cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracellular matrix fibronectin initiates endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilatation via the heparin-binding, matricryptic RWRPK sequence of the first type III repeat of fibrillar fibronectin.

Key points The local arteriolar dilatation produced by contraction of skeletal muscle is dependent upon multiple signalling mechanisms. In addition to the many metabolic signals that mediate this vasodilatation, we show here that the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin also contributes to the response. This vasodilatory signal requires the heparin-binding matricryptic RWRPK sequence in the first type III repeat of fibrillar fibronectin. The fibronectin-dependent component of the integrated muscle contraction-dependent arteriolar vasodilatation is coupled through an endothelial cell-dependent signalling pathway. Abstract Recent studies in contracting skeletal muscle have shown that functional vasodilatation in resistance arterioles has an endothelial cell (EC)-dependent component, and, separately have shown that the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN) contributes to functional dilatation in these arterioles. Here we test the hypotheses that (i) the matricryptic heparin-binding region of the first type III repeat of fibrillar FN (FNIII1H) mediates vasodilatation, and (ii) this response is EC dependent. Engineered FN fragments with differing (defined) heparin- and integrin-binding capacities were applied directly to resistance arterioles in cremaster muscles of anaesthetized (pentobarbital sodium, 65 mg kg−1) mice. Both FNIII1H,8-10 and FNIII1H induced dilatations (12.2 ± 1.7 μm, n = 12 and 17.2 ± 2.4 μm, n = 14, respectively) whereas mutation of the active sequence (R613WRPK) of the heparin binding region significantly diminished the dilatation (3.2 ± 1.8 μm, n = 10). Contraction of skeletal muscle fibres via electrical field stimulation produced a vasodilatation (19.4 ± 1.2 μm, n = 12) that was significantly decreased (to 7.0 ± 2.7 μm, n = 7, P < 0.05) in the presence of FNIII1Peptide 6, which blocks extracellular matrix (ECM) FN and FNIII1H signalling. Furthermore, FNIII1H,8-10 and FNIII1H applied to EC-denuded arterioles failed to produce any dilatation indicating that endothelium was required for the response. Finally, FNIII1H significantly increased EC Ca2+ (relative fluorescence 0.98 ± 0.02 in controls versus 1.12 ± 0.05, n = 17, P < 0.05). Thus, we conclude that ECM FN-dependent vasodilatation is mediated by the heparin-binding (RWRPK) sequence of FNIII1 in an EC-dependent manner. Importantly, blocking this signalling sequence decreased the dilatation to skeletal muscle contraction, indicating that there is a physiological role for this FN-dependent mechanism.
Effect of Dilution of Neutral Mixtures of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus and Antiserum.

Conclusions1. A neutral mixture of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and homologous antiserum was reactivated when a 1:100 concentration of virus with antiserum was diluted a hundredfold with 0.85% saline solution and was allowed to stand at 26°C (room temperature). 2. It appears that reactivation will occur only in a balanced mixture of virus and serum and furthermore, the extent of dilution is important.
Probing the Protein-Protein Interactions between KCNQ1 and KCNE1 using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy

KCNQ1 is a membrane-bound protein composed of 676 amino acids with a molecular weight of 75 kD and contains 6 transmembrane helices. KCNQ1 is a voltage-gated potassium channel primarily involved in the transport of potassium in the human heart. The activity of KCNQ1 is modulated by the integral membrane protein KNCE1 (also known as MinK). This potassium modulation is critical for repolarization in the heart, specifically in the left ventricle. Mutations in the KCNQ1 and KCNE1 genes have been linked to genetic disorders such as long QT syndrome, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), as well as deafness. However, most current studies between KNCQ1 and KCNE1 have been from an electrophysiological or functional standpoint, which leaves structural and dynamic information on the proteins unknown. EPR spectroscopy is a powerful structural biology tool that can be used to probe both protein structures as well as protein-protein interactions between KCNQ1 and KCNE1. Currently, we have overexpressed full length KCNE1 and the C-terminal domain of KCNQ1. In this study, we used both continuous-wave (CW) EPR and the pulsed EPR technique of double electron-electron resonance (DEER) to probe the structural and dynamic parameters of the interaction of KCNQ1 and KCNE1.
Breast cancer: issues in risk reduction, screening and surveillance, early identification and therapy planning.

