cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognition and Stabilization of Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease

Abstract Congenital heart disease (CHD) occurs in approximately 6 to 12.5 of 1000 live births. Genetic counseling and fetal echocardiography now offer the family a window into the womb and an opportunity for earlier informed decision making. The presentation of infants born with CHD may be well anticipated and generally includes the categories of cyanosis, cardiovascular collapse, congestive heart failure, or combinations of these. This article will explore the etiology of CHD and interpretation of clinical assessments. Early and keen assessment will guide the team in initial stabilization measures. The recognition and stabilization of neonates with CHD also includes nursing care supportive of early bonding and an ongoing assessment of parental responses.
Analysis of The Polarographic Method of Studying Metal Complex Equilibria. ii

Abstract The complexation between Pb(II) and tartrate has been used to experimentally ascertain the effect of precision in the ΔE1/2 measurement and ligand concentration range upon the data analysis of the polarographic method of studying metal complex equilibria. The need to obtain data at the lowest ligand concentration possible and with ΔE1/2 ≤ 0.4–0.6 mV was clearly shown. If this precision is unachievable, data from some other technique, based upon a different property, may be required. These experimental results are in agreement with the simulation study of Klatt and Rouseff (Anal. Chem., 42, 1234 (1970)).
The Relationship Between Soil Temperature and Sugar Ends in Potato

Sugar ends is a serious defect in processed potatoes. Among the more important factors associated with the development of sugar ends are soil temperature and soil moisture, particularly during early tuber bulking. This 2-year study was designed to examine the effects of soil temperature on the development of sugar ends. Soil temperature was recorded in different zones (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths) of potato rows oriented in north–south and east–west directions. At harvest, tubers from four sections in each field were hand excavated from each quadrant of the hill. The rows were divided vertically through the center and horizontally at the 10-cm depth. Tubers from each quadrant were weighed and then evaluated for fry color after 3 months of storage. Temperature profiles within the different regions of the row showed considerable variation throughout the season. Row orientation had a slight effect on soil temperature, but soil depth appeared to be more important. The deeper portion of the row (below 10 cm) was generally cooler throughout the day. East and north facing portions of rows also tended to be cooler than the opposite side that was exposed to more solar radiation. The highest yields and highest incidence of tubers with sugar ends tended to be found in areas below 10 cm in depth. These results contradict the notion that soil temperature is the primary factor leading to development of sugar ends. Therefore, individual tuber growth rate and temperature exposure of the entire plant may be more important in causing the development of sugar ends than was previously thought.
Chaff Scale Parasite Complex as Affected by Carbaryl

An unusually large number of Prospaltella fasciata Malenotti was found, together with Aphytis parasites attacking chaft scale, Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, in a grove north of Weslaco, Texas, during 1963-65. Following applications of carbaryl, Aphytis parasites were almost eliminated while Prospaltella fasciata populations were reduced by more than 50%. A dicofol-zineb mixture seemed to have little to no effect on either parasite. Chaff scale was more numerous on navel oranges than on grapefruit.
A possible role of autogenous IFN-β for cytokine productions in human fibroblasts

It has been already known that human diploid fibroblasts are able to produce not only high levels of IFN-β but also various kinds of cytokines by poly rI: poly rC, and some inflammatory cytokines are induced by IFN-β gene activation. We also obtained similar results. However, in our system, cytokine productions were extremely enhanced by treating the cells with a low dose of type 1 IFN and the priming effects on cytokine productions were blocked by cycloheximide similar to those on IFN-β productions. Most of cytokines were produced later than IFN-β and synthesis patterns of their mRNA showed the same phenomena. We made clear that cytokine productions by poly rI: poly rC are mediated by secreted IFN-β at a protein level using a monoclonal antibody against human IFN-β. Further, it was shown that intra-cellular IFN-β which is not secreted might also participate in cytokine productions. Meanwhile, IL-1β induced various kinds of cytokines in human fibroblasts and production time courses of these cytokines were similar to those of poly rI: poly rC induced cytokines. Although secreted IFN-β was not detected in IL-1β stimulated culture, expression of IFN-β mRNA was augmented. These results showed that priming effects of type 1 IFN on cytokine productions by poly rI: poly rC might not be the direct action, but successive IFN-β production might be essential in the production processes of other cytokines. Further, it was suggested that inducible IFN-β might also take part in IL-1β-induced cytokine productions. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1459–1476, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Review of fracture toughness (G, K, J, CTOD, CTOA) testing and standardization

