cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermophoretic force measurements of aggregates of micro-spheres

Abstract Direct measurements of the thermophoretic force on spherical and non-spherical particles have been made using an electrodynamic balance mounted in a vacuum chamber. The non-spherical particles consisted of aggregates of polystyrene latex spheres. By varying the system pressure the force was measured over a wide range of Knudsen numbers ranging from the near-continuum regime to the free-molecule regime. The gases were monoatomic helium and diatomic nitrogen. The data were analyzed and normalized to determine the thermophoretic shape factor that relates the force on a non-spherical particle to that on a sphere of the same volume. The shape factors and the thermophoretic forces are compared with available theories. The measured thermophoretic forces are shown to agree with theories for the Knudsen regime and the free-molecule regime, and the thermophoretic shape factors are shown to be consistent with theories based on the limiting cases of large and small Knudsen numbers.
Linear Chain Ferromagnetic Charge Transfer Compounds

Charge transfer complexes possessing a … DADA … structure with both the donor, D, and acceptor, A, being S = 1/2 radicals may exhibit cooperative magnetic phenomena. The complex [Fe(C5Me5)2]+·[TCNQ]−· exhibits metamagnetic behavior. The similarly structured [TCNE]−· and [C4(CN)6]−· complexes are ferromagnets, whereas the [DDQ]−· salt is a paramagnet. The high temperature magnetic susceptibility obeys the Curie-Weiss expression with θ = + 30, + 30, and + 3 for the [TCNE]−·, [C4(CN)6]−·, and [TCNQ]−· salts, respectively. The ferromagnetic [TCNE]−· salt exhibits zero field Zeeman split 57Fe Mossbauer spectra with an internal field of 425.6 kOe at 4.23 K. After reviewing the current papers discussing ferromagnetism in molecular (organic) compounds, a qualitative model consistent with the necessary bulk spin alignment required for a ferromagnet is presented.
The Availability of Zinc in Various Compounds to Broad Breasted Bronze Poults

Abstract A CONSIDERABLE number of recent investigations have concerned the zinc requirement of chickens and turkeys. This work was stimulated by the results of studies conducted by O’Dell and Savage (1957) and Supplee et al. (1958). Compounds which have been used as zinc sources in the various investigations include zinc carbonate, zinc chloride, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate and certain zinc proteinates. A few comparisons have been made, but only one detailed study has been conducted to determine the biological availability of zinc from various sources to chicks and poults. Roberson and Schaible (1958) reported that the zinc in zinc sulfate and zinc chloride was equally available to starting chicks. One-hundred parts per million (ppm.) of zinc from each compound was added to a zinc-deficient, purified diet. This level of supplementary zinc, however, was more than three times the amount required by chicks. No definite conclusions regarding availability can be drawn from …
Effect of molybdenum on fluoride absorption.

SummaryStudies were conducted to investigate the mechanism by which molybdenum increases the skeletal retention of fluoride. The absorption of fluoride in presence and absence of molybdenum was studied in albino rats ranging in age from weanling to adults, employing isolated gastrointestinal tract segments and the entire tract in the intact animals. These data indicate that age plays a prominent role in absorption of fluoride as affected by molybdenum. In general, the presence of molybdenum significantly (p = 0.05) increases the absorption of fluoride from the first portion of the intestine of older animals and acts inversely in young animals. The reverse is seen in the stomach where molybdenum appears to decrease absorption of fluoride in older animals, and either increases it slightly or has no effect in younger animals. These data suggest that in older animals the presence of molybdenum may increase absorption of fluoride.
‘Knowledge is acting’: working‐class parents’ intentional acts of positioning within the discursive practice of involvement

Positioning theory provides a lens through which to view the narrative accounts of working‐class parents as dynamic, intentional acts of positioning intended to gain the recognition of school personnel as full partners in the education of their children. Knowing that school personnel will not treat them with the kind of respect given middle‐class parents, but refusing to allow themselves to be viewed as if they were lower‐class parents, analysis of the accounts of working‐class parents reveals intentional acts of positioning that serve to: (1) fight against stereotypes, (2) guard against being made to feel inferior by maintaining vigilance and involvement, and (3) build cultural and social capital through dialog and deliberation. These acts of intentional positioning are also understood as knowledge‐generating activities where people come together in dialog to work toward a mutually acceptable solution. Implications for the development of dialog‐oriented parental involvement practices are offered.
Resonant Two-Photon Ionization Spectroscopy of Styrene (Methanol)n Clusters, n = 1−9

