cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The development of vision in the zebrafish (Danio rerio)

We studied the development and maturation of the visual system by determining when zebrafish begin to see and to move their eyes. This information was correlated with the time courses of the development of the retina, the retinofugal projection, the retinal image, and the extraocular muscles, to obtain an integrated picture of early visual development. Two visual behaviors were monitored over 48-96 hr postfertilization (hpf). The startle response (body twitch) was evoked by an abrupt decrease in light intensity. The optokinetic response (tracking eye movements) was evoked by rotation of a striped drum. Visually evoked startle developed over 68-79 hpf, more than 20 hr after the onset of a touch-evoked startle. It was not seen in eyeless fish, excluding a role for nonretinal light senses. Tracking eye movements developed over 73-80 hpf. They were always in the direction of drum rotation, even when the fish had been light deprived from blastula stage, ruling out a "trial and error" period of learning to track the drum. The image formed by the ocular lens was examined in intact fish made transparent by suppressing the formation of melanin. The eye was initially far sighted and gradually improved, so that by 72 hpf the image plane coincided with the photoreceptor layer. The extraocular muscles assumed their adult configuration between 66 and 72 hpf. Thus, the retinal image and functional extraocular muscles appeared nearly simultaneously with the onset of tracking eye movements and probably represent the last events in the construction of this behavior.
Structural and enzymatic characterizations of papain immobilized onto vinyl alcohol/vinyl butyral copolymer membrane

Abstract In an effort to better understand membrane-bound bioreactors, the protease papain (EC 3.4.22.2) was immobilized into vinyl alcohol/vinyl butyral copolymer (PMB) membrane by means of glutaraldehyde. Various kinetic and performance characteristics of the immobilized papain were evaluated. The immobilized papain showed good storage and thermal stability and reusability. pH, temperature, and denaturant dependencies of the bound enzyme were compared to those of the free enzyme. The apparent Michaelis constant, K m , of the membrane-immobilized papain was larger than that for the free enzyme, although the use of a spacer to place the enzyme at a distance from the polymer surface resulted in a K m value intermediate between the free and directly-bound values. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was also used to investigate the active site structure of papain. It was found that the conformational changes of the active site of papain upon immobilization were in agreement with the enzymatic properties of the enzyme. These results are discussed with reference to fundamental investigation of membrane-immobilized enzyme systems.
Audible-Noise Reduction by Bundle Geometry Optimization

Audible noise due to foul-weather corona on multi-conductor bundles for EHV and UHV transmission can be reduced by proper choice of the bundle geometry. Laboratory tests have been carried out to determine the noise generation of individual subconductor in a bundle. Based on the results of these tests, the relative audible-noise performance of several different con-figurations of 4-, 6-, and 8-conductor bundles are determined. A comparison is made between computed and measured performances for a 6-conductor bundle.
Influence of aeration on cytoplasmic pH of yeast in an NMR airlift bioreactor.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been increasingly pursued as a tool for noninvasive, real-time studies of metabolic processes of cell suspensions in bioreactors. One acute challenge in NMR bioreactor design has been supplying enough oxygen for cell respiration in a suspension that contains sufficient cells for NMR signal detection. The use of cytoplasmic pH as an intracellular marker of adequate oxygenation was evaluated from 31 P NMR spectra of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae at several cell densities, ranging from low (0.9% (v/v)) to very high (45% (v/v)) cell densities, in an airlift bioreactor. 31 P NMR spectra were obtained for derepressed yeast cells prior to, and during, glycolysis under nongrowth conditions. During endogenous respiration, pH cyt can be used as an intracellular marker for aeration for cell densities up to 18% (v/v) based on two criteria : a value of pH cyt at least 0.2 pH units higher under aerobic than anaerobic conditions and an absolute pH cyt value of 7.1-7.2. These results were more conservative than values of the maximum cell density obtained from calculations using k L a and respiration rate estimates and highlight the utility of intracellular measurements in conjunction with engineering design calculations. During glycolysis, pH cyt values were similar under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and hence pH cyt cannot be used as a marker under these conditions. Carbon dioxide in the influent gas was observed to aid cells in maintaining physiological pH cyt at high cell densities.
Genomic signatures of obligate host dependence in the luminous bacterial symbiont of a vertebrate

Summary The majority of bacteria engaged in bioluminescent symbiosis are environmentally acquired and facultatively symbiotic. A few enigmatic bioluminescent symbionts have not been successfully cultured, which has led to speculation that they may be obligately dependent on their hosts. Here, we report the draft genome of the uncultured luminous symbiont of an anomalopid flashlight fish, ‘Candidatus Photodesmus katoptron’. The genome of the anomalopid symbiont is reduced by 80% compared with close relatives and lacks almost all genes necessary for amino acid synthesis and for metabolism of energy sources other than glucose, supporting obligate dependence on the host for growth. ‘Candidatus Photodesmus katoptron’ is the first described obligate mutualistic symbiont of a vertebrate. Unlike most other obligate mutualists, the anomalopid symbiont genome has retained complete pathways for chemotaxis and motility as well as most genes involved in cell wall production, consistent with the hypothesis that these bacteria may be transmitted environmentally during an extra-host phase.
The Carter Presidency: A Re-Evaluation

