cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using a scenario-based hybrid approach to understand participant health behavior

Abstract Background Qualitative and mixed methods approaches are commonly used to understand participants' interactions with real-world settings and can help health services researchers to obtain realistic details about patients’ health behaviors. However, interviews do not easily capture data about how patients perform health-related behaviors that are not part of their daily routine. A scenario-based approach is one method that can be used prospectively to explore how patients make decisions about their health-related behaviors. This approach is comprised of a set of small tailored probable circumstances with equally plausible situations, and are presented as narrative descriptions. To understand how older adults, a group at high-risk for OTC misuse, select over-the-counter (OTC) medication qualitative methods can be used. Objectives This study describes a scenario-based hybrid approach that included a simulation exercise and a situational interview to understand how older adults first select and then take OTC medication. Methods The scenario-based hybrid approach consisted of 1) a simulation exercise to emulate participants' real-world experiences as they selected a medication in a store, followed by 2) a situational interview to capture how participants intended to take the medication they selected. Video recordings captured interview data as well as participants’ body language, navigation patterns, and other nuanced data that would not have been captured in audio recordings. Results/Conclusion The scenario-based hybrid approach not only yielded detailed information about behavior, but also allowed investigators to discern participants' decision-making, influences, and the rationales they use when selecting and taking OTC medications. Studies aiming to capture participants’ behavior in naturalistic situations can use these techniques to draw inferences from direct and indirect visual references that may not be captured otherwise. In this study, the goal was to understand how older adult participants select and take OTC medications. This approach allowed the research team to expediently recreate situations in which participants would purchase an OTC medication, a task that may not occur frequently and thus may not be amenable to participant observation or accurately recalled using retrospective interviewing.
On the Three-Dimensional Correlation Between Myofibroblast Shape and Contraction.

Myofibroblasts are responsible for wound healing and tissue repair across all organ systems. In periods of growth and disease, myofibroblasts can undergo a phenotypic transition characterized by an increase in extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition rate, changes in various protein expression (e.g., alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)), and elevated contractility. Cell shape is known to correlate closely with stress-fiber geometry and function and is thus a critical feature of cell biophysical state. However, the relationship between myofibroblast shape and contraction is complex, even as well in regards to steady-state contractile level (basal tonus). At present, the relationship between myofibroblast shape and basal tonus in three-dimensional (3D) environments is poorly understood. Herein, we utilize the aortic valve interstitial cell (AVIC) as a representative myofibroblast to investigate the relationship between basal tonus and overall cell shape. AVICs were embedded within 3D poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels containing degradable peptide crosslinkers, adhesive peptide sequences, and submicron fluorescent microspheres to track the local displacement field. We then developed a methodology to evaluate the correlation between overall AVIC shape and basal tonus induced contraction. We computed a volume averaged stretch tensor ⟨U⟩ for the volume occupied by the AVIC, which had three distinct eigenvalues (λ1,2,3=1.08,0.99, and 0.89), suggesting that AVIC shape is a result of anisotropic contraction. Furthermore, the direction of maximum contraction correlated closely with the longest axis of a bounding ellipsoid enclosing the AVIC. As gel-imbedded AVICs are known to be in a stable state by 3 days of incubation used herein, this finding suggests that the overall quiescent AVIC shape is driven by the underlying stress-fiber directional structure and potentially contraction level.
The effects of predator odor (TMT) exposure and mGlu3 NAM pretreatment on lasting behavioral and molecular adaptations in the insular cortex and BNST

A stressor can trigger adaptations that contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders. Predator odor (TMT) exposure is an innate stressor that produces lasting adaptations. TMT exposure may activate metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu3), triggering excitatory corticolimbic adaptations that underlie behavioral changes. To evaluate functional involvement, the mGlu3 negative allosteric modulator (NAM, VU6010572; 3 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered before TMT exposure in male, Long Evans rats. Two weeks after stressor, rats underwent behavioral testing (context re-exposure, zero maze and acoustic startle response) followed by RT-PCR gene expression in the insular cortex and BNST. During the TMT exposure, rats displayed stress-reactive behaviors that were not affected by the VU6010572. During the context re-exposure, prior TMT exposure and VU6010572 pretreatment both produced a hyperactive response. TMT exposure did not affect zero maze or ASR measures, but VU6010572 increased time spent in the open arms and habituation to ASR, indicating anxiolytic-like effects. In the insular cortex, TMT exposure resulted in excitatory adaptations as shown by increased expression of mGlu (Grm3, Grm5), NMDA (GriN2A, GriN2B, GriN2C, GriN3A, GriN3B) and AMPA (GriA3) receptor transcripts. Interestingly, mGlu3 signaling during stressor mediated GriN3B upregulation. Stress reactivity during TMT exposure was associated with Grm5, GriN2A, GriN2C, and GriA3 upregulation in the insular cortex and context re-exposure reactivity in the TMT/vehicle, but not the TMT/mGlu3 NAM group. In the BNST, GriN2A, GriN2B and GriN3B were increased by VU6010572, but TMT prevented these effects. These data demonstrate that mGlu3 signaling contributes to the lasting behavioral and molecular adaptations of predator odor stressor.
Quadratic optimization with switching variables: the convex hull for $$n=2$$

