cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-genetic heterogeneity from stochastic partitioning at cell division

Gene expression involves inherently probabilistic steps that create fluctuations in protein abundances. The results from many in-depth analyses and genome-scale surveys have suggested how such fluctuations arise and spread, often in ways consistent with stochastic models of transcription and translation. But fluctuations also arise during cell division when molecules are partitioned stochastically between the two daughters. Here we mathematically demonstrate how stochastic partitioning contributes to the non-genetic heterogeneity. Our results show that partitioning errors are hard to correct, and that the resulting noise profiles are remarkably difficult to separate from gene expression noise. By applying these results to common experimental strategies and distinguishing between creation versus transmission of noise, we hypothesize that much of the cell-to-cell heterogeneity that has been attributed to various aspects of gene expression instead comes from random segregation at cell division. We propose experiments to separate between these two types of fluctuations and discuss future directions.
Feasibility of restoring shoulder and elbow function in high tetraplegia by functional neuromuscular stimulation

Individuals with high tetraplegia (functional levels of C1-C4) resulting from spinal cord injury typically retain voluntary control only over shoulder shrug and head-neck motions, and are thus highly disabled. Restoration of even rudimentary movements would significantly increase the independence and quality of living for these individuals. We have therefore begun an effort to use functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) and/or reconstructive surgeries in these individuals to restore shoulder and elbow function. One individual with complete C3 tetraplegia has had percutaneous stimulating electrodes implanted into the biceps, triceps, anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and infraspinatus muscles. The shoulder forces and moments produced by stimulated contractions of individual muscles and by various combinations of muscles varied with arm position as expected. FNS produced a maximum shoulder flexion moment of 12.9 Nm, a maximum adduction moment of 5.9 Nm, and a maximum abduction moment of 7.5 Nm. Although voluntary actions produced very little shoulder abduction moment when used alone, stimulated contractions of the deltoid and infraspinatus muscles used together with voluntary shoulder girdle motions more than doubled the maximum moment produced by FNS alone.
Werner Brandt legacy to PIXE: Past and present perspectives

Abstract Inner-shell ionization cross sections used in Particle-Induced X-ray Elemental (PIXE) analyses are routinely calculated in the ECPSSR [W. Brandt, G. Lapicki, Phys. Rev. A 23 (1981) 1717–1729] theory and/or semiempirical formulas scaled to that theory. Thirty years after the passing of Werner Brandt, with recognition of his seminal contributions to other research on positron physics and stopping power problems, the work and articles that progressed into the ECPSSR theory for inner-shell ionization by protons and heavier ions are recalled as Brandt’s past legacy to the PIXE community. Applications of the ECPSSR and its evolution into the ECUSAR [G. Lapicki, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 189 (2002) 8–20] theory over the last three decades are reviewed with perspectives on Brandt’s present legacy.
The relative importance of heterotrophic bacteria to pelagic ecosystem dynamics varies with reservoir trophic state.

We tested the hypothesis that nutrient sequestration and carbon flow through heterotrophic bacteria is relatively highest in oligotrophic systems and decreases with trophic state in 17 reservoirs in Texas and Ohio, U.S.A. The percentage of particulate carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in bacteria (, 1 mm) was highest in oligotrophic reservoirs and decreased with chlorophyll a, our measure of trophic state. Patterns of nutrient sequestration in bacteria were very similar to Minnesota (U.S.A.) natural lakes. Bacterial production (BPr) and primary production (PPr) ranged from 13 m gCL 21 d21 to 172 m gCL 21 d21 and from 41 m gC L21 d21 to 1695 m gCL 21 d21, respectively, and the BPr : PPr ratio decreased with trophic state. Inclusion of variables such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), DOC : soluble reactive phosphorus, and DOC : dissolved inorganic nitrogen did not improve predictions of BPr : PPr over that based solely upon chlorophyll a. BPr : PPr was better predicted by DOC : particulate carbon (PC) and mixing depth (Zmix) than by chlorophyll a. The relationship between BPr : PPr and DOC : PC was primarily driven by the relationship between BPr : PPr and PC, which was a surrogate for trophic state. Unexpectedly, the strength of Zmix as a predictor BPr : PPr did not primarily reflect differences in the light environment. Our results support the hypothesis that the relative importance of heterotrophic bacteria is highest in oligotrophic systems and decreases with trophic state, but provide limited support for proposed mechanisms of this pattern. Patterns in microbial nutrient dynamics are similar in reservoirs and natural lakes. Our understanding of the role that heterotrophic bacteria play in pelagic ecosystems has changed dramatically over the last three decades. The classical view of planktonic food webs saw bacteria primarily as decomposers and nutrient recyclers, but that view changed with the recognition of the microbial loop composed of heterotro
Alignment and survey of the elements in RHIC

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) consists of two rings with cryogenic magnets at a 4.5 K operating temperature. Control of positions of the dipole and quadrupole cold masses (iron laminations) and the beam position monitors (BPM's) during production and installation is presented. The roll of the dipoles is controlled by a combination of rotating coil measurements with the surveying measurements. The center of the quadrupole magnetic field is obtained by direct measurement of the field shape within a colloidal cell placed inside the quadrupoles. Special attention is given to the triplet quadrupole alignment and determination of the field center position.
Osteogenesis imperfecta: profiles of motor development as assessed by a postal questionnaire.

