cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral filtering enables trichromatic vision in colorful jumping spiders.

Summary Jumping spiders (family Salticidae) are masters of miniature vision, achieving higher spatial resolution in relation to body size than any other animal [1]. While most members of this family do not use color in intraspecific communication, several genera serve as emerging examples of rapid evolutionary radiation in sexual display coloration [2]. These include the Australasian Maratus ‘peacock' spiders, and the American genus Habronattus . Males of these genera are often brilliantly colored on body surfaces they showcase to females during elaborate courtship dances (Figure 1A). However, molecular and electrophysiological data suggest that color vision in the acute ‘principal' eyes of most jumping spiders is based on only two types of photosensitive pigment, one sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light, the other to green light [3–5]. We report here that Habronattus jumping spiders may achieve substantially better color vision via a mechanism previously unknown in spiders: the shifting of sensitivity of a subset of their photoreceptors from green to red via a long-pass filter positioned in their retina. Trichromatic vision resulting from this filter system should markedly enrich these animals' perception of color, including reds, oranges and yellows often found in their courtship displays.
Horizontal In‐Duct Scrubbing of Sulfur‐Dioxide from Flue Gas Exhausts

Alcoa has conducted multi-year concept validation, pilot and full-scale demonstration studies to assess the technical feasibility of an energy efficient, horizontal gas-flow, co-current in-duct scrubber. The in-duct scrubber was designed and developed with the aim to significantly reduce capital expenditures and operating costs while providing >90% reduction of SO2 emissions from aluminum smelters, anode bake furnaces, coke calciners and industrial boiler exhausts.
3D organotypic culture mimics melanoma staging.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5153 Tumor cells do not exist in isolation, but are instead embedded in a matrix of structural extracellular proteins and other cells. In in vitro systems, where tumor cells are cultured adherently as monolayer, cells lose the complex signaling derived from diverse cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Here we demonstrate the genetic profile changes in the more physiologically relevant 3D spheroid culture system compared to monolayer for investigating tumor growth and invasion. We compared the genetic profiles of the two culture conditions. Spheroids were generated by plating 5,000 human melanoma cells per well on 1.5% agar coated 96 well plates; after 24-48 hours the cells aggregate and form organized 3D structures. The spheroids were harvested and embedded in a collagen gel for 72 hours. Irrespective of tumor stage, some of the melanoma formed tight spheroids while others formed loose aggregates. Those melanomas that did not form spheroids, are able to form tight spheroids when co-cultured with fibroblasts. However, spheroids cultured in collagen I invaded according to tumor stage. Affymetrix U133A microarrays revealed important differences in gene expression in monolayer vs embedded spheroid culture conditions. We applied Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to the microarray data to identify the subtle changes occurring within gene pathways and revealed a correlation with upregulation of genes associated with invasion. Spheroid melanoma cells express increased collagen XV, and XVIII, ApoD, BMP1, ELIMIN1, Fascin homolog 1, IGFBP2, MMP2, MAPKK, and TGF β1 and decreased Il-8, Il-6, Thrombospondin-1 and TIMP-1. The increased expression in proteases and TGF β1 suggest that cells in spheroids upregulate invasive profiles, which we show correlates with tumor stage. These data provide a useful approach to analyze the dynamics of genetic profile within a tissue like microenvironment. We can show the gene pathway analysis matches observation in vitro , in cell cycle, apoptosis, and invasion. Thus we have shown that there are differences in gene expression between 3D or 2D adherent culture and that culturing melanoma cells in spheroids restores the complex cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions seen in vivo .
Controls on stream water dissolved mercury in three mid-Appalachian forested headwater catchments

[1] Determining the controls on dissolved mercury (HgD) transport is necessary to improve estimations of export from unmonitored watersheds and to forecast responses to changes in deposition and other environmental forcings. Stream water HgD and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were evaluated over a range of discharge conditions in three streams within Shenandoah National Park, VA. Watersheds are distinguished by stream water pH (ranging from neutral to acidic) and soil size fractioning (ranging from clays to sands). At all sites, discharge was a significant but poor predictor of HgD concentrations (r2 from 0.13–0.52). HgD was strongly coupled with DOC at all sites (r2 from 0.74–0.89). UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), a proxy for DOC quantity and quality, slightly improved the predictions of HgD. Mean DOC quality differed between streams, with less aromatic DOC mobilized from the more acidic watershed. The site with less aromatic DOC and sandy soils mobilized more Hg to the stream for the same quantity and quality of DOC, likely due to the reduced capacity of the larger-grained soils to retain Hg, leaving a greater fraction associated with the organic matter. A similar amount of 0.54 ng HgD/mg DOC is transported at all sites, suggesting the less aromatic DOC transports less Hg per unit DOC, offsetting the effects of soil type. This research demonstrates that soil composition and DOC quality influence HgDexport. We also provide evidence that soil organic carbon is a primary control on Hg-DOC ratios (0.12–1.4 ng mg−1) observed across the U.S. and Sweden.
Probabilistic planning with information gathering and contingent execution

