cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Somatoform Disorder: Treatment Utilization and Cost by Mental Health Professions

Administrative data from Cigna for 149 somatoform cases were analyzed to determine the cost, number of sessions, dropout rates, and recidivism rates. Comparisons on these outcomes were made between medical doctors, psychologists, master’s nurses, master’s social workers, marriage and family therapists, and professional counselors. Recidivism rates and number of sessions are higher than for other mental health problems. There were no significant difference in total cost by profession, but did indicate a significant difference in cost per session for MDs. Analyses indicate that masters and doctoral level providers produced the same drop out and recidivism rates.
A quantitative study of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran transport in the microcirculation of the isolated perfused rat liver

Hepatic extraction of solutes depends on microvascular angioarchitecture, hemodynamics and solute concentrations. These factors may contribute to the heterogeneity observed in solute transport and uptake in the hepatic lobules. However, predictions of liver extraction based on black-box models require assumptions about these factors and the microvascular transport mechanisms involved. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to investigate solute transport and uptake by hepatocytes. Livers from male Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused at physiological flowrates and portal pressures on the stage of an in vivo microscope using a low-hematocrit Ringer solution. A bolus of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextrans (17,900, 39,000, 65,600 or 156,900 MW), which are considered inert fluid-phase markers, was injected into the portal vein. Fluorescein isothiocyanate fluorescence, as a measure of solute concentration, was video recorded in periportal or centrivenular regions of the lobules. Spatial and temporal fluorescence data, measured in sinusoids and hepatocytes, were fit to one-dimensional transport models to determine estimates for an intracellular effective diffusion coefficient and for hepatocyte permeability. The calculated effective diffusion coefficients were 2.5 times larger for dextrans less than 66,000 MW, but were not different between the periportal and centrivenular regions. Also, the values did not show the inverse log-log molecular weight dependency for dextrans seen in other microvascular tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Introductory computing students' conceptions of illegal student-student collaboration

Academic integrity and cheating are issues of specific importance in computing courses due to the restricted nature of much of our assigned work. Additionally, use of valued pedagogical and professional practices such as pair programming can muddy the waters when it comes to students' understandings and experiences with collaboration. In this study we report on 112 students at the beginning of a second programming course being asked to describe a scenario of student-to-student collaboration that "crosses the line" in terms of what should be allowed in the course. We find that students describe inappropriate acts involving sharing of code and sharing of information, with the former being more prevalent. Additionally, about half of the scenarios include mitigating circumstances that should not affect the propriety of those acts. Finally, when presented with other students' (often vague) scenarios, students have little consensus on whether those reflect appropriate or inappropriate collaborations.
Second prize: frequency of benign renal cortical tumors and histologic subtypes based on size in a contemporary series: what to tell our patients.

Background and Purpose: Historically, 85% to 90% of renal masses have been malignant, with the majority being renal-cell carcinoma. However, with the increasing frequency of incidentally discovered renal masses, only 70% to 85% of lesions are found to be malignant. Furthermore, the pathologic breakdown of these lesions on the basis of size is not well described. This study sought to determine the incidence of the various histologic subtypes of renal cortical tumors according to size in a contemporary series of surgically treated patients. Materials and Methods: Our prospectively collected database of all 482 patients who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy for a unilateral, unifocal, suspicious renal cortical tumor between January 2001 and October 2005 was reviewed. The frequency of benign and malignant lesions was determined according to size, as was the incidence of the various histologic subtypes. Results: Of the lesions, 228 were ≤4 cm, and 254 were >4 cm. Of all lesions ≤4 cm, 26.3% were benign,...
Characterization and autoradiographic mapping of [3H]CP96,345, a nonpeptide selective NK1 receptor antagonist in guinea pig lung

We have studied binding and distribution of NK1 receptors in guinea pig lung using [3H]CP96,345. Kinetic studies showed that specific binding of [3H]CP96,345 was rapid and reversible, giving a kinetic dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.28 +/- 0.05 nM. The specific binding was also saturable and Scatchard analysis indicated a single class of binding site with an equilibrium Kd of 0.12 +/- 0.03 nM and maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of 107.0 +/- 10.3 fmol/mg of protein. Competition studies showed the rank order of affinity for agonists and antagonists as follows: SP > NKA = septide >> NKB = senktide; CP96,345 > FK888 > FK224 > L668169. NK3 agonists, NK2-selective antagonists, and a calcium channel blocker, diltiazem, showed no displacement, indicating high selectivity for NK1 receptors. Autoradiographic mapping showed specific labeling over airway smooth muscle from central to peripheral airways, submucosal glands, and nerve fibers of trachea. The labeling of airway epithelium was increased with diminishing size of airways. Pulmonary blood vessels were also moderately labeled and there was sparse labeling over alveolar walls. [3H]CP96,345 may provide a useful tool to evaluate NK1 receptor expression in peripheral organs.
P-scan analysis of inhomogeneously induced optical nonlinearities

