cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural modification of Ge–Se amorphous films with the addition of Sb

Extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) measurements were undertaken to understand the structural modification of amorphous Ge–Se films that occurs with the addition of Sb. We found that Ge–Ge bonds exist along with Ge–Se bonds in Ge-rich Ge–Se films. These bonds disappear with increasing Se content, to the extent that Ge–Se bonds predominate in stoichiometric GeSe2 films. When Ge is replaced by Sb, stable Sb–Se bonds are formed; concurrently, the proportion of Ge–Ge bonds is decreased at the expense of Ge–Se bonds. As a result, GeSbSe glasses have a more stable and stronger network structure.
Single Unit Activity of Anterior Hypothalamus during Local Heating

There are heat-sensitive units in the anterior hypothalamus which respond with an increase of discharge frequency to a rise in hypothalamic temperature of less than 1 degrees C. The increase of unit discharge occurred in advance of the onset of polypnea , and the unit has little phasic response or after discharge, and shows little adaptation.
Global change implications on long-term water supply and demand forecasts in the columbia river basin

The Columbia River Basin (CRB) encompasses parts of seven US states and British Columbia in Canada over a land mass approximately the size of France. It is a vital part of the ecosystem and economies of the entire region. The CRB, like many watersheds around the world, is experiencing increased pressure on water resources and ecosystems, due to population growth, threatened and endangered species, economic development, and climate change. Irrigation is responsible for the majority of consumptive use in the watershed so the implications of climate change are a tremendous concern as we strive to feed a growing population. To facilitate strategic planning and investment, the State of Washington requires a long-term water supply and demand forecast (the Forecast) every five years. An interdisciplinary WSU research team integrated three biophysical models with an agricultural economics model to conduct a system-wide assessment of how future environmental and economic conditions are likely to change water supply and demand by 2030. Timing of supply changes will shift water away from the Sustainable Irrigation and Drainage IV 77 www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line) WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, Vol 168, © 201 WIT Press 2 doi:10.2495/SI120071 times when demands are highest. Unregulated surface water supply at the mouth of the watershed will decrease an average of 14.3% between June and October, and increase an average of 17.5% between November and May. The model predicts an additional 141,000 acre-feet (17.3 MCM) of water will be required just to maintain existing irrigation in Washington. The average gross revenue per acre for irrigated land in Washington was estimated to be $3,500 and average water use is 3.1 acre feet per acre. Applying these two values to the 141,000 acre foot shortage translates into a decrease in value of production of $159 million per year although actual losses would likely be less as farmers could reduce water demand by favoring less water intensive crops such as wine grapes or chose to reduce production of lower value irrigated crops first. Within the entire CRB, an estimated 298,500 acre-feet of additional water will be needed. Localized impacts could be more severe than the broader overall averages. The Forecast will help the State of Washington’s Office of Columbia River strategically fund water supply projects by improving understanding of where additional water supply is most critically needed, now and in the future.
Strategies for sequencing as a planning task

The paper summarizes an ongoing investigation of the discourse planning tasks concerned with the sequencing of utterances and their parts. Content selection provides some important constraints on sequencing, most notably those derived from the preconditions and effects of planning operators. However these operators underconstrain sequencing, especially below the granularity at which they interface with a domain knowledge source. Further constraints are available from the integrative processes of the hearer or reader and from working memory limits. Application of these constraints is a matter for discourse planning because the choices relate to one's communicative goals. The planning task is one of translating functionally relevant relationships between units to be ordered into ordering constraints. A collection of strategies for this task are presented. Some of the strategies were used in an earlier implemented system; many are justified by prior psycholinguistic research. Also discussed include current efforts to extend the work to focus structure in general, and to address the handling of conflicts between strategies.
New Leaders with Old Lenses? China’s Conflict Frames Toward Taiwan, 2003–2013

An analysis of PRC leaders’ public communication with respect to Taiwan from 2003 to 2013 shows the presence of three conflict frames: aspiration, process and image. Chinese leaders most often use the process frame to convey the preferred process through which both sides could find a common ground. These messages are reinforced by rhetoric about China’s capacity, resolve and sincerity to reach out to Taiwan for peaceful solutions. Communication of China’s own aspirations of national unification is usually less visible. However, it becomes more prominent when the Taiwanese are not the intended audience, indicating its utility in rallying internal support. Using these frames as broad parameters, the paper discusses how they may have influenced policy actions toward Taiwan in the early days of the Xi administration.
Generalized Rogers-Ramanujan bijections

1. INTRODUCTION In [S] we presented a short combinatorial proof of the first Rogers- Ramanujan identity which states that for any n 2 1 the partitions of n into parts with difference at least two are equinumerous with the partitions of n in which all parts are congruent to + 1 (mod 5). As an example, there are six partitions of 10 with difference at least two and six partitions of 10 with parts congruent to k 1 (mod 5). Our proof established the following bijection between these two sets of partitions of 10:
Dangerously misunderstood: Representative jurors' reactions to expert testimony on future dangerousness in a sexually violent predator trial.

