cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The olfactory epithelium of the lantern fish, Tarletonbeania crenularis (Myctophidae).

The olfactory rosettes of Tarletonbeania crenularis are contained within paired membranous olfactory chambers opening to the exterior through a pair of nostrils. The margins of the anterior nostril form an infundibulum that may direct a current of water between the lamellae of the olfactory rosette and out of the posterior nostril as the fish swims through the water. The number of lamellae in a rosette is variable, and each consists of an olfactory epithelium containing receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells, mucus cells and bipolar neurons. The olfactory surface for the most part is nonciliated and appears rugose in scanning electron micrographs. Receptor elements are located along the central axis of the rosette and on the surfaces of the distal margins of the lamellae.
Acute HIV-1 infection: targeting the regulator

In this issue of Blood , Jiang and colleagues describe the use of humanized rag2-/-γC-/- mice to demonstrate the preferential infection and depletion of Tregs during acute HIV-1 infection. The role of regulatory T cells (Tregs), phenotypically defined as CD4+CD25+FoxP3+, has been the subject of
Factors influencing distribution of juvenile yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) on the Grand Bank of Newfoundland

Abstract On the Grand Bank, off the coast of Newfoundland, yellowtail flounder is at its northern limit in abundance. The population is relatively sedentary and has formed the basis of a traditional trawler fishery since the middle 1960s. However, very little is known about this species' early life history stages and ecology. Beginning in 1985, bottom trawl surveys have been conducted annually to determine distribution and abundance of juvenile yellowtail flounder on the Grand Bank. It was found that both juveniles and adults maintained their shallow water depth distribution despite wide fluctuations in temperature. Based on the analyses of the distribution of age-1 group and older juveniles (up to 4 years) and incorporating historical information on egg and larval surveys, physical oceanography and substrate type in the region it was found that all early life history stages were retained in the same geographic area, on and adjacent to the Southeast Shoal on the southern Grand Bank. It is suggested that passive retention of eggs and larvae is related to a weak current regime on the southern Grand Bank. Age-1 group and older juveniles were consistently found on a sandy substrate in the same area, indicating that sediment size is an important factor influencing distribution. These observed patterns of distribution of eggs, larvae, and juveniles points to the Southeast Shoal area as being an oceanic nursery site for Grand Bank yellowtail flounder. But unlike the well-published North Sea coastal nurseries, this oceanic nursery also contains newly settled juveniles, older juveniles, and adults.
Seepage Relationships Between Lake Chad and the Chad Aquifers

Lake Chad, a closed basin lake, is the only large surface-water body in the African Sahel. Future water resource development in the Chad Basin requires an understanding of the hydrogeology of the basin. In this paper we examine the hydraulic relationship between the lake and the phreatic aquifer of the Chad Formation. Electrical resistivity data from 30 surveys were combined with over 60 open well measurements to construct a water-table map of the southwestern quadrant of the lake. The map indicates that the Lake Chad water level is at a higher hydraulic level than the phreatic aquifer and that the ground-water flow is southwest, away from the lake. The average measured seepage rate into the phreatic aquifer in the southwestern and southern parts of the lake was 7.1 × 10−3 m/d (median = 1.3 × 10−3 m/d) which is about 21% of the annual water input to the lake. This measured seepage flux (9.96 × 109 m3/yr) can account for about 107% of the annual solute input to the lake. Solute transport model simulations indicate about 32% (15.3 × 109 m3/yr) of the input water and 152% (2.87 × 1012 g/yr) of the total solute input can be removed by ground-water recharge (seepage) from the lake. These results provide an explanation to account for the freshness of Lake Chad's water despite its surficial closed basin geologic setting: solutes delivered to the lake via surface-water inflow leave the lake via ground-water recharge. These results also indicate recharge from the lake (∼ 1010 m3/yr) represents an enormous amount of water available as a ground-water resource in the African Sahel.
Low vacuum microscopy for mask metrology

Because a photomask is typically a block of quartz partially covered a thin metal coating it charges significantly under an electron beam making CD metrology difficult and often imprecise. A solution to this problem can be found by performing the measurement in the presence of a low pressure of gas in a variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM). The gas is ionized by the emitted secondary electrons so producing both positive and negative ions which drift to the charged surface and neutralize it. This process is self controlling and requires no critical adjustments by the operator. With charging removed metrology can then be performed over a wide range of beam energies using either secondary or backscattered electron signals with excellent precision and accuracy. The presence of the gas atmosphere also eliminates beam induced contamination effects. If a chemically active precursor gas is injected into the system then the electron beam can also be used to edit and repair damaged masks.
Numerical models sea surface wind compared to scatterometer observations for a single Bora event in the Adriatic Sea