Well-resolved spectra of styrene-methanol binary clusters SM n , with n = 1-9, have been obtained by the (one-color) resonant two-photon ionization technique using the 0 0 0 resonance of styrene. The spectra reveal a rapid increase in complexity with the number of methanol molecules in the cluster, associated with van der Waals modes and isomeric forms. Two distinct isomers are identified for each of the clusters studied with the exception of SM 4 and SM 8 . The progressive addition of methanol molecules to the SM complex leads to the formation of stable cyclic and branched cyclic methanol subclusters within the SM n clusters. The spectral shift of the cluster origin reflects the nature of the intermolecular interactions within the binary cluster. Blue shifts are observed for the SM, SM 2 , and SM 3 clusters and are consistent with hydrogen bonding interactions between the OH groups and the styrene π-system. A remarkable switch in the spectral shift from blue to red is observed at the SM 4 cluster and is consistent with the ring structure of the methanol tetramer. Evidence is provided for intracluster dissociative proton-transfer reactions within the S 2 M n + (n > 2) clusters that generate protonated methanol clusters. These reactions may explain the strong inhibition effects exerted by small concentrations of methanol on the cationic polymerization of styrene.
Measurements of DF laser absorption by methane using an intracavity spectrophone

Absorption coefficient measurements for trace amounts of methane are reported, in a 1-atm argon balance, at seventeen deuterium-fluoride (DF) laser line frequencies. An optoacoustic detector (spectrophone) operating within the DF laser optical cavity yielded a minimum detectable absorption of 0.007 km(-1) (7 x 10(-8) cm(-1)) for a 10:1 SNR. Results are compared with previous measurements and with calculated absorption coefficients obtained using the AFGL atmospheric absorption parameter compilations. A 2.5-fold increase in agreement results when the 1980 AFGL methane parameters are used instead of the 1978 parameters.
On certain aspects of pressure transient without scram in a BWR

Abstract This paper examines the effects of gamma and neutron heating and pressure wave propagation on the core response during an instantaneous loss of condenser vacuum transient without scram (ATWS) in a BWR. By incorporating the gamma and neutron heating, which contribute about 3% of the total power to the moderator, into the transient thermal-hydraulic analysis, the peak power was found to be 35% lower compared with the case with no direct heating. The incorporation of the two-dimensional radial and axial variations of reactivity feedbacks and moderator density into the transient analysis led to a lower power prediction than the one-dimensional model. The pressure surge was examined by a computer program based on the method of characteristics. The pressure rise calculated by this new code was found to be in good agreement with experimental data, while the results of similar calculations done by computer code RELAP4, which is based on finite differencing of the flow equations, were 50% lower.
A GaAs 4-bit adder-accumulator circuit for direct digital synthesis

A GaAs depletion-mode MESFET integrated circuit which is implemented with buffered FET logic and contains 155 gates is described. The chip is composed of a 4-bit adder, a 4-bit register, and lookahead-carry logic capable of connecting up to four chips in a 16-bit parallel adder-accumulator circuit for direct digital synthesis of a sinewave. Fully functional chips have been fabricated by a GaAs foundry. Design rules were conservatively set to 1.5- mu m FET gate lengths. In synchronous operation without clock skew, a 16-bit four-chip configuration was breadboarded and operated at clock frequencies up to 200 MHz. Both a 4-bit one-chip breadboard and an 8-bit two-chip breadboard operated at clock frequencies up to 340 MHz. Chip power dissipation is approximately 500 mW including pad driver circuits. A next-generation pipelined adder-accumulator design based on the experience gained with this chip design is presented. For the LSI pipelined design with 1- mu m gate length, maximum clock speed is projected as 800 MHz to 1 GHz. >
Can the Law Support Children's Rights in School in Scotland and Prevent the Development of a Climate of Blame?

This paper focuses on issues to do with inclusion of children currently causing considerable political concern: those who are excluded from education in mainstream school or class because they are considered too disruptive or because they are thought to have ‘social, emotional or behavioural difficulties’. The critical literature on special educational needs in its recent focus on disability has tended to avoid discussion of this group, yet they form a large and increasing proportion of the population of segregated special education. Though this paper focuses on Scotland, its content has relevance to a wider audience.
On-site bioremediation of soil contaminated by no. 2 fuel oil

Abstract Bench-scale and pilot-scale on-site bioremediation studies were conducted on subsurface soil contaminated by a leaky undergroung fuel tank 20 years earlier. Its gas chromatographic profile identified the contaminant as No. 2 fuel oil. CO 2 evolution rates in biometer flasks indicated that the hydrocarbon residue was suitable for bioremediation treatment. Of the contaminated soil, 25 m 3 were excavated, surface spread and treated by liming, fertilization and tilling. In addition to hydrocarbon residues, pH, humus content and acute toxicity (Microtox) were monitored during the bioremediation process. In two growing seasons, the initial hydrocarbon concentration of 10 200 ppm declined to 250 ppm. Compared to the background of clean soil ( EC 50 = 220 μg ), initially the contaminated soil was moderately toxic ( EC 50 = 44 μg ). Due to the metabolic intermediates of hydrocarbon biodegradation, soil toxicity increased substantially during the first 2 months of treatment ( EC 50 = 3 μg ), but returned to the level of clean soil early in the second growing season. Variations in tilling frequency ranging from twice per week to once every 2 weeks did not significantly influence the rate of hydrocarbon degradation.
A class of games having Pareto optimal Nash equilibria

