cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women's Access to Political Power in Post-Communist Europe

Women's Access to Political Power in Post-Communist Europe. Edited by Richard E. Matland and Kathleen A. Montgomery. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 400p. $85.00 cloth, $35.00 paper. It was something of a truism that within the political institutions of the Soviet bloc states, women and power were found in inverse proportion to each other. While women occupied roughly 30% of the seats within the faux-parliamentary bodies of the communist region, true power was never located in those institutions. Instead, political power was found at the Communist Party's zenith, where women were seen rarely, if at all.
Fast, Flexible High-Level Synthesis from OpenCL using Reconfiguration Contexts

High-level synthesis from OpenCL has shown significant potential, but current approaches conflict with mainstream OpenCL design methodologies owing to orders-of-magnitude longer field-programmable gate array compilation times and limited support for changing or adding kernels after system compilation. In this article, the authors introduce a back-end synthesis approach for potentially any OpenCL tool. This approach uses virtual coarse-grained reconfiguration contexts to speed up compilation by 4,211× at a cost of 1.8× system resource overhead, while also enabling 144× faster reconfiguration to support different kernels and rapid changes to kernels.
Determination of activation energies for ion fragmentation by surface- induced dissociation

We describe here a new method for extracting the activation energy for the formation of any fragment or reactively scattered ion that forms from a parent ion−surface collision. Our model is developed from first principles for collision-induced dissociation in the gas phase and then modified for surface-induced dissociation (SID). This approach is conceptually similar to that used for threshold collision-induced dissociation measurements in that it assumes a similar functional form for the dissociation cross section, it takes into account the partitioning of energy between the projectile and the target, and it deconvolutes these over the kinetic energy distribution of the parent ion beam. The activation energy is extracted by an analysis of the energy-resolved mass spectra and the kinetic energy distribution spectra for the surface-scattered ions. We test our method by determining the activation energies for the formation of the SiMe2+, SiMe+, SiD+ and Si+ fragment ions from the d9-SiMe3+ parent ion scatte...
Two-Phase Thermodynamic Model for Efficient and Accurate Absolute Entropy of Water from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Presented here is the two-phase thermodynamic (2PT) model for the calculation of energy and entropy of molecular fluids from the trajectory of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In this method, the density of state (DoS) functions (including the normal modes of translation, rotation, and intramolecular vibration motions) are determined from the Fourier transform of the corresponding velocity autocorrelation functions. A fluidicity parameter (f), extracted from the thermodynamic state of the system derived from the same MD, is used to partition the translation and rotation modes into a diffusive, gas-like component (with 3Nf degrees of freedom) and a nondiffusive, solid-like component. The thermodynamic properties, including the absolute value of entropy, are then obtained by applying quantum statistics to the solid component and applying hard sphere/rigid rotor thermodynamics to the gas component. The 2PT method produces exact thermodynamic properties of the system in two limiting states: the nondiffusive solid state (where the fluidicity is zero) and the ideal gas state (where the fluidicity becomes unity). We examine the 2PT entropy for various water models (F3C, SPC, SPC/E, TIP3P, and TIP4P-Ew) at ambient conditions and find good agreement with literature results obtained based on other simulation techniques. We also validate the entropy of water in the liquid and vapor phases along the vapor-liquid equilibrium curve from the triple point to the critical point. We show that this method produces converged liquid phase entropy in tens of picoseconds, making it an efficient means for extracting thermodynamic properties from MD simulations.
Subclinical laminitis in dairy cows: Use of severity of hoof lesions to rank and evaluate herds

Thirteen high-yielding Holstein herds in Ohio were ranked according to the prevalence and severity of lesions associated with subclinical laminitis (pododermatitis aseptica diffusa). One hundred and seventy-three first lactation cows, most of them in their first 100 days of lactation, and 30 pregnant heifers were assessed. The lesions evaluated were yellow waxy discoloration of the sole, haemorrhage of the sole, separation of the white line, and erosion of the heel. Each herd consisted of more than 100 lactating cows and all the herds were producing over 8500 kg of milk per cow on a rolling herd average basis. The lactating cows were housed in cubicles and maintained in concrete yards. The lesions associated with subclinical laminitis were prevalent among the 13 herds, but when each category of lesion was considered independently, significant differences in prevalence and severity were detected among the herds. These differences suggest that it may be possible to make changes in herd management which may influence the prevalence of lesions.
Mechanical mean reversion of leverage ratios

Abstract The leverage ratio of an average firm reverts to mean mechanically regardless of whether target leverage exists. This cautions against studies that use the ability of the leverage ratio (or deviation from target leverage) to predict future leverage changes to draw inference on capital structure theories.
Improved methodology for a sea urchin sperm cell bioassay for marine waters.

