cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct Image Alignment for Active Near Infrared Image Differencing

One of the difficult challenges in face recognition is dealing with the illumination variations that occur in varying environments. A practical and efficient way to address harsh illumination variations is to use active image differencing in near-infrared frequency range. In this method, two types of image frames are taken: an illuminated frame is taken with near infrared illumination, and an ambient frame is taken without the illumination. The difference between face regions of these frames reveals the face image illuminated only by the illumination. Therefore the image is not affected by the ambient illumination and illumination robust face recognition can be achieved. But the method assumes that there is no motion between two frames. Faces in different locations on the two frames introduces a motion artifact. To compensate for motion between two frames, a motion interpolation method has been proposed; but it has limitations, including an assumption that the face motion is linear. In this paper, we propose a new image alignment method that directly aligns the actively illuminated and ambient frames. The method is based on Lucas-Kanade parametric image alignment method and involves a new definition of errors based on the properties of the two types of frames. Experimental results show that the direct method outperforms the motion interpolation method in terms of face recognition rates.
Avoid falling for a jerk(ette): Effectiveness of the Premarital Interpersonal Choices and Knowledge Program among Emerging Adults.

Premarital education may help emerging adults form healthy relationships, but evaluation research is needed, particularly with community samples. We studied emerging adults in the Premarital Interpersonal Choices and Knowledge (PICK) program, using a pre- to post- and a posttest-then-retrospective-pretest design to examine change in perceived relationship skills, partner selection, relational patterns, and relationship behaviors and attitudes. Mixed models analyses showed that scores for the treatment group (n = 682) increased from pre to post on all four outcomes. Changes in scores for the nonequivalent comparison group (n = 462) were nonsignificant. In addition, significant differences between pre- and retrospective prescores demonstrated evidence for response shift bias. The results suggest that the PICK program helps participants increase their knowledge regarding the components of healthy relationship formation.
Of Plans and Markets

Despite a rhetoric of democracy and participation, most third world governments’ efforts to alter economic institutions tended only to strengthen bureaucratic power and privilege. This Part explores why and how this happened. To set the stage, this chapter describes the dismal record of third world planning; explains why third world planners almost always ignored the issue of the institutions required for plan implementation; and proposes some solutions for the difficulties that third world planners confront. Succeeding chapters examine in turn the principal areas that, to reduce poverty and vulnerability, required institutional change: trade, agriculture, industry, finance, and education.
Irradiation-induced intermixing effects at the interfaces of titanium and titanium-dioxide thin films and Fe-12%Cr substrate

Abstract Irradiation-induced compositional and structural changes at the interfaces between Fe-12%Cr binary alloy substrate and thin films of titanium and titanium-dioxide have been investigated. Irradiations were performed with 5 MeV Ni 2+ ions at 300 °C and 500 °C, up to damage levels of 35 dpa (displacements per atom). For the 300 °C irradiation case, irradiation enhanced the interdiffusion coefficient by a factor over twenty for the titanium film samples, but by a factor of only 1.2 for the titanium dioxide film samples. At 500 °C, significant intermixing was observed in the titanium film samples and resulted in the formation of a wide Fe 2 Ti reaction zone. For the titanium dioxide film samples, chromium was observed to diffuse into sub-stoichiometric regions of the film. Irradiation caused the formation of chromium-rich nanoprecipitates within the oxide film and promoted a phase transformation in the film from anatase TiO 2 to the Ti 2 O 3 phase.
Ejection of Metal Particles into Superfluid 4He by Laser Ablation

The dynamics of laser ablation of a metal target immersed in superfluid 4He is studied through time-resolved shadowgraph photography. Delayed ejection of hot micrometer-sized particles from the target surface into the liquid was indirectly observed by monitoring the formation and growth of gaseous bubbles around the particles. The experimentally determined particle average velocity distribution appears to be similar to that previously measured in vacuum but exhibits a sharp cutoff at the speed of sound in the liquid. The propagation of the subsonic particles terminates in slightly elongated nonspherical gas bubbles residing near the target, whereas faster particles reveal an unusual hydrodynamic response in the liquid. On the basis of the previously established semiempirical model developed for macroscopic objects, the ejected transonic particles exhibit a supercavitating flow to reduce their hydrodynamic drag. Supersonic particles appear to follow a completely different propagation mechanism as they leav...
Hybrid large-area systems and their interconnection backbone (invited paper)

Hybrid systems combine Large-Area Electronics (LAE) with high-performance technologies (e.g., silicon CMOS) [1]. With architectural concepts for hybrid systems broadening to match the range of emerging applications, this paper examines modular approaches for multi-sheet, multi-technology integration. It identifies the interfaces required as a critical backbone. For interfaces associated with various system functionalities (sensing, processing, powering), specific approaches are surveyed and analyzed, taking from insights derived from several previous experimental demonstrations of complete hybrid systems.
Transfection of Bone Marrow Cells In Vitro or In Vivo Prior to Cryopreservation with Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD-PL) Protects Frozen Cells from Ionizing Irradiation.

