cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral economic indicators of risky drinking among community-dwelling emerging adults.

Objective: Behavioral economic (BE) approaches to understanding and reducing risky drinking among college students are well established, but little is known about the generalizability of prior findings to peers who currently are not traditional college students and are more difficult to reach for assessment and intervention. This cross-sectional survey investigated whether drinking practices and negative consequences were associated with greater alcohol demand, alcohol reward value, and delay discounting in this target population. Method: Community-dwelling emerging adult drinkers aged 21 to 29 (N = 357) were recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling adapted to a digital platform (Mage = 23.6 years, 64% women). Peers recruited peers in an iterative fashion. Participants completed a web-based survey of drinking practices, negative alcohol-related consequences, and BE measures of alcohol demand, alcohol reward value, and delay discounting. Results: Regression analyses supported the study hypotheses. Higher alcohol demand (intensity and elasticity) predicted higher drinks per drinking day, more past-month drinking days, and more negative consequences. Higher alcohol reward value (discretionary alcohol spending and alcohol-involved activities) and stronger preference for sooner smaller versus later larger rewards predicted select drinking risk variables in the hypothesized direction (p < .05). Conclusions: BE risk characteristics were generalized to community-dwelling emerging adult risky drinkers, with the most consistent associations found between alcohol demand and drinking risk measures. The findings lay a foundation for extending successful BE interventions with college drinkers to this underserved population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Development of an integrated platform for hardware-in-the-loop evaluation of microgrids prior to site commissioning

Abstract This paper presents an integrated hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform for testing the operation and control of a real-world microgrid system prior to site commissioning. The proposed testing approach shows the value of setting up an integrated HIL platform to test multiple hardware devices (including the system-level controller, device controllers, and field devices). A test bed developed for the Borrego Springs community microgrid is used as an example to demonstrate the feasibility of the integrated platform. Comprehensive tests are carried out using the Borrego Springs test bed to validate the platform, meet the test objectives, and gain valuable insight prior to site commissioning. The selected test scenarios, initial conditions, events, test metrics, etc., are similar to those defined in IEEE P2030.8. The test objectives are to evaluate the microgrid controller and the operation of the microgrid. The HIL platform presented in this paper shows good value for microgrid testing in terms of its flexibility and scalability for testing various microgrids; its accuracy in its representation of the field; the comprehensiveness of the testing capability; and the efficiency of testing, which can reduce risks prior to field deployment.
Radiation Therapy After Surgical Resection Improves Outcomes for Patients With Recurrent Pleomorphic Adenoma.

Abstract Purpose Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign salivary tumor that may recur multifocally. In case series, the benefit of radiation therapy (RT) for recurrent pleomorphic adenoma remains unclear. We hypothesized that the combination of surgery and adjuvant RT reduces risk of subsequent recurrence compared with surgery alone for recurrent pleomorphic adenoma. Methods and Materials Patients who received diagnoses of recurrent pleomorphic adenoma between 1980 and 2016 were identified using an institutional pathology database. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to determine clinical, operative, pathologic, and imaging characteristics. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to estimate local control after surgery, stratified by completeness of resection and receipt of adjuvant RT. The association of variables with risk of subsequent local recurrence was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards model, and variance estimates were calculated to account for multiple recurrences in the same patient. Toxicities were prospectively recorded in a departmental database. Results A total of 49 patients presented with at least 1 recurrence, of which 28 were managed with surgery alone, and 21 were treated with surgery and RT. The median follow-up time after the initial recurrence was 48 months (range, 6-531 months). There were 35 subsequent recurrences; 34 after surgery alone and only 1 after surgery with RT. On multivariate analysis, adjuvant RT was associated with decreased risk of recurrence (hazard ratio, 0.09; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.41, P = .002), whereas increasing number of prior recurrences was associated with increased risk (hazard ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.35, P Conclusions For patients with recurrent pleomorphic adenoma, the addition of adjuvant RT after surgery is associated with a significant decrease in risk of subsequent tumor recurrence.
Deflection-based parametric survival analysis side impact chest injury risk curves AIS 2015

