cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural Convection With Micro-Encapsulated Phase Change Material

This study numerically explores the effect of presence of micro-encapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) on the heat transfer characteristics of a fluid in a rectangular cavity driven by natural convection. The natural convection is generated by the temperature difference between two vertical walls at constant temperatures. The phase change material (PCM) melts in the vicinity of the hot wall and solidifies near the cold wall. Unlike the pure fluids, the heat transfer characteristics of MEPCM slurry cannot be simply presented in terms of corresponding dimensionless controlling parameters such as Rayleigh number. In the presence of phase change particles, the controlling parameters’ values change significantly due to the local phase change. The numerical results show significant increase in the heat transfer coefficient (up to 80%) at the considered operating conditions. This increase is a result of the MEPCM latent heat and the increased volumetric thermal expansion coefficient due to MEPCM volume change during melting.
Effect of tracer dose on left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony indices by phase analysis of gated single photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging

Background There are limited data on the effect of tracer dose on the reproducibility and accuracy of left ventricular (LV) mechanical dyssynchrony indices by phase analysis of gated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI).
Sensitivity of the reproductive system of hypophysectomized 40 day male rats to gonadotropic substances

IN THE purification of adrenocorticotropic hormone it was found that the standard test animal used, the male rat, when injected with pituitary fractions from the time of hypophysectomy, at 40–43 days of age, was extremely sensitive to the presence of pituitary interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH). When traces of ICSH were present in pituitary fractions, the degree of differentiation of the testicular tubule at the time of operation was maintained, and sometimes even further differentiation of the testis occurred during the fifteen day injection period. It therefore seemed desirable to determine the sensitivity of this test animal to pure ICSH, as well as to various other gonadotropic agents, such as the hormones in pregnant mare serum and in human pregnancy urine. Greep and Fevold (1937), reported the maintenance of spermatogenesis when injection was instituted immediately after hypophysectomy, and the re-establishment of spermatozoa after postoperative regression of the testes, as a result of inj...
The Benefits of Dispositional Mindfulness in Physical Health: A Longitudinal Study of Female College Students

Abstract Objective: This article examines the relationship between dispositional mindfulness, health behaviors (eg, sleep, eating, and exercise), and physical health. Participants: Participants included 441 college women. Methods: Women completed self-report surveys at the beginning and end of a 10-week academic quarter. The study was conducted over 5 academic quarters from fall 2008 to fall 2010. Results: Findings indicated that higher levels of dispositional mindfulness were related to healthier eating practices, better quality of sleep, and better physical health. Dispositional mindfulness contributed to better physical health even after controlling for traditional health habits. Finally, bidirectional mediational relationships were found between healthy eating and dispositional mindfulness as well as between sleep quality and dispositional mindfulness when physical health was the outcome variable. Conclusions: Findings suggest that incorporating mindfulness training into programming on college campuse...
Discovery of Larch Mountain salamanders Plethodon larselli in the central cascade range of Washington

Abstract Two disjunct populations of the potentially threatened Larch Mountain salamander Plethodon larselli were found in the central Cascade Range of Washington. These records contradict the current view that P. larselli is restricted to lava talus slopes in the Columbia River Gorge between Washington and Oregon. The data confirm previous speculation that P. larselli is a declining relict that once occupied a broad geographic area. Because these newly found populations may be genetically distinct from those in the Gorge, we recommend that potential threats be evaluated and appropriate management actions taken to ensure their survival.
Simian virus 40 induces the production of a polypeptide transforming factor(s)

Abstract Simian Virus 40 (SV40)-transformed rat embryo fibroblasts which are capable of anchorage-independent growth secrete a transforming factor(s) which promotes anchorage-independent growth of anchorage-dependent rat fibroblastoid cell lines. Anchorage-dependent SV40-transformed rat fibroblasts secrete lower levels of transforming factor(s) and can be rendered anchorage independent by the addition of exogenous transforming factor(s) to the culture media. Secondary cultures of rat embryo fibroblasts, however, cannot be induced to anchorage-independent growth by the addition of the transforming factor(s) to their culture media. The production of transforming factor(s) is dependent on the SV40 large T protein but probably independent of the small t protein. The sensitivity of the transformed cells to the factor(s) may be modulated by the small t protein.
Pentobarbital and synaptic high-affinity receptive sites for gamma-aminobutyric acid.

