cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Champagne subregions of the disk whose bubbles carry harmonic measure

We show that for any \(\varepsilon > 0\) and any region G whose outer boundary equals \(\{z: |z| = 1\}\), there is a sequence \(\{\Delta_n\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\) of pairwise disjoint closed disks in G such that \(\{z: |z| = 1\}\) is the set of accumulation points of \(\{\Delta_n\}_{n=1}^{\infty}, \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}radius(\Delta_n) < \varepsilon\) and \(\omega_{\Omega}\) (harmonic measure on the boundary of \(\Omega := \{z:|z| < 1\}\setminus (\cup_{n=1}^{\infty}\Delta_n)\) for evaluation at some \(z_o\) in \(\Omega\)) is supported on \(\cup_{n=1}^{\infty}(\partial\Delta_n)\).
Old park trees as habitat for saproxylic beetle species

Very old trees harbour a diverse fauna of saproxylic insects, many of which are classified as threatened due to the scarcity of this kind of habitat. Parks, which often contain many old trees, are therefore considered to be important sites for this fauna. However parks are intensively managed and dead wood is often removed. Therefore this study compares if the saproxylic beetle fauna in parks is as diverse as it is in more natural stands. Eight ‘Park’ sites at manor houses around lake Malaren, Sweden were compared with trees in wooded meadows: eight grazed sites, here termed ‘Open’, and 11 sites regrown with younger trees, termed ‘Re-grown’. The comparison was made on lime trees (Tilia spp.): one of the most frequent tree species in old parks which host a diverse beetle fauna. Beetles were sampled with window traps, which in total caught 14,460 saproxylic beetles belonging to 323 species, of which 50 were red-listed. When comparing all saproxylic species, ‘Park’ sites had significantly fewer species than ‘Open’ sites. However, for beetles in hollow trees and for red-listed species there was no significant difference, the number in ‘Park’ being intermediate between ‘Open’ and ‘Re-grown’. Species composition differed between sites, but only marginally so. Therefore, the conclusion is that old park trees on average are as valuable for faunal diversity as trees in more natural sites. Large conservation benefits can be obtained by combining cultural and conservational values in the management of park habitats.
From EIT photon correlations to Raman anti-correlations in coherently prepared Rb vapor

We have experimentally observed switching between photon-photon correlations (bunching) and anti-correlations (anti-bunching) between two orthogonally polarized laser beams in an EIT configuration in Rb vapor. The bunching and anti-bunching sswitching occurs at a specific magnetic field strength.
Implementing a public project and distributing its cost

We provide a game form which undertakes a public project exactly when the total benefit of the project to individuals in a society outweights its cost. The game form is simple, balanced, and individually rational. It can be adjusted to distribute cost according to a wide class of rules. For example it can distribute cost so that each individual pays a share of the cost which is proportional to his or her benefit. We discuss the informational limitations of our work and the relation of this work to the literature on mechanism design and public goods.
Rigorous analysis of coupling in dielectric resonators

A theoretical analysis is presented of a shielded dielectric resonator (DR) structure consisting of a DR placed on a dielectric substrate with a very low dielectric constant spacer in-between and enclosed by a metallic shielding. The field equations are obtained by using both the axial mode-matching method and the radial mode-matching method. The technique used in the analysis is based on dividing the resonator structure into partial regions and regarding these as sections of dielectrically loaded waveguides. The resulting transcendental equation is obtained by enforcing the continuity of the tangential field components inside each partial region as well as the condition of vanishing tangential electric field on the metallic enclosure. As an example, a simplified version of the DR configuration has been solved and numerically evaluated using the theory of the mode matching method to obtain the coupling coefficient between a microstrip line and the magnetically coupled DR. The results are in good agreement with the experimental values. >
Two-way selection for body weight in Tribolium on two levels of nutrition.

