cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidant stress modulates murine allergic airway responses

The allergic inflammation occurring in asthma is believed to be accompanied by the production of free radicals. To investigate the role of free radicals and the cells affected we turned to a murine model of allergic inflammation produced by sensitization to ovalbumin with subsequent aerosol challenge. We examined oxidant stress by measuring and localizing the sensitive and specific marker of lipid peroxidation, the F2-isoprostanes. F2-isoprostanes in whole lung increased from 0.30 +/- 0.08 ng/lung at baseline to a peak of 0.061 +/- 0.09 ng/lung on the ninth day of daily aerosol allergen challenge. Increased immunoreactivity to 15-F2t-IsoP (8-iso-PGF2alpha) or to isoketal protein adducts was found in epithelial cells 24 h after the first aerosol challenge and at 5 days in macrophages. Collagen surrounding airways and blood vessels, and airway and vascular smooth muscle, also exhibited increased immunoreactivity after ovalbumin challenge. Dietary vitamin E restriction in conjunction with allergic inflammation led to increased whole lung F2-isoprostanes while supplemental vitamin E suppressed their formation. Similar changes in immunoreactivity to F2-isoprostanes were seen. Airway responsiveness to methacholine was also increased by vitamin E depletion and decreased slightly by supplementation with the antioxidant. Our findings indicate that allergic airway inflammation in mice is associated with an increase in oxidant stress, which is most striking in airway epithelial cells and macrophages. Oxidant stress plays a role in the production of airway responsiveness.
Exposure to early androgen attenuates androgen induced pup-killing in male and female mice

Adult virgin female mice administered testosterone propionate (TP) on Day 0, 4, or 8 of life require a longer TP exposure period in adulthood to induce pup-killing than do animals given TP on Day 12 or 21 or oil on Day 0. Significantly fewer males gonadectomized on Day 60 killed pups in response to TP treatment in adulthood as compared to males gonadectomized on Days 0 and 4. Day 60 gonadectomized males that did kill young required a longer exposure period to TP than did animals gonadectomized on Day 0 or 4. These data suggest that early androgen reduces the effectiveness of later androgen exposure in inducing pup-killing.
Design of pressure vessel cascades for electromagnetic launchers

The relatively recent development of very high-energy density pulsed power supplies has motivated a renewed interest in the structural design of electromagnetic launchers. Cascade design electromagnetic launcher pressure vessels offer convenient maintenance access to high wear rate components of the structure while satisfying an unusual combination of electromagnetic, strength, and preloading constraints imposed on the system designer. This analysis for design of such structures focuses on the accurate characterization of fluid-structure interaction under dynamic asymmetric loading.
Choice of opponents during competition for food among american goldfinches

Captive American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis) were observed competing over access to a feeder. The goldfinches did not approach the feeder at random. Individuals could determine the rank of a bird on the feeder relative to their own rank and could also distinguish between the ranks of two birds on the feeder. This ability allowed individuals to approach perches occupied by subordinate birds and avoid dominant ones. Individuals could, therefore, avoid aggressive encounters with dominant birds and gain access to the feeder with the least risk. The ability to determine the rank of a potential opponent was probably facilitated by individual recognition.
OBSERVATION OF NON-GAUSSIAN SOURCE STRUCTURE BY HBT-IMAGING ANALYSIS

We report a summary of recent RHIC measurements of hadron emission source structures by HBT-imaging analysis. Recent developments of the imaging technique which can be applied to two-particle correlation functions and high statistics data sets taken by RHIC experiments allow us to investigate the detailed source structures of hadron emissions, revealing an interesting characteristic that the source functions of charged pion pairs measured in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at are not the simple Gaussian shape but have non-Gaussian tails at large relative separation r. Also theoretical calculations to describe the observed non-Gaussian tails are reported.
Relaxation oscillators with time delay coupling

Abstract We study networks of relaxation oscillators coupled with time delays synapses. A pair of oscillators is analyzed and shown to attain loosely synchronous solutions for a wide range of initial conditions and time delays. Simulations of one- and two-dimensional oscillator networks indicate that locally coupled oscillators are also loosely synchronous. Desynchronous solutions are possible when system parameters are varied. To characterize lossely synchronous networks, we introduce a measure of synchrony, the maximum time difference between any two oscillators. In locally excitatory globally inhibitory oscillator networks with time delays, we find that desynchronous solutions for different groups of oscillators are maintained, and the number of groups that can be segregated is related to the maximum time difference within each group. To examine the maximum time difference, we display its histograms for oscillator networks in one and two dimensions. Also, a range of initial conditions is given so that the maximum time difference is contained as the system evolves.
Diring Yuriakh: A Lower Paleolithic Site in Central Siberia

