cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations between e-cigarette pack size and vaping frequency among U.S. adults

Little research exists on the association between e-cigarette pack quantity and use. We examined whether using e-cigarettes every day or somedays was associated with purchasing e-cigarettes by the box/pack or as singles. Data are from the 2018-2019 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey, analyzed in 2020. The sample included adults who reported current e-cigarette use (N=2,413). We conducted multivariable logistic regression models to examine the association between purchasing e-cigarettes by the box/pack or as singles and using e-cigarettes every day or somedays. Models controlled for demographic characteristics, flavored e-cigarette use, and other tobacco use, and were stratified by sex and device type. Of the 2,413 respondents, 63.1% reported purchasing e-cigarettes as singles, while 36.9% reported buying by the box or pack. Among those who purchased by the box and singles, approximately 56% and 50% used e-cigarettes every day, respectively. Those who reported purchasing by the box/pack had greater odds of every day e-cigarette use compared to some day use (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.68). This finding held for both males, females, and all device types. These findings present a first step in determining the relationship between e-cigarette pack size and use behavior.
330. Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury after the Use of Antibiotic Loaded Bone Cement in Orthopedic Surgery – a Retrospective Case-control Study

Background As the number of joint replacement surgeries continues to rise, so does the number of joint infections. Many patients end up needing the implantation of antibiotic loaded bone cement (ALBC) to treat their infection. The use of localized high dose vancomycin, tobramycin, and gentamicin may be linked to acute kidney injury (AKI) in certain patients. Our hypothesis is that patients who developed AKI after receiving a joint spacer had a predisposition to AKI due to other comorbidities, high antibiotic doses in ALBC, immunosuppression, or the use of other nephrotoxic drugs pre-op. These patients may need close monitoring of their renal function and serum antibiotic levels after surgery.
Administrators’ perceptions of the meaning and challenges of “education-based” high school sport

A phrase commonly used within high school sport is “education-based athletics”; however, there is no empirical investigation on the meaning of this phrase, nor how it is specific to the high school...
Continuous-Time Implementation of Reset Control Systems

This chapter presents a continuous-time implementation of a reset control system that has a linear flow map, a linear jump map, and a quadratic function that describes the jump set. The implementation is a homogeneous differential inclusion that depends only on the data of the reset system and matches the flows of the reset system in the flow set. Assuming that the reset control system admits a strongly convex Lyapunov function that establishes stability of its origin, the continuous-time implementation has the origin globally exponentially stable. In particular, the continuous-time implementation eliminates purely discrete-time solutions of the reset system that do not converge. The behavior of the continuous-time implementation is illustrated through multiple examples.
The impact of a double vein anastomoses on doppler's loss of signal rates.

Abstract Background Impact on blood flow by double vein anastomosis in head and neck free flaps is unclear. We aimed to assess venous doppler loss of signal (LOS) rates of double vein system compared with a single vein system. Methods Consecutive free flaps with implanted venous flow couplers between 2015–2017 were included. LOS rates were compared between groups and with regard to flap type, defect site and recipient vein within double vein group. Results 92 double-vein (184 veins) and 48 single-vein flaps were included. LOS was similar in single- and double-vein flaps (11/48 (25%) versus 46/184 (25%), p = 0.765). Double veins had fewer flap takebacks compared with single vein (4.3% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.075). Common facial vein (CFV) anastomosis showed superior LOS rates compared with external jugular and CFV branches (p = 0.026). Conclusions Double vein anastomosis does not impact LOS rates, results in fewer flap takebacks, yet LOS rates depend on selected recipient vein.
Just and Inclusive Team Climates Affect Mentoring Satisfaction: The Roles of Negative Mentoring and Race:

As more work is being conducted in teams, mentees have increased opportunities to develop non-traditional mentoring relationships. We investigate how and when three aspects of team climate (procedu...
Issues for Creep and Rupture Evaluation of Ceramic Fibers

Today there exists a strong technological need to develop ceramic and metal matrix composites that are reinforced by continuous-length ceramic fibers and that display thermostructural behavior better than conventional high-temperature materials, such as nickel-based superalloys. To achieve these high-performance, high-temperature composites (HTC), numerous research and development programs are in progress throughout the world to address three primary technical areas: (1) measurement and understanding of the various factors controlling the thermostructural behavior of the HTC and its constituents, i. e., fiber, matrix, and interphase; (2) mechanism-based models to describe and predict the behavior of the individual constituents and their performance as an integrated composite system; and (3) innovative process and design approaches for optimizing high temperature behavior. As with any high-performance composite, the fiber is the principal load-bearing constituent so that major emphasis is being placed on research efforts aimed at the measurement, modeling, and improvement of the thermostructural properties of advanced ceramic fibers.
An archive of one's own: Subcultural creativity and the politics of conservation

In response to a rapidly changing scene of intellectual property in digital media, activist fans have mobilized to develop a communal, nonprofit group to provide fans with an "archive of their own", protecting fan works from deletion by server hosts who believe those works to be in breach of copyright. In 2008, the Organization for Transformative Works (OTW) incorporated as a nonprofit, and the Archive of Our Own went live in 2009. I am a paid-up member of the OTW—and publishing in the journal it sponsors, after being part of the editorial team for the first five issues—because I believe in the artistic and cultural importance of fan works and I want them to be preserved. But I also believe we must look critically at the meaning-making projects that are encompassed within the OTW's goal of legitimatizing and preserving fan works for the future.
CD4(+) lymphocytes improve venous blood flow in experimental arteriovenous fistulae.

