cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The mcrA gene as an alternative to 16S rRNA in the phylogenetic analysis of methanogen populations in landfill

Inferred amino acid sequences of the methyl coenzyme-M reductase (mcrA) gene from five different methanogen species were aligned and two regions with a high degree of homology flanking a more variable region were identified. Analysis of the DNA sequences from the conserved regions yielded two degenerate sequences from which a forward primer, a 32-mer, and a reverse primer, a 23-mer, could be derived for use in the specific PCR-based detection of methanogens. The primers were successfully evaluated against 23 species of methanogen representing all five recognized orders of this group of Archaea, generating a PCR product between 464 and 491 bp. Comparisons between the mcrA and 16S small subunit rRNA gene sequences using PHYLIP demonstrated that the tree topologies were strikingly similar. Methods were developed to enable the analysis of methanogen populations in landfill using the mcrA gene as the target. Two landfill sites were examined and 63 clones from a site in Mucking, Essex, and 102 from a site in Odcombe, Somerset, were analysed. Analysis revealed a far greater diversity in the methanogen population within landfill material than has been seen previously.
The effect of tiletamine-zolazepam on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in goats.

This study examined the effect of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) on the isoflurane (ISO) MAC in goats. Six adult wethers (37 ± 13 kg) were used in the study. Anesthesia was induced with ISO delivered via a face mask. Goats were intubated and ventilated to normocapnia. ISO was carried in oxygen (3 L minute−1). End-tidal (ET) gases were measured using a calibrated infrared gas analyzer (Criticare 1100). Samples were drawn from the distal end of the endotracheal tube. Each goat was studied on six occasions, at weekly intervals, using a Latin Square design, and at each study period, received one of the following intravenous treatments in random order (TZ 0.55, 1.1, 2.2, 4.4, or 8.8 mg kg−1, or saline). MAC was determined by clamping a claw for 60 seconds or until purposeful movement occurred. MAC was defined as the mean ISO concentrations at which movement did and did not occur. Body temperature was maintained in the normal range (100.8–102.3° F) using a heating pad. One hour was allowed before the baseline MAC (MAC1) was determined in duplicate. Following this, a treatment was administered and a single determination of MAC was performed (MAC2). End tidal ISO concentration was held constant for 20 minutes prior to each testing. Data were analyzed, using a mixed-model anova, to determine the effect of treatment on the difference in MAC (MAC1-MAC2), and the percentage change in MAC. Differences in MAC were fitted as dependent variables, and treatment and time as independent variables. Goats were included as a random variable in the model. The mean MAC1, of all groups, was 1.3 ± 0.18%. Saline did not affect MAC. For all doses of TZ, the difference in MAC was significant (p < 0.0001). The mean percentage decrease (p < 0.0001) was 29% (0.55 mg kg−1), 43% (1.1 mg kg−1), 51% (2.2 mg kg−1), 65% (4.4 mg kg−1) and 77% (8.8 mg kg−1). The percentage difference in MAC was not affected by the order of treatment or the time taken (78 ± 21 minutes) to determine MAC2. The study indicates that, in goats, TZ decreases ISO MAC in a dose-dependent fashion.
Block-wise segmentation via vector quantization for medical image analysis

We present a new segmentation and modeling scheme for medical images based on vector quantization which yields very fast responses and can avoid local minima in the computation. The feature vectors are defined by the local histogram on a block partioned image, and the local histograms are approximated by normal distributions. This is a suitable feature extraction for medical images since most are tone images with short-term correlation. Within this framework, the least relative entropy is chosen as the meaningful distance measure between the feature vectors and the templates. The segmentation is then performed by a block-wise classification-expectation algorithm, and is improved by a multiresolution procedure. The performance of this learning technique is tested with both simulated and real medical images, and is shown to be a highly efficient segmentation scheme. >
GABA application to hippocampal CA3 or CA1 stratum lacunosum-moleculare excites an interneuron network.

Whole cell voltage-clamp recording and focal application of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were used to investigate the ability of exogenous GABA applied to different locations wit...
π pulses and echo formation in magic-angle-spinning NMR

Abstract Several theoretical and experimental aspects of echo formation in inhomogeneously broadened rotating solids are described. The timing constraints upon a π-pulse train that allow the formation of rotational echoes are derived, and the effects of the RF phase upon the phase of the echo train are examined. Several new π-pulse trains of various timings, phases, numbers of pulses, and spacings are presented. These effects are explained, both rigorously and intuitively, using the previously developed MAS magnetization vector model of Olejniczak et al.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ENVIRONMENT ON THE ORGANIC CONSTITUTION OF NORMAL RABBITS WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACTION OF NEON LIGHT

The influence of light environment on the organic constitution of normal rabbits was studied by comparing the weights of organs of animals that had been living under cerrtain conditions for long periods of time. It was found that the light environment produced an effect on the physical constitution of the rabbits which was comparable to the effects produced on the functional activity of the same animals.
InvAluable junk: the cellular impact and function of Alu and B2 RNAs.

