cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Green light alleviates migraine photophobia (S47.005)

Objective: To determine the effects of color on headache intensity in migraineurs with normal eyesight and provide mechanistic explanation for the findings. Background: Exacerbation of headache by light is commonly associated with intracranial pathologies such as migraine, meningitis, concussion, and subarachnoid hemorrhage Design/Methods: Psychophysical methods were use to assess sensitivity to color during and in between migraine attacks. Electroretinography and visual evoked potentials were used to measure the magnitude of the electrical signals generated respectively by the retina and the cortex in response to different colors of light. Multi-unit recording in rats was used to study responses of thalamic dura-sensitive neurons to different colors of light. Results: Studying 69 patients, we found that (a) green light exacerbates migraine headache significantly less than white, blue, amber or red lights; (b) green activates cone-driven retinal pathways to a lesser extent than white, blue and red; (c) thalamic neurons are most responsive to blue and least responsive to green; and (d) cortical responses to green are significantly smaller than those generated by blue, amber and red lights. Conclusions: The study reveals a mechanism for the finding that exposure to green light exacerbates migraine headache significantly less than exposure to white, blue, amber or red lights in patients with normal eyesight. Taking into consideration results of ERG, thalamic and VEP recordings, the findings suggest that migraine photophobia may originate in the retina and fine-tuned in the thalamus, rather than in the cortex – a major shift in current thinking. Mechanistically, the psychophysical findings are explained by the differential responses of cone-driven retinal pathways, light-sensitive thalamic neurons in 2 sensory nuclei outside the main visual pathway, and the cortex to the different colors. Therapeutically, filtering out all but green light may prove beneficial for the reduction of photophobia and potentially the headache intensity. Study Supported by: NIH/NINDS grants R37 NS079678, RO1 NS069847, R21 NS090254-02, and K24 NS77895 Disclosure: Dr. Noseda has nothing to disclose. Dr. Reuven-Nir has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bernstein has nothing to disclose. Dr. Borsook has received personal compensation for activities with Vertex and Dermex. Dr. Buettner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Burstein has received personal compensation for activities with Allergan, GSK, and Merck as a consultant or member of the scientific advisory board.
Situating Sentence Embedders with Nearest Neighbor Overlap

As distributed approaches to natural language semantics have developed and diversified, embedders for linguistic units larger than words have come to play an increasingly important role. To date, such embedders have been evaluated using benchmark tasks (e.g., GLUE) and linguistic probes. We propose a comparative approach, nearest neighbor overlap (N2O), that quantifies similarity between embedders in a task-agnostic manner. N2O requires only a collection of examples and is simple to understand: two embedders are more similar if, for the same set of inputs, there is greater overlap between the inputs' nearest neighbors. Though applicable to embedders of texts of any size, we focus on sentence embedders and use N2O to show the effects of different design choices and architectures.
Generation of Robust Numbers of Functional Human Hepatocytes by Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells in the Non-Injury Fetal Sheep Model.

We have previously shown that human hematopoietic stem cell preparations (HSCs) are able to engraft and transdifferentiate into human hepatocyte in the human/sheep xenograft model (Blood. 2004 Jul 1 Epub). In the present study 1x10 6 human CD34 + cells were transduced with GFP expressing RD114 pseudotyped spleen fociforming retroviral vector in vitro and injected into pre-immune fetal sheep. Two months post-transplantation, immunohistochemistry confirmed production of human hepatocytes that were double positive for GFP and Hepar1. These data indicate that transduced human CD34 + cells are able to transdifferentiate into human hepatocyte and still be able to express GFP. In order to retrieve human hepatocytes from the liver of chimeric sheep, we used c-met antibody to sort out human hepatocytes. Flowcytometric analysis demonstrated 8% c-met+ cells in the liver of chimeric sheep. Preliminary data using PCR analysis from c-met+ cells for human beta-2 microglobulin demonstrated presence of human cells in c-met+ population. Livers from chimeric sheep were treated with collagenase to obtain single cell suspension and 3x10 5 cells/ml were placed in T75 flask covered with 0.2% gelatin and cultured in optimized media designed to support the proliferation and maintenance of human and sheep hepatocytes. In this system, using a weekly passage protocol, we were able to maintain/expand human (and sheep) hepatocytes for up to 3 months. The cells are able to produce human albumin in culture and are CK19 positive, a-fetoprotein negative, and cytochrome P450 negative. These results demonstrate that in this non-injury large animal model human HSCs generate robust numbers of functional human hepatocytes apparently via a “transdifferentiation” mechanism.
The Future of Fashion Sustainability: A Qualitative Study on U.S. Female Millennials’ Purchase Intention towards Sustainable Synthetic Athleisure Apparel

