cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foreign aid and the politics of participation in economic policy reform

Research suggests that borrower ‘ownership’ of reforms is highly correlated with the success of reforms in developing countries. One of the most important components of ownership is the nature of public–private relations and consultation with interest groups. Yet participatory reform must overcome several political dilemmas, including problems of credibility, collective action, and distributive (in)justice. The characteristics of reforms also affect the possibilities for participation. Democratic governments interested in making policy reform more participatory and presumably more sustainable can draw on several strategies, including the selective use of incentives and compensation, public education and communications, capacity building in society, institutional mechanisms for consultation, and political sequencing of reforms. These strategies have implications for the foreign aid agencies who often fund reforms. They suggest that donors need to recognize the political rationality behind cross-payments and spending to maintain important constituencies; that political sustainability may require reform sequences that are out of step with current orthodoxy; that policies ought to create winners before creating losers; that democratic consultation will require much more time in achieving consensus; and that outside actors need to refrain from intervening too directly in the political process by throwing their support behind particular interests. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fertilizer demand functions for five crops in the United States.

Fertilizer consumption by the U.S. agricultural sector has increased dramatically for several decades. Nitrogen fertilizer use increased 632 percent between 1952 and 1976. Phosphate and potash fertilizer use increased 138 and 229 percent, respectively, in the same period (USDA 1978). However, the upward trend in fertilizer use was temporarily interrupted during the early and mid-1970s as the real fertilizer price began to increase after many years of decline. Higher levels of aggregate fertilizer consumption over the 1952–1976 period outweighed the decline in the real price of fertilizer as real dollar expenditures for fertilizer continued to rise. Our study includes an attempt to relate fertilizer use for different crops to relevant economic variables.
Bounded Expectations for Discrepancy Detection in Goal-Driven Autonomy

Goal-Driven Autonomy (GDA) is a model for online planning extended with dynamic goal selection. GDA has been investigated in the context of numerous abstract planning domains, and there has been recent interest in applying GDA to control unmanned vehicles. In robotic domains, certain continuous state features from sensor data must be modeled for reasoning. However, modeling these features precisely during planning and execution monitoring may be problematic, due to the inefficiency of computing exact values or sensitivity to noise. We present PHOBOS, a Hierarchical Task Network planner with bounded expectations, which we apply with a GDA agent in an underwater vehicle domain. Bounded expectations allow an agent to plan and detect discrepancies more efficiently and with fewer false discrepancies (i.e., detected but semantically meaningless differences from expectations during execution). We describe an initial simulation study that supports this claim.
Women's perceptions about lubricant use and vaginal wetness during sexual activities.

ABSTRACT Introduction Exogenous lubricant use in the United States is common among women; however, there is little empirical research describing women's perceptions of lubricants, lubricant use, and vaginal wetness or dryness during penile‐vaginal intercourse or other sexual behaviors. Aims To assess women's perceptions about lubricant use, women's perceptions about vaginal wetness during sexual activities, lubricant purchasing and application patterns, and the relationship of age to women's perceptions of lubricants and vaginal wetness. Methods Cross‐sectional baseline data from an online daily diary study of 2,451 women enrolled in a study of lubricant use were analyzed. Main Outcome Measures Demographic items, women's lubricant purchasing patterns, lubrication use, perceptions about lubrication, and perceptions about vaginal wetness. Results Overall, women felt positively about lubricant and lubricant use, preferred sex to feel more wet, felt that they were more easily orgasmic when sex was more wet, and thought their partner preferred sex to feel more wet than dry. Perceptions varied by age group with women in their forties reporting more positive perceptions of lubricants than women under the age of 30. Conclusions Findings suggest that women generally feel positively about lubricants and lubricant use and prefer vaginal‐penile intercourse to feel more wet. Such insights into women's perceptions of lubricants and lubricant use can be helpful to medical and other health professionals as well as sexual health educators, who routinely make recommendations to women about ways to incorporate products, such as lubricants, into their sexual activities. Jozkowski KN, Herbenick D, Schick V, Reece M, Sanders SA, and Fortenberry JD. Women's perceptions about lubricant use and vaginal wetness during sexual activities. J Sex Med 2013;10:484-492.
New Test of Local Lorentz Invariance Using a Ne 21 − Rb − K Comagnetometer

We develop a new comagnetometer using $^{21}\mathrm{Ne}$ atoms with nuclear spin $I=3/2$ and Rb atoms polarized by spin exchange with K atoms to search for tensor interactions that violate local Lorentz invariance. We frequently reverse the orientation of the experiment and search for signals at the first and second harmonics of the sidereal frequency. We constrain 4 of the 5 spatial Lorentz-violating coefficients ${c}_{jk}^{n}$ that parametrize anisotropy of the maximum attainable velocity of a neutron at a level of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}29}$, improving previous limits by 2 to 4 orders of magnitude and placing the most stringent constraint on deviations from local Lorentz invariance.
I Am 95% Confident That the Earth Is Round: An Interview About Statistics With Chris Spatz