Parameters necessary for predicting direct and correlated responses for large and small 13-day larval weight in T. castaneum on two levels of nutrition were estimated in the base population. Larval weight in the GOOD environment was approximately twice that observed in POOR. Heritabilities (estimated from the ratio of sire component to total phenotype variance) of larval weight on the two rations were similar, 0·21 ± 0·06 and 0·19 ± 0·05 for GOOD and POOR, respectively. Heritabilities based on dam-offspring covariances were similar to these, but those obtained from full-sib covariances were much larger (0·97 ± 0·07 for GOOD and 0·69 ± 0·07 for POOR). This suggested that considerable dominance rather than maternal effects were present. The genetic correlation between growth on GOOD and growth on POOR was estimated as + 0·60 ± 0·21. The selection experiment was replicated four times with each replication extending over eight generations. Good agreement between predicted and observed values for direct selection was observed for large selection in both environments and small selection in POOR. However, response to small selection in GOOD was significantly greater than predicted in all four replications and was associated with increased selection differentials. Realized heritabilities were approximately the same for both directions in GOOD yet asymmetrical responses occurred for all replications due to unequal selection differentials. On the other hand, realized heritabilities were asymmetrical in POOR. Those observed for small selection were more than twice the size of those calculated for large lines. However, the responses in POOR were symmetrical since the selection differentials varied inversely with the realized heritabilities. Because of the asymmetry observed for heritabilities and selection differentials, correlated responses were poorly predicted. The average effective genetic correlation between growth in GOOD and growth in the POOR environment agreed remarkably well with the base estimate, yet asymmetry of the genetic correlation was a consistent phenomenon with values for the large lines being less than the base parameter while small lines were uniformly larger. Asymmetries of the various genetic parameters were not anticipated from base estimates. They were not caused by sampling or chance fluctuations since all four replications were remarkably consistent. Asymmetry for any one genetic parameter (e.g. heritability) was associated with a particular environment or direction of selection while other genetic parameters reacted asymmetrically in populations exposed to a different set of environmental treatments. For maximum performance in a single environment, these results show that selection should be practiced in that environment. With regard to mean performance in GOOD and POOR environments, selection for large size in POOR gave some 25% more gain than selection in GOOD. Selection for small size in either environment was equally effective in obtaining minimum size in both environments.
Nonlinear pathologies in relativistic heat-conducting fluid theories

Abstract Hyperbolicity and stability are analyzed in the nonlinear regimes of two theories of relativistic heat-conducting fluids. Both theories are found to be unstable and non-hyperbolic for sufficiently large deviations from equilibrium. One of these theories (an extended hydrodynamic theory) is well behaved for small (but finite) deviations from equilibrium.
A differential Burnett apparatus: excess second virial coefficients for ethane + propane from 273 to 355 K

Abstract The excess second virial coefficients for the mixture ethane + propane from 273 to 355 K were measured with a modified differential Burnett apparatus. The details of the apparatus are described. Major improvements include the addition of a high-volume-throughput magnetic pump suitable for operation at low pressures.
The effects of abstractness in mediation with learning‐problem children

Abstract Sixteen learning disabled and a matched sample of normal children were individually administered a paired associate learning task which varied in abstractness. Specifically, eight abstract and a like number of concrete nouns were randomly matched with nonsense geometric figures and were presented within a three trial paired associate learning paradigm. As predicted, learning‐disabled children recalled significantly fewer abstract nouns than normals; and groups were similar in their recall of concrete words. While groups did not differ on their overall recall for the first trial, in successive trials normals out performed learning problem children who did not improve on trials two and three. The performance of learning‐disabled students was linked to a failure to employ the verbal strategies necessary in the mediation of abstract verbal material.
Response of Microsprinkler-Irrigated Navel Oranges to Fertigated Nitrogen Rate and Frequency

Microsprinklers allow precise control of irrigation water applications and offer the potential for higher efficiency of water and fertilizer use compared with flood irrigation. A field experiment was conducted during 1999‐2002 in central Arizona (AZ) to evaluate effects of various N rates and fertigation frequencies on fruit yield and quality, leaf N concentration, and residual soil N of ‘Newhall’ navel oranges (Citrus sinensis) on ‘Carrizo’ citrange (Porcirus trifoliata x Citrus sinensis) rootstock (planted in 1997) grown in a Gilman (coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvents) fine sandy loam. The experiment included nonfertilized control plots and factorial combinations of three fertigation frequencies (27, 9, and 3 applications annually) and three N rates (68, 136, and 204 g N tree 21 yr 21 ). Maximum yields occurred at N rates of 105 to 153 g N tree 21 yr 21 for the fourth to the sixth growing seasons. The yield-maximizing N rates were equivalent to 17 to 34% of currently recommended N rates for citrus grown in AZ. Fruit and juice quality did not show significant response to N rate or fertigation frequency. Leaf N concentrations at yield-maximizing N rates were above the critical leaf tissue N range of 25 to 27 mg g 21 , indicating that this range may be too low for these ‘Newhall’ navel orange trees. During all three seasons, higher residual soil NO 3 concentrations resulted from the highest N rate. Our results suggest that optimum N rates for microsprinklerirrigated ‘Newhall’ navel oranges in AZ are lower than currently recommended N rates.
A revised version of the transfer matrix method to analyze one-dimensional structures