Abstract. We compare the sea surface wind fields forecasted by a Global Circulation Model (GCM) and three Limited Area Models (LAMs) in an operational-like set-up, with the wind remotely sensed by the NASA QuikSCAT scatterometer. The comparison is performed for a single case of Bora wind in the Adriatic Sea, with the purpose to understand the ability of the model forecasts in reproducing the mesoscale features captured by the scatterometer, and to investigate on the suitability of LAM and GCM forecasts as possible forcing in storm surge models (SSMs). The performance is evaluated by means of statistical parameters regarding wind speed and direction showing that, at least in terms of classical statistical parameters, the GCM offer the most advantageous choice in terms of cost/benefit.
On the onset of thermal convection in slowly rotating fluid shells

The problem of the removal of the degeneracy of the patterns of convective motion in a spherically symmetric fluid shell by the effects of rotation is considered. It is shown that the axisymmetric ...
Growth of thin films by laser-induced evaporation

Abstract Among the various material growth techniques, physical vapor deposition of thin films encompasses many experimental forms. They can be categorized into equilibrium and none-quilibrium processes according to the ways in which the source materials are vaporized. Equilibrium process is typified by thermal evaporation including the conventional resistive heating, the more elaborate e-beam evaporation. as well as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Nonequilibrium processes include sputtering and many of its derivative forms such as ion beam deposition. In comparison with these techniques, thin-film deposition by laser evaporation is less well known and does not fall cleanly into either category. Depending on the laserconditions, the evaporation process can be either thermal, nonthermal, or a mixture of the two.
Some Turbulence and Diffusion Parameter Estimates within Cooling Tower Plumes Derived from Sodar Data

Abstract Temperature and velocity fluctuations within a cooling tower plume in stable conditions at the Keystone power plant in Pennsylvania have been measured by use of a calibrated sodar. Monostatic and bistatic systems probed the plume at several positions 40 to 300 m downwind of the cooling tower. Comparison of the sodar estimates of the temperature and velocity structure parameters (CT2 and CV2) with those derived from measurements taken by aircraft at the same location shows acceptable agreement. Alternate methods of averaging profiles of CT2 through the plume are used to investigate single and relative dispersion coefficients. Both methods describe a linear increase of plume width with distance from the cooling tower. Combining values of temperature and velocity structure parameters leads to estimates of turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate ϵ near 0.3 m2 s−3 and temperature fluctuation destruction rate N of 0.01–0.21 K2 s−1. The decrease in CT2 and CV2 is found to be exponential with horizont...
Evidence for the release of MSH by phenothiazine ataraxics.

Male albino rats were injected with varying concentrations of fiuphenazine, thiopropazate, and chlorpromazine; blood samples removed five hours later were extracted for melanin pigment dispersing principle by a modification of the Karkun procedure. An in vitro frog skin bioassay of the plasma extracts was run simultaneously with commercial vasopressin (Pitressin) as a reference and the results expressed in terms of Pitressin activity. All three drugs resulted in a tenfold elevation of pigment dispersing factor of the plasma over controls. Fiuphenazine had the highest milligram potency; chlorpromazine the least. The possible potentiation of MSH by fluphenazine and chlorpromazine in the bioassa was examined. No augmentation of the action of MSH on frog skin melanophores was observed. Additional experiments revealed that fluphenazine caused no significant increasein plasma corticosterone indicating that blood levels of ACTH,which possesses pigment dispersing activity, remained unchanged. The conclusion is th...
The Definition of Alginate Impression Materials by a Specification

The formulation of a specification for dental alginate impression materials, which will characterize them adequately, is described and much of the experimental data obtained during the development is presented.
Arrival-Based Uniform Delay Model for Exclusive Protected-Permitted Left-Turn Lane at Signalized Intersections

Protected-permitted left-turn (PPLT) control strategies at signalized intersections are used to improve operational efficiency; however, only limited research has been done in modeling the delay for such phasing. The development and validation of uniform delay models for exclusive left-turn lanes with PPLT phases are presented. The proposed models are based on the arrival-based delay method, which directly considers the effects of platoon arrival rate and platoon duration in model development. Two arrival flow rates (one for platoon and one for nonplatoon) and two saturation flow rates (one for protected phase and one for permitted interval) were used to develop the delay models for PPLT. Results of a comparison of the control delays from the proposed models and the Highway Capacity Manual models with simulation results from CorSim indicated that the proposed models estimate the control delay more accurately.
The Structure of Chloroplast Cytochrome c6 at 1.9 A Resolution: Evidence for Functional Oligomerization