Most AI representations and algorithms for plan generation have not included the concept of information-producing actions (also called diagnostics, or tests, in the decision making literature). We present a planning representation and algorithm that models information-producing actions and constructs plans that exploit the information produced by those actions. We extend the BURIDAN (Kushmerick et al. 1994) probabilistic planning algorithm, adapting the action representation to model the behavior of imperfect sensors, and combine it with a framework for contingent action that extends the CNLP algorithm (Peot and Smith 1992) for conditional execution. The result, C-BURIDAN, is an implemented planner that builds plans with probabilistic information-producing actions and contingent execution.
A Knowledge Base Approach to Learning to Program in Prolog

A second programming language should be considerably easier to learn because the programmer has built up a knowledge base of language-independent stereotypic structures and rules for handling commonly needed programming tasks (e.g., processing a list, branching, keeping a running total). However, transference of this underlying goal/plan knowledge is more complex for an unconventional language such as Prolog. Some traditional programming activities can be implemented quite directly by just learning the appropriate Prolog syntax — e.g., modularizing, parameter passing, using arithmetic expressions. But the mechanisms for accomplishing many other common tasks such as repetition, conditional execution, use of a counter, variable initialization, are handled quite differently in Prolog. In addition, certain of Prolog's built-in features, e.g., unification, search, backtracking, have no direct counterpart in traditional languages and vice versa, e.g., arrays, global variables.
Geos 1 Secor Observations in the Pacific (Solution Sp 7)

Secor observations have defined a geodetic network extending through the Pacific Ocean from Japan, with three stations on the Japanese datum, to the west coast of the United States. Thus this network was connected to major datums on both ends. However, observations on Geos 1 were taken only in the middle of the network, from Truk Island to Maui, so that the network determined by Geos 1 observations alone is not directly attached to any major geodetic datum. A little-known procedure called 'inner adjustment' was found to be the appropriate method to define a coordinate system for the adjustment of the isolated network and to determine the inner consistency of the observations. The network was indirectly tied to the North American datum by the use of (1) satellite observing stations of other observing systems whose coordinates were previously determined, (2) relative positions of these and nearby Secor stations, as determined by local surveys, and (3) geodetic heights composed of leveled (orthometric) heights plus geoid heights obtained from a geoid map.
Fault tree uncertainty quantification using probabilities and belief structures on basic and non-basic events

In the vast majority of the literature on fault trees, information is only provided on the basic events and is described probabilistically. In this paper, we extend this in two ways: we consider information at both basic and non-basic events, and we describe our uncertainties about this information in terms of both probability and Dempster-Shafer evidence theory. We develop these extensions for the AND gate.
Generalized Schwarz-Pick estimates

We obtain higher derivative generalizations of the Schwarz-Pick inequality for analytic self-maps of the unit disk as a consequence of recent characterizations of boundedness and compactness of weighted composition operators between Bloch-type spaces.
Evolutionary Reversals During Viral Adaptation to Alternating Hosts

Experimental adaptation of the bacteriophage phiX174 to a Salmonella host depressed its ability to grow on the traditional Escherichia host, whereas adaptation to Escherichia did not appreciably affect growth on Salmonella. Continued host switching consistently exhibited this pattern. Growth inhibition on Escherichia resulted from two to three substitutions in the major capsid gene. When these phages were forced to grow again on Escherichia, fitness recovery occurred predominantly by reversions at these same sites, rather than by second-site compensatory changes, the more frequently observed mechanism in most microbial systems. The affected residues lie on the virion surface and they alter attachment efficiency, yet they occur in a region distinct from a putative binding region previously identified from X-ray crystallography. These residues not only experienced high rates of evolution in our experiments, but also exhibited high levels of radical amino acid variation among phiX174 and its known relatives, consistent with a history of adaptation involving these sites.
Helicobacter pylori environmental interactions: effect of acidic conditions on H. pylori-induced gastric mucosal interleukin-8 production

To explore the interactions between the host, environment and bacterium responsible for the different manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection, we examined the effect of acidic conditions on H. pylori-induced interleukin (IL)-8 expression. AGS gastric epithelial cells were exposed to acidic pH and infected with H. pylori[wild-type strain, its isogenic cag pathogenicity island (PAI) mutant or its oipA mutant]. Exposure of AGS cells to acidic pH alone did not enhance IL-8 production. However, following exposure to acidic conditions, H. pylori infection resulted in marked enhancement of IL-8 production which was independent of the presence of the cag PAI and OipA, indicating that H. pylori and acidic conditions act synergistically to induce gastric mucosal IL-8 production. In neutral pH environments H. pylori-induced IL-8 induction involved the NF-kappaB pathways, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-->c-Fos/c-Jun-->activating protein (AP-1) pathways, JNK-->c-Jun-->AP-1 pathways and the p38 pathways. At acidic pH H. pylori-induced augmentation of IL-8 production involved markedly upregulated the NF-kappaB pathways and the ERK-->c-Fos-->AP-1 pathways. In contrast, activation of the JNK-->c-Jun-->AP-1 pathways and p38 pathways were pH independent. These results might explain the clinical studies in which patients with duodenal ulcers had higher levels of IL-8 in the antral gastric mucosa than patients with simple H. pylori gastritis.
Kinetics and polydispersity changes during acid hydrolysis of streptococcus salivarius levan