Kathy Dillon is a professor of psychology at Western New England College in Springfield, MA. She teaches statistics, experimental methods, and introductory psychology. She is a generalist who has published in a wide range of fields including autism and psychoimmunology. Chris Spatz is a professor of psychology at Hendrix College in Conway, AR. He teaches statistics, research methods, history and systems, and general psychology and is the author of Basic Statistics: Tales of Distributions (6th edition). He frequently makes presentations on teaching issues at regional conferences for psychology teachers.
The abstraction and generalization of dot patterns

Abstract The Ss were trained on patterns representing different levels of distortion and transferred to test trials containing the old training patterns, the prototype patterns, and new distortions. Training on low levels of distortion consistently produced superior performance on all test patterns except the most distorted ones. The results also showed that the prototypes and low distortion-level test patterns of meaningful concepts were identified more often than prototypes and low distortion-level test patterns of meaningless concepts but the reverse was true for highly distorted test patterns. Training with patterns whose average dot positions corresponded to the original positions of the dots in the prototypes and to two different levels of distortion of training patterns did not facilitate transfer of any abstractions formed.
Intravascular ultrasonic assessment of post-operative remodelling of aortic coarctation repaired by use of a subclavian flap

BACKGROUND We have used intravascular ultrasound in an attempt to clarify the extent of vascular remodelling of the aortic arch after the repair of aortic coarctation by use of a subclavian flap. METHODS We investigated 13 patients with coarctation of the aorta, ranging in age from 1.4 to 43.0 months, with a mean of 20.8 months, who underwent aortoplasty by incorporation of a subclavian flap. The mean postoperative period was 19.6 months, with a range from 0.03 to 41.2 months. The luminal morphology of the aortic arch was evaluated by intravascular ultrasound at the time of post-operative catheterization. RESULTS We observed 3 cases longitudinally. Over the period of observation, we found three types o f morphology of the aorta at the site of incorporation of the subclavian flap, namely a snowman shape with two inflection points, a pisiform shape with one inflection point, and a round shape without any points of inflection. There was a correlation between the cross-sectional shapes at the site of the subclavian flap in the postoperative period (p < 0.01). In each case, we measured the cross-sectional area at the site of subclavian flap, at the descending aorta, and at the distal aortic arch. The cross-sectional area, and the increment of the cross-sectional area at the site of subclavian flap, was larger. CONCLUSION The shape of the lumen subsequent to repair of aortic coarctation changes progressively from a snowman, to a pisiform, and finally to a round shape. Greater growth of the subclavian flap compared to the native wall of the aorta was observed for at least the first 4 years after repair. This finding may improve our understanding of the remodelling process of the arterial trunks after surgical repair.
Highly reliable upgrading of components

After a system is deployed, fixes, enhancements, and modifications all occur that change the components that make up the system. Unfortunately, new versions of components can introduce new errors and break existing, depended-upon behavior. When this happens, the old component version could have provided the correct behavior, but it is no longer part of the system. We propose a framework, HERCULES, for upgrading system components that, instead of removing the old version of the component, keeps multiple versions of a component running. Doing so allows behavior to be utilized from all versions, and maintains system integrity and correctness even in the presence of newly introduced errors. This framework ensures that the move towards dynamic, configurable software systems does not lessen, but rather provides capabilities to enhance the reliability that software will achieve through the next century.
CAM04-4: AS Path Inference by Exploiting Known AS Paths

Inferring AS-level end-to-end paths can be a valuable tool for both network operators and researchers. A widely known technique for inferring end-to-end paths is to perform traceroute from sources to destinations. Unfortunately, traceroute requires the access to source machines and is resource consuming. In this paper, we propose two algorithms for AS-level end-to-end path inference. The key idea of our algorithm is to exploit the AS paths appeared in BGP routing tables and infer AS paths based on the ones. In addition, our algorithms infer AS paths on the granularity of destination prefix instead of destination AS. That is, we infer AS paths from any source AS to any destination prefix. This is essential since routing in the Internet is determined based on destination prefixes instead of destination ASs. The validation results show that our algorithm yields accuracy up to 95% for exact match and accuracy up to 97% for path length match. We further extend our algorithm to infer a set of potential AS paths between a source AS and a destination prefix. We find that on average, 86% of inferred AS path sets are accurate in the sense that one of the paths in the set matches the actual AS path. Note that our algorithms require BGP routing tables only and do not require additional data trace or access to either sources or destinations. In addition, we demonstrate that the accuracy of this BGP-based inference approach cannot go beyond 90%.
Incorporating Process Architecture in the Evaluation of Stability in Distributed Design