Abstract The present paper gives a technical review of fracture toughness testing, evaluation and standardization for metallic materials in terms of the linear elastic fracture mechanics as well as the elastic–plastic fracture mechanics. This includes the early investigations and recent advances of fracture toughness test methods and practices developed by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The review describes the most important fracture mechanics parameters: the elastic energy release rate G , the stress intensity factor K , the J -integral, the crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) and the crack-tip opening angle (CTOA) from the basic concept, definition, to experimental estimation, test methods and ASTM standardizing practices. Attention is paid to guidelines on how to choose an appropriate fracture parameter to characterize fracture toughness for the material of interest, and how to measure the fracture toughness value defined either at a critical point or in a resistance curve format using laboratory specimens. The relevant ASTM fracture toughness test standards considered in this paper are E399 for K Ic testing, E561 for K – R curve testing, E813 for J Ic testing, E1152 for J – R curve testing, E1737 for J Ic and J – R curve testing, E1290 for CTOD ( δ ) testing, a combined common test standard E1820 for measuring the three parameters of K , J and δ , E1921 for the transition reference temperature T 0 testing and the master curve of cleavage toughness K Jc testing, and E2472 for CTOA testing. The effects of loading rate, temperature and crack-tip constraint on fracture toughness as well as fracture instability analysis are also reviewed.
A global perspective on managed care and pharmacy education.

The world of pharmacy and pharmacy education is small and so very interrelated. Issues that impact the academy in one region of the world resonate elsewhere to a significant degree as well. In the previous issue of the Journal, Editor Dr. Joseph DiPiro noted in a most cogent fashion how the Journal has responded to the need for timely dissemination of current issues in pharmacy education in a more global focus to meet extent needs worldwide to compare and contrast pharmacy education needs. Consider if you will the impact that managed care has had on pharmacy education, the practice of pharmacy, and the roles our graduates play in the current health care milieu in the United States. Are the experiences we have dealt with in the United States unique? The answer is hardly–consider if you will the concept of managed care and the use of diagnosis related groups (DRGs) as a payment structure for the delivery of health services worldwide. The development of the concept of diagnosis (diagnostic) related groups (DRGs) began in the late 1960s at Yale University in the United States.1 The impetus for development came from the need for US federal government mandates to assess quality and resource allocation in the Medicare program in the United States.1 Incorporating a case-based system of determining average costs to include: severity of illness, risk of mortality, prognosis, treatment difficulty, need for intervention, and resource intensity was necessary to obtain quality and cost comparisons across disparate medical diagnoses.1 In the seminal paper by Arrow,2 the concept of market failure pertaining to medical care is presented – the use of prospective payment based on DRGs is a societal response to the lack of competitive preconditions, and as Arrow2 noted an “attempt to bridge it.”(p. 142) Achieving horizontal equity,3 equal length of stay for equal conditions and equal pay for equal need by equitably distributing resources for all, and yet achieving vertical equity3 by ensuring adequate distribution of resources for diagnoses that command higher levels of resource assignment and utilization can both be addressed by prospective pricing (DRGs or HRGs-the UK acronym for healthcare resource groups). Rodrigues4 in a perspective on the historical roots of prospective reimbursement noted that instituting payment prospectively via DRGs was motivated by “the need for utilization review, mandated by the 1965 Medicare legislation”(p. 18) paying for hospital services for the elderly.
Optimal Feedback Control of Precision Paraboloidal Shell Structronic Systems

Paraboloidal shell of revolution is a common shell shape used in aerospace, telecommunication, dome structures and many other engineering applications. A structronic shell system is defined as an elastic shell bonded or laminated with piezoelectric sensors and actuators and it is governed by either in-situ or external control electronics. A closed-loop control system of paraboloidal shell structronic system consists of distributed sensors/actuators and controller coupled with the elastic paraboloidal shell. State equation for the paraboloidal shell structronic system is derived and optimal linear quadratic (LQ) state feedback control is implemented, such that the “best” shell control performance with the least control costs can be achieved. The gain matrix is estimated based on minimizing a performance criterion function. Optimal control effects are compared with controlled responses with other non-optimal PD control parameters. Control effects of sensor/actuator patches at different locations with same size are studied and compared; control effects for different natural modes are also investigated.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A model for the temperature inversion within the atmosphere of Saturn

A model for the temperature inversion within the atmosphere of Saturn is proposed and is shown to be consistent with photometric data in the 17- to 25-micron region. The proposed model incorporates solar heating by some 'aerosol', with the aerosol heating per unit mass of the atmosphere being uniformly distributed throughout that portion of the atmosphere overlying the upper cloud deck. For a methane-to-hydrogen mixing ratio of 0.0007, the model results suggest that 20% of the incident solar radiation is absorbed by the aerosol, while this is reduced to 16% for an enhanced methane mixing ratio of 0.0021.
Obesity Is Significantly Associated With Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in 2- to 9-Year-Olds

