cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of veratridine action on crustacean nerve by different divalent cations.

Abstract The action of veratridine on the resting membrane potential of intact crayfish axons in the presence of different extracellular alkaline-earth cations has been studied using intracellular microelectrodes. At extracellular pH values of 7, 6 and 5, the apparent binding sequence was consistently Ca2+ ⩾Sr2+ >Mg2+ ≈Ba2+. This particular selectivity sequence and the insensitivity of binding order to changes in extracellular pH have been noted for other biological preparations and provide structural information about the veratridine - interaction sites to which the alkaline earths bind.
An Improved Technique for the Growth of Ultra-Pure Germanium

It has been demonstrated that by utilizing a new method of multiple pulling, it is possible to consistently produce 3 inch diameter germanium crystals with net carrier concentrations in the low 1010/cc range. This method involves two factors which are used to full advantage: 1) the germanium is purified as a result of the normal segregation of impurities, and 2) the usual handling and etching of furnace parts and germanium between successive pulls, as in multiple generation growth, is eliminated. By means of low temperature Hall and axial resistivity profile measurements, we have followed the segregation of both donors and acceptors in various stages of growth. We have observed the normal segregation of impurities and the presence of a continuous impurity background source within the system.
Time Domain Referencing In Intensity Modulation Fiber Optic Sensing Systems

Intensity modulation sensors are classified depending on the way in which the reference and signal channels are separated: in space, wavelength (frequency), or time domains. To implement the time domain referencing different types of fiber optic (FO) loops have been used. A pulse of short duration sent into the loop results in a series of pulses of different amplitudes. The information about the measured parameter is retrieved from the relative amplitudes of pulses in the same train.
Direct comparison of semiconductor and erbium-based frequency stabilized harmonically mode-locked lasers

We compare the performance of two optical frequency comb sources containing intra-cavity Fabry-Perot etalons but differing gain media. Both 10 GHz harmonically mode-locked, fiberized lasers are stabilized via the etalon and active feedback.
mediaBlocks: physical containers, transports, and controls for online media

We present a tangible user interface based upon mediaBlocks: small, electronically tagged wooden blocks that serve as physical icons (“phicons”) for the containment, transport, and manipulation of online media. MediaBlocks interface with media input and output devices such as video cameras and projectors, allowing digital media to be rapidly “copied” from a media source and “pasted” into a media display. MediaBlocks are also compatible with traditional GUIs, providing seamless gateways between tangible and graphical interfaces. Finally, mediaBlocks act as physical “controls” in tangible interfaces for tasks such as s equencing collections of media elements. CR Categories and Subject Descriptors: H.5.2 [User Interfaces] Input devices and strategies; H.5.1 [Multimedia Information Systems] Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities Additional Keywords: tangible user interface, tangible bits, phicons, physical constraints, ubiquitous compu ting
Enzymatic activity of circulating proteasomes correlates with clinical behavior in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

BACKGROUND The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many hematologic malignancies. METHODS The authors measured proteasome peptidase activity levels in plasma samples from 225 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and correlated the results with clinical behavior. By using fluorogenic kinetic assays, the enzymatic activity levels of 3 proteasomes were measured: chymotrypsin-like (Ch-L), trypsin-like (Tr-L), and caspase-like (Cas-L). RESULTS All activity levels were significantly higher in patients who had CLL compared with the levels in a control group of healthy volunteers (P 3.2 mg/L) and Cas-L activity (>1.32 pmoL/second/mL plasma) was associated with significantly shorter survival independent of IgVH mutation status. CONCLUSIONS The current results indicated that measuring plasma proteasome activity has prognostic value in CLL that, when combined with B2M, can be independent of IgVH mutation status. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Grenzgänger: adult bone marrow cells populate the brain

While the brain has traditionally been considered a rather secluded site, recent studies suggest that adult bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells can generate glia and neurons in rodents and humans. Macrophages and microglia are the first to appear in the murine brain after transplantation of genetically marked BM cells. Within weeks after transplantation, some authors have found astrocytes and cells expressing neuronal antigens. We detected cerebellar Purkinje neurons and interneurons, such as basket cells, expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) 10-15 months after transplantation of GFP-labeled BM cells. The results push the boundaries of our classic view of lineage restriction.
Two topological equivalents of the axiom of choice

We show that the Axiom of Choice is equivalent to each of the following statements: (i) A product of closures of subsets of topological spaces is equal to the closure of their product (in the product topology); (ii) A product of complete uniform spaces is complete.
Late-stage extensional exhumation of high-pressure granulites in the Greenland Caledonides

