cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevention of experimental coronavirus colds with intranasal alpha-2b interferon.

Fifty-five volunteers treated with either intranasal recombinant interferon (rIFN; 2 X 10(6) IU/day) or placebo for 15 days were exposed to coronavirus by direct intranasal inoculation on the eighth day of treatment. Symptom scores were recorded, and cultures of virus were taken daily for all volunteers for seven days after inoculation. Nineteen (73%) of the 26 placebo recipients met symptom-score criteria for a cold, compared with 12 (41%) of the IFN recipients (P = .02). The mean nasal symptom scores in the placebo and IFN groups were 9.2 and 5.4, respectively (P = .03), and the mean total symptom scores in the two groups were 23.2 and 9.4, respectively (P = .003). The mean number of days with a total symptom score greater than 4 was 1.6 in the placebo recipients and 0.5 in the rIFN recipients (P = .02). Prophylactic intranasal rIFN effectively shortened the duration and reduced the severity of coronavirus cold symptoms.
Boundary between pediatric bipolar disorder and Asperger's disorder

Background: In last 10 years, there has been a huge increase in the number of U.S. children diagnosed with pediatric bipolar disorder. Some experts in child and adolescent psychiatry field question whether the surge is real and consider that some children and adolescents may have been misdiagnosed. Methods: This preliminary study investigates the boundary between pediatric bipolar disorder and Asperger's disorder. In 1-year period, there were 12 adolescent inpatients who were diagnosed as having affective/mood disorder prior to being admitted to a university inpatient unit. Their major symptoms leading to their admissions were severe irritability, frequent tantrums with physical aggression and property destruction. These patients would also meet the current diagnostic definition of pediatric bipolar disorder. Results: However, further assessment and evaluation at the inpatient unit, these patients also had history of having symptoms/features of Asperger's disorder [e.g., marked impairment in use of multiple nonverbal behaviors (eye contact, facial expression, body postures, etc.); encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest; lack of social or emotional reciprocity; stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms; apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals; pedantic speech; etc.] Furthermore, these patients had been treated with many different mood stabilizers without any benefit. In fact, their worsening clinical symptoms led to their being admitted to the inpatient unit for further treatment. Conclusions: The findings from this preliminary study raise a question whether many children and adolescents with Asperger's disorder were misdiagnosed as having pediatric bipolar disorder. Such a possibility may be a factor that leads to the current increased rate of pediatric bipolar disorder. This presentation will explore the boundary between Asperger's disorder and pediatric bipolar disorder as well as discuss more effective intervention for children and adolescents who have the similar clinical presentations as those being reported here.
Calculation of residual thermal stress in GaN epitaxial layers grown on technologically important substrates

A detailed investigation of residual thermal stress and misfit strain in GaN epitaxial layers grown on technologically important substrates is performed. The thermal stress is low when GaN is grown on AlN, SiC and Si, and relatively higher when Al2O3 substrate is used. The stress is compressive for AlN and Al2O3 and tensile for Si and SiC substrates. Residual thermal stress analysis was also performed for three layer heterostructures of GaN/AlN/6H-SiC and GaN/AlN/Al2O3. The stress remains the same when a sapphire substrate is used with or without an AlN buffer layer but reduces by an order of magnitude when a 6H-SiC substrate is used with an AlN buffer layer.
Analytic properties of moments matrices

Abstract Associated with each matrix element of the Generalized Moments Expansion, GMX ( n , m ) there is a unique expansion for the ground state energy in terms of the “connected moments” I k of the Hamiltonian. That is, for any set { n , m } a polynomial in the I k 's may be generated to any desired order L, which is dependent upon the highest moment calculated. Here we wish to study the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the GMX matrix itself. Furthermore we investigate the interplay between the set { n , m } and the order L of the matrix in determining which combination { n , m , L } yields the “best” (i.e. most convergent) result for the ground state energy.
Alcohol warnings and warning labels: an examination of alternative alcohol warning messages and perceived effectiveness

Examines consumer perceptions regarding the effectiveness of government‐mandated alcohol warning labels and organizational efforts to promote responsible drinking from the perspective of social judgment theory. Investigates receiver involvement as a predictor of perceived effectiveness for alcohol warnings and warning labels. Finds the relationship between levels of alcohol consumption and perceptions of warning‐label effectiveness to be insignificant; and that health consciousness to be ineffective in predicting perceptions of label effectiveness. However, health consciousness was related to the tendency to read product warning labels. Additionally, examines the source credibility and language intensity of the message for their effects on perceptions of alcohol warning effectiveness. The findings demonstrated that when highly credible sources use intensely worded alcohol warnings, the message is perceived to be more effective than when high‐credibility sources use less intensely worded warnings or when messages are presented by low‐credibility sources.
The concept and treatment of psychological trauma

