cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Truth without reconciliation: An appraisal of the enquete commission on the SED dictatorship in Germany

One of the many difficult decisions confronting countries in transition is whether and how to reckon with the undemocratic past. Among post‐communist cases, transition justice has been pursued most vigorously in Germany. In this case, the accession of the GDR to the FRG in 1990 provided institutional, personnel and financial advantages. One of the tools for reckoning with the past has been the Investigatory Commission on the Working‐Through of the History and Consequences of the SED Dictatorship in Germany. This article examines the aims, structure and outcomes of the commission and considers its contribution to promoting inner unity in the new Germany.
Deposition of CuInAlSe 2 films using co-sputtered precursors and selenization

CuInAl precursor films with varying Al/(Al+In) ratios were co-sputtered onto Mo coated soda-lime glass substrates. Samples were then selenized under high vacuum using thermally evaporated elemental selenium. Single-step and two-step selenization heating profiles were investigated. Single-step samples resulted in better Mo-CuInAlSe 2 adhesion than those selenized using the two-step approach. Precursor and selenized films were characterized for composition, crystalline structure, surface morphology, and composition with depth. The development of a method to co-sputtered CuInAl precursors is discussed, as well as the effect of selenization temperature and heating profile on selenized film properties.
Routine postoperative upper gastroesophageal imaging is unnecessary after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Routine early postoperative upper gastroesophageal imaging (UGI) is often used in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) procedures to confirm anastomotic patency and to exclude leaks. The aim of our study was to assess the usefulness of this practice. From January 2003 to November 2004,322 LRYGB cases were performed using linear staplers for the gastrojejunostomy and jejuno-jejunostomy anastomoses. As part of our protocol, all patients received a Gastrograffin® (Mallinkrodt, Inc., St Louis, Missouri) UGI on postoperative Day 1. The same radiological techniques were used and the same radiological team reviewed all films. Abnormal films were identified. In addition, patient demographics, time to discharge, and complications were collected and analyzed in a prospective database. There were no anastomotic leaks or obstructions. However, 42 of 322 (13%) studies demonstrated delayed gastric emptying. There were no statistically significant differences between patients with normal and delayed UGI studies. Routine UGI studies did not contribute significantly to patient care, and its routine use was subsequently abandoned.
Home Range and Habitat Selection of Eastern Gray Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in a Small Urban Hardwood Forest

This research investigated the home range and habitat selection of three eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in 2010 and two in 2011 (one a recapture from 2010) in a mixed hardwood forest adjacent to Park University, Parkville, Missouri. We tracked squirrels on foot, using hand held receivers and antennas, acquiring an average of 41 diurnal locations and 5 nighttime nest site locations for each individual. Kernel home range contours were created using the software program Home Ranger. Home range areas of males (x = 3.41 ha) were larger than female ranges (x = 2.39 ha). Home ranges and locations were displayed in Google Earth imagery where habitat selection analyses were performed. Individuals showed significant selection for habitat types within their ranges, some preferring upland hardwood forest and others riparian forest. Open grassy or developed areas were consistently avoided by all squirrels. Squirrels nested in a variety of trees and snags, the nesting habitat reflecting forest types used during daily activity periods. Both riparian and upland forest habitats appeared to provide needed resources and differences in individual habitat selection may have been influenced by social interactions or other factors. Google Earth Pro proved to be a useful background for displaying animal location and range data as well as a tool for performing habitat selection analyses.
The Linares Addictive Potential Model

The Salerian Addictive Potential (SAP) hypothesis indicates that addictive potential may be calculated as A = E / Tmax￻t1/ 2 , where A is addictive potency, E euphoric potency, Tmax (hr) is the time to reach peak plasma concentration, and t� (hr) is the plasma elimination half-life. However, this approach is inconsistent with first-order linear pharmacokinetics. The units of the denominator of the equation are units of acceleration (hr 2 ), not speed (the first derivative). Therefore, the present contribution presents a minimal-model hypothesis for quantifying a drug's addictive potential. This model is superior to the SAP model because it is the simplest model, with the minimum number of parameters and assumptions, and it decreases variance through less loss of information.
Effect of air-splint application on soleus muscle motoneuron reflex excitability in nondisabled subjects and subjects with cerebrovascular accidents.

