cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Staggered and In-Line V-Shaped Dimple Arrays Using S-PIV

As a result of the reduced pressure loss relative to ribs, recessed dimples have the potential to increase the thermal performance of internal cooling passages. In this experimental investigation, a Stereo-Particle Image Velocimetry (S-PIV) technique is used to characterize the three-dimensional, internal flow field over V-shaped dimple arrays. These flowfield measurements are combined with surface heat transfer measurements to fully characterize the performance of the proposed V-shaped dimples. This study compares the performance of two arrays. Both a staggered array and an in-line array of V-shaped dimples are considered. The layout of these V-shaped dimples is derived from a traditional, staggered hemispherical dimple array. The individual V-shaped dimples follow the same geometry, with depths of δ / D = 0.30. In the case of the in-line pattern, the spacing between the V-shaped dimples is 3.2D in both the streamwise and spanwise directions. For the staggered pattern, a spacing of 3.2D in the spanwise direction and 1.6D in the streamwise direction is examined. Each of these patterns was tested on one wide wall of a 3:1 rectangular channel. The Reynolds numbers examined range from 10000 to 37000. S-PIV results show that as the Reynolds numbers increase, the strength of the secondary flows induced by the in-line array increases, enhancing the heat transfer from the surface, without dramatically increasing the measured pressure drop. As a result of a minimal increase in pressure drop, the overall thermal performance of the channel increases as the Reynolds number increases (up to the maximum Reynolds number of 37000).Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Perspective: Stretchable Electronics

Stretchable electronics can potentially alter our conception of electronics, from rigid and planar wafer-based ones to soft and curvilinear stretchable ones. Stretchable electronics are able to be achieved in two approaches. One relies on the use of novel materials in conventional layouts, while the other relies on new structural layouts of conventional materials. Stretchable electronics find promising applications in biomedical science and engineering as well as consumer communications. Although stretchable electronics may not be able to immediately eliminate their wafer-based counterparts that have dominated the industry for several decades, they deserve wide research in investigating their potential applications to fill the gaps that are beyond the limit of wafer-based technologies.
Corruption and Pro-Poor Growth Outcomes: Evidence and Lessons for African Countries

There is growing consensus that corruption hurts economic performance by reducing private investment, adversely affecting the quantity and quality of public infrastructure, reducing tax revenue, and reducing human capital accumulation. In addition to inefficiency effects—lower growth for a given endowment in factors and technology—corruption also has adverse distributional effects as it hurts the poor disproportionately. For a given level of government budget and national income, high corruption countries have lower literacy rates, higher mortality rates, and overall worse human development outcomes. Corruption deepens poverty by reducing pro-poor pubic expenditures, creating artificial shortages and congestion in public services, and inducing a policy bias in favor of capital intensity, which perpetuates unemployment. High levels of corruption in African countries constitute one of the factors behind slow growth and limited progress in poverty reduction. Eradicating corruption in African bureaucracies is a challenging task, especially because it is a systemic phenomenon with effects that often lag far behind the causes. Therefore, explicit strategies are necessary to change the incentive structure by modifying the payoffs and sanctions that govern the interactions between bureaucrats and private economic operators. Strategies to fight corruption include measures to increase transparency in the management of public resources, establishing an incentive structure that rewards honest behavior among civil servants, enforcing transparency in international contracts and equal penalties to all parties to corrupt deals, and promotion of a free and responsible media.
Inorganic phosphorus and zinc concentrations in amniotic fluid: Correlation with intra-amniotic infection and bacterial inhibitory activity

Concentrations of zinc and inorganic phosphorus were determined in amniotic fluid from 41 patients with intra-amniotic infection and from 40 uninfected, control patients. Also determined was amniotic fluid inhibitory activity to an Escherichia coli test organism. Compared to amniotic fluid from control patients, that from patients with intra-amniotic infection had significantly higher mean concentrations of phosphorus. In specimens free of meconium, the mean concentrations of phosphorus were still significantly higher. Assays for inhibitory activity were performed with 62 samples of fluid (25 noninhibitory, 37 inhibitory). Although noninhibitory fluid had higher mean concentrations of phosphorus and zinc, these differences did not hold after meconium-stained samples were excluded. No correlation was found between phosphorus-to-zinc ratio and either intra-amniotic infection or inhibitory activity. However, there are important differences in population and techniques between this and related studies.
The Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor FTI-277 Radiosensitizes H-ras-transformed Rat Embryo Fibroblasts

