cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity of aquaporin-4 localization and expression after focal cerebral ischemia underlies differences in white versus grey matter swelling

Ischemic stroke, a major cause of mortality, is frequently accompanied by life-threatening cerebral edema. Aquaporin-4 (Aqp4), an astrocytic transmembrane water channel, is an important molecular contributor to cerebral edema formation. Past studies of Aqp4 expression and localization after ischemia examined grey matter exclusively. However, as white matter astrocytes differ developmentally, physiologically, and molecularly from grey matter astrocytes, we hypothesized that functionally important regional heterogeneity exists in Aqp4 expression and subcellular localization following cerebral ischemia. Subcellular localization of Aqp4 was compared between cortical and white matter astrocytes in postmortem specimens of patients with focal ischemic stroke versus controls. Subcellular localization and expression of Aqp4 was examined in rats subjected to experimental stroke. Volumetric analysis was performed on the cortex and white matter of rats subjected to experimental stroke. Following cerebral ischemia, cortical astrocytes exhibited reduced perivascular Aqp4 and unchanged Aqp4 protein abundance. In contrast, white matter astrocytes exhibited increased perivascular and plasmalemmal Aqp4 and a 2.2- to 6.2-fold increase in Aqp4 isoform abundance. Ischemic white matter swelled by approximately 40 %, while cortex swelled by approximately 9 %. The findings reported here raise the possibility that cerebral white matter may play a heretofore underappreciated role in the formation of cerebral edema following ischemia.
Efficient Synthesis of Bromides from Carboxylic Acids Containing a Sensitive Functional Group: Dec‐9‐Enyl Bromide from 10‐Undecenoic Acid

Efficient synthesis of bromides from carboxylic acids containing a sensitive functional group: dec-9-enyl bromide from 10-undecenoic acid intermediate: N-(10-Undecenoyloxy)pyridine-2-thione (3) product: dec-9-enyl bromide reactant: 10-Undecenoic acid was purchased from the Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc. Keywords: acylation; decarboxylation; esterification, unsubstituted monobasic acids; replacement reactions, miscellaneous
Inadequate Breast Feeding and Jaundice

In Reply.— Dr Newman suggests that jaundice may be a symptom of inadequate breast-feeding and that the correct treatment of this problem is to encourage increased breast-feeding, rather than interrupting it. Although there are no studies which definitively demonstrate the cause and effect relationship between inadequate breast-feeding and hyperbilirubinemia, I agree with Dr Newman that a rational, common-sense approach would be to encourage early and frequent breast-feeding. Supplementation of breast milk with devices such as that described by Dr Auerbach also makes sense to me.
Dietary Pyrroloquinoline Quinone: Growth and Immune Response in BALB/c Mice

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is proposed as a nutritionally important growth factor, and we provide evidence that PQQ improves reproduction performance in BALB/c mice and stimulates neonatal growth. In the first experiment, weanling female BALB/c mice were adapted to a chemically-defined diet containing 0, 100, 200, 300, 1000, or 5000 ng PQQ/g of diet. The mice were bred and their reproductive performance and surviving offspring were assessed for 20-wk. Reproductive outcome was markedly compromised for the groups most deprived of PQQ. Supplemented groups (> or = 1000 ng PQQ/g diet) had 8 pups/litter compared with 4-5 pups/litter in the PQQ-deprived groups ( or = 300 ng PQQ/g diet) compared with 4 of 10 in the PQQ/deficient group. The apparent requirement for PQQ for optimal growth of surviving neonates was estimated to be > or = 300 ng PQQ/g of diet. Moreover, splenic cell response to the mitogens concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide, appeared related to PQQ intake. In a second experiment, female BALB/c mice were fed diets containing PQQ added at 0 or 1000 ng/g of diet, and interleukin 1 and 2 production were assessed. In particular, levels of interleukin 2, an autocrine and paracrine growth factor, were reduced in mice fed the deficient diet at a time when T-cell proliferation occurs in neonates. Results suggest that PQQ or similar compounds may play nutritionally important roles at critical stages in development.
On the Theory of the Inelastic Scattering of Electrons by Helium Atoms

The familiar relationship between the optical properties of an atom and its cross sections for inelastic electron collisions can provide a valuable criterion for the validity of such cross sections. A method of exploiting this relationship is explained and then illustrated by application to two transitions of helium (transitions to the 2 1P state, and to the ionization limit), thereby correcting erroneous cross sections of long standing in the literature. Other applications are suggested, and a general proposal for obtaining more accurate cross sections is advanced.
A SPACE–TIME FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR ELASTO-PLASTIC SHOCK DYNAMICS

Abstract A space–finite element method (STFEM) for elastoplastic dynamic analysis is proposed in this paper. A weak form of the governing equation which corresponds to the conservation of impulse-momentum (the shock-momentum equation) is established, based on which STFEM equations are derived. A family of linear temporal shape functions is studied, which for linear elasticity, the ensuing STFEM algorithm is equivalent to the Newmark algorithm with γ=0·5. Rate-dependent plasticity is incorporated into the model. As a numerical example, a cantilever beam under shock loading is analyzed. The results show that the propagation of shock waves is drastically slowed down by the presence of plasticity. Also, because the plastic deformation tends to be localized in the vicinity of the impact, a full transient analysis is essential, in order to accurately determine the locations of the plastic hinges.
Placental and uterine pathology in women undergoing peripartum hysterectomy

