cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communication apprehension and general anxiety in the prediction of public speaking anxiety

The communication apprehension (CA) construct is based on the assumption that information about a person's tendency to experience anxiety in communication situations provides unique information, beyond that provided by assessing that person's predisposition to experience anxiety in general, in predicting anxiety when forced to communicate. However, the validity of this assumption is uncertain. In the present study, the predictive power of the PRCA‐24 and a general anxiety measure was examined at three separate intervals during a semester long public speaking course. Results indicated that, at the outset, the PRCA‐24 and the general anxiety measure predicted anxiety experienced during public speaking with equal power. By the end of the semester, the PRCA‐24 was clearly superior to the general measure in predicting self‐reported performance anxiety.
Fully Automatic Ultrasound Guided Diffuse Optical Tomography (US-DOT) System for Whole Breast Imaging

A priori information can be used to guide near-infrared diffuse optical tomography reconstruction and improve quantification. The goal of this study is to develop a hands-free, fully automatic US-DOT system for quantitative whole breast imaging.
The design and implementation of a session layer for delay-tolerant networks

The DTN architecture is based around sender-initiated unicast communication that is insufficient or inconvenient to meet the needs of many applications. To address these limitations, we define a DTN session layer and associated extensions to the DTN bundle protocol that more naturally support receiver-driven applications and multicast communication. Within a session, we provide mechanisms allowing applications to convey ordering relationships between successive transmissions that can be used by the network to help ensure a distributed application's delivery ordering expectations are met. We also extend the bundle protocol's expiration procedures to support more efficient network utilization by allowing in-network deletion of obsolete messages. We present the design rationale and describe our implementation of these mechanisms and discuss their advantages in meeting the needs of several popular types of applications.
Die Messung des Wasserpotentials mit der SCHOLANDER-Methode und ihre Bedeutung für die Forstwissenschaft

This deals with a method for determining the water potential of plants and soil and includes details of technique and application. The discussed procedure has found a wide following in the United States, but is nearly unknown in Europe. With different examples of forest research work it is shown that the procedure can be used in manifold ways, is very simple to handle and provides reliable dates. The principle is to place a detached leaf, a twig or a part of a living plant gastight into a steel container— just into the pressure bomb—in such a way that only the plan section is visible. Then the pressure inside the container is increased by means of compressed air or a nitrogen bottle until xylem water appears on the surface. The theory shows that the pressure read at this moment from the pressure gauge agrees with the water potential of the plant.
Vapor pressures of the copper and yttrium β-diketonate MOCVD precursors

The vapor pressures and vapor molecular weights of the copper and yttrium β-diketonate MOCVD precursors Cu(C11H19O2)2 (c) and Y(C11H19O2)3 (c) were measured by a torsion-effusion/mass-loss method in the ranges (346 to 375) K and (361 to 387) K, respectively. The molecular weight data indicate that the saturated vapors of both precursors are highly monomeric. Vapor pressures, estimated to be accurate within 5%, are presented in equation form for reliable extrapolation to higher temperatures. The results are compared with other determinations in the literature.
A routine high-precision method for Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry and chronology

A method for chemical separation of Lu and Hf from rock, meteorite and mineral samples is described, together with a much improved mass spectrometric running technique for Hf. This allows (i) geo- and cosmochronology using the176Lu→176Hf+β − decay scheme, and (ii) geochemical studies of planetary processes in the earth and moon. Chemical yields for the three-stage ion-exchange column procedure average 90% for Hf. Chemical blanks are <0.2 ng for Lu and Hf. From 1 μg of Hf, a total ion current of 0.5×10−11 Ampere can be maintained for 3–5 h, yielding 0.01–0.03% precision on the ratio176Hf/177Hf. Normalisation to179Hf/177Hf=0.7325 is used. Extensive results for the Johnson Matthey Hf standard JMC 475 are presented, and this sample is urged as an international mass spectrometric standard; suitable aliquots, prepared from a single batch of JMC 475, are available from Denver. Lu-Hf analyses of the standard rocks BCR-1 and JB-1 are given. The potential of the Lu-Hf method in isotope geochemistry is assessed.
Tighter bounds for LPT scheduling on uniform processors

We examine the nonpreemptive assignment of independent tasks to a system of uniform processors with the objective of minimizing the makespan. The worst case bound for the largest processing time first algorithm for this problem is tightened to be in the interval (1.52, 1.67).
Visible Ellison: A Study of Ralph Ellison's Fiction

Introduction Short Stories: Early Explorations Short Stories: The Big Three The Novel: Accommodation The Novel: Revolt and After Later Fiction Bibliography Index
From the reviews editor.

