cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social impairments in alternating hemiplegia of childhood.

AIM To evaluate presence and severity of social impairments in alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) and determine factors that are associated with social impairments. METHOD This was a retrospective analysis of 34 consecutive patients with AHC (19 females, 15 males; mean age: 9y 7mo, SD 8y 2mo, range 2y 7mo-40y), evaluated with the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2). RESULTS SRS-2 scores, indicating level of social impairment, were higher than population means (75, SD 14 vs 50, SD 10, p 76), four moderate (66-76). All subscale domains, including social cognition, social communication, social awareness, social motivation, restricted interests, and repetitive behavior, had abnormal scores compared to population means (p<0.001). High SRS-2 scores were associated with the presence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and epilepsy (p=0.01, p=0.04), but not with other scales of AHC disease symptomatology. All nine patients who received formal evaluations for ASD, because they had high SRS-2 scores, were diagnosed with ASD. INTERPRETATION Most patients with AHC have impaired social skills involving multiple domains. ASD is not uncommon. High SRS-2 scores in patients with AHC support referral to ASD evaluation. Our findings are consistent with current understandings of the pathophysiology of AHC and ASD, both thought to involve GABAergic dysfunction. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Most patients with alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) have impaired social skills involving multiple domains. These impairments are significant compared to population means. Most patients with AHC have high Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2) scores. Patients with AHC with high SRS-2 scores are likely to have autism spectrum disorder.
Systemic enzyme delivery by blood-brain barrier-penetrating SapC-DOPS nanovesicles for treatment of neuronopathic Gaucher disease.

Abstract Background Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) can positively affect the visceral manifestations of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). However, the exclusion of the intravenous ERT agents from the central nervous system (CNS) prevents direct therapeutic effects. Methods Using a neuronopathic Gaucher disease (nGD) mouse model, CNS-ERT was created using a systemic, non-invasive, and CNS-selective delivery system based on nanovesicles of saposin C (SapC) and dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS) to deliver to CNS cells and tissues the corrective, functional acid β-glucosidase (GCase). Findings Compared to free GCase, human GCase formulated with SapC-DOPS nanovesicles (SapC-DOPS-GCase) was more stable in serum, taken up into cells, mostly by a mannose receptor-independent pathway, and resulted in higher activity in GCase-deficient cells. In contrast to free GCase, SapC-DOPS-GCase nanovesicles penetrated through the blood-brain barrier into the CNS. The CNS targeting was mediated by surface phosphatidylserine (PS) of blood vessel and brain cells. Increased GCase activity and reduced GCase substrate levels were found in the CNS of SapC-DOPS-GCase-treated nGD mice, which showed profound improvement in brain inflammation and neurological phenotypes. Interpretation This first-in-class CNS-ERT approach provides considerable promise of therapeutic benefits for neurodegenerative diseases. Funding This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health grants R21NS 095047 to XQ and YS, R01NS 086134 and UH2NS092981 in part to YS; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Research Innovation/Pilot award to YS and XQ; Gardner Neuroscience Institute/Neurobiology Research Center Pilot award to XQ and YS, Hematology-Oncology Programmatic Support from University of Cincinnati and New Drug State Key Project grant 009ZX09102-205 to XQ.
Insurgency in Germany: the slaughter of Varus in the Teutoburger Wald

The uprising led by Arminius in 9 CE, otherwise known as the clades Variana, resulted in the destruction of three crack Roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest and changed Roman foreign policy beyond...
Diagnosing Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: A Comparison of Lactulose Breath Tests to Small Bowel Aspirates

Duodenal aspiration (DA) and lactulose breath tests (LBT) are commonly performed to diagnose small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). There are no data directly comparing these tests. To investigate the agreement between DA and LBT for the diagnosis of SIBO. A retrospective cohort study of adult patients who underwent a LBT and a DA at a tertiary care center over 9 years was assembled. LBT was considered positive if the hydrogen baseline or peak change measurement was ≥ 20 ppm, and/or if the methane baseline or peak change was ≥ 10 ppm. DA was considered positive if > 100,000 cfu/mL of gram-negative flora was identified on culture, and contaminated if > 100,000 cfu/mL of gram-positive flora was identified. A total of 106 patients were evaluated; 81 (76.4%) were female; the mean age was 53.4 ± 15.9 years. 21 patients (19.8%) had evidence of contamination on DA. 14 (16.5%) patients had a positive DA result. Patients with diabetes mellitus and those with PPI use were more likely to have a positive DA (94.4% vs. 71.4%, p = 0.007; 62% vs. 28.6%, p = 0.021, respectively). 33 (31.1%) patients had a positive LBT. Patients with a history of small bowel resection were more likely to have a positive LBT (12.1% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.016). DA and LBT results agreed in 54 patients (63.5%; kappa = − 0.02), indicating poor agreement. The agreement between LBT and DA in evaluation for SIBO was poor. LBT may be favorable to DA, as LBT is safer, cheaper, and less likely to yield a contaminant result.
Coupling Arbogast─Correa and Bernardi─Raugel elements to resolve coupled Stokes─Darcy flow problems

