cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A visual interactive framework for attribute discretization

Discretization is the process of dividing a continuous-valued base attribute into discrete intervals, which highlight distinct patterns in the behavior of a re lated goal attribute. In this paper, we present an in tegrated visual framework in which several discretization strategies can be experimented with, and which visually assists the user in intuitively determining the appropriate number and locations of intervals. In addition to featuring methods based on minimizing classification error or entropy, we introduce (i) an optimal algorithm that minimizes the approximation introduced by discretization and (ii) a novel algorithm that uses an unsupervised learning technique, clustering, to identify intervals. We also extend discretization to work with continuous-valued goal attributes.
Simultaneous recognition and segmentation of cells

Motivation: Automatic recognition of cell identities is critical for quantitative measurement, targeting and manipulation of cells of model animals at single-cell resolution. It has been shown to be a powerful tool for studying gene expression and regulation, cell lineages and cell fates. Existing methods first segment cells, before applying a recognition algorithm in the second step. As a result, the segmentation errors in the first step directly affect and complicate the subsequent cell recognition step. Moreover, in new experimental settings, some of the image features that have been previously relied upon to recognize cells may not be easy to reproduce, due to limitations on the number of color channels available for fluorescent imaging or to the cost of building transgenic animals. An approach that is more accurate and relies on only a single signal channel is clearly desirable. Results: We have developed a new method, called simultaneous recognition and segmentation (SRS) of cells, and applied it to 3D image stacks of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Given a 3D image stack of the animal and a 3D atlas of target cells, SRS is effectively an atlas-guided voxel classification process: cell recognition is realized by smoothly deforming the atlas to best fit the image, where the segmentation is obtained naturally via classification of all image voxels. The method achieved a 97.7% overall recognition accuracy in recognizing a key class of marker cells, the body wall muscle (BWM) cells, on a dataset of 175 C.elegans image stacks containing 14 118 manually curated BWM cells providing the ‘ground-truth’ for accuracy. This result was achieved without any additional fiducial image features. SRS also automatically identified 14 of the image stacks as involving ±90° rotations. With these stacks excluded from the dataset, the recognition accuracy rose to 99.1%. We also show SRS is generally applicable to other cell types, e.g. intestinal cells. Availability: The supplementary movies can be downloaded from our web site http://penglab.janelia.org/proj/celegans_seganno. The method has been implemented as a plug-in program within the V3D system (http://penglab.janelia.org/proj/v3d), and will be released in the V3D plugin source code repository. Contact: pengh@janelia.hhmi.org
THE ORGANIZATION AND CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL PASTS IN CRIMINAL COURTS

This article demonstrates the contributions of Katovich and Couch's (1992) formal theory of social pasts to conceptualizations of social world contexts and processual order (Strauss 1978; 1993). Using interview and observational data from three criminal courts, I focus on the interrelationship of two social world contextual features: (1) the organization of participants' social pasts, and (2) the degree of ideological consensus between participants in terms of sentencing goals. These two factors interact to influence interorganizational relationships in the three courts; and, in combination with individual criminal case characteristics, influence actors' case processing strategies. The article concludes by discussing the implications of the organization of social pasts in criminal courts and organizational arenas in general for the availability and attractiveness of alternative action strategies, as well as the management of uncertainty in organizational decision making. I also suggest several directions for further research.
Divisor class groups of singular surfaces

We compute divisors class groups of singular surfaces. Most notably we produce an exact sequence that relates the Cartier divisors and almost Cartier divisors of a surface to the those of its normalization. This generalizes Hartshorne's theor em for the cubic ruled surface in P 3 . We apply these results to limit the possible curves that can be s et-theoretic complete intersection in P 3 in characteristic zero. On a nonsingular variety, the study of divisors and linear systems is classical. In fact the entire theory of curves and surfaces is dependent on this study of codimension one subvarieties and the linear and algebraic families in which they move. This theory has been generalized in two directions: the Weil divisors on a normal variety, taking codimension one subvarieties as prime divisors; and the Cartier divisors on an arbitrary scheme, based on locally principal codimension one subschemes. Most of the literature both in algebraic geometry and commutative algebra up to now has been limited to these kinds of divisors. More recently there have been good reasons to consider divisors on non-normal varieties. Jaffe (9) introduced the notion of an almost Cartier divisor, which is locally principal off a subset of codimension two. A theory of generalized divisors was proposed on curves in (14), and extended to any dimension in (15). The latter paper gave a complete description of the generalized divisors on the ruled cubic surface in P 3 . In this paper we extend that analysis to an arbitrary integra l surface X, explaining the group APicX of linear equivalence classes of almost Cartier divisors on X in terms of the Picard group of the normalization S of X and certain local data at the singular points of X. We apply these results to give limitations on the possible curves that can b e set-theoretic compete intersections in P 3 in characteristic zero In section 2 we explain our basic set-up, comparing divisors on a variety X to its normalization S. In Section 3 we prove a local isomorphism that computes the group of almost Cartier divisors at a singular point of X in terms of the Cartier divisors along the curve of singulari ties and its inverse image in the normalization. In Section 4 we derive some global exact sequences for the groups PicX, APicX, and PicS, which generalize the results of (15, §6) to arbitrary surfaces These results are particularly transparent for surfaces wi th ordinary singularities, meaning a double curve with a finite number of pinch points and triple points.
Channel equalization using adaptive complex radial basis function networks

