cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A field-portable simultaneous dual-band infrared hyperspectral imager

We report on the development and characterization of a field-portable hyperspectral imager designed to collect 128-band image cubes simultaneously in both the 4-5.25 /spl mu/m (mid wave infrared, MWIR) and 8-10.5 /spl mu/m (long wave infrared, LWIR) bands for detection of target as well as chemical/biological agents. The imager uses a specially designed diffractive optics Ge lens with a cooled dual-band 320/spl times/240 HgCdTe focal plane array. This lens performs both imaging and dispersive functions. The imager collects a single-color full scene image with a narrow band in the LWIR (e.g., at 8 /spl mu/m) using the first order diffraction and corresponding single-color image in the MWIR (4 /spl mu/m in this case) using the second order diffraction at the same time. Images at different wavelengths are obtained by moving the lens along its optical axis to focus the corresponding wavelengths. Here we discuss the imager and present field test data and results.
The disparity in land grant funding from state sources between traditionally white institutions and traditionally black institutions in Louisiana and Mississippi: The role of agricultural development legislation

Abstract Senator Justin Morrill of Vermont as a young Congressman in 1862 obtained legislation for the establishment of colleges in the respective States for education in agriculture and the mechanic arts and including other fields of study. After 12 unsuccessful attempts. Senator Morrill obtained similar legislation in 1890 which permitted the establishment of such colleges for Blacks. In the meantime, agriculturalists of the period obtained legislation in agricultural research and extension in 1887 and 1913 respectively which was officially designated by Congress as progeny of the original 1862 legislation. These four acts and other such minor acts are referred to as land grant legislation. The Black land grant colleges and their Black clients have never significantly benefited on the State level from the 1887 and 1913 acts and only in the early 1970s did they begin benefiting from the federal funding in the 1913 Act. This article details and discusses the disparities and consequences of the lack of a rural development policy for Blacks and Black land colleges.
Spin Wave Based Logic Circuits

We investigate spin wave propagation and interference in conducting ferromagnetic nanostructures for potential application in spin wave based logic circuits. The novelty of this approach is that information transmission is accomplished without charge transfer. A bit of information is encoded into the phase of spin wave propagating in a nanometer thick ferromagnetic film. A set of “AND”, “NOR”, and “NOT” logic gates can be realized in one device structure by utilizing the effect of spin wave superposition. We present experimental data on spin wave transport in 100nm CoFe films at room temperature obtained by the propagation spin wave spectroscopy technique. Spin wave transport has been studied in the frequency range from 0.5 GHz to 6.0 GHz under different configurations of the external magnetic field. Both phase and amplitude of the spin wave signal are sensitive to the external magnetic field showing 60Deg/10G and 4dB/20G modulation rates, respectively. Potentially, spin wave based logic circuits may compete with traditional electron-based ones in terms of logic functionality and power consumption. The shortcomings of the spin wave based circuits are discussed.
Synthetic aperture radar imaging of urban surfaces: a case study

A set of SAR images of the Los Angeles basin was analyzed to assess their potential to derive soil moisture, an important component of the surface energy balance in urban areas. Large variations of backscatter intensities were observed for different land uses and different SAR images. Low intensities were found over smooth pavement and asphalt. High intensities were found over industrial and commercial areas, with a marked illumination azimuth dependence for the latter; and maximum intensities were found when the flight direction was parallel to building alignments. A similar anisotropy occurred over residential areas, albeit at lower intensities. These contaminations mask the backscatter variations resulting from other processes, and may limit the estimation of soil moisture to undeveloped blocks and parks, unless a correction is applied.
Challenges to Inference in the Study of Crisis Bargaining

The possibility that actors strategically condition their behavior on partially unobservable factors poses a grave challenge to causal inference, particularly if only some of the actors whose behavior we analyze are at risk of experiencing the outcome of interest. We present a crisis bargaining model that indicates that targets can generally prevent war by arming. We then create a simulated data set where the model is assumed to perfectly describe interactions for those states engaged in crisis bargaining, which we assume most pairs of states are not. We further assume researchers cannot observe which states are engaged in crisis bargaining, although observable variables might serve as proxies. We demonstrate that a naive design would falsely (and unsurprisingly) indicate a positive relationship between arming and war. More importantly, we then evaluate the performance of matching, instrumental variables, and statistical backwards induction. The latter two show some promise, but matching fares poorly.
MODELS OF FIVE ABSORPTION-LINE SYSTEMS ALONG THE LINE OF SIGHT TOWARD PG 0117+213

We present our investigation into the physical conditions of the gas in five intervening quasar absorption-line systems along the line of sight toward the quasar PG 0117+213, with redshifts of z ¼ 0:57, 0.72, 1.04, 1.32, and 1.34. Photoionization modeling of Hubble Space Telescope, Keck I, and Palomar data, using the code Cloudy, is employed to derive densities and metallicities of the multiple phases of gas required to fit the absorption profile for eachsystem.We discusstheimplicationsofthese models forgalaxy evolution,including theinterpretationof‘‘Civ �
USING NARROW FREEWAY LANES TO MITIGATE TRANSPORTATION-RELATED PROBLEMS

