cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency organization of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in cats.

Sensory epithelia are often spatially reiterated throughout their representation in the central nervous system. Differential expression of this representation can reveal specializations of the organism's behavioral repertoire. For example, the nature of the central representation of sound frequency in the auditory system has provided important clues in understanding ecological pressures for acoustic processing. In this context, we used electrophysiological techniques to map the frequency organization of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in nine cats. Frequency responses were sampled in increments of 100–200 μm along electrode tracks that entered the dosomedial border of the nucleus and exited at the ventrolateral border. Electrode tracks were oriented parallel to the long (or strial) axis of the nucleus so that each penetration sampled neural responses for most of the cat's audible frequencies and remained in or near the pyramidal cell layer for several millimeters. Nearly identical distance versus frequency relationships were obtained for different rostral-caudal locations within the same cat as well as for different cats. Frequency responses systematically decreased from above 50 kHz at the most dorsomedial locations in the nucleus to below 1 kHz in the most ventrolateral regions. The rate of frequency change was roughly three times greater in high frequency regions than in low frequency regions. In addition, the highest pyramidal cell density and longest rostral-caudal axis was observed for the middle third of the dorsal-ventral axis of the nucleus. As a result, roughly half of all pyramidal cells responded to frequencies between 8–30 kHz. The representation of neural tissue for these frequencies may be related to the importance of spectral cues in sound localization. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nutrition Care Process and Model: ADA adopts road map to quality care and outcomes management.

The establishment and implementation of a standardized Nutrition Care Process (NCP) and Model were identified as priority actions for the profession for meeting goals of the ADA Strategic Plan to “Increase demand and utilization of services provided by members” and “Empower members to compete successfully in a rapidly changing environment” (1). Providing high-quality nutrition care means doing the right thing at the right time, in the right way, for the right person, and achieving the best possible results. Quality improvement literature shows that, when a standardized process is implemented, less variation and more predictability in terms of outcomes occur (2). When providers of care, no matter their location, use a process consistently, comparable outcomes data can be generated to demonstrate value. A standardized Nutrition Care Process effectively promotes the dietetics professional as the unique provider of nutrition care when it is consistently used as a systematic method to think critically and make decisions to provide safe and effective nutrition care (3). This article describes the four steps of ADA’s Nutrition Care Process and the overarching framework of the Nutrition Care Model that illustrates the context within which the Nutrition Care Process occurs. In addition, this article provides the rationale for a standardized process by which nutrition care is provided, distinguishes between the Nutrition Care Process and Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT), and discusses future implications for the profession.
Re-evaluation of apparent hypometabolism in iron-deficient rats

Abstract Experiments were performed to characterize body temperature, metabolic rate, plasma thyroid hormone concentrations, and nonshivering thermogenesis in iron-deficiency anemia at several environmental temperatures (32°, 25°, 20°, 15°, 10°, 8° C). Iron-deficient anemic rats (hemoglobin
Unilateral ureteral obstruction impairs renal antioxidant enzyme activation during sodium depletion

Unilateral ureteral obstruction impairs renal antioxidant enzyme activation during sodium depletion. Background Obstructive nephropathy leads to progressive renal tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis and is associated with sodium wasting and sodium depletion. Renal damage resulting from unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) may be aggravated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced by a variety of processes. Ideally, deleterious effects of ROS are attenuated by antioxidant enzymes, including the superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidases, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferases. The general paradigm is that tissue damage occurs when ROS production is greater than the protective capacity of the antioxidant enzymes. Methods This study was designed to investigate the response of renal antioxidant enzymes to UUO and sodium depletion. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats received normal-sodium or sodium-depleted diets and were subjected to UUO or sham operation. Obstructed (UUO), intact opposite, or sham-operated kidneys were harvested after 14days, and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured in kidney homogenates. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were measured in these homogenates at 3 and 14days after UUO or sham operation as an index of ROS production. Results Renal interstitial area, a measure of fibrosis, was increased by UUO and was doubled in sodium-depleted animals. Sodium depletion increased manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidases, and glutathione-S-transferase activities in sham-operated kidneys but not in UUO kidneys. Relative to intact opposite kidneys, UUO kidneys had reduced activities of catalase, manganese superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase in normal-sodium animals and all antioxidant enzymes tested in sodium-depleted animals. Renal thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were increased by three days of UUO and were increased further by 14days of sodium depletion. Conclusion In summary, sodium depletion increased several renal antioxidant enzymes, consistent with a stress response to increased ROS production. Further, UUO not only reduced antioxidant enzyme activities but also inhibited increases seen with sodium depletion. We conclude that suppression of renal antioxidant enzyme activities by UUO contributes to the progression of renal injury in obstructive nephropathy, a process exacerbated by sodium depletion.
Use of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection for complete separation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene metabolites and EPA Method 8330 explosives: influence of temperature and an ion-pair reagent.