Many tumor cells have a greater resistance to ionizing radiation than their normal counterparts, suggesting that the development of drugs that can reduce that radioresistance would potentiate the efficacy of radiation therapy. Because activated H-ras expression has been shown to markedly increase radiation resistance in some transformed cells, the inactivation of H-ras would then be predicted to radiosensitize these tumor cells, while leaving normal cells unaffected. H-ras depends for activity upon farnesylation, which can be blocked by farnesylation inhibitors, including the compound FTI-277. In keeping with this prediction, inhibition of H-ras processing using FTI-277 resulted in higher levels of apoptosis after irradiation and increased radiosensitivity in H-ras-transformed rat embryo cells but did not affect control cells. These experiments suggest that farnesylation inhibitors may prove clinically useful as radiosensitizers of tumors that depend on ras function.
NMIS: A National Model for Inspection Selection with Limited Resources

A two-stage decision support system, called the national model for inspection selection (NMIS), was developed to solve an inspection allocation problem faced by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The problem is to determine the ‘best’ level of resources to devote to inspection at the national level and to determine how to divide these resources effectively among the districts, satisfying at the same time, the mandated inspection frequencies at the district level. NMIS solves this inspection selection problem at both the district and national level, for the entire range of possible resources. Decision-makers have utilized NMIS’s results to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of their decisions and to justify more inspection resources.
Freedom and Democracy in a World Governed by Finance: Habermas and the Crisis in Europe -- A Free Labor Response

Jurgen Habermas has recently warned that the sovereign debt crisis in Europe is transforming democratic governments into ‘economic government’ threatening not only economic disaster but the end of the world’s first supranational project — the European Union. And, according to Habermas, Europeans seem not to understand their Europe, and instead have used economic austerity as an excuse for denying democratic and constitutional possibilities at submit meetings, bailouts and new anti-democratic economic agreements. Habermas encourages his readers to understand the lessons of the past while looking ahead to new cosmopolitan possibilities freed from the twentieth century experiences of world war and economic depression. And, yet, few seem to be listening or heeding Germany’s most renowned political philosopher. European leaders focus on fiscal integration, Europe-wide banking supervision, and tighter economic policies, but little concern is given to citizen participation in governance. Without democratic integration, the European project risks creating economic, not democratic government. What are at stake are the basic social arrangements created in the post-World War era for sharing the wealth, the burdens and the responsibilities of workers and investors essential to a constitutional democracy. This Review Essay argues that Habermas’s response to the European crisis is relevant to the debt crisis in America, but his democratic aspirations need to be grounded in work, worker organizations, and the reality of workplaces, and not some ideal space for democratic discourse or commutative action. Habermas’s vision for a democracy at the transnational level is not a possibility so long as economic government re-creates social conditions that look more like the one created by nineteenth-century privilege of the discredited peonage system than twenty-first-century democracy.
Measuring pleural fluid pH: high correlation of a handheld unit to a traditional tabletop blood gas analyzer.

Study purposes: To survey hospital laboratories in the, United States to determine methods used for measuring pleural fluid p, H,and to compare pleural fluid p, H values obtained with a traditionaltabletop blood gas analyzer (BGA) to those obtained with a handheldanalyzer. Methods: Hospital laboratories nationwidewere contacted by telephone to survey the methods used to measurepleural fluid p, H. In a second phase, pleural fluid was prospectivelycollected from 19 pediatric and adult patients with pleural effusions, and pleural fluid p, H was measured simultaneously with a traditionaltabletop BGA and with a handheld unit. Results: Atotal of 220 hospital laboratories were contacted by telephone, and 166responded (75%). The methods for determining pleural fluid p, H for allhospital laboratories were p, H meter (35%; n = 59), BGA (32%;n = 53), and litmus paper (31%: n = 51); 2% (n = 3) did notperform the test. University hospitals were more likely to use a BGA,compared to community hospitals (p r = 0.993; degrees offreedom = 36). Conclusion: Most hospitallaboratories in the United States do not measure pleural fluid p, H usinga traditional BGA and use alternative methods that have previously beenshown to be inaccurate. Pleural fluid p, H obtained by a handheld unithas a high degree of correlation to that of a traditional tabletop BGA,and it offers a satisfactory alternative for laboratories reluctant tomeasure pleural fluid p, H with a BGA.
Mental Illness Along the Criminal Justice Continuum

Persons with mental illnesses are overrepresented along the criminal justice continuum (police, courts, parole and probation, incarceration, and reentry), which expose individuals to risk but can also serve at points of intervention. Two predominant explanations for this overrepresentation and the evidence surrounding interventions are examined. The most common interventions at each point on the continuum and their research evidence are examined, providing an overview of promising interventions, highlighting the need for more robust research or program development, and laying the groundwork for future systematic reviews at each point on the continuum. In general, interventions have not reduced the prevalence of persons with mental illnesses involved in the criminal justice system. Future interventions should address the individual, environmental, and structural factors exposing individuals to continued contact with the criminal justice system, requiring an interdisciplinary effort across the criminal just...
Microfluidic Devices for the High-Throughput Chemical Analysis of Cells

A microfluidic device is reported that integrated cell handling, rapid cell lysis, and electrophoretic separation and detection of fluorescent cytosolic dyes. The device function was demonstrated using Jurkat cells that were loaded with the fluorogenic dyes - carboxyfluorescein diacetate, Oregon green carboxylic acid diacetate, or Calcein AM. The loaded cells were hydrodynamically transported from the cell-containing reservoir to a region on the microfluidic device where they were focused and then rapidly lysed using an electric field. Complete lysis was accomplished in 100 times faster than those reported using standard bench-scale capillary electrophoresis.
The structure of a Xanthomonas general stress protein involved in citrus canker reveals its flavin-binding property.

Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xac) causes citrus canker and affects citrus agriculture worldwide. Functional genetic analysis has indicated that a putative general stress protein (XacGSP) encoded by the Xac2369 gene is involved in the bacterial infection. In this report, the crystal structure of XacGSP was determined to 2.5 A resolution. There are four XacGSP molecules in the crystal asymmetric unit. Each XacGSP monomer folds into a six-stranded antiparallel β-barrel flanked by five α-helices. A C-terminal extension protrudes from the sixth β-strand of the β-barrel and pairs with its counterpart from another monomer to form a bridge between the two subunits of an XacGSP dimer. Two XacGSP dimers cross over each other to form a tetramer; the β-barrels from one dimer contact the β-barrels of the other, while the two bridges are distant from each other and do not make contacts. The three-dimensional structure of the XacGSP monomer is very similar to those of pyridoxine 5-phosphate oxidases, a group of enzymes that use flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as a cofactor. Consistent with this, purified XacGSP protein binds to both FMN and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), suggesting that XacGSP may help the bacteria to react against the oxidative stress induced by the defense mechanisms of the plant.
Worldwide Use of SynCardia Total Artificial Heart in Adolescents: A 25-Year Experience

Purpose Patients with biventricular failure and multiple systemic organ compromise are a challenging cohort, particularly adolescents with congenital heart disease. Many types of mechanical circulatory support have been used in an attempt to support these patients, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, biventricular assist devices, and total artificial hearts (TAH). Herein, the experience with the Syncardia TAH in this patient cohort over the past 25 years is analyzed to examine if results have changed over time. Methods and Materials All patients who had the SynCardia TAH implanted from 1986 to 2012 were identified in the Worldwide SynCardia TAH database, which contains 1091 patients as of November 13, 2012. Results TAH was implanted in 45 (4.1%) adolescents (age ≤20). It was implanted in 18 institutions around the world [US(11), EU(4), Canada(2) and Australia(1)] with 13 TAHs being the most implanted in a single institution. Median age of this group was 17 years (13-20) and 18%(8) were female. Etiologies of heart failure included cardiomyopathy 30(66.6%) [dilated 17, hypertrophic/restrictive 6, post-partum 2, ischemic 2, other 3]; congenital heart disease 6(13.3%); myocarditis 2; graft rejection 2, and others 5. Total support time was 2815 days with a mean time of 62±110 days(1-605 days). Only 5(11%) patients required support over 6 months. Overall survival was 69%(31) over the entire time period. Over the last decade, survival is better, 75%(15/20), compared to initial experience 64%(16/25) but lacks statistical significance (p=0.5). Mortality occurred in first 30 days in 79%(11/14); with 36%(5/14) of deaths occurring in the first 48 hours. Competing outcomes analysis at 2 mo demonstrates 71% of patients had a positive outcome: 29% were still on the TAH, 42% were transplanted, and 29% died. Conclusions Although a challenging cohort, the majority of critically ill adolescents were successfully supported with the SynCardia TAH. Notable is what appears to be improving outcomes with increasing experience.
Effect of tungsten(VI) on molybdenum(VI)-catalyzed reduction waves of chlorate, nitrate and perchlorate

Abstract Tungsten(VI) does not catalyze the polarographic reduction of nitric or perchloric acid. It decreases the molybdenum-catalyzed reduction currents of these acids.This is attributed to the formation of a mixed heteropolyacid of molybdenum (VI) and tungsten (VI) which does not cause a catalytic reduction at potentials where molybdenum yields a limiting catalytic current. The molybdenum (V)-catalyzed reduction current of chloric acid is greatly enhanced by the presence of tungsten (VI) in the bulk of the solution, and the sensitivity of the polarographic molybdenum determination is increased by one order of magnitude in the presence of 2.10−4M tungstate in a mixture 1 M in perchloric acid and 0.5 M in sodium chlorate. It is suggested that the exaltation can be used for the determination of small concentrations of tuugsten(VI).
A test for mineralization inhibition for calcium salts using agarose hydrogels

Agarose hydrogel layers, containing dissolved calcium chloride, can be mineralized by immersion in sodium bicarbonate solution. Local injection of polyacrylic acid (PAA), a crystal growth inhibitor, into the gel results in a transparent zone, essentially free of calcium carbonate crystals. This effect is shown to be a true inhibition, not a reduction of calcium concentration due to chelation. This approach could be used to screen for the effect of mineralization inhibitors on mineralization and may prove to be more informative than studies carried out on mineralizing solutions.
Planetary science: Secrets of the deep

The magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune are markedly different from those of other planets in the Solar System. Can this be attributed to structural differences deep inside the planets?
Soil nutrient distributions of mesquite-dominated desert grasslands: changes in time and space

Abstract Mesquite trees in desert grasslands create localized distributions of soil N, C, and P, through N fixation, nutrient uptake, and subsequent litterfall. Fires may prevent or reverse this accumulation, but the results of this process are poorly understood. Our objectives were to (1) characterize temporal and spatial variation in velvet mesquite litter mass and C, N, and P concentration; (2) characterize temporal and spatial variation of soil inorganic N in the upper 10 cm, and (3) characterize spatial variation in total soil C, total N, and available P concentrations (0–10 cm) relative to velvet mesquite locations on two sites of contrasting fire frequency. In 1997 and 1998, we sampled velvet mesquite litter monthly and soil seasonally in two adjacent sites with similar physical characteristics but different fire histories at Woodcutter's Canyon, Fort Huachuca, in southeastern Arizona. No fires had occurred in more than 50 years on one site (Site A), and the other site (Site B) had five fires within the 20 years prior to our study. Significantly more litter accumulated under trees at Site A, and most litterfall occurred during the winter months. For both sites and years, litter accumulation was highest during December. In 1997, the maximum average monthly litterfall/tree (total dry mass collected/total trap surface area) was 18.16±13.65 g/m2 on Site A, and 5.43±2.98 g/m2 on Site B. In 1998, the peak average litterfall/tree was 24.10±6.52 g/m2 on Site A, and 9.32±6.85 g/m2 on Site B. Litterfall C, N, and P concentrations did not differ significantly between locations. Litterfall C concentrations averaged 46%, and did not vary significantly over time. During both years, summer litter contained significantly higher concentrations of N and P than winter litter. Each year, litter C/N ratios ranged from 12:1 (summer) to 23:1 (winter). Soil inorganic N varied significantly over time and was significantly higher (56%) at Site A. Soil inorganic N, total N, total C, and available P concentrations were significantly higher under mesquite canopies compared to intercanopy zones at Site A. Available P concentrations were significantly higher in the intercanopy zones of Site B (6 mg/kg) compared to Site A (4 mg/kg), indicating that it was less localized. Overall, the soil nutrient distribution was more uniform on Site B. Litter mass and N, C, and P concentrations varied significantly over time, but were not correlated with soil inorganic N concentrations. Our study supports the concept that differences in mesquite stand development due to fire directly influences soil nutrient distributions in this plant community.
The moderating role of leader and follower sex in dyads on the leadership behavior–leader effectiveness relationships

Abstract Transformational leadership (TL) and leader–member exchange (LMX) literatures provide theoretical frameworks and accompanying empirical evidence for studying the relationship between leader behavior and effectiveness. Although prior attention has been given to gender differences in leadership style and leader effectiveness, the moderating effects of the sex of the leader and subordinate on the leadership–leader effectiveness relationship have not been investigated. In a field study of employees from a manufacturing plant, we examined whether leader and subordinate sex, and the sex composition of the leader–subordinate dyad, moderated the linkages of each set of leader behaviors (i.e., TL and LMX) with actual evaluations of leader effectiveness provided by the leader's subordinates and direct supervisor. Although female leaders were rated as more effective than male leaders overall, a fine-grained analysis of leader–subordinate dyads revealed that the male leaders benefited more than the female leaders from the use of transformational leadership in the leader behavior–leader effectiveness relationship. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Failure of intravenous ribavirin in the treatment of invasive adenovirus infection following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: A case report

We report a case of fatal adenovirus infection in a 37-year-old female who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML). Post BMT she developed acute grade II graft-vs.-host disease (aGVHD) requiring high-dose steroids and anti-thymocyte globulin. Additionally, her clinical course was complicated with adenovirus-associated haemorrhagic cystitis and viraemia. Intravenous ribavirin was obtained and administered for 5 days without success; the patient's mental status deteriorated rapidly and she died on day 69 post-transplant. Radiological imaging revealed diffuse cortical necrosis. At autopsy adenovirus was identified in her bladder, kidneys and lungs.
Recombination lifetime of short-base-width devices using the pulsed MOS capacitor technique

The authors point out that the technique of D.K. Schroder, J.D. Whitfield, and C.J. Varker (see ibid., vol.ED-31, no.4, p.462, 1984) for the determination of recombination lifetime using pulsed MOS capacitors at elevated temperatures does not consider lateral quasi-neutral bulk generation and the time dependence of the width of the space-charge region in short-base-width devices (i.e. epitaxial wafers). Consequently, calculations using this technique indicate that the recombination lifetime is a function of device diameter. A simple one-dimensional approach is proposed in which bulk generation in the lateral area of the device is taken into consideration resulting in a fairly uniform recombination lifetime that is independent of the device diameter for short-base-width devices. >
Differentiation along algebras

