cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exact analytical model of the classical Weibel instability in a relativistic anisotropic plasma

Detailed properties of the Weibel instability in a relativistic unmagnetized plasma are investigated for a particular choice of anisotropic distribution function F(${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{2}$,${p}_{z}$) that permits an exact analytical solution to the dispersion relation for arbitrary energy anisotropy. The particular equilibrium-distribution function considered in the present analysis assumes that all particles move on a surface with perpendicular momentum ${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$=p${^}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$=const and are uniformly distributed in parallel momentum from ${p}_{z}$=-p${^}_{z}$=const to ${p}_{z}$=+p${^}_{z}$=const. (Here, the propagation direction is the z direction.) The resulting dispersion relation is solved analytically, and detailed stability properties are determined for a wide range of energy anisotropy.
An optimization procedure for a university

Every organized human group has a decider subsystem. It is usually both explicit, as represented by laws and elections, and implicit, as represented by traits, taboos, and traditions. This paper proposes and illustrates the use of a new kind of democratic voting system, called dynamic value voting, as an explicit procedure for an organization to use better to reflect correct group values in making decisions. The application for a university community is discussed, with Stanford University as the example, where the explicit function is represented by group voting action on financial plans and budgets. The procedure is illustrated in detail using the TRADES financial planning system developed by Massy, Hopkins and Dickmeyer at Stanford, and the personal utility functions constructed by Dickmeyer for a sample of members of the Stanford University community. The explanation makes use of various computer programs developed by the present author, and by the Stanford team, to provide a quite detailed example of the application of the dynamic value voting procedure for this kind of organizational optimization. Although the paper deals only with the Stanford University application, the central ideas and the computer approach are applicable for any group, and should be especially useful when there is great diversity of opinion and self-interest among the group members.
Ovarian dysplasia: nuclear texture analysis

Background. Ovarian dysplasia has been defined by histologic’s’ and morphometric studies3v4 focusing on architectural and nuclear profile changes. A new technique is used to enhance the accuracy of this diagnosis by a quantitative evaluation of the nuclear texture that represents the nuclear chromatin pattern on which conventional diagnoses of malignancy are usually made. Methods. Histologic sections from 35 ovaries classified as malignant (12), dysplastic (12), and normal (11) were evaluated by tracing boundaries of nuclear profiles and measuring “textons” (texture primitives) with a histogram analysis of three zones of gray level densities (called for simplification white, gray, and dark). The average combined area was tabulated for specimens with the same diagnosis, and linear regression plots compared the texton area with total nuclear area. Results. The dimensions of textons originally hidden inside the chromatin and revealed by histograms were found to ble closely clustered in normal epithelium, and increasinglly dissociated from the containing nucleus as the lesion progressed from dysplastic to malignant. The statistical multivariate analysis including nine parameters correctly classified the three diagnostic categories as normal, dysplastic, and malignant. Conclnsions. Computerized image analysis of nuclear texture adds accuracy to the recently elaborated morphometric methods to define ovarian dysplasia, a potential precursor of ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 1993; 72:3253-7.
α-1 Microglobulin as a New Inflammatory Marker in Newly Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients

Background The α-1 microglobulin (A1M) is considered to be a marker of renal insufficiency, suggesting disturbed tubular function. In the present study we examined the ability of urinary A1M excretion to reflect the overall inflammatory status in patients with newly diagnosed essential hypertension and normal renal function. Methods The study population consisted of 1445 nondiabetic patients with newly diagnosed arterial hypertension and no evidence of renal insufficiency. Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid α (SAA), and plasma fibrinogen, as well as urinary A1M excretion, were estimated. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the associations between hypertension; A1M urinary excretion; and circulating levels of CRP, SAA, and fibrinogen. Results Patients with systolic hypertension had higher CRP, SAA, fibrinogen, and A1M compared with patients with isolated diastolic hypertension (P Conclusions Urinary A1M is independently associated with circulating acute phase proteins in patients with newly diagnosed hypertension, whereas it is closely associated with systolic but not diastolic BP. Our findings suggest that urinary α-1 microglobulin may reflect the overall inflammatory status in patients with newly diagnosed essential hypertension, beyond its value as a marker of renal function.
Natural killer cells and autoimmunity

Autoimmune diseases are often characterized as clinical syndromes caused by the inappropriate activation of T or B cells resulting in systemic or organ-specific damage. However, studies support a role for the innate immune system, and in particular natural killer (NK) cells, in stimulating or suppressing autoimmunity. This review focuses on recent research elucidating a potential immunoregulatory role for NK cells in modulating T and B cell-mediated autoimmunity.
Effect of Reserpine on Growth and Endocrine Relationships in Large Type White Turkeys