Abstract Overexpression of MnSOD in IL-3 dependent murine hematopoietic progenitor cell line 32D cl 3 protects against apoptosis induced by ionizing irradiation, TNF-α, IL-3 withdrawal or other inducers of cytotoxic stress. Cryopreservaton of bone marrow is routinely used in clinical marrow transplantation with the necessary cytotoxic loss of a fraction of cells from the stress of thawing. To determine if overexpression of MnSOD protected marrow from the stress of thawing and also whether frozen cells resisted ionizing irradiation, 32D cl 3 and subclone 2C6 stably transfected and overexpressing MnSOD were tested. Exponentially growing cells 2C6 cells demonstrate increased irradiation survival with an increased shoulder on the survival curve n = 4.95 ± 0.1 compared to 32D cl 3 n = 2.77 ± 0.1 (p = 0.011), with no significant change in the Do = 2.11 ± 0.08 vs. Do = 2.36 ± 0.10 Gy. Cells from 32D cl 3 and 2C6 were frozen in liquid nitrogen in 50% DMSO and stored at a −140°C for a minimum of 24 hrs and irradiated to doses ranging from 0 to 800 cGy while frozen. The cells were thawed 24 hr later, plated in methylcellulose and colonies of greater than 50 cells counted seven days later. The data was analyzed using linear quadratic and single-hit, multi-target models. Cells from 2C6 were more resistant to thawing with survival of 24.3 ± 0.6% compared to 20.9 ± 0.8% for 32D cl 3 (p = 0.018) and to irradiation as shown by an increase in the Do of 2.036 ± 0.225 compared to 1.455 ± 0.149 Gy for frozen 32D cl 3 cells (p= 0.0287). The frozen 2C6 cells resisted the stress of thawing with an increased plating efficiency compared to the frozen 32D cl 3 cells (121.4 ± 3.2 colonies for 2C6 cells and 104.3 ± 3.9 colonies for 32D cl 3 per 500 cells plated, p=0.0018). To determine whether fresh bone marrow transfected in vivo, or in vitro, then frozen and irradiated, also was protected, C57BL/6NHsd mice were injected with MnSOD-PL (100 ug plasmid DNA in 100 μl). Twenty-four hours later, bone marrow was isolated from MnSOD-PL injected mice as well as control mice (a subpopulation transfected with MnSOD-PL in vitro) and frozen in aliquots of 1 × 106 cells. The cells were irradiated while frozen to doses ranging from 0 to 800 cGy, plated in methylcellulose and colonies of greater than 50 cells counted 7 days later. The colonies were divided between nonadherent and adherent in the methylcellulose. The Do was calculated for the adherent colonies, nonadherent colonies and total colonies. In all three cases the Do for the bone marrow treated with MnSOD-PL in vitro or in vivo was higher than the Do of the control bone marrow. The percent HA-epitope tagged total transfected cells was 22.1 ± 3.7%. The data indicates that MnSOD overexpression protects frozen bone marrow perhaps important to increasing preservation efficiency.
Beyond FOIA: Improving Access to Environmental Information in the United States

The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) does not provide sufficient public access to environmental information. To improve access to environmental information, the United States should adopt a specialized environmental information access scheme like the one implemented by the United Kingdom, which is specifically designed to provide environmental information to the public. FOIA has long been hailed as the best transparency law scheme in the world. While FOIA does provide for a significant amount of proactive agency disclosure and allows for agency records requests, other nations have both the basic FOIA statute as well as additional transparency measures for environmental information. This article compares U.S. environmental information access limitations with international efforts to go beyond FOIA access for environmental information, and recommends a similar environmental information access scheme for the U.S.
The Role of Home Country Institutional Pressures in MNE Divestment Decisions

We examine how nongovernmental organizations and home governments influence MNE divestment from host countries rife with sociopolitical conflict. We contend that MNEs divest when these institutional actors are critical of a host country and provide informational signals to consumers about controversial corporate operations abroad. We analyze the divestment decisions of 444 MNEs from 31 countries operating in Burma between 1995 and 2002. Observational data are complemented by a survey experiment focusing on consumer reactions to calls for boycotts and provide support for our contentions. We contribute to international business scholarship by exploring new mechanisms through which institutional actors influence divestment.
Lois Weber in Early Hollywood, by Shelley Stamp

Lois Weber in Early Hollywood can be understood as a revised study of American film history that places one of the most significant directors and screenwriters of the period at its center. Professo...
Perceptions of Scholarly Communication Among Library and Information Studies Students

