cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization check of certain recent practical formulations for concrete creep

Optimization algorithms that have recently become available in computer libraries revolutionize checking and identification of theoretical creep laws from test data. Much more detailed comparisons with creep test data are now feasible, and with little effort. Formulating the optimality condition in terms of a sum-of-squares objective function and expressing various positiveness constraints by quadratic substitutions, one can apply the Marquardt algorithm. In this manner, two recently proposed formulations are examined: (a) the viscoelastic model with reduced time, and (b) the rate-of-flow method. It is shown that none of these formulations is capable of giving a satisfactory description of creep data which cover the full range of interest in creep durations and ages at loading, even though an acceptable agreement has previously been demonstrated for creep data of narrow time range. Previously it has been found by the same method that the recently proposed creep formulation for C.E.B. Recommendations suffers by the same limitations. That formulation and the two formulations examined herein share the underlying concept of separating the total creep strain in reversible creep and irreversible creep. The present demonstrate that this (theoretically unfounded) concept is contradicted by creep data of not too limited time range.
Delinquency in Two Birth Cohorts

The material presented here is derived from the birth cohort study conducted at the Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law at the University of Pennsylvania. The first display of this work was published as Delinquency in a Birth Cohort in 1972.1 The study involved analysis of a cohort of males born in 1945 who lived in Philadelphia from at least their tenth to their eighteenth birthdays. Through the use of school, police and Selective Service files, we were able to locate and gather data on 9945 boys. Since 1968 we have followed a ten percent random sample of the original cohort.
Syk [sic] of the same old chemotherapy?

In this issue of Blood, Friedberg and coworkers present the first report of fostamatinib disodium, a Syk inhibitor, as an active treatment for patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. 1 .
The quality of tourism employment

Abstract The tourism industry is often criticized for generating service jobs which are demeaning. This paper analyzes the quality of tourism employment using Hawaii as a case example. The analysis reveals that the major source of service occupations is food and beverage operations, which, in the majority of establishments, have residents as customers and as such is not unique to tourism. Wages varied substantially; however, the level of job satisfaction in tourism jobs was very high. Consequently, the quality of tourism employment is much better than that usually perceived by those outside the industry. In the long run, tourism can be used as a catalyst to increase the number of career advancement opportunities and level of wages for residents working in the industry.
Thoracic Aneurysmectomy Utilizing the TDMAC-Heparin Shunt

Abstract Clear heparin-bonded polyvinyl shunts were used during resection of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms for one year from July, 1970, through June, 1971. Eight patients were operated upon with 7 survivors; the single death was that of a patient with a rupture into the left pleural cavity. In our experience the use of this shunt is superior to techniques of temporary support that require systemic anticoagulation and pump bypass. The TDMAC-heparin shunt is simple and safe to use and adaptable to many anatomical situations; it provides ample distal blood flow and eliminates the need for systemic heparinization. Based on this initial rewarding experience, we believe this shunt offers advantages over all other techniques now being used for intraoperative circulatory support during descending thoracic aneurysmectomy.
QoE driven video streaming in cognitive radio networks: The case of single channel access

We consider the problem of streaming multi-user videos over the downlink of a Cognitive Radio Network (CRN), where each Cognitive User (CU) can access one channel at a time. Motivated by the prior work that establishes a separation principle for the joint design of spectrum sensor, sensing, and access polices, we first model cooperative spectrum sensing as an Integer Programming problem (IP) and develop a Greedy Poly-matching scheme to solve it for the optimal sensing strategies. We then formulate the problem of CU Quality of Experience (QoE) maximization as a maximum weight matching problem and solve it with the Hungarian Method for optimal channel assignments. The proposed spectrum sensing and channel assignment algorithms are compared with benchmark schemes in simulations, and are found to outperform the benchmark schemes in terms of available channels discovered and CU QoE achieved.
Immunological and biochemical characterization of nuclear envelope reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c oxidoreductase.

Abstract NADPH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.99.2) activity innate to rat liver nuclear envelope displays antigenic identity with the corresponding microsomal enzyme in a standard Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion test. As with the microsomal enzyme, the nuclear envelope enzyme is selectively released by restricted proteolysis and may be quantitatively isolated from the supernatant phase of the digest by immunoprecipitation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the immunoprecipitates reveals that the oxidoreductase has a molecular weight of 72,000 regardless of its membrane of origin. Radial immunodiffusion titration demonstrates that nuclear envelope contains about one-third the level of NADPH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (0.21%) as compared to microsomal membrane (0.71%) on a weight basis. By comparison, the specific activity of the nuclear envelope enzyme was half that of the microsomal enzyme. Turnover studies employing NaH 14 CO 3 indicate that the half-lives for the nuclear envelope and microsomal enzymes are indistinguishable, each being approximately 55 h.
Methods of scoring the progression of radiologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation of radiologic, clinical and laboratory abnormalities

