cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Migrations to Latin America and the Caribbean Until 1820

The transatlantic migration of peoples to the Americas after 1492 was influenced by a series of factors determined by conditions in the regions of origins as well as the zones of arrivals. To begin with both Castile and Portugal were at the height of their empires when the New World was opened up to foreign penetration. There thus existed innumerable opportunities for rural peasants to find employment not only in the economies and growing urban centers of the metropolis, but also to serve in the armies and fleets of these expanding intercontinental empires within Europe and Asia.
Horizontal circulation across density surfaces contributes substantially to the long-term mean northern Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

The Greenland Sea is often viewed as the northern terminus of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. It has also been proposed that the shutdown of open-ocean deep convection in the Labrador or Greenland Seas would substantially weaken the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Here we analyze Robust Diagnostic Calculations conducted in a high-resolution global coupled climate model constrained by observed hydrographic climatology to provide a holistic picture of the long-term mean Atlantic Overturning Circulation at northern high latitudes. Our results suggest that the Arctic Ocean, not the Greenland Sea, is the northern terminus of the mean Atlantic Overturning Circulation; open-ocean deep convection, in either the Labrador or Greenland Seas, contributes minimally to the mean Atlantic Overturning Circulation, hence it would not necessarily be substantially weakened by a shutdown of open-ocean deep convection; horizontal circulation across sloping isopycnals contributes substantially (more than 40%) to the maximum mean northeastern subpolar Atlantic Overturning Circulation. The long-term mean northern Atlantic Overturning Circulation is substantially influenced by horizontal circulation across sloping density surfaces, suggest analyses of high-resolution climate model simulations constrained by observed hydrographic climatology.
CEO Employment History and Firm Risk

We provide empirical evidence on the relation between CEO employment history and a firm’s choice of a new CEO, firm risk and a firm’s financing and investment policies. CEOs that have worked for more employers (mobile CEOs) match with employers that have higher total risk, are smaller and younger, have lower R&D intensity, offer compensation that is more sensitive to risk, have unsuccessful prior CEOs, and have smaller boards with fewer inside directors. Mobile CEOs increase operating performance volatility, idiosyncratic risk, financial leverage, and advertising, and decrease capital expenditures. Mobile CEOs increase (decrease) R&D investment in homogeneous (heterogeneous) industries. Our results suggest that CEO employment history reveals information on the unobservable risk tolerance of CEOs. Mobile CEOs appear to have a higher tolerance for risk and influence policies to conform to their preferences.
The Paradigm Shift in Entrepreneurship Education

This chapter discusses major recent changes in the way we think about entrepreneurs and how they are developed. It begins with the idea that entrepreneurs are born, not made, and how that theory influenced entrepreneurship education and policy, until it was largely debunked through research, shifting thinking toward the development of entrepreneurs. Along the way, entrepreneurship educators moved away from business plans and planning processes toward customer discovery and business modeling. Entrepreneurship is now thought of as a method, requiring a skill set to be executed successfully.
Morally Troubling Art

I review the way in which aesthetic experience functions in Plato, Kant, and Murdoch. Then, I consider the main philosophical objections that arise against the thesis that aesthetic experience gives rise to moral transformation. Then, I sketch a view of aesthetics in which I make some relevant distinctions that help clear up these difficulties.
Gender trends in authorship of Pediatric Radiology publications and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has heightened existing gender differences in academic productivity in medicine. There have been discrepant repercussions for women in academics due to the pandemic, including fewer publications, potentially impacting academic advancement. To evaluate trends over time in the gender of authors of manuscripts submitted to Pediatric Radiology. This retrospective review of unsolicited manuscripts submitted to Pediatric Radiology from January 2017 to December 2020 included only submissions from North America. For each submission, genders of the first, last (senior) and corresponding authors were inferred by inspection or confirmed by internet search. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to compare authorship gender proportions. Quarterly comparisons between 2019 and 2020 were performed to assess for differences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Between 2017 and 2020, 1,018 manuscripts were submitted. There was no significant difference in female authorship over time (P > 0.05 for first, last and corresponding authors), but there was an increase in female first authorship (38.6% in 2017, 43.2% in 2020). The frequencies of female first (P = 0.03) and last (P = 0.01) authors were significantly higher for educational manuscripts (reviews and pictorial essays) versus other manuscript types. Manuscript submissions increased in the second quarter of 2020; however, there was a statistically significant decrease in last authorship by women during this period (P = 0.02). Female authorship of manuscripts submitted to Pediatric Radiology has remained relatively stable between 2017 and 2020. During the early phase (March–May 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic, female last authorship was significantly lower versus the previous year.
Valuing Nonmarket Impacts of Climate Change on Recreation: From Reduced Form to Welfare