OBJECTIVE To estimate if peripartum hysterectomies performed for intractable uterine atony have pathologic findings consistent with infection more often than those hysterectomies performed for other indications. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study of all consecutive peripartum hysterectomies at our institution from 1988 to 2009. Scheduled cesarean hysterectomies were excluded. Maternal, fetal, and pathologic data were obtained by medical record review. Pathologic evaluation was performed for each specimen per a standardized protocol. Patients undergoing hysterectomy for uterine atony were compared with those requiring hysterectomy for another indication. Pearson's χ and Student's t test were used for analysis. RESULTS Of 324,654 deliveries during the study period, 558 (1.7%) women underwent emergent peripartum hysterectomies; 190 (34%) were for intractable uterine atony. Those requiring hysterectomy for uterine atony were more likely to be at term (87% compared with 62%), have clinical chorioamnionitis (19% compared with 6%), and have longer labors (8 hours compared with 2.5 hours). Certain placental pathologic findings were significantly more common in the atony group, including chorioamnionitis, umbilical vasculitis, chorionic plate vasculitis, and funisitis. Acute endometritis and cervicitis were also more common in the atony group. Conversely, abnormal placental implantation (37% compared with 8%) and leiomyomas (21% compared with 8%) were significantly more common in the group requiring hysterectomy for other indications. CONCLUSION Patients requiring emergent peripartum hysterectomies as a result of intractable uterine atony are more likely to have clinical and pathologic findings consistent with acute inflammation and infection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
Local and distal origin of sands in the Hatteras Abyssal Plain

Abstract Quartz-grain shape analysis and SEM imagery of Pleistocene sediment in the northern and central Hatteras Abyssal Plain indicates two sources for very fine sand in the plain. The first source contributed a diagnostic suite of relatively well-rounded grains with many silica-solution and precipitation features on the surface, indicating their derivation from pedologic environments such as the soils of the southeastern U.S. Piedmont and coastal plain. The second source was apparently a glacially affected terrain, as evidenced by the plethora of irregularly shaped quartz grains with conchoidal fracture features. One of the known sources for sediment in the Hatteras Abyssal Plain is the Hatteras Canyon System (Elmore et al., 1979), which drains part of the continental margin of the southeastern U.S. Not surprisingly, an analysis of 29 samples in the Black Shell Turbidite (Elmore et al., 1979), a deposit of known Hatteras Canyon origin, showed that their sands were composed predominantly (73–97%) of the well-rounded grains of the first source and none of the grains of the second source. Thus, the presence of high proportions of well-rounded very fine sand grains was considered to be indicative of sediment transported into the basin via the Hatteras Canyon System. Sixteen other sand layers, all confined to an area within 150 km of the mouth of the Hatteras Canyon, also contained high proportions of this sand type, and hence were attributed to Hatteras Canyon turbidity currents. Eastward and southward of this area, however, very fine sand grains produced in glacially affected areas predominated in all the sand layers sampled (except the Black Shell Turbidite). It is apparent from this study, therefore, that the sand supplied to the northern and central Hatteras Abyssal Plain was brought into the basin not only via the Hatteras Canyon System, as has been shown by Elmore et al. (1979), but from other, more northern canyon systems as well. Likely candidates for these northern transport paths include the Wilmington Canyon System, which was supplied with sediment by the ancestral Hudson River in the Pleistocene (Kelling et al., 1975), the Hudson Canyon System (Horn et al., 1971), and possibly canyon systems further north (Pratt, 1968).
National Quality Indicators: A World View.

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the issue of national quality indicators based partially on a synthesis of the informed judgements of a number of respondents from throughout the world. With the assistance of Fran Ottobre and Bryan Dockrell, eighteen members of the International Association for Educational Assessment (IAEA) provided comments on the topic of quality indicators. Responses were received from Europe. Africa, Asia, South America and the Middle East. These comments are considered within the context of selected literature on national quality indicators as well as the observations of the author.
SUSCEPTIBILITIES, LOCAL FIELD, AND POLARITONS IN NONLINEAR OPTICS: A UNIFYING ThEORY

A general scheme is presented for calculating the nonlinear optical response in condensed phases which provides a unified picture of excitons, polaritons, retardation and local field effects in crystals and in disordered systems. From a fully microscopic starting point we show that the traditional approach of applying response theory to the material system perturbed by the external field, is justified if retardation is neglected. For the case of strong retardation effects, we propose a new procedure to evaluate optical response, based on a hierarchy of equations of motion for polaritons.
Effects of reverberation on acceptable noise level measurements in younger and older adults.

