cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of the Cre/lox Recombination System to Develop a Non-lethal Knock-in Murine Model for Osteogenesis Imperfecta with an α1(I) G349C Substitution: VARIABILITY IN PHENOTYPE IN BrtlIV MICE

Abstract We utilized the Cre/lox recombination system to develop the first knock-in murine model for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). The moderately severe OI phenotype was obtained from an α1(I) Gly349 → Cys substitution in type I collagen, reproducing the mutation in a type IV OI child. We introduced four single nucleotide (nt) changes into murine col1a1 exon 23: the disease causing G→T transversion (nt 1546), an adjacent G→T change (nt 1551) to generate a GUC ribozyme cleavage site, and two transversions (nt 1567 C→A and nt 1569 C→G) to cause a Leu → Met substitution. We also introduced a 3.2-kilobase pair transcription/translation stop cassette in intron 22, flanked by directly repeating loxrecombination sites. After homologous recombination in ES cells, two male chimeras were obtained. Chimeras were mated with transgenic females expressing Cre recombinase to remove the stop cassette from a portion of the progeny's cells. To generate mice with full expression of the Gly349 → Cys mutation, these offspring were then mated with wild-type females. Skeletal staining and bone histology of the F2 revealed a classical OI phenotype with deformity, fragility, osteoporosis and disorganized trabecular structure. We designate these mice BrtlIV (Brittle IV). BrtlIV mice have phenotypic variability ranging from perinatal lethality to long term survival with reproductive success. The phenotypic variability is not associated with differences in expression levels of the mutant allele in total RNA derived from tissue extracts. Expression of the mutant protein is also equivalent in different phenotypes. Thus, these mice are an excellent model for delineation of the modifying factors postulated to affect human OI phenotypes. In addition, we generated knock-in mice carrying an “intronic” inclusion by mating chimeras with wild-type females. Alternative splicing involving the stop cassette results in retention of non-collagenous sequences. These mice reproduce the lethal phenotype of similar human mutations and are designated BrtlII.
Coordinate regulation of mRNA decay networks by GU-rich elements and CELF1

The GU-rich element (GRE) was identified as a conserved sequence enriched in the 3' UTR of human transcripts that exhibited rapid mRNA turnover. In mammalian cells, binding to GREs by the protein CELF1 coordinates mRNA decay of networks of transcripts involved in cell growth, migration, and apoptosis. Depending on the context, GREs and CELF1 also regulate pre-mRNA splicing and translation. GREs are highly conserved throughout evolution and play important roles in the development of organisms ranging from worms to man. In humans, abnormal GRE-mediated regulation contributes to disease states and cancer. Thus, GREs and CELF proteins serve critical functions in gene expression regulation and define an important evolutionarily conserved posttranscriptional regulatory network.
What We Don't Know Can't Hurt Us?: Equity Consequences of Financing Special Education on the Untested Assumption of Uniform Needs

Over the past few decades, a handful of states have chosen to provide state financing of special education programs through a method referred to as "Census-Based" funding—an approach which involves allocated block-grant funding on an assumed basis of uniform distribution of children with disabilities across school districts. The approach has been argued to eliminate financial incentives for classification of marginal—low severity, higher incidence—disabilities. We explain herein that despite some evidence linking headcount-based financing schemes to increased classification rates (a) no evidence exists whether the incentivized rates are more or less indicative of true prevalence of disabilities, and (b) where attempts have been made to discern whether certain populations of children with disabilities are in fact uniformly distributed, researchers have found that they are not. We use U.S. Census data on families of children with disabilities to evaluate the geographic and demographic distribution of those families in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, finding high degrees of geographic clustering, relationships between census disability rates, census poverty rates, geographic locations and school district classification rates. In short, we find families of children with disabilities to be non-randomly and non-uniformly distributed across geographic spaces in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. We conclude by evaluating the equity consequences of assuming falsely that these children are distributed uniformly.
Babies driving robots: self-generated mobility in very young infants

Self-generated mobility via locomotion is a key for the cognitive, social and motor development of young infants. For certain children with special needs, self-generated mobility is only attained via assistive technology such as a power wheelchair. Up until recently, infants under 24 months of age were not considered candidates for training in power mobility. Recent work in our labs and others suggest that younger infants can utilize their reaching and grasping ability to learn power mobility. This interdisciplinary study combines our previous work in motor development and learning in infants with special needs, and the application of robot technology for rehabilitation to determine whether young infants without structured training, would drive a mobile robot, and if so, to determine how their driving would change over multiple sessions. The two infants that were seen for the most sessions were the focus of this pilot study. Both infants increased their total session time, percentage of session time spent driving, and total path length. These results suggest that, without training, young infants will independently move themselves using a mobile robot. These results provide the foundation for training studies to advance the self-generated mobility in young infants with special needs. Our future studies will explore the multiple training and technology combinations to reduce the barriers to exploration via self-generated mobility, and advance the general development of infants with special needs.
Notes on Mine Hoisting

