cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and evaluation of heterocyclic analogues of bromoxynil.

One attractive strategy to discover more active and/or crop-selective herbicides is to make structural changes to currently registered compounds. This strategy is especially appealing for those compounds with limited herbicide resistance and whose chemistry is accompanied with transgenic tools to enable herbicide tolerance in crop plants. Bromoxynil is a photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor registered for control of broadleaf weeds in several agronomic and specialty crops. Recently at the University of Tennessee—Knoxville several analogues of bromoxynil were synthesized including a previously synthesized pyridine (2,6-dibromo-5-hydroxypyridine-2-carbonitrile sodium salt), a novel pyrimidine (4,6-dibromo-5-hydroxypyrimidine-2-carbonitrile sodium salt), and a novel pyridine N-oxide (2,6-dibromo-1-oxidopyridin-1-ium-4-carbonitrile). These new analogues of bromoxynil were also evaluated for their herbicidal activity on soybean (Glycine max), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), ve...
Recent Advances in Ion Channel Screening Technologies

Ion channels play a vital role in basic physiological functions such as generation of electrical activity in nerves and muscle, control of cardiac excitability, intracellular signaling, hormone secretion, cell proliferation, cell volume regulation, and many other biological processes. Because of their prevalence and the critical role they play in virtually all tissue types and organs, ion channels are also involved in a number of pathophysiological conditions. The recognized importance of ion channels in health and disease, combined with the potential to develop new drugs targeting ion channels in a broad range of diseases, has fueled the need to develop more suitable screening technologies accounting for their complex structure and function. Ion channels have been neglected as drug discovery targets because of the inability to study large number of compounds or validate large numbers of unknown or mutant ion channel genes using traditional ion channel screening technologies. Therefore, several efforts were undertaken to automate and improve the throughput of electrophysiological methods. In this chapter, we will review a number of the more standard ion channel screening technologies currently used, including: (1) radioligand binding assays, (2) fluorescent assays using membrane potential dyes, and (3) ion flux assays, and emphasize some of the advantages and shortcomings of these different approaches. We will then discuss automated patch clamp technologies that aim to automate and dramatically increase the throughput of the standard voltage clamp method, and offer a true archetype shift in ion channel drug discovery.
Thermal stability study of a new guanidine suppressor for the next-generation caustic-side solvent extraction process

ABSTRACTCesium stripping performance of thermally stressed solvent worsens slowly over time in batch tests of the Next-Generation Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction (NG-CSSX) process. NG-CSSX is currently used in full-scale equipment at the Savannah River Site for the selective removal of caesium from high-level salt waste. Recently, a new guanidine, N,N’,N”-tris(3,7-dimethyloctyl)guanidine (TiDG), was chosen for use as the suppressor, a lipophilic organic base needed for stripping, and the present study was undertaken to address the question of its stability. The NG-CSSX process solvent was evaluated for a period of three months under a variety of temperature and storage conditions. The performance of the solvent was tested at 30-day increments using an extraction, scrub, strip and extraction (ES2S3E) sequence. The results provide insights into the effects of storage and process conditions, the stripping behaviour of TiDG and the stability of the new solvent composition.
Study on teratogenicity of Sodium Pentachlorophenol to rats

Objective According to "GB15670-1995 Pesticide Registration Toxicology Experiment Methods ",oral delivery of Sodium Pentachlorophenol was performed to study its teratogenicity to rats.Methods Choosing male and female rats in 2∶1 ratio for mating in one cage,the next morning,when sperm was found in vaginal smears,the first day of pregnancy was defined.During the first 6-15 days of fetation,test substance was given orally for 10 continuous days,and on the 20th day of gestation,intra-peritoneal injection of anesthetics was given;fetal rats were observed.1/2 rats in one group were fixed in Bouins liquid,for observing visceral malformation;Another 1/2 fetal rats were well prepared for checking malformation of bone.Results In the high dose-group,the weight of rats reduced;the rate of fetus-absorption rose;the body length and weight reduced;the rate of bone and viscera malformation increased obviously.In the moderate dose group: the rate of malformation of bone and viscera increased obviously.In the low dose group: no teratogenic change was found.Conclusion The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level(NOAEL) of Sodium Pentachlorophenol reversed-phased to rats was 1.04 mg/kg;The minimum Teratogenic dose of Sodium Pentachlorophenol to rats was 5.22mg/kg,the teratogenic index of the test substance was 50,according to this index,it is considered that the test substance has the hazard of teratogenicity.
Primary blast causes mild, moderate, severe and lethal TBI with increasing blast overpressures: Experimental rat injury model.