The short interspersed elements (SINEs) Alu and B2 are retrotransposons that litter the human and mouse genomes, respectively. Given their abundance, the manner in which these elements impact the host genome and what their biological functions might be is of significant interest. Finding that Alu and B2 SINEs are transcribed, both as distinct RNA polymerase III transcripts and as part of RNA polymerase II transcripts, and that these SINE encoded RNAs indeed have biological functions has refuted the historical notion that SINEs are merely “junk DNA.” This article reviews currently known cellular functions of both RNA polymerase II and RNA polymerase III transcribed Alu and B2 RNAs. These RNAs, in different forms, control gene expression by participating in processes as diverse as mRNA transcriptional control, A-to-I editing, nuclear retention, and alternative splicing. Future studies will likely reveal additional contributions of Alu and B2 RNAs as regulators of gene expression. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(8): 831–837, 2009
Laplace-variational method for transient multidimensional temperature distributions

Abstract An analytical method has been developed which will provide closed form approximate temperature distributions for two-dimensional transient conduction heat transfer problems. It is referred to a s a Laplace-variational method since it utilizes a Laplace transformation along with methods from the calculus of variations. The Laplace-variational method can be applied to bodies with or without heat generation. Application of the method to both of these types of two-dimensional problems is shown in this paper. Also, some one-dimensional and three-dimensional transient conduction heat transfer problems can be analyzed by the Laplace-variational method even though the method was formally prepared for two-dimensional problems. The procedure used to approach such problems by this method is outlined. Use of the Laplace-variational method in heat transfer problems means that the thermal properties of a material must be constant and also that a radiation boundary condition cannot be considered. Utilization of the technique in this paper has also been restricted to problems involving regular geometry.
Methylation and acetolysis of extracellular D-mannans from yeast.

Abstract Methylation-fragmentation analyses were conducted on a series of extracellular, yeast α- D -linked mannans representing six different structural types. D -Mannans of low degree of branching were produced by Hansenula capsulata strains and by species related to H. holstii . The former consisted primarily of (1→2)- and (1→6)-linked D -mannosyl residues; the latter, of (1→2)-and (1→3)-linked D -mannosyl residues. Although the remaining structural types were highly branched, each gave distinct methylation-patterns indicative of (1→6)-linked backbones to which are appended non-(1→6)-linked side-chains. Acetolysis studies were correlated with the methylation analyses, and the correlation demonstrated that each branched polymer possesses side chains of heterogeneous length.
Distortion mitigation in interferometric angular velocity measurements

New methods for reducing signal distortion in interferometric angular velocity measurements are introduced. Two waveform approaches are proposed: long-wavelength signals and short-pulse signals. The source of nonlinear distortion is derived and analysed, and the strengths and drawbacks of each method are discussed. Although the focus is on the distortion generated when measuring the angular velocity of walking humans, the results are applicable to interferometric measurements of the angular velocity of non-rigid or multiple objects in general.
Validity of High‐Stakes Assessment: Are Students Engaged in Complex Thinking?

The validity of high-stakes assessments and accountability systems is discussed in relation to the requirements of No Child Left Behind (NCLB). The extent to which content standards and assessments are cognitively rich, the challenges in setting performance standards, and the impact of high-stakes assessments on instruction and student learning are addressed. The article argues for quality content standards, cognitively rich assessments, and a cohesive, balanced assessment system.
Strategies of patient management in the presence of diagnostic uncertainty.

Abstract The authors have outlined some strategies which are used in the management of patients for whom diagnosis by formal criteria is either difficult or impossible. Certain rules considered to be clinical judgment can be made explicit. For instance, the authors allow the diagnosis of depression with greater freedom than that of schizophrenia. There are practical as well as theoretical reasons for so doing. Other diagnostic decisions are discussed. Some usually unstated strategies have been illustrated.
Characteristics of Partially Premixed Elliptic Burner Flames in Coflow-Velocity Air Streams

This paper presents the results of an extension of the previous study where the effects of jet equivalence ratio and burner geometry on the characteristics of partially premixed propane/hydrogen/air flames at a coflow air velocity of 3 m/s were presented. The results here pertain to the experiments where the coflow velocity was doubled to understand the effects of coflow. Two different burner geometries (Circular, and 3:1 aspect ratio-AR elliptical burners) were used in the experiments with circular burner flames as baseline condition. During the study, the exit velocity was held constant at 20 m/s for all conditions. Stability tests indicated that circular burner flames were more stable than the 3:1AR elliptical burner flames at quiescent conditions. At 6 m/s coflow air velocity, stability of both the circular and the 3:1AR elliptic flames was enhanced. Circular burner flames were longer than 3:1AR elliptical burner flames. Introduction of 6 m/s coflow air velocity reduced the flame height. Global NO and CO emission indices decreased considerably after the introduction of coflow air in both burners. Peak temperature of circular burner flames was higher than that of 3:1AR elliptic burner at all conditions. Inflame concentration measurements were also taken in near-burner (25% flame height), midflame (50% flame height) and far-burner (75% flame height) regions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Nineteenth-Century Foundations of Creativity Research

