cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intended Learning Outcomes and Assessment of Computer-Based Scaffolding

In this chapter, I describe the intended learning outcomes of scaffolding—content knowledge and higher-order thinking abilities—and link these to the goals advanced by the Next Generation Science Standards and related documents from recent curricular revisions in STEM education. Furthermore, I address different ways in which scaffolding’s effect can be measured (assessment level), and explore whether there are differences in the magnitude of scaffolding’s effect according to assessment level. Meta-analysis results show that there is no difference in effect size magnitude on the basis of intended learning outcome (i.e., content knowledge or higher-order thinking abilities). Scaffolding’s effect was greater when measured at the principles level than when measured at the concept level. But scaffolding’s effect was statistically greater than 0 and substantial for all three assessment levels (i.e., concept, principles, and application). These results are then discussed.
Vessel scheduling in liner shipping: Modeling transport of perishable assets

Abstract International seaborne containerized trade significantly increased over the last years. Some assets transported in a containerized form by vessels are perishable in nature. Perishable assets deteriorate due to certain operational and environmental factors. This paper proposes a novel mixed integer non-linear mathematical model for the vessel scheduling problem in a liner shipping route with perishable assets, which explicitly captures decay of perishable assets on board the vessels. The objective aims to minimize the total route service cost, including the asset decay cost. The original non-linear mathematical model is linearized using a set of piecewise linear secant approximations. CPLEX is used to solve the linearized mathematical model. Numerical experiments are conducted for the French Asia Line 1 route, served by CMA CGM liner shipping company, to evaluate performance of the suggested solution approach and reveal some important managerial insights. Results demonstrate that the developed mathematical model can serve as an effective planning tool for liner shipping companies in designing efficient vessel schedules and reducing decay of perishable assets on board the vessels.
Seven Notable Legal Developments In Open Source In 2016

Several noteworthy open source-related legal developments took place in 2016. These concerned the fair use trial in Oracle v. Google, the reaction to the GPL enforcement lawsuits of Patrick McHardy, the dismissal of the Hellwig case, the U.S. Federal Source Code Policy, the end of Eben Moglen's tenure as Free Software Foundation general counsel, the distribution of ZFS by Linux distributions, and the banning of the JSON license by the Apache Software Foundation.
Nanometer-Resolved Imaging Vibrometer

Conventional laser vibrometers are incapable of performing multi-dimensional vibrometry at high speeds because they build on single-point measurements and rely on beam scanning, significantly limiting their utility and precision. Here we introduce a laser vibrometer that performs high-speed multi-dimensional imaging-based vibration and velocity measurements with nanometer-scale axial resolution without the need for beam scanning. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate real-time microscopic imaging of acoustic vibrations with 1 nm axial resolution, 1200 image pixels, and 30 ps dwell time at 36.7 MHz scan rate.
Urethral recurrence in patients following orthotopic urinary diversion

Purpose We present our experience with urethral recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma following cystectomy and orthotopic urinary diversion in a contemporary series. Materials and Methods Between June 1995 and December 2001, 415 patients underwent radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma. Of those patients 196 (47.2%) received an orthotopic urinary diversion. Demographics, clinical characteristics, pathological stage and patient outcomes were reviewed. Results Mean followup was 34.1 months (range 0.3 to 97.3). Of the 196 patients who underwent orthotopic diversion 59 (30.1%) had T3 or greater disease on final pathological evaluation. Thirteen patients (6.6%) were found to have prostatic urethral involvement while 83 (42.3%) had elements of carcinoma in situ. No patient with prostatic urethral involvement had subsequent urethral recurrence. Overall only 1 patient (0.5%) had urethral recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma following orthotopic urinary diversion. The urethral recurrence rate in patients with orthotopic diversion was less than in patients with ileal conduit creation during the same period (2.1%). The overall disease recurrence rate following orthotopic diversion was 31.6% (62 of 196). Conclusions Urethral recurrence following orthotopic neobladder was rare in this series despite using selection criteria that were less stringent than those of other comparable series. Overall disease recurrence was relatively high in patients with high risk pathological features but urethral recurrence in this group with orthotopic urinary diversion remained low.
Dynamics of a Group I Ribozyme Detected by Spectroscopic Methods

