cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictive model for the full biaxial surface and subsurface residual stress profiles from turning

A model to predict the full biaxial surface and subsurface residual stresses from the turning process is presented. The model formulation includes thermomechanical coupling, plastic heating, frictional heating, convection, conduction, thermal softening and strain hardening. Calibration and validation of the model are undertaken. The predictive model stands as a tool both to optimize the turning process based on the resulting residual stresses and also to gain an in-depth understanding of the physics of residual stress development from the turning process. In addition, thorough analysis of the experimental results reveals insight into the effects of feed and depth of cut on the surface and subsurface machining-induced residual stresses.
Helicobacter pylori-negative duodenal ulcer.

Abstract purpose, patients, and methods: Helicobacter pylori (HP) is present in more than 90% of duodenal ulcers (DUs). To investigate the pathophysiology in those patients with DU who are HP-negative compared with those who are HP-positive, we interviewed consecutive patients prior to endoscopy regarding factors often associated with ulcer disease. At esophagogastroduodenoscopy, antral biopsy specimens were obtained for urease test, culture, and Warthin Starry staining for HP in all patients with DU who did not have active bleeding. results: Compared with HP-positive patients who had DU, HP-negative patients with DU were more likely to be aspirin users and less likely to have had prior ulcers. HP-positive patients with DU had more severe antral inflammation than HP-negative patients. Whites were more likely to be HP-negative than blacks. HPnegative patients with DU most commonly presented with bleeding, whereas HP-positive patients with DU presented with pain. conclusions: Our findings suggest a different mechanism for DUs in patients who are HP-positive versus those who are HP-negative, and this difference might have a bearing on treatment. The absence of HP should lead to a more thorough search for nonstereidal anti-inflammatory drug/aspirin use, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and other potential causes of DUs.
Safety of Compounded Calcium Chloride Admixtures for Peripheral Intravenous Administration in the Setting of a Calcium Gluconate Shortage

Calcium gluconate is preferred over calcium chloride for intravenous (IV) repletion of calcium deficiencies in the inpatient setting. In the setting of a national shortage of IV calcium gluconate, our institution implemented a compounded calcium chloride admixture for IV administration. The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the peripheral infusion site safety of compounded IV calcium chloride admixtures in adult inpatients. A total of 222 patients, encompassing 224 inpatient admissions, from April to June 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Sterile preparations of calcium chloride in 5% dextrose (600 mg/250 mL and 300 mg/100 mL) were used during the study time period. Adverse infusion site reactions were assessed using an institutional infiltration and phlebitis grading system. A total of 333 doses were administered peripherally. In all, 4 (1.8%) patients experienced a moderate to severe infusion site reaction, with 3 due to phlebitis and 1 due to infiltration. Naranjo Nomogram for Adverse Drug Reaction Assessment classified all 4 reactions to have a possible link to calcium chloride administration. Peripheral administration of compounded calcium chloride admixtures in 5% dextrose is associated with a low incidence of IV infusion site reactions and can be considered as an alternative in the event of a calcium gluconate shortage.
Determining evolutionary distances from highly diverged nucleic acid sequences: operator metrics.

Operator metrics are explicity designed to measure evolutionary distances from nucleic acid sequences when substitution rates differ greatly among the organisms being compared, or when substitutions have been extensive. Unlike lengths calculated by the distance matrix and parsimony methods, in which substitutions in one branch of a tree can alter the measured length of another branch, lengths determined by operator metrics are not affected by substitutions outside the branch.
Learning to connect: students' reflections on doctor-patient interactions.

Abstract Objective Reflective writing is an established method for teaching medical students empathetic interactions, though little is known about students’ reflections on connecting with patients during the clinical clerkship. The purpose of this study was to describe factors that medical students perceive contribute to or detract from making connections with patients and families, as identified in a writing assignment during the pediatric clinical clerkship. Methods Reflective essays submitted by third-year medical students about interacting with patients/families during their pediatric clerkship were qualitatively analyzed for thematic content. Results Major themes emerging in 44 essays analyzed included time, knowledge, language and culture, and actions. Barriers to connecting for some students were considered resources by others. Critical reflection was present in 31.8%. Conclusions Students’ perceptions of factors that influence their interactions with patients and families will enhance or detract their ability to make connections. Through reflection, medical students – amidst clinical responsibilities – can identify how, why, and whether or not connections with patients/families have occurred. Practice implications Recognizing what factors medical students perceive as enhancing and detracting from connecting with patients/families will help preceptors foster those connections and mitigate barriers. Future study could assess how to best provide specific individualized feedback to best enhance critical reflection. We recommend the inclusion of brief reflective writing exercises during clinical clerkships in medical school, as it may augment students’ ability to connect.
HIV, Cognition and Women

