cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracellular free calcium oscillations in normal and cleavage-blocked embryos and artificially activated eggs of Xenopus laevis

We have measured levels of intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in albino Xenopus laevis embryos using recombinant aequorin and a photon-counting system. We observed sinusoidal oscillations in [Ca2+]i that had the same frequency as cleavage, with cleavage occurring when [Ca2+]i was lowest. An increase in calcium was seen to precede first cleavage. The cyclic changes in calcium were superimposed on a secondary pattern that increased, peaked between third and fifth cleavages and then slowly declined to a level similar to that measured before first cleavage. The amplitude of the oscillations was small during the first few cleavages but became larger with each cycle, with the largest oscillations occurring when the secondary pattern peaked (between third and fifth cleavage). As the secondary pattern declined, the amplitude of the oscillations also became smaller. The oscillations are due to release of calcium from intracellular stores, since the signal was the same in calcium-free solution as in normal medium. When cleavage was blocked with the microtubule-disrupting drugs colchicine or nocodazole, the [Ca2+]i oscillations persisted. Calcium oscillations of a similar magnitude and frequency were also present in artificially activated eggs. The secondary pattern was different in cleavage-blocked embryos and artificially activated eggs, the baseline increasing until about the third cycle and then remaining elevated for the rest of the recording (> 8 hours). By fixing embryos at various points in the calcium cycle, we determined that mitosis began shortly after calcium levels reached their peak and was complete before the calcium level dropped to its lowest point.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
We Are All Administrators Now: Contemporary Governmentality and Its Novel Genealogies

This article reviews John Marx’s Geopolitics and the Anglophone Novel, 1890–2011 , a study of how the novel has sought to intervene in global administration over the long twentieth century. Adopting a genealogical approach, Marx aims to identify the discursive conditions through which literature came to have something to say about global governance. The anglophone novel, he argues, has evolved in conversation with a sociological discourse of professionalized governmentality that took root in the age of imperial British liberalism and reinvented itself through successive stages of post-World War II globalization. For instance, Marx’s chapter on failed-state fiction shows how certain novels engage with competing professional knowledge about states in crisis in order to reassess who is truly qualified to administer in those zones—including those who do not fit traditional, class-based notions of “professionalism.” In this and other chapters, Marx attempts to tease out the positive political potentials that emerge from the novelistic engagement with these complex discursive systems. Ultimately, he offers a measured optimism for a reinvented liberalism in our present moment, one that is needed to contest neoliberalism’s claim to be the sole heir to liberal ideas. Novels, he concludes, can indeed work incrementally in collaboration with social sciences to set new agendas and frameworks for global governance. Overall, Marx’s book offers a fresh perspective for theorizing literary agency on a global scale, while simultaneously revealing the need for a more thoroughgoing analysis of interdisciplinary exchange within governmentality.
Host Based Detection of Advanced MiniDuke Style Bots in Smartphones through User Profiling

One of the latest trends of realizing innovative Command and Control (C&C) channels involves leveraging Online Social Networks (OSNs) as a C&C channel. The number of botnets targeting the smartphones and the sophistication of those botnets have progressively increased. Due to their mobility, smartphones connect to a variety of networks which makes it harder for network centric detection of botnets in smartphones. This paper approaches the problem of detecting bot traffic from a host based detection perspective. In this paper, we first propose an innovative C&C that leverages "public information" in OSNs combined with a Username Generation Algorithm. We then propose a new system to detect the bots that leverage the above mentioned type of C&C channel. Our insight is that the user generated web traffic on the smartphones will be significantly different from the requests made by the bots that leverage OSNs as C&C channel. Our approach involves building a profile of the smartphone user based on his web usage and then comparing that profile to subsequent usage to detect anomalous behavior. The Preprocessing phase clusters the web usage based on domains and extracts relevant features. In the next step, we use classification algorithm to build the user profile and assign a score of mismatch to the domains compared to the user behavior. If the score crosses a threshold, then the traffic to that domain is perceived to be different from normal user traffic to that domain and the user will be notified. Based on his response, the model will be updated to incorporate the change into it. We implemented a prototype bot and detection system and evaluated it on real- world user traffic. Our system reports an accuracy of 76%, with false positive rate of less than 1%.
The unusual glass forming tendency in the Ge2−2xSn2xSe3 ternary

Homogeneous melt-quenched alloy glasses in the indicated ternary have been prepared over a wide range of composition 0<x<0.72. The molecular structure has been examined by differential scanning calorimetry and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The microscopic origin of the unusual glass forming tendency is traced to the existence of a floppy molecular fragment of zig-zag chains of GeSe4 tetrahedral units, based on the structure of c-GeSnS3.
Difference in biological behavior between primate and beef or whale pituitary growth hormones.