AbstractAcceptable noise level (ANL) test materials were digitally modified to create five reverberant conditions by applying different values of reverberation time (RT) to a non-reverberant condition (RT = 0, 0.4, 0.7, 1.2, and 2 s). Two groups of 12 subjects participated: younger individuals (22–29 years, M = 24.3) and older adults (50–69 years, M = 57.5). Mean hearing threshold levels (250 to 8000 Hz) for both groups were 30 dB HL or better. Most comfortable listening level (MCL) and background noise level (BNL) measurements were completed in each reverberant condition, and from these measurements, ANLs were calculated. Significant main effects for age and reverberation were not found for ANL or MCL. These results suggest that reverberation does not affect the amount of background noise individuals are willing to accept, or the level of speech individuals choose as the MCL. These results can be used by clinical audiologists to counsel patients regarding the use of communication strategies. Additionally...
Adsorption of zinc 3,3-dimethylacrylate and 3,3-dimethylacrylic acid on hydroxyapatite from solution: Reversibility and variability of isotherms

Abstract Adsorption of zinc 3,3-dimethylacrylate, a compound specifically prepared to act as a coupling agent between bone or tooth mineral and a prosthetic resin, was studied from ethanol onto synthetic hydroxyapatite at room temperature. The adsorption isotherms are irreversible and Langmuirian and vary with the volume of solution when the amount of adsorbent is kept constant. The adsorption remains constant if the same amounts of solute and adsorbent are used in different volumes of solution. Similar results were obtained for 3,3-dimethylacrylic acid adsorbed from dichloromethane solution. It may be deduced from their adsorptive behavior that it is an effective interaction of the solute and not the solvent with the adsorbed molecules that controls the adsorption equilibria. The adsorbed amounts of the salt or the acid at maximum adsorption, as derived from the Langmuir plots for different isotherms, remain constant for each adsorbate, but the heat terms are directly proportional to the volumes of the solution. The latter fact is explained by a simple analysis of the Langmuirian isotherm and the partition function of free translational motion of a molecule in a shared space. The tensile strength of a polymer composite containing hydroxyapatite as a filler is not affected whether the apatite is coated with the solutes or not.
Widely tunable narrow-line RF source based on modulation sideband injection-locked lasers

We have developed and demonstrated a photonic RF source architecture with a tuning range of more than 7 octaves. It is based on the photomixing of a pair of tuned lasers. Narrow linewidth is obtained by modulating one laser with a reference signal and injection seeding the other with a harmonic sideband. Tuning is accomplished by selecting a specific sideband, i.e. a particular harmonic of the drive signal, for injection locking, combined with tuning the modulator drive signal. In this paper we discuss the operation of the system and present experimental results characterizing its performance. We also discuss planned improvements to the system, including the implementation of low-noise VCOs for the reference signal, and increased RF signal power through the use of high-performance photodiode detectors.
Devonian tioga tuff in Northeastern United States

The Tioga Bentonite ranges from a coarse crystal tuff to a tuffaceous shale enclosed in marine strata. It originally was deposited over the entire northeastern United States during the Middle Devonian. Trends in grain size, thickness, and numbers of preserved ash layers indicate a source volcano in west-central or central Virginia.
Review of The Instructional Design Knowledge Base: Theory, Research, and Practice

The Instructional Design Knowledge Base: Theory, Research, and Practice by Rita C. Richey, James D. Klein, and Monica W. Tracey describes the instructional design knowledge base and further provides a taxonomy to frame the elements and related theories, thus approaching ID from both a practical and scholarly perspective. Geared toward the graduate student or scholar and not for the novice in its extensive explanations and source citations, the text should be required reading for all students of instructional design. Concepts are explained clearly and succinctly with well-organized chapters that provide headings and subheadings with introductions and transitional cues. The historical development and current research of each theory and model is well documented, and the references list alone would serve as a helpful reference for the student of instructional design. Scholars of ID will also find thought-provoking the suggestions for future research at the end of each chapter.
An Improved Assay for Measurement of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Biological Tissues

While the L-arginine conversion assay has been utilized to measure nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in isolated enzyme and pure cell preparations, this method often fails to provide accurate measurements in whole tissues. Biological tissues contain variable amounts of unlabeled substrate and enzymes are present which can compete for substrate or independently form the product L-citrulline. NOS-independent conversion of radiolabeled L-arginine to L-citrulline occurs due to arginase- and ornithine transcarbamylase-mediated reactions and this limits the accuracy of this assay for measurement of NOS activity. In heart tissue, NOS-independent L-citrulline formation was observed which could not be blocked by the NOS inhibitor L-NAME but was blocked by the arginase inhibitor L-ornithine. To eliminate the effect of arginase-mediated L-citrulline formation, KCl-washed membrane particulate fractions were obtained by high-speed centrifugation. While arginase-mediated nonspecific activity was 85% concentrated in the cytosol, 93% of NOS activity was localized within the particulate fraction of the heart. The remaining arginase activity found in the crude pellet was mostly removed by a one-step KCl wash purification and when incubation periods of 8 min were utilized specific and accurate measurements of NOS activity were obtained. NOS enzymatic properties were defined for rat heart preparations with a Km of 2.9 microM for L-arginine. All NOS activity detected was calcium-dependent suggesting it originated from the constitutive endothelial isoform. Thus, NOS-independent activity can be largely eliminated from the heart tissue by assaying KCl-washed membrane particulate fractions and this enables accurate quantitation of NOS activity.
Soviet animation and the thaw of the 1960s: not only for children