Although the incidence of HIV in the United States is higher among men compared to women, the global proportion of women versus men who are infected has been approximately 50% since the late 1990s. Women have been under-represented in neuropsychological studies of HIV. A small number of studies have reported a significantly higher prevalence of neurocognitive impairment among HIV+ women compared to HIV− controls regardless of symptom status and with or without an AIDS diagnosis. Impairment was most evident on psychomotor tasks. The risk of neuropsychological impairment was increased among HIV+ women not on antiretroviral therapy. Age and depressive symptoms also increase neurocognitive risk. New neurocognitive studies of ovarian steroid hormones, PTSD and other psychiatric conditions are critical for addressing potential female-specific aspects of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder. Such studies will also address questions regarding involvement of the hippocampus and verbal memory, which may be of particular significance among HIV+ women.
ASSESSING AND MODELING THE READINESS OF ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT

The purpose of this study is to assess various instruments, including Information System Assessment (ISA), Information Technology Governance (ITG), and Organization Information System Alignment (IS-ALIGN) to examine their ability to measure the readiness of electronic government. The E-Government (EGOV) instrument was adapted from the study of the Action-Audience Model to measure how well the government is prepared to usher in E-Government in terms of various success factors at the planning, system and data levels. An on-line survey was conducted in Denton, Texas. An invitation letter of the survey was sent out to the 1100 employees of the City of Denton via email, 339 responses were received, yielding a response rate of 31%. Although the modified models were in line with the theoretical hypotheses, the confirmation of the relationships among the constructs still needs researchers to pursue more reliable models, either by replication of this research or by establishing a new theoretical model. However, the significant validity and reliability measures discussed in this study indicate that the instrument of this E-Government readiness model has the potential for use in further adoption studies. To cite this document: Shin-Ping Liu Tucker, "Assessing and modeling the readiness of electronic government", International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies, Vol.3, No.2, pp. 251-270, 2012. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/ijecs.1094
Quality of life among formerly treated childhood-onset growth hormone-deficient adults: a comparison with unaffected siblings.

Several studies have investigated the quality of life (QOL) of GH-deficient (GHD) adults who, as children, had been treated with GH. Variable findings are probably related to sample heterogeneity and disparate research methodologies and designs, particularly the choice of control or comparison groups. In addition to comparing a relatively large sample to questionnaire norms, the present study is the first to compare the QOL adjustment of GHD patients to that of same sex siblings. A total of 140 former patients (76% of those eligible; mean age, 26 yr; n = 95 isolated GHD, n = 45 multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies; 117 males and 23 females) and 53 same sex siblings (84% participation), 18 yr and older, participated in the telephone questionnaire survey. The majority of interviews with GHD patients (78%) and siblings (87%) were conducted blind to the subject’s clinical status. Comparisons between GHD patients and norms for standardized questionnaires indicated both better and worse functioning in severa...
Effects of temperature on in vitro excystation of various Eimeria species

Abstract Oocysts of Eimeria bovis were found to undergo excystation when subjected to pretreatment consisting of exposure to carbon dioxide and air (50-50), and a treatment with a mixture of bile and trypsin. Excystation occurred at 29 to 43 °C; in oocysts pretreated and treated at 43 and 45 °C, disintegration of sporozoites was observed. The temperature of pretreatment was found to be more critical than that of treament. Similar results were observed with E. aubumensis, E. ellipsoidalis, and E. zurnii from cattle, also with E. ahsata and E. ninakohlyakimovae from sheep. E. ellipsoidalis excysted more rapidly and E. auburnensis excysted at higher temperatures than did the other species. E. acervulina and E. necatrix from chickens as well as E. bilamellata and E. callospermophili from ground squirrels underwent little or no excystation after pretreatment with 50% carbon dioxide. However, moderate levels of excystation occurred in these species when the percentage of carbon dioxide was increased to 90. Excystation of mechanically released sporocysts in a trypsin medium without bile or bile salts was observed in all bovine species but not in the ovine, chicken, and squirrel species used. A regression analysis using the integrated equation of Arrhenius showed that the carbon dioxide pretreatment phase of excystation has a linear temperature dependence on the log of velocity in excystation. The findings suggest that ruminant coccidia differ from the other species with respect to response to carbon dioxide, and that each species has its own pattern of excystation. These patterns appear to represent one aspect of adaptation of the parasite to its host.
Conformationally constrained analogues of diacylglycerol (DAG). 15.1 The indispensable role of the sn-1 and sn-2 carbonyls in the binding of DAG-lactones to protein kinase C (PK-C)

Abstract The binding mode of DAG-lactones to PK-C was investigated using the C1b domain from the X-ray structure of the phorbol ester/C1b complex of PK-Cδ as a template. Modeling experiments revealed two binding alternatives in which one of the carbonyls of the DAG lactones remained uninvolved with the protein. Experimentally, however, the removal of either sn-1 or sn-2 carbonyls caused a dramatic drop in binding affinity towards PK-C. Although it was not possible to discriminate between the two binding alternatives of the DAG-lactones, the study demonstrates an important role for the additional carbonyl group. The function of this group could be equivalent to that of the C-9(OH) C-13 (CO) motif in phorbol esters, which also appears free of interactions in the phorbol ester/C1b complex. This role presumably reflects interaction with the phosholipid head groups required for high affinity binding under the conditions of the biological assays.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN SINGING AND DUETTING BEHAVIOR OF NEOTROPICAL RUFOUS-AND-WHITE WRENS (THRYOTHORUS RUFALBUS)

