cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumer innovativeness and consumer acceptance of brand extensions

Purpose – This paper attempts to examine the relationship between consumer innovativeness and consumers' acceptance of brand extensions.Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual paper that builds upon the extant literature of consumer innovativeness and brand extensions. A number of research propositions are developed in this thought‐provoking work.Findings – It is proposed that consumer innovativeness exerts considerable influence on consumers' acceptance of brand extensions when extension distance and types of extensions are examined. In addition, product information availability and interpersonal communication/influence (i.e. informative and normative) moderate the relationship between consumer innovativeness and consumers' acceptance of brand extensions.Research limitations/implications – This study can help marketers develop appropriate and effective marketing strategies to influence consumers' acceptance of brand extensions. This study serves to provide guidance for brand managers and marke...
A systematic evaluation of methods to optimize culture-based recovery of Clostridium difficile from stool specimens.

With the increasing prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized patients, a clear understanding of C. difficile epidemiology is needed to evaluate current prevention policies, and to create new and effective policies. To determine the epidemiology of C. difficile, the most sensitive methods for detection of C. difficile are required. The purpose of this study was to systematically assess multiple methods to determine the most sensitive method to recover C. difficile from stool and rectal swabs. Stool samples from healthy asymptomatic individuals that were collected and confirmed to be culture negative for C. difficile were spiked with known concentrations of C. difficile ranging from 104 CFU of C. difficile per ml of stool to 10 CFU per ml. Two sets of experiments (A and B) were performed and each involved multiple combinations of untreated and treated stool/rectal swab specimens and selective and non-selective broth and agar. Overall, recovery of C. difficile was increased with the use of an initial broth enrichment followed by plating to solid medium. The most sensitive method of C. difficile detection for both stools and swab specimens was heat shock prior to inoculation of cycloserine-cefoxitin mannitol broth with taurocholate lysozyme cysteine (CCMB, Anaerobe Systems, Morgan Hill, CA) followed by isolation from pre-reduced TSA II with 5% sheep blood (BAP, BBL BD and Co., Sparks, MD). Identifying the most sensitive method of recovery will allow for further study of asymptomatic C. difficile carriers and their role in the epidemiology of C. difficile.
The Genus Stichopogon Loew (Diptera: Asilidae) in America North of Mexico

Abstract. The species of Stichopogon occurring in the United States and Canada are reviewed. A key to species, diagnoses, illustrations, and distribution maps are presented. Stichopogon californica, new species, is described from Monterey County, California. Lectotypes are designated for Stichopogon abdominalis Back, Stichopogon argenteus (Say) and Stichopogon catulus Osten Sacken. Stichopogon pritchardi Bromley, 1951 is synonymized with Stichopogon colei Bromley, 1934 (new synonymy).
An Examination of Kernite (Na2B4O6(OH)2·3H2O) Using X-Ray and Electron Spectroscopies: Quantitative Microanalysis of a Hydrated Low-Z Mineral

Mineral borates, the primary industrial source of boron, are found in a large variety of compositions. One such source, kernite (Na2B4O6(OH)2·3H2O), offers an array of challenges for traditional electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA)—it is hygroscopic, an electrical insulator, composed entirely of light elements, and sensitive to both low pressures and the electron beam. However, the approximate stoichiometric composition of kernite can be analyzed with careful preparation, proper selection of reference materials, and attention to the details of quantification procedures, including correction for the time dependency of the sodium X-ray signal. Moreover, a reasonable estimation of the mineral's water content can also be made by comparing the measured oxygen to the calculated stoichiometric oxygen content. X-ray diffraction, variable-pressure electron imaging, and visual inspection elucidate the structural consequences of high vacuum treatment of kernite, while Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm electron beam-driven migration of sodium and oxygen out of the near-surface region (sampling depth ≈ 2 nm). These surface effects are insufficiently large to significantly affect the EPMA results (sampling depth ≈ 400 nm at 5 keV).
A new 3-D transform using a ternary product

We introduce a 3-D discrete transform that depends on the choice of a certain pair of 3-D arrays called inverse pairs. Many choices of inverse pairs are possible, and each choice gives a new 3-D transform. A number of new 2-D and 1-D transforms are also derived.
R-curve response of silicon carbide whisker-reinforced alumina: Microstructural influence

Rising fracture resistance with crack extension (R-curve response) can lead to improvements in the mechanical reliability of ceramics. To understand how microstructures influence the R-curve behavior, direct observations of crack interactions with microstructural features were conducted on SiC whisker-reinforced alumina. The contribution of the dominant toughening mechanisms to the R-curve behavior of these composites is discussed using experimental and theoretical studies.
Citation theories in the framework of international flow of information: new evidence with translation analysis