This article proposes the concept of dedicated small-vehicle lanes for urban commuter traffic as a more efficient alternative to dedicated truck lanes. Small-vehicle commuter lanes (SVCLs) would help mitigate many traffic-related problems. They would be less expensive to build and require smaller rights of way than truck lanes and thus save taxpayer funds. The available funds could build more traffic lanes that would ease traffic congestion. The division of traffic by size would give a degree of safety to small cars and would allow maintenance to be treated differently in the heavy versus light vehicle lanes. SVCLs would also encourage the use of small vehicles, which would lessen the environmental and energy impacts of vehicles. The primary advantage of this proposal compared with other traffic mitigation proposals is that the SVCL is a free-market methodology. Once the infrastructure is built, the free market carries the load and there is no need for continuous intervention or monitoring by government bodies. The author concludes that demonstration projects are needed to test the viability of the SVCL proposal.
A NEW SPECIES OF IGUANIAN LIZARD (STENOCERCUS) FROM THE WESTERN LOWLANDS OF SOUTHERN ECUADOR AND NORTHERN PERU

I describe a new species of Stenocercus from the lowlands of southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru. The new species differs from other Stenocercus by the combination of the following characters: posterior circumorbitals present, one row of supraoculars enlarged, posterior head scales enlarged, projecting angulate temporals absent, canthals two, ventrals smooth, posthumeral and postfemoral mite pockets shallow, dorsolateral crests absent, inscriptional ribs not articulating midventrally, throat yellow and venter lavender in males. Some evidence suggests that the new species is closely related to Stenocercus iridescens, which occurs allopatrically in the lowlands of western Ecuador and southwestern Colombia.
Fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prelude to a randomized, controlled trial.

Abstract Objective As previously reported, high postnatal mortality seen in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) with liver herniation and low lung-to-head ratio (LHR) appears to be improved in fetuses who undergo fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion (TO). To test whether further evolution of this technique produces results that justify a randomized controlled trial comparing prenatal intervention to postnatal care, the authors analyzed 11 additional cases and the cumulative experience with 19 cases. Methods The authors analyzed retrospectively the outcome of 11 new and 8 previously reported cases of fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion. Various factors were studied including maternal morbidity, antenatal outcome, physiologic lung response, and neonatal course. Results Temporary TO can be accomplished using 3 5-mm radially expanding uterine ports without hysterotomy. Obstetric morbidity included mild pulmonary edema in 6 cases, chorioamniotic separation and premature rupture of membranes in 12 patients, and preterm labor and delivery in all patients. Thirteen of 19 (68%) neonates survived for 90 days after delivery; one died in utero, and 5 died after birth. Late mortality included one death caused by sepsis and 2 by complications associated with tracheostomies. Morbidity from gastroesophageal reflux requiring Nissen fundoplication, tracheal injury requiring repair or tracheostomy, and recurrent hernias after diaphragmatic repair were characteristic in longterm survivors. Conclusions Fetoscopic temporary TO may improve outcome in poor-prognosis fetuses with CDH. However, complications related to tracheal dissection, premature delivery and late morbidity are significant. This experience has led to simpler techniques for fetoscopic tracheal occlusion and to an National Institutes of Health-sponsored randomized controlled trial comparing fetoscopic tracheal occlusion with optimal postnatal care.
Fire Safety Design and Construction Considerations for Sustainable Residential Structures

Within the past five years, new codes, policies and recommendations for construction and landscaping have been adopted to improve the sustainability of buildings and their operations. Residential buildings are now being designed and constructed with the goal of achieving sustainability – minimal impact on the environmental, very low to zero energy usage, use of sustainable materials, etc. Many building codes and other groups are promulgating “green” building codes. These changes to the design and construction standards for buildings offer the potential to increase building performance and decrease impact on the environment, but may also include, fire and safety challenges that have unintended consequences including increased property damage compromised related to life safety. Understanding and applying both wildfire safety and sustainable or “Green” principles can be complex and often conflicting. Impacted stakeholders include residents, business, land managers, landscape architects, landscape designers, foresters, fire authorities, building industry, planners and policy-makers. This paper presents and summarizes the information collected to support the future development of a systematic method for evaluating building designs that integrates the consideration of fire hazards as well as other hazard risk factors. This includes a review of current building and development codes, and design guides, an analysis of environmental factors affecting the potential of fire for residential structures, and conclusions regarding sustainable design and construction fire strategies.
Distributed Energy-Efficient Scheduling for Data-Intensive Applications with Deadline Constraints on Data Grids