The kinetics of the acid degradation of Streptococcus salivarius levan was studied by observing changes in the number-average molecular weight, Mn, using end-group analysis. Rate constants for the hydrolysis are presented and a tentative mechanism is forwarded. The data has been analysed according to a statistical model for a polymer with trifunctional branching and it is shown that the hydrolysis of levan proceeds through a mechanism quite different to that reported for the polysaccharide dextran.
The Mirizzi syndrome: multidisciplinary management promotes optimal outcomes.

The Mirizzi syndrome (MS) is a rare cause of obstructive jaundice produced by the impaction of a gallstone either in the cystic duct or in the gallbladder, resulting in stenosis of the extrahepatic bile duct and, in severe cases, direct cholecystocholedochal fistula formation. Sixteen patients were treated for MS in our center over the 12-year period 1993–2005 for a prevalence of 0.35% of all cholecystectomies performed. One patient was diagnosed only at the time of cholecystectomy. The other 15 patients presented with laboratory and imaging findings consistent with choledocholithiasis and underwent preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, which established the diagnosis in all but one patient. All patients underwent cholecystectomy. An initial laparoscopic approach was attempted in 14 patients, of whom 11 were converted to open procedures. MS was recognized operatively in 15 patients with definitive stone extraction and relief of obstruction in 13 patients. T-tubes were placed in 10 patients and 1 patient required a choledochoduodenostomy. Two patients required postoperative laser lithotripsy via a T-tube tract to clear their stones; and in another patient, MS was detected and treated via postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). MS remains a serious diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for endoscopists and biliary surgeons.
Rapid release of cytoplasmic IL-15 from tumor-associated macrophages is an initial and critical event in IL-12-initiated tumor regression

This study reveals that the IL-15 rapidly released into serum upon IL-12 injection into tumor-bearing mice is critical for the subsequent leukocytic infiltration of the tumor and tumor-bearing tissue. The increase in serum IL-15 occurs within 2 h after IL-12 injection concomitantly with a decrease in cytoplasmic IL-15 in tumor-associated Mphi (TAM). Injection of anti-IL-15 one hour prior to IL-12 abrogates subsequent leukocytic infiltration into the tumor and prevents the IL-12-induced reduction of primary tumor mass and the clearance of metastases. Administration of anti-IL-15 18 h after IL-12 did not have a detectable impact on IL-12-induced leukocytic infiltration of the tumor. Deletion of NK cells had no impact on the IL-12-induced change in the functional phenotype of TAM or on the subsequent initiation of leukocytic infiltration of the tumor. In concert with our previous studies demonstrating that IL-12 reduces tumor-supportive activities of TAM, the current study supports the hypothesis that functional re-programming of TAM not only undermines Mphi support for tumor growth but also contributes to a critical step in the initiation of anti-tumor immune responses. In this context, the functional plasticity and pro-immunogenic potential of TAM may constitute a significant and unappreciated target in existing cytokine therapies.
Development and empirical verification of new response categories to increase the validity of multiple response alternative questionnaires

A number of scales, including the Ohio State leadership scales, use the response categories Always, Often, Occasionally, Seldom, and Never, and researchers administering these scales usually assume...
Frequencies of cw FIR laser lines for use in laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A transversely pumped far-infrared laser cavity has been used to discover two optically pumped laser lines: the 357.7 μm line from H2C=CF2 and the 242.3 μm line from CH3OH. Using heterodyne techniques, the frequencies of fourteen far-infrared laser emissions have been measured, six for the first time.
Absolute minimum of Landau's thermodynamic potential.

We present a general method for finding the absolute minimum of Landau's thermodynamic potential. The method is illustrated in the example of the most general sixth-degree potential for a physical system whose order parameters transform as one of the three-dimensional vector representations of ${O}_{h}$, O, and ${T}_{h}$. The results are used to explain the three successive phase transitions occurring in ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$. The phase-transition conditions are obtained in an analytic form. We show why the perovskite-type crystals differ vastly in phase-transition properties even though their compositions are so similar.
Justice in teams : The activation and role of sensemaking in the emergence of justice climates

Justice climates are considered to be an emergent phenomenon, which originates in the cognition, affect and behaviors of individuals, but is amplified by their interactions and manifests itself as a collective construct (see Kozlowski & Klein, 2000). However, researchers have given little attention to the role of social interaction in the convergence of member justice perceptions in teams. Using conversational data from 372 students working in a team business simulation with two levels each of procedural treatment and outcome favorability, this study examines how treatment fairness arouses sensemaking in teams and the features of such sensemaking processes that give rise to shared justice perceptions. The results highlight an interactive effect of outcomes and procedures on team sensemaking, which is shown to influence justice climate strength. The results also provide insight into the effects of discussion content, intensity and duration on the emergence of justice climates.
Adhesion plaque formation dynamics between polymer vesicles in the limit of highly concentrated binding sites.

