cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specification Mining with Few False Positives

Formal specifications can help with program testing, optimization, refactoring, documentation, and, most importantly, debugging and repair. Unfortunately, formal specifications are difficult to write manually, while techniques that infer specifications automatically suffer from 90---99% false positive rates. Consequently, neither option is currently practical for most software development projects. We present a novel technique that automatically infers partial correctness specifications with a very low false positive rate. We claim that existing specification miners yield false positives because they assign equal weight to all aspects of program behavior. By using additional information from the software engineering process, we are able to dramatically reduce this rate. For example, we grant less credence to duplicate code, infrequently-tested code, and code that exhibits high turnover in the version control system. We evaluate our technique in two ways: as a preprocessing step for an existing specification miner and as part of novel specification inference algorithms. Our technique identifies which input is most indicative of program behavior, which allows off-the-shelf techniques to learn the same number of specifications using only 60% of their original input. Our inference approach has few false positives in practice, while still finding useful specifications on over 800,000 lines of code. When minimizing false alarms, we obtain a 5% false positive rate, an order-of-magnitude improvement over previous work. When used to find bugs, our mined specifications locate over 250 policy violations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first specification miner with such a low false positive rate, and thus a low associated burden of manual inspection.
Components required for the formation of CH-4 from methylcobalamin by extracts of Methanobacillus omelianskii.

Wood, J. M. (University of Illinois, Urbana), and R. S. Wolfe. Components required for the formation of CH4 from methylcobalamin by extracts of Methanobacillus omelianskii. J. Bacteriol. 92:696–700. 1966.—Optimal conditions for the formation of CH4 from methylcobalamin (methyl-cobalt-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide) by partially purified extracts of Methanobacillus omelianskii (Methanobacterium omelianskii) were achieved by the addition of two protein fractions, adenosine triphosphate, Mg++, and a reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide-generating system. Adenosine diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate play an important role in the regulation of C1 transfer in this reaction. The possible position of adenosine triphosphate in B12-dependent methyl transfer is discussed.
Waiving the Criminal Justice System: An Empirical and Constitutional Analysis

Constitutional criminal procedural guarantees are becoming increasingly marginalized in a world where "the criminal justice system is the plea bargaining system." Plea agreements are boilerplate, and the 97% of defendants who enter guilty pleas cannot, for the most part, negotiate individual terms, nor run the risk of rejecting the deal and going to trial. As we have transformed from an adversary process where guilt was determined by trial to an administrative process where guilt and penalties are determined by negotiation, the government has begun demanding the waiver of all constitutional criminal procedure rights, not just the trial and investigative-related ones inherent in replacing the trial with the plea. In this essay, we will first describe the growth of two non-trial-related waivers that have not yet been accepted by the Supreme Court - waivers of the due process right to obtain exculpatory evidence as to guilt and punishment, and waivers of the newly-expressed Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel at the plea negotiation stage. We then offer the results of an empirical project that Professor Susan Klein undertook at the United States Sentencing Commission and a national survey of federal plea agreements conducted by Public Defender Donna Elm. After examining caselaw and practice in the area, we conclude that effective assistance of counsel waivers are unethical, unwise, and perhaps unconstitutional.
Vernacular Policymaking and the Cultural Turn in Media Policy Studies

Borrowing concepts from cultural studies, legal pluralism, interpretative policy analysis, and other areas, the author argues for an expanded media policy analysis that also considers unofficial, bottom-up, and “vernacular” media policy: the kinds of media policies that are formulated and enforced in a range of settings and by differently empowered policymakers, from parents restricting the media consumption of children to Internet pranksters regulating behavior online. Although this essay remains an initial conceptual statement, with research on particular case studies yet to be done, I argue that a better appreciation of the diverse sites and modes of media policymaking and their relationship to the official policy sphere will deepen our understanding of media policy.
Gender differences in patient–spouse interactions: a sequential analysis of behavioral interactions in patients having osteoarthritic knee pain

Theory and research suggest that spousal responses to displays of pain behavior can vary markedly. To our knowledge, observational research on spousal responses to pain behavior has been carried out only in chronic low back pain patients, but not in other populations. In this study systematic observations were conducted of interactions occurring between 50 married osteoarthritis patients (25 male and 25 female) and their respective spouses. Observations were conducted as the patient and spouse performed three common household tasks: sweeping the floor, folding laundry, and carrying small, artificial logs from one side of the room to the other. Contrary to prior research on chronic low back pain this study found that in osteoarthritis patients spouse facilitative behavior preceded and followed patient pain behavior significantly more often than did spouse solicitous behavior. A gender difference in spousal responding to pain behavior also was observed in that wives were significantly more likely to show facilitative behavior preceding and following patient pain behavior than were husbands. The implications of these findings for future research and clinical interventions focused on patient-spouse interactions are discussed.
Experimental Evidence for the Existence of the Ti3B4 Phase

Experimental evidence for the formation of Ti3B4 with an orthorhombic Ta3B4-type structure is presented. This phase forms by a peritectic reaction between TiB2 and liquid at ∼2200°C and is stable to temperatures at least as low as 1690°C, the lowest temperature at which samples were annealed. No evidence was found to indicate the presence of a second high-temperature form of this phase, as has been reported in the literature.
DiGeorge anomaly in the absence of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion.