Although data duplications may be able to improve the performance of data-intensive applications on data grids, a large number of data replicas inevitably increase energy dissipation in storage resources on the data grids. In order to implement a data grid with high energy efficiency, we address in this study the issue of energy-efficient scheduling for data grids supporting real-time and data-intensive applications. Taking into account both data locations and application properties, we design a novel Distributed Energy-Efficient Scheduler (or DEES for short) that aims to seamlessly integrate the process of scheduling tasks with data placement strategies to provide energy savings. DEES is distributed in the essence - it can successfully schedule tasks and save energy without knowledge of a complete grid state. DEES encompasses three main components: energy-aware ranking, performance-aware scheduling, and energy-aware dispatching. By reducing the amount of data replications and task transfers, DEES effectively saves energy. Simulation results based on a real-world trace demonstrate that with respect to energy consumption, DEES conserves over 35% more energy than previous approaches without degrading the performance.
Crystal structure of homoisocitrate dehydrogenase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Homoisocitrate dehydrogenase (HICDH) catalyzes the conversion of homoisocitrate to 2-oxoadipate, the third enzymatic step in the α-aminoadipate pathway by which lysine is synthesized in fungi and certain archaebacteria. This enzyme represents a potential target for anti-fungal drug design. Here, we describe the first crystal structures of a fungal HICDH, including structures of an apoenzyme and a binary complex with a glycine tri-peptide. The structures illustrate the homology of HICDH with other β-hydroxyacid oxidative decarboxylases and reveal key differences with the active site of Thermus thermophilus HICDH that provide insights into the differences in substrate specificity of these enzymes.
Regulation of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene: CO2 and a trans-acting element activate transcription from one of two promoters.

Abstract The pag gene of Bacillus anthracis, located on plasmid pXO1 (185 kb), encodes protective antigen, a component of the anthrax lethal and edema toxins. Synthesis of protective antigen is enhanced during growth of the organism with elevated levels of CO2. The CO2 effect is at the level of transcription, and pXO1-encoded regulatory factors have been implicated in control of pag expression. We used a Tn917-LTV3 insertion mutant of B. anthracis in which the wild-type pag gene on pXO1 was replaced with a pag-lacZ transcriptional fusion to monitor pag promoter activity. Expression of the pag-lacZ fusion is induced five- to eightfold during growth in 5% CO2 compared with growth in air. Growth in 20% CO2 increases transcription up to 19-fold. By monitoring pag-lacZ expression in atmospheres with different O2 and CO2 concentrations, we demonstrated definitively that the CO2 effect is specific and not simply a result of increased anaerobiosis. The results of 5' end mapping of pag transcripts indicate multiple sites of transcript initiation. We have determined two major apparent start sites, designated P1 and P2, located at positions -58 and -26 relative to the translation initiation codon, respectively. Analysis of total RNA from late-log-phase cells shows comparable initiation from P1 and P2 in wild-type strains grown in aerobic conditions. However, initiation from P1 is increased approximately 10-fold in cultures grown with an elevated level (5%) of CO2. We have identified a locus on pXO1, more than 13 kb upstream from the pag gene, which enhances pag transcription. When added in trans, this locus increases the level of transcripts with 5' ends mapping to P1 but has no effect on the level of transcripts with 5' ends mapping to P2. The CO2 effect on P1 is observed only in the presence of the activator locus.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND REGULATION OF RUBISCO ACTIVITY IN NET PHYTOPLANKTON FROM DELAWARE BAY1

Net phytoplankton (>20 {mu}m) comprised 51 {plus_minus} 9% of the total chlorophyll (Chl) in a Skeletonema costatum-dominated spring bloom in Delaware Bay. The net phytoplankton had low C:N and high protein:carbohydrate ratios, indicating that their growth was nutrient-replete. Their photosynthetic responses were characterized by low specific absorption, low light-limited and light-saturated rates of photosynthesis, and high quantum yields, indicative of acclimation to low irradiance and internal self-shading. High fucoxanthin: Chl ratios also indicated low light acclimation, but high photoprotective xanthophyll: Chl ratios suggested a high capacity for photoprotective energy dissipation. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) could be activated and deactivated in response to changes in irradiance and was fully activated at the surface of the water column and fully deactivated in aphotic deep water. Maximum Rubisco activity was correlated with Rubisco content and bulk protein content of the phytoplankton and with light-saturated rates of photosynthesis measured in short (<20-min) incubations. Long (60-min) incubations caused a decrease in the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis, possibly because of feedback limitation. While feedback limitation is unlikely to occur in the water column it should be considered when estimating productivity in well-mixed waters from fixed light-depth incubations. 90 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.
Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy: indications, surgical technique, and results.