We investigated the effect of air-splint pressure on soleus muscle motoneuron reflex excitability in 18 nondisabled subjects with no history of neurological disease and 8 subjects with cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). Motoneuron reflex excitability was assessed by measuring the percentage of amplitude (peak-to-peak measurement) change in the Hoffman reflex (H-reflex). Pressure was applied for 5 minutes, after which the air-splint was deflated. Ten H-reflexes were recorded and averaged for each subject before pressure application to obtain a baseline value. H-reflexes were also recorded at set intervals during and after pressure application. Two-way analyses of variance for repeated measures were used to compare each group's pressure and postpressure measurements with the baseline value. Significant F tests were followed by post hoc t tests. Analyses of variance were used to compare the nondisabled subjects' H-reflex recordings with those obtained for the subjects with CVAs. The nondisabled subjects demonstrated reductions of 55% at 1 minute, 52% at 3 minutes, and 40% at the fifth minute of pressure application. The postpressure measurements showed increases in the reflex amplitude at 1 and 3 minutes postpressure; however, by the fifth minute, the amplitude was not different from the baseline value. The subjects with CVAs demonstrated reductions of 41% at 1 minute, 48% at 3 minutes, and 52% at 5 minutes of pressure application. None of the postpressure measurements, however, were statistically different from the baseline value. A statistically significant difference was demonstrated between the nondisabled subjects and the subjects with CVAs at the first minute of pressure release. Air-splint pressure may be useful when a temporary decrease in muscle reflex activity is a therapeutic goal.
Distinctions without differences: Commentary on Horgan and Tienson's connectionism and the philosophy of psychology

Abstract Horgan and Tienson do a wonderful job of explicating the dynamical system perspective and contrasting that view with classical AI approaches. However, their arguments for replacing a classical conception of connectionism with system dynamics rely on philosophical distinctions that do not make a difference. In particular, (1) their generalized version of Man's three levels of analysis collapses into itself; (2) their description of attractor dynamics works better than their metaphor of forces; and (3) their versions of “soft laws” and physical laws amount to the same thing.
Linear array echoendoscopy in cancer management

Endoscopic ultrasonography provides the endosonographer the best of both worlds. Not only can one visualize structures endoscopically, but also one can see through the gut wall and better define the extent of disease and more effectively plan therapy. Linear array echoendoscopy produces a scanning plane, which is parallel to the the long axis of the endoscope. Hence, endosonography-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS FNA), endosonography-guided fine needle injection (EUS FNI), duplex endosonography, and endosonography -guided celiac plexus neurolysis (EUS CPN) can be performed. The role of linear array echoendoscopy in cancer staging and management will be critically reviewed.
Additive race: colorblind discourses of realism in performance capture technologies

AbstractThis contribution interrogates the sites in which performance capture simultaneously fetishizes and hides the performer's flesh-and-blood body, asking how technologies preoccupied with ‘realism’ inscribe race in a moment obsessed with the myth of post-raciality. The link between the tradition of minstrelsy and the multicultural celebration of difference as additive, rather than embodied, exposes how whiteness must animate itself against a fictitious ‘Other’ imagined as embodying culture. At the same time, discourses of colorblindness assume that race no longer constitutes a significant category of analysis—a move that negates the daily lived realities and material manifestations of power operating on bodies in order to foreclose conversations about ongoing racial injustice. Our term ‘additive race’ draws out how performance practices, particularly in a digital context, participate in post-racial ideologies of a world in which the goals of the civil rights movement have supposedly been realized by ...
Administrative Inequity in the Property Tax: Further Evidence

In addition to neighborhood characteristics, the structural and physical attributes of residential properties introduce significant biases into the assessment of property values and represent an important source of administrative inequity in the property tax. A model is presented which captures the influence of dwelling characteristics on both the constant and slope parameters in the traditionally employed linear relationship between assessed and market values. The model is tested using a sample of properties taken from three western counties in North Carolina. The results support the hypothesis that different types of properties with equivalent market values may receive significantly different assessments.
Labelling Theory and Criminology: An Assessment

This analysis considers the usefulness of labelling theory as an explanatory model for theories of criminal law-violating behavior. Labelling theory is summarized in terms of nine “assumptions” as developed by Schrag, and each assumption is related to current empirical research. The analysis concludes that for those violations of the criminal law that have traditionally concerned society and criminologists, the labelling perspective as currently utilized is not a useful model to pursue. The suggested modification of the model and the more careful analysis of situational elements may eventually lead criminologists to discount the labelling approach as it is currently conceptualized.
Using fuzzy logic in control applications: beyond fuzzy PID control

Fuzzy logic is used mostly to handle high-level control functions that traditional control methods do not address. This article discusses different ways that fuzzy logic can be used in high-level control functions. Specifically, we examine the use of fuzzy logic for supervisory control, for selecting discrete control actions, for identifying the operating environment, and for evaluating controller performance. The purpose of this article is to stimulate the use of fuzzy logic to provide new control functions that are outside the domain of traditional control, where fuzzy control is likely to provide the greatest payoff.
The Exhaust Valve of the North Atlantic

