cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P031 Are world trade centre responders at increased risk of head and neck cancer

Background Exposure to toxic airborne pollutants incurred in the aftermath of the 9/11 World Trade Centre (WTC) attacks in New York City is associated with adverse health outcomes including increased risk for some cancer sites. A possible excess of head and neck cancer (H&N-Ca) among WTC responders was observed by a physician at Clinic A that monitors WTC responders. We launched an investigation into whether the excess exists, or is the result of surveillance bias. Methods We conducted a chart review of WTC responders attending Clinic A from 2004 through 2014 and identified thirteen patients diagnosed with HN 160–161.9). Two reviewers abstracted demographic, cancer (e.g. site, histology, and stage), WTC exposure, and risk factor information (e.g. smoking, alcohol use). Age-specific standardised incidence rates (SIRs) were calculated using reference rates from the NJ State Cancer Registry (NJSCR). The distributions of cancer stage, laterality, site, and histology of cases were compared to those in the NJSCR. Results All 14 cases were male; the average age was 54.7 years. Most (75%) tumours were identified subsequent to patient complaints. SIRs were elevated among all age groups but were higher and significant in the younger age groups (34–54 years: SIR = 3.98, 95% CI: 1.74, 7.88; 55–74 years: SIR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.64, 2.37). Compared with the NJSCR H&N-Ca tumour characteristics, those of the cases did not differ by histology distribution (p-0.79) but a higher proportion originated from the tonsils and larynx (p = 0.07). Discussion We observed a significant excess of H&N-Ca among young WTC responders. WTC responders are a highly monitored group of workers so these preliminary findings require cautious interpretation. However, our SIR is likely an underestimate because while our cases came from Clinic A, the denominator included all monitored WTC responders, who may attend other clinical sites. The investigation is ongoing.
Zirconium tetraazamacrocycle complexes display extraordinary stability and provide a new strategy for zirconium-89-based radiopharmaceutical development

We report our initial investigations into the use of tetraazamacrocycles as zirconium-89 chelators. We describe the synthesis and complete characterization of several Zr tetraazamacrocycle complexes, and definitively describe the first crystal structure of zirconium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (Zr-DOTA) using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. After evaluating several radioactive analogs, we found that 89Zr-DOTA is superior to 89Zr-DFO, the only 89Zr-complex to be used clinically in 89Zr-radiopharmaceutical applications. Finally, we provide a rationale for the unanticipated and extraordinary stability of these complexes in vitro and in vivo. These results may inform the development of safer and more robust immuno-PET agents for precision medicine applications.
Carbon Storage and Sequestration as Mineral Carbonates

The U.S. Department of Energy has identified mineral sequestration as a promising CO2 sequestration technology option, converting anthropogenic CO2 and magnesium silicates into permanent carbonate minerals. Advantages of a mineral CO2 mitigation scheme include (1) enormous deposits of ultramafic rock such as serpentine [Mg3Si2O5(OH)4] and olivine [(Mg,Fe)2SiO4], exist in nature, providing a large potential capacity for CO2 sequestration, (2) resulting magnesite (MgCO3) product is thermodynamically stable and environmentally benign, and (3) overall process is exothermic with potential to be implemented with acceptable economics. High carbonation efficiencies were attained at elevated temperatures and supercritical CO2 pressures employing magnesium silicate ores. However, unlike olivine, serpentine required an additional high temperature pre-treatment step to drive off hydroxyl groups prior to carbonation. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) identified magnesite as the primary reaction product. Mechanistic aspects of mineral dissolution/magnesium carbonate precipitation were investigated with the aid of scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) of polished cross sections of solid process grains. Alterations to both thermally pre-treated serpentine and natural olivine grains revealed outer surfaces to be noticeably depleted in magnesium in comparison to its inner core. Formation of silica rims on the reaction surfaces may slow further dissolution of magnesium from silicate grains
Conversational Entrainment of Vocal Fry in Young Adult Female American English Speakers

Summary Objective Conversational entrainment, the natural tendency for people to modify their behaviors to more closely match their communication partner, is examined as one possible mechanism modulating the prevalence of vocal fry in the speech of young American women engaged in spoken dialogue. Method Twenty young adult female American English speakers engaged in two spoken dialogue tasks—one with a young adult female American English conversational partner who exhibited substantial vocal fry and one with a young adult female American English conversational partner who exhibited quantifiably less vocal fry. Dialogues were analyzed for proportion of vocal fry, by speaker, and two measures of communicative success (efficiency and enjoyment). Results Participants employed significantly more vocal fry when conversing with the partner who exhibited substantial vocal fry than when conversing with the partner who exhibited quantifiably less vocal fry. Further, greater similarity between communication partners in their use of vocal fry tracked with higher scores of communicative efficiency and communicative enjoyment . Conclusions Conversational entrainment offers a mechanistic framework that may be used to explain, to some degree, the frequency with which vocal fry is employed by young American women engaged in spoken dialogue. Further, young American women who modulated their vocal patterns during dialogue to match those of their conversational partner gained more efficiency and enjoyment from their interactions, demonstrating the cognitive and social benefits of entrainment.
Fracture Behavior and Grain Boundary Sliding During High-Temperature Low-Stress Deformation of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

