cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF MASS TRANSFER ON THE MOTION OF A LIQUID--LIQUID INTERFACE.

i « i INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 STATIC DROPS H Drop Resting on a Solid Surface 11 Drop with Non-uniform Interfacial Tension 14 Drop with an External Force 17 DYNAMIC DROPS 26 Q.ual i tati ve Observations 26 Model Development 31 EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS 40 RESULTS 45 CONCLUSIONS 62 RECOMMENDATIONS 64 NOMENCLATURE 66 LITERATURE CITED 69 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 71 APPENDIX I 72 APPENDIX II 82
Scholarly Activity Training During Residency: Are We Hitting the Mark? A National Assessment of Pediatric Residents

Abstract Objective Participation in scholarly activity (SA) is an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requirement. Our previous research with program directors (PDs) suggests that pediatric SA training is variable and suboptimal. To help programs better meet requirements, our objective was to understand the resident perspective regarding SA training, including factors associated with satisfaction and productivity. Methods We conducted cross-sectional surveys of second- and third-year pediatric residents and PDs at 22 diverse programs in 2016. Surveys assessed resident demographics, career intentions, program characteristics, beliefs, barriers, satisfaction, and productivity, defined as SA accepted at a regional or national meeting, for publication, or grant funding. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression. Results A total of 464 (60.2%) of 771 residents and 22 PDs (100%) responded. Most residents believed that residents should participate in SA (n = 380, 81.9%). However, only 37.9% (n = 175) were extremely or very satisfied with their training. Residents who reported that training to conduct research (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–3.5), availability of a research curriculum (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–3.1), and adequate faculty mentorship (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.6–4.1) were not barriers were more satisfied. Protected time was associated with satisfaction (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.7). A total of 43.8% of residents (n = 203) were productive. Productivity was associated with future plans to conduct research (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI 2.1–5.1). Conclusions Residents believe SA training is important. Dedicated program infrastructure, protected time, and adequate mentorship appear to be crucial to improving quality perceptions.
Controlling Variables in Molecular Gel Science: How Can We Improve the State of the Art?

By design, no references are included in this article. It is intended to be a series of recommendations in which the focus is on lab practices for investigating substances rather than on the substances being investigated. Thus, it discusses some specific areas of concern identified by the author. Other scientists are encouraged to add to or amend the contents. This article should be read as a “living” document, like a blog in which many gel scientists work, over time, to achieve a consensus about reporting everything from acronyms and definitions to procedures and methods. For those entering the field and seeking compendia on the subject, the author suggests “Googling” the words “molecular gels” or “molecular gels books”.
Flow of Bubbly Liquids in a Vertical Pipe: Theory and Experiments

Recent measurements of bubble-phase velocity, volume fraction, and velocity variance, and liquid velocity profiles for flows of bubbly liquids in a vertical pipe are shown to be in good agreement with the predictions based on averaged equations.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Where We Are and Where We’re Going

Fluorescence, phosphorescence and chemiluminescence spectroscopies have established themselves as safe and ultrasensitive analytical techniques. However, the luminescence spectroscopies of today have moved well beyond the simple lamp, monochromator, sample compartment and detector arrangements of three or four decades ago, to very sophisticated electronic and optical instruments and some very elegant chemical and biochemical techniques and have drawn heavily on some of the most sophisticated physical and chemical theory for their current status. In this paper will be described some of the instrumentation and chemistry that have contributed to making luminescence spectroscopy one of the most powerful weapons in the chemist’s and biochemist’s arsenal and some of those approaches that will lead the way of this subject into the near future.
Analytical and Experimental Studies of Compact Wire-Screen Heat Exchangers

A compact heat exchanger should possess high effectiveness while satisfying the condition of compactness with respect to its internal and/or external volumes. A compact heat exchanger consisting of a large number of randomly stacked wire-screen discs attached to the inside of a tube, referred to as a matrix heat exchanger (see Fig. 1), offers advantages of compactness, no leakage problems, and simplicity of construction.
Social Resources and the Mental Health of Aging Nazi Holocaust Survivors and Immigrants