Injury severity in blast induced Traumatic Brain Injury (bTBI) increases with blast overpressure (BOP) and impulse in dose-dependent manner. Pure primary blast waves were simulated in compressed gas shock-tubes in discrete increments. Present work demonstrates 24 hour survival of rats in 0–450 kPa (0–800 Pa∙s impulse) range at 10 discrete levels (60, 100, 130, 160, 190, 230, 250, 290, 350 and 420 kPa) and determines the mortality rate as a non-linear function of BOP. Using logistic regression model, predicted mortality rate (PMR) function was calculated, and used to establish TBI severities. We determined a BOP of 145 kPa as upper mild TBI threshold (5% PMR). Also we determined 146–220 kPa and 221–290 kPa levels as moderate and severe TBI based on 35%, and 70% PMR, respectively, while BOP above 290 kPa is lethal. Since there are no standards for animal bTBI injury severity, these thresholds need further refinements using histopathology, immunohistochemistry and behavior. Further, we specifically investigated mild TBI range (0–145 kPa) using physiological (heart rate), pathological (lung injury), immuno-histochemical (oxidative/nitrosative and blood-brain barrier markers) as well as blood borne biomarkers. With these additional data, we conclude that mild bTBI occurs in rats when the BOP is in the range of 85–145 kPa.
Lymphocytic Esophagitis: An Emerging Clinicopathologic Disease Associated with Dysphagia

Lymphocytic esophagitis (LyE) is a recently described clinicopathological condition, but little is known about its features and clinical associations. The aim of this study was to characterize patients with LyE, compare them to non-LyE controls, and identify risk factors. We conducted a retrospective study of all patients ≥18 years old who underwent upper endoscopy with esophageal biopsy between January 1, 2000, and June 1, 2012. Archived pathology slides were re-reviewed, and LyE was diagnosed if there was lymphocyte-predominant esophageal inflammation with no eosinophils or granulocytes. Three non-LyE controls groups were also defined: reflux, eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), and normal. Clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records, and LyE cases were compared to non-LyE controls. Twenty-seven adults were diagnosed with LyE, and the majority were female (63 %). The most common symptom was dysphagia (70 %). Fifty-two percentage had a prior or current diagnosis of reflux. Endoscopic findings included strictures (37 %), erosive esophagitis (33 %), rings (26 %), and hiatal hernia (26 %); 33 % of patients required dilation. After histology re-review, 78 % of LyE patients were found to have more than 20 lymphs/hpf. In comparison with the normal, reflux and EoE controls, patients with LyE tended to be nonwhite (p < 0.01), were more commonly tobacco users (p = 0.02) and less likely to have seasonal allergies (p = 0.02). LyE commonly presents with dysphagia due to esophageal strictures which require dilation. Smoking was associated with LyE, whereas atopy was not. LyE should be considered as a diagnostic possibility in patients with these characteristics undergoing upper endoscopy.
Contradictions of Post-Socialist Value: Moral Economy of Money

We take for granted that the embodiment of value is defined, fixed, and usually stable. Yet this fixity has a longer history. Expansion and consolidation of state power in the United States, France, or Great Britain are distant enough, and economies sufficiently stable (parts of the 1970s aside), that we assume dollars, pounds, and some European currency (once francs and deutschmarks, the euro at the moment) are natural, operative means for storing value and facilitating exchange. While the relative value of currencies can change due to international currency markets, central bank policies, and inflationary forces, currency itself is seldom questioned. This is true not only for the average American or Briton; it is also true for academics, especially economists and political scientists. The discourse of post-socialist reform was dominated essentially by two issues: privatization and stabilizing currencies. Reining in inflation was key to IMF-sponsored reforms in Latin America and the post-socialist world; the ruble, zloty, and others were foci for policy. “Currency” was reified as objective, real, and following its own economic laws. Yet the empirical reality of currencies is subjective and less straightforward. Economists certainly do not suggest money descends from Heaven as an objective measure of value; maintaining market faith in a currency is an important task for economists and government advisors alike.
Non-Medical Use of Prescription Stimulants: A Comparison of College Students and their Same-Age Peers Who Do Not Attend College.

ABSTRACTData show that the prevalence of non-medical use of prescription stimulants is higher among college students than their same-age peers who do not attend college. Because of this, most of the research in this area focuses on data from samples of college students and on use motivated by academic demands. There is little research that examines whether attending college increases the odds of non-medical use of prescription stimulants while including important covariates in the analytical models. The current research addresses this gap in the literature using data from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health for respondents aged 18 to 25 years old. We estimate a multivariate logistic regression model to determine whether college attendance increased the odds of non-medical use of prescription stimulants. The analysis showed that young adults who enrolled in college full-time were more likely to report non-medical use of prescription stimulants than their same-age peers who did not attend colleg...
Creating the Forgetting Organization: Using the Scenario Process to Facilitate Learning During Rapid Technology-Driven Environmental Change