This study was performed to achieve more detailed information regarding the age and sequence in the development of motor milestones in the different types of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). The parents of 98 patients with a diagnosis of OI were sent a questionnaire regarding the age at which patients achieved motor milestones. All patients were attending the outpatient clinic for children with OI at the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital. The motor milestones were classified into static motor milestones and dynamic motor milestones and all data were checked with health care records. The age of development of motor milestones was compared to reference values of the healthy population. The severity of the disease was classified according to Sillence based on clinical, genetic and radiological data. The age of intramedullary rodding of the first nail in the lower and upper extremity and the localisation was noted. A total of 76 parents responded to the 98 questionnaires (78%). In OI type I, a delay exists in achieving motor milestones, comparable to the 95th percentile of the normal population. In type III, the development of all motor milestones was significantly delayed compared to types I and IV with a discrepancy between static and dynamic milestones. In OI type IV, a retardation in motor development developed after the milestone `sitting without support' was achieved. Motor development in types I and IV was not influenced by intramedullary rodding of the lower extremities, since rodding was rarely performed before the milestone `unsupported standing' was achieved. In type III, the influence of intramedullary rodding on the age of achieving motor milestones remains questionable. Conclusion The severity of osteogenesis imperfecta has a large influence on the age and sequence in the development of motor milestones. No influence of intramedullary rodding of the lower extremities on motor development was found in osteogenesis imperfecta types I and IV, whereas the influence in type III remains questionable.
An Alteration in the Hypothalamic Action of Estradiol Due to Lack of Progesterone Exposure Can Cause Follicular Cysts in Cattle

Many mammals, including cattle, can develop ovarian follicular cysts, but the physiological mechanisms leading to this condition remain undefined. We hypothesized that follicular cysts can develop because estradiol will induce a GnRH/LH surge on one occasion but progesterone exposure is required before another GnRH/LH surge can be induced by estradiol. In experiment 1, 14 cows were synchronized with an intravaginal progesterone insert (IPI) for 7 days, and prostaglandin F(2alpha) was given on the day of IPI removal. Estradiol benzoate (EB; 5 mg i.m.) was given 3 days before IPI removal to induce atresia of follicles. Cows were given a second EB treatment 1 day after IPI removal to induce a GnRH/LH surge in the absence of an ovulatory follicle. All cows had an LH surge following the second EB treatment, and 10 of 14 cows developed a large-follicle anovulatory condition (LFAC) that resembled follicular cysts. These LFAC cows were given a third EB treatment 15 days later, and none of the cows had an LH surge or ovulation. Cows were then either not treated (control, n = 5) or treated for 7 days with an IPI (n = 5) starting 7 days after the third EB injection. Cows were treated for a fourth time with 5 mg of EB 12 h after IPI removal. All IPI-treated, but no control, cows had an LH surge and ovulated in response to the estradiol challenge. In experiment 2, cows were induced to LFAC as in experiment 1 and were then randomly assigned to one of four treatments 1) IPI + EB, 2) IPI + GnRH (100 microg), 3) control + EB, and 4) control + GnRH. Control and IPI-treated cows had a similar LH surge and ovulation when treated with GnRH. In contrast, only IPI-treated cows had an LH surge following EB treatment. Thus, an initial GnRH/LH surge can be induced with high estradiol, but estradiol induction of a subsequent GnRH/LH surge requires exposure to progesterone. This effect is mediated by the hypothalamus, as evidenced by similar LH release in response to exogenous GnRH. This may represent the physiological condition that underlies ovarian follicular cysts.
Application of the Fluctuation Model of Dissipation to Beaker Film Flow

Although the striking phenomenon of He Il film flow over a gravitational barrier has received much experimental attention, there has been no theory which could successfully account for the following observations: the temperature dependence and magnitude of the flow rate; the distribution of the dissipation and the variation of the film thickness over the flow path; the formation of droplets; and the dependence of flow rate on barrier height, level difference, and substrate.
Hyperspectral Target Detection Using Kernel Spectral Matched Filter

