cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Multitude of Unresolved Continuum Sources at 1.6 Microns in Hubble Space Telescope Images of Seyfert Galaxies

We examine 112 Seyfert galaxies observed by the Hubble Space Telescope at 1.6 km. We —nd that D50% of the Seyfert 2.0 galaxies which are part of the Revised Shapely-Ames (RSA) Catalog or the CfA redshift sample contain unresolved continuum sources at 1.6 km. All but a couple of the Seyfert 1.0¨1.9 galaxies display unresolved continuum sources. The unresolved sources have —uxes of order 1 mJy, nearinfrared luminosities of order 1041 ergs s~1, and absolute magnitudes Comparison nonM H D [16. Seyfert galaxies from the RSA Catalog display signi—cantly fewer (D20%), somewhat lower luminosity nuclear sources, which could be due to compact star clusters. We —nd that the luminosities of the unresolved Seyfert 1.0¨1.9 sources at 1.6 km are correlated with [O III] j5007 and hard X-ray luminosities, implying that these sources are nonstellar. Assuming a spectral energy distribution similar to that of a Seyfert 2 galaxy, we estimate that a few percent of local spiral galaxies contain black holes emitting as Seyferts at a moderate fraction, D10~1¨10~4, of their Eddington luminosities. We —nd no strong correlation between 1.6 km —uxes and hard X-ray or [O III] j5007 —uxes for the pure Seyfert 2.0 galaxies. These galaxies also tend to have lower 1.6 km luminosities compared to the Seyfert 1.0¨1.9 galaxies of similar [O III] luminosity. Either large extinctions are present toward their continuum(A V D 20¨40) emitting regions or some fraction of the unresolved sources at 1.6 km are compact star clusters. With increasing Seyfert type the fraction of unresolved sources detected at 1.6 km and the ratio of 1.6 k mt o [O III] —uxes tend to decrease. These trends are consistent with the uni—cation model for Seyfert 1 and 2 galaxies.
Set families with a forbidden induced subposet

For each poset H whose Hasse diagram is a tree of height k, we show that the largest size of a family of subsets of [n]={1,.i¾ .i¾ ., n} not containing H as an induced subposet is asymptotic to $(k-1)(\scriptsize{\begin{array}{c}{n}\\[-1.5pt] {\fl{n/2}} \end{array}})$ . This extends a result of Bukh [1], which in turn generalizes several known results including Sperner's theorem.
Laminar Flame Velocity of Syngas Fuels

The paper presents the experimental measurements of the laminar burning velocity of H2 -CO mixtures. Hydrogen (H2 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) are the two primary constituents of syngas fuels. Three burner systems (nozzle, tubular, and flat flame) are used to quantify the effects of burner exit velocity profiles on the determination of laminar flame propagation velocity. The effects to N2 and CO2 diluents have been investigated as well, and it is observed that the effects of N2 and CO2 on the mixture burning velocity are significantly different. Finally, the burning velocity data of various syngas compositions (brown, bituminous, lignite and coke) are presented.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Monochlorosilane for Low Temperature Silicon Epitaxy

Silane (SiH 4 ) and dichlorosilane (DCS) are currently the precursors of choice for Silicon Vapor Phase Epitaxy at low temperatures (T < 1000°C). But device innovation is pushing down process thermal budgets to the extent that it becomes apparent that in the near future poor Si growth rates will become a roadblock for high volume manufacturing. Therefore, new precursors that produce high growth rates at low deposition temperatures (<650°C) are needed for advanced epitaxial applications, such as recessed source/drain stressors, Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) channels and elevated source/drain structures. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the suitability of monochlorosilane (MCS) for Si epitaxy. It appears that MCS fulfills all the basic criteria, i.e. successful epitaxial growth and selective epitaxy, controllable C and P alloying with Si, for its qualification as a Si precursor in high volume manufacturing.
Omics Pipe: a community-based framework for reproducible multi-omics data analysis.

Motivation: Omics Pipe (http://sulab.scripps.edu/omicspipe) is a computational framework that automates multi-omics data analysis pipelines on high performance compute clusters and in the cloud. It supports best practice published pipelines for RNA-seq, miRNA-seq, Exome-seq, Whole Genome sequencing, ChIP-seq analyses and automatic processing of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Omics Pipe provides researchers with a tool for reproducible, open source and extensible next generation sequencing analysis. The goal of Omics Pipe is to democratize NGS analysis by dramatically increasing the accessibility and reproducibility of best practice computational pipelines, which will enable researchers to generate biologically meaningful and interpretable results. Results: Using Omics Pipe, we analyzed 100 TCGA breast invasive carcinoma paired tumor-normal data sets based on the latest UCSC hg19 RefSeq annotation. Omics Pipe automatically downloaded and processed the desired TCGA samples on a high throughput compute cluster to produce a results report for each sample. We aggregated the individual sample results and compared them to the analysis in the original publications. This comparison revealed high overlap between the analyses, as well as novel findings due to the use of updated annotations and methods. Availability and Implementation: Source code for Omics Pipe is freely available on the web (https://bitbucket.org/sulab/omics_pipe). Omics Pipe is distributed as a standalone Python package for installation (https://pypi.python.org/pypi/omics_pipe) and as an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) in Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) that contains all necessary third-party software dependencies and databases
A facile synthesis of (tert-alkoxy)amines

