cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carotid Duplex Velocity Criteria Recommended by the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound and Endorsed by the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission Lack Predictive Ability for Identifying High-Grade Carotid Artery Stenosis.

Background Carotid duplex is the first-line imaging modality for characterizing degree of carotid stenosis. The Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC), in published guideline documents, has endorsed use of the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound (SRU) criteria to characterize ≥70% stenosis: peak systolic velocity (PSV) ≥230 cm/s. We sought to perform a validation of the SRU criteria using computed tomography (CT) angiography as a gold standard imaging modality and to perform a sensitivity analysis to determine optimal velocity criteria for identifying ≥80% stenosis. Methods We queried all carotid duplex examinations performed at our institution between 2008 and 2017. Patients with ≥70% carotid stenosis, based on previous criteria, were identified. Of these patients, those who also had a CT angiogram of the neck within one year formed the study cohort. Patients who underwent carotid revascularization between the 2 imaging dates were excluded. Degree of stenosis, as reported from the CT angiogram, was considered the true degree of stenosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to evaluate the SRU criteria and to identify the optimal discrimination threshold for high-grade carotid stenosis. Results Of 37,204 carotid duplex examinations, 3,478 arteries met criteria for ≥70% stenosis. Of these, 344 patients had a CT angiogram within 1 year of the carotid duplex (mean time between studies, 55 days, SD 6.5) and 240 (69.8%) were consistent with ≥80% carotid stenosis. The predictive ability of the SRU criteria to identify ≥70% stenosis was poor, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.51. A sensitivity analysis to identify ≥80% stenosis demonstrated the optimal discrimination threshold to be PSV ≥450 cm/s or end diastolic velocity (EDV) ≥120 cm/s, with an AUC of 0.66. Conclusions In this validation study, the SRU criteria, endorsed by the IAC, to identify ≥70% carotid stenosis had no predictive value. For detection of ≥80% stenosis, the optimal criteria are a PSV ≥450 cm/s or EDV ≥120 cm/s. This study demonstrates the critical importance of carotid duplex examination validation.
Fighting for Poor People’s Rights in the French Welfare State

Since the 1980s, anti-poverty organisations associated with civil society—voluntary private organisations rather than public state-sponsored ones—have become increasingly vocal in France. They have advocated, mobilised and obtained new social rights for poor people. This chapter explores the ambivalent relationship between these private organisations and other social mobilisations as well as state-sponsored welfare, revealing how profoundly they have transformed the French welfare system.
Active Care In Practice: Long-Term Experiences From An Education Programme

Purpose To explore whether the Active Care education programme has influenced the participants in practice over time and if so how. Method and material A hermeneutic explorative approach. Semi-structured focus group interviews and individual interviews with participants from the education programme from 2014 to 2015. Participants came from different areas in care and had different professional backgrounds. Systematic text condensation analysis based on Malterud. Results The Active Care programme has given the participants new knowledge that motivated, inspired and gave them power to change their practice. The new knowledge seems to give resonance in their basic values and strengthens their understanding of the importance of the users' basic needs and right to be empowered. Conclusion Active teaching methods that appeal to participants help to understand and expand carers' repertoire and increases professionalism across professions and positions. Structural factors need to be addressed to meet the goal of integrated person-centered services.
Plasma membrane processes are differentially regulated by type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate 5-kinases and RASSF4.

Phosphoinositide lipids regulate many cellular processes. They are synthesized by lipid kinases. Type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate 5-kinases (PIP5KIs) generate phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2). Several phosphoinositide-sensitive readouts revealed nonequivalence of overexpressing PIP5KIβ or PIP5KIγ or RASSF4, believed to activate PIP5KIs. Mass spectrometry showed each protein increased total cellular PtdInsP2 and PtdInsP3 at the expense of PtdInsP without changing lipid acyl chains. KCNQ2/3 channels and PH domains confirmed an increase of plasma membrane PtdIns(4,5)P2 with PIP5KIβ or PIP5KIγ overexpression, but RASSF4 required coexpression with PIP5KIγ to increase plasma membrane PtdIns(4,5)P2. Effects on the several steps of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) were not explained by plasma membrane phosphoinositide increases alone. PIP5KIβ and RASSF4 increased STIM1 proximity to the plasma membrane and accelerated mobilization and faster onset of SOCE. But PIP5KIγ reduced STIM1 recruitment yet did not change induced Ca2+ entry. These differences imply actions through different segregated pools of phosphoinositides and specific protein-protein interactions and targeting.
2 – RADIATION MEASUREMENTS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the subject of radiation measurements, including solar radiation measurements, solar radiation scales, solar radiation units, types of solar radiation, and instruments and accuracy. It also discusses the Angstrom scale that was established in 1905. In 1913, Dr. Abbot, at the Smithsonian Institution, created what has been referred to as the Smithsonian scale. These scales were used throughout the world for many years, but, in several comparisons, it was found that there was as much as a 3–6% difference in measurements. Before the International Geophysical Year in 1958–59, it became necessary to establish a universal scale. Accordingly, an international agreement was reached in 1956 for a new scale, which has been referred to as the International Pyrheliometric Scale of 1956 or IPS 1956. In the 1960s, better instruments were developed, specifically the Kendall Absolute Cavity Radiometer, which indicated that the IPS 1956 Scale was not correct.
The Symbolic Interactionist Lobby and the Fight over a Balanced American Sociological Review

