cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient computation of bhapkar's V statistic and significance points for its use in small samplest†

A distribution-free V-test was developed by Bhapkar(1961)for the hypothesis of homogeneity of c populations using a generalization of the Mann-Whitney(1947)approach. For large samples the significance points can be approximated by the upper quantiles of the chi-square distribution with c – 1 degrees of freedom. The present paper gives tables of significance points for the level of significance α closest to 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 for the following range of sample sizes(ni ): These tables, thus, go considerably beyond the earlier tabulation by Deshpande(1963)for the case .
Critical cluster size determination from sticking coefficient and flash desorption measurements

Abstract Measurements were made of the sticking coefficient γ of CO 2 molecules on a H 2 O ice substrate as a function of time. A molecular beam was used with a flux of 7.7 × 10 13 molecules cm −2 sec −1 . The H 2 O surface temperature T s was varied between 72.4 and 74.4 K. The behavior of γ as a function of time was interpreted in terms of a microscopic nucleation theory. γ was also measured for T s decreasing at a constant rate b from above 78 K to 72 K. These data, taken with different beam fluxes, showed that nucleation processes are continuous for this system rather than discontinuous at some critical temperature. Analysis of the data for T s = constant and b = constant gave a critical cluster size of four CO 2 molecules and an activation energy equal to 22 ± 2.4 kcal mole −1 . Thermal desorption rate measurements yielded an activation energy of desorption for CO 2 on solid H 2 O equal to 6007 cal mole −1 .
Disappointing Short-Term Results With the DePuy ASR XL Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty

Outcomes of ultralarge-diameter femoral heads used in metal-on-metal (MOM) total hip arthroplasty (THA) are relatively unknown. This study reports on early failures of the ASR XL (Depuy, Warsaw, Ind) and assesses whether a correlation with cup positioning exists. A retrospective review of 70 consecutive MOM THAs with ultralarge-diameter femoral head and monoblock acetabular component was conducted. Minimum follow-up was 24 months. Of 70 THAs, 12 (17.1%) required revision within 3 years for pain (7), loosening (3), and squeaking (2). Three additional THAs noted squeaking, 2 noted grinding, and 3 additional hips had persistent pain. In total, 20 (28.6%) of 70 demonstrated implant dysfunction. Acetabular components for all symptomatic hips were in acceptable range of cup abduction and anteversion. The failures noted with this design do not correlate to cup placement. The high rate of implant dysfunction at early follow-up suggests serious concerns with the concept of MOM THA with an ultralarge-diameter femoral head paired with a monoblock acetabular cup.
Consumption, Inequity, and Environmental Justice: The Making of New Metropolitan Landscapes in Developing Countries

Suburban-style housing is becoming increasingly common in cities throughout the developing world. In this article, we describe processes that influence the formation of new suburban landscapes in these cities, and we consider the implications of these developments for questions of social and environmental equity. We show how suburban landscape construction may foster inequities in both exposure to environmental hazards and in access to environmental amenities.
Assessing the potential impact of total disc arthroplasty on surgeon practice patterns in North America

Abstract Background context Intervertebral disc replacement has enjoyed a recent surge in popularity largely because of its anticipated release into the North American market. These devices offer an alternative to the 450,000 lumbar and cervical fusion procedures performed by US spine surgeons each year. The unanswered question at the present time is the potential impact, technologically and economically, of cervical and lumbar disc arthroplasty on the practice patterns of North American spine surgeons. Purpose To assess the economic and societal impact of motion-sparing technology in the North American Market. Setting A review of the literature and an economic market analysis of the impact of intervetebral disc replacements on surgeon practice in North America. Conclusion The potential economic effect of spine arthroplasty in the United States is staggering with conservative figures approximating $2.18 billion and 47.9% of the market share being captured by motion-sparing technology. Modeling spinal arthroplasty usage and influence after other spinal products, such as cylindrical cages and pedicle screws, may provide insight into the effects of motion-sparing technology. Regardless of the clinical outcome of disc arthroplasty, its potential economic impact will be significant.
FIBER OPTICS ENGINEERING: PHYSICAL DESIGN FOR RELIABILITY

The review part of the paper addresses analytical modeling in fiber optics engineering. Attributes and significance of predictive modeling are indicated and discussed. The review is based mostly on the author’s research conducted at Bell Laboratories, Physical Sciences and Engineering Research Division, Murray Hill, NJ, USA, during his tenure with Bell Labs for about twenty years, and, to a lesser extent, on his recent work in the field. The addressed topics include, but are not limited to, the following major fields: bare fibers; jacketed and dual-coated fibers; coated fibers experiencing thermal and/or mechanical loading; fibers soldered into ferrules or adhesively bonded into capillaries; roles of geometric and material non-linearity; dynamic response to shocks and vibrations; as well as possible applications of nano-materials in new generations of coating and cladding systems. The extension part is concerned with a new, fruitful and challenging direction in optical engineering- probabilistic design for reliability (PDfR) of opto-electronic and photonic systems, including fiber optics engineering. The rationale behind the PDfR concept is that the difference between a highly reliable optical fiber system and an insufficiently reliable one is “merely” in the level of the never-zero probability of failure. It is the author’s belief that when the operational reliability of an optical fiber system and product is imperative, the ability to predict, quantify, assure and, if possible and appropriate, even specify this reliability is highly desirable.
Subcellular constituents of human placenta. II. Isolation and density distribution of lysosomes from first trimester tissue.

