cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Alexander Duality Functors and Local Duality with Monomial Support

Abstract Alexander duality is made into a functor which extends the notion for monomial ideals to any finitely generated N n-graded module. The functors associated with Alexander duality provide a duality on the level of free and injective resolutions, and numerous Bass and Betti number relations result as corollaries. A minimal injective resolution of a module M is equivalent to the injective resolution of its Alexander dual and contains all of the maps in the minimal free resolution of M over every Z n-graded localization. Results are obtained on the interaction of duality for resolutions with cellular resolutions and lcm-lattices. Using injective resolutions, theorems of Eagon, Reiner, and Terai are generalized to all N n-graded modules: the projective dimension of M equals the support-regularity of its Alexander dual, and M is Cohen–Macaulay if and only if its Alexander dual has a support-linear free resolution. Alexander duality is applied in the context of the Z n-graded local cohomology functors HiI(−) for squarefree monomial ideals I in the polynomial ring S, proving a duality directly generalizing local duality, which is the case when I = m is maximal. In the process, a new flat complex for calculating local cohomology at monomial ideals is introduced, showing, as a consequence, that Terai's formula for the Hilbert series of HiI(S) is equivalent to Hochster's for Hn − i m (S/I).
Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Insecticide Imidacloprid

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed for imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide. Haptens were designed in such ways that spacer arms were introduced on either the pyridinyl or the imidazolidinyl ring of imidacloprid. Two sets of polyclonal antibodies were raised from rabbits immunized with two different immunogens and were characterized with an indirect ELISA format. Cross-reactivities and effects of organic solvents on the assays were evaluated. One set of antibodies shows approximately equal cross-reactivities to imidacloprid and its major metabolites with half-maximum inhibition concentrations (I(50)) of 73-88 ppb. Another is specific to imidacloprid with an I(50) of 35 ppb. The assay was initially applied to the analysis of imidacloprid in fortified water, coffee cherry, and bean extracts.
The Development of Practices for Action in Classroom Dyadic Interaction: Focus on Task Openings

This study is part of a larger research program investigating conversational practices that are resources for language learning in classroom settings. Using methods from conversation analysis, this analysis describes how low-level adult learners' interactional competence in English develops through their interactional practices in a language classroom. The study isolates one context for a particular action in the language classroom: student dyads opening their teacher-assigned tasks. The data come from interactions of six successful learners who participated in classes at the data collection site over a period of 18 to 27 months. The excerpts presented in this study show the same-student dyads incorporating language from the teacher and from one another over time into their discursive practices to manage the openings of their dyadic interactions. The results provide evidence for the ongoing discussion (cf. Brouwer & Wagner, 2004; Markee & Kasper, 2004) on the nature of language learning and the ability of methods of conversation analysis to address the issue of learning.
3-D elastic-plastic fracture mechanics with ADINA

Abstract This paper gives an overview of the techniques used for the 3-D elastic-plastic fracture mechanics work at the General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center. The ADINA program is being used for the bulk of the numerical work, but it has been necessary to make certain modifications to the program. A description of the incorporation of the deformation theory of plasticity and of a new procedure for calculating the energy release rate is given in the paper together with a short discussion of the crack-tip modeling. The application of the techniques to a 3-D compact specimen is also presented.
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration diagnosis of mediastinal lymph node metastasis of mucinous adenocarcinoma: arborizing stromal meshwork fragments as a diagnostic clue.

Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a reliable and accurate method for the diagnosis of mediastinal metastases in patients with pulmonary and extrathoracic neoplasms. We report the cytopathologic findings of a case of metastatic signet-ring cell carcinoma with abundant extracellular mucin production in the mediastinal lymph nodes of a 41-year-old woman, who presented with nausea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Imaging studies showed a renal mass, numerous lung nodules, and mediastinal and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. EBUS-TBNA of level 4R and 7 lymph nodes showed abundant, thick, “clean” mucus with entrapped ciliated bronchial cells, rare histiocytes, and fragments of cartilage. No neoplastic cells could be identified in Diff-Quik®-stained smears during the rapid on-site evaluation, but rare signet-ring cells were identified in the Papanicolaou-stained smears and cellblock sections. A distinctive feature of the aspirates was the presence of large branching (arborizing), “spidery” stromal fiber meshwork fragments. These stained metachromatically (magenta) with Romanowsky-type stains and cyanophilic to orangeophilic with Papanicolaou stains and showed occasional attached bland spindle cells, but had no capillary lumina or CD31-staining endothelial cells. The tumor cells were strongly and diffusely positive for CEA, CDX2, CK7, CK20, and MUC2, supporting the diagnosis of a metastatic signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma, most likely of gastrointestinal origin. We believe that the presence of the large spidery stromal fiber fragments is a useful clue to the presence of a mucinous neoplasm in EBUS-TBNA and allows the differentiation of the neoplastic mucus from contaminating endobronchial mucus. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:896–900. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Finite-energy f -sum rules for valence electrons

