cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre-Processing Mass Spectrometry Data

Mass spectrometry is being applied to discover disease-related proteomic patterns in complex mixtures of proteins derived from tissue samples or from easily obtained biological fluids such as serum, urine, or nipple aspirate fluid (Paweletz et al., 2001); Wellmann et al., 2002; (Petricoin et al., 2002); (Adam et al., 2002), (2003); (Zhukov et al., 2003); (Schaub et al., 2004). Potentially, we can use these proteomic patterns for early diagnosis, to predict prognosis, to monitor disease progression or response to treatment, or even to identify which patients are most likely to benefit from particular treatments.
Degree of Redundancy of Linear Systems Using Implicit Set Covering

In this paper, we present a set covering problem (SCP) formulation to compute the degree of redundancy of linear systems. Computing the degree of redundancy of a linear system allows for the evaluation of the quality of the sensor network. The formulation is equivalent to solving the linear matroid cogirth problem, finding the cardinality of the smallest cocircuit of a matroid. We also discuss existing methods developed to solve the matroid cogirth problem and the SCP. Computational results are provided to validate a branch-and-cut algorithm that addresses the SCP formulation.
Cultivar and Environmental Effects on Freezing Tolerance of Narrow-Leaf Plantain

Improved cultivars of narrow leaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) have received increasing attention as possible pasture species for the northeastern USA because of their productivity during drought and high nutritive value. However, the cultivars currently available do not have sufficient freezing tolerance to survive northeastern U.S. winters. This experiment examined the relationship between shoot growth rate and root:shoot partitioning during cold-hardening and the freezing tolerance of 'Lancelot' and 'Tonic' plantain compared with 'PG700', an experimental line collected from the eastern USA. I hypothesized that PG700 would exhibit reduced shoot structural growth and increased carbohydrate storage in roots during cold-hardening, resulting in increased freezing tolerance and survival. In growth chamber experiments, seedlings were cold hardened for 21 d and then frozen at -12°C for 3 h. Survival was evaluated after a 21-d recovery period. The experiment was conducted twice. Survival was greatest for PG700 (58%), followed by Lancelot (33%) and Tonic (18%) (P < 0.01). When combined across cultivars, survival was 59% in Trial 1 compared with 11% in Trial 2 (P < 0.01). None of the measured parameters including overall root and shoot growth or relative partitioning between roots and shoots were related to cultivar differences in freezing tolerance. Reduced survival in Trial 2 was accompanied by high nitrogen uptake and vigorous shoot relative to root growth during the cold-hardening period. Thus, reduced shoot growth was accompanied by increased freezing tolerance when differences in survival were induced by environmental effects but was not related to genetic differences in survival.
A Test of Whether Negative Emotional Priming Facilitates Access to Latent Dysfunctional Attitudes

The mood-state hypothesis (Persons & Miranda, 1992) proposes that dysfunctional beliefs are stable in nature but that reporting such beliefs depends on current mood state. It further proposes that access to latent dysfunctional beliefs gained through negative emotional priming will augment the prediction of depressed mood reactions. To test these ideas, recovered-depressed (RD) and never-depressed (ND) college students were assigned to one of three mood-induction conditions: positive induction, negative induction, no induction. Dysfunctional beliefs were assessed in each condition. Approximately one week later, subjects returned for a second session in which they imagined themselves in various situations and rated how depressed or happy each situation would make them feel. Results were contrary to the moodstate hypothesis. That is, the mood induction did not differentially facilitate access to dysfunctional attitudes, nor were mood-induced dysfunctional attitudes differentially predictive of depressed moo...
Viewing and annotating media with MemoryNet

In this paper we describe an investigation into how we might share and annotate media objects (namely photographs) among people in our personal networks. We describe a prototype, the MemoryNet Viewer (MNV) and present results of a user study. We conclude with future developments.
Tinged with Gold: Hop Culture in the United States

Today hop growing remains a viable commercial enterprise only in parts of the far western United States--notably in Washington. But, as James Fenimore Cooper remembered, the mid-nineteenth century in Cooperstown, New York, was a time when "the 'hop was king, ' and the whole countryside was one great hop yard, and beautiful." In Tinged with Gold, Michael A. TomIan explores all aspects of hop culture in the United States and provides a background for understanding the buildings devoted to drying, baling, and storing hops. The work considers the history of these structures as it illustrates their development over almost two centuries, the result of agrarian commercialism and nearly continuous technological improvement. In examining the context in which the buildings were constructed, Tomlan considers the growth, cultivation, and harvesting of the plant; the economic, social, and recreational activities of the people involved in hop culture; and the record of mechanical inventions and technical developments that shaped hop kilns, hop houses, and hop driers and coolers in the various areas where the crop flourished. The work challenges assumptions about the noncommercial nature of American agriculture in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and raises important questions about the "folk" tradition of hop houses, arguing that the designs of these buildings were rational responses to commercial imperatives rather than the continuance of arcane English or European customs. Tinged with Gold brings hop culture to life as it explores the history of this neglected aspect of rural agriculture. Because the work demonstrates that the significance of a relatively obscure building type can befully appreciated if placed in its historical context, it provides a model for studying other rural structures. Drawing upon an impressive array of primary and secondary sources, this work is a definitive history of hop culture in the United States.
A prospective study of ultrasonography in the ED by emergency physicians.