Lower Paleolithic artifacts have been recovered from a single occupation surface within stratified deposits at Diring Yuriakh, an archaeological site in central Siberia. Thermoluminescence age estimates from eolian sediments indicate that the cultural horizon is greater than 260,000 years old. Diring Yuriakh is an order of magnitude older than documented Paleolithic sites in Siberia and is important for understanding the timing of human expansion into the far north, early adaptations to cold climates, and the peopling of the Americas.
On the Representations of the Rotation Group

In a recent article (V. Bargmann, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 14: 187(1981)) a family of Hilbert spaces were studied whose elements are entire analytic functions of n complex variables. The methods developed therein appear appropriate for a fairly effortless treatment of the representation theory of the rotation group. Further applications of these methods are considered. (W.D.M.)
Sidetracks in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease

Abstract Patients usually visit a physician for a particular reason, which medicine has termed the “chief complaint.” As patients often have more than a single complaint, it is common for physicians to lose focus, get distracted, and venture down a path other than the one toward resolution of the chief complaint—in other words, to get sidetracked. The aim of the present review is to describe the nature of diagnostic sidetracking, why it occurs, mechanisms in action, and means to prevent it. During a regular diagnostic process, the physician’s suspicions about a diagnosis advance from broad and general to narrow and specific concepts. Each step in the diagnostic process is potentially driven by its own hypothesis, and each individual hypothesis becomes verified or falsified by pointed questions during the history or by medical tests. If a diagnostic process were to focus on the correct diagnosis that eventually explained the chief complaint, the intersections among the consecutively refined diagnostic concepts would converge toward one specific set, with the final diagnosis located inside the nonzero intersection of all consecutive diagnostic concepts. In a faulty diagnostic process, consecutive diagnostic concepts fail to converge, and the final diagnosis and chief complaint do not intersect. In this regard, the physician has pursued a false path and has become sidetracked. The effects of sidetracking range from minimal to disastrous. Sidetracking can delay diagnosis, delay treatment, and waste resources investigating or treating irrelevant medical problems. To avoid sidetracking, physicians should focus on the main problem, avoid getting involved with complementary solutions to secondary medical problems, and verify repetitively during the diagnostic process the relationship between each current working hypothesis and the patient’s major medical problem.
Clearance Rates of Sodium-24, Potassium-42 and Iodine-131 in Normal Dog Hip Joints

A METHOD of assessing the vascularity of the femoral head using sodium-24 or iodine-131 clearance-rates has been previously described by Laing and Ferguson1. In a further study of osteoarthritis of the hip joint in the dog being conducted in this Laboratory it has become necessary not only to know the state of vascularity of the bone but also that of the joint itself, or more strictly, that of the synovial membrane.
Gastric electrical stimulation is associated with improvement in pancreatic exocrine function in humans.

OBJECTIVE To define the possible effects of gastric electrical stimulation (GES) for gastroparesis on pancreatic function, we performed 2 related human studies. METHODS Fecal elastase values were compared in 2 patient groups: (1) GES devices ON and (2) GES devices OFF and (2) in 3 control groups: (1) no response (NR) to prokinetic medications, (2) positive response (RES) to medications, and (3) normal controls. Polypeptide levels in 7 of 9 GES patients with device ON and OFF, elastase results, GI symptoms (TSS), and heart rate variability (HRV) were compared by paired t tests and/or ANOVA and reported as mean +/- SE. RESULTS Elastase was different for GES-ON and OFF (508.0 +/- 92.2 vs. GES-OFF 378.6 +/- 87.4, P < 0.05). Elastase was lower in medication NR and RES than in normal controls. Postprandial pancreatic polypeptide was greater with GES ON than OFF (P = 0.07). HRV revealed a lower percentage of change with device ON versus OFF (44.2 +/- 5.5 vs. 48.5 +/- 5.2, P = 0.08) and lower TSS with ON versus OFF (15.9 +/- 4.5 vs. 25.7 +/- 5.3, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS GES improves exocrine pancreatic release, effects autonomic control, and improves GI symptoms, suggesting a possible role for GES in the treatment of pancreatic insufficiency associated with gastroparesis.
Fusion of small unilamellar liposomes with phospholipid planar bilayer membranes and large single-bilayer vesicles.

Abstract Small unilamellar phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine liposomes incubated on one side of planar phosphatidylserine bilayer membranes induced fluctuations and a sharp increase in the membrane conductance when the Ca2+ concentration was increased to a threshold of 3–5 mM in 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.4. Under the same ionic conditions, these liposomes fused with large (0.2 μm diameter) single-bilayer phosphatidylserine vesicles, as shown by a fluorescence assay for the mixing of internal aqueous contents of the two vesicle populations. The conductance behavior of the planar membranes was interpreted to be a consequence of the structural rearrangement of phospholipids during individual fusion events and the incorporation of domains of phosphatidylcholine into the Ca2+-complexed phosphatidylserine membrane. The small vesicles did not aggregate or fuse with one another at these Ca2+ concentrations, but fused preferentially with the phosphatidylserine membrane, analogous to simple exocytosis in biological membranes. Phosphatidylserine vesicles containing gramicidin A as a probe interacted with the planar membranes upon raising the Ca2+ concentration from 0.9 to 1.2 mM, as detected by an abrupt increase in the membrane conductance. In parallel experiments, these vesicles were shown to fuse with the large phosphatidylserine liposomes at the same Ca2+ concentration.
Century-scale records of land-based activities recorded in Mesoamerican coral cores

