cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arterial to end-tidal CO2 gradient reversal during laparoscopic pheochromocytoma resection

Presenter le developpement ďune hypercapnie peroperatoire severe et ďun renversement prononce du gradient arteriel/tele-expiratoire pendant la resection laparoscopique ďun pheochromocytome. Bien que des mecanismes physiologiques complexes puissent etre responsables de cette situation, des modifications anatomiques comme une communication directe entre un capnoperitoine et/ou un capnothorax et les voies aeriennes, resultant ďune pathologie anterieure et du type ďoperation, doivent etre egalement considerees. Pendant ľanesthesie pour la resection laparoscopique du pheochromocytome, nous avons note une augmentation abrupte et importante du CO2 tele-expiratoire accompagnee de changement du trace du CO2 capnographique et du renversement du gradient arteriel/tele-expiratoire normal. Ces changements ont disparus avec ľaffaissement intermittent de ľabdomen et a la fin de ľoperation. Une radiographie thoracique a revele un pneumothorax locule au cote droit avec un epaississement pleural. Une fistule peritoneo-thoracique pour le CO2 et la creation ďune communication unidirectionnelle entre ľespace pleural et les voies aeriennes (secondaires a des cicatrices pleurales et des adherences) expliquent mieux cette image radiologique et les trouvailles cliniques. Ľhypercapnie peroperatoire severe et le renversement du gradient du CO2 arteriel/ tele-expiratoire representent un defi peroperatoire. La possibilite ďune communication directe entre ľespace pleural et ľarbre bronchique doit etre consideree quand ďautres causes ont ete exclues. Des manĵuvres simples comme ľaffaissement et le regonflement abdominal et ľanalyse du trace capnographique tele-expiratoire peuvent aider au diagnostic differentiel et au traitement.
OR10 Data-driven modeling of flow cytometric crossmatch: Enhanced virtual crossmatching

Aim Increasingly HLA laboratories are using virtual crossmatching to predict recipient and donor compatibility using HLA antibody data and donor HLA type. However, virtual crossmatch interpretation is based on HLA experience and expertise of individual transplant centers. The purpose of this study is to develop data-driven algorithms (DDA) that predict flow cytometric crossmatch (FXM) outcomes using HLA antibody mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) data and donor HLA typing. These methods are independent of human intuition or experience and may provide insights that are otherwise imperceptible. Methods Two data sets consisting of 222 and 109 FXM with single antigen bead data for both HLA class I and II antibodies were used. Single antigen bead data was compiled against donor HLA antigens using the OneLambda assay and Luminex. The first DDA found the optimal MFI threshold using summation of mean fluorescent intensity data for class I and/or II that predicted either T cell or B cell mean channel shifts (MCS) above FXM cutoff. The second DDA applied a least-squares regression model to the HLA locus-specific data (second data set) to predict the actual T or B cell MCS. Results The threshold method yielded between 84.9% and 91.1% accuracy when using class I donor specific antibody (DSA) data to predict T cell outcome, and class I and II DSA data to predict B cell outcome. Optimal MFI thresholds of 3450 and 7560 were found for T and B cell prediction. For quality assurance, prediction of T cell MCS was attempted using class II data, resulting in 61.9% accuracy. The least-squares model increased accuracy to 93.6% and 97.2% for T and B cell MCS, respectively. Class I DSA influenced T and B cell MCS more than class II. The relative importance of an individual HLA locus on T cell prediction was found to be HLA-B > -A > -C. In the least-squares fitting, B64 had a large positive effect while A34 had a large negative effect on T cell MCS. Conclusions Utilizing DDA can expand accuracy of biologic systems beyond human experience and expertise. We showed how DDA can improve HLA crossmatch by generating high-level accuracy T and B cell FXM outcomes. Further improvements to the algorithm will incorporate HLA antigen expression and HLA antibody avidity.
The nocturnal-polysomnogram and "non-hypoxic sleep-disordered-breathing" in children.

Abstract Objective To characterize sleep-disordered breathing patterns not related to hypoxia resulting in fragmented sleep in children. Methods We reviewed the polysomnogram (PSG) data of children with sleep complaints who were being evaluated for sleep-disordered breathing and had an apnea-hypopnea-index ≤ 3. These data were compared to the recordings of the same children with nasal CPAP administered for one night and to 60 control subjects (children without any sleep complaints). A subgroup of children was monitored with esophageal manometry, but nasal cannula flow data was recorded in all cases. Results Abnormal breathing patterns, particularly flow limitation, could be seen with more severity and frequency compared to apnea or hypopnea. The observed abnormal breathing patterns were associated with EEG disturbances. Conclusions Patterns such as flow-limitation, mouth-breathing, changes in inspiratory and expiratory time, rib-cage and expiratory muscle activity, transcutaneous CO2 electrode changes and snoring noises are all variables that should be systematically reviewed when analyzing nocturnal PSG. Current scoring guidelines emphasizes apnea-hypopnea and hypoxic-sleep disordered breathing and therefore treatment is often much delayed in this population of children with evidence of abnormal breathing patterns. Analysis of the various patterns of abnormal breathing noted above allows recognition of “non-hypoxic” sleep-disordered-breathing (SDB).
Lemons to lemonade: Effects of a biobehavioral intervention for cancer patients on later life changes.