A new and general method to analyze both free and forced vibration characteristics of one-dimensional structures is discussed in this paper. This scheme links for the first time the classical transfer matrix method with the recently developed integrating matrix technique to integrate systems of differential equations. Two alternative approaches to the problem are presented. The first is based upon the lumped parameter model to account for the inertia properties of the structure. The second releases that constraint allowing a more precise description of the physical system. The free vibration of a straight uniform beam under different support conditions is analyzed to test the accuracy of the two models. Finally some results for the free vibration of a 12th order system representing a curved, rotating beam prove that the present method is conveniently extended to more complicated structural dynamics problems.
The state of aerosol research in the former Soviet Union : history, achievements, current problems and perspectives

Abstract Starting from the initiation of the well-known pioneering investigations at the N. A. Fuchs Laboratory in Moscow, and, further, for the recent 60 years, aerosol researchers from the former Soviet Union have made significant contributions to the development of this field worldwide. The paper contains information on the structure and history of the development of aerosol science and its applications in the former U.S.S.R. Recent political and economic changes have resulted in the breakup of the structure of Soviet science and industry as well as a tremendous reduction of financial support for research. The effect on the state of aerosol research in Russia, Ukraine and other post-Soviet republics is discussed in this paper.
IRRADIATION EMBRITTLEMENT OF LOW-BORON TYPE 304 STAINLESS STEEL

THERE is a growing amount of literature1–7 that describes the magnitude and characteristics of the irradiation-induced embrittlement of alloys at high temperatures. These data appear to be consistent with the hypothesis that the grain boundary embrittlement is due to the helium generated by the 10B (n, α) (ref. 7) Li thermal neutron capture reaction1,8,9.
Modeling and analysis of the latent period of osteosarcomas induced by incorporated 239Pu: The role of immune responses

This paper considers the utility of a stochastic model of carcinogenesis, proposed earlier by Yakovlev and Polig, in quantitative analysis of the incidence of radiation-induced osteosarcomas in beagels injected with various amounts of ^2^3^9Pu. The original version of the model failed to provide a good fit to our experimental data. The model has been generalized by incorporating a simple mechanism of lesion elimination, which is likely to be mediated by the immune system. Two versions of the model were developed: the first version ( Model 1 ) assumed malignant cells to be a target for the immune attack, while in Model 2 initiated cells were assumed to be such a target. Model 2 was rejected by the likelihood ratio test, thereby indicating that the competing model provides a more plausible explanation of the experimental data. Since in experiments with incorporated radionuclides the dose rate varies with time, dose-rate effects cannot be observed directly, and one must rely on mathematical models. The results of our numerical experiments show that, depending on the time of observation, both the direct and the inverse dose-rate effects may manifest themselves even at a fixed total dose level.
Determination of elastic mode characteristics using wirelessly networked sensors for nanosat launch vehicle control

This paper presents a simulation study of the realtime determination of the elastic mode characteristics (frequency and displacement mode shape) of a launch vehicle using an array of sensors that measure the local strain along the length of the vehicle. The determination of the frequency and shape of the excited modes is accomplished using the buffered strain data. We assume that the sensed data is obtained from a wirelessly networked array of sensors that brings in additional complexity due to the presence of delays, packet loss and network dynamics. Preliminary results show a high sensitivity of the mode-shape determination algorithm to delays in sensed information.
A case of giant cell tumor of sacrum with unusual pulmonary metastases: CT and FDG PET findings.

Abstract A 43-year-old woman was admitted for concern of postcurettage recurrence of left sacral giant cell tumor (GCT). Both MRI and FDG PET revealed a large lesion in the left sacrum with characteristics concerning for local recurrence. Preoperative staging CT showed no evidence of remote metastases. Subsequent restaging CT and FDG PET demonstrate the interval development of a 5 × 6-mm pulmonary nodule in the right lung base within 40 days after curettage with hypermetabolic features on PET, concerning for pulmonary metastasis of GCT, which was later confirmed by biopsy. As an exception, benign GCT can demonstrate metastases, rapid growth rate, and enhanced FDG avidity on PET for both primary and metastatic lesions. Our case illustrates the importance of recognizing these exceptional features when interpreting FDG PET of GCT to prevent the misinterpretation of metastases as perhaps other etiologies, such as infection.
Recognition of Queen Larvae by Worker Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)

Colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera, from two patrilines (cordovan and dark) were established and observations were made on the behaviour shown by the worker bees in rearing queen larvae within their colonies. The relationship among the bees within these colonies was either r = 3/4 (super-sisters) or r = 1/4 (half sisters). The worker bees showed preferential care to the queen larvae that were of their own patriline. Workers of the cordovan patriline showed a stronger preference for larvae of their own patriline than did the dark workers. Cordovan workers also showed a higher rate of visitation, indicating behavioural differences between the patrilines. These results suggest that kin selection is operating on honey bee behaviour used in rearing reproductives.
Catalysis by Supported Gold: Correlation between Catalytic Activity for CO Oxidation and Oxidation States of Gold