New ages from high-pressure (P) granulites in Payer Land, East Greenland, suggest that exhumation of the deepest crustal levels occurred during extensional collapse late in the collisional history of the Caledonian orogen. The ages set limits on the time of movement on the Payer land detachment fault, which places a little-deformed low-grade metasedimentary sequence on the granulite gneisses. U-Pb SHRIMP (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe) analyses of metamorphic rims on zircon from high-P (1.4-1.5 GPa) metapsammite yield a weighted mean 2 0 6 Pb/2 3 8 U age of 403 ′ 5 Ma. Zircon analyses from a high-P kyanite-bearing melt pod derived from metapelites yield a weighted mean 2 0 6 Pb/ 2 3 8 U age of 404 ′ 4 Ma. The high-P metamorphism is distinctly younger than the extension associated with generation of 430-424 Ma leucogranites and migmatites at mid-crustal levels. Exhumation of deep-level rocks in Payer Land some time after 405 Ma is roughly coeval with exhumation of eclogite terranes in the Scandinavian Caledonides. Orogenic collapse in the Caledonides appears to have taken place in two stages: synorogenic extension dated by leucogranites, followed 24-30 m.y. later by late orogenic exhumation of the deepest levels. The history of this ancient, well-exposed collisional orogen is an analogue for evolution of the Himalayan system and perhaps offers a predictive model for future exhumation of high-P rocks currently forming at the base of the overthickened Himalayan crust.
Analytical cascode model of buried-gate SiC MESFETs

A cascode model is proposed to analyse current-voltage and cutoff frequency characteristics of the buried-gate device. A high saturation current of the buried-gate device is associated with the short channel FET representing the buried region. Two unsaturated side FETs result in a relatively lower cutoff frequency of the buried-gate device compared to the gate-recessed one.
Bilateral maximal dentate activation is critical for the appearance of an afterdischarge in the dentate gyrus.

Abstract Recently, a phenomenon has been described in the dentate gyrus termed maximal dentate activation, which is defined by the appearance of bursts of large amplitude population spikes associated with a negative shift of the d.c. potential and a secondary rise of the extracellular potassium level. Previous work has linked maximal dentate activation to kindling of afterdischarges, either when they are elicited in the hippocampus or outside of the hippocampus in the amygdala. Recording bilaterally in the dentate gyrus, it was found that maximal dentate activation occurred on both sides, with the side ipsilateral to the stimulus (either CA3 or angular bundle) being activated first. An afterdischarge did not appear unless bilateral maximal dentate activation had occurred. With repeated stimulation, the time to onset of maximal dentate activation on the two sides of the brain became nearly equal. This was associated with the appearance of afterdischarges. However, complete synchronization of the onset of maximal dentate activation was not necessary for afterdischarge production. Maximal dentate activation and afterdischarges could be readily elicited in rats in which the hippocampal commissures had been cut. It appears that, in the intact brain, the lack of maximal dentate activation on one side of the brain can function as a “brake” for epileptic activity, preventing afterdischarges. Once this brake is removed, by cutting the hippocampal commissures or by initiating maximal dentate activation, the dentate gyrus readily expresses afterdischarges.
Precision compensators using giant superelasticity effect

Abstract Elastic compensators for overconstrained precision devices can be separate components or integrated, e.g. as in HSK toolholders. The latter require precision complex surfaces and are expensive, the former require small springs allowing large deformations. The paper describes a recently discovered Giant Superelasticity Effect (GSE), wherein wires or tubes made from a NiTi superelastic material demonstrate 15–20% recoverable deformation when compressed radially. They are mildly nonlinear and exhibit significant damping. An effective method of attaching elastic tubes is developed. Application of GSE to toolholder-spindle interfaces, with significant reduction of runout, increased stiffness and damping is described.
Ecological adaptations in Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca ) populations

Growth, phenology and frost tolerance of seedlings from 50 populations of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) were compared in 12 environments. Statistical analyses of six variables (bud burst, bud set, 3-year height, spring and fall frost injuries, and deviation from regression of 3-year height on 2-year height) showed that populations not only differed in mean performance, but also reacted differently to the environmental gradient. Most of the population-environment interaction was attributable to heterogeneous regressions of population means on environmental means. For all variables except growth rate, the variance of heterogeneous regression coefficients was explained by convergence of regression lines to a common point on the environmental gradient. Consequently, mean values for populations were significantly correlated with regression coefficients. Thus, main effects of populations in those single environments that induced the greatest mean differences reflected the interaction. Multiple regression analyses associated adaptive differentiation of populations with geographic and ecologic characteristics of the seed source. Differentiation was controlled primarily by elevation and secondarily by latitude. Whereas longitude was a minor factor, habitat types accounted for no differentiation beyond that associated with elevation, a factor closely correlated with habitat types. From these results it is recommended that seed for reforestation should not be moved more than 140 m elevation, 1·6 degrees latitude, or 2·7 degrees longitude in northern Idaho and eastern Washington.
Validation of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 small proteins by AMT tag-based proteome analysis.