During glacial periods, climate records are marked by large-amplitude oscillations believed to be a result of North Atlantic (NA) freshwater anomalies, which weakened the thermohaline circulation (THC) and introduced instabilities. Such oscillations are absent from the present interglacial period. With the aid of a semiglobal analytical model, it is proposed that the Bering Strait (BS) acts like an exhaust valve for the above NA freshwater anomalies. Specifically, it is suggested that large instabilities in the THC are only possible during glacial periods because, during these periods, the BS is closed. During interglacial periods (when the BS, the exhaust valve, is open), low-salinity anomalies are quickly flushed out of the North Atlantic by the strong Southern Ocean winds.
Mapcurves: a quantitative method for comparing categorical maps

We present Mapcurves, a quantitative goodness-of-fit (GOF) method that unambiguously shows the degree of spatial concordance between two or more categorical maps. Mapcurves graphically and quantitatively evaluate the degree of fit among any number of maps and quantify a GOF for each polygon, as well as the entire map. The Mapcurve method indicates a perfect fit even if all polygons in one map are comprised of unique sets of the polygons in another map, if the coincidence among map categories is absolute. It is not necessary to interpret (or even know) legend descriptors for the categories in the maps to be compared, since the degree of fit in the spatial overlay alone forms the basis for the comparison. This feature makes Mapcurves ideal for comparing maps derived from remotely sensed images. A translation table is provided for the categories in each map as an output. Since the comparison is category-based rather than cell-based, the GOF is resolution-independent. Mapcurves can be applied either to entire map categories or to individual raster patches or vector polygons. Mapcurves also have applications for quantifying the spatial uncertainty of particular map features.
Maximum weight cliques with mutex constraints for video object segmentation

In this paper, we address the problem of video object segmentation, which is to automatically identify the primary object and segment the object out in every frame. We propose a novel formulation of selecting object region candidates simultaneously in all frames as finding a maximum weight clique in a weighted region graph. The selected regions are expected to have high objectness score (unary potential) as well as share similar appearance (binary potential). Since both unary and binary potentials are unreliable, we introduce two types of mutex (mutual exclusion) constraints on regions in the same clique: intra-frame and inter-frame constraints. Both types of constraints are expressed in a single quadratic form. We propose a novel algorithm to compute the maximal weight cliques that satisfy the constraints. We apply our method to challenging benchmark videos and obtain very competitive results that outperform state-of-the-art methods.
Characterization of glomalin as a hyphal wall component of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) produce a protein, glomalin, quantified operationally in soils as glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP). GRSP concentrations in soil can range as high as several mg g−1 soil, and GRSP is highly positively correlated with aggregate water stability. Given that AMF are obligate biotrophs (i.e. depending on host cells for their C supply), it is difficult to explain why apparently large amounts of glomalin would be produced and secreted actively into the soil, since the carbon could not be directly recaptured by the mycelium (and benefits to the AMF via increased soil structure would be diffuse and indirect). This apparent contradiction could be resolved by learning more about the pathway of delivery of glomalin into soil; namely, does this occur via secretion, or is glomalin tightly bound in the fungal walls and only released after hyphae are being degraded by the soil microbial community? In order to address this question, we grew the AMF Glomus intraradices in in vitro cultures and studied the release of glomalin from the mycelium and the accumulation of glomalin in the culture medium. Numerous protein-solubilizing treatments to release glomalin from the fungal mycelium were unsuccessful (including detergents, acid, base, solvents, and chaotropic agents), and the degree of harshness required to release the compound (autoclaving, enzymatic digestion) is consistent with the hypothesis that glomalin is tightly bound in hyphal and spore walls. Further, about 80% of glomalin (by weight) produced by the fungus was contained in hyphae and spores compared to that released into the culture medium, strongly suggesting that glomalin arrives mainly in soil via release from hyphae, and not primarily through secretion. These results point research on functions of glomalin and GRSP in a new direction, focusing on the contributions this protein makes to the living mycelium, rather than its role once it is released into the soil.
Galectin-1 induces nuclear translocation of endonuclease G in caspase- and cytochrome c-independent T cell death

Galectin-1, a mammalian lectin expressed in many tissues, induces death of diverse cell types, including lymphocytes and tumor cells. The galectin-1 T cell death pathway is novel and distinct from other death pathways, including those initiated by Fas and corticosteroids. We have found that galectin-1 binding to human T cell lines triggered rapid translocation of endonuclease G from mitochondria to nuclei. However, endonuclease G nuclear translocation occurred without cytochrome c release from mitochondria, without nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor, and prior to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Galectin-1 treatment did not result in caspase activation, nor was death blocked by caspase inhibitors. However, galectin-1 cell death was inhibited by intracellular expression of galectin-3, and galectin-3 expression inhibited the eventual loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Galectin-1-induced cell death proceeds via a caspase-independent pathway that involves a unique pattern of mitochondrial events, and different galectin family members can coordinately regulate susceptibility to cell death.
Major elements of just-in-time production

