cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct vesicle-vesicle exchange of phospholipids mediated by polymyxin B.

Abstract Direct and rapid intermembrane exchange of phospholipids without fusion is shown to occur across stable vesicle-vesicle contacts formed by stoichiometric amounts of polymyxin B. The exchange is selective for monoanionic, but not dianionic, glycerophospholipids irrespective of their chain length or phase properties. Selective transfer mediated by protein contacts between membranes could serve as a model for stable fusion intermediates and provide a structural and organizational basis for direct phospholipid transfer as implicated in entry of enveloped viruses, secretion, endocytosis, and intracellular transport and targetting of lipids. It is also proposed that the loss of the specificity of phospholipid composition in the inner and outer membranes of gram negative bacteria mediated by polymyxin B could be the basis for its bactericidal action.
Does neighbourhood composition modify the association between acculturation and unhealthy dietary behaviours

Objective Studies have shown that immigrants’ acculturation is associated with numerous unhealthy behaviours. Yet, the role of environmental factors in modifying the effect of acculturation on health behaviours has received little attention. This study aims to create a more nuanced understanding of the health effects of acculturation by examining how neighbourhood immigrant composition modifies the association between individuals’ eating patterns and acculturation. Methods Cross-sectional Data from Los Angeles County Health Survey 2007 adult sample were linked to data on retail food establishments and US Census 2000 neighbourhood characteristics. Acculturation was measured by language spoken at home and years stayed in the US. Eating fast food more than once per week and eating zero serving of fruit or vegetables during the previous day were used as proxy indicators for unhealthy dietary behaviour. Multilevel logistic regression models were performed in the full sample and in the sample with only Latino adults. Results Immigrants’ lack of acculturation and living in a neighbourhood with a high percentage immigrants were associated with healthier dietary behaviour. We also identified that lack of acculturation conveyed a significantly stronger protective effect on regular fast-food consumption for immigrants living in neighbourhoods with higher percentage immigrants (OR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.93). Conclusions Among immigrants in Los Angeles County, living in a neighbourhood with a high density of other immigrants attenuates the negative effects of acculturation on healthy eating behaviours. Healthy eating promotion efforts should build on this protective effect in outreach to acculturating immigrant communities.
Troubles with Plantinga’s Reading of Millikan

The last section of Alvin Plantinga’s paper ‘‘Content and Natural Selection’’ (this Journal, LXXXIII No.2, 435–58, September 2011) argues that on my account of teleosemantics, there could be no such thing as a belief with the content that God does not exist, hence no belief in a fully naturalized theory of mind, hence, for example, no belief in teleosemantics. There are a number of ways in which Plantinga’s interpretation departs very far from my actual position on language, thought and, more specifically, on teleosemantics. I cannot present my positive views on these matters again here, but I would like to say what some of my views are not. First, teleosemantics is a theory about extensional or referential terms and about the representational aspect of mental attitudes only. Many adjectives, nouns and verbs are not extensional but survive in the language for other reasons. Similarly, it is not the function of every indicative sentence to express or produce a descriptive belief. Sentences containing evaluative terms, semantic terms and modal terms, also sentences in mathematics and logic are fairly obvious cases. Sentences asserting existence or nonexistence and sentences asserting identity are other examples. According to my Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories (1984), the function of ‘‘God does not exist,’’ for instance, would not be to express a belief, a representation that maps onto the world, but to shelve a concept. ‘‘Teleosemantics,’’ on my interpretation, has nothing to say about cases of this sort. The theory of empirical concepts, introduced in LTOBC and further developed, for example, in On Clear and Confused Ideas (2000) and (Millikan 2010), does, however, have a lot to say about such cases. A central theme of all of these essays is the rejection of ‘‘meaning rationalism,’’ the view that we know a priori what we mean—indeed,
Imaging the Depth-Dependent Anisotropies in Articular Cartilage by Multidisciplinary Microscopies (μMRI, PLM, FTIRI)

The purpose of this study is to correlate the depth-dependent anisotropic information in articular cartilage from multidisciplinary high-resolution imaging techniques, including microscopic MRI (μMRI), polarized light microscopy (PLM) and Fourier-transform infrared imaging (FTIRI). Each imaging technique can produce an anisotropy map of the tissue based on a unique physical mechanism: nuclear dipole interaction in magnetic resonance, molecular bond orientation in infrared, and optical birefringence in polarized light. We show that the standard deviation profiles for both IR and T2 anisotropics in articular cartilage have several distinct features that are common to the retardation profiles from PLM, all of them characterize the randomness of the collagen fibril network, which is a key parameter for the healthy status of the tissue.
AMP Activated Protein Kinase 2 Protection During Hypertension-Induced Hypertrophy A Common Mediator in the Signaling Crossroads

