cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balancing Ambition and Gender Among Decision Makers

In this article, we use an original laboratory experiment to test how people react to ambitious decision makers, allowing for interactions with gender. In the experiment, participants are told two decision makers will be dividing some valuable resource on their behalf. One decision maker (either high or low in ambition) is “appointed.” Participants vote from a slate of candidates, about whom they have information on gender and ambition, for the second decision maker. We find that people tend to associate high ambition with male and self-interested behavior and that the selection of the second decision maker depends on the level of ambition of the first decision maker as well as perceptions of gender of that decision maker. We conclude by suggesting important implications for research on vote choice and representation.
Lipoprotein Receptor–Related Protein 1 Regulates Collagen 1 Expression, Proteolysis, and Migration in Human Pleural Mesothelial Cells

The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) binds and can internalize a diverse group of ligands, including members of the fibrinolytic pathway, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), and its receptor, uPAR. In this study, we characterized the role of LRP-1 in uPAR processing, collagen synthesis, proteolysis, and migration in pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs). When PMCs were treated with the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, LRP-1 significantly decreased at the mRNA and protein levels (70 and 90%, respectively; P < 0.05). Consequently, uPA-mediated uPAR internalization was reduced by 80% in the presence of TNF-α or IL-1β (P < 0.05). In parallel studies, LRP-1 neutralization with receptor-associated protein (RAP) significantly reduced uPA-dependent uPAR internalization and increased uPAR stability in PMCs. LRP-1-deficient cells demonstrated increased uPAR t(1/2) versus LRP-1-expressing PMCs. uPA enzymatic activity was also increased in LRP-1-deficient and neutralized cells, and RAP potentiated uPA-dependent migration in PMCs. Collagen expression in PMCs was also induced by uPA, and the effect was potentiated in RAP-treated cells. These studies indicate that TNF-α and IL-1β regulate LRP-1 in PMCs and that LRP-1 thereby contributes to a range of pathophysiologically relevant responses of these cells.
Fires and dwarf mistletoe in a Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine ecosystem

Abstract Forests in the western U.S. are subject to a variety of pathogens, whose role in forest health is being questioned. The relationship of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.) and time since stand-replacing fire was determined for part of the Medicine Bow National Forest in southeastern Wyoming. Mean dwarf mistletoe rating (0–6 scale) was found to be 0.85 in the study area as a whole and ranged from 0–5.82. Of 43 stands examined, 51% contained mistletoe to some degree. Dwarf mistletoe infection was light in the majority of the sampled stands in the study area. Dwarf mistletoe infection characteristics generally increased with increasing time since stand-replacing fire but were highly variable. Mean dwarf mistletoe infection characteristics generally increased with tree size, but were also highly variable. Chi-square analysis indicates that trees surviving the most recent stand-replacing fire increased dwarf mistletoe infection rates in the post-fire stands. Dwarf mistletoe infection at the landscape scale is characterized by infection centers, as some stands have heavy mistletoe infection while stands of similar age have no mistletoe infection present. If prescribed fires are used to restore the health of lodgepole pine forests, these fires will need to be intense, stand-replacing burns. But, healthy lodgepole pine forests may always contain a mosaic of mistletoe infection centers and uninfected stands that require a spatial approach to health assessment.
Persistence of high diversity in non-equilibrium ecological communities: implications for modern and fossil ecosystems

Explaining the origin and maintenance of biodiversity is critical for understanding the potential consequences of present-day environmental change on ecological communities, as well as the evolutionary history of ecosystems in the Earth's past. Much effort in theoretical ecology has focused on identifying mechanisms that promote stable coexistence of species at equilibrium. However, in a consumer–resource model of competition along an environmental gradient, high-diversity assemblages have the potential to persist in non-equilibrium states for millions of generations with very little species loss. Species' populations in such competitively accommodated communities show slow drift; if disrupted, they rapidly reorganize into alternative persistent states. Fossil examples of prolonged ecological stability lasting 1–5 Myr punctuated by rapid reorganization (e.g. brachiopods from the Permian Reef of west Texas) suggest that some palaeocommunities represent a record of periodically disrupted transient states rather than stable equilibria. The similarity between the theoretical results reported here and palaeontological data suggests that the maintenance of high-diversity communities, both in the past and present, may reflect long-duration, non-equilibrium transient dynamics. If so, this has implications for the response of such communities to present-day environmental change, as well as for the evolution of lineages in such systems.
Business Political Power: The Case of Taxation.