It is generally recognized that digital channel equalization can be interpreted as a problem of nonlinear classification. Networks capable of approximating nonlinear mappings can be quite useful in such applications. The radial basis function network (RBFN) is one such network. We consider an extension of the RBFN for complex-valued signals (the complex RBFN or CRBFN). We also propose a stochastic-gradient (SG) training algorithm that adapts all free parameters of the network. We then consider the problem of equalization of complex nonlinear channels using the CRBFN as part of an equalizer. Results of simulations we have carried out show that the CRBFN with the SG algorithm can be quite effective in channel equalization. >
Optimality conditions for fractional minmax programming

where Y is a compact subset of R”,f(a, .): R” X R” + R is C’ on R” X Rm and g(.): R” + RP is C’ on R”; B is an n X n positive semidefinite matrix; h(.,.):R”xR”+R is C’ on R”XR”. Throughout the paper we assume that h(x, y) > 0 for each (x,~) in XX Y, where X is the set of feasible solutions of Problem (l), i.e., X= {x E R”: g(x) < 0). The necessary and sufficient conditions to be established are based on the optimality conditions developed by Schmitendorf [6] for a static minmax problem. This application is possible when the functions involved are differentiable at an optimal point or a candidate for optimal point. However, differentiability conditions may not hold due to the presence of (x’Bx)“~ in the objective function. In this situation, the constraint qualification used by Aggarwal and Saxena and introduced by Mond [4] is extended for our case. 409 0022-247X/84 $3.00
Common coding in pigeons: Partial versus total reversals of one-to-many conditional discriminations

Common coding in pigeons was examined using a delayed conditional discrimination in-which each sample stimulus was associated with two different comparison stimuli (one-to-many map- ping). In Experiment 1, pigeons matched circle and dot samples to red and green hues and verti- cal and horizontal line orientations. In Experiment 2, the samples were red and green and the comparisons were vertical and horizontal spatial positions (up vs. down and left vs. right). Fol- lowing acquisition to high levels of accuracy in each experiment, the associations between the samples and either both sets or only one set of comparisons were reversed. Pigeons learned the total reversals faster than the partial reversals. These results suggest that when different com- parisons are associated with a common sample, they may become functionally equivalent. There is growing evidence that when pigeons are trained on discriminations in which more than one stimulus is as- sociated with a common event, those stimuli become func- tionally equivalent. Not only are the stimuli interchange- able with one another within the stimulus context, but more importantly, they also appear to substitute for one another in other contexts. An example of this sort of substitutability (also referred to as common coding) was provided by Edwards, Jagielo, Zentall, and Hogan (1982). In this experiment, Edwards et a!. trained pigeons on two independent identity- matching tasks, one involving hue matching and the other involving shape matching. Correct matches of one hue and one shape were reinforced with corn, whereas cor- rect matches of the other hue and shape were reinforced with wheat. On transfer trials in which the shapes were substituted as samples in the hue-comparison task, and vice versa, pigeons reliably chose the comparison as- sociated with the same outcome as the sample. Thus, sam- ple stimuli associated with the same outcome had become interchangeable.
Semiconductor fab maintenance challenge and BKM in downturn economy

The challenge of staying competitive in the current business environment towards opportunities requires creativity and new extreme thinking. Teamwork and taking risks are imperative to success. Our Novellus equipment maintenance team in the IBM Microelectronics Division Burlington is continually finding creative methodologies over and above the Best Known Methods (BKM) to drive towards better business decisions that translate directly into productivity improvements. Whereas Mean Time to Repair (MTR) could go up due to increased in-house solutions, every effort is driven towards maintaining the equipment availability at target. In this presentation, I will discuss the methodologies the maintenance team deployed to stay at productivity target and yet manage the cost of ownership at reduced spending. Primarily, I will show hardware and software examples that the team saw to be opportunities for improvement.
User-definable software applied to a real-time ambient air quality monitoring system