Methods of scoring osseous defects and joint space narrowing in the hands and wrists of patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis were devised. The usefulness of the scores was tested in a group of 90 patients who had one or more sets of X-ray films of the hands and wrists 36 months or more after onset of illness. Correlations were found between the extent of radiographic abnormalities or the rate of progression of radiographic changes and the age at onset, hand and wrist deformities, preceding physical signs of inflammation in the joints of the hands and wrists, hand function as measured by fist formation, the early appearance of subcutaneous nodules, and the titer of anti-IgG. Among black patients the extent of elevation of γ-globulins was associated with roentgenographic changes. The correlations between the scores of radiologic abnormalities and the clinical and laboratory manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis establish the value of the described methods of assessing the roentgenographic changes and indicate the usefulness of these methods in evaluating the effect of therapy in this disease.
Micro- and nano-scale characterization to study the thermal degradation of cement-based materials

Abstract The degradation of hydration products of cement is known to cause changes in the micro- and nano-structure, which ultimately drive thermo-mechanical degradation of cement-based composite materials at elevated temperatures. However, a detailed characterization of these changes is still incomplete. This paper presents results of an extensive experimental study carried out to investigate micro- and nano-structural changes that occur due to exposure of cement paste to high temperatures. Following heat treatment of cement paste up to 1000 °C, damage states were studied by compressive strength test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) atomic force microscopy (AFM) and AFM image analysis. Using experimental results and research from existing literature, new degradation processes that drive the loss of mechanical properties of cement paste are proposed. The development of micro-cracks at the interface between unhydrated cement particles and paste matrix, a change in C–S–H nano-structure and shrinkage of C–S–H, are considered as important factors that cause the thermal degradation of cement paste.
The anatomy of self-defense.

The following study describes a creative application of anatomical principles in the instruction of self-defense. Undergraduates at the University of Kentucky were invited to a special lecture that featured a series of self-defense moves introduced by a local police officer. Following a demonstration of each self-defense tactic, the students were briefed on the anatomy of both the victim and the assailant that contributed to the overall effectiveness of each move. This approach was unique in that students learned critical knowledge of self-defense while reinforcing anatomical principles previously introduced in class. Moreover, this integration of topics prompted students to think about their response to potentially dangerous situations on campus. Language: en
Solid-state and high-resolution liquid 119Sn NMR spectroscopy of some monomeric, two-coordinate low-valent tin compounds: very large chemical shift anisotropies.

High-resolution liquid- and solid-state 119Sn NMR spectroscopy was used to study the bonding environment in the series of monomeric, two-coordinate Sn(II) compounds of formula Sn(X)C6H3-2,6-Trip2 (X = Cl, Cr(η5-C5H5)(CO)3, t-Bu, Sn(Me)2C6H3-2,6-Trip2; Trip = C6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3). The trends in the principal components of the chemical shift tensor extracted from the solid-state NMR data were consistent with the structures determined by X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, the spectra for the first three compounds displayed the largest 119Sn NMR chemical shift anisotropies (up to 3798 ppm) of any tin compound for which data are currently available. Relaxation time based calculations for the dimetallic compound 2,6-Trip2H3C6Sn−Sn(Me)2C6H3-2,6-Trip2 suggests that the chemical shift anisotropy for the two-coordinate tin center may be as much as ca. 7098 ppm, which is as broad as the 1 MHz bandwidth of the NMR spectrometer.
Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics and thin films

Recent progress in lead-free piezoelectric ceramics and thin films with special emphasis on alkaline niobate-based and bismuth sodium titanate-based systems is reviewed concisely. Modifications of potassium sodium niobate (KNN) ceramics are presented and subsequent improvements in the electrical properties are summarized. Special attention is devoted to the phase diagram of the KNN system when a solid solution is formed with other perovskite niobates and titanates. Impact of A-site and B-site dopants on the electromechanical properties of KNN ceramics are distinguished in view of transition temperatures. It is shown that the addition of most A-site and B-site dopants reduces the transition temperatures and improves the piezoactivity at room temperature. This is attributed to the shift of polymorphic transition from tetragonal to orthorhombic phase in the vicinity of room temperature. In contrast, formation of a solid solution of KNN with 18 mol% AgNbO3 revealed a significant enhancement of properties without a notable change in the transition temperatures. Also, a bismuth sodium titanate (BNT) composition is introduced with particular emphasis on its binary and ternary derivatives. Moderate piezoelectric properties reported at the morphotropic phase boundaries, formed in BNT-based solid solutions are also represented. Advances on thin films based on these two compositions are evaluated and challenges involved with development of stoichiometric thin films with low leakage current are discussed.
Quasi-elastic light scattering study of five-component microemulsions