Past research examining the effects of psychological expert testimony concerning future dangerousness in sexual violent predator commitment trials has produced equivocal results on whether mock jurors are more influenced by intuitive clinical expert testimony than empirically based actuarial testimony. This study advances this line of research by examining these effects using a more ecologically valid sample of 156 venire jurors who watched a simulated, videotaped SVP trial based on a case transcript. As predicted, jurors were more influenced by the less scientific, clinical expert testimony. The data provided only limited support for a theoretical explanation based on Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory (CEST). The policy im- plications of these results are discussed. In the United States legal system, predictions of an individual's future likelihood of reoffense or violence have a long history. These predictions are employed in many legal determinations that have significant liberty implications for the individuals involved, from bail decisions to capital sentencing. In the last 20 years, a significant minority of states have adopted Sexually Violent Predator or Person laws (hereinafter SVP laws). These modified civil commitment laws allow for postincarceration civil confinement of sexual offenders who are found likely to commit future acts of sexual violence. In these legal adjudications, mental health experts proffer expert testimony on whether or not a specific individual poses a future danger. Yet, almost since the inception of dangerous- ness-based legal standards, the expertise of mental health professionals on these matters has been questioned (e.g., Krauss & Sales, 2001; LaFond, 2005; see Slobogin, 2006 for a detailed discussion of these issues). Historically, courts have been largely deaf to the cries of critics in these important legal decisions. Beginning with the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision inBare-
Quantitative real-time monitoring of chemical reactions by autosampling flow injection analysis coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

Although qualitative and/or semiquantitative real-time monitoring of chemical reactions have been reported with a few mass spectrometric approaches, to our knowledge, no quantitative mass spectrometric approach has been reported so far to have a calibration valid up to molar concentrations as required by process control. This is mostly due to the absence of a practical solution that could well address the sample overloading issue. In this study, a novel autosampling flow injection analysis coupled with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (FIA/APCI-MS) system, consisting of a 1 μL automatic internal sample injector, a postinjection splitter with 1:10 splitting ratio, and a detached APCI source connected to the mass spectrometer using a 4.5 in. long, 0.042 in. inner diameter (ID) stainless-steel capillary, was thus introduced. Using this system together with an optional FIA solvent modifier, e.g., 0.05% (v/v) isopropylamine, a linear quantitative calibration up to molar concentrati...
Synthesizing the interests of consumers, citizens, and administrators in gathering client feedback.

Abstract In a large metropolitan county's mental health system program evaluators involved consumer representatives, advisory board, and administrators in a client feedback study. The evaluators presented the groups with a “menu” of possible questions, and members of each group selected items where it would be particularly useful to know the opinions of clients. The groups did not agree about the kinds of questions that were desirable. The evaluators created a survey instrument that included high-priority items from each group. The survey was completed by 205 outpatients in three sites. Clients expressed a nearunanimous opinion about some questions, while on other issues there was no client consensus. In human service systems where decision making is shared by people with potentially conflicting interests, the authors recommend polling groups of decision-makers and then uniting their interests in a study of client feedback.
The interaction of electromagnetic waves in a plasma

Abstract It has been known for some time that when two electromagnetic waves are simultaneously propagated through a plasma, an interaction will take place. An elementary analysis of this effect in the absence of a magnetic field is presented which does not resort to mean-free-path or relaxation time techniques. The results bring out clearly the nature of the interaction and allow it to be discussed quite simply for arbitrary electron scattering cross section. For clarity the various parameters encountered are assumed to take on values which give the simplest possible result. Elastic collisions only are considered.
The Geant4-based BABAR simulation

The simulation production code for the BABAR experiment is based on the Geant4 toolkit. In a typical e/sup +/e/sup -/ - /spl Upsi/(4s) = B/sup 0/B/sup 0/ event, between 30 and 60 tracks are produced in the generator and propagated through the detector, using decay, electromagnetic and hadronic processes provided by the Geant4 toolkit. The material model of the detector is very detailed and a special particle transportation module was developed so that minute features would be sampled in the propagation without sacrificing performance. The propagation phase for such an event requires 3.8 CPU seconds on an 866 MHz processor. Execution speeds for other BABAR event types will also be presented. Validation of simulated events against data from BABAR and other experiments is ongoing, and the results of Monte Carlo/data comparisons will he shown. A discussion of the design of the simulation code and its robustness, how the Geant4 toolkit is used, and ongoing efforts to improve the agreement between data and Monte Carlo will also be presented.
SM 21 attenuates the convulsive and locomotor stimulatory effects of cocaine in mice.

