cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jackson, Vinson, Reed, and 'Reds': The Second Circuit Justices’ Denials of Bail to the Bail Fund Trustees (1951)

This article chronicles a Cold War saga involving American Communist Party leaders; their criminal prosecutions and convictions; defenders of their civil rights; U.S. Supreme Court justices; “Circuit Justice” decisions in chambers; and various persons’ travels, law work, and law work avoidance. In June 1951, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the criminal convictions and prison sentences of eleven leaders of the Communist Party of the U.S.A. (Dennis v. U.S.), declined to review the criminal contempt convictions and prison sentences of six of their attorneys (Sacher v. U.S.), and then began its summer recess. These defendants, who were out on bail during their appeals, then petitioned Justice Robert H. Jackson, the Second Circuit Justice, to stay the issuance of the Court’s mandate. After hearing oral argument in his chambers, Justice Jackson granted the stay to the Sacher defendants but denied it to the Dennis defendants. The Dennis mandate then issued. The trial court in the Southern District of New York ordered the defendants to surrender for incarceration. Seven did surrender but four did not — they skipped out on their bail. To assist in the pursuit of these prominent fugitives, the District Court summoned to testify the trustees of the civil rights fund that had provided their bail. The District Court sought to determine if the trustees had relevant information — bail fund donors, for example, might be people who were assisting the fugitives. But the Bail Fund trustees — Frederick Vanderbilt Field, Dashiell Hammett, and W. Alphaeus Hunton — claimed constitutional privileges and refused to testify. So the District Court convicted them of criminal contempt and sentenced them to prison. The Bail Fund trustees appealed their convictions and sought bail pending appeal. After the District Court and then the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit denied the Trustees’ motions for bail, they were incarcerated. The Bail Fund trustees then sought bail from the Supreme Court’s Second Circuit Justice. Justice Jackson, who by then was away from the Court on his summer vacation at the Bohemian Grove in California, told Chief Justice Vinson, vacationing in the Adirondacks, that he (Jackson) would not hear the matter. Vinson then appointed Justice Stanley Reed, vacationing at his home in Kentucky, to serve as Acting Second Circuit Justice. Reed, after hearing argument at his home in Kentucky, denied the petitions — the Bail Fund trustees remained in prison. After the Court of Appeals affirmed the Bail Fund trustees’ criminal contempt convictions that fall, the trustees sought Supreme Court review. They also petitioned Circuit Justice Jackson for bail while the Court considered whether to review the convictions. The Court denied review. Concurrently, Justice Jackson denied the petitions (now moot) for bail. In the end, each Bail Fund trustee served multiple months in federal prison for his criminal contempt conviction for refusal to testify.
Three key factors influencing the bacterial contamination of dental unit waterlines: a 6-year survey from 2012 to 2017

Background The contaminated output water from dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) is a potential risk to both patients and dental personnel who are frequently exposed to this water or aerosols. Aim The purpose was to evaluate the contamination level and prevalence of bacteria in the output water of DUWLs, and to identify key factors to provide technical support for formulating relevant policies. Methods We developed a special sampling connector designed for collecting dental handpiece output water and a measurement device to assess retraction of a dental chair unit (DCU). Output water from dental handpieces and air/water syringes were collected as representative of DUWLs. Water samples were tested with reference to China's national standard. Findings From 2012 to 2017, 318 DCUs were randomly selected from 64 hospitals in Tianjin, China. Of these DCUs, 78.93% had no disinfection to prevent DUWL contamination. Three-hundred and forty-three (56.14%) samples complied with the guidelines on DUWL output water. The highest concentration of bacteria was 1.8 × 106 colony-forming units (CFUs)/mL. The three key factors of influence were as follows: daily or weekly disinfection of DUWLs; water supply source being hospital self-made purified water or purchased purified bottled water; and DCU with a valid anti-retraction valve. Potential infectious agents, including Bacillus cereus, Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were isolated. Conclusion There was a high rate of contamination in DUWLs. This highlights the need to develop national standards. There is a need to disinfect the DUWLs periodically and use a cleaner source of water; more attention should be paid to the efficacy of DCU anti-retraction valves.
Symbiotic Performance of Sinorhizobium meliloti Lacking ppGpp Depends on the Medicago Host Species

Host specificity in the root-nodule symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia is crucial for the establishment of a successful interaction and ammonia provision to the plant. The specificity is mediat...
Care and Cancer Screening of the Transgender Population

As sex and gender are assigned at birth before gender identity development, many individuals experience feelings of discordance between their gender identity and their sex and gender assigned at birth. The transgender community has not been well understood by medical and mental health fields. As such, this marginalized and vulnerable community faces multiple barriers to receiving health maintenance and specialized care, both at the community and patient-specific level. Many transgender individuals undergo some form of transition to the gender that matches their gender identity. Transition efforts look different for each patient because gender and gender identity occur along a continuum. Transition may include social, hormonal, and/or surgical components. As providers are caring for transgender patients, it is imperative to understand where a patient is in their gender transition and how hormonal and/or surgical therapies affect their cancer risk and screening. The aim of this article is to describe appropriate cancer screening practices and important care considerations for the primary care physician and generalist gynecologist taking care of transgender individuals.
Exploring the genetic basis of Lynch-like syndrome through paired germline and tumor exome sequencing.