X-ray absorption near-edge spectra and temperature-programmed oxidation and reduction data demonstrate that Au(I) and Au(0) are both present in working MgO-supported gold catalysts for CO oxidation. EXAFS data indicate gold clusters with essentially the same average diameter (about 30 A) in each catalyst sample. Thus, the results provide no evidence of an effect of gold cluster size on the catalytic activity, but both the catalytic activity and the surface concentration of Au(I) were found to decrease with increasing CO partial pressure (as Au(0) was increasingly formed), demonstrating that the catalytic sites incorporate Au(I).
Crack opening profile observations for dynamic cleavage crack propagation and arrest

Abstract T his paper presents measurements of the crack opening profile during cleavage crack extension and arrest in A533B Class 1 steel specimens subject to a stress and temperature gradient. The crack opening profiles were measured by two independent methods: (1) displacement transducers using Hall effect sensors that measured the crack opening profiles away from the crack tip and (2) a post-test fractographic technique (the fracture surface topography analysis, FRASTA) that reconstructed the details of the fracture process and measured the near crack tip opening profile. The measured evolution of the crack opening profiles during the experiment was consistent with the calculated stress intensity history and provided a basis for interpreting the crack propagation and arrest behaviors. This observation suggests that the crack opening displacement and crack opening angle concepts are promising parameters to characterize dynamic fracture in elasto-plastic or visco-plastic materials. Under the conditions prevailing in the present experiments (increasing toughness, decreasing crack speed) the cleavage crack maintained a sharp tip during propagation. The crack fully arrested before significant blunting of the tip occurred because of dynamic reloading. Comparison of the crack opening profiles measured with either of the two independent methods demonstrated that during dynamic fracture events useful estimates of the near crack tip opening profile can be obtained from remote crack face displacement measurements.
Recoil Effect in Beta Decay and K Capture

The study of recoil effects in $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay and $K$ capture is extended to the case of forbidden transitions. Formulas for the angular distribution of recoil nuclei from oriented parent nuclei, the polarization of the recoil nucleus, and the angular correlation between the recoil nucleus and the following $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray emitted in given state of circular polarization are presented. For $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay the results, in which the Coulomb effects have been taken into account only through the Fermi function, are given in closed form for $n$-forbidden transitions. We have considered separately $\mathrm{ST}$ and $\mathrm{VA}$ interactions. The results are quite sensitive to the choice between the two couplings. In particular it is shown that for the so-called unique forbidden transitions of light-nuclei parity-nonconserving effects vanish for a $\mathrm{VA}$ interaction, whereas they are expected to be large with an $\mathrm{ST}$ interaction. The study of recoil effects in $K$ capture, which has been limited to the case of first forbidden transitions, provides a set of experiments which may be used to determine the helicity of the neutrino.
Brief Reflections on My Forty Years in the United States

I came to the United States in 1958. Time has passed quickly, and that was forty years ago. My original plan was to study in America, not to immigrate. I wanted to return to Taiwan when I completed my education. But this plan lasted for only two years. Then I married. Since then, I have been working and have raised my children in the United States. So "studying in America" has become "staying in America." I have visited Taiwan several times for longer or shorter periods and have gone to mainland China three times to visit relatives or to observe and study. But I have no intention of staying in either Taiwan or mainland China for long. Each time I return to the United States from a trip, I feel as though I have returned home. I never thought a pure Chinese like myself could put down roots in the United States and no longer consider mainland China and Taiwan as home. This is so unexpected. It is a long journey from studying in America to staying in America and then to being so enchanted as to forget about h...
Research and the Family Farm: Implications for Agricultural Economics Research

During the last half of the Carter administration, then Secretary of Agriculture Bergland was reasonably successful in bringing concerns about the structure of agriculture to center stage. The 1980 election appears to have lowered the place of structural concerns on the near-term policy agenda. But structural issues have been around a long time and can be expected to remain a concern of policy makers.
New Cropland on Former Rangeland and Lost Cropland from Urban Development: The “Replacement Land” Debate

In this study, a land use/land cover change analysis method was developed to examine patterns of land use/land cover conversions of cropland to urban uses and conversions of rangeland to cropland uses in the United States (US) Midwest region. We used the US 2001 and 2006 National Land Cover Datasets (NLCD) for our spatial analyses of these conversion trends. Our analysis showed that the eastern part of the Midwest, like prior periods, continued to experience losses of cropland to urban expansion but at a much more rapid rate, as this was during an expansion phase of the US real estate construction cycle. The period showed a very small net loss of cropland as the loss was being balanced by gains in cropland at the expense of rangeland lost in the western part of the Midwest. We refer to this rangeland to cropland conversion as “replacement land”. We do not suggest by replacement that there is a signal in the system that interconnects the loss of a hectare of cropland to urban land by converting a hectare of rangeland to cropland, rather we highlight this spatial trend as it raises concerns about the environmental sustainability of agriculture in the western part of the region, as production is dependent on the use of irrigation and the already stressed High Plains aquifer.
The spirit of family business: A comparative analysis of Anglo, Germanic and Nordic nations