A simple sperm/fertilization bioassay, primarily using sea urchin (and sand dollar) gametes, was improved to yield a quick, sensitive, and cost-effective procedure for measuring toxicity in marine waters. Standard sperm bioassays are conducted by exposing sperm cells to test solutions for 60 min prior to addition of eggs to the test solution for fertilization. Reduced fertilization success (as indicated by the presence or absence of the obvious fertilization membrane) is used as an indicator of toxic effects on sperm viability and/or the fertilization response. This study, in conjunction with earlier work, has shown that the results of sperm bioassays can be affected by a number of factors including temperature, pH, salinity, sperm:egg ratios, sperm exposure times, test materials, and echinoid species. Each of these factors have been considered in designing the “standard” conditions for the improved test. Examples of the effect of these factors on the test results are illustrated, using silver as a reference toxicant.
The Effects of Aging on the Neural Basis of Implicit Associative Learning in a Probabilistic Triplets Learning Task

Few studies have investigated how aging influences the neural basis of implicit associative learning, and available evidence is inconclusive. One emerging behavioral pattern is that age differences...
Juvenile Entry Into Prostitution The Role of Emotional Abuse

This study seeks to assess the nature and extent of childhood emotional abuse among adult women in a residential prostitution-exiting program. Regression analyses were conducted to assess the unique role of childhood emotional abuse in the prediction of age of entry into prostitution. Childhood emotional abuse, a history of running away during childhood, and participating in survival-based exchanges of sex were significantly associated with the commercial sexual exploitation of girls younger than age 18, while childhood emotional abuse contributed to predicting a younger age of entry. Results are discussed regarding policy, prevention, and future research.
Are porphyrin mixtures favorable photodynamic anticancer drugs? A model study with combinatorial libraries of tetraphenylporphyrins.

Reported here is the preparation of tetraphenylporphyrin libraries via efficient combinatorial solution-phase syntheses, their purification, and preliminary results from a bioorganic study on their uptake in liposome membranes. Libraries with up to 666 components were prepared with substituents including Br, CF 3 , Cl, CN, CO 2 Me, Et, F, OAc, and Ph. Further, a first example for the synthesis of more diverse libraries via a latent libraries approach is presented. This involves masking polar groups with lipophilic protecting groups. After purification of the latent library, the masking protecting groups are removed in a quantitative reaction that produces the library compounds as the only non-volatile components. Libraries were characterized by laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry, NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. In vitro uptake into membranes of small sonicated liposomes was measured, both in terms of total porphyrin incorporation and in terms of structure-incorporation relationships. The latter were determined from isotopically-resolved laser-desorption mass spectra under conditions that yield quantitative results. Smaller libraries showed increased uptake of porphyrins bearing OH and CF 3 substituents and lower uptake of ester-, alkyl-, and halide-bearing porphyrins. This structure-dependent selectivity disappears for larger libraries, however, where uniformly high uptake is observed, i.e., at a constant lipid:porphyrin ratio the total porphyrin incorporation is higher for libraries than for single compounds of similar polarity. We propose that the decreased concentration of individual compounds in large libraries is responsible for this effect. Membrane incorporation has previously been shown to correlate with photodynamic activity in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, these results may help to explain why photodynamic therapy of tumors, a modern anti-cancer treatment modality, is successfully performed with a complex mixture of porphyrins.
DNA damage among thyroid cancer and multiple cancer cases, controls, and long-lived individuals.

Variation in the detection, signaling, and repair of DNA damage contributes to human cancer risk. To assess capacity to modulate endogenous DNA damage among radiologic technologists who had been diagnosed with breast cancer and another malignancy (breast-other, n=42), early-onset breast cancer (early-onset, age or=75% versus below the median, age-adjusted) was most consistently associated with the highest odds ratios in the breast-other, early-onset, and thyroid cancer groups (with risk increased 10-, 5- or 19-fold, respectively, with wide confidence intervals) and decreased risk among the hyper-normal group. For the other three comet measures, risk of breast-other was elevated approximately three-fold. Risk of early-onset breast cancer was mixed and risk of thyroid cancer ranged from null to a two-fold increase. The hyper-normal group showed decreased odds ratios for tail DNA and OTM, but not CDM. DNA damage, as estimated by all comet measures, was relatively unaffected by survival time, reproductive factors, and prior radiation treatment. We detected a continuum of endogenous DNA damage that was highest among cancer cases, less in controls, and suggestively lowest in hyper-normal individuals. Measuring this DNA damage phenotype may contribute to the identification of susceptible sub-groups. Our observations require replication in a prospective study with a large number of pre-diagnostic samples.
Dynamic control of 3-D rolling contacts in two-arm manipulation

