cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Watching Death in the Gerbil Cochlea Using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

Because it is difficult to directly observe the morphology of the living cochlea, our ability to infer the mechanical functioning of the living ear has been limited. Nearly all of our knowledge about cochlear morphology comes from postmortem tissue that was fixed and processed using procedures that possibly distort the structures and fluid spaces of the organ of Corti. In this study, optical coherence tomography was employed to obtain in vivo and postmortem micron-scale volumetric images of the high-frequency hook region of the gerbil cochlea through the round-window membrane. The anatomical structures and fluid spaces of the organ of Corti were segmented and quantified in vivo and over a 90-minute postmortem period. The results show that some aspects of the organ of Corti are significantly altered over the course of death, such as the volumes of the fluid spaces, whereas the dimensions of other features change very little. We postulate that the fluid space of the outer tunnel and its surrounding tectal cells form a resonant structure that can affect the motion of the reticular lamina and thereby have a profound effect on outer-hair-cell transduction and thus cochlear amplification. In addition, the in vivo fluid pressure of the inner spiral sulcus is postulated to effectively inflate the connected sub-tectorial gap between the tectorial membrane and the reticular lamina. This gap height decreases after death, which is hypothesized to reduce and disrupt hair-cell transduction.
Relative Intensity Measurements of Libs Emission Spectra of Alkali Halides and their Application to Elemental Analysis of Mineralogical Samples

LIBS spectra were obtained for 20 alkali halides using a hand-held instrument. The intensities of the strongest emission lines were determined for Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, and I, and their corresponding electronic transitions assigned. Halogen peak intensities are observed to be at least two orders of magnitude smaller than those of the alkali metals. Thus, halogens are difficult to detect and identify with certainty. Relative intensity ratios of halogen/alkali metal aid in identification of those nonmetals, particularly in mineralogical samples.
Pulse Width Modulated Control for the Dynamic Tracking of Wheeled Mobile Robots

This paper considers the control of differentially driven wheeled mobile robots through the use of a dynamic model that includes all the significant uncertainties such as external forces and tire slip in both the lateral and longitudinal directions. The influences of these uncertainties on the robot dynamics are analyzed and the matching condition for Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) control is studied. It is proven that position tracking control using the PWM method is invariant to both the external forces and tire slip. Combined position and orientation tracking control is also invariant if the desired orientation is tangent to the desired path or if the derivative of lateral slip is negligible. A multivariable PWM tracking control algorithm is developed that guarantees robustness to the influences of the uncertainties. Through experiments with a high load wheeled mobile robot developed for automating highway maintenance and construction tasks, the developed control is shown to be highly accurate, globally stable and robust to disturbances.
THIRD-ORDER INTERACTIONS IN KELVIN SHIP-WAVE SYSTEMS

This paper considers the possible existence of third-order resonant interactions in Kelvin ship wave systems, Such interactions will generally occur when two discrete plane wave systems are present, but O.M. Phillips' criterion for third-order interactions is applied to the Kelvin pattern to show that there is no resonant interaction, except possibly along the cusp line. A more accurate analysis is then performed in the vicinity of the cusp line, using triple-integral solutions of the third-order free-surface condition, and it is shown that the resulting solutions are divergent on the cusp line, for large distances behind the disturbance. It is concluded that significant nonlinear interactions can occur on the cusp line, involving energy transfer among adjacent wave numbers.
Security Measures and the Apartment Market

This study examines the effect of security measures on apartment rent and occupancy. Three variables representing various security measures are estimated in a simultaneous model of rent and occupan...
New horizontal flow-through coil planet centrifuge for counter-current chromatography : I. Principle of design and analysis of acceleration

Abstract The new design of the horizontal flow-through centrifure permits continuous elution through a pair of coiled separation columns without the use of rotating seals. Mathematical analysis of the planetary motion discloses a characteristic pattern of the acceleration field acting on each column, one capable of efficient mixing of the two phases in a narrow-bore column and the other providing a stable retention of teh stationary phase in a large-bore column. Consequently, the present scheme enables both micro-scale and preparative-scale separations with a high partition efficiency.
The Response of Belowground Carbon Allocation in Forests to Global Change

Belowground carbon allocation (BCA) in forests regulates soil organic matter formation and influences biotic and abiotic properties of soil such as bulk density, cation exchange capacity, and water holding capacity. On a global scale, the total quantity of carbon allocated belowground by terrestrial plants is enormous, exceeding by an order of magnitude the quantity of carbon emitted to the atmosphere through combustion of fossil fuels. Despite the importance of BCA to the functioning of plant and soil communities, as well as the global carbon budget, controls on BCA are relatively poorly understood. Consequently, our ability to predict how BCA will respond to changes in atmospheric greenhouse gases, climate, nutrient deposition, and plant community composition remains rudimentary. In this synthesis, we examine BCA from three perspectives: coarse-root standing stock, belowground net primary production (BNPP), and total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA). For each, we examine methodologies and methodological constraints, as well as constraints of terminology. We then examine available data for any predictable variation in BCA due to changes in species composition, mean annual temperature, or elevated CO2 in existing Free Air CO2 Exposure (FACE) experiments. Finally, we discuss what we feel are important future directions for belowground carbon allocation research, with a focus on global change issues.
Yazar ve Yayıncıların Haklarını Dengeleme

