cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of P-glycoprotein on flavopiridol sensitivity.

Flavopiridol is the first potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) to enter clinical trials. Little is known about mechanisms of resistance to this agent. In order to determine whether P-glycoprotein (Pgp) might play a role in flavopiridol resistance, we examined flavopiridol sensitivity in a pair of Chinese hamster ovary cell lines differing with respect to level of Pgp expression. The IC 50 s of flavopiridol in parental AuxB1 (lower Pgp) and colchicine-selected CHRC5 (higher Pgp) cells were 90.2 ± 6.6 nM and 117 ± 2.3 nM, respectively (P< 0.01), suggesting that Pgp might have a modest effect on flavopiridol action. Consistent with this hypothesis, pretreatment with either quinidine or verapamil (inhibitors of Pgp-mediated transport) sensitized CHRC5 cells to the antiproliferative effects of flavopiridol. Because of concern that colony forming assays might not accurately reflect cytotoxicity, we also examined flavopiridol-treated cells by trypan blue staining and flow cytometry. These assays confirmed that flavopiridol was less toxic to cells expressing higher levels of Pgp. Further experiments revealed that flavopiridol inhibited the binding of [3H]-azidopine to Pgp in isolated membrane vesicles, but only at high concentrations. Collectively, these results identify flavopiridol as a weak substrate for Pgp. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaign www.bjcancer.com
National status and trends mussel watch program: Chlordane-related compounds in Gulf of Mexico oysters, 1986–1990

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program has been monitoring the chemical contamination in bivalve tissues from the US coastal waters since 1986. oL-Chlordane, trans-nonachlor, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide, components of technical chlordane, are among the chlorinated pesticides measured. The geographical distribution of these chlordane compounds in oyster samples from the US Gulf of Mexico is well-established. For example, highest residue levels, predominantly a-chlordane and trans-nonachlor, were encountered in samples collected near highly populated areas in contrast with the concentrations measured in predominantly agricultural areas. Data collected during 5 years of bivalve sampling are used to evaluate temporal trends in residue concentrations at most NS&T sites. Minor decreases can be observed in the concentrations of a-chlordane and trans-nonachior. Heptachlor and its epoxide concentrations, in contrast, have been increasing since 1987.
Resequencing Candidate Genes Implicates Rare Variants in Asthma Susceptibility

Common variation in over 100 genes has been implicated in the risk of developing asthma, but the contribution of rare variants to asthma susceptibility remains largely unexplored. We selected nine genes that showed the strongest signatures of weak purifying selection from among 53 candidate asthma-associated genes, and we sequenced the coding exons and flanking noncoding regions in 450 asthmatic cases and 515 nonasthmatic controls. We observed an overall excess of p values <0.05 (p = 0.02), and rare variants in four genes (AGT, DPP10, IKBKAP, and IL12RB1) contributed to asthma susceptibility among African Americans. Rare variants in IL12RB1 were also associated with asthma susceptibility among European Americans, despite the fact that the majority of rare variants in IL12RB1 were specific to either one of the populations. The combined evidence of association with rare noncoding variants in IL12RB1 remained significant (p = 3.7 × 10−4) after correcting for multiple testing. Overall, the contribution of rare variants to asthma susceptibility was predominantly due to noncoding variants in sequences flanking the exons, although nonsynonymous rare variants in DPP10 and in IL12RB1 were associated with asthma in African Americans and European Americans, respectively. This study provides evidence that rare variants contribute to asthma susceptibility. Additional studies are required for testing whether prioritizing genes for resequencing on the basis of signatures of purifying selection is an efficient means of identifying novel rare variants that contribute to complex disease.
Thyroidal influence on early muscle growth of chickens

Abstract Severe hypothyroidism, produced by the injection of 24 mg of propylthiouracil (PTU) per 100 g body weight per day, significantly reduced body growth during a 4-week period shortly after hatching. Body weight and shank-toe length of PTU-treated cockerels were 16.2% and 12.4% less than controls, and were maintained at normal levels by replacement with as little as 0.25 μg and 0.50 μg of thyroxine (T4) per 100 g body weight per day, respectively. Muscle growth was also reduced by severe hypothyroidism and returned to normal with low replacement doses of T4. Gastrocnemius muscle weight and total crude fibrillar protein and DNA levels were reduced 17.9%, 18.0%, and 34.5%, respectively, compared to controls. Administration of 0.50, 1.50, and 3.00 μg of T4 per 100 g body weight per day to PTU-treated cockerels maintained these muscle parameters at normal levels. Total actin and the concentration of actin, on the basis of fresh weight or crude fibrillar protein content, were unaltered in the gastrocnemius by changes in thyroid status. There was a 29.1% increase in the actin/DNA in the gastrocnemius muscle, however, reflecting the lesser DNA. Sartorius muscle growth was much less affected by changes in thyroid status than the gastrocnemius. Total DNA was reduced 22.1% and actin/DNA increased 26.8% in the PTU-treated cockerels compared to controls. The actin levels in the gastrocnemius, sartorius, and pectoralis muscles were ascertained for the normal growth period from 2 to 63 days of age. Two pertinent observations were noted. First, it was observed that total actin and the concentration of actin increase during the growth of all three muscles; and second, the pattern of accumulation of actin was found to differ in the three muscles.
Effluent charges and licenses under uncertainty