Little is known about RNA dynamics, even though it is likely that dynamics are important for both folding and function. The ribozyme, L-21 ScaI, derived from the group I intron of Tetrahymena thermophila (Zaug et al. 1988; Kay and Inoue 1987) provides an excellent system for studying dynamics, since its secondary structure is known (Michel and Dujon 1983; Burke et al. 1987; Cech et al. 1994) and a good model is available for its three-dimensional structure (Michel and Westhof 1990). Moreover, spectroscopic probes have been developed that are sensitive to binding of substrate by this ribozyme (Sugimoto et al. 1989b; Bevilacqua et al. 1992; Kierzek et al. 1993). This permits detection of intermediates and measurement of rate constants for various interconversions. The effects of substitutions and of solution conditions on these rate constants give insights into relationships between structure and dynamics and function. The RNA motion most intensively studied thus far in this system is docking of substrate into the catalytic core of the ribozyme (Bevilacqua et al. 1992, 1993, 1994; Li et al. 1995; Li, Profenno and Turner, unpubl. results). This chapter reviews the methods and results of these studies, and discusses some future perspectives.
Examining the effect of peer helping in a coping skills intervention: a randomized controlled trial for advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients and their family caregivers

At the end of life, spiritual well-being is a central aspect of quality of life for many patients and their family caregivers. A prevalent spiritual value in advanced cancer patients is the need to actively give. To address this need, the current randomized trial examined whether adding a peer helping component to a coping skills intervention leads to improved meaning in life and peace for advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients and their caregivers. Feasibility and acceptability outcomes were also assessed. Advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients and caregivers (n = 50 dyads) were randomly assigned to a 5-session, telephone-based coping skills intervention or a peer helping + coping skills intervention. One or both dyad members had moderate–severe distress. Peer helping involved contributing to handouts on coping skills for other families coping with cancer. Patients and caregivers completed measures of meaning in life/peace, fatigue, psychological symptoms, coping self-efficacy, and emotional support. Patient pain and caregiver burden were also assessed. Small effects in favor of the coping skills group were found regarding meaning in life/peace at 1 and 5 weeks post-intervention. Other outcomes did not vary as a function of group assignment, with both groups showing small decreases in patient and caregiver fatigue and caregiver distress and burden. High recruitment and retention rates supported feasibility, and high participant satisfaction ratings supported acceptability. Although a telephone-based intervention is feasible and acceptable for this population, peer helping in the context of a coping skills intervention does not enhance spiritual well-being relative to coping skills alone.
“A picture is worth a thousand words”: Reverse image lookup and digital library assessment

This brief communication builds on the application of content-based image retrieval (CBIR) and reverse image lookup (RIL), a graduated form of CBIR, as assessment tools for digital library image reuse. It combines literature on the definition, history, usefulness, and limitations of RIL and includes a brief analysis of the 4 published digital library image reuse assessment case studies. In its conclusion, the communication paper proposes that RIL offers benefits for digital library managers in the assessment of their collections.
Circadian Sleep-Wake Activity Patterns During Aging

Aging is associated with altered circadian activity rhythms, the intrinsic physiologic cycles of approximately 24 h that are critically involved in control of sleep-wake cycles and numerous physiological processes. Measurement of 24-h patterns of activity is relatively simple and cost-effective using actigraphy. There is growing evidence that older adults with disrupted 24-h activity patterns (weak, more fragmented, and shifted circadian activity rhythms) have higher risk for a variety of age-related outcomes including earlier mortality, risk of cognitive impairment or risk of developing mild cognitive impairment and dementia, cardiovascular disease, depression and anxiety, and mortality risk. Further study is needed to establish mechanisms for these associations. In addition, future studies will be needed to test whether interventions (e.g. physical activity, bright light exposure, cataract surgery) that regulate circadian activity rhythms will improve health outcomes in the elderly.
Providing Care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Immigrants at Health Centers and Clinics.

Approximately 637,000 lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT)-identified documented adult immigrants live in the United States. LGBT people face persecution in dozens of countries around the world, where having an LGBT identity may be criminalized or even punishable by death. LGBT immigrants have often survived traumatic experiences in their countries of origin. In the United States, both LGBT non-immigrants and immigrants may experience significant stigma-related health disparities, which range from mental health problems to sexually-transmitted infections. LGBT immigrants in particular face challenges accessing culturally-competent health care, which has the potential to reduce health disparities. Trauma-informed approaches and an understanding of intersecting cultural identities can enable staff in health centers and clinics to support LGBT immigrants in overcoming health disparities, through implementation of best practices that meet the unique needs of these communities and improve engagement of LGBT immigrants in affirming and high-quality primary care and psychiatric care (i.e., collaborative care).
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES AND LORENZ FUNCTIONS OF GADOLINIUM, TERBIUM, AND HOLMIUM SINGLE CRYSTALS.

