cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Halal Food: A History: By Febe Armanios and Bogac Ergene. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. 400 pp. $29.95 cloth

Febe Armanios and Bogac Ergene’s Halal Food is an expansive overview of halal food beginning with the Islamic origins in Quranic scripture to contemporary discussions of the social construction of ...
What Is Student Agency and Why Is It Needed Now More than Ever

In this article, research tracing the historical progression of agency within recent educational reforms and empirical research from a variety of classrooms (geographic regions and grade levels) is...
Sensitive and interference-immune formaldehyde diagnostic for high-temperature reacting gases using two-color laser absorption near 5.6 µm

Abstract In this work we present a novel two-color differential absorption diagnostic near 5.6 μ m using an external-cavity quantum-cascade-laser (EC-QCL) for formaldehyde (CH2O) detection in high-temperature reacting gases. This diagnostic utilizes the narrow mid-infrared absorption features of CH2O in the R branch of the C=O stretching band. Specifically, the online and offline colors were chosen as 1787.05 cm-1 and 1787.85 cm-1, respectively. Compared to the previous Stanford work that targeted the 3.5 μ m band of CH2O, this new diagnostic achieved higher sensitivity, better species selectivity and immunity to interference absorption from other combustion gases, especially small hydrocarbons (e.g. methane). Absorption cross sections of CH2O at the two colors were measured in shock-heated 1,3,5-trioxane/argon mixtures over a wide range of temperatures and pressures: 870 K ≤ T ≤ 1800 K, 0.7 atm ≤ P ≤ 4.5 atm. These cross section measurements were further expressed as analytical functions of temperature and pressure with 2σ statistical uncertainties of ± 4.9%. Initial application of the diagnostic was demonstrated in a shock tube study of the thermal decomposition of methanol/argon mixture at 1427 K and 2.77 atm, where the measured CH2O time-history was compared with simulations from multiple combustion mechanisms. We expect this new diagnostic to be useful in future combustion studies.
Análisis jurídico y crítica de cláusulas de excepción entre el Reglamento Roma I y II.

EEl presente trabajo se propone despues de un examen preliminar necesario sobre la terminologia y el nivel de clasificacion para analizar las clausulas en cuestion en virtud de la legislacion de la UE y la jurisprudencia a nivel convencional. En esta reconstruccion sera necesario identificar no solo el contenido y el alcance de los datos normativos, sino tambien comprender, en la medida de lo posible, con referencias practicas, las hipotesis que pueden justificar y concretar concretamente la no aplicacion de la regla de conflicto destinada a Funcionan en general, asi como el uso de la clausula de excepcion.
The role of Fe3+ ions in fluorescence detection of H2S by a bimetallic metal-organic framework

Abstract A novel bimetallic MOF (i.e., FexAl1-x-MIL) with fluorescence quenching in the probe, was constructed to detect H2S based on a “turn-on” effect in an aqueous system. Interestingly, a trace amount of Al3+ replaced by Fe3+ in the parent MOF Al-MIL-53-NH2 causes significant fluorescence quenching in the bimetallic MOF, which is attributed to the strong ligand to metal charge transfer between unpaired electrons in Fe3+ and π-conjugated BDC-NH2 ligands. After H2S treatment, a fluorescence augmentation was observed, with a good linear relationship between H2S concentration (0–38.46 ​μM) and fluorescence intensity, indicating that Fe0.05Al0.95-MIL could be used for quantitative H2S detection. Particularly, Fe3+ in the bimetallic MOF seized by S2− facilitated the partial degradation and subsequent release of BDC-NH2 ligands, which were determined to be real fluorophores that contributed to the fluorescence enhancement. This study offers new insights into the luminescent bimetallic MOF design and would expand its application in chemical sensing.
Augmented Reality for Infrastructure Inspection with Semi-autonomous Aerial Systems: An Examination of User Performance, Workload, and System Trust

The use of augmented reality (AR) with drones in infrastructure inspection can increase human capabilities by helping workers access hard-to-reach areas and supplementing their field of view with useful information. Still unknown though is how these aids impact performance when they are imperfect. A total of 28 participants flew as an autonomous drone while completing a target detection task around a simulated bridge. Results indicated significant differences between cued and un-cued trials but not between the four cue types: none, bounding box, corner-bound box, and outline. Differences in trust amongst the four cues indicate that participants may trust some cue styles more than others.
Representing future generations in the deliberative valuation of ecosystem services