With increased tightening of air quality regulations, more systems for monitoring air quality became necessary. The greater use of such systems further stimulated the development of sensor-based systems that require less programming effort. The goal was to have a practical, real-time system with the ability to change the configuration of the sensors without extensively modifying the associated software. Described is a prototypical system that avoids the necessity of reprogramming every time sensors are changed.
Diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. This review considers the diagnosis and therapy of CAD in the general population free of renal disease. Diagnostic methods include clinical examination, noninvasive techniques and catheterization. Pharmacological therapy includes aspirin, beta-blockers, nitrates, calcium antagonists, lipid-lowering agents, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Revascularization includes percutaneous coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting. Recent clinical trials that provide the basis for current cardiology guidelines are highlighted, however individualized care is underscored.
Educational Therapy: Past Perspectives, Current Practices, and a Proposal for Change

An overview of the historical development of educational therapy as a treatment model for individuals with exceptional needs is presented. Out of this analysis two major disciplines emerge as having a significant influence on the practice of educational therapy: (1) the psychoeducational model which emphasizes the diagnosis and remediation of learning and emotional problems, and (2) the mental health approach which is primarily concerned with the amelioration of learning and emotional problems by intervening therapeutically in the individual's intrapsychic, interpersonal, and social world. A critique of these two major viewpoints is presented along with a more comprehensive model of education therapy which would include an assessment of family functioning as an integral part of the diagnostic and treatment process.
Effect of Anoxia on Urethral Response to Phenylephrine

AbstractPurpose: Smooth muscle requires oxygen for proper contractile function. In addition, anoxia has been shown to inhibit the contractile response to various forms of stimulation. Continence, at least in part, depends upon active alpha-adrenergic tone, which provides intraurethral tension during bladder filling. The current study was designed to determine the effect of anoxia on the ability of the urethra to sustain tension.Materials and Methods: Standard isolated urethral strip preparations were used to determine the effect of anoxia on the contractile response to phenylephrine; isolated whole urethra preparations were used to determine the effect of anoxia on the intraurethral pressure-flow characteristics.Results: The peak tension responses of the female and male urethra to phenylephrine were significantly greater than the plateau tension. Anoxia induced an immediate decrease in phenylephrine-stimulated tonic tension to baseline tension. In the whole urethra preparation, phenylephrine increased ope...
Elucidation of Primary Structure Elements Controlling Early Amyloid β-Protein Oligomerization

Assembly of monomeric amyloid -protein (A) into oligomeric structures is an important pathogenetic feature of Alzheimer’s disease. The oligomer size distributions of aggregate-free, low molecular weight A40 and A42 can be assessed quantitatively using the technique of photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins. This approach revealed that low molecular weight A40 is a mixture of monomer, dimer, trimer, and tetramer, in rapid equilibrium, whereas low molecular weight A42 preferentially exists as pentamer/hexamer units (paranuclei), which self-associate to form larger oligomers. Here, photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins was used to evaluate systematically the oligomerization of 34 physiologically relevant A alloforms, including those containing familial Alzheimer’s disease-linked amino acid substitutions, naturally occurring N-terminal truncations, and modifications altering the charge, the hydrophobicity, or the conformation of the peptide. The most important structural feature controlling early oligomerization was the length of the C terminus. Specifically, the side-chain of residue 41 in A42 was important both for effective formation of paranuclei and for self-association of paranuclei into larger oligomers. The side-chain of residue 42, and the C-terminal carboxyl group, affected paranucleus selfassociation. A40 oligomerization was particularly sensitive to substitutions of Glu 22 or Asp 23 and to truncation of the N terminus, but not to substitutions of Phe 19 or Ala 21 .A 42 oligomerization, in contrast, was largely unaffected by substitutions at positions 22 or 23 or by N-terminal truncations, but was affected significantly by substitutions of Phe 19 or Ala 21 . These results reveal how specific regions and residues control A oligomerization and show that these controlling elements differ between A40 and A42.
Accounting for International War: The State of The Discipline

In studies of war it is important to observe that the processes leading to so frequent an event as conflict are not necessarily those that lead to so infrequent an event as war. Also, many models fail to recognize that a phenomenon irregularly distributed in time and space, such as war, cannot be explained on the basis of relatively invariant phenomena. Much research on periodicity in the occurrence of war has yielded little result, suggesting that the direction should now be to focus on such variables as diffusion and contagion. Structural variables, such as bipolarity, show contradictory results with some clear inter-century differences. Bipolarity, some results suggest, might have different effects on different social entities. A considerable number of studies analysing dyadic variables show a clear connection between equal capabilities among contending nations and escalation of conflict into war. Finally, research into national attributes often points to strength and geographical location as important variables. In general, the article concludes, there is room for modest optimism, as research into the question of war is no longer moving in non-cumulative circles. Systematic research is producing results and there is even a discernible tendency of convergence, in spite of a great diversity in theoretical orientations.
Evidence for the Use of Low-Grade Weirs in Drainage Ditches to Improve Nutrient Reductions from Agriculture

