cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cholinergic Interneurons Use Orbitofrontal Input to Track Beliefs about Current State.

When conditions change, organisms need to learn about the changed conditions without interfering with what they already know. To do so, they can assign the new learning to a new “state” and the old learning to a previous state. This state assignment is fundamental to behavioral flexibility. Cholinergic interneurons (CINs) in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) are necessary for associative information to be compartmentalized in this way, but the mechanism by which they do so is unknown. Here we addressed this question by recording putative CINs from the DMS in rats performing a task consisting of a series of trial blocks, or states, that required the recall and application of contradictory associative information. We found that individual CINs in the DMS represented the current state throughout each trial. These state correlates were not observed in dorsolateral striatal CINs recorded in the same rats. Notably, DMS CIN ensembles tracked rats9 beliefs about the current state such that, when states were miscoded, rats tended to make suboptimal choices reflecting the miscoding. State information held by the DMS CINs also depended completely on the orbitofrontal cortex, an area that has been proposed to signal environmental states. These results suggest that CINs set the stage for recalling associative information relevant to the current environment by maintaining a real-time representation of the current state. Such a role has novel implications for understanding the neural basis of a variety of psychiatric diseases, such as addiction or anxiety disorders, in which patients generalize inappropriately (or fail to generalize) between different environments. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs) are thought to be identical to tonically active neurons. These neurons have long been thought to have an important influence on striatal processing during reward-related learning. Recently, a more specific function for striatal CINs has been suggested, which is that they are necessary for striatal learning to be compartmentalized into different states as the state of the environment changes. Here we report that putative CINs appear to track rats9 beliefs about which environmental state is current. We further show that this property of CINs depends on orbitofrontal cortex input and is correlated with choices made by rats. These findings could provide new insight into neuropsychiatric diseases that involve improper generalization between different contexts.
The Deviant Consumer: Problems, Prospects, and Priorities for Management Action and Marketing Research

Deviant consumer behavior is approaching epidemic proportions, yet has received little research attention. Several problems inherent in the area have impeded both management action and research progress. This paper reviews these problems and suggests priorities for both management action and future research.
Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation, Second Edition

The search for clean, renewable energy sources has yielded enormous growth and new developments in these technologies in a few short years, driving down costs and encouraging utilities in many nations, both developed and developing, to add and expand wind and solar power capacity. The first, best-selling edition of Wind and Solar Power Systems prov
Transaction Cost and Crowding

We use industry data to determine whether crowding of the investment space is caused by portfolio construction processes typical to the investment community. In particular, this paper examines the extent that transaction cost models cause crowding of the investment space, even when the investment models are completely unrelated to one another. We find that as transaction costs become more significant in the portfolio creation process as portfolios increase in size from \$500 million to \$5 billion, crowding actually declines for long-only portfolios and mainly declines, but sometimes increases for market neutral portfolios. This research sheds more light on how crowding develops through actions by players within the financial system
Temperature compensation of MEMS resonators using sputtered Fluorine-doped silicon dioxide

In this paper the linear temperature coefficient of frequency in bulk-extensional MEMS resonators is reduced utilizing a relatively thin layer of sputtered Fluorine-doped silicon dioxide (SIOF). The Fluorine doping is achieved through addition of a Fluorine-containing gas in the Ar/O 2 gas mixture of a typical SiO 2 RF magnetron sputtering process. Our preliminary results indicate that the temperature coefficient of elasticity (TCE) for SIOF could be significantly larger than that of pure SiO 2 (1.35X larger) and that the TCE could be tuned by controlling the fluorine concentration in the SIOF film.
The 2003 Revised Uniform Estate Tax Apportionment Act

This Article describes the significant sections of the 2003 Uniform Estate Tax Apportionment Act (the "2003 Uniform Act"). The Article explains the purpose and operation of the 2003 Uniform Act's various sections and notes some of the differences between the 2003 Uniform Act and its prior version.
Biological and molecular characterization of a tomato isolate of potato virus Y (PVY) of the PVYC lineage

An isolate of potato virus Y (PVY), PVY-H14, was collected on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, from tomato plants exhibiting stunting and necrotic lesions on leaves. PVY-H14 triggered the hypersensitive resistance response in potato cultivars King Edward and Maris Bard, typical of a PVYC strain, and was unable to infect systemically the four tested cultivars, Desiree, Maris Bard, King Edward, and Russet Norkotah. Phylogenetic analysis of H14 and the whole genomes of 31 PVY isolates of non-recombinant strains of PVY placed PVY-H14 in the same clade with PVYC and several unclassified PVY isolates from tomato and tobacco.
Epilepsy with Myoclonic Absences

Resistance to therapy and learning disabilities are stressed as frequent complications of the syndrome of “epilepsy with myoclonic absences” reported in 8 children, ages 6 to 16 years, seen at the University Hospital of Wales in a 10 year period.
Avoiding Adversariness? The Effects of Gender on Litigant Decision-Making