This work examines the process of adhesion plaque formation between pairs of copolymer vesicles presenting dense surface concentrations of avidin (NeutrAvidin) and biotin. Micropipet aspiration mai...
Software Quality Metrics for Life-Cycle Cost-Reduction

This paper identifies factors or characteristics of which reliability is one, which comprise the quality of computer software. It then discusses their impact over the life of a software product, and describes a methodology for specifying them quantitatively, including them in system design, and measuring them during development. The methodology is still experimental, but is rapidly evolving toward application to all types of software. This paper emphasizes those factors of software quality which have greatest importance at the later stages of a software product's life.
Modified transfer matrix method model for a fiber Bragg grating strain sensor in polarization maintaining single mode optical fiber

Fiber-Bragg Gratings (FBG) for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) have been studied extensively as they offer electrically passive operation, EMI immunity, high sensitivity, and multiple multiplexing schemes, as compared to conventional electricity based strain sensors. FBG sensors written in Polarization Maintaining (PM) optical fiber offer an additional dimension of strain measurement simplifying sensor implementation within a structure. This simplification however, adds complexity to the detection of the sensor’s optical response to its corresponding applied strain. We propose a modified Transfer Matrix Method model to simulate a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in a polarization maintaining optical fiber. We study the effects of the reflected Bragg wavelength to the changes in shape of the optical fiber core waveguide and compare the results to the existing literature.
Robot-Assisted Shopping for the Visually Impaired: Proof-of-Concept Design and Feasibility Evaluation

This article presents RoboCart, a proof-of-concept prototype of a robotic shopping cart for the visually impaired in supermarkets. RoboCart autonomously leads shoppers to required locations and cues them through synthetic speech and a portable barcode reader to the salient features of the environment sufficient for product retrieval. In a longitudinal pilot feasibility study, visually impaired shoppers (n = 10) used the device to retrieve products in Lee's Marketplace, a supermarket in Logan, Utah. The main finding is that RoboCart enables visually impaired shoppers to reliably and independently navigate to and retrieve products in a real supermarket.
Interracial Communities and Civil Rights Activism in Lawrence, Kansas, 1945–1948

(1999). Interracial Communities and Civil Rights Activism in Lawrence, Kansas, 1945–1948. The Historian: Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 783-800.
Chain reaction: Neoliberal exceptions to global commodity chains in Dominican baseball

Global commodity chain research has become an important dimension of sociological research on globalization. Viewed from an anthropological perspective, however, it seems to be missing a critical o...
Booker T. Washington and Mahatma Gandhi as educationists

(1967). Booker T. Washington and Mahatma Gandhi as educationists. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 94-97.
Pre-encounter distributions of Saturn's low frequency radio emission

An analysis of Voyager 1 pre-encounter data is presented in which one-month averages of flux density from Saturn are determined as functions of both central meridian longitude and frequency. Comparisons of corresponding distributions for two one-month intervals seven months apart yield information on their stability, and a redetermination of the magnetos-pheric rotation period.
Carbon and proton magnetic resonance studies on the sites of Mn2+ and Ni2+ ion binding with thiamin and thiamin pyrophosphate and on the solution conformation of the coenzyme

Abstract Carbon magnetic resonance was employed to determine the Mn2+ and Ni2+ binding sites on thiamin and thiamin pyrophosphate and to help elucidate the solution conformation of the latter with Mn2+. In comparison with previous proton magnetic resonance studies, the results here presented elucidate direct binding to thiamin even without the presence of the pyrophosphate. In thiamin Mn2+ is bound to both the pyrimidine ring and to the oxygen of the β-hydroxyethyl chain, albeit more weakly to the former, Ni2+, on the other hand is indicated in binding to the pyrimidine ring only. From observation of water relaxation data, potentiometric determination of the pyrimidinium pKa with metal ions added and carbon magnetic resonance (competition of thiamin and thiamin pyrophosphate for Mn2+) we have very strong evidence to indicate that Mn2+ is separated from the pyrimidine ring by a solvent molecule. We were able to estimate association constant between the pyrimidine and Mn2+ (50 M−1) and OH and Mn2+ (100 M−1) in thiamin. In thiamin pyrophosphate both Mn2+ and Ni2+ much prefer the pyrophosphate as binding sites and at least in the former an inner sphere complex is indicated. Also with Mn2+ present the dimethylene pyrophosphate is folded back onto the thiazolium ring according to analysis of proton broadening data and relaxation mechanisms.
An Ecological Framework for Participatory Ethnobotanical Research at Mt. Kasigau, Kenya