It is argued that the just-in-time (JIT) production system is in reality a management philosophy whose primary principles are the elimination of waste in the production process and the involvement of people in the management of the production process. It involves little new technology and its end result is increased quality and productivity. JIT achieves these results by looking at all aspects of the production process. These include ways of involving the workers in the management of production, the importance of quality, the improvement of work methods, set-up time reduction, the use of U-shaped line layouts to improve flexibility and personnel utilization, the involvement of suppliers in the production planning process, and the use of a pull production system. The author discusses the role of inventory, JIT techniques, work methods, plant layout, supplier roles, and the production of scheduling and management. JIT techniques are thought particularly useful in repetitive production environment, i.e., environments with high-volume production of a relatively few end products. In these environments, the pay-off from investments in JIT conversion are often dramatic. >
Functional Regression: A New Model for Predicting Market Penetration of New Products

The Bass model has been a standard for analyzing and predicting the market penetration of new products. We demonstrate the insights to be gained and predictive performance of functional data analysis (FDA), a new class of nonparametric techniques that has shown impressive results within the statistics community, on the market penetration of 760 categories drawn from 21 products and 70 countries. We propose a new model called Functional Regression and compare its performance to several models, including the Classic Bass model, Estimated Means, Last Observation Projection, a Meta-Bass model, and an Augmented Meta-Bass model for predicting eight aspects of market penetration. Results (a) validate the logic of FDA in integrating information across categories, (b) show that Augmented Functional Regression is superior to the above models, and (c) product-specific effects are more important than country-specific effects when predicting penetration of an evolving new product.
Detection and Isolation of Ultrasmall Microorganisms from a 120,000-Year-Old Greenland Glacier Ice Core

The abundant microbial population in a 3,043-m-deep Greenland glacier ice core was dominated by ultrasmall cells (<0.1 m 3 ) that may represent intrinsically small organisms or starved, minute forms of normalsized microbes. In order to examine their diversity and obtain isolates, we enriched for ultrasmall psychrophiles by filtering melted ice through filters with different pore sizes, inoculating anaerobic low-nutrient liquid media, and performing successive rounds of filtrations and recultivations at 5°C. Melted ice filtrates, cultures, and isolates were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, flow cytometry, cultivation, and molecular methods. The results confirmed that numerous cells passed through 0.4-m, 0.2-m, and even 0.1-m filters. Interestingly, filtration increased cell culturability from the melted ice, yielding many isolates related to high-GC gram-positive bacteria. Comparisons between parallel filtered and nonfiltered cultures showed that (i) the proportion of 0.2-m-filterable cells was higher in the filtered cultures after short incubations but this difference diminished after several months, (ii) more isolates were obtained from filtered (1,290 isolates) than from nonfiltered (447 isolates) cultures, and (iii) the filtration and liquid medium cultivation increased isolate diversity (Proteobacteria; Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides; high-GC gram-positive; and spore-forming, low-GC gram-positive bacteria). Many isolates maintained their small cell sizes after recultivation and were phylogenetically novel or related to other ultramicrobacteria. Our filtration-cultivation procedure, combined with long incubations, enriched for novel ultrasmall-cell isolates, which is useful for studies of their metabolic properties and mechanisms for long-term survival under extreme conditions.
Hydrogen Production by Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid on Atomically Dispersed Gold on Ceria

Less is More: Atomically dispersed gold species catalyze the decomposition of formic acid through the dehydrogenation pathway at near-ambient temperatures. Gold on ceria is demonstrated to be an effective and stable catalyst. By using this catalyst, mechanistic insights are obtained that can lead to the use of trace amounts of gold to achieve robust and cost-effective catalysts.
Dividing It Up

Up to now, considerable time has been spent on the argument that an understanding of the division of household labor turns on at least two critical components: (1) a clear distinction between household productive capacity and its allocation among household members and (2) formal acknowledgement of the reciprocal relation between household and market labor investments. These two dimensions of household production have done the most to inform the organization and analysis of the data. For example, the conceptual distinction between the household “pie” (made up of domestic and market labors) and the efforts of individual members has led to both methodological and substantive departures from earlier efforts. It has also meant some theoretical dependence on the New Home Economics, as well as taking some empirical liberties with it. In particular, households are conceptualized as both productive units and collections of separate individuals. It is in this chapter, where the household-task and market-time contributions of individual members will be examined, that the merits of this conceptualization can be demonstrated.
In-Pile Loop Study of UO2-NaK Slurry*