Abstract This paper presents a finite element method for solving coupled Stokes–Darcy flow problems by combining the classical Bernardi–Raugel finite elements and the recently developed Arbogast–Correa (AC) spaces on quadrilateral meshes. The novel weak Galerkin methodology is employed for discretization of the Darcy equation. Specifically, piecewise constant approximants separately defined in element interiors and on edges are utilized to approximate the Darcy pressure. The discrete weak gradients of these shape functions and the numerical Darcy velocity are established in the lowest order AC space. The Bernardi–Raugel elements ( B R 1 , Q 0 ) are used to discretize the Stokes equations. These two types of discretizations are combined at an interface, where kinematic, normal stress, and the Beavers–Joseph–Saffman (BJS) conditions are applied. Rigorous error analysis along with numerical experiments demonstrate that the method is stable and has optimal-order accuracy.
Private Rules and Standards

There is an enormous literature on the choice between rules and standards. This literature typically focuses on public laws such as statutes, regulations, and judicial opinions. This Article seeks to examine the rules/standards choice in a different context: private legal directives such as contracts, wills and patents. Besides making the basic point that private laws also involve a rules/standards choice, the Article makes two contributions. First, it explores the normative arguments for rules and standards when applied to private laws, which are sometimes similar to, and at other times different from, the well-known arguments made in the context of public laws. Second, the Article asks a positive question: will private drafters actually choose a rule or standard, given the drafter’s private incentives? The Article answers by providing a model of how clashing incentives between private drafters (who pursue self-interested goals) and courts (who resist those goals) shapes the rules/standards choice. It then explains how this model helps explain drafting choices and interpretative doctrine with respect to contracts, wills, and patents.
Replication Issues in Social Experiments: Lessons from U.S. Labor Market Programs

When evaluating a pilot or demonstration program, there are risks from drawing inferences from a single test. This paper reviews the experiences of replication efforts from demonstrations using randomized controlled trials in the initial evaluation and the replications. Although replications of promising programs are primarily gathered to increase sample size, replications are also used to learn if the intervention is successful for other target groups and geographic locations, and to vary some of the intervention’s features. In many cases, replications fail to achieve the same success as the original evaluation, and the paper reviews reasons that have been suggested for such failures. The paper reviews what has been learned from replications where random assignment was used in six instances: income maintenance experiments, unemployment insurance bonus experiments, the Center for Employment Training program, Job Clubs, job search experiments, and the Quantum Opportunity Program. The paper concludes by summarizing lessons learned from the review and areas where more research is needed.
Time-of-Flight Soil Moisture Estimation Using RF Backscatter Tags

Agricultural soil moisture measurement is usually done with extensive in situ sensor deployments. These sensor networks are often difficult to install and maintain. Ground penetrating radars have also been used to do fine-grained moisture measurements in farm fields, but usually require the radar to be in or near contact with the soil. In this paper we propose a hybrid approach that combines an in situ backscatter reflector with an ultra-wideband radar that is small enough to be handheld or mounted to a drone. The underground backscatter reflector allows for accurate time-of-flight measurements. The time-of-flight is determined by the permittivity of the soil, which is influenced primarily by the soil water content for non-saline soils. We performed both laboratory and in situ measurements, achieving an average accuracy within 0.013 cm3/ cm3 of the ground truth with a 90th percentile of 0.034 cm3/cm3. This demonstrates the feasibility of our approach.
Optimal Control as a Tool for Solving Sonar Design, Resource Allocation, and Planning Problems in Search Applications

Abstract This paper employs a computational optimal control framework which provides trajectory planning for search applications based on specific vehicle and sensor features. With its capability to handle high-dimensional, nonlinear optimal control problems with uncertainty, this framework enables detailed modeling and leveraging of vehicle/sensor features to generate better performing search plans. This paper utilizes these trajectory planning tools for the inverse design problem of deciding on the vehicle and sensor characteristics themselves. Using Monte Carlo sampling, we generate multiple trajectories to examine the performance of different vehicle and sensor configurations. We use this method to study three examples: sonar mounting angle, vehicle asset allocation, and lane space planning for time-limited lawnmower search plans.
Driver Behavior-aware Parking Availability Crowdsensing System Using Truth Discovery