Citation is a worldwide phenomenon. It needs to be considered in the international context. This study examines four common modalities (physical accessibility, cognitive accessibility, perceived quality, and perceived importance) underlying the complex citation practice by translation analysis. In an analysis of the Chinese literature in library and information science, it was found that there is a very strong correlation between languages cited and languages translated (r = 0.978 ). The overall national citation pattern of foreign publications is highly correlated with its translation pattern (r = 0.897). There is approximately 57% overlap between the group of the 60 most heavily cited authors and the group of the 60 most frequently translated authors. Highly cited publications are more likely to be translated (54.5 vs. 13.8%).
The response of BHK21 cells to infection with type 12 adenovirus: VI. Synthesis of virus-specific RNA

Abstract When G1-arrested BHK21 cells are infected with type 12 adenovirus (Ad12), some of the newly synthesized RNA is virus specific. RNA-DNA hybridization-competition experiments have demonstrated that this RNA corresponds to up to 60% of those “early” mRNA sequences which are transcribed in productively infected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. No “late” Ad12 mRNA was detected in BHK21 cells. Comparison of Ad12-specific RNA sequences transcribed in Ad12-infected BHK21 cells and in Ad12-induced hamster tumor cells (line HT 2 ) by hybridization-competition reaction indicated that no virus-specific sequences are transcribed in HT 2 cells which are not also present in BHK21 cells abortively infected with Ad12. Attempts to detect any Ad12 DNA synthesis in BHK21 cells by DNA-DNA hybridization, under conditions of minimal background cellular DNA synthesis, were unsuccessful. Correspondingly, immunofluorescent staining experiments failed to detect Ad12 capsid protein synthesis in over 10 4 infected cells.
Exploring Strain‐Promoted 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of End Functionalized Polymers

Strain-promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of cyclooctynes with 1,3-dipoles such as azides, nitrones, and nitrile oxides, are of interest for the functionalization of polymers. In this study, we have explored the use of a 4-dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO)-containing chain transfer agent in reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerizations. The controlled radical polymerization resulted in well-defined DIBO-terminating polymers that could be modified by 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions using nitrones, nitrile oxides, and azides having a hydrophilic moiety. The self-assembly properties of the resulting block copolymers have been examined. The versatility of the methodology was further demonstrated by the controlled preparation of gold nanoparticles coated with the DIBO-containing polymers to produce materials that can be further modified by strain-promoted cycloadditions.
A NEW METHOD FOR MUTANT SELECTION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

A new method for the selection of auxotrophic, antibiotic- and temperature-sensitive mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is reported. The technique is based upon the observation that certain fatty acid auxotrophs of yeast die when deprived of fatty acid only under conditions supporting growth. When macromolecular synthesis is blocked, the fatty acid-starved cells survive. By appropriate manipulation of a fatty acid-requiring strain enrichment as great as 75-fold was achieved for certain classes of auxotrophic mutants. An enrichment of approximately 100-fold is possible for some antibiotic-sensitive mutants. Selection for temperature-sensitive mutants, however, resulted in less than a 2-fold increase in the frequency of such mutants, probably because of the heterogeneity of this mutant category. It is likely that only that fraction of temperature-sensitive mutations which rapidly and reversibly blocks macromolecular synthesis is selected by this technique.
Effect of Superdisintegrant on Antigen Release from Enteric-Coated Antigen Microspheres

AbstractThe effect of incorporation of a superdisintegrant into an oral enteric-coated antigen microsphere (EW) delivery system was studied. The mixture of antiken and sodium starch glycolate (SSG, Explotab®) was applied onto 25- to 30-mesh nonpareil beads followed by coating with polymethacrylic acid-ethylacrylate. (PMA-EA, Eudragit® L-30D). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as a model antigen. The amount of antigen released from the ECAMs in dissolution medium as a function of time was determined by a size-exclusion HPLC method with UV detection. The level of superdisintegrant incorporated was optimized by adding different amount of SSG onto the beads. Study results indicated 12% (w/w) SSG provided the significantly faster release of LPS than other formulations. The time of the beads with SSG incorporated began to break apart the enteric film was 1.24, 1.26, 1.34, 1.58 and 1.86 min for 12%. 9%, 5%, 3%, and 1% superdisintegrant added formulation, respectively. The disintegrating time of SSG incorporated ...
ROLE OF THE ADRENAL GLAND IN THE RESPONSE OF PLASMA POTASSIUM OF THE RAT TO MODERATE AND SEVERE HYPOXIA12