Nonmarket damages are largely missing from aggregate climate impact estimates, especially those related to outdoor recreation. One simple approach to measuring these missing impacts is to estimate dose-response functions to weather, and then to combine these functions with benefits transfer approaches to value the gained or lost recreational opportunities. In this paper, we analyze the potential and shortcomings of such an approach. Although seemingly simplistic, we show that this approach has attractive theoretical properties and can provide exact or conservative estimates of surplus changes under standard assumptions that are commonly used in the valuation literature. We assess the accuracy of this approximation in the context of several prior studies of environmental quality changes, and we also use this framework to generate illustrative climate impacts for outdoor recreation using nationally representative time-use data.
A Computerized Data Acquisition System for High-Temperature, Pressurized-Water, Fatigue Test Facility

The hardware and software of a data acquisition system for a high-temperature, high-pressure water fatigue crack growth facility is described in this article. This system monitors crack lengths of 15 specimens, together with water pressures, temperatures, and water chemistry data such as dissolved oxygen content, pH. and specific conductance. The measurement strategy is defined by the cyclic count: each of the specimens has its unique measurement targets and measurement interval. The computer constantly compares the instantaneous accumulated count with the count targets of the 15 specimens and enters a data acquisition subprogram when any count target is reached. The methods of data acquisition, data reduction, file management, input/output and system status modification are described.
PREHISTORIC CREMATIONS FROM NOGALES, ARIZONA *

ABSTRACTIn October, 1969, the Highway Salvage Section of the Arizona State Museum conducted emergency salvage excavations in conjunction with the construction of the Tucson-Nogales Highway. Ten cremations were recovered from a backhoe trench which had been placed within the city limits of Nogales, Arizona. Analysis of the cremations indicated cultural contact between the Trincheras culture of Sonora, Mexico, and the Hohokam culture of the Santa Cruz River Valley in southern Arizona.
Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF)-induced invasion involves a complex signaling cascade in vascular endothelial cells.

3594 Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent phospholipid second messenger, promotes in vivo angiogenesis by stimulation of vascular endothelial cell migration and invasion, thus acting as a mediator of vascularization for tumor growth and metastasis. We have elucidated a complex signaling cascade upon stimulation of the G-protein-coupled, seven transmembrane PAF receptor in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Activation of the PAF receptor induces specific, receptor-associated pertussis toxin-insensitive Gα q protein stimulation of adenylate cyclase, increased levels of cAMP, and induction of PKA in HUVEC, all of which requires the activation of Gα q protein coupled to the PAF receptor. The use of PAF receptor antagonists, as well as either inhibition of Gα q protein or adenylate cyclase, attenuates phosphorylation of Src by PAF; indeed, there is an absolute requirement for PKA activation in the PAF-PAF receptor signaling to Src. We have previously demonstrated that both Src and JAK-2 phosphorylate STAT-3 in HUVEC in a temporally regulated fashion. Our recent studies show that the initial signal to STAT-3 through the PAF-PAF receptor signaling mechanism involves the activation of Gα q protein, adenylate cyclase, and PKA, whereas the delayed and prolonged phosphorylation of STAT-3 by PAF is independent of these signaling intermediates. Activation of the Gα q protein-coupled PAF receptor by PAF also stimulates the early phosphorylation of PLCβ3 and does not involve Src, while there is no requirement of G-proteins for the activation of PLCγ1 by the PAF-PAF receptor mechanism. The Src inhibitor PP1 attenuates the delayed activation of PLCγ1 by PAF, suggesting the importance of Src in the PAF-mediated activation of PLCγ1. The Gα q protein-coupled PAF-PAF receptor-signaling cascade also phosphorylates FAK in a time dependent manner, and its activation is independent of the adenylate cyclase/PKA axis in HUVEC. Stimulation of the tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK by PAF-PAF receptor signaling cascade induces the binding of Src, p130 Cas , SHC, and paxillin to FAK in HUVEC. The biological consequence of this signaling cascade is the upregulation of mRNA levels for the matrix metalloproteinase MT1-MMP and the regulatory protein TIMP-2 . The concomitant temporal increases in expression of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 lead to conversion of latent proMMP2 to MMP2, resulting in increased capacity to degrade the extracellular matrix and migrate. Taken together, we demonstrate that PAF is an important intermediate in vascular remodeling during pathological angiogenesis.
Rawls on Markets and Corporate Governance

