cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utility of the Nanosphere Verigene in the Identification of Bacteremia Isolates From the Burn Intensive Care Unit

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Nanosphere Verigene Blood Culture Nucleic Acid Tests allow pathogen and antimicrobial resistance marker identification within 2.5 hours of a positive blood culture. This study assessed the sensitivity of the Verigene among Burn Intensive Care Unit (BICU) isolates and acceleration to targeted antibiotic therapy. Methods: Bacterial identifications from BICU patients with positive blood cultures over 8 months were compared using 2 different platforms, the Verigene Gram-positive and Gram-negative blood culture tests vs. the bioMerieux Vitek2 automated system. Turnaround times were compared, and Verigene sensitivity for identification and resistance marker detection was calculated. Antimicrobial stewardship was assessed by comparing date/time for empiric and targeted therapy to the Verigene result time. Results: Forty-four isolates (29 target and 15 nontarget) from 17 patients were included. The Verigene correctly identified 15 of 17 Gram-negative (sensitivity 88.2%; 95% confidence i...
Girard and Augustine

Girard is well known for making the claim that three-quarters of what he has said can be found in Augustine, a claim intended as a hyperbolic expression of his humility, though it has been taken too literally by some Girardians and some critics of Girardianism. Girard intended that his quip should underplay the novelty of his own undertaking and establish his continuity with Christian tradition, not establish a precise ratio or even a rule of thumb. Even so, such a claim warrants historians of ideas to explain similarities between the two thinkers as well as Augustine’s influence on Girard. Especially important is the identification of the mediators of these similarities.
‘Pure’ drug users, commercial sex workers and ‘ordinary girls’: gendered narratives of HIV risk and prevention in post-Soviet Ukraine

AbstractInternational best practices call for a gender-responsive approach to HIV prevention for women, including those who use drugs and those who engage in sex work. This paper draws on multiple qualitative data sources collected over five years in Ukraine to explore the notions of gender, women and family that buttress HIV-related programmes for women. Our analysis reveals that service providers often cast women as hapless victims of unfortunate family circumstances and troubled personal relationships that produce sudden poverty, or social strivers who seek access to wealth and privilege at the expense of their health. Women are portrayed as most vulnerable to HIV when they lack a male ‘protector’. We argue that the programmes constituted around these stereotypes of women and their vulnerabilities reflect new forms of institutional power that deflect attention away from gendered socio-economic processes that contribute to women’s HIV vulnerability, including job insecurity and unemployment, workplace d...
Introduction to Exosomes and Cancer

Abstract Cancer research has found a novel foothold in studying exosomes, the 40–140 nm membrane-bound vesicles secreted by cells as molecular messengers. These secreted vesicles of endocytic origin act as signaling conveyors between cells by shuttling molecular cargo in the form of proteins, mRNA, miRNA, and lipids. The many roles of exosomes in normal physiology and disease are becoming clearer as they are increasingly studied. Their role in cancer is being found to range from sending protumorigenic messages between cancer cells and to noncancer cells to aid in the growth and spread of tumor. Tumor exosomes are implicated in angiogenesis, metastasis, drug resistance, immune evasion, and even more processes involved in the pathophysiology of cancer. As we begin to uncover these roles, researchers are discovering the importance of understanding exosomes, as they pertain to cancer, as a means of discovering much-needed biomarkers, elucidating the mechanisms of cancer biology, identifying therapeutic targets, and using exosomes themselves as a mode of therapy against cancer.
The Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Cirrhosis

A discussion of the pathogenesis of alcoholic cirrhosis must 1) define cirrhosis to identify the lesion, 2) describe the forms in ethanol abusers, 3) most important, trace the developmental pathways, of possible significance in rational management, 4) enumerate diagnostic criteria, important in management since alcohol withdrawal can arrest the disorder, and 5) indicate the relation to carcinoma.
Role of B7-1 in mediating an immune response to myeloid leukemia cells

A costimulatory signal from B7-1 (CD80) to its counter-receptor CD28 is required for T-cell activation. Many tumors, including most human leukemias, lack expression of B7-1, and this has been suggested to contribute to the failure of immune recognition of these diseases. A murine leukemia model system was developed to assess the potential role of B7-1 in the induction immunity to leukemia cells. The nonleukemic 32Dc13 myeloid cell line was transformed by transfection of the BCR/ABL gene, generating a subline (32Dp210/clone 26) that was leukemic and rapidly lethal to syngeneic, immunocompetent C3H/HeJ mice or T-cell-deficient nude mice. B7-1-modified leukemic cells remained lethal in nude mice, but caused only a transient, nonlethal leukemia in C3H/HeJ mice. After a single exposure to live, nonirradiated B7-1-modified leukemic cells, C3H/HeJ mice developed protective immunity against subsequent challenge with B7-1(-) leukemic cells. Further, hyperimmunization with B7-1(+) leukemic cells prolonged the survival of mice previously injected with a lethal number of B7-1(-) leukemic cells. These results indicate that myeloid leukemic cells may be attractive candidates for B7-1 gene transfer.
States of 12ΛC formed in the reaction 12C(K-, π-)

Abstract States of 12 Λ C formed in the (K − , π − ) reaction have been studied for momentum transfers up to 260 MeV/ c , using an incident K − beam of 800 MeV/ c momentum. The angular distributions for the g.s. and for a peak at 11 meV have been measured between 0° and 19° in the laboratory. Limits on the splitting of the 11 MeV peak and on the formation of low-lying excited states are given.
Novel cardiovascular risk factors do not completely explain the higher prevalence of peripheral arterial disease among African Americans. The San Diego Population Study.

Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors Do Not Completely Explain the Higher Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease Among African Americans: The San Diego Population StudyJoachim H. Ix, Matthew A. All...
Improving metacognition in the classroom through instruction, training, and feedback

Accurately judging one’s performance in the classroom can be challenging considering most students tend to be overconfident and overestimate their actual performance. The current work draws upon the metacognition and decision making literatures to examine improving metacognition in the classroom. Using historical data from several semesters of an upper-level undergraduate course (N = 127), we analyzed students’ judgments of their performance and their actual performance for two exams. Students were instructed on the concepts of overconfidence, received feedback on exams, and were given incentives for accurate calibration. We found results consistent with the “unskilled and unaware” effect Kruger & Dunning (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121–1134, 1999) where lower performing students initially displayed overconfidence and the highest performing students initially displayed underconfidence. Importantly, students were able to change both judgments and performance such that metacognitive accuracy improved significantly from the first to the second exam. In a second study, two additional semesters for the same course used in Study 1 were examined (N = 90). For one of the semesters feedback was not provided, allowing us to determine whether feedback can improve both metacognitive judgments and performance. Our findings revealed significant improvements in performance paired with decreases in overconfidence on Exam 2, but only for students who received feedback about their performance and judgments. We postulate that feedback may be an important component in improvement metacognitive judgments.
Value-Added and Growth Models in Education Research

This chapter describes commonly used value-added and growth models and discusses their strengths and weaknesses. Two basic types of value-added models and a basic type of growth model are discussed in relation to their ability to produce fair and error-free measures. There are several challenges to estimating these models, and the chapter covers key sources of bias and noise, as well as steps that can be taken to address both these potential problems. No one model is perfect, though some are clearly better than others for particular purposes. The chapter, through its discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, concludes with recommendations for modeling choices for various research objectives and policy goals, such as the evaluation of teachers or schools for accountability purposes or the evaluation of particular programs or other types of inputs for school improvement.
Extremely small photonic strategies for boosted optoelectronics

In this talk, we present an overview of potential strategies to enhance light-matter interaction within extremely small vertical and lateral dimensions, which paves the way towards new applications.
Assessment of imaging Cherenkov and scintillation signals in head and neck radiotherapy.

The goal of this study was to test the utility of time-gated optical imaging of head and neck radiotherapy treatments to measure surface dosimetry in real-time and inform possible interfraction replanning decisions. The benefit of both Cherenkov and scintillator imaging in head and neck treatments is direct daily feedback on dose, with no change to the clinical workflow. Emission from treatment materials was characterized by measuring radioluminescence spectra during irradiation and comparing emission intensities relative to Cherenkov emission produced in phantoms and scintillation from small plastic targets. Head and neck treatment plans were delivered to a phantom with bolus and mask present to measure impact on signal quality. Interfraction superficial tumor reduction was simulated on a head and neck phantom, and cumulative Cherenkov images were analyzed in the region of interest. Head and neck human patient treatment was imaged through the mask and compared with the dose distribution calculated by the treatment planning system. The relative intensity of radioluminescence from the mask was found to be within 30% of the Cherenkov emission intensity from tissue-colored clay. A strong linear relationship between normalized cumulative Cherenkov intensity and decrease in tumor size was established (R^2=0.98). The presence of a mask above a scintillator region of interest was found to decrease mean pixel intensity by agt; 40% and increase distribution spread. Cherenkov imaging through mask material is shown to have potential for surface field verification and tracking of superficial anatomy changes between treatment fractions. Imaging of scintillating targets provides a direct imaging of surface dose on the patient and through transparent bolus material. The first imaging of a patient receiving head and neck radiotherapy was achieved with a signal map which qualitatively matches the surface dose plan.
A Network-Exchange Approach to Corruption: Brokers and Institution Spanning in A Chinese Corruption Network

Corruption schemes and operations have increasingly taken on networked features. Building on insights from Social Exchange Theory and Relational Sociology, this article seeks to construct a network...
Object-based attention shifts are driven by target location, not object placement

ABSTRACTObject-based attention (OBA) enhances processing within an attended object. We previously showed that OBA shifts crossing the visual field meridians were faster horizontally than vertically...
Long-Acting Growth Hormone Preparations - Current Status and Future Considerations.