Many organizations have accepted the twin objectives of supporting their core competencies while creating learning organizations. In rapidly changing business environments, it is far more important to abandon core rigidities while creating forgetting organizations. It is also far more difficult, largely because it is far more threatening. Core rigidities result from strategies that have succeeded in the past, producing demonstrable benefits both for the companies that employed them and the executives who advocated them: abandoning these strategies will be resisted by executives who have built their careers upon them. Indeed, the accumulation of experience, once it has been codified as doctrine, limits an organization’s ability to anticipate environmental change, to perceive the early signs of change, or to develop effective responses to emerging threats. Fortunately, when the sources of organizational resistance are understood, techniques exist that help organizations develop the understanding needed to develop new strategies and the will to implement them. One such technique, scenario analysis, has been successfully used in a wide range of industries, to manage the strategic risks associated with rapidly changing competitive environments.
Heterotrophic Bacteria Production and Microbial Community Assessment

Microbial communities in stream ecosystems are the trophic foundation for food webs and energy flow, occupying nearly all functional groups that turn over nutrients and playing a central role in recycling the detrital pool. One of the most important groups of these communities are the heterotrophic microorganisms, a suite of microscopic prokaryotes and eukaryotes that decompose organic matter and are consumed by organisms at higher trophic levels. The productivity of these microorganisms can be quantified to estimate the overall productivity of stream environments. Further, recent advances in genomic sequencing are facilitating the ability to identify the members of this functional group of microorganisms as well as many other microbes that have historically been taxonomically unknown. In this chapter, we provide state-of-the-art methodologies for quantifying heterotrophic bacteria productivity and for high-throughput DNA sequencing that allows for broader microbial community assessment through metataxonomy and high-throughput genomics. We also provide recommendations for identifying the appropriate genomic tools and computational platforms in this rapidly and constantly changing area of genomic technologies.
Searching for the helical-gradient force on chiral molecules

We investigate a force that has been predicted to discriminate molecules by their chirality when they are in the presence of an optical field with a polarization-helicity gradient. We investigate several experimental geometries for observing evidence of this force via enantiometer separation in racemic mixtures. We do this with singular-optical beams carrying a polarization helicity gradient across their transverse mode. Molecular diffusion and the dipole force – an intensity-gradient force – have so far precluded measurements of this force.
Metacognition via creative writing: dynamic theories of learning support habits of the mind in 21st century classrooms

ABSTRACTThe focus of this article is the exploration of theories of learning associated with creative writing workshop pedagogy, including transformative, reflective, and experiential learning theories, and reflexivity theory. This exploration of multiple theories of creative learning situates the creative writing workshop model at the intersection of pedagogies supporting metacognition, transformative education, identity development, creativity, and critical thinking, across multiple demographics of writing students.
Online computations in scheduling and network applications

In this work we design and analyze algorithms for problems whose input arrives or alters over time. This is in contrast to many problem scenarios where the information needed for decision making is available from the very beginning. In these situations, the complete solution is produced altogether. Due to the dynamic nature of many real world applications, it is necessary to consider algorithms that adapt to the ever changing environment, augmenting and adjusting solutions as time progresses. We concentrate on problems that arise in scheduling and network applications. One traditional approach for online computation is competitive analysis. Competitive analysis compares the performance of the online algorithm with that of the offline algorithm, over all possible input sequences. The goal is to design algorithms that optimize over the worst possible input sequence. We study two problems under this framework. We first extend the traditional paging model to allow reordering of the requests, which is motivated by web caching applications. For this new model we provide a complete study of the upper and lower bounds on the performance of any online algorithm (deterministic or randomized) against various optimal offline algorithms. Next we study the problem of queue management in Quality of Service (QoS) networks. We provide matching upper and lower bounds for three different queueing policies, improving upon the previous known results. While competitive analysis assumes the input data develops piece by piece, in some applications the input constantly evolves over time. This phenomenon is evident in ad hoc wireless mobile networks. The algorithms thus need to adjust or modify the solutions as the input evolves. In these situations, there is a tradeoff between the quality of the solutions maintained and the number of changes occurs in the solutions. We first study the problem of clustering nodes in a mobile network. We show asymptotic tight bounds on the tradeoffs between the two measures. Next we show how the clustering algorithm can be used as a subroutine to maintain routing graphs in mobile networks. We provide theoretical bounds as well as simulation results on the length of the actual routing paths for pairwise communications.
Targeted areas for improving health literacy after traumatic brain injury.