Abstract Explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) are widely distributed environmental contaminants. Complete chromatographic separation is necessary in order to accurately determine and quantify explosives and their degradation products in environmental samples and in (bio)transformation studies. The present study describes a RP-HPLC method with diode array detection using a LC-8 guard column, a Supelcosil LC-8 chromatographic column, and a gradient elution system. This gradient method is capable of baseline separating the most commonly observed explosives and TNT transformation metabolites including 2,4,6-triaminotoluene (TAT) in a single run. The TNT metabolites separated were 2-hydroxylamino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, 4-hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, 2,4-dihydroxylamino-6-nitrotoluene, 4,4′,6,6′-tetranitro-2,2′-azoxytoluene, 2,2′,6,6′-tetranitro-4,4′-azoxytoluene, 4,4′,6,6′-tetranitro-2,2′-azotoluene, 2,2′,6,6′-tetranitro-4,4′-azotoluene, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene, 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene, and TAT. The same gradient method at a different column temperature can also be used to baseline separate the explosives targeted in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 8330 with approximately 22% reduction in total run time and 48% decrease in solvent consumption compared to previously published methods. Good separation was also obtained when all TNT metabolites and EPA Method 8330 compounds (a total of 23 compounds) were analyzed together; only 2,6-DANT and HMX co-eluted in this case. The influence of temperature (35–55 °C) and the use of an ion-pair reagent on the chromatographic resolution and retention were investigated. Temperature was identified as the key parameter for optimal baseline separation. Increased temperature resulted in shorter retention times and better peak resolution especially for the aminoaromatics investigated. The use of an ion-pair reagent (octanesulfonic acid) generally resulted in longer retention times for compounds containing amine functional groups, more baseline noise, and decreased peak resolution.
Early cell loss after angioplasty results in a disproportionate decrease in percutaneous gene transfer to the vessel wall.

Acute cell loss has been documented following angioplasty of normal rat and rabbit arteries. Here we analyzed the effects of balloon injury intensity on early cellular loss in single- and double-injury models and how it influences the efficiency of percutaneous gene delivery to the vessel wall. Rabbits underwent bilateral iliac angioplasties (n = 52) with 2.5-mm (balloon-to-artery [B/A] ratio, 1.08 to 1.13) and 3.0-mm (B/A ratio, 1.29 to 1.34) balloons. In the single-injury model, the 3.0-mm balloon induced a 61% reduction in medial cellularity at 3 days postinjury (p < 0.001) while the 2.5-mm balloon did not produce significant cell loss. In the double-injury model, the effects were more pronounced, with 35% (p < 0.01) and 91% (p < 0.001) reductions in medial cellularity at 3 days with the 2.5- and 3.0-mm balloons, respectively, but neointimal cellularity was decreased only with the 3.0-mm balloon (37% reduction, p = 0.025). Adenovirus-mediated beta-galactosidase gene delivery with a channel balloon (n =...
Naturalistic assessment of everyday functioning in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: the day-out task

Objective The Day Out Task (DOT), a naturalistic task that requires multitasking in a real-world setting, was used to examine everyday functioning in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
Source of extracellular brain adenosine during hypoxia in fetal sheep.

Abstract Microdialysis was performed to determine whether hypoxia increases fetal brain adenosine (ADO) concentration through dephosphorylation of extracellular 5′-adenosine monophosphate (5-AMP). Hypoxia (fetal PaO2 ≈ 14 Torr) increased fetal brain ADO levels ∼two-fold when the probes were perfused with synthetic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing inhibitors of the nucleoside transporter but not with this solution plus a blocker of ecto-5′-nucleotidase (AOPCP). The hypoxia-induced rise in fetal brain ADO concentrations depends critically upon the hydrolysis of extracellular 5′-AMP.
An electron holographic study of electric charging and electric charge distributions

Abstract Some electron optical parts of a transmission electron microscope modify the object wave-function of an electron wave. As experimentally found by low-magnification holography, both the size of the condenser aperture and the excitation of the lenses between the electron gun and the biprism strongly modify the phase of the image wave. It appears that changing these parameters changes the charging–discharging equilibrium between sample, supporting foil, parts of the microscope, and the electron beam. By using a special procedure to process holograms which were acquired under different conditions of charge equilibrium it is possible to reveal the phase shifts caused by the charging effects only. These phase shifts observed for uniformly charged polymer particles are in excellent agreement with the phase shifts simulated using a simple model of charged spheres. A comparison of experimental and modeled phase images suggests that the charge is uniformly distributed inside the particles rather than on their surface. In addition, this comparison enables us to quantitatively correlate an increase in the positive charge to an increase in the mean inner potential.
The Expanding Universe and the Origin of the Great Nebulæ