We consider quadratic optimization in variables (x, y) where $$0\le x\le y$$ , and $$y\in \{ 0,1 \}^n$$ . Such binary variables are commonly referred to as indicator or switching variables and occur commonly in applications. One approach to such problems is based on representing or approximating the convex hull of the set $$\{ (x,xx^T, yy^T)\,:\,0\le x\le y\in \{ 0,1 \}^n \}$$ . A representation for the case $$n=1$$ is known and has been widely used. We give an exact representation for the case $$n=2$$ by starting with a disjunctive representation for the convex hull and then eliminating auxiliary variables and constraints that do not change the projection onto the original variables. An alternative derivation for this representation leads to an appealing conjecture for a simplified representation of the convex hull for $$n=2$$ when the product term $$y_1y_2$$ is ignored.
A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Psychophysiological Disorders

When applied to the treatment of psychophysiological disorders, cognitive-behavioral interventions seek to modify physiological symptoms indirectly by altering the way the individual responds cognitively and behaviorally to symptom-related stresses (Holroyd, 1979). Utilization of this treatment often requires not only a familiarity with cognitive-behavioral treatment techniques but also an understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorder being treated and of the ways coping can influence and be influenced by physiological processes. Therefore, we will begin with a general discussion of stress and coping, emphasizing the ways coping can influence psychophysiological symptoms. We will then discuss the treatment of three specific disorders chosen because they illustrate issues and problems that are likely to arise in the treatment of disorders with different etiologies and pathophysiologies.
A fourth-order cascaded sigma-delta modulator with DAC error cancellation technique

An architecture that improves the performance degradation caused by the DAC nonlinearity in a cascaded multibit sigma-delta modulator is presented. The proposed architecture, with an extra feedback path in each internal stage, can totally cancel out the errors caused by the DAC nonlinearity at the final stage and, in general, increases the shaping function of DAC errors by one order for the other internal stages as compared to the MASH structure. Behavioral simulation shows that the proposed fourth-order modulator has excellent immunity of DAC nonlinearity over the MASH structure when OSR is greater than 16. With maximum DAC integral nonlinearity (INL) of /spl plusmn/0.05 LSB and an OSR of 32, an improvement of 15 dB over the MASH structure has been observed.
Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality

A distinguished psychologist outlines here the need for a psychology of "becoming," of the growth and development of personality that he says "can best be discovered by looking within ourselves." Modern psychology is in a dilemma, Allport states, for it has trimmed down the image of a man as a free democratic being. He appraises the present state of the psychology of personality and indicates its relevance to human welfare and religion. This volume is based on the Terry Lectures, which the author delivered at Yale University in 1954.
Computational Social Choice: Strategic and Combinatorial Aspects.

When agents have conflicting preferences over a set of alternatives and they want to make a joint decision, a natural way to do so is by voting. How to design and analyze desirable voting rules has been studied by economists for centuries. In recent decades, technological advances, especially those in internet economy, have introduced many new applications for voting theory. For example, we can rate movies based on people’s preferences, as done on many movie recommendation sites. However, in such new applications, we always encounter a large number of alternatives or an overwhelming amount of information, which makes computation in voting process a big challenge. Such challenges have led to a burgeoning area—computational social choice, aiming to address problems in computational aspects of preference representation and aggregation in a multi-agent scenario. The high-level goal of my research is to better understand and prevent the agents’ (strategic) behavior in voting systems, as well as to design computationally efficient ways for agents to present their preferences and make a joint decision.
Occurrence and Characterization of a Phosphoenolpyruvate: Glucose Phosphotransferase System in a Marine Bacterium, Serratia marinorubra.

The mechanism of d-glucose transport in the marine bacterium Serratia marinorubra was investigated. Uptake is mediated by a single, constitutive phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS), resulting in phosphorylation of d-glucose to d-glucose phosphate during transport. The system is saturable (Km = 6.4 × 10−6 M) and highly temperature dependent, with a Q10 of 3.5 between 5 and 15°C. The system is highly specific for d-glucose; structurally related sugars and sugar alcohols did not significantly compete with d-glucose for transport. The PTS requires Mg2+ (Km = 2.5 × 10−4 M), but its activity is otherwise unaffected by salinity changes over the range tested (0 to 35 ‰). S. marinorubra differs from other gram-negative organisms (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) in that its glycerol (non-PTS substrate) permease is not regulated by the presence of glucose (PTS substrate).
Models of Specific and Nonspecific Change Mechanisms in Mental Health Treatments