Abstract A MEANS of minimizing carcass damage resulting from fighting and handling of growing turkeys without adversely affecting other economically important physiological traits would be of value in turkey production. Reserpine, one of the alkaloid-base tranquilizing drugs having a wide application in human medicine, has been reported by Carlson (1956) to quiet maturing turkeys and suppress fighting at levels of 0.5 and 1.0 mg./kg. of feed but proved detrimental to growth and feed efficiency. Burger et al. (1959) found a significant increase in growth of five-week-old poults fed reserpine (from mother liquor) at 1.0 mg./kg. feed. Higher dosage levels resulted in early growth depression which was partially overcome by the end of the trial. A similar early growth depression with subsequent recovery was observed in an earlier study in this laboratory (Anderson and Smyth, unpublished) with broiler type chickens. A recent report by Ringer (1959) indicates that levels of reserpine below …
Massively parallel dual control volume grand canonical molecular dynamics with LADERA I. Gradient driven diffusion in Lennard-Jones fluids

A new algorithm to enable the implementation of dual control volume grand canonical molecular dynamics (DCV-GCMD) on massively parallel (MP) architectures is presented. DCVGCMD can be thought of as hybridization of molecular dynamics (MD) and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and was developed recently to make possible the simulation of gradient-driven diffusion. The method has broad application to such problems as membrane separations, drug delivery systems, diffusion in polymers and zeolites, etc. The massively parallel algorithm for the DCV-GCMD method has been implemented in a code named LADERA which employs the short range Lennard-Jones potential for pure fluids and multicomponent mixtures including bulk and confined (single pore as well as amorphous solid materials) systems. Like DCV-GCMD, LADERA's MP algorithm can be thought of as a hybridization of two different algorithms, spatial MD and spatial GCMC. The DCV-GCMD method is described fully followed by the DCV-GCMD parallel algorithm employed in ...
Doppler frequency history characteristics for azimuth traveling waves

To show the effect of ocean wave and system parameters on the velocity bunches that affect SAR images of azimuth traveling ocean waves, the Doppler frequency histories of surface points are obtained and investigated. The results obtained show that velocity bunch locations migrate in frequency (i.e. in the along-track direction) approximately linearly with time when the processor is focused for static targets. It is shown that velocity bunch locations remain at approximately constant Doppler frequencies if the focusing function uses the velocity v/sub a/-v/sub W2 rather than v/sub a/, where v/sub a/ is the SAR platform velocity and v/sub W/ is the wave phase velocity. Several sets of parameters are considered to illustrate the effects of changes in parameters such as the ocean wave height and the velocity used for the focusing function. >
Modelling heterogeneity among fitness functions using random regression

Summary Statistical approaches for testing hypotheses of heterogeneity in fitness functions are needed to accommodate studies of phenotypic selection with repeated sampling across study units, populations or years. In this study, we tested directly for among-population variation in complex fitness functions and demonstrate a new approach for locating the region of the trait distribution where variation in fitness and traits is greatest. We modelled heterogeneity in fitness functions among populations by treating regression coefficients of fitness on traits as random variates. We applied random regression using two model specifications, (i) spline-based curve and (ii) stepwise, to a 2-year study of selection among 16 populations of the gall wasp, Belonocnema treatae. Log-likelihood ratio tests of variance components and 10-fold cross-validation were used to assess the evidence that selection varied among populations. Ten-fold cross-validation prediction error sums of squares (PSS) indicated that spline-based fitness functions were population specific and that the strength of evidence for heterogeneity in selection differed between years. Hypothesis testing of variance components from both models was consistent with the PSS results. Both the stepwise model and the local prediction error estimates of spline-based fitness functions identified the region(s) of the phenotype distribution harbouring the greatest heterogeneity among populations. The adopted framework advances our understanding of phenotypic selection in natural populations by extending the analysis of spline-based fitness functions to testing for heterogeneity among study units and isolating the regions of the phenotypic distribution where this variation is most pronounced.
Light and electron microscopic analysis of synaptic development in Macaca monkey retina as detected by immunocytochemical labeling for the synaptic vesicle protein, SV2.

The development of synapses has been followed in Macaca monkey fetal and infant retina using immunocytochemical labeling for the transmembrane synaptic vesicle glycoprotein, SV2. Electron microscopy (EM) was used to verify the presence of morphological synapses at selected ages. EM immunocytochemical labeling in adult retina showed that all synaptic types contained SV2 in inner (IPL) and outer (OPL) plexiform layers. In fetal retina, SV2 expression and the appearance of morphological synapses were closely related in time, demonstrating that SV2 is a reliable marker for synaptogenesis. SV2 expression appears along a foveal to peripheral gradient. Both SV2 and synapses appear in the foveal IPL at Fd50–55, and reach the retinal edge by Fd90–103. Cone ribbon synapses and SV2 labeling are not present in the foveal OPL until Fd60. Photoreceptors in the far periphery contain SV2 by Fd119–125. This pattern demonstrates an “inner to outer” direction of synaptogenesis. Cones show SV2 labeling before rods at the same retinal eccentricity. In the cone-dominated fovea, SV2 labeling and bipolar cell ribbon-containing terminals are present at Fd55 when amacrine cell conventional terminals are very scarce, indicating that bipolar synapses precede amacrine synapses in monkey foveal IPL. SV2 labeling and bipolar terminals appear first in the outer IPL which contains “OFF” ganglion and bipolar processes in the adult, suggesting that “OFF” midget bipolar cells may form the first synapses. Both SV2 immunocytochemical labeling and EM morphology find that monkey retina follows a generalized inner before outer, and cone before rod synaptic developmental pattern, similar to that in other mammals. The cone-dominated fovea initiates synaptogenesis, and shows a different synaptic sequence from rod-dominated peripheral retina. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ketamine analgesia: a call for better science.