Although many refer to the 1950s as the beginning of modern investigations into creativity, foundational work was done during the 19th century. This article focuses on that work. The 19th-century creativity literature addressed five basic questions: (a) How is creativity defined? (b) Who has creativity? (c) What are the characteristics of creative people? (d) Who should benefit from creativity? and (e) Can creativity be increased through conscious effort? Authors reviewed in this article wrote from a generalist, often philosophical perspective with little experimental basis for their conclusions. Given that we continue to address these same issues today, one wonders whether these are the enduring questions of the field or if we have not progressed as far as we had hoped.
Light-induced dynamics in the Lorentz oscillator model with magnetic forces

The classical Lorentz oscillator model of bound electron motion ordinarily excludes magnetic forces at nonrelativistic intensities for the simple reason that their magnitude is small. However, perturbative and numerical results show that when the $\mathrm{vP\vec}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{BP\vec}$ term is retained, dynamically enhanced terms give rise to large amplitude, magnetically induced charge displacements at zero frequency and at twice the driving frequency in the Cartesian laboratory frame. Numerical simulations of electron motion are in accord with the predictions of perturbative theory for steady-state motion in the classical picture. Direct integration shows that magnetic response which is comparable to electric dipole response can arise in transparent dielectrics at optical frequencies. Parametric instability in the equations of motion is implicated as the source of rapid energy transfer from electric to magnetic motions by reduction of the equations to a complex Mathieu equation.
USE OF VICARIOUS PUNISHMENT TO OFFSET EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE SOCIAL CUES

This research experimentally investigated whether negative social cues decreased behavioral and affective responses on a simple clerical task among 88 undergraduates in co-acting groups. Vicarious punishment was examined as a strategy to offset the effects of negative social cues. Analysis shows that negative social cues have a deleterious effect on output but not on motivation or satisfaction with the social aspects of the work environment. Support for the use of vicarious punishment as a strategy for offsetting the deleterious effects of negative social cues was obtained.
Purification and properties of the Ascaris pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Abstract The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (pyruvate:lipoate oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-acetylating), EC 1.2.4.1) has been isolated from Ascaris muscle mitochondria and purified to near homogeneity by differential centrifugation, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and calcium phosphate gel-cellulose chromatography. It is similar in shape, size and physical characteristics to pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes isolated from mammalian sources. It has an absolute dependence on CoA, NAD+ and pyruvate for activity and is competitively inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH. However, much higher NADH/NAD+ ratios are necessary to inhibit activity, suggesting regulation by the more reduced state of the pyridine nucleotide pool in Ascaris mitochondria.
Mesoscale actuator device: micro interlocking mechanism to transfer macro load

Abstract A novel proof-of-concept prototype Mesoscale Actuator Device (MAD) containing microscale components has been developed. The MAD is similar to piezoelectrically driven inchworm motors with the exception that mechanically interlocking microridges replace the traditional frictional clamping mechanisms. The interlocked microridges, fabricated from single crystal silicon, are designed to increase the load carrying capability of the device substantially. Tests conducted on the current design demonstrate that interlocked microridges fabricated with 30% KOH solution support a 9.6 MPa shear stress or that a pair of 5×5 mm locked chips supports a 500 N load. For high frequency operation, an open loop control signal is implemented to synchronize the locking and unlocking of the microridges with the elongating and contracting of the actuator. The system was successfully operated from 0.2 Hz to 500 Hz (or speeds from 2 μm/s to 5 mm/s). The upper limit (500 Hz) is imposed by software and hardware limitations and not related to physical limitations of the prototype device.
A Response to the Motion Picture Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby:

Synopsis: National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing superstar Ricky Bobby (Will Ferrell) and his racing partner and best friend Cal Noughton Jr. (John C. Reilly) win at all costs, in positions #1 and #2, respectively. That is, until flamboyant French Formula One driver Jean Girard (Sacha Baron Cohen) challenges the duo and threatens to supplant their racing dynasty. A dramatic wreck, complete with invisible fire and Ricky Bobby stripping down to his underpants, forces the beleaguered racer to confront what his winning record has cost him. After returning to his childhood home, his stern but loving mother (Jane Lynch) and long-absent badass father (Gary Cole) challenge him to question whether his multimillion-dollar endorsements, McMansion, Barbiesque wife, and cheeky kids represent what being a winner is really all about.
EUV actinic imaging tool aerial image evaluation of EUVL embedded phase shift mask performance

Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) embedded phase shift mask (EPSM) can further extend lithography resolution limit and provide better pattern fidelity as compared to that of EUVL binary mask for 16nm node technology and beyond generations. In our previous study, we have demonstrated in wafer printing that EUVL EPSM can provide improved process window for both the dense lines and contacts and the low shadowing effect when compared to that of the EUVL binary mask. Due to limitation of current EUVL resist performances, certain advantages of EUVL EPSM, such as line width roughness (LWR) improvement, cannot be readily seen at wafer resist level. This is because that the aerial image quality improvement in LWR is over shadowed by the current large resist intrinsic and process induced LER. We believe that when EUV resist and wafer process improves in future, mask induced pattern fidelity difference will start to play an observable role in wafer printing. In this study, we focused on comparing EUV actinic aerial image performance of a EUVL EPSM and a binary mask for both lines and contacts. Without convoluting with resist effect, the mask aerial image performance comparison of two different masks can better reflect all the effects that are due to mask differences. Our analysis of the EUV actinic aerial images of a EUVL EPSM and a binary mask showed not only the process window advantages of the EPSM as demonstrated previously, but also the improved LWR performance of EUVL EPSM when compared to that of the EUVL binary mask. The matrix used to analyze the aerial images includes aerial image contrast, LWR, process windows (focus-exposure plot), etc. Our detailed analysis is performed for various line and contact features.
Computational Thinking Meets Design Thinking: Technology and Arts Collaborations

Are fine arts and technology compatible partners" Do these disciplines support each other or flinch when they are combined like oil and water" Do collaborative efforts provide interesting insights and opportunities for students" For practitioners" There seems to be an explosion of interest in exploring arts and technology connections: new media, digital media, kinetic art, new frontiers, emergent media, interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and transdisciplinary are only some of the terms used to describe this fusion of disciplines.A visit to the SIGGRAPH art gallery or the SIGCHI Interactivity sessions, for example, will showcase a wide variety of uses of computing, embedded control, sensors, and actuators in the service of art. Kinetic art using embedded control is a marriage of art and technology. Artistic sensibility and creativity are required for concept and planning, and computer science and engineering skills are required to realize the artistic vision. However, these different skills are often taught in extremely different parts of a university campus.In this talk I will start with some thoughts on the nature of combining arts and technology, and show some historical and contemporary examples specifically relating to kinetic art. I will then describe an ongoing collaborative course that involves Computer Science and Art students working together to design and create computer-controlled kinetic art. Students in the course explore interfacing of embedded computer systems with sensors and actuators of all sorts. They also explore physical and conceptual aspects of machine-making as a fine-art sculpture process. Our goal is to enhance the educational experience of both groups of students. We believe that both student groups gain significant and unusual benefits that they can apply in a variety of ways in their respective disciplines.
On Some Difficulties Concerning Intuition and Intuitive Knowledge

"Intuition" as understood in contemporary discourse (not only in philosophy) is primarily a source of belief or putative knowledge. It is natural to regiment the notion as a propositional attitude, so that one would speak of an agent as having the intuition that p, or perhaps as intuiting that p. There is, however, a notion of intuition of objects that has roots in the history of philosophy, particularly in Kant. Kant insists on the fundamental role of such intuition in mathematical knowledge, but he is not as explicit as one might expect in affirming the existence and role of intuition of mathematical objects, for want of a theory of such objects. In our time of greater explicitness about ontological commitments, a Kantian conception of intuition would naturally be developed so as to include intuition of mathematical objects. There is, however, much room for ambiguity both in the notion of intuition and in the concept of mathematical object. A furtjher problem would arise however the idea is further developed: how is intuition of objects related to propositional knowledge? In Kant, intuition is connected with knowledge of objects, but since such knowledge consists of judgments, it appears that intuition is a component of or at least gives rise to propositional knowledge. My own attempts to develop a conception of intuition are in the Kantian tradition, in particular in that it is primarily a notion of intuition of objects that I undertook to explicate. Then the question of the role of such intuition in propositional knowledge is a natural one. It is on this point that James Page criticizes my views.2 He concedes that there is intuition of abstract objects, at least of the kind on which I have focused most closely. The questions he raises concern the relation of this intuition to knowledge. I have used the term "intuitive knowledge" to describe knowledge that is based on intuition in an appropriate way.3 Some of the objections Page makes
Electrical properties of polyethylene highly filled with carbon

Carbon-filled polyethylene composites were fabricated and tested to establish the practical lower limit of their electrical resistivity at room temperature and to investigate the trade-offs between low resistivity and the magnitude of the resistance anomaly (i.e., a large positive temperature coefficient of resistivity) that appears when such composites are heated through the polyethylene crystalline melting transition. Carbon blacks with large particle size and low surface area provided low-resistivity composites having large resistance anomalies. The largest resistance anomalies were found in composites that were well mixed, but the room-temperature resistivity also increased in composites that were cycled repetitively throught he crystalline-melting transition. A mixture of carbon blacks of two different sizes provided a lower resistance than was found in a material with the same fill of only the coarser black. By controlling the composition and the processing, composites were made with room-temperature resistivities lower than 0.2 ohm cm and resistance changes of at least 2 orders of magnitude. A resistance change of as much as 5 orders of magnitude was obtained for composites with room-temperature resistivities of only 1 ohm cm. {copyright} {ital 1996 Materials Research Society.}
Hydroxylation and cyclization reactions involved in the metabolism of tri-o-cresyl phosphate.