Hypertension-induced pressure overload causes concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, which may induce arrhythmias or ultimately lead to congestive heart failure.1 Indeed, hypertension is a leading cause of heart failure in the United States.2 The cardiac response to pressure loading involves the intersection of multiple hypertrophic and metabolic signaling pathways. In cardiac myocytes, the major energy sensor is AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is activated by increased ratios of AMP to ATP to turn off protein synthesis and to turn on the energy conservation mode. In this issue of Hypertension , Zhang et al3 examine the role of AMPKα2 in mediating cardiac hypertrophy. Using AMPKα2 null mice, they demonstrate that pressure overload (induced by 3 weeks of transverse aortic constriction) amplified the hypertrophic and fibrotic responses and further depressed cardiac function when compared with wild-type controls. Although AMPK is ubiquitously expressed, concentrations of it are highest in skeletal and cardiac muscle. In cardiac myocytes, AMPKα2 is the dominant α catalytic subunit that complexes with 2 regulatory subunits (β and γ) to form the AMPK trimer. AMPK regulates fatty acid synthesis by phosphorylation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase to block malonyl-coenzyme A production. In addition, AMPK acts as a metabolic stress sensor in response to factors that limit fuel source, including hypoxia. Previous work has shown the following: (1) AMPK activity increases in pressure overload hypertrophy4; (2) long-term activation of AMPK attenuates cardiac hypertrophy induced by aortic …
Seasonal variation and predictors of epistaxis.

Objectives/Hypothesis To examine the incidence of epistaxis as a function of season and age and to determine predictors of episodes within the epistaxis patient population presenting to a tertiary hospital system. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Electronic medical record charts of patients presenting to the Northwestern Emergency Department, admitted to an inpatient ward, or seen in an outpatient setting between 2008 and 2012 were reviewed and selected for an International Classifications of Disease-Ninth Revision epistaxis code of 784.7. Season of presentation, demographic factors (age, race, gender, insurance status), medication use (including anticoagulants and topical nasal steroid administration), and several comorbidities were analyzed as potential predictors of episodes. Results A total of 2,405 patients were identified with a total of 3,666 individual epistaxis episodes over 5 years. Multivariate analysis identified allergic rhinitis (AR), chronic sinusitis (CRS), coagulopathy, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), hematologic malignancy, and hypertension (HTN) as predictors of a higher number of cases. Epistaxis occurred more frequently during colder months and in older patients. Conclusions Epistaxis occurs more commonly during the winter and in older patients. AR, CRS, coagulopathy, HHT, hematologic malignancy, and HTN are associated with increased epistaxis incidence. Level of Evidence 2b. Laryngoscope, 124:2028–2033, 2014
Sources of Uncertainty in Shear Stress and Roughness Length Estimates Derived from Velocity Profiles

Shear stress is a fundamental parameter in many sediment transport expressions. It is commonly estimated from information contained in the velocity profile, specifically, shear velocity, u ∗, and roughness length, z 0 Under ideal conditions, the functional relationship between elevation above the bed and flow velocity is log-linear, as expressed by the “law of the wall.” Unless the field data conform exactly to this ideal relationship, there is uncertainty in estimates of u ∗ and z 0. derived from velocity profiles. This uncertainty depends on the degree of scatter or deviation from the assumed log-linear model. Expressions are presented to quantify the error and to correct for it. Guidelines are suggested to minimize potential uncertainty, especially with regard to instrument deployment and velocity profile analysis. Calculation of confidence intervals around estimates of u ∗ and z 0, as proposed by Wilkinson (1984), is necessary and recommended.
In-situ maintenance of low-Z limiters in reactors

Abstract The primary engineering problems associated with pump limiter designs are related to the high erosion rates on material exposed to the plasma and the resulting plasma contamination. A model is developed based on sputtering, including motion of ions in the scrape-off region, to show that redeposition of sputtered material reduces effective erosion rates considerably. The addition of material in the edge region can, in principle, reduce the net erosion to zero.
Regulation of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte, Macrophage, and Platelet Function

During the past decade, cyclic AMP (cAMP) has been considered to be the principal intracellular regulator or modulator of biological function. Recent advances in the fields of cyclic nucleotides and biological regulation have made it clear, however, that a second cyclic nucleotide, cyclic GMP (cGMP), serves an important, and perhaps obligatory, function in the bioregulation of cellular processes (Goldberg et al., 1973a, b). Following the initial demonstrations of cGMP in mammalian urine and tissues (Ashman et al., 1963; Goldberg et al., 1969; Ishikawa et al., 1969), George et al. (1970) provided the first insight as to the possible importance of endogenous cGMP in biological function by demonstrating that the decrease in cardiac contractility mediated by acetylcholine (ACh) is associated with a concomitant and rapid accumulation of cardiac cGMP. Since these initial studies on the heart, numerous reports on the role of cGMP in biological regulatory mechanisms have appeared.
Epidemiologic and Statistical Methods for Comparative Effectiveness Research