In this paper a non-linear matched filter is introduced for target detection in hyperspectral imagery which is implemented by using the ideas in kernel-based learning theory. The proposed non-linear matched filter exploits the notion that performing matched filtering in a non-linear feature space of high dimensionality increases the probability of detection. Defining matched filter in a kernel feature space is equivalent to a non-linear matched filter in the original input space which allows the higher order correlation between the spectral bands to be exploited. It is also shown that the non-linear matched filter can easily be implemented using the ideas of kernel functions. The kernel version of the non-linear matched filter is implemented and simulation results are shown to outperform the linear version.
Damage pre-cursor based life prediction of the effect of mean temperature of thermal cycle on the SnAgCu solder joint reliability

Electronics in automotive underhood applications may be subjected to temperatures in the neighborhood of 150°C to 175°C. Several of the electronics functions such as lane departure warning systems, collision avoidance systems are critical to vehicle operation. Prior studies have shown that low silver leadfree SnAgCu alloys exhibit pronounced deterioration in mechanical properties even after short exposure to high temperatures. Current life prediction models for second level interconnects do not provide a method for quick-turn assessment of the effect of mean temperature on cyclic life. In this paper, a method has been developed for assessment of the effect of mean cyclic temperature on the thermal fatigue reliability based on physics based leading damage indicators including phase-growth rate and the intermetallic thickness. Since the quantification of the thermal profile in the field applications may be often very difficult, the proposed method does not require the acquisition of the thermal profile history. Three environments of -50°C to +50°C, 0°C to 100°C, 50°C to 150°C with identical thermal excursion and different mean temperatures have been studied. Test assemblies with three different packages including CABGA 144, PBGA 324, and PBGA 676 have been used for the study. Damage-proxy based damage-equivalency relationships have been derived for the three thermal cycles. Weibull distributions have been developed for the three test assemblies to evaluate the effect of the mean cyclic temperature on the thermal fatigue life. Data indicates that the thermal fatigue lie drops with the increase in mean temperature of the thermal cycle even if the thermal excursion magnitude is kept constant. Damage equivalency model predictions of the effect of mean temperature of the thermal cycle have been validated versus weibull life distributions. The damage proxy based damage equivalency methodology shows good correlation with experimental data.
Short communication: A simple stochastic weather generator for ecological modeling

Stochastic weather generators are useful tools for exploring the relationship between organisms and their environment. This paper describes a simple weather generator that can be used in ecological modeling projects. We provide a detailed description of methodology, and links to full C++ source code (http://weathergen.sourceforge.net) required to implement or modify the generator. We argue that understanding the principles of weather generation will allow ecologists to tailor a solution for their own requirements. The detailed, repeatable methodology we present demonstrates that weather generation is relatively straightforward for ecologists to implement and modify.
Single-row, double-row, and transosseous equivalent techniques for isolated supraspinatus tendon tears with minimal atrophy: A retrospective comparative outcome and radiographic analysis at minimum 2-year followup.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the subjective, objective, and radiographic healing outcomes of single-row (SR), double-row (DR), and transosseous equivalent (TOE) suture techniques for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Materials and Methods: A retrospective comparative analysis of arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs by one surgeon from 2004 to 2010 at minimum 2-year followup was performed. Cohorts were matched for age, sex, and tear size. Subjective outcome variables included ASES, Constant, SST, UCLA, and SF-12 scores. Objective outcome variables included strength, active range of motion (ROM). Radiographic healing was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann - Whitney and Kruskal - Wallis tests with significance, and the Fisher exact probability test Results: Sixty-three patients completed the study requirements (20 SR, 21 DR, 22 TOE). There was a clinically and statistically significant improvement in outcomes with all repair techniques (ASES mean improvement P = Conclusions: Compared to preoperatively, arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, using SR, DR, or TOE techniques, yielded a clinically and statistically significant improvement in subjective and objective outcomes at a minimum 2-year follow-up. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic level 3.
New effects of Roundup on amphibians: Predators reduce herbicide mortality; herbicides induce antipredator morphology

