cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity and Social Behaviors of Urban Children in Green Playgrounds

Introduction Nature exposure is associated with many wellbeing benefits. However, the influence of green space on the physical activity and social behaviors of children is not completely understood. The purpose of the study was to complete a stepwise impact evaluation of a large-scale playground greening project at a Title 1 elementary school in Los Angeles, California. Methods Physical activity and social interaction data were collected with direct observation and accelerometers pre-, immediately post-, and 4 months post-greening at control (students enrolled=393) and experimental (students enrolled=538) locations from 2016 to 2017. Effects of relevant variables on recess behavior were analyzed with linear mixed models in 2018. Results Zone popularity and recess behaviors did not change for control students during the study (p>0.05). Areas replaced by green space became the most popular for experimental students who transitioned from traditional playground games/sports to tag/chasing, gymnastics, climbing/jumping, and creative play. The percentage of students observed as sedentary decreased by 10.0% (95% CI=4.9%, 15.0%) at 4 months, p=0.003. Vigorous activity participation increased pre to post at the individual (48.5%, 95% CI=29.1%, 67.9%, p Conclusions Results suggest that adding green space to asphalt-covered schoolyards helps expose children to nature, increases daily activity levels, and promotes social wellbeing in sex- and age-dependent ways.
Work & Play: The Finger Plays of Edith Goodyear Alger

The desire to make learning fun clearly motivates Edith Goodyear Alger’s two poetry pieces, “Finger Play” and “Monday.” A masterful blend of poetry and visual art produced in collaboration with illustrator Albertine Randall Wheelan and published in St. Nicholas Magazine in 1895, these poems are as edifying as they are entertaining. The lines of simple poetry show children that the chore of washing clothes can be framed as a game, while the lively illustrations of gestures for children to perform while they read, termed finger plays, cultivate imagination by encouraging children to see the “little space ‘twixt fingers & thumbs” as a penny or a cookie.
A controller for walking derived from how humans recover from perturbations.

Humans can walk without falling despite some external perturbations, but the control mechanisms by which this stability is achieved have not been fully characterized. While numerous walking simulat...
Support for a Three-Item Questionnaire Prior to Spinal Surgery: A Health-Related Quality of Life Outcome Study.

Objective Elective lumbar and cervical operations are becoming more common in the United States. Additionally, there is a movement in the literature and clinical practice to discover short versions of longer measures as a way to anticipate an outcome. This study aims to provide neurosurgeons in practice with a three-item questionnaire that can guide referrals to psychological services presurgery. Ultimately, results could lead to an improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) postspinal surgery. Methods This quantitative-descriptive, survey-based design with a retrospective chart review component followed 47 patients at baseline ( N = 47), 3 months ( N = 20), 6 months ( N = 31), and 1 year ( N = 19). A single item from the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, the Survey of Pain Attitudes, and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia were utilized in the three-item questionnaire as a baseline measure. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global Health measured HRQoL outcome at all time points. A linear regression model was conducted to predict mental health QoL postspinal surgery. Results This measure can predict mental health QoL outcomes up to 3-month postsurgery. Six-month and 1-year follow-ups are statistically inconclusive. Conclusion Individuals who are undergoing spinal surgery show lower mental health QoL outcome at baseline and 3-month postsurgery when responses on a three-item questionnaire are elevated. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
The Applicability of a Drop Penetration Method to Measure Contact Angles on TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles.

In this study, six solvents (water, diiodomethane, bromonaphthalene, formamide, ethanol and ethylene glycol) were examined for three nanoparticle substrates, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide (21 nm and 100 nm), with the goal of assessing the suitability of a modified drop penetration method (DPM) for orders of magnitude smaller particles. Nanoparticles were compressed into flat discs and the solvent dropped on the surface while the image with time was recorded. Contact angles were in reasonable agreement with literature over the range of 20–80°, but failed to provide acceptable results for surface energy components. It was necessary to eliminate certain solvents and substrates not meeting the selection criteria.
Predicting the stability of homotrimeric and heterotrimeric collagen helices

Robust methods for predicting thermal stabilities of collagen triple helices are critical for understanding natural structure and stability in the collagen family of proteins and also for designing synthetic peptides mimicking these essential proteins. In this work, we determine the relative stability imparted on the collagen triple helix by single amino acids and interactions between amino acid pairs. Using this analysis, we create a comprehensive algorithm, SCEPTTr, for predicting melting temperatures of synthetic triple helices. Critically, our algorithm is compatible with every natural amino acid, can evaluate both homotrimers and heterotrimers, and accounts for all possible helix compositions and registers, including non-canonically staggered helices. We test and optimize our algorithm against 431 published collagen triple helices to demonstrate the quality of our predictive system. Finally, we use this algorithm to successfully guide the design of an ABC heterotrimer possessing high assembly specificity.
Saliva and nasopharyngeal samples have similar sensitivity for detecting SARS-CoV-2.

