cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3He and BF3 neutron detector pressure effect and model comparison

Abstract Radiation detection systems for homeland security applications must possess the capability of detecting both gamma rays and neutrons. The radiation portal monitor systems that are currently deployed use a plastic scintillator for detecting gamma rays and 3 He gas-filled proportional counters for detecting neutrons. Proportional counters filled with 3 He are the preferred neutron detectors for use in radiation portal monitor systems because 3 He has a large neutron cross-section, is relatively insensitive to gamma-rays, is neither toxic nor corrosive, can withstand extreme environments, and can be operated at a lower voltage than some of the alternative proportional counters. The amount of 3 He required for homeland security and science applications has depleted the world supply and there is no longer enough available to fill the demand. Thus, alternative neutron detectors are being explored. Two possible temporary solutions that could be utilized while a more permanent solution is being identified are reducing the 3 He pressure in the proportional counters and using boron trifluoride gas-filled proportional counters. Reducing the amount of 3 He required in each of the proportional counters would decrease the rate at which 3 He is being used; not enough to solve the shortage, but perhaps enough to increase the amount of time available to find a working replacement. Boron trifluoride is not appropriate for all situations as these detectors are less sensitive than 3 He, boron trifluoride gas is corrosive, and a much higher voltage is required than what is used with 3 He detectors. Measurements of the neutron detection efficiency of 3 He and boron trifluoride as a function of tube pressure were made. The experimental results were also used to validate models of the radiation portal monitor systems.
The Conserved NDR Kinase Orb6 Controls Polarized Cell Growth by Spatial Regulation of the Small GTPase Cdc42

The conserved NDR kinase regulates cell morphogenesis and polarized cell growth in different eukaryotic cells ranging from yeast to neurons. Although studies have unraveled the mechanism of regulation of NDR kinase activity, the mechanism of morphology control by NDR and the effectors that mediate NDR function are unknown. Via a chemical genetic approach, we show that the fission yeast NDR homolog, Orb6 kinase, maintains polarized cell growth at the cell tips by spatially regulating the localization of Cdc42 GTPase, a key morphology regulator. Loss of Orb6 kinase activity leads to the recruitment of Cdc42 GTPase and the Cdc42-dependent formin For3, normally found only at the cell tips, to the cell sides. Furthermore, we show that loss of Orb6 kinase activity leads to ectopic lateral localization of the Cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Gef1, but not of the other Cdc42 GEF, Scd1. Consistent with these observations, gef1 deletion suppresses the increased cell diameter phenotype of orb6 mutants. In contrast, the microtubule cytoskeleton and the localization of the microtubule-dependent polarity markers Tea1 and Tea4 are not altered by loss of Orb6 kinase activity. Our findings indicate that the conserved NDR kinase Orb6 regulates cell polarity by spatially restricting the localization and activity of Cdc42 GTPase.
The CMS Phase-1 pixel detector

The CMS silicon pixel detector allows for precise track parameter measurements and vertex reconstruction. The current detector is designed to operate at a maximum luminosity of 1 × 1034 cm−2 s−1. The Phase-1 pixel upgrade is planned to meet or exceed the necessary performance at the expected peak luminosity of 2 × 1034 cm−2 s−1 of the updated accelerator in an environment where there are many interactions per beam crossing. The new low mass pixel detector will have four barrel layers and three forward/backward disks to provide four pixel hits on tracks. Radiation damage, rate limitations, and performance are being simulated and measured.
The ecology of medical care for children in the United States.