The effect of fission on circulating a UO2-NaK suspension has been studied up to a total uranium burnup of 0.07%. A loop of one-half inch stainless steel tubing with a test volume of 250 cc was irr...
The International Climate Change Legal and Institutional Framework: An Overview

In December 2009 the Parties to the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) will meet at the 15th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in Copenhagen to agree the fundamental principles of the legal regime that will apply post 2012. This chapter provides an overview of the complex regime established by the Convention, the processes leading up to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol and key implementation challenges it has experienced. It introduces some of the key processes and institutions and describes some of the key concepts that will be further developed in later chapters. It also discusses briefly the explosive growth of carbon trading and the challenges faced by the UNFCCC parties at Copenhagen.
C*-Generators and Dilation Theory

The most familiar result in noncommutative dilation theory is the theorem of Stine-spring [Sti55], which in its simplest form asserts that a completely positive linear map o from a C*-algebra A to B(H)can be dilated to a representation of A. More precisely, a dilation of o is a pair (π, V) consisting of a representation π of A on some other Hilbert space K and a bounded linear map V: H → K satisfying $$\emptyset (a) = {V^*}\pi (a)V,a \in A.$$ (8.1)
Demand for Health Insurance

Abstract This chapter reviews topics related to the demand for health insurance, including the question of how choice of health insurance should be structured for consumers. After the first section summarizes some of the institutional features of health insurance in high- and middle-income countries, a second section synthesizes the normative and empirical literature on demand-side cost sharing in health insurance, integrating new developments in multiple goods, consumer errors in valuing health care and “offset effects” with the traditional risk protection-appropriate incentives trade-off. The practice of selective contracting on the supply side is an alternative to demand-side cost sharing. A third section proposes a theory of selective contracting and relates this supply-side policy to the question of optimal demand-side cost sharing. We observe two distinct approaches to structuring choice of health insurance in the US, private employers who severely limit choice, and public payers’ (and individual insurance markets’) market-determined choices. A fourth section reviews the pluses and minuses of these alternatives, and discusses the implications for structuring health insurance markets in the US.
Safety and Tolerability of Antipsychotics

Antipsychotics are commonly used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, depression, and other conditions where psychotic symptoms occur. Antipsychotics are classified as typical first-generation agents (FGAs) or atypical second-generation agents (SGAs). Regulatory agencies have approved their usage in the adult population 18–65 years. However, these agents are prescribed “off-label” for children and adolescents. Antipsychotics have special warnings for use in the elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis that includes an increased risk for fatalities and cerebrovascular events. Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) and tardive dyskinesia are a risk with all antipsychotic classes. Even though antipsychotics can lower seizure threshold, clozapine is the most commonly known for this adverse effect. The metabolic syndrome associated with the SGAs is well known, and olanzapine most commonly produces weight gain and lipid changes. Thioridazine and mesoridazine have a “black box” FDA warning due to QTc prolongation and risk for torsades de pointes. Hematologic disorders such as agranulocytosis are associated with clozapine and specific guidelines for patient monitoring are established. Both FGAs and SGAs are known to produce elevations from baseline prolactin levels with risperidone and paliperidone. Aripiprazole was reported to have the least effects on plasma prolactin levels. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an acute medical emergency, and antipsychotic therapy must immediately cease and the patient treated in the hospital.
Tumors and Tumor-Related Epilepsy

Epileptologists from the Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; and the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, are guest editors of the December 2013 Epilepsia Supplement on Tumors and Tumoral Epilepsy.
The Night Relative Value Unit: A Weighted Relative Value Unit to Equate Day and Night Interpretations.

Increasing emergency department patient volumes and the centrality of diagnostic imaging to patient care have contributed to the growing demand for contemporaneous radiology interpretations [1,2]. This demand has accelerated the rise of emergency radiology as a subspecialty and has increased the number of radiologists providing exclusively (or predominantly) evening or overnight interpretations [2-4]. Academic and private practices increasingly seek to hire, deploy, and retain radiologists willing to work these hours. Nontraditional schedules, including evening or overnight shifts, are usually compensated by extra time off. As a result, the annual clinical production of off-hour radiologists, which is often tracked by existing traditional measures, may unfairly discount their efforts relative to colleagues working routine schedules. Despite its shortcomings, the relative value unit (RVU) remains a useful standard for comparing clinical production among radiologists in a single group, division, or department. At a basic level, Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes have assigned RVUs consisting of components related to physician work, practice expense, and malpractice expense [5]. TheRVUwork specifically addresses the interpretative component of diagnostic imaging. This
Dynamic spectrum of airborne gamma-rays.