The Soviet Union excelled in animation, producing a number of animated films and series that have become enduring classics. To this day, the Russian market is flooded with items related to the most...
Iterative character constructions for algebra groups

Abstract We construct a family of orthogonal characters of an algebra group which decompose the supercharacters defined by Diaconis and Isaacs (2008) [6] . Like supercharacters, these characters are given by nonnegative integer linear combinations of Kirillov functions and are induced from linear supercharacters of certain algebra subgroups. We derive a formula for these characters and give a condition for their irreducibility; generalizing a theorem of Otto (2010) [20] , we also show that each such character has the same number of Kirillov functions and irreducible characters as constituents. In proving these results, we observe as an application how a recent computation by Evseev (2010) [7] implies that every irreducible character of the unitriangular group UT n ( q ) of unipotent n × n upper triangular matrices over a finite field with q elements is a Kirillov function if and only if n ⩽ 12 . As a further application, we discuss some more general conditions showing that Kirillov functions are characters, and describe some results related to counting the irreducible constituents of supercharacters.
Bank foreign exchange and interest rate risk management: simultaneous versus separate hedging strategies

Abstract This paper investigates the hedge ratio dynamics for large US banks with exposure to both interest rate and foreign exchange risks. Using a mean–variance framework, the paper evaluates hedging performance when interest rate and foreign exchange risks are hedged separately versus simultaneously. Optimal hedge ratios for separate and simultaneous hedging strategies are estimated using the multivariate GARCH model. The magnitude of separate hedge ratios is found to consistently overstate that of simultaneous hedge ratios for banks that engage in both domestic loan extensions and foreign exchange operations. Both in-sample and out-of-sample results indicate that a simultaneous hedging strategy outperforms a separate hedging strategy. The mean–variance efficiency test results strongly support statistical significance to this finding.
EFFECTS OF SYMPATHECTOMY ON AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT OF SELECTED ENZYMES INCLUDING MAO AND OTHER MITOCHONDRIAL ENZYMES

— Axoplasmic transport in guanethidine sympathectomized and control rats was investigated by monitoring the accumulations of various enzyme activities proximal to a ligature placed on the sciatic nerve. Sympathectomy affected the accumulations of three different mitochondrial enzymes quite differently: the accumulation of monoamine oxidase (MAO, EC 1.4.3.4) activity was inhibited 65% or more, that of hexokinase (HK, EC 2.7.1.1) activity was only inhibited 26%, while accumulation of glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.3) activity was unaffected by Sympathectomy. Accumulation of AChE (EC 3.1.1.7) activity was depressed 40%, but accumulations of the activities of the lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase (acid P'tase, EC 3.1.3.2), and of the cytosolic enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (CAT, EC 2.3.1.6) were unchanged. Despite impressive inhibition of MAO accumulation, the intrinsic activity of this enzyme in sciatic nerve was unaffected by Sympathectomy. The existence in nerve of isozymes of MAO was demonstrated using the inhibitors clorgyline and deprenyl. Transported MAO activity was almost entirely type A; intrinsic activity was 2/3 type A and 1/3 type B. The differential response of the accumulations of the three mitochondrial enzyme activities measured was interpreted to indicate the existence, within neurons, of mitochondria with different enzyme complements.
TU-C-500-01: Evaluating Benefits and Challenges of Multi-Modality Co-Registration

Multi‐imaging modalities has afforded tremendous treatment planning opportunities to better define and delineate tumor volumes, and effectively apply highly conformal targeted therapy techniques such as IMRT and SBRT. With 4D CT imaging providing motion specifc information, PET yielding tumor molecular physiologic imaging, and MRI enhanced soft tissue diffentiation, these multi‐imaging modalities can introduce a comprehensive image of the planned target volumes. However, each of these technological innovations come with limitations specific to each image acquisition modality, and importing these various imaging studies into the planning system requires the employment of image registration tools, and in some case non‐rigid, deformation image registration, in order to successfully delineate tumor and target volumes for planning. This session will present strategies for management of tumor delineation using multi imaging modalities safely and effectively, including an overview of the benefits and pitfalls of tumor volume delineation using 4D CT, PET, MRI, and the various tools of deformation image registration.
Nicotine-substitute gum-induced milk alkali syndrome: a look at unexpected sources of calcium.