A note from the Reviews Editor, Ruth Gyure, to highlight the changes in the Reviews section since the initial publication, including the addition of a bi-annual "Journal Watch" article.
Two-dimensional fourier transform,optical spectroscopy of GaAs quantum wells

Two-dimensional Fourier-transform optical spectroscopy is demonstrated on GaAs quantum-wells. The signal is measured phase coherently with respect to the evolution time, enabling Fourier analysis. Coupling between heavy and light hole excitons yields cross-peaks
Outcomes of Neonatal Candidiasis: The Impact of Delayed Initiation of Antifungal Therapy

Objective/Methods. To determine the outcomes of invasive neonatal candidiasis before institution of routine antifungal prophylaxis, we conducted a retrospective review of cases of invasive candidiasis in newborns in a referral-based neonatal intensive care unit located in a single tertiary academic center between January 1998 and December 2002. Results. Sixty-three newborns with invasive neonatal candidiasis were identified. Overall mortality rate was 35%. Virtually every infant had a central venous catheter (CVC), required mechanical ventilation and previous administration of antibacterial agents. Delayed institution of antifungal therapy was associated with increased mortality. In addition, length of hospitalization, duration of prior antibacterial therapy, mechanical ventilation, and CVC use, as well as evidence of end-organ disease, were associated with an adverse outcome. Conclusions. Reliance on available laboratory tools in cases of invasive neonatal candidiasis can result in delayed diagnosis and increased mortality. A risk-factor-based approach to empirical treatment could be justified in this setting.
Deuterium kinetic isotope effects in microsolvated gas-phase E2 reactions: Methanol and ethanol as solvents

The gas-phase reactions of F−(CH3OH) and F−(C2H5OH) with t-butyl bromide have been investigated to explore the effect of the solvent on the E2 transition state. Kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) were measured using a flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube (FA-SIFT) mass spectrometer upon deuteration of both the alkyl halide and the alcohol. Kinetic isotope effects are significantly more pronounced than those previously observed for similar reactions of F−(H2O) with t-butyl halides. KIEs for the reaction of F−(CH3OH) with t-butyl bromide are 2.10 upon deuteration of the neutral reagent and 0.74 upon deuteration of the solvent. KIEs for the reaction of F−(C2H5OH) with t-butyl bromide are 3.84 upon deuteration of the neutral reagent and 0.66 upon deuteration of the solvent. The magnitude of these effects is discussed in terms of transition-state looseness. Additionally, deuteration of the neutral regent and deuteration of the solvent do not produce completely separable isotope effects, which is likely due to a crowded transition state. These results are compared to our previous work on SN2 and E2 solvated systems.
Periodicity and Total Spore Production by Lignicolous Basidiomycetes

Total spore production by Polyporus pubescens, P. betulina, P. versicolor, Lenzites saepiaria, Fomes annosus, and F. fomentarius at hourly intervals was studied over a 24-hr period using the Dodeca...
Nurse Practitioner Geropsychiatric Consultation Service to Nursing Homes

Abstract A nurse practitioner (NP) psychiatric consultation service was established to provide the residents of five nursing homes with on-site assessment and follow-up treatment for behavioral and psychiatric problems under OBRA and Medicare guidelines. During the 1-year project, 175 residents were referred by the nursing home (NH) staff for agitation, disruptive behavior, depressive symptoms, or decline in activities of daily living. An outcome evaluation documented that the NP recommendations resulted in positive behavioral changes in 62% of residents. Primary physicians, NH staff, and administrators validated that close monitoring of psychotropic medications and staff education in behavioral management strategies provided an effective, collaborative service. The practical aspects of establishing this consult service are addressed. (Geriatr Nurs 2000;21:150-5)
An investigation of enhanced secondary ion emission under Au(n)+ (n = 1-7) bombardment.

We investigate the mechanism of the nonlinear secondary ion yield enhancement using Aun+ (n = 1, 2, 3, 5, 7) primary ions bombarding thin films of Irganox 1010, DL-phenylalanine and polystyrene on Si, Al, and Ag substrates. The largest differences in secondary ion yields are found using Au+, Au2+, and Au3+ primary ion beams. A smaller increase in secondary ion yield is observed using Au5+ and Au7+ primary ions. The yield enhancement is found to be larger on Si than on Al, while the ion yield is smaller using an Au+ beam on Si than on Al. Using Aun+ ion structures obtained from Density Functional Theory, we demonstrate that the secondary yield enhancement is not simply due to an increase in energy per area deposited into the surface (energy deposition density). Instead, based on simple mechanical arguments and molecular dynamics results from Medvedeva et al, we suggest a mechanism for nonlinear secondary ion yield enhancement wherein the action of multiple concerted Au impacts leads to efficient energy transfer to substrate atoms in the near surface region and an increase in the number of secondary ions ejected from the surface. Such concerted impacts involve one, two, or three Au atoms, which explains well the large nonlinear yield enhancements observed going from Au+ to Au2+ to Au3+ primary ions. This model is also able to explain the observed substrate effect. For an Au+ ion passing through the more open Si surface, it contacts fewer substrate atoms than in the more dense Al surface. Less energy is deposited in the Si surface region by the Au+ primary ion and the secondary ion yield will be lower for adsorbates on Si than on Al. In the case of Aun+ the greater density of Al leads to earlier break-up of the primary ion and a consequent reduction in energy transfer to the near-surface region when compared with Si. This results in higher secondary ion yields and yield enhancements on silicon than aluminum substrates.
A problem with estimating the short-run monetary exchange rate model