Abstract Electrophysiological investigations of others show that pentobarbital enhances the inhibitory influences of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Specifically, receptor activation is amplified and prolonged, suggesting the presence of an increased number of GABA molecules in the synaptic cleft. Either inactivation of high-affinity GABA transport or alteration of post-synaptic GABA receptors might account for these influences of pentobarbital. In this study the effect of pentobarbital on high-affinity uptake and binding of GABA to synaptic receptive sites has been examined. Using synaptosomes and subsynaptosomal fractions of cerebral cortex and hippocampus, it is shown that concentrations of pentobarbital exceeding 1 mM have no appreciable effect on GABA uptake or binding. Thus the synaptic influence of pentobarbital, evident at 0.1 mM in electrophysiologic experiments, must originate from mechanisms other than the high-affinity uptake or binding of GABA. Possible sites of action include the presynaptic release of GABA and the ionophores coupled with postsynaptic sites.
The Structure of Relatively Complemented Lattices

In the initial development of lattice theory considerable attention was devoted to the structure of modular lattices. Two of the principal structure theorems which came out of this early work are the following: Every complemented modular lattice of finite dimensions is a direct union of a finite number of simple1 complemented modular lattices (Birkhoff [1], Menger [4]).
Arthroscopic Resection of the Radial Head

The authors describe arthroscopic radial head resection in patients with post-traumatic arthritis after fractures of the radial head or in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the elbow joint, as an expanded indication for elbow arthroscopy. Arthroscopic radial head resection allows the surgeon to deal with the intrinsic joint pathology, as well as with accompanying symptoms such as synovitis, capsular contracture, or loose bodies. The portals used are the proximal medial, anterolateral, and the midlateral portal. The anterior three quarters of the radial head and 2 to 3 mm of the radial neck are resected with the stone-cutting abrader in the anterolateral portal and the arthroscope in the proximal medial portal. For resection of the posterior portion of the radial head, the abrader may be transferred to the midlateral portal. This permits resection of the remnants of the radial head posteriorly and also at the proximal radioulnar joint. Arthroscopic treatment allows the patient to begin and maintain an aggressive postoperative physical therapy program immediately after surgery, thus decreasing the risk of anterior scarring and reoccurring contracture of the capsule of the elbow joint.
Low‐temperature selective‐area deposition of metals: Chemical vapor deposition of gold from ethyl(trimethylphosphine)gold(I)

Chemical vapor deposition of high purity gold is demonstrated using ethyl(trimethylphosphine)gold(I) at temperatures as low as room temperature. Total selectivity for growth on atomically clean metallic surfaces in the presence of insulating surfaces is found over a ∼200 °C temperature range and confirmed with scanning electron microscopy and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A key processing parameter is shown to be ultrahigh vacuum, particularly for growth on reactive metals such as chromium. These results suggest low‐temperature selectivity can be extended to other known precursors.
RNA-mediated epigenetic programming of a genome-rearrangement pathway

Genome-wide DNA rearrangements occur in many eukaryotes but are most exaggerated in ciliates, making them ideal model systems for epigenetic phenomena. During development of the somatic macronucleus, Oxytricha trifallax destroys 95% of its germ line, severely fragmenting its chromosomes, and then unscrambles hundreds of thousands of remaining fragments by permutation or inversion. Here we demonstrate that DNA or RNA templates can orchestrate these genome rearrangements in Oxytricha, supporting an epigenetic model for sequence-dependent comparison between germline and somatic genomes. A complete RNA cache of the maternal somatic genome may be available at a specific stage during development to provide a template for correct and precise DNA rearrangement. We show the existence of maternal RNA templates that could guide DNA assembly, and that disruption of specific RNA molecules disables rearrangement of the corresponding gene. Injection of artificial templates reprogrammes the DNA rearrangement pathway, suggesting that RNA molecules guide genome rearrangement.
Common patterns of bcl-2 family gene expression in two traumatic brain injury models.

Cell death/survival following traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be a result of alterations in the intracellular ratio of death and survival factors. Bcl-2 family genes mediate both cell survival and the initiation of cell death. Using lysate RNase protection assays, mRNA expression of the anti-cell death genes Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and the pro-cell death gene Bax, was evaluated following experimental brain injuries in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Both the lateral fluid-percussion (LFP) and the lateral controlled cortical impact (LCI) models of TBI showed similar patterns of gene expression. Anticell death bcl-2 and bcl-xL mRNAs were attenuated early and tended to remain depressed for at least 3 days after injury in the cortex and hippocampus ipsilateral to injury. Pro-cell death bax mRNA was elevated in these areas, usually following the decrease in anti-cell death genes. These common patterns of gene expression suggest an important role for Bcl-2 genes in cell death and survival in the injured brain. Understanding the regulation of these genes may facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies for a condition that currently has no proven pharmacologic treatments.
Advanced Hydrogen Fueled Internal Combustion Engines