Background The role of immune cells in arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) maturation is poorly understood and has received, until quite recently, little attention. This study examines the function of T lymphocytes in AVF vascular remodeling. Methods Experimental fistulae were created in athymic rnu nude rats lacking mature T lymphocytes and euthymic control animals by anastomosing the left superior epigastric vein to the nearby femoral artery. Blood flow rates, wall morphology, and histologic changes were assessed in AVF 21 days after creation. The effect of CD4+ lymphocytes on AVF maturation in athymic animals was analyzed by adoptive transfer of cells after fistula creation. Results The absence of T lymphocytes compromised blood flow in experimental fistulae. Histopathologic inspection of AVF from athymic rats revealed that T-cell immunodeficiency negatively affected venous vascular remodeling, as evidenced by a reduced lumen, a thick muscular layer, and a low number of inflammatory cells compared with control animals. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ lymphocytes from euthymic rats into athymic animals after fistula creation improved blood flow and reduced intima-media thickness. Conclusion These results point at the protective role of CD4+ lymphocytes in the remodeling of the AVF vascular wall.
Empirical Best Prediction for Small Area Inference with Binary Data

The paper introduces a frequentist's alternative to the recently developed hierarchical Bayes methods for small area estimation with binary data. Specifically, the best predictor (BP) and empirical best predictor (EBP) of small area specific random effect are developed in the context of a mixed logistic model and different asymptotic properties of the proposed BP and EBP are studied. An approximation to the mean squared error (MSE) of the proposed EBP correct up to the order o(m −1) is obtained, where m denotes the number of small areas. The asymptotic behavior of the relative savings loss (RSL) demonstrates the superiority of the proposed EBP over the usual small area proportion.
Some observations of the hematopoietic status in vivo and in vitro on mice of genotype S1/S1d.

Studies on the mechanism of anemia in mice of genotype S1/S1d have implicated the hematopoietic stroma (the hematopoietic inductive microenvironment, HIM) rather than hematopoietic stem cells as the site of the defect. Using methylcellulose-supported bone marrow culture systems, we have observed, in addition to classical hematopoietic colonies, the formation of surface associated fibroblastic plaques that could stimulate hematopoietic colony growth. These plaques were hypothesized to be derived from bone marrow stroma precursors. In view of the reported stromal-based defect in S1/S1d mice, studies were initiated, using our culture system, to determine if abnormalities exist in the plaque-forming potentials of these mice. Relative to controls, bone marrow derived from S1/S1d mice exhibited a significant decrease in hematopoietic colonly-forming units in culture, but no differences were apparent in the absolute numbers of fibroblastic plaque-forming units or in the ability of such plaques once derived to stimulate hematopoietic colony growth when overlain with fresh normal bone marrow preparations. Quantitative studies on the bone marrow of the S1/S1d mice revealed a marked reduction in total nucleated cells per femur. The importance of evaluating the results of bone marrow cultures in an absolute (i.e., number of units per femur) rather than a relative (i.e., number of units forming in a constant cell inoculum) term was underlined by these studies.
Hemodynamics and therapy in ARDS.

ARDS patients suffer from diffuse injury of the pulmonary microvasculature with increased permeability to plasma proteins. A definitive diagnosis of ARDS requires evidence of the following: a) increased venous admixture \( ({\rm{e}}{\rm{.g}}{\rm{.,\dot QS/\dot QT > 30}}\% {\rm{ or P}}_a {\rm{O}}_2 /{\rm{F}}_{{\rm{I }}} {\rm{O}}_2 < 250); \) b) acute bilateral diffuse radiographic infiltrates; c) an appropriate cause (see Table 1, not pulmonary embolism, atelectasis or congestive heart failure). Many clinicians lump diffuse pneumonia (bacterial, viral etc.) in the ARDS group. Sepsis syndrome and post-traumatic ARDS account for over half the ARDS patients in our ICU; d) a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of less than 18 mmHg. Thus a Swan-Ganz catheter is necessary to make a definitive diagnosis (unless an LA line is present). Congestive heart failure and ARDS may be coincident. The precise causes for the development of ARDS in man are poorly understood and despite advanced supportive treatment with mechanical ventilation, diuretics and other pharmacological therapies to improve organ function, more than half of all ARDS patients will die (1).
DANGERS OF VACCINATION IN LYMPHOPENIC INFANTS.