OBJECTIVE The sustainment of gains for cancer patients provided psychosocial interventions is unclear. Furthermore, it is unknown whether interventions also yield long-term positive changes. The present study experimentally tests if an intervention delivered at cancer diagnosis could yield broad, long-term, changes in domains such as relationships, worldview, priorities, and goals. It was hypothesized that the intervention group would report more positive and fewer negative life changes during survivorship versus the control group. METHOD Patients with Stage II/III breast cancer were randomized to biobehavioral intervention (BBI) or assessment only. At randomization, patients completed measures of cancer stress (Impact of Events Scale [IES]) and depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale [CES-D]). At the 24-month follow-up, survivors (N = 160) completed a thought listing task with 7 prompts (e.g., "relationships"). Patients listed thoughts about change since diagnosis and rated each for valence. Groups were compared on the frequency of positive/negative thoughts across prompts. Listed thoughts were content analyzed. RESULTS BBI survivors reported significantly more positive changes (p < .05), controlling for IES and CES-D. Groups did not differ on negative changes. Patients with higher IES/CES-D scores reported more negative changes at 24 months (ps < .05). Content analysis revealed a predominance (13/23) of positive thought categories. CONCLUSIONS Adding support for efficacy, BBI survivors reported significantly more positive life changes since diagnosis than survivors not receiving BBI. More generally, heightened stress/depressive symptoms at diagnosis foretold survivors' reporting of more negative changes. Thought listing is a strategy to obtain personalized accounts of life changes after breast cancer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
27 Storm Systems

The concept of a storm is defined as a weather disturbance that, in the context of hydrological science, produces precipitation or affects the formation and distribution of precipitation. Storm systems are reviewed in terms of their spatial and temporal scale, with the dominant storm system on large scales in midlatitudes being the so-called extratropical cyclones. Not only do such storms produce considerable weather in their own right, but they provide a setting in which the so-called mesoscale storm systems can develop. Mesoscale weather is not dominated by any particular form of disturbance, but can take many different forms. The intensity of the weather, including precipitation rates, in mesoscale systems can be much greater than in extratropical cyclones although the duration of such weather is typically less than in large-scale systems. Small-scale storms are dominated by convective storms, which can produce the most violent weather of all, including large hail, strong winds, tornadoes, and torrential rainfalls. Keywords: storms; thunderstorm; extratropical cyclone; snowstorm; hail; windstorms; precipitation; tornado; mesoscale; convection; transport; rainfall; lake effect; lightning; flood; flash flood; supercell; multicell storm; training effect; mesoscale convective system; mesoscale convective complex; sensible heat; latent heat; radar; polar low; topography; fronts; cyclone; anticyclone; westerlies; jet stream; upslope precipitation; monsoon; polar front; storm track; mesocyclone; squall line; rainstorm; winter storm
The Use of Bone Grafts, Bone Graft Substitutes, and Orthobiologics for Osseous Healing in Foot and Ankle Surgery:

Achieving fusion in osseous procedures about the foot and ankle presents unique challenges to the surgeon. Many patients have comorbidities that reduce osseous healing rates, and the limited space ...
Topical Lidocaine Patch for Postthoracotomy and Poststernotomy Pain in Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit Adult Patients.

Background Transdermal lidocaine patches have few systemic toxicities and may be useful analgesics in cardiac surgery patients. However, few studies have evaluated their efficacy in the perioperative setting. Objective To compare the efficacy of topical lidocaine 5% patch plus standard care (opioid and nonopioid analgesics) with standard care alone for postthoracotomy or poststernotomy pain in adult patients in a cardiothoracic intensive care unit. Methods A single-center, retrospective cohort evaluation was conducted from January 2015 through December 2015 in the adult cardiothoracic intensive care unit at a tertiary academic medical center. Cardiac surgery patients with new sternotomies or thoracotomies were included. Patients in the lidocaine group received 1 to 3 topical lidocaine 5% patches near sternotomy and/or thoracotomy sites daily. Patches remained in place for 12 hours daily. Patients in the control group received standard care alone. Results The primary outcome was numeric pain rating for sternotomy/thoracotomy sites. Secondary outcomes were cardiothoracic intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay and total doses of analgesics received. Forty-seven patients were included in the lidocaine group; 44 were included in the control group. Mean visual analogue scores for pain did not differ between groups (lidocaine, 2; control, 1.9; P = .58). Lengths of stay were similar for both groups (cardiothoracic intensive care unit: lidocaine, 3.06 days; control, 3.11 days; P = .86; hospital: lidocaine, 8.26 days; control, 7.61 days; P = .47). Conclusions Adjunctive lidocaine 5% patches did not reduce acute pain in postthoracotomy and post-sternotomy patients in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit.
Tests for equilibration of 149Tb* composite nuclei produced in the reactions 337 MeV 40Ar+natAg and 640 MeV 86Kr+63Cu.

