cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene Activation in WI-38 Fibroblasts Stimulated to Proliferate ROLE OF NON-HISTONE CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS

Abstract An increase in chromatin template activity occurs within 1 hour after confluent monolayers of WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts are stimulated to proliferate by a change of medium. The present experiments were designed to investigate the role of non-histone chromosomal proteins in the stimulation of chromatin template activity. Chromatin from unstimulated WI-38 cells or from WI-38 cells 1 hour following stimulation was dissociated and then reconstituted with HeLa cell DNA, pooled histones, and non-histone chromosomal proteins from either unstimulated WI-38 cells or WI-38 cells 1 hour after stimulation. The template activity of chromatin reconstituted with non-histone chromosomal proteins from stimulated WI-38 cells was higher than the template activity of chromatin reconstituted with nonhistone chromosomal proteins from unstimulated cells. These results imply that the increased template activity of chromatin from stimulated WI-38 cells is due to changes in the constituent non-histone chromosomal proteins.
Putting Parental Duties in Their Place: What About Children’s Rights?

Charles Howell’s essay addresses an important question at the core of the tension among familial values, children’s interests, and the demands of justice. Howell asks: On what grounds can we say that parents have duties to their children, and what is the scope of these duties? Howell’s purpose in addressing this two-part question is to demonstrate the indefeasibility of certain parental duties. His starting point is that these duties need a more secure justification than appeals to either legal rights or social norms provide, since both are contingent claims. Moral duties, by contrast, are not easily cast aside. Howell thus defends parental obligations as basic moral duties by building on the arguments of Immanuel Kant and Henry Sidgwick. This is a compelling way to frame claims about what parents owe to their children. Yet I am less certain about what Howell has to say about the scope of parental duties — namely, that they extend to the transmission of familial values. This part of Howell’s argument, I suggest, is framed in terms of parental duties when it seems that a focus on children’s rights would be more appropriate.
States of Pay: Emerging Trends in State Whistleblower Bounty Schemes

This contribution to the "Citizen Employees" symposium held in 2012 discusses the rapid adoption of state false claims acts, modeled on the federal FCA, over the past half-decade. Congress, in the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, created an unusual "carrot" for states to adopt whistleblower reward and protection provisions -- states with laws that were as strong as the federal version would get a larger share of any Medicaid funds recovered through FCA litigation. In Bucy et al.'s 2009 study, 24 jurisdictions had enacted state false claims laws, up from 19 in 2004. The author found that, by 2012, 40 states had adopted false claims laws. The paper provides a typology of those laws, and argues that the DRA's unusual incentive for law reform may end up being among the most significant changes in whistleblower law in recent decades.
Are Detailed Accounting Standards Sufficient to Ensure Compliance? Evidence from Non-U.S. Firms Adopting Us Gaap

One of the underlying questions in the international accounting harmonization debate is whether harmonization of accounting standards will result in comparable application of the standards. We contribute to this debate by investigating the accounting compliance of a group of non-US firms that have voluntarily adopted U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Our results suggest that these firms adopted US GAAP based on its perceived ability to facilitate communication with external stakeholders. However, we find that many of the accounting method choices used by these firms do not comply with US GAAP. We compare this level of compliance to a matched sample of US firms and to a matched sample of non-US firms that continue to report under their domestic GAAP. The compliance of our primary sample is lower than that of US firms but higher than that of non-US firms reporting under their domestic GAAP. Time-series tests indicate that the level of compliance increases in the first year a firm adopts US GAAP. Thus, even with a set of firms that self-select a set of detailed accounting standards, adherence to the standards is low. This presents a challenge to the hope that a single set of harmonized accounting standards will be complied with consistently in a diverse global environment.
Origin of Resting Membrane Potentials

Most of the factors that determine or influence the resting E m of cells are discussed in this chapter. The structural and chemical composition of the cell membrane is briefly examined and correlated with the resistive and capacitative properties of the membrane. The factors that determine the intracellular ion concentrations in cells are examined. These factors include the Na + -K + -coupled pump , the Ca 2+ -Na + exchange reaction and the sarcolemmal Ca 2+ pump . The Na + -K + pump enzyme, Na + ,K + -ATPase, requires both Na + and K + for activity and transports three Na + ions outward and usually two K + ions inward per ATP hydrolyzed. Cardiac glycosides are specific blockers of this transport ATPase. The Na + -K + pump, if electroneutral, is not directly related to excitability, but only indirectly related by its role in maintaining the Na + and K + concentration gradients.
Living with Noise: Investing and Valuation in the Face of Uncertainty

Uncertainty is a fact of life in business and investing, but the responses that analysts and investors have to uncertainty is often unhealthy, ranging from denial and paralysis, at one extreme, to rules of thumb that have no basis in common sense, at the other. In this paper, we look at how uncertainty is embedded in all valuations, though the amount of uncertainty you face will vary across companies, countries and across time. We categorize uncertainty into groups, estimation versus economic, micro versus macro and discrete versus continuous, and argue that each grouping needs a different response. Finally, we develop tools that we can use to get a handle on uncertainty and deal with it better in valuation.
Effects of an intervention addressing information, motivation, and behavioral skills on HIV care adherence in a southern clinic cohort.

