cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of Perceptual Defense in Italy

The present investigation grew out of a series of four studies ( 2 , 3, 4, 6) linking psychoanalytic theory to perceptual processes. One of the findings was that preference for an avoidance defense against psychosexual conflict is significantly associated with less frequent identification or naming of Blacky pictures presented tachistoscopically at very fast speeds ( 1 ) . This evidence of perceptual defense was obtained with appropriate controls for stimulus familiarity, structural qualities of the pictures, and selective verbal report. Smock (7) has offered an alternative explanation for the results of one study ( 2 ) in terms of structural qualities of the stimuli, but this possibility is completely ruled out by the controls employed in others (3, 6) . The hypothesis of the present experiment, stated previously by Nelson, is as follows: perceptually defensive behavior will be evoked in Ss predisposed to avoid or repress certain psychosexual stimuli when those stimuli are presented below the threshold of clear conscious recognition, under conditions at which ego defense mechanisms are likely to operate.
On Social Psychology and Human Nature: An Interview with Roy Baumeister

Roy F. Baumeister currently holds the Eppes Eminent Professorship in the Department of Psychology at Florida State University. He received his PhD in social psychology from Princeton in 1978 working under Edward E. Jones. After a postdoctoral fellowship in sociology at Berkeley, he spent 23 years on the faculty at Case Western Reserve University, where he held the Elsie Smith Professorship in the Liberal Arts. He also held visiting positions at the University of Texas at Austin, the University of Virginia, the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, and the Max-Planck-Institute in Munich, Germany. He has taught social psychology, personality, sexuality, and interdisciplinary psychology. He has over 300 publications including 18 books. His new textbook, Social Psychology and Human Nature, is soon to be published. Natalie Kerr Lawrence is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology at James Madison University, where she teaches general psychology, statistics, research methods, and s...
A simulation analysis of continental shelf food webs

Energy flow through continental shelf food webs was examined using a simulation model. The model structure expands the two traditional marine food chains of phytoplankton-zooplankton-pelagic fish and benthos-demersal fish into a complex web which includes detritus, dissolved organic matter (DOM), bacteria, protozoa, and mucus net feeders. Simulation of energy flux for different shelf systems using the expanded web revealed that heterotrophic microorganisms and their predators account for a significant component of the energy flux in the continental shelf ecosystem. Contrary to previous models, where all phytoplankton were considered to be grazed by zooplankton, our simulation results indicate that only slightly more than 50% of the annual net primary production is grazed. A substantial quantity of the phytoplankton production directly becomes detritus. Bacteria mineralize detritus and DOM produced by phytoplankton and other components of the food web, converting these to biomass with high efficiency. Consequently, the model predicts that planktonic bacterial production is equivalent to zooplankton production. Exclusion of the bacteria requires the assumption that all DOM is either exported from the system or consumed by another component of the food web. Neither of these assumptions can be supported by present knowledge of the dynamics of DOM in the sea. Model simulations were also employed to test the hypothesis that production exceeds consumption on continental shelves, resulting in exports of 50% of the annual primary production. Simulations of shelves with high rates of primary production resulted in a particulate export of 27% and realistic estimates of secondary production. Results of other simulations suggest that shelves with lower primary production cannot export production and still maintain the macrobenthos and their predators. General properties about continental shelves can also be inferred from the model. From simulations of shelves of differing primary production, nanoplankton are predicted to account for a greater proportion of the primary production in nutrient limited systems. Benthic production appears to be related to both the quantity of primary production and the sinking rates of the phytoplankton. The model indicates that zooplankton fecal inputs to the shelf benthos are only a small portion of the total detrital flux, leading to the prediction that fecal pellets are of little significance in determining benthic production. Finally, the model generates production efficiencies that are highly variable depending on the type of system and kind of populations involved. We argue that the assumed ecological efficiency of 10% should be abandoned for continental shelves and other ecosystems.
Poly(ethylene glycol)-coated anti-cardiac myosin immunoliposomes: factors influencing targeted accumulation in the infarcted myocardium

Biodistribution and infarct accumulation of different liposome preparations in rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction have been investigated. The influence of such parameters as liposome size, and presence or absence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and infarct-specific antimyosin antibody (AM) on liposome behavior in vivo was studied. All three variables were shown to affect liposome biodistribution, liposome size being the least significant variable. Statistical analysis of the data obtained demonstrated that of all variables, PEG coating expresses the strongest influence on the liposome blood clearance, significantly (P=0.0001) increasing the mean level of blood radioactivity under all circumstances. Infarct accumulation depended upon the presence of both PEG (P=0.0013) and AM (P=0.005). The infarct-to-normal ratio was affected by the presence of AM (P=0.0002), but the extent of the effect depended also on the presence of PEG (P=0.01). Two differing mechanisms can be seen in infarct accumulation of PEG-liposomes (slow accumulation via the impaired filtration) and AM-liposomes (specific binding of immunoliposomes with the exposed antigen). Both mechanisms are supplementary in case of liposomes carrying PEG and AM at the same time. An optimization strategy is suggested for using liposomes as carriers for diagnostic (a high target-to-nontarget ratio is required) and therapeutic (a high absolute accumulation in the target is required) agents.
Predictions of Multilayer Adsorption Using Lattice Theory