The Mesoamerican Reef, the second-largest barrier reef in the world, is located in the western Caribbean Sea off the coasts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras. Particularly in the south, the surrounding watersheds are steep and the climate is extremely wet. With development and agricultural expansion, the potential for negative impacts to the reef from land-based runoff becomes high. We constructed annually resolved century-scale records of metal/calcium ratios in coral skeletons collected from four sites experiencing a gradient of land-based runoff. Our proxy data indicate that runoff onto the reef has increased relatively steadily over time at all sites, consistent with land use trends from historical records. Sediment supply to the reef is greater in the south, and these more exposed reefs will probably benefit most immediately from management that targets runoff reduction. However, because runoff at all sites is steadily increasing, even distal sites will benefit from watershed management.
Mapping the Fundamental Niches of Two Freshwater Microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophyceae) and Peridinium cinctum (Dinophyceae), in 5-Dimensional Ion Space

The fundamental niche defined by five ions, NO 3 − , PO 4 3 − , K+, Na+, and Cl−, was mapped for Chlorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophyceae) and Peridinium cinctum (Dinophyceae) growth rates and maximum cell densities in batch cultures. A five dimensional ion-mixture experimental design was projected across a total ion concentration gradient of 1 to 30 mM to delineate the ion-based, “potential” niche space, defined as the entire n-dimensional hypervolume demarcated by the feasible ranges of the independent factors under consideration. The growth rate-based, fundamental niche volumes overlapped for ca. 94% of the ion mixtures, although the regions of maximal growth rates and cell densities were different for each alga. Both C. vulgaris and P. cinctum exhibited similar positive responses to cations and negative responses to anions. It was determined that total ion concentration for these five ions, from 1 to 30 mM, did not directly affect either growth rate or maximal cell density for either alga, although it did play an interactive role with several ions. This study is the first that we are aware of to attempt the mapping of a multivariate, ion-based, fundamental niche volume. The implications of the experimental design utilized and the potential utility of this type of approach are discussed.
Categories of control: Foster children and ADHD

Abstract This paper explores the ways in which foster children and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) intersect as social and medical categories. Through the method of interpretive biography based on the official case file, this paper shows how the experiences of violence and ADHD become linked in the child's life through the emotion of anger. In this way, it is possible to see how the power dynamics of the medical, educational and welfare systems lock the diagnosis with its embedded meanings into the child's life. It is also possible to see how counter forces like a caring foster family can challenge medical and welfare authorities.
Effect of infusion of hypothalamic extracts on serum prolactin levels in rats treated with nembutal, CNS depressants or bearing hypothalamic lesions.

The effect of intracarotid (ic) or intravenous infusion of extracts of rat hypothalamus (SME) or brain cortex (CE) on serum prolactin levels was investigated in rats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal, 35 mg/kg) pretreated with perphenazine (10 mg/kg) and Nembutal, reserpine (0.2 mg) and Nembutal, or subjected to ablation of the medial hypothalamus. Thirty minutes following injection of Nembutal, serum prolaction levels were significantly increased. Injection of perphenazine or reserpine prior to Nembutal injection induced a marked rise in serum prolactin one hour and five hours, respectively, after injection. However, the magnitude of the rise evoked by reserpine was considerably less than that induced by perphenazine and not significantly different from that produced by Nembutal only. Surgical ablation of the medial hypothalamus increased serum prolactin levels 2 hrs after the operation and serum prolactin levels were still elevated 18 days later. In Nembutal-anesthetized rats, infusion of...
Heavy quark contributions to inelastic photoproduction of the Jψ, T, and other states☆

Abstract Amplitudes are derived for the quantum-chromodynamic subprocess γ c →( J ϵ ) c , with a specific normalized wave function used to represent the J ψ as a color-neutral ,JPC = 1−− bound state of the cc system. The results are applied to obtain the normalized total cross section σγ for the inelastic photoproduction process γN → ( J ψ ) X . The predictions apply as well to electroproduction at small Q2. We show that once threshold effects are overcome, the QCD Born cross section σ (γc→( J ψ ) c ) for the initial charm subprocess is substantially greater than σ (γg→( J ψ ) g ) for the initial gluon subprocess.
Electrical And Optical Properties Of Sputter-Deposited Materials