Background. Medical care ecology has previously been investigated for adults, but no similar exploration has been made specifically for children. Objective. To describe proportions of children receiving care in 6 types of health care setting on a monthly basis and to identify characteristics associated with receipt of care in these settings. Methods. Nationally representative data from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey were used to estimate the number of children per 1000 per month who received care at least once in each type of setting. Multivariate analyses assessed associations between receiving care in various settings and children’s sociodemographic factors (age, sex, ethnicity, poverty, parent’s education, urban or rural residence, insurance status, and whether or not the child had a usual source of care). Results. Of 1000 children aged 0 to 17 years, on average each month 167 visited a physician’s office, 82 a dentist’s office, 13 an emergency department, and 8 a hospital-based outpatient clinic. Three were hospitalized and 2 received professional health care in their home. Younger age was associated with increased proportions of children receiving care in all health care settings except dentists’ clinics. Poverty, lack of health insurance, black race, and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with decreased receipt of care in physicians’ and dentists’ offices. Only age ( Conclusions. The ecology of children’s medical care is similar to that of adults in the United States in that a substantial proportion of children receive health care each month, mostly in community-based, outpatient settings. In all settings except emergency departments, receipt of care varies significantly by children’s age, race, ethnicity, income, health insurance status, and whether they have a usual source of care.
Intradural hemangiopericytoma of the lumbar spine: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Hemangiopericytoma is a rare tumor of the central nervous system, most often found supratentorially. Thirty-nine cases within the spinal column, of which five were intradural, have been reported. To date, no magnetic resonance imaging descriptions of intradural hemangiopericytomas have been published. This article is the first report of an intradural hemangiopericytoma of the lumbar spine and the first magnetic resonance imaging description of such a lesion. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 31-year-old man presented with progressive bilateral leg paresthesia and increased lower extremity cramping and fatigue during a period of several months. This progressed to urinary urgency, frequency, and sexual dysfunction. A neurological examination revealed no motor or sensory deficits. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine revealed a centrally located intradural mass posterior to the L4 vertebral body. TECHNIQUE: The patient underwent a laminectomy of L4 and partial laminectomy of L3 with complete en bloc resection of the tumor. A discrete, intradural, red-appearing lesion was found and resected en bloc. Pathological findings were consistent with hemangiopericytoma. CONCLUSION: Intradural hemangiopericytomas, although rare, cannot be differentiated from other, more benign tumors. Spinal hemangiopericytomas ideally should be resected en bloc to reduce operative blood loss and potentially increase disease-free survival time. Despite total surgical resection of these benign-seeming lesions, the high recurrence rate mandates close follow-up and consideration of adjuvant therapy.
Late presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in patients with cystic fibrosis

Late presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is unusual, especially in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). To our knowledge, cases of CDH in CF patients and the combined effects on lung function have not been previously described. Here we report two cases of late presenting CDH in CF patients and describe effects on lung function. Late presentation of CDH in CF patients can cause gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms and requires a high index of suspicion as well as proper interpretation of imaging. In patients with CF and CDH, lung function abnormalities could include obstructive, restrictive defects, or combined defects.
Analysis of residual hydrologic stochastic processes

Abstract After the trend and periodicity components are removed from a hydrologic process, the remaining components are defined as the residual hydrologic processes. In this paper, hydrologic watershed system is considered to consist mainly of the stochastic processes of precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration, and watershed storage that are related by the water balance equation. The residual hydrologic stochastic processes of the watershed system are treated as a multiple time series and analysed by the cross-spectrum and partial cross-spectrum theory to determine the correlation structure of the processes involved. The method of analysis is applied to monthly data from the upper Sangamon River basin above Monticello in east central Illinois, U.S.A. As a result, a set of models for the residual hydrologic stochastic processes of the watershed are obtained and then used to form a stochastic model which may be employed to generate stochastic streamflows.
Models, Meanings and Misunderstandings: Some Issues in Applying Rasch's Theory

Wright (1977) shows that a debate is developing between those who strongly advocate use of the Rasch model and those who have certain reservations about the extent to which the model meets some traditional concerns in trait measurement. In an earlier article, Whitely and Dawis (1974) presented the Rasch model in the context of least squares estimation, and noted some features that may limit the utility of the model in test development. Wright (1977) questions several of the specific interpretations and conclusions that were given in the earlier article. The current article is a response to those questions. Although two areas of disagreement between Wright's (1977) and Whitely and Dawis' (1974) articles could be termed "pseudo-issues" (equivalent forms and technological sophistication), several areas represent real issues. The current article shows that 1) in practice, using least squares estimators as a first step in parameter estimations is neither awkward nor unnecessary; 2) correct interpretations and expressions for least squares standard errors were given in the Whitely and Dawis (1974) article, except for a minor typographical error; 3) large sample sizes are required for successful application of the model; and 4) some advantages of the model may be nullified in the process of meeting traditional goals in testing-namely validity and score interpretability.
P‐74: Automatic Parameters Measurement System for Testing of Bistable Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Displays with Three Different Driving Sequence Methods and Application of Gray‐Level Switching

In this study we have designed an electro-optical measurement system for bistable cholesteric liquid crystal displays which can provide variable drive schemes and measure a series of characteristic curves automatically. The three driving sequence measurement methods for cholesteric liquid crystal displays (CHLCDs) are discussed: conventional driving sequence measurement, cumulative driving sequence(CDS) measurement and dynamic driving sequence(DDS)measurement. Then we implement greyscale application of bistable cholesteric liquid crystal displays by the different driving sequence measurement results.
Dual-energy (MV/kV) CT with probabilistic attenuation mapping for IGRT applications