The objective of this analysis was to estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in ethnically diverse young children. A retrospective medical chart review identified overweight/obese 2- to 9-year-old children (N=147) from a local pediatric clinic who were matched (for age, sex, and ethnicity) with normal weight patients from the 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N=294). Comparisons of mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, total, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were conducted. Results showed that compared with the population-based normal-weight sample, the local overweight/obese sample was significantly more likely to have diastolic prehypertension (15% vs. 75%, P<.0001), systolic prehypertension (10% vs. 43%, P<.0001), and the lowest quintile of HDL cholesterol (19% vs. 34%, P=.003). At this young age, excess weight is significantly associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors. These results suggest that overweight/obese children in this age group should be monitored closely to prevent potential chronic disease risk.
Network Court Protocol and Malicious Node Conviction

A network court protocol is designed for malicious node conviction based on information from network node accusing and testifying operations, which are formally modeled by algebraic operators. It is shown that the malicious node conviction is equivalent to the uniqueness of the solution of a system of Boolean equations and that is equivalent to the uniqueness of a corresponding satisfiability problem. A linear time algorithm is presented for the conviction process using a graph search.
Performance Modeling of MapReduce Jobs in Heterogeneous Cloud Environments

Many companies start using Hadoop for advanced data analytics over large datasets. While a traditional Hadoop cluster deployment assumes a homogeneous cluster, many enterprise clusters are grown incrementally over time, and might have a variety of different servers in the cluster. The nodes' heterogeneity represents an additional challenge for efficient cluster and job management. Due to resource heterogeneity, it is often unclear which resources introduce inefficiency and bottlenecks, and how such a Hadoop cluster should be configured and optimized. In this work1, we explore the efficiency and performance accuracy of the bounds-based performance model for predicting the MapReduce job completion times in heterogeneous Hadoop clusters. We validate the accuracy of the proposed performance model using a diverse set of 13 realistic applications and two different heterogeneous clusters. Since one of the Hadoop clusters is formed by different capacity VM instances in Amazon EC2 environment, we additionally explore and discuss factors that impact the MapReduce job performance in the Cloud.
The Violent Image: Insurgent Propaganda and the New Revolutionaries

In The Violent Image, Neville Bolt seeks to redefine ‘propaganda of the deed’ for the twenty-first century. Bolt, a teaching fellow and research associate at King's College London, leans on his bac...
In‐line monitoring of molten polymers: Near infrared spectroscopy, robust probes, and rapid data analysis

The concept of improved product quality and reduced costs has revolutionized analytical techniques in the polymer industry. It has brought in-line analysis to the forefront, with near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy proving to be a very viable technique for such operations. A system for continuous in-line near infrared monitoring of molten polymer blends, copolymers, and polymer reactions is being developed. The ultimate objective is to use this monitoring system to develop feedback control for polymeric processes. Experiments on blends of polystyrene and poly(phenylene oxide) have been performed by using a flow cell, located at the exit port of a single-screw extruder. Qualitative analysis of spectral data has been substantiated by a variety of quantitative (multivariate) techniques. Robust calibration models, suitable for on-line predictions, have been developed. The success of in-line process analysis depends on the performance of fiber-optic probes that are inserted into the process stream. These probes normally succumb to the demands of the rigorous process environment, typical of polymeric processes, i.e., high temperatures, high pressures, and adverse chemical conditions. Design and development of fiber-optic probes that are capable of withstanding such harsh conditions have also been undertaken. Results will be reported on the polymeric systems and optical probes.
Do hospitals provide lower quality care on weekends

Objective To examine the effect of a weekend hospitalization on the timing and incidence of intensive cardiac procedures, and on subsequent expenditures, mortality and readmission rates for Medicare patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Reduced Inferior Olivary Neuron Number in Early Down Syndrome

Counts of total neuron number per section and of neurons per microscopic field of inferior olivary principal nuclei were made on sections from 10 patients with Down syndrome (DS) aged 0.36 to 28 months and seven control (C) patients aged 1 to 29 months. After stereologic and appropriate shrinkage corrections of the count data, the ratios of values for DS/C were calculated. For mean principal olivary nucleus neuron number, DS/C = 0.64; for mean number of neurons per field, DS/C = 0.84; for mean volume of olivary neuronal band per section, DS/C = 0.79; and for mean volume of neuronal band per neuron, DS/C =1.27. The data are in accord with other data suggesting that (1) numbers of cells in various cell populations, including various areas of the cerebrum, in DS approximate two-thirds normal (DS/C ≈ 0.67); (2) for the volumes of such cell populations, DS/C ≈ 0.82 normal; and (3) for volumes of individual cells, DS/C ≈ 1.22 normal. The data of the present study suggest that the inferior olivary nuclei in DS a...
Survey of GMP Bulk Reactions Run in a Research Facility between 1985 and 2002

A review of reactions scaled in the GMP facilities at the Pfizer-Groton site was undertaken. Reactions were categorized into one of seven categories: carbon−carbon bond formation, carboxylic acid derivative interconversion, carbon−nitrogen bond formation, carbon−oxygen bond formation, red-ox, salt formation/resolution, and other. Reactions scaled from 1997 to 2002 were compared to chemistry scaled from 1985 to 1996 to look for changes in the nature of chemistry being scaled between the two time periods. Reactions were further subcategorized within those categories, and some interesting trends were noted.
Liposome formulation of NSC-639829 using halothane as a solvent: A technical note

Halothane has been successfully used as a solvent for the liposome formulation of NSC-639829. Liposomes with similar morphology, particle size, incorporation efficiency, and stability were obtained with halothane, chloroform, and ether. Halothane provides additional ease in formulation because of its higher volatility and safety as compared with chloroform and ether. Halothane can be regarded as a safe alternative to chloroform or ether in liposome formulation.
Sonographer's Response: Are We Practicing Medicine Without a License?