In summer, 1976 Norm Denzin and Norb Wiley acted, as a Symbolic Interactionist lobby, to try to get a more centrist, middle-of-the-road editor for the American Sociological Review. We wanted one who could represent female epistemology, which is less narrow than that of males. We also wanted a female as editor She would be the first female ASR editor. So it was a gender lobby as well as Symbolic Interactionist. Wiley attended the American Sociological Association Council meeting where this issue was discussed. We wanted to formally state our position in an address to the ASA Council. The ASA Secretary, Bill Form, attempted to keep us off the agenda, and we needed a vote from the Council approving our inclusion. This paper describes the fight at the meeting between Bill Form and Wiley, along with comments from the Council members. The lobby got the required votes and Wiley gave the prepared statement. As a consequence we did get a female editor (Rita Simon). And we promoted the issue of how representative the American Sociological Review and the other sociology journals should be. Later Wiley continued to promote social theory, and Denzin achieved several important accomplishments toward broadening and democratizing the field of sociology.
Presentation and Explanation Techniques to Use in Rasch Articles

In this chapter we consider the wide range of presentation techniques for tables and figures used in Rasch articles. For example an item entry table with Rasch calibrations of items is provided in most articles. But there can be differences from article to article as to what is included in an item entry table beyond the item calibration. In this chapter we summarize the variety of tables and figures presented in Rasch articles, and we provide some suggestions concerning issues authors may consider as they draft figures and tables for Rasch articles/talks.
The Effect of Graphic Health Warning Labels Placed on the ENDS Device on Young Adult Users’ Experience, Exposure and Intention to Use: A Pilot Study

This proof-of-concept study aims to evaluate the effect of placing graphic health warning labels (GHWLs) on the ENDS device on users’ experience, puffing patterns, harm perception, nicotine exposur...
Online Convolutional Neural Network-based anomaly detection and quality control for Fused Filament Fabrication process

Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies are experiencing rapid growth in the past decades. Critical objectives for the AM processes are how to ensure product quality and process consistency. The d...
A Risk Stratification Approach to Allocating Diabetes Education and Support Services.

The objective of this study was to describe a predictive modeling approach to risk stratify people with type 2 diabetes for diabetes self-management education and support services (DSMES). With data from a large health system, a predictive model including age, HbA1c, and insulin use among other factors, was developed to assess risk of future high HbA1c. The model was retrospectively applied to a cohort of people who received DSMES over a 2-year period to assess the impact of DSMES on glycemia by risk strata. Of 6,934 eligible people, 4,014 (58%) were in the composite low-risk group and 2,604 (38%) were in the composite high-risk group. Mean HbA1c change after DSMES was -0.38% in the low-risk group and -0.84% in the high-risk group. This analysis demonstrates the potential application of predictive modeling as one approach to target DSMES resources to people who will benefit most.
Poster: Adaptive Video Offloading in Mobile Edge Computing

By 2022, videos will account for 82% of global Internet traffic. Many camera-based mobile devices, though with limited resources, require ultra low-latency video analytics such as object detection and action recognition. To facilitate these devices with video offloading solutions, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is facing several key challenges due to uncertainties associated with the problem. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a Two-stage Stochastic Program and a novel clustering-based Sample Average Approximation to effectively solve the video offloading problem in uncertain dynamic environments, while satisfying the required latency. The video offloading quality and other offloading decisions are adaptively made to jointly optimize the video quality and migration cost under the consideration of uncertain device mobility.
Shadows on the Cave Wall: The Cognitive Accuracy of Social Network Perception

SHADOWS ON THE CAVE WALL: THE COGNITIVE ACCURACY OF SOCIAL NETWORK PERCEPTION By David M. Ouellette, M.S. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2008. Directors: Donelson R. Forsyth, Professor, Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond and Faye Z. Belgrave, Professor, Department of Psychology How accurately people perceive interpersonal relationships, both among others and with themselves, forms the basis of social inferences about the structure of the social environment and one's place in it. Six hypotheses were tested using the cognitive social structures method from social network analysis with five independent but similar student networks from two universities. Results from all networks were meta-analyzed. Participants gave both their self-reported friendship ratings for every alter in their group and also gave their perceptions of the ratings the other member would give. Perception ratings were correlated to self-report ratings for each participant as a measure of accuracy of social network perception. Participants perceived more structural balance than was present in self-reports in four out of five networks and in the meta-analysis, providing evidence for the balance schema. Attachment anxiety correlated negatively with accuracy for one of the networks but was not statistically significant in the metaviii analysis. Being located in a tightly-knit subgroup reduced overall network accuracy, consistent with the strength of weak ties (SWT) theory, in one network but not in the meta-analysis. In only one network did participants overestimated how central they were, though not significantly in the meta-analysis. Being more central in the social network was unrelated to accuracy, as was the mean social network distance between perceiver and targets. Results provide meta-analytic support for the balance schema and limited support for attachment, SWT, and egocentric bias in social network perception.
Pattern discovery for video surveillance