Using stringent criteria for protein identification by accurate mass and time (AMT) tag mass spectrometric methodology, we detected 36 proteins of <101 amino acids in length, including 10 that were annotated as hypothetical proteins, in 172 global tryptic digests of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 proteins. Peptides that map to the conserved, but functionally uncharacterized proteins SO4134 and SO2787, were the most frequently detected peptides in these samples, while those that map to hypotheticals SO2669 and SO2063, conserved hypotheticals SO0335 and SO2176, and the SlyX protein (SO1063) were observed at frequencies similar to those from essential small proteins (ribosomal proteins and translation initiation factor IF-1), suggesting that they may function in similarly important cellular functions. In addition, peptides were detected that map to 30 genes predicted to encode frameshifts, point mutations, or recoding signals. Of these 30 genes, peptides that map to positions beyond internal stop codons were det...
The Validity of Angels: Interpretive and Textual Strategies in Researching the Lives of Women With HIV/AIDS

This article fleshes out the intelligibility of validity after poststructuralism via an exploration of the instructive complications of a study of women living with HIV/AIDS. Rather than epistemological criteria of truth as correspondence, the article mobilizes categories of validity grounded in the crisis of representation as it sketches ephemeral practices of validity after poststructuralism within the context of a particular inquiry to generate a theory of situated methodology.
Influence of initial geometric imperfections on vibrations of thin circular cylindrical shells

Abstract The influence of initial geometric imperfections (out-of-roundness) on vibrations of a right circular cylindrical shell is investigated on the basis on non-linear large deformation shell theory. Both free and forced motions (due to base excitation caused by seismic effects) are treated. An extension to the case of the cylindrical shell with vertical geometric axis and completely filled with a perfect liquid is also studied. Numerical results are presented for various initial imperfections and vibratory configurations. It is found that the behavior may be of the hardening type for certain types of response yet of a softening nature for other responses.
Tailoring Silica Nanotribology for CMP Slurry Optimization: Ca2+ Cation Competition in C12TAB Mediated Lubrication

Self-assembled surfactant structures at the solid/liquid interface have been shown to act as nanoparticulate dispersants and are capable of providing a highly effective, self-healing boundary lubrication layer in aqueous environments. However, in some cases in particular, chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) applications the lubrication imparted by self-assembled surfactant dispersants can be too strong, resulting in undesirably low levels of wear or friction disabling material removal. In the present investigation, the influence of calcium cation (Ca2+) addition on dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide (C12TAB) mediated lubrication of silica surfaces is examined via normal and lateral atomic force microscopy (AFM/LFM), benchtop polishing experiments and surface adsorption characterization methods. It is demonstrated that the introduction of competitively adsorbing cations that modulate the surfactant headgroup surface affinity can be used to tune friction and wear without compromising dispersion stability...
Intercomparison of SEM, AFM, and Electrical Linewidths

Uncertainty in the locations of line edges dominates the uncertainty budget for high quality sub-micrometer linewidth measurements. For microscopic techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), the image of the sharp edge is broadened due to the instrument's non-ideal response. Localizing the true edge position within its broadened image requires a model for the instrument-sample interaction. Ideal left and right edges are mirror images of one another, so any modeling error in the position assignment will have opposite signs for the two types of edges. Linewidth measurements inherently involves such opposite edges and consequent doubling of model errors. Similar considerations apply to electrical critical dimension (ECD) measurement. Although ECD is a non-imaging technique, one must still model the offset between the position of the physical edge and the effective edge of the conducting part of the line. One approach to estimating the reliability of existing models is to compare result when fundamentally different instruments measure the same line. We have begun a project to perform such an intercomparison, and we report here initial results for SEM, AFM, and ECD measurements of sub-micrometer lines in single crystal Si. Edge positions are determined from SEM images using Monte Carlo tracing of electron trajectories to predict the edge shape.In the AFM, we estimate and correct for tip geometry using tools from mathematical morphology. ECD measurements are corrected for band bending in the neighborhood of the edges.
Schwarzschild radial functions

The analytic properties of the scalar radial functions associated with the Schwarzschild metric as functions of the argument, angular momentum, and frequency are discussed.
Phenomenological methanol sorption model for Nafion® 117

A thermodynamic model is developed to describe methanol sorption phenomena in proton exchange membranes (PEMs). The methanol sorption in the model is determined by the swelling pressure caused within the membrane as a result of stretching of the polymer chains upon methanol sorption. The stretching of the polymer chains is expressed in terms of spring constant j. The swelling pressure exerted within the pores of the membrane is assumed to be linear in solvent uptake. Furthermore, the methanol molecules in the membrane are divided into those that are chemically, or strongly, bound to the acid sites, ki C , and others that are free to physically equilibrate between the fluid and the membrane phases, ki F . The sorption model can predict the complete isotherm due to methanol vapor sorption by the membrane.
Rapid decomposition of maize detritus in agricultural headwater streams