Imaging plays an important role in the delivery of external beam radiation therapy. It is used to confirm the setup of the patient and to ensure accurate targeting and delivery of the therapeutic radiation dose. Most modern linear accelerators come equipped with a flat panel detector opposite the MV source as well as an independent kV imaging system, typically mounted perpendicular to the MV beam. kV imaging provides superior soft tissue contrast and is typically lower dose to the patient than MV imaging, however it can suffer from artifacts caused by metallic objects such as implants and immobilization devices. In addition to being less artifact prone, MV imaging also provides a direct measure of the attenuation for the MV beam which is useful for computing the therapeutic dose distributions. Furthermore either system requires a large angular coverage, which is slow for large linear accelerators. We present a method for reconstructing tomographic images from data acquired at multiple x-ray beam energies using a statistical model of inherent physical properties of the imaged object. This approach can produce image quality superior to traditional techniques in the case of limited measurement data (angular sampling range, sampling density or truncated projections) and/or conditions in which the lower energy image would typically suffer from corrupting artifacts such as the presence of metals in the object. Both simulation and real data results are shown.
Patterns of Injury in Victims of Urban Free-Falls

The objective of this study was to identify the patterns of injury in urban free-fall victims so as to establish guidelines of management. This prospective study at an academic level I trauma center included 187 consecutive patients who presented to our trauma center during a 9-month period (September 1994 to June 1995) after a fall from a height of 5 to 70 feet. Only three falls were from heights of more than 40 feet. Of these patients, 116 (65.1%) suffered significant trauma. Fractures were the most common injuries, accounting for 76.2% of all injuries. Spinal fractures were detected in 37 patients and were associated with neurologic deficits in 7. Intraabdominal injuries occurred in 11 patients, requiring operative intervention in 9 of them. Solid organ lacerations prevailed, but small bowel perforation and bladder rupture were present in one case each. A significant retroperitoneal hematoma was detected in only one case and a thoracic aortic rupture in one more. The height of the fall correlated highly with the incidence of intoxication and severity of injury, the need for operation, the length of hospitalization, and mortality. Most urban free-falls occur from moderate heights. The spinal column is frequently injured and therefore should be thoroughly assessed clinically and radiographically in all fall victims. Intraabdominal organ injuries are much more common than retroperitoneal ones. Thus the abdominal cavity should be the primary target of aggressive workup in hemodynamically unstable patients. The height of the fall is a good predictor of injury severity and outcome prognosis.
Flexible array of inexpensive radios

In this demo, we propose to use multiple inexpensive off-the-shelf radios to build the FAIR system that can be flexibly configured to realize (1) non-contiguous spectrum access (2) MIMO and beamforming (3) constructing wider-band radio. While non-contiguous spectrum access and MIMO/beamforming are naturally supported by the FAIR system, we further develop radio bonding technique for constructing wider-band radio. Radio bonding provides a cost effective alternative to proprietory radio development that it can realize a non-existing wider-band radio using multiple commodity narrower-band radios. We demonstrate FAIR and radio bonding based on Sora 2.0.
Aggregation in Spatial Choice Modeling

This paper presents a spatial interaction model based on the utilitarian choice model that describes the individual tripmakers' choice of destination locations for their trips. The use of asymptotic properties of the distribution of the perceived utility of each destination zone yielded, a multinominat probit model of destination zone choice. This multinominial probit structure allowed the model to assume arbitrary degrees of similarities in the individual's preceptions of destination locations within or among the traffic zones. A few additional assumptions made it possible to generalize this destination zone choice model to a spatial interaction model representing relative frequencies of interzonal movements. The numerical analysis showed that the violation of an asymptotic assumption used in the model derivation does not cause significant errors in the model.
Self-provisioned hybrid clouds

Virtual Organizations are dynamic entities that consist of individuals and/or institutions established around a set of resource-sharing rules and conditions. The VO may require the use of on-site (local) and off-site (public) compute resources that can be leased or autonomically provisioned, based on workload and site policies. Virtual Organization Clusters provide the necessary computing infrastructure by building upon existing physical grid sites without disrupting the existing infrastructure or requiring any engagement from end users. VOCs also separate the physical and virtual administrative domains and thus encourage more sites to participate in the resource sharing and hosting. The VO can relinquish the compute resources based on job completion or other operational parameters such as cost. This paper expands on previous work with the Virtual Organization Cluster Model by demonstrating its scalability across multiple grid sites with the use of a structured peer-to-peer overlay networking system. A novel approach by which the model is extended to lease-based systems, such as the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), is introduced.
Comparison of methods to determine chromophore concentrations from fluorescence spectra of turbid samples.