Spot-level parking availability information (the availability of each spot in a parking lot) is in great demand, as it can help reduce time and energy waste while searching for a parking spot. In this article, we propose a crowdsensing system called SpotE that can provide spot-level availability in a parking lot using drivers’ smartphone sensors. SpotE only requires the sensor data from drivers’ smartphones, which avoids the high cost of installing additional sensors and enables large-scale outdoor deployment. We propose a new model that can use the parking search trajectory and final destination (e.g., an exit of the parking lot) of a single driver in a parking lot to generate the probability profile that contains the probability of each spot being occupied in a parking lot. To deal with conflicting estimation results generated from different drivers, due to the variance in different drivers’ parking behaviors, a novel aggregation approach SpotE-TD is proposed. The proposed aggregation method is based on truth discovery techniques and can handle the variety in Quality of Information of different vehicles. We evaluate our proposed method through a real-life deployment study. Results show that SpotE-TD can efficiently provide spot-level parking availability information with a 20% higher accuracy than the state-of-the-art.
The effects of individual and dual ACE domains on binge drinking: comparisons by gender

Background Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) show predictive utility concerning binge drinking. However, the literature is limited by 1. a focus on cumulative ACEs with little regard to specific domains, 2. a focus on those with the highest ACE scores, and 3. little consideration for gender differences. These approaches are problematic as ACE categories are fundamentally different, yet little distinction is given to specific ACE domains. The current study investigates which individual and dual ACE domain combinations are associated with binge drinking. Methods Data were obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2011-2017; N = 80,391). A series of ANCOVAs were conducted to determine the association between single and dual combination ACE domains and binge drinking. Results Results show gendered effects of ACEs on binge drinking such that at 0, 1, and 2 ACEs, males reported statistically higher rates. For males with exactly two ACEs, combinations of either sexual abuse or family incarceration presented the highest levels of binge drinking- with the highest mean binge drinking score being the exact combination of the two. This contrasts with males with 1 ACE, where experiencing family incarceration or sexual abuse, as a single domain, did not represent significant risk above the average of having a single ACE. Conclusions Results suggest that males may be resilient to either of these domains as singular events, yet when found in combination, may present a synergistic effect that increases the likelihood of binge drinking. Due to lower overall binge drinking rates, no significant patterns were found among females.
Title IX, Esports, and #EToo

As colleges and universities increasingly award video gaming scholarships, field competitive esports teams, construct esports arenas in the centers of campuses, and promote student interaction through gaming, schools should anticipate the sexual cyberviolence, harassment, and technology-enabled abuse that commonly occur through gaming. This Article is the first to examine Title IX and First Amendment implications of schools promoting and sponsoring gaming. To date, the rare Title IX discussion concerning esports has focused on increasing female representation in this male-dominated realm. As campuses invest heavily in esports, they also should foresee that funding and promoting esports—without attending to gender- based harassment and sexual violence in games and gaming—could lead to concerns that college campuses and organizational climates signal tolerance of sexual harassment and create “chilly” climates conducive to underreporting and retaliation. Colleges instead could lead in creating safe and inclusive gaming experiences. Esports is one of the fastest growing competitive markets in the world, and the gaming industry is repeating past mistakes of professional sports leagues like the National Football League, as demonstrated through the summer 2020 outpouring of allegations of gender-based harassment, discrimination, and sexual assault from competitive gamers and streamers. Rather than waiting for a global #EToo movement to create demand for a comprehensive gender-based violence policy, colleges should affirmatively act to create responsible gaming initiatives with goals of violence prevention, player protection, and harm minimization.
Motivations to Start and Stop Using Sexual Networking Applications Among Adolescent Sexual Minority Men

Although adolescent sexual minority men (ASMM) use sexual networking applications (SNAs), little is known about their reasons to start and stop using these apps. Between February and April 2018, 156 ASMM in the USA aged 15–17 completed an online survey and answered open-ended questions that elicited their reasons to start and stop using SNAs. We analyzed responses through an inductive thematic analysis. The most frequent reasons to use SNAs were to find users to date, and to establish friendships or socially connect with other users due to loneliness. Participants reported positive feelings using SNAs because they were connecting with other SMM. However, participants also reported negative sentiments after receiving unwanted sexually explicit messages. The most frequently cited reason to stop using SNAs was the feeling of only receiving messages for sex rather than for starting relationships or friendships. ASMM have various reasons for initiating SNAs and perceived benefits and drawbacks. Although some ASMM may expect to, and are successful in, finding dating partners and friends on SNAs, many received unwanted sexually explicit messages that produced negative sentiments of SNAs. Creating online and offline spaces for ASMM to socially connect with other sexual minority adolescents is crucial. Youth-serving professionals should assess SNA use with ASMM clients and be prepared to provide education or counseling about their use and its potential sexual, social, and mental health implications. Sexuality education should include content on the usage, safety, and alternatives of SNAs to explore sexuality and social connectedness.
Immunofluorescent analysis of chromatin structure in relation to gene activity: a speculative essay.