KLINE (1952) has shown that, in the cat, moderate hypoxia produces a decrease in the plasma potassium concentration, whereas severe hypoxia produces an increase. He believes that these electrolyte shifts are influenced by secretions from the adrenal gland. More recently it has been demonstrated (Sussman et al., 1953) that moderate hypoxia produces a decrease in plasma potassium concentration in the rat. The present investigation was undertaken in an attempt to determine the role of the adrenal in the response of plasma potassium of the rat to moderate and also to severe hypoxia. METHODS Male rats of the Wistar strain weighing betwen 200 and 300 gm. were used. They were fed Purina Chow and water ad libitum. Hypoxia was produced by acute decompression whereby rats were taken to simulated altitudes of 25,000, 28,000, 30,000 or 35,000 feet within 2 to 3 minutes. After 30 minutes they were returned to ground level as quickly as possible and a blood sample was obtained.
The Alternative Iranian model of living renal transplantation

The experience of the Iranian model should be carefully considered by those who suggest a pilot trial of a regulated market in organ sales. Mahdavi-Mazdeh's candid report makes clear that a fixed price as the basis of regulation is not possible. Iran is proceeding with an independent program of deceased organ donation in cities such as Shiraz. Mahdavi-Mazdeh's report is encouraging for the prospect of a revitalized expansion of deceased donation.
Changes in quartz solubility and porosity due to effective stress: An experimental investigation of pressure solution

Experimental compaction of quartz sand was conducted in semistatic flow-through systems at 150C to examine the chemical and physical processes associated with pressure solution. Pore-fluid chemistry and porosity were monitored through time to investigate the role of effective stress on silica solubility and compaction rate. The concentration of silica in the pore fluid varied directly with effective stress at constant pore-fluid pressure, but not in a linear fashion. Increases in silica were not transient and could be partially reversed by removal of the effective stress. Porosity decreased steadily under constant nonzero effective stress at 150C, but remained essentially constant under identical loading conditions at room temperature. Initial compaction rates increased linearly with effective stress. Deformed samples show indented contacts with fractures and dissolution features, healed microfractures, and a decrease in average grain size. Multiple mechanisms (pressure solution, subcritical crack growth, crack healing) appear to operate at grain contacts during compaction. The authors interpret long-term, time-dependent compaction accompanied by stress-induced changes in fluid chemistry as evidence for pressure solution.
A diurnal resonance in the ocean tide and in the Earth's load response due to the resonant free ‘core nutation’

The effects of the oceans, which are subject to a resonance due to a free rotational eigenmode of an elliptical, rotating earth with a fluid outer core having an eigenfrequency of (1 + 1/460) cycle/day, on the body tide and nutational response of the earth to the diurnal luni-tidal force are computed. The response of an elastic, rotating, elliptical, oceanless earth with a fluid outer core to a given load distribution on its surface is first considered, and the tidal sea level height for equilibrium and nonequilibrium oceans is examined. Computations of the effects of equilibrium and nonequilibrium oceans on the nutational and deformational responses of the earth are then presented which show small but significant perturbations to the retrograde 18.6-year and prograde six-month nutations, and more important effects on the earth body tide, which is also resonant at the free core notation eigenfrequency.
Vi SEROLOGY IN DETECTION OF CHRONIC SALMONELLA TYPHI CARRIERS IN AN ENDEMIC AREA

Abstract A passive haemagglutination assay measuring antibody to highly purified Vi antigen, known to be sensitive and specific for the detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers in a non-endemic area, was assessed in an endemic area. A reciprocal serum Vi antibody titre of 160 was found to have a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 92%, and a high predictive value in screening for chronic S typhi carriers in high-risk population groups (eg, women over 40 years). This simple assay can screen for chronic S typhi carriers even in areas where typhoid fever is highly endemic.
Slope transforms: theory and application to nonlinear signal processing

Fourier transforms are among the most useful linear signal transformations for quantifying the frequency content of signals and for analyzing their processing by linear time-invariant systems. Some nonlinear signal transforms are developed that can provide information about the slope content of signals and are useful analytic tools for large classes of nonlinear systems. Many of their theoretical properties are examined, showing a striking conceptual resemblance to Fourier transforms and their application to linear systems. These novel transforms, called slope transforms, are originally derived from the eigenvalues of morphological dilation and erosion systems, where the corresponding eigenfunctions are lines /spl alpha/t+b parameterized by their slope /spl alpha/. They obey a nonlinear superposition principle of the supremum- or infimum-of-sums type. Applied to the impulse response of dilation or erosion systems, the slope transforms provide a slope response function for these systems, which allows their analysis and design in a transform domain, the slope domain. Applied to arbitrary signals, the slope transforms provide information about upper or lower tangents to the signal's graph at varying slopes. The upper or lower envelopes of the signal can be obtained from the inverse transforms. Overall, the slope transforms provide a new transform domain for signals and morphological systems where time lines become slope impulses, time cones become slope bandpass filters, and time dilation/erosion transform into addition of slope transforms. Their application to the design of slope-selective filters is also presented. >
The Integrity of Web-Delivered Experiments: Can You Trust the Data?