Treatments for mental health problems are often designed to target particular mechanisms. If a mechanism improves outcome in one treatment but not in others, the mechanism is specific to that treatment. If its effects are shared by other treatments, then the mechanism is nonspecific with respect to those treatments. Both specific and nonspecific mechanisms may be altered to the same or to different degrees in different treatments, resulting in a wide variety of possible models of change. When constructing and evaluating models of change in mental health treatment, it can be useful to consider how each treatment would be expected to affect the mechanism as well as how the mechanism would be expected to affect the outcome. As shown in the examples included in this entry, graphical representations of data can be particularly useful. The correspondence of these models to the concepts of statistical mediation (mediators) and moderation (moderators) are highlighted. Keywords: mental health; methodology; modeling
A General Program for Computing Multistage Vapor-Liquid Processes

Publisher Summary Because of the tedious nature of stage-by-stage calculations, much effort was spent to devise “short-cut” methods, correlations, and analytical methods. The analytical methods involve severely restrictive assumptions whose effect is impossible to determine. The correlations are trustworthy only over a range of systems, which are used to obtain the correlation. This chapter discusses another method of solution, a “relaxation” method, which can be used for any multistage separation process and which is conceptually extremely simple. The relaxation method is most useful for certain processes; just as the stage-by-stage and iteration methods are most useful for certain other processes and for certain types of problems on those processes. A general classification of problems on separation processes is briefly discussed in the chapter to clarify the usefulness of each method.
Posaconazole is not superior to itraconazole for fungal prophylaxis in allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation.

Posaconazole is not superior to itraconazole for fungal prophylaxis in allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation
Insulin: Potential Negative Consequences of Early Routine Use in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

The lack of adequate insulin secretion characterizes all hyperglycemic states. When insulin action is normal, as in type 1 diabetes, there is a near total loss of insulin secretory function. In type 2 diabetes, the abnormalities in insulin secretion are multiple. One of the initial defects is a loss of the early phase of meal-stimulated insulin secretion. This is followed by an inability of the β-cell to increase insulin secretion sufficient to overcome hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a progressive decrease in both β-cell mass and secretory function so that, in most individuals, absolute insulin deficiency occurs in the late stages of the disease. It would seem logical that the ideal treatment for type 2 diabetes should be early and continuing insulin therapy. Unfortunately, there are several characteristics of insulin treatment and insulin action in type 2 diabetes that limit the usefulness of insulin treatment and that suggest that chronic insulin therapy is best used in the later stages of diabetes when there is an absolute deficiency of insulin. In normal physiology, β-cell insulin secretion is coupled immediately with changes in the plasma glucose level (1). The secretory response is rapid (within a minute or two), and because the half-life of insulin is ~5 min, there is little lag time in the glucose regulatory system. Endogenously secreted insulin goes via the portal vein to the liver, where 30–80% of it is either metabolized or used (2). The portal vein-to-peripheral arterial insulin ratio is ~2:1. The administration of insulin exogenously eliminates the rapid regulation of plasma glucose, since the insulin must be taken up slowly and without regulation from the subcutaneous injection site. The kinetics are determined by the nature of the injected insulin formulation. Additionally, as illustrated in Fig. 1, it is necessary …
Invited Talk: Information assurance considerations for software supply chains and 3rd parties

The notion of having 3rd party software and 3rd party assessors of that software is not novel. What is becoming more main-stream is the desire for a large quantity of current and future mobile app software to be malware-free. The question then becomes how likely is it that malware can be detected by 3rd party groups or individuals. This talk will discuss at a high level one approach to the problem based on a real military smartphone project for DARPA, and then we conclude if time permits to discuss malware genealogy and composability / interoperability issues that are core to the cyber security dilemma we face. A few other topics that might be addressed in the Q&A portion of the talk include 2 of the 13 grand challenges in software engineering research and practice.
The strength of mantle silicates at high pressures and room temperature : implications for the viscosity of the mantle

THE rheological properties of the upper mantle, important in convective and tectonic processes, have long been studied through low-pressure creep experiments on olivine1–5. In comparison, our understanding of deformation in the deep Earth is incomplete, because there are few experimental constraints on the rheology of the transition zone (400–670 km depth) and the lower mantle. Estimates of the viscosity at these depths have had to rely on geophysical models of, for example, post-glacial uplift, the geoid and changes in the Earth's rate of rotation6–13. Recently we developed techniques for measuring solid-state creep at mantle pressures14, and here we use these methods to make direct laboratory measurements of the strength of key mantle minerals. We study (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 olivine (representative of about 60% of the upper mantle), (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 γ-spinel (which constitutes a large fraction of the transition zone) and (Mg, Fe)SiO3 perovskite and perovskite + (Mg, Fe)O magnesiowiistite assemblages (which comprise most of the lower mantle), all at room temperature and pressures of up to 60 GPa. Our results suggest that the transition zone may form a layer of relatively high viscosity or strength between the upper and lower mantle. A simple Theological model shows that this behaviour may be compatible with current geophysical observations.
Improved outcomes with the Prolene Hernia System mesh compared with the time-honored Lichtenstein onlay mesh repair for inguinal hernia repair

