cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From the Values of Scientific Philosophy to the Value Neutrality of the Philosophy of Science

Members of the Vienna Circle played a pivotal role in defining the work that came to be known as the philosophy of science, yet the Vienna Circle itself is now known to have had much broader concerns and to have been more rooted in philosophical tradition (especially neo-Kantianism) than was once thought. Like current and past philosophers of science, members of the Vienna Circle took science as the object of philosophical reflection (whether to provide a foundation for the sciences or simply to clarify scientific terminology and assumptions,) but they also endeavored to render philosophy in general compatible with contemporary science and to define and promote a scientific world view. This latter task seems to continue the work of so-called scientific philosophy, a label embraced by many philosophers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, such as Helmholtz, Mach, Avenarius, the neo-Kantians, Husserl, Carus, Peirce, and, of course, Russell during the period when he was applying modern logic to philosophical problems. Russell’s program influenced Carnap directly, though the idea of applying modem logic to philosophical problems became a defining feature of analytic philosophy and was applied to many areas of philosophy, not only to the philosophy of science. Scientific philosophy included the promotion of the cultural values of modernity, especially the values embodied in the scientific world conception. By exploring the various meanings ascribed to scientific philosophy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, I will investigate whether the promotion of scientific philosophy and of the values associated with a scientific world conception is merely part of a transitory social context within which Logical Positivism developed or if it is an enduring part of the philosophy of science. Moreover, the residue of values remaining in the philosophy of science can be brought to light by studying its history.
Labeling of inner ear afferents in the transgenic thy1-YFP-H mouse

We wished to assess the level of inner ear endorgan labeling in a transgenic mouse expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) driven by the thy1 promoter and to examine the possibility of using th...
Regulation of Vulnerability to NMDA Excitotoxicity During Postnatal Maturation

Hippocampal and cortical vulnerability to injury following activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors increases markedly during development from embryonic life to the adult. The mechanisms underlying this increased vulnerability are multiple, and include developmental regulation of NMDA receptor subunit expression, localization of NMDA to synapses or extrasynaptic locations, and intracellular metabolism of NMDA-induced increases in cytosolic calcium concentrations, particularly by mitochondria. The role of nitric oxide is highlighted, especially with new data demonstrating a role for mitochondrial nitric oxide syn-thase (NOS) as a primary mediator of the decreased vulnerability of immature neurons to excitotoxicity.
Multi-criteria decision analysis: of politics, policy entrepreneurs, and processes

Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) has the potential to increase the consistency, transparency and rigour with which these criteria inform decisions. Political context is relevant not only as a motivation for turning to MCDA but also the context in which MCDA can be successfully implemented. A policy entrepreneur can spearhead the creation of a process to carry out MCDA and can help to create and build the capacity of a public institution that observes and convenes this process, an institution that has legal authority to carry out such a function.
Using Animations of Risk Functions to Visualize Trends in US All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality, 1968-2016.

Objectives. To use dynamic visualizations of mortality risk functions over both calendar year and age as a way to estimate and visualize patterns in US life spans.Methods. We built 49 synthetic coh...
Effects of group size and group density on trade‐offs in resource selection by a group‐territorial central‐place foraging woodpecker

Trade‐offs in resource selection by central‐place foragers are driven by the need to balance the benefits of selecting resources against the costs of travel from the central place. For group‐territorial central‐place foraging birds, trade‐offs in resource selection are likely to be complicated by a competitive advantage for larger groups at high group density that may limit accessibility of high‐quality distant resources to small groups. We used the group‐territorial, central‐place foraging Red‐cockaded Woodpecker Leuconotopicus borealis (RCW) as a case study to test predictions that increases in group density lead to differences in foraging distances and resource selection for groups of different sizes. We used GPS tracking and LiDAR‐derived habitat data to model effects of group size on foraging distances and selection for high‐quality pines (≥ 35.6 cm diameter at breast height (dbh)) and lower quality pines (25.4–35.6 cm dbh) by RCW groups across low (n = 14), moderate (n = 10) and high group density (n = 10) conditions. At low and moderate group density, all RCW groups selected distant high‐quality pines in addition to those near the central place because competition for resources was low. In contrast, at high group density, larger groups travelled further to select high‐quality pines, whereas smaller groups selected high‐quality pines only when they were close to the central place and, conversely, were more likely to select lower quality pines at greater distances from the central place. Selection for high‐quality pines only when close to the cavity tree cluster at high group density is important to long‐term fitness of small RCW groups because it allows them to maximize benefits from both territorial defence and selecting high‐quality resources while minimizing costs of competition. These relationships suggest that intraspecific competition at high group density entails substantive costs to smaller groups of territorial central‐place foragers by limiting accessibility of distant high‐quality foraging resources.
METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS VI—THE NATURE OF THE 1.5 μ BAND