INTRODUCTION Professional discourse concerning scholarly communication (SC) suggests a broad consensus that this is a burgeoning functional area in academic libraries. The transformed research lifecycle and the corresponding changes in copyright applications, publishing models, and open access policies have generated unprecedented opportunities for innovative library engagement with the academy and its researchers. Accordingly, the roles for librarians have shifted to accommodate new responsibilities. Previous research on SC librarianship is mainly focused on the provision of services, administrative structures, and the analysis of relevant job descriptions. Little has been written regarding the implications of SC on the preparation of new library professionals, and no research has been produced on the relative perspectives of library students. METHOD The author surveyed MLIS students who were completing semester-long courses on SC at three universities to elicit their perceptions of that subject matter in terms of their library education and career pathways. RESULTS All respondents qualified SC as interesting and important subject matter, and a majority indicated relevance to their professional pursuits. Student perspectives are given on the viability of SC librarianship and the perceived bearing of this specialty area in different types of libraries. DISCUSSION Survey data suggests a possible correlation between SC courses and relative career appeal. The data may warrant attention among MLIS curriculum planners, given the academy’s recognition of the need for SC specialists. CONCLUSION The transformed research lifecycle necessitates new professional competencies for library practitioners. Implications for library education are discussed, and areas for future research are proposed.
Condensed Matter Detonation: Theory and Practice

Detonations of high density, high energy solid and liquid organic high explosives produce self-sustaining waves traveling at speeds approaching 10,000 m s− 1 that reach approximately 40 GPa pressures and 4,000 K temperatures in nanoseconds. These pressure–density–temperature states and short time durations are unique to detonation and thus are extremely difficult to study experimentally and theoretically. However, a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the hydrodynamics and chemistry that occurs within the reaction zone of a condensed-phase detonation wave.
Reciprocity: Bruno Latour and Émile Durkheim on Reciprocity and Control

Bruno Latour claims that his sociology of association has little in common with the sociology of Emile Durkheim. Is it the case? Comparing Latour and Durkheim on reciprocity, we see numerous similarities between both authors, as can be seen regarding their related considerations about the institutions and the forms of control that these institutions provide to society. This comparison, which is made in Chap. 6, enables us to link the question of legitimacy to the cycles of relation better, and to reformulate the concept of reciprocity as a closing mechanism, which puts a cycle of relation to an end, while it leads to another cycle of the relation. This comparison also enables us to take into account the inter-institutional space as the space in which forms of control are defined between institutions, before they take place in the cycle of the relation.
Stage and History in O incerto señor don Hamlet

The purpose of this chapter is to situate Alvaro Cunqueiro’s play O incerto senor don Hamlet (1958) within the modes of signification of the modern stage. As a corollary, the study also situates Cunqueiro’s work in a specific ideological unconscious—a romantic and petty-bourgeois substratum from which stem Cunqueiro’s aesthetic, anthropological, and historical views. This work of contextualization should not be confused with the empiricist or positivist tendency to create a context—whether historical, cultural, biographical or otherwise—as an explanatory supplement to the text. Contextualization is carried out here, instead, through a symptomatic analysis of Don Hamlet that suggests the capillary functioning of an unconscious that is present, as it were, in every word.
The Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Other Innate Immune Cells in Metastatic Progression of Lung Cancer

There is increasing evidence that the immune cells within the tumor microenvironment play a key role in the ability of tumor cells to proliferate and spread. Given that macrophages are the most frequent hematopoietic cells found in the tumor microenvironment, they play an especially important part in tumor biology. There are numerous mechanisms by which tumor-associated innate immune cells can influence most aspects of the metastatic process. They play a role in the epithelial to mesenchymal transformation occurring in the original tumor cells and enhance basement membrane breakdown by the cancer cells invading neighboring tissue, lymph nodes, and blood vessels. Tumor-associated innate immune cells have been shown to have a crucial role in angiogenesis, in immunosuppression, and eventually in priming distant sites for the development of metastases. Unfortunately, we still know relatively little about the roles of these cells in lung cancer. Further work in animal models and using patient lung cancer samples is very much needed. With this knowledge, a better understanding of the role that these cells play in the metastatic process may facilitate development of new therapeutics, as well as the recognition of new diagnostic and prognostic markers. Modulation of the metastatic phenotype through intervention in the host innate immune response remains a promising future area of cancer therapy.
Postprandial RUQ Pain

A 40-year-old moderately obese Hispanic female presents to the emergency department with a 1-day history of constant epigastric and right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain. She describes the severity of the pain as a 7 out of 10. The pain began after eating fried pork. She reports that the pain also seems to affect the right side of her back near her scapula. She feels nauseated and has vomited twice. She has had similar pain, but of lesser severity, about once a month for the past year. The pain comes on after eating fried or spicy foods, but previously it has resolved after an hour. She is gravida six and para six. On physical examination, her temperature is 100 °F, heart rate is 110 bpm, and her blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. She has marked tenderness in the RUQ of the abdomen to palpation. When the RUQ is palpated while she is taking a deep breath, she abruptly ceases inspiration secondary to pain. The remainder of the abdominal examination is benign. Laboratory values are significant for WBC count of 14 × 103/μL (normal 4.1–10.9 × 103/μL), total bilirubin 1.0 mg/dL (0.1–1.2 mg/dl), alkaline phosphatase 70 units/L (33–131 u/L), amylase 60 units/L (30–110 u/L), and lipase 30 units/L (7–60 u/L).
Experimental Design in Group Outcome Research

