cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological Fathers' Contributions to Maternal and Family Functioning

SYNOPSIS Objective . This study assessed the supposition that fathers' parenting and economic contributions help to support maternal and family functioning. Design . Using longitudinal data from a representative sample of low-income families with young children (N = 402), semidifference models assessed whether fathers' parenting, cash, and in-kind contributions predicted maternal functioning (mothers' psychological distress and parenting stress) and family functioning (cognitive stimulation and family routines). Results . Increases in fathers' parenting contributions predicted declines in maternal psychological distress and parenting stress. Fathers' cash and in-kind contributions showed limited relations to maternal and family functioning. Interactions by fathers' residence status found few significant differences in links between resident and nonresident fathers. Conclusions . These results add empirical support to conceptual models delineating indirect pathways by which parental support may influence c...
Modeling, synthesis and characterization of zinc containing carbonic anhydrase active site mimics

Abstract Two structurally similar carbonic anhydrase active site mimics are explored computationally and experimentally in order to gain insight into the impact of subtle differences in scaffold structure on CO 2 hydration rates.
Design Optimization of a Mechanical Heart Valve for Reducing Valve Thrombogenicity: A Case Study With ATS Valve

Patients implanted with mechanical heart valves (MHV) or with ventricular assist devices that use MHV require mandatory lifelong anticoagulation for secondary stroke prevention. We recently developed a novel Device Thrombogenicity Emulator (DTE) methodology that interfaces numerical and experimental approaches to optimize the thrombogenic performance of the device and reduce the bleeding risk associated with anticoagulation therapy. Device Thrombogenicity Emulator uses stress-loading waveforms in pertinent platelet flow trajectories that are extracted from highly resolved numerical simulations and emulates these flow conditions in a programmable hemodynamic shearing device (HSD) by which platelet activity is measured. We have previously compared two MHV, ATS and the St. Jude Medical, and demonstrated that owing to its nonrecessed hinge design, the ATS valve offers improved thrombogenic performance. In this study, we further optimize the ATS valve thrombogenic performance, by modifying various design features of the valve, intended to achieve reduced thrombogenicity: 1) optimizing the leaflet-housing gap clearance; 2) increasing the effective maximum opening angle of the valve; and 3) introducing a streamlined channel between the leaflet stops of the valve that increases the effective flow area. We have demonstrated that the DTE optimization methodology can be used as test bed for developing devices with significantly improved thombogenic performance. ASAIO Journal 2010; 56:389 –396. Flow past mechanical heart valves (MHV) in mechanical circulatory support devices, including total artificial hearts and ventricular assist devices (VADs), is primarily implicated in thromboembolism.1 The newer valve designs, although more
Kinetics of Hill reaction.

Abstract 1. 1. The maximum yield per flash in flashing light of short flash duration (⪡ 0.01 sec.) is the same for photosynthesis and for the Hill reaction in Chlorella cells (about 1 oxygen molecule/2000 chlorophyll molecules/flash). This supports the previously suggested hypothesis that the rate-limiting enzymatic reaction is the same in both processes. 2. 2. The quantum requirement of the Hill reaction in Chlorella cells and in chloroplast suspensions is the same as that of photosynthesis in carbonate buffers. Requirements of 11–13 quanta/oxygen molecule were found in measurements in redfiltered fluorescent light against an ethyl chlorophyllide actinometer, and requirements of 10.4 ± 1.5 quanta in measurements with differential manometer and bolometer in monochromatic red light. 3. 3. The light curves of the Hill reaction and photosynthesis coincide in weak and strong light, but diverge in medium light. This phenomenon may be related to “self-poisoning” of Hill reaction by quinone; however, the use of red (instead of white) light to prevent direct photochemical decomposition of quinone, while it strongly reduces other self-poisoning effects, does not decrease the divergence of the light curves in medium light intensity. 4. 4. The observation of Fan et al. that Chlorella produces oxygen in light in the presence of benzaldehyde , could not be confirmed. Oxygen production by Chlorella in the presence of ferric oxalate is confirmed, but proves to be a secondary effect caused by photooxidation of oxalate to carbon dioxide and subsequent photosynthesis. Quinone remains the only presently known Hill oxidant for Chlorella cells. 5. 5. A table is given for inhibition of Hill reaction in Chlorella by poisons. Cyanide and azide cause no inhibition; iodoacetate and hydroxylamine have a strong effect. Malonic acid produces marked inhibition.
Factors affecting breast cancer risk reduction practices among California physicians