Data from Web-delivered experiments conducted in browsers by remote users of PsychExperiments, a public on-line psychology laboratory, reveal experiment effects that mirror lab-based findings, even for experiments that require nearly millisecond accuracy of displays and responses. Textbook results are obtained not just for within-subjects effects, but for between-subjects effects as well. These results suggest that existing technology is adequate to permit Web delivery of many cognitive and social psychological experiments and that the added noise created by having participants in different settings using different computers is easily compensated for by the sample sizes achievable with Web delivery.
Lottery Players/Stock Traders

The behavior of stock traders and lottery buyers can teach us about our common aspirations, thoughts, and emotions and help answer many questions of finance.
Bulk Radiation by Surface Acoustic Waves Propagating Under a Grating

Attenuation d'une onde de Rayleigh due a la diffusion dans le volume par un reseau periodique sur la surface d'un milieu elastique. Cas d'une onde de Rayleigh tombant sous incidence normale et oblique sur des reseaux a sillons dans LiNbO 3 a coupe Y a direction de propagation Z
Motion planning for the roller racer with a sticking/slipping switching model

The roller racer, an undulatory locomotion system, is a toy which can be propelled forward by sitting on it and only oscillating the steering handle. A nonholonomic dynamic model and controllability analysis of the roller racer was first published by Krishnaprasad and Tsakiris in 1998. The model is derived from the usual assumption that all the wheels obey sticking (non-slipping) constraints, i.e., rolling without slipping. Controllability analysis shows that under these assumptions, the roller racer cannot be stopped once started. Yet physical prototypes do not exhibit this characteristic. In this paper, a high-fidelity model of the roller racer is presented by considering the finite static friction between the wheels and the ground, i.e., slipping will occur when constraint force exceeds the maximal allowable frictional force. It is proved that the system could be stopped from any state with only the steering angle control. Furthermore, based on group symmetry and motion primitives, a planner is designed to achieve motions between any two given positions and orientations with zero velocities. Experiments also show that front wheel slipping stops the system faster than joint frictions
Maximizing Yarn and Fabric Strength Through Variance of HVI Elongation

As a new method for maximizing yarn and fabric strengths, an exploratory blending experiment is completed in a 4-week period by processing 2117 bales of three different cottons in a textile mill to produce 94.4 tex (6.3/1 Ne) open-end spun yarns, and weaving them into a denim fabric. Bale selection is done in such a way that the variance of single fiber breaking elongations can be minimized within a laydown of 29 bales as well as among the fibers to be found within an arbitrary cross section of the yam produced from the laydown. The study shows that the variance of the HVI breaking elongations obtained from the cotton bales is useful for maximizing the resulting yarn strengths, especially when they are combined with the Mantis® single fiber test results. In addition, a follow-up study analyzes the HVI data and matching physical test data obtained from a 2-year production period. In all, 121,200 bales (4180 laydowns) are tested for HVI bundle strength, elongation, micronaire, length, and other properties. ...
Comments of the Legality of the Arab Oil Boycott

This paper, delivered at a 1976 conference on Transnational Economic Boycotts and Coercion at the University of Texas, discusses issues of the legality and propriety of measures of international economic coercion in the context of the 1973 Arab Oil Boycott.The paper suggests that: (1) there is not presently any rule of international law prohibiting economic pressures of the type involved in the 1973 oil boycott; (2) in our present international political climate, it is unlikely that we can achieve international agreement on an effective rule barring the use of economic pressures in international relations; and (3) we may in fact not want a rule prohibiting the use of economic pressures in international relations, since such a constraint may distort political reality and impede rather than facilitate the effective adjustment of international disputes.The author proposes, however, that we may be able to place some limits on the international exercise of such economic pressures. In particular, we can try to achieve international consensus that: (1) the most appropriate use of any such economic coercion should be by global or broad-based regional international organizations rather than by individual nations or specialized blocs of nations; (2) it should be impermissible to employ economic coercion to achieve internationally improper objectives, such as to destroy a state or commit genocide; (3) economic coercion carried to the extent of causing mass starvation or death should be impermissible; and (4) economic coercion directed against essentially innocent or neutral third parties should be impermissible.In conclusion, the author suggests why the Arab oil boycott caused many Americans such uneasiness and emphasizes the need for the U.S. government to develop an effective policy in response to such secondary boycotts.
Speech and Democracy: The Legacy of Justice Brandeis Today