A model for beam propagation through a nonlinear material is developed; the model takes into account inhomogeneous induced refractive-index changes due to the nonlinearity. A focused Gaussian beam of circular cross section, incident upon the sample, emerges as an elliptic Gaussian beam after interaction in this material. The nonlinearity coefficient values derived from a Z scan of photorefractive lithium niobate crystals compare favorably with that found by varying the power P of a Gaussian beam focused at a fixed longitudinal position within the sample and monitoring the far-field beam ellipticity. The nonlinearity coefficient value is used to determine the dopant’s acceptor-to-donor concentration ratio in photorefractive lithium niobate samples.
Identification and characterization of a novel Ste20/germinal center kinase-related kinase, polyploidy-associated protein kinase.

A novel protein kinase, polyploidy-associated protein kinase (PAPK), was isolated using a subtraction cDNA library approach from a mouse erythroleukemia cell line that had been induced to polyploidy after serum withdrawal. PAPK shares homology with members of the Ste20/germinal center kinase family of protein kinases and is ubiquitously expressed as two spliced forms, PAPK-A and PAPK-B, that encode for proteins of 418 and 189 amino acids, respectively. The expression of endogenous PAPK-A protein increased after growth factor withdrawal in murine hematopoietic and fibroblast cells. When tested in an in vitro kinase assay, PAPK-A was activated in response to the stress-inducing agent hydrogen peroxide and slightly by fetal calf serum. Biochemical characterization of the PAPK-A-initiated pathway revealed that this novel kinase does not affect MAP kinase activity but can stimulate both c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) and ERK6/p38γ. The kinase activity of PAPK appears to be required for the activation of ERK6/p38γ but not JNK1. When an inducible construct of PAPK-A was expressed in stably transfected NIH3T3 cells, the cells exhibited distinct cytoskeletal changes and became resistant to apoptotic cell death induced by serum withdrawal, effects of PAPK that require its kinase activity. These data suggest that PAPK is a new member of the Ste20/germinal center kinase family that modulates cytoskeletal organization and cell survival.
Comparison of experimental and analytical predictions of rotor blade-vortex interactions using model scale acoustic data

Helicopter blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise is studied using a model scale rotor acoustic data base and an analytical rotor wake prediction method. The variation of BVI acoustic levels with vehicle flight conditions (forward speed and disk attitude) is presented. Calculations of probable BVI locations on the rotor disk are made for a range of operating conditions using the measured acoustic signals and an acoustic ray tracing technique. Analytical predictions of possible BVI locations on the rotor disk are made using a generalized distorted wake analysis program. Comparisons of the interaction locations are made with the results of both the analytic approach and the acoustic ray tracing technique.
Free radicals from chlorpromazine.

THE report has been made recently of the isolation in urine of a metabolite of chlorpromazine which was designated as a free radical from its electron spin resonance1. Absorption data revealed no distinct characteristics in the ultra-violet and visible ranges. The same compound was formed also by photo-oxidation with ultra-violet light. The oxidation-level of the free radical was thought to be intermediate between chlorpromazine and its sulphoxide, and, as a result, a provisional formula was suggested involving the heterocyclic sulphur.
Effects of predation and parasitism on climbing behavior of the marine snail, Cerithidea scalariformis

Abstract In mangrove marshes in Florida, the marine snail, Cerithidea scalariformis, exhibits a tidally-induced climbing behavior in which snails forage on the substrate during low tides, then climb aerial roots of mangrove trees on incoming and high tides. Under field and laboratory conditions, we tested the conventional explanation that snails vertically migrate to avoid predators, and because populations of C. scalariformis are parasitized by a guild of larval trematodes, we quantified the additive effects of parasitism on climbing behavior. We found that snail climbing distance was significantly and positively associated with water height, with snails migrating 2.7 times higher during high tide than low tide. Climbing distance depended on the species of trematode infection, and differences in migration distance between low and high tides were reduced for two of the four trematode species, suggesting that parasitism can affect climbing behavior. In field and laboratory experiments with tethered snails, individuals experienced significant levels of predation 0–8 cm above the substrate surface, which declined substantially at heights above 16 cm. A laboratory experiment showed that in the presence of blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, unparasitized snails climbed 53% higher than parasitized snails, and 37% higher than they would without the presence of a predator. Surprisingly, infected snails climbed the same distance in the presence or absence of a blue crab, suggesting that parasitism may physiologically affect a snail's ability to respond to predators. Our data show that predation and parasitism are significant driving forces behind the climbing behavior of C. scalariformis whereby parasitic infection may affect their interactions with marsh predators. Reduced climbing distance may be an adaptive benefit for the parasite that keeps snails closer to the mud surface, providing favorable conditions for free-swimming cercariae to find a second intermediate host, since cercariae can only be transmitted to the next host when the snail host is inundated. Thus, the migratory behavior of C. scalariformis is a behavioral adaptation to avoid predation and that body snatchers, such as larval trematodes, can greatly modify this behavior to increase their own evolutionary fitness.
What kind of society permits child abuse

