cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Bits: Statistics Education Articles from 2013

(2013). Teaching Bits: Statistics Education Articles from 2013. Journal of Statistics Education: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. null.
Extragenital chlamydia infection among active-duty women in the United States Navy.

Pharyngeal and anorectal reservoirs of gonorrhea (GC) and chlamydia (CT) are increasingly recognized among heterosexual women. While a number of studies performed at sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics have found a high prevalence of extragenital GC/CT infection, such screening is typically not offered during routine primary care visits for women. We sought to define the prevalence of and factors associated with extragenital GC/CT among women in the U.S. Navy. We recruited servicewomen stationed in San Diego, California, between the ages of 18 and 25 who presented for an annual physical exam between January and September, 2017. Nucleic acid amplification testing was performed on swabs collected at endocervical, oropharyngeal and anorectal sites to assess the presence of GC/CT. An anonymous behavioral questionnaire was also administered to characterize sexual risk. Descriptive statistics were used to compare women with and without a prior history of any sexually transmitted infection (STI) (self-report) along with a current GC/CT diagnosis. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences. Of the 75 patients who were approached, 60 subjects were enrolled in the study, including white 20 (33.3%), black/African American 18 (31.0%), Hispanic/Latina 13 (21.7%) and Asian/Pacific Islander 9 (15.5%) women. Among all the women, six (10.0%) were diagnosed with CT infection, all via endocervical exam. Of these, five (8.3%) had concurrent anorectal infection, including two cases (3.3%) accompanied by pharyngeal infection. Of the subjects, 15 (25.0%) reported anal intercourse in their most recent sexual encounter, most of which was condomless (13/15, 86.7%). A high number of women who reported sex with a casual male partner (19/45, 42.2%) reported rarely or never using condoms; last, 41.7% consuming at least 3 drinks on a typical drinking day, and one-third of the reported drinking more than once per week. We found a high prevalence of anorectal CT infection, although no infections were detected without concurrent endocervical involvement. Nonetheless, the high prevalence of condomless anal intercourse reported by participants argues for further study and ongoing consideration of extragenital screening among high-risk patients. Behavioral interventions are also warranted given the high prevalence of sexual and related risk factors.
Update on Staging, Definition, and Chemoprevention of “High-Risk Squamous Cell Carcinoma” in Organ Transplant Recipients

When compared to the general population, organ transplant recipients (OTRs) have a 65- to 250-fold increased risk of developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In addition to increased risk of SCC development, OTRs experience a higher tumor burden, more aggressive SCCs, and increased risk of metastasis and skin cancer-related mortality, making staging, prognosis, and treatment determinations in OTR patients especially important, yet lacking full clarity in the literature. High-risk cutaneous SCCs are those tumors associated with a high risk of subclinical metastasis and subsequent adverse events including local recurrence, nodal metastases, and disease-specific death. There is concern that the current staging systems for cutaneous SCCs may not accurately define a “high-risk” SCC, and the lack of prospective data makes it even more difficult to define “high-risk” features in the immunosuppressed OTR population. With no universally accepted standard definition of high-risk features, the different high-risk factors proposed by several consensus guidelines require individual exploration. OTRs also represent a desirable target for chemoprevention of SCCs, and while only oral retinoids have shown benefit specifically in OTR patients, data pertaining to other proposed agents also warrant review.
IS THERE A DIFFERENT MODE OF DNA SYNTHESIS IN NORMAL AND TRANSFORMED HUMAN DIPLOID FIBROBLASTS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses results of a study that examines DNA synthesis in normal and transformed human diploid fibroblasts. When normal human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38) are stimulated to proliferate, the earliest detectable DNA synthesis is in the form of small 4.5 S pieces. These “Okazaki fragments” are converted, after about 10 hours, into large chromosomal-sized DNA of 400 S. In this study, similar small pieces of DNA are detected in transformed WI-38 cells (called 2RA)., Alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation reveals both radioactive “Okazaki fragments” and radioactive DNA molecules larger than Okazaki fragments when both cell lines are “pulsed” with 3H-thymidine for times ranging from 8 to 90 seconds. However, the distribution of radioactivity in small and larger pieces of DNA is quite different with the two cell lines. Extrapolation of the data to zero time reveals that the normal cell line contains 50% of the 3H in DNA pieces smaller than 6 S, and 50% in DNA pieces larger than 6 S. However, the transformed cell line contains 67% of the 3H in pieces smaller than 6 S, and 33% of the 3H in pieces larger than 6 S.
Tumor-Cell–Macrophage Fusion Cells as Liquid Biomarkers and Tumor Enhancers in Cancer

