cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Young adults' emotional reactions after hooking up encounters.

Hooking up or a sexual encounter ranging from kissing to intercourse that occurs on one occasion and where the partners do not necessarily expect future physical encounters or a committed relationship has become common place among college students. This study (N = 500) examined gender differences in emotional reactions after hooking up and explored the relationship between specific processes in the hooking up encounter and reactions to hooking up. Compared to women, men reported more positive and fewer negative emotional reactions; however, both men and women reported that the experience was largely more positive than negative. Coital hook ups were associated with fewer negative emotional responses for men as compared to women who engaged in coital and non-coital hook ups and to men who engaged in non-coital hook ups. For those who engaged in coital hook ups, women reported that condom use was associated with fewer positive and more negative emotional reactions whereas condom use was related to fewer negative emotion reactions for men. Negative emotional reactions were also related to reports of depressive symptoms and feelings of loneliness; however, feelings of loneliness were not related to negative emotional reactions after accounting for young adults’ positive emotional reactions. Positive emotional reactions were related to hope for and discussion of a committed relationship. Implications for relationship education and future research are outlined.
Helium gas bubble formation in binary and ternary alloys of vanadium irradiated by energetic Ni++ ions

Abstract Simulation experiments involving He implantation and 4 MeV Ni ++ ion irradiation were conducted on three binary alloys of V with 5, 10 and 20% Ti and their ternary alloys with Be or Zr up to 1%. All Irradiated alloys display He bubbles of varying sizes and densities. The effect of the three solutes, Ti, Be and Zr, on bubble formation is to promote nonuniform distribution of bubbles through second phase precipitates. The mechanisms leading to, and the consequence of, close association of bubbles with the precipitates are discussed.
Dual-Modality Optical/PET Imaging of PARP1 in Glioblastoma

Purpose The current study presents [18F]PARPi-FL as a bimodal fluorescent/positron emission tomography (PET) agent for PARP1 imaging.
A Decade of Vaccines: Integrating Immunology and Vaccinology for Rational Vaccine Design

Vaccination stands as one of the most successful public health measures of the last century. New approaches will be needed, however, to develop highly effective vaccines to prevent tuberculosis, HIV-AIDS, and malaria and to eradicate polio. Current advances in immunology and technology have set the stage for rational vaccine design to begin a "Decade of Vaccines."
Low-level continuous amphetamine administration selectively increases alcohol consumption

Rats dramatically increased alcohol preference following the subcutaneous implantation of slow-release d-amphetamine pellets, so long as access to ethanol was withheld during the initial 6 days after pellet implantation. This increased ethanol preference was not due to a conditioned flavor aversion, nor to increased caloric intake, nor to alcohol deprivation. d-Amphetamine must be administered in a continuous fashion in order to obtain this effect, for daily injections of the same amount of the drug did not increase ethanol intake. This increased ethanol preference is interpreted as self-medication. This effect may provide a new animal model for the tension-reduction theory of ethanol intake.
Student Engineers and Engineer Identity: Campus Engineer Identities as Figured World

The research reported here contributes to understanding how student engineers on an engineering campus in the US mid-continent not only talked about the kinds of people recognized as engineers on campus, but also juxtaposes their talk about “campus engineer identities” with two students' ways of presenting themselves as engineers through engineering project teamwork to argue that campus engineer identities framed on-campus interpretations of actions, and ultimately that identity production was a complicated process through which campus engineer identities (cultural knowledge learned on campus) provided a lens of meaning through which to “recognize” (or not) performances of engineer selves as engineers. This research adds to conversations about identity in practice, especially identity production in science education, by suggesting the importance of cultural forms for belonging, especially at an obdurate site of science practice like the campus studied.
Definitive therapy for isolated esophageal metastases prolongs survival.

Background Local and distant recurrences are frequent after curative resection for esophageal cancer and are considered uniformly fatal. However, some patients may present with isolated recurrences that appear amenable to definitive local therapy either by resection or chemoradiotherapy. We reviewed the clinical outcome of all patients with isolated nodal or distant metastases who were treated with curative intent. Methods In this retrospective review, all patients (n = 561) who underwent curative resection for esophageal cancer from 1988 to 2011 were identified from a prospectively assembled thoracic surgery database. Patients who had any type of recurrence were identified (n = 205). In this group, 27 patients were identified with isolated disease defined as single station of nodal disease or isolated distant metastases. Survival was modeled using the Kaplan-Meier method, and subgroup survival estimates were compared by the log rank test. The impact of age, sex, histology, pathology stage, site of recurrence, and treatment modality on mortality were analyzed by logistic regression. Results Twenty-seven patients (22 male, median age 61 years) had an isolated esophageal cancer recurrence; of those, 15 patients underwent surgical resection and 12 underwent definitive chemoradiation therapy. The sites of isolated recurrence were most commonly nodal. Median overall survival from time of recurrence was 25.2 months; 3-year estimated survival was 33.0% (confidence interval: 13.7 to 52.5). In univariate analysis, no relationship was formed. Conclusions In appropriately selected patients with isolated esophageal metastases, definitive therapy can prolong survival. A long disease-free interval and recurrence limited to single nodal stations may select patients likely to have longer survival after definitive local therapy.
Current Directions in Screening-level Ecological Risk Assessments

Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is a tool used by many regulatory agencies to evaluate the impact to ecological receptors from changes in environmental conditions. Widespread use of ERAs began with the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund program to assess the ecological impact from hazardous chemicals released to the environment. Many state hazardous chemical regulatory agencies have adopted the use of ERAs, and several state regulatory agencies are evaluating the use of ERAs to assess ecological impacts from releases of petroleum and gas-related products. Typical ERAs are toxicologically-based, use conservative assumptions with respect to ecological receptor exposure duration and frequency, often require complex modeling of transport and exposure and are very labor intensive. In an effort to streamline the ERA process, efforts are currently underway to develop default soil screening levels, to identify ecological screening criteria for excluding sites from formal risk assessment, and to create risk-based corrective action worksheets. This should help reduce the time spent on ERAs, at least for some sites. Work is also underway to incorporate bioavailability and spatial considerations into ERAs. By evaluating the spatial nature of contaminant releases with respect to the spatial context of the ecosystem under consideration, more realistic ERAs with respectmore » to the actual impact to ecological receptors at the population, community or ecosystem scale should be possible. In addition, by considering the spatial context, it should be possible to develop mitigation and monitoring efforts to more appropriately address such sites within the context of an ecological framework.« less
Depression in pregnancy is associated with preexisting but not pregnancy-induced hypertension

Abstract Background The aim was to examine whether depression is associated with preexisting hypertension or pregnancy-induced hypertension in a large sample of women attending a university-based obstetrics clinic. Methods In this prospective study, participants were 2398 women receiving ongoing prenatal care at a university-based obstetrics clinic from January 2004 through January 2009. Prevalence of depression was measured using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 as well as the self-reported use of antidepressant medication. Evidence of preexisting hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia/eclampsia was determined by obstetrician International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Logistic regression was used to quantify the association between hypertension in pregnancy and antenatal depression. Results After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, chronic medical conditions, smoking and prior pregnancy complications, women with preexisting hypertension had an increased risk of any depression (minor, major, use of antidepressants) [odds ratio (OR)=1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–2.23) and major depression and/or use of antidepressants (OR=1.65, 95% CI 1.10–2.48) compared to women without hypertension. No differences were seen in risk of depression in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension or preeclampsia/eclampsia compared to those without hypertension. Conclusion Women with preexisting hypertension, but not pregnancy-induced hypertension, are more likely to meet criteria for an antenatal depressive disorder and/or to be treated with antidepressants and could be targeted by obstetricians for screening for depression and enhanced treatment.
Nonlinear analysis of efficiency enhancement in free-electron-laser amplifiers

A technique for efficiency enhancement in free-electron-laser and ``ubitron'' amplifiers (where the ubitron is essentially a free-electron laser operated at electron beam energies less than 500 keV) is analyzed which makes use of both tapered wiggler and axial guide magnetic fields. A set of model equations is derived which describes the coupling between an ensemble of electrons and the radiation field. The analysis is fully three dimensional, and treats the propagation of an electron beam of fi- nite cross-sectional area through a loss-free cylindrical waveguide in the presence of a helically symmetric wiggler field and an axial guide magnetic field. The model equations are solved numerically, and substantial enhancements in the interaction efficiency are found for a variety of choices of the model parameters. The efficiency enhancement is observed to be a sensitive function of both the degree of taper in the wiggler and axial magnetic fields as well as the point at which the taper is begun. In order to illustrate the physical mechanism underlying the efficiency enhancement, a modified pendulum equation which describes the interaction is derived from the orbit equations under a set of idealized assumptions, and used to construct a small-signal theory of the efficiency enhancement.
Artifactual regional gray level variability in contrast-enhanced two-dimensional echocardiographic images: effect on measurement of the coronary perfusion bed.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of regional variability of image echocardiographic amplitude (expressed as gray level variability) in contrastenhanced two-dimensional echocardiographic images, and to assess the effect of such baseline gray level variability on quantitation of the coronary perfusion bed. In 10 anesthetized closed chest dogs, short-axis papillary muscle echocardiographic images were obtained during control preinjection conditions and during injection of three contrast agents into the left main coronary artery with and without circumflex artery occlusion. Regional echocardiographic amplitude variation was measured by computer-based videodensitometric analysis of mean gray levels in four myocardial regions after cavity (background) gray level subtraction. To determine the effect of regional gray level variability on quantitation of the coronary perfusion bed, the contrast-enhanced left anterior descending artery perfusion bed was measured by two methods. The circumferential method ignored myocardial contrast inhomogeneity by measuring the circumferential extent of contrast enhancement, whether or not the enhancement by contrast medium extended transmurally. The exact method measured only the area of myocardium actually enhanced by contrast medium, which often did not extend transmurally. The perfusion beds determined by the two echocardiographic methods were compared with the anatomic perfusion bed determined by postmortem barium-gelatin coronary arteriography. Regional gray levels varied qualitatively and quantitatively in the control state (before contrast injection), with lateral regions being less bright than axial regions. After injection of contrast medium, brightness increased in all regions, the axial regions brightening most. After circumflex artery occlusion, left anterior descending perfusion beds were determined by circumferential and exact methods. Correlation of each method with angiographic perfusion beds revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.69) only between the circumferential method and angiography. It is concluded that significant baseline regional variation in contrast-enhanced echocardiographic images occurs unrelated to anatomic distribution of contrast agent. This variability is attributable to factors intrinsic to the ultrasound imaging technique. In this experimental study, the circumferential method of measuring the coronary perfusion bed partially compensated for these artifactual contrast deficits.
Progression of the Ribosome Recycling Factor through the Ribosome Dissociates the Two Ribosomal Subunits