SOURCE CITATION: Bastos ML, Perlman-Arrow S, Menzies D, Campbell JR. The sensitivity and costs of testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection with saliva versus nasopharyngeal swabs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174:501-10. 33428446.
Network-Layer Trust in Named-Data Networking

In contrast to today's IP-based host-oriented Internet architecture, Information-Centric Networking (ICN) emphasizes content by making it directly addressable and routable. Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture is an instance of ICN that is being developed as a candidate next-generation Internet architecture. By opportunistically caching content within the network, NDN appears to be well-suited for large-scale content distribution and for meeting the needs of increasingly mobile and bandwidth-hungry applications that dominate today's Internet.One key feature of NDN is the requirement for each content object to be digitally signed by its producer. Thus, NDN should be, in principle, immune to distributing fake (aka "poisoned") content. However, in practice, this poses two challenges for detecting fake content in NDN routers: (1) overhead due to signature verification and certificate chain traversal, and (2) lack of trust context, i.e., determining which public keys are trusted to verify which content. Because of these issues, NDN does not force routers to verify content signatures, which makes the architecture susceptible to content poisoning attacks.This paper explores root causes of, and some cures for, content poisoning attacks in NDN. In the process, it becomes apparent that meaningful mitigation of content poisoning is contingent upon a network-layer trust management architecture, elements of which we construct, while carefully justifying specific design choices. This work represents the initial effort towards comprehensive trust management for NDN.
Determining Social Needs for Pediatric Patients in a Sioux Falls Pediatric Clinic.

INTRODUCTION Social adversities such as financial insecurity, poor access to healthcare, shortage of food, and housing concerns can significantly impact health, especially for pediatric patients. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that pediatricians address social risks and provide interventions. This is a study where a social needs assessment screening tool was implemented at a general pediatrics clinic in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, to determine the needs of patients in the community with secondary outcomes evaluating ethnic differences in social needs. METHODS Caregivers of pediatric patients being seen for a well-child examination were asked to participate by completing a social needs assessment form. If social needs were indicated, the clinic's health coach or the integrative health therapist contacted families to address the social need with resources available in the community. RESULTS Caregivers completed 240 forms. Sixty-eight (31 percent) of caregivers had at least one need, house utilities being the most common followed by childcare. Total number of needs was significantly affected by race and insurance status with more needs identified in American Indian and Black ethnicities and those with public insurance. CONCLUSIONS This was a successful implementation of a social needs assessment tool at a General Pediatric clinic. Further development and implementation of screening tools is necessary to continue to determine social needs of patients.
Choriomeningitis and Myocarditis in an Adolescent with Isolation of Coxsackie B-5 Virus

A clinical syndrome of gastroenteritis in an 11-year-old patient, followed five weeks later by intense headache and sudden, unexpected death, is reported. At autopsy, significant structural abnormalities consisted of the presence of inflammatory infiltrates confined to the myocardium, the choroid plexuses, and the leptomeninges. Unfixed portions of lower medulla oblongata and upper cervical spinal cord were obtained within six hours of the patient's death, and from these tissues Coxsackie B-5 virus was isolated in monolayer tissue cultures. The significance of this viral isolation and the rarity with which this syndrome occurs, as a fatal one, are discussed.
Existence of coherent systems of rank two and dimension four

We show that the moduli space of coherent systems of rank two and dimension four on a generic curve of genus at least two is non-empty for any value of the parameter when the Brill-Noether number is at least one and the degree is odd or when the Brill-Noether number is at least five and the degree is even. In all these cases there is one component of the moduli space of coherent systems of the expected dimension. The case of rank two and dimension four is particularly relevant as it is the first case that cannot be treated by reduction to smaller rank or dimension.
Tunneling characteristics of an electron-hole trilayer in a parallel magnetic field

We have studied the tunneling properties of GaSb/AlSb/InAs/AlSb/GaSb heterostructures, in which electrons and holes accumulate in the InAs and GaSb regions, respectively, under a magnetic field parallel to the interfaces. The low-temperature $(T=4.2\mathrm{K}),$ zero-bias magnetoconductance has shown a behavior with field that evidences the two-dimensional character of both electrons and holes and that has allowed us to determine the hole density and the electron-hole separation. The observed field dependence of the current-voltage characteristics is explained by the relative change in parallel momentum of electrons and holes induced by the field.
Attitudes Acquired by Trainees Through Balint Seminars

This short feature article evaluates the attitudes acquired by trainees who attend Balint seminars
La reforma del sistema de salud de los Estados Unidos de América

The United States of America passed early this year the bill enforcing their health reform. This reform aims at achieving universal insurance, cost containment and improving quality of care. The debate around this reform has been long and unable to arrive to an agreement between the parts. Even if the expansion in the medical coverage system does not reduce to zero the current degree of inaccessibility to the health system, these achievements could be considered a very important first step. Nonetheless, chances are that this reform will continue being as polemic as the negotiations previous to its conception.
METHODS FOR PREDICTING URBAN DRAINAGE COSTS

Examination of over 100 small urban drainage systems reveals that investment in conventional drainage systems depends upon design factors and physical characteristics of the drainage area. The average slope of the drainage area, smallest diameter of pipe, number of inlets and manholes, storm frequency, runoff coefficient, total capacity, and total developed area are the most significant cost components. Regression, multivariant, and nonlinear techniques are used to explain differences in design methods and to develop cost prediction equations for various levels of design. Such prediction models will enable agencies such as the Federal Housing Administration and municipal and regional planning commissions, as well as engineering offices, to judge the cost of design alternatives rapidly and reasonably accurately.
Chemical pathways of peptide degradation. X: effect of metal-catalyzed oxidation on the solution structure of a histidine-containing peptide fragment of human relaxin.

