cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Rate Self-Synchronizing Codes

Self-synchronization under the presence of additive noise can be achieved by allocating a certain number of bits of each codeword as markers for synchronization. Difference systems of sets are combinatorial designs which specify the positions of synchronization markers in codewords in such a way that the resulting error-tolerant self-synchronizing codes may be realized as cosets of linear codes. Ideally, difference systems of sets should sacrifice as few bits as possible for a given code length, alphabet size, and error-tolerance capability. However, it seems difficult to attain optimality with respect to known bounds when the noise level is relatively low. In fact, the majority of known optimal difference systems of sets are for exceptionally noisy channels, requiring a substantial amount of bits for synchronization. To address this problem, we present constructions for difference systems of sets that allow for higher information rates while sacrificing optimality to only a small extent. Our constructions utilize optimal difference systems of sets as ingredients and, when applied carefully, generate asymptotically optimal ones with higher information rates. We also give direct constructions for optimal difference systems of sets with high information rates and error tolerance that generate binary and ternary self-synchronizing codes.
Multilevel Factor Analysis of Class and Student Achievement Components.

Multilevel Factor Analysis of Class and Student Achievement Components Author(s): Bengt O. Muthen Source: Journal of Educational Measurement, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Winter, 1991), pp. 338-354 Published by: National Council on Measurement in Education Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1434897 . Accessed: 18/05/2011 18:39 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ncme. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. National Council on Measurement in Education is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Educational Measurement. http://www.jstor.org
Quarkonium production and NRQCD matrix elements

Abstract Most recent calculations of quarkonium production are based on the NRQCD factorization formalism. This formalism is reviewed. To make predictions about specific cross section, universal NRQCD matrix elements need to be extracted from experiments. Extractions from different experimental situations are compared, with some emphasis on the extraction from LEP.
Analysis of Composite-Reinforced Cutouts and Cracks

Finite element computer analyses of the reinforcement of cutouts and cracks in metal sheet by bonded overlays of composite material are described. The analyses articulate the separate responses of the sheet, the overlays, and the adhesive. Contour plots of computed stress and strain fields are automatically generated by the computer programs. Strains measured on the surfaces of several reinforced-sheet tensile specimens were, for the most part, in good agreement with strains predicted by the analyses. Significant correlations between certain failure modes observed in the test specimens and the stress distributions given by finite element analysis are apparent.
The effects of potassium on ammonia synthesis over iron single-crystal surfaces

Abstract The effects of potassium on ammonia synthesis over model iron single-crystal catalysts of (111), (100), and (110) orientation have been studied under high-pressure reaction conditions (20 atm reactant pressure of nitrogen and hydrogen). Under these conditions, no more than 0.15 monolayers (ML) of potassium can be stabilized on the iron surfaces. The Fe(110) surface shows no activity for ammonia synthesis in this study with or without adsorbed potassium. The presence of potassium on the Fe(111) and Fe(100) surfaces increases the rate of ammonia synthesis markedly. At a low reaction conversion of 0.3% the rate over Fe(111) and Fe(100) is enhanced by a factor of two in the presence of potassium. The effect of potassium on Fe(111) and Fe(100) is enhanced as higher reaction conversions (i.e., increasing ammonia partial pressures) are achieved because potassium induces changes in the reaction orders for both ammonia and hydrogen. No change in the activation energy for the reaction is observed with potassium, suggesting that the reaction mechanism has not been altered. Temperature-programmed desorption shows that the adsorption energy of ammonia is significantly reduced when coadsorbed with potassium. A model is proposed in which the decrease of ammonia adsorption energy, induced by potassium, reduces the concentration of ammonia on the iron surface. This effect decreases the number of active sites blocked by the ammonia product, thereby increasing the rate of ammonia synthesis. The model also suggests that an additional effect of potassium is to increase the rate of nitrogen dissociative chemisorption by about 30% over Fe(111) and Fe(100) under ammonia synthesis conditions.
Unusual Rearrangements in the C12H12‐Manifold 1,5,9‐Cyclododecatriyne, 1,2:3,4:5,6‐Tricyclobutabenzene, Hexaradialene

1,5,9-Cyclododecatriyne has been synthesized by a bromination-dehydrobromination sequence starting from all-cis-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene. Its physical properties point to substantial interaction of the acetylenic groups through space and through bond although this effect does not result in significant homoaromatic stabilization. Attempts to convert the triyne to isolable 1,2:3,4:S,6-tricyclobutabenzene failed, but condensed phase thermolysis in the presence of dimethylmaleate led to the isolation of a formal triadduct. Flash pyrolysis resulted in the formation of hexaradialene. The latter is an extremely air sensitive, polymerizable molecule, devoid of detectable aromatic stabilization, in accord with theoretical treatments. Thermochemical estimates are presented which indicate the exothermicity of the 1,5,9-cyclododecatriyne hexaradialene interconversion. The most likely intermediate in this transformation is 1,2:3,4:5,6-tricyclobutabenzene, also in accord with group equivalent calculations, although other pathways cannot be.ruled out rigorously.
Intersection cuts for nonlinear integer programming: convexification techniques for structured sets