In distributed design processes, individual design subsystems have local control over design variables and seek to satisfy their own individual objectives, which may also be influenced by some system level objectives. The resulting network of coupled subsystems will either converge to a stable equilibrium, or diverge in an unstable manner. In this paper, we study the dependence of system stability on the solution process architecture. The solution process architecture describes how the design subsystems are ordered and can be either sequential, parallel, or a hybrid that incorporates both parallel and sequential elements. In this paper we demonstrate that the stability of a distributed design system does indeed depend on the solution process architecture chosen and we create a general process architecture model based on linear systems theory. The model allows the stability of equilibrium solutions to be analyzed for distributed design systems by converting any process architecture into an equivalent parallel representation. Moreover, we show that this approach can accurately predict when the equilibrium is unstable and the system divergent when previous models suggest the system is convergent.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Submaximal, aerobic exercise training exacerbates the cardiomyopathy of postweanling Cu-depleted rats

To determine the dual effect of exercise training and copper depletion on myocardial function and ultrastructure, postweanling rats were either trained or sedentary while fed copper-adequate or copper-deficient diets for 8 wk. Rats developed characteristic myocardial subcellular degeneration and increased cardiac mitochondrial volume density when copper depleted, despite lack of overt cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, or anemia. Training combined with copper depletion induced mild left ventricular hypertrophy. Basal laminae appeared fractionated in areas at capillary-myocyte interface, with focal pericapillary and interstitial collagen accumulation, where-as overt fibrosis was absent or minimal. Electrocardiograms revealed increased QRS wave and QT duration and notching of QRS complex with copper depletion, consistent with intraventricular conductance disturbances. The oxidative capacity of soleus muscle increased with training in copper-adequate rats, but was reduced with progressive copper depletion. These data suggest that copper depletion and training are synergistic in effecting focal accumulation of collagen, with deleterious effect on exercise capacity.
Continuous Cube Mapping

Existing environment-mapping techniques include spherical mapping and cube mapping. These techniques have inherent flaws that cause sampling issues and aliasing. Continuous cube mapping is offered ...
Total synthesis of new porphyrins isolated from the coral sea demosponge corallistes sp.

Three new metal-free porphyrins, corallistin B, corallistin C and corallistin E isolated from the demosponge Corallistes sp. were synthesized as methyl esters in excellent yield by using either the MacDonald or a,c-biladiene routes to porphyrins.
Meridional pattern of the oceanic rift system

Analysis of the positions of the mid-ocean ridge network and of the orientations of individual spreading segments indicates that the main ridge systems display meridional symmetry. The pole of symmetry, based upon two independent analyses, is located between Iceland and Greenland at lat 65°N, long 40°W and describes both the average orientation of spreading lines and the trends of the main ridge systems. This geometric pattern appears to have existed in the past, as demonstrated for 55 m.y. ago. The high-latitude pole of meridional symmetry plus the latitude dependence of plate velocities, both now and in the past, suggest a rotational control on the positions of ocean ridges and plate motions.
DIETARY FACTORS AND CANCER RISK

Objectives : To discuss the relationship between dietary factors and cancer risk reduction, the status of prevention trials in progress, and current dietary recommendations. Data Sources : Published research and review articles, medical books, and web sites. Conclusions : Evidence indicates that dietary factors can reduce the risk of developing cancer. The dietary recommendations for cancer risk reduction are consistent with those for prevention of other chronic diseases and are thus useful for the majority of the population. Implications for Nursing Practice : In their role as educators, it is essential for nurses to provide accurate and timely information on diet and cancer risk reduction to their patients and the public and to encourage compliance with dietary recommendations.
Improved planarization techniques applied to a low dielectric constant polyimide used in multilevel metal ICs

A low dielectric constant fluorinated polyimide has been employed as the interlevel dielectric in a four-level metal VLSI process. Due to the stringent requirement of a near global planar topography compared with the partial planarizing properties of the polyimide, two advanced approaches were evaluated: (1) a "negative-image" sacrificial photoresist etchback process, and (2) a photoresist image reversal plus dry etch process. Both techniques remove the polyimide from the surface of the metal while leaving polyimide "islands" or "plugs" between the metal features. A second polyimide layer is then applied. The planarity of the finished structure is controlled by the thickness of the initial polyimide layer, the plasma etch process, and the planarizing characteristics of the second or "recoat" polyimide film. The improved global planarity achievable using the advanced techniques were compared to a standard single spin polyimide process using surface profilometer profiles and cross-sectional SEM micrographs. The pros and cons of the two planarization techniques are also discussed.
Commanders of Dutch East India ships in the eighteenth century

Commanders of Dutch East India ships in the eighteenth century, by Jaap R. Bruijn, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2011, xiii + 336 pp., illus., maps, $130.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-84383-622-3 Usually,...
A theory for the evolutionary game

Abstract We present an evolutionary game theory. This theory differs in several respects from current theories related to Maynard Smith's pioneering work on evolutionary stable strategies (ESS). Most current work deals with two person matrix games. For these games the strategy set is finite. We consider evolutionary games which are defined over a continuous strategy set and which permit any number of players. Matrix games are included as a bilinear continuous game. However, under our definition, such games will not posses an ESS on the interior of the strategy set. We extend previous work on continuous games by developing an ESS definition which permits the ESS to be composed of a coalition of several strategies. This definition requires that the coalition must not only be stable with respect to perturbations in strategy frequencies which comprise the coalition, but the coalition must also satisfy the requirement that no mutant strategies can invade. Ecological processes are included in the model by explicitly considering population size and density dependent selection.
Growth factor regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 expression in osteoblasts.