Data are provided to demonstrate that metals, semiconductors, and insulators can be sputter deposited to obtain preselected properties. Semiconductors and insulators such as CdTe, CdS, In2-x SnxO3, TiO2 and a-Si have been controllably and reproducibly deposited to obtain a wide spectrum of electrical and optical properties. Electrical resistivity and optical absorption have been related to compositional and structural properties. Metals such as Cu and Ag have been deposited for the purpose of achieving damage-resistant high reflectivity surfaces for high energy laser applications. A sputter deposited, mechanically polishable, damage-resistant mirror material with high reflectivity was developed.
Cassini star tracking and identification algorithms, scene simulation, and testing

The Cassini spacecraft uses a CCD-based star tracker, the Stellar Reference Unit (SRU), for attitude identification in the Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS). SOftware to process SRU data resides in the Flight Computer (AFC) and is integrated with all other AACS functions. The Cassini mission will use autonomous star identification for initial attitude determination,and a star tracking function for maintaining attitude, both performed by processing pixel data produced by the SRU and sent to the AFC via a dma interface. Because of the complexity of the StarID software, special software simulation tools were created to simulate the SRU output as a function of commands, spacecraft attitude, and star screen, and allow the introduction of fault conditions.
A pantothenate derivative is covalently bound to mitochondrial proteins in Neurospora crassa.

The presence of protein-bound pantothenate in Neurospora crassa was investigated by labelling a pantothenate auxotroph (pan-2) with [14C]pantothenate and examining mycelial homogenates on dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. Five peaks of radioactivity were found, with apparent molecular masses of 200, 140, 22, 19, and 9 kDa. The 200-kDa peak was identified as fatty acid synthetase, based on its absence in a fatty acid synthetase mutant. The 22-kDa and 19-kDa peaks co-purified with mitochondrial markers on sucrose gradients. When purified mitochondria were fractionated, the 19-kDa protein was associated with the inner membrane and the 22-kDa protein was enriched in the soluble mitochondrial fraction. The label was quantitatively recovered from the mitochondrial proteins as 4′-phosphopantetheine after mild alkaline hydrolysis. Although the function of this post-translational modification of mitochondrial proteins is not known, several possibilities are discussed: the 4′-phosphopantetheine may act as a carrier group in an enzymatic reaction, or it may perform a regulatory function as part of an enzyme complex.
Manipulating quantum entanglement of quasiparticles in many-electron systems by attosecond x-ray pulses

Photoexcited electrons and holes in molecules or in semiconductors constitute a bipartite entangled system. We show that this entanglement can be coherently controlled by broadband x-ray pulses which create valence excitation wave packets through a stimulated Raman process. A novel measure of electron correlations in excited states is then provided by the time dependence of the concurrence. In a simulation study we demonstrate the control of entanglement of electrons and holes in CO that can be achieved by tuning a soft x-ray pulse to different core transitions: the carbon $K$ edge (296 eV), the oxygen $K$ edge (540 eV), and the $2\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{*}$ transition (191 eV).
SUCCESSFUL ALLOGENEIC BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FOR PATIENTS IN THE ACCELERATED PHASE OF CHRONIC GRANULOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA

Nine patients underwent allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation as treatment for chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) during the accelerated phase, a point in the course of the disease when it has progressed beyond the stable chronic phase but before the onset of blast crisis. After bone-marrow transplantation, haematological and cytogenetic studies showed ablation of all evidence of leukaemia, successful engraftment, and persistence of normal haemopoiesis in all patients. In one patient severe myelofibrosis and osteosclerosis disappeared after bone-marrow transplantation. Two patients have died of complications related to graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) but with no evidence of CGL. In one patient haematological and cytogenetic evidence of recurrent disease developed after bone-marrow transplantation, and she survives in chronic phase. Six patients are free of disability, do not require transfusions, possess normal marrow chromosomes, and have persistent clinical and haematological evidence of complete remission from CGL. Intervention with allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation during the accelerated phase of CGL can eradicate the disease and can provide normal haemopoiesis with acceptably low early morbidity and mortality. The long-term efficacy of bone-marrow transplantation as treatment for CGL, and the most effective timing of the transplantation with regard to the course of disease have yet to be determined.
On the Repair of Redundant RAM's

This paper describes a set of novel conditions that can be integrated in a computer-aided-testing (CAT) package for repair of redundant RAM's. A new approach is proposed; the innovative feature of this approach is the independence of analysis on the distribution of faulty bits in memory. This results in better exploitation of redundancy and efficient adaptability of this technique to various testing methods, such as the ones that employ region totalizers and fault counters. Algorithms that provide repair solution and earliest detection of unrepairability of a device are presented. The benefits that result by using this approach include a reduction in repair time. Conditions of unrepairability are given as a function of the number of spare resources (columns and rows) in the redundant memory; significant improvement over existing techniques is accomplished. Simulation results are provided to substantiate the validity of the proposed theory.
“High-Tech” Antitrust: Incoherent, Misguided, Obsolete, or None of the Above? Comments on Crandall-Jackson and Wright