Abstract In many tropical bird species, males and females sing together in coordinated vocal duets. Although studies of duetting present unique opportunities for understanding conflict and cooperation between the sexes, very few investigations describe the similarities and differences between male and female singing behaviors. Here, we present the first detailed account of the singing behavior of Rufous-and-white Wrens (Thryothorus rufalbus), a resident tropical duetting songbird. Male and female songs share a similar structure, yet show pronounced sex differences. Male songs have lower frequency characteristics and more repeated trill syllables, and often sound louder than female songs. Males sing more than females, and only males show elevated song output at dawn. Both males and females have song repertoires. Males have an average repertoire size of 10.8 song types, whereas females have a significantly smaller average repertoire size of 8.5 song types. Although males share proportionately more of their ...
Impacts of pH-dependent metal speciation on the decomposition of triclosan by sulfate radicals

The presence of triclosan (TCS) in water resources has drawn significant attention due to its endocrine disruption potential. Sulfate radicals (SRs), generated particularly by the metal-mediated activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS), have been proposed to effectively decompose TCS and many other pharmaceuticals and personal care products. In spite of its significance for understanding the efficiency of SR generation and catalytic/non-catalytic nature of the oxidation reaction, metal speciation has not been adequately highlighted in previous studies. This study investigated the detailed changes in metal speciation in cobalt/PMS and iron/PMS systems and correlated it with TCS decomposition under different pH conditions. A rapid oxidation of Co2+ to Co3+ and Fe2+ to Fe3+ generally corresponded with pseudo-steady state decomposition kinetics of TCS after its initial fast decomposition. The presence of potential threshold concentrations of metals to effectively activate PMS was found. A strong catalytic activity was observed for Co/PMS system at pH 3, where most of Co was present in the form of dissolved Co2+. The pH impacts were different for Co/PMS and Fe/PMS. TCS oxidation was fast at pH 5 for Co and pH 3 for Fe. However, long-term mineralization of TCS seemed less dependent on pH.
External skeletal fixation: special techniques: dynamic control of anterior ankle subluxation.

There are at least two common situations in which persisting or recurrent anterior subluxation of the ankle can be a serious problem postreconstruction. The first, and most widely seen, occurs after repair of a pilon fracture in which the anterior plafond was comminuted or the anterior capsule was disrupted. Particularly in the presence of a tight gastrocnemius or heel cord, the talus tends to be subluxated anteriorly and impacts the anterior plafond further; this damages any restraint to further subluxation. The second situation, which is seen commonly by those who perform TAA, occurs in patients who have had long-standing anterior subluxation of the talus with or without varus or valgus that is related to chronic loss of anterior talofibular ligament (ATF) stabilization; this leads to severe ankle arthrosis (Figs. 1, 2). Even when the arthroplasty is installed with attempts to reconstruct the lateral ligaments, the foot/talus can be pushed anteriorly enough to tilt the tibial component (ie, the tibial component is compressed against the tibia anteriorly and pulled away posteriorly) (Figs. 3, 4). A simple technique, which is borrowed from the 50-year-old Roger Anderson principle of external skeletal fixation, is effective for controlling this deformity [1]. Dr. Anderson’s method of reducing fracture fragments consisted of placing two pins at a considerable angle to one another in each fragment. The two fragments are placed in the desired relationship to each other and each is fastened to a third bar using bar-to-bar clamps. The more recent innovation of using radiolucent and flexible carbon-fiber rods makes it possible to fashion a flexible, dynamic device to push and hold the talus
Measurements of a nonlinear diocotron mode in pure electron plasmas.

Measurements of frequencies and density perturbations of the large amplitude l=1, ${\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{z}}$=0 diocotron mode on pure electron plasma columns are presented. This mode is a nonlinear dynamical state of an off-axis electron column which is E\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}B drifting around the containment axis. At large amplitudes, the plasma column distorts into an oval cross section and the mode frequency shifts by an amount proportional to mode amplitude squared. The frequency shift arises because (1) the plasma is closer to its image than a linear model assumes, and (2) the shape distortion modifies the image charge distribution.
Growth and Control of Population in China: The Urban-Rural Contrast