From May 29 to June 5, 2003, the American Society of Clinical Oncology held its 39th Annual Meeting in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. The meeting was devoted to the presentation of advances in clinical sciences, diagnosis, prevention and management of malignant disorders, and brings together investigators, clinicians, policy makers and other professionals interested in the science and impact of cancer worldwide. As a continuation of the report focusing on colon cancer in the last issue of Drug News & Perspectives, this report will focus on breast cancer. .
PITHINESS IN PLANTS. II. THE NATURE OF PITHINESS IN BEAN STEMS AND ITS CONTROL BY ENVIRONMENTAL PERTURBATION AND ETHYLENE

Pithiness occurs in the stems of unperturbed bean plants according to a genetic programming and it is not caused by environmental stresses. It starts at the base of the hypocotyl and progresses with growth acropetally, internode by internode, but it is not correlated with elongation in any simple way. The nodes of the stem do not become pithy. After it has become completely pithy, an internode begins to fill in slowly, starting from the base. Mechanical perturbation and drought stress cause moderate increases in ethylene evolution, and both pretreatments induce resistance to pithiness, as does exogenously applied ethephon. It is concluded that pithiness occurs in beans during natural growth, that it can be inhibited by environmental perturbations, and that this control is mediated by ethylene.
India in New York

Among those who were jailed as a result of the Quit India Resolution was Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, Nehru’s younger sister, the middle of three siblings. This was not her first confinement. A committed, if less famous, nationalist fighter and Gandhian, Nan, as she was affectionately known, had spent several terms in prison for her political activism. After the 1935 Act that created a new constitutional framework, she had stood for election and won, becoming the first woman cabinet minister in India, holding portfolios on local self-government and medical and public health in the Government of the United Provinces (present-day Uttar Pradesh). She was talented and respected, and unbelievably courageous,1 but few knew in the 1930s just what a force she would become.
Textbook To Reality: Using Corporate Earnings Reports As An Effective Teaching Tool For A Business Capstone Course

Business curriculums in many universities now include a senior Capstone course that integrates topics or materials from all business areas. This capstone course is designed to teach the skills of strategic thinking and analysis rather than mere facts or concepts. With that goal in mind, the ideal course is structured in such a way so that students get an opportunity to apply their knowledge from all previous courses taken before the capstone course. Instructors around the country use a variety of teaching tools in a capstone course that include simulation games, group projects, individual projects or paper, and/or case studies. One of the effective teaching tools in a capstone course is quarterly or annual earnings reports submitted to the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) by all publicly traded companies. Although earnings reports are used by some instructors as a reference or as part of a case study, it has not been widely used in a way that is demonstrated in this paper. The earnings reports have a rich array of information that can be used to teach business concepts from every business discipline – accounting, economics, finance, human resource management, international business, or marketing. Going through a detailed earnings report exposes students to a real world scenario, teaches them how to read between the lines, and enhances their critical and strategic thinking process. It is also a great way to brush up their knowledge from all previous courses which helps them to retain the knowledge and to do well on the business exit exam. This paper demonstrates an approach or method where students use business concepts, theories, financial ratios, and formulas using actual company data from an annual Earnings Report of a company submitted to the SEC. The idea presented here is not mutually exclusive of other tools used in a capstone course but rather contributes to learning if can be used simultaneously.
Serious Gaming in Medical Education: A Proposed Structured Framework for Game Development.

STATEMENT Serious games are increasingly being used for medical education. However, the design and development of serious games for the education of health professionals is highly variable, and very few articles report the development process used for game development. There are many established processes for software development that can improve and streamline development, and incorporating the best practices from educational pedagogy and software development may enhance teamwork and communication, decrease development costs, and improve the quality of serious games. In this article, we review and summarize the literature for serious game development for medical education, and combining the best practices, we propose a structured three-phase iterative development framework for serious game development.
The Next Generation Sequencing Based Molecular Diagnosis of Visual Diseases

Vision is one of the most important senses of human beings. It is estimated that 285 million people worldwide suffer from visual impairments. Although the etiology of visual impairments is both complex and multifactorial, genetic factors have been shown to play important roles. Both common and rare genetic variants have been associated with various types of inherited visual disorders. Studying the genetics of visual impairments can help to confirm or to refine clinical diagnosis, lead to better prognosis, guide the family planning, and allow targeted treatment(s). Recently developed next generation sequencing technology can generate enormous amount of sequencing data quickly at relatively low cost, and has great advantages compared to other sequencing methods. Due to the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of human visual disorders, next generation sequencing technology is a useful tool for the molecular diagnosis. In this review, we will discuss specifically the application of next generation sequencing in the molecular diagnosis of visual disorders with monogenic or oligogenic inheritance.
Maternal Psychological Distress and Perceived Impact on Child Feeding Practices in South Kivu, DR Congo.

