cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leverage application on Gartland type IV supracondylar humeral fracture in children

Although the most complex management of Gartland type IV supracondylar humeral fracture (SCHF) due to instability, the gold standard of initial treatment remains closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. However, open reduction was inevitable in most published studies. This study reports the outcome of treatment by leverage-assisted closed reduction. Twenty-seven patients were diagnosed as Gartland type IV SCHF during surgery in 214 preoperative Gartland type III fractures. Leverage-assisted reduction with percutaneous lateral pinning was done in these patients after failure of close reduction. Evaluations were performed with radiographic examination, clinical assessment and Flynn’s criteria by interview and physical examination. All 27 patients obtained acceptable reduction by leverage-assisted close reduction and percutaneous pinning. The average follow-up was 23.6 (18–30 months). There was no neurovascular complication, infection, nonunion, myositis ossificans or Volkmann’s contracture. Evaluation of Baumann’s angle was towards varus (74–74.2°). There was no significant difference (p = 0.1876). Flynn’s criteria were excellent in 22 (81.5 %) patients, good in four (14.8 %) and fair in one (3.7 %). The rate of excellent and good outcome was 96.3 % and of satisfactory 100 %. We recommend leverage-assisted closed reduction as an option before open reduction in type IV SCHF, not only for gold standard management but also because of satisfactory outcomes and the low incidence of major complications.
Houses of Experiment: Making Space for Science in Republican China

This essay explores the scientific lives of two Republican-period institutions: the Henry Lester Institute of Medical Research, based in Shanghai; and the Chongqing No. 3 Children’s Home. Despite their differences, these two spaces sheltered and nurtured scientific experimentation and functioned as heterotopic sites that controlled who could produce scientific knowledge and which kinds of scientific objects could become visible. By examining closely the research work of Bernard E. Read, Stephen M. K. Hu, and the team of nutrition scientists from National Jiangsu Medical College, this article argues that how space became hospitable for scientific experiment and how science refashioned space were mutually constitutive processes. This process of coproduction was critical to and, at times, contested through expressions of expertise.
Control and Conformity

Social markers of identity, such as race, sex, gender, social class, and religion, are built on the backs of ideological norms of supremacy and dominance. Individually and collectively, these social markers of identity work to dichotomize society into a state of apartheid. Rather than affording all individuals the constitutional rights to humanity, policy and practice function under the guise of controlled governance and institutionalized dominance.
The use of a food based social network site in culinary education

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on September 14, 2012).
Gender- and androgen-related impact on the expression of proto-oncogenes and apoptotic factors in lacrimal and salivary glands of mouse models of Sjögren's syndrome.

Sjogren’s syndrome, a complex autoimmune disorder that occurs almost exclusively in females, is one of the leading causes of aqueous tear deficiency throughout the world.1 This disease is associated with an extensive lymphocyte accumulation in the lacrimal gland, a destruction and/or dysfunction of epithelial cells, a significant decline in tear secretion and consequent dry eye.2,3 The precise etiology of Sjogren’s syndrome is unknown, but the progression of this disease has been linked to the action of sex steroids,3–5 as well as to the inappropriate expression of cytokines, proto-oncogenes and other apoptotic factors related to programmed cell death.3,6–13
Cerium oxide nanoparticles: a ‘radical’ approach to neurodegenerative disease treatment

Despite advances in understanding the factors that cause many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), no current therapies have yielded significant results. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) have recently emerged as therapeutics for the treatment of NDs due to their antioxidant properties. This report summarizes the recent findings regarding CeONPs in treatment of various NDs, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Interest in CeONPs as a potential nanomedicine for NDs has increased due to: their ability to alter signaling pathways, small diameter allowing passage through the blood–brain barrier and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Due to these properties, CeONPs could eventually revolutionize existing treatments for NDs.
Sisyphus Meets Icarus: The Jurisdictional and Comity Limits of Post-Satisfaction Anti-Foreign-Suit Injunctions

This Note addresses an emerging conflict concerning federal subject matter jurisdiction and international comity: can and should federal courts issue post-satisfaction anti-foreign-suit injunctions? The Eighth Circuit has held that a federal court no longer possesses subject matter jurisdiction to grant anti-suit injunctions after a party has satisfied judgment. The Eighth Circuit also held that a post-satisfaction anti-foreign-suit injunction would be inconsistent with international comity. In contrast, the Second Circuit has held that a federal court possesses continuing subject matter jurisdiction to grant anti-foreign-suit injunctions after the satisfaction of judgment and that such an injunction does not violate international comity. This Note argues that, as a general matter, federal courts no longer possess subject matter jurisdiction to grant anti-suit injunctions after the satisfaction of judgment. It also contends that post-satisfaction antiforeign-suit injunctions are ordinarily inconsistent with international comity and concludes that the President and Congress, not the courts, are better equipped to resolve legal disputes implicating United States foreign relations.
Transcatheter Mustard Revision Using Endovascular Graft Prostheses