The Carter presidency competence - Washington from the outside human rights in domestic context - the case of women's rights Black civil rights compassion and foreign policy - the case of the Soviet Union and Northern Ireland human rights and revolutions - Nicaragua and Iran from human rights to the Carter doctrine.
Investigation of ZnO-Based Polycrystalline Ceramic Scintillators for Use as $\alpha$ -Particle Detectors

ZnO-based scintillators are particularly well suited for use as the associated particle detector in a deuterium-tritium (D-T) neutron generator. Application requirements include the exclusion of organic materials, outstanding timing resolution, and high radiation resistance. ZnO, ZnO:Ga, ZnO:In, ZnO:In,Li, and ZnO:Er,Li have demonstrated fast (sub-nanosecond) decay times with relatively low light yields. ZnO:Ga has been used in a powder form as the associated particle detector for a D-T neutron generator. Unfortunately, detectors using powders are difficult to assemble and the light yield from powders is less than satisfactory. Single-crystal ZnO of sufficient size has only recently become available. New applications for D-T neutron generators require better timing resolution and higher count rates than are currently available with associated particle detectors using YAP:Ce as the scintillator. Recent work suggests that ZnO-based scintillators can provide alpha-particle-excited light yields comparable to YAP:Ce scintillators. ZnO-based polycrystalline ceramic scintillators offer the advantages of high light yield, ease of fabrication, low cost, and robust mechanical properties. Precursor powders used in these studies include ZnO and ZnO:Ga powders synthesized using solution-phase, urea precipitation, and combustion synthesis techniques as well as ZnO powder from a commercial vendor. Precursor powders have been sintered using uniaxial hot pressing and spark plasma sintering techniques. Photoluminescence measurements have confirmed that, for most samples, the emissions from these sintered bodies consist primarily of slow, visible emissions rather than the desired sub-nanosecond near-band-edge emissions. Subsequent hydrogen treatments have shown significant improvements in the luminescence characteristics of some ceramic bodies, while other samples have shown no change in luminescence.
Transitional mucosa of the colon and tumor growth factors.

Abstract Transitional mucosa of the colon is the tissue immediately adjacent to a cancer, which has histochemical and ultrastructural features similar to those seen in neoplasia. Therefore, it has been hypothesized in the past that this tissue represents the premalignant antecedent to colonic adenocarcinoma. Other investigators have disputed this explanation because similar changes are found adjacent to colonic lesions other than adenocarcinoma. The hypothesis offered here suggests that transitional mucosa may result from the paracrine influence of tumor growth factors released by the tumor. Candidate peptide hormones known to be produced by tumors are proposed, and a framework is outlined to explain the occurrence of transitional mucosa adjacent to non-neoplastic lesions. Transitional mucosa may be both a genuine reflection of the transformed phenotype and yet a “reactive” phenomenon secondary to the presence of the adjacent tumor.
The politics in environmental science: The Endangered Species Act and the Preble's mouse controversy

Environmental science presupposes value judgements. Calls for sound, objective science are examined in the context of the US Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the controversy that surrounds the listing of Preble's mouse as a ‘threatened’ subspecies. Following an overview of this debate, its status as a controversy that can be resolved by objective knowledge alone is problematised by examining the normative underpinnings of species classifications, divergent risk orientations as they apply to concerns over classificatory errors, and the stating of testable hypotheses. Gleaning insights from the discussion, policy-relevant suggestions are provided.
Fascism and Modernization

If the number of publications is an accurate gauge, there was a conspicuous revival of interest in fascism during the past decade. One obvious reason for this was the erosion of the theories of totalitarianism that had dominated discussions of political extremism during the 1950's. By linking German National Socialism and, in some cases, Italian Fascism with Russian Communism, these theories inhibited consideration of fascism as a distinctive generic phenomenon in its own right. But in the wake of the thaw in Khrushchev's Soviet Union and the general relaxation of cold-war tensions during the 1960's, the various theories of totalitarianism became less compelling.1 As a result, many students of twentieth-century politics became aware of the absence of a concept suitable for characterizing those interwar authoritarian movements and regimes in Europe that were neither conservative nor Communist. For some, fascism provided the solution.
MAY ’68 AND THE ETHICAL TURN IN FRENCH THOUGHT

