cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crosscurrents in Workers Participation

Summary As I contemplate developments in recent years relating to participation in management, I am impressed by the uncertainties, the shifting tides of thought, the atmosphere of experimentation. At the level of participation theory, there is more rather than less doubt. A few years ago in the United States, optimistic theories like those of McGregor and Likert regarding workers needs and desires for self-actualization seemed to be sweeping the field; today they are regarded as psychologically inadequate and faulty. In England the theory of joint consultation is confronted with something of a polarization - either toward apathy or toward codetermination. In Israel the ideology of participation, derived originally from socialist theory, has been subjected to increasing challenge from pragmatic considerations of efficiency and profitability. Profit-sharing plans, after a hundred years of experience and a widening acceptability, do not necessarily entail increased worker participation. At the level of practice, the dominant note once again is uncertainty rather than a clear progression toward either success or failure. Neither the Scanlon Plan in the US nor the Glacier Metals experiment in England have generated many followers. Joint consultation schemes appear generally to have declined in number. In Israel Koor experiments in joint management at the plant level have frittered away. Participation has not even been seriously tried in Australia. Reports from Yugoslavia and Germany, where participation programs have been most fully developed, raise questions about the impact of participation on the productivity and efficiency of the enterprises involved, as well as the degree of involvement of workers. On the other hand, there are some positive currents. The spread of collective bargaining to the local level in England and other European countries, the rising interest in productivity bargaining, the absorption of joint consultation committees by unions - all point in the direction of more worker participation in management, although the model may be one of bargaining rather than integration. Out of these crosscurrents we can distinguish some of the main problems confronting the advocates of greater workers participation in management: 1 How to persuade managers that their professional interests are best served by cooperating, if not taking the lead, in different types of participation schemes. 2 How to convince workers that “participating” is worth the effort, and how to educate them in various forms of the process. 3 How to involve worker representatives in both administration and policy-making on a basis other than bargaining that will not estrange them from their constituents. Resolution of these problems will depend in part at least on recognition that participation is a multi-dimensional process, that different types of participation may work better with regard to different issues or subjects (depending on requirements of technical knowledge and time), and that participation expectations and arrangements may vary with the different levels of an enterprise.
Same/different fault dictionary: an extended pass/fail fault dictionary with improved diagnostic resolution

A new type of fault dictionary called a same/different fault dictionary is described. The same/different fault dictionary is similar to a pass/fail fault dictionary in that it contains a single bit bi, j for every modelled fault fi and test vector tj. However, in a pass/fail fault dictionary, bi, j is determined by comparing the output vector of the faulty circuit with the output vector of the fault-free circuit; whereas in a same/different fault dictionary, bi, j is determined by comparing the output vector of the faulty circuit with a preselected output vector called a baseline output vector. By selecting appropriately the baseline output vectors for all the test vectors, it is possible to obtain increased diagnostic resolution with a same/different fault dictionary compared with a pass/fail fault dictionary. A heuristic procedure for selecting baseline output vectors is described and experimental results are presented.
Prediction and management of bleeding in cardiac surgery

Excessive bleeding after cardiac surgery can result in increased morbidity and mortality related to transfusion- and hypoperfusion-related injuries to critical organ systems. Our objective was to review mechanisms that result in bleeding after cardiac surgery as well as current and emerging interventions to reduce bleeding and transfusion. We discovered that of point-of-care (POC) tests of hemostatic function can facilitate the optimal management of excessive bleeding and reduce transfusion by facilitating administration of specific pharmacologic or transfusion-based therapy and by allowing physicians to better differentiate between microvascular bleeding and surgical bleeding. Emerging interventions like recombinant FVIIa have the potential to reduce bleeding and transfusion-related sequelae and may be life-saving; however, randomized, controlled trials are needed to confirm safety before they can be used as either first-line therapies for bleeding or bleeding prophylaxis. In conclusion, careful investigation of the role of new interventions is essential as the ability to reduce use of blood products, to decrease operative time and/or re-exploration rates has important implications for overall patient safety and health care costs.
A New Probefor Measuring small Electric Fields In Plasmas

A dipolar double probe has been developed for in situ measurements of small electric fields in laboratory plasmas. The probe measures dc to ac electric fields (f values between 0 and 20 MHz) with high sensitivity (Emin about 10 microV/cm) and responds to both space charge electric fields and inductive electric fields. Using voltage-to-frequency conversion, the probe signal is obtained free of errors and loading effects by a transmission line. Various examples of useful applications for the new probe are presented, such as measurements of dc ambipolar fields, ac space-charge fields of ion acoustic waves, ac inductive fields of whistler waves, and mixed inductive and space-charge electric fields in current-carrying magnetoplasmas.
A Description and Extension of a Human Services Management Model

