cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypertension and oral contraception

The results from the first year of a continuing study of the relationship between oral contraceptives and hypertension are presented. A total of 60 patients were evaluated, giving an approximate incidence of this relationship of 1 per cent. There is little doubt that estrogen and progestogen-containing oral contraceptives can induce hypertension in previously normotensive women and that their use need not elevate blood pressure in already hypertensive patients. The hypertensive effect of the oral contraceptives persists for at least 3 months following cessation of their use.
The development of elastomer rheological processability quality control instruments

Abstract We have surveyed the development of processability measurements from its origins, about 1920, to the present. We have followed the factors—technology, scientific, and political—which have caused its evolutions. The earliest instruments the capillary and compression rheometer, are still with us. As early as the mid 1930s, different traditions developed in the United States and Germany, differences which continue to the present day. These were accentuated by the development of synthetic rubber and World War II. The Germany industry used the Defo compression instrument and the Americans decided on the Mooney shearing disc viscometer. The early postwar period saw a temporary withdrawal of German activity and an American interest in stress relaxation measurements with a biconical stress relaxation instrument being made semi-commercial by B. F. Goodrich in the 1970s. B. F. Goodrich has continued to improve this instrument over the past generation. The post-1975 period has also seen increased activity i...
State-Space Transformation for Approximation and Flexible Computation

Most combinatorial optimization problems are NP-hard, and require computation exponential to the problem size. How can we solve difficult tree-search problems approximately, using the analytical results of their average-case complexity? The answer to this question leads to a new approximation approach, the topic of this chapter. This new method makes use of the complexity transitions of branch-and-bound on incremental random trees, and is referred to as e-transformation.
Materials Interactions in the Firing of Copper Thick Film Multilayer Ceramics

In recent years, copper thick film materials have gained rapid acceptance in ceramic multilayer interconnect boards because of their ability to meet advanced packaging requirements at reasonable cost. With high volume production, however, problems such as opens, shorts, blisters and porosity have been experienced. Many of these failures may be attributed to undesirable materials interactions caused by reducing conditions which can be caused by incomplete burnout of thick film organics during firing. This paper considers the interactions in current copper thick film material systems. Primary emphasis will be placed on chemical interactions that occur in both ideal and non-ideal conditions during firing. Failure modes will be related to chemistry and processing. New systems designed to overcome processing sensitivity will be discussed.
Screening and Phenotypic Analysis of a Suppressor of Cryptochromes Mutant in Arabidopsis

Cryptochromes are flavoproteins that share similarity with the sequence of amino acids in DNA photolyase but lack photolyase activity.Among members of cryptochromes gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana,cryptochrome1(CRY1) and CRY2 primarily mediate blue light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and photoperiodic promotion of floral initiation,respectively,although their functions do overlap.The cry1cry2 double mutant flowered later than wild-type under long day conditions.Through activation tagging,we identified an early flowering mutant called scc17-D(suppressor of cry1cry2#17-Dominant).TAIL-PCR results showed that a T-DNA insertion located between At1g25440 and At1g25450 in the first chromosome is responsible for the scc17-D mutant.The scc17-D mutant displayed dwarfism,reduction in leaf size,reduced length of siliques,and the altered shape of cotyledon pavement cells.
Polycythemia Vera with Ph1 Chromosomes in Two Brothers

Two brothers with polycythemia rubra vera have been studied: one before treatment and one after many years of treatment. Direct harvests of marrow aspirates from both patients exhibited the presence of the Ph1 chromosome. Moderately increased LAP levels were present in both. Available data do not indicate whether the disease and the chromosomal aberrations in these two brothers are familial or fortuitous.
Color-conscious Anti-racism: Bias and Opportunity in the Violent Victimization of Central American Migrants in Long Island, NY

In 2008, Ecuadorean migrant Marcelo Lucero was murdered in Patchogue, New York, by seven White, Black, and Hispanic teenagers who described what they had done as “Mexican hopping.” A widespread belief emerged, including in scholarly publications, that the killing reflected pervasive racism directed at Latin American migrants, particularly vulnerable undocumented ones. The killing and the public discourses that emerged from it led community organizations to sponsor events and programs to teach ethno-racial tolerance and the local government to prescribe sensitivity training for police and other public officials. However, the assumptions that drove such policies remain untested by research. This article seeks to address this lacuna through a respondent driven sampling survey of 146 Central American migrants who reported victimization during the previous twelve months in neighboring Nassau County in 2008. Findings suggest that anti-racist correctives meant to address the Lucero killing did not meet the needs...
Novel Nanoscale Delivery Particles Encapsulated with Anticancer Drugs, All-trans Retinoic Acid or Curcumin, Enhance Apoptosis in Lymphoma Cells Predominantly Expressing CD20 Antigen

