cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of exposure time on the sorption of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates through microporous fabrics.

applications and handlers has been a topic of concern for over two decades. Research conducted by Maibach (1971) indicates that dermal sorption could account for up to 87% of the total sorption by the human body. AI though researcher s have proved that use of protective clotbing can reduce dermal exposure, there is stil 1 a need for clothing that provides comfort, protection, and can be satisfactorily laundered (Langhlin 1986). Most previous studies conducted on Goretex fabrics used fiel d strength pesticide solutions or emulsions (Branson et al. 1986, Easter 1983, Orlando et al. 1981) and some suggest that the above fabric type could provide adequate protection against a limited number of pesticides.
Approach to the Patient with Spinal Disease

A problem-oriented approach to the patient suspected of having spinal disease is presented. This approach has advantages over pattern recognition approaches and can be used to solve a case even if the examiner has never had experience with a particular disease. Pattern recognition skills require previous experience. The neurologic examination is reviewed. Knowledge of segmental spinal cord anatomy and how to interpret the results of the neurologic examination are essential for localization.
Fungal Proteases and Their Pathophysiological Effects

Proteolytic enzymes play an important role in fungal physiology and development. External digestion of protein substrates by secreted proteases is required for survival and growth of both saprophytic and pathogenic species. Extracellular serine, aspartic, and metalloproteases are considered virulence factors of many pathogenic species. New findings focus on novel membrane-associated proteases such as yapsins and ADAMs and their role in pathology. Proteases from fungi induce inflammatory responses by altering the permeability of epithelial barrier and by induction of proinflammatory cytokines through protease-activated receptors. Many fungal allergens possess proteolytic activity that appears to be essential in eliciting Th2 responses. Allergenic fungal proteases can act as adjuvants, potentiating responses to other allergens. Proteolytic enzymes from fungi contribute to inflammation through interactions with the kinin system as well as the coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades. Their effect on the host protease–antiprotease balance results from activation of endogenous proteases and degradation of protease inhibitors. Recent studies of the role of fungi in human health point to the growing importance of proteases not only as pathogenic agents in fungal infections but also in asthma, allergy, and damp building related illnesses. Proteolytic enzymes from fungi are widely used in biotechnology, mainly in food, leather, and detergent industries, in ecological bioremediation processes and to produce therapeutic peptides. The involvement of fungal proteases in diverse pathological mechanisms makes them potential targets of therapeutic intervention and candidates for biomarkers of disease and exposure.
Archaeology Augments Tibet's Genetic History

T. S. Simonson et al. (“Genetic evidence for high-altitude adaptation in Tibet,” Reports, 2 July, p. [72][1]) and especially X. Yi et al. (“Sequencing of 50 human exomes reveals adaptation to high altitude,” Reports, 2 July, p. [75][2]) estimate that the genetic divergence of Tibetan
South American tree rings show declining δ13C trend

A composite, 290-year tree-ring δ 13 C chronology was developed from a site in Chile where 5 Fitroya cupressoides (alerce) trees were sampled, 2 increment cores per tree, and the holocellulose component was analyzed in 5-year ring groups. This chronology shows a decreasing δ 13 C trend of approximately 1.2‰, primarily since the turn of this century. This δ 13 C decline is similar to that of major tree-ring studies in the Northern Hemisphere, but it is the only major Southern Hemisphere study which clearly exhibits such a δ 13 C trend. This is the first evidence for any interhemispheric reproducibility of tree-ring δ 13 C chronologies, and furthermore, the Fitzroya δ 13 C trend conforms well to that of δ 13 C of atmospheric CO2 determined from ice cores and direct measurements. This correspondence suggests the alerce δ 13 C trend has not been substantially influenced by systematic changes in environmental factors such light, relative humidity and soil moisture or by changing atmospheric CO2 concentration, all of which are, in theory, capable of altering Ci/Ca ratios and obscuring the atmospheric δ 13 C record contained in the tree rings. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1994.t01-1-00007.x
Effect of Synthetic Pheromone on Parasitization of Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Tobacco

Parasitization levels of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens ' (F.), were monitored in tobacco fields treated throughout the growing season with either conventional insecticides or a combination of insecticide and a formulation containing four components of the H. virescens sex pheromone. The pheromonal blend bad no adverse effect on parasitization of H. virescens larvae in preharvest tobacco or subsequent populations on postharvest tobacco and weed bosts. Cardiochiles nigriceps (Viereck) was the predominant parasite species reared from H. virescens larvae collected throughout the season from both tobacco and Florida beggarweed, Desmodium tortuosum (Swartz) de Candolle. Substantial numbers of Pristomerus spinator (F.) occurred in early season tobacco, whereas parasitism by Archytas marmoratus (Townsend) and Netalia sayi (Cushman) was greatest on postharvest tobacco and D. tortuosum . The pheromone treatments had no apparent adverse effect on any of the parasite species.
Computer design evaluation using programming language primitives