We describe the use of percutaneously inserted, transcatheter endovascular graft prostheses to exclude large Mustard baffle leaks in a high-surgical-risk patient. We used 3-dimensional–printed models to determine feasibility and to plan the procedure. Telescoping thoracic and abdominal graft extensions were placed in the inferior and superior limbs of the systemic venous pathways. An atrial septal defect occluder device was also used to close a separate leak not covered by the endovascular graft prostheses. This approach may be useful in patients with complex, large intraatrial baffles that require repair of baffle leaks not amenable to device closure.
A Model of First Amendment Decisionmaking at a Divided Court

On First Amendment issues, today’s Supreme Court is arguably the most protective in the institution’s history. But the apparent libertarian consensus masks a surprisingly deep disagreement about the manner in which First Amendment decisions should be made. The Court’s Republican justices prefer an austere, formal approach in which logical conclusions are pursued to the farthest reach. The Court’s Democratic justices, on the other hand, would follow a more complex, contextual approach in which rules and standards are often custom-tailored to narrow factual domains. This Article models that divide. I demonstrate that the Court’s First Amendment case law over the past three decades has conformed to a small set of unspoken rules that I call “the four tenets.” These four tenets have defined First Amendment doctrine for nearly thirty years, and they are today so deeply ingrained that we barely notice them. Yet they do not represent a consensus position. Instead, the Court’s four Democratic justices stand prepared to break with the four tenets, and President Trump’s nominee could well supply the fifth vote. If that occurs, it will mean the end of an era in First Amendment law and the beginning of a new one.
Rate of intrapartum cesarean section and related factors in older nulliparous women at term.

Aim The aim of this study was to determine the effect of maternal age on emergency cesarean section (CS) during labor, and to identify the independent risk factors for emergency CS. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study using data from 2009 to 2014 from a tertiary perinatal care center in Japan. Inclusion criteria were maternal age ≥ 35 years, nulliparous singleton pregnancy at term and a cephalic presentation without indication of elective CS at onset of labor. The primary outcome was rate of emergency CS, while independent risk factors were elucidated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Of 953 women, 199 (20.9%) delivered by emergency CS. Rates of emergency CS were 18.3% (129/706) in women aged 35–39 years and 28.3% (70/247) in those aged ≥ 40 years (P < 0.01). Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of independent risk factors were 1.50 (1.03–2.18) for maternal age ≥ 40 years, 1.51 (1.06–2.17) for body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2, 2.22 (1.24–3.98) for hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, 3.43 (1.31–8.95) for large-for-date fetus and 4.64 (3.23–6.69) for induction of labor. Conclusions The rate of intrapartum emergency CS in older nulliparous women at term was approximately 21%. Induction of labor should be recognized as a significant factor for emergency CS.
Transradial Versus Transfemoral Arterial Access in Liver Cancer Embolization: Randomized Trial to Assess Patient Satisfaction.

Abstract Purpose To determine whether transradial access (TRA) or transfemoral access (TFA) provides better patient satisfaction during intra-arterial therapy (IAT) for liver cancer. Materials and Methods This randomized, prospective, intra- and interpatient controlled trial compared TRA vs TFA accesses in patients with primary or metastatic liver cancer undergoing IAT. After having one of each type of access (1 TRA and 1 TFA), all patients selected their preferred access regardless of whether a third intervention was indicated. The primary endpoint was patient access preference; secondary endpoints were access-related complications, procedure time, contrast agent volume, and radiation doses to the patient and operator. Patients were evaluated on postprocedure days 1 and 30. Results Fifty-five patients with liver cancer (31 hepatocellular carcinoma, 24 metastatic disease) were enrolled, and 124 IAT procedures were performed. A total of 36 patients underwent at least 1 intervention each with TRA and TFA. Of those, 29 patients (81%) preferred TRA and 7 (19%) preferred TFA (ratio, 4:1; P P = .01). Incidences of complications, procedure time, contrast agent volume, and radiation exposure to patients were similar between groups. Conclusions TRA was the preferred access for the majority of patients and was associated with less radiation exposure to the operator. No differences were detected in incidence of adverse events, procedure time, contrast agent volume, or patient radiation exposure.
Abnormal human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) trends after transfer of multiple embryos resulting in viable singleton pregnancies.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether abnormal hCG trends occur at a higher incidence among women conceiving singleton pregnancies following transfer of multiple (two or more) embryos (MET), as compared to those having a single embryo transfer (SET). Retrospective cohort study was performed of women who conceived singleton pregnancies following fresh or frozen autologous IVF/ICSI cycles with day 3 or day 5 embryo transfers between 2007 and 2014 at a single academic medical center. Cycles resulting in one gestational sac on ultrasound followed by singleton live birth beyond 24 weeks of gestation were included. Logistic regression models adjusted a priori for patient age at oocyte retrieval and day of embryo transfer were used to estimate the Odds Ratio of having an abnormal hCG rise (defined as a rise or < 66% in 2 days) following SET as compared to MET. Among patients receiving two or more embryos, 6.1% (n = 84) had abnormal hCG rises between the first and second measurements, compared to 2.7% (n = 17) of patients undergoing SET (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.26–3.71). Among patients with initially abnormal hCG rises who had a third level checked (89%), three-quarters had normal hCG rises between the second and third measurements. Patients who deliver singletons following MET were more likely to have suboptimal initial hCG rises, potentially due to transient implantation of other non-viable embryo(s). While useful for counseling, these findings should not change standard management of abnormal hCG rises following IVF. The third hCG measurements may clarify pregnancy prognosis.
Continuing Moore's law with EUV lithography

Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) lithography, with its exposure wavelength of 13.5nm, offers a compelling alternative to 193nm-immersion lithography, improving imaging resolution and reducing a key contribution to Edge Placement Error (EPE). Recently, significant progress has been made in the development of EUV exposure tools, with source power meeting the roadmap target for EUV insertion1 as well as demonstrating improvements in system availability and infrastructure such as mask blank defectivity, pellicle membrane manufacturing, and EUV photoresist materials. This paper reviews the current status and challenges of EUV lithography for High Volume Manufacturing (HVM).
Ground-state properties of dilute Bose systems with synthetic dispersion laws

Experimental advances in synthesizing spin-orbit couplings in cold atomic Bose gases promise to create single-particle dispersion laws featuring energy minima that are degenerate on a ring or a sphere in momentum space. We show that for arbitrary space dimensionality the ground-state properties of a dilute system of spin-orbit-coupled Bose particles with such dispersion and short-range repulsive interactions are universal: the chemical potential exhibits a quadratic dependence on the particle density as found in a one-dimensional free Fermi gas.
Mortgage Brokers and Mortgage Rate Spreads: Their Pricing Influence Depends on Neighborhood Type

Public interest groups believe mortgage brokers, as indirect or third-party lenders, are largely responsible for most reported high interest rate loans. Well-developed principal-agent theory suggests mortgage brokers are incented to solicit applications that are both creditworthy and where the broker has an informational advantage. Using census tract level data for 2005, we find the relation between mortgage broker concentration, loan pricing, and approval rates depends on the lien type and several other correlated control factors. After grouping census tracts into similar neighborhoods, we identify 14 distinct cluster groupings. At the cluster level, we find mortgage broker concentration has different effects on loan pricing and approval rates, depending on the type of neighborhood. We demonstrate that clustering at the neighborhood level, rather than regressing across the entire population, proves key to evaluating the relation.
Gulf Coast Classic

relative time period: Follows the Olmec tradition, precedes the Central Mexico Postclassic tradition. Encompasses the Protoclassic, Early Classic, Middle Classic, Late Classic or Epiclassic, and Early Postclassic periods, as these terms have been used by investigators in different subregions.
The ABCs of Melanoma: Expanding Basic Screening and Education.

The basic guidelines for identifying a cutaneous melanoma are outlined. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Endoscopic Therapies for Reflux Disease

Endoscopic antireflux repairs (EAR) are currently represented by three major endoluminal approaches; radiofrequency energy application, synthetic implants, and various plication techniques. The EAR procedures should be performed on highly selected patients with documented gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), who have small hiatal hernias (<2 cm), normal esophageal motility, mild esophagitis, and absence of severe esophagitis or Barrett’s esophagus. None of the EAR procedures has been widely accepted as a routine treatment of GERD due to somewhat weak outcomes endpoints and concerns about long-term viability and EAR procedures probably should not be performed outside of a clinical trial. Further modification of the devices or combination with additional technology will probably improve the outcomes; however randomized, sham-controlled studies with long-term follow-up are required to evaluate the true place of EAR procedures in the GERD treatment armamentarium.
Trajectory Tracking of the Mixed conventional/braking Actuation Mobile robots using Model Predictive Control

In this paper a trajectory tracking controller for a Mixed conventional/braking Actuation Mobile Robot (MAMR) is presented. The MAMR was designed to study the use of brakes in steering mobile robots that suffer from primary actuation failure. The MAMR design may also solve some common drawbacks of the conventional mobile robots such as control complexity, weight, and cost. This paper proposes a model predictive control approach to solve the trajectory tracking problem for the MAMR. The desired trajectories between two points are pre-generated using a quintic polynomial under curvature constraints. The dynamical model of the robot is used to solve the MPC problem. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is tested through simulation.
Potential Changes in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Refrigerated Supply Chain Introduction in a Developing Food System