How does gender influence the American judicial system? Scholars interested in this question have focused on several areas, including the substance of the law (Bender 1993; Olsen 1995; Rifkin 1981), the presence of women on a jury (Fowler 2005; Marder 1987; Taylor-Thompson 2000), and the sex of criminal defendants (Sarnikar, Sorenson, and Oaxaca 2007; Starr 2012). Among political scientists in particular, most work has examined judicial decision-making and whether the rulings of female judges differ from those of their male counterparts. Results of these studies have been mixed: some indicate that female judges vote differently, at least in certain types of cases (Boyd, Epstein, and Martin 2010; Peresie 2005; Songer and Crews-Meyer 2000), but others have found no, or only a minimal, gender effect (Segal 2002; Songer, Davis, and Haire 1994; Walker and Barrow 1985).
Chapter 5 Isolation, Characterization, and Translation of mRNA from Yeast

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on the preparation and analysis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The isolation in undegraded form from yeast cells and polysomes are discussed. The chapter discusses the characterization of the 5′- and 3′-structures unique to mRNA, and its translation in an extract of wheat germ. In S. cerevisiae, most of the mRNA molecules contain relatively homogeneous polyriboadenylic acid (poly A) sequences of about 50 residues covalently linked to the 3′-end. These molecules are readily separated from total RNA by affinity chromatography on oligo-dT-cellulose columns. Columns are prepared and run at room temperature. The affinity chromatography on oligo-dT-cellulose separates the bulk of the poly-A-containing molecules from the total RNA and thus is highly suitable for preparing large quantities of poly-A-containing RNA. More complete purification of yeast mRNA are obtained using poly U immobilized on glass-fiber filters. There are no other methyl groups in yeast mRNA. These structures are resistant to nucleases and phosphatases and therefore can be easily isolated and analyzed. Wheat germ extract actively translates yeast mRNA.
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing and "p" Values.

p values are commonly reported in quantitative research, but are often misunderstood and misinterpreted by research consumers. Our aim in this article is to provide special educators with guidance for appropriately interpreting p values, with the broader goal of improving research consumers’ understanding and interpretation of research findings. Specifically, we discuss null hypothesis significance testing, describe what p values mean and how they are reported, describe some common misconceptions of p values, and provide two examples from the research literature to illustrate how p values are used in the field. Our take-home message is that p values indicate how likely study results are to occur if the null hypothesis is true, and that p values should be cautiously interpreted.
Association of soil potassium and sodium concentrations with spatial disparities of prevalence and mortality rates of hypertensive diseases in the USA.

Crop available soil potassium is generally low and on the decline in the southeastern states of the USA because of the increasing crop and runoff removal and decreasing application of potassium fertilizer. Hypertension-related mortality rates are also high in the southeastern states and are on the rise. Among 41 elements analyzed from 4856 sites across all 48 states, potassium is identified as the only independent element whose soil concentration has significant association with spatial disparities of essential hypertension and hypertension-related mortality rates in the 48 states between 1999 and 2014. Essential hypertension and hypertension-related mortality rates of the 6 states with the lowest soil potassium concentration are about 50–26% higher than that of the 6 states with the highest soil potassium concentration in the 48 states (RR: 1.50, 1.26, low CI 95% 1.47, 1.25 and upper CI 95% 1.53, 1.27, respectively). Though sodium was not identified as an independent factor, an apparent significant inverse correlation exists between hypertension prevalence rates and soil sodium concentration in the 48 states (r = − 0.66, p = 0.00). There likely has been a decline of potassium in USA produces per unit weight over time and a likely association between this decline and increasing hypertension rate, particularly in the southeastern states. Hence, results of this study suggest the need of increasing potassium intakes for reducing hypertension-related mortality rates in the southeastern states. Results of this study also support further examination of potential benefits of sodium from mixture of non-chloride salts in natural produces.
Recognizing and Resolving Ethical Issues: In Counseling Stepfamilies

Counseling stepfamilies necessitates appreciating the relational complexity of this family constellation and the impact of these relational schema on the provisions of ethical counseling. Clinicians need to recognize common ethical concerns as specific to stepfamilies and learn how to resolve these potential concerns in a manner that enhances therapeutic service and honors the ethical aspirations of the counseling profession.
Discrete Riccati Equations: Alternative Algorithms, Asymptotic Properties, and System Theory Interpretations