Low-stress high-temperature tensile-creep behavior of AZ31 Mg alloy was investigated to characterize microstructure evolution, uncover dominant creep mechanism and find a correlation with common creep models. The stress exponent, inverse grain size exponent and activation energy value were evaluated. Cavity nucleation from stress concentration sites, types of fracture surfaces and microstructural evidence of grain migrations were observed in crept samples that are indicative of Rachinger mechanism of grain boundary sliding (GBS). Experimental data reveal a reasonable correlation with Langdon’s model. Further analysis on fracture behavior of this alloy in a wider range of stresses show that they follow Monkman-Grant model in predicting the fracture time.
Multirobot Symbolic Planning under Temporal Uncertainty

Multirobot symbolic planning (MSP) aims at computing plans, each in the form of a sequence of actions, for a team of robots to achieve their individual goals while minimizing overall cost. Solving MSP problems requires modeling limited domain resources (e.g., corridors that allow at most one robot at a time) and the possibility of action synergy (e.g., multiple robots going through a door after a single door-opening action). However, the temporal uncertainty that propagates over actions, such as delays caused by obstacles in navigation actions, makes it challenging to plan for resource sharing and realizing synergy in a team of robots. This paper, for the first time, introduces the problem of MSP under temporal uncertainty (MSPTU). We present a novel, iterative inter-dependent planning (IIDP) algorithm, including two configurations (simple and enhanced), for solving general MSPTU problems. We then focus on multirobot navigation tasks, presenting a full instantiation of IIDP that includes a new algorithm for computing conditional plan cost under temporal uncertainty and a novel shifted-Poisson distribution for accumulating temporal uncertainty over actions. The algorithms have been implemented both in simulation and on real robots. We observed a significant reduction in overall cost compared to baselines in which robots do not communicate or model temporal uncertainty.
The Science and Practice of Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE)

Abstract This article summarizes the metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) growth technique and its use for the growth of compound semiconductor films and devices structures. In the article, we provide a brief historical overview of MOVPE and compare it to other commonly used growth techniques. We also cover fundamental scientific aspects of MOVPE growth, including the details of the growth chemistry, kinetics, and thermodynamics of MOVPE, with particular emphasis on GaAs and GaN growth, as well as the growth of other compound semiconductor materials. Of importance for the fabrication of device structures, we will discuss in depth the role of impurities and dopants in controlling the electronic and optical properties of the grown materials. Lastly, we describe the chemical sources and equipment used for this growth technique and how recent advances in system designs have allowed for increased reactor scale-up to improve manufacturing capability.
Sokolov and Schweizer Reply

Sokolov and Schweizer Reply: The preceding Comment by Ngai, Plazek, and Roland [1] raises a number of questions regarding our proposed idea [2] for understanding the decoupling of chain and segmental relaxation dynamics in polymer melts upon approaching the glass transition. Our responses to the points raised in the Comment are as follows.
Defining the "Critical Elements" for the Most Common Procedures in Spine Surgery: A Consensus of Orthopedic and Neurosurgical Surgeons.

Study Design. Survey. Objective. To define the critical elements of common spine surgeries. Summary of Background Data. Despite significant relevance to the field of spine surgery, the term “critical element” of surgery has not been clearly defined. Every surgical procedure involves numerous steps, each with its own potential for complications and harm to the patient. Despite its crucial role in surgical training, billing, and the ethicality of concurrent surgery, the term “critical element” of surgery has not been defined. Methods. A survey was administered to surgeons associated with AO Spine North America and the Society for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery to determine the critical elements for four common spine procedures: open lumbar laminectomy and fusion, microdiscectomy, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), and posterior cervical laminectomy and fusion. Respondents were asked which steps necessitated their direct supervision. Surgical subspecialty, level of experience, and practice demographics were also recorded. Results. For all applicable procedures, decompression, instrumentation, and fusion were designated as critical elements. Patient positioning and fascial closure were not. Radiographic localization was considered critical for all procedures, except posterior cervical laminectomy and fusion. Exposure was not considered critical for any procedures, except ACDF. Certain substeps of decompression in ACDF and open lumbar laminectomy and fusion were not considered critical. Orthopaedic surgeons considered exposure and fusion in ACDF procedures to be critical whereas neurosurgeons did not. Surgeons operating in private practice considered every step of these common procedures to be critical elements. Conclusion. Decompression, instrumentation, and fusion were considered critical elements of common spine surgeries. There were significant differences in responses according to surgical specialty and practice setting. Future research is necessary to determine the implications of these findings and guide the definition of the “critical portions” of surgery. Conclusion. Level of Evidence: 1
Inclusion and Preschoolers Who Are Typically Developing: The Lived Experience