Abstract Tertiary alcohols react with stoichiometric BF3·Et2O and N-hydroxyphthalimide to yield N-alkoxyphthalimides. Subsequent hydrazinolyses afford the title compounds.
Cerebrovascular complications in cancer patients

Cerebrovascular disease is a significant cause of morbidity in patients with systemic cancer. Risk factors for stroke are unique to this population and include direct effects of tumor, coagulation disorders, and complications of cancer treatment. These risk factors outweigh risk factors considered significant in the general population. In most instances, a careful clinical evaluation will allow the clinician to establish the cause of cerebrovascular disease in the cancer patient.
Photosensitised conversion of cytosine into uracil derivatives in the presence of mercaptans

Acetone sensitized photochemical reaction between cytosine and cysteine in water yields 5,6-dihydro-uracil (72%), 5-S-cysteinyl-5,6-dihydrouracil (24%), and uracil (2.2%), suggesting that radiation may cause not only crosslinking of proteins to nucleic acids but also base modifications.
QUANTUM STATE MANIPULATION OF TRAPPED ATOMIC IONS

A single laser–cooled and trapped 9 Be + ion is used to investigate methods of coherent quantum–state synthesis and quantum logic. We create and characterize non–classical states of motion including ‘Schrodinger–cat’ states. A fundamental quantum logic gate is realized which uses two states of the quantized ion motion and two ion internal states as qubits. We explore some of the applications for, and problems in realizing, quantum computation based on multiple trapped ions.
PERCEPTIONS OF CLOSE AND GROUP RELATIONSHIPS MEDIATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION OVER A DECADE LATER

BACKGROUND: Previous research has demonstrated that anxiety reliably predicts later depression, but little has been uncovered about the mechanism underlying this connection. Interpersonal relationships appear to be a viable mechanism of the association as anxiety has been shown to predict later deficits in both close (e.g., "best friendships") and group relationships (e.g., classroom peer groups), and deficits in both close and group relationships have been linked to later depressive symptoms. The current study examined close and group relationships as potential mediators between anxiety and depression 12-14 years later. METHODS: In a nationally representative sample of adolescents (N = 6,504), anxiety was measured at baseline, perceptions of close relationships (i.e., feeling loved) and perceptions of group relationships (i.e., feeling part of a group) were measured 6 months later, and depression levels and diagnosis were measured 12-14 years later. RESULTS: Using structural equation models, the results showed that adolescent perceptions of both close and group relationships significantly mediated the relationship between adolescent anxiety and adult levels of depression. Furthermore, perceptions of not being accepted/loved in close relationships significantly mediated the relationship between adolescent anxiety and clinical depression in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a perception of not being accepted in group relationships may be a mechanism by which heightened anxiety in adolescents leads to heightened nonclinical depression in adulthood. On the other hand, adolescent perceptions of not feeling loved or accepted in close relationships may be a mechanism by which heightened anxiety in adolescence leads to clinical depression-in adulthood. Language: en
Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Using Ultrafast Lasers (Nobel Lecture)

Over many millennia, humankind has thought to explore phenomena on an ever shorter time scale. In this race against time, femtosecond resolution (1 fs=10^(−15) s) is the ultimate achievement for studies of the fundamental dynamics of the chemical bond. Observation of the very act that brings about chemistry—the making and breaking of bonds on their actual time and length scales—is the wellspring of the field of femtochemistry, which is the study of molecular motions in the hitherto unobserved ephemeral transition states of physical, chemical, and biological changes. For molecular dynamics, achieving this atomic-scale resolution using ultrafast lasers as strobes is a triumph, just as X-ray and electron diffraction, and, more recently, STM and NMR spectroscopy, provided that resolution for static molecular structures. On the femtosecond time scale, matter wave packets (particle-type) can be created and their coherent evolution as a single-molecule trajectory can be observed. The field began with simple systems of a few atoms and has reached the realm of the very complex in isolated, mesoscopic, and condensed phases, as well as in biological systems such as proteins and DNA structures. It also offers new possibilities for the control of reactivity and for structural femtochemistry and femtobiology. This anthology gives an overview of the development of the field from a personal perspective, encompassing our research at Caltech and focusing on the evolution of techniques, concepts, and new discoveries.
Phase Stability and Electrical Conductivity in Gd2Ti2O7‐Gd2Mo2O7 Solid Solutions