Multiple studies have shown that subtherapeutic appointment adherence and medication adherence are associated with worse clinical outcomes for people living with HIV disease. Thus, poor appointment and medication adherence diminish individual and community HIV control and transmission. Yet not enough is known about interventions that can improve retention in HIV care. The purpose of this study was to test an intervention to improve retention and/or medication adherence in a public clinic in the Deep South. One hundred participants with retention or medication adherence difficulties were randomized to either a six-month intervention or usual care, and followed longitudinally for one year. The intervention was multidimensional, based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model. The intervention addressed information about HIV and the importance of retention/adherence, motivation to be retained and/or adhere to medications, and the behavioral skills needed to manage and maintain these healthy...
Sigma factor-mediated plastid retrograde signals control nuclear gene expression

Summary Retrograde signalling from plastids to the nucleus is necessary to regulate the organelle's proteome during the establishment of photoautotrophy and fluctuating environmental conditions. Studies that used inhibitors of chloroplast biogenesis have revealed that hundreds of nuclear genes are regulated by retrograde signals emitted from plastids. Plastid gene expression is the source of at least one of these signals, but the number of signals and their mechanisms used to regulate nuclear gene expression are unknown. To further examine the effects of plastid gene expression on nuclear gene expression, we analyzed Arabidopsis mutants that were defective in each of the six sigma factor (SIG) genes that encode proteins utilized by plastid-encoded RNA polymerase to transcribe specific sets of plastid genes. We showed that SIG2 and SIG6 have partially redundant roles in plastid transcription and retrograde signalling to control nuclear gene expression. The loss of GUN1 (a plastid-localized pentatricopeptide repeat protein) is able to restore nuclear (but not plastid) gene expression in both sig2 and sig6, whereas an increase in heme synthesis is able to restore nuclear gene expression in sig2 mutants only. These results demonstrate that sigma factor function is the source of at least two retrograde signals to the nucleus; one likely to involve the transcription of tRNAGlu. A microarray analysis showed that these two signals accounted for at least one subset of the nuclear genes that are regulated by the plastid biogenesis inhibitors norflurazon and lincomycin. Together these data suggest that such inhibitors can induce retrograde signalling by affecting transcription in the plastid.
MO‐EE‐A1‐03: A 4D IMRT Planning Method Using Deformable Image Registration for Lung Cancer

Purpose: 4D CT is increasingly used to define the ITV, the envelope of the CTV as it moves during breathing, and PTV (ITV + set up margin). IMRT plans are designed to provide uniform dose to the PTV. We propose a planning method to design true 4D IMRT plans in which the PTVs of the individual phases of the 4D CT as well as the conventional PTV may receive non‐uniform doses, but the cumulative doses to the PTVs of individual phases, computed using deformable image registration (DIR), are uniform. Methods: The non‐uniform dose prescription for conventional PTV was obtained by solving linear equations by requiring motion‐convolved 4D dose to be uniform to the PTV for the end exhale phase (PTV50%) and by constraining maximum inhomogeneity to be 30%. A plug‐in code to Pinnacle was developed to perform the IMRT optimization based on this non‐uniform PTV dose prescription. The 4D dose was obtained by summing the mapped doses from individual phases of the 4D CT using DIR. This 4D dose distribution was compared with that of the ITV method. The robustness of 4D plans over the course of radiotherapy was evaluated by computing the sum of the 4D dose distributions for each weekly CT mapped to the planning 4D CT using DIR. Results: The 4D dose distribution provided additional lung sparing by 5% for V5, V10, V20 and V30 compared to the use of the ITV method. The dose volume histograms of PTV50%, CTV, lung, spinal cord, and heart for the cumulative dose over the course of IMRT were similar to those for 4D dose at the time of original planning. Conclusion: The proposed 4D planning method may increase lung sparing compared to the ITV method used commonly in the clinics and is robust against inter fractional set‐up and anatomy changes.
Nitrogen-13 ammonia cardiac positron emission tomography in mice: effects of clonidine-induced changes in cardiac work on myocardial perfusion.