Even though decisions taken today about managing ecosystem services are likely to have an effect on future generations’ well-being, decision making is based largely on current generations’ values, including altruistic concern for posterity. Deliberative forms of citizen engagement can provide a methodological framework for incorporating sustainability considerations in the valuation task and for understanding the reasoning behind peoples’ choices. This paper uses a deliberative form of citizen engagement to better understand the temporal dimensions of social values by incorporating into the valuation task two plausible future scenarios and assigning to the participants the role of trustees for future generations. In particular, we employed the deliberative multicriteria evaluation (DMCE) method with eleven groups in which a total of 67 participants assessed the relative importance of ten ecosystem services in the Upper Merrimack River watershed in New Hampshire. Our results suggest that a deliberative form of citizen engagement provides the appropriate space for incorporating intergenerational concerns into decision making. Participants set environmental targets by prioritizing the satisfaction of basic human needs, securing human and environmental health, and avoiding the loss of ecosystem services that cannot be substituted and may lead to irreversible future losses. This finding suggests that when preferences are socially constructed, then ethical values underpin valuations, making it possible to integrate ecosystem service tradeoffs into environmental decisions in a manner that respects the environmental rights of future generations.
Dissociation and the Unconscious Mind: Nineteenth-Century Perspectives on Mediumship

There is a long history of discussions of mediumship as related to dissociation and the unconscious mind during the Nineteenth Century. After an overview of relevant ideas and observations from the mesmeric, hypnosis, and spiritualistic literatures, I focus on the writings of Jules Baillarger, Alfred Binet, Paul Blocq, Theodore Flournoy, Jules Hericourt, William James, Pierre Janet, Ambroise August Liebeault, Frederic W.H. Myers, Julian Ochorowicz, Charles Richet, Hippolyte Taine, Paul Tascher, and Edouard von Hartmann. While some of their ideas reduced mediumship solely to intra-psychic processes, others considered as well veridical phenomena. The speculations of these individuals, involving personation, and different memory states, were part of a general interest in the unconscious mind, and in automatisms, hysteria, and hypnosis during the period in question. Similar ideas continued into the Twentieth Century.
Income differentials in the police and taxation departments’ employees in Peshawar

The study examines wage-risk relationship among the employees of police and Excise and Taxation Departments in Peshawar, Pakistan. The city paid the highest price in the countries’ war-on-terror with the largest death toll and miseries of inhabitants belonging to all walks of life. Working in police is considered risky whereas, employment in Excise and Taxation Department is non-risky. The salary structures are similar in both the bureaus except for receipts due to facing on-job hazards. Primary data are collected from Peshawar city through structured questionnaires and a Probit risk selection model is estimated for both the organizations to assess the effects of injury compensations and social security packages provided to the employees. Inverse-Mills-ratio is calculated through the model estimation and incorporated into the hedonic wage models separately for both departments. Inverse-Mills-ratio is induced to reduce the sample selection bias. Furthermore, Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition analysis is employed for comparing incomes in the departments to find the difference between the incomes of the respondents. The employed methodology enables us to decompose the differential into explained and unexplained parts. The study finds that higher injury compensations and social security packages are provided to employees in risky jobs, which is consistent with the theory.
Risk factors for mortality in COVID-19 patients in a community teaching hospital.

As of December 2020, there were over 450,000 confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in New York City (NYC) with approximately 25,000 deaths. Previous literature identified advanced age, higher severity of illness, elevated inflammatory biomarkers, acute organ dysfunction, comorbidities, and presentation from long-term care facility as risk factors for mortality in patients from Wuhan, China, and the United States. Additional studies conducted in NYC are warranted to confirm these findings. The objective of this study was to assess the risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients with confirmed COVID-19 infections. This was a retrospective case-control study at The Brooklyn Hospital Center, a 464-bed community teaching hospital. Adult patients with a confirmed COVID-19 infection and who received at least 24 h of COVID-19 therapy were included. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Two-hundred and eighty four patients were included, of whom 95 (33.5%) were nonsurvivors and 189 (66.5%) patients were survivors. Multivariate analysis showed higher in-hospital mortality with advanced age (odds ratio [OR] 6.476; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.827-22.953), presentation from long-term care facility (OR 4.259; 95% CI 1.481-12.250), elevated total bilirubin (OR 4.947; 95% CI 1.048-23.350), vasopressor initiation (OR 36.262; 95% CI 5.319-247.216), and development of renal failure (OR 36.261; 95% CI 2.667-493.046). Risk factors associated with mortality for patients with COVID-19 in a community teaching hospital included advanced age, vasopressor initiation, development of renal failure, elevated total bilirubin, and presentation from long-term care facility.
What's ‘SUP’ with paddlers? Integrating spatial, social, and ecological data to understand behavior among paddlesport users at a popular lake destination