We examine contending views about the forms and mechanisms of business power in U.S. politics by estimating time series models explaining taxation and redistribution. Taxation and redistribution constitute strong cases for theories about business and class power, since all firms have an interest in reducing taxation. We find that changes in corporate taxation and in redistribution between capital gains income and earned income and between corporate taxation and individual taxation are strongly influenced by political partisanship, with Democratic administrations increasing the tax burden on firms and their owners. How far corporations engage in electoral financing - measured through the establishment of corporate political action committees - is also influential. The models show some evidence consistent with the understanding of class power conceptualized by Bowles, Gordon, and Weisskopf and the presence of election cycle effects but inconsistent with implications arising from the structural dependence of the state on capital and asset concentration in the largest corporations as a mechanism of class power
Modeling User Perception of Interaction Opportunities for Effective Teamwork

This paper presents a model of collaborative decision-making for groups that involve people and computer agents. The model distinguishes between actions relating to participants’ commitment to the group and actions relating to their individual tasks, uses this distinction to decompose group decision making into smaller problems that can be solved efficiently. It allows computer agents to reason about the benefits of their actions on a collaboration and the ways in which human participants perceive these benefits. The model was tested in a setting in which computer agents need to decide whether to interrupt people to obtain potentially valuable information. Results show that the magnitude of the benefit of interruption to the collaboration is a major factor influencing the likelihood that people will accept interruption requests. They further establish that people’s perceived type of their partners (whether humans or computers) significantly affected their perceptions of the usefulness of interruptions when the benefit of the interruption is not clear-cut. These results imply that system designers need to consider not only the possible benefits of interruptions to collaborative human-computer teams but also the way that such benefits are perceived by people.
Racial Differences in Housing An Analysis of Trends and Differentials, 1960-1978

Changes and differences in housing quality for blacks and whites in the United States between 1960 and 1978 were examined using data from the Annual Housing Surveys for the years 1974 and 1978, and from the one-in-one-thousand sample Public Use File from the 1960 Census. There were substantial improvements in housing quality between 1960 and 1978. However, racial differences in housing quality, as measured by structural deficiency, crowding, and age of housing unit, persisted over the two decades regardless of socioeconomic status, family composition, and geographic regions. The data do not reveal substantial declines in racial disparity in housing over the two decades.
The Neural Correlates of an Expanded Functional Field of View

The size of the functional field of view (FFOV) predicts driving safety in older adults ( Owsley et al., 1998), and practice-related changes in the FFOV may transfer to driving safety ( Roenker, Cissell, Ball, Wadley, & Edwards, 2003). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral measures to examine how practice with the FFOV task changes older adults' attentional function. Behavioral data collected outside of the MRI revealed that participants in the training group showed larger improvements across conditions than did those in the control group. fMRI data revealed training-related changes in activation in a number of brain regions. In the right precentral gyrus and right inferior frontal gyrus, increases in activation between fMRI sessions correlated positively with increases in accuracy between behavioral sessions. Practice with the FFOV task improves older adults' attentional function by increasing their recruitment of regions traditionally associated with orienting visual attention.
Analgesic drug development: time to break the mould

Success in the introduction of novel, effective and safe analgesics has been notably limited over the past ten years even though existing treatments have low responder rates and a high side effect burden. The pipeline of compounds acting on novel targets is very restricted and there have been many disappointments with drugs that appeared promising in preclinical studies, failing repeatedly in clinical trials. We have to recognize that something is fundamentally wrong with the industry standard approach to the selection of targets, identification of hits, validation of leads and proof of concept clinical studies. A radically alternative strategy is required, one that is driven by the patient and focused on disease phenotype. I will discuss what such an approach may look like and how it may contribute to new therapeutics.
Availability of school physical activity facilities to the public in four U.S. communities.

Abstract Purpose. This study documents the public availability of school physical activity facilities, reasons facilities were not made available to the public, and the barriers and benefits associated with having facilities available. Design. Cross-sectional. Setting. All schools located in four geographic locations (Washington County, Maryland; northwest suburbs of Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jackson, Mississippi; and Forsyth County, North Carolina). Subjects. The survey was completed by 289 school representatives for a response rate of 82.3% (289/351 schools). For the nonrespondents, 61 of 62 schools were visited to obtain information on outdoor facilities. Measures. Information on indoor and outdoor physical activity facilities available to the public was collected for all schools (public, private, and colleges) using a telephone survey. Site visits were made to schools that did not participate in the survey to collect information on outdoor facilities only. Results. The schools in the four geographic are...
Activities of caspofungin, itraconazole, posaconazole, ravuconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against 448 recent clinical isolates of filamentous fungi

We examined the in vitro activity of caspofungin, posaconazole, voriconazole, ravuconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B against 448 recent clinical mold isolates. The endpoint for reading caspofungin was the minimum effective concentration (MEC). Among the triazoles, posaconazole was most active, inhibiting 95% of isolates at ≤1 μg/ml, followed by ravuconazole (91%), voriconazole (90%), and itraconazole (79%). Caspofungin and amphotericin B inhibited 93% and 89% of isolates at ≤1 μg/ml, respectively, with caspofungin demonstrating an MEC 90 of 0.12 μg/ml. All three new triazoles and caspofungin inhibited >95% of Aspergillus spp. at ≤1 μg/ml compared to 83% for itraconazole and 91% for amphotericin B. Amphotericin B inhibited only 38% of Aspergillus terreus isolates at ≤1 μg/ml, whereas the three new triazoles and caspofungin inhibited all A. terreus at ≤0.5 μg/ml. The new triazoles and caspofungin have excellent in vitro activity against a very large collection of recent clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp., and some in vitro activity against selected other filamentous fungi.
The Equivalence between the Connection and the Loop Representation of Quantum Gravity