We explored the feasibility of imaging myocardial perfusion and of demonstrating the flow changes in response to reduction of cardiac work non-invasively in anesthetized mice using high spatial resolution, dedicated small-animal positron emission tomography (microPET). In 31 C57BL/6 mice anesthetized with pentobarbital or isoflurane, 13N-ammonia was injected intravenously and images were recorded with microPET from 4 to 20 min. Fifteen mice (group 1) were studied consecutively at baseline (BL) and after reduction of heart rate (HR) with intraperitoneal injection of clonidine (CLN) to investigate effects of CLN-induced reduction of cardiac work on myocardial 13N-ammonia uptake. Eight mice (group 2) were imaged repeatedly at BL and eight mice (group 3) twice after CLN to examine reproducibility. Total myocardial 13N-ammonia accumulation was determined from the transaxial images and normalized for injected dose (%ID). HR was 412±97 beats/min at BL and 212±44 beats/min after CLN (P<0.0001). In group 1, the %ID significantly decreased from 1.50%±0.27% at BL to 1.29%±0.28% after CLN (P<0.0001). In groups 2 and 3, reproducibility of %ID was good (y=0.96x+0.105, SEE=0.212%, r 2=0.749, P<0.0001). In conclusion, 13N-ammonia microPET imaging demonstrated non-invasively a reduction of myocardial perfusion induced by clonidine in mice. We believe this study is of importance as the first report on myocardial perfusion imaging and flow validation in in vivo mouse hearts with a left ventricular size of only 5 mm using 13N-ammonia and PET. MicroPET will aid in elucidating cardiac pathophysiology in transgenic mice and monitoring effects of gene therapies on myocardial perfusion.
Social Introversion-Extraversion and Rorschach Human Responses in Adult Psychiatric Patients

Summary.-The hypothesized relationship between Rorschach H responses and social introversion-exuaversion was investigated using Rorschach and MMPI protocols of 100 adult psychiatric patients. No significant relationship was found berween H responses and Si scores, thus failing to support the hypothesis that number of H responses is related to scores on the social introversion-extraversion dimension. A small but significant correlation of .37 berween H and total number of responses suggests the need for considering total responsiviry when utilizing Rorschach scoring categories. Since the introduction of the Rorschach technique, numerous interpretive hypotheses have been associated with the degree to which human content is represented in test protocols. One such hypothesis is that human (H) responses are related to the extent to which individuals engage in social relationships. Specifically, it has been suggested that a subnormal number or absence of H responses in a Rorschach protocol may be associated with an avoidance of social inceraction and tendencies toward social isolation (Kiopfer & Davidson, 1962; Phillips & Smith, 1953). An average number of H responses in Rorschach protocols has been related to stated interest in and sensitivity to other people (Klopfer, Ainsworth, Klopfer, & Holt, 1954). While such interpretations regarding the meaning of H responses in Rorschach records appear to be commonly accepted in clinical practice, there seem to be little data to support the validity of such an interpretation of this perceptual response measure. The present study was designed to assess the relationship between Rorschach H responses and the degree to which individuals display individual differences along the social introversion-social extraversion continuum, employing the MMPI Si Scale as the criterion measure. Specifically, it was predicted, that with total responsivity controlled, Ss high in social extraversion would show significantly more H responses than would Ss defined as socially introverted. METHOD
Three-dimensional user interface for neurosurgical visualization

We describe a 3-D user interface for preoperative neurosurgical planning based on the physical manipulation of familiar real-world objects in free space. Using these passive interface props, neurosurgeons can apply their existing skills to specify spatial relationships in a natural and direct manner. The interface currently employs a head viewing prop, a cutting- plane selection prop, and a trajectory selection prop. Each prop is a simple real-world tool, the position and orientation of which is tracked by the computer. The behaviors associated with each prop serve as `interaction primitives' which can be composited to describe complex spatial relationships, resulting in a powerful, expressive, and conceptually simpler user interface. From the surgeon's perspective, the interface is analogous to holding a miniature skull which can be `sliced' and `pointed to' using the cutting-plane and trajectory props. Our informal evaluation sessions have shown that with a cursory introduction, neurosurgeons who have never seen our interface can understand and use it without training.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A method for improved microwave‐interferometer remote sensing of convective boundary layer turbulence using water vapor as a passive tracer

Water vapor column irregularities within the lower troposphere{close_quote}s convective boundary layer constitute a nearly passive tracer of turbulent air motions and eddy convection. Remote sensing of turbulence in this layer from the ground is done with microwave radars and with lidars. Microwave interferometry is also sensitive to vapor column fluctuations via the known relative refractive delay of water vapor compared to dry air. However, interferometric measurements are intrinsically nonlocal, yielding only the baseline difference (the difference of measurements at two ends of an interferometer baseline) of vapor column, and thus are not amenable to classical data-reduction methods for fluid turbulence, other than the equal-time structure function. In order to remove this limitation of interferometry we have developed a method to estimate the time-lagged cross covariance of vapor-column fluctuations over two sites using interferometry data. This effectively circumvents the limitation to baseline-differenced vapor column data at least in statistical second moments. The method is illustrated with 15-GHz data taken by the very large array.{copyright} 1997 American Geophysical Union
Large-aperture diffractive optical elements for high power laser and space applications

We discuss the design, fabrication and performance of large aperture diffractive optical elements for high power laser (NIF) and space applications. Examples include diffraction gratings, continuous phase plates and Fresnel lenses.
Resolving or Exacerbating Disputes? The WTO's New Dispute Resolution System