Objective: This report describes a 64-year-old woman with recurrent hypercalcemia. Her laboratory evaluation was consistent with milk-alkali syndrome. It was eventually discovered that the source o...
A new method to prevent port dislodgement during laparoscopic surgery

We report a quick, reliable, and inexpensive method of ensuring laparoscopic port position when used in conjunction with a port anchoring device.
Regional Proteoglycan Synthesis in the Sclera of Experimentally Myopic Chicks

Abstract Proteoglycan distribution and synthesis were compared in the sclera of normal and 10-day-form-vision-deprived (myopic) chick eyes using immnnocytochemical, biochemical and autoradiographic techniques. Immunostaining with specific antibodies indicated that decorin is present in both the fibrous and cartilaginous layers of chick sclera, while aggrecan localizes only to the cartilaginous layer. For biochemical analyses of proteoglycan synthesis, sclera were isolated from control and 10-day-form-vision-deprived eyes and radiolabeled in organ culture with 35SO4. Proteoglycan synthesis was significantly increased only within a 6·5-mm-diameter button from the posterior pole of deprived eyes (+ 113%, P = 0·04), while no significant differences were detected in anterior and equatorial regions of control and deprived eyes. Chromatographic analyses of newly synthesized proteoglycans indicated that form-deprivation stimulates the synthesis of a large chondroitin/keratan sulfate proteoglycan (+ 77·47%), eluting at the position of aggrecan, as well as smaller chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate proteoglycans (+91·05%), which coelute with decorin. Autoradiographic analysis of incorporated sulfate indicated that the increase in proteoglycan synthesis observed in the posterior pole of deprived eyes occurs only in the cartilaginous scleral layer. The distributio n of incorporated 35SO4, present over the cartilaginous layer of deprived sclera indicates that proteoglycan synthesis is lowest in scleral cartilage adjacent to the choroid and higher in interstitial regions of posterior cartilaginous sclera as well as in regions near the outer fibrous perichondrium. These results suggest that form-deprivation induced scleral growth in chicks can be attributed to growth and differentiation of scleral cartilage in the posterior pole.
Observing Climate at High Elevations Using United States Climate Reference Network Approaches

The U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) was deployed between 2001 and 2008 for the purpose of yielding high-quality and temporally stable in situ climate observations in pristine environments over the twenty-first century. Given this mission, USCRN stations are engineered to operate largely autonomously with great reliability and accuracy. A triplicate approach is used to provide redundant measurements of temperatureandprecipitationat each location,allowingfor observations at a specifictime tobe comparedfor quality control. This approach has proven to be robust in the most extreme environments, from extreme cold (2498C) to extreme heat (1528C), in areas of heavy precipitation (4700 mm yr 21 ), and in locations impacted by strong winds, freezing rain, and other hazards. In addition to a number of stations enduring extreme winter environments in Alaska and the northern United States, seven of the USCRN stations are located at elevations over 2000 m, including stations on Mauna Loa, Hawaii (3407 m) and on Niwot Ridge above Boulder, Colorado (2996 m). The USCRN temperature instruments and radiation shield have also been installed and run successfully at a station on the Quelccaya Ice Cap in Peru (5670 m). This paper reviews the performance of the USCRN station network during its brief lifetime and the potential utility of its triplicate temperature instrument configuration for measuring climate change at elevation.
Optically powered optoelectronic integrated circuits for optical interconnects

We demonstrate an InP-based optoelectronic integrated logic circuit for use in optical interconnection networks. The electrical power and control of the circuit are provided by optical sources. The logic circuit can be dynamically tuned to operate as an amplifier, a bistable switch and a latch/reset.
Is visual lexical access based on phonological codes? Evidence from a picture-word interference task

The claim that lexical access for visual words is mandatorily mediated by their phonological codes was investigated. Ninety-six subjects performed timed naming responses to pictures while instructed to ignore printed words superimposed on the pictures. Distractor words were either semantically related to the picture label or were homophones of a word semantically related to the picture name. On the basis of the claim that homophones initially activate multiple semantic codes, we hypothesized that the homophone and semantic distractors would yield comparable interference. Picture-word stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was varied between subjects as 0 or +100 msec. For an SOA of 0 msec, semantic interference, but no effect from the homophones, was obtained. For an SOA of +100 msec, no effect was obtained in either condition. In combination, these findings indicate a limited role of phonological codes in visual lexical access. It is suggested that the role of phonology in written word identification may vary dependent on procedure and utility to the task.
Induction of rat granulosa cell steroidogenic enzyme activities and their messenger ribonucleic acids by a splenocyte-derived factor.

Abstract We have previously identified and purified a splenocyte-derived factor (PSF) that stimulates the accumulation of progesterone and 20α-dihydroprogesterone (20α-OH-P) in rat ovarian granulosa cells independently of FSH. In the present study, time course experiments comparing the response to PSF with that to FSH revealed that PSF-stimulated progesterone accumulation was slower than that of FSH, but PSF-stimulated 20α-OH-P accumulation had a time course similar to that of FSH. To determine the basis for the slower progesterone response to PSF, the effect of these two agents on each step of the steroidogenic pathway was assessed. First, to examine whether PSF-stimulated cholesterol mobilization was limiting, cultured granulosa cells were treated with 22( R )-hydroxycholesterol. While both FSH-and PSF-stimulated progesterone and 20α-OH-P accumulation approximately doubled, the overall time courses did not change indicating that cholesterol availability was not the factor limiting the response to PSF. Next, PSF and FSH induction of steroidogenic enzyme activities and messenger RNAs were compared. While FSH-stimulated cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (SCC) activity rapidly increased (peaking at 2 days) and then slowly declined, PSF-stimulated SCC activity gradually increased over 5 days to approximately 35% of the maximal activity stimulated by FSH. PSF also induced slower increases in P450scc mRNA levels than did FSH. In addition, PSF stimulated 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) activity more slowly than did FSH, but after 3 days of culture, PSF-stimulated activity was significantly higher than that induced by FSH. A similar pattern was also observed with 3β-HSD mRNA levels. In contrast, FSH stimulated only minimal increases in 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD), whereas PSF stimulated larger and more rapid increases in 20α-HSD activity, which were maximal by 3 days. These studies indicate that the slower onset of PSF-stimulated progesterone production is due, at least in part, to slower induction of mRNAs for P450scc and 3β-HSD leading to slower increases in the activities of their respective enzymes. Additionally, the higher 20α-OH-P levels produced by PSF may be due to greater induction of 20α-HSD activity.
Arterial specification of endothelial cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells in a biomimetic flow bioreactor.

