cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystallization of ammonium perchlorate from solution confined to native and organically modified silica nanopores

Abstract The crystallization of ammonium perchlorate from a methanol/water solution confined to native and organically modified silica nanopores is analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry. The effects of nanoconfinement on the salt crystallization are primarily due to the surface interactions with the nanopores’ walls. The process in the native nanopores occurs at markedly lower temperature and with much larger heat relative to the bulk, which is linked to adsorption of the salt ions on the surface of the native nanopores. The process in organically modified pores also demonstrates predominantly a surface effect, revealed in larger crystallization temperature and smaller crystallization heat relative to the bulk. This is proposed to be due to a phase separation of the methanol/water solution inside the hydrophobic nanopores, so that the crystallization occurs from the methanol phase. Additional insights into the crystallization process have been obtained by analysis of the isoconversional activation energies of the process.
The Underside of Service Learning.

Service learning has been heralded as a transformative and positive experience for most students, but what about those students who just don't get it? These students can often make the service-lear...
Multilinear Singular Integral Forms of Christ-journe Type

We prove L1(R)× · · · ×Ln+2(R) polynomial growth estimates for the ChristJourne multilinear singular integral forms and suitable generalizations.
Primary care physician support for harmonizing HPV vaccination recommendations across genders - United States, 2018.

In the United States, human papillomavirus (HPV) catch-up vaccination has been nationally recommended for women and men of different ages. We surveyed national networks of primary care physicians specializing in family medicine, pediatrics, and internal medicine to assess attitudes about HPV vaccination. Of 785 physicians, 730 (93.0%), were in favor of a change to harmonize the recommended catch-up vaccination age across genders; the most commonly cited reason was to simplify the immunization schedule (97.9%). After considering these and other data, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices updated national policy to recommend catch-up vaccination for all persons through age 26 years.
Space Charge Transport Characteristic Considering the Non-Uniform Electric Effect of Ion Mobility

Oil-paper insulation is the main insulating medium of converter transformers. Space charge can result in the distortion of electric field in oil-paper insulation, hence it's necessary to analyze the space charge transport characteristic and its influence on the oil-paper insulation. In the paper, the space charge transport characteristic considering the electric field is investigated, and an upstream finite element method is presented to calculate the space charge distribution in oil insulation of converter transformer considering the influence of injection barrier, ion mobility, trapped coefficient and carrier recombination coefficient. Finally, the insulation state of tortuous oil-path is evaluated. Experiments were conducted to analyze the relationship between ion mobility and electric field intensity, the results indicate that the influence of space charge on the electric field intensity in the tortuous oil-path can not be ignored for the design of converter transformer.
Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Nursing: Ethics of Caring as a Guide to Dividing Tasks Between AI and Humans

Nurses have traditionally been regarded as clinicians that deliver compassionate, safe, and empathetic health care (Nurses again outpace other professions for honesty & ethics, 2018). Caring is a fundamental characteristic, expectation, and moral obligation of the nursing and caregiving professions (Nursing: Scope and standards of practice, American Nurses Association, Silver Spring, MD, 2015). Along with caring, nurses are expected to undertake ever-expanding duties and complex tasks. In part because of the growing physical, intellectual and emotional demandingness, of nursing as well as technological advances, artificial intelligence (AI) and AI care robots are rapidly changing the healthcare landscape. As technology becomes more advanced, efficient, and economical, opportunities and pressure to introduce AI into nursing care will only increase. In the first part of the article, we review recent and existing applications of AI in nursing and speculate on future use. Second, situate our project within the recent literature on the ethics of nursing and AI. Third, we explore three dominant theories of caring and the two paradigmatic expressions of caring (touch and presence) and conclude that AI-at least for the foreseeable future-is incapable of caring in the sense central to nursing and caregiving ethics. We conclude that for AI to be implemented ethically, it cannot transgress the core values of nursing, usurp aspects of caring that can only meaningfully be carried out by human beings, and it must support, open, or improve opportunities for nurses to provide the uniquely human aspects of care.
Augmented Renal Clearance and How to Augment Antibiotic Dosing

Augmented renal clearance (ARC) refers to the state of heightened renal filtration commonly observed in the critically ill. Its prevalence in this patient population is a consequence of the body’s natural response to serious disease, as well as the administration of fluids and pharmacologic therapies necessary to maintain sufficient blood pressure. ARC is objectively defined as a creatinine clearance of more than 130 mL/min/1.73 m2 and is thus a crucial condition to consider when administering antibiotics, many of which are cleared renally. Using conventional dosing regimens risks the possibility of subtherapeutic concentrations or clinical failure. Over the past decade, research has been conducted in patients with ARC who received a number of antibacterials frequently used in the critically ill, such as piperacillin-tazobactam or vancomycin. Strategies to contend with this condition have also been explored, though further investigations remain necessary.
Costly Information Acquisition and Investment Decisions: Quasi-Experimental Evidence