In 1995 the dispute resolution system of the WTO was transformed to make it more effective in enforcing WTO rules. Ironically, the improvements in the system have contributed directly to greater conflict in the WTO. How can improving a system to resolve disputes actually exacerbate conflict? This article identifies a number of conflict-enhancing consequences of the change in the dispute resolution mechanism. Conflict is not bad per se. Indeed, if the outcome of this conflict is that governments must better justify participation in the WTO, then conflict is good. But there is a danger that international courts are more likely than not to generate conflict, while the international legal and political system is less adept at weathering controversy and addressing valid public concerns. Left unaddressed, conflicts generated by international legal bodies can erode support for the international legal system and multilateral strategies in general. This article suggests solutions designed to build into internationally legalized processes political safety valves, greater political sensitivity, and improved accountability, as well as legitimacy enhancing devices. Demonstrated here in the case of the WTO, the analysis described applies to international legal systems generally.
Spontaneous Correction in the Behavioral Confirmation Process: The Role of Naturally-Occurring Variations in Self-Regulatory Resources

Perceivers' tendencies to correct for expectancy-related biases can be affected by experimental manipulations of goals and cognitive resources. In the current research, we examined the role of naturally-occurring, environmentally-produced variations in self-regulatory resources, represented by the time of semester in which college students participated. A pilot study established the association between time of semester and self-regulatory resources. Using a simulated job interview paradigm, interviewers were induced with extreme expectancies regarding their applicants. The effects of expectancy valence depended on time of semester. Interviewers with depleted self-regulatory resources (i.e., late-semester participants) asked expectancy-biased questions, elicited expectancy-confirming behavior from applicants, and formed expectancy-consistent impressions, while their less-depleted, early-semester counterparts did not. The findings suggest that interviewers engaged in spontaneous behavioral and perceptual co...
Similarity on Sports Sidelines: How Mentor–Protégé Sex Similarity Affects Mentoring

This study examined the effects of mentor–protege similarity (sex and attitudinal) and relationship duration on the quantity of mentoring (psychosocial and career) received. Survey data collected from 97 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women’s basketball head coaches in the USA indicated both types of similarity were associated with the receipt of more psychosocial and career mentoring as assistant coaches. Those who had White male mentors also reported receiving more career mentoring than those with sex dissimilar mentors. Finally, the effects of sex similarity were significantly weaker in longer than in shorter mentoring relationships.
Myeloid Suppressor Cell Depletion Augments Antitumor Activity in Lung Cancer

Background Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are important regulators of immune responses. We evaluated the mechanistic role of MDSC depletion on antigen presenting cell (APC), NK, T cell activities and therapeutic vaccination responses in murine models of lung cancer.
Healing Ways: Navajo Health Care in the Twentieth Century

Since the end of World War II, Navajo healing traditions have slowly been integrated into the Western medical institutions that serve the Dine. Focusing on the post-World War II period, Davies's detailed study begins where Robert Trennert's 'White Man's Medicine' (1998), the only other general history of Western medicine among the Navajo, ends. Chronicling the advent of so-called 'western' or 'scientific' medicine in the modern era, including the development of indigenous healing traditions and such new institutions as the Native American Church, Davies shows the skill and adaptability of Dine in accepting the services of physicians while keeping the work of traditional healers among their health-care options. Davies also explores contemporaneous Navajo critiques of both 'high-tech' and traditional health-care modes, detailing Navajo battles to integrate their healing practices into government and private health-care systems.
Uncoupled Investigation of Scaffold Modulus and Mesh Size on Smooth Muscle Cell Behavior

Although scaffold material properties are known to critically impact cell behavior, it has proven difficult to correlate specific cell responses to isolated scaffold parameters, inhibiting rational design of scaffold material properties. The aim of this study was to validate a systematic approach for evaluating the influence of initial scaffold modulus and mesh size on cell extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and phenotype. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels were selected for this study because of their tunable material properties. Following screening of six distinct PEGDA hydrogels, three formulations were identified which permitted uncoupled investigation of scaffold mesh size and modulus within the target incremental modulus range of ∼100–300 kPa. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were encapsulated within these three formulations, and cell ECM deposition and phenotype were evaluated following 21 days of culture. Although elastin content appeared to be correlated with scaffold mesh size and modulus to a similar degree, levels of collagen and serum response factor (SRF), a key regulator of SMC phenotype, were more strongly correlated with mesh size. To gain insight into the cell signaling underlying these observed correlations, variations in cell metabolic state and in RhoA signaling were semi-quantitatively evaluated. Both RhoA activity, which is largely modulated by scaffold mechanics in 2D, and cell metabolic activity were highly correlated with hydrogel mesh size. These results indicate that the effects of scaffold mechanics on RhoA activity in 3D may be distinct from those in 2D and underscore the need for uncoupled investigation of scaffold parameters on cell behavior. Furthermore, the present data suggest that RhoA signaling and cell metabolic regulation may be closely linked. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Variations on a theme: Songbirds, variability, and sensorimotor error correction