Despite a large and rapidly expanding literature on psychological trauma, many fundamental questions remain about its basic nature: Is it a psychological problem or a biological one?; Is it a past event somehow stuck in the present or is it something new which has been triggered and shaped by that event?; Does it reside only within the patient or does it live between the patient and other people (including within the therapeutic relationship)? This presentation will review the history of the concept of psychological trauma and explore the theoretical bases for current evidence-based psychotherapies for PTSD, each of which will be shown to describe psychological trauma as a problem in bringing the past and the present together in memory and cognition. These theories primarily differ on the question of whether a traumatic memory becomes pathogenic, because it cannot be biologically processed or because it must be psychologically avoided. Psychoanalytic concepts of transference and countertransference will be shown to be of practical importance regardless of the type of treatment chosen. If researchers and clinicians can build on what they hold in common rather than become divided by their differences, we can improve our ability to understand and alleviate the effects of psychological trauma.
Deviant Behavior Among Swiss Adolescents: The Effects of Sex, Age, and Family Structure

National data suggest that despite decreasing crime trends in the United States, crime rates in Europe are on the rise. The current investigation examined the relationships between sex, age, family structure and health‐compromising behaviors, norm‐violating behaviors, and law breaking behaviors in a sample of N = 4,018 Swiss adolescents. Findings indicated that the three background variables were associated with deviant behavior among Swiss adolescents; specifically, males, late adolescents, and individuals from single‐parent families were at greater risk for deviant behaviors. These results provide some evidence of similarity in the relationships between the study variables and a variety of deviance measures in Swiss youth as previously identified in adolescents from the United States.
Concurrent word generation and motor performance: further evidence for language-motor interaction

Embodied/modality-specific theories of semantic memory propose that sensorimotor representations play an important role in perception and action. A large body of evidence supports the notion that concepts involving human motor action (i.e., semantic-motor representations) are processed in both language and motor regions of the brain. However, most studies have focused on perceptual tasks, leaving unanswered questions about language-motor interaction during production tasks. Thus, we investigated the effects of shared semantic-motor representations on concurrent language and motor production tasks in healthy young adults, manipulating the semantic task (motor-related vs. nonmotor-related words) and the motor task (i.e., standing still and finger-tapping). In Experiment 1 (n = 20), we demonstrated that motor-related word generation was sufficient to affect postural control. In Experiment 2 (n = 40), we demonstrated that motor-related word generation was sufficient to facilitate word generation and finger tapping. We conclude that engaging semantic-motor representations can have a reciprocal influence on motor and language production. Our study provides additional support for functional language-motor interaction, as well as embodied/modality-specific theories.
Stable synapsis of homologous DNA molecules mediated by the Escherichia coli RecA protein involves local exchange of DNA strands.

Escherichia coli RecA protein promotes stable synapsis between a single-stranded DNA and a homologous duplex DNA, resulting in the formation of a complex of RecA with three DNA strands. To gain insight into the molecular interactions responsible for DNA synapsis, the base-pairing status within the synaptic complex was analyzed by using dimethylsulfate and potassium permanganate as probes. The results indicate that the original base pairs in the parental duplex are disrupted; one strand is displaced and the other strand appears to be involved in Watson-Crick base-pairing with the incoming single-stranded DNA. The state of base-pairing thus resembles that of the end products of strand exchange and not a canonical DNA triple helix involving non-Watson-Crick base-pairing. The results also indicate that this local strand exchange can occur without homology at the ends of the DNA substrates (i.e., when axial rotation of the product heteroduplex with respect to the axis of the parental duplex is obstructed). Taken together, these results suggest that exchange of DNA strands mediated by RecA occur at or before the stage of stable DNA synapsis by a process that does not require DNA rotation.
Chondrocyte Survival and Material Properties of Hypothermically Stored Cartilage An Evaluation of Tissue Used for Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation

Background: There is little information available on the material properties of hypothermically stored allograft specimens used to repair osteochondral defects.Purpose: To analyze the effect of hypothermic storage on the material properties of fresh knee specimens over a 60-day interval.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Twelve sheep knee condyles were isolated. The femoral and tibial condyles and the patella were stored in a nutritive medium containing Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium for 1, 8, 15, 29, 45, or 60 days. Total chondrocyte density, chondrocyte viability, matrix proteoglycan content, matrix water content, and matrix dynamic modulus of elasticity were determined.Results: Mean chondrocyte viability decreased significantly over the storage interval: 100% (day 1), 98.2% (day 8), *80.2% (day 15), *80.6% (day 29), *64.6% (day 45), and *51.6% (day 60) (* P< 0.05). Qualitative analysis demonstrated a preponderance of nonviable chondrocytes in the superficial cartilage layer. Signifi...
Arsenic exposure followed by the development of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

A case of documented significant arsenic exposure followed by the development of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is reported. Exposure to arsenic is associated with an increased chance of the subsequent development of a variety of neoplasms. It is possible that dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans may be one such tumor.
GraphML specializations to codify ancestral recombinant graphs.