Despite a vast theoretical literature that builds on costly information acquisition, there is no direct evidence on the importance of information costs in investors’ private information choices. Using a large sample of Chinese mutual fund managers’ visits to firm headquarters and exploiting the introduction of high-speed railway as a quasi-natural experiment, I find substantial and quick responses to exogenous cost shocks: A one-standard-deviation travel time reduction increases site visits by 28% of the average frequency and semiannual stock trading profits by CNY 1.4 million at the fund family—firm pair level. These findings demonstrate investors’ elasticity to information costs.
Norfolk’s “Model Prison Community”: Howard Belding Gill and the Social Process of Prison Reform:

This article explores the social process of criminal justice reform, from Howard Belding Gill’s 1927 appointment as the first superintendent of the Norfolk Prison Colony to his dramatic State House...
Recomendaciones y consideraciones para un límite de exposición a ruido recreacional

El ruido esta dentro de las exposiciones ocupacionales y recreacionales mas comunes a nivel global. Como resultado de esto, la prevalencia y la carga de salud publica asociada a la perdida auditiva inducida por ruido son ambas altas. Algunas estimaciones sugieren que al rededor del 16% de todos los casos de perdida auditiva son inducidas por ruido; considerando que la OMS estima que aproximadamente 466 millones de personas en el mundo tienen una discapacidad auditiva, lo que significa que 75 millones de personas sufren de perdida auditiva inducida por ruido a nivel global. Mientras las exposiciones a ruido ocupacional han sido estudiadas y reguladas en muchos paises por decadas – con algunos descensos en la perdida auditiva inducida por ruido ocupacional – las exposiciones recreacionales (o no ocupacionales) generalmente no han sido reguladas, y no son bien entendidas. En la ausencia de limites de ruido recreacional obligatorios, los limites ocupacionales han sido aplicados en algunos casos a actividades recreacionales.
Genomics reveals identity, phenology and population demographics of larval ciscoes (Coregonus artedi, C. hoyi, and C. kiyi) in the Apostle Islands, Lake Superior

Abstract We demonstrate, for the first time, the ability to reliably assign an assemblage of larval coregonines [Salmonidae Coregoninae] to shallow and multiple deepwater species. Larval coregonines from the Apostle Islands, Lake Superior, were genotyped using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) and were assigned to species using reference genotypes from adult corgonines from the same region. Of the 193 genotyped larvae, 101 were assigned as Coregonus artedi (average assignment probability = 97.6%), 57 were assigned as C. kiyi (average assignment probability = 95.5%), and 28 were assigned as C. hoyi (average assignment probability = 89.0%). Coregonus artedi were collected earliest in the season, followed by C. kiyi and then C. hoyi. Estimates of genetic diversity within each species provide a baseline for future monitoring in the Apostle Islands. Our success with species assignment indicates the promise of leveraging genomic data for larval coregonine identification, which could enable assessing and evaluating early life history dynamics and recruitment processes at the species level to the benefit of ongoing coregonine restoration and management efforts.
Normative Cosmic Ethics

What does “ought” mean in terms of material things below the level of organisms? Is a stone all that it ought to be? Is a galaxy? How deficient is unoccupied space? Are we anthropomorphizing when we charge an eclipsing binary system of stars with inadequacy? In a sense it is always possible that the findings in any study conducted by human beings is open to this charge. Since there is considerable evidence that the universe existed for a very long time before man appeared on the surface of the earth, any conception of the cosmos or any part of it except the human part which is conceived in anthropomorphic terms is defective. Yet the fact remains that some accounts are obviously more guilty of this than others. Unless the description is one of human beings themselves, any resemblance to human beings is suspicious and lends itself to the charge that we condition constrictively all that we know and thus render the effort to get beyond ourselves in our knowledge both hopeless and foolish. However, some studies seem more anthropomorphic than others.
cGMP Stimulation of Stem Cell Proliferation

The process by which resting hemopoietic stem cells become activated is poorly understood, but it has been suggested that cyclic nucleotide levels in the cell may play an important role. In the present study, the effect of various, nucleotides and stimulators of nucleotide synthesis upon the formation of in vitro granulocyte colonies has been examined. It was found that physiologic concentrations of 3', 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate enhanced the formation of granulocyte-macrophage colonies in the presence of colony-stimulating activity. The cells sensitive to cGMP activation were resistant to thymidine suicide and could not be activated by colony-stimulating activity alone. Therefore it was suggested that the cGMP sensitive stem cell was an ordinarily resting stem cell which was triggered into a proliferative state by cGMP.
Soft computing applications to prognostics and health management (PHM): leveraging field data and domain knowledge