U.S. consumers are motivated to purchase sustainable synthetic athleisure apparel for the following values: (1) functional value, (2) social value, (3) emotional value, (4) conditional value, and (5) epistemic value. Many consumers view price is the key determinant, making the functional value of the utmost importance. One significant finding under the functional value was that fit and comfort are two important features that consumers expect in athleisure apparel and would expect if paying more for sustainable synthetic athleisure. As for social value, consumers claim to shop at big name retailers including Nike, Lululemon, Adidas for athleisure. The emotional value was tied with the conditional value in terms of significance to consumers. Consumers are attracted to sustainable apparel brands due to the values that they uphold. All participants claimed that sustainable synthetic athleisure is an innovative product, expressing epistemic values towards the concept.
Gaming Design Thinking: Wicked Problems, Sufficient Solutions, and the Possibility Space of Games

The multiple conceptualizations of design thinking make it difficult to implement and teach in TPC, especially given classroom constraints. We propose a framework (mind-set and process) that balanc...
Biofeedback-Assisted Relaxation Training: A Clinically Effective Treatment Protocol

Purchasing biofeedback instruments and learning the technical process of operating each biofeedback instrument with a human subject are not enough. These steps are necessary, but they do not clearl...
Predicting Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia and Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Response Using Model-Based In Vitro to Clinical Translation.

The ability to predict the incidence of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in early drug development can inform risk monitoring and mitigation strategies, as well as decisions on advancing compounds to clinical trials. In this report, a physiological model of granulopoiesis that incorporates the drug’s mechanism of action on cell cycle proliferation of bone marrow progenitor cells was extended to include the action of the cytotoxic agents paclitaxel, carboplatin, doxorubicin, and gemcitabine. In vitro bone marrow studies were conducted with each compound, and results were used to determine the model’s drug effect parameters. Population simulations were performed to predict the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and incidence of neutropenia for each compound, which were compared to results reported in the literature. In addition, using the single agent in vitro study results, the model was able to predict ANC time course in response to paclitaxel plus carboplatin in combination, which compared favorably to the results reported in a phase 1 clinical trial of 46 patients (r2 = 0.70). Model simulations were used to compare the relative risk (RR) of neutropenia in patients with high baseline ANCs for five chemotherapeutic regimens: doxorubicin (RR = 0.59), paclitaxel plus carboplatin combination (RR = 0.079), carboplatin (RR = 0.047), paclitaxel (RR = 0.031), and gemcitabine (RR = 0.013). Finally, the model was applied to quantify the reduced incidence of neutropenia with coadministration of pegfilgrastim or filgrastim, for both paclitaxel and the combination of paclitaxel plus carboplatin. The model provides a framework for predicting clinical neutropenia using in vitro bone marrow studies of anticancer agents that may guide drug development decisions.
Tools of Optimal Control for the Design of Robust Atom Interferometers

We examine the robustness of analytic pulse schemes for atomic fountain interferometers with respect to pulse amplitude and initial velocity distribution and design new robust schemes using numerical optimal control theory.
How to lie with coronavirus statistics: Campbell's law and measuring the effects of COVID-19

Campbell's Law warns that when measurements become consequential those whose performance is being measured may try to skew the results This case study examines the Trump administration's efforts to present COVID-19 statistics that would discourage restricting economic activities and encourage reopening the economy © 2021, National Numeracy Network All rights reserved
Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein Affects the Circadian Timing System in C57Bl/6 Mice

The circadian timing system (CTS) is a complex set of cyclic cellular mechanisms which serve to synchronize discrete cell groups across multiple organ systems to adapt the bodys physiology to a (roughly) 24-hour clock. Many genes and hormones have been shown to be strongly associated with the CTS, some of which include the genes Bmal1, Period1, Period2, Cryptochrome1, and Cryptochrome2, and the hormone melatonin. Previous data suggest that microtubule dynamics play an important role in melatonin function as it relates to the CTS in vitro, though this relationship has never been explored in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine whether disruption of microtubule regulation in C57Bl/6 mice results in measurable changes to the CTS. To study the potential effects of microtubule dynamics on the CTS in vivo, we utilized a mouse model of microtubule instability, knocked out for the tubulin polymerization promoting protein gene (Tppp -/-), comparing them to their wild type (WT) littermates in three categories: locomotor activity (in light/dark and dark/dark photoperiods), serial clock gene expression, and serial serum melatonin concentration. These comparisons showed differences in all three categories, including significant differences in locomotor characteristics under dark/dark conditions. Our findings support and extend previous reports that microtubule dynamics are a modulator of circadian rhythm regulation likely through a mechanism involving melatonin induced phase shifting.
Designing airspace for urban air mobility: A review of concepts and approaches