Abstract Cocaine interacts with σ receptors at physiologically relevant concentrations. While earlier studies demonstrate that antagonism of σ1 receptors attenuates the behavioral actions of cocaine, the contribution of σ2 receptors is unclear. Therefore, in the present study, 3α-tropanyl-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)butyrate ((±)-SM 21), a compound with high and preferential affinity for σ2 receptors, was tested for its ability to attenuate cocaine-induced behaviors. Pre-treatment of Swiss Webster mice with (±)-SM 21 significantly attenuated cocaine-induced convulsions and locomotor activity.
Effects of Backlight Structure on Absorption Experiments

The impact of spectral details in the backlight of absorption spectroscopy experiments is considered. It is shown that experimentally unresolved structure in the backlight spectrum can introduce significant errors in the inferred transmission. Furthermore, it is shown that a valuable experimental procedure previously used to test the accuracy of the data fails to reveal these errors.
Seeing satellite data

Complex scientific visualizations are becoming standard parts of many educational experiences, both in and out of schools. We found that satellite visualizations used by ocean scientists were difficult for teachers, students, and museum visitors to understand. The research reported on here documents some of those difficulties and explores alternate visualizations that proved more robust for novice users of the data. Five different visualizations of two ocean properties as sensed by satellites are shown and their affordances and constraints for both scientists and novice users are discussed. We illustrate the importance of incorporating culturally meaningful color representations and measurement scales for designing education materials using satellite data.
Associative memory in fractal neural networks

Neural networks consisting of small subnetworks interconnected in a layered hierarchy are described, and their performance as associative memories is analyzed. The networks are fractal when the subnetworks corresponding to different layers have the same geometric forms but different sizes and may be related to different spatial frequencies in the pattern field. Information is stored naturally in the form of subpatterns and retrieved in the form of their permutations. Storage of two subpatterns or of mutually orthogonal subpatterns in each of the subnetworks, which is shown to guarantee local stability at the stored subpatterns, can be readily accomplished by simple saturation and threshold mechanisms. The error-correction capability of the subnetworks in a fractal network is shown to be higher than that of disconnected subnetworks of the same sizes due to the interlayer connections. >
The Impact of Brazilian Biofuel Production on Amazônia

Global energy demand will increase through the twenty-first century. Competition for energy resources has already revealed geopolitical fault lines, and the dependence of industrial economies on fo...
Lupus pregnancy. II. Unusual pattern of hypocomplementemia and thrombocytopenia in the pregnant patient.

To explore the causes of complications in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we prospectively evaluated 34 pregnancies in 28 SLE patients, and 2 additional pregnancies in patients with lupus anticoagulant and positive antinuclear antibody, but no other manifestations of SLE. Nineteen pregnancies (55%) were complicated by marked proteinuria, thrombocytopenia, and/or lupus anticoagulant. Hypocomplementemia occurred in 18 pregnancies (52%). Neither thrombocytopenia-anticoagulant nor proteinuria was accompanied by an increase in antibody to double-stranded DNA or by clinical signs of active SLE. Antibody to Ro antigen did not predict fetal death. Both thrombocytopenia and proteinuria appeared abruptly during pregnancy and disappeared quickly after delivery. Fetal death was the result in 7 of 9 (77%) pregnancies in patients with anticoagulant, 6 of 10 (60%) in patients with thrombocytopenia, 6 of 18 (33%) in patients with hypocomplementemia, and 3 of 11 (27%) in patients with proteinuria. Twenty of 29 (68%) children were identified as male. The pathogenesis of hypocomplementemia was evaluated by a new assay, C1s-C1 inhibitor complex, which is thought to measure rate of complement activation by the classical pathway. Most pregnant patients with low CH50 levels and proteinuria had normal levels of C1s-C1 inhibitor complex, whereas nonpregnant patients with equivalent proteinuria and hypocomplementemia had high levels, as did pregnant patients with hypocomplementemia who did not have SLE. Pregnant and nonpregnant hypocomplementemic patients with proteinuria had similar levels of C3 and C4. In pregnant patients with SLE, C1s-C1 inhibitor complex was independent of CH50; in nonpregnant patients a linear relationship between C1s-C1 inhibitor complex and CH50 was seen. We conclude that hypocomplementemia and probably thrombocytopenia (with anticoagulant) occur via different mechanisms in pregnant and nonpregnant patients with SLE.
The Great White Hope: A Forgotten Biopic?

(2011). The Great White Hope: A Forgotten Biopic? a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 26, Biopics and American National Identity, pp. 53-67.
ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT MODELS FOR SURFACE WAVE AND PLATE WAVE INSPECTIONS

A complete ultrasonic measurement model for surface and plate wave inspections is obtained, where all the electrical, electromechanical, and acoustic/elastic elements are explicitly described. Reciprocity principles are used to describe the acoustic/elastic elements specifically in terms of an integral of the incident and scattered wave fields over the surface of the flaw. As with the case of bulk waves, if one assumes the incident surface waves or plate waves are locally planar at the flaw surface, the overall measurement model reduces to a very modular form where the far‐field scattering amplitude of the flaw appears explicitly.
Rangeland Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Population Dynamics: Insights from Catastrophe Theory