Abstract Background Little is known about the incorporation of breast cancer risk reduction therapies into clinical practice. Methods We assessed factors related to physicians' performance of breast cancer risk reduction practices through a self-administered survey. Subjects were California physicians in family medicine, internal medicine, or obstetrics/gynecology, identified through the AMA Masterfile. Physicians reported their breast cancer risk reduction practices (initiating patient counseling, referring patients for genetic evaluation, and prescribing tamoxifen or raloxifene) as well as barriers to counseling. Results Of 1647 eligible physicians, 822 responded. Eighty-six percent reported initiating counseling, 45% referred a patient for genetic evaluation, 31% prescribed raloxifene, and 11% prescribed tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention in the past year. The leading frequent barriers to counseling were “not enough time” (40.3%) and “insufficiently informed about risk reduction options” (19.1%). Multivariate analysis showed that a training and role factors scale was negatively associated with all risk reduction practices, and number of breast cancer diagnoses per year was positively associated with referring for genetic evaluation and prescribing chemoprevention. Conclusions Physicians in primary care specialties report participation in several breast cancer risk reduction activities. Issues related to physician training and role in risk reduction affect the implementation of these practices.
Discourse and Mind

In recent years, various attempts have been made to advance a project sometimes characterized as "discursive psychology". Grounded in what its proponents term "social constructionism", the discursive approach to the elucidation of 'mental' phenomena is here contrasted to an ethnomethodological position informed by the later work of Wittgenstein. In particular, it is argued that discursive psychology still contains Cartesian residua, notwithstanding its professed objective of expurgating Cartesian thought from the behavioral sciences. One principal issue has been the confusion of "conceptual analysis" with the empirical study of speech practices. If these distinct enterprises are conflated, the critical achievements of conceptual analysis are obscured or even misconstrued. A different picture of how best to analyze human conduct and mentality emerges if the lessons of Wittgensteinian grammatical analysis are preserved and extended, one more compatible with several themes in ethnomethodology.
Gas-propelled aerosols and micronized dusts for control of insects in aircraft. 8. Toxicity of micronized dusts to some greenhouse insects.

When micronized dusts containing Mobam® (benzo[b] thien-4-yl methylcarbamate), chlorpyrifos, or resmethrin were dispersed in separate greenhouses by the release of CO2 they proved to be highly effective against several representative greenhouse insects, including nymphs of citrus mealybugs, Planococcus citri (Risso), adult vegetable leafminers, Liriomyza munda Frick; green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer); chrysanthemum aphids, Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette); nymphs of grasshoppers ( Melanoplus spp.), mostly M. differentialis (Thomas); and adult Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman. Mobam killed adults of the greenhouse leaftier, Udea rubigalis (Guenee) and the leaf roller Platynota stultana (Walshingham), but not greenhouse whiteflies, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood); twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch; or carmine spider mites, T. cinnabarinus (Boisduval). Chlorpyrifos killed susceptible spider mites but not resistant ones and did not kill whiteflies. Resmethrin was highly effective against adult whiteflies and susceptible spider mites.
The Potential for Bonding Titanium Restorations

Purpose The use of titanium for implants has shown the biological acceptance of the metal. Recently, methods of using titanium for restorations, crowns, and bridges have been introduced using both cast and spark erosion systems for fabrication. A potential also exists for using titanium for bonded (Maryland) bridges. Materials and methods In this study, the potential for bonding titanium was investigated by cementing with various adhesives: (A) metal to metal, (B) metal to enamel, and (C) comparing with a known procedure of bonding nickel-chromium. Truncated cones of pure titanium were fabricated with a 5-mm circular face for bonding to a larger titanium disc embedded in a plastic ring. A special jig was used to pull the bonded cone from the disc on an Instron tensile testing machine (Instron Corporation, Canton, MA). The resin-metal adhesives used were: (1) Infinity, (2) Metabond, (3) All-Bond 2, and (4) Panavia. These were compared with (5) nickel-chromium cones sandblasted and bonded to nickel-chromium with Panavia. Titanium cones were also bonded to human enamel with (6) Panavia and (7) Metabond. The 10 samples in each group were subjected to tensile force, and point of fracture was recorded. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance with a Scheffe F test at the 95% level of significance. Results The results of tensile forces in MPa were (1) Infinity, 28.1 +/- 3.6; (2) Metabond, 28.1 +/- 1; (3) All-Bond 2, 49.5 +/- 4.3; (4) Panavia, 57.9 +/- 3.1; (5) Panavia to nickel-chromium, 42.9 +/- 6.6; (6) Panavia to enamel, 18.5 +/- 4.7; and (7) Metabond to enamel, 19.3 +/- 3.5. Titanium was most effectively bonded with All-Bond 2 and Panavia, with Panavia samples significantly better than Panavia to nickel-chromium samples. Conclusions It was concluded that titanium bonded restorations with certain adhesive cements were a definite possibility.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Use of Hydralazine in Congestive Heart Failure

