cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trabecular Bone Loss at a Distant Skeletal Site Following Noninvasive Knee Injury in Mice

Traumatic injuries can have systemic consequences, as the early inflammatory response after trauma can lead to tissue destruction at sites not affected by the initial injury. This systemic catabolism may occur in the skeleton following traumatic injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. However, bone loss following injury at distant,unrelated skeletal sites has not yet been established. In the current study, we utilized a mouse knee injury model to determine whether acute knee injury causes a mechanically significant trabecular bone loss at a distant, unrelated skeletal site (L5 vertebral body).Knee injury was noninvasively induced using either high-speed (HS; 500 mm/s) or lowspeed(LS; 1 mm/s) tibial compression overload. HS injury creates an ACL rupture by midsubstance tear, while LS injury creates an ACL rupture with an associated avulsion bone fracture. At 10 days post-injury, vertebral trabecular bone structure was quantified using high-resolution microcomputed tomography (lCT), and differences in mechanical properties were determined using finite element modeling (FEM) and compressive mechanical testing. We hypothesized that knee injury would initiate a loss of trabecular bone structure and strength at the L5 vertebral body. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found significant decreases in trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and trabecular number at the L5 vertebral body in LS injured mice compared to sham (8.8% and 5.0%, respectively), while HS injured mice exhibited a similar, but lower magnitude response (5.1% and 2.5%, respectively). Contrary to our hypothesis, this decrease intrabecular bone structure did not translate to a significant deficit in compressive stiffness or ultimate load of the full trabecular body assessed by mechanical testing or FEM. However,we were able to detect significant decreases in compressive stiffness in both HS and LS injured specimens when FE models were loaded directly through the trabecular bone region (9.9% and 8.1%, and 3, respectively). This finding may be particularly important for osteoporotic fracture risk, as damage within vertebral bodies has been shown to initiate within the trabecular bone compartment. Altogether, these data point to a systemic trabecular bone loss as a consequence of fracture or traumatic musculoskeletal injury, which may be an underlying mechanism contributing to increased risk of refracture following an initial injury. This finding may have consequences for treatment of acute musculoskeletal injuries and the prevention of future bone fragility.
High-resolution computed tomography sampling for detection of asbestos-related lung disease

Rationale and Objectives. We determined whether a limited number of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans will effectively screen for interstitial lung disease (ILD) in a population of individuals exposed to asbestos. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the computed tomography studies of 49 patients exposed to asbestos. HRCT in the supine and prone positions had been performed at specifically preselected levels. Two teams of thoracic radiologists evaluated, on separate occasions: (1) all images, (2) prone images only, and (3) a single prone image through the lung bases for the presence of diffuse ILD. Results. A relatively high level of accuracy was obtained with a single prone scan. However, improvement to 95% or better was found when additional prone images were used. Conclusion. A screening study for ILD, in this case patients exposed to asbestos, may be performed by preselected the procedure make screening relatively large patient groups for ILD more feasible.
Preoperative physical activity, anesthesia, and analgesia: Effects on early postoperative walking after total hip replacement

This study explored whether preoperative activity, anesthesia, or analgesia influence early postoperative walking after total hip replacement (THR). Data were collected as part of a randomized intervention study of standard or augmented postoperative activity and its influence on wound healing. More than half of all subjects did not exercise regularly. Subjects who performed strength activities preoperatively walked significantly greater distances. Anesthesia or analgesia did not affect walking distances. Upper arm strength is needed after THR because walking is dependent on the use of assistive devices. These results suggest: (1) preoperative exercise may promote recovery of mobility after THR, and (2) a need to evaluate preoperative exercise programs for effect on mobility and independence after THR.
Light-induced vibrational structure in H 2 + and D 2 + in intense laser fields

Molecular bond-softening and above-threshold dissociation of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}^{+}$ in intense laser fields is reexamined using 160 fs pulses of 769 nm light. At intensities greater than \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{13}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ new features appear in the dissociation spectrum. These are consistent with the formation of trapped population in light-induced vibrational states, formed in the adiabatic potential near the three-photon resonance between the 1s${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{g}}$ and 2p${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{u}}$ states. Rovibrational structure of such light-induced states appears in the kinetic energy spectra of the ion fragments detected after multiphoton ionization.
Learning and path-dependence in the diffusion of innovations: comparative evidence on numerically controlled machine tools

Abstract Before the decline of the U.S. machine tool industry and the rise of the Japanese one over the course of the 1980s, the development and diffusion of numerically controlled (NC) machine tools in the two countries occurred along different trajectories. While the closed-loop design had emerged as the dominant product configuration in the U.S. market since the invention of NC in 1952, advances in component technologies led to the development and commercialization of the simpler open-loop systems in the mid-1960s. Their diffusion in Japan was much greater than in the U.S. and essential to the creation of a market for low-cost NC machine tool. The paper argues that the differences in the diffusion of the two designs resulted from the path-dependence engendered by the learning processes according to which the two markets evolved. In U.S., the development of the technology and the emergent industry structure fostered a trajectory of producers' and users' learning that emphasized the machining precision of NC. In Japan, the development of the technology focused on its benefits for manufacturing flexibility. This paper analyzes how the different perceptions of the technology influenced the strategies of firms in the industry, the adoption behavior of users, and thus the market outcome of the diffusion processes.
Exploring the molecular origins of protein dynamics in the active site of human carbonic anhydrase II.

