cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent developments in plastic optical fiber components for automotive applications

The majority of production applications using plastic optical fiber (POF) have been for illumination applications. These applications continue to be refined and new illumination applications continue to be introduced. Point-to-point data communication applications of POF are beginning to appear in production vehicles. New developments in connection systems and networking components are occurring rapidly. This paper discusses recently developed components for illumination and data communications. The illumination components were designed for three different applications: lamp monitoring, keyhole illumination, and PRNDL indication (gear shift). Components for data communications include two connection systems and two passive stars designed for networking. The two connections systems are a 16 electrical/1 optical system for point-to-point links and a 5 electrical/2 optical for two-way optical communications. The two stars are a 16 node star and 7 node star. Performance characteristics and design advantages are described for all components.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High Accuracy Parallel Foil Drift Chamber

A 50 × 50 cm2 area 1 cm drift spacing High Accuracy Parallel Foil Drift Chamber was built and successfully operated.1 This chamber produces an overall average spatial resolution ? = 80?m in the entire drift space. This type of drift chamber has excellent field unifonmity in the electron drift region, high count rate capability and relatively small memory time, 192 nsec.
Extensive porosity at the cement–femoral prosthesis interface: A preliminary study

This study is the first description of the extensive porosity which is preferentially located at the cement-prosthesis interface of cemented femoral components of total hip replacements. The observation is important because the interfacial porosity may decrease the strength of the cement-femoral prosthesis interface and jeopardize the mechanical integrity of the cement mantle. We examined the cement-metal interfaces from a multiplicity of in vivo and in vitro specimens using both optical and scanning electron microscopy. These samples included several stem designs, implants made from either Co-Cr or Ti alloy, implants made with a variety of surface finishes and both centrifuged and uncentrifuged cement. All in vivo and in vitro samples had marked porosity in the cement focally concentrated at the cement-metal interface. The amount of porosity at the interface greatly exceeded the amount of general porosity found throughout the bulk cement. Centrifuging did not affect the interfacial porosity, and neither did alloy nor surface finish. The presence of these pores may be expoained by the rheological characteristics of the cement. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A translational behavioral model of mood-based impulsivity: Implications for substance abuse.

Background Laboratory tasks that measure various facets of impulsivity derived from self-report questionnaires are important for elucidating the behavioral consequences of impulsivity in humans and for back-translating these facets to non-human species. Negative urgency, or mood-based rash action, is a self-report facet of impulsivity linked to problem substance use; however, a valid behavioral task is lacking.
The erythroid-specific protein cGATA-1 mediates distal enhancer activity through a specialized beta-globin TATA box.

The erythroid-specific protein cGATA-1 regulates the chick p-globin gene through GATA sequences present at the canonical TATA location in the promoter as well as in the distal 3' enhancer. We have analyzed p-globin transcription in transfected erythroid cells and in erythroid extracts to determine whether cGATA-1 binding at -30 regulates promoter or enhancer activity. The interaction of both cGATA-1 and TFIID at different times with the -30 GATA site is required for efficient ^-globin expression in vivo, and the GATA enhancer site can functionally replace the TATA element in the p-globin promoter. TFIID initiates transcription in vitro by complexing with adaptor proteins and displacing cGATA-1 from the -30 GATA site. Mutations that abolish TFIID binding to the -30 GATA box inactivate the promoter, whereas elimination of cGATA-1 binding to this site selectively diminishes enhancer-dependent transcription . We propose that interaction of cGATA-1 with the distal 3' enhancer and the specialized TATA box confers erythroid specificity to the initiation complex by mediating promoter-enhancer communication. Thus, one mechanism of action for tissue-specific proteins that recognizes noncanonical TATA motifs is to enable TFIID to be regulated by distal control elements. In this way, the initiation complex can be responsive to specific regulators that may not recognize a canonical TFIID-TATA structure.
Prompt structuring of a plasma expanding in an external magnetic field

Large amplitude flute-like modes on plasmas expanding in external magnetic fields have been observed in both space and laboratory experiments. In this paper we review relevant experimental, theoretical, and numerical research with particular emphasis on the work that has been carried out at Los Alamos. Theoretical research on the diocotron instability and both the electrostatic and electromagnetic aspects of the lower-hybrid drift instability is summarized. Simulation results based on a hybrid code with finite electron mass, an electrostatic particle code, and an electromagnetic particle code are also described. We conclude that the lower hybrid drift instability rather than the diocotron instability is the likely source of the flute modes but that nonlinear effects must be invoked to explain the wavelengths of the observed structures. A number of unresolved issues related to the theory and experiments are also discussed.
Status of high-rate low-occupancy scintillating fiber charged-particle tracking

