cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translational control of bacteriophage MS2 RNA cistrons by MS2 coat protein: Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of proteins synthesized in vitro

Abstract MS2-specific proteins synthesized in a cell-free, protein-synthesizing system under the direction of MS2 RNA were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a buffer containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. In addition to coat protein, which accounted for half or more of the total [14C]phenylalanine-labeled proteins synthesized, a few non-coat proteins were resolved. When a ribonucleoprotein complex (termed complex I), formed in vitro by interaction of MS2 RNA with several molecules of MS2 coat protein, was used instead of MS2 RNA to direct in vitro protein synthesis, the synthesis of some non-coat proteins was greatly reduced, whereas the synthesis of coat protein was almost unaffected. These results support our previous proposition that complex I is involved in the mechanism for the shut-off of synthesis of non-coat proteins in MS2-infected cells. In the cell-free, protein-synthesizing system, coat protein appeared to be the first protein synthesized. This is consistent with the notion that the coat protein cistron in MS2 RNA is located close to the initiation point of translation.
Vocal Fold Healing after Laser Cordectomy with Adjuvant Cryotherapy

Objectives: To understand the effect of adjuvant cryotherapy on glottic wound healing after endoscopic CO2 laser cordectomy. Study Design: Canine acute injury model with videolaryngostroboscopic and histopathologic outcomes analysis. Methods: Twelve adult male dogs underwent bilateral endoscopic CO2 laser transmuscular cordectomy followed by randomized unilateral endoscopic glottic cryotherapy. The animals were randomly divided into four groups and underwent videolaryngostroboscopy followed by sacrifice at 0, 2, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Three untreated male dogs served as controls. Histopathologic sections were prepared with Alcian blue, Giemsa, hematoxylin-eosin, movat's, Masson's trichrome, and picrosirius stains. Results: Videostroboscopy demonstrated an earlier restoration of glottic volume and a return of mucosal waves among vocal folds treated with combined therapy by 6 weeks posttreatment. The mean depth of inflammatory reaction in the vocal cords treated with combined therapy was 1.07 mm versus 1.15 mm in vocal cords treated with CO2 laser therapy alone. At 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively, combined treatment was associated with a decreased volume of collagen. At 12 weeks postoperatively, combined treatment was associated with greater collagen organization, normalized collagen histoarchitecture, and decreased keratinization. Conclusions: Adjuvant cryotherapy appears to alter glottis-specific wound healing, leading to decreased and more organized collagen formation and decreased keratinization with a resultant improvement in glottic function, when compared with CO2 laser surgery alone, in an acute canine injury model. Studies in humans are ongoing to further evaluate the clinical potential of cryotherapy on glottic wound healing.
Multinucleated Giant Cell Formation Induced by IFN-γ/IL-3 Is Associated with Restriction of VirulentMycobacterium tuberculosisCell to Cell Invasion in Human Monocyte Monolayers

Abstract One of the hallmarks of an effective immune response againstMycobacterium tuberculosisis the formation of granulomas containing multinucleated giant cells. IFN-γ and interleukin-3 (IL-3) promote Langhans-type multinucleated giant cell formation and have been identified in T cell clones reacting toM. tuberculosisantigens. The ability of human monocytes treated with IFN-γ and IL-3 to limit the spread ofM. tuberculosisin anin vitroinfection assay was examined. Monocytes were incubated with control medium, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and calcitriol, a combination permissive toM. tuberculosisgrowth, or IFN-γ and IL-3 and infected with a low inoculum ofM. tuberculosis(Erdman). IFN-γ/IL-3 treatment reducedM. tuberculosisCFU relative to both untreated and IFN-γ/TNF-α/calcitriol-treated monocytes. Specifically, CFU were reduced by 79% at 14 days in the IFN-γ/IL-3 treatment group relative to the IFN-γ/TNF-α/calcitriol treatment group, an effect that was not due to toxic monocyte metabolites.M. tuberculosisgrowth restriction by IFN-γ/IL-3-treated monocyte monolayers was associated with the development of Langhans-type multinucleated giant cells. At the light microscope level, dense growth ofM. tuberculosissurrounded by a ring of nuclei localized to the center of individual cells. The intracellular location ofM. tuberculosiswas confirmed by electron microscopy. In contrast, monocyte monolayers treated with IFN-γ/TNF-α/calcitriol consisted of a syncitium of cells containing monocyte aggregates. Nonlocalized linear arrays ofM. tuberculosiswere observed to be growing throughout such aggregates. These results suggest that physical sequestration ofM. tuberculosisby Langhans-type multinucleated giant cells may limit cell to cell spread of this pathogen, thereby restricting growth.
A Survey of the Incidence of Dental Caries in the Rhesus Monkey

The rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) has the same deciduous and permanent dentitional formula as man. If a regimen could be devised to increase its susceptibility to tooth decay, the rhesus monkey would be a valuable laboratory animal for dental caries research. Granados ('44) described the type of lesions occurring in the molar teeth of 8 three-year old monkeys and 1 nine-year old monkey. Schultz ('35) made an extensive survey of the incidence of tooth decay in several species of primates. In 252 skulls of wild Pithecus rhesus (Macaca mulatta), the per cent of animals with carious teeth was: 0 in the young, 2.1 in the adults and 13.7 in the aged. In 290 skulls from captive monkeys of the same species, he observed that the per cent frequency of animals with carious teeth was higher: 1.3, 9.7, and 23.1, respectively. Anderson and Arnim ('37) observed carious lesions clinically similar to those found in man in 3 of 76 rhesus monkeys. Knap ('41) stated that caries occurred, in some degree, in about 4% of over 500 skulls of Netherlands-Indies monkeys. However, in Macacus rhesus (Macaca mulatta), he observed that caries could not be induced by specific diets: well cooked food, much sugar, much salt, nor by exclusion of sunlight. These reports indicate that the susceptibility of the rhesus monkey to tooth decay is too low to allow it to be used extensively in dental caries research. However, a survey of the caries incidence in 138 skulls of rhesus monkeys which had been maintained in this laboratory for varying periods indicates that the frequency of caries incidence under certain conditions may be much higher than previously reported.
Crisis managers losing control of the message: A pilot study of the Virginia Tech shooting☆

Abstract This pilot study examined the role citizen generated content plays in the coverage of crisis situations and discusses implications for public relations practitioners who must respond to this type of coverage. A content analysis of newspapers and the websites of cable and broadcast news networks revealed reporters were more likely to use citizen generated content during the first stage of the crisis and were more likely to use non-official technology sources, or citizen generated content, than official technology sources such as web-based news releases and official statements.
“A New Sort of ‘Salvation Army’”: Historical Perspectives on the Confluence of Psychoanalysis and Social Work

No profession in the United States has a broader perspective on human needs than social work. Bold but also functional, social work distinctively places the pursuit of social justice on a par with the clinical treatment of individuals, pairs and families. Yet for much of the twentieth Century, proponents of the “macro” and of the “micro” approaches to practice have challenged each other’s commitment to social progressivism and humanist values. Interestingly, this on-going debate has hardly changed the core “person-in-environment” psychoanalytic paradigm at all. It is time to set aside this hidebound dispute, I argue in this article: social work is not two institutions folded into one but one profession that must be understood dialectically. Drawing on the history of the early psychoanalyst’s intense social activism and their commitment to treating the poor and working classes, I show how psychoanalysis shares in the transformation of civil society and helps restore individuals and communities alike to self-regulation and productivity.
Rethinking the Threats to Scientific Balance in Contexts of Litigation and Regulation

Most scientists are well aware of the need to guard against potential sources of pressure toward bias, particularly when work is conducted in contexts of litigation and regulation, but it is not clear that the usual sources of concern are actually those that are most important. In this article, I argue that, although overt pressures to slant findings may well be problematic, more attention needs to be devoted to the insidious but potentially more significant pressures toward bias that go largely unnoticed, often because they come from unseen or unexpected directions. I present the argument in four main sections: In the first I discuss my experience on a scientific review panel, illustrating that potential sources of bias in science are more complex than is often assumed. In the second section I discuss that experience and this article’s larger points in the context of existing professional literature on the topic, noting that the literature offers valuable contributions but also includes important oversights and omissions. The third main section illustrates this point by drawing on another, more recent experience, in which I was able to observe first-hand one of the ways in which a major multinational corporation was actively seeding the scientific literature. Finally, the fourth and closing section offers an initial or draft typology of key ways in which the unseen sources of potential bias may be considerably more significant than those that are seen and/or actively resisted.
Atomic-scale mechanisms of ferroelastic domain-wall-mediated ferroelectric switching

In ferroelectric thin films, ferroelastic domains affect the features of polarization switching. Gao et al. perform real-time transmission electron microscopy measurements and show that ferroelastic domains can hinder the switching via formation of a transient interface layer with a dipole glass structure.
Estimating the causal effect of water scarcity on the groundwater use efficiency of rice farming in South India

Abstract There is no consensus among researchers on the influence of scarcity on common pool resource use: some suggest that scarcity leads to prudent use, whereas others suggest that it will cause over-extraction of resources. This issue is particularly of interest for developing countries, where natural resources are becoming scarce at an alarming rate. This paper investigates the causal association between water scarcity and groundwater use efficiency in a rice based cropping system in south India, where groundwater is increasingly becoming a scarce resource. Contextualization of the work is done under the premise of reported contradictions concerning the scarcity — efficiency nexus. Using a two stage approach the causality is estimated: first, farm level groundwater use efficiency (GWUE) scores are calculated using non-parametric efficiency analysis, and then these inefficiencies are linked to farm level scarcity indicators using the Inverse Probability Weighting method. Our results showed a negative causal association between farm level water scarcity and GWUE, indicating the existence of competitive appropriation behavior in the face of scarcity. Hence, policy measures to conserve groundwater should include supply enhancement to remove the threat of immediate scarcity on farm to avoid inefficient pumping in addition to demand management measures and improved governance.
Proton magnetic resonance spectra of some naphthalene derivatives in DMSO-d6