Purpose. To elucidate the major degradation products of the metal-catalyzedoxidation of (cyclo S-S) AcCys-Ala-X-Val-Gly-CysNH2(X = His, cyclic-His peptide), which is a fragment of the proteinrelaxin, and the effect of this oxidation on its solution structure.
Alteration of paleosols after burial

Part of the problem with unraveling the alteration of paleosols after burial is clarifying the terminology for these changes. Diagenesis is the term used in studies of sedimentary petrology to describe alteration after deposition. Diagenesis thus includes soil formation, which on Earth occurs at 1 bar pressure and temperatures from 84 to –88°C (Kimmins 1987). Additional changes after burial pass into what would be called metamorphic alteration at temperatures of 200°C or above (Fig. 7.1). Because of the natural gradient of increased temperature downward in the Earth’s crust, there is a practical pressure limit to diagenetic alteration of less than 7 kbar lithostatic pressure, which is found at depths of about 25 km within the crust. Metamorphic alteration proceeds at more extreme temperatures and pressures where new mineral assemblages form at the expense of the old ones and rock structure is reconstituted by the growth of new crystals. Destruction of primary features of soils and imposition of metamorphic foliation, schistosity, and crystalline texture limit the interpretation of paleosols. However, many diagnostic features of paleosols such as root traces, soil horizons, and soil structure survive such changes. These structures have been found in paleosols metamorphosed to zeolite, prehnite-pumpellyite, and lower greenschist facies (Retallack, 1979, 1985). With greater metamorphic alteration, the only remaining indication of a paleosol may be a highly aluminous bulk composition and a mineralogy dominated by kyanite, sillimanite, garnet, or corundum (Reimer 1986, Barrientos & Selverstone 1987).
Rates of Transformation of Methyl Parathion and Diethyl Phthalate by Aufwuchs Microorganisms

Using batch cultures, we determined transformation rates for low concentrations of two toxicants-an insecticide, methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate), and a plasticizer, diethyl phthalate-by aufwuchs, aquatic microbial growth attached to submerged surfaces or suspended in streamers or mats. Aufwuchs samples were collected from field sites, an indoor channel, and a continuous-flow fermentor. Aufwuchs fungi, protozoa, and algae did not transform methyl parathion or diethyl phthalate, but bacteria rapidly transformed both chemicals. Second-order transformation rate coefficients, K(b), based on total plate counts of bacteria in aufwuchs, were determined for potential use in a mathematical model capable of predicting the transport and fate of chemicals in aquatic systems. K(b) for both methyl parathion and diethyl phthalate decreased as the concentration of total bacteria, [B], increased in aufwuchs. This effect resulted from the proportion of nontransformer to transformer bacteria increasing as [B] increased and from the rate of transformation per transformer cell decreasing as [B] increased. First-order transformation rate coefficients, K(1), were relatively stable per unit of surface area colonized by aufwuchs, because K(b) decreased as [B] increased (K(1) = K(b) x [B]).
Destruction of the endometrium by cryosurgery.

Abstract Eleven patients with dysfunctional uterine bleeding had cryosurgery of the endometrium. Nitrous oxide was used as the cooling agent. Complete histologic ablation of the endometrium was produced in 3 patients. In the remaining women, there were isolated fragments of endometrium in the uterine fundus and cornual regions with homogenous destruction of the endometrium in the corpus and lower uterine segment. None of these patients demonstrated evidence of hemoatometra or pyometra following cryosurgery.
Nuclear electric propulsion for planetary science missions: NASA technology program planning

This paper presents the status of technology program planning to achieve readiness of Nuclear Electric Propulsion technologies needed to meet the advanced propulsion system requirements for planetary science missions in the next century. The technology program planning is based upon technologies of significant maturity: ion electric propulsion and the SP‐100 space nulcear power technologies. Detailed plans are presented herein for the required ion electric propulsion technology development and demonstration. Closer coordination between space nuclear power and space electric propulsion technology programs is a necessity as technology plans are being further refined in light of NEP concept definition and possible early NEP flight activities.
The regulation of gluconeogenesis. The effect of pent-4-enoic acid on gluconeogenesis and on the gluconeogenic metabolite concentrations of isolated perfused rat liver