Observational methods are evolving in response to the widespread availability of data from clinical registries, electronic health records, and administrative databases. These approaches will never eliminate the need for randomized trials, but clearly have a role in evaluating the effect of therapies in unselected populations treated in routine practice.
Validation of Component-Based Software with a Customer Centric Domain Level Approach

End user testing for higher-order software compliance becomes an issue of increasing importance with compositional reuse of software artifacts. Few if any existing approaches discuss the validation of higher-order domain aspects in this context. The proposed method derives testable validation scenarios directly from a customer domain model by abstraction, reduction and inclusion for critical coverage. The resulting branch-free validation scenarios are used as references to validate suppliers' software specifications against. Advantages of the method are first the embedding into a clear business model, second test oracles that originate from the business domains and thus are independent from models within the software development process, and third the early availability of validation results in the development cycle, before the software itself is available
Evaluation of the Be Poison Smart! poison prevention intervention.

Background. Most poisonings to young children are preventable if parents/caregivers receive proper education and professional guidance. The Be Poison Smart!® (BPS) (http://www.bepoisonsmart.com) train-the-trainer intervention was designed to reach healthcare, education, and social service providers who impart the BPS message to parents/caregivers of young children. Methods. Using the “Do You Know How to Be Poison Smart!®?” Evaluation Tool, service providers and parents/caregivers were assessed pre- and 6 weeks post-BPS intervention to determine changes in poison prevention knowledge and poison prevention behaviors. The dependent variables were pre-post differences in total poison prevention knowledge score and in total poison prevention behaviors score. Data were analyzed descriptively and using one-way ANCOVA. Effect sizes were also calculated. Results. Post-test response rates were 28.7% for the service providers (146 out of 509) and 12.4% for parents/caregivers (68 out of 549). The mean knowledge score...
Silicon-germanium base heterojunction bipolar transistors by molecular beam epitaxy

The devices were fabricated using molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE), low-temperature processing, and germanium concentrations of 0, 6%, and 12%. The transistors demonstrate current gain, and show the expected increase in collector current as a result of reduced bandgap due to Ge incorporation in the base. For a 1000-AA base device containing 12% Ge, a six-times increase in collector current was measured at room temperature, while a 1000-times increase was observed to 90 K. The temperature dependence of the collector current of the Si/sub 0.88/Ge/sub 0.12/ base transistor is consistent with a bandgap shrinkage in the base of 50 meV. For the homojunction transistors, base widths as thin as 800 AA were grown, corresponding to a neutral base width of no more than 400 AA. >
High-Energy Two-Body to Three-Body Vector Meson Scattering in a Yang-Mills Theory

The leading real part of the inelastic two-body-to-three-body scattering amplitude is calculated in the high-energy limit with fixed momentum transfer for vector mesons interacting through a Yang-Mills field. The calculation is carried out to all orders of the coupling constant, and the resulting series is then summed to give a Regge-pole term.
Business Stealing And Bankruptcy

Mankiw and Whinston (1986) demonstrated that increased competition does not necessarily raise welfare when firms incur entry costs. Bankruptcy courts could have a role in discouraging overinvestment by their enforcement of financial contracts. The courts can move a homogenous goods industry closer to the social optimum by lowering the debt capacity and thereby increasing the taxable income of potential entrants. Further, it has been shown that exit is often insufficient in homogenous goods industries. This paper considers how bankruptcy courts can sometimes increase ex post social surplus by shutting down positive net present value firms.
Emerging Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Over the last several decades, Neisseria gonorrhoeae has sequentially developed resistance to the agents recommended by the CDC and the Public Health Service for the treatment of gonorrhea. During the 1970s and through the 1990s, penicillin, tetracyclines, and the fluoroquinolones were recommended and subsequently removed as the therapy of choice for gonorrhea, leaving intramuscular ceftriaxone and the oral cephalosporin cefixime as the sole agents recommended for treatment of gonorrhea in 2010. In the late 1990s, treatment failures following oral cefixime therapy were recognized in Japan and the Far East, and subsequently, cefixime treatment failures were reported from the United Kingdom, Europe, and the United States. Gonococcal isolates from these cases showed diminished susceptibility to both cefixime and ceftriaxone, and molecular studies have shown that N. gonorrhoeae isolates with elevated cephalosporin MICs have genetic alterations primarily in the chromosomal penA gene, which encodes penicillin-binding protein 2. The altered proteins bind cephalosporins less efficiently, and isolates phenotypically demonstrate diminished cephalosporin susceptibility and elevated cefixime and ceftriaxone MICs. The penA alleles in these strains have a “mosaic” composition, as they contain nucleic acid sequences that were acquired from commensal Neisseria species. The strains also have genetic alterations in several other chromosomal loci that contribute to incremental cephalosporin resistance. With the utility of extended-spectrum cephalosporins for gonorrhea treatment being threatened, older agents (e.g., gentamicin and ertapenem) and newly developed antimicrobials (e.g., solithromycin) are now being evaluated as possible treatment options. The CDC has issued guidelines for the public health response to the emergence of cephalosporin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. This plan includes improvements in gonococcal surveillance, identification by clinicians of “probable” and “suspected” treatment failures, the re-establishment of culture-based testing, and the timely performance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing on isolates obtained from treatment failures. Potential problems central to implementation of the response plan are also addressed.
A Two-Parameter Trigonometric Series