Abstract The chemical shifts of the ring protons of 14 naphthalenesulfonic acid derivatives have been assigned from 250 MHz spectra. In addition, the spectra of a large number of monosubstituted naphthalenes were recorded using DMSO-d 6 as solvent. It is clear from this latter part of the study that DMSO-d 6 often causes an upfield (to a lower δ value) shift (relative to those in CDCl 3 ) in the δ values of the protons in this ring system. It is also clear that a number of signals are less resolved when DMSO-d 6 is used in lieu of CDCl 3 , at the field strength of 250MHz.
Adequacy of gut oxygenation in endotoxemia and sepsis.

ObjectiveTo provide a succinct overview of current notions regarding sepsis-induced alterations in mesenteric perfusion and oxygen transport.Data SourcesSelected English-language articles dealing with mesenteric perfusion and gut mucosal function during sepsis or endotoxicosis in experimental animal
A comparison of the bromination dynamics of various carbon and graphite fibers

The electrical resistance of four grades of pitch-based graphite fibers and three experimental organic vapor-derived fibers was determined in situ during bromination and subsequent exposure to ambient laboratory air. The results show that the least graphitic pitch-based fiber does not brominate significantly, and that bromination and debrominaton reactions proceed much slower for vapor-derived fibers than for pitch-based ones. It is suggested that this decreased reacton rate is primarily due to the differences in graphene plane orientation between the fiber types. The results also imply that the vapor-derived and pitch-based fibers produce true intercalation compounds.
Fission track dating of volcanic glass shards in marine sediments

Abstract The fission track dating method is applied to glass shards from volcanic ash layers in deep sea sediments which have also been dated by other methods. Measured ages for three samples are in excellent agreement with previously determined K-Ar, paleomagnetic and paleontologic ages. The fission track method of dating of glass shards seems to offer itself as a valuable tool for dating marine sediments.
From intervention to performance: Transitioning ownership of an infection control intervention

BACKGROUND: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) account for up to 40% of all hospital-acquired infections. Evaluation of a 10-bed post intensive care rehabilitation unit (PICRU) in June 2003 revealed a CAUTI rate of 27.0 per 1000 catheter days. Rates during the previous 12 months ranged from 11.6 to 46.5 per 1000 catheter days (mean = 22.7). Silver alloy–impregnated catheters were used for all patients during this period. In July 2003, nursing staff suggested an intervention of increased perineal care. In July 2003, perineal care was increased from once daily to two to three times daily and with incontinence in addition to daily bathing. Staff education was also part of the intervention. An immediate decrease in the CAUTI rate after the first month of intervention energized staff. After 6 months of the intervention (July-December 2003) showed a sustained decrease in the rates, staff chose to make this protocol permanent. METHODS: CAUTI rates continue to be monitored and reported monthly to staff. Educational posters outlining the process are placed in staff areas. The infection control practitioner (ICP) visits frequently to observe practice. Staff showed enthusiasm about the results and began monitoring each other for compliance. RESULTS: The 6-month post intervention mean (July-December 2003) dropped to 7.3 per 1000 catheter days, a 68% decrease (p CONCLUSIONS: It is essential for staff members to support and “own” an intervention. Patient care provider education may result in short-term behavior changes, but moving from intervention to permanent change requires staff inclusion at the onset along with ongoing active participation. Positive changes must be reinforced. When staff members realize the benefits quickly, behavior changes follow and become daily practice.
Career Assessment Strategies for Women in Management

With the influx of women into management positions, researchers and practitioners have examined the career-related issues facing women managers (Powell, 1988). Their focus has been on documenting the unique issues facing women managers, and the individual and organizational strategies that can be used to assist them (Russell, 1993). The present article extends this research by reviewing a number of career assessment devices that may be useful for counseling women managers. Over 45 strategies are described that address both internal issues confronting women managers (e.g., burnout, disillusionment, self-efficacy, limited political skills, role conflict) and external barriers (e.g., backlash, work-family conflicts, little access to mentoring relationships, social isolation, sex-role stereotypes). A discussion of the research on career assessment tools for women managers is provided with prescriptions for future research and practice.
Highly sensitive single polyaniline nanowire biosensor for the detection of immunoglobulin G and myoglobin