Background:Maternal mental health problems are associated with poor child growth and suboptimal child feeding practices, yet little qualitative research has been conducted to understand mothers’ pe...
Convergence Analysis of Distributed Asynchronous Iterative Processes

Abstract We consider a model of distributed iterative algorithms whereby several processors participate in the computation while collecting, possibly stochastic information from the environment or other processors via communication links. Several applications in distributed optimization, parameter estimation, and communication networks are described. Issues of asymptotic convergence and agreement are explored under very weak assumptions on the ordering of computations and the timing of information reception. Progress towards constructing a broadly applicable theory is surveyed.
Manipulation of Dirac cones in intercalated epitaxial graphene

Abstract Graphene is an intriguing material in view of its unique Dirac quasi-particles, and the manipulation of its electronic structure is important in material design and applications. Here, we theoretically investigate the electronic band structure of epitaxial graphene on SiC with intercalation of rare earth metal ions (e.g., Yb and Dy) using first-principles calculations. The intercalation can be used to control the coupling of the constituent components (buffer layer, graphene, and substrate), resulting in strong modification of the graphene band structure. It is demonstrated that the metal-intercalated epitaxial graphene has tunable band structures by controlling the energies of Dirac cones as well as the linear and quadratic band dispersion depending on the intercalation layer and density. Therefore, the metal intercalation is a viable method to manipulate the electronic band structure of the epitaxial graphene, which can enhance the functional utility and controllability of the material.
Randomized Clinical Trial of Epidural Compared with Conventional Analgesia after Minimally Invasive Colorectal Surgery.

Background The effectiveness of thoracic epidural analgesia (EA) vs conventional IV analgesia (IA) after minimally invasive surgery is still unproven. We designed a randomized controlled trial comparing EA with IA after minimally invasive colorectal surgery. Study Design A total of 87 patients who underwent minimally invasive colorectal procedures at a single institution between 2011 and 2014 were enrolled. Eight patients were excluded and 38 were randomized to EA and 41 to IA. Pain was assessed with the Visual Analogue Scale and quality of life with the Overall Benefit of Analgesia Score daily until discharge. Results Mean age was 57 ± 14 years, 43% of patients were female, and mean BMI was 28.6 ± 6 kg/m 2 . The 2 groups were similar in demographic characteristics and distribution of diagnoses and procedures. Epidural analgesia had a higher incidence of hypotensive systolic blood pressure ( 0.05). Epidural and IA had equivalent mean lengths of stay (4 ± 3 days vs 4 ± 3 days), daily Visual Analogue Scale scores (2.4 ± 2.0 vs 3.0 ± 2.0), and Overall Benefit of Analgesia Scores (3.2 ± 2.0 vs 3.2 ± 2.0), and similar time to start oral diet (2.8 ± 2 days vs 2.2 ± 1 days). Epidural analgesia patients used a higher total dose of narcotics (147.5 ± 192.0 mg vs 98.1 ± 112.0 mg; p > 0.05). Epidural and IV analgesia had equivalent total hospital charges ($144,991 ± $67,636 vs $141,339 ± $75,579; p > 0.05). Conclusions This study indicates that EA has no added clinical benefit in patients undergoing minimally invasive colorectal surgery. A trend toward higher total narcotics use and complications with EA was demonstrated.
Radiation Therapy for Melanoma

Radiotherapy works by inducing DNA damage in cancer cells, and there are several different methods of radiotherapy delivery including external beam radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, stereotactic body radiotherapy, radiospheres, brachytherapy, and particle therapy. Historically, melanoma has been deemed a radioresistant tumor, due to early in vitro studies demonstrating a broad shoulder in cell survival curves as well as a high repair rate, inferring a better tumor response with higher radiation doses. For this reason, hypofractionated regimens have become commonplace in the treatment of melanoma given the tolerability, convenience, and low risk of late effects. Nonetheless, in the treatment of primary melanoma, maximal safe surgical resection offers the greatest likelihood of local control. Radiotherapy as a primary treatment is often offered in well-defined situations, such as medical inoperability due to patient comorbidities or tumor location. Clinically, radiation oncologists most frequently see patients with melanoma for consultation in regard to palliation of metastatic disease (for example, stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastasis or stereotactic body radiotherapy for lung metastasis). The multiple advancements (including technological developments as well as evolution of systemic therapy and immunotherapy) in the treatment of patients with melanoma highlight the importance of multidisciplinary management in this disease.
‘What Data?’ Records and Data Policy Coordination During Presidential Transitions

The presidential transition in the United States takes place over the course of several years and involves the efforts of many different agencies and organizations. While it is standard practice for an incoming administration to change the content on government agencies’ websites, the Trump administration pushed this practice beyond convention, even to alter the official narrative on climate change. Almost immediately after the inauguration, the official White House website deleted nearly all references to the phrase ‘climate change,’ and all online mentions of climate change on federal and government websites had been excised in the following months. Even if government data cannot be deleted completely, the manner in which they are preserved and made accessible, or hidden and obscured, is vitally important to the researchers and public that rely on this information. This project argues for the coordination of controls on this information: the policies, standards, and directives that regulate both the content accessed (e.g. the datasets) and the access points themselves, including the government agencies’ websites that act as information sources and portals to the databases and repositories of publically funded research.
The Unintentional Neural Network Programming Language