3592Background: Lynch-like syndrome (LLS) is characterized by a diagnosis of mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) malignancy where somatic bi-allelic mutations in canonical MMR pathway genes (MLH1, MSH...
HIV Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are dideoxynucleosides that are competitive substrate inhibitors of reverse transcriptase. They are used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of AIDS and, in some cases, hepatitis B. These agents cause termination of DNA chain elongation. These drugs are activated in vivo by phosphorylation. The six nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors currently in clinical use include zidovudine, didanosine, stavudine, zalcitabine, lamivudine and abacavir. While their mechanism of action is similar, these drugs differ somewhat from one another with regard to pharmacokinetics and adverse effects.
Abstract 255: Novel Role for Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 in Response to Pathologic Pressure Overload-Induced Heart Failure in Mice

Free fatty acid receptor 4 (Ffar4, GPR120) is a GPCR for long chain fatty acids, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs). Previously, we demonstrated that eicosapentaenoic acid (EP...
Why Johnny and Janie can't program: a more deliberate approach to the first programming course

While many students do well in the first programming course, many others do not. It is proposed that the number of successful students in CS1 could be increased if instructors recognize and more deliberately address the many new ideas and new skills that are involved at the very start of this course. This paper suggests a list of critical ideas and skills, and proposes ways of addressing the students' needs in these areas by using a specially designed, slower syllabus during the first six weeks of the course.
AI U.S. Policies and Regulations

The chapter discusses U.S. government initiatives which seek to maintain U.S. dominance in AI. Both efforts of the current administration and prior administrations are illustrative of the concern that AI must be at the forefront both for military and national security purposes and also for guidance and protection of inhabitants to assure AI use is safe and effective. The initiatives particularly of President Trump and his predecessor, President Obama, are addressed. There are budget priorities in place, executive orders mandating AI advancement which includes the need to educate the populace in STEM programs (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), military usage, and regulation and promotion of autonomous vehicles.
Analysis of Various Transformer Structures for High Frequency Isolation Applications

High frequency transformers are an integral part of power electronics devices and their parasitic parameters influence the performance and efficiency of the overall system. In this paper, transformer leakage inductances and parasitic capacitances are analyzed using finite element method (FEM) for different structures and windings arrangements of high frequency transformers. Also, magnetic field, electric field, and voltage distribution within the transformer is simulated and analyzed. Six different high frequency transformers with toroidal, EE, and UU cores with different windings are investigated for a 400(V)/400(V), 8 kVA transformer operating at 10 kHz. Additionally, interleaved windings for EE core are simulated and results compared with previous outcomes. Analysis results will help categorize each structure, based on its balance between leakage inductances and series parasitic capacitance. This information can later be used for optimal selection of transformers as a function of their operating frequency and enable designers to compromise between various parameters in different applications, especially new fast switches such as SiC and GaN.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Assessment of Non-Motor Features in Deep Brain Stimulation Candidates: Relationship to the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories.

Objective To compare Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) measures of depression and anxiety to the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and explore patterns of selected PROMIS measures in patients undergoing evaluation for Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). Method BDI-II, BAI, and seven PROMIS measures were administered to 163 DBS candidates with diagnoses of Parkinson Disease (PD, n = 102), Essential Tremor (ET, n = 45), or Dystonia (n = 16). Results Elevated PROMIS Depression using BDI-II Crosswalk equivalents predicted elevated BDI-II with 63% sensitivity and 94% specificity. On other PROMIS measures, 69 patients (42%) reported low Physical Function (T ≤ 40) with Pain Interference being the next most frequent abnormal score (n = 51, 31%). Group differences were present for PROMIS Physical Function, Sleep Disturbance, and Pain. Conclusions These preliminary findings provide initial support for PROMIS Depression to assess mood disturbance in DBS candidates, and characterize other PROMIS measures in DBS candidates including group differences reflecting disease specific contribution to Quality of Life.
Effects of Extended Aqueous Processing on Structure, Chemistry, and Performance of Polycrystalline LiNixMnyCozO2 Cathode Powders.

