cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Effect of Resolution on the Usability of Locimetric Authentication.

Locimetric authentication is a form of graphical authentication in which users validate their identity by selecting predetermined points on a predetermined image. Its primary advantage over the ubiquitous text-based approach stems from users’ superior ability to remember visual information over textual information, coupled with the authentication process being transformed to one requiring recognition (instead of recall). Ideally, these differentiations enable users to create more complex passwords, which theoretically are more secure. Yet locimetric authentication has one significant weakness: hot-spots. This term refers to areas of an image that users gravitate towards, and which consequently have a higher probability of being selected. Although many strategies have been proposed to counter the hot-spot problem, one area that has received little attention is that of resolution. The hypothesis here is that high-resolution images would afford the user a larger password space, and consequently any hot-spots would dissipate. We employ an experimental approach, where users generate a series of locimetric passwords on either low- or high-resolution images. Our research reveals the presence of hot-spots even in high-resolution images, albeit at a lower level than that exhibited with low-resolution images. We conclude by reinforcing that other techniques – such as existing or new software controls or training – need to be utilized to mitigate the emergence of hot-spots with the locimetric scheme.
Signaling in the “Before” Model of Final Offer Arbitration

We develop a signaling model of final offer arbitration (FOA) in which the informed party makes the final settlement demand to the uninformed party. In FOA, each party submits a proposal to an arbitrator and if no agreement is reached, the arbitrator must select one of the two submitted proposals. We analyze a “before” model of FOA in which all settlement activity occurs prior to the exchange of proposals. We characterize the pure strategy separating, equilibrium associated with this game. Relative to a model of conventional arbitration (CA), the pure strategy separating equilibrium is associated with a higher dispute rate because weak player types have an enhanced incentive to bluff in this setting. This result continues to hold in semi-pooling equilibria. Thus our model is consistent with a higher dispute rate in FOA compared to CA. Results on the incentive to engage in costly voluntary disclosure are mixed across the two models. In contrast with CA, costly discovery can occur in this model of FOA. The analysis of out of equilibrium beliefs and actions is considerably more complex than in the standard litigation model.
Fractal Analysis of Binding and Dissociation of Analytes Related to Human Health on Biosensor Surfaces

In this chapter, the diffusion-limited binding data of biomedical analytes useful for human health; such as riboflavin, glucose, acetylcholine and choline, and Pb ++ ; is reanalyzed using single-fractal analysis and dual-fractal analysis. The chapter displays and discusses the results of the tests for riboflavin, glucose, acetylcholine and choline, and Pb ++ in detail. The diseases that are analyzed in the chapter are in no way to indicate that these are the only important diseases, but they should just serve as a sample and should show how the fractal analysis can and would help in providing a better understanding of the onset of these diseases. Any insight that is made available by such an analysis, which helps in the management of these intractable diseases, should prove invaluable.
Corporate Inversions: Will the Repo Act Keep Corporations from Moving to Bermuda?

In the wake of September 11, 2001, several influential lawmakers have questioned a tax reduction practice known as a "corporate inversion," calling the companies who undertake such an inversion "unpatriotic. In addition, the foreign corporation also remains subject to U.S. tax on its U.S.-sourced income after undertaking the inversion. An inverted U.S. corporation can undertake several arrangements that allow it to make certain deductible payments to the foreign parent corporation, which results in a shift of income from the taxable U.S. subsidiary corporation to the non-taxable foreign parent corporation. The draft REPO Act would attempt to achieve this goal by treating the foreign parent corporation in a pure inversion as a domestic U.S. corporation for U.S. tax purposes. A corporate inversion consists of a U.S. corporation forming another corporation in an offshore tax haven and then transforming the U.S.-based corporation into a subsidiary of the offshore parent corporation. As a result, a foreign parent corporation that has its main office in the foreign parent jurisdiction, but a subsidiary in another foreign jurisdiction, will not be taxed by the foreign parent jurisdiction on its foreign subsidiary's income. ...
Incorporating bioinformatics into K-12 Outreach activities (720.8)

The use of biological databases has emerged as an exciting part of most research laboratories and programs. Until the turn of the decade, tasks such as searching genomes for differences between gen...
Isolation and functional reconstitution of a 38-kDa chloride channel protein from bovine tracheal membranes.

