cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Class Struggle and Socialist Construction: The Hungarian Paradox

This article examines the relationship between the semantics of ideology and political practice under the pressure of socio-economic change in Hungary of the early 1960s, especially 1962-63. The events of 1956 forced the Communist Party elite to recognize the imperative need for internal social change and for control over its dynamics. Manipulation of social forces and ideological currents became a day-to-day concern as soon as it was realized that the political system must rely to an increasing extent upon the introduction of policies which induced support for the system itself—a need undoubtedly arising out of the social transformation that accompanies a developing and modernizing industrial society.
The Role of Excretory Urography and Cystoscopy in the Evaluation and Management of Women with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection

AbstractWe examined the roles of excretory urography and cystoscopy in the evaluation and management of 153 otherwise healthy women seen consecutively with recurrent urinary tract infections. The excretory urograms were entirely normal in 89 per cent of the patients; the abnormalities were incidental findings with no influence on subsequent management. These results, combined with the known expense and risks inherent in the use of iodinated radiologic contrast material, suggest that excretory urography be limited to those patients possessing other risk factors. These include a history of unexplained hematuria, obstructive symptoms, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, renal calculi, analgesic abuse, severe diabetes mellitus or bacteriologic evidence of rapid recurrence suggesting bacterial persistence within the urinary tract or an enterovesical fistula. On the other hand, cystoscopy under local anesthesia has essentially no risks and occasionally will yield information helpful in future management.
The Technologically Determined Decade: Robert Zemeckis, Andy Serkis, and the Promotion of Performance Capture:

Between 2004 and 2011, Robert Zemeckis directed or produced five films – The Polar Express, Monster House, Beowulf, A Christmas Carol, and Mars Needs Mom – which utilized performance capture technology. Zemeckis and his effects team on The Polar Express refined the existing standards of motion capture to produce the more sophisticated performance capture, which allows for the digitization of an actor’s complete performance. This article charts two competing discourses that surrounded these films: the generally negative critical reception that saw the performance capture aesthetic as uncanny and creepy, and Zemeckis’ own promotion of the technology in industry interviews. Zemeckis’ early work with the technology is contrasted with Andy Serkis’ acclaim as a performance capture star, and how both men have worked as advocates for the technology, foregrounding their claims that performance capture could enhance or even revolutionize film production and, in particular, film acting.
Strength Characteristics of Caliche Soils of the Tucson Area

The physical and chemical composition of caliche soils of the Tucson, Ariz. area were investigated to determine the compressive strength of indurated and crushed calcisols. The results of stabilization of crushed calcisols with portland cement additive were determined and the soil-cement reaction products were investigated. Soil minerals were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The calcisols were found to consist mainly of feldspar and randomly oriented microcrystalline calcite with lesser amounts of quartz and clay minerals. The strength of the calcisols was found to be inversely related to their clay content, with unconfined compressive strengths varying from less than 1.03 MPa (150 psi) to more than 20.67 MPa (3000 psi). When the indurated caliche was crushed it behaved as an inert granular material with no immediate recementation when compacted. It was shown that a loss of compressive strength generally occurred in the remolded soil-cement mixtures after 28 days of curing, the maximum 28-day compressive strength, using 10 percent portland cement, varying from 2.51 to 7.80 MPa (364 to 1132 psi). The compressive strength was a function of the amount of portland cement added and of the combined feldspar-calcite content of the soil. The feldspars of the Tucson basin were found to consist mainly of intermediate micro-dine with lesser amounts of orthoclase and oligoclase. The weak soil-cement bonding strengths appear to be due to the feldspars and the strength losses which occur are the result of the chemical interaction of the calcite and alkali feldspars with the portland cement in an aqueous environment. Portland cement is an unreliable additive for the effective stabilization of crushed calcisols.
Utility and safety of axillary conduits during endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aneurysms

Abstract Objective Endovascular treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) with branched and fenestrated stent grafts often requires upper extremity arterial access for antegrade delivery of bridging covered stents into the visceral arteries. Axillary, brachial, and radial artery approaches have been described, but data on the safety and utility of the different approaches remain limited. We have preferentially used axillary artery conduits for upper extremity arterial access during endovascular repair of TAAA and describe our technique and report our experience herein. Methods Thirty-two patients were treated within an investigator-sponsored investigational device exemption clinical trial of endovascular repair of TAAAs using custom-manufactured stent grafts. In 29 of these cases, the axillary artery was exposed through an infraclavicular incision, and an axillary conduit was used for antegrade delivery of bridging visceral artery stent components. In all cases, a 12F sheath was placed through the conduit for delivery of stent graft components. The left axillary artery was used in 27 of these 29 cases, and the right axillary artery was used in 2 patients. Proximal brachial artery access was used in two patients, and one patient did not require upper extremity access. Aneurysms treated included pararenal (n = 3) and Crawford TAAA extent I (n = 1), extent II (n = 3), extent III (n = 10), and extent IV (n = 15). Patients have been followed up to 2 years after the procedure, with a mean follow-up of 226 days. Results Axillary conduits were used to deliver a total of 170 stent components placed into 81 branches and 27 fenestrations with 99.1% technical success (one accessory renal branch could not be cannulated). There were no intraoperative complications related to the construction or use of the conduit. There were two postoperative complications (6.9%) potentially attributable to the conduit; one patient experienced ipsilateral hand weakness and one patient had postoperative minor stroke, which resolved by the first postoperative visit. There were no cases of arm ischemia, wound hematoma, or reoperation related to the conduit. Conclusions The use of an axillary conduit during endovascular repair of complex aortic aneurysms provides safe and effective upper extremity access for delivery of visceral branches. Moreover, axillary conduits facilitate delivery of 12F sheaths without interrupting upper extremity perfusion and provide a shorter working distance compared with brachial artery approaches.
Metal–organic frameworks for electronics and photonics