A review of the literature dealing with the effects of the Nazi Holocaust documents a wide range of physical and psychic impairments suffered by survivors (Chodoff, 1966; ). There is a basic agreement among most of the writers that survivors have indeed suffered lasting physical, mental, psychological, and social impairments. As a result, many survivors are characterized as being severely handicapped in a variety of life situations (Chodoff, 1966; Eitinger, 1961; Krystal, 1968). Recent reports within the clinical psychiatric tradition continue to provide evidence of the scarring effects of the Holocaust on survivors (). The literature also suggests that following World War II, the survivors’ recovery was made more difficult because the families and communities, through which they might have found comfort and help, no longer existed (Davidson, 1979; Levav & Abramson, 1984).
An Associativity Based Energy Aware Clustering Technique for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Node clustering is a widely used approach to address the scalability issue of large-scale mobile ad hoc networks(MANETs). It eases the implementation of routing and resource management by constructing an abstract hierarchy of the flat network architecture of MANETs. Its effectiveness however depends largely on the clusters stability which is measured by the lifetime of the clusters. The aim of this paper is to propose a fully distributed clustering algorithm that addresses the stability of mobile nodes in terms of neighborhood associativity and remaining energy. The algorithm maximizes the cluster lifetime by choosing those nodes as clusterheads which have the highest neighborhood associativity and remaining energy. It also tries to minimize the number of clusters in the network by giving priority to higher degree nodes. Simulation results show that the algorithm identifies clusters that are stable with respect to cluster lifetime and the frequency of reaffiliations of mobile nodes.
Resveratrol: Twenty Years of Growth, Development and Controversy

Resveratrol was first isolated in 1939 by Takaoka from Veratrum grandiflorum O. Loes. Following this discovery, sporadic descriptive reports appeared in the literature. However, spurred by our seminal paper published nearly 60 years later, resveratrol became a household word and the subject of extensive investigation. Now, in addition to appearing in over 20,000 research papers, resveratrol has inspired monographs, conferences, symposia, patents, chemical derivatives, etc. In addition, dietary supplements are marketed under various tradenames. Once resveratrol was brought to the limelight, early research tended to focus on pharmacological activities related to the cardiovascular system, inflammation, and cancer but, over the years, the horizon greatly expanded. Around 130 human clinical trials have been (or are being) conducted with varying results. This may be due to factors such as disparate doses (ca. 5 to 5,000 mg/day) and variable experimental settings. Further, molecular targets are numerous and a dominant mechanism is elusive or nonexistent. In this context, the compound is overtly promiscuous. Nonetheless, since the safety profile is pristine, and use as a dietary supplement is prevalent, these features are not viewed as detrimental. Given the ongoing history of resveratrol, it is reasonable to advocate for additional development and further clinical investigation. Topical preparations seem especially promising, as do conditions that can respond to anti-inflammatory action and/or direct exposure, such as colon cancer prevention. Although the ultimate fate of resveratrol remains an open question, thus far, the compound has inspired innovative scientific concepts and enhanced public awareness of preventative health care.
Remote Stimulation of Sciatic Nerve Using Cuff Electrodes and Implanted Diodes.

We demonstrate a method of neurostimulation using implanted, free-floating, inter-neural diodes. They are activated by volume-conducted, high frequency, alternating current (AC) fields and address the issue of instability caused by interconnect wires in chronic nerve stimulation. The aim of this study is to optimize the set of AC electrical parameters and the diode features to achieve wireless neurostimulation. Three different packaged Schottky diodes (1.5 mm, 500 µm and 220 µm feature sizes) were tested in vivo (n = 17 rats). A careful assessment of sciatic nerve activation as a function of diode–dipole lengths and relative position of the diode was conducted. Subsequently, free-floating Schottky microdiodes were implanted in the nerve (n = 3 rats) and stimulated wirelessly. Thresholds for muscle twitch responses increased non-linearly with frequency. Currents through implanted diodes within the nerve suffer large attenuations (~100 fold) requiring 1–2 mA drive currents for thresholds at 17 µA. The muscle recruitment response using electromyograms (EMGs) is intrinsically steep for subepineurial implants and becomes steeper as diode is implanted at increasing depths away from external AC stimulating electrodes. The study demonstrates the feasibility of activating remote, untethered, implanted microscale diodes using external AC fields and achieving neurostimulation.
Key Tenets of Classical Buddhist Dharma Leave Space for the Practice of Abortion and are Upheld by Contemporary Japanese Buddhist Mizuko Kuyo Remembrance Rituals.

Core Buddhist principles of continuity, karmic assignment, and emphasis on separation of mind from body, permit, though do not expressly advocate for, the practice of abortion. Further, in certain contemporary contexts, Buddhist practices exist to mitigate the suffering experienced by women who have lost an unborn child, whether through abortion or miscarriage. In modern-day Japan for example, many Buddhists practice mizuko kuyō, a set of formal remembrance rituals, which provides structured support to families in their efforts to mourn, to remember the departed, and to celebrate the redirection of human potential. This contemporary practice is consistent with aforementioned tenets of early Buddhist thought. Although seemingly oxymoronic, the Buddhist view of abortion and the mizuko kuyō rituals are human-centric, not only for the families but also for the redirected. Other societies, cultures, and theological perspectives have and may further benefit from reframing any interpretation of abortion, not as an inherently moral or immoral act (i.e., a binary), but rather as an act overwhelmingly characterized by the complexity of human emotion in the face of unimaginable loss. This humanistic conceptualization of abortion is manifested by the modern Buddhist practice of mizuko kuyō.
Ants in isolation: obstacles to testing worker responses to task stimuli outside of the colony context