The absorption band of the solvated electron in liquid ammonia is centred at about 1 .5 μ and shows marked asymmetry on the high energy side. This asymmetry can be attributed to 1s→2p transitions for solvated electrons in a distribution of cavities with radii from 1.5 to 4.5 a. Determination of this distribution depends upon the probabilities for the 1s→2p electronic transitions calculated from existing wavefunctions reported by Jortner for these states. The cavities appear to be randomly distributed about a 3.0 a radius in dilute solutions.
CBR insight: measure and visualize source code quality

A critical aspect of software development is creating high-quality source code that is reliable, maintainable, and has limited technical debt. Software development teams generally employ a variety of design techniques, processes, and tools to continually work towards quality code while balancing the overall time and budget demands of the project. The goal of CBR Insight (CBRI) is to provide an objective and understandable measure of software quality that can help guide decisions and direct limited resources during software acquisition, development, and sustainment. CBRI supports the ability of technical and non-technical decision makers to verify that a project's software implementation follows through on promises around developing and sustaining reliable and maintainable software while managing technical debt.
RELIGIOUS PLURALISM IN BALI PREMODERN AND CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES

Abstract This paper describes two modes of civic religious pluralism in Bali. The first is adaptive pluralism in which elements of Islam were incorporated into pre-modern Balinese states. Analysis focuses on the way in which Gusti Ayu Made Rai, an eighteenth-century Balinese princess became Raden Ayu Siti Khotijah, one Indonesia’s few widely recognized female Muslim saints. This leads to an alternative reading of Balinese religious history, countering the view that it is a static monolithically Hindu tradition. Rather than turning inward as the surrounding areas embraced Islam, Balinese kingdoms included Muslims and Islam in scared narratives and geographies. Today this integrative strategy functions only at the local level. Pilgrimage to her grave by Indonesian Muslims integrates Hindu Bali into Indonesian society defined in terms of the national ideology Pancasila. The establishment of Pancasila as a hegemonic symbology has led to a new form of parallel pluralism in which all religions are subject to state regulation. Keywords: Bali, Hinduism, Islam, Female Saints, Pluralism, State Symbologies Abstra k Makalah ini menggambarkan dua bentuk keragaman beragama masyarakat di Bali. Yang pertama adalah keragaman adaptif di mana unsur-unsur Islam tergabung dalam kerajaan pra-modern Bali. Analisa berfokus pada saat di mana Gusti Ayu Made Rai, seorang puteri kerajaan Bali abad kedelapan belas menjadi Raden Ayu Siti Khotijah, salah seorang wanita Muslim yang dianggap wali di Indonesia. Hal ini mengarah kepada wacana alternatif tentang sejarah agama orang Bali, yang berlawanan dengan pandangan yang meyakini bahwa Bali merupakan tradisi Hindu yang statis secara monolitis. Alih-alih menutup diri saat wilayah-wilayah di sekitarnya memeluk Islam, kerajaan-kerajaan Bali merangkul kaum Muslim dan ajaran Islam dalam kisah-kisah dan kawasan-kawasan sakral. Saat ini strategi integratif tersebut hanya berfungsi di tingkat lokal. Para peziarah Muslim Indonesia ke makam Sang Puteri menyatukan Bali Hindu ke dalam masyarakat Indonesia mempertegas ideologi nasional Pancasila. Pembentukan Pancasila sebagai sebuah simbologi hegemoni telah mengarah kepada bentuk baru keragaman paralel di mana semua agama tunduk kepada peraturan negara. K ata Kunci : Bali, Hinduism e , Islam, Wali perempuan , Keberagaman , Simbol-simbol Negara.
Plasma levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and breast cancer mortality: The Carolina Breast Cancer Study.

Abstract Background It is unknown whether carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) influence mortality following breast cancer. We examined plasma levels of 17 PCB congeners in association with mortality among women with breast cancer. Methods Participants included 456 white and 292 black women in North Carolina who were diagnosed with primary invasive breast cancer from 1993 to 1996, and who had PCB and lipid measurements from blood samples obtained an average of 4.1 months after diagnosis. Over a median follow-up of 20.6 years, there were 392 deaths (210 from breast cancer). We used Cox regression to estimate covariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause and breast cancer-specific 5-year mortality, and 20-year mortality (conditional on 5-year survival) in association with tertiles and continuous ln-transformed lipid-adjusted PCB levels. Results The highest (vs. lowest) tertiles of PCB74, PCB99, and PCB118 were associated with 5-year breast cancer-specific mortality HRs of 1.46 (95%CI = 0.86–2.47), 1.57 (95%CI = 0.90–2.73), and 1.86 (95%CI = 1.07–3.23), respectively. Additionally, one-ln unit increases in PCB74, PCB99, PCB118, and total PCBs were each associated with 33–40% increases in 5-year breast cancer-specific mortality rates. The PCBs were not, however, associated with longer-term breast cancer-specific mortality. For all-cause mortality, one-ln unit increases in PCB118, PCB146, PCB153, PCB182, PCB187, and total PCBs were associated with 20–37% increases in 20-year all-cause mortality rates among women who survived at least 5 years. Conclusion PCBs may increase the risk of short-term breast cancer-specific mortality and long-term all-cause mortality among women with breast cancer.
13 – Assessment of Test Behaviors with the WISC-III