Issues necessary for good charged particle tracking in a solenoidal magnetic field are discussed. The advantages to high energy physics experiments of using a tracking detector made using scintillating fibers are presented. Upon passage of a charged particle through a fiber, light is emitted. For a fraction of the photons, the fiber acts like a wave guide, transmitting the photons to a transducer outside the active detection region. The design uses scintillating fibers of approximately 1 mm diameter and is highly segmented as well as capable of very high data rates. Systems with up to 106 channels are simple in design so that `industrialization' can easily be accomplished. Results from the production of prototypes are presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Turning points in chair‐faculty relationships

Abstract Researchers have generally ignored the role of communication in academic leadership as it relates to chair‐faculty relationships. A turning point analysis was employed to examine what types of communicative events influence the construction, maintenance, and alteration of chair‐faculty relationships. Seven types of turning point were discovered: (1) performance evaluation, (2) recognition, (3) support, (4) trustworthiness, (5) job interference, (6) outside interaction, and (7) interpersonal discussion. Trustworthiness turning points promoted the greatest negative change in faculty perceptions of the chair‐faculty relationship and significantly decreased the amount of personal information a faculty member would share with the department chair. Subsequent analysis revealed that department chairs pursuing benevolent goals (e.g. helping socialize the faculty member regarding department expectations) were perceived as moving the chair‐faculty relationship in more positive directions while department c...
Isolation and amino terminal sequence of β-trace, a novel protein from human cerebrospinal fluid

beta-Trace, a 23.5 kDa glycoprotein of unknown biological functions, is present in all body fluids tested. It is found in higher concentration in human seminal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) than in serum. A one-step procedure for the isolation of beta-trace from pooled CSF is described, by affinity chromatography using a specific antibody made against beta-trace. Amino terminal sequence analysis yields the sequence A P E A Q V S V Q P N F Q Q D K F L G with no homology to known proteins, indicating that beta-trace is a novel CSF protein.
Effect of arteriovenous fistula on the cardiovascular dynamics.

The effects of acute A-V fistula of different magnitudes on the cardiovascular dynamics were studied in anesthetized, open-chest dogs. It was found that A-V fistula decreases mean systemic arterial pressure, effective systemic blood flow, total and pulmonary peripheral resistances. On the other hand, A-V fistula increases heart rate, myocardial contractility, total cardiac output, stroke volume, left and right atrial pressures, pulmonary arterial pressure and systemic peripheral resistance. The magnitude of the above hemodynamic changes was essentially in proportion to the size of the fistula. It was also found that A-V fistula decreases superior mesenteric and femoral arterial blood flows and increases the peripheral resistances.
Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings : The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent.
Adjudicatory Oversight and Judicial Decision Making in Executive Branch Agencies

Adjudications are an important, though understudied, means through which administrative agencies create policies that have a lasting impact. We argue that executive branch agency heads utilize their oversight of agency adjudications to advance agency goals. Relying on an original data set of adjudications appealed to the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s agency head’s adjudication delegee, our empirical results indicate a substantial positive effect on the probability that the agency head will reverse an administrative law judge (ALJ) when he receives the appeal of an antiagency ALJ decision. However, the agency’s adjudication oversight is conditional on political constraints, including partisanship differences between an agency and the litigated law and whether the case is being heard during a time of presidential transition. These results have clear implications for the use and effectiveness of agency adjudications as a political tool.
Non-parametric Tests of Consumer Behaviour

The neoclassical model of consumer behaviour postulates that a consumer's choice behaviour can be described as deriving from utility maximization subject to a budget constraint. One is then naturally led to ask what this model implies about observed behaviour. This question has been addressed from two quite distinct approaches. The first approach, originating in the work of Slutsky (1915) and Antonelli (1886), derives necessary and sufficient conditions involving the derivatives of the demand functions. The second approach, originating in the work of Samuelson (1938), (1947), (1948), derives algebraic conditions on the demand functions implied by maximizing behaviour.
Potentiation of reflex erectile responses in the anaesthetized rat by the selective melanocortin receptor 4 agonist MB243.

