cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A case study in programming a quantum annealer for hard operational planning problems

We report on a case study in programming an early quantum annealer to attack optimization problems related to operational planning. While a number of studies have looked at the performance of quantum annealers on problems native to their architecture, and others have examined performance of select problems stemming from an application area, ours is one of the first studies of a quantum annealer's performance on parametrized families of hard problems from a practical domain. We explore two different general mappings of planning problems to quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems, and apply them to two parametrized families of planning problems, navigation-type and scheduling-type. We also examine two more compact, but problem-type specific, mappings to QUBO, one for the navigation-type planning problems and one for the scheduling-type planning problems. We study embedding properties and parameter setting and examine their effect on the efficiency with which the quantum annealer solves these problems. From these results, we derive insights useful for the programming and design of future quantum annealers: problem choice, the mapping used, the properties of the embedding, and the annealing profile all matter, each significantly affecting the performance.
Fast consensus in networks of bounded degree

The Distributed Consensus problem involves n processors each of which holds an initial binary value. At most t of the processors may be faulty and ignore any protocol (even behaving maliciously), yet it is required that the non-faulty processors eventually agree on a value that was initially held by one of them. In this paper we focus on consensus in networks whose degree is bounded, following the work of Dwork, Peleg, Pippenger and Upfal [8]. In such a context, complete consensus among all the correct processors is not possible and some exceptions must be allowed. We first show how to achieve consensus in the butterfly network using O(t + log n loglog n) one-bit parallel transmission steps, while tolerating the asymptotically optimal number of faulty processors (O(n/log n)) and having the asymptotically minimal number of exceptions (O(t log t)). This result considerably improves on the running time of existing butterfly consensus protocols [2, 8]. In particular, it replaces the running time of O(n log n loglog n) of [2] with an asymptotically optimal one. As in [8], we can then decrease the number of exceptions to O(t) by using additional links, while maintaining the same running time. The protocol is derived from a consensus protocol for completely connected networks that is interesting in its own right: it achieves Distributed Consensus with optimal number of processors, asymptotically optimal total bit transfer and nearly optimal number of rounds.
Sanctolide A, a 14-membered PK-NRP hybrid macrolide from the cultured cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sancta (SAG 74.79)

Sanctolide A (1), a 14-membered polyketide-nonribosomal peptide (PK-NRP) hybrid macrolide, was isolated from the cultured cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sancta (SAG 74.79). The planar structure was determined using various spectroscopic techniques including HRESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR analyses. The relative configuration was assigned by J-based configurational analysis in combination with NOE correlations. The absolute configuration was determined by Mosher ester and enantioselective HPLC analyses. The structure of sanctolide A (1) features a rare N-methyl enamide and a 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid, which are incorporated to form a 14-membered macrolide ring structure, comprising a new type of cyanobacterial macrolides derived from a PKS-NRPS hybrid biosynthetic pathway.
Motor vehicle deaths in children: Geographic variations

Motor vehicle-related injury is the leading cause of death in children ages 0-14 years in the United States. Using data from the National Center for Health Statistics and the Fatal Accident Reporting System, specific types of motor vehicle injury death in children were examined for the years 1980-1985 (using NCHS data) and 1985-1986 (using FARS data). Death rates were calculated for each specific category of motor vehicle injury for each state and were then mapped to determine patterns of geographic variation. In general, nontraffic pedestrian death rates and death rates for crashes involving light trucks and/or rollovers were higher in the West, and rates of pedestrian deaths in traffic were highest in the South. Some of the likely contributing factors and possible interventions are discussed.
Global Surface Solar Energy Anomalies Including El Niño and La Niña Years

This paper synthesizes past events in an attempt to define the general magnitude, duration, and location of large surface solar anomalies over the globe. Surface solar energy values are mostly a function of solar zenith angle, cloud conditions, column atmospheric water vapor, aerosols, and surface albedo. For this study, solar and meteorological parameters for the 10-yr period July 1983 through June 1993 are used. These data were generated as part of the Release 3 Surface meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) activity under the NASA Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) effort. Release 3 SSE uses upgraded input data and methods relative to previous releases. Cloud conditions are based on recent NASA Version-D International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) global satellite radiation and cloud data. Meteorological inputs are from Version-I Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) reanalysis data that uses both weather station and satellite information. Aerosol transmission for different regions and seasons are for an 'average' year based on historic solar energy data from over 1000 ground sites courtesy of Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). These data are input to a new Langley Parameterized Shortwave Algorithm (LPSA) that calculates surface albedo and surface solar energy. That algorithm is an upgraded version of the 'Staylor' algorithm. Calculations are performed for a 280X280 km equal-area grid system over the globe based on 3-hourly input data. A bi-linear interpolation process is used to estimate data output values on a 1 X 1 degree grid system over the globe. Maximum anomalies are examined relative to El Nino and La Nina events in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Maximum year-to-year anomalies over the globe are provided for a 10-year period. The data may assist in the design of systems with increased reliability. It may also allow for better planning for emergency assistance during some atypical events.
Twisting warped supergravity

We study gauged five-dimensional supergravity on the interval [0,πR]. We find a set of boundary conditions with respect to which the theory is locally supersymmetric. For theories with detuned brane tensions (Λ4 < 0), we show that these boundary conditions can be used to spontaneously break global supersymmetry. For the original, tuned Randall-Sundrum scenario (Λ4 = 0), we prove that the locally supersymmetric boundary conditions are also globally supersymmetric. We lift the theory from [0,πR] to S1 and , with arbitrary twists for the fermions, and cast these results in the language of the Scherk-Schwarz mechanism.
Alkynenitriles: stereoselective chelation controlled conjugate addition - alkylations

Abstract Chelation-controlled conjugate addition of Grignard reagents to γ-hydroxyalkynenitriles stereoselectively generates tri- and tetra-substituted alkenenitriles. t -BuMgCl-initiated deprotonation of hydroxyalkynenitriles followed by addition of a second Grignard reagents triggers a facile conjugate addition leading to a cyclic magnesium chelate. Protonation of the chelate stereoselectively generates trisubstituted nitriles whereas the addition of t -BuLi causes conversion to an ‘ate’ complex that allows alkylation with aldehyde electrophiles. The chelation-controlled conjugate addition–alkylation generates tri- and tetra-substituted alkenenitriles that are otherwise difficult to synthesize.
High efficiency transfection of thymic epithelial cell lines and primary thymic epithelial cells by Nucleofection.

Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are required for the development and differentiation of T cells and are sufficient for the positive and negative selection of developing T cells. Although TECs play a critical role in T cell biology, simple, efficient and readily scalable methods for the transfection of TEC lines and primary TECs have not been described. We tested the efficiency of Nucleofection for the transfection of 4 different mouse thymic epithelial cell lines that had been derived from cortical or medullary epithelium. We also tested primary mouse thymic epithelial cells isolated from fetal and postnatal stages. We found that Nucleofection was highly efficient for the transfection of thymic epithelial cells, with transfection efficiencies of 30-70% for the cell lines and 15-35% for primary TECs with low amounts of cell death. Efficient transfection by Nucleofection can be performed with established cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cell lines as well as primary TECs isolated from E15.5 day fetal thymus or postnatal day 3 or 30 thymus tissue. The high efficiency of Nucleofection for TEC transfection will enable the use of TEC lines in high throughput transfection studies and simplifies the transfection of primary TECs for in vitro or in vivo analysis.
Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean

Preface 1. Basic properties of radiation, atmospheres and oceans 2. Basic state variables 3. Interaction of radiation with matter 4. Formulation of radiative transfer problems 5. Approximate solutions of prototype problems 6. Accurate numerical solutions of prototype problems 7. Emission-dominated radiative processes 8. Radiative transfer in spectrally-complex media 9. Solar radiation driving photochemistry and photobiology 10. The role of radiation in climate Appendix 1. A primer on radiative transfer: absorption and scattering opacity Appendix 2. Stokes parameters, Poincare sphere, and the Mueller matrix Appendix 3. Nomenclature: glossary of symbols Appendix 4. Principle of reciprocity for the bidirectional reflectance Appendix 5. Isolation of the azimuth-dependence Appendix 6. The streaming term in spherical geometry Appendix 7. Reflectance and transmittance of the invariant intensity (I n2) Appendix 8. Scaling transformation for anisotropic scattering Appendix 9. Reciprocity, duality and effects of surface reflection Appendix 10. Removal of overflow problems in the intensity formulas.
Gas Discharge Wave-length List in the Extreme Ultra-Violet

WE have prepared a list, arranged in order of wave-length, of the published lines in the extreme ultraviolet (λ2500 to λ100) arising from discharges in gases. The elements included are hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, sodium, silicon, argon, and mercury. Thanks to support from the Carnegie Institution of Washington, it has been possible to publish a limited mimeographed edition of the list, copies of which have been sent to a few spectroscopists to whom we thought it might be of particular use. We should be glad to give copies to any others who may write requesting them.
THE IMPACT OF LOCAL DECENTRALIZATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM U.S. COUNTIES*

We analyze the impact of fiscal decentralization on U.S. county population, employment, and real income growth. Our findings suggest that government organization matters for local economic growth, but that the impacts vary by government unit and by economic indicator. We find that single-purpose governments per square mile have a positive impact on metropolitan population and employment growth, but no significant impact on nonmetropolitan counties. In contrast, the fragmentation of general-purpose governments per capita has a negative impact on employment and population growth in nonmetropolitan counties. Our results suggest that local government decentralization matters differently for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties.
Least convex capacities

Debreu proposed the notion of `least concave utility' as a way to disentangle risk attitudes from the certainty preferences embedded in a von-Neumann Morgenstern index. This paper studies preferences under uncertainty, as opposed to risk, and examines a corresponding decomposition of preference. The analysis is carried out within the Choquet expected utility model of preference and is centered on the notion of a least convex capacity.
Tele-processing systems

Data transmission's impact on information processing has started a new evolution, perhaps, a revolution, and the next few years will clearly show how it will enhance the scientific operation of abusiness. Data transmission is not new; in fact, it is quite old by today's measurements. In May of 1844, the first data was transmitted over public telegraph by Samuel Morse. In June of 1876, at the Philadelphia Centennial, the first words were transmitted by public telephone. Both mediums, telegraph and telephone, transmit and receive information - data - and are commonly accepted today as a way of life. Yet the full implications of communications in information processing are just beginning to be realized.
Role of ammonia oxidation in selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide over vanadia catalysts

Abstract The role of direct oxidation of ammonia in SCR reactions and the catalytic anisotropy of V 2 O 5 catalysts in this reaction network were investigated. The catalysts were characterized using BET surface area measurement, X-ray diffraction, laser Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and 3-D imaging. Temperature-programmed reduction experiments using ammonia and hydrogen as reducing agents and temperature-programmed desorption studies were also performed. A steady-state fixed-bed reactor system was used for activity and selectivity measurements. The product analysis was carried out by a combination of techniques including chemiluminescence NO x analysis, on-line gas chromatography and on-line mass spectrometry, and chemical titration methods. The results obtained in this study, when combined with our previous studies in SCR reactions, indicate that over vanadium pentoxide catalysts, ammonia oxidation and NO reduction reactions are closely coupled. The results suggest that ammonia adsorption takes place on at least two types of sites located on the (010) and (100) planes of V 2 O 5 . The sites that selectively reduce NO to N 2 are the V O V sites located on the side planes, whereas V O sites promote direct oxidation of ammonia to NO and the formation of N 2 O from NO and NH 3 interaction more readily. It is found that the V O sites are more easily reduced with both hydrogen and ammonia.
Catalytic Reduction of NO by CH4 over Li-Promoted MgO

Abstract NO reduction by CH 4 was conducted in a quartz microreactor from 773 to 953 K over a series of nonmetallic catalysts typically used for CH 4 oxidative coupling-MgO, 1 wt% Li/MgO, 4 wt% Li/MgO, and 16 wt% Li/MgO. This represents a new family of catalysts for NO reduction by CH 4 which has not previously been investigated. All four catalysts were active for NO reduction in the absence of molecular O 2 , but the specific activities of N 2 formation (μmol N 2 /s · m 2 ) over the Li/MgO samples were almost five times higher than that over pure MgO, indicating that lithium promotes NO reduction; however, NO reduction was not a strong function of lithium loading. No direct NO decomposition occurred over any sample in the absence of CH 4 . The apparent activation energy for NO reduction to N 2 by CH 4 over all four catalysts was 29.0 ± 1.1 kcal/mol; thus, there was no correlation between activation energies and lithium loadings. For these four catalysts at 923 K in the absence of oxygen, reaction orders in CH 4 and NO were approximately 0.73 ± 0.11 and 0.43 ± 0.05, respectively. Over all the samples, N 2 , CO 2 , and smaller amounts of N 2 O were observed as products with our GC column; little or no NO 2 formation occurred based on N 2 balances. Selectivity to N 2 increased and that to N 2 O decreased with increasing reaction temperature. These catalysts were also active with O 2 in the feed but NO conversion decreased and CH 4 conversion increased, although the inhibiting effect of O 2 on NO reduction to N 2 was less at a higher temperature. The apparent activation energy in the presence of 1.0% O 2 shifted to a higher value of 35.0 ± 1.0 kcal/mol with all four catalysts, and a negative reaction order in O 2 of −0.54 ± 0.13 was determined at 923 K. Over the three Li/MgO catalysts, the apparent activation energy for N 2 O formation was 19.7 ± 1.8 kcal/mol.
Enhanced gauge symmetries and K3 surfaces

Abstract String-string duality dictates that type IIA strings compactified on a K3 surface acquire non-abelian gauge groups for certain values of the K3 moduli. We argue that, contrary to expectation, the theories for which such enhanced gauge symmetries appear are not orbifolds in the string sense. For a specific example we show that a theory with enhanced gauge symmetry and an orbifold theory have the same classical K3 surface as a target space but the value of the “B-field” differs. This raises the possibility that the conformal field theory associated to a string theory with an enhanced gauge group is badly behaved in some way.
Squeezing the collective spin of a dilute atomic ensemble by cavity feedback

We propose and analyze a simple method to squeeze dynamically and unconditionally the collective spin of a dilute atomic ensemble by interaction with a driven mode of an optical resonator, as recently demonstrated [I. D. Leroux, M. H. Schleier-Smith, and V. Vuleti\ifmmode \acute{c}\else \'{c}\fi{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 073602 (2010)]. We show that substantial squeezing can be achieved in the regime of strong collective ensemble-resonator coupling. The squeezing is ultimately limited either by photon emission into free space or by the curvature of the Bloch sphere. We derive both limits and show where each prevails.
Hand-Held Pulse-Train-Analysis Instrument

A portable hand-held pulse-train-analysis instrument uses a number-oriented microprocessor sequenced by a single component microprocessor. The incorporation of new CMOS integrated circuits makes possible complex analysis in a small, easily operated, battery-powered unit. The instrument solves an immediate problem with threshold setting of plastic scintillators and promises numerous other applications.
Direct Comparison Of Mechanical And Optical Measurements Of The Finish Of Precision Machined Optical Surfaces

This paper compares two methods of measuring the finish of precision machined optical surfaces: the older, well-established mechanical stylus gauge and a recently developed optical gauge using interference microscopy. Results are found to be in good quantitative agreement for both random and periodic surface features, provided that appropriate filtering procedures are included in the data analysis to account for the differing transfer functions and bandwidths of the two measurement techniques. These results affirm the use of these techniques for the quantitative measurement and specification of machined optical surfaces.
Non-vanishing of the Central Derivative of Canonical Hecke L-functions

Stephen D. Miller and Tonghai Yang.February 29, 2000LetK= Q(√−D)beanimaginaryquadraticﬁeld ofdiscriminant−D<−4,O its ring of integers, and hits ideal class number. A Hecke character χof Kof conductor f is a called “canonical” ([Ro1]) ifχ(¯a) = χ(a) for each ideal a relatively prime to f. (1.1)χ(αO) = ±αfor principal ideals αO relatively prime to f. (1.2)The conductor f is divisible only by primes dividing D. (1.3)Every Hecke character of K satisfying (1.1) and (1.2) is actually a quadratictwist of a canonical Hecke character (see Section 2 for a precise description ofthese characters and which ﬁelds have them).Let L(s,χ) denote the Hecke L-function of χ, and Λ(s,χ) its completion;Λ(s,χ) satisﬁes the functional equation Λ(s,χ) = W(χ)Λ(2 − s,χ), whereW(χ) = ±1 is the root number. If χis a canonical Hecke character withW(χ) = 1, then the central value Λ(1,χ) 6= 0 by a theorem of Montgomery andRohrlich [MR]. Of course, it automatically vanishes when W(χ) = −1 by thefunctional equation. The main result of this paper isTheorem 1.1. Let χ be a canonical Hecke character whose root numberW(χ) = −1. Then the central derivative Λ
Preparation of N-Chloroamides Using Trichloroisocyanuric Acid.

Amides are efficiently converted to N-chloroamides by trichloroisocyanuric acid in methanol.
Evaluation of achievable control quality in nonlinear processes

Abstract Quantitative measures are determined for the evaluation of the structural properties of nonlinear processes. These include simple structural measures for the evaluation of the “best” achievable control quality in a given process, regardless of the type of the controller being used. The notions of relative orders (time delays) with respect to manipulated inputs and disturbances and characteristic matrix are used to determine the best achievable closed-loop response for each controlled output and to derive the conditions under which the best closed-loop response in all outputs together with complete input-output decoupling is feasible.
A global checkpointing model for error recovery

The paper proposes a new concept for providing software fault tolerance in concurrent systems. It combines the traditional global-checkpointing mechanism with the recovery-block concept in order to come up with an easily implementable errorrecovery mechanism. This mechanism involves smaller overhead in case of moderate to high process interaction than the schemes considered in the past, which are based upon the idea of local checkpointing. A model for computing the optimum checkpointing interval is also presented. A particular distribution is hypothesized for the coverage of the recovery and the behavior of the model studied in detail for this case.
Elastic Scattering of 48-Mev Alpha Particles

The angular distributions of alpha particles scattered elastically from Ag, Au, and Pb targets have been measured. Deviations by three to four orders of magnitude from pure Coulomb scattering have been observed beyond the forward angles. In addition, some regular structure appears in these distributions, but the main features can be described by an exponential falloff between 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.
Down-Regulation of Replication Factor C-40 (RFC40) Causes Chromosomal Missegregation in Neonatal and Hypertrophic Adult Rat Cardiac Myocytes

Background Adult mammalian cardiac myocytes are generally assumed to be terminally differentiated; nonetheless, a small fraction of cardiac myocytes have been shown to replicate during ventricular remodeling. However, the expression of Replication Factor C (RFC; RFC140/40/38/37/36) and DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) proteins, which are required for DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, in the adult normal and hypertrophied hearts has been rarely studied.
Anatomic modeling from unstructured samples using variational implicit surfaces

We describe the use of variational implicit surfaces (level sets of an embedded generating function modeled using radial basis interpolants) in anatomic modeling. This technique allows the practitioner to employ sparsely and unevenly sampled data to represent complex biological surfaces, including data acquired as a series of non-parallel image slices. The method inherently accommodates interpolation across irregular spans. In addition, shapes with arbitrary topology are easily represented without interpolation or aliasing errors arising from discrete sampling. To demonstrate the medical use of variational implicit surfaces, we present the reconstruction of the inner surfaces of blood vessels from a series of endovascular ultrasound images.
Synthesis of 2-oxazolone-4-carboxylates from 3-nosyloxy- and 3-bromo-2-ketoesters.

New methods for the synthesis of 2-oxazolone-4-carboxylates from 3-nosyloxy- and 3-bromo-2-ketoesters are described. Condensation of 3-nosyloxy-2-ketoesters with methyl carbamate in refluxing toluene in the presence of p-TSA provided 2-oxazolone-4-carboxylates in good yields (41−80%). Alternatively, bromination of α-ketoesters with CuBr2 provided 3-bromo-2-ketoesters which condensed with methyl carbamate in the presence of p-TSA and AgOTf under similar conditions to provide 2-oxazolone-4-carboxylates in comparable yields (30−79%). The 2-oxazolone-4-carboxylates bear functionality that can be elaborated to a variety of potentially useful compounds. For example, some of these heterocycles were readily N-acylated, reduced to alcohols, or saponified and coupled with amino acids.
Total Synthesis and Electrophysiological Properties of Natural (−)‐Perhydrohistrionicotoxin, its Unnatural (+)‐Antipode and their 2‐Depentyl Analogs

Natural (−)-perhydrohistrionicotoxin (6a), its unnatural (+)-antipode 6b, (−)-2-depentylperhydrohistrionicotoxin (7a) and its (+)-antipode 7b have been prepared and characterized. Kishi's lactam 8 reacted with optically active iso-cyanates, and the mixture of diastereomeric carbamates so obtained was separated and hydrolyzed yielding the optical antipodes of Kishi's lactam in optically pure form. Reduction with LiAlH4 yielded the optically active 2-depentyl analogs, while another sequence already developed in the racemic series afforded the natural toxin and its (+)-antipode. Some electrophysiological properties of these compounds are presented.
Unitary, gauge invariant, relativistic resonance model for pion photoproduction

Pion photoproduction up to 770 MeV photon laboratory energy is described by a manifestly covariant wave equation, which includes a treatment of the final state \ensuremath{\pi}N interactions consistent with the covariant, unitary, resonance model of \ensuremath{\pi}N scattering previously developed. The kernel of the equation includes nucleon (N), Roper (${\mathit{N}}^{\mathrm{*}}$), delta (\ensuremath{\Delta}), and ${\mathit{D}}_{13}$ poles and their crossed poles, as well as \ensuremath{\pi}, \ensuremath{\rho}, and \ensuremath{\omega} exchange terms. The Kroll-Rudermann term and other interaction currents ensure that the model is exactly gauge invariant to all orders in the strong coupling ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}\mathit{NN}}$. The threshold value of the ${\mathit{E}}_{0+}$ amplitude is in good agreement with recent estimates obtained from chiral perturbation theory. Elastic unitarity to first order in the charge e (Watson theorem) is maintained up to the two-pion production threshold. The complete development of this model, which gives a good fit to all L\ensuremath{\le}2 multiples up to 770 MeV, is presented. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The Effect of Listing Price Strategy on Transaction Selling Prices

While true underlying home values are expected to be randomly distributed, actual residential listing prices tend to be highly clustered. Particularly, more than 75 % of the homes in our sample are associated with a round or “just below” round asking price. This study provides a theoretical and empirical examination of how the thousands digit in a home’s asking price is related to the final transaction price relative to its true underlying value. Our findings suggest that, on average, homes listed using a “just below” pricing strategy are associated with the greatest discount negotiated relative to the asking price. However, the higher initial degree of list overpricing reflected in “just below” pricing compared with other strategies more than offsets the greater discount. Therefore, “just below” is the most effective pricing strategy for the seller in terms of a greater dollar yield relative to value. These empirical findings have economic significance and are robust across both “buyer” and “seller” housing markets, new versus existing homes, and across multiple home price ranges.
Mortgage lending in Chicago and Los Angeles: A paired testing study of the pre-application process

Abstract In 2000, the Urban Institute paired African-American and Hispanic testers with whites and sent the pairs to visit lenders in Chicago and Los Angeles, in order to inquire about information on obtaining a home mortgage. In Chicago, African Americans and Hispanics systematically received less information and assistance than comparable whites; while in Los Angeles, the treatment of minority and white testers did not differ statistically from each other. Multivariate analyses for Chicago indicate that large lenders treat minorities more favorably than smaller lenders and that lenders with substantial numbers of applications from African-Americans treat African-Americans more favorably than lenders with predominantly white application pools.
Inelastic channels in the electroweak symmetry-breaking sector

Abstract It has been argued that if light Higgs bosons do not exist then the self-interactions of W's become strong in the TeV region and can be observed in longitudinal WW scattering. We present a model with many inelastic channels in the WW scattering process, corresponding to the creation of heavy fermion pairs. The presence of these heavy fermions affects the elastic scattering of W's by propagating in loops, greatly reducing the amplitudes in some charge channels. Consequently, the symmetry-breaking sector cannot be fully explored by using, for example, the W + W + mode alone; all WW→WW scattering modes must be measured.
Johnson-Nyquist noise in films and narrow wires

The Johnson-Nyquist noise in narrow wires having a transverse size smaller than the screening length is shown to be white up to the frequency $D/L^2$ and to decay at higher frequencies as $\omega^{-{1/2}}$. In two-dimensional films having a thickness smaller than the screening length, the Johnson-Nyquist noise is predicted to be frequency independent up to the frequency $\sigma_{2D}/L$ and to have a {\it universal} $1/\omega$ spectrum at higher frequencies. These results are contrasted with the conventional noise spectra in neutral and three-dimensional charged liquids.
Efficient Simulation of Quantum Systems by Quantum Computers

We show that the time evolution of the wave function of a quantum mechanical many particle system can be implemented very efficiently on a quantum computer. The computational cost of such a simulation is comparable to the cost of a conventional simulation of the corresponding classical system. Ultimately the simulation of quantum field theory might be possible on large quantum computers.
Secure Property as a Bottom-Up Process: Firms, Stakeholders, and Predators in Weak States

How do property rights become secure? How does rule of law take hold in an economy? The author uses an original survey of 516 firms in Russia and Ukraine, as well as interview-based case studies, to reexamine these fundamental issues of political economy. Most states in the developing world lack the requisite time horizons and institutional capacity to make the credible commitments emphasized in the literature. In this context, the author argues that firms can enforce their property rights without resort to mafias by forming alliances with stakeholders such as foreign actors, community residents, and labor. These stakeholders can impose costs on the potential aggressors through diverse political strategies, allowing firms to defend their property rights not only from private predators but also from the state. The article evaluates this “bottom-up” theory of secure property rights against existing state-based theorizing.
Numerical simulation of aircraft trailing vortices interacting with ambient shear or ground

A two-dimensional algorithm, based on the continuous vortex sheet method, is proposed for modeling the evolution and propagation of aircraft trailing vortices in a sheared environment. Among the phenomena discussed are the generation of secondary vortices, shear-layer instabilities, and interactions of trailing vortices with atmospheric and ground shear layers. Numerical simulations are produced by a code written as an interactive-graphics application for the Windows platform
Trailing Vortex Wake Growth Characteristics of a High Aspect Ratio Rectangular Airfoil

The growth characteristics of trailing vortex wakes are investigated in a towing tank. The wakes from a lifting rectangular NACA 0012 airfoil with an aspect ratio of 8 are studied up to 1400 chords downstream. The circulation Reynolds number ranged from 4 x 10 3 to 4 x 10 4 . Digital particle image velocimetry is used to measure the velocity field in the cross-stream plane from which vorticity is calculated. The vortex pair is observed to be very stable and long-lived, showing little decay in the circulation of the individual vortices. The vorticity, however, diffuses over time within the cores of the vortices.
Completing the evolution of supernova remnants and their bubbles

The filling fraction of hot gas in the ISM is reexamined with new calculations of the very long term evolution of SNRs and their fossil hot bubbles. Results are presented of a 1D numerical solution of the evolution of an SNR in a homogeneous medium with a nonthermal pressure corresponding to a 5-micro-G magnetic field and density of 0.2/cu cm. Comparison is made with a control simulation having no magnetic field pressure. It is found that the evolutions, once they have become radiative, differ in several significant ways, while both differ appreciably from qualitative pictures presented in the past. Over most of the evolution of either case, the hot bubble in the interior occupies only a small fraction of the shocked volume, the remainder in a thick shell of slightly compressed material. Column densities and radial distributions of O VI, N V, C IV, and Si IV as well as examples of absorption profiles for their strong UV lines are presented.
The labor market and the transition of socialist economies

All socialist countries of Eastern Europe but Albania are now starting to fundamentally restructure their economic and political systems -- with the clear goals of a market economy and multiparty democracy. Reform of the labor market is essential to these efforts. First, as a factor of production, labor has the most potential for increasing productivity. Second, adjustment of the labor market has been critical to the success of reform efforts in other countries undergoing drastic adjustment. The challenge of the transition will be to reallocate labor while minimizing the social costs of unemployment. This paper analyzes how the labor market functions in socialist economies (SEs), identifies the key issues of labor reform, and makes policy recommendations. It describes the East European countries' economic legacy from the socialist era. It also focuses on features of the SE labor market, and how it functions. The paper concludes with policy implications and identifies important research issues.
Crystal Structures, Modeling, and Dielectric Property Relationships of 2:1 Ordered Ba3MM'2O9 (M ) Mg, Ni, Zn; M' ) Nb, Ta) Perovskites

The preparation, modeled and refined crystal structures, and structure−dielectric property relationships of five Ba3MM‘2O9 (M = Mg, Ni, Zn; M‘ = Nb, Ta) perovskites are reported. Crystal structure modeling was used to generate initial structure models for Rietveld refinements of the neutron powder diffraction data. Bond valence sums calculated from the bond distances indicate Ba−O bonds are compressed and the M−O and M‘−O6 bonds are expanded from ideal lengths. A shift of Ta5+ and Nb5+ out of center of the [M‘O6] octahedra forms three short and three long M‘−O bonds. The octahedral distortion is driven by the asymmetry in the O bonding network and aided by the second-order Jahn−Teller distortion of the d0 Nb5+ and Ta5+ cations. Differences in the atomic coordination environments in the crystal structures were utilized to propose crystal structure−dielectric property relationships. The coordination of the divalent B-site cation (M2+) was correlated with the temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency...
Solar UV Spectral Irradiance Variations

Recent measurements of the relative temporal variations of solar UV radiation are reviewed. The long-term increase in solar UV irradiance during the rise of solar cycle 22 through April 1990 is comparable to the decrease from the solar cycle 21 peak in late 1981 to the 1986 minimum. Although several marked differences occur in the short-term or solar-rotational variations of the UV and Ottawa 10.7cm radio flux (F10), the shape of the long-term solar-cycle increase of F10 is quite similar to that of UV enhancements.
The performance of digital x-ray imaging systems in detection of subtle lung nodules

Subtle lung nodules (SLNs) are lesions that are commonly missed in radiologic examinations of the chest. This thesis explores three factors that influence the detection of these lesions: contrast-diameter characteristics of SLNs, physical performance of the imagingsystem, and structured noise in the chest radiographs. The contrast-diameter characteristics of SLNs were determined from radiographs containing confirmed lesions. The nodules were found to have similar subject contrast profiles with diverse variability in peak contrast (0.02–0.13) and diameter (3–16 mm). The physical performance of a digital chest radiographicsystem was assessed by measuring its Modulation Transfer Function(MTF),Noise Power Spectrum (NPS), and Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) responses. The results showed that the system only minimally blurs the appearance of SLNs, and that for a typical chest exposure, the quantum mottle is low enough not to obscure the visibility of even the smallest SLNs. The relative influence of the structured and quantum noise was explored in a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) study in which simulated tissue-equivalent nodules were superimposed on images of either structured or quantum noise backgrounds. The detection threshold (A z =0.8) was achieved for nodules 4.5 mm in diameter against structured backgrounds, and for nodules 1.0 mm in diameter against quantum noise backgrounds. The results indicate that anatomical structured noise is the main factor limiting the detection of SLNs in chest radiographs.
A facile dehomologation of α-substituted aldehydes to the corresponding ketones

Abstract A systematic study has been completed demonstrating the utility and scope of the potassium dichromate-mediated oxidative cleavage of enamines. Among the methods studied, the biphasic, chromic acid-diethyl ether conditions gave the best results and prevented over-oxidation of the carbonyl products. This method is general for β,β-disubstituted enamines, such as (1E)-1-(4-morpholino)-2-phenyl-2-methyl-1-propene, and gave the corresponding dehomologated ketones in good yield in one hour at 25 °C.
State renewable energy electricity policies: An empirical evaluation of effectiveness

Over the past decade, state governments have emerged as US energy policy leaders. Across the country, states are adopting policy instruments aimed at carbon mitigation and renewable energy deployment. One of the most prevalent and innovative policy instruments is a renewable portfolio standard (RPS), which seeks to increase the share of renewable energy electrification in the electricity market. This analysis evaluates the effectiveness of state energy programs with an empirical investigation of the linkage between state RPS policy implementation and the percentage of renewable energy electricity generation across states. We use a variant of a standard fixed effects model, referred to as a fixed effects vector decomposition, with state-level data from 1998 to 2006. Results indicate that RPS implementation is not a significant predictor of the percentage of renewable energy generation out of the total generation mix, yet for each additional year that a state has an RPS policy, they are found to increase the total amount of renewable energy generation. These findings reveal a potentially significant shortcoming of RPS policies. Political institutions, natural resource endowments, deregulation, gross state product per capita, electricity use per person, electricity price, and the presence of regional RPS policies are also found to be significantly related to renewable energy deployment.
Dependence of electron mobility on epi channel doping in GaN MOSFETs

The field-effect mobility and Hall mobility of electrons in lateral, accumulation-mode GaN MOSFETs have been comparatively studied. The devices were fabricated on three different samples, sample A consisting of 70 nm n-type (N/sub D/ = 5/spl times/10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/) GaN and sample B 0.5 /spl mu/m unintentionally doped (N/sub D/ < 1/spl times/10/sup 16/ cm/sup -3/) GaN, both on 2 /spl mu/m undoped Al/sub 0.35/Ga/sub 0.65/N grown on the n/sup +/-SiC substrates and sample C 3 /spl mu/m unintentionally doped GaN on the sapphire substrate. The maximal field-effect mobilities are 120 cm/sup 2//V-s, 90 cm/sup 2//V-s and 53 cm/sup 2//V-s respectively in the three samples. The Hall mobility is also measured for samples A & B and reaches a maximal value of 160 cm/sup 2//V-s.
A guidance and control assessment of three vertical landing options for RLV

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is considering a vertical lander as a candidate concept for a single-stage-to-orbit reusable launch vehicle (RLV). Three strategies for guiding and controlling the inversion of a reentering RLV from a nose-first attitude to a vertical landing attitude are suggested. Each option is simulated from a common reentry state to touchdown, using a common guidance algorithm and different controllers. Results demonstrate the characteristics that typify and distinguish each concept and help to identify peculiar problems, level of guidance and control sophistication required, feasibility concerns, and areas in which stringent subsystem requirements will be imposed by guidance and control.
Using Technology and Constituting Structures: A Practice Lens for Studying Technology in Organizations

As both technologies and organizations undergo dramatic changes in form and function, organizational researchers are increasingly turning to concepts of innovation, emergence, and improvisation to help explain the new ways of organizing and using technology evident in practice. With a similar intent, I propose an extension to the structurational perspective on technology that develops a practice lens to examine how people, as they interact with a technology in their ongoing practices, enact structures which shape their emergent and situated use of that technology. Viewing the use of technology as a process of enactment enables a deeper understanding of the constitutive role of social practices in the ongoing use and change of technologies in the workplace. After developing this lens, I offer an example of its use in research, and then suggest some implications for the study of technology in organizations.
RESOLVING MICROLENS BLENDS USING IMAGE SUBTRACTION

Blended light is an important source of degeneracy in the characterization of microlensing events, particularly in binary-lens and high-magnification events. We show how the techniques of image subtraction can be applied to form an image of the blend with the source removed. In many cases, it should be possible to construct images with a very high signal-to-noise ratio. Analysis of these images can help distinguish between competing models that have different blend fractions, and in some cases should allow direct detection of the lens.
Frequency Dependence in Regression Model Coefficients: An Alternative Approach for Modeling Nonlinear Dynamic Relationships in Time Series

This article proposes a new class of nonlinear time series models in which one of the coefficients of an existing regression model is frequency dependent—that is, the relationship between the dependent variable and this explanatory variable varies across its frequency components. We show that such frequency dependence implies that the relationship between the dependent variable and this explanatory variable is nonlinear. Past efforts to detect frequency dependence have not been satisfactory; for example, we note that the two-sided bandpass filtering used in such efforts yields inconsistent estimates of frequency dependence where there is feedback in the relationship. Consequently, we provide an explicit procedure for partitioning an explanatory variable into frequency components using one-sided bandpass filters. This procedure allows us to test for and quantify frequency dependence even where feedback may be present. A distinguishing feature of these new models is their potentially tight connection to mac...
Feasibility of functional neuroimaging to understand adolescent women's sexual decision making.

Abstract Purpose For young women, new sexual experiences normatively increase after puberty and coincide with extensive changes to brain regions governing self-regulation of risk behavior. These neurodevelopmental changes could leave some young women vulnerable for negative sexual outcomes, including sexually transmitted infection and unintended pregnancy. We evaluated the feasibility of using functional neuroimaging to understand the sexual decision making of adolescent women. Methods Adolescent women (N = 14; 14–15 years) completed enrollment interviews, a neuroimaging task gauging neural activation to appetitive stimuli, and 30 days of prospective diaries following the scan characterizing daily affect and sexual behaviors. Descriptive and inferential statistics assessed the association between imaging and behavioral data. Results Young women were highly compliant with neuroimaging and diary protocol. Neural activity in a cognitive-affective network, including prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions, was significantly greater during low-risk decisions. Compared with other decisions, high-risk sexual decisions elicited greater activity in the anterior cingulate, and low-risk sexual decision elicited greater activity in regions of the visual cortex. Young women's sexual decision ratings were linked to their sexual history characteristics and daily self-reports of sexual emotions and behaviors. Conclusions It is feasible to recruit and retain a cohort of female participants to perform a functional magnetic resonance imaging task focused on making decisions about sex, on the basis of varying levels of hypothetical sexual risk, and to complete longitudinal prospective diaries following this task. Preliminary evidence suggests that risk level differentially impacts brain activity related to sexual decision making in these women, which may be related to past and future sexual behaviors.
A One-Pot Synthesis of the 1-Benzopyrano[2,3-b]pyridine Moiety from 2-(Alkyl/arylamino)-4-oxo-4H-1-Benzopyran-3-Carbaldehyde

2-(Alkyl/arylamino)chromone-3-carbaldehyde reacts with Meldrum's acid, hippuric acid, 4-hydroxycoumarin, diethyl malonate, ethyl acetoacetate, or ethyl benzoylacetate to produce 1-benzopyrano[2,3-b]pyridine-2,5-dione moiety, but ethyl cyanoacetate and malononitrile react differently. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
The spectral problem for the q-Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation

We analyze the spectral problem for the q-Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations for Uq(sl2) (0 < q ⩽ 1) at level zero. The case of 2-point functions in the fundamental representation is studied in detail. The scattering states are found explicitly in terms of continuous q-Jacobi polynomials. The corresponding S-matrix is shown to coincide, up to a trivial factor, with the kink-antikink S-matrix in the spin-12 XXZ antiferromagnet.
Mobility Measurements by Phase Analysis

A new instrument, based on the principle of phase analysis light scattering (PALS) for the measurement of electrophoretic mobilities, has been produced. Such measurements are particularly useful in the study of dispersions in nonpolar and highly conducting media. The current PALS configuration can be used to measure mobilities up to 3 orders of magnitude lower than with the conventional Doppler mode. The device has a number of new features; in particular, all the signal processing is digital and the optical system features a reference beam configuration. Data are presented to show that on suitable samples both the PALS technique and conventional laser Doppler electrophoresis can be performed on the same instrument and the techniques are in good agreement.