Ketamine ( RS -2-[2-Chlorophenyl]-2-[methylamino] cyclohexanone) is a drug primarily used for anesthesia in human and veterinary medicine. It is predominately an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist [1], but also at high dose has monoamine, muscarinic, mu 2 opioid, and voltage-gated calcium effects [2]. S-ketamine is the more physiologically active enantiomer. It has been formulated for oral, parenteral (SQ, IM, and IV), topical, intranasal, intrathecal, and IR use. It has a range of reported effects in humans including “dissociative” anesthesia, analgesia, hallucinations, elevated blood pressure (as opposed to most anesthetics), and bronchodilitation. It is commonly used in the initiation and maintenance of general anesthesia, and is now more frequently used in intensive care, emergency medicine, battlefield medicine, migraine, treatment of certain psychiatric conditions, and pediatric procedures. It is a popular drug of abuse. As it becomes clear that NMDA receptors are participant in central sensitization, at least in the dorsal horn [3], the search for a safe, tolerable, and effective NMDA antagonist has become a holy grail for the pharmaceutical industry. Until that compound is identified and vetted, ketamine is the best NMDA antagonist drug that we have. Unfortunately, there is little compelling evidence that ketamine is safe, tolerated, and/or effective in chronic pain conditions. Nonetheless, increasingly it is used clinically in the absence of such evidence. If ketamine were a new approach in chronic pain, the lack of evidence would be understandable; that is not the case. Ketamine was …
SEDIMENTATION PATTERNS IN A STABILIZED MIGRATORY INLET, BLIND PASS, FLORIDA

The shoaling rate in Blind Pass entrance channel approximately equals the net southward longshore sediment transport rate. Most of the shoaling occurs along the northern side of the channel. Flow measurements and numerical modeling reveal that the ebb current is approximately twice as strong in the thalweg along the south side as compared to the rest of the channel. In contrast, the flood current is mainly uniform across the inlet and is stronger than the ebb flow over the northern portion. This flow-velocity distribution induced by a nearly 90-deg bend of the channel contributes to the shoaling pattern. Two years after the 2000 dredging, the shoal along the north side became shallow enough to induce wave breaking. Distinctive shoaling patterns influenced by seasonal wave climate were observed. Sediment deposition in the channel is closely related to the passages of cold fronts, which significantly increases the sediment supply by longshore transport.
Abandoned Mine Drainage in the Swatara Creek Basin, Southern Anthracite Coalfield, Pennsylvania, USA: 2. Performance of Treatment Systems

A variety of passive and semi-passive treatment systems were constructed by state and local agencies to neutralize acidic mine drainage (AMD) and reduce the transport of dissolved metals in the upper Swatara Creek Basin in the Southern Anthracite Coalfield in eastern Penn- sylvania. To evaluate the effectiveness of selected treatment systems installed during 1995-2001, the US Geological Survey collected water-quality data at upstream and down- stream locations relative to each system eight or more times annually for a minimum of 3 years at each site during 1996- 2007. Performance was normalized among treatment types by dividing the acid load removed by the size of the treatment system. For the limestone sand, open limestone channel, oxic limestone drain, anoxic limestone drain (ALD), and lime- stone diversion well treatment systems, the size was indi- cated by the total mass of limestone; for the aerobic wetland systems, the size was indicated by the total surface area of ponds and wetlands. Additionally, the approximate cost per tonne of acid treated over an assumed service life of 20 years was computed. On the basis of these performance metrics, the limestone sand, ALD, oxic limestone drain, and lime- stone diversion wells had similar ranges of acid-removal efficiency and cost efficiency. However, the open limestone channel had lower removal efficiency and higher cost per ton of acid treated. The wetlands effectively attenuated metals transport but were relatively expensive considering metrics that evaluated acid removal and cost efficiency. Although the water-quality data indicated that all treatments reduced the acidity load from AMD, the ALD was most effective at producing near-neutral pH and attenuating acidity and dis- solved metals. The diversion wells were effective at removing acidity and increasing pH of downstream water and exhibited unique potential to treat moderate to high flows associated with storm flow conditions.
THE RUTGERS FOREIGN LANGUAGE SURVEY

Author's Summary— A middle-sized university revaluates its modern foreign language teaching program; its plans for the future are progressive but not revolutionary.
Functions of drinking for Native American and White youth.

