cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of oral abnormalities in liver transplant candidates.

Background: Several oral mucosal abnormalities have been reported to occur more frequently in patients with liver disease. It has, however, not been determined if these conditions are related to the disease or are manifestations of extraneous factors not associated with the liver pathology. Objective: To identify and quantify oral abnormalities in candidates for liver transplantation, and to determine whether these conditions were correlated with the type of liver disease or were the result of other patient variables. Methods: Oral examinations were performed on 300 candidates for liver transplantation to assess their oral health and to record the presence and types of oral mucosal pathologies. Abnormalities most frequently encountered were analyzed for significant associations with classification of liver disease, hyposalivation, diuretic therapy, edentulism, or smoking. Results: Among these subjects, 175 (58%) had one or more abnormalities. The anomalies most frequently found were fissured tongue (37%), atrophy of the papillae of the tongue (18%), angular cheilitis (4%) and manifestations of clinical candidiasis (2%). Clinical hyposalivation was found in 28.7% of all patients and 70% of those who were on diuretic therapy. Fissured tongue and atrophy of the tongue papillae were significantly associated with hyposalivation (p<0.001); hyposalivation was correlated to diuretic therapy (p=0.028). Pathologies suggestive of candidiasis were significantly associated with hyposalivation and total edentulism. Conclusion: Several oral mucosal abnormalities that have previously been linked with liver diseases were found to be primarily associated with diuretic-induced hyposalivation, smoking, and total edentulism.
Case series of mTBI patients receiving the modified story memory technique intervention

Introduction/Background Concussion/mild TBI (hereafter mTBI) prognosis is still a divisive topic in clinical practice. While some continue to subscribe to a “full recovery model,” others note slower recovery with longer-term residual symptoms that may respond well to psychotherapy (CBT) and multimodal rehabilitative care. While evidence for functional gains resulting from mTBI interventions like psychoeducation is accumulating, there is little research and support for cognitive interventions that target learning and memory, despite patient complaints in these domains. We present early evidence of possibly therapeutic gains made by chronic mTBI survivors. Material and method Design: participants with mTBI completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, with baseline, post-treatment and 6-month follow-up assessments. Outcomes were compared using non-parametric statistics (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test) for related samples given the small sample size in this pilot study. Setting : not-for-profit research organization in a diverse, suburban setting. Participants: 5 out of 9 mTBI patients in intervention group (n = 9). Interventions: Modified Story Memory Technique (mSMT) aims to improve learning by teaching context and imagery strategies in 10 sessions. Main outcome measure(s): California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLT-II) and Memory Assessment Scale (MAS) - Prose Memory. Results Treated participants showed improvement in CVLT short delayed free recall (+5/0/0/, Z = −2.04, P = 0.041) and long delayed free recall (+5/0/0/, Z = −2.02, P = 0.043) following the mSMT. No differences were observed for the MAS Prose Memory. Conclusion Our pilot data provides preliminary evidence for cognitive gains resulting from cognitive rehabilitation targeting acquisition of context and imagery strategies for memory. A full-scale study can better address the mechanisms of change (e.g., depression, anxiety, socialization) since one-on-one interactions introduce confounders.
AIM: AN ABSTRACTION FOR IMPROVING MACHINE LEARNING PREDICTION

We introduce a structured and portable Abstraction for Improving Machine learning (AIM) to improve prediction outcomes and enable meaningful comparisons of ML pipelines. We implement AIM for a well-known acute leukemia classification problem using the Scientific Filesystem, enabling direct performance comparisons across a variety of classifiers. AIM provides three direct efficiency benefits: 1) the sources of performance differences between ML pipelines can identified at the algorithm implementation level as defined by the AIM, 2) improvements can be made to specific aspects of the pipeline and thus better understood, and 3) the reuse of these defined abstraction components across different pipelines is facilitated. When the AIM is defined at the outset of the prediction challenge, these benefits can come at minimal cost. We show these benefits by implementing AIM and the Scientific Filesystem on the well-known Golub AML/ALL cancer dataset.
DASHR 2.0: integrated database of human small non-coding RNA genes and mature products.