Catastrophe Theory is a branch of mathematics that provides a framework for studying discontinuous phenomena. Application of the cusp catastrophe, a model with two driving or control variables, indicates that rangeland grasshopper population dynamics are catastrophic. Based on bimonthly temperature and precipitation, the cusp catastrophe modeled changes in grasshopper populations dynamics in four ecotopographic regions of Wyoming with an accuracy significantly better than chance. Although there were differences in model performance among regions, the best predictions generally occurred when the changes were large-scale outbreaks (30–45% of the total area of a region) of economic densities (≥9.6 grasshoppers/m2). Because winter weather, particularly in climatically extreme years, is correlated with spring weather, it appears that the climate in December–January has predictive value with regard to population dynamics in the following spring. However, when temperature and precipitation during hatching and early development of grasshoppers (April–May) are used as the control variables, the cusp catastrophe most accurately models the observed population dynamics.
Single-mode, narrow-linewidth external cavity quantum cascade laser through optical feedback from a partial-reflector.

An external-cavity (EC) quantum cascade (QC) laser using optical feedback from a partial-reflector is reported. With this configuration, the otherwise multi-mode emission of a Fabry-Perot QC laser was made single-mode with optical output powers exceeding 40 mW. A mode-hop free tuning range of 2.46 cm−1 was achieved by synchronously tuning the EC length and QC laser current. The linewidth of the partial-reflector EC-QC laser was measured for integration times from 100 μs to 4 seconds, and compared to a distributed feedback QC laser. Linewidths as small as 480 kHz were recorded for the EC-QC laser.
Transforming growth factor-β2 induces expression of biologically active bone morphogenetic protein-1 in human trabecular meshwork cells.

Purpose. There are limited studies on the factors that regulate the processing of TGF-β2 and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins into their mature form. Bone morphogenic protein 1 (BMP1) is an enzyme responsible for the cleavage and maturation of growth factors and ECM proteins. The purpose of our study was to determine whether cultured human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells express BMP1, BMP1 expression is regulated by TGF-β2, BMP1 is biologically active, and BMP1 regulates LOX activity.
Rapid staining procedures for differentiating plant virus inclusions in epidermal strips.

Abstract A simple staining procedure was developed for differentiating plant virus inclusions in epidermal strips. A solvent utilizing methyl Cellosolve as a major constituent was used as a vehicle for three staining combinations: calcomine orange-“luxol” brilliant green, congo rubin-methyl green, and phloxine-methylene blue. The strips were studied by mounting either in dilute stain or in Euparal. The procedure was used to stain inclusions formed by the following viruses: tobacco mosaic, tobacco etch, clover yellow mosaic, potato Y, tomato aucuba mosaic, potato X, bean yellow mosaic, bean common mosaic, watermelon mosaic, and sugar cane mosaic. These procedures were found valuable in selecting material for study with the electron microscope and in diagnosing plant virus infections.
Decreased cell proliferation and altered cytokine production in frail older adults

Background and aims: Frailty is a geriatric syndrome that predicts increased morbidity and mortality. In order to investigate specific immune system modulations that may contribute to frailty, eleven age-and sex-matched pairs of community-dwelling frail and non-frail older adults were identified. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and PBMC proliferation and production of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α, and IL-10 in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined. Results: We found that frail subjects had a significantly lower LPS-induced PBMC proliferation ratio compared with non-frail subjects (2.1±0.9 vs 3.1±1.9, p<0.03 ). In addition, frail subjects had higher IL-6 production by PBMC at 48 hours after LPS stimulation (35678±15637 vs 25178±6342 pg/mL, p<0.03). No significant differences were observed in TNF-α, and IL-10 production between groups. Conclusions: These results suggest that, compared with non-frail controls, frail older adults have both decreased LPS-induced proliferation and increased IL-6 production by PBMC.
SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND ESR OF UNIFORM MICROCRYSTALS OF PLATINUM

The size distribution and ESR of uniform platinum microcrystals have been investigated. The mean size is typically about 20 A, with a standard deviation of less than 4 A. The sizes follow a log-normal distribution, with a =1.2 ±0.02. An ESR signal has been observed in the range 17-291 K and is attributed to the platinum microcrystals. The g-factor is 2.0019 + 0.0002, and the width is about 20 G. The temperature dependence of the ESR susceptibility is in good agreement with a Curie law. The lineshape, g-factor, and linewidth are independent of temperature and microwave power and frequency, and the ESR signal saturates with increasing power. This behaviour is interpreted in terms of an inhomogeneously broadened line having a negligible spin-packet width where the overall linewidth may result from hyperfine broadening.
The current epidemiology and clinical decisions surrounding acute respiratory infections