Background. Pancreatoduodenectomy, originally performed for malignancy of the pancreas and duodenum, is also commonly used for potentially malignant lesions. Because a normal pancreas should be spared, we investigated the concept of duodenectomy alone with the pancreas intact for disease such as familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome. Methods. Five patients underwent pancreas-sparing duodenectomy for nonmalignant lesions performed by means of meticulous detachment of the duodenum from the pancreas, transecting the bile and pancreatic ducts outside the duodenum. Reconstruction was accomplished by advancing the jejunum to anastomose end-to-end with the juxtapyloric duodenal cuff, implanting the bile and pancreatic ducts in a location corresponding to the native papilla. The hospital course, complications, and long-term follow-up status of all patients are reviewed in detail. Results. No deaths occurred in this series. Delayed gastric emptying was seen in one patient and transient pancreatic fistula in another. Long-term endoscopic follow-up showed no stenosis of the ductal anastomoses. Endoscopic surveillance, including endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, was not hampered by this technique of reconstruction. Conclusions. Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy is a practical operation for nonmalignant duodenal lesions where the pancreas is not involved by the disease process.
Compression mechanisms of unsaturated clay under high stresses

This paper investigates the compression behavior of unsaturated clay under mean stresses up to 160 MPa and different drainage conditions. A new isotropic pressure cell was developed that incorporat...
SEXUAL SELECTION AND INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION: A FIELD EXPERIMENT ON TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOR OF NONPARENTAL FINCHES (VIDUA SPP.)

Singing male indigobirds (Vidua raricola and V. funerea) are interspecifically territorial in their local distributions and, as well, respond to experimental presentations of interspecific stimuli. When singing males were experimentally removed from their territo- ries, however, they were replaced by other males of the same species. The distribution of replacements was consistent with an hypothesis of sexual selection but not with one of interspecific competition. Males matched the songs of the males they replaced, suggesting intraspecific song mimicry. Received 12 April 1983, accepted 6 September 1983.
An integrative approach for analyzing hundreds of neurons in task performing mice using wide-field calcium imaging

Advances in neurotechnology have been integral to the investigation of neural circuit function in systems neuroscience. Recent improvements in high performance fluorescent sensors and scientific CMOS cameras enables optical imaging of neural networks at a much larger scale. While exciting technical advances demonstrate the potential of this technique, further improvement in data acquisition and analysis, especially those that allow effective processing of increasingly larger datasets, would greatly promote the application of optical imaging in systems neuroscience. Here we demonstrate the ability of wide-field imaging to capture the concurrent dynamic activity from hundreds to thousands of neurons over millimeters of brain tissue in behaving mice. This system allows the visualization of morphological details at a higher spatial resolution than has been previously achieved using similar functional imaging modalities. To analyze the expansive data sets, we developed software to facilitate rapid downstream data processing. Using this system, we show that a large fraction of anatomically distinct hippocampal neurons respond to discrete environmental stimuli associated with classical conditioning, and that the observed temporal dynamics of transient calcium signals are sufficient for exploring certain spatiotemporal features of large neural networks.
Paradoxical insulin-induced increase in gluconeogenesis in response to prolonged hypoglycemia in conscious dogs.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of differing insulin concentrations on the gluconeogenic response to equivalent prolonged hypoglycemia. Insulin was infused intraportally, for 3 h, into normal 18-h fasted conscious dogs at 2 (lower, n = 6) or 8 mU.kg-1.min-1 (high, n = 7) on separate occasions. This resulted in steady-state arterial insulin levels of 80 +/- 8 and 610 +/- 55 microU/ml, respectively. Glucose was infused during high dose to maintain the hypoglycemic plateau (50 +/- 1 mg/dl) equivalent to lower. Epinephrine (806 +/- 180 vs. 2,589 +/- 260 pg/ml), norepinephrine (303 +/- 55 vs. 535 +/- 60 pg/ml), cortisol (5.8 +/- 1.2 vs. 12.1 +/- 1.5 micrograms/dl), and pancreatic polypeptide (598 +/- 250 vs. 1,198 +/- 150 pg/ml) were all increased (P < 0.05) in the presence of high-dose insulin. Net hepatic glucose production increased significantly from 2.2 +/- 0.3 to 3.8 +/- 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1 (P < 0.05) during high-dose infusion but remained at basal levels (2.3 +/- 0.4 mg.kg-1.min-1) during lower-dose insulin. During the 3rd h of hypoglycemia, gluconeogenesis accounted for between 42 and 100% of glucose production during high-dose infusion but only 22-52% during lower-dose insulin. Intrahepatic gluconeogenic efficiency, however, increased similarly during both protocols. Lipolysis, as indicated by arterial blood glycerol levels, increased by a greater amount during high- compared with lower-dose insulin infusion. Six hyperinsulinemic euglycemic control experiments (2 or 8 mU.kg-1.min-1, n = 3 in each) provided baseline data. Gluconeogenesis remained similar to basal levels, but lipolysis was significantly suppressed during both series of hyperinsulinemic euglycemic studies. In summary, these data suggest that 1) the important counterregulatory processes of gluconeogenesis and lipolysis can be significantly increased during prolonged hypoglycemia despite an eightfold increase in circulating insulin levels and 2) the amplified gluconeogenic rate present during the hypoglycemic high-dose insulin infusions was caused by enhanced substrate delivery to the liver rather than an increase in intrahepatic gluconeogenic efficiency.
Shinto and the Social Order