The molecular structure of cytochrome c6 from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been determined from two crystal forms and refined to 1.9 A resolution. The two crystal forms are likely the result of different levels of post-translational modification of the protein. This is the first report of a high-resolution structure of a chloroplast-derived class I c-type cytochrome. The overall fold is similar to that of other class I c-type cytochromes, consisting of a series of alpha-helices and turns that envelop the heme prosthetic group. There is also a short two-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet in the vicinity of the methionine axial ligand to the heme; this region of the molecule is formed by the most highly conserved residues in c6-type cytochromes. Although class I c-type cytochromes are assumed to function as monomers, both crystal forms of cytochrome c6 exhibit oligomerization about the heme crevice that is, in part, mediated by the short anti-parallel beta-sheet. The functional significance of this oligomerization is supported by the appearance of similar interfaces in other electron transfer couples, HPLC and light-scattering data, and is furthermore consistent with kinetic data on electron transfer reactions of c6-type cytochromes.
Arithmeticity of rank-1 lattices with dense commensurators in positive characteristic

Abstract G. Margulis showed that if G is a semisimple Lie group and Γ ⊂ G is an irreducible lattice, which has an infinite index in its commensurator, and which satisfies one of the following conditions: (1) it is cocompact; (2) at least one of the simple components of G is defined over a local field of characteristic 0; (3) rankG ⩾2, then Γ is arithmetic. This leaves out the case of non-uniform lattices in rank-1 simple groups G defined over a local field of positive characteristic. We show the arithmeticity of the lattice Γ in this remaining case (under the assumption of density of its commensurator).
Inhibition of (3H)vitellogenin uptake by isolated amphibian oocytes injected with cytoplasm from progesterone-treated mature oocytes.

Abstract Fully grown meiotically immature (germinal vesicle stage) amphibian oocytes incorporate radioactive protein ([3H]vitellogenin) following in vitro culture. In vitro exposure of such oocytes to exogenous progesterone induces germinal vesicle breakdown and inhibits incorporation of vitellogenin. In the present studies, we have investigated the effects of cytoplasm taken from mature and immature oocytes on incorporation of vitellogenin and nuclear breakdown following microinjection of this material into immature oocytes. Vitellogenin incorporation was markedly suppressed in oocytes which underwent nuclear breakdown following injection with cytoplasm from mature oocytes. Incorporation of vitellogenin into oocytes which did not mature after injection with cytoplasm taken from mature oocytes resembled that seen in oocytes injected with immature cytoplasm. The degree of suppression of vitellogenin incorporation following cytoplasmic injections was similar to that seen in uninjected oocytes treated with progesterone. Oocytes injected with cytoplasm obtained from immature oocytes did not undergo either nuclear breakdown or changes in vitellogenin incorporation. The results suggest that cytoplasm obtained from mature oocytes contains a factor(s) which alters directly or indirectly the capacity of the oocyte cell membrane to incorporate vitellogenin. Enucleated immature oocytes also incorporated [3H]vitellogenin, and injection of such oocytes with mature, but not immature, oocyte cytoplasm suppressed vitellogenin incorporation. Suppressive effects of injected cytoplasm thus appear to be mediated through physiological changes in the recipient oocyte cytoplasm rather than the nuclear component.
Regional and temporal separation of serotonergic activity mediating social stress

Abstract Stressful aggressive interaction stimulates central serotonergic activation in telencephalon as well as brainstem. Social roles can be distinguished by monoamine activity following aggression. Pairs of male lizards, Anolis carolinensis, were allowed to fight and form dominant/subordinate relationships. In micropunched regions of telencephalon, the greatest serotonergic changes occur in subordinate males. In hippocampal cortex and nucleus accumbens, subordinate males have increased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid/serotonin at 1 h following the fight. In these areas the ratio gradually decreases over a week of cohabitation, as was previously reported for brainstem. Medial and lateral amygdala develop increased serotonergic activity more slowly, with the greatest increase being evident following a week of interaction. Turnover, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in amygdala escalate over the first week of interaction in subordinate males, and return to baseline by one month. In dominant males, the pattern is accelerated, with the most extensive serotonin system activity present at 1 h, then decreasing over a month. The patterns of serotonergic activation are so similar in hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and brainstem that a co-ordinated response may be involved in mediating short-term social stress and aggression. Similarly, medial and lateral amygdala exhibit corresponding, but delayed patterns in subordinate males, suggesting a co-ordinated response in these regions mediating longer-term stress responses. These data are consistent with rapid neuroendocrine stress modulation in dominant individuals, and delayed serotonergic activity changes in subordinate males.
Bayesian Belief Network Model for Decision Making in Highway Maintenance: Case Studies

This paper presents two case studies that were conducted to illustrate the functionality and application of a decision support system for predicting the influence of decisions made by state highway agencies regarding important work zone project variables such as work window, work zone length, lane closure strategy, and contract incentives on the cost, duration, quality, safety, and public satisfaction of a particular project under consideration. The first case study describes in detail the operation and function of the three major levels of the proposed framework using a completed project, whereas the second case study provides an opportunity for the application of the decision support system to a work zone project in the planning stages using the input of the actual decision maker for the project.
Hertzian Contact Pressure Analysis of Frictional Coupling Elements of Multidisk Stepless Transmission With Initial Line Contact