Context Long-acting GH (LAGH) preparations are currently being developed in an attempt to improve adherence. The profile of GH action following administration of LAGH raises practical questions about clinical monitoring and long-term safety and efficacy of these new therapeutic agents. Methods Recent literature and meeting proceedings regarding LAGH preparations are reviewed. Results Multiple LAGH preparations are currently at various stages of development, allowing for decreased GH injection frequency from daily to weekly, biweekly, or monthly. Following administration of LAGH, the serum peak and trough GH and IGF-I levels vary depending upon the mechanism used to prolong GH action. Randomized, controlled clinical trials of some LAGH preparations have reported non-inferiority compared with daily recombinant human GH (rhGH) for improved growth velocity and body composition in children and adults with GH deficiency (GHD), respectively. No significant LAGH-related adverse events have been reported during short-term therapy. Conclusion Multiple LAGH preparations are proceeding through clinical development with some showing promising evidence of short-term clinical efficacy and safety in children and adults with GHD. The relationship of transient elevations of GH and IGF-I following administration of LAGH to efficacy and safety remain to be elucidated. For LAGH to replace daily rhGH in the treatment of individuals with GHD, a number of practical questions need to be addressed including methods of dose adjustment, timing of monitoring of IGF-I, safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness. Long-term surveillance of efficacy and safety of LAGH preparations will be needed to answer these clinically relevant questions.
Performance and Satisfaction of Resident and Distance Students in Videoconference Courses

Distance learning is common in higher education, especially online course and degree offerings. However, an older form of distance education, videoconferencing, continues to be used as a method of ...
Key Technology Enablers of Innovations in the AI and 5G Era

The proliferation of AI and the deployment of 5G networks accelerate the transformation of our society into a highly connected world. Semiconductors are the indispensable elements in realizing all the product innovations. The progress and challenges of the state of art CMOS technology and advanced packaging, considered as critical pillars to continue the improvement of system functions, will be reviewed.
Super-Resolution Spike Event-based Polarimetric Dynamic Vision Sensor p(DVS) Cognitive Imaging

In this study, a novel experimental design of a cognitive imaging system aiming at enhancing the spatial and temporal resolution of neuromorphic vision sensors, is presented. Super resolution images of moving or semi-obstructed targets, by means of the “Polarimetric Dynamic Vision Sensor (pDVS)” system, were obtained. This system improves the contrast sensitivity and proves to be an efficient strategy for rapid scene analysis by making use of deep learning. The outcome of this study has a tremendous impact to contribute to the design of innovative bioinspired-based vision systems for rapid classification, identification, motion detection, and tracking.
PULMONARY ANGIO-SARCOMA THE GREAT CHRONIC THROMBOEMBOLIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION MIMICKER

Primary cardiac spindle cell sarcomas are rare, have poor prognosis & variable presentation A 37-year-old female presented for chronic exertional dyspnea & lower extremity edema. Past medical history includes non-ischemic cardiomyopathy with recovered ejection fraction, recurrent pulmonary embolism
Religion, Life Cycle, and Race

The neighborhood offers its residents opportunities to interact and to build a sound community. Whether the people choose to do so depends upon the choices and constraints they face, and as the previous chapter showed, the neighborhood plays an important role in helping to create a sense of community. The neighborhood can pull people inward if the services that it offers are relatively attractive, and conversely it can push people outward and discourage the construction of community if the various aspects of the neighborhood environment do not meet the needs, wants, or desires of the residents. It is therefore not only the interaction among the residents that gives rise to the feelings that people have about place, but it is also the interplay between the residents and the neighborhood itself.
Leaf Trait Plasticity Alters Competitive Ability and Functioning of Simulated Tropical Trees in Response to Elevated Carbon Dioxide

The response of tropical ecosystems to elevated carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) remains a critical uncertainty in projections of future climate. Here we investigate how leaf trait plasticity in response to elevated CO$_2$ alters projections of tropical forest competitive dynamics and functioning. We use vegetation demographic model simulations to quantify how plasticity in leaf mass per area and leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio alter the responses of carbon uptake, evapotranspiration, and competitive ability to a doubling of CO$_2$ in a tropical forest. Observationally constrained leaf trait plasticity in response to CO$_2$ fertilization reduces the degree to which tropical tree carbon uptake is affected by a doubling of CO$_2$ (up to -14.7\% as compared to a case with no plasticity; 95\% confidence interval $CI_{95\%}$ -14.4 to -15.0). It also diminishes evapotranspiration (up to -7.0\%, $CI_{95\%}$ -6.4 to -7.7), and lowers competitive ability in comparison to a tree with no plasticity. Consideration of leaf trait plasticity to elevated CO$_2$ lowers tropical ecosystem carbon uptake and evapotranspirative cooling in the absence of changes in plant type abundance. However, ‘plastic’ responses to high CO$_2$ which maintain higher levels of plant productivity are potentially more competitively advantageous, thus, including changes in plant type abundance may mitigate these decreases in ecosystem functioning. Models that explicitly represent competition between plants with alternative leaf trait plasticity in response to elevated CO$_2$ are needed to capture these influences on tropical forest functioning and large-scale climate.
Bounded gaps between primes with a given primitive root