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the use of limited, goal-directed, two-dimensional ultrasound studies performed by emergency physicians and to assess the frequency, variety, and accuracy of their readings. A 1-year prospective study was performed by using an emergency department (ED) ultrasound machine with a 3.5-mHz mechanical oscillating sector transducer and a 5.0-mHz vaginal transducer. In a series of proctoring sessions, radiologists trained emergency physicians to do limited, goal-directed ultrasonography. Laser print ultrasonograms were collected from all ED ultrasound examinations performed during a 1-year period and were compared with either formal ultrasonograms performed in the radiology department, the patient's hospital record, or both. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV), as well as negative predictive values (NPV), were calculated. The setting was a 104-bed community hospital with an ED volume of 25,000 patients annually, and patients whom the emergency physician belleved needed ultrasound studies in the ED were entered. ED ultrasonography was performed in 167 patients by 14 physicians during a 1-year period. For 132 patients who completed formal follow-up, the overall diagnostic accuracy of interpretations of ED ultrasonograms yielded a sensitivity of .95, specificity of .98, PPV of .99, and NPV of .89. Eleven categories of ultrasound use were reported. The three studies most commonly performed were for gallbladder disease (53%), intrauterine pregnancy (28%), and abdominal aortic aneurysms (7%). Accuracy of ED gallbladder ultrasonograms for 65 patients showed a sensitivity of .86, specificity of .97, PPV of .97, and NPV of .85. No false-positive or false-negative results were found for ED ultrasonography performed in 42 patients for intrauterine pregnancy or 11 patients for abdominal aortic aneurysms. With appropriate training, emergency physicians can perform diagnostic ultrasound studies with a high degree of accuracy.
Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Benefit or Harm?

Current guidelines vary in the recommended amount of dietary sodium intake for heart failure (HF) patients. Observational studies and the hypertension literature support the concept that sodium restriction improves HF outcomes. In contrast, several randomized controlled trials imply that dietary sodium restriction can cause harm through hypovolemia and increased neurohormonal activation. Data from hypertensive animal models and humans suggest that dietary sodium intake may need to be individually tailored based on HF severity and the physiologic response to sodium loading. Future studies must assess interactions between sodium intake, fluid intake, and diuretics to match clinical practice and improve safety. More information is needed in multiple areas, including accurate measurement of sodium intake, implementation of dietary changes in HF patients, and establishment of biomarkers that predict response to changes in sodium intake. Additional research is urgently needed to determine the true impact of the most commonly recommended self-care strategy in HF.
Discrimination of steady state and transient state of extremum seeking control via sinusoidal detection

A major class of extremum seeking control is based on the use of periodic dither perturbation of plant input for extracting the gradient information. Presence of the dither input into the steady state operation is undesirable in practice due to the possible excessive wear of actuators. It is thus beneficial to stop the dithering action after the extremum seeking process reaches its steady state. In this paper, we propose a method for automatically discriminate between the steady state and the transient state modes of extremum seeking control process using the sinusoidal detection techniques. Some design guidelines are proposed for the parameter selection of the relevant sinusoidal detection scheme. The proposed scheme is validated with simulation study.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Scattering and depolarization of EM waves from a rough surface

Electromagnetic wave scattering and depolarization from rough surface, noting existence of surface current vector component pointing in direction of incident wave
Optimum Solar Panel Tilt Angle for Maximum Annual Irradiation

This work presents a simple numerical model, based on a spreadsheet, to optimize solar panel tilt angle for given panel azimuth angle. This approach uses ASHRAE’s solar irradiation model, which presents a comprehensive model for calculating solar irradiation based on direct, reflected, diffuse and scattered components of solar irradiation. It includes the atmospheric extinction coefficient and sky clearness number (index). By calculating the monthly total irradiation from January to December the present model calculates the total annual irradiation on an incline solar panel. Then by implementing spreadsheet’s solver, the tilt angle to yield maximum annual solar irradiation per square area of panel is evaluated. Due to its general formulation the present model can be used to optimize solar tilt angle for any location (latitude) as long as the clearness index and ground reflectivity are known. The results of this model were compared with some existing location specific optimum tilt angles. The results are comparable within three degrees of tilt angle.© 2009 ASME
Experimental Observation of Time-Delays Associated with Electric Matteucci–Pozzi Phase Shifts