When two or more arms are used to manipulate a large object, it is preferable not to have a rigid grasp in order to gain more dexterity in manipulation. It may therefore be necessary to control contact motion between the object and the effector(s) on one or more arms. This paper addresses the dynamic control of two arms cooperatively manipulating a large object with rolling contacts. In the framework presented here, the motion of the object as well as the loci of the contact point either on the surface of each effector or on the object can be directly controlled. The velocity and acceleration equations for three-dimensional rolling contacts are derived in order to obtain a dynamic model of the system. A nonlinear feedback control algorithm that decouples and linearizes the system is developed. This is used to demonstrate the control of rolling motion along each arm and the adaptation of grasps to varying loads.
Induction of myocardial infarcts of a predictable size and location by branch pattern probability-assisted coronary ligation in C57BL/6 mice

The ability to create experimental myocardial infarctions of reproducible size and location is tantamount to progress in multiple facets of ischemic heart disease research. Branches of the mouse le...
Body Mass Index and the Risk of COPD

Background: Previous studies have documented the prognostic value of low body weight in patients with COPD and also in general populations. However, it is not clear whether low body weight is a risk factor for COPD or a consequence of established disease. Study objective: To determine whether asymptomatic subjects with low initial body mass were at a greater risk of having COPD develop during subsequent follow-up. Design and subjects: Observational retrospective study of 458 male and 192 female participants (age range, 40 to 73 years) in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. At baseline, the participants did not have COPD. After mean follow-up periods of 10.2 years for the men and 6.4 years for the women, 40 men and 7 women received a diagnosis of COPD. Methods: Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to assess the relationship between COPD diagnosis and baseline body mass index (BMI) in men. Results: The risk of COPD developing in men varied inversely with baseline BMI, even after adjusting for other risk factors, including cigarette smoking, age, FEV1 percent predicted, abdominal obesity, and educational status. In men, the relative risk of COPD developing for the lowest BMI tertile relative to the highest tertile was 2.76 (95% confidence interval, 1.15 to 6.59). The small number of women who had COPD did not allow us to draw conclusions regarding BMI as a risk factor for COPD. Conclusion: After controlling for confounding variables, men with low BMI are at increased risk for getting COPD. (CHEST 2002; 121:370 –376)
Ribosome Dynamics: Insights from Atomic Structure Modeling into Cryo-Electron Microscopy Maps

Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is the method of choice for studying the dynamics of macromolecular machines both at a phenomenological and, increasingly, at the molecular level, with the advent of high-resolution component X-ray structures and of progressively improving fitting algorithms. Cryo-EM has shed light on the structure of the ribosome during the four steps of translation: initiation, elongation, termination, and recycling. Interpretation of cryo-EM reconstructions of the ribosome in quasi-atomic detail reveals a picture in which the ribosome uses RNA not only to catalyze chemical reactions, but also as a means for signal transduction over large distances.
Ancient Greek Democracy and Its Study1

Democracy – or demokratia as the Greeks called it – first took shape in a few sixth-century BC city-states, arising from attitudes and conditions widespread in the Greek world. In the ensuing two centuries it became more common and continued to develop, especially in the city of Athens, where it attained its definitive and most influential form. (Other systems of rule, such as oligarchy and tyranny, remained common in Greek city-states, however). Democracy meant that the demos (the people) governed the state directly, controlling affairs through such institutions as jury courts and mass assembly meetings, in which all citizens were eligible to take part, as well as through numerous elected or allotted posts, each held for a brief term only. The political ideals of freedom and equality animated demokratia, though they did not extend to women and slaves. Historians and other intellectuals, after many centuries of hostility to the idea of democracy, have more recently embraced it and its study. A survey of publications by classicists of the last twenty years or so reveals a lively diversity of views and trends.
An Investigation of Heat Transfer in a Film Cooled Transonic Turbine Cascade: Part I — Steady Heat Transfer

Experiments were performed in a transonic cascade wind tunnel to investigate the film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient on the suction side of a high-turning turbine rotor blade. The coolant scheme consisted of six rows of staggered, discrete cooling holes on and near the leading edge of the blade in a showerhead configuration. Air was cooled in order to match the density ratios found under engine conditions. Six high-frequency heat flux gauges were installed downstream of the cooling holes on the suction side of the blade. Experiments were performed with and without film and the coolant to freestream total pressure ratio was varied from 1.02 to 1.19. In order to simulate real engine flow conditions, the exit Mach number was set to 1.2 and the exit Reynolds number was set to 5×106. The freestream turbulence was approximately 1%. The heat transfer coefficient was found to increase with the addition of film cooling an average of 14% overall and to a maximum of 26% at the first gauge location. The average film cooling effectiveness over the gauge locations was 25%. Both the heat transfer coefficient and the film cooling effectiveness were found to have only a weak dependence upon the coolant to freestream total pressure ratio at the gauge locations used in this study.© 2000 ASME
Airborne lidar imaging of salmon

Lidar images of adult salmon are presented. The lidar system is built around a pulsed green laser and a gated intensified CCD camera. The camera gating is timed to collect light scattered from the turbid water below the fish to produce shadows in the images. Image processing increases the estimated contrast-to-noise ratio from 3.4 in the original image to 16.4 by means of a matched filter.
CHEMICAL REACTION DYNAMICS WITH REAL WAVE PACKETS