Headwater streams draining agricultural landscapes receive maize leaves (Zea mays L.) via wind and surface runoff, yet the contribution of maize detritus to organic-matter processing in agricultural streams is largely unknown. We quantified decomposition and microbial respiration rates on conventional (non-Bt) and genetically engineered (Bt) maize in three low-order agricultural streams in northwestern Indiana, USA. We also examined how substrate quality and in-stream nutrient concentrations influenced microbial respiration on maize by comparing respiration on maize and red maple leaves (Acer rubrum) in three nutrient-rich agricultural streams and three low-nutrient forested streams. We found significantly higher rates of microbial respiration on maize vs. red maple leaves and higher rates in agricultural vs. forested streams. Thus both the elevated nutrient status of agricultural streams and the lability of maize detritus (e.g., low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and low lignin content) result in a rapid incorporation of maize leaves into the aquatic microbial food web. We found that Bt maize had a faster decomposition rate than non-Bt maize, while microbial respiration rates did not differ between Bt and non-Bt maize. Decomposition rates were not negatively affected by genetic engineering, perhaps because the Bt toxin does not adversely affect the aquatic microbial assemblage involved in maize decomposition. Additionally, shredding caddisflies, which are known to have suppressed growth rates when fed Bt maize, were depauperate in these agricultural streams, and likely did not play a major role in maize decomposition. Overall, the conversion of native vegetation to row-crop agriculture appears to have altered the quantity, quality, and predictability of allochthonous carbon inputs to headwater streams, with unexplored effects on stream ecosystem structure and function.
Synthesis and reactivity of bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadienyl samarium complexes including the X-ray crystal structure of [(Me3Si)2C5H3]3Sm

Abstract SmI2(THF)2 reacts with two equivalents of K[1,3-(Me3Si)2C5H3] to form [(Me3Si)2C5H3]2Sm(THF) (1). 1 can be desolvated by sublimation at 80°C and 4 × 10−6 Torr to give [(Me3Si)2C5H3]2Sm (2). 1 polymerizes ethylene and reacts under 90 psi of CO to form [(Me3Si)2C5H3]3Sm (3) which can also be synthesized directly from SmCl3 and KC5H3(SiMe3)2. 3 crystallizes from toluene in space group P21/c with unit cell dimensions a = 17.961(3), b = 13.748(2), c = 19.327(3) A, β = 112.80(1)°, V = 4397.9(11) A3 and Z = 4 for Dcalcd = 1.17 g cm−3. Least squares refinement on the basis of 6173 observed reflections led to a final RF value of 5.3%. The three 1,3-(Me3Si)2C5H3 ring-centroids form a trigonal plane around the samarium center with an average SmC(ring) distance of 2.76(4) A. The silyl-substituted part of each ring is tilted away from the samarium atoms such that individual SmC distances vary from 2.698(5) to 2.806(5) A within the same ring.
Reconstructing the historic demography of an endangered seabird.

Reducing extinction risk for threatened species requires determining which demographic parameters are depressed and causing population declines. Museum collections may constitute a unique, underutilized resource for measuring demographic changes over long time periods using age-ratio analysis. We reconstruct the historic demography of a U.S. federally endangered seabird, the Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), from specimens collected ;100 years ago for comparison with predictions from comparative analyses and with results from contemporary field studies using both age-ratio analysis and conventional demographic estimators. Reproduction in the late 1800s and early 1900s matched predictions from comparative analysis, but was 8-9 times greater than contemporary estimates, whereas adult survival was unchanged. Historic reproductive rates would support stable populations, but contemporary levels should result in population declines. Contem- porary demographic estimates derived from age-ratio analysis were similar to estimates from conventional estimators. Using museum specimens to reconstruct historic demography provides a unique approach to identify causes of decline and to set demographic benchmarks for recovery of endangered species that meet most assumptions of age-ratio analysis.
The stability of Couette flow between rotating cylinders in the presence of a radial temperature gradient

The effects of viscosity and density variations due to an imposed radial temperature gradient on the stability of Couette flow between rotating cylinders are investigated. The annular spacing between the cylinders is assumed to be small compared with the mean radius. The fluids considered are water and 50% aqueous glycerol. Free convection due to gravity is not considered. Approximate solutions to the stability equations are obtained by the Galerkin method. Computations are restricted to the case where the outer cylinder is at rest. For the cases studied, the effects of radial convection were found to be small but the effects of the temperature dependence of viscosity were appreciable. The critical Taylor number based on the mean temperature viscosity was found to decrease as the viscosity variation became more pronounced and as the Prandtl number increased.
Effect of smoking on prednisone, prednisolone, and dexamethasone pharmacokinetics.