As open access gains momentum, more and more scholarly authors are trying to retain the rights they need to authorize open access. At the same time, many publishers continue to demand transfer of copyright and resist author demands to retain key rights. This article explores the possibility of a balance which gives each side the rights it needs.
Role and association of CD11b and Gr1+ cells in promotion of spontaneous lung cancer metastasis (TUM4P.920)

Microenvironment plays an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. We established a unique metastasis model by in vivo passaging the Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) cells with 7-11 days of culture in between passages. When injected subcutaneously the parental (3LL) cells have minimal metastasis whereas the in vivo passaged (p3LL) cells showed robust metastasis. The goal of this study is to identify the immune population that enhances the metastatic propensity of tumor cells. Purified p3LL (CD45-) cells also yielded similar metastasis excluding a direct role of residual immune cells in promotion of metastasis. The p3LL cells metastasized at similar frequency in WT and Rag2-/- mice indicating that adaptive immune cells are not required for metastasis. Analysis of tumors derived from 3LL vs p3LL revealed differential accumulation of CD11b+Gr1+ subpopulations. 3LL tumors contained higher CD11b+ Gr1high cells whereas p3LL tumors showed higher levels of CD11b+ Gr1low population. Interestingly, when CD11b+ Gr1low populations were isolated from spleen of p3LL tumor bearing mice and co-cultured with 3LL cells for 5 days, these cells acquired enhanced metastatic capacity as compared to control 3LL cells. These results indicate a distinct association and a critical role of CD11b+ Gr1low population in promotion of metastatic phenotype and suggest that abundance of CD11b+ Gr1low population may serve as a marker and a potential therapeutic target for inhibiting Lung cancer metastasis.
The Role of Fiscal Policy: Lessons from Stabilization Efforts in the United States During the Great Recession

The article evaluates the fiscal policy initiatives during the Great Recession in the United States. It argues that, although the nonconventional fiscal policies targeted to the financial sector dwarfed conventional countercyclical stabilization efforts directed to the real sector, the relatively disappointing impact on employment was due not only to misdirected funding priorities but to an exclusive and ill-advised focus on the output gap rather than on the employment gap. The paper argues further that conventional pump priming policies are incapable of closing this employment gap. To tackle the formidable labor market challenges observed in the United States over the past few decades, policy can benefit from a fundamental reorientation away from trickle-down Keynesianism and toward what is termed here "a bottom-up approach" to fiscal policy. This approach also reconsiders the nature of countercyclical government stabilizers.
An evaluation of the severity and progression of epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 1 versus hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 2

Objectives/Hypothesis Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant vascular dysplasia whose hallmark symptom is spontaneous recurrent epistaxis. Two major genetic subtypes of this syndrome are HHT1 and HHT2. Severity of epistaxis ranges from occasional low-volume bleeding to frequent large-volume hemorrhage. This study evaluated the severity and progression of epistaxis in HHT1 versus HHT2. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for 183 genotyped HHT patients seen at our center from 2010 to 2013. Data collected included epistaxis severity score (ESS), age of epistaxis onset, number and type of treatments, age at which treatments were sought, complete blood count values, ferritin, number of telangiectases, blood transfusions, iron therapy history, and patient demographics. Results 115 subjects with HHT2 were compared to 68 with HHT1. Subjects with HHT2 had a higher ESS compared to HHT1 (P = .043) and a later age of onset of epistaxis (P = .005). HHT2 subjects were more likely to use oral iron (P = .032) and were more likely to seek interventions to control their epistaxis (P = .029). Conclusions HHT2 is associated with more severe epistaxis and a subsequent higher rate of interventions, requiring more aggressive therapy as compared to HHT1. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2015
Gathering emotion: examining newspaper journalists' engagement in emotional labor

This study explores the process of emotional labor in a profession in need of examination – that of journalism. During one-on-one interviews, newspaper/online journalists reflected upon their experiences while gathering the news and agreed they do indeed engage in emotional labor, suppressing impulses of sympathy, pity and guilt to achieve ‘objectivity’ and to avoid being overwhelmed by their feelings. However, our findings show that with little or no training in this practice and with the majority of journalists achieving not suppression but merely a deferment of upsetting emotions, emotional labor can have serious implications for those reporters who engage in it.
Sada Vehra: a framework for crowdsourcing Punjabi language content

