cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Risk and Judicial Reasoning: Eugene F. Sanger, AM, MD, 1829–1897

This biographical sketch of Eugene F. Sanger, AM, MD, corresponds to the historic text, The Classic: Report of the Committee on Suits for Malpractice, available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-008-0639-z.
Youth at Risk: Another Point of View

In this rejoinder to Tidwell and Corona Garrett (1994), the authors discuss three important aspects of the term at risk that help to clarify its meaning.
Sparse Matrix-Vector multiplication on FPGAs

Floating-point Sparse Matrix-Vector Multiplication (SpMXV) is a key computational kernel in scientific and engineering applications. The poor data locality of sparse matrices significantly reduces the performance of SpMXV on general-purpose processors, which rely heavily on the cache hierarchy to achieve high performance. The abundant hardware resources on current FPGAs provide new opportunities to improve the performance of SpMXV. In this paper, we propose an FPGA-based design for SpMXV. Our design accepts sparse matrices in Compressed Row Storage format, and makes no assumptions about the sparsity structure of the input matrix. The design employs IEEE-754 format double-precision floating-point multipliers/adders, and performs multiple floating-point operations as well as I/O operations in parallel. The performance of our design for SpMXV is evaluated using various sparse matrices from the scientific computing community, with the Xilinx Virtex-II Pro XC2VP70 as the target device. The MFLOPS performance increases with the hardware resources on the device as well as the available memory bandwidth. For example, when the memory bandwidth is 8 GB/s, our design achieves over 350 MFLOPS for all the test matrices. It demonstrates significant speedup over general-purpose processors particularly for matrices with very irregular sparsity structure. Besides solving SpMXV problem, our design provides a parameterized and flexible tree-based design for floating-point applications on FPGAs.
Comparison of "psychological styles" in delinquent and nondelinquent females.

16 black and 16 white female delinquents and 36 black and 31 white high school females were compared on measures of interpersonal trust, sensation-seeking, and assertiveness. Expected differences for groups and race failed to emerge. Results were discussed in terms of the need to enlarge upon traditional views of adolescent psychopathology and to seek improved modes of assessing lower-class clients.
Ultrafiltration of a highly self-associating protein

Abstract We studied the ultrafiltration (UF) characteristics of apolipoprotein A1 Milano (ApoA-1M), a highly self-associating protein considered to exist predominantly as oligomers in solution even at the relatively low concentration of a few grams per liter. Purified ApoA-1M could not be concentrated by UF beyond 25 g/L in a low-salt buffer without a drastic drop in permeate flux and significant yield loss. The presence of 4 M urea in the ApoA-1M solution was found to slightly lower the permeate flux at low protein concentrations or low transmembrane pressures but enabled the concentration step to reach much higher protein concentrations while maintaining reasonable flux. The reduced flux at low protein concentrations appears consistent with higher solution viscosity due to the presence of urea. Analysis of the flux data along with dynamic light scattering and diffusion studies suggests that the observed beneficial effect of urea at high protein concentrations likely results from the significant increase in the protein concentration threshold above which gel formation occurs at the membrane surface.
Membrane changes during growth of Tetrahymena in the presence of ethanol.

After a brief lag period for acclimation, Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain NT-1, is capable of growing in culture medium containing high levels of ethanol. When grown in a medium having 1.6% ethanol, the membrane phospholipid composition was significantly different from that of control cells. The principal changes included a reduction in hexadecenoic acids (16 : 1 and 16 : 2) from 23% to 5% and an increase in linoleic acid (18 : 2) from 14% to 25% Similar but less pronounced changes were observed in cells grown in lower ethanol concentrations. There was also a decrease in 2-aminoethylphosphonolipid in the ethanol-grown cells from 16% of the lipid phosphorus to 6% and a coincident rise in the phosphatidylethanolamine from 39% to 46%. The lipid pattern quickly reverted to normal when ethanol was removed. In order to ascertain the effects of ethanol on membrane physical properties, freeze-fracture electron microsocopy and fluorescence polarization studies were performed. Ethanol, as expected, had a clearly detectable fluidizing influence when present at 1.6%. However, changes induced in the membrane lipids by growth in the ethanol-containing medium led to a further fluidizing effect, whether they were tested in the presence or absence of ethanol. The alterations found here were qualitatively similar but quantitatively much more pronounced than those observed in mammals chronically exposed to ethanol.
The Effects of a Structured Curriculum on Nutrition and Fitness Knowledge and Attitude in an Introductory College Weight Training Class