Using GLOBE classification and findings, this paper compares the family characteristics and work cultures of family businesses in Anglo, Germanic, and Nordic cultures. Results indicate differing pa...
Using Real Life Examples to Teach Abstract Statistical Concepts

Summary This article provides real life examples that can be used to explain statistical concepts. It does not attempt to be exhaustive, but rather, provide a few examples for selected concepts based on what students should know after taking a statistics course.
Influence of cysteine upon the glutathione status of isolated rat hepatocytes

Abstract Contrary to a previous report [J. Vina, R. Hems and H. A. Krebs, Biochem. J. 170 , 627 (1978)], we have observed that incubation of isolated rat hepatocytes in a medium containing high concentrations of cysteine did not deplete intracellular glutathione (GSH), but instead caused a net increase of GSH. Hepatocyte-dependent accumulation of the mixed disulfide of cysteine and GSH (CYSSG) in incubation media within a 2-hr period was increased several-fold in medium containing cysteine or cystine compared to methionine-containing medium. Hepatocytes (10 6 cells/ml) placed in medium containing normal levels of cysteine, cystine, or methionine established about a 1:1 ratio of extracellular GSH to GSSG at a concentration of about 6μM each. These results indicate a possible intracellular-extracellular relationship for glutathione and an intracellular response to the extracellular status of glutathione and cyst(e)ine.
Pareto Efficiency in Robust Optimization

This paper formalizes and adapts the well-known concept of Pareto efficiency in the context of the popular robust optimization RO methodology for linear optimization problems. We argue that the classical RO paradigm need not produce solutions that possess the associated property of Pareto optimality, and we illustrate via examples how this could lead to inefficiencies and suboptimal performance in practice. We provide a basic theoretical characterization of Pareto robustly optimal PRO solutions and extend the RO framework by proposing practical methods that verify Pareto optimality and generate solutions that are PRO. Critically important, our methodology involves solving optimization problems that are of the same complexity as the underlying robust problems; hence, the potential improvements from our framework come at essentially limited extra computational cost. We perform numerical experiments drawn from three different application areas portfolio optimization, inventory management, and project management, which demonstrate that PRO solutions have a significant potential upside compared with solutions obtained using classical RO methods. This paper was accepted by Gerard P. Cachon, optimization.
Sry and Sox9 expression during canine gonadal sex determination assayed by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction

Testis induction is associated with gonadal Sry and Sox9 expression in mammals, and with Sox9 expression in vertebrates where Sry is absent. In mammals, Sry might initiate testis induction by upregulating Sox9 expression; however, direct evidence supporting this hypothesis is lacking. Models of Sry-negative XX sex reversal (XXSR), in which testes develop in the absence of Sry, could provide the link between Sry and Sox9 in testis induction. To define the stages at which testis determination occurs in the canine model, Sry and Sox9 expression were measured in normal urogenital ridges (UGR) and gonads by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Testicular Sry expression rose continuously during canine developmental ages comparable to human carnegie stages (CS) 16-18, with maximal expression at CS 18. Sox9 was expressed in both male and female canine UGR up to CS 17, at which time testis expression became tenfold greater than in the ovary. Although Sox9 was detected by qRT-PCR in ovaries and mesonephroi of both sexes, expression was detected only in canine testes by whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH). The timing of Sry and Sox9 expression is consistent with a role in testis determination: Sry expression begins at CS 16 in testes, followed by upregulation of Sox9 expression at CS 17. The quantity and temporal and spatial patterns of Sry and Sox9 expression in normal canine gonads are similar to those in humans, sheep, and pigs. These studies should provide the basis for understanding the mechanism of testis induction in the canine model of Sry-negative XXSR.
Solar occultation sounding of pressure and temperature using narrowband radiometers

A technique for simultaneously retrieving pressure and temperature profiles using satellite-based narrowband radiometer measurements of absorption in the CO2 4.3-micron band is described. Pressure and temperature profiles for earth's upper atmosphere on a global scale can be obtained with errors less than 3% and 3 K, respectively. The p-T information can be used not only for improving the accuracy of inverted gas concentrations in the same absorption experiment but also for investigating the upper atmosphere circulation.
Sense of Indebtedness Toward Parents: Korean American Emerging Adults’ Narratives of Parental Sacrifice

This research examined the construct “sense of indebtedness toward parents” (SIP) as a concept that helps explain positive change in Korean American (KA) emerging adults’ views of their parents des...
Compressive sensing for MIMO radar