The recent developments of the ``connection'' and ``loop'' representations have given the possibility to show that the two representation are equivalent and that it is possible to transform any result from one representation into the other. The glue between the two representations is the loop transform. Its use, combined with the techincs Penrose's binor calculus, gives the possibility to establish the exact correspondence between operators and states in the connection representation and those in the loop representation. The main ingredients in the prove of the equivalence are: the concept of embedded spin network, the Penrose graphical method of SU(2) calculus, and the existence of a generalized measure on the space of connections.
Molecular Connections between Cancer Cell Metabolism and the Tumor Microenvironment

Cancer cells preferentially utilize glycolysis, instead of oxidative phosphorylation, for metabolism even in the presence of oxygen. This phenomenon of aerobic glycolysis, referred to as the "Warburg effect", commonly exists in a variety of tumors. Recent studies further demonstrate that both genetic factors such as oncogenes and tumor suppressors and microenvironmental factors such as spatial hypoxia and acidosis can regulate the glycolytic metabolism of cancer cells. Reciprocally, altered cancer cell metabolism can modulate the tumor microenvironment which plays important roles in cancer cell somatic evolution, metastasis, and therapeutic response. In this article, we review the progression of current understandings on the molecular interaction between cancer cell metabolism and the tumor microenvironment. In addition, we discuss the implications of these interactions in cancer therapy and chemoprevention.
MRI-based classification of brain tumor type and grade using SVM-RFE

The objective of this study is to investigate the use of pattern classification methods for distinguishing different types of brain tumors, such as primary gliomas from metastases, and also for grading of gliomas. A computer-assisted classification method combining conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and perfusion MRI is developed and used for differential diagnosis. The proposed scheme consists of several steps including ROI definition, feature extraction, feature selection and classification. The extracted features include tumor shape and intensity characteristics as well as rotation invariant texture features. Features subset selection is performed using Support Vector machines (SVMs) with recursive feature elimination. The binary SVM classification accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, assessed by leave-one-out cross-validation on 102 brain tumors, are respectively 87%, 89%, and 79% for discrimination of metastases from gliomas, and 87%, 83%, and 96% for discrimination of high grade from low grade neoplasms. Multi-class classification is also performed via a one-versus-all voting scheme.
How reliable are pain scores? A pilot study of 20 healthy volunteers.

Abstract Introduction: Pain Scales Such As The 100-MM Visual Analog Scale And The 10-POINT Numeric Rating Scale Are Used To Describe Pain Intensity. The Visual Analog Scale And The Numeric Rating Scale Provide Accurate Descriptors For A Patient'S Perceived Level Of Pain. But How Accurate Or Reliable Is A Patient'S Perception Of Pain? Methods: To Test The Relationship Between The Intensity Of The Pain Stimulus And Pain Perception, We Devised An Experiment Using A Convenience Sample Of 20 Healthy Adult Volunteers. A Cutaneous Nerve Stimulator Delivered A Series Of Shocks Of Increasing Intensity To The Individual Via A Pediatric Ekg Electrode. The Participants Indicated Their Threshold For "INTOLERABLE Pain." With Use Of This Same Level Of Stimulus In Subsequent Shocks, The Participants, Blinded To The Amount Of Stimulus, Were Then Asked To Rate Each Shock As Either "THE Same," "A Little Less," Or "A Little More" Than The Baseline Stimulus. They Then Recorded Their Vas Score For Each Stimulus. Results: "INTOLERABLE Pain" Varied Widely Between 8 Mm To 73 Mm; Likewise, The Level Of Stimulus That Produced This Pain Ranged From 4 To 9. Once A Person'S Threshold Of "INTOLERABLE Pain" Had Been Reached, 49% Of The Subsequent Shocks Were Perceived As Different, Even Though The Stimulus Was Exactly The Same. Discussion: This Experiment Showed That (1) Given The Same Intensity Of Pain Stimulus, Different Persons Have Different Perceptions Of Pain; And (2) The Same Intensity Of Pain Stimulus, Given To The Same Person Repeatedly, Does Not Result In The Same Self-REPORT Of Pain Intensity.
Using a Student-Generated Survey to Inform Planning For a User-focused Learning Commons