Extract: First trimester placental lysosomes may play an important role in specialized physiologic events which occur in early gestation: endometrial invasion, cellular differentiation, and rapid organ growth. Placental tissue is readily separated from contaminating tissues and the syncytium is a source rich in lysosomes. Based on sedimentation velocity analysis, two lysosome “populations” are separated, each of which shows bimodal density distribution after isopycnic ultracentrifugation. Compared with term placental lysososmes, first trimester lysosomes are of lower buoyant density. First trimester placentas yield lysosome fractions with greater, specific activities for acid hydrolases than comparable subcellular fractions from term placenta. This correlates well with the postulated participation of the organelle in early placental processes. Speculation: Placenta participates in many highly specialized processes in which the lysosome is hypothesized to be critical. Investigations on different tissues indicate that the incorporation of estrogens into lysosomal membranes alters organelle stability, thus possibly constituting a control mechanism of organelle function. The lower buoyant density of first trimester placental lysosomes may be indicative of differences in the lipid composition, possibly in membranes, and hence stability. The increased acid hydrolase activities of first trimester placental lysosomes point to similar control mechanisms in the trophoblast. Elucidation of these lysosomal functions will contribute to the understanding of processes operative in normal and neoplastic cellular growth.
Spine microdomains for postsynaptic signaling and plasticity

Changes in the molecular composition and signaling properties of excitatory glutamatergic synapses onto dendritic spines mediate learning-related plasticity in the mammalian brain. This molecular adaptation serves as the most celebrated cell biological model for learning and memory. Within their micron-sized dimensions, dendritic spines restrict the diffusion of signaling molecules and spatially confine the activation of signal transduction pathways. Much of this local regulation occurs by spatial compartmentalization of glutamate receptors. Here, we review recently identified cell biological mechanisms regulating glutamate receptor mobility within individual dendritic spines. We discuss the emerging functions of glutamate receptors residing within sub-spine microdomains and propose a model for distinct signaling platforms with specialized functions in synaptic plasticity.
Metastable DenseSemiconductor Phases

The creation of new materials may be possible by searching out high-energy forms of solid-state structures. In his Perspective, Brus discusses results reported in the same issue by Chenet al. on direct measurements of structural changes in nanocrystals. The measurements show that metastable higher-energy forms are more stable in larger nanocrystals, suggesting that it may be possible to "trap" these useful but otherwise unstable structures.
Optical reflectance studies of chemisorption on a clean metal surface

Abstract Changes in optical reflectance from a Mo (100) surface due to chemisorption of O2 and CO in amounts up to a monolayer show that adsorbate-dependent surface states are present near the Fermi energy and are sensitive to the adatom binding configuration.
Estimating subpixel fire sizes and temperatures from ASTER using multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) shortwave infrared subsystem can acquire images of active fires during daytime and night-time from a polar orbit, providing useful data on fire properties at a nominal spatial resolution of 30 m. Binary fire/no-fire counts of ASTER pixels have also been useful in evaluating the performance of widely-used fire products from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), which have a nominal spatial resolution of 1 km. However, the ASTER fire pixels are actually mixed pixels that can contain flaming, smouldering and non-burning components, and ASTER fire pixel counts provide no information about the sizes or temperatures of these subpixel components. This paper uses multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) to estimate subpixel fire sizes and temperatures from a night-time ASTER image of a fire in California, USA, demonstrating new methods that can provide information on fires not available from other sources. ...
Photoreflectance Study of Ion-implanted CdTe

We have used the contactless and nondestructive technique of photoreflectance (PR) to study boron-ion implanted {100} CdTe both before and after annealing. The samples studied were implanted using 100 to 400 keV boron ions to a dosage of 1x10 16 /cm 2 and some were annealed in vacuum at 500C for 1 hour. The spectral measurements made at 77K in the vicinity of the direct gap, Eo, indicate three dominant phases with distinctly different line widths that may originate in a nearly crystalline, partially crystalline and heavily damaged regions in the sample. A study of the E1 spectra and the changes in the line shapes in the vicinity of E o with varying the pump penetration depth from ~2500A using the 6328A He-Ne laser line to <400A using a near-ultra violet.beam yields some insight into the depth distribution and volume fraction of the three phases.
Circumferential surgery for the management of cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament

Can simultaneous anterior and posterior (circumferential) surgery in patients with cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL)/stenosis, achieving both decompression and stabilization, be accomplished with acceptable risk? Between 1989 and 1996, 22 circumferential procedures were performed, including an average 2.5-level anterior corpectomy with 5-level posterior wiring and fusion. These patients were severely myelopathic (average Nurick grade 3.5) and were followed for a mean interval of 22 months (range 4-52 months). Circumferential procedures required an average of 9.8 h and 3.5 U of blood transfused. Postoperatively, patients improved approximately +3.0 Nurick grades. Simultaneous circumferential surgery for OPLL/stenosis may be successfully performed in <10 h with limited blood loss.
Community Psychology Is (Thank God) More Than Science

Thinking about Community Psychology primarily as a science may make it harder, rather than easier, to embrace certain aspects of the field to which we are deeply committed, but usually fall outside the conventional meaning of “doing science.” While community psychologists use (and expand) the tools of science, this is different than saying that Community Psychology is only, or even primarily, a science. The field is just as much social criticism as it is science. In order to further conversation about these matters, seven thoughts about why (thank God) community psychology is more than a science are offered, the most basic of which is that today the greatest danger to freedom is not in the union of church and state, but in the union of science and state.
Comparison theorems for algorithmic models

This paper discusses monotonicity concepts to compare iteration sequences and common fixed points of point-to-set mappings. Three particular applications are presented. A new proof of the Gronwall lemma is first introduced, and then the monotonicity of input-output systems is analysed. Matrices with nonnegative inverses are finally examined.
A two-dimensional multifluid MHD model of Titans plasma environment

Abstract Titan possesses an extensive neutral atmosphere consisting mainly of molecular nitrogen and methane. Titan also has an ionosphere due to the photoionization of the neutrals by solar extreme ultraviolet photons or due to ionization by energetic electrons associated with Saturns magnetosphere. Saturns magnetospheric plasma and field impinges on Titans atmosphere and ionosphere with a flow speed of about 120 km/s. We are studying Titans plasma environment using a two-dimensional (2-D), quasi-multifluid magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model which maintains high spatial resolution in Titans ionosphere by employing a grid with cylindrical geometry and non-uniform radial grid spacing. The ion species included in the model are a generic light (e.g., H + , H + 2 ), medium (e.g., N + , CH + 5 ), and heavy (e.g., N + 2 , H 2 CN + ) species. The inner boundary is located at an altitude of 725 km and the outer boundary at a radial distance of 1.5×10 6 km. Titan first begins to affect the external magnetospheric plasma flow at a distance of about 10 Titan radii (or 10 R T ). The plasma flow is subsonic, although superAlfvenic, and a bow shock does not appear in the model results. The flow for radial distances between about 2 and 10 R T qualitatively resembles potential flow around a hard cylinder. The flow inside 2 R T is much slower due to the build-up of a magnetic barrier and due to the collisional interaction of the plasma with Titans neutral atmosphere. Comparison will be made with the results of an earlier 1-D MHD model of Titans ionosphere (Keller, Cravens and Gan, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 11199, 1994) and with a 3-D single fluid MHD model.
Efficiency enhancement of copper contaminated radial p–n junction solar cells

Radial p–n junction solar cells have been predicted theoretically to have better efficiencies than their planar counterparts due to a decrease in the distance required to collect minority carriers relative to carrier diffusion length. This advantage is also significantly enhanced when the diffusion length is much smaller than the absorption length. The radial p–n junctions studied here consist of micron-scale to nano-scale diameter holes etched into a copper contaminated silicon wafer. Radial p–n junctions contaminated with copper impurities show roughly a twofold increase in efficiency than similarly contaminated planar p–n junction solar cells; however the enhancement is a strong function of the radial junction pitch, with maximum enhancement occurring for a pitch that is twice the carrier diffusion length.
Mechanical aspects of crimped glass reinforced plastic (GRP) rods

Nonceramic insulators (NCIs) with crimped metal end fittings were studied to understand the nature of the interfacial stresses at the rod-metal fitting interface. The study involved both experimental and computational aspects. Monotonic tension tests were performed on rod assemblies (bare rod with end fittings crimped) as well as full-scale composite insulators. Different rod formulations (E-glass, E-CR glass fibers, resins made of epoxy, polyester, and vinyl ester) were evaluated. The experimental results were used to calculate the stresses at the interface. It is shown that the onset of debonding/detachment of the rod from the end fitting can occur at load magnitude close to the proof-test load. Radial cracks in the rod can also develop in the crimped portion of the rod. A theoretical model for pullout was developed to validate the experimental observations. A companion paper identified the role played by imperfections in the GRP rod matrix and electrical stress on brittle fracture. It is concluded that imperfections caused by crimping, together with mechanical stress concentrations are a greater threat to brittle fracture than posed by imperfections in the GRP rod matrix and electric stress concentrations near the line end fitting, only if the housing does not protect the rod from the elements. This highlights the importance of good quality control in manufacturing, and complete protection of the rod by the polymer housing.
The Effect of Corticosteroid on Collagen Expression in Injured Rotator Cuff Tendon