A simple two-person exchange model is considered first as a cooperative game without side payments, then as a non-cooperative game. It is shown that the Nash equilibrium solution of the latter agrees with the von Neumann-Morgenstern and core solutions of the former. This is made possible by the Pareto optimality of the Nash equilibrium, which is the main theoretical result presented.
Proangiogenic neutrophilic-myeloid-derived suppressor cells emerge via two parallel pathways in renal cell carcinoma and melanoma

Meeting abstracts Targeted therapy including anti-angiogenic therapy, kinase inhibitors, and immunotherapy dominate cancer drug development in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and malignant melanoma (MM), where traditional methodologies have failed. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) may represent a
YKL-40, a Marker of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalitis, Modulates the Biological Activity of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor

Human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis causes dementia in acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Using proteomic analysis of postmortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissue from the simian immunodeficiency virus primate model, we demonstrate here a specific increase in YKL-40 that was tightly associated with lentiviral encephalitis. Longitudinal analysis of CSF from simian immunodeficiency virus-infected pigtailed macaques showed an increase in YKL-40 concentration 2 to 8 weeks before death from encephalitis. This increase in YKL-40 correlated with an increase in CSF viral load; it may therefore represent a biomarker for the development of encephalitis. Analysis of banked human CSF from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients also demonstrated a correlation between YKL-40 concentration and CSF viral load. In vitro studies demonstrated increased YKL-40 expression and secretion by macrophages and microglia but not by neurons or astrocytes. We found that YKL40 displaced extracellular matrix-bound basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) as well as inhibited the mitogenic activity of both fibroblast growth factor receptor 1-expressing BaF3 cells and bFGF-induced axonal branching in hippocampal cultures. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that during lentiviral encephalitis, YKL-40 may interfere with the biological activity of bFGF and potentially of other heparin-binding growth factors and chemokines that can affect neuronal function or survival.
Single-Spin Devices and the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

It is well known that electron spin is quantized, and is measured to be either spin up or spin down in a magnetic field, as was first demonstrated in the classic Stern-Gerlach experiment almost 100 years ago. However, it is also believed that a quantum spin may be indeterminate until it is measured, being in a quantum superposition of the two quantum states. On the contrary, I propose (based on a locally realistic spin-quantized picture of quantum waves) that an electron quantum state is always either spin up or spin down, but is never in a superposition of the two. This concept should be directly testable using a two-stage Stern-Gerlach experiment, similar to that presented in standard quantum textbooks, but apparently never carried out experimentally. This experiment should be straightforward using modern atomic beam laboratory equipment. If successful, this could lead to a serious review of quantum foundations, as well as a new set of practical applications. In particular, a binary storage or logic element based on quantum spin should continue to work down to the atomic scale. This should enable computer memories with orders of magnitude greater density than those based on conventional magnetic memories.
Fluid Dynamical and Modeling Issues of Chemical Flooding for Enhanced Oil Recovery

This paper evaluates the relevance of Hele-Shaw (HS) model based linear stability results to fully developed flows in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In a recent exhaustive study [Transport in Porous Media, 93, 675-703 (2012)] of the linear stability characteristics of unstable immiscible three-layer “Hele-Shaw” flows involving regions of varying viscosity, an optimal injection policy corresponding to the smallest value of the highest rate of growth of instabilities was identified among several injection policies. Relevance of this HS model based result to EOR is established by performing direct numerical simulations of fully developed tertiary displacement in porous media. Results of direct numerical simulation are succinctly summarized including characterization of the optimal flooding scheme that leads to maximum oil recovery. These results have been compared with the HS model based linear stability results. The scope for potential application of the HS model based results to the development of fast methods for optimization of various chemical flooding schemes is discussed. Numerical experiments with more complex flooding schemes in both homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoir are also performed and results analyzed to test the universality of the generic optimal viscous families in a broader setting.
Mental health service utilization in the United States. The role of personality factors.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between personality factors and the use of mental health services (past 12 months) among adults in the community. Method: Data were drawn from the Midlife Development in the United States Survey (MIDUS), a representative sample of 3,032 adults aged 25–74 in the United States population. Analyses of variance and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between personality factors and mental health service utilization, in the presence and absence of mental disorders, during the past 12 months. Results: Neuroticism [OR = 1.5 (1.2, 1.9)] was associated with significantly increased likelihood of mental health service utilization among adults in the community. Conscientiousness [OR = 0.7 (0.5, 0.9)] and extraversion [OR = 0.7 (0.5, 0.98)], in contrast, were associated with decreased likelihood of use of mental health services. Among adults with mental disorders, conscientiousness [OR = 0.5 (0.3, 0.8)] was associated with decreased odds of mental health service utilization. Neuroticism [OR = 1.8 (1.3, 2.4)] was associated with increased likelihood of service use among those who did not meet criteria for common mental disorders. Conclusions: These findings are the first to document a significant association between personality factors and the use of mental health services among adults in the general population. Our results highlight new ways in which personality may influence mental health in the community. This information may be useful in identifying those with unmet need for mental health treatment and developing more effective interventions for those at risk for common mental disorders. Replication of these findings is needed.
Low thermal tolerances of stream amphibians in the Pacific Northwest: Implications for riparian and forest management