We present three-pulse vibrational echo measurements of azide ion bound to the active site Zn of human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II) and of two separate active-site mutants Thr199 → Ala () and Leu198 → Phe (). Because structural motions of the protein active site influence the frequency of bound ligands, the differences in the time scales of the frequency-frequency correlation functions (FFCFs) obtained from global fits to each set of data allow us to make inferences about the time scales of the active site dynamics of HCA II. Surprisingly, the deletion of a potential electrostatic interaction in results in very little change in the FFCF, but the insertion of the bulky phenylalanine ring in causes much faster dynamics. We conclude that the fast, sub-picosecond time scale in the correlation function is attributable to hydrogen bond dynamics, and the slow, apparently static contribution is due to the conformational flexibility of Zn-bound azide in the active site.
Effect of a Two-solution Fluoride Mouthrinse on Remineralization of Enamel Lesions in vitro:

A previous study showed that a two-solution fluoride (F) rinse deposited significantly more loosely-bound F on the tooth surface than did a sodium fluoride (NaF) rinse with the same F concentration (12 mmol/L). In the present study, this experimental rinse was evaluated for its ability to cause remineralization of enamel lesions in an in vitro pH-cycling model. Caries-like lesions were formed in the enamel of extracted human molars by means of a pH 4 demineralizing solution. Fifty-one approximately 120-microns-thick sections containing lesions were randomly divided into (1) control, (2) NaF rinse, and (3) two-solution F rinse groups. With the cut surfaces protected, the control samples were immersed in a pH 7 remineralizing solution for 12 days, and twice daily the sections were also exposed to a pH 4 demineralizing solution for 30 min. Samples in the NaF group received an additional one-minute rinse with a NaF (12 mmol/L) solution twice daily. Samples in the two-solution rinse group received the rinse treatment with a 12 mmol/L F solution prepared by combination of a Na2SiF6 and phosphate-containing solution with a calcium solution just before use. The mineral contents of the lesions were assessed by quantitative microradiography. The results showed that (1) no significant de- or remineralization was detected in the controls; (2) a 46% decrease in mineral loss (delta Z) of the lesion was produced by the NaF rinses; and (3) a 94% decrease in delta Z and a 20-microns-thick, mineral-dense surface-coating were produced by the two-solution F rinse treatment.
Convective heat transfer through boundary layers with arbitrary pressure gradient and non-isothermal surfaces

Abstract The solution method introduced by Chao and Cheema in their study of forced convection wedge flow with non-uniform surface temperature has been generalized to treat general two-dimensional and axisymmetric boundary-layer flows with non-uniform surface temperature. By the introduction of appropriate transformation variables, the equations for the temperature profile and the local wall heat flux can be expressed explicitly in terms of the Prandtl number and the wedge parameter for a step discontinuity in wall temperature. Numerical examples for an isothermal surface and for a wall temperature step change for a circular cylinder are given and are compared with values obtained from other formula available in the literature.
Responsiveness of gene expression markers of osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity to calcitonin in the appendicular and axial skeleton of the rat in vivo

We have previously shown that calcitonin (CT), an inhibitor of bone resorption, increases vertebral, but not femoral bone density in the rat [3]. To address the physiologic responses associated with these effects on bone mineral density (BMD), we assessed mRNA transcripts reflecting activities of osteoblasts (type I collagen, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and alkaline phosphatase), osteoclasts [tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)], and cell proliferation (histone H4) in the spine and femur of these rats. CT increased spine BMD while increasing type I collagen and decreasing TRAP and histone mRNAs. In the femur, where CT had no effect on BMD, it decreased type I collagen and histone H4 mRNA but did not affect TRAP. CT had no effect on the gene expression of osteocalcin, osteopontin, or alkaline phosphatase at either site. The results indicate that selective alterations in gene expression, as reflected by steady state mRNA levels, are consistent with the changes observed by BMD measurement, and can more clearly define the specific contribution from osteoblast and osteoclast activity. This study demonstrates a heterogeneity in response of the axial and appendicular skeleton to CT, reflected by alterations in gene expression that provide a basis for understanding the observed BMD responses to various pharmacologic interventions.
Parametric model order reduction from measurements

We address the problem of parametric model order reduction given measurements of the response of a device performed with respect to frequency, and also with respect to a design parameter, which could relate to its geometry or material properties. The proposed approach is based on a generalization of the Loewner matrix [12] to the case when data depend on two variables, namely frequency and a design parameter.
Optical rotatory dispersion of E. coli ribosomes and their constituents.