Despite long concern in the United States over alcohol consumption by adolescents and problems associated with drinking among Native Americans, few studies have dealt with the functions of drinking for Native American and White youth. The findings presented here are based on responses to a self-report questionnaire administered to ninth- through twelfth-grade students at two high schools in Fremont County, Wyoming — the county where the great majority of Wyoming's Native American population resides. Based on work by Jessor, Carman and Grossman, 30 items concerning positive-social, personal-effect, and experiential reasons for drinking were examined. Although there are some statistically significant differences in responses to individual items and statistically significant differences between Indian and White males and females on the Personal-Effect and Positive-Social categories of items, the functions of drinking appear to be quite similar for these Indian and White youth.
Three calpains and ecdysone receptor in the land crab Gecarcinus lateralis: sequences, expression and effects of elevated ecdysteroid induced by eyestalk ablation.

SUMMARY Crustacean muscle has four calpain-like proteinase activities (CDP I, IIa, IIb and III) that are involved in molt-induced claw muscle atrophy, as they degrade myofibrillar proteins in vitro and in situ . Using PCR cloning techniques, three full-length calpain cDNAs (Gl-CalpB, Gl-CalpM and Gl-CalpT) were isolated from limb regenerates of the tropical land crab Gecarcinus lateralis . All three had highly conserved catalytic (dII) and C 2 -like (dIII) domains. Gl-CalpB was classified as a typical, or EF-hand, calpain, as the deduced amino acid sequence had a calmodulin-like domain IV in the C-terminus and was most similar to Drosophila calpains A and B. Based on its estimated mass (∼88.9 kDa) and cross-immunoreactivity with a polyclonal antibody raised against Dm-CalpA, Gl-CalpB may encode CDP IIb, which is a homodimer of a 95-kDa subunit. It was expressed in all tissues examined, including skeletal muscle, heart, integument, gill, digestive gland, hindgut, nerve ganglia, gonads and Y-organ (molting gland). Both Gl-CalpM and Gl-CalpT were classified as atypical, or non-EF-hand, calpains, as they lacked a domain IV sequence. Gl-CalpM was a homolog of Ha-CalpM from lobster, based on similarities in deduced amino acid sequence, estimated mass (∼65.2 kDa) and structural organization (both were truncated at the C-terminal end of dIII). It was expressed at varying levels in most tissues, except Y-organ. Gl-CalpT (∼74.6 kDa) was similar to TRA-3 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans ; domain IV was replaced by a unique `T domain9 sequence. It was expressed in most tissues, except eyestalk ganglia and Y-organ. The effects of elevated ecdysteroid, induced by eyestalk ablation, on calpain and ecdysone receptor (Gl-EcR) mRNA levels in skeletal muscles were quantified by real-time PCR. At 1 day after eyestalk ablation, Gl-EcR and Gl-CalpT mRNA levels increased 15- and 19.3-fold, respectively, in claw muscle but not in thoracic muscle. At 3 days after eyestalk ablation, Gl-EcR and Gl-CalpT mRNA levels in claw muscle had decreased to 2.8-fold and 4.3-fold higher than those in intact controls, respectively, suggesting a feedback inhibition by ecdysteroid. There was no significant effect of eyestalk ablation on Gl-CalpB and Gl-CalpM mRNA levels. Gl-CalpT and Gl-EcR mRNA levels were significantly correlated in both claw and thoracic muscles from intact and eyestalk-ablated animals. The data suggest that Gl-CalpT is involved in initiation of claw muscle atrophy by ecdysteroids. Premolt reduction in claw muscle mass and concomitant remodeling of the sarcomere probably result from post-transcriptional regulation of calpains.
Automated Riverbed Sediment Classification Using Low-Cost Sidescan Sonar

AbstractThe use of low-cost, low-profile, and highly portable sidescan sonar is on the ascendancy for imaging shallow riverine benthic sediments. A new automated, spatially explicit, and physically-based method for calculating lengthscales of bed texture elements in sidescan echograms (a 2D plot of acoustic intensity as a function of slant range and distance) is suggested. It uses spectral analysis based on the wavelet transform of short sequences of echograms. The recursive application of the transform over small overlapping windows of the echogram provides a robust measure of lengthscales of alternating patterns of strong and weak echoes. This textural lengthscale is not a direct measure of grain size. Rather, it is a statistical representation that integrates over many attributes of bed texture, of which grain size is the most important. The technique is a physically-based means to identify regions of texture within a sidescan echogram, and could provide a basis for objective, automated riverbed sedime...
Improved approximation for the directed spanner problem