Abstract Non-motorized, water-based recreation (e.g., paddlesports) represents one of the most sought after outdoor activities in U.S. Parks and Protected Areas (PPA). Among paddling options, stand-up paddleboarding represents the activity with the highest levels of growth. However, stand-up paddleboarding has yet to be spatially examined in a PPA setting. This research paired GPS-tracking data of paddlesport users with corresponding social and environmental information to build a robust understanding of paddlesport behavior and experience in PPA. Statistical classification procedures revealed distinctions in movement across paddling activity types, highlighting implications for resource protection and visitor flow management. Integrating spatial and non-spatial data identified numerous drivers and impacts of paddlesport use: the motivation to escape corresponded to traveling further distances, while higher group sizes and prolonged shoreline exposure aligned with concentrated use levels near parking lots and facilities. Results broaden our knowledge of recreationist movement and experience, and add to a growing body of PPA research that incorporates mixed method spatial approaches to research designs. Furthermore, these findings contribute novel information on paddlesport spatial behavior in PPAs, especially given the emergent introduction of stand-up paddleboarding.
From Sequential Specifications to Eventual Consistency

We address a fundamental issue of interfaces that arises in the context of cloud computing. We define what it means for a replicated and distributed implementation satisfy the standard sequential specification of the data structure. Several extant implementations of replicated data structures already satisfy the constraints of our definition. We describe how the algorithms discussed in a recent survey of convergent or commutative replicated datatypes [17] satisfy our definition. We show that our definition simplifies the programmer task significantly for a class of clients who conform to the CALM principle [10].
The Unidentified Saints of Misperception

she forget their former, unmirrored shapes. They try to escape from each other but this is the funhouse and the terrible children are everywhere. She will remember, vaguely, a meadow and he will recall a piano, but the two of them are too confused to recognize the real door. The door marked Exit leads to a room where they roam slowly, trapped gargantuas. Oh, they were in love once and once the rooms were all the right size. He sat at the piano playing Satie and the music made winter at the window go away, made a meadow appear with French cows grazing calmly on the lawn, pretty as porcelain milk pitchers. Play The Blue Danube, she said, please. Play something so lovely that even the most awkward, ordinary angel will not be afraid to enter.
On an Elementary Derivation of the Hamilton-Jacobi Equation from the Second Law of Newton

It is shown that for a relativistic particle moving in an electromagnetic field its equations of motion written in a form of the second law of Newton can be reduced with the help of elementary operations to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. The derivation is based on a possibility of transforming the equation of motion to a completely antisymmetric form. Moreover, by perturbing the Hamilton-Jacobi equation we obtain the principle of least action.\ The analogous procedure is easily extended to a general relativistic motion of a charged relativistic particle in an electromagnetic field. It sis also shown that the special-relativistic Hamilton-Jacobi equation for a free particle allows one to easily demonstrate the wave-particle duality inherent to this equation and, in addition, to obtain the operators of the four-momentum whose eigenvalues are the classical four-momentum
Regulation of dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction activity in Shewanella putrefaciens

Under anaerobic conditions, Shewanella putrefaciens is capable of respiratory-chain-linked, high-rate dissimilatory iron reduction via both a constitutive and inducible Fe(III)-reducing system. In the presence of low levels of dissolved oxygen, however, iron reduction by this microorganism is extremely slow. Fe(II)-trapping experiments in which Fe(III) and O_2 were presented simultaneously to batch cultures of S. putrefaciens indicated that autoxidation of Fe(II) was not responsible for the absence of Fe(III) reduction. Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase with CN– resulted in a high rate of Fe(III) reduction in the presence of dissolved O_2, which suggested that respiratory control mechanisms did not involve inhibition of Fe(III) reductase activities or Fe(III) transport by molecular oxygen. Decreasing the intracellular ATP concentrations by using an uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol, did not increase Fe(III) reduction, indicating that the reduction rate was not controlled by the energy status of the cell. Control of electron transport at branch points could account for the observed pattern of respiration in the presence of the competing electron acceptors Fe(III) and O_2.
An Ancient Carbon Mystery

Sudden global warming 55 million years ago provides evidence for high climate sensitivity to atmospheric CO, but the source of the carbon remains enigmatic.
Echo state networks: appeal and challenges

The echo state network (ESN) has recently been proposed for modeling complex dynamic systems. The ESN is a sparsely connected recurrent neural network with most of its weights fixed a priori to randomly chosen values. The only trainable weights are those on links connected to the outputs. The ESN can demonstrate remarkable performance after seemingly effortless training. This brief paper discusses ESN in a broader context of applications of recurrent neural networks (RNN) and highlights challenges on the road to practical applications.
Large Scale Active Networks Simulation

With the addition of user-controllable computing capabilities to conventional data networks, the network can no longer be perceived as a passive conveyor of bits. It transforms into a generic computational engine or an “active network”. While such capabilities open up many exciting possibilities for network designers, simulation of such large scale high-performance networks is exacerbated by a number of issues. Issues such as scalability and expressibility, will be addressed by the simulator designer as simulation requires the designer to “implement” models of the active networks systems. This paper proposes the use of a parallel simulation (using relaxed synchronization strategies, such as Time Warp) environment to accurately simulate the behavior and profile the performance of large scale, active networks.
A Concise History of Bolivia: CREATING A MULTIETHNIC DEMOCRACY, 1982–2002