Songbirds provide a powerful animal model for investigating how the brain uses sensory feedback to correct behavioral errors. Here, we review a recent study in which we used online manipulations of auditory feedback to quantify the relationship between sensory error size, motor variability, and vocal plasticity. We found that although inducing small auditory errors evoked relatively large compensatory changes in behavior, as error size increased the magnitude of error correction declined. Furthermore, when we induced large errors such that auditory signals no longer overlapped with the baseline distribution of feedback, the magnitude of error correction approached zero. This pattern suggests a simple and robust strategy for the brain to maintain the accuracy of learned behaviors by evaluating sensory signals relative to the previously experienced distribution of feedback. Drawing from recent studies of auditory neurophysiology and song discrimination, we then speculate as to the mechanistic underpinnings of the results obtained in our behavioral experiments. Finally, we review how our own and other studies exploit the strengths of the songbird system, both in the specific context of vocal systems and more generally as a model of the neural control of complex behavior.
On the scale of diffusion lengths observable by neutron reflection: Application to polymers

A systematic approach has been applied to neutron reflectivity data to study interdiffusion across an interface. It is shown that with this technique it is possible to probe interface broadening from {approximately}10 {angstrom} to upward of 200 {angstrom}, the upper limit being already within the range of observation of other techniques such as Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), forward recoil spectrometry (FRES) and secondary ions mass spectroscopy (SIMS). As example is analyzed the interdiffusion of a bilayered polymer system: a deuterated polystyrene (d-PS) layer on protonated polystyrene (h-PS). 7 refs., 2 figs.
Microwave fixation of rabies specimens for fluorescent antibody testing

Abstract An adaptation of the conventional procedure for fixation of brain impressions prior to rabies testing was developed using a microwave oven to fix slides in less than 1 min. A total of 2394 routine specimens were examined to evaluate the efficacy of microwave fixation of brain impressions as an aid to shortening the turnaround time for reporting. Slides were fixed for 55–60 s in a standard household microwave oven at 50% power using phosphate buffered saline supplemented with 3% Tween 20 as a fixative medium. They were then stained using the standard rabies immunofluorescent staining procedure with minor modifications. This process potentially could allow results to be reported to submitters within 1.5 h after specimens arrive in the laboratory. Microwave fixation was in complete agreement with conventional acetone fixation for detection of positive rabies specimens.
Vascular growth factor binding kinetics to the endothelial cell basement membrane, with a kinetics-based correction for substrate binding

Vascular growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2, bind to heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the basement membrane. While this binding, storage, and release system provides a critical model for controlled drug release devices, basement membrane—growth factor binding kinetics have not been fully established. We modified endothelial cell—growth factor binding kinetics protocols for the basement membrane. The basement membrane showed low affinity for fibroblast growth factor-2 (K d = 185.8 nM), with a slow off rate (k off = 0.00338 min−1). However, results were confounded by growth factor binding to tissue culture polystyrene in a manner strikingly similar to basement membrane. Since substrate binding could not be blocked, a binding kinetics based correction technique was developed to account for polystyrene growth factor binding. This method was validated by conducting binding kinetics experiments on bacteriologic plates that exhibit little growth factor binding. This novel method will improve our understanding of cell and protein interaction with the basement membrane in health and disease. They can also further be applied to develop biomimetic drug delivery systems.
The two faces of Iapetus

Radiometric and photometric observations of Iapetus are described, and a model is developed for the albedo distribution consistent with the visual light curves, color variations, and radiometric flux curve. The 20-micron infrared observations show that the radiometric variation differs by about 180 deg in phase from the visual light curve and has a peak-to-peak amplitude of about a factor of two, while the linear phase coefficient of the light curve varies, as the satellite rotates, from 0.028 to 0.068 mag/deg. Determination of the albedo distribution is described, and it is found to be characterized by a dark area covering most of the leading hemisphere, a bright trailing hemisphere, and a bright south polar cap. The radius is approximated as 800 to 850 km, and the mean geometric albedos for the light and dark faces are estimated as 0.35 and 0.07, respectively.
Effect of novel filler particles on the mechanical and wear properties of dental composites.