Software which simulates, infers, or analyzes ancestral recombination graphs (ARGs) faces the problem of communicating them. Existing formats omit information either about the location of recombinations along the chromosome or the position of recombinations relative to the branching topology. We present a specialization of GraphML, an XML-based standard for mathematical graphs, for communication of ARGs. The GraphML type is specialized to contain the node type, time, recombination location, and name. The GraphML type is specialized to contain the ancestral material passed along that edge. This approach, which we call ArgML, retains all information in the original ARG. Due to its use of established formats ArgML can be parsed, checked and displayed by existing software.
Atomic Nitrogen Spectra in the Argon Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)

Nonresonant, low-energy atomic oxygen transitions from high-energy (11 to 16 eV) singlet, triplet, and quintet states are observed in the 2 kW argon inductively coupled plasma (ICP). A table of ICP oxygen lines and relative emission intensities from 2500 to 10 000 A is presented. The degree of molecular dissociation in the ICP is evaluated for several small, highly stable molecules as a function of rf power level over the range of 0.2 to 2.25 kW. Quantitative dissociation is achieved at power levels ≥1.95 kW. The use of these nonresonance O(I) lines for the analytical detection of oxygen is reported. The present detection limit for nonoptimized conditions is 0.5 μg. Considerable improvement is expected in the future. The response is linear, and the precision using a gas sampling loop is 0.5% RSD.
Probability distributions of the induced electric field of the solar wind

[1] The low-frequency induced electric field in the near-Earth interplanetary medium is investigated observationally. These electric field fluctuations are associated with magnetohydrodynamic-scale fluctuations of the magnetic field and plasma velocity. Results of the study, based upon hourly samples with variations computed relative to 4-day means, indicate that the electric field distribution is roughly exponential. More specifically, the electric field distribution is very nearly the one that is obtained from a quasi-normal turbulence model [Milano et al., 2002]. These results may be useful for particle scattering, acceleration, and turbulence.
Internationalism and Science

WHEN in South Africa last year, I tried to understand the politics of that country, turning largely on the differences between the British and the Dutch South Africans. Discussing the relative merits of two great South African leaders, I was told that one stood for the Empire, the other for South Africa, or that one was a practical politician, the other was not. But the substance of the matter seemed to be this, that one was predominantly intellectual, the other predominantly emotional. Now, when crossing the ocean, I much prefer a captain who guides the ship by means of his intellect, to one who does it by his emotions. We can scarcely think otherwise of the ship of State. Yet the emotions are very precious to us all, and to a very great extent we live by and for them.
Electron microscopy of the pathology and chemotherapy of Legionella pneumophila infection in the chick embryo

The ultrastructural pathology induced in organs of chick embryos previously infected with 100 times the yolk sac LD50 of Legionella pneumophila was examined by electron microscopy. Subtle pathological changes were observed three days post-inoculation while more extensive cellular and sub-cellular necrosis occurred at four days post-inoculation. Selected antimicrobial agents were administered three days after infection and evaluated for their ability to reduce or reverse ultrastructural lesions. In this study, ciprofloxacin was the only antibiotic that reversed tissue damage induced in response to infection with L. pneumophila while doxycycline, erythromycin, and rifampicin were also effective, but to a lesser degree. These results demonstrated the superior antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin and further illustrated the efficacy of the fertile hen's egg as a useful in vivo assay system for the evaluation at the ultrastructural level of putative chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of Legionnaires' disease.
Beta D305A mutant of tryptophan synthase shows strongly perturbed allosteric regulation and substrate specificity.

Substrate channeling in the tryptophan synthase bienzyme is regulated by allosteric interactions. Allosteric signals are transmitted via a scaffolding of structural elements that includes a monovalent cation-binding site and salt-bridging interactions between the side chains of βAsp 305, βArg 141, βLys 167, and αAsp 56 that appear to modulate the interconversion between open and closed conformations. βAsp 305 also interacts with the hydroxyl group of the substrate l-Ser in some structures. One possible functional role for βAsp 305 is to ensure the allosteric transmission that triggers the switching of αβ-dimeric units between open and closed conformations of low and high activity. This work shows that substitution of βAsp 305 with Ala (βD305A) decreases the affinity of the β-site for the substrate l-Ser, destabilizes the enzyme-bound α-aminoacrylate, E(A−A), and quinonoid species, E(Q), and changes the nucleophile specificity of the β-reaction. The altered specificity provides a biosynthetic route for new...
Do values placed on cognitive abilities shift with age