SummaryGrowth hormones isolated from beef, whale, monkey and human pituitaries have been investigated with respect to their ability to elicit body-weight gain in hypophy-sectomized female rats. Whale and beef hormones elicited a continuous increase of body-weight for 90 days, whereas primate somatotropins exerted this effect only for 10 days. After 10 days of injections with monkey or human hormones, animals became resistant to the effect of primate somatotropins, although no corresponding decrease in response to whale or bovine hormones was evident.
Insight into GATA1 transcriptional activity through interrogation of cis elements disrupted in human erythroid disorders

Whole-exome sequencing has been incredibly successful in identifying causal genetic variants and has revealed a number of novel genes associated with blood and other diseases. One limitation of this approach is that it overlooks mutations in noncoding regulatory elements. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which mutations in transcriptional cis-regulatory elements result in disease remain poorly understood. Here we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to interrogate three such elements harboring mutations in human erythroid disorders, which in all cases are predicted to disrupt a canonical binding motif for the hematopoietic transcription factor GATA1. Deletions of as few as two to four nucleotides resulted in a substantial decrease (>80%) in target gene expression. Isolated deletions of the canonical GATA1 binding motif completely abrogated binding of the cofactor TAL1, which binds to a separate motif. Having verified the functionality of these three GATA1 motifs, we demonstrate strong evolutionary conservation of GATA1 motifs in regulatory elements proximal to other genes implicated in erythroid disorders, and show that targeted disruption of such elements results in altered gene expression. By modeling transcription factor binding patterns, we show that multiple transcription factors are associated with erythroid gene expression, and have created predictive maps modeling putative disruptions of their binding sites at key regulatory elements. Our study provides insight into GATA1 transcriptional activity and may prove a useful resource for investigating the pathogenicity of noncoding variants in human erythroid disorders.
Phage on tap-a quick and efficient protocol for the preparation of bacteriophage laboratory stocks

A major limitation with traditional phage preparations is the variability in titer, salts, and bacterial contaminants between successive propagations. Here we introduce the Phage On Tap (PoT) protocol for the quick and efficient preparation of homogenous bacteriophage (phage) stocks. This method produces homogenous, laboratory-scale, high titer (up to 10(10-11) PFU·ml(-1)), endotoxin reduced phage banks that can be used to eliminate the variability between phage propagations and improve the molecular characterizations of phage. The method consists of five major parts, including phage propagation, phage clean up by 0.22 μm filtering and chloroform treatment, phage concentration by ultrafiltration, endotoxin removal, and the preparation and storage of phage banks for continuous laboratory use. From a starting liquid lysate of > 100 mL, the PoT protocol generated a clean, homogenous, laboratory phage bank with a phage recovery efficiency of 85% within just two days. In contrast, the traditional method took upwards of five days to produce a high titer, but lower volume phage stock with a recovery efficiency of only 4%. Phage banks can be further purified for the removal of bacterial endotoxins, reducing endotoxin concentrations by over 3,000-fold while maintaining phage titer. The PoT protocol focused on T-like phages, but is broadly applicable to a variety of phages that can be propagated to sufficient titer, producing homogenous, high titer phage banks that are applicable for molecular and cellular assays.
Badger Behavior at Anthropogenic Water Sources in the Chihuahuan Desert

Abstract Anthropogenic water sources such as tanks and ponds for livestock and troughs for wildlife (guzzlers) have become ubiquitous features of arid landscapes. Many species of wildlife are attracted to guzzlers, but behavior at guzzlers and effects of guzzlers upon wildlife are often poorly understood. I recorded rates of drinking and visitation by American badgers (Taxidea taxus) at guzzlers in the northern Chihuahuan Desert by use of automatic cameras over a 2-year period. Badgers visited guzzlers throughout the year, and visited primarily at night. Badgers averaged 1.87 visits per site-week and drank during only 58% of visits. The rate of visitation and the number of drinking episodes per guzzler per week increased in summer, which, in addition to having higher temperatures, is also mating season for badgers.
Failure Analysis to Reciprocating Conveyor Auto Welding Rod Production Line Transmission Mode

Reciprocating rod conveyor, as a large number of mechanized transportation equipment has a unique structure and approach to accomplish the delivery of the various sequences. It is especially widely used in the body welding assembly line. The paper analyzes the existing failure characteristics, and solves them.
'Vitamin R' and its younger siblings.

