cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statisticians' Equilibrium: Trading with High-Dimensional Data

This paper uses a one period model to establish a connection between the complexity of informational environment, market efficiency, and volume. Introducing a high-dimensional estimation problem into a typical trading game, we show why agents may not condition on price in their demand curve submissions, and come to possess heterogeneous models. We define a new equilibrium concept, the “rational statisticians’ equilibrium,” wherein each agent uses only a ridge regression estimator on her own data to forecast the fundamental’s distribution. We derive quantitative properties of price informativeness and volume in these equilibria, introducing the notion of a “regularization externality” in price formation and accounting for volume spikes around earnings.
Aerosolized Surfactant for Preterm Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Currently, the administration of surfactant to preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) mainly relies on intratracheal instillation; however, there is increasing evidence of aerosolized surfactant being an effective non-invasive strategy. We present a historical narrative spanning sixty years of development of aerosolization systems. We also offer an overview of the pertinent mechanisms needed to create and manage the ideal aerosolization system, with a focus on delivery, distribution, deposition, and dispersion in the context of the human lung. More studies are needed to optimize treatment with aerosolized surfactants, including determination of ideal dosages, nebulizer types, non-invasive interfaces, and breath synchronization. However, the field is rapidly evolving, and widespread clinical use may be achieved in the near future.
A comparison of confidence distribution approaches for rare event meta-analysis

Meta-analysis of rare event data has recently received increasing attention due to the challenging issues rare events pose to traditional meta-analytic methods. One specific way to combine information and analyze rare event meta-analysis data utilizes confidence distributions (CDs). While several CD methods exist, no comparisons have been made to determine which method is best suited for homogeneous or heterogeneous meta-analyses with rare events. In this article, we review several CD methods: Fisher's classic P-value combination method, one that combines P-value functions, another that combines confidence intervals, and one that combines confidence log-likelihood functions. We compare these CD approaches, and we propose and compare variations of these methods to determine which method produces reliable results for homogeneous or heterogeneous rare event meta-analyses. We find that for homogeneous rare event data, most CD methods perform very well. On the other hand, for heterogeneous rare event data, there is a clear split in performance between some CD methods, with some performing very poorly and others performing reasonably well.
Innate Immunity Protein IFITM3 in Alzheimer's Disease.

Several genes in innate immunity have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the effect of innate immunity on amyloid β (Aβ) production, which makes amyloid plaques in AD brains, was...
The Cost-effectiveness of Cefazolin Compared With Antistaphylococcal Penicillins for the Treatment of Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia

Background Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization costs. Cefazolin and antistaphylococcal penicillins (ASPs), such as nafcillin, are the preferred treatments for MSSA bacteremia. The aim of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of each approach. Methods We constructed a decision-analytic model comparing the use of cefazolin with ASPs for the treatment of MSSA bacteremia. Cost-effectiveness was determined by calculating deaths averted and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Uncertainty was addressed by plotting cost-effectiveness planes and acceptability curves for various willingness-to-pay thresholds. Results In the base-case analysis, the cost associated with the cefazolin strategy was $38 863.1, and the associated probability of survival was 0.91. For the ASP strategy, the cost was $48 578.8, and the probability of survival was 0.81. The incremental difference in cost between the 2 strategies was $9715.7, with hospital length of stay being the main driver of cost, and the incremental difference in effectiveness was 0.10. Overall, cefazolin results in savings of $97 156.8 per death averted (ICER, $-97 156.8/death averted). In the probabilistic analysis, at a willingness-to-pay of $50 000, cefazolin had a 68% chance of being cost-effective compared with ASPs. In cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, the cefazolin strategy was cost-effective in 73.5%-81.8% of simulations compared with ASP for a willingness-to-pay ranging up to $50 000. Conclusions The use of cefazolin is a cost-effective strategy for the treatment of MSSA bacteremia and, when clinically appropriate, this strategy results in considerable health care cost-savings.
Local Elastic Property Mapping Via Automation of V(Z) Curve Measurements Using Short-Pulse Acoustic Microscopy

Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) is a high-resolution nondestructive method useful for near-surface material elastic property quantification as well as crack size determination for surface and subsurface cracks. Scanning acoustic microscopy was developed by Quate et al. [1, 2] and has been extensively studied by a number of researchers [3–11]. The most important contrast phenomenon in SAM is the presence of Rayleigh waves, which are leaking toward the transducer and are very sensitive to local mechanical properties of the material being evaluated [12]. The generation and propagation of the leaky Rayleigh waves are modulated by the material properties, thereby making it feasible to image even very subtle changes in the elastic properties.
Antimony segregation in the oxidation of strained AlAsSb interlayers