Abstract Tri- o -cresyl phosphate is metabolized in rats by hydroxylation and cyclization of the hydroxymethyl derivatives. Indirect evidence was obtained for two intermediates, di-( o -cresyl) mono- o -hydroxymethylphenyl phosphate and di-( o -hydroxymethyl-phenyl)mono- o -cresyl phosphate. These intermediates cyclize spontaneously. The principal cyclic phosphate formed was 2-( o -cresyl)-4H-1:3:2-benzodioxaphosphoran-2-one, as ascertained by isolation and synthesis. Evidence is also presented for 2-( o -hydroxymethylphenyl)-4H-1:3:2-benzodioxaphosphoran-2-one and 2-( o -hydroxy-benzyl)-4H-1:3:2-benzodioxaphosphoran-2-one, as either metabolites or products formed on spontaneous cyclization. The primary cyclic metabolite (see above) hydrolyses in mild alkali or reacts with chymotrypsin by cleavage of the cyclic phosphate at the P—O-aryl bond. The deleterious biological activity of tri - o -cresyl phosphate appears to result from esterase inhibition by these cyclic phosphate metabolites.
Single-lobe symmetric coupled laser arrays

We propose a new high-power laser in which an array of N lasers is coupled to another of N + 1 lasers through Y-junctions. The field distributions of the eigenmodes in the N-array are identical to those of the supermodes in the evanescently coupled laser array. The threshold gain for the lowest-order mode is much lower than the higher-order modes. This strong mode discrimination will enable very high-power single-lobe operation.
Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from embryogenic suspension cultures of perennial ryegrass

Embryogenic callus induced from mature caryopses of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were placed in liquid half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium and supplemented with 6.0 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), 3 g/l (w/v) casein hydrolysate (CH), and B5 vitamins, to initiate fast-growing highly embryogenic cell suspension cultures. Newly initiated suspension cultures contained a high level of large non-embryogenic cells (NE) with relatively few embryogenic (E) cells. Cell types were separated by discontinuous Percolls gradients or by filtering the newly initiated cultures through 31-μm nylon mesh. The growth conditions of the E cell were optimized by testing various media components including 2,4-D and sucrose, and subculture diluton ratio. Optimal shoot formation occurred after pretreatment of the embryogenic cells on solidified callus maintenance medium supplemented with 60 mg/l cefotaxime for 4 weeks prior to transfer to regeneration medium Regeneration media consisted of half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with B5 vitamins, 0.5 mg/l fluridone, and 0.5 mg/l BA. Most plants regenerated were albino with only a few green plants.
Creating a help center from scratch: a recipe for success

Creating a university Help Center from scratch can be a challenging yet very rewarding experience for an IT professional. Buying computers, building networks, and installing software was just the beginning. The challenge faced by Towson University was then to make all of this technology pay off for the Faculty/Staff/Student population. Prior to a formalized Help Center, there was a scattered approach to support. Second and third-tier support personnel were getting overloaded with “How do I?” type calls which took them away from their tasks at hand. The campus community didn’t know whom to call when they had a computing problem. The frustration levels began to quickly escalate among both the IT staff and the end users. Something had to be done to change the status quo. Once the idea of creating a centralized Help Center for the university was approved by the IT Oversight Committee, it was time to begin planning. We started with our mission statement: “The Help Center is your single point of contact for all your computer questions, information or referrals. We listen to your needs, find the right resource, and track your problem through completion. We are your advocates for obtaining solutions to your computer inquiries.” The “recipe” for success was of our own making. We knew the end result would be a centralized IT Help Center where Towson University computer users could get answers to their questions and find the right resources to assist them with technology. Our published goal was “1 Number, 1 Call” and we knew that’s where we needed to begin. Selecting the right staff, researching and choosing the software and hardware and designing the Help Center were but a few of our ‘ingredients’ that needed to go into this recipe. Starting small and taking incremental steps proved to be our best approach. This was indeed a complicated recipe that took a long time to make, but the results have exceeded our expectations on many fronts. Looking back, we had developed a strong centralized approach to technical support on the campus and have continued to grow and expand as our campus technology needs have raised the bar for all of us.
INFORMATION THROUGH SAMPLING FROM A BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

Lindley's measure of experimental information is utilized to determine the optimal sample-size that is required to obtain a prescribed level of accuracy about the parameter of a binomial distribution. The measure is expressed through its approximate limiting relationship to the posterior variance of the parameter, and a simple application of the methodology is presented.
Kerr-Schild metric cannot have an accelerating source

Abstract We give a simple proof that if the source of a vacuum electro-magnetic or purely gravitational Kerr-Schild metric is a world-line in the background Minkowski space-time then the 4-acceleration of the world-line must vanish.
Kinetics of CO oxidation catalyzed by highly dispersed CeO2-supported gold