Refrigeration transforms developing food systems, changing the dynamics of production and consumption. This study models the introduction of an integrated refrigerated supply chain, or “cold chain,” into sub-Saharan Africa and estimates changes in preretail greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions if the cold chain develops similarly to North America or Europe. Refrigeration presents an important and understudied trade-off: the ability to reduce food losses and their associated environmental impacts, but increasing energy use and creating GHG emissions. It is estimated that postharvest emissions added from cold chain operation are larger than food loss emissions avoided, by 10% in the North American scenario and 2% in the European scenario. The cold chain also enables changes in agricultural production and diets. Connected agricultural production changes decrease emissions, while dietary shifts facilitated by refrigeration may increase emissions. These system-wide changes brought about by the cold chain may increas...
Immigration, Visible-Minority Status, Gender, and Depression:

This study examines if the association between length of residence and mental health—as measured by depression—of immigrants post-arrival in the host country is altered by visible-minority status a...
Research in Authoritarian and Repressive Contexts

Authoritarian and repressive contexts pose distinctive challenges for scholars aiming to deliver on the goal of research transparency. In these settings, opinions are not freely exchanged nor is information easily accessed. Locally based interlocutors often face considerable risk of imprisonment, torture, or worse for sharing information that is considered politically sensitive or compromising to the powers-that-be. To generate knowledge, achieve real understanding, and stay true to research ethics, scholars operating in this dangerous and data-poor environment must place a premium on measures that protect interlocutor confidentiality, build networks of trust, clarify contextual meaning, and acknowledge the researcher’s positionality.
AGE DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOSOCIAL AND HEALTH OUTCOMES AMONG ADULTS EXPERIENCING HOMELESSNESS

Homelessness is a critical social problem for this nation. It takes a tremendous toll on individuals and families who live without stable shelter, adequate food, and personal security, as well as strains the societal resources. The mean age of death for people experiencing homelessness has been reported to be age 50, far less than the 76 years that is the average for Arkansas. This study investigates the sociodemographic, behavioral and health-related data of 331 adults experiencing homelessness in Central Arkansas. Data was collected by structured interviews during recent homeless counts. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 70, with quartiles established for ages 18-35, 36-45, 46-55 and 56 –70. Sociodemographic comparisons of the groups included education, income, months homeless, work and veteran status, behavioral variables included alcohol use and drug abuse, whereas health-related comparisons included reported diabetes, heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, problems with hearing, vision, walking as well as mental health including anxiety and depression; in addition, medication procurement and available assistance from family and friends were compared. Preliminary results suggest significant differences, as well as some similarities, among the four age quartiles. Analyses are on-going.
Wayfinding along the Caregiving Journey: Resources for Informal Caregivers

The caregiver burden is increasing in the United States; there are fewer family caregivers each year, people with chronic illnesses are living longer, and costs are skyrocketing. The need for quali...
The phylogenetic distribution of the glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase and Glu-tRNAGln amidotransferase in the fundamental lineages would imply that the ancestor of archaea, that of eukaryotes and LUCA were progenotes

Abstract The function of the glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase and Glu-tRNAGln amidotransferase might be related to the origin of the genetic code because, for example, glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase catalyses the fundamental reaction that makes the genetic code. If the evolutionary stage of the origin of these two enzymes could be unambiguously identified, then the genetic code should still have been originating at that particular evolutionary stage because the fundamental reaction that makes the code itself was still evidently evolving. This would result in that particular evolutionary moment being attributed to the evolutionary stage of the progenote because it would have a relationship between the genotype and the phenotype not yet fully realized because the genetic code was precisely still originating. I then analyzed the distribution of the glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase and Glu-tRNAGln aminodotrasferase in the main phyletic lineages. Since in some cases the origin of these two enzymes can be related to the evolutionary stages of ancestors of archaea and eukaryotes, this would indicate these ancestors as progenotes because at that evolutionary moment the genetic code was evidently still evolving, thus realizing the definition of progenote. The conclusion that the ancestor of archaea and that of eukaryotes were progenotes would imply that even the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) was a progenote because it appeared, on the tree of life, temporally before these ancestors.
A novel method for tri-clustering dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) identifies significant schizophrenia effects across multiple states in distinct subgroups of individuals

Abstract Background Brain imaging data collected from individuals are highly complex with unique variation; however, such variation is typically ignored in approaches that focus on group averages or even supervised prediction. State-of-the-art methods for analyzing dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) subdivide the entire time course into several (possibly overlapping) connectivity states (i.e., sliding window clusters). Though, such an approach does not factor in the homogeneity of underlying data and may end up with a less meaningful subgrouping of the dataset. Methods Dynamic-N-way tri-clustering (dNTiC) incorporates a homogeneity benchmark to approximate clusters that provide a more apples-to-apples comparison between groups within analogous subsets of time-space and subjects. dNTiC sorts the dFNC states by maximizing similarity across individuals and minimizing variance among the pairs of components within a state. Results Resulting tri-clusters show significant differences between schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy control (HC) in distinct brain regions. Compared to HC, SZ in most tri-clusters show hypoconnectivity (low positive) among subcortical, default mode, cognitive control but hyper-connectivity (high positive) between sensory networks. In tri-cluster 3, HC subjects show significantly stronger connectivity among sensory networks and anticorrelation between subcortical and sensory networks compared to SZ. Results also provide statistically significant difference in reoccurrence time between SZ and HC subjects for two distinct dFNC states. Conclusions Outcomes emphasize the utility of the proposed method for characterizing and leveraging variance within high-dimensional data to enhance the interpretability and sensitivity of measurements in the study of a heterogeneous disorder like schizophrenia and in unconstrained experimental conditions such as resting fMRI.
Using cognitive task similarities to compare UAS control station designs to air traffic control workstations: a pilot study