We present preliminary research leading to a prototype for Sada Vehra, an online resource for crowdsourcing Punjabi language content. We argue that languages less represented online benefit from crowdsourced volunteer-contributed translation, and present some challenges around effective crowdsourced non-expert translations. These include interface challenges around handoffs and ownership, language-specific challenges such as nuance and standardization, and infrastructure-specific challenges such as bandwidth and media quality.
Solid state 13C NMR investigation of impact of annealing in lyophilized glasses.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of annealing on molecular mobility in lyophilized glasses, composed of a saccharide excipient and a small concentration of aspartame as a model “drug.” Changes in molecular dynamics during annealing were monitored through carbon (13C) T1 and T1ρ nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation times of the aspartame and the saccharides. Two different saccharides were studied, sucrose and trehalose. The local mobility of the aspartame guest was found to correlate closely with the overall structural relaxation monitored through calorimetric methods in the aspartame: sucrose formulation. In general terms, annealing leads to longer NMR relaxation times, indicating a slowing of the local dynamics. By contrast, annealing had only a minimal effect on the NMR relaxation times in aspartame: trehalose. Specificity of solid state NMR in detecting molecular mobility in guest and host molecules showed that sucrose provided a homogenous matrix for the guest drug as compared to the trehalose. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 97:4336–4346, 2008
Rapid expression of vaccine proteins for B‐cell lymphoma in a cell‐free system

The idiotype (Id)-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) fusion proteins are potential vaccines for immunotherapy of B-cell lymphoma. In this study, four vaccine candidates were constructed by fusing murine GM-CSF to the amino- or carboxy-terminus of the 38C13 murine B-lymphocyte Id scFv with two different arrangements of the variable regions of the heavy chain and light chain (VL-VH and VH-VL). scFv (VH-VL) and GM-CSF/scFv fusion proteins were expressed in an Escherichia coli cell-free protein synthesis system. In order to promote disulfide bond formation during cell-free expression, cell extract was pretreated with iodoacetamide (IAM), and a sulfhydryl redox buffer composed of oxidized and reduced glutathione was added. The E. coli periplasmic disulfide isomerase, DsbC, was also added to rearrange incorrectly formed disulfide linkages. The 38C13 B-lymphocyte Id scFv was expressed with 30% of its soluble yield in active form (43 microg/ml) when tested with an anti-idiotypic mAb, S1C5, as the capture antibody in radioimmunoassay. It was found that the amino-terminal GM-CSF fusion proteins, GM-VL-VH and GM-VH-VL, showed much higher activity than the carboxy-terminal GM-CSF fusion proteins, VL-VH-GM and VH-VL-GM, in stimulating the cell proliferation of a GM-CSF-dependent cell line, NFS-60. Between the two amino-terminal GM-CSF fusion proteins, GM-VL-VH showed a higher total and soluble yield than GM-VH-VL.
Myogenic tone and reactivity of the rat ophthalmic artery

PURPOSE: To study and quantify myogenic behavior and reactivity of the rat ophthalmic artery to pressure and different vasoactive substances in vitro. METHODS: Rat ophthalmic arteries (diameter of 217 +/- 6 microm, n = 22) were isolated, cannulated with glass pipettes in an arteriograph and pressurized in a physiological buffer. Internal diameter was continuously monitored. The effect of intraluminal pressure on the diameter was assessed and concentration-response curves to different constrictor and dilator agonists were obtained at an intraluminal pressure of 70 mm Hg. RESULTS: Myogenic tone developed at an intraluminal pressure of 30 to 40 mm Hg, continued to increase, and was maintained up to a pressure of 199 mm Hg in these arteries. Arteries dilated and constricted in response to 16 and 60 mM potassium, respectively. Endothelin-1 was the most potent and efficacious constrictor, with a biphasic concentration-response curve, followed by vasopressin, serotonin, U-46619 and phenylephrine. Carbachol was the most efficacious dilator, followed by isoprenaline. The peptide dilators calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were potent but less efficacious than carbachol and isoprenaline. Histamine and adenosine were even less potent and less efficacious dilators. NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) constricted and indomethacin dilated the arteries. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first direct evidence for myogenic autoregulatory properties and pharmacological heterogeneity in the rat ophthalmic artery.
The Many Faces of Surgery: Presidential Address

As a plastic surgeon addressing a predominantly general surgical audience, I have selected a topic that I hope will be of interest and will add to an understanding of some biological and psychological problems dealt with by plastic surgeons. One hears a great deal about fragmentation among the specialties, especially in areas of the head and neck and of the extremities. However, instead of wasting words deploring interdisciplinary jurisdictional disputes, I will note optimistically that at least in one activity, namely, craniofacial surgery, several specialties can cooperate in an enterprise leading to a product far greater than the sum of its parts. Craniofacial surgery, as the name implies, deals simultaneously with the cranium and the face. The originator of this specialty, Paul Tessier of Paris, dominates the field just as Harvy Cushing did when neurosurgery was in its infancy. Tessier, a plastic surgeon, concentrated in his early years on traumatic
The moments of a pre-test estimator under possible heteroscedasticity