One aspect of the evaluation of computer design is the appropriateness of the instruction set for the primitives needed by high level programming languages. We present a set of primitives and a recipe for evaluation with respect to them.
THE INTERACTIONS OF THIOLS WITH OLEFINS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON AUTOXIDATION DURING JFTOT TESTING

ABSTRACT Previous research has shown that low concentrations of thiols will act as radical traps to inhibit autoxidation. When added to a fuel, thiols accelerated the rate of oxygen reaction without a commensurate increase in peroxidation. Evidence for the oxidative addition of thiols to olefins has been found to occur by studying the addition of thiophenol to indene in a model fuel during stressing in the JFTOT apparatus. Two different thiol-indene adducts were found in the effluent, with the product distribution being temperature dependent. This process could account, in part, for the differences in thiol influences on autoxidation observed in model systems and in fuels.
Computationally efficient operational rate-distortion optimal SNR scalable codec

We present a new scalable video codec which features a computationally efficient decoder as well as an operational rate-distortion optimal encoder. The SNR scalability is accomplished by splitting the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients of the Displaced Frame Difference (DFD) into groups that correspond to the scalable layers. Our Operational Rate-Distortion optimal scalable codec partitions the DCT coefficients of the DFD (or the intensity for intra blocks) into a base layer and one or more enhancement layers. The base layer is constructed by subtracting a value from each quantized DCT coefficient. The subtracted values are then sent as enhancement. If more than two scalable layers are required, the values subtracted for the creation of the base layer are further broken into other values. The partitioning of the DCT coefficients into layers is accomplished by formulating a constrained optimization problem which is then solved using lagrangian optimization. A Dynamic Programming (DP) solution is proposed in order to minimize the Lagrangian cost in a computationally efficient manner. We introduce a new method for finding the required Lagrangian multiplier λ which will meet our target bitrate. The method further reduces the computational complexity of the encoder by minimizing the need for an iterative calculation of the Lagrangian multiplier. Our experimental results show that the proposed codec typically outperforms H.263+ SNR scalability in terms of PSNR while exhibiting a low-complexity decoder. Due to the use of Dynamic Programming and a new method for the estimation of λ, the computational complexity of the operational rate-distortion optimal encoder is competitive with H.263+.
Structural design of the femoral neck in primates

This study investigates the structural design of the femoral neck with respect to phylogeny, locomotor behavior, and body size in a large comparative sample of primates. Since a bone's strength is determined by the amount and arrangement of its constituent material, the amount and distribution of bone in the femoral neck are the focus of the present study. Two types of data were collected. First, the total distribution of bone across the femoral neck (perpendicular to the femoral neck axis) was examined using image analysis techniques. The distribution of both cortical and trabecular bone are included in this analysis. Secondly, the external dimensions of the femoral neck and the thickness of the superior and inferior cortices, measured from radiographs, were used to calculate femoral neck cross-sectional properties (cortical area and second moment of area). These data were input into a simplified cantilevered beam model that incorporates femoral neck-shaft angle and femoral neck length and is used to predict stress under one unit body mass of loading on the femoral head. The patterns of bone distribution in the femoral neck between taxa are broadly similar for the analysis that includes both trabecular and cortical bone and that which includes only cortical bone. In all cases, there tends to be more bone on the inferior aspect of the femoral neck compared to the superior aspect. However, the non-human hominoids and New World monkeys (e.g., Ateles and Alouatta) have a more even distribution of bone across the femoral neck and have thicker superior cortices relative to inferior cortices compared to the rest of the comparative sample, including humans. It is proposed that the more equal distributional pattern in the non-human hominoids and atelines reflects less stereotypical, more generalized loading orientations. Differences between species in overall strength of the femoral neck are a function of both body size and locomotor mode.
Angiotensin II in the treatment of shock

Abstract Fifteen patients with nonhemorrhagic shock were treated with angiotensin: 7 had good pressor response. In 11 of the 15 patients shock was due to cardiac factors. Thirteen patients received alternate therapy with levarterenol. Angiotensin and levarterenol were equally effective in combating hypotension. There were no significant side effects from angiotensin.
Social and psychological influences on HIV preventive behaviors of youth in Haiti.