Publisher Summary Algorithms have been developed that, while related to the Riccati algorithm, have important computational advantages. This chapter presents a self-contained exposition of the properties of the class of discrete-time Riccati equations that arise in the filtering problem. The point of view adopted is novel, which shows the relationship between various alternative algorithms and the Riccati equation while it connects up the asymptotic theory of such equations with the developments in linear systems theory. The chapter derives the Riccati equation and several related algorithms for the control problem by a novel approach that reveals its linear algebraic nature. It has been shown that the control problem could be reduced to a defined set of linear algebraic equations for which a solution could be found by employing orthogonal transformations. In the time-variable case, the square root version of the Riccati equation that emerges is related to similar algorithms developed in the filtering context.
High stakes in INF verification

Reasonable verification of an intermediate-range nuclear forces accord could pave the way for a strategic arms agreement, but overly intrusive measures may compromise national and industrial security and generate endless controversies.
Planar Graphs and the Koszul Algebra Structure for Trivariate Monomial Ideals

We describe the Koszul algebra for rings given by quotients of trivariate monomial ideals using planar graphs representing the minimal free resolution. Much is known about the Koszul algebra structure for such ideals, but a complete classification is still unknown. It is known that we can use the minimal free resolution to determine the Koszul algebra structure for trivariate monomial ideals. We will see what new insight we can gain about this classification using planar graphs and provide additional information to previous results. By inspecting the planar graphs we also find some surprising results about which lower Bass numbers we can obtain for trivariate monomial ideals.
Leveraging the agile development process for selecting invoking/excluding tests to support feature location

A practical approach to feature location using agile unit tests is presented. The approach employs a modified software reconnaissance method for feature location, but in the context of an agile development methodology. Whereas a major drawback to software reconnaissance is the identification or development of invoking and excluding tests, the approach allows for the automatic identification of invoking and excluding tests by partially ordering existing agile unit tests via iteration information from the agile development process. The approach is validated in a comparison study with industry professionals, where the approach is shown to improve feature location speed, accuracy, and developer confidence over purely manual feature location.
Bleak House’s Addictive Detective-Work

This chapter discusses Charles Dickens’s reading on the topic of addiction along with his depiction of addictive habits. Colman shows how Dickens’s reading of Robert Macnish’s Anatomy of Drunkenness would have allowed him access to the sort of thinking about addictive consumption arrived at by Romantics such as Thomas De Quincey. Dickens’s own portrayal of addictive consumers, moreover, relates to those Romantic precedents: Dickens, like De Quincey, links addictive pursuit of possibility with repetitive, investigative orientation toward possibility. The result of such narrative-emphasis on repetitive investigation of the possible in Bleak House, this chapter shows, is an early example of the detective genre.
Ocular Prophylaxis for Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neonatorum: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

This systematic review to support the 2019 US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement on ocular prophylaxis for gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum summarizes published evidence on the benefits and harms of ocular topical medication to prevent gonococcal conjunctival infection in newborns.
Tensile Properties of a Stochastic Prepreg Platelet Molded Composite

Abstract The stochastic prepreg platelet molded composite (PPMC) occurs when the orientation and arrangement disorder of platelets are determined by the uncontrolled molding conditions. The understanding of composite structure-property relationship is essential for the engineering applications of PPMCs. Computational analysis of the structure-property relationship in a PPMC with stochastic meso-scale morphology is herein performed under uniaxial tension conditions. The virtual distributions of tensile properties are obtained from the in-silico tensile tests based on the progressive failure analysis in the full-sized stochastically generated PPMC coupons. The developed analysis allows investigation of how the PPMC meso-structure details, such as platelet geometry and system morphology, define the variability in PPMC effective tensile properties.
Local Values and the Emergence of Clusters of Hybrid Companies: A Process Model

Hybrid organizations show a strong tendency to cluster geographically. While promising, traditional theories of agglomeration cannot account for three main aspects of these clusters: how they emerg...
Saturated oxygen and nitrogen heterocycles via oxidative coupling of alkyltrifluoroborates with alkenols, alkenoic acids and protected alkenylamines

Saturated heterocycles are important components of many bioactive compounds. The method disclosed herein enables a general route to a range of 5-, 6- and 7-membered oxygen and nitrogen heterocycles by coupling potassium alkyltrifluoroborates with heteroatom-tethered alkenes, predominantly styrenes, under copper-catalyzed conditions, in the presence of MnO2. The method was applied to the synthesis of the core of the anti-depressant drug citalopram. The reaction scope and observed reactivity is consistent with a polar/radical mechanism involving intermolecular addition of the alkyl radical to the alkene followed by [Cu(iii)]-facilitated C-O (or C-N) bond forming reductive elimination.
Choroidal Neovascularization Associated with Pentosan Polysulfate Toxicity.