Investigations have been made on the optical rotatory dispersion properties of E. coli ribosomes and their constituent RNA and proteins. The results indicate that (1) no conformational changes are involved in the formation of a 70S particle from the 50S and 308 subunits, (2) the E. coli ribosomal proteins are similar to most globular proteins with little α-helix content, and (3) the conformation of RNA and proteins inside the ribosome is very similar to that in the free state.
Doppler-invariant property of hyperbolic frequency modulated waveforms

When a target has a large velocity, the Doppler effect is not negligible. In that case, pulse compression by means of a linear frequency modulation suffers from significant signal loss in performance due to the mismatch between the reflected signal and the matched filter caused by the Doppler distortion. This problem can be avoided by using a hyperbolic frequency-modulated waveform, which has the inherent Doppler-invariant property. In this paper, we demonstrate that the hyperbolic frequency-modulated waveform is Doppler-invariant under the assumption that the target velocity is constant, while for a linear frequency-modulated waveform it is not. Two numerical examples with rectangular and Gaussian pulse envelopes are presented to compare the performance of these two different modulation schemes under several different levels of Doppler distortions. We also compare the performance of this method with another Doppler-invariant pulse compressor based on the bipolar waveform and multiple integrator pair. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1174–1179, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21573
Search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes

Identification of a gene or genes that contribute to the development of schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, may be possible through genetic linkage analysis. Although to date no single causative gene has been identified, several chromosomal loci have shown positive linkage results and are under investigation as tentative schizophrenia susceptibility loci. Despite such obstacles as locus heterogeneity among sample populations, epistatic inheritance models, and failure to obtain statistical significance in studies, patterns have emerged that focus research efforts on chromosomes 13, 8, 22, and 6 and 10. Initial heterogeneity analyses suggests that identifiable subgroups of the families may not contribute equally to these linkage findings. Findings on several additional chromosomes await further replication. Future progress in the search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes will require collaboration among researchers from both academia and industry.
The rhetoric of personal carbon offset accounting

Many organisations and individuals are concerned about the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and resulting, perhaps catastrophic climate change. Daily activities such as heating homes and flying on airplanes are imbued with moral and ethical significance because of their suspected role in climate change. In response to these concerns, many individuals purchase carbon offsets to neutralise the effects of their activities. Offsets have technical, behavioural, and ethical problems; in some circumstances they may actually increase rather than decrease greenhouse gases. This does not mean, however, that carbon offsets are without value. The purchase of carbon offsets is a discursive activity that fulfils a rhetorical role. The offset market helps individuals navigate the conflicting moral and ethical demands confronting them. The purchase of carbon offsets resembles the early days of double-entry accounting in that it is more rhetorical than referential. Carbon offsets demonstrate that accounting retains its rhetorical value.
Immunochemical Identification of Coenzyme Q0-Dihydrolipoamide Adducts in the E2 Components of the α-Ketoglutarate and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complexes Partially Explains the Cellular Toxicity of Coenzyme Q0

Coenzyme Q0 (Q0), a strong electrophile, is toxic to insulin-producing cells. Q0 was incubated with rat and human pancreatic islets and INS-1 insulinoma cells, and its attachment to cellular proteins was studied with Western analysis using antiserum raised against the benzoquinone ring structure of ubiquinone (anti-Q). Q0 covalently bonded to two proteins, one of 50 kDa and another of 70 kDa. Both proteins were found to be mitochondrial in human and rat islet cells and in many rat organs. Mitochondria were incubated with Q0, and affinity-purified anti-Q was used to immunoprecipitate the 50-kDa protein. Amino acid sequencing identified it as dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase, the E2 component of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KDC). Western analysis also showed that Q bonds to the E2 components of the purified KDC and 0the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase, the E2 of the PDC, has a molecular mass of 70 kDa, and the 70-kDa protein was inferred to be this enzyme. Q0 was found to bond only to proteins containing dihydrolipoate, and in preparations of mitochondria, thiol reducing agents facilitated the attachment of Q0, but oxidizing agents prevented it, suggesting that Q0 bonds to thiols of dihydrolipoamide. Incubation of human or pig PDC with Q0 followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analyses of chymotrypsin-digested peptides of PDC E2 confirmed that Q0 bonds to the dihydrolipoamide in these proteins. In mitochondria, coenzymes Q1 and Q2 did not bond to the 50-kDa protein but competed with the bonding of Q0 to this protein. The prevention by Q1 of characteristics the bonding of Q0 to KDC E2, as well as other of the Q0 effect, are reminiscent of the action of Q0 on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore described previously (Fontaine, E., Ichas, F., and Bernardi, P. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 25734–25740).
Dredged Basalt from the Reykjanes Ridge, North Atlantic