Previously we have shown that transforming growth factor β (TGF β) 1, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) BB inhibit the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) II, but their effects on IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-6 in osteoblast cultures are not known. IGFBP-6 binds IGF II with high affinity and prevents IGF II–mediated effects, so that a possible mode of regulating the IGF II available to bone cells would be by changing the levels of IGFBP-6. To enhance our understanding of the actions of growth factors on the IGF II axis in bone, we tested the effects of TGF β1, basic FGF, PDGF BB, IGF I, and IGF II on the expression of IGFBP-6 in cultures of osteoblast-enriched cells from 22 day fetal rat calvariae (Ob cells). Treatment of Ob cells with TGF β1 caused a time- and dose-dependent decrease in IGFBP-6 mRNA levels, as determined by Northern blot analysis. The effect was maximal after 48 h and observed with TGF β1 concentrations of 0.04 nM and higher. TGF β1 also decreased IGFBP-6 polypeptide levels in the medium, as determined by Western immunoblot analysis. Cycloheximide at 3.6 μM decreased IGFBP-6 transcripts and prevented the effect of TGF β1. The decay of IGFBP-6 mRNA in transcriptionally arrested Ob cells was not modified by TGF β1. In addition, TGF β1 decreased the rates of IGFBP-6 transcription as determined by a nuclear run-on assay. In contrast, basic FGF, PDGF BB, IGF I, and IGF II did not change IGFBP-6 mRNA levels in Ob cells. In conclusion, TGF β1 inhibits IGFBP-6 expression in Ob cells by transcriptional mechanisms. Since IGFBP-6 binds IGF II and prevents its effects on bone cells, decreased synthesis of IGFBP-6 induced by TGF β1 could be a local feedback mechanism to increase the amount of IGF II available in the bone microenvironment. J. Cell. Biochem. 66:77–86, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Egypt’s Uzbek Mirror: Muḥammad al-Mansī Qandīl’s Post-Soviet Islamic Humanism

[AbstractThis article interrogates the post-Soviet Central Asian setting of Egyptian writer Muammad Mansī Qandīl’s novel Qamar alā Samarqand (2004). Unusually for an Arabic literary work set in the post-Soviet space, Qamar expresses no nostalgia for Communist ideals. Instead it uses Uzbekistan as a double mirror for Nasser- and Sadat-era Egypt, grimly exposing life under authoritarian rule and also, more remarkably, conjuring an alternative humanist utopia based not in socialism but in the mythopoetic and spiritual resources of the classical Islamic tradition. Heavily expurgated at first and later republished in full, Qamar illustrates the richness of the Arab-Soviet cultural nexus and the continuing provocativeness of the literary works it has inspired., Abstract This article interrogates the post-Soviet Central Asian setting of Egyptian writer Muḥammad Mansī Qandīl’s novel Qamar ʿalā Samarqand (2004). Unusually for an Arabic literary work set in the post-Soviet space, Qamar expresses no nostalgia for Communist ideals. Instead it uses Uzbekistan as a double mirror for Nasser- and Sadat-era Egypt, grimly exposing life under authoritarian rule and also, more remarkably, conjuring an alternative humanist utopia based not in socialism but in the mythopoetic and spiritual resources of the classical Islamic tradition. Heavily expurgated at first and later republished in full, Qamar illustrates the richness of the Arab-Soviet cultural nexus and the continuing provocativeness of the literary works it has inspired.]
Predicting the use of External Labor Arrangements: A Test of the Transaction Costs Perspective

Firms' increasing use of external labor arrangements has been difficult to reconcile with resource-based propositions concerning the development of organizational capabilities. We tested hypotheses...
Diastolic Murmurs in Apparently Normal Children

Diastolic murmurs have always been considered abnormal, but this report presents nine apparently normal children with high-frequency, early, diamond-shaped diastolic murmurs confirmed by intracavitary phonocardiography to arise within the left ventricle. Each child (aged 5 to 15 years) was referred for evaluation of a systolic murmur at the lower left sternal border, but an additional finding at the initial examination was a grade I to III/VI high-pitched diastolic murmur, thought to be decrescendo, at the third and fourth intercostal space at the left sternal edge. The murmurs were best heard when the patient was supine. Cardiac x-rays, including four views with barium, were all clearly normal, as were eight of the nine electrocardiograms and the Frank and McFee vectorcardiograms. Multiple parameters of right and left heart catheterizations were normal in all.
ATP-sensitive K+ channel channel/enzyme multimer: metabolic gating in the heart.