Abstract With the health care system's increased emphasis on disease prevention as opposed to treatment, many wellness efforts are directed at adult audiences, often emphasizing fitness or nutrition. Substantial evidence exists that providing knowledge may change attitude and affect the lifestyles of younger persons, and that incorporating both exercise and nutrition provides a more well-rounded understanding of disease prevention. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a structured nutrition and fitness curriculum on nutrition and fitness knowledge and nutrition and fitness attitude in an introductory college weight training class. The study involved 99 college students registered for four sections of an introductory college weight training class. Subjects were mostly male (68%), freshmen and sophomores (78%), with an average age of 18.6. Two classes were randomly assigned to each of the two treatments -- exercise/ education (experimental) or exercise only (control). The experimental group received fifteen 30-minute lessons in nutrition (6) and fitness (9), comprising half of their class time over an eight week period; the control group received no educational units, but used all class time exclusively for exercise. The four dependent variables (fitness knowledge, nutrition knowledge, fitness attitude, and nutrition attitude) were measured using three existing instruments, which had been adapted for the purposes of this project. The instruments were administered in a pre-test post-test experimental design, using repeated measures analysis of variance to determine the differences between the groups on the four variables. For both fitness knowledge and nutrition knowledge, the total sample exhibited a significant increase (p
A computer program for the transformation of lunar observations from celestial to selenographic coordinates

Abstract A program has been devised which is suitable for mapping observations onto the nighttime surface of the Moon. It can be extracted from the present paper without being understood in detail, and familiarity with computer programming is not required. The basic data used in the program are the universal times, right ascensions, and declinations of points of interest on the Moon which are recorded from the telescope's coordinate circles and a Greenwich clock. Focal plane precision screw coordinates may be substituted if desired. In addition, for part of these points, selenographic coordinates are input. This subset, necessarily contained on the sunlit portion of the Moon, is used as a set of standards from which to derive a function describing the translation of the center of the Moon on the celestial sphere relative to the vernal equinox. The balance of input data are limiting conditions which may be read directly without interpolation from the ephemeris. Results are presented from test data which show an average geodesic residual of 0.5 degrees fairly independently of which of several versions of the computer program are used. The error is thus random gear train error in the telescope, which can be expected to decrease in future applications inasmuch as the test data were gathered when the telescope installation was new and not yet tightly adjusted.
On the Simple-Source Theory of Sound from Statistical Turbulence

A theory for the generation of aerodynamic sound, stated in terms of convected simple sources and dipoles, is presented. The sources are found to depend upon convective derivatives of the hydrodynamic pressure within the turbulent source region. The results are similar to earlier efforts involving simple sources, sometimes called dilatational sources. The results are modified for effects involving measurements on moving flows. The theory shows explicitly the refractive effects of shear flow within the source region, as well as of temperature changes (if any) within the source region. The oscillating cylinder problem is discussed and the results of the present theory are found to agree with those obtained by Lauvstad using a matched asymptotic expansion for the same problem. The theory is used to predict the temperature dependence of sound power for hot jets.
Sorrow and the Sage: Grief in the Zhuangzi

The Zhuangzi offers two apparently incompatible models of bereavement. Zhuangzi sometimes suggests that the sage will greet loss with unfractured equanimity and even aplomb. However, upon the death of his own wife, Zhuangzi evinces a sorrow that, albeit brief, fits ill with this suggestion. In this essay, I contend that the grief that Zhuangzi displays at his wife’s death better honors wider values averred elsewhere in the text and, more generally, that a sage who retains a capacity for sorrow will be better positioned for the robust joy so often identified as central to the Zhuangzi’s vision of flourishing. The sagely figures who entirely forego sorrow, I argue, achieve equanimity only through a sacrifice of the emotional range and responsiveness necessary not only for grief but also for the delight Zhuangzi recommends.
Radon: Characteristics, natural occurrence, technological enhancement, and health effects

INTRODUCTION Of all radioactive isotopes released by the nuclear industry, the one expected to cause the most harm to human health is not 131I, 137Cs, 9°Sr, SSKr, 3H, or 14C. Far more important than all of these combined, according to current theories, is radon-222 (222Rn). The type of natural radiation responsible for most fatalities according to current theories is not cosmic rays, radium in the earth and building materials, or potassium-40 in our bodies. The net effect of all of these taken together is to cause an average whole body dose of 80 mrem/yr 42 which, according to the BEIR Report 4, is expected to cause 3000 deaths per yr in the United States, whereas inhalation of environmental radon gas (actually, of its short half-life daughters) is expected to cause well over 5000. Of all known high radiation exposure situations, the largest number of excess cancers did not result from the atomic bomb attacks on Japan, or the X-ray treatments of ankylosing spondylitis patients in Britain, each of which has caused less than 150 extra cancers to date and is expected to eventually be responsible for double that number. Rather it is the uranium miner exposures to radon gas which have caused over 250 extra cancers and may eventually cause over 600. It has been said that on any time scale of a million years or longer, nuclear power is a method for cleansing the Earth of harmful radioactivity. This is due to the fact that burning up uranium reduces the amount of radon gas that will eventually evolve from it. From these examples it is clear that radon plays a very important role in environmental effects of radiation and of nuclear power. The purpose of this article is to introduce the reader to radon including its occurrence and behavior in nature, to lay out the evidence for the above mentioned health effects, to consider possible corrective measures, and to attempt to cast the problem in proper perspective.
Improving Knowledge and Information Sharing to Promote Best Practices in Stroke Care: Evaluation of the VA Stroke QUERI Toolkit