Abstract This paper shows that a composite moving average error is typically implied by a short-run monetary model of exchange rate. Thus, relying solely on the Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic as an indicator of serial correlation is inappropriate and may lead to inefficient coefficient estimates. We suggest that the time-series model technique of Box and Jenkins (1976) be used to identify an error model. The short-run monetary model of the exchange rate can then be estimated as a transfer function model by a maximum likelihood procedure.
Using response surfaces to improve the search for satisfactory behavior in system dynamics models

Traditional system dynamics studies rely heavily upon heuristics and experience. Nevertheless, mathematical exploration techniques have been introduced as important elements for a successful study. We argue that the role of optimization in system dynamics studies is not to replace experience-based knowledge, but instead to augment, facilitate, and expand the heuristic exploration of a model. Accordingly, our approach involves narrowing the design space (using response surfaces) and the subsequent direct investigation of the simulation model (using heuristics). Response surfaces have received considerable attention in optimization because of their capability to replace complex models with analytic equations, thereby increasing computational efficiency. However, doubts exist as to the usefulness of a response-surface approximation of an approximation of reality (i.e., a system dynamics model). We demonstrate the usefulness of response surfaces in system dynamics studies with a case study involving a high-level model of an industrial ecosystem; our intent in using response surfaces is not to replace the simulation models with analytic equations, but instead to direct attention to regions within the design space of the original simulation with the most desirable performance. Recommended changes to a system are based directly on the simulation model, not on response surfaces, avoiding the added level of approximation inherent in response surfaces. The primary focus of the article is on the concept exploration approach, which is presented first. The case study towards the end is offered as supporting evidence. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis on clearance rates in juveniles of four bivalve molluscs from Florida, USA.

Abstract The effects of Karenia brevis (Gymnodiniales, Gymnodiniaceae) on the feeding activity of juveniles of four species of bivalve mollusc were examined in the laboratory to assess the potential impacts on these important shellfish populations from Florida. Clearance rates were determined under short-term (one hour) static and long-term (two days) flow-through conditions using both whole and lysed cultures of K. brevis . Under short-term conditions, the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians , was the most sensitive species, exhibiting a 79% reduction in clearance rate at 1000 cells ml −1 of whole K. brevis culture compared to the control (no K. brevis ). The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica , was the least responsive, showing a 38% reduction in clearance rate between the same treatments. The green mussel, Perna viridis , and the northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria , displayed intermediate responses. Similar results were also observed during long-term exposures to a continuous supply of K. brevis . Bay scallops showed a significant decline in clearance rate at 100 cells ml −1 after 24 h exposure; clearance rate of oysters was not affected by K. brevis at this concentration. No mortality was observed for any species during these brief exposures. The prospect for recovery of bay scallop populations in Florida estuaries where they were once abundant may be hampered by recurring blooms of K. brevis . Reduced clearance rates in M. mercenaria at high K. brevis densities could translate into poor growth of cultured Florida hard clams. On the other hand, P. viridis , which also showed reduced clearance rates at high K. brevis concentrations, might be negatively impacted by K. brevis blooms, thereby affecting their ability to spread into estuaries hampered by recurring toxic algal blooms.
Memory Representations of Compliance‐Gaining Strategies and Tactics

An important step in the development of cognitive theories of message processing is to detail the manner in which information relevant to this task is represented in memory. Given this, the present research sought to examine memory for various features of compliance-gaining messages. The results of these five studies indicate that people are generally proficient at remembering the tactical instantiations in a message but that memory for strategies (i.e., sequences of tactical acts) is generally poor. The effects of warned versus incidental memory tests and duration of retention interval were also examined. The results of these studies are explained by recourse to an associative network model of long-term memory.
Dialogue through Standpoint: Understanding Women's and Men's Standpoints of Sexual Harassment.

It is important to rethink sexual harassment by addressing the following question: Because most men do not harass women, why do men tend to be resistant to admitting the breadth and depth of sexual...
(C-A) and (G-A) anchored simple sequence repeats (ASSRs) generated polymorphism in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.

We used thirty simple sequence repeats (SSRs) with a variable 2–4 base ‘anchor’ at their 5′ ends (ASSRs) independently or with arbitrary primers in analysis of soybean germplasm and the intercross of ‘Essex’ and PI 437654. (AG)6, (GA)6 or (CT)6 and (GT)6, (TG)6 or (CA)6 were efficient in the detection of (G-A) and (C-A) ASSR-generated polymorphisms, respectively. DNA sequence analysis of the ASSR-amplified fragments confirmed the presence of SSR sequences. (A-T) ASSRs failed to give amplification or generated fewer number of fragments. Only one of the four tested decamer primers altered ASSR banding patterns in the soybean. All the six long primers (18–20 mer) tested changed ASSR banding profiles. On average, seven polymorphic fragments per ASSR primer were produced in soybean germplasm and four in the intraspecific cross of ‘Essex’ and PI 437654. The grouping of 48 genotypes in UPGMA analysis using four (C-A) and four (G-A) ASSR primers was consistent with the classification obtained with RFLP markers. Seventy-seven (91%) ASSR markers were dominant, while the remaining 8 (9%) showed codominant segregation. Fifty-eight ASSR markers were mapped onto 18 RAPD/RFLP linkage groups, which covered approximately 50% of the soybean genome. Of the (G-A) ASSR-derived markers 49% remained unlinked compared with 17% of (C-A) ASSR markers at LOD 3.0. Map linkage information showed that the assigned (C-A) polymorphisms had a biased distribution, whereas (G-A) polymorphisms were randomly dispersed.
R Is for Race, Not Rocket: Black Representation in American Science Fiction Cinema