That prominent antitrust cases have been in the “high-tech” arena is not surprising, since high-tech industries are often susceptible to the scale economies that lead to highly concentrated or monopoly markets. Crandall and Jackson’s observations on the IBM case are on point. Regarding AT&T, the salient observation is that recent changes in legal doctrine may make it impossible to bring antitrust cases in regulated industries. The problem with the Microsoft case was not that it was right or wrong, but that it was fundamentally incoherent. Wright’s critique of the Federal Trade Commission’s case against Intel is problematic because buyers in exclusion cases tend to be better off, not victims as they would be under collusion or anticompetitive mergers. As these observations apply more generally to cases in sectors that are not associated with high-tech, I offer a few thoughts on some antitrust issues that are particular to high-tech sectors, specifically how the prospect of innovation could affect market definition in merger cases and, more broadly, whether dynamic efficiencies reduce the need for antitrust enforcement.
Dynamic characteristics evaluation of elastically jointed structures through stochastic simulation

Abstract This paper presents a stochastic simulation method which is used to evaluate dynamic characteristics of elastically jointed structures. Due to the joint friction and clearances involved in the analytical model of elastic joints, the conventional numerical simulation can only provide the system performance in certain specific conditions. The effects of dynamic disturbances and other random factors are hardly included. In this research, the vibration process of the jointed structure is simulated through a vibration data generation process, which is based on a newly-developed, theoretical joint model and the stochastic process theory. The vibration pattern and joint contact force can be analyzed from the vibration data. These data are also used to estimate the parameters of a stochastic model so that the system eigenvalues can be evaluated. The stochastic simulation method has been applied to a truss-cell unit structure. The results of the simulation study are shown in this paper. They are compared with experiment results and show a satisfactory comparison.
Relation between continuous and discrete time markovian decision problems

An associated discrete (continuous) time Markovian decision problem for any given continuous (discrete) time Markovian decision model is formulated. A relationship between the continuous and associated discrete time discounted returns is obtained. This result is used to show the existence of a deterministic stationary policy that optimizes both discounted return functions. It is also proved that the same policy optimizes the average expected return for both continuous and the associated discrete time processes. The results obtained in this paper can be used to solve the continuous time Markovian decision problem by using the discrete time algorithms or vice versa.
A Single Amino Acid in Human APOBEC3F Alters Susceptibility to HIV-1 Vif

Human APOBEC3F (huA3F) potently restricts the infectivity of HIV-1 in the absence of the viral accessory protein virion infectivity factor (Vif). Vif functions to preserve viral infectivity by triggering the degradation of huA3F but not rhesus macaque A3F (rhA3F). Here, we use a combination of deletions, chimeras, and systematic mutagenesis between huA3F and rhA3F to identify Glu324 as a critical determinant of huA3F susceptibility to HIV-1 Vif-mediated degradation. A structural model of the C-terminal deaminase domain of huA3F indicates that Glu324 is a surface residue within the α4 helix adjacent to residues corresponding to other known Vif susceptibility determinants in APOBEC3G and APOBEC3H. This structural clustering suggests that Vif may bind a conserved surface present in multiple APOBEC3 proteins.
Rapid and effective removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate from proteins.

Abstract Removal of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) from protein solutions was effected using small columns of Bio-Rad (Dowex) 2-X10. Using [ 35 S]SDS it was shown that more than 99% of the SDS was removed from solutions of reduced ribonuclease, bovine serum albumin and red cell membrane proteins with recovery of 80–95% of the protein. Reduced ribonuclease activity on re-oxidation, indicating that peptides bonds are not destroyed by this procedure. The molecular weight distribution of polypeptide chains of red cell membranes was unaffected by this procedure. About 90% of the red cell membrane phospholipid was also recovered.
High-Resolution Chromosome Sorting and DNA Spot-Blot Analysis Assign McArdle's Syndrome to Chromosome 11

A rapid gene-mapping system uses a high-resolution, dual-laser sorter to identify genes from separate human chromosomes prepared with a new stain combination. This system was used to sort 21 unique chromosome types onto nitrocellulose filter papers. Several labeled gene probes hybridized to the sorted chromosomal DNA types predicted by their previous chromosome assignments. The skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase gene was then mapped to a portion of chromosome 11 by spot blotting normal and translocated chromosomes.
Defects in Erbium/Oxygen Implanted Silicon

A systematic study of defects in the Er/O implanted silicon was conducted using TEM, HRTEM and SIMS. Defect-free material was obtained after the annealing of 400 keV Er+ implanted (100)Si. In sharp contrast, several forms of secondary defects consisting of dislocations, dislocation loops and precipitates were induced upon annealing at different temperatures in the 4.5 MeV implanted (100)Si sample. The isothermal evolution of the defects and reactions between dopants and defects were studied. Oxygen tends to segregate into the dislocation loop zones, where platelet precipitates with habit planes of {111} were found. Following dissociation of oxygen and erbium, plate-like Er precipitates were generated, which are most likely ErSi2 with a habit plane of {111}
Diversification effect of real estate investment trusts: Comparing copula functions with kernel methods