Background: Subacromial corticosteroid injections are commonly used in the nonoperative management of rotator cuff disease. The effects of corticosteroid injection on injured rotator cuff tendons have not been studied. Our aims were to characterize the acute response of rotator cuff tendons to injury through the analysis of the type-III to type-I collagen expression ratio, a tendon injury marker, and to examine the effects of corticosteroid on this response. Methods: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control, tendon injury, steroid treatment, and tendon injury and steroid treatment. Six rats served as sham controls. Unilateral tendon injuries were created with full-thickness defects across 50% of the total width of the infraspinatus tendon, 5 mm from its humeral insertion. Steroid treatment with a single dose of methylprednisolone (0.6 mg/kg), equivalent to that given to humans, was injected into the subacromial space under direct visualization. Steroid treatment followed the creation of an injury in the rats in the injury and steroid treatment group. At one, three, and five weeks after the injury, the total RNA isolated from tendons was quantified with real-time polymerase chain reaction with use of primers for type-I and type-III collagen and ribosomal 18s RNA. Results: The type-III to type-I collagen expression ratio remained at baseline at all time-points in the control and sham groups. At one week, the type-III to type-I collagen expression ratio increased more than fourfold above the control level in the tendon injury group (p = 0.017) and the tendon injury and steroid treatment group (p = 0.003). The ratio remained greater than twofold above the control at three weeks in both groups (p = 0.003 and p = 0.037) and returned to baseline at five weeks. Interestingly, the group that had steroid treatment only showed an increase of >4.5-fold (p = 0.001) in the type-III to type-I collagen expression ratio, without structural injury to the tendon. This ratio returned to baseline levels by three weeks. Conclusions: A single dose of corticosteroid does not alter the acute phase response of an injured rotator cuff tendon in the rat. However, the same steroid dose in uninjured tendons initiates a short-term response equivalent to that of structural injury. Clinical Relevance: These findings suggest that while a single corticosteroid dose may have no long-term effects on tendon collagen gene expression, collagen composition may be acutely altered by the injection. Therapy and activity recommendations following subacromial corticosteroid exposure should be made with the awareness of possible compromised rotator cuff tendon properties.
A Hybrid Markov/Semi-Markov Conditional Random Field for Sequence Segmentation

Markov order-1 conditional random fields (CRFs) and semi-Markov CRFs are two popular models for sequence segmentation and labeling. Both models have advantages in terms of the type of features they most naturally represent. We propose a hybrid model that is capable of representing both types of features, and describe efficient algorithms for its training and inference. We demonstrate that our hybrid model achieves error reductions of 18% and 25% over a standard order-1 CRF and a semi-Markov CRF (resp.) on the task of Chinese word segmentation. We also propose the use of a powerful feature for the semi-Markov CRF: the log conditional odds that a given token sequence constitutes a chunk according to a generative model, which reduces error by an additional 13%. Our best system achieves 96.8% F-measure, the highest reported score on this test set.
Nonlinear filters: beyond the Kalman filter

Nonlinear filters can provide estimation accuracy that is vastly superior to extended Kalman filters for some important practical applications. We compare several types of nonlinear filters, including: particle filters (PFs), unscented Kalman filters, extended Kalman filters, batch filters and exact recursive filters. The key practical issue in nonlinear filtering is computational complexity, which is often called "the curse of dimensionality". It has been asserted that PFs avoid the curse of dimensionality, but this is generally incorrect. Well-designed PFs with good proposal densities sometimes avoid the curse of dimensionality, but not otherwise. Future research in nonlinear filtering will exploit recent progress in quasi-Monte Carlo algorithms (rather than boring old Monte Carlo methods), as well as ideas borrowed from physics (e.g., dimensional interpolation) and new mesh-free adjoint methods for solving PDEs. This tutorial was written for normal engineers, who do not have nonlinear filters for breakfast.
High-power single-polarization EDFA with wavelength-multiplexed pumps

We present a two-stage, double-pass polarization-maintaining Er-doped fiber amplifier (PM-EDFA) with a high saturated output power (Psat) composed of reliable, commercially available components. The high output power is achieved by multiplexing four pump lasers together with polarization-insensitive dense WDM fused tapered couplers. The pump diode laser wavelengths ranged from 970-985 nm, with a 5-nm separation. At the recommended operating current, the nominal power of each pump before the WDM combiner was 90 mW and the output pump power from each set of four combined pump lasers was 330 mW.
Involvement of insulin receptor substrate 2 in mammary tumor metastasis.

The insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins are adaptor molecules that integrate signals generated by receptors that are implicated in human breast cancer. We investigated the specific contribution of IRS-2 to mammary tumor progression using transgenic mice that express the polyoma virus middle T antigen (PyV-MT) in the mammary gland and IRS-2-null (IRS-2 / ) mice. PyV-MT-induced tumor initiation and growth were similar in wild-type (WT) and IRS-2 / mice. However, the latency and incidence of metastasis were significantly decreased in the absence of IRS-2 expression. The contribution of IRS-2 to metastasis is intrinsic to the tumor cells, because IRS-2 / mammary tumor cells did not metastasize when grown orthotopically in the mammary fat pads of WT mice. WT and IRS-2 / tumors contained similar numbers of mitotic cells, but IRS-2 / tumors had a higher incidence of apoptosis than did WT tumors. In vitro, IRS-2 / mammary tumor cells were less invasive and more apoptotic in response to growth factor deprivation than their WT counterparts. In contrast, IRS-1 / tumor cells, which express only IRS-2, were highly invasive and were resistant to apoptotic stimuli. Collectively, our findings reveal animportant contribution of IRS-2 to breast cancer metastasis. The differentiation and function of mammary epithelial cells are dependent upon the combined action of growth factor/ hormone receptors and adhesion receptors, which act in concert to control the signals required for normal cell function (10, 24). In breast cancer, many of these same receptors contribute to tumor progression, and it is clear that growth factor stimulation and matrix composition determine the fate of these malignant cells (4, 41). Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling is implicated in normal mammary gland development and function as well as in breast cancer (34). IGF-1 and IGF-2 are expressed in the normal mammary gland, and they promote
Salvage and Destruction: The Recycling of Books and Manuscripts in Great Britain during the Second World War

An analysis of Great Britain's campaigns to recycle books and paper reveals the paradoxes of wartime waste policies: destroying history and culture for the sake of reusing materials, and the impact of recycling on the war machinery's own wastefulness. Conscious of systematic recycling in Nazi Germany and its own dependence on imports, the British government established a salvage department only weeks after the outbreak of war. Beginning in 1940, this department required all large towns to collect recyclable materials. Salvage, beyond lessening shortages, served ideological and psychological aims, because reused materials were turned into weapons. This led to a critical redefinition of recycling as the war progressed. People who previously characterised the Third Reich's recycling programmes as typical fascist control now considered compulsory recycling in Great Britain wholly positive. However, protesters claimed the government was causing irreparable harm by salvaging items whose value far exceeded their worth as scrap. The harvesting of books, periodicals and manuscripts as ‘waste’ paper proved particularly contentious, with some arguing that their own government was adding to the destruction that bombs were causing to Great Britain's cultural inheritance.
ENCAPSULATED HEMOGLOBIN: CURRENT ISSUES AND FUTURE GOALS

The promise of encapsulation systems for the sequestration of hemoglobin has been the long-held belief that encapsulation more closely mimics nature's strategy for circulating hemoglobin, and could alleviate hemoglobin based toxicities and increase circulation persistence. Various polymers have been proposed to deliver hemoglobin. One approach toward the encapsulation of hemoglobin has been to employ biodegradable, biocompatible vehicles such as phospholipid vesicles, or liposomes. The majority of encapsulation work with hemoglobin over recent years has focused on liposome encapsulated hemoglobin with demonstrations of efficacy and safety in total and partial isovolemic and hypovolemic exchange models, hemodynamics, circulation persistence and organ biodistribution, processing methods, long term storage through freeze-drying, and serum changes and histopathological consequences following administration in small animals. The data collected thus far indicate that encapsulation of hemoglobin does significantly alter many of the traditionally observed effects following the administration of cell free hemoglobin solutions. Liposome encapsulated hemoglobin circulates for 20-24 hours in small animals and principally distributes to the liver and spleen. The significant accumulation of liposome encapsulated hemoglobin in these organs poses new questions for short and long-term effects on the reticuloendothelial system and macrophage function which are currently being addressed. In addition, transient hemodynamic and serum changes have been observed following the administration of liposome encapsulated hemoglobin. Many of these are similar to the effects observed following administration of liposomes without intravesicular hemoglobin and are dictated by liposome parameters such as surface charge and character, size, and lipid composition. Finally, fundamental large scale production issues such as encapsulation efficiency and particle size distribution must be optimized to facilitate the commercial development of encapsulated hemoglobin. These issues are discussed in the historical context of encapsulated hemoglobin and basic liposome research, current research status, and future challenges for the development of encapsulated hemoglobin as an artificial oxygen carrying fluid.
True tibial artery aneurysms: case report and literature review.