Fix an integer g≠−1 that is not a perfect square. In 1927, Artin conjectured that there are infinitely many primes for which g is a primitive root. Forty years later, Hooley showed that Artin’s conjecture follows from the generalized Riemann hypothesis (GRH). We inject Hooley’s analysis into the Maynard–Tao work on bounded gaps between primes. This leads to the following GRH-conditional result: Fix an integer m≥2. If q1<q2<q3<⋯ is the sequence of primes possessing g as a primitive root, then liminfn→∞(qn+(m−1)−qn)≤Cm, where Cm is a finite constant that depends on m but not on g. We also show that the primes qn,qn+1,…,qn+m−1 in this result may be taken to be consecutive.
Finding All Bounded-Length Simple Cycles in a Directed Graph.

A new efficient algorithm is presented for finding all simple cycles that satisfy a length constraint in a directed graph. When the number of vertices is non-trivial, most cycle-finding problems are of practical interest for sparse graphs only. We show that for a class of sparse graphs in which the vertex degrees are almost uniform, our algorithm can find all cycles of length less than or equal to $k$ in $O((c+n)(k-1)d^k)$ steps, where $n$ is the number of vertices, $c$ is the total number of cycles discovered, $d$ is the average degree of the graph's vertices, and $k > 1$. While our analysis for the running time addresses only a class of sparse graphs, we provide empirical and experimental evidence of the efficiency of the algorithm for general sparse graphs. This algorithm is a significant improvement over the only other deterministic algorithm for this problem known to us; it also lends itself to massive parallelism. Experimental results of a serial implementation on some large real-world graphs are presented.
Longitudinal relations among child temperament, parenting, and acculturation in predicting Korean American children’s externalizing problems

OBJECTIVE This study examined the transactional associations among maternal warmth, child temperamental inhibitory control, child externalizing behaviors, and maternal American acculturation in Korean immigrant families with young children across three time points, each 6 months apart. METHOD Korean immigrant mothers (Mage = 35.93 years, SD = 3.68) and their preschool-aged children (Mage = 4.30 years, SD = 0.98) in the U.S. participated (n = 199 at Wave 1, n = 138 at Wave 2, and n = 105 at Wave 3). Mothers reported on their family demographics, maternal warmth, maternal American acculturation, and children's temperamental inhibitory control. Teachers reported on children's externalizing problems. RESULTS Moderate to strong stabilities within each construct across time and within-time covariations among the constructs were revealed. Transactional relations between parent and child were not found. However, Wave 1 maternal American acculturation significantly influenced their level of Wave 2 maternal warmth. Wave 2 maternal warmth predicted increases in Wave 3 child temperamental inhibitory control. Maternal warmth at Wave 2 statistically mediated the association between Wave 1 maternal acculturation and Wave 3 child inhibitory control. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the importance of examining the complex mechanisms driving the associations among child, parenting, and cultural factors in promoting positive child characteristics and parenting practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Postoperative outcomes and the association with overlap before or after the critical step of lumbar fusion

OBJECTIVE This study assesses how degree of overlap, either before or after the critical operative portion, affects lumbar fusion outcomes. METHODS The authors retrospectively studied 3799 consecutive patients undergoing single-level, posterior-only lumbar fusion over 6 years (2013-2019) at a university health system. Outcomes recorded within 30-90 and 0-90 postoperative days included emergency department (ED) visit, readmission, reoperation, overall morbidity, and mortality. Furthermore, morbidity and mortality were recorded for the duration of follow-up. The amount of overlap that occurred before or after the critical portion of surgery was calculated as a percentage of total beginning or end operative time. Subsequent to initial whole-population analysis, coarsened exact-matched cohorts of patients were created with the least and most amounts of either beginning or end overlap. Univariate analysis was performed on both beginning and end overlap exact-matched cohorts, with significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Equivalent outcomes were observed when comparing exact-matched patients. Among the whole population, the degree of beginning overlap was correlated with reduced ED visits within 30-90 and 0-90 days (p = 0.007, p = 0.009; respectively), and less 0-90 day morbidity (p = 0.037). Degree of end overlap was correlated with fewer 30-90 day ED visits (p = 0.015). When comparing only patients with overlap, degree of beginning overlap was correlated with fewer 0-90 day reoperations (p = 0.022), and no outcomes were correlated with degree of end overlap. CONCLUSIONS The degree of overlap before or after the critical step of surgery does not lead to worse outcomes after lumbar fusion.
Ultraviolet-light-induced incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into parental DNA of an excision-defective mutant of Escherichia coli.