Hydralazine (1-hydrazinophthalazine) has been used extensively in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure and produces arteriolar vasodilation, in part mediated by prostaglandins. Its associated reflex baroreceptor-mediated responses of tachycardia and increased ejection velocity are attenuated in congestive heart failure. A direct inotropic effect has been attributed to the drug. Pharmacokinetic data indicate hydralazine is absorbed well from the gastrointestinal tract, and has an extensive and complex metabolism depending on acetylator status: slow acetylators undergo primary oxidative metabolism, while rapid acetylators are acetylated. Half-lives, clearances and bioavailability of the drug are not significantly altered in congestive heart failure compared with hypertensive patients. A wide range of dosages in heart failure has been noted (150 to 3000 mg/24h), and may relate to a saturation of the first-pass effect. Hydralazine improves haemodynamics in the short term in patients with increased peripheral vascular resistance, and has variable effects on pulmonary capillary wedge and left ventricular filling pressures. Prediction of the short term clinical response is difficult and appears to be independent of pharmacokinetics. A meta analysis did not demonstrate long term efficacy of hydralazine alone in heart failure, but combination therapy with nitrates has been shown to improve survival and exercise performance in patients with mild to moderate heart failure. Side effects are common and are dependent on dose, duration and acetylator status.
Tripartite Hemolysin BL from Bacillus cereus: HEMOLYTIC ANALYSIS OF COMPONENT INTERACTIONS AND A MODEL FOR ITS CHARACTERISTIC PARADOXICAL ZONE PHENOMENON *

Hemolysin BL (HBL) is a unique membrane-lytic toxin from Bacillus cereus composed of three distinct proteins, designated B, L1, and L2. HBL produces a paradoxical zone phenomenon in gel diffusion assays in sheep blood agar. Lysis does not begin immediately adjacent to the source of diffusion; rather, it begins several millimeters away. Cells near the source and at intersections of lysis zones remain intact longer. Here, we developed a spectrophotometric hemolysis assay system that measures the activities of the individual HBL components and used it to analyze the mechanisms of hemolysis and the paradoxical zone phenomenon. The B component was rate-limiting, and erythrocytes were slowly primed by B at an optimal concentration of about 1.3 nM to rapid lytic action by the combination of the L components (L(1+2)). All of the individual components bound to cells independently, and membrane-associated HBL components were neutralized by specific antibodies, suggesting that lysis was caused by formation of a membrane attack complex on the cell surface. Osmotic protection experiments indicate a colloid osmotic lysis mechanism. Concentrations of the B component above 1.3 nM caused inhibition of L1-mediated lysis, and L1 inhibited the priming reaction of B over a similar concentration range. From analyses of spectrophotometric and diffusion assays we constructed a basic model for the interactions between HBL components and for the paradoxical zone phenomenon in blood agar. In the latter, areas of slow lysis near diffusion sources are caused primarily by the accumulation of inhibitory levels of L1 reached before cells are primed by B.
The relationship of outwardly-directed aggression to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts across two high-risk samples.

OBJECTIVE: Although research has established some relationships between risk factors and specific suicide-related outcomes, in large part the extent to which suicidal ideation and attempts have different risk profiles is unclear. Using two theories of suicidal behavior to guide our hypotheses, we studied the relationship of outwardly directed aggression to suicidal ideation and attempts in two high-risk samples. METHOD: Participants in Study 1 were 271 criminal offenders in a pretrial diversion program. Participants in Study 2 were 892 psychiatric inpatients who participated in the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study. RESULTS: In both studies, after controlling for relevant covariates, outwardly directed aggression was associated with suicide attempts, but not ideation. Among psychiatric patients, further analyses revealed that outwardly directed aggression was associated with planned, but not unplanned, suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS: That aggression is related to suicide attempts and not ideation is consistent with hypotheses based on both Joiner's (2005; Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press) interpersonal theory of suicidal behavior and theories based on a diathesis toward behavioral dysregulation (e.g., Mann et al., 2009). That aggression was associated with planned suicide attempts is consistent with Joiner's theory. Competing explanations for the results include a potential role of proactive aggression in suicide attempts, particularly planned attempts.
Ketamine-methoxyflurane anaesthesia for the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus.

Ketamine hydrochloride alone was an effective analgesic in the Mongolian gerbil. In 28 young adult animals of both sexes (bodyweight 45-68 g) intramuscular injection of 44 mg/kg produced analgesia in about 83 seconds. Deep surgical anaesthesia could be readily achieved in about 12 min from start when methoxyflurane was administered by nasal cone 5 min after ketamine injection, and the surgical level was maintained arbitrarily for about 40 min during part of which laparotomy was performed. Induction of deep anaesthesia was smooth and recovery occurred uneventfully. The combination of ketamine and methoxyflurane allowed effective control of both the depth and duration of anaesthesia. Recovery time was about 77 min. Sex differences generally were slight.
The home environments of children in the United States part I: variations by age, ethnicity, and poverty status.

