenology, habitat, and distribution of each of these four species. Selected specimen records, distribution maps, field photographs, and a key to these four species are provided.
Ideal Thermal Conductivity of Pd and Nb

We have calculated the electron-phonon contribution to the thermal conductivity of Pd and Nb. The Boltzmann equation describes the electronic distribution function in the presence of a thermal gradient. We solved the Boltzmann equation within the rigid-muffin-tin approximation, using a very dense mesh of first-principles, Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker wave vectors on the Fermi surface. Phonon frequencies and polarizations were obtained from Born-von Karman force-constant fits of neutron scattering data. The electron-phonon matrix elements were calculated by using the rigid-muffin-tin approximation. Our calculation is free of adjustable parameters. Agreement with experiment is at the 15% level at room temperature.
Applications of polymer micelles for imaging and drug delivery

Polymeric micelles, self-assembling nano-constructs of amphiphilic copolymers, are widely considered as convenient nano-carriers for a variety of applications, such as diagnostic imaging, and drug and gene delivery. They have demonstrated a variety of favorable properties including biocompatibility, longevity, high stability in vitro and in vivo, capacity to effectively solubilize a variety of poorly soluble drugs, changing the release profile of the incorporated pharmaceutical agents, and the ability to accumulate in the target zone based on the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Moreover, additional functions can be imparted to the micelle-based delivery systems by engineering their surface for specific applications. Various targeting ligands can be attached for cell or intracellular accumulation at a site of interest. Also, the chelation or incorporation of imaging moieties into the micelle structure enables in vivo biodistribution studies. Moreover, pH-, thermo-, ultrasound-, enzyme- and light-sensitive block-copolymers allow for controlled micelle dissociation and triggered drug release in response to the pathological environment-specific stimuli and/or externally applied signals. The combination of these approaches can further improve specificity and efficacy of micelle-based drug delivery to promote the development of smart multifunctional micelles.
Bagram, Boumediene, and Limited Government

The United States’ prison at Bagram Airbase in Afghanistan is the latest front in the battle over the extraterritorial reach of the Constitution. Habeas litigation on behalf of Bagram detainees has begun establishing how the writ of habeas corpus extends beyond U.S. territory to active war zones, and it has begun to refine the limits of presidential power in the war on terror. This Article explains why, as the courts wrestle with these issues, their foremost task should be to determine whether the Constitution authorizes the U.S. government to suspend the protections of the writ, rather than to discover whether detainees abroad possess a “right” to judicial review of the legality of their detentions. More broadly, we suggest that the U.S. Supreme Court’s new multifactor balancing test for determining the extraterritorial reach of the writ (announced in June 2008 in Boumediene v. Bush1) must be understood as embodying a limited government approach, rather than a rights-based approach, to defining the global reach of the Constitution.
The Border Region: Its Culture and Health Disparities

The U.S.-Mexico Border Region is one of the most dynamic in the world. Population projections are that by 2020 some 24 million people will live in the area. The majority live in or near the 14 sister cities which face each other along a 2,000 mile border and share social, economic, environmental and health interests. The rapid growth of the border region over the past several decades has significantly outpaced the development of infrastructure to meet residents’ needs. What were social and cultural differences have become persistent social inequalities. The public health of one sister city affects the others. Poverty is prevalent, accompanied by infectious and environmentally-created diseases due to absent sewage treatment, toxic waste and poor air and water quality. Congenital anomalies persist in some counties. Recently the border area has experienced gang-related drug and gun violence, and diverted resources to public safety. The environmental and public health challenges in this region are great. The Border XXI Program of 1996 and the Healthy Border 2012/2020 Program commits the governments of Mexico and the U.S., and non-government stakeholders at all levels, to assist in border transformations. U.S. and Mexican border communities have collaborated on joint health improvements to reduce inequalities for many decades. Some of these programs have been limited to a single pair of sister cities, while others have been statewide or border-wide programs. Evaluations of the short and long-term effects or outcomes of these programs have not always been a high priority; the criteria for successful programs and their sustainability have not been widely studied or replicated, and uncertainties in economic and leadership resources have prevented the gathering of uniform, continuous data that are useful on both sides of the border.
Attachment styles, shame, guilt, and collaborative problem‐solving orientations

present sLudy explored relations among adult attachmeni stylcs, shame- and guilt-proneness, and several measures of relationship problcm-solving attitudes and behaviors. Participants were I42 undergraduatcs (32 males, I10 fcmales) who completed boih categorical and continuous mcasurcs of adult attachment, as wcll as sclf-report mcasurcs of the other constructs under investigation. Most participants (93%) were currcntly involved in either exclusivc or casual dating relationships at the time of the study. Controlling for respondcnts' dating staius, results indicated that participants' attachment styles were significantly related to both shame-proncness and collaborative problem-solving, Preoccupied and fearful students were more shame-prone than were their secure and dismissive peers, and securc participants reported significantly higher collaboration scores relative to their fearful counterparts. As expected, shamc and guilt scores were differcntially related to collaborative problem-solving, and participants' attachmcnt security significantly moderated observcd shame-guilt correlations. Finally, respondents' guilt and shamc scores partly mediated observed relations between adult attachment stylcs and collaborative problem-solving oricntations.
A flight test evaluation of the pilot interface with a digital advanced avionics system

