cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The economy of Portugal and the European Union: From high growth prospects to the debt crisis

Abstract This paper documents some of the recent economic history of Portugal, since its accession to the EEC, to the adoption of the Euro and more recently to the financial and economic crisis. In the first part of the paper we show the economic performance of Portugal during the last 25 years till now, from the fast growth of the late 1980s and early 1990s to the current recession. We point out some of the reasons for this trajectory – slow productivity growth, disconnection between productivity and wages, continued external and public deficits – and choose three areas that must be improved in order to reverse the current downward spiral – justice needs to be more effective and faster, education needs to improve its quality and distribution across the population, and the public administration must become more efficient.
Ultraviolet photoluminescence from undoped and Zn doped Al x Ga 1-x N with x between 0 and 0.75

The origin of the abrupt decrease withx both in electron concentration and in mobility of AlxGa1−xN in the range ofx between 0.4 and 0.6 was investigated by photoluminescence from epitaxial layers covering the entire range of alloy composition. Band edge luminescence from undoped layers was observed out to anx value of 0.75. Whenx was larger than 0.2, a peak 0.2–0.5 eV below the band edge peak was also observed both from undoped and from Zn doped samples. This is tentatively ascribed to an unidentified acceptor (or acceptors) related to the presence of Al. No luminescence which could be attributed to a deep native donor defect was observed in semi-insulating AlxGa1−xN layers. When Zn was added in the lowx range of the alloys, a broad band 0.5–0.8 eV below the band edge peak was observed as well as a relatively narrow peak.
Effects of Altering Milk Production and Composition by Feeding on Multiple Component Milk Pricing Systems

Abstract Data representing 1105 cows were obtained from published scientific reports to estimate the extent to which changes in feeding may affect the composition of milk and the production of milk protein and milk fat. Changes in milk pricing systems were also related to dairy cattle feeding practices that dairy producers may profitably implement. Regression equations were derived to estimate the transfer of gross energy in feed and gross energy in crude protein of feed into milk fat and milk protein. Feeding rations that contained 59% concentrate increased dry matter and crude protein intakes compared to feeding rations that contained 49% concentrate. Feeding higher energy rations also resulted in increased production of milk, milk fat, and milk protein and returned a greater profit over feed costs when milk was priced using each of four milk pricing systems. An increase in milk production, rather than a change in composition of milk components, accounted for most of the economic gain.
High-speed zero-sum detection

A common requirement accompanying high-speed parallel addition is the early detection that the sum is equal to zero. Normally, this condition is detected from the sum, generally at least two logic gate levels after the sum.
Permeability and Reflection Coefficients of Urea and Small Amides in the Human Red Cell

Measurement of the transport parameters that govern the passage of urea and amides across the red cell membrane leads to important questions about transport of water. It had initially been thought that small protein channels, permeable to water and small solutes, traversed the membrane (see Solomon, 1987). Recently, however, very strong evidence has been presented that the 28 kDa protein, CHIP28, found in the red cell membrane, is the locus of the water channel (see Agre et al., 1993). CHIP28 transports water very rapidly but does not transport small nonelectrolytes such as urea. The irreversible thermodynamic parameter, sigma i, the reflection coefficient, is a measure of the relationship between the permeability of the solute and that of water. If a solute permeates by dissolution in the membrane, sigma i = 1.0; if it permeates by passage through an aqueous channel, sigma i < 1.0. For urea, Goldstein and Solomon (1960) found that sigma urea = 0.62 +/- 0.03 which meant that urea crosses the red cell membrane in a water-filled channel. This result and many subsequent observations that showed that sigma urea < 1.0 are at variance with the observation that CHIP28 is impermeable to urea. In view of this problem, we have made a new series of measurements of sigma i for urea and other small solutes by a different method, which obviates many of the criticisms Macey and Karan (1993) have made of our earlier method. The new method (Chen et al., 1988), which relies upon fluorescence of the intracellular dye, fluorescein sulfonate, leads to the corrected value, sigma urea,corr = 0.64 +/- 0.03 for ghosts, in good agreement with earlier data for red cells. Thus, the conclusion on irreversible thermodynamic and other grounds that urea and water share a common channel is in disagreement with the view that CHIP28 provides the sole channel for water entrance into the cell.
Ethics as communication theory: Ed Murrow's Legacy

Edward R. Murrow has often been mentioned as the model CBS newsman, a combination of integrity, common sense, sound news judgment, and good writing and delivery skills. Perhaps these qualities emerged from something beyond mere educational and technical competence; perhaps he had a “theory”;, a larger view of the world and how things operate, or should operate. Murrow's early life is explored as origin of his theory and applications of his construct of ethics and integrity are discussed.
Local heating in mesoscopic systems.