The use of pesticides is important for growing crops and protecting human health by reducing the prevalence of targeted pest species. However, less attention is given to the potential unintended effects on nontarget species, including taxonomic groups that are of current conservation concern. One issue raised in recent years is the potential for pesticides to become more lethal in the presence of predatory cues, a phenomenon observed thus far only in the laboratory. A second issue is whether pesticides can induce unintended trait changes in nontarget species, particularly trait changes that might mimic adaptive responses to natural environmental stressors. Using outdoor mesocosms, I created simple wetland communities containing leaf litter, algae, zooplankton, and three species of tadpoles (wood frogs [Rana sylvatica or Lithobates sylvaticus], leopard frogs [R. pipiens or L. pipiens], and American toads [Bufo americanus or Anaxyrus americanus]). I exposed the communities to a factorial combination of environmentally relevant herbicide concentrations (0, 1, 2, or 3 mg acid equivalents [a.e.]/L of Roundup Original MAX) crossed with three predator-cue treatments (no predators, adult newts [Notophthalmus viridescens], or larval dragonflies [Anax junius]). Without predator cues, mortality rates from Roundup were consistent with past studies. Combined with cues from the most risky predator (i.e., dragonflies), Roundup became less lethal (in direct contrast to past laboratory studies). This reduction in mortality was likely caused by the herbicide stratifying in the water column and predator cues scaring the tadpoles down to the benthos where herbicide concentrations were lower. Even more striking was the discovery that Roundup induced morphological changes in the tadpoles. In wood frog and leopard frog tadpoles, Roundup induced relatively deeper tails in the same direction and of the same magnitude as the adaptive changes induced by dragonfly cues. To my knowledge, this is the first study to show that a pesticide can induce morphological changes in a vertebrate. Moreover, the data suggest that the herbicide might be activating the tadpoles' developmental pathways used for antipredator responses. Collectively, these discoveries suggest that the world's most widely applied herbicide may have much further-reaching effects on nontarget species than previous considered.
Infection prevention and control in nursing homes: a qualitative study of decision-making regarding isolation-based practices

Background Isolation-based practices in nursing homes (NHs) differ from those in acute care. NHs must promote quality of life while preventing infection transmission. Practices used in NHs to reconcile these goals of care have not been characterised. Purpose To explore decision-making in isolation-based infection prevention and control practices in NHs. Methods A qualitative study was conducted with staff (eg, staff nurses, infection prevention directors and directors of nursing) employed in purposefully sampled US NHs. Semistructured, role-specific interview guides were developed and interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using directed content analysis. The research team discussed emerging themes in weekly meetings to confirm consensus. Results We inferred from 73 interviews in 10 NHs that there was variation between NHs in practices regarding who was isolated, when isolation-based practices took place, how they were implemented, and how they were tailored for each resident. Interviewees’ decision-making depended on staff perceptions of acceptable transmission risk and resident quality of life. NH
Effect of delayed toxicity of chemical barriers to control Argentine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Abstract Brief exposures of Argentine ants to four different insecticide treatments, bifenthrin, β-cyfluthrin, bifenthrin + β-cyfluthrin, and fipronil, were conducted to determine Kaplan–Meier product limit survivorship percentiles (SPs) at 21–23 and 27–29°C. Bifenthrin, β-cyfluthrin, and bifenthrin + β-cyfluthrin provided rapid kill at 21–23°C with SP10 values ranging from 11.2 to 33.7 min. Fipronil provided delayed toxicity at 21–23°C with SP10 values ranging from 270 to 960 min. At 27–29°C, all of the SP10 values significantly decreased. Field tests in which Argentine ants were induced to forage across insecticide-treated surfaces were used to determine the effect that speed of action has on foraging and recruitment ability, and whether these insecticides are repellent. The slower-acting fipronil allowed a greater amount of foraging and consequently a greater fraction of the colony to be exposed, whereas fast-acting bifenthrin, β-cyfluthrin, and bifenthrin + β-cyfluthrin inhibited recruitment, resultin...
Donor funded Open Educational Resources: making the case

Purpose – This paper aims to explain the concept of Open Educational Resources (OER) and how libraries can make a good case to donors to fund these types of projects. Design/methodology/approach – The literature reveals that donors have been willing to support projects that save students money on textbooks. Course reserves have traditionally been a popular model. More recently, libraries have found funding for OER initiatives. These types of initiatives are discussed and several case studies of donors currently funding OER projects are examined. Findings – Donors, internal and external to the library and to the university, have shown an interest in funding projects that reduce textbook costs for students. They have funded course reserves in the past and have begun to fund OER projects. There are both qualitative and quantitative methods to induce donors to fund these types of projects. Practical implications – Libraries have traditionally supported the mission of access to information and for academic lib...
Introducing BrowZine, a Tablet and Phone-Based Reader for the JSSC

Discusses the launching of BrowZine, a tablet and phone-based journal reader for the IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS (JSSC).
Analytical Fault Detection for a Small UAV