Background and Objective This paper compares the ability of three analytic techniques to predict chromophore concentration from fluorescence emission spectra of homogenous, turbid samples with optical properties similar to human tissue. Study Design, Materials and Methods: Two models of light propagation were implemented (exponential attenuation, two flux Kubelka-Munk theory); a priori information about sample optical properties was used to analyze data with the two flux Kubelka-Munk model. The third data analysis technique utilizes the method of partial least squares (PLS) to develop an empirical, linear model of sample fluorescence from a training set with optical properties and known concentrations representative of those to be predicted. This model can be applied to predict chromophore concentrations in the unknown samples. Results Of the three methods, PLS achieved the most accurate results and was able to predict fluorophore concentration to within ± 6% of true values. Conclusion We investigated conditions under which PLS predictions were most accurate and find that best results are achieved when predictions are based on fluorescence emission spectra at more than one excitation wavelength with inclusion of the tail of Rayleigh scattering at the excitation wavelength. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
EFFECT OF DEGREE OF SEPARATION OF VISUAL-AUDITORY STIMULUS AND EYE POSITION UPON SPATIAL INTERACTION OF VISION AND AUDITION

Subjects were exposed to a visual and to an auditory stimulus that differed spatially in laterality of origin. The subjects were observed for visual biasing of auditory localization (the momentary ...
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS COMPOUNDS UPON STRAIGHT GROWTH OF THE AVENA COLEOPTILE

IN THE course of the past two years we have tested one hundred and eighty compounds for their growth stimulating ability, using the method described by Scheer (1937). They were selected from a wide variety of structural types, and many were previously known to be physiologically active. In the past three years more than fifty growth stimulating compounds, other than those reported here for the first time, have been recorded by Kogl and associates (1935, Mitt. 14, 16), Zimmerman and Wilcoxon (1935), Zimmerman and Hitchcock (1937), Koepfli, Thimann, and Went (1938), etc. Different test methods were used by each group of workers. The compounds reported on were effective in concentrations ranging from a few gamma to more than one hundred milligrams per liter. Certain of them are known to occur in nature, though most are synthetic and have not been detected in living tissue. However, they all affect the sum total of the processes known as growth. For each compound we have studied, a series of concentrations has been tested with a view to determining the stimulating range of such substances as were found physiologically active. The same kind of test organism has been used throughout, though we recognize that this test plant may not be equally sensitive to the many different classes of substances worked with. Although many of the substances we are reporting on are growth stimulators or growth inhibitors, no mention should be made of them as "phytohormones," at least at this time. Some are synthetic compounds, and others are naturally occurring substances belonging definitely to chemical categories other than that in which the now-known hormones appear. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-The sources of the compounds studied are given in tables 1, 2, and 3. Any significant estimation of impurities which might be present and thus affect the physiological activity of the compound is difficult. Although the compounds tested were as pure as could be readily obtained, there may have been impurities capable of playing a part in the growth response. Substances of widely different molecular structure characterize the compounds chosen. These include aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic compounds, and some of their derivatives. A wide range of dilutions was tested in most instances. The concentrations were chosen after the response in the preliminary tests had been ascertained. In nearly all instances, the compounds were dissolved in distilled water, and all dilutions were made from the original solution with a minimum of 1 Received for publication May 18, 1939. delay. Substances very slightly soluble in water were first dissolved in a few drops of absolute ethyl alcohol and then added to water. Solutions of given dilutions were then mixed with equal parts of 3 per cent agar. (All agar was washed in daily changes of distilled water for a period of two weeks before use.) Following this, the agar dilutions were poured
Dynamics of urban residential growth

Abstract This paper develops a dynamic model of the urban residential market. Under specific assumptions about market behavior on both the supply and the demand sides it is shown that cities grow by attaining a sequence of short run equilibria. A set of recursive equations is derived and through these the impact of growth on the structure of rents, densities, and consumer welfare is analyzed. The dynamic model explains the decay of the central locations in large old American cities. Housing obsolescence and abandonment arises under special conditions and is reflected in positively sloped rent gradients in central locations. The well-known static result of declining densities with distance from the center is shown to occur only under special conditions such as rising income levels. Directions for further analyzing urban growth, by expanding this dynamic approach, are pointed out.
Radiation therapy in the management of pediatric craniopharyngiomas—a review

Craniopharyngiomas are benign suprasellar tumors that arise from epithelial remnants of the Rathke's pouch. The two standard treatment options are primary total resection or limited surgery followed by external beam radiation. The 10- and 20-year progression-free survival rates following limited surgery and radiation therapy are superior to those achieved by primary surgery alone. The side effect profiles for these two treatment approaches are different. Following total resection there is a very high incidence of panhypopituitarism requiring lifelong multiple hormone replacement therapy. The other side effects include potential damage to adjacent structures such as optic chiasm, vasculature and hypothalamus. Following limited surgery and radiation therapy the incidence of endocrine deficits is significantly lower compared to radical surgery, as is the risk of neurovascular and hypothalamic injury. Optic neuropathy and brain necrosis are rare in modern radiation therapy series. Second malignant neoplasms, although rare, can occur. In children with recurrent craniopharyngiomas following radical surgery, the recommended salvage treatment is radiation therapy, as further surgical attempts at salvage are associated with high relapse rates and increased morbidity and mortality. There have been significant technological advances in the field of radiation treatment planning and delivery that have great potential for reducing the incidence of long-term irradiation sequelae in the developing brain. The general availability of megavoltage linear accelerators and modern radiotherapy innovations such as three-dimensional conformal radiation treatment (3D CRT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT), and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) should further limit the rate of complications and improve cure rates in children with primary or recurrent craniopharyngioma.
Mechanism for joining V and C genes.