In social insects, division of labor is commonly thought to be driven by differences among workers in their sensitivity, or response thresholds, to task-related stimuli. Despite the wide use of this mechanism throughout social insect research, actual empirical evidence for these thresholds is comparatively scarce. Here, we attempt to fill this empirical gap by testing individual task stimulus response thresholds, their consistency over time, and their relation to behavior in Temnothorax rugatulus ants. We also explored morphological differences in the antenna as one potential neural mechanism generating differences in sensitivity, and thus response threshold variation, across workers. Ants were exposed to different amounts of hungry brood, fungal spores, or sugar— stimuli that appear to drive brood care, grooming, and foraging behavior, respectively. Our measures of response thresholds were not repeatable across two trials for any of the three tested stimuli. In addition, responses to different stimulus intensities (possible response thresholds) were not associated with worker task allocation in the colony with the exception of brood care, in which case the results directly contradicted what the response threshold hypothesis predicts. Workers from different task groups also did not differ in their latency to respond to these stimuli or in the duration of their response. Sensilla density varied across workers but did not predict our measures of response thresholds to any of the tested stimuli. Though this is not what the response threshold hypothesis would have predicted, it is possible that testing ants in isolation may not accurately reflect their behavior in the colony, or that sensitivity to a task stimulus, alone, is not sufficient for driving division of labor. We suggest approaches to testing response thresholds that incorporate the roles of social context and competing task stimuli.
Impact of Crash Override and Tampering Communication Data Cyber-Attacks on the Power Quality of the Hybrid System

Energy storage is an essential device in a smart hybrid system. The hybrid grid controllers are regulated through an Internet based supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. The involvement of internet makes the system vulnerable to cyber-attacks and affects the performance of the system. This work analyzes the effects of cyber-attacks on the performance of a supercapacitor energy storage (SES) located in a hybrid grid system. Two types of cyber-attacks, such as the tampering communication data/signals and crash override, targeting the controllers of the energy storage system, have been considered. To quantify the results, two indices, namely the voltage index (V index ) at the point of common coupling (PCC) and the total harmonic distortion (THD) have been evaluated. Simulations have been performed by using the Matlab/Simulink software. Simulation results show that the performance of the hybrid grid system is deteriorated due to the cyber-attacks on the SES controller.
Relationship Between Auditory and Visual Noise Acceptance in Normal-Hearing Listeners.

Background Research has shown that hearing aid acceptance is closely related to how well an individual tolerates background noise, regardless of improved speech understanding in background noise. The acceptable noise level (ANL) test was developed to quantify background noise acceptance. The ANL test measures a listener's willingness to listen to speech in noise rather than their ability to understand speech in noise, and is clinically valuable as a predictor of hearing aid success. Purpose Noise acceptance is thought to be mediated by central regions of the nervous system, but the underlying mechanism of noise acceptance is not well understood. Higher order central efferent mechanisms may be weaker and/or central afferent mechanisms are more active in listeners with large versus small ANLs. Noise acceptance, therefore, may not be limited to the auditory modality but observable across modalities. We designed a visual-ANL test, as a parallel of the auditory-ANL test, to examine the relations between auditory and visual noise acceptance. Research design A correlational design. Study sample Thirty-seven adults between the ages of 21 and 30 years with normal hearing participated in this study. Data collection and analysis All participants completed the standard auditory-ANL task, the visual-ANL task developed for this study, reception thresholds for sentences using the hearing in noise test, and visual sentence recognition in noise using the text reception threshold test. Correlational analyses were performed to evaluate the relations between and among the ANL and perception tasks. Results Auditory- and Visual-ANLs were correlated; those who accepted more auditory noise were also those who accepted more visual noise. Auditory and visual perceptual measures were also correlated, demonstrating that both measures reflect common processes underlying the ability to recognize speech in noise. Finally, as expected, noise acceptance levels were unrelated to perception in noise across modalities. Conclusions The results of this study support our hypothesis that noise acceptance may not be unique to the auditory modality, specifically, that the common variance shared between the two ANL tasks, may reflect a shared general perceptual or cognitive mechanism that is not specific to the auditory or visual domains. These findings also support that noise acceptance and speech recognition reflect different aspects of auditory and visual perception. Future work will relate these ANL measures with central tasks of inhibition and include hearing-impaired individuals to explore the mechanisms underlying noise acceptance.
Disability after minor stroke and TIA: A secondary analysis of the SOCRATES trial.