Justice Louis D. Brandeis's concurrence in Whitney v. California, later adopted by the U.S. Supreme Court, made American speech law the most permissive in the world. Its premise was that speech is crucial to the participation of Americans in democratic governance, and that the right to free speech was ineluctably tied to the responsibility of citizens to participate in the public sphere. Given both the relative lack of Americans' involvement in the democratic process and the problems presented by hate speech and by Internet phenomena such as cyber-bullying, revenge porn, and terrorist recruitment, is the Brandeis formulation still relevant for the 21st century?
A topological approach to synaptic connectivity and spatial memory

In the hippocampus, a network of place cells generates a cognitive map of space, in which each cell is responsive to a particular area of the environment -- its place field. The peak response of each cell and the size of each place field have considerable variability. Experimental evidence suggests that place cells encode a topological map of space that serves as a basis of spatial memory and spatial awareness. Using a computational model based on Persistent Homology Theory we demonstrate that if the parameters of the place cells spiking activity fall inside of the physiological range, the network correctly encodes the topological features of the environment. We next introduce parameters of synaptic connectivity into the model and demonstrate that failures in synapses that detect coincident neuronal activity lead to spatial learning deficiencies similar to the ones that are observed in rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, we show that these learning deficiencies may be mitigated by increasing the number of active cells and/or by increasing their firing rate, suggesting the existence of a compensatory mechanism inherent to the cognitive map.
Vadose Zone Permeability Tests: Summary

Solutions to determine saturated hydraulic above a water table by means of constant head borehole infiltration tests are summarized and critiqued. Analytical solutions are available for open and partly cased boreholes and deep and shallow water table conditions. The formulas are based on various simplifying assumptions pertaining to soil properties and boundary conditions. None of the solutions account for capillary effects. For identical test conditions values of hydraulic conductivity calculated from these formulas may differ by as much as a few hundred percent.
Identifying Antigenic Determinants on Cytochrome c for B and T Cells

Localization of the antigenic determinants on the cytochrome c molecule reactive with rabbit antibodies has depended on the antigenic comparison of cytochromes c of known structure by quantitative cross reactions. In addition, antibodies to these regions can be isolated by affinity chromatography methods and the specificity of these “site specific” antibodies determined by their pattern of reactivity with cytochromes c of known structure. Such studies lead to the conclusion that a limited number of antigenic regions elicit antibodies when various cytochromes c are injected into rabbits. While the Drecise number of amino acids contributing to the structure of the antigenic determinant is not known, certain amino acids can be identified which make a decisive contribution to the specificity. In trying to obtain similar information about the location on cytochrome c of the antigenic determinants reactive with receptors on thymus derived cells one encounters limitations. Assays do not exist which can yield the type of molecular information about antigenicity that immunochemists have been able to obtain from a study of the antigen-antibody reaction.
Effects of Lattice Misfit on the Growth of Coordination Polymer Heterostructures

The heterogeneous growth of a series of Prussian blue analogues on nickel hexacyanocobaltate seeds to produce coordination polymer heterostructues was investigated to determine the influence of lattice misfit over the growth mode. For small lattice misfits, the observation of a core–shell morphology indicates the growth of a pseudomorphic layer while larger lattice misfits result in the growth of islands. A structural study suggests an efficient mechanical coupling of the substrate and overlayer materials. The difference in lattice constants between the heterostructure components induces anisotropic strain that is relieved by switching to a different growth mode.
Abstract 2657: The role of NR5A2 in pancreas development and oncogenesis.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal cancers today. A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) has implicated the nuclear receptor NR5A2 in modulating risk for pancreatic cancer. While a role for this gene in pancreatic cancer has not been previously recognized, it is known to have an important role in stem cell pluripotency and metabolism. Using the zebrafish model organism, we demonstrate that knockdown of nr5a2 results in absence of exocrine pancreas, while leaving endocrine pancreas unaffected, indicating an essential role in pancreas organ formation. Further, we localize expression of nr5a2 to the endodermal bud that gives rise to the exocrine pancreas, consistent with a role for nr5a2 in regulating differentiation of pancreas progenitors. In resected human PDAC specimens and in vitro cell lines, we find that NR5A2 is overexpressed compared to normal ductal epithelium. Moreover, shRNA knockdown of NR5A2 dramatically slows proliferation of PDAC cell lines, supporting the hypothesis that NR5A2 is involved in pancreatic carcinogenesis. These data support a model that NR5A2 regulates the proliferation and differentiation of exocrine pancreas progenitor cells during development. We postulate that aberrant expression of NR5A2 results in dysregulation of these processes in the adult pancreas by driving ductal epithelial cells to acquire properties of progenitor cells, and therefore may be an important step in pancreas oncogenesis. Citation Format: Sahar Nissim, Julia Wucherpfennig, Xiao-Xu Wang, Alec Kimmelman, Wolfram Goessling. The role of NR5A2 in pancreas development and oncogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2657. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2657 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Thyroid inhibition of rats bearing transplantatble, hormone-producing pituitary tumors.