It has become somewhat of a cliche to refer to May 1968 in France as an “interpretation in search of an event.” As many critics have pointed out, this designation fails to account for the real significance of the “events,” for the fact that May ’68 was one of the largest mass movement in French history—numerically, geographically, and sociologically—and one of the most acute political crises in postwar France. Yet, to refer to May ’68 as an interpretation does capture the extent to which the historiography of May ’68 has appeared, almost from the beginning, indistinguishable from its history, or, as Kristin Ross has put it, the extent to which May ’68 cannot be considered separately from its memory. At the risk of reducing some of these rich historiographical debates, we could say that, broadly speaking, two main issues have divided historians, philosophers, political theorists, and sociologists over the past forty years. The first has to do with the scope of the events, the degree to which the student leaders, the workers on strike, or the cultural legacy “mattered” more, or whether any of it mattered at all. The second line of contention has centered on the legacy of May ’68. According to some, May ’68 represented the acceleration of capitalism and modernization and it inaugurated an era of individualism and/or narcissism and political disengagement. In the eyes of these critics, ’68 was thus ultimately a conservative, or at least a libertarian, revolution. According to others, this was instead a truly radical period—socially, culturally, and politically—and this radicalism began to run out of steam towards the late 1970s. Instead of revolution, many intellectuals who had participated in May ’68 began to talk about ethics, morality, human rights, and the rule of law. Not surprisingly, commentators have once again differed on their reading of this “turn,” either condemning it or celebrating it, depending on their political bent. This “condemning” position has been articulated particularly forcefully by Kristin Ross in her excellent May ’68 and Its Afterlives. According to Ross, the “turn to ethics” marked a conscious “retreat from politics . . . that distorted not only May's ideology but much of its memory as well.” Ross's book is thus devoted to the analysis of this political radicalism—a radicalism that she situates in the union of intellectual contestation and workers’ struggle around what she calls “a polemics of equality”—and to the critique of its betrayal after 1976. On the other side of the spectrum, historians such as Tony Judt and Sunil Khilnani have praised this “ethical turn” as the moment in which French intellectuals were finally able to exorcise the (communist) revolutionary ideal that had haunted them throughout the twentieth century and to embrace liberalism.
Assess Subgrade Rutting Potential by Stress Factor

The problem of subgrade rutting is an important factor in the overall structural design system of flexible pavements. This paper introduces the parameter stress factor in pavement design and research as an expedient and useful test to check the subgrade rutting potential in a flexible pavement. The larger the computed stress factor in the subgrade is, the greater the potential of the pavement to rut. If several different types of pavements are designed for a given subgrade soil and for a given aircraft load at the same performance level, the pavement with the largest stress factor will most probably have the greatest potential of subgrade rutting. Also for a given subgrade soil, if two pavements are designed for two different aircraft loads at the same performance level, the heavier aircraft load will have a greater stress factor in the subgrade.
Thermal Non-Newtonian Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Line Contacts Under Simple Sliding Conditions

A computationally simple formulation for the stationary surface temperature is developed to examine the thermal non-Newtonian EHD problem for line contacts under simple sliding conditions. Numerical results obtained are used to develop a formula for a thermal and non-Newtonian (Ree-Eyring) film thickness reduction factor. Results for the maximum surface temperature and traction coefficient are also presented. The thermal effects on film thickness and traction are found to be more pronounced for simple sliding than for combined sliding and rolling conditions
Automated, interactive cardiac electrophysiology testing

An automated system that performs all of the functions required for complete evaluation of the intracardiac conduction system, for inducing, terminating, and analyzing various dysrhythmias, and for locating and characterizing accessory atrioventricular connections and ectopic foci, is described. In the first year of operation, the system was used to conduct 210 electrophysiology tests. These ranged from simple postoperative evaluation of the conduction system to complete tachycardia studies during pharmacological manipulation of the patient. Patient age at time of catheterization ranged from six days to 70 years, with a median age of eight years and seven months. The single most significant advantage of the system is the ability to provide information on a real-time basis, permitting the electrophysiologist to analyze, modify, extend, or curtail the test procedure. >
The curious case of George: a case study of a career criminal

This research is a case study of a “semiretired” career criminal. The subject, George, an 82-year-old career offender admits to over 200 arrests and numerous convictions between age 16 and the pres...
On a collision course: competition and dispersal differences create no-analogue communities and cause extinctions during climate change

Most climate change predictions omit species interactions and interspecific variation in dispersal. Here, we develop a model of multiple competing species along a warming climatic gradient that includes temperature-dependent competition, differences in niche breadth and interspecific differences in dispersal ability. Competition and dispersal differences decreased diversity and produced so-called ‘no-analogue’ communities, defined as a novel combination of species that does not currently co-occur. Climate change altered community richness the most when species had narrow niches, when mean community-wide dispersal rates were low and when species differed in dispersal abilities. With high interspecific dispersal variance, the best dispersers tracked climate change, out-competed slower dispersers and caused their extinction. Overall, competition slowed the advance of colonists into newly suitable habitats, creating lags in climate tracking. We predict that climate change will most threaten communities of species that have narrow niches (e.g. tropics), vary in dispersal (most communities) and compete strongly. Current forecasts probably underestimate climate change impacts on biodiversity by neglecting competition and dispersal differences.
Creating a culture of performance excellence at Henry Ford Health System