The prospect of aqueous processing of LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC) cathodes has significant appeal to battery manufacturers for the reduction in materials cost, toxicological risk, and environmental impact compared to conventional N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)-based processing. However, the effects of aqueous processing of NMC powders at industrial timescales are not well studied, with prior studies mostly focusing on relatively brief water washing processes. In this work, we investigate the bulk and surface impacts of extended aqueous processing of polycrystalline NMC powders with different compositions. We demonstrate that at timescales of several hours, polycrystalline NMC is susceptible to intergranular fracture, with the severity of fracture scaling with the NMC nickel content. While bulk crystallinity and composition are unchanged, surface sensitive techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicate that the exposure of water leads to a level of delithiation, nickel reduction, and reconstruction from the layered to rock-salt structure at the surface of individual grains. Dynamic single NMC microparticle compression testing suggests that the resulting mechanical stresses weaken the integrity of the polycrystalline particle and increases susceptibility of intergranular fracture. The initially degraded surfaces along with the increased surface area lead to faster capacity fade and impedance growth during electrochemical cycling. From this work, it is demonstrated that NMC powders require surface or grain boundary modifications to make industrial-scale aqueous cathode processing viable, especially for next-generation nickel-rich NMC chemistries.
Meniscal and Mechanical Symptoms Are Associated with Cartilage Damage, Not Meniscal Pathology.

Background Traditionally defined "meniscal" and "mechanical" symptoms are thought to arise from meniscal tears. Yet meniscal tears and cartilage damage commonly coexist in symptomatic knees. To better characterize the primary driver of these symptoms, we investigated whether the presence of preoperative patient-reported knee symptoms (PRKS), including knee catching/locking, grinding/clicking/popping, and pain with pivoting, are associated with various intra-articular pathological conditions diagnosed at knee arthroscopy. Methods We collected prospective data from 565 consecutive patients who underwent knee arthroscopy from 2012 to 2019 and had PRKS collected via the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire. The diagnosis of meniscal pathology and concomitant cartilage damage was confirmed and classified intraoperatively. We used multivariable regression models, adjusting for possible confounders, to examine the association of specific pathological conditions of the knee with the presence of preoperative PRKS. Results Tricompartmental cartilage damage was strongly associated with significantly worse PRKS, with an increase of 0.33 point (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.08 to 0.58; p = 0.01) on a 0 to 4-point scale. We did not observe an association between meniscal pathology and preoperative PRKS. Conclusions Contrary to current dogma, this study demonstrates that traditionally defined "meniscal" and "mechanical" knee symptoms are strongly associated with the burden and severity of underlying cartilage damage rather than with specific meniscal pathology. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Needle-shaped beam by a novel diffractive optical element for the extended depth-of-focus of optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography can acquire the entire depth-resolved profile of the sample at a single shot (A-scan). However, the lateral resolution changes with depth, achieving the smallest focus at the focal plane and increasing significantly with the defocusing distance, especially for the high numerical aperture lens. In order to maintain a high resolution over a large depth range, a novel diffractive optical element is developed to construct a needle-shaped beam with a depth-of-focus of 10- to 150-fold Rayleigh lengths, a relatively constant diameter, a uniform axial intensity distribution, and negligible sidelobes. The lateral resolution improvement is experimentally demonstrated.
Refugee Resettlement Patterns in the USA: Examining Labor Market Conditions and Immigration Policies in Cities of Primary Placement and Secondary Internal Migration

This study examines resettlement patterns in the USA: primary placement patterns where refugees were placed by U.S. dispersion policy, and then internal or secondary migration patterns based on voluntary relocation by resettled refugees. Using data from the U.S. Department of State and from a community-based census, analyses consider labor market conditions and immigration policies (Sanctuary City policy and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement program) in cities of refugee resettlement, in addition to geographic region and immigrant population as local-level characteristics salient to secondary migration patterns in the post-September 11 era of resettlement in the USA, using Bhutanese refugees as a case study. Results indicate that U.S. refugee dispersion policy places Bhutanese refugees in cities with poorer labor market conditions, which conflicts with the policy goals of job placement and self-sufficiency. In terms of internal migration, results suggest that Bhutanese refugees follow the paths of immigrants more broadly into “new refugee destinations,” particularly in the midwestern regions, which have fast-growing immigrant populations.
Low attenuation soft and stretchable elastomeric optical waveguides

Abstract Low-attenuation polymeric waveguides transmit signals efficiently. Stretchable, cost-effective, and lightweight elastomeric optical waveguides (EOWs) were fabricated by one-step slow melt-extrusion, which induces slower crystallization kinetics and greater crystal nucleation to form uniform and greater defect-free crystals. Structurally homogeneous EOWs have attenuation coefficients of 0.194 dB/cm using a power meter and 0.268 dB/cm using time-of-flight sensor (ToFS). Higher AC in latter method is attributed to crosstalk and propagation of fewer modes in bent configuration. Softer and stretchable EOWs with higher optical transmittance could be used for wearable sensors and soft robotics.
Wind Performance Assessment of Postdisaster Housing in the Philippines