Endothelial cells (ECs) exist in different microenvironments in vivo, including under different levels of shear stress in arteries versus veins. Standard stem cell differentiation protocols to derive ECs and EC-subtypes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) generally use growth factors or other soluble factors in an effort to specify cell fate. In this study, a biomimetic flow bioreactor was used to subject hiPSC-derived ECs (hiPSC-ECs) to shear stress to determine the impacts on phenotype and upregulation of markers associated with an anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, arterial-like phenotype. The in vitro bioreactor system was able to efficiently mature hiPSC-ECs into arterial-like cells in 24 h, as demonstrated by qRT-PCR for arterial markers EphrinB2, CXCR4, Conexin40 and Notch1, as well protein-level expression of Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD). Furthermore, the exogenous addition of soluble factors was not able to fully recapitulate this phenotype that was imparted by shear stress exposure. The induction of these phenotypic changes was biomechanically mediated in the shear stress bioreactor. This biomimetic flow bioreactor is an effective means for the differentiation of hiPSC-ECs toward an arterial-like phenotype, and is amenable to scale-up for culturing large quantities of cells for tissue engineering applications.
Controlled/“Living” Radical Polymerization of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate Catalyzed by Iron Complexes1

Controlled/“living” radical polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate has been achieved by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) catalyzed by iron halide complexes under both homogene...
Further studies on microbiological ring-expansion of penicillin N.

The rate of microbiological ring-expansion of penicillin N to deacetoxycephalosporin C using protoplast lysates of the antibiotic-negative mutant Cephalosporium acremonium M-0198 has been increased some 70-fold over that of our earlier system. We confirmed the stimulatory effects of FeSO4 and ascorbate described by HOOKet al. (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 87: 258, 1979); the optimum concentrations found were 0.04 mM FeSO4 and 0.67 mM ascorbate. Adenosine triphosphate concentration was lowered to 0.83 mM; phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate kinase were eliminated. The optimum pH and temperature for the reaction were 7.2 and 25°C, respectively. α-Ketoglutarate and MnCl2 showed no marked effect on the reaction, MgSO4 and KCl were mildly stimulatory, and CUSO4 and ZnSO4 were very inhibitory. Penicillin N was optimal at a concentration of 0.07 mM. Specific ring-expansion activity reached its peak 13 hours after growth ceased and then disappeared rapidly.
A theoretical model for site preference of transition metal solutes in Fe3Si

Abstract Augmented plane wave energy-band calculations for nonmagnetic Fe 3 Si show that states above the Fermi energy are associated with a crystallographically different site than the states below. A rigid-level, spin-polarized model based on these results gives both charge transfer and differing moments for the two sites and explains the observed moments, moment changes, and differing preferential site occupation for transition metal solutes to the left and to the right of iron.
OFFSET ANALGESIA: A TEMPORAL CONTRAST MECHANISM FOR NOCICEPTIVE INFORMATION

Temporal filtering of afferent information is an intrinsic component of the processing of numerous types of sensory information. To date, no temporal filtering mechanism has been identified for nociceptive information. The phenomenon of offset analgesia, the disproportionately large decrease in perceived pain following slight decreases in noxious thermal intensity, however, suggests the existence of such a mechanism. To test the hypothesis that a temporal filtering mechanism is engaged during noxious stimulus offset, subjects rated heat pain intensity while stimulus fall rates were varied from -0.5 to -5.0 degrees C/s. In the absence of a temporal filtering mechanism, pain intensity would be expected to decrease in direct proportion to the stimulus fall rate. However, psychophysical fall rates were considerably faster than stimulus fall rates, such that subjects reported no pain while stimulus temperatures were clearly within the noxious range (47.2 degrees C). In addition, paired noxious stimuli were presented simultaneously to determine if offset analgesia evoked by one stimulus could inhibit pain arising from a separate population of primary afferent neurons. Pain ratings were significantly lower than those reported from two constant 49 degrees C stimuli when offset analgesia was induced proximal to, but not distal to, a second noxious stimulus. These asymmetric spatial interactions are not readily explained by peripheral mechanisms. Taken together, these findings indicate that offset analgesia is mediated in part by central mechanisms and reflect a temporal filtering of the sensory information that enhances the contrast of dynamic decreases in noxious stimulus intensity.
Lunar magnetic field: permanent and induced dipole moments.