This note describes a method of direct measurement of airborne gamma-rays primarily from 222Rn daughters using a NaI (Tl) scintillation spectrometer with lead shields. This method has the advantage of being able to maintain the system easily compared to other usual systems including a pump. The pulse-height distributions are successively fed to a floppy disk in a personal computer every unit time. The gain shifts can be corrected automatically by a computer program. This technique would be applicable to the estimation of 222Rn daughters concentration and to examination of disequilibrium between 214Pb (RaB) and 214Bi (RaC) and of those height distribution up to about 200 m. The accuracy for estimating the concentration is as good as that of the filter method.
Mapping the Spectrum of Gene Expression Responses

How does one transcription factor generate distinct, diverse expression patterns? Porter et al. reveal that the dynamics of p53 localization and the degradation rates of its target mRNAs are key.
The regulation of deferoxamine on HIF-1α expression after hypoxia-ischemia brain damage in neonatal rats

Objective To study the role of deferoxamine ( DFO) on regulating hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression after hypoxia-ischemia brain damage (HIBD) in neonatal rats,to explore the therapeutic strategy for HIBD.Methods Postnatal day 10 SD rats were divided into four groups: hypoxia-ischemia (HI) group,DFO- treated group,normal saline (NS) -treated group,and sham operation group.HIBD model was established by the ligation of right common carotid artery following the inhalation of nitrogen-oxygen mixtures containing 92% nitrogen and 8% oxygen.DFO-treated group and NS-treated group were treated by intraperitoneal injection of DFO or NS respectively.The brains were collected at 4 h,8 h,and 24 h after hypoxia.HIF-1α protein expression was detected by Western blot analysis,and HIF-1α mRNA expression was detected by using RT-PCR at each time point.Results The synthetic level of HIF-1α protein increased significantly at 4 h,peaked at 8 h,and decreased at 24 h after HI in HI group,as well as NS-treated group.However,in DFO-treated group HIF-1α protein was peaked at 4 h,maintained higher level at 8 h and 24 h after HI.The level of HIF-1α protein was much higher in HI and DFO-treated groups than those in sham controls (P 0.05).The synthetic level of HIF-1α protein were higher in DFO-treated groups than those in HI groups at each time point (P 0.05).HIF-1α mRNA expression was higher in DFO-treated groups than those in HI groups at each time point.Conclusions DFO upregulate HIF-1α protein and mRNA expression in neonatal rats with HIBD.The peak of HIF-1α protein expression are also more advanced and lasted longer after DFO-treatment.
Study on the process of design and management of scientific Research achievement transformation based on

Universities and research institutions in China although scientific research achievement is abundant,but the scientific research achievements transformation rate is not high.Although this phenomenon in recent years there has been a lot of improvement,however there is still a part of the problem,this article from the transformation of scientific research achievements of the status quo,hierarchy analysis for China's transformation of scientific research achievements management and design process was analyzed based on the specific path,and discusses its design and management.
Whole body nitrogen kinetics in man: determination from plasma [guanidino-15N]arginine.

1. Whole body nitrogen turnover and protein synthesis were calculated by the method of D. Picou & T. Taylor-Roberts [Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine (1969) 36, 283–296] except that plateau plasma enrichment of [guanidino-15N]arginine was used in place of the [15N]urea enrichment after a constant infusion of [15N]-glycine. With this approach metabolic pool turnover and protein synthesis were 637.2 ± 73.0 mg of N day−1 kg−1 and 2964.0 ± 409.5 mg of protein day−1 kg−1 respectively. 2. Virtually identical isotopic enrichment in [guanidino-15N]arginine and [15N]urea were observed in a healthy young adult who took repeated oral doses of [15N]glycine for a period of 60 h: 0.47 (arginine) and 0.48 (urea) atom% excess. 3. The turnover of glycine nitrogen and of urea, determined from the constant infusion of [15N]glycine and [13C]urea, was 66.2 ± 3.3 mg of N day−1 kg−1 and 156.2 ± 4.3 mg of urea day−1 kg−1 respectively. The ratio of steady-state enrichment in arginine to that in glycine, reflecting the fraction of arginine derived from glycine, was 10.5%. By using the [guanidino-15N]arginine enrichment as representative of the expected enrichment in [15N]urea at plateau, it was calculated that approximately 25% of glycine N flux is directed toward the synthesis of urea, with the remainder directed to protein and quantitatively minor products like haem and creatinine. 4. Unlike steady-state [15N]urea labelling, which is achieved only after infusion of [15N]-glycine for several days, plateau isotopic abundance in [guanidino-15N]arginine was attained after only 1–2 h of [15N]glycine infusions, thereby allowing estimation of whole body nitrogen kinetics and the rate of transfer of glycine nitrogen to urea in a relatively brief experiment.
Ultrastructural Abnormalities in Increased-Permeability Pulmonary Edema