The pharmacokinetics of oral prednisone and oral dexamethasone were examined in 18 healthy male adults. Eight subjects also received intravenous prednisolone and intravenous dexamethasone. Half of each group were cigarette smokers as confirmed by plasma thiocyanate concentrations. Plasma and urine concentrations of prednisone and prednisolone were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography, while plasma dexamethasone was measured by radioimmunoassay. There were no statistically significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers in the systemic availability of prednisolone (75 versus 84%), oral dose clearance of prednisone (29 versus 27 ml/min/kg), systemic prednisolone clearance (2.8 versus 2.9 ml/min/kg), or in the interconversion rates, volumes of distribution, or urinary recoveries of prednisone and prednisolone. Similarly, the pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone were unaffected by smoking. A limited correlation (r=0.55) was found between the high oral dose clearances of prednisone and the lower values of dexamethasone (6.73 and 5.71 ml/min/kg in smokers and nonsmokers). A two- to threefold variability occurred in oral dose clearances of each steroid with partial intrasubject covariance. Unlike the anticonvulsants, which markedly induce corticosteroid metabolism, smoking has no effect on their pharmacokinetics and should not complicate therapy with these drugs.
Migration of dendritic cells from murine skeletal muscle

To better understand the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in skeletal muscle, we investigated the migration of DCs from murine skeletal muscle and compared that to previously studied footpad (FP) DC trafficking. We adoptively transferred carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled mature DCs to syngeneic mice and followed them in various lymphatic tissues at different time points. Injection of DCs into the tibialis anterior muscle resulted in the peak number of CFSE(+) DCs recovered in spleen at 12h, not at 24h, when the largest number of these cells appeared in the draining lymph nodes. Interestingly, this result for adoptive transfer of DCs to skeletal muscle differs with what is previously reported for adoptive transfer to the FP, a result that we also confirmed in parallel studies. These findings could have a significant impact on (1) understanding muscle diseases with immunological complications such as muscular dystrophies and (2) the immunologic effects of treatments for muscle diseases.
Vibrations of a rigid disc on a layered viscoelastic medium

Abstract A method of obtaining the dynamic impedance functions for a rigid circular foundation placed on a layered viscoelastic half-space is presented. Both hysteretic and Voigt models of internal damping are considered. The results obtained indicate that the presence of internal damping introduces important changes in the dynamic response of the foundation for vertical, rocking and horizontal steady-state excitation.
Equivalent Circuits for Power-Flow Studies

NETWORK ANALYZER STUDIES of power-flow conditions on large interconnected systems frequently require preliminary simplification and reduction of the network because of the limited number of analyzer circuits and sources available. Even in smaller systems which do not exceed the capacity of the analyzer being used, it is sometimes desirable to represent in detail only a portion of the system, simplifying the remainder by use of equivalent circuits for the purpose of speeding up studies on the portion of primary interest. Simple equivalent circuits can be devised for extensive power networks by adopting the viewpoint that in power-flow studies the system generation and loads approach, as an approximation, constant-current quantities. The network being simplified may contain numerous loads and generators, but the equivalent circuit derived by this method retains the identity of only the tie-line terminals or points of interconnection with the detailed setup. The line network of the reduced system is replaced by an equivalent mesh network between retained tie-line terminals. If m is the number of such terminals, this mesh network in general will consist of m (m — 1)/2 branches. The effects of the suppressed generators and loads are reproduced by an equivalent generator or load at each tie-line terminal. An equivalent circuit of this type can be derived for a given system either by analytical methods or by simple tests on an analyzer setup of the complete network which is to be reduced. The equivalent circuit is flexible in that any schedule of internal generation and loads can be reproduced readily without the necessity of repeating the reduction or of making additional tests.
Flight Control System Design for Inherent Damage Tolerance

An approach to the design of damage-tolerant flight control systems is discussed. The design philosophy is based upon a frequency-domain interpretation of pseudo-sliding-mode control. The methodology uses asymptotic observerstoaccommodatetheeffectsofactuatordynamicsinthevehiclebeingcontrolled.Thetechniqueisattractive in that no failure identification or system reconfiguration/adaptation is required after damage. The vehicle model chosen for study is a simple lateral-directional model of an F-18 fighter. The choice of this model was predicated on the ready availability of linearized models of the aircraft at a variety of flight conditions and the fact that an existing robust design was available for performance comparisons. After a brief introduction to the design technique, the F18 design is presented. It is shown that controller scheduling for different flight conditions can be accomplished throughtheobserversalone.Amodelofthehumanpilotisincludedtoassessperformanceandhandlingqualitiesina computer simulation of the resulting pilot/vehicle system. Robustness to modeled damage/failure is demonstrated, including a comparison with an existing robust design applied to the same vehicle model.
Subclavius posticus: an anomalous muscle in association with suprascapular nerve compression in an athlete

Subclavius posticus is a rare anomalous muscle that traverses from the costal cartilage of the first rib posterolaterally to the superior border of the scapula. We present an athlete who presented with incapacitating suprascapular nerve compression associated with a subclavius posticus diagnosed by MRI. Symptoms were relieved, and function was restored by decompression of the nerve and excision of the anomalous muscle. We present this case to bring awareness of the subclavius posticus as an anatomic variant and a potential additional source for compression in suprascapular neuropathy. We recommend high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate cases of isolated suprascapular neuropathy.
Phase-resolved spectral-domain magnetomotive optical coherence tomography