The number of electrons effective in optical processes up to an energy $\ensuremath{\omega}$, ${n}_{\mathrm{eff}}(\ensuremath{\omega})$, may be defined in three distinct ways, a situation which had led to considerable confusion. This is a consequence of the fact that oscillator-strength sums may be constructed from the imaginary part of the dielectric function ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}(\ensuremath{\omega})$, the extinction coefficient $\ensuremath{\kappa}(\ensuremath{\omega})$, or the energy-loss function Im[${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(\ensuremath{\omega})$]. Here these quantities are investigated for an electronic system embedded in a polarizable medium of dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{b}$. This model closely approximates valence electrons moving in the background of polarizable ion cores in a condensed phase. The oscillator-strength sums are found to differ significantly and are not simply related at energies for which the embedded system's oscillator strength is not exhausted. In the limit in which exhaustion occurs, the sums differ only because of the shielding effects of the polarizable medium. The $f$ sum for ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ then yields the system's conventional oscillator strength while the $f$ sums for $\ensuremath{\kappa}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ and Im[${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(\ensuremath{\omega})$] yield effective "strengths" that are reduced from the conventional value by factors of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{b}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}1}{2}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{b}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, respectively. Similar results hold for the three definitions of ${n}_{\mathrm{eff}}(\ensuremath{\omega})$. The analysis of a system in terms of partial $f$ sums is shown to provide a check on the self-consistency of optical data as well as a means of determining core polarizabilities. These effects are illustrated for metallic aluminum.
Relation of Strain by Feature Tracking and Clinical Outcome in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) in young patients is limited by lack of age-specific norms for wall thickness on cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) images. Left ventricular strain may have a role in identifying and risk stratifying patients with HC, but few data exist for strain measurement on CMR images. In 30 patients (14.1 ± 3.2 years) with clinically diagnosed HC and 24 controls (15.6 ± 2.8 years), strain (radial, longitudinal, and circumferential) was evaluated by 2 experienced readers using CMR feature tracking. In patients with HC, hypertrophied segments had decreased radial (28.0 ± 5.2% vs 58.6 ± 3.9%, p = 0.0002), circumferential (−23.7 ± 1.1% vs −28.3 ± 0.8%, p = 0.004), and longitudinal (−11.2 ± 1.2% vs −21.7 ± 0.8%, p
Spatial correlation of mouse photoreceptor-RPE thickness between SD-OCT and histology.

Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) applied to the mouse retina has been limited due to inherent movement artifacts and lack of resolution. Recently, SD-OCT scans from a commercially available imaging system have yielded retinal thickness values comparable to histology. However, these measurements are based on single point analysis of images. Here we report that using the Spectralis HRA + OCT Spectral Domain OCT and Fluorescein Angiography system (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), retinal thickness of linear expanses from SD-OCT data can be accurately assessed. This is possible by the development of a Spectralis-compatible ImageJ plug-in that imports 8-bit SLO and 32-bit OCT B-scan images, retaining scale and segmentation data and enabling analysis and 3D reconstruction. Moreover, mouse retinal layer thickness values obtained with this plug-in exhibit a high correlation to thickness measurements from histology of the same retinas. Thus, use of this ImageJ plug-in results in reliable quantification of long retinal expanses from in vivo SD-OCT images.
Rotational polygon overlap minimization and compaction

Abstract An effective and fast algorithm is given for rotational overlap minimization: given an overlapping layout of polygons P1, P2, P3, …, Pk in a container polygon Q, translate and rotate the polygons to diminish their overlap to a local minimum. A (local) overlap minimum has the property that any perturbation of the polygons increases the overlap. Overlap minimization is modified to create a practical algorithm for compaction: starting with a non-overlapping layout in a rectangular container, plan a non-overlapping motion that diminishes the length or area of the container to a local minimum. Experiments show that both overlap minimization and compaction work well in practice and are likely to be useful in industrial applications.
Identifying Environmental Conditions to Promote Species Coexistence: An Example with the Native Barrens Topminnow and Invasive Western Mosquitofish

Coexistence of a native and invasive species may be possible at certain conditions along an environmental gradient where the individual responses of each species are maximally apart. Water temperature may differentially affect the growth of a native cool-water species like the Barrens topminnow, Fundulus julisia, and an originally warm-water adapted western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, who is a recent invader in Barrens Plateau region of middle Tennessee. We measured the specific growth rate (SGR) of the two species separately in laboratory aquaria at 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C, representing a range of temperatures that occur in topminnow habitats throughout the year. Both species grew faster with increasing temperature and SGRs were highest at 25 °C. The interspecific difference in SGR was maximized at 15 °C. At this temperature, mean growth rate of topminnows was 0.78% per day, more than twice that of mosquitofish (0.38% per day). These results suggest that cool springhead habitats with a near-constant thermal environment of 15 °C throughout the year may provide a growth advantage to the Barrens topminnow over the mosquitofish. Other environmental, density-dependent, or behavioral factors not examined here may act along with temperature to mediate the coexistence of the topminnow and mosquitofish.
Review of a quality control and improvement statistical software system

