cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistence and decay of thermoinducible error-prone repair activity in nonfilamentous derivatives of tif-1, Escherichia coli B/r: the timing of some critical events in ultraviolet mutagenesis.

Ultraviolet (UV) mutagenesis in E. coli is associated with a UV-inducible type of error-prone postreplication repair (“SOS” repair) which, in tif-1 strains, is thermo-inducible in coordination with other recA+lexA+-dependent inducible functions, including filamentous growth. Mutants of E. coli B/r tif-1 strains have been isolated which retain thermoinducibility of SOS repair activity, but lack the thermosensitivity caused by filamentous growth at 42° C. These strains have been used to determine: the kinetics of decay at 30° C of thermally induced ability to enhance UV mutagenesis; the kinetics of thermal enhancement of spontaneous and UV-induced mutability at 42° C, and the kinetics of decay at 30° C of susceptibility to thermal enhancement of spontaneous and UV-induced mutability. Mutations from tryptophane requirement to prototrophy (Trp- to Trp+) were scored. UV doses were 0.2 J/m2 for excision repair-deficient (Uvr-) and 2 J/m2 for Uvr+ strains. The results support the following conclusions. 1) Thermally induced SOS repair activity decays at 30° C to about 25% of its maximum level in 45 min, and is no longer detectable after 90 min. 2) Thermal enhancement of UV mutability occurs at sites produced primarily (perhaps exclusively) before completion of the first post-irradiation cell division. 3) UV-induced sites susceptible to thermally induced SOS repair are stable at 30°C in cells not containing the error-prone repair system, and are refractory to constitutive error-free repair for at least 2–3 hours. 4) UV produces a potentially mutagenic type of photoproduct in DNA which can, without interacting with another UV lesion, provide a site susceptible to SOS repair, but which is not a sufficient signal for SOS induction. 5) 50–70% of the SOS-mutable SOS-noninducing UV photoproducts are photoreversible pyrimidine dimers. The results are discussed in relation to current models of UV mutagenesis and induction of UV-inducible functions.
Structural basis of fluorescence quenching in caspase activatable‐GFP

Apoptosis is critical for organismal homeostasis and a wide variety of diseases. Caspases are the ultimate executors of the apoptotic programmed cell death pathway. As caspases play such a central role in apoptosis, there is significant demand for technologies to monitor caspase function. We recently developed a caspase activatable-GFP (CA-GFP) reporter. CA-GFP is unique due to its “dark” state, where chromophore maturation of the GFP is inhibited by the presence of a C-terminal peptide. Here we show that chromophore maturation is prevented because CA-GFP does not fold into the robust β-barrel of GFP until the peptide has been cleaved by active caspase. Both CA-GFP and GFP1-10, a split form of GFP lacking the 11th strand, have similar secondary structure, different from mature GFP. A similar susceptibility to proteolytic digestion indicates that this shared structure is not the robust, fully formed GFP β-barrel. We have developed a model that suggests that as CA-GFP is translated in vivo it follows the same folding path as wild-type GFP; however, the presence of the appended peptide does not allow CA-GFP to form the barrel of the fully matured GFP. CA-GFP is therefore held in a “pro-folding” intermediate state until the peptide is released, allowing it to continue folding into the mature barrel geometry. This new understanding of the structural basis of the dark state of the CA-GFP reporter will enable manipulation of this mechanism in the development of reporter systems for any number of cellular processes involving proteases and potentially other enzymes.
Rapid liftoff of epitaxial thin films

Electronic devices made from single crystal thin films attached to inexpensive support substrates offer reduced material costs compared to wafer-based devices; however, scalable and inexpensive processes for producing these single crystal film structures have remained elusive. In this work, we describe a new approach for fabricating these structures. In our approach, an epitaxial film is grown on a single crystal template and is then separated from its growth surface via fracture along a weak heteroepitaxial interface between the single crystal film and its growth substrate. We show that epitaxial films of Si, Ge, and GaAs, with thicknesses ranging from 100 nm to 1 μm, grown on epitaxial CaF2 overlayers on Si substrates, can be transferred to glass substrates by inducing fracture along the heteroepitaxial interface between the semiconductor film and CaF2, or between CaF2 and the Si wafer, assisted by the presence of water as in moisture-assisted cracking.
Transfer of Paired-Associates as a Function of Stimulus Meaningfulness

