cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combination Oral Contraceptive Pills

Combination oral contraceptive pills (COCs) have been available in the United States for over 50 years and are the most common single form of contraception used by US women. Up to 82% of women who have ever been sexually active have used COCs, and 19.4% of reproductive age women who use contraception report current COC use. Combined oral contraceptive pills have two hormonal components, an estrogen and a progestin. COCs are considered second-tier contraceptives due to their typical use failure rate of 7%. COCs have many noncontraceptive benefits and may be used by some women to improve menstrual patterns, lessen dysmenorrhea, or ameliorate acne.
Understanding local health departments decision to pursue/defer accreditation: A mixed-method systems thinking approach

This study explores factors impacting local health departments (LHDs) decision to pursue accreditation in states with low public health expenditures. With only three accredited LHDs so far and as a...
Light Confinement in Coreless Twisted Photonic Crystal Fibers

Recent work have shown light confinement can occur during propagation through a twisted coreless photonic crystal fiber (a chiral fiber). In the absence of a twist, the modal profile is assumed known from Bloch theory and assumed not to be confined. By use of asymptotic techniques applied to the field propagation equation, we provide a theoretical framework in support of observed confinement. While we do this for a particular periodic index profile, recent experiments suggest this to be a robust effect. In this work, we also explore the problem both in the linear and the nonlinear regime. We show that an increase in twist rate will result in more confined modes and indications that nonlinearity plays a secondary role on confinement.
Intensive Care for Poorly Papers: Approaches for Treatment of the Dr Richard Bright Collection for Digitization

The collection of Richard Bright’s papers held at the Norfolk Record Office contain around 1300 items consisting of notebooks, sketchbooks and letters written, drawn and received by Richard Bright....
Multi-objective optimization of a chip-attached micro pin fin liquid cooling system

Abstract This study explores heat transfer from a chip-attached micro pin fin cooling device undergoing water jet impingement where the silicon chip is in direct contact with the cooling liquid. Directly attaching the micro pin fins onto the chip surface is a new packaging technique that eliminates the contact and sequential conduction resistance of thermal interfaces, which are still used in conventional electronic packages. A multi-objective optimization is solved to minimize the cooling device’s thermal resistance and pressure drop as response parameters. The influence of design parameters, such as pin fin cross section, fin spacing and the fin height profile, on the response parameters is investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and full factorial design of experiment (FFD). The optimization study is accomplished in two parts. In the first part, the shape optimization is performed by a traditional weighted sum approach using an iterative JAYA algorithm. The shape optimization problem is also solved using modern optimization algorithm of NSGA-II. The results of both approaches are in a close agreement. In the second part, an optimization of the fin height profile is solved using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) combined with an elitist NSGA-II. The overall analysis demonstrates that the optimized cooling device can surpass its initial working design in thermal and hydraulic performance. Hence, there is excellent potential for the use of lightweight and compact designs in Heterogeneous Integration (HI) applications.
Decreasing the Likelihood of Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome in Burn Injury with Early Antioxidant Treatment

Major burn trauma initiates a cascade of physiological events that cause profound stress on the body, resulting in significant complications which often lead to death. An understanding of these events may afford earlier and more precise interventions which, in turn, may reduce these complications, thus, improving patient outcomes. Burn trauma is associated with numerous inflammatory events that result in the release of free radicals, which promote oxidative stress and subsequent tissue damage. These mass-inflammatory events affect the body systemically, leading to several detrimental responses including complement activation, excessive histamine release, decrease in blood pressure, release of reactive oxygen species, and ultimately multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). However, recent studies conducted on the use of antioxidants as a part of a burn treatment protocol have shown promising results. In this review, we will discuss the current research and advancements in the treatment of burn trauma with the use of antioxidants, and how the early administration of antioxidant can possibly reduce the risk of developing MODS.
The evolving need for patient reported outcome data in determining choice of immune therapy treatment

Cellular therapy has changed the cancer treatment landscape and potential associated toxicities. The traditional short-term toxicities of chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are replaced by complex immune activation syndromes and immunologic organ-specific toxicities. Understanding the long-term consequences and impact of these therapies on patient quality of life is necessary.
Cnksr2 Loss in Mice Leads to Increased Neural Activity and Behavioral Phenotypes of Epilepsy-Aphasia Syndrome.