Experimental results are compared for the two matched heavy ion reactions 337 MeV $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$${+}^{\mathrm{nat}}$Ag and 640 MeV $^{86}\mathrm{Kr}$${+}^{63}$Cu as a test of the extent of equilibration of the intermediate composite nucleus $^{149}\mathrm{Tb}^{\mathrm{*}}$(${\mathit{E}}^{\mathrm{*}}$=194 MeV). Spin zones associated with the evaporation residues (ER) are found to agree well for these entrance channels. Agreement is not as close for the fission class due to the inclusion of deeply inelastic reactions (DIR) along with fusion-fission (FF) for the $^{86}\mathrm{Kr}$ reaction. Inclusive and coincidence measurements of energy spectra and angular distributions for the light charged particles indicate that these reactions produce composite nuclei with similar temperatures, spins, and moments of inertia. The energy spectra for both reactions are identically shifted relative to statistical model calculations. This suggests that the composite nuclei are highly distended prior to their cooling by particle evaporation. Multiplicities also agree for $^{1}\mathrm{H}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ production in association with the ER and FF reaction classes. It is noteworthy that prescission $^{1}\mathrm{H}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ multiplicities are in such good agreement, because the magnitude of these multiplicities seems to be dictated by the dynamical time scale of the fission process. That these prescission multiplicities are large suggests that the fission time scale is slow relative to particle evaporation; that they match for these reactions indicates that this is an equilibrium property of the intermediate composite nuclei. We conclude that extensive and rapid thermalization and shape equilibration have occurred despite estimates that the nuclear relaxation time and decay lifetime are nearly the same.
Unilateral Multiple Extramedullary Plasmacytoma of the Choroid and Conjunctiva: A Case Report:

Purpose:We report a case of multiple extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) of the choroid and conjunctiva as a sign of multiple myeloma (MM) relapse.Methods:An observational case report with clinicopat...
Marijuana Use during Pregnancy and Preterm Birth: A Prospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to estimate the association between marijuana use during pregnancy and total, spontaneous and indicated preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study of women receiving antenatal care at The Ohio State University from 2010 to 2015. Marijuana use was assessed by questionnaire, record abstraction, and urine toxicology. Women were followed through the end of pregnancy. Relative risks were assessed with Poisson regression and time to delivery with proportional hazard models. RESULTS Of 363 eligible women, 119 (33%) used marijuana in pregnancy by at least one measure. In this high-risk cohort, preterm birth occurred to 36.0% of users and 34.6% of nonusers (p = 0.81). The unadjusted relative risk of all preterm birth was 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76-1.47); the adjusted relative risk was similar 1.04 (95% CI: 0.72-1.50). Spontaneous preterm birth was nonsignificantly elevated among users before 1.32 (95% CI: 0.89-1.96), and after 1.21 (95% CI: 0.76-1.94) adjustment. Indicated preterm birth was nonsignificantly reduced before 0.52 (95% CI: 0.22-1.23) and after 0.75 (95% CI: 0.29-2.15) adjustment. The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for time to preterm birth was 1.26 (95% CI: 0.84-2.00); the adjusted HR was 1.32 (95% CI: 0.80-2.07). Both unadjusted 1.77 (95% CI: 1.06-2.93) and adjusted 2.16 (95% CI: 1.16-4.02) HRs for spontaneous preterm birth were significantly elevated, primarily due to an increased risk of spontaneous birth <28 weeks among users. The unadjusted and adjusted HRs for time to indicated preterm birth were 0.69 (95% CI: 0.33-1.43) and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.23-1.46). CONCLUSION Marijuana use was not associated with total preterm birth in this cohort, suggesting that among women already at high risk of preterm birth, marijuana does not increase risk further. However, there was a suggestion that pregnant women who use marijuana may deliver earlier, particularly from spontaneous preterm birth, than women who do not use marijuana. KEY POINTS · Marijuana was not associated with risk of all preterm birth.. · Marijuana was not associated with reduced time to delivery.. · However, users had reduced time to spontaneous preterm birth..
Ring opening in cycloheptane and dissociation of 1-heptene at high temperatures

