cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thrombospondin-1 is an inhibitor of pharmacological activation of soluble guanylate cyclase

Background and purpose: Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the signal transduction enzyme most responsible for mediating the effects of nitric oxide (NO). Recently, NO-independent small molecule activators of sGC have been developed that have promising clinical activities. We have shown that the secreted matrix protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) binds to CD47 and potently inhibits NO stimulation of sGC in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and platelets. Here we show that TSP-1 signalling via CD47 inhibits sGC activation by NO-independent sGC activating small molecules. Experimental approach: Vascular smooth muscle cells and washed human platelets were pretreated with TSP-1 (2.2 nM) in the presence of haeme-dependent sGC activators (YC-1, BAY 41-2272), and a haeme-independent activator (meso-porphyrin IX), and cGMP levels were measured. The effect of sGC activators on platelet aggregation and contraction of VSMC embedded in collagen gels was also assayed in the presence and absence of TSP-1. Key results: Thrombospondin-1 inhibited sGC activator-dependent increase in cGMP in VSMC and platelets. TSP-1 pretreatment also inhibited the ability of these agents to delay thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. TSP-1 pretreatment reduced the ability of sGC activating agents to abrogate VSMC contraction in vitro. Conclusions and implications: This work demonstrates that TSP-1 is a universal inhibitor of sGC, blocking both haeme-dependent and haeme-independent activation. These data coupled with the reported increases in TSP-1 with age, diabetes, ischaemia/reperfusion, and atherosclerosis implies that the therapeutic potential of all drugs that activate sGC could be compromised in disease states where TSP-1/CD47 signalling is elevated.
Sapacitabine in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia

Prognosis of elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains poor and new treatment approaches are urgently needed. A novel nucleoside analog sapacitabine has recently emerged as a feasible agent because of its oral administration and acceptable toxicity profile. Clinical efficacy of sapacitabine, both as a single agent and in combination, has been evaluated in elderly AML patients or AML patients unfit for standard intensive chemotherapy. Response rates varied from 15 to 45% in phase II studies. Sapacitabine was overall well-tolerated with gastrointestinal and myelosuppression-related complications were the most common side effects. Unfortunately, in a phase III study sapacitabine showed no clinical superiority as compared to low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) in patients with AML. Another large phase III study comparing the combination of sapacitabine with decitabine to decitabine alone is currently ongoing and is expected to be completed by the end of 2015 or by the first half of 2016.
Examination Under Anesthesia for Evaluation of Anterior Shoulder Instability

Thirty patients with unilateral, traumatic recurrent anterior instability were assessed by examination under anesthesia of both shoulders in the anterior, anteroinferior, inferior, posterior, and posteroinferior directions while the examiner controlled the patients' arm rotation. There were significant side-to-side differences in humeral head translation, depending on arm rotation. Humeral head translation was significantly greater in the abnormal shoulder only in the anteroinferior direction with 40 degrees and 80 degrees of external rotation of the arm. Defining an "abnormal" examination as grade 3 translation (translation of the humeral head up onto the glenoid rim) or grade 4 translation (translation of the humeral head over the glenoid rim, that is, dislocated) and translation two grades greater than the contralateral uninjured side, the test sensitivity was 83%, and the test specificity was 100%. Assessing humeral head translation by examination under anesthesia is a useful adjunct to the diagnostic tools for shoulder instability, but the number of tests should be expanded to include the anteroinferior and posteroinferior directions, and the tests should be done with the arm in varying degrees of rotation.
HIV Therapeutics, Biochemistry of

Although significant progress has been made in the treatment of HIV infection, we are still far from wining the battle. The combination of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in compliant patients comes close to stopping virus evolution; however, eradication of the infection has not been achieved because of the persistence of latent HIV-1 in resting memory CD4+ T cells. Moreover, several factors including the emergence of multidrug-resistant HIV strains, drug toxicity, the patient's ability to adhere to the prescribed therapy, and expensive medication have necessitated a reason to develop novel drugs and novel approaches to combat HIV infection. Currently, the HAART regimen consists of nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) combined with protease (PR) inhibitors. This article summarizes all currently approved drugs for HIV-1 infection as well as drugs that have made significant progress in clinical trials but have not yet been approved. Where appropriate, their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, and toxicity are discussed Keywords: HAART; Multidrug-resistant HIV Strain; Allosteric Binding Site; Peptidomimetic; Nucleoside; Nucleotide; Transition State; Lipodystrophy; Cytochrome P-450
Preservation of cytoplasm in the human lymphocyte micronucleus assay

A major limitation in the quantitative accuracy of the human lymphocyte micronucleus (MN) assay is preservation of the cytoplasm during the cell harvesting. In this short communication, an improved method for cytoplasm preservation in a cytokinesis-blocked, whole-blood microculture (0.3 ml) technique is described. We believe that the timing of the hypotonic treatment, speed of centrifugation, handling of the cell suspension and proper Giemsa staining are important variables in the human peripheral lymphocyte MN assay.
Comments on 'The composite Hubble diagram'