OBJECTIVE To assess the potentiation of erectile responses induced by electrical stimulation (ES) of the dorsal penile nerve (DPN) in the urethane-anaesthetized rat by the selective melanocortin receptor 4 agonist MB243. MATERIALS AND METHODS Intracavernosal and blood pressures (ICP and BP, respectively) were monitored in urethane-anaesthetized rats after complete spinal cord transection at the thoracic level. Erectile responses were induced by ES of the DPN (train of square wave pulses of 1 ms and 6 V for 20 s at 1, 2 and 5 Hz) after i.v. injection of either saline or MB243, 3 mg/kg, in two groups of six rats. The maximal and mean ICP, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the ICP response, corrected for the corresponding BP, were measured and used as an index of erectile function (ICPmax/BP, ICPmean/BP and AUC/BP, respectively). RESULTS MB243 increased the number of spontaneous erections between the injection and the first ES when compared with the vehicle group, but this difference was not statistically significant. ES of the DPN induced frequency-dependent erectile responses, the mean (sem) ICPmean/BP was 0.26 (0.02), 0.34 (0.04) and 0.39 (0.05) after administration of saline (vehicle) at 1, 2 and 5 Hz, respectively. All the variables, except the ICPmax/BP at 5 Hz, were significantly increased in the group injected with MB243 when compared with the vehicle group (P < 0.05 for ICPmax/BP and ICPmean/BP; P < 0.01 for AUC/BP). The AUC/BP showed the greatest increases of (+79%, +60% and +44% at 1, 2 and 5 Hz, respectively) in the group injected with MB243 compared with the vehicle group. CONCLUSION Erectile responses induced by ES of the DPN in spinalized, urethane-anaesthetized rat are suitable for evaluating the proerectile facilitator activity of selective peripherally restricted melanocortin receptor 4 agonists. This model represents a valuable alternative to the classically used cavernous/pelvic nerve stimulated model.
Growth of microorganisms on chemically synthesized carbohydrate ("formose") syrups.

Formose syrup was studied as a carbon source for growth of a series of microorganisms obtained from various collections. Approximately 80 strains of bacteria, yeasts, and molds were inoculated into a medium containing formose syrup and mineral salts supplemented with small amounts of yeast extract and casein hydrolysate to supply accessory growth factors. Two preparations of formose syrup, produced by two different laboratories, were employed. Formose syrup I, characterized by a low sugar content, was poorly utilized; syrup II, containing a higher sugar concentration, was utilized to a greater extent. Two strains of Aerobacter acrogenes yielded 1.3 g dry cell mass from an initial charge of 10 g of formose II solids, whereas growth on 10 g of D-glucose amounted to 3.7 g. Klebsiella aerogenes MIT-B44, the best microbial strain isolated from soil by an enrichment technique, produced 1.3 g cells from 10 g fromose syrup II solids in supplemented medium; in direct comparisons, it produced 10–15% more cell 0.7–0.9 g cells per 10 g formose and grew with a doubling time of 55–70 min. Under such conditions, its macromolecular composition was 52% protein, 22% RNA, and 2% DNA. Although the apparent yield of cells from formose was only 8–11%, the actual yield based on formose utilized was 30%, the same as observed with glucose. A second strain was isolated from soil by enrichment with spent broth from K. aerogenes. This unidentified gram-negative, short rod-shaped bacterium grew in mixed culture with strain MIT-B44; in unsupplemented media they produced 1.55 g cells from 10 g formose II solids and 2.9 g cells from 10 g glucose.
De novo colorectal cancer: five-year survival is markedly lower in transplant recipients compared with the general population.

Abstract Introduction The biological behavior of most solid tumors in transplant recipients has not been adequately compared to the general population. The purpose of the present study was to compare outcomes in de novo colorectal cancer (CRC) following solid organ transplantation to those observed in the general population (SEER) database. Methods All transplant recipients with de novo CRC in the Israel Penn International Transplant Tumor Registry were identified and analyzed and the data were compared to CRC patients in the SEER National Cancer Institute (NCI) database. Results One hundred and fifty transplant recipients with de novo CRC were identified, among which were 93 (62%) kidney, 29 (19.3%) heart, 27 (18%) liver, and 1 (0.7%) lung recipients. Median age of transplant recipients was 54 years, compared to a median age of 72 years for patients in the SEER NCI database. However, compared to patients from the SEER NCI database, recipients with Duke's A through C stage disease were noted to experience a significant decrease in 5-year survival. The results in Duke's C patients were particularly dismal. Conclusions The early age at presentation of CRC in transplant recipients suggests that the development of de novo CRC may be effected by immunosuppression. Decreased 5-year survival rates in transplant recipients compared to the general population suggest that CRC in transplant patients is biologically more aggressive. These data cannot distinguish whether the lower survival rates are because the CRC are inherently biologically more aggressive or whether immunosuppression allows for more aggressive clinical behavior of CRC.
Synthesis and Initial Thermal Characterization of Titanium Polyferrocene Ethers