Abstract Multilayer adsorption is calculated for a one-component vapor using ideas based on the Ono–Kondo lattice model. It is shown that this model predicts the common types of adsorption behavior: the Henry, Langmuir, and Frumkin equations as particular cases; multilayer isotherms including steps due to two-dimensional condensation; changes in the isotherm that occur when the temperature is varied from subcritical to supercritical conditions. In this paper, we investigate the adsorption isotherm as the concentration approaches saturation conditions. The analysis shows that at conditions near saturation the Gibbs adsorption has a weak divergence which can be described by either a logarithmic singularity or an exponential singularity with small exponent (less than 0.05).
Effect of exfoliation on poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)/ montmorillonite nanocomposite flammability

Montmorillonite clays (MMT) have shown potential as non-halogenated fire retardants in polymer blends, but the effect of morphology of the resulting nanocomposite is not well understood. In this article MMT blends are studied in a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) matrix to get structure–property relationships relating to the more complex problem of flame retardancy (FR) of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) computer housings. The morphology observed in SAN/MMT blends using twin screw extrusion was complex, and was affected by the compatibilizing amine head group substituent size, the amine tail group length, and the amine exchange ratio. However, the morphology did not affect flammability properties significantly. The most important determinant of FR properties was clay loading. Peak heat release rate was reduced up to 49% at a loading of about 12% organoclay, using a 2-ethylhexyl dimethyl hydrogenated tallow ammonium surfactant. Backside temperatures were measured during FR tests, and significant reductions in maximum heat soak temperature and time to reach heat soak temperature were noted as exfoliation increased, supporting the theory that the clays have an insulative effect. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding changes in mental workload during execution of goal-directed tasks and its application for interruption management

Notifications can have reduced interruption cost if delivered at moments of lower mental workload during task execution. Cognitive theorists have speculated that these moments occur at subtask boundaries. In this article, we empirically test this speculation by examining how workload changes during execution of goal-directed tasks, focusing on regions between adjacent chunks within the tasks, that is, the subtask boundaries. In a controlled experiment, users performed several interactive tasks while their pupil dilation, a reliable measure of workload, was continuously measured using an eye tracking system. The workload data was extracted from the pupil data, precisely aligned to the corresponding task models, and analyzed. Our principal findings include (i) workload changes throughout the execution of goal-directed tasks; (ii) workload exhibits transient decreases at subtask boundaries relative to the preceding subtasks; (iii) the amount of decrease tends to be greater at boundaries corresponding to the completion of larger chunks of the task; and (iv) different types of subtasks induce different amounts of workload. We situate these findings within resource theories of attention and discuss important implications for interruption management systems.
A group majority voting model of public good provision

A model of public good provision by majority rule selection incorporating the behavior of rational group voting is formulated. Two probability maximizing candidates are assumed. If voters are risk averse in public sector preferences, then a unique symmetric (both candidates offering identical platforms) equilibrium exists. If certain additional conditions hold on the group cost functions of political support, this equilibrium will lie at the public good levels which maximizes the sum of voter utility. It is further demonstrated that it is unlikely for those conditions to be satisfied and therefore more realistic asymmetric equilibria with positive voter turnout is predicted.
Synthesis and Structural Study of the Bis(ethylenediamine)CdFe(CO)4 Monomer

The new complex has been isolated from the crystallization of from ethylenediamine (en). The cadmium center bears square-pyramidal coordination, with the iron atom occupying the apical position. The iron coordination may be described either as trigonal bipyramidal, with the cadmium atom being in an axial position, or as monocapped (by cadmium) tetrahedral. The Cd-Fe distance was found to be 2.6250(2) A. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group with A, A, A, and at 150(1) K.
Designing Protein β -Sheet Surfaces by Z -Score Optimization

Studies of lattice models of proteins have suggested that the appropriate energy expression for protein design may include nonthermodynamic terms to accommodate negative design concerns. One method, developed in lattice model studies, maximizes a quantity known as the "Z-score," which compares the lowest energy sequence whose ground state structure is the target structure to an ensemble of random sequences. Here we show that, in certain circumstances, the technique can be applied to real proteins. The resulting energy expression is used to design the β-sheet surfaces of two real proteins. We find experimentally that the designed proteins are stable and well folded, and in one case is even more thermostable than the wild type.
Optimum spectrum utilization through auctions