After the termination step of translation, the posttermination complex (PoTC), composed of the ribosome, mRNA, and a deacylated tRNA, is processed by the concerted action of the ribosome-recycling factor (RRF), elongation factor G (EF-G), and GTP to prepare the ribosome for a fresh round of protein synthesis. However, the sequential steps of dissociation of the ribosomal subunits, and release of mRNA and deacylated tRNA from the PoTC, are unclear. Using three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy, in conjunction with undecagold-labeled RRF, we show that RRF is capable of spontaneously moving from its initial binding site on the 70S Escherichia coli ribosome to a site exclusively on the large 50S ribosomal subunit. This movement leads to disruption of crucial intersubunit bridges and thereby to the dissociation of the two ribosomal subunits, the central event in ribosome recycling. Results of this study allow us to propose a model of ribosome recycling.
Supervenience-based formulations of physicalism

Filling in the schema requires specifying what it is for an entity to be physical, and what it is for an entity to be ‘‘nothing over and above’’ some other entities. Some have worried that no account of the physical is adequate for physicalist purposes; and I’ll soon say a bit about how physicalists have responded (in my view, successfully) to this worry. But my main focus here is on nothing over and aboveness, and specifically on whether any supervenience-based approaches to characterizing this notion can enter into viably formulating physicalism. Supervenience-based accounts of nothing over and aboveness also instantiate a schema:
The Information-Technology Revolution and the Stock Market

Technological progress comes in waves. The British Industrial Revolution ( 1760 – 1850) ushered in Cort’s puddling and rolling process for making iron, Crompton’s mule for spinning cotton, and the Watt steam engine. The Second Industrial Revolution ( 1890 – 1930) witnessed the rise of electricity, the internal-combustion engine, and the chemical industry. The birth of information technology (IT) may herald the start of a Third Industrial Revolution. A new technology or product is often developed by the single entrepreneur who initially finds it hard to get funds, develop the product, and find customers. But if the product is good, customers eventually line up, and investors flock in. Other firms then move in to make the product and may drive the innovator out or acquire him. Whether he reaches the initial public offering (IPO) stage or is acquired by a listed firm, though, it takes time for the innovator to add value to the stock market. Indeed, the innovation may, at first, reduce the market’s value because some firms, usually large or old, will cling to old technologies that have lost their momentum. Figure 1 plots the market value of U.S. equity relative to GDP. This paper argues that (a) the market declined in the late 1960’s because it felt that the old technologies either had lost their momentum or would give way to IT, and that (b) IT innovators boosted the stock market’s value only in the 1980’s. If the stock market provides a forecast of future events, then the recent dramatic upswing represents a rosy estimate about growth in future profits for the economy. This translates into a forecast of higher output and productivity growth, holding other things equal (such as capital’s share
Studying Economic Change: Are Robust Regression Procedures Needed?1

The impact of changing levels of employment in service and manufacturing sectors on community income levels is the subject of this analysis. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and robust regression procedures are used. Aggregate-level income and employment data for 642 communities in the Mid-Atlantic states are extracted from the U.S. Census and Dun and Bradstreet files, respectively, for the 1970–1980 period. Given outliers in the data, robust regression provides a more accurate description than OLS of trends among the majority of communities. Growth in low-wage and high-wage service sectors leads to greater gains in aggregate income among more remotely located places. However among centrally located places, job growth in low-wage services is associated with declines in community income. OLS overestimates the positive impact of manufacturing and the negative effect of service sector growth on community income levels. Implications for differing strategies of economic development are discussed.
How Is Climate Change Harmful