We advance the magnetomotive-optical coherence tomography (MM-OCT) technique for detecting displacements of magnetic nanoparticles embedded in tissue-like phantoms by using apmplitude and phase-resolved methods with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The magnetomotion is triggered by the external, noninvasive application of a magnetic field. We show that both amplitude and phase data are indicative of the presence and motion of light scatterers, and could potentially be used for studying the dynamics of magnetomotion. The magnetic field modulation is synchronized with data acquisition in a controlled, integrated system that includes a console for monitoring and initiating data acquisition, scanning devices, an electromagnet power supply, and the detection system. Using Fourier analysis, we show that the amplitude and phase modulations in the samples that contain magnetic contrast agents match the frequency of the applied magnetic field, while control samples do not respond to magnetic field activity. We vary the strength of the magnetic field and show that the amplitude and phase steps between regions of zero-magnetic field and regions with non-zero magnetic field change accordingly. The phase is shown to be more sensitive.
My Problems in Understanding Human Beings

What follows is a narrative of the mistakes I have been making in understanding what inquiry into human affairs ought to be. Basically, all the trouble seems to stem from my underestimating what human beings are and can be.
Carreras políticas de los diputados chilenos, 1989-2013: evolución y sus consecuencias para la representación política del país

Este trabajo muestra que el espacio de representacion politica en la Camara de Diputados Chilena ha disminuido desde la eleccion fundacional de 1989. Despues de analizar las carreras politicas de los diputados electos en el periodo 1989-2013, los resultados muestran que los legisladores que provienen de familias politicas son cada vez mas capaces de permanecer en la politica, en particular, desarrollando lo que la literatura define como carreras progresivas. Las implicaciones de este hallazgo nos alertan sobre la sobrerrepresentacion de una elite politica que legitimo su posicionamiento luego del retorno a la democracia en 1989. Esta sobrerrepresentacion quita espacio a nuevas opciones politicas, lo que genera una desconexion entre el electorado y los politicos. Si las posibilidades tanto de los nuevos candidatos como de diferentes alternativas para entrar al Congreso disminuyen con el tiempo, el electorado no estara representado adecuadamente. Asi, los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo generan algunas interrogantes sobre el caracter representativo de la Camara de Diputados chilena.
Mass balance in the Glacier Bay area of Alaska, USA, and British Columbia, Canada, 1995-2011, using airborne laser altimetry

The Glacier Bay region of southeast Alaska, USA, and British Columbia, Canada, has undergone major glacier retreat since the Little Ice Age (LIA). We used airborne laser altimetry elevation data acquired between 1995 and 2011 to estimate the mass loss of the Glacier Bay region over four time periods (1995-2000, 2000-05, 2005-09, 2009-11). For each glacier, we extrapolated from center-line profiles to the entire glacier to estimate glacier-wide mass balance, and then averaged these results over the entire region using three difference methods (normalized elevation, area-weighted method and simple average). We found that there was large interannual variability of the mass loss since 1995 compared with the long-term (post-LIA) average. For the full period (1995-2011) the average mass loss was 3.93 � 0.89 Gt a -1 (0.6 � 0.1 m w.e. a -1 ), compared with 17.8 Gt a -1 for the post-LIA (1770-1948) rate. Our mass loss rate is consistent with GRACE gravity signal changes for the 2003-10 period. Our results also show that there is a lower bias due to center-line profiling than was previously found by a digital elevation model difference method.
Student Stalking of Faculty: Impact and Prevalence

This study investigated the incidence of faculty stalking by students in a large university system (eight campuses). A subsample of stalked faculty members was interviewed. Results are discussed in relation to categorization schemes for stalking, faculty-student interaction, changes in teaching methods, and the unique problems engendered by students stalking faculty members.
The Role of the Family System in HIV Risk Reduction: Youths With Hemophilia and HIV Infection and Their Parents

sUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences Center Objective. To examine the relationship between family communication and HIV risk reduction behaviors among a multisite sample of 125 male youths (ages 12-25) with hemophilia and HIV-infection, as well as their parents. Methods: Participants completed self-report surveys assessing communication and attitudes regarding HIV risk reduction interventions; adolescents also provided data about their sexual behaviors. Results: Adolescents with parents who discuss sexual issues were more likely to report HIV status disclosure to sexual partners. Most parents were supportive of HIV risk reduction interventions for their adolescents, but the youths themselves tended to endorse only interventions that offered opportunities for recreational activities and socialization with peers. Conclusions: Findings are discussed in terms of intervention implications and the need for family systemsbased programs.
Storm-Scale Ensemble Kalman Filter Assimilation of Total Lightning Flash-Extent Data

AbstractA set of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) demonstrates the potential benefit from ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) assimilation of total lightning flash mapping data. Synthetic lightning data were generated to mimic the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) instrument that is planned for the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R series (GOES-R) platform. The truth simulation was conducted using multimoment bulk microphysics, explicit electrification mechanisms, and a branched lightning parameterization to produce 2-min-averaged synthetic pseudo-GLM observations at 8-km GLM resolution and at a hypothetical 1-km resolution.The OSSEs use either perfect (two-moment bulk) or imperfect (single-moment, graupel only) microphysics. One OSSE with perfect microphysics included the same electrification physics as the truth simulation to generate lightning flash rates and flash-extent densities (FED). The other OSSEs used linear relationships between flash rate and graupel echo volume ...
Distribution of plants in a California serpentine grassland: are rocky hummocks spatial refuges for native species?