Abstract The article brings together the academic and industry literature on the design and management of urban airspace. We analyze the proposed airspace concepts, identify their strengths and weaknesses, point to gaps in research, and provide recommendations for a more holistic approach to designing urban airspace. We first identify the structural factors that define the size, capacity, and geometry of urban airspace. These factors are grouped into four categories: safety-related factors, social factors, system factors, and aircraft factors. Second, we review different urban airspace concepts proposed around the world. Third, we assess the airspace concepts based on the identified factors. Most of the reviewed airspace concepts are idealized as abstract networks, with an emphasis on maximizing safety and capacity, and with little regard for factors such as technological complexity, noise, or privacy. Additionally, we find that the airspace structure directly influences the level of safety, efficiency, and capacity of airspace. On the one hand, air vehicles in less structured airspace have more degrees of freedom. They can freely choose their position, altitude, heading, and speed, which increases airspace capacity and reduces flying costs. However, these concepts require high technological capabilities, such as dynamic geofences and advanced sense-and-avoid capabilities, to maintain the required safety levels. On the other hand, airspace concepts with fewer degrees of freedom can accommodate less capable aircraft but require strict operation rules and reduced capacity to ensure safety. Finally, the proposed urban air mobility concepts require extensive ground infrastructures, such as take-off and landing pads and communication, navigation, and surveillance infrastructure. There is a need for a new branch of research that analyzes urban air mobility from the perspective of urban planning, including issues around zoning, air rights, public transportation, real estate development, public acceptance, and access inequalities.
Impact of embedded librarianship on undergraduate nursing students’ information skills

Background : One-shot library sessions have numerous drawbacks; most notably, they rarely have a long-term impact on students' research behavior or skill sets. Library literature notes that when students interact with an embedded librarian, their skills improve. While close partnerships with subject faculty are important, librarians must also assess students’ skill sets to determine the impact of these teaching efforts. Case presentation : During the course, the embedded librarian used various activities and assignments to teach information-seeking skills, with the expected outcome of increased skill sets. This IRB-approved research project focused on measuring and assessing students’ information-seeking abilities before and after interacting with the embedded nursing librarian. Changes in students' information fluency skills were measured using pre- and post-tests. Conclusions: The study results provide evidence of the benefits of the embedded librarianship model. Continued measurement of students’ skills acquisition is important to enable librarians and library administrators to show the positive impacts the library has on student learning and success.
Property Rights, Economic Freedom, and International Tourism: Evidence from Three Panel Data Models

This study examines the dynamic relationship between international tourism and various economic freedom measures for 154 destination countries during the period 2002–2019. Three complementary panel data techniques are employed—fixed and random effects, dynamic panel data estimators, and panel Granger causality tests. It was found that property rights security has the most significant impact on tourism industry performance, followed by investment and trade freedom. Evidence from the causality tests reveals that strengthening property rights also affects the GDP growth in a Granger causal way. By estimating short- and long-run effects, tourism receipts and expenditure respond faster to an institutional change in economic freedom than the number of international arrivals.
Community Hospice Nurses' Perspectives on Needs, Preferences, and Challenges Related to Caring for Children With Serious Illness.

Importance Many of the 50 000 children who die annually are eligible for provision of community-based hospice care, yet few hospice organizations offer formal pediatric services. Population-level data demonstrate that hospice nurses lack training, experience, and comfort in caring for children, but their specific educational needs and preferences are poorly understood. Objective To assess the pediatric-specific training and support needs of hospice nurses caring for children in the community. Design, Setting, and Participants For this qualitative study, 41 nurses were purposively seletected from a population-level cohort of 551 hospice nurses who completed a previous mixed-methods survey; these 41 nurses participated in semistructured interviews between February and April 2019. Hospice nurses were recruited from all accredited hospice organizations in Tennessee, Mississippi, and Arkansas that offer care to pediatric patients. Content analysis of interview transcripts was conducted. Main Outcomes and Measures The interview guide probed for topics related to prior pediatric hospice training experiences, desires and preferences for training, and perceived barriers to training. Results Interviews were conducted with 41 nurses representing different geographic regions and levels of comfort with pediatric hospice provision (as self-reported in the prior survey). Thirty-eight of the nurses were women (92.7%), with a median age of 40-49 years (range, 20-29 to ≥60 years) and median tenure of 5-9 years (range, <1 to ≥20 years) as a hospice nurse. Respondents included 1 American Indian or Alaska Native nurse (2.4%), 1 Black nurse (2.4%), and 39 White nurses (95.1%). Across interviews, most hospice nurses reported feeling uncomfortable caring for children with serious illness, and all nurses used language to express the immediacy behind the need for pediatric-specific training and support. Nurses explained why further training and support are needed and clear preferences for who should provide the education, educational modalities, and specific training topics. Nurses also articulated barriers to training and support opportunities and proposed innovative suggestions for overcoming these challenges. Notably, nurses emphasized the need for connection with experts, a sense of community, and solidarity to support frontline clinicians providing end-of-life care to children in the community. Conclusions and Relevance In this qualitative study, community hospice nurses expressed an urgent need for improvements in pediatric-specific training opportunities and support, clear preferences for how education should be provided, and recommendations for circumventing barriers to training. These findings are a call to action for the palliative care community to collaborate in rapid implementation of educational programs and networks to systematically support hospice nurses caring for children in the community.
Scalar conformal primary fields in the Brownian loop soup