Although measures of the home environment have gained wide acceptance in the child development literature, what constitutes the “average” or “typical” home environment in the United States, and how this differs across ethnic groups and poverty status is not known. Item-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on four age-related versions of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment–Short Form (HOME-SF) from five biennial assessments (1986–1994) were analyzed for the total sample and for four major ethnic groups: European Americans, Asian Americans, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans. The percentages of homes receiving credit on each item of all four versions of the HOME-SF are described. For the majority of items at all four age levels differences between poor and nonpoor families were noted. Differences were also obtained among African American, European American, and Hispanic American families, but the magnitude of the effect for poverty status was greater than for ethnicity, and usually absorbed most of the ethnic group effects on HOME-SF items. For every item at every age, the effects of poverty were proportional across European American, African American, and Hispanic American groups.
Alteration of Soil Carbon Pools and Communities of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Chaparral Exposed to Elevated Carbon Dioxide

We examined the effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment on belowground carbon (C) pools and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in a chaparral community in southern California. Chambers enclosing intact mesocosms dominated by Adenostoma fasciculatum were exposed for 3.5 years to CO2 levels ranging from 250 to 750 ppm. Pools of total C in bulk soil and in water-stable aggregates (WSA) increased 1.5- and threefold, respectively, between the 250- and 650-ppm treatments. In addition, the abundance of live AM hyphae and spores rose markedly over the same range of CO2, and the community composition shifted toward dominance by the AM genera Scutellospora and Acaulospora. Net ecosystem exchange of C with the atmosphere declined with CO2 treatment. It appears that under CO2 enrichment, extra C was added to the soil via AM fungi. Moreover, AM fungi were predominant in WSA and may shunt C into these aggregates versus bulk soil. Alternatively, C may be retained longer within WSA than within bulk soil. We note that differences between the soil fractions may act as a potential feedback on C cycling between the soil and atmosphere.
University Research Reactors: Issues and Challenges

University research reactors are underutilized and, as a result, are being decommissioned. The reason for the lack of utilization is shown to be a chronic inability to generate sufficient funds to procure and maintain state-of-the-art instrumentation for prospective researchers. The role of these reactors in nuclear science/engineering education is explored and the rationale for their continued operation is presented. It is argued that base financial support for both reactor operations and the technical support staff needed to interface with experimenters is necessary if these research facilities are not to be irretrievably lost from the educational infrastructure of the United States.
The Latarjet coracoid process transfer procedure: alterations in the neurovascular structures

Background The Latarjet coracoid process transfer procedure is an established, reliable treatment for glenoid deficiency associated with recurrent anterior shoulder instability, but changes in neurovascular anatomy resulting from the procedure are a concern. The purpose of our cadaveric study was to identify changes in the neurovascular anatomy after a Latarjet procedure. Materials and methods We obtained 4 paired, fresh-frozen cadaveric forequarters (8 shoulders) from the Maryland State Anatomy Board. In each shoulder, we preoperatively measured the distances from the midanterior glenoid rim to the musculocutaneous nerve, axillary nerve, and axillary artery in 2 directions (lateral to medial and superior to inferior) and with the arm in 2 positions (0° abduction/neutral rotation; 30° abduction/30° external rotation), for a total of 12 measurements. We then created a standardized bony defect in the anterior-inferior glenoid, reconstructed it with the Latarjet procedure, and repeated the same measurements. Two examiners independently took each measurement twice. Inter-rater reliability was adequate, allowing pre-Latarjet measurements to be combined, averaged, and compared with combined and averaged post-Latarjet measurements by using paired Student t tests (significance, P ≤ .05). Results We found (1) significant differences in the location of the musculocutaneous nerve in the superior-to-inferior direction for both arm positions, (2) notably lax and consistently overlapping musculocutaneous and axillary nerves, and (3) an unchanged axillary artery location. Conclusions The Latarjet procedure resulted in consistent and clinically significant alterations in the anatomic relationships of the musculocutaneous and axillary nerves, which may make them vulnerable to injury during revision surgery.
Longitudinal changes in drug use severity and physical health-related quality of life among untreated stimulant users.

Abstract The primary objective of this study was to investigate whether drug use severity is associated with physical health-related quality of life (HRQL) over time. Data are from a longitudinal, multi-state, natural history community study of users of cocaine and/or methamphetamine who were interviewed at 6-month intervals over 2 years with a 79% follow-up participation rate. Physical HRQL was assessed with the physical component summary (PCS) of the SF-8™ Health Survey and drug, alcohol, and psychiatric severity were all assessed with the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). Random coefficient regression analyses were conducted to test for longitudinal associations between the independent variables and SF-8 PCS scores. Reductions in drug use severity over time were accompanied by only minor improvements in SF-8 PCS scores, underscoring the potential long-term harm of illicit drug use on physical health. Greater psychiatric severity was strongly associated with lower SF-8 PCS scores, suggesting that clinical attention to mental health issues could potentially lead to improvements in perceived physical health as well as among stimulant users.
Peptide and peptoid foldamers in medicinal chemistry.