The Hydrogen Program at Sandia National Laboratories is developing internal combustion engine generators for application in series hybrid vehicles and stationary power units. The program consists of two approaches: investigating the utilization of hydrogen in a conventional crankshaft driven engine and in an advanced free piston configuration. The conventional engine program has taken the direction of utilizing the unique ability to spark ignite homogeneous fuel/ air mixtures of hydrogen at low equivalence ratios (f0.4) to achieve low NO x emissions and high thermal efficiency. The goal is to translate the indicated thermal efficiency of single-cylinder engines into multicylinder configurations achieving at least 40% brake thermal efficiency. When coupled to an electrical generator, the fuel to electricity conversion efficiency would be approximately 37%. A modified Perkins 3.152 Diesel engine (850 cm 3 per cylinder) is currently being tested and has achieved an indicated thermal efficiency of 45% in preliminary operations. The advanced free piston design utilizes a new approach to IC engine combustion. A double-ended free piston is used to compression ignite homogeneous fuel/air mixtures as it oscillates inside a closed cylinder. Through this oscillation, electrical energy is generated in a linear alternator which acts also to control the piston motion by actively adjusting the electromagnetic forces felt by the piston. Electricity is the output of this engine, and electronic control of the compression ratio is achieved with extreme mechanical simplicity. Fresh charge is introduced to the engine in a modern two-stroke cycle fashion. Initial testing in a single-cycle experiment has validated the potential of this alternative combustion system, as it has produced an indicated thermal efficiency of 56% with essentially zero NO x emissions. Development of these advanced generators continues.
A mathematical model of cadmium transport in a biological system.

Abstract The research was undertaken to analyze the uptake and distribution of 109Cd in the mouse following repeated administrations and to develop a mathematical model that would describe the transport of cadmium in an animal organism. The model used was a mammillary compartmental model with the compartments corresponding to selected organs and tissues analyzed for 109Cd content. The nine-compartment model was described by first-order kinetics. From the research it was observed that no administration of cadmium was influenced by previous administrations, and this allowed the use of the same rate constants in the model for each of the multiple dosings. The linear mammillary compartmental model was able to approximate the observed laboratory values in the present investigation. The derived model was also shown to be valuable for predicting the retention of cadmium in other species without adjusting any of the rate constants.
Ground water flow systems and related highway pavement failure in cold mountain valleys

Abstract Theoretical considerations and empirical observations have demonstrated the occurrence of gravity ground-water flow systems in valleys where precipitation is high in adjacent mountains. In such systems the valley floor is often a ground-water sink and adjacent mountains contain ground-water sources. Upward movement and near surface lateral flow are characteristic of the ground water beneath the valley floor. Optimum conditions for growth of ice lenses beneath highway pavement consist of a frost-susceptible soil, a source of water, and the absence of high negative pore-water pressures. A ground-water discharge area or zone of near surface lateral flow provides a good source of water under positive pressure, particularly when evapotranspiration is minimal. The development of high negative pore-water pressures by a growing ice lens is thereby prevented. Consequently, ice lenses may become unusually thick in areas characterized by ground-water discharge or near surface lateral flow. Pavement overlying these portions of a ground-water flow system may be subjected to much more severe frost heaving than are sections of pavement overlying recharge zones or zones of deep lateral ground-water movement. Based on these considerations it appears that proper selection of a highway route with respect to ground-water flow systems in mountain valleys may minimize pavement failure caused by frost heaving. Furthermore, if a route must cross a discharge area, recognition of the zone and an awareness of its effect on frost heaving should result in the installation of coarse fill material and an expanded drain network designed to alleviate conditions conductive to frost heaving.
Synthetic studies directed toward the total synthesis of a jatrophane diterpene

Jatrophane diterpenes are of significant biological importance as they have shown a remarkable potential as a Pgp inhibitor. These diterpenes have a characteristic framework. Synthesis of an advanced synthon was achieved in high yielding steps. The methyl group at C13 was installed using a zinc mediated crotylation. An alkoxy mediated hydrozirconation–iodination on propargylic alcohol to provide vinyl iodide was the highlight of the synthesis of the left hand fragment.
Composite ganglioglioma/dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor: a clinicopathologic study of 8 cases