No branch of oncology has been more attuned to the vision of new genetically engineered targeted therapies than the field of hematopoietic malignancies. Ujjani and Cheson have produced a masterful summary of one extremely important component of the targeted therapy revolution—the realm of monoclonal antibodies directed against malignant lymphoma surface antigens.[1] The review presents a wonderful update and a glimpse of future potentially curative macromolecular cocktails. It is an attractive vision.
Factors Influencing Students’ Major and Career Selection in Systems Development: An Empirical Study

ABSTRACTSystems development is an academic major in many information systems (IS) programs. Attracting students who are interested in systems development is important to increasing IS enrollment. The purpose of this study aims to empirically investigate which factors influence students’ decisions to select systems development as a major and future career. This research makes three contributions to IS research and education. First, the research findings extend previous research associating outcome expectations and job availability with attitudes toward systems development. IS educators can use these findings to create better recruiting strategies and to improve the IS curriculum. Second, the findings connect academic-major choice with career choice. The findings indicate that attitudes toward systems development and personal innovativeness in IT (PIIT) positively influence students’ intentions to pursue a career as a systems developer. Third, this research paves a foundation for further investigation into ...
Lateral Temperature-Gradient Method for High-Throughput Characterization of Material Processing by Millisecond Laser Annealing

A high-throughput method for characterizing the temperature dependence of material properties following microsecond to millisecond thermal annealing, exploiting the temperature gradients created by a lateral gradient laser spike anneal (lgLSA), is presented. Laser scans generate spatial thermal gradients of up to 5 °C/μm with peak temperatures ranging from ambient to in excess of 1400 °C, limited only by laser power and materials thermal limits. Discrete spatial property measurements across the temperature gradient are then equivalent to independent measurements after varying temperature anneals. Accurate temperature calibrations, essential to quantitative analysis, are critical and methods for both peak temperature and spatial/temporal temperature profile characterization are presented. These include absolute temperature calibrations based on melting and thermal decomposition, and time-resolved profiles measured using platinum thermistors. A variety of spatially resolved measurement probes, ranging from ...
BASCULE syndrome: old wine in new bottles?

Bessis et al1 describe what they believe to be a new syndrome, Bier's Anemic Spots associated with Cyanosis and Urticaria-Like Eruption. In doing so they have provided a nice description and beautiful pictures of orthostatic acrocyanosis (OA).2 They describe four cases, three of whom triggered the eruption after standing and one by mechanical pressure. There was a uniform background cyanosis in which pink macules were scattered. In the centre of some of these pink macules pinpoint to 1-2mm papules are seen. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Axons of sacral preganglionic neurons in the cat: II. Axon collaterals.

Axon collaterals were identified in 21 of 24 preganglionic neurons in the lateral band of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus of the cat. Following the intracellular injection of HRP or neurobiotin the axons from 20 of these neurons were followed and 53 primary axon collaterals were found to originate from unmyelinated segments and from nodes of Ranvier. Detailed mapping done in the five best labeled cells showed bilateral axon collaterals distributions up to 25,000 μm in length with 950 varicosities and unilateral distributions up to 12,561 μm with 491 varicosities. The axon collaterals appeared to be unmyelinated, which was confirmed at EM, and were small in diameter (average 0.3 μm). Varicosities were located mostly in laminae I, V, VII, VIII and X and in the lateral funiculi. Most varicosities were not in contact with visible structures but some were seen in close apposition to Nissl stained somata and proximal dendrites. Varicosities had average minor diameters of 1.3 μm and major diameters of 2.3 μm. Most were boutons en passant while 10–20% were boutons termineaux. EM revealed axodendritic and axoaxonic synapses formed by varicosities and by the axons between varicosities. It is estimated that the most extensive of these axon collaterals systems may contact over 200 spinal neurons in multiple locations. These data lead to the conclusion that sacral preganglionic neurons have multiple functions within the spinal cord in addition to serving their target organ. As most preganglionic neurons in this location innervate the urinary bladder, it is possible that bladder preganglionic neurons have multiple functions.
Airway architect Adam33 in asthma

In asthma, inflammation results in bronchial constriction, mucus hypersecretion, and airway remodeling. This pathology is thought to stem from a collusion of genetic predisposition and environmental factors, such as viruses or allergens, but specific airway molecules that choreograph the interaction between genes and environment remain unidentified. Genetic polymorphisms in ADAM33, a membrane-anchored protease expressed in multiple airway cell types, have been associated in population studies with asthma susceptibility and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Davies et al. explored the pathobiology of this protein and have discovered a link between ADAM33 and allergic inflammation. The authors first found that the expression of enzymatically active ADAM33 was increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with asthma and in mice sensitized and challenged with house dust mite extract, a model of allergic airway inflammation. Interestingly, inducible overexpression of soluble ADAM33 in the airway of both embryonic and adult mice increased lung expression of genes associated with asthmatic airway remodeling. Human fetal lung explants treated with recombinant ADAM33 had similar gene expression changes but not when treated with a recombinant mutant lacking protease activity. Interestingly, ADAM33 overexpression alone did not increase inflammatory genes or cause bronchial hyperresponsiveness. However, the authors found an interaction between ADAM33 and the allergic stimulus: induction of soluble ADAM33 overexpression in the house dust mite model increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness, bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophilia, and lung expression of genes associated with T helper 2 (TH2) inflammation compared with the house dust mite model alone. Furthermore, ADAM33–/– mice in the house dust mite model were protected from airway remodeling and also had decreased bronchial hyperresponsivness, bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophil count, and lung expression of TH2 genes. Of note, airway remodeling could be reversed with cessation of transgene induction, which suggests that inhibition of ADAM33 could reverse airway pathology related to allergic inflammation. Taken together, these studies establish that ADAM33 mediates the airway inflammatory and remodeling effects of allergen and is a potential therapeutic target for asthma. Future studies aiming for clinical translation should devise strategies for inhibition of ADAM33 in vivo and test its role in other models of asthmatic airway inflammation. E. R. Davies et al. , Soluble ADAM33 initiates airway remodeling to promote susceptibility for allergic asthma in early life. JCI Insight 1 , e87632 (2016). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/87632
Carbamazepine - Exacerbated Epilepsy