Although molecular mechanisms driving tumor progression have been extensively studied, the biological nature of the various populations of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) within the blood is still not well understood. Tumor cell fusion with immune cells is a longstanding hypothesis that has caught more attention in recent times. Specifically, fusion of tumor cells with macrophages might lead to the development of metastasis by acquiring features such as genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity, chemotherapeutic resistance, and immune tolerance. In addition to the traditional FDA-approved definition of a CTC (CD45-, EpCAM+, cytokeratins 8+, 18+ or 19+, with a DAPI+ nucleus), an additional circulating cell population has been identified as being potential fusions cells, characterized by distinct, large, polymorphonuclear cancer-associated cells with a dual epithelial and macrophage/myeloid phenotype. Artificial fusion of tumor cells with macrophages leads to migratory, invasive, and metastatic phenotypes. Further studies might investigate whether these have a potential impact on the immune response towards the cancer. In this review, the background, evidence, and potential relevance of tumor cell fusions with macrophages is discussed, along with the potential role of intercellular connections in their formation. Such fusion cells could be a key component in cancer metastasis, and therefore, evolve as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in cancer precision medicine.
Review of theoretical developments on the gradient-enhanced continuum plasticity

Abstract Over the last three decades, a number of researchers have used the gradient-enhanced plasticity theory to model the microstructural material behavior, which is unable to be captured by the conventional plasticity theory, within the continuum-based framework. The central objective of this chapter is to provide an intensive review of the existing strain gradient continuum plasticity theory from the initial stage to the more recent research trends in terms of the theoretical investigations. In particular, an in-depth discussion of the following theories is presented: Aifantis theory; Fleck and Hutchinson theory; Gudmundson, Gurtin and Anand theory; implicit theory; mechanism-based theory; micromorphic approach; Voyiadjis theory; and so on.
Rescuing Antitrust’s Role in Patent Holdup

Standards, common platforms allowing products to work together, are ubiquitous in our economy. But imagine that a company: (1) has a patent needed to use a standard, (2) promises to license the patent on reasonable terms, and then (3) says it was just kidding as it seeks to block the product or charge an exorbitant price. In such a case, the users of the standard are stuck. They have invested in technologies based on the standard. And they may be forced to pay a price reflecting not the added value of the technology but the costs of switching to a new technology. In other words, they are subject to “patent holdup.” The concerns threatened by patent holdup have consistently been acknowledged by officials in Republican and Democratic administrations. These concerns are front and center in Carl Shapiro and Mark Lemley’s excellent article, The Role of Antitrust in Preventing Patent Holdup. In contrast, they are neglected by the current Assistant Attorney General of the Department of Justice’s Antitrust Division, Makan Delrahim. This Essay does four things. First, it explains why the Shapiro/Lemley article is important, particularly to situate today’s patent holdup debates in the larger context of transaction cost economics. Second, it raises questions related to standards organizations’ rules and antitrust law that the authors could more fully consider. Third, it offers additional support showing the radical nature of Delrahim’s position. And fourth, it opines on the nature of academic debate and its effect on antitrust enforcement.
Placebos in chronic pain: evidence, theory, ethics, and use in clinical practice

Despite their ubiquitous presence, placebos and placebo effects retain an ambiguous and unsettling presence in biomedicine. Specifically focused on chronic pain, this review examines the effect of placebo treatment under three distinct frameworks: double blind, deception, and open label honestly prescribed. These specific conditions do not necessarily differentially modify placebo outcomes. Psychological, clinical, and neurological theories of placebo effects are scrutinized. In chronic pain, conscious expectation does not reliably predict placebo effects. A supportive patient-physician relationship may enhance placebo effects. This review highlights "predictive coding" and "bayesian brain" as emerging models derived from computational neurobiology that offer a unified framework to explain the heterogeneous evidence on placebos. These models invert the dogma of the brain as a stimulus driven organ to one in which perception relies heavily on learnt, top down, cortical predictions to infer the source of incoming sensory data. In predictive coding/bayesian brain, both chronic pain (significantly modulated by central sensitization) and its alleviation with placebo treatment are explicated as centrally encoded, mostly non-conscious, bayesian biases. The review then evaluates seven ways in which placebos are used in clinical practice and research and their bioethical implications. In this way, it shows that placebo effects are evidence based, clinically relevant, and potentially ethical tools for relieving chronic pain.
Africa: Prospects for Entrepreneurial Development

Aliko Dangote, Africa’s richest man and industrialist cautioned African leaders about its constant blame on lack of financial capital as a major hindrance for its development.
Associations between Self-Reports and Device-Reports of Social Networking Site Use: An Application of the Truth and Bias Model.