There is a need in many surveillance applications to automatically detect certain events, such as activities and/or behaviors exhibited by people, vehicle, or other moving objects. Existing systems require that every event be custom coded, predefined, into the computer system. We present a novel system that can automatically capture and define (learn) new events by pattern discovery, and further presents the events to the operator for confirmation. The operator checks for validity of the newly detected events and adds them into the event library. We also propose a new feature selection procedure that can uniquely identify important events such as people falling. We present experimental results on real dataset, which shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Psychosocial, functional, and quality of life assessment of patients with posttraumatic fracture nonunion, chronic refractory osteomyelitis, and lower extremity amputation.

One hundred nine patients with long-bone fracture nonunion, chronic refractory osteomyelitis, or posttraumatic amputation were evaluated for the impact of chronic disability on quality of life, as measured by the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale (AIMS) and the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS). A self-administered PAIS for spouses assessed psychosocial adjustment of spouses or significant others. A final questionnaire ranked the reasons for either continuing medical therapy or accepting amputation. The PAIS scores differed significantly between osteomyelitis patients and both nonunion and amputation patients (p less than .05). The presence or absence of pain produced significant differences in AIMS and PAIS scores of nonunion and osteomyelitis patients (p less than .05). Subscale analysis of AIMS scores revealed significant differences among the three groups in health perception and scale of orthopedic problem: osteomyelitis patients were more severely affected than nonunion or amputation patients. The PAIS detected no statistically significant difference in psychosocial adjustment of spouses of patients in the three population groups. The most common reason for continuing medical and surgical management of nonunion and osteomyelitis was expectation for cure. The amputee group chose ablation to avoid further treatment. Differences in psychosocial and functional ability were related to disease diagnosis, pain, status of fracture healing, and timing of amputation.
Cosmological Implications and Physical Properties of an X-Ray Flux-Limited Sample of Galaxy Clusters

The original abstract significantly exceeds the space available here, so here's a brief summary. The abstract is similar to the abstract of astro-ph/0111285 (ApJ, 567, 716) which describes the X-ray galaxy cluster sample HIFLUGCS, the X-ray luminosity--gravitational mass relation, the cluster mass function, and the derived cosmological constraints. Additionally, the fraction of the total gravitating mass in the universe which is contained in intracluster gas is quantified. Furthermore, physical properties of the cluster sample have been studied and analyses of relations between different cluster parameters (including the gas mass fraction, gas temperature, X-ray luminosity, gas mass, gravitational mass, beta, and core radius) are discussed. Also, results from an analysis of XMM-Newton performance verification phase data of Abell 1835 are described.
Traffic management and network control using collaborative on-line simulation

The complexity and dynamics of the Internet is driving the demand for scalable and effective network control. This paper proposes a collaborative on-line simulation architecture to provide pro-active and automated control functions for networks. The general model includes autonomous on-line simulators which continuously monitor/model the network conditions and execute a search in the parameter state space for better settings of the protocol parameters. The protocol parameters are then tuned by the on-line simulation system. We describe the building blocks of this architecture and investigate the implementation challenges in the areas of network modeling, on-line simulation and parameter search. We also discuss the applicability of this system and present the simulation and test results of a preliminary implementation.
Los derechos humanos después del 11 de septiembre

The war against ter ror ism marks a change in par a digm and the af fir ma tion of anoher cosmovision. It has been pre dicted that de moc racy, as was lived...
Schoenberg's Moses Und Aron and the Judaic Ban on Images

This article argues that Schoenberg's monumental opera Moses und Arm reflects a broader German-Jewish concern with the philosophical meaning of the Second Commandment and its relation to German-Jewish identity. By way of the aesthetic theory of the German-Jewish philosopher Hermann Cohen, the article analyzes Moses und Aron and suggests that Cohen's theory offers a context through which to understand the philosophical and cultural underpinnings of Schoenberg's music and drama. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the social and political milieu in which Moses und Aron was created and its implications for understanding Schoenberg's and the German-Jewish intellectual struggle for identity.
Three SRA-domain methylcytosine-binding proteins cooperate to maintain global CpG methylation and epigenetic silencing in Arabidopsis.