Abstract Titanium polyferrocene ethers were synthesized by the inter-facial technique. Reaction is rapid and general. Synthesis can be effected by utilizing either NaOH or Et3N but not without added base. Reactant molar ratio yield trends vary with the nature of the diol, indicative of the sensitivity of the system, at least to this variable. Decomposition to ca. 150°C occurs via a nonoxidative mode(s). Above 150°C, degradation occurs through an oxidative route(s) in air.
Beyond authenticity: The meanings and uses of cultural tourism

This article argues that tourism performances, sights and sites communicate more than ‘truth’ about a ‘real’ culture. An examination and comparison of several touristic displays in the French and S...
Prevalence of Symptoms of Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis Among Adult Females in the United States

Purpose: Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis is a poorly understood condition that can cause serious disability. We provide the first population based symptom prevalence estimate to our knowledge among United States adult females.Materials and Methods: We developed and validated 2 case definitions to identify bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis symptoms. Beginning in August 2007 we telephoned United States households, seeking adult women with bladder symptoms or a bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis diagnosis. Second stage screening identified those subjects who met case definition criteria. Each completed a 60-minute interview on the severity and impact of bladder symptoms, health care seeking and demographics. Data collection ended in April 2009. Using population and nonresponse weights we calculated prevalence estimates based on definitions spanning a range of sensitivity and specificity. We used United States Census counts to estimate the number of affected women in 2006. The r...
A ten-year study of meroplankton in North Carolina estuaries: Assessment of environmental factors and sampling success among bothid flounders and penaeid shrimps

Biweekly nighttime samples of macroplankton were collected for a ten-year period (1957–66) from North Carolina estuaries. Establishment of stations, methods of sampling, and hydrographic climates are discussed.
Previous Investigation of Realization of an Arbitrary Switching Function with a Network of Threshold and Parity Elements

Attention is called to previous research on realization of an arbitrary switching function by a network of threshold gates (or threshold elements) and modulo-2 gates (or parity elements), establishment of greatest lower bounds on the number of gates needed, artifices that lead to further network reduction in special cases, and systematic minimization of the number of modulo-2 gates required.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Subpicosecond States in Liquids

We have recently shown [1,2] that it is possible to make direct observations of phenomena originating from short-lived upper states of aromatic molecules in solution. The method which has proved to be the most successful in observing such upper states uses consecutive two-photon pulsed laser excitation, followed by fluorescence detection.
Paitu Nanasuagaindu Pahonupi (Three Sacred Valleys): Cultural Significance of Gosiute, Paiute, and Ute Plants

Scientists who analyze American Indian cultures recognize the importance of plants to these peoples. Scientists have recently begun to quantify aspects of American Indian plant use to assess cultural significance. If quantification is to be useful for presenting American Indian concerns, then the model must reflect how they perceive and evaluate plants. This paper discusses a quantitative model for calculating the cultural significance of American Indian plants. The research is based on the ethnobotanical portion of a Native American cultural impact assessment conducted in west-central Utah in 1989. The new research expands the Yucca Mountain ethnobotany data base, adds the perspectives of two additional Indian ethnic groups, and demonstrates the utility of the model developed by Nancy Turner, as adapted by the authors for use in American Indian cultural impact assessments.
Subsurface temperatures and geothermal gradients on the north slope of Alaska

Abstract On the North Slope of Alaska, geothermal gradient data are available from high-resolution, equilibrated well-bore surveys and from estimates based on well-log identification of the base of ice-bearing permafrost. A total of 46 North Slope wells, considered to be in or near thermal equilibrium, have been surveyed with high-resolution temperatures devices and geothermal gradients can be interpreted directly from these recorded temperature profiles. To augment the limited North Slope temperature data base, a new method of evaluating local geothermal gradients has been developed. In this method, a series of well-log picks for the base of the ice-bearing permafrost from 102 wells have been used, along with regional temperature constants derived from the high-resolution stabilized well-bore temperature surveys, to project geothermal gradients. Geothermal gradients calculated from the high-resolution temperature surveys generally agree with those projected from known ice-bearing permafrost depths over most of the North Slope. Values in the ice-bearing permafrost range from ≈ 1.5° C 100 m in the Prudhoe Bay area to ≈ 4.5δ C 100 m in the east-central portion of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. Geothermal gradients below the ice-bearing permafrost sequence range from ≈ 1.6° C 100 m to ≈ 5.2° C 100 m .
Caring for the Poor