The forced resignation of the last military junta in September 1982, and the decision to recall the congress that was elected in 1980, finally brought an end to the era of military authoritarian regimes. This reconstituted congress immediately elected Hernan Siles Zuazo to the presidency in August 1982. In one stroke, the democratic political system was revived. On the left was Siles Zuazo, the leader of the reconstituted progressive wing of the MNR, who was allied with traditional labor leaders of the COB, newer peasant leaders, various parties of the left, and the important MIR group of radical intellectuals led by Jaime Paz Zamora, who became his vice president. To the right and center were the parties that had run in the original 1979 and 1980 elections, all now well developed political forces that would dominate the national political scene for the next decade. In the center was the historic MNR – led by Victor Paz Estenssoro – which incorporated both the older center and right of the party and a group of older Indian leaders who, although they had become independent of the MNR, still gave strong support to Paz Estenssoro. Finally there was the ADN (Accion Democratica Nacionalista), the party that was founded by Banzer at the end of his military rule, and that he then expanded in April 1979 to include elements of the old Falange as well as the reconstituted PIR.
In vitro depolymerization of lignin by manganese peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Abstract Homogeneous manganese peroxidase catalyzed the in vitro partial depolymerization of four different 14C-labeled synthetic lignin preparations. Gel permeation profiles demonstrated significant depolymerization of 14C-sidechain-labeled syringyl lignin, a 14C-sidechain-labeled syringyl-guaiacyl copolymer (angiosperm lignin), and depolymerization of 14C-sidechain- and 14C-ring-labeled guaiacyl lignins (gymnosperm lignin). 3,5-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone, 3,5-dimethoxy-1,4-hydroquinone, and syringylaldehyde were identified as degradation products of the syringyl and syringyl-guaiacyl lignins. These results suggest that manganese peroxidase plays a significant role in the depolymerization of lignin by Phanerochaete chrysosporium .
The effects of usability and web design attributes on user preference for e-commerce web sites

This study examines the relationships among perceived usability before actual use, task completion time, and preference, and the effects of design attributes on user preference for e-commerce web sites. Nine online bookstore web sites were used by ten participants. Results indicate: (1) pre-use usability and task completion time were correlated; (2) the relationship between pre-use usability and preference was greater than that of task completion time and preference; (3) design attribute assessments after actual use were highly intercorrelated; and (4) organizational structure and layout had a greater effect on user preference than aesthetic aspects, such as color and typography. These findings can be used to construct a conceptual framework for understanding user preferences and to develop design guidelines to yield more highly preferred e-commerce web sites. Also, the methodology in this study can be applied to other computerized-applications.
Postnatal Development of Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin: Effects of Thyroxine*

The aim of this study was to examine the temporal and dose characteristics of the corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) response to T4 and to determine whether this response is due to stimulation of hepatic biosynthesis of CBG. When n-propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroid pups were given a single injection of T4 (0.1 μug/g BW) on postnatal day 5, 6, or 7, only pups treated on day 7 showed a significant increase in CBG. In a T4 dose-response study conducted with 5- and 8- day-old pups, older pups exhibited maximum CBG concentrations (Rmax) which were 2.5-fold higher than those of younger pups. The D½ (dose required to elicit half the maximum response) values were similar at both ages. The effect of T4 withdrawal on serum CBG was also studied in PTU-treated pups. T4 injection on postnatal days 5–19 resulted in a progressive rise in CBG. In pups treated with T4 on days 5–9 and then withdrawn from treatment through day 20, serum CBG showed no further increase but was maintained at an elevated level. Usin...
Lack of genotoxicity with beta-carotene

A literature review was conducted on adverse effects of carotenoids on human and animal development. The data suggest that beta-carotene administration prevented genetic damage caused by mutagens both in bacterial and cell culture systems, and that large doses of pure beta-carotene do not cause embryotoxicity in rodents. In addition, studies of individuals with congenitally high levels of plasma carotenoids and babies born carotenemic because of their mothers' intake of large amounts of carotenoid-containing foods during pregnancy reveal no abnormalities attributable to the carotenoid molecule.
Using non-cooperative games to simulate ethical tensions in climate policy negotiations

Successfully implementing a system of global compliance to mitigate climate change requires collective, social decision making that is unprecedented among people with radically different values and radically different needs. Our novel pedagogy in sustainability ethics teaches future professionals about complex moral problems in a way that leverages their interests in experiment and experience through the use of non-cooperative game theory. This approach emphasizes active, participatory, and experiential learning that is intended to more deeply immerse students in questions of fairness, justice, and equity in the context of sustainability. Through testing the games and preparing complimentary educational material, we have found that the developed non-cooperative games are particularly effective at replicating the ethical tensions surrounding the issue of climate change. This method of teaching ethics may prime students to participate in more effective group deliberation in real-world policy negotiations.
Does Display Format Really Affect Decision Quality

Montazemi's (1991) rejoinder to criticisms contained in the article by Schau- broeck and Muralidhar (1991) renews an earlier call to search for moderators of the relative effectiveness of tabular and graphic formats. We reiterate our meta-analytic conclusions, which indicate that such a search is ill advised, and rebut various claims made by Montazemi.
Infinite susceptibility phase in planar random-anisotropy magnets.