An approach to carrying out accurate quantum dynamics simulations of chemical reactions, termed the real wave packet (RWP) method, is outlined. The method focuses on propagation of just the real part of a complex-valued wave packet, halving computational memory and effort requirements in comparison with comparable high accuracy quantum propagation methods. Applications to 3-atom and 4-atom chemical reactions are reviewed. Potential future directions are indicated.
A CMOS bit-level pipelined implementation of an FIR x/sin(x) predistortion digital filter

The CMOS design and implementation of an 11-tap FIR digital filter for compensating the sin(x)/x spectrum distortion introduced by D/A converters is presented. A throughput rate in excess of 100 MHz is projected using bit-level pipelining and carry-save addition. The chip complexity is approximately 14000 transistors. Circuit design issues such as clock distribution, adder and register cell design, and input synchronization are discussed. >
Research Note---Knowledge Exploration and Exploitation: The Impacts of Psychological Climate and Knowledge Management System Access

Firms need to balance efficiency gains obtained through exploiting existing knowledge assets with long-term competitive viability achieved through exploring new knowledge resources. Because the use of knowledge management systems (KMSs) continues to expand, understanding how these systems affect exploration and exploitation practices at the individual level is important to advance both knowledge management theory and practice. This study reports the results of a multi-industry survey investigating how psychological climate and KMS access influence solution reuse (exploitation) and solution innovation (exploration) in the context of technical support work. Our results show that KMS access does not directly determine solution innovation or solution reuse. Instead, KMS access strengthens the positive relationship between a climate for innovation and solution innovation and reverses the positive relationship between a climate for autonomy and solution innovation. The implications for knowledge management research and practice are discussed.
Cold-start emissions control in hybrid vehicles equipped with a passive adsorber for hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides

We present results from a computational study of the potential for using low-cost sorbent materials to trap the emissions of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides temporally during cold-start periods in...
Comparison of a Field and Laboratory-Derived Population of Chironomus riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae): Biochemical and Fitness Evidence for Population Divergence

A field (Jackson Pike) population of Chironomus riparius (Meigen) and a laboratory-derived culture were compared in terms of components of biological fitness (female fecundity, male and female pupal weight, and larval developmental period), response to selected insecticide exposure (malathion, parathion, propoxur, and dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane [DDT]), and several biochemical parameters (mixed function oxidase, general esterase, acetylcholinesterase and glutathione-S-transferase activity) to determine the extent of population divergence (differential population characteristics) as well as to assess the accuracy of results obtained from tests performed on laboratory-cultured insect populations. Results from all comparisons suggest that these two populations have significantly diverged. For example, the laboratory larvae were characterized by enhanced susceptibility to malathion, parathion, DDT, and propoxur as determined at LC50s. Jackson Pike larvae, however, displayed resistance to these compounds, with LC50s values ranging from 13-250 times greater than that estimated for laboratory individuals. Furthermore, Jackson Pike individuals were characterized by significantly increased enzymatic activity (glutathione-S-transferase), differential oxidative metabolism (mixed function oxidase), reduced target site sensitivity to inhibition (acetylcholinesterase), and reduced general esterase activity compared with laboratory larvae. These results snuggest that the Jackson Pike population has developed an effective resistance strategy against toxicants, presumably as a result of site specific selection pressures. No such compensatory mechanisms were observed in laboratory larvae. Finally, the Jackson Pike population was characterized by heavier, more fecund individuals as compared to the laboratory population. Difference in life history characteristics between populations also indicates divergence. In summary, the results of our study indicate that long-term laboratory culture conditions do not necessarily provide selection pressures characteristic of those experienced by field individuals. Therefore, information obtained from laboratory individuals should be used with caution in representing field responses of field populations.
An advanced computer model for grounding system analysis

An advanced methodology and a computer model for analysis of practical grounding systems based on the method of moments are presented. The practical methodology is applicable to both simple and complex grounding systems. The grounding system may consist of cylindrical conductors as well as rectangular earth conductors or metallic surfaces buried in earth or located on the surface of the earth. The method consists of computing an equivalent circuit model of the earth embedded electrodes and conductive soil. Uniform or two-layer soil can he accommodated. The problem of computational efficiency is addressed. Several innovations have been introduced to minimize execution time, including adaptive segmentation of grounding structures and adaptive computation of self and mutual impedances. The procedure enables accurate computation of touch and step voltages, body currents, grounding system impedance, voltage profile, etc. The method and computer program have been validated with actual system measurements. >
Writing center programs for engineering