ELECTRICALLY driven mine hoists have at last come into their own. For many years manufacturers labored with prospective buyers with little results. Long and laborious calculations were made, ratings determined with great accuracy, detailed specifications drawn and presented to the customer. He usually purchased a steam hoist. The good judgment of such a decision could hardly be questioned. The steam hoists had given good and dependable service for many years. The electric hoist was a new and untried device. Power lines were not as reliable as they are today. The mine shaft is the neck of the bottle and once this becomes plugged from any cause whatsoever, the output stops and the usual trouble ensues. Operators felt they had trouble enough with most shafts and would not consider a propositon, which to them seemed to have great possibilities for trouble, the remedying of which was beyond their control.
Pyloric stenosis in a premature infant

Workup of a case of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in a premature infant showed absence of ultrasonic criteria for diagnosis. Transpyloric intubation for enteral feeding may delay the diagnosis of this disorder and has been thought to play a role in its development.
PERCEPTION BIBLIOGRAPHY: I. INTRODUCTION

In 1949, we mimeographed the first issue (6) of the Motor Skills Research Exchange. This publication in 1955 (7) became Perceptzcal and Motor Skills. We were interested in bringing together intellectually, if not physically, the many, but geographically scattered, researchers in the field of motor skills. As a part of our editorial activities, we undertook to prepare an exhaustive bibliography of publications dealing with motor skills. This bibliography, which by now lists over two thousand items, and has covered Psychological Abstracts from 1933 (1) to 1956 (3), was designed to meet and has met a number of research needs. It is useful as a checklist to anyone wishing to make a quick preliminary survey of the literature in some area of skills research. Because the indexes in Psychological Abstracts were not intended to and did not cover explicitly most such areas, and because the headings in these indexes changed from time to time, we felt that an exhaustive bibliographic listing, on the broadest topical basis of which we were capable, would be desirable. Since there. were (and still are) no definitive reviews of work on the great majority of skills problems, the investigator must engage in the most elementary sort of preliminary search. What better starting point for this search, we reasoned, than a nearly complete bibliography, referring to specific abstracts which could be read to decide whether further study of a particular article seemed worthwhile? We also believed that by preparing such a bibliography, we could call the attention of investigators to neglected aspects of skills research which might have potential relevance to their own work. At the time we started the bibliography in 1949, it seemed reasonable to assume that all we needed to do was to start where Dr. McGeoch had left off in 1931 (5), bring the bibliography up to date, and then keep it there. We have since realized that it will be necessary to go back to Baldwin's dictionary (4, 8) and the Psychological Index, as well as earlier volumes of Psychological
Relationship between Primary and Tertiary Sex Ratio in the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Acarina: Tetranychidae)

Relationships between primary sex ratio (number of female eggs/number of male eggs) and tertiary sex ratio (number of adult female offspring/number of adult male offspring) were investigated in four environmental regimes: good and poor environments for parental development × good and poor environments for oviposition and offspring development (poor environments were damaged leaves upon which mites had previously fed). High and significant correlations between the two sex ratios were found in all environments. Within each environmental subclass, death rate of male offspring is higher than that of female offspring. As a result, the primary sex ratio is adjusted upward in each case. The sizes of the adjustments are negligible when the environment for offspring development is good, but are appreciable when the environment is poor. The quality of environment for parental development had no apparent effect on sex ratio adjustment.
Student finances and campus-based financial aid: A structural model analysis of the persistence of high need freshmen

Lisrel, a more versatile technique than traditional path analysis, was employed to account for 42% of the variance in the persistence of 343 new freshman financial aid recipients at a major urban university. Unlike recent persistence models, the specific model developed here highlights the impact of student finances—in particular, the amount of assistance from the programs of federal campus-based aid—on the persistence of freshmen with high financial need. The results indicate that financial need, student residency status, and noncampus-based loans and grants have direct effects on new freshman persistence regardless of the type or amount of campus-based aid awarded. The direct effect of each federal campus-based program on persistence was significant and positive. Implications for administrators and persistence researchers are discussed.
Graduate Students and Federated Searching

In the fall of 2009 and spring of 2010, 20 New Mexico State University graduate students were interviewed using a “think-aloud” protocol to describe their experiences with a federated search tool. Students found federated searching to be most effective when looking for very specific information and article abstracts and least effective when searching general terms and resources other than journal articles (i.e., books, media). Students used the federated search tool and Google together to find relevant citations and full text journal articles. Students indicated that they were highly satisfied with federated search despite some doubt as to how the search worked and what library resources were included in the search.
A Cross-National Investigation of the Relationship Between Infant Walking and Language Development