Behavior modification research has been and continues to be the search for the answer to the question, “What treatment, by whom, is most effective for this individual with that specific problem, under which2019set of circumstances?” (Paul, 1967, p. 111). It is a question within which numerous questions are embedded; thus, the search is not for one answer but for numerous answers. And the search is a continuous process in which the answering of a specific question alters the nature of said question and all subsequent questions; consequently, the answering of a question is never precise but always provisional.
Phenotyping through Semi-Supervised Tensor Factorization (PSST)

A computational phenotype is a set of clinically relevant and interesting characteristics that describe patients with a given condition. Various machine learning methods have been proposed to derive phenotypes in an automatic, high-throughput manner. Among these methods, computational phenotyping through tensor factorization has been shown to produce clinically interesting phenotypes. However, few of these methods incorporate auxiliary patient information into the phenotype derivation process. In this work, we introduce Phenotyping through Semi-Supervised Tensor Factorization (PSST), a method that leverages disease status knowledge about subsets of patients to generate computational phenotypes from tensors constructed from the electronic health records of patients. We demonstrate the potential of PSST to uncover predictive and clinically interesting computational phenotypes through case studies focusing on type-2 diabetes and resistant hypertension. PSST yields more discriminative phenotypes compared to the unsupervised methods and more meaningful phenotypes compared to a supervised method.
Implications of the Gaia sausage for dark matter nuclear interactions

The advent of the Gaia era has led to potentially revolutionary understanding of dark matter (DM) dynamics in our galaxy, which has important consequences for direct detection (DD) experiments. In this paper, we study how the empirical DM velocity distribution inferred from Gaia-sausage, a dominant substructure in the solar neighborhood, affects the interpretation of DD data. We survey different classes of operators in the nonrelativistic effective field theory that could arise from several relativistic benchmark models and emphasize that the Gaia velocity distribution could modify both the total number of events as well as the shape of the differential recoil spectra, the two primary observables in DD experiments. Employing the Euclideanized signal method, we investigate the effects of the Gaia distribution on reconstructing DM model parameters and identifying the correct DM model given a positive signal at future DD experiments. We find that for light DM with mass $\ensuremath{\sim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, the Gaia distribution poses an additional challenge for characterizing DM interactions with ordinary matter, which may be addressed by combining complementary DD experiments with different targets and lowering the detection threshold. Meanwhile, for heavy DM with mass above $\ensuremath{\sim}30\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, depending on the type of DM model, there could be a (moderate) improvement in the sensitivity at future DD experiments.
A sharp-interface method for the simulation of shock-induced vaporization of droplets

Abstract A sharp-interface method is developed to calculate the vaporization of droplets in high-speed flows. The levelset method is used to track the liquid-gas interface. A sharp-interface approach using an interfacial Riemann solver based ghost fluid method (RS-GFM) is developed to couple the liquid and gas flow-fields at the interface. The interfacial Riemann problem accounts for surface tension and phase change effects, which affect the jump in pressure and the normal velocity fields across the interface. The current RS-GFM also accounts for the jump in viscous stresses at the interface caused by the Marangoni effect. The resulting sharp-interface approach captures all the first-order physical effects at play in shock-induced droplet vaporization. The method is validated by comparing the current results with benchmark experimental and numerical results. Finally, 2D and 3D simulations of shock-droplet interactions are performed to quantify the shock-induced vaporization rate of the droplets, under the influence of viscosity and surface tension.
Comparison of neutral and charged poly electrolyte bottlebrush polymers in dilute salt-free conditions

We investigate the structure of neutral and charged bottlebrush polymers in salt-free solutions at different polymer concentrations. In particular, we use molecular dynamics simulations by utilizing a coarse-grained bead-spring model that includes an explicit solvent and complementary experiments made by small angle neutron scattering (SANS). We find that the charged groups along the side chains exert significant repulsive forces, resulting in polymer swelling and backbone stretching. In addition to the primary polyelectrolyte peak, we find that bottlebrush polymers exhibit an additional peak in the form and static structure factors, a feature that is absent in neutral polymers. We show that mis additional peak describes the intra-molecular correlations between the charged side chains.
Application of Forcing Functions to Electronic Health Records Is Associated With Improved Pain Control for Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy for Bone Metastases

Pain is a common problem for patients undergoing radiation therapy, exacerbated by inconsistent pain documentation. Free-form templates, pain score prompts, and forcing functions are a hierarchy of constraint systems that can be applied to data entry. This study assessed the impact of incorporating these models into electronic health records on pain documentation rates during 450 on-treatment visits and pain severity of 258 patients with bone metastases and breast and thoracic cancer during radiation therapy. Pain documentation is associated with more robust constraint systems: free form (0.11, 95% CI [0.07, 0.18]), pain score prompts (0.87, 95% CI [0.81, 0.92]), and forcing functions (0.97, 95% CI [0.93, 0.99]). Forcing functions also were associated with improved pain control over the course of radiation treatment for bone metastases compared with pain score prompts (P = .026, nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis). Use of forcing functions correlates with increased pain documentation rates, which contributes to improved pain management.
Predictors Associated with a Prolonged Hospital Stay After Single-Port Extraperitoneal Robotic Radical Prostatectomy: A Comparative Analysis of Outpatient Versus Inpatient Care.