Objective To test the hypothesis that the prevalence of deletion 22q11.2 among individuals who meet criteria for DiGeorge anomaly (DGA) is lower than the 90% commonly cited. Study design Participants were identified through retrospective chart reviews on all patients who underwent testing for deletion 22q11.2 and all patients with a diagnosis of "DiGeorge" or any of the major criteria associated with DGA at a large pediatric hospital over a period of 6 years. DGA was confirmed in 64 individuals, based on the presence of at least 2 of the following features: (1) cellular immune deficiency and/or absence of part or all of the thymus; (2) hypocalcemia and/or parathyroid deficiency; (3) congenital heart disease. Results Of the 64 individuals with DGA, 29 (45%) did not have a chromosome 22q11.2 deletion. Among this deletion-negative subset, diabetic embryopathy and other chromosome abnormalities were the most commonly recognized underlying etiologies. Conclusions These findings challenge a widely held belief that nearly 90% of DGA is due to chromosome 22q11.2 deletion. This study also calls attention to the heterogeneity of DGA, highlights similarities and differences between those with and without a chromosome 22q11.2 deletion, and attempts to resolve some confusing features of conditions associated with DGA.
92. Gene Transfer to Ocular Stem Cells by Early Gestational Intra-Amniotic Injection of Lentiviral Vector

Ocular gene transfer has generally been approached by direct intraocular injection. In this study, we hypothesized that an opportunity exists during early gestation when specific ocular stem cell populations are accessible for gene transfer. These include the stem cell populations that maintain the cornea, lens, and retina throughout life. To test this hypothesis, we injected lentiviral vector encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene into the murine amniotic space from the late head fold/early somite stage postcoital day 8 (E8) to E18 and performed sequential analysis of GFP expression in ocular tissues. Depending on the timing of vector exposure, significant GFP expression was observed in all ectoderm-derived tissues in the eye. With injection at early gestational time points, GFP expression persisted long term, with evidence of high efficiency stem cell transduction in the cornea, lens, and retina. The observed patterns and duration of gene expression confirm the accessibility of ocular stem cell populations for lentiviral vector-based gene transfer at specific developmental time points in early gestation. This model may be useful for the investigation of mechanisms of genetic and/or developmental ocular disease and for the development of prenatal gene therapy for specific ocular disorders.
On parametric semidefinite programming

In this paper we consider a semidefinite programming (SDP) problem in which the objective function depends linearly on a scalar parameter. We study the properties of the optimal objective function value as a function of that parameter and extend the concept of the optimal partition and its range in linear programming to SDP. We also consider an approach to sensitivity analysis in SDP and the extension of our results to an SDP problem with a parametric right-hand side.
Pulsed laser-ablated MoS2-Al films: friction and wear in humid conditions

Abstract The application of MoS2 as a solid lubricant in dry conditions is well established, but the presence of humidity degrades the tribological behavior of MoS2 films. There has been much progress toward increasing the efficiency of MoS2 films in humid environments by using various additives. In our work, aluminum is evaluated as an additive because of its affinity for O2 and (OH) compared to Mo and its potential to modify transfer film formation. The MoS2 films examined here were deposited on 440C steel substrates by laser ablation along with simultaneous magnetron sputtering of Al. The friction and wear studies were made on a ball on disc tribometer. Films containing Al outperformed pure MoS2. Under optimal conditions, 1–2-μm-thick films with ∼8% aluminum had a wear life of 150 to 250 K cycles in 25% humidity. Micro-Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze chemistry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphology and film cross-section. Nanoindentation showed that Al addition did not increase film hardness. The role of aluminum in increasing the wear life of laser-ablated MoS2 films in humid conditions is discussed. The mechanism controlling the increased wear life is partially explained by showing that Al is gradually turned into alumina, creating an adhesive and lubricating mix of wear debris under tribostress in humid surroundings.
Children's Early Use of Mental Verbs and What They Mean.

Sometime between 2 and 3 years of age, children begin to use mental terms, for example, think, in their speech. A series of naturalistic studies and experiments sought to determine if young children are using mental terms to refer to the mental world, that is, are they making explicit reference to beliefs, ideas, thoughts, and intentions? Naturalistic observations revealed that the first uses of mental terms are for conversational functions and this use begins in the last half of the third year. Experimental investigations confirmed that children between the ages of 3 and 5 correctly distinguish real and mental items and correctly judged that they could think and dream of nonexistent, not‐real things. These findings, that mental terms are used by children for distinct, explicit mental reference almost as soon as the terms are used, suggest that theories of semantic and conceptual development which portray early development as perceptual, concrete, sensory, and external need to be re‐examined.
Columns for rapid chromatographic separation of small amounts of tracer-labeled transfer ribonucleic acids.