The thermal conductivities of gadolinium, terbium, and holmium single crystals have been measured as a function of temperature from 5 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The steady-state heat-flow method was used. For each element measurements were taken in the $〈11\overline{2}0〉$ ($a$-axis) and in the $〈0001〉$ ($c$-axis) directions of the hexagonal close-packed crystal structure. Electrical resistivity measurements were made on the same samples to obtain Lorenz functions. Anomalies near magnetic transition temperatures are interpreted in terms of magnetic superzones and spin-disorder scattering. High-temperature anisotropy is interpreted in terms of Fermi-surface anisotropy. Lorenz numbers appreciably larger than ${L}_{0}$ suggest that phonons and magnons, in addition to electrons, can carry heat.
The Decay of Unstable States

Suppose that a scattering experiment is carried out at an energy at which the interacting fragments have a sharp resonance. We have seen in Sec. 11.2.2 that the elastically or inelastically scattered particles then are considerably delayed relative to those coming in. We now wish to examine in detail the time dependence of the emergent flux.
Online Support Groups and Therapy

A large segment of the population does not receive needed psychiatric services. The reasons for this unfortunate situation are manifold and include (1) restricted access to psychiatric services for rural communities or prison populations, (2) an over-burdened mental health care system, (3) social stigma, (4) financial constraints, (5) time constraints, (6) educational deficits with respect to treatment options and pathological symptoms, and (7) a general tendency to resist entering therapy inherent in some diagnostic categories (e.g., social phobia).
Comutations underlying the measuremnt of visual motion.

Abstract The organization of movement in a changing image provides a valuable source of information for analyzing the environment in terms of objects, their motion in space, and their three-dimensional structure. A description of this movement is not provided to our visual system directly, however; it must be inferred from the pattern of changing intensity that reaches the eye. This paper examines the problem of motion measurement, which we formulate as the computation of an instantaneous two-dimensional velocity field. Initial motion measurements occur at the location of significant intensity changes, as suggested by Marr and Ullman [1]. These measurements provide only one component of velocity, and must be integrated to compute the two-dimensional velocity field. A fundamental problem for this integration is that motion is not determined uniquely from the changing image. An additional constraint of smoothness of the velocity field is formulated, based on the physical assumption that surfaces are generally smooth, allowing the computation of a unique solution. A theoretical analysis of the conditions under which this computation yields the correct velocity field suggests that the solution is physically plausible; empirical studies show the results to be consistent with human motion perception.
Tumor-induced granulopoiesis unrelated to colony-stimulating factor

A transplantable granulocytosis-inducing mammary adenocarcinoma of mice was used to provide evidence about the role of tumor-generated factors in granulopoiesis. The original tumor produced high levels of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) in culture as well as inhibitor to CSF. The tumor was passaged repeatedly, both in host mice and in culture, and eventually displayed a varying capacity to induce granulocytosis. Tumors that were associated with either the induction of extreme granulocytosis or near-normal granulocyte levels were selected and passaged intermittently in vivo and in culture. Two tumor lines were thus isolated: one, line C-4a, inducing granulocytosis, and the other, line 34-4H, failing to induce granulocytosis. Both lines grow at the same rate in host mice, but in culture, each displays a distinct morphology. Measurement of CSF and inhibitor produced by each line in culture showed that line 34-4H retained the capacity to produce CSF and inhibitor in spite of losing the ability to influence granulopoiesis in vivo. This suggests that the various factors shown to influence granulopoiesis in vitro may have little or no role as physiologic regulators in vivo.
Expression and Purification of Recombinant α-Defensins and α-Defensin Precursors in Escherichia coli

Recombinant expression of alpha-defensins can be obtained at efficient levels in Escherichia coli. Amplified alpha-defensin or pro-alpha-defensin coding cDNA sequences are cloned directionally between EcoRI and SalI sites of the pET-28a expression vector and expressed in E. coli BL21 RIS cells. Cells growing exponentially in nutrient-rich liquid medium are induced to express the recombinant protein by addition of 50 mM isopropyl beta-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside for 3-6 h. After bacterial cells collected by centrifugation are lysed in 6 M guanidine-HCl under non-reducing conditions, the expressed defensin fused to its 6xHis-34 amino acid N-terminal fusion partner is purified by affinity chromatography on nickel-NTA columns. A Met codon introduced at the N terminus of expressed Met-free peptides provides a unique CNBr cleavage site, enabling release of the alpha-defensin free of ancillary residues by sequential C18 RP-HPLC. Molecular masses of C18 RP-HPLC purified peptides are confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and peptide homogeneity is assessed using analytical RP-HPLC and acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. alpha-Defensins prepared in this manner are biochemically equivalent to the natural molecules.
Biology and Therapeutic Basis of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis

Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States (1). The most common site of CaP metastasis is the bone with skeletal metastases identified at autopsy in up to 90% of patients dying from CaP. Understanding how tumor interacts with bone may lead toward identifying therapies to prevent or diminish the consequences of bone metastases. CaP forms a mixture of osteolytic (excess bone resorption) and osteoblastic (excess bone production) bone metastases. The osteolytic component of bone metastases is caused, in part, through cancer-mediated activation of the receptor of nuclear factor-κ B ligand (RANKL) pathway. Blocking RANKL has been shown to successfully inhibit establishment or progression of CaP bone metastases in animal models. Other factors that are important in the development of CaP-induced osteolytic lesions include interleukin (IL)-6, parathyroid hormonerelated protein (PTHrP), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The mechanism through which CaP induces osteoblastic lesions is less clear; however, CaP produces a variety of factors that may promote an overall osteoblastic phenotype, including an inhibitor of RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG); a vascular-active agent, endothelin (ET)-1; and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Several methods to target CaP bone metastases are being explored in clinics, including bisphosphonates, inhibitors of RANKL and ET-1. To effectively treat CaP bone metastases, targeting both the osteolytic and osteoblastic components simultaneously may be important.
Evaluating hybrid constraint tightening for scheduling agents

Hybrid Scheduling Problems (HSPs) combine temporal and finite-domain variables via hybrid constraints that dictate that specific bounds on temporal constraints rely on assignments to finite-domain variables. Hybrid constraint tightening (HCT) reformulates hybrid constraints to apply the tightest consistent temporal bound possible, assisting in search space pruning. The contribution of this paper is to empirically evaluate the HCT approach using a state-of-the-art Satisfiability Modulo Theory solver on realistic, interesting problems related to developing scheduling agents to assist people with cognitive impairments. We demonstrate that HCT leads to orders of magnitude reduction of search complexity. The success of HCT is enhanced as we apply HCT to hybrid constraints involving increasing numbers of finite-domain variables and finite-domains with increasing size, as well as hybrid constraints expressing increasing temporal precision. We show that while HCT reduces search complexity for all but the simplest problems, the relative effectiveness is dampened on problems with partially conditional temporal constraints and hybrid constraints with increasing temporal disjunctions. Finally, we present our preliminary investigations that indicate that HCT can assist in increasing communication efficacy in a multiagent setting.
Frugal innovation and the digital divide: Developing an extended model of the diffusion of innovations

Abstract Based on diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory and economic consumption analysis as well as the concept of frugal innovation, this study develops an extended DOI model that theorizes the characteristics of the diffusion of frugal information communication technologies (ICTs) and their impacts on the Internet diffusion. This model posits that frugal digital ICTs diffuse more rapidly in developing countries than in developed countries and significantly bridge the digital divide between them. The diffusion of frugal smartphones is investigated as a case of the diffusion of frugal digital ICTs, which provides empirical evidence for the theoretical model presented herein.
A new model mechanism for atmospheric oxidation of isoprene: global effects on oxidants, nitrogen oxides, organic products, and secondary organic aerosol

Abstract. Atmospheric oxidation of isoprene, the most abundantly emitted non-methane hydrocarbon, affects the abundances of ozone ( O3 ), the hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrogen oxide radicals ( NOx ), carbon monoxide (CO), oxygenated and nitrated organic compounds, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We analyze these effects in box models and in the global GEOS-Chem chemical transport model using the new reduced Caltech isoprene mechanism (RCIM) condensed from a recently developed explicit isoprene oxidation mechanism. We find many similarities with previous global models of isoprene chemistry along with a number of important differences. Proper accounting of the isomer distribution of peroxy radicals following the addition of OH and O2 to isoprene influences the subsequent distribution of products, decreasing in particular the yield of methacrolein and increasing the capacity of intramolecular hydrogen shifts to promptly regenerate OH. Hydrogen shift reactions throughout the mechanism lead to increased OH recycling, resulting in less depletion of OH under low-NO conditions than in previous mechanisms. Higher organonitrate yields and faster tertiary nitrate hydrolysis lead to more efficient NOx removal by isoprene and conversion to inorganic nitrate. Only 20 % of isoprene-derived organonitrates (excluding peroxyacyl nitrates) are chemically recycled to NOx . The global yield of formaldehyde from isoprene is 22 % per carbon and less sensitive to NO than in previous mechanisms. The global molar yield of glyoxal is 2 %, much lower than in previous mechanisms because of deposition and aerosol uptake of glyoxal precursors. Global production of isoprene SOA is about one-third from each of the following: isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), organonitrates, and tetrafunctional compounds. We find a SOA yield from isoprene of 13 % per carbon, much higher than commonly assumed in models and likely offset by SOA chemical loss. We use the results of our simulations to further condense RCIM into a mini Caltech isoprene mechanism (Mini-CIM) for less expensive implementation in atmospheric models, with a total size (108 species, 345 reactions) comparable to currently used mechanisms.
Learning Concave-Convex Profiles of Data Transport over Dedicated Connections