Abstract A simple and yet powerful method for increasing the quantity and quality of service outcomes in organizations that provide such services for persons with developmental disabilities involves systematic and regular review of individual consumer related activity occurrences and outcome summaries at the middle and senior management levels (Williams & Cummings, 2001). Once established, and with some level of inter-observer agreement, this practice has been shown to result in significant increases in the amount and effectiveness of direct service related activities while simultaneously establishing an organizational level baseline measure against which almost any management, supervisory, or staff training intervention can be evaluated. This paper describes two further applications of this general procedure in a large midwestern community service provider. One application increased accuracy of service related documentation procedures and actual services and outcomes in six community ICF/MR residential f...
PHOTONEUTRON CROSS-SECTION MEASUREMENTS ON GOLD USING NEARLY MONOCHROMATIC PHOTONS

Continuously variable monochromatic gamma rays with an energy spread of 3% have been produced using the annihilation in flight of positrons accelerated in a linear electron accelerator. These gamma rays have been employed to measure the ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, n$) and ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, 2n$) cross sections for gold. A neutron counting method was used to determine the neutron multiplicity. The photoneutron yield for Au has a maximum of 535\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}37 mb at 13.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 MeV. The ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, 2n$) cross section was observed to have a threshold at 14.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 MeV and a maximum of approximately 100 mb at 18 MeV. The integrated ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, n$) and ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, 2n$) cross sections, up to 25 MeV, were found to be 2.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15 and 0.83\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.16 MeV-b, respectively. The value of $\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}\ensuremath{\sigma}{E}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\mathrm{dE}$ was determined to be 15.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5 mb/MeV. The level density parameter $a$ was found to be 17.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 Me${\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The total cross section $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\gamma}, n)+\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\gamma}, 2n)+\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\gamma}, pn)$ can be fitted with a single Lorentz curve having a peak cross section of 535 mb at 13.90 MeV and a width of 4.2 MeV.
Gene therapy as an adjuvant treatment for malignant gliomas: from bench to bedside

Malignant brain tumors, including high-grade gliomas, are among the most lethal of all cancers. Despite considerable advances, including multi-modality treatments with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the overall prognosis for patients with this disease remains dismal. Currently available treatments necessitate the development of more effective tumor-selective therapies. The use of gene therapy for brain tumor therapy is promising as it can be delivered in situ and selectively targets brain tumor cells while sparing the adjacent normal brain tissue. In this article, we summarize the laboratory and clinical work using viral, cell-based, and synthetic vectors, as well as other strategies focused on potentiate gene delivery. Although tangible results on patients’ survival remains to be further documented, significant advances in therapeutic gene transfer strategies have been made. The enthusiasm of this progress needs to be tempered by the realistic assessment of the challenges needed to be overcome. Finally, as the field of gene delivery progresses, advances must be made in identifying genes and proteins key to the treatment of malignant gliomas. Due to the great heterogeneity of malignant glioma cells, only approaches combining different strategies may be ultimately successful in defeating this disease.
Overlapping striatal sites mediate scopolamine-induced feeding suppression and mu-opioid-mediated hyperphagia in the rat.

Rationale Intra-striatal infusions of the muscarinic antagonist, scopolamine, markedly suppress feeding; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Recent findings suggest that scopolamine influences opioid-dependent mechanisms of feeding modulation. Robust mu-opioid-mediated feeding responses are obtained in anterior, ventral sectors of the striatum with progressively weaker effects posteriorly and dorsally. One might therefore expect the effects of scopolamine to conform to similar boundaries, but a systematic mapping of scopolamine-induced feeding suppression has not yet been undertaken.
Making a presumptive diagnosis of urinary tract infection by using a urinalysis performed in an on-site laboratory

The purpose of our study was to characterize the utility of certain elements of urinalysis, singly or in combination, in identifying children with urinary tract infections (i.e., positive findings on urine culture). Laboratory results for urine specimens subjected to both urinalysis and culture in an on-site outpatient clinic (office) laboratory during a 36-month period were reviewed. All specimens were collected by one of three methods (the midstream void technique, urethral catheterization, or suprapubic aspiration of urine) from children with symptoms to assist in documenting a possible urinary tract infection. Specimen processing by certified technologists was initiated within 10 minutes of collection. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were determined for each test or combination of tests. Of 689 specimens, 102 (14.8%) had positive culture results. The combination of dipstick analysis (leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests) and of microscopic examination for bacteria had a sensitivity of 100% and a negative predictive value of 100%. The nitrite test had a specificity of 100% and a positive predictive value of 100%. We conclude that, when properly collected specimens are evaluated promptly by certified technologists, the rate of accuracy in detecting or ruling out a urinary tract infection (i.e., positive findings on urine culture) with certain elements of the urinalysis is high.
Case Study: Integrating TEFI (Tourism Education Futures Initiative) Core Values into the Undergraduate Curriculum