This study will attempt, in very broad outline, to deal with Shinto and its relation to the Japanese social order from three perspectives: the classic Shinto polity of the monarchical state, that of the Taiho Code and the Nara and Heian periods; the manner in which this polity came into being and its religious meaning; and how this classic polity has been used as a model for restorationism in medieval and modern Japan. The regularization of Japanese polity has its roots in the introduction of Buddhism in the sixth century, and the great imperial reforms which followed upon the simultaneous intro duction of Chinese models of the court and state. The first major results were the so-called Constitution of Shotoku Taishi (traditionally dated a.d. 604) and the Taika Reform (a.d. 645). The sixth and seventh centuries served to advance the diffusion of Buddhism among the higher classes and saw the adaption of such symbols of continental sophistication as cap ranks and written law codes to the Japanese court. The practice of the ancient religion, however, continued among both the aristocrats and the masses. Clan chieftains re mained chief priests of their clans before the kami (Shinto deities), even if in some cases Buddhist trappings were assumed. The powerful Nakatomi, Imbe, and Mononobe families con tinued to exercise shamanistic, sacerdotal, and exorcising func tions around the throne without explicit leave of the new laws; the Shotoku and Taika Constitutions do not mention the kami faith. But that the monarch desperately needed the cooperation of the provincial priests in the executing of reform is evident from the Taika reference to sending an official to inquire of them methods of reconciling the people to laboring on govern ment projects. The response was, "First of all the Gods of
The Function and Regulation of the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases

Publisher Summary Signaling by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) can be achieved through receptor phosphorylation and desensitization by the G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), a family of serine/threonine kinases, which rapidly phosphorylates agonist-bound receptors and uncouples them from their cognate G protein. There has been an increase in the awareness of the importance of the GRKs in the pathophysiology of disease, particularly ischemic and congestive heart diseases, where changes in the levels and functions of the GRKs have been shown to occur in patients and models of cardiac disease. GPCR mediates the action of a vast array of cellular activators, ranging from the senses of light, taste, and smell, to the circulating hormones and cytokines, and to the complexity of neurotransmitters within the synapse. The uncoupling of the receptor from its G protein has been explained in detail. Here the receptor undergoes phosphorylation either heterologously, in a nonagonist-dependent manner, by the second-messenger-dependent protein kinases, or homologously by the agonist dependent receptor specific G-protein-coupled receptor kinases. The possibility that the GRKs may be involved in the pathogenesis of disease states, or that they are potential targets for therapeutic intervention, offers many possibilities for new avenues of research.
Fast Volume Rendering for a 3D Data Field

Ray casting method is a basic method in 3D direct volume displaying algorithm. There exist some shortcomings . such as low efficiency of sampling and low rendering precision in a simple ray casting algorithm. Thus ray intersection algorithm is optimized, by which complicated operations of traditional intersection of light ray and parallelogram are replaced, the display speed of 3D data field of the algorithm is raised by using the coherences of object and image space.
The survey of cross-border couples’ living condition and HIV infection in Ruili

Objective: To survey the living conditions and HIV infection among the cross-border couples until 2009 in Ruili city.Methods: Questionnaire and in-depth interview methods were used to survey psychological needs of 5403 cases of cross-border couples.Blood samples were also taken to test for HIV.The data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and chi-square statistics.Results: There are great numbers of trans-national marriages at Ruili.Because of low financial capability and poor educational background,they are more vulnerable to becoming infected with HIV/AIDS than general population.Conclusion: The cross-border couples are marginalized and highly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS.To curb the spread of HIV/AIDS in these spouses,the relevant counseling services and comprehensive behavioral interventions on HIV/AIDS among them should be developed when they get married.
Test and Analysis of Insulation Deterioration of XLPE Power Cable

To obtain the degradation condition of insulation in crosslinking polyethylene(XLPE) cables which has been operated for many years, and to understand the mechanism of the degradation, we analyzed the insulation of 14 XLPE cables returned from 110 kV and 220 kV transmission lines using the thermo gravimetric method, infrared spectrum, mechanical strength test. Moreover, we researched the relationship of thermal stability of insulation materials, the material composition and mechanical properties with the degradation, and analyzed the historical operation data of the 14 samples. The results show that four of 14 cables have degradation in their insulation, and all these four cables are heated by fault current or external high temperature. It is also concluded that initial decomposition temperature, hydroxyl index, and fracture energy have good consistency in terms of characterizing the status of XLPE cables' insulation degradation: when insulation has degradation, its initial decomposition temperature and fracture energy decrease, and its carbonyl index increases. The cross-linked cable subjected to large fault current shock or external high temperature will accelerate insulation degradation.
In situ hybridization of prostate-specific antigen mRNA in human prostate