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a common diagnosis in outpatient and emergent care settings. Currently available diagnostics are limited, creating uncertainty in the use of antibacterial, antiviral, or supportive care. Up to 72% of ambulatory care patients with ARI are treated with an antibacterial, despite only a small fraction actually needing one. Antibiotic overuse is not restricted to ambulatory care: ARI accounts for approximately 5 million emergency department (ED) visits annually in the USA, where 52–61% of such patients receive antibiotics. Thus, an accurate test for the presence or absence of viral or bacterial infection is needed. In this review, we focus on recent research showing that the host-response (genomic, proteomic, or miRNA) can accomplish this task.
Thermal Performance of Laminate-to-Aluminum Attachment Materials

A non-destructive method was used to determine the effects of thermal cycling on the thermal performance of a PCB attached to an aluminum substrate with a thermal adhesive. This method allows for a comparison of the thermal performance of various TIMs in an industrial application. Testing was done on FR4 and Flex boards, both with and without overmolding, attached using PSA and an alternative adhesive. Baseline measurements were taken, then the boards were cycled from −40 to 125°C on a 90-minute cycle with 15-minute dwells at the target temperatures. It was found that both adhesives showed an increase in thermal conductivity, possibly due to curing, and delamination occurred at 17 out of 35 locations with the alternative adhesive within the first 1000 cycles while no delamination occurred with the PSA.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Impurity of variable factory overhead variances

Abstract Variable factory overhead variances are often analyzed in the same manner as other variable costs variances, using direct labor hours as a surrogate activity measure. As a result, students tend to give the same interpretations to both direct labor variances and variable factory overhead variances. Using a simple example, this paper demonstrates that as conventionally analyzed a variable factory overhead spending variance may reflect not only price deviations, but also quantity deviations of which students must be aware if they are to fully understand overhead variance analysis.
Effect of penetrator size on dynamic failure response of woven graphite epoxy composites around the critical perforation energy

Dynamic tests were carried out on plain weave carbon epoxy composite plates of different thicknesses, namely, 12, 16, and 24 layers ( 0.21 mm ∕ layer ) using a Penetrating Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (P-SHPB). Protruding spherical penetrators of different sizes (3/16, 7/32 and 1/4-in.) were used to determine the perforation threshold energies for each woven specimen. The specimen damage thresholds considered in this paper are: below perforation limit (BPL), at perforation limit (PL), and above perforation limit (APL). Perforation limits (energy that must be exceeded to perforate or completely penetrate the specimen) were experimentally determined using P-SHPB. The results show that sample thickness and penetrator size play significant roles in the nature or extent of damage. The results also show that strain rate depends on both the striker impact energy, penetrator size, and the target thickness. Cracks were found to propagate faster in thin specimens in all the damage thresholds.
The technique of apical dissection of the prostate and urethrovesical anastomosis in robotic radical prostatectomy

OBJECTIVE To describe the technique of dissecting the apex of the prostate and a modified single running-suture urethrovesical anastomosis in patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy for organ-confined prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Over 550 robot-assisted radical prostatectomies have been undertaken using Vattikuti Institute Prostatectomy (VIP) technique in patients with localized carcinoma of the prostate. We present a critical analysis of the first 120 procedures by one surgeon (M.M.) at our institution using this newly developed technique of urethrovesical anastomosis preceded by dissecting the apex of the prostate. RESULTS The mean time for the urethrovesical anastomosis was 13 min. All but 24 patients had their catheter removed 4 days after surgery, as indicated by a cystogram. The catheter was removed successfully at 7 days in the remaining 24 patients who had a mild leak on cystography. Two patients had urinary retention within a week of removing the catheter and had to be re-catheterized. Continence was evaluated using standardized criteria before and after the procedure. The patients also replied to a mailed validated questionnaire survey; 96% were continent at 3 months and the remaining 4% used a thin pad for security. CONCLUSIONS We report a technique of dissecting the apex of the prostate and prostatovesical junction for dividing the bladder neck, and a modified single running-suture urethrovesical anastomosis, in patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy for organ-confined cancer of the prostate. The same principles can also be applied for the anastomosis during pure laparoscopic procedures and for urethro-neovesical anastomosis in patients undergoing robotic radical cystoprostatectomy for carcinoma of the bladder.
Effect of pozzolanic materials and curing methods on the elastic modulus of HPC

Abstract The modulus of elasticity of a material is a fundamental property required for the proper modeling of its constitutive behavior and for its proper use in various structural applications. This paper discusses experimental evaluation of the elastic modulus of high-performance concrete made from mixes using various percentages of fly ash, silica fume, and granulated blast furnace slag. Results are compared to those from control specimens at various ages between 1 and 90 days. The results presented are part of a study for the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) to develop and implement High-Performance Concrete (HPC) mix design and technical specifications for transportation structures. The study also investigates the effect of curing on the elastic modulus. Three methods of curing were evaluated: (1) air-dry curing, (2) curing compound, and (3) wet curing with burlap. The results showed that adding silica fume resulted in an increase in strength and modulus at early ages, however, there was no change in the modulus at 28 and 56 days. In addition, adding 20% fly ash with various percentage of silica fume had an adverse effect on both strength and modulus values at all ages to 90 days. It is also shown that dry curing and curing compound reduce the modulus of elasticity compared to wet curing with burlap. Results showed the elastic modulus of HPC is proportional to the compressive strength, but the prediction equations of ACI-318 and ACI-363 may not accurately predict the modulus values for high-performance concrete with pozzolans.
Measurement of Contour and Volume Changes During Cake Baking