A Monte Carlo algorithm has been used to study the random-anisotropy model with two-component spins on simple cubic lattices, in the strong anisotropy limit. The magnetic susceptibility diverges at a temperature of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$/J=1.91\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, but no singular behavior is observable in the specific heat near ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The two-spin correlation function at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is described by a critical exponent \ensuremath{\eta}=0.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04. The magnetization of the ground state of a lattice of size L is approximately 1/[0.37 ln(L)+1] per spin. At t=0 the value of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{1}$ is -0.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06, which agrees with small-angle neutron-scattering experiments on certain amorphous magnetic alloys.
Aqueous dissolved gas measurements using near-infrared Raman spectroscopy

Near-infrared Raman spectra of several gases dissolved in an aqueous medium have been acquired and analyzed for the first time. Spectra of dissolved and gaseous CO2, SO2, N2O, dimethyl ether, and O2 are presented and compared. Raman-forbidden bands in the spectrum of gaseous dimethyl ether are observed in the dissolved spectrum; this result can be explained by relaxed selection rules due to lowered symmetry. Raman scattering enhancements in the dissolved phase are measured and shown to compare well with a theoretical prediction accounting for internal field enhancements in water. Dissolved CO2 is measured quantitatively at concentrations from 0 to 250 Torr with the use of the method of partial least-squares, with an average prediction error of 12 Torr.
New series representations for Jacobi's triple product identity and more via the q-Markov method

We derive new series representations for Jacobi@?s triple product identity, the q-binomial theorem, q-analogs of the exponential function, and more with several special cases using the q-Markov-WZ method.
Efficient solutions of linear equations with banded Toeplitz matrices

Using the structure of the inverse of a Toeplitz matrix and some simplifications resulting when the Toeplitz matrix is banded, algorithms for the solution of a set of n linear equations involving Such a matrix are obtained. The algorithm, like Gaussian elimination, requires O(n) arithmetic operations.
Self diffusion in magnesium oxide

Abstract Quantitative measurements were made of the shrinkage rate of dislocation loops, b = 1 2 [ 101 ] , which were near the center of the foil. The effect of loop to sink distance on the rate of climb has been directly confirmed. A value of 110,000 ± 4200 cal / mole for the activation energy for bulk diffusion and (1.37 ± 0.26 × 10 −2 cm 2 sec for the pre-exponential factor were obtained. Comparison of these results with tracer and electrical conductivity measurements suggests that oxygen ion diffusion is the rate controlling process for dislocation climb.
Biosynthesis of triphosphoinositide in rat kidney cortex.

Abstract An enzyme, diphosphoinositide (DPI) kinase, that catalyzes the phosphorylation of DPI by γ −32 P-ATP to form labeled triphosphoinositide (TPI) has been found to be predominantly localized in the plasma membrane fraction from rat kidney cortex. The isolated plasma membrane fraction when compared with the homogenates showed a 15-fold increase in DPI kinase activity. The enzyme required added Mg 2+ for full activity and was inhibited by Cu 2+ or Hg 2+ . The apparent K m for DPI was calculated to be 1.43 × 10 −4 m and for ATP, 2.5 × 10 −3 m at 15 m m MgCl 2 . An excess amount of either substrate (DPI or ATP) caused an inhibition of the enzyme activity. The inhibitory effect of excess ATP could be overcome by an increase of Mg 2+ concentration in the assay medium. The enzyme activity was considerably decreased by EDTA (Tris salt) at concentrations above 2 m m in the presence of 15 m m MgCl 2 . It was inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, such as N -ethylmaleimide (1 m m ) and p -chloromercuribenzoic acid (0.2 m m ). In addition, reduced glutathione (1 m m ) and cysteine (1 m m ) exerted an inhibitory effect. NaCl (100 m m ) and KCl (100 m m ) reduced the formation of TPI, while NH 4 Cl (50 m m ) and LiCl (50 m m ) were stimulatory. Both reaction products, ADP (1–3 m m ) and TPI (0.2–1 m m ), lowered the kinase activity. In the presence of detergents (nonionic or cationic), the enzyme activity was impaired.
Thermodynamics of lattice disorder of β' PdIn phase

Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to determine the vapor pressure of indium in equilibrium with solid $beta$' Pd--In alloys at 1043$sup 0$K. Thermodynamic activity, relative partial molar properties, and excess properties of indium were calculated. Lattice parameters also were determined for the alloys from Debye--Scherrer patterns, which indicated the type of defect in this CsCl phase to be palladium substitutionals and palladium vacancies. The experimental activities were compared with those calculated from Libowitz's equations. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment was obtained for a defect concentration of 8.14 x 10$sup -4$. The defect parameters of $beta$' PdIn are comparable to those obtained in the case of CsCl phases of other transition metal systems. (auth)
Musculoskeletal: what's different in children? Playing on the couch, fell from couch, favoring left upper extremity.