An article entitled, "Interpretation of Echocardiographic Data: Are Physicians and Sonographers Violating the Law1" appeared in the first issue of the Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. Basic questions raised in this article dealt with cardiac sonographers rendering diagnostic interpretations. Are we by choice or by physician pressure breaking the law by practicing medicine without a license1 Does the rendering of preliminary interpretations alone make us liable or place the patient at a higher risk1
Methods to print optical images at low-k 1 factors

The minimum half pitch for optical projection lithography in manufacturing has been held to 0. 8 A/NA or larger. This is supported by the experience gained by semiconductor manufacturers worldwide yet the reasons are not clearly understood. Three main causes for the high-k1 requirement are identified in this paper. First imperfections in the imaging system can reduce the processing margin. Subsequently the k1 factor has to be raised to compensate for the loss. Vibration and stray light are two examples. Secondly even a perfect imaging system can be limited by an unoptimized coherence factor and by optical proximity effects which are increasingly dominant as k1 is reduced. These are basic limitations imposed by the diffraction phenomenon. Thirdly the conditions at the recording media i. e. the photoresist and the substrate can require unsuspectedly large processing margins which necessitate a high k1. Experimental and theoretical results are given to substantiate the above and to lead to methods for low-k1 manufacturing. 1.
Analysis of the Temperature Dependence of the 1H and 13C Isotropic Shifts of Horse Heart Ferricytochrome c: Explanation of Curie and Anti-Curie Temperature Dependence and Nonlinear Pseudocontact Shifts in a Common Two-Level Framework

The 1H and 13C hyperfine shifts of the heme methyls of horse heart ferricytochrome c have been measured over the temperature range 278−328 K in order to interpret the “anomalous” temperature-dependence of the hyperfine shifts in terms of their pseudocontact and contact shifts. By taking advantage of the available pseudocontact shifts for protein nuclei measured at 303 and 323 K (Santos, H.; Turner, D. L. Eur. J. Biochem. 1992, 206, 721−728), the metal-centered pseudocontact shifts have been analyzed in terms of a thermally accessible excited state lying 355−590 cm-1 to higher energy which has a magnetic susceptibility tensor with the rhombic anisotropy, Δχrh, which is rotated by 90° to that of the ground state. The metal-centered pseudocontact shifts have been evaluated at all temperatures at which the chemical shifts were measured, and these calculated values were used to evaluate the contact shifts of each heme methyl for the two nuclei. The temperature dependence of the heme methyl contact shifts for b...
Characterization of submicrojoule femtosecond laser corneal tissue dissection.

Purpose To document the acute morphologic features of laser of situ keratomileusis (LASIK) flaps created using an IntraLase femtosecond laser (IntraLase, Inc.) with a 60 kHz engine. Setting Laser suite in a clinical practice. Methods A LASIK flap was created in 4 human eye-bank eyes using the 60 kHz IntraLase femtosecond laser with the following settings: 110 μm flap thickness, 9.0 mm flap diameter, 60-degree hinge length, 65-degree side cut, 0.4 μJ or 0.7 μJ raster energy, 7 μm × 7 μm or 9 μm × 9 μm spot/line separation, and 1 μJ side-cut energy. Immediately after the laser pass and without the flap being lifted, the globes were placed in fixative and subsequently processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Results All 4 procedures were completed without complications or the appearance of an opaque bubble layer. The flaps were of uniform thickness and equaled the attempted thickness. Some areas had a complete dissection; other areas had scattered, incomplete tissue bridges. The adjacent corneal stroma and keratocytes were uninjured. When the epithelium was removed, the stromal component of the flap was measured as the attempted thickness; when the epithelium was present, the total flap thickness approximated the attempted flap thickness. Conclusions Laser in situ keratomileusis flaps were safely created using raster energies and laser spot separations below those being used clinically. This technique may allow creation of flaps that are reproducibly thinner than those currently being performed and thus confer the benefits of surface ablation and LASIK.
Nonrecordable Electroretinogram in Vitreous Hemorrhage