Introduction: Proteins and other biologics comprise emerging therapeutic class with efficacies against targets for which development of small-molecule antagonists has been unsuccessful. The biological function of a protein is intimately tied to its sequence-dependent folding. A variety of unnatural oligomer backbones show folding behavior analogous to proteins. Often termed ‘foldamers,’ these compounds have the potential to provide the benefits of existing protein therapeutics while overcoming some drawbacks, such as protease susceptibility. Areas covered: This review surveys work toward the development of foldamer therapeutics based on β-peptides, α-peptoids, β-peptoids and heterogeneous backbones composed of mixtures of these monomers with natural α-residues. Bioactivities targeted by foldamers are diverse but can be broadly divided into two categories: i) functions that require the simple separation of charged and hydrophobic functional groups and ii) functions that require a precise and complex three-...
Bonjour's Objection to Traditional Foundationalism

Empirical foundationalism affirms that some empirical beliefs a person holds (at a time) have a degree of justification or warrant that does not derive from their being inferable from other empirical beliefs the person holds. Such beliefs are basic for the person (at the time). In his recent book Laurence Bonjour claims that foundationalism faces the following problem:The basic problem confronting empirical foundationalism … is how the basic or foundational empirical beliefs to which it appeals are themselves justified or warranted or in some way given positive epistemic standing, while still preserving their status as basic. This problem amounts to a dilemma: if there is no justification, basic beliefs are rendered epistemically arbitrary, thereby fatally impugning the very claim of foundationalism to constitute a theory of epistemic justification; while a justification which appeals to further premises of some sort threatens to begin anew the regress of justification which it is the whole point of foundationalism to avoid.
Where are the missing faults in translated terranes

Abstract A central dilemma in understanding terranes that have translated long distances is that modern plate tectonics and paleomagnetic studies indicate translations of thousands of kilometers, while the faults along which the terranes moved these great distances are not found. Relations long known from geology and from recent studies of modern transform-plate boundaries suggest that preserving strike-slip faults that record 1000-km-scale translations is unlikely, and therefore, in many cases, paleomagnetism may be our only reliable indicator of how far terranes translated. Four reasons are explored here for why large-offset strike-slip faults are likely to be ‘missing’ in translated terranes. (1) Strike-slip faults in continents commonly are partially or wholly destroyed, or reactivated. Only ∼400–500 km of over 1000 km of offset on Cretaceous–early Tertiary strike-slip faults in northern British Columbia are accounted for in southern British Columbia. The missing strike-slip faults probably continued south into the hinterland of the Rocky Mountain thrust belt as oblique-thrust faults, much like the modern Alpine–Marlborough fault system of New Zealand. The major strike-slip faults in southeastern British Columbia were obliterated by Eocene extensional faulting, uplift, and erosion. (2) Offsets of 1000 km scale are likely to occur on many anastomosing faults with offsets of 100 km scale, many of which are ‘left behind’ and not found in the translated terrane. The greater San Andreas plate boundary has accumulated ∼1200 km of transform motion that is distributed on numerous faults from the offshore borderland to eastern California. There is a narrow ‘terrane’ in the offshore borderland of California that has moved ∼1200 km relative to North America, but no single fault has nearly that much offset. (3) Major faults in narrow oceans formed by oblique-divergent plate boundaries have a low potential for preservation. For example, the deep, dense oceanic crust of the Gulf of California, where the major transform faults of the oblique rift lie, has a low potential for preservation. In contrast, Baja California is currently a continental terrane that has translated ∼300 km relative to North America along the plate boundary in the Gulf of California. Because of the relative buoyancy of continental crust, Baja California is likely to be preserved in any future accretion event. (4) Faults in the margins of oblique-divergent plate boundaries are dominantly normal faults and not strike-slip faults. There is little strike-slip faulting in central Baja California, even though the plate boundary has a rift angle ( α ) of only 20°. Recent field data and modeling show that at α =0–20° strike-slip faults will dominate the secondary faults. Surprisingly, at α =∼20 to ∼35°, there are both strike-slip and normal faults, and at α >∼35–45°, there are few or no strike-slip faults, even though the relative motion of these types of oblique rifts is dominated by transcurrent motion over extensional motion.
Low-loss cascadable MEMS distributed X-band phase shifters

A wideband distributed coplanar-waveguide (CPW) phase shifter has been developed for X-band operation. The design is based on the distributed MEMS transmission line (DMTL) loaded with high capacitance-ratio varactors. The varactors are fabricated using a series combination of MEMS bridges and fixed-value MIM capacitors. A high-capacitance ratio varactor (1.5-2.5) results in a large loading on the CPW line and therefore a large phase shift. A distributed phase shifter was fabricated on a 500 /spl mu/m quartz substrate, and achieved a true-time delay operation from 1 to 10 GHz with a reflection coefficient less than /spl sim/15 dB, and 1800/dB of insertion loss at 8-10 GHz. It is possible with this design to cascade the DMTL to result in 2- and 3-bit phase shifters with excellent wideband performance at X-band frequencies.
Tuberculosis and malignancy