In this qualitative study, we examined the lived experiences of three typically developing children participating in inclusive preschool programs for children with special needs. Inclusion has been considered a best practice in early childhood programs for many years; however, some may still argue that the benefits for children with disabilities are greater than for those without. Prior research has explored the benefits of inclusion for young children with special needs but has not focused as intentionally on the benefits for young children with typical abilities. In this study, we followed three preschool children with typical development for one school year. Employing an hermeneutical framework, we used observations, interviews with teachers and parents, and artifact reviews to examine how these three children made meaning of their experiences. Findings indicated that all three children made social gains and demonstrated improved perceptions of peer with disabilities after participating in their respective programs. The results suggest that inclusive preschool programs may be viewed as beneficial for all children.
Prostate cancer: Numeracy and understanding of risk reduction of PSA screening.

Preventative use of serum PSA screening is controversial and generally undertaken as a shared decision between doctor and patient. A new study identifies a link between individuals' numeracy, or facility with quantitative concepts, and their understanding of the risk reduction benefits of PSA testing.
A high-voltage-gain DC-DC converter for powering a multi-mode monopropellant-electrospray propulsion system in satellites

This paper introduces a high-voltage-gain dc-dc converter designed to act as a power processing unit for a multi-mode monopropellant-electrospray propulsion system used in satellites. The high-voltage-gain converter is capable of offering a voltage gain ranging from 200 to 350. This converter is made up of two stages: 1). A two-phase interleaved boost stage on the input side and 2). A Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier on the output side. This converter is employed to boost a 15 V battery voltage to 3400 V required for operating the thruster in electrical mode. The theoretical analysis and design procedure of the converter is discussed in detail. Hardware test results supporting the converter operation and analysis are also provided.
Cervical discitis in a neonate: A diagnostic challenge

Discitis is an uncommon disease in children, especially neonates, which may be difficult to diagnose given its often non-specific presenting features. Discitis may be confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging without a biopsy or positive tissue culture. We present a case of discitis in the cervical spine in a neonate, along with the difficulties in obtaining a conclusive diagnosis.
Fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue from crossbred bulls and steers.

Fatty acid composition of total lipid extracts of muscle and adipose samples from crossbred bulls (N = 34) and steers (N = 35) was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Samples of semitendinosus, triceps brachii and longissimus muscle and of subcutaneous and perinephric adipose tissue were excised from the right side of each carcass. In addition, thin-layer chromatography was utilized to obtain phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions from total lipid extracts of semitendinosus and longissimus muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue from 10 bull and steer cohorts (N = 20). The most prominent sex condition effect was in percentage of total poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Bull tissues contained higher (P less than .01) percentages of PUFA than those of steers at all sampling sites. This reflected higher percentages of linoleate (C18:2), linolenate (C18:3) and arachidonate (C20:4) in bull tissues. Most of the PUFA were present as phospholipids in muscle samples. The fatty acid composition of muscle phospholipids was similar regardless of sex condition or muscle sampled. Total lipid extracts of semitendinosus and triceps brachii muscles of both bulls and steers contained from 6 to 10% more unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) compared with M. longissimus. Muscle triacylglycerols contained relatively high percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Semitendinosus and longissimus samples from steers contained higher (P less than .05 and P less than .01, respectively) percentages of total SFA than those from bulls. Steer samples contained slightly higher percentages of palmitic acid (C16:0) compared with bulls at all sampling sites, and this difference was significant for M. longissimus. The fat:lean ratio of muscle tissue is the major factor that determines fatty acid composition.
First and Famous: Criteria and Qualifiers

This chapter explains the selection of research papers that made an impact to the field of neurocritical care. The papers mentioned in this book are all novel observations, techniques, or first clinical trials. The criteria for a credible contribution are further described.
Evaluation of open-source software for use with a clothing virtual try-on system

Virtual try-on (VTO) technology facilitates effective use of improved garment purchasing and design technologies. High return rates for online purchases and adjunct treatment of VTO in the apparel design process, however, indicate less than full adoption. This is attributed to the dominance of expensive commercial VTO systems as opposed to open-source 3D animation software. The MakeHuman and Blender open-source software packages were evaluated. MakeHuman uses a parametric approach to generate 3D avatars for use in animation software. Parameters were mapped from the anthropometric measurements from a subset of the female subjects in the SizeUSA database. The resulting avatars were imported to Blender, a 3D graphics and animation software that contains models for garment modeling. Three different virtual 3D garment generation options were demonstrated: virtual sewing from 2D patterns, direct modeling from the editing of 3D geometry objects or B-surfaces from hand drawn lines on the avatar.
Predicting patients requiring discharge to post-acute care facilities following primary total hip replacement: Does anesthesia type play a role?