THE Reykjanes Ridge in the North Atlantic Ocean has been1 an important example in derivations of the theory of sea-floor spreading. A detailed dredging programme by the R/V Trident (September 1967) with camera and gravity core stations covered a profile across the crest of the Reykjanes Ridge (at latitude 60° N, Fig. 1) to look for direct information on the mechanism of spreading and to test one suggested explanation1. Many data were already available2–4. Continuous depth, total magnetic intensity and seismic profiling measurements along this traverse correlated the new data with the old (magnetic, gravity and seismic). There was also a secondary, incomplete profile at latitude 61° 25′ N, 150 km north, as well as heat flow measurements by K. Horai and M. Chessman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
International adoption : What is fact, what is fiction, and what is the future?

Despite the popularity of international adoption in North America and Western Europe as a means to build a family, the knowledge of health care professionals is often limited regarding the historical context of this phenomenon as well as the motivations and process experienced by adoptive parents. Although international adoption is viewed as an acceptable if not admirable method of forming kinships in accepting countries, opinions in the international community are mixed. Whether international adoptions increase or are drastically curtailed depends on addressing the misgivings that many countries have about placing their children abroad. Concerns center in two broad areas: sensitivity toward preservation of family and culture and whether the process has sufficient integrity to act in the best interests of children and birth parents.
Phenacetin and chlorzoxazone biotransformation in aging male Fischer 344 rats

We evaluated the role of specific isoforms in the biotransformation of phenacetin and chlorzoxazone and examined the effect of age on these reactions using liver microsomes from Fischer 344 rats between 3 and 26 months of age. Using rat cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, we found that phenacetin biotransformation was primarily mediated by CYP2C6 and CYP1A isoforms, while chlorzoxazone biotransformation was largely mediated by CYP2E1 and CYP1A1. Incubations with liver microsomes prepared from rats of varying ages demonstrated that both phenacetin and chlorzoxazone biotransformation declined with age. Metabolite formation rates in the old rats (25-26 months) were reduced by approximately 60-70% for these reactions. This study suggests that the activity of CYP2E and CYP1A enzymes decline with age in the rat liver. Also, the relative specificity of the index substrates phenacetin (for CYP1A2) and chlorzoxazone (for CYP2E1) in man appears not to be applicable in rats.
Conceptual Dichotomies and Cultural Realities: Gender, Work, and Religion in Highland Guatemala

I n this paper I discuss some of the complexities of gender relations in terms of the conceptual dichotomy of the public versus private spheres of society in order to understand the interplay of gender and religion in highland Guatemala. Ethnographic examples are drawn from my fieldwork on evangelical Protestantism, Maya religion and Catholicism in that region, and from other ethnographies of Latin America. On the basis of these data, I argue that the public and private spheres exist as cultural realities, although they are not necessarily as rigid or clearly demarcated as some analysts have assumed them to be. Religion provides a particularly interesting window on gender relations in Latin America because it is often one of the few realms of the public sphere in which women play a significant and socially acceptable role.
In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies of lithium oxygen batteries

Lithium oxygen batteries were studied in situ by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Crystalline Li2O2 was shown to form reversibly on a plain carbon cathode under normal cycling conditions. However, if the cell was polarized to induce electrolyte decomposition before the oxygen reduction reaction was initiated, LiOH was found to cycle reversibly on the cathode instead. A mechanism linking the LiOH production to the electrolyte decomposition was proposed.
Methods in High Precision Refractometry of Optical Glasses

Five refractive methods and an interferometric method for measuring refractive indices of optical glasses to a precision of several units in the sixth or seventh decimal place are examined. Tables and graphs are presented as aids in evaluating the various methods. Reduction to standard conditions of temperature, pressure, and humidity is also discussed. The minimum deviation method provides greater precision than the autocollimating method for the same precision in angle measurement. The V block, immersion, and critical angle methods, being comparative methods, provide lower precision. A proposed interferometer method shows capability for seventh place accuracy.
How) Can We Prevent Type 2 Diabetes