Abstract CeO2-supported gold synthesized from Au(CH3)2(acac) (acac: acetylacetonate) catalyzed CO oxidation at 353 K, with a turnover frequency TOF of 6.3 × 10−3 molecules of CO (Au atom s)−1 at CO and O2 partial pressures of 1.0 kPa; the apparent activation energy was 138 ± 2 kJ mol−1. The activity increased as the catalyst functioned in a flow reactor, and after 48 h on stream, the TOF at 298 K and the aforementioned CO and O2 partial pressures was (5.6 ± 0.2) × 10−2 molecules of CO (Au atom s)−1. X-ray absorption spectra, reported separately, showed that the catalyst structure changed during operation, as the mononuclear cationic species present initially formed clusters consisting on average of roughly 15 Au atoms each. The gold clusters were more active for CO oxidation catalysis than the mononuclear gold species. Reaction orders of CO oxidation catalyzed by the sample containing the clusters at 303 K were found to be 0.19 in CO, 0.18 in O2, and −0.4 in CO2. The apparent activation energy characterizing the catalyst containing the clusters was found to be only about one-third of that characterizing the catalyst incorporating the mononuclear cationic gold.
Differential Equations With Applications and Historical Notes

A revision of a much-admired text distinguished by the exceptional prose and historical/mathematical context that have made Simmons' books classics. The Though I can't understand the examples of simmons' light reprocessing simmons had for permission request. All translation rights one of book to teach de's in other sources before except. S in whole or crown employees one wonders what a combination of mathematics. Simmons has partnered with respect to other books like difference equations towards.
Proteasomes and their kin: proteases in the machine age.

'Chambered proteases', including the eukaryotic 26S proteasome, use the energy of ATP to drive the unfolding and translocation of a polypeptide substrate into a chamber of sequestered proteolytic active sites. These proteases have diverse functions and are found in all three kingdoms of life. Understanding chambered proteases requires answers to two questions — how do these remarkable machines select the correct target proteins and how do they bring about the processive degradation of these molecules?
Middle Turbinectomy Complicated by Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Secondary to Ethmoid Encephalocele: Transethmoid Repair

The value of middle turbinectomy for cephalalgia in carefully selected patients has been established. Although surgical treatment for middle turbinate syndrome is usually easy and safe, it may resu...
Enantioselective synthesis of 7-cycloocten-1,3,5,6-tetraol derivatives by enzymatic asymmetrization

Abstract meso -Diol 4 , derived from 1,5-cyclooctadiene, in the presence of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase in isopropenyl acetate, afforded enantiopure 5 , an attractive intermediate for the synthesis of sugars and related compounds.
SWOT analysis and the Key driving factors as an indicator of the current situation of CNG Industry of Pakistan

This paper proposes that SWOT Analysis on a selected sample, along with the analysis of Key driving factors of an industry, can lead to the indication of the level of growth in that industry. A sample from the CNG Industry in Pakistan has been analyzed in this research on the above-mentioned methods and it has been found that there are some Weaknesses and Threats which can be neutralized by exploiting the available Opportunities. The paper also presents a collective Strategy for not only the CNG Industry of Pakistan but also for other industries in South Asia.
Vaccination with the plasminogen activator from Streptococcus uberis induces an inhibitory response and protects against experimental infection in the dairy cow

Two antigens comprising either concentrated culture filtrate containing the plasminogen activator, PauA (total antigen) or the same preparation from which PauA had been selectively removed by incubation with a PauA-specific monoclonal antibody and immobilisation on Protein-G agarose (depleted antigen) were combined with either Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) or a commercially used adjuvant (SB62) and used to vaccinate dairy cows by a subcutaneous route. Immunisation of four animals with depleted antigen combined with FIA conferred no protection to mastitis following intramammary challenge with S. uberis 0140J. However, immunisation of two groups of four animals with the total antigen combined with either FIA or SB62 induced protection in 3 out of 8 and 5 out of 8 similarly challenged quarters, respectively. Protection corresponded to the production of an inhibitory antibody response to PauA.
Communication Across the Curriculum and in the Disciplines: Speaking in Engineering

This study embraces a communication in the disciplines (CID) theoretical framework and explores meanings associated with speaking competently as an engineer. Using qualitative methodology, I analyze faculty lectures and evaluations, student dress and final presentations, and course materials from a senior design series and describe emerging features of speaking competence in engineering. Results indicate five important features of speaking in engineering: simplicity, persuasiveness, results-oriented, numerically rich and visually sophisticated-all of which invoke the skill of translation. Ultimately, this study makes theoretical contributions that suggest orality as a site for disciplinary knowledge construction, disciplinary socialization, and negotiation of disciplinary tension.
A new method to design non-linear feedback controllers for non-linear systems

Although non-linear controllers frequently demonstrate superior performances relative to linear controllers because of the flexibility of the specification of the controller gain, they are inherently more difficult to design. We describe a new straightforward design procedure for non-linear controllers for non-linear systems. Design procedures for controllers are generally formulated as parameters optimization problems in which the controller parameters sought are such that the controlled system exhibits responses near to those given by the design specifications. We present a quick and simple parameter determination strategy for non-linear controllers based on an approximately discretized analogue model. A design example illustrates the validity of the designed controller and the simplicity of the design procedure.
Long wavelength infrared detection using amorphous InSb and InAs0.3Sb0.7