Reporting from Denver, Colorado, the authors studied 49 children and adolescents whose seizures reportedly worsened during carbamazepine (CBZ) therapy.
Evaluation of Active Living by Design: Implementation Patterns Across Communities

Background Twenty-five cross-sector, multidisciplinary community partnerships received funding through the Active Living by Design (ALbD) national program to design, plan, and implement innovative initiatives to support active living. Purpose This paper examines implementation patterns across ALbD community partnerships related to community characteristics; preparation efforts; and policy, environmental, programmatic, and promotional strategies. Methods Investigators used a mixed-methods, participatory evaluation design, triangulating multiple qualitative and quantitative data sources collected from 2007 to 2009. Configural frequency analysis facilitated detection of variables as well as configurations of variables occurring more (types) or less (anti-types) frequently than patterns expected by chance alone. Results Overall, community partnerships with more preparation activities (assessment, sustainability) implemented a larger number of active living promotions, programs, policy influences, and physical projects, cumulatively (type). Yet, community partnerships working in communities with >40% of the population from a non-Caucasian racial and ethnic background and >40% of the population in poverty implemented fewer active living promotions, programs, policy influences, and physical projects, cumulatively (type). Conclusions The resulting types and anti-types provide insight into patterns across communities that may be ascribed to varying configurations of community contexts, resources, and strategies implemented. Rigorous, systematic examination of the underlying causal structures related to the configurations of community characteristics, preparation efforts, and implementation strategies is needed.
Functional brain connectivity of remembered fatigue or happiness in healthy adults: Use of arterial spin labeling.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Chronic fatiguing illnesses like cancer, multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, or depression are frequently associated with comorbidities including depression, pain, and insomnia, making the study of their neural correlates challenging. To study fatigue without such comorbidities, functional connectivity (FC) analyses were used in healthy individuals to study brain activity during recall of a fatiguing event inside the MRI scanner. A positive mood induction served as control condition. Method: Using SPM8 and the CONN toolbox, FC was tested using seed- and independent component- based (ICA) analyses. Differences in the FC correlations between seed-to-voxel and ICA clusters between conditions were assessed with permutation testing. Results: 17 participants (59% women) achieved mean (SD) in-scanner fatigue VAS ratings of 31.85 (20.61). Positive mood induction resulted in happiness ratings of 46.07 (18.99) VAS. Brain regions where alterations in FC correlated with fatigue include...
Backscattered power anisotropy throughout non-human primate pregnancy

The non-pregnant cervix is composed of layers of pseudo-aligned collagen wrapped circumferentially around the cervical canal. Studies in rodents have shown that this structure disorganizes and breaks down throughout normal pregnancy. There is evidence to suggest that layered, pseudo-aligned collagen fibers in the non-pregnant cervix induce an angle-dependence (anisotropy) in backscattered ultrasound power. We therefore hypothesize that quantification of backscattered power anisotropy can track (ab)normal changes in the cervix collagen structure that precede (pre)term parturition. To test our hypothesis, we longitudinally measured backscattered power anisotropy throughout gestation in the cervix of a non-human primate model.
Some Comments on the Idea of a World University

The argument for the establishment of a world university can be put quite simply. The scholar and the intellectual hold their allegiance to the ideal of full intellectual enquiry and exchange among all men, in all fields of knowledge. National systems of university education limit by their nature the possibility of such enquiry and make demands for allegiance to certain local values and truths which are assumed rather than explored. The lack of opportunity for the continual confrontation of these varieties of truth with each other has meant the consolidation of intellectual blocs which roughly parallel the political blocs now in existence between East and West, North and South. In the case of the African and Asian universities, much of their intellectual and social force is dissipated because of a continuing reliance on forms of organization and content derived from British and European models no longer relevant to post-colonial needs.
Rigid Body Kinematics