In the past 6 years, several randomized controlled trials have been conducted to test the impact of behavioral and pharmacological interventions on rates of development of type 2 diabetes in high-risk groups (1–7). The studies have demonstrated that it is possible to reduce the number of people who develop diabetes by 25–62% over 3- to 6-year time frames. As a result, discussions on mitigating the growing public health problem of type 2 diabetes have expanded from a relatively narrow focus on disease treatment to a broader focus on disease prevention. Ultimately, the broader focus is relevant to prevention and early treatment, both aimed at stabilization or reversal of an otherwise progressive disease process. Optimal strategies for disease modification at the stages of pre-diabetes and early diabetes remain to be defined. However, existing information is sufficient to begin to sort out the relative effectiveness of interventions and to make some recommendations for clinical care. In this article, I discuss both the concept of and evidence for diabetes prevention in the context of the biology of type 2 diabetes. I also suggest an approach for clinical care that is based on a combination of knowledge about disease biology and the results of clinical trials. Hyperglycemia results from an insulin supply that is insufficient to meet the body's needs. Diabetes is hyperglycemia that exceeds the threshold where the risk of diabetic retinopathy is currently thought to begin. In type 2 diabetes, insufficient insulin supply occurs in a setting of increased insulin demands—chronic insulin resistance. Longitudinal studies of insulin secretion and insulin action in Pima Indians (8), Hispanic women with prior gestational diabetes (9), and Hispanic, white, and African-American participants in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (10) reveal that abnormalities in insulin secretion and action are present long before type 2 diabetes …
Translation as problematic discourse in organizations

Abstract Translation as an organizational activity is critical to the effective functioning of many institutions and is becoming ever more commonplace as our society grows increasingly multilingual and culturally diverse. This study examines translation in terms of its influence on organizational members' sensemaking and consequent social and task functions of the institution. An integrated theory of translation provides a foundation for identifying three major categories of problematics involving translation in workplaces: inaccuracies, losses of common sociocultural contexts, and changes to power relationships. Data from a hotel business meeting in which an executive's discourse in English were simultaneously translated into Spanish is analyzed to illustrate the problematics and to derive guidelines for organizations with multilingual workforces.
Memory for images intense enough to draw an administration's attention: television and the "war on terror".

In the recent United States–led “war on terror,” including ongoing engagements in Iraq and Afghanistan, news organizations have been accused of showing a negative view of developments on the ground. In particular, news depictions of casualties have brought accusations of anti-Americanism and aiding and abetting the terrorists' cause. In this study, video footage of war from television news stories was manipulated to investigate the effects of negative compelling images on cognitive resource allocation, physiological arousal, and recognition memory. Results of a within-subjects experiment indicate that negatively valenced depictions of casualties and destruction elicit greater attention and physiological arousal than positive and low-intensity images. Recognition memory for visual information in the graphic negative news condition was highest, whereas audio recognition for this condition was lowest. The results suggest that negative, high-intensity video imagery diverts cognitive resources away from the encoding of verbal information in the newscast, positioning visual images and not the spoken narrative as a primary channel of viewer learning.
Critical issues in measuring the mechanical properties of hard films on soft substrates by nanoindentation techniques

This study explores the difficulties encountered when using conventional nanoindentation techniques to measure the Young`s modulus and hardness of hard films on soft substrates. In general, the indentation measurement of film/substrate systems is affected by four material properties: the Young`s modulus and hardness of the film, and the Young`s modulus and hardness of the substrate. For the particular case of a hard film on a soft substrate, there is a tendency for the material around the hardness impression to sink-in which results from the large difference in yielding of the two materials. In this study, a model system consisting of NiP on annealed Cu was used to explore the behavior. This system is interesting because the film and substrate have similar Young`s moduli, minimizing the elastic behavior as a variable. In contrast, the hardness of NiP is approximately 7--8 GPa, and that of the annealed copper is less than 1 GPa, providing a factor of 10 difference in the plastic flow characteristics. Experimental results indicate that standard analytical methods for determining the contact depth, hardness and Young`s modulus do not work well for the case of a hard film on a soft substrate. At shallow contact depths, the measured indentationmore » modulus is close to that of the film, but at larger depths sink-in phenomena result in an overestimation of the contact area, and an indentation modulus which is less than the Young`s modulus of both the film and substrate. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provide critical details of the physical processes involved, and illustrate how the standard data analyses overestimate the true contact area.« less
W-band monolithic CPW Wilkinson CMOS power amplifier

A 77–83 GHz power amplifier (PA) is developed using the CPW Wilkinson power-combining technique in a 90 nm CMOS process. From the single tone power measurement, a linear power gain of 20 dB, saturated power of 12.3 dBm, and maximum PAE of 3.9% are achieved for the Wilkinson MMW PA at 80 GHz.
Depression in HIV-infected men.