Abstract A 32-year-old male sustained a dense vitreous hemorrhage following a scleral buckle procedure for a traumatic retinal detachment in his right eye. The bright-flash ERG was nonrecordable on two occasions. At pars plana vitrectomy, a dense vitreous hemorrhage was removed, and the retina was noted to be attached. The patient sub-sequently regained good vision with progressive recovery of the ERG over several months. Although a nonrecordable bright-flash electroretinogram is usually a reliable indication of a detached or severely impaired retina, recordings should be interpreted with caution in cases of dense vitreous hemorrhage, particularly if ocular penetration has occurred.
Effects of Modeling Collaborative Teaching for Pre-Service Teachers

In this article, the authors examine pre-service special education teacher reaction to and experience in a collaboratively taught higher education course. Forty-three full-time postbaccalaureate st...
The effect upon gastric secretion of introducing dilute hydrochloric acid into the duodenum. A study of normal humans and duodenal ulcer patients.

HC1 in 0.4% solution or in gastric juice, when introduced into the duodenum of normal subjects, had no constant, significant effect on gastric secretory curve. HCl in 0.4% solution, when introduced into the duodenum of duodenal ulcer patients, had no constant, significant effect on gastric secretory curve.
Interaction of epidermal growth factor with specific binding sites of enterocytes isolated from rat small intestine during development

Abstract Isolated enterocytes from rat small intestine were characterized for their specific binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Intestinal epithelial cells were isolated at 4°C to minimize the loss of receptor sites during the isolation procedure. 125 I-labelled EGF binding to enterocytes from adult rats was found to be specific, saturable, temperature dependent and trypsin sensitive. Binding performed in the presence of a lysosomotropic agent (NH 4 Cl) increased the time required to reach maximal binding at 25°C. NH 4 Cl had no significant effect on the time-course of EGF binding at 4°C and 37°C. A Scatchard plot showed a curvilinear relationship indicating that EGF binds to enterocytes with more than one binding site. Developmentally, enterocytes from fetuses and pups showed characteristic temperature dependence and trypsin sensitivity, but with different levels of binding to EGF. Specific EGF binding was demonstrably higher in enterocytes from small intestine of term fetuses. EGF binding to isolated enterocytes declined rapidly after birth, and the level stayed fairly constant thereafter. Pretreatment of enterocytes from fetal intestine with mature rat milk led to a dose-dependent decrease in EGF binding. These results suggest the presence of endogenous milk factors that modify EGF binding and account for, at least partly, the observed rapid decrease of EGF binding after birth.
Household responsibilities in middle-class couples: The contribution of demographic and personality variables

Data were obtained from 164 middle-class parents on a battery of self-report instruments that included a household activities questionnaire inquiring about the relative responsibility of husband and wife for routine domestic tasks traditionally assigned to women, maintenance tasks traditionally assigned to men, decision making, and child rearing. In the modal couple, child-rearing and decision-making responsibilities were shared approximately equally by husband and wife, but in most homes, everyday household tasks were divided along traditional gender lines. The battery also included questions about a number of demographic variables and two personality measures, one tapping cluster of gender-differentiating instrumental and expressive traits and the other tapping three achievement motives: mastery, work orientation, and interpersonal competitiveness. Several of the demographic factors, particularly the employment status of the wife, and several of the personality factors in the wives and in the husband account for significant portions of the variability among couples in degree of responsibility assumed by wife vs. husband for decision making and for feminine tasks.
Radiometric assays for mammalian epoxide hydrolases and glutathione S-transferase

Abstract A number of epoxides, including cis- and trans-stilbene oxides, were assayed as substrates for epoxide hydrolases (EHs) by gas-liquid chromatography. Radiolabeled stilbene oxides were prepared by sodium borotritide reduction of desyl chloride followed by ring closure with base treatment. Rapid radiometric assays for EHs were performed by differential partitioning of the epoxide into dodecane, while the product diol remained in the aqueous phase. Glutathione (GSH) transferase was similarly assayed by partitioning the epoxide and diol, if formed metabolically, into 1-hexanol, while the GSH conjugate was retained in the aqueous phase. The cytosolic EH rapidly hydrates the trans isomer while the cis is very poorly hydrated. In contrast, the cis is a better substrate for the microsomal EH than the trans. GSH transferase utilized both epoxides as substrates, but conjugation is faster with the cis isomer. Cytosolic EH activity is high in mouse but very low in rat and guinea pig. Microsomal EH activity, in contrast, is highest in guinea pig, intermediate in rat, and the lowest in mouse. GSH transferase activity, which is high in all three species, can be inhibited by chalcone, with an I50 of 3.1 × 10−5 m . These assays facilitate the rapid evaluation and direct comparison of epoxide-metabolizing systems in cell homogenates used in short-term mutagenicity assays, cell or organ culture, and possibly in vivo.
At what sites are parents willing to have their 11 through 14-year-old adolescents immunized?