Abstract Secretion of chloride ions via apically located anion-selective channels in epithelia regulates fluid formation and cytosolic Cl- homeostasis. In order to understand the biochemical basis of Cl- channel function, we attempted to isolate this transporter from bovine tracheal apical membranes. Initially, peripheral polypeptides were removed from apically enriched vesicles by washing with alkaline buffer (pH 10.8) containing 2 mM CHAPS. The resulting pellet contained 50-60% of the original protein and displayed 2-fold enhanced Cl- channel activity compared to untreated vesicles. The pellet was treated with Triton X-100, and the solubilized proteins were separated on the cationic exchanger CM-cellufine. Washing the resin with a pH 8.0-8.3 buffer eluted a fraction with enriched Cl- channel activity. This fraction contained less than 5% of the total solubilized protein. A subsequent separation was performed using the anionic exchanger AM-cellufine. The highest activity was found in the fractions eluted by 80-120 mM KCl. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed a major 38,000-Da protein band. This band was electroeluted from the gel under nondenaturing and nonreducing conditions and reconstituted into phosphatidylcholine liposomes. KCl-loaded vesicles containing the purified 38-kDa protein transported up to 5 nmol of 125I-/mg of protein/5 min. This value was 15-fold higher than the uptake measured in vesicles reconstituted with total solubilized membrane proteins and 4-fold higher compared to the CM-cellufine-enriched fraction. The observed 125I- uptake was 90% inhibited by 100 microM 4,4-bis(isothiocyano)-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonate or 10 microM valinomycin. In summary, we have developed a biochemical protocol for the isolation of a 38 kDa protein mediating potential-dependent and 4,4-bis(isothiocyano)-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonate-sensitive Cl- channel activity.
Requirements for a Deductive Query Language in a Genome-Mapping Database

MapBase is a database that stores information about short DNA sequences called markers and about the positions of markers along the chromosomes of an organism. It also stores information about experimental steps carried out on the markers. For modeling and performance reasons, we built MapBase on top of a C++-based object-oriented database management system. We describe MapBase’s design, and examine the requirements that, together with the underlying database management system, have shaped it. Our experiences using MapBase show that its most pressing needs are for a more powerful ad hoc query facility and for more flexibility in schema evolution. In particular, we believe that a deductive query language will provide the support we need and improve the integration between MapBase and its clients.
ETS: Discriminative Edit Models for Paraphrase Scoring

Many problems in natural language processing can be viewed as variations of the task of measuring the semantic textual similarity between short texts. However, many systems that address these tasks focus on a single task and may or may not generalize well. In this work, we extend an existing machine translation metric, TERp (Snover et al., 2009a), by adding support for more detailed feature types and by implementing a discriminative learning algorithm. These additions facilitate applications of our system, called PERP, to similarity tasks other than machine translation evaluation, such as paraphrase recognition. In the SemEval 2012 Semantic Textual Similarity task, PERP performed competitively, particularly at the two surprise subtasks revealed shortly before the submission deadline.
AN UNSUNG HERO: THE FARM TRACTOR'S CONTRIBUTION TO TWENTIETH-CENTURY UNITED STATES ECONOMIC GROWTH

The United State has experienced tremendous improvements in its standard of living over the past hundred years, as have most nations in the developed world.This dissertation was completed at Ohio State University under the supervision of Richard Steckel. We now accept as necessities many things that our grandparents would have considered to be luxuries; we also enjoy countless goods, devices, and services completely unknown a century ago. Far fewer workers are required to produce the necessities of life that we now consume, and therefore an increasing number of us have time to devote to leisure activities, such as entertainment and recreation.
Nomenclatural Problems in the Cymothoid Isopod Genera Ceratothoa, Codonophilus, Glossobius and Meinertia- Their Solution By Applying the Law of Priority

The correct name of the cymothoid isopod genus Meinertia Stebbing, 1893, has been in doubt since Hale (1927) maintained that the type-species of Codonophilus Haswell, 1881, C. argus Haswell, was founded on an immature specimen of Meinertia imbricatus (Fabricius). Hale based his opinion on a comparison of Haswell's holotype of C. argus, from Port Jackson, New South Wales, with advanced brood-pouch young of M. imbricata from unspecified Australian waters. If Hale's opinion is accepted, Meinertia becomes a junior synonym of Codonophilus. Subsequent to Hale's (1927) paper, some zoologists adopted the use of Codonophilus (e.g., Nierstrasz, 1931; Monod, 1931, 1933; Shiino, 1951; Pillai, 1954; Hurley, 1961; Lanzing & O'Connor, 1975; Stephenson, 1976). Others con tinued to use Meinertia (Balcells, 1953; Menzies, 1962; Szidat, 1966; Schultz, 1969; Roman, 1970; Geldiay & Kocatos, 1972; Trilles, 1972). Trilles (1972) argues that it has not been demonstrated that generic characters in the Cymothoidae can be found in juveniles of the "Pullus secundus" stage and that identification of juveniles not associated with adults is always extremely difficult. An examination of the nomenclatural history reveals that the Meinertia-Co donophilus question need not be at issue, since the valid name for the genus is Ceratothoa Dana, 1852, a name now in use for a different genus of cymothoids parasitizing flying fishes. Since priority requires changing the names currently used for 2 well known genera of Cymothoidae, the details of the nomenclatural history are given below. 1. Ceratothoa was proposed by Dana (1852), not Dana (1853) as usually cited. By the following footnote Dana (1852) included 2 species in Ceratothoa: uCymothoa Gaudichaudii et C. parallela hie pertinent." If a type-species were to be selected for Ceratothoa, it would have to be one of these species, now known as Meinertia gaudichaudii (Milne Edwards, 1840) and Meinertia parallela (Otto, 1828). 2. In his U.S. Exploring Expedition Report, Dana (1853) described 2 new species of Ceratothoa, C. linearis, until now considered to be a synonym of C. impressa (Say, 1818), "from a fish in the Gulf Stream", and C. crassa, "from the Southwestern Pacific". Both species are parasites of flying fishes and are now considered to be generically distinct from the 2 species Dana (1852) originally included in Ceratothoa.
Dietary iron promotes azoxymethane-induced colon tumors in mice.