Apollo 15 subsatellite magnetic field observations have been used to measure both the permanent and the induced lunar dipole moments. Although only an upper limit of 1.3 x 10 to the 18th gauss-cubic centimeters has been determined for the permanent dipole moment in the orbital plane, there is a significant induced dipole moment which opposes the applied field, indicating the existence of a weak lunar ionosphere.
Effect of pressure and tip modification on the dispersion of fluid throughout cells and tissues during the irrigation of experimental wounds.

Abstract It has been found that when a multijet tip is used with the pulsed-lavage device, irrigating fluid is not forced into the surrounding tissue. When a single-orifice tip or a radiant catheter tip is used, however, there is extensive penetration of the liquid, especially at higher delivery pressures. Since pulsed mechanical lavage has been shown to remove more debris from contaminated wounds than can be removed with the rubber-bulb syringe, this device, when equipped with a multijet tip, is recommended for use in modern operating room procedures.
Basic Abdominal Sonography

In this article, a procedural overview of basic abdominal sonography in the average patient is provided. Patient preparation (i.e., fasting) for specific examinations is discussed. Transducer selection on the basis of the body habitus of the patient, as well as the examination to be performed, is reviewed. Use of patient history and communication in decisions regarding the anatomy to be evaluated is discussed. A detailed technical review of scanning techniques to image the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys is also provided.
Tax Problems of Digitized e-Business

Internet commerce involves sales tax, which is under the jurisdiction of the state and local governments. If the seller and buyer don't reside in the same state, the tax analysis can be complicated. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that there must be nexus between the seller and the state before the seller can be required to charge sales tax to the buyer and remit it to the buyer's state of residence. New York's Amazon tax law attempts to use Web site connection as a nexus between the seller and the state. Location of residence becomes critical. But in the digital age product can be transferred from one computer to another, and computers can be located anywhere. Residencies of the buyer and seller may be completely obscured. For international transactions the situation becomes even more complex. This article suggests that sales tax jurisdiction be changed from state and local governments to the federal government.
Disseminated Mycobacteriosis in the Golden Hamster

Summary Spontaneous disseminated mycobacteriosis was observed in a pet golden hamster and grossly characterized by severely enlarged feet and lymph nodes. This enlargement resulted from nonpurulent granulomatous inflammation with intracytoplasmic acid-fast bacteria and Schaumann bodies. Microscopic focal lesions in spleen, liver and lung were of the same type. Mycobacterium chelonei was isolated from the foot lesion. The disease was transmitted to hamsters but not to rats by inoculation of tissue preparation from the foot lesion. Zusammenfassung Disseminierte Mykobakteriose des Goldhamsters Eine spontane, disseminierte Mykobakteriose, die bei einem als Haustier gehaltenen Goldhamster festgestellt wurde, war makroskopisch charakterisiert durch stark vergroserte Pfoten und Lymphknoten. Diese Veranderungen entstanden aufgrund einer nicht-eitrigen granulomatosen Entzundung mit intrazytoplasmatischen saurefesten Stabchen und Schaumann-Korpern. Mikroskopisch kleine Herde in Milz, Leber und Lunge boten das gleiche Bild. Mycobacterium chelonei wurde aus dem Gewebe einer veranderten Pfote isoliert. Diese Krankheit konnte durch Inokulation von Gewebematerial aus einer vergroserten Pfote auf Goldhamster, aber nicht auf Ratten ubertragen werden.
Social technologies and knowledge sharing within and across organizations

This doctoral research empirically investigates the role of various social technologies in informal knowledge sharing practices within and across organizations. Social technologies include both (a) traditional social technologies (e.g., email, phone and instant messengers) and (b) emerging social networking technologies commonly known as social media such as blogs, wikis, major public social networking sites (i.e., Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn), and enterprise social networking technologies employed behind a firewall. Building from sociomateriality research, I study how these social technologies, as a suite of tools, are used in combination. The primary outcome of this research is a more complete conceptualization of the role and value of various social technologies for knowledge sharing in organizational contexts, which still remains understudied within the CSCW arena.
The Impact of Social Media on College Students

AbstractThere are numerous ways, positive and negative, in which social media impact college students. Understanding sheer volume of time and the type of activities for which college students use social networking sites is crucial for higher education administrators. Researchers have begun to empirically examine impacts on students’ well-being and have found some preliminary results that call for more research. They find that social media are not the problem-the problem is the specific use and purpose of social media activities that make the difference.
Quantitative distribution of group A allotypes in normal heterozygous rabbits

Abstract Normal serum samples from rabbits heterozygous for the group a allotypes were studied using a sensitive radioimmunoassay inhibition technique to determine concentrations of immunoglobulin molecules bearing a1, a2, or a3 epitopes. Three groups of sera representing each of the possible group a heterozygous combinations were studied. Results showed quantitative differences in allotype expression manifested by an ordered preponderance of a1 > a3 > a2. These data provide evidence to support theories that regulatory control mechanisms mediate allotype expression.
Generating Test Data with Independently Controllable Features for Multivariate General Linear Forms