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems have been shown to achieve superior resolution as compared to traditional radar systems with the same number of transmit and receive antennas. This paper considers a distributed MIMO radar scenario, in which each transmit element is a node in a wireless network, and investigates the use of compressive sampling for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation. According to the theory of compressive sampling, a signal that is sparse in some domain can be recovered based on far fewer samples than required by the Nyquist sampling theorem. The DOA of targets form a sparse vector in the angle space, and therefore, compressive sampling can be applied for DOA estimation. The proposed approach achieves the superior resolution of MIMO radar with far fewer samples than other approaches. This is particularly useful in a distributed scenario, in which the results at each receive node need to be transmitted to a fusion center for further processing.
Modified MSF synthesis by Fisher and mean-square-error techniques

Modified matched spatial filters for shift-invariant multiclass multiobject distortion-invariant object recognition are described. Filter synthesis involves forming an orthonormal basis function set from training set data and selecting coefficients using classic Fisher and mean-square-error techniques. Initial experimental results are provided.
Rational Handling of Multiple Goals for Mobile Robots

The mobile robot planning domain is dynamic, with goals becoming active asynchronously. In order to successfully operate in this environment, a robot must be able to interrupt and reformulate its plan of action on-the-fly. This report investigates a method for incorporating the accomplishment of a new goal into a partially executed plan. A decision theoretic approach using net present value as the decision criterion serves as the basis for determining goal ordering dynamically. The appropriateness of net present value over other criteria is argued. The approach has been implemented on a robot operating in an office setting. Examples from this domain and a planetary exploration domain are used to show the advantages of the approach with respect to fixed priority and heuristic approaches.
Cystic Disease of the Kidney

This review focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the development of human renal cystic diseases. A pathological, clinical, and pathophysiological overview is given. Initial analysis of the cell biology of inappropriate hyperproliferation accompanied by fluid secretion of cyst-lining epithelia has been followed by the elucidation of fundamental defects in epithelial polarity, cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions, and apoptosis, all of which are discussed. Identification of the genes and proteins responsible for several renal cystic diseases has led to a more complete understanding of defects in renal developmental programming, differentiation, and morphogenesis, all of which underlie cystic diseases of the kidney.
Optical property characterization based on a phase function approximation model

Recently, we generalized the Delta-Eddington phase function and applied it to the radiative transfer equation for modeling the photon propagation in biological tissue. The resultant phase approximation model was shown to be highly accurate with a wide range of optical properties, including the strongly absorbing and weakly scattering media. In this paper, we propose phase-approximation-based method for estimating the optical parameters. Specifically, we design an iterative algorithm to take advantage of both the global search ability of the differential evolution algorithm and the efficiency of the conjugate gradient method. Then, we demonstrate the feasibility and merits of the proposed method in both numerical simulation and phantom experiments.
Acceptability of the vaginal contraceptive ring among adolescent women

Study Objective Although underutilized, the vaginal contraceptive ring has several advantages over other contraceptive methods that could benefit adolescents. We examined factors that may influence willingness to try the vaginal ring including: sexual and contraceptive history, genital comfort, and vaginal ring characteristics. Design Cross sectional Setting Midwestern adolescent health clinics Participants Adolescent women (N = 200; 14–18 years; 89% African-American) Interventions/Main Outcome Measures All participants received education about the vaginal ring and viewed pictures demonstrating insertion; they then completed a visual/audio computer-assisted self interview. The primary outcome variable, willingness to try the vaginal ring, was a single Likert-scale item. Results Over half the participants reported knowledge of the vaginal ring with healthcare providers identified as the most important source of contraceptive information. Comfort with one’s genitals, insertion and removal, using alternative methods of insertion, and knowing positive method characteristics were significantly associated with willingness to try the vaginal ring. A decreased willingness to try the vaginal ring was related to concerns of the ring getting lost inside or falling out of the vagina. Conclusions Willingness to try the ring was associated with positive feelings about genitals (e.g., comfort with appearance, hygiene, function). Thus, to increase willingness to try the vaginal ring among adolescents, providers should make it common practice to discuss basic female reproductive anatomy, raise awareness about female genital health and address concerns about their genitals. Providers can offer alternative insertion techniques (e.g., gloves) to make use more accessible. These strategies may increase vaginal ring use among adolescents.
Creativity and evolution: a metadesign perspective

Abstract In a world that is not predictable, improvisation and evolution are more than a luxury: they are a necessity. The challenge of design is not a matter of getting rid of the emergent, but rather of making it an opportunity for more creative and more sustainable solutions. User-centered and participatory design approaches have focused primarily on activities taking place at design time. These approaches have not given enough emphasis and they have provided few mechanisms to support systems as living entities that can evolve over time. Metadesign is a unique design approach concerned with opening up solution spaces rather than complete solutions (hence the prefix meta-), and aimed at creating social and technical infrastructures in which new forms of collaborative design can take place. This approach extends the traditional notion of design beyond the original development of a system to include co-adaptive processes between users and systems that enable the users to act as designers in personally mea...
Agrarian power and unfree labour