The convergence of the generalized derivatives of a sequence of finitely additive set functions along a sequence of algebras is proved very simply by using only the maximal inequality. This gives a purely measure-theoretical proof and extension of the semi-martingale convergence theorems.
A Study of Impact Response of Composite Pipe

The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of the low-velocity impact phenomena of composite pipe. The focus was on test method development, and material and damage characterization. A drop weight tower tester was designed in this investigation. The dynamic tests were conducted using three different impactor geometries, velocities, and masses. It was found that the damage was localized and on the outer surface of the pipe in the case of the conical and wedge tip impactors. On the other hand, the damage zone was larger than the impact zone for the hemispherical impactor, and cracks were first seen within the inner surface of the pipe. This implies that the hemispherical tip impactor caused more damage to the pipe than the conical or wedge tips. The energy absorbed slightly increased with an increase in velocity or in mass. The contact period for the conical impactor was the longest. The velocity and mass of the impactor had only a slight effect on that period. The wedge impactor generated the largest peak force. The energy absorbed by the two composite pipes under low-velocity impact was studied. The specimen-1, Derakane 411-45 resin with less glass fiber, seemed to absorb more energy compared to the specimen-2, Derakane 470-36 resin with more glass fiber. In addition, the specimen-2 exhibited a slightly higher maximum impact force. Therefore, impact response is sensitive to fiber content.
Current-driven morphological evolution of single-layer epitaxial islands on crystalline substrates

Abstract We develop and validate a nonlinear model for the current-driven dynamics of single-layer epitaxial islands on crystalline substrates. Simulations based on the model show that the dependence of the stable steady island migration speed vm on the inverse of the island size is not linear for larger-than-critical island sizes. In this nonlinear regime, we report morphological transitions, Hopf bifurcations, and instabilities for various surface crystallographic orientations and island misfit strains. Proper rescaling of vm gives a universal linear relationship for its dependence on island size.
Polyamine acetylation in the developing and aging mouse brain

Abstract Putrescine and spermidine acetylation is at least 10-fold higher in the brain homogenate of the neonate (1-day-old) mouse than in the adult (90 days old). Although the pattern of putrescine and spermidine acetylation is similar throughout development, the acetylation of spermidine is consistently higher. As the animal matures, the activity curves tend to converge. In the P 1 (crude nuclei) and microsomal fractions, the acetylation of spermidine is highest at day 1, while putrescine acetylation peaks at day 4. In contrast to the adult animal, putrescine and spermidine acetylation are present in the P 2 (crude mitochondria) and soluble fractions. In the P 2 fraction, spermidine acetylation is highest at birth, while the acetylation of putrescine peaks at day 3. Acetylation of both substrates is barely detectable by day 42. In the soluble fraction, putrescine and spermidine acetylation show the highest activity at day 5. The activity declined towards adult values by day 10 in all the fractions examined. Acetylation of putrescine and spermidine is approximately 4-fold higher in the brain homogenate of the 120-day-old mouse than in that of the 90-day-old mouse. Both the acetylation of putrescine and spermidine decline as the animal grows older. In contrast to the perinatal period (day 20 of gestation to 4 days old) the acetylation of putrescine is almost identical to that of spermidine in the adult mouse. These results suggest that polyamine acetylation may play an important role in polyamine metabolism in the developing mouse brain. The presence of activity in the P 2 and soluble fractions of the neonatal, but not adult mouse brain, suggests that putrescine, via acetylputrescine, may contribute to the GABA levels during development.
Kiln: closing the performance gap between systems with and without persistence support

Persistent memory is an emerging technology which allows in-memory persistent data objects to be updated at much higher throughput than when using disks as persistent storage. Previous persistent memory designs use logging or copy-on-write mechanisms to update persistent data, which unfortunately reduces the system performance to roughly half that of a native system with no persistence support. One of the great challenges in this application class is therefore how to efficiently enable atomic, consistent, and durable updates to ensure data persistence that survives application and/or system failures. Our goal is to design a persistent memory system with performance very close to that of a native system. We propose Kiln, a persistent memory design that adopts a nonvolatile cache and a nonvolatile main memory to enable atomic in-place updates without logging or copy-on-write. Our evaluation shows that Kiln can achieve 2× performance improvement compared with NVRAM-based persistent memory with write-ahead logging. In addition, our design has numerous practical advantages: a simple and intuitive abstract interface, microarchitecture-level optimizations, fast recovery from failures, and eliminating redundant writes to nonvolatile storage media.
Effects of cadmium on glutathione metabolism in cadmium sensitive and cadmium resistant Chinese hamster cell lines