Methylcytosine-binding proteins decipher the epigenetic information encoded by DNA methylation and provide a link between DNA methylation, modification of chromatin structure, and gene silencing. VARIANT IN METHYLATION 1 (VIM1) encodes an SRA (SET- and RING-associated) domain methylcytosine-binding protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, and loss of VIM1 function causes centromere DNA hypomethylation and centromeric heterochromatin decondensation in interphase. In the Arabidopsis genome, there are five VIM genes that share very high sequence similarity and encode proteins containing a PHD domain, two RING domains, and an SRA domain. To gain further insight into the function and potential redundancy among the VIM proteins, we investigated strains combining different vim mutations and transgenic vim knock-down lines that down-regulate multiple VIM family genes. The vim1 vim3 double mutant and the transgenic vim knock-down lines showed decreased DNA methylation primarily at CpG sites in genic regions, as well as repeated sequences in heterochromatic regions. In addition, transcriptional silencing was released in these plants at most heterochromatin regions examined. Interestingly, the vim1 vim3 mutant and vim knock-down lines gained ectopic CpHpH methylation in the 5S rRNA genes against a background of CpG hypomethylation. The vim1 vim2 vim3 triple mutant displayed abnormal morphological phenotypes including late flowering, which is associated with DNA hypomethylation of the 5′ region of FWA and release of FWA gene silencing. Our findings demonstrate that VIM1, VIM2, and VIM3 have overlapping functions in maintenance of global CpG methylation and epigenetic transcriptional silencing.
Lunar Magma Ocean crystallization revisited: Bulk composition, early cumulate mineralogy, and the source regions of the highlands Mg-suite

Abstract Crystallization of the Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) has been numerically modeled and its products inferred from sample observations, but it has never been fully tested experimentally. This study is a reexamination of the LMO hypothesis by means of the first experimental simulation of lunar differentiation. Two end-member bulk Moon compositions are considered: one enriched in refractory lithophile elements relative to Earth and one with no such enrichment. A “two-stage” model of magma ocean crystallization based on geophysical constraints is simulated and features early crystal suspension and equilibrium crystallization followed by fractional crystallization of the residual magma ocean. An initially entirely molten Moon is assumed. Part 1 of this study, presented here, focuses on stage 1 of this model and considers the early cumulates formed by equilibrium crystallization, differences in mantle mineralogy resulting from different bulk Moon compositions, and implications for the source regions of the highlands Mg-suite. Refractory element enriched bulk Moon compositions produce a deep mantle that contains garnet and trace Cr-spinel in addition to low-Ca pyroxene and olivine. In contrast, compositions without refractory element enrichment produce a deep dunitic mantle with low-Ca pyroxene but without an aluminous phase. The differences in bulk composition are magnified in the residual melt; the residual LMO from the refractory element enriched composition will likely produce plagioclase and ilmenite earlier and in greater quantities. Both compositions produce Mg-rich early cumulate piles that extend from the core-mantle boundary to ∼355 km depth, if 50% equilibrium crystallization and whole Moon melting are assumed. These early LMO cumulates provide good fits for the source regions for a component of the high-Mg ∗ , Ni- and Co-poor parental magmas of the Mg-suite cumulates, if certain conditions are called upon. The olivine in early LMO cumulates produced by either bulk Moon composition is far too rich in Cr to be reasonable for the source regions of the Mg-suite, meaning either core formation in the presence of S and/or C must be invoked to deplete the LMO and the crystallizing olivine in Cr, or that current estimates of the bulk lunar Cr content are too high. We infer that melts meeting the criteria of the Mg-suite parents could be produced from early LMO cumulates by solid state KREEP and plagioclase hybridization near the base of the crust and subsequent partial melting. Additionally, we propose a revised model for Mg-suite petrogenesis.
Exponential Queues with Server Vacations

In this paper, we analyse a queueing system where the server may take a vacation. The customers arrive at the service facility according to a Poisson process, and are served if the server is available (not on vacation). We consider two models: when the server vacation cycle is independent of and dependent on the number of customers in the system. The infinitesimal generators of the underlying Markov processes have a block tri-diagonal structure, and we provide a matrix geometric solution. When the vacation cycle is independent of the customer queue length, we present a simple load-dependent approximation that is fairly accurate.
An improved fixation procedure for microtubules and microfilaments in cells of the anterior pituitary gland.

A fixation procedure for the preservation of microtubules and microfilaments in anterior pituitary cells is presented. Small pieces of tissue were fixed at room temperature in a glutaraldehyde solution. The temperature was gradually reduced to 4–5°C before the tissue was post fixed. Post fixation was carried out using several changes of a mixture of cold glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and then osmium tetroxide alone. The osmolarity of both fixing solutions was 400 milliosmoles. The procedure permits a clear visualization of both microtubules and microfilaments within anterior pituitary cells, particularly in regions where they are not ordinarily seen such as within the Golgi apparatus.
Caloric regulation of 3.2% ethanol consumption by rats

