cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternatively Activated Macrophages in Intestinal Helminth Infection: Effects on Concurrent Bacterial Colitis

The distribution of several pathogenic helminth infections coincides geographically with many devastating microbial diseases, including enteric bacterial infections. To dissect the mechanisms by which helminths modulate the host’s response to enteric bacteria and bacteria-mediated intestinal inflammation, we have recently established a coinfection model and shown that coinfection with the helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus exacerbates colitis induced by infection with the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. The disease severity of the coinfected mice was correlated with high Citrobacter loads in the gut, translocation of the bacteria into mucosal and systemic immune compartments, delayed bacterial clearance, and a significantly enhanced colonic TNF-α response. In the present study, using our in vivo coinfection model as well as in vitro approaches, we test the hypothesis that the phenotypic and functional alterations in macrophages induced by the helminth-driven T cell response may contribute to the observed alterations in the response to C. rodentium. We show that via a STAT6-dependent mechanism H. polygyrus coinfection results in a marked infiltration into the colonic lamina propria of F4/80+ cells that have the phenotype of alternatively activated macrophages. Functional analysis of these macrophages further shows that they are impaired in their killing of internalized bacteria. Yet, these cells produce an enhanced amount of TNF-α in response to C. rodentium infection. These results demonstrate that helminth infection can impair host protection against concurrent enteric bacterial infection and promote bacteria-induced intestinal injury through a mechanism that involves the induction of alternatively activated macrophages.
Long-Term Remission of Metastatic Small Cell Carcinoma of the Prostate

Metastatic small cell carcinoma of the prostate portends a poor prognosis. Survival expectancy is generally estimated in months with few reports in the literature of patients surviving more than 2 years. We report a case of one of the longest known surviving patients in continuous complete remission with metastatic small cell carcinoma of the prostate and review the available literature reporting longer-term survival in this condition.
Despread-respread multi-target constant modulus array for CDMA systems

We apply the concept of the despread-respread (DR) algorithm to multi-target arrays for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) signals, the despread-respread algorithm exploits the knowledge of the pseudo-noise (PN) code used to generate the transmitted CDMA signal. We extend the DR algorithm to not only exploit the knowledge of the PN code but also to preserve the constant modulus property of the signal. This new algorithm is called the least squares despread respread multi-target constant modulus array (LS-DRMTCMA). LS-DRMTCMA performs better than the least squares despread respread multi-target array (LS-DTMTA), least squares multi-target constant modulus array (LS-MTCMA), and steepest descent multi-target decision directed array (SD-MTDDA).
Racial Discrimination as a Correlate of African American Mothers’ Emotion Talk to Young Children

The current study was designed to test hypotheses derived from an ecological framework regarding the association between perceived racial discrimination and maternal emotion talk among a sample of 415 African American mothers living in the rural South. Mothers reported on experiences with racial discrimination when her child was 24 months old. Additionally, maternal emotion awareness was assessed by mothers’ use of emotion words during an emotion-laden picture book interaction with her young child. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that mothers’ perception of racism was a significant positive predictor of mothers’ emotion words, even after controlling for a variety of distal demographics and maternal and child characteristics. However, this main effect was qualified by significant interactions. Specifically, the strength of the association between perceived discrimination and mothers’ emotion words was reduced in the presence of maternal psychological supports, including greater life satisfaction ...
A survey of bottom-up behavioral modeling methods for analog circuits

This paper presents a brief on the current state-of-the-art in circuit modeling techniques that abstract reduced-order, higher-level models from the circuit or transistor level. The methods are reviewed in the context of the classes of circuits for which they have been demonstrated.
Racial and socioeconomic disparities in presentation and outcomes of well-differentiated thyroid cancer.

Context: Racial/ethnic minorities suffer disproportionate morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases. Objective: Our objective was to assess racial and socioeconomic status (SES) disparities in well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) patients. Design and Participants: We conducted a retrospective cohort study on 25 945 patients with WDTC (1999–2008) from the California Cancer Registry (57% white, 4% black, 24% Hispanic, and 15% Asian-Pacific Islander [API]). Main Outcomes: We evaluated effect of race and SES variables on stage of cancer presentation and overall/disease-specific survival. Results: Significant differences in stage of presentation between all racial groups were found (P < .001), with minority groups presenting with a higher percentage of metastatic disease as compared with white patients (black, odds ratio [OR] = 1.36 with confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.84; Hispanic, OR = 1.89 [CI, 1.62–2.21], API, OR = 1.82 [CI, 1.54–2.15]). Hispanic (OR = 1.59, [CI, 1.48–1.72]) and API (OR = 1.32 [1....
Latina Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren: Acculturation and Psychological Well-Being:

Grandparent involvement in raising grandchildren has become increasingly prevalent and represents the family's strength for managing crises and transitions. This study examined acculturation, socioeconomic resources, and family factors related to well-being among 357 Latina caregiving grandmothers. Positive affect was related to greater language acculturation and factors suggesting participation in mainstream society-income and health. In contrast, higher life satisfaction and lower negative affect were more evident among the less acculturated. These relationships disappeared with controls, explained by greater social resources among less acculturated grandmothers: more were married and had the parent at home; fewer assumed care because of the parent's substance-related problems. The parent's presence in the household was related to a higher level of grandmother's well-being until more sensitive family factors were considered. Furthermore, raising grandchildren with behavior problems was related to the grandmother's negative affect. Results suggest that professions should target economic needs of new immigrants, as well as assisting with troubled grandchildren and dysfunctional parents.
Impact of bias voltage on furnace atomization plasma emission spectrometry performance

Abstract The effects of an applied d.c. bias potential on the analytical response from a furnace atomization plasma emission spectrometry (FAPES) source operating with a 50 W He plasma were investigated. Enhancements in absolute sensitivity and detection limits for B, Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe, S, Pt and Se ranged from 2–10-fold as compared to the usual “free running” self-bias situation and response from all species was enhanced as the applied bias was made more negative. Reflected power increases up to 35 W exert little effect on the excitation conditions within the plasma. The excitation temperature of the He support gas as well as that of Fe introduced as a thermometric species indicated that, while the temperature of the former varied by up to 700 K over the course of an atomization transient, that of Fe remained relatively stable. Bias control reduced the fluctuation in the He temperature to under 400 K.
Reliability Assessment of the Bladder Diary for Urinary Incontinence in Older Women

Background. A reliable method of documenting the frequency of incontinent episodes is essential for assessment of treatment outcome in both clinical practice and research studies. Bladder diaries, completed prospectively by the patient, have been widely used for this purpose. This study investigated the number of consecutive days of bladder diary reports of incontinence frequency necessary to obtain adequate internal consistency (reliability). Methods. Participants were 214 community-dwelling women, aged 40 to 90 years, with a history of stress, urge, or mixed urinary incontinence, persisting at least 3 months with a frequency of two or more episodes of urine leakage per week. Each participant kept a 14-day bladder diary documenting the time and circumstances of each incontinence episode. Results. The mean age of participants was 63.5 years; 16.9% were African American. Women with predominantly urge incontinence ( n 5 138) reported a daily frequency of 2.1 incontinent episodes. Although there was a statistically significant difference between Week 1 (2.4 episodes per day) and Week 2 (2.0 episodes per day; p , .0001), five days were necessary to obtain an internal consistency of .90 for Cronbach’s alpha. Women with predominantly stress incontinence ( n 5 76) had no statistical difference between Week 1 and Week 2 in frequency of incontinence, reporting an average 2.2 accidents per week in Week 1 and 2.1 in Week 2. However, 7 days of bladder diary were required before adequate internal consistency was reached. Conclusion. Seven consecutive days of bladder diary provides a stable and reliable measurement of the frequency of incontinence episodes in community-dwelling women.
Synchronized Phasor Measurement Applications in Power Systems

Synchronized phasor measurements have become a mature technology with several international manufacturers offering commercial phasor measurement units (PMUs) which meet the prevailing industry standard for synchrophasors. With the occurrence of major blackouts in many power systems around the world, the value of data provided by PMUs has been recognized, and installation of PMUs on power transmission networks of most major power systems has become an important current activity. This paper provides a brief introduction to the PMU and wide-area measurement system (WAMS) technology and discusses the uses of these measurements for improved monitoring, protection, and control of power networks.
Anti-Rape on the Road: Men Hit the Highways to Share a Powerful Message.

Several years ago, John Foubert was asked to counsel one university's male students on the truth of rape.Today, he and other men are taking that truth on the road—in a used RV.
Identification of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque using IVUS-based thermal strain imaging

Pathology and autopsy studies have demonstrated that sudden disruption of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque is responsible for most acute coronary syndromes. These plaques are characterized by a lipid-rich core with abundant inflammatory cells and a thin fibrous cap. Thermal strain imaging (TSI) using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has been proposed for high-risk arterial plaque detection, in which image contrast results from the temperature dependence of sound speed. It has the potential to distinguish a lipid-laden lesion from the arterial vascular wall due to its strong contrast between water-bearing and lipid-bearing tissue. Initial simulations indicate plaque identification is possible for a 1/spl deg/C temperature rise. A phantom experiment using an IVUS imaging array further supports the concept, and results agree reasonably well with prediction.
Brother's Keeper or Only Child? The Ideological Impact of Challenging Racial Legitimacy