Child maltreatment is conceptualized as a social welfare problem inevitably created by the isolation that individualistic culture creates. The „defective parent” model for detecting abusive persons is described as inconsistent, unfeasible and contradictory. Attention must be focused on basic institutional and social forces which permit abuse. The social and economic context for families is seen as the setting that transforms risk for abuse into actual abuse. It is strongly suggested that integration of formal and informal systems of child protective services is needed to protect and enhance the welfare of children and families.
Pulmonary Vascular Angioscopy - Current Results

We performed angioscopy on 31 patients with suspected chronic pulmonary arterial ob-struction using three prototype angioscopes. The instruments varied in length (80, 90, and 120 cm), outside diameter (3.2 and 4 mm), and distal tip deflection (70, 90, and 180 degrees). All had a distal viewing balloon. Conventional diagnostic studies were performed and decisions about diagnosis and operability were made prior to angioscopy. An independent assessment of diagnosis and operability was then made based on the results of angioscopy. Surgical confirmation was obtained in most cases and clinical or autopsy data were obtained in the remainder. Angioscopy led to a change in the diagnosis of 6 patients (19%). Four of 25 patients with chronic pulmonary emboli were felt to be inoperable based on the angioscopic findings. Two of these 4 underwent surgery and were found to be inoperable. 21 of the remaining 25 patients were felt to have operable disease and 19 underwent surgery. In 14 of these 19 (74%), the conventional studies were either negative or equivocal with respect to operability and the decision to operate was based on angioscopic data. We conclude that good visualization of the central pulmonary arteries can be achieved with the optical balloon technique; that the procedure can be performed safely in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension; and that the information obtained by angioscopy can significantly affect clinical decisions in patients with chronic pulmonary artery obstruction.
Managing Uncertainty in a Serial Production Line

This paper studies a serial production line that is uncertain. We introduce a linear model of the uncertainty that can exist in the demand for the product and in each stage's processing time, yield, rework probability, and reliability. We construct a linear discrete-time rule for controlling production, and we show that repeated application of this rule leads the system to steady-state conditions, which include closed-form formulas for the mean and variance of each buffer's stock and the mean and variance of the workload in each stage. We optimize these operating characteristics by a convex nonlinear program. For the case of identical stages with no scrap, we show that this optimal solution tends to place larger buffer stocks toward the end of the line. We adapt these discrete-time results to the short-period surrogate of the analogous continuous-time control problem.
Members of the Wedding: The Psychological Impact of the Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage in Massachusetts

On May 17, 2004, same-sex marriage was legalized in the commonwealth of Massachusetts. This event had a profound impact not only on the legal status of same-sex couples but also on our emotional and psychic lives. With the option to marry legally comes a set of internal conflicts about belonging and rejection that many of us began to encounter more directly in our families and communities. This essay is one couple's reflection on how the marriage decision in Massachusetts brought more closely into view the challenging and profound intersection of the law, social status, and our individual psychic realities.
Hypoxia-induced glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase overexpression and -activation in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells: implication in pulmonary hypertension

Severe pulmonary hypertension is a debilitating disease with an alarmingly low 5-yr life expectancy. Hypoxia, one of the causes of pulmonary hypertension, elicits constriction and remodeling of the pulmonary arteries. We now know that pulmonary arterial remodeling is a consequence of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of pulmonary artery smooth muscle (PASM), endothelial, myofibroblast, and stem cells. However, our knowledge about the mechanisms that cause these cells to proliferate and hypertrophy in response to hypoxic stimuli is still incomplete, and, hence, the treatment for severe pulmonary arterial hypertension is inadequate. Here we demonstrate that the activity and expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, are increased in hypoxic PASM cells and in lungs of chronic hypoxic rats. G6PD overexpression and -activation is stimulated by H2O2. Increased G6PD activity contributes to PASM cell proliferation by increasing Sp1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), which directs the cells to synthesize less contractile (myocardin and SM22α) and more proliferative (cyclin A and phospho-histone H3) proteins. G6PD inhibition with dehydroepiandrosterone increased myocardin expression in remodeled pulmonary arteries of moderate and severe pulmonary hypertensive rats. These observations suggest that altered glucose metabolism and G6PD overactivation play a key role in switching the PASM cells from the contractile to synthetic phenotype by increasing Sp1 and HIF-1α, which suppresses myocardin, a key cofactor that maintains smooth muscle cell in contractile state, and increasing hypoxia-induced PASM cell growth, and hence contribute to pulmonary arterial remodeling and pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.
Analysis of the multireflection effects in compensated liquid crystal devices