This 20-month-old female was playing on the couch next to her mother and fell from the couch onto a ceramic tile floor. She landed first on her right arm and then bumped the back of her head. She cried afterwards but had no loss of consciousness, no seizure activity, and no vomiting. However, since she was favoring and protecting her left arm, her mother brought her to our Urgent Care Clinic. Upon arrival, no neurologic findings related to the head injury were detected, but it was clear that the patient did not want to move the left arm. In addition, there was some swelling around the elbow, but the remainder of her physical examination was normal. Radiographs of the left elbow were obtained (Fig. 1). Do you see a fracture?
A systematic approach to postoperative management of deceased donor kidney transplant patients with a clinical pathway.

Context—Clinical pathways have been used in many acute hospital settings.Objectives—To develop a systematic approach to postoperative care of adult recipients of deceased donor kidney transplants at the University of Mississippi Medical Center.Design and Setting—A pilot quality improvement project that uses implementation of a clinical pathway 24 hours after surgery for adult recipients of a deceased donor kidney transplant for 7 months. Charts from the same 7 months of the preceding year were retrospectively reviewed for comparison. The project occurred on the transplant floor in an acute care hospital and did not include any patients admitted to the intensive care unit.Main Outcome Measures—To demonstrate that clinical pathways can (1) promote a method for standardizing postoperative care, (2) decrease postoperative length of stay, and (3) contain costs by minimizing hospital charges related to laboratory and room fees and promote efficient medication use in adult recipients of a deceased donor kidney t...
Efficient summary statistical representation when change localization fails.

People are sensitive to the summary statistics of the visual world (e.g., average orientation/speed/facial expression). We readily derive this information from complex scenes, often without explicit awareness. Given the fundamental and ubiquitous nature of summary statistical representation, we tested whether this kind of information is subject to the attentional constraints imposed by change blindness. We show that information regarding the summary statistics of a scene is available despite limited conscious access. In a novel experiment, we found that while observers can suffer from change blindness (i.e., not localize where change occurred between two views of the same scene), observers could nevertheless accurately report changes in the summary statistics (or “gist”) about the very same scene. In the experiment, observers saw two successively presented sets of 16 faces that varied in expression. Four of the faces in the first set changed from one emotional extreme (e.g., happy) to another (e.g., sad) in the second set. Observers performed poorly when asked to locate any of the faces that changed (change blindness). However, when asked about the ensemble (which set was happier, on average), observer performance remained high. Observers were sensitive to the average expression even when they failed to localize any specific object change. That is, even when observers could not locate the very faces driving the change in average expression between the two sets, they nonetheless derived a precise ensemble representation. Thus, the visual system may be optimized to process summary statistics in an efficient manner, allowing it to operate despite minimal conscious access to the information presented.
Quantitative-profiling of bile acids and their conjugates in mouse liver, bile, plasma, and urine using LC-MS/MS

The differences among individual bile acids (BAs) in eliciting different physiological and pathological responses are largely unknown because of the lack of valid and simple analytical methods for the quantification of individual BAs and their taurine and glycine conjugates. Therefore, a simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of 6 major BAs, their glycine, and taurine conjugates in mouse liver, bile, plasma, and urine was developed and validated. One-step sample preparation using solid-phase extraction (for bile and urine) or protein precipitation (for plasma and liver) was used to extract BAs. This method is valid and sensitive with a limit of quantification ranging from 10 to 40 ng/ml for the various analytes, has a large dynamic range (2500), and a short run time (20 min). Detailed BA profiles were obtained from mouse liver, plasma, bile, and urine using this method. Muricholic acid (MCA) and cholic acid (CA) taurine conjugates constituted more than 90% of BAs in liver and bile. BA concentrations in liver were about 300-fold higher than in plasma, and about 180-fold higher in bile than in liver. In summary, a reliable and simple LC-MS/MS method to quantify major BAs and their metabolites was developed and applied to quantify BAs in mouse tissues and fluids.
The PRIME Lab external research program

Abstract PRIME Lab has a multidisciplinary external research program with projects in geomorphology, hydrology, ocean science, planetary science, environmental science and biology.
Quality assessment of buccal versus blood genomic DNA using the Affymetrix 500 K GeneChip.