© 2015 The International Society on Infant Studies 20 3 May-June 2015 10.1111/infa.12071 Research Article RESEARCH ARTICLES Copyright © International Society on Infant Studies (ISIS). The acquisition of walking has recently been linked with infant language development (Walle & Campos, 2014). If this relation reflects the consequence of an epigenetic event, then it should be present regardless of when the infant typically begins to walk, the infant's culture, and the infant's native language. This study sought to replicate the previously reported link between walking and language development in American infants and investigate whether this relation exists cross-nationally in typically developing Chinese infants exposed to Mandarin. Urban Chinese infants not only provide a distinct linguistic and cultural population in which to study this relation but also typically begin walking approximately 6 weeks later than American infants. Our results demonstrated that (1) walking infants in both the American and Chinese samples had greater receptive and productive vocabularies than same-aged crawling infants, (2) differences between crawling and walking infants were proportionally similar in each sample, and (3) the walking-language relation was present for both noun and non-noun vocabularies. These findings provide further support of a relation between infant walking onset and language development, independent of age. Avenues for future research of the processes involved in this relation, as well as additional populations of interest to investigate, are discussed. Copyright
A Computational Review of an Experimental Hint at Unusual Hydrogen Bonding in o-Cresol Cation Radical

We study the radical cations of o-cresol, which display interesting differential red shifts for the species in which the OH is inclined toward or away from the neighboring methyl group. We review f...
Aero-Optical Wavefronts and Scale-Local Characterization in Large-Reynolds-Number Compressible Turbulence

A new technique is proposed that enables the scale-local characterization of aero-optical wavefronts. Because optical wavefronts degraded by turbulent flows are physically highly anisotropic and exhibit distortions over a wide range of scales, a method is needed to examine the wavefront structure at varying degrees of anisotropy and as a function of scale. We introduce an aero-optical-wavefront-anisotropy (AWA) parameter as the ratio of scaling factors for the wavefront distortions and for the wavefront transverse extent. This AWA parameter, combined with box counting, enables a scale-local anisotropic examination of the wavefronts. We demonstrate this technique on wavefronts derived from experiments on large-Reynolds-number (Re ∼ 10 6 ) high-compressibility (Mc ∼ 1) turbulent shear layers between dissimilar-index-of-refraction gases. Variation of the AWA parameter and scalelocal examination of the distortions reveal the presence of anisotropic self-similarity, or self-affinity, at small scales spanning nearly a decade. This finding shows the utility of the technique to detect scaling in large-Reynolds-number flow experiments from the aero-optical behavior. The present finding and technique provide key ingredients to extrapolate the small-scale properties of compressible-flow aero-optical wavefronts to higher Reynolds numbers and are also useful for modeling and for computational aero-optics.
The "Coup Contagion" Hypothesis:

This paper attempts to examine the extent to which military coups in one country influence in some fashion the occurrence of coups in other countries. The examination is conducted primarily via the application of three stochastic models (the Poisson, the "contagious Poisson," and the Gaussian [Markovian]) to 1946-1970 data on successful and unsuccessful military coups, aggregated at the world and selected regional levels. Since the statistical evidence indicates that the occurrence of earlier coups does affect the subsequent probability of coups elsewhere, the paper concludes with a speculative interpretation of the "coup contagion" phenomenon which emphasizes the possibility of behavioral reinforcement processes operating within global and regional communication networks.
Nearly fuel-optimal trajectories for vehicle swarms in open domains with strong background flows

Using a multi-vehicle control scheme based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics, a simulated swarm of unmanned underwater vehicles is guided along a pre-computed optimal trajectory between two points in an open domain under the influence of a strong background flow. The pre-computed trajectory is optimal in terms of fuel usage for a single vehicle. If the gradient of the velocity field is small compared to the total swarm radius, guiding a swarm of vehicles along this trajectory gives nearly optimal trajectories for all vehicles in the swarm without requiring additional costly optimization computations. We provide a bound on the maximum energy cost for vehicles in the swarm and also provide a more realistic estimate of the maximum energy cost. We also determine that the energy cost scales as N3/2 for swarms with large numbers of vehicles, N. The algorithm and fuel cost bounds are verified in simulations of unmanned underwater vehicles moving across a double gyre system on the scale of a small ocean basin.
The Progrowth Entrepreneur in Local Government

In this research note, the authors explore progrowth entrepreneurs in suburban governments. They first identify the role of progrowth entrepreneurs in proposing policies favorable to the business c...
When to collaborate: individual and group exploration of a hypertext environment within an inquiry science classroom