SUMMARY A general clinical impression is that increased microvascular permeability following acute lung injury always leads to pulmonary ede ma. The ARDS is a final pathway of acute lung injury. A number of agents may initiate acute lung injury, either directly or indirectly, via cellular and humoral mediators. Clinical and experimental animal studies indicate that both the microvascular and alveolar-airway barriers are susceptible to injury. Unfortunately, the spectrum of cellular damage is nonspecific and quite uniform, regardless of the injurious agent. Thus pathologic examination often reveals little about the exact underlying etiology of the lung injury. This situation has minimized the diagnostic value of lung biopsies in clinical cases of increased-permeability pulmonary edema. Nonetheless, the pathologic information has been, and will continue to be, invaluable to understanding the structural and functional relationships present in experimental models of increased-permeability pulmonary edema.
Production of hydrogen peroxide in CO2

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the production of hydrogen peroxide in CO 2 . H 2 O 2 production via sequential hydrogenation–oxidation of anthraquinones represents a potentially efficient process application of liquid or supercritical CO 2. Both mono- and di-functionalized anthraquinones (FAQs) were synthesized by attaching CO 2 -philic polymers chains either to mono- or di-aminoanthraquinones or to (hydroxymethyl)-anthraquinone. All FAQs that were synthesized were highly soluble in CO 2 and presented liquid–liquid phase behavior with minimum miscibility pressure between 170 and 210 bars. Cloud-point pressures were shifted to lower values by using nonhydrogen bonding linkers between alkylanthraquinone block and CO 2 -philic tails or by increasing the CO 2 -philic content of FAQs. Pd-catalyzed hydrogenations of fluoroether functionalized anthraquinones (FAQs) were conducted in liquid CO 2 at room temperature in a high-pressure batch reactor under a tenfold excess of hydrogen while varying the catalyst loading and catalyst particle size. True kinetic constants, diffusion coefficients, and effective diffusivities were determined by simultaneous regression of the kinetic data. The 1 H NMR analysis of the FAQs after a hydrogenation–oxidation cycle showed no indication for “deep” hydrogenation or degradation of the linker.
Importance of Measuring Circulating ADAMTS13 Immune Complexes in Addition to Free Antibodies in Patients with Acquired TTP

Abstract 102 A severe functional deficiency of the von Willebrand factor (VWF) cleaving protease ADAMTS13 results in accumulation of uncleaved, highly adhesive VWF multimers in plasma. This VWF multimer accumulation leads to increased platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in the microcirculation. Anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibodies that either neutralize ADAMT139s activity or enhance protein clearance are the main cause of severe ADAMTS13 deficiency in acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Circulating anti-ADAMTS13 immune complexes (CIC) that may be a factor in disease pathogenesis have been described in plasma of TTP patients. We have developed an ELISA assay to specifically determine the levels of CIC in which the antigen portion is immobilized by a polyclonal anti-ADAMTS13 IgG and the immunoglobulin component detected by a class-specific antibody. Samples (individual or longitudinal) from a total of 100 patients with acute idiopathic TTP were used to compare IC levels with those of the free anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies, ADAMTS13 antigen (ADAMTS13:Ag), ADAMTS13 activity (ADAMTS13:Ac) and inhibitor. This analysis was to provide for the first time a complete picture of the autoantibody response in this population. IgG-containing CIC were present in most of the patient samples, with IgG4-IC being the predominant type of CIC. A correlation between the subclasses of the free and complexed IgG anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies was observed, but the levels of CIC appeared to follow inverse kinetics to the free antibody and the inhibitory titer. We also found samples devoid of free ADAMTS13:Ag, but containing CIC, indicating that ADAMTS13, either newly synthesized or exogenously administered by plasma infusion during plasma exchange, had been quantitatively sequestered through formation of IC. ADAMTS13:Ag was also undetectable in some samples with high levels of free anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies but lacking CIC, suggesting that IC that had formed were already cleared at these time points. Our study suggests that in addition to characterization of autoantibodies against ADAMTS13, ADAMTS13-specific CIC also need to be determined at time of diagnosis and during treatment to obtain a full picture of disease status. The formation of ICs capturing all freely available ADAMTS13 may have a high impact on treatment response, especially in patients who are refractory to treatment. The gathered data may thus help to timely implement alternative treatment strategies in patients unresponsive to standard treatments, thereby reducing unexpected disease relapses with fatal outcome. Disclosures: Ferrari: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Plaimauer: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Gruber: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Palavra: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Turecek: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Rottensteiner: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Scheiflinger: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment.
A Two-Level Hybrid Architecture for Structuring Knowledge for Commonsense Reasoning