(1999). Agrarian power and unfree labour. The Journal of Peasant Studies: Vol. 26, Rural Labour Relations in India, pp. 242-262.
Spectroscopic measurements of atmospheric HCN at northern and southern latitudes

A number of lines belonging to the nu(3) fundamental vibration-rotation band of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) have been identified in atmospheric infrared absorption spectra obtained on high-altitude balloon flights at 32 deg N in 1976 and at 30 deg S in 1977. Quantitative analysis of these spectral features has resulted in the first determination of atmospheric HCN concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere, as well as an independent estimate of stratospheric HCN abundance in the Northern Hemisphere. Within the uncertainties of the present and previous measurements, the Northern Hemisphere result is consistent with those of other investigators, and Southern Hemisphere HCN concentrations appear to be similar to those in the Northern Hemisphere.
Design and implementation of a QoS capable switch-router

An important challenge for the future growth of the Internet is to design routers that can forward the exponentially increasing volume of traffic, and at the same time provide the service differentiation needed by new applications. In this paper, we describe the architecture, implementation, and initial experiences with a system designed to meet this challenge. This system, which we call a QoS capable switch-router (QSR), combines the salient features of switching and routing technologies to provide high throughput and support the different classes of service being defined by the IETF. It consists of a core (ATM) switch fabric connecting intelligent adapters, each capable of both routing and switching pockets. A control engine is responsible for routing, RSVP signalling, and resource management. We have built a prototype network of 3 systems connected to several UNIX hosts, and have conducted preliminary performance measurements on this network.
Texture analysis of optical coherence tomography images: feasibility for tissue classification.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) acquires cross- sectional images of tissue by measuring back-reflected light. Images from in vivo OCT systems typically have a resolution of 10 to 15 mm, and are thus best suited for visualizing structures in the range of tens to hundreds of microns, such as tissue layers or glands. Many normal and abnormal tissues lack visible structures in this size range, so it may appear that OCT is unsuitable for identification of these tissues. However, examination of structure-poor OCT images reveals that they frequently display a characteristic texture that is due to speckle. We evaluated the application of statistical and spectral texture analysis techniques for differentiating tissue types based on the structural and speckle content in OCT images. Excellent correct classification rates were obtained when images had slight visual differences (mouse skin and fat, correct classification rates of 98.5 and 97.3%, respectively), and reasonable rates were obtained with nearly identical-appearing images (normal versus abnormal mouse lung, correct classification rates of 64.0 and 88.6%, respectively). This study shows that texture analysis of OCT images may be capable of differentiating tissue types
A case-control study of physical activity patterns and risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction

Background: The interactive effects of different types of physical activity on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk have not been fully considered in previous studies. We aimed to identify physical activity patterns that take into account combinations of physical activities and examine the association between derived physical activity patterns and risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: We examined the relationship between physical activity patterns, identified by principal component analysis (PCA), and AMI risk in a case-control study of myocardial infarction in Costa Rica (N=4172), 1994-2004. The component scores derived from PCA and total METS were used in natural cubic spline models to assess the association between physical activity and AMI risk. Results: Four physical activity patterns were retained from PCA that were characterized as the rest/sleep, agricultural job, light indoor activity, and manual labor job patterns. The light indoor activity and rest/sleep patterns showed an inverse linear relation (P for linearity=0.001) and a U-shaped association (P for non-linearity=0.03) with AMI risk, respectively. There was an inverse association between total activity-related energy expenditure and AMI risk but it reached a plateau at high levels of physical activity (P for non-linearity=0.01). Conclusions: These data suggest that a light indoor activity pattern is associated with reduced AMI risk. PCA provides a new approach to investigate the relationship between physical activity and CVD risk.
A 320 MHz CMOS triple 8 bit DAC with on-chip PLL and hardware cursor

A 320 MHz triple 8 bit DAC with on-chip phase-locked loop (PLL), hardware cursor function, and an architecture that relies on time-interleaved logic blocks is presented. Overall device performance is optimized by operating different portions of the circuit at different frequencies and combining parallelism with time-interleaving to minimize the hardware cost. Clock multiplication by the on-chip PLL improved the maximum frequency of operation of the prototype circuits by 20 percent. The PLL operates from 20-500 MHz and has a peak-to-peak jitter of 60 ps at an operating frequency of 432 MHz. The 10 mm/spl times/10 mm chip was fabricated in a 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS process and dissipates 1.54 W from a single 5 V supply. >
Scholarly networks on resilience, vulnerability and adaptation within the human dimensions of global environmental change