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and malignancy represent global threats claiming millions of lives and inflicting formidable suffering worldwide. Surprisingly, the pathophysiological and practical implications of their co-existence have received little attention. Methods: Therefore, we sought to review the available literature on the field and identify data regarding the association between TB and malignancy in order to highlight the neglected aspects of this association and probably derive clinically useful information. We searched PubMed up to June 2008 for case reports, case series, non-comparative and comparative studies that were written in English and reported data on the occurrence of both TB infection and a neoplastic disorder in the same patient(s). The development of mycobacterial infections in patients with immunocompromized conditions is well known and was considered outside the scope of this review. Evidence synthesis: The synthesis of the available evidence enabled us to establish three different types of association between malignancy and TB: (i) the development of cancer on the background of a previous tuberculous infection; (ii) the concurrent existence of TB and malignancy in the same patient(s) or clinical specimen(s); and (iii) the diagnostic challenges arising from the multi-faceted presentations of these two disorders. Conclusions: We conclude that clinicians need to be aware of the protean manifestations of TB and cancer and maintain a high index of suspicion for simultaneous and/or misleading presentations. In addition, further research is required to determine if a tuberculous infection, being similar to other chronic infections and inflammatory conditions, may facilitate carcinogenesis.
Fast pad redistribution from periphery-IO to area-IO

The problem of redistributing IO from bondpads on the periphery of an IC to an array of solder bumps occurs frequently in MCM layout. We show that the commonly held belief that providing enough escapes at the perimeter of the array is not sufficient to guarantee routability of the design. We analyze the even wiring distribution (EWD) routing heuristic and show that it produces designs whose critical wire density is no greater that /spl radic/2 times the best possible design. Then, we employ the bound on EWD to establish a surprisingly non-monotonic relationship between bump pitch and design routability, and present our implementation of a design system that employs these principles. >
“My Worker Was There When It Really Mattered”: Foster Care Youths' Perceptions and Experiences of Their Relationships With Child Welfare Workers

The study examines foster care youths' perceptions of their relationships with child welfare caseworkers, including the characteristics youth value and the supports they seek surrounding decision making while in foster care. Interviews were conducted with 18 foster care youth. Qualitative analysis identified perceived trust as an overarching theme connecting three subthemes: worker continuity, worker nonjudgmental listening, and worker ability/willingness to transcend the confines of the role. Workers should receive specialized training so they can better understand the developmental stages of adolescence and emerging adulthood, view these youth in the context of the youths' life experiences, and refine their interpersonal skills to better respond to the needs of this age group. Policy and program efforts should focus on reducing workforce turnover.
Learning by Doing: Undergraduates as Employees in Archives

Staffing levels in the archives of large universities are usually inadequate. The ready availability of undergraduates provides opportunities for improving staffing levels at reasonable costs, but employing undergraduates in university archives presents problems as well as possibilities. There are aspects to the recruitment, selection, and training of student employees that are unique to the archival environment. Drawing on personnel literature applied to archival settings as well as on recent surveys of undergraduate student employees in archives, this article offers suggestions for the effective use and management of undergraduates as university archives employees.
Norepinephrine Metabolism in Depressive Disorders: Implications for a Biochemical Classification of Depressions

The introduction of drugs (e.g., monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants, tricyclic antidepressants and lithium salts) which proved to be effective in the treatment of depressive and manic disorders has had a major impact not only on clinical psychiatric practice but also on biological research in psychiatry. The neuropharmacology of these drugs has been studied extensively by a large number of investigators and the findings of these studies suggest that the effects of these drugs on the metabolism of the biogenic amines (i.e., the catecholamines, norepinephrine, and dopamine, as well as the indoleamine, serotonin) may be of importance clinically.1 These neuropharmacological findings served to stimulate considerable interest in biological research in the affective disorders, and many clues to the underlying pathophysiology of depressive and manic disorders have emerged from this research in recent years.2
Cerebral Palsy and Counseling

Cerebral palsy is a disorder/symptom which can result from several underlying causes. Conditions from which cerebral palsy may occur can arise before birth, at birth, or after birth. The usual classification of cerebral palsy is based on symptoms/location of cerebral damage. Cerebral palsy affects muscle coordination and bodily movement. Cerebral palsy can be mild and hardly recognizable or so severe that any semblance of normality is not present. There is no cure once cerebral palsy is acquired, but treatment such as physical therapy may ameliorate some symptoms.
Dominant negative consequences of a hERG 1b-specific mutation associated with intrauterine fetal death

The human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) encodes two subunits, hERG 1a and hERG 1b, that combine in vivo to conduct the rapid delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr). Reduced IKr slows cardiac action potential (AP) repolarization and is an underlying cause of cardiac arrhythmias associated with long QT syndrome (LQTS). Although the physiological importance of hERG 1b has been elucidated, the effects of hERG 1b disease mutations on cardiac IKr and AP behavior have not been described. To explore the disease mechanism of a 1b-specific mutation associated with a case of intrauterine fetal death, we examined the effects of the 1b-R25W mutation on total protein, trafficking and membrane current levels in HEK293 cells at physiological temperatures. By all measures the 1b-R25W mutation conferred diminished expression, and exerted a temperature-sensitive, dominant-negative effect over the WT hERG 1a protein with which it was co-expressed. Membrane currents were reduced by 60% with no apparent effect on voltage dependence or deactivation kinetics. The dominant-negative effects of R25W were demonstrated in iPSC-CMs, where 1b-R25W transfection diminished native IKr compared to controls. R25W also slowed AP repolarization, and increased AP triangulation and variability in iPSC-CMs, reflecting cellular manifestations of pro-arrhythmia. These data demonstrate that R25W is a dominant-negative mutation with significant pathophysiological consequences, and provide the first direct link between hERG 1b mutation and cardiomyocyte dysfunction.
On Non-occurrence of Chaos in Nonautonomous Planar Flows