Motivation Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs, Results Our goal is to establish a complete catalog of annotation, expression, processing, conservation, tissue-specificity and other biological features for all human sncRNA genes and mature products derived from all major RNA classes. DASHR (Database of small human non-coding RNAs) v2.0 database is the first that integrates human sncRNA gene and mature products profiles obtained from multiple RNA-seq protocols. Altogether, 185 tissues/cell types and sncRNA annotations and >800 curated experiments from ENCODE and GEO/SRA across multiple RNA-seq protocols for both GRCh38/hg38 and GRCh37/hg19 assemblies are integrated in DASHR. Moreover, DASHR is the first to contain both known and novel, previously un-annotated sncRNA loci identified by unsupervised segmentation (13 times more loci with 1 678 800 total). Additionally, DASHR v2.0 adds >3 200 000 annotations for non-small RNA genes and other genomic features (long-noncoding RNAs, mRNAs, promoters, repeats). Furthermore, DASHR v2.0 introduces an enhanced user interface, interactive experiment-by-locus table view, sncRNA locus sorting and filtering by biological features. All annotation and expression information directly downloadable and accessible as UCSC genome browser tracks. Availability and implementation DASHR v2.0 is freely available at https://lisanwanglab.org/DASHRv2. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
In Search of Hybridity: MacDowell, Grainger, and the End of Anachronisms

Having explored the different points of intersection between the careers of Grieg and his contemporaries, this chapter focuses on the practices of Grainger and MacDowell in America. The key point of entry is the theme of hybridity, which functioned as a critical category and a set of strategies for musicians as it had for authors. It also demonstrates how Grainger and MacDowell developed circuitous notions of progress through their mutual fascination with Nordic sagas. Consequently, by tracing their procedures for combining various elements past and present, local and international, this chapter uncovers how both composers developed similar attitudes toward modernism, which were important factors in shaping their conceptualization of the temporal dimension of cosmopolitanism.
Computational Histological Staining and Destaining of Prostate Core Biopsy RGB Images with Generative Adversarial Neural Networks

Histopathology tissue samples are widely available in two states: paraffin-embedded unstained and non-paraffin-embedded stained whole slide RGB images (WSRI). Hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E) is one of the principal stains in histology but suffers from several shortcomings related to tissue preparation, staining protocols, slowness and human error. We report two novel approaches for training machine learning models for the computational H&E staining and destaining of prostate core biopsy RGB images. The staining model uses a conditional generative adversarial network that learns hierarchical non-linear mappings between whole slide RGB image (WSRI) pairs of prostate core biopsy before and after H&E staining. The trained staining model can then generate computationally H&E-stained prostate core WSRIs using previously unseen non-stained biopsy images as input. The destaining model, by learning mappings between an H&E stained WSRI and a non-stained WSRI of the same biopsy, can computationally destain previously unseen H&E-stained images. Structural and anatomical details of prostate tissue and colors, shapes, geometries, locations of nuclei, stroma, vessels, glands and other cellular components were generated by both models with structural similarity indices of 0.68 (staining) and 0.84 (destaining). The proposed staining and destaining models can engender computational H&E staining and destaining of WSRI biopsies without additional equipment and devices.
Correlation between synovial fluid cytokine concentrations and limb function in normal dogs and in dogs with lameness from spontaneous osteoarthritis

Objective To determine the relationship between synovial biomarker concentrations and severity of lameness and to assess the ability to differentiate normal from osteoarthritic joints with synovial biomarker concentrations. Study design Prospective clinical study. Sample population Twelve hounds with no evidence of osteoarthritis (OA) and 27 client-owned dogs with unilateral lameness and joint pain in a single joint from naturally occurring OA. Methods Enrollment in the OA group required a history of lameness, radiographic evidence of OA on orthogonal joint radiographs, and ≥6% gait asymmetry between contralateral limbs. The concentrations of 14 synovial OA biomarkers in synovial samples obtained after gait analysis were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and compared between normal and OA joints. Results Concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, substance P, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, KC-like, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and MMP-3 were greater (P ≤ .05) in OA than in normal joints. The concentrations of bradykinin and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-4 were decreased in OA compared with normal joints. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 was identified as the most accurate marker to distinguish OA from normal joints. No correlation was detected between any OA biomarker concentration, individually or in combination, and severity of gait asymmetry at the walk. Conclusion Differences in proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory biomarkers were detected between OA and normal joints, but no relationship was identified between biomarker concentrations and gait asymmetry in dogs with OA. Clinical impact This information will help guide future studies to elucidate how factors such as disease chronicity, severity, and etiology affect these relationships.
Comparing II-VI and III-V infrared detectors for space applications