People are generally poor reporters of time spent using digital technology. Advancing smartphone features, such as the iOS Screen Time application, allow researchers to obtain more objective measur...
Wound Botulism, Tetanus, and Necrotizing Fasciitis among Injecting Drug Users in California: the Clostridial Connection

Diseases caused by clostridia are often mediated via toxins. For botulism and tetanus, specific neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani affect different areas in the nervous system to cause weakness or spasticity. In 1995, the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) documented an increase in the reported number of cases of wound botulism (WB) that started in 1994. A total of 96 cases of tetanus were reported to occur in California between 1988 and 2000. Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) and necrotizing fasciitis are not reportable conditions in California. The proportion of cases with necrotizing fasciitis was over 80% at two of the three hospitals, and the mortality rate ranged from 10 to 27%. The recent epidemic of wound botulism (WB), tetanus, and NSTIs among injecting drug users (IDUs) in California is likely due, in great part, to skin popping of black tar heroin (BTH) contaminated with Clostridium species. Injection drug use is a complicated issue, and IDUs are a difficult population to reach with prevention messages. These messages will have to address drug rehabilitation to decrease the risk of infection with blood-borne pathogens along with the risk for WB, tetanus, and NSTIs. In recent years, California clinicians have seen increasing numbers of serious Clostridium infections among IDUs, including WB, tetanus, and necrotizing fasciitis. The recent epidemics of WB, tetanus, and NSTIs among IDUs in California are likely due, in great part, to skin popping of BTH contaminated with Clostridium species.
Nanotechnology in education: Taking multidisciplinary nanotechnology into the classroom

This paper describes the structure and development of a multidisciplinary, cross-campus educational program at our institution that integrates nanotechnology to the undergraduate curricula of all majors in science and engineering. With nanoscience and nanotechnology crossing the limits of research labs and finding more and more commercial applications [1], it is in our best interest as a society to engage the young generations with nanotechnology and to provide them with a strong nano-focused background that allows them to become active participants in a field that will shape many aspects of our near future. Typical undergraduate (UG) programs in nanotechnology, however, are limited in the number of students they engage (because they are complete UG majors) or in the breadth of topics they cover (because they focus on specific fields such as nano-electronics, nano-fabrication, nano-materials, etc.) Our nanotechnology minor is innovative in that (i) it is accessible by students in all STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) majors and (ii) it covers all aspects of nanotechnology from nano-photonics to commercialization.
Serum TSH and the influence of statin drugs.

436 Objectives To investigate a possible, previously unreported association between statin drugs and a low serum TSH Methods 307 consecutive patients referred to the Nuclear Medicine Service for presumed hyperthyroidism on the basis of a low serum TSH were reviewed. The clinical evaluation and the radioiodine uptakes and scans were utilized to form a final diagnosis. Results 278 patients (84%) not taking statins had elevated uptakes and were diagnosed hyperthyroid, while only 13 of 29 patients (16%) of the statin patients had high uptakes. 16 patients were diagnosed euthyroid (p Conclusions Statin drugs may falsely lower the serum TSH without altering thyroid function. The cause of this phenomenon is not known.
Identification of similar regions of protein structures using integrated sequence and structure analysis tools.

Background Understanding protein function from its structure is a challenging problem. Sequence based approaches for finding homology have broad use for annotation of both structure and function. 3D structural information of protein domains and their interactions provide a complementary view to structure function relationships to sequence information. We have developed a web site http://www.sblest.org/ and an API of web services that enables users to submit protein structures and identify statistically significant neighbors and the underlying structural environments that make that match using a suite of sequence and structure analysis tools. To do this, we have integrated S-BLEST, PSI-BLAST and HMMer based superfamily predictions to give a unique integrated view to prediction of SCOP superfamilies, EC number, and GO term, as well as identification of the protein structural environments that are associated with that prediction. Additionally, we have extended UCSF Chimera and PyMOL to support our web services, so that users can characterize their own proteins of interest.
Increased Tolerance to Vecuronium in a Patient with Testicular Feminization

Muscle relaxant pharmacophysiology can be altered in various clinical situations. We report increased requirement of vecuronium in a patient diagnosed with testicular feminization. Increased level of endogenous testosterone and steroidal-core structure of vecuronium may explain the increased tolerance to vecuronium in this patient.
The place of operative obstetrics.

Abstract Operative obstetrics when properly practiced is a lifesaving measure for mother and baby. When improperly performed it may result in death for one or both or lifelong injury. To become trained, the resident must have the opportunity of assisting with or performing various obstetrical operations under direction. It does him no good to perform them without guidance. Certain minimum standards are suggested for training residents in a three-year program. Certain minimum standards are suggested for the number of operative procedures which the trained obstetrician should perform each year to maintain his proficiency. Comparative data from several obstetrical services are presented to show that a high operative incidence under proper supervision does not result in an increased maternal, stillbirth, or neonatal mortality or morbidity, but actually results in a decreased figure. The hospital record librarian should be the examiner for the doctors and should each month furnish them with data as to the incidence of various complications and operations and of the maternal, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality.
Potassium 2‐Methyl‐2‐butoxide