A master’s comprehensive University is planning a learning commons to support undergraduate learning. The planning process included a literature review, site visits to commons, consultations with experts in the field, discussions with campus specialists, and surveys of patrons. The literature reports two primary forms of data gathering for learning commons: interview/observation and purposive surveys. This report describes the findings of a survey conducted to determine students’ perceptions of services relevant in learning commons. The findings indicated that the students wanted help with their information processing needs.
Using electronic mail to motivate students

Abstract Associate degree nursing faculty often note that students come to class poorly prepared to participate in class activities and discussions. Students who fail to complete reading or other assignments are ill prepared to participate in active learning and are at risk of falling behind in course work. Electronic mail (e-mail) is one strategy for motivating students to complete assignments prior to class and to help students focus on the content that will be presented during upcoming class sessions.
The occurence and paleolimnologic significance of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) in pluvial lakes of the Estancia Valley, central New Mexico

Cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki ) fossils in the Quaternary-age lacustrine sediment of the Estancia Valley provide insight into the paleolimnologic history of the valley. The presence of fish is evidence that a pluvial system overflowed into the Pecos River watershed. Most likely, the overflow occurred during the expansion of Early Lake Estancia, an Illinoian or pre-Illinoian pluvial lake known only in subcrop. Once established in the Estancia watershed, trout occupied headwater streams and only intermittently migrated and resided in developing lake systems. The headwater streams served as refugia through the Sangamon(?) and early and middle Wisconsin time when a fresh-water lake did not exist in the valley. With the advent of full-pluvial conditions during the late Wisconsin, trout migrated from headwater streams into the first of three fresh-water phases of Late Lake Estancia. On two occasions, climate shifted to warmer and drier conditions, causing significant lake-level drawdown. Salinity increased and trout were eliminated from the lake, only to be reintroduced during the next fresh-water phase. Near the close of the late Wisconsin, Late Lake Estancia waned and desiccated, but headwater streams remained as fish refugia. Following the interpluvial episode, the basin again filled, culminating in Lake Willard, considered to be of latest Wisconsin age. With evolution into a fresh-water body, trout migrated into a lake environment for the last time. Ensuing hot/dry conditions brought about the desiccation of Lake Willard and severely impacted the headwater streams. This factor, in possible combination with human fishing activity, led to the elimination of fish from the Estancia Valley after a continuous occupation of at least 130,000 yr.
TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MTEAD-2 IS SELECTIVELY EXPRESSED AT THE BEGINNING OF ZYGOTIC GENE EXPRESSION IN THE MOUSE

mTEF-1 is the prototype of a family of mouse transcription factors that share the same TEA DNA binding domain (mTEAD genes) and are widely expressed in adult tissues. At least one member of this family is expressed at the beginning of mouse development, because mTEAD transcription factor activity was not detected in oocytes, but first appeared at the 2-cell stage in development, concomitant with the onset of zygotic gene expression. Since embryos survive until day 11 in the absence of mTEAD-1 (TEF-1), another family member likely accounts for this activity. Screening an EC cell cDNA library yielded mTEAD-1, 2 and 3 genes. RT-PCR detected RNA from all three of these genes in oocytes, but upon fertilization, mTEAD-1 and 3 mRNAs disappeared. mTEAD-2 mRNA, initially present at approx. 5,000 copies per egg, decreased to approx. 2,000 copies in 2-cell embryos before accumulating to approx. 100,000 copies in blastocysts, consistent with degradation of maternal mTEAD mRNAs followed by selective transcription of mTEAD-2 from the zygotic genome. In situ hybridization did not detect mTEAD RNA in oocytes, and only mTEAD-2 was detected in day-7 embryos. Northern analysis detected all three RNAs at varying levels in day-9 embryos and in various adult tissues. A fourth mTEAD gene, recently cloned from a myotube cDNA library, was not detected by RT-PCR in either oocytes or preimplantation embryos. Together, these results reveal that mTEAD-2 is selectively expressed for the first 7 days of embryonic development, and is therefore most likely responsible for the mTEAD transcription factor activity that appears upon zygotic gene activation.
Helping Pre-Service Art Teachers Confront their Pedagogical Belief Systems

People are behaviorally and psychologically complex to a point that we cannot separate ourselves from our values, beliefs, and assumptions; they affect every part of our lives. In education, beliefs influence what, why, and how something is taught. The many threads of teacher belief literature have deepened our understanding of the teaching phenomenon for many decades. This article suggests that educational quality can be improved if teachers would analyze their own educational belief systems more systematically and comprehensively. The article gives a brief history of teacher belief research and suggests a framework by which teachers could analyze their thinking, beliefs, or assumptions. The article finishes with an example of how one professor integrated teacher belief research into a college course helping pre-service art educators analyze their conflicting belief systems.
Differential expression of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors after upper cervical (C2) spinal cord hemisection in adult rats.