This article offers an account of the way in which climate change is harmful. It argues that the complex nature of climate change makes it challenging to attribute specific harmful outcomes to climate change. It turns out that the future people who will be harmfully affected by climate change will owe their existence to the very actions that led to the climatic changes that impact them. In light of this, this article offers an interpretation of climate-affecting activities as imposing harmful conditions on future people or as de dicto harming future generations (expanding on distinctions made by Joel Feinberg and Casper Hare respectively). Acts or policies that contribute to climate change are not harmful in the standard way, but such actions impose threats of harmful conditions upon future people. This account gives us a way of talking about how climate change is harmful, though it does not directly answer the challenge of intergenerational ethics.
Recombinase‐mediated cassette exchange to rapidly and efficiently generate mice with human cardiac sodium channels

SCN5A encodes the predominant voltage-gated sodium channel isoform in human heart and nearly 100 variants have now been described and studied in vitro. However, development of animal models to analyze function of such large numbers of human gene variants represents a continuing challenge in translational medicine. Here, we describe the implementation of a two stage procedure, recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE), to efficiently and rapidly generate mice in which a full-length human cDNA replaces expression of the murine ortholog. In the first step of RMCE, conventional homologous recombination in mouse ES cells was used to replace scn5a exon 2 (that contains the translation start site) with a cassette acceptor that includes the thymidine kinase gene, flanked by loxP/inverted loxP sites. In the second step, the cassette acceptor site was replaced by the full-length wild-type human SCN5A cDNA by Cre/loxP-mediated recombination. The exchange event occurred in 7/29 (24%) colonies, and the time from electroporation to first homozygotes was only 8 months. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) showed that the murine isoform was replaced by the human one, and functional studies indicated that mice with human cardiac sodium channels have wild-type sodium current density, action potential durations, heart rates, and QRS durations. These data demonstrate that RMCE can be used to generate mice in which a targeted allele can be rapidly and efficiently replaced by variants of choice, and thereby can serve as an enabling approach for the functional characterization of ion channel and other DNA variants. genesis 44:556–564, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
White Matter Tract Integrity of Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule in Major Depression and Type 2 Diabetes

A number of studies have shown an association between diabetes and depression. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Previous findings indicate a role for the prefrontal cortex and subcortical gray matter regions in type 2 diabetes and major depressive disorder (MDD). The purpose of this study was to examine the white matter integrity in the fibers that are part of the anterior limb of internal capsule (ALIC) in MDD and diabetic subjects using diffusion tensor imaging tractography. We studied 4 groups of subjects including 1) 42 healthy controls (HC), 2) 28 MDD subjects (MD), 3) 24 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes without depression (DC), and 4) 22 patients diagnosed with diabetes and depression (DD). Results revealed significantly decreased fractional anisotropy (FA; P=.021) and a trend towards significant increase in radial diffusivity (RD; P=.078) of the right ALIC in depressed subjects (MD+DD) compared to non-depressed subjects (HC+DC). While there were no significant diabetes effects or interactions between depression and diabetes, subjects with high depression ratings and high hemoglobin A1c levels had the lowest mean FA values in the right ALIC. In addition, we found a significant negative correlation between FA of the left ALIC with hemoglobin A1c in diabetic subjects (DC+DD; P=.016). Our study demonstrated novel findings of white matter abnormalities of the ALIC in depression and diabetes. These findings have implications for clinical manifestations of depression and diabetes as well as their pathophysiology.
Electromechanical coupling in nonpiezoelectric materials due to nanoscale nonlocal size effects: Green’s function solutions and embedded inclusions

In a piezoelectric material, an applied uniform strain can induce an electric polarization (or vice versa). Crystallographic considerations restrict this technologically important property to noncentrosymmetric systems. It has been shown both mathematically and physically that a nonuniform strain can potentially break the inversion symmetry and induce polarization in nonpiezoelectric materials. The coupling between strain gradients and polarization, and conversely between strain and polarization gradients, is investigated in this work. While the conventional piezoelectric property is nonzero only for certain select materials, the nonlocal coupling of strain and electric field gradients is (in principle) nonzero for all dielectrics, albeit manifesting noticeably only at the nanoscale, around interfaces or in general in the vicinity of high field gradients. Based on a field theoretic framework accounting for this phenomena, we (i) develop the fundamental solutions (Green's functions) for the governing equations, and (ii) motivated by eventual applications for quantum dots, solve the general embedded mismatched inclusion problem with explicit results for the spherical and cylindrical shape. Expectedly, our results for the aforementioned problems are size dependent and indicate generation of high electric fields reaching values of approximately hundreds of kV/m in selected sizes and locations---even in isotropic centrosymmetric nonpiezoelectric materials.
Community and ambulatory pharmacy: evaluation of patient care services and billing patterns before implementation of Medicare part D.