Background With the advent of genome-wide genotyping, the utility of stored buccal brushes for DNA extraction and genotyping has been questioned. We sought to describe the genomic DNA yield and concordance between stored buccal brushes and blood samples from the same individuals in the context of Affymetrix 500 K Human GeneChip genotyping.
Full-Wave Theory Applied to Computer-Aided Graphics for 3D Objects

Modele mathematique pour la reflexion de la lumiere par une surface metallique. On tient compte de la totalite de la representation spectrale du champ diffuse, donc de la reflexion speculaire et diffuse
Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway targeted therapy in patients with aerodigestive malignancies.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review will describe progress in the utilization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors in the treatment of nonsmall-cell lung cancer and the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Recent findings regarding clinical activity as well as markers associated with sensitivity to these agents will be reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS The EGFR pathway plays a crucial role in human carcinogenesis by contributing to relevant processes in tumor development and progression, including cell proliferation, differentiation, regulation of apoptotic cell death, metastatic potential, and blood vessel formation. Anti-EGFR agents include monoclonal antibodies that target the EGFR extracellular receptor domain, and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors that target the EGFR intracellular domain. Both strategies have demonstrated encouraging results as monotherapies and in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy in areodigestive malignancies. SUMMARY These dramatic successes have led to further clinical studies of EGFR targeted therapy in aerodigestive malignancies, making a significant impact on the clinical care of patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
Oxygen Deficiency and Hydrogen Turn ZnO Red

The effect of hydrogen on ZnO while annealing at 1370 K under oxygen-poor conditions with excess Zn vapor or Ti metal is studied. ZnO turns red only when hydrogen is present in a complex with oxygen vacancies. A practical method is described to remove hydrogen from ZnO in a sealed ampoule and to bind it to Ti metal. Hydrogen coupled to an oxygen vacancy is the simplest defect to explain the observations. The coloration is reversible at 1370 K by adding or removing hydrogen, consistent with an activation energy >1.5 eV. In red ZnO Hall data show a shallow donor level around 45 meV.
Dependence of levitation force on frequency of an oscillating magnetic levitation field in a bulk YBCO superconductor

Abstract The dependence of the magnetic field strength required for levitation of a melt textured, single domain YBCO superconductor disk on the frequency of the current generating the levitating magnetic field has been investigated. The magnetic field strength is found to be independent of frequency between 10 and 300 Hz. This required field strength is found to be in good experimental and theoretical agreement with the field strength required to levitate the same superconductor with a non-oscillating magnetic field. Hysteretic losses within the superconductor predicted by Bean’s critical-state model were also calculated. The measured data rules out any significant Bean’s model effects on the required levitation field strength within the measured frequency range.
Editor's puzzle: strategically choosing products to release

As usual, you are allowed to use computers to help you solve this puzzle, but the final argument should be human-readable and as strong as possible. Solutions should be sent to the editor at conitzer@cs.duke.edu with subject header SIGecom Exchanges Puzzle. The author(s) of the most elegant solution (as judged by the editor) will be allowed to publish his or her or their proof in the next issue of the Exchanges (ties broken towards earlier submissions). To make the solution accessible to a wide audience, try to minimize technical jargon in the proof. The editor will not give any feedback on submitted solutions and ignore any requests for hints, etc. Also, the previous issue’s puzzle on combinatorial auction winner determination was solved by each of Daniel Lehmann, Peter Stone, and Mukund Sundararajan, who submitted very similar solutions, but they did not consider their solutions elegant enough to publish. If someone submits a more elegant solution to that puzzle, I will be happy to publish it in the next issue. Hint (for that puzzle): think about prices and duality, though integrality plays a role... Now, let us get to this issue’s puzzle:
Effectiveness of an Indonesian model for rapid training of Guatemalan health workers in diarrhea case management

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a newly developed method for rapid tiered training of health workers in improving community health worker knowledge and case management skills. The interactive “Kader” method, developed in West Java, Indonesia, was compared with traditional didactic training in a prospective trial with rural health workers (“Tecnicos”) and village health promoters (“Promotores”) for the Public Health Department in the state of Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Twenty-five tecnicos received one day of training concerning diarrhea and dehydration. One group was trained using the interactive Kader method of Indonesia; the other with didactic methods. A sample of these tecnicos then trained 49 randomized promotores utilizing the same training method with which they were trained. The tecnicos and promotores in each group completed a casebased pre-test and post-test before and after their training sessions. Both tecnicos and promotores trained using the Kader tiered training approach demonstrated significantly greater improvement in their ability to correctly diagnose and recommend treatment for diarrhea of varying type and severity. Non-significant differences favoring the experimental groups were found in the tecnicos' and promotores' general knowledge regarding diarrhea prevention practices, signs of dehydration and preparation of oral rehydration solution. This pilot study suggests that the Kader method for rapid tiered training of health workers has applicability to the populations of other developing nations and can be recommended for large scale implementation and evaluation in the training of public health workers, village health promoters and families in Guatemala.
Eating a high fiber diet during pregnancy increases intake and digestibility of a high fiber diet by offspring in cattle