Typical controlled drainage structures in drainage ditches provide drainage management strate- gies for isolated temporal periods. Innovative, low- grade weirs are anticipated to provide hydraulic control on an annual basis, as well as be installed at multiple sites within the drainage ditch for improved spatial biogeochemical transformations. This study provides evidence toward the capacity of low-grade weirs for nutrient reductions, when compared to the typical controlled drainage structure of a slotted riser treat- ment. Three ditches with weirs were compared against three ditches with slotted risers, and two control ditches for hydraulic residence time (HRT) and nutrient reductions. There were no differences in water volume or HRT between weired and riser systems. Nutrient concentrations significantly decreased from inflow to outflow in both controlled drainage strategies, but there were few statistical differences in N and P concentra- tion reductions between controlled drainage treatments. Similarly, there were significant declines in N and P loads, but no statistical differences in median N and P outflow loads between weir (W) and riser (R) ditches for dissolved inorganic phosphate (W, 92%; R, 94%), total inorganic phosphate (W, 86%; R, 88%), nitrate-N (W, 98%; R, 96%), and ammonium (W, 67%; R, 85%) when nutrients were introduced as runoff events. These results indicate the importance of HRT in improving nutrient reductions. Low-grade weirs should operate as important drainage control structures in reducing nutrient loads to downstream receiving systems if the hydraulic residence time of the system is significantly increased with multiple weirs, as a result of ditch length and slope.
Age and Social Context Modulate the Effect of Anxiety on Risk-taking in Pediatric Samples

Although risk-taking has been studied from a developmental perspective, no study has examined how anxiety, age, risk-valence and social context interact to modulate decision-making in youths. This study probes this question using a risk-taking task, the Stunt Task, in clinically anxious children (n = 17, 10 F, age = 8.3-12.1 years), healthy children (n = 13, 4 F, age = 9.3-12.2 years), clinically anxious adolescents (n = 18, 6 F, age = 12.3-17.7 years), and healthy adolescents (n =14, 10 F, age = 12.5-17.3 years). Social context was manipulated: in one condition, participants were led to believe that a group of peers were observing and judging their performance (peer-judge), while, in the other condition, they were led to believe that peers were not observing them (control). Only anxious children showed an influence of social context on their risk-taking behavior. Specifically, anxious children bet significantly less and had slower reaction times (RT) during the peer-judge than control condition. However, across social conditions, risk-valence modulated RT differently in function of age and diagnosis. Anxious children were slower on the positive-valence risky trial, whereas anxious adolescents were slower on the negative-valence risky trials relative to their respective healthy peers. In conclusion, clinically anxious children were the only group that was sensitive (risk-averse) to the effect of a negative peer-judge context. The negative peer-judge context did not affect risky decision-making in adolescents, whether they were anxious or healthy. Future work using a stronger aversive social context might be more effective at influencing risky behavior in this age group.
The bell & the buzzer: on the meaning of science

Toute realite a son prix et sa valeur. La possibilite de l'illusion est toujours presente, conduisant a une certaine irrealite. La difference entre les niveaux de realite ne peut donc pas etre ecartee
Potential Antiinfective Agents from Eriodictyon angustifolium and Salvia apiana

AbstractBenzyl-trans-4-coumarate (6) and 16-hydroxycarnosic acid (8) were identified as the major in vitro antibacterial and antifungal compounds in Eriodictyon angustifolium and Salvia apiana respectively. These plants were investigated after screening 12 southwestern U.S. herbal remedies for potential antiinfective activity.
The Role of Telecommunications Infrastructure in Regional Economic Growth in China

Different from traditional infrastructures, telecommunications infrastructure has greater potential to lead "leapfrogging" development in the developing countries. This paper provides empirical evidence on the links between telecommunications infrastructure and regional economic growth in China. With a panel dataset of 29 regions of China for a 17-year period, 1986-2002, this paper uses a dynamic fixed effects model to investigate this relationship while controlling for a set of other variables including initial economic condition, fixed investment, employment, population growth, foreign direct investment. The results show that telecommunications infrastructure endowment is a key factor in explaining regional economic growth in China. The results are robust even when controlling for past levels of GDP per capita, lagged growth, and other factors. The results further indicate that the telecommunications investment is subject to diminishing returns, thus suggesting that regions at an earlier stage of development are likely to gain the most from investment in telecommunications infrastructure.
Music Performance on 19th-Century Sukuma-Nyamwezi Caravans to the Swahili Coast

This article examines the utility and significance of music performed on 19th- century caravans journeying between the inland East African Sukuma-Nyamwezi and interlacustrine regions, and the Swahili coast. This research will show that through music and “soundscape production”, Sukuma-Nymawezi porters or bapagati maintained their identity and dignity albeit intermittently, in spite of the rigors sustained on the long march.
New light on a dark subject The Concentration Camps of the Anglo-Boer War: A Social History, Elizabeth van Heyningen : book review