Abstract This paper is concerned with pollution control when the regulators are uncertain about firms' cleanup costs. Under these circumstances, the regulatory authority can reduce expected total social costs (consisting of damages from pollution and cleanup costs) below the levels achievable with either effluent fees or licenses. The reduction is achieved by the use of licenses supplemented by an effluent subsidy and a finite penalty, when effluents are below or above the levels permitted by licenses. The mixed system retains the property of efficiently distributing cleanup among firms.
Lipid alterations in beagles produced by atherogenic stress and vitamin A

Summary The application of atherogenic stress (ATCH, thiouracil and high fat diet) to purebred beagles resulted in the following lipid alterations: (1) increased serum cholesteryl esters and total lipid and decreased triglycerides; (2) increased triglycerides and decreased phospholipids of all organs; (3) increased free cholesterol of arterial segments and (4) increased percentages of saturated fatty acids associated with esterified lipids. Vitamin A supplementation produced the following modification of lipid changes produced by atherogenic stress: (1) increased all serum lipid fractions above atherogenic levels with the exception of free cholesterol; (2) increased phospholipid content of all organs; (3) increased all arterial lipid levels except that of free cholesterol, which was lowered and (4) reduced percentages of saturated fatty acids in esterified lipid. From these observations it appears that vitamin A may have a usefulness in alleviating abnormal lipid deposition produced by atherogenic stress by retarding the deposition of free cholesterol in arterial segments.
Lipopolysaccharide regulates myostatin and MyoD independently of an increase in plasma cortisol in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

The effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on plasma cortisol and the expression of MyoD and myostatin (MSTN) mRNAs were evaluated in channel catfish. In addition, the effect of dexamethasone (Dex) on MyoD and MSTN mRNAs was examined. For the LPS injection experiments, juvenile channel catfish were injected intraperitoneally with 1.5 mg/kg LPS or sterile PBS. Blood was collected at 1, 3, 12, and 24 h post-injection for cortisol determination, and muscle samples were collected at 3, 12, and 24 h for mRNA analysis. For the Dex injection experiment, fish were injected with 1.0 mg/kg Dex or saline and muscle samples were collected at 12 and 24 h. There was no effect of LPS on plasma cortisol at any of the time points measured. Injection with LPS increased the abundance of MyoD mRNA at 3 and 12 h, and decreased the abundance of MSTN mRNA at 24 h. There was no effect of Dex injection on the abundance of MyoD mRNA. However, Dex injection decreased the abundance of MSTN mRNA at 12 h post-injection. These results suggest that LPS regulates the expression of MyoD and MSTN independently of an increase in plasma cortisol, and that the regulation of MyoD in the channel catfish differs from mammals in response to inflammatory stimuli. These results also confirm that exogenous glucocorticoids decrease the expression of MSTN as shown in other fish species.
Bias in Air Sampling Techniques Used to Measure Inhalation Exposure

Factors have been evaluated which contribute to the lack of agreement between inhalation exposure estimates obtained by time-weighted averaging of samples taken with mini hi-volume samplers, and those measured by time integrating, low-volume, lapel mounted, personal monitors. Measurements made with real-time aerosol monitors on workers at a Be-Cu production furnace show that part of the discrepancy results from variability of the aerosol concentration within the breathing zone. Field studies of sampler inlet bias, the influences of the electrostatic fields around polystyrene filter holders, and resuspension of dust from work clothing, were done in three areas of a Be plant. No significant differences were found in Be air concentrations measured simultaneously by open and closed face cassettes, and “mini hi-volume” samplers mounted on a test stand. No significant influence on Be collection was detected between either positively or negatively charged monitors and charge neutralized control monitors. The eff...
Crystallization during polymerization of Lithium Dihydrogen Phosphate. I. Nucleation of the Macromolecular Crystal from the Oligomer Melt

By optical microscopy, scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and computer simulation the homogeneous reaction phase and the nucleation of macromolecular crystals of LiPO3 from the monomeric LiH2PO4 melt was studied. A reaction mechanism is proposed and the concentrations of oligomer species are calculated as a function of time at 276,290, and 300 °C. Rate constants and activation energies are determined. The dimer formation has a rate constant 200 times larger than the rate constant for further oligomerization. The nucleation is athermal and is shown to involve oligomer species of 4.5 nm length or more. The nucleation density was found to be almost constant between 276 and 575°C. Kristallisation wahrend der Polymerisation von Lithiumdihydrogenphosphat. I. Keimbildung des makromolekularen Kristalls aus der Oligomerschelze Die homogene Reaktionsphase und Keimbildung makromolekularer LiPO3 Kristalle aus der monomeren LiH2PO4-Schmelze wurden mit optischer Mikroskopie, dynamischer Calorimetrie, Thermogravimetrie und Modellrechnungen untersucht. Ein Reaktionsmechanismus wird vorgeschlagen, und die Konzentrationen der Oligomeren werden als Funktion der Zeit bei 276, 290, und 300°C berechnet. Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstanten und Aktivierungsenergien werden bestimmt. Die Dimerenbildung hat eine Geschwindigkeitskonstante, die 200mal groser ist als die Geschwindigkeitskonstante fur weitere Oligomerisation. Die Kristallkeimbildung ist athermisch, und es wird gezeigt, das sie Oligomere von 4,5 oder mehr nm Lange benotigt. Die Zahl der Keime ist von 276 bis 575°C fast konstant.
Observing thin films of iron oxides with mossbauer spectroscopy