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to reanalyze lateral postmortem human surrogate (PMHS) sled test chestband data to construct updated lateral thoracic injury risk curves (IRCs) using survival analysis. METHODS Chestband and injury data were gathered from 16 previously conducted PMHS sled tests. Briefly, 2 chestbands were wrapped around the thorax's circumference at the levels of ribs 4 and 8. Tests were conducted at 6.7 m/s on a rigid and padded load wall fixed to the top of a rebound sled. The injuries were reclassified using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2015 coding scheme. Chestband signals were combined with pretest specimen measurements to calculate the chest deflection contour time history. Deflections were determined using updated processing techniques calculating the change in length of every point on the contour from the impacted side using the thorax's midpoint as the origin. Four candidate metrics were selected: the deflection from rib 4, the deflection from rib 8, the greater of the deflections from ribs 4 and 8, and the average of the deflections from ribs 4 and 8. AIS 3+ IRCs were developed considering outcomes of AIS ≥3 injuries. All injury data were uncensored, and noninjury data were right-censored. Three specimen mass-based IRCs were determined using the IRC with the lowest Brier score metric (BSM): The first corresponded to the 5th percentile female mass (49 kg), the second to the 50th percentile male mass (77 kg), and the third to the average mass of the PMHS ensemble (65 kg). RESULTS Sixteen PMHS were used in the current study. Six specimens were right-censored, and 10 were uncensored. The average metric had the lowest BSM, and mass was a significant covariate with 50% risk of AIS3+ injury at 72mm of chest deflection. The 50% risk deflection magnitudes for the 5th percentile female (49 kg), 50th percentile male (77 kg), and PMHS ensemble (PMHS-E) (65 kg) were 59, 81, and 71 mm. IRCs for the 4 metrics and the 3 occupant masses are given. CONCLUSIONS IRCs were developed using survival analysis, and the average of the peak deflections was found to best represent the thoracic chest deflection response. Mass-based side impact IRCs were calculated for occupants representing the WorldSID 5th percentile female and 50th percentile male anthropomorphic test device.
High-performance liquid chromatography of substituted p-benzoquinones and p-hydroquinones. I. Interplay of on-column redox reaction and the chromatographic retention process.

Chromatograms exhibiting unusual elution profiles were obtained in the reversed-phase chromatography of methoxy-substituted hydroquinones with hydro-organic mobile phases. The dependence of the elution profiles on the flow-rate and the mass of injected sample indicated that peaks were caused by the interplay of the chromatographic retention process and the concomitant oxidation of hydroquinones in the chromatographic column. The reaction was first investigated in free solution and the first-order rate constants and equilibrium constants were estimated for the oxidation of 2-methoxy-, 2,5-dimethoxy-, 2,6-dimethoxy-, 2,3,5-trimethoxy- and 2,3,5,6-tetramethoxyhydroquinones. The effect of Fe3+ and CU2+ on the oxidation of 2,6-dimethoxyhydroquinone was also examined and it was found that Fe3+ caused a ten-fold increase in the reaction rate. The oxidation of 2-methoxy- and 2,6-dimethoxyhydroquinones in the chromatographic column showed first-order and zerothorder kinetic behavior at low and high sample loads, respectively. Such change in reaction order is typical for heterogenous reactions that follow Langmuir—Hinshelwood kinetics and suggests the existence of catalytically active sites on the silica. Upon purging the columns with EDTA, on-column oxidation of the hydroquinones was attenuated so that no reaction zones appeared on the chromatogram. Subsequent loading of the column with Fe3+, however, gave rise to broad reaction zones and possibly to total conversion of the hydroquinones to benzoquinones in the column. In all cases investigated the rate of oxidation was much higher in the column than in free solution. On the basis of the results obtained here, heavy metal-catalyzed reaction at the stationary phase surface is proposed to be the dominant mechanism for the oxidation reaction examined here.
Weighted Empirical Likelihood Ratio Confidence Intervals for the Mean with Censored Data

We propose a procedure to construct the empirical likelihood ratio confidence interval for the mean using a resampling method. This approach leads to the definition of a likelihood function for censored data, called weighted empirical likelihood function. With the second order expansion of the log likelihood ratio, a weighted empirical likelihood ratio confidence interval for the mean is proposed and shown by simulation studies to have comparable coverage accuracy to alternative methods, including the nonparametric bootstrap-t. The procedures proposed here apply in a unified way to different types of censored data, such as right censored data, doubly censored data and interval censored data, and computationally more efficient than the bootstrap-t method. An example of a set of doubly censored breast cancer data is presented with the application of our methods.
Distributed mutual exclusion based on dynamic costs

An extended version of distributed mutual exclusion on resources of capacity 1 for a distributed robotic system of N robots is discussed in the context of serving an event that may occur anywhere in the field of operation. The right to serve the event is treated as the resource. A dynamic, time-varying cost, with respect to the resource, is associated with each mobile robot. The author presents two algorithms for distributed mutual exclusion based on an abstracted time-varying cost. Both algorithms guarantee that exactly one robot that eventually arrives at the event scene and serves the event. These algorithms are free from starvation and deadlock. >
Millimeter radio astronomy and the genesis of ALMA

Now nearing completion in northern Chile, the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) is a partnership between North America, Europe, East Asia, and the host country of Chile. ALMA is the first truly global radio astronomy project and arguably, the most complex ground-based astronomical instrument ever built. An imaging interferometer, ALMA provides the point-source sensitivity of a single dish nearly 90 meters in diameter, the ability to observe in all atmospheric windows between 30 and 950 GHz. z and at frequencies above 100 GHz, it provides an angular resolution superior to that of the Hubble Space Telescope. Here I give an overview of the science that drove millimeter and submillimeter radio astronomy from its inception to the start of ALMA construction, and I explain the critical role played by SiS mixer technology in making ALMA possible. In my talk, I shall also present some recent commissioning images from the instrument.
Biology of simian virus 40 (SV40) transplantation antigen (TrAg). V In vitro demonstration of SV40 TrAg in SV40 infected nonpermissive mouse cells by the lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity assay.

