cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lead-free solder assembly: impact and opportunity

There has been major interest in Lead-free soldering within the electronics assembly industry for the last several years, and this will continue with the agreement on the language and implementation dates of the WEEE/ROHS legislation in the EU. This paper will focus on several topics critical to the implementation of lead-free soldering. These topics include the impact of Tin-silver-copper as the alloy of choice for leadfree assembly both with respect to component and solder joint reliability, temperature exposure, and lead-free finishes. Results from the recently completed NEMI Lead-free Solder Project, the author’s own work and other published data are discussed. Background The recent history of lead-free solder for electronics assembly has been a tumultuous period of research on the technical merits of various candidate alloys as well as and discussion of the actual benefits of eliminating lead from solder. Much of the initial push for lead-free came from Japanese electronics companies that perceived lead-free soldering as an opportunity to differentiate their product to consumers and increase sales [1]. Around the same time, the EU proposed legislation that are now known as WEEE (Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment) and ROHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) [2,3]. The WEEE sets targets for take-back recycling while ROHS would severely limit the use of lead in electronics. The language of the legislation was finalized in late 2002, and if passed, the restrictions on lead would be enforced as of July 1, 2006. The bulk of electronic products are affected by the lead ban in ROHS, with only the following applications exempted at the present time: ‐ Lead in glass of cathode ray tubes, electronic components and fluorescent tubes. ‐ Lead as an alloying element in steel containing up to 0.35% lead by weight, aluminium containing up to 0.4% lead by weight, and as a copper alloy containing up to 4% lead by weight.
Hydrogen transfer pathways in the oxidation of methanol on Pd(100)

Methanol oxidation was studied using temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy and electron energy loss vibrational spectroscopy in order to determine the reaction paths of the two chemically distinct hydrogen groups in the molecule. It was determined that the alcohol hydrogen is transferred through-space to adsorbed oxygen, forming a hydroxyl and a methoxyl group, while the methyl hydrogens are primarily stripped by the surface and later scavenged by oxygen. Methyl hydrogens can also participate in some through-space transfer reactions. The directly transferred hydrogen gives rise to a low temperature water peak (below 220 K) characteristic of hydroxyl recombination, while the hydrogen transferred via the surface always yields water above 300 K due to atomic recombination. Through-space transfer of the methyl hydrogen in the methoxyl intermediate leads to the formation of formaldehyde and methyl formate.
Cold collisions of Sr * -Sr in a magneto-optical trap

We present measurements of cold collision processes in an alkaline-earth species. Collisions of ${}^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$ pairs in a magneto-optic trap are found to be dominated by very-long-range excitation to the nonradiating ${}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{g}$ state of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}^{*}.$ We find good agreement between measured loss rate coefficients and a modified form of the semiclassical model that includes retardation effects that allow excitation to metastable molecular states.
Additional cross-validation of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory.

Cross-validation data indicate the Child Abuse Potential Inventory has classification rates in the mid-80% to mid-90% range. These rates, however, are based on discriminant analyses, which provide optimal classification rates. The present study provides classification rates based on the standard scoring procedure developed for field use. Rates were determined for new samples of 61 physical child abusers, 117 comparison parents, and 64 nurturing parents
Positive induction at different sections of the performance chain

Rats received 95 differential conditioning trials followed by 30 massed extinction trials to the former S+ either in succession (control procedure) or with each S+ preceded by a trial to S- (induction procedure). In Experiment 1, detention time on nonrewarded trials was 15 sec; in Experiment 2 it was 3 sec. The induction procedure provided generally faster response speeds and fewer avoidance reactions in extinction, these effects being most marked in the initial sections of the runway. Comparisons of the two experiments indicated that the animals ran faster and discriminated more quickly in Experiment 2 and that the facilitation effect of the induction procedure was more apparent in Experiment 1.
Texturized Mechanically Deboned Turkey Meat in Summer Sausages

Abstract Mechanically deboned turkey meat (MDTM) was texturized by pan frying on a stove or by extrusion through a grinder plate followed by heat denaturation in an oven. Appropriate particle size (ca. 5 mm) of the texturized MDTM was attained by chopping prior to incorporating it into summer sausages. Up to 30% texturized MDTM could be incorporated into turkey summer sausages without appreciably affecting sausage composition. Increasing levels of texturized MDTM (10 to 40%) in sausages slightly increased shear press values (nonsignificant); the sensory panel found no difference in firmness. Appearance, juiciness, and acceptability of sausages decreased with high levels of texturized MDTM. Even though the texturization process created a particulate-like appearance in the sausages, texturization by the methods reported here is not recommended because the sensory panel assigned better scores to the MDTM sausages made with no texturized meat and the ground beef sausages.
Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: from bad to worse.