Like most egalitarian political philosophers, John Rawls believes that a just society will rely on markets and business firms for much of its economic activity--despite acknowledging that market systems will tend to create very unequal distributions of goods, opportunities, power, and status. Rawls himself remains one of the few contemporary political philosophers to explore at any length the way an egalitarian theory of justice might deal with fundamental options in political economy. This article examines his arguments and conclusions on these topics. It argues that contemporary Rawlsians will reach different conclusions if they take more seriously than Rawls himself did: (1) the implications, for the political culture and the democratic regulatory state, of large firms competing in adversarial markets characterized by the inevitable "fact of market failure," and (2) the relevance of ownership and governance relationships involving different kinds of business firms. And with respect to the second point, Rawlsians and other egalitarians have much to learn from contemporary economic, legal, and sociological theories of the firm, and the role of these theories in the structure of and rationale for corporate law. This is the kind of social theory that Rawls believes is relevant to the justification and application of theories of justice, but he himself did not appeal to it in his writings on political economy. Contemporary egalitarians can and should appeal to it now, and in doing so correct errors and omissions in Rawls's analysis. But taking seriously the two points mentioned above will also force egalitarians who support efficient markets to face difficult dilemmas or compromises of their own
This Republic of Suffering. Death and The American Civil War

We still seek to use our deaths to create meaning where we are not sure any exists. (Faust, 2008, p. 271) And there's our bridge, if we choose to venture across the chasm. At the far side is a war ...
Spacetime meshing for discontinuous galerkin methods

Important applications in science and engineering, such as modeling traffic flow, seismic waves, electromagnetics, and the simulation of mechanical stresses in materials, require the high-fidelity numerical solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) in space and time variables. Spacetime discontinuous Galerkin (SDG) finite element methods are used to solve such PDEs arising from wave propagation phenomena. To support an accurate and efficient solution procedure using SDG methods and to exploit the flexibility of these methods, we give a meshing algorithm to construct an unstructured simplicial spacetime mesh over an arbitrary simplicial space domain. Our algorithm is the first adaptive spacetime meshing algorithm suitable for efficient solution of nonlinear phenomena using spacetime discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods. Given a triangulated d-dimensional Euclidean space domain M (a simplicial complex) corresponding to time t = 0 and initial conditions of the underlying hyperbolic spacetime PDE, we construct an unstructured simplicial mesh of the ( d + 1)-dimensional spacetime domain Ω. Our algorithm uses a near-optimal number of spacetime elements, each with bounded temporal aspect ratio for any finite prefix of Ω. When d ≤ 2, our algorithm varies the size of spacetime elements to an a posteriori numerical estimate. Certain facets of our mesh satisfy gradient constraints that allow interleaving mesh generation with the SDG salver. Our meshing algorithm thus supports an efficient parallelizable solution strategy by SDG methods.
Meridional patterns in the deep scattering layers and top predator distribution in the central equatorial Pacific

The deep scattering layers (DSL) in the central equatorial Pacific form an important prey resource in a relatively oligotrophic habitat. In March of 2006, we used a calibrated 38-kHz SIMRAD EK60 scientific sonar to assess the spatial distribution of the deep scattering layer relative to broad-scale oceanographic features and fine-scale physical and biological measurements. We conducted a single continuous transect from approximately 10� St o 20� N at 170� W while measuring acoustic backscatter, current velocity and direction, temperature, salinity, oxygen, and fluorescence with depth, coincident with marine mammal occurrence. These data were combined with remotely sensed sea surface height, chlorophyll, and sea surface temperature data to examine patterns in DSL distribution. To analyze DSL density with depth, acoustic backscatter was binned into surface (<200 m), mid (200‐550 m) and deep (550‐1000 m) layers. Backscatter was highly correlated with chlorophyll-a and low sea surface height anomalies and was greatest near the equator. We found high diel variability in DSL depth and scattering intensity between the mid and surface layers as well as a shallowing of the deep layer moving northward across the equator. Marine mammal sightings consisted primarily of odontocetes with their distribution coincident with higher acoustic densities of their forage base. Shifts in DSL distribution and scattering intensity are an important component towards understanding the behavior and distribution of highly migratory predator species.
Understanding Gorbachev's foreign policy

Abstract The results of Gorbachev's foreign policies offer a rare example of rapid, profound, and peaceful international change. Yet historically, an elaborate system of official censorship and the secrecy of the Soviet policy process hindered studies of Moscow's foreign policy. In response. Western scholars developed sophisticated methodological assumptions to interpret the limited resource pool. Gorbachev's policies added to the complexity of this enterprise. His reforms offered analysts an improved view into the politics of Soviet foreign policy without allowing them to abandon entirely previous interpretative mechanisms. Future studies must explicitly address the relationship between Gorbachev's reforms of Soviet political communication and changes in the policy-making process. Only then can scholars accurately assess presently available and forthcoming archival material and personal accounts by Soviet participants.
The Ethics and Economics of American Legal Education Today