In the beginning of the 20th century, W.E.B. Du Bois introduced the concept of the Talented Tenth, a Black educated elite who would dispel the persistent notions of racial inferiority. This cadre of the Black community was charged with a responsibility to become leaders of the race with the capability and desire to mitigate, if not eradicate, racial inequality. According to Du Bois (1903), “No others can do this work and Negro colleges must train men for it. The Negro race, like all other races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men.”The pronounced exceptionalism of Du Bois’ Talented Tenth incited attacks not only from White racists but from Blacks as well. Due to their ability to integrate into realms considered the sole domain of Whites, Du Bois and his followers were frequently accused of being “Uncle Toms,” of “acting White,” or of being “race traitors.” Then as now, African Americans who are motivated to excel academically, speak standard English, and enter fields uncommon for Blacks may be labeled by peers as being an “Uncle Tom,” “Oreo,” “Sellout,” or of “acting White” (Christie, 2010; Kennedy, 2008). While some scholars have attempted to dismiss these allegations as being no more than a myth or urban legend (Dyson, 2005) examples persist in our social and political environments. Fordham and Ogbu’s (1986) study on high school students in the District of Columbia found that Black students failed to live up to their academic potential due to fear of being accused by peers of acting White. Moreover, during the 2008 presidential campaign, Reverends Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson publicly questioned then-candidate Barack Obama’s racial legitimacy. Since his election, evaluations of President Obama’s character and policies often include questions surrounding his racial authenticity. The proposed research will examine the impact of attacks on racial legitimacy on students at Howard University. Howard students, while frequently praised for their historical role in the Civil Rights movement, and prominence in business, politics, and academia, are simultaneously accused of being “Black bourgeoisie,” and “elitist.” Of particular concern to this researcher is whether such accusations become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Are Black students, whose racial legitimacy has been challenged, more inclined toward an ideology of individualism or linked fate? A convenience sample of approximately 100 graduate and undergraduate students at Howard University will be surveyed. A multiple regression analysis will be conducted to assess the correlation between experiencing an attack of racial legitimacy and subjects’ racial ideology. Age, gender, family income, and political ideology will be evaluated as interaction terms.
Can Pyramids and Seed Mixtures Delay Resistance to Bt Crops

The primary strategy for delaying the evolution of pest resistance to transgenic crops that produce insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) entails refuges of plants that do not produce Bt toxins and thus allow survival of susceptible pests. Recent advances include using refuges together with Bt crop 'pyramids' that make two or more Bt toxins effective against the same pest, and planting seed mixtures yielding random distributions of pyramided Bt and non-Bt corn plants within fields. We conclude that conditions often deviate from those favoring the success of pyramids and seed mixtures, particularly against pests with low inherent susceptibility to Bt toxins. For these problematic pests, promising approaches include using larger refuges and integrating Bt crops with other pest management tactics.
The Incentive Problem with Prospective Overruling: A Critique of the Practice

This article critiques the practice of prospective overruling-where a court overturns prior case law but limits the application of the new rule to future cases-by analyzing the decisions of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, with a particular focus on trusts and estates cases. The primary rationale behind prospective overruling is the purported reliance on the old law by the party who loses the case. Through an examination of case law the author contends that there is often no actual reliance by the losing party, or such reliance is unreasonable, resulting in a weak justification for prospective overruling. Moreover, the author argues that by issuing a decision prospectively courts risk eliminating any incentive for parties to argue for changes to the law. The common law evolves through the efforts of litigants who seek to have past judicial decisions overturned or amended. Other scholars have contended that prospective overruling will not result in a lack of incentive to litigate because even though the party seeking a change in the law will not benefit from that change in the immediate case, he will likely benefit in future litigation as a “repeat player.” The author demonstrates the inapplicability of this contention to the trusts and estates field, where litigants are unlikely to be repeat players. The author concludes by proposing alternative approaches that seek to uphold any actual and reasonable reliance interests at stake, while simultaneously maintaining the incentive for parties to argue for changes to the common law.
Characterizations of Kumaraswamy-geometric distribution

Certain characterizations of Kumaraswamy-geometric distribution introduced by Akinsete et al. (JSDA 1:1-21, 2014) are presented.
Fermat's Method of Infinite Descent

(1918). Fermat's Method of Infinite Descent. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 25, No. 8, pp. 333-337.
A Summary of the Answers Received to Questions on the Mechanics of Spraying

An analysis of eighty-two answers to a questionnaire on spray mechanics is presented in tabular form. The replies cover almost every state in the Union and as they come principally from official entomologists, should indicate the trend of opinion on the important questions of pressure, rate of discharge and size of aperture in the disc. Several requests have been received for a summary of the replies so this means is taken of replying to all who may be interested.
Transparent Real-Time Task Scheduling on Temporal Resource Partitions