Increasing the caloric density in an ethanol containing drinking fluid from that of 3.2% ethanol alone, 0.18 kcal/ml, 2.33-fold to 0.42 kcal/ml with the addition of lactose and glycerol, did not significantly alter ethanol consumption. Increasing the caloric density of the drinking fluid to 0.56 kcal/ml significantly reduced ethanol consumption. The decrease in ethanol consumption was neither due to the taste of the added glycerol and lactose nor to the total caloric content of the solution but rather to an interaction between ethanol and caloric density. Increasing the caloric density of the solid diet and adding a feeding stimulant, sucrose, significantly decreased 3.2% ethanol consumption.
A COMPARISON OF EVOLUTIONARY RADIATIONS IN MAINLAND AND CARIBBEAN ANOLIS LIZARDS

Comparisons between closely related radiations in different environments provide a unique window into understanding how abiotic and biotic factors shape evolu- tionary pathways. Anolis lizards have radiated extensively in the West Indies, as well as mainland Central and South America. In the Caribbean, similar communities of anole species specialized for different habitats (ecomorphs) have evolved independently on each Greater Antillean island. We examined ecological and morphological data on 49 Anolis species (33 Caribbean, 16 mainland) to investigate whether the same set of ecomorphs has arisen in mainland regions. More generally, we investigated whether the relationship between ecology and morphology was similar among anoles in the two regions. Radiations in the two regions are very different. The majority of mainland anole species exhibit morphological characteristics unlike any Caribbean ecomorph. Furthermore, rela- tionships between ecology and morphology are very different between the two sets of anole species. Among mainland anole species, toepad size is positively correlated with perch height, whereas tail length is negatively related to perch diameter. In contrast, among Caribbean anole species, both forelimb length and body mass are positively associated with perch diameter, and both tail length and hindlimb length are negatively related to perch diameter. Biomechanical considerations provide a functional basis for some of these cor- relations, but much variation remains to be explained. These findings demonstrate that factors that caused anole species to converge repeatedly in the West Indies are not present in mainland regions, and that environmental factors can strongly influence the shape of evolutionary radiations.
Is There a Right to Respect

Many moral philosophers assume that a person is entitled to respect; this suggests that there is a right to respect. I argue, however, that there is no such right. There can be no right to respect because of what respect is, in conjunction with what a right demands and certain limitations of human agency. In this article, I first examine the nature and ontological basis of rights. I next consider the notion of respect in general; I adduce several varieties of respect, then present a primary distinction needed to discern the notion of respect relevant to the putative right. Then I propound the argument that there can be no right to respect and consider some means of challenging its conclusion. In closing, I trace some of the consequences of this argument and suggest how it might motivate a different approach to understanding our most basic obligations to one another.
The simulation of high pressure hydrogen/oxygen rocket engines.

Initial experiments have established the feasibility of using a backward running detonation wave in a shock tube to produce the correct enthalpy and chemistry of the simulated combustion chamber gases. This technique produces plume Reynolds numbers higher than those achievable by any other known technique. The practical pressure limitations are being explored and detailed surveys of both single and multiple engine plumes and impingement data on a cylindrical body are being obtained. Facility details to allow safe handling of the high pressure hydrogen and oxygen up to a design chamber pressure of 20,000 psi are described.
Characters of strongly generic irreducible Lie superalgebra representations.

An explicit character formula is established for any strongly generic finite-dimensional irreducible -module, being an arbitrary finite-dimensional complex Lie superalgebra. This character formula had been conjectured earlier by Vera Serganova and the author for any generic irreducible finite-dimensional -module, i.e. such that its highest weight is far enough from the walls of the Weyl chambers. The condition of strong genericity, under which the conjecture is proved in this paper, is slightly stronger than genericity, but if in particular no simple component of is isomorphic to psq(n) for n ≥ 3 or to H(2k + 1) for k ≥ 2, strong genericity is equivalent to genericity.
Intravenous Pinacidil in the Acute Treatment of Hypertension

Pinacidil (N''-cyano-N-4-pyridyls-N'-1,2,2-trimethyl-propyl guanidine, monohydrate), a recently developed direct-acting vasodilator, was given intravenously in a dosage of 0.1-0.2 mg/kg body weight to ten untreated hypertensive patients. Pinacidil caused a fall of blood pressure from 170/108 +/- 6/3 to 156/80 +/- 5/4 mm Hg (mean +/- SE). The proportional decrease of mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 13.7 +/- 1.6%. Together with the decrease of blood pressure an increase of heart rate by 29.7 +/- 6.2% occurred. The heart rate increased by 13.6 beats/min per 10 mm Hg decrease of MAP. Pinacidil also caused significant rise of plasma noradrenaline and plasma renin activity, whereas plasma adrenaline and aldosterone remained unchanged. The serum concentrations of pinacidil and its major metabolite pinacidil-N-oxide were within the expected limits. The authors conclude that intravenously administered pinacidil causes a rapid decrease of blood pressure, but at the cost of a considerable increase of heart rate, and thus does not offer advantages over other vasodilators.
Magnetite‐sulfide chondrules and nodules in CK carbonaceous chondrites: Implications for the timing of CK oxidation