Assets Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) is a promising application area for Soft Computing (SC). To better understand PHM requirements, we introduce a decision-making framework in which we analyze PHM decisional tasks. This framework is the cross product of the decision's time horizon and the domain knowledge used by SC models. Within such a framework, we analyze the progression from simple to annotated lexicon, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. We use this metaphor to monitor the leverage of domain knowledge in SC to perform anomaly detection, anomaly identification, failure mode analysis (diagnostics), estimation of remaining useful life (prognostics), on-board control, and off board logistics actions. We illustrate a case study in anomaly detection, which is solved by the construction and fusion of an ensemble of diverse detectors, each of which is based on different SC technologies.
The Supreme Court and the Constitutional Convention

This article offers the first extensive study of the Supreme Court’s reliance on the debates of the Constitutional Convention. It begins with an account of the historical record of the Convention. It then catalogues instances in which the Court has referred to the debates, supplies information on the purposes for which the Court engaged in this reliance, and offers five findings based on the data. The article also offers a limited qualitative analysis of three prominent cases arising at different times in the Court’s history: Dred Scott v. Sandford, Morrison v. Olson, and U.S. Term Limits, Inc., v. Thornton. It analyzes how the Court employed the Convention records in these cases. The article concludes with some conclusions about the role of constitutional history as a method of persuasion in briefs and judicial opinions.
Review of the physiology and biochemistry of the male reproductive tract

The purpose of this presentation is to review for toxicologists the structure and functioning of the male reproductive system. Presented are the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the system, along with considerations in evaluating toxic insult to the body.
Aluminum nanoscale order in amorphous Al92Sm8 measured by fluctuation electron microscopy

Fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM) measurements and simulations have identified nanoscale aluminum-like medium-range order in rapidly quenched amorphous Al92Sm8 which devitrifies by primary Al crystallization. Al92Sm8 amorphized by plastic deformation shows neither Al nanoscale order, nor primary crystallization. Annealing the rapidly quenched material below the primary crystallization temperature reduces the degree of nanoscale Al order measured by FEM. The FEM measurements suggest that 10–20A diameter regions with Al crystal-like order are associated with primary crystallization in amorphous Al92Sm8, which is consistent with the quenched-in cluster model of primary crystallization.
Electronics on the ejection seat

The objective of the escape system is to eject the crewman from the aircraft, decelerate the seat, and get the crewman onto a fully open parachute without causing injurious loads. The ejection process is summarized and common difficulties that may occur with current seats are identified. Improvements using electronic circuitry to enhance the performance of the standard ejection seat are specified along with additional improvements that can be made through a revision of the overall ejection system concept, in particular, by integration of the seat sequencer to the aircraft avionics. >
A continuous-time speech enhancement front-end for microphone inputs

In this paper, we propose a real-time noise suppression system implemented with analog VLSI. The algorithm implemented is designed to reduce stationary background noise while preserving the non-stationary signal component. Because the system relies on analog computation rather than digital, it has benefits such as extremely low power consumption and real-time computation. The algorithm is based on digital signal processing foundations that are slightly adjusted for use in the continuous-time domain. The analog components described as part of this system include a C/sup 4/ second-order section bandpass filter, peak and minimum detectors, a translinear division circuit, and a differential multiplier. Floating-gate circuits are used to set bias points and adjust offsets.
Hispanics and Organized Labor in the United States, 1973 to 2007

Prior research finds that minority populations in the United States secure union employment as part of the process of economic incorporation. Yet little work systematically tests whether this pattern holds for the nation's largest minority, Hispanics, during recent decades of union decline. After juxtaposing traditional labor market position theories of unionization with solidaristic accounts, we use 1973 to 2007 Current Population Survey (CPS) data to provide the most comprehensive analysis of Hispanics and organized labor in the United States to date. We disaggregate the Hispanic population by citizenship, nationality, and time since arrival to uncover subpopulation differences in the odds of union membership. Additional analyses take advantage of the CPS structure to target individuals who join a union, allowing us to test whether organized labor's much-publicized efforts to incorporate recent immigrants have resulted in detectable gains. Consistent with solidaristic accounts of labor organization, res...
Voxel size and measures of individual resorption cavities in three-dimensional images of cancellous bone

Abstract Cavities formed by osteoclasts on the surface of cancellous bone during bone remodeling (resorption cavities) are believed to act as stress risers and impair cancellous bone strength and stiffness. Although resorption cavities are readily detected as eroded surfaces in histology sections, identification of resorption cavities in three-dimensional images of cancellous bone has been rare. Here we use sub-micrometer resolution images of rat lumbar vertebral cancellous bone obtained through serial milling ( n = 5) to determine how measures of the number and surface area of resorption cavities are influenced by image resolution. Three-dimensional images of a 1 mm cube of cancellous bone were collected at 0.7 × 0.7 × 5.0 μm/voxel using fluorescence based serial milling and uniformly coarsened to four other resolutions ranging from 1.4 × 1.4 × 5.0 to 11.2 × 11.2 × 10 μm/voxel. Cavities were identified in the three-dimensional image as an indentation on the cancellous bone surface and were confirmed as eroded surfaces by viewing two-dimensional cross-sections (mimicking histology techniques). The number of cavities observed in the 0.7 × 0.7 × 5.0 μm/voxel images (22.0 ± 1.43, mean ± SD) was not significantly different from that in the 1.4 × 1.4 × 5.0 μm/voxel images (19.2 ± 2.59) and an average of 79% of the cavities observed at both of these resolutions were coincident. However, at lower resolutions, cavity detection was confounded by low sensitivity ( 40%). Our results demonstrate that when image voxel size exceeds 1.4 × 1.4 × 5.0 μm/voxel identification of resorption cavities by bone surface morphology is highly inaccurate. Experimental and computational studies of resorption cavities in three-dimensional images of cancellous bone may therefore require images to be collected at resolutions of 1.4 μm/pixel in-plane or better to ensure consistent identification of resorption cavities.
Needs assessment for a health-promotion program in a medical center.

