cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computing Competitive Equilibria with Mixed Manna

Fair division is the problem of allocating a set of items among a set of agents in a fair and efficient way. It arises naturally in a wide range of real-life settings. Competitive equilibrium (CE) is a central solution concept in economics to study markets, and due to its remarkable fairness and efficiency properties (e.g., envy-freeness, proportionality, core stability, Pareto optimality), it is also one of the most preferred mechanisms for fair division even though there is no money involved. The vast majority of work in fair division focuses on the case of disposable goods, which all agents like or can throw away at no cost. In this paper, we consider the case of mixed manna under linear utilities where some items are positive goods liked by all agents, some are bads (chores) that no one likes, and remaining some agents like and others dislike. The recent work of Bogomolnaia et al. [Econometrica '17] initiated the study of CE in mixed manna. They establish that a CE always exists and maintains all the nice properties found in the case of all goods. However, computing a CE of mixed manna is genuinely harder than in the case of all goods due to the non-convex and disconnected nature of the CE set. Our main result is a polynomial-time algorithm for computing a CE of mixed manna when the number of agents or items is constant.
Clonal interference patterns shift during range expansion

The movement of a population through space can have profound impacts on its evolution, as observed theoretically, experimentally, and clinically. Furthermore, it has been observed that mutants emerging at the spreading front develop higher frequencies in the population than their counterparts further from the front. Here we use fundamental arguments from population genetics regarding expected time scales of beneficial mutant establishment and fixation in a population undergoing range expansion to characterize the degree of clonal interference expected in various regions while the population is migrating. By quantifying the degree of clonal interference along the wave front of a population undergoing range expansion using a measure we term the Clonal Interference Index, we show that evolution is increasingly mutation-limited toward the wave tip. In addition, we predict that the degree of clonal interference varies non-monotonically with respect to position along the wave front. The work presented here extends a powerful framework in population genetics to a canonical physical model of range expansion, which we hope allows for continued development of these models in both fields.
Emerging Technologies and Dwindling Speech

Inspired in part by the recent holding in Bland v. Roberts that the use of the “Like” feature in Facebook is not covered by the Free Speech Clause, this article makes a brief foray into the approach that courts have taken in the recent past towards questions of First Amendment coverage in the context of emerging technologies. Specifically, this article will take a closer look at how courts have dealt with the issue of functionality in the context of First Amendment coverage of computer source code. The analysis of this and other recent experiences, when put in a larger context, reflects a continuing dissatisfaction on the part of both courts and legislatures with the current Supreme Court doctrine on First Amendment coverage. From this discussion, we can also derive some meaningful normative insights regarding the interplay between emerging technologies and First Amendment coverage doctrine. Finally, this article hopes to serve as a stepping stone in a more profound and long term pursuit of a comprehensive theory of constitutional individual rights coverage issues that might serve us well as the future brings unexpected changes in our society.
Native Advertising in Online News: Tradeoffs among Clicks, Brand Recognition and Website Trustworthiness

Native advertising is a type of online advertising matching the form and function of the platform on which it appears. In managerial practice, the choice between display and in-feed native advertising presents brand advertisers and online news publishers with conflicting objectives. While advertisers face a tradeoff between ad clicks and brand recognition, publishers need to strike a balance between ad clicks and the platform’s trustworthiness. From a policy perspective, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has become more concerned about native advertising confusing consumers and hence has imposed guidelines requiring advertisers to clearly disclose their native ads. This research aims to understand how consumers respond to native ads versus display ads and to different styles of native ad disclosures. We employ a series of randomized online experiments and a field experiment combining clickstream behavioral data, eye movement data, and survey response data. The results show that when we control for the position of an ad on a news page, a native ad generates a higher click-through rate, as it better resembles surrounding editorial content. However, a display ad garners more visual attention and brand recognition than a native ad. Featuring native ads on news sites can also decrease the trustworthiness of the sites. Finally, with respect to native ad disclosure, the findings suggest that advertisers who prominently disclose native ads could benefit from greater brand awareness without sacrificing much in terms of click-through rates. Following the FTC guidelines closely may therefore be the optimal strategy for native advertising.
Neutrophils are critical in the pathogenesis of atypical EAE in LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl mice (IRC5P.471)

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination, inflammatory lesions and axonal damage. We previously demonstrated that deletion of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3) in myeloid cells resulted in atypical EAE with a striking neutrophil infiltration in the brain. In this study, we investigated the role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of atypical EAE. Kinetics studies show that accumulation of neutrophils in LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl mice correlate with disease development. Ab-mediated depletion of neutrophils delays the onset of atypical EAE and prolongs survival. Importantly, brain-infiltrating neutrophils display high expression of CXCR2, and produce high levels of CXCL2, CCL2 and nitric oxide (NO). In addition, LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl recipients develop atypical EAE in Th1- and Th17-adoptive transfer models. Our findings indicate that, in LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl mice, neutrophils facilitate the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and once they gain access to the brain, they play an essential role in the development of atypical EAE by promoting their own recruitment through production of CXCL2, and promoting macrophage recruitment through production of CCL2. More importantly, the activated neutrophils produce high levels of NO, resulting in inhibition of regulatory T-cells, oligodendrocyte damage and axonal degeneration, which leads to atypical EAE in LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl mice.
Prognostic factors and long-term survivorship in patients with recurrent or metastatic carcinoma of the head and neck†