In 1985, Matteucci and Pozzi (1985 Phys. Rev. Lett. 54 2469) demonstrated the presence of a quantum mechanical phase shift for electrons passing a pair of oppositely charged biprism wires. For this experimental arrangement no forces deflect the electrons. Consequently, the result was reported as a non-local type-2 Aharonov-Bohm effect. Boyer (2002 Found. Phys. 32 41-50; 1987 Nuovo Cimento B 100 685-701) showed theoretically that the Matteucci-Pozzi effect could be associated with a time delay caused by a classical force. We present experimental data that confirm the presence of a time delay. This result is in contrast to the situation for the original magnetic Aharonov-Bohm effect. On similar theoretical grounds, Boyer has also associated classical forces and time delays with the magnetic Aharonov-Bohm effect. Recently, we reported the absence of such observable time delays. The contrast with our current work illustrates the subtle nature of Aharonov-Bohm effects.
Design and Application of a Diode-Directed Solid-State Marx Modulator

Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) are developing a new solid-state high-voltage Marx modulator for the generation of pulsed power. The initial application of the LANL modulator is to provide power to a magnetron that requires a 46-kV, 160-A, 5-mus rectangular pulse. This modulator technology is also being developed for other applications, including portable millimeter wave sources, a beam energy corrector for induction accelerators, and space-based power systems. The LANL solid-state modulator has several benefits, including wave shape control, switch protection, efficiency, and compactness. The present paper describes this source technology and its design.
Modeling and control scheme design of a solenoid-actuated fuel injection system

This paper demonstrates the viability of frequency modulation of discrete voltage pulses via feedback loops as a means of control for an electronically actuated fuel injection system. Specifically, this study targets the effectiveness of such control with regards to the Hydraulically actuated Electronically controlled Unit Injector (HEUI). A more accurate model for electromechanical actuator (EMA) using solenoid has been implemented together with models of other subsystems. Significant improvements have been made to the existing MATLAB/Simulink modeling approach in order to implement a higher degree of system control.
All-polymer capacitor fabricated with inkjet printing technique

Abstract All-polymer capacitors have been fabricated only by the inkjet printing technique. A conductive polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), has been employed as the electrode material of the capacitor. A precursor-route polyimide was applied as the insulator of the device. The fabrication process of the inkjet printed all-polymer capacitor has been demonstrated. The electrical characteristics of the polymer capacitor, analogous to that of the common parallel plate capacitor, are discussed in detail. The all-polymer capacitor has been applied to the polymer RC filter circuits. The characteristics of the inkjet printed polymer RC filter are also demonstrated.
Classification Based on Depth Transvariations

Suppose y, a d-dimensional (d???1) vector, is drawn from a mixture of k (k???2) populations, given by ?1, ?2,?,? k . We wish to identify the population that is the most likely source of the point y. To solve this classification problem many classification rules have been proposed in the literature. In this study, a new nonparametric classifier based on the transvariation probabilities of data depth is proposed. We compare the performance of the newly proposed nonparametric classifier with classical and maximum depth classifiers using some benchmark and simulated data sets.
Some characteristics of a factor stimulating skin epithelial cell growth in vitro.

Abstract Growth of rabbit skin epithelial cells on a collagen gel is markedly enhanced by a soluble factor synthesized in a chemically defined minimal growth medium by fibroblasts of dermal origin. In the presence of this factor, the incorporation of thymidine and phosphate into skin epithelial cells is stimulated, and survival time of skin epithelial cells is prolonged. The growth factor is small (mol.wt
Beam splitting of undulator radiation with variable spacing plane grating monochromator

Abstract Design options are discussed for beamline branching which permits the simultaneous use of an undulator radiation at two end stations. The schemes include a novel use of a variable spacing plane grating with (1) a partially inserted mirror, (2) a pop-up or a sector-type plane mirror, and (3) a traveling plane mirror with simultaneous rotation. Also discussed are the expected performance, advantages, and disadvantages of the various systems.
BLADDER AUGMENTATION WITH UROTHELIAL PRESERVATION

AbstractPurpose: Bladder reconstruction is performed because the characteristics properties of a healthy bladder are no longer present. The bladder manifests poor capacity, poor compliance and potential or actual changes in the upper tracts that may lead to damage. Augmentation procedures provide a means to improve capacity and compliance, and they may be performed with catheterizable channels to facilitate bladder emptying. Natural tissues or synthetic materials may be used but urothelial preservation is desirable. Demucosalized augmentation with a gastric flap and auto-augmentation with peritoneum are techniques that have been used in the last 5 years.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the records of 13 patients who underwent demucosalized augmentation with a gastric flap and 8 who underwent augmentation with peritoneum from 1992 to 1995. Average age of the 11 girls and 10 boys was 8 years (range 6 to 12). The diagnosis was myelomeningocele in 15 patients, exstrophy in 2, and the VATER ...
Brain concentrations of [14C]pentobarbital after intracarotid, intravenous, and intraperitoneal injection