Writing center programs encompass a variety of instructional and consultative services and provide effective approaches for integrating writing instruction into the engineering curriculum. A writing center program at the University of South Carolina's Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) integrates both informal writing (writing-to-learn) and technical report writing instruction into the sequence of lab courses and senior level seminar courses. The ECE writing center program offers a structured program of individual consultations, group discussions, and team sessions to engage students in exploring discourse conventions of the field. These consultation processes encourage students to reflect on their experiences and guide engineering students in developing appropriate linguistic structures to communicate their findings in both written reports and in oral presentations. This presentation outlines steps for developing writing center programs in engineering, describing the collaboration necessary for successful operation and the research and assessment necessary for program effectiveness.
Newtonian semiclassical gravity in the Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber theory with matter density ontology

Abstract We propose a Newtonian semiclassical gravity theory based on the GRW collapse theory with matter density ontology (GRWm), which we term GRWmN. The theory is proposed because, as we show from previous arguments in the literature, the standard Newtonian semiclassical gravity theory based on the Schroedinger–Newton equations does not have a consistent Born rule probability interpretation for gravitationally self-interacting particles and implies gravitational cat states for macroscopic mass superpositions. By contrast, we show that GRWmN has a consistent statistical description of gravitationally self-interacting particles and adequately suppresses the cat states for macroscopic superpositions. Two possible routes to experimentally testing GRWmN are also considered. We conclude with a discussion of possible variants of GRWmN, what a general relativistic extension would involve, and various objections that might be raised against semiclassical gravity theories like GRWmN.
Destabilization of the Quaternary Structure of Bovine Heart Cytochrome c Oxidase upon Removal of Tightly Bound Cardiolipin.

The quaternary structural stability of cardiolipin-containing (CcOCL+) versus CL-free cytochrome c oxidase (CcOCL–) was compared using structural perturbants as probes. Exposure to increasing concentrations of urea or guanidinium chloride causes sequential dissociation of five subunits from CcOCL+ in the order VIa and VIb, followed by III and VIIa, and ultimately Vb. Removal of CL from CcO destabilizes the association of each of these five subunits with the core of CcO. Subunits VIa and VIb spontaneously dissociate from CcOCL– even in the absence of denaturant and are no longer present after purification of the CL-free 11-subunit complex by ion exchange chromatography. The other 11 subunits remain associated in a partially active complex, but the association of subunits III, VIIa, and Vb is weakened; i.e., the midpoints for the subunit dissociation curves are each shifted to a lower perturbant concentration (lower by 1.1–1.7 M urea; lower by 0.3–0.4 M GdmCl). This corresponds to a decrease of ∼9 kJ in the...
NASA Evaluation of Type II Chemical Depositions

Recent findings from NASA Langley tests to define effects of aircraft Type 2 chemical deicer depositions on aircraft tire friction performance are summarized. The Aircraft Landing Dynamics Facility (ALDF) is described together with the scope of the tire cornering and braking friction tests conducted up to 160 knots ground speed. Some lower speed 32 - 96 km/hr (20 - 60 mph) test run data obtained using an Instrumented Tire Test Vehicle (ITTV) to determine effects of tire bearing pressure and transverse grooving on cornering friction performance are also discussed. Recommendations are made concerning which parameters should be evaluated in future testing.
The Skill Requirements of CAD/CAM

This paper summarizes the results of field research on the skill requirements associated with the development and implementation of integrated computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technology. The research focused on the design and manufacture of electronic printed-curcuit boards and hydraulic tubing for aircraft. Trends in the upgrading of skills are described, both in the changing mix of workforce categories and in workforce composition, and some key challenges in human resource management are identified.
PAPEL DE LA RELIGIÓN EN LA SOCIEDAD DEL RIESGO

En el reconocimiento de la situacion del ser humano en la actualidad, la globalizacion parece constituirse en un punto de partida fundamental; ahora, la universalizacion y homogeneizacion no se han dado unicamente en escenarios sociales y economicos sino que atraviesan factores como el imaginario, la sensibilidad y las actitudes. En consecuencia, la humanidad se enfrenta a la modificacion de dinamicas sociales, politicas, economicas y culturales, que terminan afectando a las personas concretas en el campo de las subjetividades, las cosmovisiones y los estilos de vida. En ese escenario, el articulo plantea la religion como posible puerta de entrada para la comprension de la situacion del hombre en el mundo posterior al moderno; para ello, luego de algunas consideraciones iniciales, expone elementos de la Sociedad del Riesgo que encuentran eco y cabida en el campo de lo religioso, siguiendo los planteamientos de Josetxo Beriain, Anthony Giddens y Zigmunt Bauman. Finaliza, exponiendo algunas implicaciones que conlleva la consideracion de la dimension trascendente del hombre en el ambito politico, y, las relaciones con el proyecto de investigacion La Educacion Religiosa Escolar como espacio de formacion politica .
More Detail on Lump-Sum Distributions of Workers Who Have Left a Job, 2006