[41233-93-6] C5H11KO (MW 126.26) InChI = 1S/C5H11O.K/c1-4-5(2,3)6;/h4H2,1-3H3;/q-1;+1 InChIKey = ZRLVQFQTCMUIRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (strong, sterically hindered alkoxide base) Alternate Name: potassium t-pentoxide. Form Supplied in: 1.5–2.0 M solution in benzene. Solubility: sol THF, DME, aromatic hydrocarbons. Preparative Method: amber-colored 0.15–0.20 M EtCMe2OH solutions of the reagent are prepared in situ by refluxing oxide–free potassium metal in the anhydrous alcohol for 3–4 h.1 Solutions of the base which are 1.0–2.0 M in THF, benzene, or toluene are prepared by treating oil-free Potassium Hydride with an equivalent amount of anhydrous t-pentyl alcohol in the anhydrous solvent under an inert atmosphere.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: solutions should be handled with the same precautions that are used for solutions of t-BuOK (see Potassium tert-Butoxide). Avoid contact with the eyes, skin, and clothing. Conduct all reactions under a dry nitrogen or argon atmosphere. In the absence of air and moisture, solutions of the base in benzene or toluene may be stored in a refrigerator for up to 1 year without significant deterioration.2b However, for critical experiments it is recommended that the reagent be freshly prepared. Use in a fume hood.
Pharmacodynamic monitoring of canine T-cell cytokine responses to oral cyclosporine.

Background Pharmacodynamic assays measure the immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporine on T-cells and offer an alternative assessment of efficacy in individual patients. Objective To assess the immunosuppressive effects of high and low dosage cyclosporine on canine T-cells and to develop a novel testing system for individualized dose adjustment. Animals Seven healthy female Walker hounds. Methods Experimental study using a paired comparison design. Flow cytometry was used to measure T-cell expression of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ. Cytokine expression 8 days after oral administration of high and low dosages of cyclosporine was compared to baseline and washout values, respectively. The high dosage was initially 10 mg/kg q12h and was then adjusted to attain established immunosuppressive trough blood drug concentrations (>600 ng/mL). The low dosage was 5 mg/kg q24h. Results High dosage cyclosporine resulted in significant decreases in IL-2 and IFN-γ expression (P = .0156, P = .0156), but not IL-4 expression (P = .2188). Low dosage cyclosporine was associated with a significant decrease in IFN-γ expression (P = .0156), while IL-2 expression was not affected (P = .1094). Conclusions and Clinical Importance T-cell function is suppressed at trough blood drug concentrations exceeding 600 ng/mL, and is at least partially suppressed in some dogs at low dosages. Direct evaluation of T-cell function could be an effective, more sensitive alternative to measuring blood drug concentrations for monitoring immunosuppressive therapy.
Growth of highly (0001)-oriented aluminum nitride thin films with smooth surfaces on silicon carbide by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy☆

Abstract Aluminum nitride thin films with very smooth surfaces have been grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy on 4H and 6H silicon carbide substrates. High purity ammonia was used as the nitrogen source in conjunction with Al evaporated from an effusion cell. Streaked reflection high energy electron diffraction patterns and reconstructions of the AlN surfaces indicated smooth films. This surface character was confirmed via atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy which showed roughness root mean square values typically below 1 nm and very flat surfaces, respectively. X-ray diffraction showed the films to be highly c -axis oriented and single phase. Major impurities in the AlN films were oxygen and carbon, as revealed by secondary ion mass spectrometry.
The tectal commissure and interocular transfer of pattern discrimination in cichlid fish.

The left and right optic lobes of fish are interconnected by two fiber tracts, the tectal and posterior commissures. The following shows that in Astronotus ocellatus interocular transfer of a pattern discrimination may be blocked by prior section of the tectal commissure even though the posterior commissure remains intact. Since it has previously been reported that one can record the electrical activity of single fibers from the tectal commissure, further analysis of this comparatively simple system may lead towards a precise physiological description of how commissural cells code information involved in the side-to-side transfer of learning and memory.
KIDNEY FUNCTION IN VARIOUS THYROID STATES

Twenty-two patients were studied by means of discrete renal function analysis—7 with hyperthyroidism, 3 with hypothyroidism, and the remainder with other clinical states—before and after treatment with triiodothyroninc or thyroxine. Following definitive therapy of the hyperthyroid state, there was a greater depression in renal hemodynamic functions (GFR and RPF) than in renal tubular activity (TmPAH), probably due to reduction in cardiovascular dynamics. Following short-term treatment of the hypothyroid state with thyroxine or triiodothyronine, there was a greater increase in TmPAH than in GFR and RPF, suggesting that this is the primary effect of active thyroid agents on the kidney.
Technical Note-A Note on Cost Estimation and the Optimal Bidding Strategy

This note determines the optimal bid price for a firm bidding against several other firms for a contract, when each firm knows the expected value of its own cost and a probability distribution of the other firms' cost. The optimal bid price is calculated as a function of the firm's own expected cost, first for the case of two identical firms and then for several firms.
Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy as a Universal Method for Protein Detection with Low False Positives

Specific, quantitative and sensitive protein detection with minimal sample preparation is an enduring need in biology and medicine. Protein detection assays ideally provide quick, definitive measurements that use only small amounts of material. Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) has been proposed and developed as a protein detection assay for several years. Here, we combine several recent advances in FCCS apparatus and analysis to demonstrate it as an important method for sensitive, quantitative, information-rich protein detection with low false positives. The addition of alternating laser excitation (ALEX) to FCCS along with a method to exclude signals from occasional aggregates leads to a very low rate of false positives, allowing the detection and quantification of the concentrations of a wide variety of proteins. We detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) using an antibody-based sandwich assay, and quantitatively compare our results with calculations based on binding equilibrium equations. Furthermore, using our aggregate exclusion method, we detect smaller oligomers of the prion protein PrP by excluding bright signals from large aggregates.
Isotonic estimation of survival under a misattribution of cause of death.