HgCdTe has been called the ideal infrared detector material for good reason: high absorption coefficients and very long Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination lifetimes lead to the highest performance infrared detectors today for space applications. III-V materials, such as InAsSb, are currently limited by short SRH recombination lifetimes due to defects, and their performance is still relatively lacking for space applications where sensitivity requirements are extremely high. However, the performance of III-V superlattice infrared detectors has improved such that it is sufficient for tactical applications, which can now take advantage of the manufacturing benefits of III-V (greater uniformity and yield). With the growing NewSpace movement, there is a need for higher-volume, lower-cost infrared detectors capable of operating in space for applications such as environmental monitoring, space-based weather, and planetary science. One way to increase volume and lower cost is to grow the detectors on large-format substrates, such as 6-inch silicon or GaAs, but lattice-matched large substrates are not available for HgCdTe or InAsSb. Here a comparison between mid-wavelength infrared HgCdTe and InAsSb infrared detectors grown on non-lattice-mismatched substrates and designed for increased proton radiation tolerance, as compared to previous designs on mismatched substrates, is given. The comparison of these recent HgCdTe photodiode and InAsSb bariode designs for space applications shows that the InAsSb bariode has an order of magnitude better dark current density proton radiation tolerance while the HgCdTe photodiode has an order of magnitude better quantum efficiency proton radiation tolerance operating at 130 K. Therefore, the choice of detector material and architecture is not clear and will depend on the required performance for a specific space application.
Immunonutrition in the esophagectomy patient: food for thought

Nutritional status is an important factor that can influence the postoperative course in patients undergoing major cancer surgery. For patients with esophageal cancer, concern for malnutrition is especially important as more than 50% of patients present with weight loss at the time of diagnosis (1,2). Optimizing perioperative nutrition has been an important part of many esophagectomy care pathways and protocols. The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) formally recommends that patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery who are malnourished or at-risk of becoming malnourished receive perioperative enteral nutrition (3). However, our traditional understanding of the role of nutrition for improving postoperative healing and reducing complications is evolving, especially as more studies are published on the immune-modulating properties of nutrition and its impact on regulating the inflammatory response after major cancer surgery.
Fostering “Family”: Communication Orientations in the Foster Parent-Child Relationship

Although foster families serve a critical societal role, little is known about foster family communication dynamics. The present study investigated the relationship of current foster parents’ (n = ...
Feeling Right: Taste, Style, and Affect in Human Rights Work

In the 1980s Amnesty International USA shifted strategy and tactics, and developed new models to advance its work, including sponsoring popular music concerts. In doing so, AIUSA leveraged melodrama and human rights emotions or human rights affect. This period of the history of Amnesty International opens our understanding of the feelings human rights organizations foster among a public, the shared affect that brings (some) people to the table. This chapter arrives at an understanding of affect and especially the melodramatic staging of human rights heroism by seeing through a lens of taste and style. I argue that both the material and the emotional frameworks of human rights work are clarified when we understand what stakeholders consider done in good taste. I further argue that style is not ancillary to human rights work. Human rights work, pursued as and through representation, is generated through style.
Facies, stratigraphic architecture, and faults - The controls on the cement distribution in the Devonian Sappington Formation in southwestern Montana

Abstract Diagenesis has a profound effect on the porosity and permeability of sediments, and it is necessary to holistically evaluate the diagenetic history in the context of depositional, stratigraphic, and structural frameworks. This outcrop study from the late Devonian to early Mississippian Sappington Formation of southwestern Montana, USA, investigates the complex interplay of these different geologic factors and their controls on the distribution of diagenetic alterations. Our results suggest that the principal control on the distribution of diagenetic minerals is the thickness of the Lower, Middle, and Upper Sappington Shale Members, respectively. The sedimentary architecture plays a secondary role as clinoform boundaries and stratigraphic surfaces compartmentalized fluid flow. Structural features are of local importance and depositional facies, other than the previously mentioned shales, display little effect on the distribution of diagenetic minerals. Six dominant cement types were recognized in the Sappington Formation. Quartz and clay cements are the earliest cements and formed on the surfaces of detrital grains during early diagenesis and are relatively minor phases ( 60% vol) and include two types of dolomite, and two types of calcite. Dolomite is the most abundant diagenetic mineral and is observed as zoned, euhedral to subhedral rhombs with a nearly stoichiometric core and a series of ferroan rims and as subhedral to anhedral ferroan rhombs without zonation. Calcite cements are most common as a rim on the outer extents of dolomite rhombs but also occur as a replacement of dolomite or detrital feldspar. The outcrop-based model presented here – the first comprehensive diagenetic model of the Sappington Formation in SW-Montana, USA – can serve as a guide to hydrocarbon development in tight hybrid plays, such as the Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin, USA. It provides a more holistic understanding of the relationship between the depositional architecture and the diagenetic alterations and helps to decrease uncertainty in the second and third dimensions.
Dumping syndrome

The dumping syndrome consists of early postprandial abdominal and vasomotor symptoms, resulting from osmotic fluid shifts and release of vasoactive neurotransmitters, and late symptoms secondary to reactive hypoglycemia. Effective relief of symptoms of dumping syndrome can be achieved with dietary modifications to minimize ingestion of simple carbohydrates and to exclude fluid intake during ingestion of the solid portion of the meal. More severely affected individuals may respond to agents such as pectin and guar, which increase the viscosity of intraluminal contents, or to drugs such as the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose, which blunts the rapid absorption of glucose, and the somatostatin analog octreotide, which alters gut transit and impairs release of vasoactive mediators into the bloodstream.
Discrete Dynamical Systems: With Applications in Biology -2nd Edition