232 students surveyed responded more favorably to health-promotion components involving the “body” than those that concern the “mind.”
Filter bleeding time: A new in vitro test of hemostasis I. Evaluation in normal and thrombocytopetic subjects

Abstract Disadvantages of current bleeding time methods include poor reproducibility, limited repeatability, and at times scar formation. We report a new, in vitro technique which circumvents these problems. Venous blood is collected in sodium citrate, stored capped in a siliconized tube at 37°C until use, and made to flow under constant pressure through a filter of Woven Dacron. Flow rate progressively falls as platelet aggregates occlude the filter, as verified by scanning electron microscopy and III Indium-labeled platelet radioactivity of the filter. Filter bleeding time (FBT) was 4.33±1.79 (x±SD) min in 23 healthy human volunteers and 3.08±1.08 min in 14 normal dcgs. Bleeding volume (BV) (number of drops) was 29±12 in the humans and 16±6 in the dogs. Initial bleeding rate (IBR) (number of drops during first minute) was 14±3 in citrated blood and 25±25 drops/min in EDTA blood of the humans (P=9 × 10 −10 ), 8±2 in citrated blood and 14±6 drops/min in EDTA blood of the dogs (P = .0004). Percent platelet reduction during passage of blood through the filter (PCR) was 27.5±7.2 in citrated blood and 4.9±2.6 in EDTA blood of the humans (P=2 × 10 −12 ), while in dogs it was 25.7±8.3 in citrated blood and 5.3±4.2 in EDTA blood (P=8 × 10 −7 ). The results of these parameters using human platelet rich plasmas (PRPs) were similar to those with human whole blood, but significant decrease of drop rate was not observed in canine PRPs during passage of PRP through the filter. FBT, BV, and IBR were correlated (r = −0.91, −0.84 and −0.62 respectively) with platelet count in 12 specimens obtained from 4 dogs in which thrombocytopenia (107 to 4 × 10 3 platelets/μl) was induced by estradiol. This new test is unaffected by specimen transport by pneumatic tube, is sensitive to platelets, and should be useful for analysis of both quantitative and qualitative platelet abnormalities in man.
Domain walls in Ω-phase transformations

Abstract The β-phase (body-centered cubic: b.c.c.) to ω-phase transformation in certain elements (e.g. Zr) and alloys (e.g. ZrNb) is induced either by quenching or application of pressure. The ω-phase is a metastable state and usually coexists with the β-matrix in the form of small particles. To study the formation of domain walls in these materials we have extended the Landau model of Cook for the ω-phase transition by including a spatial gradient (Ginzburg) term of the scalar order parameter. In general, the Landau free energy is an asymmetric double-well potential. From the variational derivative of the total free energy we obtain a static equilibrium condition. By solving this equation for different physical parameters and boundary conditions, we obtained different quasi-one-dimensional soliton-like solutions. These solutions correspond to three different types of domain walls between the ω-phase and the β-matrix. In addition, we obtained soliton lattice (domain wall array) solutions, calculated their formation energy and the asymptotic interaction between the solitons.
Radiation‐Induced Hydrogen Transfer in Nucleic Acids and Proteins in the Solid State

A radiation-induced transfer of hydrogen from exchangeable to carbon-bound sites occurs in nucleic acids, proteins and their constituents. The G-values for this process are similar within a factor of 2–3 to the G-values for the initial production of stable radicals measured by ESR at room temperature. Unlike the production of radicals, hydrogen transfer in ribonuclease, DNA, and thymine is a linear function of dose in the 0–30 Megarad region. The tritium distributions obtained in proteins by hydrogen transfer are not a measure of the distribution of the “secondary” radicals. From the studies of the effect of temperature, of various scavengers (particularly nitric oxide) and of the dose dependence in the low dose region, it was inferred that for ribonuclease most of the hydrogen transfer takes place during the conversion of the radicals stable at 195°K to the radicals stable at room temperature. The same mechanism also appears to predominate in DNA.
Biochemical, neurophysiological, and behavioral effects of Wy-45,233 and other identified metabolites of the antidepressant venlafaxine