CK carbonaceous chondrites contain rare (about 0.1 vol pct) magnetite-sulfide chondrules that range from about 240 to 500 microns in apparent diameter and have ellipsoidal to spheroidal morphologies, granular textures, and concentric layering. They resemble the magnetite-sulfide nodules occurring inside mafic silicate chondrules in CK chondrites. It seems likely that the magnetite-sulfide chondrules constitute the subset of magnetite-sulfide nodules that escaped as immiscible droplets from their molten silicate chondrule hosts during chondrule formation. The intactness of the magnetite-sulfide chondrules and nodules implies that oxidation of CK metal occurred before agglomeration. Hence, the pervasive silicate darkening of CK chondrites was caused by the shock mobilization of magnetite and sulfide, not metallic Fe-Ni and sulfide as in shock-darkened ordinary chondrites.
The spectral sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells in the carp

Abstract The spectral sensitivity of ganglion cells in the carp retina was studied with microelectrode techniques. Spectral sensitivity curves represent the quantal energy necessary to elicit a fixed number of spike discharges, as a function of wavelength. Ganglion cell discharges were of “on”, “off” and wavelength-dependent “on-off” types. Only “on” or “off” curves were seen under scotopic conditions. Scotopic spectral sensitivity curves had a single maximum near 520 mμ and corresponded in shape to the absorption curve of a nomogram pigment. Under photopic conditions “on” and “off” cells exhibited maxima near 480, 530 and 620 mμ with curves of modulator-like narrowness. Most units had one or two sub-peaks which could be isolated by selective bleaching. The threshold for the main peak rose by 1–5 log units following the bleach. “On-off” units had one maximum near 480 mμ and another near 590 mμ. When one component was bleached, its threshold rose, while that of the other component fell and its spectral range of response increased. “Off” units with 590 mμ maxima became “on-off” units when bleached with long wavelength light. Evidence is presented suggesting that in “on-off” units, the short wavelength component is composed of blue and green elements; the long wavelength component of red and green elements.
The Psychotherapist as a Neglected Variable in Psychotherapy: An Illustration by Reference to the Role of Therapist Experience and Training

Over the past two decades, research has turned its attention from studies of therapist and patient traits to studies of manualized therapy models and technical procedures. Randomized clinical trials designs, while making many contributions to understanding psychotherapy and even increasing the available evidence of its efficacy, have not adequately addressed the unique contributions of patient and therapist characteristics. Indeed, in some ways, the adoption of randomized clinical trials as the “gold standard” of research methodology may have inadvertently obscured the roles of therapist and patient variables in effective psychotherapy. This article uses therapist experience and training as examples of variables whose contributions cannot be assessed by using diagnosis as a standard of patient uniformity or manual adherence as a standard of therapy purity.
Evaluation of in situ freezing of cat brain by NADH fluorescence.

— Cat brain was frozen in situ with liquid nitrogen. In order to locate areas with ischemic artifact, frozen brain slices were surveyed for regions of increased NADH fluorescence. In addition, levels of ATP, phosphocreatine, lactate, and NADH were determined in various brain regions. High levels of ATP and phosphocreatine, and low levels of lactate and NADH were present in all brain regions except the depths of some cortical sulci. These regions of ischemic change were easily detected by virtue of increased NADH fluorescence in frozen brain slices. Deep brain structures such as basal ganglia and hippocampus showed neither high tissue fluorescence nor ischemic changes of the metabolites measured. Therefore, in situ freezing of cat brain adequately preserves metabolite levels in most regions.
Profound plasmacytosis in a patient with dengue.

A 56-year-old man presented with 3 days of intermittentfever, headache, retro-orbital pain, myalgias, arthralgias,diarrhea, nausea, and non-bilious, non-bloody emesis. Onexamination, he appeared ill with dry mucous membranesand a ﬁne, lacy erythematous rash on his bilateral anteriorthighs. He had no lymphadenopathy or nuchal rigidity;Kernig’s and Brudzinski’s signs were absent. His travelhistory was signiﬁcant for a recent visit to the Philippines,where he spent time in Manila and traveled throughout theislands. He acknowledged a number of mosquito bitesduring his 2.5-week trip. His symptoms began on the returnﬂight to the United States. A work up for fever in areturned traveler was initiated, including microscopy andantigen testing for malaria, which were negative, as well asdengue virus serologic tests that were sent-out and pendingat the time of discharge. He was monitored overnight andtreated with IV ﬂuids and pain medication before beingdischarged.He received outpatient follow-up on day of illness sixand then re-presented on day of illness eight with con-tinued nausea and vomiting. His complete blood countshowed leukocytes of 6.2 9 10
The Metamorphosis of an Introduction to Computer Science

Computer science departments in colleges and universities are always involved in curriculum reviews to insure their students receive an up-to-date education. In particular, the introductory or firs...
A block Lanczos algorithm for computing the q algebraically largest eigenvalues and a corresponding eigenspace of large, sparse, real symmetric matrices