Discrete-time dynamical systems or difference equations have been increasingly used to model the biological and ecological systems for which there is time interval between each measurement. This modeling approach is done through using the iterative maps. Iterative maps are an essential part of nonlinear systems dynamics as they allow us to take the output of the previous state of the system and fit it back to the next iteration. In general, it is not easy to explicitly solve a system of difference equations. There are different methods of solving different types of difference equations. This book introduces concepts, theorems, and methods in discreet-time dynamical systems theory which are widely used in studying and analysis of local dynamics of biological systems and provides many traditional applications of the theory to different fields in biology. Our focus in this book is covering three important parts of discrete-time dynamical systems theory: Stability theory, Bifurcation theory and Chaos theory. Mathematically speaking, stability theory in the field of discrete-time dynamical systems deals with the stability of solutions of difference equations and of orbits of dynamical systems under small perturbations of initial conditions. In dynamical systems point of view, bifurcation theory addresses the changes in the qualitative behavior or topological structure of the solutions of a family of difference equations. Finally, chaos theory is a branch of dynamical systems which focuses on the study of chaotic states of a dynamical system which is often governed by deterministic laws and its solutions demonstrate irregular behavior and are highly sensitive to initial conditions. Therefore, this book is a blend of three important parts of discrete-time dynamical systems theory and their exciting applications to biology.
Conversion of Light Energy into a Proton Electrochemical Potential by Bacteriorhodopsin

Bacteriorhodopsin is a retinal-protein complex found in the cell membrane of halobacteria. It occurs in discrete patches in a planar hexagonal lattice. These patches are known as the Purple Membrane. The retinal moiety is attached to one of seven alphahelical segments via a protonated Schiff-base linkage with a lysine ɛ-amino group. Each of the seven helices spans the membrane. Upon light absorption bacteriorhodopsin undergoes a rapid cyclic photoreaction during which it translocates a proton across the membrane. In continuous light it acts as a light-driven proton pump generating a proton gradient and membrane potential. The cells use the free energy thus stored to synthesize ATP, to drive the active transport of metabolism and ions, and as the primary energy source for locomotive phenomena.
The Value of Smoking Prohibitions in Vacation Rental Properties

We examine the value of smoking prohibitions by developing a model of the rent differential between smoking and nonsmoking properties. We empirically test for the rent differential using a data set of vacation rental properties from the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Given peak season rents, hedonic variables such as oceanfront location, and number of bedrooms and bathrooms price according to expectations. Distance from vehicular congestion also leads to greater rent, reflecting vacationer desires for beauty as well as peace and quiet. Most significantly, our results reveal that vacationers are willing to pay substantial additional rent for properties that prohibit smoking. Understanding the demand for smoking prohibitions is important to academics, professionals, and others associated with owning, operating, and financing real estate.
Subverting the Gag Order: Pregnancy in Contemporary Hispanic Women's Literature

Depite the increasing popularity of Latin American women's literature for decades now, the biological aspects of motherhood are seldom documented. To recognize the work of Hispanic feminist writers who explicitly subvert the literary gag order on the female reproductive body, this study focusses on contemporary texts that are radical in their sustained depiction of pregnancy. Whether inscribing pregnancy taken to term or terminated, the work of the authors analyzed manage to undermine masculinist values that privilege the experiences and, therefore, representation of the dominant group.
High-protein ascites in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Diseases of the liver or peritoneum resulting in ascites have been infrequently reported in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Since 1985, eight noncirrhotic patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presenting with new onset high-protein ascites have been evaluated. All but one patient had nondiagnostic paracentesis studies. Laparoscopy with biopsy of identified abnormalities or percutaneous omental biopsy were diagnostic in four patients. Non—Hodgkin's lymphoma was the cause in three patients, and disseminated cryptococcosis occurred in one patient. In the four other patients, chronic nonspecific peritonitis was found at laparoscopy; follow-up of these latter patients, including exploratory laparotomy in one patient and autopsy in two patients, disclosed no specific cause. Patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and high-protein ascites of uncertain etiology should undergo directed peritoneal evaluation as a potentially treatable disorder may be found. However, despite extensive evaluation, a subset of patients in whom no specific cause can be identified still remains.
The Competitive Advantage of Local Firms in Developing Economies: The Case of Bajaj of India