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization utilizing a 428 base pair [35S]-labelled cDNA probe from the 3' noncoding region of the PSA gene. Thirty six fresh surgical specimens were collected from patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy for carcinoma of the prostate. Quantitative analysis of the levels of PSA mRNA in both the benign and malignant tissues was performed using an IBAS 2000 Image Analysis System. The results of this study demonstrated that there is a significant decrease in the expression of PSA mRNA in the carcinoma tissue when compared to the benign epithelium. The average binding (number of silver grains/1 x 10(4) microns. 2) for 20 specimens of malignant epithelium was 475 +/- 161 and 586 +/- 140 for 16 specimens of benign epithelium (p less than 0.05). Eleven patients had both benign and malignant tissue from the same surgical specimen available for study. From these paired specimens, the PSA mRNA expression was also significantly reduced in the malignant epithelium when compared to the benign epithelium, 445 +/- 162 and 588 +/- 135 respectively (p less than 0.005). The PSA protein was detected using a monoclonal antibody to PSA with an immunohistochemical staining technique. The PSA protein expression paralleled the expression of the PSA mRNA in the majority of the tissue sections. Many of the tumor specimens showed a heterogeneous expression of PSA, whereas all of the benign epithelium had a uniform high level of PSA expression. In conclusion, PSA mRNA and protein are located only within the glandular epithelial tissue, the expression of PSA protein parallels that of the PSA mRNA, and both the PSA protein and PSA mRNA are significantly decreased in the malignant epithelium when compared to benign prostatic epithelium.
ITER Central Solenoid Module fabrication program

General Atomics (GA) is currently under contract to fabricate the ITER Central Solenoid Modules (CSM). The contract is managed by the US ITER at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, under the sponsorship of the Department of Energy Office of Science. The contract includes the design and qualification of manufacturing processes and tooling necessary to fabricate seven superconducting CSM (6 + 1 spare) that constitute the ITER Central Solenoid. The modules will be produced and delivered to the ITER site during 2017–2019.
The Problem of Bolza With Equality-Inequality Constraints

In this chapter, we study the problem of Bolza with added inequality constraints. We shall use the theorems of chapter 5 to prove our characterization of the present problem, Problem A″. Maximize J[y] subject to: 1. $${\phi ^{\overline \alpha }}(t,y,\dot y) = 0,\bar \alpha = 1,...,{m_1}.$$ 2. $${\phi ^{\overline{\overline \alpha } }}(t,y,\dot y)\underline >0,\overline{\overline \alpha } = {m_1} + 1,...,m.$$ 3. $${{h}^{{\bar{\beta }}}}({{t}_{o}},{{t}_{l}},{{y}_{o}},{{y}_{1}}) = 0,\bar{\beta } = 1, \ldots ,{{P}_{1}}.$$ 4. $${{h}^{{\overline{\overline \beta } }}}({{t}_{o}},{{t}_{l}},{{y}_{o}},{{y}_{1}}) \geqslant 0,\overline{\overline \beta } = 1, \ldots ,p.$$
The Transition Problem

This chapter identifies some points to be considered when the problem of transition from the existing situation to one in which the threat of instability no longer looms over the international financial system. Ideally, transition must be confronted collectively by a group of nations to fashion a medium-run set of policies (and “rules”) that will defuse the dangers of instability that derive from having a nearly exhausted dollar-reliant system. The transition must, then, be provided with a set of policies, principles and constraints (a system), which will facilitate those policies that the situation requires.’ The crucial aspect is that the vulnerability of the US dollar to financial crisis must be eliminated. To accomplish this, the United States must recognize the need for and be allowed to run current surpluses without reducing the value of the dollar to the point that it would activate the international trigger.2
Abstract IA18: Pathogenesis of gastric cancer: Lessons and therapeutic targets from mouse models

Many if not most gastrointestinal cancers arise in the setting of chronic inflammation, and a prime example is H. pylori-associated gastric cancer. We have utilized murine models of both proximal and distal gastric neoplasia to investigate the role of chronic inflammation in the development of malignancy. The development of gastric cancer in the mouse is dependent upon commensal flora and activation of both immature myeloid cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Gastric cancer arises in highly innervated portions of the stomach, and can be suppressed by surgical or chemical denervation of the stomach. Neurons and neurotransmitters promote the growth of gastric stem cells in organoid culture in vitro. Carcinogenesis of the stomach is associated with activation and early activation and amplification of epithelial stem or progenitor cells appears to be a requirement for the development of neoplasia. Further, conditional loss in gastric stem cells of tumor suppressor genes in vivo may not be sufficient for tumorigenesis but instead may require inflammatory signals in order to maintain self-renewal. In summary, the early stages of tumor development are often niche-dependent, and targeting the cancer niche represents an attractive strategy for cancer prevention and cancer therapy. Citation Format: Timothy C. Wang. Pathogenesis of gastric cancer: Lessons and therapeutic targets from mouse models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: The Translational Impact of Model Organisms in Cancer; Nov 5-8, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA18.
Motivation and Technology Use During Second-Language Study Abroad in the Digital Age