SIR JAMES JEANS1, commenting on our recent letter2, criticizes the numerical relation between the distances between nebulae and their radii following from our point of view on the formation of nebulae. We should like to emphasize here that, owing to the uncertainty of the observational data, the values used by us can only be taken as representing orders of magnitude.
Research Note: Vitamin E Status of Turkey Poults as Influenced by Different Dietary Vitamin E Sources, a Bile Salt, and an Antioxidant

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of level and chemical form of dietary vitamin E on α-tocopherol status of poults. The effects of a dietary bile salt and an antioxidant on concentrations of α-tocopherol in serum and liver were also tested. Six dietary treatments were obtained by supplementing a corn-soybean meal diet with 12 IU of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate (TA)/kg (LE), 12 IU of TA plus 800 mg of sodium taurocholate/kg (LB), 12 IU of TA plus 500 mg of ethoxyquin/kg (LS), 12 IU of D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1,000 succinate (TPGS)/kg (LT), 100 IU of TA/kg (HE), and 100 IU of TPGS/kg (HT). Growth rate and feed efficiency of poults were unaffected (P > .05) by dietary treatments. The HE diet increased α-tocopherol in liver (P
Hatshepsut and the Politics of Punt

Most discussions regarding the relationship between pharaonic Egypt and the “land of Punt” have focused on the latter’s location (a subject of considerable debate) and exotic imports. The most famous of the ancient expeditions to Punt was launched by the Eighteenth Dynasty female pharaoh Hatshepsut, who boasted that she had reopened this prestigious trade route. If so, it would have been after a long hiatus possibly of some two centuries. Offering a new perspective in the discussion of Punt, this paper explores the rationale behind her particular expedition to this fabled land. Comparisons between the textual and iconographic evidence of Hatshepsut’s expedition and similar records from a distant predecessor (King Sahure) and those of later kings suggest the political nature of the endeavor, which is further underscored by its apparent timing in relationship with her coronation. Like any other Egyptian king, and perhaps more so because of her unorthodox rise to power, Hatshepsut had to prove her fitness to rule. She did so by economic means: international trade under the guise of an act of religious piety. This perhaps allowed her to obtain the cooperation of other influential entities within the Egyptian society.
An Evaluation of Change Over Time in Everyday Cognitive Competence Among Alzheimer’s Patients

This short-term longitudinal study was designed to examine the pattern of change in everyday cognitive competence as assessed by an objective measure (i.e. the Test of Everyday Problem Solving for Cognitively Challenged Elderly; EPCCE; Willis, 1993) and by self- and caregiver reports (i.e. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; IADL; Lawton & Brody, 1969). Patient and caregiver characteristics and clinical assessments were explored as predictors. Participants included 100 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and their caregivers who were part of the Stanford Longitudinal Study. Four waves of data were examined via hierarchical linear modeling. Major findings revealed that the EPCCE and the patient IADL formed a linear pattern of decline while the caregiver IADL demonstrated a curvilinear form. Second, different sets of predictors explained the variance in the competence measures at initial status. Finally, the predictors did not account for a significant amount of variance in the instantaneous rate of chan...
Assessment of satisfaction with pharmaceutical services in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in outpatient HIV treatment setting

Background The patient’s perception and satisfaction are increasingly considered as a useful factor in the assessment of competency of health care providers and quality of care. However, these patient focused assessments are largely ignored when assessing health care outcomes. Objective The study assessed the perception and satisfaction of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) with pharmaceutical services received in outpatient HIV treatment settings. Setting Seventeen HIV treatment centres in Nigeria. Methods This cross-sectional survey included 2,700 patients randomly selected from 26,319 HIV patients on ART, who received pharmaceutical services in the study setting. A study-specific Likert-type instrument was administered to the participants at point of exit from the pharmacy. Midpoint of the 5-point scale was computed and scores above it were regarded as positive while below as negative. Chi-square was used for inferential statistics. All reported p values were 2-sided at 95 % confidence interval (CI). Main outcome measure Patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services. Results Of 2,700 patients sampled, data from 1,617 (59.9 %) were valid for analysis; 62.3 % were aged 26–40 years and 65.4 % were females. The participants had received pharmaceutical services for a mean duration of 25.2 (95 % CI 24.3–26.1) months. Perception of participants regarding the appearance of pharmacy was positive while that regarding the pharmacists’ efforts to solve patients’ medication related problems was negative. The participants’ rating of satisfaction with the waiting time to access pharmaceutical services was negative; the satisfaction decreases with increasing waiting time. However, the satisfaction with the overall quality of pharmaceutical services received was rated as positive; 90.0 % reported that they got the kind of pharmaceutical services they wanted; 98.2 % would come back to the pharmacy if they were to seek help again and would recommend services to others. The level of satisfaction was found to be associated with educational status of the participants (p = 0.006) unlike age, sex, marital and employment status. Conclusion The satisfaction with overall quality of pharmaceutical services received by participants was positive. Longer waiting times resulted in lower patient satisfaction. High patient load may be the cause of the long waiting time and the inadequate duration of interaction between pharmacist and the patient.
Application of the Probability Table Method to Multigroup Calculations of Neutron Transport