The Hierarchical Real-Time Scheduling (HiRTS) technique helps improve overall resource utilization in real-time embedded systems. With HiRTS, a computation resource is divided into a group of temporal resource partitions, each of which accommodates multiple real-time tasks. Besides the computation resource partitioning problem, real-time task scheduling on resource partitions is also a major problem of HiRTS. The existing scheduling techniques for dedicated resources, like schedulability tests and utilization bounds, are unable to work without changes on temporal resource partitions in most cases. In this paper, we show how to achieve maximal transparency for task scheduling on Regular Partitions, a type of resource partition introduced by the Regularity-based Resource Partition (RRP) Model. We show that several classes of real-time scheduling problems on a regular partition can be transformed into equivalent problems on a dedicated single resource, such that comprehensive single-resource scheduling techniques provide optimal solutions. Furthermore, this transformation method could be applied to different types of real-time tasks such as periodic tasks, sporadic tasks and aperiodic tasks.
THE LATE SODIUM CURRENT INHIBITOR GS967 SUPPRESSES SPONTANEOUS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN AN INTACT PORCINE MODEL

The late sodium current (INa) has been increasingly implicated in atrial fibrillation (AF). This study evaluated anti-AF effects of GS967, a selective, potent inhibitor of late INa, devoid of beta-adrenergic blocking action, in a novel model of AF induction without electrical stimuli. In 6 closed-
Farmland in a Mixed-Asset Portfolio: A Mean-Semivariance Approach

Executive Summary. This study uses the downside risk or mean-semivariance (M-S) methodology to evaluate farmland as a component of a mixed-asset portfolio. Results confirm that while a minimal inve...
12 FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF INTEREST IN GROUP VISITS FOR AN UNDERSERVED DIABETIC POPULATION.

Background Group visits are a popular new type of patient-physician encounter. The goal of the group visit is to create an environment where patients with a shared chronic condition work together with a physician and other health care providers to manage their disease. This collaborative care model has been shown to decrease participants9 utilization of the emergency room and increase the likelihood that patients receive recommended services for their chronic condition. To date, no studies of group visits have been done with low-income, community health center populations. Also, these studies have not examined the population of patients who are not interested in attending group visits. The Bothell Kenmore Community Health Center has proposed the use of group visits for their diabetic population. Study Design and Methods A phone survey was created to determine whether there was a significant level of interest for this type of resource and what factors might determine an individual9s decision to participate in group visits. The clinic hypothesized that a number of variables might influence patients9 decisions to attend group visits. These variables include financial resources, older age, transportation resources, patients9 perceived efficacy of their diabetes self-care, health status, and patients9 perceived control over their health. The SF-12 and the locus of control were used to capture the last two variables. Fifty-two patients participated in the survey. Sixty-four percent of the patients were interested in participating, while 15% said they were unsure and 21% said they were not interested. For the above-mentioned variables, the only variable that had a significant impact on participation was financial. Fifty-five percent of those interested in group visits stated that finances would affect their decision and 0% of those not interested in group visits statied that it would affect their decision. Conclusion The survey showed that the group visit model attracts individuals from a broad range of emotional and physical health statuses.
A Kind of New Immune Genetic Algorithm and Its Application

To overcome the shortage of the basic genetic algorithm,the mechanism of antibodies' diversity in the immune system is introduced into the genetic algorithm.In the case of keeping individual diversity and improving the level of adaptability of the individual diversity in the population,the immune genetic algorithm based on selection probability of similarity and vector distance is proposed.Meanwhile the general expressing form of the kind of selection probability is given.Secondly,the immune vaccine is introduced into immune genetic algorithm on selection probability of similarity and vector distance to prevent the algorithm degenerative during the process of optimization.The immune genetic algorithm is applied to the 20-city traveling salesman problem,and advanced coding strategy is proposed.Comparing the algorithm with other six algorithms,the results show that the convergent speed of the algorithm is faster than others.
Rigid internal fixation of mandibular condylar fractures

Objective To evaluate the reduction and rigid internal fixation on median and inferior condylar fractures.Methods Miniature titanium plate was placed in 15 cases to interfix median and inferior condylar fractures.Results All cases obtained good occlusion,the degree of opening mouth was more than 3.0 cm. 2 cases ache and snap happened in tempormandibular articulation. temporary facial nerve injure appeared in 4 cases.X-ray showed good condylar contour.Conclusions Rigid internal fixation with miniature titanium plate is a effective method in treating median and inferior condylar fracture.
Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a rare hereditary disease characterized by a renal insensitivity to circulating vasopressin. Genetic linkage studies have demonstrated that the gene responsible for congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is located in region 28 of the X chromosome long arm. That the gene coding for the vasopressin V2 receptor is also located in the q28-qter of chromosome X suggests that the signalisation defect in congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is at the level of the receptor itself. Indeed, congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a genetically heterogeneous disease since several point mutations in the vasopressin V2 receptor gene nucleotide sequence have been observed in different families of afflicted patients. Moreover, the observation that one of these mutations leads to a lack of cyclic AMP production in response to vasopressin confirms that mutations of the vasopressin V2 receptor sequence are the molecular defects responsible for congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Dry-washes determine gene flow and genetic diversity in a common desert shrub