ABSTRACTObjective: To develop a framework to identify targeted areas for improving health literacy for caregivers after traumatic brain injury (TBI).Method: Qualitative study using inductive and deductive qualitative content analysis was conducted in a large, urban, level I trauma centre. Interviews were conducted with 23 caregivers of persons with TBI. Participants’ perspectives on communication and preparation for discharge were explored and understanding of commonly used words and discharge instructions were assessed.Results: Four types of communication patterns were identified: formal, informal, indirect and caregiver-initiated. Informal and caregiver-initiated communication were the most common. All caregivers reported confusion about their family member’s condition, care plan or discharge plan. Caregivers were not able to define commonly used terms in discharge instructions, and were confused by formatting and medical language. Caregivers were not aware of expected caregiving roles upon discharge. C...
Some Interactions of Information and Control in Integrated Automation Systems

The ready availability of inexpensive and standard communications hardware in the late 1980s, coupled with sufficient standardization of intermediate-layer protocols to make reliable machine-to-machine communication through any combination of standard devices a reality, has laid the groundwork for integrated automation on a grand scale. The contribution of the Manufacturing Automation Protocols (MAP) effort [MAP87], thus far, has been to speed delivery of this powerful communications capability to the industrial community. We must realize, however, that the delivery of the capability has now outstripped our ability to use it. On the factory floor, we have no devices which are prepared to control automation on a grand scale, and even worse, we have few controllers which are capable of contributing their local automation to any kind of integrated whole. The stumbling block is the lack of common languages or even a common experience base in which to communicate about automation tasks. We are now in the midst of a flurry of intellectual activity, on both sides of the Atlantic, developing languages, architectures, control techniques, data systems, communications systems and ultimately controllers to meet this challenge. In such a burst of activity, it is to be expected that experts in individual areas will hasten to solve the problems with which they are most conversant, and that certain interdisciplinary problems will fail to get timely attention. It is the purpose of this paper to draw attention to several such issues now, in the hope that they may get due consideration as the process advances. The issues discussed here are: separation of data flow from control flow, the impact of perfect communication on real-time control, consistency of data with physical reality, the significance of standard data models, the identification of shared and private data.
Prophylactic rtPA in the Prevention of Line-associated Thrombosis and Infection in Short Bowel Syndrome.

Background Central venous access devices (CVADs) are essential for total parenteral nutrition administration in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). They are, however, fraught with complications including infection and venous thromboembolism (VTE), which increases associated morbidity and mortality in this population. There is evidence linking the development of CVAD-associated thrombosis and line-related infection. Thus, it has been postulated that prevention of catheter-related clot formation could minimize the risk of infection originating from the catheter. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA, alteplase), lyses clots by binding plasmin-bound fibrin in a clot and cleaving plasminogen to plasmin; moreover, it is widely used to clear occluded CVADs. Methods Prophylactic rtPA lock therapy in children with SBS was evaluated as a single site pilot study to minimize line-associated VTE, infection, need for line replacement, and hospitalization at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. rtPA lock therapy was administered by parents/caregivers on a weekly basis over a 6-month time period in place of heparin lock therapy. Comparisons were made between line-associated complications in the cohort in the 6 months before study versus during the study period. Results Six out of 8 subjects completed the study over a 1-year time period. As a group, subjects experienced a significant decrease in the number of line-associated bloodstream infections from a mean of 1.9 infections in the 6 months before the study to a mean of 0.5 infections (P = 0.025). There was no change in the need for line replacement amongst subjects while on study. The primary outcome of VTE was not found in the cohort, and it is unclear whether rtPA lock therapy contributed to the lack of thrombosis development. Given the success of rtPA in this pilot study in reducing bloodstream infections, further investigation or rtPA lock therapy in patients with SBS is warranted.
Is There No Such Thing as Non-White Racism?

Race-related legislative advances have been made over the years to the advantage of non-Whites. However, this reality is yet to alter mainstream discourses of racism, which have portrayed Whites as having monopoly over the perpetration of racism, arguably because they have systemic/institutional advantage and power to be racist toward non-Whites. This paper argues that racism can be non-institutional, that there is power in non-institutional racism, that non-Whites can utilize non-institutional racism to their advantage, and that racism is not race-specific. With a primary focus on how non-Whites might utilize non-institutional racism, this paper draws on media reports of events of the 2016 presidential election campaigns to demonstrate that the perpetration of racism is no longer a White prerogative, and that the victimization experiences of racism is no longer specific to non-Whites. The paper concludes with a call for these important dynamics of racism to be made salient in academic and public debates.
Visualizing Stress and Temperature Distribution During Elevated Temperature Deformation of IN-617 Using Nanomechanical Raman Spectroscopy

This work presents direct measurements of stress and temperature distribution during the mesoscale microstructural deformation of Inconel-617 (IN-617) during 3-point bending tests as a function of temperature. A novel nanomechanical Raman spectroscopy (NMRS)-based measurement platform was designed for simultaneous in situ temperature and stress mapping as a function of microstructure during deformation. The temperature distribution was found to be directly correlated to stress distribution for the analyzed microstructures. Stress concentration locations are shown to be directly related to higher heat conduction and result in microstructural hot spots with significant local temperature variation.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE RNA OF UUKUNIEMI VIRUS, A PROPOSED BUNYAVIRUS