Seven metabolites of venlafaxine, identified in several species, were examined for CNS pharmacological activity in rodents. The O-desmethyl compound Wy-45,233, which is the major metabolite in man, had the greatest preclinical activity. This metabolite exhibited an antidepressant profile (monoamine uptake blockade, reversal of reserpine hypothermia, induction of pineal β-adrenergic subsensitivity) comparable to the parent drug, venlafaxine. This compound also inhibited serotonergic and noradrenergic firing rates like the parent compound, but with less potency. The cyclohexyl ring-hydroxylated metabolite Wy-47,877 and the N-desmethyl metabolite Wy-45, 494 were also active in reserpine hypothermia, but Wy-45,494 was a weaker inhibitor of serotonin uptake and both metabolites were weaker inhibitors of norepinephrine uptake than Wy-45,233. None of the seven metabolites tested exhibited significated binding at dopamine-2, muscarinic cholinergic, α-1-adrenergic, histamine-1, or opiate (μ) receptors. These results suggest that Wy-45,233, the O-desmethyl metabolite of venlafaxine, is an active metabolite which retains the benign side-effect profile of venlafaxine.
Cross sections for sputtering of p(2 × 2) oxygen on Ni(111) by 5–200 eV Ne+

Abstract Absolute Ne + ion induced sputtering cross sections for the p(2 × 2) chemisorbed oxide phase on Ni(111) by bombardment with 5–200 eV Ne + at normal incidence to the surface have been measured. Decreases in surface oxygen as a function of ion dose were monitored by two techniques (i) Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and (ii) time-of-flight measurements of the directly recoiled (TOF-DR) oxygen atoms using a grazing incidence pulsed 3 keV Ar + beam. Our results indicate oxygen removal down to 20 eV Ne + energy. The sputtering cross section increases to σ ∼ 7 A 2 or a sputtering yield of S ∼ 0.43 above 150 eV. Application of binary collision sputtering models indicates that for E ≲120 eV, the dominant oxygen removal mechanism is knock-off by projectile Ne + , whereas at higher energies oxygen is mainly removed by sputtered Ni atoms moving outward through the surface region.
Mammalian Polo-like kinase 3 (Plk3) is a multifunctional protein involved in stress response pathways

The Polo-like kinases (Plks) are a conserved family of kinases that contribute to cell cycle regulation, particularly in G2 and mitosis. In mammals, there are at least three members of the Plk family. Here we show that Plk3 is a stress response protein that becomes phosphorylated following DNA damage or mitotic spindle disruption. Phosphorylation enhances its kinase activity and is dependent upon ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) in the former case but not the latter. Plk3 associates with complexes of multiple sizes ranging from 150 to greater then 600 kDa. In its unphosphorylated form it elutes from a sizing column at about 400 kDa whereas it associates with complexes of 150 and 600 kDa when phosphorylated. Among the proteins with which it physically associates and utilizes, as substrates are Chk2 and P53. It phosphorylates Chk2 on a residue different from threonine 68 (Thr68), the principal target for ATM. While ATM is necessary for phosphorylation and activation of Chk2 in vivo, Plk3 seems to contribute to its full activation. In its phosphorylated form it also coelutes and forms a complex with unpolymerized tubulin. In aggregate, the data argue that Plk3 is a multifunctional protein that associates with multiple complexes and that contributes to response to stress incurred by DNA damage and mitotic spindle disruption, albeit via different pathways.
Modulation of the catalytic behavior of alpha-chymotrypsin at monolayer-protected nanoparticle surfaces

Amino-acid-functionalized gold clusters modulate the catalytic behavior of alpha-chymotrypsin (ChT) toward cationic, neutral, and anionic substrates. Kinetic studies reveal that the substrate specificity (k(cat)/K(M)) of ChT-nanoparticle complexes increases by approximately 3-fold for the cationic substrate but decreases by 95% for the anionic substrate as compared with that of free ChT, providing enhanced substrate selectivity. Concurrently, the catalytic constants (k(cat)) of ChT show slight augmentation for the cationic substrate and significant attenuation for the anionic substrate in the presence of amino-acid-functionalized nanoparticles. The amino acid monolayer on the nanoparticle is proposed to control both the capture of substrate by the active site and release of product through electrostatic interactions, leading to the observed substrate specificities and catalytic constants.
Evidence for a broadly‐specific, amino acid requiring dehydrogenase at the pyruvate branchpoint in sea anemones

The tissues of a number of species of sea anemones contain an enzyme(s) capable of oxidizing NADH in the presence of pyruvate and either L-arginine or L-alanine. The activities using either amino acid coelute on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sephadex −50 columns. In addition, the peak DEAE-Sephadex fractions utilize other amino acids including glycine, lysine and threonine. The above catalytic activities may be due to a single, broadly-specific enzyme.
Reconstruction of the tendon-bone insertion with decellularized tendon-bone composite grafts: comparison with conventional repair.