Epilepsy-Aphasia Syndromes (EAS) are a spectrum of childhood epileptic, cognitive, and language disorders of unknown etiology. CNKSR2 is a strong X-linked candidate gene implicated in EAS, however, there have been no studies of genetic models to dissect how its absence may lead to EAS. Here we develop a novel Cnksr2 knockout (KO) mouse line and show that male mice exhibit increased neural activity and have spontaneous electrographic seizures. Cnksr2 KO mice also display significantly increased anxiety, impaired learning and memory, and a progressive and dramatic loss of ultrasonic vocalizations. We find that Cnksr2 is expressed in cortical, striatal, and cerebellar regions and is localized at both excitatory and inhibitory postsynapses. Proteomics analysis reveals Cnksr2 anchors key binding partners at synapses, and its loss results in significant alterations of the synaptic proteome, including proteins implicated in epilepsy disorders. Our results validate that loss of CNKSR2 leads to EAS and highlights the roles of Cnksr2 in synaptic organization and neuronal network activity. Significant Statement Epilepsy-Aphasia Syndromes are at the severe end of a spectrum of cognitive-behavioral symptoms that are seen in childhood epilepsies, and they remain an inadequately understood disorder. The prognosis of EAS is frequently poor and patients have life-long language and cognitive disturbances. Here we describe a genetic mouse model of EAS, based on the knockout of the EAS risk gene Cnksr2. We show these mice exhibit electrophysiological and behavioral phenotypes similar to those of patients, providing an important new model for future studies of EAS. We also provide insights into the molecular disturbances downstream of Cnksr2 loss by using in vivo quantitative proteomics tools.
Applications in time-frequency signal processing

Preface Time-Frequency Processing: A Tutorial on Principles and Practice, Antonia Papendreou-Suppappol Inference Excision via Time-Frequency Distributions: Alan R. Lindsey, Liang Zhao, Moeness Amin Positive Time-Frequency Distributions, Patrick Loughlin, Leon Cohen Positive Time-Frequency Distributions and Acoustic Echoes, Dale Groutage, David Bennink, Patrick Loughlin, Leon Cohen Time-Frequency Reassignment: From Principles to Algorithms, P. Flandrin, F. Auger, E. Chassande-Mottin Linear Time-Frequency Filters: Online Algorithms and Applications, Gerald Matz, Franz Hlawatsch Discrete Reduced Interference Distributions, William J. Williams Time-Frequency Analysis of Seismic Reflection Data, Phillippe Steeghs, Richard Baraniuk, Jan Erik Odegard Time-Frequency Methodology for Newborn EEG Seizure Detection, Boualem Boashash, Mostefa Mesbah Quadratic Time-Frequency Features for Speech Recognition, James Droppo, Les Atlas
A new journal in the field of child biochemistry

The definition of the term “pediatric biochemistry” has broadened over the past 130 years. As clinician scientists, focused on child health issues, have developed tools to examine the biology and chemistry of child health and disease, the scope of the armamentarium of the pediatric biochemist is both more pervasive and more mechanistic. The pediatric biochemist of the 21st century publishes the results of his/her efforts in journals of increasing specialization. Despite this, there exists a need for a general journal of the biochemical features of children. The Journal of Pediatric Biochemistry meets that need. To understand from whence biochemistry has come, a historic overview is appropriate. The year 2010 marks the centennial of a famous report by Abraham Flexner that revolutionized medical education in the United States and spread out to the world. Among the reforms recommended by Flexner were that real associations between schools of medicine and universities be forged so that students of medicine would be educated in the basic life sciences of medicine. These reforms in medical education consolidated scholarly activities around several themes,among which were an emphasis on child health and the chemistry of biologic processes, or biochemistry. In truth, centers for child health and insights into biochemistry predated 1910, particularly in children’s hospitals in Europe in the 1880’s, where clinicians worked in laboratories examining blood and urine and measuring ions and proteins in body fluids. A huge biochemical problem between the 1880’s and 1920’s was the profound acidosis that accompanied infantile diarrhea and dehydration. Just as compelling was the challenge of understanding nutritional biochemistry. Two landmark discoveries were the appreciation that bicarbonate was lost in diarrhea fluid, and that a series of nutrients, termed vitamins, were needed in the diets of all humans, particularly growing children. Pediatric biochemists between 1910 and 1940 were focused on electrolyte chemistry and physiology and on nutritional studies, especially in animal models using young, growing animals. As an example, the discovery of vitamin D and its addition to certain diets resulted in the curing and prevention of nutritional rickets and osteomalacia. In the post-World War II era, the application of antibiotic therapy cured many infections and prevented suppurative consequences. Likewise, the essentials of a balanced diet were better understood and dietary deficiency conditions became uncommon. Only when the infections and the pervasive deficiency disorders were somewhat controlled did the phenotypes of rare conditions become clear. As nutritional rickets disappeared, the hereditary phosphaturias became evident. In the second half of the 20th century, pediatric biochemistry became the science of microanalysis of the substrates and products of intermediary metabolism, the role of DNA in heredity, and the delineation of bio-
The Urge to Merge: Ritual Insult and the Evolution of Syntax