Etudes d'une famille de microemulsions a 5 composants, constituees d'(heptyl-1 nonyl)-4 benzenesulfonate de sodium, d'isobutanol, de dodecane et de solutions aqueuses de chlorure de Na
Arteriovenous fistula: A rare complication of arterial puncture for cardiac catheterization

Abstract Arteriovenous (A-V) fistula is a rare complication of cardiac catheterization, 1–5 occurring in 0.01 to 0.02% of cases. 2,3 This report reviews the course of 5 patients who developed A-V fistulas.
Minimizing simultaneous switching noise at reduced power with power transmission lines for high-speed signaling

Signal and power integrity are crucial for ensuring high performance in high speed digital systems. As the operating frequency of digital systems increases, the power and ground bounce created by simultaneous switching noise (SSN) has become a limiting factor for the performance of these devices. SSN is caused by parasitic inductance that exists in the power delivery network (PDN), and voltage fluctuations on the power and ground rails can lead to reduced noise margins and can limit the maximum frequency of a digital device. A new PDN design has been suggested that achieves significantly reduced SSN [1] by replacing the power plane structure with a power transmission line (PTL). In this paper, a new power delivery scheme is shown to significantly reduce switching noise at lower power. This concept has been demonstrated through theory, simulation, and measurements.
Induction of thymocyte apoptosis by systemic administration of concanavalin A in mice: role of TNF‐α, IFN‐γ and glucocorticoids

Administration of concanavalin A (Con A) is a well-established model of acute immune-mediated hepatitis. Here, we demonstrate that intravenous injection of Con A in mice induces profound thymic atrophy. Compared to liver damage, the kinetics of Con A-induced thymic atrophy is slower and more prolonged; the nadir in thymocyte number is reached 4 days after Con A injection, whereas peak transaminase levels are observed at 12-24 h. Marked alterations in the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+cells in the thymus and spleen and significantly increased rates of thymocyte and splenocyte apoptosis are observed. Neutralization of the cytokines TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma, which protects mice from Con A-induced hepatitis, prevents thymic atrophy as well as alterations in CD4+ and CD8+ cell numbers and apoptosis rates. However, neither TNF-alpha nor IFN-gamma are detectable in thymocyte lysates after Con A injection, whereas both cytokines are present in liver, spleen and serum. Administration of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone does not prevent thymic atrophy, thus ruling out a possible contribution of endogenous glucocorticoids. Con A-induced thymic atrophy is accompanied by down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression in the thymus, which is prevented by neutralization of TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma. These data demonstrate that the thymus is a critical target organ of Con A-induced inflammation; the effects of Con A on the thymus are mediated by extrathymic production of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, but not by glucocorticoids.
Treatment of alcoholism and concomitant drugs of abuse

It has been proposed that concomitant substances of abuse may have additive or synergistic properties such that alcoholics using other substances of abuse concurrently may have a harder time giving up alcohol than alcoholics abusing only alcohol. The present study surveyed 291 alcoholics in an alcohol treatment program and 86 social drinker controls matched on age, education, SES and gender. Alcohol consumption, smoking, coffee intake, other substances of abuse, Beck depression and Spielberger Anxiety (State) were measured. Alcoholics drank significantly more alcohol than did social drinkers per day (350.19 cc versus 28.08 cc, p<0.001), consumed more caffeine/day (486.3 mg versus 339.9 mg, p<0.002), smoked more cigarettes/day (27.8 versus 12.8, p<0.001), were more depressed (16.8 versus 4.4 (Beck), p<0.0001), had lower internal locus of control scores (37.6 versus 39.7, p<0.005), had higher scores on control by chance (22.7 versus 20.2, p<0.03) and were significantly more anxious (52.5 versus 33.9 on Spielberger's State Inventory p<0.0001). Some patients used stimulants, tranquilizers, depressants, narcotics or toluene. Only 3/258 abused alcohol without using other drugs. Results support earlier studies showing strong associations between alcohol and smoking and between alcohol and caffeine consumption. The alcoholic abusing only alcohol is very rare. Treatment programs need to pay attention to concomitant drugs of abuse.
Image Attributions and Smoking Intentions Among Seventh Grade Students

Previous research has indicated that adolescents who intend to smoke differ from those who do not intend to smoke in the imagery they associate with smoking. The present study examined relationships among self-image, ideal self-image, image of smokers in general and image of models in cigarette ads for seventh-grade students. The strongest finding was a positive correspondence of smokers image to self-image in predicting intention to smoke cigarettes. This correspondence between smokers image and self-image derived from a relative depression of self-image in combination with a relative elevation of smokers image for youth who were more likely to report intentions to smoke. There was also a trend for the ideal self-image of youth with greater intentions to smoke to be similarly depressed. It is suggested that when both self-concept and aspirations for self-improvement are diminished, smoking may seem particularly desirable as a means of enhancing identity.
Thyroid Hormone Regulates the Cell Cycle Inhibitor p27Kip1 in Postnatal Murine Sertoli Cells