1. 1. Injection of [14C]pentobarbital through a chronically-implanted carotid catheter produced tissue concentrations in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere ten times that effected by intravenous or intraperitoneal administration. 2. 2. This effect was short lived with ipsilateral levels approaching those of the contralateral side within 3–5 min. 3. 3. The distribution of pentobarbital to fat and lung tissue (as well as brain regions) was also compared after intravenous, intraperitoneal, and intracarotid injections. 4. 4. These methods could be used in studies to deliver either high drug dosages or labelled substrates for regional analysis of brain metabolism in the unanesthetized rat.
Large-scale, cost-effective screening of PCR products in marker-assisted selection applications.

A simple, PCR-based method has been developed for the rapid genotyping of large numbers of samples. The method involves a alkaline extraction of DNA from plant tissue using a slight modification of the procedure of Wang et al. (Nucleic Acids Res 21:4153–4154, 1993). Template DNA is amplified using allelespecific associated primers (ASAPs) which, at stringent annealing temperatures, generate only a single DNA fragment and only in those individuals possessing the appropriate allele. This approach eliminates the need to separate amplified DNA fragments by electrophoresis. Instead, samples processing the appropriate allele are identified by direct staining of DNA with ethidium bromide. Total technician time required for extraction, amplification and detection of 96 samples is about 4 h, and this time requirement can be reduced by automation. Excluding labor, cost per sample is less than $0.40. The method is tested using the codominant isozyme marker, alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh-1) gene in pea (Pisum sativum), and applied to the screening of photoperiod genes in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
The cell kinetics of human mammary cancers

The cellular kinetics of human mammary tumors were studied by in vitro methods. These techniques include single 3HTdR labeling to measure the 3HTdR LI, double labeling with 3HTdR and 14CTdR to measure DNA synthesis time, and an estimation of the growth fraction by the PDP index. Calculations of the potential doubling time and cell cycle time were made from these measurements. The 3HTdR LI of primary malignant tumors was greater than that of benign tumors, but only half that of metastatic lesions. There was considerable heterogeneity in the 3HTdR LI of primary tumors, but the DNA synthesis times were relatively invariant. Estimation of the growth fraction by the PDP index also revealed extensive heterogeneity, but the primary tumors were not different from metastases. There appear to be subsets of tumors with high and low proliferative values that correlate with some clinical parameters, such as age and nodal positivity. This material provides a data base for stratification of patients for future protocols and the use of cell kinetics in treatment programs.
Cultural sensitivity in the delivery of disability services to children: A case study of Japanese education and socialization

Abstract This ethnographic study examined beliefs about disability and related socialization and educational practices at a Japanese elementary school. Disability is a universal issue affecting child welfare and educational systems around the world. Yet, relatively little sociocultural research has focused on non-Western children with disabilities. This limitation restricts our understanding of the extent to which and how cultures vary in their responses to disability, and the impact of these variations on children's development. Public schools in Japan recently implemented formal special education services for children with “developmental disabilities,” a new category used by educators to refer to “milder” difficulties in children's acquisition of social and academic skills, for example, learning disabilities, ADHD and Asperger's syndrome. This transition created a dilemma for educators: blending new requirements of providing individualized support with traditional Japanese socialization and educational practices of raising and educating children within peer groups. Participant observation, in-depth interviews, and longitudinal case studies of children with developmental disabilities addressed culturally- and developmentally-sensitive practices employed by educators. Educators were sensitive to stigma, involved peers in supporting one another, created home-like classrooms, guided children towards voluntary cooperation, and provided support and guidance to parents. Broad implications for the design of culturally-sensitive disability services are discussed.
Comparison of phenolic acids in organically and conventionally grown pac choi (Brassica rapa L. chinensis)