This paper examines workers’ decisions to take a lump-sum distribution - a one-time payment - from an employment-based retirement plan when changing jobs, while remaining in the labor force. It builds on earlier, top-line data from the 2004 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). This study provides estimates of the percentage of workers changing jobs and leaving their assets in their former employers’ plan, compares the standard of living of individuals age 55 or older with that of their early 50s, and assesses how the current near-elderly and elderly have fared after making a lump-sum decision. As of 2006, 16.2 million workers had taken a lump-sum distribution of their retirement plan assets. The average amount of these distributions was $32,219 and the median (mid-point) amount was $10,000. Almost half of these distributions were for less than $10,000, and 22.7 percent were received from 2004 through 2006. Just over 55 percent went to individuals age 40 or younger, 83.7 percent were received by whites, and 53.9 percent went to females. Recipients ages 61-64 had the highest average amount of any age category, and the average distribution was significantly higher for males than for females. Through 2006, almost half (47.3 percent) of those taking a lump-sum distribution used at least some portion of the money for tax-qualified savings, while 16.9 percent used at least some portion of it for consumption. The other most prevalent uses were buying a home, paying off debt, or starting a business. At least some portion of a lump-sum distribution is more likely to go for tax-qualified savings if the distribution is larger, the recipient is older, male or white.
Mucolytic Enzyme Systems. VI. Inhibition of Hyaluronidase by Serum in Infectious Diseases

inhibitor level in patients with acute poliomyelitis,1 various skin diseases of bacterial and virus origin,2 and cancer.3 The serum inhibitor levels in strains of mice susceptible to cancer4 and in anaphylactically shocked normal and herpetic rabbits5 were also studied. In the studies on infectious diseases, a marked correlation was found between the clinical condition of the animal or patient and hyaluronidase inhibitor level of the serum. Thompson6 used the mucin clot prevention test to demonstrate an elevation of this blood factor
Rapid surface melting of CU60Zr40 metallic glass

Observation des changements structuraux dans des rubans de verre metallique Cu 60 Zr 40 apres fusion rapide de surface (recristallisation, relaxation, etc.)
Functionally Diverse Nucleophilic Trapping of Iminium Intermediates Generated Utilizing Visible Light

Our previous studies into visible-light-mediated aza-Henry reactions demonstrated that molecular oxygen played a vital role in catalyst turnover as well as the production of base to facilitate the nucleophilic addition of nitroalkanes. Herein, improved conditions for the generation of iminium ions from tetrahydroisoquinolines that allow for versatile nucleophilic trapping are reported. The new conditions provide access to a diverse range of functionality under mild, anaerobic reaction conditions as well as mechanistic insights into the photoredox cycle.
Producing an Online Undergraduate Literary Magazine: A Guide to Using Problem-Based Learning in the Writing and Publishing Classroom.

This article will illustrate how a problem-based learning (PBL) course (Savery, 2006) can be used in a writing program as a vehicle for both creative and preprofessional learning. English 420: Writing, Publishing, and Editing is offered every fall, and its counterpart, English 423: Writing, Publishing, and Editing is offered each spring. The courses, positioned at the end of a sequenced series of prerequisite writing courses, provide a creative, applied writing experience that offers students professional practice through producing the digital version of Cabrini College’s literary magazine, Woodcrest. In the 2012–2013 school year, the English Department ran its first cycle of this model, which, at the time of this writing, is in its third year. Three successive Gold Medal ratings of our online literary magazine (2012–2013, 2013–2014, 2014–2015) by the Columbia Scholastic Press Association (CSPA) and a Gold Crown Award (2013–2014) suggest that problem-based learning, when used to cultivate an authentic online literary publication, familiarizes students with the life cycle of creative projects and enhances their writing. Writing students benefit from experiencing the interdisciplinary, collaborative, and student-driven work that problem-based learning prioritizes. This article will provide many resources to illustrate how PBL can be used when transitioning a literary magazine from print to online in a class-based setting.
Automatic Identification of Sedimentary Microfacies with Log Data and Its Application

Sedimentary microfacies determination is an important and basic work for reservoir description,which is very time-consuming and bald.But with development of oilfield,more and more well logging data and other information are available.A lot of references have set up the relationship of microfacies and well logging curves.So the geologists and reservoir engineers always want to determine microfacies automatically.However,it is difficult to depict the shapes of logging curves and imitate the thinking procession of geologists and convey it to computer.This paper provides a method which includes two steps to complete this work.The first is sedimentary unit division and the second is determination of sedimentary microfacies.Based on this method,these parameters can determine the shape types according to certain principle,computer program has been also developed to perform this work,and a log example is given to explain how to use this method.The results show this method is effective.
Discussion on the Personnel Survival Method and Way in the High-Rise Building Fire

