cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Breast Cancer Start in the Womb

Perturbations in the foetal environment predispose individuals to diseases that become apparent in adulthood. These findings prompted researchers to hypothesize that foetal exposure to environmental oestrogens may play a role in the increased incidence of breast cancer observed in European and US populations over the last 50 years. There is widespread human exposure to bisphenol A, an oestrogenic compound that leaches from dental materials and consumer products. In CD-1 mice, perinatal exposure to environmentally relevant bisphenol A levels induced alterations of the mammary gland architecture. Bisphenol A increased the number of terminal end buds at puberty and terminal ends at 6 months of age and increased ductal lateral branching at 4 months of age. Exposed mice also showed an enhanced sensitivity to oestradiol when ovariectomized prior to puberty. All these parameters are associated in human beings with an increased risk for developing breast cancer. To assess whether bisphenol A induces mammary gland neoplasia, we chose a rat model because it more closely mimics the human disease than mouse models. Examination of the mammary glands of Wistar/Furth rats during early adulthood revealed that gestational exposure to bisphenol A induced the development of pre-neoplastic lesions and carcinoma in situ in the absence of any additional treatment aimed at increasing tumour development. Emerging epidemiological data reveal an increased incidence of breast cancer in women exposed to diethylstilboestrol during gestation. Hence, both animal experiments and epidemiological data strengthen the hypothesis that foetal exposure to xenooestrogens may be an underlying cause of the increased incidence of breast cancer observed over the last 50 years.
Judicial Takings and State Takings

In Stop the Beach Renourishment v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, a Supreme Court plurality asserted that takings liability could arise from judicial acts, as well as from state or local legislation and executive agency decisions. The Plurality’s rationale supporting “judicial takings” was that the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment applies to State acts, not to particular State actors. This article starts by reviewing the doctrinal bases for the Stop the Beach plurality opinion. It provides prudential reasons why rulings affecting property rights might be legitimate under state law, but nevertheless constitute compensable takings under the federal constitution. It then analyzes the implications of the “state acts and not state actors” doctrine to existing regulatory takings law. Viewed through the lens of “state acts,” the rationales of the Supreme Court’s Williamson County “state litigation” prong and its Dolan “legislative vs. adjudicative” bifurcation are undermined. Similarly, takings distinctions pertaining to whether small-scale rezonings are “legislative” or “quasi-judicial” acts are drawn into question.
Quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check coded multi-band-OFDM UWB systems

Multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) has been considered as a prominent solution for ultra wideband (UWB) technology supporting high speed, short range and point-to-point wireless communications. In this paper, we design quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes that are modified from implementation-oriented (IO) LDPC codes and examine their capability and suitability for MB-OFDM systems in terms of performance and implementation complexity. We evaluate the performance of QC-LDPC codes over MB-OFDM systems for four different data rates. By simulations, it is shown that the transmission distance of QC-LDPC coded MB-OFDM systems can increase by 29%-73% compared with that of convolutional codes. In addition, it is shown that QC-LDPC codes can be realized by a rate-configurable encoder and decoder.
Amniocentesis after multifetal pregnancy reduction: is it safe?

Abstract Objective: This report reviews the obstetric outcomes of women with multifetal pregnancy reductions who subsequently underwent elective amniocentesis. Study Design: Five hundred eight patients underwent multifetal pregnancy reduction at our institution. Among these, 91 patients underwent subsequent elective amniocentesis. The obstetric outcomes of all 508 patients were followed up. By means of logistic regression we evaluated several variables to determine any association with loss rate: (1) the finishing number of fetuses, (2) the number of fetuses undergoing reduction (starting number of fetuses minus the finishing number of fetuses), (3) the gestational age at reduction, (4) the maternal age at reduction, and (5) the procedure protocol. We observed that the finishing number of fetuses, the number of fetuses removed, and the procedure protocol were significantly associated with pregnancy loss rate. Women who underwent subsequent amniocentesis were compared with those who did not undergo amniocentesis. By means of multivariate conditional likelihood analysis we stratified the two groups according to the previously mentioned significant variables to compare the pregnancy loss rates. Results: Among patients who subsequently underwent elective amniocentesis the total uncorrected pregnancy loss rate was 9.0% and the early premature delivery rate was 4.5%. The number of fetuses removed, the finishing number of fetuses, and the procedure protocol were statistically significantly associated with the loss rate. The adjusted odds ratio relating amniocentesis to the pregnancy loss rate was 0.7 (95% confidence interval, 0.31.5; P = .3.) Conclusions: The uncorrected rates of pregnancy loss and of early premature delivery among patients with multifetal pregnancy reduction who underwent subsequent amniocentesis were comparable to those of patients with multifetal pregnancy reduction who did not undergo amniocentesis. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:962-5.)
Elevated levels of glucose transport and transporter messenger RNA are induced by ras or src oncogenes