Abstract Mossbauer spectra are reported which appear to show that information on the nature of passive films down to a thickness of a few angstroms can be obtained by this method.
Nanocrystallization of a nickel alloy subjected to surface severe plastic deformation

A surface severe plastic deformation (SPD) method has been applied to bulk specimens of Hastelloy C2000®, a nickel-based alloy. A microstructural gradient that is a function of processing conditions has been obtained and analyzed in order to discern the mechanism responsible for the observed grain refinement. Microstructural defects, such as dislocations and deformation twins, have been found to be present in the deformed surface layer. The role of these defects in the surface nanocrystallization process has been discussed.
The GNAT method for nonlinear model reduction: Effective implementation and application to computational fluid dynamics and turbulent flows

The Gauss-Newton with approximated tensors (GNAT) method is a nonlinear model-reduction method that operates on fully discretized computational models. It achieves dimension reduction by a Petrov-Galerkin projection associated with residual minimization; it delivers computational efficiency by a hyper-reduction procedure based on the 'gappy POD' technique. Originally presented in Ref. [1], where it was applied to implicit nonlinear structural-dynamics models, this method is further developed here and applied to the solution of a benchmark turbulent viscous flow problem. To begin, this paper develops global state-space error bounds that justify the method's design and highlight its advantages in terms of minimizing components of these error bounds. Next, the paper introduces a 'sample mesh' concept that enables a distributed, computationally efficient implementation of the GNAT method in finite-volume-based computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) codes. The suitability of GNAT for parameterized problems is highlighted with the solution of an academic problem featuring moving discontinuities. Finally, the capability of this method to reduce by orders of magnitude the core-hours required for large-scale CFD computations, while preserving accuracy, is demonstrated with the simulation of turbulent flow over the Ahmed body. For an instance of this benchmark problem with over 17 million degrees of freedom, GNAT outperforms several other nonlinear model-reduction methods, reduces the required computational resources by more than two orders of magnitude, and delivers a solution that differs by less than 1% from its high-dimensional counterpart.
Hearing Loss, Speech, and Hearing Aids

Modern hearing aids permit adjustment of a number of electroacoustic parameters, among them frequency response, saturation sound pressure level, and various aspects of compression. Relatively little is known, however, about how the electroacoustic characteristics of hearing aids affect the information-bearing properties of speech. Even less is known about how hearing aids might alleviate or exacerbate the effects of impaired hearing. This article reviews current knowledge in three areas: (a) characteristics of mild/moderate hearing loss, (b) informationbearing aspects of speech, and (c) the relation between electroacoustic characteristics of hearing aids and the speech signal. Concluding suggestions are made regarding the implications of the current data for selecting hearing-aid characteristics.
Evaluation of admission nursing diagnoses

Despite the interest and research in nursing diagnosis, few studies have examined the incidence and quality of the diagnoses. Specifically, a lack of knowledge exists regarding what nursing diagnoses are formulated on a patient's admission to the hospital. Data from the charts of 33 adult orthopedic patients were evaluated for the type, frequency, and quality of admission nursing diagnoses. Of the 106 nursing diagnoses written, approximately two-thirds were on the accepted list of the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) at the time of the study (1988). Alteration in comfort was the most prevalent diagnostic label. The quality of the diagnoses was evaluated using Ziegler's (1984) tool. Only one diagnosis, potential alteration in skin integrity related to bedrest, met all 12 criteria. Nurses showed more difficulty in correctly identifying the etiology component than the response component of the diagnostic statement. Factors that affect the quality of nursing diagnoses and the need for tool refinement are discussed, and research recommendations are made.
Haplotypes spanning the complement factor H gene are protective against age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a devastating disorder that adversely affects the quality of life of nearly 2 million Americans who have advanced forms of the disease. Besides the well-known risk imparted by carrying the Y402H variant in the complement factor H (CFH) gene on chromosome 1, recent evidence of the existence of protective haplotypes spanning CFH has been reported. METHODS. The haplo.stats program was used to test for association of the protective haplotypes after adjusting for age in the dataset of 584 sporadic cases and 248 control samples. Logistic regression modeling and likelihood ratio tests were used to investigate an interaction between a particular haplotype and smoking status. The HBAT option of FBAT was used to confirm the associations in an independent dataset of 201 families. RESULTS. Two protective (P) haplotypes in a family-based dataset (P1 CAATTTAG, P 0.021; and P2 CGGCTTAG, P 0.018) were identified for the first time. Age-adjusted score statistics provided support for these protective haplotypes in the case‐control dataset (P1 frequency in cases 13%, in controls 20%, P 0.001; P2 frequency in cases 5%, in controls 8%, P 0.077). There was also tentative evidence of an interaction between one of the protective haplotypes and cigarette smoking (P 0.04 likelihood ratio test for P2‐smoking interaction). CONCLUSIONS. Replication of the association between the protective haplotypes and decreased AMD susceptibility provides increased evidence that these associations have biological meaning. The suggestion of a haplotype‐smoking interaction adds to the growing body of evidence that smoking is an important environmental covariate in AMD that should be considered in genetic studies. Identification of the protective variant(s) carried within these haplotypes is critical for understanding the etiology of AMD. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:4277‐4283) DOI:10.1167/iovs.06-1427
Defects in Very Long Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis Enhance Alpha-Synuclein Toxicity in a Yeast Model of Parkinson's Disease