The sepsis syndrome is characterized by the acute release of a variety of inflammatory mediators, which often result in detrimental effects to the host. The release of these mediators is regulated and counterbalanced by the coordinated expression of antiinflammatory molecules. It is the balance between the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators that often determines the magnitude of early tissue injury and subsequent risk of infectious complications. As our understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis continues to evolve, we have gained a greater appreciation for the effects that sepsis and similar states of overwhelming stress have on host antimicrobial immunity. A number of functional defects in leukocytes isolated from sepsis patients have been characterized. These defects include diminished expression of important cell surface antigens, dysregulated cytokine production, alterations in antigen-presenting ability, and accelerated apoptosis. Impaired leukocyte function has important clinical ramifications, as high mortality rates have been observed in patients displaying evidence of sepsis-induced immune deactivation. In this article, we review the current literature supporting evidence of dysregulation of host immunity occurring during sepsis syndrome, characterize the underlying pathophysiology, and describe novel therapeutic interventions directed at augmenting host immunity during sepsis.
Développements récents en matière d'analyse des chroniques d'événements hydrologiques : liaison en chaine, analyse spectrale

The generation of hydrologic time series is the starting point of the systematic analysis for the study or the management of water resources developments. In general, the stationarity of the time series, at least to the second order is assumed. Hydrologic series are not necessarily stationary but may be made approximately stationary by the removal of the deterministic components that may exist, such as a trend, a periodicity, or persistence. The most common mathematical models for time series simulation are the autoregressive processes, the moving averages and the mixed processes. The auto- and cross-spectral analysis is a powerful method for the determination of mathematical models of hydrologic processes. The general appearance of the autospectrum indicates the type of process, for example, if a first or a second order autoregressive process is a suitable model, and the spectrum may also be used to determine the values of the model parameters. The crossed spectrum is useful to establish relationships between two time series such as the rainfall and runoff sequences. These series may be related, for example, by a simple regression. A continuous or a discrete linear system connecting the two series may be identified. With the latter model, the runoffs may be expressed as a weighed sum of antecedent precipitations. These techniques were applied to the study of rainfall and runoff in the Sioule basin, a tributary of the Allier River, in central France. The study was made for monthly, daily and bihourly data. A logarithmic transformation of the runoffs and a square root transformation of the rainfalls improved the relationships at the monthly and daily time scales. The periodicity was removed by normalization for the monthly data, and by filtering for the daily and bihourly data. Several mathematical models are proposed to simulate the time series of rainfall and of the runoff and the rainfall-runoff transfer in the Sioule basin for the three time scales.
Multifocal extremity sarcoma: an uncommon and controversial entity

Background: The primary site of metastasis from extremity sarcomas is the lung. When patients with extremity sarcoma present with the disease in more than one site but not in the lung, the question of whether the disease is multifocal or metastatic is difficult to resolve.
SELF-CONVERGENCE OF RADIATIVELY COOLING CLUMPS IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM

Isolated regions of higher density populate the interstellar medium (ISM) on all scales—from molecular clouds, to the star-forming regions known as cores, to heterogeneous ejecta found near planetary nebulae and supernova remnants. These clumps interact with winds and shocks from nearby energetic sources. Understanding the interactions of shocked clumps is vital to our understanding of the composition, morphology, and evolution of the ISM. The evolution of shocked clumps is well understood in the limiting "adiabatic" case where physical processes such as self-gravity, heat conduction, radiative cooling, and magnetic fields are ignored. In this paper, we address the issue of evolution and convergence when one of these processes—radiative cooling—is included. Numeric convergence studies demonstrate that the evolution of an adiabatic clump is well captured by roughly 100 cells per clump radius. The presence of radiative cooling, however, imposes limits on the problem due to the removal of thermal energy. Numerical studies which include radiative cooling typically adopt the 100-200 cells per clump radius resolution. In this paper, we present the results of a convergence study for radiatively cooling clumps undertaken over a broad range of resolutions, from 12 to 1536 cells per clump radius, employing adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) in a two-dimensional axisymmetric geometry (2.5 dimensions). We also provide a fully three-dimensional simulation, at 192 cells per clump radius, which supports our 2.5 dimensional results. We find no appreciable self-convergence at ~100 cells per clump radius as small-scale differences owing to increasingly resolving the cooling length have global effects. We therefore conclude that self-convergence is an insufficient criterion to apply on its own when addressing the question of sufficient resolution for radiatively cooled shocked clump simulations. We suggest the adoption of alternate criteria to support a statement of sufficient resolution, such as the demonstration of adequate resolution of the cooling layers behind shocks. We discuss associated refinement criteria for AMR codes.
Scaling Factors and Uncertainties for ab Initio Anharmonic Vibrational Frequencies