Lateral wet oxidation of AlAs/sub 1-x/Sb/sub x/ compounds is of crucial importance to the fabrication of high-efficiency electronic devices on InP substrates. Lateral oxidation has proved essential in vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). A combined optical and electrical aperture is created by partially oxidizing the epilayer, reducing losses at the surface and improving the lasing efficiency. Also, the oxidation of the underlying material below transistors enables oxide gate insulators and device isolation.
Recent progress in breeding super hybrid rice in China.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the recent developments in the field of super hybrid rice breeding in China. Facing the grim situation of population growth pressure and reduction of arable land, a super rice breeding program was set up by China Ministry of Agriculture in 1996 to ensure the food security of China in the new century. By way of morphological improvement plus utilization of intersubspecific (indica/japonica) heterosis, several pioneer super hybrid rice varieties were developed, which attained the Phase I yield standard of the single season super rice (10.5 t/ha on a large scale) by 2000. A combination, P64S/E32, created a record yield of 17.1 t/ha in an experimental plot of 720 m2 in 1999. Now, efforts are focused on breeding of the Phase II super hybrid rice where good progresses have been made. In experimental fields, some newly developed hybrid rice varieties showed a yield level of 13 t/ha and had a yield advantage of 6–18% over the existing pioneer super hybrid rice varieties. Among them, the best one yielded as high as 12.3 t/ha averagely on a large area of about 7 ha at Longshan, Hunan in 2002. According to the above progresses, the yield standard of the Phase II super rice (12 t/ha on a large scale) can be achieved by 2005. With the application of molecular technology in rice breeding, the yield potential of rice can be further increased. Based on the latest research results such as the discovery and utilization of yield enhancing QTLs from wild rice, successful introduction of barnyard grass DNA and C4 genes with a higher photosynthetic efficiency into rice, the Phase III super hybrid rice breeding program is proposed, in which the yield target is 13.5 t/ha on a large scale by 2010.
A report of three cases of pediatric proliferative fasciitis.

Proliferative fasciitis is a rapidly growing myofibroblastic proliferation that more commonly presents in adults as a subcutaneous mass. Cases in children can cause diagnostic difficulty, as histological features often differ from classic proliferative fasciitis. We present three cases of pediatric proliferative fasciitis, in children age 5–7. Case 1 involved the subcutis and resembled conventional proliferative fasciitis. The lesion was focally positive for desmin. Case 2 involved the subcutis and was more cellular with focal sheet-like areas of ganglion-like fibroblasts. Case 3 involved the dermis and subcutis with a diffuse, solid sheet-like pattern of ganglion-like myofibroblasts with numerous mitotic figures (4 per 10 high power fields), necrosis and foci of acute inflammation. This case had a circumscribed pushing border rather than the more common infiltrating border seen in proliferative fasciitis. The cells were positive for desmin but negative for cytokeratin and had retained SMARCB1 expression. Proliferative fasciitis in childhood can have a varied histological appearance that can cause confusion with malignancies. Awareness of these histological pitfalls is critical to avoid potentially serious diagnostic errors.
Disassociation of muscle insulin signaling and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake during endotoxemia.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicits a strong immune response, which leads to the release of inflammatory cytokines. Increased cytokine production has been shown to impair insulin-mediated glucose disposal. LPS can alter other factors, such as muscle blood flow and insulin signaling in the myocyte,that can influence glucose disposal. We hypothesize that LPS induced impairments in cardiovascular function contribute to the associated impairments in insulin action in vivo. Male wild-type C57BL/6J mice had a catheter implanted in the jugular vein for infusions and the carotid artery for sampling 5 days prior to the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Mice were treated with vehicle, low-(1 ug/gBW) or high-dose (10 ug/gBW) LPS 4 hours prior to the clamp. Muscle glucose uptake (MGU) was assessed using [2-14C] deoxyglucose. While both low- and high-dose LPS inhibited insulin-stimulated MGU compared to vehicle-treated mice, the impairment was more significant with the high-dose treatment (∼25% in soleus and ∼70% in both gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis). Interestingly, insulin signaling through the PI3-kinase pathway in the muscle was not affected by this treatment suggesting that the decrease in MGU is not directly due to impairments in muscle insulin action. Echocardiography demonstrated that high-dose LPS treatment significantly decreased stroke volume (∼30%), heart rate (∼35%), and cardiac output (∼50%). These observations were not seen with vehicle or low-dose LPS treatment. High-dose LPS treatment also significantly decreased muscle blood flow (∼70%) and whole body oxygen consumption (∼50%). Thus, in vivo acute endotoxemia does not impair insulin signaling through the PI3-kinase pathway in skeletal muscle and decreased tissue blood flow likely plays a central role in the impairment of glucose uptake in the muscle.
The Step to Rationality: The Efficacy of Thought Experiments in Science, Ethics, and Free Will

Examples from Archimedes, Galileo, Newton, Einstein, and others suggest that fundamental laws of physics were-or, at least, could have been-discovered by experiments performed not in the physical world but only in the mind. Although problematic for a strict empiricist, the evolutionary emergence in humans of deeply internalized implicit knowledge of abstract principles of transformation and symmetry may have been crucial for humankind's step to rationality-including the discovery of universal principles of mathematics, physics, ethics, and an account of free will that is compatible with determinism.
Graphical synthesis of networks for A-C servos