In this chapter, a connectionist architecture for structuring knowledge in vague and continuous domains is proposed. The architecture is hybrid in terms of representation, and it consists of two levels: one is an inference network with nodes representing concepts and links representing rules connecting concepts, and the other is a microfeature-based replica of the first level. Based on the interaction between the concept nodes and microfeature nodes in the architecture, inferences are facilitated and knowledge not explicitly encoded in a system can be deduced via a mixture of similarity matching and rule application. The architecture is able to take account of many important desiderata of plausible commonsense reasoning, and produces sensible conclusions.
Application of non-enzymatic browning of fructose for heating pattern determination in microwave assisted thermal pasteurization system

Abstract Various model foods and chemical markers have been used for the heating pattern determination in microwave processing at sterilization temperatures (110–130 °C). These chemical marker systems have slow reaction rates and are not useful at pasteurization temperatures (70–90 °C). In this study, non-enzymatic browning of fructose under alkaline conditions is investigated for its suitability to be used in the heating pattern determination for microwave assisted thermal pasteurization. Kinetics of browning of fructose in the mashed potato model food were studied. The model food samples were heated in a water bath at 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C and 90 °C for different time intervals and the browning kinetics were studied by spectrophotometric measurements at 420 nm. Reaction rate kinetics were fit to a linear first order kinetic model. Application of this model food to determine the heating pattern in the microwave assisted thermal pasteurization system was demonstrated. Dielectric properties of the mashed potato were measured to determine its suitability as a model food. Sucrose and salt were used as effective additives for the adjustment of the dielectric constants and loss factor respectively of the mashed potato. This system offers advantages of being cost-effective, opaque, homogeneous and easy to handle and thus provides an excellent system to locate the hot and cold spots of the food products.
Is Breaking Up Hard To Do?: Managing Relationship Boundaries on Social Networking Sites

The purpose of our research is to direct more attention to two relationship privacy boundary strategies: connection avoidance (i.e., rejecting friend/follower requests) and connection termination (i.e., removing existing friends/followers). A survey study was conducted with 222 college students that examined how participants regulated these boundaries with others versus how they perceived others who regulated these boundaries with them ("self" vs. "other") on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Participants reported using relationship avoidance and termination strategies more than they perceived others using these strategies against them. Overall, there were minimal impacts reported in terms of relationship changes due to others avoiding and terminating relationships. Site affordances partially explain these results, as none of the sites currently notify users when a friend request is denied or an existing friendship is severed.
The potential of AR-V7 as a therapeutic target.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The androgen receptor variant AR-V7 is gaining attention as a potential predictive marker for as well as one of the resistance mechanisms to the most current anti-androgen receptor (AR) therapies in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Accordingly, development of next-generation drugs that directly or indirectly target AR-V7 signaling is urgently needed.Areas covered: We review proposed mechanisms of drug resistance in relation to AR-V7 status, the mechanisms of generation of AR-V7, and its transcriptome, cistrome, and interactome. Pharmacological agents that interfere with these processes are being developed to counteract pan AR and AR-V7-specific signaling. Also, we address the current status of the preclinical and clinical studies targeting AR-V7 signaling.Expert opinion: AR-V7 is considered a true therapeutic target, however, it remains to be determined if AR-V7 is a principal driver or merely a bystander requiring heterodimerization with co-expressed full-length AR or ot...
Extent and Dynamics of Polymorphism in the Malaria Vaccine Candidate Plasmodium falciparum Reticulocyte–Binding Protein Homologue-5 in Kalifabougou, Mali

Abstract. Reticulocyte-binding homologues (RH) are a ligand family that mediates merozoite invasion of erythrocytes in Plasmodium falciparum. Among the five members of this family identified so far, only P. falciparum reticulocyte–binding homologue-5 (PfRH5) has been found to be essential for parasite survival across strains that differ in virulence and route of host-cell invasion. Based on its essential role in invasion and early evidence of sequence conservation, PfRH5 has been prioritized for development as a vaccine candidate. However, little is known about the extent of genetic variability of RH5 in the field and the potential impact of such diversity on clinical outcomes or on vaccine evasion. Samples collected during a prospective cohort study of malaria incidence conducted in Kalifabougou, in southwestern Mali, were used to estimate genetic diversity, measure haplotype prevalence, and assess the within-host dynamics of PfRH5 variants over time and in relation to clinical malaria. A total of 10 nonsynonymous polymorphic sites were identified in the Pfrh5 gene, resulting in 13 haplotypes encoding unique protein variants. Four of these variants have not been previously observed. Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte–binding homologue-5 had low amino acid haplotype (h = 0.58) and nucleotide (π = 0.00061) diversity. By contrast to other leading blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate antigens, amino acid differences were not associated with changes in the risk of febrile malaria in consecutive infections. Conserved B- and T-cell epitopes were identified. These results support the prioritization of PfRH5 for possible inclusion in a broadly cross-protective vaccine.