The spectrum is currently underused [11] due to static allocation and generates only fixed income. Auctioning the underutilized spectrum increases income and at the same time we can use rare resources such as spectrum efficiently. In this research optimization of the spectrum bidding problem was obtained using the genetic algorithm approach and it was concluded that the spectrum will be used efficiently while generating more revenue by bidding for spectrum in the market.
Photosynthesis, respiration, and contribution to community productivity of the symbiotic sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissimA (Brandt, 1835)

Abstract The photosynthetic and respiratory physiology of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt, 1835), living in association with the endosymbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium (= Gymnodinium ) microadriaticum Freudenthal, was investigated in anemones that were fed and starved for 2 wk under laboratory conditions or newly collected from the intertidal zone. The photosynthetic performances of this association were similar to those of marine phytoplankton and intertidal seaweeds. Light saturation for Anthopleura elegantissima occurred between 125–350μE · m −2 · s −1 and inhibition was not observed at intensities up to 1550 μE · m −2 · s −1 . Weight-specific gross photosynthetic rates decreased with increasing anemone size and were similar for fed, starved, and newly collected anemones. Gross photosynthetic rates were positively correlated with chlorophyll a content and number of zooxanthellae. Weight-specific respiration rates also decreased with increasing anemone size. Fed anemones respired at rates about twice those of starved anemones and A. elegantissima measured within 10 h of collection had respiration rates similar to starved anemones. Gross photosynthesis to respiration (P : R) ratios were a function of the nutritional state of the anemones, typically ranging from 2.0 to 3.0 for starved anemones, but seldom over 1.0 for fed anemones. Estimates of the relative contribution of carbon from the zooxanthellae to the host (animal) respiratory carbon depended on host nutritional state, averaging ≈ 13% for fed anemones and 45% for starved or newly collected anemones. Photosynthetic rates were similar to temperate intertidal seaweeds having low surface to volume ratios. Calculations of the contributions of anemones to intertidal gross primary production (48–151 gC · m −2 · yr −1 ) fall within the range of temperate intertidal seaweed populations.
Peripheral vascular disease in systemic lupus patients.

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a measure of peripheral vascular disease (PVD), low values of which are associated with CVD. Objectives Objectives were to identify the prevalence of PVD in SLE, to identify risk factors associated with PVD in SLE, and to determine whether SLE is an independent risk factor for PVD as assessed by ABI. Methods In a cross-sectional analysis of SLE subjects and control subjects, free of known CVD, SLE-related variables and cardiovascular risk factors were measured. Peripheral vascular disease was assessed using ABI. The prevalence of PVD (ABI ≤ 1.0) and comparisons of mean ABI, between SLE and control subjects, were examined. Systemic lupus erythematosus was examined as an independent risk for PVD in the cohort using propensity score matching. Logistic regression was performed to identify independent risk factors for PVD in SLE. Results Ankle-brachial index was lower in the 134 SLE subjects compared with 77 control subjects: 1.05 versus 1.09 (P = 0.003), and the prevalence of PVD was higher in SLE than in control subjects (33% vs 20%; P = 0.037). Systemic lupus erythematosus was not an independent risk for PVD. In the SLE subjects, the only significant risk factor for PVD was smoking. Conclusions Ankle-brachial index, a marker of subclinical CVD, is an inexpensive and easy method in which to assess PVD. There was a 33% prevalence of PVD in SLE, which was independently associated with smoking. As PVD is a coronary artery disease risk equivalent, screening and diagnosis may change lipid management in preventive cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with SLE. The combination of SLE and a smoking history may identify individuals for whom checking an ABI makes particular sense.
Molecular forms, binding functions, and developmental expression patterns of cytotactin and cytotactin-binding proteoglycan, an interactive pair of extracellular matrix molecules

Cytotactin is an extracellular matrix protein that is found in a restricted distribution and is related to developmental patterning at a number of neural and non-neural sites. It has been shown to bind specifically to other extracellular matrix components including a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (cytotactin-binding [CTB] proteoglycan) and fibronectin. Cell binding experiments have revealed that cytotactin interacts with neurons and fibroblasts. When isolated from brain, both cytotactin and CTB proteoglycan contain the HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope. Here, specific antibodies prepared against highly purified cytotactin and CTB proteoglycan were used to correlate the biochemical alterations and modes of binding of these proteins with their differential tissue expression as a function of time and place during chicken embryo development. It was found that, during neural development, both the levels of expression of cytotactin and CTB proteoglycan and of the molecular forms of each molecule varied, following different time courses. In addition, a novel Mr 250,000 form of cytotactin was detected that contained chondroitin sulfate. The intermolecular binding of cytotactin and CTB proteoglycan and the binding of cytotactin to fibroblasts were characterized further and found to be inhibited by EDTA, consistent with a dependence on divalent cations. Unlike the molecules from neural tissue, cytotactin and CTB proteoglycan isolated from non-neural tissues such as fibroblasts lacked the HNK-1 epitope. Nevertheless, the intermolecular and cellular binding activities of cytotactin isolated from fibroblast culture medium were comparable to those of the molecule isolated from brain, suggesting that the HNK-1 epitope is not directly involved in binding. Binding experiments involving enzymatically altered molecules that lack chondroitin sulfate suggested that this glycosaminoglycan is also not directly involved in binding. Although they clearly formed a binding couple, the spatial distributions of cytotactin and CTB proteoglycan in the embryo were not always coincident. They were similar in tissue sections from the cerebellum, gizzard, and vascular smooth muscle. In contrast, CTB proteoglycan was present in cardiac muscle where no cytotactin is present, and it was seen in cartilage throughout development unlike cytotactin, which was present only in immature chondrocytes. Cell culture experiments were consistent with the previous conclusion that cytotactin was specifically synthesized by glia, whereas CTB proteoglycan was specifically synthesized by neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Two-qubit decoherence mechanisms revealed via quantum process tomography