Abstract This paper investigates the sampling properties of a pre-test estimator for the location vector of the two-sample heteroscedastic linear model.
Temperature and Moisture Effects in a Particulate Interlayered Composite: Mode I Data Reduction and Toughness

A study was conducted to determine the mode I toughness of T800H/3900-2 graphite/ epoxy under a range of environments that are typical of aircraft and spacecraft operating conditions. Double cantilever beam tests were performed on both dry and moisture-saturated specimens at temperatures of -43, 21, and 98°C, and on dry specimens only at 125°C. Under certain conditions, nonlinear behavior and permanent deformations were observed. Thus, a sub-study was performed to choose a data reduction method that could be used to accurately obtain the mode I toughness under all test conditions, from which a ‘load based compliance calibration method’ was selected. At a given moisture content, it was found that toughness increased with increasing temperature. Except for precracked specimens at -43°C, toughness was also found to increase with increasing moisture content. However, dramatically different behaviors were evidenced by the resistance curves from the various conditions. Aided by scanning electron microscopy, the...
The Exon-Intron Organization of the Genes (GAD1 and GAD2) Encoding Two Human Glutamate Decarboxylases (GAD67 and GAD65) Suggests That They Derive from a Common Ancestral GAD

We have cloned and characterized human genes (GAD1 and GAD2) encoding the two human glutamate decarboxylases, GAD67 and GAD65. The coding region of the GAD65 gene consists of 16 exons, spanning more than 79 kb of genomic DNA. Exon 1 contains the 5' untranslated region of GAD65 mRNA, and exon 16 specifies the protein's carboxy terminal and at least part of the mRNA's 3' untranslated sequence. Similarly, the coding region of the GAD67 gene consists of 16 exons, spread over more than 45 kb of genomic DNA. The GAD67 gene contains an additional exon (exon 0) that, together with part of exon 1, specifies the 5' untranslated region of GAD67 mRNA. Exon 16 specifies the entire 3' untranslated region of GAD67 mRNA. Exons 1-3 encode the most divergent region of GAD65 and GAD67. The remaining exon-intron boundaries occur at identical positions in the two cDNAs, suggesting that they derive from a common ancestral GAD gene.
Role of mTOR in anticancer drug resistance: perspectives for improved drug treatment.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a central role in regulating protein synthesis, ribosomal protein translation, and cap-dependent translation. Deregulations in mTOR signaling are frequently associated with tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. This review highlights the role of the mTOR in anticancer drug resistance. We discuss the network of signaling pathways in which the mTOR kinase is involved, including the structure and activation of the mTOR complex and the pathways upstream and downstream of mTOR as well as other molecular interactions of mTOR. Major upstream signaling components in control of mTOR activity are PI3K/PTEN/AKT and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways. We discuss the central role of mTOR in mediating the translation of mRNAs of proteins related to cell cycle progression, those involved in cell survival such as c-myc, hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclin A, cyclin dependent kinases (cdk1/2), cdk inhibitors (p21Cip1 and p27Kip1), retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, and RNA polymerases I and III. We then discuss the potential therapeutic opportunities for using mTOR inhibitors rapamycin, CCI-779, RAD001, and AP-23573 in cancer therapy as single agents or in combinations to reverse drug resistance.
Flavones inhibit proliferation and increase mediator content in human leukemic mast cells (HMC‐1)

Objective: Mast cells are involved in allergic and inflamma- tory reactions. These cells are also increased in the bone marrow,skin, and other organs in systemic mastocytosis. Flavonoids are naturally occurring molecules with antioxidant,cytoprotective,and anti-inflam- matory activities. Some flavonoids,like quercetin,inhibit the growth of certain malignant cells in culture. Quercetin also inhibits histamine re- lease and induces accumulation of secretory granules in rat basophilic leukemia cells. Method: We investigated the effect of five flavonoids: flavone,kaempferol,morin,myricetin,and quercetin at 1,10,and 100 lm on proliferation and secretory mediator content (b-hexosa- minidase,histamine,and tryptase) in human leukemic mast cells (HMC- 1),the doubling time of which was about 2 d. Results: Flavone and kaempferol at 100 lm inhibited cell proliferation over 80% on either day 3,4,or 5 of culture. Quercetin showed this level of inhibition only on day 5,myricetin inhibited by 50% at days 3-5,whereas morin's inhi- bition was <20%. All flavonoids (except morin) at 100 lm increased histamine and tryptase content,but not b-hexosaminidase,equally at days 3 and 4 of culture quercetin also increased the development of secretory granules. Conclusion: These results indicate that certain flav- onoids can inhibit HMC-1 proliferation,induce secretory granule development and the accumulation of mediators.
Home production and the residential electric load curve