Abstract A small reversed-phase chromatographic system for the separation of [ 3 H] or [ 14 C] aminoacyl-tRNA's is described. This system has the advantages of speed (chromatographic runs can be completed in 30 to 60 min), sensitivity (samples containing as little as 3.5 × 10 −9 gm or 60 × 16 −6 A 260 unit of phenylalanyl-tRNA have been resolved as a chromatographic peak), and excellent resolution of isoaccepting tRNA's. The system has been applied to samples of E. coli tRNA's and calf liver tRNA's.
Exercise in transgenic mice overexpressing GLUT4 glucose transporters : Effects on substrate metabolism and glycogen regulation

We assessed the effects of GLUT4 glucose transporter expression on substrate metabolism and glycogen regulation during exercise. Transgenic mice overexpressing human (h)GLUT4 in muscle and fat (TG) and their wild-type littermates (WT) were studied by indirect calorimetry at rest and during acute treadmill exercise (30 minutes) and recovery (30 minutes). The rate of carbon dioxide production (VCO2) increased to a greater degree in TG during exercise, whereas resting VCO2, resting oxygen production (VO2), and exercise-induced increments in VO2 were similar in TG and WT. As a result, the respiratory quotient (RQ) was increased by .03 to .05 in TG during exercise, due to greater consumption of carbohydrate (up to approximately 64% more) and less consumption of lipid (up to approximately 40% less) compared with WT, without differences in overall energy expenditure. These differences in substrate metabolism were observed despite relative hypoglycemia and elevated free fatty acids (FFAs) in TG that persisted throughout resting, exercise, and recovery periods. To further assess substrate availability, glycogen content and glycogen synthase activity were measured in skeletal muscle and liver. At rest, muscle glycogen content was 50% higher and glycogen synthase I was 40% lower in TG compared with WT. During exercise and recovery, muscle glycogen was more profoundly depleted in TG than in WT, and glycogen synthase I increased to levels observed in WT, with no change in total glycogen synthase. In the liver, glycogen content and total glycogen synthase were similar in TG and WT under resting conditions, while glycogen synthase I was reduced by 48%. Exercise and recovery induced a more profound depletion of liver glycogen (76% v 30%) and greater increments in both I-form and total glycogen synthase in TG. In conclusion, (1) TG overexpressing GLUT4 exhibit greater muscle glycogen content at rest than WT; (2) during exercise, TG metabolize more carbohydrate, made possible by increased glycogenolysis in muscle and liver, and this predominates as a fuel source despite hypoglycemia and increased availability of FFA; (3) increased carbohydrate metabolism is linked to a decrease in lipid metabolism such that there is no change in overall energy expenditure; and (4) glycogen synthase I activity is inversely proportional to tissue glycogen content despite differences in circulating glucose, insulin, and FFA concentrations, indicating that glycogen content has an overriding regulatory influence on glycogen synthase.
Immigrants, cross-cultural communication and export performance: the Swiss case

This paper explores the role immigrants play in the export performance of companies particularly in their home countries. Analysing country-level data, we find that export effects vary with the size of the immigrant population, duration of stay and type of products traded. We also introduce the role of cultural proximity and communication to the picture. Analyses show that the effect of immigration on export performance is significant only if the home and host countries are culturally distinct, and that better cross-culture communication and integration of immigrants are necessary to realise the export performance impact of immigrants.
Global Broadcast Service (GBS) Integration with IPv6 A Pilot Implementation

The Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Networks and Information Integration (OASD-NII) established a mandate in 2003 that all DoD networks be IPv6 capable by the year 2008. In support of this mandate, the OASD?NII authorized the formation of IPv6 Pilots in Operational Networks to demonstrate the functional capabilities of IPv6 and help build expertise for a DoD-wide transition. The Pilots must fulfill defined Joint Staff operational criteria and three Milestone Objectives (MO) for a complete IPv6 transition. The Global Broadcast Service (GBS) is a satellite communications program which provides a worldwide, high bandwidth, one-way transmission of classified and unclassified video and files to warfighters. In support of the OASD-NII mandate and the DoD's Network-centric visions, the GBS Joint Program Office (GBS-JPO) and the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) have been jointly investigating the transition of GBS to IPv6. GBS-JPO and DISA jointly submitted a nomination package and have obtained approval for participation in the DoD IPv6 Pilot. GBS-JPO and DISA have established a simulated satellite testbed on which all tests will be performed. The testing will establish the feasibility of conducting live SATCOM demonstrations to fulfill MO1 and MO2. MO2 will additionally utilize the DATMS-U and the Defense Research Engineering Network (DREN) for cross domain testing. This paper will discuss the different phases of the GBS Pilot, the IPv4/IPv6 transition technologies involved, the interoperability with High Assurance Internet Protocol Encryptors (HAIPEs), and the simulcasting of IPv4 and IPv6.
Costs of uncontrolled chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among working-age cancer patients receiving highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is among the most feared side effects of cancer treatment. Poorly controlled CINV may lead to additional office visits or emergency room admissions, thus increasing the overall costs of cancer care. The objective of the project was to estimate the societal costs of uncontrolled CINV among working-age cancer patients. METHODS. The 1997–2002 Health and Productivity Management database, a proprietary database linking medical claims to work loss information, was used. The study population consisted of employees or their spouses who were cancer patients treated with highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy regimens. Costs of uncontrolled CINV were estimated by comparing the direct medical costs and indirect costs between those with and without uncontrolled CINV; all costs were normalized as monthly costs and updated to 2006 US dollars. The Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the costs differences in univariate analyses, followed by multivariate analyses. RESULTS. In all, 2018 patients were identified; 1771 (88%) received 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, and uncontrolled CINV was found in 563 (28%). The estimated monthly medical costs associated with uncontrolled CINV were approximately $1300 higher for cancer patients at working ages. Subgroup analysis concluded that indirect costs per patient per month were $433 higher for those in the uncontrolled CINV group. CONCLUSIONS. Despite a prevalent use of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, uncontrolled CINV remained a common and costly problem among cancer patients treated with highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
An automated [15O]H2O production and injection system for PET imaging

A computer controlled [15O]H2O injection system has been designed for multiple bolus injections during PET cerebral blood flow studies. The system is housed in a lead safe, and radiation exposure to nearby personnel is low; we have measured rates of approx. 100 microSv/h (10 mR/h) during 2 min of [15O]H2O production and < 50 microSv/h (< 5 mR/h) after 3.7 GBq (100 mCi) has been produced. Reproducibility studies show that the injected activity varies with a coefficient of variation of 2-3%.
Number of lymph nodes identified at axillary dissection: effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and other factors.

BACKGROUND: Several reports have shown a significantly lower number of axillary lymph nodes (AxLNs) found at axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The objective of the current study was to investigate the factors affecting the number of AxLNs identified at ALND. METHODS: Medical records of patients seen at the study institution, a tertiary center, from 2004 to 2007 who underwent ALND for breast cancer were reviewed. RESULTS: Among the 698 patients who met study criteria, the mean number of AxLNs resected was 20.4. There were 649 (93%) patients with at least 10 AxLNs recovered. Seventy-one (10%) patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 627 (90%) underwent surgical resection first. The mean number of AxLNs in the patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 21.9 (range, 4-56 AxLNs) compared with 20.2 (range, 5-65 AxLNs) in the group treated with surgical resection first (P = .13). The number of patients with <10 AxLNs found at ALND was 44 of 627 (7.0%) in the surgical resection first group and 5 of 71 (7.0%) in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group (P = 1.0). The mean number of AxLNs was higher in the 599 (86%) ALNDs performed at the study center compared with the 99 cases from outside institutions (21.2 vs 15.2 AxLNs; P <.001). Among the cases performed at the study institution, 367 (61%) were performed by surgeons with oncologic training and 232 (39%) were not. Surgical oncologists recovered an average of 23 AxLNs, which was significantly higher than the 18.4 resected by the remaining surgeons (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: The number of AxLNs recovered at ALND does not appear to be affected by neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Surgeons with oncologic training appear to retrieve more AxLNs. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Theoretical studies of the complexes of iodine with methanol, ethanol, and acetone

The complexes of iodine with methanol, ethanol, and acetone were studied in order to obtain their spectra and geometries. Several possible orientations of I–I were examined to obtain the most stable geometries of the complexes by applying the intermediate neglect of differential overlap self‐consistent field (INDO SCF) method and intermediate neglect of differential overlap self‐consistent field (INDO SCF) and yielded two stable complexes for each alcohol and one for acetone. Each geometry optimization was followed by an INDO CI (configuration interaction) calculation of theoretical spectrum for comparison with that of the experiment. Excellent agreement between the experimental and the theoretical results further establish the existence of these complexes. The binding energy value of each of these complexes was calculated relative to the separated constituent molecules.
Pulsed ultraviolet laser irradiation produces endothelium-independent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle

Recent studies have shown that continuous wave laser irradiation induces contraction of vascular smooth muscle, except at powers far below the threshold for tissue ablation. To determine the corresponding effects of pulsed laser irradiation on vascular smooth muscle tone, vascular rings of rabbit thoracic aorta were mounted isometrically with 1 g tension in Krebs-bicarbonate buffer and irradiated with 308 or 351 nm from an excimer laser through a 400-microns optical fiber. A total of 250 exposures were performed with 1-6.5 mJ/pulse (fluence = 0.8-5.5 J/cm2), 10-50 Hz, and cumulative exposures of 10-120 seconds. Excimer laser irradiation in combinations of pulse energy (PE), repetition rate (RR), and cumulative exposure below, at, or above threshold for tissue ablation consistently produced relaxation unassociated with contraction in each of the 250 exposures. For the total 250 exposures, the magnitude of relaxation (reduction in recorded tension, Rmax) was 55 +/- 4% (mean +/- SEM) of maximum vasomotor reactivity recorded in the specimen in response to administration of serotonin. Rmax varied directly with both PE and RR. When PE was increased from 1 to 5 mJ/pulse (n = 13), Rmax increased from 57 +/- 19% to 80 +/- 19% (p less than 0.0001); when RR was increased from 10 to 50 Hz (n = 10), Rmax increased from 27 +/- 8 to 46 +/- 8 (p less than 0.0001). Rmax varied independently of endothelial integrity (assessed anatomically and pharmacologically) and wavelength (308 vs. 351 nm). Simultaneously recorded tissue-temperature profiles disclosed that during pulsed laser irradiation, tissue temperature rise did not exceed 5 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A new species of Aplectana (Nematoda, Cosmocercidae) in Platymantis boulengeri (Anura, Ceratobatrachidae) from Papua New Guinea

Aplectana krausi sp. nov. (Ascaridida, Cosmocercidae) from the intestines of Platymantis boulengeri (Anura, Ceratobatrachidae) is described and illustrated. Aplectana krausi represents the 42nd species assigned to the genus, the 4th species reported from the Australo-Papuan region. It is easily separated from the three species previously reported from the region by the distribution pattern of male caudal papillae: A. macintoshii and A. novaezelandiae have irregular patterns; A. zweifeli and A. krausi have defined patterns. Aplectana zweifeli has 8–10 precloacal, no adcloacal, and 9 postcloacal pairs of papillae, there is a single median papillae just anterior to the cloaca; A. krausi has 5 precloacal, 1 adcloacal, and 5 postcloacal pairs of papillae, a median papillae is absent.
MET calculations from on-body accelerometers for exergaming movements

The use of accelerometers to approximate energy expenditure and serve as inputs for exergaming, have both increased in prevalence in response to the worldwide obesity epidemic. Exergames have a need to show energy expenditure values to validate their results, often using accelerometer approximations applied to general daily-living activities. This work presents a method for estimating the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values achieved when users perform exergaming-specific movements. This shows the caloric expenditure achieved by active video games, based upon raw gravity values of accelerations. Results show that, while a fusion of sensors monitoring the entire body achieves the best results, sensors placed closest to the primary location of movement achieve the most accurate approximations to the METs achieved per activity as well as the overall MET achieved for the soccer exergame under consideration. The METs achieved approach 7, the value considered to be actual casual soccer game play.
NOR gate phase shifter for phase sensitive detectors

A phase shifter of restricted range achieved with NOR gates is suitable for square wave VCO delays around 90°.
Abstract 3571: The Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibitor Chaetocin has Potent Antineoplastic Effects in Solid Tumors

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: We had previously reported that the natural product chaetocin has potent and selective in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo anti-myeloma activity attributable to the imposition of cellular oxidative stress (ROS) in part mediated via competitive inhibition of the redox enzyme thioredoxin reductase. Having also observed chaetocin-induced cytotoxicity in solid tumor cell lines, we now extend prior work to characterize the effects of chaetocin in solid tumor cell lines and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods: The effects of chaetocin in solid tumor cell lines were assessed using colony forming assays, trypan blue exclusion assays, apoptosis and autophagy assays, electron microscopy, transcriptional profiling, and the National Cancer Institute 60 cell line screen. Results: Chaetocin demonstrated potent anti-cancer activity in all assessed solid tumor cell lines with IC50 values between 2-10 nM (24 h exposures, colony forming assays). While apoptosis was induced in a cell line-dependant fashion, it was not required for chaetocin-induced cytotoxicity, as ZVAD-fmk prevented apoptosis but not cell death. Markers of autophagy were not altered by chaetocin treatment. Interestingly, results form the NCI 60 cell line screen showed that hematological cell lines were generally more resistant to chaetocin than solid tumor lines despite our prior report indicating the activity of chaetocin in myeloma. Transcriptional profiling results were consistent with those anticipated from an agent producing cell death via imposition of cellular ROS, with heme oxidase-1 prominently induced along with other transcripts in pathways related to inflammatory response and cell death. Results from OxyBlot protein oxidation kit analyses (Millipore, Billerica, MA) confirmed a generalized increase in the carbonyl modification of proteins, a hallmark of cellular oxidative damage, in response to chaetocin treatment. Experiments using Rho mitochondrial inactive cells indicated that cellular ROS is induced by chaetocin independent of respiratory functional mitochondria. Chaetocin was also shown to block the interleukin-, fibroblast growth factor- or EGM2 media-induced proliferation of HUVEC cells at low-nanomolar concentrations. Conclusions: Chaetocin has wide-ranging antineoplastic activity across not only hematological, but also solid tumor, cell lines and displays evidence of antiangiogentic activity in HUVEC proliferation assays. Overall, chaetocin appears to be an attractive agent for further development as a candidate anti-cancer therapeutic in a variety of neoplasms. Supported in part by CA125750. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3571.
A Tetrahymena thermophila G4-DNA Binding Protein with Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase Activity