This case study explains the implementation of the five core values defined by the Tourism Education Futures Initiative (TEFI) into an undergraduate program in tourism and hospitality management. The case study creates a model for writing learning objectives, creating instructional modules, and defining assessment tools. Learning objectives were written for each core value and integrated into each class within the curriculum. The bases of the learning objectives, as well as the appropriate type of instructional modules, were extracted from the core values' descriptions. Assessment tools were created to evaluate student learning. The goal of this case study is to present a model that describes how the TEFI set of defined core values might be integrated into a tourism and hospitality management curriculum.
Assimilation of remotely sensed soil moisture and vegetation with a crop simulation model for maize yield prediction

Abstract To improve the prediction of crop yields at an aggregate scale, we developed a data assimilation-crop modeling framework that incorporates remotely sensed soil moisture and leaf area index (LAI) into a crop model using sequential data assimilation. The core of the framework is an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) used to control crop model runs, assimilate remote sensing (RS) data and update model state variables. We modified the Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer – Cropping System Model (DSSAT-CSM)-Maize model ( Jones et al., 2003 ) to be able to stop and start simulations at any given time in the growing season, such that the EnKF can update model state variables as RS data become available. The data assimilation-crop modeling framework was evaluated against 2003–2009 maize yields in Story County, Iowa, USA, assimilating AMSR-E soil moisture and MODIS-LAI data independently and simultaneously. Assimilating LAI or soil moisture independently slightly improved the correlation of observed and simulated yields (R = 0.51 and 0.50) compared to no data assimilation (open-loop; R = 0.47) but prediction errors improved with reductions in MBE and RMSE by 0.5 and 0.5 Mg ha− 1 respectively for LAI assimilation while these were reduced by 1.8 and 1.1 Mg ha− 1 for soil moisture assimilation. Yield correlation improved more when both soil moisture and LAI were assimilated (R = 0.65) suggesting a cause–effect interaction between soil moisture and LAI, prediction errors (MBE and RMSE) were also reduced by 1.7 and 1.8 Mg ha− 1 with respect to open-loop simulations. Results suggest that assimilation of LAI independently might be preferable when conditions are extremely wet while assimilation of soil moisture + LAI might be more suitable when conditions are more nominal. AMSR-E soil moisture tends to be more biased under the presence of high vegetation (i.e., when crops are fully developed) and that updating rootzone soil moisture by near-surface soil moisture assimilation under very wet conditions could increase the modeled percolation causing excessive nitrogen (N) leaching hence reducing crop yields even with water stress reduced at a minimum due to soil moisture assimilation. However, applying the data assimilation-crop modeling framework strategically by considering a-priori information on climate condition expected during the growing season may improve yield prediction performance substantially, in our case with higher correlation (R = 0.80) and more reductions in MBE and RMSE (2.5 and 3.3 Mg ha− 1) compared to when there is no data assimilation. Scaling AMSR-E soil moisture to the climatology of the model did not improve our data assimilation results because the model is also biased. Better soil moisture products e.g., from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, may solve the soil moisture data issue in the near future.
Enhancement of the Illinois scan architecture for use with multiple scan inputs

Testing cost is becoming increasingly important as system-on-chip circuits continue to become more complex. In this paper, we address the issue of reducing test cost by shortening test application time and reducing the volume of data needs to be stored on a tester. The number of scan channels on a tester and/or the number of pins on an SOC are limited. We propose a method to enhance the Illinois scan architecture for use with a small number of scan-in pins. Pin reduction is achieved by connecting a single pin to several scan chains together depending on their compatibility relations. With the use of an incompatibility graph and graph colouring algorithm, the number of pins needed is minimized.
Anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking

A discrepancy between the anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking (AMSB) gaugino mass calculated from the work of Kaplunovsky and Louis (hep-th/9402005) (KL) and other calculations in the literature is explained, and it is argued that the KL expression is the correct one relevant to the Wilsonian action. Furthermore it is argued that the AMSB contribution to the squark and slepton masses should be replaced by the contribution pointed out by Dine and Seiberg (DS) which has nothing to do with Weyl anomalies. This is not in general equivalent to the AMSB expression, and it is shown that there are models in which the usual AMSB expression would vanish but the DS one is nonzero. In fact the latter has aspects of both AMSB and gauge mediated supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking. In particular like the latter, it gives positive squared masses for sleptons.
A multimedia image database for image processing instruction