Purpose: To compare the perioperative characteristics of patients receiving outpatient vs inpatient care and to define predictors of inpatient care after single-port extraperitoneal robotic radical...
Tools for the assessment of epigenetic regulation

Abstract In this chapter, we discuss some of the leading technologies for assessing epigenetic responses to environmental exposures. The various methods for assessment are discussed including methods for conducting analysis involving certain technologies in CpG methylation, chromatin structure and regulation, and miRNAs and other noncoding RNAs. We provide details regarding the key steps conducted in sequencing-based or microarray-based analyses. Lastly, we briefly touch on methods for biological pathway/enrichment analysis. It is worth noting that there is a multitude of different technologies employed in epigenetic analyses. Therefore, we provide here an overview and a starting point for further investigation into these technologies, rather than a comprehensive review of all technologies available.
Numerical evaluation of ponderomotive entanglement in realistic experimental conditions

Utilizing the logarithmic negativity (EN) entanglement measure, we present an analysis of (optomechanical) ponderomotive entanglement generation. Results predict a max EN of about 0.2 and are highly dependent on temperature, loss, and measurement precision.
Sample-Path Equivalent CM Models

The conditionally Markov (CM) sequence contains different classes including Markov, reciprocal, and so-called $CM_L$ and $CM_F$ (two special classes of CM sequences). Each class has its own forward and backward dynamic models. The evolution of a CM sequence can be described by different models. For example, a Markov sequence can be described by a Markov model, as well as by reciprocal, $CM_L$, and $CM_F$ models. Also, sometimes a forward model is available, but it is desirable to have a backward model for the same sequence (e.g., in smoothing). Therefore, it is important to study relationships between different dynamic models of a CM sequence. This paper discusses such relationships between models of nonsingular Gaussian (NG) $CM_L$, $CM_F$, reciprocal, and Markov sequences. Two models are said to be explicitly sample-equivalent if not only they govern the same sequence, but also a one-one correspondence between their sample paths is made explicitly. A unified approach is presented, such that given a forward/backward $CM_L$/$CM_F$/reciprocal/Markov model, any explicitly equivalent model can be obtained. As a special case, a backward Markov model explicitly equivalent to a given forward Markov model can be obtained regardless of the singularity/nonsingularity of the state transition matrix of the model.
Elucidating the structure and functions of Resolvin D6 isomers on nerve regeneration with a distinctive trigeminal transcriptome.

Innervation sustains cornea integrity. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) regenerated damaged nerves by stimulating the synthesis of a new stereoisomer of Resolvin D6 (RvD6si). Here, we resolved the structure of this lipid isolated from mouse tears after injured corneas were treated with PEDF + DHA. RvD6si synthesis was inhibited by fluvoxamine, a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, but not by 15- or 5-LOX inhibitors, suggesting that the 4- and 17-hydroxy of DHA have an RR- or SR-configuration. The two compounds were chemically synthesized. Using chiral phase HPLC, four peaks of RvD6si1-4 from tears were resolved. The RR-RvD6 standard eluted as a single peak with RvD61 while pure SR-RvD6 eluted with RvD63 . The addition of these pure mediators prompted a trigeminal ganglion transcriptome response in injured corneas and showed that RR-RvD6 was the more potent, increasing cornea sensitivity and nerve regeneration. RR-RvD6 stimulates Rictor and hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) genes specifically as upstream regulators and a gene network involved in axon growth and suppression of neuropathic pain, indicating a novel function of this lipid mediator to maintain cornea integrity and homeostasis after injury.
Online Cancer Genomics Databases Provide Teaching Resources For Pharmacy Education.

Connecting scientific concepts with clinical applications is an important objective of pharmacy education. In particular, as the field of precision oncology expands, it is critical that pharmacy students understand how genetic information connects with cancer treatment decisions. However, to effectively teach students about pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics, faculty require relevant educational resources, including those that support higher-order learning. In this commentary, we demonstrate the potential utility of publicly accessible cancer genomics databases as teaching resources for pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics in oncology pharmacy education. Using clinical data retrieved from a genomics database, we illustrate how case studies can be developed to target core competencies, including understanding tumor genomics profiling, somatic mutations and pharmacotherapy selection, and clinical pharmacogenetics testing. Cancer genomics databases provide readily available, cost-effective, clinical data resources that support active learning related to pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics education in oncology pharmacy curricula.
Temporomandibular disorders and traumatic brain injury: Two sides of the same coin