We give an O(√n log n)-approximation algorithm for the problem of finding the sparsest spanner of a given directed graph G on n vertices. A spanner of a graph is a sparse subgraph that approximately preserves distances in the original graph. More precisely, given a graph G = (V,E) with nonnegative edge lengths d : E → R≥0 and a stretch k ≥ 1, a subgraph H = (V,EH) is a k-spanner of G if for every edge (u, v) ∈ E, the graph H contains a path from u to v of length at most k ċ d(u, v). The previous best approximation ratio was O(n2/3), due to Dinitz and Krauthgamer (STOC '11). We also present an improved algorithm for the important special case of directed 3-spanners with unit edge lengths. The approximation ratio of our algorithm is O(n1/3) which almost matches the lower bound shown by Dinitz and Krauthgamer for the integrality gap of a natural linear programming relaxation. The best previously known algorithms for this problem, due to Berman, Raskhodnikova and Ruan (FSTTCS '10) and Dinitz and Krauthgamer, had approximation ratio O(√n).
Brain Activity Associated with Slow Temporal Summation of C-fiber Evoked Pain in Fibromyalgia Patients and Healthy Controls

Abstract Temporal summation of “second pain” (TSSP) is the result of C-fiber-evoked responses of dorsal-horn neurons, termed “windup”. This phenomenon is dependent on stimulus frequency (⩾0.33 Hz) and relevant for central sensitization as well as chronic pain. Whereas, our previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study characterized neural correlates of TSSP in 11 healthy volunteers, the present study was designed to compare brain responses associated with TSSP across these healthy participants and 13 fibromyalgia (FM) patients. Volume-of-interest analysis was used to assess TSSP-related brain activation. All participants underwent fMRI-scanning during repetitive heat pulses at 0.33 Hz and 0.17 Hz to the right foot. Stimulus intensities were adjusted to each individual’s heat sensitivity to achieve comparable TSSP-ratings of moderate pain in all subjects. Experimental pain ratings showed robust TSSP during 0.33 Hz but not 0.17 Hz stimuli. When stimulus strength was adjusted to induce equivalent levels of TSSP, no differences in activation of pain-related brain regions occurred across NC and FM groups. Subsequently, the fMRI-data of both groups were combined to increase the power of our statistical comparisons. fMRI-statistical maps identified several brain regions with stimulus and frequency dependent activation consistent with TSSP, including ipsilateral and contralateral thalamus, medial thalamus, S1, bilateral S2, mid- and posterior insula, rostral and mid-anterior cingulate cortex. However, the stimulus temperatures necessary to evoke equivalent levels of TSSP and corresponding brain activity were less in FM patients. These results suggest that enhanced neural mechanisms of TSSP in FM are reflected at all pain related brain areas, including posterior thalamus, and are not the result of selective enhancement at cortical levels.
Pediatric epilepsy surgery.

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.
Short Telomeres and Stem Cell Exhaustion Model Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in mdx/mTR Mice

SUMMARY In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), dystrophin mutation leads to progressive lethal skeletal muscle degeneration.Forunknownreasons,dystrophindeficiency does not recapitulate DMD in mice (mdx), which have mild skeletal muscle defects and potent regenerative capacity. We postulated that human DMD progression is a consequence of loss of functional muscle stem cells (MuSC), and the mild mouse mdx phenotype results from greater MuSC reserve fueled by longer telomeres. We report that mdx mice lacking the RNA component of telomerase (mdx/mTR) have shortened telomeres in muscle cells and severe muscular dystrophy that progressively worsens with age. Muscle wasting severity parallels a decline in MuSC regenerative capacity and is ameliorated histologically by transplantation of wild-typeMuSC.ThesedatashowthatDMDprogression results, in part, from a cell-autonomous failure of MuSC to maintain the damage-repair cycle initiated by dystrophin deficiency. The essential role of MuSCfunctionhastherapeuticimplicationsforDMD.
Wizard of Oz support throughout an iterative design process

The Wizard of Oz prototyping approach, widely used in human-computer interaction research, is particularly useful in exploring user interfaces for pervasive, ubiquitous, or mixed-reality systems that combine complex sensing and intelligent control logic. The vast design space for such nontraditional interfaces provides many possibilities for user interaction through one or more modalities and often requires challenging hardware and software implementations. The WOz method helps designers avoid getting locked into a particular design or working under an incorrect set of assumptions about user preferences, because it lets them explore and evaluate designs before investing the considerable development time needed to build a complete prototype.
Casting a Wider Net: Recommendations for the Study of Broad Discrimination Experiences

In the end, antiblack, antifemale, and all forms of discrimination are equivalent to the same thing—antihumanism.–Shirley Chisholm (The first African American woman elected to Congress)Ruggs et al. (2013) have provided an indispensable wake-up call to the organizational sciences as they argue that the field's previous research on employee discrimination experiences has failed to capture the full spectrum of discriminatory behaviors in the workplace. They posit that industrial and organizational psychologists have “gone fishing” in the field of discrimination research, a reference to our scholarly ignorance of the discrimination experienced by seven groups of marginalized employees (i.e., non-Black racial minorities, LGBT individuals, older workers, disabled individuals, overweight employees, religious minorities, and workers at risk of marital status discrimination). In doing so, Ruggs et al. have taken what we believe is a critical first step in advancing the field by assembling a discussion of (arguably) all discrimination experiences into a consolidated treatise on discrimination research.
The drag on a cloud of spherical particles in low Reynolds number flow