Abstract China's population is large and its annual growth significant. Since the mid-1950s, the Chinese government has made four attempts to curb the growth and hopes to limit the total population to 1.2 billion by the year 2000. Thus it has established a policy of limiting families to one child each. These efforts of population control have been successful in cities but have fallen short in rural areas. Using the 1982 Chinese census and data from a national sampling on fertility, this paper examines the urban-rural contrasts in demographic and marital behavior, rates of growth, and implementation of the one child policy. It discusses the variables, such as education, occupation, and political factors, that affect the urban and rural populations. The majority of rural couples still desire a larger family. The paper probes the reasons for this and finds that the traditional concerns of old age and family propagation are more important than are economic reasons, such as increasing the family labor force. T...
Analysis of Gene Sets Based on the Underlying Regulatory Network

Abstract Networks are often used to represent the interactions among genes and proteins. These interactions are known to play an important role in vital cell functions and should be included in the analysis of genes that are differentially expressed. Methods of gene set analysis take advantage of external biological information and analyze a priori defined sets of genes. These methods can potentially preserve the correlation among genes; however, they do not directly incorporate the information about the gene network. In this paper, we propose a latent variable model that directly incorporates the network information. We then use the theory of mixed linear models to present a general inference framework for the problem of testing the significance of subnetworks. Several possible test procedures are introduced and a network based method for testing the changes in expression levels of genes as well as the structure of the network is presented. The performance of the proposed method is compared with methods ...
Changes of skeletal muscle adiponectin content in diet-induced insulin resistant rats.

Abstract The current study examined the relationship between skeletal muscle levels of adiponectin and parameters of insulin sensitivity. A high fat/sucrose diet (HFD) for 20 weeks resulted in significant increases in body weight, serum insulin, triglycerides (TG), and free fatty acids (FFA) (all p
An Easy and Practical Approach to Data Management.

This article demonstrates the usefulness and practicality of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) (1979, version 79.5) as a data base management system for a developmental studies program. SAS is available on IBM computers at educational institutions across the county, and it provides an effective tool for data management.
RETENTION AND RELEASE OF WATER BY SINTERED URANIUM DIOXIDE

Abstract The release of water and hydrogen upon heating sintered UO 2 pellets was measured by a direct mass spectrometric method of vacuum outgassing. The technique avoids water loss by sample transfer and measures, rather than the cumulative release, the rate of release with a sensitivity of 1 μg of water (as D2O) per hour. Exposure of high-density UO 2 pellets to water (liquid D2O) results in negligible water adsorption. Water in pellets fabricated with especially high open porosity (5%) was driven off by a linear temperature ramp below 200°C. A drying model for this process was developed and applied to the data. Strongly bound water was introduced into high-density UO2by sintering in an atmosphere of D2O and D2. Release of the water or hydrogen began at ~500°C and was complete only at the melting point of UO2(2800°C). The release kinetics are not diffusion-controlled; rather the process is governed by the rates of desorption of bound hydrogen-bearing species from at least three binding sites in the solid characterized by interaction energies between 20 and 50 kcal/mol. The D2O/D2 ratio of the desorbed gas was > 1 and did not correspond to thermodynamic equilibrium with stoichiometric urania. Hydrogen and water release kinetics are comparable below 2000°C, suggesting a common bound precursor. The total hydrogen (as D2O or D2) absorbed in the specimens was between 2 and 4 μg/g UO 2 .
On the relationship of hardiness to the Type A behavior pattern: Perception of life events versus coping with life events

Abstract A correlational study examined the relationship between perceptions of life events and psychological distress with regard to the moderating effects of personality. Subjects assessed for both hardiness ( S. C. Kobasa, 1979 , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 , 1–11) and Type A behavior ( M. Friedman & R. Rosenman, 1974 , Type A Behavior and Your Heart , New York: Knopf) completed the Langner psychiatric symptom inventory, reported life events for the previous year, and rated each event for its desirability, controllability, and foreseeability. Results indicated that an accumulation of events perceived as undesirable was associated with distress for subjects low in hardiness. In contrast, events perceived as moderately controllable or uncontrollable, regardless of their desirability, were associated with increased distress for Type A's. The likelihood of experiencing any given event was not related to any personality type. However, hardy individuals differed from their low hardy counterparts in that, on average, they were more likely to perceive an event as desirable and controllable. No such perceptual biases were observed between Type A and B subjects. The discussion focuses on the combination of personality variables and the moderating effects of perceiving events versus coping with events in the stress-health relationship.
Effects of support on hydrogen adsorption/desorption kinetics of nickel

Abstract Kinetics and energetics of hydrogen adsorption on unsupported nickel and nickel supported on silica, alumina, and titania were investigated by means of temperature-programmed desorption. The number and population of adsorption states at moderate to low coverages and heats of adsorption were found to be strong functions of the support. Heats of adsorption ranged from approximately 85 kJ/mole on unsupported Ni and Ni/SiO 2 to 122 kJ/mole on Ni/Al 2 O 3 . In addition, hydrogen adsorption on Ni/Al 2 O 3 was found to be an activated process. Reduction of Ni/TiO 2 at high temperatures (600–700 °C) was observed to strongly suppress the adsorption of hydrogen and shift the TPD spectrum to lower binding energies. Desorption spectra obtained using an N 2 carrier gas were significantly different from those obtained using Ar or He carrier gases probably due to competitive adsorption of N 2 on the nickel surface.
A study of environmental influences on the well-being of individuals with psychiatric disabilities in Philadelphia, PA.