From a composite Hubble diagram of normal galaxies, radio galaxies, and QSOs, Lang et al. claim to show that the least-squares slope for each class of objects is compatible, within errors, with a Friedmann cosmology with q/sub 0/=1. However, their estimate of the error is without foundation. Using the proper estimator for the error in slope, we show that the Hubble diagram for QSOs is formally incompatible (at 3.6 sigma) with this Friedmann cosmology. On the other hand, if one presupposes a Friedmann cosmology, the formal value for the least-squares slope may be reconciled with the expected value if one takes into account the apparent truncation in the distribution of QSOs beyond zapprox. =2.2. Thus the full Hubble diagram is consistent with, but does not proved, the Friedmann cosmology and the cosmological origin of QSO redshifts.Lang et al. also claim, on the basis of a formal luminosity-redshift correlation and the small overlap in the ranges of redshifts and apparent magnitudes among their samples of normal galaxies, radio galaxies, and QSOs, that the composite Hubble diagram suggests an evolutionary sequence from QSOs to radio galaxies to normal galaxies. We point out that the formal luminosity-redshift correlation and the small overlaps inmore » redshift and apparent-magnitude ranges result from observational selection. Consequently, their analysis of the Hubble diagram provides no support for an evolutionary sequence.In addition we discuss the use of least-squares regression in analyzing the data. (AIP)« less
Steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in children: histopathology and relapses after cyclophosphamide treatment.

Steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in children: Histopathology and relapses after treatment with cyclophosphamide. Children with steroid-dependent frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome are generally assumed to have a minimal change in histology and therefore to respond favorably to treatment with cyclophosphamide. The clinical course of 38 children with steroid-sensitive frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome was analyzed. Biopsy samples were obtained from these children several years (mean 6 years) after the onset of their disease but before they were treated with cyclophosphamide. Three histologic types of lesions were found: minimal change lesion, 18 patients (47%); focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, 11 patients (29%); and mesangial proliferation, 9 patients (24%). Each patient then received cyclophosphamide (2 mg/kg of body wt per day) for 12 weeks, and each responded with a complete remission, which lasted 1.5 ± 0.2 years. During 6 years of followup after cyclophosphamide, 17 patients experienced one or more relapses, but 21 patients remained in sustained remission. The incidence of relapse after cyclophosphamide was significantly greater (P Syndrome nephrotique dependant des steroides chez l'enfant: Histopathologie et recidives apres cyclophosphamide. Il est habituellement postule' que les enfants atteints de syndrome nephrotique cortico-dependant a rechutes multiples n'ont que des lesions histologiques minimes et repondent favorablement au cyclophosphamide. L'evolution de 38 enfants ayant ce syndrome a ete analysee. Ces enfants ont subi des biopsies plusieurs annees (6 en moyenne) apres le debut de la maladie mais avant le traitement par le cyclophosphamide. Trois lesions histologiques ont ete observees: des lesions minimes chez 18 malades (47%), une glomerulosclerose segmentaire et focale chez 11 malades (29%) et des proliferations mesangiales chez 9 malades (24%). Chaque malade a recu du cyclophosphamide (2 mg/kg/jour) pendant 12 semaines et tous ont repondu par une remission complete qui a dure 1,5 ± 0,02 ans. Au cours des 6 annees de surveillance apres cyclophosphamide, 17 malades ont eu une ou plusieurs rechutes alors que 21 malades restaient en remission. La frequence des rechutes apres cyclophosphamide a ete significativement plus grande (P
Metallographic studies of archeological artifacts from Ecuador

Abstract Metallographic studies have been made of archeological artifacts recovered from an excavation of a civilization which existed in La Compania, Los Rios Province, Ecuador South America, in the period of 700–1519 a.d. All the artifacts are described as collar buttons, and most were copper-silver alloys. The studies primarily were conducted using optical metallographic methods. Interpretations of the microstructures and the joints between the various parts of the artifacts revealed significant information regarding the methods used to fabricate the artifacts. Some speculations are offered regarding the specific manufacturing methods employed by the ancient metalsmiths.
Possible realization of odd-frequency pairing in heavy fermion compounds

Using Majorana fermions to represent spins we reexamine the Kondo lattice model for heavy fermions. The simplest decoupling procedure provides a realization of odd-frequency superconductivity, with resonant pairing and surfaces of gap zeros. Spin and charge coherence factors vanish linearly with the energy on the Fermi surface, predicting a linear specific heat, but a T 3 NMR relaxation rate. Possible application to heavy fermions is suggested
Endogenous siRNAs Derived from Transposons and mRNAs in Drosophila Somatic Cells