Cardiac ATP-sensitive K + (K A T P ) channels, gated by cellular metabolism, are formed by association of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir6.2, the potassium conducting subunit, and SUR2A, the ATP-binding cassette protein that serves as the regulatory subunit. Kir6.2 is the principal site of ATP-induced channel inhibition, while SUR2A regulates K + flux through adenine nucleotide binding and catalysis. The ATPase-driven conformations within the regulatory SUR2A subunit of the K A T P channel complex have determinate linkage with the states of the channel's pore. The probability and life-time of ATPase-induced SUR2A intermediates, rather than competitive nucleotide binding alone, defines nucleotide-dependent K A T P channel gating. Cooperative interaction, instead of independent contribution of individual nucleotide binding domains within the SUR2A subunit, serves a decisive role in defining K A T P channel behavior. Integration of K A T P channels with the cellular energetic network renders these channel/enzyme heteromultimers high-fidelity metabolic sensors. This vital function is facilitated through phosphotransfer enzyme-mediated transmission of controllable energetic signals. By virtue of coupling with cellular energetic networks and the ability to decode metabolic signals, K A T P channels set membrane excitability to match demand for homeostatic maintenance. This new paradigm in the operation of an ion channel multimer is essential in providing the basis for K A T P channel function in the cardiac cell, and for understanding genetic defects associated with life-threatening diseases that result from the inability of the channel complex to optimally fulfill its physiological role.
Diphenylhydantoin and cortisol metabolism in glaucoma.

Systemic administration of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) has been shown to block plasma cortisol suppression after oral ad­ ministration of dexamethasone.· The re­ duction of plasma cortisol nine hours after 1 mg of dexamethasone has been evaluated be­ fore and after one week of DPH pretreatment in 98 individuals classified as to their intraocular pressure response to topical corticosteroids and presence of glaucomatous field loss;' DPH prevented the dexametha­ sone reduction of plasma cortisol in 94% of the lower responders to topical corticosteroids. However, at least 25% suppression of plasma cortisol while on DPH therapy was found in 89% of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.
The controls of eating: A shift from nutritional homeostasis to behavioral neuroscience

The experimental analysis of the controls of eating has undergone a paradigmatic shift in the past decade. Instead of seeing meals as a problem of how intake serves metabolism and nutritional homeostasis, meals are now seen as a problem in behavioral neuroscience. The major developments underlying this significant change are behavioral, neurological, and theoretical. Behavioral analysis has shown that a central pattern generator in the caudal brainstem organizes eating movements and that the size of a liquid meal is determined by the number and size of clusters of licking. Neurologic analysis has shown that eating is under orosensory positive-feedback control and postingestive, preabsorptive, negative-feedback control. These feedback controls are activated by food ingested during a meal. The sensory information of the feedbacks is carried by afferent fibers that project to the caudal brainstem. The new theory is based on the fact that the feedback controls are stimulated by food acting directly on mucosal receptors along the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the end of the small intestine. Thus, they are referred to as direct controls, and the caudal brainstem is sufficient for organizing their action. All other controls, such as metabolic, rhythmic, and ecologic, that do not contact the mucosal receptors are indirect controls. Indirect controls act by modulating the potency of the central effects of the direct controls, and they require the forebrain and its reciprocal connections with the caudal brainstem for their control of eating and meal size.
Dynamics of marine biopolymer networks

Regardless of their size, composition or origin, assembled biopolymers form networks that exhibit a unique set of emerging properties that account for phenomena ranging from biopolymer networks in secretory granules and their role in storage and release of hormones [1], to self-assembly of marine biopolymer and their role in carbon cycling in the ocean [2]. Our goal is to use the power of established polymer physics theory to develop new models and better predictive tools in these different fields. In this paper I’ll briefly review some highlights of our work on biopolymer self-assembly in the ocean and the significance of the marine gel phase on global carbon cycling.
Visibility Model Based on Satellite-Generated Landscape Data

A model has been developed that uses simulated photographs to display the effect of atmospheric aerosols and gases on visibility. The model is driven by data on landscape features taken from earth-orbiting satellites, combined with digital terrain elevation data, and can be applied on a global scale. The effects of light scattering and absorption by atmospheric aerosols and gases on sky color and on the appearance of objects in the field of view are calculated. The results are displayed as a synthetic color photograph of the expected appearance of the scene. Quantitative comparisons are made between these synthetic images and actual photographs taken from the ground on the specific clear day and smog event days being simulated.
Molecular biology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Abstract Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common inherited human muscle disease and among the most debilitating. In recent investigations the locus of the gene in the Xp21 region of the X chromosome has been defined, the DMD gene has been cloned, and its protein product ‘dystrophin' has been identified and partially characterized. The analysis of patterns of DMD gene and dystrophin defects in DMD and related disorders has provided insight into the molecular pathogenesis of differing clinical phenotypes of DMD. These studies have also identified two animal models homologous to human DMD. This review outlines these recent studies and their implications for understanding the molecular biology of DMD.
Determining Bathymetry near Oahu, Hawaii Using WorldView-2 Imagery Acquired at Multiple Angles