During the past decade at least a dozen case reports have appeared in the literature describing death in infants from progressive vaccinia associated with agammaglobulinemia. Until recently we were rather puzzled by these reports, because Dr. Robert Good and his group at the University of Minnesota and our group in Boston have vaccinated over 40 children with congenital agammaglobulinemia. In no instance has there been any untoward reaction following such vaccination, and both normal primary takes and accelerated reactions have been observed in these children.
Emergent Specializations in a Commodity Market: A Multi-Agent Model—Graduate Student Best Paper Award, CASOS 2001 Conference

It has been observed in many instances that markets have a tendency to segment themselves into distinct sub-markets. This paper presents a multi-agent model that illustrates emergent market segmentation. The model illustrates the way local optimization processes result in an emergent global improvement of social welfare.
The "SAPHO" syndrome: a case report of a patient with unusual bone scan findings.

Purpose The authors describe the clinical and bone scintigraphic findings of the SAPHO syndrome, which is characterized by synovitis, acne, palmoplantar pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis. The case report illustrates the significance of bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis. It shows that Tc-99m MDP scanning can detect signs of arthritis not seen with other imaging methods, because the arthritis is inflammatory in nature and does not always cause bone erosion. Thus it is not visualized on plain radiographs. Knowledge of this disorder may help in the differential diagnosis of arthritis. Materials and methods Tc-99m MDP bone scintigraphy was used to diagnose arthritic changes. Whole-body and multiple delayed spot images were obtained in a 39-year-old diabetic, hypertensive woman who had tenderness in the plantar aspect of her heels. Swelling of the small and large joints of the feet, ankles, knees, hips, right sacroiliac joints, and shoulders was noted. She also had hydradenitis suppurativa and a history of a previous episode in which the arthritis improved after surgical treatment for the hydradenitis. Results All active joint lesions were visualized on the bone scan, including the arthritis, which was not detected with other imaging methods. They were all well demonstrated in the bone scintiscan. The scan findings, along with the presence of hydradenitis, led to the correct diagnosis of SAPHO syndrome. Conclusion Tc-99m MDP bone scanning may be helpful in diagnosing arthritis as associated with the SAPHO syndrome.
An Upper Limit to the Atomic Carbon Abundance in the Orion Plateau

Observations made of the atomic carbon line at 492 GHz toward OMC-1 show no evidence for the high velocity dispersion wings observed for many molecular rotational lines. The 3σ upper limit to the CI column density, NCI, is 6.9 x 101 7cm-2 for velocities ≥ 4 km s-1 from the line center. This upper limit corresponds to a ratio of CI to CO abundances as low as <0.13, depending on the assumed CO column density. Atomic carbon is apparently depleted by a factor as large as five in the hot plateau gas, relative to its abundance in other molecular clouds. The lack of CI in the plateau source may mean that the shocks thought to be present in the region are not dissociative in nature and thus do not produce the UV radiation required to convert CO into CI.
ABCG transporters and disease

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters form a large family of transmembrane proteins that facilitate the transport of specific substrates across membranes in an ATP-dependent manner. Transported substrates include lipids, lipopolysaccharides, amino acids, peptides, proteins, inorganic ions, sugars and xenobiotics. Despite this broad array of substrates, the physiological substrate of many ABC transporters has remained elusive. ABC transporters are divided into seven subfamilies, A-G, based on sequence similarity and domain organization. Here we review the role of members of the ABCG subfamily in human disease and how the identification of disease genes helped to determine physiological substrates for specific ABC transporters. We focus on the recent discovery of mutations in ABCG2 causing hyperuricemia and gout, which has led to the identification of urate as a physiological substrate for ABCG2.
Spontaneous Allozyme Mutations in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: Rate of Occurrence and Nature of the Mutants.

After additional generations of accumulation of allozyme mutants, the 1,000 lines of Mukai and Cockerham (1977) were again screened for the same five loci (α-Gpdh, cMdh, Adh, Hex-C and α-Amy), as well as for two new loci (Got-2 and Dip-A). Based on 3,111,598 allele generations: (1) the average mutation rate to new mobility variants with normal function was estimated to be 1.28 x 10-6, and (2) the average mutation rate to null alleles was estimated to be 3.86 x 10-6. A qualitative analysis of the nulls provided evidence that most of the mutants recovered are due to base substitutions. No apparent correlation was observed between structural gene size and mutation rate.
Polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors fabricated at reduced thermal budgets by utilizing fluorinated gate oxidation

Polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors have been fabricated at reduced gate oxidation thermal budgets by utilizing NF/sub 3/-enhanced dry oxidation. Good performance TFTs with effective electron mobility values as high as 38 cm/sup 2//V.sec, threshold voltage values near zero, ON/OFF current ratios of up to 5/spl times/10/sup 7/ and subthreshold slopes of 0.3 V/dec have been fabricated at an oxidation temperature of 800/spl deg/C. Stable devices at an electrical stressing field of 3 MV/cm were demonstrated. Thermal gate oxide TFTs have also been fabricated at a maximum temperature of 650/spl deg/C. The effect of hydrogen plasma passivation was found to depend on process conditions and was correlated with the amount of fluorine in the area near the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface. Passivation at low power was always beneficial. Passivation at high power was highly beneficial for a limited amount of interfacial fluorine, but less beneficial or even detrimental when a large fluorine amount in the near interface area was present.
Foil strip type heat sinks for low temperature use

Abstract Two types of heat sinks for cryogenic applications have been made with commercial technology. Both are described and analysed.
CLONAL ANALYSIS OF A 5-AZACYTIDINE-INDUCED SPECIFIC INCREASE IN GROWTH HORMONE PRODUCTION BY RAT PITUITARY CELLS1

The nucleoside analog, 5-azacytidine (5-azaCR) which causes genomic hypomethylation in many cell types, increased GH production by GH4C-1 rat pituitary cells 3-5 fold. This increased GH production was independent of changes in prolactin (PRL) synthesis by the same cells; it occurred at 10-fold lower 5-azaCR concentrations than those which increased the synthesis of PRL. Elevated GH production persisted for more than 20 population doublings after removal of 5-azaCR from the culture medium, indicating that the induced change was pheno-typically stable. GH production remained responsive to stimulation by cortisol in 5-azaCR-treated cells. Clonal analysis demonstrated that the increased GH production was due to a higher incidence of cells in the population which made GH at an enhanced rate.
Storage stability of the solution formulation of sCD4 determined by DSC in comparison with two functional assays

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used, in conjunction with two functional assays that monitor binding, in a storage stability study on a protein of pharmaceutical interest, the soluble form of the T-lymphocyte multidomain surface receptor, sCD4. DSC monitored structural changes in binding and non-binding domains. ELISA, using the monoclonal antibody OKT4a, and frontal elution affinity chromatography, using the HIV surface glycoprotein, gp120, monitored function of the binding domain. The stability of sCD4 in a solution formulation was followed for up to 30 days at five differentpHs ranging from 5.0 to 7.9 and five different temperatures ranging from −70‡C to 40‡C. While the overall trends observed with the three techniques were the same, the ELISA data were somewhat less reproducible than those for the other methods. Furthermore, the results suggest that DSC is more sensitive to structural changes that would reduce the protein's bioactivity. The results of this study indicate DSC's utility, in conjunction with quantitative functional analysis, in the formulation of protein-containing pharmaceuticals or foods, especially those containing multiple-domain proteins.
Direct Fourier transform infrared analysis of size-segregated aerosols: results from the carbonaceous species methods intercomparison study

Size-segregated aerosols were collected during the study using a low-pressure impactor operating with ZnSe impaction plates. Transmission infrared spectra of the size-segregated aerosols were used to determine the size distributions of ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate ions. In addition, the size distributions of aliphatic carbon and carbonyl groups were determined.
Management of Northern Pikeminnow and Implications for Juvenile Salmonid Survival in the Lower Columbia and Snake Rivers

Abstract Predation by large northern pikeminnow (formerly northern squawfish) Ptychocheilus oregonensis is a major source of mortality for juvenile salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. in the lower Columbia and Snake rivers. Large-scale, agency-operated fisheries have been implemented in this area since 1990 to harvest northern pikeminnow with a goal of 10–20% exploitation. We used indirect methods to analyze the success of the fisheries, and examined benefits to salmonid populations. From 1991 to 1996, three fisheries (sport-reward, dam-angling, and gill-net) harvested approximately 1.1 million northern pikeminnow that were 250 mm in fork length or longer, with the sport-reward fishery contributing 86.5% of the total catch. Total exploitation averaged 12.0% (range, 8.1–15.5) for 1991–1996 and met program goals in all years except 1993. Gill-net and dam-angling fisheries harvested larger northern pikeminnow (which consume a greater number of juvenile salmonids) than the sport-reward fishery. Modeling results indic...
Effect of birefringence on the scattering of light

The effect of birefringence on light scattering is considered, using classical theory. It is shown that in conjunction with polarized light scattering, the use of birefringence can aid in the reduction of experimental errors; also how new checks on theory can be made. The treatment is applied to scattering from simple gaseous molecules and thin polymeric films.
Posttraumatic pilomotor seizures: a case report.