An accelerated rate of glucose transport is among the most characteristic biochemical markers of cellular transformation. To study the molecular mechanism by which transporter activity is altered, cultured rodent fibroblasts transfected with activated myc, ras, or src oncogenes were used. In myc-transfected cells, the rate of 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake was unchanged. However, in cells transfected with activated ras and src oncogenes, the rate of glucose uptake was markedly increased. The increased transport rate in ras- and src-transfected cells was paralleled by a marked increase in the amount of glucose transporter protein, as assessed by immunoblots, as well as by a markedly increased abundance of glucose transporter messenger RNA. Exposure of control cells to the tumor-promoting phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for 18 hours had a similar effect of increasing the rate of glucose transport and the abundance of transporter messenger RNA. For ras, src, and TPA, the predominant mechanism responsible for activation of the transport system is increased expression of the structural gene encoding the glucose transport protein.
Movement and fate of detergents in groundwater: a field study

Abstract The major cations, anions, and detergents in a plume of contaminated groundwater at Otis Air Base on Cape Cod (Mass., U.S.A.) have moved approximately 3.5 km down gradient from the disposal beds. We hypothesize that the detergents form two distinct plumes, which consist of alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS) detergents and linear alkyl sulfonates (LAS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaLS) detergents. The ABS detergents were deposited from approximately 1940 through 1965, when ABS detergents were banned. From 1965 to the present, LAS and NaLS detergents were in the sewage. The ABS detergents appear to be transported in the aquifer at the same rate as the specific conductance (major cations and anions) and boron, which are currently used as conservative tracers of the plume of contaminated groundwater. There appears to be little or no biological degradation of the ABS detergents in the aquifer, based on their concentration in the plume. On the other hand, the LAS and NaLS detergents have degraded rapidly and have been detected only 0.6 km down gradient. The roleof the detergents in the transport of other organic compounds in the plume is nuclear. There is a separation of the ABS detergent plume and the volatile organic compound plume; however, the time of entry of the detergents and the volatile organic compounds is unknown. Therefore, it is not possible to conclude on the interaction of these two classes of compounds.
Isolation from alfalfa of resistance gene analogues containing nucleotide binding sites.

Cloned resistance (R) genes from a broad range of plant species are known to share similarities in DNA sequence and structural motifs. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers designed from conserved regions of the nucleotide binding site (NBS), common to many R genes, were used to amplify the NBS regions from genomic DNA from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L). Sequence comparisons of the amplified fragments indicated that at least 18 families of NBS-containing R genes are present in alfalfa. Comparisons to R genes from other species suggested a polyphyletic origin of these gene families. Using the same degenerate primers, PCR analysis of cDNA prepared from a plant not challenged with a pest or pathogen revealed that many of the NBS-containing gene families were transcribed actively. Amplification of NBS regions from other Medicago species showed the presence of some NBS-containing genes not present in alfalfa. These results indicate that the NBS-containing R genes comprise a large gene family in Medicago, at least some of which are transcribed in healthy plants, and that different Medicago species carry unique NBS genes.
Deuteron inactivation of dry bovine serum albumin

Abstract The inactivation with deuterons of bovine serum albumin, as assayed by its ability to combine specifically with its homologous rabbit antiserum, is logarithmic when the samples are dissolved in phosphate buffer, indicating that the passage through the molecule of a single deuteron is capable of inactivating it. If the irradiated samples are dissolved in distilled water, a more rapid inactivation with dose is observed, and the inactivation curve has a possible multiple-hit character. The inactivation is shown to be the result of the molecule being made insoluble by the action of the radiation. The dependence of the inactivation with deuterons of various rates of energy loss is measured. It is shown that the results are consistent with either of two assumptions: that only about one-third of the primary ionizations cause permanent damage, or that several ionizations from the same charged particle are needed to inactivate one molecule. This is in marked contrast to results reported in the literature for various other dried proteins. The inactivation is greatly reduced by cooling the sample to liquid-air temperature during irradiation.
Effect of intracellular Ca2+ and action potential duration on L-type Ca2+ channel inactivation and recovery from inactivation in rabbit cardiac myocytes

Ca2+ current (ICa) recovery from inactivation is necessary for normal cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. In normal hearts, increased stimulation frequency increases force, but in heart failur...
The GABAA receptor β3 subunit gene: Characterization of a human cDNA from chromosome 15q11q13 and mapping to a region of conserved synteny on mouse chromosome 7