The structural, electronic, and optical properties of amorphous InSb and InAs0.3Sb0.7 films deposited on Corning glass, Al2O3 CdZnTe, SiO2-Si, and CaF2 substrates by Radio Frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering have been studied as they relate to Mid and Long Wavelength Infrared (MWIR and LWIR) detection. Depositions at elevated substrate temperature and pressure of <10 mTorr Ar showed an emergence of crystalline grains with strong X-ray diffraction peaks at the (111) and (220) orientations. Electronically, the amorphous InSb and InAs0.3Sb0.7 films deposited at 300 K show hopping conduction with resistance in InSb ranging from 44 to 1.1E8 Ω-cm at 300 K and 84 K, respectively. Optical analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows the absorption of these films has an absorption tail, which shows the differing activation energies in InSb and InAs0.3Sb0.7. Amorphous InSb and InAs0.3Sb0.7 films showed responsivity in excess of 100 V/W for 6 μm thick films held at 233 K.
Electric Field Gradients Calculated from Two-Component Hybrid Density Functional Theory Including Spin-Orbit Coupling.

An implementation of a four-component density corrected approach for calculations of nuclear electric field gradients (EFGs) in molecules based on the two-component relativistic zeroth-order regular approximation (ZORA) is reported. The program module, which is part of the NWChem package, allows for scalar and spin−orbit relativistic computations of EFGs. Benchmark density functional calculations are reported for a large set of main group diatomic molecules, a set of Cu and Au diatomics, several Ru and Nb complexes, the free uranyl ion, and two uranyl carbonate complexes. Data obtained from nonhybrid as well as fixed and range-separated hybrid functionals are compared. To allow for a chemically intuitive interpretation of the results, a breakdown of the EFGs of selected systems in terms of localized molecular orbitals is given. For CuF, CuCl, AuCl, UO22+, and a uranyl carbonate complex, the localized orbital decomposition demonstrates in particular the role of the valence metal d and f shells, respectivel...
Non-linear dynamics of lower leg muscle surface electromyogram during repeated plantar flexion

This study investigated non-linear behaviour of gastrocnemius medialis (calf muscle) surface electromyogram (EMG) collected during repeated plantar flexion in both fatigue and non-fatigue conditions. Data were collected in the beginning and immediately after the participant reported fatigue. The study used the phase space reconstruction method to estimate the largest Lyapunov exponents and Kaplan–Yorke dimension of EMG signals. Positive Lyapunov exponent and fractional Kaplan–Yorke dimension values confirmed the presence of chaotic behaviour in the EMG readings. A paired sample t-test showed that the mean largest Lyapunov exponent following fatigue onset was significantly higher than before fatigue (p < 0.05) for right, left and combined right and left gastrocnemius muscles. A logistic regression model revealed the largest Lyapunov exponent as a significant predictor of fatigue onset with a high odds ratio. However, these measures were not found to be good predictors of postural stability as measured by t...
Sp and GATA factors are critical for Apolipoprotein AI downstream enhancer activity in human HepG2 cells

The factors that bind to the hepatic-specific human apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) 48-bp downstream enhancer (DSE) were identified and characterized by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. A significant homology was shown between the histone 4 (H4) promoters and the hepatic-specific human apoAI DSE at Sp1 and H4TF2 binding sites. Human HepG2 nuclear extracts were used to form four specific complexes with the DSE (referred to as apoAI DSE-1, -2, -3, and -4). The apoAI DSE-1 and -2 complexes showed similar binding specificity to the Sp/H4TF1 consensus site within the apoAI DSE. The apoAI DSE-1 complex was predominantly recognized by anti-Sp1 and Sp3 sera in gel shift assays, indicating that the DSE was recognized by multiple Sp family members. Nuclear extracts that were prepared from retinoic acid treated HepG2 cells showed increased levels of Sp factors in gel shift and Western blot assays. The apoAI DSE-2 complex was identified as H4TF1 and formed in the absence of magnesium chloride. The apoAI DSE-3 complex bound to a consensus GATA element within the DSE that was recognized by recombinant human GATA-6 as well. The apoAI DSE-3 complex was completely disrupted by a GATA-4 antibody in EMSA. GATA-4 and -6 were detected in nuclear extracts prepared from retinoic acid treated HepG2 cells using Western blot assays. The highest apoAI DSE-3 levels were observed with retinoic acid treated HepG2 cell nuclear extracts in EMSA. ApoAI DSE-4 is a multi-factor complex that includes an Sp/H4TF1 factor and either H4TF2 or apoAI DSE-3. Because apoAI DSE mutations revealed transcription defects in transient transfection assays, we conclude that the entire DSE sequence is required for full apoAI transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells.
Protonation states and pH titration in the photocycle of photoactive yellow protein.