AbstractAlthough organizations build housing in resource-limited contexts after typhoons and other disasters that is intended to be safer than what existed previously, the performance of these hous...
“Don’t Let Your Mouth”: On Argumentative Smothering Within Academia

Despite non/minimal adversarial feminist argumentation models heavily critiquing rude, hostile, uncooperative argumentative practices, I argue that these models slip easily into instances of ‘white talk’ when white individuals are engaged with BIPOC (Black Indigenous People of Color) on matters concerning racial injustices. While these models address overt aggression, a more nuanced modification is needed for the models to handle cases of white passive aggressive argumentative tactics (‘white talk’). Moreover, I also argue that given the language and argumentative ideology within academia, ‘white talk’ cannot be addressed by BIPOC without ‘argumentative smothering.’ Building heavily from Dotson’s conception of ‘testimonial smothering,’ I argue argumentative smothering occurs when an interlocutor heavily modifies their argumentative practices due to an oppressive environment in an attempt to situate their argument in such a way that it will be receptive and ‘acceptable’ to the other interlocutor and/or audience.
A Theory of GATT/WTO

This note provides a few basic facts about the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO). We also investigate why we need those institutions from an economic perspective. In other words, we seek to understand what problems the GATT/WTO solve, and why without them the trade liberalizations that they seek would not emerge. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0153 Feb. 7, 2018 A Theory of GATT/WTO In this note, we provide a few basic facts about the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO). We also investigate why we need those institutions from an economic perspective. In other words, we seek to understand what problems the GATT/WTO solve, and why without them the trade liberalizations that they seek would not emerge. A Few Facts about GATT/WTO The GATT came into existence in the aftermath of World War II. With the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, it has been one of the cornerstone institutions of the liberal economic order since 1945. The primary objective of the founding nations was to create a framework to undo the high tariffs and beggar-thy-neighbor policies of the interwar period. During the Great Depression, the United States reverted to protectionist policies with the Smoot-Hawley Act of 1930. In response, many European countries increased their own tariffs, triggering a trade war that may well have worsened the depression. GATT negotiations since then have decreased the high interwar tariffs significantly (Table 1), and the WTO has reached almost universal membership. . . .
Pathology of Inherited Forms of Renal Carcinoma

Kidney cancer is a complex disease characterized by tumors of several histologic subtypes. While the vast majority of renal tumors may occur sporadically, about 6 % are found in association with syndromes of a heritable nature. It is possible, however, that the true incidence of hereditary tumors is much higher than predicted. In the last few years, our knowledge and understanding of renal cancer-predisposing syndromes has improved significantly, and many of the genes associated with specific tumors have been discovered. These advances provided the basis for the recognition of new syndromes and for a widening comprehension of the morphology and molecular mechanisms of renal cell tumorigenesis, not only in the familial but also in the sporadic form. Morphology remains an important tool in the diagnosis and recognition of these tumors, and germ line mutation analysis and clinical evaluation are guided mainly by the results of tumor pathology review. Recognition of this group of tumors is important clinically and scientifically because early detection and diagnosis of these tumors is needed in order to establish appropriate therapies as well as for genetic counseling.
Uncertainty propagation and the Fano based information theoretic method

The Fano equality is joined with the data-processing inequality to develop a theory model for component level trade studies within radar signature exploitation systems. Entropy is used to represent propagating uncertainty within an information channel. Measures are developed to identify information flow bottlenecks within an information loss budget. The propagating effects of various sources of uncertainty on system performance are characterized.
UNICORN: a unified approach for localizing non-deadlock concurrency bugs

UNICORN is an automated dynamic pattern-detection-based technique that finds and ranks problematic memory access patterns for non-deadlock concurrency bugs. It monitors pairs of memory accesses, combines the pairs into problematic patterns and ranks the patterns by their suspiciousness scores. It detects significant classes of bug types, including order violations and both single-variable and multivariable atomicity violations, which have been shown to be the most important classes of non-deadlock concurrency bugs. This paper describes the UNICORN approach, its implementations in Java and C++, and evaluates these implementations empirically. The evaluation shows that UNICORN can effectively compute and rank the patterns that represent concurrency bugs, and perform computation and ranking with reasonable efficiency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Repair of O6-alkylguanine during DNA synthesis in murine bone marrow hematopoietic precursors