To predict the vibrational spectra of molecules, ab initio calculations are often used to compute harmonic frequencies, which are usually scaled by empirical factors as an approximate correction for errors in the force constants and for anharmonic effects. Anharmonic computations of fundamental frequencies are becoming increasingly popular. We report scaling factors, along with their associated uncertainties, for anharmonic (second-order perturbation theory) predictions from HF, MP2, and B3LYP calculations using the 6-31G(d) and 6-31+G(d,p) basis sets. Different scaling factors are appropriate for low- and high-frequency vibrations. The method of analysis is based upon the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The data used are from the Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database (CCCBDB), maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which includes more than 3939 independent vibrations for 358 molecules.
The microwave spectrum and structure of the argon-acetaldehyde van der Waals complex

Abstract The argon-acetaldehyde van der Waals dimer was studied by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. Two tunneling motions were observed in the spectrum, an inversion through a planar configuration and methyl interal rotation. A simple deperturbation technique was employed in order to obtain rotational constants for structural purposes. The structure was found to be a nonplanar skew, with the argon binding on top of the C-C-O triangle. This was determined by assigning the rotational spectrum of two isotopic species: normal and Ar · CH 3 CDO. The argon atom is located 3.592(5) A from the acetaldehyde center of mass, and the distances Ar-O carbonyl , Ar-C carbonyl , and Ar-C methyl are 3.59(1), 3.77(1), and 3.85(1) A, respectively. The dipole moment was determined as μ = 2.63(2) D. An induction model was employed to explain the decrease in the dipole moment compared to free acetaldehyde. A dispersion model was used to rationalize the structural data. The binding energy of the dimer was estimated to be 204(1) cm −1 from centrifugal distortion data and a Lennard-Jones potential.
Performance analysis of a cognitive analogical reasoner

Renewed interest in cognitive information processing has identified the need for novel computing architectures that can efficiently and dynamically support reasoning and learning with emphasis on memory structures. A large number of cognitive processing methods have been implemented in software on conventional computing architectures. This paper describes detailed execution profiling of a particular cognitive method for analogical reasoning called SAGE™. SAGE™ is a symbolic-connectionist, performance oriented analogical reasoner. The primary contribution of the work is to identify the deficiencies and bottlenecks of SAGE™ to inform the development of improved architectures for cognitive information processing, and especially for analogical reasoning.
Optimal Pump Design and Control of Bypass Blending Station Systems

Previous investigation found that the bypass blending station (BBS) system can potentially reduce in-building pump power by 48% to 97% of the design pump power. However, the BBS pump may work in an unstable zone when it has 100% of the building design flow. This paper investigates the impacts of pump flow capacity and pump control on the pump operation stability and power savings using analytical and numerical methods. The investigation found that the optimal pump design flow depends primarily on the building load and recirculation flow rate requirements. The optimal pump size should be determined based on the re-circulation rate requirements under typical building load conditions. An identical pump should be installed as a backup pump. Under typical load conditions, one pump is used. Under low building load conditions, both pumps should be activated. Optimal pump design and operation control can ensure stable, efficient pump operation. The pump power saving varies from 70% to 97% of the building pump design power depending on the building load.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Electrothermally bonded carbon nanotube interfaces

Applications that exploit the exceptional transport properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at practical length scales almost invariably require good contact of the CNTs with the contacting surface. For example, vertically aligned and dense arrays of carbon nanotubes have been demonstrated to be good thermal interface materials. However, interfacial resistance to thermal and electrical transport between CNTs and bulk substrates is found to adversely affect device performance in such applications. In this work, we present a method to attach CNTs to contacting surfaces with low-temperature electrostatic bonding, and the effects of bonding conditions are studied in terms of the resulting interface morphology, mechanical bond strength, and thermal conductance. We show that the bonding process results in thermal resistance reductions of as much as 64% compared to unbonded CNT joints. Optimization of such bonded interfaces can lead to utilization of CNT interfaces closer to their full potential.
Objective evidence of decreased pain perception in normotensives at risk for hypertension

Results from laboratory and naturalistic studies have demonstrated decreased subjective pain ratings in hypertensives and individuals at risk for hypertension. Based on previous evidence that the nociceptive withdrawal reflex may provide an objective index of pain threshold in humans, the present study examined the intensity of sural nerve stimulation required to elicit nociceptive withdrawal in offspring of hypertensives and normotensives. Participants included 60 men and 56 women who were normotensive, 18-23 years of age, and predominately Caucasian. To assess the nociceptive withdrawal reflex, ascending and descending intensities of electrical stimulation were applied over the sural nerve while electromyographic activity was recorded from the ipsilateral biceps femoris muscle. Analyses of the intensity of electrical stimulation required to reach the thresholds for nociceptive withdrawal and subjective pain revealed a pattern of hypoalgesia in individuals at risk for hypertension. First, significantly higher intensities were required to elicit nociceptive withdrawal in offspring of hypertensives versus normotensives. Second, offspring of hypertensives endured significantly more intense stimulation before reporting pain. Third, both parental history of hypertension and resting systolic blood pressure were significant independent predictors of stimulation intensity at nociceptive withdrawal reflex and subjective pain thresholds. These results confirm and extend previous observations of an association between risk for hypertension and hypoalgesia, and suggest that hypoalgesia should be examined as a potential predictor of progressive blood pressure increases in individuals at risk for hypertension.
Two fluorescent markers identify the vacuolar system of Schizophyllum commune