This paper presents the results of a bibliometric analysis of the knowledge domains resilience, vulnerability and adaptation within the research activities on human dimensions of global environmental change. We analyzed how 2286 publications between 1967 and 2005 are related in terms of co-authorship relations, and citation relations. The number of publications in the three knowledge domains increased rapidly between 1995 and 2005. However, the resilience knowledge domain is only weakly connected with the other two domains in terms of co-authorships and citations. The resilience knowledge domain has a background in ecology and mathematics with a focus on theoretical models, while the vulnerability and adaptation knowledge domains have a background in geography and natural hazards research with a focus on case studies and climate change research. There is an increasing number of cross citations and papers classified in multiple knowledge domains. This seems to indicate an increasing integration of the different knowledge domains. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Tracking the Growth of Drug Therapy Literature Using PubMed

The biomedical literature has exploded over the past 50 years. The purpose of this study was to track the growth of drug therapy literature using the online provider PubMed. We utilized the first 20 Disease [C] MeSH listed on the 2005 MeSH tree structures for our study. Drug therapy literature was searched using the disease MeSH with the ending/drug therapy or/chemically induced. Publication numbers were compiled each year from 1966 to 2003. Disease articles increased by 612% from 1966 to 2003. Drug therapy articles increased by 1,116% during the same period. As a percentage of all disease articles, drug therapy publications increased from 11% to 18% over this time period. Drug therapy review articles grew by 10,521% over the time period; drug therapy randomized clinical trials increased by 5,228%. Geriatric drug therapy articles increased at a greater rate than pediatric literature (1,210% vs. 637%). Infectious disease (14%), oncology (14%), immunologic diseases (10%), cardiovascular disease (9%), and neurologic/psychiatric diseases (8%) constitute the highest percentages of all drug therapy articles. Drug therapy literature is growing at a faster rate than the disease literature on PubMed. Drug therapy review articles alone are approaching 10,000 articles/year and are the fastest growing subsection of the drug therapy literature on PubMed.
Workshop on characterization of calcium phosphate materials

Calcium phosphate materials are being extensively investigated for orthopaedic and dental applications. Bone grafts and bone substitutes are being developed using many forms of these materials. Numerous medical devices are being coated with them. Because of the many forms that calcium phosphate materials take, characterization of the material under investigation is essential. Aworkshop sponsored by the Society For Biomaterials on characterization of calcium phosphate materials was held on June 14 and 15, 1989. Sessions discussing the historical development, in vitro characterization, in vitro coating characterization, in vivo coating characterization, the FDA perspective, and the manufacturers perspective were held. A summary of the workshop with references is presented.
Naturalising Transgenics: Official Seeds, Loose Seeds and Risk in the Decision Matrix of Gujarati Cotton Farmers

Cotton farmers in Gujarat, western India, faced a novel decision matrix when Delhi gave provisional approval, in March 2002, to Mahyco-Monsanto Biotech Ltd. to release three Bt-cotton varieties. These varieties represented India's first legally commercialised transgenics: official seeds. Unofficial transgenic seeds were also available to farmers both as unpackaged, unbranded 'loose seeds' - mostly F2 progeny of a popular but banned transgenic variety - and as packaged, branded local gray-market Bt cultivars not approved by government. This essay utilises original field research to analyse the reasoning frame of farmers in choosing which seeds to plant. It finds that Bt cotton varieties were valued by farmers for reduction of pest damage, pesticide cost and thus improvement of yields and income. Second, choices among Bt varieties are complex, riding on seed-cost differentials between official and stealth cultivars and variable fit of varieties to local agronomic conditions. Third, some farmers chose non-Bt cultivars, for various reasons, including preference for organic cultivation - though some considered Bt cotton compatible with organic agriculture. Cotton farmers in Gujarat have in effect naturalised transgenic varieties, slotting them into familiar strategies to hedge risks.
Material hardship and depression among low‐income households in South Korea: Differences by household type

With the recent trend of growing poverty in South Korea, low-income households, particularly elderly- and single-headed households, are at high risk of experiencing material hardship and depression. However, less is known about the association between material hardship and depression by household type in Korea. Using data (N = 2,913) from the Korean Welfare Panel Study and employing several methodological approaches to address the omitted variables bias, this study examined: (i) the association between material hardship and depression among low-income households, and (ii) whether the association differed by household type. We found that experiencing material hardship was associated with a higher likelihood of being depressed. In addition, we also found that the association between material hardship and depression differed by household type. The magnitude of the association was most pronounced in single- and elderly-headed households. Policy implications to improve well-being among low-income households were discussed.