Abstract: There is accumulating evidence that high levels of dietary iron may play a role in colon carcinogenesis. We used a mouse model to investigate the impact of elevated dietary iron on incidence of aberrant crypt foci (ACF; a preneoplastic lesion) on tumor formation and on induction of oxidative stress. A/J mice were injected intraperitoneally, once a week for 6 weeks, with the colonotropic carcinogen, azoxymethane (AOM) or saline (vehicle controls). Following AOM or saline treatments, mice were placed on diets of high (3,000 ppm) and low (30 ppm) iron. Mice in each treatment group were sacrificed at 6 and 10 weeks following the final injection with AOM or saline. Colons were removed for subsequent histopathological analysis, which revealed average increases of 4.6 ± 1.3 vs. 10.4 ± 2.5 total tumors at 6 weeks and 30.75 ± 2.7 vs. 41.5 ± 4.4 total tumors at 10 weeks per AOM-treated mouse on low- and high-iron diets, respectively. There were no significant differences in incidence of ACF attributable t...
The polity of academic medicine: Status of faculty governance

Abstract How should academic medical departments be governed? Models of governance span a wide spectrum between autocracies, in which important decisions are made by a single individual, to democracies, in which each member enjoys a voice in decision making. Despite the fact that more participatory governance models are the norm in practice settings outside of academia, many academic physicians seem to take an autocratic model more or less for granted. In fact, however, most medical schools and universities do not mandate a governance system that vests authority in a powerful chairperson, and departments frequently enjoy more latitude than they suppose in determining how to govern themselves. Because an organization's effectiveness is powerfully influenced by its governance structure, academic physicians should give serious consideration to this subject, to ensure that academic medicine is well prepared to meet the many challenges now before it
Phosphatase inhibition by calyculin A increases i(f) in canine Purkinje fibers and myocytes.

The actions of the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A on the pacemaker current if were studied in canine Purkinje fibers and myocytes. Calyculin A increased if in response to hyperpolarizations toward the middle of the if activation curve. A three pulse protocol indicated this increase was due to a positive shift of if activation on the voltage axis. Taken together with our previous results (that kinase inhibition with H7 shits if activation in the negative direction on the voltage axis (2)), these results suggest that phosphorylation is an important regulator of the voltage dependence of if activation.
Liquid phase catalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol over carbon supported palladium: an evaluation of transport limitations

Abstract The catalytic hydrodechlorination (HDC) of aqueous 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) solutions over Pd/C catalysts (1–10% w/w Pd) has been investigated at 303 K in a stirred slurry reactor. The experimental results have shown that 2,4-DCP is converted to phenol quantitatively and 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) is the only intermediate product within detect limitations (⩾0.2 mM ) . The system is 100% selective in terms of dechlorination and phenol hydrogenation only proceeds once complete dechlorination has been attained. The reaction pathway is illustrated and HDC progress is related to pH changes in solution. The mass-transfer limitations have been evaluated experimentally using the diagnostic criteria associated with varying hydrogen flow rate, stirring speed, catalyst concentration and particle size. Experimental results combined with parameter estimation have revealed the influence of mass transfer at the liquid/solid interface and intraparticle diffusion in limiting HDC rate. These effects can be minimized for the less active 1% w/w Pd/C catalysts where the stirring speed >1000 rpm , hydrogen flow >150 cm 3 min −1 , catalyst concentration g dm −3 and particle sizes μm . The selectivity trends associated with 1% w/w Pd/C were the same whether the system operated under physical transport or chemical control. The selectivity with respect to 2-CP was however limited by mass-transfer processes in the HDC reaction using higher Pd loadings.
Regulatory brain development: Balancing emotion and cognition

Emotion regulation is a critical aspect of children's social development, yet few studies have examined the brain mechanisms involved in its development. Theoretical accounts have conceptualized emotion regulation as relying on prefrontal control of limbic regions, specifying the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as a key brain region. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in 5- to 11-year-olds during emotion regulation and processing of emotionally expressive faces revealed that older children preferentially recruited the more dorsal “cognitive” areas of the ACC, while younger children preferentially engaged the more ventral “emotional” areas. Additionally, children with more fearful temperaments exhibited more ventral ACC activity while less fearful children exhibited increased activity in the dorsal ACC. These findings provide insight into a potential neurobiological mechanism underlying well-documented behavioral and cognitive changes from more emotional to more cognitive regulatory strategies with incr...
Space and Place: Urban Parents' Geographical Preferences for Schools