The effect of multiple internal reflections on the extinction ratio of perfectly compensated liquid crystal devices is studied. We find the previously unexplained wavelength dependence of light leakage in an ideally compensated device is caused by the interference of the internally reflected ordinary and extraordinary waves. While these effects have not been previously made clear, they can place a limit on the performance of liquid crystal devices used as displays, optical switches, and optical attenuators.
Network architecture and communication protocols for mobile computing

We discuss the design and implementation of network and transport layer protocols for mobile networking. The network architecture used is unique in that it separates the mobile network(s) from fixed networks and provides connectivity between the two via special gateways. These gateways split all transport connections and provide QoS guarantees to mobile users for all their open connections. We provide summaries of our protocols and discuss possible improvements.
Abalone lysin: the dissolving and evolving sperm protein.

Abalone sperm lysin is a non-enzymatic protein that creates a hole for sperm passage in the envelope surrounding the egg. Lysin exhibits species-specificity in making the hole and it evolves rapidly by positive selection. Our studies have focused on combining structural, biochemical, and evolutionary data to understand the mechanism of action and evolution of this remarkable protein. Currently, more is known about lysin than about any other protein involved in animal fertilization. We present an hypothesis to explain lysin's rapid evolution and the evolution of species-specific fertilization in this order of mollusks. We also propose a two-step model for lysin's action in which a dimer of lysin binds species-specifically to its glycoprotein receptor, and then monomerizes and binds the receptor in a non-species-specific manner. This experimental system yields data relevant to the general problem of molecular recognition between cell surfaces, and is also important to our thinking about how new species arise in the sea. BioEssays 23:95-103, 2001.
EyeGuardian: a framework of eye tracking and blink detection for mobile device users

Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is a common problem in the "Information Age", and it is becoming more serious as mobile devices (e.g. smartphones and tablet PCs) with small, low-resolution screens are outnumbering the home computers. The simplest way to avoid CVS is to blink frequently. However, most people do not realize that they blink less and some do not blink at all in front of the screen. In this paper, we present a mobile application that keeps track of the reader's blink rate and prods the user to blink if an exceptionally low blink rate is detected. The proposed eye detection and tracking algorithm is designed for mobile devices and can keep track of the eyes in spite of camera motion. The main idea is to predict the eye position in the camera frame using the feedback from the built-in accelerometer. The eye tracking system was built on a commercial Tablet PC. The experimental results consistently show that the scheme can withstand very aggressive mobility scenarios.
DIRECT OBSERVATION OF RESONANT p-WAVE NEUTRON CAPTURE

The capture gamma spectra of resonances in Mo/sup 95/ below 700 ev are studied in an effort to make unambiguous identification of individual resonances resuiting from capture of p-wave neutrons. A discussion is presented of the features of the experimental spectra that can be used to identify the parity of the compound state formed by neutron capture. In part particular, a resonance in Mo/sup 95/ at 107 ev with an anomalously strong ground-state transition is observ strength of this 1ine is inconsistent with s-wave captureThe resonance is concluded to arise from capture of a pwave neutron; to be an E1 transitlon; and to have a capture state of 1/sup -/. (auth)
Impacts of the Lacey Act Amendment and the Voluntary Partnership Agreements on illegal logging: implications for global forest governance

AbstractIllegal logging has negatively impacted environmental, economic, and social conditions in forests around the world. Various policies have been stymied owing to the complex web of timber harvesting, processing, manufacturing, and consumption cutting across developed and developing countries. We examine the potential impacts of new initiatives that directly address illegal timber trade by the two largest importers, primarily the ‘Lacy Act Amendment’ (LAA) by the US and the ‘Voluntary Partnership Agreements’ (VPAs) by the EU. We assess their effects on economy-wide welfare, prices of wood and paper products, and timber harvests in individual countries/regions and the world. We estimate that the LAA and VPAs, by themselves, would have moderate impacts on reducing illegal logging (0.1–8.35% reductions in timber harvests in the countries with high illegal logging rates). Broader cooperation among producer and consumer countries and alignment of existing forest governance mechanisms with illegal logging ...
Interlanguage Adjustments as an Outcome of NS‐NNS Negotiated Interaction