Abstract Background Inguinal hernia repairs are commonly performed operations. Recently, Neumayer et al examined the gold standard Lichtenstein onlay mesh repair (LMR) against laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair and showed that the recurrence rates are higher for laparoscopic mesh repairs when compared with the open onlay mesh repair (laparoscopic = 10.1% versus open = 4.9%). In 1998, the Prolene Hernia System (PHS) mesh, consisting of an onlay and an underlay patch attached with a connector, was introduced as an option for tension-free open repair of inguinal hernias combining the benefits of a posterior and anterior repair from an open approach. Our objective was to evaluate the PHS mesh repair versus the LMR for inguinal hernias. We hypothesized that the recurrence rate of PHS mesh would be lower compared with the LMR with overall similar complication rates. Methods PHS mesh hernia repairs performed from January 2003 to July 2005 and LMR repairs from January 2000 to July 2002 were included. Demographic data such as age, race, and gender as well as comorbid conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, previous myocardial infarction, diabetes, hypertension, prostatism, and chronic cough were collected. Complications such as cord injury, seroma, hematoma, urinary retention, urinary tract infection, orchitis, and wound infection were recorded. Recurrences in each group were also recorded. A student t test and chi-square analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results Six hundred twenty-two charts were reviewed during the 2 time periods (PHS mesh = 321, LMR = 302). The median follow-up for the study was 17 months. There was no significant difference with regards to age, race, gender, or comorbidities between the 2 groups. Overall, there was a trend toward decreased complications in the PHS mesh group compared with the LMR group (PHS mesh = 17%, LMR = 23%, P = .07), with a significant difference in the hematoma/seroma rates (PHS mesh = 6.9%, LMR = 12.6%, P = .015). Finally, there was a significant decrease in the recurrence rate for the PHS mesh group when compared with the LMR group (PHS mesh = 0.6%, LMR = 2.7%, P = .04). Conclusion Our study shows, during a median follow-up of 17 months, improved outcomes by using the PHS mesh compared with the gold standard Lichtenstein onlay mesh for inguinal hernias with significantly lower recurrence rates. Additionally, in the PHS mesh group, there was a trend toward decreased overall complication rates with significantly less seroma/hematoma rates. Therefore, the PHS mesh repair may represent a superior alternative for the repair of inguinal hernias.
Reaction of CH4 and CH3F with Si(111)

Abstract Ab initio configuration interaction theory is used to study the reactions of CH4 and CH3F on a cluster model of the Si(111) surface. The lattice is modeled as a three layer cluster of 13 Si atoms plus 27 H atoms. The calculated heat of reaction for CH4 + Si(111) → CH3 + H-Si(111) is endothermic by 13 kcal mol-1 with a transition state energy barrier of 24 kcal mol-1. The reaction CH3F + Si(111) → CH2F + H-Si(111) is 12 kcal mol-1 endothermic with an energy barrier of 20 kcal mol-1. The reaction CH3F + Si(111) → CH3 + F-Si(111) is 24 kcal mol-1 exothermic, with an energy barrier of 19 kcal mol-1. The F, H, CH3, and CH2F species are found to bond strongly to the Si(111) surface with adsorption energies of 132, 86, 78, and 76 kcal mol-1, respectively. Equilibrium geometries, vibrational frequencies and transition state geometries for the transfer of H and F in reactions of CH4 and CH3F with Si(111) are reported.
Die Löslichkeit inerter Gase in Wasser bei hohen Temperaturen und Drucken

Die Arbeit gibt einen Uberblick uber experimentelle Untersuchungen der Gasloslichkeit in Wasser bei hohen Drucken und Temperaturen. Es wurden nur solche Gase berucksichtigt, die nicht mit Wasser reagieren. Theoretische Ansatze zur rechnerischen Behandlung des Problems werden mitgeteilt.
Assessing macular pigment from SLO images.

Purpose: To assess the spectral characteristics and spatial distribution of macular pigment by comparing relative retinal reflectance at four different wavelengths. Methods: A Rodenstock scanning laser opththalmoscope (SLO) with four spectral beams, 488, 544, 633 and 780 nm, was used to obtain images of the normal macula from five eyes of three normal subjects. The relative spectral reflectance was determined along a horizontal path extending from nasal to temporal retina through the fovea for each image. A comparison of this data provided an indication of the relative density and the actual spatial extent of macular pigmentation. Results: There is an area of hyper-pigmentation obtained from averaging the data from all five eyes that extends from about 6 deg symmetrically into nasal and temporal macula surrounding a small zone of greater hyper-pigmentation that extends about 3 deg on each side of the fovea. The smaller central zone has a relatively high absorption for blue light and is considered to represent macular pigment. The larger less hyper-pigmented zone is considered to represent melanin in the retinal pigment epithelium. Conclusion: The circularly symmetrical hyper-pigmented central macula including the yellow macular pigment can be assessed by comparing different spectral images obtained from an SLO.
The amino acid sequences of two putative copper-site peptides from the "blue" copper protein, stellacyanin.