Abstract Introduction Parental preferences of alternative immunization sites for adolescents must be evaluated to determine optimal delivery strategies. Methods Analyses were performed on data from middle-school parent questionnaires in low income areas. Results 1838 questionnaires were returned; 86.5% of the participants were Hispanic, 65% spoke primarily Spanish at home. Among those with a medical home, 32% had the last immunization at an alternative location. When checking all that apply, 65% of parents selected the medical home as a desirable location for immunization; 41% selected a school-based program. Conclusions Despite lack of exposure to school-based immunization programs, school-based programs are a desirable immunization site among middle-school parents.
The Application of Color Photography to Transmission Electron Microscope Studies of Thin Metal Foils

A study has been made of the application of color photography to observations of dislocation motion and other time dependent phenomena in thin metal foils by transmission electron microscopy. The color technique employed was first developed by Mueller [1] to clarify vacancy-interstitial densities in the atomic surface planes of metal whiskers by field emission microscopy. In the present application, pairs of sequential electron transmission micrographs are first superposed optically to obtain color addition. The superposed image is then photographed using standard color emulsions. It has been found that photographic density changes in black and white which result from the movement of dislocations, bend contours, dispersed particles and like phenomens, are sensitively reproduced as a corresponding color change which is immediately apparent to the eye. Zur Untersuchung der Bewegung von Versetzungen und anderer zeitabhangiger Prozesse in dunnen Metallfolien mit Hilfe der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie wurde die Farbphotographie-Technik herangezogen. Die angewandte Farbphotographie-Methode wurde zuerst von Mueller [1] entwickelt, um Leerstellen-Zwischengitteratom-Dichten in atomaren Oberflachenebenen von Metallwhiskern mit Hilfe der Feldemissions-Elektronenmikroskopie zu untersuchen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Paare aufeinanderfolgender Elektronen-Transmissions-Mikrophotographien zuerst optisch uberlagert, um eine Farbaddition zu erhalten. Das uberlagerte Bild wurde dann photographiert, wobei die ublichen Farbfilmemulsionen verwendet wurden. Es zeigte sich, das photographische Dichteanderungen im Schwarz-Weisen, die auf der Bewegung von Versetzungen, gebogenen Konturen, dispergierten Teilchen und ahnlichen Erscheinungen beruhen, als entsprechende Farbanderungen sichtbar gemacht werden konnen, die fur das Auge unmittelbar zu erkennen sind.
The adult muscle stem cell comes of age

Adult stem cells can self-renew and can give rise to committed progenitors—but definitive evidence of cells with both properties is lacking in most tissues. A cell in skeletal muscle, the satellite cell, now meets these criteria.
The measurement of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility using a cryogenic (SQUID) magnetometer and a comparison with results obtained from a torsion-fiber magnetometer

Abstract We present a new set of orientations for use in the measurement of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) on a cryogenic magnetometer that provides a number of advantages over previously described methods. These include simplicity of analysis, a means of providing immediate internal consistency checks for detection of sample misorientations and other problems, a fixed sample holder that minimizes effects external to the sample, and ease of measurement for both cubic and cylindrical samples. Seven samples were measured five times each for AMS using this method. For comparison, the same replications for each sample were also carried out on a torsion-fiber magnetometer. The cryogenic magnetometer yielded determinations of the principal susceptibility axes that were in excellent agreement with the torsion-fiber measurements, except when the combination of two conditions occurred: (a) per cent anisotropy was low, and (b) the ratio of remanence to induced moment was ⩾ 1.0. Scatter increased with either of these two conditions and, in addition, the directions of the apparent susceptibility axes were significantly affected when the remanence exceeded the induced moment. We also found significant discrepancies in the magnitude of susceptibility determined using the two methods, though these are dependent on measurements not inherent to either method. We conclude that measurement of AMS using a cryogenic magnetometer is feasible for many samples if a torsion-fiber instrument is not available, but that the latter remains the instrument of choice.
Incomitant Dissociated Vertical Deviation and Superior Oblique Overaction

When superior oblique overaction coexists with dissociated vertical deviation, it may produce a pattern of disparity in the amount of dissociated vertical deviation in different horizontal gaze fields, which the authors have termed incomitance. Seven patients with the constellation of esotropia, bilateral superior oblique overaction, "A"-pattern, and incomitant dissociated vertical deviation are presented. In each case, a distinctive incomitant pattern of dissociated vertical deviation was noted in which dissociated vertical deviation was least in adduction, moderate in primary position, and greatest in abduction. Four patients underwent asymmetric superior rectus recessions and partial tenotomy of the superior oblique tendons at their insertions as the initial treatment for their incomitant dissociated vertical deviation. Recognition of such a pattern of incomitant dissociated vertical deviation is important in choosing appropriate surgical management.
Visuocortical epileptiform discharges in rabbits: Differential effects on neuronal development in the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus

We have studied the effects of interictal epileptiform discharges originating from the striate cortex on the development of the receptive field characteristics of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and superior colliculus (SC) in neonatal rabbits. The paroxysmal discharges were generated by twice-daily injections of penicillin into an implanted cannula. Control injections of penicillin + penicillinase were given to the other striate cortex of the same animal. Similar experimental procedures were used to study the effect of such projected discharges on the LGNd neurons in adult rabbit. The results of the first experiment show that cortical epileptiform discharges, initiated in neonatal rabbits 7--9 days of age and continuing to 20--25 days of age, retard the normal development of LGNd cells. There was an abnormal increase of indefinite cells, cells failing to respond to any light stimulation, and a concurrent decrease of cells with concentric cells was still present in adult rabbits which had interictal discharges in the striate cortex limited to the period of 7--9 days to 21--25 days of age. The fourth experiment shows that the interictal discharges in neonatal rabbits do not affect the normal receptive field development of neurons in the SC. The present results demonstrate that asymptomatic interictal epileptiform discharges, produced without focal structural damages in immature brain, can affect the development of neuronal connectivity. These results may have some clinical implications in relation to our understanding about the learning and developmental disabilities exhibited in children who had episodic seizure discharges.
CFCs and the size of the ozone hole.

The Netwatch item “Ozone tracker” (9 June, p. [1447][1]) furthers the common misconception that the size of the Antarctic ozone hole is a function of ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The column amount of ozone within the hole (its depth) may be controlled, in part, by inorganic chlorine derived from the breakup of CFCs, but the area occupied by the hole is not. Indeed, in the face of steadily rising amounts of atmospheric CFCs, the area has shrunk several times since 1979. It is cold wind-driven climatic conditions that create the polar vortex. This vortex isolates the atmosphere in the area of the hole, and polar stratospheric clouds forming within it may foster the deepening of the hole with destruction of the trapped ozone, but the total area covered by the vortex has nothing to do with CFCs. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.312.5779.1447e
New Application of the Gastrostomy Button for Clinical and Urodynamic Evaluation Before Vesicostomy Closure

AbstractPurpose: We report use of the Bard gastrostomy button to occlude vesicostomy and provide access for intermittent catheterization before closure in children with vesicostomy. Evaluation of bladder function in such children usually relies on radiographic and urodynamic studies, which may fail to predict bladder compliance, emptying and continence after closure.Materials and Methods: Buttons were placed before vesicostomy closure in 1 boy with the prune-belly syndrome and 2 girls with cloacal anomalies 2.5 to 10 years old. The patients had undergone vesicostomy using the Blocksom technique soon after birth because of urinary infection, and impairment of bladder emptying and renal function.Results: With the button in place bladder emptying, compliance, continence and possible upper tract changes could be evaluated during several weeks. Button coaptation to the vesicostomy was complete with no urine leakage around the device, allowing easy intermittent drainage through its channel. After 4 weeks the bu...
Adsorption and reaction of acrolein on titanium oxide single crystal surfaces: Coupling versus condensation

Abstract The reactions of acrolein have been investigated on TiO2(0 0 1) single crystal surfaces by temperature programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). Two carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions were observed. The first, on defect-containing surfaces, is reductive coupling to form olefins. The high reaction yield of ca. 80% shows the high activity of such surfaces for carbon–oxygen bond dissociation (needed for surface oxygen restoration) and carbon–carbon bond formation to make olefins. The second reaction, observed on the stoichiometric surface, is condensation of two acrolein molecules to give a C6H8O product tentatively identified as 2-methyl-2,4-pentadienal. Condensation reactions of carbonyls are characteristic of TiO2 surfaces; for acrolein, this reaction is proposed to involve initial hydrogen addition followed by nucleophilic attack on a second molecule of acrolein. This results in an aldol condensation followed by dehydration. NEXAFS analyses were conducted in order to differentiate the states of molecularly adsorbed acrolein on the two distinctly different surfaces. The CO bond of adsorbed acrolein is maintained in the case of the stoichiometric surface (evidenced by a π C  O ∗ transition at 286.6 eV), while it is absent on the reduced surface. The absence of this NEXAFS transition on the reduced surface suggests that the O atom of the CO bond has reacted with the oxygen-deficient lattice. The restoration of these oxygen deficiencies is concomitant with the formation of the reductive coupling products (as observed by TPD and XPS experiments).
CBGIR: content-based geographic image retrieval

We describe and demonstrate CBGIR, a web-based system for performing content-based image retrieval in large sets of high-resolution overhead images. The system provides a familiar Google Maps interface to navigate the images and select regions of interest. A query-by-example paradigm is used to retrieve the most visually similar images to this region from a large target set of image tiles. Similarity can be computed with respect to a number of visual features including color, texture, and local invariant descriptors. We describe the salient components of the system and provide sample retrieval results.
Interactions between frequency-dependent and vertical transmission in host-parasite systems.