Background Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), a B-cell lymphoma, pursues a relatively aggressive course, is resistant to long-term remission, and is associated with a poor prognosis. There is a pressing need for innovative treatment approaches against MCL. One such approach is targeted delivery of cytotoxic drugs to MCL cells. Materials and methods In the current investigation, we pursued a strategy to employ retinoid-based or curcumin-based nanoscale delivery particles, called nanodisks (NDs), for targeted drug delivery to MCL cells (Granta), and human follicular lymphoma (HF-1) cells. The cells were incubated with NDs made of CD20 single-chain variable antibody fragment (scFv)/apolipoprotein A-1 fusion protein, and loaded with either all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or curcumin, and cell apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry. Results and conclusion At 10 μM, curcumin-ND induced cell death more effectively than ATRA-ND. Combination of curcumin-ND and ATRA-ND significantly enhanced the biological activity of these drugs against lymphoma cells compared to individual treatments.
Social Capital in France

The discussion on forms and intensities of political action in France in the previous chapter has confirmed the long-term strong activism that the country has been known for. When dealing with conventional political participation, or even more particularly in cases of protest activity, the French numbers from different databases have all provided a unanimous verdict. French activism in politics is alive and strong; citizens are interested in their role in democracy and make sure they are heard, regardless of the situation.
High-specificity detection of rare alleles with Paired-End Low Error Sequencing (PELE-Seq).

Polymorphic loci exist throughout the genomes of a population and provide the raw genetic material needed for a species to adapt to changes in the environment. The minor allele frequencies of rare Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) within a population have been difficult to track with Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), due to the high error rate of standard methods such as Illumina sequencing. We have developed a wet-lab protocol and variant-calling method that identifies both sequencing and PCR errors, called Paired-End Low Error Sequencing (PELE-Seq). To test the specificity and sensitivity of the PELE-Seq method, we sequenced control E. coli DNA libraries containing known rare alleles present at frequencies ranging from 0.2–0.4 % of the total reads. PELE-Seq had higher specificity and sensitivity than standard libraries. We then used PELE-Seq to characterize rare alleles in a Caenorhabditis remanei nematode worm population before and after laboratory adaptation, and found that minor and rare alleles can undergo large changes in frequency during lab-adaptation. We have developed a method of rare allele detection that mitigates both sequencing and PCR errors, called PELE-Seq. PELE-Seq was evaluated using control E. coli populations and was then used to compare a wild C. remanei population to a lab-adapted population. The PELE-Seq method is ideal for investigating the dynamics of rare alleles in a broad range of reduced-representation sequencing methods, including targeted amplicon sequencing, RAD-Seq, ddRAD, and GBS. PELE-Seq is also well-suited for whole genome sequencing of mitochondria and viruses, and for high-throughput rare mutation screens.
Response to: ‘Monocyte type I interferon signature in antiphospholipid syndrome is related to pro-inflammatory monocyte subsets, hydroxychloroquine and statin use’ by van den Hoogen et al

Primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder of unknown cause, characterised by not only thrombotic events and pregnancy morbidity but also accelerated atherosclerosis. We reviewed with great interest the letter by van den Hoogen et al ,1 which comments on our recent paper.2 In our study, we discovered a defect in endothelial progenitor function in patients with primary APS—such defects have been described as predecessors to atherosclerosis. We subsequently revealed a type I interferon (IFN) signature in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the same patients. Importantly, inhibition of the type I IFN receptor restored normal differentiation of endothelial progenitors into endothelial cells in vitro. Further, we detected the IFN signature not only in our local primary APS cohort but also in a cohort of patients from Mexico. van den Hoogen et al 1 have now detected a type I IFN signature in a third cohort of patients with primary APS, this one recruited in the Netherlands. Going further, they reanalysed …
WikiProject Medicine: Creating Credibility in Consumer Health

Wikipedia needs little introduction. But after 15 years of operation and growth, it still finds itself appearing to need a great deal of justification. Wikipedia, the crowd-sourced, communally writ...
Investigating inexpensive treatments altering the nitric oxide system for obesity-related type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy

Investigating inexpensive treatments altering the nitric oxide system for obesity related type diabetes and diabetic nephropathy
Characterization of NIST human mitochondrial DNA SRM-2392 and SRM-2392-I standard reference materials by next generation sequencing

Abstract Standard Reference Materials SRM 2392 and 2392-I are intended to provide quality control when amplifying and sequencing human mitochondrial genome sequences. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) offers these SRMs to laboratories performing DNA-based forensic human identification, molecular diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases, mutation detection, evolutionary anthropology, and genetic genealogy. The entire mtGenome (∼16569bp) of SRM 2392 and 2392-I have previously been characterized at NIST by Sanger sequencing. Herein, we used the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy offered by next generation sequencing (NGS) to: (1) re-sequence the certified values of the SRM 2392 and 2392-I; (2) confirm Sanger data with a high coverage new sequencing technology; (3) detect lower level heteroplasmies (
Lower Detection Limit of Aerosol Particle Counters

Aerosol particle counters based on light-scattering have a broad range of applications including cleanroom monitoring, air pollution research, and pharmaceutical studies. Each application may deal with particle materials having various refractive indices. The effect of the particle refractive index on the lower detection limit of aerosol particle counters was investigated using the Mie theory. Counting efficiency measurements were made to verify the theoretical results. Measurements were performed with PSL (polystyrene latex), silicon, silicon nitride, and silicon dioxide particles. Two commercial aerosol counters and a condensation nucleus counter were used in the study.The theoretical study showed that both the real and the imaginary parts of the particle refractive index play an important role in the lower detection limit of an aerosol counter. For transparent particles, as the absolute difference between the particle and medium refractive index increases, the lower detection limit of a counter is decr...
Intraocular lens power calculations in short eyes using 7 formulas.