Abstract A cDNA encoding the human GABA A receptor β3 subunit has been isolated from a brain cDNA library and its nucleotide sequence has been determined. This gene, GABRB3, has recently been mapped to human chromosome 15q11q13, the region deleted in Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes. The association of distinct phenotypes with maternal versus paternal deletions of this region suggests that one or more genes in this region show parental-origin-dependent expression (genetic imprinting). Comparison of the inferred human β3 subunit amino acid sequence with β3 subunit sequences from rat, cow, and chicken shows a very high degree of evolutionary conservation. We have used this cDNA to map the mouse β3 subunit gene, Gabrb-3 , in recombinant inbred strains. The gene is located on mouse chromosome 7, very closely linked to Xmv-33 between Tam-1 and Mtv-1 , where two other genes from human 15q11q13 have also been mapped. This provides further evidence for a region of conserved synteny between human chromosome 15q11q13 and mouse chromosome 7. Proximal and distal regions of mouse chromosome 7 show genetic imprinting effects; however, the region of homology with human chromosome 15q11q13 has not yet been associated with these effects.
Carbon‐13 and mercury‐199 NMR data for methyl‐substituted bisaryl mercury compounds

13C and 199Hg NMR data are reported for seven bisaryl mercury compounds (aryl = phenyl, o-tolyl, m-tolyl, p-tolyl, 2,5-xylyl, 2,6-xylyl and mesityl) and two unsymmetrically substituted compounds, phenyl(o-tolyl)-and phenyl(m-tolyl)-mercury, in deuteriochlorform. Also presented are carbon chemical shift substituent parameters due to mercury substitution on the aromatic ring.
Geometry and Pressure in a Trochoidal-Type Machine Without Apex Seal

In a trochoidal-type machine, the friction and wear due to the apex seal is a major problem. In order to increase the efficiency and reliability of this type of machine, we propose to replace the apex seals by tight running clearances. A peritrochoid with its special conjugate envelope is a good candidate for a trochoidal-type machine without apex seal. This paper presents its geometry attributes and pressure processes inside the pockets. First, the coordinates of contact point and pocket volumes at any shaft angle are derived. Then, the pressure processes inside the pockets are simulated with simplified valves. Finally, the effect of clearance on pocket pressure at different speeds is studied. The results indicate that a trochoidal-type machine without apex seal is worthy of further research and development.
Tertiary Foraminiferal Paleoecology and Biostratigraphy of Part of Oregon Continental Margin: ABSTRACT

Several thousand feet of late Tertiary marine sediments crop out across Heceta Bank on the central Oregon shelf. Rock samples from two east-west profiles (44°05^prime and 44°10^prime N) have yielded large, well-preserved foraminiferal faunas. The stratigraphic sequence of the samples has been determined using sparker subbottom profiles. Two possible stratigraphic units are delineated on the basis of their foraminiferal content, seismic-reflection characteristics, and lithology. The older is characterized by Bolivina seminuda foraminata, B. semiperforata, B. spissa, Bulimina subacuminata, B. subcalva, Buliminella cf. B. exilis, Epistominella pontoni californica, and Uvigerina peregrina; less than 10 percent planktonic foraminifers; and right-coiling Globigerina pachyderma. This fauna represents paleodepths of 500-1,000 m and is dated as Pliocene. The younger unit is characterized by Cassidulina minuta, Eilohedra levicula, Epistominella exigua, Nonionella spp., Trifarina angulosa, and Uvigerina juncea; more than 50 percent planktonic foraminifers; and left-coiling G. pachyderma. This unit was deposited at depths of 100 200 m. This fauna could be Pliocene or Pleistocene. Paleoenvironmental data require minimal uplifts ranging from approximately 1,000 m for the oldest sampled strata to 100 m for the youngest. There was a general shoaling throughout the deposition of the units. End_of_Article - Last_Page 467------------
Tropical forest fragmentation and greenhouse gas emissions

Abstract Rainforest fragments in central Amazonia have been found to experience a marked loss of above-ground biomass caused by sharply increased rates of tree mortality and damage near fragment margins. These findings suggest that fragmentation of tropical forests is likely to increase emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases above and beyond that caused by deforestation per se. We estimated committed carbon emissions from deforestation and fragmentation in Amazonia, using three simulated models of landscape change: a `Rondonia scenario,' which mimicked settlement schemes of small farmers in the southern Amazon; a `Para scenario,' which imitated large cattle ranches in the eastern Amazon; and a `random scenario,' in which forest tracts were cleared randomly. Estimates of carbon emissions for specific landscapes were from 0.3 to 42% too low, depending on the amount and spatial pattern of clearing, when based solely on deforestation. Because they created irregular habitat edges or many forest perforations which increased tree mortality, the Rondonia and random-clearing scenarios produced 2–5 times more fragmentation-induced carbon emissions than did the Para scenario, for any given level of clearing. Using current estimates of forest conversion, our simulations suggest that committed carbon emissions from forest fragmentation alone will range from 3.0 to 15.6 million t/year in the Brazilian Amazon, and from 22 to 149 million t/year for tropical forests globally.
Changing paradigms: managed learning environments and Web 2.0