Abstract Three cadmium resistant sublines, Cdr20F4, Cdr30F9, and Cdr200T1, resistant to 26, 40, and 145 μm CdCl2, respectively, have been derived from the cadmium sensitive Chinese hamster cell line CHO (resistant to 0.2 μ M CdCl2). The resistance appears to be largely a function of the increased ability of the variant cells to induce the synthesis of metallothioneins (MTs) in response to cadmium, as the incorporation of [35S]cysteine into MTs ranges from an undetectable level to nearly 60% of the total cysteine incorporation into proteins in the CHO and Cdr200T1 cell lines, respectively. Treatment of the cadmium resistant sublines and the parent line with maximal subtoxic levels of CdCl2 produced increases in the concentration of glutathione and glutathione S-transferase activity. In the parent, cadmium-sensitive CHO cell, the glutathione concentration began to increase after 9 h of exposure to 0.22 μ M CdCl2 to over 250% of control level by 12 h. In 1 cadmium resistant line (Cdr20F4) the increase, again at 9 h, was preceded by a decreass, possibly due to depletion of the cysteine pools by the cadmium-induced MT synthesis. The second cadmium-resistant cell line (Cdr30F9) displayed no decrease, and the most cadmium-resistant line (Cdr200T1) showed the decrease and a recovery, but no significant increase by 12 h. In all cell lines there was a small but significant increase in glutathione S-transferase activity by 9 or 12 h. These responses may be specific for the thiol-reactive metal, cadmium, or may represent more general responses to cellular toxicity.
OX40 costimulation and regulatory T cells

The OX40 T-cell costimulatory molecule, critical for both survival and proliferation of activated T cells, has now been identified as a key negative regulator of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs).
Spatial distribution of defects in LiF induced by low-energy electron bombardment: Evidence for rapid hot-hole diffusion.

We report measurements of concentrations and spatial distributions of defects, defect clusters, and surface metal arising from low-energy electron bombardment of LiF crystals. The method employed to monitor defect concentration as a function of depth uses optical transmission spectroscopy in conjunction with depth-profile techniques. Investigations at -90 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C indicate that the observed spatial distribution of defects can be explained best by long-range diffusion of hot holes.
On the absence of Eshelby property for non-ellipsoidal inclusions

It is shown that the Eshelby property does not hold for any inclusion bounded by a polynomial surface of higher than the second-degree, or any inclusion bounded by a non-convex surface. Inclusions bounded by segments of two or more different surfaces are also precluded. The absence of the Eshelby property for non-ellipsoidal inclusions is then discussed.
Magnetic field-directed self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles

This article reviews the principles of magnetic field-directed self-assembly (MFDSA) of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), along with recent studies that advance the fundamental understanding and potential capabilities of MNP MFDSA. This technology could eventually find application in manufacturing novel materials and components for biomedicine, energy, optics, functional composites, and microfluidics. In MFDSA, an externally applied field drives the assembly of MNPs. Uniform fields can create complex chains of MNPs, while inhomogeneous fields (such as those created by permanent magnets) apply attractive forces to MNPs that pull them toward the region of strongest field strength. Thus, MNPs can be self-organized as well as directed into user-designed patterns by controlling the external field arrangement. Because of its biocompatibility, nanoscale resolution, and low cost, MFDSA is a highly versatile technique that could enable high volume nanomanufacturing of MNPs into complex, finished materials.
In vitro assessment of marginal leakage of six enamel sealants

The findings of this study support previous data on marginal leakage using enamel sealants in vitro. All sealants tested except Epoxylite 9075 were described for this study. However, all in vitro studies have limitations, and the ultimate evaluation of sealant behaviour must be based on in vivo experimentation.
ESR Studies of Monosulfide Radicals in Irradiated N-Acetyl-L-cysteine Single Crystals

Abstract Electron spin resonance studies of three monosulfide radicals in N-acetyl-L-cysteine single crystals have been performed at 4 K. These radicals are characterized by very large g-tensor anisotropies; one is believed to have the largest g anisotropy ever reported for an organic free radical (1.9 ≤ g ≤ 2.5). Sulfur 3d-orbital spin density is largely responsible for the unusual g tensor in at least two of these radicals. While these three radicals are almost identical in structure, their ESR parameters, such as g tensor and 33S hyperfine coupling constants, are affected by the environments of the radicals trapped in the crystal structure. Hydrogen bonding to the sulfur atom appears to play an important role.
Teen pregnancy and maladjustment: A study of base rates

The present investigation determines base rates for maladjustment by interviewing pregnant/parenting teenage mothers as well as nonpregnant/nonparenting teenage girls in public schools. A total of 420 participants were involved in the studies. The results indicate that pregnant/parenting teens experience significantly more maladjustment than their nonpregnant/nonparenting counterparts and that these groups also differ significantly on maternal competence. Specifically pregnant/parenting teens reported more flexibility and practicality when faced with the daily demands of child rearing. Yet they were less likely to manipulate the environment in a positive manner to avoid child behaviors that might result in harm to the child or require disciplinary action. Findings will be discussed in light of their relevance for preventive intervention with pregnant/parenting teens that promote adjustment and parenting competence. Furthermore preventive intervention strategies will be presented for adolescents who are engaging in high-risk sexual behavior. (authors)
Splitting of the PypPu and PupPy bonds by deoxyribonucleases.