Abstract Study objective We sought to develop a predictive model for discharge to post-acute care facilities in patients undergoing unilateral total hip replacement (THR). Furthermore, we sought to determine if the use of neuraxial anesthesia was an important covariate for the predictive model. Design Retrospective observational study. Setting Preoperative care and operating room at a single institution. Patients Patients (n = 960) who underwent an elective primary THR between 2014 and 2016. Interventions No intervention was performed. Measurements We collected variables that were known preoperatively including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), preoperative opioid use, functional status based on metabolic equivalents (METS), preoperative anemia, thrombocytopenia, osteoarthritis and contralateral osteoarthritis grade, anesthesia type, comorbidities and surgical approach. We then performed multivariable logistic regression to develop a predictive model. Main results Female sex, preoperative opioid use, older age, general anesthesia, anemia, hypertension, a psychiatric diagnosis, use of dialysis, metabolic equivalents Conclusions We developed a predictive model for post-acute care facility discharge following THR. The use of neuraxial anesthesia was associated with decreased odds for post-acute care facility discharge.
Modeling adaptive access control policies using answer set programming

Abstract Many of the existing management platforms such as pervasive computing systems implement policies that depend on dynamic operational environment changes. Existing formal approaches for automatically enforcing access control policies are primarily expressed in conventional logic programming, also known as monotonic logics, e.g., First Order Logic (FOL). The major issue with monotonic logics is that they are not devised to invalidate initial believes in the light of further observations. This limitation makes these traditional logical approaches less suitable for modeling and analyzing context-aware access control policies, where exceptional policies are introduced incrementally and adaptively during runtime. The inability to invalidate initial policies when an exception needs to be enforced might result in inconsistencies and violations that need to be resolved manually by human entities. To address the problems with conventional logical approaches and more importantly prevent such inconsistencies, this paper presents a non-monotonic logic-based reasoning scheme for modeling and analyzing adaptive access control policies. In the proposed formalism, unavailable context data and incomplete access control policies can be explicitly expressed. To do so, the paper distinguishes three kinds of policies: default, context-dependent and exception policies. The proposed formalism is based on Answer Set Programming (ASP), a non-monotonic logic programming language that allows elegant representation of unavailability of context data in adaptive systems. We devise non-monotonic policy inference rules such that, when exception policies are defined, they take precedence over default and context-dependent policies automatically. The results of two case studies are reported to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed policy representation scheme compared to the Organizational-Based Access Control (OrBAC) model.
Identifying early diffusion imaging biomarkers of regional white matter injury as indicators of executive function decline following brain radiotherapy: A prospective clinical trial in primary brain tumor patients.

Abstract Background and purpose Executive function (EF) decline is common after brain radiation therapy (RT), yet the etiology is unclear. We analyzed the association between longitudinal changes in frontal lobe white matter microstructure and decline in EF following RT in brain tumor patients on a prospective clinical trial. Materials and methods Diffusion tensor imaging was obtained on 22 patients with brain tumors prior to RT, as well as 3- and 6-months post-RT, in a prospective, observational trial. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD) were calculated within the superficial white matter (SWM) of the anterior cingulate (AC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Measures of cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, and verbal set-shifting were obtained pre- and post-RT. Reliable change indices were calculated to determine significant baseline to 6-month EF changes. Results Decreases in FA and increases in MD were observed in the caudal AC (CAC) at 3-months post-RT. CAC changes were characterized by increased RD bilaterally. From baseline to 6-months post-RT, decreased FA and increased MD and RD of the CAC was associated with decline in verbal set-shifting ability, whereas increased MD in the CAC was associated with a decline in cognitive flexibility. Conclusion White matter underlying the AC may be particularly vulnerable to radiation effects. Early microstructural loss within AC SWM represents an important biomarker for EF decline, and dose reduction in this region may represent a possibility for cognitive preservation for patients receiving radiotherapy.
Size Effects on the Cross-Plane Thermal Conductivity of Transparent Conducting Indium Tin Oxide and Fluorine Tin Oxide Thin Films