Abstract Study abroad culture is constantly changing (Kinginger, 2013), involving new challenges such as easier access to the first language culture via technology. There has been little research done on technology use abroad and its relationship with both linguistic gains (Coleman & Chafer, 2010; Kelly, 2010) and motivation (Allen, 2013; Irie & Ryan, 2015). To explore the role of motivation in developing a successful study abroad culture in the digital age, we documented technology use in the first language and second language of 15 college students during their summer sojourn in Argentina. We quantitatively evaluated participants’ motivation (Gardner, 1985; Ushida, 2003) and proficiency (Seibert Hanson & Carlson, 2014), and qualitatively analyzed their responses to open-ended questions about goals and culture shock. We found that higher motivation levels were correlated with greater linguistic gains and less technology use in the first language (specifically internet-related). Lower motivation levels matched increased technology use in the first language, and perceptions of failure to achieve study abroad goals and integrate into the host culture. Resume La culture de l’etude a l’etranger est en pleine evolution (Kinginger 2013), ce qui entraine de nouveaux defis comme l’acces facile a la culture de la langue maternelle grâce a la technologie. L’usage de la technologie a l’etranger, y compris son rapport aux acquisitions linguistiques (Coleman et Chafer, 2010 ; Kelly, 2010) et a la motivation des etudiants (Allen, 2013 ; Irie et Ryan, 2015), est un sujet peu etudie jusqu’a present. Afin d’explorer le role de la motivation dans le developpement reussi d’une culture de l’etude a l’etranger, nous avons documente l’usage de la technologie dans la premiere et la deuxieme langues d’etudiants universitaires lors de leur sejour d’ete en Argentine. Nous avons analyse quantitativement la motivation des participants (Gardner, 1985 ; Ushida, 2003) et leur maitrise linguistique (Seibert Hanson et Carlson, 2014), et avons analyse qualitativement leurs reponses aux questions ouvertes posees au sujet de leurs objectifs et du choc culturel. Nous avons trouve que des niveaux de motivation plus eleves etaient en correlation avec de meilleures acquisitions linguistiques et avec moins d’usage de la technologie dans la langue maternelle (specifiquement la technologie liee a l’Internet). Des niveaux de motivation plus bas etaient en correlation avec un usage plus eleve de la technologie dans la langue maternelle, aussi bien que la perception d’avoir echoue a atteindre les objectifs de leur etude a l’etranger et de bien s’integrer a la culture d’accueil.
A new high-frequency simulation model for multi-winding transformers used in switched-mode power supplies

In this paper, a new high-frequency simulation model for multi-winding transformers used in switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) is presented. The model can be constructed from simple impedance measurements on a transformer and using information that can typically be found on component datasheets. The model can be applied to the design of an SMPS to determine peak voltage and current stress on the switching device, and to predict conducted emissions for electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC). The model can be implemented through any commercially available circuit simulation package. Simulation and experimental results obtained on a high-voltage one-switch and two-switch Flyback SMPS are provided to validate the modeling method.
The impact of abortion on social interest

We examined the relationship between abortion and the Adlerian personality construct of social interest or gemeinschaftsgefuehl. The Social Interest Index was used to measure the social interest of women in the week before their abortion procedure (pretest), 2 weeks following the procedure (posttest), and 3 months after the abortion (follow-up). We hypothesized that social interest scores would be lowest just prior to the abortion, and the results supported this, showing a significant increase in scores at postabortion and follow-up. Furthermore, social interest scores at the 3-month follow-up did not differ significantly from scores obtained by a nonaborting sample of women from the general population. Our findings suggest that the effect of abortion on social interest is temporary and support the situational nature of social interest.
“Pressing Electricity”: A Hundred Years of Hall Effect in Crystalline Metals and Alloys

The quotation in the title comes from Hall’s first paper (Hall 1879) where he proposed that a magnetic field applied to a current-carrying wire would generate “...a state of stress in the conductor, the electricity pressing...toward one side of the wire”. Although Hall was writing some years before the electron was identified, his intuitive view of “pressed” electricity was appropriate. The current in a conductor in a magnetic field is indeed under stress, for the electrons are forced against an inside face of the sample. The resulting concentration gradient of charge is the source of the electrostatic field that Hall and Rowland (see Miller 1976) observed.
When Galatea is Apprehensive: The Effect of Communication Apprehension on Teacher Expectations

The effect of communication apprehension on teacher expectations was investigated in an ongoing educational environment composed of a multisection basic speech course. Students were classified as h...
La naturaleza del pensamiento y la práctica psicoanalítica (por ejemplo, con respecto a la sexualidad), ¿está determinada por desarrollos extra-analíticos, sociales y culturales? Sexualidad: ¿hecho biológico o construcción cultural? La visión de la teoría de la doble herencia

(2016). La naturaleza del pensamiento y la practica psicoanalitica (por ejemplo, con respecto a la sexualidad), ?esta determinada por desarrollos extra-analiticos, sociales y culturales? Sexualidad: ?hecho biologico o construccion cultural? La vision de la teoria de la doble herencia. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis (en espanol): Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 888-907.
Production induced faulting risk assessment in a depleted reservoir: A case study from deepwater Krishna-Godavari basin, India