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the method of producing pre-polymerized fused-fiber filler modified composite (PP-FFMC) particles and the effectiveness of incorporating these novel filler particles into dental composites. Methods: Fused-fiber filler (FFF) blocks were impregnated with composite by two different methods. Three-point flexure tests were utilized to determine which was more effective. In order to assess the effect of the addition of PP-FFMC particles, two Bis-GMA/TEGDMA based conventional composite compositions were utilized as baselines, to which the novel particles were added. Mechanical and wear tests were performed to determine the fracture toughness, biaxial flexure strength, and in vitro wear of the materials. Results: Mechanical testing showed that the addition of PP-FFMC particles decreased the strength and toughness of the conventional composites. Wear tests indicated that addition of the same particles improved the wear behavior of the conventional composites. SEM analysis of the fracture surfaces indicated that the PP-FFMC particles were incorporated without creating porosity, and that fracture was transgranular through the reinforcing particles. Microscopic flaws observed in the novel particles are the likely explanation for the observed strength and toughness values. Significance: The results indicate that PP-FFMC particles have the potential to improve the wear properties of dental composites, however, they adversely affect the fracture behavior. Existing processing techniques for these particles, which introduce imperfections, limit their current usefulness.
Differentiation-Related Gene-1 Decreases Bim Stability by Proteasome-Mediated Degradation

Drg1 was identified as a differentiation-related, putative metastatic suppressor gene in human colon and prostate cancer. Its expression is associated with resistance to irinotecan (CPT-11) therapy in preclinical colorectal cancer models both in vitro and in vivo. However, the functional significance of Drg1 in these processes is unknown. We have shown for the first time that Drg1 directly binds to the BH3-only proapoptotic protein Bim. Depletion of Drg1 by small interfering RNA induced up-regulation of Bim and its accumulation in the mitochondria, which correlated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and induction of apoptosis in cells exposed to SN-38. Further analyses revealed that Drg1 promotes degradation of Bim through the Cullin2/ElonginB-CIS ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. Conversely, in the absence of Drg1, Bim was stabilized and bound more abundantly to Hsp70. These results show that Drg1 renders cancer cells more resistant to chemotherapy through enhanced proteasome-mediated Bim degradation.
Lloyd's Dialectical Theory of Representation

L'A. expose la «theorie dialectique de la representation » de Lloyd, visant a expliquer la representation mentale d'objets exterieurs a soi, a travers une certaine semantique. L'A. souleve quelques problemes de cette theorie et les compare a ceux des theories de Fodor et Dretske
Changes in opioid receptor proteins during mitochondrial impairment in differentiated SK-N-SH cells

Aging and neurodegenerative diseases are associated with oxidative damage that may contribute to changes in neurosensory processing, including pain. The effects of neuronal oxidation on the opioid receptor system are poorly understood. Earlier, we have reported that 3-nitroproprionic acid (3-NPA)-induced oxidative stress and impairment of mitochondrial energy metabolism significantly reduced the function of mu but not delta opioid receptors [A. Raut, M. Iglewski, A. Ratka, Differential effects of impaired mitochondrial energy production on the function of mu and delta opioid receptors in neuronal SK-N-SH cells, Neurosci. Lett. 404 (2006) 242-246]. In the present study, we studied the effects of 3-NPA-induced oxidative stress on protein levels of the mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors (MOR, DOR, and KOR, respectively). The opioid-responsive differentiated SK-N-SH neuronal cells were used as an in vitro model. Cells were exposed to 0, 5, 10, and 20mM of 3-NPA for 0, 1, 2, 12, and 24h. After the 3-NPA treatments, plasma membrane preparations were made and used for the Western blot assay. There was a significant reduction in the level of the MOR protein while levels of DOR and KOR proteins remained unaffected after exposure to 3-NPA. These findings demonstrate for the first time that there is a selective impairment of the MOR protein under conditions of mitochondrial oxidative damage at the neuronal level. The reduction in the level of the MOR protein may contribute to the impairment of MOR function under oxidative damage conditions shown in our previous study.
Absorption and dispersion of low-loss dielectrics measured with microwave transient radiation

Measurements of the frequency-dependent loss and dispersion of low-loss dielectrics, between 10 and 130 GHz, are presented. The data are obtained from a single experiment using the picosecond transient radiation from optoelectronically pulsed integrated antennas.
Isolated ureteral injury caused by blunt trauma.

Abstract Objectives Ureteral injury is rare after blunt trauma. Herein is presented this unusual scenario of ureteral trauma in addition to the pathophysiology of this injury. Methods A 12-year-old boy sustained a rupture of the right ureter 6 cm below the ureteropelvic junction afer a car accident. No other injuries or fractures were identified. Results Ureteral injury was immediately diagnosed and repaired primarily. Intravenous urography performed 8 weeks after surgery revealed normal ureteral healing without stricture formation. Conclusions To our knowledge, the isolated avulsion of the ureter in this location has not been reported previously, but must be considered in those patients with severe blunt trauma and hyperextension injuries.
The successful manager and psychological androgyny: a conceptual and empirical investigation of hotel executives