Temperature has a profound effect on survival and ecology of amphibians. In the Pacific Northwest, timber harvest is known to increase peak stream temperatures to 24 ◦ C or higher, which has potential to negatively impact cold-water stream amphibians. I determined the Critical Thermal Maxima (CTmax) for two salamanders that are endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Rhyacotriton variegatus larvae acclimated at 10 ◦ C had mean CTmax of 26.7 ± 0. 7S D ◦ C and adults acclimated at 11 ◦ C had mean CTmax of 27.9 ± 1.1 ◦ C. These were among the lowest known values for any amphibian. Values were significantly higher for larval Dicamptodon tenebrosus acclimated at 14 ◦ C ( ¯ x = 29.1 ± 0.2 ◦ C). Although the smallest R. variegatus had some of the lowest values, size of larvae and adults did not influence CTmax in this species. Current forest practices retain riparian buffers along larger fish-bearing streams; however, such buffers along smaller headwaters and non-fish bearing streams may provide favorable habitat conditions for coldwater-associated species in the Pacific Northwest. The current study lends further evidence to the need for protection of Northwest stream amphibians from environmental perturbations. Forest guidelines that include riparian buffer zones and configurations of upland stands should be developed, while monitoring amphibian responses to determine their success.
The classes and representations of the groups of 27 lines and 28 bitangents

For the simple groupH 0 of the 1,451,520 automorphisms of the 28 bitangents to a plane quartic curve, and for its subgroupG of 51840 automorphisms of the 27 lines on the cubic surface, each related to an exceptional Lie algebra (E 7 andE 8), are determined all the classes and irreducible characters, some irreducible representations, certain basic invariants ofG, and the large subgroups ofH 0.
Efficient image generation for EO system simulation

Efficient image generation techniques for electro-optical (EO) system simulation are presented. The techniques reduce computation time by orders of magnitude so Monte Carlo simulations become practical. Ray tracing to project signals onto a focal plane and convolution to blur projected images are time consuming so methods that minimize this time are most important. Methods for efficient simulation of detector characteristics, including noise, are also described. >
Leading ladies: leadership of group movements in a pair-living, co-dominant, monomorphic primate across reproductive stages and fruit availability seasons.

For gregarious species, individuals must maintain cohesion while minimizing the costs of coordinated travel. Leaders of group movements potentially influence energy expenditure, energy intake, and predation risk for individuals in the group, which can have important fitness consequences. Models of pair-living species predict that energetic asymmetries lead to an emergent leader, with those in greater need leading. We investigated sex differences in leadership in pairs of red-bellied lemurs, Eulemur rubriventer, a monomorphic species with bisexual dispersal and no discernible hierarchy, to determine whether higher energetic requirements by adult females lead to female leadership. We collected leadership data in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar on six groups of habituated E. rubriventer for 13 consecutive months between 2004–2005. To determine whether females led group movements more than males, we examined the difference in leadership frequencies of progressions in adult males and adult females within each group (n = 1,346 progressions). We further investigated the behavioral context (i.e. travel followed by feeding or not) and seasonal contexts (fruit availability, reproduction) of leadership. Group leadership was distributed, with different individuals leading the group at different times. However, females led significantly more than males, a pattern which was consistent in both feeding and non-feeding contexts and throughout all fruiting seasons and reproductive stages. While disparities in energetic status among the sexes may impact leadership in this species, leadership did not differ with changes in food availability or reproductive stage, and thus we were unable to determine whether female leadership might be related to changes in energetic status. Females may have higher energetic needs than males at all times, not merely seasonally, or female leadership may be unrelated to immediate energetic need. Rather, female leadership may be a legacy of female dominance not currently expressed in other contexts. Am. J. Primatol. 74:591–601, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human GLUT4/Muscle-Fat Glucose-Transporter Gene: Characterization and Genetic Variation