Objective To examine factors associated with disability following TIA and minor stroke, including poststroke complications such as stroke recurrence, major bleeding, and other adverse medical events. Methods The SOCRATES trial randomized patients with TIA/minor stroke (NIH Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score ≤5) within 24 hours of onset. We performed a post hoc analysis of factors associated with disability (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score >1). TIA and minor stroke were analyzed separately. Patients with premorbid mRS >0 were excluded. Results At 90 days, 687/3,663 (19%) patients with stroke were disabled; for TIA, 122/2,384 (5%) were disabled. In multivariate analyses, age, diabetes, and NIHSS were associated with disability in the stroke cohort, and age with disability in the TIA cohort. Postrandomization events (recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, major bleeding, serious adverse events) were strongly associated with disability in both cohorts (stroke cohort: odds ratio [OR] 5.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.5–6.9; TIA cohort: OR 14.8, 95% CI 9.9–22.0). Of the TIA patients who ended up disabled, 65% experienced a postrandomization event; for stroke patients who ended up disabled, 39% had a postrandomization event. Disability increased linearly with NIHSS score (p Conclusions After TIA and minor stroke, subsequent stroke and medical complications are strongly associated with disability. In addition, even within a low range of baseline scores, the NIHSS is a powerful predictor of disability in minor stroke patients, with items scoring limb weakness particularly associated with subsequent disability.
Do Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals Receive Adequate Gynecologic Care? An Analysis of a Rural Academic Center

Purpose: The transgender population faces disparities accessing gynecologic health care services, especially in rural settings. There is limited knowledge among medical providers regarding transgender-specific gynecologic care. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 255 transgender and gender diverse patients at a rural, academic center and associated ambulatory clinics was performed. Demographics, insurance status, and utilization rates of screening services, including cervical cancer, breast cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination status, and contraceptive status, were analyzed using descriptive statistics. These rates were compared with national rates of cisgender individuals. Chi-square tests were performed to assess the association of insurance status with receipt of services. Results: Prevalence of HPV vaccination was lowest among transgender men (20%) compared with transgender women (60%) and gender nonbinary/nonconfirming and gender diverse individuals (60%), p<0.001. Our cohort was significantly less likely to receive Papanicolaou smears (51% vs. 81%, p<0.05) and contraception (48% vs. 65%, p<0.05) than cisgender individuals. Around 18% of transgender women had a documented pelvic examination in the past year. There was no significant difference in utilization rates based on insurance status. Conclusion: In our rural setting, there is lower utilization of gynecologic services among transgender and gender diverse individuals. Although participants in our study had high rates of access to insurance and health care providers, they still had lower rates of gynecologic screening and prevention services. To address these disparities, we advocate for developing transgender-specific gynecologic health maintenance guidelines, robust provider education, and an inclusive electronic medical record to ensure appropriate gynecologic health screening.
Effect of repeated pulmonary function test training on student self-confidence in a clinical skills laboratory.

Abstract Introduction A skills laboratory session was created to train students to perform basic pulmonary function test (PFT) assessments. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether pharmacy student confidence changed after conducting a PFT in a laboratory session and if this was enhanced by adding a second session. Methods A two-week educational activity was designed. For week one, each student completed a PFT with an instructor coaching to assure proper performance. Week two occurred one week later, and in pairs, students again completed an individual PFT, but the paired student served as the coach rather than the instructor. Students completed three surveys, a baseline before training, and after completing the sessions in week 1 and week 2, to assess confidence in PFT procedures on a 10-point scale. Survey results were analyzed using the sign test. A summary of instructor time and supply costs was also estimated. Results Forty-five students consented to all surveys (78.9 percent inclusion rate). There was a significant increase in confidence for all items between the first and second surveys. Between the second and third surveys, only two items increased significantly. Conclusions The educational intervention was successful in improving student self-confidence in performing PFTs. However, limited additional confidence was gained by adding a second week of training, especially in context of resource allocation. These findings informed instructors that a one week PFT training may be sufficient and that resources needed for a second PFT training week may be better invested in another teaching opportunity.
THE LIMITED IN VITRO LIFETIME OF HUMAN DIPLOID CELL STRAINS 1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a study to examine that the finite lifetime of diploid cell strains in vitro may be an expression of aging or senescence at the cellular level. Human diploid cell strains WI-26, WI-38, and WI-44 were used. WI-26 was derived from male embryonic human lung and WI-38 and WI-44 were derived from female embryonic human lung. The measurement of Phase III as a function of the number of subcultivations may be, in effect, equivalent to a measurement of total cell doublings. The split ratio appeared to affect the total number of generations. The greatest effect was observed when cell cultures were permitted to reach confluency more often during cultivation and the smallest effect was noted under more efficient conditions where cell confluency occurred least often. The total number of doublings that can be expected from a human diploid cell strain is reduced in proportion to the number of times the culture is permitted to achieve confluency. It is found that as mitotic activity is greatly inhibited once these cultures become confluent, a greater number of generations may be expected from a human diploid cell strain that has been cultivated almost constantly in the log phase of growth.
Chapter 12 – Nonlinear Behavior and Time Variation