We identified three S. cerevisiae lipid elongase null mutants (elo1Δ, elo2Δ, and elo3Δ) that enhance the toxicity of alpha-synuclein (α-syn). These elongases function in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to catalyze the elongation of medium chain fatty acids to very long chain fatty acids, which is a component of sphingolipids. Without α-syn expression, the various elo mutants showed no growth defects, no reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and a modest decrease in survival of aged cells compared to wild-type cells. With (WT, A53T or E46K) α-syn expression, the various elo mutants exhibited severe growth defects (although A30P had a negligible effect on growth), ROS accumulation, aberrant protein trafficking, and a dramatic decrease in survival of aged cells compared to wild-type cells. Inhibitors of ceramide synthesis, myriocin and FB1, were extremely toxic to wild-type yeast cells expressing (WT, A53T, or E46K) α-syn but much less toxic to cells expressing A30P. The elongase mutants and ceramide synthesis inhibitors enhance the toxicity of WT α-syn, A53T and E46K, which transit through the ER, but have a negligible effect on A30P, which does not transit through the ER. Disruption of ceramide-sphingolipid homeostasis in the ER dramatically enhances the toxicity of α-syn (WT, A53T, and E46K).
The evolution of myrmecophagy and its correlates in poison frogs (Family Dendrobatidae)

Poison frogs (Family Dendrobatidae) are common leaf litter inhabitants of New World tropical rainforests. The name of this group derives from several genera (especially Dendrobates, Minyobates, and Phyllobates) that are aposematically coloured and have toxic skin to varying degrees. Other species in the family, primarily the genus Colostethus, are cryptically coloured and non-toxic. Recent studies have revealed that the toxic compounds in the skin, which are lipophilic alkaloids, may have a dietary origin. Diets and associated characteristics, prey size, prey number, and niche breadth, of nine species in five genera, three of which have poisonous species, were examined. Interpretation of these characteristics in light of an independently constructed cladogram revealed the inclusion of a high percentage of Formicidae (ants) in the diets of toxic species. Although alkaloids have been reported in several insect groups, more alkaloids are known from ants than any other group. Species in the genus Dendrobates, which are poisonous and have many other derived characters, have diets composed of 50–73% ants, whereas percentages of ants used by non-toxic species in the genus Colostethus was 12–16%. Ants are the major prey category consumed by the five poisonous species considered in this study. In general, frogs separated into two groups. More basal groups with non-toxic skin and cryptic coloration had diets with low percentages of ants, low numbers of prey per individual, and high niche breadths, indicating inclusion of a broad range of prey categories in their diets. Species with poisonous skin and aposematic coloration had diets with large percentages of ants, large numbers of prey per individual, and low niche breadths, indicating diets with relatively few prey categories. Thus, diet, and the subsequent evolution of uptake systems for alkaloids, may be the primary character that led to the development of toxic skin and permitted aposematism, leading to radiation of poisonous species.
Cloning, sequencing and transcription of an inactivated copy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens extracellular ribonuclease (barnase).

Abstract The gene for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens extracellular RNase (barnase) has been cloned in an inactive form in Escherichia coli following insertional mutagenesis by transposon Tn977. The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the gene was determined and the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence found to correspond almost precisely to the previously determined sequence. An open reading frame (ORF) of 72 codons precedes the mature sequence. The probable translation start site is 46 or 47 codons before the N-terminal alanine of the mature protein, 11 (or 14) bp from a putative ribosome-binding site (RBS). Within this leader sequence is a hydrophobic 15 aa core preceded by three basic residues which is characteristic of a secretory signal sequence. A pro-barnase protein with four extra aa at the N-terminus has been detected extracellularly indicating that the signal peptidase-cutting site lies before the mature protein. An inverted repeat that may act as a transcription terminator was found at the 3′ end of the gene. The gene is maintained in E. coli with a short inverted repeat from the termini of Tn917 inserted into the coding sequence. Northern blot analysis of RNA from B. amyloliquefaciens shows an approx. 780-nt transcript produced during exponential and stationary growth phases. The inactive cloned gene produces an approx. 480-nt transcript in E. coli and two transcripts of approx. 480 and 780 nt in Bacillus subtilis.
Genome Rearrangements: Mother Knows Best!