Four overlapping DNA fragments spanning 32 kb containing the human GLUT4 facilitative glucose-transporter gene were isolated and characterized. The sequence of the GLUT4 gene (approximately 6.3 kb) and 2.0 kb of the promoter region was determined. The sequence of the promoter revealed potential binding sites for transcription factors known to regulate gene expression in muscle cells and adipocytes. However, transfection of constructs including 2 kb of the GLUT4 promoter fused to the bacterial CAT gene into 3T3-L1 adipocytes displayed only weak promoter activity. Because insulin resistance plays a prominent role in the development of NIDDM, genetic variation in the sequence of GLUT4 also was evaluated. Oligonucleotide primer pairs were selected that allowed the protein-coding region of the human GLUT4 gene to be amplified by PCR. The sequence of the protein-coding region of the GLUT4 gene and all intron-exon junctions was determined for a single diabetic Pima Indian and was identical to that of the cloned gene and cDNA. SSCP analysis was used to screen patients with diabetes mellitus and normal, healthy nondiabetic individuals for mutations at the GLUT4 locus. In addition to the silent substitution in the codon for Asn130 (AAC or AAT) and a Val383 (GTC)-->Ile(ATC) replacement described previously, two new variants were identified. One was a T-->A substitution in intron 1 that was found in 1 of 36 NIDDM patients who were typed for this variant. The second was a Ile385(ATT)-->Thr(ACT) replacement that occurred in 1 normal individual and was not found in any of 676 other normal and diabetic subjects. A large and racially diverse group of normal and diabetic individuals also was screened for the Ile383 polymorphism. It occurred in both diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. There is no indication from our data that these polymorphisms are associated with NIDDM.
Differential expression of cathepsins and cystatin C in ovine uteroplacental tissues

Cathepsins (CTSs) are peptidases that have biological roles in degrading extracellular matrix, catabolism of intracellular proteins, and processing of pro-hormones. Cystatin C (CST3) is a secreted inhibitor of lysosomal cysteine proteases cathepsin B (CTSB) and CTSL. Our working hypothesis is that cathepsins and cystatins play important roles in implantation and placentation in sheep. Expression of CTSB, CTSD, CTSH, CTSK, CTSL, CTSS, CTSZ, and CST3 mRNAs was detected in ovine uteroplacental tissues with distinct temporal and/or spatial expression patterns between Days 40 and 120 of pregnancy. Of particular note, CTSB, CTSD, and CTSZ mRNAs were predominantly detected in the chorion of the placenta and were more abundant in the placentomes than the intercaruncular endometria. CTSL and CST3 mRNAs were abundant in the endometrial epithelia and chorion, whereas CTSK, CTSS and CTSH mRNAs were most abundant in the stratum compactum stroma of the intercaruncular endometrium. Consistent with localisation of mRNAs, immunoreactive CTSL and CST3 proteins were mainly observed in the intercaruncular endometrial glands and intercotyledonary placenta during later pregnancy. These results support the working hypothesis that CTS and CST3 in uteroplacental tissues are involved in endometrial remodelling and placentation in sheep.
Glucose uptake and flux through phosphofructokinase in wounded rat skeletal muscle.

Skeletal muscle injured with lambda-carrageenan has increased aerobic glycolysis. To assess the regulation of this process, the tissue concentrations of glycolytic intermediates, the flux through phosphofructokinase (PFK), and the intracellular concentrations of PFK effectors were examined in wounded rat skeletal muscle and in macrophages, the predominant inflammatory cell in the early stages of this wound model. Autoradiography demonstrated increased 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in wounded tissue compared with nonwounded muscle. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose was localized to the cellular infiltrate. The glycolytic intermediate concentrations demonstrated a facilitation of PFK in macrophages and wounded tissue as compared with nonwounded muscle. Wounded tissue had twice the flux through PFK compared with nonwounded muscle (10.0 +/- 0.6 wounded vs. 4.9 +/- 0.4 mumol.h-1.g-1 nonwounded). Macrophages had the highest flux through PFK (63.7 +/- 5.7 mumol.h-1.g-1) and when coincubated with muscle, the combined flux through PFK was equal to that of wounded muscle. The increase in glycolysis associated with wounded tissue may be explained by increased glucose uptake and increased flux through PFK by the inflammatory cells present in wounded tissue.
Eight Women Philosophers: Theory, Politics, and Feminism

Eight Women Philosophers: Theory, Politics, and Feminism. By Jane Duran. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 2006. 308 pp. 29.95 paper.Searching for evidence of women's presence in the canon of philosophy, I found that the Cambridge Companion Series, an extensive and prestigious set of 110 volumes offering the “most convenient and accessible guides to the major philosophers available” (from their Website), has only two such volumes devoted to women philosophers. The Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt was published in 2000, The Cambridge Companion to Simone de Beauvoir in 2003. Jane Duran, in contrast, has found eight women philosophers to study (seven in addition to Beauvoir), and her book offers a rich introduction to important themes in the work of Hildegard of Bingen, Anne Conway, Mary Astell, Mary Wollstonecraft, Harriet Taylor Mill, Edith Stein, Simone Weil, and Simone de Beauvoir.
Intentionality and other "nonsignificant" in issues learning: commentary on Margaret Martinez's "Intentional Learning in an Intentional World"