BACKGROUND The current study was conducted to identify prognostic factors and report the characteristics of long-term survivors in patients with recurrent or metastatic carcinoma of the head and neck who were treated with cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy in two randomized, Phase III trials conducted by the Eastern Oncology Cooperative Group (ECOG) (E1393 and E1395). METHODS The authors analyzed prognostic factors for response and survival by combining data from the E1393 trial, which compared cisplatin plus paclitaxel at two dose levels, with data from the E1395 trial, which compared cisplatin plus paclitaxel with cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), using logistic regression and Cox regression models. RESULTS A total of 399 eligible patients were included. The median follow-up was 4.7 years. The 1-year overall survival (OS) rate for all patients was 32%, the median OS was 7.8 months, and the objective response rate was 32%. On multivariate analysis, the following were found to be independent unfavorable predictors of objective response: weight loss of > 5%, an ECOG performance status of 1 (vs. 0), residual disease at the primary tumor site, a primary tumor site other than the oropharynx, prior radiation therapy (RT) (P = 0.056), and well/moderate tumor cell differentiation (P = 0.067). Independent unfavorable prognostic factors for OS were weight loss, an ECOG performance status of 1 (vs. 0), well/moderate tumor cell differentiation, a primary tumor in the oral cavity or hypopharynx, and prior RT. The following were found to be independent unfavorable prognostic facotrs for time to disease progression: well/moderate tumor cell differentiation, a oral cavity or hypopharyngeal primary tumor, and prior RT. Patients with ≤ 2 adverse prognostic factors were reported to have a median OS of 1 year, whereas patients with 3–5 adverse prognostic factors were found to have a median OS of 0.5 years (P < 0.0001). Forty-nine patients (12%) survived for ≥ 2 years and 6 patients were alive at 5 years. Two-year survivors were more likely to have achieved an objective response to chemotherapy, have poor tumor cell differentiation, be white, have an ECOG performance status of 0, and have received no prior RT. CONCLUSIONS Clinical parameters and tumor cell differentiation appear to be strong pretreatment predictors of outcome in patients with carcinoma of the head and neck and should be considered in the design of future randomized trials. A small percentage of patients with recurrent head and neck carcinoma can achieve long-term survival. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Fitting optical interconnects to an electrical world-packaging and reliability issues of arrayed optoelectronic modules

Utilization of optical links must fit current packaging scenarios in electrical systems. Due to interboard spacing in electrical system racks, optical interconnects must go though a right angle turn to reach the backplane which is commonly the case in the manufacture of VCSEL optoelectronic module. VCSEL reliability is also an issue in hampering its utilization. Increasing data rate in VCSEL entails increasing current density which reduces reliability. The talk offers a detailed discussion on the packaging, and reliability and failure of VCSELs.
Calcium-binding proteins and development

The known roles for calcium-binding proteins in developmental signaling pathways are reviewed. Current information on the calcium-binding characteristics of three classes of cell-surface developmental signaling proteins (EGF-domain proteins, cadherins and integrins) is presented together with an overview of the intracellular pathways downstream of these surface receptors. The developmental roles delineated to date for the universal intracellular calcium sensor, calmodulin, and its targets, and for calcium-binding regulators of the cytoskeleton are also reviewed.
Mechanisms regulating regional localization of inflammation during CNS autoimmunity

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammatory, demyelinating lesions localized in the brain and spinal cord. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of MS that is induced by activating myelin-specific T cells and exhibits immune cell infiltrates in the CNS similar to those seen in MS. Both MS and EAE exhibit disease heterogeneity, reflecting variations in clinical course and localization of lesions within the CNS. Collectively, the differences seen in MS and EAE suggest that the brain and spinal cord function as unique microenvironments that respond differently to infiltrating immune cells. This review addresses the roles of the cytokines interferon-γ and interleukin-17 in determining the localization of inflammation to the brain or spinal cord in EAE.
Industrial Applications for Levulinic Acid