The purpose of the following study was to investigate what Swain has labeled “comprehensible output” (Swain 1985). Negotiated interactions between a native English speaker (NS) and ten nonnative speakers (NNSs) of English were examined to find out how the nonnative speakers made their interlanguage utterances comprehensible when the native speaker indicated difficulty in understanding them. On the basis of theoretical work Hatch, 1978, Hatch et al., 1986; Schachter, 1986; Swain, 1985 and anecdotal evidence from NS-NNS interaction, it was believed that the NNSs would respond to the NS by modifying interlanguage morphosyntax, phonology, and lexicon and, in so doing, would employ more target- like use of English. Results of the study offered somewhat limited confirmation of these beliefs. The data revealed that the NNSs were, indeed, capable of modifying their interlanguage in response to the NS's requests for comprehensible output. However, such NNS modifications were relatively infrequent and virtually unnecessary because, typically, when signaling requests for clarification from the NNSs, the NS also modeled target, (modified) versions of NNS interlanguage utterances for them.
Uniqueness of positive solutions of fractional boundary value problems with non-homogeneous integral boundary conditions

The authors study a type of nonlinear fractional boundary value problem with non-homogeneous integral boundary conditions. The existence and uniqueness of positive solutions are discussed. An example is given as the application of the results.
The Kia Amateur Australian Open: Lessons for sponsor activation and event management

The case follows Jordana Hudson, an entrant in the 2007 Kia Amateur Australian Open, as she wins and is subsequently disqualified from the US national qualifying tournament. Kia's core business is that of automobile manufacturing, but when Kia assumes the role of event organizer as part of its sport sponsorship activation strategy, Kia experiences complications that were likely not considered when the activation strategy was being formulated. Jordana's situation exposes the challenges a firm can face in its sponsorship activation, as well as the potential branding and event management issues that arise for the sport property. This case gives students the opportunity to consider the theoretical and practical challenges inherent in event management, co-branding, and sponsorship activation.
Segmented correlation measurements on superconducting bandpass delta-sigma modulator with and without input tone

Segmented correlation is a useful technique for testing a superconducting analogue-to-digital converter, as it allows the output spectrum to be estimated with fine frequency resolution even when data record lengths are limited by small on-chip acquisition memories. Previously, we presented segmented correlation measurements on a superconducting bandpass delta–sigma modulator sampling at 40.2 GHz under idle channel (no input) conditions. This paper compares the modulator output spectra measured by segmented correlation with and without an input tone. Important practical considerations of calculating segmented correlations are discussed in detail. Resolution enhancement by segmented correlation does reduce the spectral width of the input tone in the desired manner, but the signal power due to the input increases the variance of the spectral estimate near the input frequency, hindering accurate calculation of the in-band noise. This increased variance, which is predicted by theory, must be considered carefully in the application of segmented correlation. Methods for obtaining more accurate estimates of the quantization noise spectrum which are closer to those measured with no input are described.
Assimilate relations in source and sink leaves during acclimation to a CO2‐enriched atmosphere

Evidence from previous studies suggested that adjustments in assimilate formation and partitioning in leaves might occur over time when plants are exposed to enriched atmospheric CO2. We examined assimilate relations of source (primary unifoliolate) and developing sink (second mainstem trifoliolate) leaves of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Lee] plants for 12 days after transfer from a control (350 μl l−1) to a high (700 μ l−1) CO2 environment. Similar responses were evident in the two leaf types. Net CO2 exchange rate (CER) immediately increased and remained elevated in high CO2. Initially, the additional assimilate at high CO2 levels in the light and was utilized in the subsequent dark period. After approximately 7 days, assimilate export in the light began to increase and by 12 days reached rates 3 to 5 times that of the control. In the developing sink leaf, high rates of export in the light occurred as the leaf approached full expansion. The results indicate that a specific acclimation process occurs in source leaves which increases the capacity for assimilate export in the light phase of the diurnal cycle as plants adjust to enriched CO2 and a more rapid growth rate.
Tolerance and Intolerance, 1976–1998

Early students of political tolerance projected a rapid rise in levels of tolerance, but subsequent research has failed to offer conclusive evidence regarding whether tolerance has, in fact, increased. The General Social Survey (GSS) included the same 15 dichotomous tolerance items in the period 1976–1998, seemingly permitting assessment of trends in tolerance through examination of a standard 0–15 scale. Unfortunately, the validity of these data is uncertain because we cannot rule out the possibility that changes in affect toward the five GSS target groups, not true changes in tolerance, drive movement in the longitudinal series. To address this problem, we reexamine the GSS data from the perspective of past discussions of the meaning of tolerance and intolerance. We argue that that the GSS scale captures two aspects of tolerance: whether respondents are tolerant or intolerant; and, among the intolerant, the breadth and depth of their intolerance. We further argue that the first of these dimensions can be measured validly using the GSS data. Our analyses reveal that, at most, tolerance has increased only marginally in the period 1976–1998.
Repair of mtDNA in Vertebrates