Abstract True tibial artery aneurysms are rare lesions. They may manifest themselves clinically either as a painful leg mass or as evidence of ischemic changes in the foot. Asymptomatic lesions may be found incidentally during arteriography. The need for surgical intervention should be individualized depending on the presentation; the type of surgical intervention is based on coexistent tibial artery anatomy. The present report describes a patient with a true tibial artery aneurysm. Clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and surgical management are described. (J Vasc Surg 1989;10:457–9.)
THE EFFECT OF PHENOTHIAZINE AND WITHDRAWAL TIME ON GRAVID MARES GRAZING ENDOPHYTE-INFECTED TALL FESCUE

Summary Sixteen gravid mares grazing endophyte Acremonium coenophialum infected fescue were assigned by expected foaling date and breed to a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The treatments were phenothiazine (P), no phenothiazine (NP), withdrawal from infected fescue pasture on expected foaling date (0), and withdrawal from infected fescue pasture ten days after expected foaling date (+10). Mares on the P treatment received 2 gm/headl/day -1 of phenothiazine in 454 gm of a corn and molasses carrier and mares on NP treatment received 454 gm of the carrier daily. Treatment started 40 days prior to each mare's expected foaling date and continued until parturition. Mares were weighed, given a body condition score and a 4h blood window was initially taken. Weights and body condition scores were recorded every 28 days. Six more blood windows were taken on each mare: three based on the start of P or NP, two on withdrawal time, and one two days after foaling. Serum samples were assayed for prolactin, progesterone and estradiol-1713. Neither phenothiazine nor withdrawal time had an effect (P
Hydrogels as Carriers for Stem Cell Transplantation

Stem cells are a promising source for cell replacement therapy for several degenerative conditions. However, a number of limitations such as low cell survival, uncontrolled and/or low differentiation, induction of host immune response, and the risk of teratoma formation remain as challenges. In this review, we explore the utility of hydrogels as carriers for stem cell delivery and their potential to overcome some of the current limitations in stem cell therapy. We focus on in situ gelling hydrogels, and also discuss other strategies to modulate the immune response to promote controlled stem cell differentiation. Immunomodulatory hydrogels and gels designed to promote cell survival and integration into the host site will likely have a significant effect on enhancing the efficacy of stem cell transplantation as a therapy for debilitating degenerative diseases.
Reconstruction of the velocity from the vorticity in three-dimensional fluid flows

This paper describes variational methods for finding the stationary velocity fields of given vorticity which obey either no-flux or no-slip boundary conditions. The density of the fluid is assumed to be known, continuous and bounded away from zero and the domain is bounded, connected and has a C 1,1 boundary. Necessary conditions on the vorticity for there to be velocity fields with finite kinetic energy are derived. The existence of velocity fields is then proven subject to these necessary conditions and the vorticity being 6/5th power integrable on the region. This is done by using variational principles for the solutions. These principles are suitable for numerical simulation and computation. Some continuous dependence results are described.
The research dynamic: a professional development model for secondary school science teachers.

This essay summarizes the author's 10 years of experience at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation mentoring secondary school science teachers during 8-wk Summer Research Institutes. The summary...
AFTERMATH OF AN EVALUATION

As a result of the comprehensive evaluation of MEDLARS conducted in 1966–7, several recommendations were made to the National Library of Medicine as measures appropriate to the improvement of effectiveness and efficiency of the system. This brief paper summarizes these recommendations and discusses steps since taken by NLM to implement them.
Clinical Comparison of Automatic, Noninvasive Measurements of Blood Pressure in the Forearm and Upper Arm With the Patient Supine or With the Head of the Bed Raised 45°: A Follow-Up Study

• BACKGROUND Noninvasive measurement of blood pressure in the forearm is used when the upper arm is inaccessible and/or when available blood pressure cuffs do not fit a patient’s arm. Evidence supporting this practice is limited. • OBJECTIVE To compare noninvasive measurements of blood pressure in the forearm and upper arm of medical-surgical inpatients positioned supine and with the head of the bed raised 45°. • METHODS Cuff size was selected on the basis of forearm and upper arm circumference and manufacturers’ recommendations. With a Welch Allyn Vital Signs 420 Series monitor, blood pressures were measured in the forearm and then in the upper arm of 221 supine patients with their arms resting at their sides. Patients were repositioned with the head of the bed elevated 45° and after 2 minutes, blood pressures were measured in the upper arm and then the forearm. Starting position was alternated on subsequent subjects. • RESULTS Paired t tests revealed significant differences between systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured in the upper arm and forearm with patients supine and with the head of the bed elevated 45°. The Bland-Altman procedure revealed that the distances between the mean values and the limits of agreement were from 15 to 33 mm Hg for individual subjects. • CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive measurements of blood pressure in the forearm and upper arm cannot be interchanged in medical-surgical patients who are supine or in patients with the head of the bed elevated 45°. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2006;15:196-205)
Nonlinear Electrical Predistortion and Equalization for the Coherent Optical Communication System

One of major issues of the advanced optical communication system is the signal distortion caused by fiber nonlinearity. Both predistorters and equalizers have been used for nonlinearity compensation and electrical compensation has become a popular choice among optical communication engineers in recent years. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no comparative study about electrical equalizers and predistorters has been conducted for optical communication systems. Using a coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) system as a test system, we investigated the performance of electrical p th-order inverse Volterra predistorters and equalizers. Our research results show that both the equalizer and the predistorter can compensate for the nonlinearity of the CO-OFDM system. The major difference between the predistorter and the equalizer is that the predistorter regulates the input power; therefore, the performance of the CO-OFDM system with a predistorter is independent over a wide range of the laser launch power. The results presented in this paper can lead to a better understanding of electrical equalization and predistortion techniques for optical communication systems.
Visualizing lowly-populated regions of the free energy landscape of macromolecular complexes by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement.