A single polyaniline (PANI) nanowire-based biosensor was established to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) and myoglobin (Myo), which is one of the cardiac biomarkers. The single PANI nanowires were fabricated via an electrochemical growth method, in which single nanowires were formed between a pair of patterned electrodes. The single PANI nanowires were functionalized with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of IgG or Myo via a surface immobilization method, using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), and N-hydroxysuccinimde (NHS). The functionalization was then verified by Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. The target proteins of IgG and Myo were detected by measuring the conductance change of functionalized single PANI nanowires owing to the capturing of target proteins by mAbs. The detection limit was found to be 3 ng/mL for IgG and 1.4 ng/mL for Myo. No response was observed when single nanowires were exposed to a non-specific protein, demonstrating excellent specificity to expected target detection. Together with the fast response time (a few seconds), high sensitivity, and good specificity, this single PANI nanowire-based biosensor shows great promise in the detection of cardiac markers and other proteins.
BRIQUETTING OF COAL FINES AND SAWDUST: EFFECT OF PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION

The coal industry usually discards fine-size (−150 microns) coal because of its high-moisture content and handling problems. One avenue for utilization is to either pelletize or briquette this material. However, industry has not adopted this route due in large part to significant drying and binder costs. In an effort to reduce these costs, compacting and briquetting studies were conducted to determine the effect of combining a coarse (1.18 × 0.15 mm) spiral separator product with a fine coal flotation product (−150 microns), with and without adding sawdust. Maximizing the packing density of the coal and wood waste mixture could potentially reduce the binder requirement by minimizing the void space as well as reducing shipping costs. Accordingly, work reported here focused on evaluating the impact of the particle-size distribution of different blends of fine and coarse coal, with and without sawdust and/or binder. The modified Proctor density of compacted blends along with the porosity and compressive stre...
Source-Specific Oppositional Defiant Disorder Among Inner-City Children: Prospective Prediction and Moderation

We examined prospective prediction from parent- and teacher-reported oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms to parent-reported ODD, conduct disorder (CD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms and whether child executive functioning abilities moderated these relations among an urban, low-income sample of first- to third-grade children (N = 87). Time 1 parent-reported ODD predicted each Time 2 outcome. Time 1 teacher-reported ODD predicted Time 2 CD and MDD symptoms. After controlling for Time 1 co-occurring symptoms, only prediction from Time 1 teacher-reported ODD to CD and MDD symptoms remained significant. Child executive functioning abilities moderated relations between Time 1 parent-reported ODD and Time 2 ODD, and Time 1 teacher-reported ODD and Time 2 CD and MDD. Among children with better executive functioning abilities, higher Time 1 ODD was associated with higher Time 2 symptoms.
The Inertial Pressure Concept for Determining the Wave Forces on Submerged Bodies

A concept is presented which is aimed at improving the methodology for determining the wave forces on offshore structures. The Inertial Pressure Concept (IPC) is based on a direct, empirical approach to calculating forces. The resulting method can be formulated to include realistic sea state wave kinematics while not being dependent on a particular kinematic representation. 7 refs.
Structural modeling of mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional data

In this paper we describe some mathematical and statistical models for dealing with changes over age. We concentrate specifically on the use of a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach (using computer programs like LISREL) to deal with issues of: (1) group differences in regression parameters, (2) differences in longitudinal and cross-sectional results, (3) differences due to longitudinal attrition, and (4) mixtures of these problems. To illustrate these ideas we use data from a previous study of hypertension and intellectual abilities (from Schultz, Elias, Robbins, Streeten, and Blakeman, 1986).
The Turkana Age Organization

operation of their age organization, as my earlier account of this was incomplete and inadequate.' Because of the continued interest in and comparative discussion of age-groups, and also because current field research will almost complete the coverage of the Nilo-Hamitic peoples and their immediate Bantu neighbors in East Africa among whom age-group systems are notably important, it is thought useful to make available the data for the Turkana on which an adequate comparative study may draw. Therefore, the object here is description and initial analysis only. I do not wish to intrude theoretical or comparative considerations, which are to be left for a later and wider treatment than would be possible here. In any case, there have been two recent broader studies to which the reader should refer (Eisenstadt 1956; Prins 1953). Initiation. Turkana youths are initiated into full formal adulthood at an average age of eighteen; the age limits vary in practice between about fourteen and twenty years. Initiation occurs by the youth spearing a male, castrated animal-ox, camel, goat, or sheep-at a communal ceremony which may last for several consecutive days or which may be renewed for a day or so at a time over a longer period. On each day a number of youths (up to as many as fifteen) present themselves, each with his animal provided by his father. After all the initiates on one day have speared their animals, the carcasses are opened and the head and body of each youth is smeared with the undigested contents of the stomach of his own beast and with the elders' spittle by the seniormost elders of the area. This is a normal Turkana method of ritual purification and strengthening employed on any occasion when an animal is ceremonially slaughtered. The important feature here is that the act is necessarily performed by the seniormost men in the age-group system, who are thought to be able to receive the initiates into that system and to pass on to them the attributes of strong manhood and the idealized qualities of age-group membership. After this act the slaughtered animals are cut up and the meat is cooked over open fires and eaten by all males at the initiation grove. No females are allowed to participate in any part of the affair, but uninitiated boys may be present and may eat the inferior pieces of meat. At the end of the day each initiate separately goes off with a man of approximately his father's generation. The initiate goes to his "patron's" homestead and remains there for five days; he is expected to act as if he were
Geochemical trends of sequential lava flows from Meseta volcano, Guatemala