The Brownian loop soup is a conformally invariant statistical ensemble of random loops in two dimensions characterized by an intensity $\lambda>0$, with central charge $c=2 \lambda$. Recent progress resulted in an analytic form for the four-point function of a class of scalar conformal primary ``layering vertex operators'' $\mathcal{O}_{\beta}$ with dimensions $(\Delta, \Delta)$, with $\Delta = \frac{\lambda}{10}(1-\cos\beta)$, that compute certain statistical properties of the model. The Virasoro conformal block expansion of the four-point function revealed the existence of a new set of operators with dimensions $(\Delta+ k/3, \Delta + k'/3)$, for all non-negative integers $k, k'$ satisfying $|k-k'| = 0$ mod 3. In this paper we introduce the edge counting field $\mathcal E(z)$ that counts the number of loop boundaries that pass close to the point $z$. We rigorously prove that the $n$-point functions of $\mathcal E$ are well defined and behave as expected for a conformal primary field with dimensions $(1/3, 1/3)$. We analytically compute the four-point function $\langle \mathcal{O}_{\beta}(z_1) \mathcal{O}_{-\beta}(z_2) \mathcal{E}(z_3) \mathcal{E}(z_4) \rangle$ and analyze its conformal block expansion. The operator product expansions of $\mathcal{E} \times \mathcal{E}$ and $\mathcal{E} \times \mathcal{O}_{\beta}$ produce higher-order edge operators with ``charge'' $\beta$ and dimensions $(\Delta + k/3, \Delta + k/3)$. Hence, we have explicitly identified all scalar primary operators among the new set mentioned above. We also re-compute the central charge by an independent method based on the operator product expansion and find agreement with previous methods.
Correction of the hypomorphic Gabra2 splice site variant in mouse strain C57BL/6J modifies the severity of Scn8a encephalopathy

Summary De novo gain-of-function mutations of SCN8A are a significant cause of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) (MIM: 614558). The severely affected individuals exhibit refractory seizures, developmental delay, and cognitive disabilities, often accompanied by impaired movement. Individuals with the identical SCN8A variant often differ in clinical course, suggesting a role for modifier genes in disease severity. In a previous study we demonstrated genetic linkage between a hypomorphic mutation in the Gabra2 gene and seizure severity in a mouse model of the human SCN8A pathogenic variant p.Arg1872Trp. Homozygosity for the hypomorphic Gabra2 mutation was associated with early seizure onset and shortened lifespan. We have now confirmed Gabra2 as the modifier gene using a knock-in allele that corrects the splice site variant in strain C57BL/6J. Correction of the Gabra2 variant restores transcript abundance, increases the age of seizure onset, and extends survival of the Scn8a mutant mice. GABRA2 encodes the α2 subunit of the GABAA receptor that provides inhibitory input to dendrites and the the axon initial segment of excitatory neurons. Quantitative variation in human GABAA receptor expression could contribute to variation in the severity of genetic epilepsies and suggests a potential therapeutic intervention.
iBDecide: A web-based tool to promote engagement in shared decision-making among adolescents with ulcerative colitis.

Abstract Background Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) seek increased autonomy and self-efficacy. AYAs must learn to manage their medical care in preparation for transition to adult healthcare. Our team’s research found that AYAs need more information about their disease and treatment Objective To develop and test the usability of a decision tool “iBDecide” to promote shared decision-making among AYAs with ulcerative colitis (UC) who are beginning to manage their treatment and medications Methods Using design thinking, 14 AYAs, 6 healthcare providers, 4 designers, a social worker, and a human factors researcher developed a shared decision-making tool. The System Usability Scale (SUS) assessed usability Results AYAs preferred an application with information on treatment, medication, nutrition, and symptom tracking. A web-based application, ‘iBDecide’, was developed to include these options. SUS results indicated that participants on average “agree” that: ‘they would use iBDecide’ and that ‘it was easy to use and streamlined’. The mean SUS score was 78.25 (+/−12.91), range 70–90 Discussion Including AYAs in tool development helps ensure usability and improves engagement in shared decision-making. Co-designed tools may remove barriers for engagement and skill-building needed for the transition to adult care. Conclusion iBDecide can stimulate AYA engagement in shared decision-making in treating UC.
Global Collective Action: Citizen against Citizen