Abstract This review addresses the overlap of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). We explore the convergence of these two disorders as well as possible mechanisms for both conditions. We aim to demonstrate that there are similar processes underlying these conditions, and that further research into these processes is a critical unmet need. Without further exploration, clinicians may focus treatment on one disorder even though both may be contributing to the clinical presentation. We aim to present the best available data demonstrating that both TBI and TMD lie within the same clinical spectrum of disorders driven by the chronic activation of microglia—the resident innate immune cell of the central nervous system (CNS). Synaptic plasticity and central sensitization are at the core of both injury and disease processes, and the constitutive activation of microglia is complicit in both. We conclude with a call to advance the field with attention to both pre-clinical and clinical studies as well as better integration of clinical dentistry and medicine to treat these patients more effectively.
Flexible Wedges in Supercavitating Flow

A linear theory is developed to model the steady supercavitating flow about a very slender wedge which can deform under the pressure distribution associated with the flow. The resulting wedge deformation, drag, and cavity length show physically reasonable changes from previous work where the wedge is not allowed to bend to accommodate the flow, and suggest that the model can be adapted with confidence to more realistic and complex flows. One result of interest is that, with increasing cavitation parameter, a drag maximum is encountered, associated with deformation and consequent area reduction of very flexible wedges.
Quantitative comparison of electrically and acoustically evoked auditory perception: implications for the location of perceptual mechanisms.

Publisher Summary Electrical stimulation of the human auditory system produces different patterns of spatial and temporal neural activity than those that occur in the normal, acoustically stimulated system. Quantitative comparison of psychophysical performance measured with acoustic and electrical stimulation may allow inferring the physiological locus of perceptual mechanisms. This chapter compares the psychophysical data on temporal resolution from normal-hearing listeners, cochlear implant listeners, and patients electrically stimulated on the cochlear nucleus. Measures of gap detection, forward masking, and modulation detection are compared. These comparisons exhibit that temporal processing is relatively similar across these three groups once the obvious differences in dynamic range are taken into consideration. Preliminary results with speech processors indicate that implant patients can utilize all temporal information in speech. Thus, implant patients have relatively normal temporal resolution and can integrate temporal cues normally for the recognition of complex acoustic patterns, such as speech. These results imply that the central auditory systems of implant patients are able to fully utilize the non-natural patterns of temporal neural information produced by electrical stimulation.
Adverse Events During Interhospital Transport: Physiologic Deterioration Associated With Pretransport Severity of Illness

The relationship between severity of illness or injury before interhospital transport and the incidence of physiologic deterioration during transport was studied in 117 pediatric patients. Transports were done by referring hospital personnel. Pretransport severity was expressed as the Pediatric Risk of Mortality score for all patients and as the Modified Injury Severity Score for trauma patients. For 71 patients with Pediatric Risk of Mortality scores less than 10, deterioration during transport occurred in 3 (4%) and hospital mortality occurred in 2 (3%). For 10 victims of trauma with Modified Injury Severity Scores less than 10, none had deterioration during transport or hospital mortality. The rare occurrence of serious problems related to transport in low-risk patients indicates that referring hospital personnel are capable of safely transporting such patients. The incidence of physiologic deterioration during transport was significantly greater (P less than .01) with greater pretransport severity of illness or injury. Failure to intubate the trachea was not a major preventable cause of deterioration. The most common preventable problem occurred for 6 of 79 patients with endotracheal tubes that became occluded with secretions, leading to cyanosis in 2 patients. Our data concerning high-risk patients with specified pretransport severity provide a basis for comparison for further evaluation of the benefit of specialized pediatric transport services.
How Large Should the Strike Zone Be in “Three Strikes and You’re Out” Sentencing Laws?

So-called “three strikes and you're out” sentencing laws for criminal offenders have proliferated in the United States. The laws vary considerably in their definitions of what constitutes a “strike.” This paper adapts the classic Poisson process model of criminal offending to investigate how varying sentence lengths and definitions of what constitutes a strike affect the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these sentencing laws. In particular, it asks whether, by using different definitions for the first, second, and third strikes or different sentence lengths, one can make the resulting incarceration more “efficient” in the sense of incapacitating more crimes per cell-year served.
At home with mathematics: meanings and uses among families

Everyday mathematics research has examined the activities of buyers (Lave, 1988) and sellers in markets (Nunes, Schliemann, & Carraher, 1993; Saxe, 1990); it has examined the practices of both high and lower status occupational work (e.g. Hall & Stevens, 1995; Scribner, 1985; Stevens & Hall, 1998), and it has examined the mathematics that is embedded in competitive play (Nasir, 2000) but the family as locus of mathematical activity is understudied. The three projects represented in this symposium focus on mathematical practices in the context of families. The first project takes an activity focus, examining mathematical practices in the context of a consequential context of family activity---money and its uses. The second project takes a topical focus, describing a wide range of practices in families that are seen as mathematical. The third paper focuses on a particular cultural group, attending to the meanings and uses of both informal and schooled mathematics in the family context. Together the papers provide a new perspective on qualities of mathematical practice outside of school and its actual, and potential, relations to school mathematics.
Constituency Campaigns in the 2005 German Federal Elections: Patterns, Motivations, and Effects