Vacuole-mediated proteolysis is important to sustained growth of filamentous wood-decaying fungi such as Schizophyllum commune. Demonstrating that specific proteases are vacuole associated has been difficult in these organisms due to the lack of specific markers for vacuolar compartments. We used 5-(and 6-)-carboxy-2′, 7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (carboxy-DCFDA) and a proprietary vacuolar membrane marker for yeast (MDY-64; Molecular Probes) for in situ fluorescent labeling of the vacuoles of S. commune mycelia grown on microscope slides. MDY-64 labels numerous small vesicles in S. commune mycelia in addition to larger vacuolar structures. In contrast, carboxy-DCFDA apparently is taken up by a subset of the MDY-64-labeled vesicles, accumulating primarily in larger vacuoles. Staining of mycelia with carboxy-DCFDA shows a transition from mostly cytoplasmic fluorescence in apical cells with little vacuolar fluorescence to nearly complete sequestration of the stain in vacuoles of older cells. In penultimate cells, both cytoplasm and vacuolar structures fluoresce. Vacuoles stained with carboxy-DCFDA typically were spherical and ranged in size from 0.4 μm to 3.2 μm in diameter with a mean of 1.8 um. Occasionally, in penultimate cells, tubular structures which stained with carboxy-DCFDA were found. ScPrB, a principal enzyme of nitrogen-limitation induced autolysis in S. commune, copurified in sucrose density gradients with carboxy-DCFDA and acid phosphatase, demonstrating its vacuolar localization.
Vertebrectomy, bone allograft fusion, and antitumor vaccination for the treatment of vertebral fibrosarcoma in a dog.

Objective To describe the surgical technique of vertebrectomy with bone allograft fusion and the use of antitumor vaccine for the treatment of a primary vertebral neoplasm in a dog. Study Design Case Report. Animals or Sample Population A 3 year old 32 kg female spayed mixed breed dog with progressive paraplegia. Methods Myelography was performed to identify an L5 lytic lesion with spinal cord compression. A dorsal laminectomy was performed to decompress the spinal cord and obtain biopsies. Pathologic fracture of the vertebral body two days later was treated with L5 vertebrectomy, cortical allograft implantation, and bilateral plating from L4 to L6. Tumor samples were used to create an autologous cytokine-gene-engineered tumor cell vaccine. Recheck radiographs and neurologic examinations were obtained 1, 2, 7, and 13 months after surgery. Results The histopathologic diagnosis was fibrosarcoma. Although slight osteopenia of the allograft was noted thirteen months after surgery, the allograft and plate fixation remained stable. The patient tolerated the antitumor vaccination protocol well. Two years after the procedures the dog was able to ambulate normally but remained urinary and fecal incontinent. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Vertebrectomy and cortical allograft implantation with plating permitted this patient to return to a functional lifestyle with its owners.
Treatment of chronic pilonidal disease.

PURPOSE: Pilonidal disease (PD) is a common chronic intermittent disorder of the sacrococcygeal region. Despite surgical therapy dating back more than one century, management remains controversial and recent reports have advocated different surgical approaches. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of 129 patients who were treated for chronic PD in our institution during a five-year period, 1990 to 1994. RESULTS: Excision with primary closure was performed in 56 patients; 47 underwent open excision without closure, and 26 had marsupialization procedure. All were performed electively, with only minor complications. Complete healing was fastest in the primary closure group, despite a 14 percent postoperative wound infection rate. Recurrence rates of 11, 13, and 4 percent were found for primary closure, wide resection, and marsupialization procedures, respectively. There was no correlation among recurrence rate, postoperative infection, or prior surgery. CONCLUSION: Considering healing time, morbidity, and recurrence rate, we conclude that surgical treatment should be directed at either excision and primary closure or marsupialization. Wide excision with secondary healing should be performed only for grossly infected and complex cysts.
Tolerance development to a disruptive effect of beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) on a learned behavior in rats.

