cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Refrigeration Using Flux Compression in Superconductors

We are presently investigating the feasibility of using flux compression in high temperature superconductors (HTS) to produce the large time-varying magnetic fields required in a field cycled magnetic refrigerator operating between 20 K and 4 K. This paper describes the refrigerator concept and lists limitations and advantages in comparison with conventional refrigeration techniques. To understand better the process of flux compression, we have performed measurements using both Nb3Sn and high temperature superconductor (HTS) materials. We shall describe the application of such a flux compressor to magnetic refrigeration. The maximum fields obtainable by flux compression in HTS materials as presently prepared are too low to serve in such a refrigerator. However, reports exist of critical current values that are near usable levels for flux pumps in refrigerator applications.
Parents' reactions to the birth of a sick infant.

The birth of any infant is a developmental crisis for the family. Parents usually anticipate the birth of an infant with excitement and respond to the event with positive growth and development. Nevertheless, even under the best of circumstances, the birth of a child, and particularly of the first in a family, means that new sets of relationships are established, relationships which alter the preexisting family or husband–wife equilibrium.
What is the future of the US dollar

The end of the dollar's global prominence has been predicted for a long time. Will the dollar lose its status as the world reserve currency? And what will this mean for business in the United States and abroad? © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The discourse of anarchy in IR

Contemporary International Relations (IR) typically treats anarchy as a fundamental, defining, and analytically central feature of international relations. Furthermore, it is usually held that IR since its inception has been structured around a discourse of anarchy. In fact, however, until the 1980s anarchy was rarely employed as a central analytical concept, as I show by examining 145 books published between 1895 and 1978. The conceptual and analytic centrality of anarchy is not imposed on us by international reality. Rather, it is a recent and contingent construction. Given the shortcomings of standard uses of ‘anarchy’ – especially the facts that there is no clear, generally agreed upon definition, that ‘the effects of anarchy’ are not effects of anarchy (alone), and that anarchy is not the structural ordering principle of international systems – I argue for returning to earlier practice and putting anarchy back in the background of IR.
Formation of CaHPO4 · 2H2O from Enamel Mineral and Its Relationship to Caries Mechanism

Tooth enamel, when treated with dilute H3PO4 solutions, dissolved incongruently with formation of large CaHPO4 · 2HO2O crystals. Equilibrated solutions were saturated with respect to CaHPO4 · 2H2O, and a mineral more soluble than well-crystallized, synthetic Ca5(PO 4)3OH, probably an impure, defective apatite. The CaHPO 4·2H2O crystals formed at considerably higher pH values than expected because of enhanced solubility of the apatitic phase in enamel. Pyrolysis of carious enamel revealed the presence of acidic calcium phosphate presumed to be CaHPO4·2H2O.
17β-Estradiol Protects Females against Influenza by Recruiting Neutrophils and Increasing Virus-Specific CD8 T Cell Responses in the Lungs

17β-Estradiol (E2) treatment limits the pathology associated with pulmonary diseases caused by pathogens, allergens, and asthma, partly by reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. To test the hypothesis that E2 protects against influenza A virus (IAV) infection by altering the recruitment and activity of innate immune cells and T cells, chemokine concentrations were measured and innate and adaptive immune cells were enumerated from the lungs of E2- and placebo-treated ovariectomized female C57BL/6 mice following infection. Females treated with E2 experienced less morbidity but had similar lung virus titers to placebo-treated females. Females treated with E2 had lower induction of CCL2 but higher CCL3 and CXCL1 responses in their lungs than placebo-treated females. Pulmonary recruitment of neutrophils, NK cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells was increased following infection, but only neutrophil numbers were greater in E2-treated than placebo-treated females. Neutrophils enhance the responses of influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells to promote virus clearance and improve the outcome of infection. Total numbers of virus-specific CD8 T cells were not altered by treatment with E2, but the proportion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)- and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-producing, virus-specific CD8 T cells was increased. Neutrophil depletion in E2-treated females increased morbidity, reduced pulmonary production of chemoattractants for neutrophils, and reduced IFN-γ production by virus-specific CD8 T cells. Neutrophils mediate both inflammation and tissue repair during IAV infection and are regulated by E2 to improve the outcome of influenza in females. IMPORTANCE Severe influenza is associated with excessive inflammation that leads to tissue damage. We demonstrate that estradiol (E2) is a potent anti-inflammatory hormone that reduces the severity of influenza A virus infection in females. Treatment of female C57BL/6 mice with E2 does not affect virus replication but rather alters the production of chemokines, pulmonary recruitment of neutrophils, and the cytokine responses of virus-specific CD8 T cells to protect females against severe influenza.
An Interview with Susan M. Perkins NP, Psychiatric and Adult Nurse Practitioner at Putnam Hospital Center

Susan Perkins has integrated her skills as a registered nurse, certified alcohol and substance abuse counselor, psychiatric nurse practitioner and adult nurse practitioner in caring for patients wi...
A transfer of control test for contextual associations