Abstract Past studies have shown that successful hotel managers are required to display a wide variety of behaviors to perform their job satisfactorily. It was postulated that the “psychologically androgynous” person—that is, one who endorses both “masculine” and “feminine” positive behaviors—would possess the desired range of behaviors that lead to success in hospitality management. Accordingly, General Managers of 330 three- and four-star hotels on the mainland US were surveyed to determine the proportion among them classified as androgynous. The central hypothesis, which was strongly supported, predicted that a significantly higher proportion of successful hotel managers was androgynous as compared to the general population. No statistically significant differences were found in the androgyny profiles of American and non-American managers working in America. Managers of four-star hotels were more likely to be androgynous as compared to managers of three-star hotels. Finally, in terms of endorsement of positive “masculine” and “feminine” personality characteristics, there was a striking similarity between successful male and female hotel managers. Recommendations for further research and implications are presented.
Intrinsic response time of a Josephson tunnel junction

The microscopic theory of the Josephson effect is reformulated in the time domain. The four terms in the usual theory are seen to be necessary consequences of intrinsic junction delays. The tunneling current flowing in response to a voltage pulse is shown to rise in a time $\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{2\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ and undergo damped energy-gap oscillations, before approaching the expected supercurrent. The theory provides a technique for calculating junction behavior when connected to an arbitrary circuit.
Infrared-vacuum ultraviolet pulsed field ionization-photoelectron study of C2H4(+) using a high-resolution infrared laser.

The infrared (IR)−vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)−pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (IR−VUV−PFI-PE) spectrum for C2H4(X1Ag, v11 = 1, N‘Ka‘Kc‘ = 303) in the VUV range of 83 000−84 800 cm-1 obtained us...
Model order reduction using spline-based dynamic multi-point rational interpolation for passive circuits

The efficient modeling of integrated passive components and interconnects is vital for the realization of high performance mixed-signal systems. In this paper, we develop a dynamic multi-point rational interpolation method based on Krylov subspace techniques to generate reduced order models for passive components and interconnects that are accurate across a wide-range of frequencies. We dynamically select interpolation points by applying a cubic spline-based algorithm to detect complex regions in the system's frequency response. The results indicate that our method provides greater accuracy than techniques that apply uniform interpolation points.
What is AGU's proper role in society?

A series of articles that appeared in Eos (“Planet Earth Report,” December 11–25, 1990) concerning our terrestrial environment, ranging from the Earth's interior to the magnetosphere were generated by a concern that a more comprehensive understanding of our Earth is needed, requiring a “Mission to Planet Earth” that includes substantial efforts in surface and sub-oceanic measurements, as well as spaceborne. Our question is whether AGU should undertake further action on public issues raised by these educative articles, since almost any action involves judgments based on more than geophysical expertise. Guidelines on public issues were stated by the AGU Council in May 1982: “As a scientific society, AGU should not take or advocate public positions on judgmental issues that extend beyond the range of available geophysical data or recognized norms of legitimate scientific debate.”
Chromic gut suture reduces calcitonin-gene-related peptide and substance P levels in the spinal cord following chronic constriction injury in the rat

The chronic constriction injury (CCI) is an animal model of an experimental peripheral neuropathy. In this model, a mononeuropathy is produced by loosely ligating the left sciatic nerve of the rat with chromic gut suture (Bennett and Xie 1988). Maves et al. (1993) have proposed that chemical constituents of chromic gut suture influence the behavioral changes of rats with the CCI. Considering their results, we became interested in evaluating whether the type of suture material used to produce the CCI also affected spinal levels of calcitonin-gene-related peptide immunoreactivity (CGRP-ir) and substance P immunoreactivity (SP-ir), peptides that are associated with small primary afferent neurons. Using methods of radioimmunoassay (RIA), we measured levels of CGRP-ir and SP-ir in the dorsal quadrants of approximately the lumbar 4–5 (L4–L5) spinal segments of rats with a CCI induced using polyglactin (Vicryl®), plain gut, or chromic gut suture. We observed bilateral decreases in CGRP-ir and SP-ir 60 days after a CCI induced with chromic gut suture, but no changes in peptide levels after a CCI induced with either polyglactin or plain gut suture. These results suggest two possibilities: (1) chromic gut suture, when used to produce the CCI, has more than just a constrictive effect on the sciatic nerve, and/or (2) different suture materials produce changes in CGRP-ir and SP-ir with a differential time-course. Our experiments are unable to distinguish between these two possibilities.
An Experiment on Problem Solving with Delayed Computer Responses

Four subjects solved problems on line with the Lincoln Laboratory Reckoner. Controlled delays were interposed between output commands and the resulting outputs, which were via typewriter, cathoderay tube (CRT), or line printer; other commands were executed promptly and without reply. The mean delay was 1, 4, 16, or 64 s, with individual delays varying widely and unpredictably about the mean. Data on nine problems per delay per subject showed that at longer delays the rate at which commands were given decreased, especially the rate of output commands, and that the problems were solved with fewer outputs in about the same time. With two subjects, there was a marked effect of delay on the relative frequency of use of the three output devices.
Preventing Coronary Heart Disease: The Role of Physical Activity