Elizabeth van Heyningen's intelligent and comprehensive social history of the concentration camps of the Anglo-Boer War is sure to become the new standard bearer on the subject. Based on rich government records (especially files of the Superintendent of Refugee Camps in the Free State Archives) along with inmate testimonies, Van Heyningen offers an intimate portrayal of life inside the camps and a clear-sighted vision of the motivations and limitations of those civilian and military officials in charge. Scholars interested in the range of sources Van Heyningen uses can consult: http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/bccd/index.php.
A Phenomenological Study of Nurse Manager Interventions Related to Workplace Bullying.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to acquire nurse managers' perspectives as to the scope of workplace bullying, which interventions were deemed as effective and ineffective, and what environmental characteristics cultivated a healthy, caring work environment. BACKGROUND: Research has linked workplace bullying among RNs to medical errors, unsafe hospital environments, and negative patient outcomes. Limited research had been conducted with nurse managers to discern their perspectives. METHODS: Six nurse managers from hospital settings participated in in-depth, semistructured interviews. Ray's theory of bureaucratic caring guided the study. RESULTS: These themes emerged: (a) awareness, (b) scope of the problem, (c) quality of performance, and (d) healthy, caring environment. FINDINGS indicated mandated antibullying programs were not as effective as individual manager interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Systems must be in place to hold individuals accountable for their behavior. Communication, collective support, and teamwork are essential to create environments that lead to the delivery of safe, optimum patient care. Language: en
Stratified volume photorefractive polymer structures

In many respects, the intrinsic response parameters of photorefractive (PR) polymers are rapidly becoming comparable to those of inorganic crystals.1 Therefore, these materials are beginning to be considered for practical device applications, including holographic optical data storage. Since both the diffraction efficiency of a photorefractive material and the Bragg selectivity (which controls the number of patterns which can be multiplexed in a material) increase with thickness, samples on the order of 1-cm thick will probably be necessary for eventual device applications.
Immune globulin use at a multihospital medical center

Use of i.v. immune globulin (IVIG) at four hospitals was audited to evaluate the need for therapeutic protocols and identify strategies for reducing drug expenditures. Charts and nursing notes for patients who received IVIG over a six-month period were reviewed retrospectively to obtain the following data: patient demographics, indication for IVIG use, product used, amount administered, and adverse reactions. Indications were categorized as to whether they are included in FDA-approved labeling, recognized in national guidelines, documented in published studies, or not documented. Expenditures were calculated from acquisition costs. At the first hospital (which offers oncology and other specialty services for adult patients), 71 patients received IVIG for 15 indications, with 89.5% of the orders for unlabeled uses. Of all grams reconstituted, 17.8% were wasted. The rate of documented adverse reactions was 11.3%. At the second, a pediatric hospital, 34 patients received IVIG for six indications, with 65% of the orders for unlabeled uses. Of all grams reconstituted, 13% were wasted. At the third hospital (which specializes in emergency trauma and critical care medicine), two patients received IVIG for a labeled indication. At the fourth (a maternity hospital), no patients received IVIG. Three of four hospitals used IVIG during a six-month audit period. In most instances, the drug was used for indications not included in FDA-approved labeling. Audit information may be useful in creating guidelines for appropriate use of IVIG.
Study on Mechanical Property of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Bar by Huge-deformation Hot Rolling

The new type of Ti-6Al-V alloy was obtained using huge-deformation hot rolling. The tensile and impact properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy bar and non-huge-deformation bar were measured. The fracture morphology of alloy bar was observed. The results show that the bar's tensile strength changes little. Compared with non-huge-deformation, the elongation increases by 30%, impact ductility increases by 20%. Although the refined microstructure can not make the tensile strength increase sharply, the ductility increases. The observation of tensile and impact fracture shows that the fracture is flat, the dimple is shallow, the hole is little. But its elongation and impact ductility are higher than those of non-huge deformation bar. This phenomenon is irregular.
Lower Extremity Permanent Dialysis Vascular Access

Hemodialysis remains the most commonly used RRT option around the world. Technological advances, superior access to care, and better quality of care have led to overall improvement in survival of patients on long-term hemodialysis. Maintaining a functioning upper extremity vascular access for a prolonged duration continues to remain a challenge for dialysis providers. Frequently encountered difficulties in clinical practice include (1) a high incidence of central venous catheter-related central vein stenosis and (2) limited options for creating a functioning upper extremity permanent arteriovenous access. Lack of surgical skills, fear of complications, and limited involvement of the treating nephrologists in the decision-making process are some of the reasons why lower extremity permanent dialysis access remains an infrequently used option. Similar to upper extremity vascular access options, lower extremity arteriovenous fistula remains a preferred access over arteriovenous synthetic graft. The use of femoral tunneled catheter as a long-term access should be avoided as far as possible, especially with the availability of newer graft-catheter hybrid devices. Our review provides a summary of clinical evidence published in surgical, radiology, and nephrology literature highlighting the pros and cons of different types of lower extremity permanent dialysis access.
Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis in Black Americans

Transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidosis is a progressive infiltrative cardiomyopathy that mimics hypertensive and hypertrophic heart disease and often goes undiagnosed. In the United States, the hereditary form disproportionately afflicts black Americans, who when compared with whites with wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis, a phenotypically similar condition, present with more advanced disease despite having a noninvasive method for early identification (genetic testing). Although reasons for this are unclear, this begs to consider the inadequate access to care, societal factors, or a biological basis. In an effort to improve awareness and explore unique characteristics, we review the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and therapeutic strategies for transthyretin amyloidosis and highlight diagnostic pitfalls and clinical pearls for identifying patients with amyloid heart disease.
Professionalism and Bureaucracy: An Assessment in Conflict and Contradiction

AbstractOver the past 50 years, organizations have increasingly relied upon specialists and professionals that has corresponded with the increasing technical complexity of society. This trend toward increasing professionalism has stimulated much inquiry into the ways in which professionals adapt to employment in bureaucratic organizations and the ways in which these organizations accommodate professionals. Concerns have been raised among researchers who see potentially negative consequences which stem form seemingly inherent contradictions between bureaucratic and professional value systems. This paper examines the extent to which these concerns have been validated by the supporting research literature, with particular attention given toward an examination of professionalism in public organizations. Evidence is mixed regarding the presence of inherent conflict between professional and bureaucratic norms. The paper details some of the more important between professional and bureaucratic norms. The paper de...
Found Things: Genre, Narrative, and Identification in a Networked Activist Organization

ABSTRACTThis article examines the inter-relational role of genre and narrative in a social justice organization. Employing an interdisciplinary approach, this test presents a process-centered approach using genre ecology modeling and narrative maps. This approach can help scholars understand how genre and narrative dialectically promote collaboration and coordination while simultaneously promoting the process of consubstantiality and rhetorical identification in networked organizations.
Visual Development: Infant

Human infants show rapid and profound changes in visual sensitivity and visual perception during the first postnatal year. These changes have been documented using several methodological techniques, including preferential looking, visual evoked potentials, and habituation. Visual development in the domains of spatial resolution, color, motion, depth, and object perception are summarized. In each of these domains there is a period immediately after birth when the infant's ability is totally absent or extremely immature. However, by six months of age, most infants are performing at nearly adult levels. The mechanisms underlying these visual developments, involving both innate and experiential factors, are also reviewed. Evidence from infants deprived of normal visual inputs during early development strongly suggests that the course of visual development can be permanently degraded during a postnatal sensitive period.
Abstract 408: Hyperglycemia Increases the Prorenin Receptor in the Plasma Membrane of Collecting Duct Cells in Rats with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) there is increased prorenin secretion by the principal cells of the collecting duct. Binding of prorenin to prorenin receptor (PRR) on intercalated cells increases its catalytic activity, increases local angiotensin (Ang) II formation, and stimulates intracellular MAPK signaling responsible for inflammation and tissue fibrosis. Thus, changes in the amount of membrane bound PRR may be a key factor in stimulating these pathways. However, it has not been established that activation of PRR in the collecting duct contributes to increased intrarenal Ang II and tubulointerstitial inflammation via stimulation of inflammatory pathways including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). This study tested the hypothesis that hyperglycemia increases the PRR abundance at the plasma membrane (PM) in the collecting duct cells, thus allowing greater capability to be activated by locally produced prorenin. Streptozotocin (STZ; 60 mg/kg; ip single dose) was used to induce T1DM in Sprague-Dawley rats (N=10) and compared to control rats (N=8). After 7-days induction, STZ-rats showed plasma glucose levels of 428±13 vs. 138±9 mg/dL and insulin of 0.05±0.02 vs. 2.4±0.6 ng/mL, compared to control. Although PRR transcript in the renal medulla were not different between groups; PRR localized predominantly on the apical aspects of collecting duct cells in STZ-induced rats; while in controls it was primarily found intracellularlly. These changes were accompanied by greater levels of active renin and Ang II in the urine and increased TGF-β mRNA levels in the renal medulla of STZ-rats (Renin: 186± 34 vs. 6± 3 ng Ang I/mL/h; P
SIRT3-Mediated Dimerization of IDH2 Directs Cancer Cell Metabolism and Tumor Growth.