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), with their crystalline nanoporous three-dimensional structures, have emerged as unique multifunctional materials that combine high porosity with catalytic, photophysical, or other properties to reveal new fundamental science and applications. Because MOFs are composed of organic molecules linking metal centers in ways that are not usually conducive to the formation of free-charge carriers or low-energy charge-transport pathways, they are typically insulators. Accordingly, applications so far have harnessed the unique structural properties and porosity of MOFs, which depend only to a small extent on the ability to manipulate their electronic structure. An exciting new area has emerged due to the recent demonstration of MOFs with controlled electronic and optical properties, which is enabling new fundamental science and opens up the possibility of applications in electronics and photonics. This article presents an overview of the fundamental science issues related to controlling electronic and optical properties of MOFs, and how research groups worldwide have been exploring such properties for electronics, thermoelectrics, photophysics, and charge storage.
A Predictive Model for Cytogenetic Risk Group in Elderly AML: The Penn Cytogenetic Surrogate Score (PCSS).

Abstract Elderly patients (age > 60) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) face a difficult treatment decision: pursue aggressive remission-induction chemotherapy with a small chance at long-term survival and a significant risk of treatment related morbidity or pursue less aggressive palliative measures aimed solely at improving quality of life. The chance of successful remission induction and long-term survival with aggressive treatment depends on factors such as performance status, age and karyotype. With standard therapy, elderly patients with a poor-risk karyotype have a 5 year overall survival of 7% compared to 35% for patients with a favorable karyotype. The knowledge of cytogenetic risk group could be critical in helping physicians offer prognostic information to their patients, however these results are seldom available within the time-frame a treatment decision is made. Additionally, in 17–25% of AML patients karyotypes are never available for review either because a sample is not submitted or fails to grow. Therefore a model, predictive of cytogenetic risk group, would be useful to risk-stratify elderly AML patients at the time of diagnosis and guide treatment decisions. A single-center, retrospective cohort analysis of 117 elderly non-M3 AML patients (age range 60–87) diagnosed between 2002 and 2006 was conducted to identify factors predictive of cytogenetic risk group. To identify risk factors predictive of poor risk karyotype, we examined several laboratory and flow cytometric parameters hypothesized in the literature to have prognostic significance in AML. In univariate analysis hemoglobin (Hb) (p=0.006), white blood count (WBC) (p=0.05), CD7+ blast cells (p=0.02) and CD34+ blast cells (p =0.004) were significant predictors of a poor-risk cytogenetic profile as defined by the Southwestern Oncology Group (SWOG). In multivariate analysis Hb PCSS and Cytogenetic Risk Group PCSS Probability of poor risk cytogenetics 0 0.0236 2 0.0751 3 0.1197 4 0.1457 5 0.3137 6 0.3644 7 0.4898 9 0.7635
Review popularity and review helpfulness

The wide adoption and perceived helpfulness of online user reviews on consumers' decision making have energized academic research on the assessment of review effectiveness. Although the literature probed the impacts of user reviews on various elements of review effectiveness independently, little research has done to examine them jointly. Inspired by communication theories, we conceptualize a framework for user review effectiveness in which we focus on the joint assessment of its first two elements: Review Popularity and Review Helpfulness. We develop our hypotheses regarding the effects of the user review determinants on both Review Popularity and Review Helpfulness, and further develop an operational model to empirically test our hypotheses using data collected from Amazon. Our study suggests that disentangling Review Popularity and Review Helpfulness in assessing review effectiveness is not only conceptually sounding, but also managerially beneficial. We find that Review Popularity is as important as Review Helpfulness in review effectiveness evaluations. Review determinants may play opposite roles on Review Popularity and Review Helpfulness (e.g., valence), and can drive review effectiveness via Review Popularity or Review Helpfulness or both. These findings offer new insights for various decision makers to harvest user review effectiveness in online markets. We conceptualize a framework for studying the user review effectiveness.Review Popularity and Review Helpfulness are two dependent, but separate elements of user review effectiveness.We jointly estimate the impacts of review determinants on Review Popularity and Review Helpfulness.Some review determinants (e.g., valence) play opposite roles in driving Review Popularity and Review Helpfulness.
Optimization of electro-optic phase shifters for integrated optical phased arrays