The authors describe the development of an instructional image database package to enhance the quality of instruction in image processing courses. The package is a multimedia toolkit that includes a student booklet, classroom presentation materials (overhead transparencies, 35-mm slides, and videotapes), and an online archive of image data files. The images contained in this database demonstrate fundamental image processing concepts and the performance of basic image processing algorithms. >
The Impact of 9/11 on Information Policy in the United States: A Current Perspective on Homeland Security and Emergency Management

This analysis seeks to attain two primary objectives. The first is to illustrate how U.S.-based information policy has been shaped and affected following the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States. The second is to produce a valid, qualitative evaluation regarding policy effectiveness, the impacts on public life, and best practices in government. Literature reviews from many disciplines and sources demonstrate that there has been a significant change in the U.S. information policy post-9/11. The findings of this study reveal what organizations and federal agencies dealing with information policy in emergency management and response have accomplished and what they have not accomplished. The discussion section offers future directions as to how to increase the effectiveness of emergency preparedness and management.
Expression of early lung cancer detection marker: hnRNP-A2/B1 and its relation to microsatellite alteration in non-small cell lung cancer

We have reported that a mouse monoclonal antibody, 703D4, which recognizes heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNP-A2/B1) can frequently detect lung cancer in exfoliated sputum epithelial cells 1–2 years earlier than routine chest X-ray or sputum cytomorphology. We along with others have shown that microsatellite alteration (MA) at selected loci can be recognized in sputum cells prior to clinical lung cancer. The present study was undertaken to determine how frequently the expression of hnRNP-A2/B1 message is associated with neoplastic clonal expansion as shown by MA in 41 cases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We used Northern blotting to evaluate hnRNP-A2/B1 mRNA expression in lung tumor and remote noninvolved lung. We evaluated microsatellite instability (i.e. shifts; MI) or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) with a panel of 13 microsatellite markers at loci identified previously as susceptible in NSCLC. Of the 41 tumors, 25 (61%) over-expressed hnRNP-A2/B1 and 33 (80%) demonstrated MA in at least one of 13 loci (58% in at least two loci). The association between MA (one locus) and the overexpression of hnRNP-A2/B1 is statistically significant (P=0.0082), and those lung tumors with MA at two or more loci were significantly more likely to over-express hnRNP-A2/B1 mRNA (P=0.004). MA of loci on 3p were the only MA statistically associated with hnRNP-A2/B1 message overexpression (P=0.001). We conclude that lung tumor cells undergoing clonal expansion frequently upregulate hnRNP-A2/B1.
Ramsey Theory and Bandwidth of Graphs

The bandwidth of a graph is the minimum, over vertex labelings with distinct integers, of the maximum difference between labels on adjacent vertices. Kuang and McDiarmid proved that almost all n-vertex graphs have bandwidth \(\). Thus the sum of the bandwidths of a graph and its complement is almost always at least \(\); we prove that it is always at most 2n−4 log 2n+o(log n). The proofs involve improving the bounds on the Ramsey and Turan numbers of the “halfgraph”.
'PERMANENTLY REMOVED FROM SOCIETY': THE CRADOCK FOUR, THE TRC, MORAL JUDGMENTS, HISTORICAL TRUTH, AND THE DILEMMAS OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORY

Resumen: On 27 June, four men from the South Africa town of Cradock left the coastal city of Port Elizabeth. Among the four was popular teacher and anti-apartheid activist Matthew Goniwe. The only people who would ever see the again would be their killers, members of the South Africa Police (SAP). The identities of the killers would remain hidden for well more than a decade, when the killers applied for amnesty through the Truth and Reconciliation (TRC), which the Government of National Unity had established after the apartheid government gave way to a multiracial democracy. This article focuses in particular on a culture of deniability that emerged during the 1980s. In the course of the investigations of the killing of Goniwe and his colleagues, journalists uncovered “Die Sein” (Afrikaans for “The Signal”), which called for “the permanent removal from society” of Goniwe. When pressed, officials of the state and security forces insisted that there were many ways to interpret Die Sein and that the document did not necessarily call for Goniwe’s death. This followed a pattern in which South African officials had stretched the limits of credulity in asserting that similar words and phrases did not mean what the security forces nonetheless always took them to mean. Palabras clave: anti-apartheid, Cradock,
Robust Estimation and Control under Commitment