Value at Risk estimated with joint distribution methodologies demonstrates that risk is lower for portfolios of real estate investment trusts (REITs) and small-business equities compared with a single-asset holding. Benefits from diversification were largest in 2001–2003 and the smallest from 2006–2008. Previous research using Value at Risk points out the importance of model selection. Various estimation approaches affected results modestly over the entire period (1989–mid 2008). The Value at Risk is -3.1% for two copula models and -3.2% for a nonparametric empirical joint density, at a 1% probability level for weekly returns. After June 1996, the nonparametric copula model consistently returned the lowest risk estimate among the three joint distribution methods. Time-varying risk is a more important driver in the results than model specification. The highest portfolio risk was found for the period after August 2006 (weekly losses of 4.4% to 5%). The distribution-based model results were closer to the und...
Asymmetric Nucleosome Disassembly with Disrupted Histones Revealed by Time Resolved Small Angle X-Ray Scattering with Contrast Variation

DNA packages into compact chromatin structure in eukaryotic cell despite its high negative charge. Nucleosome core particles (NCP) are the fundamental repeating units of chromatin and modulate DNA accessibility for gene expression and regulation. NCPs contain a symmetric histone octamer wrapped by 147-bp DNA. The dynamics of DNA packaging and unpackaging from NCPs affects all DNA-based chemistries, but is not well understood due to a lack of structures of the partially unwrapped, kinetic intermediates. Here we applied a novel strategy combining contrast variation with time-resolved small angle x-ray scattering to determine the structures of protein and DNA constituents of NCPs during salt-induced disassembly. We monitored DNA conformation and protein dissociation of NCPs with two positioning sequences: Widom 601 and 5S DNA. For the Widom 601 construct, we measure a transient structure on the millisecond time scale where the DNA is asymmetrically released from a disrupted histone core, and the proteins remain bound to unwrapped DNA in a semi-open conformation. We hypothesis this conformation may be biologically important substrate for gene regulation. The 5S construct also displays asymmetric DNA release, but exhibits a different pattern of protein dissociation. Our results establish a powerful platform for studying the global dynamics of nucleoprotein complexes.
Learning in Consistent Search-Detection Tasks: Type of Search (Memory vs. Visual) Determines Type of Learning

The theoretical and practical importance of search paradigms has been well established. This experiment was designed to extend understanding of learning processes in search tasks. Subjects trained under memory, visual, or hybrid memory/visual search conditions and then either transferred to a different search condition (e.g., train on memory, transfer to visual search) or served as controls (e.g., train on memory, transfer to memory search). Asymmetrical transfer was observed. These results have implications for current theories of attention as well as applicability in training situations.
Elasticity of demand for search

Abstract This paper investigates the demand elasticity of search. We provide a new characterization of monotone hazard rate and of the first-order condition determining the optimal reservation price, and prove that the demand for information is elastic if the hazard rate function h for the distribution of offers is decreasing and inelastic if h is increasing.
Implementation of Universal Maternal Drug Screening to Identify Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Candidates

Abstract Maternal drug use while pregnant can contribute to subsequent neonatal drug withdrawal. Early identification of at risk neonates for drug withdrawal can be accomplished with implementation of universal drug screenings when hospitalized for an infant's delivery. This article explores drug abuse nationally and in the state of Ohio specifically. It examines possible causation of the growing epidemic of drug usage among women and the impact of intrauterine drug exposure on neonates as exhibited by neonatal abstinence syndrome. The process of universal maternal drug screening implementation to identify neonates at risk for drug withdrawal post-birth in one Ohio metropolis is discussed.
Optimization of reflection electro-absorption modulators

Characteristics of reflection electroabsorption modulators such as insertion loss and contrast ratio are discussed in terms of the absorption changes. Ultimate performances and simple design equations are derived. Both InGaAs/GaAs and GaAs/AlGaAs modulators were fabricated according to the designs rules; the modulators exhibit state-of-the-art performances. For the GaAs/AlGaAs device, a reflection change of 66 percent at 5 V operating voltage was achieved with a 1.2 dB insertion loss.
Relaxation of discrete rotational energy distributions using a Monte Carlo method

A new model is presented for simulating rotational energy relaxation in the direct simulation Monte Carlo method (DSMC) using discrete distributions. The method extends the phenomenological approach generally employed that simulates the distribution as a continuum. The discrete approach simulates the mechanics of relaxation for the rigid rotor model. The theory is developed and combined for use with an existing model for simulating the rate of rotational relaxation. A number of test problems are then considered. Each set of flow conditions is chosen because of the availability of experimental data. Some of the experimental measurements provide rotational energy distributions thus allowing detailed comparison with the numerical simulations. Generally, the comparisons are quite favorable, although it is indicated that more sophisticated models are required to simulate some of the detailed structure of the energy distributions observed experimentally.
Graduate trends for one marriage and family therapy program in an interdisciplinary setting