Abstract The development of SV40-specific transplantation antigen (TrAg) on the surface of nonpermissive mouse cells infected with SV40 was demonstrated using a sensitive in vitro lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity assay. The in vitro lymphocyte mediated 51 Cr release assay was shown to be specific for the detection of SV40 TrAg. SV40 TrAg was detected 24 hr after infection of mouse cells with SV40 and high levels of TrAg expression persisted for as long as 96 to 120 hr after virus infection. The development of TrAg on the surface of SV40-infected mouse cells correlated with the synthesis of tumor or T antigen in the nucleus of infected cells. The synthesis and the expression of TrAg at the surface of SV40-infected mouse cells may be an important step in the development of immunological resistance of the cell mediated type in an SV40-inoculated host leading to the elimination of stably transformed cells.
Legitimacy, Stakeholders, and Strategic Communication Efforts

When organizational leaders undertake sustainability-related initiatives, they are concerned with whether or not their key stakeholders perceive their organization and its actions to be legitimate. In this chapter, legitimacy is defined, the types of legitimacy are described, the benefits of being seen as legitimate and having a positive reputation are discussed, and actions used to manage legitimacy are reviewed. Communication helps manage perceptions of the legitimacy of industries as well as individual organizations. Message credibility is important. Standardized communication directed simultaneously toward multiple internal and external stakeholders is discussed (i.e., annual public meetings, websites and sustainability reports, reporting frameworks, certifications, and architecture such as LEED-certified office buildings). Best practices are provided. The chapter reviews stakeholder theory and discusses the need to adapt messages to engage different stakeholders. In addition, theories or theoretical concepts highlighted include population ecology theory, resource dependency theory, institutional isomorphism, agency theory, normative discourse, the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, actor–network theory, speech act theory, attribution theory, visual rhetoric, narrative theory, and organizational co-orientation theory. Interview data drawn from a variety of organizational types illustrates the applicability of theory and research. Organizations represented include Tyson Foods; WasteCap Nebraska; Missoula Sustainability Council; Ecotrust; the Neil Kelly Company; the Arbor Day Foundation; Aspen Skiing Company; the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; the City of Boulder; Sam’s Club; Assurity Life Insurance; Heifer International®; the Natural Resources Defense Council; the University of Colorado, Boulder; and the University of Colorado, Denver.
Analysis of taxi demand and supply in New York City: implications of recent taxi regulations

This paper investigates temporal and weather-related variation in taxi trips in New York City. A taxi trip data-set with 147 million records covering 10 months of activity is used. It is shown that there are substantial variations in ridership, taxi supply, trip distance, and pickup frequency for different time periods and weather conditions. These variations, in turn, cause variations in driver revenues which is one of the main measures of taxi supply–demand equilibrium. The findings are then used to discuss the anticipated impacts of two recently enacted taxi regulation changes: the first fare increase since 2006 and the E-Hail pilot program which allows taxi hailing with smart phone applications. The fare increase is estimated to cause varying levels of revenue increase for different time periods. E-Hail apps are not expected to offer considerable improvements at all times, but rather when both adequate taxi supply and demand occur simultaneously.
Using a career conference to promote advising in the freshman curriculum

Our data shows that over the past 15 years over 75% of the entering first year students change their selected major between the start of classes in August and the time they need to register for the second year classes in March. This movement of students has many impacts on student retention and on students' success across 4 years of engineering education. To help improve the retention of engineering students in the freshman year — thus positively impacting students' ongoing success — we created a number of writing assignments in the first year Introduction to Engineering course to combat facilitate students' choosing their majors wisely during or immediately after the freshman year. These writing assignments were designed to engage students in researching various crucial aspects of the field of engineering in which they were interested. Despite our efforts to have students research and write about various aspects of a particular engineering field, many of the students just did not take the assignments seriously; as a result they did not get the full benefit of the assignment. To encourage the students to put more effort into the assignments, we created the Freshman Career Conference. The conference is a Saturday event, modeled after career-oriented events and conferences held at student professional conferences and conventions held by organizations such as the Society of Women Engineers, National Society of Black Engineers and Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers. For our Freshman Career Conference, we brought in practicing engineers from Pennsylvania corporations; these engineers talked to students about their education and their work; gave professional development workshops; and spoke to students and students about the importance of beginning their career development plans now as freshman. This paper discusses the factors around creating such a conference and the impact it has made.
Day float: an alternative to the night float coverage system for residency programs.