I WOULD like to suggest an alternative to the mechanism suggested by Gally and Edelman1 for the joining of the V gene to the C gene. This mechanism has three principal features: (1) no “cross-over” event (for excision and integration) is required; (2) the joined product, the coupled VC into one gene, could either be an RNA or a DNA molecule; and (3) the C gene in its joining end must have a few redundant bases which are almost identical to the joining end of the V gene.
Health complaints attributed to the use of carbonless copy paper (a preliminary report).

Persistent health complaints attributed to the use of carbonless copy paper by office workers on the campus of the University of Washington led to this preliminary study. The goals were to estimate the extent of the problem in a population of known carbonless copy paper users; to describe those health problems which the users attribute to the use of carbonless copy paper; and to make a preliminary determination of the chemical constituents of the paper. Participants were asked to complete a health questionnaire and to attach to it copies of the forms they used. A minimum estimate of 10.7 health complainants per 100 users was similar to that found by investigators in Denmark, but lower than that reported by other investigators and of anecdotal material reported to the study group. There was a statistically significant association between complainants and the amount of paper used. Reports of headaches and irritation of the skin, eye and respiratory tract were similar to those reported elsewhere. Concurrent ...
A space-time correlation study of oxidant and carbon monoxide in the Los Angeles basin

Abstract Autocorrelations of oxidant and carbon-monoxide between different sites and at different times and time intervals (within ± 5 h) in the Los Angeles Basin were studied to establish the transport length scale of the pollutants. Consideration of several ground-based station pairs suggests that oxidant has a transport scale on the order of 55 km along the San Gabriel Valley, east of Los Angeles, in the afternoon, when wind transport is most effective. However, the transport scale appears to be short to the north because of the mountain range, and to the south because of high local NO sources and the Palos Verdes convergence. The transport scale for CO on the other hand is short since local emissions can easily dominate the transported portion. In the afternoon, the lack of surface wind dependence in the oxidant correlations between Los Angeles and Pasadena, and between Los Angeles and Azusa may indicate the importance of high altitude transport.
Grieving in silence: The loss of companion animals in modern society

Abstract This article examines the mourning of deceased pets in our society by adults. This behavior is generally unrecognized and, when it is recognized, considered an undesirable phenomenon. Individuals who grieve for their pets are either forced to conform to societal expectations or experience isolation as a result of their attachment to their nonhuman companions. There are an estimated 52.36 million dogs and 54.83 million cats are kept as pets in the United States (American Veterinarian Medical Association, 1988). Their owners experience both joys and sorrows from living with and loving their pets. The death of a pet is often devoid of rituals, with no accepted practices to facilitate the working through of grief. The bereaved owner receives little sympathy and support from others. This lack of support often impairs the resolution of grief and isolates the grieving owner.
Stem cells in lung biology.

At the cornerstone of contemporary biology are investigations on mechanisms of repair, remodeling, proliferation, and differentiation after injury in complex tissue such as lung. Progress in research in stem cells in lung has been remarkable since an initial National Institutes of Health conference
Kinetic study of hydrodechlorination of chlorobiphenyl with polymer-stabilized palladium nanoparticles in supercritical carbon dioxide.

Hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorobiphenyl in supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SF-CO2) catalyzed by palladium nanoparticles stabilized in high-density polyethylene beads proceeds by consecutive reactions to the final product bicyclohexyl. Each step of the reaction sequence, that is, 4-chlorobiphenyl → biphenyl → cyclohexylbenzene → bicyclohexyl, follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Arrhenius parameters of each reaction step were determined separately in SF-CO2 by in situ absorption spectroscopy using a high-pressure fiber-optic cell. A simulation of product distributions using the first-order consecutive reaction equations was performed and compared with the experimental results obtained by GC/MS analysis of the 4-chlorobiphenyl reaction system. The differences are explained in terms of adsorption/desorption behavior of the intermediates on the catalytic metal surface with respect to the stereostructures of the molecules generated by a molecular mechanics method.
An Efficient Inverse Aerodynamic Design Method for Subsonic Flows

Computational Fluid Dynamics based design methods are maturing to the point that they are beginning to be used in the aircraft design process. Many design methods however have demonstrated deficiencies in the leading edge region of airfoil sections. The objective of the present research is to develop an efficient inverse design method which is valid in the leading edge region. The new design method is a streamline curvature method, and a new technique is presented for modeling the variation of the streamline curvature normal to the surface. The new design method allows the surface coordinates to move normal to the surface, and has been incorporated into the Constrained Direct Iterative Surface Curvature (CDISC) design method. The accuracy and efficiency of the design method is demonstrated using both two-dimensional and three-dimensional design cases.
Planetary boundaries: Thresholds risk prolonged degradation