Abstract The influence of community-level indicators in understanding mental health has been of interest since the seminal work of Faris and Dunham (1939) . The emergence of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and concepts such as social capital and recovery add new tools and concepts for further explorations in this area. This correlational study uses an innovative GIS approach to examine the relative contribution of community indicators, such as crime, unemployment, social capital, and individual-level sociodemographic characteristics, such as gender, age, and experience of homelessness, to the well-being and recovery of 378 individuals diagnosed with either major depression or a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder residing in an urban environment in the Northeast United States. Results indicate that community-level indicators are only marginally correlated with well-being, including self-reported symptoms, quality of life, empowerment, and recovery. These associations are further reduced when considering individuals' sociodemographic characteristics, which appear to explain a greater amount of variability in well-being and recovery. Contrary to expectations, these results suggest that community indicators may not have a major impact on individuals who have already developed a significant psychiatric condition, at least in the domains studied, and that personal factors play a more significant role. These findings further advance our knowledge about the relationship between “place” and personal factors on mental health and wellness.
Volume and landmark analysis: comparison of MRI measurements obtained with an endorectal coil and with a phased-array coil

Aim To compare prostate volumes and distances between anatomical landmarks on MRI images obtained with a phased-array coil (PAC) only and with a PAC and an endorectal coil (ERC). Materials and methods Informed consent was waived for this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant study. Fifty-nine men underwent PAC-MRI and ERC-MRI at 1.5 ( n = 3) or 3 T ( n = 56). On MRI images, two radiologists independently measured prostate volume and distances between the anterior rectal wall (ARW) and symphysis pubis at the level of the verumontanum; ARW and symphysis pubis at the level of the mid-symphysis pubis; and bladder neck and mid-symphysis pubis. Differences between measurements from PAC-MRI and ERC-MRI were assessed with the Wilcoxon RANK SUM test. Inter-reader agreement was assessed using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Results Differences in prostate volume between PAC-MRI and ERC-MRI [median: −0.75 mm 3 ( p = 0.10) and median: −0.84 mm 3 ( p = 0.06) for readers 1 and 2, respectively] were not significant. For readers 1 and 2, median differences between distances were as follows: −10.20 and −12.75 mm, respectively, ARW to symphysis pubis at the level of the verumontanum; −6.60 and −6.08 mm, respectively, ARW to symphysis pubis at the level of the mid-symphysis pubis; −3 and −3 mm respectively, bladder neck to mid-symphysis pubis. All differences in distance were significant for both readers ( p ≤ 0.0005). Distances were larger on PAC-MRI ( p ≤ 0.0005). Inter-reader agreement regarding prostate volume was almost perfect on PAC-MRI (CCC: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.98–1.00) and ERC-MRI (CCC: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99–1.00); inter-reader agreement for distance measurements varied (CCCs: 0.54–0.86). Conclusion Measurements of distances between anatomical landmarks differed significantly between ERC-MRI and PAC-MRI, although prostate volume measurements did not.
Satellite reliability requirements: Effect of transportation system, sparing and maintenance strategies

Abstract Mission requirements are frequently specified in terms of required sensor availability over a specified mission duration. Availability is the probability that at least a specified number of sensors will be operational when required. The objective is to design, develop and select that system which minimizes the present value of life cycle cost (and risk) and satisfies mission requirements, including sensor availability. Since sensor availability is a function of overall satellite configuration (including redundancy), sparing and maintenance strategies, and transportation system reliability, standdown time when failures occur, and availability, it is necessary to consider the many complex interrelationships that exist when configuring a satellite. In fact, satellite design characteristics should be established by considering the interactions of satellite configuration, sparing and maintenance and transportation system alternatives. This paper deals with the effect that alternative sparing and maintenance strategies and transportation systems have on the requirements that must be imposed upon satellite subsystem reliability. The Satellite Cost and Availability Model, SATCAV (which is used to perform the analysis) is briefly described and examples are presented that indicate the influence that transportation choice, sparing and maintenance strategies have on the requirements that must be imposed on satellite design parameters in order to meet availability constraints. Typical relationships are developed between availability and life cycle cost as a function of sparing strategy, transportation system and satellite reliability characteristics, and other pertinent parameters.
Role of intravenous verapamil in supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after open-heart surgery