The use of a hypertext environment within an inquiry science curriculum is explored, comparing two conditions of group collaboration: one in which students explore the environment individually prior to a group discussion, and one in which students use the hypertext as a group while discussing the content. Student discourse is analyzed to compare the efficacy of the two conditions and the influence of classroom context on these learning conditions is discussed.
Social Considerations Related to Adolescent Girls’ Sexual Empowerment: A Response to Lamb and Peterson

We expand on Lamb and Peterson’s (2011) discussion of the influence of social forces on the development of girls’ sexual empowerment. A predominant message from a variety of media in the U.S. is that women are sexual objects controlled by men’s sexual desires. Media messages are bolstered by the sexist treatment of girls and women in everyday society, and by gendered social roles derived from the patriarchal structure of society. We present empirical evidence that societal representations of sexuality in the United States are gendered and promote male control over female sexuality. We review research linking exposure to these sexist messages with the development of self-objectification and attitudes and behaviors supportive of gender stereotyped sexual roles. While many studies are conducted with women rather than girls, researchers are beginning to study these issues in older girls, and some longitudinal data are available. We make suggestions for further research within an ecological framework that would allow the examination of messages from multiple sources within a developmental framework.
Novel LC-ESI/MS/MSn Method for the Characterization and Quantification of 2′-Deoxyguanosine Adducts of the Dietary Carcinogen 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine by 2-D Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry

An accurate and sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multi-stage mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MSn) technique has been developed for the characterization and quantification of 2‘-deoxyguanosine (dG) adducts of the dietary mutagen, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). PhIP is an animal and potential human carcinogen that occurs in grilled meats. Following enzymatic digestion and adduct enrichment by solid-phase extraction (SPE), PhIP−DNA adducts were analyzed by MS/MS and MSn scan modes on a 2-D linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (QIT/MS). The major DNA adduct, N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (dG-C8-PhIP), was detected in calf thymus (CT) DNA modified in vitro with a bioactivated form of PhIP and in the colon and liver of rats given PhIP as part of the diet. The lower limit of detection (LOD) was 1 adduct per 108 DNA bases, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 3 adducts per 108 DNA bases in both MS/MS and MS3 scan mo...
Applications of silicon-germanium-carbon in MOS and bipolar transistors

This paper will review growth of Si-Ge and Si-Ge-C alloys using various low thermal budget epitaxial schemes such as UHVCVD, RTPCVD and MBE. The growth issues, materials aspects and bandgap and strain engineering in these alloys will be discussed. The prospective of using these alloys in strained-channel Si-Ge MOSFETs and MODFETs in order to enhance CMOS in the giga-scale era will be discussed. We will also describe the use of these films in Si-Ge HBTs for high speed r-f type applications.
Contract law and the value of a game

For the special case of games with linearly transferable utility, a treatment preserving the main features of the controversial treatment in the author’s doctoral dissertation is newly derived from a model for negotiation and play that is more elaborate than most such models. The crucial point of the derivation is that the author’s special bargaining theory is not needed; the usual Zeuthen-Nash-Harsanyi bargaining theory gives the same result. The main novelty in the model that makes this possible is the replacement of customary informal uses of ‘enforceable agreements’ by explicit contract law. The problems of contract law for cooperative games seem to be very complex, and the present work makes only a bare beginning on them. A characteristic function and value are derived.
Parametric Study on the Operating Efficiencies of a Packed Bed for High-Temperature Sensible Heat Storage

A comprehensive computer model of a packed bed thermal energy storage system originally developed for storage media employing either sensible heat storage (SHS) materials or phase-change material (PCM), was validated for the sensible heat storage media using a rather extensive set of data obtained with a custom-made experimental facility for high-temperature energy storage. The model is for high-temperature storage and incorporates several features including (a) allowance for media property variations with temperature, (b) provisions for arbitrary initial conditions and time-dependent varying fluid inlet temperature to be set, (c) formulation for axial thermal dispersion effects in the bed, (d) modeling for intraparticle transient conduction in the storage medium, (e) provision for energy storage (or accumulation) in the fluid medium, (f) modeling for the transient conduction in the containment vessel wall, (g) energy recovery in two modes, one with flow direction parallel with that in the storage mode (cocurrent) and the other with flow in the opposite direction (countercurrent), and (h) computation of the first and second-law efficiencies. Parametric studies on the sensible heat storage system were carried out using the validated model to determine the effects of several of the design and operating parameters on the first and second-law efficiencies ofmore » the packed bed. Decisions on the thermodynamic optimum system design and operating parameters for the packed bed are based on the second-law evaluations made.« less
Saturation of Scintillation