A formula for the drag exerted on a cloud of spherical particles of a given particle size distribution in low Reynolds number flow is derived. It is found that the drag experienced by a particle depends only on the first three moments of the distribution function. A treatment of viscous interaction between N particles to the lowest order is carried out systematically. By appealing to the concept of ‘randomness’ of the particle cloud, equations describing the averaged properties of the fluid motion are derived. The averages are formed over a statistical ensemble of particle configurations. These mean flow equations so obtained are in a form resembling a generalized version of Darcy's empirical equation for the motion of fluid in a porous medium. The physical meaning of these equations is discussed.
Field Control for Antarctic Mapping

Control work of U S Geological Survey field engineers to obtain control for new scale map series; errors discovered on existing maps; USGS is compiling maps of 5 areas -- Thurston Peninsula, Sentinel Mountains, Horlick Mountains, Executive Committee Range, and McMurdo Sound; publication scale will be 1:250,000, with contour interval of 300 m; mapping is done with trimetrogon photography.
Spatial Price Policy

A firm selling in spatially extended markets must chose prices for customers in different locations. Price policy thus means price setting, not price taking. The usual distinctions between market forms of monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic and perfect competition must thus be observed. We begin with monopoly pricing. Competitive scenarios with price taking are studied in chapter 4. While the details of spatial pricing are of necessity mathematical, the main results of this chapter may be summarized verbally as follows. Three types of spatial pricing systems are widely used mill pricing or f.o.b. uniform delivered prices or c.i.f. discriminating prices set separately for each location, or for different zones.
A Geometric Representation of A Line Integral

(1937). A Geometric Representation of A Line Integral. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 22-24.
Studies of the binding of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase to DNA. I. The role of sigma subunit in site selection.

Abstract A membrane filter assay has been devised to study the binding of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase to DNA. RNA polymerase is quantitatively retained on nitrocellulose filters, and DNA bound in complexes between RNA polymerase and labeled T7 DNA is retained with an efficiency of up to 70%. The attachment of a single RNA polymerase molecule to a molecule of T7 DNA is sufficient to cause retention of the DNA molecule on the filter. Using the filter assay, it has been shown that both RNA polymerase holoenzyme and core polymerase bind to T7 DNA. The interaction of RNA polymerase holoenzyme with T7 DNA leads to two classes of complex. Approximately eight polymerase molecules can bind to each T7 DNA molecule to form a highly stable complex (Kassoc. = 1012 to 1014 m−1). In addition, there are many other sites on the DNA molecule at which a weak complex can be formed (Kassoc. = 108 to 108 m−1). The majority of holoenzyme molecules bound in the highly stable complex are thought to be bound at or near the T7 early promoter region, while the weak binding sites are thought to reflect a low, general affinity of holoenzyme for other regions of the DNA helix. In contrast, only a single major class of binding sites is found on T7 DNA for core polymerase (Kassoc. = 2 × 1011 m−1) and there are many such sites on the T7 genome. These sites are interpreted as reflecting a high general affinity of core polymerase for all regions of the DNA helix. It is concluded that RNA polymerase can exist in two conformational states, one programmed for promoter binding and initiation (holoenzyme) and the other designed for RNA chain elongation (core polymerase). Sigma subunit may function in site selection primarily to switch the enzyme reversibly between these two states.
Motivational Effect of Simulated Videotaping on Performance

The portable dosed-circuit television, commonly referred to as a videotape recorder, has provided a dramatic change in education. Its use enables one to view oneself and immediately evaluate his or her performance. The review of studies using videotaping procedures shows that, although performance of skills was generally improved through the use of videotaping (Huff, 1969; Plese, 1967; Smith, 1969; Paulat, 1969), certain studies indicated no improvement (Caine, 1966; Smith, 1969). However, after a review of the related literature, it was apparent that any improvement of performance was presumably associated with viewing of the videotaped skill. No study attempted to determine if the presence of the camera and its operator alone caused that change in the performance. According to John H. Meier (Caine, 1966) the videotaping session itself can be motivational. The purpose of this study was to determine the motivational effect of simulated videotaping on performance of bowling skill. More specifically, this research studied the motivating effect the presence of a videotape recorder had on bowling performance and the differential effect of simulated videotaping on male and female subjects' bowling performance. College students ( N = 165) were selected to participate. Two groups, one of 83, and one of 82 subjects, were formed. Experimental and control groups were then each divided into two subgroups by sex. Under normal classroom conditions, randomly assigned groups of eight or fewer students each share two bowling lanes. Subjects bowled one complete game per class period, alternating between the two lanes for each frame bowled. These assigned groups rotated to, and bowled on, a different pair of lanes each class period. The experimental group was comprised of those assigned groups from each of 11 classes which, due to the normal daily classroom rotation, bowled on Lanes 1 and 2 during the videotaping day. The control group was comprised of those assigned groups from each of the 11 classes which bowled on the extreme opposite two lanes on the videotaping day. Both groups bowled one game on each of four consecutive class meeting periods. The experimental group bowled an entire game in front of a videotape camera on the third class meeting but bowled without videotape recorder present the first, second, and fourth periods. The control group bowled all four games with no videotape camera present. Data were bowling scores. Table 1 shows subgroup means and standard deviations for each of the four days. The results of the 2 x 2 x 4 analysis of variance indicate no significant differences between the control and experimental groups' bowling scores on any of the four days (Table 2) . No significant differences were found between male and female subgroups with regard to daily differences in scores. However, significant differences were found
Characterization of a multicomponent live, attenuated Shigella flexneri vaccine.