To the Editor. —My father was of a medical generation that trained and practiced before Medicare, Medicaid, and the medical-industrial complex. Care for the poor was an integral part of his training and uncompensated care for the poor became an integral part of his subsequent medical practice. As my father would tell it, the indigent patients in those days made few demands and were content to allow the physician to do what the physician felt was best. Perhaps they understood it was charity they were receiving. Care for the poor was an important part of my training as well, but the social roles have changed. We now speak of the principle of autonomy and respect for patient rights, which hold irrespective of the patient's financial status. This ethical sensitivity was both a cause and a result of Medicare and Medicaid. These programs, warts and all, have resulted in a significant
Mouse hepatitis virus neurovirulence: evidence of a linkage between S glycoprotein expression and immunopathology

Differences in disease outcome between the highly neurovirulent MHV-JHM and mildly neurovirulent MHV-A59 have been attributed to variations within the spike (S) glycoprotein. Previously, we found that MHV-JHM neurovirulence was marked by diminished expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) mRNA and a reduced presence of CD8 T cells in the CNS concomitant with heightened macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 transcript levels and greater macrophage infiltration relative to MHV-A59 infection. Here, the ability of the S and non-spike genes to regulate these immune responses was evaluated using chimeric viruses. Chimeric viruses WTR13 and S4R22 were made on MHV-A59 variant backgrounds and, respectively, contained the S gene of MHV-A59 and MHV-JHM. Unexpectedly, genes other than S appeared to modulate events critical to viral replication and survival. Unlike unresolving MHV-JHM infections, the clearance of WTR13 and S4R22 infections coincided with strong IFN-gamma transcription and an increase in the number of CD8 T cells infiltrating into the CNS. However, despite the absence of detectable viral titers, approximately 40% of S4R22-infected mice succumbed within 3 weeks, indicating that the enhanced mortality following S4R22 infection was not associated with high viral titers. Instead, similar to the MHV-JHM infection, reduced survival following S4R22 infection was observed in the presence of elevated MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta mRNA accumulation and enhanced macrophage numbers within infected brains. These observations suggest that the S protein of MHV-JHM influences neurovirulence through the induction of MIP-1alpha- and MIP-1beta-driven macrophage immunopathology.
The path from initial inquiry to initiation of treatment for social anxiety disorder in an anxiety disorders specialty clinic.

Abstract Efficacious treatments for social anxiety disorder have become increasingly available, with approximately three-quarters of treatment completers showing significant improvement [Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 55 (1998) 1133.]. However, very few individuals with social anxiety disorder access these services. The present study reports on the path to initiation of treatment for social anxiety disorder among individuals contacting an anxiety disorder specialty clinic. Of 395 initial telephone inquiries, only 60 individuals (15%) started treatment. Three “critical points” associated with high pretreatment attrition were identified: scheduling an initial interview, attending a scheduled initial interview, and initiating a treatment program after receiving a principal diagnosis of social anxiety disorder. Several demographic variables (e.g., level of education, race) were related to attendance at the initial interview. However, no differences were found between those who did and did not initiate treatment on demographic variables, symptom severity, or quality of life. Given that most individuals who complete treatment for social phobia experience significant benefit, results of the current study suggest that future efforts should be devoted to increasing number of patients who access these services.
Synaptic relationships between the ascending trigeminal fibers and the third order lingual relay neurons of the rat thalamus.

Abstract Electrophysiologically monitored lesions were placed in the chief sensory trigeminal nucleus of rats to study the organization of fibers ascending into the thalamus. The Nauta-Laidlaw method for silver impregnation of degenerated fibers was used. Results indicated that almost all of the ascending trigeminal fibers cross at the level of the pons to form the ventral trigeminothalamic tract. The remaining, uncrossed fibers scatter themselves diffusely throughout the mesencephalic reticular formation. Upon entering the thalamus, terminals of the tract synapse on the third order neurons for lingual relay of gustatory, thermal, and tactile modalities. Some terminals of the tract enter also the thalamic SI and SII snout projection areas and the two nuclei, centrum medianum and parafascicularis. Homolateral distribution of fibers is sparse. Their projection is similar to the observations reported for the contralateral side, except for a lack of degeneration in SI. As no evoked field potentials can be recorded from the thalamic gustatory neurons with electrical stimulation of the lingual nerve, the mechanism serving to influence gustatory neurons with thermal stimulation must reside in the modulation of the spontaneous activity of the gustatory system. It is likely that such a modulation is accomplished by presynaptically depolarizing those gustatory fibers which enter the gustatory nucleus.
A NUMERICAL METHOD FOR PROPAGATION OF UNCERTAINTY IN NONLINEAR SYSTEMS