Throughout recorded history, sexually mature males have issued humorous insults in public. These ‘verbal duels’ are thought to discharge aggressive dispositions, and to provide a way to compete for status and mating opportunities without risking physical altercations. But, is there evidence that such verbal duels, and sexual selection in general, played any role in the evolution of specific principles of language, syntax in particular? In this paper, concrete linguistic data and analysis will be presented which indeed point to that conclusion. The prospect will be examined that an intermediate form of ‘proto-syntax’, involving ‘proto-Merge’, evolved in a context of ritual insult. This form, referred to as exocentric compound, can be seen as a ‘living fossil’ of this stage of proto-syntax — providing evidence not only of ancient structure (syntax/semantics), but also arguably of sexual selection.
Resiliencia y educación: principios y estrategias

Pocos terminos, como Resiliencia y Educacion, poseen vinculos tan expresivos y complementares en sus contribuciones a la formacion humana, socio-educacional. Las relaciones y contribuciones mutuas entre Educacion, Resiliencia y Derechos Humanos traen subsidios relevantes a los principios y practicas educativas orientadas por el interes en la formacion de sujetos resilientes. Aunque la literatura psicopedagogica contemple la Resiliencia, su proceso no es bien comprendido todavia, especialmente en sus posibilidades de aplicacion a la educacion, considerandose el potencial de auxilio a la superacion de situaciones limites, en circunstancias traumaticas, sin que se pierda la condicion de continuidad de la vida. Esas consideraciones motivaron nuestro objetivo de abordar, en este estudio, perspectivas educacionales y estrategias de la Resiliencia. Usamos, entonces, la metodologia del ensayo para desarrollar los analisis, con los cuales construimos la argumentacion de este articulo. Palabras clave: Resiliencia. Educacion. Estrategias. Resilience and education: principlesand strategies Abstract Few terms , such as Resilience and Education, may have so significant and complementary ties in their contributions to the socio-educational humanformation. The relations and mutual contributions between Education, Resilienceand Human Rights bring relevant subsides to the principles and educational practices guided by the interest in the formation of resilient subjects. Though the psycho pedagogical literature contemplates the resilience,its process is not very well understood, especially in the possibility oapplying it to education, considering its potential of helping the overcoming of extreme situations, in traumatic circumstances, without losing the condition of the continuity of life. These considerations have motivated our aim of approaching, in this study, educational perspectives and strategies of Resilience. We have used, then, the methodology of an essay to develop the analysis in which we will construct the argumentation of this article. Keywords: Resilience. Education. Strategies.
The use of ethinyl estradiol in pregnancy

Abstract 1. 1. A standard dosage schedule of ethinyl estradiol, 0.5 mg. three times a day during pregnancy, will yield excellent fetal salvage with patients who have had previous abortions. 2. 2. This standard dosage schedule of ethinyl estradiol did not materially reduce the incidence of toxemia of pregnancy. 3. 3. A progressively increasing dosage schedule of ethinyl estradiol reduced the incidence of toxemia of pregnancy. 4. 4. Labor was approached with an effacing or effaced cervix and labor appeared to be more rapid.
Primary arterial ligation in resection of cancer of the colon: Rational and technic

The dynamics of arterial, venous, and lymphatic flow in the mesentery were studied in dogs, using an electromagnetic flowmeter for the blood and cannulation and gravimetric measurement for the lymph. Ligation of veins caused an increased venous outflow in adjacent veins and a marked increase in lymph flow. When marginal vessels were ligated, eliminating the major collateral flow, venous flow decreased, but elevated lymph flow persisted. Simultaneous ligation of arteries and veins resulted in increases of both arterial and venous flow in adjacent vessels. Lymph flow decreased unless excessive arterial collateral flow persisted. When collateral marginal vessel flow was occluded, adjacent venous and arterial blood flow decreased to control levels. With arterial ligation, collateral arterial blood flow increased slightly, but venous and lymph flow decreased sharply. When collateral marginal vessels were eliminated, adjacent arterial blood flow decreased to control levels and venous flow virtually stopped. As a result of these studies, the technic of early primary arterial ligation followed by marginal vessel ligation appears to be the most satisfactory procedure for decreasing venous and lymphatic outflow and hopefully avoiding dissemination of cancer cells during the operation. This technic is now being used as a modification of the "no touch" technic for cancer of the colon.
The effect of conference proceedings on the scholarly communication in Computer Science and Engineering

Conference papers have traditionally been a quick form of research communication, and an important source of information for scientists in addition to the standard journal papers. However, in the disciplines of Computer Science and Engineering, a vast majority of the peer-reviewed publications is communicated in the form of conference papers, and conference proceedings have become the primary channel of research communication in these disciplines. While this form of scholarly communication was effective for Computer Science as a young discipline, it introduces several limitations that make it non-optimal for a mature and established scientific field. These include the quality of the peer-reviewed work, selection of papers for publication, and also the efficacy of conferences as forums for expressing innovative and visionary ideas and providing opportunities for networking and meeting other researchers in the field. Here we review the differences between Computer Science and Engineering conference publications and the traditional journal publication used in other scientific disciplines, and discuss the effect of these differences on the scholarly communication in this field.
If the loop fits...