Summary: Pilomotor epilepsy is a rare phenomenon. A 35-year-old man suffered a traumatic contusion of the right temporal lobe and subsequently developed spells characterized by diffuse piloerection and sweating. We believe this to be the first reported association between pilomotor epilepsy and posttraumatic head injury. Al-though pilomotor seizures may result from diverse etiologies, they appear to have a common involvement of tem-porolimbic structures. RESUME Ľepilepsie pilomotrice est rare. Un homme de 35 ans, qui avait subi une contusion traumatique du lobe temporal droit, a presente par la suite des acces caracterises par une pilo-erection diffuse et une sudation. Les auteurs pensent que ce cas rep-rtsente la premiere observation d'une association epilepsie pilo-motrice-traumatisme cranien. Les crises pilomotrice rtpondent a des Etiologies varices, mais semblent avoir en commun une participation des structures temporo-limbiques. RESUMEN La epilepsia “pilomotora” es un fenomeno raro. Un enfermo de 35 anos de edad que habi'a sufrido una contuseon traumatica en el lobulo temporal derecho, desarrolUS ataques caracterizados por una piloereccidn y sudoraci6n difusa. Creemos que este es el primer caso publicado en el que se asocia la epilepsia polomotora y un traumatismo craneoencefalico. Aunque los ataques pilomo-tores pueden ser el resultado de diversas etiologias, parece ser que, en todos ellos, es comun una afectaci6n de las estructuras li'mbicas del lobulo temporal. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die pilomotorische epilepsie ist selten. Ein 35-jahriger Patient litt an einer traumatischen Kontusion des rechten Temporallap-pens und entwickelte Anfalle mit diffuser Piloerektion und Schwitzen. Wir halten dies fur eine erstmalig beschriebene Verknupfung zwischen posttraumatischer Hirnverletzung und pilomotorischer Epilepsie. Da pilomotorische Anfalle durch ver-schiedene Atiologien verursacht werden, scheint ihnen im allge-meinen eine Beeintrachtigung temporo-limbischer Strukturen zugrunde zu liegen.
A local generalized method of moments estimator

Abstract A local Generalized Method of Moments Estimator is proposed for nonparametrically estimating unknown functions that are defined by conditional moment restrictions.
POEs and Prototypes: Post-occupancy Evaluations Comparing Two Prototypical Flexible Group Work Spaces in the Open Office

This study uses post-occupancy evaluation as a method to examine two prototypical team work settings. The aim is to determine how these flexible team settings support group work processes and workers. The post-occupancy evaluation measures users' behavior and reactions for both settings over the course of a year. The evaluation methodology is driven by a series of seven hypotheses related to how the physical setting may affect the interaction and effectiveness of groups. A multimethod approach involving written surveys, observations, and focus group interviews is used to gather and validate data for each hypothesis. The results indicate shared successes and problems with flexible components and setting design and also subtle differences due to variables in design and user groups. Overall the post-occupancy evaluation served to develop a broader understanding of how people interact with and in a flexible group work setting in the open office.
The “fat-rat”: A new experimental jejunoileal bypass model☆

Abstract Jejunoileal bypass is presently a popular method of treatment for morbid obesity in adults. Although the reported incidence of significant complications after this operation is low, fatty infiltration of the liver is frequently observed 1–3 and overt hepatic failure is occasionally recognized. 4 Other complications of jejunoileal bypass include malabsorption, prolonged diarrhea with electrolyte depletion, transient hyperuricemia, renal stones, and a high incidence of postoperative wound infection. 5,6 Recently the use of this procedure in the treatment of excessively obese adolescents has been reported; 7 however, the eventual effect of this procedure on growth and development in children is yet to be determined. Experimental evaluation of the etiology and treatment of the adverse effects of jejunoileal bypass is difficult to study in human subjects. This report concerns a unique obese experimental animal preparation, "the fat rat" and describes certain morphologic and metabolic alterations induced by jejunoileal bypass.
Reflections on internal medicine and family medicine.

The manner in which U.S. medical care is organized and paid for is rapidly changing. These political and financial changes have created an environment that favors collaboration and cooperation amon...
Interaction forces between DPPC bilayers on glass.

The surface force apparatus (SFA) was utilized to obtain force–distance profiles between silica-supported membranes formed by Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). In the absence of a membrane, a long-range electrostatic repulsion and short-range steric repulsion are measured as a result of the deprotonation of silica in water and the roughness of the silica film. The electrostatic repulsion is partially screened by the lipid membrane, and a van der Waals adhesion comparable to that measured with well-packed DPPC membranes on mica is measured. This finding suggest that electrostatic interactions due to the underlying negatively charged silica are likely present in other systems of glass-supported membranes. In contrast, the charge of an underlying mica substrate is almost completely screened when a lipid membrane is deposited on the mica. The difference in the two systems is attributed to the stronger physisorption of zwitterionic lipids to molecularly smooth ...
Costs of eliminating HIV in South Africa have been underestimated.