THE PERFORMANCE of a servomechanism is often improved by modifying the data signal with compensation networks. For a-c servomechanisms, a-c (sometimes termed carrier-frequency) compensation networks are employed which modify only the modulation, because the data appear as modulation on a carrier. To determine the effect on the data signal of such an a-c compensation network, let us examine the action of the 2-phase motor as a demodulator.
Surface sediment characteristics and tower karst dissolution, Guilin, southern China

Abstract Dissolution of extensive outcrops of limestone and dolostone in humid tropical and subtropical southern China produced numerous caves and residual hills that are referred as tower karst. This study identifies and relates the physical and chemical characteristics of the surface sediment with the limestone bedrock in Guilin to assess the influence of the limestone dissolution process on sediment composition. The results of this study indicated that (i) both limestone and dolostone of the region are very pure (99.5% and 98.5% of CaCO 3 and MgCO 3 , respectively); (ii) the material composition of limestone and dolostone is different from that of soil and sediment of the region: constituents of surface sediments are highly related with the clastic sedimentary rocks, such as the mudstone, but show negative correlation with limestone and dolostone; (iii) the limestone formations are highly resistant to physical weathering and disintegration; their durability versus physical weathering and their high susceptibility to chemical dissolution account for why residual towers can form and persist; (iv) a dual-zone environmental structure exists vertically downward from the surface in Guilin: the zone of unconsolidated clastic sediments that is predominantly acidic, and the zone of karstified limestone that is predominantly basic. The evidence suggests that the environment and processes differ in these two zones. The chemical dissolution of limestone that formed tower karst of the region is not mainly responsible for the accumulation of clastic sediment on the surface.
Measurement of the Three-Dimensional Permeability of Fiber Preforms Using Embedded Fiber Optic Sensors:

An experimental technique is described which can be used to measure simultaneously the three principal permeabilities of fiber reforms made of continuous or short fibers. The technique utilizes embedded optical fibers for detecting the position of the liquid front inside the reform. Expressions were derived for calculating the permeabilities from the three-dimensional measurement of the liquid front. Permeabilities measured by the present fiber optic and by the conventional, pressure drop and flow visualization techniques were compared. Good agreements were found between the results of these techniques.
Evidence for O-acetylserine in Nicotiana tabacum

Abstract O -Acetylserine, a precursor of cysteine in plants, was isolated from cells of Nicotiana tabacum cultured in liquid medium.
Reflection and Refraction of Gaussian Light Beams at Tilted Ellipsoidal Surfaces

This paper deals with the reflection and refraction of a gaussian laser beam at a curved interface between media of different refractive indices. The analysis extends beyond the usual case of normal incidence at spherical surfaces to include arbitrary angles of incidence and interfaces of ellipsoidal shape. By matching the transverse variations of optical phase at the interface, equations for the spot sizes and wavefront radii of the beams are obtained. These results have been converted to ray matrix form, which is particularly convenient for analyzing thick lenses or systems of several elements. With these matrices, one can readily design and evaluate optical systems containing such astigmatic elements as tilted spherical or cylindrical lenses and mirrors.
Updated Algorithm for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction

Like any clinical regime, the algorithm for abdominal wall reconstruction requires routine updating as new options and techniques become available. Increased experience and understanding of new applications have allowed for improvements to the approach to complex abdominal wall defects. These improvements have increased efficiency and decreased risk, particularly in the area of staged reconstruction. Surgeons have continued to rely heavily on autologous reconstruction and local tissue advancement for long-term dynamic support. The current approach to abdominal wall reconstruction is based on understanding the literature, clinical experience, and the type of patients seen in practice. This article provides surgeons with the basic guidelines to follow when faced with complex abdominal wall defects and the tools necessary to solve these difficult problems in a responsible and reliable way.
Particle statistics in three dimensions

A generalized framework for particle statistics is developed within which it becomes clear how bosons can combine to form fermions without violating the normal connection between spin and statistics. In the situation where internal and external particle degrees of freedom are separable, the possible statistical types are found and their combining rules derived. Here the statistical ''interaction'' between two particles is characterized either by the familiar sign or by an integer (''twist number''). However, further possibilities arise if the separability of external from internal degrees of freedom fails, as it can in gauge theories. In spatial dimensions other than three the ''fermion from boson'' phenomenon does not occur.
On the gauge inlariant theory of elementary particle interactions

The weak interactions of elementary particles are deriled from the principle of gauge inlariance, following the general framework of Sakurai’s inlestigations (3). It is found that only one new boson, an isospinor of the second kind, has to be introduced. The actual weak processes can be obtained by combining the basicV-A interaction, which automatically giles an explanation for the ¦Aδt¦ -1/2 and ¦δS¦ = 1 rules, with larious strong interactions. Next, a systematic study of the electromagnetic interaction is presented, indicating that, besides the photon field, the hypercharge and the isospin boson field also play a role, giling rise to short-range collections for the familiar electromagneticinteraction. It is pointed out that the weak and electromagnetic interactions destroy the strict gauge inlariance of the second kind for bosons which transmit the strong interactions, and therefore make it possible for them to have a non-lanishing rest masss. Finally, the consequences of hypercharge and isospin assignments for leptons are investigated, and it is shown that such an assignment automatically leads to a « muon number » which is conserved in all interactions.
Ventricular tachycardia in structurally normal hearts