A transfer of control experiment measured the associative properties of contextual stimuli from three standard classical conditioning paradigms. After baseline training on a Sidman avoidance schedule, dogs received aversive conditioning using excitatory, inhibitory, or truly random conditioning procedures in the presence of a manipulable background stimulus. As predicted by current theory (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972; Wagner & Rescorla, 1972), the contextual stimulus was excitatory after serving as the background during conditioning of a CS− and was neutral when it had been part of the background for conditioning of a CS+. The background to the truly random procedure was also neutral. This last result contrasts with Rescorla and Wagner’s theory.
Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis

There has been a remarkable increase in research on osteoporosis during the last 2 decades. Clinical studies have characterized the primary osteoporotic syndromes and have resulted in a new classification (Riggs and Melton 1986). Laboratory studies have demonstrated many local factors which regulate bone metabolism, and this has led to the concept that local as well as systemic factors are important in pathogenesis (Raisz 1988). The mechanisms of secondary forms of osteoporosis have been explored. Nevertheless, there is still considerable controversy concerning pathogenesis, and there are many gaps in our knowledge. There has also been confusion concerning terminology. For the purpose of this chapter we will define “primary osteoporosis” as the condition in which there is a decrease in bone mass and strength leading to an increased frequency of fracture and which is not due to an associated disorder. The term “secondary osteoporosis” will be used for those patients with certain specific diseases or drug therapies which can cause bone loss and fractures. The term “osteopenia” will be used to describe conditions in which decreased bone mass has been found without a clear-cut association with fractures. While this usage avoids the problem of deciding whether or not there is a “fracture threshold,” it does not resolve it. There is as yet no agreement as to whether one can make a diagnosis of osteoporosis before fracture occurs, yet it seems obvious that the disease must have been present just prior to as well as after the fracture.
Substructure strengthening in Fe-V-Ni alloys

Abstract Models for substructure and dislocation strengthening are examined in deformed and annealed Fe-V-Ni solid solutions. The dislocation substructure depends on the mode of deformation with uniform subgrains produced by swaging and nonuniform dislocation substructures resulting from rolling. The subgrain misorientation and size are the predominant variables influencing the yield strength; the effects of these parameters are consistent with predictions from models based on either dislocation pile-ups or dislocation density. The dislocation density model is considered more plausible in view of the similar strengthening observed in both swaged and rolled materials, despite the differences in dislocation structure. The apparently insignificant contribution to strength by grain boundaries and the absence of dislocation pile-ups in the microstructure add support to this proposal.
Disposition of Human Recombinant Lubricin in Naive Rats and in a Rat Model of Post-traumatic Arthritis After Intra-articular or Intravenous Administration

We have recently demonstrated that intra-articular (IA) administration of human recombinant lubricin, LUB:1, significantly inhibited cartilage degeneration and pain in the rat meniscal tear model of post-traumatic arthritis. In this report, we show that after a single IA injection to naive rats and rats that underwent unilateral meniscal tear, [125I]LUB:1 had a tri-phasic disposition profile, with the alpha, beta, and gamma half-life estimates of 4.5 h, 1.5 days, and 2.1 weeks, respectively. We hypothesize that the terminal phase kinetics was related to [125I]LUB:1 binding to its ligands. [125I]LUB:1 was detected on articular cartilage surfaces as long as 28 days after single IA injection. Micro-autoradiography analysis suggested that [125I]LUB:1 tended to localize to damaged joint surfaces in rats with meniscal tear. After a single intravenous (IV) dose to rats, [125I]LUB:1 was eliminated rapidly from the systemic circulation, with a mean total body clearance of 154 mL/h/kg and a mean elimination half-life (t1/2) of 6.7 h. Overall, LUB:1 has met a desired disposition profile of a potential therapeutic intended for an IA administration: target tissue (knee) retention and fast elimination from the systemic circulation after a single IA or IV dose.
Inhibition of stimulated human leukocyte hydrogen peroxide generation by a novel antioxidant, OPC-14117.

Oxygen free radicals generated by leukocytes may contribute to tissue injury after central nervous system (CNS) focal ischemia or trauma. Inhibiting oxygen free radicals has improved outcome in experimental models of these conditions and antioxidant therapy appears promising. We evaluated the ability of a novel antioxidant, OPC-14117, to reduce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by stimulated human polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes and monocytes. Stimulated PMN and monocytes were incubated with several concentrations of OPC-14117 for 20 min and H2O2 production, nmol/1 × 106cells/30 min, was measured. OPC-14117 significantly reduced PMN H2O2 production (P < 0.001) and monocyte H2O2 production (P < 0.05). A dose response relationship was observed for both leukocytes, as the 100 μM drug concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) more effective than the 10 μM concentration. These results demonstrate that OPC-14117 inhibits H2O2 generation by stimulated human leukocytes and support further studies of its effects in disorders such as CNS focal ischemia and trauma, conditions where antioxidant therapy may be beneficial.
Defect aggregation in irradiated Ni3Al and NiAl