In this paper, a PC software system for quality and improvement programs is described, evaluated, and considered for use in industry and service enterprises. The system, NWA Quality Analyst, provides the statistical routines generally used for quality control and improvement which may also be used for other applications. The software is well documented and is easy to use based on a set of criteria for evaluating software systems of this nature.
The occurrence of niobian zirconolite, pyrochlore and baddeleyite in the Kovdor carbonatite complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia

The compositions and textural relationships of the oxide minerals zirconolite, pyrochlore and baddeleyite are described. These occur as accessory minerals, often intergrown with each other, from a phoscorite" rock associated with the Kovdor carbonatite complex. Both the zirconolite and baddeleyite have relatively high concentrations of Nb and Ta; the pyrochlore is rich in U and Ta. Backscattered electron images, coupled with detailed microprobe analyses, reveal complex compositional zoning in zirconolite and pyrochlore which reflect changes in the fluid composition during growth of these minerals. A comparison is made of incompatible dement ratios Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta and Th/U between the three accessory minerals.
The radial free jet

Abstract A similarity solution to the equations of motion with the boundary layer approximations has been obtained for the laminar, incompressible, Newtonian radial free jet. Also, the energy equation was solved for the temperature distribution when the jet was heated and ejected into a stationary fluid. The problem of the turbulent radial free jet was also considered. A solution to the equations of motion was obtained by introducing the Boussinesq exchange coefficient e and assuming it to be a constant transverse to the flow. An estimate of e has been tentatively proposed based on values obtained in the two-dimensional and axisymmetric free jets. Further, the characteristics of a turbulent heated jet have been examined by assuming a constant exchange coefficient for heat. The decay of the maximum velocity and temperature, and the spread of the jet were determined.
Gene Duplication Events Producing Muscle (M) and Brain (B) Isoforms of Cytoplasmic Creatine Kinase: cDNA and Deduced Amino Acid Sequences from Two Lower Chordates

Creatine kinase (CK) is coded for by at least four loci in higher vertebrates--two cytoplasmic isoforms, muscle (M) and brain (B), and two mitochondrial isoforms, sarcomeric and ubiquitous. M is expressed primarily in skeletal muscle, while B is expressed in a variety of cells, including cardiac and smooth muscle fibers, neurons, transport epithelia, and photoreceptors. M and B subunits form very stable homodimers (MM [M-CK], BB [B-CK]) and heterodimers (MB). M-CK is capable of binding to the M line of the myofibril, thereby creating an energy transfer microcompartment; BB and MB CKs are not. M- and B-like CKs are present in all vertebrates yet examined, including fish. Cytoplasmic, dimeric CKs are widely distributed in the invertebrates. The only available amino acid sequence for an invertebrate dimeric CK, that of the protostome polychaete Chaetopterus variopedatus, is just as similar to the vertebrate M isoform as to the B isoform. Echinoderms lack dimeric, cytoplasmic CKs, which appear to be replaced by a dimeric arginine kinase which evolved secondarily from CK. Thus, it is likely that the gene duplication event producing the M and B isoforms occurred after the divergence of the chordates from echinoderms. To narrow down the timing of this duplication event, we obtained the cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences of dimeric CKs from the tunicate Ciona intestinalis (subphylum Urochordata) and the lancelet Branchiostoma floridae (subphylum Cephalochordata). Our results show that these CKs are strikingly similar to both invertebrate and vertebrate CKs. However, phylogenetic analyses by neighbor-joining and parsimony show that these two enzymes appeared to have diverged before the point of divergence of the M and B isoforms. Thus, the gene duplication event for formation of the muscle and brain isoforms of CK most likely occurred during the radiation of the fish, a time noted for gene duplication events at a variety of other loci.
De-noising and contrast enhancement via wavelet shrinkage and nonlinear adaptive gain

This paper presents an approach which addresses both de-noising and contrast enhancement. In a multiscale wavelet analysis framework, we take advantage of both soft thresholding and hard thresholding wavelet shrinkage techniques to reduce noise. In addition, we carry out nonlinear processing to enhance contrast within structures and along boundaries. Feature restoration and enhancement are accomplished by modifying the gain of a signal's variational energy. The multiscale discrete dyadic wavelet transform adapted in this paper is treated as a process for the diffusion of variational energy from a signal stored as the power (scaled variational energy) of wavelet coefficients. We show that a discrete dyadic wavelet transform has the capability to separate feature variational energy from noise variational energy. De- noising and feature enhancement are achieved by simultaneously lowering noise variational energy and raising feature variational energy in the transform domain. We present methods for achieving this objective, including regulated soft thresholding and adaptive nonlinear processing combined with hard thresholding. We have applied this algorithm to synthetic and real signals as well as images with additive Gaussian white noise. Experimental results show that de-noised as well as enhanced signals and images are free from artifacts. Sample analysis and experimental results are presented.
Requirements for Clinical Use of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)a