Ganglioglioma and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor are both low-grade glioneuronal neoplasms that most commonly occur in association with chronic epilepsy. Rare cases of tumors with composite features of ganglioglioma and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor have been reported. We retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathologic features of 8 composite tumors (7 were female; median age, 20 years). All patients had chronic epilepsy and had tumors in either the temporal or the frontal lobe. Six patients are currently seizure-free (follow-up: median, 90 months). All tumors were multinodular. Some nodules had distinct features of each tumor type (range, 5%-85% of the tumor). Seven tumors contained nodules with mixed features of both tumor types. Five of 7 evaluable tumors demonstrated adjacent focal cortical dysplasia (Palmini type I). Mitotic activity, vascular proliferation, or necrosis was not observed in any of the tumors. Three tumors demonstrated focal meningeal extension. Composite tumors commonly arise in the temporal lobe in young patients with chronic epilepsy; they appear to behave as a World Health Organization grade I neoplasm. Histologically, these multinodular tumors appear to maintain distinct areas with features of each tumor and foci where the 2 patterns are merged. A subset of composite tumors are associated with adjacent focal cortical dysplasia.
Natural Enemies of Immature Stages of the Bronze Birch Borer, Agrilus anxius (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in Pennsylvania

Predation and parasitism of immatures of the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory, in European white birch in Pennsylvania were studied. Egg parasitism was 7% , and was due primarily to two encyrtids, Ooencyrtus sp. and Avetianella sp. Five species of larval parasites were recovered. Tetrastichus sp. (Eulophidae), the most common parasite, and Eurytoma sp. (Eurytomidae) were new records from A. anxius. Phasgonophora sulcata Westwood (Chalcididae), Atanycolus charus (Riley) (Braconidae), and an undetermined ichneumonid were less common. Larval parasitism by all species amounted to 18%. Predation by woodpeckers reduced the overwintering larval population by 60%.
Colonic aberrant crypts in children with familial adenomatous polyposis.

Aberrant crypt foci of the colonic mucosa have been reported in adults. The alteration may be defined macroscopically or histologically and may or may not be combined with adenomatous changes. Aberrant crypt foci have been regarded as precancerous lesions and are more common in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. The present report describes the presence of many histologically recognizable aberrant crypt foci without adenomatous changes in the colonic mucosa of 3 children with familial adenomatous polyposis. The openings of the aberrant crypt foci contained inspissated granulofilamentous mucus. Additionally, this report documents the presence of a peculiar serrated appearance of the mucosae surface outline of the nonadenomatous areas. This appears to result from elongation of the crypts and dilated openings/micropapillary arrangement of the uppermost part of the walls of the crypts, with a thin intervening stroma. Neither of these findings has been reported previously to occur in children. They ...
Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome responsive to dapsone

A 45-year-old woman with cutaneous urticaria-like lesions subsequently developed polyarthritis, glomerulonephritis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Biopsy of skin showed leukocytoclastic vasculitis of superficial capillaries. Biopsy of the kidney revealed mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, and lung biopsy revealed severe emphysema and thickwalled blood vessels with immunoglobulin deposition. Therapy with dapsone produced dramatic improvement of the patient's cutaneous vasculitis and arthritis. This case uniquely demonstrates the efficacy of dapsone for both the urticarial vasculitic and the arthritic components of this syndrome and reemphasizes the potentially severe pulmonary and renal complications.
Production of nanodiamonds by high-energy ion irradiation of graphite at room temperature

Abstract It has previously been shown that graphite can be transformed into diamond by MeV electron and ion irradiation at temperatures above approximately 600°C. However, there exists geological evidence suggesting that carbonaceous materials can be transformed to diamond by irradiation at substantially lower temperatures. For example, submicron-size diamond aggregates have been found in uranium-rich, Precambrian carbonaceous deposits that never experienced high temperature or pressure. To test if diamonds can be formed at lower irradiation temperatures, sheets of fine-grain polycrystalline graphite were bombarded at 20°C with 350 ± 50 MeV Kr ions to fluences of 6×10 12 cm −2 using the Argonne tandem linear accelerator system (ATLAS). Ion-irradiated (and unirradiated control) graphite specimens were then subjected to acid dissolution treatments to remove untransformed graphite and isolate diamonds that were produced; these acid residues were subsequently characterized by high-resolution and analytical electron microscopy. The acid residue of the ion-irradiated graphite was found to contain nanodiamonds, demonstrating that ion irradiation of graphite at ambient temperature can produce diamond. The diamond yield under our irradiation conditions is low, ∼0.01 diamonds/ion. An important observation that emerges from comparing the present result with previous observations of diamond formation during irradiation is that nanodiamonds form under a surprisingly wide range of irradiation conditions. This propensity may be related to the very small difference in the graphite and diamond free-energies coupled with surface-energy considerations that may alter the relative stability of diamond and graphite at nanometer sizes.
Vocabulary simplification for children: a special case of 'motherese'?