Most recent works concerning time-of-day demands for electricity totally ignore home production. In this article we show that an understa~d~ng of the timing of household productive activities is crucial to an understanding ol the residential electric load curve, and to an understanding of future responses to time-of-day, seasonal, or other marginal cost based electricity pricing strategies. We show that the timing of energy-intensive household activities can be modeled in terms of classical inventory adjustment processes. Those activities characterized by long re-order cycles are most likely to be shifted in response to time-of-day prices. Residential load curve data and data from the National Time Use Study suggest that economists have tended to underestimate the importance of water heating in affecting the load curve. Because of the relatively long re-order cycle of activities using hot water, and the possibility of timing the water heater, these activities should be quite responsive to well designed time-of-use rate structures, both in the short- and long-run.
Cross-section measurement and Lane model analysis for the 9Be(p,n)9B reaction

Abstract Neutron time-of-flight techniques were used to measure the 9 Be(p, n 0 ) 9 B cross section from 0° to 160°(lab) at 10 energies between 8.15 and 15.68 MeV. The data are combined with previous results below 30 MeV in a Legendre coefficient analysis to evaluate the differential and integral behavior of the 9 Be(p,n) and 9 Be(p, n 0 ) 9 B cross sections. A coupled-channels Lane analysis of cross sections and analyzing powers for (p,n) quasi-elastic scattering and (p, p) and (n, n) elastic scattering is presented and compared to previous single-channel models.
Relationship between rate of gluconeogenesis and content of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in renal cortex.

Abstract Gluconeogenesis in rat renal cortex was measured using tissue slices incubated with or without appropriate substrates. Immediately after incubation the tissue slices were snap-frozen and the content of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) was determined. Incubation with 10 mM α-ketoglutarate or L-glutamate led to enhanced glucose production and an increase in tissue content of NAD + . Quinolinate and 3-mercaptopicolinate inhibited the rate of gluconeogenesis from L-glutamate and α-ketoglutarate respectively, and decreased the tissue levels of NAD + . The enhanced rate of gluconeogenesis was associated with an increase of NAD + in the cytosol fraction (10 5 × g supernatant) but not in the particulate fraction (10 5 × g pellet) of renal cortex homogenate. Present results indicate that NAD + content changes in parallel with the rate of gluconeogenesis in renal cortical tissue.
SNAREs and NSF in targeted membrane fusion

A major current issue in vesicle trafficking is whether NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) and alpha-SNAP (alpha-soluble NSF attachment protein) are required prior to SNARE (SNAP receptor) complex formation to allow vesicle docking, or after docking at a step close to membrane fusion. Recent studies of yeast vacuolar fusion indicated that the requirement for ATP, NSF and alpha-SNAP could be completely satisfied prior to SNARE docking complex assembly; however, the universality of a predocking role for these factors remains to be established. The vacuolar fusion system has also been used to directly demonstrate a requirement for SNARE proteins on both fusing membranes, verifying a central postulate of current fusion models.
Turbulent Boundary Layer Heat Transfer Experiments: A Separate Effects Study on a Convexly Curved Wall

Surface heat transfer rates have been measured for several different flows on an isothermal, convexly curved surface. The freestream velocity, boundary layer thickness, acceleration parameter, and unheated starting length were varied systematically, and both turbulent and transitional boundary layers were studied. The effect of convex curvature on heat transfer rates is significant with Stanton numbers reduced 20-25% below flat wall values for the same enthalpy thickness Reynolds number. Heat transfer rates recovered slowly on a flat wall downstream of the curved wall, and after 60 cm, the Stanton numbers were still 15-20% below flat wall values. The behavior of the boundary layer suggests the existence of an asymptotic condition. Boundary layer thickness, freestream velocity, and boundary layer maturity affect the initial response to the introduction of curvature and the rate at which the asymptotic state is approached. Convex curvature appears to increase the boundary layer's sensitivity to acceleration; it also delays and retards transition. Near-laminar or early-transitional boundary layers recover from curvature rapidly, whereas late-transitional and mature boundary layers recover slowly.
Electrophysiology of Cl secretion in canine trachea.