The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method is an attractive tool for use in the clinical assessment of human body composition. Factors such as ease of use, relatively low cost, noninvasive nature, high degree of reproducibility, and safety of operation provide an impetus for the general application of this method. The preponderance of the published applications of BIA focused on applications in healthy populations and indicated a qualitative validity of the method. More recent applications have augmented the quantitative values of the BIA approach and have reported very good specificity and sensitivity. One potential limitation of the BIA approach is the reliance on regression models, derived in restricted samples of human subjects, which restricts the usefulness of the derived model in other patients who differ from the original sample in which the model was developed. Other investigational approaches that use different physical models (bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy and parallel model) have yielded successful and useful measures of human body composition in clinical studies. If BIA is to gain acceptance in clinical diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic interventions, further efforts will be needed to ascertain more fully the validity, sensitivity, and specificity of biological parameters estimated with the new BIA approaches, and to establish the prognostic values of the BIA estimates of body composition.
LEP shines light on dark matter

Dark matter pair production at high energy colliders may leave observable signatures in the energy and momentum spectra of the objects recoiling against the dark matter. We use LEP data on monophoton events with large missing energy to constrain the coupling of dark matter to electrons. Within a large class of models, our limits are complementary to and competitive with limits on dark matter annihilation and on WIMP-nucleon scattering from indirect and direct searches. Our limits, however, do not suffer from systematic and astrophysical uncertainties associated with direct and indirect limits. For example, we are able to rule out light ($\ensuremath{\lesssim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$) thermal relic dark matter with universal couplings exclusively to charged leptons. In addition, for dark matter mass below about 80 GeV, LEP limits are stronger than Fermi constraints on annihilation into charged leptons in dwarf spheroidal galaxies. Within its kinematic reach, LEP also provides the strongest constraints on the spin-dependent direct detection cross section in models with universal couplings to both quarks and leptons. In such models the strongest limit is also set on spin-independent scattering for dark matter masses below $\ensuremath{\sim}4\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. Throughout our discussion, we consider both low energy effective theories of dark matter, as well as several motivated renormalizable scenarios involving light mediators.
Emotional awareness and emotional eating

Two studies examined the relation between emotional awareness (attention to and clarity of emotions) and eating behaviours. In Study 1, college women (n=198) completed measures of emotional awareness, emotional eating, and neuroticism. When all predictors were considered simultaneously, low attention to emotion was the only significant predictor of emotional eating. In Study 2, to test whether low attention to emotion would lead to increased eating in a laboratory setting, social anxiety was induced, and attention to emotion was manipulated experimentally in a sample of college women (n=100). Women who reported low levels of trait attention to emotion who were also in the low attention to emotion condition had the greatest caloric consumption.
Micrometeorite Erosion of the Main Rings as a Source of Plasma in the Inner Saturnian Plasma Torus

Micrometeorite bombardment is presently suggested to be a source of water molecules and molecular ions in the region between the outer edge of the main rings of Saturn and Encedalus, adding to those neutrals and plasma that are generated by the sputtering of icy satellites. In view of uncertainties concerning the magnitude and distribution of the ring source, an examination is conducted of limiting cases. The implications of such cases for the Cassini division are calculated, and a discussion of their possible relevance to the region's neutral and plasma cloud is presented.
Urban theory since A Theory of Good City Form (1981) – a progress review

Kevin Lynch's magnum opus A Theory of Good City Form (1981) is well known as a normative theory of the city. The intersection of human purposeful activity and city form is a principal feature. However, little attention is given in the literature to a small appendix in the book, A Theory of Good City Form (1981), in which the theories that explain the form and function of the city are classified and reviewed. The brief review insightfully reveals embedded values that are implicit in urban theory. We use a similar classification to review the progress of urban theory since Lynch's brief assessment noting the city's complexity can only be effectively explained through multiple historical and theoretical, value‐laden perspectives. The values are the bridge between human purpose and city form, between substance – the city – and procedure – decision making about the city, that is between urban theory and planning (procedural) theory. Finally, the review is concluded with the implications of urban theory, inform...
Teaching the interrelationship between stress, emotions, and cardiovascular risk using a classic paper by Walter Cannon

Classroom discussion of the classic article by Walter B. Cannon in 1914, entitled “The emergency function of the adrenal medulla in pain and the major emotions,” is an excellent tool to teach graduate students the interaction between stress, emotions, and cardiovascular function. Using this article, we are able to review important early research by Dr. Cannon, including discussion of his scientific methods and results and how they hold true today. This article outlines how this classic paper is used to allow students to explore basics principles of cardiovascular control during stress. The teaching points that are presented illustrate how students can be directed to understand the interrelationship between chronic stress and cardiovascular disease.
Understanding Lignification: Challenges Beyond Monolignol Biosynthesis

Lignin, a major component of vascular plant cell wall, provides mechanical support for plants to stand upright and enables xylems to withstand the negative pressure generated during water transport. Although important for plant growth, the presence of lignin limits access to cell wall
Review. Indole-3-carbinol as a chemoprotective agent in breast and prostate cancer.