Several authors have indicated that incorrectly classified cause of death for prostate cancer survivors may have played a role in the observed recent peak and decline of prostate cancer mortality. Motivated by the suggestion we studied a competing risks model where other cause of death may be misattributed as a death of interest. We first consider a naive approach using unconstrained nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation (NPMLE), and then present the constrained NPMLE where the survival function is forced to be monotonic. Surprising observations were made as we studied their small-sample and asymptotic properties in continuous and discrete situations. Contrary to the common belief that the non-monotonicity of a survival function NPMLE is a small-sample problem, the constrained NPMLE is asymptotically biased in the continuous setting. Other isotonic approaches, the supremum (SUP) method and the Pooled-Adjacent-Violators (PAV) algorithm, and the EM algorithm are also considered. We found that the EM algorithm is equivalent to the constrained NPMLE. Both SUP method and PAV algorithm deliver consistent and asymptotically unbiased estimator. All methods behave well asymptotically in the discrete time setting. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database are used to illustrate the proposed estimators.
Photoassisted MBE growth of II–VI films and superlattices

Abstract Photoassisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), in which the substrate is illuminated during film growth, is being employed in a new approach for controlled substitutional doping and structural improvement of II–VI compound semiconductors. The photoassisted MBE technique gives rise to dramatic changes in the electrical properties of as-grown epilayers. In particular, highly conducting n-type and p-type CdTe films have been grown on CdTe substrates using indium and antimony as n-type and p-type dopants, respectively. Double-crystal X-ray rocking curve data indicate that the doped epilayers are of high structural quality. We have also employed photo-assisted MBE to successfully prepare p-type and n-type modulation-doped HgCdTe films and superlattices on CdZnTe substrates. Most recently, we have extended the photoassisted MBE technique to successfuly grow ZnS films, along with ZnS/ZnSSe and ZnS/ZnCdS multi-quantum-well structures on GaP substrates. In this paper, we report details of the MBE growth experiments and describe the structural, optical, and electrical properties of the II–VI films and superlattices prepared by this technique.
Synthesis of O,S‐diethyl 2‐(bromomethyl‐13C)‐2‐methylthiomalonate, a model substrate for methylmalonyl‐co a mutase reactions

O,S-Diethyl methylthiomalonate was efficiently condensed with paraformaldehyde-13C in the presence of sodium methoxide to give 2-[13C]-hydroxymethylated product, which was converted to 2-[13C]-bromomethyl product by treatment with triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrabromide.
Studies on the site of action of oral contraceptive steroids. II. Plasma LH and FSH levels after administration of antifertility steroids and LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH)

The effects of ovulation-inhibiting steroids on plasma LH and FSH levels and the response to iv administration of LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) were investigated in rats. Plasma LH levels were measured by ovarian ascorbic acid depletion (OAAD) assay and by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Plasma FSH was also measured by RIA. Subcutaneous administration of large doses of megestrol acetate, lynestrenol, Schering AG compound SH 1040 and Ayerst compound AY 11440 or of small daily doses for 5 days of combinations of megestrol acetate with ethinyl estradiol (Ovex) and lynestrenol with mestranol (Lyndiol), significantly depressed plasma LH levels in ovariectomized rats. The same compounds in large doses also depressed serum FSH levels, but small doses of Lyndiol and Ovex did not do so. Large doses of Lyndiol, Ovex, Schering AG compound SH 1040 and a combination of AY 11440 with ethinyl estradiol did not suppress the stimulatory effect of minute amounts (0.11–0.16 μg) of LH-RH on LH release (3- to 10 fold increase). Simila...
Response functions of a degenerate electron gas: The memory-function kinetic equation approach

Abstract The quantum kinetic memory function is discussed in relation to the different k ω dependences of density and spin responses and to plasmon damping. A memory function, derived from the Hartree plus screened exchange approximation, reproduces the required k ω dependence.
Collaboration in comparative perspective