Abstract The sequences of a thirteen residue glycopeptide containing the sole cysteine residue of stellacyanin and a pentapeptide containing histidine were determined by the dansyl-Edman method. There is relatively little homology between stellacyanin and plastocyanin or azurin in the cys region and the adjacent histidine proposed as a ligand to Cu in plastocyanin and azurin is absent in stellacyanin. There are homologies between the Cu subunit of cytochrome oxidase and these “blue” copper proteins, in this region. The his peptide shows homologies with the sequence around an invariant his in plastocyanin.
Viscous and inertial pressure effects at the inlet to a bearing film

A numerical solution of the flow equations in an inlet groove and parallel land is used to evaluate and examine the leading edge ram pressure in parallel surface thrust bearings. The separate viscous and inertial effects on the ram pressure are considered and a correlation with the film Reynolds number developed. A comparison of the computed results with Lewicki's model and with available experimental data shows good agreement. Most treatments of inlet flow consider only inertial effects. It is shown that the inclusion of viscous effects can give inlet ram pressures substantially higher than the component due to inertial effects. Presented at the 42nd Annual Meeting in Anaheim, California May 11–14, 1987
America and the Japanese Miracle: The Cold War Context of Japan's Postwar Economic Revival, 1950–1960 . By Aaron Forsberg. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000. Pp. xi, 332. $45.00.

This book is a history of how American foreign policy during the 1950s affected Japan's access to foreign markets. It is not an economic history per se, but rather a political history highlighting the interaction between Cold War security issues and U.S. trade policy. Extensive archival evidence paints a clear picture of U.S. policy toward Japan after the end of the Occupation. Forsberg's main thesis is that the United States contributed to the “Japanese miracle” by fostering an international environment in which Japan could export while maintaining protectionist policies.
Prostate cancer screening between low-income African-American and Caucasian men.

Abstract Objective African-Americans (AA) are more likely than Caucasians (CA) to be diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer, perhaps due to delayed detection. We investigated racial differences in prostate cancer screening according to age and socioeconomic and demographic indices in a large and predominantly low-income population. Methods In-person interviews were conducted with 12,552 men, 84% AA, recruited during 2002 through 2004 from 25 community health centers in the southern United States. Prostate specific antigen test (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) histories, and socioeconomic and demographic indices (i.e., education, household income, health insurance, and marital status) were determined. Odds ratios (OR) from logistic regression summarized the screening and race association as a function of age, while controlling for socioeconomic status (SES). Results Racial differences in screening prevalence varied with age. Of men older than 65 years, CA were significantly more likely to report a PSA test (OR = 1.4) or DRE (OR = 1.5) within the past 12 months. However, these disparities were reduced with control for SES (PSA: OR =1.2; DRE: OR = 1.3, P > 0.05). In contrast, at ages younger than 65, CA were equally or less likely to have received a recent PSA test or DRE, particularly at ages 45–49 years (PSA: OR = 0.7; DRE: OR = 0.9), with little change after SES adjustment. Conclusions Consistent with several screening recommendations, younger AA men, especially those younger than age 50, are more likely than CA to have had a recent PSA test or DRE, independent of SES. Of men older than age 65, less frequent use of screening among AA than CA seems partly attributable to SES and factors other than race.
The Influence of Tank Mix Additives While Making Low Volume Aerial Fungicide Applications

Multiple experiments using low volume aerial applications with nine different adjuvants in combination with fungicide were conducted to compare coverage, droplet spectra, yield, and disease control. Four locations were scattered over three states: Arkansas, Kansas, and Illinois. Four aircraft with different nozzle and boom setups were used to complete the studies. Volume median size (DV0.5) ranged from 232 μm to 364 μm. Kromekote® papers used as collectors were placed in the center 9 m of each aerial swath/treatment (20 m) at three different plant heights: top corn leaf, ear leaf, and the leaf three collars below ear leaf. In each treatment, sampling consisted of 30 papers; 10 corn plants at the three heights, with all papers at 30 cm from the main stalk. DropletScan™, utilizing a high resolution color scanner to digitize the images on the Kromekote® papers, was used to analyze each paper. Means for percent area coverage and DV0.5 were used to separate differences in treatments. Relative span was calculated as an indicator of the range in the droplet spectrum. Yields were taken from the center of each treatment. Three to five replications per treatment were completed and a SAS GLIMMIX analysis was performed. Significant differences were measured among adjuvant treatments for both droplet spectra and deposition/coverage. Mixed results are reported across all treatments and locations. A mixture of water, Headline, and Crop Oil Concentrate (Treatment 2) was consistently measured with the lowest amount of coverage, and in two of four locations had the largest DV0.5. Overall, droplet spectra were impacted by the addition of adjuvants to the tank mix. The largest droplets were not associated with the best coverage, and the trend was for the lowest coverage to be associated with the smallest droplets. Treatment 5 (NIS+Interlock) had the smallest DV0.5 in three of the test locations. A limited number of significant yield differences were found. This effect could be due to low disease pressure.
Locating the Issue Public: The Multi-Dimensional Nature of Engagement with Health Care Reform