Abstract The Meseta and Fuego volcanoes closely overlap and collectively are known as the Fuego Volcanic Complex. Historic activity occurs exclusively at Fuego, the southern center, and consists of high-Al basalts. Meseta, the inactive northern center, is predominantly composed of basaltic andesites with minor basalt and andesite. A thick sequence of lava flows and dikes is exposed by a steep collapse escarpment on the east flank of Meseta. The upper 75% of the sequence was sampled from three interfingering stratigraphic sections consisting of 27, 10 and 4 lavas, respectively. Temporal geochemical trends of each section indicates a complex evolutionary history. A major trend toward more evolved compositions upward in the section is consistent with crystal fractionation. This trend is sharply interrupted by the youngest lavas which become distinctly more mafic in composition. Magma mixing is apparently the dominant magmatic evolution process that generated these lavas. The two trends have distinct Sr signatures that suggest a change in parental magma compositions. This abrupt change in composition is interpreted to signal high input rates of mafic magma into the subvolcanic magma chamber. These changes eventually led to sector collapse of Meseta volcano and deposition of the Escuintla debris avalanche. Eruptive activity then migrated to the Fuego volcano where historic activity is similar to that of Meseta immediately prior to its collapse.
The nucleotide sequence of a rabbit β-globin pseudogene

We report the nucleotide sequence of a rabbit beta-globin pseudogene, psi beta 2. A comparison the psi beta 2 sequence with that of the rabbit adult beta-globin gene, beta 1, reveals the presence of frameshift mutations and premature termination codons in the protein coding sequence which render pse beta 2 unable to encode a functional beta-globin polypeptide. psi beta 2 contains two intervening sequences at the same locations in the globin protein coding sequence as beta 1 and all other sequenced beta-globin genes. An examination of the DNA sequences at the intron/exon junctions suggests that a putative pse beta 2 precursor mRNA could not be spliced normally. We compare the flanking and noncoding sequences of pse beta 2 and beta 1 and discuss the evolutionary relationship between these two genes.
Charge transfer between Helium ions and metastable Helium

Abstract Absolute and relative cross sections Q were obtained for charge transfer in the He+  He* system, where He* is a composite of 87% He(2 3S) and 13% He(2 1S). The studies were made by a merging-beams technique for a relative kinetic energy W of the reactants from nominally 0.01 to 1289 eV. It is shown that the Q are almost the same as would be measured if the He* beam were all He(2 3S) and that the data are essentially those associated with the resonant charge transfer (RCT) reaction He+ + He(2 3S) → He(2 3S) + He+. Resonant charge transfer preceded by capture, or orbiting, collisions occurs for W ≲ 0.04 eV whereas RCT without capture occurs at higher W. Agreement with impact-parameter calculations is fairly good at intermediate W but poor at the higher and lower ranges of W covered in the experiment.
Network Analysis of a Pkd1-Mouse Model of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Identifies HNF4α as a Disease Modifier

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD; MIM ID's 173900, 601313, 613095) leads to end-stage kidney disease, caused by mutations in PKD1 or PKD2. Inactivation of Pkd1 before or after P13 in mice results in distinct early- or late-onset disease. Using a mouse model of ADPKD carrying floxed Pkd1 alleles and an inducible Cre recombinase, we intensively analyzed the relationship between renal maturation and cyst formation by applying transcriptomics and metabolomics to follow disease progression in a large number of animals induced before P10. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis suggests that Pkd1-cystogenesis does not cause developmental arrest and occurs in the context of gene networks similar to those that regulate/maintain normal kidney morphology/function. Knowledge-based Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software identifies HNF4α as a likely network node. These results are further supported by a meta-analysis of 1,114 published gene expression arrays in Pkd1 wild-type tissues. These analyses also predict that metabolic pathways are key elements in postnatal kidney maturation and early steps of cyst formation. Consistent with these findings, urinary metabolomic studies show that Pkd1 cystic mutants have a distinct profile of excreted metabolites, with pathway analysis suggesting altered activity in several metabolic pathways. To evaluate their role in disease, metabolic networks were perturbed by inactivating Hnf4α and Pkd1. The Pkd1/Hnf4α double mutants have significantly more cystic kidneys, thus indicating that metabolic pathways could play a role in Pkd1-cystogenesis.
FDPIC: Generation of Functional Test Sequences Based on Fault-Dependent Primary Input Cubes