Several doses (8–64 mg/kg) of β-phenylethylamine (PEA), a naturally-occurring sympathomimetic amine structurally related to amphetamine and with similar effects on animal behavior, were administered (IP, daily for ten days) to Fisher 344 rats that were trained to perform a shuttlebox conditioned avoidance response (CAR) at a high, stable rate. PEA 8 mg/kg did not influence avoidance responding after single or multiple injections. Acute administration of PEA 16 mg/kg produced dose-dependent disruptions of the CAR. With repeated administration, complete tolerance to CAR disruption was acquired by the third injection of PEA 16 mg/kg or by the fifth injection of PEA 32 mg/kg and maintained with both doses through ten injections; the use of appropriate controls indicated that tolerance was pharmacological and not behavioral. Over the course of ten injections, tolerance did not develop to shuttlebox disruption caused by 64 mg/kg, and this dose of PEA did not elicit tolerance to stereotyped behavior after 21 injections. These data were interpreted as showing differential tolerance to low vs. high dose effects of PEA: Lower doses produce tolerance to disruption of the CAR, but the highest dose did not because of the presence of incompatible response tendencies (e.g., stereotypy) interfering with the CAR. Our data showing development of tolerance to lower doses of PEA is the first demonstration in the literature that tolerance can develop to a behavioral effect of this compound.
Understanding mercury conversion in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts

The effect of oxidizing agents on mercury oxidation and retention in a laboratory-scale selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system, using a commercial honeycomb vanadia−titania catalyst, is reported in this paper. Two oxidizing agents (HCl and H2SO4) are introduced into the feed gas, individually and in various combinations, at different temperatures and space velocities. The effect of these oxidizing agents on mercury oxidation, in the presence of individual flue gas constituents, is shown in detail. As the concentration of the individual oxidants increases in the simulated flue gas, the oxidation of mercury increases. At high concentrations of 35 ppm of HCl and 50 ppm of H2SO4, respectively, a maximum of 70% of the mercury is oxidized. Temperature is shown to have a positive effect on the extent of oxidation, as does the residence time.
A Biobehavioral Approach Toward Managing Encopresis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a biobehavioral treatment approach for two encopretic children. Both subjects were evaluated and treated by a pediatric gastroenterologist, with behavioral interventions occurring subsequent to, and in conjunction with, the medical intervention. Results showed that the biobehavioral approach resulted in significant improvements for both subjects, and that the use of response cost may be a necessary intervention component for some children. A model is also presented to clarify the relationship between organic and nonorganic factors and their relationship to encopresis.
Implementing a Solid Waste Management Diversion Program in a Conventional Cook–Serve Hospital System: A Feasibility Study

Americans generate over 250 million tons of municipal solid waste (trash) each year, with institutional facilities such as hospitals accounting for up to 45% of this waste. Solid waste diversion, through recycling and composting, decreases the waste sent to landfills. The objective of this feasibility study was to implement an integrated solid waste diversion program at a conventional cook–serve kitchen for a 250-bed hospital. The waste diversion program resulted in 1390 pounds of organic matter and recycling being diverted from landfills over 5 days. It is estimated that the continuing program will reduce landfill waste by 51 tons annually.
Cancer caregivers’ perceptions of an exercise and nutrition program

Purpose Little research has addressed exercise and nutrition-based interventions for cancer caregivers. This study explored cancer caregivers’ perceptions of participating in a structured exercise and nutrition program alongside cancer survivors for whom they provided care.
Abnormal mitochondrial function in myocardium of dogs with chronic heart failure

Chronic heart failure (HF) is associated with morphologic abnormalities of cardiac mitochondria that include hyperplasia, reduced organelle size and compromised structural integrity. In the present study, we examined mitochondrial respiration in myocardium of 10 normal dogs and 10 dogs with chronic HF (LV ejection fraction 24+/-2%) produced by intracoronary micro-embolizations. Mitochondrial respiratory rates were determined using a Clark electrode in an oxygraph cell containing saponin-skinned muscle bundles. Basal respiratory rate (VO), respiratory rate after addition of substrates, glutamate and malate (VSUB) and state 3 respiratory rate (VADP, after addition of ADP), were measured in tissue samples from the subendocardial and subepicardial LV free wall, interventricular septum and right-ventricular free wall. No differences were observed in basal respiratory rates between normal and HF tissue, while VSUB was significantly lower in HF compared to normal. VADP was 50-60% lower in HF compared to normal tissue (P<0.001). The results indicate abnormal mitochondrial respiratory activity in myocardium of dogs with chronic HF. These findings support the concept of low myocardial energy production in HF that can contribute to the global cardiac dysfunction.
Delocalization in inelastic scattering