Visibly transparent and electrically conductive oxides are attractive for a wide array of applications. Indium tin oxide (ITO) and fluorine tin oxide (FTO) are the subset of the larger transparent conducting oxide family and possess transmittance in the visible spectrum as well as high electrical conductivity. Even though their unique optical and electrical properties have been thoroughly examined, the thermal transport properties, namely, thermal conductivity in the cross-plane direction, have received much less attention. In this paper, using a series of ITO and FTO thin films comprising a range of thicknesses and grain sizes, we characterize the cross-plane thermal conductivity using time-domain thermoreflectance. We determine the heat capacity of the FTO films from simultaneous measurements of volumetric heat capacity and thermal conductivity on an ~396-nm-thick FTO film. We show that the size effects have a considerable influence on the thermal conductivity from both the perspective of grain boundary and thin film scattering.
Bone and Kidney

Abstract Chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder is a systemic disorder with (1) abnormalities in biochemical levels of mineral metabolism hormones and ions, (2) abnormalities in bone linear growth, fragility, or renal osteodystrophy, and (3) extraskeletal calcification. The gold standard for the diagnosis of renal osteodystrophy is a bone biopsy, with histomorphometry used to categorize bone by turnover, mineralization, and volume.
Visible and Near Infrared Absorption Coefficients of Kaolinite and Related Clays.

Abstract : TRA, Kaolinite, ReflectanceHalloysite, DickiteClay minerals, by their very nature, are always composed of aggregates of fine particles, a situation which makes conventional transmission spectroscopy and application of the Bouguer-Lambert law difficult, because of the intense scattering of light in the sample. For this reason only qualitative information about the absorption spectra of such minerals is available. Although such spectra are very useful in studies of the structure of minerals, more quantitative absorption information is needed to assess the effect of clay particles on the propagation of light. This work is intended to provide a quantitative estimate of the absorption coefficient of kaolinite clays by application of a method based on the Kubelka-Munk theory of diffuse reflectance.
Genetic dissection of the source-sink relationship affecting fecundity and yield in rice (shape Oryza sativa L.)

The genetic basis underlying the relationship between the source leaves (the top two leaves) and the sink capacity in rice was investigated in a replicated trial of 2418 F2 derived F4 progeny from an inter-subspecific cross between cv. Lemont (japonica) and cv. Teqing (indica) and a complete linkage map with 115 well distributed RFLP markers. Path analysis indicated that 50% of the phenotypic variation in the primary sink capacity-grain weight per panicle was attributable to variation of the flag leaf area. Thirteen QTL and 30 pairs of epistatic loci were identified, which influence the length, width and area of the source leaves and the size of the primary sink (panicles) panicle length, floret density and floret number per panicle. Two QTL (QLl3b and QLw4) and 7 pairs of epistatic loci are largely responsible for the observed relationship between the source leaves and the sink capacity. The others appear to primarily influence the shape of the source leaves or panicle length/branching, and contribute little to the observed source-sink relationship and partially explain the yield component compensation. Our results suggest that important QTL affecting the source leaves can be manipulated through marker-assisted selection to increase sink capacity, which might result in improved yield potential in rice.
The Impact of Laban Movement Analysis on Dentistry

A summer internship at my father’s pediatric dental office allowed an opportunity for me to connect my dance knowledge with a respected health profession. In observation, the dental practitioners’ limited, static movements were hindering the overall performance of their work. With the concepts of the Bartenieff Fundamentals and BESS (body, effort, shape, and space), I created an exercise regimen specifically designed to target the working muscles of dental practitioners. An allocation of 2-3 minutes of breath exercises and various stretches prior to patient care will warm-up the working muscles. The integration of specific breathing activates the peripheral nervous system and could resolve injuries, such as back pain (Valachi, 2018). Chairside stretches performed during any dental procedure will alleviate pain, reverse the operator posture, and target tight muscles (Valachi, 2018). Implementing various strength exercises with the utilization of a TheraBand after patient care will also aid in injury prevention and help in “maintaining optimal postures in prolonged, static postures” (Valachi, 2018). As a result, a consistent practice of this exercise regimen will assist in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, allowing for dental practitioners to produce happy, healthy, and meaningful work.
Author Correction: Dad and Mom Bods? Inferences of Parenting Ability from Bodily Cues

The original version of this article contained an error in how the results of a prior research study were reported.
Teaching Children with Low Vision

The partially sighted children who took part in this experiment had, up to this point, been educated as though they had no vision. This experiment indicated that in a specialized, short-term settin...
Beyond Behavior: Linguistic Evidence of Cultural Variation in Parental Ethnotheories of Children's Prosocial Helping