Recent observations of stellar scintillation provide new evidence that atmospheric dispersion alone is not sufficient to cause the saturation observed at large zenith angles. Saturation is produced by lateral spreading of the (initially collimated) light in traversing the turbulent atmosphere—a phenomenon called seeing by astronomers, or multiple scattering by optical physicists. The magnitude of this effect, as estimated from stellar scintillation data, agrees well with the minimum resolution predicted by Fried and by Hulett, and is correlated as expected with the strength of scintillation in the zenith.
Mapping nonnative plants using hyperspectral imagery

Nonnative plant species are causing enormous ecological and environmental impacts from local to global scale. Remote sensing images have had mixed success in providing spatial information on land cover characteristics to land managers that increase effective management of invasions into native habitats. However, there has been limited evaluation of the use of hyperspectral data and processing techniques for mapping specific invasive species based on their spectral characteristics. This research evaluated three different methods of processing hyperspectral imagery: minimum noise fraction (MNF), continuum removal, and band ratio indices for mapping iceplant (Carpobrotus edulis) and jubata grass (Cortaderia jubata) in California's coastal habitat. Validation with field sampling data showed high mapping accuracies for all methods for identifying presence or absence of iceplant (97%), with the MNF procedure producing the highest accuracy (55%) when the classes were divided into four different densities of iceplant.
Similarities between Competitors and the Implications for Location Strategies

Although Burger King and McDonald's are widely recognized as direct competitors, there may be enough differences in customer profiles between the two chains to recommend or justify divergent location strategies. In this regard, the authors use ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression to test whether site and trade-area criteria can explain individual store sales and if such criteria are consistent for both chains. This research shows that there are situations where locational factors may have directionally different effects on store sales of the two chains. While Burger King generally experienced higher sales in denser urban areas with higher proportions of minorities, McDonald's experienced higher sales in suburban areas adjacent to freeways.
Rehabilitation students' attitudes toward persons with disabilities in high- and low-stakes social contexts: A conjoint analysis

Purpose. The primary objective of this research is to examine factors influencing rehabilitation services students' attitudes toward people with disabilities in two social contexts using a conjoint analysis design.Method. Ninety-nine students in rehabilitation counselling participated in a conjoint measurement study featuring 55 stimulus cards representing varying disability types, genders, races or ethnicities, grade point averages, internship evaluations, and employment statuses for both high-stakes scenarios and low-stakes scenarios. The participants were instructed to order the stimulus cards to indicate their preferences for associating with different people with disabilities in two social contexts: A high-stakes context as a rehabilitation administrator hiring a counsellor and a low-stakes context as a mentor/companion.Results. The results showed that age and disability type were most involved in the decision-making process in the low-stakes group, and performance-related variables were most importa...
A surface complexation model of oil–brine–sandstone interfaces at 100 °C: Low salinity waterflooding☆

Abstract A temperature-dependent surface complexation model of oil–water–kaolinite interfaces allows theories of electrostatic links to petroleum adhesion to be tested with reaction path simulations. Petroleum adhesion to sandstone reservoir surfaces is controlled by coordination of carboxylic acids and nitrogen bases from the oil–water interface to charged sites at clay surfaces. While deprotonation of carboxylic acid groups should be relatively insensitive to temperature, deprotonation of nitrogen bases increases by over an order of magnitude between 25 and 100 °C causing a decrease in the pH of the isoelectric point of oil–water interfaces. Negative charge on clay edges and quartz also becomes more important with temperature. Of particular importance to enhanced oil recovery by low salinity water flooding is adhesion between anionic kaolinite edge sites and positively charged calcium-carboxylate and protonated nitrogen base groups present at the oil–water interface.
Renormalization-group approach to interacting fermions