ABSTRACT Objective To provide a summary of community and ambulatory pharmacy practice and billing patterns for medication therapy management services before implementation of Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA). Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Ambulatory care and community pharmacy practice settings in the United States in January 2004. Participants Members of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Ambulatory Practice and Research Network, preceptors of the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) Community Pharmacy Residency Programs, and participants in the APhA Immunizing Pharmacist listserv. Interventions E-mail invitations to participate in a Web-based survey. Main Outcome Measures Practice setting; pharmacy services performed; whether pharmacists were billing for pharmacy services; if billing, the billing technique used; if not billing, the reason for not billing. Results Of 349 respondents, 127 (36.4%) were practicing within a physician office, while 121 (34.7%) were practicing in community pharmacies. Diabetes, anticoagulation, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and smoking cessation management services were performed significantly more often in physician offices. Immunization delivery and diabetes, dyslipidemia, and osteoporosis screenings were performed significantly more often in community settings. A total of 190 (54.5%) pharmacists stated that they were billing for pharmacy services. More community pharmacists were billing for services compared with other combined practice settings (69.2% versus 46.7%, P Conclusion Valuable baseline data are provided regarding pharmacy services that have been successfully implemented in ambulatory and community practice settings and which billing techniques were used to receive reimbursement before the implementation of MMA.
"Fear of Success" Imagery as a Reaction to Sex-role Inappropriate Behavior.

Cue effects on TAT imagery, often considered evidence of fear of success, were examined. The cue generally used to assess this motive (Horner, 1968) was modified to depict success in an occupation traditionally considered appropriate for females (ballet). This new cue and Horner's original "medical student"cue produced very different results in fear of success imagery, the modified cue eliciting significantly less of this imagery from females and more from males. A substantial portion of what has been interpreted as "fear of success" imagery appears to involve anxiety about engaging in achievement activities that have traditionally been considered inappropriate to one's sex-role. The implications of this finding for female achievement conflict are discussed.
Considerations for retrapping, cooling, and crystallizing highly-charged high-Z ions

Abstract The recent extraction of ∽ 10 4 ions per pulse with both high charge and high atomic number Z from the electron beam ion trap (EBIT) encourages consideration of methods for retrapping and cooling these ions to approximately 4 K. Anticipated stored ion densities near this temperature should result in the formation of crystalline arrays of these ions in the trap. Standard techniques for pulsed injection of ions into the trap, followed by resistive damping of the translational motion and collisional cooling with cold charged particles, are expected to optimize the cooling process. Expected ion storage times based on extrapolated electron transfer collision rates are favorable. Interesting potential measurements suited to cold, highly-charged ions are also discussed.
NATIVE DEFECTS IN CDTE

Native defect concentrations in CdTe are calculated from ab initio methods, and compared with experimental results. We examine the native point-defect densities as a function of pressure and temperature in both doped and undoped material. We find that undoped CdTe is highly compensated p type under tellurium-saturated conditions, with the cadmium vacancy as the dominant acceptor and the tellurium antisite as the compensating donor. This finding is in agreement with recent experiments that find a much larger deviation from stoichiometry than would be predicted by the electrically active defects. Under cadmium-saturated conditions, cadmium interstitials are predicted to dominate and the material is found to be n type, resolving the present uncertainty in the identification of this donor. Anneals to produce intrinsic material, and to reduce particular native defects selectively by using extrinsic dopants, are discussed.
Electrometer circuit design for extended band widths

Abstract Linear and logarithmic electrometer circuits have been developed with band widths extended a factor of 10 or more beyond the usual limit. The method consists of reducing the stray capacitance across the feedback element with a nearly-optimum shielding structure, and designing the amplifier with sufficient gain to degenerate the effects of input capacitance to ground. This method yields a very simple design approach for predicting the character of the transient response, and the response obtained is insignificantly affected by changes of ±20% in the value of any circuit element. Techniques for generating current step functions for testing such circuits are discussed.
Relating Values and Personality Traits

Measures of traits of Goldberg's five factor model were correlated with value domain scores from the Rokeach Value Survey for a sample of 65 undergraduate students. Specific values were significantly related to scores on Openness (Conformity, Self-direction, Maturity, Altruism), Conscientiousness (Security, Achievement, Maturity, Altruism), Agreeableness (Achievement, Altruism), and Neuroticism (Conformity). The results underscore the commonalities between traits and values and raise questions about their respective conceptualizations.
Intravenous glial growth factor 2 (GGF2) isoform of neuregulin-1β improves left ventricular function, gene and protein expression in rats after myocardial infarction.