In Paramecium, developmentally programmed genome rearrangements can be altered by the presence of homologous sequences within the maternal somatic nucleus. Newly identified RNA-binding proteins appear to mediate the transfer of homologous sequence information from the maternal to the developing somatic nucleus, facilitating epigenetic regulation of this large-scale genome reorganization.
Influence of Test Geometry, Temperature, Stress Level, and Loading Duration on Binder Properties Measured Using DSR

During the last two decades, several test methods and performance-based test specifications have been developed to select asphalt binders for use under different traffic and environmental conditions. The test equipment and methods are continually being improved to enhance the reliability with which materials can be selected for optimal performance. One of the procedures to assess rutting susceptibility of asphalt binders is the multiple-stress creep recovery (MSCR) test. Although the MSCR is a promising test method, test variables such as stress level, test geometry, and the number of cycles (total time) need to be carefully evaluated. This paper presents findings from a laboratory investigation of some of these variables. The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) was used to evaluate the mechanical response of the asphalt binder by varying the stress level, test geometry, and temperature. The results were analyzed on the basis of recoverable and permanent strain to estimate the effect of changing geometry and in...
Ultrafine hydrogel fibers with dual temperature- and pH-responsive swelling behaviors

Ultrafine hydrogel fibers that were responsive to both temperature and pH signals were prepared through the electrospinning of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and poly(acrylic acid) mixtures in dimethylformamide. Both the diameters (700 nm to 1.2 μm) and packing of the fibers could be controlled through changes in the polymer compositions and PNIPAAm molecular weights. These fibers were rendered water-insoluble by the addition of either Na2HPO4 or poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to the solution, followed by the heat curing of the fibers. The fibers crosslinked with Na2HPO4 swelled to 30–120 times in water; this was significantly higher than the swelling of those crosslinked with PVA. The PVA-crosslinked hydrogel fibers, however, exhibited faster swelling kinetics; that is, they reached equilibrium swelling in less than 5 min at 25 °C. They were also more stable after 1 week of water exposure; that is, they lost less mass and retained their fibrous form better. All the hydrogel fibers showed a drastic increase in the swelling between pH 4 and 5. The PVA-crosslinked hydrogel fibers exhibited distinct temperature-responsive phase-transition behavior of PNIPAAm, whereas the Na2HPO4-crosslinked hydrogel fibers showed altered two-stage phase transitions that reflected side-chain modification of PNIPAAm. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 6331–6339, 2004
Treatment of Refractory Coccidioidomycosis With Voriconazole or Posaconazole

Background Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection of the desert southwestern United States. It may be self-limited or may require antifungal therapy. Currently used triazoles (eg, fluconazole and itraconazole) have largely supplanted amphotericin B, which is fraught with adverse effects. Limited case reports and small open-label trials show that voriconazole and posaconazole benefit patients with coccidioidomycosis refractory to first-line agents. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of patients prescribed voriconazole or posaconazole for coccidioidomycosis at our institution between 1 January 2006 and 1 August 2010. Outcomes were assessed with both a retrospectively applied Mycosis Study Group score (ie, a composite score for symptoms, serology, and radiographic findings) and the documented impressions of treating medical practitioners. Results Twenty-one patients who received voriconazole and 16 who received posaconazole met study criteria. After a median duration of 6 months of voriconazole treatment, 14 of 21 patients (67%) were improved in overall status, 5 were unchanged, and 2 were unresponsive to voriconazole. After a median of 17 months of posaconazole treatment, 12 of 16 patients (75%) showed improvement, 1 was unchanged, and 3 were unresponsive due to medication intolerance or relapsed infection. Conclusions Voriconazole and posaconazole are reasonable but not infallible options for salvage treatment of refractory coccidioidomycosis. Prospective comparative trials are required to provide further insights into their efficacy and utility.
Rate coefficients and mechanisms of the reaction of Cl-atoms with a series of unsaturated hydrocarbons under atmospheric conditions

Rate coefficients and/or mechanistic information are provided for the reaction of Cl-atoms with a number of unsaturated species, including isoprene, methacrolein (MACR), methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), 1,3-butadiene, trans-2-butene, and 1-butene. The following Cl-atom rate coefficients were obtained at 298 K near I atm total pressure: k(isoprene) = (4.3 ′ 0.6) x 10 - 1 0 cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 (independent of pressure from 6.2 to 760 Torr); k(MVK) = (2.2 ′ 0.3) × 10 - 1 0 cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 ; k(MACR) = (2.4 ′ 0.3) x 10 - 1 0 cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 ; k(trans-2-butene) = (4.0 ′ 0.5) × 10 - 1 0 cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 ; k(1-butene) = (3.0 ′ 0.4) × 10 - 1 0 cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 Products observed in the Cl-atom-initiated oxidation of the unsaturated species at 298 K in 1 atrn air are as follows (with % molar yields in parentheses): CH 2 O (9.5 ′ 1.0%), HCOCI (5.1 ′ 0.7%), and 1-chloro-3-methyl-3-buten-2-one (CMBO, not quantified) from isoprene; chloroacetaldehyde (75 ′ 8%), CO, (58 ′ 5%), CH 2 O (47 ′ 7%), CH 3 OH (8%), HCOCI (7 ′ 1%), and peracetic acid (6%) from MVK; CO (52 ′ 4%), chloroacetone (42 ′ 5%), CO 2 (23 ′ 2%), CH 2 O (18 ′ 2%), and HCOCI (5%) from MACR CH 2 O (7 ′ 1%), HCOCl (3%), acrolein (3%), and 4-chlorocrotonaldehyde (CCA, not quantified) from 1,3-butadiene; CH 3 CHO (22 ′ 3%), CO 2 (13′2%), 3-chloro-2-butanone (13′4%), CH 2 O (7.6′1.1%), and CH 3 OH (1.8 ′ 0.6%) from trans-2-butene and chloroacetaldehyde (20 ′ 3%), CH 2 O (7 ′ 1%), CO 2 (4 ′ 1%). and HCOCI (4′ 1%) from 1-butene. Product yields from both trans-2-butene and 1-butene were found to be O 2 -dependent. In the case of trans-2-butene, the observed O 2 -dependence is the result of a competition between unimolecular decomposition of the CH 3 CH(Cl)-CH(O)-CH 3 radical and its reaction with O 2 , with k d e c o p /k O 2 = (1.6 ′ 0.4) x 10 1 9 molecule cm - 3 . The activation energy for decomposition is estimated at 11.5 ′ 1.5 kcal mol - 1 . The variation of the product yields with O 2 in the case of 1-butene results from similar competitive reaction pathways for the two β-chlorobutoxy radicals involved in the oxidation, ClCH 2 CH(O)CH 2 CH 3 and OCH 2 CHClCH 2 CH 3 .
Erratum to: Triple-frequency GPS precise point positioning with rapid ambiguity resolution