The isocitrate dehydrogenase IDH2 produces α-ketoglutarate by oxidizing isocitrate, linking glucose metabolism to oxidative phosphorylation. In this study, we report that loss of SIRT3 increases acetylation of IDH2 at lysine 413 (IDH2-K413-Ac), thereby decreasing its enzymatic activity by reducing IDH2 dimer formation. Expressing a genetic acetylation mimetic IDH2 mutant (IDH2K413Q) in cancer cells decreased IDH2 dimerization and enzymatic activity and increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glycolysis, suggesting a shift in mitochondrial metabolism. Concurrently, overexpression of IDH2K413Q promoted cell transformation and tumorigenesis in nude mice, resulting in a tumor-permissive phenotype. Immunohistochemical staining showed that IDH2 acetylation was elevated in high-risk luminal B patients relative to low-risk luminal A patients. Overall, these results suggest a potential relationship between SIRT3 enzymatic activity, IDH2-K413 acetylation-determined dimerization, and a cancer-permissive phenotype.
Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 Modulates the Host Immune Responses: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial in Healthy Adults.

Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 mitigates the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Biobreeding diabetes-prone rats, in part, through changes in kynurenine:tryptophan (K:T) ratios. The goal of this pilot study was to determine the safety, tolerance and general immunological response of L. johnsonii N6.2 in healthy subjects. A double-blind, randomized clinical trial in 42 healthy individuals with no known risk factors for T1D was undertaken to evaluate subject responses to the consumption of L. johnsonii N6.2. Participants received 1 capsule/day containing 108 colony forming units of L. johnsonii N6.2 or placebo for 8 weeks. Comprehensive metabolic profile (CMP), leukocyte subpopulations by complete blood count (CBC) and flow cytometry, serum cytokines and relevant metabolites in the indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) pathway were assessed. L. johnsonii N6.2 survival and intestinal microbiota was analyzed. Daily and weekly questionnaires were assessed for potential effects of probiotic treatment on general wellness. The administration of L. johnsonii N6.2 did not modify the CMP or CBC of participants suggesting general safety. In fact, L. johnsonii N6.2 administration significantly decreased the occurrence of abdominal pain, indigestion and cephalic syndromes. As predicted, increased serum tryptophan levels increased resulting in a decreased K:T ratio was observed in the L. johnsonii N6.2 group. Interestingly, immunophenotyping assays revealed that monocytes and natural killer (NK) cell numbers were increased significantly after wash-out (12 weeks). Moreover, an increase of circulating effector Th1 cells (CD45RO+CD183+CD196-) and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells subset was observed in the L. johnsonii N6.2 group. Consumption of L. johnsonii N6.2 is well tolerated in adult control subjects, demonstrates systemic impacts on innate and adaptive immune populations and results in a decreased K:T ratio. These data provide support for the safety and feasibility of using L. johnsonii N6.2 in prevention trials in subjects at risk for T1D. Trial registration: This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02349360.
Binge drinking and anxiety at the end of the nocturnal period in alcohol-preferring sP rats.

Previous studies suggested that exposure of Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats to daily drinking sessions of 1 h, during the dark phase of the light/dark cycle, with multiple alcohol concentrations, and unpredictable access to alcohol, resulted in exceptionally high intakes of alcohol when the drinking session occurred over the last hours of the dark phase. Additionally, higher levels of anxiety-related behaviors were observed at the 12th, rather than 1st, hour of the dark phase, suggesting that uncertainty of time of alcohol access and expectation of alcohol availability produced an emotional "distress". The present study was designed to provide pharmacological support to the hypothesis that high alcohol intake under this drinking procedure is secondary to exacerbation of the anxiety-like state of sP rats. To this end, sP rats were initially exposed to daily 1-h drinking sessions during the dark phase and with multiple alcohol concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%; v/v); time of alcohol exposure was changed each day and was unpredictable to rats. Rats were then treated acutely with non-sedative doses of diazepam (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/kg; intraperitoneally [i.p.]) before two drinking sessions occurring at the 1st and 12th hour of the dark phase, respectively. Treatment with diazepam was ineffective at the 1st hour; conversely, it selectively reduced alcohol intake (up to 50% at the dose of 3 mg/kg) at the 12th hour. The preferential effectiveness of diazepam in reducing alcohol intake when the drinking session occurred at the 12th hour of the dark phase is consistent with the hypothesis that uncertainty of time of alcohol access and expectation of alcohol availability generated an emotional "distress" that rats counterbalanced with high alcohol drinking; the results of the present study are interpreted as the anxiolytic effects of diazepam substituting for those of alcohol, resulting in the observed reduction in alcohol intake.
Results of the Pre-Congress Symposium on “Methods and Concepts in Primate Brain Evolution”