Publisher Summary This chapter evaluates the elements of science and art as well as draws upon the formal and informal assessment methods. It reviews the essential qualities that may emphasize a child's test's performance and discusses all those qualities found through research to have a measurable influence on the performance. At the same time, several measures frequently used to record children's test performance are also discussed in the chapter. Usually, examiners are responsible for ensuring that the testing room provides a comfortable and distraction-free testing environment. Furniture should be of proper height and comfortable to children. Besides, the chapter discusses the reasons for examiners reliance on informal observations and information from different interviews with prior test data in forming judgments of children's language abilities. Relationships between measures of test-taking behaviors and performance on different measures other than the WISC-III are of great importance. The chapter concludes that the assets and limitations of test behaviors for understanding of non cognitive qualities require further study and research.
Dissecting individual differences in responses to naturalistic stimuli in functional MRI: effects of development and gender

Functional MRI (fMRI) study of naturalistic conditions, e.g. movie watching, usually focuses on shared responses across subjects. However, individual differences in the responses have been attracting increasing attention in search of group differences or associations with behavioral outcomes. The individual differences have been studied by directly modeling the cross-subject correlation matrix or projecting the relations into a 1-D space. We contend that it is critical to examine whether there are single or multiple consistent components of responses underlying the whole population, because multiple components may undermine the individual relations using the previous methods. We use principal component analysis (PCA) to examine the heterogeneity of brain responses across subjects in terms of the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix, and utilize this approach to study developmental trajectories and gender effects in a movie watching dataset. We identified several brain networks in the parietal cortex that showed a significant second principal component (PC) of regional responses, which were mainly represented the younger children. The second PCs in some networks, i.e. the supramarginal network, resembled a delayed version of the first PCs for 4 seconds (2 TR), indicating delayed responses in the younger children than the older children and adults. However, no apparent gender effects were found in the first and second PCs. The analyses highlight the importance of identifying multiple consistent responses underlying individual differences in responses to naturalistic stimuli. And the PCA-based approach could be complementary to the commonly used intersubject correlation analysis.
Filaggrin Gene Mutations with Special Reference to Atopic Dermatitis

Mutations in the filaggrin gene can cause absent or reduced filaggrin protein, leading to impaired keratinization and skin barrier defect, which produce characteristic phenotypes. In this short review, we report current evidence on the topic with special reference to atopic dermatitis, suggest future directions, and discuss therapeutic implications. Numerous candidate gene association studies, genome-wide association studies, studies on copy number variations, and, most recently, sequencing studies have confirmed the robust association of mutations in the filaggrin gene with atopic dermatitis, and have also linked these mutations with several other disorders. Filaggrin gene defects remain the strongest identified genetic risk factors for atopic dermatitis. Taken in conjunction with other genes found to be associated with this condition, genetic screening and identification of individuals at risk for atopic dermatitis could lead to personalized therapy. Manipulation of genetic regulatory elements to increase the amount of filaggrin protein in deficient individuals is an attractive treatment option for the future.
Quantification of body composition in renal cell carcinoma patients: Comparing computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging measurements.

Abstract Purpose Body composition measures provide valuable information for prognostication and treatment election in cancer patients. We investigated the novel use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for skeletal muscle and adipose tissue cross-sectional area measurements in preoperative renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. Materials and methods RCC patients with pre-operative CT and MRI abdominal imaging were identified. Semi-automatic segmentation measurement of skeletal muscle area (SMA), intramuscular fat area (IMFA), visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), linear measurements of psoas, paraspinal muscles were performed. Pearson correlation coefficients, Bland-Altman plot analyses were done. Multivariable regression analysis examined the relationship between patient characteristics and skeletal muscle. Results Image analysis was performed on 58 RCC patients with preoperative CT and MRI imaging. For segmentation measures, r = 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, and 0.98 for SMA, IMFA, VFA, SFA, respectively, and 0.96 for linear measures of skeletal muscle. Bland-Altman analysis revealed a bias toward larger CT value for SMA (1.35 %), linear muscle measures (2.79 %), and SFA (10.34 %), and toward larger MRI values for IMFA (0.75 %) and VFA (5.81 %). ECOG ≥ 1 was associated with lower skeletal muscle than ECOG 0 for all measurements. Conclusions Strong correlation of CT and MRI cross sectional measurements of skeletal muscle and adipose tissues supports the use of axial MRI images for comprehensive measurement of body composition. This has widespread implications for body composition research and cancer patient care.
Analysis of epidemiologic study data when there is geolocation uncertainty