SummaryImplantation of rats with growth hormone- and prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors cause weight reduction of the host's pituitary gland. This change was accompanied by a decrease in the pituitary content of TSH and a fall in 131I uptake by the thyroid gland in rats with prolactin- and growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumor MtTW5. These results correlated well with the finding that the proportion of organified iodine and the intrathyroid to serum iodine ratio, in the presence of high concentrations of stable iodine, were higher in the tumor bearing rats. The amount of circulating free thyroxine was measured and found to be slightly lower in tumor-bearing rats. It is suggested that the pituitary tumor hormones have a direct suppressive effect on the host's pituitary gland production of TSH and thus indirectly decrease thyroid function.
The Spa Tourism Converts Toward LRT with Humanistic Concerns

The spa tourism have taken treatment disease and body health as the main purpose for a long time.In our country its form is the sanatorium,but with the rising of the citizen tourism,Changes have been taken place in the needs of health greatly.The spa body health tourism have already satisfied people's need,healthy function of the spa tourism begins to convert toward leisure,recreation.But with the development of society to certain material extent,the society even inclines toward the humanistic concerns.This also gives new content to LRT,and the spa tourism is a LRT comprehensive body now,so the traditional spa tourism also converts toward LRT with humanistic concerns.
Integrative Medicine as Standard Care for Pain Management: The Need for Rigorous Research.

According to a recent study using data from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey, chronic or severe pain affects roughly 30% of U.S. adults and is one of the most common reasons for seeking medical care [1,2]. Considering health care expenses and lost productivity, chronic pain is estimated to cost the U.S. $100 billion annually [3]. While medications and surgical techniques are important tools in the management of pain, many individuals may not have adequate pain relief from these approaches alone. In recent years, the epidemic of opioid abuse and overuse has made management of pain particularly challenging for clinicians and patients [4]. Thus, many individuals with pain seek complementary and alternative medicine [1,5,6]. The field of complementary and alternative medicine, originally defined as therapies and practices not taught in U.S. medical schools or available to U.S. hospitals, is evolving into the field of integrative medicine [7] or complementary …
Analytical subcellular fractionation studies on rat liver and on isolated jejunal enterocytes with special reference to the separation of lysosomes, peroxisomes and mitochondria.

1. Enterocytes were isolated from rat jejunum and characterized morphologically. 2. Attempts to separate the enterocyte subcellular organelles, characterized by their marker enzymes, with isopycnic centrifugation were unsuccessful but good separation of peroxisomes, lysosomes and mitochondria was achieved by sedimentation through a shallow sucrose density gradient with a superimposed inverse gradient of low-molecular-weight dextran. 3. The properties and enzyme activities of the principal subcellular organelles in rat liver cells and enterocytes were compared.
Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine: feasible by telephone?

Prior research has demonstrated that health literacy is relevant to patients’ abilities to understand informed consent procedures for medical treatments and clinical research. In preparation for a multi-site study to test simplified approaches to informed consent in clinical research, we assessed the feasibility of administering a widely validated health literacy measure, the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), by telephone. The REALM is a word recognition and pronunciation test in which participants read aloud a list of 66 health and medical-related words to generate a reading gradelevelequivalent score.1 This test has been validated for in-person administration but not for use by telephone, limiting the study settings in which it can be used.
Analysis of Cancer Stem Cell Metastasis in Xenograft Animal Models

Metastatic spread of cancer cells from the primary tumors to distant vital organs, such as lung, liver, brain, and bone, is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. Cancer stem cells are likely to play essential roles in the metastatic spread of primary tumors because of their self-renewal capability and their potential to give rise to differentiated progenies that can adapt to different target organ microenvironments. Investigating the metastatic behavior of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is critical for the development of more effective therapies to prevent or delay the progression of malignant diseases. Animal models have been developed to mimic the multistep process of metastasis to various target organs. In this chapter, I will describe several xenograft methods to introduce human breast cancer cells into nude mice in order to generate spontaneous and experimental metastases. Similar experimental approach can be applied to analyze the metastatic behavior of CSCs derived from other tumor types.
Laser cooling and the recoil limit

The usual case in laser cooling is that the atomic linewidth ħγ is much greater than the recoil energy ER = ħ2k2/2 m. Considering the recent demonstration of laser cooling to kBT <<ħγ,1 It seems reasonable to reconsider laser cooling where ERħγ. In this case the Doppler shift ħk2/m of a recoil velocity is large compared to the linewidth and an analytic treatment is difficult. We have developed a Monte Carlo simulation of 3-D laser cooling (optical molasses) which applies to any value of ħγ/ER.
Questions for the Receptionist