Levulinic acid has been produced since 1870. Over the years the basic chemistry and properties have been studied extensively. Though levulinic acid has significant potential as an industrial chemical, it has never reached commercial use in any significant volume. A reason for non-commercialization of this chemical may be that most of the research was done in early 40’s, when the raw materials were expensive, yield was low, and equipment for separation and purification was lacking. Today, overproduction of raw materials and developments in science and technology have opened doors to reevaluate industrial potential of a forgotten chemical giant, levulinic acid. Levulinic acid can be produced by high temperature acid hydrolysis of carbohydrates, such as glucose, galactose, sucrose, fructose, chitose and also from biomeric material such as wood, starch and agricultural wastes. Isolation of levulinic acid can be accomplished either by partial neutralization, filtration of humin material and vacuum steam distillation, or by solvent extraction. Levulinic acid is a highly versatile chemical with several industrial uses. Literature shows potential uses as resin, plasticizer, textile, animal feed, coating, and as an antifreeze. At the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, efforts are being made to prepare levulinic acid using an extruder as a continuous reactor and possible use as an antifreeze ingredient. This antifreeze will have definite advantages over ethylene glycol. It will be non-toxic and easily digestable by microorganisms. The antifreeze ingredient will be in solid form, hence it will be marketed more readily than liquid forms.
Public health: Effects of sodium and potassium intake on health outcomes

Sodium reduction lowers blood pressure and should prevent cardiovascular disease, yet some studies have challenged this viewpoint. Here, we review three recently published meta-analyses that examined the effects of sodium and potassium intake on blood pressure and other health outcomes. In brief, the evidence for population-wide sodium reduction remains robust.
Peptide synthesis with immobilized carboxypeptidase Y

Enzymatic peptide synthesis was investigated using carboxypeptidase Y immobilized with glutaraldehyde on 10 mum microparticulate amino-silica. Carboxypeptidase Y was immobilized with 98.5% recovery of active enzyme to yield the immobilized enzyme having 0.55 units esterase activity/mg amino-silica support. The stability of the immobilized enzyme was examined as a function of pH, temperature, and reactant concentrations. Immobilized Carboxypeptidase Y was used in stirred batch and recirculating packed-bed reactors for peptide synthesis. Packed-bed reactors (40 x 4.6 mm, 60 x 4.6 mm) were used to catalyze the synthesis of 170 mg N-benzoyl-L-arginyl-L-methioninamide, 380 mg N-benzoyl-L-arginyl-L-methionyl-L-leucinamide, and 200 mg N-benzoyl-L-arginyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide in 8, 3, and 1 hour, respectively, as intermediates in the synthesis of L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine. No inactivation of the immobilized enzyme was observed during the course of the reactions. The N-benzoyl-L-arginyl group served to increase the water solubility of the peptides and was removed by immobilized trypsin at the end of synthesis to obtain the final product. While the first two syntheses were conducted with aqueous reaction mixtures, the synthesis of N-benzoyl-L-arginyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide was carried out in a reaction mixture containing dimethylformamide to avoid precipitation of the product. HPLC and amino acid analysis confirmed the high purity and amino acid composition of the final product.
Density functional theory of spin-coupled models for diiron-oxo proteins: Effects of oxo and hydroxo bridging on geometry, electronic structure, and magnetism

~Received 24 October 2001; accepted 17 January 2002! We have performed a comprehensive study of the electronic structure and magnetic properties of structurally characterized models for diiron-oxo proteins. Results from Kohn‐Sham density functional theory show that two complexes, with formula Fe 2 (m-O!~m-O 2 CCH 3 ) 2 (HBpz 3 ) 2 and @Fe 2 (m-OH!~m-O 2 CCH 3 ) 2 (HBpz 3 ) 2# 1 , are strongly and weakly antiferromagnetically coupled, respectively, in agreement with experiment. The physical origin of the stronger and weaker exchange typically measured for oxo- and hydroxo-bridged diiron complexes, respectively, has been elucidated. The main superexchange pathways giving rise to molecular antiferromagnetism in both complexes have been identified. The dominant pathway in the oxo-bridged complex, Fe1(dxz):m-O(px):Fe2(dxz), was formed by p interactions whereas that of the hydroxo-bridged, Fe1(dz2):m-O H ( pi):Fe2(dz2), was formed by s interactions. We also found a pathway mediated by the bridging acetates, Fe1( dx22y 2):bis~m-acetato!:Fe2(dx22y 2), which induces weak antiferromagnetism in the oxo-bridged complex but is significantly more important in the hydroxo-bridged complex. The antiferromagnetic exchange constants that parameterize the Heisenberg Hamiltonian H5JS1"S2 have been predicted for both, strongly and weakly, coupled complexes. Overall, the signs, trends, and magnitudes of the theoretical values ~J m-O calc 51152.7 cm 21 , J m-OH calc 5123.3 cm 21 ! were in excellent agreement with experiment. The geometries of the complete molecular structures have been optimized in C2v symmetry and used to calculate molecular properties such as atomic charges and spin densities. The electronic configurations (Fe:4s 0.29 3d 5.93 ,m-O:2s 1.92 2p 4.99 ;Fe:4s 0.30 3d 5.82 ,m-O H :2s 1.82 2p 5.25 ,H:1s 0.51 )o f the respective binuclear cores revealed relatively high occupancies for the nominally ferric ions, thus reflecting a donating character of their immediate N 3O3 coordination. In addition, the diiron-oxo protein hemerythrin has been discussed. Theoretical and structural considerations indicated that the oxo-bridged diferric complex considered herein models extremely well the antiferromagnetic behavior of azidomet- and azidometmyo-hemerythrin. Finally, the magnetic behavior of closely related oxo-bridged diferric and hydroxo-bridged diferrous complexes containing Me3TACN capping ligands has been explained in light of the results presented in this work. © 2002 American Institute of Physics. @DOI: 10.1063/1.1461363#
A difference in nucleic acid preparations from Ehrlich ascites nuclei and calf thymus nuclei