By folding nonautonomous differential systems in the plane to scalar differential equations, a sufficient condition for the non-occurrence of chaotic behavior isobtained. It is a well-known fact that autonomous (time-independent) planar flows do not exhibit the type of complex aperiodic behavior known as chaos [3]. It is also widely known that nonautonomous (time-dependent) flows may be chaotic, as in the case of the periodically forced Duffing’s equation [5]. Being nonautonomous is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the occurrence of chaos in the plane; for instance, a nonhomogeneous linear system with constant coefficients has no chaotic flows. Nonlinear, time-dependent planar systems may also fail to be chaotic although sufficient conditions for the occurrence or non-occurrence of chaos in the plane are not readily available for nonlinear systems. In this paper, we obtain a sufficient condition for the non-occurrence of chaotic planar flows by folding the system into an ordinary differential equation of order 2. If the differential equation does not have chaotic solutions then neither does the original system. Folding has been used in control theory (the controllability canonical form–see, e.g., [1]) and in deriving jerk functions for autonomous differential systems of three equations; see [2]. It is defined as a general algorithmic process in [4]. Consider the differential system � u x = f(t,x(t),y(t)) u y = g(t,x(t),y(t))
A Certification-Guided Course for Cloud Computing (Abstract Only)

We are proposing an undergraduate course to introduce cloud computing technologies with guidance from an industry recognized certification: Amazon Certified Associate Developer. Today, cloud computing providers provide many services. For example, Amazon Web Services provide 46 broad types of services, without mentioning the combinations of these services. It is impossible to introduce all or even most of them in one course. This poster addresses the question of how to select an important and representative subset of cloud computing technologies for developing an undergraduate course on cloud computing. We propose to align our education with what the Amazon Certified Associate Developer certification covers. This certification addresses the core technologies that need to be mastered by software developers that use the Amazon Web Services, clearly the leader in cloud computing. The learning outcomes in the proposed course will be found to be consistent with the four domains identified by the certification.
Interaction of platinum(II) tetrachlorodianion (Fast Black)2 with superhelical DNA and with radiation in vitro and in vivo.

A new complex of tetrachloroplatinum(II) and the azoic diazo dye, Fast Black K, Pt(Fast Black)2, was made in an attempt to produce an uncharged molecule which could readily gain access into cells and could bring a high concentration of tetrachloroplatinum into the vicinity of the DNA. Even the lowest concentration of Pt(Fast Black)2 tested in the superhelical pBR322 plasmid DNA assay in vitro completely converted the superhelical DNA to the circular and linear forms by 24 h. When the cytotoxicity of the Pt(Fast Black)2 and Fast Black were tested in exponentially growing EMT6 cells. Pt(Fast Black)2 was slightly more toxic to normally oxygenated than to hypoxic cells at pH 7.40, but was far more toxic to cells at pH 6.45 with no difference based on cellular oxygenation. Fast Black was much less toxic than Pt(Fast Black)2 and its cytotoxicity was unaffected by pH. Pt(Fast Black)2 had a small radiosensitizing effect on hypoxic EMT6 cells with a dose-modifying factor of 1.3, but exposure to the drug entirely removed the shoulder region on the radiation survival curves for both the oxygenated and hypoxic cells. In contrast, Fast Black reduced the shoulder in hypoxic but not in oxygenated cells. When Pt(Fast Black)2 (500 mg/kg), Fast Black (300 mg/kg) (the maximally tolerated dose), or misonidazole (1 g/kg) were given intraperitoneally 15 min prior to irradiation of FSaIIC tumors with 0, 10, 20, or 30 Gy, Pt(Fast Black)2 alone caused a tumor growth delay of 6 days versus 3 days for Fast Black. With radiation, Pt(Fast Black)2 produced the greatest enhancement in tumor growth delay of the drugs tested, especially at the lowest (10 Gy) radiation dose (i.e., in the in vivo "shoulder region"). These results indicate that Pt(Fast Black)2 may be suitable for clinical development because it causes both significant direct cytotoxicity and enhancement of radiation killing. The fact that its cytotoxicity is markedly increased at an acidic pH and its radiation enhancing effects are greatest in combination with relatively low single-fraction radiation doses make it especially interesting. The cytotoxicity of Pt(Fast Black)2 may be influenced by the tumor environment, and the radiosensitizing properties appear well suited for use with radiation fraction sizes that are employed in the clinic.
The biochemical and clinical consequences of 2'-deoxycoformycin in refractory lymphoproliferative malignancy