This research uses multispectral imagery data to investigate whether acquisition angle plays a role in depth determination in shallow coastal areas. WorldView-2 (WV-2) data acquired on 30 July 2011 over Oahu are used.
Differences in Mood States between Belt Ranks in Karate Tournament Competitors

Research over the past decade has demonstrated that performance and transitory affect (mood states) are related. This study examined the relationship between highly experienced (black belts), experienced (brown belts), moderately experienced (colored belts), and novice (white belts) karate practitioners and transitory affect. Analysis indicated that black belt competitors scored higher in precompetition fatigue-inertia than lower ranked competitors.
Millisecond light pulses make mice stop running, then display prolonged sleep-like behavior in the absence of light.

Masking, measured as a decrease in nocturnal rodent wheelrunning, is a visual system response to rod/cone and retinal ganglion cell photoreception. Here, we show that a few milliseconds of light are sufficient to initiate induce masking which continues for many minutes without additional photic stimulation. C57J/B6 mice were tested using flash stimuli previously shown to elicit large circadian rhythm phase shifts. Ten flashes, 2 msec each and equally distributed over 5 min, activate locomotor suppression that endures for an additional 25-35 min in the dark and does not differ in magnitude or duration from that elicited by 5 min saturating light pulse. Locomotor activity by mice without access to running wheels is also suppressed by light flashes. The effectiveness of various light flash patterns on mouse locomotor suppression are similar to those previously described for hamster phase shifts. Video analysis of active mice indicates that light flashes initiated at ZT13 rapidly induce an interval of behavioral quiescence that lasts about 10 min at which time the animals assume a typical sleep posture that is maintained for an additional 25 min. Thus, the interval coinciding with light-induced wheelrunning suppression appears to consist of two distinct behavioral states, one interval during which locomotor quiescence is initiated and maintained, followed by a second interval characterized by behavioral sleep. Given this sequence effected by light stimulation, we suggest that it be referred to as “photosomnolence,” the term reflecting upon both nature of the stimulus and the associated behavioral change.
An efficient, explicit finite-rate algorithm to compute flows in chemical nonequilibrium

An explicit finite-rate code was developed to compute hypersonic viscous chemically reacting flows about three-dimensional bodies. Equations describing the finite-rate chemical reactions were fully coupled to the gas dynamic equations using a new coupling technique. The new technique maintains stability in the explicit finite-rate formulation while permitting relatively large global time steps.
The syntactic characterization of agrammatism

Abstract A new characterization of agrammatism is suggested, based on new data from Hebrew speaking agrammatic aphasics, and a reexamination of data from Russian and Italian. This characterization is formed in relation to linguistic levels of representation. First, the description of agrammatism as omission of closed-class items is challenged on the basis of the data, and a new description is suggested—viewing agrammatism as mis-selection of items + default: in English the default procedure may always be used, but in the other languages discussed, the patient is forced, for structural reasons, to unconscious guessing that results, in many instances, in syntactically aberrant sentences in which each lexical item is well formed. Second, after discussing issues concerning the proper relation between linguistic theories and processing models, a condition on a syntactic level (S-structure) in linguistic theory (Chomsky, 1981) is proposed, to account for agrammatic data from all the languages considered. It is then shown that agrammatic performance in a variety of tasks (including comprehension) is explained naturally as a consequence of this condition. Finally, several related processing issues are discussed. In particular, the relationship between the proposed structural account and the model offered by Bradley et al. (1980).
Social interaction skills for children with autism: a script‐fading procedure for nonreaders

Engaging in spontaneous social exchanges is a central skill deficit of children with autism, and one that is often difficult to remediate. The 3 boys (ages 4, 4, and 5 years) who participated in this study had acquired small verbal repertoires, but typically spoke only when answering questions or requesting preferred edible items or toys, and did not converse with a familiar teacher during baseline. During teaching, textual cues (‘‘Look’’ and ‘‘Watch me’’) were embedded in the youngsters’ photographic activity schedules; after learning to use the scripts, the children’s verbal elaborations and unscripted interactions increased and were maintained when a new recipient of interaction was introduced. After scripts were faded, unscripted interactions not only continued but also generalized to different activities that had not been the topic of teaching. The script-fading procedure enabled children with autism to converse with adults, to benefit from adults’ language models, and to engage in language practice that contributes to fluency. DESCRIPTORS: autistic children, antecedent control, pictorial cues, social interaction, script fading
Testicular function in prepubertal and pubertal male patients treated with cyclophosphamide for nephrotic syndrome.