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) direct RNA interference (RNAi) in eukaryotes. In flies, somatic cells produce siRNAs from exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a defense against viral infection. We identified endogenous siRNAs (endo-siRNAs), 21 nucleotides in length, that correspond to transposons and heterochromatic sequences in the somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. We also detected endo-siRNAs complementary to messenger RNAs (mRNAs); these siRNAs disproportionately mapped to the complementary regions of overlapping mRNAs predicted to form double-stranded RNA in vivo. Normal accumulation of somatic endo-siRNAs requires the siRNA-generating ribonuclease Dicer-2 and the RNAi effector protein Argonaute2 (Ago2). We propose that endo-siRNAs generated by the fly RNAi pathway silence selfish genetic elements in the soma, much as Piwi-interacting RNAs do in the germ line.
Effect of Micron-Scale Surface Deformation on the Corrosion Behavior of Coil-Coated Aluminum Alloy 5182

Abstract An investigation of the corrosion behavior of coil-coated AA5182 (UNS A95182) can ends revealed directional underfilm corrosion during immersion in 0.6 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. Corrosion occurred preferentially within ∼ 10 mm wide bands that were dull in appearance. Microscopic examination revealed that these dull bands were a result of small dimples ≈ 10 μm deep and 100 μm wide. Regions that had a higher dimple density had a lower pitting potential than regions with fewer dimples. Subsequent investigation determined that dimples were introduced into the coil-coated sheet by feed rollers during can end manufacturing. Oxide damage and second-phase precipitation at dislocations resulting from micron-scale surface deformation were proposed as the mechanisms of increased corrosion susceptibility. The present study showed the importance of manufacturing protocol in the determination of corrosion performance of organic coatings on alloy substrates. More specifically, the importance of the sub...
Hydrodynamic Coupling of Two Brownian Spheres to a Planar Surface

We describe direct imaging measurements of the collective and relative diffusion of two colloidal spheres near a flat plate. The bounding surface modifies the spheres' dynamics, even at separations of tens of radii. This behavior is captured by a stokeslet analysis of fluid flow driven by the spheres' and wall's no-slip boundary conditions. In particular, this analysis reveals surprising asymmetry in the normal modes for pair diffusion near a flat surface.
The direct correlation function of a one-dimensional Ising model

The strictly finite range of the direct correlation function for a homogeneous nearest neughbor Ising chain is shown to persist in the presence of arbitrary site-dependent coupling constants and an arbitrary external field. A method is developed to examine the range of the direct correlation function for many-neighbor interactions. It is found from numerical examples that, in general, third-neighbor and higher interactions induce long-range direct correlations, as does the presence of a field in the second-neighbor case.
Navigating Medical Speech-Language Pathology Reports for Children With TBI

Abstract Many children with TBI return to school without the benefit of a formal transition team, so it falls to the school-based SLP to identify an appropriate plan when the student returns to school. Optimally, the school-based SLP can communicate with the hospital-based SLP to discuss medical factors that will affect school performance, but administrative constraints often limit the ability of medical SLPs to communicate directly with school-based SLPs or attend school meetings. As a result of these constraints, school-based SLPs may have only the hospital SLP's report to guide them in identifying appropriate assessment and intervention plans for the child. Medical reports can be challenging to navigate, as each area of practice has its own jargon and the goals and methods used in medical settings differ substantially from those in schools. In this article, we deconstruct a typical medical SLP report and discuss ways to use information in the report to identify appropriate services for children with TB...
Phlebodynia, a new epidemic (?) disease.

During the fall and winter of 1950-1951 a group of student nurses was seen with a syndrome, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. The common characteristic of all cases was incapacitating pain and exquisite tenderness along the course of the superficial venous tracts of one or more extremities. Numerous clinical, epidemiologic and laboratory investigations were made without establishing a specific etiologic diagnosis. Several cases are reported in detail to illustrate the condition.
Paramagnetic susceptibility of a two-dimensional electron gas

Abstract A new theory of the paramagnetic susceptibility of a two-dimensional electron gas is developed with an improved treatment of the correlation energy which makes the result valid not only for high densities but also for intermediate densities. The result is compared with data on the electrons in silicon inversion layers.
Modulation transfer function measurement using spatial noise targets

In this paper, we consider the measurement of modulation transfer function (MTF) by means of spatially random, noise-like targets. We begin our discussion with the concept of shift- invariance and the measurement of MTF in pixelated systems. We then proceed to the methods for generation of these noise targets, using both laser speckle and transparency-based techniques.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optical control of neural activity with amorphous silicon light addressable electrodes

We present an optically addressed electrical stimulation device for neuron control with single cell resolution and millisecond temporal resolution. This system allows dynamic study of interconnected neural network at single neuron level.
Modern and historic atmospheric mercury fluxes in northern Alaska: Global sources and Arctic depletion