This review focuses on four distinct syndromes of ventricular tachycardia that occur in the structurally normal heart. Recent advances in the fields of molecular biology and genetics, along with intracardiac mapping techniques, have led to a greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms of and therapeutic options for these syndromes. The cyclic AMP-mediated triggered activity tachycardias, including exercise-induced right ventricular outflow track tachycardia and repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, are the most common of these syndromes. Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia, for which there is significant evidence for re-entry within the Purkinje network, is largely curable with catheter ablation. The long QT syndrome comprises a heterogeneous group of ion channel defects leading to prolongation of myocyte repolarization and Torsade de Pointes ventricular tachycardia. Brugada syndrome, a familial disorder of transmembrane ion transport, is felt to be the result of a group of sodium channel defects leading to characteristic electrocardiographic abnormalities, and syncope and sudden death. Primary focus is given to recent advances in our understanding of the underlying mechanism and current therapeutic approaches.
Proton NMR and magnetic susceptibility study of TiCr1.8Hitx

Abstract Electronic properties of the hexagonal (C-14) and cubic (C-15) allotropes of the TiCr 1.8 -hydrogen system have been examined via magnetic susceptibility and proton NMR. Both methods indicate an unusual increase in N(E F ) with increasing H/M. Proton Knight shifts indicate that the N(E F ) increase is due to changes in the d-electron states, although a high concentration of s-electron states at E F is also present.
Testing Communication Strategies to Convey Genomic Concepts Using Virtual Reality Technology

Health professionals need to be able to communicate information about genomic susceptibility in understandable and usable ways, but substantial challenges are involved. We developed four learning modules that varied along two factors: (1) learning mode (active learning vs. didactic learning) and (2) metaphor (risk elevator vs. bridge) and tested them using a 2×2 between-subjects, repeated measures design. The study used an innovative virtual reality technology experimental platform; four virtual worlds were designed to convey the concept that genetic and behavioral factors interact to affect common disease risk. The primary outcome was comprehension (recall, transfer). Study participants were 42 undergraduates aged 19–23. The results indicated that the elevator metaphor better supported learning of the concept than the bridge metaphor. Mean transfer score was significantly higher for the elevator metaphor (p<0.05). Mean change in recall was significantly higher for didactic learning than active learning (p<0.05). However, mean ratings for variables posited to be associated with better learning (e.g., motivation) were generally higher for the active learning worlds. The results suggested that active learning might not always be more effective than didactic learning in increasing comprehension of health information. The findings also indicated that less complex metaphors might convey abstract concepts more effectively.
Nocturnal stomatal conductance and ambient air quality standards for ozone

Vegetation response to ozone depends on ozone conductance into leaves and the defensive action inside the leaf. Ozone parameters currently used for air quality standards do not incorporate conductance or defensive components. Nighttime flux has often been ignored in ozone metrics relating to plant response, since ozone concentration and conductance are considered to be minimal at night. However, ozone concentration can remain relatively high at night, particularly in mountainous areas. Although conductance is lower at night than during the day for most plants, nocturnal conductance can result in considerable ozone flux into plants. Further, plants can be more susceptible to ozone exposure at night than during the daytime, a result of lower plant defenses at night. Any ozone metric used to relate air quality to plant response should use a 24 h ozone exposure period to include the nighttime exposures. It should also incorporate plant defensive mechanisms or their surrogate.
Actualism, quantification, and contextual semantics

Dans le cadre du dossier de la revue «Philosophical perspectives» (12, 1998, pp. 489-509) consacre au naturalisme et a l'actualisme, l'A. critique la conception du naturalisme et de l'actualisme developpee par J. Tomberlin dans un article precedent («Naturalism, actualism, ontology», ibid. pp. 489-98). Rejetant la condition de paraphrasabilite definie par Tomberlin dans le cadre de ses defis lances a l'actualisme, l'A. defend une semantique des jeux de langage ou semantique psychologique qui explique sa propre conception des relations langage/monde
A comparison between streptokinase/streptodornase and streptokinase on delayed hypersensitivity skin testing.