Abstract Cycloalkanes and alkenes are important components of real fuels but there is little kinetic and mechanistic data on the dissociation of most large cyclic and olefinic molecules at elevated temperatures. We present here the first experimental and theoretical investigation of dissociation of cycloheptane and the initial product from ring opening, 1-heptene. Experiments were performed in a diaphragmless shock tube using laser schlieren densitometry. Pyrolysis of cycloheptane (0.5–4% in Kr) was studied over 1450–2000 K and 30–120 Torr. Experiments with 1-heptene (1–4% in Kr) covered 1200–1650 K and 30–120 Torr. A newly developed chemical kinetic mechanism for pyrolysis of cycloheptane and 1-heptene is presented herein. Simulations are in very good agreement with the experimental measurements. Rate coefficients for the initial ring-opening process in cycloheptane, k1, and dissociation of 1-heptene, k2, were determined from the experiments. Both k1 and k2 are in falloff, and the pressure and temperature dependencies were well reproduced by theoretical calculations allowing extrapolation to conditions beyond the scope of this work. These calculations yielded the following expressions for k1 and k2 with the uncertainties estimated as ±40% and ±50% respectively: k 1 , ∞ = 5.94 × 10 17 exp ( − 44 , 521 T ) s − 1 and k 2 , ∞ = 8.86 × 10 16 exp ( − 35 , 887 T ) s − 1 . The results of this study indicate that cycloheptane dissociates similarly to cyclopentane and cyclohexane, i.e. ring-opening via C C scission to a diradical that rapidly isomerizes to a conjugate 1-alkene. The secondary chemistry is dominated by the dissociation products of the 1-alkenes i.e. allyl and n-alkyl radicals. Furthermore, rates of dissociation of the cycloalkanes are size dependent and kcyclopentane
Stress and burnout in psychology doctoral students

Psychology Doctoral Students (PDS) have to deal with highly emotional situations with their clients and academic demands that can cause stress. However, there is limited research examining stress and burnout in PDS. This study aimed to examine levels of stress in PDS students compared to the general population and to analyze levels of stress and burnout per year in the program. An online survey was distributed among both PDS currently enrolled in APA-accredited clinical and counseling psychology doctoral programs and individuals in the general population. A total of 204 (67.3%) participants were PDS and 99 (32.7%) were from the general population. There were no significant differences in levels of stress between the PDS and participants from the general population. Third- and fourth-year students (grouped together) reported a significantly higher level of stress than PDS in other years (p=.00). Similarly, third- and fourth-year students (grouped together) reported significantly higher scores in the burnout emotional exhaustion subscale, than the rest of the students (p=.04). Stress levels in PDS were similar to those in the general population. Within PDS those in their third and fourth year of their programs presented higher levels of stress and more emotional exhaustion. Implications will be discussed.
Is cancer a matter of luck

In 2015, Tomasetti and Vogelstein published a paper in Science containing the following provocative statement: “… only a third of the variation in cancer risk among tissues is attributable to environmental factors or inherited predispositions. The majority is due to “bad luck,” that is, random mutations arising during DNA replication in normal, noncancerous stem cells.” The paper—and perhaps especially this rather coy reference to “bad luck”—became a flash point for a series of letters and reviews, followed by replies and yet further counterpoints. In this paper, I critically assess Tomasetti and Vogelstein's argument, discuss the meaning of “luck” (or, better: “chance”) in the context of the debate, and use this case study to address larger questions about methodological criteria for causal explanations of population level patterns in biomedicine.
Racial disparities negatively impact outcomes for patients with early-onset colorectal cancer independent of income or education status.

20Background: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients under age 50 is rising for reasons that are incompletely understood. We examined the effects of health disparities and socioeconom...
Stability of Equilateral Triangular Plates

Critical values of the middle plane forces for equilateral triangular plates that are determined for the clamped and simply supported edge conditions and for the cases of force parallel or perpendicular to a base show that accurate values for the lower modes of buckling may be obtained with relatively coarse grids and extrapolations. In certain cases, the pattern of convergence of the extrapolated values indicates the possibility of establishing bounds on the critical load values. In computing these, values, finite difference approximations to the governing differential equations are used. Four different approximations to the biharmonic operator are used, and solutions for the critical loads and corresponding mode shapes using several different grid spacings are obtained. The extrapolated values of the buckling loads may also be found. The use of successively finer grids results in convergence for the values of lowest critical load.
Chapter 12 – The Impacts of Nitrogen Deposition on Forest Ecosystems

Forest plants rely mainly on ammonium (NH4 + ) released from decomposing litter and humus, and often on nitrate (NO 3 - ) produced by ammonium oxidizing bacteria (nitrifiers), to meet their nitrogen (N) uptake demands. Forest litter and soils typically interact with vegetation to form “closed” N cycles in which annual rates of plant N uptake per unit area approximately balance annual N returns to the forest floors and soil as litter and root material. Elevated N deposition directly influences forest N cycles by increasing input N: internal N cycling ratios and the amounts reactive N available for uptake by forest plants and microbes. In addition to these direct effects, N deposition can alter feedbacks between plants and soil processes. Forest N cycling studies typically show foliar N concentrations increasing along atmospheric N deposition gradients and in response to experimental N additions. Elevated N deposition may stimulate net rates of N mineralization nitrification. Increases in N mineralization and nitrification result from feedbacks caused by inputs to soils of N-enrich plant and microbial tissues. Increases in forest growth accompanying increases in N deposition in north temperate regions suggest that atmospheric N inputs might be fertilizing forests by partially alleviating N limitations to growth.
The Passion for Place: Medieval and Renaissance Re-Creations of Paradise