Martin (1968) reported a relationship between che meaningfulness of a stimulus and its ability to produce interference in later tasks. Based on his work with the A-B, paradigm, he theorized thsc highly meaningful verbal units are responded to in a more integrated, unitized, consistent fashion than are units low in meaningfulness, and thar it is this encoding consistency that determines how easily units are associated with each other. The encoding-variability hypochesis, proposed by Martin, suggests that nominal stimuli are variably encoded and may be perceived differently on several occasions. The number of perceptual/encoding responses is assumed to vary inversely with meaningfulness. Thus single-list paired-associate learning will progress more slowly with the more variable functional stimulation of nominal stimuli of low meaningfulness. Martin hypothesized that in negative transfer the second task involves recodingwhen stimuli are low in meaningfulness and unlearning when they are high. The present experiment dealt with the effect'of varying stimulus meaningfulness in an A-D, A-B negative transfer paradigm. If, in fact, low-meaningful stimuli are more variably encoded than high-meaningful stimuli and if negative rransfer can be decreased by a recoding of scimuli in the second lisc, then we should find less negative transfer with the low-meaningful than with the highmeaningful stimuli. The present experiment also attempted to generalize the theory's applicability beyond the nonsense syllable stimuli previously used (Martin & Carey, 1971) ; to that end, real words were used in this experiment.
Structural Plasticity of the Hippocampus and Amygdala Induced by Electroconvulsive Therapy in Major Depression.

Background Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) elicits a rapid and robust clinical response in patients with refractory depression. Neuroimaging measurements of structural plasticity relating to and predictive of ECT response may point to the mechanisms underlying rapid antidepressant effects and establish biomarkers to inform other treatments. Here, we determine the effects of diagnosis and of ECT on global and local variations of hippocampal and amygdala structures in major depression and predictors of ECT-related clinical response. Methods Longitudinal changes in hippocampal and amygdala structures were examined in patients with major depression (N = 43, scanned three times: prior to ECT, after the second ECT session, and within 1 week of completing the ECT treatment series), referred for ECT as part of their standard clinical care. Cross-sectional comparisons with demographically similar controls (N = 32, scanned twice) established effects of diagnosis. Results Patients showed smaller hippocampal volumes than controls at baseline (p Conclusions ECT-induced neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and amygdala relates to improved clinical response and is pronounced in regions with prominent connections to ventromedial prefrontal cortex and other limbic structures. Smaller hippocampal volumes at baseline predict a more robust clinical response. Neurotrophic processes including neurogenesis shown in preclinical studies may underlie these structural changes.
Tactile memory in sighted and blind observers: the influence of orientation and rate of presentation.

Sighted, early blind, and late blind subjects attempted to identify numerals or number sequences printed on their palms. The numerals were either upright, or inverted, or rotated perpendicular to the arm axis. Stimulus rotation degraded recognition in the early blind subjects, suggesting the influence of experience with visual frames of reference. Slower rates of presentation with upright number sequences improved recall in both sighted and blind observers. An experiment on tactual — visual braille recognition in the sighted observers showed that tilt degraded pattern identification, but visual guidance of the fingertip and ballpoint minimized this loss. A further experiment was performed to distinguish between visual imagery and visual frame of reference explanations of the visual guidance effect on recognition of rotated braille. Subjects explored upright or tilted braille characters while viewing only a light emitting diode on the exploratory fingertip. Sight of scanning movements did not aid pattern r...
A Software Tool for Unit Process-Based Sustainable Manufacturing Assessment of Metal Components and Assemblies

While environmental impact analysis is standard in accordance with ISO 14040:2006 using life cycle assessment software, such as GaBi and SimaPro, software tools supporting broader sustainability assessment are limited. Recent research has developed methods for sustainable manufacturing assessment and has led to unit manufacturing process models that can be used to quantify sustainability metrics. In spite of these advances, engineering designers must apply such methods in an ad hoc manner, which increases engineering analysis time and limits the utility of sustainability assessment in early design. Thus, manufacturing process models and supporting software tool are developed to assist design for manufacturing efforts pursuing sustainability performance improvement. The software is constructed using Visual Basic to create a graphical user interface for an MS Excel calculation engine. Using unit manufacturing process models, a product sustainability assessment can be generated by chaining together a sequential manufacturing process flow. In this way, cradle-to-gate assessments can support decisions made during product, process, and supply chain design. The method combines upstream inventory analysis and in-house unit process modeling to perform cradle-to-gate sustainability assessment. The utility of the approach is demonstrated for the assessment of an aircraft-like metal product assembly.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Biochemical features of anergic T cells

T cell anergy is a functionally defined state of hyporesponsiveness in which T cells neither proliferate nor produce IL2 following subsequent TCR ligation. Recent biochemical data from in vitro studies suggest that anergic cells do not utilize all of the signaling pathways normally initiated by TCR triggering. These findings appear to hold true for T cells rendered anergic in vivo, as well; however, biochemical studies on clonal anergy in vivo have been limited by the inability to recover a homogeneous population of anergic T cells. Here we review progress on TCR mediated signaling pathways as well as the description of surface marker phenotypes specific to T cell anergy.
Magnetic moments of low-lying states in 103Rh, 111,113Cd, and 123,125Te.