Publisher Summary This chapter will review nonlinear, time-invariant (LTI) behavior, offering steps that can be taken to understand it and compensate for its impact. Non-LTI behavior is any behavior that violates one or more of the three criteria listed for LTI systems. The most common nonlinear behaviors are gains that vary as a function of operating conditions. Within nonlinear behavior, an important distinction is whether the variation is slow or fast with respect to the loop dynamics. If the variation of capacitance is slow with respect to the loop dynamics, the control system can still be described with frequency-domain equations. The nonlinear behavior of the capacitance affects the loop dynamics, but because the variation is slow, the dynamics can still be characterized effectively with a transfer function. If the variation of the loop parameter is fast with respect to the loop dynamics, the situation becomes more complicated. Modifying the plant to reduce the variation is the most straightforward solution to nonlinear behavior from the control system designer's perspective. It cures the problem without adding complexity to the controller or compromising system performance.
Comparison of Perioperative and Pathologic Outcomes Between Single-port and Standard Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy: An Analysis of a High-volume Center and the Pooled World Experience.

Abstract Objective To perform an early comparative study of outcomes between single-port and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (SP-RALRP) and standard RALRP at our institution and pooled analysis of series to date. Patients and Methods Patients with organ-confined prostate cancer undergoing SP-RALRP at a high-volume institution were identified retrospectively along with reported SP-RALRP series to date. Data were compared to a contemporary prospective cohort of men undergoing standard RALRP. Patient demographics, perioperative and postoperative data, and complications categorized by the Clavien-Dindo system were compared for the institutional and pooled SP-RALRP cohorts to standard RALRP. Results A total of 208 SP-RALRP cases were identified (26 from our institution) and compared to 376 standard RALRP cases. In the institutional analysis, there was no difference in operative time, length of stay, overall complications (15.4% vs 17.3%, P= 1.0), major (Clavien ≥III) complications (3.8% vs 3.7%, P = .6), inpatient opioid use, or patient-reported pain scores; median estimated blood loss (100 mL vs 150 mL, P = .02) and number of lymph nodes removed (5.5 vs 9, P = .002) were lower for SP-RALRP. In the pooled analysis, 208 patients receiving SP-RALRP had similar estimated blood loss and complication rates but fewer lymph nodes removed (P = .02) and marginally longer operating time (+16 minutes, P = .01) compared to standard RALRP. The difference in rate of positive surgical margins was not statistically significant (31.3% vs 24.5%, P = .08). Conclusion Based on an early experience with SP-RALRP at a high-volume center and a pooled analysis of SP series to date, perioperative and pathologic outcomes appear nearly equivalent compared to standard RALRP.
Caregiver accommodation in adolescents with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and anorexia nervosa: Relationships with distress, eating disorder psychopathology, and symptom change

Objective The role of family and caregiver accommodation is a well-defined maintenance factor for anxiety disorders and OCD. Family accommodation for patients with eating disorders is beginning to be described and characterized, but gaps in the literature remain. The current project compares levels of accommodation in families of those with anorexia nervosa (AN) to those with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). It additionally establishes whether accommodation changes over the course of treatment and the extent to which these changes are related to changes in eating disorder pathology. Methods A total of 39 adolescents with ARFID and 59 with AN presenting to a partial hospitalization program were included, with measures completed at intake and discharge. Results Caregivers of adolescents with AN and those with ARFID reported similar levels of accommodation, with the exception of the Reassurance Seeking subscale of the Accommodation and Enabling Scale for Eating Disorders (AESED). Additionally, accommodation decreased significantly from intake to discharge for both patient groups. Intake AESED scores were also significantly related to caregiver distress, and changes in AESED scores were related to decreases in relevant eating disorder psychopathology for both groups. Conclusions The results of the current study highlight the importance of considering family accommodation for ARFID patients and point to the need for future research to capture changes in accommodation over the course of treatment in relation to the delivery of evidence-based interventions and subsequent changes in ED symptoms. HIGHLIGHTS : Families of patients with ARFID and those of patients with AN attending a partial hospitalization treatment program report similar levels of accommodation and enabling behaviours. Accommodation behaviours are positively associated with caregiver distress for both diagnostic categories. Accommodation decreased significantly from intake to discharge for both subtypes of eating disorder, and these changes were related to decreased eating disorder psychopathology.
Intimal Sarcoma of the Great Vessels.