Defect aggregation has been investigated by high-voltage electron irradiation at temperatures from 300 K to 810 K in Ni3Al and NiAl, which are Ll2 and B2 ordered alloys respectively. For both alloys, the number densities of radiation-induced dislocation loops decrease but the size of the loops increase with increasing irradiation temperature. In Ni3Al, both extrinsic 13<111/111 Frank loops and interstitial type 12<011/011 anti-phase loops are created. Transformation from Frank loops to anti-phase loops have been observed in Ni3Al during irradiation. In NiAl, only interstitial type perfect <001/001 prismatic loops are created. Under the same irradiation conditions, interstitial loop growth rates in NiAl are much smaller than those in Ni3Al, implying that the migration energy of vacancies in NiAl must be much higher than that in Ni3Al.
How forelimb and hindlimb function changes with incline and perch diameter in the green anole, Anolis carolinensis

SUMMARY The range of inclines and perch diameters in arboreal habitats poses a number of functional challenges for locomotion. To effectively overcome these challenges, arboreal lizards execute complex locomotor behaviors involving both the forelimbs and the hindlimbs. However, few studies have examined the role of forelimbs in lizard locomotion. To characterize how the forelimbs and hindlimbs differentially respond to changes in substrate diameter and incline, we obtained three-dimensional high-speed video of green anoles ( Anolis carolinensis ) running on flat (9 cm wide) and narrow (1.3 cm) perches inclined at 0, 45 and 90 deg. Changes in perch diameter had a greater effect on kinematics than changes in incline, and proximal limb variables were primarily responsible for these kinematic changes. In addition, a number of joint angles exhibited greater excursions on the 45 deg incline compared with the other inclines. Anolis carolinensis adopted strategies to maintain stability similar to those of other arboreal vertebrates, increasing limb flexion, stride frequency and duty factor. However, the humerus and femur exhibited several opposite kinematic trends with changes in perch diameter. Further, the humerus exhibited a greater range of motion than the femur. A combination of anatomy and behavior resulted in differential kinematics between the forelimb and the hindlimb, and also a potential shift in the propulsive mechanism with changes in external demand. This suggests that a better understanding of single limb function comes from an assessment of both forelimbs and hindlimbs. Characterizing forelimb and hindlimb movements may reveal interesting functional differences between Anolis ecomorphs. Investigations into the physiological mechanisms underlying the functional differences between the forelimb and the hindlimb are needed to fully understand how arboreal animals move in complex habitats.
Quantum effects in intramolecular energy transfer

Abstract Anharmonic potentials which are presumed to be classically quasi-ergodic, but which have symmetries leading to degenerate quantum states, fail in the quantum case to transfer energy equivalently among rigorously equivalent phase space locations. This is shown using simple group theory and is illustrated for the case of the Henon-Heiles potential
EFFECT OF 4'-CHLOROGLUTARANILIC ACID ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUNFLOWER SEEDLINGS'

The potential growth-regulating compound 4-chloroglutaranilic acid (CGA) was tested in whole-plant bioassay systems which utilized sunflower seedlings (Helianthus annuus, L.). Test systems included the growth of plants in soil , solid inert (Vermiculite) substrate, and hydroponic (Seed-Pak) pouches.
Ab Initio and Classical Molecular Dynamics Studies of the Dilithium Phthalocyanine/Pyrite Interfacial Structure

Ab initio and classical molecular dynamics simulations are performed to analyze the structure of the interface between pyrite(100) and one of the possible self-assembled crystalline forms of dilithium phthalocyanine (Li 2 Pc), a candidate single-ion conductor electrolyte material for rechargeable lithium batteries. A simplified dilithium phthalocyanine model, keeping an anionic matrix structure able to form lithium-ion conducting channels upon self-assembly, is used for an ab initio study of the local interactions with the active sites of a pyrite model cluster. It is found that lithium ions interact strongly with the outmost surface sulfur atoms, whereas the pyrite Fe atoms interact with N atoms of Li 2 Pc. Ab initio studies provide an estimate of the charge distribution to be used in effective force fields to describe interatomic interactions. Molecular dynamics simulations illustrate that the self-assembly of Li 2 Pc over a pyrite(100) surface leads to the formation of a crystalline structure where the stacking axis of the Li 2 Pc molecules is perpendicular to the surface. Ion-conducting channels from the Li 2 Pc phase are realized through the interface, and transport of lithium ions through these channels into the pyrite phase are observed under an external electric field applied in a direction perpendicular to the interface.
Insight into intra- and inter-molecular interactions of PKC: design of specific modulators of kinase function.