Is American legal education economically viable and socially defensible? Can most US law schools expect to go from strength to strength? Or is university legal education, especially on non-elite campuses, more like the American motor industry before the fall? Are institutional complacency and greed liable to kill off a good thing? Legal education, like higher education generally in the United States, has become sharply more expensive in the past three decades. Tuition can approach or even exceed $40,000 per year; many law students take on substantial loans; and it is common to graduate with debt of $100,000 and more. While law school tuition has risen at twice the rate of inflation and more in recent decades, senior faculty teach less than ever - three courses a year is the norm at many law schools - and senior faculty salaries have risen far ahead of the inflation rate. High tuition and light teaching loads are, in part, a subsidy for faculty scholarship. There is more and better faculty scholarship than there used to be, not only at elite schools but also at law schools that would have fielded few or no good scholars a generation or two ago. In fact, under the protection of their collective monopoly, American law schools have prospered academically and intellectually as well as materially in recent times. On the other hand the scholarship - and classroom teaching - is heavily tilted to the political left. Students and their families, and taxpayers who pay for public subsidies, might well feel that they are getting only one side of the story for their money. Today's model of legal education - now the norm at most US law schools - might continue to be viable economically at elite law schools. The question is whether it can persist at middle and lesser-ranked law schools, and whether it should. There are apt to be pressures for substantial reform of American legal education in the foreseeable future - whether through legislation, antitrust litigation, or simply by market forces. Depending on the direction that reform might take, the benefits as well as the costs of today's academic model might be lost. It would not be the first time that monopoly or greed have led to a breakdown and to the development of new and at least in some ways worse institutions.
Clinicopathological characteristics of freezing of gait in autopsy-confirmed Parkinson's disease.

Background Twenty-five percent to sixty percent of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients reportedly have freezing of gait, leading to impaired mobility, falls, and decreased quality of life. Several factors have been associated with gait freezing in PD patients. We analyze for these factors in autopsy-proven PD patients. Methods We performed a chart review of 58 patients with pathologically confirmed PD based on substantia nigra Lewy bodies. Freezing of gait was defined as a score of 1 or more on Item 14 of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale or if documented on examination. Serial office notes and scales were used to determine onset and progression of motor and non-motor symptoms. Results Patients had been followed up for an average of 20 visits over 9 y. The mean onset of gait freezing was 9.3 y from initial motor symptoms. Patients with earlier gait freezing more commonly had initial gait difficulties and developed postural instability, dyskinesias, memory impairment, hallucinations, and vivid dreams earlier during the disease course. Early onset of hallucinations was correlated with more rapid progression of gait freezing. Maximal equivalent levodopa dose was not correlated with earlier onset or progression of gait freezing. Progressive and more severe gait freezing trended toward higher-severity Lewy body disease on postmortem examination. Conclusions Early onset and rapid progression of freezing of gait in this cohort were correlated with early cognitive impairment and hallucinations that are potential clinical hallmarks of cortical Lewy bodies. The gradual worsening and severity of gait freezing correlated with the density of cortical Lewy body–containing neurons. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS MAILING STRATEGIES AMONG NONRESPONDENTS IN A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY

Measures of association in prospective studies can be distorted by incomplete follow-up. Various mailing strategies were used to contact 12,233 cohort members of the Health Professionals Follow-up Study who had not responded to three successive bulk-rate mailings. Response rates were highest, 79.5% overall, from participants who were sent a certified mailing in phase 1 (63.2%), followed by a repeat certified mailing to nonrespondents (44.3%). Although altering the physical appearance of the envelope and using other postal rates were tested, certified mail was the most effective approach for reaching study members who were nonrespondents to a mailed questionnaire.
Detecting and tracking microvessels in conjunctiva images: an approach based on modeling and fuzzy logic

ABSTRACT The conjunctiva is an ideal location to study and measure the morphology of the microcirculation, because access to blood vessels at this site is essentially non-invasive. Our efforts have been directed toward automating the labor-intensive process of collectingmorphological information from photographs and video images of the conjunctiva. Inprevious work we have developed a detailed model of the illumination/reflection processesthat result in a film or video image of the bulbar conjunctiva. Using information gained fromthis model, we have now extended our research toward the development of robustmicrovessel detection and tracking algorithms. Our modeling has shown that it is possibleto extract some relative three-dimensional information about blood vessels from their gray-scale profiles. Images of the conjunctiva, however, also exhibit significant variability in theirgray-scale data. We have adapted some fuzzy logic concepts to deal with this problem.These fuzzy logic algorithms have been very effective in detecting blood vessel points in
Thermodynamic functions for the dissociation of NaHCO30, NaCO3−, H2CO3 and HCO3−

Abstract The dissociation constants of NaHCO30 and NaCO3− and related thermodynamic functions were obtained for temperatures ranging from 0 to 50°C incorporating the experimental data originally obtained by Harned et al. for determining the dissociation constants of H2CO3 and HCO3−. From the electromotive force measurement on Na-carbonate solutions in cells without liquid junction potential, the dissociation constants for NaHCO3staggered0, NaCO3− , H2CO3 and HCO3− were estimated simultaneously.
Neurohormonal abnormalities in heart failure: impact of exercise training.