Rabelais’s utopia, the Abbey of Theleme, is a model of restrictiveness and exclusivity, off-limits to the greater part of mankind. Even before it is built, Frere Jan excludes the poor, the sick, the old, the homeless, the illiterate, and even the irascible. Women are permitted but, he explains, they must be “belles, bien formees, bien naturees” and the men likewise, “beaux, bien formes et bien natures — beautiful, well-formed and good-natured.1 All the inhabitants, we learn, had been so well educated that there wasn’t one among them who could not read, write, sing, play on harmonious instruments, speak five or six languages, and write easy poetry and clear prose in any and all of them.2
The reaction algebra: a formal language for event correlation

Event-pattern reactive programs are small programs that process an input stream of events to detect and act upon given temporal patterns. These programs are used in distributed systems to notify components when they must react. We present the reaction algebra, a declarative language to define finite-state reactions. We prove that the reaction algebra is complete in the following sense: every event-pattern reactive system that can be described and implemented - in any formalism - using finite memory, can also be described in the reaction algebra.
A method for movement.

During cell movement, microtubules may control the actin cytoskeleton through specific Rho GTPases. An understanding of the spatial control of cell motility may now be within reach.
California's Farmland Preservation Programs, Taxes, and Furthering the Appropriate Safeguarding of Agriculture at the Urban Fringe to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

California has long been a leader in both its attempts to preserve land devoted to agricultural production and in its approach to funding its state and local governments. Recently it has become the leader in creating a statewide policy (AB 32) to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases generated within its border. California's policy choices regarding state and local revenue reliance, farmland preservation, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are interrelated. There is concern among environmental and agricultural stakeholders that elements of the system of state and local taxation that developed in California after Proposition 13 discourages the retention of land in agriculture, and this subsequently generates greater urban sprawl in the state. Many of these same stakeholders point to the presence of the state's three major farmland conservation programs (and other programs and multiple policies throughout different codes) as encouraging the retention of agricultural land and thus resulting in less urban sprawl in the state. The overall purpose of this paper is to examine these two claims in as unbiased a manner as academically possible and to offer an opinion on their validity. Such an opinion is necessary to offer an informed comment on the desirability of reforming the state's tax system, and/or expanding the state's system of farmland preservation, to reduce the degree of sprawl experienced in California and thus be better poised to achieve the reduction in GHGs mandated by AB 32.
Reconceiving Direction of Fit

I argue that the concept of direction of fit (DOF) is best seen as picking out a certain inferential property of a psychological attitude. The property in question is one that believing shares with assuming and fantasizing and fails to share with desire. Unfortunately, the standard analysis of DOF obscures this fact because it conflates two very different properties of an attitude: that in virtue of which it displays a certain DOF, and that in virtue of which it displays certain revision conditions. I claim that the latter corresponds with the aim of an attitude, not its DOF. In order to remedy this failure of the standard analysis, I offer an alternative account of DOF, which I refer to as the two-content analysis.
Migration of fluids beneath Yellowstone caldera inferred from satellite radar interferometry

Satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar is uniquely suited to monitoring year-to-year deformation of the entire Yellowstone caldera (about 3000 square kilometers). Sequential interferograms indicate that subsidence within the caldera migrated from one resurgent dome to the other between August 1992 and August 1995. Between August 1995 and September 1996, the caldera region near the northeast dome began to inflate, and accompanying surface uplift migrated to the southwest dome between September 1996 and June 1997. These deformation data are consistent with hydrothermal or magmatic fluid migration into and out of two sill-like bodies that are about 8 kilometers directly beneath the caldera.
Reprogramming cells and tissue patterning via bioelectrical pathways: molecular mechanisms and biomedical opportunities.

Transformative impact in regenerative medicine requires more than the reprogramming of individual cells: advances in repair strategies for birth defects or injuries, tumor normalization, and the construction of bioengineered organs and tissues all require the ability to control large-scale anatomical shape. Much recent work has focused on the transcriptional and biochemical regulation of cell behaviour and morphogenesis. However, exciting new data reveal that bioelectrical properties of cells and their microenvironment exert a profound influence on cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Ion channels and pumps expressed in all cells, not just excitable nerve and muscle, establish resting potentials that vary across tissues and change with significant developmental events. Most importantly, the spatio-temporal gradients of these endogenous transmembrane voltage potentials (Vmem) serve as instructive patterning cues for large-scale anatomy, providing organ identity, positional information, and prepattern template cues for morphogenesis. New genetic and pharmacological techniques for molecular modulation of bioelectric gradients in vivo have revealed the ability to initiate complex organogenesis, change tissue identity, and trigger regeneration of whole vertebrate appendages. A large segment of the spatial information processing that orchestrates individual cells’ programs towards the anatomical needs of the host organism is electrical; this blurs the line between memory and decision-making in neural networks and morphogenesis in non-neural tissues. Advances in cracking this bioelectric code will enable the rational reprogramming of shape in whole tissues and organs, revolutionizing regenerative medicine, developmental biology, and synthetic bioengineering.
An Automatic Pressure Regulator for Extracorporeal Circulation