This research compared trends from 1981 to 1993 in several mental health professional training programs at the University of Houston Clear Lake, surveying graduates from three professional mental health master's programs—clinical psychology, school psychology, and family therapy—with the goal of identifying trends in the status of their professional credentialing and current employment. Four mental health groups have attained licensure since a 1981 survey, resulting in graduates now seeking professional licenses and perform psychotherapy more exclusively than other mental health activities. Interdisciplinary training has become increasingly important due to the introduction of managed care and other insurance regulating entities.
Identification of transmembrane tryptic peptides of rhodopsin using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry*

The application of mass spectrometry for determining the topography of integral membrane proteins has focused primarily on the mass determination of fragments that do not reside in the lipid bilayer. In this work, we present the accurate mass determination of transmembrane tryptic peptides of bovine rhodopsin using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The ability to determine the accurate mass of hydrophobic transmembrane peptides will facilitate the mapping of ligand binding sites in membrane receptors. It will also augment the determination of membrane spanning regions from integral membrane proteins digested in lipid bilayers. Affinity-purified rhodopsin in detergent and rhodopsin in retinal rod membranes were digested with trypsin. Tryptic peptides were separated using reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography at 55 degrees C with the detergent octyl-beta-glucoside in the mobile phase. Four of the six transmembrane tryptic peptides of rhodopsin were identified, ranging in mass from 3,260 Da to 6,528 Da. The identities of the peptides were confirmed by Edman microsequencing. In addition, heterogeneity in the glycosylation of the N-terminal tryptic peptide of rhodopsin was identified by MALDI MS, without modifying the carbohydrate prior to analysis.
Donor chimerism does not predict response to donor lymphocyte infusion for relapsed chronic myelogenous leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation

Abstract We studied the effect of donor chimerism level on the outcome of donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) therapy in 42 patients with persistent or relapsed hematologic malignancies after non-T cell-depleted allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Seventy-five percent of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and 39% of non-CML patients entered remission after DLI therapy. Remission and survival rates were similar for CML patients irrespective of their pre-DLI donor chimerism levels; however, remission occurred sooner in patients with ≥10% pre-DLI donor chimerism. None of the non-CML patients with
Communications: Entanglement switch for dipole arrays

We propose a new entanglement switch of qubits consisting of electric dipoles oriented along or against an external electric field and coupled by the electric dipole-dipole interaction. The pairwise entanglement can be tuned and controlled by the ratio of the Rabi frequency and the dipole-dipole coupling strength. Tuning the entanglement can be achieved for one, two, and three-dimensional arrangements of the qubits. The feasibility of building such an entanglement switch is also discussed.
Exploring new active regions for type I InAsSb strained-layer lasers

We report on the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of mid- infrared InAsSb/InPSb optically pumped lasers grown using a high speed rotating disk reactor (RDR). The devices contain AlAsSb claddings and strained, type 1, InAsSb/InPSb active regions. By changing the layer thickness and composition of InAsSb/InPSb SLSs, we have prepared structures with low temperature (<20K) photoluminescence wavelengths ranging from 3.4 to 4.8 µm. We find a variation of bandgap from 0.272 to 0.324 eV for layer thicknesses of 9.0 to 18.2 nm. From these data we have estimated a valence band offset for the InAsSb/InPSb interface of about 400 meV. An InAsSb/InPSb SLS, optically pumped laser structure was grown on an InAs substrate with AlAs0.l6Sb0.84 claddings. A lasing threshold and spectrally narrowed laser emission was seen from 80 K through 200 K, the maximum temperature where Iasing occurred. The temperature dependence of the SLS laser threshold is described by a characteristic temperature, T0 = 72 K, from 80 to 200 K.
Total Dose Effects on Bipolar Integrated Circuits at Low Temperature

Total dose damage in bipolar integrated circuits is investigated at low temperature, along with the temperature dependence of the electrical parameters of internal transistors. Bandgap narrowing causes the gain of npn transistors to decrease far more at low temperature compared to pnp transistors, due to the large difference in emitter doping concentration. When irradiations are done at temperatures of -138°C, no damage occurs until devices are warmed to temperatures above -50°C. After warm-up, subsequent cooling shows that damage is then present at low temperature, although it is much less than for room temperature irradiation. This can be explained by the temperature dependence of dispersive transport in the continuous-time-random-walk model, along with the reduction in charge yield at low temperature. For linear integrated circuits, low temperature operation is affected by the strong temperature dependence of npn transistors along with the higher sensitivity of lateral and substrate pnp transistors to radiation damage.
Studying the Value of Library and Information Services. Part I: Establishing a Theoretical Framework.