In deserts, many plant species exhibit a patchy spatial distribution within a harsh habitat matrix, where the likelihood of propagule dispersal among patches is uncertain, but may be promoted by landscape corridors or dispersal vectors. We examine the connectivity of a representative desert plant species (Acacia (Senegalia) greggii), and the ability of three major factors (animal dispersal agents, water flow along dry-washes, and climate) to facilitate dispersal within four watersheds in the Mojave National Preserve. We genotyped 323 individuals sampled across 22 one-hectare sites using ten nuclear microsatellite markers. A hierarchical AMOVA revealed no significant differentiation among watersheds (F RT = 0.00, P > 0.10), and very little genetic structure among all sites (F ST = 0.03, P 0.05), a distance measure based on rodent dispersal (P > 0.05), and a distance measure avoiding inhospitable climate (P > 0.05). An AIC comparison of generalized linear models found that within site genetic diversity (H E and allelic richness) and average relatedness were best explained by slope (which increases seed dispersal potential via water flow) and area of the upstream watershed (which determines the number of potential seed donors), rather than plant density or habitat suitability. Together, these findings indicate that dry-washes are key landscape features that enhance dispersal and regional connectivity in this patchy desert plant.
Kaposi's sarcoma in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

SUMMARY Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common malignancy seen in association with AIDS. Although the pathogenesis of AIDS-KS has not been clearly established, the clinical course and prognosis are closely related to the patient's immune status, prior history of opportunistic infection, and hematologic status. Treatment methods include local or regional radiation therapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and interferon therapy. Evaluation of the results of clinical therapeutic studies in this tumor should consider its natural history and peculiar biologic behavior and associated complications of AIDS. Effective treatment strategy would take into account the immune status of the patient, the rate of progression of tumor, the presence or risk of developing lifethreatening opportunistic infections, associated hematologic or neurologic abnormalities, the toxicities of treatment, and the desire of the patient for treatment. Investigations of antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating agents singly or in combination currently are in progress. Additionally innovative approaches with biologic response modifiers, adjunctive hematopoietins, and growth factor modulators may lead to newer approaches to the control of this malignancy.
Choice of Bunch Parameters in Single Pass Colliders

To produce adequate luminosity, despite the low collision frequency, single pass collider bunches must be so strongly compressed that space-charge focussing is a dominant feature of the interaction. It is desirable to adjust the energy, particle number, emittance, length, and beta-function to maximize luminosity and minimize disruption. The choice is facilitated by consideration of two-stream equilibria, computer simulation, and scaling.
Anger in response to challenge: children’s emotion socialization predicts approach versus avoidance

Negative emotion is typically associated with avoidance behavior; however, recent advances in the adult literature show that unlike some emotions (sadness, shame), anger predicts both approach and avoidance. Here we propose that socialization to suppress anger will play a role in whether children who express anger respond to a performance challenge with approach or avoidance. Children (N = 79; M age = 11.4 years) reported perceptions of parental use of positive conditional regard (PCR) to socialize anger suppression and worked on four unsolvable puzzles. We measured change in verbalized puzzle-solving strategies during failure, and coded emotion expression on the final puzzle. We examined whether negative emotion type (shame/sadness vs. anger) and PCR for anger predicted change in strategy use, and whether the association between level of PCR for anger and approach-avoidance (change in strategy use) depended on type of negative emotion expressed. Neither emotion expression nor level of PCR anger predicted strategy use; however, type of negative emotion moderated the association between PCR anger and change in strategy use, controlling for NCR anger. For children who displayed anger, low PCR was associated with increased strategy use, and high PCR was associated with decreased strategy use. We discuss the role of emotion socialization in shaping approach and avoidance motivation.
A 26-year-old transsexual male with acute respiratory distress and haemoptysis

A 26-year-old male pre-operative transsexual presented to the emergency dept of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (TX, USA) with complaints of acute dyspnoea and frank haemoptysis. The patient did not use intravenous or illicit drugs, alcohol or tobacco, but had a history of unprotected homosexual intercourse. On physical examination, the patient was in severe respiratory distress, with a respiratory rate of 38 breaths per minute and accessory muscle use. The physical examination revealed subcutaneous emphysema, diffuse bilateral crackles, and mediastinal crepitus consistent with a Hamman's crunch. The patient had decreased facial and body hair, moderate breast augmentation and male genitalia.
Strain effects on oxygen vacancy energetics in KTaO3