Abstract Purpose To examine HIV/AIDS prevention-related sexual behaviors and identify potential predictors of those behaviors among youth living in Haiti. Methods Data were gathered from a cross-sectional survey conducted with 845 youth, aged 15–19 years, attending 12 primary and/or secondary schools. A subsample of the 491 students who were sexually active comprised the study sample. Data were collected using a theory-based, self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression using SPSS for Windows. Results Only 18% of sexually active adolescents reported always or sometimes using condoms and 27% reported having used a condom the last time they had sex. Over 40% (43%) had had three or more lifetime sex partners. Findings from the multivariate logistic regression analyses indicate that consistent condom use, condom use at last sexual intercourse, and fewer lifetime sexual partners were significantly associated with high levels of self-efficacy to communicate about HIV/AIDS or use a condom. Significant negative associations were found among consistent condom use, condom use at last sex, and high barriers to condom use. Fewer lifetime sexual partners was significantly associated with high peer preventive norms and low traditional gender norms. Conclusion These findings emphasize the importance of providing HIV prevention programs for young people in the study communities which enhance effective sexual communication and negotiation skills, target prevention-oriented social norms, and address how to overcome barriers to condom use.
Photoelectron spectroscopic study of the high Tc superconducting material YBa2Cu3O7

Abstract The surface properties of the superconducting material YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A clean sample surface was obtained by in situ mechanical cleaning with a surface brushing and grinding device. Changes in the core level and valence-band photoelectron spectra have been used to examine surface composition, chemical states and segregation of the sample when heated in vacuum and oxygen, and when reacted with water vapor. In addition, the effects of plasma treatment on the surface were investigated.
Recent trends in the operative experience of junior pediatric surgical attendings: a study of APSA applicant case logs

Abstract Purpose Pediatric surgical education and workforce have changed significantly in the past decade. To document trends in the operative experiences of junior pediatric surgeons, we examined case logs submitted by applicants for membership to APSA. Methods Case logs for 164 APSA membership applicants from 2006 to 2013 were reviewed. Total case volume, categories, and specific operations were analyzed. Negative binomial regression assessed for significant associations between the number of cases and the application year, presence of a pediatric surgery training program, region of the country, and years since fellowship completion. Results Overall case numbers decreased initially after 2006/2007, but have remained stable since. Decreasing trends were seen in a number of specific cases/categories. The number of newborn cases did not change. Significant variations in operative experience were identified depending upon region, presence of a pediatric surgery training program, and years since fellowship completion. Median reported value for several important cases was ≤4 per year, and for some was zero. Conclusion These data describing the experience of young pediatric surgeons supplement recent observations regarding pediatric surgery fellows and general surgery residents. The limited exposure of surgeons to particularly rare conditions appears to be an unresolved problem. This information will be useful in developing future workforce proposals.
Working memory and social functioning in children.

Abstract This study extends previous research and examines whether working memory (WM) is associated with multiple measures of concurrent social functioning (peer rejection, overall social competence, relational aggression, physical aggression, and conflict resolutions skills) in typically developing fourth- and fifth-grade children (N = 116). Poor central executive WM was associated with both broad social impairments (peer rejection and poor overall social competence) and specific social impairments (physical aggression, relational aggression, and impaired conflict resolution skills); poor verbal storage was associated only with greater peer rejection, and spatial storage was not associated with any measures of social impairment. Analyses also examined whether specific impairments in aggressive behavior and conflict resolution skills mediated the association between central executive and broad measures of social functioning. Greater physical aggression and impaired conflict resolution skills were both significant mediators; relational aggression was not. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.
Nucleotide sequence of the tick-borne, orthomyxo-like Dhori/Indian/1313/61 virus envelope gene

The complete nucleotide sequence of the fourth largest segment of single-stranded RNA of the tick-borne, orthomyxo-like Dhori/Indian/1313/61 virus was determined by using cloned cDNA derived from infected cell mRNA. The fourth RNA contains 1586 nucleotides and can code for a protein of 521 amino acids with a molecular weight of 58,675 Da. The predicted polypeptide possesses an amino-terminal hydrophobic region that may function as a signal sequence to initiate translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and a carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic region that could serve as a stop transfer sequence for anchoring this protein in the membrane. The envelope protein of Dhori virus does not display significant amino acid sequence homology with any of the envelope proteins (hemagglutinin or neuraminidase) of the influenza virus family members (or any other virus group) suggesting that the Dhori envelope protein is unique and may at least in part account for its divergent biological properties with other orthomyxoviruses.
On the Stability of a Moist Atmosphere in the Presence of a Background Wind

Abstract Sufficient conditions for the stability of a moist atmosphere, with possible condensation occurring, in the presence of a background wind are given. The atmosphere is assumed saturated at all heights, and only frequencies below the audible range are considered. It is shown that the effect of condensation is essentially that of reducing the Brunt-Vaisala frequency and hence of decreasing the stability of the system.
The Trading Cards Program: An Evaluation of Use of High School Role Models for Drug Abuse Prevention.