The programming language Erlang has a perfect 1:1 mapping to the problem domain of developing neural network computational intelligence based systems. Erlang was created to develop distributed, process based, message passing paradigm oriented, robust, fault tolerant, concurrent systems. All of these features are exactly what a programming language created specifically for developing neural network based systems would have. In this chapter I make claims to why Erlang is such a perfect choice for the development of distributed computational intelligence systems, and how the features of this programming language map perfectly to the features needed by a neural network programming language. In this chapter I briefly discuss my reasons for considering Erlang to be, though unintentionally so, the quintessential neural network programming language.
Di-photon + Jet Event Structure

New distributions are presented which allow di-photon + jet events to be clearly separated into three classes of events based on the $p_{T}$ of the final state particles and their separation $R$ = $\sqrt{(\Delta y)^{2} + (\Delta \phi)^{2}}$. The analysis used can easily be extended to the case of di-jet + photon.
Patrick Heelan’s Interpretation of van Gogh’s “Bedroom at Arles”

I am intrigued and greatly impressed by Patrick Heelan’s analyses of van Gogh’s “Bedroom at Arles” (1888: Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, de la Faille 482).1 Heelan has surely unearthed a most important finding. The questions that occurred to me in reading his account arose in the spirit of wanting a fuller statement of his analysis of pictorial perspective. The paramount issue for me was this: Is the analysis meant to provide a correct “reading” of this particular painting (possibly, of others very much like it, the Chicago Art Institute’s version for instance); or is it meant to sketch a paradigm of “task-oriented” (phenomenological) space, hence normative constraints drawn from the lived-world that govern (or should guide) its “correct” pictorial representation?
Kin Selection and Relatedness

The theory of inclusive fitness, sometimes called kin selection, describes how selection operates when an individual’s behavior affects fitnesses of others in addition to its own. Its key insight is that individuals will evolve to act as if they value effects on their interactants’ fitnesses according to the degree of genetic relatedness between them, relatedness being the degree of allele sharing above random expectation. Kin selection is important because it can explain altruistic behavior, such as in workers of the social insects. However, it can also explain selfish behaviors and is important for understanding conflicts between individuals.
War as Metaphor and the Rule of Law in Crisis: The Lessons We Should Have Learned from the War on Drugs

The recent assassination attempt against U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords and the murder of a federal judge aroused a rather heated conversation about militarized rhetoric used by politicians and pundits who had “targeted” Giffords on a graphic posted on a political action committee website. On defense, the politicians and pundits argued that the target graphic was just a metaphor and not to be taken seriously. The problem with that defense is its complete and utter failure to appreciate the role of war as metaphor in this country. More particularly, that metaphor - because it does evoke responses - has wrought profound changes in the rule of law, not unlike President Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus during the Civil War. Metaphorical war has been “waged” in this country for the past few decades as a common way to garner support in public policy debates, especially in the War on Drugs. That war - as it was waged against children - has had a significant impact on the rule of law through political exhortation, legislative expediency, and judicial excess. During the forty years of this War, we failed to plumb the ethical responsibilities for waging “war.” Instead, we became desensitized to the use of militarized rhetoric, especially in something much more dangerous. If we are willing to declare war on our children as a struggle between “us” and “them,” then it is no small leap for us to declare war on each other in a Culture War. And as the War on Drugs has proved, the rule of law will be one of the ultimate victims as “us” and “them” struggle to determine who will define how law should be used in time of “war.”
Deeply Learned Compositional Models for Human Pose Estimation

Compositional models represent patterns with hierarchies of meaningful parts and subparts. Their ability to characterize high-order relationships among body parts helps resolve low-level ambiguities in human pose estimation (HPE). However, prior compositional models make unrealistic assumptions on subpart-part relationships, making them incapable to characterize complex compositional patterns. Moreover, state spaces of their higher-level parts can be exponentially large, complicating both inference and learning. To address these issues, this paper introduces a novel framework, termed as Deeply Learned Compositional Model (DLCM), for HPE. It exploits deep neural networks to learn the compositionality of human bodies. This results in a novel network with a hierarchical compositional architecture and bottom-up/top-down inference stages. In addition, we propose a novel bone-based part representation. It not only compactly encodes orientations, scales and shapes of parts, but also avoids their potentially large state spaces. With significantly lower complexities, our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods on three benchmark datasets.
Health Communication Trolls and Bots Versus Public Health Agencies' Trusted Voices.