The structure of the yeast L30 ribosomal protein bound to its autoregulatory RNA site has been determined by NMR spectroscopy. The intricate architecture of the RNA internal loop and the structure of the binding region of the protein both are stabilized in the complex, highlighting the importance of mutually-induced fit in RNA–protein interactions.
Jim's language and the issue of race in Huckleberry Finn:

While many critics have considered how Jim is represented in Huckleberry Finn, few have approached the question of how he is characterized via an examination of his speech. This article looks specifically at phonological and grammatical features of Jim's speech to determine whether or not they correspond substantially to features of African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) documented by leading scholars. Using the LinguaLinks software program, it was possible to analyze Jim's speech in its entirety to the point where conclusions about characterization based on his language can conscientiously be made. The idea has been to look for occurrences of AAVE features in order to determine at least anecdotally whether Twain represents Jim's speech authentically, that is, in a way that indicates a real rather than stereotypical awareness of as well as sensitivity to real AAVE. Along with the analysis, the article continues with a discussion of attitudes towards social and regional variation of American English (A...
A service-oriented approach to mobile code security

Abstract Client software for modern service-oriented web architectures is often implemented as mobile code applets made available by service-providers. Protecting clients from malicious mobile code is therefore an important concern in these architectures; however, the burden of security enforcement is typically placed entirely on the client. This approach violates the service-oriented paradigm. A method of realizing mobile code security as a separate service in a service-oriented web architecture is proposed. The security service performs in-lined reference monitoring of untrusted Java binaries on-demand for client-specified security policies. An XML format for specifying these policies is outlined, and preliminary experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
Reversal of bacterial locomotion at an obstacle.

Recent experiments have shown large-scale dynamic coherence in suspensions of the bacterium B. subtilis, characterized by quorum polarity, collective parallel swimming of cells. To probe mechanisms leading to this, we study the response of individual cells to steric stress, and find that they can reverse swimming direction at spatial constrictions without turning the cell body. The consequences of this propensity to flip the flagella are quantified by measurements of the inward and outward swimming velocities, whose asymptotic values far from the constriction show near perfect symmetry, implying that ``forwards'' and ``backwards'' are dynamically indistinguishable, as with E. coli.
Seizure predictors and control after microsurgical resection of supratentorial arteriovenous malformations in 440 patients.

Background Seizures are a common symptom of supratentorial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and uncontrolled epilepsy can considerably reduce patient quality of life. Potential risk factors for epilepsy in patients with AVMs are poorly understood, and the importance of achieving freedom from seizures in their surgical treatment remains underappreciated. Objective To characterize risks factors for preoperative seizures and factors associated with postoperative freedom from seizures in patients with surgically resected supratentorial AVMs. Methods We analyzed prospectively collected patient data for 440 patients who underwent microsurgical resection of supratentorial AVMs at our institution. Results Among 440 patients with supratentorial AVMs, 130 (30%) experienced preoperative seizures, and 23 (18%) with seizures progressed to medically refractory epilepsy. Seizures were associated with a history of AVM hemorrhage (relative risk, 6.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.81-11.6), male sex (relative risk, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.26-3.39), and frontotemporal lesion location (relative risk, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.05-2.93). After resection, 96% of patients had a modified Engel class I outcome, characterized by freedom from seizures (80%) or only 1 postoperative seizure (16%; mean follow-up, 20.7 ± 2.3 months). Comparable rates of postoperative seizures were seen in patients with (7%) or without (3%) preoperative seizures. AVMs with deep artery perforators were significantly associated with postoperative seizures (hazard ratio, 4.35; 95% CI, 1.61-11.7). Conclusion In the microsurgical treatment of supratentorial AVMs, hemorrhage, male sex, and frontotemporal location are associated with higher rates of preoperative seizures, whereas deep artery perforators are associated with postoperative seizures. Achieving freedom from seizure is an important goal that can be achieved in the surgical treatment of AVMs because epilepsy can significantly diminish patient quality of life.
Barometric pressure measurements from buoys during AIDJEX 1972

Electrical readout aneroid pressure sensors were used on two types of buoys which were deployed in an array around the main camp during AIDJEX 1972 to obtain barometric pressure measurements. Laboratory tests prior to the field experiment showed that the calibration of the sensors shifted when they were exposed to normal handling and room temperatures. Corrections for these shifts were obtained by visiting the buoys after installation with portable pressure standards which were referenced to a mercury barometer in the main camp. The corrections ranged from a few tenths of a millibar up to, in one case, 17 mb. Comparison of the portable standards and the mercury barometer revealed significant errors in the mercury barometer readings caused by temperature fluctuations, and a calibration drift in one of the portable standards. The calibrations are probably accurate to a few tenths of a millibar. Comparison of duplicate pressure observations when both types of buoys were at each site shows a relative precision of about 0.1 mb, which is better than the relative precision of the standards. An observation of an unusual pressure feature was confirmed by duplicate buoys at one site. Accuracies better than a few tenths of a millibar will require more work to improve the stability of sensors, to improve the field use of the standards, and possibly to eliminate the effects of dynamic pressure due to wind. An analysis of other error sources introduced in the use of pressure data should precede any effort to improve the measurement accuracy.
A laser-based monodisperse carbon fiber generator

Abstract A generator for delivering a controlled number of carbon fibers of prescribed uniform lengths for the purpose of on-line detector calibration is described. Results showed that it is feasible to generate carbon fibers from about 5 mm long down to 30 μm or less with an accuracy of approximately 5 μm.
Neurobiologic correlates of violence: relevance to criminal responsibility.