Prior research documents the almost universal preference for schools that are “convenient”. Drawing on longitudinal interview data gathered from 36 urban parents, I argue parents’ preference for “convenient” schools is more complex than previously understood. Conceptions of geography used by policy makers do not adequately capture the ways in which parents think about geography. Instead of thinking about school as solely a location one must travel to, parents’ preferences for schools are informed by space and place-based notions of geography. Parents’ geographic preferences connect to larger, more deeply held ideas about parenting, family life, identity, child development, and one’s place in the larger stratified society. Further, these preferences do not exist in a vacuum. Parents’ geographic preferences have implications for the resources parents’ must activate in order to make certain schools possible. Geographic preferences also compete with other school preferences. This paper shows how notions of space and place shape the schools parents choose as well as the schools they are willing to consider. The study describes a fuller, more accurate portrayal of parents’ thinking. It also draws attention to the ways in which existing historical and social contexts influence parents’ understandings of choice policy.
CASE STUDY: EVALUATION OF LABORATORY TEST METHODS TO CHARACTERIZE PERMANENT DEFORMATION PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT MIXES

Extensive laboratory tests were conducted and the results were compared to the known field performance results of Specific Pavement Studies-1 (SPS-1) sections on US281. The objective was to establish which of the available laboratory test procedures could match the observed field performance. The laboratory tests included the diametral resilient modulus, Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA), Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test (HWTT), Repeated Simple Shear Test at Constant Height (RSST-CH), dynamic modulus test, and repeated load permanent deformation test. It was found that both RSST-CH and repeated load permanent deformation test could differentiate the performance of different sections, and the results matched closely with the field performance. The total permanent strain was also found to be a reasonable indicator of field rutting performance. For the wheel tracking tests, the APA performed better than HWTT, but both failed to differentiate some mixes. The moduli at high temperature, including dynamic modulus, axi...
Survey of Hypnotic Drug Use in Nursing Homes

The prescribing patterns for hypnotic medications were surveyed in 765 patients of three skilled-nursing facilities and two intermediate-care facilities. Seven per cent of the patients received a hypnotic routinely; an additional 3 per cent had as-needed orders for a hypnotic medication. Temazepam, flurazepam, and triazolam were, in descending order, the three most commonly prescribed hypnotics and accounted for 79 per cent of the hypnotic prescriptions. The average duration of use for triazolam, temazepam, and flurazepam was 11 weeks, 24 weeks, and 82 weeks, respectively. Seventy-six per cent of the flurazepam prescriptions were given seven days a week; 31 per cent of these prescriptions were for 30 mg doses. Medications that were not hypnotics but did have sedative side-effects were prescribed with bedtime orders for 11 per cent of the patients. The three most commonly prescribed drugs in this class were diphenhydramine, thioridazine, and haloperidol. Possible explanations for the lower frequency of hypnotic use observed in this study as compared to the frequencies reported in the literature are discussed, as are possible hazards of high-dose and long-term use of hypnotics.
Comparison of model selection for regression

We discuss empirical comparison of analytical methods for model selection. Currently, there is no consensus on the best method for finite-sample estimation problems, even for the simple case of linear estimators. This article presents empirical comparisons between classical statistical methods--Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC)--and the structural risk minimization (SRM) method, based on Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) theory, for regression problems. Our study is motivated by empirical comparisons in Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2001), which claims that the SRM method performs poorly for model selection and suggests that AIC yields superior predictive performance. Hence, we present empirical comparisons for various data sets and different types of estimators (linear, subset selection, and k-nearest neighbor regression). Our results demonstrate the practical advantages of VC-based model selection; it consistently outperforms AIC for all data sets. In our study, SRM and BIC methods show similar predictive performance. This discrepancy (between empirical results obtained using the same data) is caused by methodological drawbacks in Hastie et al. (2001), especially in their loose interpretation and application of SRM method. Hence, we discuss methodological issues important for meaningful comparisons and practical application of SRM method. We also point out the importance of accurate estimation of model complexity (VC-dimension) for empirical comparisons and propose a new practical estimate of model complexity for k-nearest neighbors regression.
The staining behavior of oocyte cytoplasm with the alcoholic Feulgen variant and with methyl green.

A variant of the Feulgen reaction which has been proposed as a method for demonstrating cytoplasmic DNA in oocytes has been tested on ovarian material from a variety of species. While Schiff positive staining was developed, this was not removable by pretreatment with DNase and could be reproduced by using oxidants used in the pseudoplasmal reaction. This method was not considered useful for demonstrating cytoplasmic DNA.
Millimeter-Wave Imaging Sensor

A scanning 3-mm radiometer system has been built and used on a helicopter to produce moderate resolution (0.5°) images of the ground. This mm-wave sensor can be used for a variety of remote sensing applications, and produces images through clouds, smoke, and dust when visual and IR sensors are not usable. The system will be described, and imaging results presented.
Family studies and positional cloning of genes for asthma and related phenotypes.