Aims Recombinant Neuregulin (NRG)-1β has multiple beneficial effects on cardiac myocytes in culture, and has potential as a clinical therapy for heart failure (HF). A number of factors may influence the effect of NRG-1β on cardiac function via ErbB receptor coupling and expression. We examined the effect of the NRG-1β isoform, glial growth factor 2 (GGF2), in rats with myocardial infarction (MI) and determined the impact of high-fat diet as well as chronicity of disease on GGF2 induced improvement in left ventricular systolic function. Potential mechanisms for GGF2 effects on the remote myocardium were explored using microarray and proteomic analysis.
Motion in the interiors and atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn: scale analysis, anelastic equations, barotropic stability criterion

If Jupiter's and Saturn's fluid interiors were inviscid and adiabatic, any steady zonal motion would take the form of differentially rotating cylinders concentric about the planetary axis of rotation. B. A. Smith et al. [Science215, 504–537 (1982)] showed that Saturn's observed zonal wind profile extends a significant distance below cloud base. Further extension into the interior occurs if the values of the eddy viscosity and superadiabaticity are small. We estimate these values using a scaling analysis of deep convection in the presence of differential rotation. The differential rotation inhibits the convection and reduces the effective eddy viscosity. Viscous dissipation of zonal mean kinetic energy is then within the bounds set by the internal heat source. The differential rotation increases the superadiabaticity, but not so much as to eliminate the cylindrical structure of the flow. Very large departures from adiabaticity, necessary for decoupling the atmosphere and interior, do not occur. Using our scaling analysis we develop the anelastic equations that describe motions in Jupiter's and Saturn's interiors. A simple problem is solved, that of an adiabatic fluid with a steady zonal wind varying as a function of cylindrical radius. Low zonal wavenumber perturbations are two dimensional (independent of the axial coordinate) and obey a modified barotropic stability equation. The parameter analogous to β is negative and is three to four times larger than the β for thin atmospheres. Jupiter's and Saturn's observed zonal wind profiles are close to marginal stability according to this deep sphere criterion, but are several times supercritical according to the thin atmosphere criterion.
The U.S. geological survey's project BIRDDOG (basic investigation of remotely detectable deposits of oil and gas)

An experimental program to develop an integrated remote sensing-geochemical petroleum exploration technique has been established by the U.S. Geological Survey. Briefly, the concept is based on previous and ongoing research within the U.S. Geological Survey which demonstrates that imperfect rock seals capping petroleum and natural gas deposits may permit large volumes of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons to escape to the surface, with one or more of the following results: (1) the slowly seeping hydrocarbons chemically and biochemically oxidize; (2) liberated CO2 is incorporated into carbonates, forming pore-filling cements invested with unique isotopic signatures; (3) gas, expansive under depressurization, evaporates near-surface pore water, likewise precipitating isotopically distinctive pore cements; (4) the highly reducing hydrocarbons and associated compounds cause discoloration of surface strata by reduction and dissolution of iron. All these late diagenetic alteration phenomena reflect the subsurface distribution of petroleum. The BIRDDOG program in part attempts to explore for these kinds of surface anomalies using the following integrated approach.
A brief review of the properties of ordered alloys

It is the purpose of this brief paper to review the understanding of many of the properties of ordered alloys, particularly with regard to critical problems which remain unsolved.
The Effect of Zones of High Porosity and Permeability on the Configuration of the Saline-Freshwater Mixing Zone

Coastal karst aquifers have highly variable distributions of porosity and permeability. The ability to assess the volume of aquifer occupied by freshwater in coastal karst aquifers is limited by both the lack of understanding of the effect that regions of cavernous porosity and permeability have on the configuration of the saline-freshwater mixing zone and by the limited knowledge of the location of the cavernous regions. A dual-density ground-water flow and solute transport model was used to explore the effect that the depth, lateral extent, and proximity to the coast of zones of high porosity and permeability has on the configuration of the saline-freshwater mixing zone. These aquifer heterogeneities tend to shift the mixing zone upward relative to the position it would have in aquifers with homogeneous porosity and permeability. Zones of high porosity and permeability located at positions shallow in the aquifer or nearer to the coast had the greatest effect. In fact, for the conditions modeled, position was more important in modifying the configuration of the mixing zone than was changing the ratio of the intrinsic permeability of the cavernous zone to the aquifer matrix from 100 to 1000. Modeling results show that ground-water flow is concentrated into the zones of high porosity and permeability and that flow configuration results in steep salinity gradients with depth. Field observations of the location of the halocline and of step changes in ground-water composition coincident with regions of cavernous porosity in coastal karst aquifers corroborate the model results. In a coastal setting with saline water intruding into an aquifer, the effect of cavernous porosity and associated high permeability is to decrease the volume of aquifer in which freshwater occurs by a greater degree than would occur in an aquifer with homogeneous porosity and permeability.
A New Nanomechanical Cantilever Sensing Paradigm Using Piezoelectric Boron Nitride Nanotube-Based Actuation