00 B. Given a trigonometric series Ek=l (Ak cos kx + Bk sin kx), find a function f (x) such that the given trigonometric series is its Fourier series (then we can find the sum of the given trigonometric series). Upon learning the theory of Fourier series, we know questions of type A are straightforward but questions of type B are not, for a given trigonometric series may not even be a Fourier series, as
Synthesis of (dppe)Pt(μ3-S)2{Ru(N)Me2}2, (dppe)Pt(μ3-S)2{Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)2}2, and Related Heterometallic Complexes

The trimethylsilanethiolate complexes of the platinum triad metals (dppe)M(SSiMe3)2 (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) and (COD)Pt(SSiMe3)2 were prepared by the reaction of NaSSiMe3 with (dppe)MCl2 or (COD)PtI2. The...
The Courtship of Musca Species Found in North America. 2. the Face Fly, Musca autumnalis, and a Comparison

Male face flies, Musca autumnalis DeGeer, perform a ritualized courtship behavior after contacting a potential mate. The ritual includes: orientation, landing, fencing with the hindlegs, head lapping, head touching, boxing, backing, genital orientation, genital contact, and copulation. The ritual, through backing, is extremely fast and complicated. Several elements occur simultaneously. This part of the courtship lasts only 1–2 sec. The role of the female in courtship is minor. However, the female does control whether or not copulation occurs. Homosexual activities of the males of this species, variations in the courtship ritual, and comparisons with a similar study on Musca domestica L., demonstrate that although vision may initiate courtship, contact chemoreception probably aids in identifying conspecific mates once contact has been made. A comparison of the courtship rituals of the house fly and face fly indicate that the primary differences in their courtship behavior are of form and emphasis. This comparison and a discussion of the microevolution of the mating behavior patterns of these 2 species are presented.
Beyond DADT repeal: Transgender evolution within the U.S. military

ABSTRACTWe present a revelatory case study that investigated the effects of an open gender transition within a U.S. military organization. The research subject, a retired military officer and civil servant, made an open gender transition while remaining in the same job with the same chain of command and within the same organization. Relying on extensive interview data, we analyze the effect of how an open gender transition impacted an active-duty military unit during a 2-year period (2012–2014) prior to the Department of Defense's 2015 decision to pursue open inclusion of transgender men and women in the U.S. armed forces.
Stem cell reprogramming: A 3D boost

Biophysical factors in an optimized three-dimensional microenvironment enhance the reprogramming efficiency of human somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells when compared to traditional cell-culture substrates.
Negative relationship between blood concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone and testicular size in mature boars.

Relationships between blood concentration of FSH and testicular size and daily sperm production were evaluated with data obtained from five studies originally designed to investigate regulation of FSH secretion in Meishan (MS), White composite (WC), and crossbreds of these. A minimum of three blood samples/boar were obtained at greater than 4-d intervals for determination of FSH, and testes were obtained at castration or slaughter. In a random sample of boars, FSH was fivefold greater (P < .01) in MS than in WC boars (n = 22/group). Daily sperm production (DSP)/gram of testis (estimated by counting elongated spermatid nuclei in testicular homogenates) was similar in the groups, but testicular weight (TWT), adjusted for body weight, was less (P < .01) in MS than in WC, yielding lower total daily sperm production (TDSP; P < .05) in MS boars. In four populations (one with MS, one with WC, and two with crossbreds; n = 34 males), boars were selected for extremes in FSH concentrations from larger groups. Across all populations, a threefold greater plasma FSH concentration was associated with a 32% smaller TWT (P < .01). Coincident with increased FSH, TDSP was 33% less (P < .05). In 48 MS x WC boars that were selected for divergence in plasma FSH during pubertal development (4 to 6 mo of age), this divergence was retained at 1 yr (P < .01). Retrospectively, the divergence in FSH was also apparent at 2 and 8 wk of age (P < .05), and the boars with elevated FSH had smaller testicles, lower DSP, and lower TDSP (P < .01). These studies document a negative relationship in mature boars between FSH secretion and testicular size accompanied with decreased TDSP.
Recommendations meet web browsing: enhancing collaborative filtering using internet browsing logs

Collaborative filtering (CF) recommendation systems are one of the most popular and successful methods for recommending products to people. CF systems work by finding similarities between different people according to their past purchases, and using these similarities to suggest possible items of interest. In this work we show that CF systems can be enhanced using Internet browsing data and search engine query logs, both of which represent a rich profile of individuals' interests.
Prognostic enrichment design in clinical trials for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: the HALT-PKD clinical trial.