BACKGROUND In an animal model of spinal cord injury, a latent respiratory motor pathway can be pharmacologically activated via adenosine receptors to restore respiratory function after cervical (C2) spinal cord hemisection that paralyzes the hemidiaphragm ipsilateral to injury. Although spinal phrenic motoneurons immunopositive for adenosine receptors have been demonstrated (C3-C5), it is unclear if adenosine receptor protein levels are altered after C2 hemisection and theophylline administration. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of C2 spinal cord hemisection and theophylline administration on the expression of adenosine receptor proteins. METHODS Adenosine A1 and A2A receptor protein levels were assessed in adult rats classified as (a) noninjured and theophylline treated, (b) C2 hemisected, (c) C2 hemisected and administered theophylline orally (3x daily) for 3 days only, and (d) C2 hemisected and administered theophylline (3x daily for 3 days) and assessed 12 days after drug administration. Assessment of A1 protein levels was carried out via immunohistochemistry and A2A protein levels by densitometry. RESULTS Adenosine A1 protein levels decreased significantly (both ipsilateral and contralateral to injury) after C2 hemisection; however, the decrease was attenuated in hemisected and theophylline-treated animals. Attenuation in adenosine A1 receptor protein levels persisted when theophylline administration was stopped for 12 days prior to assessment. Adenosine A2A protein levels were unchanged by C2 hemisection; however, theophylline reduced the levels within the phrenic motoneurons. Furthermore, the decrease in A2A levels persisted 12 days after theophylline was withdrawn. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that theophylline mitigates the effects of C2 hemisection by attenuating the C2 hemisection-induced decrease in A1 protein levels. Furthermore, A2A protein levels are unaltered by C2 hemisection but decrease after continuous or interrupted theophylline administration. The effects on protein levels may underlie the stimulant actions of theophylline.
Captain David Hall

This case illustrates the challenges that a manager faces in leading the transformation of an organization. A junior military officer takes on the challenge of transforming a below-average organization and faces considerable opposition to the changes. The case describes the organizational structure, the key relationships between the protagonist and his superiors/subordinates, and the career dilemma in which the protagonist finds himself. The case highlights expectations management, the inertia that inhibits change, and factors affecting transformation.
Predictors of Post-Operative Pain Relief in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis Undergoing the Frey or Whipple Procedure

Post-operative pain relief in chronic pancreatitis (CP) is variable. Our objective was to determine clinical imaging or histopathologic predictor(s) of post-operative pain relief in CP patients undergoing the Whipple or Frey procedure. All patients who underwent a Whipple (n = 30) or Frey procedure (n = 30) for painful CP between January 2003 and September 2013 were evaluated. A toxic etiology was defined as a history of alcohol use and/or smoking. The pre-operative abdominal CT was evaluated for calcification(s) and main pancreatic duct (MPD) dilation (≥5 mm). The post-operative histopathology was evaluated for severe fibrosis. Clinical imaging and histopathologic features were evaluated as predictors of post-operative pain relief using univariable and multivariable regression analysis. A total of 60 patients (age 51.6 years, 53 % males) were included in our study, of whom 42 (70 %) reported post-operative pain relief over a mean follow-up of 1.1 years. There were 37 (62 %) patients with toxic etiology, 36 (60 %) each with calcification(s) and MPD dilation. A toxic etiology, calcifications, and severe fibrosis were associated with post-operative pain relief on univariable analysis (all p < 0.01). However, only a toxic etiology was an independent predictor of post-operative pain relief (OR 5.7, 95 % CI 1.3, 24.5, p = 0.02). Only a toxic etiology, and not imaging or histopathologic findings, independently predicts post-operative pain relief in CP patients undergoing the Whipple or Frey procedure.
Androgenic secretion by tumors of the mouse adrenal cortex.

SummaryA majority of gonadectomized male and female mice of the Bagg albino stock developed adrenal cortical tumors which secreted androgenic hormone. There is evidence that both androgenic and estrogenic hormone may be produced simultaneously by these tumors.
The clergy: a valuable resource for church members with alcohol problems.

The role of the minister or pastor is pivotal in the development and operation of church-based services and programs and in the delivery of services. They can initiate changes and can equip the officers and members so that families troubled by substance abuse issues can find a climate of acceptance, understanding, and recovery in the local congregation. They can also serve as a referral source to members of the mental health professionals for assistance with alcohol and other substance abuse problems. For our purposes in this article, the term “clergy” refers to congregational and parish clergy. The focus of this discussion pertains to the role of clergy in providing assistance for members of their congregations with substance abuse problems. Implications and recommendations for collaborations and specific resources are also included that may increase the awareness of those issues and to increase effectiveness of service to those needing it.
Increased NHE2 expression in rat intestinal epithelium during ontogeny is transcriptionally mediated

We have previously described changes in intestinal brush-border membrane vesicle (BBMV) Na+/H+exchange activity and characterized Na+/H+exchanger (NHE3) expression during rat ontogeny. The current ...
Selective depletion of CD11c + CD11b + dendritic cells partially abrogates tolerogenic effects of intravenous MOG in murine EAE.