Despite many advances in stroke care treatment, there is substantial room for improvement in quality of care for stroke patients. In an attempt to disseminate up-to-date quality information and evidence-based best practices of stroke care, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA)and the VHA Stroke QUERI implemented an innovative web-based toolkit tailored for providers and program planners interested in improving stroke care quality. This study evaluated the VA Stroke QUERI Toolkit to determine its most useful aspects and those that require improvement. In-depth qualitative interviews (n = 48) were conducted with a geographically dispersed sample of clinicians and program planners throughout the VHA system. Findings suggest the Stroke QUERI toolkit was perceived as an effective, efficient and user-friendly site but knowledge of the toolkit continues to be initiated and shared mainly through individuals and small groups. To achieve greater impact a comprehensive set of strategies designed to encourage broader uptake is required.
On the interaction of solitary waves of flexure in elastic rods

A numerical study is made to determine whether the partial differential equations governing planar, twist-free motions in a theory of the dynamics of elastic rods are completely integrable in the sense of soliton theory. The theory in which the equations arise is due to Kirchhoff and Clebsch and is complete to within an error of order two in an appropriate dimensionless measure of thickness and strain. A recently developed energy-preserving finite-difference scheme is employed to determine the consequences of the interaction of solitary traveling waves, which, in the present twist-free case, are loops traveling at constant speed. It is found that the change induced in such a loop-wave upon collision with another is more than a shift in phase.
Margin in life among hospitalized and non-hospitalized elderly persons

This study compared six dimensions of adult life among 39 hospitalized elders with a mean age of 72.1 years and 44 elders with a mean age of 75.7 years living in the community. The dimensions of life were physical function, work, spirituality, family, community and self concept. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that the patterns of the subscales did not significantly differ between the groups. Except for the outside interest factor of the community subscale, univariate analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between hospitalized and community elders.
The Congo/Zaire Archives of the Northern (Flemish) Belgian Jesuit Province in Brussels, Belgium

Historians and social scientists concerned with African societies and cultures are well aware that the archives of Protestant and Catholic missionary groups that have worked in Africa contain valuable primary and secondary materials. In the case of Catholic missions, however, scholars are perhaps more aware of collections of documents of various congregations and orders of sisters, brothers and priests, deposited in their central archives in Rome, than they are of more local collections. There are specific historical and sociology of religion factors that determine how a particular order or congregation is organized, and especially to what extent it is responsible to the Vatican and the Papacy, and to what degree it has national and regional autonomy. With respect to official and personal documents of relevance to Africanists, there is a greater “decentralization” and dispersion of available materials than might be supposed.
A Role for NF-κB and the Proteasome in Autoimmunity

Type 1 diabetes (also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile- -onset diabetes) is usually caused by T cell-mediated autoimmunity, with a pre-diabetic state characterized by the production of autoantibodies specific for proteins expressed by pancreatic β cells. The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a spontaneous model of type 1 diabetes with a strong genetic component that maps to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region of the genome. A specific proteasome defect has been identified in NOD mouse lymphocytes that results from down-regulation of expression of the proteasome subunit LMP2, which is encoded by a gene in the MHC genomic region. This defect both prevents the proteolytic processing required for the production and activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which plays important roles in immune and inflammatory responses, as well as increases the susceptibility of the affected cells to apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). The proteasome dysfunction is both tissue and developmental stagespecific and likely contributes to disease pathogenesis and tissue targeting.
Racial differences in patients' perceptions of debilitated health states

OBJECTIVE: To determine health utility scores for specific debilitated health states and to identify whether race or other demographic differences predict significant variation in these utility scores.
Problem-solving self-appraisal, depression, and Attributional Style: Are they related?