Assessment of the oral use of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) as a chemoprotective compound has not sufficiently considered the chemical instability of I3C. This review addresses the question of whether I3C is directly active in its own right or only serves as a precursor, with all of the biological responses coming from reaction products arising in culture media and in the presence of stomach acid. Because of the rapid conversion of I3C into its dimer. diindolylmethane (DIM), and trimers very little circulating I3C is present following oral use to effect a biological response. Reports of toxicity associated with oral use of I3C relate to unfavorable enzyme induction, which can be attributed to non-DIM reaction products. Because DIM provides a predictable, safer response than the melange of compounds derived from I3C DIM should be regarded as the chemoprotective compound of choice.
The diversity, ecology and evolution of extrafloral nectaries: current perspectives and future challenges.

† Background Plants in over one hundred families in habitats worldwide bear extrafloral nectaries (EFNs). EFNs display a remarkable diversity of evolutionary origins, as well as diverse morphology and location on the plant. They secrete extrafloral nectar, a carbohydrate-rich food that attracts ants and other arthropods, many of which protect the plant in return. By fostering ecologically important protective mutualisms, EFNs play a significant role in structuring both plant and animal communities. And yet researchers are only now beginning to appreciate their importance and the range of ecological, evolutionary and morphological diversity that EFNs exhibit. † Scope This Highlight features a series of papers that illustrate some of the newest directions in the study of EFNs. Here, we introduce this set of papers by providing an overview of current understanding and new insights on EFN diversity,ecologyandevolution.Wehighlightmajorgapsinourcurrentknowledge,andoutlinefutureresearchdirections. † ConclusionsOurunderstandingoftherolesEFNsplayinplantbiologyisbeingrevolutionizedwiththeuseofnew tools from developmental biologyand genomics, new modes of analysis allowing hypothesis-testing in large-scale phylogenetic frameworks, and new levels of inquiryextending to community-scale interaction networks. But many central questions remain unanswered; indeed, many have not yet been asked. Thus, the EFN puzzle remains an intriguing challenge for the future.
Electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol)/α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposite fibers

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/α-zirconium phosphate (ZrP) polymer nanocomposite (PNC) fibers were successfully prepared by a simple and low-cost electrospinning process. ZrP nanoparticles with two diff...
Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine CRF-1 receptor antagonists

A series of 3-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines was prepared and found to have affinity for the human CRF-1 receptor. The 3-dimensional structure of one of the most potent analogs in this series, 10d, was determined by X-ray crystallography and suggests the spatial requirements for potent CRF-1 receptor binding affinity in this series.
Genetics of natural resistance to herpesvirus infections in mice.

INHERITED resistance to virus infections has been demonstrated in several murine systems1–6. Susceptibility to mouse hepatitis virus3 and resistance to arbovirus7 infections in mice are dominant traits associated with the capacity of macrophages from the susceptible strains to replicate virus. Resistance to Friend leukaemia virus- and Gross leukaemia virus-induced leukaemogenesis is determined by at least two genes, one closely linked to the immune response genes of the mouse8. Conversely, susceptibility to lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infections in mice has been associated with a gene closely linked to the immune response genes9. The latter seems to be associated with the cell-mediated immune response to LCM which causes tissue damage and leads to death. Cell-mediated immunity seems to be important in resistance against herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections10–12. Analysis of the aspects of cell-mediated immunity which might be involved in resistance in man is complicated by the uncontrollable factors associated with activation of latent herpesvirus infections. I have developed a mouse model which has shown that at least three genes are responsible for resistance to HSV. Although preliminary evidence suggests that resistance is immunologically mediated, resistance genes do not seem to be closely linked to the histocompatibility region of the mouse.
Note: A monoenergetic proton backlighter for the National Ignition Facility

A monoenergetic, isotropic proton source suitable for proton radiography applications has been demonstrated at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). A deuterium and helium-3 gas-filled glass capsule was imploded with 39 kJ of laser energy from 24 of NIF's 192 beams. Spectral, spatial, and temporal measurements of the 15-MeV proton product of the (3)He(d,p)(4)He nuclear reaction reveal a bright (10(10) protons/sphere), monoenergetic (ΔE/E = 4%) spectrum with a compact size (80 μm) and isotropic emission (∼13% proton fluence variation and <0.4% mean energy variation). Simultaneous measurements of products produced by the D(d,p)T and D(d,n)(3)He reactions also show 2 × 10(10) isotropically distributed 3-MeV protons.
Source-receiver migration of multiple reflections