Nanomechanical Cantilever Sensors (NMCS) have recently attracted a widespread attention for use in different nano- and micro-size applications such as studying the nanoscale surface topography by scanning probe microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In newer AFM systems, a sharp probe is placed at the tip of the microcantilever and a piezoelectric patch actuator deposited on the cantilever surface produces the movements of the probe above the examined surface. Similar system can be also utilized for mass sensing purposes by adding an unknown mass to the tip and measuring the beam deflection and the amount of shift in the resonance frequency that is caused by the addition of the tip mass. This sensing paradigm finds many applications in medical and biological fields such as DNA strand and bacteria weight measurement. However, one of the major issues in all piezoelectrically-actuated microcantilevers is the low actuation energy of the piezoelectric patch. Most of the current and widely used piezoelectric materials possess low mechanical characteristics such as low Young’s modulus of elasticity, low yield strength and most importantly incompatibility with most biological species and environment. It has been shown that both carbon and boron nitride nanotubes (CNT and BNNT) possess outstanding mechanical, chemical and electrical properties with acceptable piezoelectricity which make them suitable for microcantilever actuation applications. In this paper, a multi-physics multi-scale model is proposed in which the actuation of microcantilevers is produced by two sets of nanotube layers. Through extensive simulations, BNNTs were chosen to be used as the actuators because of their enhanced piezoelectric characteristics compared to CNTs. The modeling framework proposed here is used to investigate the effects of deposited tip mass with different weights on frequency response and resonance frequency of the microcantilever beam. These microbeams are made of aluminum or titanium materials and the results are compared with each other.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Connotative Interpretations of Sexuality-Related Terms.

In this study we examined the connotative interpretations of selected sexuality-related terms by a cohort of university undergraduate students (n=567). Forty-two sexuality-relevant constructs were rated on thirty 7-point semantic differential scales. Means of the scale sum scores for men and women were compared using t tests. Among women the most favorably rated constructs were orgasm, vaginal sex, sexual intercourse, virginity, masturbation, oral sex, pro-choice, pregnancy, erection, and heterosexual. The most negatively evaluated terms were date rape, sexual abuse, rape, sexual assault, HPV, and HIV/AIDS. For men, the most favorably rated constructs were sexual monogamy, virginity, orgasm, vaginal sex, and heterosexual. The most negatively evaluated terms were rape, HPV, date rape, and sexual abuse. There were statistically significant gender differences in the evaluation of 12 terms (p<.05). The evaluations assigned to 30 possible attributes suggest that some sexuality-related terms elicit strong visceral responses from university students. A discussion of the psychological and emotional impact of sexuality-related terms (i.e., connotative meanings) may be warranted whenever dictionary definitions (i.e., denotative meanings) are presented to students, other groups of learners, and persons in health care and other settings. Moreover, a practitioner's use of language may elicit connotatively different responses for women and men.
Massage Therapy for Lyme Disease Symptoms: a Prospective Case Study

Introduction: To study the effects of massage therapy (MT) on Lyme disease (LD) symptoms and affect. Methods: A 21-year-old female college student previously diagnosed with LD was recruited for a prospective case study that incorporated alternating periods of treatment and non-treatment across 65 days. Her self-reported symptoms of pain, fatigue, and impairment of concentration were assessed by means of a daily diary with corresponding visual analog scales. Immediate effects of MT on affect were assessed by completion of the Positive and Negative Affect Scales before and after each treatment session. Results: LD symptoms decreased during treatment periods and increased during non-treatment periods. Positive affect was increased at every MT session. Conclusions: MT is a promising treatment for the symptoms pain, fatigue, and impaired concentration associated with LD. In addition, MT reliably increased positive affect. Massage therapists should consider using light-to-medium pressure MT for treatment of persons who present with a similar pattern of LD symptoms, and further research with this population is warranted.
Children: From Rights to Citizenship

This article introduces the themes of children’s rights and citizenship and surveys the authors’ contributions to this volume of The Annals. The volume marks the 20th anniversary of the United Nations General Assembly’s adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). As the most widely ratified of all human rights covenants, adoption of the CRC represents a landmark achievement in the history of childhood. Yet there remains a noticeable gap in its implementation. The United States has not ratified the CRC. The contributions to this volume take the CRC as a starting point along the path of achieving functional citizenship for children. Issues of child protection, political maturity, deliberative democracy, and intergenerational nondomination are covered. Several examples of empirical research on children’s participation in social and political matters are provided. Recommendations are made to advance the case of child citizenship over the near term. This includes the need to urge the United St...
Signaling Status with Luxury Goods: The Role of Brand Prominence