The backdrop facilitating Margaret Martinez’s study and the increased interest in studies of learners and of alternative learning environments is a complicated one. Most certainly, technological advances during the last decade have invigorated educational institutions and corporate interest in providing alternative educational opportunities for under-represented audiences. Additionally, numerous educational researchers have noted the increased pressure to provide improved educational experiences that are driven by both internal and external pressures on traditional educational institutions. Internally, educational institutions are responding to concerns about student quality and learning issues related to existing instruction. Koshmann, Kelson, Feltovich, and Barrows (1996), in their discussion of what graduates should be but are frequently not, suggest that many believe that “exist-ing educational systems are producing individuals who fail to develop a valid, robust knowledge base; who have difﬁ culty reasoning with and applying knowledge; and who lack the ability to reflect upon their performance and continue the process of learning” (p. 85). Moran (1992) argues that the public perception of higher education is not particularly favorable, noting that there “is the widespread perception that we are not now doing our job very well” (p. 9). Internally, university administrators have sug-gested that the need to revise existing instructional structures has as much to do with ﬁ nancial pres-sures as it does with the demands of emerging student populations. Hanna (1998) suggests that educational reform is occurring due to the rapid growth of customer-oriented approaches to educa-tion, in addition to the university ’s increased “focus on responsiveness to learner needs and desires such as convenience, timing, engagement, application of knowledge to the workplace, and learning by doing” (p. 91).Unfortunately, how this struggle plays itself out at the administrative level is likely to bear only a slight relationship to empirical developments related to learner types, instructional approaches and settings. Still, Martinez’s study challenges us to address a shortcoming with traditionally cognitive approaches to the problem that I applaud.
Physical‐Chemical Methods for Determining Bilirubin Solubilities in Simulated Bile Systems

This report describes a rigorous physical-chemical approach to determine the solubilities of unconjugated bilirubin in model bile systems. In the absence of calcium ions, metastable and equilibrium solubilities can be obtained by acidimetric (HC1) titration of excess unconjugated bilirubin in aqueous solutions of simple and mixed conjugated bile salt micelles. The experiments must be performed with degassed water under argon, in dim light and at constant temperature and ionic strength. This approach provides metastable and equilibrium solubilities of unconjugated bilirubin at a unique pH, i.e., the precipitation pH (pHppt) of bilirubin in the bile salt system. Because high levels of supersaturation can be acidimetrically induced, equilibration is usually complete in less than 20 min. To obtain equilibrium solubilities of bilirubin in simulated bile systems at other pH values ( ), it is necessary to perform equilibrium dissolution studies of crystalline diacid bilirubin in the presence of a strong buffer (at least 0.2 M). This method must, perforce, be the procedure of choice to estimate micellar bilirubin solubilities in the presence of calcium ions. Each dissolution experiment takes from 2 to 3 days, hence meticulous attention must be paid to the photochemical stability of bilirubin during the equilibration period, and appropriate precautions taken. Bilirubin solubilities obtained by both methods can be validated by titrating predetermined concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin spectrophotometrically in the model bile systems to the pH value at which saturation solubility was obtained. As a check of equilibration, it is imperative that bilirubin solubility values at the pHppt obtained by both dissolution and titra-metric methods display satisfactory agreement. For a complete description of the system, chemical and physical analyses of the excess solid-phase bilirubin that was in equilibrium with the bilirubin-saturated micellar phase should be performed.
Temporal Analysis for Adapting Concurrent Applications to Embedded Systems

Embedded services and applications that interact with the real world often,over time, need to run on different kinds of hardware (low-costmicrocontrollers to powerful multicore processors). It is difficult to writeone program that would work reliably on such a wide range of devices. This isespecially true when the application must be temporally predictable and robust,which is usually be the case since the physical world works in real-time.Thus, any application interacting with such a system, must also work inreal-time.In this paper we introduce a representation of the temporal behavior ofdistributed real-time applications as colored graphs that capture the timingof temporally continuous sections of execution and dependencies between them,creating a partial order. We then introduce a method of extracting the graphfrom existing applications using a combination of analysis techniques. Once thegraph has been created, we introduce a number of graph transformations thatextract ``meaning'' from the graph. The knowledge thus gained, can be utilizedfor scheduling and for adjusting the level of parallelism suitable to the specifichardware, for identifying hot spots, false parallelism, or even candidates foradditional concurrency. The importance of these contributions is evident whenwe see that such graphs can be sequentialized to our partiture model andcan then be used as input for offline, online, or even distributed real-timescheduling. Finally we present results from analysis of a complete TCP/IP stackin addition to smaller test applications which show that our use of differentanalysis models result in a reduction of the complexities of graphs. Animportant outcome is that increasing the expression of concurrency can reducethe level of parallelism required, saving memory on deeply embedded platforms,while keeping the program parallelizable whenever complete serializability isnot required. We also show that applications which were previously consideredto be too complex for characterization of their worst-case behavior are nowanalyzable due to the combination of analysis techniques that we utilize.
Quantitative ultrasound backscatter for pulsed cavitational ultrasound therapy-histotripsy