The magnetic moments of several short-lived states in $^{103}\mathrm{Rh}$, $^{111}$,113Cd, and $^{123}$,125Te isotopes have been measured by the transient field technique. The results, together with those obtained earlier in the $^{107}$,109Ag isotopes, have been compared to predictions of various models and calculations. In the Z=45,47 isotopes, the odd proton seems to deform the vibrational core. The data are best explained within the framework of a triaxially deformed nucleus. In the odd-neutron isotopes with 50lNl82 and Z=48,52, weak-coupling states coexist with single-particle states in a mix of configurations.
Hyperlipemia During Estrogen Therapy

To the Editor.— We would like to reply to the letters published in the May 13, 1974, issue ofThe Journalconcerning our article, "Massive Hyperlipemia During Estrogen Therapy" (227:522, 1974). As Dr. Applegate suggested, certainly caloric intake, the degree of saturated and unsaturated fats in the diet, ethanol, and free sugar intake are all very important determinants of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels (Kuo PT,Ann Intern Med68:449, 1968; Bortz WM,Metabolism22:1507, 1973: Ginsberg H, et al,Ann Intern Med80:143, 1974; Fredrickson DS, et al,N Engl J Med276:32, 1967). While we do not deny the effects of weight loss and reduction of carbohydrates and saturated-fat intake in our cases 2 and 3, the decline in lipid levels from the extremely high levels in all four cases (especially cases 1 and 4, on whom no dietary restrictions were placed), when estrogen therapy was discontinued, to
Techniques for averting and correcting errors in 3D terrain topology measurements

The emergence of high-fidelity vehicle and tyre models has raised the requirements for 3D terrain measurement capabilities. Inaccuracies that were once tolerable for measurement of general terrain roughness are no longer acceptable for these new applications. The data inaccuracies that arise from small inertial errors are compounded by difficulties in managing massive file sizes. These faults are most apparent when combining multiple lanes of data in the post-processing phase. This work develops two correction techniques: a general method for any terrain type and a more computationally efficient method for smooth terrain. The general terrain correction method uses overlapping points in the horizontal plane to build a discontinuity vector and applies that vector to correct adjacent lanes. While this method effectively eliminates lane-to-lane discontinuities, it is computationally inefficient for terrain that lacks localized disturbances. For simulations using smooth terrain surfaces, such as racetracks or highways, data can be down-sampled through a mean interpolation method to smooth the artefacts of inertial errors. This work provides the vehicle test engineer with guidelines to minimize inertial errors during the data collection phase as well as a post-processing tool to combine multiple lanes of high-fidelity 3D terrain surfaces.
Biodegradability of Lingering Crude Oil 19 Years after the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

In 2001 and 2003, geospatial surveys of lingering oil were conducted in Prince William Sound (PWS) resulting in a prediction of significant acreage being contaminated with substantial subsurface oil from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS). In 2007, other researchers developed a mass weathering index (MWI) based on the degree of weathering of PAHs normalized to conserved biomarkers: if the degree of weathering of oil is 70% or more, further attempts at bioremediation would be unjustified. The objective of our study was to measure the biodegradability of the 19-year lingering oil in laboratory microcosms. Samples of beach substrate were collected from representative sites in PWS contaminated with oil residues of varying weathering states according to the MWI model. Enough sacrificial microcosms were set up to accommodate two treatments for each site (natural attenuation and biostimulation). Results indicated that lingering oil is biodegradable. Nutrient addition stimulated biodegradation compared to natural attenuation in all treatments regardless of the degree of weathering. The most weathered oil according to the MWI was the most biodegradable. Substantial biodegradation occurred in the natural attenuation microcosms due to the high sediment Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), which served as a nitrogen source for biodegradation. Most of the observed biodegradation was due to the presence of dissolved oxygen. Nitrogen was a limiting factor but oxygen was the predominant one.
Temporal variation in climate and tectonic coupling in the central Andes

Analog and numerical models predict a coupling between climate and tectonics whereby erosion infl uences the deformation of orogens. A testable prediction from modeling studies is the decrease in width of mountain ranges as a result of increased precipitation. Here we evaluate the effect of climate on a critically tapered orogen, the central Andes, using sequentially restored, balanced cross sections through wet (15°‐16°S) and dry (21°S) regions of the orogen. In these regions, tectonics, basin geometry, and style of deformation are similar, allowing us to use variations in propagation (or changes in percent shortening) to evaluate whether alongstrike changes in width and morphology are climate driven in the north. Results indicate similar total percent shortening along the northern (40%) and southern (37%) sections, suggesting that a wetter climate has not limited the width (propagation) in the north. However, comparison of early (45‐25 Ma) and recent (ca. 20‐0 Ma) shortening indicates that early deformation produced 45% ± 2% shortening of both sections, while recent deformation produced 41% ± 2% (north) versus 32% ± 2% (south) in the actively deforming Subandes. The latter suggests a coupling between climate and tectonics that began between ca. 19 and 8 Ma, and continues to 0 Ma, potentially limiting the width of the northern Subandes by ~40 km.
Shallow groundwater temperature response to climate change and urbanization