Abstract Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of kinases that are critical in many cellular events. These enzymes are activated by lipid-derived second messengers, are dependent on binding to negatively charged phospholipids and some members also require calcium to attain full activation. The interaction with lipids and calcium activators is mediated by binding to the regulatory domains C1 and C2. In addition, many protein–protein interactions between PKC and other proteins have been described. These include interactions with adaptor proteins, substrates and cytoskeletal elements. Regulation of the interactions between PKC, small molecules and other proteins is essential for signal transduction to occur. Finally, a number of auto-inhibitory intra-molecular protein–protein interactions have also been identified in PKC. This chapter focuses on mapping the sites for many of these inter- and intra-molecular interactions and how this information may be used to generate selective inhibitors and activators of PKC signaling.
Aura MLS THz observations of global cirrus near the tropopause

[1] The first global cirrus observation from spaceborne THz (terahertz) sensors is presented. The 2.5 THz channels of the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on NASA's Aura satellite, measuring atmospheric thermal emission at the limb, has sensitivity to cloud ice particle scattering above ∼15 km. The magnitude of cloud-induced radiance (Tcir), as high as 40 K, is observed in the THz radiances at the lowermost tangent heights of limb viewing. A special algorithm is developed to extract the THz Tcir by averaging the data spectrally and vertically, removing systematic error in the radiances, and screening cloudy radiances from clear-sky variability. The derived THz Tcir has typical precision of 1.5–1.7 K, and a threshold of −6 K is used to determine significant cloud measurements. Monthly maps show that morphologies of the THz Tcir are generally consistent with those of cloud IWC (ice water content) at 121 hPa retrieved simultaneously from the MLS 240 GHz channel. However, the spatial distribution of THz clouds often spreads more broadly in latitude than the GHz clouds, as expected for the better sensitivity of the THz channels to small ice particle scattering. The THz Tcir can be converted to a partial ice water path (pIWP) above ∼15 km, and the estimated 0.7 g/m2/K sensitivity for THz Tcir is consistent with the radiative transfer model calculation and MLS 240 GHz measurements.
1α-Hydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D C-22 aldehyde. A valuable intermediate in the synthesis of side chain modifed 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D3

Abstract A side chain homologated 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D 3 analog was prepared in a double convergent synthesis with 1α-hydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D C-22 aldehyde as a key intermediate.
Quantitative profiling of initiating ribosomes in vivo

Cells have evolved exquisite mechanisms to fine-tune the rate of protein synthesis in response to stress. Systemic mapping of start-codon positions and precise measurement of the corresponding initiation rate would transform our understanding of translational control. Here we present quantitative translation initiation sequencing (QTI-seq), with which the initiating ribosomes can be profiled in real time at single-nucleotide resolution. Resultant initiation maps not only delineated variations of start-codon selection but also highlighted a dynamic range of initiation rates in response to nutrient starvation. The integrated data set provided unique insights into principles of alternative translation and mechanisms controlling different aspects of translation initiation. With RiboTag mice, QTI-seq permitted tissue-specific profiling of initiating ribosomes in vivo. Liver cell-specific ribosome profiling uncovered a robust translational reprogramming of the proteasome system in fasted mice. Our findings illuminated the prevalence and dynamic nature of translational regulation pivotal to physiological adaptation in vivo.
Multiple UV wavelength excitation and fluorescence of bioaerosols

A two-wavelength laser-induced fluorescence technique is described for detecting and classifying biological aerosols. Single aerosols, smaller than 10 mm, are interrogated with 266 nm and 355 nm laser pulses separated in time by 400 ns. Fluorescence signals excited by these pulses are detected in three broad spectral bands centered at 350 nm, 450 nm and 550 nm. The results indicate that bacterial spores, vegetative bacterial cells and proteins can be differentiated based on the two wavelength excitation approach. Estimates of the fluorescence cross sections for 16 bioaerosol simulants and interferents are presented.
Pseudoexeirarthra, a new genus from New Zealand (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae), with descriptions of seven new species

A new endemic genus and seven new species of New Zealand pselaphine staphylinid beetles of the supertribe Faronitae are described as follows: Pseudoexeirarthra Park & Carlton, gen. n. (type species: Sagola spinifer Broun); Pseudoexeirarthra sungmini Park & Carlton, sp. n.; Pseudoexeirarthra kwangguki Park & Carlton, sp. n.; Pseudoexeirarthra youngboki Park & Carlton, sp. n.; Pseudoexeirarthra seiwoongi Park & Carlton, sp. n.; Pseudoexeirarthra parkeri Park & Carlton, sp. n.; Pseudoexeirarthra hlavaci Park & Carlton, sp. n.; Pseudoexeirarthra nomurai Park & Carlton, sp. n. Three species, Sagola spinifer Broun, Sagola colorata Broun, and Sagola puncticollis Broun, are transferred to the genus Pseudoexeirarthra. Six species are synonymized: Sagola dilucida Broun, Sagola guinnessi Broun, Sagola longicollis Broun, Sagola longula Broun, and Sagola rectipennis Broun under Pseudoexeirarthra spinifer (Broun); Sagola insueta Broun under Sagola colorata (Broun). A lectotype is designated for Pseudoexeirarthra spinifer (Broun). A key, habitus photographs, line drawings of diagnostic characters, and distribution maps are provided for each species.
Group decision‐making as a structurational process