Shigella flexneri is a leading cause of diarrheal disease in children under five in developing countries. There is currently no licensed vaccine and broad spectrum protection requires coverage of multiple serotypes. The live attenuated vaccines CVD 1213 and CVD 1215 were derived from two prominent S. flexneri serotypes: S. flexneri 3a and S. flexneri 6. To provide broad-spectrum immunity, they could be combined with CVD 1208S, a S. flexneri 2a strain that demonstrated promising results in phase I and II clinical trials. Each strain contains a mutation in the guaBA operon. These vaccine candidates were tested in vitro and in vivo and were found to be auxotrophic for guanine and defective in intracellular replication, but capable of inducing cytokine production from both epithelial cells and macrophages. Both strains were attenuated for virulence in the guinea pig Sereny test and induced robust serotype-specific antibody responses following immunization. Each strain induced homologous serotype protection against challenge and a mixed inoculum of the three S. flexneri vaccines conferred protection against all three virulent wild type strains. These data support the use of CVD 1213, CVD 1215, and CVD 1208S in a multivalent vaccine to confer broad protection against disease caused by S higella flexneri .
Lineage tracing of Sox2-expressing progenitor cells in the mouse inner ear reveals a broad contribution to non-sensory tissues and insights into the origin of the organ of Corti

The transcription factor Sox2 is both necessary and sufficient for the generation of sensory regions of the inner ear. It regulates expression of the Notch ligand Jag1 in prosensory progenitors, which signal to neighboring cells to up-regulate Sox2 and sustain prosensory identity. However, the expression pattern of Sox2 in the early inner ear is very broad, suggesting that Sox2-expressing progenitors form a wide variety of cell types in addition to generating the sensory regions of the ear. We used Sox2-CreER mice to follow the fates of Sox2-expressing cells at different stages in ear development. We find that Sox2-expressing cells in the early otocyst give rise to large numbers of non-sensory structures throughout the inner ear, and that Sox2 only becomes a truly prosensory marker at embryonic day (E)11.5. Our fate map reveals the organ of Corti derives from a central domain on the medial side of the otocyst and shows that a significant amount of the organ of Corti derives from a Sox2-negative population in this region.
Kindler, gentler pathologizing: racial asymmetries in The Cultural Matrix

ABSTRACTI suggest that despite its conceptual and empirical ambitions, The Cultural Matrix is a book painfully out of touch with the times. Far from avoiding the racist assumptions of sociologists who portrayed African-Americans as socially and culturally deficient for most of the twentieth century, The Cultural Matrix is vulnerable to some of the same anti-black impulses that have animated social analysis since the establishment of the discipline. Specifically, I argue that the Patterson and Fosse engage in what I call ‘kindler, gentler pathologizing' – a way of depicting African-Americans as responsible for their own uplift, while still paying lip service to the structural barriers imposed by racism. Further, I explain the role of racial asymmetries in producing a portrait of black youth that minimizes racism. Finally, I discuss the authors’ arguments in light of the #BlackLivesMatter movement.
[Cardioprotective effect and mechanism of post-infarction ventricular remodeling after self-assembling peptide and thermosensitive hydrogel implantation in rat myocardial infarction model].