A COKSIDERARLE amount of attention has been directed by a number of investigators to the determination of the physical properties of deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, isolated from normal tissues such as calf thymus. The purpose of this investigation is to characterize by physical and chemical methods deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, from the neoplastic source, Ehrlich ascites cells. In the isolation procedures for DNA it is necessary to take precautions to avoid the Scylla of autolytic enzyme degradation and the Charybdis of other degradative factors such as extremes of pH, shearing stresses, temperature and excessive drying [4]. The majority of the samples which have been characterized by physical and chemical methods have been prepared from tissues or whole cells. Marham and Smith [8] have stated that nucleoproteins prepared from whole tissues without any attempt at separation of the nuclear and cytoplasmic components must be mixtures of riboand deoxyribonucleic acids. It is also possible that there can be contamination from other cytoplasmic constituents. In this laboratory an effective technique employing a high viscosity suspending medium such as 95 per cent glycerol at 0°C and pestle type homogenizers has been developed for isolating nuclei from Ehrlich ascites cells [ 141. The latter are very difficult to disrupt in pestle homogenizers when sucrose solutions are used. It thus seemed desirable to compare DNA isolated from Ehrlich ascites nuclei with that from the Ehrlich ascites whole cells. For further comparisons it appeared advantageous to isolate DN,4 from calf thymus tissue and nuclei. The unexpected results from such comparisons will be described along with other data in the discussion.
In Vivo Ultrastructural Analysis of the Intimate Relationship between Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and the Chlamydial Developmental Cycle

We utilized a recently developed model of intracervical infection with Chlamydia muridarum in the mouse to elicit a relatively synchronous infection during the initial developmental cycle in order to examine at the ultrastructural level the development of both the chlamydial inclusion and the onset of the inflammatory response. At 18 h after infection, only a few elementary bodies attached to cells were visible, as were an occasional intracellular intermediate body and reticulate body. By 24 h, inclusions had 2 to 5 reticulate bodies and were beginning to fuse. A few polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were already present in the epithelium in the vicinity of and directly adjacent to infected cells. By 30 h, the inclusions were larger and consisted solely of reticulate bodies, but by 36 to 42 h, they contained intermediate bodies and elementary bodies as well. Many PMNs were adjacent to or actually inside infected cells. Chlamydiae appeared to exit the cell either (i) through disintegration of the inclusion membrane and rupture of the cell, (ii) by dislodgement of the cell from the epithelium by PMNs, or (iii) by direct invasion of the infected cell by the PMNs. When PMNs were depleted, the number of released elementary bodies was significantly greater as determined both visually and by culture. Interestingly, depletion of PMNs revealed the presence of inclusions containing aberrant reticulate bodies, reminiscent of effects seen in vitro when chlamydiae are incubated with gamma interferon. In vivo evidence for the contact-dependent development hypothesis, a potential mechanism for triggering the conversion of reticulate bodies to elementary bodies, and for translocation of lipid droplets into the inclusion is also presented.
Ether-linked glycerolipids in human brain tumors

In this investigation, the lipid composition of a number of human brain tumors was determined and compared to that of normal adult brain. Glioblastomas (11 samples), astrocytomas (4 samples), an acoustic neurinoma, an oligodendroglioma, and a meningioma were analyzed. All of the tumors had substantial levels (0.8-3.4% of total phospholipids) of choline plasmalogen which was present in only trace amounts in normal brain. With the exceptions of the acoustic neurinoma and the meningioma, the concentration of alkylacylglycerophosphorylcholine was also higher in the tumors than in normal brain. Neutral lipids of brain tumors also contained high concentrations of both alkyl (1.6-4.8% of total neutral gsults from this investigation indicate that increases in ether-linked glycerolipids may be characteristic of human brain tumors.
Influence of pregnancy and-or exercise on intestinal transport of amino acids in rats.