Henry Ford Health System (HFHS) of Detroit, Michigan, has earned industry-wide recognition by engaging its leaders to align the organization's strategic objectives with Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award criteria and craft a comprehensive program to integrate performance to drive sustainable growth. One of the largest health care systems in the United States, HFHS developed a performance management approach that backed up standards of excellence with comprehensive training and development, established a performance improvement framework that emphasized analysis and review, integrated its communications systems with a renewed focus on innovation, and fine-tuned its performance strategy to stoke agility throughout the organization. Results included a reduction in in-patient mortality, innovations in health care best practice, enhanced employee engagement patient satisfaction, savings of almost $10 million over four years in relation to harm-reduction efforts, and five national performance awards, including the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in 2011. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
We Can Be Athletic and Feminine, But Do We Want To? Challenging Hegemonic Femininity in Women's Sport

More women than ever before are panicipating in a diverse array of sports. However, at the same time, this popularity accentuates the femininity of these sportswomen, protecting the “image” of women's sports. The underlying message is that athleticism and femininity contrddictory, and females have to go out of their way to show that they can be athletic and be socially accepted. Kolnes' (1995) concept of heterosexuality as an organizing principle in women's sport provides the foundation for understanding the social construction of females in sport. Generally, women who appear heterosexually feminine are privileged over women perceived as masculine. Consequences of nonconformity to hegemonic femininity in sport often include sexist and heterosexist ddiscrimination. This leads many sportswomen to emphasize feminine characteristics to avoid prejudice and discrimination. However, females perceived as too feminine are then sexualized and trivialized, leaving women to carefully balance athleticism with hegemoni...
DOITrees revisited: scalable, space-constrained visualization of hierarchical data

This paper extends previous work on focus+context visualizations of tree-structured data, introducing an efficient, space-constrained, multi-focal tree layout algorithm ("TreeBlock") and techniques at both the system and interactive levels for dealing with scale. These contributions are realized in a new version of the Degree-Of-Interest Tree browser, supporting real-time interactive visualization and exploration of data sets containing on the order of a million nodes.
A comparison of the accuracy of different functionals

The errors in the computed geometries, zero-point energies, and atomization energies of molecules containing only first and second row atoms are compared for several levels of theory, including Hartree-Fock, second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2), and density functional theory (DFT) using five different functionals, including two hybrid functionals. The 6-31G* and 6-311+G(3df,2p) basis set are used. Overall, the B3LYP hybrid functional yields the best results.
Anidulafungin compared with fluconazole in severely ill patients with candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis: Support for the 2009 IDSA treatment guidelines for candidiasis

Introduction During the past decade, the incidence of Candida infections in hospitalized patients has increased, with fluconazole being the most commonly prescribed systemic antifungal agent for these infections. However, the 2009 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) candidiasis guidelines recommend an echinocandin for the treatment of candidemia/invasive candidiasis in patients who are considered to be "moderately severe or severely" ill. To validate these guidelines, clinical trial data were reviewed.
Enabling the Double-C Curve in Pu-Ga Alloy Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagrams

Under ambient conditions, a Pu-2.0 at.% Ga alloy is retained in the metastable δ phase. Upon cooling to approximately -120 °C, the face-centered-cubic δ phase partially transforms to the metastable monoclinic α′ phase via a martensitic transformation. The kinetics of the δ⟶α′ transformation are reported to have double-C curve kinetics in a time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram, but the mechanisms responsible for this unusual behavior are not understood. Our work focuses on determining the underlying cause of the two noses. Optical microscopy has been used to investigate the role of “conditioning”—an isothermal hold at sub-anneal temperatures—on the δ⟶α′ transformation and to illuminate any disparities in transformation products. Conditioning was found to affect substantially the amount of transformation that occurs at particular points corresponding to both the upper- and lower-C of the TTT diagram.
The calculus of simplex gradients

Simplex gradients are widely used in derivative-free optimization. This article clarifies some of the properties of simplex gradients and presents calculus rules similar to that of an ordinary gradient. For example, the simplex gradient does not depend on the order of sample points in the underdetermined and determined cases but this property is not true in the overdetermined case. Moreover, although the simplex gradient is the gradient of the corresponding linear model in the determined case, this is not necessarily true in the underdetermined and overdetermined cases. However, the simplex gradient is the gradient of an alternative linear model that is required to interpolate the reference data point. Also, the negative of the simplex gradient is a descent direction for any interpolating linear function in the determined and underdetermined cases but this is again not necessarily true for the linear regression model in the overdetermined case. In addition, this article reviews a previously established error bound for simplex gradients. Finally, this article treats the simplex gradient as a linear operator and provides formulas for the simplex gradients of products and quotients of two multivariable functions and a power rule for simplex gradients.
Characterization of the interfacial layer formed during pulsed laser deposition of oxides on Si