This letter comments on the universal "test and treat" strategy to eliminate HIV in South Africa and stresses that this strategy would be extremely costly in terms of treatment alone but also requires substantial financial resources to pay for extensive prevention interventions and annual testing.
Chromosomal behaviour in somatic hybrids of soybean-Nicotiana glauca

Protoplasts of soybean and N. glauca were induced to fuse with polyethylene glycol (PEG 1540). Up to 39% of the protoplasts in the treated population were heterokaryocytes. When the heterokaryocytes were isolated and individually cultivated they divided indefinitely and each produced many millions of cells within 2–3 months.
Teaching Students to Achieve and Maintain a Health-Enhancing Level of Physical Fitness

(2001). Teaching Students to Achieve and Maintain a Health-Enhancing Level of Physical Fitness. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 72, No. 8, pp. 30-33.
Memory Effects and Homogenization

In the Fall of 1987 I was putting in order some of my results on memory effects induced by homogenization which I used for a contribution to a book in honor of E. De Giorgi on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday, for I had discussed some of these questions with him a long time earlier, during one of my visits to Pisa [7].
Field testing and development of a seismic landmine detection system

A technique for the detection of buried landmines, which uses a seismic probing signal in conjunction with a non-contact radar-based surface displacement sensor, has been studied for several years at Georgia Tech. Laboratory experiments and numerical models have indicated that this technique shows great promise for imaging a large variety of mine types and burial scenarios. In order to develop a detection system based on this technique, recent studies have focused on transitioning the experimental work from laboratory models to realistic field environments, which poses several challenges for system development. Unknown soil properties at field sites as well as the presence of local inhomogeneities, vertical stratification, and surface variations make the propagation and the modal content of the seismic probing signal more difficult to predict. This complicates the processing required to image buried mines. The small-scale surface topography and naturally-occurring ground cover impede the function of the system's non-contact sensor, which must be capable of looking through the ground cover and spatially averaging its measurement over the irregular surface. A prototype detection system has been tested at several field sites with widely disparate soil properties. Problems were encountered that required modifications to the system sensor, scanning technique, and signal processing algorithms. Following these changes, system performance comparable to that observed in laboratory models was demonstrated during field testing.
The chemical equilibrium of the Ammonia synthesis reaction at high temperatures and extreme pressures

Chemical equilibrium in this reaction has been determined experimentally by a static or nonflow method at temperatures of 400° and 450°C. and at pressures of 1,000 to 3,500 atm. Equilibrium was approached from both sides and the two reacting gases were always in the stoichiometric ratio. The results are presented both as mole percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture and as the equilibrium constant Kp. The constant, Kp, which is a function of pressure, was calculated from Kp°, its value at p = 0, by five different methods and from them the corresponding mole percentages of ammonia were derived for comparison with the experimental results. All such calculations involve assumptions of varying degrees of validity, and no calculated value can be considered accurate. However two of the calculation methods give values which agree reasonably well with the experimental values.
Modeling of Thermoelastic Stress Wave in Laser-Assisted Cell Direct Writing

Laser-assisted cell direct-write technique has been a promising biomaterial direct-write method. For safe and reproducible cell direct writing, the cell damage due to process-induced external stress must be understood in addition to biological property research. The objective of this study is to model the thermoelastic stress wave propagation inside the coating in laser-assisted cell direct writing when the vaporization or optical breakdown of coating materials is not available. It is found that a bipolar pressure pair has been developed within a finite thin coating medium, locations near the laser focal spot experience higher stresses, and shorter duration laser pulses lead to higher thermoelastic stresses. This study will help understand the photomechanical stress and its relevance with biomaterial damage in laser-assisted cell direct writing.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Single-Molecule Detection in Temperature-Controlled Microchannels

This paper reports a temperature-controlled microfluidic platform for single-molecule studies. Parallel microchannels are formed between glass and quartz, and are integrated with on-chip heaters and temperature sensors. Combined with surface derivatization and fluorescent labeling of biomolecules, temperature-dependent changes in the rates of fluorescence photobleaching are measured. The results demonstrate the potential of the device to provide an ideal environment for temperature-dependent single-molecule studies.
New tests of the life cycle and tax discounting hypotheses

Abstract We first test a version of the permanent income consumption function recently suggested by Barro. The results support the theory except that consumption expenditures show sensitivity to transitory income. Next we use the consumption model to test the tax discounting hypothesis, which is strongly supported. This support for tax discounting disagrees with results from some earlier studies using more traditional specifications of the consumption function. However, we show that when certain obviously inadequate estimation procedures are corrected, the traditional models also support tax discounting. This uniform support for tax discounting suggests that the sensitivity of consumption to transitory income is not due to liquidity constraints.
Rapid isolation method for lipopolysaccharide and lipid A from Gram-negative bacteria