Recognition of the distinguishing imaging characteristics of intimal sarcomas of the great vessels, informed by an understanding of the anatomic and microscopic pathology, can facilitate imaging in...
Opening the Conversation: The Development of a Faculty-Facing Module on Teaching Students With Dyslexia

Introduction: Accessibility training frequently relies upon checklist-based approaches to convey important standards and guidance. Such approaches limit scalability and acknowledgement of the user experience. About the case: A certificate program for faculty and graduate teaching assistants who are instructors of record at one university provided an opportunity to develop a learning module about dyslexia. Situating the case: Dyslexic students frequently require alterations to both teaching approaches and document design; however, studies show that some faculty do not see or feel a need to offer any accommodations for this dis/ability. Research indicates that train-the-trainer approaches to accessibility training offer improved scalability and efficacy when it comes to engaging and acknowledging the needs of dis/abled communities. Amplifying voices from the dis/abled community in training also personalizes the need to make content accessible. Approach: This article covers the module's creation and implementation via the iterative Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) method. In doing so, it provides a framework for creating similar modules that industry practitioners and faculty can implement within their own organizations. Results/discussion: The COVID-19 pandemic led to fewer participants in the module than anticipated; however, preliminary feedback suggests the approach's efficacy. Conclusion: A train-the-trainer approach that integrates testimonials from the dis/abled community offers a user-focused means of disseminating accessibility guidelines that organizations should consider if looking for rapid scalability for new accessibility initiatives.
Discovering Nonlinear Dynamics Through Scientific Machine Learning

Scientific Machine Learning (SciML) is a new multidisciplinary methodology that combines the data-driven machine learning models and the principle-based computational models to improve the simulations of scientific phenomenon and uncover new scientific rules from existing measurements. This article reveals the experience of using the SciML method to discover the nonlinear dynamics that may be hard to model or be unknown in the real-world scenario. The SciML method solves the traditional principle-based differential equations by integrating a neural network to accurately model the nonlinear dynamics while respecting the scientific constraints and principles. The paper discusses the latest SciML models and apply them to the oscillator simulations and experiment. Besides better capacity to simulate, and match with the observation, the results also demonstrate a successful discovery of the hidden physics in the pendulum dynamics using SciML.
Simulation of receptor triggering by kinetic segregation shows role of oligomers and close-contacts

Abstract The activation of T cells, key players of the immune system, involves local evacuation of phosphatase CD45 from a region of the T cell’s surface, segregating it from the T cell receptor. What drives this evacuation? In the presence of antigen, what ensures evacuation happens in the sub-second timescales necessary to initiate signaling? In the absence of antigen, what mechanisms ensure evacuation does not happen spontaneously, which could cause signaling errors? Phenomena known to influence spatial organization of CD45 or similar surface molecules include diffusive motion in the lipid bilayer, oligomerization reactions, and mechanical compression against a nearby surface, such as that of the cell presenting antigen. Computer simulations can investigate hypothesized spatiotemporal mechanisms of T cell signaling. The challenge to computational studies of evacuation is that the base process, spontaneous evacuation by simple diffusion, is in the extreme rare event limit, meaning direct stochastic simulation is unfeasible. Here we combine particle-based spatial stochastic simulation with the Weighted Ensemble method for rare events to compute the mean first-passage time for cell surface availability by surface reorganization of CD45. We confirm mathematical estimates that, at physiological concentrations, spontaneous evacuation is extremely rare, roughly 300 years. We find that dimerization decreases the time required for evacuation. A weak bi-molecular interaction (dissociation constant estimate 460 microMolar) is sufficient for an order of magnitude reduction of spontaneous evacuation times, and oligomerization to hexamers reduces times to below 1 second. This introduces a mechanism whereby CD45 oligomerization could be accessible to an engineered therapeutic. For large regions of close-contact, such as those induced by large microvilli, molecular size and compressibility imply a nonzero re-entry probability 60%, decreasing evacuation times. Simulations show that these reduced evacuation times are still unrealistically long, suggesting that a yet-to-be-described mechanism, besides compressional exclusion at a close contact, drives evacuation. Statement of Significance In the immune system, T cells sensing pathogens depends on a process called T cell receptor triggering. In this process, proteins on the cell surface undergo reorganization, including local depletion of large membrane proteins from the area surrounding the T cell receptor. Computer simulations of protein dynamics provide a means to investigate phenomena in greater detail than that afforded by experiments. However, even simulations present challenges, because tracking the motion and interactions of individual molecules is computationally expensive. Combining a rare event algorithm with spatial simulations, we show that biochemical and mechanical properties drastically affect depletion timescales, and thus receptor triggering. Quantitative understanding of these timescales will constrain hypothesized mechanistic models and could suggest new strategies for T cell engineering.
Ileostomy Patients Using Patient Engagement Technology Experience Decreased Length of Stay.