SummaryA method has been developed which permits the direct measurement of the splitting of the PypPu bond in DNA by endo-nucleases producing polynucleotide chains terminated in 5′-phosphates, and of the PupPy bond by endonucleases producing polynucleotide chains terminated in 3′-phosphates.
Evolution and transcription of old world monkey globin genes.

Although apparently inactive in the whole animal, the δ globin genes from three species of Old World monkey (rhesus, baboon and green monkey) are all functional in an in vitro transcription assay. Their activities in vitro are similar to that of the functional human delta gene. A fourth monkey gene, from the colobus monkey, is transcribed approximately fivefold less efficiently than the others. This reduced in vitro activity results from a 20 basepair deletion, which removes the normal site of mRNA initiation. When the deletion is repaired by site-directed mutagenesis, transcriptional activity increases to the level observed for the other δ genes. We also report the complete nucleotide sequences of the colobus β, colobus δ, and rhesus δ genes. Sequence comparisons show that the δ and β genes in the same species have not exchanged genetic information since the divergence of the human and monkey lineages. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences affirms that the Old World monkey δ genes are evolving more rapidly than their functional counterparts. Moreover, the rate of replacement substitutions has risen to equal that of non-coding DNA, as expected for genes no longer under selective constraint.
Brain opioids and autism: an updated analysis of possible linkages.

Considerable clinical evidence suggests that autistic children lack the normal ability or desire to engage others socially, as indicated by their poor social skills and inappropriate use of language for communicative purposes. Specifically, these children seem to lack normal amounts of social-emotional interest in other people, leading perhaps to a decreased initiative to communicate. This paper summarizes experimental evidence supporting a neurological theory, which posits that autism, at least partially, represents a disruptive overactivation of hypersensitization of neurohormone systems in the brain, such as brain opioids. These substances modulate socialemotional processes, and the possibility that blockade of opioid activity in the brain may be therapeutic for early childhood autism is discussed.
Municipal Capital Budgeting: An Examination

The state of capital budgeting theory is going through its growing pains. While traditional literature on capital budgeting is grounded in rational decision-making, Nunn (1990) has suggested that such an approach is too limited to be of significant value. New theories, he argues, need to reflect differences in capital demand and differences in approaches to local policy, thereby reflecting both the economically-rational and other components of capital budgeting. In this study, we examine the rigor of the traditional rational approach and the typology put forth by Nunn. Based on a broad cross-sectional analysis of municipal finance directors, we find that capital budgeting is more complex than usually presented. Yet contrary to the argument by Nunn, we also find that the process is restricted more to internal participants, with limited and targeted participation by the public and other external actors.
Using logic programming to facilitate qualitative data analysis

Conventional word-processing programs and LOGLISP, a system which integrates logic programming with LISP, form the basis for QUALOG, a set of computer programs which facilitates the qualitative data analysis process. These programs aid the researcher's conceptual work in data analysis in four areas: 1) formatting the data as text files; 2) creating, organizing, and storing a knowledge base of information about the data; 3) testing knowledge-base queries relevant to working hypotheses for confirming and for disconfirming information; and 4) creating, organizing, and storing files for the researcher's memoranda.
Combining analytical and empirical approaches in tuning matrix transposition

Matrix transposition is an important kernel used in many applications. Even though its optimization has been the subject of many studies, an optimization procedure that targets the characteristics of current processor architectures has not been developed. In this paper, we develop an integrated optimization framework that addresses a number of issues, including tiling for the memory hierarchy, effective handling of memory misalignment, utilizing memory subsystem characteristics, and the exploitation of the parallelism provided by the vector instruction sets in current processors. A judicious combination of analytical and empirical approaches is used to determine the most appropriate optimizations. The absence of problem information until execution time is handled by generating multiple versions of the code - the best version is chosen at runtime, with assistance from minimal-overhead inspectors. The approach highlights aspects of empirical optimization that are important for similar computations with little temporal reuse. Experimental results on PowerPC G5 and Intel Pentium 4 demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed framework.
Mental status examination: myth or method.