Solid solutions in the Gd2(Ti1-yMoy)2O7 pyrochlore system, with y = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7, have been investigated as potential candidates for the anode material of solid-oxide fuel cells. The electrical conductivity, stability range, and optimal synthesis conditions of the pyrochlore phase have been explored by electrical, coulometric titration, and X-ray diffractometry techniques. As the molybdenum content increases, the maximum conductivity increases to a value of 70 S/cm for y = 0.7 at 1000°C, whereas the stability range in the oxygen partial pressure (pO2) decreases to just over two orders of magnitude in pO2 in the temperature range of 600°-1000°C. A decomposition reaction that leads to decreased conductivity in oxidizing atmospheres is proposed.
IS SILENCE GOLDEN? PATENTS VERSUS SECRECY AT THE FIRM LEVEL

In the 1990s, patenting schemes changed in many respects: upcoming new technologies accelerated the shift from price competition towards competition based on technical inventions, a worldwide surge in patenting took place, and the "patent thicket" arose as a consequence of strategic patenting. This study analyzes the importance of patenting versus secrecy as an effective alternative to protect intellectual property in the inventions' market phase. The sales figure with new products is introduced as a new measure for the importance of IP protection tools among product innovating firms. Focusing on the German manufacturing in 2000, it turns out that patents are important to protect intellectual property in the market, whereas secrecy seems to be rather important for early-stage inventions.
Magnetic Anisotropy, Spin Pinning, and Exchange Constants of (Ga,Mn)As Films

In this paper, we present a detailed investigation of exchange-dominated nonpropagating spin-wave modes in a series of 100-nm Ga1-xMnxAs films with Mn concentrations x ranging from 0.02 to 0.08. The angular and Mn concentration dependences of spin-wave resonance (SWR) modes have been studied for both as-grown and annealed samples. Our results indicate that the magnetic anisotropy terms of Ga1-xMnxAs depend on the Mn concentration x, but are also strongly affected by sample growth conditions; moreover, the magnetic anisotropy of Ga1-xMnxAs films is found to be clearly linked to the Curie temperature. The SWR spectra consist of a series of well-resolved standing spin-wave modes. The observed mode patterns are consistent with the Portis volume-inhomogeneity model, in which a spatially nonuniform anisotropy field acts on the Mn spins. The analysis of these exchange-dominated spin-wave modes, including their angular dependences, allows us to establish the exchange stiffness constants for Ga1-xMnx As films
Effect of Parasitic Dielectric Resonators on CPW/Aperture-Coupled Dielectric Resonator Antennas

The effects of parasitic dielectric resonators on the HE (sub 11 sigma) and HE (High Efficiency) (sub 13 sigma) modes of a cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) have been studied. The DRA was excited electromagnetically with a grounded coplanar waveguide through an aperture in the common ground plane. Strong couplings were observed for the HE (sub 11 sigma) mode with the parasitic element superimposed on the driven DRA, and for the HE (sub 13 sigma) mode with parasitic elements placed on both sides of the driven DRA. Results indicate significant enhancement in bandwidth for both modes, and good radiation patterns for the HE (sub 11 sigma) mode.
Renegotiation in repeated games

Abstract In repeated games, subgame-perfect equilibria involving threats of punishment may be implausible if punishing one player hurts the other(s). If players can renegotiate after a defection, such a punishment may not be carried out. We explore a solution concept that recognizes this fact, and show that in many games the prospect of renegotiation strictly limits the cooperative outcomes that can be sustained. We characterize those outcomes in general, and in the prisoner's dilemma, Cournot and Bertrand duopolies, and an advertising game in particular.
AN IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF 9-DEAZAGUANINE

ABSTRACT A new, improved synthesis of 9-deazaguanine is described. The method involves use of the benzyloxymethyl group to protect the N 3-position of 2-[(dimethylaminomethylene)- amino]-6-methyl-5-nitro-4(3H)-pyrimidinone, followed by treatment with DMF-dimethylacetal, reductive cyclization, treatment with ethanolic ammonia and removal of the protecting group by catalytic hydrogenation.
Does agency competition improve the quality of policy analysis? Evidence from OMB and CBO fiscal projections

Public management scholars often claim that agency competition provides an effective institutional check on monopoly authority, and hence, leads to improvement of administrative performance in public sector agencies. This logic was central for creating the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) in 1975 to challenge the policy information provided by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). We challenge this conventional wisdom by demonstrating that CBO has failed to enhance the quality of U.S. fiscal policy analysis on its own terms; nor has it spurred improvements in OMB's performance. Our empirical results indicate that the quality of OMB's fiscal projections has often deteriorated since the establishment of CBO as a rival bureau. We also show that both public and private information is being shared by these agencies to produce a similar caliber of task outputs. The broader implications of our study indicate that although politicians face incentives to employ agency competition in governmental settings, this type of bureaucratic strategy does not necessarily enhance the quality of administrative performance. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Similarity of percolation thresholds on the hcp and fcc lattices