A low-loss, high-speed optical phased array (OPA) has been designed and fabricated. Two different platforms have been utilized in combination to leverage electro-optic (EO) tuning. A lithium niobate (LiNbO3) optical phased array was fabricated and used in conjunction with a silicon nitride (Si3N4) 8x8 waveguide array that condenses the output pitch and utilizes the TriplexTM waveguide technology. This OPA allows for the non-mechanical beam steering (NMBS) of 1550 nm light on an edge coupled optic platform and takes advantage of the high electro-optic coefficient and high speed capability of LiNbO3 for electro-optic phase tuning. This coupled OPA has an overall insertion loss of ~3.5 dB which is advantageous to silicon-on-insulator OPAs that have shown overall insertion losses of ~14 dB. To characterize and tune this device, a 3 lens imaging system was employed to produce both near- and far- field intensity patterns of the output of the OPA on a static image plane. At the image plane, a high resolution infrared camera was used to observe the resulting intensity pattern. The control software for tuning the OPA reads the intensity incident at a specified position on the detector array, and has a PWM interface to drive the electro-optic phase controls. Beam steering was accomplished using an iterative tuning algorithm.
CPTTE Research Panel: Frontiers in Pen & Touch Research

At the 2016 CPTTE Conference on Pen and Touch Technology on Education, five expert researchers and educators spoke at a panel in front of the audience of CPTTE attendees where they discussed past influences and future directions. The members of the panel were, as seated from left to right, were Bill Buxton, Tracy Hammond, Andy van Dam, Kimberle Koile, and Thomas (Tom) Stahovich. The discussion also included comments and questions from Ken Forbus (2017 CPTTE conference chair), Jonathan Grudin (2015 CPTTE conference chair), and Aaron Adler (2014–2017 Paper Chair). Topics included sketch forensics applied to education, representation fidelity, ubiquity, domain-specific versus domain-independent, accessibility concerns, funding concerns, and future directions. Special attention was also spent discussing ink accessibility and how it might improve the lives of those facing disability.
Interpreting Quasi-Thermal Effects in Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Hydrogen-Bonded Systems

Vibrational excitation of molecules in the condensed phase relaxes through vibrational modes of decreasing energy to ultimately generate an equilibrium state in which the energy is distributed among low-frequency modes. In ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy, changes in the vibrational features of hydrogen-bonded NH and OH stretch modes are typically observed to persist long after these high-frequency vibrations have relaxed. Due to the resemblance to the spectral changes caused by heating the sample, these features are typically described as arising from a hot ground state. However, these spectral features appear on ultrafast time scales that are much too fast to result from a true thermal state, and significant differences between the thermal difference spectrum and the induced quasi-thermal changes in ultrafast spectroscopy are often observed. Here, we examine and directly compare the thermal and quasi-thermal responses of the hydrogen-bonded homodimer of 7-azaindole with temperature-dependent FTIR spec...
Use of a Knotless Suture Anchor to Perform Double-Pulley Capsulotenodesis of Infraspinatus

In this Technical Note, we describe an arthroscopic remplissage procedure to treat anterior instability. Specifically, we use a technique to perform double-pulley capsulotenodesis of the infraspinatus tendon using a Knotless SutureTak Suture Anchor (Arthrex, Naples, FL). This is a modification of a previously described double-pulley technique. The primary advantage of our technique compared with the previous double-pulley techniques described is that knot tying is not required.
Extracellular Vesicles as Vehicles of B Cell Antigen Presentation: Implications for Cancer Vaccine Therapies

Abstract B cells play important roles in the immune system as both effector lymphocytes (producing antibodies) and as antigen-presenting cells. B cell extracellular vesicles (EVs) can serve as modulators of B cell antigen presentation, particularly in terms of interactions with dendritic cells and specific subpopulations (i.e., follicular dendritic cells). B cell EVs also play roles in the continued stimulation of activated CD4 + T cells via major histocompatibility complex II–presented peptides. The possibility of using B cell EVs as sources of antigen for stimulation of dendritic cells, or of T cells directly, may show promise by virtue of the preferential processing of IgE-linked antigens within CD23 + B cells, suggesting their use as adjuvants and vaccines in cancer immunotherapy.
Genome-Wide Screening of Potential RNase Y-Processed mRNAs in the M49 Serotype Streptococcus Pyogenes NZ131