A fast, convenient extraction method for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), using a commercial RNA isolating reagent, allows the isolation of LPS or lipid A from low milligram (dry weight) quantities of bacterial cells. The method avoids the use of specialized equipment and has been used for processing relatively large numbers of samples. The major components of the commercial RNA isolating reagent, Tri-Reagent, are phenol and guanidinium thiocyanate in aqueous solution. The bacterial cell membranes are disrupted with guanidinium thiocyanate, which eliminates the need for mechanical cell disruption (e.g. French press) or heating. LPS and its degradation products, with particular attention paid to its bioactive lipid A portion, were measured and compared with those from the most common conventional extraction method, hot phenol-water. Negative ion quadrupole ion trap and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, fatty acid composition analysis by capillary gas chromatography, total and free phosphate by UV spectrophotometry and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that LPS and lipid A isolated using the Tri-Reagent approach were cleaner and suffered less degradation through loss of phosphate and (or) fatty acyl side chains from lipid A. The Tri-Reagent extraction method generated low free phosphate contamination, 11% of the total phosphate concentration, whereas the hot phenol-water extraction method gave approximately 58% as free, inorganic phosphate. Similar results were observed for the degradation of fatty acyl side chains. The time required by the new method is considerably shorter (two or three days) than that required by conventional hot phenol-water extraction (about two weeks).
Small-molecule exchange in emulsion polymerization

Quantification of the rates of radical desorption from latex particles into the aqueous phase shows them to be sufficiently rapid for the particle and aqueous phases to be in thermodynamic equilibrium. Such an equilibrium pertains to only the smallest molecules, i.e., those actively involved in radical transfer. Based on this understanding, it follows that rates of radical entry and exit are related.
Spectroscopically validated density functional theory studies of the B12 cofactors and their interactions with enzyme active sites

Abstract Vitamin B12 and its biologically active derivatives, 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and methylcobalamin (MeCbl), have long fascinated chemists with their elaborate structures and unusual reactivities in enzymatic systems. Due to their large size and complex electronic structures, these cofactors have posed a major challenge for computational chemists. Yet, recent insights gained from kinetic, spectroscopic, and X-ray crystallographic studies, have established an excellent foundation for the successful completion of density functional theory studies aimed at elucidating the electronic structures of the isolated cofactors and the catalytic cycles of B12-dependent enzymes. This review summarizes important information obtained from experimentally validated computational studies of: (i) the free AdoCbl and MeCbl cofactors in their Co3+, Co2+, and Co1+ oxidation states; (ii) the mechanism by which enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of AdoCbl accomplish the thermodynamically challenging Co2+ → Co1+ reduction; (iii) the strategies employed by AdoCbl-dependent enzymes to achieve a trillion-fold rate acceleration for the homolytic cleavage of the cofactor's Co C(Ado) bond; and (iv) the means by which MeCbl-dependent methyltransferases accelerate the rate of methyl transfer via heterolytic Co C(Me) bond cleavage by as much as six orders of magnitude and reactivate the accidentally oxidized form of the cofactor.
Designing safe drug names.

Recent observational studies of medication errors in community pharmacies suggest that ‘wrong drug’ errors, which occur when a patient receives a drug other than the one prescribed, may occur as many as 3.9 million times per year in the US. Similarity between drug product attributes, especially similarity between drug names, is thought to be a contributing cause of these errors. The challenge facing drug companies is to design new drug names that will not be confused with existing names. In this paper, we attempt to lay out a systematic approach to the design of safe drug names by characterising the process of design as a multiple-objective optimisation problem. We then identify and define the most important constraints (both technical and legal/regulatory) and objectives (such as meaning, memorability, and pronouncability) that a drug name must satisfy and critique methods for evaluating a given name with respect to each safety objective and constraint. There are a variety of preapproval tests that can be done on a name to test its vulnerability to confusion. These include computerised searches for existing similar names or products, soliciting expert judgements, doing traditional psycholinguistic tests on memory and perception and observing error rates during simulated ordering, dispensing and administration tasks. A different set of strategies is needed to prevent confusion between similar names that are already in use. Preventing confusion between already marketed products typically involves collecting voluntary reports of names involved in confusion errors, posting warnings and alerts both electronically and in areas where drugs are used, including the indication on the prescription, storing confusing drugs in different locations, improving lighting, providing magnifiers, removing one of the confusing drugs from the system or insisting on double-checking for products thought to be vulnerable to confusion. Finally, since no single design will be optimal with respect to all of the objectives, we describe several approaches to selecting one design from a set of competing alternatives. The pharmaceutical industry and the US FDA have taken important steps recently to improve the preapproval screening of new drug names, but a great deal of research still needs to be done to establish a valid scientific basis for these decisions.
Symptomatic seroma after open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Seroma following open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair has rarely been described. The majority of cases in the literature have been associated with use of polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. Here, we present a patient with a very large, symptomatic periaortic graft seroma 10 years after conventional (open) repair. The etiology of such seromas is of significant interest in endovascular aortic repair.
Multivariate harmonic new better than used in expectation distributions

Abstract The definition of multivariate harmonic new better than used in expectation (MHNBUE) life distributions is introduced. The definition is multivariate generalization of the useful univariate aging property, harmonic new better than used in expectation (HNBUE), which is weaker than new better than used in expectation (NBUE). Various closure properties are proved. Unlike the previous extensions we also prove the very important result of closure under convolution. Some examples are given to illustrate the relationship between the proposed MHNBUE and MHNBUE properties presented by Basu, Ebrahimi, and Klefsjo (1983). We also study the dual property of multivariate harmonic new worse than used in expectation (MHNWUE).
On matching brain volumes