Conventional microelectrode techniques were employed to determine the mechanism of Cl secretion by canine tracheal epithelium. Epinephrine, a potent stimulator of Cl secretion in these cells, hyperpolarized both the transepithelial potential (20 to 38.9 mV) and the potential across the basolateral membrane (−63.9 to −68.2 mV) and depolarized the potential across the apical membrane (−43.9 to −29.3 mV). Epinephrine also caused a decrease in the transepithelial resistance and ratio of apical to apical+basolateral membrane resistances (777 to 379 Ωcm2 and 0.71 to 0.35, respectively) though the change in the latter was biphasic, first decreasing then slightly increasing. Ionic substitutions, either Na, K or Cl, in the mucosal bathing solutions were found to cause changes in the resistances and potentials measured. In the presence of epinephrine, the changes produced by the Na and K substitutions decreased, while those produced by altering the mucosal Cl concentration increased. A model was designed to analyze the results from these experiments. When used in conjunction with the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation, the results from this model indicate that epinephrine caused a large increase in the Cl permeability of the apical membrane of the cell. From these results we conclude that the increase in Cl secretion caused by epinephrine is accompanied by at least two cellular events: the primary event is an increase in the Cl conductance of the apical membrane; the second event is either an increase in the conductance of the basolateral membrane (probably due to an increase in K permeability) or an increase in shunt conductance or a combination of both.
Oxidative properties of lubricants using thermal analysis

The development of automotive lubricants requires optimization of a number of performance parameters of both base fluids and additive systems. The final test of a lubricant requires that it perform well in a particular application or system. Prior to the final selection of a lubricant, a number of combinations of base fluids and additives need to be evaluated. The most practical way to do this is through inexpensive bench testing. The use of pressurized differential scanning calorimeter (PDSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thin-film oxidation tests will be described in the evaluation of several lubricants. Examples of some practical applications of the thermal methods to the evaluation of alternative fuels and lubricants, and to studies involving extended drain lubricants are reported. Incompatibility of alternative fuels and lubricants can result in significant extraction of some additives. Thermal analysis shows significant variation in stability of the fractions obtained from simulated crankcase tests. Results from some of the methods are compared.
Policy issues in the economics of higher education and related research opportunities in Britain and the United States

This paper considers several opportunities for research on the means of relating investment in higher education more closely to widely expressed desires for faster economic growth and for greater equity in educational opportunity. It does this against a background of policy issues related to growth and equity among income groups common to the current debates in the United States and Britain.
A device for measuring oxygen consumption in the dog.

Abstract A simple modification of a Collins 13.5-liter spirometer is described whereby oxygen consumption in dogs can be continuously monitored.
A comparison of methods for analyzing time series of pulsatile hormone data

Many endocrine systems are regulated by pulsatile hormones – hormones that are secreted intermittently in boluses rather than continuously over time. To study pulsatile secretion, blood is drawn every few minutes for an extended period. The result is a time series of hormone concentrations for each individual. The goal is to estimate pulsatile hormone secretion features such as frequency, location, duration, and amount of pulsatile and non-pulsatile secretion and compare these features between groups. Various statistical approaches to analyzing these data have been proposed, but validation has generally focused on one hormone. Thus, we lack a broad understanding of each method's performance. By using simulated data with features seen in reproductive and stress hormones, we investigated the performance of three recently developed statistical approaches for analyzing pulsatile hormone data and compared them to a frequently used deconvolution approach. We found that methods incorporating a changing baseline modeled both constant and changing baseline shapes well; however, the added model flexibility resulted in a slight increase in bias in other model parameters. When pulses were well defined and baseline constant, Bayesian approaches performed similar to the existing deconvolution method. The increase in computation time of Bayesian approaches offered improved estimation and more accurate quantification of estimation variation in situations where pulse locations were not clearly identifiable. Within the class of deconvolution models for fitting pulsatile hormone data, the Bayesian approach with a changing baseline offered adequate results over the widest range of data. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pavlov in the Classroom: An Interview with Robert A. Rescorla

James E. Freeman (JF) is Associate Professor of Psychology and Associate Director of Academic Computing at Denison University (Granville, OH). He teaches courses in research methods, behavioral sci...
Comparative genome analysis of the α-proteobacteria: Relationships between plant and animal pathogens and host specificity

The phylogenetic group of α-proteobacteria contains bacterial species with a wide variety of lifestyles, including obligate intracellular (Rickettsia), facultative intracellular (Bartonella, Brucella), and extracellular pathogens (Agrobacterium), as well as symbionts of both animals and plants (Wolbachia, Sinorhizobium). With the recent completion of genome sequences of several of these organisms, it is now possible to explore the genetic basis for these biological differences. The newest addition to this small group of complete α-proteobacterial genome sequences is that of Brucella suis, described by Paulsen et al. (1) in this issue of PNAS. B. suis is an intracellular pathogen of swine, where it causes late-term abortions. This infection can be readily transmitted from swine to abattoir workers and farmers via aerosol, thus causing a febrile illness. The efficiency of its transmission via aerosol prompted the military development of B. suis as a biological weapon (2). Although the Brucellae are well known as animal pathogens and are considered to be potential agents of bioterrorism, until recently, most of the research on these organisms had been focused on eradication of brucellosis in cattle and swine and was limited to epidemiology and development of vaccines. As a result, our understanding of the basic biology of this organism is still in its infancy. The completion of the second Brucella genome sequence, therefore, provides a powerful tool for the Brucella research community to address questions on the biology, ecology, and pathogenesis of this group of organisms. Each of these species is adapted to different hosts, yet the genomes of the two Brucella species differ by only 74 genes.
Bandwidth allocation in a military teleoperation task