AbstractThe probability table method, developed for Monte Carlo calculations in the region of unresolved neutron resonances, is demonstrated to be of general use in neutron transport studies since the Boltzmann equation involved can be derived and solved by analogy to multigroup methods. Since the resulting equations can be cast into a form identical to that of the multigroup equations, they can be solved by existing multigroup transport codes. From a set of probability tables and spatially independent, unshielded, neutron cross sections, the method yields correct selfshielding effects, such as equivalent, spatially dependent, multigroup cross sections. Extension of the method and the use of probability tables outside the unresolved region are discussed.
S bursts and the Jupiter ionospheric Alfvén resonator

[1] This article explores a possible relationship between S bursts and trapped Alfven waves in Jupiter's upper ionosphere. Eigenmodes of inertial Alfven waves in Jupiter's ionosphere are predicted to have frequencies (∼20 Hz) that match the repetition frequency of S bursts and the two phenomena are colocated, suggesting such an association is possible. Electron acceleration or modulation may provide the physical mechanism that transfers energy from the Alfven wave to the S burst. Inertial Alfven waves are known to accelerate electrons with fluxes that are modulated at Alfven wave eigenmode frequencies. The modulated electron fluxes, in turn, may generate or modulate the generation of the S burst emissions. The exact growth mechanism has not been identified, but we put forth and discuss two possibilities, an anti-Jovian electron beam or a ring distribution created from impulsive acceleration and mirroring. Since the Alfven wave eigenmode phenomena and electron acceleration are seen on Earth, we rely heavily on analogy with Earth-based observations.
Induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation using physiologically patterned stimulation

Lasting increases in the population spike recorded in area CA1 of hippocampal slices may be evoked by the patterned presentation of as few as 5 stimulus pulses delivered to the commissural/associational afferents. The most effective pattern of stimulus presentation was a single priming pulse followed 170 ms later by 4 pulses at 100 Hz; control trains of 5 pulses at 100 Hz had no significant enduring effect. This pattern-dependent phenomenon, termed primed burst potentiation, is of lesser magnitude than is the long-term potentation induced by 100 Hz/l s stimulation, but appears to show a similar time course and duration. In addition, the two phenomena are not additive, suggesting that they may share a common mechanism.
The course and termination of the striae of Monakow and held in the cat

The course and termination of the stria of Monakow and stria of Held were studied with Nauta-Gygax technique following a localized lesion of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in the cat. A dense preterminal degeneration within all homolateral primary cochlear nuclei and a tract of degenerated fibers crossing the restiform body dorsally were found. This tract divides in two branches forming the stria of Held and stria of Monakow. The stria of Held followed the course described by classical anatomists. In the homolateral side, the stria gave terminals to the medial and lateral preolivary nuclei, lateral superior olive nucleus and retro-olivary groups. In the contralateral side, preterminal degeneration was found in the medial preolivary nucleus and medial retro-olivary group. The stria of Monakow is essentially crossed pathway given numerous terminals to the contralateral dorsal retro-olivary group, rostral part of the lateral preolivary nucleus, the ventral and dorsal nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and nucleus of the inferior colliculus.
TCT-369 Human coronary plaque characterization using a fully integrated intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography (IVUS-OCT) system

The comparisons of diagnostic accuracy of OCT/IVUS have been investigated. Combined use of IVUS and OCT was proposed to increase accuracy. Fully-integrated OCT-IVUS system has also been reported. However, the diagnostic accuracy of this system for classifying different plaque types has not been
SOCIAL INSURANCE FOR THE DISABLED AND ELDERLY IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Disability and old age, lumped together early in the history of social insurance, are related public policy concerns. Despite their association, however, old age provides a much more secure route to social welfare benefits than does disability. The welfare state for the elderly is larger and enjoys stronger political support than does the welfare state for the disabled. This disparity raises intriguing historical questions about the development of American social welfare policy in the twentieth century.
Science and Technology Studies on Trial: Dilemmas of Expertise