Endurance exercise training appears to beneficially alter the clinical course of chronic heart failure. The specific mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced benefits, however, are not completely understood. This review examines the impact of endurance exercise training on neurohormonal mechanisms, which play a central role in the progression of chronic heart failure. Few studies, however, have been specifically designed to elucidate exercise-induced mechanisms responsible for the suppression of neurohormonal activation in patients with chronic heart failure and the literature on this topic is derived from a limited number of small, single-center studies. The available data suggests that endurance exercise training programs of moderate duration (≈16 weeks) are efficacious in suppressing circulating levels of catecholamines, angiotensin II, arginine vasopressin, and aldosterone. Additionally, endurance exercise training improves baroreceptor sensitivity and heart rate variability, suggesting that exercise ameliorates the autonomic derangement in chronic heart failure by increasing the parasympathetically mediated component of heart rate variability. Pharmacologic suppression of sympathetic activity has proved, by and large, to be successful at reducing mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Exercise-induced modulation of sympathetic activity may also be instrumental at reducing morbidity and mortality but this has not been carefully investigated and is a fertile area for further research. (CHF. 2003;9:70‐76)
New natural enemy complex of some fulgoroids (insecta: Homoptera) with biological studies of three hymenopterous parasites (Insecta : Hymenoptera)

Natural enemy complex of the planthoppers,Dichoptera hyalinata F.,Eurybrachys tomentosa F., andRicania fertestrata F. includes two nymphal ectoparasites (Dryirtus spp.), two egg parasites (Proleurocents fulgoridis F. andTetrastichus sp.), an internal larval mermithid parasite, and a predator (Phidippus sp.). Biological aspects ofDryinus spp. andP. fulgoridis are discussed.
Some properties of the myosin B atpase from Limulus

Abstract 1. 1. Actomysin (myosin B) obtained by 10 min extraction of Limulus polyphemus muscle with 0·6 M KCl at pH 8 exhibite the drop in viscosity, decrease in sedimentation constant (10·83 S.U. −4·14 S.U.), superprecipitation and contraction of gel threads which are typical of actomyosin. 2. 2. The partially purified actomyosin (two precipitations by dilution) is a specific ATPase hydrolyzing only the terminal phosphate of ATP and UTP but not other triphosphates or ADP. The enzyme is activated by CaCl 2 (5–100 mM) and inhibited by MgCl 2 (0·5–150 mM) in the range of KCl concentration from 0·03 M to 0·66 M and at pH values from 5·5 to 11. The activation does not seen to depend upon enzyme or substrate concentrations, but the broadness of the peak does depend upon pH; i.e. at about neutral pH the optimum is sharp whereas in the alkaline region a number of calcium concentrations appear equally effective. Activity is inhibited by KCl. An alkaline pH optimum is consistently obtained (pH 9·0–9·5) and occasionally an optimum about pH 6·0 appeared. The enzyme is inactivated at 45°C in 10 min and has a temperature optimum at about 35°C.
Balancing on the Shoulders of Giants: Moldova's Foreign Policy toward Russia and the European Union

“Soft balancing” has emerged as a way to reconcile realist theory with the lack of hard balancing behavior against US hegemony. Scholars continue, however, to disagree on the concept's utility and causes. Consistent with its realist roots, scholars have primarily focused on power imbalance and external threat to security as causes of soft balancing. This article analyzes Moldova's major foreign policy shift in the mid-2000s. It argues that this was a clear example of soft balancing and that it adds several important insights into the causes of soft balancing. While the power imbalance and external threat from Russia were persistent throughout Moldova's post-independence history, the country only adopted a soft balancing strategy once Russia posed a threat to the internal stability of the government and changes in EU policy created a permissive international environment for the strategy. Moreover, we argue that the domestic political environment played a key role in enabling the adoption of this strategy. This article therefore diversifies the analysis of the causes of soft balancing and provides a theoretical answer for the puzzle of Moldova's pro-Western turn in 2003.
Cross-tolerance studies of serotonin receptors involved in behavioral effects of LSD in rats.

Like hallucinogenic 5-HT2 agonists, LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) produces characteristic decreases in locomotor activity and investigatory behaviors of rats tested in a novel environment. Because LSD is an agonist at both 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors, however, the respective influences of these different receptors in the behavioral effects of LSD remain unclear. In particular, the paucity of selective 5-HT1A antagonists has made it difficult to assess the specific contribution of 5-HT1A receptors to the effects of LSD. An alternative approach to the delineation of receptor-specific effects is the use of cross-tolerance regimens. In the present studies, rats were pretreated with saline, 8-hydroxy-2(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) (0.5 mg/kg SC), 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) (1.0 mg/kg SC), or LSD (60 µg/kg SC), every 12 h for 5 or 8 days. Thirty-six hours later, rats were tested in a behavioral pattern monitor 10 min after injection of saline, 0.5 mg/kg 8-OH-DPAT, 1.0 mg/kg DOI, or 60 µg/kg LSD. As expected, tolerance to the decreases in locomotor activity produced by acute administrations of 8-OH-DPAT, DOI, or LSD occurred when rats were pretreated chronically with 8-OH-DPAT, DOI, or LSD, respectively. Furthermore, pretreatment with either 8-OH-DPAT or DOI produced cross-tolerance to LSD. These results support the hypothesis that the effects of LSD in this model reflect a combination of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 effects and support the view that there is an interaction between 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors.
Chronic granulomatous disease presenting with disseminated intracranial aspergillosis