The implications of bandwidth allocation are described for teleoperation in a military task that involved navigation, target detection, and target identification. Color versus grayscale imagery was manipulated. Participants themselves traded off resolution and frame rate settings. Participants minimized switching between resolution/frame rate settings and tended to use settings with high resolution/low frame rate. Courses completed with the highest resolution (and lowest frame rate) had the fastest target identification times, but no other differences were observed between settings. Color imagery offered advantages for overall course time and the time to identify a tank as friendly or enemy.
Application of a multi-lag regression approach to determine on-road PM10 and PM2.5 emission rates

Intensive measurements were performed at roadside locations in Reno, Nevada, and Durham/Research Triangle Park, North Carolina to derive mass emission factors from on-road vehicles. Measurements included continuous particulate matter (PM) concentrations (PM2.5, andPM 10), windspeed, winddirection, andvehicle number, class, and speed. A multi-lag linear regression approach was applied to calculate mass emission rates using the continuous data. The output of the multi-lag regression model, the regression coefficients, along with the vehicle specifications and the wind speed/direction at each site were then used to calculate mass emission factors for light-duty spark ignition (LDSI) and heavy-duty diesel (HDD) vehicles. PM10 emission factors rangedfrom 530 to 9100 mg/km, andfrom 90 to 850 mg/ km for HDD andLDSI vehicles, respectively. PM 2.5 emission factors rangedfrom 120 to 170 mg/km, andfrom 10 to 90 mg/km for HDD andLDSI vehicles, respectively. r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Duality and Central Charges in Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics

We identify a class of point-particle models that exhibit a target-space duality. This duality arises from a construction based on supersymmetric quantum mechanics with a nonvanishing central charge. Motivated by analogies to string theory, we are led to speculate regarding mechanisms for restricting the background geometry.
Developing a practical approach to measuring sustainability for the proceedings of the 2010 IEEE society spring conference

Companies are seeking ways to track, measure, and compare the sustainability of their manufactured products and operations. Regulations already require companies to track GHG emissions. Some are embracing the challenge by trying to establish verifiably sustainable business models. For them it will become important to adopt recognized best practices. This paper explores the development of a sustainability evaluation methodology that unifies three separate sustainability trajectories: financial, environmental, and human sustainability into a single monetized scale.
Toward another ideal speech situation: A critique of habermas’ reinterpretation of speech act theory

With incredible daring Habermas has reinterpreted speech act theory in a way that poses a foundational challenge to rhetorical scholars.
Projecting technology change to improve space technology planning and systems management

Abstract Projecting technology performance evolution has been improving over the years. Reliable quantitative forecasting methods have been developed that project the growth, diffusion, and performance of technology in time, including projecting technology substitutions, saturation levels, and performance improvements. These forecasts can be applied at the early stages of space technology planning to better predict available future technology performance, assure the successful selection of technology, and improve technology systems management strategy. Often what is published as a technology forecast is simply scenario planning, usually made by extrapolating current trends into the future, with perhaps some subjective insight added. Typically, the accuracy of such predictions falls rapidly with distance in time. Quantitative technology forecasting (QTF), on the other hand, includes the study of historic data to identify one of or a combination of several recognized universal technology diffusion or substitution patterns. In the same manner that quantitative models of physical phenomena provide excellent predictions of system behavior, so do QTF models provide reliable technological performance trajectories. In practice, a quantitative technology forecast is completed to ascertain with confidence when the projected performance of a technology or system of technologies will occur. Such projections provide reliable time-referenced information when considering cost and performance trade-offs in maintaining, replacing, or migrating a technology, component, or system. This paper introduces various quantitative technology forecasting techniques and illustrates their practical application in space technology and technology systems management.
Growth and Survival of Largemouth Bass following Supplemental Feeding of Bluegills in Small Impoundments

Abstract We investigated whether providing supplemental pellet feed to Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus in small impoundments increased their growth and reproductive rates after stocking and whether the supplemental feeding of Bluegills had positive indirect effects on Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides during the initial stocking year. In 2010, we stocked adult Bluegills and Largemouth Bass into nine 0.1-ha ponds; three replicate ponds were each provided with no pelleted food (control), a low ration (1.52 kg·ha−1·d−1), or a high ration (2.68 kg·ha−1·d−1). Supplemental feeding yielded increases in the growth of newly stocked Bluegills, the gonadosomatic index of female Bluegills, and the density of larval Bluegills within 4 months of stocking. In contrast, the sizes of adult and age-0 Largemouth Bass and the density and biomass of age-0 Bluegills during fall were not affected by feeding within the time frame of our study. The results demonstrate that supplemental pellet feeding is useful when the manageme...
“Wall $treet Week”: Information or Entertainment?