For this paper, the authors apologize to editors and readers for a mistake in Eq. 10. The precision of the ionosphere-free wide-lane observable L j xi should be σx ≈ 110.0σL rather than 100.7σL, because the two observables in Eq. 9, i.e. wide-lane and ambiguity-fixed extra-wide-lane carrier-phase observables, are not independent, but correlated through L2. So throughout the paper, all “100.7” should be corrected as “110.0”. In particular,
Transferring Results of Behavioral Research to Industry to Improve Animal Welfare on the Farm, Ranch and the Slaughter Plant

Abstract Knowledge obtained from research has been effectively transferred to the agricultural industry in some areas and poorly transferred in others. Knowledge that has been used to create a product such as a pharmaceutical or a device is more likely to be adopted by industry than a behavioral management technique. During my career, I have observed that some people will purchase a new cattle-handling system, which is designed with animal behavioral principles, but they will continue to handle cattle roughly. People are more willing to purchase new equipment than they are to use easy-to-learn, low-stress handling techniques. Even when financial benefits are clear, some people find it difficult to believe that a behavioral management method really works. From my experience, I have learned that successful transfer of knowledge and technology to industry often requires more work than doing the research. For an effective transfer of technology to take place, the method or equipment must be used successfully by the people who initially adopt it. If the new piece of equipment fails on the first or second place that attempts to adopt it, transfer to the industry may fail. In this paper, I describe a successful case study of transfer of a conveyor restrainer system, based on behavioral principles, from the research lab to US and Canadian beef slaughter plants. I also describe the successful implementation of a measurement system for auditing animal handling in slaughter plants. Based on my experience, the following steps for successful transfer of behavior research to the industry are: (1) Communicate your results outside the research community. Write articles in popular and industry magazines. Speak at producer meetings and develop websites that can be used to transfer research results into practice. (2) Choose places (e.g. farms or plants) that have managers who believe in your research, and be prepared to spend a lot of time with the first place that uses your findings. (3) Closely supervise other early adopters to prevent mistakes which could cause the method or technology to fail. (4) Do not allow your technology to get tied up in patent disputes.
Crises and problems seen from experimental psychology

Experimental psychology in the early 20th century was targeted by several authors who described a crisis— often expressed as a lack of theoretical and experimental progress. In the 21st century, the crisis of competing theories has been largely overcome but several current emphases hinder the development of a mature experimental science. Central among these are an ethnocentrism that focuses on Western standards and populations, neuroscientism which often treats neurological evidence independently of mental and behavioral events, and the tendency for demonstration experiments to replace coordinated theoretical approaches.
Atypical presentation of moyamoya disease in an infant with a de novo RNF213 variant

Variants in RNF213 lead to susceptibility to moyamoya disease, a rare cerebral angiopathy characterized by bilateral stenosis of the internal carotid arteries and development of a compensatory collateral network. We describe a 3-month-old female with seizures, arterial narrowing involving the internal carotid and intracranial arteries and inferior abdominal aorta, and persistently elevated transaminases. Whole exome sequencing demonstrated a novel de novo variant in RNF213, securing a molecular diagnosis and directing appropriate intervention. This report underscores the role of whole exome sequencing in cases for which a complex and atypical presentation may mask diagnosis. Furthermore, the early and severe presentation in our patient, in conjunction with a novel de novo RNF213 variant, suggests that specific variants in RNF213 may lead to a Mendelian form of disease rather than simply conferring susceptibility to multifactorial disease.
Design and modeling of a micromechanical surface bonding system