This paper discusses materials from a legal case, People v. Hyatt (2001). This was a criminal case in which one of the authors (Simon Cole) agreed to appear as an expert witness for the defense. Cole’s expertise derived from his research in the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS), and so his appearance in the case exemplified STS research engaging in a public controversy about a contested form of ‘scientific’ knowledge. Cole’s STS work and his testimony proved useful to defendants seeking to restrict the admissibility of forensic fingerprint evidence in court, but before he could testify in the Hyatt trial, his own expertise was subjected to an admissibility hearing. During his testimony, Cole faced a number of dilemmas as he attempted to accommodate his own conception of science and STS with the terms and procedures recognized by the court. The hearing was transcribed, and the coauthors of this paper discussed the details of the transcript. Their discussion itself was recorded and transcribed, ...
Evaluating user preferences for adaptive reminding

We are developing an adaptive reminding system that tailors its reminders to its users' reminding preferences through real-time interaction and feedback. To determine the potential utility of such a system, we conducted a multi-phase user study, presented in this paper, in which we evaluate people's preferences for the visual presentation of reminders. Results indicate that people generally agree on the relative annoyance levels of visual reminders, and further, in certain contexts, more "annoying" or intrusive reminder styles are preferred. However, while there are some overarching patterns of agreement about the contexts in which certain types of reminders are preferable, preliminary evaluation also indicates that there are significant differences among people's preferences for specific visual reminders. This motivates the design and development of adaptive reminding systems that learn their users' individual preferences.
Adaptive sampling of CT data for myocardial blood flow estimation from dose-reduced dynamic CT

Quantification of myocardial blood flow (MBF) can aid in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, there are no widely accepted clinical methods for estimating MBF. Dynamic CT holds the promise of providing a quick and easy method to measure MBF quantitatively, however the need for repeated scans has raised concerns about the potential for high radiation dose. In our previous work, we explored techniques to reduce the patient dose by either uniformly reducing the tube current or by uniformly reducing the number of temporal frames in the dynamic CT sequence. These dose reduction techniques result in very noisy data, which can give rise to large errors in MBF estimation. In this work, we seek to investigate whether nonuniformly varying the tube current or sampling intervals can yield more accurate MBF estimates. Specifically, we try to minimize the dose and obtain the most accurate MBF estimate through addressing the following questions: when in the time attenuation curve (TAC) should the CT data be collected and at what tube current(s). We hypothesize that increasing the sampling rate and/or tube current during the time frames when the myocardial CT number is most sensitive to the flow rate, while reducing them elsewhere, can achieve better estimation accuracy for the same dose. We perform simulations of contrast agent kinetics and CT acquisitions to evaluate the relative MBF estimation performance of several clinically viable adaptive acquisition methods. We found that adaptive temporal and tube current sequences can be performed that impart an effective dose of about 5 mSv and allow for reductions in MBF estimation RMSE on the order of 11% compared to uniform acquisition sequences with comparable or higher radiation doses.
Nonlocal on-shell field redefinition for the standard-model extension

This work instigates a study of nonlocal field mappings within the Lorentz- and $CPT$-violating standard-model extension (SME). An example of such a mapping is constructed explicitly, and the conditions for the existence of its inverse are investigated. It is demonstrated that the associated field redefinition can remove ${b}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}$-type Lorentz violation from free SME fermions in certain situations. These results are employed to obtain explicit expressions for the corresponding Lorentz-breaking momentum-space eigenspinors and their orthogonality relations.
Degree one maps of Seifert manifolds and a note on Seifert volume

Abstract The existence of degree one maps defines an interesting partial order in the set of geometric 3-manifolds, modulo homotopy equivalences. Here we classify this partial order among aspherical Seifert fibered spaces. We also consider the Seifert volume and show that it has some properties similar to that of Gromov's norm under a degree d map.
Religion as a Factor in Ethnic Conflict: Kashmir and Indian Foreign Policy

ABSTRACT Ethnic conflicts with a strong religious component do not have merely domestic or foreign causes and consequences. As a result, internationalization of ethnic conflict has become an important subject of inquiry both in terms of pure research and policy-oriented studies. This article presents a case study of Indian-Pakistani relations over Kashmir, used to evaluate the role of religion and the explanatory power of the approach presented here. The aim of the study is to apply a foreign policy approach that simultaneously incorporates domestic and external factors in an analysis of how and in what ways religious elements of the Kashmir question affect India's foreign policy. The approach, an application of “systemism,” contributes to current developments in the realist school of international relations through its emphasis on the need to look at both international and state levels in combination. Earlier applications of realism, as both neotraditional and structural realism clearly demonstrate, tend...
Recent Results on Weak Decays from the Mark II Experiment

In this paper I shall bring you up to date with respect to the MARK II Collaboration’s work1 on several aspects of weak decays. In particular, I shall be discussing our results on the ντ mass, and on τ, D° and B lifetimes. I begin with a brief description of the MARK II detector.
Dye Binding Properties of Chitin and Chitosan