Medium-k dielectric Y 2 O 3 films were directly grown on (100) Si substrates by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, current-voltage, capacitance-voltage, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the composition, thickness, and electrical properties of the grown structures. It has been found that at the interface between the Si substrate and the grown dielectric layer, a SiO x interfacial layer, whose thickness depended on the oxygen pressure used during the PLD growth, was always formed. The main oxygen source for this interfacial layer formation is the physisorbed oxygen trapped inside the grown layer during the laser ablation-deposition process. When trying to reduce the thickness of this low-k interfacial layer by decreasing the oxygen pressure during laser ablation, a marked degradation of the electrical properties of the structures was noticed.
Elementary Neurosecretory Granules in the Neurones of the Snail, Helix Aspersa

Summary Elementary neurosecretory granules are present in the cytoplasm of certain neurones of the snail, Helix aspersa. The granules appear to be elaborated within the lamellae of the Golgi complex and produced at the edges of the lamellae by budding and vesiculation.
Optical Guidance of Brain Therapies

It is estimated that approximately 17,000 malignant brain tumors are diagnosed in adults and 1,500 in children every year in the United States. Although primary brain tumors account for only 1.4% of all cancers, the 5-year survival rate of these patients (35%) is low. The most common initial therapy received by brain tumor patients is surgical resection. Many studies have shown that the degree of resection significantly influences the time to recurrence and the overall survival of brain tumor patients. Currently, surgical navigation systems and ultrasonography are used intraoperatively to help neurosurgeons locate brain tumor and maximize resection. Despite the applications of these technologies, significant residual tumor mass is often found to be left behind in patients following brain tumor resection. Hence, there is a need for an objective, intraoperative real-time system that is capable of accurately differentiating brain tumors from normal brain tissue, and detecting tumor margins with sub-millimeter spatial resolution.
Matrix metalloproteinases: all the RAGE in the acute respiratory distress syndrome

the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by rapid-onset, severe lung inflammation with massive influx of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) into the lungs and injury to the alveolar capillary barrier and is associated with a high mortality rate. There is mounting evidence
A Festschrift Honoring Dr. John J. Curtis

On April 17, 2009, the Division of Nephrology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) hosted a festschrift for a distinguished member, Dr. John J. Curtis. Our goal was to acknowledge Dr. Curtis's achievements on the occasion of his retirement from the faculty at UAB after 30 yr of service. To anyone even remotely familiar with the study of hypertension and the history of transplant nephrology, John's career was of sterling significance and his accomplishments more than worthy of broad recognition. A native Pennsylvanian, John Curtis graduated from the University of Scranton and then moved to Georgetown, where he completed medical school, training in internal medicine, and a Nephrology fellowship under the tutelage of George Schreiner (and highlighted by six months at the Royal Melbourne Hospital with Priscilla Kincaid-Smith). John's first faculty job was at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, where his association began with Robert …
Studies on Larch Arabogalactan I

Some of the uses of arabogalactan in tableting have been studied. Its action as a binding agent appears to be satisfactory. The stability of a number of tablets made with arabogalactan as the binder have been compared with similar tablets made with acacia. The results are encouraging. Arabogalactan has been partially methylated to give methyl arabogalactan. Arabogalactan acetate has been made by a new procedure.
Nucleation and Precipitation Strengthening in Dilute Al-Ti and Al-Zr Alloys

Two conventionally solidified Al-0.2Ti alloys (with 0.18 and 0.22 at. pct Ti) exhibit no hardening after aging up to 3200 hours at 375 °C or 425 °C. This is due to the absence of Al3Ti precipitation, as confirmed by electron microscopy and electrical conductivity measurements. By contrast, an Al-0.2Zr alloy (with 0.19 at. pct Zr) displays strong age hardening at both temperatures due to precipitation of Al3Zr (L12) within Zr-enriched dendritic regions. This discrepancy between the two alloys is explained within the context of the equilibrium phase diagrams: (1) the disparity in solid and liquid solubilities of Ti in α-Al is much greater than that of Zr in α-Al; and (2) the relatively small liquid solubility of Ti in α-Al limits the amount of solute retained in solid solution during solidification, while the comparatively high solid solubility reduces the supersaturation effecting precipitation during post-solidification aging. The lattice parameter mismatch of Al3Ti (L12) with α-Al is also larger than that of Al3Zr (L12), further hindering nucleation of Al3Ti. Classical nucleation theory indicates that the minimum solute supersaturation required to overcome the elastic strain energy of Al3Ti nuclei cannot be obtained during conventional solidification of Al-Ti alloys (unlike for Al-Zr alloys), thus explaining the absence of Al3Ti precipitation and the presence of Al3Zr precipitation.
PLIF study of Mars Science Laboratory capsule reaction control system jets