Purpose To investigate the accuracy of 7 intraocular lens (IOL) calculation formulas in predicting refractive outcome in eyes with axial lengths (AL) equal to or less than 22.0 mm and to evaluate factors contributing to prediction errors. Setting Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, and private practice, Mesa, Arizona, USA. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Eighty-six eyes of 67 patients were included. Seven IOL calculation formulas were evaluated: Barrett Universal II, Haigis, Hill-RBF, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, Holladay 2, and Olsen. The refractive prediction error was calculated as the difference between the postoperative refraction and the refraction predicted by each formula. The mean refractive prediction error and median absolute error were also calculated. Results The Hoffer Q and Holladay 2 formulas produced myopic refractive prediction errors of −0.22 diopter (D) and −0.23 D, respectively, and the Olsen formula produced a hyperopic refractive prediction error of +0.27 D (all P Conclusions The Hoffer Q and Holladay 2 formulas produced slightly myopic refractive prediction errors, and the Olsen formula produced hyperopic refractive prediction errors. When the mean numerical refractive prediction error was adjusted to zero, no statistically significant differences in the median absolute error were found between the 7 formulas.
Drivers of 2016 record Arctic warmth assessed using climate simulations subjected to Factual and Counterfactual forcing

Abstract A suite of historical atmospheric model simulations is described that uses a hierarchy of global boundary forcings designed to inform research on the detection and attribution of weather and climate-related extremes. In addition to experiments forced by actual variations in sea surface temperature, sea ice concentration, and atmospheric chemical composition (so-called Factual experiments); additional (Counterfactual) experiments are conducted in which the boundary forcings are adjusted by removing estimates of long-term climate change. A third suite of experiments are identical to the Factual runs except that sea ice concentrations are set to climatological conditions (Clim-Polar experiments). These were used to investigate the cause for extremely warm Arctic surface temperature during 2016. Much of the magnitude of surface temperature anomalies averaged poleward of 65°N in 2016 (3.2 ± 0.6 °C above a 1980–89 reference) is shown to have been forced by observed global boundary conditions. The Factual experiments reveal that at least three quarters of the magnitude of 2016 annual mean Arctic warmth was forced, with considerable sensitivity to assumptions of sea ice thickness change. Results also indicate that 30–40% of the overall forced Arctic warming signal in 2016 originated from drivers outside of the Arctic. Despite such remote effects, the experiments reveal that the extreme magnitude of the 2016 Arctic warmth could not have occurred without consideration of the Arctic sea ice loss. We find a near-zero probability for Arctic surface temperature to be as warm as occurred in 2016 under late-19th century boundary conditions, and also under 2016 boundary conditions that do not include the depleted Arctic sea ice. Results from the atmospheric model experiments are reconciled with coupled climate model simulations which lead to a conclusion that about 60% of the 2016 Arctic warmth was likely attributable to human-induced climate change.
Art or Confession?: Evaluating Rap Lyrics as Evidence in Criminal Cases:

For decades, scholars have studied mechanisms that might explain racial disparities in the criminal justice system. One novel example of a practice that may contribute to continuing disparities is ...
Learning Clinical Integration: A Case Study Approach:

The present article identifies three waves in the integration of psychology and theology literature including apologetic, model building, and empirical validation, bringing the discussion to a four...
Right Hepatectomy: Laparoscopic Approach

Laparoscopic liver surgery (LLS) has become increasingly common [1, 2]. A recent international position paper maintains that LLS is a safe and effective approach to the management of surgical liver disease in selected patients in the hands of trained surgeons [3]. However, most procedures are limited resections, and only 9% of nearly 3,000 cases reported in the international literature are right hepatectomies [4], as it remains a challenging procedure.
Primary explant cultures of adult and embryonic pancreas.