In this chapter, we extend our analysis of motion to rigid bodies—i.e., bodies having spatial extent, but which have a fixed shape, unchanged by any forces or torques that might act on them. We develop the kinematical framework needed for describing the complicated translational and rotational motion of a rigid body as it moves through space.
Managing Water Resources for Climate Change Adaptation

Water resources managers have historically led efforts to respond to natural climate variability, shifts in population and resultant demands, and changes in public preferences that influence the value and uses of water. Therefore, the potentially serious effects of climate change (both floods and droughts) forecast by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the General Circulation Models are not expected to result in similar adverse consequences for water resources or management, even in the semi-arid areas of the United States. This conclusion is based on a comprehensive study conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on 10 separate river basins and municipal water supply systems in the United States. No direct linear correlation was found between hydrologic response sensitivity and water management vulnerability; the effects on water resources will depend on the ability of agencies and institutions to address contemporary water resources problems.
Retinoids downregulate both p60 and p80 forms of tumor necrosis factor receptors in human histiocytic lymphoma U-937 cells

Because retinoids are known to modulate the growth and differentiation effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), we investigated the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) on the cell surface expression of TNF receptors in human histiocytic lymphoma U-937 cells. RA decreased the specific binding of 125I-labeled TNF to these cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The maximal decrease occurred when cells were treated with 1 mumol/L RA for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Scatchard analysis of the binding indicated that the decrease by RA was caused by a decrease in receptor number and not by a decrease in affinity. The downmodulation of TNF receptors was also confirmed by covalent receptor-ligand cross-linking studies. Receptor-mediated internalization of the ligand was also found to be decreased on treatment of cells with RA. Northern blot analysis also indicated a decrease in the transcript of the receptor. By using antibodies specific to either the p60 or p80 form of the TNF receptor, we found that both receptors were downregulated by RA. RA treatment also decreased TNF receptors on acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. Other analogues of RA, specifically 9-cis-RA, (E)-4-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl]-benzoic acid (TTNPB), and 3-methyl-TTNPB, which differ in their specificity towards different RA receptors, were also active in downregulating TNF receptors. 3-Methyl-TTNPB, which is more specific for the RXR form of the RA receptor, was found to be most potent. The downregulation of TNF receptors by RA correlated with the downmodulation of the antiproliferative effects of TNF against U-937 cells. Overall, our results indicate that RA downmodulates both the p60 and p80 form of the TNF receptor on cells of myeloid origin, which correlates with the cellular response.
Chemical ecology of Diabroticites

Over the past 30 years there has been an increasing appreciation of the seminal role of phytochemicals in delineating the evolutionary patterns and ecological behavior of phytophagous insects. The first chemical characterization of a plant produced kairomone regulating insect behavior was Howlett’s (1915) demonstration of eugenol methyl ether (methyl eugenol) from lemon grass oil, Cymbopogon nardus, as an extraordinary attractant and feeding stimulant for male oriental fruit fly Dacus dorsalis Hendel. It was not until 44 years later that the first insect sex pheromone, bombykol of the female silkworm moth Bombyx mori (L.) was identified chemically by Butenandt et al. (1959).
Fermi Surfaces by Positron Annihilation in YBa2Cu3Ox

We discuss how Fermi-surface signatures may obtained from 2-D ACAR positron annihilation data. We report 2-D ACAR measurements in both c- and a-axis projections on single crystal YBa2Cu3Ox with oxygen concentration x≈7 (Tc = 93.6 K) and a set of Fermi surfaces are proposed.
2.11 – Four-membered Rings with One Silicon, Germanium, Tin, or Lead Atom

This chapter primarily deals with the chemistry of silacyclobutanes (siletanes), which are the most stable and thoroughly studied of the cyclobutane heterocycles that contain one group 14 heteroatom. Silacyclobutanes and germacyclobutanes are generally prepared by cyclization of 3-halopropylsilyl (or -germyl) halides. Nucleophiles (Lewis bases) induce formation of siletane ‘ate’ complexes that undergo further chemistry. Notably, organolithium species or even alkali metal alkoxides react with siletanes to generate ring-opened organometallic nucleophiles. Popular uses for siletanes include ring-opening polymerization, ring-expansion and insertion reactions, Hiyama couplings and Tamao oxidations triggered by siletane ring opening, and addition reactions to aldehydes (e.g., aldol or allylations) that are designed to take advantage of the inherent ring strain of the siletane. The internal C–Si–C bond angle (ca. 80°) deviates significantly from the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5°, which imparts enhanced Lewis acidity as compared to unstrained organosilanes. Other physical parameters of siletanes, including spectroscopic and thermodynamic values, are compiled herein. This chapter focuses on the literature between 1995 and 2006, during which time the utility of silacyclobutanes in organic synthesis has increased dramatically.
Insider Trading With Stochastic Valuation