The stability or lack thereof of nonrelativistic fermionic systems to interactions is studied within the renormalization-group (RG) framework, in close analogy with the study of critical phenomena using ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ scalar field theory. A brief introduction to ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ theory in four dimensions and the path-integral formulation for fermions is given before turning to the problem at hand. As for the latter, the following procedure is used. First, the modes on either side of the Fermi surface within a cutoff $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ are chosen for study, in analogy with the modes near the origin in ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ theory, and a path integral is written to describe them. Next, an RG transformation that eliminates a part of these modes, but preserves the action of the noninteracting system, is identified. Finally the possible perturbations of this free-field fixed point are classified as relevant, irrelevant or marginal. A $d=1$ warmup calculation involving a system of fermions shows how, in contrast to mean-field theory, which predicts a charge-density wave for arbitrarily weak repulsion, and superconductivity for arbitrarily weak attraction, the renormalization-group approach correctly yields a scale-invariant system (Luttinger liquid) by taking into account both instabilities. Application of the renormalization group in $d=2 \mathrm{and} 3$, for rotationally invariant Fermi surfaces, automatically leads to Landau's Fermi-liquid theory, which appears as a fixed point characterized by an effective mass and a Landau function $F$, with the only relevant perturbations being of the superconducting (BCS) type. The functional flow equations for the BCS couplings are derived and separated into an infinite number of flows, one for each angular momentum. It is shown that similar results hold for rotationally noninvariant (but time-reversal-invariant) Fermi surfaces also, with obvious loss of rotational invariance in the parametrization of the fixed-point interactions. A study of a nested Fermi surface shows an additional relevant flow leading to charge-density-wave formation. It is pointed out that, for small $\frac{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}{{K}_{F}}$, a $\frac{1}{N}$ expansion emerges, with $N=\frac{{K}_{F}}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$, which explains why one is able to solve the narrow-cutoff theory. The search for non-Fermi liquids in $d=2$ using the RG is discussed. Bringing a variety of phenomena (Landau theory, charge-density waves, BCS instability, nesting, etc.) under the one unifying principle of the RG not only allows us to better understand and unify them, but also paves the way for generalizations and extensions. The article is pedagogical in nature and is expected to be accessible to any serious graduate student. On the other hand, its survey of the vast literature is mostly limited to the RG approach.
Pseudolymphoma of the breast. I. In a study of 8,654 consecutive tylectomies and mastectomies

Pseudolymphoma is a benign pathological process that morphologically resembles malignant lymphoma. Its occurrence in the mammary tissue has been described but has not been well investigated. We conducted a prospective and retrospective study of 8,654 consecutive mastectomies and tylectomies of the breast and found only 9 cases (0.1%) of primary lymphoreticular lesions. Of these 9, 5 were pseudolymphomas; 3, histiocytic lymphomas; and 1, Hodgkin's disease. Clinically, pseudolymphoma of the breast was described as an enlarging mass giving a dull, aching sensation. A history of physical trauma to the affected area could be traced in 3 patients with certainty. The mean patient age of the entire series was 36 years. Grossly, the tumor was a solid, firm nodule without any evidence of fibrocystic disease. Microscopically, it showed a lymphoid infiltrate with a nodular pattern. Three of the 5 cases revealed distinct germinal centers. Atypical lymphoid cells were not observed in any of these cases. After local excision, no patients had recurrence over a period of two to eight years. In view of a history of trauma, accompanying fat necrosis in some cases, IgG gammopathy, it is postulated that pseudolymphoma of the breast, probably akin to pseudolymphoma of the lung, may represent an overwhelming local response to an injury. This lesion, reactive in nature, should be differentiated from a malignant lymphoma so that patients are not subjected to unnecessary mastectomy, radiation, or chemotherapy.
Determination of water-dispersible protein in soybean oil meals and flours

A method is presented for determination of Water-Dispersible Protein, using a Hamilton Beach Drinkmaster #30 modified to accommodate Waring Blendor blades and cups. The probable sources of error in the method are discussed, and the precision of the method is shown, based on the results obtained in three laboratories using six different Modified Hamilton Beach Blendors.
Evaluation of a Feed Preference Agent for Dairy Calves

Abstract A feed preference agent, Firanor-24 2 , was added (0, 50, or 100ppm) to whole milk and starter ration to determine if association of it with milk would enhance starter intake and weaning performance in dairy calves. Thirty 1-day-old Holstein calves (six males, four females per treatment) each received 1.6kg of milk twice daily to 30 days of age and starter ration from 7 to 40 days of age. There were no differences from treatments in daily feed intake or body weight gains. In a paired comparison preference test for Firanor-24 in milk, two groups of five unnursed newborn calves were preconditioned to 0 or 100ppm Firanor-24 in colostrum at birth and in milk twice daily for 6 days. In the 5-day test period each calf was offered a choice of milk with 0 or 100ppm randomized in two adjoining buckets. No differences in milk preference were observed.
The use of soft X-ray spectromicroscopy to investigate the distribution and composition of organic matter in a diatom frustule and a biomimetic analog