：Objective To compare thecardioprotective effect of self-assembling peptide (RAD16-Ⅱ )and thermosensitive hydrogel DPHP ( Dex-PCL-HEMA/PNIPAAm) and investigate theoptimal property of hydrogel for the treatment of myocardial infarction ( MI). Methods MImodel was induced by left anterior descending ( LAD) coronary artery ligation in SD rats.The animals were randomized into three groups to receive RAD16-Ⅱ hydrogel ( n = 15 ) , DPHP hydrogel ( n = 15 ) or PBS ( phosphatebuffered saline; control group n = 15) ; sham-operated rats (n = 10) , a suture was tiedloosely around left coronary artery without ligating it At Day 20 post-MI, left ventriclefunction was evaluated by echocardiography and cardiac catheter. Masson's trichrome wasused for histological examination; anti-α-smooth muscle antigen (α-SMA)was applied to label the neovasculature formation in infarct area. Results The ratsreceiving DPHP hydrogel showed a significantly smaller left ventricle end diastolicdiameter ( LVEDd) and higher levels of left ventricle fraction shortening (LVFS) and leftventricle end systolic pressure (LVESP) than the rats in RAD16-Ⅱ group [LVEDd (7.9 ±0. 9)mm vs (8. 9 ±0. 8)mm] ; [LVFS (25.4 ±5.1)%vs (21.9 ±2. 9)% ; LVESP (114. 0 ±7. 6) mm Hg vs (99. 1 ±9.6) mm Hg; P <0. 05].Histological examination showed uncompleted degraded hydrogel in infarct area of DPHPgroup but not in RAD16-Ⅱ group. The animals receivingDPHP hydrogel demonstrated significantly a smaller infarct size, a higher infarct wallthickness and a lower vessel density in infarct than the animals receiving RAD16-Ⅱ hydrogel (P<0. 05). Conclusion DPHP hydrogel implantationfurther inhibits the post-MI ventricle remodeling than RAD16-Ⅱhydrogel implantation. The mechanism is notcorrelated with the vascular density in infarct area. Key words: Myocardial infarction; Hydrogel; Ventricular remodeling; Tissue replacement
Households with Rent Burdens: Impact on Other Spending and Factors Related to the Probability of Having A Rent Burden

Analysis of the 1980-1991 Consumer Expenditure Survey showed that 36% of renter households spent more than 30% of after- tax incomes on housing (rent burden), with a generally upward trend from 1982 to 1991. Households with a rent burden tended to be older, lower income, were more likely to overspend, and had lower budget shares for transportation, food away from home, apparel, entertainment, alcohol, vehicle, reading, cash contributions, insurance and pensions than households without a rent burden. In a multivariate analysis income, household size, being single and larger city size were positively related to the risk of having a rent burden.
From Angry Young Man to Icon of Neo-liberal India: Extra-cinematic Strategies that Make Amitabh Bachchan India’s Lasting Super-Star

Amitabh Bachchan is an Indian super-star who has commanded a presence on Indian screens for over four decades. Besides acting, Bachchan appears on television and has anchored the popular TV game show, Kaun Banega Crorepati (modeled on Who Wants to be a Millionaire). This chapter takes up the strategies working alongside Bachchan’s screen persona to examine the longevity of this super-star. It proposes a career arc for Bachchan that commences with his establishing a screen persona as the ‘angry young man’ in post-Emergency India (1970s–1990s) and goes on to a more recent phase in which, through films and other media, Bachchan aligns himself with India’s neo-liberal values. Bachchan’s persistence in India’s popular imaginary can thus be understood in terms of the star’s ability to align with dominant cultural and political sentiments.
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome: Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Diagnosis

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is an acquired thrombotic disorder caused by a heterogenous group of antibodies directed against plasma proteins that bind phospholipids. These are termed “antiphospholipid antibodies” (aPLs), and while they are required for the diagnosis for APS, they can also be detected in otherwise healthy individuals. The clinical manifestations of APS can be divided into thrombotic and obstetrical. Thrombotic complications include both venous and arterial thrombosis. Obstetrical complications include recurrent first trimester miscarriage and second trimester fetal demise, as well as other pregnancy complications like preeclampsia and placental insufficiency (1). APS is classified as “primary” when not associated with an underlying disease and accounts for over 50% of cases (2). Secondary APS is the distinction given to APS associated with an underlying autoimmune connective tissue disorder such as SLE.
The Beginning of the End (Late 1950)

The invasion of South Korea by the North Korean Army was made possibly because the latter had become well-armed, while the United States had withdrawn its occupation forces from the South.1 Dean Acheson, the American Secretary of State, in a speech of January 1950, had gone so far as to declare that Korea was beyond the United States defensive perimeter in the Pacific. But the invasion of 24 and 25 June was an affront to the principles of the United Nations, and although President Truman’s first reaction was merely to order General Douglas MacArthur, the American Far East Commanderin-Chief, to organise the evacuation of American nationals, he responded on 27 June to an unopposed call from the UN Security Council for military assistance for the South Koreans. The Security Council’s resolution would have been rendered null and void if the Soviet Union had not been boycotting its meetings, as a protest against the non-recognition of the new Chinese Communist regime.
Ground penetrating radar: State of the practice for pavement assessment

Ground penetrating radar technology has been used to assess pavement performance and structure for the past 30 years. Nonetheless, after all this time, ground penetrating radar is not currently used on a routine basis by the Departments of Transportation in the US - mainly because of difficulties encountered during ground penetrating radar data interpretation. These difficulties are twofold: ground penetrating radar reflected signals depend largely on the a priori unknown dielectric properties of the pavement materials; and it is usually difficult to accurately locate the individual reflected pulses in the measured ground penetrating radar signals. Furthermore, ground penetrating radar is not an imaging technique such as X-ray; hence, it does not provide an image of the subsurface, but rather it presents a set of time domain signals that correspond to the collected scans. This paper presents several processing techniques that can be used to estimate the pavement layer thicknesses and to detect subsurface discontinuities uniquely from ground penetrating radar data.