We analyze the quantum process tomography (QPT) in the presence of decoherence, focusing on distinguishing local and nonlocal decoherence mechanisms for a two-partite system from experimental QPT data. In particular, we consider the $\sqrt{i\text{SWAP}}$ gate realized with superconducting phase qubits and calculate the QPT matrix $\ensuremath{\chi}$ in the presence of several local and nonlocal decoherence processes. We determine specific patterns of these decoherence processes, which can be used for a fast identification of the main decoherence mechanisms from an experimental $\ensuremath{\chi}$ matrix.
Is Political Activism Still A “MASCULINE” ENDEAVOR?: Gender Comparisons among High School Political Activists:

High school political activists (40 female, 46 male) completed extensive questionnaires. Differences between participants with moderate/conservative, liberal, and left perspectives were analyzed as were gender differences on the Bem Sex Role Inventory and other politically associated behaviors. Males and females described themselves as masculine; females also described themselves as feminine. Conservative males described themselves as most masculine and least feminine. No gender differences were found on extent of political activity. But, females were more likely to be active in feminist organizations and causes, to label themselves as feminists, and to describe their mothers as feminists, and were less likely to have a group of friends they hang out with compared to males. Females were more doubtful than males about mixing marriage, children, employment, and politics in the future. Females more often presented future family life as a source of limitation on their political futures compared to males.
The relationship between neuropsychologic function and level of caregiver supervision at 1 year after traumatic brain injury

Abstract Hart T, Millis S, Novack T, Englander J, Fidler-Sheppard R, Bell KR. The relationship between neuropsychologic function and level of caregiver supervision at 1 year after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:221-30. Objectives: To evaluate distribution of levels of caregiver supervision at 1 year after traumatic brain injury, and to determine neuropsychologic predictors of supervision level. Design: Prospective longitudinal design, concurrent measurement of neuropsychologic function and supervision level. Setting: Seventeen Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems centers. Participants: A total of 563 adults tested at 1 year postinjury; and a subgroup of 452 studied for neuropsychologic function in the absence of impairment in mobility or basic self-care, as assessed by high FIM[trade ] instrument motor scores. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure: Supervision level measured by scores on Supervision Rating Scale (SRS). Results: Two thirds (69%) of the sample was rated as independent of supervision. Participants without significant dysfunction on motor FIM were grouped into supervision groups differing in intensity of time commitment from caregiver (independent, moderate supervision, heavy supervision). In univariate analyses, groups differed on demographic variables (education, race, productivity prior to injury), duration of altered consciousness, and all but 1 neuropsychologic measure. A binomial regression model (complementary log-log model) revealed that supervision at 1 year was predicted by education and scores on the Trail Making Test Part B and digits backward. Conclusions: Findings confirm the importance of preinjury status and measures of working memory and cognitive flexibility in predicting functional independence after TBI. The SRS appears prone to ceiling effects in persons followed prospectively after moderate to severe TBI. [copy ] 2003 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Substance P and mitochondrial oxygen consumption: evidence for a direct intracellular role for the peptide.

Abstract Substance P (SP), a member of the tachykinin group of peptides, has been shown to augment the sensory discharge of the carotid body, an oxygen sensing chemoreceptor. In this study we present evidence that the excitatory effect of SP, in part, could arise from a direct effect of the peptide on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Measurement of the partition coefficient of SP showed that the peptide has a relatively high apolar partition, which could be consistent with its distribution across lipid bilayers and in intracellular organelles. In addition, the effects of three concentrations of SP were tested on oxygen consumption of mitochondria isolated from rat hearts. The results showed that while the lower concentration of the peptide (0.5 μM) did not affect O 2 consumption, higher concentrations, i.e., 1 and 2 μM, enhanced the rate of state 4 respiration by 52 and 64%, respectively. The rate of state 3 respiration, on the other hand, was unaltered with 0.5 and 1 μM, and was only slightly decreased with 2 μM of the peptide. The ADP:O ratio was unaffected by any concentrations of SP tested. The peptide-induced effect on state 4 respiration was even more pronounced with glutamate as a respiratory substrate and in presence of K plus in the medium. These results indicate that SP, in addition to its more accepted role as a neurotransmitter or modulator in the carotid body, may elicit intracellular response by interfering directly with oxidative phosphorylation.
Ecology of Bacteria Colonizing the Burned Patient Given Topical and Systemic Gentamicin Therapy: A Five-Year Study