Considerable gender disparity exists in the incidence of HIV/AIDS in men, with men experiencing the largest burden of this epidemic. In addition, over six million men in the United States experience depressive disorders. HIV-infected men experience the three most common depressive disorders—major depression, dysthymia, and bipolar disorder. Comorbidity associated with the dual diagnosis of HIV infection and common depressive disorders in men is a critical men's health issue. This article's purpose is to increase health care professionals' awareness and knowledge regarding the significant impact of a dual diagnosis of HIV infection and depression on men's health.
A Low-Profile Dual-Band Surface Wave Antenna With a Monopole-Like Pattern

A dual-band surface wave antenna (DBSWA) that realizes a monopole-like radiation pattern with a low-profile configuration is designed and measured. The antenna consists of two parts: a center-fed modified crosspatch to excite surface waves at two frequency bands, and a thin dielectric slab loaded with periodic patches to support the propagation of the surface waves. The surface wave property and radiation mechanism of the DBSWA are described, and parametric studies are performed to understand the dual-band characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna with only 3 mm thickness (< 0.05 lambda) is fabricated and tested, which resonates at 4.2 and 4.9 GHz. The corresponding impedance bandwidths and gains are 1.10% and 4.9 dBi for the low frequency band and 3.94% and 5.4 dBi for the high frequency band.
Effects of Type and Strength of Force Feedback on Movement Time in a Target Selection Task

Future cockpits will likely include new onboard technologies, such as cockpit displays of traffic information, to help support future flight deck roles and responsibilities. These new technologies may benefit from multimodal feedback to aid pilot information processing. The current study investigated the effects of multiple levels of force feedback on operator performance in an aviation task. Participants were presented with two different types of force feedback (gravitational and spring force feedback) for a discrete targeting task, with multiple levels of gain examined for each force feedback type. Approach time and time in target were recorded. Results suggested that the two highest levels of gravitational force significantly reduced approach times relative to the lowest level of gravitational force. Spring force level only affected time in target. Implications of these findings for the design of future cockpit displays will be discussed.
Immunosuppressive drug use in pregnancy

Ideally, immunosuppressive drugs would not be necessary in pregnancy. However, in connective tissue disease (especially systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE) vasculitis, and sometimes antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, their use is necessary both to protect the health of the mother and to insure the success of the pregnancy. The more commonly used drugs will be reviewed, with an emphasis on human data, when available. Methotrexate and leflunamide will not be considered, for they should never be used in pregnancy.
Reversal of Fixed Pupils after Spontaneous Intraventricular Hemorrhage with Secondary Acute Hydrocephalus: Report of two cases treated with early ventriculostomy

The development of fixed pupils in a comatose patient is such an ominous prognostic sign that its occurrence usually signifies a fatal outcome. However, in the 1970s a few reports appeared that documented recovery from fixed pupils resulting from both compressive and noncompressive lesions of the midbrain. The former group consisted primarily of a small number of patients with intracerebral hematomas secondary to ruptured cerebral aneurysms and postoperative and traumatic extradural and subdural hematomas who recovered after prompt neuropharmacological and neurosurgical intervention. The second group, without mass lesions and including less than a dozen cases, contained mainly patients who developed fixed pupils and coma after operations for intracranial aneurysms. Much more recently, Van Gijn et al. reported reversal of small nonreactive pupils within 1 to 2 days of early ventriculostomy in five patients with acute hydrocephalus secondary to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (1985). We now describe an additional case of a middle-aged hypertensive man with spontaneous subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage in whom rapid reversal of fixed pupils, complete external 3rd nerve opthalmoplegia, and coma occurred after ventriculoperitoneal shunting for secondary acute hydrocephalus. We further report a 71-year-old hypertensive man with spontaneous primary intraventricular hemorrhage in whom rapid reversal of fixed pupils, complete external 3rd nerve ophthalmoplegia, and coma occurred after ventricular drainage of secondary acute obstructive hydrocephalus.
Intrinsic mechanisms stabilize encoding and retrieval circuits differentially in a hippocampal network model

Acetylcholine regulates memory encoding and retrieval by inducing the hippocampus to switch between pattern separation and pattern completion modes. However, both processes can introduce significant variations in the level of network activity and potentially cause a seizure-like spread of excitation. Thus, mechanisms that keep network excitation within certain bounds are necessary to prevent such instability. We developed a biologically realistic computational model of the hippocampus to investigate potential intrinsic mechanisms that might stabilize the network dynamics during encoding and retrieval. The model was developed by matching experimental data, including neuronal behavior, synaptic current dynamics, network spatial connectivity patterns, and short-term synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, it was constrained to perform pattern completion and separation under the effects of acetylcholine. The model was then used to investigate the role of short-term synaptic depression at the recurrent synapses in CA3, and inhibition by basket cell (BC) interneurons and oriens lacunosum-moleculare (OLM) interneurons in stabilizing these processes. Results showed that when CA3 was considered in isolation, inhibition solely by BCs was not sufficient to control instability. However, both inhibition by OLM cells and short-term depression at the recurrent CA3 connections stabilized the network activity. In the larger network including the dentate gyrus, the model suggested that OLM inhibition could control the network during high cholinergic levels while depressing synapses at the recurrent CA3 connections were important during low cholinergic states. Our results demonstrate that short-term plasticity is a critical property of the network that enhances its robustness. Furthermore, simulations suggested that the low and high cholinergic states can each produce runaway excitation through unique mechanisms and different pathologies. Future studies aimed at elucidating the circuit mechanisms of epilepsy could benefit from considering the two modulatory states separately.
Iterative reconstruction of electronically collimated SPECT images