The author's research is supported by National Institutes of Health grants GM29681 and ES04068.
Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Transient Spike Power Applications

Abstract Buckypaper thermal interface materials (TIMs) with various heat treated (1100 °C, 1500 °C and 3000 °C) carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were explored. A transient spike power system was designed with hot and cold plate method where these TIMs were subjected to two conditions: uniform heat pulse of 24 W and power spikes of 24–96 W under transient loads. The parametric study showed significant decrement in the thermal resistance in conjunction with the increasing heat-treatment temperature of CNF. This was achieved due to high thermal conductivity and crytallinity of CNFs at high temperatures. The overall results reveal that the TIM with high heat treated (HHT) CNF is more temperature resistant than dry contact with more than 50% increase in the heat transport across it.
Laryngeal paralysis on receptor and reflex responses to negative pressure in the upper airway

Abstract Mechanoreceptors affected by changes in tranmural pressure and/or contraction of intrinsic muscles are present in the larynx. This study is designed to test the hypothesis that laryngeal paralysis alters laryngeal mechanoreceptor and reflex responses to collapsing pressure. Experiments were carried out on anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. The activity of 65 mechanoreceptors was recorded from the superior laryngeal nerve during upper airway occlusion before and during laryngeal paralysis induced by cold block of both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLN). Esophageal and upper airway pressures were also recorded. Thirty-three laryngeal mechanoreceptors stimulated by negative decreased their inspiratory activity during upper airway occlusion from 48.1 to 30.4 imp/sec when the RLNs were blocked. In contrast, 21 inspiratory modulated mechanoreceptors inhibited by negative pressure and 11 responding only to negative pressure did not change their activity during RLN block. The effect of laryngeal paralysis on the cricothyroid muscle response to negative pressure was assessed in 7 dogs and found to be minimal. These results suggest that “drive” receptors stimulated by negative pressure do not play a significant role in the reflex activation of upper airway dilating muscles.
Complexity in Student Writing: The Relationship Between the Task and Vocabulary Uptake

Cognitive flexibility theory posits that some tasks or cognitive activities resist oversimplification, a lens through which the present study is cast. High school writing tasks that promote complex thinking may also promote increased uptake of academic vocabulary. The study described in this article demonstrates how essential questions and other tasks that ask students to draw on multiple sources of information and high-order thinking may encourage increasingly precise vocabulary use by student writers. Those writing tasks that called for complex cognitive work tended to promote precision in use of language.
Decomposition of Derivatives in Several Variables and the Class [Δ′]

Abstract A decomposition of a real function f of one variable is a system of closed sets A N and derivatives v N such that ⋃ N = 1 A N = R and f = v N on A N . It is known that Peano derivatives and approximate derivatives have decompositions. We extend the notion of decomposition to functions of m variables and prove m -dimensional analogs of these results. We also show that the m -dimensional approximate derivative is Baire 1.
Teaching Higher Order Mathematics through Graphics Programming

Most of the underlying concepts that pervade what is typically referred to as “higher” mathematics are relegated to the arena of the mathematical elite. The research presented here demonstrates that, given the proper pedagogical environment, these concepts are quite accessible for early high school students. Through SchemePaint, a graphics enhanced computer programming language, students learned the mathematical notion that a function can be a data object. Further, students were able to apply their knowledge of functions from within the graphics domain to solve novel mathematical problems. This work suggests the need for a more elaborate study of how such early conceptual introduction of advanced material may preclude some of the problems which have been documented to pervade the later stages of students' academic career.
Academic libraries and campus computing costs

Suggests that many universities and their libraries are not prepared to meet the expanding costs for computing and networking required in today’s technologically‐oriented environment. Southern Methodist University is attempting to do something about this problem. It began with hiring of consultants to help the campus plan for upgrading both administrative and academic computing and equipping the campus for improved electronic communications and networking within and outside the campus. This “re‐engineering” process included development of the mission and principles of computing, compiled with the help of the campus community. Focus groups set priorities and a structure has been put in place to address some of the priority administrative needs of the campus for the immediate future. Part of the process was to identify computing expenditures across the campus over a three year period so that future funding needs could be anticipated. Discusses the campus planning process and places some emphasis on how the ...
Characterization of microsatellite loci in Sacramento perch (Archoplites interruptus)