Purpose Injuries involving the tendon–bone interface (TBI) are difficult to address. Standard techniques typically lead to diminished strength of the healed insertion site. We hypothesized that these injuries would benefit from being reconstructed with decellularized composite grafts replacing both tendon and bone. To test this hypothesis, decellularized grafts were compared with conventional pullout repairs in an in vivo animal model. Methods We harvested 48 Achilles TBI grafts from rats and decellularized them. Tendon–bone interface graft reconstruction and pullout repairs were compared using a pair-matched design. Biomechanical properties were evaluated at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. We evaluated histological analysis of insertion morphology and collagen type I/III content. Results There was a significant increase in ultimate failure load (35 ± 11 vs 24 ± 7 N) and ultimate tensile stress (1.5 ± 0.3 vs 1.0 ± 0.4 N/mm 2 ) of the TBI grafts compared with pullout repairs at 2 weeks. These differences remained at 4 weeks. At 12 weeks, both TBI grafts and pullout repairs were as strong as native tissue and not significantly different from each other. Histology showed a more organized extracellular matrix in the TBI graft group at the early time points. Repopulation of the decellularized grafts increased over time. At 12 weeks, the insertion points of both groups were richly populated with cells that possessed morphologies similar to those found in native TBI. Conclusions This study showed that decellularized TBI grafts were stronger compared with conventional pullout repairs at 2 and 4 weeks but were comparable at 12 weeks. A more organized extracellular matrix and different collagen composition in the early time points may explain the observed differences in strength. Clinical relevance In the future, decellularized TBI grafts may be used to reconstruct tendon–bone insertion tears in multiple areas including the flexor tendon system.
Constructing reality: A study of remote, hands-on, and simulated laboratories

Laboratories play a crucial role in the education of future scientists and engineers, yet there is disagreement among science and engineering educators about whether and which types of technology-enabled labs should be used. This debate could be advanced by large-scale randomized studies addressing the critical issue of whether remotely operated or simulation-based labs are as effective as the traditional hands-on lab format. The present article describes the results of a large-scale (N = 306) study comparing learning outcomes and student preferences for several different lab formats in an undergraduate engineering course. The lab formats that were evaluated included traditional hands-on labs, remotely operated labs, and simulations. Learning outcomes were assessed by a test of the specific concepts taught in each lab. These knowledge scores were as high or higher (depending on topic) after performing remote and simulated laboratories versus performing hands-on laboratories. In their responses to survey items, many students saw advantages to technology-enabled lab formats in terms of such attributes as convenience and reliability, but still expressed preference for hands-on labs. Also, differences in lab formats led to changes in group functions across the plan-experiment-analyze process: For example, students did less face-to-face work when engaged in remote or simulated laboratories, as opposed to hands-on laboratories.
Growth hormone is thyrotropic in Fundulus heteroclitus

Abstract Ovine growth hormone elevates serum T 4 in both intact and hypophysectomized Fundulus heteroclitus . This activity appears to be an intrinsic property of oGH and is not due to contamination by either oTSH or other glycoprotein hormones. Moreover, while hypophysectomy prevents the oTSH-induced increase in serum T 4 found in intact fish, simultaneous treatment with oGH fully restores the normal response. Unlike oTSH, oGH lacks the ability to elevate thyroidal radioiodine uptake in hypophysectomized Fundulus . Thus, oGH appears to act at a level beyond the iodine trap stimulating thyroid function.
Processing effects on the grain-boundary character distribution of the orthorhombic phase in Ti-Al-Nb alloys

The grain-boundary character distribution of the orthorhombic (O) phase in Ti2AlNb intermetallic alloys was investigated. The alloys were thermomechanically processed either above or below the bcc transus temperature. Using electron backscattered diffraction, the twin-related O-phase variant interfacial planes were identified and quantified. For the subtransus-processed samples, the equiaxed-O/equiaxed-O grain boundaries tended to primarily prefer 65-deg misorientations and secondarily prefer 90-deg boundaries. Of the 65-deg misoriented boundaries, which were preferentially rotated about [001], ∼40 pct contained (110) twin-related interfacial planes. The observations were rationalized by the α 2-to-O phase transformation. It is suggested that for subtransus processing within the α 2-containing phase regimes, the resulting heat-treated O+bcc microstructures evolve such that the O/O boundaries tend to exhibit distinct twin-related variants with misorientations between 55 and 65 deg. For a supertransus-processed alloy, it was found that approximately equal distributions of the six resolvable O variants were formed from the dominant parent bcc orientation. The resulting O/O boundaries tended to cluster at near-90-deg misorientations, which can be explained by the bcc/O orientation relationship. It is suggested that whenever the O phase primarily transforms from the bcc structure, the resulting O+bcc microstructures evolve such that the O/O boundaries tend to exhibit misorientations near 90 deg.
120 THE CONSEQUENCES OF BIRTH SIMULATION ON PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW IN THE FETAL LAMB