Histotripsy is a well-controlled ultrasonic tissue ablation technology that mechanically and progressively fractionates tissue structures using cavitation. The fractionated tissue volume can be monitored with ultrasound imaging because a significant ultrasound backscatter reduction occurs. This paper correlates the ultrasound backscatter reduction with the degree of tissue fractionation characterized by the percentage of remaining normal-appearing cell nuclei on histology. Different degrees of tissue fractionation were generated in vitro in freshly excised porcine kidneys by varying the number of therapeutic ultrasound pulses from 100 to 2000 pulses per treatment location. All ultrasound pulses were 15 cycles at 1 MHz delivered at 100 Hz pulse repetition frequency and 19 MPa peak negative pressure. The results showed that the normalized backscatter intensity decreased exponentially with increasing number of pulses. Correspondingly, the percentage of normal appearing nuclei in the treated area decreased exponentially as well. A linear correlation existed between the normalized backscatter intensity and the percentage of normal appearing cell nuclei in the treated region. This suggests that the normalized backscatter intensity may be a potential quantitative real-time feedback parameter for histotripsy-induced tissue fractionation. This quantitative feedback may allow the prediction of local clinical outcomes, i.e., when a tissue volume has been sufficiently treated.
A molecular trio in relapse and remission in multiple sclerosis

The relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis affects around two thirds of patients with this disease. This Review discusses the roles of three key molecules — α4β1 integrin, its binding partner osteopontin and the chaperone protein αB crystallin — in the biology of relapse and remission. Two thirds of patients with multiple sclerosis have the relapsing-remitting form, which often progresses to more debilitating disease. Striking clinical recovery, termed remission, often follows these periodic neurological defects, termed relapses. Recent work has revealed the role of three key molecules in relapse and remission: α4β1 integrin (also known as VLA4) is an adhesion molecule that mediates T cell migration from the blood into the brain; osteopontin binds to α4β1 integrin, stimulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting apoptosis; and αB crystallin inhibits inflammation in the brain. This Review discusses how this molecular trio interacts to initiate relapses (in the case of osteopontin and α4β1 integrin) and then to terminate them as remissions in multiple sclerosis (in the case of αB crystallin).
Simulation-Based Robust Design of Multiscale Products

The current research proposes an integrated framework for product design that incorporates simulation-based tools into the early design stage to achieve optimum multiscale systems. The method to determine the appropriate cellular material-property relations for the internal material structures of the system is through a topology optimization technique and a multiscale design process. Specifically, the reliability-based topology optimization (RBTO) and a multi-attribute decision design method are integrated into the inductive design exploration method (IDEM). The RBTO method is introduced to determine optimal topologies at the mesoscale. The multi-attribute decision design method is used for decision support in the design process of the macroscale systems. IDEM offers the capability for concurrent design on multiple scales providing an approach for the integration of the other two methods. An example of the developed multiscale design framework is presented in terms of a hydrogen storage tank used in a hydrogen fuel cell for automotive application. The multiscale tank design will feature a high strength cellular structured wall, resulting in a large weight reduction.
Risk Factors for Retained Surgical Items: A Meta-analysis and Proposed Risk Stratification System

Abstract Background Retained surgical items (RSI) are designated as completely preventable “never events”. Despite numerous case reports, clinical series, and expert opinions few studies provide quantitative insight into RSI risk factors and their relative contributions to the overall RSI risk profile. Existing case-control studies lack the ability to reliably detect clinically important differences within the long list of proposed risks. This meta-analysis examines the best available data for RSI risk factors, seeking to provide a clinically relevant risk stratification system. Methods Nineteen candidate studies were considered for this meta-analysis. Three retrospective, case-control studies of RSI-related risk factors contained suitable group comparisons between patients with and without RSI, thus qualifying for further analysis. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 (BioStat, Inc, Englewood, NJ) software was used to analyze the following “common factor” variables compiled from the above studies: body-mass index, emergency procedure, estimated operative blood loss >500 mL, incorrect surgical count, lack of surgical count, >1 subprocedure, >1 surgical team, nursing staff shift change, operation “afterhours” (i.e., between 5 PM and 7 AM), operative time, trainee presence, and unexpected intraoperative factors. We further stratified resulting RSI risk factors into low, intermediate, and high risk. Results Despite the fact that only between three and six risk factors were associated with increased RSI risk across the three studies, our analysis of pooled data demonstrates that seven risk factors are significantly associated with increased RSI risk. Variables found to elevate the RSI risk include intraoperative blood loss >500 mL (odds ratio [OR] 1.6); duration of operation (OR 1.7); >1 subprocedure (OR 2.1); lack of surgical counts (OR 2.5); >1 surgical team (OR 3.0); unexpected intraoperative factors (OR 3.4); and incorrect surgical count (OR 6.1). Changes in nursing staff, emergency surgery, body-mass index, and operation “afterhours” were not significantly associated with increased RSI risk. Conclusions Among the “common risk factors” reported by all three case-control studies, seven synergistically show elevated RSI risk across the pooled data. Based on these results, we propose a risk stratification scheme and issue a call to arms for large, prospective, and multicenter studies evaluating effects of specific changes at the institutional level (i.e., universal surgical counts, radiographic verification of the absence of RSI, and radiofrequency labeling of surgical instruments and sponges) on the risk of RSI. Overall, our findings provide a meaningful foundation for future patient safety initiatives and clinical studies of RSI occurrence and prevention.
Too Good to Be True? Understanding Change in Organizational Outcomes