Publisher Summary Immunofluorescence procedures to analyze the in situ distribution patterns of specific chromosomal proteins on Drosophila polytene chromosomes have been developed in past years. This chapter focuses on a set of results that have been obtained with this technique indicating the distribution patterns of nonhistone chromosomal (NHC) proteins, which may reflect structural differences in chromatin related to the control of gene expression. The technique of in situ hybridization is used to localize the complements of particular DNA and RNA sequences to particular polytene chromosome bands. By using antisera against specific chromosomal proteins, the pattern of distribution of these components in relation to the established banding pattern can be similarly assessed. It is of particular interest to consider the distribution pattern of chromosomal proteins in relation to the patterns of gene activity. The evidence for at least three types of NHC proteins bearing different relationships to active and inactive genes is relatively convincing—namely, (1) those widely distributed in chromatin, (2) those associated with the developmentally active loci and heat shock-activated loci of the third instar salivary gland, and (3) those associated primarily with active loci such as RNA polymerase II.
Ion temperature measurements on the ZT-1 reversed field pinch

Ion temperatures were measured for the Los Alamos toroidal Z Pinch for several different modes of operation. They show an increase with toroidal current and toroidal current rate of rise. They are highest for low forward bias fields. In the next stage of the program, the ZT-S device with a larger tube bore will be used to determine the effect of scaling the pinch minor radius upon T/sub i/ and T/sub e/. (auth)
My painted tale, his spoken portrait

The beginnings of a pseudo-novel masquerading as a memoir of my father's immigration from Yugoslavia to the United States.
Adjacent level effects of bi level disc replacement, bi level fusion and disc replacement plus fusion in cervical spine--a finite element based study.

Abstract Background Studies delineating the adjacent level effect of single level disc replacement systems have been reported in literature. The aim of this study was to compare the adjacent level biomechanics of bi-level disc replacement, bi-level fusion and a construct having adjoining level disc replacement and fusion system. Methods In total, biomechanics of four models- intact, bi level disc replacement, bi level fusion and fusion plus disc replacement at adjoining levels- was studied to gain insight into the effects of various instrumentation systems on cranial and caudal adjacent levels using finite element analysis (73.6 N + varying moment). Findings The bi-level fusion models are more than twice as stiff as compared to the intact model during flexion-extension, lateral bending and axial rotation. Bi-level disc replacement model required moments lower than intact model (1.5 Nm). Fusion plus disc replacement model required moment 10–25% more than intact model, except in extension. Adjacent level motions, facet loads and endplate stresses increased substantially in the bi-level fusion model. On the other hand, adjacent level motions, facet loads and endplate stresses were similar to intact for the bi-level disc replacement model. For the fusion plus disc replacement model, adjacent level motions, facet loads and endplate stresses were closer to intact model rather than the bi-level fusion model, except in extension. Interpretation Based on our finite element analysis, fusion plus disc replacement procedure has less severe biomechanical effects on adjacent levels when compared to bi-level fusion procedure. Bi-level disc replacement procedure did not have any adverse mechanical effects on adjacent levels.
Current management of antenatal hydronephrosis

The strategy for the management of children with urinary tract anomalies has changed considerably as a result of the development of ultrasound equipment and techniques that allow for detailed fetal evaluation. Hydronephrosis is the most common urogenital anomaly detected, suggesting that an obstructive process may be potentially present. The goal of postnatal management is to identify and treat those patients whose renal function is at risk, while leaving alone the high percentage of patients who are at no risk of renal damage. This management involves a spectrum of radiological, medical, and surgical interventions for diagnosis, surveillance, and treatment. In this article, we review our current understanding of the natural history of antenatal hydronephrosis and its management.
A lightweight encryption and authentication scheme for wireless sensor networks

The research of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has recently received a strong boost from IEEE 802.15.4 task group, which focuses on the specifications for low rate wireless personal area networks. Another important driving force of WSNs is the ZigBee Alliance, an industrial alliance concentrating on WSNs. This paper addresses the security of WSNs with respect to the protocol stack defined by IEEE 802.15.4 and the ZigBee Alliance. Some security problems are identified and remedies are suggested. A new security architecture based on a lightweight public key scheme, called Derivable Public Key (DPK), is proposed. The DPK scheme significantly simplifies the public key operations and reduces the related cost by eliminating the need for distributing and storing public keys other than the one from the trust centre. It makes possible to support authentications for multicast/broadcast communications in WSNs, which are not available and account for many attacks so far.
Sub-grid-scale features of anthropogenic emissions of NOx and VOC in the context of regional eulerian models