Diatoms play a significant role in the global carbon cycle through their role in biogenic silica production and the transport of organic matter to the seafloor. Recent work has shown that silicified diatom frustules contain a significant amount of organic matter, and that the proportion of diatom-bound organic matter increases with depth in the water column and sediments. Here, we investigate the association between organic matter and the mineral phase. We used a combination of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and carbon X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to characterize the distribution and composition of organic matter in frustules of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium and a biomimetic silica gel. To our knowledge, this study represents the first successful attempt to simultaneously image and obtain chemical information about the organic matter within a diatom frustule using X-ray spectromicroscopy near the carbon edge. Organic carbon, most likely protein, was distributed throughout the frustules and was not removed by harsh chemical treatment. The physical structure of the frustules appeared to be related to the chemical composition of this organic matter, with aromatic or unsaturated carbon being concentrated in the most intricately patterned regions of the frustule. A similar physical and chemical structure was observed in a biomimetic silica gel precipitated spontaneously with polylysine. These results are consistent with the theory that organic constituents of diatom frustules direct silica precipitation and become incorporated within the silica matrix as it forms. The relationship between organic matter composition and silica morphology, the failure of harsh chemical treatments to remove this organic matter, and the spontaneous nature of the co-precipitation of silica and organic matter indicate some chemical interaction between the siliceous and organic components of diatom frustules. Frustule-bound organic matter should therefore be protected from decomposition in the water column or diagenetic alteration in sediments unless the frustule dissolves.
Carcinoid tumorlets simulate pulmonary metastases in women with breast cancer

A pulmonary carcinoid tumorlet (PCT) is a nodular proliferation of neuroendocrine cells smaller than 0.5 cm. On computed tomographic (CT) imaging, these nodules are nonspecific in appearance and can mimic metastatic disease. Cases of multiple PCTs diagnosed between 1992 and 2003 in patients with history of breast cancer were identified through a search of the pathology files. The clinical information was abstracted from the medical records. We identified 12 women with a history of breast cancer and biopsy-proven PCTs, who were treated at our institution in a period of 12 years. Only 3 women were smokers. The mean age at diagnosis of the breast cancer was 62.8 years. The breast cancer was invasive carcinoma in 10 cases (9 ductal and 1 lobular) and ductal carcinoma in situ and malignant phyllodes tumor in 1 case each. Six women received radiotherapy; 5, chemotherapy; and 4, hormonal treatment, alone or in combination. Pulmonary carcinoid tumorlets were identified within 5 months from diagnosis of the breast malignancy in 7 patients and at follow-up (range, 57-162 months) in the remaining 5. In all cases, the PCTs consisted of multiple pulmonary nodules that were radiologically interpreted as suspicious for pulmonary metastases. Misdiagnosis of metastatic carcinoma was rendered intraoperatively by frozen section analysis in 3 cases. None of the patients had known metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis of PCTs. Three patients subsequently developed recurrent disease, including 2 with extramammary spread. Pulmonary carcinoid tumorlets are radiologic and histologic mimickers of pulmonary metastases in patients with a history of breast cancer. Consideration should be given to the possibility of PCTs in patients with breast cancer with pulmonary nodules, even if multiple.
Information Theory: a Multifaceted Model of Information

A contradictory and paradoxical situation that currently exists in information studies can be improved by the introduction of a new information approach, which is called the general theory of information. The main achievement of the general theory of information is explication of a relevant and adequate definition of information. This theory is built as a system of two classes of principles (ontological and sociological) and their consequences. Axiological principles, which explain how to measure and evaluate information and information processes, are presented in the second section of this paper. These principles systematize and unify different approaches, existing as well as possible, to construction and utilization of information measures. Examples of such measures are given by Shannon’s quantity of information, algorithmic quantity of information or volume of information. It is demonstrated that all other known directions of information theory may be treated inside general theory of information as its particular cases.
High speed robust current sense amplifier for nanoscale memories: a winner take all approach

The design of fast, low power and robust sense amplifier circuits is a challenge for nanoscale SRAMs due to the increasing bit line capacitance and process variations. Current sensing in SRAMs is promising to achieve high-speed operation in low-voltage application. In this paper, we propose a process variation tolerant, high performance and scalable current sense amplifier that uses a winner take all (WTA) approach for nanoscale SRAMs. Simulation of worst-case threshold voltage mismatch on our WTA sense amplifier shows that it could tolerate up to 10% variation in the threshold voltage, which is expected within die in a 70nm process. Detailed analysis of variation in the effective channel length (L/sub eff/) and supply voltage variation are also presented. A comparison of the sensing delay and energy consumption in 70nm technology shows that our WTA sense amplifier provides around 70-80% improvement in the sensing speed and consumes 28-70% less energy than the traditional voltage mode and current sense amplifiers.
Accuracy of physical self-description among chronic exercisers and non-exercisers

This study addressed the role of chronic exercise to enhance physical self-description as measured by self-estimated percent body fat. Accuracy of physical self-description was determined in normal-weight, regularly exercising and non-exercising males with similar body mass index (BMI)’s and females with similar BMI’s (n=42 males and 45 females of which 23 males and 23 females met criteria to be considered chronic exercisers). Statistical analyses were conducted to determine the degree of agreement between self-estimated percent body fat and actual laboratory measurements (hydrostatic weighing). Three statistical techniques were employed: Pearson correlation coefficients, Bland and Altman plots, and regression analysis. Agreement between measured and self-estimated percent body fat was superior for males and females who exercised chronically, compared to non-exercisers. The clinical implications are as follows. Satisfaction with one’s body can be influenced by several factors, including self-perceived body composition. Dissatisfaction can contribute to maladaptive and destructive weight management behaviors. The present study suggests that regular exercise provides a basis for more positive weight management behaviors by enhancing the accuracy of self-assessed body composition.
P14. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: A paediatric case report