An introduction to an article written on Twitter bots, Russian Internet trolls and the public health risks of social media.
Process diagnostics for co-cure of sandwich structures using in situ visualization

Abstract Aerospace sandwich structures are often manufactured using an autoclave co-cure process, in which prepreg facesheets are cured and bonded to honeycomb core simultaneously. Co-cure involves coupled physical phenomena, including gas migration, prepreg consolidation, resin/adhesive flow and crosslinking, and potential mechanisms of defect formation. Due to the “black box” nature of the process, however, scientific understanding of the complex and interacting phenomena that cause defects remains incomplete. We address this challenge using an in situ visualization method that enables direct observation of the skin/core bond-line in realistic autoclave conditions. Five cases are presented, which span a range of process conditions leading to various defect-formation phenomena, and show the effectiveness of in-bag pressurization for preventing bond-line defects. We demonstrate that in situ diagnostics can eliminate much of the trial-and-error typically involved in process troubleshooting, by providing insights into the physics of co-cure that would otherwise be difficult to obtain.
Menu Costs and the Bullwhip Effect: Supply Chain Implications of Dynamic Pricing

We study the supply chain implications of dynamic pricing. Specifically, we estimate how reducing menu costs---the operational burden of adjusting prices---would affect supply chain volatility. Fitting a structural econometric model to data from a large Chinese supermarket chain, we estimate that removing menu costs would: (i) reduce the mean shipment coefficient of variation by 7.2 percentage points (pp), (ii) reduce the mean sales coefficient of variation by 4.pp, and (iii) reduce the mean bullwhip effect by 2.9 pp. These stabilizing changes are almost entirely attributable to an increase in the mean sales rate.
Rates of Advanced Imaging by Practice Peers After Malpractice Injury Reports in Florida, 2009-2013.

This study uses Medicare claims data to identify the rate of advanced imaging tests among physicians whose peers had a malpractice injury report.
Why scientists succeed yet their organizations splinter: Historical and social network analyses of policy advocacy in conservation

Abstract What does a science of environmental conservation look like? Though we often see it as a contemporary problem, engineering the interface of science and decision-making bodies has been a question since the founding of ecology. This study traces the creation of new conservation initiatives via the repeated splintering of the Ecological Society of America since the early 1900s and compares these against the results of a network analysis of contemporary scientists and their affiliations. Notwithstanding the new terminology of science-policy interfaces, brokers, and gaps, these questions often hinge on the same dilemmas as they did at the beginning of 20th century. The history of these groups shows how divisive distinctions between ecology and conservation, pure and applied research, science and politics, and facts versus values can quickly become integrated into the structure of organizations—even those that are created specifically to bridge gaps in what today would be called the science-policy interface. Meanwhile, a social network analysis of present-day scientists suggests that individual researchers are finding ways to informally “jump” across science-policy gaps at a sub-organizational level. Remarkably, these science-policy conflicts can pose major problems for organizations, even when the actual activities of members traverse these boundaries on an individual basis. When designing science policy interfaces, formal bridging mechanisms between organizations remain important but these should also support the ongoing, if under-the-radar, ways that individuals negotiate gaps between conservation research and policy advocacy.
Abstract 4602: Abi1 promotes breast cancer progression by regulating cell-matrix adhesion

Breast cancer is one of the most common diagnosed cancers in the United States. There will be approximately 266,120 new breast cancer cases in the U.S. and over 40,000 patients are predicted to die from the malignant progression of their breast cancer tumors in 2018. Traditional therapeutic methods of the invasive breast cancer include surgery accompanied by chemotherapy. However, following the initial therapy patients often relapse and eventually die from tumor metastasis. Abl interactor 1, or Abi1, is an adaptor protein which regulates actin polymerization through participation in WAVE (Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin homologous) complex. The WAVE regulatory complex (also called WRC), regulates actin based cellular behavior, such as cellular adhesion and cell migration, by activating Arp2/3 complex and promoting actin polymerization. Previous studies indicated the direct interaction between integrin α4 and Abi1, which suggests a potential role of Abi1 in regulating cell-matrix adhesion signaling by involved in the inside-out integrin signaling pathways. In order to test the above hypothesis, we developed two genetic engineered Abi1 knocked-out breast cell lines from either HER2+ breast cancer cell line SKBR3 or normal breast epithelial cell line MCF10A by using CRISPR-Cas9 technique. After confirming inactivation of Abi1 gene by Western blotting, DNA and RNA sequencing, cells were harvested and analyzed for integrins levels. Western blotting results indicated dysregulation of multiple integrins in the Abi1 knock-out cell lines. The results from subsequent immunofluorescence experiments of the Abi1 knock-out cell lines also suggested changes in cell-matrix adhesion signaling using staining for scaffold protein paxillin and phosphorylated Focal-Adhesion-Kinase (FAK) as readouts. Our findings suggest that Abi1 might functions as a key regulator in breast cancer tumor progression by playing an important role in regulating signal pathways in cell-matrix adhesion. Supported by the Carol Baldwin Foundation of CNY, and in part by NIH-NCI grant No. R01 CA161018. Citation Format: Xiang Li, Angelina Regua, Gennady Bratslavsky, Vladimir A. Kuznetsov, Leszek Kotula. Abi1 promotes breast cancer progression by regulating cell-matrix adhesion [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4602.
Evolution and Future Needs of Food Chemistry in a Changing World