Abstract Model uncertainty is a major issue concerning regional-scale air quality simulation. One major source of uncertainty in regional Eulerian models is due to sub-grid-scale (SGS) effects related to anthropogenic emissions. Regional models typically have horizontal grid resolution (Δ) of 20–80 km. Since NOx chemistry in plumes is nonlinear and often diffusion-limited, the sudden dilution of plumes over regional grid dimensions, as in current models, can lead to a fundamental distortion of their chemistry, resulting in over-production of ozone, peroxides, sulfates and nitrates in the source region, and a related over-depletion of NOx. The corresponding model uncertainty over the whole regional domain remains unquantified. In this paper, we use high-resolution information from urban and regional emission inventories and plume field studies to examine SGS features of the emissions of anthropogenic NOx and VOC (volatile organic compounds), and of their mesoscale dispersion and chemistry. Such examination provides useful insight into some of the main sources of SGS uncertainty, as well as guidance for reducing it. The mesoscale chemistry of power plant plumes is very diffusion-limited, being controlled by VOC entrainment from the background. The crosswind spread of large point-source plumes typically takes 4–6 h to reach 30 km in convective conditions, and at least a full diurnal cycle to reach 80 km. For Δ much larger than 20–30 km, regional models will not be able to capture the essence of the behavior of rural point-source plumes even with plume-in-grid treatment, or to resolve the NOx emissions from many large power plants in urban peripheries from the urban VOC emissions. Within urban areas, there is progressive improvement in the resolution of the important ratio VOC/NOx as Δ is decreased below 20 km. The nature of these emissions-related SGS features suggests that significant gain in regional model accuracy should result by limiting Δ to 20–30 km in the regional domain, by the use of finer nested gridding in metropolitan sub-domains, and by a reactive plume-in-grid treatment of major point-source emissions.
Effects of acute and chronic administration of ethanol on rat brain arylsulphatase A and B

Abstract Acute (4g/kg i.p.) and chronic (Sustacal TM diet containing 10% ethanol for 20 days) administration of ethanol to male Sprague-Dawley rats produced no change in the content or enzyme activity of brain arylsulphatase A. In contrast to the lack of effect on arylsulphatase A, the acute and chronic administration of ethanol resulted in an increase in the activity of brain arylsulphatase B (15.8% and 18.4%, respectively). However, the enhancement of the activity of arylsulphatase B was observed only in the brain homogenates which were subjected to osmotic shock. No enhancement of the arylsulphatase B activity was found in the supernatant soluble fraction after the acute and chronic administration of ethanol. Furthermore, acute and chronic ethanol administration did not alter the activities of arylsulphatase A and B in microsomes which have been suggested as sites of the synthesis of lysosomal hydrolases. In addition, 80 mM ethanol, in vitro, did not affect the activity of arylsulphatase A and B. The results of the present study suggest that the acute or chronic administration of ethanol might enhance the activity of lysosomal membrane bound arylsulphatase B via altering the lipid metabolism of lysosomal membranes.
Field-portable AOTF-based monitor technology for environmental sensing

The development of a field-portable Raman instrument for environmental analyses is described. It is based on the use of a near-infrared frequency-stabilized diode laser for excitation, an acousto-optic tunable filter for wavelength selection, and an avalanche photodiode for detection. Evaluation of this instrument for the monitoring of environmentally important species will be discussed as well as its ability to be operated in room light without significantly increasing the background signal. In addition, we will also describe a baseline removal procedure based on second derivative approach that simplifies and increases the accuracy of the instrument' s automated identification algorithm
Remote sensing and GIS analysis of seagrass meadows in North Carolina, USA

Abstract Seagrass meadows are a valuable and vulnerable resource which supports coastal fisheries. Spatial monitoring of seagrass meadows can improve coastal management and research with baseline inventories of change in location and areal extent through time. Vertical aerial photography is an effective but expensive approach for monitoring seagrass meadows. Remote sensing with Landsat TM is less expensive but image selection is critical because environmental factors affect detection of seagrass meadows. Interpretation of photographs (March 1985 and April 1988) provides reference data for evaluation of results with three Landsat TM images of coastal North Carolina. Agreement of the Landsat classification with reference data was as high as 72.6% for a June 1992 image. Despite limited development of coastal North Carolina, seagrasses closely associated with the mainland are relatively low in abundance and are restricted to shallower water than seagrasses nearer the uninhabited barrier islands.
Collisional Activation Mass Spectra

Collision with gas molecules can be used to add internal energy to gaseous ions in transit through a mass spectrometer, causing their subsequent unimolecular decomposition. Mass analysis of the resulting fragment ions produces a collisional activation mass spectrum whose utility is basically similar to that of a normal mass spectrum. Promising applications to date have been found in ion structure characterization for fundamental studies and molecular structure determination, for which the insensitivity of the collisional activation mass spectrum to the ion’s internal energy is a unique advantage; examples are given for structure determination of C 7 H 7 + and CSH 3 + isomers. An additional application attracting increasing attention is as a separation/identification technique for complex mixtures; this involves mass spectrometric separation of the ionized mixture components followed by their identification from the corresponding collisional activation (or metastable ion) mass spectra. This two-dimensional mass spectrometry (‘m.s.-m.s.’) technique is complementary to g.c.-m.s. and liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry, and its use is illustrated by the determination of trace components in gasoline and the chirality of organophosphates.
A Positive and Proactive Approach to the Ethics of the First Interview