Abstract The mechanism of inhibition of gluconeogenesis by pent-4-enoic acid was studied in isolated perfused rat livers. One millimolar pent-4-enoic acid decreased gluconeogenesis from alanine by 80% and ketogenesis from linoleate by 95% and markedly increased the concentration of the gluconeogenic intermediates from lactate to 3-phosphoglycerate and decreased the concentrations of the intermediates from d-glyceraldehyde-P to glucose-6-P. This was associated with a marked decrease in the tissue lactate-pyruvate ratio and only a 20% decrease in the ATP concentration. These data suggest that gluconeogenesis was inhibited at glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, probably as a result of decreased NADH generation from fatty acid oxidation. Another point of inhibition was present at pyruvate carboxylase, as indicated by the excessive elevation of the tissue pyruvate concentrations and by the marked decrease of the acetyl-CoA concentrations. The inhibition at pyruvate carboxylase was, however, not rate-limiting. When 8.0 mm ethanol was added after 10 min of prior perfusion with 1.0 mm pentenoic acid, ketone body production remained inhibited while gluconeogenesis from alanine was restored. It was thus possible to maintain relatively normal rates of gluconeogenesis from alanine in spite of almost complete inhibition of long chain fatty acid oxidation. Under these conditions the return toward normal of the lactate-pyruvate ratio showed that ethanol metabolism provided sufficient NADH for restoration of gluconeogenesis. When 8.0 mm ethanol was added after prior perfusion with 1.0 mm pentenoic acid for more than 10 min, the inhibition at glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase was still reversed, but gluconeogenesis remained inhibited because of inhibition at pyruvate carboxylase because of the decreased acetyl-CoA concentration. In experiments in which ethanol was added after a period of prior perfusion with pentenoic acid, the rate-limiting step for gluconeogenesis appeared to be at pyruvate carboxylase. Since varying rates of gluconeogenesis were obtained depending on the period of prior perfusion with pentenoic acid, it was possible to correlate the rate of gluconeogenesis with the tissue acetyl-CoA concentration. A sigmoidal relationship was obtained with an apparent activation constant for acetyl-CoA of 1.8 x 10-5 m, which agrees well with the value obtained for rat liver pyruvate carboxylase.
Experimental Demonstration of Guiding and Bending of Electromagnetic Waves in a Photonic Crystal

The routing and interconnection of optical signals through narrow channels and around sharp corners are important for large-scale all-optical circuit applications. A recent computational result suggests that photonic crystals may offer a novel way of achieving this goal by providing a mechanism for guiding light that is fundamentally different from traditional index guiding. Waveguiding in a photonic crystal and near 100 percent transmission of electromagnetic waves around sharp 90 degree corners were observed experimentally. Bending radii were made smaller than one wavelength.
Neocortex and hippocampus contain distinct distributions of calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II and GAP43 mRNA

Calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II and GAP43 are two molecules which have been linked to synaptic plasticity. Localization of mRNA for these molecules identifies the neuronal populations which have the potential to utilize these mechanisms. General descriptions for calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II or GAP43 mRNA have been previously reported. In light of recent evidence that suggests that at some sites these two molecules may interact, we sought to determine the cortical distribution in detail, and to examine the extent of overlap between neuronal populations containing each mRNA. To this end we have used in situ hybridization techniques to study the distribution of calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II and GAP43 mRNA in adjacent sections of adult rat forebrain. Overall, the distribution patterns were distinct but partially overlapping. For both calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II and GAP43, mRNA levels were highest in hippocampus, allo- and neocortex, compared to moderate to low levels in striatum and thalamic nuclei. Within the heavily labeled regions certain populations expressed both calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II and GAP43 mRNA at high levels, while other populations were selective for calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II. In the hippocampus, the stratum pyramidale of CA1-3 expressed high levels of both calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II and GAP43 mRNA. Granule cells of the fascia dentata and the stratum radiatum of CA3 both contained moderate to high levels of calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II mRNA, but near background levels of GAP43 mRNA label. Within the neocortex, deep layers were distinguished from superficial layers by their lack of calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II mRNA expression within the neuropil, and the presence of GAP43 mRNA in neurons located in layer V and the deepest part of layer VI. Thus, layer V and deep layer VI neurons showed high levels of label for both GAP43 and calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II mRNA, while neurons of superficial layers contained only calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II mRNA. These markers differentiate neuronal populations which can also be distinguished on the basis of their ability to undergo specific forms of synaptic plasticity. These different forms of plasticity may be due in part to the laminar-specific patterns of GAP43 and calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II mRNA that we have described.
A framework for analyzing food subsidies

Abstract Budgetary pressures and foreign exchange scarcities are increasingly forcing countries to review the costs and benefits of food subsidy programs. This paper is intended to help policymakers to assess alternative food subsidy policies and to draw out their more important implications. A number of alternative policies are analyzed, including both rationing and market-clearing schemes. These schemes are assessed according to (1) their effectiveness in restricting program benefits to the most nutritionally at-risk segment of the population, (2) their effect on the level and composition of demand for other goods, particularly imports, (3) consequences for domestic agricultural price, and (4) the long-run implications of economic growth for the size of the subsidy bill. The conclusions highlight the importance of the demand characteristics of the subsidized good.
All Things Cultured: An Analysis of Popular Culture Coverage on National Public Radio's All Things Considered