Despite age-associated decreases in cognitive and physical abilities, age is not associated with a decrease in ratings of well-being; this phenomenon is termed the ‘paradox of well-being.’ One potential explanation for this paradox may be that older adults place less value on cognitive abilities that have been shown to decrease with age (e.g., memory) and more value on cognitive abilities shown to increase with age (e.g., knowledge). Using online methods, 358 individuals between the ages of 18 and 88 completed a survey assessing the values placed on everyday cognitive abilities, self-ratings for those same abilities, and life satisfaction. Results indicated that there were minimal age-related differences in values placed on everyday cognitive abilities and that values generally did not moderate the relationship between perceptions of cognitive functioning and life satisfaction. Of note, values placed on cognition significantly predicted life satisfaction in younger adults, but not in middle-aged and older...
A new perspective on radiation resistance based on Deinococcus radiodurans

In classical models of radiation toxicity, DNA is the molecule that is most affected by ionizing radiation (IR). However, recent data show that the amount of protein damage caused during irradiation of bacteria is better related to survival than to DNA damage. In this Opinion article, a new model is presented in which proteins are the most important target in the hierarchy of macromolecules affected by IR. A first line of defence against IR in extremely radiation-resistant bacteria might be the accumulation of manganese complexes, which can prevent the production of iron-dependent reactive oxygen species. This would allow an irradiated cell to protect sufficient enzymatic activity needed to repair DNA and survive.
Quantification of collateral blood flow during PTCA by intravascular Doppler.

The assessment of flow velocity using the Doppler guidewire provides a means of investigating both antegrade and retrograde blood flow in the coronary artery distal to obstructive lesions and occluding PTCA balloons. This has yielded unique qualitative and quantitative information regarding coronary collateral blood flow, and the responses of collaterals to pharmacological and haemodynamic perturbations. The current study analysed collateral flow velocity recordings obtained during coronary interventions in 46 patients in our laboratory. The mean collateral peak velocity integral distal to the occluding PTCA balloon was 9 ± 7 units, while antegrade distal coronary peak velocity integral following stenosis relief by PTCA was 27 ± 12 units. Thus, during PTCA balloon occlusion collaterals were able to supply a mean of 30 ± 18% of the flow provided antegrade by successful PTCA. Variability in collateral flow velocity was not accounted for by differences in the PTCA artery assessed, the supply artery, the direction of collateral filling, the severity of coronary stenosis, or the angiographic grade of collaterals, and the magnitude of collateral flow velocity did not correlate with preserved left ventricular regional wall motion. The measurement of collateral flow velocity by intravascular Doppler provides unique and quantitative information regarding the coronary collateral circulation.
Silicon nitride single-polarization optical waveguides on silicon substrates

We present a model for a single polarization optical waveguide structure and demonstrate experimental verification of the model. The optical «waveguide structure involves a silicon nitride film deposited onto an oxidized silicon wafer to form a single mode planar waveguide. We achieve single polarization by choosing layer thicknesses so that the attenuation due to substrate coupling for the TM mode is much larger than that for the TE mode. Calculations are presented defining ranges of design parameters fa- which TM mode attenuation is 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than that for die TE mode. Measured data is presented for which the ratio of TM mode loss to TE mode loss is over 750 for a TE loss of 0.28 dB/cm at a wavelength of 632.8 nm.
The Social Construction of Technology: Structural Considerations

Although scholarship in the social construction of technology (SCOT) has contributed much to illuminating technological development, most work using this theoretical approach is committed to an age...
Premixed flame response to acoustic waves in a porous-walled chamber with surface mass injection

In order to study the internal coupling between flame dynamics and vortico-acoustic waves formed during solid propellant combustion, a numerical simulation of an idealized rocket combustion chamber is carried out. The chamber is modeled as a rectangular enclosure along whose porous walls a laminar mixture of premixed reactants is uniformly injected. The mathematical model is based on the conservation equations in two space dimensions. Full account is taken of variable thermo-physical properties and finite-rate chemical kinetics. Boundary conditions are specified using the method of characteristics that accommodates the transport of entropy, vorticity, and acoustic waves. The governing equations and associated boundary conditions are solved numerically using a preconditioning technique and a dual time-stepping integration procedure. For illustrative purposes, a propane-air mixture is injected through the chamber walls in an effort to emulate the flame evolution inside a solid-propellant rocket motor under laminar conditions. First, detailed flame structures under steady-state conditions are realized. Subsequently, traveling acoustic waves are imposed at the head end. Simulation results indicate that the oscillatory velocity exhibits a multidimensional structure caused by unsteady vorticity, pressure, and flame oscillations. Accordingly, the effects of laminar premixed flame oscillations are limited to a thin region above the burning surface. This region becomes thinner as the frequency of oscillations is increased. The flowfield outside the flame zone bears a striking resemblance to recent analytical solutions obtained in a geometrically similar chamber.
Interconversions of C5H10O+· ions with the oxygen on the first, second and third carbons: Approximately 60 communicating isomers