Intravenous (i.v.) injection of a soluble myelin antigen can induce tolerance, which effectively ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have previously shown that i.v. MOG induces tolerance in EAE and expands a subpopulation of tolerogenic CD11c+CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) with an immature phenotype having low expression of IA and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD86, and CD80. Here we further investigate the role of tolerogenic DCs in i.v. tolerance by injecting clodronate-loaded liposomes, which selectively deplete CD11c+CD11b+ and immature DCs, but not CD11c+CD8+ DCs and mature DCs. I.v. MOG-induced suppression of EAE was partially, yet significantly, blocked by CD11c+CD11b+ DC depletion. While i.v. MOG inhibited IA, CD40, CD80, CD86 expression and induced TGF-β, IL-27, IL-10 production in CD11c+CD11b+ DCs, these effects were abrogated after injection of clodronate-loaded liposomes. Depletion of CD11c+CD11b+ DCs also precluded i.v. autoantigen-induced T-cell tolerance, such as decreased production of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-17 and numbers of IL-2+, IFN-γ+, and IL-17+ CD4+ T cells, as well as an increased proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and CD4+IL-10+Foxp3− Tr1 cells. CD11c+CD11b+ DCs, through low expression of IA and co-stimulatory molecules as well as high expression of TGF-β, IL-27 and IL-10, play an important role in i.v. tolerance-induced EAE suppression. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
“Is the Headscarf Oppressive or Emancipatory?” Field Notes from the Multicultural Debate

This essay examines the discursive contours of the multicultural debate in Europe, and the ways in which it is cast in gendered terms. It does so by investigating one particular albeit highly contentious issue, notably the headscarf controversy. In recent years, this sartorial practice has turned into an important object of debate and controversy in various Western European countries, often structured around the question ‘is the headscarf oppressive or emancipatory?’. Rather than engaging substantially with this question, or with the various meanings or significations of hijab as a sartorial practice, we seek to reflect upon the performative effects of this question, and do so more specifically in the Belgian context. What kind of imaginaries does the headscarf debate in general, and this question in particular, limit or shape? And what kinds of speeches and actions does it enable or conceal? We argue that the headscarf debate is functional to the constitution of a specific idea of ‘neutrality’ on the one hand, and of an ‘emancipated gender identity’ (agency) on the other, which is primarily grasped in liberal and secular terms (through the language of ‘rights’). More than simply tracing the performative effects of this discussion, we also try to account for the possibilities of overcoming these discursive conditionalities and the capacity of rendering other forms of agency intelligible.
High channel count single-unit recordings from nonhuman primate frontal cortex

Background Single unit recording in behaving nonhuman primates is widely used to study the primate central nervous system. However, certain questions cannot be addressed without recording large numbers of neurons simultaneously. Multiple 96-electrode probes can be implanted at one time, but certain problems must be overcome to make this approach practical.
New WLCSP scheme for device reliability improvement

Polymer film is general used for stress buffer and dielectric film for Wafer Level Chip Scale Package (WLCSP). Chemical resistance and mechanical resistance of polymer films usually get worse after several processes with chemicals or heat. Weak chemical or mechanical resistance will induce polymer film cracking. Polymer cracking further induces humidity penetration into RDL (Re-distribution Layer) or films delamination between polymer and RDL. A rapid heating and cooling environment or field induce huge stress on component or package. The polymer of WLCSP suffers film cracking when it undergoes the huge stress. Therefore, preventing polymer film cracking becomes an important topic for advance portable device application. This new WLCSP scheme focuses on highly reliable solution for a device without under-fill. This development found that this new WLCSP scheme can provide a good balance of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Moreover, the new WLCSP structure is able to change the max ball strain location from Si-end side to solder ball near the printed circuit board (PCB). The new WLCSP scheme was developed to replace the ordinary WLCSP scheme is not only able to avoid polymer/dielectric layer cracking but also can provide good ball life performance.
The first cohort in a new innovation, leadership, and engineering entrepreneurship B. S. degree program