The agriculture system is tasked with the responsibility to deliver adequate quantities of food, which meet national needs, provide health benefits, and deliver these in an environmentally sustainable system. Efforts by the food industry to deliver safe and nutritious foods, which also improve health and wellness, are complicated by a constantly changing landscape. As early as the 1950s, fat in diets was a concern, and in the 1980s and early 1990s, fat was an evil component in foods. In response, the industry developed zero/low fats and foods and low-fat foods. The evolution in dietary guidelines in the 2000s has evolved to greater concern over simple sugars and starches as negative sources of calories in an environment of increasing obesity. With the world population approaching 9 billion individuals by 2050, food production, which relies on large amounts of water and energy, must become more efficient. Food production and delivery also must find innovative ways to reduce food waste, environmental pollutants, and greenhouse gas production. The nexus of food, energy, and water is and will continue to be a major research and political and communication emphasis for the scientific community. We must find clear and consumer friendly communications to explain the utilization of modern technology in food production. Solutions to these issues must also include sustainably produced, safe, nutritious, satisfying, and wholesome foods.
NADH Ties One-Carbon Metabolism to Cellular Respiration

In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Yang et al., 2020 report that serine is a source of mitochondrial NADH derived from one-carbon metabolism. Serine becomes a major source of NADH when cellular respiration is inhibited, and the un-utilized, accumulated NADH inhibits the TCA cycle and slows proliferation.
A composite framework for co-optimization of spacecraft trajectory and propulsion system

Abstract Indirect optimization methods convert optimal control problems (OCPs) into two- or multi-point boundary-value problems. A highly desirable feature of indirect methods, specifically for space applications, is that high-resolution trajectories can be generated, which satisfy the first-order necessary conditions of optimality. A recently developed Composite Smoothing Control (CSC) framework is utilized to formulate and solve the problem of simultaneous trajectory optimization and propulsion sub-system design of spacecraft. A reasonable parameterized breakdown of the spacecraft mass is adopted, which captures the impact of power produced by the solar arrays and its contribution to the total spacecraft mass. Thus, the implicit trade-offs can be considered in the indirect optimization approach. The function space co-optimization problem of spacecraft power subsystem parameters along with the main trajectory is solved with the objective to maximize the payload delivered. The proposed framework amounts to an invariant embedding that reduces the original, difficult-to-solve, multi-point boundary-value problem into a two-point boundary-value problem with continuous, differentiable control inputs. Utility of the proposed construct is demonstrated through a low-thrust, multi-revolution, multi-year rendezvous maneuver to asteroid Dionysus with a variable-specific-impulse, variable-thrust modeled engine. This is the first time that indirect optimization methods have tackled such a complex co-optimization problem using the CSC framework.
Cost-effective Cloud Edge Traffic Engineering with Cascara.

Inter-domain bandwidth costs comprise a significant amount of the operating expenditure of cloud providers, but have received little attention in research and practice. Traffic engineering systems at the cloud edge must strike a fine balance between minimizing costs and maintaining the latency expected by clients. The nature of this tradeoff is complex due to non-linear pricing schemes prevalent in the market for inter-domain bandwidth. We quantify this tradeoff and uncover several key insights from the link-utilization between a large cloud provider and Internet service providers. Based on these insights, we propose CASCARA, a cloud edge traffic engineering framework to optimize inter-domain bandwidth allocations with non-linear pricing schemes. CASCARA exploits the abundance of latency-equivalent peer links on the cloud edge to minimize costs without impacting latency significantly. Extensive evaluation on production traffic demands of a commercial cloud provider shows that CASCARA saves 11–50% in bandwidth costs per cloud PoP, while bounding the increase in client latency by 3 milliseconds.
Is there still a role for cranialization in modern sinus surgery

Purpose of review To give an overview of recently published literature on the indications and use of cranialization of the frontal sinuses. Recent findings Recent studies on cranialization have evaluated its role in frontal sinus fractures, inflammatory disease, and tumors involving both the frontal sinus and anterior cranial fossa. Currently, a more conservative approach is favored with traumatic injury to the frontal sinus outflow tract, with multiple studies demonstrating outflow recanalization with observation alone. Similarly, advancements in endoscopic sinus surgical approaches allow the many posterior table fractures to be managed without cranialization. Severe inflammatory disease of the frontal sinus including giant mucoceles with frontal lobe compression have successfully been managed without cranialization in multiple studies suggesting an endoscopic surgical approach can be favored in these settings. Both benign and malignant tumors of the frontal sinus are managed without cranialization with select cases favoring an open approach with cranialization depending on tumor location. Malignant tumors of the frontal sinus are more likely to require cranialization as oncologic resection including margins can lead to large dural defects with significant tissue loss, which is unfavorable for more conservative reconstructive options. Summary Cranialization remains a necessary and indicated procedure in the appropriate clinical circumstances. A more conservative approach to frontal sinus fractures is warranted, with recent literature supporting similar outcomes and less morbidity. Inflammatory disease of the frontal sinus including giant mucoceles with frontal lobe compression can be managed without cranialization. Although most benign tumors can be resected via endoscopic approaches, cranialization remains a mainstay as part of the reconstructive plan after oncologic resection of malignant tumors involving the frontal sinus.
Scintillation Properties and Electronic Structures of the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Mixed Elpasolites Cs 2 Na R Br 3 I 3 (R =La , Y)