A subclass of efficient simulation-based sequential test generation procedures are guided by information about primary input values that effective test subsequences should use. This information is represented by a primary input cube c. In all the earlier procedures that are based on this concept, the computation of c is fault-independent. This paper introduces an approach for a fault-dependent computation of c. This allows the test generation procedure to generate test subsequences that match the detection conditions of specific faults, thus increasing the fault coverage that it can achieve. The computation of the primary input cube c for a fault f is based on a process that unspecifies a primary input subsequence, which does not detect f, in order to identify values that need to be avoided in a test subsequence for f. These values are used in the construction of c for f. The paper also discusses the applicability of the fault-dependent primary input cubes to the built-in generation of functional broadside tests.
Electron irradiation damage in a-Al2O3

Abstract In situ irradiation experiments using a high-voltage electron microscope have produced aggregated defects in single crystals of sapphire at high temperatures. The aggregation of interstitials to form stoichiometric dislocation loops and vacancies to form voids have been observed. Loops with a 1/3[0001] Burgers vector on the (0001) basal plane and 1/3〈1010〉 Burgers vectors on {1010} prism planes are observed. In both types of loop the cation sub-lattice is faulted. Also both loops unfault during growth via the reaction 1/3〈1010〉 + 1/3[0001] → 1/3〈1011〉. The critical loop size has been used to estimate stacking fault energies of 320 mJ/m2 on the basal plane and 750 mJ/m2 on the prism plane.
A 10- to 21-GHz, low-cost, multifrequency, and full-duplex phased-array antenna system

This paper presents a novel phased-array antenna system with multifrequency, full-duplex operation, and wide-beam scanning. The system consists of a wideband power divider, a low-loss and low-cost multiline phase shifter controlled by dual piezoelectric transducers (PETS), a four-channel multiplexer, microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifiers, and a stripline-fed Vivaldi antenna array. The multiline PET phase shifter has a low perturbation loss of less than 2 dB and a total loss of less than 4 dB up to 40 GHz, with a maximum phase shift of 650/spl deg/. Using dual-aligned PETS for bidirectional phase shifting results in wide scan angles of 38.6/spl deg/, 37.6/spl deg/, 43/spl deg/, and 40/spl deg/ for the four channels at 10, 12, 19, and 21 GHz, respectively. The four-channel diplexer demonstrates low insertion loss with high isolation between channels. The new multifrequency phased-array system provides wide-beam scanning and full-duplex capability using a simple, low-cost architecture. The system can be used for applications in mobile satellite communications.
Hardware friendly schemes to implement exponential linear phase FIR filters

A family of exponential linear phase FIR filters was previously proposed. This work investigates various hardware schemes that can be used to implement fast exponential linear phase FIR Filters. The investigated schemes are the alternative base implementation for filters with integer bases and a recursive implementation for filters with fixed-point bases. Both schemes are described in hardware description language, synthesized, and simulated. The results show that both implementations can achieve high operating frequencies with a reasonable hardware size.
The genetic basis for fruit odor discrimination in Rhagoletis flies and its significance for sympatric host shifts.

Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) use volatile compounds emitted from the surface of ripening fruit as important chemosensory cues for recognizing and distinguishing among alternative host plants. Host choice is of evolutionary significance in Rhagoletis because these flies mate on or near the fruit of their respective host plants. Differences in host choice based on fruit odor discrimination therefore result in differential mate choice and prezygotic reproductive isolation, facilitating sympatric speciation in the absence of geographic isolation. We test for a genetic basis for host fruit odor discrimination through an analysis of F2 and backcross hybrids constructed between apple-, hawthorn-, and flowering dogwood-infesting Rhagoletis flies. We recovered a significant proportion (30–65%) of parental apple, hawthorn, and dogwood fly response phenotypes in F2 hybrids, despite the general failure of F1 hybrids to reach odor source spheres. Segregation patterns in F2 and backcross hybrids suggest that only a modest number of allelic differences at a few loci may underlie host fruit odor discrimination. In addition, a strong bias was observed for F2 and backcross flies to orient to the natal fruit blend of their maternal grandmother, implying the existence of cytonuclear gene interactions. We explore the implications of our findings for the evolutionary dynamics of sympatric host race formation and speciation.
Optimism, Pessimism, and Gambling: The Downside of Optimism

Three studies examined the relation between dispositional optimism and gambling. In Study 1, optimists were more likely than pessimists to have positive gambling expectations and report maintaining these expectations following losses. They also were more likely to indicate that winning money was a primary motivation for their gambling. Study 2 demonstrated that pessimists but not optimists reduce their betting and expectations after poor gaming performance. Study 3 replicated this effect using a more controlled experiment and showed that after losing, optimists report remembering more near wins than do pessimists. Thus, all three studies suggest that optimists, more than pessimists, maintain positive expectations and continue gambling after experiencing negative gaming outcomes. The authors suggest that despite optimism's many benefits, there are common situations in which the pessimistic tendency to disengage is beneficial.
EXTENDING VAN COTT'S BOUNDS FOR THE τ AND s-INVARIANTS OF A SATELLITE KNOT