Abstract Geolocation uncertainty is common in epidemiological studies that depend on addresses to determine exposure. We developed a spatial construct and statistical framework by which to characterize geolocation uncertainty, develop analysis methods, and compare those methods. Exposure is represented by a three-dimensional step function over the partitioned spatial surface and a person’s geolocation boundary is defined as the union of partition elements that cover the possible index location. Disease rates are defined by exposures from the partitioned surface. Standard process theory was used for analytic results and an empirical evaluation computer simulation method was used to compare methods. A case-control study of pesticide exposure and childhood cancer was used to illustrate the problem. Pesticide exposure was derived from geolocations determined from birth residences, where about half the reference addresses resolved to ZIP Codes while the rest resolve to smaller areas. We found that the centroid method has much worse power (0.35) to detect pesticide–disease effects than using either whole area proportion exposed (0.52) or when using an induced intensity approach (0.79). The latter approach properly accounted for the geolocation uncertainty even if only ZIP Code address information was used. ZIP Code address data had twice the variance compared to using the actual geolocation boundaries which had twice the variance compared to if there were no geolocation uncertainty. Our area based analytic approach confirms that geolocation ambiguity should be considered in the context of exposure–disease investigations that rely on address data for determining exposure.
Anxiety and depression are associated with levodopa-responsive, but not levodopa-unresponsive, freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease (P2.8-031)

Objective: To determine whether different associations exist between affective symptoms and levodopa-responsive and – unresponsive freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Background: Affective symptoms including depression and anxiety are reported to be associated with FOG. However, there are at least two subtypes of FOG – levodopa-responsive and levodopa-unresponsive – that may reflect different underlying pathophysiology and that may have different associations with affective symptoms. Design/Methods: N=125 PD patients were assessed for depression and anxiety using a Structured Clinical Interview (SCID), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). FOG subtype (no freezing, “NOFOG” vs. levodopa-responsive freezing, “RFOG,” vs. levodopa-unresponsive freezing, “URFOG”) was determined with FOG-Q and self-report. Associations between the presence of RFOG or URFOG and 1) presence vs. absence of depression and anxiety on the SCID, and 2) severity of depression and anxiety on the BDI-II and BAI were determined with multinomial logistic regression. BDI-II and BAI scores were dichotomized about cutpoints from the literature as indicative of depression and anxiety, respectively. Analyses controlled for age, sex, education, MoCA score, UPDRS-III score, and disease duration. Results: Mean age and disease duration were 65±8 and 8±4 years. RFOG, URFOG, and depression/anxiety (SCID) were present in 14%, 11%, and 18% of the sample. Mean scores on BDI-II and BAI were 9.5±6.7 and 8.8±7.7. Current depression (SCID) was associated with significantly increased odds of RFOG (OR [95% CI]: 4.84 [1.24–19.00]; P=0.02). A similar, marginally-significant association was identified for current anxiety and RFOG (3.90 [0.92–16.50]; P=0.07). In contrast, associations between depression or anxiety and URFOG were not significant (OR: 0.91, depression; 1.05, anxiety). Similar patterns were identified for dichotomized BDI-II and BAI scores. Conclusions: These results suggest that anxiety or depression may be differentially associated with levodopa-responsive FOG. Levodopa-unresponsive FOG may reflect distinct underlying pathophysiology with potentially less interaction with limbic cortico-basal ganglia pathways. Disclosure: Dr. McKay has nothing to disclose. Dr. Goldstein has nothing to disclose. Dr. Factor has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Neurocrine, Lundbeck, Teva, Avanir, Sunovion, Adamas, Prexton, Biogen. Dr. Factor has received research support from Ipsen, Medtronics, Teva, US World Meds, Sunovion, Solstice, Vaccinex, Voyager, CHDI Foundation, Michael J. Fox Foundation, NIH.
Effect of different antiviral regimens on the viral loads in pregnant women with hepatitis B virus infection and their impact on mother-to-child transmission.

Aim This study aimed to explore the benefits of different antiviral regimens in pregnant women with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in an attempt to provide scientific reference for clinically relevant interventions. Methods The study cohort comprised 64 pregnant women with HBV infection who presented to our hospital from May 2018 to July 2020. The women were grouped according to the treatment administered: a control group consisting of 32 pregnant women who received routine intervention and an observation group consisting of 32 pregnant women who received routine intervention plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) tablets. The two groups were compared in terms of liver function; HBV load (HBV DNA); neonatal characteristics (hepatitis B surface antigen and HBV DNA positivity); levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-6; neonatal growth and development; Apgar scores; incidence of adverse events; and incidence of maternal adverse effects during treatment. Results The observation group had lower levels of alanine aminotransferase, glutamic acid aminotransferase, IL-4, IL-6, and HBV DNA and higher levels of IL-2 than the control group after 1 month of treatment (p 0.05). Conclusion The administration of TDF tablets significantly reduced the HBV DNA levels and did not increase the physiological burden or adverse effects in pregnant women with HBV infection.
Female persistence during toxicant treatment predicts survival probability of offspring in invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis)