Fault tolerance is essential to increasingly autonomous systems, especially for safetycritical applications with dangerous failure consequences. The choice of a fault detection is frequently platform dependent. Some algorithms rely on knowledge of underlying system dynamics while some eschew this modeling in favor of data-driven anomaly detection. This paper considers fault detection and identification (FDI) for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) using both approaches and applying those algorithms to experimental faulted and unfaulted flight test data. Flight tests are conducted with actuator faults that affect the plant input and sensor faults that affect the vehicle state measurements. A model-based fault detection strategy is designed and uses robust linear filtering methods to reject exogenous disturbances, e.g. wind, while providing robustness to model variation. A data-driven algorithm is developed to operate exclusively on raw flight test data without detailed system knowledge. The fault detection and isolation performance of these complementary but different methods is compared.
A Conceptual Analysis of Group Structure

A A recent article,' the author preseinted a dlefiniition of the concepts, "social position" and "social role." It wvill be the objective of this paper to extenid that dliscussionl, wlhich endcled wvith an analvsis of certaini interpositional pheniomenia, to the group level of analysis. In so doiIng, certaii1 weaknIesses believed to exist in curreInt theory wvill be the prime targets of attack. Those weaknesses mnay be summIiarizedi as follows: (1) Present theory mlakes it clifficult for social scientists to agree oI what empiricallv constitutes a group siince n1o theoretically adlequate meanis of establishing group boundaries exists. (2) Currenit theory glosses over the problem of the cyclical, periodic, or intermittent nature of eveni the most permanieint groups.' (3) At present, our theory dloes not allowv us to treat group behavior adlequately in terms of the fundlamenital concepts of Position andl Role. For this reason, our study of structural chainge andl Clyinam--ics is limited. The followinig cliscussion presents a set of dlefinitionis andcl postulates relatinig to the use of these lefiinitionis, which it is believed wvill allowv us to overcome at least some of these dlifficulties. In so doinlg, aIn attemlipt is made to rem-iaini logically coInsisteint wNNith the conicepts outliined in the earlier paper, especially wheIn the traInsitioIn is miiade froIm the level of positional structure to the level of group structure.'
Explosive damage of chemical device to structure of equipment workshop in some factory:investigation and simulation analysis

After the chemical explosion spot investigation on a certain factory,the damage state of the reinforcement concrete frame structural members in an equipment building is classified and described.The simulation analysis is made by means of finite element method,in order to obtain the response of the frame structural members under static loading and impulsive force.The numeral simulation analytic result is agreement with that of spot investigation.Some meaningful conclusions are obtained.
Gender and Risk Assessment in Juvenile Offenders: A Meta-Analysis

Although young males are still the primary perpetrators of juvenile crime, the percentage of girls experiencing criminal justice system contact has risen. To identify effective interventions and ad...
Developing a Research Portfolio as a Medical Student

Research drives medicine forward: The ability to formulate and answer scientific questions about the human body, disease, medicine, and healthcare delivery allows physicians to improve patient care. Thus, engaging in research is a natural step for students who have committed their professional lives to the health of others. This chapter will discuss why research experience is important for medical students, the types of research in medicine, and how students can be successful in building their research portfolio during medical school. This chapter examines ways to improve each step of the process: from deciding on a mentor and specialty, to completing a research project, to packaging a research portfolio in a curriculum vita.
Adventures in divalent early transition metal coordination chemistry: On the way to metal–metal bonded species

Abstract During the search for appropriate early-transition-element starting materials to generate dinuclear paddlewheel species having metal–metal bonded cores of the type M 2 4+ , it was necessary to gain more insight into the relatively unexplored coordination chemistries of divalent vanadium, niobium and titanium. Here it is shown how an increased understanding of the chemical behavior eventually led to such species for vanadium and niobium while those of titanium remain elusive. The narrative chronicles some of the strategies behind the preparations and also how careful data analyses provided the blueprint for fully-designed syntheses. Even though the emphasis is on the syntheses, the figures show the structures of the compounds synthesized and structurally characterized in our laboratory in conjunction with Al Cotton.
Making personalized movie recommendations for children

Multimedia have significant impact on the social and psychological development of children who are often explored to inappropriate materials, including movies that are either accessible online or through other multimedia channels. Even though not all movies are bad, there are negative effects of offensive languages, violence, and sexuality as exhibited in movies. Parents and guidance of children need all the help they can get to promote the healthy use of movies these days. To offer them appropriate movies of interest to their youths, we have developed MovReC, a personalized movie recommender for children, which is designed to provide educational and suitable entertaining opportunities for children. Unlike Amazon and other online movie recommendation systems, such as Common Sense Media, IMDb, and TasteKid, MovReC is unique, since to the best of our knowledge MovReC is the first personalized children movie recommender. Moreover, MovReC determines the appealingness of a movie for a particular user based on its children-appropriate score computed by using the Backpropagation model, pre-defined category using LDA, its predicted rating using Matrix Factorization, and sentiments based on its users' reviews, which along with its like/dislike count and genres, yield the features considered by MovReC. MovReC combines these features by using the CombMNZ model to rank and recommend movies. The performance evaluation of MovReC clearly demonstrates its effectiveness and its recommended movies are highly regarded by its users.
Comprehensibility and intelligibility of international student speech: Comparing perceptions of university EAP instructors and content faculty