Although the antiarrhythmic effects of verapamil (V) have been studied widely, its role in the treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias after open-heart surgery (OHS) has not been defined. Accordingly, 22 patients were studied using a double-blind randomized crossover protocol 1 to 6 days after OHS, except for one patient, who was studied 90 days after OHS. Atrial fibrillation was seen in 18 and atrial flutter was observed in four patients. Two doses were used, 0.075 and 0.15 mg/kg (not exceeding 10 mg per dose), depending on the response. A positive response consisted of: conversion to sinus rhythm or heart rate less than 100 beats/minute (bpm). Eleven patients received V as the first drug; the remaining 11 received placebo first. Digoxin had been given to 20 patients (0.5 mg average dose) prior to inclusion in the study. Four patients converted to sinus rhythm within 30 minutes after V and one additional patient did so within 10 seconds of placebo administration. The post treatment heart rate combining both low and high dose response was 85 +/- 18 compared to 128 +/- 23 bpm for placebo (M +/- SD, p less than 0.01). The heart rate remained lower than control 30 minutes after V. Transient hypotension required intravenous fluid in one patient. Thus, V safely and rapidly controls heart rate but is not likely to result in immediate conversion to sinus rhythm in patients after OHS.
Complications of Gastrointestinal Surgery in Companion Animals

The small animal surgeon creates wounds in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract for biopsy, for foreign body or neoplasm removal, or to relieve obstruction. Unlike a skin wound, dehiscence of a wound of the GI tract often leads to generalized bacterial peritonitis and potentially death. Technical failures and factors that negatively affect GI healing are of great clinical significance. Surgery of the GI tract must be considered clean-contaminated at best; as one progresses aborally down the GI tract, the bacterial population increases. Intraoperative spillage, wound dehiscence, or perforations that occur in the lower small intestine or colon tend to be associated with a relatively higher mortality rate.
On the dynamics of a quadruped robot model with impedance control: Self-stabilizing high speed trot-running and period-doubling bifurcations

United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Maximum Mobility and Manipulation (M3) Program
Photoactivatable crosslinking sugars for capturing glycoprotein interactions.

Carbohydrates are key mediators of cell−cell, cell−virus, and cell−ligand interactions. These interactions are often difficult to study because they are characterized by fast off rates and low affinities. Photoactivatable crosslinking sugars can be used to capture these transient interactions by forming a covalent bond between the carbohydrate and its binding partner. We designed and synthesized “photo-sugars” that contain diazirine moieties on the N-acyl side chains. We demonstrated that these photo-sugars could be metabolically incorporated onto the surface of living cells. Upon UV irradiation, specific crosslinks were formed between glycoprotein binding partners. Importantly, photo-sugar incorporation competes efficiently with endogenous carbohydrate biosynthesis and is compatible with the sialic acid modifications, such as 9-O-acetylation, that regulate binding events.
The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade in 1850: Historiography, Slave Agency and Statesmanship

In 1970 Leslie Bethell argued that the Brazilian slave trade was ended by British pressure. Since then others have pointed to slaveholders’ fears of insurrection and of yellow fever. This article addresses the issue by reviewing Brazilian slavery, the African trade and yellow fever. Its analysis of sources and context leads it to question revisionist arguments. Moreover, while it supports Bethell on the centrality of British pressure, it goes beyond his appreciation of internal Brazilian political affairs. It provides greater specificity, clarifying the key importance of political history, the structure of state-society relations and the significance of the Brazilian leadership of the time.
Spirodiepoxide strategy to the C ring of pectenotoxin 4: synthesis of the C1-C19 sector.

The synthesis of a C1−C19 precursor to pectenotoxin 4 is presented. The strategy employed the functionalized allene shown. Key features include: olefin metathesis of two simple fragments to prepare...
In vitro oxidation of branched chain amino acids by porcine mammary tissue

Abstract Six (three each of parity 1 and 2) lactating sows (d 10 to 17 of lactation) were used for an in vitro study to determine CO 2 production from individual branched-chain amino acids. The first and second productive glands on one side of each sow were biopsied to collect mammary secretory tissue. Uniformly 14 C-labeled L-isoleucine, L-leucine, and L-valine were included in the medium at 5 μL (100 μCi/mL) for a 1-h incubation with mammary tissue. Carbon dioxide production rates as percentages of the 14 C-labeled amino acid metabolized by the mammary tissue were 2.57, 1.86, and 4.07% for isoleucine, leucine, and valine, respectively ( P P
Exercise-related transient abdominal pain secondary to median arcuate ligament syndrome: a case report.

ABSTRACTExercise-related transient abdominal pain is a common entity in young athletes. An uncommon aetiology of this type of pain is median arcuate ligament syndrome. This article details an 18-year-old field hockey player who presented with a 1-year history of exercise-related transient abdominal pain. Despite a trial of preventative strategies, the patient’s pain persisted, prompting surgical intervention. Following a laparoscopic median arcuate ligament release, the patient’s symptoms resolved. Therefore, when exercise-related transient abdominal pain persists despite precautionary measures, median arcuate ligament syndrome should be considered.
Ecological Distribution of Protosteloid Amoebae in New Zealand