A flight study was conducted to study pilot workload and the pilot interface with high levels of avionics capability and automation. The study was done in the context of general aviation, single-pilot IFR operations and utilized an experimental, digital, integrated avionics system. Results indicate that such advanced systems can provide improved information to the pilot and increased functional capability. The results also indicate that additional research is needed to increase the knowledge base required to design the pilot interfaces with highly capable systems. A CRT-based moving map display format tested provided excellent navigational situational awareness but was inferior to an HSI for manual path tracking. The complexity of navigation data management, autopilot management, and maintaining awareness of system status contributed to pilot workload and errors. Suggested guidelines for the design of the pilot/avionics interface for advanced avionics systems are given.
Fault-tolerant Landau-Zener quantum gates

We present a method to perform fault-tolerant single-qubit gate operations using Landau-Zener tunneling. In a single Landau-Zener pulse, the qubit transition frequency is varied in time so that it passes through the frequency of the radiation field. We show that a simple three-pulse sequence allows eliminating errors in the gate up to the third order in errors in the qubit energies or the radiation frequency.
Two-dimensional 1H NMR studies of Ca(II)-binding site in proteins using paramagnetic lanthanides(III) as probes and Yb(III)-substituted bovine α-lactalbumin as an example

Substitution of Yb3+ for the Ca2+ in bovine α-lactalbumin affords a derivative that gives rise to several isotropically shifted 1H NMR signals in the range 80 to − 35 ppm in D2O. Despite the broadness of the isotropically shifted features, cross signals in both NOESY and COSY spectra have been detected. Several Asp residues in the metal-binding loop can be recognized in the 2D 1H NMR spectra of this derivative, showing cross signals among the protons of a CβH2CαH moiety. This paper reports 2D 1H NMR studies of a paramagnetic lanthanide(III)-substituted Ca2+−containing protein that may serve as a model for future NMR studies of other biochemically significant Ca2+ proteins.
Density-Dependent Regulation of Brook Trout Population Dynamics along a Core-Periphery Distribution Gradient in a Central Appalachian Watershed

Spatial population models predict strong density-dependence and relatively stable population dynamics near the core of a species' distribution with increasing variance and importance of density-independent processes operating towards the population periphery. Using a 10-year data set and an information-theoretic approach, we tested a series of candidate models considering density-dependent and density-independent controls on brook trout population dynamics across a core-periphery distribution gradient within a central Appalachian watershed. We sampled seven sub-populations with study sites ranging in drainage area from 1.3–60 km2 and long-term average densities ranging from 0.335–0.006 trout/m. Modeled response variables included per capita population growth rate of young-of-the-year, adult, and total brook trout. We also quantified a stock-recruitment relationship for the headwater population and coefficients of variability in mean trout density for all sub-populations over time. Density-dependent regulation was prevalent throughout the study area regardless of stream size. However, density-independent temperature models carried substantial weight and likely reflect the effect of year-to-year variability in water temperature on trout dispersal between cold tributaries and warm main stems. Estimated adult carrying capacities decreased exponentially with increasing stream size from 0.24 trout/m in headwaters to 0.005 trout/m in the main stem. Finally, temporal variance in brook trout population size was lowest in the high-density headwater population, tended to peak in mid-sized streams and declined slightly in the largest streams with the lowest densities. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that local density-dependent processes have a strong control on brook trout dynamics across the entire distribution gradient. However, the mechanisms of regulation likely shift from competition for limited food and space in headwater streams to competition for thermal refugia in larger main stems. It also is likely that source-sink dynamics and dispersal from small headwater habitats may partially influence brook trout population dynamics in the main stem.
Suppression in auditory-nerve fibers of cats using low-side suppressors. II. Effect of spontaneous rates.