Asthma is characterized by atopy, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), inflammation, and intermittent airway obstruction, all of which occur as a result of the interaction between individual susceptibility and environmental exposures. Because the relevant environmental exposures may vary, the genes involved may be different even within a phenotypically similar group of people because of the complexity and redundancy of many biochemical pathways. Expression of a functional variant may not be apparent without the presence of a specific environmental stimulus. Interaction of multiple genes may also be required to confer susceptibility or to increase severity. Therefore, the phenotypic effects of a functional variant in one gene may not be apparent without the presence of another polymorphism. A threshold may also be present at which a certain number of variants in contributing genes are required before a disease is expressed [1]. Both the incidence of asthma and the cost of treatment have been steadily increasing for decades. Approximately 6.7 million Americans were affected with asthma in 1980 compared with 17.3 million in 1998 [2]. Also in 1998, there were 2 million asthma-related visits to emergency departments and 5438 reported deaths [3]. Asthma was a contributing cause of death in another 6850 individuals, increasing the number of asthma-related deaths to 12,288 for that year [4]. Total annual costs of asthma in the United States were estimated to be $11.3 billion in 1998, of which $7.8 billion were direct medical expenses. Therefore, genetic studies have sought to identify the genes that influence the development or progression of asthma with the hope of contributing to the understanding of asthma pathogenesis, clinical diagnoses, and treatments.
III—Moral Obligation: Form and Substance

Beginning from an analysis of moral obligation's form that I defend in The Second-Person Standpoint as what we are answerable for as beings with the necessary capacities to enter into relations of mutual accountability, I argue that this analysis has implications for moral obligation's substance . Given what it is to take responsibility for oneself and hold oneself answerable, I argue, it follows that if there are any moral obligations at all, then there must exist a basic pro tanto obligation not to undermine one another's moral autonomy.
Protostars and planets V, edited by Reipurth B, Jewitt D., and Keil K. Tucson

Book Review: Protostars and Planets V, B. Reipurth, D. Jewitt, K. Keil (Eds.). Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press (2007).
The acceleration magnetic field of a steady-current loop

Centripetal acceleration in a current loop results in an azimuthal, inverse-square magnetic field--with no counterpart from differentially separated, opposite magnetic poles. A result, large on the atomic scale of dimensions, is a torque that rotates such moments to be collinear with an applied field, i.e., space quantization.
The use of the specific interaction model to estimate the partial molal volumes of electrolytes in seawater

Abstract The specific interaction model has been used to determine the partial molal volume of electrolytes in 0.725 m NaCl and 35‰ salinity seawater solutions at 25°C. The partial molal volumes of electrolytes (MX) were estimated at a given ionic strength (I) from V ( MX ) = V 0 ( MX ) + S v I 1 2 (1 + I 1 2 ) + v M ∑ X B MX [X] + v X ∑ M B MX [X] , where SV is the Debye-Huckel limiting law slope, vi is the number of ions i formed when MX dissociated, [i] is the total molality of ion i and BMX is a specific interaction parameter that varies slowly with ionic strength. The values of V ( MX ) estimated by using this equation were found to agree very well with experimental values in NaCl and seawater providing there are not strong interactions between M and X. For electrolytes that form ion pairs (i.e. MX°) corrections must be made. Methods are discussed for making these corrections.
Qumran Yahad and Rabbinic Hăbûrâ: A Comparison Reconsidered

Since soon after the initial discoveries and publications of the Dead Sea Scrolls, scholars have compared the Yahad of the scrolls with the Haburâ of early rabbinic literature and sought to establish a historical relationship and developmental progression between the two types of communal organization. The present article reviews select but representative examples from such scholarship, seeking to reveal their underlying presumptions and broader implications, while questioning whether the available evidence allows for the sorts of sociological comparisons and historical reconstructions that they adduce.
Side-scan sonar estimates of the utilization of gray whale feeding grounds along Vancouver Island, Canada