Invasions by non-native taxa can have severe consequences for native species. In the heavily invaded serpentine grasslands of central California, many native species appear to be restricted to isolated outcrops of shallow serpentine soil, or “hummocks,” although the extent to which these hummocks function as refuges for native vegetation has never been quantified. We tested whether native plant species were restricted to hummocks within a serpentine grassland at the University of California Sedgwick Reserve near Santa Barbara, California by sampling species along hummock-grassland gradients. We also examined the influence of soil parameters, hummock area, proximity to other hummocks, and spatial location on species composition across 16 hummocks at this site. Both the hummocks and the surrounding grassland had high Mg, low Ca, and low Ca to Mg ratios typical of serpentine systems. Hummocks appeared to be more stressful environments because of their shallower soils, lower cation exchange capacity, and greater percent sand. Of the 27 most common plant species sampled along hummock-grassland transects, we identified 8 hummock specialists, 7 edge specialists, 8 matrix specialists, and 4 generalists. Importantly, both the hummock and matrix specialist groups included native species. Plant community composition was correlated with spatial positioning of the hummocks and with soil Ca, Na, K, and N. The number of species increased and community composition changed with increasing hummock area. Species composition was most similar among hummocks in close proximity to each other, and decreased with increasing distance between hummocks. Our results suggest that the community structure of serpentine grasslands is spatially complex and an effective management or restoration plan must address this complexity. 159
Enhanced High‐Temperature Piezoelectric Coefficients and Thermal Stability of Fe‐ and Mn‐Substituted Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 Ceramics

Bismuth-based ferroelectric ceramics are currently under intense investigation for their potential as Pb-free alternatives to lead zirconate titanate-based piezoelectrics. The present work evaluated the thermal depoling behavior of various compositions of Na 0.5 Bi 0.5 TiO 3 (NBT), one of the Bi-based materials of broad interest, through in situ and ex situ measurements of the piezoelectric constant (d 33 ). A range of ceramics was prepared by substituting 0.5-2 at.% of Fe or Mn for Ti. It was found that a low dopant concentration (0.5 at.%) increases the depolarization temperature (T d ) with a minimal loss in room temperature d 33 , allowing for high piezoelectric coefficients at elevated temperatures. For example, 0.5 at.% Fe substitution leads to an enhanced piezoelectric coefficient of d 33 of 133 pm/V at an elevated temperature of 180°C. However, with further increase of dopant concentration, T d decreases in both Mn- and Fe-doped NBT. The in situ depoling measurements of 0.5 at.% Fe- and Mn-doped NBT in the present work exhibit the potential for higher temperature applications.
Calcium-calmodulin kinase I cooperatively regulates nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of CCTα by accessing a nuclear export signal

c Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240 ABSTRACT We identified a new calmodulin kinase I (CaMKI) substrate, cytidyltransferase (CCTα), a crucial enzyme required for maintenance of cell membranes. CCTα becomes acti- vated with translocation from the cytoplasm to the nuclear membrane, resulting in increased membrane phospholipids. Calcium-activated CCTα nuclear import is mediated by binding of its C-terminus to 14-3-3 ζ, a regulator of nuclear trafficking. Here CaMK1 phosphorylates residues within this C-terminus that signals association of CCTα with 14-3-3 ζ to initiate calci- um-induced nuclear entry. CaMKI docks within the CCTα membrane-binding domain (resi- dues 290-299), a sequence that displays similarities to a canonical nuclear export signal (NES) that also binds CRM1/exportin 1. Expression of a CFP-CCTα mutant lacking residues 290-299 in cells results in cytosolically retained enzyme. CRM1/exportin 1 was required for CCTα nu- clear export, and its overexpression in cells was partially sufficient to trigger CCT α nuclear export despite calcium stimulation. An isolated CFP-290-299 peptide remained in the nucleus in the presence of leptomycin B but was able to target to the cytoplasm with farnesol. Thus CaMKI vies with CRM1/exportin 1 for access to a NES, and assembly of a CaMKI-14-3-3 ζ-CCTα complex is a key effector mechanism that drives nuclear CCTα translocation.
Experimental Study on Gyrotron Efficiency Enhancement