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand how emerging technologies and Web 2.0 services are transforming the structure of the web and their potential impact on managed learning environments (MLS) and learning content management systems (LCMS).Design/methodology/approach – Innovative Web 2.0 applications are reviewed in the paper to explore how they incorporate a new paradigm, reshaping the web as an electronic platform for social networks, where users share, edit and collaborate on the publication of content.Findings – The paper finds that, in this rapidly changing environment, educators need to consider the implications of these developments for the current design of the LCMS. An emerging generation of users influenced by social networking experiences and empowered to create, publish, appropriate and redistribute content may find the structures of the LCMS traditional and inflexible in contrast with the user‐centered approach of Web 2.0 services. This fundamental shift in the experience of th...
Second Derivative Tunable Diode Laser Spectrometry for Line Profile Determination. II. Experimental Results

The effect of the amplitude of the current modulation on experimental second derivative spectra measured using a tunable diode laser spectrometer is discussed. Spectra with adequate signal/noise ratios can only be measured when the amplitude of the modulation is about equal to the half width at half height. Two parameters, the distance between the zero crossings and the ratio of the minimal and maximal excursions, may be fit to an empirical hypersurface to obtain values for the peak absorbance, the actual half width and the collision-broadened half width. Although the peak absorbance is not accurately calculated, the line widths appear to be calculated to at least the same accuracy that can be obtained from the single-beam absorption spectrum.
Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer disease: the role of beta-amyloid/glial interactions.

Recent evidence that insoluble aggregates of beta-amyloid peptide in the brains of Alzheimer patients may elicit neurodestructive immune responses offers the prospect of new therapies to treat this neurodegenerative condition.
Improving Colorectal Cancer Screening in Primary Care Practice: Innovative Strategies and Future Directions

Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening has been supported by strong research evidence and recommended in clinical practice guidelines for more than a decade. Yet screening rates in the United States remain low, especially relative to other preventable diseases such as breast and cervical cancer. To understand the reasons, the National Cancer Institute and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality sponsored a review of CRC screening implementation in primary care and a program of research funded by these organizations. The evidence base for improving CRC screening supports the value of a New Model of Primary Care Delivery: 1. a team approach, in which responsibility for screening tasks is shared among other members of the practice, would help address physicians’ lack of time for preventive care; 2. information systems can identify eligible patients and remind them when screening is due; 3. involving patients in decisions about their own care may enhance screening participation; 4. monitoring practice performance, supported by information systems, can help target patients at increased risk because of family history or social disadvantage; 5. reimbursement for services outside the traditional provider—patient encounter, such as telephone and e-mail contacts, may foster enhanced screening delivery; 6. training opportunities in communication, cultural competence, and use of information technologies would improve provider competence in core elements of screening programs. Improvement in CRC screening rates largely depends on the efforts of primary care practices to implement effective systems and procedures for screening delivery. Active engagement and support of practices are essential for the enormous potential of CRC screening to be realized.
Theories of "Bad Policy"

Recent growth theory fails to provide a convincing account of underdevelopment in terms of economic “fundamentals”. As a result, many accounts cite “bad” government policy (including the failure to support appropriate institutions) as a causal factor behind stagnation. Yet this perspective is hard to understand from the viewpoint of welfare economics. This paper studies theories of endogenous policy which can possibly account for such bad policy. I stress three (interrelated) general intuitions about the causes of bad policy which apply, irrespective of the type of political regime: (1) inability to use transfers to separate efficiency and distribution, (2) inability to commit, (3) the close connection between development and changes in the distribution of political power. I particularly stress the ability (or inability) of these theories to explain cross country differences.
Dorsoventral Patterning: A Direct Route from Ovary to Embryo

Abstract Recent data indicate that Gurken-mediated activation of the EGF receptor in the somatic follicle cells of the Drosophila ovary – required for dorsoventral patterning of the fly embryo – leads to cell-autonomous repression of pipe expression, suggesting that the EGF receptor signaling pathway acts directly to control pipe transcription.
On scientific justification by consensus

Nach vielen gegenwartigen Wissenschaftstheoretikern ist die Wissenschaftstheorie des Logischen Empirismus, wie sie in den Schriften von Carnap, Russell, Reichenbach und Hempel vertreten wird, durch die neue Wissenschaftstheorie wesentlich verbessert worden, wie sie von Hanson, Polanyi, Toulmin und Kuhn entwickelt worden ist. Aber keiner der letzteren Gegner des Logischen Empirismus hat im Detail die Erkenntnistheorie herausgearbeitet, welche der neuen Wissenschaftstheorie zugrundeliegt. Kurzlich jedoch hat Harold I. Brown, inPerception, Theory and Commitment · The New Philosophy of Science (University of Chicago, 1979), eine klare Formulierung dieser neuen, consensualen Erkenntnistheorie vorgelegt. In dem vorliegenden Artikel entwickele und bewerte ich die Ansichten von Brown und Kuhn als Reprasentanten der neuen Erkenntnistheorie. Alles in allem begrunde ich, das die neue Erkenntnistheorie bestenfalls eine auserst unvollstandige Alternative zur logisch-empiristischen Erkenntnistheorie liefert.
Infant and childhood morbidity and mortality risks in archaeological populations.