Abstract Infaunal prey communities and gray whale feeding excavations were found at three sites along the west coast of Vancouver Island: Ahous Bay, Pachena Bay and Port San Juan. Side-scan sonar records indicated that whales disturbed up to 36% of the sea floor. The mean percentage of the bottom covered with feeding excavations was > 17% in each of the three feeding grounds. There was a positive relationship between the biomass of ampeliscid amphipod prey and the total quantity of prey consumed by gray whales from the three feeding grounds. There also was considerable annual variation in the size of feeding excavations, the total area covered by excavations, and the dispersion of excavations over the entire prey community during 3 years of observations at Pachena Bay. In general, two types of gray whale feeding records occurred in the Ampelisca tube mats. One record was composed of large complex excavations (mean > 20.5 m 2 ): the other contained only small features(mean 2 ). Gray whales expanded the small feeding excavations into large, complex features by feeding along the edges of existing depressions. Edge feeding may increase the energy yield per dive as whales avoid low biomass areas inside existing excavations. It may also require less energy to lift the bottom by suction along the edge of an exposed tube mat. Gray whale feeding suspended over 1000 m 3 of sediment per day. Since sediment grain size was coarser inside feeding excavations (mean = 0.160 mm) compared to outside (mean = 0.124 mm), gray whales may help to maintain the mud poor fine sand habitat of its primary benthic prey, Ampelisca , by winnowing away finer sediments. Certain infaunal prey types (e.g. onuphid polychaetes) are less resilient to gray whale predation than others (e.g. Ampelisca ) as a result of their local distribution patterns and life history.
No evidence of current sexual selection on sexually dimorphic traits in a bird with high variance in mating success.

Abstract: Sexual dimorphism, particularly in ornamental traits, is likely to have arisen by sexual selection. Most empirical and theoretical studies of sexual dimorphism assume that ongoing sexual selection also maintains the dimorphism. Over four seasons, I measured the sexual selection acting on three sexually dimorphic attributes (epaulet size, body size, and the blackness of the body plumage) of male red‐winged blackbirds and found no consistent directional or stabilizing selection on any of them. Correlational selection was also negligible. I used path analysis to explore potential relationships in more detail but found no direct or indirect effects of male traits on either within‐ or extrapair success. Males who were resident on the marsh for more years had higher within‐pair success, primarily because they spent more of the season on their territory. Experimental manipulations of epaulet size and color and the extent of nonblack feathers in the black body plumage had no detectable effect on the num...
Cognitive growth and childhood psychopathology: The concept of finality

This article attempts to show that the cognitive developmental level may be of paramount importance in the causation and symptom choice of childhood psychopathology. A case is described in detail and another mentioned briefly, demonstrating how mastery of the concept of finality at the age of 9 or 10, under adverse circumstances, can result in emotional difficulties.
Effects of diverse mammalian and nonmammalian gonadotropins in a rat granulosa cell bioassay for follicle-stimulating hormone.

Abstract The biopotencies of pituitary gonadotropins purified from a marsupial (kangaroo), two avian (ostrich and turkey), a reptile (turtle), an amphibian (bullfrog), and two fish (sturgeon and teleost) species were examined using an in vitro rat granulosa cell bioassay for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Treatment of cultured granulosa cells with increasing concentrations of gonadotropin preparations from these species resulted in dose-dependent increases in estrogen production from negligible amounts to maximal levels of approximately 2–29 ng/culture. The relative biopotencies of these FSH preparations from most potent to least potent were in the order of human > ostrich > Turkey > kangaroo > turtle > sturgeon > bullfrog > teleost with ED50 values of human 8.7 ng/well; ostrich 10.5 ng/well; turkey 22.5 ng/well; kangaroo 58.2 ng/well; turtle 62.5 ng/well; sturgeon 260 ng/well; bullfrog 750 ng/well; teleots > 1000 ng/well. In contrast, luteinizing hormone (LH) preparations were considerably less effective for ostrich, turkey, kangaroo, turtle, and bullfrog, being six-, five-, three-, and twofold less potent than FSH preparations for the same species, demonstrating the specificity of this assay for FSH. An LH preparation from bullfrog was unable to significantly stimulate estrogen production below 500 ng/ml. Thus, the present in vitro bioassay (GAB) using rat granulosa cells provides a sensitive and specific assay for measuring FSH activities of gonadotropins from diverse mammalian and nonmammalian species.
Analysis of the Interplay Between Sedimentation and Thermophoresis in the Presence of Convection in Colloidal Suspensions

We report results of an analytical investigation of linear convection in a nanofluid. We consider a colloidal suspension of solid particles in a Rayleigh-Benard geometry set-up. The analysis is confined to the mass-dominated convection regime so that results are obtained through analytical means. Our findings depict the dependence of the critical conditions for convection onset as function of several parameters. Thus, the influence of several factors, such as the particle size, the mean volume fraction of particles, the thermophoretic force as well as the sedimentation force, on the instability onset is quantified.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Hemodynamic reproducibility during blood flow measurements of hemodialysis synthetic grafts