Many biological macromolecular interactions proceed via lowly-populated, highly transient species that arise from rare excursions between the minimum free energy configuration and other local minima of the free energy landscape. Little is known about the structural properties of such lowly-occupied states since they are difficult to trap and hence inaccessible to conventional structural and biophysical techniques. Yet these states play a crucial role in a variety of dynamical processes including molecular recognition and binding, allostery, induced-fit and self-assembly. Here we highlight recent progress in paramagnetic nuclear magnetic resonance to detect, visualize and characterize lowly-populated transient species at equilibrium. The underlying principle involves the application of paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) in the fast exchange regime. Under these conditions the footprint of the minor species can be observed in the PRE profiles measured for the major species, providing distances between the paramagnetic label and protons of interest are shorter in the minor species than the major one. Ensemble simulated annealing refinement directly against the PRE data permits one to obtain structural data on the minor species. We have used the PRE (a) to detect and characterize the stochastic target search process whereby a sequence-specific transcription factor (the Hox-D9 homeodomain) binds to non-cognate DNA sites as a means of enhancing the rate of specific association via intramolecular sliding and intermolecular translocation; (b) to directly visualize the distribution of non-specific transient encounter complexes involved in the formation of stereospecific protein–protein complexes; (c) to detect and visualize ultra-weak self-association of a protein, a process that is relevant to early nucleation events involved in the formation of higher order structures; and (d) to determine the structure of a minor species for a multidomain protein (maltose binding protein) where large interdomain motions are associated with ligand binding, thereby shedding direct light on the fundamental question of allosteryversus induced fit in this system. The PRE offers unique opportunities to directly probe and explore in structural terms lowly-populated regions of the free energy landscape and promises to yield fundamental new insights into biophysical processes.
Plasticity in the developing visual system: the effects of retinal lesions made in young rats.

The central visual pathways of the rat have been used as a model for investigating the significance of axonal interactions in mammalian neural development. Attention is restricted largely to the aberrant distribution of optic axons to the ipsilateral side of the brain and their distribution in the superior colliculus after early unilateral eye damage. The normal ipsilateral retinotectal pathway in pigmented rats appears as a series of patches located anteriorly and laterally in the stratum opticum, whereas in albino animals it is a small area lying anteromedially. In both, a few axons are often found at the extreme posterior border of the superior colliculus. After unilateral eye enucleation at birth, an aberrant ipsilateral pathway from the remaining eye arises at the optic chiasm. It originates from all parts of the retina and terminates in the ipsilateral superior colliculus in a topographic fashion such that the upper retina projects laterally and the lower retina, medially. The pathway is heaviest anteromedially (from lower temporal retina) and lightest posterolaterally (from upper nasal retina). There is always a heavy projection to the extreme posterior border of the superior colliculus. In only two animals of a large series was direct intertectal sprouting found. After partial retinal lesions, there is again an ipsilateral pathway from the unlesioned eye which fills the projection area of the lesion. As after total enucleation, the pathway arises from most of the ipsilateral retina, not just that region homotypic to the lesion site, being heaviest from the lower temporal and lightest (or deficient) from the upper retina. There is suggestion of ordering of the projection into the deafferented region in that the ipsilateral degeneration after lesions in the intact eye is compact but does not fill the gap in the crossed projection completely. There is also indication that some intact parts of the retina lesioned at birth may also project in an inappropriate retinotopic fashion to the deafferented region. The corticotectal pathway shows a normal map. Study of the ipsilateral retinotectal pathway indicates that the axons terminating at the extreme posterior border of the superior colliculus arise from the lower temporal retina. The results are interpreted as indicating that the aberrant uncrossed pathways after complete or local retinal lesions, compare very closely in most features. Both distribute to the deafferented area of the superior colliculus – in one, this is the whole surface, while in the other it is a small area. The fact that in the latter case axons are ending in quite inappropriate parts of the tectal map, may be explained more simply in terms of interactions between adjacent axons in the optic pathway rather than by an hypothesis involving a change in the cell labels across the tectal map.
Revisits and readmissions following ambulatory uvulopalatopharyngoplasty.