BACKGROUND: Field and greenhouse studies were performed to investigate whether organic production methods influenced levels of phenolic acid compounds in pac choi (Brassica rapa L. chinensis cv. Mei Qing Choi) compared with conventional cultivation. RESULTS: In the field experiment, organic fertilisation (compost + fish emulsion) resulted in significantly higher phenolic concentrations compared with conventional fertilisation (NPK + CaNO3) under both high tunnel and open field environments. Increased phenolics were accompanied by a significant reduction in plant fresh weight and dry weight, probably due to nitrogen deficiency. However, the elevated level of phenolics in organically grown pac choi could also have been due to confounding effects of nitrogen availability, insect attack and pesticide application. A follow-up greenhouse experiment further demonstrated a significant increase in phenolic compounds and a reduction in yield with organic fertiliser (vermicompost + fish fertiliser) relative to conventional treatment (slow release inorganic fertiliser). Preventive insecticide application did not affect the phenolic levels in pac choi under either organic or conventional fertilisation. CONCLUSION: Given that higher phenolic content in pac choi was associated with low nitrogen availability and considerable yield reduction, research is needed to determine the extent to which phenolic compounds may differ in organic and conventional pac choi when nutrient levels are adjusted to produce comparable yields. Additional study is also warranted to determine the extent to which insect attack might contribute to elevated phenolic content in organic pac choi. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensitivity of a Wave Structure to Initial Conditions

Microgravity experiments aimed at quantifying effects of gentler via controlled sinusoidal forcing transmitted on the interface between two miscible liquids have shown the evolution of a quasi -stationary four-mode wave structure oriented vertically. The sensitivity of the wave structure to phase angle variation is investigated computationally. We show that a slight variation of the phase angle is sufficient to cause a bifurcation to a two-mode structure. The dependence of phase angle on wave structure is attributed to sensitivity on initial conditions due to the strong nonlinearity of the coupled field equations for the parametric space of interest.
Synthesis of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethylene via ammonia or methylamine dehydrochlorination. A bisphenol for the preparation of highly flame-resistant polycarbonates

Ammonia used as both reactant and solvent has been shown to dehydrochlorinate 1,1,1-tri-chloro-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane smoothly to 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene. The reaction is complete in 1 hr at 100°C, and after two crystallizations from methanol/water affords polymerizable quality monomer for the synthesis of highly flame-resistant polycarbonates. The use of organic solvents in combination with ammonia does not offer any rate advantages over pure ammonia. Primary and secondary amines also can be used to effect the dehydrochlorination but, except for the methylamine, are significantly less reactive and lead to less pure product than amonia.
Mass transfer in AC electrolysis part I: Theoretical analysis using a film model for sinusoidal current on a rotating hemispherical electrode

A film model is presented for the analysis of mass transfer to a rotating hemispherical electrode when sinusoidal alternating current (AC) together with direct current (DC) are flowing across the electrode surface. The concentration of a diffusing ion is separated into two independent components: a constant DC component and a periodic AC component. The DC concentration is obtained by solving the steady-state convective mass transport equation with the perturbation method. The periodic AC concentration distribution is analyzed by the solution to the one-dimensional transient diffusion equation based on the concept of Nernst diffusion layer. The limiting AC current densities corresponding to a zero surface concentration of a reactive ion are investigated for various DC current densities and AC frequencies. The resulting periodic concentration overpotential wave and its phase shift with respect to the applied AC are examined. A comparison with a previous rigorous model indicates that the film model is a good approximation to the mass transfer calculation in the regimes of a dimensionless AC frequency K = (ω/Ω)Sc1/3 greater than 2 and less than 0.01.
E. COLI 0157:H7 ‐CURRENT CONCEPTS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

The list of food-borne pathogens now includes Escherichia coli serotype 0157:H7. This previously rare E. coli serotype was first recognized in 1982 as the causative agent of outbreaks of a bloody diarrheal syndrome known as hemorrhagic colitis. Since then, infection with this organism has been described throughout North and South America and western Europe, in healthy persons and those with chronic diseases, and in all age groups. Transmission appears to be largely food-borne through foods of animal origin; person to person transmission has occurred. The hemolytic uremic syndrome occurs as a complication in approximately 10% of infected persons and may result in chronic renal failure and death. Infection with E. coli 0157:H7 appears to be increasing and strategies for prevention of disease are urgently needed for this important public health pathogen.
Guidelines for the management of adults with health care-associated pneumonia: implications for nursing facility residents.