We study the generalization of split, k-branch split, and intersection cuts from mixed integer linear programming to the realm of mixed integer nonlinear programming. Constructing such cuts requires calculating the convex hull of the difference between a convex set and an open set with a simple geometric structure. We introduce two techniques to give precise characterizations of such convex hulls and use them to construct split, k-branch split, and intersection cuts for several classes of non-polyhedral sets. In particular, we give simple formulas for split cuts for essentially all convex sets described by a single conic quadratic inequality. We also give simple formulas for k-branch split cuts and some general intersection cuts for a wide variety of convex quadratic sets.
The Discharge Mechanism of Geiger-Mueller Counters

The measurements of W. E. Ramsey on the variation with time of the potential across a Geiger-Mueller counter (see preceding paper) are interpreted on the basis of the inductive action of the positive ion space charge moving across the counter. This inductive action, together with the hypothesis that the positive ions may eject electrons when they reach the cathode, furnishes a reasonable explanation of both the fast and slow types of breakdown of counters. This postulated mechanism leads to simple explanations of the quenching of a counter discharge and the necessary conditions for the maintenance of a steady discharge. In particular, it is predicted and verified experimentally that it is possible to operate a counter even when the potential is considerably in excess of that required for a continuous discharge, provided that the capacity of the counter wire is sufficiently reduced. A simple, although indirect, method is described for measuring the breakdown characteristic of a counter which gives results in good agreement with the direct determinations of W. E. Ramsey.
From the self-force problem to the radiation reaction formula

We review recent theoretical progress in the so-called self-force problem of a general relativistic two-body system. Although a two-body system in Newtonian gravity is a very simple problem, some fundamental issues are involved in relativistic gravity. Besides, because of recent projects for gravitational wave detection, it has become possible to see those phenomena directly via gravitational waves, and the self-force problem becomes one of urgent and highly-motivated problems in general relativity. Roughly speaking, there are two approaches to investigate this problem; the so-called post-Newtonian approximation, and a black-hole perturbation. In this paper, we review theoretical progress in the self-force problem using a black-hole perturbation. Although the self-force problem seems to be just a problem to calculate a self-force, we discuss that the real problem is to define a gauge-invariant concept of a motion in a gauge-dependent metric perturbation.
Metallo-organic routes to phosphide semiconductors

Abstract Solution-phase metallo-organic routes to the semiconductors Zn3P2, Cd3P2, AlP, GaP, InP, and the ternary compounds MIIMIVP2 (MII = Zn, Cd and MIV = Ge, Sn), in both bulk and nanoparticulate form, are reviewed. The syntheses fall into three classifications: (1) reactions between metallo-organics and PH3, which are termed phosphinolysis reactions; (2) alcoholysis and thermolysis reactions of silylated single-source precursors; and (3) reactions between metallo-organics and P(SiMe3)3. The reaction types are shown to have substantial mechanistic parallels, and all are elimination-condensation processes. Three stages in the elimination-condensation processes are identified: (1) the early formation of oligomers and polymers; (2) the later formation of semiconductor nanoparticles; and (3) the formation of bulk-like materials in the limit. The conditions required to form nanoparticles are close to those required for the formation of bulk semiconductors. Factors that likely influence the elimination-condensation stages achieved in solution are analysed. Although the scope of the review is limited to phosphide semiconductors, the conclusions reached are likely valid for all solution-phase metallo-organic syntheses of semiconductor compounds.
AN ANOMALOUS QUIESCENT STELLAR MASS BLACK HOLE

We present the results of a 40 ks Chandra observation of the quiescent stellar mass black hole GS 1354-64. A total of 266 net counts are detected at the position of this system. The resulting spectrum is found to be consistent with the spectra of previously observed quiescent black holes, i.e., a power law with a photon index of Γ ~ 2. The inferred luminosity in the 0.5-10 keV band is found to lie in the range 0.5-6.5 × 1034 erg s–1, where the uncertainty in the distance is the dominant source of this large luminosity range. Nonetheless, this luminosity is over an order of magnitude greater than that expected from the known distribution of quiescent stellar mass black hole luminosities and makes GS 1354-64 the only known stellar mass black hole to disagree with this relation. This observation suggests the possibility of significant accretion persisting in the quiescent state.
Effects of Endwall Suction and Blowing on Compressor Stability Enhancement