Dedicated data transport infrastructures are increasingly being deployed to support distributed big-data and high-performance computing scenarios. These infrastructures employ data transfer nodes that use sophisticated software stacks to support network transport among sites, which often house distributed file and storage systems. Throughput measurements collected over such infrastructures for a range of round trip times (RTTs) reflect the underlying complex end-to-end connections, and have revealed dichotomous throughput profiles as functions of RTT. In particular, concave regions of throughput profiles at lower RTTs indicate near-optimal performance, and convex regions at higher RTTs indicate bottlenecks due to factors such as buffer or credit limits. We present a machine learning method that explicitly infers these concave and convex regions and transitions between them using sigmoid functions. We also provide distribution-free confidence estimates for the generalization error of these concave-convex profile estimates. Throughput profiles for data transfers over 10 Gbps connections with 0–366 ms RTT provide important performance insights, including the near optimality of transfers performed with the XDD tool between XFS filesystems, and the performance limits of wide-area Lustre extensions using LNet routers. A direct application of generic machine learning packages does not adequately highlight these critical performance regions or provide as precise confidence estimates.
Reducing Resident Physician Workload to Improve Well Being.

Introduction Resident physician’s well-being has been postulated to worsen with longer shifts. At our institution, the admitting physician evening shift (known as short call) had been associated with higher levels of stress and reduced well-being among residents due to longer work hours and an excessive number of admissions. We introduced an intermediate swing shift to help mitigate those effects. This study sought to assess the outcomes of introducing the swing shift on the timeliness of leaving the hospital for the short call physician, and the median number of admissions done by the short call, swing shift, and night shift resident physicians. Method The swing shift was designed to cover admitting duties from 4:00 to 11:00 pm on weekdays, with support from both the short call and night shift resident physicians. Internal Medicine residents in their second or third year of training and combined Medicine/Psychiatry residents in their third, fourth or fifth year of training, were surveyed prior to the implementation of the swing shift and four-months post-implementation. Time of leaving the hospital and number of admissions before and after the introduction of the swing shift were compared. Data were recorded as frequencies and presented as medians. Results There were 27 surveys completed prior to swing shift implementation and 43 surveys completed post-implementation with a response rate of 52% and 83%, respectively. Surveys post-implementation were divided into 29 for the short call shift survey, six for the swing shift survey, and eight for the night shift survey. Residents who did not perform the short call physician duties were excluded, limiting the prior to implementation surveys from 27 to 25 and the post-implementation short call surveys from 29 to 19. Prior to swing shift implementation, the median time of leaving for the short call physician was 8:30 to 9:00 pm; the median number of admissions were four and eight, done by short call physician and night shift physician, respectively. Whereas post-swing shift implementation, the median time of leaving for short call physician was 7:00 to 7:30 pm, and for swing shift physician was 11:30 pm to midnight. The median number of admissions were two, five, and five done by the short call, swing shift, and night shift physicians, respectively. All residents reported the swing shift allowed them to take better care of patients and follow up on their tasks. Discussion and conclusion Delayed resident physicians departure at the end of their respective shift was associated with extended shifts. It is thought to be caused by an increased number of admissions, late shift admissions, and time of day shift with 4:00 to 9:00 pm being the busiest. The addition of the swing shift increased the ability of the short call resident physician to leave the hospital at the end of their shift and reduced the median number of admissions done by the short call and night shift resident physicians, hence likely improving resident’s well-being while preserving the total number of admissions.
Investigating the association between late spring Gulf of Mexico sea surface temperatures and U.S. Gulf Coast precipitation extremes with focus on Hurricane Harvey

Hurricane Harvey brought extreme levels of rainfall to the Houston, Texas, area over a 7‐day period in August 2017, resulting in catastrophic flooding that caused loss of human life and damage to personal property and public infrastructure. In the wake of this event, there has been interest in understanding the degree to which this event was unusual and estimating the probability of experiencing a similar event in other locations. Additionally, researchers have aimed to better understand the ways in which the sea surface temperature (SST) in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is associated with precipitation extremes in this region. This work addresses all of these issues through the development of a multivariate spatial extreme value model. Our analysis indicates that warmer GoM SSTs are associated with higher precipitation extremes in the western Gulf Coast region during hurricane season and that the precipitation totals observed during Hurricane Harvey are less unusual based on the warm GoM SST in 2017. As SSTs in the GoM are expected to steadily increase over the remainder of this century, this analysis suggests that western Gulf Coast locations may experience more severe precipitation extremes during hurricane season.
Effect of co-inoculations with Pythium and Fusarium species on seedling disease development of soybean

Multiple pathogens are frequently recovered together from diseased soybean seedlings, suggesting a seedling disease complex. Pythium sylvaticum and P. irregulare are prevalent oomycetes and Fusariu...
Disc Herniation and Radiculopathy