RNase Y is a major endoribonuclease in Group A streptococcus (GAS) and other Gram-positive bacteria. Our previous study showed that RNase Y was involved in mRNA degradation and processing in GAS. We hypothesized that mRNA processing regulated the expression of important GAS virulence factors via altering their mRNA stabilities and that RNase Y mediated at least some of the mRNA-processing events. The aims of this study were to (1) identify mRNAs that were processed by RNase Y and (2) confirm the mRNA-processing events. The transcriptomes of Streptococcus pyogenes NZ131 wild type and its RNase Y mutant (Δrny) were examined with RNA-seq. The data were further analyzed to define GAS operons. The mRNA stabilities of the wild type and Δrny at subgene level were determined with tiling array analysis. Operons displaying segmental stability in the wild type but not in the Δrny were predicted to be RNase Y processed. Overall 865 operons were defined and their boundaries predicted. Further analysis narrowed down 15 mRNAs potentially processed by RNase Y. A selection of four candidates including folC1 (folylpolyglutamate synthetase), prtF (fibronectin-binding protein), speG (streptococcal exotoxin G), ropB (transcriptional regulator of speB), and ypaA (riboflavin transporter) mRNAs was examined with Northern blot analysis. However, only folC1 was confirmed to be processed, but it is unlikely that RNase Y is responsible. We conclude that GAS use RNase Y to selectively process mRNA, but the overall impact is confined to selected virulence factors.
Evaluation of the Social Motivation Hypothesis of Autism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Importance The social motivation hypothesis posits that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) find social stimuli less rewarding than do people with neurotypical activity. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of reward processing have yielded mixed results. Objectives To examine whether individuals with ASD process rewarding stimuli differently than typically developing individuals (controls), whether differences are limited to social rewards, and whether contradictory findings in the literature might be due to sample characteristics. Data Sources Articles were identified in PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO from database inception until June 1, 2017. Functional MRI data from these articles were provided by most authors. Study Selection Publications were included that provided brain activation contrasts between a sample with ASD and controls on a reward task, determined by multiple reviewer consensus. Data Extraction and Synthesis When fMRI data were not provided by authors, multiple reviewers extracted peak coordinates and effect sizes from articles to recreate statistical maps using seed-baseddmapping software. Random-effects meta-analyses of responses to social, nonsocial, and restricted interest stimuli, as well as all of these domains together, were performed. Secondary analyses included meta-analyses of wanting and liking, meta-regression with age, and correlations with ASD severity. All procedures were conducted in accordance with Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. Main Outcomes and Measures Brain activation differences between groups with ASD and typically developing controls while processing rewards. All analyses except the domain-general meta-analysis were planned before data collection. Results The meta-analysis included 13 studies (30 total fMRI contrasts) from 259 individuals with ASD and 246 controls. Autism spectrum disorder was associated with aberrant processing of both social and nonsocial rewards in striatal regions and increased activation in response to restricted interests (social reward, caudate cluster:d = −0.25 [95% CI, −0.41 to −0.08]; nonsocial reward, caudate and anterior cingulate cluster:d = −0.22 [95% CI, −0.42 to −0.02]; restricted interests, caudate and nucleus accumbens cluster:d = 0.42 [95% CI, 0.07 to 0.78]). Conclusions and Relevance Individuals with ASD show atypical processing of social and nonsocial rewards. Findings support a broader interpretation of the social motivation hypothesis of ASD whereby general atypical reward processing encompasses social reward, nonsocial reward, and perhaps restricted interests. This meta-analysis also suggests that prior mixed results could be driven by sample age differences, warranting further study of the developmental trajectory for reward processing in ASD.
Intraoperative Decision-Making Process: The Art and the Science

Surgical procedures related to complex problems of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract carry significant risks and complications, whether performed alone or in combination with abdominal wall reconstruction. Despite the most conscientious preoperative preparations, surprising events may still occur. If the operation takes an unplanned turn, the surgeon has to make difficult decisions. An absolute must is continuous awareness of the intraoperative patient’s physiologic status—including fluid status, urine output, use of blood and blood products, bleeding, current medications (such as pressors), and biochemical endpoints of resuscitation, such as base deficit and lactic acid. Even when the operation is going well, the biochemical profile of the patient may not be optimal or even satisfactory, which may directly affect the outcome. In addition, the surgeon must recognize his or her own physiologic status; if tired, for example, cutting corners and making major errors are likely to occur more frequently. We discuss these and other elements that are important for the intraoperative decision-making process.
Speciation in fishes; distribution in time and space of seven dominant multiple alleles in Platypoecilus maculatus.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the genetics of speciation in seven dominant multiple alleles in Platypoecilus maculates (P. maculates). The pattern names and the genetic symbols used for them are as follows: one-spot ( P o ), twin-spot ( P T ), crescent complete ( P Cc ), moon complete ( P Mc ), crescent ( Pc), moon (P M ), and comet ( P Co ). The patterns have been used as indices in the analysis of the genetic composition of natural fish populations of the Rios Jamapa, Papaloapan, Coatzacoalcos and Usumacinta of Mexico, and Guatemala. The genes are P o , P M , P Mc , P c , P Cc , P Co , P T , and P + the recessive. The entire series of seven patterns is found only in the platyfish populations of the Rio Papaloapan. The Rio Jamapa platyfish lack the genes P M and P Mc . The platyfish of the Rios Coatzacoalcos and the Usumacinta lack P c and P Co but these populations may be distinguished on the basis of the frequencies of their other genes. All seven patterns are formed by precise groupings of many small melanophores. Fortunately, the melanic patterns so produced arc unaffected by the preserving fluids. As a result, it has been possible to utilize and examine collections of P. maculatus in various museums, and classify the fish with respect to this and other series of heritable patterns. In this way a comparison of their gene frequency distributions at various time levels has been made of population from the same general area; some collections were taken 70 years apart.
Teenage Pregnancy as a Social Problem: A Comparison of Sweden and the United States