Abstract: We report a case of vision loss related to active choroidal neovascularization in the setting of pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS)-associated pigmentary maculopathy.
Synthesis of a novel bruceantin analog via intramolecular etherification

Reaction of the known bruceantin-derived carbinol 6 with triflic anhydride and pyridine leads to the formation of a novel hexacyclic structure 8 that results from an intramolecular etherification.
The Effects of Trade Agreements on Imports of Biologics: Evidence from Chile

This paper develops new indicators that measure the strength of intellectual property rights (IPR) provisions in Chile’s free trade agreements (FTAs). We use these new indicators to examine the extent to which FTAs with strong IPR provisions impact the volume, unit value and overall value of imported biologic medicines into Chile. We find that FTAs with more stringent IPR provisions increase both the volume and the unit value of imported biologics, suggesting greater availability of imported biologics at a higher price. Further research, however, is necessary to determine whether the increases in volume and unit prices of imports lead to greater universal access to biologics or greater inequity in access to these medicines.
Evaluation of the sensors

It is one thing to come up with a sensor but a whole different matter to come up with a sensor that satisfies the strict criteria required in a gauging application. The present chapter discusses the performance of the fabric coating sensor, its sensitivity, accuracy, calibration, and other parameters such as drift, sensitivity to environmental changes, and long-time stability. We start with initial performance tests on a prototype sensor whose purpose was to establish the viability of the sensor and to obtain data for further development that might be needed. Some of the tests were done in a laboratory environment but most were performed on an existing production line. The purpose of these tests, in addition to establishing the functional parameters of the sensor such as sensitivity and stability, was to also establish its viability in the industrial environment.
Wet-chemical synthesis of Li7P3S11 with tailored particle size for solid state electrolytes

Abstract The small-size solid-state electrolytes with high Li+ conductivity play an important role in reducing the interfacial resistance between electrode materials and solid state electrolytes. As one of the most conductive sulfide based ionic conductors, Li7P3S11 with scalable synthesis method and controllable particle sizes is highly desired but rarely reported. Here, we report a facile wet-chemical synthesis method to prepare Li7P3S11 solid state electrolytes with variable sizes for all-solid-state lithium batteries. By fully dissolving 70Li2S-30P2S5 precursors in ethyl acetate solution, the particle size of Li7P3S11 can be manipulated into as small as ∼ 110 nm and a highest Li+ conductivity of 1.05 mS cm−1 can be achieved. A systematical mechanistic study of solvent effects suggests that the controlled particle sizes are attributed to the excellent solvability and low binding energy of ethyl acetate solvent toward solutes. Moreover, this generic method can be extended to the facile synthesis of Li3PS4 nanoparticles with an average size of ∼ 200 nm and high Li+ conductivity of 0.1 mS cm−1.
Exposure to Violence, Coping, and Academic Achievement in Latinx Adolescents

The Latinx population is currently the largest ethnic minority group in the USA. Moreover, studies demonstrate that Latinx youth are at a higher risk for exposure to community violence and for negative school outcomes compared to their non-Latinx white peers. Though more attention has been devoted to understanding negative school outcomes, there is surprisingly little empirical data directly testing associations between community violence and academic outcomes. Additionally, little research explores potential moderators, such as youth coping mechanisms, that may buffer the negative effects of community violence on academic outcomes in Latinx adolescents. In the current study, we examine associations between exposure to community violence, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, coping, and academic achievement in a sample of 168 Latinx adolescents (age range = 11–15, 56.2% girls). We hypothesized that (a) exposure to community violence is negatively associated with academic achievement, (b) Active Coping is positively associated with academic achievement, and (c) Avoidant Coping is negatively associated with academic achievement. We also hypothesized that coping would moderate associations between violence exposure and academic outcomes, with Active Coping expected to be a protective factor and Avoidant Coping expected to be a risk factor. In line with our hypotheses, bivariate results demonstrate that violence exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms are negatively associated with grade point average (GPA). Multivariate analyses controlling for baseline GPA, however, revealed that only youth age and Active Coping were independently associated with GPA. Results provide empirical data on associations between violence exposure and GPA and highlight potential intervention targets for Latinx students in academic settings.
Trends in Surface UV Radiation

Enhancements in UV radiation (due to stratospheric ozone depletion) may affect a number of biological processes. Most of these processes are strong functions of wavelength, making them more or less sensitive to ozone depletion. For some of the most sensitive biological systems, significant UV dose enhancements may have already occurred.
Multi-Version Software Development

Abstract Multi-version software systems achieve fault tolerance through software redundancy. Diverse software versions are executed concurrently by a supervisory system that reports consensus results, allowing the results from erroneous versions to be masked by the majority. The Second Generation Experiment is a large scale empirical study of multi-version software systems engaging researchers at six sites. This paper presents UCLA's perspective of this experiment, its role in the preliminary analysis, and related research at the Dependable Computing and Fault Tolerant Systems Laboratory.
Polymerization of pNcollagen I and copolymerization of pNcollagen I with collagen I. A kinetic, thermodynamic, and morphologic study.