An experimental investigation was carried out to examine the effects on stall margin of flow injection into, and flow removal out of, the endwall region of an axial compressor blade row. A primary objective of the investigation was clarification of the mechanism by which casing treatment (which involves both removal and injection) suppresses stall in turbomachines. To simulate the relative motion between blade and treatment, the injection and removal took place through a slotted hub rotating beneath a cantilevered stator row. Overall performance data and detailed (time-averaged) flowfield measurements were obtained.Flow injection and removal both increased the stalling pressure rise, but neither was as effective as the wall treatment. Removal of high blockage flow is thus not the sole reason for the observed stall margin improvement in casing or hub treatment, as injection can also contribute significantly to stall suppression. The results also indicate that the increase in stall pressure rise with injection is linked to the streamwise momentum of the injected flow, and it is suggested that this should be the focus of further studies.Copyright © 1989 by ASME
Idealizer rings and noncommutative projective geometry

Abstract We study noetherian graded idealizer rings which have very different behavior on the right and left sides. In particular, we construct noetherian graded algebras T over an algebraically closed field k with the following properties: T is left but not right strongly noetherian; T⊗kT is left but not right noetherian and T⊗kTop is noetherian; the left noncommutative projective scheme T-Proj is different from the right noncommutative projective scheme Proj-T; and T satisfies left χd for some d⩾2 yet fails right χ1.
Bileptons from Muon Collider Backward Scattering

There are serious discussions for building a muon collider with μ+μ- collisions at c.o.m. energies up to 4 TeV. We point out that the bileptonic gauge bosons predicted in some extensions of the standard model would be readily discernable from the backward scattering cross-section, for bilepton masses up to a substantial fraction of the c.o.m. energy.
Lunar Outgassing, Transient Phenomena, and the Return to the Moon. I. Existing Data

Transient lunar phenomena (TLPs) have been reported for centuries, but their nature is largely unsettled and remains controversial. In this Paper I the database of TLP reports is subjected to a discriminating statistical filter robust against sites of spurious reports, and produces a restricted sample that may be largely reliable, and is highly correlated geographically with event catalogs from Apollo and Lunar Prospector alpha-particle spectrometers for episodic 222Rn gas releases. Both this robust TLP sample and even the larger, unfiltered sample are highly correlated with the boundary between mare and highlands, as are both deep and shallow moonquakes, as well as 210Po, a long-lived product of 222Rn decay and another tracer of outgassing. This offers another significant correlation relating TLPs and outgassing, and may tie some of this activity to sagging mare basalt plains (perhaps mascons). Additionally, low-level but likely significant TLP activity is connected to recent, major impact craters (while moonquakes are not), which may indicate the effects of impact fracturing, or perhaps avalanches, allowing release of gas. Most TLP (and 222Rn) activity, however, is confined to one area likely causing major, recent volcanic effusion, and plausibly connected to the deep lunar interior. Our accompanying paper (Crotts & Hummels) treats likely theoretical implications, plus practical methodologies for remote and in situ TLP and lunar outgassing observations. With the coming fleet of robotic lunar spacecraft, followed by human exploration, the study of TLPs and outgassing is both promising and imperiled. We anticipate a greater burden of anthropogenic lunar gas than ever produced, perhaps outstripping the natural atmosphere itself, but also unprecedented opportunities to study lunar outgassing and its sources if these can be examined promptly, in their pristine state.
Resonant tunneling through interface traps in nanowire tunneling FET

The tunneling field-effect-transistor (TFET) is very promising for low power CMOS devices due to a steep subthreshold slope typically lower than 60mV/dec. One of the major issues with this structure is the surface states at the gate dielectric interface. In this study a nanowire TFET with InAs-GaSb heterojunction is numerically simulated to examine the ballistic carrier transport affected by those interface sites. By introducing dangling bonds into the GaSb surface atoms, several bound states emerge inside the bandgap. The off-state transmission exhibits sharp peaks at the energy levels of those bound states, which suggests a resonant interband tunneling process from the drain into the channel through the interface traps. This results in an off-state leakage current with no phonon scattering processes. The impact on the gate efficiency and delay time is also discussed based on the interface trap capacitor.
Ligands for the estrogen receptor, containing cyclopentadienyltricarbonylrhenium units

As model systems for estrogens labeled with technetium-99m that might be used as in vivo imaging agents for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast tumors, we have prepared and determined the ER binding affinity of a series of nonsteroidal and steroidal estrogens substituted with a cyclopentadienyltricarbonylrhenium unit. While this organometallic unit interfered with ER binding when it was tethered close to the ligand, those analogs in which it was attached through a 17α-ethynyl link (provided that the link was not polar) showed high ER affinity.
Unstable modes of a sheared pycnocline above a stratified layer