In this chapter, adolescent pregnancy in the United States is examined as a socially constructed problem. Teenage pregnancy has been treated as an urgent social problem in the United States since the 1970s. Scholars, politicians, interest groups, and media actors have all contributed to a seemingly ceaseless debate about what can and should be done about teenage pregnancy. Fueling the debate is the persistent high pregnancy rate among teenagers in the United States in comparison with their peers in other developed nations. In sharp contrast, teenage pregnancy in Sweden is not a recognizable problem in its own right. No one studies only teenage pregnancy, and no one in the public debate focuses exclusively on teenage pregnancy. In combination with a very low teenage pregnancy rate, it is as if the problem does not exist. And yet, even if teenage pregnancy itself is not a distinct problem in Sweden, more comprehensive activities involving teenagers and sexuality are certainly subject to concern and debate. Therefore, it would be a mistake to conclude that the different statuses of teenage pregnancy as a social problem in the United States and Sweden are all about objective magnitude. A number of observers of teenage pregnancy in the United States have concluded that it is a socially constructed problem in the sense that claims about it are exaggerated and/or misguided and that the problem is fundamentally misrepresented in the public debate. Indeed, teenage pregnancy in the United States displays most of the spectacular features that typically accompany the problems selected for social constructionist analyses (crisis language, front-page stories, extensive debate, and high public visibility). In contrast, none of these features characterize the Swedish case. Comparing the two countries therefore provides an opportunity to examine aspects of social problem construction that are not readily available in the analyses of one country.
Alzheimer’s associated amyloid and tau deposition co-localizes with a homeostatic myelin repair pathway in two mouse models of post-stroke mixed dementia

The goal of this study was to determine the chronic impact of stroke on the manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) related pathology and behavioral impairments in mice. To accomplish this goal, we used two distinct models. First, we experimentally induced ischemic stroke in aged wildtype (wt) C57BL/6 mice to determine if stroke leads to the manifestation of AD-associated pathological β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau in aged versus young adult wt mice. Second, we utilized a transgenic (Tg) mouse model of AD (hAPP-SL) to determine if stroke leads to the worsening of pre-existing AD pathology, as well as the development of pathology in brain regions not typically expressed in AD Tg mice. In the wt mice, there was delayed motor recovery and an accelerated development of cognitive deficits in aged mice compared to young adult mice following stroke. This corresponded with increased brain atrophy, increased cholinergic degeneration, and a focal increase of Aβ in areas of axonal degeneration in the ipsilateral hemisphere of the aged animals. By contrast, in the hAPP-SL mice, we found that ischemia induced aggravated behavioral deficits in conjunction with a global increase in Aβ, tau, and cholinergic pathology compared to hAPP-SL mice that underwent a sham stroke procedure. With regard to a potential mechanism, in both models, we found that the stroke-induced Aβ and tau deposits co-localized with increased levels of β-secretase 1 (BACE1), along with its substrate, neuregulin 1 (NGR1) type III, both of which are proteins integral for myelin repair. Based on these findings, we propose that the chronic sequelae of stroke may be ratcheting-up a myelin repair pathway, and that the consequent increase in BACE1 could be causing an inadvertent cleavage of its alternative substrate, AβPP, resulting in greater Aβ seeding and pathogenesis.
Novel, anatomically appropriate balloon dilation technique of the glottis to treat posterior glottic stenosis in a 3D-printed model

Objective Posterior glottic stenosis (PGS) often requires a destructive surgical treatment. Early PGS treatment involves glottic dilation to reduce airway constriction associated with chronic PGS. Round laryngeal dilation may not optimize posterior glottic dilation due to the teardrop shape of the glottis and may injure vocal fold tissue. We compared pressure applied to the glottis during traditional single balloon dilation and a novel, anatomically appropriate dilation technique (teardrop-shaped glottic dilation [TSGD]). Methods Pressure sensors were affixed at various points on a three-dimensional printed glottic model. The anterior glottis was stented with a triangular stent (18-32F) in combination with balloon dilator (10-20 mm) placed in the posterior glottis (TSGD) in 30 unique combinations. Force applied to the vocal folds (VF) and posterior commissure (PC) during round balloon dilation and TSGD was measured. Results Dilatory force in the PC ranged from 0.0-3.8 newtons (N) using balloon dilators and 0.0-17.5 N using TSGD. The TSGD technique yielded a superior ratio of force applied to the PC versus VF (P = 0.0296) compared to round balloon dilation alone. Optimal targeting of the PC occurred when the sum of the anteroposterior (AP) dimensions of the stent and balloon dilator approached the AP length of the glottis. Conclusion Use of an anatomically appropriate glottic dilation maximizes expansive force applied to the posterior commissure and decreased force to the vocal folds. This study demonstrates that TSGD minimizes force to the anterior glottis and maximizes dilation of the posterior glottis. This technique may play a role in preventing laryngeal stenosis associated with chronic PGS. Level of evidence NA Laryngoscope, 129:2239-2243, 2019.
A Conversation with Robert L. Wrenn.