ABSTRACT Volume is an important characteristic in the evaluation of cakes and cake quality, relating to the underlying structural development of the cake. A method for evaluation of changes in contour and volume during the cake baking process is proposed: the height profile method. Volumes of baked cakes were determined using two standard methods, rapeseed displacement and cross-sectional tracings, and compared with height profile analysis to determine the accuracy of the new method for cake volume analysis. Height analysis values did not significantly differ from rapeseed and tracing results. The height profile method was used to analyze and calculate changes in volume during the baking process for cakes made with chlorine-treated and nonchlorine-treated flours. The method was also able to depict changes in contour of the baking cakes, showing definite differences in contour development between chlorine-treated and nonchlorinetreated flours. The height profile method of volume determination is a nonintru...
Evidence that Intestinal Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Plays a Physiological Role in Satiety

A physiological role in satiety is proposed for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), secreted by the distal intestine in response to ingested nutrients. Here we report that in rats, ip injection of the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1-R) antagonist exendin 9-39 (Ex9) elicited hyperphagia, but only at times of day when intake is otherwise low. Furthermore, ip administration of Ex9 attenuated satiety induced by either a voluntarily consumed sucrose meal (by 100%) or an intragastric glucose load (by 40%). To determine whether these effects involve blockade of GLP-1-R in brain or at a peripheral site, we injected Ex9 either centrally (into the third ventricle) or peripherally (ip) prior to GLP-1 injected either centrally or peripherally. Anorexia induced by peripheral GLP-1 was fully blocked by peripheral, but not central, pretreatment with Ex9, whereas the opposite was true for anorexic effect of central GLP-1. Thus, ip Ex9 appears to attenuate satiety via peripheral GLP-1-R blockade. Finally, anorexia induced by ip injection of exendin-4 (a GLP-1-R agonist) was due to both reduced meal size and increased duration between meals. We conclude that GLP-1 released from the intestine in response to ingested nutrients is a physiologically active satiety signal.
Tubuloglomerular feedback dependence of autoregulation in rat juxtamedullary afferent arterioles

Tubuloglomerular feedback dependence of autoregulation in rat juxta-medullary afferent arterioles. Experiments were performed in blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephrons in vitro to evaluate the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) dependence of autoregulatory vasoconstriction in mid-to-late (mAA) and juxtaglomerular (jAA) afferent arterioles. Video-metric measurements were made of perfusion pressure (PP) dependent changes in lumen diameter of superficial vessels before and after acute inhibition of the TGF mechanism by direct microinfusion of 0.1mM furosemide solution into the macula densa (MD) segment. When PP was raised from 60 to 123 ± 7mm Hg in seven vessels, jAA diameter decreased by 29 ± 3% (SEM, N=7). During furosemide infusion with the same change in PP, jAA diameter decreased only 7 ± 2%. After calcium channel blockade with 1 micromolar nimodipine, jAA lumen diameter increased by 21 ± 7%. A similar pattern of responses was observed in eight jAA where TGF was inhibited with an oil block at the MD. mAA autoregulatory responses were also blunted by TGF inhibition. Raising PP from 60 to 120mm Hg resulted in 15 ± 2% and 7 ± 2% decreases in mAA luminal diameter before and after TGF inhibition. These results demonstrate that the autoregulatory responses in mid- and juxtaglomerular afferent arteriolar segments are mediated by both TGF and a TGF-independent myogenic mechanism.
The O. J. Simpson Trial: Challenges to Science and Society

The O. J. Simpson murder and civil trials riveted the nation and much of the world for more than two years. Of tremendous scientific and public interest was the gulf in attitudes, perceptions, and reactions to the not guilty verdict at the criminal trial. The collection of articles in this issue of The Journal of Social Issues converged on the idea that race is an inadequate explanatory variable in understanding these differences in attitudes, perceptions, and reactions. Instead, race is a marker for a variety of cultural and experiential issues that affect cognitive, affective, and behavioral processes. This concluding article debunks simplistic ideas of race and points to the broader problems of racism and discrimination, criminal injustice, and violence in social relations. The article concludes with suggestions for future research and a call for a broader transformation in societal institutions that affect the quality of social relations.
A Group Test of Perceptual Acuity

A continuing need in psychological appraisal is for instruments free of educational, linguistic, or experiential bias. The perception of form and geometric properties of figures (e.g., length, width, and area) is a universal phenomenon and hence an inviting domain for study. A group test of accuracy of visual perception was developed, utilizing 25 illusions (e.g., those of Baldwin, Delbouf, Mueller-Lyer, Poggendorff, Ponzo, and Sander) and 5 non-illusions, presented by means of lantern slides. In college (N = 205) and grade school (N = 732) samples, acceptable internal reliability was demonstrated, and in the grade school sample an age-developmental gradient (r = .25) was discernible. The 30-item Perceptual Acuity Test is brief (testing time 20 min.), easy to administer, and favorably received by most respondents.
Communication Research in the Design of Communication Interfaces and Systems.