Abstract Internal waves incident on a sheared ocean pycnocline are studied using analytic and numerical methods. Linear analysis of the unstable modes of a sheared ocean pycnocline is used to demonstrate interactions between internal waves and shear instabilities. A new analytic solution for an asymmetric shear layer over a stratified layer is presented, illustrating modes which couple to internal waves, in addition to the well-known Holmboe modes. The robustness of these solutions is demonstrated using numerical methods for realistic shear profiles. Fully nonlinear numerical simulations illustrate the growth of these modes and demonstrate the excitation of shear instabilities by incident internal waves. The results may have implications for internal wave interactions with the ocean pycnocline and the local generation of internal solitary waves.
Enzymatic Synthesis of 3-Deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate 8-Phosphate, 3-Deoxy-d-altro-octulosonate 8-Phosphate, 3,5-Dideoxy-d-gluco(manno)-octulosonate 8-Phosphate by 3-Deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-Phosphate Synthase

The phenylalanine-sensitive 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAH 7-P) synthase (phe), a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine, expressed by th...
SAMEA: OBJECT-ORIENTED SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE ENVIRONMENT FOR ASSEMBLY PROGRAMS

This paper presents a software maintenance environment for assembly programs, SAMEA. It presents an object-oriented database support for displaying, understanding, modifying and configuring assembly programs for software maintenance. Understanding of assembly programs is based on the theory of explicit representation of various structural and functionality elements of code and multiple relationships among them. Modification of program is based on an object-oriented incremental editor and a set of rules to check the correctness of instruction format. The characteristics of SAMEA are: integration of multiple tools, on-line information, ease of adoption of new tools, and finally, support of software maintenance activities such as program understanding, ripple effect analysis, and program redocumentation. The ripple effect of a contemplated change is the parts of the code that need to be reexamined for possible modification. Assembly code elements and relations among code elements are represented as objects in SAMEA which is built on top of an object-oriented database GemStone. SAMEA consists of 26K lines of C code and 4K lines of GemStone code. We have successfully populated 18K lines of BAL code in SAMEA.
Landau hydrodynamics and RHIC phenomena

The basic physical assumptions and results of Landau's hydrodynamic model of particle production are reviewed. It is argued that these results have sufficient descriptive and predictive power in strong-interaction phenomenology, including recent RHIC data, to warrant a closer examination of the physical assumptions.
Double-adiabatic MHD theory for motion of a thin magnetic filament and possible implications for bursty bulk flows

[1] During fast fluid flows in Earth's magnetotail, the plasma distribution function often takes the form of one beam flowing through another, which raises the question of whether bursty bulk flows can reasonably be represented in terms of single-fluid magnetohydrodynamics, either in global MHD codes or in thin filament theory. An exact kinetic solution is compared with exact fluid solutions for a simplified case of cold, collisionless particles in a pipe, under conditions where there are counterstreaming beams similar to the ones that often occur in Earth's magnetotail. The results from kinetic theory differ from standard fluid theory but are exactly consistent with Chew-Goldberger-Low double-adiabatic fluid theory. Double-adiabatic MHD equations are derived for the motion of a thin filament through a medium. An initial simulation is presented of a double-adiabatic filament that starts out with lower gas pressure than nearby flux tubes. As in earlier calculations for the isotropic case, the near-equatorial part of the filament moves rapidly earthward. A compressional shock wave forms in the filament near the equatorial plane and propagates earthward. The near-equatorial region of the filament exhibits characteristics similar to a flow burst, while the behavior far from the equatorial plane resembles that of earthward-streaming plasma sheet boundary layer. The double-adiabatic filament becomes firehose unstable after the shock wave reflects from the earthward boundary of the simulation and propagates back into the tail.
Dielectric Loss to Detect Liquid Phase in Ceramics at High Temperatures

Rapidly increasing dielectric loss values, coinci nt with the formation, with increasing temperature, of small amounts of liquid phase, have been seen in an alumina doped with titania and soda (Al2O3-l molc TiO2-0.5 mol% NaO12). The method appears to have the sensitivity to detect liquids in ceramics down to 0.1% in favorable cases.
An O(m log n) -time algorithm for the maximal planar subgraph problem

Based on a new version of the Hopcroft and Tarjan planarity testing algorithm, this paper develops an $O(m\log n)$-time algorithm to find a maximal planar subgraph.
Flight Control Law Design: An Industry Perspective

This paper presents a survey of the control techniques being used by aviation industry in Brazil, Europe, Russia and the United States of America to design flight control laws for fixed-wing aircraft.
FRACTIONAL ITERATION OF SERIES AND TRANSSERIES

We investigate compositional iteration of fractional order for transseries. For any large positive transseries $T$ of exponentiality 0, there is a family $T^{[s]}$ indexed by real numbers $s$ corresponding to teration of order $s$. It is based on Abel's Equation. We also investigate the question of whether there is a family $T^{[s]}$ all sharing a single support set. A subset of the transseries of exponentiality 0 is divided into three classes ("shallow", "moderate" and "deep") with different properties related to fractional iteration.
Synthesis and anticancer activity of new hydroxamic acid containing 1,4-benzodiazepines.