This essay presents a theory of group decision‐making. Utilizing recent advances in structuration theory, which focuses on the production and reproduction of social systems through the application of generative rules and resources, the new conceptualization is presented and its advantages over previous formulations are explored. Results from an ongoing research program are summarized as partial substantiation of the perspective.
σ-Model Analysis of Quantum Spin Ladders

The σ-model approach to quantum spin ladders, described here, allows one to analytically calculate correlation lengths and gaps for both even- and odd-legged ladders, at any temperature. Comparison with high precision quantum Monte Carlo simulations show that these analytic results are surprisingly accurate. A self-contained account of these analytic methods is presented.
Stat!: an interactive analytics environment for big data

Exploratory analysis on big data requires us to rethink data management across the entire stack -- from the underlying data processing techniques to the user experience. We demonstrate Stat! -- a visualization and analytics environment that allows users to rapidly experiment with exploratory queries over big data. Data scientists can use Stat! to quickly refine to the correct query, while getting immediate feedback after processing a fraction of the data. Stat! can work with multiple processing engines in the backend; in this demo, we use Stat! with the Microsoft StreamInsight streaming engine. StreamInsight is used to generate incremental early results to queries and refine these results as more data is processed. Stat! allows data scientists to explore data, dynamically compose multiple queries to generate streams of partial results, and display partial results in both textual and visual form.
The possibility of reversing the trade pattern with internationally-diffused localized technical progress

Abstract This paper considers the impact of localized technical progress (gains in technology which are confined to specific capital—labor ratios) on the pattern of trade. It is shown, in the context of a two-sector model, that technological improvements which are localized to particular techniques can cause factor intensity reversals so that, even if production functions are internationally identical, the pattern of trade between nations may depend not only on relative factor endowments but also on the relative magnitudes of technical progress in each sector.
The Effects of Sales Message and Suspicion of Ulterior Motives on Salesperson Evaluation

This research investigates the extent to which a salesperson's presentation and consumer suspicion of ulterior motive affect salesperson evaluations and purchase intentions. Study 1 indicates that a salesperson's presentation plays an essential role in confirming or discontinuing consumer suspicion and that this process has important implications in the formation of salesperson attitudes. Evidence from Study 2 demonstrates that these interaction effects are mediated by persuasion-motive attributions. The findings also support a direct link between attitude toward the salesperson and purchase intentions. Collectively, these results extend the persuasion literature by demonstrating that suspicion of motive is a dynamic state in which consumers entertain rival hypotheses about the salesperson (e.g., is the salesperson truly motivated to help me, or motivated to make his or her commission?) and that, depending on the degree of suspicion, the same salesperson's tactics will be processed very differently by consumers.
Drying rate alters soluble carbohydrates, desiccation tolerance, and subsequent seedling growth of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) zygotic embryos during in vitro maturation

Abstract In vitro culture of soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seeds and zygotic embryos is used to study factors affecting seed growth, maturation, desiccation tolerance, and germination. While germination of in vitro matured zygotic embryos is usually greater than 80%, seedling growth is often lower than that of seeds matured in planta. Soluble carbohydrates in axis and cotyledon tissues of soybean zygotic embryos at 0–32 days of in vitro culture were assayed before drying, after fast drying, and after slow drying and related to changes in germination and axis growth of seedlings. Germinability was improved by slow drying. A low mass ratio of sucrose to raffinose plus stachyose was associated with germinability but was not sufficient for the maintenance of high seedling growth after prolonged culture in vitro. The loss of seedling growth as a function of days in culture correlated ( r 2 =0.94) with a decline in stachyose concentration in axis tissues after slow drying. Total pinitol did not exceed that present in embryos before culture, and accumulation of galactopinitols and fagopyritol B1 was limited in embryos grown in vitro. Responses of zygotic embryos to in vitro culture may be useful in understanding problems associated with the conversion of soybean somatic embryos to plantlets and vigorous growth of plantlets.
Smaller, hungrier mice.

In their Brevia “Increase in activity during calorie restriction requires Sirt1” (9 Dec. 2005, p. 1641), D. Chen et al. report that elevation in physical activity in response to 40% food restriction is absent in mice lacking the longevity protein Sirt 1, in spite of their motor performances
Nonengraftment Haploidentical Cellular Therapy for Hematologic Malignancies

Much of the therapeutic benefit of allogeneic transplant is by a graft versus tumor effect. Further data shows that transplant engraftment is not dependant on myeloablation, instead relying on quantitative competition between donor and host cells. In the clinical setting, engraftment by competition alone is not feasible due to the need for large numbers of infused cells. Instead, low-level host irradiation has proven to be an effective engraftment strategy that is stem cell toxic but not myeloablative. The above observations served as the foundation for clinical trials utilizing allogeneic matched and haploidentical peripheral blood stem cell infusions with minimal conditioning in patients with refractory malignancies. Although engraftment was transient or not apparent, there were compelling responses in a heavily pretreated patient population that appear to result from the breaking of tumor immune tolerance by the host through the actions of IFNγ, invariant NK T cells, CD8 T cells, NK cells, or antigen presenting cells.
The mental health-seeking behavior of hispanic veterans