Objectives: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has mandated an 80-hour work week that has resulted in changes to many residency programs. In otolaryngology, most programs have switched to either home call or night float systems. Our department covers all of the maxillofacial trauma and backup airway calls, which has made it difficult to employ a home call system. Instead of a night float coverage system, our program implemented a day float coverage system that allows the residents to participate in a 24-hour call period. After call and sign-out, the residents go home; however, their clinical duties are covered by the day float resident. Study Design: A brief review of the literature pertaining to call coverage systems followed by a description of our day float system. Residents who have participated in either night float, day float, or both systems were then surveyed regarding their experiences or perceptions of both systems. Methods: A nine-question survey was handed out to our otolaryngology residents and their responses were recorded. Results: The averaged responses strongly favored the day float over the night float coverage system regardless of the level of training and the systems in which the residents have participated. Conclusions: The day float coverage system is favored by residents in our program. It allows for a more attending-like 24-hour period of call, continuity of care, attendance at educational activities, and more time with family. In addition, it eliminates a prolonged period devoid of clinical activities.
INFLUENCE OF 0.5 PPM NITROGEN DIOXIDE EXPOSURE OF MICE ON MACROPHAGE CONGREGATION IN THE LUNGS

The lungs of 12 mice, half of which were exposed to continuous 0.5 ppm nitrogen dioxide for 3 weeks, were explanted in culture, and the instances of macrophage congregation were quantitated according to numbers of target cells involved, categories of congregation from three to 11 or more, numbers of macrophages participating in each category for the total cultures, and the influence of delaying explantation for 24 and 96 hr. A total of 9042 macrophages and 2140 epithelial and spindle target cells were counted in the outgrowths from 306 explants. The incidence of macrophage congregation (or numbers of target cells) was greater for the cultures from the NO2-exposed animals, both with respect to total incidences between groups (p→0), and the 0-hr (p<0.001) and 24-hr (p<0.01) culture subgroups. In addition, the values for T3 to T6 macrophage congregation were individually and consistently greater for the exposed animal group. Postmortem interval stress at 96 hr appeared to result in large colonies, but they were reduced greatly in number. Also the incidence of macrophage congregation fell by 28% as compared to 0-hr and 24-hr subgroups.
The influence of firefighter boot type on balance

Abstract A firefighter's boots play a critical role in working effectiveness and personal safety. OSHA 1910.156 contains standards for personal protective equipment of fire brigades. Firefighters use either rubber or leather boots that meet these requirements. The purpose of the study was to examine the differences in balance in professional firefighters wearing rubber and leather boots when participating in a fire simulation activity. Twelve professional firefighters performed 2 sets of a three-minute simulated firefighter stair climb wearing a 50 lb weighted vest to simulate their typical personal protective equipment and two 5.68 kg weights on the shoulders to simulate the weight of a high-rise pack (hose bundle). On each condition day (leather, rubber) the firefighter conducted a balance assessment. Following the initial balance protocol, the firefighter conducted a Simulated Firefighter Stair Climb for 3 min at a rate of 60 steps per/min. At the completion of the stair climb, the firefighter repeated the balance procedure. Following a 3-minute rest period, the complete procedure (balance, stair climb) was repeated. A total of 3 balance procedures and 2 stair climbs were completed. Significant differences were found in sway velocity between the pre and post test measures and among the two different boots. These results suggest that the rubber boots elicit greater postural instability. These findings provide practical information on work practices and PPE usage decisions. Relevance to industry Industry standards dictate the protective variables of boots used by fire brigades, but do not consider the influence on gait and balance. This study provides evidence that the rubber boots used by firefighters may impair specific balance parameters which are critical for firefighter safety.
An Innovative Power-Gating Technique for Leakage and Ground Bounce Control in System-on-a-Chip (SOC)

Leakage has become one of the most dominant factors of power consumption and signal integrity of nanometer-scale integrated circuits. Recently, power-gating structures have proven to be effective in controlling leakage. In this paper an alternative dual-V th reduced power-gating structure is proposed for better reduction of leakage currents, especially for low-power and high-performance portable devices. The proposed technique maintains an intermediate power-saving state as well as the conventional power cut-off state. The experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed technique can significantly reduce leakage current and associated power consumptions during the HOLD and CUT-OFF modes. In addition, an analysis of ground bounce due to power-mode transition in power-gating structures is presented. It is demonstrated that the proposed technique provides a way to control ground bounce during power-mode transition. Due to the presence of the intermediate state, its stepwise turning on feature will provide higher reduction of the magnitudes of peak current and voltage glitches in the power distribution network as well as the minimum time required to stabilize power and ground as compared to other similar techniques.
Phenomenology and Correlates of Complicated Grief in Children and Adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the phenomenology of complicated grief (CG) in parentally bereaved children and adolescents and to examine its correlates. Method: This is a preliminary report from an ongoing 5-year, population-based, longitudinal study of the impact of parental loss on family members. Analyses of cross-sectional data at intake are presented. The sample consists of 129 children and adolescents of parents who died by suicide, accident, or sudden natural death. Their average age is 13.3 ± 3.1 years (range 7-18 years). A modified version of the Inventory of Complicated Grief-Revised (ICG-R) was administered and its factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent and discriminant validity were examined. Results: CG was significantly related to functional impairment even after controlling for current depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. CG was also associated with other measures of psychopathology, including suicidal ideation. Conclusions: In this preliminary analysis, CG appears to be a clinically significant syndrome in children and adolescents. Longitudinal data will help to clarify the prognostic significance of CG as well as to examine the interrelationship of CG and other psychopathology over time.
Plant biology: Hormones branch out