Extensive Monte Carlo simulations were performed in order to determine the precise values of the critical thresholds for site (phcpc, S=0.199 255 5±0.000 001 0) and bond (phcpc, B=0.120 164 0±0.000 001 0) percolation on the hcp lattice to compare with previous precise measurements on the fcc lattice. Also, exact enumeration of the hcp and fcc lattices was performed and yielded generating functions and series for the zeroth, first, and second moments of both lattices. When these series and the values of pc are compared to those for the fcc lattice, it is apparent that the site percolation thresholds are different; however, the bond percolation thresholds are equal within error bars, and the series only differ slightly in the higher order terms, suggesting the actual values are very close to each other, if not identical.
Information acquisition and mutual funds

Abstract We study the formation of mutual funds by generalizing the standard competitive noisy rational expectations framework. In our model, informed agents set up mutual funds as a means of selling their private information to uninformed agents. We study the case of imperfect competition among fund managers, where uninformed agents invest simultaneously in multiple mutual funds. The size of the assets under management in the mutual fund industry is determined by endogenizing the agents' information acquisition decisions. Our model yields novel predictions on the informativeness of price, the optimal fees of mutual funds, and the equilibrium risk premium. In particular, we show that a sufficiently competitive mutual fund sector yields more informative prices and a lower equity risk premium.
Optical transitions of symmetrical mixed-valence systems in the Class II–III transition regime

In the Robin and Day classification, mixed-valence systems are characterized as Class I, II or III depending on the strength of the electronic interaction between the oxidized and reduced sites, ranging from essentially zero (Class I), to moderate (Class II), to very strong electronic coupling (Class III). The properties of Class I systems are essentially those of the separate sites. Class II systems possess new optical and electronic properties in addition to those of the separate sites. However, the interaction between the sites is sufficiently weak that Class II systems are valence trapped or charge localized and can the be described by a double-well potential. In Class III systems the interaction of the donor and acceptor sites is so great that two separate minima are no longer discernible and the energy surface features a single minimum. The electron is delocalized and the system has its own unique properties. The Robin and Day classification has enjoyed considerable success and most of the redox systems studied to date are readily assigned to Class II. However the situation becomes much more complicated when the system shows borderline Class II/III behavior. Such “almost delocalized” mixed-valence systems are difficult to characterize. In this article spectral band shapes and intensities are calculated utilizing increasingly complex models including two to four states. Free-energy surfaces are constructed for harmonic diabatic surfaces and characterized as a function of increasing electronic coupling to simulate the Class II to III transition. The properties of the charge-transfer absorption bands predicted for borderline mixed-valence systems are compared with experimental data. The treatment is restricted to symmetrical (ΔG0 = 0) systems.
A Search for Distant Galactic Cepheids toward l = 60°*

We present results of a survey of a 6 deg2 region near l = 60°, b = 0° to search for distant Milky Way Cepheids. Few such Cepheids are known at distances R0, limiting large-scale Milky Way disk models derived from Cepheid kinematics; this work was designed to find a sample of distant Cepheids for use in such models. The survey was conducted in the V and I bands over eight epochs, to a limiting I 18, with a total of almost 5 million photometric observations of over 1 million stars. We present a catalog of 578 high-amplitude variables discovered in this field. Cepheid candidates were selected from this catalog on the basis of variability and color change and observed again the following season. We confirm 10 of these candidates as Cepheids with periods from 4 to 8 days, most at distances greater than 3 kpc. Many of the Cepheids are heavily reddened by intervening dust, some with implied extinction AV > 10 mag. With a future addition of infrared photometry and radial velocities, these stars alone can provide a constraint on R0 to 8% and in conjunction with other known Cepheids should provide good estimates of the global disk potential ellipticity.
Masculine Republicans and Feminine Democrats: Gender and Americans’ Explicit and Implicit Images of the Political Parties

During the past three decades Americans have come to view the parties increasingly in gendered terms of masculinity and femininity. Utilizing three decades of American National Election Studies data and the results of a cognitive reaction-time experiment, this paper demonstrates empirically that these connections between party images and gender stereotypes have been forged at the explicit level of the traits that Americans associate with each party, and also at the implicit level of unconscious cognitive connections between gender and party stereotypes. These connections between the parties and masculinity and femininity have important implications for citizens’ political cognition and for the study of American political behavior.
Strong activity rules for iterative combinatorial auctions