Abstract The use of streptokinase (SK) to replace streptokinase/streptodornase (SKSD) in delayed hypersensitivity skin testing was evaluated in 325 patients. Sixty patients responded to SKSD (100 U of SK per 25 U of SD) and 36 to SK (375 U). Thirty-two responded to SKSD but not to SK, and eight responded to SK but not to SKSD. SK, at the dosage used, is not a suitable substitute for SKSD in delayed hypersensitivity testing. SD may be the more potent recall antigen. Perhaps more importantly is that of 250 positive responders to a recall-antigen battery consisting of SKSD, SK, Candida , Trichophyton , tetanus toxoid, purified protein derivative, and coccidioidin, 99.2% (248) would have been detected had the testing for SK and SKSD not been done.
Pediatric Craniospinal Axis Irradiation With Helical Tomotherapy: Patient Outcome and Lack of Acute Pulmonary Toxicity

Purpose To present the patient outcomes and risk of symptomatic acute radiation pneumonitis (ARP) in 18 pediatric patients treated with helical tomotherapy to their craniospinal axis for a variety of neoplasms. Methods and Materials A total of 18 patients received craniospinal axis irradiation with helical tomotherapy. The median age was 12 years (range, 2.5–21). The follow-up range was 3–48 months (median, 16.5). Of the 18 patients, 15 received chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or concomitant setting. Chemotherapy was tailored to the particular histologic diagnosis; 10 of 18 patients underwent surgical removal of the gross primary tumor. The patients were followed and evaluated for ARP starting at 3–6 months after completion of craniospinal axis irradiation. ARP was graded using the Common Toxicity Criteria, version 3. Results At the last follow-up visit, 14, 2, and 2 patients were alive without disease, alive with disease, and dead of disease, respectively. The cause-specific survival rate was 89% (16 of 18), disease-free survival rate was 78% (14 of 18), and overall survival rate was 89% (16 of 18). No patient had treatment failure at the cribriform plate. No patient developed symptoms of ARP. Conclusion Craniospinal axis irradiation using helical tomotherapy yielded encouraging patient outcomes and acute toxicity profiles. Although large volumes of the lung received low radiation doses, no patient developed symptoms of ARP during the follow-up period.
Socratic Pedagogy: Perplexity, humiliation, shame and a broken egg

This article addresses and rebuts the claim that the purpose of the Socratic method is to humiliate, shame, and perplex participants. It clarifies pedagogical and exegetical confusions surrounding the Socratic method, what the Socratic method is, what its epistemological ambitions are, and how the historical Socrates likely viewed it. First, this article explains the Socratic method; second, it clarifies a misunderstanding regarding Socrates' role in intentionally perplexing his interlocutors; third, it discusses two different types of perplexity and relates these to philosophical inquiry and dialectical pedagogy; finally, it refutes the claim that those who use the Socratic method intentionally attempt to shame and humiliate students.
In Situ Explosive Detection Using a Miniature Plasma Ion Source and a Portable Mass Spectrometer

A small low-temperature plasma (LTP) ionization probe was coupled to a portable mass spectrometer for the rapid detection of trace explosives on surfaces. Using only a small diaphragm pump to supply ambient air to the LTP source, 100 ng each of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (Tetryl) were detectable on glass in under 1 minute. The main ion signal from these molecules (M) is the [M + NO3]− species. While much optimization remains, it is believed that this miniature LTP source will remove the need for external gas cylinders and additional heating for in situ explosives detection using portable mass spectrometers.
Effect of dietary fat source on fatty acid composition of cow's milk†

Four multiparous ruminally canulated cows and four primiparous cows without a ruminal cannula were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment to study the effect of dietary fat source on milk fatty acid composition. Cows were fed a diet containing 550 g lucerne silage and 450 g concentrate kg -1 dietary DM. The four diets were control and fat supplementation (32 g fat kg -1 diet DM) as roasted soya beans, calcium salts of palm oil fatty acids (Megalac®), or hydrogenated tallow (Alifet®). Cows fed supplemental fat as roasted soya beans, Megalac®, or Alifet® produced 33.8, 32.6, and 32.5 kg day -1 of 3.5% FCM, respectively, compared with 31.6 kg day -1 with no fat supplementation. Addition of fat decreased milk protein percentage. Milk fat percentage was increased with Megalac® and decreased with Alifet® feeding. Dietary fat decreased the proportion of short- and medium-chain fatty acids (C6-C14 :0) in milk and increased the proportion of long-chain fatty acids (C16 :0 and longer). Roasted soya beans were most effective in reducing C16 :0 and increasing C18 :1, C18 :2 and C18 :3 acids in milk fat. Megalac® did not decrease milk C16 :0 content, and neither Megalac® nor Alifet® affected C18 :2 content.
Co-Occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence and Child Maltreatment: Service Providers’ Perceptions

Intimate partner violence (IPV) places children at risk for maltreatment (CM). It is critical for both IPV and CM professionals to assess the possibility of the co-occurrence of both of these types of family violence, whose risk factors are nearly identical. However, little is known about the attitudes and perceptions of child welfare (CW), IPV, child protection, or other related professionals when serving families where both of these circumstances may occur. This study examined the perceptions of service providers in Hillsborough County, Florida on the co-occurrence of CM and IPV. Findings demonstrate the inequitable knowledge, training, and perceived ability to deal with the co-occurrence of IPV and CM among professionals from different employment areas. These discrepancies serve as opportunities for different agencies to collaborate in reducing knowledge gaps and increasing respondent’s capacity to effectively identify and intervene with victims.
The role of perceived affect and information in patients’ evaluations of health care and compliance decisions