An automatic pressure regulator for controlling venous pressure during extracorporeal heart operations is described. The controller is used in procedures where a pressure is maintained in the venae cavae; i.e., where gravity flow is not used to drain the venous blood. A differential pressure transducer produces an error signal which controls the field current in a dc shunt motor and, consequently, the rate of pumping. The sensitivity of the controller can be varied in eight steps; on the most sensitive range, an error of less than 0.20 mm Hg can be detected and corrected. The total change in motor speed and hence pumping rate is ± 20 per cent.
Laser surgery in gynecologic oncology

In the treatment of premalignant epithelial cancers of the female lower genital tract, the CO2 laser beam is used with precision through a surgical microscope for tissue ablation and excision. Intra-abdominal vaporization of abnormal tissues can be performed endoscopically through fiberoptics. Surgical lasers provide thermal scalpels for hemostatic excision of malignant lesions. Photodynamic therapy is applied in the treatment of isolated malignancies persistent after conservative treatment. Surgical laser systems are important tools in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies.
Mechanical and Temperature Stressor–Induced Seizure-and-Paralysis Behaviors in Drosophila Bang-Sensitive Mutants

"Bang-sensitive" mutants of Drosophila display characteristic repertoires of distinct seizure-and-paralysis behaviors upon mechanical shock (Ganetzky & Wu, 1982, Genetics, 100, 597-614). The authors found that each of the bang-sensitive mutants described in this paper (bas, bss, eas, and tko) also displayed similar behavioral repertoires upon exposure to either high or low temperature. These repertoires are composed of interspersed periods of seizure and paralysis, and appear to have interesting parallels with vertebrate epileptiform behavior. Analysis of gynandromorph mosaics of these bang-sensitive mutant flies indicated that anatomical foci required for these two types of behaviors do not totally overlap, as they were separable among mosaic flies. Observations on mosaic and decapitated flies demonstrated an all-or-none expression of the seizure-and-paralysis behaviors, indicating global activity and long-range interactions in the nervous system. Therefore, the diverse collection of currently available Drosophila bang-sensitive mutants may serve as a rich source for mutational and cellular analysis to identify interacting molecular networks that are responsible for seizure phenotypes.
Severe heart failure in the setting of relatively mild mitral stenosis: the role of invasive hemodynamic assessment.

For patients with heart failure and relatively mild mitral stenosis, an exercise hemodynamic study should be considered. However, exercise intolerance is a common symptom in a variety of cardiac and noncardiac diseases, emphasizing the need for a thorough differential diagnosis in the planning and execution of these studies. This manuscript discusses two cases that illustrate the need for this comprehensive approach, the indications for balloon mitral valvuloplasty, and the recognition of diastolic dysfunction in these patients. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Varying temporal placement of response-produced stimuli in a fixed-interval schedule

During a stimulus-available period (SAP) within a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement (FI)y each response produced a distinctive key color change (response key color changed from white to green). The influence of the temporal placement of the SAP within the FI was determined for two pigeons. Responding was reduced during SAP for all placements. For early placements, responding was elevated just prior to SAP. For late placements of the SAP responding was suppressed just prior to relatively more than during the SAP. Data were related to Egger and Miller’s proposal that the first of a series of stimuli preceding reinforcement will be the stronger conditioned reinforcer.
RECENT PROGRESS IN LOW-VOLTAGE FIELD-EMISSION CATHODE DEVELOPMENT

Recent progress in field emission cathode array development has yielded current densities greater than 100 A/cm2.
Cumulative Risk Assessment: An Overview of Methodological Approaches for Evaluating Combined Health Effects from Exposure to Multiple Environmental Stressors

Systematic evaluation of cumulative health risks from the combined effects of multiple environmental stressors is becoming a vital component of risk-based decisions aimed at protecting human populations and communities. This article briefly examines the historical development of cumulative risk assessment as an analytical tool, and discusses current approaches for evaluating cumulative health effects from exposure to both chemical mixtures and combinations of chemical and nonchemical stressors. A comparison of stressor-based and effects-based assessment methods is presented, and the potential value of focusing on viable risk management options to limit the scope of cumulative evaluations is discussed. The ultimate goal of cumulative risk assessment is to provide answers to decision-relevant questions based on organized scientific analysis; even if the answers, at least for the time being, are inexact and uncertain.
Chiral symmetry in quarkyonic matter

The 1/Nc expansion classifies nuclearmatter, deconfined quark matter, and Quarkyonic matter in low temperature region. We investigate the realization of chiral symmetry in Quarkyonic matter by taking into account condensations of chiral particle-hole pairs. It is argued that chiral symmetry and parity are locally violated by the formation of chiral spirals, \(\left\langle {\bar \psi exp\left( {2i\mu _q z\gamma ^0 \gamma ^z } \right)\psi } \right\rangle\). An extension to multiple chiral spirals is also briefly discussed.
Atypical syntactic processing in individuals who stutter: evidence from event-related brain potentials and behavioral measures.