The College of Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has recently launched a new B. S. dual degree in Innovation, Leadership, and Engineering Entrepreneurship (ILEE), a second bachelor's degree option for those completing their degree in a traditional engineering discipline. This is unlike many universities where similar degree programs are situated in colleges of business rather than engineering. The first cohort of sixteen students has joined the program in January 2017. In this paper we first report on the stated goals of the new degree, which is meant to combine the technical expertise in the traditional engineering science-focused disciplines with a deeper set of skills in problem-finding, creativity, innovation, leadership, and externalization. The idea is to ensure training in the dual physical and human dimensions and triple aspects of science, design, and leadership that are present in engineering practice. Next we report on the curriculum design as well as the experiential learning pedagogy that is present in most of the courses therein. Core courses include “Design Thinking/Need-Finding”, “Creativity, Innovation, Vision”, “Emotional Intelligence”, “Innovation and Engineering Design”, and “Technology Entrepreneurship”. Further, we provide a characterization of the students in the first cohort of undergraduate students to be accepted into the degree program. Drawing on their application materials, we perform text analytics using techniques such as topic modeling under Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and geometric embedding using the word2vec family of methods, to understand the key motivations for students to pursue this degree. Finally we use these text analytics techniques to make a formal assessment of alignment between the stated goals of the degree program and the key motivations of the students. One particular question is to understand the students' relative level of interest in the three legs of the degree, namely innovation, leadership, and entrepreneurship, so as to predict how level of engagement may vary across courses.
Polyelectrolyte based technique for sequestration of protein from an aqueous phase to an organic solvent

Abstract Separation of proteins from a complex multi-component suspension of broken down cells is technically challenging. In this regard, a technique that is capable of distinguishing proteins from other major cellular components (such as carbohydrates, lipids, and other cellular debris) could immensely simplify downstream processing. In this work, we report the ability to use the inherent zwitterionic properties of proteins to latch amphiphilic cationic electrolytes on to protein surfaces so that proteins can be extracted from an aqueous suspension into a water-immiscible organic solvent. Here we show the separation of egg albumin (a model protein) from an aqueous suspension to adjacent hexane phase using poly-(diallyl dimethyl ammonium) chloride (PolyDADMAC). Results show that, under optimum pH and polyelectrolyte concentrations, proteins can be successfully migrated from water to the adjacent hexane phase. The amount and molecular weight of electrolyte, and solution pH played vital roles in determining the amount of protein that could be migrated. Low molecular weight polyelectrolyte under neutral pH conditions, low equilibration time and 1:2 hexane: water ratio favored highest protein separation (∼85% dry weight). FTIR studies indicated that the secondary structure of the protein was preserved after migration of the protein from the aqueous phase to solvent under the protection of the polyelectrolyte coating. The results suggest that ionic electrolytes with hydrophobic moieties could be used as molecular transport vehicles to safely separate proteins from a bulk aqueous phase to an immiscible solvent phase.
Stochastic Forward and Inverse Modeling: The “Hydrogeophysical” Challenge

Successful integration of geophysical and hydrogeological datasets represents a recent and major breakthrough in hydrogeological site characterization. As discussed in Chapter 1 of this volume, the value of integrating these datasets for characterization lies in the extensive spatial coverage offered by geophysical techniques and in their ability to sample the subsurface in a minimally invasive manner. However, this breakthrough is associated with a few difficulties. One difficulty resides in the non-unique relationships that sometimes exist between hydrogeological and geophysical attributes; integration of hydrogeological and geophysical data under non-unique conditions has been investigated by Rubin et al. (1992), Copty et al. (1993), Hubbard et al. (1997) and Hubbard and Rubin (2000). This non-uniqueness can exist even under idealized conditions of error-free measurements in natural systems comprised of multiple hydrogeologically significant units (i.e., Prasad, 2003), and it is only exacerbated by measurement errors. In applications, the situation becomes even more difficult because the rock type at the location associated with the geophysical attribute is almost always unknown, and thus the applicable petrophysical model is also almost always unknown. Another difficulty stems from the disparity between the spatial resolution of the geophysical attributes and the scale that characterizes the hydrogeological attributes, collected for example, through boreholes (c.f., Ezzedine et al., 1999). This scale disparity hinders efforts to develop unique and accurate relations between the two types of measurements, and introduces another source of uncertainty.
Consumer Expenditures In The United States: Survey Description And Distributional Analyses

Household expenditure survey data can be used to provide information concerning the economic status and material well-being of families within and across countries. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: first, to describe the survey which is conducted in the United States (U.S.) to collect these data, and second, to present results from recent studies in which these data have been used to examine the distribution of household expenditures. We hope this paper will stimulate greater interest among researchers internationally to examine household expenditure data when addressing distributional issues. The paper is divided into four sections. Section one provides a description of the U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) and procedures. Section two includes results from analyses of the distribution of expenditures across households and the inequality in these expenditures. Section three discusses limitations of the CEX data. Section four is the summary and conclusions.
Strategisches Markt-Management: Ein Überblick

Strategisches Markt-Management ist ein System, das dem Management helfen soll, strategische Entscheidungen zu beschleunigen und zu treffen. Eine strategische Entscheidung umfast das Entwickeln, Andern oder Beibehalten einer Strategie. Im Gegensatz zu einer taktischen Entscheidung ist eine strategische Entscheidung normalerweise aufwendig in bezug auf die erforderlichen Ressourcen und die Zeit, um sie zu andern oder umzukehren. In manchen Fallen ist der Aufwand fur eine Anderung so hoch, das eine falsche Entscheidung die gesamte Existenz einer Organisation gefahrden kann. Normalerweise hat eine strategische Entscheidung einen zeitlichen Rahmen von uber einem Jahr, manchmal geht sie uber Dekaden.
He Said, She Said: Gender in the ACL Anthology