In a Markov decision problem with hidden state variables, a decision maker expresses fear that his model is misspecified by surrounding it with a set of alternatives that are nearby as measured by their expected log likelihood ratios (entropies). Sets of martingales represent alternative models. Within a two-player zero-sum game under commitment, a minimizing player chooses a martingale at time 0. Probability distributions that solve distorted filtering problems serve as state variables, much like the posterior in problems without concerns about misspecification. We state conditions under which an equilibrium of the zero-sum game with commitment has a recursive representation that can be cast in terms of two risk-sensitivity operators. We apply our results to a linear quadratic example that makes contact with findings of Basar and Bernhard (1995) and Whittle (1990).
A comparison of methods of evaluating cervical range of motion.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether there are differences in results when evaluating cervical range of motion (ROM) with radiographic analysis, a bubble goniometer, and a dual inclinometer and whether particular physical parameters are related to cervical ROM. Methods: We evaluated the cervical ROM of 115 volunteers with each of the 3 clinical methods. Tape measurements of neck girth, distance from chin to sternal notch, and distances from ears to acromion were also recorded, along with sex and age. Interrater and intrarater reliabilities were determined, and the Pearson product moment correlation test and t test were performed on all data. Results: Cervical ROM as determined by radiographic analysis was greater than that obtained with either a dual inclinometer or a bubble goniometer. All tape measurements were weakly correlated with all 3 means of cervical ROM evaluation, with the exception of the measurement of ear lobes to acromion, which did not correlate with radiographic analysis. There were also differences found in cervical ROM by sex and by age, with female subjects and younger subjects having a greater ROM. Conclusion: Compared with a dual inclinometer and a bubble goniometer, radiographic analysis provides a more accurate evaluation of cervical ROM.
Inferences during story comprehension: Cortical recruitment affected by predictability of events and working memory capacity

Although it has been consistently shown that readers generate bridging inferences during story comprehension, little is currently known about the neural substrates involved when people generate inferences and how these substrates shift with factors that facilitate or impede inferences, such as whether inferences are highly predictable or unpredictable. In the current study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal increased for highly predictable inferences (relative to events that were previously explicitly stated) bilaterally in both the superior temporal gyri and the inferior frontal gyri. Interestingly, high working memory capacity comprehenders, who are most likely to generate inferences during story comprehension, showed greater signal increases than did low working memory capacity comprehenders in the right superior temporal gyrus and right inferior frontal gyrus. When comprehenders needed to draw unpredictable inferences in a story, fMRI signal increased relative to explicitly stated events in the left inferior gyrus and in the middle frontal gyrus, irrespective of working memory capacity. These results suggest that the predictability of a text (i.e., the causal constraint) and the working memory capacity of the comprehender influence the different neural substrates involved during the generation of bridging inferences.
Group Therapy for People with Borderline Personality Disorder: Interventions Associated with Positive Outcomes

Group psychotherapy is becoming a more prevalent treatment option for people with borderline personality disorder. Various types of group approaches have been discussed; however, data about specific interventions and their relationship to outcomes for subgroups of people with borderline personality disorder are lacking. The purpose of this study was to explicate the interventions used in a successful group therapy program developed for community mental health center clients with borderline personality disorder. Two independent raters used the Hill Counselor Verbal Response Category System-Revised to describe and categorize the therapists' verbal responses. Coding of eight videotaped sessions indicated that the therapists' level and type of verbal activity did not change over time. The most frequently utilized interventions across sessions were providing information and seeking information. These responses are indicative of a moderate and high degree of structure. The results suggest that clinicians must consider the unique needs of serious and persistently ill people with borderline personality disorder and plan group interventions accordingly.
Effects of different meal compositions after exercise on fat and carbohydrate oxidation in women with different levels of body fat.

We investigated the effects of consuming a high-carbohydrate meal (HC), high-fat meal (HF), or no meal (CON) following exercise on fat and carbohydrate oxidation (FAT-OX, CHO-OX) in women with differing levels of body fat. Healthy, physically active females were divided into a Lower Fat ( 25% fat, n = 9) group and tested on 4 occasions. During session 1, body composition and maximal oxygen consumption were determined. During 3 treatment sessions, subjects preformed treadmill exercise at 55% of maximal oxygen consumption until 350 kcal were expended. At 10 min postexercise subjects consumed a liquid meal standardized to provide energy equal to 20% of 24-h energy expenditure plus the 350 kcal of exercise. The HC meal comprised 64% carbohydrate, 21.6% fat, and 14.4% protein. The HF meal comprised 24% carbohydrate, 62% fat, and 14% protein. CON consisted of water equal to the meal volume. During exercise and 2 h postexercise, expired gases were collected to determine FAT-OX an...
Profile of children investigated for sexual abuse: Association with psychopathology symptoms and services.