A new corpus of spontaneous conversations between adults and children is examined for evidence that adults simplify their vocabulary choices when speaking with young children. If these simplifications are found to be age-dependent, then they would broaden the pattern of simplifications characteristic of ‘motherese’ to include lexical choice as well. For the age-range newborns to 12 years, the results are both consistent with and contrary to the attested set of grammatical simplifications. In this corpus, MLU and TTR are strongly age-dependent, but adults do not choose their words from the 10,000 most common word-types in English in an age-dependent manner. Rather, the additional types for school-aged children come from the same part of the vocabulary and share the same-shaped distributions as in adult speech with preschool children and infants. This absence of an age-dependent accommodation in word choice has implications for models of child lexical acquisition which assume adult language accommodation.
Overexpression of Arabidopsis Plasmodesmata Germin-Like Proteins Disrupts Root Growth and Development

In plants, a population of non-cell-autonomous proteins (NCAPs), including numerous transcription factors, move cell to cell through plasmodesmata (PD). In many cases, the intercellular trafficking of these NCAPs is regulated by their interaction with specific PD components. To gain further insight into the functions of this NCAP pathway, coimmunoprecipitation experiments were performed on a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plasmodesmal-enriched cell wall protein preparation using as bait the NCAP, pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) PHLOEM PROTEIN16 (Cm-PP16). A Cm-PP16 interaction partner, Nt-PLASMODESMAL GERMIN-LIKE PROTEIN1 (Nt-PDGLP1) was identified and shown to be a PD-located component. Arabidopsis thaliana putative orthologs, PDGLP1 and PDGLP2, were identified; expression studies indicated that, postgermination, these proteins were preferentially expressed in the root system. The PDGLP1 signal peptide was shown to function in localization to the PD by a novel mechanism involving the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi secretory pathway. Overexpression of various tagged versions altered root meristem function, leading to reduced primary root but enhanced lateral root growth. This effect on root growth was corrected with an inability of these chimeric proteins to form stable PD-localized complexes. PDGLP1 and PDGLP2 appear to be involved in regulating primary root growth by controlling phloem-mediated allocation of resources between the primary and lateral root meristems.
Online Gambling: Murky Legal Status and Vulnerable Socio-Economic Environment Pose Public Policy Challenges

The marketing of online gambling has been successful, measured by the revenues being generated and by its tremendous growth in popularity. After examining a growing body of relevant literature, this study analyzes the legal environment of the United States and European markets and its impact on the affected stakeholders. It was found that the legal status of Internet gambling in the United States is in a flux while enforcement is largely ineffective. An exploration of several future scenarios for the legal environment identifies the dire need for clarification of the legal status of the market as the federal government's most important policy challenge. Some suggestions made regarding future research include studies on promotion and consumer welfare.
Inbreeding depression in urban environments of the bird’s nest fungus Cyathus stercoreus (Nidulariaceae: Basidiomycota)

Many organisms display codispersal of offspring, but fewer display codispersal of compatible gametes. This mechanism enhances the ability of a species to colonize after long distance dispersal as a mechanism of reproductive assurance, but it also fosters inbreeding and potential reduction in fitness. Here we investigated both long distance dispersal and inbreeding in the bird’s nest fungus Cyathus stercoreus, a dung and mulch-associated fungus with a splash cup fruiting body appearing like a miniature bird’s nest of ‘eggs‘ or peridioles that contain thousands of mating compatible meiotic spores. To investigate the genetic structure in the species, six North American urban populations were hierarchically sampled and genotyped using 10 microsatellite markers. We detected significant levels of inbreeding through heterozygote deficiencies at four loci, with global FIS=0.061. Dispersal limitation was suggested by both spatial autocorrelation and the detection of population structure between Louisiana and Michigan using clustering and F-statistics. Although inbreeding may facilitate colonization by the fungus, it has a negative effect on the fitness of populations as estimated from a 15% reduction in growth rates of inbred strains relative to outcrossed. Mating tests revealed that C. stercoreus has a higher estimated number of mating-type alleles (MAT-A= 39, MAT-B= 24) than other species of bird’s nest fungi, which would increase its outcrossing efficiency. We speculate that the increased number of mating-type alleles is the result of a recent range and population size expansion into urban environments.
Dynamics of molecular markers linked to the resistance loci in a mosquito-plasmodium system