Studies of gender balance in academic computer science are typically based on statistics on enrollment and graduation. Going beyond these coarse measures of gender participation, we conduct a fine-grained study of gender in the field of Natural Language Processing. We use topic models (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) to explore the research topics of men and women in the ACL Anthology Network. We find that women publish more on dialog, discourse, and sentiment, while men publish more than women in parsing, formal semantics, and finite state models. To conduct our study we labeled the gender of authors in the ACL Anthology mostly manually, creating a useful resource for other gender studies. Finally, our study of historical patterns in female participation shows that the proportion of women authors in computational linguistics has been continuously increasing, with approximately a 50% increase in the three decades since 1980.
Valuing the Business of JH Outfitters

ABSTRACT This case uses a goodwill impairment setting to introduce intermediate and advanced accounting students to business valuation (that is, estimating the fair value of a business unit). Tombs...
Female Genital Cutting: Clinical knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices from a Provider survey in the US.

Migration from countries where female genital cutting (FGC) is practiced means women’s healthcare providers need to meet this population’s unique healthcare needs. We explored providers’ FGC-related experience, knowledge of the cultural practice, prior training, attitudes towards medicalization, including reinfibulation, and clinical practice. An online, 53-question survey to a multidisciplinary sample of women’s health providers in the US were recruited by email via professional organizations, medical departments, and the authors’ professional networks. From a total of 508 usable surveys, nearly half of respondents did not receive formal FGC training, but a majority had cared for FGC-affected women in their practice. A ‘know-do’ gap existed with managing infibulated patients; and surgical defibulation procedures were not routinely offered. Most respondents (79%, n = 402) reported a desire for additional education. Women’s healthcare providers in the US, regardless of disciplinary backgrounds, are inadequately prepared to meet the needs of FGC-affected women. To address these, FGC content needs to be embedded in educational and training curricula, and ongoing clinical mentorship made available.
Phase-dependent shear-induced order of nanorods in isotropic and nematic wormlike micelle solutions.

Small angle X-ray scattering with in situ shear was employed to study the assembly and ordering of dispersions of gold nanorods within wormlike micelle solutions formed by the surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPyCl) and counter-ion sodium salicylate (NaSal). Above a threshold CPyCl concentration but below the isotropic-to-nematic transition of the micelles, the nanorods self-assembled under quiescent conditions into isotropically oriented domains with hexagonal order. Under steady shear at rates between 0.5 and 7.5 s−1, the nanorod assemblies acquired macroscopic orientational order in which the hexagonal planes were coincident with the flow-vorticity plane. The nanorods could be re-dispersed by strong shear but re-assembled following cessation of the shear. In the nematic phase of the micelles at higher surfactant concentration, the nanorods did not acquire hexagonal order but instead formed smectic-like layers in the gradient–vorticity plane under shear. Finally, at still higher surfactant concentration, where the micelles form a hexagonal phase, the nanorods showed no translational ordering but did acquire nematic-like order under shear due to alignment in the flow. Depletion forces mediated by the wormlike micelles are identified as the driving mechanism for this sequence of nanorod ordering behaviors, suggesting a novel mechanism for controlled, reconfigurable assembly of nanoparticles in solution.
A New Method for Cartilage Evaluation in Femoroacetabular Impingement Using Quantitative T2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Preliminary Validation against Arthroscopic Findings.

ObjectiveThe outcome of arthroscopic treatment for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) depends on the preoperative status of the hip cartilage. Quantitative T2 can detect early biochemical cartilage...
Megaconnections in Environmental Sustainability Through the Twenty-First Century

Megaconnections in sustainability help to demonstrate the connections of one theme of sustainability, say energy, with all others. In many ways, sustainability connections are like the connections on the Internet. Each day, there are millions of connections made on the World Wide Web, some for the good and some for the bad. The same thing is true of sustainability. Some human actions are positive and some are negative. Placing an individual activity within the context of the larger idea of a connected global sustainability helps to evaluate the value of the effort. By many measures, our current environmental sustainability efforts are failing, and it is worth evaluating the effectiveness of traditional sustainability thinking that advocated a balanced approach between environment, economy, and society. The 40 years since the Brundtland Report was published has shown that economic and population growth, and associated overconsumption, has deleteriously impacted our long-term planetary environmental sustainability.
1831. Machine Learning Approaches to Predicting Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background Multi-drug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa (PA) infections continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality in various patient groups including those with malignancies. Predicting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) from whole-genome sequencing data if done rapidly, could aid in providing optimal care to patients.