At birth pulmonary blood flow (PBF) increases ten fold allowing newborn oxygenation replacing feto-placental exchanges. Mechanical and chemical stimuli have been previously investigated in experiment including stress of labor, cold and cord clamping. The aim of our study was to consider sequentially only mechanical and gaseous stimuli applied to the lungs of the fetal lamb and their consequences on PBF. Therefore we studied five steps: control, distension with nitrogen(N2), rhythmic ventilation with N2, with air then with O2. We studied 16 fetal lambs three days after fetal surgery at 134,75±4 days of gestational age, weight: 3.63±0,63 kg. PBF was continually measured by a flowmeter fixed on the left pulmonary artery and validated by microspheres method after flow steady state. Continuous distension pressure was 25±10cm of water. Characteristics of rhythmic ventilation was a frequency of 50±6, I/E:36±13, IP:27±6 mm Hg and a PEEP of 4±5 under N2, followed by air then by O2. For statistical analysis each step was compared to the previous one using the non parametric Wilcoxon test and considered significant for a p<0.01*.
Postmodern View of Advisement in Higher Education

American higher education and its academic advisement practices are founded on the modernist notions of rationality, prediction, and control. The postmodern perspective, which has evolved in the la...
Effect of magnetic field on the natural convection from a vertical melting substrate

Abstract This paper presents a self-similar solution of the coupled problem of magneto-hydrodynamic free convection flow of an electrically conducting fluid arising from melting of a semi-infinite solid substrate. At steady state, buoyancy induced free convection of the electrically conducting fluid is influenced by the Lorentz force. A set of governing PDEs is developed for a two dimensional boundary layer problem including phase change which is simplified to a set of ODEs using a similarity transformation and are solved iteratively using an implicit Keller-box method. An asymptotic analytical solution for melting and heat transport rates is also presented for the case of small Prandtl numbers. The effect of each of the three characteristic parameters, viz., the Prandtl number, the melting parameter and the Lykoudis number on the similarity velocity and temperature profiles in the boundary layer over melting substrate is studied. It is observed that increasing the Lykoudis number or decreasing the Prandtl number lowers the melting rate and heat transfer at the substrate–melt interface. The use of magnetic field in controlling the free convection heat transfer, the melting rate and the thickness of the velocity and thermal boundary layers over melting substrate is elucidated and discussed.
Influence of Compression Therapy on Symptoms Following Soft Tissue Injury from Maximal Eccentric Exercise

Study Design A between groups design was used to compare recovery following eccentric muscle damage under 2 experimental conditions. Objective To determine if a compression sleeve donned immediately after maximal eccentric exercise would enhance recovery of physical function and decrease symptoms of soreness. Background Prior investigations using ice, intermittent compression, or exercise have not shown efficacy in relieving symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). To date, no study has shown the effect of continuous compression on DOMS, yet this would offer a low cost intervention for patients suffering with the symptoms of DOMS. Methods and Measures Twenty nonimpaired non-strength-trained women participated in the study. Subjects were matched for age, anthropometric data, and one repetition maximum concentric arm curl strength and then randomly placed into a control group (n = 10) or an experimental compression sleeve group (n = 10). Subjects were instructed to avoid pain-relieving modalities (...
Methods for the calculation of photoionization cross sections using the extended Koopmans' theorem

A new approach to the calculation of photoionization cross sections for atoms and molecules is described. The procedure requires for input only a wave function for the parent initial state, obviating the necessity of a separate calculation on the final bound state by making use of the recently developed Extended Koopmans' Theorem. Explicit formulas for the photoionization cross sections, in terms of the one- and two-particle reduced density matrices of the initial state wave function, have been obtained at several levels of sophistication, including the sudden approximation, an orbital model for the photoelectron, and a close-coupling model. In the latter two cases, equations have been derived for the optimization of the continuum orbitals required for the description of the outgoing photoelectron. Approximations which make the optimization equations more tractable are also discussed. 26 references.
Babies Count: the national registry for children with visual impairments, birth to 3 years.

Introduction Information about the prevalence of visual impairment in children is not collected systematically. Further, little information is available about children under age 6. Babies Count is a national registry of children with visual impairment in the United States, aged birth to 3 years. Methods Data were collected on 2,155 children at the point of entry into specialized early intervention programs. Data include patient diagnosis, functional vision, age, gender, ethnicity, and family characteristics. Concurrent visual pathology and systemic disabilities were also documented. Results Of the sample of 2,155 children, 1,167 (54%) were boys; approximately 40% of the children were legally blind, and 68% had disabilities in addition to visual impairment. Cortical visual impairment, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) were the three most prevalent visual conditions. In children with these three conditions, those with ROP were diagnosed the earliest (mean, 3.4 months), and those with cortical visual impairment were diagnosed latest (mean, 7.6 months). There was on average a 4.5 month mean lag between the diagnosis of children's visual impairment and referral for services. ONH carried a poorer visual outcome when compared with other diagnoses, including CVI, ROP, and albinism. Conclusions Prevalent visual conditions in children in the United States differ from those found in developing countries and in adults with visual impairment. Babies Count is a comprehensive set of data that may affect our understanding of the epidemiology of visual impairment in the United States. In an era of preventive and outcome-based medicine, and with competition for health care and research funding, these data provide a valuable means for understanding the impact of these disorders on society.
Fatiguing illness among employees in three large state office buildings, California, 1993: Was there an outbreak?