Evidence points to the existence of a hitherto uncharacterized type of hormone that controls different aspects of plant growth and interaction. The hunt for that hormone is heating up.
‘Wean them away from French tutelage’: Franco-Indian nuclear relations and Anglo-American anxieties during the early Cold War, 1948–1952

The 1951 Franco-Indian bilateral nuclear cooperation agreement was the first such cooperation outside the Manhattan Project, and preceded President Eisenhower's 1953 ‘Atoms for Peace’ proposal. This cooperation on one hand upset the United Kingdom, which regretted losing leverage over its former colony to its colonial rival, and on the other, enhanced the United States' interest in playing a key role in the region. Based on multi-archival research, this paper explores the significance of Franco-Indian nuclear relations against the backdrop of Anglo-American endeavours to censor information related to atomic energy and to secure control of strategic minerals during the early Cold War.
Influence of Preplant Applications of 2,4-D, Dicamba, Tribenuron, and Tribenuron Plus Thifensulfuron on Peanut

Abstract Field trials were conducted in Georgia, North Carolina, and Texas to evaluate the effects of preplant applications of 2,4-D, dicamba, tribenuron, and tribenuron plus thifensulfuron on pean...
A biological atlas of functional maps.

The genome project has been compared to the expedition of Lewis and Clark after which the boundaries and the basic geographical opportunities of a new country were once and for all defined. This analogy can help us understand the recent development of molecular biology and what lies ahead. As the Lewis and Clark map eventually helped create novel global opportunities, the completion of the human genome sequence will help us formulate biological questions with entire proteomes in mind rather than with single proteins. However, before we get there, we need maps that represent what the proteome might look like, not unlike the numerous maps that were drawn in the aftermath of the Lewis and Clark expedition.
A convenient preparation of pentachloronitrobenzene‐U‐14C

Starting with benzene-U-14C pentachloronitrobenzene-U-14C has been prepared by nitration followed by chlorination with antimony pentachloride in the presence of aluminum chloride.
Managed care, access to mental health specialists, and outcomes among primary care patients with depressive symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether managed care is associated with reduced access to mental health specialists and worse outcomes among primary care patients with depressive symptoms. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Offices of 261 primary physicians in private practice in Seattle. PATIENTS: Patients (N=17,187) were screened in waiting rooms, enrolling 1,336 adults with depressive symptoms. Patients (n=942) completed follow-up surveys at 1, 3, and 6 months. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: For each patient, the intensity of managed care was measured by the managedness of the patient’s health plan, plan benefit indexes, presence or absence of a mental health carve-out, intensity of managed care in the patient’s primary care office, physician financial incentives, and whether the physician read or used depression guidelines. Access measures were referral and actually seeing a mental health specialist. Outcomes were the Symptom Checklist for Depression, restricted activity days, and patient rating of care from primary physician. Approximately 23% of patients were referred to mental health specialists, and 38% saw a mental health specialist with or without referral. Managed care generally was not associated with a reduced likelihood of referral or seeing a mental health specialist. Patients in more-managed plans were less likely to be referred to a psychiatrist. Among low-income patients, a physician financial withhold for referral was associated with fewer mental health referrals. A physician productivity bonus was associated with greater access to mental health specialists. Depressive symptom and restricted activity day outcomes in more-managed health plans and offices were similar to or better than less-managed settings. Patients in more-managed offices had lower ratings of care from their primary physicians. CONCLUSIONS: The intensity of managed care was generally not associated with access to mental health specialists. The small number of managed care strategies associated with reduced access were offset by other strategies associated with increased access. Consequently, no adverse health outcomes were detected, but lower patient ratings of care provided by their primary physicians were found.
Dynamic Analysis of Soft Tissues Using a State Space Model