The end of the Cold War brought hope for a more peaceful world as the risk of war between the United States and the former Soviet Union was no longer a concern. In addition, these superpowers had less motive to support civil wars in the search for client states, so the incidence of civil wars, which was high in the 1980s, was anticipated to decrease. Defense analysts talked of a peace dividend as resources were redirected from the defense sector to other needs of the public sector in terms of education, social overhead capital, and other programs (Kirby and Hooper, 1991; Sandler and Hartley, 1999). In fact, a redistribution did occur: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies, which allocated 4.5% of gross domestic product (GDP) to defense for the 1985–89 period, assigned just 2.7% of GDP to defense in 2002 (NATO Press Release, 2002, Table 3). For the world at large, most countries' percentages of GDP earmarked for defense similarly have declined since the end of the Cold War [Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), 2002, Table 6A.4, pp. 282–91]. Four notable exceptions to this pattern exist: the United States, some Middle Eastern countries, nations with civil wars, and nations with territorial disputes. Has the world become a safer place following the end of the superpower confrontation? Clearly, the possibility of an apocalyptic nuclear war where hundreds of millions of people in the superpowers and their allies are annihilated in a matter of minutes is no longer a worry. Yet, a devastating nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan has deepened in concern as has the threat posed by a nuclear-armed North Korea.
Response to Comments of the NIST Proposed Digital Signature Standard

NIST received comments from 109 separate government agencies, companies, and private individuals concerning the proposed Digital Signature Standard. Both positive and negative comments were received. However the number of negative comments was significantly larger than normally received for a proposed Federal Information Processing Standard (FTPS). This paper summarizes the major comments, both positive and negative, and provides responses where appropriate. The paper highlights the anticipated significant modifications to the proposed standard and concludes by discussing the future milestones that need to be accomplished before the proposed DSS becomes a FTPS.
Homologous recombination enhancement conferred by the Z-DNA motif d(TG)30 is abrogated by simian virus 40 T antigen binding to adjacent DNA sequences.

Abstract The Z-DNA motif polydeoxythymidylic-guanylic [d(TG)].polydeoxyadenylic-cytidylic acid [d(AC)], present throughout eucaryotic genomes, is capable of readily forming left-handed Z-DNA in vitro and has been shown to promote homologous recombination. The effects of simian virus 40 T-antigen-dependent substrate replication upon the stimulation of recombination conferred by the Z-DNA motif d(TG)30 were analyzed. Presence of d(TG)30 adjacent to a T-antigen-binding site I can stimulate homologous recombination between nonreplicating plasmids, providing that T antigen is absent, in both simian CV-1 cells and human EJ cells (W. P. Wahls, L. J. Wallace, and P. D. Moore, Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:785-793). It has also been shown elsewhere that the presence of d(TG)n not adjacent to the T-antigen-binding site can stimulate homologous recombination in simian virus 40 molecules replicating in the presence of T antigen (P. Bullock, J. Miller, and M. Botchan, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:3948-3953, 1986). However, it is demonstrated here that d(TG)30 nine base pairs distant from a T-antigen-binding site bound with T antigen does not stimulate recombination between either replicating or nonreplicating substrates in somatic cells. The bound T antigen either prevents the d(TG)30 sequence from acquiring a recombinogenic configuration (such as left-handed Z-DNA), or it prevents the interaction of recombinase proteins with the sequence by stearic hindrance.
FATAL AIR TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS INVOLVING ATHLETIC TEAMS FROM THE UNITED STATES

Team sports at multiple levels of competition have steadily grown more popular and more economically significant in the United States and Canada during the past 150 years. Year-round competition across these large countries requires continual, reliable, and safe transportation of teams and their supporters, often by air, with the potential albeit small for loss of athletes, coaches, and entire teams in air crashes and other accidents. This paper reviews potential and actual accidents involving United States athletic teams from the 1930s to the present, including four fatal air charter crashes from 1960 through 1977. Common factors in crashes included inclement weather, component failure, human factors, and overloading or misloading aircraft. The safety of commercial and charter aviation has been significantly improved. However, weather, human factors, and ongoing maintenance and inspection of aircraft for safety remain significant problems which call for continued vigilance.
Collaborative Writing in L2 Classrooms

With the appearance and improvement of Web 2.0 technology and other digital tools such as Google Docs and wikis, teachers and researchers are increasingly able to implement collaborative activities in face-to-face and online language courses. Whether technologically assisted or done in person, collaboration is a burgeoning area of investigation in L2 writing research and practice. Although many researchers and teachers alike still consider writing an independent activity, Collaborative Writing in L2 Classrooms has taken the charge to illuminate the potential advantages of employing collaborative writing in language research and by extension pedagogical practice. To do so, Storch offers a comprehensive review of the current research on L2 collaborative writing, while identifying that there remains theoretical uncertainty concerning how writing tasks affect the product and process of collaborative writing across and within learner contexts, and how the formation of collaborative pairs and groups may change the nature of the collaborative writing project.
Nuclear effects in photoproduction of heavy quarks and vector mesons in ultraperipheral PbPb and p Pb collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

The comparison of photoproduction cross sections for $c\overline{c}$ and $b\overline{b}$ in PbPb and $p$Pb collisions can show sensitivity to nuclear shadowing effects. The photoproduction of vector mesons is even more sensitive to the underlying gluon distributions. In this study we present the cross sections and rapidity dependence of the photoproduction of heavy quarks and the exclusive production of vector mesons in ultraperipheral $p$Pb and PbPb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at $\sqrt{{s}_{{}_{NN}}}=5$ TeV and $\sqrt{{s}_{{}_{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV, respectively. The potentials of using these processes for constraining nuclear gluon shadowing are explored. It is found that the photoproduction of $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ and $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ in PbPb collisions in particular exhibits very good sensitivity to gluon shadowing.
Second International Conference on Glutamate: conference summary.