Bromodeoxyuridine-containing regions approximately 1.5 X 104 nucleotides in length, and at intervals equivalent to the pyrimidine dimer content of the DNA, have been observed in the parental DNA of an excision-defective strain of Escherichia coli exposed to 10 ergs mm-2 at 254 nm followed by prolonged incubation in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine.
HEMOLYSIS OF RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES BY PURIFIED STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-TOXIN. II. EFFECTS OF INHIBITORS ON THE HEMOLYTIC SEQUENCE.

Cooper, Louis Z. (New England Center Hospital, Boston, Mass.), Morton A. Madoff, and Louis Weinstein. Hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes by purified staphylococcal alpha-toxin. II. Effect of inhibitors on the hemolytic sequence. J. Bacteriol. 87:136–144. 1964.—Study of the time course of hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes by purified staphylococcal alpha-lysin revealed that the specific toxin-red cell reaction occurs during the prelytic period. This reaction could be prevented or decreased by alpha-lysin antitoxin added early, but not by antitoxin added at the end of the prelytic phase or at any time thereafter. In contrast, hemolysis is suppressed temporarily by sucrose and permanently by polyethylene glycol, even when these are added during the period of rapid release of hemoglobin. When sucrose is present together with alpha-lysin and red cells only during the prelytic period, and when the cells are then washed and resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline, their subsequent hemolysis is not altered by the presence of the sugar. This is not so when antitoxin is employed. When erythrocytes are laked by a measured excess of alpha-lysin, only a portion of the original hemolytic activity can be recovered. Repeated exposure of lysin to red cells produces a loss of activity represented by a linear function when logs of residual activity are plotted sequentially. Once alpha-lysin has reacted with red cells, it does not appear to be available for attachment to other erythrocytes.
Toward a Behavioral Theory of Regionalization

This paper addresses the problem of regionalization from a social science perspective. The author presents a theory of regionalization based on an elementary model of human action. Regions are classified according to the various phases of adaptive human behavior which they represent. The dynamism of regions is shown to derive from the interaction of these phases. Examples are given of how regions generate regions. The paper calls attention to the often unanticipated political consequences of scientific regionalization.
bHLH-Orange Transcription Factors in Development and Cancer

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are a large superfamily of transcription factors that play critical roles in many physiological processes including cellular differentiation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Based on structural and phylogenetic analysis, mammalian bHLH-Orange (bHLH-O) proteins, which constitute the repressor family of bHLH factors, can be grouped into four subfamilies: Hes, Hey, Helt and Stra13/Dec. In addition to the bHLH domain that mediates DNA-binding and protein dimerization, all members of this family are characterized by a distinctive motif called the “Orange domain” which is present exclusively in these factors. Genetic studies using targeted mutagenesis in mice have revealed essential roles for many bHLH-O genes in embryonic development, cell fate decisions, differentiation of a number of cell types and in apoptosis. Furthermore, growing evidence of crosstalk between bHLH-O proteins with the tumor suppressors p53 and hypoxia-inducible factor, have started to shed light on their possible roles in oncogenesis. Consistently, deregulated expression of several bHLH-O factors is associated with various human cancers. Here, we review the structure and biological functions of bHLH-O factors, and discuss recent studies that suggest a potential role for these factors in tumorigenesis and tumor progression.
The Nature of the Role of Calcium in Secretion

The large body of evidence that we have considered links the pivotal action of calcium on the secretory process to exocytosis, which is a fusion-fission response involving the interaction of the plasma membrane and the secretory granule membrane. Membrane fusion is not confined to secretory cells but is a fundamental process in biological systems, involving the interaction of membranes of two different cells or membranes of the same cell. Cell fusion is observed in the presence of calcium, barium, or strontium, but not magnesium (Poste and Allison, 1973), strengthening the relationship between cell fusion and secretion and implying that elucidation of the basic and fundamental action of calcium in secretion might be sought in a better understanding of membrane fusion phenomena. While Palade (1959) was the first to recognize the importance of membrane fusion in the activation of the secretory process, DelCastillo and Katz proposed that there are specific and complementary sites on the synaptic vesicles and axonal membrane such that only when the two sites interact can membrane fusion and release of transmitter occur (Katz, 1969).
Persistent impairment of mitochondrial and tissue redox status during lithium‐pilocarpine‐induced epileptogenesis

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are known to occur following acute seizure activity but their contribution during epileptogenesis is largely unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the extent of mitochondrial oxidative stress, changes to redox status, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage during epileptogenesis in the lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Mitochondrial oxidative stress, changes in tissue and mitochondrial redox status, and mtDNA damage were assessed in the hippocampus and neocortex of Sprague-Dawley rats at time points (24h to 3months) following lithium-pilocarpine administration. A time-dependent increase in mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) production coincident with increased mtDNA lesion frequency in the hippocampus was observed during epileptogenesis. Acute increases (24-48h) in H(2)O(2) production and mtDNA lesion frequency were dependent on the severity of convulsive seizure activity during initial status epilepticus. Tissue levels of GSH, GSH/GSSG, coenzyme A (CoASH), and CoASH/CoASSG were persistently impaired at all measured time points throughout epileptogenesis, that is, acutely (24-48h), during the 'latent period' (48h to 7days), and chronic epilepsy (21days to 3months). Together with our previous work, these results demonstrate the model independence of mitochondrial oxidative stress, genomic instability, and persistent impairment of mitochondrial specific redox status during epileptogenesis. Lasting impairment of mitochondrial and tissue redox status during the latent period, in addition to the acute and chronic phases of epileptogenesis, suggests that redox-dependent processes may contribute to the progression of epileptogenesis in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy.
Remedies in Animal-Related Litigation