The social interaction model distinguished between the communication and informational component of medical practitioners’ communication and predicts that perceived communication style plays a more important role in patients’ evaluations of care than perceptions of the informational component. The health belief model, by contrast, implies that perceptions of the informational component is more salient to patients’ compliance decisions than perceptions of communication style. A survey of patients from an anesthesiology clinic supported these predictions.
Electrochemistry in pyridine-IV. Chemical and electrochemical reduction of pyridine

The cathodic polarographic wave observed for solutions of AlCl, in pyridine is due not to reduction of Al(III), but to reduction of the solvent, in which process Al(II1) plays an essential role, apparently by polarizing the pyridine through the formation of a Lewis acid-base adduct with the pyridine nitrogen. Macroscale electrolysis of pyridine solutions of AlCl, at a mercury cathode results in the reduction of pyridine and the formation, after hydrolysis and air oxidation, of a complex mixture or copolymer of unsaturated polyamines and polyamides probably containing such I 1
A β-diketiminato hydroxyphosphenium cation: phosphinous acid–secondary phosphine oxidetautomerism revisited

The first example of a β-diketiminato-supported hydroxyphosphenium cation has been prepared, structurally characterized, and modeled by DFT calculations.
Interactions with fishes of five species of Lysmata (Decapoda, Caridea, Lysmatidae)

Species of Lysmata, commonly called peppermint shrimp, rock shrimp or cleaner shrimp; inhabit rocks, coral reefs, or shipwrecks from the intertidal zone to the continental shelf in tropical and warm temperate seas. At least 11 species have been reported to be cleaners: species that remove debris, dead or injured tissue, parasites, or fungi from a larger animal (the client, usually a fish) and are allowed by the client to do so without being attacked or harmed (C?t?, 2000). This behavior often is considered to be mutualistic: the cleaner receives a meal, and the client is freed from irritants or parasites. Limbaugh et al. (1961) divided cleaner shrimps into two groups on the basis of behavior. One group contained species that usually were pair forming or soli tary, territorial, brightly marked, and tropical. These species tended to be highly dependent on their "hosts" for food, and displayed themselves to their hosts in a conspicuous manner. The other group, comprised of Lysmata californica (Stimp son, 1866) (as Hippolysmata calif ornica), contained shrimp that are gregarious, wandering, and omnivorous, not highly dependent on its host for survival and not known to display themselves to attract fishes. This behavioral pattern was thought to be a more "primitive" type of cleaning behavior. C?t? (2000) distinguished be tween "facultative" cleaners, which obtain only a "small part" of their food by cleaning, and "obligate" cleaners, which obtain "on average 85%" of their food from client-gleaned items. Because the stomach contents of only a few reputed cleaners have been studied, this distinction is not very useful. Bauer (2004) distinguished between "imperfect", "transitional" and "highly evolved", or "specialized" cleaners. The first group, containing L. californica, Lysmata wurdemanni (Gibbes, 1850) and Lysmata seticaudata (Risso, 1816), has the same features as described by Limbaugh et al. (1961). These shrimp engage
Spatial frequency characteristics of cathode ray tubes (CRT) soft-copy displays

Initial measurements of certain display characteristics of a number of cathode ray tubes (CRTs) from different manufacturers are presented. Our aim was to compare the performance of these devices with respect to several critical parameters that affect the display of medical images. We designed a custom CCD imaging system to capture these display characteristics as images. Our CCD imaging system is reasonably portable so that it can travel to a clinical setting. Since a thorough calibration of the CCD imaging system is not completed, the results are reported for comparison purposes only. It was observed that most of the gray scale CRTs that we have studied have similar performances. Results obtained when a color CRT (shadow mask tube) is used to display a gray scale image are also presented. Two sections of the lung region of a digitally acquired computed radiography (CR) PA view chest image were presented on soft-copy and hard-copy displays. Images of these displays were acquired using the CCD imaging system and are presented in this paper.
Clinical and molecular epidemiology of enterococcal bacteremia in a pediatric teaching hospital

An apparent increase in the incidence of enterococcal bacteremias from 7 to 48/1000 bacteremias during 1986 to 1991 (p < 0.01) prompted this descriptive clinical and molecular epidemiologic study of 83 episodes occurring in 80 children between 1986 and 1992. Most community-acquired cases were in infants, in comparison with nosocomial episodes (24/26 and 34/57; p < 0.01); many of them were neonates (10/26 and 6/57; p < 0.01). Nosocomial cases were associated with underlying conditions including major surgery 56%, immunosuppression 49%, organ and tissue transplants 30%, and cardiac 32%, pulmonary 25%, renal 21%, and hepatic 21% disorders. Nosocomial episodes developed after a median of 32 days. There were 58 primary and 25 secondary bacteremias. Thirty-two episodes were polymicrobial and 44 organisms were involved. Twenty-six percent of the patients died. In 15%, death was preceded by septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and polymicrobial bacteremia (p < 0.01). Of 75 isolates, 82% were Enterococcus faecalis and 14% were Enterococcus faecium. Fourteen E. faecalis strains produced hemolysin; none produced beta-lactamase. Three had high-level resistance to gentamicin and 13 to streptomycin; two E. faecium and none of the E. faecalis strains were vancomycin resistant at a low level (p < 0.01) and one was ampicillin resistant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of whole-cell DNA digested with restriction enzymes Sma I and Eag I showed five isolates with a homogeneous pattern, two with another homogeneous pattern, and 68 with distinct heterogeneous patterns. The increase in enterococcal bacteremias was not due to a clonal strain dissemination but to an increase in cases of heterogeneous enterococcal strains. We conclude that enterococcal septicemia is now an important cause of serious morbidity and death in critically ill children.
Finite-difference modeling of borehole ground penetrating radar data