Abstract O 6 -Alkylguanine, a DNA adduct formed by nitrosoureas, becomes the site of a point mutation during DNA synthesis by preferentially base mispairing with thymine rather than correctly base pairing with cytosine. To repair this adduct, cells contain a limited amount of O 6 -alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (alkyltransferase), a protein which removes the alkyl group in a stoichiometric reaction. To prevent mutations, repair must occur before DNA replication takes place. Consequently, formation of point mutations is related inversely to the number of alkyltransferase molecules and directly to the rate of DNA synthesis. Bone marrow hematopoietic precursors, the target for nitrosourea-induced leukemia, are deficient in alkyltransferase activity. We questioned whether regenerating bone marrow is more susceptible to nitrosoureas than other organs due to persistently low levels of alkyltransferase activity during periods of increased cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. Following syngeneic bone marrow transplantation, murine hematopoietic cells underwent rapid cell proliferation but alkyltransferase activity remained well below the activity in liver. After N -nitrosomethylurea exposure, [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation in rat bone marrow increased 3-fold and stem cell proliferation over 10-fold within 2 days of exposure, but alkyltransferase activity remained low. The relative susceptibility of bone marrow to mutagenic damage from O 6 -alkylguanine adducts was determined by comparing the ratio of alkyltransferase activity to [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation in marrow, kidney, and liver. In untreated animals, the ratio was lowest in bone marrow and decreased further 48 h after N -nitrosomethylurea exposure to only 21% that of kidney and 1% that of liver. Thus, proliferating hematopoietic precursors appear more likely to form point mutations following nitrosourea exposure than other rodent tissues because they undergo rapid proliferation soon after DNA damage and before O 6 -alkylguanine adducts can be repaired. The combination of rapid cell proliferation and low DNA repair capacity may be the mechanism of nitrosourea induced leukemic transformation of the bone marrow.
Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki δ-endotoxin on insect Malpighian tubule structure and function

Abstract The effect of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki HD-73 δ-endotoxin was determined on the cytoarchitecture and urine transport in isolated Malpighian tubules from larvae of the skipper butterfly Calpodes ethlius. Endotoxins (134 and 64 kDa) were injected into the tubule lumen or applied externally in the bathing medium of Ileac plexus-rectal lead and Yellow region tubules. Mucosal (lumenal) exposure in both tubule regions with the 63 kDa toxin at 16 μg/ml completely inhibited urine secretion and induced massive cytolysis. Serosal (bathing medium) exposure of the 63 kDa toxin in both tubule regions had variable activity and required a 20-fold higher concentration to inhibit fluid secretion and disrupt cell structure. Mucosal exposure to the 134 kDa endotoxin was without effect on cell structure or fluid secretion in both tubule regions confirming its protoxin status. The 63 kDa toxin induced similar cytological alterations in both Ileac plexus-rectal lead and Yellow region Malpighian tubule primary cells. However, mucosal and serosal exposure had different patterns of membrane disorganization, with those membranes closest to the site of application being disrupted first. After 1 hr exposure mucosally, primary cells exhibited variable cytopathological changes with a progression of severity from low to high toxin concentration. Stage 1 (least severe) changes involved enlargement of spaces in the cytoplasm and basal infolds whereas Stage 2 alterations included microvillar disorganization and lysis, mitochondrial alterations, and continued enlargement of cytoplasmic spaces. Stage 3 (most severe) changes included apical and basal membrane lysis, swelling of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and leakage of cytoplasmic material into the tubule lumen. These results demonstrate that the 63 kDa B. thuringiensis endotoxin affects a fluid-transporting epithelium other than midgut. The similar patterns of activity in two physiologically distinct Malpighian tubule regions by the 63 kDa toxin is most consistent with the idea that the toxin acts by forming pores in cell membranes rather than by poisoning histospecific membrane proteins.
A compact signal constellation for wireless optical communications

In wireless optical communication systems it is usually desirable to have the low transmitter power for a given error rate. In this paper, we propose a compact signal constellation that has several advantages. We show that it is feasible to derive its average symbol error rate in an exact closed-form. Then we show that the peak-to-mean-electrical-energy-ratio of the proposed constellation is better than a conventional one.
Ascorbic acid-containing whey protein film coatings for control of oxidation.

A formulation for the whey protein isolate film or coating incorporating ascorbic acid (AA-WPI film or coating) was developed. Tensile and oxygen-barrier properties of the AA-WPI film were measured. Antioxidant effects of the AA-WPI coating on roasted peanuts were studied by comparing the values of peroxide (PO), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and free-radical-scavenging activity, determined with noncoated peanuts and peanuts coated with WPI with and without ascorbic acid during storage at 21% relative humidity (RH) and 23, 35, and 50 °C. The incorporation of AA reduced elongation of WPI films. The oxygen-barrier property of the WPI film was significantly improved by incorporation of AA. The AA-WPI coating retarded lipid oxidation in peanuts significantly at 23, 35, and 50 °C. The AA-WPI coated peanuts were more red than noncoated peanuts at all storage temperatures. Keywords: Whey; ascorbic acid; peanuts; oxidation; oxygen permeability
Reflection coefficients of D, T ions with Maxwell energy distribution