This chapter discusses the challenges of determining appropriate remedies in cases involving animals with a focus on companion animals. Damages fall into one of two categories: substitutionary relief, which is based on the value of loss of the animal, and specific relief, which “seeks to either avoid harm, undo the harm, or repair the harm in kind.” In private law cases the primary relief sought is substitutionary damages. The changing role of companion animals in people’s lives is leading to an expanding range of available damages, such as companionship value, emotional distress and punitive damages. Of course, the jurisdiction’s substantive law governs the availability of damages.
A Statistical Approach to Determining the Effects of Speed, Load, Oil and Coolant Temperature on Diesel Engine Specific Fuel Consumption

Experimental brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) data are presented for two diesel engines as a function of engine speed, load, outlet coolant temperature, and inlet oil temperature. Engines used in the study were the Cummins VT-903 (turbocharged) and the Caterpillar 3208, both being direct injection and four-cycle. Data were obtained for the Caterpillar engine using a fractional, factorial statistical method which reduced the total test matrix from 256 to 64 data points. A test tree approach was employed in collecting data for the Cummins engine. Neither engine had a vehicle exhaust system, and back pressure might be different in actual vehicle testing. Engine exhaust pressure was adjusted to ambient conditions for all experimental tests. A mathematical parameter for quantitatively expressing the change in BSFC per 10 degree F change in coolant and oil temperature was derived. Results based on using Mobile Delvac 1330 oil (Society of Automotive Engineers 30 type oil) and Amoco Premier Fuel (Diesel No. 2) revealed that an increase in coolant and/or oil temperatures had the effect of reducing BSFC in both engines. An increase in the outlet coolant temperature had a greater effect on reducing BSFC in the Caterpillar engine at any given speed and load condition, while an increase in the inlet oil temperature had a greater effect on reducing BSFC in the Cummins engine. It is believed that the statistical regression method for assessing BSFC is useful in developing engines and their "performance maps."
Separable potential approach in the folding model. (II). Application

Abstract A microscopic folding formalism using a separable potential approach is applied to the elastic scattering of the n-α system. Starting with a separable nucleon-nucleon (NN) potential model, a sum of separable nueleon-nucleus potentials is obtained. A simple structure of the α-particle is assumed and the Tabakin, the Doleschall and the Strobel N N potentials are considered. These phenomenological interactions are of Yukawa or gaussian form with variable parameters for each partial wave. Spin-orbit and tensor forces are included. The resulting potentials developed from our folding calculations give approximately the same S 1 2 phase shifts for the n-α elastic scattering. However, in the p 1 2 and p 3 2 phase-shift analysis, an effective interaction derived from the NN potential is necessary to reproduce the resonances. One free energy independent parameter is introduced in our approximate G -matrix concept to give a good fit for the phase shifts. Single-nucleon knockout exchange (SNKE) is considered throughout.
Androgen responsiveness of the murine beta-glucuronidase gene is associated with nuclease hypersensitivity, protein binding, and haplotype-specific sequence diversity within intron 9.

Abstract The tissue specificity and genetic variability of the murine beta-glucuronidase (GUS) response to androgen provide useful markers for identifying elements which underlie this responsiveness. While GUS is expressed constitutively in all examined cell types, kidney epithelial cells uniquely exhibit a manyfold yet slow rise in GUS mRNA and enzyme levels when stimulated by androgens. Three major phenotypes of this androgen response have been described among inbred strains of mice: (i) a strong response in strains of the Gusa haplotype, (ii) a reduced response in strains of the Gusb and Gush haplotypes, and (iii) no response, as observed in Gusor mice. These response variants define a cis-active element(s) which is tightly linked to the GUS structural gene. Nuclease hypersensitivity scans of kidney chromatin within and surrounding the structural gene revealed an androgen-inducible hypersensitive site in intron 9 of the gene in Gusa but not in Gusor mice. When a radiolabeled fragment of Gusa DNA containing this hypersensitive site was incubated with kidney nuclear extracts and then subjected to gel electrophoresis, two shifted bands were observed whose levels were dramatically higher in extracts of androgen-treated than in those of untreated Gusa mice. The shifted bands reflect binding of a kidney-specific factor(s) to a 57-bp region of complex dyad symmetry in Gusa and Gusor mice which is partially deleted in Gusb and Gush mice. This binding site is located approximately 130 bp downstream of a glucocorticoid response element sequence motif which is totally deleted in [Gus]or mice. Taken together, our results suggest that the androgen responsiveness of GUS in murine kidney epithelial cells is controlled by elements within the proximal end of intron 9 of the GUS structural gene.
The Consequences of Caregiving: Effects on Women’s Employment and Earnings