How delocalized is an EELS signal? For instance, how far from a silicon atom must the electron probe be before a Si edge can be detected? A crude estimate of a localization length (λθE) suggests a maximum impact parameter of 50 A for a typical plasmon loss. Yet with care, subnanometer resolution plasmon maps can be achieved. The improved resolution cannot be accounted for by dielectric screening as the dielectric screening length diverges for energy losses at and above the plasmon frequency. Niels Bohr [1] offered a classical explanation in 1913 leading to his adiabatic criterion for a cutoff impact parameter bmax = vω, for a fast electron, velocity v, and an energy loss of frequency ω. By starting with a quantum mechanical expression for the energy loss, both the semiclassical limit and surprisingly Bohr's criterion can be recovered and are found to be in excellent quantitative agreement with experiment. We show bmax can be thought of as a “dynamic” screening length and plays the same role as the screening length does in the elastic scattering from a Thomas-Fermi atom. In fact the parallel component of the inelastic scattering has the same form as elastic scattering from a Thomas-Fermi atom and much of our understanding of the role of the detector in annular dark-field imaging can be applied here. However, in inelastic scattering a dramatic improvement in resolution can be obtained with an off-axis detector as suggested by Ritchie and Howie [2]. Here we present experimental evidence of such an effect.
Moving history, dancing cultures : a dance history reader

This new collection of essays surveys the history of dance in an innovative and wide-ranging fashion. Editors Dils and Albright address the current dearth of comprehensive teaching material in the dance history field through the creation of a multifaceted, non-linear, yet well-structured and comprehensive survey of select moments in the development of both American and World dance. This book is illustrated with over 50 photographs, and would make an ideal text for undergraduate classes in dance ethnography, criticism or appreciation, as well as dance history particularly those with a cross-cultural, contemporary, or an American focus. The reader is organized into four thematic sections which allow for varied and individualized course use: Thinking about Dance History: Theories and Practices, World Dance Traditions, America Dancing, and Contemporary Dance: Global Contexts. The editors have structured the readings with the understanding that contemporary theory has thoroughly questioned the discursive construction of history and the resultant canonization of certain dances, texts and points of view. The historical readings are presented in a way that encourages thoughtful analysis and allows the opportunity for critical engagement with the text."
A MECHANISM OF CVD DIAMOND FILM GROWTH DEDUCED FROM THE SEQUENTIAL DEPOSITION FROM SPUTTERED CARBON AND ATOMIC HYDROGEN

We describe a growth mechanism of CVD diamond films consisting of a series of surface reactions. It is derived from experimental observations of a sequential deposition process in which incident carbon flux and atomic hydrogen flux were independently varied. In this sequential process, film growth rate increased with atomic hydrogen exposure, and a saturation in the utilization of carbon was observed. These features are consistent with a surface growth process consisting of the following steps: (i) the carburization of the diamond surface, (ii) the deposition of highly disordered carbon on top of this surface, (iii) the etching of disordered carbon by atomic hydrogen, (iv) the conversion of the carburized diamond surface to diamond at growth sites by atomic hydrogen, and (v) the carburization of newly grown diamond surface. The nature of the growth sites on the diamond surface has not been determined experimentally, and the existence of the carburized surface layer has not been demonstrated experimentally. The surface growth mechanism is the only one consistent with the growth observed in conventional diamond reactors and the sequential reactor, while precluding the necessity of gas phase precursors.
Development of an immunosorbent assay for seedborne Erwinia stewartii in corn seeds.

Specificity of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies generated to Erwinia stewartii was determined by testing 167 bacterial strains in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of these, the antibodies were positive to all 43 E. stewartii strains tested. Reaction of the monoclonaI antibody to all other bacterial strains was negative. However, the polyclonal antibodies reacted with seven of 105 nonpathogenic bacteria from corn plants and seeds determined not to be virulent E. stewartii (...)
Rhinovirus infection preferentially increases lower airway responsiveness in allergic subjects.

Rhinovirus (RV) infections are important triggers of acute asthma symptoms in susceptible persons. To determine whether the presence of allergy is a risk factor for enhanced lower airway effects during RV infection, we experimentally infected (RV16) 18 volunteers with allergic rhinitis and 13 normal control subjects and measured the effects on the response of the lower airways to histamine. All subjects were successfully infected, as indicated by increased upper respiratory symptoms and RV16 cultured from nasal secretions. The change in histamine PD20(deltaPD20) caused by RV infection was significantly different in allergic subjects from that in nonallergic control subjects (deltaPD20 = -0.40 versus -0.03 log units, p = 0.04). This relationship was strengthened after adjusting for initial PD20 and FEV1 (mean deltaPD20 = -0.43 versus 0.01 log units, p < 0.01). The virus-induced deltaPD20 was also influenced by baseline lung function: there was a positive correlation between initial FEV1 and deltaPD20, and ...
A Role Oriented Approach to Group Problem Solving

(1974). A Role Oriented Approach to Group Problem Solving. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 28, Pedagogical Catalog 2, pp. 21-22.
The estimation of material and patch parameters in a PDE-based circular plate model

The estimation of material and patch parameters for a system involving a circular plate, to which piezoceramic patches are bonded, is considered. A partial differential equation (PDE) model for the thin circular plate is used with the passive and active contributions form the patches included in the internal and external bending moments. This model contains piecewise constant parameters describing the density, flexural rigidity, Poisson ratio, and Kelvin-Voigt damping for the system as well as patch constants and a coefficient for viscous air damping. Examples demonstrating the estimation of these parameters with experimental acceleration data and a variety of inputs to the experimental plate are presented. By using a physically-derived PDE model to describe the system, parameter sets consistent across experiments are obtained, even when phenomena such as damping due to electric circuits affect the system dynamics.
Evaluation of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor-selective antagonist, SR144528: further evidence for cannabinoid CB2 receptor absence in the rat central nervous system.