A deficiency of adenosine deaminase, an enzyme important in purine nucleoside catabolism, is associated with a severe combined immunodeficiency disease in children. Inhibition of this enzyme in vitro and in vivo results in an impairment in lymphoblast proliferation. We have investigated the pharmacologic inhibition of this enzyme by 2′-deoxycoformycin in 15 patients with hematologic malignancies. Biochemical consequences of the administration of this agent were closely monitored in erythrocytes, nucleated peripheral blood and bone marrow cells, serum, and urine. A marked rise in erythrocyte dATP was accompanied by a depletion of ATP in those patients exhibiting toxicity. Most patients excreted large amounts of deoxyadenosine but not adenosine in the urine. Serum deoxyadenosine rose in patients demonstrating a marked decrease in cell mass. The biochemical disturbances and clinical toxicity, including hepatic, renal, and conjunctival abnormalities, were usually reversible. Central nervous system toxicity, which potentially was the most serious consequence, was associated with high erythrocyte dATP/ATP ratios and high levels of cerebrospinal fluid deoxyadenosine. In patients with lymphoma and leukemia, objective responses were observed but were short- lived. Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia receiving weekly low doses of the drug demonstrated minimal toxicity and some efficacy. The chemotherapeutic potential o 2′-deoxycoformycin, as either a single agent or in combination with Ara-A, merits further exploration.
Generalization of a Simple Formula

(1910). Generalization of a Simple Formula. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 17, No. 11, pp. 214-216.
Collisional Energy Transfer Probability Densities P(E, J; E′, J′) for Monatomics Colliding with Large Molecules

Collisional energy transfer remains an important area of uncertainty in master equation simulations. Quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) calculations were used to examine the energy transfer probability density distribution (energy transfer kernel), which depends on translational temperature, on the nature of the collision partners, and on the initial and final total internal energies and angular momenta: P(E, J; E′, J′). For this purpose, model potential energy functions were taken from the literature or were formulated for pyrazine + Ar and for ethane + Ar collisions. For each collision pair, batches of 105 trajectories were computed with three selected initial vibrational energies and five selected values for initial total angular momentum. Most trajectories were carried out with relative translational energy distributions at 300 K, but some were carried out at 1000 or 1200 K. In addition, some trajectories were computed for artificially “heavy” ethane, in which the H-atoms were assigned masses of 20 amu....
Identification of Bacterial and Viral Codetections With Mycoplasma pneumoniae Using the TaqMan Array Card in Patients Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumoniae was detected in a number of patients with community-acquired pneumonia in a recent prospective study. To assess whether other pathogens were also detected in these patients, TaqMan Array Cards were used to test 216 M pneumoniae-positive respiratory specimens for 25 additional viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens. It is interesting to note that 1 or more codetections, predominantly bacterial, were identified in approximately 60% of specimens, with codetections being more common in children.
Heavy minerals in the late Eocene sandstone of Medicine Pole Hills, southwestern North Dakota

Late Eocene sandstone capping hills and small buttes in the Medicine Pole Hills in southwestern North Dakota has been correlated with the Chalky Buttes Member of the Chadron Formation. Heavy-mineral analysis was used to assess this correlation. Optical microscopy and chemical analysis using a scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS) system were used to determine abundances and compositions of heavy minerals separated from 0.25–0.30 mm fractions of nine samples from seven depositional units (353–602 grains per sample). The 0.063–0.125 mm fraction was also studied for one of these samples. Samples ranged from coarse- to medium- to fine-grained poorly consolidated sandstone. Total heavy mineral recovery (0.4–14.1%) generally corresponded with the grain-size distribution of samples, with higher recoveries in coarser samples. Opaque grains (ferruginous aggregates, Fe-Ti oxides, and leucoxene) comprised 0.8–15.6 percent of heavy mineral grains. Non-opaque grains were dominated by amphibole (24.4–52.2%) and epidote-clinozoisite (10.6–38.1%), with variable diopside (0–51.1%). Generally less abundant minerals included garnet, apatite (bone fragments), biotite, and muscovite. One sample was biotite-rich (36.5%). Chemical compositions of heavy minerals showed no significant stratigraphic variations, suggesting the nature of the sources did not vary. Diopside, biotite, and approximately 1/3 of the amphibole grains were interpreted as derived from Tertiary volcanic sources. The majority of the amphibole grains (tremolite and blue-green hornblende), epidote, and garnet were derived from Precambrian metamorphic sources. The relative contribution of volcanic sources was variable (19–64%), being highest in those samples with more diopside and (with the exception of the biotite-rich sample) highest in those samples with higher overall heavy-mineral abundances. Individual heavy-mineral abundances also correlated fairly well with grain size. Overall, variations in heavy minerals were explained by variable volcanic source contributions and variations in grain-size distributions of the samples. Despite the variability found, cluster analysis showed that the samples from Medicine Pole Hills were consistently different than the generally much more stable heavy-mineral assemblages found in the Chalky Buttes Member. They were also consistently different when volcanic heavy minerals were ignored. The differences could not be explained by variable volcanic contributions, grain-size effects, and/or differences in heavy mineral stabilities alone. They require differences in provenance, suggesting that the sandstone of Medicine Pole Hills should not be correlated with the Chalky Buttes Member, or, at the very least, it should be considered a distinct facies of the Chalky Buttes Member.