National Public Radio's flagship news program All Things Considered has long been known for its sophisticated style of political and cultural news coverage. In past years the program has increased the number and types of popular culture stories covered to reflect the changing interests of listeners. This content analysis found that coverage of popular culture significantly increased in relation to the more traditional “high” culture stories, such as opera and art. The results suggest that All Things Considered is working to bring more popular culture coverage to the program while not losing focus on its traditional style of news coverage.
Effect of a Stress Management Class: One Year Later

(1984). Effect of a Stress Management Class: One Year Later. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 82-85.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma: results of a standardized surgical approach in a contemporary series of 80 consecutive patients

Abstract Background The surgical management and follow-up strategy in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) remain controversial because of the lack of data on the natural history of these tumors and their patterns of progression. Methods We reviewed the records of all patients who underwent a cervical operation for MTC between 1991 and 2002. Compartment-oriented surgery (COS) was performed to minimize the risk of cervical recurrence. Results We identified 92 consecutive patients who underwent a cervical operation for MTC: 80 had invasive MTC, and 12 had C-cell hyperplasia after prophylactic thyroidectomy for familial MTC. Ten (13%) of the 80 patients with invasive MTC presented with distant metastases and underwent COS to achieve local-regional control; cervical recurrence developed in none, but three have died of MTC. The remaining 70 patients underwent COS for primary (n = 23) or recurrent (n = 47) MTC. Disease recurred in 18 (26%) of these 70 patients at a median follow-up of 35 months, with 10 (14%) of the recurrences being cervical. Recurrent disease was associated with a basal calcitonin level of >250 pg/mL in all but four patients, two of whom showed tumor dedifferentiation. In contrast, only 5 (11%) patients without evidence of recurrence had basal calcitonin levels of >250 pg/mL at last follow-up. Conclusions Complete COS minimizes cervical recurrence. Radiographic evidence of recurrent disease is unlikely when the calcitonin level is ≤250 pg/mL. These data could be used to develop a logical, cost-effective treatment and follow-up strategy for patients with MTC.
Quark recombination amplitudes and the decays of charmed mesons

Abstract We present an ansatz for calculating quark recombination amplitudes in the decay of charmed pseudoscalar mesons. We calculate the decay widths and branching ratios of several exclusive modes of D0, D+ and F+ decays using the free quark model with appropriate enhancement factors from QCD.
Calculation of thermal expansion coefficient of glasses

Abstract Thermal expansion of oxide glasses has been theoretically studied to derive an equation for the calculation of the thermal expansion coefficient of glass from chemical composition. Gruneisen's constant may be correlated with packing density and a ratio of cation-to-anion radius and, considering the packing density and dissociation energy per unit volume, a semi emprical equation was derived. The agreement between observed and calculated values was satisfactory over 150 glasses of the binary, ternary and quarternary systems.
A Survey of High-Latitude Molecular Gas in the Northern Galactic Hemisphere

We surveyed the northern Galactic hemisphere (NGH) at b ≥ 30° in the CO (1-0) emission line to determine the surface filling factor of molecular gas at high Galactic latitudes and to search for heretofore unknown molecular clouds. The NGH was sampled on a locally Cartesian grid with 1° (true-angle) spacing in Galactic longitude and latitude. Of the 11,478 points in our grid, we observed all 10,562 positions that rise to an elevation above 30° in Cambridge, MA, the site of the 1.2 m millimeter-wave telescope that was used for the survey. Only 26 lines of sight showed CO emission. Monte Carlo simulations based on our sampling grid and with cloud sizes, in a uniform distribution, ranging from 0 to 2 deg2 suggest that the survey is ~70% complete. Power-law distributions yield fractional completenesses that are typically a factor of 2 lower. The surface filling factor, corrected for the incompleteness of our sampling grid, is 0.004-0.008, depending on which cloud size distribution is used. These values are substantially lower than what is found in the southern Galactic hemisphere at b ≤ -30°. Adopting as the CO to H2 conversion ratio NH2/WCO = 2.5 × 1020 cm-2 (K km s-1)-1, the mass surface density of molecular gas in the north ranges from 0.015 ± 0.009 to 0.035 ± 0.020 M☉ pc-2. With the exception of four fairly significant aggregations of clouds (the complexes associated with the Polaris flare, Ursa Major, Draco, and L134), and a handful of isolated cloudlets, the northern Galactic hemisphere at b ≥ 30° is found to be largely free of molecular gas.
Progression of low-grade dysplasia in ulcerative colitis: effect of colonic location