Vegetation changes from Commiphora-Acacia bushland, through farms and homesteads, and to woodland and evergreen forest defined an ecological gradient for investigating woody plant resources on a mountain in the Eastern Arc, southeast Kenya. The authors describe plot sampling on the composition and structure of woody plants, a corresponding floristic inventory, and qualitative methods used to compile ethnobotanical data and validate local knowledge on plant use. Participant observations, mapping exercises, and free listing increased the opportunities for discussion about plant resources. The authors also describe ways to share results with villagers and a collaborative plant guide.
On the creep behavior of silver—I. The oxygen free metal

Abstract The creep behavior of 99.9993%, oxygen free, silver has been studied in vacua at 250, 400 and 550°C. It was found that voids first appeared at about the start of the secondary stage, increasing linearly with creep strain thereafter. In this grade of silver deformation after primary appeared to be only by boundary sliding, this leading to a long tertiary period and to a decreasing creep ductility with increased grain size. Intergranular failure followed the spread of relatively few voids along the grain boundary rather than by void linkage.
Probing the vacuum with highly charged ions

Abstract The physics of the Fermion vacuum is briefly described, and applied to pair production in heavy ion collisions. We consider in turn low energies (
Modeling residence time distribution in a twin-screw extruder as a series of ideal steady-state flow reactors

Knowledge about and control of residence time distribution (RTD) is critical for determining optimal conditions in an extrusion process. In this paper, previously proposed models for RTD have been summarized and compared with the experimental data. The best-fit model was found to be a plug flow in series with a finite number of constantly stirred tank reactors having dead volume fractions. Parameters of the best-fit model were predicted from input variables (moisture content, screw speed, nozzle diameter and barrel temperature). Predicted RTD from the input variables had a r 2 > 0.96. Experiments were conducted using a full factorial design with moisture contents of 16, 20, 24 and 28% (wb); screw speeds of 80, 120 and 160 rpm; nozzle diameters of 3, 4 and 5 mm; and barrel temperatures of 120 and 140 °C. Each experiment was replicated twice. It was found that, within the range of conditions studied, moisture content, screw speed, barrel temperature and nozzle diameter had significant effects on RTD.
A Review of Health Outcomes in Patients with Psoriasis

Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin condition, is a complex disease in terms of its significant comorbidities and impact on patients' quality of life. The objective of this article is to elucidate the health outcomes of the disease, including its economic and psychosocial burden on the patient. Current treatments options and the economic considerations of treatment costs are reviewed. Psoriasis is a multidimensional disease, so patients benefit from having a multidisciplinary team of dermatologists and other physicians for management of it and of associated comorbid conditions.
In Situ X-ray Diffraction and Absorption Studies of the Growth and Phase Transformation of Yttrium Hydroxide Nanotubes to Their Oxide Counterparts

The hydrothermal growth of yttrium hydroxide [Y(OH)3] nanotubes (NTs) and the subsequent transformation into yttrium oxide (Y2O3) NTs by thermal annealing were probed by in situ characterization techniques, mainly with synchrotron radiation, to elucidate its reaction mechanism. Upon heating the precursors to 120 °C, the formation of Y(OH)3 NTs was immediately observed, as evident by the diffraction peaks related to the hexagonal phase of Y(OH)3. However, on the basis of X-ray absorption spectroscopic data, the local bonding and ordering began to resemble those of a stable Y(OH)3 crystal after a reaction time of 7 h. Upon annealing of the as-prepared Y(OH)3 NTs, a stable reaction intermediate, YO(OH), with a monoclinic crystal structure is formed at 250 °C. Hence, the dehydration process follows a two-step reaction: Y(OH)3 → YO(OH) → Y2O3; i.e. the elimination of the hydroxyl groups takes two sequential steps, which leads to the formation of Y2O3 NTs.
Tolerable ELMs at high density in DIII-D

The energy released at each edge-localized mode (ELM) is found to decrease in relation to the pedestal pressure, by more than a factor of five, as the line-averaged density in DIII-D H-mode is raised from about half the Greenwald density limit to near the Greenwald limit. The pedestal pressure remains nearly constant over this range demonstrating an attractive regime for future larger tokamaks. The reduction in ELM energy, in both low and high triangularity configurations, is seen to scale more with the pedestal electron temperature than the pedestal density. At low density both the electron density and temperature inside the separatrix drop due to the ELM instability; however at high density the density perturbation remains similar while the temperature profile is unaffected. ELMs at high density are also characterized by smaller magnetic fluctuations consistent with a higher toroidal mode number ELM instability.
A highly active Pd coated Ag electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reactions in alkaline media