Abstract Experiments to assess the performance characteristics, both of statistical methods and of computer programs that implement them, are best performed using test data with controlled statistical and numerical properties. We describe an algorithm for constructing test data for any multivariate linear model that provides complete control (subject only to the requirement of mutual consistency) over the following factors: regression coefficients; regression and residual sums of squares and products matrices; means, standard deviations, and correlations of the independent and dependent variables, residuals, and predicted values; and canonical correlations or multiple correlation. The algorithm permits aspects of the underlying data structure including high-leverage points, outliers, and the residual distribution, to be controlled by specifying the components of the singular-value decompositions of the independent variables, the dependent variables, or the error space. Some features of the generated test ...
On the function of two vitamin K1 molecules in the PS I electron acceptor complex

Various PS I preparations from higher plants and cyanobacteria are found to contain vitamin K1, or phylloquinone, in a stoichiometry of 2 vitamin K1/P700. Extractions of lyophilized PS I preparations with organic solvents led to removal of one molecule of vitamin K1 but conditions have not been established for the removal of the second quinone. The quinone-depleted PS I complex ( ~ 1 vitamin K1/P700) was fully active in transferring electrons at both physiological and cryogenic temperatures, indicating one vitamin K1 molecule was not required for these activities.
Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba invadens: Effects of temperature and oxygen tension on growth and survival

Abstract The temperature ranges for axenic growth of Entamoeba histolytica strain HM-1 and Entamoeba invadens strain 165 clone II in TYI-S-33 medium were: 32 to 40 C for E. histolytica with an optimum of 35.5 to 37 C; whereas the range for E. invadens 165 II was 20 to 30 C, optimum 24 to 27 C. Growth of strain HM-1 at 40 C was dependent upon the cell density of the culture used as a source of the inoculum. Clonal growth in agar was used to assay survival of Entamoeba spp. trophozoites after exposure to deleterious physical conditions. The lowest temperature for thermal killing of E. histolytica HM-1 was 41.5 C and for E. invadens 165, 35.5 C. Both were killed rapidly at 42 C, but slowly at 0 C. Killing of E. histolytica HM-1 trophozoites by exposure to increased oxygen tensions was a function of temperature and time. At 24 C and 35.5 C, there was little loss of viability during the first 7 hr exposure, then killing was quite rapid. The cells were killed sooner if the medium was preexposed to air. In contrast, at 0 C there was less killing by oxygen. E. invadens 165 II appeared to be more oxygen sensitive at 24 than at 0 C. Other E. histolytica strains tested were similar to HM-1 in their responses to temperature and air.
Decomposition of irradiated persimmon leaves

Abstract The decomposition rate of leaves from neutron-gamma irradiated persimmon ( Diospyros virginiana ) trees did not differ significantly from that of nonirradiated leaves during the first 28 weeks in litter. Beginning in early May and extending through summer into autumn, the irradiated leaves decomposed faster than did the controls ( P
Electoral and Biracial Coalition: Possible Election Strategy for African American Candidates in Louisville, Kentucky

African Americans comprise approximately 30% of the population in Louisville, Kentucky. In other cities with relatively small Black populations, African American candidates have won mayoral races by stressing deracialized platforms and by forming biracial coalitions. This article analyzes the factors that most adversely affected the candidacies of serious Black contenders in Louisville elections. It also examines the possibility of a Black candidate winning a mayoral election through the use of the strategy of deracialization and through a biracial coalition. Specifically, this article examines the campaigns of 1985 mayoral candidate Darryl Owens and 1990 congressional candidate Al Brown. Owens was the first and only serious Black candidate for the mayor's office in Louisville history. Despite vigorous efforts for Black mobilization, he was defeated by White candidate and current mayor Jerry Abramson in the primary election of May 1985. In 1990, Black Republican Al Brown had strong funding and support from White Republicans. This included active campaigning on his behalf by members of the Republican National Committee. Yet Brown only defeated White candidate Timothy Hardy by 394 votes to win the Republican nomination to Congress from Kentucky's third district.! Also, despite massive Republican aid, Brown lost the November election for U.S. representative to incumbent Romano Mazzoli.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A case-control study following detection of a cluster in a small Wisconsin community.

• From 1975 to 1983, six cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) were diagnosed in long-term residents of Two Rivers, Wis; the probability that this occurred due to chance was less than.05. To investigate potential risk factors for ALS, we conducted a case-control study using two control subjects matched to each case patient for age, gender, and duration of residence in Two Rivers. Physical trauma, the frequent consumption of freshly caught Lake Michigan fish, and a family history of cancer were reported more often by case patients than control subjects. These findings support previous studies proposing a role for trauma in ALS pathogenesis and suggest that the causative role of diet should be further explored. Continued surveillance for and epidemiologic investigation of ALS clusters with subsequent retrospective analysis may provide clues concerning the cause of ALS.