Abstract In the fall of 1996, borehole ground penetrating radar (BGPR) data were acquired as part of a comprehensive characterization of a clastic reservoir analog in the Ferron Sandstone in east central Utah. BGPR data were collected in and between three 15-m-deep holes as well as surface profiles that connect each pair of holes. Two-dimensional finite-difference modeling of the data provides estimates of the distributions of velocity and attenuation, and the geometry of the reflectors. Depth control on the interfaces in the model is provided by the core logs from the three holes. Average estimated relative dielectric permittivity generally increases with depth from ∼4 to ∼17 in the sandy units, and is larger (as high as ∼30) in the clays. The corresponding estimated electrical conductivities are from 10 −8 S/m for the most sandy layers to 10 −2 S/m for the most clay-rich layers. Comparing the velocities for vertical and horizontal electric field propagations shows a 20–25% anisotropy in the upper 6–7 m; vertical propagation (with horizontal polarization) is faster than horizontal propagation (with vertical polarization). This anisotropy is interpreted as being caused by the pervasive vertically oriented conjugate fractures that are visible at the site. At greater depths, the anisotropy is not seen, which we interpret as smaller fracture widths below the depths affected by surface weathering.
Clinical Predictors in the Use of Finasteride for Control of Gross Hematuria Due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Purpose: We identify predictors of clinical response as well as response time in patients treated with finasteride for gross hematuria due to benign prostatic hyperplasia.Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was preformed of 53 patients who had been given 5 mg. finasteride daily for the treatment of active bleeding or a recent history of recurrent bleeding. Urological evaluations were negative for tumor in all patients. A history of prostatectomy, anticoagulant status and prostate size was determined. The degree of hematuria was then graded before and after finasteride treatment according to our previously described system. Of the 53 patients who were actively bleeding at initial evaluation 16 were followed to determine time required for complete resolution of hematuria.Results: Hematuria grade improved after finasteride in 50 (94%) patients. Overall 77% of patients (41 of 53) experienced no further bleeding while taking finasteride. Mean followup was 38 months (range 3 to 86). Of the patie...
Bifurcation structure of a wind-driven shallow water model with layer-outcropping

Abstract The steady state bifurcation structure of the double-gyre wind-driven ocean circulation is examined in a shallow water model where the upper layer is allowed to outcrop at the sea surface. In addition to the classical jet-up and jet-down multiple equilibria, we find a new regime in which one of the equilibrium solutions has a large outcropping region in the subpolar gyre. Time dependent simulations show that the outcropping solution equilibrates to a stable periodic orbit with a period of 8 months. Co-existing with the periodic solution is a stable steady state solution without outcropping. A numerical scheme that has the unique advantage of being differentiable while still allowing layers to outcrop at the sea surface is used for the analysis. In contrast, standard schemes for solving layered models with outcropping are non-differentiable and have an ill-defined Jacobian making them unsuitable for solution using Newton’s method. As such, our new scheme expands the applicability of numerical bifurcation techniques to an important class of ocean models whose bifurcation structure had hitherto remained unexplored.
Selective nuclear hydrogenation of naphthalene, anthracene and coal-derived oil over Ru supported on mixed oxide

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to investigate the possible ways to produce high-quality products for transportation fuels from heavy distillates. For this purpose, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 wt% Ru, supported on three kinds of metallic oxide supports, Ru/Mn 2 O 3 ZnO, Ru/Mn 2 O 3 NiO and Ru/Mn 2 O 3 La 2 O 3 , were used as catalysts for selective nuclear hydrogenation of naphthalene, anthracene, and Canadian Battle River-coal-derived oil. The catalysts exhibited activity in the following order: Ru/Mn 2 O 3 NiO>Ru/Mn 2 O 3 ZnO>Ru/Mn 2 O 3 La 2 O 3 . The Ru/Mn 2 O 3 NiO catalyst showed the lowest exothermic temperature, corresponding to a decrease of differential pressure of hydrogen observed in the high-pressure DTA, and gave the largest H/Ru values among the catalysts determined by hydrogen chemisorption. The Ru/Mn 2 O 3 (0.19) NiO(0.81) among them showed the best performance for the reaction; it yielded 33 mol% of decalins from naphthalene and 49 mol% of perhydroanthracene from anthracene. The catalyst also converted 59 mol% of aromatic hydrogen to hydrogen at β- and γ-positions of aromatic hydrocarbons in the coal liquid. The temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) spectra of hydrogen and ammonia on the catalysts were measured to find the influence of acidity of supports for the catalytic activity. It was concluded that Ru on nonacidic support, which is Mn 2 O 3 NiO, showed the best performance, and a 0.1 wt% Ru loading on the Mn 2 O 3 NiO was sufficiently effective for the selective nuclear hydrogenation.
Isocapnic hypoxemia and neuropsychological functioning