Abstract Use of role models in drug education programs is increasing despite limited data regarding their efficacy. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Trading Cards (TC) Program to positively influence perceptions about the use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. The TC Program used drug-free high school students to model behaviors and social competencies for elementary students through ongoing relationships facilitated by the program. The study population (N = 1,067) completed a measure of perceptions about alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. A Chi square analysis compared experimental and control group responses. The experimental group had more positive perceptions regarding the nonuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs when compared to the control group. Elementary students exposed to the TC Program had more interaction with high school students that focused on nonuse and alternatives to alcohol, tobacco, or other drug use than did students not exposed to the TC Program. Implications f...
MRP-227/228 component inspections supporting nuclear power plant license renewal

Abstract As the world’s nuclear reactor fleet continues to age, the importance of verifying the structural integrity of critical reactor components and systems has continued to increase. Some critical components are the reactor internals found in close proximity to the nuclear fuel rods which are exposed not only to high stresses and temperatures, but also to high radiation and neutron fluxes. The Materials Reliability Program (MRP-227/228) has provided guidance indicating which components are of the highest importance and susceptibility to the aging mechanisms found in nuclear reactors. These components must be either inspected or replaced in order for plants to be granted license renewals to continue commercial operations. Several inspection methods are presented that were successfully demonstrated and comply with these new guidelines to meet the requirements for license renewal.
Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer

The normal development and maintenance of the prostate is dependent on androgen acting through the androgen receptor (AR). AR remains important in the development and progression of prostate cancer. AR expression is maintained throughout prostate cancer progression, and the majority of androgen-independent or hormone refractory prostate cancers express AR. Mutation of AR, especially mutations that result in a relaxation of AR ligand specificity, may contribute to the progression of prostate cancer and the failure of endocrine therapy by allowing AR transcriptional activation in response to antiandrogens or other endogenous hormones. Similarly, alterations in the relative expression of AR coregulators have been found to occur with prostate cancer progression and may contribute to differences in AR ligand specificity or transcriptional activity. Prostate cancer progression is also associated with increased growth factor production and an altered response to growth factors by prostate cancer cells. The kinase signal transduction cascades initiated by mitogenic growth factors modulate the transcriptional activity of AR and the interaction between AR and AR coactivators. The inhibition of AR activity through mechanisms in addition to androgen ablation, such as modulation of signal transduction pathways, may delay prostate cancer progression.
Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition attenuates conditioned reinstatement of ethanol-seeking, but not the primary reinforcing effects of ethanol.

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) signaling has been implicated in regulating aspects of the reinforcing and addictive actions of cocaine. These experiments were designed to examine whether NO-dependent neurotransmission also participates in mediating the addictive actions of another drug of abuse, ethanol, with emphasis on both the primary reinforcing effects of ethanol and the incentive motivational effects of ethanol-related contextual stimuli. Methods: Male Wistar rats were operantly trained to orally self-administer 10% (w/v) ethanol in daily 30-min sessions and to associate distinct discriminative stimuli with the availability of ethanol (S+) versus nonreward (S−). Rats were treated with the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; 0, 10, or 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally) 30 min before self-administration tests that were conducted after establishment of stable levels of daily ethanol intake and conditioned reinstatement tests that were performed after extinction of ethanol-maintained operant responding. Results: l-NAME did not alter the primary reinforcing effects of ethanol in self-administration tests. In contrast, l-NAME dose-dependently attenuated the recovery of extinguished responding induced by the ethanol S+ in the absence of ethanol availability during reinstatement tests. Conclusions: These results suggest that the NO system does not play a role in behavior reinforced directly by ethanol. However, the results implicate NO-dependent neurotransmission in alcohol-seeking responses elicited by drug-related contextual stimuli.
Stable concentrated emulsions as precursors for hydrophilic-hydrophobic polymer composites

Abstract A new method to prepare polymer composites based on concentrated emulsions was developed in this laboratory. The composite is synthesized starting from a concentrated emulsion of a hydrophobic phase, containing a hydrophobic monomer, dispersed in a continuous hydrophilic phase, containing a hydrophilic monomer. Of course, inverted dispersions in which the hydrophilic phase is dispersed in a hydrophobic phase are also possible. The concentrated emulsions have the same appearance and behaviour as a gel; the volume fraction of their dispersed phase is very large (it can be as large as 0.99). Not all pairs of monomers can lead to concentrated emulsions. In addition, concentrated emulsions prepared and stable at room temperature may not remain stable at the polymerization temperature of 50°C. The present paper contains a large number of experiments whose goal is to identify the conditions under which a coupling between two monomers can lead to hydrophilic-hydrophobic or hydrophobic-hydrophilic composites. The nature of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers (particularly their polarity), the pH and the ionic strength are found to be important factors in the formation at room temperature and stability at 50°C of the concentrated emulsions. It is found that the instability at 50°C of the concentrated emulsions (expressed as weight per cent of bulk phases separated from the emulsion after heating for a certain time) can be correlated with the interfacial tension at 25°C between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic phases free of surfactant. The larger this interfacial tension, the higher the stability of the concentrated emulsion. Hence, the lower the polarity of the hydrophobic monomer and the higher the polarity of the hydrophilic monomer, the more stable the emulsion. The film-forming capability of the surfactant is also important. Improved mechanical strength of the interfacial film is achieved using blends of non-ionic surfactants or mixtures of ionic surfactants and long-chain alcohols as dispersants. Increased stability is exhibited by adding methyl cellulose in the aqueous continuous phase when hydrophobic monomers with higher polarity are employed in the dispersed phase. High temperatures and higher volume fractions of the dispersed phase decrease the stability of the emulsion. Several hydrophilic-hydrophobic polymer composites have been prepared on the basis of the above observations.
Developing and implementing a surgical response and physician triage team.