Abstract Infants and children are nearly universally found to be among the most vulnerable subgroups of a population. Their health can be a sensitive indicator of the health of the population as a whole. Furthermore, repeated bouts of illness during infancy and childhood, periods of rapid development, can have lasting functional effects on the individual and the group. In this paper we provide a framework for studying infant and childhood health in archaeological populations, briefly review methods for studying infant‐childhood health in skeletal remains, and provide examples of the sensitivity and adaptive significance of this segment of the population by examining infant and childhood health at Dickson Mounds, Illinois and Wadi Haifa, Sudanese Nubia. A variety of methods are available for studying infant and childhood health in archaeological groups. Taken together, these methods can provide insights into the patterns and consequences of health in prehistory.
Linear Analysis Of The High-Power Magnetron

A linear stability analysis of the extraordinary mode in a high-power (>GW) planar magnetron is developed using a cold-fluid model of the electron flow. The eigendifferential equation for arbitrarily intense electron flow is found and solved numerically through finite differencing techniques. As a sample of some initial results, a calculation of growth rates versus cavity depth is shown.
The Neuropsychiatric Rating Schedule: Reliability and Validity

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate reliability and validity for the Neuropsychiatric Rating Schedule (NPRS) interview designed to permit diagnosis of organic personality syndrome (OPS) or personality change due to a general medical condition (PC). Method Subjects from prospective ( n = 50) and retrospective ( n = 72) studies of traumatic brain injury were aged 6 through 18 years. Parents and children were informants for the NPRS. Convergent and discriminant validity of subtypes of OPS/PC were assessed against standard scales completed by parents and teachers. Interrater reliability data ( n = 20), test-retest reliability data ( n = 42), as well as sensitivity-to-change data ( n = 37) were collected. Results All subtypes of OPS/PC were diagnosed, but apathy and paranoia subtypes were rare. Rating scale data supported convergent validity of OPS/PC subtypes generated with the NPRS. Affective instability, rage/aggression, and inappropriate social judgment were moderately to highly correlated, but apathy and paranoia could be discriminated from each of these subtypes. Interrater agreement for NPRS items was fair to excellent for all but one item (paranoia). Test-retest reliability was fair to good, and sensitivity to change was demonstrated. Conclusion The NPRS generated reliable and valid diagnoses of the common subtypes of OPS/PC. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1998, 37(3):297–304.
Glutathione-deficient mice are susceptible to TCDD-Induced hepatocellular toxicity but resistant to steatosis.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) generates both hepatocellular injury and steatosis, processes that involve oxidative stress. Herein, we evaluated the role of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in TCDD-induced hepatotoxicity. Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), comprising catalytic (GCLC) and modifier (GCLM) subunits, is rate limiting in de novo GSH biosynthesis; GCLM maintains GSH homeostasis by optimizing the catalytic efficiency of GCL holoenzyme. Gclm(−/−) transgenic mice exhibit 10–20% of normal tissue GSH levels. Gclm(−/−) and Gclm(+/+) wild-type (WT) female mice received TCDD for 3 consecutive days and were then examined 21 days later. As compared with WT littermates, Gclm(−/−) mice were more sensitive to TCDD-induced hepatocellular toxicity, exhibiting lower reduction potentials for GSH, lower ATP levels, and elevated levels of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT). However, the histopathology showed that TCDD-mediated steatosis, which occurs in WT m...
General relationship between concentration derivatives and correlation functions for alloys

A general relationship is derived between the concentration derivative of any ensemble-averaged quantity and the correlation function of that quantity with fluctuations in the concentration. This relationship is then used to obtain general formulas for the concentration derivatives of the magnetization M (kappa-arrow-right), and of the Warren short-range order parameters, ..cap alpha.. (R), for the case of binary substitutional alloys. The use of these formulas in the analysis of diffuse elastic neutron-scattering data and the analysis of the effects of short-range order is discussed briefly. (AIP)
A New Assay for Cystic Fibrosis Factor: Effects of Sera from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis in the in Vitro Electrical Properties of Rat Jejunum

Extract: The in vitro electrical properties of rat jejunum were utilized to assay a factor or factors in serum from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Sera from patients with CF were found to decrease short circuit current (SCC) and the SCC response to glucose, and to increase electrical resistance.
The location of the zone of disintegrating epithelial attachment cuticle; relation to the cemento-enamel junction and to the outer border of the periodontal fibers on some tooth specimens.