Due to lattice mismatch between epitaxial films and substrates, in-plane strain fields are produced in the thin films, with accompanying structural distortions, and ion implantation can be used to controllably engineer the strain throughout the film. Because of the strain profile, local defect energetics are changed. In this study, the effects of in-plane strain fields on the formation and migration of oxygen vacancies in KTaO3 are investigated using first-principles calculations. In particular, the doubly positive charged oxygen vacancy (V) is studied, which is considered to be the main charge state of the oxygen vacancy in KTaO3. We find that the formation energies for oxygen vacancies are sensitive to in-plane strain and oxygen position. The local atomic configuration is identified, and strong relaxation of local defect structure is mainly responsible for the formation characteristics of these oxygen vacancies. Based on the computational results, formation-dependent site preferences for oxygen vacancies are expected to occur under epitaxial strain, which can result in orders of magnitude differences in equilibrium vacancy concentrations on different oxygen sites. In addition, all possible migration pathways, including intra- and inter-plane diffusions, are considered. In contrast to the strain-enhanced intra-plane diffusion, the diffusion in the direction normal to the strained plane is impeded under the epitaxial strain field. These anisotropic diffusion processes can further enhance site preferences.
Computer Security Education: Training, Scholarship, and Research (Supplement to Computer Magazine)

Since 9/11, we are increasingly aware of threats to security and computer system vulnerabilities. We are also more aware of the need to educate the workforce quickly and effectively. Traditionally, computer security education falls into two distinct classes. The first is training, marked by an emphasis on particular systems, situations, or environments rather than broad principles. The second is scholarly (or scholarship), marked by an emphasis on underlying principles, concepts, and their application. Research in computer security provides the needed breakthroughs enabling us to meet new and evolving threats. But research done within the context of training differs from scholarly research. Effectively preparing the workforce to meet the challenges today means using the strengths of both.
A double-edged sword: the people’s uprising in Ghazni, Afghanistan

In the recent era of state formation in Afghanistan, hundreds of small popular movements rebelled against the Taliban throughout the country. One in particular stands out – the Andar Uprising in th...
Progress in first-in-human trial of Hsp90-targeted PET imaging in cancer patients

279 Objectives Provide an update on PET microdose clinical trial of I-124 PUH71, a radiolabeled heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor, in an expanded cohort of cancer types. Methods Trial performed under IRB-approved protocol and US FDA-approved IND. Main eligibility criteria: >18 years; evaluable tumors on clinical imaging; serum liver and renal indices within specified range; no hyperthyroidism. I-124 PUH71 tracer microdose injected peripheral IV. PET-CT scans obtained at multiple time-points up to 7-8 days, post-injection. Serial blood sampling for activity and metabolite assays. MIRD formalism and OLINDA software used for dosimetry analyses of PET-derived and blood time-activity data. Results 20 patients to-date, with breast (n=9), lymphoma (NHL n=4; Hodgkin=1), pancreatic (n=2), neuroblastoma (n=2), fallopian tube (n=1), and prostate (n=1) cancers. PUH71 tracer safe in all 20 patients. Learned optimal PET protocol for tumor imaging. Variety of histological types of tumors evident on PUH71 PET (Suppl Fig. 1). PUH71 biodistribution suggests other potential PET clinical applications. Conclusions Our expanded trial data demonstrates the feasibility of detecting tumors in human subjects by Hsp90-targeted PET in a wider variety of human cancers than we previously reported. Further development of I-124 PUH71 as a first-of-its-kind Hsp90-targeted PET imaging agent ongoing, including new clinical applications. Research Support Clinical trial supported by Samus Therapeutics; MSKCC Breast Cancer Research Fund 3 Preclinical development supported by ICMIC P50 CA 086438; SAIRP grant R24 CA83084; and the Cyclotron-Radiochemistry Core of MSKCC.
The duality of space: The built world of Du Bois’ double-consciousness:

Using Du Bois’ concept of double-consciousness, this article explores African Americans’ responses to urban redevelopment strategies that undermine their claims to urban space. Set in post-Katrina ...
OReONet: Deep convolutional network for oil reservoir optimization