Abstract The developmental plasticity of adult pancreas is evidenced by the ability to undergo conversion between different epithelial cell types. Specific examples of such conversions include acinar to ductal metaplasia, ductal to islet metaplasia, and generation of ductal structures within islets. Although 90% of human pancreatic cancers are classified as ductal adenocarcinoma, markers of all pancreatic epithelial cell types (acini, ductal, and endocrine) as well as markers of gastric and intestinal lineages can be detected in these tumors. In recent years considerable knowledge has been gained regarding regulation of cellular differentiation and various signaling pathways involved in normal and neoplastic pancreas through studies of pancreatic cancer and immortalized ductal cell lines. However, these studies provide little insight into the context of normal developmental cues, the disruption of which leads to organ pathology. Here we have described a detailed method for preparation, maintenance, and manipulation of adult and embryonic mouse pancreas. These methods may be utilized in studies involving normal epithelial differentiation, contributing to improved understanding of pancreatic development and disease.
Structural Consequences of AD

In this chapter we survey recent advances in descriptive set theory, starting (roughly) from where Moschovakis’ book (1980) ends. Our survey is not intended to be complete, but focuses mainly on the structural consequences of determinacy for the model L(ℝ), including the important case of the projective sets. By “structural” we are referring to the combinatorial theory of the pointclasses (for example, the scale property which in some sense describes the structure of the set) as well as the cardinal structure up to the natural ordinal associated with these pointclasses. This might include determining their cofinalities, partition properties, and so forth.
Variation in Laboratory Test Naming Conventions in EHRs Within and Between Hospitals: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study.

Background Electronic health records provide clinically rich data for research and quality improvement work. However, the data are often unstructured text, may be inconsistently recorded and extracted into centralized databases, making them difficult to use for research. Objectives We sought to quantify the variation in how key laboratory measures are recorded in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW) across hospitals and over time. We included 6 laboratory tests commonly drawn within the first 24 hours of hospital admission (albumin, bilirubin, creatinine, hemoglobin, sodium, white blood cell count) from fiscal years 2005-2015. Results We assessed laboratory test capture for 5,454,411 acute hospital admissions at 121 sites across the VA. The mapping of standardized laboratory nomenclature (Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes, LOINCs) to test results in CDW varied within hospital by laboratory test. The relationship between LOINCs and laboratory test names improved over time; by FY2015, 109 (95.6%) hospitals had >90% of the 6 laboratory tests mapped to an appropriate LOINC. All fields used to classify test results are provided in an Appendix (Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/MLR/B635). Conclusions The use of electronic health record data for research requires assessing data consistency and quality. Using laboratory test results requires the use of both unstructured text fields and the identification of appropriate LOINCs. When using data from multiple facilities, the results should be carefully examined by facility and over time to maximize the capture of data fields.
Role of the interactions between the chemokine CX3CL1/fractalkine and its receptor CX3CR1 in cell-adhesion and extravasation during the early arrival of circulating cancer cells to the skeleton.

5328 Advanced prostate cancer shows an overwhelming propensity to metastasize to the skeleton, causing patients to experience extreme pain and eventually leading to death in the vast majority of cases. Unfortunately, only palliative treatments for clinically established skeletal metastases are available. It is therefore essential that the mechanisms involved in the initial colonization of the bone marrow by cancer cells are fully understood in order to develop effective preventive treatments. We have previously shown that the chemokine fractalkine promotes the adhesion of human prostate cancer (PCa) cells to bone marrow endothelial cells (BMEC) as well as their migration toward human osteoblasts in vitro . We were therefore the first to hypothesize that fractalkine expressed on the surface of BMEC as well as secreted by the cells of the bone microenvironment recruits the CX 3 CR1 receptor expressed by prostate cancer cells to mediate early metastatic events and contributes to their selective colonization of the skeleton. To further test this hypothesis, we injected green-fluorescent cancer cells in the left cardiac ventricle of immunocompromised mice that were successively sacrificed between 1 and 72 hours following the injection. A red-fluorescent marker was used to visualize the endothelium in tissue sections of bones that are common sites of secondary tumors in our mouse model of experimental metastases. The correct execution of cell- injection was validated by the inclusion of blue-fluorescent polystyrene beads in the cancer cell suspension. We found that a blocking antibody against CX 3 CR1 significantly reduced the arrival of cells at the bone tissue following their injection in the blood circulation. The blockade of this chemokine receptor was less determinant for counteracting the location of cancer cells to soft tissues. Finally, the role of CX 3 CR1 in skeletal metastasis was confirmed by the alteration of its expression by cancer cells followed by their injection in our animal model.In conclusion, our present data further support the idea that the CX 3 CR1-fractalkine pair is centrally involved in the arrival of prostate cancer cells to the bone and represents an attractive therapeutic target in the prevention of skeletal metastasis from prostate adenocarcinoma.
Abstract 212: Adrenergic Signaling Genes Are Not All Expressed During Myogenesis in Individual Human iPSC-derived Cardiomyocytes

Background: Adrenergic receptors (AR) in an individual cardiomyocyte (CM) are not uniformly expressed at the single-cell level (Myagmar et al., 2017). The timing and cellular distribution of AR sig...
Parasites Acquired Beta Satellite DNAs from Hominid Hosts via Horizontal Gene Transfer