For nitrogen deposition as for other pollution, waiting until we approach the limits of environmental degradation merely allows us to continue our bad habits until it's too late to change them.
System Configuration: Concurrent Subsystem Embodiment and System Synthesis

In this paper, we introduce a method for preliminary system configuration. Two steps are typically associated with preliminary system configuration, namely, selecting components that embody subsystems and then synthesizing the subsystems to create the system itself. We show how we can perform these two steps concurrently using a modification of Taguchi’s method of robust design. This method is effective in dealing with both discrete and continuous variables simultaneously. We illustrate the method for the preliminary design of a solar powered irrigation system. Our focus in this paper is on explaining our approach rather than on the results per se.
The in-reactor creep of helium-pressurized 304L stainless steel tube

Abstract In-reactor creep experiments were carried out on helium-pressurized 304L stainless steel tubing. The creep capsules were irradiated in row 7 of the EBR-II fast breeder reactor at an irradiation temperature of about 380° C. The hoop stress on the capsules ranged from 0 to 27.3 ksi. To date, the capsules have been irradiated to a fast fluence (> 0.1 MeV) of 1.4 × 10 22 n/cm 2 with a peak fast flux (>0.1 MeV) of 1 × 10 15 n/cm 2 .sec . A steady-state creep region was found in the fluence range of around 3 × 10 21 → 1.4 × 10 22 n/cm 2 (> 0.1 MeV). In the steady-state region the creep rate was found to be linearly related to the hoop stress.
Ultrastructural specialization for ureide production in uninfected cells of soybean root nodules

Ultrastructural studies were conducted on root nodules of soybean (Glycine max) inoculated as seeds withRhizobium japonicum. The development of the large peroxisomes and abundant tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) characteristic of the uninfected interstitial cells was followed during nodule growth and maturation. Quantitative data on differences between the uninfected and infected cells in volumes and numbers of peroxisomes, plastids and mitochondria were analyzed statistically. The peroxisomes are 60 times greater in volume per unit cytoplasm in the uninfected cells than the small presumptive peroxisomes in the infected cells. Plastids are about equal in volume in the two types of cells. Mitochondria have 4 × the volume and 3 × the number of profiles per unit cytoplasm in the infected cells than in the uninfected. The observations are discussed in relation to published evidence that several enzymes involved in ureide production are localized in organelles of the uninfected cells. The uninfected cells are viewed as essential components in the symbiotic relationship between host and bacterium.
Pre-beta-very low density lipoproteins as precursors of beta-very low density lipoproteins. A model for the pathogenesis of familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (type III hyperlipoproteinemia).

Abstract The physical, chemical, and receptor binding properties of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fractions from familial dysbetalipoproteinemic (dys-beta) subjects, homozygous for apolipoprotein (apo-) E2 (E2/2 phenotype), and subjects with the E3/3 phenotype were studied to gain insights into the pathogenesis of dysbetalipoproteinemia, a disorder characterized by the presence of beta-VLDL in the plasma. Pre-beta-VLDL from dys-beta subjects were larger (27 vs. 17 x 10(6) D) and more triglyceride rich (68 vs. 43% dry weight) than beta-VLDL. Pre-beta-VLDL predominated in the Sf greater than 100 flotation fraction, whereas beta-VLDL predominated in the Sf 20-60 fraction. Because lipolysis converts large VLDL (Sf greater than 100) in vivo to smaller, more cholesteryl ester-rich VLDL (Sf 20-60), it is likely that pre-beta-VLDL are precursors of beta-VLDL. Although beta-VLDL were not found in type V hyperlipidemic E3/3 subjects, they were induced by intravenous heparinization, suggesting that lipolysis of pre-beta-VLDL in vivo can result in beta-VLDL formation. Similarly, heparinization of a dys-beta subject produced more beta-VLDL, at the expense of pre-beta-VLDL. The pre-beta-VLDL from normolipidemic and type V hyperlipidemic E3/3 subjects, respectively, had 90 and 280 times the affinity for the apo-B,E(LDL) receptor than did the pre-beta-VLDL from dys-beta subjects. Heparin-induced beta-VLDL from type V hyperlipidemic subjects had a sixfold higher binding affinity than did heparin-induced beta-VLDL from dys-beta subjects. These data suggest that pre-beta-VLDL from E2/2 subjects interact poorly with lipoprotein receptors in vivo, decreasing their receptor-mediated clearance and increasing their conversion to beta-VLDL during lipolytic processing.
Exploring archetypal dynamics of pattern formation in cellular flames