Abstract We synthesized and characterized a highly active electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) in alkaline media by coating carbon-supported silver nanoparticles with Pd (Pd@Ag/C) via a galvanic displacement method. The electrochemical measurements were carried out using an ultrathin film rotating disk electrode. Compared to the Pt/C electrocatalyst, the specific and mass activities of the Pd@Ag/C were enhanced by a factor of 3 and 2.5, respectively. The potentiostatic measurements showed that the Pd@Ag/C is less stable than the Pt/C at the potential of −0.1 V vs. Hg/HgO/OH− in alkaline media. The Pd@Ag/C is insensitive to alcohol, and, as a cathode electrocatalyst of a direct alcohol fuel cell, can resist poisoning by the possible alcohol crossover from the anode.
Time-domain modeling of silver nanowires-graphene transparent conducting electrodes

Transparent conducting electrodes (TCE) consisting of silver nanowires (SNW) with a single-layer graphene (SLG) cover demonstrate higher optical transparency and lower sheet resistance than indium tin oxide (ITO) and are comparable to the best reported results in TCEs. SNW layer is simulated using the spectral averaging of the FDTD transmittance data from indiscriminately selected frames. Simulations are done for a number of frames until a convergent set of averaged spectra is obtained. SLG layer is simulated separately and contributes to the total transmittance as a multiplicative constant.
Miller fisher syndrome presents as an acute voice change to hypernasal speech

The authors describe a 38-year-old man who presented with hypernasality, perioral and acroparesthesia, dyspnea, and dysphagia. Further evaluation revealed a diagnosis of Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS). MFS is a variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome previously described in neurology and critical care journals; however, there is a paucity of work concerning this disease in the otolaryngology literature. An acute change in voice usually occurs secondary to inflammatory processes as seen after intubation and infection, but can occur as part of a more complex disease entity such as Guillain-Barre or Miller-Fisher syndrome. As such, clinicians should consider this in their evaluation of rhinolalia aperta.
B production in hadron collisions: Theory

A review is presented of heavy quark production in {bar p}p, {pi}{sup -}p, and pp interactions at fixed target and collider energies. Calculations of total cross sections and of single quark inclusive differential cross sections d{sup 2}{sigma}/dk{sub T}dy are described including contributions through next-to-leading order in QCD perturbation theory. Comparisons with available data on charm and bottom quark production show good agreement for reasonable values of the charm and bottom quark masses and other parameters. Predictions and open issues in the interpretation of results are summarized. 20 refs., 5 figs.
Kierkegaard On Doctrine: A Post–Modern Interpretation

Pour Kierkegaard, les doctrines fonctionnent avant tout comme des lois reglant le discours et l'action de la communaute religieuse. C'est tres exactement ce que defend le philosophe G. Lindbeck dans son ouvrage " The Nature of Doctrine " (Philadelphie, 1984). Cette theorie socio-linguistique ne rend cependant pas compte du rapport entre lois et verite
Wide band antireflection coatings deposited by atomic layer deposition

Here we describe the development of optical coatings for silicon-based detectors for astronomy, planetary and terrestrial applications. We have used atomic layer deposition (ALD) to develop broadband (i.e. 320-1000 nm) antireflection (AR) coatings on silicon substrates with the ultimate goal of incorporating these AR coatings with existing detector technologies. Materials characterization was used to study film and interface quality of these coatings. We are able to achieve precision growth of single and multilayer films to significantly reduce reflection losses for this region of spectrum and provide tailored, repeatable performance targeted for specific applications.
Origin of Nanoscale Phase Stability Reversals in Titanium Oxide Polymorphs

We have monitored the hydrothermal crystallization of titania nanoparticles by in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD). Using the refined average structures from the XRD measurements, we calculated potenti...
Prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging: State of the art and new developments

Although the prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging is now well established, new data have continued to expand its role in the management of patients. This review addresses the current state-of-the-art and new developments in the use of myocardial perfusion imaging for determining cardiac risk and integrating such information into patient care.
Analysis of the early workload on the Cornell Theory Center IBM SP2

Parallel computers have matured to the point where they are capable of running a significant production workload. Characterizing this workload, however, is far more complicated than for the single-processor case. Besides the varying number of processors that may be invoked, the nodes themselves may provide differing computational resources (memory size, for example). In addition, the batch schedulers may introduce further categories of service which must be considered in the analysis.The Cornell Theory Center (CTC) put a 512-node IBM SP2 system into production in early 1995. Extended traces of batch jobs began to be collected in mid-1995 when the usage base became sufficiently large. This paper offers an analysis of this early batch workload.
Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy Research: Ethical Issues and Description of Results