The future is a better key to the present than the past. —J. G. Ballard From Georges Melies's A Voyage to the Moon (1902) to Steven Soderbergh's Solaris (2002), science fiction films have sta...
Improved efficacy of a microencapsulated macrophage colony stimulating factor and methotrexate in melanoma.

This study examines the effects of a combination therapy of both methotrexate (MTX) and albumin microspheres containing recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhM-CSF) in melanoma tumors. Melanoma tumors were induced in C57BL/6 male mice with subcutaneous injection of B-16 tumor cells. Therapy started once the tumor size reached 0.5 cm in diameter. Mice were divided into several groups, and dosing was carried out daily until death. Group I received MTX solution (2 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg), group II received rhM-CSF solution (100 micrograms), group III received albumin rhM-CSF microspheres (100 micrograms), and groups V-XV received different combinations of both agents daily. The weight, tumor size, and survival time (in days) were recorded. From the results, the control (no rhM-CSF administered) group survived for 11.8 +/- 1.92 days, and the group that received MTX solution survived for 19.4 +/- 5.03 days. However, the group that received both the MTX solution (15 mg/kg) and albumin rhM-CSF microspheres (100 micrograms/kg) demonstrated a significant increase (p < .05) in the survival time (30.4 +/- 3.27 days). The concentrations of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha] and interleukin-1 beta [IL-1 beta]) in the different treatment groups were monitored to determine the effect of rhM-CSF on the immune system. The TNF-alpha concentration was significantly higher in the group that received the combination therapy (204 +/- 54.6 pg/ml) versus the control group (31.5 +/- 7.02 pg/ml). The IL-1 beta concentration was significantly higher (p < .05) in the rhM-CSF microsphere (100 micrograms/kg) treated group (62 +/- 17.2 pg/ml) versus the rhM-CSF solution (29.1 +/- 8.7 pg/cc).
Quantitation of apolipoprotein E in rabbit sera with a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Abstract A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to quantitate apoE levels in normal and cholesterolemic rabbit serum. The assay can detect 1 ng of apoE and has an interassay coefficient of variation of 5.1%. The assay's antigen specificity was established by the generation of a competitive displacement curve with rabbit apoE, but not with rabbit albumin nor with rabbit apoC. Nonimmune serum was not able to produce a detectable response in the assay. Lipid-protein interactions did not interfere with the assay and color development was linear throughout the incubation time. Rabbits fed a normal diet had 5.3±0.4 mg of apoE/dl serum. Rabbits fed a diet containing 1% (w/w) cholesterol for 14 days had 86±11 mg of apoE/dl serum.
Recovery of the human early receptor potential during dark adaptation in hereditary retinal disease.

Abstract The recovery of the early receptor potential (ERP) during dark adaptation was measured in four normal subjects and eight subjects with loss of rod and or cone function caused by hereditary retinal defects. The recovery of the normal ERP following a 30 msec, bleaching flash is described by an exponential function with a half-time of 1 · 75 min. Five subjects with early stages of dominantly inherited retinitis pigmentosa have faster than normal ERP recovery rates after the same bleaching flash. Two of these subjects have no detectable rod function and have a half-time of recovery of 35 sec. The rapid ERP recovery rates in these subjects with retinitis pigmentosa cannot be explained by loss of the rod ERP but may be due to abnormal cone function. ERP recovery rates in three subjects with minimal or absent cone function were slower than normal.
Chinese urban history: four cheers

These four exciting books fill in what Sir Peter Hall's monumental Cities in Civilization left undone. To be sure, they do not tell the entire story of China's five (possibly six or more according to the latest archaeological findings) thousand years of uninterrupted urban experience, but together they are a flying start, especially from the perspective of one kind of elite or another.
Student teaching: A transitional stage in the making of a teacher

Student teaching is seen as a transitional period during which the student's perspectives undergo a radical change. The author is associate professor of education at Washington University.
Natural Proteasome Inhibitor Celastrol Suppresses Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Progression by Modulating Apoptotic Proteins and NF-kappaB