Abstract Hispanic veterans, defined as veterans of Mexican-American, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Latin American descent, are an increasingly important segment of the general veteran population. They are experiencing a growth in population that roughly parallels the recent expansion of the Hispanic community as a whole, and most particularly its Mexican-American component. In fact, the October 16, 1978, issue of Time magazine, devoted to the Hispanic-American, estimated that Hispanics will soon number some 19,000,000 people by the early 1980s, constituting the largest single ethnic minority in the United States, surpassing even blacks. For some time it has been generally believed that veterans of Hispanic origin underutilize the health facilities operated by the Veterans Administration (VA)-or, alternately, that the VA underserves the Hispanic portion of its target population. Hispanic-Americans are thought to be particularly underserved in the area of mental health care. Because of this concern over the issue of underutilization, we sought to address the question of mental health-seeking behavior among Hispanic veterans in a more rigorous manner than had been attempted in the past. This study is based on a large survey undertaken in the Los Angeles area. While both physical and mental health data were collected, here we address ourselves primarily to the latter; i.e., the mental health-seeking behavior of Hispanic veterans.
Independent acquisition of sodium selectivity in bacterial and animal sodium channels.

Summary Electrical signaling in animal nerves and muscles is largely carried out by proteins in the superfamily of voltage-gated ion channels [1]. These proteins are based on a single homologous domain, but different types exist as single-domain tetramers, two-domain dimers, or four-domain proteins that comprise the whole pore-forming structure [1]. Four-domain channels are hypothesized to have evolved from a single-domain ancestor by two rounds of internal duplication [2]. The role that a channel plays in a cell's physiology is largely determined by its selectivity for specific ion species and by the stimulus that opens the channel — its method of ‘gating'. The voltage-gated sodium (Na v ) and calcium channels (Ca v ), which drive the upstroke of action potentials and transduce electrical signals into cellular signals, respectively, both have the four-domain architecture, whereas voltage-gated potassium channels (K v ) have only one domain. Crystallographic studies have led to important discoveries about ion permeation and gating in the single domain K v channels, but structural studies of the four-domain Na v and Ca v channels have not achieved the same level of precision [3], leaving the atomic details of these important proteins in the dark. The recent discovery of and subsequent crystallographic work on a voltage-gated, sodium-selective, single-domain channel in bacteria (BacNa v ) was therefore greeted with excitement as a potential model of four-domain Na v channels [4–6].
Accumulation of glutamic acid in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus of the infant mouse followng subcutaneous administration of monosodium glutamate.

—Monosodium l-glutamate was injected subcutaneously into 4-day-old mice at a dose of 2 mg/g body wt. The infants were killed at sequential intervals after injection, the brains were frozen, and samples of the arcuate nucleus (NA), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and lateral thalamus (LT) were micro-dissected from lyophilized sections for glutamate assay. Blood glutamate levels were also determined for comparison with brain levels of glutamate at corresponding post-injection intervals. Glutamate levels in the NA steadily increased to reach a peak value of 110.9 mmol/kg dry wt. at 3 h following injection, whereas the highest levels reached in the VMH or LT were about 41.7 mmol/kg dry wt. Return to control values of about 25 mmol/kg dry wt. occurred gradually over a period of 12–15 h in all three brain regions. Blood glutamate concentrations peaked rapidly, reaching a maximum of 40 mm within 15 min but returned precipitously to near-baseline values (below 1 mm) in the 1–3 h interval after injection. We discuss possible mechanisms to account for the transient marked accumulation of subcutaneously administered glutamate in the NA and how this might relate to the selective destruction of arcuate neurons which occurs simultaneously.
Repeatability of a small overlap and an oblique moving deformable barrier test procedure

NHTSA has developed two different moving deformable barrier-to-vehicle test procedures to assess the vehicle and occupant response in narrow overlap motor vehicle crashes. An assessment of test repeatability is one of the requirements necessary to accept the test procedure as viable. Previous methodologies, coefficient of variation (CV) and similarity analysis were developed to assess the repeatability of vehicle and occupant response in motor vehicle crash tests for full frontal and 40% overlap tests procedures. These will be used for this assessment. Three repeat tests were performed in each test procedure, with all other factors held constant: vehicles of the same make, model, and model year; moving deformable barriers of the same mass, velocity, and barrier face properties; and the same occupant - a THOR 50th percentile adult male in the driver's seat. In general, for this one vehicle make and model the repeatability of both vehicle and occupant response metrics were good for both test modes. In isolated cases, differences in occupant response resulted from the timing of side curtain air bag deployment. Language: en
Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Oropharyngeal Cancer: Clinical Outcomes and Patterns of Failure