A two-sage approach for the tomographic reconstruction of single-photon electronically collimated images has been implemented using either ART (algebraic reconstruction technique) or the MLE (maximum likelihood estimator) for the first stage, in which cone beam projections are reconstructed from coincident count data, and a convolution backprojection method for the second stage, in which tomographic images are reconstructed from the estimated cone beam images. The performance of ART and MLE has been compared based on the final tomographic reconstructions for simulated and experimental studies. The results indicate an enhancement of the resolution in the reconstructed images for MLE. >
Calcium channel blockade in rats with cyclosporine-induced vasoconstriction.

Calcium channel blockade has been found to attenuate nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine. However, it is not known whether intrarenal vasoconstriction caused by cyclosporine is totally mediated by vascular smooth muscle calcium influx. To study the protective effects of two calcium blockers on cyclosporine-induced intrarenal vasoconstriction and renal microvascular blood flow, hydronephrotic rat kidneys were suspended in an environmentally controlled tissue bath. Renal microvessel diameters and microvascular blood flow were determined by in vivo videomicroscopy and Doppler velocimetry. Calcium channel blockade was achieved by adding verapamil hydrochloride (5.6 ± 10-5 M) or diltiazem hydrochloride (2.8 × 10-5 M) to the tissue bath, which respectively resulted in a 15 ± 2% and 16 ± 3% interlobular arteriolar dilation, a 13 ± 3% and 12 ± 2% afferent arteriolar dilation, and a 60 ± 8% and 46 ± 14% increase in interlobular blood flow. When cyclosporine (1.7 × 10-3 M) was added to the tissue bath, there was a const...
Organ and tissue procurement in the acute care setting: principles and practice--Part 2.

The specialty of organ transplantation has grown tremendously during the past decade. With the advent of cyclosporine, artificial organs, and organ-assist devices, the possibility of suitable patients with end-stage organ disease becoming successful transplant recipients has increased dramatically. Consequently, the need for donor organs has risen. The greatest source of potential organ-tissue donors exists in the acute care setting (ie, emergency departments and intensive care units). To meet the need for this increasing demand, emergency physicians must become familiar with the techniques of procurement. Part 1 defines the problem of procurement and presents financial, historic, organizational, legal, and psychosocial aspects of organ-tissue procurement. A synopsis of brain death concludes the discussion. Part 2 (February 1990) presents aspects of the evaluation, selection, maintenance, and management of the organ-tissue donor. Disease transmission and controversial issues in organ-tissue procurement also are discussed.
Analysis of nitrogen dynamics in the Lye Brook Wilderness area, Vermont, USA.

Nitrogen (N) deposition and its impact on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is a concern facing federal land managers at the Lye Brook Wilderness in Vermont and other protected aras throughout the northeastern United States. In this study, we compared N production in soils with N concentrations and outputs in leachates to determine how forest cover types differ in regulating N losses. Also, precipitation inputs and modeled estimates of streamwater outputs were used to calculate a watershed N budget. Most ammonium and nitrate were produced in organic soils with deciduous cover. Softwood stands had low net nitrification rates and minimal N leaching. A comparison of watershed inputs and outputs showed a net gain in total dissolved N (5.5 kg ha-1 yr-1) due to an accumulation of dissolved inorganic N. The Lye Brook Wilderness ecosystem has N budgets similar to other forested ecosystems in the region, and appears to be assimilating the accumulating N. However seasonal losses of nitrate observed in mineral soils and streamwater may be early warnings of the initial stages of N saturation.
Applications of Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Mapping in Crop Plants

The investigations of patterns of linkage disequilibrium for designing association-mapping studies are fast becoming a method of interest for complex trait dissection and improvement practices in many crop plants. The methodology and its applications to crop improvement, to date are discussed.
Nutrition for Working and Service Dogs

Conformation, genetics, and behavioral drive are the major determinants of success in canine athletes, although controllable variables, such as training and nutrition, play an important role. The scope and breadth of canine athletic events has expanded dramatically in the past 30 years, but with limited research on performance nutrition. There are considerable data examining nutritional physiology in endurance dogs and in sprinting dogs; however, nutritional studies for agility, field trial, and detection are rare. This article highlights basic nutritional physiology and interventions for exercise, and reviews newer investigations regarding aging working and service dogs, and canine detection activities.
Cellular localization and hormonal regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cycling mouse uterus.