The Second International Conference on Glutamate focused broadly on the following four areas: 1) the function of glutamate in taste and as a flavoring agent in foods [as a salt, usually monosodium glutamate (MSG)]; 2) the participation of glutamate in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism; 3) the role of glutamate as a neurotransmitter; and 4) the safety of glutamate in the food supply (when it is added as MSG).
Inelastic scattering of polarized protons from 88Sr at isobaric analog resonances

Abstract Measurements of the differential cross section, analysing power, the spin-flip probability, and the spin-flip asymmetry are described. Data were obtained for three isobaric analog resonances (IAR) in the reaction 88 Sr(p, p') 88 Sr(2 1 + ) at incident energies of 7.00, 7.08 and 7.53 MeV. Angular distributions of all the measured quantities were fitted by adjusting the values of the inelastic decay widths of the IAR in a computer program which included a direct reaction background. Spectroscopic amplitudes determined by this procedure for excited-core components of the wave functions of states in 89 Sr are mostly in good agreement with theoretical calculations.
Light induced changes in the polypeptide composition of Sorghum bicolor

Abstract Two dimensional gel electrophoresis resolved total protein extracted from Sorgum bicolor (L.) Moench shoots into 430 polypeptides detectable by silver staining. The relative amunts of 82 polypeptides increased and 192 decreased upon exposure of etiolated shoots to light. Total protein extracted from etiolated mesocotyls was resolved into 360 polypeptides. The relative amounts of 23 mesocotyl polypeptides increased and 5 decreased after light exposure. Of 274 polypeptides whose relative amounts was altered in shoots exposed to light, 189 were found in mesocotyls. The relative amounts of only 6 polypeptides showed the same response to light in mesocotyls as in shoots. Immunoblotting identified 2 subunits of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) differing in isoelectric point and molecular weight. The 81 000 dalton subunit was the major subunit found in mesocotyls while the 95 000 dalton subunit was the major subunit found in green shoots suggesting that these subunits are derived from a non-photosynthetic and photosynthetic isozyme of PEPCase. In etiolated shoots but not in mesocotyls, light induced the 81 000 and 95 000 apparent molecular weight (MW) subunits of PEPCase, the subunit of pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) as well as the large and small subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase). Specific activity measurements indicated that light induced the accumulation of the peroxisomal enzyme hydroxypyruvate reductase and inhibited the accumulation of the mitochondrial enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase in both mesocotyls andshoots. NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was light induced in shoots but undetectable in mesocotyls. In shoots and meocotyls, light had little effect on the mitochondrial enzyme fumarase or the cytoplasmic enzyme NAD-glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase.
Dynamic Modeling of Brushless dc Motors for Aerospace Actuation

A discrete time model for simulation of the dynamics of samarium cobalt-type permanent magnet brushless dc machines is presented. The similation model includes modeling of the interaction between these machines and their attached power conditioners. These are transistorized conditioner units. This model is part of an overall discrete-time analysis of the dynamic performance of electromechanical actuators, which was conducted as part of prototype development of such actuators studied and built for NASA-Johnson Space Center as a prospective alternative to hydraulic actuators presently used in shuttle orbiter applications. The resulting numerical simulations of the various machine and power conditioner current and voltage waveforms gave excellent correlation to the actual waveforms collected from actual hardware experimental testing. These results, numerical and experimental, are presented here for machine motoring, regeneration and dynamic braking modes. Application of the resulting model to the determination of machine current and torque profiles during closed-loop actuator operation were also analyzed and the results are given here. These results are given in light of an overall view of the actuator system components. The applicability of this method of analysis to design optimization and trouble-shooting in such prototype development is also discussed in light of the results at hand.
Sugarcane mosaic virus infection of seedling roots of Zea mays and Sorghum halepense

Abstract Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) multiplication was studied in roots of Zea mays L. (Golden Bantam sweet corn) and Sorghum halepense L. (Johnson grass). Mechanical inoculation of corn roots with SCMV did not result in systemic infection, and SCMV could be recovered from only nine of 1950 inoculated roots. Some virus was detected in roots of young leaf-inoculated seedlings. Attempts to purify SCMV from these roots did not yield detectable virus, while 2 mg virus per 100 g host tissue was obtained from leaf tissue. Ultrastructural changes in systemically infected root tip cells of corn and Johnson grass included pinwheel inclusions in epidermal cells of corn, characteristic of the potato virus Y group. Bundle inclusions were found in bundle sheath parenchyma cells of corn root tips. Bundle inclusions, but not pinwheels, were found throughout the root tips of infected Johnson grass roots. Significant changes in levels of nitrogen and carbohydrate were found in SCMV-infected shoots and roots.
The risk of gastrointestinal bleed, myocardial infarction, and newly diagnosed hypertension in users of meloxicam, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam.