This study examines possible similarities between the cognitive tasks of air traffic control specialists (ATCS) and unmanned aircraft system (UAS) pilots as a pilot study to determine if the results from air traffic control (ATC) human factors research can be applied to the creation of Federal Aviation Administration UAS control station design standards. Ultimately, demonstrating such similarities in a pilot study could provide a safer and more cost-efficient avenue for UAS integration into the National Aerospace System as gaps in UAS research could then be filled by existing ATC studies rather than through the commissioning of new studies. In this study, an empirical analysis was conducted on possible similarities through an extensive literature review and a small population sampling. The results of this study support the existence of similarities between the cognitive tasks of ATCSs and UAS pilots; however, these findings are preliminary. Further research is needed to prove the applicability of ATC studies to UAS research.
Comparison of non-invasive physiological assessment tools between simple and perforated appendicitis in children

The role of non-invasive measures of physiologic reserve, specifically the Compensatory reserve index (CRI) and the Shock index pediatric age-adjusted (SIPA), is unknown in the management of children with acute appendicitis. CRI is a first-in-class algorithm that uses pulse oximetry waveforms to continuously monitor central volume status loss. SIPA is a well-validated, but a discontinuous measure of shock that has been calibrated for children. Children with suspected acute appendicitis (2–17 years old) were prospectively enrolled at a single center from 2014 to 2015 and monitored with a CipherOx CRI™ M1 pulse oximeter. CRI values range from 1 (normovolemia) to 0 (life-threatening hypovolemia). SIPA is calculated by dividing heart rate by systolic blood pressure and categorized as normal or abnormal, based on age-specific cutoffs. Univariate and multivariable regression models were developed with simple versus perforated appendicitis as the outcome. Almost half the patients (45/94, 48%) had perforated appendicitis. On univariate analysis, the median admission CRI value was significantly higher (0.60 versus 0.33, p < 0.001) and the ED SIPA values were significantly lower (0.90 versus 1.10, p = 0.002) in children with simple versus perforated appendicitis. In a multivariable model, only CRI significantly detected differences in the physiologic state between patients with simple and perforated appendicitis. CRI is a non-invasive measure of physiologic reserve that may be used to accurately guide early management of children with acute simple versus perforated appendicitis.
Proposed Model for Inter-Institutional Collaboration on Instructional Design Projects

Instructional design requests are multi-faceted and complex, necessitating a broad skill set and efficacious problem-solving procedures. While individual instructional designers in higher education are effective in their work, partnering with designers from other higher education institutions allows them to leverage one another’s experiences, skills, and approaches to these complex design requests. There is much research regarding instructional design processes, but there is none that addresses inter-institutional collaborative efforts to address complicated instructional design requests from faculty and subject-matter experts. In this article, we review current trends and discussions of instructional design models and practices and applicable communication theories and practices. We then propose a model for cross-institutional collaboration based on instructional design, communication, and collaborative processes.
In Vitro Susceptibility of Rickettsia Species to Eravacycline, Omadacycline, and Tigecycline.

Rickettsia are obligately intracellular vector-borne bacteria that cause acute febrile illness (1).….
Brands Expressing Compassion and Care through Advertising

In this article we examine how brands express compassion and care through their advertising amid the Covid-19 crisis. Drawing from organizational theory research, we theorize how brands enact compa...
Profiling carotenoid and sugar contents in unique Cucumis melo L. cultigens harvested from different climatic regions of the United States

Abstract The sensory and functional quality attributes of muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.), such as flavor, sweetness, color, and texture, determine consumer preferences. Genetic makeup primarily regulates these traits, but environmental factors such as soil type, irrigation, and temperature affects yields and quality. Here, we investigated variation in quality traits of diverse melon cultigens (advanced breeding lines or cultigen) grown in multiple locations (California, Texas, Georgia, Arizona, and North Carolina) across the United States. Mesocarp sugar and carotenoid concentrations varied significantly as a function of production location and cultigen. Multivariate analyses revealed significant cultigen, location, and interactive effects on fruit quality. The highest sugar content was found in a honeydew melon cultigen (HD-150; 83.1 ± 2.36 mg/g) grown in Georgia and the Western Shipper type cantaloupe (F-39; 70.8 ± 2.85 mg/g) grown in North Carolina compared to the other cultigens. The Tuscan type (Da Vinci) grown in Texas and Georgia had the highest β-carotene concentrations (29.1 ± 3.37 and 33.6 ± 1.73 µg/g, respectively) compared to the other cultigens. These observations, showing that cultivar and location significantly influenced melon phytochemical composition, will help melon breeding programs improve the sensory and functional qualities of melons and identify suitable cultivars for specific environments to maximize fruit quality.
Currents in the Synaptic Terminals of Barnacle Photoreceptors