Experience over a five-year period with 99 patients treated with gentamicin has been evaluated and the influence of this antibiotic upon invasive sepsis of burn wounds determined. The indications for systemic therapy were: established septicemia due to gram-negative bacteria, invasive sepsis of the burn wound, and resistant pulmonary and urinary infections. When a schedule of dosage of 3 mg/kg per 24 hr was maintained, no oto- or nephrotoxicity was demonstrated. While no resistance of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms developed, an alarming increase in the number of pathogenic yeasts, namely, Candida albicans, was noted. When the use of different chemotherapeutic regimens was rotated, gentamicin was noted to be an effective topical agent and permitted earlier closure of the burn wound than did mafenide (Sulfamylon), silver nitrate, or silver sulfadiazine. While bacterial resistance to gentamicin has been demonstrated in centers where gentamicin has been used exclusively for long periods of time, this experience shows that gentamicin is a safe and effective antibiotic for the treatment of sepsis of the bum wound, when administered for specific systemic and topical indications. Sepsis of burn wounds is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients sustaining major bums. Attempts to prevent and control sepsis continue to result in the development of more refined principles of aseptic and antiseptic care for the burned patient. Even with the advent of specific antibiotic therapy for contaminants of burn wounds, the threat of infection of the burn wound has not been eliminated. Distinct patterns of infection have evolved during the past 25 years and have consisted of resistant gram-positive, gram-negative, and now, pathogenic yeast infections [1], all life-threatening in nature. Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, has contributed to the evolutionary pattern of burnwound sepsis by its ability to control infections caused by resistant gram-negative bacteria. The control of sepsis of the burn wound depends upon the creation of primary and secondary lines of defense for the burned patient. The primary lines of defense are concerned with the control of surface contamination and the secon
Evaluation of the Nanosphere Verigene BC-GN Assay for Direct Identification of Gram-Negative Bacilli and Antibiotic Resistance Markers from Positive Blood Cultures and Potential Impact for More-Rapid Antibiotic Interventions

ABSTRACT The Verigene BC-GN assay correctly identified all 51 Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) from positive blood cultures and all 14 carbapenemase enzymes tested. The assay gave organism identification (ID) results an average of 24 h faster compared to conventional identifications. Medical management could have been modified for 31.8% of patients an average 33 h sooner. In conclusion, the BC-GN assay is a very accurate, rapid assay which would allow for more-immediate medical management decisions in patients with bacteremia from GNB.
Potentiation of Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation by Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are potent endothelium-derived vasodilators formed from cytochrome P-450 metabolism of arachidonic acid. EETs and their diol products (DHETs) are also avidly taken up by endothelial cells and incorporated into phospholipids that participate in signal transduction. To investigate the possible functional significance of EET and DHET incorporation into cell lipids, we examined the capacity of EETs and DHETs to relax porcine coronary arterial rings and determined responses to bradykinin (which potently activates endothelial phospholipases) before and after incubating the rings with these eicosanoids. 14,15-EET and 11,12-EET (5 mumol/L) produced 75 +/- 9% and 52 +/- 4% relaxation, respectively, of U46619-contracted rings, whereas 8,9-EET and 5,6-EET did not produce significant relaxation. The corresponding DHET regioisomers produced comparable relaxation responses. Preincubation with 14,15-EET, 11,12-EET, 14,15-DHET, and 11,12-DHET augmented the magnitude and duration of bradykinin-induced relaxation, whereas endothelium-independent relaxations to aprikalim and sodium nitroprusside were not potentiated. Pretreatment with 2 mumol/L triacsin C (an inhibitor of acyl coenzyme A synthases) inhibited [3H]14,15-EET incorporation into endothelial phospholipids and blocked 11,12-EET- and 14,15-DHET-induced potentiation of relaxation to bradykinin. Exposure of [3H]14,15-EET-labeled endothelial cells to the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (2 mumol/L) resulted in a 4-fold increased release of EET and DHET into the medium. We conclude that incorporation of EETs and DHETs into cell lipids results in potentiation of bradykinin-induced relaxation in porcine coronary arteries, providing the first evidence that incorporated EETs and DHETs are capable of modulating vascular function.
Sexual Power: Feminism and the Family in America