Background Patients with mild autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) are less likely to be informative in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). We previously developed an imaging classification of ADPKD (typical diffuse cyst distribution Class 1A-E and atypical cyst distribution Class 2) for prognostic enrichment design in RCTs. We investigated whether using this classification would have increased the power to detect a beneficial treatment effect of rigorous blood pressure (BP) control on HALT-PKD participants with early disease (Study A). Methods Post hoc analysis of the early disease HALT-PKD study, an RCT that studied the effect of rigorous versus standard BP control on rates of total kidney volume (TKV) increase and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline in ADPKD patients with eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Results Five hundred and fifty-one patients were classified by two observers (98.2% agreement) into Class 1A (6.2%), 1B (20.3%), 1C (34.1%), 1D (22.1%), 1E (11.8%) and 2 (5.4%). The TKV increase and eGFR decline became steeper from Class 1A through 1E. Rigorous BP control had been shown to be associated with slower TKV increase, without a significant overall effect on the rate of eGFR decline (faster in the first 4 months and marginally slower thereafter). Merging Classes 1A and 2 (lowest severity), 1B and 1C (intermediate severity) and 1D and 1E (highest severity) detected stronger beneficial effects on TKV increase and eGFR decline in Class 1D and E with a smaller number of patients. Conclusions Strategies for prognostic enrichment, such as image classification, should be used in the design of RCTs for ADPKD to increase their power and reduce their cost.
A Public Health of Consequence: Let's Ask About Who Benefits.

An editorial is presented which addresses the author's views about the work of public health researchers in America and the concept of a public health of consequence as of 2017, and it mentions an effort to determine whether public health interventions benefit everyone equally. Population health management is assessed, along with a hypothetical intervention aimed at improving collective efficacy and reducing violent victimization in New York, New York's neighborhoods.
Control of Crystallinity in Polymer Extrusion Processes

Abstract Crystallinity distribution in extruded PP sheet is controlled for the steady state operating conditions. The steady state controller design problem is viewed as an inverse heat transfer problem where the desired crystallinity distribution is specified and the task of the controller is to determine the boundary conditions in order to establish the desired distribution.
Water Content and Metabolic Organization in Anhydrobiotic Animals

Fluctuation in cellular water content is a universal problem confronting both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Subfreezing temperatures, desiccating conditions prevalent in xeric climates, and the osmotic variation seen in aqueous habitats are common environmental occurrences that can pose severe problems of water stress (Yancey et al. 1982). Both the extent and nature of energy metabolism can be profoundly influenced by changes in cell-associated water, and this topic has been a focus of our laboratory over the last several years.
Organizational Tie (De)activation During Crisis

Communication ties afford access to valuable information and resources, but obtaining these advantages requires the effort of forming and maintaining those ties. Preserving a balance between tie benefits and tie costs is essential for members of organizations that require coordination and continuous communication to execute complex tasks. Disrupted task environments exacerbate the challenge of maintaining this balance by 1) increasing the communication load necessary for efficient task execution and 2) increasing the cognitive load necessary for any one individual to carry out his/her duties. In this paper we examine email communication within a military organization performing multifaceted, interdependent tasks prior to and during a crisis event. Using a dynamic model of the evolving communication network, we assess how structural, individual, and tie-based attributes influence one's decision to preserve or dissolve outbound ties and either enhance or degrade an individual's appeal as a communication partner. We find evidence of outbound tie dissolution, particularly among those whose roles or knowledge suggest they would have important information to share, although we also find preservation of strategically valuable ties. The discrepancy between patterns of outbound and inbound tie dissolution suggests that active and passive ties may be subject to differential pressures towards preservation or dissolution.
Location identification of distribution network events using synchrophasor data

This paper proposes a novel method to identify the location of events in power distribution systems. An event is defined broadly here to include a change in state of a switch, a change in voltage, in form of a sag or swell, etc. The proposed method is developed based on the compensation theorem in circuit theory to generate an equivalent circuit according to the pre-event and post-event feeder states. To such aim, the post-event voltage deviations from pre-event values are assumed to be measured by distribution-level phasor measurement units, a.k.a, micro-PMUs. Importantly, we consider the fact that it is neither economic nor necessary to measure every node's voltage deviation along the feeder to find the source and location of the event. In fact, we utilize data from as few as only two micro-PMUs, that are installed at the beginning and at the end of the feeder, to identify the location of an event. The rest of the information collected from the feeder is in form of pseudo-measurements. Despite the natural inaccuracy in pseudo-measurements, the proposed hybrid method is robust against the pseudo-measurements error. The effectiveness of the developed method is demonstrated through simulating the IEEE 33 bus test system in PSCAD.
ATXN2 antisense therapy improves SCA2 mouse motor and Purkinje cell electrophysiological phenotypes. (S17.001)