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize the activity of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor selective antagonist, N-{(1S)-endo-1,3,3-trimethyl bicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-yl]-5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-pyrazole-3-carboxamide} (SR144528) in a number of biochemical assays and to look for evidence of cannabinoid CB2 receptors in the rat central nervous system. SR144528 displaced [ 3 H ]CP 55,940 ((−)-3-[2-hydroxyl-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-phenyl]-4-[3-hydroxypropyl]cyclohexan-1-ol) from binding sites in CB2- and CB1-transfected cells (Ki=0.67±0.30 and 33.0±5.09 nM) and from rat cerebellum and whole brain membrane homogenates (Ki=54.7±9.70 and 54.8±7.86 nM). In the GTPγS binding assay, SR144528 antagonized a number of cannabinoid receptor agonists (KB values ranging from 26.3 to 76.6 nM) in rat cerebellar membranes and in rat whole brain membranes (KB=50.8 nM). SR144528 also antagonized CP 55,940-stimulated GTPγS binding in a CB2-expressing cell line (KB=6.34 nM). In Xenopus oocytes co-expressing the CB1 receptor and G-protein coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channels (GIRK 1/4), SR144528 antagonized WIN 55212-2 ((R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(4-morpholinyl)methyl]pyrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl](1-naphthalenyl)methanone)-stimulated K+ currents (KB=558 nM). In summary, this report characterizes the cannabinoid CB2 receptor-selective cannabinoid antagonist, SR144528, and additionally suggests an absence of cannabinoid CB2 receptors in the rat central nervous system, an observation confirmed by Northern blot.
The Erosion of Middle-Class Economic Security After 2001

This economist presents a variety of ways of measuring how security has been reduced in the 2000s. How well can middle-class Americans withstand financial emergencies—a bout of unemployment, for example, or a medical emergency? He finds that the gains in security of the late 1990s were eroded entirely in the 2000s.
A GRAPH THEORETIC MODEL OF CARTEL FORMATION AND STRUCTURE

The subject of commodity cartels has gained the attention of a concerned world since the success of OPEC. The matter is of special importance to both economic and political geographers because of the new spatial patterns that such international groupings appear likely to create. In an effort to satisfy the need for a method of identifying commodities susceptible to cartelization, this paper proposes a graph theoretic model. To illustrate its use, the model is applied here to twelve minerals. The results indicate that the model would have anticipated the success of two existing cartels, the possibilities for a third, and the difficulties attending efforts to create still another.
Asymmetric extractions used in the t reatment of patients with asymmetries

Patients with dentoalveolar asymmetries can present some of the most biomechanically challenging situations to the orthodontist. One creative approach for managing dental asymmetries is to extract a combination of teeth that will simplify intra-arch and interarch mechanics. Often this will also reduce the dependency on patient compliance for elastic wear and may even shorten treatment time. Atypical extraction patterns can also be beneficial in the presurgical orthodontic preparation of orthognathic surgery patients. Multiple diagnostic scenarios are discussed, and various treatment plans involving asymmetric extraction patterns are reviewed.
Using the gap arthroplasty to treat temporomandibular joint ankylosis may result in greater mandibular range of motion than treating the ankylosis using ankylosis resection and Ramus-Condyle reconstruction with costochondral grafting.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Operative management of temporomandibular joint ankylosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Katsnelson A, Markewicz MR, Keith DA, Dodson TR. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012;70:531-6. Reviewer O. Ross Beirne, DMD, PhD Purpose/Question Does surgical treatment of patients with temporomandibular joint ankylosis using the gap arthroplasty result in greater range of mandibular movement than using ankylosis resection and ramus–condyle unit reconstruction with costochondral grafts? Source of Funding Supported in part by the Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Education and Research Fund, the Center for Applied Clinical Investigation, and the Massachusetts General Physicians Organization Type of Study/Design Systematic review with meta-analysis Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
PENETRATING NECK TRAUMA