Objectives/Hypothesis Determine rates and reasons for revisits after adult uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). Study Design Cross-sectional analysis of multistate ambulatory surgery and hospital databases. Methods Ambulatory adult UPPP cases were extracted from the State Ambulatory Surgery Databases for New York, Florida, Iowa, and California for 2010. Cases were linked to the State Emergency Department Databases and the State Inpatient Databases for visit encounters occurring 0 to 14 days after the procedure. The number of revisits (including readmissions) was determined as well as the diagnosis at the revisit. The overall mortality rate and intervention rate for postprocedural bleeding were determined. Results A total of 2,349 ambulatory UPPP cases were extracted (mean age, 44.9 years). Overall, 9.7% of patients had a revisit after surgery (13.7% revisited the ambulatory surgery center, 68.3% the emergency department. and 18.1% to inpatient admission). The primary diagnoses at the first revisit were bleeding (38.3%), acute pain (21.2%), and fever/dehydration (6.6%). Overall, 1.6% of patients incurred a second revisit. Among all cases, 3.7% and 0.6% presented with a bleeding diagnosis at a first and second revisit, respectively. Among revisits, 11.5% and 26.3% underwent a procedure to control bleeding at the first and second revisits, respectively. One death occurred for an overall 14-day mortality rate of 0.043%. Conclusions Ambulatory UPPP demonstrates an good postoperative safety profile. Postoperative hemorrhage and acute pain, as well as fever/dehydration, are common reasons for revisits. These particular complications should be targeted for prevention to reduce postoperative revisit rates. Level of Evidence 2b Laryngoscope, 125:754–757, 2015
Topical phenylephrine may result in worsening of visual loss when used to dilate pupils in patients with vaso-occlusive disease of the optic nerve.

Four patients (age range 54-82, 1F 3M) diagnosed with non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy experienced acute worsening of visual function after instillation of phenylephrine for dilated funduscopic examination. They experienced decreased visual function immediately or shortly after administration of topical mydriatic drops given in preparation for funduscopy. In all cases one drop each of 2.5% phenylephrine and 0.5-1% tropicamide was used. Three patients had classical risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and had a contralateral "disc-at-risk". The female and youngest patient had ischemic optic neuropathy presumed secondary to lupus erythematosus. The time from acute visual loss to presentation to neuro-ophthalmic care ranged from 1-6 days. The time of onset of the decline in visual function varied from 45 minutes (patient with lupus) to 12 hours after instillation of mydriatic drops. Visual acuity at diagnosis ranged from 20/40-20/400. Phenylephrine is a mydriatic with vasoconstrictive properti...
Converting the NiFeS Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase to a Hydrogenase and a Hydroxylamine Reductase

Substitution of one amino acid for another at the active site of an enzyme usually diminishes or eliminates the activity of the enzyme. In some cases, however, the specificity of the enzyme is changed. In this study, we report that the changing of a metal ligand at the active site of the NiFeS-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) converts the enzyme to a hydrogenase or a hydroxylamine reductase. CODH with alanine substituted for Cys531 exhibits substantial uptake hydrogenase activity, and this activity is enhanced by treatment with CO. CODH with valine substituted for His265 exhibits hydroxylamine reductase activity. Both Cys531 and His265 are ligands to the active-site cluster of CODH. Further, CODH with Fe substituted for Ni at the active site acquires hydroxylamine reductase activity.
The Atlantic inflow in the Western Alboran Sea

Abstract An extensive dataset collected in the Alboran Sea during the 1982 Donde Va? experiment is used to characterize the kinematics and dynamics of the inflow of Atlantic water into the Mediterranean Sea. The veering of the inflow toward the ENE after leaving the Strait of Gibraltar and the existence of an anticyclonic gyre that fills much of the western Alboran Sea in the upper 200 m are confirmed in the mean. Inflow variability with periods of 2 to 10 days is described. Particularly striking is one interval of about 9 days during which the gyre was not present and the inflow adopted a southerly course after leaving the strait. The observations are interpreted in terms of vorticity conservation and in the light of earlier theoretical and numerical results.
Fine-scale Genetic Structure in the Threatened Foothill Yellow-legged Frog (Rana Boylii)

The Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana boylii) is a threatened river-dwelling amphibian endemic to California and Oregon. Determining the genetic structure of populations that have not yet declined is an important tool for their conservation. In this study, molecular markers were used to asses the genetic structure of R. boylii. The ND2 region of the mitochondrial genome and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were examined amongst 51 individuals collected from seven relatively pristine tributaries branching off the Eel River in Northern California. Both markers exhibited significant genetic differentiation among tributaries; however, the RAPD markers revealed a positive correlation between geographic distance and genetic distance. Cluster analysis illustrated a distinct separation between northern and southern tributaries within the study site. In contrast, relatively little geographic structure was apparent when mtDNA haplotypes were examined. Discordance may be caused by the number of loci examined in the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, recent divergence, and sex-biased dispersal.