Summary Groundwater temperatures, especially in shallow (quaternary) aquifers respond to ground surface temperatures which in turn depend on climate and land use. Groundwater temperatures, therefore, are modified by climate change and urban development. In northern temperate climate regions seasonal temperature cycles penetrate the ground to depths on the order of 10–15 m. In this paper, we develop and apply analytic heat transfer relationships for 1-D unsteady effective diffusion of heat through an unsaturated zone into a flowing aquifer a short distance below the ground surface. We estimate how changes in land use (urban development) and climate change may affect shallow groundwater temperatures. We consider both long-term trends and seasonal cycles in surface temperature changes. Our analysis indicates that a fully urbanized downtown area at the latitude of Minneapolis/St. Paul is likely to have a groundwater temperature that is nearly 3 °C warmer than an undeveloped agricultural area at the same geographic location. Pavements are the main cause of this change. Data collected by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) in the St. Cloud, MN area confirm that land use influences groundwater temperatures. Ground surface temperatures are also projected to rise in response to global warming. In the extreme case of a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (2 × CO 2 climate scenario), groundwater temperatures in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area could therefore rise by up to 4 °C. Compounding a land use change from “undeveloped” to “fully urbanized” and a 2 × CO 2 climate scenario, groundwater temperatures are projected to rise by about 5 °C at the latitude of Minneapolis/St. Paul.
Particle-hole symmetric localization in two dimensions

We revisit two-dimensional particle-hole symmetric sublattice localization problem, focusing on the origin of the observed singularities in the density of states ρ(E) at the band center E=0. The most general system of this kind [R. Gade, Nucl. Phys. B 398, 499 (1993)] exhibits critical behavior and has ρ(E) that diverges stronger than any integrable power law, while the special random vector potential model of Ludwig et al. [Phys. Rev. B 50, 7526 (1994)] has instead a power-law density of states with a continuously varying dynamical exponent. We show that the latter model undergoes a dynamical transition with increasing disorder—this transition is a counterpart of the static transition known to occur in this system; in the strong-disorder regime, we identify the low-energy states of this model with the local extrema of the defining two-dimensional Gaussian random surface. Furthermore, combining this “surface fluctuation” mechanism with a renormalization group treatment of a related vortex glass problem leads us to argue that the asymptotic low-E behavior of the density of states in the general case is ρ(E)∼E^-1e-c|ln E|^2/3, different from earlier prediction of Gade. We also study the localized phases of such particle-hole symmetric systems and identify a Griffiths “string” mechanism that generates singular power-law contributions to the low-energy density of states in this case.
Color-symmetry breaking and the baryon spectrum. II

Recently the author proposed that the forces between quarks of two of the colors in the colored-quark model are of shorter range than forces involving quarks of the third color, and showed that if this color-symmetry breaking mechanism is strong, the favored baryon SU(6) representations and parities are 56$sup +$ and 70$sup -$, in agreement with experimental indications. In this paper it is shown that this prediction also results if the symmetry breaking is small, in which case the sign of the symmetry breaking is irrelevant. The author discusses a possible experimental way to test the validity of the mechanism and measure the approximate size of the symmetry breaking. A useful list of orthonormal quark-model wave functions of specific energies and symmetries is given. (AIP)
Online medical journal article layout analysis

We describe a physical and logical layout analysis algorithm, which is applied to segment and label online medical journal articles (regular HTML and PDF-Converted-HTML files). For these articles, the geometric layout of the Web page is the most important cue for physical layout analysis. The key to physical layout analysis is then to render the HTML file in a Web browser, so that the visual information in zones (composed of one or a set of HTML DOM nodes), especially their relative position, can be utilized. The recursive X-Y cut algorithm is adopted to construct a hierarchical zone tree structure. In logical layout analysis, both geometric and linguistic features are used. The HTML documents are modeled by a Hidden Markov Model with 16 states, and the Viterbi algorithm is then used to find the optimal label sequence, concluding the logical layout analysis.
An anatomy of the credibility of online newspapers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discover the primary components of credibility of three types of online newspapers and how the credibility of news differs by type.Design/methodology/approach – The paper participants were recruited at a large north‐eastern US university. All items of credibility scales were measured using seven‐point Likert‐type scales. For each of the three credibility scales, the mean was computed and the scales were analysed for similarities and differences. The scales were factor analysed to determine their underlying dimensions.Findings – Three factors (expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness) were common to the three types, but the different factor structure of each type was identified. The result of multiple comparisons shows that the differences between all three types of online newspapers were significant. Also the summated scores of the mainstream type were the highest on most items. However, the summated score of the index type of online newspaper was the highes...
Hallucinations in children: a follow-up study.