Activity rules have emerged in recent years as an important aspect of practical auction design. The role of an activity rule in an iterative auction is to suppress strategic behavior by bidders and promote simple, continual, meaningful bidding and thus, price discovery. These rules find application in the design of iterative combinatorial auctions for real world scenarios, for example in spectrum auctions, in airline landing slot auctions, and in procurement auctions. We introduce the notion of strong activity rules, which allow simple, consistent bidding strategies while precluding all behaviors that cannot be rationalized in this way. We design such a rule for auctions with budget-constrained bidders, i.e., bidders with valuations for resources that are greater than their ability to pay. Such bidders are of practical importance in many market environments, and hindered from bidding in a simple and consistent way by the commonly used revealed-preference activity rule, which is too strong in such an environment. We consider issues of complexity, and provide two useful forms of information feedback to guide bidders in meeting strong activity rules. As a special case, we derive a strong activity rule for non-budget-constrained bidders. The ultimate choice of activity rule must depend, in part, on beliefs about the types of bidders likely to participate in an auction event because one cannot have a rule that is simultaneously strong for both budget-constrained bidders and quasi-linear bidders.
The American Heart Association Life's Simple 7 and Incident Cognitive Impairment: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

Background-—Life’s Simple 7 is a new metric based on modifiable health behaviors and factors that the American Heart Association uses to promote improvements to cardiovascular health (CVH). We hypothesized that better Life’s Simple 7 scores are associated with lower incidence of cognitive impairment. Methods and Results-—For this prospective cohort study, we included REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) participants aged 45+ who had normal global cognitive status at baseline and no history of stroke (N=17 761). We calculated baseline Life’s Simple 7 score (range, 0 to 14) based on smoking, diet, physical activity, body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and fasting glucose. We identified incident cognitive impairment using a 3-test measure of verbal learning, memory, and fluency obtained a mean of 4 years after baseline. Relative to the lowest tertile of Life’s Simple 7 score (0 to 6 points), odds ratios of incident cognitive impairment were 0.65 (0.52, 0.81) in the middle tertile (7 to 8 points) and 0.63 (0.51, 0.79) in the highest tertile (9 to 14 points). The association was similar in blacks and whites, as well as outside and within the Southeastern stroke belt region of the United States. Conclusions-—Compared with low CVH, intermediate and high CVH were both associated with substantially lower incidence of cognitive impairment. We did not observe a dose-response pattern; people with intermediate and high levels of CVH had similar incidence of cognitive impairment. This suggests that even when high CVH is not achieved, intermediate levels of CVH are preferable to low CVH. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e000635 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000635)
Computing bounds for the performance indices of quasi-lumpable stochastic well-formed nets

Structural symmetries in stochastic well-formed colored Petri nets (SWN's) lead to behavioral symmetries that can be exploited by using the symbolic reachability graph (SRG) construction algorithm. The SRC allows one to compute an aggregated reachability graph (RG) and a "lumped" continuous time Markov chain (CTMC) that contain all the information needed to study the qualitative properties and the performance of the modeled system, respectively. Some models exhibit qualitative behavioral symmetries that are not completely reflected at the CTMC level. We call them quasi-lumpable SWN models. In these cases, exact performance indices can be obtained by avoiding the aggregation of those markings that are qualitatively, but not quantitatively, equivalent. An alternative approach consists of aggregating all the qualitatively equivalent states and computing approximated performance indices. In this paper, a technique is proposed to compute bounds on the performance of SWN models of this kind, using the results we have presented elsewhere. The technique is based on the Courtois and Semal bounded aggregation method. >
Resolving Extensions of Finitely Presented Systems

In this paper we extend certain central results of zero dimensional systems to higher dimensions. The first main result shows that if (Y,f) is a finitely presented system, then there exists a Smale space (X,F) and a u-resolving factor map ? +:X?Y. If the finitely presented system is transitive, then we show there is a canonical minimal u-resolving Smale space extension. Additionally, we show that any finite-to-one factor map between transitive finitely presented systems lifts through u-resolving maps to an s-resolving map.
WARM SPITZER PHOTOMETRY OF THE TRANSITING EXOPLANETS CoRoT-1 AND CoRoT-2 AT SECONDARY ECLIPSE

We measure secondary eclipses of the hot giant exoplanets CoRoT-1 at 3.6 and 4.5 μm, and CoRoT-2 at 3.6 μm, both using Warm Spitzer. We find that the Warm Spitzer mission is working very well for exoplanet science. For consistency of our analysis we also re-analyze archival cryogenic Spitzer data for secondary eclipses of CoRoT-2 at 4.5 and 8 μm. We compare the total data for both planets, including optical eclipse measurements by the CoRoT mission, and ground-based eclipse measurements at 2 μm, to existing models. Both planets exhibit stronger eclipses at 4.5 than at 3.6 μm, which is often indicative of an atmospheric temperature inversion. The spectrum of CoRoT-1 is best reproduced by a 2460 K blackbody, due either to a high altitude layer that strongly absorbs stellar irradiance, or an isothermal region in the planetary atmosphere. The spectrum of CoRoT-2 is unusual because the 8 μm contrast is anomalously low. Non-inverted atmospheres could potentially produce the CoRoT-2 spectrum if the planet exhibits line emission from CO at 4.5 μm, caused by tidal-induced mass loss. However, the viability of that hypothesis is questionable because the emitting region cannot be more than about 30% larger than the planet's transit radius, based on the ingress and egress times at eclipse. An alternative possibility to account for the spectrum of CoRoT-2 is an additional opacity source that acts strongly at wavelengths less than 5 μm, heating the upper atmosphere while allowing the deeper atmosphere seen at 8 μm to remain cooler. We obtain a similar result as Gillon et al. for the phase of the secondary eclipse of CoRoT-2, implying an eccentric orbit with e cos(ω) = –0.0030 ± 0.0004.
Who Controls the Content of Supreme Court Opinions