Models on the evolution of resistance to parasitism generally assume fitness tradeoffs between the costs of being parasitized and the costs associated with resistance. This study tested this assumption using the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti and malaria parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum system. Experimental mosquito populations were created by mixing susceptible and resistant strains in equal proportions, and then the dynamics of markers linked to loci for Plasmodium resistance and other unlinked neutral markers were determined over 12 generations. We found that when the mixed population was maintained under parasite-free conditions, the frequencies of alleles specific to the susceptible strain at markers closely linked to the loci for resistance (QTL markers) as well as other unlinked markers increased significantly in the first generation and then fluctuated around equilibrium frequencies for all six markers. However, when the mixed population was exposed to an infected blood meal every generation, allele frequencies at the QTL markers for resistance were not significantly changed. Small population size caused significant random fluctuations of allele frequencies at all marker loci. Consistent allele frequency changes in the QTL markers and other unlinked markers suggest that the reduced fitness in the resistant population has a genome-wide effect on the genetic makeup of the mixed population. Continuous exposure to parasites promoted the maintenance of alleles from the resistant Moyo-R strain in the mixed population. The results are discussed in relation to the proposed malaria control strategy through genetic disruption of vector competence.
"Wonderful, heavenly, beautiful, and ours": lesbian fantasy and media(ted) desire in Heavenly Creatures.

Peter Jackson's Heavenly Creatures (1994) is the story of two girls in New Zealand who form an intense erotic friendship based on a fantasy world they create, and how their forced separation leads them to commit matricide. Beneath the sensational surface, though, is another story: this is a film about cinema, about desire, and how queer spectators create new and unexpected meanings. This article argues that Heavenly Creatures is a queer love letter to the power of cinema, revealing how queer consciousness may indeed be constituted from foreclosed possibility by the medium--providing a landscape, a stage, and a mise-en-scene of desire.
FATCOP 2.0: Advanced Features in an Opportunistic Mixed Integer Programming Solver

We describe FATCOP 2.0, a new parallel mixed integer program solver that works in an opportunistic computing environment provided by the Condor resource management system. We outline changes to the search strategy of FATCOP 1.0 that are necessary to improve resource utilization, together with new techniques to exploit heterogeneous resources. We detail several advanced features in the code that are necessary for successful solution of a variety of mixed integer test problems, along with the different usage schemes that are pertinent to our particular computing environment. Computational results demonstrating the effects of the changes are provided and used to generate effective default strategies for the FATCOP solver.
More than the sum of the parts: forest climate response from joint species distribution models

The perceived threat of climate change is often evaluated from species distribution models that are fitted to many species independently and then added together. This approach ignores the fact that species are jointly distributed and limit one another. Species respond to the same underlying climatic variables, and the abundance of any one species can be constrained by competition; a large increase in one is inevitably linked to declines of others. Omitting this basic relationship explains why responses modeled independently do not agree with the species richness or basal areas of actual forests. We introduce a joint species distribution modeling approach (JSDM), which is unique in three ways, and apply it to forests of eastern North America. First, it accommodates the joint distribution of species. Second, this joint distribution includes both abundance and presence-absence data. We solve the common issue of large numbers of zeros in abundance data by accommodating zeros in both stem counts and basal area data, i.e., a new approach to zero inflation. Finally, inverse prediction can be applied to the joint distribution of predictions to integrate the role of climate risks across all species and identify geographic areas where communities will change most (in terms of changes in abundance) with climate change. Application to forests in the eastern United States shows that climate can have greatest impact in the Northeast, due to temperature, and in the Upper Midwest, due to temperature and precipitation. Thus, these are the regions experiencing the fastest warming and are also identified as most responsive at this scale.
Phosphorus Cycling in Tropical Forests Growing on Highly Weathered Soils

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for living cells, and to some extent the abundance and activity of all organisms are regulated by P availability. However, the importance of P in terrestrial ecosystems may be most profound in tropical rain forests, where P supply is often very low. Thus, soil P availability could strongly limit various aspects of ecosystem function in tropical forests, as well as regulate tropical forest responses to anthropogenic perturbation. In this chapter, we describe P cycling in tropical forests growing on highly weathered soil (e.g., Ultisols and Oxisols). We focus on P inputs, transformations, and losses, and highlight aspects of the P cycle that are somewhat unique to this biome. In addition, we consider the implications of tropical P limitation at present and in the context of global change.
Unequivocal identification of brown adipose tissue in a human infant

We report the unique depiction of brown adipose tissue (BAT) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) in a human 3-month-old infant. Based on cellular differences between BAT and more lipid-rich white adipose tissue (WAT), chemical-shift MRI and CT were both capable of generating distinct signal contrasts between the two tissues and against surrounding anatomy, utilizing fat-signal fraction metrics in the former and x-ray attenuation values in the latter. While numerous BAT imaging experiments have been performed previously in rodents, the identification of BAT in humans has only recently been described with fusion positron emission and computed tomography in adults. The imaging of BAT in children has not been widely reported and, furthermore, MRI of human BAT in general has not been demonstrated. In the present work, large bilateral supraclavicular BAT depots were clearly visualized with MRI and CT. Tissue identity was subsequently confirmed by histology. BAT has important implications in regulating energy metabolism and nonshivering thermogenesis and has the potential to combat the onset of weight gain and the development of obesity. Current findings suggest that BAT is present in significant amounts in children and that MRI and CT can differentiate BAT from WAT based on intrinsic tissue properties.
Mental Health Consequences of Disasters