A numerical method is presented which propagates uncertainty through dynamical systems. It is a fast method of solving the Fokker-Planck equation in the special case of zero diffusion, and requires only that sufficient moments of the initial joint density function be known to adequately characterize it. The method relies upon approximating a continuous density function with a discrete density function. For some systems an interesting linearity condition holds for the uncertainty.
Stages of lexical retrieval

Abstract Beginning with a consideration of visual confrontation naming, models requiring an intervening construct between semantic input and phonological access are distinguished from those which permit direct activation of phonology upon visual identification of a picture. Discrete stage models are also distinguished from non-discrete models. In considering how various types of aphasic naming errors may be reconciled with different models of naming, it was concluded that semantic substitutions are readily accommodated by a variety of models, but that phonological errors of the type characteristic of aphasics are most easily dealt with by spreading activation models. A discussion of lexical access in free discourse emphasized not only the absence of any stages related to visual processing, but the different character of the semantic activity that leads to phonological activation in running speech, in contrast to the canonical semantic representations of picture naming and naming to description.
Discriminating mortar launch/impact events utilizing acoustic sensors

Feature extraction methods based on the discrete wavelet transform and multiresolution analysis facilitate the development of a robust classification algorithm that reliably discriminates between launch and impact mortar events via acoustic signals produced during these events. Distinct characteristics arise within the different explosive events because impact events emphasize concussive and shrapnel effects, while launch events result from explosion that expel and propel a mortar round from a gun. The ensuing blast waves are readily characterized by variations in the corresponding peak pressure and rise time of the waveform, differences in the ratio of positive pressure amplitude to the negative amplitude, variations in the prominent frequencies associated with the varying blast events and variations in the overall duration of the resulting waveform. Unique attributes can also be identified that depend upon the properties of the gun tube, projectile speed at the muzzle, and the explosive/concussive properties associated with the events. In this work, the discrete wavelet transform is used to extract the predominant components of these characteristics from the acoustic signatures of the event at ranges of 1km. Highly reliable discrimination is achieved with a feedforward neural network classifier trained on a feature space derived from the distribution of wavelet coefficients and higher frequency details found within different levels of the multiresolution decomposition. We show that the algorithms provide a reliable discrimination (>84%) between launch and impact events using data collecting during several separate field test experiments.
Preinvasive Neoplasia in the Stomach: Diagnosis and Treatment

This article discusses the proper handling of biopsy samples from mucosal lesions taken from the stomach when there is a suspicion of a malignant process. In addition, the use of endoscopic mucosal resection for therapy and staging of gastric neoplasia is discussed.
Motives and opportunities for domestication: an ethnoarchaeological study in southwest Ethiopia

Farmers of southwest Ethiopia are currently transplanting yams (Dioscorea cayenensis) from wild contexts to home gardens. Ethnoarchaeological study of this practice can inform considerations of agricultural origins in prehistoric times by revealing motives and opportunities that shape decisions to adopt wild-growing plants. In one part of the study area, case studies demonstrate that decisions to manipulate yams may arise mainly among individuals of a particular gender or household composition. Comparisons across the study area illustrate the effects of slight variations in environment and human mobility upon adoption of wild-growing yams. The social and environmental factors that favor or impede manipulation of yams are highly specific and nuanced, and operate on both intra- and inter-community levels.
Hardcore Drinking Drivers and Other Contributors to the Alcohol-Impaired Driving Problem: Need For a Comprehensive Approach

Objective. Understanding the hardcore drinking driver concept in the context of the alcohol-impaired driving problem. Method. Review of the relevant literature. Results. As progress against alcohol-impaired driving slowed in the early 1990s, public and political attention turned to “hardcore” drinking drivers, and they have been a priority for the past 15 years. Though intuitive, the hardcore concept has been difficult to conceptualize. Its definition of hard-to-change chronic heavy drinking drivers focuses on a group that is not easily identifiable and ignores many who account for a large portion of alcohol-impaired driving crashes. These include drivers who drink heavily on occasion and drivers who drink at more moderate levels that elevate crash risk. Emphasis on the hardcore has focused attention on the small proportion of drinking drivers who have been detected and arrested, whereas the vast majority of drinking drivers go undetected. Some countermeasures aimed at the hardcore group have been effecti...
O Brasil e as operações de manutenção da paz da ONU: os casos do Timor Leste e Haiti