Patients who undergo colorectal surgery, particularly, construction of a new ileostomy, are known to have longer length of stay (LOS) and increased readmissions. With the increased availability of patient engagement technology (PET), we hypothesized that because PET facilitates education before and after surgery, ileostomy patients who used PET would have decreased LOS without increasing readmissions. Variables were obtained from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database for patients undergoing ileostomy construction. Study patients were categorized into three groups: pre-PET (patients prior to PET), non-PET (patients who did not use PET), and PET users (patients who used PET). Univariate analysis of patient and surgical characteristics, LOS, ED visits, and readmissions and multivariable modeling of potential predictors of LOS were performed. There were 106 patients in the pre-PET, 51 in the PET, and 108 in the non-PET and cohorts were similar except pre-op diagnosis. Length of stay was lower for the PET cohort (p = 0.0001), with no significant difference in readmission or ED visits. On multivariable analysis, we identified the PET cohort as an independent predictor of shorter LOS relative to non-PET and pre-PET (p = 0.007 and p = 0.02, respectively). Similarly, patients had significantly shorter LOS who had a diagnosis of neoplasm as compared to IBD (p = 0.03). Hypertension requiring medication (p = 0.001) and Black race relative to White race (p = 0.002) were independent predictors of longer LOS. In this study of ileostomy patients, we have shown that use of PET is an independent predictor of decreased LOS without increased ED visits or readmissions.
The Media, Democracy, and Spectacle

Chapter 4 provides analysis of “The Media, Democracy, and Spectacle,” which will begin exploring the notion of technopolitics and how we can use digital technologies and social media for social transformation and to meet the demands of democracy, a theme that will run throughout the book. I document shifts In the 2000s with blogs, wikis, Facebook, MySpace, and other new media and social networking sites, such as YouTube and Twitter, further proliferating within the ubiquitous and omnipresent media matrix. Whereas during the previous decades there were few broadcasting media sources in the U.S. and much of the world, where state controlled media often reigned, suddenly there was an explosion of information sources from broadcasting, the Internet, social media, and multiplying apps. While, on one hand, this situation increased democracy as a conversation between a wide range of voices representing major groups, interests, and politics, on the other hand, the proliferating news sources became a source of disinformation and propaganda for various groups and political forces. In this situation, the demands of democracy require critical media and digital literacies to utilize reliable sources and avoid disinformation and lies.
Early Breast Cancers

The management of patients with early breast cancer (EBC) has dramatically evolved over the past decades. The rapid pace of progress and the frequent shift in treatment paradigms have underscored the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Given the accelerated rate of emerging new information, it is conceivable that a number of management principles mentioned in this chapter will become obsolete by the time the book is published. Regardless, the purpose of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive framework so that the readers will have a greater appreciation and better understanding of the complexities of managing patients with early breast cancer.
Crop Adaptation and Climate

Publisher Summary Crop adaptation essentially refers to the relationships between the principal environmental factors and the growth response of crop plants. Largely ecological in character, this branch of plant science can be considered a synthesis of important elements of geography, physiology, genetics, meteorology, and agronomy. It is noted that because of its direct relationship to food production, the adaptation of crops is of vital concern to all. High on the list of important relationships are those dealing with the climatic elements, precipitation, temperature, and light, as they relate to the adaptation of old varieties of crops and to the development of new ones. This chapter reviews the contributions to the development of principles on which these relationships are based.
Vocational Rehabilitation Issues and Outcomes for People with Chronic Illnesses

David is a 46 year-old man who works as a Certified Financial Planner with a large investment firm in the Southwestern United States. He works with clients in person, over the telephone, and online to help them establish long-term financial objectives; save for college tuition and retirement; manage household debt; purchase stocks, bonds, and mutual funds; and prepare their estates for succeeding generations of family members. David works full-time, up to 60 hours per week, on a 12month basis. His job requires frequent automobile travel to meetings and conferences in the community and airplane travel to conferences once or twice per year. David was diagnosed with Type II diabetes mellitus at the age of 37. He regulates his blood sugar through diet, regular exercise, and orally-ingested insulin pills. Symptoms of David’s diabetes include fatigue, numbness in his hands and feet due to circulatory problems, occasional blurred vision, excessive bruising, and memory deficits when he experiences fatigue. David takes accrued sick leave when he is unable to work, and he uses a hand-held electronic planner to combat his problems with memory. In fact, he has taken to using the hand-held device at all times. David will also ask his employer to make minor scheduling modifications on days when he is working and experiencing fatigue. One such scheduling modification involves David holding his client meetings in the morning and early afternoon
Ground‐level detection of LF and MF high latitude terrestrial emissions

Two brief experimental campaigns have been conducted in Norway and in Alaska, using four commercial comunications receivers, to confirm the suspected existence of auroral phenomena-associated radio noise in the 100 kHz range. While the Alaskan experiment yielded signals attributable to auroral processes on nearly one-half of the nights monitored, the Norway data identified only one such event. A proposed geophysical observatory in Antarctica is noted to furnish an ideal platform for experiments of this type.
Genotyping platforms for mass-throughput genotyping with SNPs, including human genome-wide scans.