We have previously shown that graft blood flow (Qa) has a poor accuracy in predicting graft thrombosis. In this study, we determined whether hemodynamic variation helps explain this poor predictive accuracy. We also determined whether standardized timing of Qa measurements, which is widely recommended, will promote measurement reproducibility. We analyzed variations in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in seven consecutive dialysis sessions for 51 patients and determined the influence of MAP on Qa (by ultrasound dilution). We used a pooled coefficient of variation (CV) to summarize MAP variation within individual patients (computed as +/-2 CVs). MAPs from the seven sessions varied widely, and most variation was present with the first MAPs at the beginning of the sessions. These first MAPs varied by +/-23%, whereas variation for the entire session was +/-28%. The influence of MAP on Qa was determined by measuring the two together during consecutive thirds of a single session. The percentage of change in MAP (DeltaMAP) and Qa (DeltaQa) from the first to middle or last thirds of the session varied over wide ranges: -37% to 86% and -43% to 78%, respectively. The DeltaQa versus DeltaMAP correlation was relatively strong for changes between the first and middle thirds (r = 0.666) and first and last thirds (r = 0.646) of the session (both P: < 0.01). We conclude that MAP varies far more widely during dialysis than previously recognized. This variation is associated with large changes in Qa that may impair accuracy in predicting thrombosis. This wide MAP variation also indicates hemodynamic reproducibility is not feasible when measuring Qa. Thus, we do not recommend standardized timing of Qa measurements during dialysis. A practical method of addressing poor Qa reproducibility may be to take frequent measurements so that trends can be recognized before thrombosis occurs.
Thymidine Kinase 1: A Universal Marker for Cancer

Thymidine Kinase 1 (TK1) is traditionally a serum biomarker which is elevated in the early stages of malignancies. TK1 is a DNA repair enzyme which is typically associated with proliferation. In serum, TK1 is elevated in a stage-like manner and increases as the disease advances. As a well-characterized serum biomarker, relatively little work has been done to establish it as a tumor biomarker. However, tumor TK1 reflects many of the same trends that can be seen with serum TK1. Specifically, tumor TK1 is an early event in tumor progression and increases with grade and stage. This study seeks to demonstrate that, similar to serum TK1, tumor TK1 is a valuable indicator of malignancy in the most common types of cancer in men. In this study we used a highly specific monoclonal antibody to TK1 to histologically stain 10 different types of carcinoma tissue and corresponding normal tissue. We found that TK1 is a good marker for malignancy and is significantly overexpressed in cancers compared to normal controls in lung, colon, prostate, esophagus, stomach, liver, and kidney tissues. Slight differences were found in the staining pattern among various types of lung cancer although virtually all types showed significantly higher TK1 staining compared to normal tissue. Additionally, TK1 expression in prostate carcinoma was significantly higher than from normal tissue, and correlated with an increase in stage. Overall, it is clear that TK1 is a valuable cancer marker in a wide variety of solid tumors and may be considered a universal cancer marker.
Crack Initiation in Hydrogenated Steel

THE interaction between hydrogen and steel results in various embrittlement phenomena. For example, it has long been known that flakes, or internal hairline cracks in alloy steel forgings, are related to the presence of hydrogen retained from the steel-making process. On the other hand, embrittlement of electroplated high-strength steel parts is caused by hydrogen introduced during pickling or electroplating processes. A particularly disturbing form of hydrogen embrittlement is static fatigue, or brittle delayed fracture at relatively low applied stresses1.
Pilot compliance to TCAS Resolution Advisories

This paper summarizes insights into pilot compliance to Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Resolution Advisories (RA's), as gained in a series of experiments in an integrated air traffic-flight simulator with airline pilots. The simulator had a full implementation of TCAS, and the aircraft's path was controlled by an air traffic controller as part of a busy traffic stream arriving into Dallas-Fort Worth. The pilots were urged to apply their best judgment to resolve traffic events. The experiments varied Air Traffic Control (ATC) communications, including traffic call-outs and instructions that directly conflicted with TCAS advisories.-Additionally, the experiments varied traffic events by both relative trajectory (including events during approach intercept and with noncontrolled Visual Flight Regulation traffic passing 500 feet below) and a range of resolution advisory types (including preventive, corrective, and crossing-corrective RA's). The compliance of the pilots is detailed here, including examination of aspects of pilot responses to RAs that caused non-compliance. Further, the impact of several interventions - auto-execution, pilot training, and displays - will be compared for its impact on pilot compliance.
Retinoids bound to interstitial retinol-binding protein during light and dark-adaptation

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the types and amounts of retinoids bound to interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) during light- and dark-adaptation in frogs. IRBP was separated from CRBP and CRA1BP by ion-exchange chromatography and quantitated by determining the amount of Serva Blue R dye bound to it in stained sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. The amount of IRBP was not significantly different in light- and dark-adapted eyes (0.15 ± 0.05 nmol / eye compared with 0.18 ± 0.08 nmol / eye ). In the dark-adapted state, RBP bound mainly 11- cis retinol and 11- cis retinal in quantities that summed to about 1 mol/mol RBP. After the onset of light-adaptation, all -trans retinol increased from its very low dark-adapted evel, peaked at 0.2 mol/mol IRBP and then declined to the dark-adapted level again. Concomitantly, the otal retinoid bound to IRBP fell, mainly because there was a drop in the amount of 11- cis retinal. During dark-adaptation, the amount of 11- cis retinal increased. No significant changes were seen in the amount of 11- cis retinol in light and darkness. These findings support the hypothesis that when rhodopsin is bleached IRBP transports all- trans retinol from the retina to the pigment epithelium and that it delivers 11- cis retinal to the rod outer segments for rhodopsin regeneration.
Examining the effects of role stress on customer orientation and job performance of retail salespeople