During the period of March 2004 to December 2007, samples of aerial litter (dead but still attached plant parts) and ground litter (dead plant material on the ground) were collected from 81 study sites representing a wide range of latitudes (34°S to 50°S) and a variety of different types of habitats throughout New Zealand (including Stewart Island and the Auckland Islands). The objective was to survey the assemblages of protosteloid amoebae present in this region of the world. Twenty-nine described species of protosteloid amoebae were recorded by making morphological identifications of protosteloid amoebae fruiting bodies on cultured substrates. Of the species observed, Protostelium mycophaga was by far the most abundant and was found in more than half of all samples. Most species were found in fewer than 10% of the samples collected. Seven abundant or common species were found to display significantly increased likelihood for detection in aerial litter or ground litter microhabitats. There was some evidence of a general correlation between environmental factors - annual precipitation, elevation, and distance from the equator (latitude) - and the abundance and richness of protosteloid amoebae. An increase in each of these three factors correlated with a decrease in both abundance and richness. This study provides a thorough survey of the protosteloid amoebae present in New Zealand and adds to a growing body of evidence which suggests several correlations between their broad distributional patterns and environmental factors.
Early development of milkfish: effects of salinity on embryonic and larval metabolism, yolk absorption and growth

During embryogenesis of Chanos chanos, more than half of the yolk was consumed and the majority of it was converted into larval tissue. Salinity affected both yolk absorption and embryonic and larval growth. Larvae hatched in 20% had larger yolk reserves but were smaller and grew more slowly than larvae in 35 and 50%. Larvae hatched in 35 and 50% had equal amounts of yolk but those from 35% were larger. Oxygen consumption rates increased during development (from 0.06 ± 0.01 μl O2 egg–1 h–1 by blastulae to 0.37 ± 0-01 μl O2 egg–1 h–1 by prehatch embryos and 0–43 ± 0–03 μl O2 larva –1 h –1 by newly-hatched larvae) and were significantly affected by salinity. Eggs and yolk-sac larvae incubated in 35% consumed more oxygen than those in the low and high salinities. Salinity affected both the rate and pattern of yolk utilization but salinity-related differences in metabolism, yolk absorption, and growth were not related directly to the osmotic gradient. Low salinity retarded yolk absorption while high salinity reduced yolk utilization efficiencies. Differences in oxygen consumption rates were probably related to variations in the relative amounts of metabolically active embryonic and larval tissue and/or higher activity levels rather than differential osmoregulatory costs. 35% is probably the most suitable salinity for incubation and larval rearing of milkfish.
Initial Experience with Neuroform EZ in the Treatment of Wide-neck Cerebral Aneurysms.

Purpose: Stent-assisted coiling allows embolization and parent vessel reconstruction of wide-necked intracranial aneurysms. The Neuroform EZ (Boston Scientific, Fremont, CA, U.S.A.) stent delivery system offers deployment of a Neuroform stent with fewer steps and improved operator control. Initial experience, technical considerations, and treatment outcomes using the Neuroform EZ stent delivery system in combination with coil embolization are reported. Materials and Methods: Seventeen consecutive patients harboring 21 wide-necked saccular cerebral aneurysms were treated with stent reconstruction. Twenty aneurysms were unruptured; one was treated within 24 hours of diagnosis of rupture. Twenty aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation; one was in the posterior circulation. Immediate and six-month post-treatment angiography and clinical assessment were performed. Results: In all cases, the stents were delivered and positioned without difficulty in deployment. Technical complications occurred in 4 patients, but none were directly related to the stent delivery system. On immediate post-treatment angiography, 5 of 21 aneurysms showed complete occlusion, 5 of 21 showed residual neck, and 11 of 21 showed residual contrast filling of the aneurysm sac. At six month follow-up, all 17 patients were clinically stable. Angiography of 18 of the aneurysms showed total occlusion in 12, residual neck in 3, and residual aneurysm filling in 3. Retreatment was performed in the three with residual aneurysm. Conclusion: The Neuroform EZ stent system offers improved anchoring and support in stent delivery, which is particularly useful when multiple stents are overlapped to further protect the parent vessel and increase flow diversion away from the aneurysm sac. The only significant problem encountered was coil prolapse, which could be treated with a second stent when necessary. The ease of deployment improves upon the already clinically successful Neuroform design.
Optical evidence for an electronic phase transition at the Co-Si interface

Ellipsometry on a series of Co–Si interfaces, for which the equivalent polycrystalline Co deposits differ by only a few monolayers, shows that a large decrease in refractive index of the glassy surface layer occurs quite sharply at Co deposits slightly less than the amount necessary to effect the semiconductor–metal transition observed with dc temperature coefficient-of-resistance measurements at 100 K. This observed behavior of the optical constants of the glassy layer can be interpreted by using a simple model for the optical-frequency polarizability of a localized electron state with a phenomenological localization parameter, which decreases with increasing Co deposit.
Income Distribution in the Chinese Economy: Recent Trends and Challenges