Penetrating neck trauma may pose a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma to emergency physicians and trauma surgeons. Approximately 5% to 10% of all trauma involves penetrating neck trauma, 56 with multiple structures being injured in 30% of patients. 13 Thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the neck, physical assessment, and current recommendations for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are necessary for appropriate management. Expeditious decision making often is required to prevent catastrophic airway, vascular, or neurologic sequelae. Overall mortality because of penetrating neck trauma is as high as 11%. 4 Injury to certain anatomic structures (e.g., the carotid or subclavian vessels) may be fatal in two thirds of cases, however. 13 Compounding difficulties in evaluation and management is the complicated anatomy of the area, in which a dense concentration of vital vascular, aerodigestive, and nervous system structures are located within a very small space. In addition, there is a lack of consensus among trauma surgeons regarding injuries that mandate surgical exploration and those in which a conservative selective approach can be taken. This article reviews the anatomy of the neck and provides guidelines for the initial assessment and management of penetrating neck trauma in the emergency department (ED). Methods for achieving airway control in difficult situations are presented, and controversies in the management of penetrating neck trauma are reviewed.
A note on the nucleolus

It was shown byKohlberg [1972] that the nucleolus can be obtained by solving a linear program of extremely large size (2 n ! constraints). We show here how this program can be reduced to a more tractable size (4 n constraints).
Expression And Purification Of Sperm Whale Myoglobin

We present a multiweek laboratory exercise that exposes students to the fundamental techniques of bacterial expression and protein purification through the preparation of sperm whale myoglobin. Myoglobin, a robust oxygen-binding protein, contains a single heme that gives the protein a reddish color, making it an ideal subject for the teaching laboratory as students can follow the progress of the protein visually in real time. The purification uses both ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography, thus, introducing students to two of the most common separation methods. Students evaluate the quality of the purification via sodium dodecyl sulfate−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In most cases, this procedure produces sufficient quantities of pure protein for further laboratory exercises studying the properties of myoglobin.
Direct Measurements of Turbulent Boundary Layer Wall Pressure Wavenumber-Frequency Spectra

Direct measurements of streamwise wavenumber-frequency spectra of turbulent wall pressure fluctuations were made in an acoustically quiet water tunnel. A linear array of evenly spaced flush mounted pressure sensors was used to measure the wall pressure field at 48 streamwise locations. This array provided over 24 dB of resolution (sidelobe rejection) in the wavenumber domain, leading to an accurate estimate of the convective ridge and part of the subconvective and low wavenumber portions of the spectrum at discrete frequencies. Boundary layer parameters, including the mean wall shear stress, boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, and momentum thickness, were derived from mean streamwise velocity measurements for 8100 < R θ < 16,700. Time and length scales derived from these parameters were used to nondimensionalize the measured spectra. The effectiveness of different scalings for nondimensionalizing the low and convective wavenumber regions at discrete frequencies was evaluated
Neurobiology of Serotonin in Depression and Suicide

Alterations in serotonin neurotransmission have been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depression and suicide. However, a clear picture of serotonergic abnormalities has not emerged from postmortem studies of depression and suicide. In suicide victims with major depression and psychiatrically normal control subjects, we have examined various indices of serotonergic neurotransmission in axonal projection areas such as prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and cell bodies of origin within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). Although there were no significant differences between suicide victims with major depression and psychiatrically normal control subjects in serotonin-1A or serotonin-2A receptors in the right prefrontal cortex (area 10) or the hippocampus, there were region-specific alterations in suicide victims with major depression in G-protein-induced activation of the phosphoinositide signal transduction system and in the levels of G-protein alpha subunits involved in cyclic AMP synthesis. A pilot study examining the ventrolateral subnucleus of the DR (DRvl) reveals that serotonin-1A receptors are increased in suicide victims with major depression as compared to normal control subjects. Altered signal transduction in cerebral cortex and altered regulation of serotonin neurons in the DR may be important in the pathophysiology of major depression and suicide.
Presidential Address Go to the Principal's Office: Toward a Social History of the School Principal in North America

Of the many organizational changes that took place in public education in North America at the turn of the last century, few had greater impact on the school than the development of the principal. The creation of the principal's office revolutionized the internal organization of the school from a group of students supervised by one teacher to a collection of teachers managed by one administrator. In its very conception, the appointment of a school-based administrator who was authorized to supervise other teachers significantly restructured power relations in schools, realigning the source of authority from the classroom to the principal's office. Just as significant was the role that the principal played as a school based representative of the central educational office.
Thermal control of the Magellan Project 6.5-meter telescope and enclosure

The Magellan Project 6.5-meter telescope is a collaboration of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and the University of Arizona. The telescope will be located on Cerro Manqui, at the Las Campanas Observatory, Chile. A design goal for the Magellan Project is to develop a telescope and enclosure system with a 1 degree(s) centigrade per hour time constant. The primary mirror is a University of Arizona borosilicate spincast honeycomb design. The enclosure is an octagonal shaped spaceframe structure with an insulated panel covering. The telescope fabrication is by L & F Industries. This paper will concentrate on thermal control of the telescope environment and the telescope thermal control interface to the enclosure.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.