Abstract Assessing the long-term efficacy of control methods is a critical component of invasive species management. For example, if traits related to control have significant heritability or are influenced by maternal effects, control methods may lose efficacy over time. The potential for these effects can be evaluated via parent/offspring survival analysis, which concomitantly recasts adaptive management as an evolutionary force for invasive species. However, difficulties can arise when the life history of an invasive is cryptic, precluding direct observations of familial relationships. Genomic pedigree reconstruction can facilitate such analyses by assigning offspring to parents in invasive species for which mating and reproduction are difficult to study. Here, we use genomic pedigree reconstruction to quantify parental longevity and probability of offspring survival for brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam in a landscape treated with toxic baits simulating application via an aerial delivery system (ADS). To do so, we used 398 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to update an existing multi-generational genomic pedigree for a geographically-closed population of brown treesnakes. This facilitated assignment of parents to juveniles born during three consecutive years of toxic bait application under a simulated aerial treatment program (N = 72). We found that the offspring of dams that persisted until the end of the study displayed greater survival probability (cox proportional hazard model, P
Problems of epidemic modelling

This note gives a brief review of some aspects of epidemic modelling which I have found of interest. The field is now very broad, and it is difficult to provide more than a partial flavor of recent developments. We shall concentrate on three topics: epidemic data fitting, matrix-geometric methods for general epidemics, and the duration of an epidemic in an immigration type model. These will provide a sample of current research problems.
Increased Role for Large Conductance, Calcium-Activated K Channels (BKCa) in Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation of Nitrate Tolerant Mesenteric Arteries

Prolonged exposure to nitroglycerin (NTG) leads to tolerance and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Causes of endothelial dysfunction in nitrate tolerant arteries are well studied, but li...
TU-G-BRA-05: Predicting Volume Change of the Tumor and Critical Structures Throughout Radiation Therapy by CT-CBCT Registration with Local Intensity Correction

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop an accurate and effective technique to predict and monitor volume changes of the tumor and organs at risk (OARs) from daily cone-beam CTs (CBCTs). Methods: While CBCT is typically used to minimize the patient setup error, its poor image quality impedes accurate monitoring of daily anatomical changes in radiotherapy. Reconstruction artifacts in CBCT often cause undesirable errors in registration-based contour propagation from the planning CT, a conventional way to estimate anatomical changes. To improve the registration and segmentation accuracy, we developed a new deformable image registration (DIR) that iteratively corrects CBCT intensities using slice-based histogram matching during the registration process. Three popular DIR algorithms (hierarchical B-spline, demons, optical flow) augmented by the intensity correction were implemented on a graphics processing unit for efficient computation, and their performances were evaluated on six head and neck (HN) cancer cases. Four trained scientists manually contoured nodal gross tumor volume (GTV) on the planning CT and every other fraction CBCTs for each case, to which the propagated GTV contours by DIR were compared. The performance was also compared with commercial software, VelocityAI (Varian Medical Systems Inc.). Results: Manual contouring showed significant variations, [-76, +141]% from the mean of all four sets of contours. The volume differences (mean±std in cc) between the average manual segmentation and four automatic segmentations are 3.70±2.30(B-spline), 1.25±1.78(demons), 0.93±1.14(optical flow), and 4.39±3.86 (VelocityAI). In comparison to the average volume of the manual segmentations, the proposed approach significantly reduced the estimation error by 9%(B-spline), 38%(demons), and 51%(optical flow) over the conventional mutual information based method (VelocityAI). Conclusion: The proposed CT-CBCT registration with local CBCT intensity correction can accurately predict the tumor volume change with reduced errors. Although demonstrated only on HN nodal GTVs, the results imply improved accuracy for other critical structures. This work was supported by NIH/NCI under grant R42CA137886.
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the Thirteenth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS XIII). This year's symposium continues its tradition of being the premier forum for the presentation of research results on leading-edge issues that cross the boundaries of computer architecture, programming languages and compilers, and operating systems. This year's conference is also the first since ASPLOS's transition to an annual event. The call for papers attracted 188 abstracts from all over the world, which resulted in 127 full (10 pp.) papers being submitted to the program committee. Papers were submitted for blind review, without the authors' names or identifying information. Each paper was read by 3 program committee members and one external reviewer, who was suggested by a fourth PC member and confirmed by the PC chair. Eleven papers received 5 reviews and regrettably, 4 papers received only 3 reviews. Twelve papers had a PC member as a co-author. The conference used the excellent HotCRP conference management software written by Eddie Kohler at UCLA. After the reviews were submitted, authors were given two days to consider and respond to questions raised by reviewers. These comments were read by the PC and frequently came up in discussion at the PC meeting. The PC met for one day at Microsoft Research for an efficient and professional discussion of the submitted papers. We started with the 59 papers (7 PC papers) that had a rating of 3.0 or higher. PC members were invited to bring up other papers for discussion and 8 additional papers were added in this way. The PC papers were discussed after the rest of the papers had been resolved, and these papers were held to a higher standard than the others. The PC selected 31 papers (including 3 PC papers), for an acceptance rate of 24.4% (25% for PC papers).
EVALUATING STUDENTS' MICRO PRACTICE FIELD PERFORMANCE: DO UNIVERSAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES EXIST?