The structures of the C4H7O+ and C3H6O+· dissociation products from selected C5H10O+· isomers with the oxygen on the first, second and third carbons were determined. The first product is CH3C(OH)CHCH2+ and the second is CH3C(OH+)CH2⋅ and CH3⋅CHCHOH+ in various proportions. These results demonstrate that ions with the oxygen on the first and third carbons isomerize partially to isomers with the oxygen on the second carbon. This and C5H10O+· isomers expected to be accessible to each other suggest that there are traversable pathways between about 60 C5H10O+· isomers, demonstrating how extensive interconversions of aliphatic radical cations can be.
Reachability analysis and modeling of dynamic event networks

A wealth of graph data, from email and telephone graphs to Twitter networks, falls into the category of dynamic "event" networks. Edges in these networks represent brief events, and their analysis leads to multiple interesting and important topics, such as the prediction of road traffic or modeling of communication flow. In this paper, we analyze a novel new dynamic event graph property, the "Dynamic Reachability Set" (DRS), which characterizes reachability within graphs across time. We discover that DRS histograms of multiple real world dynamic event networks follow novel distribution patterns. From these patterns, we introduce a new generative dynamic graph model, DRS-Gen. DRS-Gen captures the dynamic graph properties of connectivity and reachability, as well as generates time values for its edges. To the best of our knowledge, DRS-Gen is the first such model which produces exact time values on edges, allowing us to understand simultaneity across multiple information flows.
Ab initio studies of structural features not easily amenable to experiment: Part 7. Molecular structure and conformational analysis of urea and carbamic acid

The geometries of four conformations of urea (one planar, three non-planar) and of the cis- and trans-forms of carbamic acid were determined by unconstrained ab initio geometry relaxation on the 4-21G level. The structural effects of multiple bonding, internal hydrogen bonding and anomeric orbital interactions are discussed. The results confirm the strong dependence of the primary molecular structure of a system on its conformational state and document the inaccuracy of the existing so called “standard geometries” for organic molecules.
Perturbed Morse oscillator calculations of vibrational effects on quadrupole coupling in alkali halides

Abstract Formulas are obtained for the variation of the quadrupole coupling constant with vibrational state of an ionic diatomic molecule, using the pertubed Morse oscillator formalism. Results are apllied to NaF, KF, RbF, CsF and KCI, and compared with measured values. Systematic discrepancies are noted, which for the alkali fluorides increase with the atomic number of the alkali metal. Possible explanations include a variation of ionicity with vibrational states and a departure from 1/r3 dependencies of the electric field gradient. Calculations of dependencies of eQq on molecular rotation are also presented.
An experimental study of a water droplet impinging on a liquid surface

An experimental study is presented for water droplet impingement on a liquid surface. The impaction process was recorded using a high-speed digital camera at 1,000 frames/s. The initial droplet diameter was fixed at 3.1 mm ± 0.1 mm, and all experiments were performed in atmospheric air. The impact velocity was varied from 0.36 m/s to 2.2 m/s thus varying the impact Weber num- ber from 5.5 to 206. The impacted liquid surface consisted of two fluids, namely water and methoxy-nonafluorobu- tane, C4F9OCH3 (HFE7100). The depth of the water and HFE7100 pool was varied from 2 mm to 25 mm. The collision dynamics of water in the HFE7100 pool was ob- served to be drastically different from that observed for the water droplet impingement on a water pool. The critical impact Weber number for jet breakup was found to be independent of liquid depth. Water-HFE7100 impact resulted in no jet breakup over the range of velocities studied. Therefore, no critical impact Weber number can be defined for water-HFE7100 impact. 1
Functionalization of quantum rods with oligonucleotides for programmable assembly with DNA origami

The DNA-mediated self-assembly of CdSe/CdS quantum rods (QRs) onto DNA origami is described. Two QR types with unique optical emission and high polarization were synthesized, and then functionalized with oligonucleotides (ssDNA) using a novel protection-deprotection approach, which harnessed ssDNA's tailorable rigidity and denaturation temperature to increase DNA coverage by reducing non-specific coordination and wrapping. The QR assembly was programmable, and occurred at two different assembly zones that had capture strands in parallel alignment. QRs with different optical properties were assembled, opening up future studies on orientation dependent QR FRET. The QR-origami conjugates could be purified via gel electrophoresis and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Assembly yields, QR stoichiometry and orientation, as well as energy transfer implications were studied in light of QR distances, origami flexibility, and conditions.
Isotope Shift in the Spectrum of Mercury Hydride

The isotope shift in the HgH spectrum for Hg198H–Hg200H has been measured for 698 lines in the A2Π−X2∑+ system. The variation of the isotope shift with rotational frequency of the line is different for the various branches of a band, and greatly exceeds the variation predicted by the usual rotational and vibrational mass effects alone. This phenomenon is a consequence of the different nuclear volumes of the mercury isotopes. The results are evidence that the total electron probability density at the mercury nucleus increases with rotational frequency at a faster rate for the ground state than for the excited state.
Isologous Oxygen, Sulfur, and Selenium Compounds as Probes of Acetylcholine Receptors