We present in this review the current state of disaster mental health research. In particular, we provide an overview of research on the presentation, burden, correlates, and treatment of mental disorders following disasters. We also describe challenges to studying the mental health consequences of disasters and discuss the limitations in current methodologies. Finally, we offer directions for future disaster mental health research.
Multiple complete ring-shaped enhanced MRI lesions in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) lesions may or may not enhance with contrast material on contrast T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (T1WI). Enhancing ADEM lesions may show varying patterns of contrast enhancement, which include nodular, diffuse nodular, amorphous, gyral, spotty and incomplete ring-like. Multiple, complete ring-shaped enhanced lesions on contrast T1WI is a rare finding in ADEM. We report such a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) finding in a 36-year-old female patient with this disease.
The historical record as a basis for assessing interactions between geology and civil engineering

Engineering construction dates from the dawn of civilization. Although both geology and civil engineering have existed in a reasonably modern form for only about 250 years, for thousands of years some individuals with an awareness of rock and soil conditions offered counsel on excavations, site conditions, and construction materials. The closeness of partnerships between geologists and engineers has varied over time and reflects a natural tension between the inductive approach of geological investigations and the deductive approach of engineering design. Both science and engineering have periods in which their governing paradigms, the generally accepted set of practices that define a discipline during a particular period of time, are subject to rapid change. Some of these ‘paradigm shifts’ have fostered closer collaborations between geologists and engineers; others have resulted in a weakening of such interactions. Society now demands that both geologists and engineers increasingly undertake complex predictions. Engineering projects have become much more complex; bridges and tunnels have become longer and larger, and high-speed transportation links have become common. Population growth has pushed developments into more complex geological locations where site conditions are less than optimal and geohazards more likely. New and ever more challenging environmental and economic issues make the design of new facilities increasingly dependent on accurate predictions of geological conditions. Decision-making under uncertainty (prediction) requires an increasingly multi-disciplinary approach, and thus continued close interactions between geologists and civil engineers.
Microwave Induced In-Situ Active Ion Etching of Growing InP Nanocrystals

High quantum yield (47%) InP nanocrystals can be prepared without the need for post HF treatment by combining microwave methodologies with the presence of a fluorinated ionic liquid. Growing the InP nanocrystals in the presence of the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (hmim BF4) allows in situ etching to be achieved. The optimization of the PL QY is achieved by balancing growth and etching rates in the reaction.
A preliminary study of hybrid fuzzy/statistically-based controllers

This paper describes the development and preliminary analysis of hybrid fuzzy/statistically-based controllers, including Fuzzy CUSUM. The Fuzzy CUSUM controller is a modification of a CUSUM type controller developed from statistical quality control concepts with fuzzy elements added. These controllers may be used in several process applications, especially the quality control of batch operations. First, the original controller is described and its performance evaluated. Next, the fuzzy elements are added to the controller and its performance is detailed. A completely randomized block experimental design and Duncan's multiple range test are used to compare the hybrid controllers to other types of controllers currently being explored, under a variety of disturbance conditions. The hybrid fuzzy/statistically-based controllers significantly outperform all other controllers examined. >
Rb Independent Inhibition of Cell Growth by p15INK4B

Abstract The INK4 cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKI), such as p15 INK4B and p16 INK4A , block cell cycle progression from G to S phase. This is mediated by inhibition of phosphorylation of proteins, including the retinoblastoma susceptibility protein (Rb), by cyclin dependent kinases. Ectopic over-expression of the p16 INK4A CDKI can inhibit growth of cell lines depending on Rb status. Cell lines lacking Rb, with few exceptions, are resistant to growth inhibition by p16 INK4A . The effects of ectopic over-expression of p15 INK4B in cell lines with and without wild type Rb were examined by measuring cell recovery. Proliferation was inhibited in cells lacking Rb as well as in cells with wild type Rb expression. Experiments analyzing the effectiveness of chimeric p15 INK4B /p16 INK4A proteins indicated that the Rb independent growth inhibition required N-terminal residues of p15 INK4B . Linker insertion mutation of p15 INK4B showed that the inhibition was dependent on intact ankyrin structures. Double staining flow cytometry found that the growth inhibition correlated with a decrease in cells in G2/M phases of the cell cycle. These findings are consistent with Rb independent inhibition of the progression from G1 to S caused by overexpression of p15 INK4B .
Computationally attractive real Gabor transforms