In recent years, deep convolutional networks have been successfully used for the tasks of image classification and speech recognition. The highly non-linear modeling combined with its emphasis on local connectivity makes them highly suitable for such tasks. However, their performance in other domains is not well explored. Specifically, in the oil industry, researchers use manual features from time series data as input to various machine learning models. In this paper, we employ deep convolutional autoencoders to extract non linear latent features from time series data. We propose a novel deep network architecture and show its efficacy in two oil field tasks related to reservoir optimization — steam job prediction and slippage detection. We show that our architecture outperforms state-of-the-art methods significantly on steam job prediction. We demonstrate the success of our model on an oil field dataset which consists of production and failure data of over two years. Our architecture achieves a precision of 98% for precision@50 in steam job prediction, and 25% improvement over the methods used in the industry. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to attempt to automatically detect slippage failures in well pumps. We are able to classify slippage events with 70.3% accuracy, a 10.6% improvement over using manually defined input features.
Source–sink dynamics explain the distribution and persistence of an invasive population of common carp across a model Midwestern watershed

Source–sink theory is an ecological framework that describes how site and habitat-specific demographic rates and patch connectivity can explain population structure and persistence across heterogeneous landscapes. Although commonly used in conservation planning, source–sink theory has rarely been applied to the management of invasive species. This study tested whether the common carp, one of the world’s most invasive species, exhibits source–sink dynamics in a representative watershed in the Upper Mississippi River Basin comprised of a dozen interconnected ponds and lakes. To test for source–sink population structure, we used standard fish sampling techniques, tagging, and genetic assignment methods to describe habitat-specific recruitment rates and dispersal. Five years of sampling revealed that while adult carp were found across the entire watershed, reproductive success (the presence of young carp) was restricted to shallow ponds. Additionally, nearly a third of the carp tagged in a representative pond dispersed into the connected deeper lakes, suggesting that ponds in this system serve as sources and lakes as sinks. This possibility was confirmed by microsatellite analysis of carp tissue samples (n = 1041) which revealed the presence of two distinct strains of carp cohabitating in the lakes, whose natal origins could be traced back to one of two pond systems, with many adult carp attempting to migrate back into these natal ponds to spawn. We conclude that the distribution and persistence of invasive carp in complex interconnected systems may often be driven by source–sink dynamics and that their populations could be controlled by suppressing reproduction in source habitats or by disrupting dispersal pathways, instead of culling individuals from sink habitats.
Ablation of insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 suppresses Kras-driven lung tumorigenesis

Non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with 25% of cases harboring oncogenic Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS). Although KRAS direct binding to and activation of PI3K is required for KRAS-driven lung tumorigenesis, the contribution of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) in the context of mutant KRAS remains controversial. Here, we provide genetic evidence that lung-specific dual ablation of insulin receptor substrates 1/2 (Irs1/Irs2), which mediate insulin and IGF1 signaling, strongly suppresses tumor initiation and dramatically extends the survival of a mouse model of lung cancer with Kras activation and p53 loss. Mice with Irs1/Irs2 loss eventually succumb to tumor burden, with tumor cells displaying suppressed Akt activation and strikingly diminished intracellular levels of essential amino acids. Acute loss of IRS1/IRS2 or inhibition of IR/IGF1R in KRAS-mutant human NSCLC cells decreases the uptake and lowers the intracellular levels of amino acids, while enhancing basal autophagy and sensitivity to autophagy and proteasome inhibitors. These findings demonstrate that insulin/IGF1 signaling is required for KRAS-mutant lung cancer initiation, and identify decreased amino acid levels as a metabolic vulnerability in tumor cells with IR/IGF1R inhibition. Consequently, combinatorial targeting of IR/IGF1R with autophagy or proteasome inhibitors may represent an effective therapeutic strategy in KRAS-mutant NSCLC.
Must Monopoly Power Accompany Innovation

This is the second in the series of my three lectures on “Schumpeterian Themes in the Modem Welfare Economics of Production”. In the first, “Is Entrepreneurship Obsolescent?”, I suggested that we still lacked an adequate theory of the production side of the economy - in particular, a synthesis of much of the recent work on the economics of organization, so that we could understand better the role of incentives and discuss the ownership and control of productive enterprises. In that lecture, however, the incentive for a firm to be innovative, or for an individual to be creative and set up his own firm, rather like Schumpeter’s vision of entrepreneurship, was rather left to one side. Yet innovation was the key to capitalist development, in Schumpeter’s view, and his first major work, The Theory of Economic Development, was built entirely upon such innovation. In the theory, not only did innovation promote development; it also led to monopolies as innovative entrepreneurs protected new products or industrial processes through the patent system; and Schumpeter’s theory of business cycles was based on the view that innovations occurred in sudden swarms which led to boom conditions that could not last, and were inevitably succeeded by a slump. Business cycles, however, are the topic of my last lecture.
Lake Shoreline Evidence of Hydrologic Conditions in the Southern Basin and Range Province During the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene: Paleoclimatic and Archaeological Implications