Study Objective. To obtain formally quantified data on the relation of meloxicam to newly diagnosed gastrointestinal problems, myocardial infarction, or treated hypertension. Design. Nested case-control study. Setting. United Kingdom-based General Practice Research Database. Patients. Patients who received prescriptions for meloxicam, diclofenac, naproxen, or piroxicam formed the study population. Cases were people who developed gastrointestinal problems, myocardial infarction, or hypertension. Measurements and Main Results. Relative risk estimates for developing the study outcomes were provided for each study nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID), with diclofenac as the reference drug. In no instance was meloxicam associated with an increased risk for a study outcome. Conclusion. Compared with the other NSAIDs, meloxicam was not materially associated with any study outcomes. This study provides reassurance to those prescribing this newer class of NSAIDs.
Knowledge and Willingness to Provide Research Biospecimens Among Foreign-Born Latinos Using Safety-Net Clinics

Latinos tend to be under-represented in cancer research and in bio-repositories. We conducted a Spanish-language, interviewer-administered cross-sectional survey of 331 foreign-born Latinos from Central and South America attending safety-net clinics in order to describe factors associated with knowledge about and intention to provide bio-specimens for research purposes. We used logistic regression and multiple imputation methods to evaluate associations between socio-cultural measures, medical trust, demographics, as well as knowledge about and intentions to provide bio-specimens. Almost half (47 %) of respondents knew what bio-specimens were, and 67 % said that they would provide a specimen after being given information about what this involved; this increased to 72 % among those with prior knowledge. Controlling for covariates, Latinos with a high school education and above were more likely to know what a bio-specimen was and to say they would provide bio-specimens than were those with lower levels of education [adjusted OR (aOR) 2.85, 95 % CI 1.37–5.96; and 3.49, 95 % CI 1.41–8.63, p ≤ 0.01, respectively]. Those with greater social integration were more likely to know about bio-specimens than those with less integration (aOR 2.54, 95 % CI 1.45–4.46, p = 0.001). Higher endorsement of family values was independently associated with intent to give bio-specimens (aOR 1.11, 95 % CI 1.02–1.20, p = 0.017 per five-point increase in “familism” score). Medical mistrust was not related to intentions to provide specimens. Our results suggest that interventions to increase willingness to provide bio-specimens could leverage trusted clinics or social networks and should consider individuals’ education and socio-cultural perspectives.
Use of in vitro data for construction of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for naphthalene in rats and mice to probe species differences.

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with five tissue groups (lung, liver, fat, richly perfused, and poorly perfused tissues plus venous and arterial blood compartments) has been developed from in vitro data and models of primary cell cultures for naphthalene toxicity in mice and rats. It extends a previous naphthalene PBPK model (Sweeney et al., 1996) and demonstrates a possible approach to a predictive mathematical model that requires minimal animal data. Naphthalene metabolism was examined after four exposure routes (intraperitoneal injection (ip), intravenous injection (iv), ingestion (po), and inhalation). Naphthalene and its primary metabolite, naphthalene oxide, are consumed by enzymes in pulmonary and hepatic tissues (cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, epoxide hydrolase, and glutathione-S-transferase). Additionally, the nonenzymatic reactions of naphthalene oxide in all tissues and in blood are included in the model. Kinetic constants for the model were derived primarily from cell fraction and primary cell culture incubations presented in the literature. The mouse model accurately predicts glutathione (GSH) and covalent naphthalene oxide-protein binding levels after a range of ip doses, and the rat model provides excellent estimates for mercapturate excretion following po doses; but neither model simulates well naphthalene blood concentrations after low iv doses. Good prediction of in vivo response using only in vitro data for parameter estimation (except for epoxide-protein binding rates) suggests that the assumed molecular description is a plausible representation of the underlying mechanisms of toxicity. Mice and rats show significant species differences in response to naphthalene. The model results suggest that species differences in toxicity may be explained, in part, by the lower overall rate of enzyme activities in the rat cells. Lower enzyme activities in the rat result in out-of-phase GSH minima in hepatic and lung compartments, while the simultaneous occurrence of these minima in mice results in higher naphthalene oxide concentrations, thereby allowing formation of more metabolites (e.g., covalent binding to proteins) that may be toxic.
The T'-Test: Fisher's Test of the Difference Score Population Symmetry About Zero

This paper describes a computer program which performs a randomization test called the t'-test. Formally known as Fisher's Test of the Difference Score Population Symmetry About Zero, this test is appropriate when a matched-group t test would be appropriate but the data cannot meet the required distributional assumptions. The data must, however, be at least interval level.
The impact of porous surface on hypersonic boundary layer instability