Studies addressing the relationship between neurotransmitter functioning and violent crime are reviewed. A rich literature exists to support the notion that monoamine (i.e., serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) neurotransmitter functioning is related to human aggressive behaviour. Results from these studies provide, at best, indirect evidence that neurotransmitter abnormalities are involved in violent criminal behavior. Few studies have specifically addressed the role of neurotransmitter functioning in violent crime. To illustrate how current knowledge in this area has been applied in forensic settings, a case study in which neurotransmitter functioning was introduced as evidence to support an insanity defense is presented. Potential problems associated with such defenses are discussed.
The Systematic Skill Training Model

Systematic Skill Training is an approach to practicum instruction and clinical research. Since the cornerstone to this anproach is the definition of practice skills, these definitions are described and illustrated in some detail. Feedback is also part of Systematic Skill Training and the means by which it is provided is also described.
The bingo model of survivorship. II: Statistical aspects of the bingo model of multiplicity 1 with application to hereditary polyposis of the colon

Some Mendelian disorders (Huntington chorea, hereditary polyposis coli) are not manifest at birth but show a distribution in the age of onset. Patients at risk fall into three groups. In type I, they are affected when first examined. In type II, they are not affected at one visit, but are at a later visit. Those of type III (who comprise an indistinguishable mixture of those who have, and those who have not, inherited the gene) are never found to be affected. This paper posits a model that the age of onset is logistic. (It is a degenerate bingo model in which competing causes of death may be ignored.) The statistical properties of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) are explored by Monte Carlo simulation of this logistic function with known arbitrary parameters. Two schemes are used: point-prevalence (or synchronic) data of types I and III, and piecewise longitudinal (diachronic) data; this allows all three types to be included. Samples of various sizes between 25 and 100 are used. While estimates of the parameters are positively biased (especially with small samples), the estimate of the mean appears to be consistent, almost unbiased, and fairly precise, though somewhat larger than the estimates from the lower bound (a fact that calls for some caution in interpreting actual data). The MLE was applied to 109 patients with the Gardner syndrome (GS); measures of variability found by applying MLE to four random subsets of 25 each were compared against the asymptotic estimates. The analysis was also applied to 36 persons with familial polyposis coli (FPC). The mean age of onset in GS and FPC was similar, and since they are rather earlier than is currently believed, it is recommended that regular supervision be started at not later than 10 years of age.
Maternally derived yolk testosterone enhances the development of the hatching muscle in the red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus

Hatching asynchrony in avian species often leads to the formation of a size hierarchy that places last-hatched nestlings at a significant disadvantage. The hatching muscle (musculus complexus) is responsible for breaking the shell during hatching and for dorsal flexion of the neck during begging. An increase in its strength in last-hatched nestlings could mitigate the effects of hatching asynchrony by reducing the time required for hatching or enhancing the effectiveness of begging for parentally delivered food or both. We have previously found that yolk testosterone concentration increases with laying order in the red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that yolk testosterone has anabolic effects on the development of the complexus, thereby influencing competition among asynchronously hatched nestlings. We found that both yolk testosterone concentration and relative complexus mass (complexus mass/nestling body mass) increased with laying order and that these two variables were positively correlated in both newly hatched nestlings and in two-day-old broods. Moreover, direct injections of testosterone into egg yolks resulted in an increase in relative complexus mass, while injections of flutamide, a testosterone antagonist, resulted in a decrease in relative complexus mass. Neither yolk testosterone concentration nor relative complexus mass differed between male and female nestlings.
Improving the bioconversion of plant biomass to biofuels: A multidisciplinary approach

In 2010 our group reported the discovery of two cellodextrin transporter families, and soon after demonstrated the utility of these transporters in the production of lignocellulosic biofuel. These discoveries required diverse insights from multiple research groups, highlighting the need for multidisciplinary teams to tackle the most pressing research problems in bioenergy.
Similarities in the plasma wake of the moon and space shuttle