Whereas previous research linking problem solving and depression has focused on problem-solving skills related to laboratory tasks, the relationship between higher-order cognitive variables such as an appraisal of one's general problem-solving skills and depression has not been addressed. Likewise, while attributions of one's behavior have been linked to depression, it is unclear if attributions are related to problem-solving appraisal. The present study examined both of these research problems. Self-appraised effective or ineffective problem-solvers completed the following: Beck Depression Inventory, Feelings and Concerns Survey, Attributional Style Questionnaire, and Mooney Problem Checklist. Results indicated that (a) assessment of one's problem-solving skills are related to the number of personal problems reported, and to ratings of short- and long-term depression; (b) assessment of one's problem-solving skills do not seem to be linearly related to attributional style; and (c) attributional style is not linearly related to depression. Results are discussed in terms of real-life problem-solving processes and a more complex model of depression.
Community computing as human±computer interaction

There is too little engagement between community computing and human - computer interaction. In the future there should be more. Better integrating community computing and human - computer interaction can help to make HCI richer and more comprehensive, conceptually and methodologically. It can help HCI to have more of an impact on society and on everyday collective life. Six examples are briefly discussed.
Objective-test assessment of the primary personality dimensions in middle childhood.

Factor analysis was applied to the scores of 164 children in the 6–8-year age range on 111 objective-test variables. A simple-structure solution was obtained for 16 factors, and factor scores were correlated with 49 additional variables. The inclusion of marker variables patterned after variables in earlier batteries permits a comparison of present factors with factors found in a number of studies for older children and adults. Every factor appears to correspond to a dimension known from earlier work. Eleven or twelve factors can be identified with considerable confidence. In the remaining factors, the correspondence to the expected loading pattern is somewhat less satisfactory.
On the optimal control of a single-server queueing system: Comment

In a recent paper by Scott and Jefferson, the optimal control of the service rate for a single-server queue with limited waiting space is treated by the maximum principle. We show that their control policies are necessarily suboptimal. Characterizations for optimal control are derived and used to obtain corresponding optimal trajectories in both nonsingular and singular regions.
The Yeast Sks1p Kinase Signaling Network Regulates Pseudohyphal Growth and Glucose Response

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergoes a dramatic growth transition from its unicellular form to a filamentous state, marked by the formation of pseudohyphal filaments of elongated and connected cells. Yeast pseudohyphal growth is regulated by signaling pathways responsive to reductions in the availability of nitrogen and glucose, but the molecular link between pseudohyphal filamentation and glucose signaling is not fully understood. Here, we identify the glucose-responsive Sks1p kinase as a signaling protein required for pseudohyphal growth induced by nitrogen limitation and coupled nitrogen/glucose limitation. To identify the Sks1p signaling network, we applied mass spectrometry-based quantitative phosphoproteomics, profiling over 900 phosphosites for phosphorylation changes dependent upon Sks1p kinase activity. From this analysis, we report a set of novel phosphorylation sites and highlight Sks1p-dependent phosphorylation in Bud6p, Itr1p, Lrg1p, Npr3p, and Pda1p. In particular, we analyzed the Y309 and S313 phosphosites in the pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit Pda1p; these residues are required for pseudohyphal growth, and Y309A mutants exhibit phenotypes indicative of impaired aerobic respiration and decreased mitochondrial number. Epistasis studies place SKS1 downstream of the G-protein coupled receptor GPR1 and the G-protein RAS2 but upstream of or at the level of cAMP-dependent PKA. The pseudohyphal growth and glucose signaling transcription factors Flo8p, Mss11p, and Rgt1p are required to achieve wild-type SKS1 transcript levels. SKS1 is conserved, and deletion of the SKS1 ortholog SHA3 in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans results in abnormal colony morphology. Collectively, these results identify Sks1p as an important regulator of filamentation and glucose signaling, with additional relevance towards understanding stress-responsive signaling in C. albicans.
Design and performance of the new CCD vertex detector at SLD and implications for the next linear collider

Abstract During 1996, the SLD Collaboration completed construction and began operation of a new charge-coupled device (CCD) vertex detector (VXD3) with 3.07×10 8 pixels. This upgrade improved the capabilities of the SLD detector to measure the polarization-enhanced forward–backward asymmetry for b - and c -quarks and the b -fraction in hadronic Z decays and opened the possibility to observe B s 0 -mixing. Full separation of primary, secondary and tertiary vertices is accessible. This technique should play an important role in exploiting the physics opportunities at the next linear collider.
AN AUTO-ANTIBODY, IDIOTYPIC NETWORK IS PRESENT IN HUMAN MILK. † 993

Introduction: The idiotypic network in serum is critical to regulation of immune responses. It is not known whether a similar system is present in the common mucosal immune system. We therefore studied a well characterized receptor (Gb3, the natural receptor for shiga-like-toxins) and antibodies related to this neutral glycolipid in human milk.
Midwives, Marginality, and Public Identity Work