G4-DNA is a four-stranded structure that is formed by guanine-rich sequences. We report here the purification and characterization of a novel G4-DNA binding protein from Tetrahymena thermophila, designated TGP2. TGP2 was found to preferentially bind to G4-DNA oligonucleotides with adjacent single-stranded domains containing phosphorylated 5' ends and the sequence element, 5'-ACTG-3'. The amino acid sequence of TGP2 has high similarity to dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) from a variety of species, and TGP2 was shown to have DLDH activity. Purified DLDH from porcine heart and bovine intestinal mucosa were shown to bind specifically to G4-DNA oligonucleotides. On the basis of these results we conclude that TGP2 is DLDH in T. thermophila and suggest that the G4-DNA binding capability of TGP2/DLDH may be biologically relevant.
The Construction of Justice: A Case Study of Public Participation in Land Management

Productive, just management approaches are more likely to be developed on the basis of an understanding of how people make judgments of justice. We propose that acceptable (just) land-use management plans are compatible with salient values. Values are created and come to be salient through the process of social construction. Public participation, as a form of social discourse, can be an important element in the social construction process. To realize this potential, changes in the nature of public participation are required. It is argued that public participation (and other practices) that create new, common values that can be used to develop just land-use management practices should be encouraged. A case study of experiences with a county critical areas ordinance is discussed.
A canon for the representation of multivariate arrays in the APL2 computing language

A uniform structure for multivariate data constructs that employs the nested array features of APL2 has been successfully developed and implemented. This Array Canonical Form (ACF) succinctly describes its own contents, an important feature for the APL2 functions and operators that accept ACF arrays as arguments. An extensive library of APL2 procedures has been created over the course of many years and projects to perform routine as well as specialized analytical, archival, descriptive, and graphical operations on any ACF. A self-describing uniform array structure is useful for satisfying requirements of reusable, common code and for requiring self-documentation of multivariate data. The ACF structure described in this paper satisfies these requirements in a concise, logically intuitive elemental structure that depends upon and fully utilizes the APL2 language features for nested array construction and manipulation.
Probabilistic Causal Systems and the Conditional Probability Approach to Causal Analysis

In this paper we introduce an alternative approach to the analysis of causal systems that involve probabilistic causation, the conditional probability (CP) approach. We show how the CP approach with its composition and decomposition rules can deal with various kinds of general causal systems, and explicate an important distinction between pure-“or” and pure-“and” causal systems. We argue that the CP approach provides a promising and quite general approach to causal analysis in the social sciences where probabilistic causation is involved in a causal system. Approaches such as path analysis and structural-equation methods have been recommended widely for analyzing causal systems that contain variables having direct and indirect effects on other variables and where probabilistic causation is involved. We illustrate some of the features of the CP approach by comparing it with these approaches and by showing that the path-analysis/structural-equation approaches lead to the wrong answers. Finally, we illustrate some of the features of the CP approach by comparing it with the approach developed by Birnbaum (1982). Birnbaum holds that his approach is a method for giving a causal analysis of contingency tables, and claims that the method allows the strength and the form of causality to be estimated from a contingency table. We give several reasons for holding that, overall, Birnbaum’s approach is inadequate.
Drinking perceptions and drinking behaviors among urban black adolescents.

Abstract Purpose: To improve understanding of black (African American and Haitian Blacks) adolescents’ drinking behaviors and sexual patterns that put them at risk for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) to determine whether specific cultural differences affect beliefs and behaviors about alcohol use. Methods: The study used ethnographic interviewing to provide information about the alcohol norms, beliefs, context, and behavior of African-American and Haitian adolescents. Ethnographic open-ended interviews were conducted with 314 students: 116 African American adolescents (50 boys and 66 girls) and 198 Haitian adolescents (93 boys and 105 girls) in inner-city public high schools. Results: The majority of adolescents had drunk alcohol, and African-American boys and Haitian boys and girls were most likely to report general drinking experience. Both ethnic groups distinguished between negative and positive nonnormative behaviors resulting from drinking beyond and within the boundary of one’s limits. African-American boys in particular described not drinking beyond the boundary, to maintain control of their actions. Drinking within the boundary and feeling “relaxed” was endorsed by African American youths, as it was by Haitian youths who felt “normal” and/or viewed drinking certain alcoholic beverages as normative and culturally sanctioned. Conclusion: The study suggests there are cultural differences in the constructs of the meaning of drink and drinking that may influence alcohol use. Understanding these differences will improve efforts to impact the drinking behaviors of adolescents by recognizing the drinking socialization, normative drinking patterns, and culturally sanctioned drinking behaviors that may influence alcohol use in different ethnic groups.
Overwhelming infection in children following splenectomy