Background: Celastrol is a natural proteasome inhibitor that exhibits promising anti-tumor effects in human malignancies, especially the androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) with constitutive NF-kB activation. Celastrol induces apoptosis by means of proteasome inhibition and suppresses prostate tumor growth. However, the detailed mechanism of action remains elusive. In the current study, we aim to test the hypothesis that celastrol suppresses AIPC progression via inhibiting the constitutive NF-kB activity as well as modulating the Bcl-2 family proteins. Methodology/Principal Findings: We examined the efficacy of celastrol both in vitro and in vivo, and evaluated the role of NF-kB in celastrol-mediated AIPC regression. We found that celastrol inhibited cell proliferation in all three AIPC cell lines (PC-3, DU145 and CL1), with IC50 in the range of 1–2 mM. Celastrol also suppressed cell migration and invasion. Celastrol significantly induced apoptosis as evidenced by increased sub-G1 population, caspase activation and PARP cleavage. Moreover, celastrol promoted cleavage of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 and activated the pro-apoptotic protein Noxa. In addition, celastrol rapidly blocked cytosolic IkBa degradation and nuclear translocation of RelA. Likewise, celastrol inhibited the expression of multiple NF-kB target genes that are involved in proliferation, invasion and anti-apoptosis. Celastrol suppressed AIPC tumor progression by inhibiting proliferation, increasing apoptosis and decreasing angiogenesis, in PC-3 xenograft model in nude mouse. Furthermore, increased cellular IkBa and inhibited expression of various NF-kB target genes were observed in tumor tissues. Conclusions/Significance: Our data suggest that, via targeting the proteasome, celastrol suppresses proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis by inducing the apoptotic machinery and attenuating constitutive NF-kB activity in AIPC both in vitro and in vivo. Celastrol as an active ingredient of traditional herbal medicine could thus be developed as a new therapeutic agent for hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
Application of the helical cathode proportional chamber to magnetic spectrographs for nuclear reaction studies

Abstract A proportional chamber with a single wire helical cathode has been employed in the focal plane of a magnetic spectrograph for nuclear reaction studies. The spatial resolution attributable to the detector is less than 0.33 mm fwhm over its 25 cm length with particles incident at an angle of 37° to the plane of the detector. The resolution achieved with a collimated 55Fe X-ray source at normal incidence was 0.25 mm. Rates of 105 counts/s are possible before degradation of the peak shapes is observed. The d E d x resolution is 27% for protons, deuterons and tritons in the energy range of 10–16 MeV. The counter has been used with an on-line computer program to measure the 27Al(d,p)28Al and 59Co(t,d)60Co differential cross sections.
Concerning the motion of flux transfer events generated by component reconnection across the dayside magnetopause

[1] We generate flux transfer events (FTEs) along subsolar component reconnection curves whose tilt depends upon the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation, track their motion in response to pressure gradient and magnetic curvature forces, and estimate the perturbations they produce in the ambient magnetosheath and magnetosphere. During periods of southward IMF orientation, FTEs move poleward rapidly without ever reaching the flanks of the magnetosphere, while during periods of northward and duskward IMF they slip slowly over the flanks. Speeds increase when a depletion layer is present. For southward IMF orientations, the greatest magnetic field perturbations occur near the equator and diminish with distance from the posited reconnection line. For northward and duskward IMF orientations, dayside perturbation amplitudes are lower but increase with downstream distance at off-equatorial locations. Consequently events occurring for southward IMF orientations should dominate statistical surveys of dayside events but not those of flank events. The events move through the ambient media, invariably generating outward/inward flow perturbations in the magnetosheath but inward/outward perturbations in the magnetosphere. Multipoint spacecraft timing studies can be used to determine event axes and the component of event motion perpendicular to these axes. Because FTEs retain their initial orientations, timing studies afford an opportunity to determine the orientation of the dayside reconnection curve from remote locations.
Marginal distortion of the porcelain- bonded-to-metal complete crown: an SEM study.

Abstract This study attempted to measure marginal distortion of the porcelain-bonded-to-metal restoration due to porcelain fusion. Four types of marginal preparations were used to form the facial margin. No significant change occurred, indicating that, regardless of marginal design, porcelain application and firing does not mechanically distort the facial margin.
SU-D-BRE-03: Dosimetric Impact of In-Air Spot Size Variations for Commissioning a Room-Matched Beam Model for Pencil Beam Scanning Proton Therapy

Purpose: To quantitatively evaluate dosimetric consequence of spot size variations and validate beam-matching criteria for commissioning a pencil beam model for multiple treatment rooms. Methods: A planning study was first conducted by simulating spot size variations to systematically evaluate dosimetric impact of spot size variations in selected cases, which was used to establish the in-air spot size tolerance for beam matching specifications. A beam model in treatment planning system was created using in-air spot profiles acquired in one treatment room. These spot profiles were also acquired from another treatment room for assessing the actual spot size variations between the two treatment rooms. We created twenty five test plans with targets of different sizes at different depths, and performed dose measurement along the entrance, proximal and distal target regions. The absolute doses at those locations were measured using ionization chambers at both treatment rooms, and were compared against the calculated doses by the beam model. Fifteen additional patient plans were also measured and included in our validation. Results: The beam model is relatively insensitive to spot size variations. With an average of less than 15% measured in-air spot size variations between two treatment rooms, the average dose difference was −0.15% withmore » a standard deviation of 0.40% for 55 measurement points within target region; but the differences increased to 1.4%±1.1% in the entrance regions, which are more affected by in-air spot size variations. Overall, our single-room based beam model in the treatment planning system agreed with measurements in both rooms < 0.5% within the target region. For fifteen patient cases, the agreement was within 1%. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that dosimetrically equivalent machines can be established when in-air spot size variations are within 15% between the two treatment rooms.« less
Addition of cloned β-glucosidase enhances the degradation of crystalline cellulose by the Clostridium thermocellum cellulase complex