Sexually abused children may have poor mental health because of their victimization as well as preexisting or co-occurring family problems. However, few studies consider psychopathology in relation to both abuse and other family experiences. This study uses data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) to create latent subgroups of 553 children investigated for sexual abuse. The study investigates children's psychological symptoms and child welfare service (CWS) patterns to understand how children's needs relate to mental health services. Analyses were conducted by child age: 3-7, 8-11, and 12-14. Factor mixture modeling and regression analyses were used. Results show meaningful subgroups of children that relate to different symptom patterns. Among 3- to 7-year-olds, behavioral symptoms are associated with caregiver domestic violence and mental illness. Among 8- to 11-year-olds, depressive symptoms are associated with severe abuse and multiple family problems, whereas posttraumatic stress is associated with chronic, unresolved abuse. Although many children received mental health services, services are not well matched to children's needs--the substantiation status of the abuse explains services. Implications for CWS and mental health services are discussed.
Drug Discovery in Psychiatric Illness: Mining for Gold

The discovery of truly efficacious treatments that lead to full recovery is a daunting task in psychiatric illness. A systems-based orientation to in vivo pharmacology has been suggested as a way to transform psychiatric drug discovery and development. A critical catalyst in the success of recent systems biology efforts has been the incorporation of data mining strategies. Our approach to the drug discovery problem has been to utilize the whole animal to provide a systems response that is subsequently mined for predictive attributes with known psychopharmacological value. Our in vivo data mining approach, termed Pattern Array, establishes a framework for screening novel chemical entities based upon a response that represents the net pharmacological effect on the system of interest, namely the central nervous system (CNS). Large scale screening of small molecules by non-conventional approaches such as this at a systems level may improve the identification of novel chemical entities with psychiatric utility. This type of approach will compliment the more labor-intensive models based upon construct validity. It will take the collective effort of many disciplines and numerous strategies in close association with clinical colleagues to address quality of life issues and breakthrough treatment barriers in psychiatric illness.
MIXING-ROD POWER COUPLING FOR LARGE-CORE POLYMER OPTICAL FIBERS

Low-cost power splitting and star-coupling using large-core polymer optical fibers (POFs) are studied. Tapered and untapered mix- ing rods are used to form 137 and 737 couplers. Excess loss and coupling uniformity of a 15 cm length tapered mixing-rod based 137 coupler are measured to be 1.72 dB and 1.0 dB. The average excess loss and uniformity for a 18 cm mixing-rod length 737 star-coupler are 1.38 dB and 1.91 dB, respectively. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumenta- tion Engineers. (S0091-3286(99)00706-0)
Hierarchical 3D Nanostructure Organization for Next-Generation Devices

The emerging field of nanotechnology research has made a great deal of progress in broadening the depth of knowledge related to the material properties and device application potentials of nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanowires (NWs). These nanomaterials, as opposed to traditional thin-film or wafer-based planar materials, offer an array of desirable electrical, optical, and mechanical properties enabled by their well-controlled, nanoscale sizes. However, so far the main focus of nanostructure research has been on the fabrication and characterization of single or small-scale device structures [1–2]. Although these “proof-of-concept” structures are useful for probing the intrinsic physical properties of the devices, they are not applicable to commercial or real-world applications. Practical nanostructure-based electronics must be able to be fabricated in a scalable fashion and in sizable quantities while maintaining a good uniformity in performance among different devices. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the different assembly and integration methods which could help realize the manufacture of next-generation, nanostructure-based devices. In particular, it illustrates how these integration techniques offer the opportunity to achieve multi-functional, three-dimensional (3D) integrated systems based on nanomaterials.
Retrospective analysis of paediatric injuries associated with water in Czech Republic in the context of the European at worldwide situation.

Background: Injuries encountered in association with the aquatic environment negatively affect morbidity and mortality rates in children. It is the second (in Bohemia the third) most frequent cause of injuries in children under 19 years of age. The targets of the study are as follows: to analyse the problems of children's injuries associated with water in the Czech Republic by the mechanism of their origination; to compare the analysis of results with the situation abroad; to evaluate risk factors associated with the aquatic environment. Material/Methods: The group includes 802 children aged 0-19 years who experienced accidents associated with the aquatic environment between 2002 and 2006; 14% drowned, 48% nearly drowned, 37% suffered injuries. The basic data for the study presented here was accumulated from multiple sources (statistical data, secondary analyses of documents, reports of the integrated emergency service, water rescue service, etc.). Results: The results were statistically processed by the squared chi method. A statistically significant relationship was established between injuries originating in pools and the preschool age. (35.6%) No statistical significance was demonstrated with other variables. Conclusions: The authors discuss the possibilities of providing safety for children at pools and in the vicinity of water reservoirs. They emphasise the necessity of permanent, concentrated surveillance on the part of parents and the building of protective devices restricting free access to the pool. Language: en
The Gnawa Lions: paths towards learning ritual music in contemporary Morocco