As a result of the Wind spacecraft encounters with the moon, a new view of the lunar wake in the high-density solar wind plasma has emerged. Specifically, the lunar wake was considered to be magnetosonic in nature but is now demonstrated to be a kinetically driven structure filling in via ion sonic disturbances. The structure appears to be determined via kinetic plasma microinstabilities, rather than a bulk magnetohydrodynamic shock. Examining the specific structure, it becomes apparent that the lunar wake and that of the space shuttle have many similarities, suggesting that the shuttle wake is also driven via kinetic instabilities. Comparisons of the two wakes are presented in detail, illustrating the dominance of the kinetic phenomena in the replenishment of both plasma voids. The general concepts presented in this study have applications to other structures immersed in a plasma flow, including the space station.
Some Personality and Motivational Correlates of Children's Prosocial Behavior

Abstract The prosocial behavior of 76 male and female fourth-graders was investigated by observing their sharing, caring, and helping actions on the playground and by obtaining sociometric measures (peer nomination) of a variety of prosocial actions. Interrelations among all the prosocial acts were examined. Personal characteristics such as assertiveness, empathy, self-concept, value orientation, and moral-motivational reasoning based on role taking were also assessed. The number and pattern of significant correlations obtained among the observed prosocial behaviors, among the peer nominations, and between these two sets of scores indicated that, for girls, prosocial responding was moderately coherent, but that, for boys, caring, sharing, and helping were relatively independent domains. The hypotheses about the associations between prosocial behavior and personal characteristics were at least moderately supported. Sex differences in these relationships suggest that females' predominant prosocial responses...
STUDIES ON NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS II. BEHAVIOR OF THE VIRUS IN THE EMBRYO

The virus of Newcastle disease of chickens resembles those of the encephalitis group in its ability to spread throughout the developing egg and embryo, but it is similar to influenza virus in the high concentration of it found in the allantoic fluid before death. No effect of the size of the inoculum on the final titer of virus in the allantoic fluid was detected. Good growth occurred at temperatures from 35° to 41°C., apparently more rapid at 40°C. than at 35°C. No appreciable development of virus capable of agglutinating red cells but of low embryo infectivity was found. Although virus multiplication was not immediately perceptible after inoculation, this cannot on present evidence be attributed to a real lag phase.
A novel code attestation scheme against Sybil Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) due to their distributed nature are vulnerable to various external and insider attacks. Classic cryptographic measures do protect against external attacks to some extent but they fail to defend against insider attacks involving node compromise. A compromised node can be used to launch various attacks of which Sybil Attack is the most prominent. In this paper we carryout a detailed review and analysis of various defenses proposed against Sybil Attack. We identify their strengths and weaknesses and also propose a novel One Way Code Attestation Protocol (OWCAP) for wireless sensors networks, which is an economical and a secure code attestation scheme that protects not only against Sybil Attack but also against majority of the insider attacks.
Absorption of carbaryl from the lung and small intestine of the rat

Abstract To investigate the pulmonary and intestinal absorption of the insecticide carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate; Sevin), solutions of the compound (0.005–0.1 m m ) were administered into the lungs or small intestine of anesthetized rats. After various times, the organs were removed and assayed for compound that remained. Percentage of the dose unabsorbed was plotted semilogarithmically against time, and absorption half-times ( t 1 2 ) were calculated from the resulting curves. Results indicated that carbaryl was absorbed from the lungs ( t 1 2 = 2.6 min ) 2.5 times faster than from the small intestine ( t 1 2 = 6.4 min ). In addition, pulmonary and intestinal absorption of the insecticide appeared to occur by a nonsaturable process such as diffusion, since the amount of compound absorbed per unit time was directly proportional to the administered concentration.
Connexin 26 and basic fibroblast growth factor are expressed primarily in the subpial and subependymal layers in adult brain parenchyma: roles in stem cell proliferation and morphological plasticity?

The gap junction protein connexin 26 (Cx26) has been detected previously in the parenchyma of the developing brain and in the developing and adult meninges, but there is no clear evidence for the presence of this connexin in adult brain parenchyma. Confocal mapping of Cx26 through serial sections of the meningeal-intact rat brain with four antibodies revealed an intense Cx26 immunoreactivity in both parenchyma and extraparenchyma. In the extraparenchyma, a continuum of Cx26-immunoreactive puncta was observed throughout the three meningeal layers, the perineurium of cranial nerves, and meningeal projections into the brain, including sheaths of blood vessels and stroma of the choroid plexus. In the parenchyma, Cx26-immunoreactive puncta were located primarily in subependymal, subpial, and perivascular zones and were associated primarily with glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP+) astrocytes, the nuclei of which are strongly immunoreactive for basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Although it was found to a lesser extent than in astrocytes, bFGF immunoreactivity also was intense in the nuclei of meningeal fibroblasts. In addition, we have found a close correlation between the distribution of Cx26 and vimentin immunoreactivities in the meninges and their projections into the brain. We previously showed vimentin and S100beta immunoreactivities through a network of meningeal fibroblasts in the three layers of meninges, perivascular cells, and ependymocytes and in a population of astrocytes. The related topography of this network with GFAP+ astrocytes has also been demonstrated. Considering that connexin immunoreactivity may reflect the presence of functional gap junctions, the present results are consistent with our hypothesis that all of these various cell types may communicate in a cooperative network.
Potential Biomass Accumulation in Amazonian Regrowth Forests