Chitin (β (1°4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) and chitosan (deacetylated chitin) are currently available in large quantities as waste products and by-products of the shellfish industry. Their potential as carriers for food additives was studied. Significant correlations were found between dye concentration ranging from 0.2–1.6 mg dye (FD&C Red No. 40) per g chitin or chitosan and dye-binding capacity of chitin or chitosan. Within a pH range of 2.0–7.0, dye-binding capacity of chitin was stable. Chitosan gelled below a pH of 5.5 and could not be evaluated but its dye-binding capacity was constant between pH 7.0 and 5.5. Above pH 7.0 dye-binding capacity decreased for chitin as well as for chitosan but between pH 2.0 and 6.0 no dye was released from dyed chitin containing 0.77 mg dye/g chitin.
Crystal Structures of NADH:FMN Oxidoreductase (EmoB) at Different Stages of Catalysis

EDTA has become a major organic pollutant in the environment because of its extreme usage and resistance to biodegradation. Recently, two critical enzymes, EDTA monooxygenase (EmoA) and NADH:FMN oxidoreductase (EmoB), belonging to the newly established two-component flavin-diffusible monooxygenase family, were identified in the EDTA degradation pathway in Mesorhizobium sp. BNC1. EmoA is an FMNH2-dependent enzyme that requires EmoB to provide FMNH2 for the conversion of EDTA to ethylenediaminediacetate. To understand the molecular basis of this FMN-mediated reaction, the crystal structures of the apo-form, FMN·FMN complex, and FMN·NADH complex of EmoB were determined at 2.5A resolution. The structure of EmoB is a homotetramer consisting of four α/β-single-domain monomers of five parallel β-strands flanked by five α-helices, which is quite different from those of other known two-component flavin-diffusible monooxygenase family members, such as PheA2 and HpaC, in terms of both tertiary and quaternary structures. For the first time, the crystal structures of both the FMN·FMN and FMN·NADH complexes of an NADH:FMN oxidoreductase were determined. Two stacked isoalloxazine rings and nicotinamide/isoalloxazine rings were at a proper distance for hydride transfer. The structures indicated a ping-pong reaction mechanism, which was confirmed by activity assays. Thus, the structural data offer detailed mechanistic information for hydride transfer between NADH to an enzyme-bound FMN and between the bound FMNH2 and a diffusible FMN.
Optimal continuous low-thrust trajectories for co-altitude rendezvous.

Low thrust trajectories for minimum time rendezvous between continuous thrust interceptor and passive target vehicle, comparing calculus of variations and steepest ascent analyses
One size does not fit all-mobility device type affects speed, collisions, fatigue, and pain.

Abstract Objective To determine whether differences could be detected in mobility outcomes during community mobility and home mobility tasks according to type of mobility assistive device. Design Randomized, repeated measures. Setting Community mobility task: traversing 341.4m between the rehabilitation clinic and hospital entrance; home mobility task: traversing 39m into and out of a patient training bathroom and bedroom. Participants Community-dwelling, cognitively intact ambulatory veterans (N=59) who used a mobility device within the 14 days prior to the study. Interventions Participants tested 3 types of mobility assistive devices with wheels: 4-wheeled walker (WW), manual wheelchair (MWC), and powered wheelchair (PWC). The first and last devices used by each participant were randomly assigned as either MWC or WW. The PWC was always the second device. Main Outcomes Measures Speed (m/s), collisions (total), fatigue (0–10 Likert scale), and pain (0–10 Likert scale, diagram). Results The community mobility task was performed with all 3 devices by 52 (88%) veterans, and the home mobility task was performed with all 3 devices by 53 (90%) participants. In each task, 28 participants used the WW and 28 participants used the MWC as the final device. In the community mobility task, statistically significant differences ( P P Conclusions We found statistically significant and substantively different effects from 3 commonly used mobility assistive devices with wheels on diverse mobility outcomes when used in typical community mobility and home mobility tasks, providing proof of concept support for a research methodology applicable to comparative outcome studies of diverse mobility aids.
Simulation of vorticity dominated flows using a hybrid approach. II: Numerical method

Abstract A family of numerical methods for the solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates is developed. The formulation for hybrid spectral-finite difference discretizations in domains with cylindrical boundaries presented in Kollman, in press [Kollmann W, Simulation of vorticity dominated flows using a hybrid approach: I formulation, in press] forms the basis of the solvers. The solution methods use the Fourier-spectral approach for the azimuthal and a set of finite-difference operators for the radial and axial directions. The convective terms are discretized with a linear combination of upwind-biased and central difference operators applied to the non-conservative and conservative formulations, respectively. All other spatial derivatives are discretized with central operators. The time integration is specified as a minimum storage, state space, fourth order Runge–Kutta method. The convergence of the solvers as the formal accuracy of the finite-difference operators varies is tested for an axi-symmetric flow for fixed discretization and time integrator. The results show satisfactory convergence with respect to order of accuracy and the convective operators.
Thermal and photoinduced decomposition of W(CO)6 on W(110)