Abstract Trauma care during a disaster may require unusual or unique approaches. The Medical College of Pennsylvania Hospital has developed a physician field response team designed to respond to mass casualty incidents. The team has been mobilized on multiple occasions and its approach refined with each experience. The process of developing a team is presented along with "lessons learned" during the 15 years the team has been in use.
Self-control and depression: A reply to Deutsch

Deutsch's evaluation of self-control research and of models of self-control is unduly pessimistic. Some points of clarification are offered as to the relationship between elements in the model as they bear on depression. Similarities are evident in our concerns for future research.
Electrical and optical characteristics of green light-emitting diodes grown on bulk GaN substrates

ABSTRACT InGaN-based LEDs suffer from a significant drop in quantum efficiency (QE) under high-current operation. We studied the Electroluminescence (EL) of InGaN-based multiple-quant um-well green LEDs on both Sapphire and free standing Bulk GaN, in an attempt to shed light on the underlying mechanism for the efficiency droop problem. The density of microstructural defects in the LED on GaN was substantially reduced, leading to a significant reduction in defect-assisted tunneling currents and an improved injection efficiency under low bias. The LED on GaN outperformed the LED on sapphire at low injection current s and exhibited a ~65% peak internal quantum efficiency. However, it suffered from even more dramatic efficiency roll-off whic h occurs at a current density as low as 0.3 A/cm 2 . The EQE roll-off is mitigated when the LEDs were tested at elevated temperat ures. These results are explained as the combined result of efficient current injection and significant carrier overflow in a high-quality LED. Keywords: Quantum efficiency, localization effects, dislocation density, carrier overflow
Tile Lazor Code: Temperature Transients In Coated-Uncoated Cooled And Uncooled Laser Optics

Lazar 'Lnc. has recently put on the market a new set of desk top Codes suitable for the Macintosh Plusnt that will allow the optical designer, systems analyst, or anyone that may be interested in the temperature transient when a reflective optical element is subjected to either continuous wave or repetitive pulsed laser radiation.
Flow birefringence of T7 phage DNA: dependence on salt concentration.

We have determined extinction angles and flow birefringence of T7 bacteriophage DNA over a wide range of shear, polymer concentration, and solvent ionic strength. From these data, information on the simple salt dependence of coil permeability to solvent and on short-range intrachain interactions (persistence length) was obtained. At all ionic strengths, our results are consistent with a partially draining coil in the Gaussian subchain dynamical theory of Rouse-Zimm-Tschoegl-Bloomfield. Salt dependence of persistence length is comparable to, although somewhat less than, that obtained previously using similar methods with a fivefold higher-molecular-weight DNA (T2 bacteriophage DNA). Possible reasons for observed discrepancies are analyzed, and the results of this work are compared in detail to other current studies of solvent ionic strength dependence in persistence length and hydrodynamic properties of DNA.
Glucocorticoid Receptor Confers Resistance to Antiandrogens by Bypassing Androgen Receptor Blockade

The treatment of advanced prostate cancer has been transformed by novel antiandrogen therapies such as enzalutamide. Here, we identify induction of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression as a common feature of drug-resistant tumors in a credentialed preclinical model, a finding also confirmed in patient samples. GR substituted for the androgen receptor (AR) to activate a similar but distinguishable set of target genes and was necessary for maintenance of the resistant phenotype. The GR agonist dexamethasone was sufficient to confer enzalutamide resistance, whereas a GR antagonist restored sensitivity. Acute AR inhibition resulted in GR upregulation in a subset of prostate cancer cells due to relief of AR-mediated feedback repression of GR expression. These findings establish a mechanism of escape from AR blockade through expansion of cells primed to drive AR target genes via an alternative nuclear receptor upon drug exposure.
Localization of γ-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase mRNA Expression in Mouse Brain Following Methylmercury Treatment Using Reverse Transcriptionin SituPCR Amplification