Objective: Testing of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy for lowering ATXN2 expression and modification of the motor and electrophysiological phenotypes of two SCA2 mouse models. Background: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is caused by CAG repeat expansion in the ATXN2 gene resulting in polyglutamine expanded ATXN2 protein and pathogenic gain of toxic function. Design/Methods: SCA2 mice were treated by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ASOs. Motor phenotypes were determined by rotarod testing, cerebellar molecular phenotypes were determined by qPCR, and PC firing frequencies (FFs) were determined by extracellular recordings in acute cerebellar slices. Results: Both ATXN2-Q127 mice and BAC-ATXN2-Q72 mice exhibit progressive age-dependent rotarod phenotypes. Symptomatic ATXN2-Q127 mice treated ICV with ASO7 at 8 wks of age had a significantly improved rotarod performance at 18 weeks of age vs. saline treated control mice (n=15, P Conclusions: A single treatment of ASO7 lowered ATXN2 expression resulting in restoration of PC FF even well after onset of SCA2 mouse motor phenotype and significantly improved the rotarod phenotype in both mouse models. Study Supported by: Supported by NIH grants R21NS081182, R01NS033123, & R37NS033123. Disclosure: Dr. Scoles has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schneider has nothing to disclose. Dr. Meera has nothing to disclose. Dr. Figueroa has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rigo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation for activities with Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as an employee. Dr. Bennett holds stock and/or stock options in Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. Dr. Otis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pulst has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for the American Academy of Neurology, Neurology: Genetics. Dr. Pulst has received royalty payments from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.
Topographic Regulation of Neuronal Intermediate Filament Proteins by Phosphorylation: In Health and Disease

Neurofilaments (NFs) belong to type 1 V family of intermediate filaments and are the most abundant proteins of the nervous system. Mammalian NF triplet proteins constitute three subunits, low molecular weight (NF-L), medium molecular weight (NF-M), and high molecular weight (NF-H) subunit proteins. The NF-M/H carboxy terminal tail domain has multiple KSP repeats (40≥100) depending upon species, the phosphorylation of which regulates axonal caliber and axonal transport. The NF tail domain contains phosphorylation sites for proline directed kinases such as mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cyclin dependent protein kinase 5 (Cdk5), c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNKs), and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). The signaling cascades involved in NF phosphorylation like MAPKs and Cdk5 can also be affected by myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG). MAG activates the Erk1/2 and Cdk5 activities due to the glial/axon interaction and increases the proline directed Ser/Thr phosphorylation of C-terminal domain of NF-M/H. The NF phosphorylation is topographically regulated. In normal neurons, NFs are phosphorylated only in the axonal compartment. However, in degenerative neurons such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), spinal cord motor neuron inclusions of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Lewy bodies of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Pick’s disease neurofilament proteins are aberrantly phosphorylated in the cell bodies. Aberrant phosphorylation of NFs in neurodegeneration is either due to the deregulation of proline directed kinases such as MAPKs and Cdk5 or the downregulation of protein phosphatases such as protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), calcineurin (PP2B), or both. Recently, studies from our laboratory have shown that peptidyl prolyl isomerase 1 (Pin1) stabilizes the NF phosphorylation in normal and stressed neurons. Pin1 selectively binds to the phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro residues and converts the cis isomers to the more stable trans isomers. The multiple SP repeats of NF-M/H are stabilized by Pin1 in a phosphorylation specific manner. Pin1 modulates the excitotoxic and oxidative stress induced perikaryal phosphorylation of NF-M/H. Here, we have discussed the factors regulating the topographic phosphorylation of NFs in health and disease.
Chest Wall Tumors

The incision used to resect a tumor in the chest wall is determined by the shape of the tumor and the orientation of its longitudinal axis. If the tumor is elongated in any direction, the incision is made along the longitudinal axis of the ellipse outlined by the tumor protuberance. Most tumors tend to be somewhat spherical in shape, however, and then the preferred incision is an oblique one over the middle of the mass, extending well proximal and distal to the mass along the direction of the ribs. An ellipse is made to circumscribe the site of a prior biopsy of the mass, which then can be removed en bloc with the underlying tumor (Fig. 19.1). Flaps are developed well beyond the palpable extent of the tumor. The investing fascia is incised above and below the area of the tumor (Fig. 19.2). Depending on whether the tumor is located on the posterior or anterior chest wall, the latissimus dorsi and/or the serratus anterior becomes exposed.
Circulation and Mixing in Ice-Covered Waters

This chapter discusses the connections between physical oceanography and ice cover: namely, how does water circulation influence ice state, and what effects do ice growth and decay have on water movement. For this purpose a review of the hydrography of the Arctic Ocean, Greenland Sea and Southern Ocean is first given, followed by a review of heat and mass transfer mechanisms which are either caused by or affected by the presence of ice.
Processing of a High-Strength, Heavy Section Titanium Alloy by Extrusion Methods