Since the early 1970s, scholars have argued, defined, and refined a wide range of interpretations of American women's lives. Despite the richness of the recent literature, few interpretations sufficiently credit women's family and sexual experiences for the emergence of feminism and the construction of pro-family agendas. Thus, Johnston's approach offers an opportunity to view the history of feminism and the family from a fresh perspective. Much of the literature on feminism has focused on women's oppression and victimisation, rather than on the power that women historically have exerted. Johnston's interpretation of American feminism differs from previous works because she argues that the gradual growth of feminist consciousness lies not simply in oppression or feelings of victimisation, but paradoxically in a growing sense of the empowerment of women as wives and mothers. She traces how reproduction, sexuality, domesticity, and motherhood have been socially constructed, and examines how feminists and anti-feminists have fought on the terrain of "family" issues. Johnston explores critical questions concerning American women's sexual lives. How have women's empowering experiences in the family shaped feminist consciousness and action? How have feminists confronted family issues? How have feminists confronted family issues? How have women exerted sexual power? How was it contained within the limits of patriarchal society at some times, while at the other times it fuelled the fires of feminist rebellion? How have gender and class issues affected domestic politics and feminism?
Raman spectroscopic studies of ligand-protein interactions: the binding of methyl orange by bovine serum albumin.

Abstract Laser Raman spectroscopy has been shown to provide a new approach for studying small molecule-protein interactions by vibrational spectroscopy. An important feature is that ordinary water solutions at pH values near 7 and low ligand concentrations (∼10 −5 molar) can be employed. Its use depends on ligands which yield intensity enhanced Raman spectra and is illustrated in a study of the interaction of methyl orange with bovine serum albumin.
Nonperturbative many-body physics in the open bosonic string.

We use covariant string field theory to explore many-body string physics. A candidate nonperturbative vacuum is identified via a level-truncation scheme. The breaking of internal and Lorentz symmetries is investigated. We show that tree-level string physics exhibits similarities to loop-level particle physics. The effective string coupling runs at tree level, inducing asymptotic freedom. This is a feature of any string theory. The running coupling has significant effects on the spectrum in the nonperturbative vacuum, including the disappearance of states.
Incomplete global cerebral ischemia alters platelet biology in neonatal and adult sheep

Platelets are implicated as etiologic agents in cerebral ischemia and as modulators of neural injury following an ischemic insult. We examined the effects of severe, transient global ischemia on platelet aggregation during 45-min ischemia and 30-, 60-, and 120-min reperfusion in adult and neonatal lambs. We also examined postischemic platelet deposition in brain and other tissues (120-min reperfusion) using indium-111-labeled platelets. Ischemic cerebral blood flow fell to 5 +/- 1 and 5 +/- 2 ml.min-1.100 g-1 in lambs and sheep, respectively. During ischemia, platelet counts fell to 47.5 +/- 5.1% of control (P < 0.05) in lambs and 59 +/- 4.9% of control in sheep (P < 0.05). Ischemia depressed platelet aggregation response (P < 0.01) to 4 micrograms collagen in lambs and sheep (20.4 +/- 29.2 and 26 +/- 44.7% of control, respectively). Marked platelet deposition occurred in brain and spleen in sheep, whereas significant platelet entrapment occurred only in brain in lambs. Our findings suggest that ischemia causes platelet activation and deposition in brain and noncerebral tissues.
Preferential trade areas, multinational enterprises, and welfare

. The effects of preferential trade areas (PTAs) on the investments by multinational enterprises and their implications for the welfare of members and non-members are studied in a model with two types of firms: national firms and multinational firms. In the presence of multinational activity PTAs can create new investment as well as divert investment from non-members to members. Both affect the welfare of members positively. More interestingly, if the investment creation effect of a PTA is sufficiently strong, then the PTA could be welfare enhancing for non-members as well. JEL classification: F2, L1 Aires preferentielles de commerce, entreprises plurinationales, et bien-etre. On etudie les effets des aires preferentielles de commerce (APC) sur les investissements par les entreprises plurinationales et leurs implications pour le bien-etre des pays membres et non membres a l’aide d’un modele ou l’on retrouve deux genres d’entreprises : les entreprises nationales et plurinationales. Quand des operations plurinationales existent, les APC peuvent creer de nouveaux investissements mais aussi deplacer certains investissements des pays non membres vers les pays membres. Ces deux effets affectent le niveau de bien-etre des pays membres positivement. Il est interessant de noter que si l’effet de creation d’investissements d’une APC est suffisamment puissant, l’APC peut entrainer une augmentation du niveau de bien-etre des pays non membres.
Oxidation of aromatic amines by peroxidase at pH 14

Abstract Horseradish peroxidase catalyzes the peroxidation of p-anisidine and other aromatic amines at pH 14. Sensitivity to KCN and thermal inactivation are characteristic of classical heme-enzyme catalysis.
Silicon-to-steel bonding using rapid thermal annealing