Abstract This research introduces “brand prominence,” a construct reflecting the conspicuousness of a brand's mark or logo on a product. The authors propose a taxonomy that assigns consumers to one of four groups according to their wealth and need for status, and they demonstrate how each group's preference for conspicuously or inconspicuously branded luxury goods corresponds predictably with their desire to associate or dissociate with members of their own and other groups. Wealthy consumers low in need for status want to associate with their own kind and pay a premium for quiet goods only they can recognize. Wealthy consumers high in need for status use loud luxury goods to signal to the less affluent that they are not one of them. Those who are high in need for status but cannot afford true luxury use loud counterfeits to emulate those they recognize to be wealthy. Field experiments along with analysis of market data (including counterfeits) support the proposed model of status signaling using brand pr...
Another player joins the complex field of sugar-regulated gene expression in plants

The available evidence suggests that the molecular mechanisms by which gene expression is tied to the concentrations of certain metabolites, such as soluble sugars, are very complex. In organisms where metabolic regulation of gene expression has been relatively well characterized, evidence for several signal transduction pathways between soluble sugar levels and gene expression has been obtained (reviewed in ref. 10). For instance, studies on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have provided evidence for as many as four signal transduction pathways for sugar-regulated gene expression. Among the best-characterized of these pathways are the RAS-cAMP and the “main glucose repression/derepression” pathways. Both of these pathways are believed to be activated via glucose phosphorylation by a particular hexokinase (11, 12), although more recent data indicate that two unusual glucose transporters may also play a role in glucose sensing in yeast (13). Other proteins involved in yeast sugar …
Dipolmomente und Substituenteneinflüsse bei erythro‐2,3‐Dihalogen‐1,3‐diarylpropanonen‐(1)

Am Ring A substituierte erythro-Chalkondihalogenide zeigen einen anderen Trend bei den ϱ-Werten der Korrelationen zwischen Dipolmomenten und Substituentenkonstanten als die am Ring B substituierten Verbindungen. Die Differenzen zwischen den ϱ-Werten jeder Serie und die unterschiedlichen Trends werden diskutiert und konnen auf Unterschiede in der Gesamtpolarisierbarkeit der jeweiligen Halogenkombination X und Y in der aliphatischen Kette Z sowie auf unterschiedlich geartete Einflusnahme von Z auf die Wirkung von A- bzw. B-Substituenten zuruckgefuhrt werden.
Comparative pharmacology and clinical efficacy of newer agents in treatment of heart failure

The animal and human pharmacology of several new drugs (prazosin, trimazosin, pirbuterol, and carbazeran) useful in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) is delineated in relation to the pharmacology of other agents employed for CHF management. Prazosin and trimazosin are selective alpha 1-blockers that cause a balanced increase in cardiac output (CO) and reduction in left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP); the reduction in diastolic blood pressure with these drugs is significantly related to increase in treadmill exercise, fall in LVFP, and increase in CO. Pirbuterol is a relatively selective beta 2-agonist with somewhat greater effects on CO than on LVFP. Early promise in CHF therapy is being shown by a novel series of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase inhibitors with combined direct inotropic and vasodilator effects. Double-blind long-term studies demonstrate persistent efficacy of prazosin and trimazosin in CHF as measured by improvement in New York Heart Association functional class, treadmill exercise performance, and noninvasive measures of cardiac function; these data are supported by studies in which repeat cardiac catheterization has been performed after several months of therapy. Double-blind studies of other CHF drugs are in progress.
An AMPK-FOXO pathway mediates longevity induced by a novel method of dietary restriction in C. elegans.

Summary Background Dietary restriction (DR) is the most effective environmental intervention to extend lifespan in a wide range of species. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the benefits of DR on longevity are still poorly characterized. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated by a decrease in energy levels, raising the possibility that AMPK might mediate lifespan extension by DR. Results By using a novel DR assay that we developed and validated in C. elegans , we find that AMPK is required for this DR method to extend lifespan and delay age-dependent decline. We find that AMPK exerts its effects in part via the FOXO transcription factor DAF-16. FOXO/DAF-16 is necessary for the beneficial effects of this DR method on lifespan. Expression of an active version of AMPK in worms increases stress resistance and extends longevity in a FOXO/DAF-16-dependent manner. Lastly, we find that AMPK activates FOXO/DAF-16-dependent transcription and phosphorylates FOXO/DAF-16 at previously unidentified sites, suggesting a possible direct mechanism of regulation of FOXO/DAF-16 by AMPK. Conclusions Our study shows that an energy-sensing AMPK-FOXO pathway mediates the lifespan extension induced by a novel method of dietary restriction in C. elegans .