Research on the biomechanical behavior of soft tissues has drawn a lot of recent attention due to its application in tumor pathology, rehabilitation, surgery and biomaterial implants. In this study a finite element (FE) model is applied to represent soft tissues and phantoms with complex geometry and heterogeneous material properties. A solid 3D mixed u-p element S8P0 (8-node for displacement and 1-node for internal pressure) is implemented to capture the near-incompressibility inherent in soft tissues. A dynamic analysis of soft tissues’ response to excitation is explored in which, the second order differential equation representing the soft tissues in FE necessitates a time-consuming numerical solution procedure. Moreover, the second-order representation is complicated in estimating the tissue mechanical properties by inverse procedure. Thus, a state space (SS) model is used to equivalently represent soft tissues by transforming the second-order differential equation into a system of linear first-order differential equations. The linear and time-invariant SS representation of soft tissues for general dynamic analysis can reduce the computational cost and a provide framework for the “forward” simulation and “inverse” identification of soft tissues.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Colour graphics—Blessing or Ballyhoo?

The human visual system's capacity and capability to process colour can be applied as a design criterion for colour information displays. This paper reviews key elements in the visual domain of colour, encompassing the visual, perceptual, and cognitive modes and develops a series of recommendations for effective colour usage based on these elements.
The Young and the Restless? The Liberalization of Young Evangelicals

This study examines popular and scholarly perceptions that young American evangelicals are becoming more liberal than older evangelicals. Young evangelicals are more likely to have more liberal attitudes on same-sex marriage, premarital sex, cohabitating, and pornography, but not abortion. This analysis is situated within the theoretical context of emerging adulthood, and considers higher education, delayed marriage, and shifts in moral authority as potential mediating factors accounting for age differences. A new method for operationalizing evangelical as a religious identity is suggested and three different classification schemes are examined: religious tradition, self-identified evangelicals, and theologically conservative Protestants. The data come from the 2006 Panel Study of American Religion and Ethnicity.
Pulmonary venous velocity patterns in mitral stenosis

Pulmonary venous (PV) velocities obtained by transthoracic echocardiography are used to assess diastolic function. The systolic/diastolic (S/D) PV velocity ratio is increased with impaired early diastolic filling and decreased with elevated mean left atrial pressure (LAP). Mitral stenosis (MS) is characterized by impaired filling and elevated LAP. We hypothesized that the S/D ratio would be increased in MS except in severe MS with high LAP, in which the S/D ratio would be decreased. Patients with isolated MS who underwent transthoracic echocardiography were studied. The PV S/D ratio was compared in mild ( n =18), moderate ( n =16), and severe ( n =7) MS. There was no characteristic PV pattern, with each category showing a wide range of S/D ratios (mild, S/D ratio=1.42 ±0.56; moderate, S/D ratio=1.19±0.59, and severe, S/D ratio=1.33±0.53) (mean±SD). Furthermore, there was no relationship between the S/D ratio and any index of severity of MS. There is no characteristic PV velocity pattern in MS.
Abdominal stab wounds: diagnostic peritoneal lavage criteria for emergency room discharge.

Objective: To prospectively evaluate a method for management of abdominal stab wounds that allows for immediate emergency room discharge. Methods: Anterior abdominal stab wound patients were prospectively placed in a study trial during a 48-month period. Consent was obtained for all patients before study entry. Anatomic boundaries for abdominal stab wounds were costal margins, inguinal ligaments, and anterior axillary lines. Hemodynamically stable patients with negative physical examinations were entered in the study and evaluated with closed diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL). Patients with DPL results less than 1000 RBCs/mm 3 were sent home. Patients with DPL results greater than 1000 RBCs/ mm 3 (including gross blood) were admitted for observation. Hemodynamically stable patients with evisceration and no abdominal tenderness had the viscera replaced in the emergency room. Eviscerated patients did not undergo DPL and were admitted for observation. Patients that presented with hemodynamic instability or peritonitis were not entered in the study and underwent immediate surgical intervention. Results: Ninety hemodynamically stable patients were entered in the study. Forty-four (49%) patients had DPL < 1000 RBCs/mm 3 , 34 of which were discharged home. Of the 10 admissions that qualified for discharge, 4 were admitted due to elevated ethanol levels and no family assistance, 3 were admitted to psychiatry, and 3 required other surgical procedures. No patient with DPI, < 1000 RBCs/ mm 3 required laparotomy or had complications associated with their stab wounds. Thirty-eight (42%) patients were observed because DPL counts were greater than 1000 RBCs/mm 3 . Eight (21%) of these patients developed positive physical examinations that prompted exploratory laparotomy, of which five (63%) were therapeutic. There were no complications associated with delayed laparotomy. Four (4%) patients had DPL results greater than 500 WBCs/mm 3 , all of which underwent immediate exploratory laparotomy. Four (4%) patients presented with evisceration, one of which underwent therapeutic laparotomy. Conclusion: Abdominal stab wound patients that are hemodynamically stable can be safely sent home from the emergency room when DPL counts are less than 1000 RBCs/mm 3 . Observation of hemodynamically stable patients allows for low laparotomy rates with minimal morbidity.
DSM-5 ASD Moves Forward into the Past

The fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) (APA in diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Author, Washington, 2013) has decided to merge the subtypes of pervasive developmental disorders into a single category of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on the assumption that they cannot be reliably differentiated from one another. The purpose of this review is to analyze the basis of this assumption by examining the comparative studies between Asperger’s disorder (AsD) and autistic disorder (AD), and between pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) and AD. In all, 125 studies compared AsD with AD. Of these, 30 studies concluded that AsD and AD were similar conditions while 95 studies found quantitative and qualitative differences between them. Likewise, 37 studies compared PDDNOS with AD. Nine of these concluded that PDDNOS did not differ significantly from AD while 28 reported quantitative and qualitative differences between them. Taken together, these findings do not support the conceptualization of AD, AsD and PDDNOS as a single category of ASD. Irrespective of the changes proposed by the DSM-5, future research and clinical practice will continue to find ways to meaningfully subtype the ASD.
Information Structures and Undergraduate Students.

Abstract This study explores how undergraduates seek information across various information structures. Taking part in an interview, fifteen students of diverse backgrounds described their information seeking. The findings pointed to several issues relating to the underlying structures of information resources. Suggestions are made for structural improvements to facilitate undergraduates’ information seeking.
RECENT RESULTS FROM RHIC SPIN AND BELLE FRAGMENTATION FUNCTION MEASUREMENTS

This contribution summarizes recent results from the RHIC spin program and the measurement of light quark fragmentation functions at Belle.
Schottky-barrier height of a Ti-W alloy on n-type and p-type Si

Impurity effects on Schottky barriers have been investigated using a concentrated Ti-W alloy for barrier-height measurements on both n-type and p-type Si(100). The measurements were performed in the temperature range 175\char21{}295 K using forward current-voltage characteristics. Silicide-formation reaction was monitored by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, Auger-electron spectroscopy, and glancing-angle x-ray diffraction. The results showed that Ti dominates the barrier height, and that W does not play any role in barrier formation. The interdiffusion of Ti and Si dominated the reaction between the alloy and Si at the interface. For both the metal and the reacted silicide phase the n- and p-type barrier heights were found to decrease with increasing temperature with the sum equal, within the experimental accuracy, to the indirect energy gap of Si in the range of temperature measured. These results indicate that the temperature dependence of the barrier heights is mainly due to that of the indirect energy gap in Si.
Modulus and chemical mapping of multilayer coatings.

Thermoplastic olefins (TPOs) are polymeric materials utilized for interior and exterior automotive parts. These materials are often painted to protect and enhance their appearance. TPO materials possess a low surface energy because of the aliphatic backbone, and adhesion promoters (APs), such as chlorinated polyolefins, are used to increase paint adhesion and improve paint performance. The impact of the AP structure and processing conditions on the mechanical properties and degree of interpenetration was investigated on cross sectioned coatings. The AP structure was varied by the chlorine content and molecular weight for the same TPO and polyester acrylic, melamine-cured paint system. Two different processing conditions were investigated. Mechanical properties were measured using depth-sensing indentation. Long-range diffusion of coating components across each interface was verified with confocal Raman microscopy. The AP interfaces, AP/base coat and AP/TPO, were chemically and mechanically sharp at the 1 ...
A Mature Female of Bathothauma Chun, 1906 (Cephalopoda: Cranchiidae) from Hawaii

Abstract: A gravid female of the cranchiid squid genus Bathothauma Chun, 1906 was collected from 1027 m depth in excellent condition, other than having a ruptured ovary and tentacles reduced to stubs. The 2 mm diameter eggs, 18 spermatangia embedded in the skin of her mantle, head, and eye, and the very pronounced nidamental glands indicate full sexual maturity. The eggs are over three times larger than those previously reported in the genus.
Role of TrfA and DnaA Proteins in Origin Opening during Initiation of DNA Replication of the Broad Host Range Plasmid RK2

The Escherichia coli protein DnaA and the plasmid RK2-encoded TrfA protein are required for initiation of replication of the broad host range plasmid RK2. The TrfA protein has been shown to bind to five 17-base pair repeat sequences, referred to as iterons, at the minimal replication origin (oriV). Using DNase I footprinting and a gel mobility shift assay, purified DnaA protein was found to bind to four DnaA consensus binding sequences immediately upstream of the five iterons at the RK2 origin of replication. Binding of the TrfA protein to the iterons results in localized strand opening within the A+T-rich region of the replication origin as determined by reactivity of the top and bottom strands to potassium permanganate (KMnO4). The presence of either theE. coli DnaA or HU protein is required for the TrfA-mediated strand opening. Although the DnaA protein itself did not produce an RK2 open complex, it did enhance and/or stabilize the TrfA-induced strand opening.
559 GROWTH AND METABOLIC RESPONSE OF PRETERM INFANTS FED PRETERM AND MATURE BREAST MILK

25 appropriately grown infants with birthweight 3 months following term delivery, containing 1.0 gm/dl protein. All infants were fed 180 ml/kg/day until achieving a wt of 1800 gm. Growth and biochemical measurements were made weekly. Data indicate mean ± SD. Mean values for BUN, serum sodium, protein, albumin, and blood pH were similar in the 3 groups. Infants fed preterm breast milk demonstrated similar growth and metabolic response as infants fed cow's milk formula.
Role of hypoxia during normal retinal vessel development and in experimental retinopathy of prematurity.

PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that retinal hypoxia is present during vascular development in normal rat pups and in a newborn rat model of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS Preretinal vitreous PO(2) measurements were made during room air breathing using (19)F magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and a perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether droplet in normal adult and newborn (postnatal day [P]1-P20) rats, and in newborn rats exposed first to 14 days of variable oxygen (before NV) and six additional days in room air after variable oxygen exposure (during NV). After each experiment, blood gas values were measured, and retinas were isolated. Retinas were adenosine diphosphatase (ADPase) stained, and flatmounted to determine peripheral avascular extent and NV incidence and severity. RESULTS In the vascularized rat retina, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found between the droplet-derived preretinal vitreous oxygen tension (24 +/- 2 mm Hg, mean +/- SEM, n = 18) and previously reported electrode-measured oxygen tension (22 +/- 1 mm Hg). Only during normal retinal vessel growth (P1-P10) and before the appearance of NV was evidence for retinal hypoxia found at the border of the vascular and avascular retina. However, the mean PO(2) (range, 24-28 mm Hg) over the vascular retina was not different (P > 0.05) between any of the newborn rat groups in this study. CONCLUSIONS (19)F MRS of a perfluorocarbon droplet provides an accurate measure of preretinal vitreous oxygen tension in rats. These data support an important role of physiologic hypoxia in normal retinal circulatory development and raises the possibility that, in experimental ROP, retinal hypoxia is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the development of retinal NV.
Analysis of data obtained by isochorically coupled Burnett experiments

Abstract An isochoric connection method for the Burnett experiment is proposed. This method ties low-temperature data to higher-temperature data and results in a significant decrease in the error of low-temperature measurements. In the example cited, it reduced the error in the compressibility factor by a factor of five.
Type A behavior and reminiscence in college undergraduates

Abstract This study represents the first empirical test of Friedman and Ulmer's (1984 . Treating Type A behavior and your heart. New York: Fawcett) clinical observation that deficits in the capacity to reminisce about pleasant past events are among the most pervasive and dysfunctional correlates of Type A behavior. Type A (N = 79) and B (N = 109) college undergraduates completed a questionnaire assessing the frequency, content, style, and consequences of their reminiscence about positive past experiences. Findings supported two hypotheses: relative to Type Bs, Type As were less likely to report that they consciously look back on positive events after these events are over in order to store details for later recall, and were more likely to report that they typically reminisce about past achievements. Contradicting Friedman and Ulmer's observations, however, there were no significant A B differences in the reported frequency, style, or consequences of recalling positive memories. The findings are discussed in terms of components of Type A behavior, such as competitive achievement-striving and self-esteem enhancement, that may make Type As (a) less likely to store, but not to recall, positive memories and (b) particularly likely to reminisce about personal accomplishments. Plausible reasons for the relative lack of support for Friedman and Ulmer's hypotheses are discussed in the context of directions for future research.
Trophoblastic vasculogenic mimicry in gestational choriocarcinoma

Angiogenesis is a characteristic feature of solid tumors, which depend on the newly formed vasculature to prevent hypoxia and to sustain uncontrolled tumor cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated the blood supply system in 10 gestational choriocarcinomas on the basis of histopathological and immunohistochemical features. In all examined cases, morphological analysis demonstrated that blood channels within the center of choriocarcinomas were surrounded by neoplastic trophoblastic cells rather than by endothelial cells. Similarly, there was a lack of CD31 and CD34-positive endothelial cells within choriocarcinomas. In the periphery of choriocarcinomas, tumor cells invaded uterine stroma-derived blood vessels where trophoblastic cells replaced endothelial cells, forming anastomoses between endothelium-lined blood vessels and trophoblast-lined pseudovascular channels. Masson's trichrome staining revealed minimal amounts of connective tissue within choriocarcinomas. In contrast, CD31 and CD34-positive blood vessels were present in other types of gestational trophoblastic neoplasms including 8 placental site trophoblastic tumors and 12 epithelioid trophoblastic tumors. These findings provide cogent evidence that choriocarcinoma represents one of a few human tumor types that utilizes vasculogenic mimicry by tumor cell in supporting tumor development.