This paper presents the rapid, low-temperature bonding between silicon and steel using the rapid thermal annealing process. Three different thin-film adhesion layer systems including silver, gold, and nickel were utilized as the intermediate bonding material to assist the eutectic Pb/Sn bonding between silicon and steel. The bonding temperature was set at 220/spl deg/C for 20 s, with a 20-s ramp-up time. Five experiments were conducted to determine the strength of the bond, including static tensile and compressive four-point bend tests, axial extension tests, tensile bending fatigue tests, and corrosion resistance tests. The test results have shown that the gold adhesion layer is the most robust, demonstrating minimal creep during fatigue tests, no delamination during the tensile or compressive four-point bend tests, and acceptable strength during the axial extension tests. Additionally, all adhesion layers have withstood four months of submersion in various high-temperature solutions and lubricants without failure. Simulations of the axial stresses and strains that developed during the four-point bend and axial extension tests were performed and showed that the presence of the silicon die provides a local reinforcement of the bond as observed in the experimental tests.
In a Bowl: Practicing Anthropology in the Public Realm

: Niel Tashima and Elizabeth Briody are contributing editors of “Anthropology Works,” the AAA Committee on Practicing, Applied and Public Interest Anthropology column in Anthropology News. Keywords: Southwestern Association for Indian Arts, Santa Fe Indian Market, Native Americans
Midline crossing by gustatory receptor neuron axons is regulated by fruitless, doublesex and the Roundabout receptors

Although nervous system sexual dimorphisms are known in many species, relatively little is understood about the molecular mechanisms generating these dimorphisms. Recent findings in Drosophila provide the tools for dissecting how neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation are modulated by the Drosophila sex-determination regulatory genes to produce nervous system sexual dimorphisms. Here we report studies aimed at illuminating the basis of the sexual dimorphic axonal projection patterns of foreleg gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs): only in males do GRN axons project across the midline of the ventral nerve cord. We show that the sex determination genes fruitless (fru) and doublesex (dsx) both contribute to establishing this sexual dimorphism. Male-specific Fru (FruM) acts in foreleg GRNs to promote midline crossing by their axons, whereas midline crossing is repressed in females by female-specific Dsx (DsxF). In addition, midline crossing by these neurons might be promoted in males by male-specific Dsx (DsxM). Finally, we (1) demonstrate that the roundabout (robo) paralogs also regulate midline crossing by these neurons, and (2) provide evidence that FruM exerts its effect on midline crossing by directly or indirectly regulating Robo signaling.
Sleep researchers need to bring Darwin on board: elucidating functions of sleep via adaptedness and natural selection.

The development of neural multifunctionality – given brain regions carrying out more than one function – conferred great efficiency on brain function at early stages of evolution. This applied to animals that led relatively simple lives with few needs for long-term memories, such as many lower invertebrates – many molluscs, echinoderms, worms, etc. As more complex lifestyles and detailed focal vision evolved, needs for self-initiated and reflexive activities increased in frequency, and recognition of many locales, conspecifics, and other forms of life became essential. These developments were accompanied by greatly expanded needs for neural processing supporting sensory and motor activities, and establishing and storing long-term memories. Since these categories of neural processing occur in largely overlapping brain regions, brain functioning would have become increasingly maladaptive, had the evolution of these more complex lifestyles not been accompanied by compensating adaptations that obviated these potentially conflicting brain activities. These adaptations consisted of: first, restful waking; second, primitive sleep; and finally, fully developed sleep, with its specialized rapid-eye-movement and non-rapid-eye-movement states, that contribute to the maintenance of great efficiency of brain function. The only animals with detailed focal vision that can achieve highly efficient brain function without sleep, are those in which demands on memory processing are greatly reduced in consequence of routine, monotonous, almost purely reflexive lifestyles, with few needs for acquiring experiential long-term memories. The best known animals in this non-sleeping category are tunas and many sharks.
The lactogenic response of mouse mammary explants to mouse prolactin and growth hormone.

The lactogenic response of mouse mammary explants to mouse prolactin (mPRL) and mouse growth hormone (mGH) was studied. Mouse mammary explants were cultured, in a defined medium, in the presence of varying concentrations of either mPRL or mGH and the rate of 3H amino acid incorporation into casein was measured. The lactogenic activity of mPRL was compared with that of ovine prolactin (oPRL) and found to be directly comparable. MGH, when compared to oPRL, was found to be less active in stimulating casein synthesis.
AEROSPACE INITIATIVES IN ROBOTICS RESEARCH

Thls paper sunmarlzes results to date of a robotlcs research program at The Aerospace Corporatlon. There ls an lnterest In the development of advanced robotlcs control concepts for flexlble automatlon In both terrestrlal and space appllcatlons. As a part of the robotlcs research actlvlty, an off-llne robot programlng capablllty was developed In a computer-alded englneerlng faclllty. The dlrect and lnverse klnematlcs of the robot, spllne flt trajectory smoothlng, and torque calculatlons for path valldatlon are an lntegral part of that capablllty. A dynamlcs-contr ol slmulatlon test bed has been developed. and has been used to valldate a number of advanced robotlcs control technlques. Addltlonal areas of l nterest and research actlvlty lnvolve t he use of computer vlslon In posltlon control. t he use of force feedback ln hybrld posltlon/force control schemes, and the development of an LQR for a compllant. planar mantpulator. The results of these efforts wlll be descrlbed.
False positive and false negative reactions encountered in the use of sulfite test strips for the detection of sulfite-treated foods