This study examined linguistic patterns in mothers' reports about their toddlers' involvement in everyday household work, as a way to understand the parental ethnotheories that may guide children's prosocial helping and development. Mothers from two cultural groups - US Mexican-heritage families with backgrounds in indigenous American communities and middle-class European-American families - were interviewed regarding how their 2- to 3-year-old toddler gets involved in help with everyday household work. The study's analytic focus was the linguistic form of mothers' responses to interview questions asking about the child's efforts to help with a variety of everyday household work tasks. Results showed that mothers responded with linguistic patterns that were indicative of ethnotheoretical assumptions regarding children's agency and children's prosocial intentions, with notable contrasts between the two cultural groups. Nearly all US Mexican-heritage mothers reported children's contributions and participation using linguistic forms that centered children's agency and prosocial initiative, which corresponds with extensive evidence suggesting the centrality of both children's autonomy and supportive prosocial expectations in how children's helpfulness is socialized in this and similar cultural communities. By contrast, middle-class European-American mothers frequently responded to questions about their child's efforts to help with linguistic forms that "pivoted" to either the mother as the focal agent in the child's prosocial engagement or to reframing the child's involvement to emphasize non-help activities. Correspondence between cultural differences in the linguistic findings and existing literature on socialization of children's prosocial helping is discussed. Also discussed is the analytic approach of the study, uncommon in developmental psychology research, and the significance of the linguistic findings for understanding parental ethnotheories in each community.
Introductory lecture: when the density of the noninteracting reference system is not the density of the physical system in density functional theory

A major challenge in density functional theory (DFT) is the development of density functional approximations (DFAs) to overcome errors in existing DFAs, leading to more complex functionals. For such functionals, we consider roles of the noninteracting reference systems. The electron density of the Kohn-Sham (KS) reference with a local potential has been traditionally defined as being equal to the electron density of the physical system. This key idea has been applied in two ways: the inverse calculation of such a local KS potential for the reference from a given density and the direct calculation of density and energy based on given DFAs. By construction, the inverse calculation can yield a KS reference with the density equal to the input density of the physical system. In application of DFT, however, it is the direct calculation of density and energy from a DFA that plays a central role. For direct calculations, we find that the self-consistent density of the KS reference defined by the optimized effective potential (OEP), is not the density of the physical system, when the DFA is dependent on the external potential. This inequality holds also for the density of generalized KS (GKS) or generalized OEP reference, which allows a nonlocal potential, when the DFA is dependent on the external potential. Instead, the density of the physical system, consistent with a given DFA, is given by the linear response of the total energy with respect to the variation of the external potential. This is a paradigm shift in DFT on the use of noninteracting references: the noninteracting KS or GKS references represent the explicit computational variables for energy minimization, but not the density of the physical system for external potential-dependent DFAs. We develop the expressions for the electron density so defined through the linear response for general DFAs, demonstrate the results for orbital functionals and for many-body perturbation theory within the second-order and the random-phase approximation, and explore the connections to developments in DFT.
Automatic Optic Nerve Sheath Measurement in Point-of-Care Ultrasound.

Intracranial hypertension associated with traumatic brain injury is a life-threatening condition which requires immediate diagnosis and treatment. The measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), using ultrasonography, has been shown to be a promising, non-invasive predictor of intracranial pressure (ICP). Unfortunately, the reproducibility and accuracy of this measure depends on the expertise of the sonologist- a requirement that limits the broad application of ONSD. Previous work on ONSD measurement has focused on computer-automated annotation of expert-acquired ultrasound taken in a clinical setting. Here, we present a system using a handheld point-of-care ultrasound probe whereby the ONSD is automatically measured without requiring an expert sonographer to acquire the images. We report our results on videos from ocular phantoms with varying ONSDs. We show that our approach accurately measures the ONSD despite the lack of an observer keeping the ONSD in focus or in frame.
Scenario-Based, Interactive Infection Prevention and Control and Bloodborne Pathogen Education

Background: Infection prevention and control (IPAC) and bloodborne pathogen (BBP) education are required for all healthcare workers at least annually by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and The Joint Commission. An inventory in 2016 at a large health system with >60,000 employees identified 46 different training modules used to fulfill this regulatory mandate. Objective: Using quality improvement tools and management, we sought to reduce duplication of effort, to enhance education, and to improve employee engagement. Methods: A multidisciplinary team that included IPAC, physician, nursing, educational designn and occupational safety was formed. The team reviewed regulatory standards, cross checked site-specific practices, and identified gaps in the current training structure. The goal was to create a module with multiple pathways that tailored regulatory content and delivery to the employee’s job responsibilities (Figs. 1 and 2). Results: The 46 individual training modules were replaced with 1 module that averaged 24.46 minutes to complete. Branching was incorporated that customized education to the employee’s role. The employee completion rate was 99% (n = 61,456). The scenario-based interactive approach engaged learners by challenging them to respond to real-life activities tailored to their level of risk. Most responders (87.4%) rated the learning activity as “good” or “excellent,” and 92.4% of responders agreed or strongly agreed that the activities in the course aided their learning. Conclusions: We leveraged adult learning principles and industry-proven instructional design activities to deliver interactive and relevant infection control training that met regulatory requirements and engaged employees through action-driven tasks. In 2018, the work group created fast paths for employees who had previously completed this module whereby they could revisit the original content and/or focus only on updates and targeted areas of interest. A pathway for laboratory workers involved in specimen handling and processing is planned next. Funding: None Disclosures: None
Evaluation of factors driving cost variation for distal humerus open reduction internal fixation.