The concept of collaboration is simultaneously contested and multifaceted. Its current political and scholarly use has been largely determined by the events of the Second World War. The term has acquired a pejorative and/or polemical connotation signifying primarily the collaboration of native political forces with the Axis occupiers during the Second World War. In its most polemical dimension, the term has become synonymous with treason and the adoption of a Fascist or Nazi ideological position. Yet, from a conceptual perspective, this practice is highly restrictive. To begin with, it is hard to come up with a serious theoretical reason for excluding from the concept practices of collaboration with non-Axis forces, e.g. of German or Japanese elites with the Allied occupation forces following the Axis defeat in 1945. In fact, collaboration as a practice is ‘as old as war and the occupation of foreign territory’. The concept of ‘indirect rule’ so essential for understanding colonisation also requires the use of collaboration. To go even further, it is possible to observe that collaboration is an essential feature of both empire and also state-building processes. In spite of this conceptual minefield, convention forces us to use the term in a way compatible with current practices. Even within this restricted conceptual domain, however, collaboration can be analysed across several dimensions. One dimension refers to the political and legal modalities of collaboration. Did it follow a formal treaty or not? Where those who signed this treaty representative and legitimate political actors? A second dimension refers to the (non-mutually exclusive) policy areas in which collaboration was practised: was it political, military, or economic. A third distinguishes between the primarily political dimension of collaboration and its cultural and social underpinnings. Collaboration by political versus ethnic organisations is a related issue. A fourth dimension entails the study of underlying motivations and distinguishes by forced collaboration (or cooperation), survival-driven collaboration (or attentisme), and collaboration that is chosen given acceptable alternatives. This last category is further distinguished from ‘collaborationism’ used exclusively for a collaboration based on ideological identification as opposed to state collaboration based on the raison d’Etat. Additionally, it is also possible to disaggregate motivations and dynamics among elites and ordinary citizens. A key issue is understanding whether collaboration is superimposed on pre-existing political cleavages and whether it creates
Reliability Evaluation of Structural Ceramics Under Multiaxial Stress State

Strength and fatigue lifetime of structural ceramics under multiaxial stress state have been estimated and compared with experimental data. Biaxial strength tests were done by an anticlastic bending test method at room temperature. Biaxial fatigue tests were done by anticlastic bending and also ring-on-ring test method at 1200°C in air. Fracture probability and lifetime were predicted on the basis of a Weibull multiaxial distribution function and subcritical crack growth, using the results of stress analyses by the finite element method. Modified maximum hoop stress theory including an empirical parameter, T, was applied to the equivalent normal stress in the multiaxial distribution function. The empirical parameter T represents a shear stress sensitivity to mixed-mode fracture due to a grain interlocking effect. It has been confirmed that the predicted fracture probability and the fatigue lifetime agrees well with the experimental data if grain interlocking effects are taking into account.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Frontal lobe contribution to voluntary movements in humans.

Abstract We assessed the contribution of human prefrontal cortex to movement related potentials (MRPs) generated prior to voluntary movements. MRPs were recorded during self-paced movements of the right thumb (experimental condition I), the left thumb (experimental condition II) and both thumbs (experimental condition III) from patients with focal lesions centered in dorsolateral frontal association cortex (PFCx,n = 11) and in age matched controls (n = 11). Controls generated a slowly rising readiness potential (RP) beginning at about 1000 ms prior to movement. A negative shift (NS′) began at about 450 ms and a motor potential (MP) appeared at about 100 ms prior to movement. Both the NS′ and MP were maximal over scalp sites contralateral to movements. Unilateral PFCx lesions preferentially reduced the RP and NS′ components of the MRP. This indicates that PFCx is involved in a neural network beginning at least 1000 ms prior to movement. The differential PFCx effects on the early (RP, NS′) and late components (MP) suggest that these MRPs index different movement-related circuits.
Highly selective binding of diverse neutral donor/acceptor substrates by a C3 macrotricyclic receptor

Abstract The synthetic receptor 1 binds a variety of peptides and glycosides with high selectivity for functionality and stereochemistry. Depending upon peptide mainchain substitutents, either the C- or the N-terminus of a peptide may be directed into the binding pocket of 1 .
Mathematical Biology Education: Modeling Makes Meaning

This special issue of Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena on biomathematics education shares the work of fifteen groups at as many different institutions that have developed beautiful biological applications of mathematics that are different in three ways from much of what is currently available. First, many of these selections utilize current research in biomathematics rather than the well-known textbook examples that are at least a half-century old. Second, the selections focus on modules that are intended for instant classroom adoption, adaptation, and implementation. Instead of focusing on how to overcome the challenges of implementing mathematics into biology or biology into mathematics or on educational research on the effectiveness of some small implementation, the authors develop individual biological models sufficiently well such that they can be easily adopted and adapted for use in both mathematics and biology classrooms. A third difference in this collection is the substantive inclusion of discrete mathematics and innovative pedagogies. Because calculus-based models have received the majority of the biomathematics modeling attention until very recently, the focus on discrete models may seem surprising. The examples range from DNA nanostructures through viral capsids to neuronal processes and ecosystem problems. Furthermore, a taxonomy of quantitative reasoning and the role of modeling per se as a different practice are contextualized in contemporary biomathematics education.
Rapid clearance of Rh positive blood during experimental Rh immunisation.