SummaryAmino acid transport by everted gut segments (in vitro) of rats exercised 7 or 21 days, rats pregnant for 7, 14, or 21 days, or rats exercised during different periods of gestation was determined. Generally, pregnancy did not affect amino acid transport; only exercise during the last week of pregnancy had a negative effect on gut transport.
The common green/common ground Performance Project: The Personal, the Political, the Gardens, and NYU

When the landlords and the city began bulldozing community gardens, a group of NYU students and local community activists got together to protest and perform. The piece they made tracked the transformation of garbage-strewn lots into lush, vital, community havensNand cried out against the bulldozers lying in wait.
Spatial light interference tomography (SLIT)

We present spatial light interference tomography (SLIT), a label-free method for 3D imaging of transparent structures such as live cells. SLIT uses the principle of interferometric imaging with broadband fields and combines the optical gating due to the micron-scale coherence length with that of the high numerical aperture objective lens. Measuring the phase shift map associated with the object as it is translated through focus provides full information about the 3D distribution associated with the refractive index. Using a reconstruction algorithm based on the Born approximation, we show that the sample structure may be recovered via a 3D, complex field deconvolution. We illustrate the method with reconstructed tomographic refractive index distributions of microspheres, photonic crystals, and unstained living cells.
Trait anxiety and fearfulness

To evaluate the relationship between trait anxiety (TA) and fearfulness, 36 female nursing students were given the Wolpe-Lang Fear Survey Schedule (FSSIII) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). High TA participants selected from this sample were found to be more fearful than low TA participants, and a correlation of 0.52 was obtained between fearfulness scores and TA scores. An analysis of the items and situations rated as most fear-producing indicated that half of these items represented social or interpersonal fears, and that one-third of the participants rated harmless snakes as very much disturbing. These findings appear to support Spielberger’s contention that TA represents susceptibility to arousal of state anxiety by a variety of stimuli and stimulus situations.
Multi-step 3-D finite element modeling of subsurface damage in machining particulate reinforced metal matrix composites

Abstract A multi-step 3-D finite element model using the commercial finite element packages Third Wave Systems AdvantEdge © and ABAQUS/Explicit © is developed for predicting the sub-surface damage after machining of particle reinforced metal matrix composites. The composite material considered for this study is an A359 aluminum matrix composite reinforced with 20 vol% fraction silicon carbide particles (A359/SiC/20p). The effect of machining conditions on the measured cutting force and damage is modeled by means of a multi-step fully-coupled thermo-mechanical model. Material properties are defined by applying the Equivalent Homogenous Material (EHM) model for the machining simulation while the damage prediction is attained by applying the resulting stress and temperature distribution to a multi-phase sub-model. In the multi-phase approach the particles and matrix are modeled as continuum elements with isotropic properties separated by a layer of cohesive zone elements representing the interfacial layer to simulate the extent of particle–matrix debonding and subsequent sub-surface damage. A random particle dispersion algorithm is applied for the random distribution of the particles in the composite. Experimental measurements of the cutting forces and the sub-surface damage are compared with simulation results, showing promising results.
Study of multi black hole and ring singularity apparent horizons

We study critical black-hole separations for the formation of a common apparent horizon in systems of $N$ black holes in a time-symmetric configuration. We study in detail the aligned equal mass cases for $N=2$, 3, 4, 5, 6, and relate them to the unequal mass binary black-hole case. We then study the apparent horizon of the time-symmetric initial geometry of a ring singularity of different radii. The apparent horizon is used as indicative of the location of the event horizon in an effort to predict a critical ring radius that would generate an event horizon of toroidal topology. We found that a good estimate for this ring critical radius is $20/(3\ensuremath{\pi})M$. We briefly discuss the connection of this two cases through a discrete black-hole ``necklace'' configuration.
A microarray-based approach for the identification of epigenetic biomarkers for the noninvasive diagnosis of fetal disease.

Objectives We describe a novel microarray-based approach for the high-throughput discovery of epigenetic biomarkers for use in the noninvasive detection of fetal genetic disease. Methods We combined a 215 060-probe custom oligonucleotide microarray with a comprehensive library preparation method and novel statistical tools to compare DNA methylation patterns in chorionic villus samples (CVS) with gestational age-matched maternal blood cell (MBC) samples. Our custom microarray was designed to provide high-resolution coverage across human chromosomes 13, 18 and 21. Results We identified 6311 MspI/HpaII sites across all three chromosomes that displayed tissue-specific differential CpG methylation patterns. To maximize the probability of identifying biomarkers that have clinical utility we filtered our data to identify MspI/HpaII sites that are within 150 bp of a highly polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) so that its allelic ratio may be determined for the detection of fetal aneuploidy. Our microarray design and the computational tools used for data analysis are available for download as is the entire data set. Conclusions This high-resolution analysis of DNA methylation patterns in the human placenta during the first trimester of pregnancy identifies numerous potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy on chromosomes 13, 18 and 21. Copyright  2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Supporting information may be found in the online version of this article.
FLYING LIZARDS FALL FAST

![Figure][1] GLIDING PERFORMANCE A \`flying' lizard doesn't actually fly, it glides, which means that the power involved in remaining aloft comes from the animal's potential energy (how high it is, and how much it weighs). Sure, a little work is generally done by limb muscles to initiate a
Transport Theory For HIV Migration Through In Vivo Distributions Of Microbicide Epithelial Coating Layers