Local Campaigns are frequently studied phenomena in the context of first past the post voting systems such as the UK. They draw less attention in proportional list systems or mixedmember systems. Students of electoral politics assume for these systems a predominant role of political parties addressing national coalitions of voters. Parties are considered to act under a weak incentive to campaign in selective, district specific ways on the one hand, voters are in turn considered to focus on the national rather than the local campaign environment. This paper develops an alternative hypothesis for Germany’s mixed-member system. It tests this hypothesis with data from the German Candidate Study 2005. This test looks at the campaign norms and strategies of candidates in the 299 German districts to determine differences and similarities in campaign behavior and to understand the causes and electoral effects of different levels of constituency campaigning.
Synergistic effects of environmental risk factors and gene mutations in Parkinson’s disease accelerate age-related neurodegeneration

As Parkinson's disease appears to be a multifactoral disorder, the use of animal models to investigate combined effects of genetic and environmental risk factors are of great importance especially in the context of aging which is the single major risk factor for the disorder. Here, we assessed the combined effects of neonatal iron feeding and environmental paraquat exposure on age-related nigrostriatal degeneration in transgenic mice expressing the A53T familial mutant form of human α-synuclein within these neurons. We report here that A53T α-synuclein mice exhibit greater susceptibility to paraquat. Increased oral intake of iron in the neonatal period leads to a progressive age-related enhancement of dopaminergic neurodegeneration associated with paraquat neurotoxicity. Furthermore, neurodegeneration associated with these combined genetic and environmental risk factors could be attenuated by systemic treatment with the bioavailable antioxidant compound EUK-189. These data suggest that environmental factors previously identified as contributors to neurodegeneration associated with sporadic Parkinson's disease may also be candidates for observed variations in symptoms and disease progression in monogenic forms and that this may mechanistically involve increased levels of oxidatively-induced post-translational nitration of α-synuclein.
A laboratory-oriented paradigm for undergraduate analog CMOS microsystems design and education

There is a widespread interest in teaching analog microsystem design at the undergraduate level. The author discusses a means to address the problem of introducing a laboratory component into analog CMOS microsystems design at the undergraduate level by development of an analog CMOS VLSI design resource kit. This kit is to be made available to educators nationwide. >
Patient-Centered Imaging: Opportunities and Challenges

Patient-centered medicine is the latest mantra for the emerging relationship between patients and health care providers. Fueled principally by advances in genomics and facilitated by the gargantuan leap of medical informatics, the attempt to individualize care on the basis of the unique patient resonates well with the Hippocratic oath and is a fresh bulwark against the parallel move toward greater standardization. It will come as no surprise to radiologists that they will be at the forefront of this venture, given the ubiquity of imaging and, equally, the potential latitude of individualization within imaging. In this commentary, we identify some of the opportunities and challenges of patient-centered imaging, a natural offshoot of patient-centered medicine.
Effect of sea urchin sperm chromatin on histone acetylation.

Summary A major histone acetyltransferase was purified from calf thymus chromatin. The apparent K m for acetyl-CoA was found to be 0.5 μM, and that for the DNA-free histones isolated from calf thymus was 0.4 mg/ml. While DNA-free histones isolated from sea urchin sperm were acetylated with an even lower K m (0.08 mg/ml) than the calf histones, the chromatin isolated from sea urchin sperm was not acetylated by this enzyme in vitro . In addition, sea urchin sperm chromatin competitively inhibited the acetylation of DNA-free histories isolated from either calf thymus or sea urchin sperm with a K i of 20 μg/ml. Sea urchin sperm histories are unusual in not being acetylated in vivo ( Easton & Chalkley, 1972 ). Presumably, this unmodified nucleosomal chromatin binds histone acetyltransferase tightly and inhibits the acetylation, although it is also possible that there may be a specific protein inhibitor in sea urchin sperm chromatin which inhibits the acetylation of histones.
A ceramide tetrasaccharide of human erythrocyte membrane reacting with anti-type XIV pneumococcal polysaccharide antiserum.