When evaluating organizational outcomes, strong experimental designs are often not practical. As a result, assessments of change may be confounded by a number of threats to their validity. Therefore, attempts have been made to detect or control for many of these artifacts. This article explores a method for detecting response artifacts, using measurement and relational equivalence techniques. The large drop in the reported levels of sexual harassment in the U.S. military between 1995 and 2002 provides the context for testing this method. The results suggest that at least part of the reported decrease in harassment was artifactual. The implications for evaluations of organizational change are discussed.
Two putative c-type multiheme cytochromes required for the expression of OmcB, an outer membrane protein essential for optimal Fe(III) reduction in Geobacter sulfurreducens

Deletion of two homologous Geobacter sulfurreducens c-type cytochrome genes, omcG and omcH, decreased the rate of Fe(III) reduction and decreased the level of an outer membrane cytochrome critical for Fe(III) reduction, OmcB, without affecting its transcription. Expression of either gene restored Fe(III) reduction and OmcB expression, suggesting functional similarity.
Crystallographic insights into the structure-activity relationships of diazaborine enoyl-ACP reductase inhibitors.

Enoyl-ACP reductase, the last enzyme of the fatty-acid biosynthetic pathway, is the molecular target for several successful antibiotics such as the tuberculosis therapeutic isoniazid. It is currently under investigation as a narrow-spectrum antibiotic target for the treatment of several types of bacterial infections. The diazaborine family is a group of boron heterocycle-based synthetic antibacterial inhibitors known to target enoyl-ACP reductase. Development of this class of molecules has thus far focused solely on the sulfonyl-containing versions. Here, the requirement for the sulfonyl group in the diazaborine scaffold was investigated by examining several recently characterized enoyl-ACP reductase inhibitors that lack the sulfonyl group and exhibit additional variability in substitutions, size and flexibility. Biochemical studies are reported showing the inhibition of Escherichia coli enoyl-ACP reductase by four diazaborines, and the crystal structures of two of the inhibitors bound to E. coli enoyl-ACP reductase solved to 2.07 and 2.11 A resolution are reported. The results show that the sulfonyl group can be replaced with an amide or thioamide without disruption of the mode of inhibition of the molecule.
Needles in Hay II: Detecting Cardiac Pathology by the Pediatric Chest Pain Standardized Clinical Assessment and Management Plan

Objectives To determine if patients evaluated using the pediatric chest pain standardized clinical assessment and management plan (SCAMP) in cardiology clinic were later diagnosed with unrecognized cardiac pathology, and to determine if other patients with cardiac pathology not enrolled in the SCAMP would have been identified using the algorithm. Study Design Patients 7–21 years of age, newly diagnosed with hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy, coronary anomalies, pulmonary embolus, pulmonary hypertension, pericarditis, or myocarditis were identified from the Boston Children's Hospital (BCH) cardiac database between July 1, 2010 and December 31, 2012. Patients were cross-referenced to the SCAMP database or retrospectively assessed with the SCAMP algorithm. Results Among 98 patients with cardiac pathology, 34 (35%) reported chest pain, of whom 10 were diagnosed as outpatients. None of these patients were enrolled in the SCAMP because of alternate chief complaints (n = 4) or referral to BCH for management of the new diagnosis (n = 6). Each of these patients would have had an echocardiogram recommended by retrospective application of the SCAMP algorithm. Two other patients with cardiac pathology were among the 1124 patients assessed by the SCAMP. One patient initially diagnosed with noncardiac chest pain presented 18 months later and was diagnosed with myocarditis as an inpatient. One patient seen initially in the emergency department was subsequently diagnosed with pericarditis as an outpatient. Conclusions Patients assessed by the chest pain SCAMP at BCH were not later diagnosed with cardiac pathology that was missed at the initial encounter. Nonenrolled outpatients with cardiac pathology and chest pain would have been successfully identified with the SCAMP algorithm.
Endocrine control of clutch size in reptiles. II. Compensatory follicular hypertrophy following partial ovariectomy in Anolis carolinensis.

Abstract The effects of total and partial unilateral ovariectomy and partial bilateral ovariectomy on subsequent follicular growth were studied in the lizard Anolis carolinensis . Operations were performed on animals with quiescent ovaries. Subsequent ovarian growth was stimulated by exposing the animals to continuous heat and light. Removal of the largest follicle from the larger or both ovaries resulted in smaller follicles growing at a greater than normal rate. Removal of the largest follicle from the smaller ovary and total removal of the smaller ovary did not affect subsequent follicular growth. These findings are discussed in relation to the process of follicular selection.