Previous observations established that pNcollagen III copolymerized with collagen I and decreased the diameter of the fibrils formed (Romanic, A.M., Adachi, E., Kadler, K.E., Hojima, Y., and Prockop, D.J. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 12703-12709). Here, procollagen I alone or mixtures of procollagen I and pCcollagen I were incubated with procollagen C-proteinase to generate pNcollagen I or mixtures of pNcollagen I and collagen I. The results confirmed previous reports that pNcollagen I assembles into sheet-like structures. They also demonstrated that polymerization of pNcollagen I exhibits a lag period and propagation phase similar to those seen with other protein self-assembly systems. In addition, the results demonstrated that pNcollagen I formed true copolymers with collagen I in that the presence of pNcollagen I increased the lag time, decreased the propagation rate, and increased the concentration of collagen I in solution at equilibrium. Copolymerization of pNcollagen I with collagen I, however, differed in two features from copolymerization of pNcollagen III with collagen I. One was that, in confirmation of previous work, copolymerization of pNcollagen I with collagen I markedly altered the circularity of the fibrils formed. The second difference was that the copolymerization increased the concentration in solution at equilibrium of pNcollagen I whereas copolymerization with collagen I was previously shown to decrease the concentration in solution of pNcollagen III. The increase in concentration in solution of pNcollagen I was explicable either by the assembly of soluble oligomers of pNcollagen I and collagen I, or by subtle changes in the activities of pNcollagen I and collagen I in the solid-phase. Comparison with previous data with pNcollagen III indicated that although pNcollagen I and pNcollagen III copolymerize with collagen I, there are marked differences in the two kinds of copolymers.
Relation between Ce144 and Sr90 Rainout in convective rainstorms

Analyses were made of the time and space distribution of the concentrations of Ce144 and Sr90 in 1963 convective storms in Illinois through use of a network of 16 automatic rainwater samplers operated in conjunction with recording raingages and weather radar sets. Great space and time variability were found in the Ce144/Sr90 ratio in these storms. A relatively strong trend was found for the above ratio to decrease during the life of storms. A relatively weak trend was noted for the average ratio of Ce144/Sr90 to decrease with increasing amounts of total storm rainfall. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Practice Characteristics of Women Physicians

Now that we have seen that women physicians are different than men in terms of their productivity and specialty, it should not be surprising that their practices are different in location, type and resulting income.
Using secure coprocessors to protect access to enterprise networks

Enterprise firewalls can be easily circumvented, e.g. by attack agents aboard infected mobile computers or telecommuters' computers, or by attackers exploiting rogue access points or modems. Techniques that prevent connection to enterprise networks of nodes whose configuration does not conform to enterprise policies could greatly reduce such vulnerabilities. Network Admission Control (NAC) and Network Access Protection (NAP) are recent industrial initiatives to achieve such policy enforcement. However, as currently specified, NAC and NAP assume that users are not malicious. We propose novel techniques using secure coprocessors to protect access to enterprise networks. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed techniques are effective against malicious users and have acceptable overhead.
Fast cloud adjustment to increasing CO2 in a superparameterized climate model

[1] Two-year simulation experiments with a superparameterized climate model, SP-CAM, are performed to understand the fast tropical (30S-30N) cloud response to an instantaneous quadrupling of CO2 concentration with SST held fixed at present-day values. The greenhouse effect of the CO2 perturbation quickly warms the tropical land surfaces by an average of 0.5 K. This shifts rising motion, surface precipitation, and cloud cover at all levels from the ocean to the land, with only small net tropical-mean cloud changes. There is a widespread average reduction of about 80 m in the depth of the trade inversion capping the marine boundary layer (MBL) over the cooler subtropical oceans. One apparent contributing factor is CO2-enhanced downwelling longwave radiation, which reduces boundary-layer radiative cooling, a primary driver of turbulent entrainment through the trade inversion. A second contributor is a slight CO2-induced heating of the free troposphere above the MBL, which strengthens the trade inversion and also inhibits entrainment. There is a corresponding downward displacement of MBL clouds with a very slight decrease in mean cloud cover and albedo. Two-dimensional cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations of this MBL response are run to steady state using composite SP-CAM simulated thermodynamic and wind profiles from a representative cool subtropical ocean regime, for the control and 4xCO2 cases. Simulations with a CRM grid resolution equal to that of SP-CAM are compared with much finer resolution simulations. The coarse-resolution simulations maintain a cloud fraction and albedo comparable to SP-CAM, but the fine-resolution simulations have a much smaller cloud fraction. Nevertheless, both CRM configurations simulate a reduction in inversion height comparable to SP-CAM. The changes in low cloud cover and albedo in the CRM simulations are small, but both simulations predict a slight reduction in low cloud albedo as in SP-CAM.
Mechanistic studies of alkane partial oxidation reactions on nickel oxide by modern surface science techniques