This paper studies a model of strategic trading with asymmetric information of an asset whose value follows a Brownian motion. An insider continuously observes a signal that tracks the evolution of the asset fundamental value. At a random time a public announcement reveals the current value of the asset to all the traders. The equilibrium has two regimes separated by an endogenously determined time T. In [0,T), the insider gradually transfers her information to the market and the market's uncertainty about the value of the asset decreases monotonically. By time T all her information is transferred to the market and the price agrees with the market value of the asset. After T, the insider trades large volumes and reveals her information immediately, so market prices track the market value perfectly. Despite this market efficiency, the insider is able to collect strictly positive rents after T.
Evaluation of Patients with Suspected Gastroparesis

There is substantial overlap between the symptoms of gastroparesis and a variety of alternative disorders. These conditions include rumination syndrome, drug-induced gastric emptying delay, cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, and eating disorders, which can be identified based on the history alone. The remaining patients require a diagnostic approach of physical examination, laboratory tests, evaluation with esophagogastroduodenoscopy or contrast radiography, and a test to measure gastric emptying. Symptomatic patients who have normal nutritional status and gastric emptying that is either normal or mildly delayed should be diagnosed with functional dyspepsia, whereas patients with moderate or severe gastric emptying delay are diagnosed with gastroparesis.
The Changing Norms of Gendered News Coverage: Hillary Clinton in the New York Times, 1969–2016

Research on female politicians suggests that women face a double bind. Female politicians must embrace their femininity but not be too feminine, and they must demonstrate masculinity without deviating from gender norms. Hillary Clinton has often struggled with this balance, which has resulted in conflicting and inconsistent portrayals of her in the news. To examine the extent of this coverage, this study provides a longitudinal analysis of Clinton's personal and professional media coverage in the New York Times. A content analysis of news coverage of Clinton from 1969 to 2016 shows that she has largely not been bound to gender labels, gender traits, or mentions of physical appearance. In addition, Clinton was not overly discussed as a novelty or norm challenger. These findings contradict previous literature, demonstrating a potential trend away from using gender as a descriptor for or limitation to female politicians.
Objective measures of sleep and wakefulness in patients with moderate to severe brain injury on an inpatient rehabilitation unit. Pearls and pitfalls of actigraph monitoring.

Background As awareness of disrupted sleep in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases so does interest in finding objective measures of sleep. As a result, many clinicians are turning to actigraphs to monitor sleep in patients with altered consciousness. Actigraphs are accelerometers which have been used in sleep research for over four decades. Objective The purpose of the present study was to determine the best method for scoring actigraphs in a TBI population and to describe the benefits and pitfalls of using actigraphs with patients on a brain injury rehabilitation unit. Methods A retrospective chart review of 43 patients compared three different ways of scoring night time rest periods: autoscoring, manual scoring, and set interval scoring for the sleep parameters of sleep efficiency, wakefulness after sleep onset, and total sleep time. Nursing compliance with using the event marker on the device to set rest period was also analyzed. Results The autoscoring method of determining the rest interval showed an inflation of sleep efficiency. For each sleep parameter compared, the strongest correlations were observed between the manual and set interval scoring methods. Compliance using event markers to set rest interval was low (16.7%). Conclusions Set interval scoring is the most efficient method to determine the rest interval in TBI patients. The use of event markers was an unreliable method to determine rest period.
New developments in fungal virology.

Publisher Summary Although viruses are widely distributed in fungi, their biological significance to their hosts is still poorly understood. A large number of fungal viruses are associated with latent infections of their hosts. With the exception of the killer-immune character in the yeasts, smuts, and hypovirulence in the chestnut blight fungus, fungal properties that can specifically be related to virus infection are not well defined. Mycoviruses are not known to have natural vectors; they are transmitted in nature intracellularly by hyphal anastomosis and heterokaryosis, and are disseminated via spores. Because fungi have a potential for plasmogamy and cytoplasmic exchange during extended periods of their life cycles and because they produce many types of propagules (sexual and asexual spores), often in great profusion, mycoviruses have them accessible to highly efficient means for transmission and spread. It is no surprise, therefore, that fungal viruses are not known to have an extracellular phase to their life cycles. Although extracellular transmission of a few fungal viruses have been demonstrated, using fungal protoplasts, the lack of conventional methods for experimental transmission of these viruses have been, and remains, an obstacle to understanding their biology. The recent application of molecular biological approaches to the study of mycoviral dsRNAs and the improvements in DNA-mediated fungal transformation systems, have allowed a clearer understanding of the molecular biology of mycoviruses to emerge. Considerable progress has been made in elucidating the genome organization and expression strategies of the yeast L-A virus and the unencapsidated RNA virus associated with hypovirulence in the chestnut blight fungus. These recent advances in the biochemical and molecular characterization of the genomes of fungal viruses and associated satellite dsRNAs, as they relate to the biological properties of these viruses and to their interactions with their hosts are the focus of this chapter.
Pervasive Translation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