Abstract Many international students at U.S. universities study in intensive English courses to improve their language skills before taking content-oriented courses toward their degrees. English for Academic Purposes (EAP) instructors in intensive courses and university faculty in content courses both listen to international student speech, but it is unclear whether they perceive it similarly or differently. In the present study, two groups (Content Faculty and EAP Instructors) provided comprehensibility ratings and transcribed an excerpt of speech from international students. Both groups of participants answered questions about their experience with the English of international students and other non-native speakers and their attitudes towards the English proficiency of international students. Comprehensibility ratings and intelligibility scores for both groups were similar, but EAP Instructors were able to transcribe more accurately for less-intelligible speakers. Content Faculty with negative attitudes towards international students’ language abilities gave lower comprehensibility ratings than those with positive attitudes, even though their transcription accuracy was equivalent. These results strengthen our understanding of the relationship between comprehensibility and intelligibility and have implications for university EAP curricula.
Abstract 878: A new SOX2/OCT4 stem cell biosensor reveals the mechanism of cancer stem cell dissemination in human breast cancer

There is increasing consensus that cancer stem cells (CSC) play an important role during metastatic progression of breast cancer. Previous studies have shown that stem cells display a pro-invasive phenotype in breast cancer. However, the phenotypes specific to breast cancer stem cells have not been evaluated at single cell resolution in vivo. Here, we employ high-resolution intravital two-photon microscopy in both orthotopic xenograft tumors, and their metastases, formed from human breast cancer cell lines expressing a previously characterized SOX2/OCT4 transcription-based fluorescent stem cell biosensor (SORE6). Using this high resolution imaging technology we found that SORE6+ stem cells: (a) constitute a minority population of the primary mammary tumors, (b) move approximately ten times slower than non-stem breast cancer cells (0.1 vs 1.1 µm/min, respectively), (c) are migratory toward blood vessels and, (d) compared to non-stem cells, they are enriched for invasive cellular protrusions called invadopodia. This is important because we have shown that these phenotypes are specifically associated with the disseminating population of tumor cells in the primary tumor site and, in addition, invadopodia are required for transendothelial migration during intravasation. Stem cells also have a three-fold higher incidence of direct contact with macrophages compared to non-stem cells. In fact, stem cells were frequently seen to be part of the tripartite macrophage-tumor cell- endothelial cell complex called TMEM, which was previously shown to be the doorway for intravasation of tumor cells in primary mammary tumors and is validated as a prognostic of metastasis in human breast cancer patients. Furthermore, we followed breast cancer stem cell dissemination to the lung by using a novel lung window for high resolution imaging of the lung (WHRIL), which allows visualization of the same lung tissue in a single mouse, serially, over days to weeks. Using WHRIL, in combination with intravital multiphoton microscopy and the above biosensor, we visualized the arrival, extravasation and outgrowth of spontaneously arriving breast tumor cells in the lung. We report here for the first time, the kinetics and stemness state of the spontaneously metastasizing tumor cells and, the record at single cell resolution, of their fate and metastatic outgrowth in the lung over time. Citation Format: Ved P. Sharma, Sonia Voiculescu, Yarong Wang, George S. Karagiannis, Binwu Tang, Lalage Wakefield, David Entenberg, Sumanta Goswami, Maja Oktay, John Condeelis. A new SOX2/OCT4 stem cell biosensor reveals the mechanism of cancer stem cell dissemination in human breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 878. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-878
Aerosol furosemide for dyspnea: High-dose controlled delivery does not improve effectiveness.

Published studies have shown great variability in response when aerosolized furosemide has been tested as a palliative treatment for dyspnea. We hypothesized that a higher furosemide dose with controlled aerosol administration would produce consistent dyspnea relief. We optimized deposition by controlling inspiratory flow (300-500mL/s) and tidal volume (15% predicted vital capacity) while delivering 3.4μm aerosol from either saline or 80mg of furosemide. We induced dyspnea in healthy subjects by varying inspired PCO2 while restricting minute ventilation. Subjects rated "Breathing Discomfort" on a Visual Analog Scale (BDVAS, 100% Full Scale≡intolerable). At the PETCO2 producing 60% BDVAS pre-treatment, furosemide produced a clinically meaningful reduction of BDVAS (i.e., >20% FS) in 5/11 subjects; saline reduced dyspnea in 3/11 subjects; neither treatment worsened dyspnea in any subject. Furosemide and saline treatment effects were not statistically different. There were no significant adverse events. Higher furosemide dose and controlled delivery did not improve consistency of treatment effect compared with prior studies.
Perceived Racial Discrimination and DNA Methylation Among African American Women in the InterGEN Study