Background Emerging evidence suggests that the biology of sporadic colorectal neoplasia may differ between the proximal and distal colon. Whether such a difference exists in colitis-associated colorectal neoplasia is unknown. Objective To compare the rate of progression to advanced neoplasia (AN) between proximal and distal dysplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary medical center. Patients From an institutional database of more than 700 patients with UC who underwent 2 or more surveillance colonoscopies between 1994 and 2006, we identified patients with extensive UC and low-grade dysplasia (LGD). Neoplasia proximal to the splenic flexure was considered proximal. Main Outcome Measurement Progression to AN, defined as high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or colorectal cancer (CRC). Results Among 121 patients with LGD, all 7 who progressed to CRC and 6 of 8 who progressed to HGD had distal LGD initially. Subjects with distal LGD had a significantly shorter time to progression than those with proximal LGD ( P = .019); 5-year AN-free survivals for distal and proximal LGD were 75 ± 7% and 95 ± 3%, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] 5.0; 95% CI, 1.1-22.0). Additionally, flat LGD was significantly more likely to progress than raised LGD on univariate testing (HR 3.6; 95% CI, 1.3-10.1). Neither morphology nor sidedness remained significant in multivariable testing, although there was little change in the HRs (HR 2.4; 95% CI, 0.8-7.1 for morphology; HR 3.5; 95% CI, 0.7-16.8 for sidedness) in proportional hazards modeling. Limitations Nonrandomized, retrospective trial and low incidence of AN. Conclusions In patients with long-standing, extensive UC, distal LGD is more common and progresses more rapidly to AN than proximal LGD.
Rounding and Truncation in Radix (&#8722;2) Systems

Examination of rounding and truncation errors in radix (−2) systems establishes the following facts: 1) truncation error is 33 percent lower than in the positive radix case. 2) There is no 1-bit rounding algorithm. 3) The error bound of the standard (1-bit) positive radix rounding algorithm can be approached asymptotically by using more than one of the discarded bits. For N bits, this error bound is multiplied by 1 + (3. 2N−l)−1.
SU‐FF‐T‐78: Analysis of Setup Accuracy for Invasive Frame‐Based Stereotatic Radiosurgery (SRS) Patients Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)

Purpose: To evaluate the setup accuracy of invasive frame‐based stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS) patients using cone‐beam computed tomography(CBCT).Method and Materials: Each patient participating in this institutional‐approved prospective protocol was immobilized with a Brown‐Roberts‐Wells (BRW) frame and scanned on a CT simulator for treatment planning (2mm slice thickness). The patient was transferred to the treatment room and setup to the BRW coordinates of the planning isocenter. Before treatment was delivered, the patient was CBCT scanned with the CT localizer attached to the BRW frame. A CBCT scan of a BB at the treatment isocenter was also acquired to evaluate the apparatus accuracy of the BRW frame system. Systematic shifts between CBCT and treatment isocenters were measured independently from an orthogonal pair of projection images of a BB at the treatment isocenter, and were used to identify the treatment isocenter in the patient CBCT scan. BRW coordinates of the treatment isocenter of the patient scan were compared with the planning BRW coordinates to evaluate the localization accuracy. The patient CBCT scan was then co‐registered with simulation CT to determine the setup accuracy. Results: Three patients were successfully recruited to date. The average apparatus accuracy (Euclidean distance between the BRW coordinates of the planning isocenter and the BB) was 0.46±0.39 mm (mean ± one standard deviation). The average localization accuracy was 0.88±0.18 mm. The total setup accuracy of the invasive SRS frame was 1.63±1.39 mm with major sources of error in the superior‐inferior (0.43±2.18 mm) and anterior‐posterior (0.33±0.79 mm) directions. Conclusion: The apparatus error generated by the BRW frame system was comparable to earlier reports. Although the localization accuracy for patient treatment was slightly worse, significant setup errors were observed due to patient sag. Volumetric CBCT scan was therefore recommended even for invasive frame‐based SRS to correct this problem.
Histo-physiological effects of cortisone on rat pituitary and thyroid.

THE present investigation was undertaken to ascertain the effects of cortisone treatment on the cellular composition of the rat adenohypophysis. In view of recent evidence for the influence of adrenal cortical steroids on the thyroid, the latter organ was also examined morphologically and its functional state was assessed by determining plasma and thyroid protein-bound iodine (PBI). MATERIALS AND METHODS One shipment of young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was used in this study. In one experiment 12 rats received daily injections of 5 mg. cortisone acetate2 for 20 days. They were given ground Purina Laboratory Chow and tap water ad libitum. Since recent observations (Halmi, 1952 b) indicated that a rigid quantitative and qualitative control of the food intake of rats used in pituitary and thyroid studies is made necessary by the potential goitrogenicity of commercial regimens, each experimental animal was matched with an uninjected control which was pair-fed the same batch of diet.
DRESS syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura: are they related?

A middle-aged man diagnosed with a drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptom (DRESS) syndrome, secondary to phenytoin use, subsequently developed thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura. The patient improved with steroids and plasmapheresis. Their diagnosis can be challenging, and an early recognition and treatment are critical owing to their high mortality rates. Both diseases are thought to be of an autoimmune origin, and a potential relationship between them led to the consideration of the DRESS syndrome as an aetiology for thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura in this case. We concluded that two possibilities exist: some type of antibody developed during the clinical presentation of DRESS syndrome and subsequently resulted in an inhibition of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type-1 motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13) leading to thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura, or perhaps this patient9s autoimmune predisposition to thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura contributed to the drug reaction.
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor expressed in MDCK cells transcytoses IgA.