Background Distal humerus fracture open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) represents a substantial cost burden to the health care system. The purpose of this study was to describe surgical encounter cost variation for distal humerus ORIF, and to determine demographic-, injury-, and treatment-specific factors that influence cost. Methods We retrospectively identified adult patients (≥18 years) treated for isolated distal humerus fractures between July 2014 and July 2019 at a single tertiary academic referral center. For each case, surgical encounter total direct costs (SETDCs) were obtained via our institution's information technology value tools, which prospectively record granular direct cost data for every health care encounter. Costs were converted to 2019 dollars using the personal consumption expenditure indices for health and summarized with descriptive statistics. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used to identify factors influencing SETDC. Results Surgical costs varied widely for the 47 included patients, with a standard deviation (SD) of 33% and interquartile range of 76%-124% relative to the mean SETDC. Implant and facility costs were responsible for 46.2% and 32.6% of the SETDC, respectively. Implant costs also varied considerably, with an SD of 21% and range from 13%-36% relative to the mean SETDC. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that SETDC increased 24% (P .05 for each factor). Conclusion Substantial variations in surgical encounter total direct costs for distal humerus ORIF exist, as do wide variations in associated implant costs that comprise nearly half of the entire surgical cost. Performing an olecranon osteotomy, and increased surgical time, significantly increased surgical costs. Although use of an olecranon osteotomy may not be a completely controllable factor as it is confounded by fracture severity and operative time, this may suggest that surgeons should try to use an olecranon osteotomy judiciously. Although complexity of the fracture pattern was statistically insignificant, it is confounded by the need for an olecranon osteotomy and increased surgical time and likely is a clinically relevant and nonmodifiable driver of surgical cost. These findings highlight opportunities to reduce cost variation, and potentially improve the value of care, for distal humerus ORIF patients.
Structural Insights into the Distinct Solid-State Properties and Interconversion of Celecoxib N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Solvates

In an effort to develop a tablet product of celecoxib by overcoming its poor physicochemical properties using a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, we isolated two stoichiometric N-Methyl-2-Pyrrol...
Post-Quantum Hardware Security

This chapter concerns how the evolution of quantum technology could influence the field of hardware security. Besides this question, the impact of hardware security on the quantum systems, and in particular, quantum cryptosystems, is discussed in detail. This impact goes beyond the direct effect of quantum computers on the security of cryptosystems since it also encompasses the risk imposed by physical attacks known in the classic world. In this respect, the main message conveyed by this chapter is that post-quantum cryptosystems can suffer from not only quantum-enhanced attacks, but also classic physical attacks; hence, in their design, it is crucial to revisit the adversary models and design flows.
Quantification of Interfraction Gastric Motion by Daily Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Implications for Radiation Treatment Planning.

Purpose/Objective(s) Accurate radiation therapy targeting for stomach cancer is challenging given daily variations in the stomach's size and position. We evaluated daily MR-based imaging to quantify changes in stomach volume and characterized the impact of inter-fractional variation on dosimetry for gastric cancer radiation plans. Materials/Methods We assessed inter-fraction changes in the volume and position of the stomach via MR-based imaging for 10 patients who previously underwent abdominal stereotactic body radiation therapy. All patients were simulated and treated over 5 fractions and were instructed to fast for 3 hours before each session. The stomach and regional organs-at-risk (OARs) were contoured on each fraction's MR scan according to standard RTOG guidelines. Inter-fraction variation in the size and position of the stomach was quantified by calculating the percentage volume change and dice similarity coefficient (DSC) as compared to the simulation scan. To determine the potential impact of inter-fraction stomach motion on treatment planning, we generated mock plans to recapitulate neoadjuvant or definitive stomach cancer treatments. For the purpose of this study, the stomach contour was symmetrically expanded by 1.7 cm to generate a planning treatment volume (PTV) and a prescription dose of 45 Gy in 1.8 Gy fractions was applied. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy plans were then generated to meet the following dosimetric goals: PTV V95% of 95%, liver V30 less than 30%, and bilateral kidney V20 less than 20%. Finally, the impact of gastric variation on these dose metrics was assessed. Results Despite standard daily preparation and set up procedures, we observed significant variability in the size and location of the stomach between fractions. The mean absolute daily change in gastric volume compared to the planning MRI was 19.1% (total range: -42.0% to 58.4%). The average stomach DSC was 0.69 (range: 0.40 to 0.86). Given this degree of variability, mock gastric cancer treatment plans displayed suboptimal dose metrics. The average PTV V45 was 81.5% (range: 58.8% to 99.2%. 95% CI: 78.8% to 84.2%). Average liver V30 values were 12.7% (range: 3.5% to 20.1%. 95% CI: 11.7% to 13.9%) and bilateral kidney V20 values were 12.3% (range: 0.5% to 31.3%. 95% CI: 9.2% to 15.3%). Target metrics were highly correlated with the percent change in stomach volume—a 10% increase in stomach volume was associated with a 2.4% decrease in the V45 (P Conclusion We observed significant inter-fraction variability in the dimensions of the stomach using daily MRI-based imaging, leading to dosimetrically inferior mock gastric cancer treatment plans. Our study suggests that larger PTV margins may be necessary for conventional stomach plans, which would come at the expense of greater OAR exposure. Alternatively, MRI-based image guidance and daily adaptive treatments may improve the therapeutic window of radiation therapy for gastric tumors.
Calculated and measured outdoor UV doses