This paper presents an analysis of the contact pressures and the contact area of mating disks in a frictional transmission. Hertz’s formulations are adopted to determine the maximum contact pressures as well as the size of the contact area resulting from elastic deformation due to the clamping force. Hertz’s formulations are expressed in terms of geometrical features of the active surface of mating disks. The obtained relationships can be readily applied for quantitative estimation of the contact pressures and the contact area parameters for different ranges of transmission ratio. Samples of numerical results are presented in graphical form.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Low-Cycle Fatigue Evaluation Using the Weld Master S-N Curve

In the context of fatigue evaluation in the low-cycle regime, the use of the master S-N curve in conjunction with elastic FE-based structural stress calculations is presented. An elastic pseudo structural stress estimation is introduced by assuming that Neuber’s rule applies in relating structural stress and strain concentration at a weld to the material’s cyclic stress-strain behavior. With the pseudo structural stress procedure, recent sources of recent full scale test data on pipe and vessel welds were analyzed as a validation of the proposed procedure. The estimated fatigue lives versus actual test lives show a reasonable agreement. Finally, the feasibility of using monotonic stress-strain curves as a first approximation is also examined for applications when cyclic stress-strain curve may not be readily found. The analysis results indicate that the life estimations using monotonic stress-strain curves are reasonable, with the recent test data falling within mean ± 2σ, where σ represents the standard deviation of the master S-N curve.© 2006 ASME
Weld line degradation assessment using chaotic attractor property analysis

This paper describes results from an investigation into weld line unzipping. The experiments use a series of steel plates (762 x 408 x 3.17 mm) instrumented with five fiber Bragg grating strain gauges. We rely on tuned chaotic excitation using a Lorenz oscillator to maintain a low dimension system suitable for chaotic attractor property analysis. Weld unzipping is simulated by leaving gaps in a weld line which start at one edge of the plate and extend for 34 or 74 mm (8 or 18% of the plate width). Two speeds of the Lorenz oscillator are used for excitation. These correspond to positive Lyapunov exponents of 5 and 10 and provide insight into our ability to control the dimensionality of the system. Strain data from the sensors are cast into attractors and analyzed for changes using a feature called nonlinear prediction error. The nonlinear prediction error results demonstrate that the LE=5 excitation barely excites any structure dynamics while the LE=10 excitation clearly excites the first LE of the structure. At the 95% confidence limit with LE=10 excitation three of the five sensors can distinguish all three damage cases with the other two sensors able to separate damaged from undamaged. At the 95% confidence limit with LE= 5, only one sensor was able to distinguish damaged from undamaged and no sensors could distinguish the two damage cases.
Does Race Matter? Implicit and Explicit Measures of the Effect of the PR Spokesman's Race on Evaluations of Spokesman Source Credibility and Perceptions of a PR Crisis' Severity

One rationale offered for why there are fewer people of color in public relations is that publics would respond less positively if racial minorities represented the public face of an organization. To determine the plausibility of this rationale, this study employed a 2 (race: Black vs. White spokesman) × 2 (performance history: with prior crisis vs. no prior crisis) × 2 (crisis type: sports vs. product recall) within-subjects experiment (N = 64), using both implicit (reaction time) and explicit (self-report) measures. Contrary to expectations, participants rated Black spokesmen as significantly more credible than White spokesmen using explicit measures. Most significantly, implicit tests, using response time measures, revealed that heuristic cues, such as the spokesman's race, have an influence on perceptions in the absence of a performance history, i.e., when no other information must be cognitively processed. But in cases where there is a crisis history, i.e., when there is more pertinent information, r...
A method of repairing occlusally worn or broken-down complete-arch fixed implant prostheses

An occlusally worn or broken-down denture can present problems for the patient who must wear it and challenges for the dentist who must correct the condition. Many times an alternative to replacing the denture must be found. A method of restoring the occlusal surface of a worn or broken-down complete-arch fixed implant prosthesis is described.
Liposarcoma of the perineum

Abstract A liposarcoma of the perineal body was diagnosed in a 38-year-old woman. She presented with a hard lump in the perineal region of 2 months duration. Light microscopic examination revealed a poorly differentiated malignant neoplasm of undetermined type. Electron microscopy indicated that the tumor cells contained large irregular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, and variable amounts of lipid material, consistent with a pleomorphic liposarcoma. She was treated with posterior exenteration, including resection of the internal reproductive organs, anus, and rectum, perineum and vulva, and posterolateral vagina, leaving the anterior vagina in place. Eight months later, a nodule noted in the vagina was widely excised and found to represent recurrent liposarcoma. She was started on adjuvant chemotherapy at that time. Subsequently, there has been no evidence of additional tumor in the brief follow-up period to date. Liposarcomas generally occur in regions with large connective tissue spaces such as the retroperitoneal area, shoulder, and lower extremities. In reviewing the literature, we found only one case report of liposarcoma of the vulva and no previous cases of liposarcoma of the perineum.
Adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions on pigments