Optimization of the design of a micromechanical surface fastening system is discussed based on a simple cantilevered beam model. Theoretical estimates indicate that the bonding strength of these microstructures can be as high as 11-17 MPa, or 1500-2000 psi. The equivalent surface energy corresponding to the stored strain energy during separation of two interlocked sample pairs is 14.6 mu J/cm/sup 2/. The authors also report preliminary experimental results; a bonding strength of 1.1 MPa or 160 psi per unit interlocked area has been achieved, which is in agreement with the theoretical approximation. >
Instability and disturbance amplification in a mixed-convection boundary layer

(Received 2 October 1990 and in revised form 8 January 1991) The stability of a laminar mixed-convection boundary layer adjacent to a vertical isothermal surface is examined, using linear stability theory and the parallel-flow approximations. The analysis is valid when the imposed forced-convection effects are small compared to natural-convection effects. The stability equations are solved numerically for aiding and opposing forced-convection effects, for Pr = 0.733 (air) and 6.7 (water). For aiding mixed convection in air, a new feature was found. A small, separated region of instability arises upstream of the ‘conventional ’, or ‘primary’, neutral curve. In this region, selective amplification of a narrow band of disturbance frequencies occurred, but disturbance growth was small. Further downstream, disturbance growth rates in flows with an aiding free stream are slower than in natural convection. The opposite is true for an opposing free stream in air. Selective disturbance amplification occurred downstream for all conditions, as in natural convection. In water, an aiding flow was destablizing compared to natural convection, and an opposing flow was stabilizing. Evidence of a separated upstream region of instability was also found for aiding mixed convection in water. However, converged solutions could not be obtained in this circumstance.
Susceptible–infected–recovered epidemics in dynamic contact networks

Contact patterns in populations fundamentally influence the spread of infectious diseases. Current mathematical methods for epidemiological forecasting on networks largely assume that contacts between individuals are fixed, at least for the duration of an outbreak. In reality, contact patterns may be quite fluid, with individuals frequently making and breaking social or sexual relationships. Here, we develop a mathematical approach to predicting disease transmission on dynamic networks in which each individual has a characteristic behaviour (typical contact number), but the identities of their contacts change in time. We show that dynamic contact patterns shape epidemiological dynamics in ways that cannot be adequately captured in static network models or mass-action models. Our new model interpolates smoothly between static network models and mass-action models using a mixing parameter, thereby providing a bridge between disparate classes of epidemiological models. Using epidemiological and sexual contact data from an Atlanta high school, we demonstrate the application of this method for forecasting and controlling sexually transmitted disease outbreaks.
Absorption cross section of π +/- , K +/- , p and p on nuclei between 60 and 280 GeV/c

Abstract Absorption cross sections of π±, K±, p and p have been measured on targets of Li, C, Al, Cu, Sn and Pb at 60, 200, and 280 GeV/c.
Web portals and faculty development

Accomplishing change in education starts where learning begins: with the classroom teacher. Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology (with support from the Lilly Endowment) is constructing a Web portal dedicated to improving middle school science, mathematics, and technology (SMT) instruction. Essentially, this gateway emulates emerging corporate practices of knowledge management and process re-invention through information technology (IT). The authors expand the notion of "professional development" to include not only training in computer competency (explicit knowledge) but also mentoring in the higher-order understanding (tacit knowledge) necessary for meaningful integration of instructional technologies into the classroom. Thier portal creates a "community of practice" for middle school teachers across Indiana to share experiences and to harvest the remarkable opportunities for improved SMT learning through Web-delivered simulations, visualization, modeling, access to live data, and to enable new collaborations, interactive learning, and alternative pedagogical approaches. Rose-Hulman faculty and digital media specialists serve as partners by providing ongoing advice, hosting special Web-conferences, aid helping to author classroom modules.
A backup system for automotive steer-by-wire, actuated by selective braking

In this paper we propose an alternate approach to improve steer-by-wire (SbW) reliability in which we utilize brake-actuated steering (BAS) as an independent secondary backup steering system. In SbW systems, component and module redundancy is the common approach used to maintain the steering function when a failure occurs. Unfortunately this adds a significant amount of complexity and cost and, what is more important, it is not possible to overcome unanticipated and common mode failures of the SbW system. BAS utilizes the torque generated by selective wheel braking and/or acceleration to actuate the steering mechanism. With this approach, if the primary steering system (SbW) fails uncovered or there is a common mode failure, the steering rack is decoupled from the primary steering actuator and the wheels are instead steered by the torque generated by application of asymmetric braking (or acceleration). BAS, as well as SbW, will be a heavy user of power electronics, electrical actuators, sensors and sophisticated control systems, many of which are already available from electronic stability systems (e.g., ESP), which are becoming more common in passenger cars. In this paper we detail the characteristics of the BAS system and provide the models necessary for designing appropriate power electronics and control systems.
TDT-HET: A new transmission disequilibrium test that incorporates locus heterogeneity into the analysis of family-based association data