Abstract We expressed cDNA for the rabbit polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in polarized Madin-Darby Canine Kidney epithelial cells, which normally do not produce this receptor. The receptor appeared to function as in vivo; dimeric IgA was transported from the basolateral to the apical surface and released into the apical medium, together with the cleaved fragment of the receptor, known as secretory component. This system enabled us, for the first time, to study quantitatively IgA transcytosis in vitro and thus make the following observations. First, >90% of the newly made receptor that is ultimately cleaved to secretory component and released into the apical medium goes first to the basolateral surface. Second, transport of the receptor does not depend on ligand binding. Third, transcytosis of bound ligand has a t12 of 30 min.
The Joy of Theory

This talk is meant to be a celebration of theoreticians, thier achievements, and thier unique style, drawing to a large extent on examples from this volume.Theoretical Computer Science has largely succeeded in its core mission, that is, improving a rigorous and productive foundational understanding of the power and limitations of the von Neumann computer and its software. And in the past few years it has strived to extend its reach to the Internet and the worldwide web, the central computational artifact of our times.But theoreticians have achieved much more than this. Our community has identified P vs. NP, arguably the deepest and most important mathematical question of our time -- and it is leading the assault on it. In addition we are developing "algorithmic mirrors" through which other sciences (notably Physics and Biology, with Economics and other Social Sciences soon to join) rediscover, fruitfully, themselves. And we have furthered and influenced crucially Combinatorics and Logic, the important mathematical fields from which we have drawn methodologically. The newfound respectability and prestige of our parent field, Computer Science, owes much to these achievements.Theoreticians comprise a microcosm with wonderful characteristics: Great scientific, social, and intellectual openness; responsibility and mutual respect, but also healthy doses of irreverence, mistrust of the establishment, willingness to experiment, and self-critical spirit; and a strong sense of an international community that is remarkably cohesive and tightly knit while celebrating the diversity of its people, of their backgrounds, and of their scientific interests and approaches.We have also developed a fascinating, complex esthetic of our work based on mathematical elegance and depth, relevance and fashion, timeliness and competition -- but also on playfulness and humor. Our esthetic has served us well: Some of our most important results were derived by long chains of contributions, each seemingly guided to a large extent by such esthetic considerations. In fact, this esthetic extends delightfully to the exposition of our work, as evidenced by the unique genre of scientific prose known as "FOCS/STOC abstract".
Hooking Mortality of Bait-Caught Rainbow Trout in an Idaho Trout Stream and a Hatchery: Implications for Special-Regulation Management

Abstract Mortality of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss caught and released by anglers using number 8 worm-baited hooks was investigated during 1990–1991 at the Hagerman (Idaho) State Fish Hatchery and within a 2-km segment of Badger Creek, Idaho. Cutting the line on deep-hooked rainbow trout reduced postrelease mortality by 36% in the hatchery and 58% in the wild during observations of 60 and 29–34 d, respectively. Seventy-four percent of hatchery rainbow trout and 60% of wild rainbow trout that had been hooked deeply and released by cutting the line shed hooks during the same periods. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in condition factors among surviving control, light-hooked, and deep-hooked hatchery rainbow trout. Seventeen percent of 281 wild rainbow trout on Badger Creek were hooked in the gills or esophagus. Overall, hooking mortality was estimated to be 16% for wild rainbow trout. No significant differences in the incidence of deep hooking were observed between small (<200 mm total ...
Empyema thoracis. Factors influencing morbidity and mortality.

The effects of delay in surgical treatment and the choice of operation on morbidity associated with empyema thoracis were evaluated in 122 consecutive patients. Patients (71 from a private practice and 51 from an inner-city trauma/indigent care facility) eligible for study were divided into treatment groups of chest tube only (CT = 39) and open drainage (OD = 19), or decortication (DC = 65). Delay in treatment was defined as greater than 3 days from recognition of empyema to CT and greater than 14 days to OD or DC when chest tubes were inadequate or were not used initially. Delay in OD significantly increased total illness (p = 0.023), days until removal of chest tubes (p = 0.037), and hospital stay (p = .048), but did not affect postoperative stay. Delay in DC increased total illness (p = 0.0001), but did not affect other variables. Delay in CT increased mortality from 3.4 percent to 16 percent. Delay did not increase mortality in OD and DC. DC was superior to OD in patients requiring major operation in total illness days (DC = 36.1 vs OD = 106.1) (p = 0.0005), days until removal of tubes (DC = 7.5 vs OD = 78.3) (p = 0.0001), and postoperative stay (DC = 11.6 vs OD = 17.3) (p = 0.018). Overall mortality was lowest in the DC group (6.1 percent). Delay in treatment increases morbidity and DC is more effective than OD in reducing morbidity and mortality when surgical intervention is necessary.
The Buros Tradition and the Counseling Profession

The Buros Institute has promoted a scientist-practitioner philosophy of test use. This philosophy is incorporated into the objectives set forth in The Nineteen Forty Mental Measurements Yearbook (Buros, 1941) and may be considered the Buros tradition. The services provided by the Institute and the scientist-practitioner values embodied in the tradition have benefited the counseling profession greatly.
Covered stents in the treatment of aortic coarctation.