The application of archetypal analysis to high-dimensional data arising from video-taped images is presented. Included in the analysis are intermittent regimes which have not been analyzed previously by other statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA). A hybrid PCA/archetypes technique has been developed to overcome the difficulties of applying archetypes to data sets with points living in a space of dimension higher than about 500. The advantages of the method lie in the creation of patterns typical of the set as a whole, and an expression of the dynamics in terms of these patterns. Archetypes are particularly useful in identifying intermittent regimes, where low energy events that might be missed by a severe principal component truncation are none-the-less crucial to understanding the dynamics. They are part of a suite of data analysis techniques that can be used on dynamic data sets (such as FFT, PCA and other spectral decompositions). This hybrid method extends the application of archetypes to spatio-temporal dynamics in two-dimensional patterns.
Silica Fouling of Heat Transfer Equipment—Experiments and Model

Silica fouling of heat transfer equipment in geothermal energy systems is studied. The effects of temperature, pH, and salinity on silica solubility and silica polymerization are reviewed. Experimental fouling data are presented for geothermal brines with different pH values, chemical compositions, and thermal-hydraulic conditions. The effects of supersaturation, pH, Reynolds number, and the concentration of ions in the brine solution on the formation of silica scale in the heat exchanger tube are discussed. A silica deposition model is proposed that accounts for supersaturation, pH factor, salinity, and thermal-hydraulic effects. Results based on the analytical model are compared with silica fouling data are obtained in the laboratory as well as from two geothermal fields.
Intracranial pressure dynamics: changes of bandwidth as an indicator of cerebrovascular tension.

Abstract The transmission bandwidth (BW) of arterial blood pressure (ABP) to intracranial pressure (ICP) was examined as a means of bedside monitoring of the state of cerebrovascular tension. Changes of BW of a black box identification model, relative arteriolar resistance and intracranial compliance were obtained from a piglet model equipped with a cranial window during induction of asphyxia, hypercapnia, and hypoxia. Changes of black box BW values and simulated changes of BW produced by a physiologically based lump parameter model of ICP dynamics are used to evaluate the hypothesis that during active cerebrovascular tension, changes of BW are inversely related to cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and during passive cerebrovascular tension, changes of BW are not inversely related to changes of CPP. Induction of asphyxia (n=3) produced BW changes of the black box model that were simulated as an active cerebrovascular tension phase during decreasing CPP followed by a passive tension phase. Reventilation after prolonged asphyxia produced significant increases of BW that were simulated by a passive tension. Hypercapnic (n=6) and hypoxic (n=6) challenges produced: (1) significant changes of BW that were matched with simulations of the lumped parameter model for active tension; and (2) relationships between values of BW and relative average cerebral arteriolar resistance and intracranial compliance were inverse and correlated to a regression function of approximately x −1 . Changes of BW of the black box model and the simulations of the lumped parameter model support the feasibility of the stated hypothesis. As such, the evaluation of changes of BW of the black box model with respect to changes of CPP may be a useful method for monitoring the state of cerebrovascular tension.
Wheat rescued from fungal disease

Knockout of all six alleles of a gene in the large wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew.
THE USE OF FAT REPLACERS IN LOW‐FAT PEPPERONI1

Rice granules, potato flour with beet fiber, rice flour and modified food starch were evaluated as fat replacers in pepperoni. Spice formulation and processing methods were held constant. Color, sensory, chemical, and TBARS analyses were performed at days 1, 30, and 60 of storage at 3C. The low-fat pepperoni products were not different (P>0.05) from the control product in processing yield; Hunter Color “a” values at day 1, and “b” values throughout storage; sensory attributes of tenderness, tartness, texture at day 1, and flavor, tartness, texture, appearance, overall rating at 60 days; and consumer acceptance. There were differences (P 0.05) pepperoni sensory juiciness values, but decreased sensory attributes scores (P<0.05) of texture, appearance, and overall rating of the control product.
Maturity-Dependent Mortality of Colorado Potato Beetle Eggs Treated with Novaluron

Novaluron is a chitin synthesis inhibitor (a benzoylphenyl urea) that kills larval stages and causes reversible cessation of laying viable eggs in adults of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Previous studies also suggest that it has ovicidal properties, but not on all tested egg masses. We investigated if egg maturity at the time of exposure affects its susceptibility to novaluron. Novaluron application significantly reduced the hatch of eggs that were 0–24 h old at the moment of treatment, but had no effect on the eggs that were 96–120 h old. Novaluron also interfered with the development of the hatched larvae regardless of the egg age at the time of treatment, probably due to chorion feeding by neonates. Ovicidal properties of novaluron may contribute to Colorado potato beetle control, but their effect will be limited to newly laid eggs. If that window of susceptibility is missed, hatching larvae will be exposed to a fairly old novaluron residue that might be weathered down to sublethal levels. This supports the current recommendations to apply novaluron as a larvicide.
Inclusive prompt photon production in hadronic final states of e+e- annihilation.