As an infectious disease, the approach to anti– Helicobacter pylori therapy differs from other common gastrointestinal conditions because treatment success of more than 90% to 95% should be expected and the reasons for treatment failure can always be understood. Neither comparisons with another regimen nor randomization are required to identify a highly successful therapy. Treatment success should be judged first in relation to outcome (ie, ≥95% or grade A). Inclusion of a known inferior regimen in a clinical trial is generally unethical. If the use of a known inferior drug is required by a regulatory agency, subjects must be given full and accurate information regarding expectations with each regimen; there can be no deceptions. Comparative trials should be restricted to highly successful treatments (ie, comparisons of different doses, durations, compliance, cost, and so forth). Success should be judged as ordered categories such as H pylori eradication studies from the prospective of an infectious disease with the goal of providing recommendations regarding changes in approach and in reporting that should help resolve the ethical issues and make the results of clinical trials more useful to clinicians.
A necessary and sufficient condition for existence of positive solutions of nonlinear boundary value problems

Abstract We study the nonlinear boundary value problem ( ϕ ( u ′ ′ ) ) ′ ′ = f ( t , u , u ′ , u ′ ′ ) , t ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , u ( 2 i ) ( 0 ) = u ( 2 i ) ( 1 ) = 0 , i = 0 , 1 , and obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of symmetric positive solutions. We also discuss the application of our result to the special case where f is a power function of u and its derivatives. Moreover, similar conclusions for a more general higher order boundary value problem are established. Our analysis mainly relies on the lower and upper solution method.
Weakly nonlinear discrete multipoint boundary value problems

Abstract In this paper we study nonlinear, discrete, multipoint boundary value problems of the form x ( t + 1 ) = A ( t ) x ( t ) + ϵ f ( t , x ( t ) ) subject to B 0 x ( 0 ) + B 1 x ( 1 ) + ⋯ + B N x ( N ) = 0 . We provide sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions and we present a qualitative analysis of the way the solutions depend on the parameter ϵ.
Levels of understanding and the personal acceptance of information in higher education

Summary A distinction is drawn between students' ability to understand information, and their personal acceptance and valuing of that information. Recent research has identified certain motivational orientations and approaches to learning geared relatively more to understanding, or to reproducing information without understanding. The results of a small-scale ‘illuminative˚s-type study are used to suggest that students may also differ in their levels of acceptance and valuing of information. Possible links are hypothesised, for future research, between understanding information on the one hand and accepting and valuing it on the other. Implications of relatively qualitative and quantitative research methodologies are briefly discussed.
A Simple Empirical Model for Predicting the Decay of Tropical Cyclone Winds after Landfall

Abstract An empirical model for predicting the maximum wind of landfalling tropical cyclones is developed. The model is based upon the observation that the wind speed decay rate after landfall is proportional to the wind speed. Observations also indicate that the wind speed decays to a small, but nonzero, background wind speed. With these assumptions, the wind speed is determined from a simple two-parameter exponential decay model, which is a function of the wind speed at landfall and the time since landfall. A correction can also be added that accounts for differences between storms that move inland slowly and storms that move inland rapidly. The model parameters are determined from the National Hurricane Center best track intensities of all U.S. landfalling tropical cyclones south of 37°N for the period 196793. Three storms that made landfall in Florida prior to 1967 were also included in the sample. Results show that the two-parameter model explains 91% of the variance of the best track intensity chan...
Cast Leads for Surface Attachment

The attachment of leadless integrated circuit packages to printed circuit (PC) substrates is receiving growing attention as surface mounting technology advances to meet the demands of present and future product designs. The reliability issues associated with surface attachment of these packages continue to be addressed and characterized with respect to package configuration, material properties, and interconnection methods. A novel technique is introduced for reliable and economical attachment of leadless integrated circuit (IC) packages to circuit substrates. Known as the cast lead process, it is based on a concept for controlling solder joint geometry in order to improve the stress and strain distributions within the joints. The basic sequence of operations established for cast lead fabrication and for surface mounting of processed packages will be presented and results for several reliability studies will be discussed.
Abstract 1384: Prevention of angiogenesis by aldose reductase inhibition

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC We have recently shown that Aldose Reductase (AR) known to be involved in oxidative stress-signaling, initiated by inflammatory markers, prevents human colon cancer cell growth in culture as well as in nude mice xenografts. Inhibition of AR also prevents azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci formation in mice. In order to understand the chemopreventive mechanism of AR inhibition in colon cancer, we have investigated the role of AR in the mediation of angiogenic signals in vitro and in vivo models. Using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), we have investigated the effect of AR inhibition on VEGF- and bFGF- induced tube as well as spheroid formation in in vitro angiogenesis. We have also determined the invasion and migration of HUVEC by inhibition of AR. Further, to determine the in vivo efficacy of AR inhibition on angiogenesis, matrigel plug assay was performed using a rat model. Our results show that inhibition of AR significantly prevented the VEGF- and bFGF -induced proliferation and generation of reactive oxygen species in HUVEC. Further, AR inhibition also prevented the VEGF- and bFGF- induced secretion/expression of IL-6, MMP1, MMP9, ICAM, and VCAM. Matrigel plug model of angiogenesis in rats showed that inhibition of AR prevented the infiltration of blood cells, invasion, migration and formation of capillary like structures, and expression of blood vessels markers CD31 and vWF. Thus, our results demonstrate that AR inhibitors could be novel drugs for cancer chemoprevention by inhibiting angiogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1384.
Organizations as Discursive Constructions