HE epithelial attachment cuticle (eac) is a cuticular membrane which under1 lies the epithelial attachment (ea) and attaches the innermost cells of this tissue to the tooth, whether it is located on the enamel or on the cementum. This cuticle is probably produced or laid down by the cells of the epithelial attachment.1-4 Wherever it is located at any time the outer border of the epithelial attachment cuticle is undergoing more or less breaking down or disintegration and as a result stains heavier than the remaining uninjured portion. This heavier staining line or strip may be demonstrated readily on extracted tooth specimens. Bass5 has called it the zone of disintegrating epithelial attachment cuticle (zdeac). The outer border of the epithelial attachment comes right up to the zone of disintegrating epithelial attachment cuticle but does not overlap it. Therefore this line accurately indicates the location of the outer border of the epithelial attachment at any place around a given tooth specimen. It also accurately indicates the exact extent to which the epithelial attachment cuticle has been destroyed, and is now being destroyed, at any place. The purpose of this paper is to show the location of the zone for disintegrating epithelial attachment cuticle, the cemento-enamel junction (cej), and the outer border of the periodontal fibers (pf) on a number of selected tooth specimens.
The imaging of extra-galactic low-energy gamma-ray sources prospects, techniques, and instrumentation

Improved understanding of the nature of active galaxies will require detailed observations of 10 to 20 sources, while understanding of their gamma ray luminosity function and its evolution will require the detection of approximately 100 sources. Instruments capable of detecting 100 active galaxies at low-energy, gamma ray energies are achievable. The angular resolution of an instrument, as well as its sensitivity, can limit the number of sources it can observe. An investigation of the angular resolution requirements for future low-energy gamma ray instruments is presented. It was found that the strictest requirements arise not from the need to resolve detectable sources, but from the need to control the level of direction-to-direction fluctuations in the diffuse background level. It was concluded that gamma-ray instruments capable of detecting 100 active galaxies must have sub-degree angular resolution. The use of the coded aperture imaging technique is proposed as a method of achieving accurate control of systematic errors and fine angular resolution without unduly increasing the time needed to conduct full sky surveys. An analysis of coded aperture imaging is presented for instruments that employ masks based on hexagonal uniformly redundant arrays. An instrument, the gamma-ray imaging payload, was built that employs these imaging techniques. The design and testing of the instrument is described in detail. Preliminary results from a balloon flight of the instruments are shown, demonstrating its imaging performance.
A peer-to-peer checkers program

A common challenge for lower division computer science courses has been implementing projects that utilize basic programming concepts in an engaging and relevant manner. The objective of this research is to investigate ways to use peer-to-peer programming to play a game and manage shared date-structures between two programs. The problem consists of programming a game that is able to utilize a shared protocol which trasmits multiple arrays to several methods within the constraints of lower division programming courses. Research for this project was conducted through Kennesaw State University's Programming Principles I & II curricula. The result of this research was a functional peer-to-peer checkers game programmed through basic programming knowledge and experience. In conclusion, this research showcases an engaging and relevant project that emphasizes an advanced understanding of basic programming concepts.
A soleil compensator for the far infrared

A Soleil compensator has been constructed of crystal quartz for use in the far infrared region. The dispersion in the birefringence has been measured between 60 μ and 170 μ. The dispersion of the 129-cm−1 absorption band which absorbs only the ordinary ray is clearly seen. The compensator may be used to produce a 90° phase shift between two normal electric vectors for wavelengths from 60 μ to 400 μ. The compensator has been tested also from 1.5 μ to 4.0 μ in the near infrared where the dispersion of the birefringence also has been measured.
Alcohol decreases T-lymphocyte migration into lung tissue in response to Pneumocystis carinii and depletes T-lymphocyte numbers in the spleens of mice

Previous work from our laboratory has shown that chronic alcohol consumption In mice creates immunosuppression sufficient to permit Infection with the opportunistic pathogen Pneumocystis carinii. Host defense against P. carinii is critically dependent upon host T lymphocytes. In these experiments, we address the effect of chronic alcohol consumption on recruitment of T lymphocytes into infected lung tissue and on lymphocytes in host lymphoid tissue. We find that mice administered alcohol in drinking water and then inoculated with P. carinii show significantly decreased recruitment of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes into lung tissue in comparison with control mice. Additional experiments show significant depletion of CD4 + lymphocytes in spleens from alcohol mice and decreased numbers of activated T lymphocytes. Analysis of surface expression of the adhesion molecules LFA-1, VLA-4, and ICAM-1 show no significant differences in lymphocytes from alcohol-consuming mice, and lymphocyte chemotaxis in vitro is also unaltered. We conclude that chronic consumption of alcohol impairs lung recruitment of lymphocytes in response to an infectious challenge. This impaired lymphocyte recruitment may be a consequence of depletion of T lymphocytes in host lymphoid tissue. Impaired recruitment of lymphocytes may explain the Increased morbidity and mortality of pulmonary Infecfions in alcoholic subjects.
The influence of composition on the properties of pH-swellable polymers for chemical sensors