Abstract The reflection coefficients of D, T ions in fusion plasma incident to the first wall of a fusion reactor are necessary for us to understand and evaluate the energy balance, fuel recycling in the fusion reactor operation. Due to different energy and different direction of D, T ions in fusion plasma, the calculation of reflection coefficients of D and T ions in fusion plasma is generally a heavy task. In this paper we will present a new method, which is based on the scaling property of ion transport, for calculating the reflection coefficients of Maxwell D, T ions of fusion plasma. A systematic and comprehensive calculation for D, T reflection coefficients has been completed for getting the scaling formulas, and some reflection coefficients of Maxwell D, T ions with different temperature are given.
Studies on the bioluminescence of Renilla reniformis III. Some biochemical comparisons of the system to other Renilla species and determination of the spectral energy distributions

Abstract The biochemical requirements for bioluminescence in extracts of Renilla reniformis have been compared to two other Renilla species and have been found to be the same. In addition, the efficiency of cross-reactions between the luciferins and luciferases of the various Renilla species tested indicated that there is little, if any, difference in the chemical structure of the luciferins as well as in the active-site area of the luciferases. Furthermore, the function of 3′,5′-diphosphoadenosine in the light reaction, namely that of activating luciferin, has been found to be the same for all species investigated. In addition to the biochemical comparisons mentioned above, the spectral energy distribution for Renilla reniformis has been determined and compared to the bacterial and firefly emissions and to a newly discovered chemiluminescent reaction. The maximum emission is at 485 mμ with limits between 370 and 650 mμ. Thus, all colors of the spectrum are represented including some near ultraviolet.
Detection of soluble Rhizobium japonicum antigens in soil by immunodiffusion

Abstract Innovative techniques for quantifying rhizobia in soil are needed. Immunodiffusion was adapted for use in evaluating four strains of Rhizobium japonicum incubated in soil. Reproducible precipitin bands were obtained using uniform soil cores 5 mm dia × 4 mm length collected with a cork borer. A flocculent of Ca(OH)2 and MgCO3 added to the microcores enhanced band formation. Clear distinct bands developed from populations in soil of 1 × 108 cells g−1 or greater. The complete set of bands which characterized cells cultured on artificial media did not develop from cells inoculated into soil, but at least one detectable band was always observed. Parameters of intensity value and band positioning were related to the population in the soil. Detection by immunodiffusion of a series of rhizobial populations in soil decreased with time almost linearly as the initial population decreased. Direct diffusion of antigens from soil and the development of specific precipitin bands provides a new approach to studying soil microorganisms.
Spatial dependence and binding energy shift of surface states for epitaxial overlayers of Au on Ag(111) and Ag on Au(111)

Abstract We have investigated experimentally and theoretically the behavior of a surface state for Au epitaxial overlayers on Ag(111). The surface state evolves continuously from Ag(111)-like to Au(111)-like for increasing Au overlayer thickness. A similar behavior is observed for the complementary system. Ag on Au(111). The wave functions for the overlayer systems are constructed, and the decay lengths for the surface states in clean Ag(111) and Au(111) are deduced.
RETROGRADE AMNESIA IN FREE RECALL AS A FUNCTION OF PRIORITY AND "POSTERIORITY" INSTRUCTIONS

Summary.-The present study supports earlier reports showing poorer free recall for the item preceding a unique item in an otherwise homogeneous list. Subjects were shown lists of common nouns and instructed either prior to or immediately following list presentation to be aware of a word in the list from a particular taxonomic category. Recall of the unique item was improved both by priority and "posteriority" instructions, whereas recall was depressed for the immediately preceding item in both conditions. It was concluded that encoding failures are sufficient but not necessary to produce induced retrograde amnesia. When a unique item is introduced in a list of otherwise homogeneous items, the unique item is often better remembered than an item in a comparable position in a homogeneous list. This robust phenomenon is known as the von Restorff effect; see Wallace (1965) for an extensive review. Jenkins and Postman (1948) noticed that, although the unique item is better recalled, recall for items immediately preceding and following the unique item is depressed. They attributed the poorer recall of the surrounding items to a disruption of rehearsal caused by subjects' attention to the unique item. Tulving (1969) found poorer free recall for items preceding a unique item in a list when the unique item was a proper noun in a list of common nouns. He called the phenomenon induced retrograde amnesia due to the operational similarity between the negative spread of effect seen in the laboratory and clinical retrograde amnesia. Explanations for induced retrograde amnesia have focused on disruptions in consolidation, rehearsal failures, or failures of retrieval. Recently Fisk and Wickens ( 1979) found evidence that the locus of the effect occurred in the encoding stage. They were able to eliminate induced retrograde amnesia by orienting subjects toward the pleasantness-unpleasantness dimension of meaning during encoding. They reasoned that instructions affecting subjects' encoding strategy would not be effective in eliminating retrograde amnesia if the phenomenon were in the retrieval stage. It is possible that the retrograde amnesia effect is not solely located in encoding processes, but is multiply determined and due to encoding and retrieval factors. The rationale of the present study, then, was to replicate the Fisk-Wickens (1979) procedure with the addition of a condition in which a
Diffusion in uranium monocarbide