Photoactive yellow protein (PYP) undergoes a light-driven cycle of color and protonation states that is part of a mechanism of bacterial phototaxis. This article concerns functionally important protonation states of PYP and the interactions that stabilize them, and changes in the protonation state during the photocycle. In particular, the chromophore pKa is known to be shifted down so that the chromophore is negatively charged in the ground state (dark state) even though it is buried in the protein, while nearby Glu46 has an unusually high pKa. The photocycle involves changes of one or both of these protonation states. Calculations of pKa values and protonation states using a semi-macroscopic electrostatic model are presented for the wild-type and three mutants, in both the ground state and the bleached (I2) intermediate state. Calculations allowing multiple H-bonding arrangements around the chromophore also have been carried out. In addition, ground-state pKa values of the chromophore have been measured ...
Thermal Expansion of Nickel to 2300 K

The thermal expansion of nickel was measured from ambient temperature to 2300 K using the gamma attenuation technique. The high temperature measurement system uses a high-vacuum tungsten mesh furnace designed for passage of a collimated gamma beam through the sample region. The gamma counting system incorporates a thermostatically-controlled detector and automatic gain control to achieve count rate stability. A precision analysis is given for the use of the technique to measure changes in molten density as a function of temperature, and a discussion of possible systematic errors in the use of the measurement technique is presented. The linear thermal expansion of solid nickel from ambient to the melting point (1728 K) was observed to be slightly larger than provisional values suggested in the literature. The thermal expansion of molten nickel was measured from melt to 2300 K. The volumetric expansion coefficient was found to be −(7.35 ± 0.09) × 10−4 g/cm3 K over this temperature range, which is compared with measurements by previous investigations which range from −6.4 to −12.1 × 10−4 g/cm3 K.
Influence of coarse woody debris on the soricid community in southeastern Coastal Plain pine stands

Shrew abundance has been linked to the presence of coarse woody debris (CWD), especially downed logs, in many regions in the United States. We investigated the importance of CWD to shrew communities in managed upland pine stands in the southeastern United States Coastal Plain. Using a randomized complete block design, 1 of the following treatments was assigned to twelve 9.3-ha plots: removal (n 5 3; all downed CWD 10 cm in diameter and 60 cm long removed), downed (n 5 3; 5-fold increase in volume of downed CWD), snag (n 5 3; 10-fold increase in volume of standing dead CWD), and control (n 5 3; unmanipulated). Shrews (Blarina carolinensis, Sorex longirostris, and Cryptotis parva) were captured over 7 seasons from January 2007 to August 2008 using drift-fence pitfall trapping arrays within treatment plots. Topographic variables were measured and included as treatment covariates. More captures of B. carolinensis were made in the downed treatment compared to removal, and captures of S. longirostris were greater in downed and snag compared to removal. Captures of C. parva did not differ among treatments. Captures of S. longirostris were positively correlated with slope. Our results suggest that abundance of 2 of the 3 common shrew species of the southeastern Coastal Plain examined in our study is influenced by the presence of CWD. DOI: 10.1644/09MAMM-A-170.1.
Collaboration with Robotic Drawers

In this video, we explored how everyday household robots should behave when performing collaborative tasks with human users. We ran a Wizard of Oz study (N=20) that utilized a set of robotic drawers. The participants were asked to assemble a cube by working together with the drawers which contained the tools needed to accomplish the task. We conducted a between-subjects test with the drawers while varying one of two variables (expressivity and proactivity) to yield a 2x2 factorial design.
Predictors of Frequency of Sexual Health Communication: Perceptions from Early Adolescent Youth in Rural Arkansas

Parent–child communication about sex-related themes can shape adolescents’ attitudes and beliefs, and have the potential to contribute to their decision either to engage in or abstain from sexual activity. Despite the burgeoning literature in this area, few studies have examined the issue as it pertains specifically to rural early adolescent youth. The current investigation addresses this gap by examining whether familial, situational, and sociodemographic factors were associated with youth’ perceptions of frequency of communication with parents about multiple sex-related topics among a rural population (N = 252). Multiple regression results suggest that being a female, being a youth of color, level of closeness with father and spending enough time with one’s father predicted increased frequency of sex-related communication between parent and child. Our findings show that situational and sociodemographic differences play a significant role in predicting frequency levels of sex communication. Intervention efforts aimed at rural early adolescent youth should be planned with such differences in mind.
Change and Stability in Park Visitation Constraints Revisited

Despite considerable advances in our understanding of constraint composition, antecedent conditions, outcomes, and negotiation behaviors, few studies have tracked how constraints have changed or remained stable over time. This investigation sought to examine the change and stability in park visitation constraints and preferred constraint negotiation strategies across a 10-year period. A 2001 telephone survey of residents from Northeast Ohio was compared with an identical survey administered in 1991. Data from the two surveys were weighted and compared. Perceived constraints and desired constraint negotiation strategies remained relatively stable across time. Relationships between these trends and park agency efforts over the 10-year period are discussed. Future constraint trend analyses should utilize longitudinal designs to examine park visitation constraints, particularly among underserved populations.