This report is derived from a large study sponsored by the Council on Library Resources. Two of the objectives of the study were to develop a taxonomy of value-in-use of library and information services based on users assessments and to propose methods and instruments for similar studies of library and information services in general. The corresponding results are reported in two parts. In this, the first part, we discuss underlying concepts related to value that must be clarified in order to proceed with any pragmatic study of value, and we establish a theory of use-oriented value of information and information services. We examine the notion of “value” in philosophy and economics and in relation to library and information services as well as the connection between value and relevance. We develop two models: One related to use of information and the other to use of library and information services. They are a theoretical framework for pragmatic study of value and a guide for the development of a Derived Taxonomy of Value in Using Library and Information Services. In the second part of this report, we present the methodology employed in development of the Taxonomy, the Taxonomy itself, and the results of testing the Taxonomy. We believe that the Taxonomy covers most dimensions of value related to use of library and information services. In the second part we also present suggestions for pragmatic applications of the Taxonomy. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Clinical trials of antioxidants as cancer prevention agents: Past, present, and future

The purpose of this review is to summarize the most important human clinical trials of antioxidants as cancer prevention agents conducted to date, provide an overview of currently ongoing studies, and discuss future steps needed to advance research in this field. To date there have been several large (at least 7000 participants) trials testing the efficacy of antioxidant supplements in preventing cancer. The specific agents (diet-derived direct antioxidants and essential components of antioxidant enzymes) tested in those trials included β-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium, retinol, zinc, riboflavin, and molybdenum. None of the completed trials produced convincing evidence to justify the use of traditional antioxidant-related vitamins or minerals for cancer prevention. Our search of ongoing trials identified six projects at various stages of completion. Five of those six trials use selenium as the intervention of interest delivered either alone or in combination with other agents. The lack of success to date can be explained by a variety of factors that need to be considered in the next generation research. These factors include lack of good biological rationale for selecting specific agents of interest; limited number of agents tested to date; use of pharmacological, rather than dietary, doses; and insufficient duration of intervention and follow-up. The latter consideration underscores the need for alternative endpoints that are associated with increased risk of neoplasia (i.e., biomarkers of risk), but are detectable prior to tumor occurrence. Although dietary antioxidants are a large and diverse group of compounds, only a small proportion of candidate agents have been tested. In summary, the strategy of focusing on large high-budget studies using cancer incidence as the endpoint and testing a relatively limited number of antioxidant agents has been largely unsuccessful. This lack of success in previous trials should not preclude us from seeking novel ways of preventing cancer by modulating oxidative balance. On the contrary, the well demonstrated mechanistic link between excessive oxidative stress and carcinogenesis underscores the need for new studies. It appears that future large-scale projects should be preceded by smaller, shorter, less expensive biomarker-based studies that can serve as a link from mechanistic and observational research to human cancer prevention trials. These relatively inexpensive studies would provide human experimental evidence for the likely efficacy, optimum dose, and long-term safety of the intervention of interest that would then guide the design of safe, more definitive large-scale trials.
Public health legal preparedness for the 21st century.

Law is indispensable to the public's health. The twentieth century proved this true as law contributed to each of the century's ten great public health achievements: vaccination, healthier mothers and babies, family planning, safer and healthier foods, fluoridation of drinking water, the control of infectious diseases, the decline in death from heart disease and stroke, recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard, motor vehicle safety, and safer workplaces. The readers of this journal can give examples of the relevant types of laws with ease: Jacobson v. Massachusetts, the 1905 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of compulsory vaccination; mandatory immunization for school admission; authorization of state prenatal care programs; mandatory fortification of foods; Title X of the Public Health Service Act; the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906; the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, and hundreds of state and local enactments regulating food; fluoridation ordinanceswater, and sanitation; the Surgeon General's warning notices on cigarette packs and restrictions on marketing tobacco; seat belt laws and mandated vehicle and highway design features; and laws like the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 that regulate working conditions.
Human control strategies in pursuit tracking with a disturbance input

Human operators can manipulate an integrator plant and manually track a single sine wave very well with almost unity amplitude ratio and zero phase lag as long as the frequency of the sine wave is not too high. However, the pattern of responses across single sine signals of different frequencies does not resemble the pattern of response across random appearing sum-of-sines signals for moderate to high frequencies. There is a significantly larger phase lag in tracking a sum-of-sines than tracking a single sine wave for moderate to high frequencies. This phenomenon suggests that humans utilize different control strategies for predictable tasks than for unpredictable tasks. In this paper we designed experiments and methodologies to identify non-parametric feedback and feedforward controllers in human operators for manual tracking with an explicit display of the sinusoidal reference signals and a disturbance input. Our results show that the feedback controller resembles McRuer's “crossover model”, and the feedforward controller attempts to invert the system dynamics that the human operator is manipulating if the reference signal is predictable.