The current study represents an effort to determine whether a universally recognized set of objectives for field-based learning in micro-level practice exists despite apparently widespread belief to the contrary among social work educators. A review of efforts over the past 50 years to conceptualize field learning and an analysis of current data on student performance criteria identified eight learning objectives for field study. These objectives reflect both traditional concepts and contemporary demands on the profession. Based on these learning objectives, the authors have proposed a method for evaluating student performance in the field.
The calorically restricted ketogenic diet, an effective alternative therapy for malignant brain cancer

Malignant brain cancer persists as a major disease of morbidity and mortality in adults and is the second leading cause of cancer death in children. Many current therapies for malignant brain tumors fail to provide long-term management because they ineffectively target tumor cells while negatively impacting the health and vitality of normal brain cells. In contrast to brain tumor cells, which lack metabolic flexibility and are largely dependent on glucose for growth and survival, normal brain cells can metabolize both glucose and ketone bodies for energy. This study evaluated the efficacy of KetoCal®, a new nutritionally balanced high fat/low carbohydrate ketogenic diet for children with epilepsy, on the growth and vascularity of a malignant mouse astrocytoma (CT-2A) and a human malignant glioma (U87-MG). Adult mice were implanted orthotopically with the malignant brain tumors and KetoCal® was administered to the mice in either unrestricted amounts or in restricted amounts to reduce total caloric intake according to the manufacturers recommendation for children with refractory epilepsy. The effects KetoCal® on tumor growth, vascularity, and mouse survival were compared with that of an unrestricted high carbohydrate standard diet. KetoCal® administered in restricted amounts significantly decreased the intracerebral growth of the CT-2A and U87-MG tumors by about 65% and 35%, respectively, and significantly enhanced health and survival relative to that of the control groups receiving the standard low fat/high carbohydrate diet. The restricted KetoCal® diet reduced plasma glucose levels while elevating plasma ketone body (β-hydroxybutyrate) levels. Tumor microvessel density was less in the calorically restricted KetoCal® groups than in the calorically unrestricted control groups. Moreover, gene expression for the mitochondrial enzymes, β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA: 3-ketoacid CoA transferase, was lower in the tumors than in the contralateral normal brain suggesting that these brain tumors have reduced ability to metabolize ketone bodies for energy. The results indicate that KetoCal® has anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects in experimental mouse and human brain tumors when administered in restricted amounts. The therapeutic effect of KetoCal® for brain cancer management was due largely to the reduction of total caloric content, which reduces circulating glucose required for rapid tumor growth. A dependency on glucose for energy together with defects in ketone body metabolism largely account for why the brain tumors grow minimally on either a ketogenic-restricted diet or on a standard-restricted diet. Genes for ketone body metabolism should be useful for screening brain tumors that could be targeted with calorically restricted high fat/low carbohydrate ketogenic diets. This preclinical study indicates that restricted KetoCal® is a safe and effective diet therapy and should be considered as an alternative therapeutic option for malignant brain cancer.
A geometrical optics approximation for refraction at a planar interface between arbitrarily lossy media

A general geometrical optics formulation is derived for refraction at a planar interface between arbitrarily lossy media. Using a Fourier transform technique, we determine the exact field in one medium due to a point source in another. A high-frequency asymptotic solution is found involving complex ray angles and a complex refraction point on the interface. This solution and two other ray formations used by other researchers for the same problem are compared against a numerical evaluation of the exact field expression. The solution with the complex refraction point gives the most generally useful results.
Violating the Modified Helstrom Bound with Nonprojective Measurements

We consider the discrimination of two pure quantum states with three allowed outcomes: a correct guess, an incorrect guess, and a nonguess. To find an optimum measurement procedure, we define a tunable cost that penalizes the incorrect guess and nonguess outcomes. Minimizing this cost over all projective measurements produces a rigorous cost bound that includes the usual Helstrom discrimination bound as a special case. We then show that nonprojective measurements can outperform this modified Helstrom bound for certain choices of cost function. The Ivanovic-Dieks-Peres unambiguous state discrimination protocol is recovered as a special case of this improvement. Notably, while the cost advantage of the latter protocol is destroyed with the introduction of any amount of experimental noise, other choices of cost function have optima for which nonprojective measurements robustly show an appreciable, and thus experimentally measurable, cost advantage. Such an experiment would be an unambiguous demonstration of a benefit from nonprojective measurements.
Short repetition time multiband echo‐planar imaging with simultaneous pulse recording allows dynamic imaging of the cardiac pulsation signal