Gonadal function and histology were studied in seven male patients who received cyclophosphamide for treatment of nephrotic syndrome prior to or during puberty. Treatment ranged from six weeks to 19 months and the total doses of cyclophosphamide varied from 18.0 to 39.0 Gm. One to four years following cessation of therapy, two patients had normal testicular function, four were azoospermic, and one oligospermic. Testicular biopsies confirmed absence of spermatogenesis in the azoospermic patients. Secondary sex characteristics were normal in all patients, although one patient had diminished testicular size. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteninizing hormone (LH), and testosterone were measured on all patients; FSH elevation appeared to correspond to the degree of testicular damage.
On the History of a Pericope in the Midrash Tanhuma

Le propos de l'A. est de montrer par l'etude des sources d'une pericope determinee (ici Tanhuma Sh'mot25, sur la revelation au Sinai) les procedes d'elaboration et de formation des traditions midrashiques. L'A. retrouve la genealogie des cinq elements principaux de cette pericope, qui est le seul passage de la litterature rabbinique ou soit niee la mort des Israelites en entendant la Voix de Dieu au Sinai. L'A. identifie ces elements et leurs auteurs, signale les elements transitionnels et fixe le terminus post quem possible de l'ouvrage au IV s.
A Comparison of Results From Two Bioimpedance Analyzers: HIV Infected V.S. Non-infected Adults

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To determine whether there would be greater variability in body composition (BC) results obtained from two different bioimpedance analyzers (BIA) used at the same time and under the same conditions with HIV infected (HIV+) v.s. non-infected (HIV-) adults. The accurate determination of BC in HIV+ individuals is a critical adjunct to the provision of timely and appropriate nutrition intervention. Yet its measurement may be complicated by the somewhat unexpected BC changes that are experienced by individuals with this disease. Subjects (S's) included 24 relatively healthy HIV+ adults (5♂,♀19; Xage=42.7; XBMI= 24.9) and 29 healthy HIV- volunteers (22♂,7♀ Xage=40.5; XBMI=26.5 ). All S's met four hour pre-test conditions (fasting, no vigorous exercise, no alcohol, no caffeine) and were measured either on the floor or on an exam table without any parts of the body touching each other. Height and weight were measured on all S's, and age and activity level were determined from interview. Sites were cleaned with alcohol, electrodes were placed on hand and foot as specified by manufacturer's instructions, and BC was measured consecutively using two BIAs (BodyStat 1500 [BS] and Maltron [M]). The difference in % body fat (%BF) as measured by the two analyzers was calculated for each subject (DIF = % BF-M minus % BF-BS). Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows. Percent body fat results were: 1) BS-HIV+: 23.4%; 2) BS-HIV-: 30.3%; 3) M-HIV+: 23.8%; and 4) M-HIV-: 31.2%). Mean DIF was slightly less for the HIV+ group (0.4±4.9 v.s. 1.0±4.7; ns) and slightly greater for men (2.1 vs. -0.7; p 30 were more likely to be HIV- and have positive differences (value from Maltron > Body Stat). From these data it appears that the variability in measures between the two BIA methods is within acceptable limits in an HIV+ group indicating that the simple BIA technology may be adequate to monitor this important parameter of body composition in relatively healthy clients.
Mesh Strategies for Accurate Computation of Unsteady Spoiler and Aeroelastic Problems

A modi cation of the spring analogy scheme that uses axial linear spring stiffness with selective spring stiffening/relaxationis presented. An alternateapproachto solvingthe geometric conservation law is takenthateliminates the need for storage of metric Jacobians at previous time steps. The method is applied to the computation of the turbulent  ow about an airfoil with a two-dimensional moving spoiler surface. The aeroelastic response at low dynamic pressure of an airfoil to a single large-scale oscillation of a spoiler surface is simulated in a study of the effect of  uid domain convergence and subiterative strategies. A critical issue in the computation of aeroelastic response with a strongly nonlinear  ow eld is shown to be the convergence of the  uid domain. It is con rmed that it is possible to achieve accurate solutions with a very large time step for aeroelastic problems using the  uid solver and aeroelastic integrator as discussed. Furthermore, it is shown that a local pseudo-time-based subiterative method is essential for the computation of the present cases.
Physical Modeling of Ductile Fracture During Metalforming Process

The process of ductile fracture during metalforming was modeled by deforming plasticine specimens which contained steel-wire segments to simulate the inclusions in a fully plastic matrix
Induction of lupus inclusions by sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

A sensitive in vitro bioassay for the alpha-interferon induction of lupus-type inclusions (LI) has been established with the human B lymphoblastoid cell line, Daudi. Sera from 11 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were evaluated with this assay. LI induction by these sera increased in proportion to their antiviral activity on Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. Two of these sera did not induce LI; they showed no antiviral activity on the MDBK cell assay. Clinically and serologically, their donors were in remission. Two sera induced the formation of LI that exceeded the maximum frequencies obtained with 3 alpha-interferon preparations. These sera had the greatest antiviral activities, and their donors had the greatest disease activities. Antisera to alpha-interferons prevented the induction of LI with the pure and homogeneous recombinant human leukocyte interferon, IFLrA, and SLE sera. Together, these results provide evidence that the alpha-interferon endogenous to SLE patients has a great ability to induce LI, and the SLE serum induction of LI corresponds well to the patient's disease activity.
The effect of copper content and degree of recrystallization on the fatigue resistance of 7XXX type aluminum alloys I. Low cycle corrosion fatigue