Abstract The results of a follow-up study comparing former child psychiatric inpatients who hallucinated with a matched group of psychiatric inpatients with no history of hallucinations are reported. The mean follow-up period was 4 years, and the mean age at follow-up was nearly 15 years. The study found that hallucinations persisted and that children who hallucinated required more institutionalized care. When compared with other psychiatrically impaired children who did not hallucinate, the children who hallucinated also exhibited more behavioral disturbance. A family history of psychosis, but not affective disorders, may be related to poor outcome. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1988, 27, 4:462–465.
Infants' Discrimination of Photographs of Faces Following Redundant Presentations.

Abstract Infants' discrimination of photographs of faces, as indicated by fixation toward novel targets, was the criterion used to evaluate familiarization conditions designed to facilitate the exercise of selective attention. Groups of 19- and 23-week-old infants were shown either pictures of different faces of the same sex, differing poses of the same face, or repeated exposures of the face that served as a test stimulus. The older infants demonstrated differential attention to novel over familiar stimuli during subsequent recognition tests, and an examination of their responsiveness during familiarization presentations indicated differing trends of looking activity.
Characterization of polymers by thermal field-flow fractionation

Abstract Thermal field-flow fractionation (ThFFF) is a useful technique for separating complex polymer mixtures. The unique features of ThFFF make it applicable to many polymers that are difficult to characterized by conventional methods. Advances in channel design, spearheaded by work at the University of Utah's Field-Flow Fractionation Research Center, have recently culminated in the introduction of a commercially available instrument. Motivated by this progress, ThFFF is reviewed in this paper with an emphasis on implementation. Theories governing retention, zone dispersion and optimization are summarized. Procedures for obtaining accurate molecular-weight distributions on polymers are reviewed along with sample handling techniques. Also discussed is the application of ThFFF to studies of thermal diffusion in polymer solutions. The paper concludes with a discussion of current trends in the field.
Potential applications of electroactive polymer sensors and actuators in MEMS technologies

This paper first presents a state of the art on electroactive polymer sensors and actuators and some experimental data pertaining to them. The paper then discusses the current state of the art in MEMS technologies in connection with robotic micro-manipulation and assembly as well as sensing and actuation. The paper then discusses the potential applications of electroactive polymer sensors and actuators to micro- electromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies such as microgripper and microsensor, microactuator arrays and microsensor arrays, micropumps, and micro-robots with sensing and actuation capability. It further discusses a number of potential industrial as well as biotechnological and medical applications requiring MEMS technologies that can benefit from the advances made in recent years in electroactive polymer sensors and actuators. The paper in particular presents modeling, design, fabrication and testing of a number of micromanipulators and multi-fingered robotic hands.
The effect of cleft palate repair technique on hearing outcomes in children

Abstract Objective Otitis media with effusion causing conductive hearing loss is a problem for many children with cleft palate. This study examines the association between palate repair technique and hearing outcomes in children at 3 and 6 years post-repair. Patients and methods Retrospective chart review of patients with all types of cleft palate that were repaired between 2001 and 2006 at a tertiary children's hospital. Exclusion criteria included sensorineural hearing loss, ossicular chain abnormalities, and ear canal abnormalities. The primary outcome was pure tone average (PTA) from 0.5 kHz to 2 kHz. Results 69 patients (138 ears) were analyzed. 30.4% of left ears and 31.9% of right ears had an abnormal (>20 dB) PTA at 3 years; at 6 years this significantly improved to 13.0% (p = 0.008) and 15.9% (p = 0.011). Double-reverse z-plasty was associated with the lowest median PTA of 10.0 dB (p = 0.046) at 6 years. There was no difference in median PTA between children with and without comorbid diagnoses (such as Pierre Robin Sequence, arthrogryposis) at either 3 years or 6 years (p = 0.075, p = 0.331). Multivariate model showed that extent of cleft influenced technique choice (p = 0.027), but only technique choice was associated with significant differences in PTA and only at 6 years post-repair. Conclusion The majority of children developed normal hearing by 6 years with palatoplasty and routine tube insertion. Double reverse z-plasty was associated with the best outcome, but is not ideal for hard palate clefts. Randomized controlled trials are needed to elucidate the relationship between technique, middle ear ventilation and time to recovery, irrespective of type of cleft.
Spacing repetitions over 1 week

Does varying the spacing of repetitions over intervals as long as 1 week aftect recall? The answer from three experiments is yes. Subjects incidentally processed words repeated within a single list and words repeated in separate lists at list spacings of up to 1 week. Memory was tested by free recall shortly after the second presentations or after retention intervals of up to 1 week. Recall of the words repeated across separate lists conformed to a proportionality rule. When the retention interval is short relative to the spacing intervals, performance is inversely related to spacing. When the retention interval is a large proportion of the spacing intervals, performance is directly related to spacing. Does varying the spacing of repetitions within a single list affect recall after a retention interval of 2 weeks? The answer depends on the processing used while studying the words. Processing that generated interitem associations resulted in a within-list spacing effect even after a 2-week retention interval. Without the interitem associations, the effect was absent after a 1-day retention interval. Most of these findings were explained by examining the changing relationship between the retrieval context and the context stored during study.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae J‐domain protein required for terminal organelle function