The thermal excitation of an impurity atom by an electron current in a mesoscopic system is investigated. Starting from the density matrix of the combined system of the electrons and the impurity, we obtain a solution to the master equation for the impurity atom in the presence of inelastic electron-impurity scattering. Explicit expressions are found for the effective temperature of the nonequilibrium electrons and for the relaxation rate of the impurity towards the thermally excited steady state. The effect of a phonon bath is included in our analysis. In the case of high bias and high lattice temperature, the impurity follows a Boltzmann distribution with a time-dependent temperature.
On Wooden Pillows: Multiple Classification and Children's Category‐based Inductions

Previous research has indicated that preschoolers do not distinguish between properties that are generalizable within a given category and those that are not. 2 possible general constraints on children's cognition are proposed to account for these findings. 3 studies are reported that argue against the presence of such general constraints. We examine preschoolers' understanding of the properties associated with material (e.g., wood, cotton) and object (e.g., chair, pillow) categories. In Study 1, subjects consistently made inductions based on the material compositions of items when asked to predict texture and fragility. In Study 2, the same subjects judged that items that shared material would share an unfamiliar dispositional property (e.g., gets sodden in water), but items that shared object kind would share a novel functional property (e.g., used for accelerating). Study 3 tested a younger sample of 3-year-olds and found the same sensitivity to category type, albeit with larger individual differences. By age 3, children use different modes of categorization to generalize different kinds of phenomena. These results argue against general limitations on children's abilities to use categories to make inductions. Even when children lack specific theoretical knowledge, the ability to organize phenomena into domains allows children to recognize which categories are relevant in different situations. This understanding can provide a basis for the development of more specific theories.
Mutational analysis of single-stranded DNA templates active in the in vitro initiation assay for adenovirus DNA replication.

Abstract Three distinct domains, A, the minimal origin, as well as B and C, the binding sites for the host nuclear factors, are required for efficient initiation of adenovirus (Ad) DNA replication at the termini. The initiation reaction was examined using partially purified nuclear extracts and various single-stranded oligomers as DNA templates. We observed that single-stranded oligomers containing Ad2 minimal origin (Ori) sequences (bp 1–18) from the I-strand of the Ad2 genome supported preterminal protein-dCMP complex formation in vitro. Using oligomers containing point mutations in the Ad2 minimal Ori sequence, six positions were identified as important to the function of the Ad2 minimal Ori sequence. Point mutations at position 7, 8, or 11 virtually abolished the ability of the oligomer to support the initiation reaction. Point mutations at position 4, 9, or 17 were found to decrease the ability of the oligomers to support the initiation reaction to 33, 67, and 58% of control, respectively. An oligomer complementary to the ]-strand of the Ad2 minimal Ori was found to block initiation on minimal ON template. A number of randomly selected nonspecific oligomers did not, in general, serve as templates for initiation with the exception of two oligomers, one of which was found to be about threefold more active than the control minimal Ori template. The biological significance of the in vitro initiation of Ad2 DNA replication on single-stranded DNA templates is discussed.
Hypersonic flows generated by parabolic and paraboloidal shock waves

A computer algorithm has been developed to determine the blunt-body flowfields supporting symmetric parabolic and paraboloidal shock waves at infinite free-stream Mach number. Solutions are expressed in an analytic form as high-order power series, in the coordinate normal to the shock, whose coefficients can be determined exactly. Analytic continuation is provided by the use of Pade approximations. Test cases provide solutions of very high accuracy. In the axisymmetric case for gamma equals 715 the solution has been found far downstream, where it agrees with the modified blast-wave results. For plane flow, on the other hand, a limit line appears within the shock layer, a short distance past the sonic line, suggesting the presence of an imbedded shock. Local solutions in the downstream limit are discussed.
Issues of content and structure for a multilingual web site

Most content on the Web today is in English, but the majority of the Earth's peoples speak languages other than English. To reach a wider audience, future Web sites will have to be multilingual, changing a Web site from one that is American-centric and single-language to one that is globally-oriented and multilingual. While the challenges in creating and maintaining a high-quality Web site in a single language are considerable, working with multiple languages simultaneously creates special challenges, both culturally and technically. This paper outlines issues related to two important aspects of the problem: content and structure. Several representative Web sites are examined to illustrate some of these considerations.
On large deflection effects in unsymmetric cross-ply composite laminates

Static and dynamic behaviors of unsymmetric cross-ply laminates in cylindrical bending are investigated using von Karman large deflection theory. Due to the presence of bending- extension coupling, the effect of the large deflection term becomes pronounced even in the "small deflection" range. Further, the apparent laminate bending rigidity depends on the direction of deflection. It is also found that in free vibration at small amplitudes, large deflection theory may yield frequencies lower than linear theory.
Voyagers and voyeurs: Supporting asynchronous collaborative visualization

This article describes mechanisms for asynchronous collaboration in the context of information visualization, recasting visualizations as not just analytic tools, but social spaces. We contribute the design and implementation of sense.us, a Web site supporting asynchronous collaboration across a variety of visualization types. The site supports view sharing, discussion, graphical annotation, and social navigation and includes novel interaction elements. We report the results of user studies of the system, observing emergent patterns of social data analysis, including cycles of observation and hypothesis, and the complementary roles of social navigation and data-driven exploration.
Comparison of PM emissions from a commercial jet engine burning conventional, biomass, and Fischer-Tropsch fuels.