This research examines in detail the structure of the issue public for health care reform, drawing from extensive, nationally representative survey data tapping general attentiveness to news and public affairs, specific interests in health care issues, and motivations (e.g., personal health and financial conditions) to follow health care reform issues. We furthermore adopt a multi-dimensional approach to defining the contours of the issue public for health care policy, separately studying its cognitive, affective, and behavioral underpinnings. Results indicate only weak interconnections across these dimensions—measured through health care knowledge, holding strong opinions on health care issues, and participation in health-related political activities, respectively—and somewhat different structural and motivational patterns underlying each. Theoretical, conceptual and methodological implications of these findings are discussed.
Experiential qualities of the Rorschach ink blots.

(1967). Experiential Qualities of the Rorschach Ink Blots. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment: Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 4-10.
Regulation of the cell cycle of 3T3 cells in culture by a surface membrane-enriched cell fraction

Addition of a suspension of a surface membrane enriched fraction prepared from confluent 3T3 cells to sparse 3T3 cells in culture results in a concentration dependent and saturable decrease in the rate of DNA synthesis. The inhibition of cell growth by membranes resembles the inhibition of cell growth observed at confluent cell densities by a number of criteria: 1) In both cases the cells are arrested in the G1 portion of the cell cycle; 2) the inhibition by membranes or by high local cell density can to a large extent be compensated for by raising the serum concentration or by addition of fibroblast growth factor plus dexamethasone. Membranes prepared from sparse cultures inhibit less well than membranes from confluent cultures in a manner which suggests that binding of membranes to cells is not by itself sufficient to cause inhibition of cell growth. The inhibitory activity has a subcellular distribution similar to phosphodiesterase (a plasma membrane marker) and appears to reside in one or more intrinsic membrane components. Maximally, membranes can arrest about 40% of the cell population in each cell cycle. Plasma membranes obtained from sparse 3T3 cells are less inhibitory than membranes obtained from confluent cells. This suggests either that the inhibitory component(s) in the plasma membrane responsible for growth inhibition may be in part induced by high cell density, or that this component(s) may be lost from these membranes during purification.
Methionine and Protein Requirements of Young Turkeys

Abstract Nine experiments involving a total of 3697 turkeys divided into 48 pens per experiment were conducted to determine the methionine or total sulfur amino acid and the protein requirements of Medium White turkeys between 0 and 4 weeks and between 4 and 8 weeks of age. In each experiment, 24 diets varying in protein and methionine content in a 4 × 6 factorial design were fed. Body weight gains were found to be more closely related to the total sulfur amino acid content than to the methionine content of practical type corn-soybean meal diets. For the respective age periods between 0 to 4 and 4 to 8 weeks, the total sulfur amino acid requirements of Medium White turkeys were approximately 1.10 and 1.00% or 3.8 and 3.4 mg per kcal metabolizable energy, and the minimum protein requirements were at least 27% and 24% when diets contained sufficient total amino acids.
Etiology, Disablement, and Quality of Life: Interpersonal Violence versus Other Causes of Spinal Cord Injury

This analysis was part of a larger investigation of quality of life (QOL) that produced lengthy interviews with 40 persons with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Ten subjects with interpersonal violence-related (VR) injuries were matched with 10 subjects whose SCIs were not related to violence (NVR). Compared to the NVR group, the VR subjects talked more extensively about the injury experience and, with respect to their disability, were more likely to emphasize their disabilities rather than abilities. The two groups did not differ in descriptions of the experience of handicap. Factors moderating disability and handicap favored the NVR subjects. They had better financial resources, more accessible homes, more equipment, and more reliable attendants (if needed). VR subjects relied more heavily on family and friends for care and social support, worried more about the availability of future support, and were more dependent on the safety net of community agencies. The majority of VR subjects reported instances of physical intimidation, exploitation, or discrimination by others in the community; no NVR subjects reported such experiences. On a 1-to-7 subjective QOL scale, the majority of VR subjects rated themselves at midpoint (4), whereas the NVR subjects’ ratings were clustered at the high (6 or 7) and low (3) ends of the scale. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are explored. Preinjury differences combined with differences in postinjury experiences seem to account for the observed differences in the disablement experience and QOL of these two groups. Key words: disablement, interpersonal violence, qualitative research, quality of life, spinal cord injury
Probabilistic Modeling of Aerothermal and Thermal Protection Material Response Uncertainties