Some may view the initial interview as a mechanistic procedure complete with a list of tasks to accomplish. The primary purpose of this article is to deconstruct this perspective and encourage psychotherapists to explore the initial interview through an ethical acculturation lens. Using a case scenario, we demonstrate the need for purposeful reflection to better understand important judgments and choices psychotherapists make while conducting initial interviews. Employing a proactive approach to ethics using a “wide-angle” lens, we organize the discussion around personal, professional, and global themes. We offer practical tips to facilitate ethical excellence as psychotherapists engage in their first client contacts.
Postcolonial language and culture theory for HCI4D

As technology design spreads to less technologically developed countries, issues of cultural identity, language, and values manifest in the form of methodological and ethical challenges for HCI4D designers. We offer a new theoretical perspective, in the context of HCI4D design, to advance the HCI postcolonial critique and highlight fundamentally Western design practices. Application of Thiong'o's language and culture theory provides a tool for designers and researchers to face assumptions, cultural communication, and the potential repercussions in cross-cultural design. Upon future development, this postcolonial orientation could be used to create responsible, successful designs and create awareness of inadvertent Western language culture embedded in HCI4D design.
Substrate facet replication by epitaxial magnetic garnet films

Abstract Epitaxial ferrimagnetic garnet films were deposited on Czochralski grown single crystal gadolinium gallium garnet substrates containing faceted regions. Films grown by both chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) were studied. Lattice parameter distributions were determined by the method of X-ray double crystal topography with rocking curve analysis. The demagnetized domain strip width, magnetization, and characteristic length were measured in a CVD film in regions inside and outside the substrate facets. It was determined that replication of the substrate facets by the epitaxial film is accomplished by a difference in film stress. This stress difference arises from the lattice parameter difference between the faceted and unfaceted regions of the substrate. These results lead to the establishment of a criterion for allowable lattice parameter variation in substrates to be used for magnetic bubble domain films with stress induced anisotropy.
Asymmetrical loading affects intersegmental dynamics during the swing phase of walking.

Abstract Much of the work related to lower extremity inertia manipulations has focused on temporal, kinematic and traditional inverse dynamics assessments during locomotion. Intersegmental dynamics is an analytical technique that provides further insights into mechanisms underlying linked-segment motion. The purpose of this study was to determine how intersegmental dynamics during the swing phase of walking are altered during asymmetrical lower extremity loading. Participants walked overground at a speed of 1.57 m s −1 with 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kg attached to one foot. Net, interaction, gravitational, and muscle moments were computed. Moment magnitudes at joints of the loaded leg increased systematically with increasing load, whereas unloaded leg moments were unaffected by loading. With increasing load, relative contributions of interaction moments about the knee and hip and gravitational moment about the ankle increased (i.e., 21%, 8%, and 44% increases, respectively), whereas the relative contributions of muscle moments about all three joints declined (i.e., −4%, −13%, and −8% decreases for the ankle, knee, and hip, respectively for unloaded vs. 2.0 kg). These results suggest that altered inertia properties of the limb not only affected the amount of muscular effort required to swing the leg, but also changed the nature of the interaction between segments.
Properties of Higgs bosons in gauge models with right-handed charged currents

An SU(2) x U(1) gauge model of the weak and electromagnetic interactions with right-handed as well as left-handed charged currents must have, in general, four Higgs bosons: Q/sup plus-or-minus/, H, and G. Not only are they in principle directly observable, their effects can also be indirectly felt in many ways just as with the intermediate vector bosons. In particular, they can contribute significantly to the weak nonleptonic decays of hadrons and might help to account for the ..delta..I = 1/2 rule. We illustrate these ideas by considering in some detail a specific model which is consistent with the present data on neutral currents and inclusive neutrino and antineutrino data, and discuss both the production and the decay of these Higgs bosons. Based on the most recent e/sup +/e/sup -/ data, we find that they must be heavier than about 1.7 GeV. Whereas the neutral Higgs bosons H and G are not easily produced, the charged ones Q/sup plus-or-minus/ are expected to be found, say, in e/sup +/e/sup -/ collisions. We discuss ways of ascertaining this.
Differential inhibition of sclerotial germination in Whetzelinia sclerotiorum

A number of diverse compounds including divalent metal ions, simple sugars, and common counterions, buffers, and fungicides were surveyed in the laboratory with regard to ability to inhibit germination of field-collected sclerotia from Whetzelinia sclerotiorum. Many compounds were inhibitory and several were comparable in effectiveness to benomyl and other commercial fungicides. Different levels of a given inhibitor were needed to prevent stipe formation, apothecial formation or mycelial germination. Inhibition was not correlated with ionic strength or related to pH.
Surface flow patterns on an ogive-cylinder at incidence