Introduction:Experiences of racial discrimination have been associated with poor health outcomes. Little is known, however, about how perceived racial discrimination influences DNA methylation (DNAm) among African Americans (AAs). We examined the association of experiences of discrimination with DNAm among AA women in the Intergenerational Impact of Genetic and Psychological Factors on Blood Pressure (InterGEN) study.Methods:The InterGEN study examines the effects of genetic and psychological factors on blood pressure among AA women and their children. Measures include the Major Life Discrimination (MLD) and the Race-Related Events (RES) scales. In the present analysis, we examined discrimination and DNAm at baseline in the InterGEN study. The 850K EPIC Illumina BeadChip was used for evaluating DNAm in this epigenome-wide association study (EWAS).Results:One hundred and fifty-two women contributed data for the RES-EWAS analysis and 147 for the MLD-EWAS analysis. Most were 30–39 years old, nonsmokers, had ...
Variability in the Use of Simulation for Procedural Training in Radiology Residency: Opportunities for Improvement.

Objective Increased attention to quality and safety has led to a re-evaluation of the classic apprenticeship model for procedural training. Many have proposed simulation as a supplementary teaching tool. The purpose of this study was to assess radiology resident exposure to procedural training and procedural simulation. Materials and Methods An IRB-exempt online survey was distributed to current radiology residents in the United States by e-mail. Survey results were summarized using frequency and percentages. Chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis where appropriate. Results A total of 353 current residents completed the survey. 37% (n = 129/353) of respondents had never used procedure simulation. Of the residents who had used simulation, most did not do so until after having already performed procedures on patients (59%, n = 132/223). The presence of a dedicated simulation center was reported by over half of residents (56%, n = 196/353) and was associated with prior simulation experience (P = 0.007). Residents who had not had procedural simulation were somewhat likely or highly likely (3 and 4 on a 4-point Likert-scale) to participate if it were available (81%, n = 104/129). Simulation training was associated with higher comfort levels in performing procedures (P Conclusions Although procedural simulation training is associated with higher comfort levels when performing procedures, there is variable use in radiology resident training and its use is not currently optimized. Given the increased emphasis on patient safety, these results suggest the need to increase procedural simulation use during residency, including an earlier introduction to simulation before patient exposure.
Hookah Use and Perceptions among Young Adult Hookah Users.

Background: Despite declining cigarette use, hookah use has increased substantially among youth and young adults. This is alarming, as hookah can lead to the same health risks as cigarettes and expose users to a high amount of smoke, nicotine, and toxicants. Determining patterns of hookah use and perceptions in young adults is important in prevention efforts. Methods: Structured in-person interviews were conducted for this qualitative study in June 2016. Twenty-three hookah users between the ages of 18 and 29 years living in Austin, TX who were not currently enrolled in a college or university completed the interview. NVivo 11 Pro was utilized to code transcribed transcripts for common themes among participants. Results: When trying hookah for the first time, all participants had used flavored tobacco, with fruit flavors being most popular at initiation and for current use. Many participants initiated hookah use under the age of 18 years old. While only one participant initiated hookah use alone, one-third of participants had smoked hookah alone, not in the company of others. The majority of participants owned or previously owned their own hookah device. Common motivational factors for hookah use involved being social, taste, and the calming/relaxation effect. Participants perceived hookah use to be both harmful and addictive; however, many participants were unsure if hookah was more harmful to health than cigarettes. Conclusion: Young adults who are not currently enrolled in college may have similar hookah use behaviors and risk perceptions as do college students, yet non-college students in this sample are using hookah alone and report owning a hookah device. This study supports the need for research on the effect of policy changes on hookah use, receptivity to warning labels, and programs to correct misperceptions.
Manipul8: an interactive experience to inspire pattern-based algebraic thinking and representational fluency

Transitioning students from arithmetic to algebraic thinking is a primary challenge in mathematics education. Visual patterns and physical manipulatives can be helpful, but students often struggle to see the connections between different representations. Manipul8 combines visual patterns with physical manipulatives and provides digital scaffolding to help students develop representational fluency. Using a tabletop tangible user interface, students manipulate equation frames with cutouts for quadratic, linear, and constant terms. Tangible, interchangeable terms are represented either traditionally or as quantities of shapes. The projected digital image provides real-time feedback showing algebraic growth patterns generated from the user-chosen equation structure and terms. Color provides scaffolding for noticing the connections between the equation's terms and visual-pattern-based representations.
Effect of free fall on higher plants.