Because midwifery in the United States is an occupation at the margins of medicine, midwives must frequently negotiate competing identity claims. This article examines the public identity work of a group of midwives by focusing on two important tools they use to accomplish this work: boundary negotiation and impression management. Drawing on data from indepth interviews with twenty-six licensed, nurse, and empirical midwives in the state of Florida, this article illustrates the ways in which midwives frame their identities in relation to history and media representations and manage public identities through boundary negotiation and impression management. I argue that the marginality of this occupation lends itself to competing categories of identity that midwives must negotiate. These categories become salient when midwives confront historical and media representations of childbirth and midwifery as well as the perceptions of the general public, consumers, lawmakers, and medical professionals. In the United States, midwifery is an occupation that exists on the fringes of the mainstream medical system. Under the threat of attack by the medical profession, the media, and lawmakers, midwives often feel a need to legitimate their occupation and activities. The twenty-six midwives in this study have strong opinions about how they are perceived and represented by the general public, consumers, the medical community, lawmakers, and the media. In response to these images, they draw on history, the media, medicine, professionalism, education, and appearance to frame their identities. This article shows how midwives use the tools of boundary negotiation and impression management to construct a public identity. Holstein and Gubrium (2000:215) argue that identity “materializes in myriad nooks and crannies of everyday life, reflecting one sense of who we are in one site, turning a second option for personal definition in another one.” Unlike individuals working in more mainstream occupations who have relatively fewer competing categories of public occupational identity, midwives must work at sorting out who and what they are because of their marginal status. They skillfully define situations as they
Challenges and advances in the study of pterosaur flight1

Pterosaurs have fascinated scientists and nonscientists alike for over 200 years, as one of the three known clades of vertebrates to have evolved flapping flight. The smallest pterosaurs were compa...
Spectroscopic Flow and Ion Temperature Studies of a Large s FRC

The Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment (SSX) produces a large s FRC by merging counter-helicity spheromaks within a cylindrical flux conserver. Past results have shown that the toroidal fields in each spheromak do not annihilate even after the poloidal flux appears to have completely reconnected. This would suggest a radially directed current density at the midplane, and therefore a radially sheared azimuthal component of J × B. In contrast, fast high resolution spectroscopic measurements indicate that flow at the midplane is small (u < < v A ) and there is little shear.
Anatomical study of forearm arteries with ultrasound for percutaneous coronary procedures.

Background: In recent years, the radial artery (RA) has become an alternative vascular access site for percutaneous coronary procedures, and the ulnar artery (UA) is another possibility. The objective of this study was to investigate the anatomy of the forearm arteries with ultrasound (US) and to evaluate the effect of the anatomy of the right RA (RRA) on the outcomes of transradial coronary procedures. Methods and Results: The 638 patients undergoing transradial coronary procedures were examined with US for measurement of the diameters of the forearm arteries and determination of their anatomical abnormalities before the procedures. The next day the incidence of RA occlusion was recorded. The diameters of the radial and ulnar arteries were similar (P>0.05). The procedure time was longer in patients with anatomical abnormalities (P<0.05) and whose RRA had a diameter <2 mm (P<0.05). The incidence of procedure failure, and of RA occlusion one day after the procedure was also higher in patients with an anatomical abnormality of the RRA (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively) and whose RRA diameter was <2 mm (P<0.05 and P<0.05, respectively). Conclusions: The diameters of the forearm arteries of Chinese people are similar. The small diameter and anatomical abnormalities of the RRA could result in longer procedure time, more incidence of procedure failure and RA occlusion. (Circ J 2010; 74: 686-692)
Learner characteristics associated with responses to film and interactive video lessons on smokeless tobacco.

To determine college students' cognitive and affective responses to alternative technologies for presenting a lesson on smokeless tobacco, and to learn if responses to experimental conditions were associated with gender, ethnicity, tobacco-use practices, and the practices of significant others, 162 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to either a control group (questionnaire only) or one of two experimental groups. Experimental subjects viewed a videotape or an interactive video version of the lesson and then completed a questionnaire to ascertain knowledge and attitude. Each main effect was significant for knowledge about smokeless tobacco [experimental condition (P < 0.001); gender (P < 0.024); and ethnicity (P < 0.003)]. The interactive video group demonstrated the most accurate and comprehensive recall. Neither gender nor ethnicity interacted significantly with experimental condition, indicating that the effect of experimental condition is constant across gender and ethnicity. Attitudes to instructional formats did not vary significantly as a function of experimental condition or gender, but were associated with ethnicity (P < 0.034). Again, neither gender nor ethnicity interacted significantly with experimental condition, suggesting that attitudes reflect a generalized view toward content irrespective of presentation mode. Responses to both experimental conditions were quite favorable. Items about present and past experiences with tobacco, with the exception of the “Do you smoke?” item, were not associated with total cognitive score or attitude.
Addressing confounding when estimating the effects of latent classes on a distal outcome