OBJECTIVE To review the implications for nursing facility residents of the 2005 American Thoracic Society (ATS)/Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines for the Management of Adults with Health Care-Associated Pneumonia. DATA SOURCE A MEDLINE/PUBMED search (1986-February 2006) was conducted to identify pertinent studies of health care associated pneumonia acquired in the nursing facility setting (formerly called nursing home-acquired pneumonia) in the English language. Additional references were obtained from the bibliographies of these studies. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All studies evaluating any aspect of nursing home-acquired pneumonia. DATA SYNTHESIS Careful review of these guidelines will reveal a failure of the ATS/IDSA committee members to review the large published database available in the field of nursing home-acquired pneumonia. In addition, the committee was devoid of representation from experts in this field. As a result, these guidelines are applicable only to nursing facility residents admitted to the hospital. For the vast majority of nursing facility residents, these guidelines are problematic. The use of invasive means to acquire respiratory tract secretions for culture and susceptibility testing in the nursing facility setting is just not possible. Few facilities are able to manage residents with the two-, three-, or four-drug combination intravenous therapies recommended. As a result of these realities, all residents of nursing facilities with suspected pneumonia would be forced into hospital for diagnostic workup and at least initial empiric therapy if the guidelines were followed "to the letter." The guidelines do not even discuss the issue of site of treatment and how to select residents for outpatient (i.e., infacility) versus inpatient (i.e., in-hospital) management. Infacility management mandated by advanced directives is not even considered by the guidelines. CONCLUSION There does exist a database upon which the clinician can make informed decisions about likely pathogens, the probability that the resident actually has bacterial pneumonia, objective parameters suggesting the need for hospitalization for initial management, and guidance on when to initiate antimicrobial therapy, and which agent(s) to use. These issues are summarized here, and alternative, evidence-based, practical recommendations for the management of nursing home-acquired pneumonia are outlined.
High-speed no-moving-parts optical coherence tomography system

Dynamic tissue analysis using real-time measurements can lead to advanced diagnostics, particularly where processes evolve with time. We introduce a no moving parts optical coherence tomography (OCT) system that rapidly acquires sample data at a microseconds/data point sampling rate. The basic principle relies on using acousto-optic or Bragg cell devices. The proposed OCT system has attractive features of an acousto- optic scanning heterodyne interferometer and an acousto-optic variable optical delay line (ODL) operating in reflective mode. Experiments described demonstrate our high speed acousto-optically tuned optical scanning probe concept where optical delay lines can be selected a sub-microsecond speeds.
Hulling-separating cottonseed without delintering

Saw delintering of cottonseed is coming increasingly into disfavor for several environment and economic reasons. Hulling of undelintered seed would facilitate control of the environmental problems. This process has been estimated to require considerably less energy than saw delintering; therefore, it may become increasingly attractive for this reason. This is a description of experimental, pilot-plant-scale hulling-separating of underlintered seed and the pelleting and baling of the fuzzy hulls. A method is described which has been used to estimate the additional machinery needed to convert a mill from hulling delintered seed to hulling undelintered seed.
In vitro hepatitis B virus suppression of erythropoiesis is dependent on the multiplicity of infection and is reversible with anti-HBs antibodies

Abstract Exposure of human bone marrow mononuclear cells to hepatitis B virus results in the suppression of the in vitro growth of several hematopoietic progenitor cells. We studied the degree of inhibition of erythroid progenitor cells that results as a function of the time of exposure of mononuclear cells to hepatitis B virus and the ratio of virus to mononuclear cells, the multiplicity of infection. With an overnight incubation of mononuclear cells with hepatitis B virus-containing sera, a multiplicity of infection of greater than one virus per mononuclear cell is required to observe significant inhibition of erythroid colony formation. This multiplicity of infection effect is also observed with purified Dane particles. Exposure of mononuclear cells to an increasing number of Dane particles results in a dose-dependent suppression of erythroid colony formation with significant inhibition observed with a multiplicity of infection of virus to mononuclear cells as low as 5:1. Murine monoclonal antibodies to HBsAg completely neutralize the hepatitis B virus-mediated inhibition of CFU-E while control antibodies do not. Purified HBsAg has no effect on colony formation. In conclusion, the hepatitis B virus-mediated inhibition of erythrogenesis in vitro provides a basis for understanding the bone marrow depression observed during hepatitis B virus infections and may provide an in vitro model for examining hepatitis B virus infection.
Brief Report: Linking Early Joint Attention and Play Abilities to Later Reports of Friendships for Children with ASD.

This study examined the influence of early joint attention and play in children with autism on child- and parent-reported friendship quality 5 years later. Initially, children participated in developmental, joint attention, and play measures. At follow-up (age 8–9), parents and children completed the Friendship Qualities Scale (Bukowski et al. in J Soc Personal Relatsh 11:471–484, 1994) rating the child’s friendship on companionship, help, security, closeness, and conflict. Parents and children described their children’s friendships similarly except children’s ratings were significantly higher than their parents on companionship. Children with better joint attention at age three reported their friendships to have higher closeness and lower conflict. Children with better initial play reported greater helpfulness. This study provides preliminary evidence linking early core abilities to later friendship qualities.
Bridging the Gap in Computer Security Warnings: A Mental Model Approach

Computer security warnings are intended to protect users and their computers. However, research suggests that these warnings might be largely ineffective because they're frequently ignored. The authors describe a mental model interview study designed to gain insight into how advanced and novice computer users perceive and respond to computer warnings. Developers can leverage the approaches of advanced users to design more effective warnings for novice users.
Novel Biomarkers of Arterial and Venous Ischemia in Microvascular Flaps