The ultraviolet (UV) radiation dose received by a sample is often the determining factor in its outdoor weathering lifetime. However, little relevant data exist for UV doses except for certain standard locations and orientations such as for the commercial test sites in Florida and Arizona. We have modified a computer program by Jokela based on other atmospheric radiation models in the literature to calculate UV doses for any latitude and orientation relative to standard exposure in Florida and have used the fraction of sunshine data for various sites that are readily available from meteorlogical compendia to correct for cloudiness. The usefulness of the calculations have been substantiated by examining the amount of yellowing in unstabilized polycarbonate films exposed at several orientations at six sites in the northern hemisphere. The calculations and doses inferred from the yellowing data are in generally good agreement, although there is increased error in highly cloudy regions and for the northerly exposures.
Criminal Courts and Tribunals

The Trial Chamber of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon granted the Prosecution’s motion to join the case against Hassan Habib Merhi with the case against Salim Ayyash, Mustafa Badreddine, Assad Sabra, and Hussein Oneissi (Ayyash et al.) on February 11, 2014. The Prosecutor indicted the five defendants for their alleged roles in the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri on February 14, 2005. The car-bomb assassination in the center of Beirut, Lebanon, killed twenty-two people, including Hariri. Although international investigations into the terrorist attack have led to several indictments, none of the defendants have been apprehended; Ayyash et al. and Merhi are being tried in absentia.
The torsional potential for phosphate diesters: The effect of geometry optimization in CNDO and ab initio molecular orbital calculations

CNDO and ab initio calculations on the dimethyl phosphate monoanion demonstrate that geometry optimization can dramatically alter the relative energies of the conformational isomers of the phosphate ester. Thus, with geometry optimization (particularly of the diester RO-P-OR bond angle) the energy differences between the gauche-gauche, gauche-trans, and trans-trans conformations is less than 1 kcal/mol rather than approximately 7 kcal/mol previously reported. A torsional energy map for the two ester torsional angles which includes ester bond angle optimization is presented. Ab initio (STO-3G level) and CNDO calculations confirm the strong coupling of the diester RO-P-OR bond angle to the torsional conformation.
The evolution of evolutionary engines

Evolution is based on a complex and intertwined interplay between generation of new variants and their selection by competition in the environment. Much research has established that the generation of evolutionary diversity is not a passive process that just “occurs” to organisms: rather, a fluid and active set of strategies is in place so that living beings control the ways in which diversity is generated. We describe some of the consequences for our current views of evolu- tionary theory and survey how the understanding of the field is changing.
Correlated-k-based method for fast generation of bandpass radiance and transmittance look-up-tables

The ability to rapidly calculate at-sensor radiance over a large number of lines of sight (LOSs) is critical for scene simulations, which are increasingly used for sensor design, performance evaluation, and data analysis. We have recently demonstrated a new radiation transport (RT) capability that combines an efficient multiple-LOS multiple scattering algorithm with a broad-bandpass correlated- k methodology called k URT-MS. The multiple-LOS capability is based on DISORT and exploits the existing MODTRAN-DISORT interface. k URT-MS is a new sensor-specific correlated- k ( c-k ) ultra-fast radiative transfer formalism for UV-visible to LWIR wavelengths that is derived from MODTRAN's correlated- k parameters. Scattering parameters, blackbody and solar functions are cast as compact k -dependent source terms and used in the radiance computations. Preliminary transmittance results are within 2% of MODTRAN with a two-orders-of-magnitude computational savings. Preliminary radiance computations in the visible spectrum are within a few percent of MODTRAN results, but with orders of magnitude speed up over comparable MODTRAN runs. This new RT capability has potential applications for hyperspectral scene simulations as well as target acquisition algorithms for near earth scenarios.