ABSTRACTThis article outlines the pressures on young gnawa musicians embarking on a career in contemporary Morocco. The influences of the popular music industry provide new options for those looking to learn and advance. They can choose to engage the traditional system of apprenticeship or navigate their career outside it. This article outlines the pathway and expectations built into an apprenticeship-based mode of learning and becoming gnawa. It then moves to explore the opportunities and pressures that affect those who chose to sidestep the established system. Young performers who do so adeptly respond to their audiences’ desires and can find success, though they may measure it differently. Even so, however, they struggle for respect from the larger gnawa community. I examine how these artists strategise their careers between traditional and novel educational systems. They prioritise skills that are important to their movement through the popular music industry. This does not preclude opportunities for ...
Neuropsychiatric complications following cardiac surgery

Abstract Few patients are neurologically devastated following cardiac surgery. However, a substantial number of patients suffer sufficient deterioration in neurologic and neuropsychologic function that the quality of their recovery is limited. Intensive research is necessary to determine what surgical and pharmacologic techniques are suitable for use in this large at-risk population.
Efficient in vivo gene transfer by PCR amplified fragment with reduced inflammatory activity.

There are many problems associated with plasmid DNA that may limit its use in systemic gene transfer. These problems could be solved by the use of synthetic genes. As a model to test the feasibility of using synthetic genes for gene therapy, we PCR-amplified a fragment containing the CMV promoter, the luciferase gene and a polyadenylation signal. The in vivo expression efficiency of the PCR fragment was determined by using two different methods, a hydrodynamics-based gene transfer of naked DNA to the liver and LPD (a lipid-based vector) mediated gene transfer to the lung. Our results show that linear fragments are at least as active as plasmid DNA following systemic delivery by LPD. However, PCR fragments are much less inflammatory than plasmid DNA as shown by a three-fold reduction in serum levels of both TNF-α and IL-12. Our results also showed that PCR fragments are highly efficient in liver gene transfer following systemic administration in a large volume. Thus, these results support the idea of using synthetic genes for gene therapy. Since gene sequence can be easily obtained as a PCR fragment, our results also imply that it may provide a useful and convenient method for determining the physiologic function of a putative gene in intact animals.
Kant on Perceptual Content

Call the idea that states of perceptual awareness have intentional content, and in virtue of that aim at or represent ways the world might be, the ‘Content View.’ I argue that though Kant is widely interpreted as endorsing the Content View there are significant problems for any such interpretation. I further argue that given the problems associated with attributing the Content View to Kant, interpreters should instead consider him as endorsing a form of acquaintance theory. Though perceptual acquaintance is controversial in itself and in attribution to Kant, it promises to make sense of central claims within his critical philosophy.
188 INTRAPULMONARY ADMINISTRATION OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS REDUCES ENDOTOXIN-INDUCED ACUTE LUNG INJURY AND MORTALITY IN A MOUSE MODEL.

Purpose Mesenchymal stem cells are bone marrow-derived cells that have the ability to differentiate into cells of different lineages including pulmonary epithelium. Prior studies in lung injury models have focused on administration of stem cells by the intravenous route. Our objective was to test the potential benefit from intrapulmonary administration of mesenchymal stem cells in a mouse model of endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by measuring extravascular lung water and survival. Methods The mesenchymal stem cells were obtained from GFP-C57BL/6 mice and were propagated in culture. C57BL/6 mice were used for all experiments, and acute lung injury was established by intratracheal (it) instillation of LPS from E. coli 055:B5 (5 mg/kg). Four hours after LPS instillation, mice received by its instillation either mesenchymal stem cells (750,000 cells in 30 μL) or PBS (30 μL). Mice were followed for 48 hours. The lungs were harvested and blood samples collected at 48 hours or earlier if the mice died. Further experiments using the same protocol were done with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and plasma samples for the measurement of TNF-α and MIP-2 by R&D ELISA kits. Results Intrapulmonary mesenchymal stem cells reduced pulmonary edema compared to controls treated with PBS (wet-to-dry lung water 5.4 ± 1.3 vs 6.9 ± 1.2 g water/g dry lung, data as mean ± SD, p Conclusions In LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice, the intrapulmonary administration of mesenchymal stem cells reduces the severity of lung injury and improves survival when given 4 hours after LPS instillation into the lung. This benefit appears to be mediated in part through a down-regulation of the acute inflammatory responses to endotoxin.
Simultaneous Determination of Para Red and Sudan Red in Capsicum Product by HPLC