We characterized 23 polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for Sacramento perch ( Archoplites interruptus ). This species is extirpated in its native range, the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta (California, USA), and is therefore targeted for recovery. A concerted effort is currently underway to re-establish self-sustaining populations of Sacramento perch in its native range. These microsatellites will be used to analyse the population structure of the species and, in conjunction with life history and physiological data, develop a comprehensive recovery plan.
On the Reconstruction of Block-Sparse Signals With an Optimal Number of Measurements

Let A be an M by N matrix (M 1 - 1/d, and d = Omega(log(1/isin)/isin3) . The relaxation given in (*) can be solved in polynomial time using semi-definite programming.
Perception-Action Coupling and Anticipatory Performance in Baseball Batting

The authors examined 10 expert and 10 novice baseball batters' ability to distinguish between a fastball and a change-up in a virtual environment. They used 2 different response modes: (a) an uncoupled response in which the batters verbally predicted the type of pitch and (b) a coupled response in which the batters swung a baseball bat to try and hit the virtual ball. The authors manipulated visual information from the pitcher and ball in 6 visual conditions. The batters were more accurate in predicting the type of pitch when the response was uncoupled. In coupled responses, experts were better able to use the first 100 ms of ball flight independently of the pitcher's kinematics. In addition, the skilled batters' stepping patterns were related to the pitcher's kinematics, whereas their swing time was related to ball speed. Those findings suggest that specific task requirements determine whether a highly coupled perception-action environment improves anticipatory performance. The authors also highlight the need for research on interceptive actions to be conducted in the performer's natural environment.
Goniometry of Direct Lattice Vectors Supporting Students' Comprehension of Crystallographic Core Concepts and Demonstrating Image-Based Nanocrystallography

We are of the opinion that students of an introductory materials science and engineering course should gain a thorough understanding of crystallographic core concepts by applying them quasi-experimentally in computer simulation sessions that run parallel to the lectures. Software simulations of goniometry of direct lattice vectors in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) will serve two purposes at once: to introduce students to practical aspects of electron microscopy and support their comprehension of crystallographic core concepts. We use the programming software Matlab and Java (Jmol applets) on a PC platform for the creation of software simulations that demonstrate this methodology and complement already existing software simulations. The newly created software is used in classroom demonstrations of an introductory materials science and engineering course at Portland State University and will become freely accessible over the internet. This software will also support and promote image-based nanocrystallography in TEM.
Experience with Shirodkar's operation and postoperative alcohol treatment.

During the period 1960–1970, the post-conceptional cerclage of the cervix as first described by Shirodkar was used in 143 patients with cervical incompetence. The majority of the patients received heavy sedation with sodium amytal and demerol postoperatively, a smaller group was treated prophylactically with alcohol intravenously, and another small group was treated with alcohol after failure of the sedation regime to prevent uterine activity. The success rate was the same in groups 1 and 2 (83%); in the cases where alcohol was given after the occurrence of uterine contractions, the success rate was 71%.
Computational modeling of deformation bands in granular media. I. Geological and mathematical framework

Failure of granular media under natural and laboratory loading conditions involves a variety of micromechanical processes producing several geometrically, kinematically, and texturally distinct types of structures. This paper provides a geological framework for failure processes as well as a mathematical model to analyze these processes. Of particular interest is the formation of tabular deformation bands in granular rocks, which could exhibit distinct localized deformation features including simple shearing, pure compaction/dilation, and various possible combinations thereof. The analysis is carried out using classical bifurcation theory combined with non-linear continuum mechanics and theoretical/computational plasticity. For granular media, yielding and plastic flow are known to be influenced by all three stress invariants, and thus we formulate a family of three-invariant plasticity models with a compression cap to capture the entire spectrum of yielding of geomaterials. We then utilize a return mapping algorithm in principal stress directions to integrate the stresses over discrete load increments, allowing the solution to find the critical bifurcation point for a given loading path. The formulation covers both the infinitesimal and finite deformation regimes, and comparisons are made of the localization criteria in the two regimes. In the accompanying paper, we demonstrate with numerical examples the role that the constitutive model and finite deformation effects play on the prediction of the onset of deformation bands in geomaterials.
Collaborative assessment and management of suicidality (CAMS): feasibility trial for next-day appointment services.