A Monte-Carlo-based methodology is presented for physics-based probabilistic uncertainty analysis of aerothermodynamics and thermal protection system (TPS) material response modeling for aerocapture or direct entry missions. The objective of the methodology is to identify and quantify the most important sources of uncertainty in aeroheating and the resulting thermal protection material selection, design, and sizing based on inaccuracies in current knowledge of the parametric input modeling parameters. The resulting parametric modeling uncertainty would be combined with other uncertainty sources to determine the final aeroheating and TPS response modeling uncertainty for a given application, which can then be used to define appropriate margins and factors of safety that should be applied to the TPS. These techniques facilitate a risk-based probabilistic design approach, whereby the thermal protection system can be designed to a desired risk tolerance, and any remaining risk can be effectively compared to that of other subsystems via a system-level risk mitigation analysis. Modeling sensitivities, which are a byproduct of the uncertainty analysis, can be used to rank input uncertainty drivers. Key input uncertainties can then be prioritized and targeted for further analysis or testing. The strengths and limitations of this technique are discussed. Sample results are presented for two cases: Titan aerocapture and Mars Pathfinder. These cases demonstrate the utility of the methodology to quantify the uncertainty levels, rank sources of input uncertainty, and assist in the identification of structural uncertainties in the models employed.
Choroidal neovascular membrane after laser-induced chorioretinal anastomosis.

Purpose To treat a patient who had a choroidal neovascular membrane after laser-induced chorioretinal anastomosis for nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Methods A 70-year-old man underwent successful formation of a chorioretinal anastomosis for nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. He subsequently developed a choroidal neovascular membrane at the site of the chorioretinal anastomosis. Results The choroidal neovascular membrane at the site of the chorioretinal anastomosis was treated successfully with argon laser photocoagulation. The anastomosis remained functional. Conclusion We recommend that patients who have undergone laser-induced chorioretinal anastomosis for nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion be followed up closely for choroidal neovascular membrane formation.
Distribution and relation of total bacteria, active bacteria, bacterivory, and volume of organic detritus in Atlantic continental shelf waters off Cape Hatteras NC, USA

Abstract During the Ocean Margins Program, we obtained data on the abundances of bacterioplankton and heterotrophic flagellates, and on rates of bacterivory, across the mid-Atlantic continental shelf off Cape Hatteras, NC, during four spring and summer cruises from 1993 to 1996. Bacterial and grazing parameters were compared for inner, middle, and outer shelf regions. In 1996, we sampled during two seasons: early spring (March) and mid-summer (July), and in addition determined the fractions of in situ bacterioplankton that had visible nucleoids (NV cells), or that had highly active electron transport systems (ETS), i.e. that were positive for reduction of the fluorogenic formazan compound, 5 cyano-2,3 ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC+ cells), as well as the volumetric concentration of organic detrital particles. Detrital volumes and abundances of bacterioplankton and of heterotrophic flagellates, varied by an order of magnitude, and decreased from inshore to offshore shelf regions. In 1996, bacterial abundances and percentages of CTC+ cells were higher across the shelf during the early spring bloom season (March) compared to the post-bloom season (July). In March 1996, percentages of bacterial cells with visible nucleoids varied between 20% and 70%, but showed little change across the shelf; while fractions of total bacteria with highly active ETS were lower and more variable (1–16% CTC+ cells), and on average were twice as high in the inner shelf region compared to the rest of the shelf. Percentages of CTC+ cells were also higher for particle-associated bacteria. There was a strong positive relationship between percent CTC+ cells and volume of organic detrital particles. However, % CTC+ cells and detrital volume were not consistently related to either bulk particulate organic carbon or chlorophyll. Bacterivory, assessed via rate of ingestion of fluorescently labeled bacteria, could remove 2–9% (4–18% accounting for motile cells) of total bacterial stocks per day. If bacterivores selectively grazed CTC+ bacteria, then bacterivory could result in turnover of CTC+ cells at rates on the order of 0.4–1.4 d−1.
Importance of Position 170 in the Inhibition of GES-Type β-Lactamases by Clavulanic Acid

Bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, etc.) is commonly the result of the production of β-lactamases. The emergence of β-lactamases capable of turning over carbapenem antibiotics is of great concern, since these are often considered the last resort antibiotics in the treatment of life-threatening infections. β-Lactamases of the GES family are extended-spectrum enzymes that include members that have acquired carbapenemase activity through a single amino acid substitution at position 170. We investigated inhibition of the GES-1, -2, and -5 β-lactamases by the clinically important β-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid. While GES-1 and -5 are susceptible to inhibition by clavulanic acid, GES-2 shows the greatest susceptibility. This is the only variant to possess the canonical asparagine at position 170. The enzyme with asparagine, as opposed to glycine (GES-1) or serine (GES-5), then leads to a higher affinity for clavulanic acid (K(i) = 5 μM), a higher rate constant for inhibition, and a lower partition ratio (r ≈ 20). Asparagine at position 170 also results in the formation of stable complexes, such as a cross-linked species and a hydrated aldehyde. In contrast, serine at position 170 leads to formation of a long-lived trans-enamine species. These studies provide new insight into the importance of the residue at position 170 in determining the susceptibility of GES enzymes to clavulanic acid.
Secure trade lane: a sensor network solution for more predictable and more secure container shipments

Due to globalization and especially with China becoming the world's production center, global trade is strongly increasing. The vast majority of all goods are shipped in ocean-going containers. Secure Trade Lane (STL) is a solution for making container shipments more predictable and more secure. The solution comprises an embedded controller that is mounted on ocean-going containers, and a sophisticated backend communicating with the embedded controller and integrating all trading partners. Both components are tightly linked and couldn't exist in isolation. In this paper we outline the rationale of technologies being used in this Sensor Network solution, and describe end-to-end architecture and key components. We share the key lessons learned and take a look at the future evolution of asset tracking and monitoring, in particular in transportation industries.
Endocrine function and histology of the canine pancreas after exocrine ablation by ductal injection of silicone rubber adhesive.