We provide complete analytic expressions for the inclusive prompt photon production cross section in hadronic final states of ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ annihilation reactions through one-loop order in quantum chromodynamics perturbation theory. Computed explicitly are direct photon production through first order in the electromagnetic strength ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathrm{em}}$ and the quark-to-photon and gluon-to-photon fragmentation contributions through first order in the strong coupling ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{s}}$. The full angular dependence of the cross sections is displayed, separated into transverse (1+${\mathrm{cos}}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$) and longitudinal (${\mathrm{sin}}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$) components, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ specifies the direction of the photon with respect to the ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ collision axis. We discuss extraction of fragmentation functions from ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ data. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Stabilization of volcanic flanks by dike intrusion: an example from Kilauea

Dike propagation and dilation increases the compression of adjacent rocks. On volcanoes, especially oceanic shields, dikes are accordingly thought to be structurally destabilizing. As compression is incremented, volcanic flanks are driven outward or downslope and thus increase their susceptibility to destructive earthquakes and giant landslides. We show, however, that the 2-m-thick dike emplaced along the east rift zone of Kilauea in 1983 actually stabilized that volcano's flank. Specifically, production of flank earthquakes dropped more than twofold after 1983 as maximum downslope motion slowed to 6 cm·year–1 from approximately 40 cm·year–1 during 1980–1982. As much as 65 cm of deflationary subsidence above Kilauea's summit and upper rift zones accompanied the dike intrusion. According to recent estimates, this deflation corresponds to a reduction in magma-reservoir pressure of approximately 4 MPa, probably about as much as the driving pressure of the 1983 dike. The volume of the dike, approximately 0.10–0.15 km3, is orders of magnitude less than the estimated 200- to 250-km3 volume of Kilauea's reservoir of magma and nearby hot, mushy rock. Thus, deflation of that reservoir reduces the compressional load on the flank over a much larger area than intrusion of the dike adds to it, particularly at the dominant depth of seismicity, 8–9 km. A Coulomb block model for flank motion during intervals between major earthquakes requires the low-angle fault beneath Kilauea's flank to exhibit slip weakening, conducive to earthquake instability. Accordingly, the triggering mechanism of destructive earthquakes, several of which have struck Hawaii during the past 150 years, need not require stresses accumulated by dike intrusions.
Scaffold topography alters intracellular calcium dynamics in cultured cardiomyocyte networks

Structural and functional changes ensue in cardiac cell networks when cells are guided by three-dimensional scaffold topography. We report enhanced synchronous pacemaking activity in association wi...
Environmental enrichment of laboratory animals used in regulatory toxicology studies

There is a wealth of information in the published literature which describes a multitude of approaches to enriching the environment of laboratory animals. This paper attempts to review the various methods of enrichment through social contact, enhancement of the environment and diet, and improvements in husbandry. It attempts to place the various enrichment initiatives within the context of a laboratory which conducts regulatory toxicology, describes some of the experiences in the author's own laboratory and attempts to highlight those ideas which might prove practical to implement in the future. The aim is to demonstrate that a creative approach to environmental enrichment is indeed compatible with regulatory toxicology. It is hoped that this will encourage those responsible for the care and welfare of animals in such a laboratory to challenge historical practices and include environmental enrichment as a fundamental necessity of study design.
Religious Liberalism in the South During the Progressive Era

The social gospel was one of the most productive intellectual movements to originate from American Protestantism. Essentially, the new religious ideology of the late nineteenth century brought the ethical element of Christianity to bear upon the unprecedented problems of social adjustment caused by the rise of an industrial society. It inspired an outpouring of social criticism and reform activity unequalled in the nation's religious experience. The urban-centered problems of slums, crime, political corruption and industrial strife turned progressive-minded churchmen to the mission of social uplift.
Exploring work unit context and leader–member exchange: a multi-level perspective

Leader–member exchange relationships have rarely been explored within the context of the work unit. Employing a sample of 285 employees of a southeastern county library system, the work unit contextual factors of work group size, work group cohesiveness, organizational climate, and leader power were examined for their relationship with LMX from the subordinate's perspective, using a within and between analysis (WABA) approach. All of the contextual variables except size were significantly related to LMX. The WABA and rWG analyses revealed that effects occurred at both within- and between-group levels, indicating individual difference effects. Thus, practitioners should emphasize enhancements to group and organizational processes as well as contributions toward relationship building in LMX dyads. Future research should expand the network of contextual variables that may have potential relevance with LMX, since this study demonstrated that the work context in which the dyad resides contributes in part to the LMX phenomenon. Additional study of the work unit size and LMX relationship is also warranted, as the current research failed to replicate previous research with a predicted negative relationship. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.