Evidence is presented that while the conformations of acetylcholine and acetylthiolcholine are different, acetylthiolcholine and acetylselenolcholine are structurally and conformationally very similar. Experiments with sulfur and selenium isologs of acetylcholine, choline, and local anesthetics suggest that the active sites of receptors of the electroplax and of electric eel acetylcholinesterase are different, but are compatible with the postulate that acetylcholine receptors of axonal and synaptic excitable membranes are similar.
Decision Tree Induction & Clustering Techniques In SAS Enterprise Miner, SPSS Clementine, And IBM Intelligent Miner A Comparative Analysis

Decision tree induction and Clustering are two of the most prevalent data mining techniques used separately or together in many business applications. Most commercial data mining software tools provide these two techniques but few of them satisfy business needs. There are many criteria and factors to choose the most appropriate software for a particular organization. This paper aims to provide a comparative analysis for three popular data mining software tools, which are SAS® Enterprise Miner, SPSS Clementine, and IBM DB2® Intelligent Miner based on four main criteria, which are performance, functionality, usability, and auxiliary Task Support.
An empirical method for correcting the detector spectral response in energy-resolved CT

Energy-resolving photon-counting detectors have the potential for improved material decomposition compared to dual-kVp approaches. However, material decomposition accuracy is limited by the nonideal spectral response of the detectors. This work proposes an empirical method for correcting the nonideal spectral response, including spectrum-tailing effects. Unlike previous correction methods which relied on synchrotron measurements, the proposed method can be performed on the scanner. The proposed method estimates a spectral-response matrix by performing x-ray projection measurements through a range of known thicknesses of two or more calibration materials. Once estimated, the spectral-response matrix is incorporated into conventional material decomposition algorithms. A simulation study investigated preliminary feasibility of the proposed method. The spectral-response matrix was estimated using simulated projection measurements through PMMA, aluminum, and gadolinium. An energy-resolved acquisition of a thorax phantom with gadolinium in the blood pool was simulated assuming a five-bin detector with realistic spectral response. Energy-bin data was decomposed into Compton, photoelectric, and gadolinium basis projections with and without the proposed correction method. Basis images were reconstructed by filtered backprojection. Results demonstrated that the nonideal spectral response reduced the ability to distinguish gadolinium from materials such as bone, while images reconstructed with the proposed correction method successfully depicted the contrast agent. The proposed correction method reduced errors from 9% to 0.6% in the Compton image, 90% to 0.6% in the photoelectric image and from 40% to 6% in the gadolinium image when using a three-material calibration. Overall, results support feasibility of the proposed spectral-response correction method.
An introduction to migraine pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of migraine is a complicated one. What produces aura, pain, and concurrent neurological symptoms is not completely clear. What we do know, however, is that migraine is a primary neurological disorder with effects throughout the body. In this article, we will review basic physiology of headache, characteristics of migraine, and more specifically, what is currently known about its pathophysiology.
The impact of interruptions on the duration of nursing interventions: a direct observation study in an academic emergency department

Background Interruptions to nursing workload may contribute to procedural failures and clinical errors impacting quality/safety of care, but the impact of interruptions on the duration of these activities has not been closely scrutinised. This study analyses the effect of interruptions to care provided by nurses and clinical technicians on the length of clinical procedures and interventions (excluding the length of the interruption). Methods An observational time study of the effect of interruptions on common nursing interventions in the emergency department (ED) of a large academic medical centre was conducted. This study used direct observations of nurses and clinical technicians while delivering care to patients. Results The average time spent on an uninterrupted intervention was 296.47 s (median:185.15, SD:319.05), while interrupted interventions took 682.02 s (median:589.63, SD:504.59). Controlling for intervention type and other potential confounding factors using multiple linear regression found that interrupted interventions were 121.36 s (95% CI 79.57 to 163.15) longer, a 19 percentage point increase (95% CI 11.31 to 26.89), than an intervention without (excluding the length of the interruption). Family/patient interruptions effected duration the most while staff interruptions affected the intervention time the least. Discussion Our findings are consistent with outcomes of studies in non-healthcare domains, but are contrary to a study of ED physicians, suggesting differential responses to interruptions by physicians and nurses. Future studies on interruptions in healthcare should thus be discipline specific. Though the effect of interruptions on intervention length is only about 2 min, in an ED setting, this can increase patient risks and costs. To better focus efforts to reduce interruptions future research should focus on further separation of interruption type (eg, urgent vs routine or unnecessary).
Analysis and modeling of air-gap and zigzag leakage fluxes in a surface-mounted permanent-magnet Machine