Remnant shoreline features in hydrographically closed basins of the southern Basin and Range mark the highest stages of permanent lakes which waxed and waned during the last glacial cycle. As geomorphic footprints of these ancient lakes, fossil shorelines constitute an invaluable but largely untapped source of paleohydrologic information, with implications for the paleoclimatology and early archaeology of the region. Based on the extremely limited shoreline evidence on hand, it is known that lake highstands occurred in several basins prior to 14 Ka cal BP, while the timing of most is not confidently constrained. This suggests that Clovis (late Bolling-Allerod) and Folsom (Younger Dryas) times were generally more arid than previous periods, but does not provide specific information about conditions associated with these early occupations. Further development of shoreline records across the region is requisite for understanding the role of hydroclimatic variability in the geomorphic evolution of landscapes through the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. In turn, such knowledge will leave archaeologists better equipped to interpret spatio-temporal patterns in the cultural record with respect to the land use and settlement strategies of ancient foragers, who dependeded upon dwindling supplies of surface water and accompanying ecological resources.
The Bear Giant-Skipper genome suggests genetic adaptations to living inside yucca roots

Giant-Skippers (Megathymini) are unusual thick-bodied, moth-like butterflies whose caterpillars feed inside Yucca roots and Agave leaves. Giant-Skippers are attributed to the subfamily Hesperiinae and they are endemic to southern and mostly desert regions of the North American continent. To shed light on the genotypic determinants of their unusual phenotypic traits, we sequenced and annotated a draft genome of the largest Giant-Skipper species, the Bear (Megathymus ursus violae). The Bear skipper genome is the least heterozygous among sequenced Lepidoptera genomes, possibly due to much smaller population size and extensive inbreeding. Their lower heterozygosity helped us to obtain a high-quality genome with an N50 of 4.2 Mbp. The ~ 430 Mb genome encodes about 14000 proteins. Phylogenetic analysis supports placement of Giant-Skippers with Grass-Skippers (Hesperiinae). We find that proteins involved in odorant and taste sensing as well as in oxidative reactions have diverged significantly in Megathymus as compared to Lerema, another Grass-Skipper. In addition, the Giant-Skipper has lost several odorant and gustatory receptors and possesses many fewer (1/3–1/2 of other skippers) anti-oxidative enzymes. Such differences may be related to the unusual life style of Giant-Skippers: they do not feed as adults, and their caterpillars feed inside Yuccas and Agaves, which provide a source of antioxidants such as polyphenols.
Cohesive zone models to understand the interface mechanics of thin film transfer printing

Competing fracture in the transfer of thin films from a relatively rigid host substrate to a flexible polymer substrate is studied using finite element simulations with cohesive zone models. Cohesive zone models for delamination based on traction-separation relations with a maximum stress criterion for damage initiation and mode-independent fracture energy for complete separation are explored to identify important parameters that affect transfer printing. Successful transfer of a thin film to a relatively compliant polymer substrate from a stiffer substrate depends on relative crack lengths, interface strengths, and fracture energies. Interface selection occurs where the mode-mix at the crack tip is predominantly due to normal stresses, despite the interface toughness being mode-independent. The observations and the fracture maps developed here predict the interface selection directly with material properties of the interfaces, substrates, and films.
Rhodium Rainbow: A Colorful Laboratory Experiment Highlighting Ligand Field Effects of Dirhodium Tetraacetate

A new undergraduate inorganic chemistry laboratory experiment is presented. An introduction of the spectrochemical series and ligand exchange is explored using the coordination complex dirhodium tetraacetate, Rh2(OAc)4. Students have measured the absorption spectra of the Rh2 complex in the presence of various ligand environments. In dichloromethane solution, Rh2(OAc)4 displays an absorption feature at 661 nm (222 M–1 cm–1), which shifts to higher energy upon introduction of neutral axial ligands. The magnitude of the shift corresponds to the ligand’s placement within the spectrochemical series. Experimental techniques of synthetic coordination chemistry and UV–vis spectroscopy are emphasized in this experiment as well as concepts such as molecular orbital (MO) diagrams and the spectrochemical series.
Scheduling energy consumption for residential stand-alone photovoltaic systems

Abstract Among various renewable energy sources, solar energy is considered an effective solution to the shortage of energy in the future. A stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system can be particularly impactful in an isolated area where access to the grid is limited or unavailable. Because solar energy generation primarily depends on the availability of solar irradiance over time, energy management is crucial, which in turn can also satisfy user comfort and system efficiency. In this paper, we propose an energy consumption scheduling model for a residential house with a stand-alone PV system and battery. We develop a mixed-integer optimization model that uses consumption patterns and appliance priority to schedule the use of appliances. We test our model under four scenarios based on region and season. The results demonstrate that the proposed model provides optimal schedules for operating the appliances. In addition, we conduct a sensitivity analysis on the PV array size and the battery capacity. We compare the optimized case with the non-optimized case.