Beta satellite DNA (satDNA) sequences are repeated DNA elements located in primate centromeres and telomeres, and might play roles in genome stability and chromosome segregation. Beta satDNAs mainly exist in great apes. Previous studies suggested that beta satDNAs may originate in old world monkeys. In this study, we searched both GenBank and SRA database, and identified beta satDNA sequences from the genomic sequences of 22 species. The beta satDNA sequences found in Prosimian, Dermoptera and Scandentia indicated that the origin of beta satDNAs might be as early as 80 MYA. Strikingly, beta satDNA sequences were also found in a number of some species evolutionarily far from primates, including several endoparasites of human and other great apes, which could be the results of multiple horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events. The similar phylogenic profiles between beta satDNAs in the parasite genomes and the human genome indicates that the parasite beta satDNAs have undergone similar concerted evolution and play similar roles as the beta satDNAs in primates.nnHighlightsO_LIThe ever largest scale analysis on beta satDNAs.nC_LIO_LIThe origin of beta satDNAs was traced back to [~]80 MYA.nC_LIO_LIMass existence of beta satDNAs in non-primate species was contributed by multiple HGT events.nC_LI
Implicit–Explicit Motive Congruence

This chapter reviews the literature on congruence (consistency) between implicit (unconscious) and explicit (conscious) motives. The prevailing wisdom that implicit and explicit motives are uncorrelated is shown to be incorrect. When methodological shortcomings of past research (e.g., unreliability of measurement) are overcome, implicit and explicit motives are positively correlated. Nevertheless, the relation is weak enough that the discrepancy between implicit and explicit motives carries important information about personality congruence. The relation between implicit and explicit motives has been found to vary systematically and meaningfully as a function of substantive moderator variables, such as self- determination and self- monitoring. Motive congruence is predicted distally by satisfaction of basic needs during childhood and proximally by stress among individuals who have diffi culty regulating aff ect. Motive congruence predicts important outcomes, including volitional strength, fl ow, and well- being. The chapter closes with a discussion of future research directions, such as the distinction between congruence and integration constructs.
A quantitative method to detect human exposure to sulfur and nitrogen mustards via protein adducts.

Abstract Sulfur and nitrogen mustards are internationally banned vesicants listed as Schedule 1 chemical agents in the Chemical Weapons Convention. These compounds are highly reactive electrophiles that form stable adducts to a variety of available amino acid residues on proteins upon exposure. We present a quantitative exposure assay that simultaneously measures agent specific protein adducts to cysteine for sulfur mustard (HD) and three nitrogen mustards (HN1, HN2, and HN3). Proteinase K was added to a serum or plasma sample to digest protein adducts and form the target analyte, the blister agent bound to the tripeptide cysteine-proline-phenylalanine (CPF). The mustard adducted-tripeptide was purified by solid phase extraction and analyzed using isotope dilution LC-MS/MS. Product ion structures were identified using high-resolution product ion scan data for HD-CPF, HN1-CPF, HN2-CPF, and HN3-CPF. Thorough matrix comparison, analyte recovery, ruggedness, and stability studies were incorporated during method validation to produce a robust method. The method demonstrated long term-stability, precision (RSD 85% across the reportable range of 3.00–200 ng/mL for each analyte. Compared to previously published assays, this method quantitates both sulfur and nitrogen mustard exposure biomarkers, requires only 10 μL of sample volume, and can use either a liquid sample or dried sample spot.
Symmetry-engineered waveguide dispersion in $ {\cal P}{\cal T} $PT symmetric photonic crystal waveguides

This work demonstrates how the crystal symmetry of photonic crystal defect waveguides interacts with simple, experimentally realizable parity-time ($ {\cal P}{\cal T} $PT) symmetric regions of chip-scale absorption and amplification to control the existence and location of exceptional points in the first Brillouin zone. Our analysis is based on Heesh–Shubnikov group theory and is generalizable to a large class of devices for which the symmetry groups can be identified. Transverse, longitudinal, and transverse–longitudinal hybrid $ {\cal P}{\cal T} $PT symmetries are considered, and for each, a triangular lattice photonic crystal waveguide with lattice-aligned and lattice-shifted cladding orientations is analyzed. We find that various symmetry combinations produce either strictly real-valued or strictly complex-valued eigenfrequencies at the Brillouin zone boundary. We also show how symmetry can be used to predict $ {\cal P}{\cal T} $PT transitions at accidental degeneracies in the waveguide bands. It is shown how symmetry can be used to design single-mode waveguides, and we discovered exceptional points whose propagation constants are highly sensitive to the non-Hermiticity factor.
Diet Quality and Breast Cancer Incidence in the Multiethnic Cohort