Purpose Recently developed simultaneous multislice echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequences permit imaging of the whole brain at short repetition time (TR), allowing the cardiac fluctuations to be fully sampled in blood-oxygen-level dependent functional MRI (BOLD fMRI). A novel low computational analytical method was developed to dynamically map the passage of the pulsation signal through the brain and visualize the whole cerebral vasculature affected by the pulse signal. This algorithm is based on a simple combination of fast BOLD fMRI and the scanner's own built-in pulse oximeter. Methods Multiple, temporally shifted copies of the pulse oximeter data (with 0.08 s shifting step and coverage of a 1-s span) were downsampled and used as cardiac pulsation regressors in a general linear model based analyses (FSL) of the fMRI data. The resulting concatenated z-statistics maps show the voxels that are affected as the cardiac signal travels through the brain. Results Many voxels were highly correlated with the pulsation regressor or its temporally shifted version. The dynamic and static cardiac pulsation maps obtained from both the task and resting state scans, resembled cerebral vasculature. Conclusion The results demonstrated: (i) cardiac pulsation significantly affects most voxels in the brain; (ii) combining fast fMRI and this analytical method can reveal additional clinical information to functional studies. Magn Reson Med 72:1268–1276, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diverse Perspectives on Social-Interactional Strengths in Children with Disabilities: A Socioecological Study

Children identified with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders (HFASD) or Asperger Syndrome are often characterized as lacking social-interactional abilities. However, these individuals demonstrate a variety of social-interactional strengths in their daily life that may not be acknowledged in education research and utilized in school settings. The present study examined parents' perspectives and experiences regarding social strengths of children diagnosed with HFASD or Asperger Syndrome. Our findings revealed three social interactional strengths that the children developed and practiced in multiple socioecological activity contexts via various mediums: Empathy, sensing fairness, and story telling. This study provides insights to develop socioecological conceptualizations of social skills in this population. Findings of the study contribute to the limited but growing literature on social strengths of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and have implications in designing academic and social programs.
Distribution of actinides in molten chloride salt/cadmium metal systems

Abstract The equilibrium concentrations of uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium and curium between molten chloride salts and cadmium at 773 K have been measured by several researchers who are developing fuel recovery processes for the Integral Fast Reactor. The data were statistically analyzed based on a thermodynamic relationship between the distribution coefficient of any transuranic (TRU) element and the uranium coefficient. The TRU coefficients were found to be directly proportional to the uranium coefficient over wide ranges of actinide concentrations in the salt and metal phases. For salts containing large fractions of LiCl and KCl, the proportionality factors, or separation factors relative to uranium, at 773 K were: neptunium, 2.1; plutonium, 1.9; americium, 3.1; curium, 3.5.
Clear cell carcinoma of the pancreas: histopathologic features and a unique biomarker: hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β

Clear cell carcinoma as a variant of ductal carcinoma of the pancreas is not well recognized. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta as a transcription factor has been identified as a specific biomarker of clear cell tumor of the female genital tract. The aim of this study was to systematically analyze clear cell carcinoma of the pancreas and its unique biomarker hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta. A total of 84 pancreatic adenocarcinomas were analyzed pathologically and with an immunohistochemical approach with hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta antibody. The identified clear cell carcinomas were further studied by PAS, DPAS, and mucicarmine stains. Pathologic features and clinical follow-up were documented. Of them, 20 (24%) pancreatic adenocarcinomas were identified with clear cell features, including 12 clear cell carcinomas and 8 ductal adenocarcinomas with clear cell component (defined as less than 75% of tumor with clear cells). Cytologically, the clear cell carcinomas exhibited clear cytoplasm with centrally located, atypical nuclei. PAS, DPAS, and mucicarmine stains confirmed that the clear cytoplasm was not due to accumulation of glycogen or mucin. The results of immunostaining showed that hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta is overexpressed in all clear cell carcinomas and in the clear cell components of eight ductal carcinomas with clear cell features. In contrast, in usual ductal adenocarcinoma, hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta exhibited overall weak or focally moderate staining; only eight cases were strongly positive (15%) of which 38% were high grade and 63% were moderate grade. However, when included with the strong staining cases in mixed and clear cell carcinoma, this group regardless of morphology appeared to correlate with worse survival compared to the group with weak hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta staining across morphologies (P<0.01). Thus, clear cell carcinoma of the pancreas is not an uncommon variant of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta is a useful marker to identify these clear cell carcinomas, and its overexpression may aid in stratifying survival rate.
The Oxazolidinone Antibacterial Agent DuP 105 Does Not Act on Cell Wall Biosynthesis or on a β-Lactamase