Intervertebral discs are pads of fibrocartilage that lie between the vertebral bodies of the spine. The function of the intervertebral disc is to provide articulation between the vertebral bodies and stability to the spine. In addition to allowing complex range of motion, the discs transmit and withstand mechanical loads such as axial loading, bending, and twisting. The central nucleus pulposus is surrounded by the annulus fibrosus (AF). Both these structures are bound on top and bottom by the cartilaginous end plates. The state of the intervertebral disc is dynamic over its lifetime, and degenerative processes change the intervertebral disc at the cellular level, making it more susceptible to overload during strained physical activity. Herniation describes displacement of disc material beyond the limits of the intervertebral disc space. This is the most common cause of disruption of the nerve roots as they exit the spine. This condition, called radiculopathy, presents as pain and/or a neurologic deficit along the territory of the affected nerve(s). While no gold standard for diagnosis is universally accepted, diagnosis can be aided by physical exam maneuvers, electrodiagnostic studies, and imaging. Early prognosis is favorable with most patients having significant improvement or complete resolution of symptoms within 3 months. In circumstances where pain persists beyond 3 months, there are many effective treatment options to assist with pain recovery and resuming normal activity for the patient.
IV. OVIS—A Nonpredicting Device

For too long tests and measurement devices have been used mostly to predict future status and rarely to help an individual learn about himself. To offset this, the Ohio Vocational Interest Survey (...
Experimental Investigation Of Using Latent Thermal Energy Storage System Comprising Of Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate (MgCl 2 .6H 2 O) With Domestic Gas Heater

Thermal energy storage is an active field of research that can be adopted for energy efficiency and conservation in thermal applications on conventional systems. Moreover, they are equally effective to be used with renewable resources to mitigate their intermittency in terms of availability. This paper covers the experimental investigation of the latent thermal energy storage system, in which Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate (MgCl 2 .6H 2 O) was used as thermal energy storage material. Literature lists MgCl 2 .6H 2 O as a strong candidate for thermal energy storage in the medium range with melting temperature of 117.5° C and latent heat of 168.6 kJ/kg. Aluminum encapsulation was used with PCM for testing with gas heater. The flame temperature of domestic gas heater ranges from 600 to 800° C, at this temperature the PCM was fully charged in less than 900s and stored about 30 kJ of thermal energy till the final temperature of the material reached to 320° C. In the discharging phase, subcooling was observed and the material released thermal energy to a threshold temperature of 60° C in 930s. This study considered the direct contact TES system.
Amino Acid Sensing: Architecture of mTORC1 on the Lysosome Surface

Amino acid signaling through the Rag GTPases promotes mTORC1 lysosomal localization and subsequent activation. Two new cryo-EM structures examine the architecture of the Rag GTPase heterodimers complexed with mTORC1.
Do we need to go Deep? Knowledge Tracing with Big Data

Interactive Educational Systems (IES) enabled researchers to trace student knowledge in different skills and provide recommendations for a better learning path. To estimate the student knowledge and further predict their future performance, the interest in utilizing the student interaction data captured by IES to develop learner performance models is increasing rapidly. Moreover, with the advances in computing systems, the amount of data captured by these IES systems is also increasing that enables deep learning models to compete with traditional logistic models and Markov processes. However, it is still not empirically evident if these deep models outperform traditional models on the current scale of datasets with millions of student interactions. In this work, we adopt EdNet, the largest student interaction dataset publicly available in the education domain, to understand how accurately both deep and traditional models predict future student performances. Our work observes that logistic regression models with carefully engineered features outperformed deep models from extensive experimentation. We follow this analysis with interpretation studies based on Locally Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanation (LIME) to understand the impact of various features on best performing model pre-dictions.
Resource Review—Using Qualtrics Core XM for Surveying Youth

Qualtrics software, a digital tool used for survey data collection and analysis, has become a commonly used technology in organizations around the country. Many educators are using this tool to collect, analyze, and communicate education, outreach, and engagement evaluation data in an efficient and effective way. In a youth development context, Qualtrics Core XM software can be used to design youth-focused digital surveys that are engaging and efficient, and it can help build program evaluation capacity. An assessment of some key functions of this tool and their applications to youth development program contexts is presented here.
Ice Topography Reconstruction and Panoramic Stitching using Forward Looking Sonar Images

Forward-looking sonar is one of the most common and powerful instruments available for use in imaging underwater environments. Here, we explore the utility of these sonar sensors for mosaicking, mapping and topography reconstruction of areas of interest in our target under-ice and underwater environments. This is a difficult problem due to the noise in the sonar images as well as the changing appearance of objects when views from different points. Here we address the problem of sonar image alignment through sensor fusion with navigation instruments to provide an initial relative placement between sonar frames. We also discuss the use of such forward looking sonar sensors to build 3D point clouds of the ice topography.
Mediated Inner-Sphere Electron Transfer Induces Homogeneous Reduction of CO2 via Through-Space Electronic Conjugation**

The electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 is an appealing method for converting renewable energy sources into value-added chemical feedstocks. We report a co-electrocatalytic system for the reduction of CO2 to CO comprised of a molecular Cr complex and dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide (DBTD) as a redox mediator, which achieves high activity (TOF=1.51-2.84×105 s-1 ) and quantitative selectivity. Under aprotic or protic conditions, DBTD produces a co-electrocatalytic response with 1 by coordinating trans to the site of CO2 binding and mediating electron transfer from the electrode with quantitative efficiency for CO. This assembly is reliant on through-space electronic conjugation between the π frameworks of DBTD and the bpy fragment of the catalyst ligand, with contributions from dispersive interactions and weak sulfone coordination.
Book Review: Won’t Lose This Dream: How an Upstart Urban University Rewrote the Rules of a Broken System

Within this gem of a book, there were many lessons learned from this inspiring, trailblazing story of Georgia State University making a difference for 50,000 students and thousands of faculty and s...
Preferences in family politics: Women's consciousness or family context?

Abstract This paper challenges the prevailing views that women's support of feminism is primarily a function of personal experiences which result in a transformation of political consciousness. Rather, interests deriving from family context are the more plausible motivating factors. This approach has greater explanatory power because it generalizes easily to the study of men's attitudes as well. An empirical test confirms the usefulness of the approach in explaining support of feminist goals in a sample of American men and women. The paper concludes with a discussion of the particular social or psychological mechanisms which are most likely to underlie the empirical results.
On the generalized eigenvalue problem

In this paper we extend the notion of a normal and symmetric matrix to a pair of real matrices. We show that the familiar properties of a symmetric matrix extend to the symmetric pair. The extension of the Courant-Fischer theorem for the characterization of the eigenvalues of the symmetric matrix is generalized. We also indicate some of the problems that have to be resolved with respect to the present definition.
A Theoretical Model for Examining the Link between Governance and Philosophy in Higher Education

Nearly all of the literature and research surrounding the idea of a university attempts to define and explain the role of the university in our current times. One area of burgeoning interest in this field is the precarious relationship among the provincial governments, the private sector, and the universities. As these stakeholders develop more involved relationships, university administrators must clearly define that institution's academic philosophy so that they can maintain a distinction between internal educational objectives and external socio-political and economic mandates. In order to accomplish this, it is essential that university administrators clearly understand the link between educational philosophy and administrative practice. This paper develops a theoretical model which describes the importance of recognizing the link between philosophy and administrative practice in university institutions.
Agent-Supported Planning in Distributed Command and Control Environments

To be able to meet the future challenge of employing forces anywhere in the world in support of national security objectives, modern military forces require highly synchronized, distributed planning and re-planning capabilities that are sufficiently flexible to adapt to any level of conflict. This talk will present a research program underway at the USAF Research Laboratory's Information Directorate known as DEEP (Distributed Episodic Exploratory Planning). DEEP is an agent-based distributed planning system that has been designed to support future military command and control (C2) operations. The talk will discuss the motivation for moving from a centralized planning model to a distributed mixed-initiative approach, along with the DEEP architecture and the key research challenges for achieving this vision. The distributed agent-supported planning capabilities, which utilize past experience to solve current problems, will be emphasized.
Anti-American Resistance in Latin America: An Issue of Sovereignty, Militarization, and Neoliberalism

In recent years, Latin America has experienced a shift toward the left, bringing attention to the significance of US-Latin America relations and the history of resistance that these dynamics have engendered. While the voices and faces of these resistance movements may be perceived as new, their roots date back to the turn of the 20th century. The emergence of an anti-American narrative from diverse sectors in Latin America as part of a response to US policies – political, military, and economic – provides an opportunity for reflection on this history. By examining US policy towards Latin America, and the emerging forms of resistance from local sectors in response to policies on sovereignty, militarism, and neoliberalism, we can better situate the ‘anti-American’ resistance movements of today.
Valuing health at different ages: evidence from a nationally representative survey in the US.

Evidence about how people value health gains for different age groups is controversial and incomplete, despite the significance of this issue for priority setting in health policy. The aim of this study was to collect and analyse nationally representative data in the US regarding how people prioritize health programmes for children versus older adults. In January 2009, an online survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of US adults. Participants were asked for their preferences between health programmes benefiting 100 children aged 10 years versus health programmes benefiting a randomly varying number of adults aged 60 years. Participants were also asked about reasons for their choices. The survey response rate was 64% (n = 2132). Most respondents favoured programmes for 100 children aged 10 years when compared with programmes benefiting as many as 1000 adults aged 60 years. This was true even for the respondent group least inclined to favour children — older adults without children aged <18 years. US adults, regardless of sociodemographic characteristics, report preferences for health gains for children that go well beyond differentials that can be explained by relative life expectancy. Further work is needed to understand the extent to which these findings accurately reflect societal preferences.
Genome-Wide Nucleosome Occupancy and Positioning and Their Impact on Gene Expression and Evolution in Plants