Caregiving to family members comprises a major part of familial obligations in the United States. Informal caregiving is unevenly distributed in society, with women performing most of the work and bearing the burden of its costs. This paper addresses the cost dimension of informal caregiving to family members by examining whether and how it penalizes women’s employment. Drawing data from the 1987 and 1992 National Survey of Families and Households, we examine whether and how caregiving transitions affect changes in women’s labor force participation and the implications of this caregiving transitions for their earnings. We calculate how these effects vary for demographically different groups of women: those older and younger, with and without high levels of education, and married and not married. Our findings reveal that for most women, the initiation of caregiving led to a substantial reduction in their weekly hours worked and annual earnings. However, the effects were different for various subgroups of women: those older, with fewer skills, and more competing roles paid substantial costs if they began caregiving between 1987 and 1992.
Rapid eye movement sleep parasomnias.

Parasomnias are unpleasant or undesirable behavioral or experiential phenomena that occur during sleep. Once believed unitary phenomena related to psychiatric disorders, it is now clear that parasomnias result from several different phenomena and usually are not related to psychiatric conditions. Parasomnias are categorized as primary (disorders of the sleep states) and secondary (disorders of other organ systems that manifest themselves during sleep). Primary sleep parasomnias can be classified according to the sleep state of origin: rapid eye movement sleep, non-rapid eye movement sleep, and miscellaneous (those not respecting sleep state). Secondary sleep parasomnias are classified by the organ system involved.
Changing Times in Rural America: Food Assistance and Food Insecurity in Food Deserts

Poverty and hunger are increasingly significant issues facing the United States. An additional trend, the consolidation in food retail, also contributes to food insecurity. This qualitative study of rural food insecure households investigates how assistance services and retail consolidation affect hunger for households in a changing rural environment. The data shows disparities exist in the amount of food assistance available based on household levels of social integration and social capital, leaving less connected residents experiencing hunger.
Polymorphism of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase.

Abstract The properties of the most cathodal component of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (isozyme SS) have been found to vary. The variability is dependent on the livers from which the enzyme is isolated rather than on the purification procedure. Two distinct preparations, differing in catalytic properties, have been obtained and named S-type and A-type preparations. The preparations can be distinguished from each other by the ratio of activity with acetaldehyde to activity with the steroidal ketone 5 β -dihydrotestosterone. This ratio is about one for the S-type and twenty for the A-type preparations.
Hydrodynamic behavior of magnetically stabilized fluidized beds of magnetic particles

A theoretical analysis of beds consisting of magnetic particles and exposed to an external uniform magnetic field is presented. The external magnetic-field intensity may be strong enough so that the magnetized bed particles create significant field which distorts the external uniform field, and exert appreciable interparticle force. This complicates the hydrodynamic bed behavior much more than that observed in an uniform magnetic field in the absence of any appreciable interparticle magnetic force. This phenomenon is examined by considering the force balance on a bed particle comprising of gravitational, buoyancy, drag and magnetic forces. This has resulted in a relationship involving the minimum bubbling velocity, the corresponding voidage value and other parameters. Available and new experimental data are discussed on the basis of this theoretical analysis. This treatment leads to an enhanced understanding of the magnetically stabilized and partially stabilized magnetofluidized beds over a wide gas velocity and magnetic-field intensity ranges.
Effects of Growth Hormone on Glucose-U-C14 Metabolism in Dog.∗:

SummaryThe effect of growth hormone on some aspects of glucose-U-C14 has been studied in dog. Administration of growth hormone (1 mg/kg/day) to dogs for one week was accompanied by an increase in glycogen content of the liver and ventricular myocardium. In vitro studies using slices of liver and heart tissue from control and growth hormone treated dogs showed a decrease in oxidation of glucose-U-C14 and an increased incorporation of C14 into glycogen by both tissues from growth hormone treated dogs. A small increase in the radioactivity of liver proteins from growth hormone treated dogs was also observed.
Relaxation Dynamics of Entangled and Unentangled Multiarm Polymer Solutions: Comparisons with Theory

Linear viscoelastic properties of model branched A3−A−A3 1,4-polybutadiene melts and solutions are investigated experimentally, using small-amplitude oscillatory shear measurements, and theoretical...
The role of surface structure and dispersion in CO hydrogenation on cobalt