Utilization of advanced Ti alloys in heavy sections depends to a large extent on the ability to fabricate these sections. This study is concerned with the high-strength, metastable beta alloy Ti-8 Mo-8 V-2 Fe-3 Al (Ti-8823) and its fabrication into large sections. The extrusion technique utilized to achieve better than a 6:1 reduction ratio for fabrication of a thick wall cylinder of this alloy is described. Following extrusion, the alloy is given one of two heat treatments; the commonly suggested solution treatment and age (STA), or a direct age without the intermediate solutionizing. The influence of this heat treatment is given in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties. It is shown that direct aging of the Ti-8823 alloy after extrusion offers significant improvements in mechanical properties over the STA practice. Not only are the mechanical properties uniform through the section as a result of direct aging but they are generally superior to those of the STA material.
Sequential Mutual Exclusion

Our study of Petri net synthesis for manufacturing systems begins with the classification of places in a Petri net model. The modeling approach in which places are used to model operation processes and the availability of resources, and in which transitions are used to model the start and/or end of operations makes such a distinction among places possible. Section 2.3 has divided places into three classes: operation places, fixed resource places, and variable resource places, called A, B, and C, respectively. Such a division depends upon a modeler’s choice in many cases. A-places represent the operation processes and are not initially marked. B-places model the availability of fixed resources like robots and machines. C-places model the availability of variable resources such as fixtures or pallets, whose number needs to be specified. The number of the initial tokens in C-places can influence the qualitative properties of some systems. These systems contain resources which are shared by several sequential processes. If too many parts are allowed to enter such a system in a given period, the system may become deadlocked or blocked. Conceptualizing such phenomena, we define sequential mutual exclusion (SME) in the context of Petri net theory and find the underlying relationship between a net with such a structure and the net’s initial marking over C-places. Also, to capture characteristics of a system with the resource shared by independent processes, we have defined and discussed the parallel mutual exclusion (PME) concept in Chapter 3. Each SME structure can be visualized as the sequential composition of several PMEs. The token capacity between two consecutive PMEs is introduced and, roughly speaking, is the number of tokens which can be provided by the first PME without consumption by the second. Each token capacity is calculated in a reduced net which eliminates the shared resource. The results are used to determine the number of initial tokens in each C-place. This number can be interpreted as the number of jobs which can be dispatched to the system in the same interval without blocking the system.
“It Would Make More Sense for It to Be There Than Not”: Constructing Night Vale as a “Place”

Within the interdisciplinary literature on the construction of place, many scholars have paid special attention to the role of narrative and storytelling. However, this perspective has not been duly applied to fictional places in contemporary media as a tool for cultural analysis. In this chapter, I draw on work from cultural geographers, sociologists, anthropologists, and literary critics to bring an analysis of place to Welcome to Night Vale. I analyze how multiple, sometimes contradictory, imaginations of Night Vale, which combine to form an overarching sense of the town as a place, are constructed through narrative. I argue that the construction of Night Vale as a place happens through narrative, both in the sense of the format of the episodes themselves and in the sense of a shared participation in the story by Night Vale’s fans.
On the Limitations of the Rhetoric of Beauty: Embracing Ugliness in Contemporary Fat Visual Representations

Fat people have historically been seen in Western culture as monstrous, excessive, and dangerous, to themselves and others, because their physical and discursive identities violate the boundaries of cultural tastes. Following a history of other marginalized cultures, including disabled and queer people, one way of disempowering dominant cultural ideologies about fatness is to embrace the allegedly negative identities ascribed to fat people. Yet over more than 40 years of fat and disability activism in the West, beauty has remained for many an ideal toward which to strive. Contemporary fat activism, both radical and assimilationist, focuses largely on “expanding” the definitions of beauty. Fatness, it is often argued, should not be seen as a moral failing, because everyone can be beautiful, even fat people. The fight against fat oppression seems short-sighted when it targets beauty as its goal, however, because the concept of beauty tends to reify mainstream power imbalances and systemic oppressions targeting people of color, disabled people, and fat people. This chapter looks at contemporary self-portraits of fat artists by two photographers, Chicana artist Laura Aguilar and Finnish artist Iiu Susiraja, in order to examine the reasons why a politics of ugliness should be more actively used by fat activism as a strategy for queering mainstream cultural norms. This analysis builds upon work by scholars and activists in Art History, Fat Studies, and Disability Studies who have embraced notions of the mundane, the abnormal, and the ugly as non-pathologizing ways of considering representations of fat, queer, and crip bodies.
Radioactive Decay of Lutetium-174

Ytterbium oxide enriched to 98.4% in the 174 mass number was irradiated with 6-Mev protons. An activity of approximately 165-day half-life was produced and assigned to ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{174}$ by the identification of the ytterbium $K$ x-ray and of the activities produced by similar proton irradiations of the other enriched isotopes of ytterbium. The observed activity of ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{174}$ consists of the $L$ and $K$ x-rays of ytterbium and 76.6- and 1228-kev gamma rays which are in coincidence. Because no beta radiation exists in the activity of ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{174}$, the mode of decay is solely by electron capture to ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{174}$. Approximately 31% of the disintegrations of ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{174}$ are to the ground state of ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{174}$. In addition to the 76.6-kev level of ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{174}$, there is a 1305-kev level with a spin of 0+. The transitions of ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{174}$ to the 1305-kev level of ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{174}$ are by $L$ capture only and the percentages of electron capture to the 76.6- and 1305-kev levels of ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{174}$ are approximately 59 and 10, respectively. A spin of 1- is assigned to the ground state of ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{174}$.
The First Amendment in the Trump Era