This study investigated the relation of diet quality indexes (DQI) with breast cancer incidence among women from the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). Participants completed a questionnaire with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Scores for Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015), Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010), alternate Mediterranean diet score (aMED), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) were divided into quintiles (Q1–Q5). Cox regression was applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for DQIs and breast cancer risk adjusted for known risk factors. The respective HRs for Q5 vs. Q1 were: 1.06 (95% CI, 0.98–1.14) for HEI-2015, 0.96 (95% CI, 0.90–1.04) for AHEI-2010, 1.01 (95% CI, 0.94–1.09) for aMED, and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.88–1.02) for DASH (ptrend > 0.05 for all). However, overweight and obesity were significantly associated with breast cancer incidence. Despite the null association for DQIs, diet quality may lower breast cancer risk through its positive influence on weight status.
Morphological and microstructural investigation of the non-planar interface formed in solid-state metal additive manufacturing by additive friction stir deposition

Abstract Additive friction stir deposition (AFSD) is an emerging solid-state metal additive manufacturing technology renowned for strong interface adhesion and isotropic mechanical properties. This is postulated to result from the material flow phenomena near the interface, but experimental corroboration has remained absent. Here, we seek to understand the interface formed in AFSD via morphological and microstructural investigation, wherein the non-planar interfacial morphology is characterized on the track-scale (centimeter scale) using X-ray computed tomography and the material deformation history is explored by microstructure mapping at the interfacial regions. X-ray computed tomography reveals unique 3D features at the interface with significant macroscopic material mixing. In the out-of-plane direction, the deposited material inserts below the initial substrate surface in the feed-rod zone, while the substrate surface surges upwards in the tool protrusion-affected zone. Complex 3D structures like fins and serrations form on the advancing side, leading to structural interlocking; on the retreating side, the interface manifests as a smooth sloped surface. Microstructure mapping reveals a uniform thermomechanical history for the deposited material, which develops a homogeneous, almost fully recrystallized microstructure. The substrate surface develops partially recrystallized microstructures that are location-dependent; more intra-granular orientation gradients are found in the regions further away from the centerline of the deposition track. From these observations, we discuss the mechanisms for interfacial material flow and interface morphology formation during AFSD.
A Biodiversity Composition Map of California Derived from Environmental DNA Metabarcoding and Earth Observation

Abstract Unique ecosystems globally are under threat from ongoing anthropogenic environmental change. Effective conservation management requires more thorough biodiversity surveys that can reveal system-level patterns and that can be applied rapidly across space and time. We offer a way to use environmental DNA, community science and remote sensing together as methods to reduce the discrepancy between the magnitude of change and historical approaches to measure it. Taking advantages of modern ecological models, we integrate environmental DNA and Earth observations to evaluate regional biodiversity patterns for a snapshot of time, and provide critical community-level characterization. We collected 278 samples in Spring 2017 from coastal, shrub and lowland forest sites in California, a large-scale biodiversity hotspot. We applied gradient forest to model 915 family occurrences and community composition together with environmental variables and multi-scalar habitat classifications to produce a statewide biodiversity-based map. 16,118 taxonomic entries recovered were associated with environmental variables to test their predictive strength on alpha, beta, and zeta diversity. Local habitat classification was diagnostic of community composition, illuminating a characteristic of biodiversity hotspots. Using gradient forest models, environmental variables predicted 35% of the variance in eDNA patterns at the family level, with elevation, sand percentage, and greenness (NDVI32) as the top predictors. This predictive power was higher than we found in published literature at global scale. In addition to this indication of substantial environmental filtering, we also found a positive relationship between environmentally predicted families and their numbers of biotic interactions. In aggregate, these analyses showed that strong eDNA community-environment correlation is a general characteristic of temperate ecosystems, and may explain why communities easily destabilize under disturbances. Our study provides the first example of integrating citizen science based eDNA with biodiversity mapping across the tree of life, with promises to produce large scale, high resolution assessments that promote a more comprehensive and predictive understanding of the factors that influence biodiversity and enhance its maintenance.
Fatty acid metabolism underlies venetoclax resistance in acute myeloid leukemia stem cells

Venetoclax with azacitidine (ven/aza) has emerged as a promising treatment regimen for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with a high percentage of clinical remissions in newly diagnosed patients. However, approximately 30% of newly diagnosed patients and the majority of patients who have relapsed do not achieve remission with ven/aza. We previously reported that ven/aza efficacy is based on eradication of AML stem cells through a mechanism involving inhibition of amino acid metabolism, a process required in primitive AML cells to drive oxidative phosphorylation. Herein we demonstrate that resistance to ven/aza occurs via upregulation of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), which occurs either due to RAS pathway mutations or as a compensatory adaptation in relapsed disease. Utilization of FAO obviates the need for amino acid metabolism, thereby rendering ven/aza ineffective. Pharmacological inhibition of FAO restores sensitivity to ven/aza in drug-resistant AML cells. We propose inhibition of FAO as a therapeutic strategy to address ven/aza resistance. Jordan and colleagues show the role of increased fatty acid metabolism in AML stem cells, in both intrinsic and acquired resistance to combination venetoclax and azacitidine, and find that cells can be re-sensitized by inhibiting fatty acid oxidation.
Geriatric Snowmobile Trauma: Longer Courses After Similar Injuries