Conventional arguments identify either the median justice or the opinion author as the most influential justices in shaping the content of Supreme Court opinions. We develop a model of judicial decision making that suggests that opinions are likely to reflect the views of the median justice in the majority coalition. This result derives from two features of judicial decision making that have received little attention in previous models. The first is that in deciding a case, justices must resolve a concrete dispute, and that they may have preferences over which party wins the specific case confronting them. The second is that justices who are dissatisfied with an opinion are free to write concurrences (and dissents). We demonstrate that both features undermine the bargaining power of the Court's median and shift influence towards the coalition median. An empirical analysis of concurrence behavior provides significant support for the model.
Erosive Burning of Composite Solid Propellants: Mechanism, Correlation, and Grain Design Applications

With increasing interest evidenced in the developrrient of nozzleless and high-performance solid rocket motors, an understanding of Ifie errrsivz-bsrning charwrter:;iics of sollid propellants in high-velocity cross flows is important in establishment of grain design procedures. A theo~etical model based on a turbulent reacting boundary-layer analysis, validated with experimentnl data, was used to conduct parametric studies under broad ranges of Mach number, pressure, surface roughness, pressure gradient, port diameter, and propellant initial temperature. Using nonlinear regression analysis, an erosive-burning rate correlation was developed in terms of the cited parameters. The results for two motor grain contours were used to demonstrate the applicability of this correlation to grain design.
Contracting preference relations for database applications

The binary relation framework has been shown to be applicable to many real-life preference handling scenarios. Here we study preference contraction: the problem of discarding selected preferences. We argue that the property of minimality and the preservation of strict partial orders are crucial for contractions. Contractions can be further constrained by specifying which preferences should be protected. We consider preference relations that are finite or finitely representable using preference formulas. We present algorithms for computing minimal and preference-protecting minimal contractions for finite as well as finitely representable preference relations. We study relationships between preference change in the binary relation framework and belief change in the belief revision theory. We evaluate the proposed algorithms experimentally and present the results.
STM studies of island nucleation during hyperthermal atom deposition

We report fundamental changes in island nucleation dynamics as the kinetic energy of the constituent particles used for film grown is increased. A hyperthermal energy ion beam-line with precise control over ion kinetic energy was used to grow copper islands on a Cu(100) substrate. Dramatic increases in island densities were observed with increasing kinetic energy from thermal energies to 150 eV. We find that sputter erosion and the formation of adatom-vacancy pairs contribute to this increase. In addition, variations in flux and temperature suggest that the mean-field scaling exponent is sensitive to atomistic mechanisms activated by the ion beam.
The mechanism of methanol to hydrocarbon catalysis.

The process of converting methanol to hydrocarbons on the aluminosilicate zeolite HZSM-5 was originally developed as a route from natural gas to synthetic gasoline. Using other microporous catalysts that are selective for light olefins, methanol-to-olefin (MTO) catalysis may soon become central to the conversion of natural gas to polyolefins. The mechanism of methanol conversion proved to be an intellectually challenging problem; 25 years of fundamental study produced at least 20 distinct mechanisms, but most did not account for either the primary products or a kinetic induction period. Recent experimental and theoretical work has firmly established that methanol and dimethyl ether react on cyclic organic species contained in the cages or channels of the inorganic host. These organic reaction centers act as scaffolds for the assembly of light olefins so as to avoid the high high-energy intermediates required by all “direct” mechanisms. The rate of formation of the initial reaction centers, and hence the d...
Quantum information and precision measurement

We describe some applications of quantum information theory to the analysis of quantum limits on measurement sensitivity. A measurement of a weak force acting on a quantum system is a determination of a classical parameter appearing in the master equation that governs the evolution of the system; limitations on measurement accuracy arise because it is not possible to distinguish perfectly among the different possible values of this parameter. Tools developed in the study of quantum information and computation can be exploited to improve the precision of physics experiments; examples include superdense coding, fast database search, and the quantum Fourier transform.
N-glycosylation of enhanced aromatic sequons to increase glycoprotein stability.