The responses of auditory nerve fibers with different spontaneous rates were studied in anesthetized cats, using harmonically related characteristic frequency (CF) tone and suppressor (SUP) tone (50-2000 Hz) as stimuli. The relative-response index, defined as the ratio of the maximum response level in the two-tone segment to the response level in the CF-alone segment, at or near the intensity of maximum suppression (i.e., where the two-tone rate was lowest), was dependent on fiber's spontaneous rate (SR). For all the SUP frequencies used, lower-SR fibers almost always showed values less than unity, while high-SR fibers almost always gave values near or greater than unity. The phase of maximum suppression was not dependent upon fiber SR. In one experiment, a pair of low- and high-SR fibers with the same CF (12 kHz) were recorded consecutively in the same electrode penetration, and were studied with the same stimulus parameters. Their temporal responses showed dramatic temporal resemblances, with very similar phases of suppression and response. But the relative-response indexes were different. The similarities in the lower- and high-SR fibers support the idea that the basic response and suppression patterns in all fibers are formed at or before the inner hair cell (IHC) stage, while the differences suggest that processes more central than the IHC receptor potential are important in determining the magnitudes of suppression, particularly in the lower-SR fibers.
Buffon and the concept of species

Historians of science have certainly not overlooked Buffon's concept of species. However, a perusal of the literature reveals an ironic situation. Even though Buffon was the leading naturalist of his century, the third most widely read author in France, and one of the "four great lights of the Enlightenment," his work has been reviewed largely in its relationship to later thought. Accordingly, he is most often given the dubious honor of being cited as a precursor first of Cuvier, then of Darwin.And as is the case with most alleged precursors, their fame and importance pales when compared to the major figures for whom they act as harbingers. In Buffon's case this situation is most regrettable, for his concept of species had an immense impact on the biology of his day, and furthermore it was an integral part of the intellectual ferment known as the Enlightenment. A thorough understanding of his thought can help us answer a much more important question than who thought what before whom; namely, what was the state of biology in the eighteenth
Amiodarone therapy in chronic heart failure and myocardial infarction: A review of the mortality trials with special attention to STAT-CHF and the GESICA trials

Amiodarone appears to reduce sudden death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction resulting from an acute MI or a primary dilated cardiomyopathy, particularly if complex ventricular arrhythmias are present. Amiodarone's beneficial effect on mortality in these patients could be unrelated to its antiarrhythmic effects. Multiple factors could account for the improvement in mortality such as the drug's antiischemic effects, neuromodulating effects, its effect on left ventricular function and on heart rate. Moreover, patients with LV dysfunction who have survived an episode of sudden death would potentially benefit from amiodarone therapy. Future trials are needed to determine the precise subsets(s) of patients who would benefit from the drug and the most efficacious dosing regimen for the drug. Based on available data, amiodarone is the only antiarrhythmic agent which has not been shown to increase mortality in patients with chronic heart failure.
The stabilities of complex ions in molten salts

Abstract The evidence for complex-ion formation in molten salts is reviewed, and experimental methods and the experimental evaluation of stability constants are discussed. The stability constants thus obtained have been applied to evaluate the Helmholtz free energy of association which, apart from being used to test the theretical model, has been chosen to demonstrate various effects in terms of different experimental conditions. Interaction forces exerted within the complex ions are discussed accordingly. Solvent effects are emphasized and solvents better suited for complex-ion association-constant determination are suggested.
Development of adrenal cortical zonation and expression of key elements of adrenal androgen production in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) from birth to adulthood.

Abstract The basis for the pattern of adrenal androgen production in the chimpanzee, which resembles that of humans, is poorly defined. We characterized the developmental zonation and expression of elements of the androgen biosynthetic pathway in the chimpanzee adrenal. The newborn adrenal contained a broad fetal zone (FZ) expressing CYP17, SULT2A1, and Cytochrome B5 (CB5) but not HSD3B; the outer cortex expressed HSD3B but not SULT2A1 or CB5. During infancy, the FZ involuted and the HSD3B-expressing outer cortex broadened. By 3 years of age, a thin layer of cells that expressed CB5, SULT2A1, and CYP17 adjoined the medulla and likely represented the zona reticularis; the outer cortex consisted of distinct zonae fasiculata and glomerulosa. Thereafter, the zona reticularis broadened as also occurs in the human. The adult chimpanzee adrenal displayed other human-like characteristics: intramedullary clusters of reticularis-like cells and also a cortical cuff of zona fasiculata-like cells adjoining the central vein.
Evidence for a divided genome in bean golden mosaic virus, a geminivirus

Gemini viruses1,2, a recently discovered group of plant viruses, are the only viruses containing circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) found in eukaryotic organisms. Their ssDNA, which is less than half the size (molecular weight (Mr) 7–8 × 105) (refs 3–6) of that of other ssDN A viruses7,8, is the smallest yet found in autonomously replicating viruses. Geminivirus DNA is encapsidated in paired isometric particles whose monomer units measure ∼18 nm. This unique capsid morphology was accounted for by an early hypothesis of a functionally divided genome. Among the RNA plant viruses, there are several groups that carry necessary genetic information on more than one nucleic acid species. In the case of geminiviruses, two nucleic acid components were postulated to be carried in each paired particle9,10. Analyses of the physical composition of geminiviruses showed, however, that there is only one DNA molecule in each paired particle6,11,12. We have now investigated the DNA of a geminivirus using restriction endonucleases and a biological assay of infectivity and report here evidence for a divided genome in bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV). Two different nucleotide sequences are found and both seem to be required for infectivity.