Over the past 50 years or so, many epidemiologic studies have examined the association between physical activity or physical fitness and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Their findings have been consistent, showing that physically active or fit men and women experience lower CHD risk than those who are sedentary or unfit. On average, active patients have half the risk of sedentary patients. Data regarding the optimal amount, intensity, and duration of physical activity required to decrease CHD risk have been less clear. It appears that following recent recommendations (at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity such as brisk walking on most days) is sufficient.
Snail grazing facilitates growth of two morphologically similar bloom‐forming Ulva species through different mechanisms

Summary Herbivores can facilitate macrophyte growth through stimulation of overcompensation pathways, removal of neighbouring or fouling competitors or increasing nutrient availability via nitrogenous waste inputs. We examined the facilitative relationship between the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta and two morphologically similar bloom-forming Ulva species, Ulva compressa and Ulva rigida. Through mesocosm experiments, we determined the occurrence and underlying mechanisms responsible for facilitating Ulva growth. In situ snail enclosure experiments determined the occurrence of this facilitative pathway under natural conditions. We found that both U. compressa and U. rigida are facilitated by I. obsoleta, but despite their morphological similarity, the primary facilitative mechanism differed for each species. Ulva compressa experienced increased growth via snail nitrogenous waste inputs, while U. rigida was facilitated by the removal of fouling microalgae. These results suggest that physiological differences exist between these two species, potentially sustaining their coexistence within blooms. Ground tissue assays showed I. obsoleta preference for microalgal foulers in whole-tissue assays was driven by Ulva blade morphology rather than chemical or nutritive properties. This indicates that the underlying mechanism for I. obsoleta's facilitation via grazing is an inability of the snail's radula to effectively puncture Ulva blades, confining their grazing activities to fouling organisms on the blade surface. In contrast to our mesocosm results, in situ experiments failed to find a positive impact of mud snail presence on Ulva blade growth. However, Ulva blades within these experiments were located at a highly eutrophic site and isolated from potential competitors. Consequently, this may have created an environment where I. obsoleta facilitation was not required for maximum Ulva growth. Synthesis. We demonstrated two mechanisms by which top-down forces can facilitate macroalgal growth: herbivore nitrogenous waste inputs and removal of microalgal fouling organisms. This facilitation may occur within the large mats of macroalgae that form during bloom events, exacerbating bloom conditions.
The kinetics of thermal stress induced denaturation of Aquaporin 0.

Abstract Aquaporin 0 (AQP0) is an integral membrane protein that facilitates water transport and cellular adhesion in the lens. Its dysfunction has been associated with cataractogenesis. Our earlier studies showed AQP0 undergoes aggregation when subjected to thermal stress and this aggregation seems to have been facilitated by mechanical agitation brought about by gentle stirring. The purpose of this study is to determine the secondary structural changes that precede aggregation and the role that α-crystallin plays in inhibiting those structural changes. Detergent solubilized calf lens AQP0 was subjected to thermal stress at 50 °C for varying times. Secondary structural changes were measured by Circular Dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry. Convex constraint analysis was used to deconvolute the CD spectra into pure component curves representing the secondary structural elements. Our results showed that under thermal stress, the α-helix content of AQP0 decreased from 50% to 7% with a concomitant increase from 0% to 52% in β-sheet content. The time-dependent loss of α-helical structure and gain of β-sheet structure appear to follow first-order kinetics with very similar values (∼30 min) suggesting a single transition. In the presence of α-crystallin, this conversion to β-sheet is minimized, suggesting that the protein structure that binds to the molecular chaperone is mostly the α-helical structure of AQP0.
A nonstationary relaxation method for the Cauchy-Riemann and 1-D Euler equations

The Cauchy-Riemann equations and the 1-D Euler equations are expressed in generalized coordinates and then cast in finite difference form by using central differencing throughout. The resulting matrix representation has an eigensystem that permits the development of an annihilation process using complex arithmetic in a block tridiagonal solver. Initial numerical experiments show that the process has potential for use as a relaxation procedure for the Euler equations.
Evidence for flexibility of the helical rod section of the myosin molecule

Abstract Light meromyosin-C, a fragment from the tail region of myosin prepared by cyanogen bromide cleavage, yields, under suitable conditions, an aggregate having the form of hollow tubes. Both the inclined striation patterns of these tubes and the existence of oblique paths of easy cleavage indicate that the molecules of light meromyosin-C follow helical arcs in these aggregates. From specimen to specimen, the molecular arcs vary widely in their inclination to the tube axes. Thus, they vary also in their radii of torsion and curvature. These data indicate not only that the tail of the myosin molecule is flexible, but also that its equilibrium configuration under certain conditions is non-linear, a situation of some importance in devising models for the thick filament.
Climate Change, Capitalism, and the Challenge of Transdisciplinarity

A new sense of urgency has grown among many scientists for policies to address climate change, resulting in unprecedented investments by scientists in public education and, in some cases, political...