Summary. When Rh negative male volunteers were given successive small injections of Rh positive blood, it was repeatedly found that rapid clearance of the cells took place in the absence of detectable antibody. It is thought likely that primary immunisation to the D (Rho) antigen had occurred in these cases and that a similar state occurs as a result of Rh positive pregnancies in Rh negative mothers. These findings have a relevance to the assessment of trials in which gammaglobulin anti-D is given to prevent Rh immunisation.
Empirical relation between angular momentum transport and thermal-to-magnetic pressure ratio in shearing box simulations

By combining data from different published 3D simulations of Keplerian shearing boxes unstable to the magneto-rotational instability (MRI), we highlight tight anti-correlations between the total effective inferred angular momentum transport parameter, αtot, its separate Maxwell and Reynolds contributions αmag and αkin, and the kinetic to magnetic pressure ratio β, defined with the initial or saturated (when available) thermal pressure. Plots of Log(αkin), Log(αmag), and Log(αtot) vs. Log(β) are well fit by straight lines even as αkin, αmag, and αtot vary by four orders of magnitude over the simulations included. The ratio αkin/αmag and the product αtotβ are quite constant and largely independent of the presence or absence of weak mean fields, the choice of initial and boundary conditions, and the resolution. In short, simulations have more strongly constrained the product αtotβ than αtot itself.
FB + -tree: Indexing based on key ranges

The present idea is a fast indexing technique that builds an indexing structure based on multi-level key ranges typically for large data storage systems. It is explained based on the B+-tree and designed to reside in main memory. Point searches and range searches are helped by early termination of searches for non-existent data. Range searches can be processed depth-first or breath-first. One group of multiple searches can be processed with one pass on the indexing structure to minimize total cost. Implementation options and strategies are explained to show the flexibility of this technology for easy adaption and high efficiency. This indexing structure can be tuned to speed up queries directed at popular ranges of index or index ranges of particular interest to the user.
An electrophoretic analysis of the protein components of human parotid saliva.

Abstract Fresh samples of parotid saliva from one subject were analyzed by complementary anionic and cationic polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis systems. Nineteen protein components were evidenced with Amido Black, whereas a total of 30 discrete components were revealed by the more sensitive dye, Coomassie Brilliant Blue. The polyacrylamide gel patterns were qualitatively reproducible and have been described by grouping bands into regions designated A or A′, B or B′, C and D. Regions A and A′ contain protein and neutral carbohydrate. Regions B and B′ contain all of the α-amylase activity of parotid saliva, in the form of four or more isoenzymes. The dominant B-band also possesses acidic carbohydrate material. Region C contains five acidic components one of which contains acidic carbohydrate. Five cationic components are consistently seen in Region D.
Biportal thoracoscopic sympathectomy: surgical techniques and clinical results for the treatment of hyperhidrosis.

Objective To describe a bilateral thoracoscopic sympathectomy procedure, using a biportal approach, for the treatment of severe hyperhidrosis. Methods Between May 1996 and September 2000, 103 consecutive patients underwent thoracoscopic sympathectomy procedures to treat bilateral hyperhidrosis (206 procedures). Operative results, complications, and patient satisfaction were determined by reviews of hospital and office charts and by follow-up assessments in the outpatient clinic. Long-term results were determined with clinical examinations, follow-up office visits, and follow-up questionnaires. Results Ninety-three patients presented with primary palmar hyperhidrosis, eight with primary axillary hyperhidrosis, and two with primary craniofacial hyperhidrosis. Rates of complete resolution in the primary area affected were 100% in palmar and craniofacial cases and 75% in axillary cases. The average length of hospitalization was 1.06 days, and 96 patients (93.2%) were discharged on or before the end of the first postoperative day. Of 59 patients (57.3%) who developed compensatory hyperhidrosis, only 11 patients (10.7%) reported that it was bothersome and none considered it disabling. All postoperative complications were transient; five patients experienced unilateral Horner's syndrome, three patients experienced intercostal neuralgia, and two patients required a chest tube after surgery because of a pneumothorax. Conclusion Thoracoscopic sympathectomy using a biportal approach effectively treats hyperhidrosis and is associated with short hospital stays, high patient satisfaction rates, and low rates of compensatory hyperhidrosis or other complications.
Protamine transcript sharing among postmeiotic spermatids.