Locus heterogeneity is one of the most documented phenomena in genetics. To date, relatively little work had been done on the development of methods to address locus heterogeneity in genetic association analysis. Motivated by Zhou and Pan's work, we present a mixture model of linked and unlinked trios and develop a statistical method to estimate the probability that a heterozygous parent transmits the disease allele at a di-allelic locus, and the probability that any trio is in the linked group. The purpose here is the development of a test that extends the classic transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) to one that accounts for locus heterogeneity. Our simulations suggest that, for sufficiently large sample size (1000 trios) our method has good power to detect association even the proportion of unlinked trios is high (75%). While the median difference (TDT-HET empirical power - TDT empirical power) is approximately 0 for all MOI, there are parameter settings for which the power difference can be substantial. Our multi-locus simulations suggest that our method has good power to detect association as long as the markers are reasonably well-correlated and the genotype relative risk are larger. Results of both single-locus and multi-locus simulations suggest our method maintains the correct type I error rate. Finally, the TDT-HET statistic shows highly significant p-values for most of the idiopathic scoliosis candidate loci, and for some loci, the estimated proportion of unlinked trios approaches or exceeds 50%, suggesting the presence of locus heterogeneity. We have developed an extension of the TDT statistic (TDT-HET) that allows for locus heterogeneity among coded trios. Benefits of our method include: estimates of parameters in the presence of heterogeneity, and reasonable power even when the proportion of linked trios is small. Also, we have extended multi-locus methods to TDT-HET and have demonstrated that the empirical power may be high to detect linkage. Last, given that we obtain PPBs, we conjecture that the TDT-HET may be a useful method for correctly identifying linked trios. We anticipate that researchers will find this property increasingly useful as they apply next-generation sequencing data in family based studies.
Action potential classification with dual channel intrafascicular electrodes

Using recordings of peripheral nerve activity made with carbon fiber intrafascicular electrodes, the authors compared the performance of three different recording techniques (single channel, differential, and dual channel) and four different unit classification methods (linear discriminant analysis, template matching, a novel time amplitude windowing technique, and neural networks) in terms of errors in waveform classification and artifact rejection. Dual channel recording provided uniformly superior unit separability, neural networks gave the lowest classification error rates, and template matching had the best artifact rejection performance. >
A stably free nonfree module and its relevance for homotopy classification, case Q 28

The paper constructs an "exotic" algebraic 2-complex over the generalized quaternion group of order 28, with the boundary maps given by explicit matrices over the group ring. This result depends on showing that a certain ideal of the group ring is stably free but not free. As it is not known whether the complex constructed here is geometrically realizable, this example is proposed as a suitable test object in the investigation of an open problem of C.T.C. Wall, now referred to as the D(2)-problem. AMS Classification 57M20; 55P15, 19A13
Enrico Moretti, The New Geography of Jobs (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012).

The postindustrial economy has had a significant impact on communities all across the United States. Cities that were once manufacturing powerhouses, such as Cleveland and Detroit, are now facing e...
Case-Control study of Firefighters with documented positive tuberculin skin test results using Quantiferon-TB testing in comparison with Firefighters with negative tuberculin skin test results.

Background Phoenix Firefighters have had abnormally high rates of tuberculin skin test (TBST) results on medical surveillance. The objectives of this study were to evaluate our firefighters using QuantiFERON-TB (QFT), comparing the results to their TBST results.
Sodium Bentonite in Diets for Growing Ducks

Abstract Diets containing 16% protein and 3143 kcal ME/kgin which total diet was replaced by 0, 2.4, 4.8, or 9.1% (by weight) sodium bentonite (SB) were fed to White Pekin ducklings from 0 to 7 weeks of age. At 7 weeks duckling weights of the treatment groups were not significantly different from controls. Feed efficiency was significantly decreased only in the group fed 9.1% SB. The SB was nutritionally equivalent to half an equal weight of control diet when fed as 4.8% of the diet.
Heal Thy Cell(f): A Single-Cell View of Regeneration

In this issue of Developmental Cell, Wurtzel et al. (2015) use single-cell transcriptome sequencing on planarian cells to investigate the cell-type specificity and temporal dynamics underlying the regenerative wound response.
Anomalies in the deformation mechanism and kinetics of coarse-grained high entropy alloy

Abstract Starting from the thermodynamics to thermal and mechanical properties, high entropy alloys (HEAs) always deviate from the behavior of conventional materials and stamp its uniqueness among the alloy systems. In this study, tensile deformation mechanisms of HEA was investigated. A simple system, an Al 0.1 CoCrFeNi HEA, with a single crystal structure (face-centered cubic, FCC), coarser grains (CG), and low dislocation density was chosen to exclusively study the effect of intrinsic lattice on the HEA deformation mechanisms and kinetics. Monotonic tests were done at the strain rate of 10 −3 s − 1 , and all the transient tests were started at the initial strain rate of 10 −3 s −1 . Strain-jump tests were carried out at strain rates of 10 −5 s −1 and 10 −3 s −1 . Repeated stress relaxation tests were performed along the stress–strain curve to calculate the physical activation volume. Surprisingly, a large rate sensitivity of the flow stress and low activation volume of dislocations were observed, which are unparalleled, as compared to conventional CG FCC metals and alloys. The observed trend has been explained in terms of the lattice distortion and dislocation-energy framework. As opposed to the constant dislocation line energy and Peierls potential energy (amplitude, Δ E ) in conventional metals and alloys, both the line energy and Peierls potential undergo continuous variations in the case of HEAs. These energy fluctuations have greatly affected the dislocation mobility and can be distinctly noted from the activation volume of dislocations.