Thyroid hormone regulates early postnatal Sertoli cell proliferation. Transient neonatal hypothyroidism allows prolonged postnatal Sertoli cell mitogenesis and doubles adult Sertoli cell numbers, testis weight, and sperm production. The mechanism of this effect is unknown. Cell proliferation is stimulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases and inhibited by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs). T(3) regulates the CDKI p27(Kip1) in other cell types, and mice lacking p27(Kip1) have increased testis size. To test the hypothesis that T(3) regulates Sertoli cell mitogenesis by acting through p27(Kip1), we compared expression of p27(Kip1) in Sertoli cells of testes from euthyroid, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid mice. At postnatal d 5-25, testes were collected and immunostained for p27(Kip1) expression, or Sertoli cells were isolated enzymatically and used for p27(Kip1) Western blotting. p27(Kip1) immunostaining was low in rapidly proliferating 5-d-old Sertoli cells but had increased strongly in nonproliferating 25-d-old Sertoli cells. p27(Kip1) immunostaining was reduced in Sertoli cells from hypothyroid mice compared with euthyroid controls at 10 and 16 d, consistent with increased Sertoli cell proliferation in these mice. Western blotting corroborated the p27(Kip1) immunostaining, and p27(Kip1) expression was greater in Sertoli cells from control compared with hypothyroid mice at postnatal d 10 and 16, but p27(Kip1) expression was comparable by d 25. Hyperthyroidism increased p27(Kip1) immunostaining relative to controls, and Western analysis indicated that Sertoli cells from 10-d-old hyperthyroid mice expressed more p27(Kip1) than control mice. These results indicate that thyroid hormone status affects p27(Kip1) expression in neonatal Sertoli cells, suggesting that T(3) effects on Sertoli cell proliferation may be mediated through this CDKI.
A lower bound on the variance of conductance in random resistor networks

We study the conductance of random resistor networks ind≥2 dimensions. It is shown (under some technical assumptions) that if a network exhibits a nonzero conductivity in the infinite-volume limit, then the variance of a finite-volume conductance grows at least like the volume.
Clinical manifestations and management of labor and delivery in women with factor IX deficiency

Haemophilia is uncommon in females and little is known about the clinical manifestations and postpartum management of women with this disorder. Clinical characteristics of postpartum bleeding were evaluated in women with factor IX deficiency (FIX:C 0.05 U mL(-1) vs. < or =0.05 U mL(-1)). Compared with females with von Willebrand disease or FXI deficiency, females with FIX deficiency were more likely to experience postpartum bleeding (P = 0.008) and anaemia (P = 0.045); and they were less likely to experience menorrhagia (P = 0.065), but the latter did not reach significance. Postpartum bleeding is common in women with haemophilia B or carriers of haemophilia B, and treatment with factor replacement for at least 4 days of postpartum may prevent bleeding following delivery in such women.
Vaccination against Marek's disease with cell-free herpesvirus of turkeys by aerosol vaccination.

Abstract Aerosals of turkey herpesvirus (HVT) were studied as a potential means for mass vaccination of poultry against Marek’s disease (MD). Chickens sprayed with HVT vaccine were examined for immunofluorescent antigen with the direct fluorescent antibody test. The immunofluorescent antigen was found in epithelial cells lining the trachea and parabronchus as well as the spleen, kidney, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius. Controlled laboratory experiments demonstrate d that chickens vaccinated by aerosol were effectively immunized against MD when challenged by contact exposure; however, birds vaccinated by aerosol and challenged by subcutaneous inoculation with MD-infective plasma were not protected against challenge as well as chickens vaccinated subcutaneously. It was also ascertained that birds vaccinated subcutaneously developed a viremia and antibody response much faster than chickens vaccinated by aerosol. Maternal antibody also had a more adverse effect on viremia and antibody response in chickens vaccinated by aerosol as compared to chickens vaccinated subcutaneously. When the HVT dosage was increased the aerosol vaccination procedure was just as effective as subcutaneous inoculation. The success of the vaccination procedure could be greatly enhanced with refined sprayers and better vaccination facilities that would reduce the vaccination time and offer more protection of the personnel administering the vaccine.
The fluid and crystallized abilities of white, black, and Hispanic adolescents and adults, both with and without an education covariate.