Confounding is widely recognized in settings where all variables are fully observed, yet recognition of and statistical methods to address confounding in the context of latent class regression are slowly emerging. In this study we focus on confounding when regressing a distal outcome on latent class; extending standard confounding methods is not straightforward when the treatment of interest is a latent variable. We describe a recent 1-step method, as well as two 3-step methods (modal and pseudoclass assignment) that incorporate propensity score weighting. Using simulated data, we compare the performance of these three adjusted methods to an unadjusted 1-step and unadjusted 3-step method. We also present an applied example regarding adolescent substance use treatment that examines the effect of treatment service class on subsequent substance use problems. Our simulations indicated that the adjusted 1-step method and both adjusted 3-step methods significantly reduced bias arising from confounding relative to the unadjusted 1-step and 3-step approaches. However, the adjusted 1-step method performed better than the adjusted 3-step methods with regard to bias and 95 % CI coverage, particularly when class separation was poor. Our applied example also highlighted the importance of addressing confounding—both unadjusted methods indicated significant differences across treatment classes with respect to the outcome, yet these class differences were not significant when using any of the three adjusted methods. Potential confounding should be carefully considered when conducting latent class regression with a distal outcome; failure to do so may results in significantly biased effect estimates or incorrect inferences.
Microphysical relationships in warm clouds

Abstract Relationships among cloud microphysical parameters from six aircraft projects carried out over different parts of the globe in different seasons are presented. Comparisons of project averages showed that projects with higher droplet (2–50 μm diameter) concentrations generally had smaller droplets and less drizzle (diameter >50 μm). Hence, when all projects were combined there were negative correlations between droplet concentrations and sizes. However, this was not the case for individual cloud penetrations where only 24% had negative droplet concentration–size correlations. For the stratocumulus clouds, these negative correlations were more likely to be found in clouds with greater droplet spectral broadening and drizzle. The small cumulus clouds in this study were unique in that 95% of the droplet concentration–size correlations were positive regardless of spectral broadening or drizzle. Thus, for the majority of clouds, droplets were smaller in parcels with lower droplet concentrations. Entrainment in these clouds was then consistent with homogeneous mixing that occurs locally and intermittently. The dearth of observations of larger droplets in diluted cloud parcels suggested that mixing of entrained air did not promote droplet growth.
Nonparametric Statistical Data Modeling

Abstract This article attempts to describe an approach to statistical data analysis which is simultaneously parametric and nonparametric. Given a random sample X 1, …, X n of a random variable X, one would like (1) to test the parametric goodness-of-fit hypothesis H 0 that the true distribution function F is of the form F(x) = F0[(x − μ)/σ)], where F 0 is specified, and (2) when H 0 is not accepted, to estimate nonparametrically the true density-quantile function fQ(u) and score function J(u) = − (fQ)'(u). The article also introduces density-quantile functions, autoregressive density estimation, estimation of location and scale parameters by regression analysis of the sample quantile function, and quantile-box plots.
Methodological issues in marital therapy

Abstract This paper examines the major strengths of current marital therapy research methodology, as well as some of the problems and challenges facing researchers. Strengths discussed include the widespread use of assessment instruments with demonstrated reliability and validity, concurrent use of both self-report and observational measures, use of clinical significance statistics, and the availability of detailed treatment manuals. Some of the current challenges discussed here include the need for assessment of individual quality of life rather than exclusive focus on marital satisfaction, better understanding of the unit of analysis employed (e.g., couple vs. individual partner), evaluation of nonstandardized treatments, more thorough description of inclusionary and exclusionary criteria used in research, and the need for longer term follow-up. The authors include a number of suggestions to improve and standardize current research methodology.
Tympanoplasty Results in an Ethnically Diverse Patient Population

Methods: Adult patients who underwent type I tympanoplasty from January 2009 through July 2010 were eligible. Charts were reviewed for preand postoperative drum status, patient characteristics, temporal bone CT scans and audiologic data. The primary outcome measure was successful repair, defined as an intact drum at last follow-up visit. A secondary outcome measure was postoperative hearing improvement, defined as a difference between airconduction and bone-conduction pure-tone averages of less than 20 dB.
Preliminary experiments in underactuated nonlinear model-based tracking control of underwater vehicles with three degree-of-freedom fully-coupled dynamical plant models: Theory and experimental evaluation

This paper reports a comparative experimental evaluation of one non-model-based proportional derivative (PD) 3-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) controller and one model-based 3-DOF controller designed to enable an underactuated underwater vehicle to perform exact X-Y position and velocity tracking. We report a comparative experimental evaluation of the two controllers in free motion experiments. We conclude that the model-based controller's mean absolute position and velocity tracking error is significantly smaller than the non-model-based PD controller for coupled maneuvers.
MYOFIBRIL FRAGMENTATION AND SHEAR RESISTANCE OF THREE BOVINE MUSCLES DURING POSTMORTEM STORAGE

Samples were removed from bovine longissimus (L), semitendinosus (ST) and psoas major (PM) muscles at 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10 or 13 days postmortem stored at 2°C or 25°C. Myofibril fragmentation index (MFI) and Warner-Bratzler (W-B) shear-force values were determined on steaks from each muscle. Myofibril fragmentation index (MFI) was determined quantitatively by measuring the absorbance of a myofibril suspension. It was observed that MFI increased during postmortem storage for L and ST, but increased only slightly for PM. These results paralleled those changes in myofibrils observed with phase and polarized light microscopy. Both MFI and W-B shear-force values changed greatly from 1 to 3 days postmortem with a lesser change occurring after 3 days in L and ST muscles. In PM muscle, however, only a slight change in MFI and W-B shear-force occurred during postmortem storage. Elevated storage temperature (25°C) caused an accelerated change in both MFI and W-B shear-force in L and ST muscles; however, storage temperature had little effect on PM muscle. L and ST muscles responded similarly to postmortem storage, but PM muscle was characteristically different from the L and ST muscles. These findings demonstrate the differences and similarities of muscles to postmortem storage and further elucidate the role of myofibrillar proteins in meat tenderness.
Synthesis of contact networks from prescribed reliability functions

The problem undertaken in this paper is the synthesis of networks when the reliability function has been prescribed. All network elements are assumed to have identical reliabilities. An association is made between networks, their corresponding reliability functions, and binary code words, using an expansion similar to that of Shannon and Moore. In every case the expansion is terminated only after n levels, where the network being expanded contains n elements. In this manner a binary code word of length 2n is obtained. Several theorems are proven concerning properties of the code words. There results a set of necessary and sufficient conditions which apply to reliability functions that correspond to a specific class of networks. These networks are defined as simple-series-parallel. By reversing the expansion technique a synthesis procedure is developed, and performed in n levels. In each level adjacent pairs of networks are combined such that, when the expansion is applied, the original pairs of networks result. This process is unique within a 2-isomorphism.
An enhanced incorporation of fatty acid into phosphatidyl choline that parallels histamine discharge in mast cells.

Purified rat peritoneal and pleural mast cells preincubated briefly with radioactively labeled fatty acid were treated with A23187, which bypasses primary receptors in stimulating exocytosis. An enhanced incorporation of fatty acid into phosphatidyl choline (PC) that occurred in parallel with histamine release at 24–25°C was observed and was initially proportional to the total amount of histamine discharged. Enhanced PC labeling and histamine secretion were also proportional at temperatures ranging from 17–37°C. Both radioactive linoleic and palmitic acids were incorporated selectively at the β-position of the glycerol backbone of PC. PC labeling by [3H]choline was not detectably different in control and stimulated cells, and phosphatidic acid did not exhibit selectively enhanced β-acylation. Thus, the stimulated labeling in A23187-treated cells may occur secondary to the action of a phospholipase A2 that favors PC as a substrate. Other peritoneal cell types exhibit a very similar A23187-stimulated selective labeling of PC. Therefore, autoradiography has been used to provide a direct demonstration that in purified preparations, mast cells are the principal cell type engaged in A23187-elicited incorporation of fatty acid into PC. The efficacy of this approach has relied on special procedures devised to obtain significantly different autoradiographic grain densities between control and stimulated preparations that can be attributed to differences in the level of [3H]palmitate-labeled PC. Preliminary tests using compound 48/80 as a secretory stimulus for mast cells have identified a similar selectively enhanced PC labeling. In either case, however, consideration of possible relationships between PC metabolism and the secretory process are premature since they have not been tested directly.
The submillimeter array

Abstract The Submillimeter Array (SMA), the world’s first imaging interferometric telescope at submillimeter wavelengths, consists of eight 6-m diameter antennas sited near the summit of Mauna Kea. This paper describes the current status of the SMA and presents several recent scientific results obtained on low mass star-forming regions, including imaging of the so-called “star-less” core L1014, linear polarization measurement of the protostellar binary system NGC1333 IRAS4A, and studies of multiple CO lines in the TW Hya protoplanetary disk.
CEACAM6 is a novel biomarker in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and PanIN lesions.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that CEACAM6 expression is an indicator of adverse pathologic features and clinical outcome in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
The effect of prior experience on nest site evaluation by the ant Temnothorax curvispinosus