In this article we examine the relationship between discourse and organization. It is a relationship of growing interest in the communication literature as organizations are increasingly framed as discursive constructions. However, such framing appears subject to at least 3 interpretations. First, an organization may be cast as an already formed object with features and outcomes reflected in discourse. Second, organizations may be seen in a perpetual state of becoming through the ways that the properties of discourse shape organizing. Finally, organizations may be grounded in action, anchored in social practices and discursive forms. Moreover, each of these 3 orientations provides a different cast to the terms discourse and Discourses. We use these interpretations and different notions about discourse to explore the research traditions on organizational language and social interaction. We contend that all 3 orientations are necessary and should operate simultaneously to reveal a complex view of the organization-discourse relationship.
In situ generated polypyrazolylborate–copper complexes as cyclopropanation catalysts

Abstract Polypyrazolylborate–copper complexes with electron withdrawing or donating groups on the pyrazoles were examined as catalysts for the cyclopropanation of alkenes with ethyl diazoacetate. The electron-deficient complexes were much more effective catalysts and afforded rapid consumption of the ethyl diazoacetate and generally favored cyclopropanation over the completing dimerization of the ethyl diazoacetate. Given the ease with which the starting materials can be prepared and the simplicity of in situ catalyst generation, these scorpionates afford a convenient new family of cyclopropanation catalysts.
A Monte Carlo event generator for high-energy hadron hadron collisions: ECCO-2.0

Abstract ECCO is a Monte Carlo event generator for soft multiparticle production in high energy hadron-hadron collisions. It describes the geometrical aspects of a hadron with eikonal formalism and implements the dynamical aspects with self-similar branching of clusters. Following a brief review of the physics underlying ECCO, a detailed description of the program is presented. A sample main program and the output are given at the end.
The FETI family of domain decomposition methods for inequality-constrained quadratic programming: Application to contact problems with conforming and nonconforming interfaces

Two domain decomposition methods with Lagrange multipliers for solving iteratively quadratic programming problems with inequality constraints are presented. These methods are based on the FETI and FETI-DP substructuring algorithms. In the case of linear constraints, they do not perform any Newton-like iteration. Instead, they solve a constrained problem by an active set strategy and a generalized conjugate gradient based descent method equipped with controls to guarantee convergence monotonicity. Both methods possess the desirable feature of minimizing numerical oscillations during the iterative solution process. Performance results and comparisons are reported for several numerical simulations that suggest that both methods are numerically scalable with respect to both the problem size and the number of subdomains. Their parallel scalability is also illustrated on a Linux cluster for a complex 1.4 million degree of freedom multibody problem with frictionless contact and nonconforming discrete interfaces.
Perceptual and communicative indices of employee performance with new technology

The relationship between employee performance with new technology and perceptual and communicative factors was investigated in a field study of 157 employees from a large corporation. Multiple regression analysis revealed that three perceptual factors (relative advantage, complexity, and trialability) and two communication factors (receiving task‐related messages and receiving negative evaluations of the new technology) explained a significant amount of the variance in employee productivity with a new computer system. Post hoc analyses revealed that two communication factors (receiving task‐related messages and receiving negative evaluations of the new technology), and two perceptual factors (relative advantage and complexity), were predictors of two additional performance measures: (1) the productivity decrease which occurred the first week the new technology was used, and (2) the speed with which the employees returned to previous productivity levels using the new technology.
What Should We Teach When We Teach about Women with Disabilities

This article describes a semester-long course on women with disabilities. The overall sequence for the course, and the progression of concepts presented to students are outlined. The course is divided into eleven modules and I recommend a specific film and assignment for each module. A distributive justice lens permeates the course. The overarching goal is to increase competency in working with female clients with disabilities, including those who are women of color or diverse in sexuality.
Theory of modes in a loaded strip confocal unstable resonator

A method is described for calculating the modes of strip confocal unstable resonators, using a technique that is practical and economical even at high Fresnel numbers. The present theory is based on work of Horwitz. In contrast to Horwitz’s theory, the present theory does not give divergences at the shadow boundaries. It also applies not only to bare resonators, but to resonators in which there is arbitrary, slowly varying spatial dependence of the gain. It appears straightforward to extend the present theory to apply to three-dimensional resonators with rectangular-edge mirrors. A variety of numerical results for the symmetric modes is presented graphically.