A thermostable beta-glucosidase from Clostridium thermocellum which is expressed in Escherichia coli was used to determine the substrate specificity of the enzyme. A restriction map of the beta-glucosidase gene cloned in plasmid pALD7 was determined. Addition of the E. coli cell extract (containing the beta-glucosidase) to the cellulase complex from C. thermocellum increased the conversion of crystalline cellulose (Avicel) to glucose. The increase was specifically due to hydrolysis of the accumulated cellobiose. A cellulose degradation process using beta-glucosidase to assist the potent cellulase complex of C. thermocellum, as shown here can open the way for industrial saccharification of cellulose to glucose.
Bioelectrical-Impedance Analysis of the Fat-Free Mass in Breeder Turkey Hens

Abstract Electrical impedance measurements, resistance (R), and reactance (Xc) were made on each of 135 Large White turkey hens and toms using a four-terminal plethysmograph. The BW, body girth (BG), and body length (BL) were also determined. Body composition was established from direct chemical analyses. Forty hens were assigned to a calibration group, the remaining birds to a prediction group. Coefficients of determination (r2) were determined between body composition and selected variables for the calibration group. Regression equations were generated to estimate the fat-free mass (FFM) in the prediction using BL2 divided by the total impedance (Z) and BW. Multiple regression was used to generate a third equation using BL2 ÷ Z, BW, BL, and BG. The observed value for FFM was regressed on that for predicted FFM in the prediction group. The three predictive equations were compared by examining the resulting coefficients of determination, variances, slopes, and y intercepts. The best single predictors of FFM were BW (r2 = .66) and BL2 ÷ Z (r2 = .30). Multiple regression resulted in an equation with an increased R2 (.85) for FFM. The predictive equation utilizing bioelectrical impedance plus body parameters resulted in improved precision when observed FFM was regressed on predicted FFM compared to equations utilizing BW or BL2 ÷ Z alone.
S35--LIQUID--SCINTILLATION COUNT ANALYSIS OF MORPHOGENESIS AND TERATOGENESIS OF THE PALATE IN MOUSE EMBRYOS.

S35-labeled inorganic sulfate was employed as a precursor of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in a radioassay of embryonic palatine shelves of the offspring of normal and cortisone-treated mice. Samples, composed of four palatine shelves derived from the same litter, were counted on a liquid scintillation spectrometer. A close correlation has been established between the time of the maximum aggregation of sulfated mucopolysaccharides, as expressed by the relative specific activity of retained S35-labeled sulfate, and the time of “horizontalization” of palatine shelves in both experimental groups. The competence of embryological mechanism of palate closure has been related to the developmentally normal relative increase of the concentration of sulfated mucopolysaccharides, viewed as a factor maintaining maximum visco-elasticity and minimal swelling of palatine shelves.
Diffusion of small particles through pores of similar diameter

Abstract The diffusion of monodisperse polystyrene latex of 910 A diameter through Millipore filters containing pores from 2200 to 12000 A has been measured at 25° and 45°C. The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient and the variation of diffusion coefficient with pore diameter are consistent with the model of a rigid sphere surrounded by a continuum and moving in a cylindrical pore. However, the diffusion coefficients are roughly ten times those predicted by the Stokes-Einstein equation—an effect apparently caused by the high surface charge resulting from adsorbed soap ions.
Bézout rings with almost stable range 1

Abstract Elementary divisor domains were defined by Kaplansky [I. Kaplansky, Elementary divisors and modules, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 66 (1949) 464–491] and generalized to rings with zero-divisors by Gillman and Henriksen [L. Gillman, M. Henriksen, Some remarks about elementary divisor rings, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 82 (1956) 362–365]. In [M.D. Larsen, W.J. Lewis, T.S. Shores, Elementary divisor rings and finitely presented modules, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 187 (1) (1974) 231–248], it was also proved that if a Hermite ring satisfies (N), then it is an elementary divisor ring. The aim of this article is to generalize this result (as well as others) to a much wider class of rings. Our main result is that Bezout rings whose proper homomorphic images all have stable range 1 (in particular, neat rings) are elementary divisor rings.
Lower breathing impedance of self-contained, closed-circuit respirators.