Data from the standardization sample of the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) were used to examine race/ethnic differences on the Horn-Cattell fluid and crystallized constructs. Samples included 768 individuals aged 11 to 24 years (575 White, 117 Black, 76 Hispanic) and 1,160 individuals aged 25 to 94 years (972 White, 124 Black, 64 Hispanic). Multivariate and univariate analyses were conducted, with and without an educational attainment covariate. Race/ethnic group was related significantly to performance on fluid and crystallized variables. Whites generally outscored Blacks and Hispanics on the diverse measures, namely, on tasks dependent on school learning (crystallized), and on those that reflect novel problem solving (fluid). These results maintained even with educational attainment covaried. Hispanics tended to perform better on fluid than on crystallized tests.
Trauma, Adversity, and Parent-Child Relationships Among Young Children Experiencing Homelessness

This study examined experiences of adversity and potentially traumatic life events among 138 young children (56% female) residing with their families in emergency housing. Experiences of these children were examined from a developmental perspective, testing the impact of cumulative adversity on trauma symptoms, other emotional/behavior problems, and executive functioning in relation to the quality of observed parent-child interactions. Cumulative adversity was related to children’s trauma symptoms and total problem scores. Quality of observed parentchild interactions related to fewer child symptoms, congruent with a promotive role. Quality of parent-child interactions also moderated the associations between adversity and both specific trauma symptoms and broad emotional/behavior problems, consistent with an expected protective effect. Parenting quality was generally associated with better child executive functioning, consistent with a promotive rather than a protective effect among homeless children. Findings are discussed in the context of family homelessness, including chronic poverty and acute or ongoing adversity.
MR Imaging of the Prostate

Multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the prostate is gaining acceptance in the management of prostate cancer. Emerging indications of prostate MR imaging may expand its use in the work-up of localized prostate cancer. Improvements in the standardization of prostate MR imaging techniques and reporting are needed for further establishment of the emerging roles of prostate MR imaging. This article describes the prostate MR imaging techniques and provides an approach for interpretation of prostate MR imaging studies. Established and emerging indications for prostate MR imaging are also reviewed.
A web-based decision support system for waste disposal and recycling

Insufficient recycling of household and industrial waste in the U.S.A. has led to increased fullness and losses in landfills. Decision support systems (DSS) can encourage recycling, by giving consumers better access to information and decision models that maximize their economic incentives for recycling. This paper presents such a model (for optimizing delivery of waste to transfer stations) and describes its implementation in a DSS that is installed on a World Wide Web server and stores detailed data and the decision models. The model determines the transfer stations that are to be visited, items that are to be dropped at each station visited, and the travel route between stations, and makes the best tradeoff between the monetary payoff and travel times. DSS users access the system via standard Web browsers, and can query the database or use the decision models. Providers of recycling services can update, also using a Web browser, data about their site via hypertext mark-up language (HTML) forms.
Psychotherapy of the Patient with an HIV Infection:Some Ethical and Therapeutic Dilemmas

PSYChOtherapeUtic treatment of the patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection-asymptomatic seropositivity, AIDS-related complex (ARC) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-often poses many dilemmas for the therapist. The task is complicated by the social attitudes, which may coincide with those of the therapist, toward HIV infections. The work is further compounded by the countertransference feelings that can accompany the treatment of seriously medically ill patients and by conflicts between the therapist's responsibilities to both the patient and society. In the usual therapeutic experience, the concerns of the patient are paramount; however, when an HIV-infected patient acts irresponsibly, the potential consequences to society are of such magnitude that therapeutic neutrality cannot be maintained. The psychiatric literature on AIDS has stressed the psychosocial aspects of the illness, the neuropsychiatric sequelae, and the health concerns of patients and their caretakers. 1-8 Less attention has been paid to therapeutic and ethical dilemmas or to countertransference difficulties that arise in psychotherapeutic work with these patients. In this article, we shall discuss some of these difficulties and illustrate them in the psychotherapy of a woman with ARC. Basedon ourclinical experience, we feel it is possible to make certain generalizations about HIV patients, despite the heterogeneous nature of the characterological adaptive and conflict-related issues. The emotional trauma of an HIV diagnosis cannot be overestimated. As with other potentially fatal diagnoses, it elicits some common responses across the spectrum of those infected. Likewise, the therapist may have profound countertransference reactions to the illness itself; these can include fantasies about the risk he or she incurs by working with the patient that are only in part related to the therapist's basic personality. Such reactions may be peripheral to countertransference responses to other aspects of the patient's personality or psychopathology.
By the light of what comes after: Eventologies of the ordinary

This essay looks at how two recent books–Veena Das's Life and Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary and Kathleen Stewart's Ordinary Affects–understand the register of the ordinary. It prefigures this discussion with a consideration of Don DeLillo's novel Falling Man in order to think through the relationship between the ordinary and the event, on the one hand, and the use of performance art in recasting this relationship, on the other.
Recommendations for Assessing the Effectiveness of Surrogate Species Approaches