Abstract The adsorption of two ionic dyes, crystal violet and Orange II from aqueous solutions on anatase, rutile, and zinc oxide has been investigated. It was found that up to 9 days of agitation were required to attain true equilibrium, and that high temperatures hastened the process. The adsorption has been found to be physical in nature. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller multimolecular adsorption equation has been found to apply to the data. Rather consistent ( x/m ) m and E 1 − E L values were evaluated. By assumption of planarity and close packing of the adsorbed dye molecules, the area found corresponds to twice that determined by the nitrogen and electron microscope methods. A bimolecular layer is suggested.
Reversed potentials in isolated frog skin. II. Active transport of chloride.

Net inward transport of Cl in the absence of an electrochemical potential difference was demonstrated in the skin of two species of frog, R. pipiens and R. esculenta under conditions of low (2 mM) Cl concentration in the bathing solutions. The electrical potential profile of skins of R. pipiens was examined with microelectrodes under conditions in which the inside solution was negative relative to the outside solution. This reversal of the normal potential difference was found to arise as a result of potential changes across the outward facing electrical barriers in the skin. The reversed potential difference appears to arise, at least in part, as a result of the inward Cl transport. The effect may be due either to electrogenic Cl transfer or to variations in internal composition of the epithelial cells arising as a result of Cl transport.
‘Warranted’ Lynchings: Narratives of Mob Violence in White Southern Newspapers, 1880–1940

Scholars who study lynching in the American South confront overtly biased sources when they turn to white newspapers to learn of the facts about lynchings. But it is not merely the conspicuous racism of the accounts that poses a problem for scholars, for white southern newspapers drew on highly developed narratives about lynching when they created their reports. These narratives were part of an effort by white southerners to control the representation of the practice, and they served several functions: they imparted lessons to readers about the appropriate and inappropriate parameters of mob behavior, they impeded the efforts of lynching opponents to combat the practice, and in the long term they have helped to obscure some of the reality about lynching from historians. Examining these narratives reveals much about the way that white southerners conceived of lynching; it will also, I hope, help scholars of lynching stay sensitive to the language of their sources.
A long purine-pyrimidine homopolymer acts as a transcriptional diode.

Polypurine-polypyrimidine (R.Y) sequences have the unusual ability to form DNA triple helices. Such tracts are overrepresented upstream of eukaryotic genes, although a function there has not been clear. We report that transcription in vitro into one such upstream R.Y tract in the direction that makes a predominantly purine RNA is effectively blocked by formation of an intramolecular triple helix. The triplex is triggered by transcription and stabilized by the binding of nascent purine RNA to the template. Transcription in the opposite direction is not restricted. Polypurine-polypyrimidine DNA may provide a dynamic and selective block to transcription without the aid of accessory proteins.
Radiometric Measurements of Slant Path Attenuation in the V/W Bands

Abstract : Slant path brightness temperatures were measured at 72.5 and 82.5 GHz with a multi-channel radiometer. One year of measurements collected at 36 degree elevation angle in Rome, NY were examined in terms of attenuation statistics. A model-based attenuation retrieval algorithm was developed to determine the slant path attenuation cumulative distribution function to over 20 dB of attenuation corresponding to less than 1% exceedance probability. Slant path attenuation was also measured with the radiometer using the sun as a source of radiation. Over 30 dB of attenuation dynamic range was possible with this technique. Sun-beacon measurements were used to test model predictions.
Impaired mismatch negativity (MMN) generation in schizophrenia as a function of stimulus deviance, probability, and interstimulus/interdeviant interval

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder associated with disturbances in perception and cognition. Event-related potentials (ERP) provide a mechanism for evaluating potential mechanisms underlying neurophysiological dysfunction in schizophrenia. Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a short-duration auditory cognitive ERP component that indexes operation of the auditory sensory ('echoic') memory system. Prior studies have demonstrated impaired MMN generation in schizophrenia along with deficits in auditory sensory memory performance. MMN is elicited in an auditory oddball paradigm in which a sequence of repetitive standard tones is interrupted infrequently by a physically deviant ('oddball') stimulus. The present study evaluates MMN generation as a function of deviant stimulus probability, interstimulus interval, interdeviant interval and the degree of pitch separation between the standard and deviant stimuli. The major findings of the present study are first, that MMN amplitude is decreased in schizophrenia across a broad range of stimulus conditions, and second, that the degree of deficit in schizophrenia is largest under conditions when MMN is normally largest. The pattern of deficit observed in schizophrenia differs from the pattern observed in other conditions associated with MMN dysfunction, including Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and alcohol intoxication.
A comparative study on the peroxidase activity within the aqueous humor of the rabbit, guinea-pig and rat.