Topical microbicide products are being developed for preventing HIV transmission. These include vaginally applied gels that deliver anti-HIV molecules. Gels may also provide partial barriers that slow virion diffusion from semen to vulnerable tissue, increasing the time during which anti-HIV molecules can act. Previously, our group developed a mathematical model for HIV transport and neutralization for a uniform layer of microbicide gel. Hindrance of HIV diffusion was found to have significant potential to impact efficacy. In vivo, however, gels do not deploy to form complete, uniform layers - not all tissue is coated, and thickness is not constant. Here, we further developed our model to assess salient parameters that determine a gel's ability to hinder HIV diffusion in vivo. We applied this model to experimental data for coating distributions of two vaginal gels in women. Time required for a threshold number of virions to reach the tissue surface was used as a metric to compare different hypothetical and experimental scenarios. We found that time-to-threshold increased with increasing gel layer thickness and with decreasing diffusion coefficient. For gel layers with average thickness > 100um, fractional area coated rather than gel layer thickness was the primary determinant of time-to-threshold. For gel layers < 100um, time-to-threshold was brief, regardless of fractional area coated. Application of the model to experimental data showed little difference in time-to-threshold between the gels tested. However, the protocol (i.e., +/− simulated coitus) following gel application had a much more significant effect. This study suggests that it is important for microbicide gels to distribute in layers of thickness ≥ 100um, and that the fractional area coated is critical in determining gel ability to hinder HIV diffusion (NIH-AI077289).
A methodology for the early exploration of design rules for multiple-patterning technologies

Double/Multiple-patterning (DP/MP) lithography in a multiple litho-etch steps process is a favorable solution for technology scaling to the 20nm node and below. Mask-assignment conflicts represent the biggest challenge for MP and limiting them through design rules is crucial for the adoption of MP technology. In this paper, we offer a methodology for the early evaluation and exploration of layout and MP rules intended for speeding up the rules-development cycle. Using a novel wiring-estimation method, we create layout estimates with fine-grained congestion prediction. MP-conflicts are then predicted using a machine-learning approach. In this work, we demonstrate the use of the method for double-patterning lithography in litho-etch-litho-etch process; the methodology is more general, however, and can be applied for other multiple-patterning technologies including tripe/multiple-patterning with multiple litho-etch steps, self-aligned double patterning (SADP), and directed self-assembly. Results of testing the methodology on standard-cell layouts show an 81% accuracy in DP-conflicts prediction. The methodology was then used to explore DP and layout rules and investigate their effects on DP-compatibility and layout area. The methodology allows for rules optimization; for example, pushing the minimum tip-to-side same-color spacing rule value from 1.7× to 1.5× the minimum side-to-side spacing design rule (i.e., from 110nm down to 90nm) would more than double the number of DP-compatible cells in the library.
An Investigation of Eye Gaze and Its Relation to Selected Verbal Behavior

Eye gaze avoidance is examined in relation to the occurrence of turn-taking, vocalized pauses, sentence changes, repetitions, “you know,”“like,” sentence fragments, simple sentences, and complex sentences. The results provide support for the hypothesis that people avoid eye gaze when experiencing difficulty in encoding. This finding is discussed in relation to previous research and possible implications for the study of interpersonal communication.
GENETIC EXPRESSION OF ADENOSINE DEAMINASE (ADA) IN HUMAN LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES: 67

The activity of the purine salvage enzyme, ADA, is 10 to 50-fold higher in T lymphoblasts than in mature lymphocytes and has been used as an enzymatic marker of T-lymphoblastic malignancies. We have asked whether the level of ADA activity in leukemic cells is controlled at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. Total cellular RNA was isolated from leukemic cell lines derived from patients with acute T cell leukemia and with T cell leukemia of mature phenotype, as well as from the peripheral blood of 4 patients with non-T cell ALL and 3 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Hybridization with a cDNA probe specific for ADA revealed 1.8 and 5.8 Kb bands on Northern blots which were present in all cell types examined. Specific ADA mRNA levels were quantitated by densitometry tracings of Northern blots and compared with both ADA specific activity and ADA protein, as determined by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. There was a strong correlation between the steady state levels of mRNA and ADA immunoreactive material in all cells examined (correlation coefficient value of 0.76). T lymphoblasts contained 2 to 4-fold more ada mRNA than did the mature T cell lines, 5 to 10-fold more than CLL cells, and 1.5 to 4-fold more than non-T cell ALL cells. ADA specific activity also tended to correlate with mRNA levels. We conclude that the high levels of ADA in T lymphoblasts result from increased transcription of the ADA gene or, possibly, from increased ADA mRNA stability in these cells.
Biosynthetic studies of marine lipids 18. Biosynthesis of 3β-(hydroxymethyl)-A-nor-5α-cholest-15-ene in the marine sponge phakellia aruensis

Abstract Through appropriate labeling experiments, it was shown that the unusual sterol 3β-(hydroxymethyl)-A-nor-5α-cholest-15-ene ( 1 ) is generated by ring contraction of dietary cholesterol followed by the introduction of the 15–16 double bond, rather than by ring contraction of 15-dehydrocholesterol ( 4 ).
Coalescing the Chemical Education Community