ABSTRACT. The structure of the three RNA species (L, M, and S) of Uukuniemi virus was examined by electron microscopy. Three different experimental conditions were used: (i) spreading of the RNAs from a solution containing increasing concentrations of formamide, (ii) spreading from a solution containing 4M urea and 80% formamide at room temperature, and (iii) treatment with 0.5 M glyoxal at 37° for 15 min.
Medications To Enhance Cognitive Functioning

Cognitive and behavioral abnormalities after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are reported by survivors as more disabling than the residual physical defects. The TBI literature has begun to address a number of these mood and behavioral disorders. The medical management of the many cognitive impairments frequently encountered after TBI, however, has been virtually ignored in the rehabilitation literature, and pharmacologic treatment options for the cognitive sequelae of TBI remain limited.
Economics, Geography, and Knowing “Development”

Theories and conceptions of the economy profoundly shape how it comes to be known. In this chapter the author compares and contrasts the sociospatial ontologies of economists and geographers, theorizing the relationship between geography and economic development. These groups of scholars share the view that neoliberal globalization has undermined development prospects for the disadvantaged, but their contrasting ontologies generate different understandings of capitalism and of how to resolve this problem. Economists know capitalism as in principle capable of alleviating poverty and uneven geographical development, concluding that development is best achieved by following a common path to capitalist development everywhere, as pioneered by advanced capitalist societies. Geographers know capitalism as generative of inequality and uneven geographical development, as a system that forces disadvantaged social groups and geographical locations to find different approaches to development in order to overcome their current disadvantage conducive.
MODELING OF LASER CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF THIN FILMS

Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition (LCVD) provides an excellent way of modifying surfaces. The deposition rate is found to be very high in the LCVD technique compared to the conventional Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) technique. The usefulness of the deposited film depends on its shape and morphology which are affected by the laser process parameters. This paper presents a mathematical model to study the effects of the laser parameters and processing conditions on the shape and size of the film. In many cases, the film is found to have volcano-like morphology which is also explained by this model.
Response to Special Issue on Communication and Instruction beyond the Traditional Classroom.

Communication is among the most practical of disciplines and has a rich history. James McCrosky (1984) noted that some of the oldest texts ever discovered provide advice on speaking effectively. A ...
Psychometric evaluation of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function and Pain Interference Computer Adaptive Test for subacromial impingement syndrome.

Background The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function Computer Adaptive Test (CAT) was previously validated for rotator cuff disease and shoulder instability. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the PROMIS Physical Function (PF) CAT, PROMIS Pain Interference (PI) CAT, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Shoulder Function Score for subacromial impingement syndrome. Methods PROMIS PF CAT, PI CAT, and ASES (Pain, Function, Total) were collected on all visits for 2 surgeons between January 2016 and August 2016. New patients, aged 18 years and older, were selected by International Classification of Diseases code for impingement syndrome of the shoulder. The mean number of questions answered determined efficiency. Person-item maps were created to determine ceiling and floor effects as well as person reliability. Convergent validity was determined by comparison of PROMIS domains to ASES scores with Pearson correlations. Results For PROMIS PF CAT, the mean number of items answered was 4.54 (range 4-12). The ceiling effect was 1.56%, and the floor effect was 3.13%. The person reliability was 0.94. Pearson correlation coefficients between the PF CAT and ASES were 0.664 (ASES Function), 0.426 (ASES Pain), and 0.649 (ASES Total). For PROMIS PI CAT, the mean number of items answered was 4.27 (range 3-11). The ceiling effect was 4.69%, and the floor effect was 8.33%. The person reliability was 0.92. Pearson correlation coefficients between the PI CAT and ASES were: 0.667 (ASES Function), 0.594 (ASES Pain), and 0.729 (ASES Total). Conclusions The psychometric properties of PROMIS PF and PI CATs were favorable for subacromial impingement syndrome.
Analyzing collective accessibility using average space-time prisms

Abstract The space-time prism (STP) is the envelope of all possible travel paths in space and time between two anchor locations and times, measuring accessibility for an individual given a designated travel and activity episode. Although the STP provides a powerful measure of individual accessibility, transportation researchers often need to analyze accessibility at collective-levels for planning and policy analysis. Deriving a representative STP of a set of individual STPs would provide a general idea of how collective members’ accessibility is performing. However, there is no analytical time geographic method to calculate a collective-level representative STP that is consistent with individual STPs. To fill this gap, this research develops the concept of average space-time prism (ASTP). The ASTP is a representative STP of a group of individual STPs with respect to size, shape, and location. We develop methods for calculating an ASTP using analytical time geography and elliptic Fourier shape analysis techniques. The ASTP provides a geometric and visual summary of collective accessibility: it can be used to generate representative STPs for aggregate geographic units such as neighborhoods and cities based on individual-level data. A possible application of the ASTP is the spatial equity analysis of accessibility. The ASTP can be located at individuals’ anchor locations and overlaid with opportunities, enabling in-situ comparisons between individual versus collective accessibility and accessibility equity analysis considering geographic contexts. We illustrate this ASTP’s capability when measuring the impacts of new transit service on healthcare access equity in a neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio, USA.
3D preoperative planning for humeral head selection in total shoulder arthroplasty.