Animals are expected to follow decision-making strategies that balance the benefits of choosing the best option with the costs of finding and assessing candidates. Because costs and benefits will vary across time and space, an animal may profit by adjusting its tactics according to recent experience. In particular, animals should be less selective when experience indicates that the average quality of options is low. We tested this prediction in the context of nest site selection by the ant Temnothorax curvispinosus. Colonies received prolonged exposure either to a good or to a poor nest and then were tested for their readiness to accept a mediocre nest. Previous studies have shown that colonies move more rapidly into nests that they rate more highly, as a result of faster recruitment initiation by individual ants. Hence, if exposure to a low-quality nest makes colonies more willing to accept a mediocre one, we predicted speedier moves into the mediocre nest after the poor treatment than after the good treatment. Our results showed a clear effect of treatment, but contrary to our prediction, ants moved more rapidly after living in a good nest than after living in a poor nest. We discuss three effects that may explain these results: (1) quality-dependent changes in colony condition, (2) quality-dependent changes in colony size and (3) differences in the urgency of emigration perceived by ants in the two nest types. Our finding illustrates that animal collectives, like individuals, use recent experience to tune their decision strategies.
A symbolic computation system for the calculus of moving surfaces

The calculus of moving surfaces (CMS) provides analytic tools for finding solutions to a wide range of problems with moving surfaces including fluid film dynamics, boundary variation problems, and shape optimization problems. The CMS is an extension of tensor calculus on stationary surfaces to moving surfaces. As with any analytic framework, the complexity of calculations grows rapidly with the order of approximation. This quickly causes problems to become complex enough that hand calculations become error prone or intractable. A symbolic computation system will alleviate these problems, allowing researchers to examine problems that have not been previously solvable. No symbolic calculus system is currently available that supports the CMS. We have developed a prototype symbolic computation system that can solve boundary variation problems with the help of the CMS. Our system has been used to solve a series of model problems of interest to applied mathematicians. The motivation is a boundary problem proposed by Grinfeld and Strang [2] in 2004. What is the series in 1/N for the simple Laplace eigenvalues λN on a regular polygon with N sides? In [2], the idea of expressing λN,n as a series in 1/N was put forth and in [3] the first several terms were computed using the calculus of moving surfaces. The prototype implementation was successfully used to find an error in the fourth term in the series expansion in [3] which was previously computed by hand. The CMS approach to this problem is essentially the same as for Poisson’s equation on polygons, which is used as the model problem in [1]. This problem involves Poisson’s equation ∇i∇u = 1 and is therefore simpler than the eigenvalue equation ∇i∇u = −λu that is at the heart of the model problem. The fundamental simplification is unrelated to the CMS: it comes from the fact that all solution variations un (where n is the order of the variation) satisfy Laplace’s equation in the interior. This makes it easy to solve for un and use the result in the next order of variation. The expression for E1 and the equation for u1 are obtained analytically. Higher order variations follow by direct application of the rules of CMS. The second order variation u2 is governed by the boundary value system
Investigation of Drug Release from Solids II.*: Theoretical and Experimental Study of Influences of Bases and Buffers on Rates of Dissolution of Acidic Solids

A theory is presented which describes the rate of dissolution of solids in basic and buffered media. The formulation is based on the Nernst-Brunner film model assuming a solution diffusion controlled process. Useful expressions are obtained which give relative dissolution rates as functions of the primary variables. Results of calculations predict that for a solid weak acid dissolving in an aqueous basic solution, the rates of dissolution become essentially independent of the strength of the base above certain values. In the region where it is independent of the base strength the rate is a linear function of the product of the base concentration and the base diffusion coefficient. The theoretical conclusions are satisfactorily substantiated by experiments on the rates of dissolution of benzoic acid in basic media of varying strength and diffusivities. The following bases were used as additives: sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium tetraborate, disodium phosphate, sodium acetate, and ethanolamine. Studies were also carried out with added swamping electrolyte. It was found that the rates of dissolution in varying concentrations of sodium chloride in neutral solutions can be largely explained by the salting out effects of the electrolyte.
Spoken language generation in a multimedia system

Addresses two important issues in generating spoken language within a multimedia system: the design of a speech generator to facilitate coordination between media, and extensions to the functionality of a written-language generation system to produce natural speech output. We demonstrate how a speech generator can produce information that allows for temporal coordination between multiple media. We describe how our speech generator takes advantage of rich and accurate syntactic and semantic information during text planning and speech realization. This enables the system to accurately predict, generate and utilize prosodic features to facilitate the coordination of speech with graphical actions such as highlighting.
In Search of Remembrance: Evidence for Memory in Visual Search

Observers searched for a target among distractors while the display items traded places every 110 ms. Search was slower when the target was always relocated to a position previously occupied by a distractor than when the items remained in place, showing the importance of memory for locations in a visual search task. Experiment 2 repeated a previous study in which items could move to any location within the display, but used a larger range of set sizes than tested in the earlier study. A cost in search times to relocating items was found at the larger set sizes, most likely reflecting that the probability that the target would replace a distractor increased with the set size. The findings provide strong evidence for the role of memory for locations within trials in a visual search task.