Nitric-oxide planar laser-induced fluorescence (NO PLIF) was used to visualize the flow in the wake of a Mars Science Lab (MSL) entry capsule with activated reaction control system (RCS) jets in NASA Langley Research Center s 31-Inch Mach 10 Air Tunnel facility. Images were processed using the Virtual Diagnostics Interface (ViDI) method, which brings out the three-dimensional nature of the flow visualization data while showing the relative location of the data with respect to the model. Comparison of wind-on and wind-off results illustrates the effect that the hypersonic crossflow has on the trajectory and structure of individual RCS jets. The visualization and comparison of both single and multiple activated RCS jets indicate low levels of jet-jet interaction. Quantitative streamwise velocity was also obtained via NO PLIF molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV).
Advancing biology through a deeper understanding of zebrafish ecology and evolution

Over the last two decades, the zebrafish has joined the ranks of premier model organisms for biomedical research, with a full suite of tools and genomic resources. Yet we still know comparatively little about its natural history. Here I review what is known about the natural history of the zebrafish, where significant gaps in our knowledge remain, and how a fuller appreciation of this organism's ecology and behavior, population genetics, and phylogeny can inform a variety of research endeavors.
The effectiveness of nasal mask vs face mask ventilation in anesthetized, apneic pediatric subjects over 2 years of age: a randomized controlled trial

Summary Background We hypothesized that anesthetized, apneic children could be ventilated equivalently or more efficiently by nasal mask ventilation (NMV) than face mask ventilation (FMV). The aim of this randomized controlled study was to test this hypothesis by comparing the expiratory tidal volume (Vte) between NMV and FMV. Methods After the induction of anesthesia, 41 subjects, 3–17 years of age without anticipated difficult mask ventilation, were randomly assigned to receive either NMV or FMV with neck extension. Both groups were ventilated with pressure control ventilation (PCV) at 20 cmH2O of peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels of 0, 5, and 10 cmH2O. An additional mouth closing maneuver (MCM) was applied for the NMV group. Results The Vte was higher in the FMV group compared with the NMV group (median difference [95% CI]: 8.4 [5.5–11.6] ml·kg−1; P < 0.001) when MCM was not applied. NMV achieved less PEEP than FMV (median difference [95% CI]: 5.0 [4.3–5.3] cmH2O at 10 cmH2O; P < 0.001) though both groups achieved the set PIP level. In the NMV group, MCM markedly increased Vte (median increase [95% CI]: 5.9 [2.5–9.0] ml·kg−1; P < 0.005) and PEEP (median increase [95% CI]: 5.0 [0.6–8.6] cmH2O at 10 cmH2O; P < 0.005); however, PEEP was highly variable and lower than that of FMV (median difference [95% CI]: 2.5 [0.8–8.5] cmH2O at 10 cmH2O; P < 0.05). Conclusions In anesthetized, apneic children greater than 2 years of age ventilated with an anesthesia ventilator and neck extension, FMV established a greater Vte than NMV regardless of mouth status. NMV could not maintain the set PEEP level due to an air leak from the mouth. The MCM increased the Vte and PEEP.
Motivationally Balancing Policy

In response to Amitai Etzioni’s paper “Happiness Is the Wrong Metric” I argue several points. First, arguing against a view of humans as seeking only pleasure is a strawman, and ‘satisfiers’ should be more broadly understood as seeking to satisfy their preferences by maximizing utility. Second, the idea that humans have multiple motivations is not new, but is nevertheless important for understanding and guiding behavior. Third, the standard economic practice of methodological utility-maximization is beneficial in the short-term, while it has some potential downside in the long-term.
Kinetics of Surface Segregation in Metallic Alloys with First-Principles Interaction Parameters

We report the results of Monte Carlo simulations of the kinetics of surface segregation at the (001) face of CuNi and MoW alloys. These two systems were selected because they are based on different lattice structures and show contrasting segregation behavior: CuNi exhibits a monotonie profile, while that of MoW is oscillatory. To describe the energetics we have determined a set of effective cluster interactions (ECI) which govern the ordering or clustering tendencies of these alloys. The ECI were obtained by means of tight-binding electronic structure calculations in which no adjustable or experimentally determined parameters were used. Equilibrium segregation profiles are calculated and a series of quenches are performed. The layer concentrations are studied as a function of time and the existence of metastable phases in the surface region is investigated.
Improved Technology Impact Modeling Through Technology Synergy Matrices