The field of reconstructive microsurgery is experiencing tremendous growth, as evidenced by recent advances in face and hand transplantation, lower limb salvage after trauma, and breast reconstruction. Common to all of these procedures is the creation of a nutrient vascular supply by microsurgical anastomosis between a single artery and vein. Complications related to occluded arterial inflow and obstructed venous outflow are not uncommon, and can result in irreversible tissue injury, necrosis, and flap loss. At times, these complications are challenging to clinically determine. Since early intervention with return to the operating room to re-establish arterial inflow or venous outflow is key to flap salvage, the accurate diagnosis of early stage complications is essential. To date, there are no biochemical markers or serum assays that can predict these complications. In this study, we utilized a rat model of flap ischemia in order to identify the transcriptional signatures of venous congestion and arterial ischemia. We found that the critical ischemia time for the superficial inferior epigastric fasciocutaneus flap was four hours and therefore performed detailed analyses at this time point. Histolgical analysis confirmed significant differences between arterial and venous ischemia. The transcriptome of ischemic, congested, and control flap tissues was deciphered by performing Affymetrix microarray analysis and verified by qRT-PCR. Principal component analysis revealed that arterial ischemia and venous congestion were characterized by distinct transcriptomes. Arterial ischemia and venous congestion was characterized by 408 and 1536>2-fold differentially expressed genes, respectively. qRT-PCR was used to identify five candidate genes Prol1, Muc1, Fcnb, Il1b, and Vcsa1 to serve as biomarkers for flap failure in both arterial ischemia and venous congestion. Our data suggests that Prol1 and Vcsa1 may be specific indicators of venous congestion and allow clinicians to both diagnose and successfully treat microvascular complications before irreversible tissue damage and flap loss occurs.
Reactivity of active sites of chymotrypsin suspended in an organic medium

Crystalline chymotrypsin has been found to be catalytically active as a suspension in methylene chloride. Diphenyl carbamyl chloride and m-nitrobenzenesulfonyl fluoride, irreversible inhibitors of chymotrypsin in aqueous solution, reacted with the suspended enzyme, leading to progressive inactivation with time.
The Whys and Wherefores of Statistics in Carcinogenicity Testing

The whys and wherefores of statistics for the animal carcinogenicity experiments are inherent in the experimental design of the bioassay. The lifetime and high dose components of the bioassay cause the use of survival adjusted statistical methods and are the whys of statistics. The wherefores of statistics are the methods of survival adjustment and the assumptions needed for the statistical analyses. Some of the necessary statistical assumptions are not biologically tenable. In addition, univariate p-values computed by statistical methods, such as Peto's have to be adjusted for the multiplicity of organs/tissues examined for each animal.
Aerodynamics of a Transitioning Turbine Stator Over a Range of Reynolds Numbers

Midspan aerodynamic measurements for a three vane-four passage linear turbine vane cascade are given. The vane axial chord was 4.45 cm. Surface pressures and loss coefficients were measured at exit Mach numbers of 0.3, 0.7, and 0.9. Reynolds number was varied by a factor of six at the two highest Mach numbers, and by a factor of ten at the lowest Mach number. Measurements were made with and without a turbulence grid. Inlet turbulence intensities were less than I% and greater than IO%. Length scales were also measured. Pressurized air fed the test section, and exited to a low pressure exhaust system. Maximum inlet pressure was two atmospheres. The minimum inlet pressure for an exit Mach number of 0.9 was one-third of an atmosphere, and at a Mach number of 0.3, the minimum pressure was half this value. The purpose of the test was to provide data for verification of turbine vane aerodynamic analyses, especially at low Reynolds numbers. Predictions obtained using a Navier-Stokes analysis with an algebraic turbulence model are also given.
Linking and querying genomic datasets using natural language

The association of experimental data with domain knowledge expressed in ontologies facilitates information aggregation, meaningful querying and knowledge discovery to aid in the process of analyzing the extensive amount of interconnected data available for genome projects. TcruziKB is an ontology-driven problem solving system to describe and provide access to the data available for a traditional genome database for the parasite Trypanosoma Cruzi. The problem solving environment enables many advanced search and information presentation features that enable complex queries that would be difficult, if not impossible, to execute without semantic enhancements. However the problem solving features do not only improve the quality of the information retrieved but also reduces the strain on the user by improving usability over the standard system.
Identification of a Ship or Submarine from its Magnetic Signature

The relationship between the measured time fluctuations of the ambient magnetic field due to the passage of a ship or submarine and the characteristic magnetization properties of this vessel are derived. This relationship would be useful in identifying or classifying ships and submarines according to their magnetization properties.
Gröbner bases, monomial group actions, and the Cox rings of Del Pezzo surfaces