We reconstruct from lake-sediment archives atmospheric Hg deposition to Arctic Alaska over the last several centuries and constrain a contemporary lake/watershed mass-balance with real-time measurement of Hg fluxes in rainfall, runoff, and evasion. Results indicate that (a) anthropogenic Hg impact in the Arctic is of similar magnitude to that at temperate latitudes; (b) whole-lake Hg sedimentation determined from 55 210Pb-dated cores from the five small lakes demonstrates a 3-fold increase in atmospheric Hg deposition since the advent of the Industrial Revolution; (c) because of high soil Hg concentrations and relatively low atmospheric deposition fluxes, erosional inputs to these lakes are more significant than in similar temperate systems; (d) volatilization accounts for about 20% of the Hg losses (evasion and sedimentation); and (e) another source term is needed to balance the evasional and sedimentation sinks. This additional flux (1.21+/-0.74 microg m(-2) yr(-1)) is comparable to direct atmospheric Hg deposition and may be due to some combination of springtime Arctic depletion and more generalized deposition of reactive gaseous Hg species.
Novel applications of 2-cyanoethylanilines in the synthesis of conjugated primary and secondary anilines

2-Cyanoethyl anilines were controllably cleaved by 1 equiv of potassium t-butoxide in dry THF with a reaction that can be used in situ with the Wittig reaction to synthesize conjugated primary and secondary anilines.
THE SIZE OF BACTERIA AS THE CAUSE OF THE LOGARITHMIC ORDER OF DEATH

Death of unicellular organisms is brought about by the inactivation of a certain number of essential molecules in the cell. If the number of these essential molecules is only one per cell, the order of death is the same as if the cell were identical with this molecule; the order of death is logarithmic following the mass law. If more than one molecule must be inactivated before the cell dies, the order of death is not logarithmic. With 2 or 3 molecules, it still resembles the logarithmic order, but with an increasing number of reacting molecules, it approaches more and more the order of death known with higher organisms, namely a period of no death, followed by a comparatively short period of rapid death. The decision whether or not the logarithmic order exists, should be based upon the constancy of the death rate See PDF for Equation. The existence of a straight line when logarithms of survivors are plotted against time, is not sufficient proof unless the initial number of cells is included. These deductions are made with the assumption that all organisms are exactly alike, and show no individual variations or graded resistance. With most bacteria, the order of death is so nearly logarithmic that death must be brought about by the inactivation of only one molecule, though there may be several molecules of this same type in each cell.
Finite Element Simulation of Deep‐Well Wet‐Oxidation Reactor

A finite element model is developed for the numerical simulation of a deep‐well wet‐oxidation reactor. The temperature distribution in the well‐earth system is investigated. The governing equations involved in the analysis are the conductive heat equation for the earth, and an energy balance equation describing convective heat transfer and reaction in the reactor tubes. The two equation sets are coupled by the continuity of the temperature and heat flux at the interface between the earth and the reactor tubes. Proper scaling is carried out for the dimensionless forms of these equations. A Galerkin finite element formulation is used for the spatial discretization of the heat equation in the earth. A Petrov‐Galerkin finite element formulation is employed for the convection‐reaction equation in the reactor tubes. The resultant set of ordinary differential equations is solved by a predictor/multi‐corrector algorithm. A numerical test is performed for a model deep‐well reactor. Compared to our previously publi...
An evaluation of flame surface density models for turbulent premixed jet flames

Abstract We report a computational study of a turbulent premixed jet flame stabilized in a laminar coflow of a reactant mixture at the same stoichiometric ratio as the turbulent flame. The performance of four different flame surface density (FSD) models, earlier used by Duclos et al. [1] for studying flame propagation in constant density frozen turbulence, and that of the reaction progress variable approach of Bray and Moss (BM) is evaluated by comparison with existing experimental data. We also describe a sensitivity analysis of predictions to inlet turbulence quantities and inlet flame surface density. The predictions of the Mantel and Borghi (MB) model are observed to be highly sensitive to inlet turbulence quantities, while those of the coherent flame (CF) model and BM models are less sensitive. The mean velocity and temperature predictions are insensitive to the inlet FSD distribution because of the strong production and dissipation terms in the transport equation for FSD. The predictions of mean velocity and temperature profiles are compared with the experimental data of Chen et al. [2] . Among the FSD models, the CF and MB models gave good estimates of mean velocity and temperature. The Cant, Pope, and Bray (CPB) model overpredicted the mean temperatures slightly. The flame surface density model of Cheng and Diringer (CD) predicted too high temperatures. This is shown to be resulting from an overprediction of the generation of flame surface density. All the models predict the increase in flame brush thickness with distance from the injector exit, but the MB model provides the best quantitative estimates of the flame brush thickness.
Decreasing Temporal Lobe Dose With Five-Field Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Treatment of Pituitary Macroadenomas