Rising fuel costs, an increasing desire to enhance security of energy supply, and potential environmental benefits have driven research into alternative renewable fuels for commercial aviation applications. This paper reports the results of the first measurements of particulate matter (PM) emissions from a CFM56-7B commercial jet engine burning conventional and alternative biomass- and, Fischer–Tropsch (F-T)-based fuels. PM emissions reductions are observed with all fuels and blends when compared to the emissions from a reference conventional fuel, Jet A1, and are attributed to fuel properties associated with the fuels and blends studied. Although the alternative fuel candidates studied in this campaign offer the potential for large PM emissions reductions, with the exception of the 50% blend of F-T fuel, they do not meet current standards for aviation fuel and thus cannot be considered as certified replacement fuels. Over the ICAO Landing Takeoff Cycle, which is intended to simulate aircraft engine opera...
Excision of pyrimidine dimers from irradiated deoxyribonucleic acid in vitro

Abstract An extract of cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus is able to excise thymine-thymine and cytosine-thymine dimers from ultraviolet-irradiated deoxyribonucleic acid. The rate of excision is greater than the rate of hydrolysis of the deoxyribonucleic acid. Dimers excised from the deoxyribonucleic acid appear as parts of acid-soluble oligonucleotides which seem to have one terminal phosphate group. The excision in vitro is similar to the reaction observed in vivo in ultraviolet-resistant cells and is probably one of the steps in the dark repair of the biological activity of irradiated deoxyribonucleic acid in vitro .
Laboratory Virulence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Two Ornamental Plant Pests, Corythucha ciliata (Hemiptera: Tingidae) and Stethobaris nemesis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

ABSTRACT Ornamental flowers, shrubs and trees are economically important commodities in the US and around the globe. In this study we evaluated the potential of entomopathogenic nematodes to control two important ornamental pests: 1) Corythucha ciliata (Say) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), a native lace bug that attacks the foliage of sycamore trees, and 2) the recently described exotic pest, Stethobaris nemesis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a weevil that attacks amaryllis leaves and bulbs. In the laboratory, the virulence of six entomopathogenic nematode strains (comprising five species) was evaluated on sycamore leaf discs for potential to control C. ciliata, and four nematode species were evaluated for control of S. nemesis. Heterorhabditis indica (HOM1) exhibited higher virulence to C. ciliata than H. bacteriophora (Baine and Oswego strains), H. georgiana (Kesha), and Steinernema riobrave (355); S. carpocapsae (All) virulence was not statistically separated from the other nematodes with the exception of H. bact...
Photomorphogenic regulation of increases in UV-absorbing pigments in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings induced by different UV-B and UV-C wavebands.

Brief (1-100 min) irradiations with three different ultraviolet-B (UV-B) and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) wave bands induced increases the UV-absorbing pigments extracted from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and Arabidopsis. Spectra of methanol/1 % HCI extracts from cucumber hypocotyl segments spanning 250-400 nm showed a single defined peak at 317 nm. When seedlings were irradiated with 5 kJ m -2 UV-B radiation containing proportionally greater short wavelength UV-B (37% of UV-B between 280 and 300 nm; full-spectrum UV-B, FS-UVB), tissue extracts taken 24 h after irradiation showed an overall increase in absorption (91 % increase at 317 nm) with a second defined peak at 263 nm. Irradiation with 1.1 kJ m -2 UV-C (254 nm) caused similar changes. In contrast, seedlings irradiated with 5 kJ m -2 UV-B including only wavelengths longer than 290 nm (8% of UV-B between 290 and 300 nm; long-wavelength UV-B, LW-UVB) resulted only in a general increase in absorption (80% at 317 nm). The increases in absorption were detectable as early as 3 h after irradiation with FS-UVB and UV-C, while the response to LW-UVB was first detectable at 6 h after irradiation. In extracts from whole Arabidopsis seedlings, 5 kJ m -2 LW-UVB caused only a 20% increase in total absorption. Irradiation with 5 kJ m -2 FS-UVB caused the appearance of a new peak at 270 nm and a concomitant increase in absorption of 72%. The induction of this new peak was observed in seedlings carrying the fah1 mutation which disrupts the pathway for sinapate synthesis. The results are in agreement with previously published data on stem elongation indicating the existence of two response pathways within the UV-B, one operating at longer wavelengths (>300 nm) and another specifically activated by short wavelength UV-B (<300 nm and also by UV-C).
A Test of the Quantum Hall Effect as a Resistance Standard

This paper demonstrates that the quantum Hall effect can be used to monitor a laboratory unit of resistance. A 6453.2-? room temperature reference resistor was calibrated relative to two quantum Hall effect devices with a 0.017-ppm (1 ?) uncertainty for each 1 h measurement period. This accuracy was achieved by correcting for a measurement system offset error and for the temperature dependences of each quantum Hall device. Hamon series-parallel resistor networks were then used to calibrate the 6453.2-? resistor in terms of the five one ohm resistors which comprise the NBS ohm. The total l? accuracy for the transfer between the quantum Hall devices and the 1-? resistors was 0.047 ppm.
Analytical Methods in Hartree-Fock Self-Consistent Field Theory