Summary This patient underwent splenectomy at the age of 10 weeks for thrombocytopenia. He died suddenly presumably of overwhelming infection and adrenal hemorrhage after a symptom-free interval of 5 months.
Stress exponents of asymptotic solutions at the notch tip in anisotropic power law material under antiplane shear

The asymptotic stress field around a notch tip in an anisotropic power law material subject to antiplane shear is investigated. An anisotropic yield criterion and a flow rule are used to derive the anisotropic constitutive relation for such materials. Two problems of different notch surface boundary conditions are considered for remote antiplane shear loading. The stress exponents up to the first five terms of asymptotic solutions are determined through a hodograph transformation and numerical method. The effects of notch angle and material anisotropy on the stress exponents near the notch tip are discussed.
Ultrasonic Navigation for a Wheeled Nonholonomic Vehicle

In this paper, we demonstrate a reliable and robust system for localization of mobile robots in indoors environments which are relatively consistent to a priori known maps. Through the use of an Extended Kalman Filter combining dead-reckoning, ultrasonic, and infrared sensor data, estimation of the position and orientation of the robot is achieved. Based on a thresholding approach, unexpected obstacles can be detected and their motion predicted. Experimental results from implementation on our mobile robot, Nomad-200, are also presented.
The role of microglia in brain maintenance: implications for Rett syndrome

The role of microglia in central nervous system (CNS) pathology has been studied extensively, and more recently, examination of microglia in the healthy brain has yielded important insights into their many functions. It was long assumed that microglia were essentially quiescent cells, unless provoked into activation, which was considered a hallmark of disease. More recently, however, it has become increasingly clear that they are extraordinarily dynamic cells, constantly sampling their environment and adjusting to exquisitely delicate stimuli. Along these lines, our laboratory has identified a new and unexpected role for microglial phagocytosis – or lack thereof – in the pathophysiology of Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disease caused by mutation of the gene encoding methyl-CpG binding protein (MECP)2. We have shown that specific expression of wild type Mecp2 in myeloid cells of Mecp2 -null mice is sufficient to arrest major symptoms associated with this devastating disease. This beneficial effect, however, is abolished if phagocytic activity of microglia is inhibited. Here, we discuss microglial origins, the role of microglia in brain development and maintenance, and the phenomenon of microglial augmentation by myeloid progenitor cells in the adult brain. Finally, we address in some detail the beneficial roles of microglia as clinical targets in Rett syndrome and other neurological disorders.
STATE AND CRIMINALITY: THE COLONIAL CAMPAIGN AGAINST THUGGEE AND THE SUPPRESSION OF SIKH MILITANCY IN POSTCOLONIAL INDIA

Crime and policing, as outlined in the policies of independent India, can be traced to the definitions of criminality espoused by the British Empire. I am particularly interested in examining the role of the centralizing State, in colonial and postcolonial India, in defining ordinary (‘individual’) and extraordinary (‘collective’) crime. This project postulates a contextual definition of criminality, and interrogates the political ideology that links the colonial to the postcolonial by tracing the lineage of the Indian State’s policies toward Sikh separatism.
Progressive failure in stratified and jointed rock mass

This paper describes a mathematical model for analyzing progressive failure in a stratified and jointed rock mass dipping parallel to the slope face. The relationship between the necessary support forces and permissible displacement in the rock mass is discussed. An analytical expression is provided for the minimum required support force corresponding to a critical displacement. This expression is used to evaluate the potential of unstable failure propagation. The effect of time on progressive failure is considered by using a simple rheological model for joints. A case study, involving an excavation in a stratified medium, is used to compare model prediction with monitored performance.
Effect of reperfusion on electrocardiographic and enzymatic infarct size: Results of a randomized multicenter study of intravenous anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC) versus intracoronary streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction

The effect of early coronary artery reperfusion on ECG and enzymatic parameters was examined in 240 patients with acute myocardial infarction. These patients had participated in a randomized trial comparing intravenous anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC) (n = 123) and intracoronary streptokinase (n = 117) therapy. Reperfusion occurred in 59 of 115 (51%) patients receiving APSAC and 67 of 111 (60%) patients receiving streptokinase (p = NS). There was greater early resolution of ST segment elevation in the reperfused than in the nonreperfused patients (p ≤ 0.003) and more rapld Q wave evolution (p ≤ 0.03). ΣQ was lower in reperfused than in nonreperfused patients at 8 hours (1.41 ± 1.18 versus 2.11 ± 2.10 mV; p ≤ 0.05) and at 24 hours (1.43 ± 1.25 mV versus 2.08 ± 1.88 mV; p ≤ 0.02). Time to peak level was shorter in the reperfused patients for creatine kinase (CK) (10.7 ± 5.5 hours versus 14.9 ± 5.9 hours; p < 0.0001) and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) (29.6 ± 13.6 hours versus 34.4 ± 10.5 hours; ≤0.03) enzymes. Peak LDH-1 was lower in the reperfused group (274 ± 149 U/L versus 341 ± 173 U/L; p ≤0.04). Reperfusion at a mean of 3.9 hours after the onset of infarction was associated with more rapid resolution of ST segment elevation, faster Q wave evolution, smaller ECG infarct size, earlier cardiac enzyme release, and smaller enzymatic infarct size than later or no reperfusion.
Late winter water column and sea ice conditions in the northern Bering Sea

[1] Seasonal sea ice concentration and thickness were evaluated on a weekly basis during two years with contrasting ice coverage, 1998–1999 and 2000–2001, using data provided by the U.S. National Ice Center. Ice in the Bering Sea during 1998–1999 was extensive and thick, but by contrast, in 2000–2001, winter sea ice formed late with thin ice, and ice melt proceeded earlier during spring. The presence and timing of a winter polynya (an area of relatively open water or thin ice surrounded by heavier ice) located south of St. Lawrence Island also varied between these two winters. Shipboard measurements south of St. Lawrence Island during two late winter/early spring cruises in 1999 and 2001 showed that some brine injected water was present, resulting in localized areas of bottom water with salinities approaching, or exceeding, 33 psu. The mean salinity of bottom water was significantly higher in 2001 (32.6 psu) than in 1999 (32.3 psu). These varying degrees of brine injection associated with large differences in ice conditions (heavy in 1998–1999, light in 2000–2001) influenced bottom water salinity and density, but there were indications that variation in water mass structure also can explain differences in salinity observed between the two winters. The mean δ18OH2O values of bottom seawater were significantly higher in 2001 (−0.78 ± 0.16‰ SD) than in 1999 (−0.98 ± 0.20‰ SD) consistent with a more saline, nutrient-rich water being present in 2001. Consistent with these indications, inorganic nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) in bottom water were significantly higher in 2001 than in 1999. Although it is seemingly paradoxical that salinities were higher in 2001 (light ice) than in 1999 (heavy ice) when brine injection might have been more prevalent, the sampling period was approximately 1 month earlier in 2001, when ice formation may have been more active. In addition, δ18OH2O values indicate a higher proportion of Anadyr Water, with higher salinity and nutrients in 2001. Despite these differences in both ice conditions and water mass nutrient chemistry, water column chlorophyll was uniformly low in both years. This indicates that changes in Bering Sea ice regimes during the late winter months, such as may occur under various climate change scenarios, will not necessarily lead to any higher productivity or an earlier onset of seasonal biological production. Despite relatively high inorganic nutrient concentrations in both years, a well-mixed water column was observed with low water column chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations. These observations suggest that there was little primary production during either cruise in spite of the relatively open water and high water column nutrient concentrations during 2001. Strong southerly winds during winter likely impeded ice formation, vertically mixed the water column, and prevented early spring open water primary production.
Genotypic and environmental effects on color and discoloration potential of barley in food products

ABSTRACT Twelve genotypes of barley, including hulled and hulless proanthocyanidin-containing and hulled proanthocyanidin-free types, were grown in five environments (location-year combination) to determine the relative contribution of genotype and environment on quality traits associated with discoloration potential of barley. Barley grains were abraded and milled into flour. Protein, ash, total polyphenol content, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity were determined. Brightness (L*) of abraded kernels, cooked kernels, gels, and dough sheets were determined and used as indicators of discoloration potential. Genetic factors were more important in determining total polyphenol content, PPO activity, and brightness of dough sheets and as important as environmental factors for protein and ash content. Across environments, L* of dough sheets was consistently higher in proanthocyanidin-free barley (73–76) than in proanthocyanidin-containing barley (59–70). Total polyphenol content of abraded grains was highest...
Reading geometrically transformed text: A developmental approach

An experiment is described in which third and fifth graders and adults read or searched through paragraphs that had word and sentence orientation (left to right and right to left) factorially varied. The principal factor that determined reading and search speeds was the orientation of the word irrespective of the orientation of the sentence. A developmental progression in reading proficiency was noted and all subjects performed at similarly slow rates when word orientation was reversed.