Publisher Summary The partial oxidation of alkanes is an important industrial reaction for the manufacturing of oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. In this chapter, the reaction of 2-propyl iodide with oxygen has been investigated on Ni(100) surfaces. The reaction of the resulting 2-propyl groups with oxygen on Ni(100) was characterized as a function of oxygen coverage by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). A variety of products have been observed to desorb from the O/Ni(100) system and the selectivity among them is found to depend strongly on the coverage of oxygen. For low oxygen coverages, acetone is produced in addition to hydrogen, propane, and propene, but at oxygen surface concentrations close to monolayer saturation (0.50 ML) neither acetone nor hydrogen are detected and the amounts of propane and propene, produced from the iodide, are substantially reduced. Furthermore, high oxygen exposures lead to oxidation of the nickel surface, at which point no hydrocarbons desorb at all; only the products associated with total oxidation, namely, CO, CO2, and H2O, are observed. It has been also found that at temperatures slightly above 200 K some of the alkyl groups that remain on the surface migrate to the sites on top of the chemisorbed oxygen atoms, blocking the latter from the incoming probing ions. It is also suggested that acetone detection in the TPD experiments with the iodo alkane is reaction limited. Moreover, it has been observed that the formation of acetone, from 2-propyl groups, is enhanced by the presence of OH groups on the surface to the point of yielding TPD traces similar to those seen for the case of 2-propanol and some acetaldehyde are produced during the oxidation of ethyl groups, if hydroxide species are present on the surface.
Undermining Democratic Education in the USA: the consequences of global capitalism and neo-liberal policies for education policies at the local, state and federal levels

In the USA, many of the recent education reforms have been implemented in response to calls from neo-liberal and conservative policy makers to improve education efficiency and reduce public expenditures within an increasingly globalized economy. Consequently, local, state, and federal education policies increasingly employ curricular standards and high-stakes testing as a means of introducing competition and markets into education. Moreover, for some policy makers such reforms are the first step towards privatizing education through charter schools and vouchers programs. In this article the author analyzes the consequences such policies have had on the education system on three scales: the city of Chicago, the state of New York, and the US federal government. In particular, the reforms have shifted the control over education from the local to the state and federal levels. Further, the reforms have increased inequality between the advantaged middle-class and White students and the disadvantaged working-cla...
A SIGNAL-DETECTION THEORY BASED PERSPECTIVE ON DESIGN OF WARNING

The effects of warnings are analyzed using a distributed signal-detection theory model. It is established that selectivity always increases effectiveness. The implications to optimal warning design for intermittent versus continuous hazards are discussed. The changes in the behavior of the 6 human subjects in response to changes in the warning levels are consistent with the predictions of the model.
Determination of the binding of β-cyclodextrin derivatives to adamantane carboxylic acids using capillary electrophoresis

Binding constants between adamantane carboxylic acids and β-cyclodextrin derivatives were determined by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using indirect detection. In this procedure, a mixture of adamantane derivative and non-interacting anionic standards, is injected and analysis of the electrophoretic mobility, relative to the noninteracting anionic standards, as a function of the concentration of cyclodextrin, yields values for their binding constants to the adamantane derivative. The usefulness of the method for quantification of binding constants is demonstrated.
A numerical method for incompressible viscous flow simulation

We describe a numerical scheme for computing time-dependent solutions of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in the primitive variable formulation. This scheme uses finite elements for the space discretization and operator splitting techniques for the time discretization. The resulting discrete equations are solved using specialized nonlinear optimization algorithms that are computationally efficient and have modest storage requirements. The basic numerical kernel is the preconditioned conjugate gradient method for symmetric, positive-definite, sparse matrix systems, which can be efficiently implemented on the architectures of vector and parallel processing supercomputers.
A Pact with the Embryo: Viktor Hamburger, Holistic and Mechanistic Philosophy in the Development of Neuroembryology, 1927–1955

Viktor Hamburger was a developmental biologist interested in the ontogenesis of the vertebrate nervous system. A student of Hans Spemann at Freiburg in the 1920s, Hamburger picked up a holistic view of the embryo that precluded him from treating it in a reductionist way; at the same time, he was committed to a materialist and analytical approach that eschewed any form of vitalism or metaphysics. This paper explores how Hamburger walked this thin line between mechanistic reductionism and metaphysical vitalism in light of his work on the factors influencing growth of neurons into limb buds, and the discovery of nerve growth factor, work carried out with Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen.
CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER IN DONOR DOGS FED A HIGH FAT DIET AND SUBJECTED TO REPEATED BLEEDINGS