Abstract 1. 1. Aqueous humor of the rabbit, guinea-pig and rat has been examined to determine if non-specific peroxidase activity is present within this ocular fluid. 2. 2. Substantial peroxidase activity was found within the aqueous humor of the rat. In contrast, no peroxidase activity could be detected in the aqueous humor of the rabbit or guinea-pig. 3. 3. Partial purification by gel chromatography revealed that the peroxidase within the aqueous humor of the rat has a mol. wt of approx. 45,000.
A Mental Health Program for the Peace Corps

The goals of the mental health program which have developed within the Peace Corps program may be viewed both in general and in highly specific terms. These two perspectives are closely interrelated and interdependent. As seen from the one perspective, the mental health program seeks for the individual the very values which the Peace Corps itself offers him: an opportunity for intellectual and emotional growth; for discovery of his own capacities, and in the case of the young person who has not yet "found himself," an opportunity for molding his developing self-identity. As seen from the other perspective, the mental health program has been constructed in response to definite needs which are fundamental to the effective operation of the total Peace Corps program.
Electron-phonon scattering in planar MOSFETs with NEGF

An approach to include elastic and inelastic electron-phonon scattering into the nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) framework that is computationally manageable and applicable to planar MOSFETs has been developed. By reformulating the NEGF equations in terms of integrated transverse momentum modes, the computational burden has been significantly reduced. This allows treatment of both quantum mechanics and dissipative electron-phonon scattering processes for device sizes from nanometers to microns. The formalism is rigorously benchmarked against semiclassical Monte Carlo transport.
Reliability and validity of the Assessment of Daily Activity Performance (ADAP) in community-dwelling older women.

Background and aims: The Assessment of Daily Activity Performance (ADAP) test was developed, and modeled after the Continuous-scale Physical Functional Performance (CS-PFP) test, to provide a quantitative assessment of older adults' physical functional performance. The aim of this study was to determine the intra-examiner reliability and construct validity of the ADAP in a community-living older population, and to identify the importance of tester experience. Methods: Forty-three community-dwelling, older women (mean age 75 yr ±4.3) were randomized to the test-retest reliability study (n=19) or validation study (n=24). The intra-examiner reliability of an experienced (tester 1) and an inexperienced tester (tester 2) was assessed by comparing test and retest scores of 19 participants. Construct validity was assessed by comparing the ADAP scores of 24 participants with self-perceived function by the SF-36 Health Survey, muscle function tests, and the Timed Up and Go test (TUG). Results: Tester 1 had good consistency and reliability scores (mean difference between test and retest scores (DIF), -1.05±1.99; 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.58 to 0.48; Cronbach's alpha (α) range, 0.83 to 0.98; intraclass correlation (ICC) range, 0.75 to 0.96; Limits of Agreement (LoA), -2.58 to 4.95). Tester 2 had lower reliability scores (DIF, -2.45±4.36; 95% CI, -5.56 to 0.67; α range, 0.53 to 0.94; ICC range, 0.36 to 0.90; LoA, -6.09 to 10.99), with a systematic difference between test and retest scores for the ADAP domain lower-body strength (-3.81; 95% CI, -6.09 to -1.54), ADAP correlated with SF-36 Physical Functioning scale (r=0.67), TUG test (r=-0.91) and with isometric knee extensor strength (r=0.80). Conclusions: The ADAP test is a reliable and valid instrument. Our results suggest that testers should practise using the test, to improve reliability, before applying it to clinical settings. © 2006, Editrice Kurtis.
Methods and results of field testing of a retrofitted freight train with composite brake blocks

Abstract Legal limits will be applied to pass-by noise of railway vehicles in Switzerland. As a consequence, existing freight wagons have to be retrofitted. The exchange of cast iron brake blocks by composite ones is a well-known low-cost measure to reduce pass-by noise. The Swiss Agency for the Environment (BUWAL) commissioned a measurement campaign in the year 2003 to define the noise limit, test conditions and maintenance procedures for retrofitted freight wagons. The test was set up in order to allow the control, or at least the knowledge of all relevant parameters concerning track, vehicles, test and boundary conditions. A track section was reconstructed. The test train was arranged with one reference group of wagons with cast iron brake blocks and several groups of wagons with composite brake blocks and different characteristics. As all wagon groups were operated together in one test train, boundary conditions and test parameters were identical for all wagons. The noise reduction achieved relative to cast iron block braked vehicles was in the expected range. Additionally, it could be observed that standard procedures in infrastructure and freight wagon maintenance do not ensure a sustained noise reduction. Several effects destroy this noise reduction. Measures to ensure a qualified noise reduction sustained for the full lifetime of a freight wagon were identified.
Learning to segment using machine-learned penalized logistic models