Biomass accumulation in the secondary forests of abandoned pastures and slash-and-burn agricultural fallows is an important but poorly constrained component of the regional carbon budget for the Brazilian Amazon. Using empirical relationships derived from a global analysis, we predicted potential aboveground biomass accumulation (ABA) for the region's regrowth forests based on soil texture and climate data. For regrowth forests on nonsandy soils, the globally derived relationship provided a nearly unbiased linear predictor of Amazonian validation data consisting of 66 stands at seven sites; there was no significant difference between stands that regrew following use as pasture land and those that regrew following slash-and-burn agriculture. For regrowth forests on nonsandy soil, the 1 sigma error range of our ABA model was 58%–171% for the Amazonian validation data. For regrowth forests on sandy soils, the validation data were limited to 19 stands at one site, and the globally derived relationship was substantially biased multiplicatively and nonlinearly. Hence we developed a regional refinement by adding to our validation data ABA values from the two Amazonian sites with sandy soil that had previously been included in the global analysis. Based on a conservative jackknife goodness-of-fit assessment (leaving out one site at a time), we calculated a 1 sigma error range of 42%–158% for our sandy soil Amazonian regrowth forest ABA model. We present our predictions of potential regrowth forest ABA as a set of 0.5° resolution maps for the region at 5, 10, and 20 years following abandonment.
Canonical-ensemble approach to condensed boson systems

We illustrate how a condensed boson system may be treated in the framework of the canonical ensemble retaining the condensate operators as operators. It is easy to obtain from this method the results of what one might call the modified grand canonical ensemble in which one has a fixed μ and replaces the condensate operators by the c-number N120. The grand canonical ensemble in which one would retain the condensate operators as operators with a fixed μ is not appropriate for a condensed boson system. The proposed method of condensed boson many-body theory is on the same mathematical footing as that of a normal many-body theory. So one can apply those formulae known hitherto only for normal systems to a condensed boson system without any modification.
The emotional ramifications of unmet need in dementia caregiving

Using a unique measure of unmet need that taps into several dimensions of informal long-term care, the present study included data from 694 informal caregivers of persons suffering from dementia at...
Interactions between polynucleotides and platinum(II) complexes

Abstract Reaction of either cis or trans Pt(NH3)2Cl2 with poly(A) in dilute aqueous solution leads to quantitative precipitation of the polymer at Pt/nucleotide ratios above 0.5. It is proposed that at ratios less than this, intramolecular binding of one Pt to two bases is favored; at higher ratios, intermolecular cross-linking becomes important and precipitation results. The absence of isomer selectivity in precipitation implies that the biological specificity of the cis form results from a process other than cross-linking of polynucleotide strands. Other observations suggest that the coordinated ammonia of nucleotide-platinum(II) ammine complexes may be unusually labile.
Identification of Serpin Determinants of Specificity and Selectivity for Furin Inhibition through Studies of α1PDX (α1-Protease Inhibitor Portland)-Serpin B8 and Furin Active-site Loop Chimeras

α1-Protease inhibitor Portland (α1PDX) is an engineered serpin family inhibitor of the proprotein convertase (PC), furin, that exhibits high specificity but limited selectivity for inhibiting furin over other PC family proteases. Here, we characterize serpin B8, a natural inhibitor of furin, together with α1PDX-serpin B8 and furin-PC chimeras to identify determinants of serpin specificity and selectivity for furin inhibition. Replacing reactive center loop (RCL) sequences of α1PDX with those of serpin B8 demonstrated that both the P4–P1 RXXR recognition sequence as well as the P1′–P5′ sequence are critical determinants of serpin specificity for furin. Alignments of PC catalytic domains revealed four variable active-site loops whose role in furin reactivity with serpin B8 was tested by engineering furin-PC loop chimeras. The furin(298–300) loop but not the other loops differentially affected furin reactivity with serpin B8 and α1PDX in a manner that depended on the serpin RCL-primed sequence. Modeling of the serpin B8-furin Michaelis complex identified serpin exosites in strand 3C close to the 298–300 loop whose substitution in α1PDX differentially affected furin reactivity depending on the furin loop and serpin RCL-primed sequences. These studies demonstrate that RCL-primed residues, strand 3C exosites, and the furin(298–300) loop are critical determinants of serpin reactivity with furin, which may be exploited in the design of specific and selective α1PDX inhibitors of PCs.
Histologic study of healing after ab interno laser sclerostomy.