With China’s rapid economic and social development,the number of high-rise buildings grows rapidly and the density increases.High-rise buildings are showing the internal structure of complex function,decoration insulation material flammability characteristics,leading to fire the increasing elements.High-rise building fire spread quickly along the vertical and horizontal in a short period of time and will form a large area,a full range of three-dimensional combustion.The consequences are unbearable to contemplate.This paper elaborate fire trapped personnel how to effectively use the fixed fire fighting facilities and fire equipment safety and survival problem,based on the code for fire protection design of tall buildings and other related information,from the security angle.It puts forward to adopt a variety of effective safety evacuation survival methods,as in case of fire safety evacuation in high-rise building to reduce people casualties and provide some corresponding methods and ways.
Nonionic Surfactant Sorption onto Soil

Experiments in batch soil/aqueous systems were conducted to evaluate the sorption onto soil of four nonionic surfactants. At bulk solution surfactant concentration less than the respective critical micelle (aggregate) concentration (CMC or CAC), sorption can be assessed using a surface tension technique and can be characterized with a Freundlich isotherm. At bulk solution surfactant concentrations equal to or greater than the critical concentration, sorption of the micelle-forming surfactants can be assessed by a spectrophotometric technique with an azo dye and had a constant value; sorption of the lamellae-forming surfactant can be assessed by a chemical oxidation technique and, however, appeared to be an increasing function of the surfactant dose.
Introduction: Who Is Superman?

The introduction presents Superman’s creators and clarifies basic details about his creation, first appearance, and popularity. It also discusses how Superman is increasingly being regarded as a Jewish figure and presents the aims and purposes of the book: it will show that many of the most common claims about Superman’s Jewishness do not hold up to critical scrutiny and that, rather, the original Superman’s identity is best read in terms of how it tries to redefine the nation in a slightly more inclusive way that also conforms to a common Americanizing tendency within the Jewish American community at the time. It then introduces the study’s methods and theories: characterization, discursive traditions and cultural production, and a heuristic schema of historical signifiers of Jewish American difference.
The effect of carbon content on the c/a ratio of as-quenched martensite in Fe-C alloys

Abstract The as-quenched martensite crystal structure is widely accepted as body-centered tetragonal. The classical Honda & Nishiyama model, c/a = 1 + 0.045 wt%C, was obtained based only on the experimental results for steels containing more than 0.6 wt% of carbon. This model was used to predict that steels containing less than 0.6 wt% of carbon would follow the same relation. However, it was reported by Sherby that the steel with less than 0.6 wt% of carbon is body-centered cubic, and c/a ratio equals to 1. This debate is caused by highly overlapped martensite (002) and (200) peaks when the carbon content of steel is less than 0.6 wt%. In this paper, the martensite lattice parameters of the as-quenched steels with different carbon contents were measured using high-resolution X-ray diffractometer. Rietveld refinement was used to deconvolute overlapped martensite peaks. For the steel with less than 0.6 wt% of carbon, the structure is proved to be body-centered tetragonal. It was found that the relationship between c/a ratio and carbon content follows as c/a = 1 + 0.031 wt%C.
Seed origin and warming constrain lodgepole pine recruitment, slowing the pace of population range shifts

Understanding how climate warming will affect the demographic rates of different ecotypes is critical to predicting shifts in species distributions. Here, we present results from a common garden, climate change experiment in which we measured seedling recruitment of lodgepole pine, a widespread North American conifer that is also planted globally. Seeds from a low-elevation provenance had more than three-fold greater recruitment to their third year than seeds from a high-elevation provenance across sites within and above its native elevation range and across climate manipulations. Heating halved recruitment to the third year of both low- and high-elevation seed sources across the elevation gradient, while watering more than doubled recruitment, alleviating some of the negative effects of heating. Demographic models based on recruitment data from the climate manipulations and long-term observations of adult populations revealed that heating could effectively halt modeled upslope range expansion except when combined with watering. Simulating fire and rapid postfire forest recovery at lower elevations accelerated lodgepole pine expansion into the alpine, but did not alter final abundance rankings among climate scenarios. Regardless of climate scenario, greater recruitment of low-elevation seeds compensated for longer dispersal distances to treeline, assuming colonization was allowed to proceed over multiple centuries. Our results show that ecotypes from lower elevations within a species' range could enhance recruitment and facilitate upslope range shifts with climate change.
Effect of Social Dominance Orientation and employee professional networks on job pursuit intention

The present study tested the hypothesis that perceptions of race-based employee professional networks (EPN) and job pursuit intentions (JPI) are motivated by individuals’ desire to maintain the extant status hierarchy (Social Dominance Orientation; SDO). Among Whites who evaluated an EPN whose members were Black, SDO was negatively related to JPI. Conversely, among Whites who evaluated an EPN whose membership was not based on racial background, there was no effect of SDO on JPI. Perceived threat of the EPN explained the relationship between network and JPI. These findings suggest that perceptions of EPN and JPI will be influenced by individuals’ SDO.
Update on proprioception: considerations for dance education