Purpose: To compare temporal lobe dose delivered by three pituitary macroadenoma irradiation techniques: three-field three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), three-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy (3F IMRT), and a proposed novel alternative of five-field IMRT (5F IMRT). Methods and Materials: Computed tomography-based external beam radiotherapy planning was performed for 15 pituitary macroadenoma patients treated at New York University between 2002 and 2007 using: 3D-CRT (two lateral, one midline superior anterior oblique [SAO] beams), 3F IMRT (same beam angles), and 5F IMRT (same beam angles with additional right SAO and left SAO beams). Prescription dose was 45 Gy. Target volumes were: gross tumor volume (GTV) = macroadenoma, clinical target volume (CTV) = GTV, and planning target volume = CTV + 0.5 cm. Structure contouring was performed by two radiation oncologists guided by an expert neuroradiologist. Results: Five-field IMRT yielded significantly decreased temporal lobe dose delivery compared with 3D-CRT and 3F IMRT. Temporal lobe sparing with 5F IMRT was most pronounced at intermediate doses: mean V25Gy (% of total temporal lobe volume receiving {>=}25 Gy) of 13% vs. 28% vs. 29% for right temporal lobe and 14% vs. 29% vs. 30% for left temporal lobe for 5F IMRT, 3D-CRT, and 3F IMRT, respectively (p < 10{supmore » -7} for 5F IMRT vs. 3D-CRT and 5F IMRT vs. 3F IMRT). Five-field IMRT plans did not compromise target coverage, exceed normal tissue dose constraints, or increase estimated brain integral dose. Conclusions: Five-field IMRT irradiation technique results in a statistically significant decrease in the dose to the temporal lobes and may thus help prevent neurocognitive sequelae in irradiated pituitary macroadenoma patients.« less
Particle trajectories and simple models of transport in coherent vortices

Abstract The particle trajectories and transport effects of coherent vortices are computed and a number of advection and diffusion experiments using a time-dependent dynamical ring model are analyzed. Several features of the tracer distributions in the numerical solutions are similar to features noted in sea surface temperature images of Gulf Stream rings and are discussed from the point of view of the model. Comparisons between tracer distributions computed using the dynamic ring model and several purely kinematic ring representations demonstrate that most of the important features of ring transport are not altered by slow dynamical evolution. Loss rates from the ring trapped zone are also estimated, which permits calculation of cross-Gulf Stream chemical and biological fluxes due to ring formation. We demonstrate that the salinoty flux to the Slope Water caused by rings is comparable to that caused by the atmosphere. The transport of passive scalars produced by a series of rings moving through a channel (modeling the Slope Water region between the Shelf and the Gulf Stream) is computed. It is found that transport in the along-channel direction is enhanced by the presence of rings and is characterized by Nusselt numbers of 0(30–40). Cross-channel fluxes, while enhanced, are somewhat less affected by rings, and are generally characterized by Nusselt numbers
The logistic function as an aid in the detection of acute coronary disease in emergency patients (A case study)

We empirically developed a logistic function to predict acute coronary heart disease (ACHD) and then tested it to determine its usefulness to emergency room physicians in diagnosis and admission of patients with suspected ACHD to the coronary care unit. The function was based on nine clinical, historical and electrocardiographic variables from a set of 105 variables collected on 643 patients with suspected ACHD. In the second phase of the study, we provide the probabilities generated by the function to emergency room physicians during alternate months as a supplement to existing diagnostic modalities. Use of the probability of ACHD (401 patients with probabilities versus 455 patients without probabilities) resulted in statistically significant improvement in diagnostic rates and reduction in the number of inappropriate admissions to the coronary care unit.
Pragmatic Integration of an SRAM Row Cache in Heterogeneous 3-D DRAM Architecture Using TSV

As scaling DRAM cells becomes more challenging and energy-efficient DRAM chips are in high demand, the DRAM industry has started to undertake an alternative approach to address these looming issues-that is, to vertically stack DRAM dies with through-silicon-vias (TSVs) using 3-D-IC technology. Furthermore, this emerging integration technology also makes heterogeneous die stacking in one DRAM package possible. Such a heterogeneous DRAM chip provides a unique, promising opportunity for computer architects to contemplate a new memory hierarchy for future system design. In this paper, we study how to design such a heterogeneous DRAM chip for improving both performance and energy efficiency. In particular, we found that, if we want to design an SRAM row cache in a DRAM chip, simple stacking alone cannot address the majority of traditional SRAM row cache design issues. In this paper, to address these issues, we propose a novel floorplan and several architectural techniques that fully exploit the benefits of 3-D stacking technology. Our multi-core simulation results with memory-intensive applications suggest that, by tightly integrating a small row cache with its corresponding DRAM array, we can improve performance by 30% while saving dynamic energy by 31%.
A Typology of Language-Brokering Events in Dual-Language Immersion Classrooms

This paper examines language-brokering events to better understand how children utilize their linguistic resources to create spaces where the coexistence of two languages can enable or restrict understanding and learning of academic content for themselves and others. An analysis of the structure of language-brokering events reveals that different directional processes and points of initiation are involved, and that these structures lead to different consequences for learning. The data illustrate the socially constructed nature of language brokering and the active participation of young children in constructing their roles, community, and learning in classrooms. Although language brokering can facilitate comprehension and participation among second-language learners, the paper suggests a cautionary note about the possible unintended consequences of language-brokering events for second-language learners.
An experimental test of phonemic cyclicity