Aim Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis is a rare autoimmune disease first described in 2007. One of the main challenges in daily clinical practise is its recognition and over the past years milder cases with primarily psychiatric symptoms have been recorded. So far clear treatment guidelines are missing and beside the paraneoplastic association with ovarial teratoma little is known on the origin of the underlying autoimmune process. Methods Case report. Results We present the case of a 12 years old girl who after a prodromal phase of 2–3 weeks with a strange gaze, anxiety and discrete articulation problems developed an episode with agitation and confusion lasting for a few hours; within the following days epileptic seizures and severe speech problems emerged. Movement disorders, autonomic instability, decreased consciousness or memory disturbances were missing. NMDAR antibodies in serum were negative. Lumbar puncture showed mild mononuclear pleocytosis, normal protein and an elevated NMDAR antibody titer. Cerebral MRI was normal, EEG showed slowing in the temporal regions. Treatment with high dose steroids and IVIG led to marked and rapid improvement within 1 week. IVIG therapy will be repeated after 1 month and steroids will be continued up to 3 months. Conclusions As described previously lack of NMDAR antibodies in serum does not exclude anti-NMDAR encephalitis, and necessitates testing of CSF. Rising awareness for the disease is important as recognition of milder variants and early diagnosis will result in earlier treatment and most probably better outcome.
Effect of activation energy microheterogeneity on first-order enzyme deactivation.

The influence of microheterogeneity on enzyme inactivation kinetics is examined. A continuous normal distribution of the thermal activation energy is assumed, and using this, a simple mathematical model is developed to find the activity–time trajectories for a microheterogeneous enzyme. Using an example, the model is used to show the quantitative effects of microheterogeneity such as increased order and stability observed during an enzyme inactivation. Experimental measurement of the extent of microheterogeneity in an enzyme sample is also discussed.
Rate of temporal discounting decreases with amount of reward.

The present, subjective value of a delayed reward is a decreasing function of the duration of the delay. This phenomenon is termed temporal discounting. To determine whether the amount of the reward influences the rate of temporal discounting, we had subjects choose between immediate and delayed hypothetical rewards of different amounts ($100, $2,000, $25,000, and $100,000 delayed rewards). As predicted by psychological models of the choice process, hyperbolic functions described the decrease in the subjective value of the delayed reward as the time until its receipt was increased (R2s from .86 to .99). Moreover, hyperbolic functions consistently provided more accurate descriptions of the data than did exponential functions predicted by an economic model of discounted utility. Rate of discounting decreased in a negatively accelerated fashion as the amount of the delayed reward increased, leveling off by approximately $25,000. These findings are interpreted in the context of different psychological models of choice, and implications for procedures to enhance self-control are discussed.
Postnatal Ontogeny of the Skull in the Extant North American Turtle Sternotherus odoratus (Cryptodira: Kinosternidae)

Abstract There are few published data addressing the types, levels, and patterns of intraspecific variation in gross anatomical structures for nonavian reptiles, especially considering the widespread interest in their morphology and evolutionary history. This study examines variation in both discrete and continuous characters of the postnatal skull for a single population of the kinosternid turtle Sternotherus odoratus. The primary purpose of the study was to elucidate those features that exhibit transformations (and by default those that do not) in the latter two-thirds of postnatal ontogeny—that portion heavily relied upon in phylogenetic analyses of macroanatomical features and most often preserved in the vertebrate fossil record. Data are presented for cranial characters historically used to elucidate phylogenetic relationships in turtles and to assess fossil specimens taxonomically. Results indicate that the number of characters exhibiting postnatal variation, and the levels at which they vary, are s...
Transonic wind-tunnel wall interference prediction code

A small disturbance transonic wall interference prediction code has been developed that is capable of modeling solid, open, perforated, and slotted walls as well as slotted and solid walls with viscous effects. This code was developed by modifying the outer boundary conditions of an existing aerodynamic wing-body-pod-pylon-winglet analysis code. The boundary conditions are presented in the form of equations which simulate the flow at the wall, as well as finite difference approximations to the equations. Comparisons are presented at transonic flow conditions between computational results and experimental data for a wing alone in a solid wall wind tunnel and wing-body configurations in both slotted and solid wind tunnels.