The management of technology portfolios is an important element of aerospace system design. New technologies are often applied to new product designs to ensure their competitiveness at the time they are introduced to market. A designer may forecast the future capability of these technologies, expecting the portfolio of technologies to mature in parallel with the product design. The long lead times, high development costs, and performance uncertainties make this both a challenging and risky problem. Designers need an effective method to identify and select promising technologies based on the information at hand. This information may come from expert opinion, theory, and/or limited experimentation. Previously proposed methods for technology impact forecasting attempt to map technology selection directly to system performance metrics, also known as k-factors, through technology impact matrices (TIM) and technology compatibility matrices (TCM). The TIM and TCM are formalized methods of capturing expert opinion regarding the impacts and feasibility of new technology combinations. A downside of this approach is that 2 nd order and higher technology interactions are neglected. These methods assume that technologies are either incompatible or linearly independent. In other words, their net impact on the system is additive. This paper proposes the use of technology synergy matrices (TSM) to increase the fidelity of TIM and TCM methods by including second order technology interactions. A strategy for TSM creation is described in detail and the complete process of TIM, TCM, and TSM utilization is demonstrated. Five new methods of TSM implementation are proposed: weighted pair-wise comparison, direct product, averaged, minimum, and maximum. A notional example problem, where seven interacting propulsion and aerodynamic technologies are applied to improve the fuel consumption of a transport aircraft, is presented. By applying each method to the example problem, the limitations and benefits of each method are explored. These results show that the inclusion of 2 nd order technology impacts can significantly change the technology portfolio that is selected as well as the predicted system performance.
Akupunktur bei Hyperemesis

Die Hyperemesis ist ein Beschwerdebild, das die Patientin stark belastet und beeintrachtigt. Vor allem die fruhe Schwangerschaft ist dadurch gekennzeichnet. Mit der Akupunktur ist eine wesentliche Bereicherung in den therapeutischen Moglichkeiten gegeben. Weitgehend nebenwirkungsfrei und mit geringem methodischem Aufwand kann nach richtiger Diagnosestellung Erleichterung bzw. Beschwerdefreiheit erzielt werden. Zahlreiche Studien haben diese positiven Auswirkungen der Akupunktur bei Hyperemesis belegen konnen. Unverzichtbar fur die Ausubung der Akupunktur ist eine entsprechende Aus- und Weiterbildung.
Increasing Activity in Older Adults A Review of the Look AHEAD Trial

The importance of physical activity for healthy aging has been clearly shown. Evidence from the Look AHEAD trial, a lifestyle intervention for overweight individuals who have type 2 diabetes, provi...
Ion Microscopy Imaging of Boron from p-Boronophenylalanine in Surgically Acquired Samples of Human Brain Tumor Tissue

Using ion microscopy1 we are able to quantitatively image physiologically relevant isotopes, including 10B, in cancerous and contiguous normal tissues with cellular to subcellular resolution and with detection limits in the low-ppm to ppb range. Over the past several years we have been using this technique to analyze tissue sections from animal brain tumor models,1, 2, 3 as well as specimens prepared from tissue cultures,4,5 to develop appropriate cryogenic sampling procedures to be applied to the in situ analyses of 10B in human brain tumor specimens. An ion microscopy imaging study is presented which demonstrates the localization of 10B from the fructose complex of p-boronophenylalanine (BPA-F) in tumor cells from a patient with glioblastoma multi-forme. Patient A was infused intravenously for one hour to deliver 170mg BPA/kg body weight. The craniotomy commenced one-half hour after the end of the infusion. Tissue specimens from patient A were frozen on dry ice, stored at -80 °C, and at a later date cryosectioned and freeze-dried for ion microscopy analysis. The boron concentration in tumor cells, calculated from the grayscale intensity of ion images, was found to have a dynamic distribution with an average approximately 3.5 times higher than the 10B levels in the normal brain and blood. Ion images are shown to illustrate the complexities of cryogenic sample preparation for the analysis of 10B in human brain tumor tissues at the microscopic level.
Change over time in young mothers' engagement with a community-based doula home visiting program

Abstract Families' low engagement has been a common challenge of many early prevention programs, but the phenomenon and its associated factors have not been well studied, especially from a longitudinal perspective. This study examines the change over time in young, African-American mothers' engagement with a pregnancy and perinatal doula home visiting program. One hundred and twenty-three participants were involved, with an average age of 18.2 years old. Mothers were in pregnancy for an average of 26.6 weeks by the time of study, and were primarily first-time mothers. The mothers were visited approximately weekly, beginning in the last three months of pregnancy and extending through the first three months after birth. Doulas rated the mothers' engagement after each visit based on their involvement with the visits and understanding of materials. Longitudinal analysis using hierarchical linear modeling techniques showed that, overall, mothers' engagement increased over time linearly, with some deceleration after the babies' birth, and with individual differences in both initial levels and rates of change. Mothers' psychosocial characteristics were more likely to be associated with their initial engagement levels, while time-varying measures of visit length and settings showed much stronger associations with the rate of engagement change over time. In addition, the home visitors themselves showed individual variation that was predictive both of initial engagement and rate of growth over time. The results suggest that participant engagement is a dynamic process that varies over time in complex ways, and it is associated with participant and program factors.
Revisiting the Memory‐Based Processing Approach to Common Ground

Horton and Gerrig (2005a) outlined a memory-based processing model of conversational common ground that provided a description of how speakers could both strategically and automatically gain access to information about others through domain-general memory processes acting over ordinary memory traces. In this article, we revisit this account, reviewing empirical findings that address aspects of this memory-based model. In doing so, we also take the opportunity to clarify what we believe this approach implies about the cognitive psychology of common ground, and just as important, what it does not imply. We also highlight related areas of research demonstrating how general cognitive processes can constrain access to relevant knowledge in ways that shape both language production and comprehension.
Organizational Learning and Business Model Innovation in Base-of-the-Pyramid Market Entry

New market entry can require business model innovation. Yet we know little about how organizations configure their internal design variables to enable the necessary learning to occur. This qualitat...
Comparative effectiveness of guided weight loss and physical activity monitoring for weight loss and metabolic risks: A pilot study.