This paper generalizes Van Cott's bounds on the Heegaard–Floer τ-invariant and Rasmussen's s-invariant of cabled knots to apply to all satellite knots.
A role theoretical interpretation of personality scale item responses

This paper proposes that test-taking behavior can be regarded as a kind of self-presentation formally identical to that which goes on in most social interaction. It follows from this analysis that the success of such self-presentations should be affected by the actor's role-taking ability or empathy. Evidence is presented that supports this conjecture; the paper then suggests that role-taking ability may limit in a systematic manner validity coefficients in much assessment research.
Critical Hypersonic Aerothermodynamic Phenomena

The challenges in understanding hypersonic flight are discussed and critical hypersonic aerothermodynamics issues are reviewed. The ability of current analytical methods, numerical methods, ground testing capabilities, and flight testing approaches to predict hypersonic flow are evaluated. The areas where aerothermodynamic shortcomings restrict our ability to design and analyze hypersonic vehicles are discussed, and prospects for future capabilities are reviewed. Considerable work still needs to be done before our understanding of hypersonic flow will allow for the accurate prediction of vehicle flight characteristics throughout the flight envelope from launch to orbital insertion.
Transforming Capitalism through Real Utopias

This address explores a broad framework for thinking sociologically about emancipatory alternatives to dominant institutions and social structures, especially capitalism. The framework is grounded in two foundational propositions: (1) Many forms of human suffering and many deficits in human flourishing are the result of existing institutions and social structures. (2) Transforming existing institutions and social structures in the right way has the potential to substantially reduce human suffering and expand the possibilities for human flourishing. An emancipatory social science responding to these propositions faces four broad tasks: specifying the moral principles for judging social institutions; using these moral principles as the standards for diagnosis and critique of existing institutions; developing an account of viable alternatives in response to the critique; and proposing a theory of transformation for realizing those alternatives. The idea of “real utopias” is one way of thinking about alternatives and transformation.
Optical biopsy approaches in Barrett’s esophagus with next-generation optical coherence tomography

During endoscopic surveillance and treatment in Barrett’s esophagus, the endoscopist may use a combination of tools to assist in targeting biopsies and endoscopic resections in order to diagnose and treat Barrett’s esophagus–associated neoplasia. There is a concern for subepithelial metaplasia or neoplasia in both naive and previously treated Barrett’s esophagus. Tools to characterize so-called buried disease may allow for improved detection of occult disease. Optical biopsy with volumetric laser endomicroscopy, or VLE, is based on optical coherence tomography. This technology is analogous to
Segment Choice Models: Feature-Rich Models for Global Distortion in Statistical Machine Translation

This paper presents a new approach to distortion (phrase reordering) in phrase-based machine translation (MT). Distortion is modeled as a sequence of choices during translation. The approach yields trainable, probabilistic distortion models that are global: they assign a probability to each possible phrase reordering. These "segment choice" models (SCMs) can be trained on "segment-aligned" sentence pairs; they can be applied during decoding or rescoring. The approach yields a metric called "distortion perplexity" ("disperp") for comparing SCMs offline on test data, analogous to perplexity for language models. A decision-tree-based SCM is tested on Chinese-to-English translation, and outperforms a baseline distortion penalty approach at the 99% confidence level.
Impedance of a monopole on the base of a large cone

This paper is concerned with the determination of the driving-point impedance of a monopole which is located at the center of the base of a perfectly conducting, right circular cone. The cone is assumed to be sufficiently large that it is valid to apply ray-optical theory. It is shown that the field which is reflected back to the monopole from the edge of the base may be pictured as arising from an equivalent magnetic current located at the base edge, the magnitude of which is determined by wedge-diffraction principles. Use of the induced electromotive-force (EMF) method then allows estimation of the change in the monopole impedance from its value on a ground plane of infinite extent. Proper account is taken of the edge curvature and of the more significant multiply diffracted rays. In the degenerate case in which the cone becomes an infinitely thin disk, the general result is shown to reduce to that obtained by a completely independent method. For this particular case, the theory is also compared with published experimental data and the agreement shown to be good for disks with a diameter exceeding one wavelength.
On the application of network theory to nonisothermal systems

Doubt has recently been cast on the appicability of generalized network theory for the analysis of nonisothermal systems. It is briefly indicated how nonisothermal systems may be modeled from a network viewpoint with either entropy flow or heat flow as the through (KCL) variable. An example of a circuit containing a thermistor is considered. 5 figures, 1 table.
The reliability of correlated two unit systems