My most important goal as editor is to maintain, nourish, and augment what previous editors have built: a community of persons dedicated to and working for improved chemical education throughout the world.
Some geochemical characteristics of recent glacial sediments

Mineralogical studies of recent glacial sediments within an active glacial fiord have shown distinctive sub-arctic characteristics and remarkable uniformity both over wide areas and with depth. Such sediments are thus most suitable for the study of pore water-sediment relationships. For the major cations, the ion exchange capacity of the coexisting sediment is shown to be the principal parameter controlling the composition of the interstitial water, and these ions demonstrate some different exchange features at depth compared with surface samples. Trace metal concentrations appear to be unrelated to the major ions of the various phases. The proposed relationships are shown for a representative piston core profile.
Designing effective and efficient incentive policies for renewable energy in generation expansion planning

We present a bilevel optimization approach to designing effective and efficient incentive policies for stimulating investment in renewable energy. The effectiveness of an incentive policy is its capability to achieve a goal that would not be achievable without it. Renewable portfolio standards are used in this paper as the policy goal. The efficiency of an incentive policy is measured by the amount of policy intervention, such as taxes collected or subsidies paid, to achieve the policy goal. We obtain the most effective and efficient incentive policies in the context of generation expansion planning, in which a centralized planner makes investment decisions for the energy system to serve projected demand of electricity. A case study is conducted on integrated coal transportation and electricity transmission networks representing the contiguous United States. The numerical analysis from the case study provides insights on the comparison of various incentive policies. The sensitivity of the incentive policies with respect to coal production cost, wind energy investment cost, and transmission capacity is also studied.
LOCATION OF QUALITY INSPECTION STATIONS: AN EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF FIVE NORMATIVE HEURISTICS

A number of heuristic decision rules have been proposed to aid in the location of quality inspection stations within a production line. Although these rules apparently enjoy an intuitive appeal, as yet no empirical investigation of their individual efficacies has been undertaken. This research identifies the relations between various cost and/or process characteristics and a designated “operative condition” that motivates the apparent rationale of five of these rules-of-thumb. Experimental results suggest that for several of the heuristics the operative condition was not associated with the performance of the rule. In addition, constraints in the processing environment were found to influence the effectiveness of the heuristics.
Scalability of quantum simulations of thermoelectric superlattice devices

The effects of layer thickness and periodicity on thermoelectric properties of Si/Ge superlattice materials are studied through a non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) computational approach. Results show an independence of Seebeck coefficient for increasing the number of superlattice periods. Additionally, a critical layer thickness is obtainable to achieve a favorable transmission spectrum while maximizing hetero-interface density. These findings are important to researchers who computationally explore thermoelectric properties of nanostructured materials. In particular, these results identify ranges of parameters worthy of further experimental study.
Community pharmacies as practice-based research network sites: models of success.

Patrick G. Clay pharmacy-based intervention group discontinued benzodiazepine use, compared with only 5% of those in the control group (P = 0.008). This remarkable difference remained intact even when multiple subgroup analyses were performed. These three well-designed and scientifically sound research projects conducted in diverse clusters of sites clearly demonstrate the power and worthwhile investment of involving community pharmacies in research studies. Community pharmacists can help themselves by making local and regional researchers aware of their willingness to collaborate in these models of direct patient care services. In doing so, they may rediscover their passion for what is at the heart of pharmacy— scientific discovery.
Factors related to parents’ choices of treatments for their children with autism spectrum disorders

Abstract The history of autism treatment has been plagued with fad therapies which waste parents’ and children's time, energy, and money. To determine if referral sources, such as professionals’ recommendations, media, or scholarly sources, have influenced parents’ treatment decisions, parents of at least one child with an autism spectrum disorder ( N = 400) were surveyed to determine the sources they used to obtain treatment. Recommendations from professionals in non-medical fields and autism books were the most popular sources of information. Due to the diverse range of influences on parents’ treatment decisions, a multifaceted dissemination strategy for the most effective therapies is warranted.
Comment by John R. Bowlin

Comments on: Charles T. Mathewes, Agency, Nature, Transcendence, and Moralism: A Review of Recent Work in Moral Psychology
“Assassin!” AIDS and Neoliberal Reform in France*

The apparent French embrace of neoliberal reforms in the 1980s resulted in a series of scandals and bitter contention. The criminal trials over the failure to prevent the spread of AIDS through the blood supply uniquely resulted in the prosecution of a former prime minister. AIDS activists overcame many of their differences in targeting this top official responsible for the initial turn to neoliberalism and austerity in 1984, accusing him of homicide for delays in AIDS prevention measures. The government's unwillingness to fund new programs became a metaphor for what activists claim was a dysfunctional state elite, with governments of the left and right said to be preoccupied with neoliberal financial concerns that represented the official abandonment of a French Republican emphasis on equality, integration, and social solidarity, and the state's response to this global epidemic stands in for a succession of failures in the era of globalization.
Radiation recall dermatitis and pneumonitis in a patient treated with paclitaxel

Background. Radiation recall refers to a tissue reac- ion produced by a chemotherapeutic agent in a pre- riously irradiated field that would not occur in a nonir- tadiated field. A number of agents have been reported to :awe radiation recall. Recently, there have been case re- ,arts of recall dermatitis from paclitaxel treatment. Methods. A patient with metastatic lung cancer re- :eived palliative radiation to her mediastinum and ribs. Secause
Seizures: A Developmental Perspective.