Many engineering applications require the computation of the q algebraically largest eigenvalues and a corresponding eigenspace of a large, sparse, real, symmetric matrix. An iterative, block version of the symmetric Lanczos algorithm has been developed for this computation. There are no restrictions on the sparsity pattern within the matrix or on the distribution of the eigenvalues of the matrix. Zero eigenvalues, eigenvalues equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, and multiple eigenvalues can all be handled directly by the procedure.
The effect of topical 20% benzocaine on pain during loop electrosurgical excision of the cervix

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of cervical application of 20% benzocaine on the pain associated with subsequent cervical injection of local anesthetic and tissue excision during the loop electrosurgical excision procedure of the cervix. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty consecutive women scheduled for loop electrosurgical excision were randomized by use of computer-generated numbers to receive cervical application of either 20% benzocaine or placebo gel in a double-blinded fashion. A visual analog scale was used to measure the pain associated with both cervical injection of local anesthetic and tissue excision. RESULTS: Lower mean pain scores were associated with the use of benzocaine gel for both anesthetic injection and tissue excision, but these scores did not reach statistical significance in either group. CONCLUSION: Preoperative cervical application of 20% benzocaine does not appear to reduce the pain associated with either subsequent local anesthetic injection or tissue excision during the loop electrosurgical excision procedure of the cervix.
Infinitesimal interconnection variation in nonlinear networked systems

We propose a novel infinitesimal variation for a nonlinear networked system's behavior when its interconnection topology changes discontinuously. We introduce a variational derivative of system output with respect to the connectivity, and derive an analytic formula for the derivative using an adjoint formulation. We provide bounds relating the discontinuous change in system behavior to the proposed continuous infinitesimal variation. The variational derivative can be used as the sensitivity of the system output to the interconnection topology. The separability of the variational derivative allows us to develop a tractable algorithm for an interconnection pursuit problem applicable to optimization in biochemical reaction networks.
The Evolution of the Anesthesia Machine

On October 16, 1846, medical science, and the world, learned that the pain caused by surgical operations had been conquered. Mankind now possessed a potion so pow­ erful, that a soul entranced by its fumes paid no mind to the horror that was sur­ gery in that age. That first demonstration taught another, more subtle lesson to those who would pursue this newly created medi­ cal art: to harness the properties of this potent liquor, to deliberately poison a person's breath and to alter the conscious­ ness of that living being would require a clever instrument of some precision. From that day forward, anesthetists have em­ ployed a variety of devices to deliver the gases and vapors of anesthesia to their pa­ tients. The modern anesthesia machine is a collection of components whose inven­ tion and refinement parallel the history of anesthesia practice and whose lineage can be traced back to that October morning in Boston one hundred and fifty years ago. The demonstration was set to begin this morning, bu t William Thomas Green Morton was in danger of being late. He was working feverishly on an instrument with which to administer the secret compound, so that he could claim as his own the break­ through that had eluded medicine for cen­ turies. He remembered vividly the failed attempt by his one-time partnel� Horace Wells, to make public a similar discovery, and vowed not to suffer the same humilia­ tion. As the time grew near, he continued to assemble what was to become the first working anesthesia inhaler in history. The appointed hour had come and passed, and now IS minutes late, Dr. Morton arrived in the operating theater j ust in time to stop the surgeon from cutting skin. It was the last-minute work on the inhaler that made him late, but it was that same inhaler that helped him announce to the world that a new era of medical practice had begun. Morton's ether inhaler was a two-necked glass globe that was stuffed with a few small sponges soaked with ether. It was a simple draw-over vaporizer, with a short non­ rebreathing mouthpiece, and an inlet for fresh atmospheric gas flow. This basic de­ sign was widely copied and modified, as the accounts of his amazing discovery spread across the globe. William Morton not only introduced the concept of surgical anesthesia, but also created the prede­ cessor of all anesthesia "machines" to fol­ low. The journey from this modest begin­ ning to the state-of-the-art computerized anesthesia workstations of today was com­ pleted in three stages, the first of which was the era of inhalers.
The Resilient Voter: Moving Toward Closure in the Debate over Negative Campaigning and Turnout

The effect of negative campaigning on voter turnout has been a major focus of research in recent years. In a path-breaking analysis, Stephen Ansolabehere and Shanto Iyengar found that negative campaigning by Senate candidates significantly depresses turnout. Subsequent studies that emerged to challenge their analysis reached more optimistic findings. Determining who is right is difficult to establish because the methodology of these later studies differs so dramatically from the original study and because a strong theoretical case can be made for each type of finding. Through a careful examination and improvement of Ansolabehere and Iyengar's aggregate analysis of Senate campaigns, this article shows that their initial conclusions regarding the demobilizing effect of campaign attacks were premature. Even using Ansolabehere and Iyengar's own data, it appears that citizens are resilient to the onslaught of negative campaigning. This paper shows that the findings in the literature are not as contradictory as...
Alterations in zinc transporter protein-1 (ZnT-1) in the brain of subjects with mild cognitive impairment, early, and late-stage alzheimer’s disease