Abstract Our clinical experience, as well as literature review, indicate that the MSE may be more myth than method in contemporary psychiatry. Given the current common language available through DSM (III) and the APA Glossary, the MSE may well have enhanced potential as a practical clinical tool because it can be transferable, affordable, portable, and not machine dependent. Having intervened, as noted above, we intend to follow-up via clinical records, interview and questionnaire to determine whether more consistent notation by trainees is present and whether trainees have a shared concept as to form and clinical utility of the MSE.
Preferential wetting phenomenon in bicomponent polymer melt flow

For two polymer melts spun in a side-by-side configuration through a capillary, interface shape and spinneret exit angle data are presented as a function of viscosity ratio, spinneret dimensions, and relative polymer-steel wettability. Nylon-nylon versus nylon-polyurethane bicomponent flow systems are compared. A surface tension phenomenon is postulated to be significant in controlling the bicomponent fiber interface shape for capillary length-to-diameter ratios of the order of unity.
Respiratory and systemic cellular and humoral immune responses to influenza virus vaccine administered parenterally or by nose drops

Abstract Cellular and humoral immunity were evaluated in guinea pigs after immunization with influenza virus vaccine. Guinea pigs were immunized either systemically or locally into the respiratory tract, and the humoral and cellular immunities were evaluated in serum and splenic lymphocytes (systemically) and in bronchial washings (local immunity). At a dose of influenza virus vaccine adjusted by weight equivalent to that used in human immunization, parenteral immunization led to the development of circulating antibody and to cell-mediated immunity, as determined by the inhibition of macrophage migration, in splenic lymphocytes. After local immunization with nose drops, local cellular and humoral immunity developed but there was little systemic immunologic response. After a larger dose of antigen, equivalent to 10 times the usual dose given to immunize humans, cell-mediated immunity developed in both the bronchial washing lymphocytes and the splenic lymphocytes in the parenterally immunized animals. Humoral immunity, however, maintained the same pattern as in the animals which received the lower dose of vaccine; i.e., locally immunized animals developed mainly local antibody and parenterally immunized animals developed mainly systemic antibody. The inhibition of macrophage migration activity had disappeared or was greatly reduced in both the splenic and bronchial wash lymphocytes by 28 days; however, the influenza-neutralizing antibody persisted through this time.
A PROCEDURE FOR MAINTAINING STUDENT PROGRESS IN A PERSONALIZED UNIVERSITY COURSE1

Ten students in a personalized university course were given target dates for completing each of 26 lessons. The lessons could be completed before those dates, but not after. The first two failures to complete a lesson by the target date led to “warnings”; the next failure required the student to withdraw from the course. When each student's rate of lesson completion was compared with and without target dates, it was found that students completed an average of 1.0 lesson a day with the target-date contingency and 0.3 without it. Individual data indicated that most students did few or no lessons without the contingency. It was concluded that a target-date contingency is an effective method for maintaining student progress in personalized university courses.
Hysteresis in electronic circuits: A circuit theorist's perspective

In this exposition we hope to dispel some common misconceptions about the nature of hysteresis elements are associated with parasitic dynamics in the circuit and therefore should not be considered part of the static characteristics. We examine the Schmitt trigger ciruit, which exhibits hysteresis in its transfer characteristic, and study a neuraltype pulse oscillator, one of a class of oscillators which relies for its operation on diriving point hysteresis. We illustrate the concepts of DC characteristics, the dynamic route, the jump phenomenon and parasitic dynamics. We show how a clear understanding of these ciruit theoretic principles leads to better analysis and synthesis methods for hysteretic cirucits.
Spatial tracking using an electro-optic nutator and a single-mode optical fiber

Recently, the potential advantages of using single-mode optical fibers within free-space laser communication systems has been recognized. Of particular importance within an optical receiver is the spatial tracking system, which must couple the received signal into a single-mode optical fiber in the presence of environmental disturbances. Because optical beamwidths are small (microrad) and typical disturbances can be large (mrad), this requirement makes the design of the spatial tracking subsystem an important and difficult part of an optical receiver. Previous systems have utilized mechanical techniques for nutating the tip of the receiving fiber to derive tracking information. A new technique, based on using a fixed fiber and an electro-optic beam deflector, is proposed. Design considerations and experimental results are presented.
Downregulation of cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase in switchgrass by RNA silencing results in enhanced glucose release after cellulase treatment.

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyzes the last step in monolignol biosynthesis and genetic evidence indicates CAD deficiency in grasses both decreases overall lignin, alters lignin structure and increases enzymatic recovery of sugars. To ascertain the effect of CAD downregulation in switchgrass, RNA mediated silencing of CAD was induced through Agrobacterium mediated transformation of cv. “Alamo” with an inverted repeat construct containing a fragment derived from the coding sequence of PviCAD2. The resulting primary transformants accumulated less CAD RNA transcript and protein than control transformants and were demonstrated to be stably transformed with between 1 and 5 copies of the T-DNA. CAD activity against coniferaldehyde, and sinapaldehyde in stems of silenced lines was significantly reduced as was overall lignin and cutin. Glucose release from ground samples pretreated with ammonium hydroxide and digested with cellulases was greater than in control transformants. When stained with the lignin and cutin specific stain phloroglucinol-HCl the staining intensity of one line indicated greater incorporation of hydroxycinnamyl aldehydes in the lignin.