In this paper the magnetic characteristics of surface-mounted permanent-magnet machines are analyzed and modeled. The air-gap and zigzag leakage fluxes are analytically expressed in terms of the magnetic material properties and the motor dimensions. Both factors are essential quantities for the accurate prediction of the flux distribution within the machine and of the machine torque. Therefore, they are desired for the purpose of machine design and optimization. In order to evaluate the validity of the proposed models, the finite-element method (FEM) analysis is used. The results show that the errors between the FEM results and analytical predictions are less than 7% for the nonsaturated tooth flux and less than 17% for the saturated case. Finally, the models are applied to a novel permanent-magnet machine design.
Low-income homeowners and the challenges of home maintenance

Although low-income homeownership has increased in recent years, a critical question remains about the quality of homes purchased by these owners and their ability to provide the needed maintenance and repairs to their homes over the long-term to guarantee safe and healthy environments for the occupants and also realize the many benefits of homeownership. This paper examines the home maintenance needs and challenges of low-income homeowners and how training can help these owners to proactively meet the maintenance needs of their homes. Low-income homeowners and agencies providing home maintenance assistance were surveyed to determine the challenges faced by low-income homeowners in maintaining their houses. Results from the survey showed that while some low-income homeowners’ homes need maintenance, the maintenance has been deferred due to the inability of the low-income homeowners to pay for professional services or self-perform the needed tasks.
The PRIMA system for privilege management, authorization and enforcement in grid environments

Many grid usage scenarios depend on small, dynamic working groups for which the ability to establish transient collaboration with little or no intervention from resource administrators is a key requirement. The system developed, PRIMA, focuses on the issues of management and enforcement of fine-grained privileges. Dynamic account creation and leasing as well as expressive enforcement mechanisms facilitate highly dynamic authorization policies and least privilege access to resources. PRIMA mechanisms enable the use of finegrained access rights, reduce administrative costs to resource providers, enable ad hoc and dynamic collaboration scenarios, and can also be used to provide improved security service to long-lived grid communities while leveraging other work in the grid computing and security domains.
B7-H1-dependent sex-related differences in tumor immunity and immunotherapy responses

CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are immunopathogenic in cancers by impeding tumor-specific immunity. B7-homologue 1 (B7-H1) (CD274) is a cosignaling molecule with pleiotropic effects, including hindering antitumor immunity. In this study, we demonstrate sex-dependent, B7-H1–dependent differences in tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy in a hormone-independent cancer, murine B16 melanoma. Antitumor immunity was better in B7-H1−/− females versus males as a result of reduced regulatory T cell function in the B7-H1−/− females, and clinical response following B7-H1 blockade as tumor immunotherapy was significantly better in wild-type females than in males, owing to greater B7-H1 blockade-mediated reduction of Treg function in females. Wild-type female Tregs expressed significantly lower B7-H1 versus males but were insensitive to estrogen in vitro. Female B7-H1−/− Tregs were exquisitely sensitive to estrogen-mediated functional reduction in vitro, suggesting that B7-H1 effects occur before terminal Treg differentiation. Immune differences were independent of known B7-H1 ligands. Sex-dependent immune differences are seldom considered in designing immune therapy or interpreting immunotherapy treatment results. Our data demonstrate that sex is an important variable in tumor immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy responses through differential Treg function and B7-H1 signaling.
In-field bioassay to investigate the persistence of imazaquin and pyrithiobac

Abstract Pyrithiobac and imazaquin are persistent herbicides used in the midsouthern region of the United States. Certain rotational crops are extremely sensitive to each herbicide. Field studies were established near Brooksville, MS, and St. Joseph, LA, to examine crop injury from the previous year's application of pyrithiobac and imazaquin. In Mississippi, 690 g ai ha−1 of each herbicide was applied as a preplant-incorporated carryover treatment. The subsequent year, pyrithiobac-treated areas were planted with soybean, corn, and grain sorghum. Imazaquin-treated areas were planted with cotton, corn, and grain sorghum. In plots adjacent to the carryover treatment, pyrithiobac or imazaquin was applied at rates ranging from 0 to 173 g ha−1 as in-field bioassay plots. In Louisiana, pyrithiobac was applied at 70 and 240 g ha−1 as a postdirected broadcast layby treatment in cotton. The subsequent spring, pyrithiobac-treated areas were planted to corn. Assay rates of pyrithiobac ranging from 0 to 140 g ha−1 wer...
The Bankart Procedure: An Unrealized Expectation for Long-Term Shoulder Stability: Commentary on an article by Philipp Moroder, MD, et al.: "Open Bankart Repair for the Treatment of Anterior Shoulder Instability without Substantial Osseous Glenoid Defects: Results After a Minimum Follow-up of Twenty Years".