ABSTRACT ORF boundaries in bacterial genomes have largely been drawn by gene prediction algorithms. These algorithms often fail to predict ORFs with non-canonical features. Recent developments in genome-scale mapping of translation have facilitated the empirical identification of ORFs. Here, we use ribosome profiling approaches to map initiating and elongating ribosomes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thus, we identify over 1,000 novel ORFs, revealing that much of the genome encodes proteins in overlapping reading frames, and/or on both strands. Most of the novel ORFs are short (sORFs), impeding their identification by traditional methods. The strong codon bias that characterizes annotated mycobacterial ORFs is not evident in the aggregate novel sORFs; hence most are unlikely to encode functional proteins. Our data suggest that bacterial transcriptomes are subject to pervasive translation. We speculate that the inefficiency of expressing spurious sORFs may be offset by positive contributions to M. tuberculosis biology through activities of a small subset.
Quantitative Traits and Population Structure: Introduction

The majority of papers in this issue resulted from a symposium entitled "Quantitative Traits and Population Structure," which was organized for the 1989 meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. The purpose of this session was to assess current developments and applications in the analysis of population structure using quantitative traits. Quantitative traits were defined as characters with complex polygenic, developmental, and environmental determination and included the dermatoglyphics, anthropometrics, craniometries, and odontometrics that are within the traditional domain of physical anthropologists. The use of quantitative morphological traits in studies of phenotypic microdifferentiation in human populations has both practical and theoretical benefits. In terms of practicality, morphological measures are often more easily obtained in the isolated populations studied by anthropologists than genetic blood marker data. Numerous theoretical considerations suggest the evolutionary importance of quantitative phenotypic variation. For example, the most important character in Darwinian evolution, fitness, is best considered as a quantitative trait. Additionally, the phenotypic traits of greatest evolutionary importance tend to be polygenically determined (Sokal 1978), with short-term dynamics that are well approximated by the models of classical quantitative genetics (Bulmer 1980; Falconer 1981). Phenotypic variation in quantitative traits has rarely been viewed in an explicit population genetics framework by biological anthropologists (Relethford and Lees 1982). However, in recent years there has been an explosion of theoretical activity promoting population genetic ap-
Active transcytosis and new opportunities for cancer nanomedicine

New evidence suggests that the mechanism of nanoparticle entry into solid tumours may be driven by an active process. This insight paves the way for approaches to enhance the efficiency of nanomedicine delivery by harnessing active transport mechanisms, and encourage researchers to rethink how tumours are treated.
Transient wave propagation in inhomogeneous media with enriched overlapping triangular elements

Abstract We study and use overlapping triangular finite elements enriched by trigonometric functions and implicit time integration to solve transient wave propagations in inhomogeneous media. We show explicitly that the total dispersion error of the calculated solutions can be split into two parts, the spatial error and temporal error. The study of the spatial dispersion error shows the effectiveness of the enriched overlapping finite elements compared to the traditional finite elements and the overlapping finite elements without enrichment. The study of the temporal error of the Bathe time integration scheme shows monotonic convergence to zero with decreasing time step size. The result is that we see monotonic convergence to exact solutions as the mesh of enriched overlapping finite elements is refined and the time step is decreased. We demonstrate the effectiveness of using the proposed scheme in the solution of waves traveling in inhomogeneous media at different speeds, where reflected and transmitted waves are predicted accurately by “simply” using a fine enough mesh and small enough time step.
Swing-Assist for Enhancing Stair Ambulation in a Primarily-Passive Knee Prosthesis

This paper presents the design and implementation of a controller for stair ascent and descent in a primarily-passive stance-controlled swing-assist (SCSA) prosthesis. The prosthesis and controller enable users to perform both step-over and step-to stair ascent and descent. The efficacy of the controller and SCSA prosthesis prototype in providing improved stair ambulation was tested on a unilateral transfemoral amputee in experiments that employed motion capture apparatus to compare joint kinematics with the SCSA prosthesis, relative to performing the same activity with a microprocessor-controlled daily-use passive prosthesis. Results suggest that the SCSA knee significantly decreases compensatory motion during stair activity when compared to the passive prosthesis.
Associations of metals and neurodevelopment: a review of recent evidence on susceptibility factors.