Abstract Background Snowmobiling is a popular activity that leads to geriatric trauma admissions; however, this unique trauma population is not well characterized. We aimed to compare the injury burden and outcomes for geriatric versus nongeriatric adults injured riding snowmobiles. Materials and methods A retrospective cohort study was performed using the National Trauma Databank comparing nongeriatric (18-64) and geriatric adults (≥65) presenting after snowmobile-related trauma at level 1 and 2 trauma centers from 2011 to 2015. Demographic, admission, injury, and outcome data were collected and compared. A multivariate logistic regression model assessed for risk factors associated with severe injury (Injury Severity Score >15). Analysis was also performed using chi square, analysis of variance, and Kruskal–Wallis testing. Results A total of 2471 adult patients with snowmobile trauma were identified; 122 (4.9%) were geriatric. Rates of severe injury (Injury Severity Score >15) were similar between groups, 27.5% in geriatric patients and 22.5% in nongeriatric adults (P = 0.2). Geriatric patients experienced higher rates of lower extremity injury (50.4 versus 40.3%, P = 0.03), neck injury (4.1 versus 1.4%, P = 0.02), and severe spine injury (20.6 versus 7.0%, P = 0.004). Geriatric patients had longer hospitalizations (5 versus 3 d, P Conclusions Geriatric age was not a significant predictor of severe injury after snowmobile trauma; however, geriatric patients suffered unique injuries, had longer hospitalizations, had higher rates of discharge to a facility, and had higher mortality. Tailored geriatric care may improve outcomes in this unique sport-related trauma population.
Gender identity and nonbinary pronoun use: exploring reference strategies for referents of unknown gender

This study contributes to the emerging literature on gender identity and pronoun use by exploring strategies to refer to unknown human referents. In an online survey involving mainly a university population aged 29 and below, participants were first asked to pick a potential roommate from two fictional characters with gender-ambiguous names and write short answers explaining their choice. Secondly, participants were explicitly asked what pronoun they would use to refer to an unknown human referent from a list of neopronouns in addition to singular they. The results show a strong association between participants’ self-identified gender and the gendered pronoun used. The results also show singular they is the most popular gender-inclusive pronoun for an unknown individual while pronoun avoidance strategies include repeating names and using generic nouns. Additionally, the reflexive form themself is preferred over themselves for unknown human referents, in contrast to previous research showing almost the same rate of naturalness for themselves and themself in the specific-reference context.
Say what? (xiao): the representation of laughter as a contextualization cue in online Japanese discourse

In this paper, I compare two variants for representing laughter in synchronous Japanese Twitter discourse: (xiao), the kanji symbol meaning "laughter "situated between two parentheses, and w, the first letter of the romaji transliteration of that same word wara. I argue that they are digital equivalents of what Gumperz (1982) calls contextualization cues and that users employ each variant to convey a pragmatic tone, or what Goffman (1981) refers to as linguistic keys. To demonstrate, I analyze the public Tweets of saywhat327, a male Japanese university student. I find that saywhat327 (1) uses (xiao) to key his utterances as warm/friendly in the formal register of Japanese, (2) uses w to key his utterances as playful in the informal register of Japanese, and (3) uses both variants with informal Japanese to key two separate utterances within the same Tweet as warm/friendly and playful, respectively, based on the semantic content of each utterance. In each of these cases, I argue that @saywhat327 builds rapport with his interlocutor by keying his utterances via the (xiao) and w cues.
Characterization of deformation processes in a Zn-22% Al alloy using atomic force microscopy

The Zn-22% Al eutectoid alloy was subjected to equal-channel angular pressing at a temperature of 473 K to give an as-pressed grain size of ∼1.3 μm. Subsequent tensile testing of the as-pressed alloy at room temperature revealed a transition from deformation by a dislocation mechanism at the higher strain rates to superplastic flow at strain rates below ∼5 × 10−3 s−1: this corresponds to the transition from region III to region II in conventional superplasticity. Samples were pulled to relatively low total strains, of the order of ∼0.2–0.5, and the surface topography was then examined using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The AFM observations confirm the transition in deformation mechanisms with decreasing strain rate and they provide direct evidence for the occurrence of grain boundary sliding within the superplastic regime.
Actin-ATP Hydrolysis Is a Major Energy Drain for Neurons

In cultured chick ciliary neurons, when ATP synthesis is inhibited, ATP depletion is reduced approximately 50% by slowing actin filament turnover with jasplakinolide or latrunculin A. Jasplakinolide inhibits actin disassembly, and latrunculin A prevents actin assembly by sequestering actin monomers. Cytochalasin D, which allows assembly-disassembly, but only at pointed ends, is less effective in conserving ATP. Ouabain, an Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase inhibitor, and jasplakinolide both prevent approximately 50% of the ATP loss. When applied together, they completely prevent ATP loss over a period of 20 min, suggesting that filament stabilization reduces ATP consumption by decreasing actin-ATP hydrolysis directly rather than indirectly by modulating the activity of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, a major energy consumer.
New smart power modules for very low-power drive applications