Communication research seems forever ordained to consider and reconsider the means of communication, the machinery with which we create meaning. In many ways, communication research is about how humans create techniques and technologies to turn each others' thoughts into each others' experiences. Lately, our attention has been drawn to the circuits, interfaces, and fiber-optic cables that increasingly bind our minds together into giant networks-the giant sea of information and codified experiences recently dubbed "cyberspace" (Benedikt, 1992). The introduction of virtual reality technology spurs us to think once again about the relations between thought, the senses, and the machinery that facilitate communication expression and distribution (e.g., Biocca, 1992aj Biocca & Levy, in press). Before each new communication technology becomes an invisible part of our second nature, its novelty increases our awareness of how much communication is socially constructed (e.g., Biocca, 1987, 1988). As in The Wizard of Oz, the flutter of the curtain makes the human operator of the giant machinery of communication suddenly visible: He is us.
High precision SIMS oxygen isotope analysis and the effect of sample topography

Abstract We have developed highly precise and accurate in situ SIMS stable isotope analytical protocols using the IMS-1280 at the University of Wisconsin, through careful tuning of the instrument, stable electronics, and improved protocols for sample preparation, standardization and automated analysis. Multicollection Faraday Cup (FC) oxygen two and three isotope analyses routinely achieve spot-to-spot reproducibility of 0.3‰ ( δ 18 O and δ 17 O, 2SD) from 10–15 μm single spots. Accuracy can be even better for multiple analyses of a homogeneous sample. Furthermore, reproducibility at the ≤ 1‰ level is achieved by using multicollection FC–Electron Multiplier (EM) analyses for primary ion beam spots of 1 to 3 μm in diameter. These results present a trade-off vs. conventional laser fluorination techniques; sample sizes are 10 6 to 10 9 times smaller, at the expense of a factor of 2 to 10 in analytical precision. SIMS is now a powerful tool for high precision and accuracy, and high spatial resolution stable isotope studies and provides the potential for fundamental new advances in stable isotope geochemistry. Analytical artifacts from sample geometry and topography (X–Y effects) are examined in detail. Several epoxy mounts containing mineral standards were prepared and the amounts of polishing relief were measured using an optical profilometer. No significant X–Y effect is identified within 7 mm from the center of the mount when the grains are polished flat with minimal relief (≤ 1 μm). However, significantly large topographic effects are found from standard grains with relatively large polishing relief (10–40 μm). The measured values of δ 18 O vary depending on the amount of relief, inclination of surface, and geometry of analytical spots on the standard grains, resulting in elevated δ 18 O value by as much as ~ 4‰ and degraded external precision as poor as ± 3‰ (2SD). These analytical artifacts may be caused by deformation of the local electrostatic field applied on the surface of the sample, which deviates the trajectory of secondary ions of individual isotopes. The results clearly indicate that polishing relief for highly accurate SIMS stable isotope analyses should be less than a few µm, which can be readily evaluated by using an optical surface profilometer.
THE ART AND SCIENCE OF NON-DISCLOSURE AGREEMENTS

This article presents an initial set of guidelines to assist IS researchers in creating, negotiating, and reviewing non-disclosure agreements, in consultation with appropriate legal counsel. It also reviews the use of non-disclosure agreements in academic research environments from multiple points of view. Active academic researchers, industry practitioners, and corporate legal counsel all provided input into the compiled guidelines. An annotated bibliography and links are provided for further review.
Myenteric plexus in spastic motility disorders

Previous studies have often revealed an absence or reduction of ganglia in Auerbach’s plexus in many patients with achalasia, which has been postulated to be related to the elevated lower esophageal sphincter pressure in these patients. We undertook a prospective study to determine whether microscopic changes were present in the myenteric plexus of patients with hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter, nutcracker esophagus, and diffuse esophageal spasm and if there was a correlation with lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Nine patients (3 men and 6 women; ages 49 to 72 years, mean 58 years) underwent a laparoscopic esophagomyotomy with fundoplication for symptomatic spastic motility disorder. A 10 mm X 5 mm segment of esophageal muscle was removed from the border of the myotomy incision, fixed in formalin, and examined under light microscopy for the presence or absence of ganglia and inflammation. Correlation between the presence of ganglia and lower esophageal sphincter pressure was tested by Pearson’s bivariant correlation. Manometry revealed three patients with hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter, four patients with nutcracker esophagus, and two patients with diffuse esophageal spasm. All three patients with a hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter revealed an absence of ganglia, whereas the six patients with nutcracker esophagus and diffuse esophageal spasm exhibited ganglia despite an elevated lower esophageal sphincter pressure in four. Hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter resembled achalasia in its absence of ganglia in Auerbach’s plexus, whereas nutcracker esophagus and diffuse esophageal spasm exhibited ganglia. There was no significant correlation in our series between the presence of ganglia and an elevated lower esophageal sphincter pressure in spastic motility disorders.
Water Management at the Cathode of a Planar Air-Breathing Fuel Cell with an Electroosmotic Pump