We describe an 8-year-old boy who presented with multiple unresectable aspergillus brain abscesses as the initial presentation of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). He failed initial therapy with amphotericin B, but was subsequently salvaged with voriconazole. CGD should be considered in the differential diagnosis for all children presenting with invasive fungal infections, particularly, those involving the central nervous system (CNS). Whereas, optimal pharmacologic therapy is still unknown for CNS aspergillosis, voriconazole may have an advantage due to its ability to cross the blood brain barrier and excellent oral absorption and bioavailability.
Concerning the molecular and electronic structure of a tungsten-tungsten quadruply bonded complex supported by two 6-carboethoxy-2-carboxylatoazulene ligands.

The preparation and molecular structure of a W24+-quadruply bonded complex is reported wherein two mutually trans azulene-2-carboxylato ligands are shown to be strongly coupled by ligand π–M2δ–ligand π conjugation.
Development of pancreatoduodenectomy in North America

Purpose Pancreatoduodenectomy has been developed over more than 100 years, with contributions being made by many countries to the various aspects of the technique.
Differential inhibition of transient and long-lasting calcium channel currents by benzodiazepines in neuroblastoma cells

Abstract The effects of diazepam, nitrazepam, clonazepam, and Ro5-4864 on transient (type I) and long-lasting (type-II) calcium channels associated with low-affinity benzodiazepine receptors were investigated using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Clonazepam (100 μM), a specific agonist for the central-type benzodiazepine receptor, reduced transient currents through the type I calcium channel by 40% without affecting long-lasting currents through the type II calcium channel. Diazepam and nitrazepam (100 μM), non-specific agonists for both the central- and peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors, reduced both transient and long-lasting currents equally by 25–30%. A similar non-selective inhibition was observed by Ro5-4864 (1–10 μM), a specific agonist for the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor. It is concluded that the two calcium channel types are regulated differentially by two different kinds of benzodiazepine; central-type for type I channel and peripheral-type for both type I and type II channels.
Competitive product positioning analyses of a lean beef product concept

The purpose of this article is to report the findings of a test of a recently developed lean beef product and associated educational material. The results of meat product competitive positioning analysis indicate beef and pork were generally perceived to be less healthful than poultry, lean beef, fish, and the lean beef test product. Poultry, on the other hand, was perceived by the respondents to be more susceptible to having high chemical content while the lean beef test product was perceived to be low in chemical content. In general, the results of the study indicate that the branded lean beef product that was tested can be favorably positioned in the market relative to important competing meat products. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
What Homer can Teach Technical Writers: The Mnemonic Value of Poetic Devices:

One of the primary purposes of technical writing is to create memorable texts, especially when they involve large amounts of interrelated information or complicated step-by-step procedures. Epic poetry traditionally employs poetic devices which aided the poet in recalling as many as 27,000 lines of verse. These devices include not only familiar features such as rhyme and meter, but higher-order patterns of organization called formulae and themes. Recent research shows that these features also enable readers to recall the material. This article explores how these poetic forms work to enhance memory, explores some contemporary research in cognition which has confirmed their mnemonic value, and suggests ways that technical writers may apply them in their work.
Neural recruitment associated with anomia treatment in aphasia

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the spatial distribution of cortical activity associated with anomia treatment in three persons with aphasia. Participants underwent three fMRI sessions before and after a period of intensive language treatment focused on object naming. The results revealed bilateral hemispheric recruitment associated with improved ability to name items targeted in treatment. This is the first study to employ multiple pre- and post-treatment fMRI sessions in the study of treatment-induced recovery from aphasia and has implications for future studies of brain plasticity in stroke.
Tubular systems of Limulus myocardial cells investigated by use of electron-opaque tracers and hypertonicity.