Robert L. Wrenn is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Arizona. During his tenure at the University of Arizona he directed the University-wide Honors Program and Student Counselin...
Large and Moderate Deviations for Finite Dimensional Systems

In this chapter we use the abstract sufficient conditions from Chap. 9 to prove large and moderate deviation principles for small noise finite dimensional jump-diffusions. We will consider only Laplace principles rather than uniform Laplace principles, since, as was noted in Chap. 9, the extension from the nonuniform to the uniform case is straightforward. The first general results on large deviation principles for jump-diffusions of the form considered in this chapter are due to Wentzell [245–248] and Freidlin and Wentzell [140]. The conditions for an LDP identified in the current chapter relax some of the assumptions made in these works. Results on moderate deviation principles in this chapter are based on the recent work [41]. We do not aim for maximal generality, and from the proofs it is clear that many other models (e.g., time inhomogeneous jump diffusions, SDEs with delay) can be treated in an analogous fashion.
Recording mobile DNA in the gut microbiota using an Escherichia coli CRISPR-Cas spacer acquisition platform.

The flow of genetic material between bacteria is central to the adaptation and evolution of bacterial genomes. However, our knowledge about DNA transfer within complex microbiomes is lacking, with most studies of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) relying on bioinformatic analyses of genetic elements maintained on evolutionary timescales or experimental measurements of phenotypically trackable markers. Here, we utilize the CRISPR-Cas spacer acquisition process to detect DNA acquisition events from complex microbiota in real-time and at nucleotide resolution. In this system, an E. coli recording strain is exposed to a microbial sample and spacers are acquired from transferred plasmids and permanently stored in genomic CRISPR arrays. Sequencing and analysis of acquired spacers enables identification of the transferred plasmids. This approach allowed us to identify individual mobile elements without relying on phenotypic markers or post-transfer replication. We found that HGT into the recording strain in human clinical fecal samples can be extensive and is driven by different plasmid types, with the IncX type being the most actively transferred. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in complex bacterial communities has been mostly studied using metagenomic analyses. Here, the authors develop an E. coli CRISPR-Cas spacer acquisition platform that allows real-time recording of HGT events at nucleotide-resolution, identifying diverse DNA transfer events in human clinical fecal samples.
Amplitude modulation encoding in auditory cortex: Comparisons between the primary and middle lateral belt regions

In macaques, the middle lateral auditory cortex (ML) is a belt region adjacent to primary auditory cortex (A1) and believed to be at a hierarchically higher level. Although ML single-unit responses have been studied for several auditory stimuli, the ability of ML cells to encode amplitude modulation (AM) - an ability which has been widely studied in A1 - has not yet been characterized. Here we compare the responses of A1 and ML neurons to amplitude modulated (AM) noise in awake macaques. While several of the basic properties of A1 and ML responses to AM noise are similar, we found several key differences. ML neurons do not phase lock as strongly, are less likely to phase lock, and are more likely to respond in a non-synchronized fashion than A1 cells, consistent with a temporal-to-rate transformation as information ascends the auditory hierarchy. ML neurons tend to have lower temporally (phase-locking) based best modulation frequencies than A1. At the level of ML, neurons that decrease firing rate with increasing modulation depth become more common than in A1. In both A1 and ML we find a prevalent class of neurons with excitatory rate responses at lower modulation frequencies and suppressed rate responses relative to the unmodulated carrier at middle modulation frequencies.
“Meu corpo é meu lugar de fala”: entrevista com Lubi Prates