The classic problem of the extremes of two unit systems is revisited by using an explicit correlation coefficient (rho) between the units. Two unit systems have long been studied in reliability literature as these systems serve as the foundation of the serial and parallel systems. Often, the units are assumed to be independent, but this is not always the case in reality. The effect and inclusion of correlation in reliability analysis is often an unclear area. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: i) to provide clear probability density, mean, and variance expressions for two unit systems where the bivariate exponential and bivariate normal distributions hold and ii) to show how the available simulation schemes compare to some known analytical solutions. Results are stated in terms of the correlation coefficient, and include probability density function (PDF) and parameter expressions needed for reliability analysis and comments on the performance of simulation methods. As simulation works well for known cases, it can be used with high confidence in cases where analytical solutions do not exist
Intravenous prochlorperazine for the rapid control of nausea and vomlting in acute myocardial infarction: A clinical observation

Abstract Sixteen patients with acute myocardial infarctions who were either vomlting or nauseated were given an intravenous injection of prochlorperazine. All patients obtained relief with exception of one patient who was in acute renal failure. No patient developed symptomatic hypotension. Intravenous prochlorperazine in the dose of 2.5 mg is a rapid, effective, and safe method to relieve vomiting and nausea in patients who have sustained an acute myocardial infarction.
Simulation of Thermoelastic Damping of MEMS Mirror Using a finite element analysis

The design of MEMS mirror with a high quality factor is essential for many MEMS applications. Our paper deals with the simulation and analysis of thermoelastic damping of the MEMS mirror based on the finite element method. Four models of MEMS mirrors are designed with various geometries. For each model, the eigenfrequency of the thermoelastic damping is investigated compared to the eigenfrequency without damping. The quality factor (Q) is discussed with a variety of geometric parameters which may affect the Q factor. The best model among the four is presented.
Inhibition of Isoleucyl-tRNA Synthetase as a Potential Treatment for Human African Trypanosomiasis

Trypanosoma brucei sp. causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT; African sleeping sickness). The parasites initially proliferate in the hemolymphatic system and then invade the central nervous system, which is lethal if not treated. New drugs are needed for HAT because the approved drugs are few, toxic, and difficult to administer, and drug resistance is spreading. We showed by RNAi knockdown that T. brucei isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase is essential for the parasites in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model of infection. By structure prediction and experimental analysis, we also identified small molecules that inhibit recombinant isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase and that are lethal to the parasites in vitro and highly selective compared with mammalian cells. One of these molecules acts as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme and cures mice of the infection. Because members of this class of molecules are known to cross the blood-brain barrier in humans and to be tolerated, they may be attractive as leading candidates for drug development for HAT.
Improving Accuracy in an Error Detection Task via Task Sequence

The intent of this study was to determine whether performance on an error detection task and a series of cognitive search and memory tasks would be affected if performed serially. Fifty-six participants were assigned into two experimental groups, defined by whether they performed the error detection task or the cognitive tasks first. Measures of hit rates and false alarms were taken for the error detection task, and the perceived workload of both tasks was measured immediately following completion. In the group that did the cognitive tasks first, a significant relationship between perceptions of mental demand on the cognitive tasks and subsequent performance on the error detection task was found. Also, false alarms in error detection were correlated with perceptions of time pressure and frustration measured after the error detection task. These results suggest that a mentally demanding initial task may facilitate performance in a subsequent cognitively-based task.
Newborn Factor VIII Complex: Elevated Activities in Term Infants and Alterations in Electrophoretic Mobility Related to Illness and Activated Coagulatio

The factor VIII coagulant activity (FVIII:C), factor VIII related antigen (FVIII:RAG), and factor VIII ristocetin cofactor activity (FVIII:RCF) was determined in the cord blood samples of 30 healthy term newborns. Sodium citrate anticoagulant, cold, and a proteolytic inhibitor were used in sample processing. All three factor VIII activities were elevated in infants compared to adults; additionally, FVIII:RAG was significantly higher in vaginally compared with caesarean section delivered infants. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of the term infant plasma showed a consistently normal factor VIII mobility. An additional group of 22 sick premature and term infants had determinations of factor VIII antigen and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The FVIII:RAG of sick infants was approximately twice that of the well term infants. Infants with severe lung disease, asphyxia, thrombosis and sepsis had normal electrophoretic mobility despite marked elevations in FVIII:RAG. Abnormal, symmetrical, more anodal migrations were seen only in a group of severely ill newborns with dissiminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or signs of activated fibrinolysis. These results suggest that the elevated FVIII activities seen in well infants and most sick newborns are the result of increased release of a normal form of the FVIII molecule. Those elevations seen in sick newborns with DIC result from increased release and the production of an altered, faster moving FVIII molecule.
Analysis of nonrectangular cavity-backed patch antennas using edge-based hybrid finite element method with BiCG-FFT solver

To enable the use of the FFT (fast Fourier transform) in connection with the tetrahedral edge-based finite element-boundary integral formulation the authors propose a new approach for combining finite element and boundary integral matrices. This approach makes use of the space transformation concept to map the irregular gridding onto a fictitious regular one. Since the transformation matrix is highly sparse and may be obtained in the preprocessing phase, no additional memory is required aside from that needed for the implementation of the FFT. >