1. In 13 dogs used repeatedly as donors for plasmapheresis and plasma injection experiments and fed a kennel diet that for a period of over a year consisted chiefly of bones with much adherent fat, cirrhosis of the liver occurred in 10. Marked fatty change without definite fibrosis occurred in 2 of the dogs. 2. In control dogs fed the same kennel diet during the same period but not subjected to repeated bleedings, no instance of cirrhosis was observed. 3. In previous plasmapheresis and plasma injection experiments "donor dogs" subjected to similar bleedings over comparable periods but maintained on a different kennel diet did not develop cirrhosis. 4. This series of events suggests that in dogs maintained on a relatively high fat diet repeated bleedings predispose them to cirrhosis of the liver. No data are available to decide the more fundamental question: Do the repeated bleedings remove something (other than hemoglobin) necessary for continued integrity of the liver, or is the cirrhosis the result of relative anoxia or increased lipemia occasioned by the repeated bleedings or perhaps of both combined?
Sepsis and Sloppy Surgery

Excerpt To the editor: In a recent issue (1) Maxwell Finland, M.D., saw fit to find guilty the surgical profession en bloc with the statement in his summary and in his conclusions that "improving s...
A Synthetic Biology Approach Identifies the Mammalian UPR RNA Ligase RtcB

Signaling in the ancestral branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR) is initiated by unconventional splicing of HAC1/XBP1 mRNA during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In mammals, IRE1α has been known to cleave the XBP1 intron. However, the enzyme responsible for ligation of two XBP1 exons remains unknown. Using an XBP1 splicing-based synthetic circuit, we identify RtcB as the primary UPR RNA ligase. In RtcB knockout cells, XBP1 mRNA splicing is defective during ER stress. Genetic rescue and in vitro splicing show that the RNA ligase activity of RtcB is directly required for the splicing of XBP1 mRNA. Taken together, these data demonstrate that RtcB is the long-sought RNA ligase that catalyzes unconventional RNA splicing during the mammalian UPR.
Feature combinations and the divergence criterion

Classifying large quantities of multidimensional remotely sensed agricultural data requires efficient and effective classification techniques and the construction of certain transformations of a dimension reducing, information preserving nature. The construction of transformations that minimally degrade information (i.e., class separability) is described. Linear dimension reducing transformations for multivariate normal populations are presented. Information content is measured by divergence.
Stoicism and sensation seeking: Male vulnerabilities for the acquired capability for suicide.

Our aim was to investigate two personality traits (i.e., stoicism and sensation seeking) that may account for well-established gender differences in suicide, within the framework of the interpersonal theory of suicide. This theory proposes that acquired capability for suicide, a construct comprised of pain insensitivity and fearlessness about death, explains gender differences in suicide. Across two samples of undergraduates (N = 185 and N = 363), men demonstrated significantly greater levels of both facets of acquired capability than women. Further, we found that stoicism accounted for the relationship between gender and pain insensitivity, and sensation seeking accounted for the relationship between gender and fearlessness about death. Thus, personality may be one psychological mechanism accounting for gender differences in suicidal behavior.
Modulation of the adherence of human lymphocytes to measles-infected cells by corticosteroids.

Abstract Corticosteroids have been shown to have an inhibitory effect on many aspects of the human inflammatory and immunologic response. It is largely unknown by what mechanism corticosteroids alter the biologic function of lymphoid cells. One possible mechansim by which steroids could alter lymphocyte function is by modulation of surface receptors. The present study was designed to examine this possibility by the study of the effect of hydrocortisone (HC) and other steroids on the lymphocyte surface binding site for measles virus antigens. These receptors were detected by an assay involving the rosetting of lymphocytes to measles-infected Hela cells (Hela-K11). We showed that HC and several other steroids inhibit the adherence of monocyte-depleted peripheral blood lymphocytes to Hela-K11 cells (HC inhibition, 34 ± 12.1%, mean ± 1 SD). Inhibition could only be observed after the removal of glass-adherent cells. Modulation of lymphocyte functional surface determinants may be important in explaining some of the pharmacologic effects of corticosteroids on the immune system.
Polymerization reactions at high pressure and supercritical conditions

Abstract In recent years, considerable interest has developed in the use of supercritical fluids (SCFs) for processing of synthetic and naturally-occurring polymers. The use of SCFs as polymerization media, however, has remained a relatively unexplored area. A review of the literature indicates that supercritical polymerization reactions have been conducted on an industrial scale for almost 60 years. While the advantages of performing polymerization reactions at high pressure are well known, the benefits of synthesizing polymers in the supercritical region have been largely overlooked. This manuscript reviews the various polymerization reactions which have been performed in the supercritical region and the advantages SCFs afford over conventional reaction media. Areas which might warrant further investigation will also be discussed.
Management of steroid-induced hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients with cancer: a review.