Abstract In previous studies we reported that prolonged treatment of rats with subtoxic levels of mercury as methymercury hydroxide (MMH) elicited a two- to three-fold increase in renal glutathione (GSH) content and a three- to fourfold increase in the mRNA encoding the catalytically active heavy subunit of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis. Since methylmercury is a potent neurotoxicant, we investigated the effect of methylmercury treatment on GSH synthesis and the distribution of GCS mRNA expression in the brain. Male C57B1/6 mice were treated for 3 consecutive days with MMH (3 mg/kg/day, ip). GSH levels in whole brains were increased by twofold 24 hr following the first injection and remained elevated two to three times control levels after two subsequent MMH treatments. Concomitantly, whole brain GCS mRNA levels were increased 2.7-fold 24 hr after the third MMH treatment. Reverse transcription in situ PCR amplification of GCS heavy subunit mRNA in brain slices taken from MMH-treated mice showed that GCS expression was selectively localized to the cerebellum and hippocampal regions and, within these regions, to areas which are known to resist methylmercury toxicity. In contrast, no GCS mRNA expression was found in brain regions which are known to be highly susceptible to mercury toxicity. These findings suggest that resistance to methylmercury toxicity in the brain may reflect the ability of specific neuronal cell types to up-regulate GSH synthesis as a protective response to mercury-mediated cell damage.
Where the Rubber Meets the Road: The Role of Collegiality and Normative Science in Our Profession.

debt, in association with Public Agenda, began with a grant application for funding to participate. After being awarded funding, as the sole political scientist, I was selected with approval by the administration to attend the September 11 to 13, 2008, opening conference in Washington, DC. Flying into Washington, DC, on September 11 surely was a sign of commitment. At the conference, participants were schooled on the initiative by George Mehaffy of the American Democracy Project, Andrew Yarrow of Public Agenda, the Concord Coalition's Diane Rogers, and Stuart Butler from the Heritage Foundation. As a political scientist, I was well-aware of much of what was presented, but to hear differing perspectives and review the data and presentation materials was an excellent experience. Because skepticism is at the heart of science, I was careful to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the data. The reliance on extrapolation, which of course is necessary for prediction, was an obvious issue. Moreover, the importance of sifting through the economic ideological viewpoints and their corresponding assumptions remained relevant. As the America's Future Initiative is a normative venture, I perceived it to be necessary to make sure that professionalism and academic integrity did not take a backseat to ideological motivations, no matter how well-meaning. Yet, national debt is an issue as old as the United States and even older, as far back as the Stamp Act of 1763. We witnessed the ballooning of debt in the 1980s; the reining in of the deficit by the end of the 1990s1; and the return of deficit spending in the 2000s as a result of a return to the policies of the 1980s, the bursting dot-com bubble, and September 11, among other issues. Although ideological perspectives vary, the deficit issue is one for which there is a great deal of consensus. Remedies may differ, but any budget that relies on spending more than is being collected is destined to face some sort of reckoning in the long haul. Needless to say, this issue must be taken seriously, and efforts to expand understanding of the problems, challenges, and opportunities before us should be applauded. Because the Initiative sought to meet these ends, I was on board. Our last session on September 13 was an exploration of what we could do back on our individual campuses. I left Washington with ideas percolating in my head and a range of resources at my disposal. Within two to three weeks, the bottom of the economy fell out as the banking industry collapsed. The bailouts were bad enough, but when banking structures topple, so does the economy (in this case, the U.S. and world economies). The game had changed. Although I would argue that Keynesianism never left us, few would doubt that pump-priming through government intervention was back in force. This situation, of course, meant deficit spending. In the long run, however, especially when considering entitlements and military expenditures, the issue of national debt remained. Accordingly, I soldiered on with the Initiative.
Invasive Neurostimulation in Stroke Rehabilitation

The last decade has seen a growing interest in adjuvant treatments that synergistically influence mechanisms underlying rehabilitation of paretic upper limb in stroke. One such approach is invasive neurostimulation of spared cortices at the periphery of a lesion. Studies in animals have shown that during training of paretic limb, adjuvant stimulation targeting the peri-infarct circuitry enhances mechanisms of its reorganization, generating functional advantage. Success of early animal studies and clinical reports, however, failed to translate to a phase III clinical trial. As lesions in humans are diffuse, unlike many animal models, peri-infarct circuitry may not be a feasible, or consistent target across most. Instead, alternate mechanisms, such as changing transcallosal inhibition between hemispheres, or reorganization of other viable regions in motor control, may hold greater potential. Here, we review comprehensive mechanisms of clinical recovery and factors that govern which mechanism(s) become operative when. We suggest novel approaches that take into account a patient’s initial clinical–functional state, and findings from neuroimaging and neurophysiology to guide to their most suitable mechanism for ideal targeting. Further, we suggest new localization schemes, and bypass strategies that indirectly target peri-lesional circuitry, and methods that serve to counter technical and theoretical challenge in identifying and stimulating such targets at the periphery of infarcts in humans. Last, we describe how stimulation may modulate mechanisms differentially across varying phases of recovery- a temporal effect that may explain missed advantage in clinical trials and help plan for the next stage. With information presented here, future trials would effectively be able to target patient’s specific mechanism(s) with invasive (or noninvasive) neurostimulation for the greatest, most consistent benefit.
10-GHz power performance of a type II InP/GaAsSb DHBT

Type-II InP/GaAsSb double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) were fabricated and microwave power performance was measured. For an InP collector thickness of 150 nm, the DHBTs show a current gain of 24, low offset voltages, and a BV/sub CEO/>6V. The 1.2/spl times/16 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ devices show f/sub T/=205GHz and f/sub MAX/=106GHz at J/sub C/=304 kA/cm/sup 2/. These devices delivered 12.6 dBm to the load at P/sub AVS/=3.3 dBm operating at 10 GHz, yielding a power-added efficiency of 41% and G/sub T/=9.3 dB.
Effect of actinomycin D on the estrogen response in uteri of adrenalectomized rats.