Abstract Ablation of pancreatic exocrine tissue by intraductal injection of silicone rubber is a potential method for obviating the need to drain exocrine secretions after pancreas transplantation. Silicone rubber adhesive was injected into the pancreatic duct of eight dogs. After an initial rise in serum amylase, levels returned to normal. All dogs remained normoglycemic, although glucose tolerance tests were slightly abnormal at 1 and 2 months. Biopsies at 6 and 12 weeks showed marked atrophy of the pancreases, with involution of acini and fibrosis; islets and β cells were preserved. Silicone rubber injection induces exocrine atrophy without chronic inflammation or a significant loss of β-cell function.
Evaluation of the sensitivity of red blood cell markers to detect photodynamic membrane damage

BACKGROUND: Photodynamic dyes have been used to investigate pathogen reduction methods in RBC suspen-sions, but treatment with sensitizers and light can produce unwanted membrane damage during routine blood bank storage. This study compares the relative sensitivity of three assays for detecting RBC membrane damage. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: RBCs were treated with dimethylmethylene blue and red light-emitting diode light under four conditions differing in photodynamic stringency and subsequently stored under refrigerated conditions for up to 42 days. Hemolysis, potassium release, and the apoptosis marker annexin V binding were assayed immediately after phototreatment and following storage. RESULTS: In terms of increasing sensitivity for detecting photodynamic RBC membrane damage was enhanced ion leakage >> hemolysis > annexin V binding. CONCLUSION: Although very stringent photodynamic treatment conditions generate annexin V-positive RBCs, the assay will not detect more subtle membrane damage that is readily detected by other well-established methods. In addition, many RBCs destined for photo-induced hemolysis later in storage are annexin V-negative throughout the storage period, suggesting that the two measures are not directly related.
Stress and electric displacement distribution near Griffith's type III crack tips in piezoceramics

Abstract The inhomogeneous distributions of internal shear stress and electrical field induced by external shear stress or applied electric field around a Griffith's type III crack tip in ferroelectric ceramics have been analyzed. For a linear system, the stress and the electric displacement intensity factors, K III and K IV , respectively, can be expressed in simple analytic forms which account for both electric and mechanical contributions.
Short-term outcomes of matching dual diagnosis patients' symptom severity to treatment intensity.

Abstract This study evaluated a patient-treatment matching strategy intended to improve the effectiveness of hospital-inpatient and community-residential treatment for dual diagnosis patients. Matching variables were the severity of patient disorders and the program's service intensity. Each of three high-intensity hospital programs was paired with a nearby high-intensity community program; there were also four low-intensity pairs. Patients (N =230) were randomly assigned to hospital or community care at intake, and followed at discharge (96%) and at 4 months (90%). Support was found for the matching strategy at discharge in that severely ill patients treated in high-intensity programs improved more on substance abuse outcomes, and moderately ill patients treated in low-intensity programs improved more on psychiatric outcomes. The benefits of matching held at 4 months in that high-severity patients had better alcohol outcomes when they were treated in high-rather than low-intensity programs. High-and moderate-severity patients did not show differential outcomes in hospital-based or community-based programs. Dual diagnosis patients should be matched by symptom severity with program service intensity, but matching with hospital or community care may not enhance treatment outcomes.
Single Payer—good Metaphor, Bad Politics

Health insurance reform requires political solutions, not technocratic fixes. Single payer frames the problem as a grossly inefficient bursar's office. Great political leadership means reframing the problem as a faulty social compact, rewriting the compact, and making everybody play by the new rules. Most of all, great leadership means explaining in powerful language why participating in the new social compact would fulfill both enlightened self-interest and social responsibility.
Study of Induced Temporal Coherence in Optical Parametric Down Conversion

Abstract Temporal coherence of the idler photon beam induced by a coherent input signal was studied for non-degenerate optical parametric down conversion. When the optical path difference of the interferometer is much longer than the coherence length of the spontaneous idler radiation, the experimental results show that the first-order temporal coherence of the idler photon can be induced by a coherence input signal and the interference fringe visibility is determined by the intensity of the coherent input signal.
A new forerunner for continental drift

Abraham Ortelius suggested the basic elements of the continental drift theory in 1596, thus antedating by more than 150 years other writers credited with early fomulations of the theory.