Nitric oxide (NO), a potent and versatile free radical, is synthesized in macrophages and mast cells as well as in other types of cells by the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In this study, cells contain- ing iNOS were identified in the uteri of cycling mice by using a rabbit antibody generated to an iNOS-specific peptide. Macrophages were identified in semiserial sec- tions of the same tissues with the monoclonal antibody, F4/80, and mast cells were identified by toluidine blue staining. In tissue sections of uteri obtained from mice in the four stages of the estrous cycle (8 to 11 mice per stage), iNOS immunoreactivity was strongest in diestrus-I uteri and weakest in diestrus-Il uteri. Myometrial mast cells and endometrial epithelial cells were prominent locations of iNOS, and specific protein was also present in my- ometrial smooth muscle and macrophage-like cells in the endometrial stroma. Because cyclic variations suggested regulation of iNOS expression by ovarian steroid hor� mones, studies were done using ovariectomized mice. Seven days after ovariectomy, immunoreactive iNOS was low but detectable in mast cells and luminal epithelial cells. In the uteri of ovariectomized, estradiol-1 7i3 (Es)-treated mice, mast cells were iNOSafter 24 h whereas epithelial cells were negative; the reverse was ob- served in progesterone (P+)-treated mice. Both mast cells and epithelial cells were iNOSin the uteri of mice that had received a combination of E2 + P4. These results in- dicate that several types of uterine cells produce iNOS and that expression of this enzyme in specific cell lineages is governed by ovarian steroid hormones. The data are consistent with the postulate that NO derived from uter- ine leukocytes and other types of cells plays a role in uter- ine cyclicity and preparation for pregnancy. J. Leukoc. Biol. 57: 27-35; 1995.
Response of Tall Fescue to Plant Growth Regulators and Mowing Frequencies

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinace Schred.) produces rapid growth during a 6- to 8-week period in early spring. A field experiment was initiated on tall fescue to determine the number of mowings that can be eliminated by the use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) during this rapid growth period. Primo (CGA 163935) applied at 0.4 kg/ha (0.36 Ib/A) mid-March suppressed vegetative growth for 3 to 5 weeks and eliminated 3 mowings during the first 5 weeks after treatment during 1990 and 1991 and eliminated 2 mowings during 1993. Primo (CGA 163935) applied at this rate did not reduce the quality and density of tall fescue below the acceptable level. Primo (CGA 163935) applied at 0.8 kg/ha (0.72 Ib/A) eliminated 1 additional mowing during the 5 weeks after treatment in 2 of 3 years when compared with the 0.4 kg/ha (0.36 Ib/A) rate. However, turf quality was consistently lower for 6 to 7 weeks after the tall fescue was treated with the 0.8 kg/ha (0.721b/A) rate. Elnbark (mefluidide) applied at 0.42 kg/ha (0.38 Ib/A) performed similarly to Primo (CGA 163935), except the quality and density of the turf were reduced-below the acceptable level at various times during the study. There was no advantage in the use of Cutless (flurprimidol) plus Embark (mefluidide) at 1.1 + 0.14 kg/ha (1.0 + 0.121b/A) or paclobutrazole (PP 333) plus Embark (mefluidide) at 1.1 + 0.14 kg/ha (1.0 + 0.12 Ib/A) on suppressing vegetative growth of tall fescue when compared with Embark (mefluidide) at 0.42 kg/ha (0.38 Ib/A) alone. Neither Limit (amidochlor) at 2.8 kg/ha (2.5 Ib/A) nor paclobutrazol (PP 333) at 1.1 kg/ha (1.0 Ib/A) suppressed vegetative growth as effectively as Primo (CGA 163935) or Embark (mefluidide). Index words: Festuca arundinacea, seedhead suppression, turf quality, vegetative suppression, growth regulator. Plant growth regulators in this study: Cutless (flurprimidol), a-( I-methylethyl)-a-[4-trifluoro-methoxy)phenyl]-5-primidinemetha­ nol; Embark (mefluidide), N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyI]-acetamide; Limit (amidochlor), N­ [(acetylamino)-methyl)]-2-chloro-N-2,6-(diethylphenyl)acetamide; paclobutrazol (PP333), (±)-(R*R*)~-[(4chlorophenyl)­ methyl-a-(I, I-dimethylethyl)-IH-l ,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol; Primo (CGA 163935), 4(cycloproply)-a-hydroxymethy lene)3,5­ dioxocycohexanecarboxylic acid ethylester.
Data enveleopment analysis and negative imput data

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used as a tool for technical efficiency evaluation of decision- making units. The units are compared with each other, which means to compare inputs, outputs and evaluate their efficiency. In case of non-efficiency unit, we can ordain necessary changes for achievement of efficiency using the DEA methods. One of the necessary conditions for using basic DEA methods is non-negativity. If that condition is not satisfied, it is not possible to use the basic DEA methods and common software. Then, it is necessary to create a new tool.