The photoreceptors of the giant barnacle are distinguished anatomically by large axons, visible under the dissecting microscope even to their presynaptic terminal arborizations. Intracellular recordings made from these cells near their presynaptic arbor have shown that the ocellar response to light is conducted with little decrement to the presynaptic terminals, and have demonstrated the presence of voltage-sensitive calcium channels in this region of the cell (Hudspeth & Stuart, 1977; Ross & Stuart, 1978; Edgington & Stuart 1979,1981). Using optical methods, Ross and colleagues have studied the time course of the resulting changes in intracellular calcium concentration (Stockbridge & Ross, 1984).
Procurando transformar a aprendizagem: da transformação social na esfera pública para a aprendizagem autêntica na sala de aula

O uso da tecnologia dentro e fora da escola e dramaticamente diferente. Ou seja: a utilizacao fora muitas vezes reflete modelos de distribuicao de conhecimento, enquanto o uso dentro espelha formas hierarquicas. Com base em quadros teoricos da sociologia e da pedagogia critica, o presente trabalho contrasta a participacao da tecnologia dentro e fora das paredes da escola. Procurou-se mostrar que olhar para fora da sala de aula da ideias sobre como os professores podem mais pronta e ativamente engajar os jovens com tecnologias significativas e atividades mediadas. Foram, ainda, discutidas implicacoes para o uso da tecnologia fora da escola, de modo a reconceitualizar projetos de aprendizagem.
Interactive communication strategies: implications for population-based physical-activity promotion.

Physical inactivity is a recognized independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. However, a large proportion of the U.S. population does not participate in regular physical activity, and research has shown that without intervention, most people remain sedentary. Thus, an urgent need exists for developing effective interventions to promote physical-activity adoption and maintenance. Additionally, it is important that these interventions can be disseminated to the large population of sedentary individuals. To be disseminable, physical-activity interventions must move beyond reliance on strictly face-to-face modes and begin to more fully use newer technologies, such as the Internet. This article summarizes the progress made in promoting physical activity with interactive communications. We also delineate areas for future research.
Prevention of epileptic seizures by taurine.

Parenteral injection of kainic acid (KA), a glutamate receptor agonist, causes severe and stereotyped behavioral convulsions in mice and is used as a rodent model for human temporal lobe epilepsy. The goal of this study is to examine the potential anti-convulsive effects of the neuro-active amino acid taurine, in the mouse model of KA-induced limbic seizures.
Detection assays for determination of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase activity; advantages and limitations.

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is a reactive radical synthesized by members of the NO synthase (NOS) family, including mitochondrial‐specific NOS (mtNOS). Some of the assays used for the determination of cytoplasmic NOS activity have been utilized to detect mtNOS activity. However, it seems that many of those assays need to be adjusted and optimized to detect NO in the unique environment of mitochondria. Additionally, most mtNOS detection assays are designed and optimized for isolated mitochondria and may exert inherent pitfalls and limitations once used in living cells. This chapter describes several assays used commonly for mtNOS detection in isolated mitochondria and in mitochondria of live cells. Those include colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods, Griess reaction, radioassay, and polarographic and chemiluminescence assays. It also describes fluorescent‐based assays for the detection of mitochondrial NO in live cells. Advantages and limitations of each assay are discussed.
An efficient algorithm for aircraft conflict detection and resolution using List Viterbi Algorithm

This paper addresses the air traffic control problem of conflict detection and resolution (CDR) under intent uncertainty, in a multiple model (MM) trajectory information processing framework. The conflict detection is based on a predicted probability of conflict. The problem of conflict resolution (CR) is formulated as one of a chance-constrained model predictive control, whereby the constraint is imposed on the probability of conflict, set to guarantee a desired level of safety (in a probabilistic sense). An efficient algorithm for CDR is proposed that utilizes a List Viterbi Algorithm for finding an optimal, conflict-free, MM-maneuver sequence for CR. The capability and computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated by simulation of several “sense-and-avoid” UAV encounter scenarios that involve one or more intruders and horizontal and vertical MM-maneuvers for CR.
Electrophysiology and morphology of the developing hippocampus of fetal rabbits