A set of photographs has been obtained which documents the oil-imaged surface flow patterns of an ogive-cylinder at angles-of-attack between 30 and 85 deg, and Reynolds number of 26,000. Attention is given to the possibility that the bistable nature of the flow within the 50-65 deg angle-of-attack range is linked to the coincident appearance of foci in the surface flow patterns, in view of the suggestion that these foci act as the anchor points allowing the forebody vortical structures to roll up and form the forebody's trailing vortex system.
Diagnosing Asthma in Young Children: Current Research & Recommendations

Asthma is the leading pediatric chronic illness in the United States, and there has been a steady increase in the incidence of asthma in children younger than 6 years of age. Early intervention for asthma decreases morbidity, controls health care costs, and may even preserve lung function. Asthma is difficult to diagnose in young children and is under-diagnosed in this population. It is important for primary care nurse practitioners to diagnose asthma in young children in a timely manner so that therapy can be initiated. This article reviews current recommendations for diagnosing asthma in young children and highlights new and promising diagnostic tools for asthma.
Increasing passive energy expenditure during clerical work

Sitting on a therapy ball or standing may be a passive means of increasing energy expenditure throughout the workday. The purpose of this study was to determine the energy expenditure and liking of performing clerical work in various postures. Subjects included 24 men and women employed in sedentary clerical occupations. Energy expenditure was measured while word processing in three standardized postures; sitting in an office chair, sitting on a therapy ball, and standing. Adults ranked their comfort, fatigue, and liking of each posture and were asked to perform their choice of 20 min of additional clerical work in one of the postures. Energy expenditure was 4.1 kcal/h greater (p or= 0.48). Subjects also liked sitting on a therapy ball as much as sitting in an office chair and liked sitting on a therapy ball more than standing (p <or= 0.05). More subjects chose to perform additional clerical work while seated on a therapy ball than while standing (p = 0.03). In conclusion, sitting on a therapy ball or standing rather than sitting in an office chair while performing clerical work increases passive energy expenditure.
Occluding Junctions in an Epithelioid Mesothelioma: A Freeze-Fracture Study

The presence of a well-developed tight junction system in a case of diffuse, papillary, malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum is documented using the freeze-fracture methodology. The mean number of strands within the tight junction network was determined to be 3.83 i 0.16. In addition, the tight junctions were specifically located in regions of the plasma membrane adjacent to recognizable microvilli. Gap junctions and desmosomes were found in close association with the occluding complexes; however, they were also seen in areas of the plasma membrane quite distinct from those that exhibit tight junction differentiation. The possible significance of the presence of tight junctions in neoplastic epithelial cells is also discussed.
Policies for simultaneous estimation and optimization

Policies for the joint identification and control of uncertain systems are presented. The discussion focuses on the case of a multiple input, single output linear system, with no dynamics and quadratic cost, and system parameters assumed to have a known Gaussian distribution. Extensions for multiple output, and for finite impulse response systems are straightforward. The policies proposed are heuristics, and an approximation of the optimal dynamic programming solution exploits convex optimization techniques. Numerical experiments are encouraging.
Contextualizing usage research for interactive technology: the case of car e-tailing

E-Commerce technologies are interactive in nature, yet most research on E-Commerce adoption and use fails to consider this feature and the technology's social context of use in its theorizing. In this paper, we seek to theorize the technological feature of interactivity in a social context of information asymmetry by studying the use of E-Commerce technology among car sales associates in the US. Drawing on Social Exchange Theory (Kelley, 1979), we develop a model of interactive technology use that incorporates the user's beliefs about his/her exchange partner, the user's attitude toward technology use and the technology's perceived usefulness for the work process it is impacting. After refining our model with insights gained from observations of and interviews with a few car sales associates, we then test our contextualized model of E-Commerce use with data collected from a national survey of car sales associates (n=137).Our results show that attitude and users' beliefs about their exchange partners improve our ability to predict IT use. Furthermore, the contexualization of TAM highlights the theory's assumptions about the unemotional and individually-focused nature of users' decision making with respect to IT use.
Markets: Red Light States: Who Buys Online Adult Entertainment?

This paper studies the adult online entertainment industry, particularly the consumption side of the market. In particular, it focuses on the demographics and consumption patterns of those who subscribe to adult entertainment websites. On the surface, this business would seem to face a number of obstacles. Regulatory and legal barriers have already been mentioned. In addition, those charging for access to adult entertainment face competition from similar content available without a fee. In the context of adult entertainment, free access offers consumers an extra benefit: online payments tend to create records documenting the fact of a customer's purchase; consumers of free content may feel more confident that their purchases will remain confidential. More broadly, measured levels of religiosity in American are high. On the other hand, social critics often argue that the rise of Internet pornography is contributing to a coarsening of American culture. Do consumption patterns of online adult entertainment reveal two separate Americas? Or is the consumption of online adult entertainment widespread, regardless of legal barriers, potential for embarrassment, and even religious conviction?
A heuristic solution of the identifiability problem of the age-period-cohort analysis of cancer occurrence: lung cancer example.