Classical maximum-a-posteriori (MAP) segmentation uses generative models for images. However, creating tractable generative models can be difficult for complex images. Moreover, generative models require auxiliary parameters to be included in the maximization, which makes the maximization more complicated. This paper proposes an alternative to the MAP approach: using a penalized logistic model to directly model the segmentation posterior. This approach has two advantages: (1) It requires fewer auxiliary parameters, and (2) it provides a standard way of incorporating powerful machine-learning methods into segmentation so that complex image phenomenon can be learned easily from a training set. The technique is used to segment cardiac ultrasound images sequences which have substantial spatio-temporal contrast variation that is cumbersome to model. Experimental results show that the method gives accurate segmentations of the endocardium in spite of the contrast variation.
A Review of Locomotion Systems for Capsule Endoscopy

Wireless capsule endoscopy for gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a modern technology that has the potential to replace conventional endoscopy techniques. Capsule endoscopy is a pill-shaped device embedded with a camera, a coin battery, and a data transfer. Without a locomotion system, this capsule endoscopy can only passively travel inside the GI tract via natural peristalsis, thus causing several disadvantages such as inability to control and stop, and risk of capsule retention. Therefore, a locomotion system needs to be added to optimize the current capsule endoscopy. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art locomotion methods along with the desired locomotion features such as size, speed, power, and temperature and compares the properties of different methods. In addition, properties and motility mechanisms of the GI tract are described. The main purpose of this review is to understand the features of GI tract and diverse locomotion methods in order to create a future capsule endoscopy compatible with GI tract properties.
Scaling properties of IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

We consider a single-hop wireless network consisting of alpha middot N sources, where alpha ges 1 is a scaling factor. These sources are randomly distributed around a single base-station/access-point and utilize the IEEE 802.11 standard for medium access control. The transmission speed of each node C, the minimum contention window CWmin, and the maximum contention window CWmax, are all multiplied by the scaling factor alpha. Further, all protocol time-intervals are multiplied by 1/alpha. We show that as the scaling factor alpha increases, the packet delays become independent of alpha, and therefore, of the number of sources (alpha middot N) sharing the wireless channel. At the same time, the user's perceived throughput and drop ratio remain almost invariant. This result is not only of theoretical interest, but also of great practical interest, as it clearly identifies the set of the system's parameters that we should aim to (simultaneously) scale in future versions of the IEEE 802.11 protocol (or in new protocols that utilize similar ideas), so that the system can support a very large number of users, while continuing to deliver to each user at least as good performance as before.
Acute Pulmonary Embolism Part I: Epidemiology and Diagnosis

Case 1 : A 54-year-old previously healthy woman presented to the emergency department with a history of several days of progressive dyspnea. She was taking combined estrogen-progestin therapy for symptoms of menopause. On the basis of elements of her history and physical examination, she was considered to have a moderate clinical likelihood of pulmonary embolism (PE). Her D-dimer level was elevated, and a chest computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast demonstrated a right main pulmonary artery embolus. What is the strongest clinical clue suggesting PE? Case 2 : A 71-year-old man receiving hormonal therapy for prostate cancer presented to the emergency department with acute-onset chest discomfort, dyspnea, and lower extremity edema. Laboratory studies revealed normal cardiac biomarkers. The only electrocardiographic abnormality was sinus tachycardia; the chest x-ray was normal. Chest CT with contrast revealed multiple bilateral pulmonary emboli. Lower extremity venous ultrasonography showed thrombus in the left femoral vein. Should a D-dimer blood test have been ordered before the chest CT? The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes PE and deep venous thrombosis (DVT), has remained relatively constant, with age- and sex-adjusted rates of 117 cases per 100 000 person-years.1 VTE incidence rises sharply after age 60 in both men and women, with PE accounting for the majority of the increase.2 The mortality rate associated with PE is underappreciated; it exceeds 15% in the first 3 months after diagnosis.3 In nearly 25% of patients with PE, the initial clinical manifestation is sudden death.1 Risk factors for VTE include various inherited disorders, as well as the acquired conditions of endothelial injury, stasis, and hypercoagulability (Table). The majority of patients present with a combination of risk factors. View this table: Major Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism ### Inherited Conditions Inherited thrombophilias are often suspected in patients with VTE at a young age, multiple …
Application of a new Lyapunov function to global adaptive attitude tracking

A new family of strict global Lyapunov functions for mechanical systems is applied to achieve an adaptive version of the inverse dynamics algorithm in the case when the inertial parameters of the rigid body are not known a priori. Specifically, the author considers the problem of tracking a desired signal on a non-Euclidean space-the Lie group SO(3)-via a completely actuated mechanical system with all states directly available. The resulting closed-loop adaptive system is shown to be stable, and the rigid-body phase errors are shown to converge to the limit trajectories of the nonadaptive algorithm. >
Steady-state 1D electrothermal modeling of an electrothermal transducer

There are places in this paper where the transducer convection thermal resistance is incorrectly noted as RTC. Wherever RTC is mentioned in the paper it should be replaced with RCA, which was originally defined as the transducer convection thermal resistance in the last line of the first column on p 2266. This error occurs in equations (9), (15), (18) and (21). It also occurs in the second line of the first column on p 2267.
Year in review 2011: Critical Care - Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and trauma