[Objective]To investigate the simultaneous determination of Para red and Sudan(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ).[Methods]The product was distilled by aether and condensed to 1ml on the rotary evaporator,then magnified to 5ml in volume with methanol for HPLC analysis.The analysis was qualitative with retained time and qualitative of the peak area.[Results]Under the conditions of the method chosen,the recovery of standard addition of Para red and Sudan(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ) were 97.3%~103.0%,96.8%~102.0%,96.5%~102.0%,93.5%~105.0% and 92.3%~102.0%,respectively.[Conclusion]This method is simple,feasible and suitable for measurement of Para red and Sudan red in the capsicum product.
Resources of mental health services in Hangzhou:a cross-sectional study

Objective To access the current situation of mental health services resources in Hangzhou.Methods Information was collected from hospitals providing mental health services through questionnaire made by our research group.Results Up to the end of 2010,there were 16hospitals providing mental health services.Hangzhou residents had4.29psychiatrists and 7.07nurses per 100 000people.Psychiatrists and nurses mainly worked in the municipal institutions(47.5%,56.3%,respectively)and specialist hospitals(61.7%,60.7% respectively).The percentage of psychiatrists,nurses and medical technicians in 30-39years age-group accounted for the largest share(42.1%,44.1%and 35.4%,respectively).36.7% psychiatrists had intermediate professional titles,while the majority of nurses and medical technicians had primary professional titles(56.9%,66.7%,respectively).The education level of psychiatrists and nurses was undergraduate(53.4%and 44.8%),while education level of 37.4% medical technicians was junior college.The actual opening beds were 2 445,with the bed density of 2.81per 10 000people.Conclusions The resources of mental health services in Hangzhou are insufficient and the resource distribution is imbalanced.More investment should be put especially on community mental health services.And the structure of human resources should be optimized.
The effects of modified electroconvulsive therapy on cognitive functions in refractory schizophrenia

Objective To explore the effects of modified electroconvulsive therapy(MECT) on cognitive functions in refractory schizophrenia.Methods A total of 60 cases of refractory schizophrenia were randomly allocated to MECT group(a study group) and antipsychotic drug group(a control group).The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST),trail making test A and B,Digit Span Test(DST),Digit-Symbol Substitution Test and Clinical Memory Score(CMS) were performed before and after treatment for assessing the cognitive functions of the patients in the two groups.Results Compared to pre-treatment in the study group,the total reponsive time,number of total trials and total reponsive errors of WCST reduced after treatment;there was statistical difference between them(P0.05).In trail making test A and B,the finished time was significantly shorter,compared post-treatment with pre-treatment(P0.05) in the study group.In the two groups,there were no significant differences in DST,Digit-Symbol Substitution Test and CMS,compared pre-treatment to post-treatment.Conclusion The cognitive functions of refractory schizophrenia have some improvements after MECT,especially in memory and attention.
Gender differences in the cross-sectional and cohort age dependence of cause-specific mortality: the United States, 1962 to 1995.

OBJECTIVE Gender- and age-specific mortality rates were calculated to determine the role of behavioral and biologically based differences in health. DESIGN Changes in age-specific mortality rates were calculated for males and females across select time periods, in addition to gender- and cause-specific mortality age trajectories for birth cohorts for heart disease, stroke, and lung and breast cancer. Differences between cohort mortality age trajectories and the age pattern of mortality rates were related to socioeconomic differences between genders and to biological risk factors. SUBJECTS U.S. males and females aged 30 to 95+ over the 34-year period 1962 to 1995. METHODS Gender- and age-specific mortality rates were computed and displayed using the logarithmic transform of the rates for five-year age categories. RESULTS Major gender cross-sectional mortality differences were found for heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer, with males being disadvantaged except for stroke. Less variation was found for lung cancer in recent male cohorts compared to large rates of change for recent female cohorts. Female breast cancer mortality showed modest variation, with most of the cohort differential in risk in postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Relative risk of lung cancer with age was greater for females. CONCLUSION Differences in male and female cohort mortality rates underlie many of the period changes for heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer. Cohort differences were largest for lung cancer, although the cohort-specific smoking patterns these rates imply could also be responsible for some of the heart disease and mortality differences. The breast cancer mortality rates showed consistency with the concept of two distinct etiologies for breast cancer: premenopausal and postmenopausal. Large cohort increases in female lung cancer mortality may be alterable by behavioral measures and education.