Multiple reflections are usually considered to be noise and m any methods have been developed to attenuate them. However, similarly to primary reflec tions, multiple reflections are created by subsurface reflectors and contain their reflectiv ity information. We can image surface related multiples, regarding the corresponding pr imaries as the sources. Traditional source-receiver migration assumes that the source i s an impulse function. I generalize the source-receiver migration for arbitrary sources , and apply it to the migration of multiple reflections. A complex synthetic dataset is used to test the theory. Results show that my multiple migration algorithm is effective for imaging the multiple-contaminated data.
Identification of long-duration noise transients in LIGO and Virgo

The LIGO and Virgo detectors are sensitive to a variety of noise sources, such as instrumental artifacts and environmental disturbances. The Stochastic Transient Analysis Multi-detector Pipeline has been developed to search for long-duration (t 1 s) gravitational-wave (GW) signals. This pipeline can also be used to identify environmental noise transients. Here, we present an algorithm to determine when long-duration noise sources couple into the interferometers,aswellasidentifywhatthesenoisesourcesare.Weanalyzethe cross-power between a GW strain channel and an environmental sensor, using pattern recognition tools to identify statistically significant structure in crosspower time‐frequency maps. We identify interferometer noise from airplanes, helicopters, thunderstorms and other sources. Examples from LIGO’s sixth science run, S6, and Virgo’s third scientific run, VSR3, are presented.
Encountering Asian Art through Joint Faculty-Student Field Research and Museum Curatorship: Ignatian Parallels

The early Jesuits placed the arts at the center of their pedagogy and worldview. Taking cues from such Ignatian teachings on crossing cultural boundaries with respect and humility, and on the an emphasis on the centrality of art in human life, this article reports on a recent ethnographic fieldwork-based encounter with the Balinese arts, specifically ritual textile dyeing and weaving in the village of Tenganan Pegeringsingan, east Bali. This fieldwork on geringsing ceremonial cloth went toward a small college exhibition at the College of the Holy Cross in Spring 2011, an exhibition designed to skewer some of the more popular, touristic, fabulist cliches about “Balinese culture” as paradise-like and timeless. The exhibition display design decisions are described and show how these resonate with Ignatian parallels regarding teaching through the arts. The fieldwork and exhibition illustrate how the early Jesuit appreciation for distant societies and the arts can be modeled in inventive, multidisciplinary ways in Jesuit liberal arts college curricula today.
LETHAL EFFECTS OF FREEZING ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS EGGS AT ULTRALOW TEMPERATURES

Methods for killing Echinococcus multilocularis eggs within stool or intestinal samples, without damaging the diagnostic value of the sample, would significantly reduce the risk of animal health providers acquiring alveolar hydatid disease. The first objective of this study was to determine whether E. multilocularis eggs located in fox intestines can survive storage at −70 C for at least 4 days. Results showed that none of 72,000 E. multilocularis eggs remained infectious to defined strains of mice under these conditions, yet, similar eggs recovered from nonfrozen carcasses stored at 4 C for the same time period were viable. The structural identities of adult worms and eggs were not significantly altered by the freezing and thawing processes. These results indicate that ultracold temperatures can be used to kill or inactivate E. multilocularis eggs, making them safe to handle when diagnosing this parasite in definitive hosts. The second objective of this study was to determine whether E. multilocularis eg...
The Future of the UNFCCC: Adaptation and Institutional Rebirth for the International Climate Convention

On the twentieth anniversary of the negotiation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the fifteenth anniversary of the negotiation of the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, it is time for the global community to reflect on the future of our system of global climate governance. This article argues that the valiant efforts of the global community to negotiate a post-Kyoto treaty system have arrived at a crossroads and that instead of focusing on finding the single “right” pathway forward, there is a need to pursue multiple pathways. The conventional wisdom that we need one, consensus-based, comprehensive treaty is wrong or – more accurately – woefully incomplete. There is a continuing need for an international, top-down system that defines the parameters of global goals, obligations and relationships. However, the optimistic vision of this top-down system as a great enabling device is no longer viable. Multilateralism and multilateral legal mechanisms remain essential. Yet, regardless of when a new international climate agreement emerges or what form it takes, it will be too little and too late unless there exists a web of multi-level, multi-scale systems to give meaning and life to its provisions. Focusing on adaptation, this article suggests that diversifying international efforts to support a more multifaceted system of climate governance is a matter of efficacy and institutional integrity. In key part, the article concludes that in order to move forward with efforts to address climate change and, in particular, adaptation, the UNFCCC must embrace institutional reform and find ways to more effectively orchestrate the emerging multi-level governance system.
Rearrangement Collisions. II. Electron Excitation of He ( 2 3 P )