While multinational firms from advanced economies often have a competitive advantage in developing countries, local firms can successfully compete against them using localized knowledge and abilities. This paper discusses the strategies local firms can use against foreign multinationals, and examines in particular the case of Bajaj Auto. This paper expands upon earlier work of Dawar and Frost and provides a focus on one Indian company.
Clinical Trials for Treatment of Primary Generalized Epilepsies

Summary: Purpose: To review the current state of knowledge of the treatment of primary (idiopathic) generalized epilepsy syndromes based on the efficacy results of clinical trials, to highlight obstacles in the design of these trials, and to suggest solutions for future research. Methods: Published reports of controlled clinical trials, as well as large or significant uncontrolled trials of treatments for these syndromes, were reviewed. Trials were selected for discussion based on their importance or their illustration of design issues. Results: Only a few randomized, controlled trials of therapy for these syndromes exist. Conclusions based on this Class I data include efficacy in absence epilepsies for ethosuximide, valproate, and lamotrigine, and for eight drugs for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Many commonly accepted therapeutic strategies are not based on formal data. No controlled data exist for uncommon syndromes. Conclusions: More clinical trials of therapies for primary generalized epilepsies are needed. To overcome design obstacles, better funding, multicenter cooperation, inclusion of children, study designs requiring fewer patients, equivalent-control designs, use of EEG and video seizure counting, and better syndrome identification will be required.
The Effect of Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy on Perioperative Complications in Women Undergoing Immediate Breast Reconstruction: A NSQIP Analysis.

Women with breast cancer are increasingly choosing to undergo contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) despite questionable survival benefit and limited data on added risks. Little is known about differences in perioperative complications between women who undergo bilateral mastectomy (BM) versus unilateral mastectomy (UM) with reconstruction. The American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program Participant Use Files (2005–2013) were used to identify women with unilateral breast cancer who underwent UM or BM with reconstruction. Adjusted 30-day complications were compared between UM and BM groups using logistic regression models. A total of 20,501 patients were identified, of whom 35.3 % underwent BM. Of these, 84.3 % had implant reconstruction and 15.7 % had autologous reconstruction. For all women, BM was associated with longer hospital stays (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.98–2.09, p < 0.001) and a higher transfusion rate than UM (aOR 2.52–3.06, p < 0.001). BM with implant reconstruction was associated with a modestly increased reoperation rate (aOR 1.15, p = 0.029). BM with autologous reconstruction was associated with a higher wound disruption rate (aOR 2.51, p = 0.015). Surgical site infections, prosthesis failure, and medical complications occurred at similar rates in UM and BM groups. CPM is associated with significant increases in some, but not all, surgical site complications. CPM does not increase the likelihood of medical complications, which are generally infrequent.
Damage zone in PVC and PVC/MBS blends. II. Analysis of the stress‐whitened zone

Damage zone development in a triaxial stress state in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and blends of PVC with methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS) core-shell rubber was analyzed as a function of temperature. The sequence of failure events at the notch root, core yielding and stress whitening, was shown to depend on the competition between the shear yield stress and the cavitation stress. The onset of cavitation was described by a critical mean stress and a critical volume strain. At low temperatures, a crescent-shaped stress-whitened zone formed at the notch root, and the critical mean stress was obtained by an elastic analysis. At temperatures in the ambient range and higher, shear yielding preceded cavitation at the notch root, and the critical mean stress was obtained by a plastic analysis. The transition from cavitation to shear yielding at the notch root coincided with a transition in the temperature dependence of the critical mean stress. Above the transition, the critical mean stress was much less sensitive to temperature than below the transition. Although this transition temperature was higher by about 30°C in blends of PVC with 10 phr CPE (chlorinated polyethylene) rubber, the temperature dependence of the critical mean stress in both blends was similar.
Physiological stresses inhibit guanine‐nucleotide‐exchange factor in Ehrlich cells

Previously, we have shown that phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2 alpha increases under several physiological stresses in which protein synthesis is inhibited in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. As phosphorylated eIF-2 [eIF-2(alpha P)] is a potent inhibitor of guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), it seemed likely that it was responsible for the inhibition. We have assayed GEF activity levels in extracts prepared from Ehrlich cells exposed to three such stresses, namely heat shock, serum deprivation and glutamine deprivation. Activity was estimated by the ability of GEF to enhance the release of [alpha-32P]GDP from purified eIF-2 [a modification of the reticulocyte lysate assay of Matts, R. L. & London, I. M. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 6708]. GEF activity was reduced from control values in extracts of heat-shocked cells and serum-deprived cells, concomitant with increased eIF-2 alpha phosphorylation. Inhibition of GEF activity in heat-shocked and serum-deprived cells was reversed to control levels by increasing the concentration of purified eIF-2.GDP added as substrate in the GEF assay. Since we have shown elsewhere that eIF-2(alpha P).GDP inhibits GEF by competition with eIF-2.GDP, the complete reversal of inhibition of GEF activity in heat-shocked and serum-deprived cells indicates that inhibition is due solely to phosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha. In glutamine-deprived cells phosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha was increased modestly and GEF activity was reduced but GEF activity could not be fully reversed by addition of eIF-2.GDP, suggesting that GEF may also be regulated in other ways. There are greater amounts of GEF relative to eIF-2 in Ehrlich cells (approximately 50%) compared with rabbit reticulocytes (approximately 20%). This explains the efficient rates of protein synthesis in control Ehrlich cells even though they have 30% of their eIF-2 phosphorylated which is enough to inhibit GEF and initiation in reticulocytes completely but only enough to trap approximately 60% of the GEF in Ehrlich cells.
Ulysses solar wind plasma observations during the declining phase of solar cycle 22