The pre-Congress symposium on Methods and Concepts in Primate Brain Evolution organized by E. Armstrong and D. Falk, took place in Turin, Italy on 4–5 July 1980 at the Institute of Comparative Anatomy. Nine speakers participated in the scientific program: they were J. Allman from California Institute of Technology, USA; E. Armstrong, from Louisiana State University, USA. R. Bauchot from Universite de Paris, France; B. Campbell from Walter Reed Institute, USA; D. Falk, University of Puerto Rico; H. Jerison, University of California, USA; R. Martin, University of London, England; and K. Zilles, University of Kiel, FRG.
BESS performance assessment for integration of wind generation

US power system is faced with proliferation of renewable generation in its transmission and distribution networks. Renewable energy integration in power systems have caused specific concerns for system planners and operators because of its intermittent and variable nature. This paper focuses on the benefits of using battery energy storage systems for the integration of wind energy. Several scenarios for using the battery are examined in this paper and their benefits discussed in order to justify the investment in a BESS. Results are provided using a combination of simulations and real-life data for each scenario to demonstrate the quantifiable benefits that result from using battery storage to integrate wind energy resources.
Thermoset composite recycling – Driving forces, development, and evolution of new opportunities:

Thermoset composites represent a substantial challenge for recycling, even as composite products increase in market interest. The concept of putting all future thermoset composite products into lan...
Taking the Scientist's Perspective. The Nonfiction Narrative Engages Episodic Memory to Enhance Students' Understanding of Scientists and Their Practices

The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Lead States 2013) mandates that schools provide students an understanding of the skills and knowledge that scientists use to engage in scientific practices. In this article, I argue that one of the best ways to accomplish this goal is to have students take the perspective of the scientist by reading nonfiction narratives written by scientists and science writers. I explore the anthropological and neurological evidence that suggests that perspective-taking is an essential component in the learning process. It has been shown that by around age 4, the human child begins to be able to take the perspective of others—a process that neuroscientists have shown engages episodic memory, a memory type that some neurocognitive scientists believe is central in organizing human cognition. Neuroscientists have shown that the brain regions in which episodic memory resides undergo pronounced anatomical changes during adolescence, suggesting that perspective-taking assumes an even greater role in cognition during adolescence and young adulthood. Moreover, I argue that the practice of science itself is narrative in nature. With each new observation and experiment, the scientist is acting to reveal an emerging story. It is the story-like nature of science that motivates the scientist to push onward with new experiments and new observations. It is also the story-like nature of the practice of science that can potentially engage the student. The classroom studies that I review here confirm the power of the narrative in increasing students’ understanding of science.
Phase transfer catalyzed polymerization of 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol in the presence of a terminating comonomer phenol: 2,4,6-tri- tert -butylphenol or 4-bromo-2,6-di- tert -butylphenol

This paper describes the phase transfer catalyzed (PTC) polymerization of 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol (1) in the presence 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol (2) or 4-bromo-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (4). The polymerization of 1 in the presence of 2 at a 1/2 molar ratio of 3/1 led to poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) with $$\overline {\text{M}}$$ n of 13400 g/mol at a yield of 85%. In contrast, the polymerization of 1 in the presence of 4 at 1/4 molar ratios of 5/1 and 10/1 did not produce any methanol insoluble PPO fraction when 4 was added at the beginning of the polymerization. However, PPO with $$\overline {\text{M}}$$ n + 1600 to 2400 g/mol were obtained when 4 was added to the polymerization system after 0.5 h and respectively 2.0 h after the homopolymerization of 1 was started. A radical-anion mechanism is proposed to account for these polymerization results.
Voice Activated Semi-Autonomous Vehicle Using Off the Shelf Home Automation Hardware

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new trend in technology that is already changing the world in which we live by interconnecting physical objects that can collect or transmit information to us and to each other. In this paper, an application of the use of the IoT is presented by the development of a semi-autonomous utility vehicle using off-the-shelf home automation (smart) components. The system is composed of hardware and software elements that are integrated into a self-propelled scaled down version of an off-road vehicle, a lawn mower. A Web application was built and enabled for Android devices to command and control the vehicle, various applets in the application were enabled to be triggered using the Alexa voice service and an Amazon Tap speaker. The vehicle can be controlled through voice commands and is capable of moving in four directions at five different speeds. It is able to move at an average velocity of 35.7 m/min among its five speeds on vinyl floor, and at an average velocity of 20.8 m/min and 16.3 m/min on concrete and grass, respectively. The ultrasonic sensors installed on the vehicle proved their reliability by stopping the vehicle at an average distance of 7.3 cm away from different obstacles. This paper contributes to existing knowledge on the IoT by providing a demonstration of a semi-autonomous vehicle capable of cloud-based control both with voice commands and through a Web app.