Purpose To report outcomes, failures, and toxicities in patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Methods And Materials Between Aug 2001 and Oct 2007, 107 patients were treated with IMRT with curative intent at Stanford University. Twenty-two patients were treated postoperatively, and 85 were treated definitively. Concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy was administered to 86 patients (80%) and cetuximab to 8 patients (7%). The prescribed dose was 66 Gy at 2.2 Gy/fraction for definitively treated cases and 60 Gy at 2 Gy/fraction for postoperative cases. Median follow-up was 29 months among surviving patients (range, 4–105 months). Results Eight patients had persistent disease or local-regional failure at a median of 6.5 months (range, 0–9.9 months). Six local failures occurred entirely within the high-risk clinical target volume (CTV) (one with simultaneous distant metastasis). One patient relapsed within the high- and intermediate-risk CTV. One patient had a recurrence at the junction between the IMRT and low-neck fields. Seven patients developed distant metastasis as the first site of failure. The 3-year local-regional control (LRC), freedom from distant metastasis, overall survival, and disease-free survival rates were 92%, 92%, 83%, and 81%, respectively. T stage (T4 vs. T1–T3) was predictive of poorer LRC ( p = 0.001), overall survival ( p = 0.001), and disease-free survival ( p Conclusions IMRT provides excellent LRC for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Distant metastases are a major failure pattern. No marginal failures were observed.
Temperature behavior of insulated gate transistor characteristics

Abstract The Insulated Gate Transistor (IGT) is a new power semiconductor device with the high input impedance features of the power MOSFET and the ability to operate at high current densities even exceeding that of power bipolar transistors. The high temperature operating characteristics of the device are discussed here. Unlike the power MOSFET whose operating current density decreases by over a factor of 2 when the ambient temperature is raised to 150°C, the IGT is found to maintain its high operating current density at elevated temperatures. The temperature coefficient of the output current is found to be positive at forward drops below 1.5 V and negative at forward drops above 1.5 V. These characteristics make the IGT suitable for applications with high ambient temperatures. The results also indicate that these devices can be paralleled without current hogging problems if the forward conduction occurs at forward voltage drops in excess of 1.5 V.
V. `Hellman's data does not support his conclusion¿

Neither the information obtained by the National Bureau of Standards nor the discussions in Prof. Martin Hellman's paper support his conclusion that the Data Encryption Standard will likely be ?totally insecure within ten years.?
Rotenone-insensitive internal NADH-quinone oxidoreductase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria: the enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli acts as a member of the respiratory chain in the host cells

The NDI1 gene encodes the internal rotenone-insensitive NADH-quinone oxidoreductase localized in the inner mitochondrial membranes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The T7 tag-fused mature NDI1 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The overexpressed NDI1 was exclusively found in the membrane fraction. The NDI1-overexpressed membranes showed significantly increased activities of NADH oxidase and NADH-ubiquinone-1 (UQ1) reductase when compared with the control membranes. Flavone, which is a specific inhibitor of the S. cerevisiae NDI1, inhibited almost completely NADH oxidase and NADH-UQ1 reductase activities of NDI1-overexpressed membranes but scarcely inhibited these activities of the control membranes. In addition, the NADH oxidase activity of the NDI1-overexpressed membranes was also inhibited by KCN as well as the control membranes. These results indicate that the overexpressed NDI1 worked as a member of the respiratory chain in the host cells, even though E. coli membranes are different from S. cerevisiae inner mitochondrial membranes in terms of quinones and lipid composition.
Using generics modules to enhance the CS2 course

We normally expect features in a programming language to support the concepts and methodologies in the course. This article describes another role for features within a programming language, support of sound educational methodology. Specifically, this paper describes how the library module capability in Modula-2 may be used to formally separate the concept from the implementation of abstract data types. That is, by having generic support for various structures, the structures can be taught at a conceptual level and students are given assignments to use these structures long before the implementations of the structures are taught. The result is a clear separation of concept and implementation and a better understanding of the structures as ADTs.
A biocompatible medium for nanoparticle dispersion

Our laboratory has reported that rat bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is an effective nanoparticle (NP) dispersant. However, its utility is constrained by its cost and the lack of standardization to control for intra- and inter-laboratory variability in BAL fluid. In this study, we report the efficacy and biocompatibility of a dispersion medium (DM), which is a ‘lung fluid mimic’. In vitro studies, which used dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, determined that ultrafine titanium dioxide and ultrafine carbon black are equally well dispersed by DM or BAL fluid. We also determined that DM was effective at dispersing multi-walled carbon nanotubes. In vivo, when used as a vehicle, DM per se did not elicit toxicity and did not influence or alter toxic responses to crystalline silica in either the lung or brain. Overall, these studies indicate that DM is an effective, biocompatible, and economical vehicle for nanotoxicological studies.
Inscribing the Winch: Mechanisms by Which Students Develop Knowledge Structures for Representing the Physical World With Algebra

I propose and test an account of mechanisms by which students develop knowledge structures for modeling the physical world with algebra. The account begins to bridge the gap between current mathematics curricula, in which modeling activities play an important role, and theoretical accounts of how students learn to model, which lag behind. After describing the larger study, in which I observed 12 pairs of 8th-grade students introduce and refine algebraic representations of a physical device called a winch, I then focus on 1 pair that generated an unconventional yet sound equation. Because the prevailing genetic accounts of knowledge structures in mathematics education, cognitive science, and information-processing psychology do not explain key characteristics of the data, I begin to construct a new developmental account that does. To do so, I use forms, a class of schemata that combine patterns of algebra symbols with patterns of experience in the physical world, and 2 mechanisms, notation variation and ma...
A calculation of the surface recombination rate constant for hydrogen isotopes on metals