Abstract In a producing field, the fluid conduit nature of faults could initiate due to changes in the stress state within the reservoir. It has large impacts on different aspects (seal integrity, casing shear, mud loss during drilling, reservoir permeability, and induced earthquakes) of the field performance. In order to optimize the future drilling campaign and field management strategy, production induced faulting risk assessment was performed to evaluate the fault behavior in a depleted reservoir, where the reservoir pressure has decreased by 40% from its pre-production pressure. The risk assessment was done through (i) identifying the critically stressed fracture/fault in the pre-production stage, (ii) assesses the risk of production induced new fractures/faults generation & re-activation of existing faults, and (iii) risk ranking of faults within the reservoir. The assessment model was based on the relationship between failure mode and fluid flow with change in stresses on the fault planes due to reservoir pressure depletion. The model was built through integrating different data, such as, reservoir fault mapping, core data, drilling data, production data, and geomechanical modelling. The analysis revealed that all the faults at the pre-production stage were not critically stressed and therefore, were closed. Production induced new fractures/faults are neither generated nor existing faults re-activated till the current depleted reservoir condition in the study field. Risk ranking based on the slip and dilation tendency analysis suggests that because of the depletion fault slip tendency has not increased much and risk of fault slip is on the lower side. But, the dilation tendency has increased for all the faults which makes these faults more prone to extensional/tensile failure than shear failure. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that the severe mud loss events encountered in the post-production wells were due to re-activation of existing secondary fractures at the fault intersection depths during drilling.
Accents, Not Just Prosodic Boundaries, Influence Syntactic Attachment:

Traditionally, pitch accents are understood to relate to the information structure of a sentence and its discourse connections, while prosodic boundaries indicate groupings of words and affect how constituents attach into a syntactic structure. Here, we show that accents also affect syntactic attachment in multiple different syntactic structures. Three auditory questionnaires on ambiguous attachment sentences (such as Tom reported that Bill was bribed [last May]) find that accenting the higher or lower verb (reported or bribed) increases the attachment of the final adverbial phrase as a modifier of the accented verb. A fourth experiment shows that accents on verbs or object nouns (in sentences like Jenny sketched a child [with crayons]) also increase the attachment of the final prepositional phrase to the accented head (sketched with crayons versus a child with crayons). Accent effects were small but consistent across sentences with different levels of bias and did not depend on prosodic boundaries. The r...
Multiphase model for nanoimprint lithography

Abstract Reynolds’ lubrication theory is extended to capture two-fluid dynamics based on relative permeability concepts used for multiphase flow in porous media. A reduced-order model of gas dissolution is constructed by combining two-phase lubrication theory with Henry’s law and analytic approximations of surface area and diffusion length. The governing equations are solved as a thin-shell, finite-element model that can be used to investigate process sensitivities to a variety of technologically important parameters. Results are compared to those from related computationally intensive alternative formulations and to experimental flow visualizations to demonstrate its efficacy in modeling large area, many-drop processes and capturing the gas dissolution behavior observed in practice.
Improving Bone Marrow Biopsy Quality Through Peer Discussion and Data Comparisons: A Single Institution Experience

INTRODUCTION Bone marrow biopsy (BMB) is crucial for the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of a variety of hematologic diseases. Obtaining an adequate BMB can be challenging given the need to balance patient comfort with acquisition of high quality specimens. We had observed variable BMB quality at our institution with poor quality specimens sometimes affecting diagnosis. We thus undertook this quality improvement (QI) project to improve the quality of diagnostic BMB specimens. METHODS We used an A3 QI process to identify factors possibly influencing BMB quality. We collected baseline data on 211 BMB, with short and long-term follow-up data on a further 382 cases. We used clinical conferences to discuss data, perform peer comparisons and identify strategies to create a sustainable improvement in BMB quality. RESULTS Baseline data showed that BMB length was influenced most by the individual performer, with some influence of needle gauge. Other factors such as sedation, BMB indication were noncontributory. BMB lengths improved following performer education and individual performer data comparisons (15.2 mm post vs 12.8 mm baseline, P < .0001) and with use of an 8- rather than 11-gauge needle (18.3 mm 8-gauge vs 13.3 mm 11-gauge P < .0001), and were sustained over the long term. CONCLUSIONS Education on BMB standards, sharing of performer data, and changing needle gauge are relatively straightforward methods to improve BMB quality, leading to easier pathology diagnosis.
Solitary Wave Propagation as a Model for Poling in PVF2

A piezoelectric and pyroelectric material of great technological importance is the phase-I, or β-phase, form of poly(vinylidene fluoride), also known as PVF2. In this phase the crystal consists of a parallel array of planar zigzag macromolecules, each constructed of alternating and oppositely oriented CF2 and CH2 units. The large electric dipole moment of 7x10−30 Cm of each CF2 unit and their parallel orientation in the unit cell make this material piezoelectric. The orthorhombic unit cell, shown in Fig. 1, has a dipole moment of 1.4x10−29 Cm.
Characterizing Structure, Defects, and Chemistry

In characterizing a ceramic—whether it is a single crystal, polycrystalline, or a glass—there are certain types of information that we are interested in obtaining.