Abstract The rates of diffusion of carbon-14 in uranium monocarbide are described by the equation, D c = 0.02 exp −50000/RT , over the temperature range, 1200 to 1940 °C. The rates of diffusion of uranium-235 in uranium monocarbide are described by the equation, D u = 0.0013 exp −64000/RT , over the temperature range, 1600 to 2120 °C. The data obtained with respect to diffusion of carbon in a chemical gradient in uranium monocarbide are described by the expression, D uc = 0.0002 exp −22000/RT , over the temperature range, 1200 to 2100 °C.
Inactivation of aflatoxigenic Aspergilli by treatment with ozone

The D-values of conidia of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus exposed to 1·74 ppm. ozone in 1 m m potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7·0 and 5·5) at 25 °C were determined. D-values of A. flavus conidia were 1·72 and 1·54 min at pH 5·5 and 7·0, respectively; D-values of A. parasiticus were 2·08 and 1·71 min, respectively. None of these D-values was significantly (P ≤ 0·05) different from each other.
Toward an optimal U.S. ethanol fuel subsidy

Abstract Enhanced environmental quality, fuel security, and economic development along with reduced prices of ethanol–gasoline blends are often used as justifications for the U.S. federal excise tax exemption on ethanol fuels. However, the possible effect of increased overall consumption of fuel in response to lower total price, mitigating the environmental and fuel security benefits, are generally not considered. Taking this price response into account, the optimal U.S. ethanol subsidy is derived. Estimated values of the optimal subsidy reveal that the subsidy's environmental and security benefits are questionable. However, positive environmental and security benefits from the ethanol tax-exemption subsidy may be obtained if the subsidy is combined with an increase in the excise tax on gasoline.
Regulation of epidermal proliferation in mouse epidermis by combination of difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO) and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG).

Topical methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) and alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) individually have been shown to produce partial clinical improvement in psoriasis. In an effort to further enhance therapeutic activity, studies were designed to optimize percutaneous penetraton of DFMO in vitro and to determine the effects of the combination of DFMO and MGBG on DNA synthesis and polyamine levels in hairless mouse skin. MGBG was shown to be more effective than DFMO in inhibiting DNA synthesis in vitro and in viva. Maximum in vitro percutaneous penetration of DFMO (5%) was obtained in Vehicle N containing 10% Azone (297 μg/h/ cm 2 ). Topical administration of the combination of 5% DFMO and 0.1% MGBG in this vehicle produced a greater inhibition of DNA synthesis and depletion of polyamine levels than either drug individually. The simultaneous topical administration of DFMO and MGBG, allowing the use of lower concentrations of the more toxic MGBG, may be useful for therapy of psoriasis and other cutaneous disorders associated with abnormalities in polyamine metabolism.
Thromboembolism in mitral porcine valve recipients

Abstract A low incidence rate of thromboembolism has been reported in mitral porcine valve recipients. In contrast, 5 of 22 single mitral porcine valve recipients (23 percent) followed up in our clinic for a mean of 16 months had thromboembolic events. All patients but one were receiving long-term anticoagulant therapy. One thromboembolic event resulted in death, three in permanent neurologic deficits and one in a peripheral arterial occlusion. All five patients with emboli had atrial fibrillation and left atrial enlargement. Three had thromboembolic events before porcine heart valve implantation. In addition, five mitral porcine valve recipients who were not receiving anticoagulant therapy were examined at autopsy. Thrombus was identified in the left atrium in three patients, at the tissue-valve interface (sewing ring) in two, on the porcine valve cusps in one and in the right atrium in one. Factors influencing thrombus formation such as left atrial enlargement, atrial fibrillation and a prosthetic device are present after mitral porcine valve implantation and are indications for long-term anticoagulation therapy.
Thread reinforcer: Dynamically determining number of threads via OS level monitoring

It is often assumed that to maximize the performance of a multithreaded application, the number of threads created should equal the number of cores. While this may be true for systems with four or eight cores, this is not true for systems with larger number of cores. Our experiments with PARSEC programs on a 24-core machine demonstrate this. Therefore, dynamically determining the appropriate number of threads for a multithreaded application is an important unsolved problem. In this paper we develop a simple technique for dynamically determining appropriate number of threads without recompiling the application or using complex compilation techniques or modifying Operating System policies. We first present a scalability study of eight programs from PARSEC conducted on a 24 core Dell PowerEdge R905 server running OpenSolaris.2009.06 for numbers of threads ranging from a few threads to 128 threads. Our study shows that not only does the maximum speedup achieved by these programs vary widely (from 3.6x to 21.9x), the number of threads that produce maximum speedups also vary widely (from 16 to 63 threads). By understanding the overall speedup behavior of these programs we identify the critical Operating System level factors that explain why the speedups vary with the number of threads. As an application of these observations, we develop a framework called “Thread Reinforcer” that dynamically monitors program's execution to search for the number of threads that are likely to yield best speedups. Thread Reinforcer identifies optimal or near optimal number of threads for most of the PARSEC programs studied and as well as for SPEC OMP and PBZIP2 programs.
Optimal Trajectory and Control Generation for Landing of Multiple Aircraft in the Presence of Obstacles