Abstract Many consumer-based physical activity monitors (PAMs) are available but it is not clear how to use them to most effectively promote weight loss. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare the effectiveness of a personal PAM, a guided weight loss program (GWL), and the combination of these approaches on weight loss and metabolic risk. Participants completed the study in two cohorts: Fall 2010 and Spring 2011. A sample of 72 obese individuals in the Ames, IA area were randomized to one of 3 conditions: 1) (GWL, N = 31), 2) PAM, N = 29, or 3) a combination group (PAM + GWL, N = 29). Weight and metabolic syndrome score (MetS), computed from waist circumference (WC), BMI, blood pressure (BP), and lipids were assessed at baseline and following an 8-week intervention. Weight was also assessed four months later. Two-way (Group × Time) ANOVAs examined intervention effects and maintenance. Effect sizes were used to compare magnitude of improvements among groups. During the intervention, all groups demonstrated significant improvements in weight and MetS (mean weight loss = 4.16 kg, p
Matrix Analysis

Linear algebra and matrix theory are fundamental tools in mathematical and physical science, as well as fertile fields for research. This new edition of the acclaimed text presents results of both classic and recent matrix analyses using canonical forms as a unifying theme, and demonstrates their importance in a variety of applications. The authors have thoroughly revised, updated, and expanded on the first edition. The book opens with an extended summary of useful concepts and facts and includes numerous new topics and features, such as: - New sections on the singular value and CS decompositions - New applications of the Jordan canonical form - A new section on the Weyr canonical form - Expanded treatments of inverse problems and of block matrices - A central role for the Von Neumann trace theorem - A new appendix with a modern list of canonical forms for a pair of Hermitian matrices and for a symmetric-skew symmetric pair - Expanded index with more than 3,500 entries for easy reference - More than 1,100 problems and exercises, many with hints, to reinforce understanding and develop auxiliary themes such as finite-dimensional quantum systems, the compound and adjugate matrices, and the Loewner ellipsoid - A new appendix provides a collection of problem-solving hints.
Four phases of the Flint Water Crisis: Evidence from blood lead levels in children

The Flint Water Crisis (FWC) is divisible into four phases of child water-lead exposure risk: Phase A) before the switch in water source to the Flint River (our baseline); Phase B) after the switch in water source, but before boil water advisories; Phase C) after boil water advisories, but before the switch back to the baseline water source of the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department (DWSD); and Phase D) after the switch back to DWSD. The objective of this work is to estimate water-lead attributable movements in child blood lead levels (BLLs) that correspond with the four phases in the FWC. With over 21,000 geo-referenced and time-stamped blood lead samples from children in Genesee County drawn from January 01, 2013 to July 19, 2016, we develop a series of quasi-experimental models to identify the causal effect of water-lead exposure on child BLLs in Flint. We find that the switch in water source (transitioning from phase A to B) caused mean BLLs to increase by about 0.5μg/dL, and increased the likelihood of a child presenting with a BLL ≥ 5μg/dL by a factor of 1.91-3.50, implying an additional 561 children exceeding 5μg/dL. We conservatively estimate cohort social costs (through lost earnings alone) of this increase in water-lead exposed children at $65 million, contrasted with expected annual savings of $2 million from switching water source. On the switch from Phase B to C, we find BLLs decreased about 50% from their initial rise following boil water advisories and subsequent water avoidance behaviors by households. Finally, the return to the baseline source water (Phase D) returned child BLLs to pre-FWC levels further implicating water-lead exposure as a causal source of child BLLs throughout the FWC.
Stem Cell Evolutionary Dynamics of Differentiation and Plasticity

The role of tissue-specific stem cells, differentiation, and the resulting phenotypic heterogeneity in evolution of new mutations has attracted the interest of theoreticians and experimentalists. In the current paper, we first summarize the literature on population dynamics of stem cell and differentiated populations, in the absence of somatic mutations, with focus on applications to cancer therapeutics. We then review recent experimental and theoretical works on the evolutionary dynamics of stem cells and their progenitors in the presence of rare somatic mutation. The recent experiments show that the selection process among intestinal stem cells closely follows the previously proposed Moran model in finite populations. We also overview recent theoretical developments in the literature that generalizes selection processes inside the tissue with variable level differentiation and de-differentiation. This review tries to give a mathematical description on how phenotypic heterogeneity due to stem cell hierarchy influences growth dynamics and natural selection, inside an epithelial tissue or hematopoietic system.