A systematic study is made of various first-order approximations to the $T$ matrix for a rearrangement collision. Detailed calculations are performed for the process of excitation of the ${2}^{3}P$ level of helium by electron impact. Comparison is drawn between the various theoretical cross sections obtained and the experimental data. The polarization of the emitted radiation is also studied.
Catalytic n-pentane conversion on H-ZSM-5 at high pressure

The effect of temperature (633–723 K), pressure (10–60 bar) and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) (400–1500 gC5 gcat−1 h−1) on the conversion of n-pentane on H-[Al]ZSM-5 type catalysts has been investigated. Catalyst properties were tested using a packed-bed laboratory microreactor and reaction products were analyzed via online gas chromatography. 5–25% pentane conversion was observed at a pressure of 40 bar and temperatures in the range of 633–723 K. Reactant consumption rate approached saturation kinetics at pressures above 30 bar (∼14% conversion, 673 K). At 40 bar and 673 K, increasing WHSV (400–1500 gC5 gcat−1 h−1) resulted in a reduction in pentane conversion (26–10%). In all cases, propane and butane were the major products, followed by heavier C6+ compounds and other lighter products (C1–C4 paraffins and olefins). Propane carbon selectivity increased from 24% at 633 K to 34% at 723 K, while butane carbon selectivity (∼40%) was nearly constant. An inverse relationship between the production of C6+ and light products was observed with changes in reaction conditions. The carbon selectivity to C6+ compounds increased from 20% at 10 bar to 27% at 60 bar and decreased from 28% at 633 K to 18% at 723 K. At all reaction conditions, the observed product distribution can be explained as the result of fast bimolecular reactions, including hydride transfer and alkylation.
Insecticidal Control of Banded Sunflower Moth, Cochylis hospes (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae), Larvae at Different Sunflower Growth Stages and Dates of Planting in North Dakota

In 1983, both chlorpyrifos and fenvalerate applied at three different plant growth stages were effective in preventing sunflower yield loss caused by larval feeding of the banded sunflower moth (BSM), Cochylis hospes Walsingham. Chlorpyrifos and fenvalerate also significantly reduced the percentage of seeds (achenes) damaged by BSM at the R4 (ray flowers visible within the opening sunflower bud) and R4 + 1-week growth stages, but did not reduce damage when treatment occurred at the R4 + 2-week stage. Only fenvalerate prevented a reduction in total number of sunflower seeds per head (capitula) at all three growth stages. In 1984, chlorpyrifos, permethrin, and carbofuran prevented significant seed damage when planting occurred on 10 May, but not when planting occurred on 31 May. Only fenvalerate reduced percentage of seed damage in both dates of planting. A 3-week delay in sunflower planting after 10 May did not offer significant seed protection against feeding by BSM larvae.
Noncontact Power Meter

Energy metering is increasingly important in today's power grid. With real-time power meters, utilities can efficiently incorporate renewables and consumers can tailor their demand accordingly. Several high-profile attempts at delivering realtime energy analytics to users, including Google Power Meter and Microsoft Hohm, have essentially failed because of a lack of sufficient richness and access to data at adequate bandwidth for reasonable cost. High performance meters can provide adequate data, but require custom installation at prohibitive expense, e.g., requiring an electrician for installation. This paper presents hardware and signal processing algorithms that enable high bandwidth measurements of voltage, current, harmonics, and power on an aggregate electrical service (such as a residential powerline) for nonintrusive analysis with hardware that requires no special skill or safety considerations for installation.
Investigation on AIDS-related knowledge and behavior of MSM in Dongguan city

Objective To investigate the awareness rate on AIDS-related questions and the high risk behaviors of men who have sex with men(MSM), and provide evidences for prevention and intervention. Method Questionnaire investigation was conducted at the places where the MSM clustered. Results Median age of the MSM was 29 years old and most of them were unmarried, senior high school educated, from other provinces and living in Dongguan for more than 2 years. The awareness rate on AIDS-related questions was 91.75%.The subjects who underwent homosexual behavior in the last 6 months accounted for 74.75%(3.34% of them had commercial homosexual behavior),51.84% of them used condom every time. The subjects who underwent heterosexual behavior in the last 6 months accounted for 39%,37.82% of them used condom every time.27.25% of them had both homosexual and hetero behavior..7.25% of them had been diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases in the past year.10.5% of them were positive by HIV antibody screening. Conclusion Health education of civil society organizations and VCT should be combined,and prevent HIV spread to general population through strengthened AIDS-related knowledge publicity and education and extended condom-using among the MSM.
Central auditory processing abilities in children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate

Objective To observe the central auditory processing ability in children with nonsyndrominc cleft lip and/or palate( NSCLP). Methods Central auditory tests including hearing in noise test( HINT), dichotic digits test( DDT), pitch pattern sequence test( PPST) were conducted in 34 children with NSCLP. The results were analyzed and compared to the normal control group. Results The results of HINT( quiet condition) in NSCLP and normal group were10. 48 ± 2. 12 and 9. 82 ± 2. 27 respectively, no significant group difference was found( Z =- 0. 93, P = 0. 360). However, there were statistical group differences between groups in other central auditory tests. The test results were HINT( noise condition) : NSCLP =- 5. 61 ± 1. 80, normal group =- 9. 01 ± 1. 49( Z =- 5. 31, P = 0. 005); the PPST( left ear) : NSCLP = 94. 23 ± 2. 81, normal group = 97. 65 ± 2. 88( Z =- 2. 18, P = 0. 019), PPST( right ear) : NSCLP =93. 13 ± 3. 42, normal group = 96. 97 ± 3. 45( Z =- 4. 41, P = 0. 026); DDT: NSCLP = 90. 54 ± 2. 2, normal group =96. 89 ± 2. 04( Z =- 3. 63, P = 0. 011). The scores of central auditory tests were found to be significantly lower in NSCLP group comparing with the normal controls. Conclusion Children with NSCLP could have difficulties in hearing perception in noisy background and their ability for high and low frequency identification could be impaired. The findings of current study indicated that the children with NSCLP could be at risk of central auditory processing disorders.
Transmediastinal repair of complex coarctation and interrupted aortic arch

In the past 2 years, eight patients have had repair of coarctation of the aorta or interrupted aortic arch along with an intracardiac procedure performed through a simple midsternotomy. Five underwent total repair and three had palliation for the intracardiac lesion. Four patients did well (including one who required a resection for recoarctation), two died intraoperatively, and two died postoperatively (11 and 21 days), one of them from clostridial sepsis and the other from cerebral anoxia that followed a cardiac arrest precipitated by a massive hemoptysis. We found that with this approach the aortic obstruction could be readily relieved and the intracardiac procedure carried out. Since the majority of these patients have compromised hemodynamic status, the ease of instituting immediate bypass, avoidance of a separate incision, and feasibility of total repair are major advantages.
A surrogate method for density-based global sensitivity analysis

Abstract This paper describes an accurate and computationally efficient surrogate method, known as the polynomial dimensional decomposition (PDD) method, for estimating a general class of density-based f-sensitivity indices. Unlike the variance-based Sobol index, the f-sensitivity index is applicable to random input following dependent as well as independent probability distributions. The proposed method involves PDD approximation of a high-dimensional stochastic response of interest, forming a surrogate input–output data set; kernel density estimations of output probability density functions from the surrogate data set; and subsequent Monte Carlo integration for estimating the f-sensitivity index. Developed for an arbitrary convex function f and an arbitrary probability distribution of input variables, the method is capable of calculating a wide variety of sensitivity or importance measures, including the mutual information, squared-loss mutual information, and L 1 -distance-based importance measure. Three numerical examples illustrate the accuracy, efficiency, and convergence properties of the proposed method in computing sensitivity indices derived from three prominent divergence or distance measures. A finite-element-based global sensitivity analysis of a leverarm was performed, demonstrating the ability of the method in solving industrial-scale engineering problems.
Low Frequency Modes in Amorphous Semiconductors

Two techniques are employed to probe the low frequency modes observed in specific heat measurements of amorphous semiconducttors. A disorder induced coupling of acoustic modes to optical radiation in these materials is demonstrated by the experimental observation of a far infrared and microwave absorption whose magnitude correlates with the density of states inferred from the T3 term in the low temperature specific heat. Enhanced densities of low frequency modes, which contribute to the T term of specific heat in glassy As2S3 and As2Se3, are confirmed from As75 spin-lattice relaxation rates determined by pulsed nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR).
Insomnia, parasomnias, and narcolepsy in children: clinical features, diagnosis, and management

Sleep problems are frequently encountered as presenting complaints in child neurology clinical practice. They can affect the functioning and quality of life of children, particularly those with primary neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders, since coexisting sleep problems can add substantially to neurocognitive and behavioural comorbidities. Additionally, symptoms of some sleep disorders such as parasomnias and narcolepsy can be confused with those of other neurological disorders (eg, epilepsy), posing diagnostic challenges for paediatric neurologists. The understanding of the neurophysiology of sleep disorders such as insomnia, parasomnias, and narcolepsy is still evolving. There is a complex relation between the sleeping brain and its waking function. The interplay among genetic factors, alterations in neurotransmitters, electrophysiological changes, and environmental factors potentially contribute to the genesis of these sleep disorders.
Organic Matter at the Sediment-Water Interface

This chapter will consider the term “sediment-water interface” as a double entendre and discuss the interface both as the horizontal zone where the water column meets the sediment column and as the wetted surface of mineral grains which occur in this horizontal zone. Hereafter, the first definition will be termed the “sediment-water interface,” and the second the “mineral-water interface.” The interface in both of these senses is a zone of concentration of organic matter, albeit for quite different reasons.