Due to the large increase in the density of aircraft arrivals at airports in recent years, it has become important to optimize the scheduling of aircraft landings in order to reduce wait time, improve airport efficiency, and minimize fuel consumption while maintaining safety. As the density of aircraft arrivals increases, however, so too does the complexity of trajectory planning and generation. A key aspect of landing multiple aircraft on a single runway is conflict detection and resolution. In the context aircraft landing, a conflict is defined as the situation of loss of minimum safe separation between two aircraft Ref. 1. The conflict detection and resolution process consists of predicting, communicating to the pilot, and resolving the conflict. Typically, evaluating the likelihood of a conflict is based on the current position and velocity of an aircraft. The conflict is then resolved by determining a maneuver required by one or more aircraft to avoid the predicted conflict. The required information is then provided to the air traffic controller who communicates with the pilot to resolve the conflict. A great deal of research has been done on the problem of multiple-aircraft conflict detection and resolution and landing of multiple aircraft. Ref. 2 considers the problem of managing landing sequences for an arbitrary number of aircraft moving in the vicinity of a controlled aerodome. Ref. 3 considers how different airport landing sequencing algorithms affect both the arrival sequence of aircraft and air traffic control. Ref. 4 develops an approach for determining optimal trajectories to bring an unmanned aerial vehicle from a loitering state to a planted landing. Ref. 5 develops a queueing algorithm for routing aircraft on two airport runways. Ref. 6 considers a three-dimensional trajectory optimization algorithm is developed by to obtain a conflict-free flight path using a nonlinear point mass model with realistic operational constraints on individual aircraft. Ref. 7 considers the problem of optimal cooperative three-dimensional conflict resolution involving multiple aircraft, where the the initial and final locations of the aircraft are specified along with detailed point-mass aircraft dynamic models. The infinite-dimensional optimal control problem is then converted into a finite dimensional nonlinear program (NLP) using collocation on finite elements. Finally, Ref. 8
Carrier transport mechanisms in a-Si:H,F/a-Si,Ge:H,F superlattices

Abstract The dark conductivity σ d , dark conductivity activation energy E a and photoconductivity σ ph of a-Si:H,F/a-Si,Ge:H,F superlattices are studied perpendicular to the plane of the layers. The samples have the same well (d g ) and barrier (d s ) thicknesses but their well composition varies. The perpendicular transport shows an interplay of quantum mechanical tunneling through the barriers and of classical thermal emission over the barrier layer. A model is presented that explains the results quantitatively.
IBM's data security strategy: Some implementation aspects

Security of resources, in particular data security, ought to be the continuous concern of any company: an effective security is a matter of vital importance. This paper discusses some implementation aspects of IBM's security strategy, which aims at providing methods for the selective protection of assets against unauthorized or accidental disclosure, modification or destruction. The practical implementation of this security strategy takes the form of a yearly operating plan. One of the items covered in such a plan is the audit or review of functions and installations. Where audits and reviews are formally defined processes, peer reviews are an informal but very effective method of establishing a satisfactory measure of compliance with security requirements.
Chloroplast organization and the ultrastructural localization of photosystems I and II

Chlorophyll and lipids are retained in chloroplasts when aldehyde-fixed cells are embedded in water-containing glutaraldehyde-urea resins. The ordered array of thylakoid membranes then is preserved and seen with precision, permitting unusually accurate measurements of the various components of grana. A spatially precisely defined interthylakoid gap, about 40 A thick, invariably is evident. Its contents are differentiated by KMnO 4 when this is applied as an oxidative stain. The layer has hydrophilic properties, and reasons are presented for believing that it includes at least a portion of the porphyrin groups associated with the chlorophyll. The photooxidation of diaminobenzidine results in the deposition of reaction products on both the thylakoid and stromal membranes. With longer incubation, the polymers accumulate in the loculi and stromal channels. This reaction is regarded as being a function of Photosystem I. The photoreduction of ferricyanide results in dense deposits in the interthylakoid gaps. This reaction is regarded as being a function of Photosystem II. In summary, it is evident that the thylakoid membranes demonstrate both a morphological and functional asymmetry or “sidedness.”