Appointment schedules are usually available for at least 3 months in advance and in some practices for either 6 or 12 months. If a certain category of patients are to be seen every 6 months or once a year, you shouldn’t make appointments that far in advance unless there is a good mechanism to send out appointment reminders. Without recall reminders, you will have a high “no-show” rate. Even if appointment reminders (Fig. 6. 1) are used, you should keep a separate file for patients who require future appointments. Thus when reminders are sent to these patients, it is to make an appointment by calling the office, rather than to inform them that they already have an appointment booked. In this manner you are less likely to tie up appointment slots with people who will not arrive when expected. Computer appointment software should have such a “holding” file.
The Economics of Military Spending: Is the Military Dollar Really Different

The economic impact of military spending has become a subject of intense debate in the USA with the dramatic increases in US military spending of the 1980s. The Defense Department and industry argue that defence spending creates jobs and promotes economic health. Critics argue that such spending is inflationary, saps productivity and technology, and creates fewer jobs than other federal spending. This chapter reviews these claims and concludes that the economic impact of military spending is only marginally different from that of other forms of federal spending. It is not uniquely inflationary, has an unclear relationship to productivity and technological development, and does not create significantly different numbers of jobs. Military spending does, however, affect regions, sectors of industry and segments of the labour market in different ways from other federal spending. Through these effects, a ‘political economy’ of military spending emerges, where decisions on levels of US military spending and on specific weapons programmes are supported by microeconomic impacts. The economics of military spending involves public policy choices about the directions of national security policy and about national economic development; the macroeconomic issues are, at best, of marginal importance.
Astrocyte Calcium Signaling

Several lines of evidence have pointed toward calcium-dependent exocytosis as a common mechanism of gliotransmitter release from astrocytes. Initial studies found increased intracellular calcium levels within astrocytes that were oscillatory and propagating. These calcium rises led to gliotransmitter release through a metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent mechanism. Evidence for the presence of vesicular release proteins in astrocytes combined with pharmacological studies suggested an exocytosis mechanism of gliotransmitter release similar to that seen in neurons. The acceptance of this mechanism, however, became controversial after studies using transgenic mice demonstrated that increased astrocytic calcium had no effect on neighboring neurons. Astrocytic calcium signaling is altered in epilepsy. Increased intracellular calcium levels in astrocytes may lead to hyperexcitability and propagation of seizures. More in vivo studies are needed to fully understand the contribution of astrocyte calcium signaling to neuronal activity under physiological and epileptic conditions.
The Direction of Force 2: Counterinsurgency

Britain emerged from the Second World War with a devastated economy and an enormous debt. In this weakened condition it faced a series of internal struggles in colonies which were soon to become independent countries. While successive post-war governments, particularly the Conservative ones, were perhaps slow to realize that the empire was coming to an end, they eventually opted for what one writer called ‘responsible withdrawal’.1 This involved handing over power to the most pro-British elements in the former colony and suppressing more radical revolutionary movements. The new counterrevolutionary campaigns bore some resemblance to imperial policing, but in general, post-war revolutionaries were far better armed and organized than their pre-war counterparts. Moreover, these insurgents could exploit world opinion, which was decidedly anti-colonial. To meet these more sophisticated threats the British adapted pre-war practice to post-war conditions. The methods developed in imperial policing proved to be a solid foundation upon which to build an effective counterinsurgency strategy. Winning the minds and hearts of the people and civil-military co-operation, particularly in regard to intelligence gathering, were still the key to defeating insurgents. While not every campaign was a clear-cut victory, the British were far more successful in counterinsurgency than any other nation.
Martians, microbes and the quest for life

In the late summer of 1996 NASA and Stanford University scientists announced that they had finally found extraterrestrials-very small, very dead microbes, the fossilized remains of which apparently infest the Martian meteorite ALH 84001. Touted as the biggest science story of the year, this claim of cosmic life seemed poised to resolve a long-standing, profoundly intriguing dispute: in the vast tracts of the universe, has Earth alone produced biology?
COMPLEX RESPONSES TO GLOBAL CHANGE AT ALPINE TREELINE

A focus of geography is the study of complexity: we include many interacting processes when we study places. Another view of complexity in geography is that complex pattern, in particular spatial pattern, can arise from few or simple interactions, if they are nonlinear. Environmental responses to global change are likely to be nonlinear and thus complex. Shifts in ecotones–the boundaries of vegetation types or biomes–may be indicative of such complex response to global change. One reason for expecting nonlinearity is that positive feedbacks may play a strong role in determining the conditions for the establishment and growth of trees. A spatially explicit computer simulation is used to examine the effects of feedback strength, seed rain and establishment, and rate of environmental change as might occur at a mountain treeline ecotone. Changes in presence and abundance of trees exhibit nonlinear responses to environmental change during a transient period. The implications of nonlinear responses are that sur...
Rapid Design of Deployable Antennas for CubeSats: A tool to help designers compare and select antenna topologies.