The influence of exposure to the free-fall state on the orientation, morphogenesis, physiology, and radiation response of higher plants is briefly summarized. It is proposed that the duration of the space-flight experiments has been to brief to permit meaningful effects of free fall on general biochemistry, growth, and development to appear. However, two types of significant effect did occur. The first is on differential growth - i.e., tropism and epinasty - resulting from the absence of a normal geostimulus. For these phenomena it is suggested that ground-based experiments with the clinostat would suffice to mimic the effect of the free-fall state. The second is an apparent interaction between the radiation response and some flight condition, yielding an enhanced microspore abortion, a disturbed spindle function, and a stunting of stamen hairs. It is suggested that this apparent interaction may be derived from a shift in the rhythm of the cell cycle, induced by the free fall.
Structure and dynamic studies by NMR of the potent sweet protein monellin and a non-sweet analog: Evidence on the importance of residue AspB7 for sweet taste

Monellin, an intensely sweet protein and a non-sweet analog in which the AspB7 in monellin has been replaced with AbuB7 were studied by NMR. The results of our investigations show that the 3-dimensional structure of these two proteins are very similar indicating that the lack of the β-carboxyl group in the AbuB7 analog is responsible for the loss of sweet potency. Selectively labeled monellin was prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis by incorporating 15N-labeled amino acids into 10 key positions including AspB7. The internal mobility of these 10 key residues in monellin was estimated by the method of model-free analyses and our NMR studies show that AspB7 is the most flexible of these 10 residues. The flexibility of the AspB7 side chain may be important for receptor binding.
Predicting Renal Recovery After Dialysis-Requiring Acute Kidney Injury

Introduction After dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury (AKI-D), recovery of sufficient kidney function to discontinue dialysis is an important clinical and patient-oriented outcome. Predicting the probability of recovery in individual patients is a common dilemma. Methods This cohort study examined all adult members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California who experienced AKI-D between January 2009 and September 2015 and had predicted inpatient mortality of Results Among 2214 patients with AKI-D, mean age was 67.1 years, 40.8% were women, and 54.0% were white; 40.9% of patients recovered. Patients who recovered were younger, had higher baseline estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) and preadmission hemoglobin levels, and were less likely to have prior heart failure or chronic liver disease. Stepwise logistic regression applied to bootstrapped samples identified baseline eGFR, preadmission hemoglobin level, chronic liver disease, and age as the predictors most commonly associated with coming off dialysis within 90 days. Our final logistic regression model including these predictors had a correlation coefficient between observed and predicted probabilities of 0.97, with a c-index of 0.64. An alternate CART approach did not outperform the logistic regression model (c-index 0.61). Conclusion We developed and cross-validated a parsimonious prediction model for recovery after AKI-D with excellent calibration using routinely available clinical data. However, the model’s modest discrimination limits its clinical utility. Further research is needed to develop better prediction tools.
Abstract MP52: Racial Disparity in Habitual Sleep Pattern Among Adolescents is Modified by Caloric Intake

Introduction: Racial-ethnic minorities have been reported to sleep shorter and have worse sleep quality compared to non-Hispanic whites. Furthermore, nutrition intake has been associated with marke...
Wind Turbine Measurements and Scattering Model Comparison in the High Frequency Band-Part 2: Full Farm Measurements

This paper describes the second in a series of recent wind turbine scattering measurements conducted to validate a High Frequency (HF) wind farm interference model. This model was developed to predict the potential interference that may occur if a wind farm is constructed too close to an Over-the-Horizon Radar (OTHR) site. We begin with a review of the major components of the full-field electromagnetic model and briefly review the first series of measurements that were conducted January 2017 in North Carolina. The intent of the earlier testing was to characterize scattering from a single wind turbine. The purpose of this paper is to describe the second series of tests conducted during July 2017 with the goal of investigating the electromagnetic scattering from a fully operating wind farm. We provide an overview of the full-farm testing and example measurement results along with full-farm model predictions. The measured multi-turbine data were found to exhibit signal-level fluctuations versus time but the mean levels were very close to the modeled levels.
ALMOND: Adaptive Latent Modeling and Optimization via Neural Networks and Langevin Diffusion

Latent variable models cover a broad range of statistical and machine learning models, such as Bayesian models, linear mixed models, and Gaussian mixture models. Existing methods often suffer from ...
Rethinking Right-Wing Women: Gender And The Conservative Party, 1880s To The Present

The Conservative Party in Great Britain presents an interesting conundrum: Both female prime ministers came from the party, yet the party continues to lag behind its peers in terms of female member...