We present a Gabor transform for real, discrete signals and present a computationally attractive method for computing the transform. For the critically sampled case, we derive a biorthogonal function which is very localized in the time domain. Therefore, truncation of this biorthogonal function allows us to compute approximate expansion coefficients with significantly reduced computational requirements. Further, truncation does not degrade the numerical stability of the transform. We present a tight upper bound on the reconstruction error incurred due to use of a truncated biorthogonal function and summarize computational savings. For example, the expense of transforming a length 2048 signal using length 16 blocks is reduced by a factor of 26 over similar FFT-based methods with at most 0.04% squared error in the reconstruction. >
Effects of a 2009 Illinois Alcohol Tax Increase on Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes.

Objectives. We examined the effects of a 2009 increase in alcohol taxes in Illinois on alcohol-related fatal motor vehicle crashes.Methods. We used an interrupted time-series design, with intrastate and cross-state comparisons and measurement derived from driver alcohol test results, for 104 months before and 28 months after enactment. Our analyses used autoregressive moving average and generalized linear mixed Poisson models. We examined both population-wide effects and stratifications by alcohol level, age, gender, and race.Results. Fatal alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes declined 9.9 per month after the tax increase, a 26% reduction. The effect was similar for alcohol-impaired drivers with positive alcohol levels lower than 0.15 grams per deciliter (−22%) and drivers with very high alcohol levels of 0.15 or more (−25%). Drivers younger than 30 years showed larger declines (−37%) than those aged 30 years and older (−23%), but gender and race stratifications did not significantly differ.Conclusions. ...
The Visual Arts in the Civilization Classroom.

Although the visual arts have long been a feature of civilization courses, instructors do not always exploit their full potential. This paper presents a checklist to help teachers identify the relevant aspects of the arts for study. Its goal is to facilitate comprehensive treatment of works of art by focusing on three areas: the aesthetic dimension; the social context; and the artist's own experience. The checklist is followed by a series of activities which encourage students to integrate the various aspects of the arts while practicing their language skills.
Isolated groin recurrence of vulvar cancer salvaged with multimodality therapy.

Vulvar cancer recurrent to the inguinal region is associated with a poor prognosis. There is limited data on the successful management of vulvar cancer recurrent to the groin. This case report describes a patient with a unilateral groin recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, who is salvaged with multimodality treatment, including preoperative chemoradiation, radical excision with reconstruction, and intraoperative radiation (IORT).
Effects of Host-Plant Distribution on Genetic Structuring of Two Tortoise Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) in the Northern Great Plains

Abstract Physonota helianthi Randall feeds exclusively on a native sunflower, Helianthus grosseserratus Martens, in southeastern South Dakota. Helianthus grosseserratus populations are highly fragmented by agriculture and their patchy distribution presents the hypothesis that host-plant fragmentation results in genetic structuring in P. helianthi. In contrast, another cassidine beetle, Chelymorpha cassidea F., feeds on common bindweeds (Convolvulus arvensis L. and Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br.) and therefore may not exhibit such genetic structuring. We sampled patches of host plants for P. helianthi and C. cassidea. Families were reared in the laboratory through adult emergence and assayed with starch-gel electrophoresis. Genetic variability within and among beetle families from different patches was compared for both species. For P. helianthi, 15 loci were used to evaluate allele frequencies in 30 families from five sites. For C. cassidea, we assayed 13 loci from 25 families from five sites. We determine...
The Evolution of Failure Analysis at NASA's Kennedy Space Center and the Lessons Learned

The United States has had four manned launch programs and three station programs since the era of human space flight began in 1961. The launch programs, Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and Shuttle, and the station programs, Skylab, Shuttle-Mir, and the International Space Station (ISS), have all been enormously successful, not only in advancing the exploration of space, but also in advancing related technologies. As each subsequent program built upon the successes of previous programs, they similarly learned from their predecessors' failures. While some failures were spectacular and captivated the attention of the world, most only held the attention of the dedicated men and women working to make the missions succeed.
Being at Home in the Cell

processing of these images and they don't. This difference in background presents a problem, because while it is easy for me to see, for example, the relationship between an electron microscope image of a cell in which ribosomes look like little balls and diagrams that show the complex bipartite structure of a ribosome, it would be difficult for students to make a similar connection because they haven't lived through the history of increasingly sharp images of ribosomes as