Since launch in October 1990, the Ulysses mission has included an in-ecliptic cruise enroute to Jupiter encounter in February 1992 and a post-Jupiter transit through a wide range of southerly latitudes and heliocentric distances. Here we present results from the solar wind plasma experiment through June 14, 1994, at which time Ulysses was at -68.2 deg heliographic latitude. During the ecliptic phase of the mission, occurring just after solar maximum, the spacecraft encountered an irregular pattern of solar wind speed and sporadic coronal mass ejections, with mass ejections most prevalent during March 1991. Irregular, small-amplitude solar wind streams prevailed until mid-1992, after which Ulysses encountered a recurrent very high-speed stream from an equatorward extension of the South polar coronal hole. Encounters with the high-density, low-speed plasma from the coronal streamer belt ceased as Ulysses moved to increasing southerly latitudes in 1993. Many forward and reverse shocks associated with corotating interaction regions have been encountered; these shocks all had observable electron foreshocks. The shocks became less prevalent with increasing latitude, with the forward shocks disappearing first because of the tilted streamer belt and the resulting meridional shock propagation. After Ulysses passed -35 deg in July 1993 the spacecraft encountered only high-speed wind, with a speed range of 700-800 km/s and a density, scaled to 1 AU, averaging 3/cu cm. Latitudinal gradients in solar wind fluid parameters generally support previous findings, with the gradient in wind speed offset by a gradient in density such that mass momentum flux vary relatively little.
Family member knowledge of children's medical problems : The need for universal application of an emergency data set

Objective. Advances in medical care have led to a growing population of special needs children who are at risk for suboptimal care when they present to a physician with no previous knowledge of their medical history. This risk may be amplified in the emergency department setting when time-sensitive interventions must be initiated without immediate access to consultants or past records. Our purpose in this study was to evaluate caretakers9 knowledge of their children9s chronic medical problems and their ability to relate this knowledge to unfamiliar health care providers. Methods. Caretaker/child pairs presenting for specialty visits were surveyed. Questions focused on knowledge of the child9s illness, medicine regime, and how to contact the specialist. Chart review confirmed responses of caretakers and provided sociodemographic information. Descriptive statistics and χ2 were used in data analysis. Results. Of the 49 caretakers interviewed, 85% were parents, 53% were African-American, and 43% were Caucasian. One-half of the group received medical assistance. The mean age of the children was 55 months. Responses showed that 53% of caretakers were unable to provide their children9s specific diagnoses. Of these, one half could provide a lay diagnosis whereas the remaining one half could only identify the organ system involved or that there was a problem. For children on medications, 29% of caretakers could not provide an accurate list. Name of the subspecialist and phone number of the subspecialty clinic was unknown by 25% of caretakers. No child wore medical identification jewelry. Conclusions. Caretakers are not always able to accurately relay vital information on their child9s essential medical needs, a problem that may be compounded in emergency situations. The use of some form of independent identification and information set is needed to assure proper treatment of children with special health care needs encountering an unfamiliar health care provider.
Intentional and Reactive Inhibition During Spoken-Word Stroop Task Performance in People With Aphasia

Purpose The integrity of selective attention in people with aphasia (PWA) is currently unknown. Selective attention is essential for everyday communication, and inhibition is an important part of s...
A BRIEF SURVEY OF BUTADIENE HEALTH EFFECTS : A ROLE FOR METABOLIC DIFFERENCES

1,3-Butadiene is a major monomer in the rubber and plastics industry and is one of the highest-production industrial chemicals in the United States. Although not highly acutely toxic to rodents, in...
The influence of supply network structure on firm innovation