Water management is a significant challenge in portable fuel cells and particularly in fuel cells with air-breathing cathodes. Liquid water condensation and accumulation at the cathode surface is unavoidable in a passive design operated over a wide range of ambient and load conditions. Excessive flooding of the open cathode can lead to a dramatic reduction of fuel cell power. We report a novel water management design based on a hydrophilic and electrically conductive wick in conjunction with an electroosmotic (EO) pump. A prototype air- breathing fuel cell with the proposed water management design successfully functioned under severe flooding conditions, including ambient temperature 10oC and relative humidity 80 %, for up to 6 h without any observable cathode flooding or loss of performance.
Effects of leaf age on gas exchange characteristics of avocado (Persea americana Mill.)

Schaffer, B., Whiley, A.W. and Kohli, R.R., i991. Effects of leafage on gas exchange characteristics of avocado (Persea americana Mill. ). Scientia Hortic., 48:21-28. The effect of leaf age on area, dry weight, specific leaf density, chlorophyll concentration, and gas exchange was determined for leaves of avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Leaf area and leaf dry weight of cultivars "Booth-8" and 'Peterson' increased linearly until 28 days after vegetative bud-break and then remained constant. Chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll contents increased until 28 and 42 days after bud-break for "Booth-8" and "Peterson', respectively. There were no detectable changes in specific leaf density, transpiration (E), or stomatal conductance (gs) during leaf development and aging. Net CO2 assimilation (A) increased and dark respiration (Rd) decreased for both cultivars until about 42 days after bud-break and rates then leveled off. The data indicate that avocado leaves function at their physiological optimum from shortly after full leaf expansion until at least 10 weeks after vegetative bud-break.
Decay of reactor neutrinos

We consider the decay of massive neutrinos which couple to electrons and are, therefore, produced in nuclear reactors. Lifetime limits for the γ and electron-positron decay modes of these neutrinos are deduced from the experimental limit on the singles count rate in the detector used to study neutrino oscillations at the Gosgen reactor. The dominantly coupled neutrinos are light, and their invariant-lifetime limit tc.m. / mν is 1-3 sec/eV. The subdominantly coupled heavy neutrinos with mass 1-4 MeV could decay into electron-positron pairs. These pairs were not observed, and from the absence of such a signal we deduce restrictions on the corresponding mixing parameters.
Achieving better maternal and newborn outcomes: coherent strategy and pragmatic, tailored implementation

Maternal and newborn health program effort needs to: shift from mere contact to the actual content or substance of care; respond better to local context; ensure delivery of all key interventions needed during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and postnatally; and actively monitor performance to manage and improve programs.
Optical Bias Enhanced Transient Photoconductivity in a-Si:H

Optical bias enhancement in transient photocurrent, by a factor of more than 10, is observed in a-Si:H films. The transient photocurrent is found to decay exponentially shortly after the light pulse is turned off. The exponential decay constant of the transient current is found to be proportional to (optical bias level)−0.38 at room temperature. A theory based on the multiple trapping model is developed to explain the experimental result. This effect is applied to study the density of state of the sample as well as the process of charge recombination.
Retinoic acid enhances the T helper 2 cell development that is essential for robust antibody responses through its action on antigen-presenting cells.

Previously we reported that vitamin A- defi- cient (A) mice had a profound reduction in T helper 2 (Th2) cells, accounting for their depressed T-dependent antibody responses. Providing vitamin A or its active metabolites reversed this defect. The current experiments utilized splenocytes from T cell receptor transgenic mice to inves- tigate how all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) augments Th2 de- velopment. These cells were stimulated in vitro in the pres- ence or absence of atRA, with or without exogenous cytokines driving Th1 or Th2 development. Without exoge- nous cytokines, atRA addition significantly inhibited the interferon (IFN)- response but did not alter the interleukin (IL)-4 response. With Th1 polarizing cytokines, atRA en- hanced the IFN- response, with no effect on the IL-4 response. Most importantly, with the Th2 polarizing cyto- kine IL-4, atRA significantly increased the IL-4 secretion (fivefold) and also increased the Th2 cell frequency twofold. The striking Th2 enhancement was also observed when only antigen-presenting cells were treated with atRA before stimulation of untreated CD4 transgenic T cells, but not vice versa. Thus, atRA maximized Th2 cell development in an IL-4-dependent manner, through an effect on antigen- presenting cell function. J. Nutr. 132: 3736 -3739, 2002.