Abstract Experiences early in life influence preferences for the forages which animals eat as adults, but little is known about how such experiences affect forage intake and digestibility. We hypothesized that experience with high fiber (HF) diets in utero enables cattle to better utilize HF diets by enhancing intake and digestibility of HF diets. We exposed cows to either HF or low fiber (LF) diets from October 20 until parturition on March 15. The HF diet was primarily ammoniated wheat straw (AWS), while the LF diet was mainly grass hay (700 g/kg orchardgrass and 300 g/kg meadow bromegrass). The two diets were iso-net energy (NEm), isonitrogenous, and similar in mineral and vitamin contents, but they varied 10-fold in neutral detergent soluble carbohydrates. Following weaning, the 8 mo old calves from mothers fed HF or LF diets during pregnancy were fed AWS and a high fiber supplement, and dry matter (DM) intake and digestibility were measured during the last half of a 40 d experiment (i.e., 26 d adaptation, 14 d measured DM intake, 5 d measured DM digestibility). Intake (5.6 versus 5.3 kg/d; P=0.04) and digestibility (545 versus 523 g/kg; P=0.03) of AWS were higher for calves fed HF than for those fed LF diets. As a result, digestible DM intake of AWS was higher for HF than LF (3.1 versus 2.8 kg/d; P
Integrating usability engineering into the computer science curriculum: a proposal

The authors propose a model for incorporating usability engineering into the undergraduate computer science curriculum using an example curriculum from an accredited undergraduate computer science program in the United States. This model proposes that human-computer interaction and usability engineering concepts be integrated throughout the computer science curriculum rather than treated as disjoint topics.
Lake Sturgeon Waters and Fisheries in New York State

Abstract Historic and contemporary records of lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens ) occurrences in new York State have been assembled in this report to assist in planning and prioritizing the areas for restoration. This has become important because information about this threatened species is not easily assembled nor easily retrieved from the few remaining fishermen. Lake sturgeon were identified in 17 waters of New York State in the Great Lakes drainage including Lakes Erie, Ontario, Champlain, and the Niagara and St. Lawrence rivers. Two other rivers in the Laurentain Great Lakes drainage had self-sustaining populations, five others historically supported spawning runs, and five other waters had historical records of use or relict populations. Lake Erie provided the largest historic fishery for lake sturgeon in New York State (1,678 tonne reported in 1885) followed by Lake Ontario (292 tonne reported in 1890). All the major waters (the first five identified above) had large harvests, and two tributaries to the St. Lawrence River, the Grasse and Oswegatchie rivers, also provided commercial harvests. The Great Lakes fisheries were reduced to abandonment by the 1940s and the remaining ones were discontinued by the 1960s. Currently, lake sturgeon are self-sustaining at very low levels in the upper Niagara, St. Lawrence, and the Grasse rivers. The fish is protected from harvest in all areas but one.
Drs. Pangloss and strangelove meet organizational theory: High reliability organizations and nuclear weapons accidents

These are not the worst of times, but things are pretty bad. Hurricanes explode houses in Florida while floods make houses in the U.S. midwest into houseboats. Even larger floods kill thousands of people in Nepal and a huge earthquake sends monstrous tsunamis to terrorize Japan. Meanwhile, technological threats loom large in our future, especially in Russia and Eastern Europe. Russia still operates Chernobyl-like nuclear plants, claiming it is too expensive to close them, and even plans to build more. The reactor design is inherently unstable, and there is no containment shell around it. The question is not if but when another meltdown wretches radioactivity to the skies.
Subcortical afferent connections of the amygdala in the monkey

The cells of origin of the afferent connections of the amygdala in the rhesus and squirrel monkeys are determined according to the retrograde axonal transport of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase injected into various quadrants of the amygdala. Analysis of the distribution of enzyme-labeled cells reveals afferent amygdalar connections with the ipsilateral halves of the midline nucleus paraventricularis thalami and both the parvo- and magnocellular parts of the nucleus subparafascicularis in the dorsal thalamus, all the subdivisions of the midline nucleus centralis complex, the nucleus reuniens ventralis and the nucleus interventralis. The largest populations of enzyme-labeled cells in the hypothalamus are found to lie in the middle and posterior parts of the ipsilateral, lateral hypothalamus and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, with scattered cells in the supramammillary and dorsomedial nuclei and the posterior hypothalamic area, Tsai's ventral tegmental area, the rostral and caudal subdivisions of the nucleus linearis in the midbrain and the dorsal raphe nucleus. The most conspicuous subdiencephalic source of amygdalar afferent connections is observed to be the pars lateralis of the nucleus parabrachialis in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum, with a few labeled cells differentiated from pigmented cells in the locus coeruleus.