Recreation of glenohumeral biomechanics and humeral anatomy has been shown to improve outcomes in shoulder arthroplasty. Recent research has focused on utilizing simulation software and intraoperative instrumentation to improve glenoid implant selection and positioning, but no study had evaluated the reliability of new features in 3D preoperative planning software for humeral planning in total shoulder arthroplasty. Preoperative plans were created for 26 patients using three different simulation software programs: an independent preoperative planning simulation (IPPS) software (OrthoVis) and two automated manufacturers preoperative simulation systems: ArthrexVIP™ (AMPS I) and Tornier Blueprint™ 3D Planning (AMPS II). Preoperative plans were compared for reliability and consistency among different software systems based on available variables including humeral head diameter (HD) and head height (HH). The measured HD was consistent between the three systems with a maximum mean difference of 0.2 mm for HD among IPPS, AMPS I, and AMPS II (p = 0.964). There was a significant difference in measured humeral HH with 1.7 mm difference between IPPS and AMPS II (p ≤ 0.001). The strongest correlation when comparing humeral head measurements (diameter or height) obtained from all systems was seen between IPPS and AMPS I for humeral HD (r = 0.8; p ≤ 0.001). There was a high level of consistency between independent and manufacturer preoperative planning software for humeral head measurements. These preoperative planning systems can improve efficiency and workflow during surgery by guiding surgeons on implant size selection to optimally reconstruct the glenohumeral kinematics, in order to improve patient outcomes. Level III, study of nonconsecutive patients and without a universally applied “gold” standard study of diagnostic test.
CD133 Is Associated with Increased Melanoma Cell Survival after Multikinase Inhibition.

FDA-approved kinase inhibitors are now used for melanoma, including combinations of the MEK inhibitor trametinib, and BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib for BRAFV600 mutations. NRAS-mutated cell lines are also sensitive to MEK inhibition in vitro, and NRAS-mutated tumors have also shown partial response to MEK inhibitors. However, melanoma still has high recurrence rates due to subpopulations, sometimes described as “melanoma initiating cells,” resistant to treatment. Since CD133 is a putative cancer stem cell marker for different cancers, associated with decreased survival, we examined resistance of patient-derived CD133(+) and CD133(-) melanoma cells to MAPK inhibitors. Human melanoma cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of trametinib and/or dabrafenib, either before or after separation into CD133(+) and CD133(-) subpopulations. In parental CD133-mixed lines, the percentages of CD133(+) cells increased significantly (p<0.05) after high-dose drug treatment. Presorted CD133(+) cells also exhibited significantly greater (p<0.05) IC50s for single and combination MAPKI treatment. siRNA knockdown revealed a causal relationship between CD133 and drug resistance. Microarray and qRT-PCR analyses revealed that ten of 18 ABC transporter genes were significantly (P<0.05) upregulated in the CD133(+) subpopulation, while inhibition of ABC activity increased sensitivity, suggesting a mechanism for increased drug resistance of CD133(+) cells.
Child Labor in Human Rights Law and Policy Perspective

This essay ― which defines "child labor" as work done by children that is “exploitive, hazardous, and otherwise contrary to children's best interests,” in contrast to "child work" which may be “beneficial,” “benign,” or “harmless” ― is derived from Burns H. Weston & Mark B. Teerink, "Rethinking Child Labor: A Multidimensional Human Rights Problem" and "Abolishing Child Labor: A Multifaceted Human Rights Solution," in Child Labor and Human Rights: Making Children Matter chs. 1 & 10 (Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner, Burns H. Weston ed., 2005). Child labor, this essay argues, constitutes a blight on human civility and thus begs to be abolished. But as child labor manifests itself in complex ways, its eradication requires multidisciplinary, multifaceted, and multisectoral approaches. This strategy, from which no form or level of social organization can legitimately claim exemption, the author reasons, is best achieved via a deep and widespread commitment to the application of human rights law and policy, which includes the right of children to influence their own lives. To actually succeed at bringing about broad-based change, however, a rights-based approach to the abolition of child labor must include more than normative appeals to the moral conscience; it must embrace also, the author contends, a nuts-and-bolts agenda that includes both legal and "extra-legal" means to abolish child labor. Reorienting one's worldview is essential, he argues, but it is not sufficient.
High-Rate Spinel LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO)Following Carbonate Removal and Formation of Li-Rich Interface byALD Treatment

Recent work has identified enhanced charge-storage capacity in the spinel lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4; LMO) lithium-ion battery cathode upon a single atomic layer deposition (ALD) cycle compos...
The ‘perfect’ counsellor: personality factors and multidimensional perfectionism

Personality factors and multidimensional perfectionism have not been researched among professional counsellors. This study examined the relationship between the Big Five (John, O. P., Naumann, L. P...
Tatamkhulu Afrika, Queer Heroism, Triangulated Forms

Tatamkhulu Afrika, lauded writer and South African activist, over the course of his life suffered imprisonments under the Nazis and the apartheid state; he also changed his name five times and won ...
Latent Class Growth Trajectories of Letter Name Knowledge During Pre-Kindergarten and Kindergarten.