Background The Age–Period–Cohort (APC) analysis is aimed at estimating the following effects on disease incidence: (i) the age of the subject at the time of disease diagnosis; (ii) the time period, when the disease occurred; and (iii) the date of birth of the subject. These effects can help in evaluating the biological events leading to the disease, in estimating the influence of distinct risk factors on disease occurrence, and in the development of new strategies for disease prevention and treatment. Methodology/Principal Findings We developed a novel approach for estimating the APC effects on disease incidence rates in the frame of the Log-Linear Age-Period-Cohort (LLAPC) model. Since the APC effects are linearly interdependent and cannot be uniquely estimated, solving this identifiability problem requires setting four redundant parameters within a set of unknown parameters. By setting three parameters (one of the time-period and the birth-cohort effects and the corresponding age effect) to zero, we reduced this problem to the problem of determining one redundant parameter and, used as such, the effect of the time-period adjacent to the anchored time period. By varying this identification parameter, a family of estimates of the APC effects can be obtained. Using a heuristic assumption that the differences between the adjacent birth-cohort effects are small, we developed a numerical method for determining the optimal value of the identification parameter, by which a unique set of all APC effects is determined and the identifiability problem is solved. Conclusions/Significance We tested this approach while estimating the APC effects on lung cancer occurrence in white men and women using the SEER data, collected during 1975–2004. We showed that the LLAPC models with the corresponding unique sets of the APC effects estimated by the proposed approach fit very well with the observational data.
The Developmental Psychopathology of Worry.

Although childhood generalized anxiety disorder is generally understudied, worry, the cardinal feature of GAD, appears to be relatively common in youth. Despite its prevalence, there are few conceptual models of the development of clinical worry in children. The current review provides a framework for integrating the developmental psychopathology perspective, models of worry in adults, and data available on worry in children. General risk factors for the development of worry are considered, as well as potential pathways including genetics, temperament, cognitive, emotional and parenting influences, as well as the influence of cognitive development. Based on this review, it appears unlikely that main effects models will be able to explain the development of GAD or clinical worry in children and that a broad, complex model incorporating a number of factors and their interactions will best describe etiological and maintaining factors. With this perspective in mind, a number of suggestions for future work are offered.
The possible significance of a T-wave variant as determined from its age distribution and prevalence prior to myocardial infarction

Abstract An attempt has been made to determine the significance of anteriorly directed mean T-forces in the electrocardiogram as manifest by low T waves on the limb leads, isoelectric or slightly inverted T waves at V 5 and V 6 , upright T waves at V 1 to V 4 , with normal QRS. A prevalence study was made of this T-wave variant in the electrocardiograms of three groups of patients; (1) a control group of 700 men in the Armed Forces, (2) 272 males over the age of 60, and (3) 95 patients in whom electrocardiograms had been taken at least one month prior to the development of myocardial infarction. The prevalence of this T-wave pattern in the elderly and preinfarct groups was significantly greater than in the control group, as determined by statistical analysis. This was felt to constitute presumptive evidence that the pattern, in some instances, may be the earliest sign of left ventricular ischemia, occurring even before clinical symptoms become manifest. This electrocardiographic syndrome is deserving of further critical appraisal and long-term evaluation to determine its prognostic significance in the otherwise normal individual.
Comparison of cortical bone ablations by using infrared laser wavelengths 2.9 to 9.2 microm.

Background and Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the ablation of cortical bone at wavelengths across the near and midinfrared region. Study Design/Materials and Methods An free electron laser generating 4-μs macropulses at specific wavelengths between 2.9 and 9.2 μm was used to ablate cortical bone. The same pulse intensity, repetition rate, radiant exposure, number of pulses, and delivery was used for each wavelength. Tissue removal, collateral thermal injury, and morphologic characteristics of the ablation sites were measured by light and scanning electron microscopy, and compared with the infrared absorption characteristics of cortical bone. Results Within the parameters used, bone ablation was found to be wavelength dependent. Incisions were deepest where protein has strong absorption, and were most shallow where mineral is a strong absorber. No char was observed on ablation surfaces where 3.0, and 5.9–6.45 μm wavelengths were used. Conclusions The use of wavelengths in the 6.1-μm amide I to 6.45-μm amide II region, with the pulse characteristics described, were the most efficient for cutting cortical bone and produced less collateral thermal injury than cutting with a surgical bone saw. This study confirms previous observations that the ablation mechanism below plasma threshold is consistent with an explosive process driven by internal vaporization of water in a confined space and demonstrates that ablation is enhanced by using wavelengths that target the protein matrix of cortical bone. Lasers Surg. Med. 25:421–434, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.