Scintillator materials continue to attract wide interest for radiation detection in high-energy physics and medical diagnostics. Elpasolite halides are among the most promising scintillators, due to their high structural symmetry and excellent performance, and here the authors reveal the unique emission mechanism of two mixed-anion members of this class. This study guides the design of materials with the exceptional energy resolution and light yield needed to improve applications.
Investigating the Role of Disability in an Adult Learner Undergraduate Programme

The purpose of this paper was to explore the experiences of adult learners enrolled in a non-traditional undergraduate academic program. This project examined if students minimised their disability...
Closed-loop vagal nerve stimulation for intractable epilepsy: A single-center experience.

Abstract Purpose A new class of heart-rate sensing, closed-loop vagal nerve stimulator (VNS) devices for refractory epilepsy may improve seizure control by using pre-ictal autonomic changes as an indicator for stimulation. We compared our experience with closed- versus open-loop stimulator implantation at a single institution. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of consecutive VNS implantations performed from 2004 to 2018. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to compare changes in seizure frequency and clinical outcomes (Engel score) with closed- versus open-loop devices. Covariates included age, duration of seizure history, prior epilepsy surgery, depression, Lennox Gastaut Syndrome (LGS), tonic seizures, multiple seizure types, genetic etiology, and VNS settings. We examined early (9-month) and late (24-month) outcomes. Results Seventy subjects received open-loop devices, and thirty-one received closed-loop devices. At a median of 8.5 months, there was a greater reduction of seizure frequency after use of closed-loop devices (median 75% [IQR 10–89%]) versus open-loop (50% [0–78%], p Conclusions This retrospective single-center study suggests the use of closed-loop VNS devices is associated with greater seizure reduction and more favorable clinical outcomes than open-loop devices at 9-months though not at 24-months. Expansion of this study to other centers is warranted to increase the generalizability of our study.
Carbon nanotube transistor technology for More-Moore scaling

Scaling of silicon field-effect transistors has fueled the exponential development of microelectronics in the past 60 years, but is now close to its physical limits with the critical dimensions of state-of-the-art silicon devices approaching the sub-10 nm regime. Carbon nanotubes have been suggested to hold great promise of replacing the central role of silicon in the next-generation logic switches with their unique geometrical and electrical properties. In this article, I firstly examine the scaling advantages of carbon nanotubes compared to silicon from technology-development perspective, and then review the latest progress on addressing the manufacturability issues for scaled carbon-nanotube transistors, from materials to device-integration levels. Finally, the possible pathways for nanotube transistors to transition into commercial applications are discussed.
Disentangling the Psycholinguistic Loci of Anomia with Cognitive Psychometric Models

This article reviews advanced statistical techniques for measuring impairments in object naming, particularly in the context of stroke-induced aphasia. Traditional testing strategies can be challenged by the multifaceted nature of impairments that arise due to the complex relationships between localized brain damage and disruption to the cognitive processes required for successful object naming. Cognitive psychometric models can combine response-type analysis with item-response theory to yield accurate estimates of multiple abilities using data collected from a single task. The models also provide insights about how the test items can be challenging in different ways. Although more work is needed to fully optimize their clinical utility in practice, these formal concepts can guide thoughtful selection of stimuli used in treatment or assessment, as well as providing a framework to interpret response-type data.
Health and Health Promotion in Prisons

Foreword Lord Ramsbotham 1. The Need for Correctional Public Health and Health Promotion 2. Health in Prisons: A Brief Historical Perspective 3. Approaching Health and Human Rights in Prison: Comparing England-Wales and the European Court of Human Rights, and the United States 4. The Resurrection of the Body in Penology: Prison Health Care as Physical Punishment in a Twentieth Century US Correctional System 5. On Giving Good Care to Bad People: Examining the Principles of Prison Health Care 6. Pedagogy for prisoners: An Approach to Peer Health Education for Inmates 7. Prison Staff Occupational Health and Safety and its Relationship with Inmate Health 8 . Ensuring Health in Prison and Achieving Healthy Prisons: The TECH model 9. Mental Health and Treatment in Prisons: Hospitals of Last Resort or Rehabilitation?
The Common Good and Christian Ethics