New series of SPMs (smart power modules), which are fully optimized intelligent integrated IGBT inverter modules for lower power motor drive applications, are introduced. One is called Mini-SPM providing the operating current rating of 10 A and the other is Tiny-SPM with the 3 A rating. They are very small by employing size-related design and highly integrated building blocks having the built-in HVICs as a gate driver which offer more simplicity and compactness leading to a high cost reduction and high reliability of the entire system. They also provide technical advantages such as the good thermal performances, the high latch immunity and dv/dt controlled HVIC driving.
Accuracy of the Nidek ARK-900 objective refractor in comparison with retinoscopy in children ages 3 to 18 years

Abstract Purpose: To compare the increased speed and accuracy of the Nidek ARK-900 objective refractor with standard retinoscopy. Methods: In a prospective study, 100 children aged 3 to 18 years were refracted after cycloplegia. Visual acuity measurements were determined in randomized fashion with the Nidek objective refractor, by retinoscopy, and by subjective refraction. One eye from each patient was included in the study. Results: Ninety-six percent of the children read the 20/30 line perfectly with the result from the objective refractor compared to 88% with retinoscopy. The mean ± SD visual acuity value obtained with the objective refractor was 20/24 ± 4.75 and with retinoscopy was 20/27 ± 6.8, a significant difference (paired t value=4.81, P Conclusion: The Nidek ARK-900, representing the third generation of objective refractors, is comparable or superior to retinoscopy in accuracy in children, can be easily run by an ophthalmic technician, and therefore eliminates the physician's examination time required for retinoscopy.
Electron-ion recombination of Fe v

Ionization balance in the low-ionization stages of iron is important in a variety of astrophysical plasmas. Accurate recombination rates are needed but are difficult to compute in a detailed quantum mechanical treatment. The main difficulty lies in the complexity of strong electron-electron correlation arising due to the open 3d shell. We present the total electron-ion recombination rate coefficients for the process, e+Fe VI → Fe V, obtained in an ab initio manner. Large-scale computations are carried out in the close coupling (CC) approximation using the R-matrix method employing a unified treatment that considers the infinite number of states of the recombined ion and incorporates both the radiative recombiantion (RR) and the dielectronic recombination (DR) processes in a self-consistent manner. It involves calculations of detailed photoionization cross sections, σPI, with autoionizing resonances of a large number of bound states with n≤nmax, such as 1054 bound states for the present case of Fe V. The number also equals the total number of state-specific recombination rates obtained for the ion. The high-n states are treated through the DR theory by Bell & Seaton. The same wavefunction expansion is employed in all photoionization/recombination calculations, thereby ensuring self-consistency. Rates are presented at a wide range of temperature for all practical applications. Present rates for total recombination differ considerably from currently used values obtained using simpler approximations. Application of the new recombination rate coefficients and photoionization cross sections for the ionization structure of iron in planetary nebulae show that under typical conditions the relative fractions of Fe V and Fe VI change by nearly a factor of 2.
Design and evaluation of a hybrid photoacoustic tomography and diffuse optical tomography system for breast cancer detection.

Purpose : The authors present the design and evaluation of a second-generation (G2) hybrid photoacoustictomography(PAT) and diffuse optical tomography (DOT) imaging system for detection of breast cancer. The combined PAT/DOT system takes full advantages of two different modalities to provide complementary information and most accurate recovery of tissue optical properties. Methods : This system was designed to produce cross-section images of breast tissue with a ring-shaped home-made array of 64 wideband acoustic transducers combined with an array of 16/16 source/detector optical fiber bundles. A scanning light delivery system was built to illuminate a large area of breast tissue for optimized tissue penetration. Finite element reconstruction methods for quantitative PAT and DOT were utilized to recover absorption and scattering coefficients of tissue-mimicking phantoms andex vivotumortissue. Results : Performances of the acoustic transducer array and the PAT/DOT system were investigated in detail. Frequency response of the transducers is from 380 kHz to 1.48 MHz and maximum frequency response is up to 2 MHz. Directivity of a single element in the array is ±30°. The PAT/DOT system offers a spatial resolution of ∼0.5 mm for PAT and of ∼4.0 mm for DOT. Quantitatively accurate absorption and scattering coefficients were obtained from both the phantom andex vivo experiments. Conclusions : The PAT/DOT system provided better PATimages when the targets were smaller in size and located near the center of the background phantom, while better DOT images were obtained when the targets were larger in size and located away from the center of the background. The successful results obtained from both the phantom andex vivo experiments will allow us to test the hybrid system in humans with breast cancer in the near future.
Damping in beams with multiple dry friction supports

An equivalent linear viscous damping formula for beams with rather general dry friction support conditions is proposed. The effect of normal force support reaction at the dry friction support on response is also discussed. Comparisons of experimental results to those obtained from an approximate solution and numerical time integration are made. Generally good agreement is found among the several results.