The transverse (T) tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of Limulus myocardium have been examined by infusing hearts with materials which either produce electron-opaque reaction products (horseradish peroxidase, cytochrome c) or which are inherently electron opaque (colloidal thorium dioxide and lanthanum hydroxide). The thick basal lamina of the heart cells is a barrier to the penetration of peroxidase and thorium dioxide. Cytochrome c infiltrates the heart poorly, its farthest penetration being evidenced by reactive sites in the walls of the T tubules. However, lanthanum hydroxide readily fills both intercellular spaces and transverse tubules. There is very close apposition of the SR with the sarcolemma and T tubules. However, there is no penetration of exogenous material into the lumina of the SR; that is, the SR is not continuous with the interstitial fluid space. Therefore, the tubular systems of this invertebrate myocardium are similar in this respect to those of mammalian ventricular muscle. In confirmation of this, whereas many of the T tubules swell, in hypertonic solution the SR shrinks from an average luminal diameter of 460 A to 320 A. An estimate of the fractional SR volume is 11%, which is considerably greater than values given for mammalian myocardial cells.
Elevation of cytosolic calcium of rat cardiac myocytes in phosphate depletion

Elevation of cytosolic calcium of rat cardiac myocytes in phosphate depletion. Phosphate depletion is associated with a rise in cytosolic calcium ([Ca 2+ ]i) of cells and such a derangement is responsible in major part for organ dysfunction in phosphate depletion (PD). Cardiac function is impaired in PD, and it is possible that PD is also associated with rise in [Ca 2+ ]i of cardiac myocytes. The present study examined the effect of PD on [Ca 2+ ]i of cardiac myocytes and explored the mechanisms that may lead to the rise in their [Ca 2+ ]i. The [Ca 2+ ]i of cardiac myocytes began to rise and ATP content began to fall at the third week of PD. After six weeks of PD, the values of [Ca 2+ ]i were significantly higher ( P P max of Ca 2+ -ATPase and Na + ,K + -ATPase as well as the Na + -Ca 2+ exchange were significantly lower ( P 2+ ]i of cardiac myocytes of PD rats is due to a decrease in calcium efflux out of them.
Effects of “Haematoporphyrin” on Adhesiveness and Aggregation of Rabbit Platelets

IN the course of investigations on the modification of tumour radiosensitivity by porphyrins1–4, we have found that haematoporphyrin (HP) decreases platelet adhesiveness to glass and platelet aggregation induced by adenosinc diphosphate (ADP). Recent reports have described micro-agglutination of erythrocytes5 and destructive changes in platelets6 produced by HP in the presence of light of wavelengths corresponding to absorption maxima of HP. The present observations, however, were made in the absence of such radiation.
Tissue imaging using optical projection tomographic microscopy

Conventional Optical Projection Tomography (OPT) can image tissue samples both in absorption and fluorescence mode. Absorption image can show the anatomical structure of the sample, while fluorescence mode can determine specific molecular distribution. The depth of focus (DOF) of the lens in conventional OPT needs to transverse the whole sample. As a result, resolution will be poor due to the low numerical aperture (NA) needed to generate large DOF. In conventional pathology, the specimens are embedded in wax and sliced into thin slices so that high NA objective lens can be used to image the sections. In this case, the high resolution is obtained by using high NA objective lens, but 3D images can be only obtained by stitching different sections together. Here, we propose a new method that can image entire specimen without sectioning with the same high resolution as the conventional pathology. To produce high resolution that is isotropic, the original OPTM system scans the focal plane of the high NA objective through the entire specimen to produce one projection image. Then the specimen is rotated so that the subsequent projection is taken at different perspective. After all the projections are taken, 3D images are generated by the filtered back-projection method. However, the scanning rate is limited by scanning objective lens due to the large mass of the lens. Here we show a new OPTM system that scans the mirror in the conjugate image space of the object to produce projections.
Helicases become mechanistically simpler and functionally more complex

Nucleic acid helicases have classically been defined as ATP-driven proteins or protein complexes that move directionally along DNA or RNA strands to unwind nucleic acid duplexes. More recently, it has been shown that helicases can also effectively displace bound proteins from their nucleic acid 'tracks.' Three recent papers add to our knowledge of molecular mechanisms on both of these fronts.
Language Delay and the Effect of Milieu Teaching on Children Born Cocaine Exposed: A Pilot Study

Children born prenatally exposed to cocaine are at-risk for poor developmental outcome, particularly in the domain of language development. The current pilot study was designed to examine feasibility and efficacy of a Milieu Teaching (MT) paradigm on the language development of children prenatally exposed to cocaine. Four children enrolled in an early intervention program were given 16 weeks of a MT language intervention, provided by an interventionist, and focused on the elicitation of both single and multi-spontaneous word production. Results indicated that from baseline to the end of the intervention, students made encouraging progress. This was demonstrated in both videotaped interactions and on the Receptive–Expressive Emergent Language Test (REEL). These results were particularly significant given results of previous cohorts on the REEL. Finally, discussion is presented concerning feasibility of MT and its true efficacy in children born prenatally exposed to cocaine.
CHINESE URBANIZATION, STATE POLICY, AND THE WORLD ECONOMY