Abstract We evaluated the cognitive effects of hypoxemia independent of hypocapnia in 20 right-handed male subjects using a battery of brief neuropsychological tests. Results of a profile analysis indicated that performance during hypoxia was reliably different for Digit Symbol and Finger Tapping tests. Trend analysis demonstrated a significant linear pattern for Finger Tapping results, such that lower levels of oxygen were associated with slower rates of tapping. No significant trends were observed for Digit Symbol results. The observation of hypoxic effects on Digit Symbol and Finger Tapping tests is consistent with previous findings of neuropsychological changes secondary to hypoxia. The negative results observed for the remaining tests are inconsistent with past literature. It is likely that methodological differences contributed to these discrepancies, including previous reliance on inspired air to index hypoxemia rather than monitoring arterial oxygen saturation directly and failure to control for d...
Hydroxyurea therapy in β‐thalassaemia intermedia: improvement in haematological parameters due to enhanced β‐globin synthesis

The beta-thalassaemias represent a heterogenous group of diseases resulting from decreased erythroid beta-globin mRNA expression and imbalanced alpha/beta-globin chain synthesis which are manifest clinically by ineffective erythropoiesis and excessive haemolysis. Increasing levels of haemoglobin F (HbF) by pharmacological agents has been proposed to ameliorate the severity of the disease by improving the balance in globin chain synthesis. Hydroxyurea (HU), as an effective agent with low toxicity for activating gamma-globin gene, has been shown to enhance HbF synthesis in experimental animals and in patients with sickle cell anaemia. However, previous trials of HU in beta-thalassaemia patients are ambiguous, with a small number having increased HbF synthesis. In a recent study of HU effects in Chinese beta-thalassaemia patients we unexpectedly found that two unrelated patients with beta-thalassaemia intermedia demonstrated an improvement in the effectiveness of erythropoiesis reflected by an increase in haemoglobin concentration (from 4.1 to 6.3 g/dl, patient 1; from 6.5 to 9.7 g/dl, patient 2) and in red cell volume (from 68 to 104 fl, patient 1; from 68 to 85 fl, patient 2) after a period of excess of 300d of low-dosage HU treatment. These effects, however, appear to be due to increased beta-globin biosynthesis, because the percentage of HbF decreased in each patient as total Hb increased. This was reflected by changes in the beta/alpha ratio (from 0.301 to 0.581, patient 1; from 0.348 to 0.487, patient 2) with minimal changes in gamma-globin biosynthesis. We conclude that in addition to its known effects in stimulating gamma-globin production, hydroxyurea may have a more general role in augmenting globin synthesis, including beta-globin in some thalassaemia intermedia patients who maintain the capacity to express normal beta-globin chains.
Understanding the role of Leu22 variants in methotrexate resistance: comparison of wild-type and Leu22Arg variant mouse and human dihydrofolate reductase ternary crystal complexes with methotrexate and NADPH.

Structural data are reported to 2.5 A resolution for the first full analysis of the methotrexate-resistant Leu22Arg (L22R) variant of mouse dihydrofolate reductase (mDHFR) crystallized as a ternary complex with methotrexate (MTX) and the cofactor NADPH. These results are compared with the MTX and NADPH ternary complexes of L22R human DHFR (hDHFR) and those of mouse and human wild-type DHFR enzymes. The conformation of mDHFR Arg22 is such that it makes hydrogen-bonding contacts with Asp21, Trp24 and a structural water molecule, observations which were not made in the L22R hDHFR ternary complex. These data show that there is little difference between the structures of the wild type and L22R variant for either mouse or human DHFR; however, there are significant differences between the species. Comparison of these structures reveals that the active site of mDHFR is larger than that in the hDHFR structure. In mDHFR, the position of MTX is shifted 0.6 A toward helix C (residues 59–65), which in turn is shifted 1.2 A away from the active site relative to that observed in the hDHFR ternary complexes. In the L22R variant mDHFR structure, MTX makes shorter contacts to the conserved residues Ile7, Val115 and Tyr121 than in the L22R variant human DHFR structure. These contacts are comparable in both wild-type enzymes. The unexpected results from this comparison of the mouse and human DHFR complexes bound with the same ligand and cofactor illustrate the importance of detailed study of several species of enzyme, even when there is a high sequence homology between them. These data suggest that the differences in binding interactions of the L22R variant are in agreement with the weaker binding affinity for MTX in the variant enzymes; the larger size of the binding site in mDHFR supports the observation that the binding affinity of MTX for L22R mDHFR is significantly weaker than that of the L22R hDHFR enzyme.