Surrogate species approaches, including flagship, focal, keystone, indicator, and umbrella, are considered an effective means of conservation planning. For conservation biologists to apply surrogates with confidence, they must have some idea of the effectiveness of surrogates for the circumstances in which they will be applied. We reviewed tests of the effectiveness of surrogate species planning to see if research supports the development of generalized rules for (1) determining when and where surrogate species are an effective conservation tool and (2) how surrogate species should be selected such that the resulting conservation plan will effectively protect biodiversity or achieve other conservation goals. The context and methods of published studies were so diverse that we could not draw general conclusions about the spatial or temporal scales, or ecosystems or taxonomic groups for which surrogate species approaches will succeed. The science of surrogate species can progress by (1) establishing methods to compare diverse measures of effectiveness; (2) taking advantage of data-rich regions to examine the potential effectiveness of surrogate approaches; (3) incorporating spatial scale as an explanatory variable; (4) evaluating surrogate species approaches at broader temporal scales; (5) seeking patterns that will lead to hypothesis driven research; and (6) monitoring surrogate species and their target species.
The Lateral and Medial Median Eminence: Distribution of Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone and the Effect of Prolactin on Catecholamine Turnover

In the adult male rat, we have succeeded in microdissecting the median eminence into a LHRH-rich lateral region (MEl) and a LHRH-poor medial region (MEm). Dissected in this manner, the MEm has a 4.8-fold lower LHRH concentration and a 1.5-fold higher DA concentration than the MEl. The concentration of norepinephrine (NE) is not different in the two regions. Estimates of the rate constants for dopamine (DA) and NE decay after synthesis inhibition revealed no significant differences between the MEl and MEm kinetics for either amine. Hyperprolactinemia, produced by ovine PRL administration, resulted in marked increases in DA turnover rates in both the MEm (2.7-fold) and the MEl (4.7-fold). These effects of PRL were specific to the tuberoinfundibular DA neurons, as DA turnover was unaffected in nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and incertohypothalamic DA neurons, and no changes were observed in NE turnover in any study area. The results support the involvement of PRL in the short loop feedback regulation of its own secretion in the MEm. The data further demonstrate a hypothalamic mechanism in the MEl by which hyperprolactinemia could inhibit LHRH release.
Enhancing Clinical Evaluation Skills: Palpation as the Principal Skill

Context: Recognition and evaluation of injuries/illnesses accounts for the greatest percentage (24%) of an athletic trainer’s responsibilities as a clinician. When teaching orthopedic evaluation, we often emphasize history taking and special/ ligamentous tests to achieve a diagnosis. Because of its complexity and variability, palpation becomes an underutilized skill in the evaluation process. Objective: The intent of this article is to provide educators with some nontraditional instructional techniques to assist students' development of palpation skills. Background: Palpation is used to identify somatic problems, treat those problems, and assess the result of the treatment. Within the examination, palpation identifies the specific tissues associated with an individual’s complaint. By correctly identifying the affected tissues, the remainder of the evaluation can be shaped to appropriately address the injured structures. If students are able to comprehend the significance of palpation, they can enhance their evaluation skills. Description: We describe four lessons (Anatomy of a Penny, Controlling Pressure, Discriminating Changes in Soft Tissues, Integrating Skills with Blindfold Palpation) to help instructors provide a foundation for, as well as to advance and integrate, palpation skills in the evaluation process. Clinical Advantages: Education programs aim to enhance students’ clinical abilities to recognize and evaluate injuries. The methods used to achieve improvement are not driven by accreditation standards, but by instructional technique. Nontraditional instructional methods may assist instructors with enhancing the palpation skills of their students. Conclusions: Palpation is an integral skill in the evaluation process. With creative instruction, educators can help students advance their skills.
Gene transfer of inducible nitric oxide synthase impairs relaxation in human and rabbit cerebral arteries.

Background and Purpose— These studies evaluated whether gene transfer of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a sufficient stimulus to produce vascular dysfunction in cerebral arteries. Methods— Intracranial (pial) arteries were dissected from human brain tissue obtained during elective surgery. Isolated human arteries were incubated in vitro with adenovirus containing iNOS (AdiNOS) or a nonexpressive transgene (control, AdBglII) (500 μL, 3×109 plaque-forming units per milliliter), and vascular function was examined 24 hours later. In anesthetized rabbits, AdiNOS or AdBglII (300 μL 1×1010) was injected into the cisterna magna. Three days later, the basilar artery was removed, and reactivity was examined ex vivo. Results— In submaximally precontracted vessels, we observed impairment of NO-dependent relaxation in human cerebral arteries after gene transfer of iNOS. Maximum relaxation to bradykinin (1 μmol/L, an endothelium-dependent agonist) was 77±11% (mean±SE) after AdBglII and 31±22% ( P <0.05) after AdiNOS. After AdiNOS, responses to nitroprusside (an endothelium-independent NO donor) also were impaired. Responses to both nitroprusside and bradykinin were improved by aminoguanidine (300 μmol/L), an inhibitor of iNOS. AdiNOS produced no change in vasoconstrictor responses to U46619. In basilar arteries from rabbits examined in vitro after gene transfer in vivo, responses to histamine, serotonin, and nitroprusside all were similar after AdiNOS or AdBglII. In contrast, relaxation to acetylcholine was significantly depressed after AdiNOS. Maximum relaxation to acetylcholine (10 μmol/L) was 90±3% after AdBglII and 68±5% ( P <0.05) after AdiNOS. Relaxation of arteries after AdiNOS was improved by aminoguanidine. Conclusions— These studies suggest that expression of iNOS may impair NO-dependent relaxation in both human and rabbit cerebral arteries.
Immunomodulation for intestinal transplantation by allograft irradiation, adjunct donor bone marrow infusion, or both.