E na condicao de mulher negra e de escritora, que a poeta Lubi Prates tem participado de viagens e festivais, trazendo, principalmente, a questao racial a luz do cenario nacional. Mediou em 2019, o Clube de Leitura Antirracista e organizou o ciclo de dialogos ‘Poesia Insubmissa’, e o ciclo de debates ‘O negro como narrador’, tudo para que vozes negras fossem erguidas no papel central de suas narrativas, assumindo assim, uma subjetividade singular, daqueles que falam por si e com isso repudiam os estereotipos negativos repetidos cotidianamente. A potencia de seu trabalho tambem e vista em sua obra ‘um corpo negro’ (2018, traduzida para o ingles, espanhol e frances), que foi indicada para o 61⁰ Premio Jabuti e a 4a edicao do Premio Rio de Literatura. Sua plaquete ‘permanece,’ (2018) foi republicada em 2019 e contemplou a lista dos melhores livros do ano, ao resgatar a experiencia do amor entre pessoas negras, roubado no periodo de escravizacao. E ainda, entrecruzando suas escrevivencias com outras poetas negras reuniu na antologia “Nossos poemas conjuram e gritam” (2019) sete nomes fortes da atualidade: Conceicao Evaristo, Esmeralda Ribeiro, Neide Almeida, Nina Rizzi, Jarid Arraes, Natasha Felix e Livia Natalia, num belo trabalho de “contranarrativas”, que exalta a forca literaria daquelas que brilham e lutam em prol de raca, classe e genero.
A goals perspective on religion and spirituality

Abstract This chapter explores religiosity and spirituality from the perspective of goal pursuit. It highlights that religious and spiritual strivings toward self-transcendent meaning not only aid contending with “ultimate” human existential concerns regarding death, meaning in life, and personal significance but also often bolster perceptions of subjective well-being as well. The chapter also offers insights into the sanctification of “everyday” aspects of life and goal pursuit, examining how sanctification (imbuing aspects of everyday life with divine significance) can more tangibly connect people with, often abstract, religious and spiritual values, improve everyday goal pursuit, and infuse everyday goal pursuit with self-transcendent meaning. In addition, deterrents to goal attainment and their role in religious and spiritual conviction are considered. The chapter ends with a critique of the optimality of religious and spiritual goal pursuit as a means of grappling with ultimate human existential concerns.
Chapter 17 – Miscellaneous topics

Publisher Summary tTis chapter discusses some disease categories not frequently encountered in forensic neuropathology referrals, or circumstances in which the neuropathologist is more likely to interact with other subspecialty forensic consultants. Topics such as the effects of therapeutic radiation on the body are, for the most part, omitted unless they are frequent sources of questions in a forensic setting. Some of these topics will be very familiar to neuropathologists in a nonforensic setting, others less so. A few representative cases are included for emphasis of certain points in this brief overview. The application of radiologic techniques to forensic sciences, and more specifically to forensic pathology, has become standard procedure. Occasional errors in interpretation of imaging studies are unavoidable. Averting such errors is an ongoing challenge in all areas of medicine, given the complexities of modern medical practice. This point has led some to argue for greater use of the autopsy for quality control. As a final comment, the medical examiner should also be aware of potential periprocedural complications unique to the MRI laboratory environment. Patients with implanted therapeutic devices, such as electrical stimulation units, and shunts for hydrocephalus may experience complications related to exposure to the magnetic fields generated by the MRI.
Abstract IA20: Unlocked groove—developing covalent inhibitors of KRASG12C

KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancer, with KRASp.G12D, p.G12V, and p.G12C constituting the major mutational subtypes across lung, colon, and pancreatic cancers. Despite over three decades of research, indirect approaches targeting KRAS mutant cancers have largely failed to show clinical benefit, and direct approaches have been limited by the apparent “undruggable” nature of KRAS. Recently, remarkable progress has been reported for targeting KRASG12C with small molecules that bind to the shallow, highly flexible P2 pocket of KRAS and form covalent adducts with the adjacent mutant cysteine. This class of inhibitors has demonstrated robust blockade of KRAS signaling and cell viability with substantial selectivity for KRASp.G12C tumors. Clinical validation of this approach is eagerly awaited. We have used iterative covalent library design and screening to develop unique inhibitors of KRASG12C. In one series, co-crystal structures of improved hit molecules revealed that side-chain motion exposed an undescribed shallow groove that was occupied by ligand atoms. This series was optimized to generate inhibitors with promising cellular activities (cellular IC50 ~100-200 nM and selectivity >200-fold vs. non-G12C lines). To further enhance potency, selectivity, and drug-like properties, scaffold hopping was employed. After extensive optimization, potent and selective inhibitors were identified that potently suppressed KRAS-MAPK signaling (cellular phospho-ERK IC50 ~30 nM) and impaired cell viability (IC50 ~2 nM). In mouse xenograft tumor models, these inhibitors induce tumor regressions when dosed orally, once daily at a dose of 30 mg/kg. The results obtained with these inhibitors have critically informed our efforts to develop KRASG12C inhibitors suitable for clinical testing. Citation Format: J. Russell Lipford, Victor Cee, Brian Lanman, Anne Saiki, Karen Rex, Laurie Volak, Roman Shimanovich, Beth Hinkle. Unlocked groove—developing covalent inhibitors of KRASG12C [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers; 2018 Dec 9-12; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(5_Suppl):Abstract nr IA20.
Electronic Health Record Reminders for Chlamydia Screening in an American Indian Population.