By employing an intramolecular Pd(0)-mediated ring opening of an acylnitroso-derived cycloadduct, new hydroxamic acid containing benzodiazepines have been synthesized and have demonstrated biological activity in MCF-7 and PC-3 tumor cell lines. Subsequent N−O bond reduction of the hydroxamate has provided access to amide analogues for SAR studies. During the course of our syntheses, an intermediate oxazoline N-oxide was isolated and gave insight into the mechanism of the key Pd(0)-mediated reaction.
Antenna servo design for tracking low-Earth-orbiting satellites

The upcoming NASA missions will require tracking of low-orbit satellites. As a consequence, NASA antennas will be required to track satellites at higher rates than for the current deep-space missions. This paper investigates servo design issues for the 34-m beam-waveguide antennas that track low-orbit satellites. This includes upgrading the servo with a feedforward loop, monopulse controller design, and tracking error reduction either through proper choice of elevation pinion location or through application of a notch filter or adjustment of the elevation drive amplifier gain. Finally, improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio through averaging of the oversampled monopulse signal is described. HE National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) antenna network, called the Deep Space Network (DSN), is op- erated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It consists of several antenna types located at three sites Goldstone, CA, Canberra, Australia, and Madrid, Spain and serves as a communication tool for space explo- ration. Future NASA missions will include low-orbiting satellites, which will require significantly higher antenna tracking rates. Thus the servos for the new-generation 34-m beam-waveguide (BWG) antennas should be upgraded to be able to follow commands at higher rates. These upgrades are illustrated in this paper, with the new DSS-13 BWG antenna controller design. The existing proportional and integral (PI) controllers of the antennas satisfy the requirements for deep-space X-band (8.4-GHz) tracking. For high-rate command following a simple and reliable choice is a feedforward controller, described in this paper. For track- ing, a monopulse controller is a fast-rate alternative to the existing conical scanning (conscan) technique. The design and performance of a monopulse controller is discussed. It is shown that its perfor- mance is improved through either proper choice of the location of the elevation pinion or the implementation of a notch filter or the ampli- fier gain adjustment. Finally, the improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the monopulse signal is presented. By averaging the redundant monopulse samples, the SNR improvement ranges from 7 up to 17 dB.
Dynamics of Size-Selected Gold Nanoparticles Studied by Ultrafast Electron Nanocrystallography

We report the studies of ultrafast electron nanocrystallography on size-selected Au nanoparticles (2−20 nm) supported on a molecular interface. Reversible surface melting, melting, and recrystallization were investigated with dynamical full-profile radial distribution functions determined with subpicosecond and picometer accuracies. In an ultrafast photoinduced melting, the nanoparticles are driven to a nonequilibrium transformation, characterized by the initial lattice deformations, nonequilibrium electron−phonon coupling, and, upon melting, the collective bonding and debonding, transforming nanocrystals into shelled nanoliquids. The displasive structural excitation at premelting and the coherent transformation with crystal/liquid coexistence during photomelting differ from the reciprocal behavior of recrystallization, where a hot lattice forms from liquid and then thermally contracts. The degree of structural change and the thermodynamics of melting are found to depend on the size of nanoparticle.
More than just finding color: Strategy in global visual search is shaped by learned target probabilities

In 2 experiments, eye movements were examined during searches in which elements were grouped into four 9-item clusters. The target (a red or blue T) was known in advance, and each cluster contained different numbers of target-color elements. Rather than color composition of a cluster invariantly guiding the order of search though clusters, the use of color was determined by the probability that the target would appear in a cluster of a certain color type: When the target was equally likely to be in any cluster containing the target color, fixations were directed to those clusters approximately equally, but when targets were more likely to appear in clusters with more target-color items, those clusters were likely to be fixated sooner. (The target probabilities guided search without explicit instruction.) Once fixated, the time spent within a cluster depended on the number of target-color elements, consistent with a search of only those elements. Thus, between-cluster search was influenced by global target probabilities signaled by amount of color or color ratios, whereas within-cluster search was directly driven by presence of the target color.
Tile Hamiltonians for decagonal phases

Abstract A tile Hamiltonian (TH) replaces the actual atomic interactions in a quasicrystal with effective interactions between and within tiles. We study Al–Co–Ni and Al–Co–Cu decagonal quasicrystals described as decorated hexagon-boat-star (HBS) tiles using ab initio methods. A dominant term in the TH counts the number of H, B and S tiles, favoring tilings of H and B only. In our model for Al–Co–Cu, chemical ordering of Cu and Co along tile edges defines tile edge arrowing. Unlike the edge arrowing of Penrose matching rules, however, the energetics for Al–Co–Cu do not force quasiperiodicity. Energetically favored structures resemble crystalline approximants to which the actual quasicrystalline compounds transform at low temperature.
Fluid simulations of tokamak turbulence in quasiballooning coordinates