Background: Despite the ubiquity of suicidality in behavioral health settings, empirically supported interventions for suicidality are surprisingly rare. Given the importance of resolving suicidality and therapists’ anxieties about treating suicidal patients, there is a clear need for innovative services and clinical approaches. The purpose of the current study was an attempt to address some of these needs by examining the feasibility and use of a new intervention called the ‘‘Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality’’ (CAMS) within a ‘‘Next-Day Appointment’’ (NDA) outpatient treatment setting. Methods: As part of a larger feasibility study, n 532 suicidal patients were randomly assigned to CAMS care versus Enhanced Care as Usual (E-CAU) in an outpatient crisis intervention setting attached to a safety net hospital. Intent to treat suicidal patients were seen and assessed before, during, and after treatment (with follow-up assessments conducted at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months). Results: The feasibility of using CAMS in the NDA setting was clear; both groups appeared to initially benefit from their respective treatments in terms of decreased suicidal ideation and overall symptom distress. Although patients rated both treatments favorably, the CAMS group had significantly higher satisfaction and better treatment retention than E-CAU. At 12 months posttreatment, CAMS patients showed significantly better and sustained reductions in suicidal ideation, overall symptom distress, and increased hope in comparison to ECAU patients. Conclusions: CAMS was both feasible in this NDA setting and effective in treating suicidal ideation, distress, and hopelessness (particularly at 12 months followup). Depression and Anxiety 28:963–972, 2011. r 2011 Wiley
Sweep methods for parallel computational geometry

In this paper we give efficient parallel algorithms for a number of problems from computational geometry by using versions of parallel plane sweeping. We illustrate our approach with a number of applications, which include:General hidden-surface elimination (even if the overlap relation contains cycles).CSG boundary evaluation.Computing the contour of a collection of rectangles.Hidden-surface elimination for rectangles. There are interesting subproblems that we solve as a part of each parallelization. For example, we give an optimal parallel method for building a data structure for line-stabbing queries (which, incidentally, improves the sequential complexity of this problem). Our algorithms are for the CREW PRAM, unless otherwise noted.
Control of initiation, rate, and routing of spontaneous capillary-driven flow of liquid droplets through microfluidic channels on SlipChip

This Article describes the use of capillary pressure to initiate and control the rate of spontaneous liquid–liquid flow through microfluidic channels. In contrast to flow driven by external pressure, flow driven by capillary pressure is dominated by interfacial phenomena and is exquisitely sensitive to the chemical composition and geometry of the fluids and channels. A stepwise change in capillary force was initiated on a hydrophobic SlipChip by slipping a shallow channel containing an aqueous droplet into contact with a slightly deeper channel filled with immiscible oil. This action induced spontaneous flow of the droplet into the deeper channel. A model predicting the rate of spontaneous flow was developed on the basis of the balance of net capillary force with viscous flow resistance, using as inputs the liquid–liquid surface tension, the advancing and receding contact angles at the three-phase aqueous–oil–surface contact line, and the geometry of the devices. The impact of contact angle hysteresis, the presence or absence of a lubricating oil layer, and adsorption of surface-active compounds at liquid–liquid or liquid–solid interfaces were quantified. Two regimes of flow spanning a 104-fold range of flow rates were obtained and modeled quantitatively, with faster (mm/s) flow obtained when oil could escape through connected channels as it was displaced by flowing aqueous solution, and slower (micrometer/s) flow obtained when oil escape was mostly restricted to a micrometer-scale gap between the plates of the SlipChip (“dead-end flow”). Rupture of the lubricating oil layer (reminiscent of a Cassie–Wenzel transition) was proposed as a cause of discrepancy between the model and the experiment. Both dilute salt solutions and complex biological solutions such as human blood plasma could be flowed using this approach. We anticipate that flow driven by capillary pressure will be useful for the design and operation of flow in microfluidic applications that do not require external power, valves, or pumps, including on SlipChip and other droplet- or plug-based microfluidic devices. In addition, this approach may be used as a sensitive method of evaluating interfacial tension, contact angles, and wetting phenomena on chip.
Consistency checking in multiple uml state diagrams using super state analysis

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) has been designed to be a full standard notation for Object-Oriented Modeling. UML 2.0 consists of thirteen types of diagrams: class, composite structure, component, deployment, object, package, activity, use case, state, sequence, communication, interaction overview, and timing. Each one is dedicated to a different design aspect. This variety of diagrams, which overlap with respect to the information depicted in each, can leave the overall system design specification in an inconsistent state. This dissertation presents Super State Analysis ( SSA) for analyzing UML multiple state and sequence diagrams to detect the inconsistencies. SSA model uses a transition set that captures relationship information that is not specifiable in UML diagrams. The SSA model uses the transition set to link transitions of multiple state diagrams together. The analysis generates three different sets automatically. These generated sets are compared to the provided sets to detect the inconsistencies. Because Super State Analysis considers multiple UML state diagrams, it discovers inconsistencies that cannot be discovered when considering only a single UML state diagram. Super State Analysis identifies five types of inconsistencies: valid super states, invalid super states, valid single step transitions, invalid single step transitions, and invalid sequences.