Abstract The thermal and laser-induced decomposition of W(CO)6 adsorbed on W(110) was investigated under ultrahigh vacuum with temperature-programmed desorption/reaction, laser-induced decomposition, and Auger electron spectroscopy. Both thermal and photochemical decomposition processes are found to be fundamentally important to the process of film growth from W(CO)6. W(CO)6 decomposes at a temperature less than 200 K on clean W(110), yielding W(CO)x fragments and molecularly adsorbed CO. This thermal decomposition occurs until the surface is sufficiently covered with CO and W(CO)x fragments. Inhibition of thermal decomposition also can be accomplished by pre-deposition of CO or carbon and oxygen. The photochemical activity of multilayer W(CO)6 coverage is more efficient than submonolayer coverage. Thermal and photochemical W(CO)x fragments further decompose at a temperature around 250 K, and the CO evolved in this decomposition is observed to induce desorption of neighboring molecular CO. The resulting fragments still contain some CO from the parent W(CO)6 molecule, and desorption of CO from β states is affected by the presence of the fragments. These surface-based mechanisms show that the purity of laser-induced film growth from W(CO)6 is inherently limited by both thermal decomposition and incomplete photoinduced decarbonylation.
Acute myocardial infarction with papillary muscle rupture

The subject of this report is a 57-year-old obese, hypertensive woman who had been well until the onset of severe chest pain and hypotension. She had to be defibrillated four times on her way to the hospital. The diagnosis of acute inferior-posterior infarction was made by electrocardiogram (ECG) and there was a markedly elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) (including the MB fraction). The patient had a very low cardiac output and ejection fraction. A lung scan revealed possible pulmonary embolism for which she was anticoagulated. She remained hypotensive and hypoxemic and, on Day 17 of her hospital stay, she had a bout of severe dyspnea. A new systolic murmur was heard and the clinical diagnosis of ruptured papillary muscle was made and confirmed by echocardiography, and later at autopsy. All three coronary arteries were severely atherosclerotic and, in addition, the right coronary artery was completely closed by a thrombus. This case clearly illustrates the major pathological changes in the heart that correlate with the clinical findings in patients with a myocardial infarct that is complicated by left ventricular papillary muscle rupture. The pathophysiological effects of this condition, as illustrated in this case report, include the following: 1. The posterior papillary muscle was almost completely separated from its base, with only a thin strip of muscle intact. The mitral valve thus was insufficient (a “flail valve“); this markedly reduced the ejection fraction of the left ventricle, increased its end-diastolic volume and pressure, produced a damming of blood in the pulmonary circulation, and this resulted in the pulmonary edema seen on the chest x-ray. 2. Cardiac hypertrophy (weight = 561 g) was undoubtedly the result of the increased workload imposed on the left ventricle by the systemic arterial hypertension that this patient had for several years. A high blood pressure that persists after a myocardial infarct predisposes to myocardial rupture, but was probably not a risk factor in her case since it did not persist. 3. The cause of the myocardial infarct was the thrombotic occlusion of the right coronary artery (on top of severe three-vessel coronary atherosclerosis), which resulted in infarction of the right as well as the posterior left ventricle and can partly explain the mistaken clinical impression that she had pulmonary emboli.
Husserl and Fichte: With special regard to Husserl's lectures on “Fichte's ideal of humanity”

A travers l'analyse des cours de Husserl consacres a l'ideal ethico-religieux de l'humanite developpe par Fichte, l'A. mesure l'influence de Fichte sur la pensee de Husserl, et l'interet d'une lecture de Fichte a la lumiere de Husserl, en ce qui concerne la philosophie de la religion, le theme de la moralite superieure et la conception d'une science transcendantale comme dernier degre d'elevation de l'humanite a la divinite
Production of ethanol by thermophilic bacteria

Abstract Doubts about the viability of using classical yeast fermentations to produce ethanol have led in recent years to a search for alternative microbes capable of ethanol production. Among the front-runners for consideration are the thermophilic bacteria and this article shows how close these extraordinary microbes have come to replacing yeast in ethanol production.
A simple smoothing spline, II

A simple derivation is given for a kernel-type approximation of the weight function for a linear smoothing spline that explicitly includes boundary corrections. As an application, asymptotic approximations are obtained for the estimator's pointwise and integrated mean squared errors.
Bird communities in tropical agroforestry ecosystems: an underappreciated conservation resource