BS>Two alternative schemes are proposed for the determi-nation of electronic self-consistent field (SCF) orbitals in atoms and molecules. They are designed to be applied pricipally to electronic configurations consisting of two open shells. Both schemes are based upon the idea that the SCF orbitals are expanded in terms of adequate basis functions but they are different in the way of solving the SCF problem. An attempt is made to rate relative merits of both schemes, though they have not yet received any actual application. (auth)
Multiple Moralities and Religions in Post-Soviet Russia, edited by Jarrett Zigon

In this interesting and innovative study, Jarrett Zigon and his collaborators examine the understudied issue of morality in post-Soviet Russia. Working from an anthropological perspective, the asse...
Thieno(3,4-c)pyrrole-4,6-dione-Based Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers for Solar Cells

Three new donor−acceptor conjugated polymers incorporating thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) acceptor and dialkoxybithiophene or cyclopentadithiophene units as donor have been synthesized and explored in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). The TPD-containing polymers had optical band gaps of 1.50−1.70 eV and HOMO levels of −4.85 to −5.26 eV. The highly electron-rich character of dialkoxybithiophene in P1 and P2 destabilizes their HOMOs which significantly affects the photovoltaic efficiency. However, polymer P3 containing cyclopentadithiophene donor units results in a deeper HOMO level of −5.26 eV. The field-effect mobility of holes varied from 2 × 10−4 cm2/(V s) in P2 to ∼1 × 10−2 cm2/(V s) in P3-based transistors. BHJ solar cells using polymer P1 or P2 as the electron donor and (6,6)-phenyl-C71-butyric acid ester (PC71BM) as the electron acceptor exhibit low open circuit voltages (Voc = 0.40−0.60 V) and power conversion efficiencies below 1.5%. However,...
A micromechanical approach to the stress–strain relations, strain-rate sensitivity and activation volume of nanocrystalline materials

This review highlights a secant viscosity approach that has wide applicability for the determination of mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials. Along the way we also add some new elements and provide fresh perspectives. This approach was originally proposed for the nonlinear, time-dependent, work-hardening creep of dual-phase composites (Li and Weng, J Mech Phys Solids 45:1069–1083, 1997a), but by conceiving a nanocrystalline material as a composite of the stronger grain interior and the softer grain-boundary (GB, or grain-boundary affected zone GBAZ), it becomes possible to extend it to calculate the grain-size dependence of their flow stress, strain-rate sensitivity, and activation volume. We also use it to explain how the flow stress first increases and then decreases as the grain size decreases from the coarse grain to the nanometer range, leading to the Hall–Petch and the inverse Hall–Petch relations. The critical state at which the slope of the strength variation with respect to the grain size becomes zero also yields the strongest material state. In this way the two most important parameters for material design—the maximum strength and the critical grain at which it occurs—can be obtained. The strain-rate sensitivity parameters are also shown to follow a similar pattern as the flow stress, but the activation volume varies in an exactly reverse way.
Generalization in Process Theories of Communication

Communication is a process and should be explained as such. Process theories differ from traditional variance theories in that they focus on explaining how a process unfolds over time as a series of events, such as a sequence of stages or a dialectic. Process explanations are couched in terms of formal and final causality in addition to the efficient causality that is essential to variance-based explanations. As a result, the criteria governing generalization in process research differ from those that apply to variance research. This essay contrasts variance and process theories and research approaches and discusses generalization in process research, along with implications for communication scholarship.
Refining correspondence analysis-based ceramic seriation of regional data sets

Abstract Ceramic seriation is one of the primary tools used by archaeologists to create chronologies, especially for surface survey data. In this article, we outline a bootstrapped approach to correspondence analysis-based seriation designed to help assess and improve the stability of relative orderings produced through such analyses. This procedure systematically identifies and removes small samples and sites with unusual samples, such as those with multiple components, which are not handled well by seriation and require secondary interpretation. Our approach combines data from multiple projects in the Zuni region of the American Southwest in order to gauge the effects of intraregional variation in ceramic distributions and reexamine prior interpretations of demographic change based on individual projects. This analysis highlights two previously unknown regional trends, including variation in the distribution of multicomponent sites and potential short-term depopulation of a significant part of the region. Based on this example, we further suggest that our method may be particularly useful in situations where little prior chronological information is available.
An Update on AGU Publishing

In the past year, AGU publishing has undergone substantial change, and we realize that this has caused some anxiety and concern among you, our members. As the start of a regular Eos series on issues in scientific publishing in general and AGU's content in particular, we provide here an overview and update of recent developments, with an emphasis on the partnership between AGU and Wiley. Topical entries, for instance on open access, will be published later.
Novobiocin inhibits RNA polymerase III transcription in vitro by a mechanism distinct from DNA topoisomerase II

Abstract The role of DNA topoisomerases in eucaryotic class III gene transcription in vitro has been studied through the use of inhibitory drugs and antisera to DNA topoisomerases I and II. The DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors, novobiocin and coumermycin AI, were found to inhibit transcription of cloned 5S and tRNA genes. Novobiocin acts by interfering with an ATP-requiring step in the pathway to stable preinitiation complex formation. However, it is unlikely that this step reflects the enzymatic action of DNA topoisomerase II since a specific inhibitor of this enzyme (VM-26) and anti-DNA topoisomerase II antibodies fail to inhibit transcription under conditions where topoisomerase II enzymatic activity is inhibited. Similarly, a specific inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I (camptothecin) and anti-DNA topoisomerase I antibodies fail to inhibit class III gene transcription. These results argue against a role for either DNA topoisomerase in 5S or tRNA gene transcription in vitro.
Bowel function and bother after treatment for early stage prostate cancer: a longitudinal quality of life analysis from CaPSURE.

ABSTRACTPurpose:: We measured bowel function and bowel bother longitudinally the first 2 years after treatment for early stage prostate cancer.Materials and Methods:: We studied bowel function and bother in 1,584 men recently diagnosed with early stage prostate cancer and followed for 2 years after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation or brachytherapy. Principal outcomes were assessed with the UCLA Prostate Cancer Index, a validated instrument that includes these 2 domains. Multivariate analyses were conducted to ascertain significant predictors of bowel function and bother. Subjects were drawn from Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE, TAP Pharmaceutical Products, Inc., Lake Forest, Illinois), a national, longitudinal registry of men with prostate cancer.Results:: Men treated with external beam radiation or brachytherapy suffered worse bowel function and were more bothered by it than men treated surgically. After an initial period of posttreatment impairment, all...
Effect of thermodynamic fluctuations on the shape and width of the resistive transition in three-dimensional amorphous superconducting alloys

Measurements of the fluctuation conductivity above T/subc/ have been made for several bulk amorphous superconducting alloys. The results are compared to existing theories for fluctuation conductivity in three-dimensional superconductors. Agreement with theory is obtained very near T/subc/, but significant deviations from the predictions of the theory are found for higher temperatures. This is attributed to a breakdown of the Ginzburg-Landau approach. The observed temperature dependence of the fluctuation conductivity was similar in all samples studied and suggests a universal dependence on temperature for bulk amorphous superconductors. The effect of statistical variations in alloy composition (occurring on the scale of the superconducting coherence length xi) on the width of the superconducting transition widths was observed. (AIP)
Method to Evaluate Mechanical Properties of Bone in Fish

Abstract A method for testing the mechanical properties of fish vertebrae was adapted from other vertebrae studies and used to describe the structural integrity of fishes' vertebra tissues. Individual vertebrae from the anterior region of the spinal column were subjected to compression tests to determine strength (ultimate stress and stress at elastic limit), elasticity (ultimate strain and modulus of elasticity), and energy-absorbing capacity (toughness). For brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and bluegills Lepomis macrochirus, mechanical properties of bone differed among species and changed with age within a species. Overall, changes in mechanical properties were related to age-dependent changes in bone density.
Incremental consistent updates

A consistent update installs a new packet-forwarding policy across the switches of a software-defined network in place of an old policy. While doing so, such an update guarantees that every packet entering the network either obeys the old policy or the new one, but not some combination of the two. In this paper, we introduce new algorithms that trade the time required to perform a consistent update against the rule-space overhead required to implement it. We break an update in to k rounds that each transfer part of the traffic to the new configuration. The more rounds used, the slower the update, but the smaller the rule-space overhead. To ensure consistency, our algorithm analyzes the dependencies between rules in the old and new policies to determine which rules to add and remove on each round. In addition, we show how to optimize rule space used by representing the minimization problem as a mixed integer linear program. Moreover, to ensure the largest flows are moved first, while using rule space efficiently, we extend the mixed integer linear program with additional constraints. Our initial experiments show that a 6-round, optimized incremental update decreases rule space overhead from 100% to less than 10%. Moreover, if we cap the maximum rule-space overhead at 5% and assume the traffic flow volume follows Zipf's law, we find that 80% of the traffic may be transferred to the new policy in the first round and 99% in the first 3 rounds.
Gas Turbine Cooling: Moving From Macro to Micro Cooling

Up to the present time, virtually all production gas turbine engines utilize high-pressure turbine components that are cooled by various modes of bulk, or macro, internal flow passages and networks, many of which are then linked to external film cooling by holes through the walls. Typical examples of macro cooling include serpentine passages, swirl chambers, pin banks, and impingement jets. All cooled turbine airfoils in commercial operation today utilize cooling channels and film holes that are considered to be macroscopic in physical magnitude. The conventional delimiters between macro and micro cooling are (1) whether the feature (internal passages and holes) can be repeatedly manufactured via investment casting methods, and (2) whether the flow passage (film hole, impingement orifice, dust hole) may become plugged by particles in the cooling fluid. The acceptable sizes are relative to the turbine size and the operating environment. This study examines the limitations and weaknesses inherent in macro cooling and the reasoning that demands gas turbine cooling change to micro cooling methods. A brief history of the developments in micro cooling for turbine airfoils is presented, including the reasons why it has not yet become commercially viable. A simple cooling study is used to demonstrate the very significant performance gains that can be obtained with micro cooling, such as cooling flow reductions approaching 40%, and thermal stress (gradient) reductions of 50%. The key to realizing these gains in full lies in cost effective manufacturing and durability in operation.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Achieving the Millennium Development Goals for Health and Nutrition in Bangladesh: Key Issues and Interventions—An Introduction

Newcomers to Bangladesh tend to consider this to be a small country because of its small geographic size. However, public-health professionals are less focused on the size of the landmass than they are on the size of the population. Geographic and environmental features shown on maps do influence the health of the population; this is especially true in Bangladesh where the density of population is far higher than any other country that is not a city state. This high density of population, along with poverty and the estuarine environment, contributes significantly to health issues for Bangladesh. However, typical maps do not reveal many features needed to understand the health issues of the country.
Characteristics of dielectric holograms

The diffraction efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio for two-dimensional and volume diffuse-signal-beam holograms are calculated and experimentally determined. Calculations are based on the statistical properties of the signal beam, and exact integrals rather than series approximations are used. High signal-to-noise ratio and high diffraction efficiency are possible, with the peak calculated diffraction efficiency being 22% for two-dimensional and 64% for volume holograms. The experimentally achieved efficiencies were 12% for two-dimensional and 36% for volume holograms.
The isolation of 16-ketoandrostenediol (3β,17β-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-16-one) from the urine of a newborn infant

Abstract The isolation and identification of 16-ketoandrostenediol (3β,17β-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-16-one) in the urine of an endocrinologically normal newborn infant is described. The steroid was in the fraction released by ethyl acetate solvolysis and thus was probably excreted as a steroid sulfate. The steroid or its precursors was shown to be of adrenal origin. The physiological role of 16-ketoandrostenediol is unknown, but the possibility of its being a substrate for estriol synthesis by the placenta is discussed.
A reinvestigation of early Pennsylvanian species of Mariopteris from the Appalachian region. II. Eusphenopteris and Sphenopteris

Abstract The second part of the reinvestigation of Early Pennsylvanian species of Mariopteris from the Appalachian region deals with five taxa, M. phillipsii White 1943, M. lobata White 1943, M. cheilanthoides White 1943, M. paddocki var. colliciaris White 1943 and M. pygmaea White 1900, and parts of three others, M. eremopteroides White 1900, M. paddocki White 1943 and M. inflata White 1943. In the case of M. paddocki and related taxon, and M. lobata and related taxa a reconstruction of the frond of each has been attempted. These taxa have been transferred to Eusphenopteris Novik and E. laxifolia Van Amerom has been synonymized with E. paddocki . Differential diagnoses have been provided and lectotypes have been designated where necessary. The remaining taxa, M. phillipsii, M. pygmaea and M. eremoperoides (pro parte) are treated strictly taxonomically and have been transferred to Sphenopteris Brongniart. A lectotype has been designated for each taxon.
A video approach tointeractive patient education

A quality improvement model presents the stages of designing and producing a preoperative videotape for improved patient satisfaction outcomes. PACU nurses formed an interdisciplinary team of providers and patients to update an existing preoperative sound/slide program into video. Improved patient outcomes were reflected in greater availability, accessibility, and consistency of preoperative instruction. A videotape program for home viewing was instituted to reach out to the surgical patient population served by the Albuquerque Veterans Affairs Medical Center in New Mexico. A quality improvement storyboard approach to videotape production met Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organization (JCAHO) standards for interactive patient education at a recent JCAHO survey. Preliminary evaluative data from patients supports a growing appeal of videos to patients and family members as an additional preoperative teaching strategy for adult surgical patients.
Income and happiness: earning and spending as sources of discontent

Abstract Richard Easterlin's 1973 query, “Does Money Buy Happiness?” began what has become a major source of research among social scientist. Easterlin's initial answer was “no,” at least in absolute terms. Subsequent research has been inconclusive regarding the extent to which money matters, ranging from a great deal to little if any. The latter conclusions fly in the face of much of human behavior, as we know it. I argue that money matters a great deal. Problems arise, however, in the fact that it must be earned and spent. Two areas often neglected in the literature. Changes in both the nature of work and of consumption have themselves been the source of increasing dissatisfaction, particularly in the United States over the past generation. The work of Scitvosky, Linder, and Schor, among others provides the background for the analysis.
Effects of a large dose of oestradiol on antithrombin III metabolism in male and female dogs

. Canine antithrombin III (AT) metabolism was studied in twenty healthy dogs of both sexes first under control conditions, using 125I-AT as a tracer, then, in the same dogs after 20 mg oestradiol intramuscularly and another 20 mg 7 days later. Under control conditions the plasma AT concentration and the amount of plasma AT (x) were greater in males than females. The plasma half-lives of 125I-AT averaged 2.14 ± 0.09(SD) days in males and 1.97 ± 0.05(SD) days in females and were significantly different. The fractional catabolic rate of plasma AT (j3p) was lower in males than in females, but the amount of plasma AT catabolized (j3pX) (synthesis rate) was not significantly different (averaging 20 ± 3.7 (SD) in males and 18 ± 2.2(SD) mg/kg/day in females). The total body AT (x+ȳ) was greater in males than in females; average values 55 ± 7.5(SD) and 46 ± 5.2(SD) mg/kg, respectively. Under the influence of oestradiol, the plasma AT concentration and AT(x) decreased in both sexes, but the plasma half-lives of 125I-AT showed no appreciable changes. The values of AT(j3p) and AT(j3pX) were significantly decreased in both sexes; average values of the latter being 14 ± 1.5(SD) in males and 12 ± 2.2(SD) mg/kg/day in females. AT(x+ȳ) averaged 43 ± 3.8(SD) in males and 33 ± 6.3(SD) mg/kg in females and were significantly decreased. These results indicate that the decreased values in plasma AT concentration, x and x+ȳ following oestradiol administration are due to the decreased synthesis rate of AT and not to an increased catabolic rate.
Detrusor behavior in patients with dominant hemispheric strokes

The urodynamic evaluations of 44 consecutive stroke patients were evaluated retrospectively. The results were evaluated with regards to the location of the cerebrovascular accident. Urodynamic findings could not be characterized by the site of the cerebrovascular injury sustained. In this retrospective study, we were not able to define an influence of a dominant hemispheric stroke upon future bladder function.
Transpterygoid transposition of a temporoparietal fascia flap: a new method for skull base reconstruction after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches.

Background: Endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches (EEAs) for the resection of lesions of the anterior and ventral skull base can create large defects that present a significant risk of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. These defects, especially in patients who received preoperative radiotherapy, are best reconstructed with vascularized tissue. The Hadad-Bassagasteguy flap, a pedicled nasoseptal flap, is our preferred method for reconstruction. This option is not available, however, in patients who underwent a previous posterior septectomy or in those with tumors that invade the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) or sphenoid sinus rostrum. In this scenario, we have used a temporoparietal fascial flap (TPFF) for the reconstruction of large surgical defects. Methods: We developed a new technique for the transposition of the TPFF into the nasal cavity to reconstruct skull base defects after EEA. The flap is harvested using a conventional hemicoronal incision but is then advanced to the defect using a temporal-infratemporal tunnel and an endonasal transpterygoid approach. The latter is created using an endoscopic endonasal approach that involves the resection of the posterior wall of the antrum, dissection of the PPF, and partial resection of the pterygoid plates. These maneuvers open a bone window to accommodate the flap. The soft tissue tunnel, extending from the temporal to the infratemporal and then to the PPF, is opened with percutaneous tracheostomy dilators. We present a detailed description of the surgical technique and a retrospective review of two cases in which we used this technique. Results: Two patients with large CSF fistulas who had undergone preoperative radiotherapy were reconstructed transposing the TPFF through a transpterygoid tunnel. We obtained an adequate exposure for placing the flap endonasally, and the flap provided complete coverage of the skull base defect. Both CSF leaks were resolved without any additional morbidity from the flap or the access technique. Conclusion: The TPFF is a reliable and versatile method for the reconstruction of the anterior, middle, clival, and parasellar skull base after EEAs. Its harvesting requires an external incision; thus, it is not our preferred method of reconstruction. It is recommended for large dural defects in patients with previous posterior septectomy and previous radiation treatment.
An endo-polygalacturonase in cucumber fruit.

A homogenous endo-polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15,) has been isolated from mature pickling cucumbers. This is the first report of an endo-polygalacturonase in cucumbers. The enzyme was purified by three chromatography steps on Sephadex cation exchangers. The molecular weight is 35,000 daltons. With polygalacturonic acid as the substrate at an ionic strength (μ) of 0.15, the pH optimum is 5.6. The enzyme is not active atμ= 0.027. Maximum activity occurred atμ= 0.2. The half-life of the enzyme is 1.2 min at 70°C in pH 5.2, 0.1 M acetate buffer. An inhibitor, isolated from the sericea lespedeza, which inhibits polygalacturonases from fungal sources, also inhibits the cucumber enzyme. This enzyme may be involved in tissue breakdown during the latter stages of fruit development.
The impact of platelet transfusion in massively transfused trauma patients.