In 2011, numerous studies were published in Critical Care focusing on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, trauma, and some related airway, respiratory, and response time factors. In this review, we summarize several of these studies, including those that brought forth advances in therapies for the post-resuscitative period. These advances involved hypothesis-generating concepts in therapeutic hypothermia as well as the impact of early percutaneous coronary artery interventions and the potential utility of extracorporeal life support after cardiac arrest. There were also articles pertaining to the importance of timing in prehospital airway management, the outcome impact of hyperoxia, and the timing of end-tidal carbon dioxide measurements to predict futility in cardiac arrest resuscitation. In other articles, additional perspectives were provided on the classic correlations between emergency medical service response intervals and outcomes.
Scaling deep trench based eDRAM on SOI to 32nm and Beyond

A high performance embedded DRAM with deep trench capacitor and high performance SOI logic has been deployed in 45nm and 32nm technology nodes. Following a yield ramp of the sub-2ns latency 45nm technology, we present, for the first time, a 32nm eDRAM technology fully compatible with high performance logic with high-к metal gate access transistor and high-к node dielectric for the deep trench storage capacitor. We also describe the technology advancements required to scale the deep trench as well as the access transistor for optimal cell retention and performance. A clear scaling path is seen for the 22nm technology node.
The Role of Emotions in Clinical Reasoning and Decision Making

What role, if any, should emotions play in clinical reasoning and decision making? Traditionally, emotions have been excluded from clinical reasoning and decision making, but with recent advances in cognitive neuropsychology they are now considered an important component of them. Today, cognition is thought to be a set of complex processes relying on multiple types of intelligences. The role of mathematical logic (hypothetico-deductive thinking) or verbal linguistic intelligence in cognition, for example, is well documented and accepted; however, the role of emotional intelligence has received less attention-especially because its nature and function are not well understood. In this paper, I argue for the inclusion of emotions in clinical reasoning and decision making. To that end, developments in contemporary cognitive neuropsychology are initially examined and analyzed, followed by a review of the medical literature discussing the role of emotions in clinical practice. Next, a published clinical case is reconstructed and used to illustrate the recognition and regulation of emotions played during a series of clinical consultations, which resulted in a positive medical outcome. The paper's main thesis is that emotions, particularly in terms of emotional intelligence as a practical form of intelligence, afford clinical practitioners a robust cognitive resource for providing quality medical care.
Hypertension and neuropsychological function: A lifespan perspective

Abstract This article explores the relationship of hypertension to neuropsychological performance from a lifespan perspective. First, I examine cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of neuropsychological performance in cohorts of young to middle-aged hypertensive patients (ages 20–60); older hypertensive patients (ages 60–80+); and the young, normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents (ages 18—25). The pattern of performance deficits associated with hypertension is generally found to differ from that related to hypertension risk. Next, I discuss potential mechanisms underlying hypertension-performance relationships in the aforementioned cohorts. I suggest that lowered levels of performance in the offspring of hypertensives reflect genetic risk for hypertension. Compromised neuropsychological function in young and middle-aged hypertensives may occur secondary to alterations in neurophysiological function that result from elevated blood pressure. Such neurophysiological changes may predispose to neur...
Nanospring Pressure Sensors Grown by Glancing Angle Deposition

Arrays of Cr zigzag nanosprings and slanted nanorods, 15−55 nm and 40−80-nm-wide, respectively, were grown on SiO2/Si substrates by glancing angle deposition. The arrays exhibit a reversible change in resistivity upon loading and unloading, by 50% for nanosprings and 5% for nanorods, indicating their potential as pressure sensors. The resistivity drop is due to a compression of nanosprings (by a measured 19% for an applied external force of 10-10 N per spring), which causes them to physically touch their neighbors, providing a path for electric current to flow between nanosprings. Repeated loading and unloading at large loads (≥1 MPa) results in irreversible plastic deformation and a degradation of the pressure sensitivity.
Improved lower bounds on the reliability of hypercube architectures

The hypercube topology, also known as the Boolean n-cube, has recently been used for multiprocessing systems. The paper considers two structural-reliability models, namely, terminal reliability (TR) and network reliability (NR), for the hypercube. Terminal (network) reliability is defined as the probability that there exists a working path connecting two (all) nodes. There are no known polynomial time algorithms for exact computation of TR or NR for the hypercube. Thus, lower-bound computation is a better alternative, because it is more efficient computationally, and the system will be at least as reliable as the bound. The paper presents algorithms to compute lower bounds on TR and NR for the hypercube considering node and/or link failures. These algorithms provide tighter bounds for both TR and NR than known results and run in time polynomial in the cube dimension n, specifically, within time O(n/sup 2/). >