Recent evidence has shown that passenger leukocytes that are normal constituents of all organs migrate after transplantation and are replaced by recipient cells of the same hematolymphopoietic lineages (1–5). With engraftment, the “accepted” organ and the recipient become genetic composites in that a trace population of the donor leukocytes survives peripherally in lymphoid and nonlymphoid recipient tissues (microchimerism) as well as in the allograft. Acute contemporaneous graft-versus-host (GVH) and host-versus-graft (HVG) immune reactions and the subsequent persistence of multilineage microchimerism have been proposed to be essential for successful organ transplantation and the variable development of donor-specific nonreactivity (tolerance). The quantity and lineage profiles of the passenger leukocytes contained in different kinds of organ grafts strongly influences the quantity and lineages of the chimerism found in the recipients, the relative strengths of the interactive HVG and GVH reactions, graft survival, and graft function (5–7). The passenger leukocytes of the liver and bone marrow cells (BMC), both of which include large numbers of immature leukocytes and cells of myeloid origin, have been shown to be more tolerogenic with a lower risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) than the intestinal passenger leukocytes, which are rich in mature lymphocytes (5). In the experiments reported here, the hypothesis was tested that modification of the intestinal passenger leukocytes with ex vivo irradiation and the adjunct infusion of donor BMC would improve the control of rejection in a fully allogeneic small intestinal transplantation (SITx) model without causing GVHD. The irradiation doses were designed to eliminate or substantially reduce the mature lymphoid elements of the passenger leukocytes, without destroying precursor hematopoietic cells and without causing irradiation injury to the intestinal epithelial components. The irradiated intestinal grafts were transplanted alone or simultaneously with intravenously infused donor BMC. The efficacy of these treatments was assessed by recipient and graft survival, recipient weight maintenance, graft histopathology, and the quality and quantity of donor leukocyte microchimerism in Lewis (LEW)-to-Brown Norway (BN) and BN-to-LEW rat strain combinations. We have previously shown that the former combination was GVHD prone in that recipient animals developed fatal GVHD after SITx under a short course of immunosuppression (5–7). Although the lymphocyte migration patterns are similar in both strain combinations, BN-to-LEW transplantation is not complicated by GVHD. Thus, we were able to examine the effect of treatment strategies on the GVH and HVG immune responses in GVHD-prone and GVHD-resistant settings.
Dualism and Symbolic Antithesis in Indonesian Society

IN VIRTUALLY all areas of the Indonesian archipelago, despite its diversity of cultures and social organization, there is a persistent structural motif: the functional antithesis of two social groups, be they clans, phratries or moieties. This antithesis is expressed in the classifications of the social system, in intricate connubial patterns, in trade, religion, art and literature. "Again and again," writes J. P. de Josselin de Jong in his ethnological survey of the Indonesian archipelago, "are the fundamental antitheses and distinctions of heaven and earth, male and female, the center and two adjacent sides expressed with monotonous and suggestive stubbornness, both in titles and in social categories, as well as in the preference for certain numbers and in all sorts of social shifts and irregularities" (1935:12-13; Van Dijk 1948:36). The whole structure of these Indonesian societies seems to revolve around this religiously sanctioned confrontation of opposites, and even in areas where its principles have been weakened in the course of time, such as in Java, its distinctive features can be traced. The present paper is an attempt to describe and analyze this dualism and symbolic structural antithesis in a number of Indonesian societies. I One form in which the dualistic element expresses itself is the connubial arrangement of certain Indonesian groups, with its attendant pattern of exchange of gifts. Where the traditions of clan organization survive, one encounters two clans or clan units which are part of a circulating or asymmetric connubium and which stand in a particular religious and social antithesis toward each other. One unit supplements the other, and each satisfies the other's needs. One unit delivers its women in marriage to the other and in turn receives its women from still a third clan or clan unit. But, basically, two social groups always confront each other, not only in their marriage relationship but
Patently Misleading: Partial Implementation and Bargaining Leverage in Sino-American Negotiations on Intellectual Property Rights

We develop a model of international negotiation in which states antici- pate that the agreements they sign will only be partly implemented+ The results dif- fer significantly from theories of domestic ratification that have previously been applied to this problem+ Negotiators do not try to satisfy the implementer and may even choose agreements that the implementer would explicitly reject in a ratification model+ Par- tial implementation also makes it possible for two negotiators to reach agreements outside their usual win-set+ This situation may allow one country to make extra- ordinary concessions, knowing that some provisions will never be fully imple- mented+ We apply these claims to Sino-American negotiations over intellectual property rights, where implementation has been a recurrent issue+ The theory enriches the theory of two-level games, which has focused much too narrowly on formal rati- fication without amendment as the canonical case of domestic influence over inter- national bargaining+
Effects of microinjection of ouabain into the hypothalamus in cats.