The reliability of a qualitative test for sulfites in foods (Sulfitest sulfite test strips) was evaluated by comparison of the results obtained from the analysis of 90 food and beverage samples to results obtained by the quantitative, modified Monier-Williams method (the preferred procedure for sulfite analysis in foods of the Food and Drug Administration). The results obtained with the sulfite test strips compared favorably to the results of the Monier-Williams procedure when the sulfite test strips were used on sulfite-treated lettuce and raw or cooked potatoes. However, the strips yielded many false negative and false positive results with other types of foods. False positive results (strips indicated a substantial amount of sulfite when sulfite was not detectable by the Monier-Williams method) were obtained with fin fish, red meats, and poultry. False negative results (strips indicated the absence of sulfites when sulfite was detected at levels greater than 10 ppm total sulfur dioxide by the Monier-Williams method) were obtained with dried fruits and wines under certain conditions of testing. The false negative responses with the test strips may result in the hazardous consumption of foods with high levels of sulfites, such as dried fruit or wine, by a sulfite-sensitive individual. The false positive responses would not be hazardous but could lead sensitive individuals to avoid foods that could be safely consumed. Although the strips may be useful for the detection of sulfites in certain foods, such as lettuce and potatoes, their use by sulfite-sensitive individuals cannot be recommended because of the confusion and potential hazards posed by the false negative and false positive responses.
Flowfield of a Two-Dimensional Forward-Facing Cavity

*† ‡ Results of an experimental investigation of flow field of a two-dimensional forward-facing cavity are reported. Flow visualization using hydrogen bubbles revealed a topology dominated by the formation of cellular vortical structures, detached primary singular point, impinging jet like regions and end wall vortices. PIV measurements indicated a strong influence of cavity aspect ratio and Reynolds number on the flow topology. Average value of the wake Strouhal number was found to be 0.21 and remained insensitive to the changes in aspect ratio. Analysis of power spectra revealed upstream propagation of wake disturbances well inside the cavity. Periodic ejection of large vertical structures from the cavity and corresponding fluid entrainment mechanism were found to be closely related to the wake shedding and proximity of secondary structures to the cavity base.
Optimization design of cascaded classifiers

We present two optimization algorithms for the design of a cascade of classifiers, which is becoming a popular choice for many classification problems. Both algorithms represent each node classifier of a cascade using a high-level abstraction model and attempt to jointly optimize the setting of the thresholding parameters of all the node classifiers within the cascade. We applied both algorithms to optimize the famous Viola and Jones face detector and one of them in particular greatly improved the performance. We believe both algorithms can serve as a useful post-processing process for general cascaded classifier design.
Shape from depth discontinuities under orthographic projection

We present a new method for reconstructing the 3-D surface of an opaque object from the motion of its depth discontinuities, when viewed under orthographic projection as the object undergoes rigid rotation on a turntable. A novel shape completion scheme is introduced to fill in gaps in the recovered surface, which would otherwise be impossible to reconstruct from the motion of the depth discontinuities alone. To verify the basic theory, we construct a large-format orthographic multi-flash camera capable of recovering the depth discontinuities using controlled illumination. We analyze the limitations of multi-flash depth edge detection using orthographic imaging with both point sources and directional illumination. We conclude by considering future applications for the shape completion scheme and the specialized hardware introduced in this work.
Hypertension in Women: Current Understanding of Gender Differences

High blood pressure is a major individual and publichealth issue because of its wide prevalence and associated complications. More women than men have hypertension, but until recently, women have been relatively underrepresented in clinical trials. Gender differences in the physiology, genetics, and treatment benefit of hypertension have been noted in several studies that have included women. These findings have raised concerns about the generalizability of the results of previous investigations to women. The currently available information regarding gender differences and similarities and the results of hypertension treatment trials in women are reviewed herein. These studies suggest that, although gender differences exist, women benefit significantly when they receive therapy to normalize blood pressure.
Breakdown and self-focusing effects in gases produced by means of a single-mode ruby laser

Using a passively Q -switched ruby laser, operating in a single axial and transverse mode, sparks produced in a number of gases at pressures ranging from 760 to 9000 mmHg have been studied. Breakdown threshold measurements for both single and multimode laser radiation have been made and in addition, the characteristics of the sparks produced with single-mode radiation have been investigated. Photography at 90° of the scattered laser light showed the existence of scattering regions with transverse dimensions not exceeding the 5-μ resolution of the optical system. Furthermore, a large amount of laser light is scattered in the forward direction. The intensity, angular distribution, and spectral characteristics of this scattered radiation have been determined. Various possible mechanisms that could account for these phenomena are discussed, and it is concluded that self-focusing of the laser beam after the initiation of the breakdown process may be occurring.