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine causal relationships between role stress, customer orientation, selling orientation, and job performance of retail salespeople.Design/methodology/approach – The sample (n=259) was salespeople in eight units of a national department store located in the USA. Participants in the clothing, accessories, shoe, and home furnishings departments completed self‐administered questionnaires. To test the hypotheses, structural equation was employed using AMOS 4.0.Findings – Role stress (i.e. role conflict and role ambiguity) affected customer orientation and also had direct and indirect effects on job performance mediated by customer orientation. The impact of role conflict was negative on customer orientation, but positive on selling orientation and job performance.Practical implications – Retail managers are instrumental in creating a culture conducive to the practice of customer orientation and the degree to which retail salespeople experience role stress.Originali...
A quantitative look at the system of economic indicators

The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) regularly publishes data on the current state and anticipated future of the domestic economy. This information is frequently used, mainly in a qualitative sense, by policymakers and other economic agents to assess the direction of economic activity. This paper examines the quantitative time interrelationships between the composite economic indicators. Specifically, crosscorrelations were computed from the white noise innovations from univariate ARIMA models and used to isolate, the delay behavior and directional relation between the series pairs. The correlations were also used to specify a multivariate time series model connecting the coincident and leading indexes of economic activity.
Biobjective optimization for analytical target cascading: optimality vs. achievability

Analytical target cascading (ATC), a hierarchical, multilevel multidisciplinary methodology, has proved to be an effective solution strategy for complex design problems. ATC decomposition and coordination incorporates compromise between the performance of the system and the demands of the subproblems reflected in their feasibility constraints. Optimal system performance regardless of subproblem feasibility may yield targets that are not achievable by the subproblems. Compromise is needed to accept deterioration of the optimal system performance and to increase the achievability of the targets. Biobjective optimization is used to reconcile system optimality and subproblem achievability of targets while solving the ATC-decomposed problem and generating an overall optimal solution. Three algorithms are proposed for two-level ATC-decomposed problems. The effectiveness of the algorithms is evaluated on mathematical and engineering examples. For a class of ATC problems, the performance of the proposed algorithms is superior to the performance of the ATC methods currently considered to be state of the art.
Does Ownership Matter? Localism, Content, and the Federal Communications Commission

This study examines the relation between local news content and ownership structure in 17 television markets in the United States. It is an extension of the localism research that was conducted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2004 and the Local Television News Media Project at the University of Delaware in 2007 (see FCC, 2007). The findings point to the need to consider television markets as the appropriate unit of analysis when examining the effect of ownership on local content. Ownership does matter in the production of news on local broadcasts. When examining only station-level factors, independent stations broadcast more local content on their newscasts than those stations that were either (a) owned-and-operated (O&O) and part of a duopoly, (b) O&O-only, or (c) part of a duopoly-only. However, when examining station-level and market-level factors of television markets, the station-level ownership profiles positively affected local content. Market-level factors that indicated more con...
Multiscale finite element analysis of bulk nano-particle fabrication by a mechanical method

Abstract A heterogeneous multiscale finite element approach is used to study the bulk mechanical alloying (BMA) process for nano-particles. Mechanical characteristics such as the load versus displacement relations and the heterogeneous distribution of maximum principle stress are calculated from the global analysis to support the subsequent local, small-scale, analysis. A simple local quasi-microscopic analysis of a six-ball contacting problem is conducted to determine the stress distribution in a particular particle. The Griffith fracture criterion is adopted to determine whether a particle will be forced to break into smaller fragments. To simulate the mixing process in the extruding stroke, particles in each element are randomly redistributed according to the uniform random distribution rule. The volume shrinkage effect is also considered. The relationships between the particle size, the fracture stress, and the applied stress in BMA are thus established. The goal of this paper is to explore fundamental mechanism for the nano-particle formation in BMA of brittle materials such as NaCl and Li2NH.
Education and training in evaluation ethics

For ethics to become an integrated component of the discipline of evaluation, education in ethics must become part of evaluation training. This chapter initiates a discussion on ethics education, including what should be taught and who should receive the training.
Ear asymmetry and the temporal uncertainty of signals in sustained attention

Subjects listened for increments in the duration of recurrent white noise pulses delivered to either the left or the right ear during a 1-h vigilance session. The temporal uncertainty of critical signal occurrences was varied by use of signal densities of 24, 48, and 96 signals/hour. Response times to signal detections increased as a function of an information measure of the temporal uncertainty of signals with a markedly stronger effect from left-ear presentation. Thus, a functional lateral asymmetry in the cortical processing of temporal information in this type of task was indicated.