Two schemes for significantly lowering the impedance to breathing of respiratory protective equipment are discussed. The respirators are self-contained, closed-circuit portable devices using battery-powered fans to move the air. One scheme uses simple, passive valves, while the second scheme uses more-complex, electronically controlled, active valves. A prototype of the first design was built. A digital simulation was used to study the more-complex system.
Comparison of Nitroaldol Reaction Mechanisms Using Accurate Ab Initio Calculations

In the nitroaldol reaction, condensation between a nitroalkane and an aldehyde yields a nitroalcohol that can undergo dehydration to yield a nitroalkene. Amine-functionalized, MCM-41-type mesoporous silica nanosphere (MSN) materials have been shown to selectively catalyze this reaction. Gas-phase reaction paths for the several competing mechanisms for the nitroaldol reaction have been mapped out using second-order perturbation theory (MP2). Improved relative energies were determined using singles and doubles coupled cluster theory with perturbative triples, CCSD(T). The mechanism in the absence of a catalyst was used to provide a baseline against which to assess the impact of the catalyst on both the mechanism and the related energetics. Catalyzed mechanisms can either pass through a nitroalcohol intermediate as in the classical mechanism or an imine intermediate.
Classification of terrain using multi-resolution satellite/aerial imagery and lidar data

High resolution LiDAR data is used to augment spectral data to improve resolution/accuracy. Digital elevation information, texture information, and spectral data are all combined into a single dataset and different clustering algorithms are used on the raster information and compared with clusters of spectral data alone. Long term goals of the work are to find efficient and effective methods of combining different data sets of varying resolution from different sources into a single dataset for analysis to improve data and classification resolution and accuracy.
Efficacy of systemically oriented psychotherapies in the treatment of perinatal depression: a meta-analysis

The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine the efficacy of systemically oriented psychotherapy treatments for depression in pregnancy and the postpartum. Specifically, this synthesis examined standardized mean differences between pre- and posttest and treatment-control conditions in depression symptom reduction among 24 individual interpersonal psychotherapy or relational psychotherapy studies completed between 1997 and 2013. Analyses assessed heterogeneity, potential moderators, and publication bias. Random-effects analyses revealed a large, positive average effect size $$ \left(\overline{d}=1.14\right) $$ for psychotherapy treatments among one-group, pre–post-studies and a medium, positive average effect $$ \left(\overline{d}=0.40\right) $$ when treatments were compared with control groups. Mixed-effects meta-ANOVAs indicated that treatment type, participant depression severity, and method of depression assessment were significant moderators such that effect sizes were larger among individual interpersonal psychotherapy studies, clinical samples, and studies that included an independent evaluation of depression. However, relational treatments and studies with nonclinical samples were less represented in the literature, and still demonstrated small to medium positive effects. Meta-regressions revealed that effects were largest when treatments were delivered with adherence fidelity checks and over more sessions. Based on funnel plots and Egger tests, there was evidence of publication bias in this analysis; however, the effects were distributed fairly symmetrically about the mean given the relatively small number of available studies. Findings have implications for continued examination of systemically oriented psychotherapy treatments for depression in pregnancy and the postpartum.
Theories and practice of design for information systems: eight design perspectives in ten short weeks

Students come to design education with different goals. Some seek to acquire expertise in design, others to learn specialized methods tailored to a research domain. Furthermore, students in the area of information system design confront a large literature of diverse perspectives on design, all of which are potentially useful. To disentangle this literature and to develop students' knowledge and know-how for design, a ten-week course, titled Theories and Practice of Design for Information Systems, was developed. Pedagogically, this introductory course is neither a studio course nor a methods course. Instead, it takes a "design perspectives" approach where students engage a number of substantial perspectives on design through conceptual and experiential study. This paper introduces this pedagogical approach and describes eight design perspectives including readings, key questions, and activities. It concludes with lessons learned for positioning students to engage the interplay between the theory and practice of information system design.
The Mills—Muth Model of Urban Spatial Structure: Surviving the Test of Time?

This paper examines the viability of some basic predictions of the Mills—Muth model of city structure for modern cities using US data for the year 2000. The estimation strategy used to test the predictions is very similar to that of Jan Brueckner and David Fansler, who use 1970 data to find support for the model's basic comparative statics predictions—namely, that city area is increasing in population and income but decreasing in agricultural land value and commuting costs. This paper uses different measures for land values and commuting costs where possible and a measure of polycentricity to estimate a slightly modified empirical model. Despite the changing structure of cities, there is evidence that the Mills—Muth comparative statics predictions hold for modern US cities, that densely populated cities are more likely to have sub-centres and that market forces drive urban spatial structure.
Low-Power Circuits for Brain-Machine Interfaces

This paper presents work on ultra-low-power circuits for brain-machine interfaces with applications for paralysis prosthetics, prosthetics for the blind, and experimental neuroscience systems. The circuits include a micropower neural amplifier with adaptive power biasing for use in multi-electrode arrays; an analog linear decoding and learning architecture for data compression; radio-frequency (RF) impedance modulation for low-power data telemetry; a wireless link for efficient power transfer; mixed-signal system integration for efficiency, robustness, and programmability; and circuits for wireless stimulation of neurons. Experimental results from chips that have recorded from and stimulated neurons in the zebra-finch brain and from RF power-link systems are presented. Circuit simulations that have successfully processed prerecorded data from a monkey brain and from an RF data telemetry system are also presented.
Wnt11 signaling promotes proliferation, transformation, and migration of IEC6 intestinal epithelial cells