Tropical conservation and research focus primarily on protected areas and often ignore conservation values of surrounding agricultural lands. Understanding how species utilize agricultural land will maximize conservation efforts. We compared bird community composition in four habitats in northeastern Costa Rica: shade-grown cacao, live fences, riparian forest buffers, and preserved late-successional rainforest. Point counts over 2 months found 167 species from 36 families. Rainforest contained the most species unique to a habitat although richness per point was lower than in agricultural habitats. Half, 31, of the rainforest species did not occur in other habitats, while 106 species, mostly those preferring open areas, occurred in agroforest habitats but not rainforest. While agricultural habitats had fairly similar species composition to each other as determined by distance in an ordination, each also contained significant numbers, 9–30, of unique species. While intact rainforest remains central to conservation of tropical birds, agricultural lands with substantial trees, e.g., live fences, riparian buffers, and plantations with shade trees, can support a high richness of birds. These avian communities are not simply subsets of the rainforest species but include substantial numbers of unique species. Conservation contributions of these lands to species richness and complexity should be considered in conservation, and trees in these habitats preserved.
Cloning and Functional Characterization of Human Selenophosphate Synthetase, an Essential Component of Selenoprotein Synthesis

Selenocysteine is co-translationally incorporated into prokaryotic and eukaryotic selenoproteins at in-frame UGA codons. However, the only component of the eukaryotic selenocysteine incorporation machinery identified to date is the selenocysteine-specific tRNASec. In prokaryotes, selenocysteine is synthesized from seryl-tRNASec and the active selenium donor, selenophosphate. Selenophosphate is synthesized from selenide and ATP by the selD gene product, selenophosphate synthetase, and is required for selenocysteine synthesis and incorporation into bacterial selenoproteins. We have now cloned human selD and shown that transfection of the human selD cDNA into mammalian cells results in increased selenium labeling of a mammalian selenoprotein, type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase. Despite significant differences between the mechanisms of selenoprotein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, human selD weakly complements a bacterial selD mutation, partially restoring selenium incorporation into bacterial selenoproteins. Human selenophosphate synthetase has only 32% homology with the bacterial protein, although a highly homologous region that has similarity to a consensus ATP/GTP binding domain has been identified. Point mutations within this region result in decreased incorporation of selenium into type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase in all but one case. Further analysis revealed that reduced selenium labeling was due to altered ATP binding properties of the mutant selenophosphate synthetases.
Visualization of lymphatic vessels by Prox1-promoter directed GFP reporter in a bacterial artificial chromosome-based transgenic mouse

Although the blood vessel-specific fluorescent transgenic mouse has been an excellent tool to study vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, a lymphatic-specific fluorescent mouse model has not been established to date. Here we report a transgenic animal model that expresses the green fluorescent protein under the promoter of Prox1, a master control gene in lymphatic development. Generated using an approximately 200-kb-long bacterial artificial chromosome harboring the entire Prox1 gene, this Prox1-green fluorescent protein mouse was found to faithfully recapitulate the expression pattern of the Prox1 gene in lymphatic endothelial cells and other Prox1-expressing organs, and enabled us to conveniently visualize detailed structure and morphology of lymphatic vessels and networks throughout development. Our data demonstrate that this novel transgenic mouse can be extremely useful for detection, imaging, and isolation of lymphatic vessels and monitoring wound-associated lymphangiogenesis. Together, this Prox1-green fluorescent protein transgenic mouse will be a great tool for the lymphatic research.
Isolation of a fast-growing strain of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas using turbidostat culture

Abstract The rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas was grown in turbidostat culture, where the population (a clone) was forced to grow at its maximum specific growth rate ( μ max ) for a 14-month period. During this period, the μ max increased 51% from 0.053/h (doubling time=13.1 h) to 0.080/h (d.t.=8.7 h) after 8 months, the highest growth rate yet reported for a metazoan. The ability to grow rapidly was not lost when the rotifers were maintained at a low growth rate for 5 months (50 culture generations), indicating the elevated μ max was due to a change in genetic composition or expression. Our procedure for increasing a population's μ max should be applicable to other rotifer and metazoan species, and be instrumental in increasing mass production of rotifers for aquacultural purposes.
Newer concepts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus with protamine insulin

We have presented our criteria for the satisfactory treatment of diabetes mellitus when using protamine insulin, and have described the details of the method used in the outpatient department at the hospital. The basic principle was the quantity of glucose utilized and not excreted, and the evidence for such utilization were maintenance of optimal weight, absence of diabetic symptoms and absence of urinary ketones. Furthermore, we have discussed the complications attributable to hyperglycemia and glycosuria and have shown that the evidence for such assumptions is inferential and inconclusive. Therefore, we have not insisted on a normal blood sugar and a sugar free urine, as our experience over a five year period has led us to the conclusion that such rigid demands are not necessary. Our patients treated with protamine insulin in spite of the constant glycosuria were socially and economically useful. They developed no more frequent nor more severe infections, and when surgical measures were required, their wounds healed as readily as normals. When, however, we tried to adjust the glycosuria too finely or maintain the urine free from sugar, unpredictable and disconcerting reactions occurred.