Abstract The objective was to determine if a cluster of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)-like illness had occurred among employees in two large state office buildings in northern California, and to identify risk factors for and features of fatiguing illness in this population. Design: case-control study. Population and setting: Over 3 300 current employees in two state office buildings and employees in a comparable “control” building. Information was collected on demographic and occupational variables, the occurrence of fatiguing illness for at least one month in the previous year, and the presence of 36 symptoms. A total of 3 312 (82%) of 4 035 employees returned questionnaires. Overall, 618 (18.7%) persons reported fatigue lasting at least one month; including 382 (11.5%) with fatigue of at least six months' duration and 75 (2.3%) with symptoms compatible with a CFS-like illness. Independent risk factors for fatigue lasting one month or longer were found to be Native American ethnicity (OR 2.4, CI 1.1,5.3), Hispanic ethnicity (OR 1.7, CI 1.3,2.3), female sex (OR 1.5, CI 1.2,1.9), gross household incomes of less than $50,000 (OR 1.3, CI 1.1,1.6), and less than a college education (OR 1.3, CI 1.1,1.6). Similar risks were observed for persons who reported fatigue lasting six months or longer. Female sex (OR 3.2, CI 1.7, 6.4) was the only independent risk factor found for those persons classified as having a CFS-like illness. Case prevalence rates for all three categories of fatigue, as determined by multivariate analysis, were not significantly different among buildings. Despite finding a substantial number of employees with fatiguing illness in the two state office buildings, the prevalence was not significantly different than that for a comparable control building. Previously unidentified risk factors for fatigue of at least one month and at least six months identified in this population included Hispanic ethnicity, not having completed college, and income below $50,000.
Transvenous Hemodynamic Assessment of Experimental Arteriovenous Malformations Doppler Guidewire Monitoring of Embolotherapy in a Swine Model

Background and Purpose A Doppler guidewire was used to monitor progressive changes in draining vein flow parameters during experimental embolotherapy in a swine arteriovenous malformation (AVM) model. Methods A microcatheter was positioned superselectively in the main arterial feeder and main draining vein in each of 10 AVM models in swine. With use of the Doppler guidewire, preembolization arterial and venous average peak velocities (APVs) and pulsatility indices were recorded. The device was left in the draining vein during transarterial particulate (in 8 swine) or liquid adhesive (in 2 swine) embolization, and continuous transvenous flow during and after treatment was monitored. Periembolization Doppler flow parameters were correlated qualitatively with angiographic changes in the nidus. Results Preembolization draining vein flow was pulsatile, with a mean APV of 38.9±13.7 cm/s. After embolization, this changed significantly to a less pulsatile or nonpulsatile pattern, with a lower mean APV of 9.2±4.9 ...
Removing Critical Errors for DFT Applications to Transition-Metal Nanoclusters: Correct Ground-State Structures of Ru Clusters

As ruthenium plays an important role in heterogeneous catalysis, understanding the structural and electronic properties of Ru clusters is crucial to advancement of technology. Because of its efficiency, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are often utilized in nanoscience, but careful validation is necessary. Recently, small, nonmetallic Run clusters were reported by Zhang et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 2140] to form unusual square and cubic ground-state structures within DFT by treating the exchange-correlation (XC) functional at the level of general-gradient-corrected approximation (GGA). For such clusters, we show that the calculated, energetically preferred structures are sensitive to which XC functional is used and whether relativistic effects are included. We find that a hybrid XC functional with partially exact exchange, such as PBE0, corrects the Ru2 magnetic moment, bond length, and dissociation energy in agreement with experiment and high-level quantum chemistry calculations and ch...
The Market Price of Aggregate Risk and the Wealth Distribution

We introduce limited liability in a model with a continuum of ex ante identical agents who face aggregate and idiosyncratic income risk. These agents can trade a complete menu of contingent claims, but they cannot commit to honor their promises, and their shares in a Lucas tree serve as collateral to back up their state-contingent promises. The limited-liability option gives rise to a second risk factor, in addition to aggregate consumption growth risk. This liquidity risk is created by binding solvency constraints, and it is measured by the growth rate of one moment of the wealth distribution. The economy is said to experience a negative liquidity shock when this growth rate is high and a large fraction of agents faces severely binding solvency constraints. The adjustment to the Breeden-Lucas stochastic discount factor induces substantial time variation in equity risk-premims that is consistent with the data at business cycle frequencies. The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.