Abstract Aminated polystyrene swells at low pH due to electrostatic repulsion between charged sites on the polymer. The effects of polymer formulation on the rate and degree of swelling and on the penetration modulus have been evaluated for porous aminated polystyrene beads prepared by suspension polymerization. The following parameters were varied in a 3×3×3×2 factorial experiment: 1) percent crosslinking, 2) percent porogenic solvent, 3) composition of porogenic solvent and 4) level of Kraton G1652, a styrene–ethylene, butylene–styrene triblock copolymer, added to toughen the polymer. The degree of swelling decreases at higher levels of crosslinking. Swelling is greater when the polymer morphology is continuous rather than consisting of connected small spheres. The percentage of xylene in the porogenic solvent affects the degree of swelling for underivatized beads in toluene but not for derivatized beads in acid. The rate of swelling of underivatized beads in toluene appears to involve toluene entering the pore space of the bead by capillary action. However, rates of swelling of derivatized bead in acid appear to be governed by the rate at which protons move through the bulk of the polymer rather than involving transport through pore space. The penetration moduli are small for all beads and depend on the degree of crosslinking, the amount of pore space in the bead and the polymer morphology.
The spindle and kinetochore–associated (Ska) complex enhances binding of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) to chromosomes and promotes mitotic exit

Cells depleted of Ska arrest at metaphase. Chromosome-associated APC/C shows high ubiquitylation activity. Ska complex helps to localize APC/C on chromosomes. Forced localization of Ska complex to ...
Lipase.Catalyzed Incorporation of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids into Vegetable Oils

The ability of immobilized lipases IM60 fromMucor miehei and SP435 fromCandida antarctica to modify the fatty acid composition of selected vegetable oils by incorporation of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into the vegetable oils was studied. The transesterification was carried out in organic solvent with free acid and ethyl esters of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as acyl donors. With free EPA as acyl donor, IM60 gave higher incorporation of EPA than SP435. However, when ethyl esters of EPA and DHA were the acyl donors, SP435 gave higher incorporation of EPA and DHA than IM60. When IM60 and free acid were used, the addition of 5 μL water increased EPA incorporation into soybean oil by 4.9%. With ethyl ester of EPA as acyl donor, addition of 2 μL water increased EPA incorporation by 3.9%. For SP435, addition of water up to 2μL resulted in increased EPA incorporation, but the incorporation declined when the added water exceeded this amount. The addition of water increased the EPA incorporation into Trisun 90 after 24 h reaction but not the reaction rate at early stages of the reaction.
Hydrocooling time estimation methods

Precooling refers to the rapid removal of field heat from freshly harvested fruits and vegetables prior to shipping, storage or processing. Hydrocooling is a form of precooling in which the product is sprayed with or immersed in an agitated bath of chilled water. The design of hydrocooling systems requires accurate estimation of the hydrocooling times of fruits and vegetables as well as the corresponding refrigeration loads. Numerous methods for predicting the hydrocooling times of fruits and vegetables have been proposed, and the designer is faced with the challenge of selecting an appropriate estimation method from those available. Therefore, this paper reviews selected estimation methods for the hydrocooling times of fruits and vegetables, and quantitatively evaluates the selected hydrocooling time estimation methods by comparing their numerical results to a comprehensive experimental hydrocooling time data set compiled from the literature.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN GaInP/GaAs HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS

We review the recent developments of GaInP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) used for microwave power, low noise, linear amplification and high temperature applications. Special attention is paid in the comparison of the GaInP HBT results with the more conventional AlGaAs HBTs. The material and processing advantages, as well as the electronic and thermal properties of GaInP are described.
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with night waking in 9-month-old infants

This study examined relations between infant night waking and both daytime behaviors reflective of poor behavioral and emotional regulation (intrinsic factors) and parent behaviors that may contribute to infant night waking (extrinsic factors) in 41 infants. Mothers completed questionnaires and an infant sleep and crying diary. More time awake at night was related to separation distress, frequent daytime crying, dysregulation, co-sleeping with parents, breast feeding, and being put to bed asleep. More frequent waking was related to separation distress, frequent daytime crying, co-sleeping, and breast feeding. The combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors predicted night waking better than behaviors from one category alone. Implications for parenting are discussed.
Conjunctive-query containment and constraint satisfaction