N-glycosylation can increase the rate of protein folding, enhance thermodynamic stability, and slow protein unfolding; however, the molecular basis for these effects is incompletely understood. Without clear engineering guidelines, attempts to use N-glycosylation as an approach for stabilizing proteins have resulted in unpredictable energetic consequences. Here, we review the recent development of three “enhanced aromatic sequons,” which appear to facilitate stabilizing native-state interactions between Phe, Asn-GlcNAc and Thr when placed in an appropriate reverse turn context. It has proven to be straightforward to engineer a stabilizing enhanced aromatic sequon into glycosylation-naive proteins that have not evolved to optimize specific protein–carbohydrate interactions. Incorporating these enhanced aromatic sequons into appropriate reverse turn types within proteins should enhance the well-known pharmacokinetic benefits of N-glycosylation-based stabilization by lowering the population of protease-susceptible unfolded and aggregation-prone misfolded states, thereby making such proteins more useful in research and pharmaceutical applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 98: 195–211, 2012.
Climate and Conflict

We review the emerging literature on climate and conflict. We consider multiple types of human conflict, including both interpersonal conflict, such as assault and murder, and intergroup conflict, including riots and civil war. We discuss key methodological issues in estimating causal relationships and largely focus on natural experiments that exploit variation in climate over time. Using a hierarchical meta-analysis that allows us to both estimate the mean effect and quantify the degree of variability across 55 studies, we find that deviations from moderate temperatures and precipitation patterns systematically increase conflict risk. Contemporaneous temperature has the largest average impact, with each 1σ increase in temperature increasing interpersonal conflict by 2.4% and intergroup conflict by 11.3%. We conclude by highlighting research priorities, including a better understanding of the mechanisms linking climate to conflict, societies’ ability to adapt to climatic changes, and the likely impacts of...
THE CLASSIFICATION OF KLEINIAN SURFACE GROUPS, II: THE ENDING LAMINATION CONJECTURE

Thurston’s Ending Lamination Conjecture states that a hyperbolic 3manifold N with nitely generated fundamental group is uniquely determined by its topological type and its end invariants. In this paper we prove this conjecture for Kleinian surface groups; the general case when N has incompressible ends relative to its cusps follows readily. The main ingredient is a uniformly bilipschitz model for the quotient of H 3 by a Kleinian surface group.
Public Health Insurance, Labor Supply, and Employment Lock*

We study the effect of public health insurance on labor supply by exploiting a large public health insurance disenrollment. In 2005, approximately 170,000 Tennessee residents abruptly lost Medicaid coverage. Using both across- and within-state variation in exposure to the disenrollment, we estimate large increases in labor supply, primarily along the extensive margin. The increased employment is concentrated among individuals working at least 20 hours a week and receiving private, employer-provided health insurance. We explore the dynamic effects of the disenrollment and find an immediate increase in job search behavior and a steady rise in both employment and health insurance coverage following the disenrollment. Our results are consistent with a significant degree of ‘‘employment lock’’—workers who are employed primarily to secure private health insurance coverage. JEL Codes: I1, J22, H75.
Nonlinear model reduction strategies for rapid thermal processing systems

We present a systematic method for developing low order nonlinear models from physically based, large scale finite element models of rapid thermal processing (RTP) systems. These low order models are extracted from transient results of a detailed finite element model using the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method. Eigenfunctions obtained from the POD method are then used as basis functions in spectral Galerkin expansions of the governing partial differential equations solved by the finite element model to generate the reduced models. Simulation results with the reduced order models demonstrate good agreement with steady state and transient data generated from the finite element model, with an order of magnitude reduction in execution time.
Instantaneous Torque Control of Electric Motor Drives

In the control of adjustable speed drives, the performance of inexpensive digital integrated circuits is approaching the stage where traditional control algorithms may be displaced by new algorithms that better exploit their speed and the functional capabilities of their software. The concept of ``instantaneous torque control'' is introduced as an objective worth pursuing in the application of such digital IC's to drive systems. Instantaneous torque control would in principle permit the fastest possible response and the elimination of torque ripple, along with many other advantages not possible with conventional control algorithms, most of which are set up to control a time-averaged torque. Some of the fundamental principles of instantaneous torque control are developed for the switched reluctance motor, which is used as an example because, like the brushless dc permanent-magnet motor with concentrated windings, it has the potential for rapid response, but it can have appreciable torque ripple with unfavorable firing angles. A reference frame transformation that would eliminate the rotor position from the voltage and torque equations is not known for either of these machines. This opens up a number of interesting questions as to the generality of instantaneous torque control algorithms, and whether they can be incorporated into the general or unified theory of electrical machines.
Robust dimension reduction, fusion frames, and Grassmannian packings