Abstract The completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP) in 2003 brought the scientific community one step closer to identifying the genes underlying common, polygenic diseases. Prior to this achievement, the goal of identifying the genetic factors responsible for diseases presenting substantial public health burdens was elusive. Although the theoretical foundation for disease association studies had been discussed before the completion of the HGP, obstacles remained at that time before such studies could be considered feasible. One of these obstacles was the identification and mapping of numerous polymorphisms that could be easily and inexpensively typed. However, this challenge was overcome with the sequencing of the human genome and the subsequent cataloging of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The challenge then became how to rapidly and cost‐effectively assay a dense set of these SNPs in the large number of samples required for disease association studies of complex traits. This challenge has been recently met as well, with the commercial offering of mass‐throughput oligonucleotide array‐based genotyping platforms at affordable prices. These platforms have made genome‐wide association scans a reality and bring us closer than ever to elucidating the genetic mechanisms of complex disease. Here, we discuss the need for mass‐throughput genotyping and then review and evaluate various platforms now available to investigators wishing to undertake high‐throughput genotyping projects with SNPs, particularly genome‐wide association scans.
Treatment ethics, quality of life and health economics in the management of hematopoietic malignancies in older patients

The prevalence of diseases such as AML or myelodysplastic syndromes increases with the aging of the population. Only intensive chemotherapy or hematopoietic cell transplantation have curative potential. However, comorbid conditions may interfere with effective therapy. Although transplantation following low-intensity conditioning is being carried out in patients even in their 70s, these are highly selected patients, and the data cannot be extrapolated to the population at large. Further, such a therapy in older individuals may be associated with considerable morbidity and the need for prolonged hospitalization and rehabilitation, stressing the system and draining family resources. As the focus of many older individuals is on quality of life, it is important to emphasize that, for various advanced malignancies, emerging data indicate that quality of life may be better and survival may be longer with palliative care. A re-assessment of treatment decisions in older patients is in order. We tend to 'oversell', and particularly older patients do not have a full understanding of the impact of the proposed therapy on their lives. Our conversations with these patients must include a discussion of supportive/palliative care and must address end-of-life issues. Talking about death may mean talking about life.
Hybrid Solar Lighting Provides Energy Savings and Reduces Waste Heat

ABSTRACT Artificial lighting is the largest component of electricity use in commercial U.S. buildings. Hybrid solar lighting (HSL) provides an exciting new means of reducing energy consumption while also delivering significant ancillary benefits associated with natural lighting in buildings. As more than half of all federal facilities are in the Sunbelt region (defined as having an average direct solar radiation of greater than 4 kWh/m2/day) and as more than half of all square footage available in federal buildings is also in the Sunbelt, HSL is an excellent technology fit for federal facilities. The HSL technology uses a rooftop, 4-ft-wide dish and secondary mirror that track the sun throughout the day (Figure 1). The collector system focuses the sunlight onto 127 optical fibers. The fibers serve as flexible light pipes and are connected to hybrid light fixtures that have special diffusion rods that spread out the light in all directions. One collector powers about eight hybrid light fixtures—which can i...
Don't Raise Social Security Taxes: But If It's Necessary, Here's How

As the debt-ceiling debate begins, congressional Republicans will demand spending cuts to counter any increase in the debt limit. These spending cuts are likely to include entitlement reforms, with Social Security, particularly, as a prime target. Most congressional Democrats might favor payroll tax increases to make Social Security solvent. But higher taxes discourage work and personal saving and encourage early retirement, with negative consequences for the economy. Although these increases clearly are not the best way to solve America’s overall entitlement problem, they may be necessary to consider if an agreement is to be reached. If so, payroll tax increases should be levied across the board, not merely on high earners, to reduce the economic impact and make all Americans aware of the costs of the benefits they all receive.
Maya painting, in a major and minor key

In this essay, Maya painting traditions of both small scale and monumental are considered in light of two other world traditions of painting, Greek and Moche. Attention is given to the possible relationship between slip-based vase painting and wall painting, as well as the nature and implications of such a relationship, with some consideration of both style and iconography. For Maya painting, particular attention is directed to the wall paintings of San Bartolo and Uaxactun, Guatemala, and Calakmul and Bonampak, Mexico.