Abstract A ceramide tetrasaccharide whose structure was identified as Galβ1→4GlcNAcβ1→3Galβ1→4Glc→ceramide was isolated from human erythrocyte membrane. The glycolipids react with anti-Type XIV pneumococcal polysaccharide antiserum. A ganglioside with an identical carbohydrate skeleton having N- acetylneuraminic acid substituted at the C3 hydroxyl of the terminal galactosyl residue was also characterized.
Increased myogenic tone in skeletal muscle arterioles of diabetic rats. Possible role of increased activity of smooth muscle Ca2+ channels and protein kinase C

Objective: The diabetes mellitus-induced microangiopathy is still not clearly characterized. In this study we aimed to elucidate the effect of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on myogenic response of isolated rat skeletal muscle arterioles and the mechanisms responsible for its alterations. Methods: Male rats were divided into two groups: (1) control rats (C, plasma glucose: 6.4±0.5 mmol/l, n =40) 2) diabetic rats (DM, 65 mg/kg STZ iv, plasma glucose: 25.7±0.7 mmol/l, n =40). Changes in diameter of isolated, cannulated gracilis skeletal muscle arterioles (∼130 μm in diameter) were measured by video-microscopy. Results: Step increases in perfusion pressure (PP; from 10 to 140 mmHg) elicited significantly greater constrictions in DM than in C gracilis arterioles, in the presence of the endothelium (E). Also, a step increase in PP (from 40 to 100 mmHg) elicited greater and faster constrictions in DM vs. C arterioles. There were no significant differences in the pressure-passive diameter (in Ca2+ free solution) curves of arterioles. Dilations to acetylcholine were impaired in arterioles of DM as compared to those of C rats (EC50, C: 4.0±0.9×10−9mol/l, DM: 4.8±2.0×10−8 mol/l ( p <0.01), and unaffected by inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis with L-NNA (10−4 mol/l). Arteriolar constrictions to norepinephrine (NE) were significantly greater in DM compared to those of C rats (EC50, C: 6.2±0.6×10−7 mol/l, DM: 8.0±2.0 ×10−8 mol/l, p <0.01) both in the presence and absence of E. In the absence of the E, constrictions to increases in pressure, or Ca2+ (0.25–7.5 mmol/l), or the voltage-dependent Ca2+-channel agonist Bay K 8644 (EC50; DM: 4.2±1.5×10−10 mol/l, C: 1.7±0.8×10−9 mol/l, p <0.05) or the protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, EC50; DM: 6±2×10−9 mol/l, C: 2±1×10−8 mol/l, p <0.05) were significantly greater in arterioles of DM compared to those of C rats. Conclusion: The novel findings of our study are that in diabetes mellitus the myogenic response of rat skeletal muscle arterioles is enhanced, which seems to be independent from the impaired endothelial function present simultaneously, and likely due to the increased activity of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and/or upregulation of protein kinase C in arteriolar smooth muscle.
Transport improvement, commuting costs, and residential location

A theoretical framework for evaluating the effects of introducing new transportation on residential travel patterns is presented. Data are based on changes in residential location of urban commuters that alter the mode and length of work trips as well as economic factors.
Androgen dependence in hamsters: overdose, tolerance, and potential opioidergic mechanisms.

Abstract Anabolic steroids are drugs of abuse. However, the potential for steroid reward and addiction remains largely unexplored. This study used i.c.v. testosterone self-administration and controlled infusions of testosterone or vehicle in hamsters to explore central mechanisms of androgen overdose. Forty-two hamsters used nose-pokes to self-administer 1 μg/μl testosterone i.c.v. 4 h/day in an operant chamber. During 1–56 days of androgen self-administration, 10 (24%) hamsters died. Deaths correlated with peak daily intake of testosterone. Of the hamsters that self-administered a peak intake of P P >0.05). The depressive effects of testosterone infusion are blocked by the opioid antagonist, naltrexone. With naltrexone pre-treatment (10 mg/kg s.c.), locomotion (183.7±1.8 crossings/10 min), respiration (116.9±0.3 breaths/min), and body temperature (36.1±0.4 °C) during testosterone infusion were equivalent to vehicle controls. Likewise, naltrexone prevents the reinforcing effects of i.c.v. testosterone self-administration. These results indicate that testosterone at high doses causes central autonomic depression, which may be a factor in deaths during self-administration. As well, the depressive effects of large quantities of testosterone may be mediated, at least in part, by an opioidergic mechanism.
Molybdenum Tricarbonyl Complexes of 1-Substituted Borepins

The reaction of 1-substituted borepins C6H6BX, where X = Me, Ph, and Cl, with Py3Mo(CO)3 and BF3·OEt2 affords the corresponding borepin molybdenum tricarbonyl complexes. Similar reaction of 1-methoxyborepin affords (C6H6BF)Mo(CO)3. The reaction of (C6H6BCl)Mo(CO)3 with appropriate nucleophiles affords the boron-substituted complexes (C6H6BX)Mo(CO)3, where X = H, OCH3, OH, O1/2, N(iPr)2, N(CH2)5, N(c-C6H11)2, and NBnMe. All complexes (C6H6BX)Mo(CO)3 have been compared using 1H NMR, 11B NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The X-ray structure of (C6H6BN(iPr)2)Mo(CO)3 shows that Mo is η6-coordinated to the ring carbon atoms but not to B. Rates of rotation about the B−N bonds of (C6H6BN(iPr)2)Mo(CO)3 and (C6H6BNBnMe)Mo(CO)3 have been measured using variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy.