cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bringing the thrill to automated vehicles: an evaluation of thrill-seeking driving displays

As vehicles with automated features are becoming more common on roadways, it is important to help drivers appropriately trust and accept those automated systems. Utilizing personalized driving displays may enhance the experience of operating a highly automated vehicle and thereby improve driver acceptance of automation. The current study evaluated a personalized display profile for "thrill-seeking" drivers, to determine if the displays conveyed the intended information and matched drivers' mental model for thrill-seeking driving. The results indicated the displays conveyed the intended meaning to the user, but some displays need further improvement to better match the mental model for thrill-seeking driving.
Is Insulin Resistance a Treatment Target

In recent years, pediatricians have been increasingly treating insulin resistance with drugs such as metformin to improve cardiovascular risk. However, some randomized controlled trials in adolescents reported that metformin has no effect on insulin resistance and its associated cardiovascular risk factors. This raises questions about the concept of insulin resistance as a treatment target. Furthermore, some shortcomings of the definition and measurement of insulin resistance in children and adolescents have to be kept in mind. There is currently no accurate, reliable, reproducible, and easily applicable method of measurement of insulin resistance. Fasting insulin as an index of insulin resistance or insulin resistance indices such as homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) may be applicable in epidemiological studies using large populations of children and/or well-defined cohorts, but not at the individual level. Even if a uniformly reliable insulin assay became available, separate normative values specific to sex, ethnic group, and pubertal stage would be needed. Additionally, there are very limited longitudinal data in childhood regarding whether insulin resistance itself predicts the development of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus better than body mass index (BMI) or classic cardiovascular risk factors alone. In conclusion, the presence of obesity or associated cardiovascular risk factors should be treated with lifestyle intervention and/or drugs that secondarily improve insulin resistance without a focus on insulin resistance as a primary treatment target.
Neural Network Training Data Profoundly Impacts Texture-Based Intravascular Image Segmentation

Segmentation of variably differentiated and low-frequency elements in a complex image is challenging. Improving sensitivity demands often prohibitive decreases in specificity. This is particularly the case in intravascular imaging, where detection of heterogeneously dispersed lesion elements, which are often less evident than normal structures, is essential. Modalities including optical coherence tomography (OCT) provide cross-sectional images of coronary arteries that reveal atherosclerotic plaques. Manual plaque segmentation is time consuming and error prone; automated methods are quicker but dictate accuracy tradeoffs. We developed a neural network-based method for automatic detection of calcified plaques in OCT images using texture-based features and examined how underlying training data distribution impacts sensitivity and predictive value. The method assesses each pixel, rather than a patch, as an independent unit, enabling precise control of training data distribution while simultaneously decreasing reliance on massive imaging datasets for training. Pixels from 30 manually annotated OCT images of calcified plaques were used to train the neural network. Several texture measures were computed for the local neighborhood of each pixel and used as inputs to a multi-layered neural network. The ratio of pixels of each class in the training dataset was then varied and the resulting network performance was compared. Positive predictive value and sensitivity ranged from 0.69 to 0.77 and 0.35 to 0.86, respectively, as the ratio of non-calcified to calcified pixels varied from around 15 to 1, with inverse changes in specificity. The results clearly demonstrate that appropriately balanced data must be carefully curated with thoughtful consideration of the model's application and the clinical imperative being addressed.
Critical language awareness in the heritage language classroom: design, implementation, and evaluation of a curricular intervention

As Spanish heritage courses multiply all over the United States, the need to reexamine the curriculum and pedagogical approaches that are most appropriate to meet instructional goals is becoming in...
Use of feedback and structured reporting improves neonatal provider satisfactionand reduces variation in echocardiogram reports of patent ductus arteriosus

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of standardized reporting elements in echocardiogram reports of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants on report variability and neonatology provider satisfaction. Methods Standard echocardiogram reporting elements were implemented for assessment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants based on feedback from neonatology providers. Inclusion of five reporting elements was assessed prior to and after training of sonographers and cardiologists. Electronic survey of neonatology providers was obtained before and after implementation to assess for satisfaction with report quality. Results Neonatal provider satisfaction increased from 50% to 87.5% following successful implementation of standard elements of reporting (p = 0.018). No reports included all elements prior to intervention, but after intervention 75% of reports included all five reporting elements (p Conclusions Standard reporting elements for echocardiograms of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants were successfully implemented with increased report completeness. Improvement in neonatal provider satisfaction with reports was achieved through this implementation.
Modeling pulse characteristics in Xenon with NEST

A comprehensive model for describing the characteristics of pulsed signals, generated by particle interactions in xenon detectors, is presented. An emphasis is laid on two-phase time projection chambers, but the models presented are also applicable to single phase detectors. In order to simulate the pulse shape due to primary scintillation light, the effects of the ratio of singlet and triplet dimer state populations, as well as their corresponding decay times, and the recombination time are incorporated into the model. In a two phase time projection chamber, when simulating the pulse caused by electroluminescence light, the ionization electron mean free path in gas, the drift velocity, singlet and triplet decay times, diffusion constants, and the electron trapping time, have been implemented. This modeling has been incorporated into a complete software package, which realistically simulates the expected pulse shapes for these types of detectors.
Algebraic-datatype taint tracking, with applications to understanding Android identifier leaks

Current taint analyses track flow from sources to sinks, and report the results simply as source → sink pairs, or flows. This is imprecise and ineffective in many real-world scenarios; examples include taint sources that are mutually exclusive, or flows that combine sources (e.g., IMEI and MAC Address are concatenated, hashed, leaked vs. IMEI and MAC Address hashed separately and leaked separately). These shortcomings are particularly acute in the context of Android, where sensitive identifiers can be combined, processed, and then leaked, in complicated ways. To address these issues, we introduce a novel, algebraic-datatype taint analysis that generates rich yet concise taint signatures involving AND, XOR, hashing – akin to algebraic, product and sum, types. We implemented our approach as a static analysis for Android that derives app leak signatures – an algebraic representation of how, and where, hardware/software identifiers are manipulated before being exfiltrated to the network. We perform six empirical studies of algebraic-datatype taint tracking on 1,000 top apps from Google Play and their embedded libraries, including: discerning between “raw” and hashed flows which eliminates a source of imprecision in current analyses; finding apps and libraries that go against Google Play’s guidelines by (ab)using hardware identifiers; showing that third-party code, rather than app code, is the predominant source of leaks; exposing potential de-anonymization practices; and quantifying how apps have become more privacy-friendly over the past two years.
“All Beneficial Knowledge is Revealed”: : The Rational Sciences in the Maghrib in the age of al-Yūsī (d. 1102/1691)

The intellectual history of the Muslim world during the post-formative period is poorly understood compared to the centuries in which the initial development of the principal Islamic intellectual traditions occurred. This article examines the legal status of the natural sciences in the thought of the Moroccan scholar al-Ḥasan al-Yūsī (d. 1102/1691) and his contemporaries, both in terms of the categorization of knowledge and in terms of developments in conceptions of causality in post-formative Ashʿarī theology. In the latter respect, al-Yūsī’s writings on causality are compared to those of his contemporary in Damascus, ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī, with attention to the broader historiographic perils in comparing intellectual developments in the Early Modern period to those occurring in Europe. By placing al-Yūsī’s views in intellectual context, I seek to demonstrate how a more productive history of the natural sciences in the post-formative Muslim world might be written.
SOLITON S MATRICES FOR THE CRITICAL A(1)N-1 CHAIN

Abstract We compute by Bethe Ansatz both bulk and boundary hole scattering matrices for the critical A N −1 (1) quantum spin chain. The bulk S matrix coincides with the soliton S matrix for the A N −1 (1) Toda field theory with imaginary coupling. We verify our result for the boundary S matrix using a generalization of the Ghoshal-Zamolodchikov boundary crossing relation.
The International Evidence on Income Distribution in Modern Economies: Where Do We Stand?

Interest in cross-national comparison of personal income distributions, low relative incomes, and income inequality in general has grown dramatically during the past five years. Interest in cross-national distribution research did not come about by accident; several factors helped propel this line of research in the 1980s and 1990s. First of all, income distributions in the United States, the United Kingdom, and in several other nations began to trend toward greater inequality in a systematic and secular pattern, and the inequality-generating pressures of a rapidly internationalizing highly technical economy were felt in several modern nations. Second, the former state socialist nations of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) began a still continuing process of economic and social adjustment and transition to a new socioeconomic order. While this transition is still underway, CEE nations have experienced large changes in both real income levels and in income distribution. Third, along with the rise in inequality, a growing interest in the question of ‘fairness’ vis-a-vis ‘budget pressures’ was present in the national political debates of the late 1980s and early 1990s, thus making ‘income distribution’ a legitimate realm of political inquiry.
Stability of the Internal Structure of Consumption Expenditure

Let y 1, …, y 14 denote an exhaustive 14-category breakdown of expenditures in one of the BLS Quarterly Expenditure Surveys (as given in Table A.2), and let $$ {y}_i={\alpha}_i+{\displaystyle \sum_{j\ne i}{\beta}_{ij}{y}_j+{u}_i}\kern1em i,j=1,\dots, 14 $$ represent the least-squares regression equation of expenditures in the ith category on expenditures in the other 13 categories. Let ξ i = (α i , β j , j ≠ i) denote the resulting vector of estimates. Equation (2.1) has been estimated for each of the 14 categories for each of 40 BLS Quarterly Consumer Expenditure Surveys from 1996Q1 through 2005Q4. The columns in Table 1.1 contain the ξ i vectors for the BLS survey for 1999Q4. The primary purpose of this chapter is to investigate the stability of the ξ i over the 40 quarters of surveys.
Consensus Models of Activity Landscapes

Jose L. Medina-Franco, Austin B. Yongye, and Fabian Lopez-Vallejo11.1IntroductionThe analysis of structure–activity relationships (SAR) of a set of compounds withmeasured biological activity is a central topic in medicinal chemistry and drugdesign[1,2].AlthoughSARstudiesofsmall-to-mediumsizedatasetsarefrequentlyperformedbymedicinalchemistsonaroutinebasiswithnoneedforcomputationalapproaches,thesystematicstudyoftheSARoflargedatasetsrequirestheapplicationof automated methods. Computational approaches applied to SAR analysis can bedivided in two major categories, namely, predictive and descriptive methods [3].Predictivemethodsaremeanttoanticipatethebiologicalactivityofmoleculesbeforesynthesis and/or biological evaluation in order to focus the experimental efforts –along with the associated time and costs – on the most promising compounds.Predictive methods include, but are not limited to, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR), pharmaco-phore modeling, and machine learning approaches [4–9]. In contrast to predictivemethods, descriptive approaches are designed to access, visualize, and to helpunderstandthedataobtainedfrombiologicalscreeningorchemicaloptimization[3].Activity landscape methods, as they currently stand, are descriptive approaches thatare increasingly being used to systematically characterize the SAR of large datasets [1, 3, 10, 11]. It has been largely recognized that understanding the activitylandscapeandearlydetectionofactivitycliffs(chemicalcompoundswithhighsimilarstructurebutunexpectedlyverydifferentbiologicalactivity[12])canbecrucialtothesuccess of predictive computational models [13, 14]. Similarly, characterizing theactivitylandscapewillbecriticalinfutureligand-basedvirtualscreeningcampaigns,for example, for selecting appropriate reference molecules for similarity-basedvirtual screening [15, 16].The activity landscape has been deﬁned as any representation that integrates theanalysis of the structural similarity and potency differences between compoundssharing the same biological activity [3]. The activity landscape has also beenconceptualized as the multidimensional space resulting from the addition of
A passivity approach to attitude stabilization using nonredundant kinematic parameterizations

The author previously (Symposium on Automatic Control in Aerospace, p. 316-21, 1994) showed that there exist linear controllers which globally asymptotically stabilize the attitude motion of a rigid body using a nonredundant, three-dimensional set of kinematic parameters. In this paper it is shown, using the inherent passivity properties of the system, that these results can be extended to stabilizing control laws without any angular velocity measurements. A numerical example demonstrates the theoretical results.
Coiled Rings of DNA Released from Cells Infected with Bacteriophages T7 or T4 or from Uninfected Escherichia coli

The replicating intracellular DNA of phage T7 was labeled at high specific activity with tritiated thymidine. The DNA of uninfected Escherichia coli was similarly labeled. Portions of cells which contained replicating phage T7 or E. coli DNA were lysed by a lysozyme, freeze-thaw, sodium lauryl sulfate procedure, and the DNA was spread on Millipore membranes for visualization by autoradiography. The DNA of phage T7 appeared to be highly concatenated reaching lengths of up to 721 mum. Much of the DNA of phage T7 and E. coli was retained in compact globular structures. In addition, orderly coiled rings of varying diameter up to about 43 mum were regularly observed. Similar coiled ring structures were also observed in autoradiographs of replicating phage T4 DNA which had been prepared in previous experiments. Worcel and Burgi (27) have presented evidence that E. coli chromosomes, when gently extracted from cells, are in a multilooped and superhelically twisted configuration. The coiled rings which we have observed may correspond to the relaxed, multilooped configurations which they find when the superhelical twists have been relieved by one or more nicks in each loop.
Modulation of miR-21 signaling by MPS1 in human glioblastoma

Monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1) is an essential spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) kinase involved in determining spindle integrity. Beyond its mitotic functions, it has been implicated in several other signaling pathways. Our earlier studies have elaborated on role of MPS1 in glioblastoma (GBM) radiosensitization. In this study using reverse phase protein arrays (RPPAs), we assessed MPS1 mediated cell signaling pathways and demonstrated that inhibiting MPS1 could upregulate the expression of the tumor suppressor PDCD4 and MSH2 genes, by down regulating micro RNA-21 (miR-21). In GBMs miR-21 expression is significantly elevated and is associated with chemo and radioresistance. Both MPS1 and miR-21 depletion suppressed GBM cell proliferation, whereas, ectopic expression of miR-21 rescued GBM cell growth from MPS1 inhibition. Further, we demonstrate that MPS1 mediates phosphorylation of SMAD3 but not SMAD2 in GBM cells; A possible mechanism behind miR-21 modulation by MPS1. Collectively, our results shed light onto an important role of MPS1 in TGF-β/SMAD signaling via miR-21 regulation. We also, show the prognostic effect of miR-21, PDCD4 and MSH2 levels to patient survival across different GBM molecular subtypes. This scenario in which miR-21 is modulated by MPS1 inhibition may be exploited as a potential target for effective GBM therapy.
Structural Understanding of Self-Assembled Rare Earth Disilicide Nanostructures Via Scanning Probe Microscopy and First Principles Studies

We performed systematic experimental and computational studies to investigate the adsorption geometries of Y atoms on the Si(001) surface. This paves a way for understanding and eventually controlling the growth of rare earth disilicide wires on the Si(001) substrate that are promising for various applications. For a single Y atom, the interrowdn site was found to be at least 400 meV lower in energy than other possible binding sites. The emulated STM images are in good agreement with experimental results of Er on Si(001). The strong bias and coverage dependence indicates the need for theoretical guidance for the correct interpretation of experimental data. We elucidate the Y-Si binding mechanism and provide insights toward the onset of formation of hexagonal rare earth disilicide wires.
Treatment of children's diabetes; ten years' experience without dietetic restrictions.

Summary. Experiences during the 10 years' period 1934–1943 in regard to 169 cases of children's diabetes without any dietetic restrictions whatever were very favourable. The children showed a good physical and mental development and a minimum of coma, hypoglycemia or other complications. The total mortality was merely 4.7% Protamin insulin in doses of 10–120 units per day entailed less tendency to hypoglycemia than zinc protamin insulin. As a rule one injection per day was found sufficient Stress is laid on the necessity of close cooperation with the homes, if good results are to be obtained.
Risk Factors for Adolescent Substance Abuse

Reviews research on risk factors for adolescent substance use disorders (SUD) and discusses possible relationships between SUDs and learning disabilities (LD). Individual level factors (genetic, biologic, other familial, and psychiatric) emerge as very important in the risk equation, as well as the interaction between individual risk and environmental conditions. Commonalities between SUD risk and LD include prenatal substance exposure, family history of SUD, conduct disorder, social skills deficits, and academic failure; however, further research is needed to establish whether individuals with LD face a specific risk for SUDs, and if so, what the nature of that risk might be.
The Great Chronicle of the City of London

This article describes of publication "The Great Chronicle of London" (1189-1512) which was published for the first time in 1938. It is surprising that so important and interesting a document as 'The Great Chronicle of London' has existed till the present in a single manuscript copy which only passed into public ownership with its recent presentation by the Viscount Wakefield of Hythe to the Guildhall Library of London, where it is now Guildhall Library MS. 3313.Â A copy of the Chronicle was given to the Rutgers Library.
Strategies for designing and optimizing new generation vaccines

Although the field of immunology developed in part from the early vaccine studies of Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur and others, vaccine development had largely become the province of virologists and other microbiologists, because the model for classic vaccines was to isolate the pathogen and prepare a killed or attenuated pathogen vaccine. Only recently has vaccinology returned to the realm of immunology, because a new understanding of immune mechanisms has allowed translation of basic discoveries into vaccine strategies.
Laser-induced damage in dielectrics with nanosecond to subpicosecond pulses. II. Theory

The authors have reported extensive measurements of damage thresholds for fused silica and several fluorides (LiF, CaF, MgF, and BaF) at 1053 and 526 nm for pulse durations, {tau}, ranging from 275 fs to 1 ns. A theoretical model based on electron production via multiphoton ionization, Joule heating, and collisional (avalanche) ionization is in good agreement with experimental results.
Elastoviscoplastic buckling behavior of simply supported columns

The elastoviscoplastic buckling behavior of simply supported columns is investigated. The analysis is based on an incremental formulation that can deal with nonlinear geometrical and constitutive relations. Both viscoelastic and viscoplastic models are discussed, and Bodner-Partom's constitutive equations are used in the viscoplastic case. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the buckling behavior of columns under various temperature and loading levels.
Bottom-current pathways in the Argentine Basin revealed by mean silt particle size

Regional circulation patterns in the deep sea are very difficult to determine because of time constraints on the acquisition of large physical-oceanographic data sets from abyssal depths; in addition, the large number of long-term (⩾1 yr) current-meter arrays needed to delineate bottom-current pathways are extremely costly. An alternative method for inferring benthic flow patterns, described here, is to map the mean size of the silt fraction of sediment on the sea floor. Because of the availability of a large number of core samples in the Argentine Basin, the particle-size approach provides a useful method for determining bottom-current pathways in that deep basin.
Strategy Choices of Potential Entrepreneurs

The author examined the written business plans of 380 students who completed courses in entrepreneurship and small business management over an 11-year period. An analysis categorized the plans into five generic competitive strategy types, and the results found that 58% chose a traditional, focused differentiation approach. A large portion (28%) used broad differentiation and a small number chose other generic strategies. When considering related literature on high failure rates of small businesses, the findings of this study suggest that potential entrepreneurs should be more informed about alternatives and consider combination strategies or flexible innovative approaches in new business endeavors.
Body Size, Diet, Habitat Use, and Social Behavior of Balaenoptera Whales in the Gulf of California

Four sympatric species of whales in the genus Balaenoptera were studied May 1983–April 1986 in the Canal de Ballenas, Gulf of California, Mexico. Most data were collected on the two most abundant species, Bryde's whale ( B. edeni ), ca. 13,000 kg and fin whale ( B. physalus ), ca. 47,000 kg. Bryde's whales fed primarily on schooling fish and were most abundant in summer and autumn when schooling fish are concentrated in the study area. Fin whales were only observed feeding on euphausiids, and were most abundant in winter and spring when euphausiids are abundant throughout the Gulf of California. Bryde's whales fed more at dawn and dusk, whereas fin whales fed throughout the day. Bryde's whales were relatively resident to the study area, rarely traveled in groups, and frequently fed alone or in small aggregations. Fin whales, in contrast, were relatively transient, passing through the study area and lingering only to feed; they traveled in larger groups and fed in larger aggregations, within which there were coordinated groups of two to four individuals. These results, coupled with limited data on the blue whale ( B. musculus ), ca. 80,000 kg, and minke whale ( B. acutorostrata ) ca. 5,000 kg, are interpreted in light of theories that relate body size to diet, habitat use, and social behavior in better-studied terrestrial mammals.
Interaction Screening for Ultrahigh-Dimensional Data

In ultrahigh-dimensional data analysis, it is extremely challenging to identify important interaction effects, and a top concern in practice is computational feasibility. For a dataset with n observations and p predictors, the augmented design matrix including all linear and order-2 terms is of size n × (p2 + 3p)/2. When p is large, say more than tens of hundreds, the number of interactions is enormous and beyond the capacity of standard machines and software tools for storage and analysis. In theory, the interaction-selection consistency is hard to achieve in high-dimensional settings. Interaction effects have heavier tails and more complex covariance structures than main effects in a random design, making theoretical analysis difficult. In this article, we propose to tackle these issues by forward-selection-based procedures called iFOR, which identify interaction effects in a greedy forward fashion while maintaining the natural hierarchical model structure. Two algorithms, iFORT and iFORM, are studied. ...
Instability of Taylor-Sedov blast waves propagating through a uniform gas.

We present the first measurements of an instability in Taylor-Sedov blast waves propagating through a uniform gas. The instability occurred in a gas whose adiabatic index was low. Amplitude perturbations grew as a power of time. Our observations are compared to theory.
EFFECT OF VOLATILE ANAESTHETICS AND NITROUS OXIDE-FENTANYL ANAESTHESIA ON BLEEDING TIME

Fifty-one patients were divided randomly into four groups: halothane in oxygen; fentanyl plus nitrous oxide in oxygen; enfhirane in oxygen; or isoflurane in oxygen. Standardized bleeding time was measured using a Simplate II bleeding device before and at least 40 min after the induction of anaesthesia. Arterial pressure was maintain at ±20% of control values and temperature was kept at 35–37°C. The bleeding time was prolonged by 33% in the halothane group (P
“STRICKEN WITH GOOD FORTUNE” —DIANE ARBUS'S SHAME

“Stricken with good fortune” is how Diane Arbus once described her life as a daughter of privilege. In this article I attempt to read her work as a series of efforts to cross class lines and to cast off the shame of the rich and take herself and her spectator-viewers along with her into those places where she was not entitled to go as a girl.
Multimode behavior in random lasers

Multimode lasing in systems with spatially inhomogeneous background dielectric constant is discussed with emphasize on disordered systems. It is shown that in spatially inhomogeneous resonators gain results in linear coupling between modes of an underlying passive medium. This coupling significantly modifies lasing dynamics causing linear mode locking and mode collapse.
Trace and chiral anomalies in string and ordinary field theory from Feynman diagrams for non-linear sigma models

Abstract We write general one-loop anomalies of string field theory as path integrals on a torus for the corresponding non-linear sigma model. This extends the work of Alvarez-Gaume and Witten from quantum mechanics to two dimensions. Higher world-volume loops contribute in general to non-topological anomalies and a formalism to compute these is developed. We claim that (i) for general anomalies one should not use the propagator widely used in string theory but rather the one obtained by generalization from quantum mechanics, but (ii) for chiral anomalies both propagators give the same result. As a check of this claim in a simpler model we compute trace anomalies in quantum mechanics. The propagator with a center-of-mass zero mode indeed does not give the correct result for the trace anomaly while the propagator for fluctuations q i ( τ ) satisfying q i ( τ = −1) = q i ( τ = 0) = 0 yields in d = 2 and d = 4 dimensions the correct results from two- and three-loop graphs. We then return to heterotic string theory and calculate the contributions to the anomaly from the different spin structures for d = 2. We obtain agreement with the work of Pilch, Schellekens and Warner and that of Li in the sector with space-time fermions. In the other sectors, where no explicit computations have been performed in the past and for which one needs higher loops, we find a genuine divergence, whose interpretation is unclear to us. We discuss whether or not this leads to a new anomaly.
Complicated crossroads: black feminisms, sex positivism, and popular culture

Abstract This article will explore pro-sex, black feminist performance, and more specifically, the music videos of contemporary African-American female popular music entertainers. African-American politics of respectability continue to influence how black feminists, and more broadly, how African-American communities, delineate what constitutes hypersexuality and objectification. Contemporary black female entertainers and their sexually explicit performances provide unique sites for dissecting the interplay of contemporary black feminist standpoints, sex-positivism, and popular culture. I will address questions such as: Does the historical legacy of dehumanizing and exploitative images of black women in popular culture foreclose possibilities for African-American women artists claiming pro-sex standpoints? What are the transgressive possibilities of black women's bodies within contemporary popular music performance? Can African-American women's performances in sexually explicit music videos contribute to t...
A diurnal variation in the satiating potency of cholecystokinin in the rat

The potency of cholecystokinin for the inhibition of eating was compared in the day and night phases of a 12:12 h cycle; Sprague-Dawley male rats ate sweetened milk at the midpoints of the day and night phases after 24 h food deprivation. Octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8; 0·5-160U/kg, 1U = 0·05 meg CCK-8) affected eating in a dose-related manner in the day and night in a 30 min test. CCK-8 inhibited eating less at night than during the day. Low doses of CCK-8 inhibited eating in the day but enhanced eating at night. This diurnal variation for the inhibition of eating was interpreted as diurnal variation in the satiating potency of cholecystokinin, because rats were measured with a quinine probe (002% adulteration of food) to be equally hungry when tested in the day or night under these conditions. To examine whether this phenomenon depended upon the known ability of cholecystokinin to alter the gastric emptying of ingested food, rats with gastric fistula were tested sham feeding to prevent gastric emptying of food into the intestine. Rats sham fed liquid food (GIBCO 116EC) at the midpoints of the day or night after 3 h food deprivation: CCK-8 (5–180 U/kg) affected sham feeding in a dose-related manner in the day and night but CCK-8 inhibited sham feeding less at night than during the day and the slopes of the regression lines were different. A low dose of CCK-8 inhibited sham feeding during the day but enhanced sham feeding at night. The diurnal variation in the satiating potency of 20% pure cholecystokinin (CCK; 5–180 U/kg) was different; while impure CCK inhibited sham feeding in a dose-related manner in the day and night, impure CCK failed to systematically inhibit sham feeding less at night than during the day but the slopes of the regression lines were different. Finally, impure CCK and CCK-8 were equally potent for inhibiting sham feeding in the day but CCK was more potent than CCK-8 at night. The differential inhibition of eating by CCK-8 (day versus night) reflects a diurnal difference in the satiating potency of CCK-8 in rats which appears not to depend upon the effect of CCK-8 on gastric emptying of food into the intestine. The finding that small doses of CCK-8 enhance eating and sham feeding at night is paradoxical given cholecystokinin's status as a putative satiety signal.
Metastatic carcinoid tumors and the carcinoid syndrome: A selective review of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy

Malignant carcinoid tumors are remarkably varied in their biologic behavior. The disease may be indolent for years with minimal or no symptoms. On the other hand, an acute carcinoid crisis with severe diarrhea, dehydration, and hypotension may develop in the patient. Patients with flushing and/or diarrhea, not responsive to standard symptomatic measures, may benefit from chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. Chemotherapy with single agents or combination chemotherapy may be associated with response rates ranging from 20 to 40 percent. Hepatic de-arterialization by ligation or occlusion is an effective means of inducing rapid tumor shrinkage for patients who have carcinoid tumors and hepatic dominant metastases. The addition of chemotherapy after induction of a partial remission with hepatic de-arterialization may prolong the duration of response, but this remains to be proven in prospective clinical trials. Hormonal therapy with the antiestrogen tamoxifen has been unsuccessful, but treatment of the carcinoid syndrome with a long-acting analogue of somatostatin has been strikingly effective.
Raman Spectroscopic Investigation of Isomeric and Mixed-Valence Heteropolyanions

Raman spectroscopy has been used to distinguish structural differences between α-12-heteropoly anions and β-12-heteropoly anions in solution. The results are consistent with the Keggin structure for the α-isomers and a modified Keggin structure for the β-isomers. Reduced 12-molybdophosphates and molybdovanadophosphates in solution have also been characterized by Raman spectroscopy; the results are consistent with a retention of the Keggin structure.
Stinks and bangs: the heyday of the chemistry set.

When you hear the phrase ‘chemistry set’, what is the first image that pops into your head? Is it one of a mad scientist in a dark laboratory full of pieces of glassware bubbling over? Is it your high school or college chemistry lab? For many, the phrase evokes a time of exploration and experimentation, a time where a child could be and do anything they could imagine. Although first and foremost to be a toy providing hours of entertainment, chemistry sets also allowed children to interact intimately with science. It is these interactions that led many to go on to become famous chemists and physicists. By studying these sets – their content, the imagery surrounding them and the people that used them – we can hopefully better understand how society viewed, and continues to view, science.
Waveform selection for range and Doppler estimation via Barankin bound signal-to-noise ratio threshold

In this paper, we consider the tracking of a radar target with unknown range and range rate at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For this nonlinear estimation problem, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) provides a bound on an unbiased estimator's mean-squared error (MSE). However, there exists a threshold SNR at which the estimator variance deviates from the CRLB. We consider the Barankin bound (BB) on the range and range-rate variance in order to obtain a tighter lower bound at low SNR, and we use the BB to predict the SNR threshold for a transmitted signal. We demonstrate that the BB with the additional information provided by the threshold SNR has an advantage over the CRLB in selecting the optimal transmit waveform at low SNRs. We also develop a waveform parameter configuration method that uses the BB and the ambiguity function resolution cell measurement model to optimize the SNR threshold.
A critique of recent research on the two-treatment crossover design.

Abstract A critical review is provided of recent articles on two-treatment crossover trials that purport to provide solutions to the problems caused by the existence of differential carryover effects. Included in the review are papers suggesting that extra-period designs be employed in which treatments follow themselves, that the bias caused by a difference between the carryover effects may sometimes be ignored, that changes from baseline be analyzed, and that a series of preliminary tests using baseline values be performed. The validity of many of these suggestions is shown to depend on whether mathematical assumptions that are generally unverifiable are satisfied. The two-period crossover design is recommended only when prior experience suggests that its assumptions are likely to be satidfied.
THE GROWTH CURVE OF THE LANSING STRAIN OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE MOUSE

After intracerebral inoculation of mice with a 10 per cent suspension (approximately 2000 LD50) of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus, the infectivity titer in the brain decreased for approximately 6 hours. It then rose rapidly for 12 to 18 hours to reach titers of over 10–4. The rise in titer in the spinal cord closely paralleled that in the brain for 18 hours, after which the titer surpassed that in the brain by as much as one log. The infectivity titers in the central nervous system of unparalyzed mice remained between 10–3.5 and 10–4.2 for at least 7 days. With the onset of paralysis it was found that the titer was consistently and significantly higher in the spinal cords of paralyzed mice than in their brains or in the brains or cords of unparalyzed mice. After inoculation of 1 per cent virus suspension the increase in titer occurred about 9 hours later than after the inoculation of 10 per cent virus suspension, and the onset of clinical signs of illness was also delayed. Once the titers began to rise, the rate was the same after the inoculation of either concentration of virus, and the maximal levels reached were the same. With both concentrations of virus, maximal infectivity titers in non-paralyzed mice were reached about 9 hours before the onset of signs of poliomyelitis. The significance of these findings is discussed.
The effects of reduced salinity on lobster (Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards) metabolism: implications for estuarine populations

Abstract During periods of substantial freshwater runoff, lobsters that inhabit estuaries, such as the Great Bay Estuary in NH, are exposed for several days to weeks to seawater that is diluted as low as 10 ppt. To assess the physiological stress imposed by these conditions, we measured the oxygen consumption, heart rate, ventilation rate and hemolymph osmolarity of lobsters while sequentially exposing them, for 24-h periods, to seawater of 20, 15, and 10 ppt. Measurements of hemolymph osmolarity confirmed previous results which demonstrated that at salinties below 20 ppt lobsters are limited osmoregulators; allowing their hemolymph osmolarity to drop as the environmental salinity is reduced, but always maintaining it higher than the ambient osmolarity. All animals exposed to 10 ppt, at 15 °C, were capable of surviving for at least 72 h. There was a nearly linear increase in oxygen consumption, heart and scaphognathite rates in animals exposed to dilute seawater, with almost a twofold increase in metabolic rate when animals were moved from 20 to 15 to 10 ppt. At the lowest salinity tested (10 ppt) the average oxygen consumption was higher for females than for males. We conclude that at low salinities the energetic demands of osmoregulation are greater for females than males, and for both sexes the physiological stress imposed may determine, in part, their distribution and/or movements in estuarine habitats.
Role of DnaA protein during replication of plasmid pBR322 in Escherichia coli.

The in vivo role of the Escherichia coli protein DnaA in the replication of plasmid pBR322 was investigated, using a plasmid derivative carrying an inducible dnaA + gene. In LB medium without inducer, the replication of this plasmid, like that of pBR322, was inhibited by heat inactivation of chromosomal DnaA46 protein so that plasmid accumulation ceased 1 to 2 h after the temperature shift. This inhibition did not occur when the plasmid dnaA + gene was expressed in the presence of the inducer isopropyl-1-thin-β-d-galactopyranoside (IPTG). Inhibition was also not observed in glycerol minimal medium or in the presence of low concentrations of rifampicin or chloramphenicol. Deletion of the DnaA binding site and the primosome assembly sites (pas, rri) downstream of the replication origin did not affect the plasmid copy number during exponential growth at 30° C, or after inactivation of DnaA by a shift to 42° C in a dnaA46 host, or after oversupply of DnaA, indicating that these sites are not involved in a rate-limiting step for replication in vivo. The accumulation of the replication inhibitor, RNAI, was independent of DnaA activity, ruling out the possibility that DnaA acts as a repressor of RNAI synthesis, as has been suggested in the literature. Changes in the rate of plasmid replication in response to changes in DnaA activity (in LB medium) could be resolved into an early, rom-dependent, and a late, rom-independent component. Rom − plasmids show only the late effect. After heat inactivation of DnaC, plasmid replication ceased immediately. These results, together with previously published reports, suggest that DnaA plays no specific role during in vivo replication of ColE1 plasmids and that the gradual cessation of plasmid replication after heat inactivation of DnaA in LB medium results from indirect effects of the inhibition of chromosome replication and the ensuing saturation of promoters with RNA polymerase under nonpermissive growth conditions.
Analytical properties of two-channel S-matrix

Abstract It is shown that four Riemann sheets of the two-channel S-matrix can be mapped onto a single plane by a conformal transformation. On this plane the S-matrix gets rid of the right-hand cuts and is expressed in terms of poles and zeroes as well as the unphysical singularities. The LeCouteur-Newton relation for multichannel S-matrices together with unitarity imposes restrictions on the positions of poles and zeroes. As applications, the behavior of the S-matrix near an inelastic threshold and a generalization of Levinson's theorem to two channel reactions are considered.
Synaptic Connections between a Transplanted Insect Ganglion and Muscles of the Host

When a metathoracic ganglion from one cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is transplanted into the coxa of another cockroach, it innervates only those leg muscles that have been previously denervated. The transplanted ganglion evokes hyperpolarizing synaptic potentials in the host muscles that it innervates. These potentials are correlated with twitching of the host limb.
Measuring the Orientation of Taurine in the Active Site of the Non-Heme Fe(II)/α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Taurine Hydroxylase (TauD) Using Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) Spectroscopy

The position and orientation of taurine near the non-heme Fe(II) center of the α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent taurine hydroxylase (TauD) was measured using Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy. TauD solutions containing Fe(II), α-KG, and natural abundance taurine or specifically deuterated taurine were prepared anaerobically and treated with nitric oxide (NO) to make an S = 3/2 {FeNO}7 complex that is suitable for robust analysis with EPR spectroscopy. Using ratios of ESEEM spectra collected for TauD samples having natural abundance taurine or deuterated taurine, 1H and 14N modulations were filtered out of the spectra and interactions with specific deuterons on taurine could be studied separately. The Hamiltonian parameters used to calculate the amplitudes and line shapes of frequency spectra containing isolated deuterium ESEEM were obtained with global optimization algorithms. Additional statistical analysis was performed to validate the interpretation of the optimized parameters...
Tube Representations of Ordered Sets

We define the (n,i,f)-tube orders, which include interval orders, trapezoid orders, triangle orders, weak orders, order dimension n, and interval-order-dimension n as special cases. We investigate some basic properties of (n,i,f)-tube orders, and begin classifying them by containment.
Effects of dietary protein alterations on circadian rhythms of gastrointestinal peptides in rats.

Altered protein diets and circadian rhythms of gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) were investigated in 126 male and 126 female Sprague-Dawley rats acclimated for two weeks to a 12:12 hr light-dark cycle. Rats were divided equally and fed low-protein (8%), high-protein (64%) or normal protein (27%) diets for four weeks. All animals were fasted for 24 hr prior to blood collections. Blood samples were collected at 4-hr intervals for 24 hr for determination of plasma gastrin and CCK using specific radioimmunoassays. A significant rhythm for gastrin was detected in males on normal and low-protein diets (P less than 0.03) and in females on low-protein diets (P less than .02). A significant rhythm for CCK was detected (P less than 0.05) in rats of both sexes fed normal and high-protein diets. Mean plasma levels of both peptides were lower in females than males. In a separate study, food intake and body weight were monitored in male rats receiving the three diets over 21 days. Animals on the low-protein diet exhibited reduced food intake and body weight compared to rats fed the normal or high-protein diets.
Pott's disease: a resurgent challenge to the thoracic surgeon

Nineteen patients were treated at the Los Angeles County Harbor/UCLA Medical Cnter between 1971 and 1986 for tuberculosis of the spine. Fourteen were immigrants, a high-risk group. A high index of suspicion is required for Pott's disease, which occurs in fewer than 1 percent of patients with tuberculosis, often presents with nonspecific symptoms, and may result in permanent deformity or neurologic impairment. CT scan, the most useful diagnostic test, showed abnormal results in 11 of 11 patients. MRI, a newer modality, may provide even more information. Eight patients required operation in addition to antimicrobial therapy. Four had lesions between T3 and T10, where the spinal canal is narrow, of whom three (75 percent had neurologic involvement. All four underwent anterior approach (thoracotomy) for decompression, debridement, and spinal fusion. Fifteen had lesions between T11 and S2. Three (20 percent) had neurologic involvement but responded to medical treatment alone. Four underwent drainage of abscess or spinal fusion for deformity. Combined surgical and medical treatment gave excellent results in this series. (Chest 1989;95:145-50)