The pyramidal neurons of fetal rabbit hippocampus were studied using intracellular electrophysiological techniques in in vitro slice preparations. Correlative light and electron microscopic analyses were carried out on hippocampus during the 21st through the 29th day of fetal gestation. In intracellular experiments, neurons with all-or-none action potentials and near-adult level resting potentials were found even in the youngest preparations. Synaptic activity, however, was rare until about 24 days of gestation. CA1 neurons showed primarily excitatory synaptic potentials during fetal development, whereas CA3 neurons displayed both inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials at early stages. Anatomical studies suggested that pyramidal cell precursors were still dividing and migrating at 21 days; by 29 days, cellular migration was completed, and cellular intercommunication in the form of synapses was increasing. These experiments demonstrate that fetal central nervous system (CNS) material can be studied electrophysiologically without growing tissue in culture. Our results suggest that the newly differentiated hippocampal neurons have a limited repertoire of activities. Such data may provide a link between in vivo studies of postnatal CNS development and cell and tissue culture investigations of the properties of immature neurons.
Effect of Pectin, Gum Arabic and Agar on Cholesterol Absorption, Synthesis, and Turnover in Rats

A series of five experiments was conducted to determine the effect of pectin, gum arabic and agar (5%) on cholesterol absorption, biosynthesis and turnover in rats. In the study of cholesterol absorption, a tracer dose of labeled cholesterol was included in the last meal. The rats were killed 12 hours later. The proportion of the labeled cholesterol recovered in the whole body was used as an estimation of the efficiency of absorption of dietary cholesterol. Cholesterol biosynthesis was estimated by determining the activity of labeled digitonin-precipitable sterols biosynthesized from labeled glucose which was included in a test meal. In turnover studies, rats were injected intravenously with labeled cholesterol using serum as a vehicle, and the activity of labeled cholesterol in tissues was determined after various time intervals. All three complex carbohydrates decreased cholesterol absorption and pectin had the greatest effect. Pectin and gum arabic increased cholesterol biosynthesis in rats fed a cholesterol-containing diet, but had no effect in a cholesterol-free diet. Pectin slightly increased the turnover of cholesterol, but gum arabic and agar had no effect. This work supports the hypothesis that pectin lowers cholesterol levels by interfering with cholesterol absorption and by increasing cholesterol turnover. The study also suggests that complex carbohydrates differ in their effects on cholesterol metabolism. The reason for these differences remains to be determined.
A Kronecker product formulation of the cumulant based realization of stochastic systems

We derive new recursive equations ad closed form expressions relating the parameters of an ARMA model (which may be non-minimum phase and/or non-causal) with the cumulants of its output, in response to excitation by a non-Gaussian i.i.d. process. Based on these relationships, cumulant-based stochastic realization algorithms are developed. The output noise may be colored Gaussian or i.i.d. non-Gaussian with unknown variance. When a state-space representation is adopted, the stochastic realization problem reduces to the realization of an appropriate Hankel matrix formed by cumulant statistics. Using a Kronecker product formulation, exact expressions are presented for identifying state-space quantities when output cumulants are provided, or for computing output cumulants when the state-space triple is known. Conditions for stationarity of a linear process, with respect to its cumulants, are also presented. If a transfer function approach is employed, alternative formulations are given to cover the case of non-causal models.
Anti-theta antisera may contain anti-allotype contamination.

THETA (θ) is a tissue-specific mouse allo-antigen present in the highest concentrations in thymus and brain1–3. Anti-θ allo-antisera are produced after multiple injections of thymus cell suspensions into hosts differing at the θ locus, but not at the principal histocompatibility locus (H-2). Anti-θ antisera have been used by many investigators3–9 to differentiate thymus derived lymphocytes from non-thymus derived lymphocytes and to describe the relative role of each class of cells in various immunological functions. Because it is possible that some thymocytes bear immunoglobulins bound to the cell surface, we tested the hypothesis that anti-θ allo-antisera contain antibodies directed against immunoglobulin allotype specificities of the donor, as well as antibodies to the donor θ allo-antigens.
Partnering with Parents: Suggestions for Food Marketers and Retailers in the Ongoing Childhood Obesity Debate

Few scholarly research studies and governmental reports have focused on parents' opinions regarding food and beverage marketing toward children and their thoughts as to what can be done to empower them in the childhood obesity debate. The current study represents a missing link in traditional childhood obesity research by identifying the possible contribution of food retailers in helping struggling parents with the issue at hand. Results of an online survey conducted among 282 parents of 6–11-year-olds reveal that parents are looking for partnerships between food marketers and retailers in future promotional endeavors.
ANTIBODY DECLINE IN SPLENECTOMIZED CHILDREN AFTER PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINATION

Asplenic children are at increased risk of life-threatening pneumococcal sepsis. These children show a nearly normal increase in type-specific antibody activity after polyvalent pneumococcal vaccination (PPV), but the duration of elevated antibody levels and, presumably, increased protection is not known. To obtain this information, serum was obtained from 33 asplenic children before and at intervals up to 4½ yrs. after PPV. Using a summarized analysis of 12 antibody types, the postvaccination antibody decline was significant (P=.03) in 23 children splenectomized for trauma (TR) but was not significant (P=.29) in 10 children splenectomized for hereditary spherocytosis (HS). The rate of antibody decline did not depend on the prevaccination antibody level. There was a highly significant difference in rates of antibody decline among the 12 pneumococcal serotypes; the rates of decline were significant (P<.05) in the TR group for types 1, 4, 6A, 7F, 8, 18C, 19F and 23F and in the HS group for types 4, 8 and 23F. Extrapolation of these rates of decline indicate that protective antibody levels (≥ 300 ng AbN/ml) would be expected to persist for 1.3 - 3.8 years after vaccination for the 8 types that showed a significant decline. These results suggest that asplenic children might benefit from re-vaccination with PPV 1 - 3 yrs. after initial vaccination.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN. VI. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF RIBOSOMES.

Abstract A procedure for the preparation of large quantities of ribosomes from rat brain has been described which involves the use of bentonite in the homogenization medium, a high concentration of potassium ions during the isolation and final purification of the particles by precipitation with magnesium. Ribosomes obtained by this procedure has a high RNA: protein ratio, incorporated l -[1-14C]leucine over a prolonged period in an energy-dependent reaction and required addition of pH 5 enzymes and amino acid mixture for maximum activity. The ribosomes did not exhibit any ribonuclease activity when freshly prepared, nor was there any release of this enzyme after 90 min of incubation at 37°. Incorporation of l -[ i -14C]leucine was dependent upon the presence of both magnesium and potassium ions. Electron microscopic examination of these ribosome preparations, suspended in 0.0045 M MgCl2, showed individual spherical particles of diameter 28 mμ, scattered at random throughout the field. When the concentration of magnesium was increased to 0.05 M, clusters of ribosomes were formed. In the analytical ultracentrifuge, the ribosome preparation was constituted of four types of particles with sedimentation constants (s20 in a solution of 0.001 M MgCl2, and 0.035 M Tris (pH 7.9)) of 61, 88, 123 and 163 in a concentration of 29, 31, 21 and 19%, respectively.
Growth morphology and electronic structure of the Bi/GaAs(110) interface.

The growth morphology and electronic structure of the Bi/GaAs(110) interface are studied by high-resolution synchrotron-radiation photoelectron spectroscopy. Quantitative analysis of the Bi 5d, Ga 3d, and As 3d core levels, along with valence-band and low-energy electron diffraction results, indicate a modified Stranski-Krastanov growth mode for the first two monolayers of Bi on GaAs(110) followed by Bi island growth. Valence-band data show the development of electronic states between the GaAs valence-band maximum (VBM) and the Fermi level for a coverage of 0.5 monolayer (ML). By 1 ML of Bi, interface states are present up to the Fermi level (${E}_{F}$) with a substantial density of states above the VBM and a peak in the interface density of states at 1.2 eV below ${E}_{F}$. Bi 5d core-level results show equal numbers of bonding sites for the Bi to the surface Ga and As atoms. Fitting of the core-level data indicates three Bi configurations assigned to Bi-Ga, Bi-As, and Bi-Bi bonding arrangements. Intensity attenuation profiles of the various core-level bonding arrangements allow for a detailed description of the overlayer growth mode and the determination of a second epitaxial Bi layer before the onset of island formation.
Evaluation and Treatment of Stage I and II Thymoma

Thymomas are relatively uncommon. Nevertheless, an accumulation of studies (mostly retrospective, single-institution series) have made it important to approach this disease in a knowledgeable, evidence-based fashion. This begins with the approach to evaluation of a patient with an anterior mediastinal mass, in whom a reliable clinical diagnosis is usually possible in experienced centers. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment, and every effort must be made to achieve a complete resection.
Heart rate recovery post-exercise as an index of parasympathetic activity.

The time constant (T) obtained by fitting post-exercise heart rate (HR) recovery to a first order exponential decay curve has been promoted as an index of parasympathetic activity. However, acceptance has been limited because reported data are inadequate to assess goodness of fit for the model, determine the best exercise protocol, or optimize the duration of post exercise monitoring. Consequently, we evaluated T for nine healthy volunteers (age 24-46) following treadmill exercise at maximal (max) and two stages sub-max exercise (Bruce protocol). T stabilized only after 3 min of post-exercise monitoring. With max exercise, T varied unacceptably with small changes in onset of monitoring, e.g. -16.7+/-16.6 (-13.2%) in the first 5 s, and residuals of the fitted curve were non-random. In contrast, sub-max exercise produced consistent T values, e.g. -1.9+/-3.2 (-4.2%) in the first 5 s, and residuals were more nearly random. In conclusion, first order decay is an inadequate model for HR recovery following max exercise, but may be reasonable for sub-max levels.