The purpose of the study we report was to determine the information content of the recommendations made by panelists during 1997 on “Wall $treet Week with Louis Rukeyser.” Using event-study methodology for the short term, we found a statistically significant positive abnormal return of 0.65 percent for the recommendations on the first trading day after the show on Friday. To determine the abnormal long-term (one- and two-year) average holding-period returns, we used two matching processes. Using industry and size matching, we found not only that the portfolio of recommended stocks improved in value during the following eight quarters but that its increase in value was higher than for the matched sample in all eight quarters and statistically significantly higher in half of the eight quarters. Using industry, size, and book-to-market matching, we found similar results. Overall, this study's results suggest that the panelist recommendations have significant information content.
Crib Death: Sudden Unexplained Death of Infants—The Pathologist’s Viewpoint

Giulia Ottaviani 146 pages. Berlin, Germany: Springer; 2007. $79.95. ISBN 3-540-49370-9. This concise monograph is an overview of the multiple hypotheses and confirmatory pathological findings contributing to the multifactorial causes of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The book, which is essentially the product of the author’s recent PhD dissertation on the pathology of crib death, is nicely organized into logical sections on the basis of the different potential mechanisms of SIDS/crib death. The historical review of sudden unexpected infant death over the past centuries is fascinating and serves as an introduction that builds a basis for the rest of the book, which attempts to further our …
Oncologic Outcomes of Sporadic, Neurofibromatosis-Associated, and Radiation-Induced Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

Background Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) occur sporadically, after prior radiation therapy (RT), or in association with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). It is controversial whether patients with NF1-associated MPNST have worse outcomes. We investigated the prognostic significance of sporadic, NF1-associated, and RT-induced MPNST.
Stereospecific synthesis of hydroxylated steroid side chains. Synthesis of 25,28-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydroergosterol and its c-24 epimer via [2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement.

Abstract An efficient, stereospecific synthesis of hydroxylated ergosterol and C-24 epi-ergosterol side chains has been developed using a C-20 keto-steroid as starting material. The side chain is elaborated via stereoselective hydroboration, asymmetric reduction and a stereospecific [2, 3] sigmatropic rearrangement.
Why adolescent group therapy

Group psychotherapy for adolescents is a specific clinical modality in which the adolescent is helped to define his/her identity — the major task of adolescent development. Through the work of the group the adolescent becomes aware of new behavioral possibilities in relationships with peers and authority figures. This paper examines indications and contraindications for adolescent group therapy: issues of composition, selection and types of groups; group therapy as a prime modality or as adjunct to individual or family treatment. Issues of confidentiality, group rules and group structure are reviewed. Group leadership and transference and countertransference issues are explored. A case example illustrates how group participation can assist in the separation — individuation process.
Back-reef and fore-reef analogs in the Pleistocene of North Jamaica; implications for facies recognition and sediment flux in fossil reefs

The 125,000 y.b.p. (Sangamon) Falmouth Formation is an emergent fringing-reef complex exposed along the north coast of Jamaica. Q-mode cluster analysis using constituent composition of Falmouth Formation rocks collected near Discoveiy Bay was employed to differentiate two distinctive facies. These are a dense, well-lithified skeletal packstone containing abundant calcareous algae (Halimeda and coralline algae) and molluscs, and a poorly lithified skeletal grainstone composed primarily of sand-sized coral fragments and coralline algae with only minor amounts of Halimeda. The composition of sediments within these facies is comparable to the composition of back-reef and shallow (5-8 m deep) fore-reef sediments of the Holocene Jamaican fringing-reef system. These results contradict the pervasive idea that sandsized, reef-derived sediments are ineffective as environmental indicators owing to post-depositional transport away from the reef system. Petrographic and X-ray analyses of the mineralogy of Falmouth Formnation limestones reveal that back-reef packstones retain much of their original aragonite and high-Mg calcite. In fore-reef grainstones, however, better sorting (increased permeability) results in dissolution and leaching of these metastable phases and reprecipitation of low-Mg calcite. Thus, variability in original sediment texture may create a preservational bias in the fossil record against the more permeable fore-reef deposits.
Placement and Permanency Outcomes for Children in Out-of-Home Care by Prior Inpatient Mental Health Treatment:

Objective: This longitudinal study followed 5,978 children in out-of-home care to examine whether placement and permanency outcomes differ between children with and without a history of inpatient m...
The change in multiplicity of an eigenvalue of a Hermitian matrix associated with the removal of an edge from its graph

When an edge is removed from an undirected graph, there is a limited change that can occur in the multiplicity of an eigenvalue of a Hermitian matrix with that graph. Primarily for trees, we identify the changes that can occur and characterize the circumstances under which they occur. This extends known results for the removal of vertices. A catalog of examples is given to illustrate the possibilities that can occur and to contrast the case of trees with that of general graphs.