The response of uterine tissue from mature and immature adrenalectomized rats was studied both in vitro and in vivo following treatment in vivo with estradiol, actinomycin D, or both. In agreement with previous studies of rats with intact adrenals, levels of actinomycin D which inhibited RNA synthesis in vivo largely prevented the early hormone response. There was, however, a fraction of the response which was insensitive to the action of actinomycin D. This may point to an extragenomic site of estrogen action. While the precise site remains elusive, it is concluded that the early action of the hormone results in the accelerated expression of many genes. (Endocrinology 79: 1162, 1966)
Dietary γ-Linolenic Acid Suppresses Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Modifies Atherosclerotic Lesions in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antiatherogenic effects of dietary gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) (primrose oil) in apolipoprotein E (apoE) genetic knockout mice. Five-wk-old male mice were fed cholesterol-free diets containing 10 g/100 g lipid as corn oil (CO) [control diet, 0 mol/100 mol GLA and (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)], primrose oil (PO, 10 mol/100 mol GLA), fish oil-CO mix [FC; 9:1 wt/wt, 0 mol/100 mol GLA and 17 mol/100 mol (n-3) PUFA] or fish oil-PO mix [FP, 1:3 wt/wt, 8 mol/100 mol GLA and 5 mol/100 mol (n-3) PUFA] for 15 wk. Subsequently, diets were supplemented with cholesterol (1.25 g/100 g) and sodium cholate (0.5 g/100 g) and fed for an additional 10 and 16 wk. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels generally did not differ among groups at 20, 30 and 36 wk of age. Mice fed GLA-containing diets (PO and FP) had significantly (P < 0.05) higher liver phospholipid levels of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, the elongated product of GLA, relative to CO and FC groups. Consumption of GLA (PO and FP diets) significantly reduced (P < 0.05) aortic vessel wall medial layer thickness at 20 and 30 wk. A parallel GLA-dependent suppression in the number of proliferating (proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive) aortic smooth muscle cells was also observed. Diets containing either GLA or (n-3) PUFA reduced (P < 0.05) atherosclerotic lesion size in 30-wk-old mice. These results indicate that dietary GLA can suppress smooth muscle cell proliferation in vivo and retard the development of diet-induced atherosclerosis in apoE knockout mice.
Effects of self-pollination and outcrossing with cultivated plants in small natural populations of American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius (Araliaceae)

For rare plants, self-pollination and inbreeding can increase in small populations, while unusual levels of outcrossing can occur through restoration efforts. To study both inbreeding and outcrossing, we performed experimental pollinations using Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), a wild-harvested plant with a mixed mating system. For inbreeding, plants were either crosspollinated within the population or self-pollinated, which resulted in a higher proportion of seeds from self-pollinated flowers. For outcrossing, wild plants were either cross-pollinated within the population or with cultivated plants from West Virginia or Wisconsin. Offspring of all crosses were followed for 4 yr. Two-yr-old seedlings from self-pollination had 45% smaller leaf areas and 33% smaller heights relative to those from cross-pollination. Leaf area is a positive predictor of longer-term survival in wild populations. Our results suggest inbreeding depression, which is unexpected in this self-fertile species. Seedlings from crosses with cultivated plants had 127% greater leaf area and 165% greater root biomass relative to outcrosses within the population. The accelerated growth suggests genetic differences between wild and cultivated populations, but outbreeding depression may not appear until later generations. Assessment of the ultimate fitness consequences of introducing cultivated genotypes requires monitoring over longer time periods.
Diacetyl as a Flavor Component in Full Fat Cottage Cheese

Diacetyl was detected at about 0.2 ppm using a two alternative forced choice procedure. Consumer acceptance for cottage cheese showed a small effect of added diacetyl, peaking at 1.0 ppm for aroma acceptance and flavor acceptance. Patterns of acceptance across diacetyl levels were similar for both frequent and infrequent consumers. Consumer acceptance tests conducted in a campus-based sensory testing facility gave similar results to tests conducted in a shopping mall, although the mall data were more variable.
Empirical Investigation of the Cognitive Factors that Influence the Continued Use of Smartphones by College Students Who are Using Smartphones to Participate in the Future Global Distributed Teams