Abstract We introduce the notion of monomial group action and study some of its consequences for Grobner basis theory. As an application we prove a conjecture of V. Batyrev and O. Popov describing the Cox rings of Del Pezzo surfaces (of degree ⩾3) as quotients of a polynomial ring by an ideal generated by quadrics.
Parental coping with childhood food allergies

Abstract Rationale Food allergies affect up to 8% of children. Childhood food allergy can create parental anxiety and alter family dynamics. A better understanding of the extent of this problem is important for developing improved educational and support methods for these families. Methods Questionnaires were distributed to parents attending a private allergy office (n=135) or a food allergy support group (n=155). In addition to demographic data, the questionnaires contained 20 questions relating to parental coping. Three open-ended questions were also asked regarding strengths and weaknesses of attending lectures on food allergies. Results 290 questionnaires were completed. The average age of the children was 5.8 years (0.25-18 yo); 70% were male, 30% female. 94% of parents reported thinking about their children's allergies daily, although it did not have a significant impact on their sleep and did not impair their family's functioning. More parents feared for their child's safety because of food allergies than riding in a car. The majority of parents actively sought information on food allergies, including reading books and attending lectures on food allergy. Most felt they had support from spouses and extended families. Most parents did not feel that their child's psychological or social development was affected by the food allergies. Conclusions While most parents in this survey think about their children's food allergies frequently, most actively seek information on food allergies and appear to be reassured by this information. Availability of educational material and support groups is an important aspect of improving the care of children with food allergy.
Structure and property of recrystallized high-energy-electron-irradiated P(VDF-TrFE)

A study of recrystallization on high-energy electron irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] copolymer with composition 65/35 mol% is reported in this paper. Electron irradiated copolymer P(VDF-TrFE) exhibits a high electromechanical performance that is attractive for many applications. The structure and morphology of the recrystallized samples were determined using DSC, X-ray diffraction and FTIR. The polarization behavior of the recrystallized samples was also studied. The nonpolar phase content in the recrystallized samples was much lower than that in the irradiated samples. For irradiated samples that exhibited the best electromechanical performance, the corresponding recrystallized material had a high polar phase content, correspondingly a high remanent polarization was observed. For samples irradiated with higher doses, which have low polarization levels, after recrystallization the material exhibited a much higher polarization level with a very small remanent polarization, an attractive combination for many electromechanical applications.
An immunohistochemical study of a carcinoma of the parotid gland exhibiting both ductal and acinic cell differentiation

A 76-year-old man underwent a subtotal parotidectomy for removal of a 3 cm. multicystic mass. The tumor was a salivary gland carcinoma, with both infiltrating and intraductal/intra-acinar components, exhibiting three histologic patterns: cribriform, papillary, and comedo-like. Immunohistochemical stain for keratin by the immunoperoxidase technique was strongly reactive in the vast majority of the tumor cells, indicating ductal differentiation of the tumor. Ultrastructural studies indicated primarily ductal differentiation of the tumor cells, with additional areas of acinous and myoepithelial differentiation.
A new approach for measuring wage ignorance in the labor market

Abstract In this article we offer a new econometric approach to the evaluation of information content within labor markets. We define ignorance as the difference between the wage (price) individuals earn (pay) with full information and the wage (price) they actually receive (pay) given their limited information stocks, and we make use of a frontier production function approach to measure ignorance for various markets. Our empirical results are highly consistent with the analytical results in six areas of search theory. Furthermore, our results suggest a new interpretation of the role of unions.
BRANCHED-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS : THE CASE FOR A NOVEL FORM OF CELL-CELL SIGNALLING DURING MYXOCOCCUS XANTHUS DEVELOPMENT

Summary The esg locus is required for the formation of muiti-cellular fruiting bodies and spores by the developmental bacterium Myxococcus xanthus Studies have suggested that esg mutants are defective in the production of an essential signal (E-signal) used in cell-cell communication and that E-signalling is required for the expression of many developmental genes. Recently we have determined that the esg locus encodes components of a branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase. a multienzyme complex involved in branched-chain amino acid metabolism in many bacteria and higher organisms. During vegetative growth in M. xanthus. this enzyme complex appears to participate in the production of the branched-chain fatty acids found in this organism. M. xanthus fatty acids (including the branched-chain fatty acids) have been observed to have a variety of effects on developing cells. These effects include; (i) the lysis of M. xanthus cells (autocide activity), (ii) acceleration of the rate of sporulation and (iii) rescue of sporulation by certain development-defective mutants. These and other results suggest a model in which the branched-chain fatty acids. Synthesized during growth, are released from cellular phospholipid by a developmentally regulated phospholipase during fruiting-body formation. This model proposes that one or more of the branched-chain fatty acids that are released constitutes the E-signal which must be transmitted between cells to complete M. xanthus development.