The Common Good and Christian Ethics rethinks the ancient tradition of the common good in a way that addresses contemporary social divisions, both urban and global. David Hollenbach draws on social analysis, moral philosophy, and theological ethics to chart new directions in both urban life and global society. He argues that the division between the middle class and the poor in major cities and the challenges of globalisation require a new commitment to the common good and that both believers and secular people must move towards new forms of solidarity if they are to live good lives together. Hollenbach proposes a positive vision of how a reconstructed understanding of the common good can lead to better lives for all today, both in cities and globally. This interdisciplinary study makes both practical and theoretical contributions to the developing shape of social, cultural, and religious life today.
Abstract 5571: Genome-wide crosstalk of estrogen and progesterone signaling in breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Estrogen receptor alpha (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) are established biomarkers in breast cancer and receptor-targeted therapies are routinely used in breast cancer treatment. Estrogen receptor exists as two subtypes, ERα and ERβ, and PR has two isoforms PRA and PRB. Furthermore, millions of women worldwide use estrogen and progesterone formulations as oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapies. Although critical crosstalk occurs between estrogen and progesterone signaling, the global nature and mechanistic details of this interaction are not known. Our central hypothesis is that there is genome-wide dominance of progesterone over estrogen signaling in breast cancer. This hypothesis is based on our novel findings that gene expression and proliferation of T47D and ZR75 breast cancer cells upon co-treatment with estrogen and progesterone is similar to progesterone-only treatment and is significantly different from estrogen-only treatment. Furthermore, four derivative T47D sublines that lack either of the PR isoforms, both the isoforms of PR or ER along with PR are being used to study ERα-, PRA- and PRB-specific regulatory networks. ER- and PR-regulated gene networks are defined by correlating ER and PR genome binding data obtained from ChIP-seq with gene expression data of T47D cells acquired using RNA-seq. For instance, genes that are known to be important in breast carcinogenesis, such as GATA3, GREB1, PDZK1, FOXA1 are found to be co-regulated by ER and PR. Subsequently the intersection of identified ER- and PR-regulated gene networks will be studied and their clinical value will be assessed. Transcription cofactors FOXA1 and NF1C are critical for transactivation by ER and PR. Knockdown of these cofactors in T47D cells alters the ER/PR crosstalk in these cells. To validate the clinical value of genes co-regulated by ER and PR in breast cancer, meta-analysis for their enrichment in established breast cancer signatures will be done. Cluster analysis of the expression of these genes in patient tumor samples that differ in clinical outcomes will also be performed. Finally, a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis will be done to study a correlation between expression of these genes and patient survival. These innovative studies will determine the global influence of progesterone over estrogen signaling in breast cancer. The resulting map of ER- and PR-regulated gene networks will lead to the optimization of breast cancer treatments, hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement therapies. Citation Format: Hari Singhal, Geoffrey Greene. Genome-wide crosstalk of estrogen and progesterone signaling in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5571. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5571
Fanaroff-Riley I galaxies as the parent population of BL Lacertae objects. I, X-Ray constraints

The hypothesis is investigated that BL Lacertae objects are a subset of Fanaroff-Riley (FR) I galaxies dominated by beamed emission from a relativistic jet aligned with the line of sight. It is found that FR I galaxies, although of low radio luminosity, are bright optical galaxies. If the beaming hypothesis is correct, the optical luminosity function of BL Lac objects, including the effect of the host galaxy, can be approximated by a double power law with a given differential index. New estimates of the number counts of BL Lac objects are made which constrain their local number density for L(B) greater than about 6 x 10 to the 43rd ergs/s to be in the range 110-720/cu Gpc. The corresponding ratio between the total number densities of BL Lac objects and FR I galaxies is 0.003 to 0.02. This limits the Lorentz factor of the optical emission to the range 8-20, larger than that of the X-ray emitting plasma and roughly of the same order as the radio Lorentz factor.
MODELING INTERPHASE TURBULENT KINETIC ENERGY TRANSFER IN LAGRANGIAN-EULERIAN SPRAY COMPUTATIONS

of a model from this class reveal a nonmonotonic and unphysical increase of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the dispersed phase kd that is not seen in direct numerical simulations (DNS) of decaying, homogeneous turbulence laden with solid particles. Analysis of this class of models shows that for a linear drag law corresponding to the Stokes regime, the entire class of models will predict an anomalous increase in kd for decaying turbulent flow laden with solid particles or droplets. Even though the particle response time is the appropriate time scale to characterize momentum transfer between sub-Kolmogorov-size dispersed-phase particles and the smallest turbulent eddies (for droplet/particle Reynolds number of < 1), it is incapable of capturing the range of time- and length-scale interactions that are reflected in the evolution of kd. A new model that employs a time scale based on a multiscale analysis is proposed. This model succeeds in capturing the dispersed-phase TKE and fluid-phase TKE evolution observed in DNS. The model also correctly predicts the trends of TKE evolution in both phases for different Stokes numbers.