We investigate host—pathogen dynamics and conditions for coexistence in two models incorporating frequency–dependent horizontal transmission in conjunction with vertical transmission. The first model combines frequency–dependent and uniparental vertical transmission, while the second addresses parasites transmitted vertically via both parents. For the first model, we ask how the addition of vertical transmission changes the coexistence criteria for parasites transmitted by a frequency–dependent horizontal route, and show that vertical transmission significantly broadens the conditions for parasite invasion. Host—parasite coexistence is further affected by the form of density–dependent host regulation. Numerical analyses demonstrate that within a host population, a parasite strain with horizontal frequency–dependent transmission can be driven to extinction by a parasite strain that is additionally transmitted vertically for a wide range of parameters. Although models of asexual host populations predict that vertical transmission alone cannot maintain a parasite over time, analysis of our second model shows that vertical transmission via both male and female parents can maintain a parasite at a stable equilibrium. These results correspond with the frequent co–occurrence of vertical with sexual transmission in nature and suggest that these transmission modes can lead to host—pathogen coexistence for a wide range of systems involving hosts with high reproductive rates.
A Role for the Primary Cilium in Notch Signaling and Epidermal Differentiation during Skin Development

Ciliogenesis precedes lineage-determining signaling in skin development. To understand why, we performed shRNA-mediated knockdown of seven intraflagellar transport proteins (IFTs) and conditional ablation of Ift-88 and Kif3a during embryogenesis. In both cultured keratinocytes and embryonic epidermis, all of these eliminated cilia, and many (not Kif3a) caused hyperproliferation. Surprisingly and independent of proliferation, ciliary mutants displayed defects in Notch signaling and commitment of progenitors to differentiate. Notch receptors and Notch-processing enzymes colocalized with cilia in wild-type epidermal cells. Moreover, differentiation defects in ciliary mutants were cell autonomous and rescued by activated Notch (NICD). By contrast, Shh signaling was neither operative nor required for epidermal ciliogenesis, Notch signaling, or differentiation. Rather, Shh signaling defects in ciliary mutants occurred later, arresting hair follicle morphogenesis in the skin. These findings unveil temporally and spatially distinct functions for primary cilia at the nexus of signaling, proliferation, and differentiation.
An Integrated Performance Modeling System

An integrated performance modeling system is presented for use in general decision making problems including engineering design, manufacturing process and quality control, and other applications. The system relies on a function matrix that relates decision variables to performance variables. The system utilizes both global and local linearization of non-linear functions, after which the Extensive Simplex Method is used to derive the set of all feasible decisions based upon the specification limits for the performance variables and the control limits on the decision variables. Beyond current Six Sigma best practices, the described system explicitly considers both modeling uncertainty and uncontrolled variation. The specification limits may be automatically tightened by the confidence intervals and variation limits to ensure feasibility to a desired level of confidence and robustness. Three sets of feasible decisions are established including 1) the global feasible set that establishes the extreme limits of feasibility by allowing all the decision variables to vary simultaneously within their range of the control limits, 2) the local feasibility, which shows the immediate feasibility for each decision variable holding other decision variables at their current value, and 3) the controllable feasibility for each performance variable holding other performance variables at their current value. The system provides a perspective view of 1) the function matrix, 2) a historical view of the decision variables which may be used in a manner similar to statistical process control X-Bar charts, 3) a historical view of the performance variables which may be used in a manner similar to statistical quality control charts, 4) a set of decision windows showing the joint feasibility of all pairs of decision variables, which may be used in a manner similar to process windows, and 5) a set of performance windows showing the joint feasibility of all pairs of performance variables, which may be used in a manner similar to Pareto Optimal graphs. An example is provided for a beam design model with four decision variables and three performance variables.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Management of low-stage nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis

Testicular cancer has become one of the most curable of all solid neoplasms. High cure rates associated with modern treatment regimens for low-stage testis cancer have resulted in a shift in focus toward reducing morbidity of potentially toxic treatment regimens.
Selected Linguistic and Perceptual Abilities of Empirically Derived Subgroups of Learning Disabled Readers.

Abstract A battery of eight linguistic and perceptual tests chosen because of their use in previous research and in the public schools was administered to 100 school-verified verified learning disabled readers (LDR) and 50 normal readers (NR) matched for age and IQ. Standard scores, derived from a comparison of each LDR child's score with the NR group's performance on each diagnostic measure, were cluster analyzed to identify subgroups within the LDR group. Six LDR subgroups were found. Multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis indicated that all LDR subgroups were significantly different from one another as well as significantly different from the NR group's performance on the diagnostic battery. In addition, significant differences were found among the six LDR subgroups on measures of oral reading, reading comprehension, and spelling skills. However, the six groups did not differ with respect to family history variables and the attainment of developmental milestones. These results were compared with those of previous studies and were examined for their implications for a more precise match between LDR learner characteristics and type of teaching method and/or materials.