Abstract The effect of copper content (0.01–2.1%) and degree of recrystallization (DR) (5–45%) on the corrosion fatigue behavior of four AlZn2MgxCuT651 alloys was investigated. The cyclic strain resistance was found to increase with copper content and decrease with DR regardless of the test environment. This trend is more pronounced in aggressive environments. The improved fatigue resistance is attributed to the increased homogeneity of slip as the copper content is increased and the DR is decreased. The environmental sensitivity, which increases with decreasing copper content, is dependent on slip behavior. For alloys tested in distilled water hydrogen embrittlement is believed to be the major factor controlling the low cycle corrosion fatigue. For tests conducted in a 3.5% NaCl solution hydrogen embrittlement still plays an important role but the preferential dissolution and/or adsorption process may also have a detrimental effect.
A study examining the psychometric properties of the SMAST-13

The psychometric properties of the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST-13), a 13-question abbreviated form of the MAST, were determined on two samples of alcoholics, with their nonalcoholic family members serving as controls. The study hypothesized that the SMAST-13 has a low specificity when used to screen family members for alcohol problems and would exhibit a low internal reliability coefficient in this population. All participants were interviewed using DSM-III criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence. Only family members who failed to meet these criteria were enrolled in the study. When a weighted cut-off score of 5 or more was used as a positive score for alcohol problems, the sensitivity was .98 in Sample A and .94 in Sample B. Utilizing the scores of the family members as controls, the specificity was .58 in Sample A and .70 in Sample B. The internal reliability of the SMAST-13, using Chronbach's alpha on the total sample, produced a reliability coefficient of r=.57 in Sample A and r=.62 in Sample B. To determine if the specificity of the SMAST-13 could be improved, the weighted cut-off score for a positive response was raised from 5 to 10. In Sample A, the specificity changed from .58 to .90 and the sensitivity dropped slightly from .98 to .92. In sample B, the specificity increased from .70 to .95; the sensitivity decreased from .95 to .85. Suggestions for changing the wording of two questions which explain the majority of the false positives are discussed. Epidemiological studies which have used the SMAST-13 to estimate the prevalence of alcohol problems in family members of alcoholics may need to reconsider their methods of classifying alcoholics.
Ebstein anomaly and double orifice mitral valve–An unusual association

Abstract We report an unusual association between Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve and a stenotic double orifice mitral valve diagnosed later in life.
Binding-folding induced regulation of AF1 transactivation domain of the glucocorticoid receptor by a cofactor that binds to its DNA binding domain

Intrinsically disordered (ID) regions of proteins commonly exist within transcription factors, including the N-terminal domain (NTD) of steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) that possesses a powerful activation function, AF1 region. The mechanisms by which SHRs pass signals from a steroid hormone to control gene expression remain a central unresolved problem. The role of N-terminal activation function AF1, which exists in an intrinsically disordered (ID) conformation, in this process is of immense importance. It is hypothesized that under physiological conditions, ID AF1 undergoes disorder/order transition via inter- and intra-molecular communications, which allows AF1 surfaces to interact with specific co-regulatory proteins, critical for the final outcome of target gene expression regulated by SHRs. However, the means by which AF1 acquires functionally folded conformations is not well understood. In this study, we tested whether binding of jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) within the DNA binding domain (DBD) of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) leads to acquisition of functionally active structure in its AF1/NTD. Our results show that signals mediated from GR DBD:JDP2 interactions in a two domain GR fragment, consisting of the entire NTD and little beyond DBD, significantly increased secondary/tertiary structure formation in the NTD/AF1. This increased structure formation facilitated AF1's interaction with specific co-regulatory proteins and subsequent glucocorticoid response element-mediated AF1 promoter:reporter activity. These results support the hypothesis that inter- and intra-molecular signals give a functionally active structure(s) to the GR AF1, which is important for its transcriptional activity.
Erratum to “Pharmacology of current and promising nucleosides for the treatment of human immunodeficiency viruses” [Antiviral Res. 71 (2006) 322–334]

Abstract Nucleoside antiretroviral agents are chiral small molecules that have distinct advantages compared to other classes including long intracellular half-lives, low protein binding, sustained antiviral response when a dose is missed, and ease of chemical manufacture. They mimic natural nucleosides and target a unique but complex viral polymerase that is essential for viral replication. They remain the cornerstone of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and are usually combined with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors to provide powerful antiviral responses to prevent or delay the emergence of drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The pharmacological and virological properties of a selected group of nucleoside analogs are described. Some of the newer nucleoside analogs have a high genetic barrier to resistance development. The lessons learned are that each nucleoside analog should be treated as a unique molecule since any structural modification, including a change in the enantiomeric form, can affect metabolism, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, toxicity and resistance profile.