Abstract A major developmental task for young children in the United States involves the acquisition of knowledge about the letters in the English alphabet. In the current study, we examined the growth trajectories of children's letter name knowledge (LNK) during pre-kindergarten and kindergarten. A diverse sample of 1015 children was drawn from the National Center for Early Development and Learning Multi-State Study of Pre-Kindergarten. Latent class growth analyses were used to identify three heterogeneous classes of children based on their LNK growth trajectories. Children's fall-of-pre-kindergarten language skills were associated with trajectory class membership, which in turn was associated with children's spring-of-kindergarten literacy skills. We also found that the association between children's fall-of-pre-kindergarten language skills and spring-of-kindergarten literacy skills was partially mediated by trajectory class membership. These findings point to the importance of LNK skill development as a marker variable to monitor and support children's emergent literacy development.
HARC as an open-shell strategy to bypass oxidative addition in Ullmann–Goldberg couplings

The copper-catalyzed arylation of unsaturated nitrogen heterocycles, known as the Ullmann–Goldberg coupling, is a valuable transformation for medicinal chemists, providing a modular disconnection for the rapid diversification of heteroaromatic cores. The utility of the coupling, however, has established limitations arising from a high-barrier copper oxidative addition step, which often necessitates the use of electron-rich ligands, elevated temperatures, and/or activated aryl electrophiles. Herein, we present an alternative aryl halide activation strategy, in which the critical oxidative addition (OA) mechanism has been replaced by a halogen abstraction–radical capture (HARC) sequence that allows the generation of the same Cu(III)-aryl intermediate albeit via a photoredox pathway. This alternative mechanistic paradigm decouples the bond-breaking and bond-forming steps of the catalytic cycle to enable the use of many previously inert aryl bromides. Overall, this mechanism allows access to both traditional C–N adducts at room temperature as well as a large range of previously inaccessible Ullmann–Goldberg coupling products including sterically demanding ortho-substituted heteroarenes.
Weight-based teasing in youth: Associations with metabolic and inflammatory markers.

Background Research among adults suggests that weight stigma is associated with worsened cardiometabolic health. However, these relationships have not been examined among youth. Objective Assess associations between weight-based teasing (WBT) and metabolic and inflammatory markers among two samples of youth: (1) a non-treatment-seeking sample and (2) a weight loss treatment-seeking sample with obesity. Method Weight, height, adiposity, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured. Fasting blood samples were collected for metabolic (triglycerides, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and inflammatory analytes (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Study 1 and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in both studies). Youths completed the Perception of Teasing Scale, a measure of WBT. Metabolic and inflammatory indices were compared between those with and without teasing, adjusting for demographics and body composition. Results Study 1 enrolled 201 non-treatment-seeking youth (Mage = 13.1y; 54.2% female; 44.8% non-Hispanic White; 32.8% with overweight/obesity); 15.4% reported WBT. Study 2 enrolled 111 treatment-seeking adolescents with obesity (Mage = 14.0y; 66.7% female; 37.8% non-Hispanic White); 73.0% reported WBT. Adjusting for covariates, WBT was not associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in either study. Conclusions WBT was not associated with worsened cardiometabolic health. Longitudinal research is needed to elucidate associations between WBT and health in youth.
Stock Market Overreaction to Bad News in Good Times: A Rational Expectations Equilibrium Model

This paper presents a dynamic, rational expectations equilibrium model of asset prices where the drift of fundamentals (dividends) shifts between two unobservable states at random times. I show that in equilibrium, investors' willingness to hedge against changes in their own "uncertainty" on the true state makes stock prices overreact to bad news in good times and underreact to good news in bad times. I then show that this model is better able than conventional models with no regime shifts to explain features of stock returns, including volatility clustering, "leverage effects", excess volatility and time-varying expected returns.
Clinical Nurse Specialist Impact on COVID-19 Preparation at a Military Treatment Facility.

PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly challenged healthcare organizations across the globe, forcing innovation, resourcefulness, and flexibility. The purpose of this article is to describe the impact of clinical nurse specialist practice on COVID-19 preparation at a military hospital. ENVIRONMENT OF CARE CHANGES: The pandemic required facilities to develop expansion plans to facilitate a potential surge of COVID-19 patients. Clinical nurse specialists collaborated to develop a plan to expand care capacity and streamline testing while designating specific critical care and medical-surgical areas for COVID-19 patients. STAFFING CONSIDERATIONS: To capitalize on the expanded bed capacity, clinical nurse specialists identified and trained outpatient nursing staff to serve as nurse extenders. DISCUSSION: Early in the pandemic, a lack of strong evidence-based interventions to mitigate transmission and treatment necessitated the development of innovative solutions. The clinical nurse specialist team established designated transport routes for COVID-19 patients, leveraged technology to improve methods of care, and cultivated a culture of innovation by providing on-the-spot meaningful recognition to staff. CONCLUSION: As leaders in healthcare, clinical nurse specialists are change agents that work to maintain high-quality, safe patient care even during a global pandemic.
Spatial associations between MRI white matter intensity and florbetapir PET uptake

1818 Objectives Cerebral white matter changes, appearing as areas of increased signal intensity in T2-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI) are common in elderly subjects. The objective of this study is to explore within-subject spatial correlations between T2 signal intensity and the presence of Alzheimer’s disease pathology measured by positron emission tomography (PET) with florbetapir. Understanding these localized spatial relationships is important because white matter hyperintensities are related to vascular factors, such as hypoperfusion and ischemia and brain injuries, with high prevalence in elderly adults. It is also thought that these factors contribute to the imbalance in amyloid beta clearance and the accumulation of the plaques. Methods Subjects from Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI) with florbetapir-PET and T2-MRI data were used to generate fusion images between these two modalities. We utilized several region-based and voxel-based approaches to determine whether white matter T2 voxel intensities in the vicinity of high activity clusters in florbetapir PET images are higher than other areas. We also included a new image analysis approach that is based on a randomized sampling scheme between gray matter voxels in the florbetapir image and surrounding white matter voxels in the MRI image to investigate localized spatial correlations. Results While in several subjects we observed a slight T2 increase in areas close to the high activity PET clusters, there were some regional variabilities, which could be due to regional differences in amyloid beta clearance mechanism. We also found inter-subject variabilities, which could be due to differences in the subject’s amyloid progression status and the subsequent alteration in the relationship between amyloid accumulation and vascular impairments. Conclusions This study provides new imaging-based methodologies to investigate the presence of subtle within-subject spatial associations between pathological and vascular factors in Alzheimer’s disease.
Communication in the Twenty-First Century

One of the most novel implications of heuristics, biases, and nudges addresses behavioral finance—a growing field concerned with how to improve financial well-being through the sound understanding of how people actually behave in markets. This part explains some behavioral finance techniques that can be used to enhance your financial gain by diversification, investing in crises-robust, long-term sustainable market options, demographics-based forecasting, saving money through tangibility and safe havens, or reaping benefit from outperforming market strategies. Particular emphasis will be given to investigating the role of information and communication for market reactions but also social influences in financial market management.
Association of Silent Cerebrovascular Disease Identified Using Natural Language Processing and Future Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Silent cerebrovascular disease (SCD), comprising silent brain infarction (SBI) and white matter disease (WMD), is commonly found incidentally on neuroimaging scans obtained in routine clinical care. Their prognostic significance is not known. We aimed to estimate the incidence of and risk increase in future stroke in patients with incidentally discovered SCD. METHODS Patients in the Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) health system aged ≥50 years, without prior ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), or dementia/Alzheimer disease receiving a head CT or MRI between 2009 and 2019 were included. SBI and WMD were identified by natural language processing (NLP) from the neuroimage report. RESULTS Among 262,875 individuals receiving neuroimaging, NLP identified 13,154 (5.0%) with SBI and 78,330 (29.8%) with WMD. The incidence of future stroke was 32.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 31.1, 33.9) per 1,000 patient-years for patients with SBI: 19.3 (95% CI 18.9, 19.8) for patients with WMD and 6.8 (95% CI 6.7, 7.0) for patients without SCD. The crude hazard ratio (HR) associated with SBI was 3.40 (95% CI 3.25 to 3.56) and for WMD 2.63 (95% CI 2.54 to 2.71). With MRI-discovered SBI, the adjusted HR was 2.95 (95% CI 2.53 to 3.44) for those <65 years of age and 2.15 (95% CI 1.91 to 2.41) for those ≥65. With CT scan, the adjusted HR was 2.48 (95% CI 2.19 to 2.81) for those <65 and 1.81 (95% CI 1.71 to 1.91) for those ≥65. The adjusted HR associated with a finding of WMD was 1.76 (95% CI 1.69 to 1.82) and was not modified by age or imaging modality. DISCUSSION Incidentally discovered SBI and WMD are common and associated with increased risk of subsequent symptomatic stroke, representing an important opportunity for stroke prevention.