The following article examines Brazil's motivations for contributing to peacekeeping missions. The work focuses on its participation in East-Timor and its leadership of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti. Brazil seeks prestige and hopes to gain influence through the pragmatic mechanisms of its foreign policy. The author believes the contributions are advantageous for the country, given the low cost of the missions, along with the receipt of military training, global visibility and an extension of Brazil's political and economic influence.
A psychometric investigation of the North Carolina Outward Bound Student Course Impression Scale

There has been increased attention in recent years given to the need for robust outcomesbased research and evaluation in outdoor and adventure programs (Sibthorp, 2009) and the challenges that accompany this type of field-based research (Bialeschki, Henderson, Hickerson, & Browne, 2012). One such program is Outward Bound (OB) whose wilderness programs in the United States recently experienced a major shift when the organization was decentralized and returned to its original regional or branch school model (e.g. Colorado Outward Bound School, Voyageur Outward Bound and others). Because of this organizational change in October, 2011 Outward Bound's national efforts to design and implement an outcomes instrument linked directly to its educational framework were halted. Each school was now responsible for designing its own outcomes assessment. The North Carolina Outward Bound School (NCOBS) adapted the former OB Outcomes Instrument (OBOI) to match its educational framework. A psychometric analysis was a first step in understanding the usefulness of this instrument. Better understanding the utility of the NCOBS Course Impression Survey (NCOBSCIS) will help other OB schools and wilderness experience programs in their assessment and may serve as a model for conducting similar program evaluation.
Strategies for the therapeutic manipulation of cytokines and their receptors in inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases

Although historically considered to be an “immunopriviledged” anatomical site, a diversity of events can initiate an inflammatory cascade within the central nervous system (CNS). Inflammatory cascades are characterized by the migration of activated leukocytes from the circulation into perivascular locations within CNS parenchyma and can be precipitated by events such as focal ischemia, viral infection, and demyelinating autoimmune diseases. Activated leukocytes can directly or indirectly disrupt tightly controlled CNS microenvironments, inducing the injury of brain cells and the attendant symptoms of neurological disease. From the onset of leukocyte migration into the CNS parenchyma, to the activation of indigenous CNS cells and subsequently infiltrating leukocytes, to the downregulation and exit of activated leukocytes from the CNS, each step in a CNS inflammatory cascade is exquisitely regulated by cytokines. The potential for blocking or downregulating cytokines or their receptors on specific types of cells at critical points during the course of an inflammatory cascade provides a promising approach to ameliorating the cellular pathology and diseases that result from unchecked inflammation in the CNS. Toward this end, numerous strategies have been developed, with some success, to block the actions of proinflammatory cytokines in the CNS. Such strategies include the systemic or intrathecal injection of antibodies against cytokines or their receptors, of receptor fusion proteins, or of cytokine antisense oligonucleotides. As techniques in molecular biology become increasingly sophisticated, a second generation of strategies has focused on manipulating the expression of cytokines or their receptors in specific types of brain cells at specific times during an inflammatory cascade. A conceptually related approach is to exploit the CNS sequestration of CNS-antigen–specific lymphocytes and use them as vehicles to deliver antiinflammatory cytokines into loci of CNS inflammation. Although technically challenging, the successful development of second-generation strategies holds tremendous therapeutic potential for CNS diseases involving acute and chronic inflammation. MRDD Research Reviews 1998;4:200–211. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Field studies of avian nocturnal migratory orientation I. interaction of sun, wind and stars as directional cues

Abstract Tracking radar and visual observation techniques were used to observe the orientation of free-flying passerine nocturnal migrants in situations in which potentially usable directional cues were absent or gave conflicting information. When migrants had seen the sun near the time of sunset and/or the stars, they oriented in appropriate migratory directions even when winds were opposed. Under solid overcast skies that prevented a view of both sun and stars, the birds headed downwind in opposing winds and thus moved in seasonally inappropriate directions. The data point to the primacy of visual cues over wind direction, with either sun or stars being sufficient to allow the birds to determine the appropriate migration direction.
Structure and mechanism of intramembrane protease

Many functionally important membrane proteins are cleaved within their transmembrane helices to become activated. This unusual reaction is catalyzed by a group of highly specialized and membrane-bound proteases. Here I briefly summarize current knowledge about their structure and mechanism, with a focus on the rhomboid family. It has now become clear that rhomboid protease can cleave substrates not only within transmembrane domains, but also in the solvent-exposed juxtamembrane region. This dual specificity seems possible because the protease active site is positioned in a shallow pocket that can directly open to aqueous solution through the movement of a flexible capping loop. The narrow membrane-spanning region of the protease suggests a possible mechanism for accessing scissile bonds that are located near the end of substrate transmembrane helices. Similar principles may apply to the metalloprotease family, where a crystal structure has also become available. Although how the GxGD proteases work is still less clear, recent results indicate that presenilin also appears to clip substrate from the end of transmembrane helices.
Human lymphocyte subpopulations. Study of T and B cells and their density distribution.