Syntactic processing was explored in individuals who stutter (IWS). Grammatic-ality judgments and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were obtained while participants read sentences, half contain...
Advantages of Open-Response Questions in Survey Research

There is a paucity of research to demonstrate that a different kind and degree of information may be obtained from open-response questions in questionnaires. Evidence is invariably drawn from studi...
The role of identity development, values, and costs in college STEM retention

The current short-term longitudinal study investigated the role of college students’ identity development and motivational beliefs in predicting their chemistry achievement and intentions to leave science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) majors. We collected 4 waves of data over 1 semester from 363 diverse undergraduate STEM students enrolled in a chemistry lab course. The results of analyses that examined the reciprocal relations among the variables over time (i.e., cross-lagged path analysis) suggested that identity development that involved exploration (e.g., information-seeking, reflection) was positively related to students’ beliefs about their competence and value for the STEM major and negatively related to perceptions of effort cost (drawbacks associated with time and effort) for the major. Identity development that did not involve exploration was related to low competence beliefs and high perceptions of costs for the STEM major. Competence beliefs, values, and perceptions of cost for the major were dynamically related to chemistry achievement and to students’ intentions to leave the STEM major over the semester, with different kinds of cost perceptions (drawbacks associated with effort, lost opportunities, and stress and anxiety) relating differentially to students’ intentions. The results support the role of identity development in students’ motivation for a STEM major and address a gap in the literature regarding the role of perceived cost in students’ academic choices.
The salience of governance mechanisms in contributingto electronic repositories

Expert- and community-governance are becoming popular mechanisms to verify contributions in electronic repositories. This study examines the conditions under which employees make contributions to expert- and community-governed repositories. We conduct a qualitative study using data collected through interviews. Analysis of data using the grounded theory approach reveals that two groups of categories are salient for contribution behaviors: content-based, and need-based. Content-based categories concern the type of content provided for each contribution and involve whether contributions are suggestions/ideas and whether they have sensitive content. Need-based categories concern the different needs of employees and involve whether employees have a need for peer input, expert opinion, or recognition. Findings suggest that employees are more likely to contribute to community-governed repositories if contributions are suggestions/ideas and there is a need for peer input. On the other hand, employees are more likely to contribute to expert-governed repositories if contributions have sensitive content and there is a need for expert opinion and recognition. This study contributes to extant work by distinguishing between two types of governance mechanisms and identifying the salient categories in contributing to repositories that employ these mechanisms.
Organic PM Emissions from Vehicles: Composition, O/C Ratio, and Dependence on PM Concentration

A suite of real-time instruments was used to sample vehicle emissions at the California Air Resources Board Haagen-Smit facility. Eight on-road, spark-ignition gasoline and three alternative vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer and the emissions were diluted to atmospherically relevant concentrations (0.5–30 μg/m3). An Aerodyne high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-MS) characterized the real-time behavior of the nonrefractory organic and inorganic particulate matter (PM) in vehicle emissions. It was found that the emission of particulate organic matter (POM) was strongly affected by engine temperature and engine load and that the emission concentrations could vary significantly by vehicle. Despite the small sample size, consistent trends in chemical characteristics were observed. The composition of vehicle POM was found to be related to overall PM mass concentration where the oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio tended to increase at lower concentration and had an average value...
In vitro/in vivo correlation studies for transdermal Δ8‐THC development

The present study was carried out in order to develop a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) for Δ8-THC. The in vitro permeability studies of Δ8-THC in human skin and hairless guinea pig skin with and without a rate-controlling membrane were conducted in flow-through diffusion cells. Δ8-THC pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after topical application of transdermal patches and intravenous administration in guinea pigs. The in vitro results indicated that there was no significant difference in the mean flux or in the permeability coefficient of Δ8-THC in human skin versus hairless guinea pig skin. The flux of Δ8-THC through the human skin/membrane composite was not significantly lower than that through the hairless guinea pig skin/membrane composite; and the skin controlled the Δ8-THC delivery rate. Intravenous doses of Δ8-THC followed a two-compartment model with a significant distribution phase. On application of the TTS patch, the plasma concentration of Δ8-THC reached a mean steady-state level of 4.4 ng/mL within 1.4 h and was maintained for at least 48 h. Significant amounts of metabolites were observed in the plasma after topical application. The in vitro-study predicted plasma concentration following application of the transdermal patch was in agreement with the observed guinea pig plasma concentrations of Δ8-THC. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 93: 1154–1164, 2004
Opposite Movements of the External Gate in Glutamate Transporters upon Binding Different Cotransported Ligands Measured by EPR