A set of coordinates for simulations in toroidal magnetic geometry, called quasiballooning coordinates, is proposed and implemented. Quasiballooning coordinates are straight-field-line coordinates in which one of the coordinate directions is as close as possible to that of the magnetic field consistent with the near-parallel grid lines meshing exactly (without interpolation) as they cross the boundaries of the simulation region. This allows the true periodicity conditions in the toroidal-poloidal plane to be satisfied in a straightforward and seamless way, even for sheared magnetic fields. Quasiballooning coordinates are useful in the simulation of instabilities and turbulence of interest in fusion plasmas since the number of grid cells needed to represent structures that are elongated along the magnetic field with a given resoluton is greatly reduced compared with toroidal-poloidal or other nontwisting coordinates. For explicit codes, they allow shorter time steps, and it is anticipated that for particle codes, their use will naturally minimize the numerical noise. The key details necessary for the implementation of quasiballooning coordinates, both in finite-difference and pseudospectral fluid codes are presented, and a fluid code has been written. The advantages of quasiballooning coordinates are demonstrated by applying this code to turbulence driven by the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\upsilon}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ instability.
Access to Health Insurance and the Use of Inpatient Medical Care: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act Young Adult Mandate

The Affordable Care Act of 2010 expanded coverage to young adults by allowing them to remain on their parent's private health insurance until they turn 26 years old. While there is evidence on insurance effects, we know very little about use of general or specific forms of medical care. We study the implications of the expansion on inpatient hospitalizations. Given the prevalence of mental health needs for young adults, we also specifically study mental health related inpatient care. We find evidence that compared to those aged 27-29 years, treated young adults aged 19-25 years increased their inpatient visits by 3.5 percent while mental illness visits increased 9.0 percent. The prevalence of uninsurance among hospitalized young adults decreased by 12.5 percent; however, it does not appear that the intensity of inpatient treatment changed despite the change in reimbursement composition of patients.
Prior-independent mechanisms for scheduling

We study the makespan minimization problem with unrelated selfish machines under the assumption that job sizes are stochastic. We design simple truthful mechanisms that under different distributional assumptions provide constant and sublogarithmic approximations to expected makespan. Our mechanisms are prior-independent in that they do not rely on knowledge of the job size distributions. Prior-independent approximations were previously known only for the revenue maximization objective [13, 11, 26]. In contrast to our results, in prior-free settings no truthful anonymous deterministic mechanism for the makespan objective can provide a sublinear approximation [3].
Adiabatic particle motion in a nearly drift‐free magnetic field: Application to the geomagnetic tail

The guiding center motion of particles in a nearly drift free magnetic field is analyzed in order to investigate the dependence of mean drift velocity on equatorial pitch angle, the variation of local drift velocity along the trajectory, and other properties. The mean drift for adiabatic particles is expressed by means of elliptic integrals. Approximations to the twice-averaged Hamiltonian W near z = O are derived, permitting simple representation of drift paths if an electric potential also exists. In addition, the use of W or of expressions for the longitudinal invariant allows the derivation of the twice averaged Liouville equation and of the corresponding Vlasov equation. Bounce times are calculated (using the drift-free approximation), as are instantaneous guiding center drift velocities, which are then used to provide a numerical check on the formulas for the mean drift.
The Role of the Founder in Creating Organizational Culture

Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom, is said to have sprung full-blown from the forehead of Zeus. Similarly, an organization's culture begins life in the head of its founder, springing from the founder's ideas about truth, reality, and the way the world works.
Cystoid macular edema after pars plana vitrectomy for retained lens fragments

Purpose To describe the incidence and clinical course in patients with cystoid macular edema (CME) following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for retained lens fragments. Setting Retina group, private practice. Methods This retrospective study reviewed the medical records of 91 patients who had PPV for retained lens fragments. The patients were followed for at least 6 months. Patients with concomitant eye diseases that adversely affected macular examination or macular function were excluded. Results Four (8%) of 50 eyes with a sulcus-fixated posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) implanted at cataract extraction and 19 (46%) of 41 eyes with aphakia or an anterior chamber IOL developed CME ( P ≤.001, chi-square test). The CME developed a mean of 4 months after PPV. Treatment consisted of steroid eyedrops in all eyes; 17 eyes were also treated with a topical cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and 5 eyes received posterior sub-Tenon's steroid injections. The CME resolved a mean of 2 months after 1 treatment course in 12 eyes, which had a final visual acuity of 20/40 or better. The CME resolved, recurred, and then resolved in 6 eyes. In these eyes, the first incidence lasted a mean of 4 months. The second episode occurred a mean of 5 months after the initial episode resolved and took a mean of 3 months to resolve. Final visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 5 of these eyes. The CME persisted in 5 eyes that were followed for a mean of 30 months. None of these eyes had an acuity of 20/40 or better. Conclusions Sulcus placement of a PC IOL at cataract extraction was associated with a reduced risk for CME. The prognosis for eyes that develop CME after PPV for retained lens fragments is guarded. Long-term therapy should be considered because of the high rate of recurrence.
Polynomial diffeomorphisms of C^2: V. Critical points and Lyapunov exponents