Abstract We consider estimating a random vector from its measurements in a fusion frame, in presence of noise and subspace erasures. A fusion frame is a collection of subspaces, for which the sum of the projection operators onto the subspaces is bounded below and above by constant multiples of the identity operator. We first consider the linear minimum mean-squared error (LMMSE) estimation of the random vector of interest from its fusion frame measurements in the presence of additive white noise. Each fusion frame measurement is a vector whose elements are inner products of an orthogonal basis for a fusion frame subspace and the random vector of interest. We derive bounds on the mean-squared error (MSE) and show that the MSE will achieve its lower bound if the fusion frame is tight. We then analyze the robustness of the constructed LMMSE estimator to erasures of the fusion frame subspaces. We limit our erasure analysis to the class of tight fusion frames and assume that all erasures are equally important. Under these assumptions, we prove that tight fusion frames consisting of equi-dimensional subspaces have maximum robustness (in the MSE sense) with respect to erasures of one subspace among all tight fusion frames, and that the optimal subspace dimension depends on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We also prove that tight fusion frames consisting of equi-dimensional subspaces with equal pairwise chordal distances are most robust with respect to two and more subspace erasures, among the class of equi-dimensional tight fusion frames. We call such fusion frames equi-distance tight fusion frames. We prove that the squared chordal distance between the subspaces in such fusion frames meets the so-called simplex bound, and thereby establish connections between equi-distance tight fusion frames and optimal Grassmannian packings. Finally, we present several examples for the construction of equi-distance tight fusion frames.
Practical FeCo Films for Perpendicular Writer Pole

An attempt is made in this publication to review various developments of FeCo films for recording heads in the last decade and to look at emerging developments regarding these films. A series of FeCo films from 100% Fe to 100% Co was sputter deposited, characterized, and analyzed for various magnetic properties such as magnetostriction, uniaxial anisotropy, coercivity, dispersion, and saturation magnetization. Many process parameters, with the most influencing parameter being sputter pressure, play an important role especially influencing dispersion and/or hard axis coercivity (Hch) in these materials. Out of the many developments to date the effect of seed layer(s) in reducing grain size of high moment bcc FeCo films is still intriguing and, hence, a comprehensive review and analysis of seed layer effects are included. Although film stress can play an important role in optimizing Hch, there is no clear trend seen between film stress and Hch when viewed across broad processing conditions. Higher Hk evolution with oblique deposition is an interesting phenomenon in these films. Uniaxial anisotropies of nearly 1000 Oe were found. The anisotropy evolution is explained through magnetoelastic energy and through crystal structure. Even though these films are very columnar in nature it was found that there was little to no fiber texture present in these films and there was no difference in texture between fine grained and coarse grained FeCo films.
Total chemical synthesis of enzymes

The total synthesis, at will, of a wide variety of protein and enzyme molecules is made feasible by modem chemical ligation methods. As Emil Fischer intuitively understood, synthetic access to the enzyme molecule enables the power of chemical science to be applied to elucidating the molecular basis of catalytic function in unprecedented detail.
Estimation methods for nonregenerative stochastic Petri nets

When a computer, manufacturing, telecommunication, or transportation system is modeled as a stochastic Petri net (SPN), many long-run performance characteristics of interest can be expressed as time-average limits of the associated marking process. For nets with generally-distributed firing times, such limits often cannot be computed analytically or numerically, but must be estimated using simulation. Previous work on estimation methods for SPNs has focused on the case in which there exists a sequence of regeneration points for the marking process of the net, so that point estimates and confidence intervals for time-average limits can be obtained using the regenerative method for analysis of simulation output. This paper is concerned with SPNs for which the regenerative method is not applicable. We provide conditions on the clock-setting distributions and new-marking probabilities of an SPN under which time-average limits are well defined and the output process of the simulation obeys a multivariate functional central limit theorem. It then follows from results of Glynn and Iglehart (1990) that methods based on standardized time series can be used to obtain strongly consistent point estimates and asymptotic confidence intervals for time-average limits. In particular, the method of batch means is applicable. Moreover, the methods of Munoz and Glynn can be used to obtain point estimates and confidence intervals for ratios of time-average limits. We illustrate our results using an SPN model of an interactive video-on-demand system.
Scintillation Reduction by Use of Multiple Gaussian Laser Beams With Different Wavelengths

We study the scintillation index of N partially overlapping collimated lowest order Gaussian laser beams with different wavelengths in weak atmospheric turbulence. Using the Rytov approximation, we calculate the initial beam separation that minimizes the longitudinal scintillation. Further reduction of the longitudinal scintillation is obtained by optimizing with respect to both beam separation and spot size. The longitudinal scintillation of the optimal N-beam configurations is inversely proportional to N, resulting in a 92% reduction for a nine-beam system compared with the single beam value. The radial scintillation values for the optimal N-beam configurations are significantly smaller than the corresponding single beam values
The extended Abbe flap

Large upper lip defects that include the surrounding aesthetic subunits of the midface are difficult to reconstruct. Abbe flaps have been a popular method of dealing with small upper lip defects but, as classically described, they are insufficient for larger defects. We performed cadaver injections to evaluate the vascular territory supplied by the inferior labial artery with particular attention to the submental area. Extended Abbe flaps were then designed and used in combined upper lip and midfacial reconstruction. Three cases and guidelines for the use of the extended Abbe flap are presented.