Problem identification Glucocorticoids are prescribed for hospitalized patients with cancer for a variety of reasons, including cerebral edema, treatment and prevention of nausea, and as part of cancer treatment regimens. Glucocorticoids are known to cause hyperglycemia. The purpose of this study was to integrate the published research on the management and the effects of steroid-induced hyperglycemia in hospitalized adult patients with cancer with or without preexisting diabetes. Literature search MEDLINE®, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL®, and Scopus electronic databases were used to identify relevant articles. Bibliographies of included studies were reviewed for any pertinent studies that were not obtained through database search.Data Evaluation: 1,392 studies were identified. A total of 18 studies that met criteria were fully reviewed, 6 of which met all of the inclusion criteria. Data analysis Data were abstracted from the included studies using a systematic code sheet to document characteristics of the studies and findings on management of hyperglycemia. Characteristics of the studies and findings on management of hyperglycemia were organized into three tables: the patients did not have preexisting diabetes, the patients had preexisting diabetes, and patients with or without preexisting diabetes were both included in the study. Management and effects of management of hyperglycemia were then compared and synthesized.Presentation of Findings: Hyperglycemia occurs in hospitalized patients with cancer irrespective of whether patients have a prior history of diabetes. Hyperglycemia resulting from steroids is treated in a variety of ways, but the resulting glycemic control has not been consistently documented. However, this review suggests that scheduled insulin (basal-bolus) is effective in attainment of glucose targets. Implications for practice Nurses should be aware of the effect that steroids have on glycemic control in patients and should be empowered to request or perform blood glucose monitoring when appropriate. Nurses can identify those patients receiving steroids and assess for signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia. They also can review routine laboratory results and assess for hyperglycemia in patients receiving steroids.
A Medical Mystery — Bradycardia

A 49-year-old man reported fatigue, arthralgia, and headache, along with a two-day history of chest pain. Physical examination revealed a pulse of 38 beats per minute. What is the diagnosis?
MAQGene: software to facilitate C. elegans mutant genome sequence analysis.

Forward genetic screens for mutants in which specific biological processes are disrupted are a key strength of model systems like C.elegans or Drosophila. However, the road from isolating a phenotype-causing mutant strain to identifying the molecular nature of the genetic change, most often as little as a single point mutation, is cumbersome, traditionally involving timeconsuming genetic mapping strategies. We have recently shown in a proof-of-principle study that conventional mapping steps can be shortcut through the use of whole genome sequencing (WGS) with massively parallel, deep-sequencing technology 1,2 (Suppl. Table 1). A similar proof-of-principle approach has proven successful for Drosophila mutant identification as well 3.
Sizing of carbon fibres with aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl pyrollidone)

Abstract A sizing apparatus to coat carbon fibres with aqueous water-dispersible polymeric interphases was developed. Theapparatus utilizes a high level of fibre spreading achieved through control of fibre tension and the application of rollers. A statistical process model was developed to relate the mean sizing level to the process independent variables. Pyrolysis in a nitrogen atmosphere was developed as a quantitative sizing level determination technique for the polymer poly(vinyl pyrollidone) (PVP). Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the PVP was deposited on to the fibres in a highly uniform manner. The sizing process along with the statistical process model and the characterization techniques allow for the precise development of interphase materials which are tailored for optimal composite performance.
Two more perfectly normal non-metrizable manifolds

Abstract We show that there is a perfectly normal non-metrizable manifold if there is a Luzin subset of the real line, and that there is a countably compact perfectly normal non-metrizable manifold in any model of set-theory obtained by adding Cohen reals to a model of ZFC + ⋄ .
Use of the leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance method in assessing body-composition change in obese women.

BACKGROUND There is little information on whether bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) accurately predicts changes in body composition associated with energy restriction, exercise, or both. OBJECTIVE We had 2 objectives: to determine the validity of the leg-to-leg BIA system in 1) estimating body composition in obese and nonobese women, with a cross-sectional design, and 2) assessing changes in body composition in obese women in response to 12 wk of energy restriction, exercise training, or both. DESIGN Subjects were 98 moderately obese women (43.2 +/- 0.6% body fat, 45.0 +/- 1.1 y of age) and 27 nonobese control subjects (24.0 +/- 1.5% body fat, 43.5 +/- 2.5 y of age). Obese subjects were randomly divided into 1 of 4 groups, with fat-free mass, fat mass, and percentage body fat estimated with BIA and underwater weighing before and after 12 wk of intervention. The 4 groups were diet only (4.19-5.44 MJ/d), exercise only (five, 45-min sessions/wk at 78.5 +/- 0.5% of maximum heart rate), both exercise and diet, and control (no diet or exercise). RESULTS No significant difference was found between underwater weighing and BIA in estimating the fat-free mass of the obese and nonobese women (all subjects combined, r = 0.78, P < 0.001, SEE = 3.7 kg) or in estimating decreases in fat mass during 12 wk of energy restriction, exercise, or both in obese subjects (F[3.85] = 1.45, P = 0.233). CONCLUSIONS The leg-to-leg BIA system accurately assessed fat-free mass in obese and nonobese women, and changes in fat mass with diet alone or when combined with exercise.