Hairpin two (HP2) has been proposed as the extracellular gate of glutamate transporters. To test this hypothesis, we use double site-directed spin-labeling electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy on the bacterial transporter GltPh to examine conformational changes in HP2. Surprisingly, the two co-ligands Na+ and aspartate induce opposite movements of HP2. We find that Na+ binding to the apo state of the transporter opens the extracellular gate, while the subsequent binding of aspartate closes the gate. In addition, using voltage clamp fluorometry on the mammalian excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT3, we confirm that the opposite conformational changes of HP2 induced by Na+ and amino acid substrates also occur in mammalian amino acid transporters. Our findings are consistent with HP2 comprising the extracellular gate of glutamate transporters, and that Na+ binding opens and stabilizes the extracellular gate thereby allowing for amino acid substrate binding.
Bilateral epibulbar rheumatoid nodulosis. A new ocular entity.

Abstract A 61-year-old woman, whose rheumatoid arthritis had been quiescent for 9 years, developed a crop of 16 painless bilateral episcleral rheumatoid nodules without any flareup of her joint disease. Biopsy of the lesions disclosed lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration within the conjunctiva, overlying palisading granulomas with elongated epithelioid histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells, and central necrobiotic degeneration of the collagen of the episclera and superficial sclera. The rheumatologic designation for the development of groups of subcutaneous nodules in inactive rheumatoid arthritis is rheumatoid nodulosis. This report is the first description of this entity in the ocular adnexa.
Algebras generated by the disc algebra and bounded harmonic functions

Let D denote the open unit disc, and let A(D) denote the disc algebra. The subsets E of ∂D such that the inclusion A(D)[f,f] ⊃ C(D) holds for every nonconstant f ∈ H°°(D) continuous on E, or the inclusion A(D)[f] ⊃ C(D) holds for every bounded harmonic nonholomorphic function f on D continuous on E, are characterized. In the first case the condition is that E has positive measure, and in the second case that E has full measure in ∂D.
Unusual structures associated with peripheral reticulum in chloroplasts of Myriophyllum spicatum L.

A peripheral reticulum has been observed in epidermal chloroplasts of leaves of Myriophyllum spicatum seedlings. Associated with this membrane system are packets containing 5–80 unbranched tubular or rodlike structures which are individually about 250 A wide by 1500 A long. They are surrounded by the peripheral reticulum and are closely associated with the inner chloroplast membrane.
Shell effects observed in exit charge state distribution of 1–30 keV atomic projectiles transiting ultrathin carbon foils

Abstract We have investigated the exit charge state distribution of 1–30 keV H, He, C, N, O, Ne and Ar ions that transit ultrathin carbon foils (average thickness of approximately 44 A). The empirical charge state distribution are used to examine the ratio of the electron loss cross section σ l for neutrals to the electron capture cross section σ c for positive ions. The ratio, σ/σ c , is shown to have a quadratic dependence on the projectile velocity and inverse dependence on Z 2 3 where Z is the projectile atomic number. The data is fit to the equation A(E F −E T )/mZ 2 3 where E F is the exit projectile energy, m is its mass, and A and E T are constants. A pronounced shell effect is observed: the constant A is dependent on the principal quantum number of the projectile, and E T exhibits variations with the projectile outer shell electronic structure.
Interparticle migration of metal cations in stream sediments as a factor in toxics transport.

Abstract Sorption of metal cations by stream sediments is an important process affecting the movement of released contaminants in the environment. The ability of cations to desorb from one sediment particle and subsequently sorb to another can greatly affect metal transport rates but rates for this process have not been reported. The objective of this study was to determine the rate at which sorbed metals can migrate from contaminated sediment particles to uncontaminated sediment particles as a function of the concentration of the contaminating solution and the duration of the contact with the contaminating solution. Samples of small sediment particles were exposed to solutions containing cobalt, after which they were rinsed and combined with larger uncontaminated sediment particles in the presence of stream water. Initial concentrations of the contaminating solution ranged from 1 ng/l to 1000 mg/l and exposures to the contaminating solution ranged from 6 h to 14 days. The rate of the migration increased with increasing concentrations in the contaminating solution and with decreasing times of exposure to the contaminating solution. Under the conditions of these experiments, the time required for the migration to reach equilibrium was on the order of months or longer. In separate experiments, the kinetics of adsorption and desorption of cobalt were measured as a function of concentration of the contaminating solution. The time required to reach adsorption equilibrium increased with increasing concentration in the contaminating solution. Times to sorption equilibrium were on the order of months. Desorption was much slower than adsorption and, together with intraparticle diffusion, probably controls the rate of migration from contaminated to uncontaminated sediment. The results of this study show that interparticle migration of metal cations can proceed at significant rates that are strongly influenced by the length of time that the metal has been in contact with the sediment.