We examined the histologic characteristics of healing after ab interno laser sclerostomy in a human eye. A KTP 532 green laser coupled to a 300-μm quartz fiberoptic probe was used to create an ab interno sclerostomy in a terminally ill patient with pigmentary glaucoma. The intraocular pressure increased five days postoperatively and did not respond to medical treatment. The patient died six weeks postoperatively of metastatic lung cancer. Histopathologic analysis showed a patent 150-μm scleral lumen from the anterior chamber to the episclera, surrounded by a 300-μm zone of acellular thermal damage. There was no healing of the lumen. The subconjunctival end of the lumen was capped with a thick episcleral scar, which caused the failure of the operation.
A Radioimmunoassay for Serum and Urine Aldosterone by Celite Column Chromatography

Abstract A relatively simple and rapid radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the measurement of aldosterone in serum and urine has been developed. The method involves extraction of 1 ml of serum or urine (after acid hydrolysis) with dichloromethane, followed by partition chromatography on celite microcolumns prior to RIA. Dextran coated charcoal is used for separation of free from antibody-bound aldosterone. The method is very sensitive, blanks are negligible and recovery is approximately The%. 80 coefficient of variation is 4. 3% (within assay) and 10. 4% (between assay). When known amounts of aldosterone were added to serum and urine pools containing low endogenous levels of this steroid recovery was quantitative. Aldosterone concentrations measured under various physiological conditions were in agreement with published data. Up to 150 samples can be assayed by 1 technician during 5 working days.
Inverse geophysical and potential scattering on a small body

Simple and numerically stable approaches to approximate solution of inverse geophysical and potential scattering problems are described. The method we propose consists of two steps. Let {nu}(z) be the inhomogeneity (potential), and let D be its support, First, we find approximations to the zeroth moment (total intensity){integral}{sub D}{nu}(z)dz and the first moment (center of gravity) {integral}{sub D}z{nu}(z)/{integral}{sub D}{nu}(z)dz of the function {nu}(z). We call this step ``inhomogeneity localization``, because in many cases the center of gravity lies inside D or is located close to it. Second, we refine the above moments and find the tensor of the second central moments of {nu}(z). Using this information, we find an ellipsoid D and a real constant {nu}, such that the inhomogeneity (potential){nu}(z) = {nu}, z {epsilon} D, and {nu}(z) = 0, z {epsilon} D, fits best the scattering data and has the same zeroth, first, and second moments. We call this step ``approximate inversion``. The proposed method does not require any intensive computations, it is very simple to implement and it is relatively stable towards noise in the data.
News wire services in the nineteenth-century United States

Abstract News wire services were established in the United States in the mid-nineteenth century to gather and distribute news for local newspapers, using the new technology of the telegraph. With that early beginning in the era of electronic communication, the expansion of news wire services spans the change from a society of local communities to a more nationally integrated society. This paper assesses the importanceof changes in the medium's spatial organization which promoted national culture. The first wire services were local, ad hoc groups, organized to achieve greater efficiency in news-gathering. Formal services were first organized on a local basis, but in 1848 they began to sell news to the major urbanized portions of the United States. As the nation grew, the desire for greater efficiency conflicted with the desire for greater autonomy. Regional wire services persisted from the 1860s to the 1880s but after the 1880s, a tenuous national organization was achieved, cementing itself into a national system after the turn of the century. Efficiency in news collection was the primary reason for the increasing scale of news collecting groups. Each step toward larger spatial coverage, fed the growth of a complex interdependent urban system.
Neutrino models of dark energy

I consider a scenario proposed by Fardon, Nelson, and Weiner where dark energy and neutrinos are connected. As a result, neutrino masses are not constant but depend on the neutrino number density. By examining the full equation of state for the dark sector, I show that in this scenario the dark energy is equivalent to having a cosmological constant, but one that 'runs' as the neutrino mass changes with temperature. Two examples are examined that illustrate the principal features of the dark sector of this scenario. In particular, the cosmological constant is seen to be negligible for most of the evolution of the Universe, becoming important only when neutrinos become nonrelativistic. Some speculations on features of this scenario which might be present in a more realistic theory are also presented.
Adaptive Response for Exponential Smoothing: Comparative System Analysis

In effectively applying general exponential smoothing, a central requirement is the use of a proper parameter-a proper rate of discounting past information. Since a single value for the parameter is inefficient under varying demand conditions, several methods to adjust the parameter adaptively have been developed. This paper contains an analysis and comparison of these methods.
Safety and cost of outpatient radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathway in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia

Abstract Radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentrant tachycardia has been shown to be an effective and safe treatment and to have a significant cost advantage over other forms of therapy. 1 In studies reported to date, patients were hospitalized for 2 to 10 days after slow pathway ablation to monitor for possible complications or a recurrence of the tachycardia. 2,3 A previous study reported that radiofrequency ablation of accessory pathways can be performed safely on an outpatient basis, 4 but no prior studies evaluated the safety of outpatient radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathway in patients with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and cost of performing radiofrequency catheter ablation of the slow AV nodal pathway on an outpatient basis.