Several studies show increased levels of zinc (Zn) in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain. More recently, alterations in synaptic Zn and Zn transporter proteins (ZnT) have been implicated in the accumulation of amyloid plaques in an animal model of AD. To determine if alterations in ZnT proteins are present in AD brain, we measured levels of ZnT-1, the protein responsible for export of Zn to the extracellular space in the amygdala (AMY), hip-pocampus/parahippocampal gyrus (HPG), superior and middle temporal gyrus (SMTG), inferior parietal lobule (IPL), and cerebellum (CER) of 19 AD and 14 age-matched control subjects. To determine if alterations of ZnT-1 occur early in the progression of AD, we analyzed protein levels in the HPG, SMTG and CER of 5 subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 5 subjects with early AD (EAD) and 4 appropriately age-matched controls. Western blot and dot-blot analysis showed statistically significant (p <0.05) elevations of ZnT-1 in AD AMY, HPG, and IPL and significantly depleted ZnT-1 in AD SMTG compared to age-matched control subjects. We also observed statistically significant elevations of ZnT-1 in the HPG of EAD subjects compared with controls. In contrast to late-stage AD subjects, ZnT-1 levels were significantly decreased in HPG of subjects with MCI and were significantly elevated in the SMTG of both MCI and EAD subjects compared with age-matched controls. Correlation analysis of ZnT-1 levels and senile plaque (SP) and neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) counts in the AMY and CA1 and subiculum of AD HPG showed a significant (p <0.05) positive correlation with SP counts and a trend towards a significant (p = 0.12) positive correlation with NFT counts in AMY. Overall, our results show alterations in one of the key proteins responsible for maintenance of Zn homeostasis early in the progression of AD suggesting that alterations in Zn balance could be involved in the pathogenesis of neuron degeneration and amyloid deposition in AD.
Numerical simulation of dynamic thermo-magnetic switching and the optical signal in magnetic super-resolution read-out

We propose a model to numerically evaluate the transient optical field in the case of magnetic super-resolution (MSR). The method can be extended to optical data storage systems involving transient effects. This model has potential application in identifying the role played by different parameters in the switching process and the optical signal and thus in their optimization.
The Organization of Survival: Women's and Racial-Ethnic Voluntarist and Activist Organizations, 1955–1985

Despite the centrality of formal organizations to efforts at social change, little is known about how survival prospects vary between different kinds of change-oriented organizations. The A. presents an event-history analysis of the disbanding of national women's and minority membership organizations between 1955 and 1985. The results suggest that membership groups that follow an accepted course of action based on moderate objectives and targeted to non political arenas are relatively secure. Moreover, there is no significant difference between woman's and minority organizatioons.
Fast axonal transport rates are unchanged in 6- and 24-month F344 rats

The maximum rate of fast axonal transport in motor axons at 6 and 24 months was measured in F344 rats. Tritiated proline was injected near sciatic motoneurons and rats were killed after 2-5 h. Nerves were processed for liquid scintillation spectroscopy and fast transport rates calculated. The rates, in 6- and 24-month rats, were 373 +/- 12 mm/day and 368 +/- 10 mm/day, respectively. Thus, the maximum fast transport rate is unchanged with age in F344 rats.
Winter foraging at carcasses by three sympatric corvids, with emphasis on recruitment by the raven, Corvus corax..

Large animal carcasses provide a highly clumped rich source of food for ravens that should be worth defending, yet in the forests of Maine and Vermont ravens commonly feed in groups. Ravens discover baits flying singly or in pairs, but after a bait is discovered they usually arrive in groups. In contrast, the maximum number of blue jays and crows eventually attending a bait is close to those discovering it. Unlike in crows and jays, two patterns of bait use are seen in ravens: baits are used by mated resident pairs or by large crowds (sometimes exceeding 40 individuals). This pattern is unrelated to bait size from at least 9 kg to 400 kg. Eightytwo of 91 individually marked ravens from 4 feeding crowds were juveniles and/or non-breeders. Observations of the marked ravens for parts of two winters indicate that the non-breeders are vagrant and/or they range over at least 1800 km2 in their foraging. Most of the over 135 baits (totalling nearly 8 t of meat) distributed over 50 km were discovered by ravens within a week, and most were consumed by crowds of ravens. The vagrants coming in crowds have (unlike the territorial adults) specific vocalizations in the bait vicinity that are a powerful recruitment stimulus in playback experiments. Vagrants sometimes feed alone, but in the presence of territorial adults they feed only in groups. Resident adults chase or attack vagrants, but mildly tolerate them (and even join them) when they come in large groups. I conclude from my observations that the feeding crowds of ravens consist primarily of juvenile non-breeding vagrants who (unlike some resident adults) roost communally and who vigorously recruit each other in part to neutralize the aggressiveness of resident adults defending prized food bonanzas. The ravens' recruitment results in a sharing that reduces the temporal patchiness of extremely rare food bonanzas, and it permits the non-territorial vagrants to specialize on carcasses in the winter.