The fundamental unit of chromatin is the nucleosome that consists of a protein octamer composed of the four core histones (Hs; H3, H4, H2A, and H2B) wrapped by 147 bp of DNA. Nucleosome occupancy and positioning have proven to be dynamic and have a critical impact on expression, regulation, and evolution of eukaryotic genes. We developed nucleosome occupancy and positioning data sets using leaf tissue of rice (Oryza sativa) and both leaf and flower tissues of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We show that model plant and animal species share the fundamental characteristics associated with nucleosome dynamics. Only 12% and 16% of the Arabidopsis and rice genomes, respectively, were occupied by well-positioned nucleosomes. The cores of positioned nucleosomes were enriched with G/C dinucleotides and showed a lower C→T mutation rate than the linker sequences. We discovered that nucleosomes associated with heterochromatic regions were more spaced with longer linkers than those in euchromatic regions in both plant species. Surprisingly, different nucleosome densities were found to be associated with chromatin in leaf and flower tissues in Arabidopsis. We show that deep MNase-seq data sets can be used to map nucleosome occupancy of specific genomic loci and reveal gene expression patterns correlated with chromatin dynamics in plant genomes.
Collective neutrino flavor transformation in supernovae

We examine coherent active-active channel neutrino flavor evolution in environments where neutrino-neutrino forward scattering can engender large-scale collective flavor transformation. We introduce the concept of neutrino flavor isospin which treats neutrinos and antineutrinos on an equal footing, and which facilitates the analysis of neutrino systems in terms of the spin precession analogy. We point out a key quantity, the ``total effective energy,'' which is conserved in several important regimes. Using this concept, we analyze collective neutrino and antineutrino flavor oscillation in the synchronized mode and what we term the bi-polar mode. We thereby are able to explain why large collective flavor mixing can develop on short time scales even when vacuum mixing angles are small in, e.g., a dense gas of initially pure ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ and ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$ with an inverted neutrino mass hierarchy (an example of bi-polar oscillation). In the context of the spin precession analogy, we find that the corotating frame provides insights into more general systems, where either the synchronized or bi-polar mode could arise. For example, we use the corotating frame to demonstrate how large flavor mixing in the bi-polar mode can occur in the presence of a large and dominant matter background. We use the adiabatic condition to derive a simple criterion for determining whether the synchronized or bi-polar mode will occur. Based on this criterion, we predict that neutrinos and antineutrinos emitted from a protoneutron star in a core-collapse supernova event can experience synchronized and bi-polar flavor transformations in sequence before conventional Mikhyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein flavor evolution takes over. This certainly will affect the analyses of future supernova neutrino signals, and might affect the treatment of shock reheating rates and nucleosynthesis depending on the depth at which collective transformation arises.
Effects of Alternating Partial Reinforcement and Alternating Delay of Reinforcement on a Runway Response

A replication and extension of the Cogan and Capaldi study was performed, using 60 rats. As in the original study, Ss with alternating reinforcement and nonreinforcement displayed patterned running during runway acquisition; Ss with alternating immediate and delayed reward did not. Additional groups with longer confinement periods exhibited patterned running under both alternating partial and alternating delay of reinforcement. The extinction results were in the opposite direction to those of Cogan and Capaldi; in all comparisons the partially delayed groups ran faster than the corresponding delayed groups.
Trace elements in continental-margin magmatism: Part IV. Geochemical criteria for recognition of two volcanic assemblages near Auburn, western Sierra Nevadas, California

In the western foothills of the Sierra Nevadas near Auburn, California, two volcanic suites of probable Triassic-Jurassic age have been investigated geochemically. The older suite is a melange that shows pervasive shearing and low-amphibolite metamorphism. This suite contains basalts with the mineralogical and chemical properties of MORB and was almost certainly formed along the spreading ridge of a major ocean basin or in a small ocean, perhaps a back-arc, basin. The younger suite is probably Jurassic and is less deformed and less metamorphosed than are the basalts of the older suite. Rocks in the younger suite are primarily basalts but include some andesites. Mineralogical and chemical properties indicate formation of the younger suite above a subduction zone, either along a thin continental margin or in an offshore island arc later accreted to the continental margin. Relative to modern equivalents (MORB or subduction-zone basalts), the Sierran suites: (1) have approximately the same average abundances of most elements; (2) have a greater range of abundances, even for such comparatively immobile elements as Ni and Cr; (3) are enriched in K, Rb, Ba, and Sr, presumably because of posteruptive processes; and (4) have lower A1 2 O 3 and higher total Fe contents.
Impact of Maternal HIV Health: A 12-year Study of Children in the Parents And children Coping Together Project

Purpose The purpose of this 12-year longitudinal study was to assess the effects of maternal HIV/AIDS on child/adolescent well-being and behavioral outcomes, extending an earlier published account.