Abstract ( S )-3-(4-Methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(acetamidomethyl)oxazolidinone (DuP 105; 1 , R = CH 3 SO, R′ = Ac), one of a new class of antibacterial agents, is shown to be devoid of inactivation and inhibitory properties toward bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and toward a β-lactamase. This is consistent with the idea that this class of compounds acts by a route different from that of the β-lactam antibiotics.
Prescribing therapeutic interventions through Strategic Treatment Selection

This article describes the rationale and current research on Systematic Treatment Selection, a method for matching and fitting interventions to patients and patient problems. An efficient method of treatment planning must not only use effective and empirically tested procedures, but should take into account the fit of these procedures with important nondiagnostic information about the patient, and aspects of the patient's environment. The effort to transfer research-based treatment manuals to clinical practice has often failed because it requires therapists to give up procedures and theories that have been accepted on the basis of clinical experience and fails to consider ways in which patient qualities affect the fit of the treatment. Systematic Treatment Selection and its derivative, Prescriptive Therapy, seeks to overcome these difficulties by empirically defining general principles of treatment intervention and selection that cut across therapist theoretical orientation and capitalize on the selection and use of methods that are favored by the clinician.
1686 CHANGES IN MEAN AIRWAY PRESSURE: SIGNIFICANCE IN NEONATAL AIRLEAK SYNDROME

The increased occurrence of pulmonary interstitial emphysema, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and pneumopericardium during mechanical ventilation is well known. However, the mechanical relationships during ventilation between time, pressure and neonatal airleak syndrome (NAS) are poorly understood. 13 of 56 infants (23%) ventilated with pressure-cycled ventilators (Bournes BP200 set to deliver a square respiratory wave form) developed roentgenographic findings of NAS. 13 similarly ventilated infants (controls) who did not develop NAS were matched with the NAS patients for birth weight (x=1485), gestational age (x=31 wk), initial mean airway pressure (Paw) and initial alveolar-to-arterial gradient (A-aDO2). Infants who developed NAS had positive changes in Paw (+ΔPaw) until 60 hr of life, while controls showed -ΔPaw after 12 hr of life. The ΔPaw for NAS patients in the first 24 hr of life was +3.5 cm H2O vs -0.4 cm H2O for controls (t=2.76, p<0.02). Average Paw for 108 hr was 11.9 cm H2O ± 1.0 SEM for airleak infants vs 8.3 cm H2O (t=3.0, p<0.01). We conclude: 1) infants who develop NAS while undergoing pressure-cycled ventilation receive significantly higher Paw than infants without NAS, and 2) the increase in Paw during the first 24 hr of ventilation is more rapid in infants who develop NAS; therefore, we anticipate an airleak if the Paw must be increased more than 3.5 cm H2O in first day of mechanical ventilation.
Knockout mice reveal opposite roles for serotonin 1A and 1B receptors in prepulse inhibition.

The serotonergic system is involved in the modulation of prepulse inhibition (PPI) and habituation of startle, which are deficient in schizophrenia patients. PPI is the reduction in startle amplitude that occurs when a weak “prepulse” precedes a startling stimulus by 30–500 msec. The roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors in modulating PPI and habituation were examined using wild-type (WT), 5-HT1A knockout (1AKO), and 5-HT1B knockout (1BKO) mice. The 5-HT1A/1B agonist RU24969 reduced PPI and habituation in WT and 1AKO, but not 1BKO mice, whereas the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT increased PPI in WT and 1BKO, but not in 1AKO mice. Similarly, the selective 5-HT1B agonist anpirtoline reduced PPI in WT, but not in 1BKO mice. In experiments using intact 129Sv mice, the 5-HT1A agonist flesinoxan increased PPI while anpirtoline decreased PPI and habituation. Findings suggest that 5-HT1B receptor activation decreases PPI and habituation, and 5-HT1A receptor activation increases PPI in mice.
Effects of ionophore A23187 on calcium fluxes from cultured adrenal cells.

Abstract The effect of the calcium ionophore A23128 on calcium fluxes from Y-1 adrenal cortical cells was investigated. Conditions were chosen which are known to result in an inhibition of steroidogenesis ( 6 · 10 −6 M ionophore and 3 · 10 −4 M extracellular calcium). Calcium efflux from Y-1 cells exhibited two distinct phases. A fast phase which was insensitive to the mitochondrial poison sodium azide and a slow, azide-sensitive phase. The ionophore brought about a rapid increase in the rate of calcium efflux and an 84% reduction in the size of the calcium pool which was associated with the slow efflux phase as well as a reduction in its rate constant. A decrease in the size of the rapidly exchanging calcium pool was also detected. Ethanol, the solvent which was used for the ionophore, slightly increased the rate constant of the rapidly exchanging pool. Conditions which resulted in diminished steroidogenic capacity also brought about a reduction in the size of an energy dependent, intracellular pool. The data is interpreted as being consistent with a hypothesis that the ionophore-induced inhibition of steroidogenesis may be causatively related to the loss of intracellular calcium or to the mechanism which brings about the loss.