The cell wall-less prokaryote Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes tracheobronchitis and primary atypical pneumonia in humans. Colonization of the respiratory epithelium requires proper assembly of a complex, multifunctional, polar terminal organelle. Loss of a predicted J-domain protein also having domains unique to mycoplasma terminal organelle proteins (TopJ) resulted in a non-motile, adherence-deficient phenotype. J-domain proteins typically stimulate ATPase activity of Hsp70 chaperones to bind nascent peptides for proper folding, translocation or macromolecular assembly, or to resolve stress-induced protein aggregates. By Western immunoblotting all defined terminal organelle proteins examined except protein P24 remained at wild-type levels in the topJ mutant; previous studies established that P24 is required for normal initiation of terminal organelle formation. Nevertheless, terminal organelle proteins P1, P30, HMW1 and P41 failed to localize to a cell pole, and when evaluated quantitatively, P30 and HMW1 foci were undetectable in >40% of cells. Complementation of the topJ mutant with the recombinant wild-type topJ allele largely restored terminal organelle development, gliding motility and cytadherence. We propose that this J-domain protein, which localizes to the base of the terminal organelle in wild-type M. pneumoniae, functions in the late stages of assembly, positioning, or both, of nascent terminal organelles.
The variance of mean sea‐ice thickness: Effect of long‐range dependence

[1] Measured sea-ice draft exhibits variations on all scales. We regard draft profiles up to several hundred kilometers in length as being drawn from a stationary stochastic process. We focus on the estimation of the mean draft of the process. This elementary statistic is typically computed from a profile segment of length L and has some uncertainty, or sampling error, that is quantified by its variance σL2. How efficiently can the variance of be reduced by the use of more data, that is, by increasing L? Three properties of the data indicate the need for a non-standard statistical model: the variance σ2L of falls off more slowly than L−1; the autocorrelation sequence does not fall rapidly to zero; and the spectrum does not flatten off with decreasing wave number. These indicate that ice draft exhibits, as a fundamental geometric property, ‘long-range dependence.’ One good model for this dependence is a fractionally differenced process, whose variance σL2 is proportional to L−1+2δ. From submarine ice draft data in the Arctic Ocean, we find δ = 0.27. Mean draft estimated from a 50-km sample has a sample standard deviation of 0.29 m; for 200 km, it is 0.21 m. Tabulated values provide the sample standard deviation σL for various values of L for samples both in a straight line and in a rosette or spoke pattern, allowing for the efficient design of observational programs to measure draft to a desired accuracy.
Effects of peer training and written text cueing on social communication of school-age children with pervasive developmental disorder.

This study consecutively examined the effects of 2 social interventions—peer training and written text treatment—on the social communication of 5 elementary students with pervasive developmental di...
Distribution of Programming in a Rapid Aimed Sequential Movement

Studies indicate that rapid sequential movements are preprogrammed and that preprogramming increases with complexity, but more complex sequences that require on-line programming have seldom been studied. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether on-line programming occurs in a 7-target sequence in which there is a unique target constraint and if so, to determine how different task constraints affect the distribution of additional programming. Subjects contacted seven targets with a hand-held stylus as quickly as possible while maintaining a 90% hit rate. Initiation- and execution-timing patterns and movement kinematics were measured to determine when the additional programming took place. Results indicated that additional programming occurred before initiation and during movement to the first target when the constraint required more spatial accuracy (small target). A different type of unique target (a triple hit of one target) caused the additional programming to occur on-line one or two ...
Stimulated Raman Scattering in the Transient Limit

A discussion of stimulated Raman scattering may seem to be out of place in a conference proceedings devoted to Painleve functions. However, I am now convinced that these functions have a crucial role to play in our understanding of this important physical phenomenon which has continuously absorbed the attention of physicists since it was first discovered in the 1920’s. The role of the Painleve functions has only recently begun to be elucidated so that there is much work which remains to be done. Indeed, this problem may well be an important testbed to which advances in the theory of Painleve functions can be fruitfully applied. In this article, I will give a progress report, describing the advances which my colleagues and I have made on the mathematical theory and discussing the problems which remain.
Paradigm Shifts in Family Sociology? Evidence From Three Decades of Family Textbooks:

This article explores paradigm shifts in family sociology from the 1960s to the 1990s using a thematic content analysis of 7 multiple-edition texts. Two competing views on theoretical developments are examined. David Cheal claims that challenges posed to structural functionalist hegemony resulted in theoretical pluralism and an end to this hegemony. Dorothy Smith argues that Parson's theoretical assumptions are so deeply embedded in the discourse of family sociology that they continue to govern major issues and debates. As late as the 1990s, we found that structural functionalism continued to frame many topics and debates in the majority of texts even when new concepts and more critical literature were added. Notable exceptions were textbook treatments of African American families and gender issues. This suggests that the relative success of social movements in institutionalizing their goals may be an important factor in determining paradigm shifts.
p53 Promotes cell survival due to the reversibility of its cell-cycle checkpoints

The tumor suppressor p53 (TP53) has a well-studied role in triggering cell-cycle checkpoint in response to DNA damage. Previous studies have suggested that functional p53 enhances chemosensitivity. In contrast, data are presented to show that p53 can be required for cell survival following DNA damage due to activation of reversible cell-cycle checkpoints. The cellular outcome to DNA damage is determined by the duration and extent of the stimulus in a p53-dependent manner. In response to transient or low levels of DNA damage, p53 triggers a reversible G2 arrest, whereas a sustained p53-dependent cell-cycle arrest and senescence follows prolonged or high levels of DNA damage. Regardless of the length of treatment, p53-null cells arrest in G2, but ultimately adapt and proceed into mitosis. Interestingly, they fail to undergo cytokinesis, become multinucleated, and then die from apoptosis. Upon transient treatment with DNA-damaging agents, wild-type p53 cells reversibly arrest and repair the damage, whereas p53-null cells fail to do so and die. These data indicate that p53 can promote cell survival by inducing reversible cell-cycle arrest, thereby allowing for DNA repair. Thus, transient treatments may exploit differences between wild-type p53 and p53-null cells. Implications: Although p53 status has been suggested as a clinical predictor of chemotherapeutic efficacy, studies to date have not always supported this. This study demonstrates that p53 is still an important determinant of cell fate in response to chemotherapy, under the appropriate treatment conditions. Mol Cancer Res; 13(1); 16–28. ©2014 AACR.
Accurate Analysis of Tumor Margins Using a Fluorescent pH Low Insertion Peptide (pHLIP)

The recurrence of certain cancers remains quite high due to either incomplete surgical removal of the primary tumor or the presence of small metastases that are invisible to the surgeon. Near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging might improve surgical outcomes by providing sensitive, specific, and real-time visualization of normal and diseased tissues if agents can be found that discriminate between normal and diseased tissue and define tumor margins. We have developed a new approach for revealing tumor borders by using NIR fluorescently labeled pH Low Insertion Peptide (pHLIP) and have created a computational program for the quantitative assessment of tumor boundaries. The approach is tested in vivo by co-localization of GFP-tumors and NIR emission from the fluorescently labeled pHLIP, and it is found that boundaries are accurately reported and that sub-millimeter masses can be detected.
Exploring Russian cyberspace: digitally-mediated collective action and the networked public sphere

This paper summarizes the major findings of a three-year research project to investigate the Internet’s impact on Russian politics, media and society. We employed multiple methods to study online activity: the mapping and study of the structure, communities and content of the blogosphere; an analogous mapping and study of Twitter; content analysis of different media sources using automated and human-based evaluation approaches; and a survey of bloggers; augmented by infrastructure mapping, interviews and background research. We find the emergence of a vibrant and diverse networked public sphere that constitutes an independent alternative to the more tightly controlled offline media and political space, as well as the growing use of digital platforms in social mobilization and civic action. Despite various indirect efforts to shape cyberspace into an environment that is friendlier towards the government, we find that the Russian Internet remains generally open and free, although the current degree of Internet freedom is in no way a prediction of the future of this contested space.
The Prevalence of Behavior Problems in 3-Year-Old Children: Comparison of the Reports of Fathers and Mothers

Abstract This study compares differences between mothers and fathers in reporting behavior problems in 3-year-olds making up a total population sample of an island community. Separate and independent interviews were conducted according to a standard format with the two parents. Findings support the underreporting of problems by fathers as demonstrated by a lower prevalence figure, less frequent reporting of several individual behavioral symptoms, and an absence of association between familial factors shown to correlate significantly with behavior problems based on maternal reports. Some exploratory findings on the protective role of fathers and the similarity of working mothers and fathers in reporting young children's behavior problems are also discussed.
Collegiate mathematics teaching: An unexamined practice

Though written accounts of collegiate mathematics teaching exist (e.g., mathematicians’ reflections and analyses of learning and teaching in innovative courses), research on collegiate teachers’ actual classroom teaching practice is virtually non-existent. We advance this claim based on a thorough review of peer-reviewed journals where scholarship on collegiate mathematics teaching is published. To frame this review, we distinguish between instructional activities and teaching practice and present six categories of published scholarship that consider collegiate teaching but are not descriptive empirical research on teaching practice. Empirical studies can reveal important differences among teachers’ thinking and actions, promote discussions of practice, and support learning about teaching. To support such research, we developed a preliminary framework of cognitively oriented dimensions of teaching practice based on our review of empirical research on pre-college and college teaching.
Impact of Peptide Transporter 1 on the Intestinal Absorption and Pharmacokinetics of Valacyclovir after Oral Dose Escalation in Wild-Type and PepT1 Knockout Mice