Abstract The proportions of T and B cells of various human lymphoid tissues were enumerated by sheep red blood cell and sensitized sheep red blood cells + complement rosettes. Methods using optimal temperature and time of incubation, which yielded the maximum proportion of rosettes, were used. The proportion of T cells in human peripheral blood, tonsils, spleen, thymus, and thoracic duct lymph were 72.5, 42.0, 29.3, 94.0, and 54.2%. The variations in the blood of three individuals were also studied over a period of 3–6 months. Density profiles of these tissues were analyzed by discontinuous Ficoll density gradient. The density profiles of these tissues were very similar. T and B cells were enumerated in the various fractions of the gradient. Both types were present in all the fractions analyzed, but the B cells predominate in the light density fractions, while the T cells in the heavy density fractions.
Services as the Quid Pro Quo for a Safeguards Code

HE General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), like other internaa tional agreements, is replete with ‘safeguards’ or ‘escape clauses’. l The main one, set out in Article XIX, permits the introduction of emergency protection against a sudden surge of imports of a particular product. But the provision has proved to be inadequate and is not invoked very often. Governments have found ‘informal’ discriminatory arrangements, negotiated bilaterally outside the GATT system, a more attractive alternative. For developing countries, in particular, the reform of the multilateral safeguard system is of great importance. * Indeed, it can be argued that the lack of effective discipline on emergency protection undermines considerably the value of GATT membership for developing countries. The failure of the talks on a new safeguards code during the Tokyo Round of multilateral trade negotiations, conducted under the auspices of the GATT in 1973-79, certainly devalued the achievements of that round. What is at stake for developing countries is access to markets of developed countries. As the adherence to the GATT principle of non-discrimination diminishes, uncertainty regarding future access to markets increases, specialization according to comparative advantage is made more difficult and production and consumption decisions become distorted. In September 1986, at Punta del Este, the member countries of the GATT agreed to launch a new round of multilateral trade negotiations, the Uruguay Round. The agenda covers familiar topics such as trade in manufactured and agricultural products, ‘unfinished business’ from the Tokyo Round negotiations (including safeguards) and new topics such as trade in services, intellectual property rights and trade-related investment measures. The Uruguay Round negotiations offer another chance to reach an effective agreement regarding the imposition of emergency protection. It is unlikely, however, that developing countries, which have the most to gain from multilateral discipline on safeguard actions, will be able to secure an agreement along the lines they would prefer if
Total reflected solar radiation calculated from multi-band sensor data

Abstract Reflected solar radiation is a significant term in the net radiation equation and is the one most strongly affected by surface conditions. The evaluation of net radiation over a heterogeneous area requires a detailed knowledge of the areal distribution of the reflected solar radiation. Remote sensing offers a means to obtain this areal distribution, provided that the total reflected solar spectrum can be estimated from discrete band multispectral radiometric data. A radiative transfer model was used to calculate the irradiance at the earth's surface for a number of atmospheric scattering and adsorption conditions. Response functions of two multiband radiometers were used to obtain the partial spectrum/total spectrum (P/T) ratio for each radiometer at each atmospheric condition. It was found that the P/T ratio was essentially independent of atmospheric scattering and only mildly dependent on water vapor absorption. Reflectance spectral distributions for 14 different surface conditions (bare soil to full green canopy) were used along with the irradiance data to determine the P/T ratio for reflected solar radiation. Multispectral data, with the appropriate P/T ratio, were used to calculate the total incoming radiation and the total reflected radiation from a wheat canopy. The calculated data differed from wide band pyranometer data by about 5%. It was concluded that both total incoming and reflected solar radiation can be evaluated from multispectral radiometric data. This development is a step towards regional net radiation maps, and possibly regional evapotranspiration maps.
Business transformation under uncertainty: understanding the value of strategic flexibility

Firms that grow through mergers and acquisitions often need to deal with duplicate and disparate business functions. Specifically, firms often need to transform and optimise their business processes through simplification, standardisation, consolidation, insourcing and/or outsourcing. In order to decide whether and how to perform these transformation initiatives, firms need to estimate the value of different transformation approaches. Conventional valuation approaches tend to focus on foreseeable cost savings. In this study, we propose that in a turbulent global business environment, the value of strategic flexibility, which may be embedded in different business transformation approaches, should be explicitly incorporated in such valuation.