In 1978, Rowe et al.1 popularized the Bankart repair and set the stage for future surgeons to have an expectation for durable stability after the procedure. Sir Blundell Bankart2 was, of course, the father of this procedure, and he would be proud of the efforts of Moroder et al. in their attempt to determine the long-term outcome of the Bankart repair for traumatic anterior shoulder instability. Indeed, the authors are to be congratulated for their effort in analyzing forty of forty-seven individuals who underwent Bankart repair more than twenty years previously. While their methods are well thought out, there are several flaws of which they themselves make note. Moreover, their ultimate findings are not at all unexpected when one considers what we now understand about the outcome of shoulder stabilization procedures. Their follow-up rate of 85% of all patients seems to be quite good; however, I have a real concern that this study is underpowered for a retrospective Level-IV cohort analysis. Moreover, they make the assumption that the computed tomography arthrogram method they used to rule …
An On-Line Engine Roughness Measurement Technique

Technique pour la mesure en ligne de la souplesse de fonctionnement d'un moteur (variation de la vitesse du vilebrequin)
Cell-cell interactions and evolution using evolutionary game theory

Cancers arise from genetic abberations but also consistently display high levels of intra-tumor heterogeneity and evolve according to Darwinian dynamics. This makes evolutionary game theory an ideal tool in which to mathematically capture these cell-cell interactions and in which to investigate how they impact evolutionary dynamics. In this chapter we present some examples of how evolutionary game theory can elucidate cancer evolution.
The Influence of Ultraviolet Light and Carbohydrate Nutrition on Pycnidium Formation in Phyllosticta Antirrhini

Long wave ultraviolet light, peaking at 366 nm, inhibits pycnidium development. The extent of this inhibition is related to: (1) the duration of the ultraviolet light exposure, (2) the intensity of ultraviolet light, (3) the carbohydrate in the substrate, and (4) the concentration of the carbohydrate. At low concentration of the carbohydrate (0.6 g C/liter) inhibition occurred on all the substrates within 15 min. Longer light exposures, up to 40 min, were required to inhibit pycnidia at the high carbohydrate level (6.0 g C/liter). When the ultraviolet light intensity was increased from 100 gW/cm2 to 320 AuW/cm2, shorter exposures inhibited pycnidium formation. Identical dosages of ultraviolet light inhibited pycnidium formation on some substrates but not on others. When cultures were irradiated, inhibition occurred readily on maltose media at both concentrations. Inhibition on other substrates and substrate concentrations generally required exposures of a longer duration.
The Effect of the Postures of the Middle Finger and the Wrist Upon the Movement of the Index Finger: Preliminary Studies

This paper created a preliminary index of the range of motion of the index finger with the effect of the middle digit suspended at minimum and maximum flexion. A follow-up study was performed creating a preliminary index of the range of motion of the fingers on each hand and the effect of the wrist joint suspended at minimum and maximum flexion. The resulting indexes can be used by professionals to study the average limitations, by designers to build better tools, and by researchers to further the fields of anthropometries, biomechanics, and the arts.
Engineered Photochromism in Crystalline Salicylidene Anilines by Facilitating Rotation to Reach the Colored trans-Keto Form

The photochromism of crystalline salicylidene anilines regularly occurs by a volume-conserving bicycle pedal motion that transposes the relative position of the two atoms of the central imine bond while leaving the original salicyladehyde and aniline rings unchanged. Considering the challenges involved in the preparation of packing structures that are conducive to the bicycle pedal process, we tested a design based on a structural strategy that is known to facilitate the rotation of phenyl rings in the solid state, allowing the molecules to be photoreactive. Three salicylidene aniline molecular rotors linked to bulky trityl, tetraphenylmethyl, or pentiptycene stators were prepared and crystallized, and their solid state photochromism was confirmed. In one case, isomorphous crystals of a deuterium labeled deoxo-salicylidene aniline model system were analyzed by solid state 2H NMR to confirm that the corresponding packing structure is conducive to fast rotation in the solid state.
Oxidative stress: a radical view.

Cette revue considere les donnees recentes concernant le stress oxydatif representant l'ensemble des conditions intracellulaire et extracellulaire conduisant a la generation de derives oxygene
Preservation and quality variation of fresh rice noodle by sodium diacetate

Effects of keeping fresh of wet rice noodle with four preservatives(potassium sorbate,sodium dehydroacetate,sodium diacetate and calcium propionate) were studied.The results indicated that sodium diacetate was better than others,adding 0.2 g/kg,without remainings.Variations of sensory quality,physiochemical indexes as well as microorganism index of wet rice noodle during storage were studied.As seen from the result,after adding sodium diacetate,the total mould were significantly declined,the sensory indexes were improved obviously,the moisture content decreased to a certain extent and the acidity increased slightly.
Developing Equivalent Measurement Tools for the Arabic, French and Korean Languages

A crucial methodological consideration in conducting cross-cultural consumer behavior research is creating instruments which provide equivalent measures when translated into the language of the markets under study. This paper reports on an effort to develop a list of nine scale terms commonly used in international market research, to translate the terms into three languages, and to test the measurement equivalence of the translated terms by means of a survey of university students.