The primary objective of this study was to determine the in vivo absorption properties of valacyclovir, including the potential for saturable proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 (PepT1)-mediated intestinal uptake, after escalating oral doses of prodrug within the clinical dose range. A secondary aim was to characterize the role of PepT1 on the tissue distribution of its active metabolite, acyclovir. [³H]Valacyclovir was administered to wild-type (WT) and PepT1 knockout (KO) mice by oral gavage at doses of 10, 25, 50, and 100 nmol/g. Serial blood samples were collected over 180 minutes, and tissue distribution studies were performed 20 minutes after a 25-nmol/g oral dose of valacyclovir. We found that the C(max) and area under the curve (AUC)₀₋₁₈₀ of acyclovir were 4- to 6-fold and 2- to 3-fold lower, respectively, in KO mice for all four oral doses of valacyclovir. The time to peak concentration of acyclovir was 3- to 10-fold longer in KO compared with WT mice. There was dose proportionality in the C(max) and AUC₀₋₁₈₀ of acyclovir in WT and KO mice over the valacyclovir oral dose range of 10-100 nmol/g (i.e., linear absorption kinetics). No differences were observed in the peripheral tissue distribution of acyclovir once these tissues were adjusted for differences in perfusing drug concentrations in the systemic circulation. In contrast, some differences were observed between genotypes in the concentrations of acyclovir in the distal intestine. Collectively, the findings demonstrate a critical role of intestinal PepT1 in improving the rate and extent of oral absorption for valacyclovir. Moreover, this study provides definitive evidence for the rational development of a PepT1-targeted prodrug strategy.
Capacity limitations due to adjacent cell dissimilar technologies

A direct sequence spread spectrum code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system for cellular or PCN applications should be designed to use the entire bandwidth allocated. In this way the peak power spectral density is minimized. However, some CDMA systems have been designed to have a bandwidth which is much less than the allocated bandwidth. Such narrowband CDMA (N-CDMA) systems lack the LPI characteristics of spread spectrum. The authors address the mutual interference caused by the coexistence of N-CDMA and existing narrowband cellular telephone technologies (AMPS FDMA or TDMA). It is shown that when adjacent service areas are using AMPS or TDMA a dead zone of up to two cells is required before N-CDMA can be deployed. The resulting capacity of the N-CDMA service area is lessened to an extent dependent upon the service area geometry. The dead zone can be extensive enough where the N-CDMA would yield only marginal capacity improvement over AMPS and TDMA. Furthermore, significantly higher N-CDMA mobile transmit power would be required than would be true without adjacent cell interference. >
Human vitamin E requirements assessed with the use of apples fortified with deuterium-labeled α-tocopheryl acetate

BACKGROUND Little is known about factors that modulate dietary alpha-tocopherol bioavailability. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to assess the efficacy of vitamin E-fortified apples as a low-fat vitamin E delivery system, the influence of fat on vitamin E absorption, and human vitamin E requirements by using plasma alpha-tocopherol kinetics at a dosage of alpha-tocopherol found in food. DESIGN Apples fortified with deuterium-labeled alpha-tocopheryl acetate were consumed by 5 participants at a breakfast containing 0%, 6%, or 21% kcal from fat in 3 sequential trials. The trials were separated by a 2-wk washout period. Blood samples were obtained up to 72 h, and plasma was analyzed for labeled and unlabeled alpha-tocopherol. RESULTS Compared with observations in the 0% fat trial, the maximum observed plasma d6-alpha-tocopherol concentrations (Cmax) and the areas under the curve increased 2- and 3-fold during the 6% and 21% fat trials, respectively. The mean (+/-SD) estimated percentage d6-alpha-tocopherol absorbed increased from 10 +/- 4% during the 0% fat trial to 20 +/- 3% and 33 +/- 5% during the 6% and 21% fat trials, respectively. The mean time to Cmax (9 +/- 2 h), fractional disappearance rates (0.022 +/- 0.003 pools/d), and half-lives (32 +/- 4 h) did not differ significantly between the trials. With the use of fractional disappearance rates and baseline plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations, the estimated daily plasma alpha-tocopherol efflux was 13-14 mg. The estimated rate of alpha-tocopherol delivery to tissues was 5 mg/d. CONCLUSIONS Given an estimated 33% absorption, the amount of dietary vitamin E needed daily to replace irreversible losses is </=15 mg. These estimates support the current human vitamin E requirements despite the claims that the median amount of vitamin E that Americans consume is 7 mg/d.