Laryngeal-supralaryngeal cyclicity has been put forth as an acquisition principle that describes expansion of the phonemic inventory as a bivalent cycle with alternations between the elaboration of laryngeal and supralaryngeal properties of the system (Gierut, 1994). This study evaluated experimentally the claims of the principle by manipulating the domain of the cycle and the phase relationship of the cycle as independent variables, and by monitoring longitudinally the order of emergent phonemic distinctions in the sound systems of seven children with phonological delays (aged 3;4 to 5;8) as the dependent variable. Three general findings emerged: (1) the course of acquisition for all children was consistent with cyclicity; (2) there were no differences in phonemic acquisition between children taught a laryngeal as opposed to a supralaryngeal distinction; and (3) children taught out-of-phase with the cycle evidenced greater phonemic expansion than those taught in-phase with the cycle.
Governance capacity in collaborative watershed partnerships: evidence from the Philadelphia region

The aim of this study is to assess and document the influence of collaborative watershed partnership processes on realising outcomes: improvement in social conditions and implementation of restoration projects in the Philadelphia region. Methods include primary document review, a survey of partnership participants and quantitative analysis. This analysis identifies correlations between the quality of the collaborative process and changes in social conditions. In addition, although participants in the partnerships have implemented a range of watershed restoration projects, the influence of the process on implementation is ambiguous. The collaborative processes yield agreements, improve learning and build social capital; yet these alone may be insufficient to overcome barriers to implementation.
Algorithmic and statistical challenges in modern largescale data analysis are the focus of MMDS 2008

We provide a report for the ACM SIGKDD community about the 2008 Workshop on Algorithms for Modern Massive Data Sets (MMDS 2008), its origin in MMDS 2006, and future directions for this interdisciplinary research area.
Plate tectonics began in Neoproterozoic time, and plumes from deep mantle have never operated

Abstract Archean, Paleoproterozoic, and Mesoproterozoic rocks, assemblages, and structures differ greatly both from each other and from modern ones, and lack evidence for subduction and seafloor spreading such as is widespread in Phanerozoic terrains. Most specialists nevertheless apply non-actualistic plate-tectonic explanations to the ancient terrains and do not consider alternatives. This report evaluates popular concepts with multidisciplinary information, and proposes options. The key is fractionation by ca. 4.45 Ga of the hot young Earth into core, severely depleted mantle, and thick mafic protocrust, followed by still-continuing re-enrichment of upper mantle from the top. This is opposite to the popular assumption that silicate Earth is still slowly and unidirectionally fractionating. The protocrust contained most material from which all subsequent crust was derived, either directly, or indirectly after downward recycling. Tonalite, trondhjemite, and granodiorite (TTG), dominant components of Archean crust, were derived mostly by partial melting of protocrust. Dense restitic protocrust delaminated and sank into hot, weak dunite mantle, which, displaced upward, enabled further partial melting of protocrust. Sinkers enriched the upper mantle, in part maintaining coherence as distinct dense rocks, and in part yielding melts that metasomatized depleted-mantle dunite to more pyroxenic and garnetiferous rocks. Not until ca. 3.6 Ga was TTG crust cool enough to allow mafic and ultramafic lavas, from both protocrust and re-enriched mantle, to erupt to the surface, and then to sag as synclinal keels between rising diapiric batholiths; simultaneously upper crust deformed ductily, then brittly, above slowly flowing hot lower TTG crust. Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic orogens appear to be largely ensialic, developed from very thick basin-filling sedimentary and volcanic rocks on thinned Archean or Paleoproterozoic crust and remaining mafic protocrust, above moderately re-enriched mantle. Subduction, and perhaps the continent/ocean lithospheric dichotomy, began ca. 850 Ma – although fully modern plate-tectonic processes began only in Ordovician time – and continued to enrich the cooling mantle in excess of partial melts that contributed to new crust. “Plumes” from deep mantle do not operate in the modern Earth and did not operate in Precambrian time.
Poster 83: Alloplastic Custom Prosthesis for Total Temporomandibular Joint Reconstruction: The University of Florida Experience