ObjectivesIndian Health Service (IHS) screening rates for Chlamydia trachomatis are lower than national rates of chlamydia screening in the Southwest. We describe and evaluate the effect of a publi...
Peritoneal dissolved oxygen and function of encapsulated adult porcine islets transplanted in streptozotocin diabetic mice

Background Alginate-encapsulated islet xenografts have restored normoglycemia in diabetic animals for various periods of time. Plausible mechanisms of graft failure in vivo include immune rejection and hypoxia. We sought to understand the effects of encapsulated adult porcine islet (API) dosage on the peritoneal dissolved oxygen (DO) level in correlation to the achieved glycemic regulation in diabetic mice. Methods Adult porcine islets encapsulated in barium alginate were transplanted intraperitoneally in streptozotocin diabetic BALB/c mice at 6000 and 4000 islet equivalents (IEQ) and in normal mice at 500 IEQ; APIs encapsulated in calcium alginate were transplanted at 6000 IEQ in diabetic mice. In all cases, cell-free barium alginate capsules containing a perfluorocarbon emulsion were co-implanted for DO measurements using 19 F NMR spectroscopy. Blood glucose levels and peritoneal DO were measured over 60 days or until graft failure. Explanted capsules were evaluated microscopically and histologically. Results Both barium and calcium alginate-encapsulated APIs at 6000 IEQ reversed diabetes until day 60; barium alginate-encapsulated APIs at 4000 IEQ also reversed diabetes but with a higher failure rate. Transplanted APIs significantly reduced the peritoneal DO, approximately in a dose-dependent manner. The number of viable islets and the insulin content per capsule decreased over time. Capsules retrieved from normoglycemic mice exhibited minimal host cell adherence. Conclusions Transplantation of encapsulated APIs can reduce peritoneal DO to severely hypoxic levels. Although normoglycemia could be maintained within the study period, the DO levels suggest that hypoxia is a factor contributing to loss of islet viability and insulin secretion with time in mice.
Sex Differences in Electronic Health Record Navigation Strategies: Secondary Data Analysis

Background: Use of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased dramatically over the past decade. Their widespread adoption has been plagued with numerous complaints about usability, with subsequent impacts on patient safety and provider well-being. Data in other fields suggest biological sex impacts basic patterns of navigation in electronic media. Objective: This study aimed to determine whether biological sex impacted physicians’ navigational strategies while using EHRs. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a prior study where physicians were given verbal and written signout, and then, while being monitored with an eye tracker, were asked to review a simulated record in our institution’s EHR system, which contained 14 patient safety items. Afterward, the number of safety items recognized was recorded. Results: A total of 93 physicians (female: n=46, male: n=47) participated in the study. Two gaze patterns were identified: one characterized more so by saccadic (“scanning”) eye movements and the other characterized more so by longer fixations (“staring”). Female physicians were more likely to use the scanning pattern; they had a shorter mean fixation duration (P=.005), traveled more distance per minute of screen time (P=.03), had more saccades per minute of screen time (P=.02), and had longer periods of saccadic movement (P=.03). The average proportion of time spent staring compared to scanning (the Gaze Index [GI]) across all participants was approximately 3:1. Females were more likely than males to have a GI value 5, while females were more likely to have a GI value <1. Differences in navigational strategy had no impact on task performance. Conclusions: Females and males demonstrate fundamentally different navigational strategies while navigating the EHR. This has potentially significant impacts for usability testing in EHR training and design. Further studies are needed to determine if the detected differences in gaze patterns produce meaningful differences in cognitive load while using EHRs.
Intra-arterial injection of lidocaine into middle meningeal artery to treat intractable headaches and severe migraine.

Background and purpose We report the results of intra-arterial injection of lidocaine in the middle meningeal artery in patients with intractable headache or status migrainosus. Methods We treated four patients with intra-arterial lidocaine (2 mg/ml) in doses up to 50 mg in each middle meningeal artery via a microcatheter bilaterally (except in one patient). In two patients with intractable headache, the daily maximum intensity of headache (graded by 11-point numeric rating scale) was recorded for 7 days postprocedure. In two patients with status migrainosus, migraine-related disability 3 months prior and after treatment using MIDAS (Migraine Disability Assessment) questionnaire was recorded. Results Intra-arterial lidocaine reduced the headache intensity from 8/10 and 10/10 to 0/10 in the two patients with intractable headaches for 2 days (day 0 and day 1) postprocedure. Despite recurrence of headache on day 2, the intensity was less than preprocedure intensity up to the last day recorded (by 3 and 2 points on day 7). In the two patients with status migrainosus, there was immediate reduction in headache intensity following intra-arterial lidocaine. The post treatment 3-month MIDAS score was lower in both patients compared with pretreatment 3-month score; 3 versus 30 and 55 versus 90. Severe disability preprocedure by MIDAS was reduced to little or no disability postprocedure in one patient. Conclusions Intra-arterial lidocaine resulted in amelioration of headache in patients with intractable headache and those with status migrainosus with improvement lasting longer than the short half-life of lidocaine possibly related to central desensitization.