Abstract The surface recombination rate constant for hydrogen isotopes on a metal has been calculated using a simple model whose parameters may be determined by direct experimental measurements. Using the experimental values for hydrogen diffusivity, solubility, and sticking coefficient at zero surface coverage a reasonable prediction of the surface recombination constant may be made. The calculated recombination constant is in excellent agreement with experiment for bcc iron. A heuristic argument is developed which, along with the rate constant calculation, shows that surface recombination is important in those metals in which hydrogen has an exothermic heat of solution.
Environmental research joint ventures among manufactures

This paper explores the reasons that firms form research joint ventures by focusing on a particular type of venture — namely, ventures that are developing new processes to reduce toxic air emissions. The legislative expression of government concern and intent to develop regulations for toxic chemicals prompts firms to join forces in joint ventures that address the problems posed by the chemicals. The cooperative R&D ventures do not appear to be a way for companies to avoid Schumpeterian competitive pressures that stimulate R&D investment. New, primary data at the disaggregated level of a particular type of R&D for particular companies support the belief that cooperative R&D ventures among manufacturing companies may well promote economic efficiency.
System for evaluation of laser-induced damage performance of optical materials for large aperture lasers

The evaluation of optical components in various laser systems, with regard to their resistance to laser-induced damage, has often relied on measuring damage threshold fluences. For large-aperture laser systems a small amount of damage in optics does not impede performance. This necessitates the development of damage testing instrumentation that can directly provide information regarding beam obscuration. The number and size of damage scattering sites for a specific laser fluence, wavelength, and pulse duration determine overall beam losses due to damage. We present a design for rapid quantitative characterization of bulk damage performance of optical materials for use in large-aperture laser systems.
Exercise and HIV infection.

HIV infection is characterized by two opposing macronutrient problems: wasting and lipodystrophy. Wasting is defined as the unintentional loss of 10% or more of body weight. Lipodystrophy is the loss of subcutanous fat in the legs, arms, and face, with increased deposition of fat in the abdomen, breasts, and upper back. In both cases, there is evidence that a judicious diet and exercise can help to reverse or ameliorate these abnormalities. This brief review outlines the current evidence that resistance exercise can be used to treat wasting, and that combined aerobic and resistance exercise can reduce abdominal fat gain in lipodystrophy.
A hierarchical multicast monitoring scheme

Deployment of multicast routing services in corporate networks and Internet Service Providers is still tentative. Among other problems, there is a lack of monitoring and management tools and systems. Previous work in multicast management has failed to address the scalability problem present in multicast fault isolation and reporting. We propose a hierarchical, passive monitoring scheme, HPMM, that relies on a series of pre-deployed, self-organized monitoring daemons. With HPMM, fault message aggregation and local fault detection and isolation is more efficient than previous approaches. HPMM satisfies a number of design goals: scalable reporting; fault isolation; no dependencies on multicast routing for reporting; and no modifications to existing routing or diagnosis protocols are required. The tradeoff of using HPMM is it leverages a large number of software daemons deployed through out a local domain. We compare the signalling overhead of HPMM and previous work with a simulation.
1-Deoxyglycitolation of protein amino groups and their regeneration by periodate oxidation.

Reductive alkylation of lysyl epsilon-amino groups with sugars (1-deoxyglycitolation) using pyridine borane as the reducing agent has been recently described [Wong, W.S.D., Osuga, D.T. & Feeney, R.E. (1984) Anal. Biochem. 139, 58-67]. The regeneration of the lysines has now been achieved by oxidation with approximately 10 mM periodate. In experiments with glycitolated bovine serum albumin, reactions using 5, 20, and 80 mM periodate were essentially complete in the first 10 min. Oxidations of methionine to the sulfoxide were evident even at this lower concentration of periodate, while higher concentrations and prolonged reaction times only caused unnecessary destruction of amino acids. The removal was shown to occur in a wide pH range with little variation in the recovery of the lysines. The degree of glycitolation, or the nature of the attached carbohydrate residues, had no effect on the yield of products. Reductive 1-deoxygalactitolation of approximately 55% of the lysyl epsilon-amino groups of lysozyme caused no loss in enzymatic activity; when 5 mM periodate was used to remove the 1-deoxygalactitol moiety, approximately 95% of the amino groups were regenerated, concomitant with destruction of approximately 16% of the activity. On reductive 1-deoxygalactitolation of the amino groups of turkey ovomucoid, 65% of the lysyl epsilon-amino groups were modified with 70% loss of the inhibitory activity against trypsin. On treatment with 5 mM periodate, approximately 80% of the amino groups were regained with a similar recovery of the inhibitory activity.