People throughout much of the developing world flock to urban centers in search of jobs and a higher standard of living. In such rapidly urbanizing centers the supply of labor typically exceeds the available number of jobs leading to cities with enormous informal labor sectors massive poverty squatter settlements and shantytowns and many homeless people. China too has undergone rapid urbanization since 1949. However since 1960 the country has set itself apart from other developing countries by its comparatively lower growth rates in both the urban proportion and the absolute size of its urban population controlled and dispersed city establishment and successful population stabilization in large cities. Chinas unique urban pattern results from national policies designed to shape urban growth. This paper examines urbanization patterns in China over the past 40 years noting various changes and relating them to Chinas urban policy and its changing global relationships.
Antiferromagnetict riangular Ising model

Abstract We calculate the magnetic field dependent transition temperature of the triangular Ising lattice with nearest neighbor antiferromagnetic interactions employing renormalization group techniques. Our result agrees well with Monte Carlo calculations.
Terminal fragments of herpes simplex virus DNA produced by restriction endonuclease.

Abstract Digestion of HSV-1 DNA with λ 5′-exonuclease prior to digesting the DNA with the Eco R I restriction endonuclease specifically affects two of the fragments normally obtained after restriction endonuclease digestion. Therefore these two fragments contain the sequences which occur at the termini of HSV-1 DNA. One of the fragments affected is a “minor” fragment which is always present in less than molar yield. The possible relationship between the occurrence of minor Eco R I fragments and the partial refractoriness of HSV-1 DNA to λ 5′-exonuclease digestion is discussed.
Space: telescopes reveal the way forward.

Astronauts' skills should be saved for major work in exploring the origins of the Universe.
Transient Solution of a two-processor heterogeneous systems

A two-processor system heterogeneous with Poisson arrival of jobs having exponentially distributed execution times is considered. Here, the service rates of these processors are not identical. Each job requires exactly one processors for its execution and the scheduling policy is FCFS. When both the processors are idle, the faster processor is scheduled for service before the slower one. For this system, exact time-dependent system size probabilities are obtained using a suitable probability generating function. Finally, some important performance measures are also obtained.
Antinociceptive and selected physiological effects of morphine and xylazine on tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in llamas

Objective Evaluate antinociception, anesthesia, and recovery in llamas given tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) with either morphine, xylazine, morphine and xylazine, or saline. Study design Randomized crossover experimental study. Animals Six healthy, adult intact male llamas. Methods Llamas were given each of four treatments intramuscularly with a 1-week washout: TZ (2 mg kg−1) combined with either morphine (0.5 mg kg−1; M), xylazine (0.15 mg kg−1; X), morphine (0.5 mg kg−1) and xylazine (0.15mg kg−1) (MX), or saline (C). Llamas breathed room air during the experiment. Characteristics of anesthesia, recovery, and selected cardiopulmonary variables were recorded. Antinociception was assessed by clamping a claw at 5-minute intervals. Data were analyzed using a mixed-model anova and Tukey-Kramer test, and are expressed as least squares mean ± SEM. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results No llama in the control group demonstrated antinociception. Antinociception was longest with treatment MX, followed by treatments X and M, respectively. Heart rates in llamas given treatments X and MX were significantly lower than with other treatments. The respiratory rate in llamas given treatment C was greater (p < 0.05) than for all other treatments, however, the respiratory rate was not significantly different among treatments X, M and MX. The PaO2 for llamas given MX remained <60 mmHg throughout the 20 minute period of blood gas analysis. Mean arterial blood pressure in llamas in treatment MX was less than for treatments M or C. Conclusion and clinical relevance The combination of morphine (0.5 mg kg−1) and xylazine (0.15 mg kg−1) increased the duration of antinociception compared with xylazine alone, in TZ-anesthetized llamas. Treatments X, M and MX were associated with hypoxemia (PaO2 < 60 mmHg).
Reduced complexity compression algorithms for direct-write maskless lithography systems

Achieving the throughput of one wafer layer per minute with a direct-write maskless lithography system, using 22 nm pixels for 45 nm feature sizes, requires data rates of about 12 Tb/s. In our previous work, we developed a novel lossless compression technique specifically tailored to flattened, rasterized, layout data called Context-Copy-Combinatorial-Code (C4) which exceeds the compression efficiency of all other existing techniques including BZIP2, 2D-LZ, and LZ77, especially under limited decoder buffer size, as required for hardware implementation. In this paper, we present two variations of the C4 algorithm. The first variation, Block C4, lowers the encoding time of C4 by several orders of magnitude, concurrently with lowering the decoder complexity. The second variation which involves replacing hierarchical combinatorial coding part of C4 with Golomb run-length coding, significantly reduces the decoder power and area as compared to Block C4. We refer to this algorithm as Block Golomb Context Copy Code (Block GC3). We present the detailed functional block diagrams of Block C4 and Block GC3 decoders along with their hardware performance estimates as the first step of implementing the writer chip for maskless lithography.