Abstract 1. In cats anaesthetized with chloralose, repeated injections of 20 μg ouabain were made either into the cerebral ventricles, or into the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), or intravenously whilst the electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure and respiration were recorded. 2. The injections produced cardiac arrhythmias preceded by sinus bradycardia, variable changes in arterial blood pressure and respiratory depression. Death occurred either from ventricular fibrillation or from cardiac arrest. 3. The arrhythmias which occurred after the injections into the cerebral ventricles were not peripheral effects produced after absorption of the ouabain into the blood stream, because with intravenous injections larger amounts were required to produce the arrhythmias and to cause death than with intraventricular injections. The arrhythmias which resulted in death were due to an action on the VMH. With microinjections of ouabain into this region of the brain death occurred earlier and after smaller doses than after intraventricular injections. 4. While sinus bradycardia was abolished by bilateral vagotomy other cardiac arrhythmias were prevented by acute cardiac sympathectomy and cervical cord transection. Thus both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems appear to be involved in the production of these arrhythmias. 5. Since some of the cardiac arrhythmias obtained with ouabain in anaesthetized cats resemble the cardiotoxic effects seen in clinical practice during treatment with digitalis glycosides it is concluded that these effects, too, are, at least in part, central in origin, caused by an action on the VMH and mediated mainly via the sympathetic nervous system.
Patterning indium tin oxide and indium zinc oxide using microcontact printing and wet etching

We report a procedure that uses microcontact printing and wet chemical etching to fabricate patterned films of indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). The procedure consists of three steps: (1) inking a patterned elastomeric stamp with an alkanephosphonic acid; (2) microcontact printing to form a patterned multilayer film of alkanephosphonic acid on the surface of an ITO or IZO film; (3) etching the unprotected regions of the ITO or IZO film using 0.05 M oxalic acid as the etchant. We demonstrate this procedure by fabricating patterned ITO and IZO films with areas as large as 15 cm2 and minimum feature sizes of ∼2 μm. The key step in this procedure is applying the alkanephosphonic acid ink to the surface of the stamp. We present two different inking methods to illustrate the impact of stamp inking on the quality of printed and etched ITO and IZO films.
The effects of nutrient limitation and stream discharge on the epilithic microbial community in an oligotrophic Arctic stream

Nutrient limitation of epilithic microbial activity is modified by stream discharge and drainage from the tundra surrounding the Kuparuk River, Alaska, USA. During 1984, after three weeks of whole stream enrichment with phosphorus, autotrophic activity per unit biomass had increased in the enriched section of the stream suggesting that phosphorus availability was limiting productivity. In contrast, after three weeks of phosphorus enrichment during 1985, heterotrophic and autotrophic activity was similar in the control and enriched sections of the stream. However, when ammonia or nitrate and phosphorus were added to an in situ bioassay chamber for two weeks, higher community biomass and heterotrophic activity resulted. Ten days later biomass significantly dropped in the unenriched section. Nitrate levels over this period increased four fold concomitantly with decreased stream discharge. Apparently during 1985, nitrogen was limiting epilithic microbial community in the phosphorus enriched section of the Kuparuk River. The significant negative relationship between nitrate concentration and stream discharge observed during 1984 supported the trends seen in 1985. These data suggest that nutrient concentrations which limit epilithic microbial activity and biomass are regulated by the stream discharge and drainage from the surrounding tundra.
A Probe-Vehicle-Based Evaluation of Adaptive Traffic Signal Control

In 2005, the Cobb County Department of Transportation, Cobb County, GA, conducted an adaptive signal control pilot study implementing the Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System (SCATS) on 15 intersections. This paper presents the results of a before-and-after probe-vehicle-based operational comparison of optimized time-of-day (i.e., before control) and SCATS (i.e., after control) traffic control system performance. The focus of this operational analysis is the typical operating performance during the weekday peak, weekday off-peak, and weekend travel periods. Travel time data were collected using Global-Positioning-System (GPS)-equipped test vehicles. The results showed that both systems provided good performance, whereas neither the before time-of-day or after SCATS is clearly dominant, except on Cumberland Parkway, where SCATS control consistently provides equivalent or superior performance to that of the time-of-day control.