There is an invariant measure μ, which is the pluri-complex version of the harmonic measure of the Julia set for polynomial maps ofC.In this paper we give an integral formula for the Lyapunov exponents of a polynomial automorphism with respect to μ, analogous to the Brolin-Manning formula polynomial maps ofC.Our formula relates the Lyapunov exponents to the value of a Green function at a type of critical point which we define in this paper. We show that these the critical points have a natural dynamical interpretation.
Novel QCD Phenomena at the LHC: The Ridge, Digluon-Initiated Subprocesses, Direct Reactions, Non-Universal Antishadowing, and Forward Higgs Production

I discuss a number of novel tests of QCD at the LHC, measurements which can illuminate fundamental features of hadron physics. I also review the “Principle of Maximum Conformality” (PMC) which systematically sets the renormalization scale order-by-order in pQCD, eliminating an unnecessary theoretical uncertainty. The PMC allows LHC experiments to test QCD much more precisely, and the sensitivity of LHC measurements to physics beyond the Standard Model is increased.
FOREGROUND CONTAMINATION IN INTERFEROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF THE REDSHIFTED 21 cm POWER SPECTRUM

Subtraction of astrophysical foreground contamination from “dirty” sky maps produced by simulated measurements of the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) has been performed by fitting a third-order polynomial along the spectral dimension of each pixel in the data cubes. The simulations are the first to include the unavoidable instrumental effects of the frequency-dependent primary antenna beams and synthesized array beams. They recover the onedimensional spherically binned input redshifted 21 cm power spectrum within ∼ 1% over the scales probed most sensitively by the MWA (0.01 k 1M pc −1 ) and demonstrate that realistic instrumental effects will not mask the epoch of reionization signal. We find that the weighting function used to produce the dirty sky maps from the gridded visibility measurements is important to the success of the technique. Uniform weighting of the visibility measurements produces the best results, whereas natural weighting significantly worsens the foreground subtraction by coupling structure in the density of the visibility measurements to spectral structure in the dirty sky map data cube. The extremely dense uv-coverage of the MWA was found to be advantageous for this technique and produced very good results on scales corresponding to |u| 500λ in the uv-plane without any selective editing of the uv-coverage.
First passage time of skew Brownian motion

Nearly fifty years after the introduction of skew Brownian motion by Ito and McKean (1963), the first passage time distribution remains unknown. In this paper we first generalize results of Pitman and Yor (2011) and Csaki and Hu (2004) to derive formulae for the distribution of ranked excursion heights of skew Brownian motion, and then use these results to derive the first passage time distribution.
A Detailed Far-Ultraviolet Spectral Atlas of Main Sequence B Stars

We have constructed a detailed spectral atlas covering the wavelength region 930-1225 A for 10 sharp-lined B0-B9 stars near the main sequence. Most of the spectra we assembled are from the archives of the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer satellite, but for nine stars, wavelength coverage above 1188 A was taken from high-resolution International Ultraviolet Explorer or echelle Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph spectra. To represent the tenth star at type B0.2 V, we used the Copernicus atlas of τ Sco. We made extensive line identifications in the region 949-1225 A of all atomic features having published oscillator strengths at types B0, B2, and B8. These are provided as a supplementary data product—hence the term detailed atlas. Our list of found features totals 2288, 1612, and 2469 lines, respectively. We were able to identify 92%, 98%, and 98% of these features with known atomic transitions with varying degrees of certainty in these spectra. The remaining lines do not have published oscillator strengths. Photospheric lines account for 94%, 87%, and 91%, respectively, of all our identifications, with the remainder being due to interstellar (usually molecular H2) lines. We also discuss the numbers of lines with respect to the distributions of various ions for these three most studied spectral subtypes. A table is also given of 162 least blended lines that can be used as possible diagnostics of physical conditions in B star atmospheres.
Refined enantioselective methylation catalysts: improved routes to bifunctional C5 synthons

Abstract Catalytic enantioselective routes to bifunctional C5 synthons, including those of the macrolide ( S )-(−)-zearalenone have been achieved. Stereochemistry was introduced using a mixed ligand arene chromium tricarbonyl catalyst to mediate the enantioselective addition of dimethyl zinc to a functionalized aldehyde. Comparison with alternate reduction strategies is presented.
A Faraday Rotation Search for Magnetic Fields in Large-scale Structure