Abstract To characterize the complex morphological variations that occur naturally in human neuroanatomy so that their confounding effect can be minimized in the identification of brain structures in medical images, a computational framework has evolved in which individual anatomies are modeled as warped versions of a canonical representation of the anatomy, known as an atlas . To realize this framework, the method of elastic matching was invented for determining the spatial mapping between a three-dimensional image pair in which one image volume is modeled as an elastic continuum that is deformed to match the appearance of the second volume. In this paper, we review the seminal ideas underlying the elastic matching technique, consider the practical implications of an integral formulation of the approach, and explore a more general Bayesian interpretation of the method in order to address issues that are less naturally resolved within a continuum mechanical setting, such as the examination of a solution’s reliability or the incorporation of empirical information that may be available about the spatial mappings into the analysis.
The changing pattern of damage to the perinatal brain.

Ictere nucleaire et meningite bacterienne sont devenus rares. 4 types de lesions sont toujours observees malgre les efforts des neonatalogistes: les hemorragies de la zone matricielles, la leucomalacie periventriculaire, la gliose de la substance blanche, la necrose du thalamus avec ou sans necrose du striatum ou du noyau lenticulaire
Evidence for accelerated skin wrinkling among developmentally delayed individuals with Down's syndrome.

Abstract Down's Syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder involving mental retardation which is reported to be a condition of accelerated aging. However, few studies exist which examine age-dependent changes in DS and these studies fail to include a control group. In the present study a non-invasive, painless, and easily obtainable measure reflecting age-dependent topographical changes of the skin(skin wrinkling) was obtained in 15 DS subjects, 14 developmentally disabled (DD) (mentally retarded) controls (DD controls) and 16 healthy controls of similar ages ranging from 22 to 51 years. The healthy control group failed to show correlations of skin measures with age, as predicted for the age-range of these subjects, based on results of previous studies. However, the DS group showed significant correlations of all skin measures from relatively non-sunexposed and sunexposed skin sites, with age. The DD control also showed significant correlations with age of several but not all skin sites and the correlation coefficients tended to be less than that of the DS; at least, when contrasted with the healthy controls the DS showed greater value of several skin measures suggestive of accelerated skin wrinkling. These results provide evidence for accelerated aging of the skin, and possibly greater effects of sunexposure on skin wrinkling, in DS and possibly (DD) individuals in contrast to healthy individuals without a genetic disorder and without mental retardation.
QT interval dispersion and resting metabolic rate in chronic anorexia nervosa.

Objective During the starvation phase of anorexia nervosa (AN), cardiac and skeletal muscle mass decreases, whereas electrocardiographic QT dispersion, a marker of arrhythmia risk, increases. QT dispersion during the chronic phase of AN and its relationship to resting metabolic rate (RMR) have not been described previously and is the subject of the current investigation. Method Six AN patients were compared with 10 age-matched control subjects. Serum electrolyte levels, electrocardiography, anthropomorphic data, and indirect calorimetry were obtained for all participants. Results Corrected QT interval (QTc) did not differ between groups, but QT dispersion was significantly greater in AN patients. QT dispersion correlated negatively with resting oxygen consumption and RMR. The relationship between QT dispersion and RMR did not persist after correcting for lean body mass. Conclusions AN patients with a low RMR may be at risk for increased QT dispersion. QT dispersion is a widely available and inexpensive measure, which may reflect both metabolic status and arrhythmia potential. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced backscattering in water by partially exposed cylinders at free surfaces associated with an acoustic Franz wave

When a smooth curved object is lowered into water, the initial specular contribution to high frequency backscattering of sound is weak before the specular point on the object becomes illuminated by incident sound. The associated transition in reflection from a metallic cylinder viewed at grazing incidence was previously studied [Baik and Marston, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 33, 386–396 (2008)]. The present research involves analogous measurements of backscattering performed using short tone bursts facilitating improved temporal resolution of distinct mechanisms contributing to the backscattering. The measurements reveal the presence of a delayed contribution to the backscattering that evolves in time in a way consistent with a scattering contribution of an acoustic Franz wave. The wave appears to be partially reflected at the free surface after having been excited on the cylinder by the incident acoustic wave. For slightly exposed cylinders viewed at grazing incidence, the Franz wave mechanism dominated the observed backscattering.
Free choline formation by cerebral cortical slices from rat brain.

Abstract Changes in free choline levels of cerebral cortical slices and their incubation fluid were examined under conditions of active ACh synthesis. Free choline was found to increase tenfold during two hours of incubation. Most of the free choline, which was presumably formed from esterified choline precursors, was found in the extracellular medium.