Abstract The effects of surface structure on the CO hydrogenation reaction have been investigated by comparing the steady-state activity and selectivity of submonolayer cobalt deposited on W(110) and W(100) with those of carbonyl-derived Co/alumina catalysts of varying dispersion and extent of reduction. The Co/W surfaces have highly strained and different geometries ( 1 ) but have similar activity. The activity matches that of the highly active, highly reduced Co/alumina catalysts, suggesting that the steady-state activity of cobalt surfaces is independent of surface structure. AES spectra show the after-reaction Co/W surfaces to have high coverages of both carbon and oxygen, with carbon lineshapes characteristic of carbidic carbon. Carbonyl-derived Co/dehydroxylated alumina catalysts have high extents of reduction, high dispersions, and good activity stability. Increasing the dehydroxylation temperature of the alumina support increases metal dispersion while decreasing CO 2 and olefin selectivities. Specific CO hydrogenation activity is constant over the range of dispersion of 5–37% for highly reduced 3 and 5% Co/alumina catalysts and over the entire range of dispersion (0–100%) if polycrystalline Co and Co/W surfaces are included. The specific activity of carbonyl-derived catalysts appears to be more closely related to the extent of reduction and the support dehydroxylation temperature than to the dispersion. Thus, the chemical nature of the support surface appears to be the controlling factor in determining the specific activity of supported cobalt catalysts.
Levamisole treatment in steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome

Since 1992 we have treated 11 children with frequently relapsing steroid-sensitive (n=6) or steroid-resistant (n=5) nephrotic syndrome with levamisole. All had been non-responsive to other immunosuppressive medication before levamisole treatment. All steroid-sensitive patients had signs of steroid toxicity. At least 1 kidney biopsy had been performed prior to study in each patient. Five children had minimal glomerular changes and the other 6 focal segmental glomerular sclerosis. The patients were treated with levamisole (2.5 mg/kg per 48 h) for at least 2 months (up to 18 months, median 10 months). Two patients had additional immunosuppression (cyclosporine A) during levamisole treatment. All patients with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome became free of proteinuria within 2 months and have remained in remission after discontinuation of levamisole (follow-up time 8-50 months, median 24 months). None of the children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome experienced a remission. Side effects were observed in 2 patients and included a granulocytopenia and a severe psoriasis-like cutaneous reaction; both were reversible after discontinuation of levamisole. We conclude that levamisole is of benefit in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome but not in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.
Effects of follow through model: Primary education project-individually prescribed instruction (PEP-IPI) on children's academic competence

Children's academic performance was examined at the end of one, two, or three years of receiving prescriptive educational treatment known as the Primary Education Project-Individually Prescribed Instruction (PEP-IPI). The project provided for individualization of learning from kindergarten through the third grade. The individualization was accomplished through diagnosis of pupil achievement using a content-referenced testing program followed by the development and implementation of prescriptions. The PEP-IPI children, when compared with their respective controls, evidenced significant gains on standardized indices of achievement.
Insects as vectors of plant viruses1

The losses caused by insect-transmitted plant viruses, the different groups insects which act as vector of plant viruses and the ways in which they spread them are briefly reviewed, together with some of the methods used to decrease spread of virus diseases affecting crop plants. Zusammenfassung Insekten als Vektoren von Pflanzenvirosen Es wird eine kurze Ubersicht gegeben uber: die Ernteverluste durch insektenubertragende Pflanzenvirosen, die als Ubertrager fungierenden Insektengruppen sowie die Ubertragungswege. Im weiteren werden Moglichkeiten der Eindammung der von Insekten ubertragenen Viruskrankheiten unserer Kulturpflanzen aufgezeigt.
Spatiotemporal noise covariance estimation from limited empirical magnetoencephalographic data.

The performance of parametric magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) source localization approaches can be degraded by the use of poor background noise covariance estimates. In general, estimation of the noise covariance for spatiotemporal analysis is difficult mainly due to the limited noise information available. Furthermore, its estimation requires a large amount of storage and a one-time but very large (and sometimes intractable) calculation or its inverse. To overcome these difficulties, noise covariance models consisting of one pair or a sum of multi-pairs of Kronecker products of spatial covariance and temporal covariance have been proposed. However, these approaches cannot be applied when the noise information is very limited, i.e., the amount of noise information is less than the degrees of freedom of the noise covariance models. A common example of this is when only averaged noise data are available for a limited prestimulus region (typically at most a few hundred milliseconds duration). For such cases, a diagonal spatiotemporal noise covariance model consisting of sensor variances with no spatial or temporal correlation has been the common choice for spatiotemporal analysis. In this work, we propose a different noise covariance model which consists of diagonal spatial noise covariance and Toeplitz temporal noise covariance. It can easily be estimated from limited noise information, and no time-consuming optimization and data-processing are required. Thus, it can be used as an alternative choice when one-pair or multi-pair noise covariance models cannot be estimated due to lack of noise information. To verify its capability we used Bayesian inference dipole analysis and a number of simulated and empirical datasets. We compared this covariance model with other existing covariance models such as conventional diagonal covariance, one-pair and multi-pair noise covariance models, when noise information is sufficient to estimate them. We found that our proposed noise covariance model yields better localization performance than a diagonal noise covariance, while it performs slightly worse than one-pair or multi-pair noise covariance models—although these require much more noise information. Finally, we present some localization results on median nerve stimulus empirical MEG data for our proposed noise covariance model.