In this study, we examine the structural characteristics of supply networks and investigate the relationship between a firm's supply network accessibility and interconnectedness and its innovation output. We also examine potential moderating effects of absorptive capacity and supply network partner innovativeness on innovation output. We hypothesize that firms will experience greater innovation output from (1) higher levels of supply network accessibility and supply network interconnectedness, (2) the interaction between the levels of these two structural characteristics, (3) the moderating role of absorptive capacity on supply network accessibility and the moderating role of supply network partner innovativeness on supply network interconnectedness. Supply network partner relationships are drawn in the context of the electronics industry using data from multiple sources. We use social network analysis to create measures for each supply network structural characteristic. Using regression techniques to test the relationship between these structural characteristics and firm innovation for a sample of 390 firms, our findings suggest that supply network accessibility has a significant association with a firm's innovation output. The results also indicate that interconnected supply networks strengthen the association between supply network accessibility and innovation output. Moreover, the influence of the two structural characteristics on innovation output can be enhanced by a firm's absorptive capacity and level of supply network partner innovativeness. By addressing the need for deeper structural analysis, this study contributes to supply chain research by accounting for the embedded nature of ties in supply networks, and showing how these structural characteristics influence the knowledge and information flows residing within a firm's supply network.
Imaging molecular isomerization using molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions

We report the results of an ab initio theoretical study of K-shell photoionization of the monocation of acetylene in its ground (X) and electronically excited (A) states using the complex Kohn variational method. We show how the molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions, which are sensitive to the instantaneous positions of the nuclei, can be used to monitor the isomerization of the excited cation from an initial linear geometry to a final vinylidene-like structure.
Promoting Treatment Adherence in Assertive Community Treatment

Treatment adherence is a fundamental challenge for programs that serve people with serious mental illness. Assertive community treatment (ACT) is a comprehensive treatment approach that is designed to mitigate adherence barriers. Although ACT is recognized as an evidence‐based practice, the model has been criticized as paternalistic and coercive in its approach to promoting adherence. This article examines the ways that service providers in two ACT programs promote treatment adherence in standard practice. The study conceptualizes the adherence‐promoting behaviors of ACT providers as social influence strategies. It uses qualitative methods and a grounded dimensional analysis approach to examine the ways in which ACT providers grapple with and manage nonadherence.
Neurogenesis, inflammation and behavior.

Before the 1990s it was widely believed that the adult brain was incapable of regenerating neurons. However, it is now established that new neurons are continuously produced in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and olfactory bulb throughout life. The functional significance of adult neurogenesis is still unclear, but it is widely believed that the new neurons contribute to learning and memory and/or maintenance of brain regions by replacing dead or dying cells. Many different factors are known to regulate adult neurogenesis including immune responses and signaling molecules released by immune cells in the brain. While immune activation (i.e., enlargement of microglia, release of cytokines) within the brain is commonly viewed as a harmful event, the impact of immune activation on neural function is highly dependent on the form of the immune response as microglia and other immune-reactive cells in the brain can support or disrupt neural processes depending on the phenotype and behavior of the cells. For instance, microglia that express an inflammatory phenotype generally reduce cell proliferation, survival and function of new neurons whereas microglia displaying an alternative protective phenotype support adult neurogenesis. The present review summarizes current understanding of the role of new neurons in cognition and behavior, with an emphasis on the immune system’s ability to influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis during both an inflammatory episode and in the healthy uninjured brain. It has been proposed that some of the cognitive deficits associated with inflammation may in part be related to inflammation-induced reductions in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Elucidating how the immune system contributes to the regulation of adult neurogenesis will help in predicting the impact of immune activation on neural plasticity and potentially facilitate the discovery of treatments to preserve neurogenesis in conditions characterized by chronic inflammation.
Prevalence of uterine leiomyomas in the first trimester of pregnancy: an ultrasound-screening study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the proportion of pregnant women with one or more leiomyomas detected by research-quality ultrasound screening in the first trimester, to describe the size and location of leiomyomas identified, and to report variation in prevalence by race/ethnicity. METHODS: Within an ongoing prospective cohort, we conducted 4,271 first-trimester or postmiscarriage ultrasound examinations. Sonographers measured each leiomyoma three separate times, recording the maximum diameter in three perpendicular planes each time. Sonographers and investigators classified type and location. RESULTS: Among 458 women with one or more leiomyomas (prevalence 10.7%), we identified a total of 687 leiomyomas. The mean size of the largest leiomyoma was 2.3 cm (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–2.8). Mean gestational age at ultrasonography was 61±13 days from last menstrual period. Prevalence varied by race/ethnicity: 18% in African-American women (95% CI 13–25), 8% in white women (95% CI 7–11), and 10% in Hispanic women (95% CI 5–19). The proportion of women with leiomyomas increased with age much more steeply for African-American women than for white women. CONCLUSION: Leiomyomas are common in pregnancy and occur more often among African-American women. Given the limited research on effects of leiomyomas on reproductive outcomes, the degree to which race/ethnic disparities in prevalence of leiomyomas may contribute to disparities in events such as miscarriage and preterm birth warrants investigation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II
Salinity Determination Using NIRA

The determination of salinity via NIRA is attractive for two reasons. On one hand, NIRA's stark simplicity (little or no sample preparation, 20 s analysis time) makes it a desirable technique for salinity determination in foodstuffs, forage, or biological samples. On the other hand, the technique's compatibility with remote measurements from airplanes or the earth's orbit suggests a number of ecological, oceanographic, or naval applications.
Molecular neurobiology for practicing psychiatrists, part 4: transferring the message of chemical neurotransmission from presynaptic neurotransmitter to postsynaptic gene expression.