Epidemiologic evidence exists that many metals are associated with adverse neurobehavioral effects in young children, including lead (Pb), methylmercury (meHg), manganese (Mn), and arsenic (As) (Antunes dos Santos et al. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 38:99–107; Tolins et al. Ann Glob Health. 80(4):303–14; Vollet et al. Curr Environ Health Rep. 3(4):392–404; Bellinger Curr Opin Pediatr. 20(2):172–7). Importantly, chemical insult can vary depending on host factors and exposure circumstance. This systematic review summarizes the recent literature investigating modifying factors of the associations between metals and neurodevelopment, including immutable traits (sex or genetics) or exposure conditions (timing or co-exposures). Of the 53 studies included in this review, the number investigating the modification of exposure effects was as follows: 30 for sex, 21 for co-exposures, 12 for timing of exposure, and six for genetic modifiers. Sex-specific effects of metal-neurobehavioral associations were inconclusive for all metals, likely due to the heterogeneity of outcome domains assessed and the exposure time points measured. Seven studies evaluated both sex and exposure timing as modifying factors using deciduous teeth or other biomarkers with repeated measures to characterize metals exposure over time. Only five studies used statistical methods for mixtures to evaluate associations of more than two metals with neurobehavioral domains. Despite the expansion of research on susceptibility to the neurodevelopmental effects of metals exposure, considerable gaps remain. This work remains critical, as characterizing susceptible subpopulations can aid in identifying biological mechanisms and is fundamental for the protection of public health.
Community Work Practice and Client Empowerment Under Conservative Conditions: From Observed Practice to a Theory of Societal Context

The thesis of this paper is that community work can be understood in relation to the larger structure of society. Community work is seen in terms of observations on cases previously reported. These observations suggest a political model of community work. In that model, goals are short term task goals of program development aimed at social problem or disadvantaged groups. The model assumes conflict among groups which can be dealt with politically. Client systems are different than constituent systems in that model, and clients are weak participants in community work. Non-client voluntary associations can nonetheless influence program decisions. These model elements are explained in terms of pluralism and the dominance of business and big government in American society. Pluralism creates the potential for conflict, thus creating a need for political strategy and tactics in community work. Dominance of business and government in program decisions gives programs and their clients relatively low status. This low status makes empowerment of clients unlikely.
Unified ballistic transport relation for anisotropic dispersions and generalized dimensions

The authors propose a method to calculate the quantum statistical and ballistic transport properties of fermions and bosons in generalized dimensions and for anisotropic dispersions.
A Tale of Two Waivers: Waiver of the Jury Waiver Defense Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

There is an extensive amount of academic commentary on the enforceability of pre-dispute contractual jury waivers. My article, entitled A Tale of Two Waivers: Waiver of the Jury Waiver Defense under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, considers a related topic that has not received much scholarly attention: the procedure for raising a jury waiver defense in federal civil litigation. Specifically, I advocate a novel approach that treats a contractual jury waiver defense as an affirmative defense under Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The affirmative defense approach requires a party that desires to strike a jury demand on the basis of a pre-dispute contractual jury waiver to plead the waiver as an affirmative defense and then move to strike the jury demand after discovery has been conducted on the merits of the defense. Under this approach, the waiver issue must be raised early on in the pre-trial litigation process and determined expeditiously by the courts. Under the current approach, a party may raise the jury waiver challenge for the first time on the eve of trial or even during the jury trial itself, which is very problematic. As far as I know, this is the first scholarly piece to advocate a departure from the current approach and my arguments are novel.
Causes and consequences of the late Holocene extinction of the marine flightless duck (Chendytes lawi) in the northeastern Pacific

Abstract The extinction of California’s flightless duck, Chendytes lawi, stands out in the faunal history of North America because it involved a marine animal that disappeared in the late Holocene, not in the terminal Pleistocene when humans arrived from Asia, nor with the more recent entry of Europeans and associated resource exploitation. Here we evaluate the duck’s ecology by combining a stable isotopic evaluation of its feeding niche with records of human predation and climatic variation to evaluate (1) alternative influences on the duck’s extinction and (2) possible ecological consequences of its disappearance. Results indicate that a mid-late Holocene increase in human population density coincided with a decrease in mean sea surface temperatures (SST) and an increase in SST variance, all of which were contemporaneous with the demise of the flightless duck ca. 2500 cal BP. Climate appears to be a main exogenous driver of this extinction event by not only negatively impacting flightless duck food availability, but positively impacting one of the duck’s main predators: humans. Isotopic findings indicate the duck had a unique feeding ecology that overlapped equally with analog species reliant mostly on marine invertebrates (sea otters [Enhydra lutris]) and on fish (harbor seals [Phoca vitulina]). This dietary niche overlap suggests the duck’s extinction could have opened foraging opportunities for harbor seals and sea otters. Otter numbers appear to have increased coincident with the duck’s decline which also correlates with a decrease in size and abundance of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens), one of the otter’s preferred prey. These correlations suggest that new feeding opportunities may have emerged for otters in the face of the duck’s extinction, encouraging an increase in otter populations, which then had negative impacts on abalone that also were targeted by humans. Overall findings suggest the possibility of an unanticipated prehistoric precursor to the historic baseline of this nearshore ecosystem.