This is a draft of the Introduction to my book, The First Amendment in the Trump Era (Oxford University Press, 2019). The Introduction describes the unique characteristics of the Trump era as they concern free speech and press, previews various First Amendment conflicts during the Trump era, and provides chapter summaries.
Primary Carcinoma of the Ureter

AbstractRecords were reviewed for 44 patients with primary carcinoma of the ureter. The lesion was transitional cell carcinoma in 40 patients, squamous carcinoma in 3 and unclassified carcinoma in 1. The distal ureter was the site of origin in 73 per cent of the patients. The over-all 5-year survival rate of 67 per cent was influenced by the grade and the stage of the tumor. Other factors, such as age and sex of patient and multiplicity of tumors, did not have a significant influence on survival. The results suggest that conservative management should be limited to patients with low grade non-invasive tumors confined to the distal ureter. Adjuvant radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy deserves further evaluation in the management of patients with invasive disease.
Sex-Specific Programming of Cardiac DNA Methylation by Developmental Phthalate Exposure.

Phthalate plasticizers are ubiquitous chemicals linked to several cardiovascular diseases in animal models and humans. Despite this, the mechanisms by which phthalate exposures cause adverse cardia...
Wavelength division multiple access for deep space optical communications

In this paper, a high capacity wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for high data rate optical communications, a WDM with 2-dimensional M-PPM to achieve a higher number of bits per photon transmission, an optical wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) for multiple CubeSats/small spacecraft for deep space optical communications, and a combined optical WDMA with optical code division multiple access (CDMA) are investigated. The signal processing components required for successful operation of above mentioned optical systems are defined. For WDMA, the performance of the uncoded case for N SmallSats/CubeSats is obtained. Software simulations are used to obtain the performance of N SmallSats/CubeSats using a coded optical WDMA multiple access scheme. Results from successful completion of this investigation might be used in the future for deep space optical communication scenarios that require science data from SmallSats/CubeSats to be transmitted to Earth. An M-ary Pulse Position modulation (PPM) format is considered. For a hard decision optical receiver with photon counting detectors, a rate compatible protograph code is proposed. The code is optimized using the reciprocal channel approximation, which is a one-dimensional density evolution. The performance analysis is provided for the uncoded and simulated coded optical WDMA under background noise for up to N=16 SmallSat/CubeSats. Our results show, for example, that in the case of 2-PPM there is a 7 dB coding gain (with respect to the uncoded case) at a FER of 10−6, for a rate 0.8 code, and 12 dB coding gain for a rate 1/6 code, depending on the received background noise intensity. Leveraging existing laboratory hardware to test the deep-space optical WDMA concept, an experiment is performed. Finally the concept of combining WDMA with optical CDMA to support more users is analyzed using short signature sequences and uncoded 2-PPM modulation and simulations are performed for coded system.
Layered silicate formation during chiral acid templated ZSM-5 synthesis

Abstract Silicate anion forms four, five and six coordinate complexes with chiral polyhydroxy alcohol and polyhydroxy acids in aqueous alkali media. The chemistry of organosilicate complexes is well established but its effect on zeolite synthesis has not been explored. When chiral acid is used as a template in ZSM-5 synthesis, a new partially crystalline layered silicate is formed whose basal spacing value do not match with any of the known layered silicates. Chiral acids are necessary to induce layered silicate formation and it is not formed in absence of any template or tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) as a template. In presence of chiral acid, layered silicates are not precursors to ZSM-5 formation as observed normally in ZSM-5 synthesis. This method is new and it paves the way for generating layered silicates using simple chiral acids as a template.
Is Self-Sufficiency Really Sufficient? A Critical Analysis of Federal Refugee Resettlement Policy and Local Attendant English Language Training in Portland, Oregon

i Dedication iii List of Tables vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Office of Refugee Resettlement 5 Immigrant and Refugee Community Organization 6 Language and Power 7 Critical Discourse Analysis 9 CDA, Corpus Linguistics, and Refugee Issues 10 Refugee Earnings and English Proficiency 12 Refugee English Language Training 16 Language Policy and CDA 19 Self-Sufficiency, Agency, and Capital 23 Guiding Questions 26 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 27 Overall Design 27 Data Collection 27 ORR Policy Documents 27 IRCO Texts 28 Analysis 30 CDA Methodology 30 Corpus Linguistics Methods 31 ORR Policy Methods 31 IRCO Texts Methods 37 Limitations 38 Ethical Issues 40 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4