Efficiency enhancement is one of the most important issues in modern high power, high frequency gyrotrons. High efficiency gyrotrons will require less prime power, which results in significant cost savings and increase in reliability of the power supply. To meet the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) specifications, gyrotron efficiency has to be greater than 50 %. Furthermore, higher efficiency will reduce the collector loading and improve the life time of the tube. Depressed collector operation can enhance the gyrotron overall efficiency significantly. The experimental results from the 1.5 MW, 110 GHz gyrotron with a single-stage depressed collector are presented in this paper.
POST‐TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND NEUROANTHROPOLOGY: STOPPING PTSD BEFORE IT BEGINS

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a problem that affects many combatants in war, including a high percentage of military personnel serving in Iraq and Afghanistan. The high rates of PTSD among veterans has pushed research and intervention to address the serious mental and behavioral health problems associated with wartime trauma. However, these efforts have largely proceeded using biomedical and psychological approaches, without recognizing the institutional and social contexts of trauma, adaptation, and recovery. Moreover, biomedical and psychological approaches have serious shortcomings in recognizing how individual–environment interactions, meaningful interpretations, and sense of identity play a key role in the impact of trauma and development (or not) of PTSD. A neuroanthropological approach can use ideas of neural plasticity and the encultured brain to link culture, interpretation and identity, and the impact of trauma. This synthetic approach then permits a critique of present efforts in the U.S. military to increase resilience and prevent PTSD, and propose alternative strategies and research approaches to more effectively understand and address PTSD.
Microcompartments in prokaryotes: carboxysomes and related polyhedra.

All cyanobacteria and many chemoautotrophs contain polyhedral inclusion bodies that are bound by a unilamellar protein shell (15, 63). Isolation and enzymatic analysis of the bodies from Halothiobacillus neapolitanus (previously Thiobacillus neapolitanus) revealed that they are filled with ribulose 1,5bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO); therefore they were given the name “carboxysomes” (59). Subsequent studies of both cyanobacteria and chemoautotrophic bacteria have led to the well-accepted conclusion that the “organelles” or microcompartments function to enhance the catalytic properties of the RuBisCO they contain, although the mechanism of this catalytic enhancement is unclear (51, 65). Localization and characterization of the genes encoding carboxysome components has underscored the apparent common function of these bodies in carboxysome-containing autotrophic bacteria. More surprising is the finding that a number of heterotrophic prokaryotes harbor genes homologous to those for carboxysome shell proteins (9, 32, 62). Under proper growth conditions, these bacteria produce polyhedral inclusion bodies that are morphologically similar to carboxysomes, although the cells expressing these bodies contain no RuBisCO and do not fix CO 2 via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle as a major part of their carbon metabolism. This review evaluates the evidence that relates carboxysome structure to function in the carbon metabolism of autotrophic prokaryotes and examines similarities to newly discovered particles found in heterotrophs. The possibility is explored that microcompartmentalization of key metabolic enzymes by carboxysomes and their relatives is a more widely utilized regulatory mechanism in prokaryotes than was previously envisioned.
Treating the whole patient: passing time-honoured skills for building doctor-patient relationships on to generations of doctors.

Objectives This paper aims to honour the Hippocratic Oath in modern practice by providing reflections on the development of ways for doctors to know the whole person that have accrued over the five decades to the present. Methods I present a perspective piece, which includes personal reflections and cites relevant literature. Results Powerful role models sustained the concept of knowing the whole patient in an era of scientific medicine. Beginning in the 1980s, skills allowing ordinary doctors to know the whole patient were made transparent to learners in courses and medical school curricula. As we approach the 2020s, increasing numbers of doctors have mastered these skills and are teaching them. Conclusions A modern way of practice is emerging; this emphasises the human side of medicine and its rewards, despite barriers such as those imposed by time limitations.
The Histone Variant MacroH2A1 Regulates Target Gene Expression in Part by Recruiting the Transcriptional Coregulator PELP1

MacroH2A1 is a histone variant harboring an ∼25-kDa carboxyl-terminal macrodomain. Due to its enrichment on the inactive X chromosome, macroH2A1 was thought to play a role in transcriptional repression. However, recent studies have shown that macroH2A1 occupies autosomal chromatin and regulates genes in a context-specific manner. The macrodomain may play a role in the modulation of gene expression outcomes via physical interactions with effector proteins, which may depend on the ability of the macrodomain to bind NAD(+) metabolite ligands. Here, we identify proline, glutamic acid, and leucine-rich protein 1 (PELP1), a chromatin-associated factor and transcriptional coregulator, as a ligand-independent macrodomain-interacting factor. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with tiling microarrays (ChIP-chip) to determine the genomic localization of PELP1 in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. We find that PELP1 genomic localization is highly correlated with that of macroH2A1. Additionally, PELP1 positively correlates with heterochromatic chromatin marks and negatively correlates with active transcription marks, much like macroH2A1. MacroH2A1 specifically recruits PELP1 to the promoters of macroH2A1 target genes, but macroH2A1 occupancy occurs independent of PELP1. This recruitment allows macroH2A1 and PELP1 to cooperatively regulate gene expression outcomes.