Proprioception is a topic of interest within the larger scope of dance pedagogy, science, and rehabilitation. As the science of proprioception changes, approaches to proprioceptive training also change. Thus, proprioceptive training in dance medicine has expanded to include balance protocols. A key concept within these protocols for treatment of lower extremity injuries is perturbation. Perturbation training is designed to evoke focal neuromuscular control at injured joint sites, as well as more global postural responses for overall balance and coordination. This article provides an update on the science of proprioception within the framework of postural control and balance. Specific practices from rehabilitation that integrate balance exercises into proprioceptive training are considered. Further research is needed to test the efficacy and utility of these exercises within the context of the dance studio.
Molecular and Neural Control of Insect Circadian Rhythms

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular and neural control of insect circadian rhythms. There are four fundamental properties that define circadian rhythms. Perhaps their most striking property is their “free running” nature, which means that they persist under constant conditions, without any environmental cues. A second canonical property is that these circadian rhythms have a period of approximately, but not exactly, 24 hours. The third property is that they can be synchronized by various environmental inputs, called Zeitgebers. The fourth fundamental property of circadian rhythms is called temperature compensation. The period of circadian rhythms stays very stable under a wide range of ambient temperatures, although the kinetics of most biochemical reactions increases with higher temperature. These four canonical properties define endogenous circadian rhythms. Insects are the most widely distributed and diverse group of animals on the planet. They can be found in nearly all environments, including those exposed to extremely cold and warm temperatures. Insects are thus powerful models to study circadian rhythms at the cellular, physiological, behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary levels.
Occult paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in non-cryptogenic ischemic stroke.

To determine the prevalence and risk factors for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) diagnosis in non- cryptogenic ischemic stroke (CIS) patients. In this pilot-prospective cohort study of non-CIS patients from September 2014 to September 2017, 53 patients were enrolled. 51/53 patients were implanted within 10 days of stroke onset with the Reveal LINQ insertable cardiac monitor and monitored until PAF detection or a minimum of 12 months. Inclusion required diagnosis of a non-AF stroke etiology, age ≥ 40, and either a virtual CHADS2 score ≥ 3 or ≥ 2 PAF-related comorbidities. Over a median monitoring period of 398 days, PAF was detected in 6/51 (11.8%) patients and anticoagulation was initiated in 5/6 (83.3%). Median time to PAF detection was 87 days (range 0–356 days). Median longest PAF episode was 96 min (range 1 to 1122 min), and 4/6 had multiple PAF recordings. Mean left atrial volume index was significantly higher in PAF patients (31.0 vs. 23.2 cc/m2; p = 0.04). Long-term monitoring of non-CIS patients detected PAF in a clinically relevant proportion of patients, resulting in stroke prevention therapy optimization. Further study to confirm these findings and refine the subset that would benefit from long-term cardiac monitoring is warranted.
Uncontrolled re-entries of spacecraft and rocket bodies: A statistical overview over the last decade

Abstract More than 24,400 catalogued orbiting objects have re-entered so far into the Earth's atmosphere since the beginning of the space age. The associated returning mass, close to 30,000 metric tons, was mainly concentrated in intact objects, i.e. payloads and spent upper stages, accounting for nearly 29% of the re-entered objects. During the 10 years from 2008 to 2017, almost 450 large intact objects have re-entered without control, with a total returning mass of approximately 900 metric tons. Since the beginning of 2018 until mid-November, nearly 86 metric tons of returned materials were associated with almost 65 uncontrolled re-entries of large intact objects, three of which with a mass exceeding 5 metric tons: the Zenit-3F second stage 2017-086D, the C-25 cryogenic upper stage 2017-031B, and the Chinese space station Tiangong-1. After an overview of the most critical historic re-entry events, the attention will be focused on the re-entries of massive objects occurred without control from 2008 to 2017, by categorizing them in terms of relevance, re-entry frequency, returned mass, distribution in inclination, overflown latitude bands, eccentricity and perigee/apogee altitudes before re-entry. Cases in which spacecraft and rocket bodies components were retrieved, and eyewitnesses sightings were reported, will be presented as well. Finally, the relevant re-entries occurred without control in 2018 will be discussed, while conclusions will be drawn concerning the potential growing risk on the ground and in mid-air due to fragments surviving the re-entry.
Transverse Wakefield Control via Phase-Matched Laser Modes in Plasma Channels

The superposition of higher-order laser modes can be used to control the laser-driven transverse wakefields in a laser-plasma accelerator operating in the quasi-linear regime. To avoid slippage and beating, modes must have equal group velocities. This can be accomplished by geometric tuning, selecting the appropriate mode indices, or frequency tuning, selecting mode frequencies to compensate for the slower propagation of higher-order modes. This study is relevant for laser-plasma acceleration experiments demanding greater control over the transverse focusing forces and electron bunch properties.