A novel methodology for the rapid preliminary design of deployable antennas for CubeSats is proposed in this article. It uses a graphical representation of antenna performance, consisting of a set of plots of different performance metrics against antenna geometry parameters. Coupled electromagnetic and structural design problems are addressed easily, enabling the rapid and direct comparison of different antenna concepts. This approach is demonstrated for a case study at ultrahigh frequency (UHF), comparing the performance of a dipole, a helix, a conical horn, and a conical log spiral (CLS), all based on dual-matrix composite deployable structures. The initial design space of antenna geometries is reduced by two orders of magnitude to a set of constraintsatisfying designs. A graphical user interface implementing the approach is presented, and the accuracy of the method is briefly addressed.
Centrolene daidaleum (Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch, 1991) (Anura, Centrolenidae): A glassfrog with primitive and derived combat behavior

Glassfrogs (family Centrolenidae) constitute a diverse Neotropical group of epiphyllous and arboreal anurans (Senaris & Ayarzaguena 2005; Guayasamin et al . 2009). They are commonly encountered on stream-side vegetation and many species may show high densities during their reproductive season, with numerous territorial males calling for mates in relative small areas (Senaris & Ayarzaguena 2005; Kubicki 2007; Delia et al . 2010). Territoriality of males in several glassfrog species occasionally implies combat behaviors. Combat behavior has been poorly documented in glassfrogs, mainly reported from anecdotal observations in just 11 species (McDiarmid & Adler 1974; Duellman & Savitzky 1976; Greer & Wells 1980; Jacobson 1985; Restrepo-Toro 1996; Bolivar et al . 1999; Savage 2002; Guayasamin & Barrio-Amoros 2005; Kubicki 2007; Delia et al . 2010).
The Problem of Domestic Violence in India: Advances in Law and the Role of Extra-Legal Institutions

This chapter examines the issues of domestic violence in India. One of this chapter’s key arguments is that the problem of ending domestic violence in a society depends on its cultural perception about the status of women. During the Vedic period in India (1500–500 BCE), men and women were treated equally. Vedic women were educated, able to choose their mates, and held prominent positions. In addition, women distinguished themselves in science and learning, and even participated in philosophical debates and wrote some of the Vedic hymns. From the Smriti period (after 500 BCE), the status of women, however, began to be redefined. In the Smriti period, the most significant lawmaker was Manu. According to Manu, a woman should never be allowed to assert her independence. Girls must be in the custody of their fathers when they are young; women must be in the custody of their husbands after marriage; when a woman is a widow, she must be under the custody of her son. From the days of the Muslim conquest in India, women experienced a further deterioration of status. With the onset of modernization in India from the middle of the twentieth century, women began to be educated and began to enter the modern workforce. From the 1970s, in the context of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the spread of the global women’s movement, many new laws to criminalize domestic violence in India were enacted such as the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1986, and the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA) of 2005. Many notable nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) on women issues were also established such as Mahila Samakhya Society (education for women’s equality; MSS), Ahmedabad Women’s Action Group (AWAG); International Center for Research for Women, Jagori (awaken women); and Society for Nutrition Education, and Health Action (SNEHA). But the sad and the alarming fact is that even after the enactment of many laws and the birth of many women NGOs, the incidence of domestic and intimate partner violence in India is still on the rise. Modernization that is based on the cultural principle of equality between men and women is still sharply conflicting with the traditional culture of the status of women in India.
Controlling the destruction order of Singleton objects

Abstract The Singleton pattern [1] is a solution to (some of) the drawbacks of using global variables. Among its advantages is that the instance is always created prior to being referenced (this effectively solves the problem of initialization order when several interdependent instances are involved). This article examines some of the existing Singleton realizations in C++ and their drawbacks, and presents a solution to the complement problem, namely, the destruction order of global instances. To this end, I propose to use a Destruction Manager, so that all the singleton objects register with it, specifying interdependencies between them. Following [2], the Destruction Manager is analyzed as a composite design pattern.
Immunoprophylaxis of otitis media.

In considering the development of a vaccine to prevent otitis media, it is important to explore the rationale for such a vaccine, the epidemiology and spectrum of the disease, as well as its impact on child health, the etiology and pathogenesis of otitis media, especially as related to middle ear microbial pathogens, and the present status of otitis media vaccine research.
Surgery: The surgeon-scientist - a dying breed?

Surgeon–scientists have made fundamental discoveries that have revolutionized medicine. A recent report raises the spectre of a future without surgeon–scientists, owing to an increasing need for clinical productivity and burdensome administrative responsibilities. A pathway forward is needed, to protect and nurture the surgeon–scientist — a critical participant in academic medicine.