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the patient-fitted alloplastic (TMJ Concepts) prosthesis used for total TMJ reconstruction at our institution. The use of TMJ Concepts began in 2003 at the University of Florida. This study presents subjective and objective data compiled from 2003 to 2012. Patients/Methods: Beginning in 2003, 116 patients underwent total temporomandibular joint reconstruction at the University of Florida using either TMJ Concepts or stock Biomet prostheses. Valid addresses were available for 83 of the patients. Of the 83 patients, 36 were reconstructed with the TMJ Concepts alloplastic joint. 26 (72%) surveys were considered valid and represented 46 prostheses (18 bilateral, 4 right, 6 left). Mean follow up was 61 months with a range of 6-104 months. The most common reason for joint replacement was severe degenerative joint disease and fibrous ankylosis. Using visual analog scale, subjective data was compiled for preoperative and postoperative pain (1 no pain to 10 severe pain), and diet (1 no restrictions to 10 liquids only). Other subjective data collected related to speech, activity, mood, anxiety, sleep, and overall quality of life after surgery. The objective data, maximal incisal opening, was collected from the patient using a metric ruler that was provided with the questionnaire. These measurements were compared to maximal incisal openings documented in the patients chart prior to surgery. All data was analyzed with IBM SPSS to evaluate if statistically significant. Results: There was improvement in pain scores for 19 of 26 patients. Three patients reported the pain did not change, while 4 reported worse pain. Postoperative pain scores, based on visual analog scale, were a mean of 4.32 compared to 6.25, preoperatively. Regarding diet consistency, 15 of 26 patients were able to chew without restriction. Visual analog scale (1 no restriction to 10 liquid only) measured a mean postoperative value of 3.53 compared to a preoperative value of 6.82. All findings were statistically significant (P .05). Mandibular opening improved from a mean of 28.57 mm preoperatively to 33.85 mm, postoperatively. The mean difference is 5.28 and standard deviation 11.59. This improvement in incisal opening is statistically significant (p .05). Overall, quality of life was reported as good/excellent in 23 of 26 patients. Of note, 24 of 26 patients stated they would undergo the surgery again and 2 patients were undecided. Two patients required reoperation; 1 for fracture of the fossa implant and the other was due to an infection. Conclusion: Overall, total alloplastic TMJ reconstruction with this system is shown to be effective and safe in the patient population surveyed.
Activity Budgets and Mating System of Male Pronghorn Antelope at Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada

A population of pronghorn antelope ( Antilocapra americana ) at Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge in northwestern Nevada was observed during summer 1988 to determine activity budgets and social organization of males. Males spent more time running and walking and less time feeding during a 3-week period beginning in late August than they did earlier in the summer. Before late August, males scarcely interacted with each other or with females; during late summer, however, interaction rates increased. Males interacted significantly more often with females than with males. Five copulations were seen during late summer. Males were never observed defending an area. Instead, pronghorn antelope appeared to occupy undefended home ranges, and males defended harems of females.
Concepts of sliding and lifting tissue movement in flap reconstruction.

background. The optimal design of a skin flap requires an understanding of the concepts of tissue movement. objective. The purpose of this manuscript was to demonstrate concepts of sliding and lifting tissue movement for flap reconstruction. methods. Six similar defects located in the forehead‐temple‐ eyebrow region were repaired using a different skin flap. results. The specific flap design for a given defect is based on the answer to three predictable events that result from tissue transfer: Where is the tension? Where are the final incision lines? Where is the redundant tissue? conclusion. A mental exercise assessing all available reconstruction options should be performed for each individual patient and defect. Both patient and defect considerations need to be assessed. A thorough understanding of both anatomy and tissue movement is necessary for optimal skin flap reconstruction.
Material substitution: a resource supply perspective

Abstract A common approach in ‘green design’ is to replace a potentially hazardous material or process by one that appears less problematic. This seemingly reasonable action can sometimes be undesirable, however, if it results in the rapid depletion of a potentially scarce resource or increased extraction of other environmentally problematic materials. Several examples of such equivocal proposals are presented, and a formalism is developed for a resource supply perspective on material substitutions.
Attributions of Control, Anxiety Sensitivity, and Panic Symptoms Among Adolescents

The present study examined the concurrent and prospective relation between attributions of control, anxiety sensitivity (AS) and panic symptoms among a community sample of African-American adolescents (N=109; mean age 15.75 years; 57 girls). On two occasions, 6 months apart, participants completed self-report measures of AS and panic symptoms. Two measures of control, one for general situations and another for anxiety-specific situations, were completed at time 1. At time 2, adolescents also completed the Panic Attack Questionnaire and were classified as panickers (i.e., those reporting a spontaneous attack) or nonpanickers. Overall, results indicated that external attributions of control for general and anxiety-specific situations were positively associated with AS and panic symptoms at time 1 but only external attributions of control in anxiety-specific situations were associated with AS and panic symptoms at time 2. Internal attributions of control over anxiety-specific situations for failure, but not success, were associated with higher levels of AS and panic symptoms. Control attributions for anxiety, but not general situations, predicted panic symptoms after levels of AS were controlled. Findings support and extend cognitive theories of panic and suggest further study is needed on anxiety-specific control attributions among youth.
Mereological bundle theory and the identity of indiscernibles