Faraday rotation of radio source polarization provides a measure of the integrated magnetic field along the observational lines of sight. We compare a large new sample of Faraday rotation measures (RMs) of polarized extragalactic sources with galaxy counts in Hercules and Perseus-Pisces, two nearby superclusters. We find that the average of RMs in these two supercluster areas are larger than in control areas in the same Galactic latitude range. This is the first RM detection of magnetic fields that pervade a supercluster volume, in which the fields are at least partially coherent over several megaparsecs. Even the most conservative interpretation of our observations, according to which Milky Way RM variations mimic the background supercluster galaxy overdensities, puts constraints on the IGM magnetoionic "strength" in these two superclusters. We obtain an approximate typical upper limit on the field strength of ~0.3 μG l/(500 kpc) when we combine our RM data with fiducial estimates of electron density from the environments of giant radio galaxies, and of the warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM).
Joint compression-classification with quantizer/classifier dimension mismatch

In this paper an algorithm is presented to design encoders that achieve good compression and classification. The goal is to minimize the classification error introduced by quantizing the data using encoders operating on low dimension inputs, which are subsets of the high dimension data used by the classifier for classification. In the encoder design information from the other dimensions of the vector is used to develop efficient encoders which are capable of achieving lower classification error for a given distortion. The design allows a trade-off between distortion and classifications costs providing more flexibility in the overall system design. The algorithm is tested on Gaussian mixture data, which is classified using a classifier which takes as input vectors of quantized values. The proposed technique can trade performance to achieve lower complexity, which is desirable in devices having limited computational resources. For 4 dimensional Gaussian mixture data the misclassification was about 2.2% more than that achieved by using encoders of the same dimension as the classifier, while the encoding complexity was reduced by more than a factor of 2.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Theoretical Spectral Models of the Planet HD 209458b with a Thermal Inversion and Water Emission Bands

We find that a theoretical fit to all the HD 209458b data at secondary eclipse requires that the day-side atmosphere of HD 209458b have a thermal inversion and a stratosphere. This inversion is caused by the capture of optical stellar flux by an absorber of uncertain origin that resides at altitude. One consequence of stratospheric heating and temperature inversion is the flipping of water absorption features into emission features from the near- to the mid-infrared, and we see evidence of such a water emission feature in the recent HD 209458b IRAC data of Knutson et al. In addition, an upper-atmosphere optical absorber may help explain both the weaker-than-expected Na D feature seen in transit and the fact that the transit radius at 24 μm is smaller than the corresponding radius in the optical. Moreover, it may be a factor in why HD 209458b's optical transit radius is as large as it is. We speculate on the nature of this absorber and the planets whose atmospheres may, or may not, be affected by its presence.
Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) deficiency in mice with the fat mutation have reduced stomach function

An obese mouse model (Cpefat/Cpefat) that has hyperproinsulinemia and late onset obesity has been described. Cpefat/Cpefat mice have a missense mutation in carboxypeptidase E (CPE), a processing enzyme essential for production of biologically active endocrine and neuroendocrine peptides. We have reported previously that CPE activity was absent in the antrum of the stomach and that processing of progastrin to the amidated biologically active form of gastrin is reduced. Since gastrin is a major secretagogue for gastric acid secretion, the purpose of the present experiments was to examine gastric acid secretion in Cpefat/Cpefat mice. In addition, secretion of amidated gastrin in response to inhibition of acid secretion was tested in Cpefat/Cpefat. Both gastric acid and challenged gastrin secretion are reduced in Cpefat/Cpefat mice. We conclude that stomach CPE activity is essential for gastric secretory activity and for challenged gastrin release.
Towards global optimization with adaptive simulated annealing

The structure of the simulated annealing algorithm is presented and its rationale is discussed. A unifying heuristic is then introduced which serves as a guide in the design of all of the sub-components of the algorithm. Simply put this heuristic principle states that at every cycle in the algorithm the occupation density should be kept as close as possible to the equilibrium distribution. This heuristic has been used as a guide to develop novel step generation and temperature control methods intended to improve the efficiency of the simulated annealing algorithm. The resulting algorithm has been used in attempts to locate good solutions for one of the lens design problems associated with this conference viz. the " monochromatic quartet" and a sample of the results is presented. 1 Global optimization in the context oflens design Whatever the context optimization algorithms relate to problems that take the following form: Given some configuration space with coordinates r (x1 . . x) and a merit function written asffr) find the point r whereftr) takes it lowest value. That is find the global minimum. In many cases there is also a set of auxiliary constraints that must be met so the problem statement becomes: Find the global minimum of the merit function within the region defined by E. (r) 0 j 1 2 . . . p and 0 j 1 2 . . . q.