Background The impact of platelet transfusion in trauma patients undergoing a massive transfusion (MT) was evaluated. Study Design The Institutional Trauma Registry and Blood Bank Database at a Level I trauma center was used to identify all patients requiring an MT (≥10 packed red blood cells [PRBC] within 24 hours of admission). Mortality was evaluated according to 4 apheresis platelet (aPLT):PRBC ratios: Low ratio ( Results Of 32,289 trauma patients, a total of 657 (2.0%) required an MT. At 24 hours, 171 patients (26.0%) received a low ratio, 77 (11.7%) a medium ratio, 249 (37.9%) a high ratio, and 160 (24.4%) the highest ratio of aPLT:PRBC. After correcting for differences between groups, the mortality at 24 hours increased in a stepwise fashion with decreasing aPLT:PRBC ratio. Using the highest ratio group as a reference, the adjusted relative risk of death was 1.67 (adjusted p=0.054) for the high ratio group, 2.28 (adjusted p=0.013) for the medium ratio group, and 5.51 (adjusted p Conclusions For injured patients requiring a massive transfusion, as the apheresis platelet-to-red cell ratio increased, a stepwise improvement in survival was seen. Prospective evaluation of the role of platelet transfusion in massively transfused patients is warranted.
Role of extracellular ionized calcium in the in vitro assessment of GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists

Several preclinical studies have found a poor correlation between the ex vivo platelet inhibitory potency and the in vivo antithrombotic efficacy of GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists. The present study was designed to examine the differential in vitro potencies of c7E3, MK-383, DMP-728, and SM-20302 in inhibiting ex vivo platelet aggregation under normocalcemic and hypocalcemic conditions. Human blood was collected in either trisodium citrate (0.37%) or PPACK (20 µg/mL). Platelet aggregation assays were performed in platelet-rich plasma from citrate-anticoagulated blood (cPRP) and PPACK-anticoagulated blood (pPRP) using ADP (20 µM) and TRAP (10 µM) as agonists in the presence of c7E3, MK-383, DMP-728, or SM-20302. The concentration of ionized calcium in cPRP was 16–19 times lower than that in pPRP. The IC50 of c7E3 for inhibiting ADP-induced platelet aggregation in cPRP (2.76 ± 0.11 µg/mL) was 1.6 times lower than that in pPRP (4.46 ± 0.48 µg/mL; P < 0.05). Similarly, the IC50 for c7E3 for inhibiting TRAP-induced platelet aggregation in cPRP (4.52 ± 0.34 µg/mL) was 1.7 times lower than that in pPRP (7.69 ± 0.43 µg/mL; P < 0.05). MK-383, DMP-728, and SM-20302 also demonstrated 1.96-, 1.15-, and 1.43-fold lower IC50 values, respectively, in cPRP as compared with pPRP. Chelation of ionized calcium in pPRP led to a progressive increase in platelet inhibition by all the antagonists. These results suggest that the observed in vitro inhibitory potency of a GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist is markedly enhanced when trisodium citrate is used as an anticoagulant to collect blood for ex vivo assay. These findings indicate that dosing regimens for GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists based on the platelet inhibition profile in citrate may provide misleading information with respect to their true in vivo antithrombotic efficacy.
The Migration of Galician Jews to Vienna, 1857–1880

Between 1857 and 1900 the Jewish population of Vienna grew from 6,000 to more than 146,000 as a result of the mass migration of Jews from the eastern provinces of the Austro-Hungarian empire to the capital. The largest source of the migration was Galicia, with a vast Jewish population that increased from 448,973 in 1857 to 811,183 at the turn of the century. In 1857 alone, at the outset of the migrations, some 2,000 persons left Galicia, marking the first gradual decline in the high proportion of Jews living in the part of the empire which lay within the eastern European pale of Jewish settlement. Arriving at an estimated rate of 20,000 to 30,000 per decade, these Galician Jews flowed into Vienna's second district, Leopoldstadt, and produced a shift both in the ethnic demography of the city and in that of the empire. Expansion of the Jewish population of Vienna from 1.3 percent of the population in 1857 to 12 percent by 1890 profoundly influenced the social, cultural, and political life of the Austrian capital.
Serum folate and the severity of atrophy of the neocortex in Alzheimer disease: findings from the Nun Study

Background: Previous studies suggested that low concentrations of folate in the blood are related to poor cognitive function, dementia, and Alzheimer disease-related neurodegeneration of the brain. Objective: Our aim was to determine whether serum folate is inversely associated with the severity of atrophy of the neocortex. Design: Nutrients, lipoproteins, and nutritional markers were measured in the blood of 30 participants in the Nun Study from one convent who later died when they were 78-101 y old (x: 91 y). At autopsy, several neuropathologic indicators of Alzheimer disease were determined, including the degree of atrophy of 3 lobes of the neocortex (frontal, temporal, and parietal) and the number of neocortical Alzheimer disease lesions (ie, senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) as assessed by a neuropathologist. Results: The correlation between serum folate and the severity of atrophy of the neocortex was -0.40 (P = 0.03). Among a subset of 15 participants with significant numbers of Alzheimer disease lesions in the neocortex, the correlation between folate and atrophy was -0.80 (P = 0.0006). Atrophy may be specific to low folate because none of the 18 other nutrients, lipoproteins, or nutritional markers measured in the blood had significant negative correlations with atrophy. Conclusions: Among elderly Catholic sisters who lived in one convent, ate from the same kitchen, and were highly comparable for a wide range of environmental and lifestyle factors, low serum folate was strongly associated with atrophy of the cerebral cortex. Definitive evidence for this relation and its temporal sequence awaits the findings of other studies.