This paper examines the recent trends in regional income disparity and urban-rural income inequality in the Chinese economy. It finds that the income disparity between the eastern and western region had declined, but the urban-rural income inequality continued to rise in all four regions during the period under consideration. Moreover, the urban-rural income disparity increased more rapidly in the eastern region than in the western region, which was attributable to a slowdown of rural income growth in the eastern region. From a policy perspective, it is important to develop a dynamic agricultural sector to enable faster growth of rural household income.
When motion appears stopped: Stereo motion standstill

Motion standstill is different from the usual perceptual experiences associated with objects in motion. In motion standstill, a pattern that is moving quite rapidly is perceived as being motionless, and yet its details are not blurred but clearly visible. We revisited motion standstill in dynamic random-dot stereograms similar to those first used by Julesz and Payne [Julesz B, Payne R (1968) Vision Res 8:433-444]. Three improvements were made to their paradigm to avoid possible confounds: The temporal frequency of the motion stimuli was manipulated independently from that of individual stereo gratings so that the failure of motion perception is not due to inability to compute stereo. The motion of the stereo gratings was continuous across the visual field so that the perceived pattern in motion standstill was not a simple average of a back-and-forth display wobble over time. Observers discriminated three spatial frequencies to demonstrate pattern recognition. Three objective psychophysical methods, instead of merely self-report, were used to objectively demonstrate motion standstill. Our results confirm that motion standstill occurs in dynamic random-dot stereogram motion displays at 4-6 Hz. Motion standstill occurs when the stimulus spatiotemporal frequency combination exceeds that of the salience-based third-order motion system in a spatiotemporal frequency range in which the shape and depth systems still function. The ability of shape systems to extract a representative image from a series of moving samples is a significant component of a biological system's ability to derive a stable perceptual world from a constantly changing visual environment.
Emerging topics in the regulation of leukocyte transendothelial migration.

This year marks the 50th Anniversary of the founding of the Microcirculation Society. Since the formation of this society this field has witnessed tremendous progress in understanding the process of leukocyte recruitment during inflammation, injury, and immune reactions. This topic has been an important focus of many of the members of the Microcirculation Society as well as our colleagues worldwide. The goal of this brief review is to bring attention to a few emerging topics in inflammation research. Here the focus is on one particular model of how one leukocyte type (PMN) can regulate the recruitment of a second different leukocyte type (T cell) and provide an outline of other aspects that bear on spatial and temporal behavior of specific leukocyte and endothelial cell adhesion molecules during leukocyte transmigration under dynamic shear flow in vitro.
True Middle Level Education--Keeping Student Characteristics in Mind.

The attitude and modeling behavior of the entire middle school staff is the most important factor in providing an effec tive school learning environment. To help staff members fur nish authentic middle level education, however, what program ingredients are necessary?
DEDEKIND COMPLETIONS OF BOUNDED ARCHIMEDEAN ℓ-ALGEBRAS

All algebras considered in this paper are commutative with 1. Let bal be the category of bounded Archimedean l-algebras. We investigate Dedekind completions and Dedekind complete algebras in bal. We give several characterizations for A ∈ bal to be Dedekind complete. Also, given A, B ∈ bal, we give several characterizations for B to be the Dedekind completion of A. We prove that unlike general Gelfand-Neumark-Stone duality, the duality for Dedekind complete algebras does not require any form of the Stone–Weierstrass Theorem. We show that taking the Dedekind completion is not functorial, but that it is functorial if we restrict our attention to those A ∈ bal that are Baer rings. As a consequence of our results, we give a new characterization of when A ∈ bal is a C*-algebra. We also show that A is a C*-algebra if and only if A is the inverse limit of an inverse family of clean C*-algebras. We conclude the paper by discussing how to derive Gleason's theorem about projective compact Hausdorff spaces and projective covers of compact Hausdorff spaces from our results.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is an umbrella term that includes steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. The terminology, although cumbersome, was intended to differentiate these disorders from alcohol-related liver disorders, as they are histologically similar. The term was first used by Ludwig in 1980, but has received a tremendous amount of attention in the past several years as a result of a better understanding of the scope of the problem [1]. Although the pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, there is a tremendous amount of research ongoing in this arena, both clinical and basic, to determine how the course of the disease can be altered. This text reviews the epidemiology of the disease, leading theories of pathogenesis, and treatment options.
Nonlinear Semi-Analytic Method for Spacecraft Navigation

A nonlinear semi-analytic flltering method to sequentially estimate spacecraft states and their associated uncertainties is presented. We flrst discuss the state transition tensors that characterize the localized nonlinear behavior of the spacecraft trajectory and illustrate the importance of higher order efiects on orbit uncertainty propagation. We then present the semi-analytic flltering method by implementing the state transition tensors to sequentially update the information with contributions from each measurement, which requires no integration once the tensors are computed. A Sun-Earth halo orbit about the L1 point is considered as an example with realistic orbit uncertainties, and the results are compared with the extended Kalman fllter and unscented Kalman fllter.