Coarctation of the aorta can be managed in different ways depending upon the age of presentation, anatomical details of the coarctation, the aortic arch anatomy, and whether the coarctation is native or a recurrence following surgery. In infants, surgery is the preferred treatment of choice, whereas in older children and adults, percutaneous procedures, such as balloon angioplasty or stent implantation, are becoming increasingly popular methods for treating coarctation. Various types of stents have been used and this paper specifically addresses the use of covered or graft Jomed stents in a small group of patients with coarctation. (J Interven Cardiol 2001;14:187–190)
Rumen Bypass of Protein Through Suckling of Liquids by Lactating Heifers

Abstract Holstein heifers (22 mo) were trained to suckle from a nipple pail through prolonged withdrawal of water from their rations. After 2 to 3 wk the suckling habit was firmly established, and most of the heifers would accept readily the nipple. Bypass of liquid was confirmed by rapid and large increases in blood glucose in trained heifers after suckling a test solution of 500 g glucose, whereas there was little rise in heifers with glucose placed directly into the rumen. When heifers suckled slowly, bypass was less efficient as evidenced by flat tolerance curves for glucose. In heifers that suckled readily, mean blood glucose was over 30 mg/100 ml higher at 2 than at 0 h after suckling. In a reversal trial, six heifers in early lactation suckled 17% (or 321 g) of their protein intake as whole milk or received a like quantity of casein mixed in their concentrate. Milk yields and protein content of milk were raised slightly by suckling, but milk protein production was increased significantly. Efficiency of conversion of suckled protein to milk protein was estimated between 35 and 63%.
A compact, inexpensive infrared laser system for continuous-wave optical stimulation of the rat prostate cavernous nerves

ABSTRACT Optical nerve stimulation (ONS) has been commonly performed in the laboratory using high-power, pulsed, infrared (IR) lasers including Holmium:YAG, diode, and Thulium fiber lasers. However, the relatively high cost of these lasers in comparison with conventional electrical nerve stimulation (ENS) equipment may represent a significant barrier to widespread adoption of ONS. Optical stimulation of the prostate cavernous nerves (CNs) has recently been reported using lower cost, continuous-wave (CW), all-fiber-based diode lasers. This preliminary study describes further miniaturization and cost reduction of the ONS system in the form of a compact, lightweight, cordless, and inexpensive IR laser. A 140-mW, 1560-nm diode laser was integrated with a green aiming beam and delivery optics into a compact ONS syst em. Surface and subsurface ONS was performed in a total of 5 rats, in vivo , with measurement of an intracavernous pressure (ICP) response during CW laser irradiation for 30 s with a spot diameter of 0.7 mm. Short-term, CW ONS of the prostate CNs is feasible using a compact, inexpensive, battery-powered IR laser diode system. This ONS system may represent an alternative to ENS for laboratory studies, and with further development, a handheld option for ONS in the clinic to identify and preser ve the CNs during prostate cancer surgery. Keywords: cavernous nerves, infrared, laser, neurovascula r bundle, optical nerve stimulation, prostate
Increasing Equity and Increasing School Performance ''Conflicting or Compatible Goals?:Addressing the Issues in

This work addresses some of the arguments regarding equity in public education versus school performance at issue in the case of Williams v. State of California. The plaintiff’s expert witnesses have argued that the state is responsible to reduce the inequities in California’s public educational system. In contrast, the state’s witnesses argue that some of the plaintiff’s proposals have limited educational effects at the cost of reducing local autonomy. In this paper, I use four years of data from California’s Public Schools Accountability Act (PSAA) to evaluate these claims.
Saltwater intrusion into the freshwater aquifer in the eastern shore of Virginia: a reconnaissance electrical resistivity survey

Abstract Contrasts between apparent high resistivity of the saturated freshwater zones and apparent low resistivity of the saturated saltwater zone are recorded on 111 Schlumberger sounding field curves. The field measurements are inverted to subsurface layers. Generally, resistivity decreases with depth from the high value of the unsaturated zone near the surface to the low values of the saltwater saturated zone at depth of 30 to 130 m. Contour maps are constructed for variations of resistivity at depths of 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 100 and 130 m. Resistivity contours of less than 30 Ω m, are indicated at depths of 5–20 m near the narrow bands of Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean in the coastal regions of Accomack County. Within the area covered by the cities of Onancock, Accomac, and Wachapreaque, low-resistivity contours of less than 30 Ω m are observed from 30 to 60 m depth. In 70 to 130 m depth range, a major part of Accomack County is covered by low-resistivity contours of 10 to 30 Ω m which connect the Chesapeake Bay to the Atlantic Ocean. Vertical profiles of the contour maps indicate the shape of the saltwater plumes. The interface appears to be as shallow as 30 m where intrusion has occurred, and extends downward to a depth of 130 m where the saltwater of the Atlantic ocean and Chesapeake Bay are connected.