The stabilization effect of porous coating on hypersonic boundary layers over flat plates and cones has been studied by theoretical analyses, experiments, and numerical simulations. The results show that porous coating slightly destabilizes the Mack first mode whereas it significantly stabilizes the Mack second mode. In previous numerical simulations, either felt-metal porous coating or regular structure porous coating is considered. Comparison of the two types of porous coatings is only done in experiments. In this paper, the impact of porous surface on hypersonic boundary layer instability is studied, focusing on the effect of different porous coating. Stability simulations are carried out by introducing disturbances corresponding to mode S at a cross-section of the boundary layer near the leading edge. It is found that the two types of porous coatings both destabilize the Mack first mode whereas they stabilize the Mack second mode. For the specific cases considered in current paper, the overall effect of porous surface is destabilizing mode S. The peak amplitude of mode S propagating over porous surface is slightly higher than that of mode S propagating over solid surface. At approximately the same porosity, regular structure porous coating is weaker in first mode destabilization and second mode stabilization than felt-metal porous coating. Therefore, the two types of porous coatings lead to approximately the same peak amplitude of mode S. However, the wall-normal velocity disturbance on the wall induced by regular structure porous coating is significantly weaker than that induced by felt-metal porous coating. For regular structure porous coating, the results also show that decreasing of porosity leads to even weaker first mode destabilization, second mode stabilization, and wall-normal velocity disturbance on the wall.
Electrostatic Induction Electrode Systems for Beam-Position Detection

Using the integral solution for the field and the reciprocity of the Green's Function, we show that the response of these devices to a line charge obeys Laplace's equation, if this operator is applied with respect to the source coordinates. In a cylindrical system of electrodes the boundary values of the response can be determined by inspection. Knowing these values, one can easily find the response over the entire aperture. This allows the use of electrodes of unusual shapes, e.g., sections of the beam tube.
Japan's economic security and the origins of the pacific war

(1981). Japan's economic security and the origins of the pacific war. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 105-124.
Solemnity: A clinical risk index for iron deficient infants

Four groups of infants with iron deficiency but without anemia (hemoglobin ≥ 11.0g/dL) were studied in an attempt to discover behavioral signs that can be used to index high risk probability for iron deficiency. The 38 9‐to‐12 month infants were classified as iron replete, iron depleted, or iron deficient, based on biochemical analysis. Intramuscular iron was given immediately to all infants after administration of the Bayley Infant Development Scales. A significant retest increase on the Bayley Mental Development Index (M Dl) of 21.6 points was found for iron deficiency infants compared to non significant 6.2 and 5.6 point changes for the iron replete and iron depleted infants. For 10/18 iron deficient infants who were rated high on solemnity during pretest but low on posttest, mean MDI increase was 30.3 points, compared to a 10.3 point increase for the 3/20 normal and iron depleted infants whose solemnity scores changed. Solemnity in well‐attached infants is suggested for use as a clinical sign to indic...
Fractal characterization of fracture surfaces in concrete

Abstract Fractal geometry is used to characterize the roughness of cracked concrete surfaces through a specially built profilometer, and the fractal dimension is subsequently correlated to the fracture toughness and direction of crack propagation. Preliminary results indicate that the fracture surface is indeed fractal over two orders of magnitudes with a dimension of approximately 1.20.
Interaction of quasi-closed channels with open-channel continua

The Barrett-Delsanto natural boundary-condition treatment of the one-particle continuum is extended to include the interaction with other continua of quasi-closed channels. As an example, the formalism is applied to the study of the quasi-deuteron model of4He.
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Is Tyrosine Phosphorylated by PYK2

Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) is a Ser/Thr kinase that is involved in numerous cellular activities. GSK3beta is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation. However, very little is known about the tyrosine kinases that are responsible for phosphorylating GSK3beta. In this report, we investigated the ability of the calcium-dependent tyrosine kinase, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) to tyrosine phosphorylate GSK3beta. In transfected CHO cells, it was demonstrated that PYK2 tyrosine phosphorylates GSK3beta in situ. The two kinases also coimmunoprecipitated. Furthermore, GSK3beta was tyrosine phosphorylated in vitro by an active, wild type PYK2, but not by the inactive, kinase dead form of PYK2. Therefore, this study is the first to demonstrate that GSK3beta is a substrate of PYK2 both in vitro and in situ.
Rapid micromethod for determination of 15N enrichment in plasma lysine: Application to measurement of whole body protein turnover

Abstract A simple, sensitive method, requiring less than 1 ml of blood, is deseribed for measurement of stable isotope enrichment in plasma lysine with a relative precision of better than ±0.5% of the observed value. A measurement of whole body protein turnover obtained by this method was virtually identical to values obtained by more tedious macromethods. The speed of the reported procedure allows its application to routine clinical studies which generate a large number of samples.