Wnts are morphogens with well recognized functions during embryogenesis. Aberrant Wnt signaling has been demonstrated to be important in colorectal carcinogenesis. However, the role of Wnt in regulating normal intestinal epithelial cell proliferation is not well established. Here we determine that Wnt11 is expressed throughout the mouse intestinal tract including the epithelial cells. Conditioned media from Wnt11-secreting cells stimulated proliferation and migration of IEC6 intestinal epithelial cells. Co-culture of Wnt11-secreting cells with IEC6 cells resulted in morphological transformation of the latter as evidenced by the formation of foci, a condition also accomplished by stable transfection of IEC6 with a Wnt11-expressing construct. Treatment of IEC6 cells with Wnt11 conditioned media failed to induce nuclear translocation of β-catenin but led to increased activities of protein kinase C and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Inhibition of protein kinase C resulted in a decreased ability of Wnt11 to induce foci formation in IEC6 cells. Finally, E-cadherin was redistributed in Wnt11-treated IEC6 cells, resulting in diminished E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contact. We conclude that Wnt11 stimulates proliferation, migration, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and contact-independent growth of IEC6 cells by a β-catenin-independent mechanism. These findings may help understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate proliferation and migration of intestinal epithelial cells.
Detection of PUE Attacks in Cognitive Radio Networks Based on Signal Activity Pattern

Promising to significantly improve spectrum utilization, cognitive radio networks (CRNs) have attracted a great attention in the literature. Nevertheless, a new security threat known as the primary user emulation (PUE) attack raises a great challenge to CRNs. The PUE attack is unique to CRNs and can cause severe denial of service (DoS) to CRNs. In this paper, we propose a novel PUE detection system, termed Signal activity Pattern Acquisition and Reconstruction System . Different from current solutions of PUE detection, the proposed system does not need any a priori knowledge of primary users (PUs), and has no limitation on the type of PUs that are applicable. It acquires the activity pattern of a signal through spectrum sensing, such as the ON and OFF periods of the signal. Then it reconstructs the observed signal activity pattern through a reconstruction model. By examining the reconstruction error, the proposed system can smartly distinguish a signal activity pattern of a PU from a signal activity pattern of an attacker. Numerical results show that the proposed system has excellent performance in detecting PUE attacks.
Acute low back pain as a first sign of Burkitt’s lymphoma in an HIV-positive adult patient

Burkitt’s lymphoma is rare in the general population [1–2% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL)]. Its prevalence in HIV-positive patients is grossly increased (35–40%) and it must always be taken into consideration for differential diagnosis. We describe the case of a 44-year-old man with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) who came to the emergency department suffering from acute low back pain. He was treated conservatively for disc hernia, with recommendation for home therapy. A couple of weeks later, he was hospitalized for further research because of fever, night sweats, and no pain relief. After elaborate clinical and laboratory research consisting of physical examination, blood tests, CT of lungs and abdomen, and MRI of pelvis and spine followed by bone marrow biopsy, the patient was found to have Burkitt’s lymphoma. By recognizing the heterogeneity of AIDS-associated NHL presentation and the potential clinical overlap between malignancy, infection, and other rheumatologic abnormalities, physicians may obtain appropriate diagnostic studies and offer treatment recommendations.
Artificial Urinary Sphincter Mechanical Failures—Is it Better to Replace the Entire Device or Just the Malfunctioning Component?

Purpose: We evaluate the characteristics of artificial urinary sphincter mechanical failures and compare outcomes based on the surgical revision strategy, replacing only the failed component or the entire device.Materials and Methods: A total of 1,802 male patients with stress urinary incontinence underwent artificial urinary sphincter procedures from 1983 to 2011 at our institution, of which 1,082 were primary placements. Of these patients 125 experienced mechanical device malfunction. Multiple clinical and surgical variables were evaluated for a potential association with device malfunction. In addition, we evaluated for predictors of failure of the revised device, including time from primary artificial urinary sphincter to revision surgery and surgical revision strategy (single component vs entire device), with failure defined as any tertiary surgery.Results: At a median followup of 4.2 years (IQR 0.8, 7.9) 125 patients experienced device malfunction. The urethral cuff was the most common component fai...
Mandatory Retirement Savings

Nudges toward voluntary defined-contribution retirement savings have transformed many nonsavers into savers but have left many behind. The author argues that it is time to switch from libertarian-paternalistic nudges to fully paternalistic shoves. He advocates a retirement savings solution centered on a paternalistic second layer of mandatory private defined-contribution savings accounts in a retirement savings pyramid, above the paternalistic first layer of Social Security and below the libertarian third layer of voluntary savings.