Early childhood educators are servicing an increasing number of children with chronic illness such as seizures. With this central nervous system disorder, there are increasing concerns, frustration...
Chemical modification or excision of neurophysin arginine-8 is associated with loss of peptide-binding ability

Abstract The role of neurophysin arginines in the binding of peptides to the principal hormone-binding site was evaluated by modification of neurophysin with cyclohexanedione and by limited proteolysis with trypsin. Binding affinities were reduced to values less than 3% of normal when both Arg-8 and Arg-20 were chemically modified or when residues 1–8 were excised by trypsin. Because residues 1–6 are non-essential to binding and residue 7 is not conserved in evolution, the results are interpreted in terms of a functional role for Arg-8.
ICESat-2: the next generation satellite for altimetric measurements of the Earth's surface

Understanding the causes and magnitude of change in the cryosphere remains a priority for earth science research. Over the past decade, NASA earth observing satellites have documented a decrease in both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice, and ongoing loss of grounded ice from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. Understanding the pace and mechanisms of these changes requires long-term observations of ice sheets, sea ice thickness and sea ice extent. In response to this need, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is developing the ICESat-2 mission, a nextgeneration laser altimeter designed to measure changes in ice sheet elevation, sea ice thickness, and vegetation canopy height. Scheduled for launch in late 2017 with a three year mission life, ICESat-2 will use a photon-counting micropulse laser altimeter, the advanced topographic laser altimeter system (ATLAS) instrument to collect these key data.
Computational comparison of stepwise oxidation and O–O bond formation in mononuclear ruthenium water oxidation catalysts

Abstract A computational comparison of key steps along proposed water oxidation pathways for eleven distinct mononuclear ruthenium catalysts is presented. Free energies are determined via density functional calculations and analyzed for catalyst structural stability, energetic comparisons to experimentally measured potentials in highly acidic conditions, and other features. A single feature for optimal catalyst design does not emerge; different steps along the oxidation cycle are impacted in subtle and sometimes divergent ways depending on the nature of the ligand modification on the catalyst. The results reinforce the notion observed in previous experimental studies – in such multi-step mechanisms with complex catalysts, a careful balance between energetic optimization and catalyst stability at multiple steps along the cycle may be critical for practical performance considerations. Whereas comparing catalysts at an individual step is likely to provide an incomplete picture, behavior of chemically modified catalysts can be distinguished computationally across multiple mechanistic steps.
EPR study of RLi2O.V2O5, RNa2O.V2O5, RCaO.V2O5, and RBaO.V2O5 modified vanadate glass systems

Abstract Experimental EPR spectra in several modified vanadate glass systems reveal hyperfine structure (hfs) lines whose widths vary with the molar ratio of modifier to vanadium pentoxide, R. In the RNa 2 O.V 2 O 5 system, for example, hfs lines show no resolution at low R values (near 0.1); by contrast, these lines exhibit dramatic narrowing as R approaches 0.5. In the model proposed here, this narrowing is due to an increase in hopping time for small polarons associated with V 4+ ions in these systems. Increases in polaron hopping times are accompanied by increases in electron spin-spin relaxation times T 2 's, and, an associated narrowing of EPR linewidths. Experiments confirm that spectral widths are limited by electron T 2 's due to the fact that EPR linewidths do not vary with temperature down to 4.2 K. Resolved spectra in RNa 2 O.V 2 O 5 at R = 0.5 reveal a hyperfine coupling parameter of 0.0177 ± 0.0008 T, corresponding to an upper-limit polaron hopping frequency of 487 ± 20 MHz. By similar analyses, the systems of RCaO.V 2 O 5 , RBaO.V 2 O 5 , and RLi 2 O.V 2 O 5 exhibit comparable polaron hopping frequencies limits of 480 ± 20 MHz, 469 ± 20 MHz, and 468 ± 20 MHz, respectively, when R is near 1.0. In addition to the relaxation effects discussed here, results of modeling of resolved spectra to obtain hyperfine coupling constants A || and A ┴ , and g ┴ values g || and g ┴ are presented and discussed.
Environmental Attitudes Conceptualized Through Developmental Theory: A Qualitative Analysis

Women's attitudes toward the environment were explored in relation to Robert Kegan's model of ego development, using a randomly selected sample of 27 women aged 40 to 49 from a Massachusetts town. Ways of thinking about the environment were differentiated qualitatively according to ego stage. Illustrations of stage distinctions focused on the women's feelings of relationship or connection to the environment and on their presented rationale for their environmentally related behaviors. Implications of stage distinctions to educational efforts and to conceptualizations of justice are discussed.