Paul (Nous 36:578–596, 2002; Nous 40:623–659, 2006, The Handbook of Mereology, forthcoming) has argued for a bundle theory of objects that analyzes the bundling relation between properties and objects in terms of parthood relations. In this paper I argue that any mereological bundle theory with the explanatory power of Paul’s theory will entail the principle of the identity of indiscernibles (PII). This is problematic, since similar bundle theories seem to fall to Max Black’s two sphere counterexample to (PII). I argue, however, that a fully developed mereological bundle theory provides a new way of interpreting Black’s two sphere universe that dispels the counterexample. I argue that this solution to Black’s puzzle is superior to other solutions on offer, and consequently that mereological bundle theory is an attractive ontological strategy for friends of (PII).
Remarks on P.I. algebras over finite fields

Let A be a P.I. algebra over a finite field F. Let F = R = RP be the residue field of a discrete valuation ring (d.v.r.) R, and let F = R = R1 ⊂R2 ⊂…, where R1 ⊂R2 ⊂… are d.v.r.'s. Assume A = BPB for some R − P.I. algebra B. We form An = Rn ⊗ A and Bn = Rn ⊗ B, then study the limits for the identities and codimensions in the corresponding spaces. Thus, we relate P.I. algebras over the rationals Q to P.I. algebras over finite fields.
Thermodynamic properties of iron + antimony

Abstract Activities of Sb in iron + antimony alloys were determined by the Knudsen-cell technique. Partial molar quantities were calculated for both components over the entire composition range at 893 K. The continuous decrease in activity confirmed the existence range of FeSb as being from mole fraction 0.421 to 0.460 of Sb. The entropy of formation is positive between mole fraction 0 and 0.57 of Sb, and negative over the rest of the mole fraction range.
Finding the skills for tomorrow: Information literacy and museum information professionals

This paper presents results from 21 semi-structured interviews with museum information professionals who were asked about their experiences working with information resources, tools, and technologies in museums. The interviews were analyzed to develop an understanding of the information literacy skills of museum information professionals. This paper presents the results of this analysis, and discusses the state of information literacy in museums, and the increasing need for museum information professionals to possess information literacy skills. The results illustrate how information literacy is defined by information professionals in museums, and how perceptions of information literacy and its importance to museums have changed over time.
A study of the behavior of boron diffusion in plain carbon steels

Boronizing treatment of ferrous materials has been widely employed by industry as a surface-strengthening technology for inhibition of corrosion, wear and erosion. Pack boronization using a pack composition that produces a graded boride microstructure has been studied using AISI 1018 and 1045 steels. Carbon in these alloys creates a resistance to boron diffusion because a carbon-enriched zone forms in front of the boride layen The carbon concentration at the boride/pearlite interface was found to be as high as 3.0% in AISI 1045 steel. No significant layer phenomena could be distinguished inside the boron layer using the pack composition developed during this research. This result is significant because a graded microstructure with a continuous variation of the boron composition has been produced. Evidence developed during this study suggests that the boride layer consists of a mixture of FeB, Fe2B, and FeBx, which is probably FeB19. Analysis determined a measure of the resistance of carbon to boron diffusion at the boride/pearlite interface.
Resonant-vibration fatigue testing: Three techniques developed for conducting experimental vibration-fatigue studies of high-speed rotating-machinery components are described by the author

Techniques are described for the fatigue testing of components, such as turbine buckets, used in large steam turbines and generators. Fatigue of these large structures, which have relatively high unit damping, is obtained through the use of resonant-vibration systems. An electromagnetic drive serves as the source of excitation. The drive system is designed to produce the maximum force from a given-size magnet. Control of the amplitudes of vibration, for very long periods, is obtained through the use of an automatic amplitude control, the stability of which maintains the amplitude with a variation of less than 2 percent.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with dexamethasone therapy for bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

The potential induction of cardiac effects by high-dose dexamethasone therapy was evaluated prospectively in 13 respirator-dependent infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia by means of two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. The initial divided dose of dexamethasone was 500 μg/kg per day, tapered progressively for as long as 6 weeks. Evaluations were made before treatment and at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after the start of dexamethasone therapy. This regimen was associated with a significant ( p p
A new approach for the domination problem on permutation graphs

Abstract Farber and Keil presented an O(n3 algorithm for finding a minimum weight dominating set on permutation graphs. In this paper, we take a new approach for solving the same problem. The algorithm takes O(n(m+n)) steps, where m is the number of edges in a permutation graph G of n nodes. Therefore, our algorithm is particularly good for the sparse permutation graphs.
Software development and integration in a computer supported cooperative work environment

This paper presents a prototype computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) environment that supports the engineering design process. In particular, this environment provides collaborative tools that support computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided software engineering (CASE). This paper takes an high level look at the system as a whole and then focuses on the method used to implement the CASE support. It addresses how group members can simultaneously work on coding a program and then integrate their work to form a single program inside this environment. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Miracle Bearers: Narratives of Birthing Women and Implications for Spiritually Informed Social Work Practice

Women's childbirth experiences are not widely researched in the social work literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to answer questions related to the child-birthing experience. One hun...