Understanding the factors that influence the continuance in usage of smartphones in globally distributed teams is extremely helpful because most organizations are encouraging employees to use smartphones or bring your own device for self-advancement, job promotion, job security, performance, effectiveness, productivity, and service quality. To date, to the best of our knowledge, there are no published studies that have investigated the influence of cognitive trust and familiarity on smartphone continuance usage. The lack of knowledge relating to factors that influence smartphone continuance usage at the individual level that has the potential to enhance globally distributed teams motivated us to fill the gap in the literature, and to develop our model from the Visual Perception Theories. Our model indicates that both familiarity with a smartphone and cognitive trust in the integrity of a smartphone have a positive and significant effect on smartphone continuance usage. Also, both accessibility of smartphone and smartphone satisfaction have a positive and significant effect on cognitive trust in the integrity of a smartphone. These findings contribute to the Visual Perception Theories literature.
Cell Surface Attachment Structures Contribute to Biofilm Formation and Xylem Colonization by Erwinia amylovora

ABSTRACT Biofilm formation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Erwinia amylovora and the systemic invasion of plant hosts. The functional role of the exopolysaccharides amylovoran and levan in pathogenesis and biofilm formation has been evaluated. However, the role of biofilm formation, independent of exopolysaccharide production, in pathogenesis and movement within plants has not been studied previously. Evaluation of the role of attachment in E. amylovora biofilm formation and virulence was examined through the analysis of deletion mutants lacking genes encoding structures postulated to function in attachment to surfaces or in cellular aggregation. The genes and gene clusters studied were selected based on in silico analyses. Microscopic analyses and quantitative assays demonstrated that attachment structures such as fimbriae and pili are involved in the attachment of E. amylovora to surfaces and are necessary for the production of mature biofilms. A time course assay indicated that type I fimbriae function earlier in attachment, while type IV pilus structures appear to function later in attachment. Our results indicate that multiple attachment structures are needed for mature biofilm formation and full virulence and that biofilm formation facilitates entry and is necessary for the buildup of large populations of E. amylovora cells in xylem tissue.
Contestation and the local trajectories of neoliberal urban governance in Chicago’s Bronzeville and Pilsen

Neoliberal urban governances are now widely recognised as contingently manifest and constantly evolving social and institutional formations. Yet, there remains comparatively little empirical work on the place-specific complexities of urban neoliberalisation, and as variegated formations within the same city. Drawing on Chicago�s Bronzeville and Pilsen neighbourhoods, we reveal the intra-urban contingency character of neoliberal urban governance. Both �neighbourhood governances� in Bronzeville and Pilsen, we suggest, are constituted by similar yet different ensembles of developers, local officials and politically oriented community organisations, and redevelopment strategies. Second, we illuminate one dimension of this intra-urban contingency: the mutually constitutive and differentially unfolding relation between contestation and neoliberal governance. Finally, four inter-related variables are revealed as mediating factors within this relationship that account for why Bronzeville and Pilsen�s governances have evolved in different ways: historical legacy, the dynamics between activist groups and pro-growth agents, economic circumstances and political orientation of contestation.
Phthalates and critically ill neonates: device-related exposures and non-endocrine toxic risks

To assess the types and magnitudes of non-endocrine toxic risks to neonates associated with medical device-related exposures to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). Dose-response thresholds for DEHP toxicities were determined from published data, as were the magnitudes of DEHP exposures resulting from neonatal contact with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) devices. Standard methods of risk assessment were used to determine safe levels of DEHP exposure in neonates, and hazard quotients were calculated for devices individually and in aggregate. Daily intake of DEHP for critically ill preterm infants can reach 16 mg/kg per day, which is on the order of 4000 and 160,000 times higher than desired to avoid reproductive and hepatic toxicities, respectively. The non-endocrine toxicities of DEHP are similar to complications experienced by preterm neonates. DEHP exposures in neonatal intensive care are much higher than estimated safe limits, and might contribute to common early and chronic complications of prematurity. Concerns about phthalates should be expanded beyond endocrine disruption.
INO-1001, a novel inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, enhances tumor response to doxorubicin.

Poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitor, INO-1001, is known to sensitize cells to radiation in vitro by inhibiting the repair of DNA damage. Recent evidence has suggested that PARP inhibition may also be a way of selectively targeting p53 deficient cancer cells. The present study tested INO-1001 for its in vivo effect on the chemoresponse of two p53 deficient tumors, human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and murine mammary carcinoma MCa-K. Doxorubicin was used as the DNA damaging agent and tumor growth delay assay was used as the endpoint. Results showed that INO-1001 was highly effective in enhancing the anti-tumor effects of Doxorubicin for both MDA-MB-231 (EF = 1.88) and MCa-K (EF = 1.64). We conclude that PARP inhibitor INO-1001 has high potential for enhancing the anti-tumor effects of chemotherapy agents such as Doxorubicin against p53 deficient breast cancer.