Abstract Sharing of cytoplasmic constituents through intercellular bridges connecting postmeiotic spermatids can allow for functional equivalence of genetically nonequivalent spermatids. The technique of in situ hybridization was used to study postmeiotic distribution of transcripts from the mouse protamine 1 (Prm-1) gene among spermatids of mice with chromosomally unbalanced gametes. The Prm-1 gene is located on chromosome 16 and is expressed exclusively in haploid spermatids. Mice doubly heterozygous for two Robertsonian translocations involving chromosome 16 were used for the study of postmeiotic accumulation of transcripts of the Prm-1 gene in spermatogenic cells. The meiotic segregation pattern of chromosomal homologues in these mice produces some spermatids that are chromosomally unbalanced; some spermatids lack chromosome 16 while others have two. In situ hybridization with a cDNA probe for the Prm-1 gene transcript performed on both whole testis sections and spermatogenic cell suspensions showed that there was no statistical difference in distribution of grains over step-5 to step-10 spermatids from Robertsonian-translocation heterozygous mice and from control mice of normal karyotype. These results are consistent with sharing of transcripts of the Prm-1 gene among spermatids within a syncytium.
An Examination of Domestic Violence in an African American Community in North carolina: Causes and Consequences

Every 15 seconds, a woman is battered. Domestic violence is one of the most underestimated and underreported crimes in the United States today. It represents the single greatest cause of injury to women. Domestic violence is found across ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic classes. The most frequently studied topic is spouse abuse. The National Violence against Women Prevention Center (NVAA) has reported that about 1.8 million to 4 million women in the United States are physically abused by their partners annually (Wallace & Seymour, 1999). Women experienced a total estimation of 840,000 rapes, sexual assaults, robberies, aggravated assaults, and simple victimization at the hands of an intimate in 1996. Women were significantly more likely to be physically or sexually abused than men. Women of all races were about equally vulnerable to violence by an intimate partner. However, only about half of all incidents of intimate violence experienced by women are reported to the police (Wallace & Seymour, 1999). Roth (1997, p. 503) defined domestic violence as "any physical, emotional, psychological, and sexual abuse occurring between
Disability in patients with trapeziometacarpal joint arthrosis: incidental versus presenting diagnosis.

Purpose To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joint arthrosis–related symptoms and disability between patients seeking treatment for symptoms of TMC arthrosis and those with incidental TMC joint arthrosis. Methods We compared 64 patients presenting for care of TMC joint arthrosis with 64 with incidental TMC joint arthrosis. For both groups, the diagnosis was based on crepitation on examination. Bivariate and multivariate analyses assessed factors associated with symptoms and disability related to TMC joint arthrosis. Results In bivariate analysis, patients presenting for care of TMC joint arthrosis had significantly more symptoms and disability from TMC joint arthrosis than those with incidental TMC joint arthrosis. The best multivariate linear regression model for fewer TMC joint arthrosis–related symptoms and disability included patients with incidental TMC joint arthrosis, male sex, no other painful conditions, less catastrophic thinking, and fewer depressive symptoms and explained 74% of the variability. Having incidental TMC joint arthrosis (25%) and more adaptive coping strategies (less catastrophic thinking; 5%) were the most important contributors to fewer symptoms and less disability. Conclusions Future studies are merited to determine whether training in better coping strategies (eg, less catastrophic thinking and fewer depressive symptoms) can decrease symptoms and disability in patients with TMC joint arthrosis. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic III.
Relational Troubles and Semiofficial Suspicion: Educators and the Medicalization of "Unruly" Children

Using an interview-based analysis of the accounts of interactions between educators, parents, and clinicians, this study explores educators’ roles in interpreting childhood troubles as the medical phenomenon of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The analysis of interviews shows how children’s “personal” troubles become understood as “relational” ones, prompting increasingly sophisticated social responses. I argue that the institution of education, operating in a clinical capacity but lacking the legitimate authority to assign ADHD diagnoses, plays a hybridized, semiofficial role in the medicalization process. This assertion informs a critique of the “informal/official” dichotomy found in the sociology of deviance lexicon, and furthers previous positions in the sociology of mental health that have implicated school representatives in the social construction of behavior disorders. It is a matter of course that symbolic interactionist frameworks remain highly effective in illustrating how deviance is produced by the interplay between negotiated meanings and social organization. Such frameworks are especially useful for analyzing the social construction of behavior disorders. As discourses addressing behavior disorders surface in popular, academic, and clinical circles, it is imperative that sociological analyses continue to examine the connections among parties that contribute to the social construction of such phenomena. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (APA 1994:79‐85), 1 or ADHD, is a case in point. Increasingly discussed in sociological terms (Conrad 1975, 1976; Conrad and Potter 2000; Malacrida 2002, 2004; Rafalovich 2001b), the diagnosis of ADHD and its treatments have exploded in frequency since the early 1990s. With an estimated four million schoolchildren diagnosed with ADHD, three-fourths of whom take stimulant medications, clinicians argue that ADHD is the most prevalent behavioral problem in the schoolage population (Diller 1998). Because it is a behavior disorder that is associated
Cross-cultural aspects of bereavement. I: A conceptual framework for comparative analysis

This paper reviews some key conceptual questions in the study of cross-cultural aspects of bereavement. Six questions are reviewed in cross-cultural perspective: whether individuals in all societies share the same private experience and public expression of grief; whether the stages of grief occur in the same sequence and at the same rate in all cultures; the nature of the relationship between the individual's private grief and his public mourning; the reactions of children to death, and the reactions of adults to the death of children; the role of religious belief; and the possibility that an ethnic group can experience collective grief in response to uprooting.