Conjunctive-query containment is recognized as a fundamental problem in database query evaluation and optimization. At the same time, constraint satisfaction is recognized as a fundamental problem in artificial intelligence. What do conjunctive-query containment and constraint satisfaction have in common? Our main conceptual contribution in this paper is to point out that, despite their very different formulation, conjunctive-query containment and constraint satisfaction are essentially the same problem. The reason is that they can be recast as the following fundamental algebraic problem: given two finite relational structures A and B, is there a homomorphism h:A?B? As formulated above, the homomorphism problem is uniform in the sense that both relational structures A and B are part of the input. By fixing the structure B, one obtains the following nonuniform problem: given a finite relational structure A, is there a homomorphism h:A?B? In general, nonuniform tractability results do not uniformize. Thus, it is natural to ask: which tractable cases of nonuniform tractability results for constraint satisfaction and conjunctive-query containment do uniformize? Our main technical contribution in this paper is to show that several cases of tractable nonuniform constraint-satisfaction problems do indeed uniformize. We exhibit three nonuniform tractability results that uniformize and, thus, give rise to polynomial-time solvable cases of constraint satisfaction and conjunctive-query containment. We begin by examining the tractable cases of Boolean constraint-satisfaction problems and show that they do uniformize. This can be applied to conjunctive-query containment via Booleanization; in particular, it yields one of the known tractable cases of conjunctive-query containment. After this, we show that tractability results for constraint-satisfaction problems that can be expressed using Datalog programs with bounded number of distinct variables also uniformize. Finally, we provide a new proof for the fact that tractability results for queries with bounded treewidth uniformize as well, via a connection with first-order logic with a bounded number of distinct variables.
Mapping Voxel-Based Statistical Power on Parametric Images

Abstract Using a classic technique based on the noncentral F -distribution method for computing statistical power, we developed a general approach to the estimation of voxel-based power in functional brain image data analysis. We applied this method to PET data from a large sample ( N = 40) of subjects performing the Wisconsin Card Sorting (WCST) paradigm analyzed with SPM95, produced statistical power maps for a range of sample sizes and smoothing filter widths, and examined the effects of sample size and image smoothing on the expected reliability of activation findings. At an uncorrected α of 0.01, a fixed filter size of 10 mm 3 , and a range of power thresholds, maps revealed that the power to reject the null hypothesis in brain regions implicated in the task at N s of 5 and 10 may not be sufficient to ensure reliable replication of significant findings and so should be interpreted with caution. At sample sizes approaching 20 subjects, sufficient power was found in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 46/9), right and left inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), and left inferior temporal lobe (BA 37), comprising the cortical network typically observed during the WCST. Filter size needed to maximize power varied widely, but systematically, across the brain, tending to follow known neuroanatomical landmarks. Statistical power considerations in brain imaging studies are critical for controlling the rate of false negatives and assuring reliable detection of cognitive activation. The variation of filter size for maximizing power across the brain suggests that the underlying neuroanatomy of functional units is an important consideration in the a priori selection of filter size.
Kinetic Versus Static Frictional Torque Components in Threaded Fastener Applications

This paper investigates the kinetic and static frictional torque components in threaded fasteners during the initial fastener tightening, subsequent torque audit, as well as during the loosening of previously tightened bolts. In less critical applications, the peak kinetic torque value is often used for predicting the bolt preload. The peak value of the tightening torque and its frictional components are mainly determined by the kinetic friction coefficients between the engaged threads and between the rotating nut (or head) and the joint surface. During subsequent quality inspection of the joint after its initial assembly, an audit residual torque value (in the tightening direction) is often used for predicting the residual fastener tension and joint clamp load, as well as for predicting the stability of the clamp load. In contrast with the peak kinetic torque, the audit torque and its thread and under head/nut frictional components are mainly determined by the static friction coefficients. In some cases, the careful application of a breakaway torque in the loosening direction (loosening torque) may be used as a measure for the residual clamp load; similar to the quality audit torque, the loosening torque is determined by the static friction coefficients of the bolted system. An experimental procedure and test set up are proposed to investigate the effect underhead contact radius, thread pitch, surface coating, and fastener head versus nut side tightening on the static and kinetic frictional torque components.© 2006 ASME
Neptune's Story

It is conjectured that Triton was captured from a heliocentric orbit as the result of a collision with what was then one of Neptune's regular satellites. The immediate postcapture orbit was highly eccentric with a semimajor axis a ~ 10^3R_N and a periapse distance rp that oscillated periodically above a minimum value of about 5R_N. Dissipation due to tides raised by Neptune in Triton caused Triton's orbit to evolve to its present state in ≾10^9 years. For much of this time Triton was almost entirely molten. While its orbit was evolving, Triton cannibalized most of the regular satellites of Neptune and also perturbed Nereid, thus accounting for that satellite's highly eccentric and inclined orbit. The only regular satellites of Neptune that survived were those that formed well within 5RN and they move on inclined orbits as the result of chaotic perturbations forced by Triton. Neptune's arcs are confined around the corotation resonances of one of these inner satellites. The widths and lengths of the arcs imply that the satellite's radius is at least 30/(sin i)^(2/3) kilometers for i ≾ 1, where i is the angle of inclination.
Benzodiazepine receptors remain unchanged after chronic ethanol administration.

Abstract Brain homogenates of Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to ethanol inhalation for 19 days (mean blood ethanol of 258 ± 34 mg/100 ml) show 3-flunitrazepam binding virtually identical to that of ethanol-naive controls. GABA stimulation of 3-flunitrazepam binding is also nearly identical in these groups. These results suggest that the nature of the well recognized clinical interaction between benzodiazepines and ethanol is not mediated through primary binding sites for the benzodiazepines.