Issue: Neurotransmitters activate genes in their target neurons by precipitating a molecular cascade, which may be the ultimate consequence of chemical neurotransmission. When this transfer is aberrant, a mental disorder may be manifest. When drugs act upon neurons to change gene expression, this could lead to therapeutic actions, side effects, and the long-term consequences of drug abuse.
Sessile alveolar macrophages communicate with alveolar epithelium to modulate immunity

Tissue-resident macrophages are shown to stop lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by spreading an anti-inflammatory calcium signal to alveolar epithelial cells through connexin-43-positive gap junction channels. Macrophages are responsible for initiating the immune response to invading pathogens, but because they are usually studied in vitro the mechanisms that generate immune responses in situ in the relevant tissues remain largely unknown. Jahar Bhattacharya and colleagues used real-time optical imaging to observe the behaviour of lung macrophages genetically engineered to express fluorescence in live alveoli of mouse lungs. During lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, a model for pathogenic challenge, tissue-resident macrophages initiate the immune response, and concomitantly suppress it, thereby reducing tissue injury, by forming communicating channels with adjoining epithelia. The channels are formed by connexin 43, a gap junction protein that on this evidence is a possible target for new therapeutics for inflammatory lung disease. The tissue-resident macrophages of barrier organs constitute the first line of defence against pathogens at the systemic interface with the ambient environment. In the lung, resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) provide a sentinel function against inhaled pathogens1. Bacterial constituents ligate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on AMs2, causing AMs to secrete proinflammatory cytokines3 that activate alveolar epithelial receptors4, leading to recruitment of neutrophils that engulf pathogens5,6. Because the AM-induced response could itself cause tissue injury, it is unclear how AMs modulate the response to prevent injury. Here, using real-time alveolar imaging in situ, we show that a subset of AMs attached to the alveolar wall form connexin 43 (Cx43)-containing gap junction channels with the epithelium. During lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, the AMs remained sessile and attached to the alveoli, and they established intercommunication through synchronized Ca2+ waves, using the epithelium as the conducting pathway. The intercommunication was immunosuppressive, involving Ca2+-dependent activation of Akt, because AM-specific knockout of Cx43 enhanced alveolar neutrophil recruitment and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage. A picture emerges of a novel immunomodulatory process in which a subset of alveolus-attached AMs intercommunicates immunosuppressive signals to reduce endotoxin-induced lung inflammation.
Effect of α-cyclodextrin complexation on a general-base-catalyzed photo-smiles rearrangement

Abstract (α-Cyclodextrin complexation suppresses the efficiency of base-catalyzed photo-Smiles rearrangement of p-O 2 NC 6 H 4 OCH 2 CH 2 NHPh by 80% in aqueous solution. α-CD does not restrict the electron transrer; it inhibits by enhancing the decay of an intermediate.
Reply to Gregory Landini's Review of Formal Ontology and Conceptual Realism

In our discussion of Greg Landini’s review, we should distinguish how the logical systems kHST and HST k that I have developed are to be understood in my reconstructions of Gottlob Frege’s and Bertrand Russell’s (1903) ontologies as opposed to how HST k is understood as a (proper) part of my ontology of conceptual realism. Both of these systems are type-free second-order predicate logics that allow predicate expressions (complex or simple) and formulas (propositional forms) to be nominalized and occur in formulas as abstract singular terms. The main logical difference between these systems, as Landini notes, is that whereas kHST contains standard first-order logic (with identity) as a proper part, the system HST k is free of existential presuppositions regarding singular terms, including nominalized predicates as abstract singular terms, which is essential to any argument for Russell’s paradox of predication. In particular, nominalization of the Russell predicate that is not predicable of itself turns out to be denotationless in HST k as an abstract singular term. The main ontological difference between Russell’s and Frege’s ontologies is that one is intensional and the other is extensional. Russell’s (1903) ontology is based on predication as the ontological nexus of propositions, whereas Frege’s is based on predication as a function from properties and relations to truth values. In conceptual realism, predication is based on the mutual saturation of referential and