cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An In Vitro One-Dimensional Assay to Study Growth Factor-Regulated Tumor Cell–Macrophage Interaction

Growth factor-dependent pairing and motility between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages on extracellular matrix (ECM) fibers of the tumor microenvironment have been shown to enhance intravasation and metastatic spread of breast carcinomas. We describe an in vitro motility assay that combines time- lapse wide-field microscopy and micro-patterned linear adhesive substrates to reconstitute the in vivo behavior between macrophages, tumor cells, and ECM fibers in orthotopic rodent tumor models observed by intravital imaging. Commercially available linear stripes of 650 nm dye-labeled fibronectin microlithographed onto glass cover slips are sequentially plated with fluorescently labeled MTLn3 tumor cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages and time-lapse imaged for up to 8 h. Incubation with pharmacological inhibitors during the assay can identify important paracrine or autocrine signaling pathways involved in the macrophage–tumor cell interaction. This high-resolution motility assay will lead to a more detailed description of immune cell–tumor cell behavior as well as interrogating additional cell types within the tumor microenvironment which use cytokine/growth factor paracrine signaling interactions to facilitate intravasation and metastasis.
Does transdermal fentanyl work in patients with low BMI? Patient-reported outcomes of pain and percent pain relief in cancer patients on transdermal fentanyl.

BACKGROUND Low body mass index (BMI) is suspected of being associated with low transdermal fentanyl (TDF) blood levels and worse pain relief. Clinical pain data to support this claim are lacking. METHODS Using a Chronic Pain Registry, we identified 901 cancer patients who received TDF at outpatient pain service clinics of our cancer center from 7/1/2011 to 12/1/2016. Of these, 240 patients had a BMI measure, pain intensity, and pain relief scores documented within 30 days of a TDF order. We examined associations between BMI, TDF dose, Worst and Least pain scores, and pain relief scores using standard statistical tests. RESULTS In cancer patients receiving TDF, low BMI (<18.5) was significantly associated with greater pain relief irrespective of TDF dose and borderline significantly associated with greater percent pain relief after controlling for age, cancer diagnoses, and pain etiology (P = .073), suggesting that low BMI may independently predict better pain relief in cancer patients. As there were no significant associations between BMI and TDF dose, we find no basis for BMI-dependent dose modification or avoiding TDF in cachectic and low BMI patients. CONCLUSIONS When predicting percent pain relief, we conclude that there is no basis for avoiding TDF or modifying its dose in cancer patients with low BMI and cachexia.
Venom: A Desiring Machine

This paper focuses on the protagonist in Venom (2018). The debate is based on the double character of Eddie-Venom and traces the Deleuzean desire of this folded identity. How Eddie’s dark desires are suppressed and united by Venom, a symbiote? Schizoanalysis, a counter-method of psychoanalysis, assumes a dual identity for dealing with the rational space surrounding us. Psychoanalysis however, establishes a family-based representational system. For Deleuze and Guattari, free associations during schizophrenic life are to be preferred instead of the representational approach in psychoanalysis. schizo-esthetics, a network of desiring machines, is the liberty of the subject to remain in the world non-hierarchically and the abandonment of the order of symbols.
Generalization, Adaptation and Low-Rank Representation in Neural Networks

We develop a data-dependent optimization and generalization theory for neural networks which leverages the lowrankness of the Jacobian matrix associated with the network. Our results help demystify why training and generalization is easier on clean and structured datasets and harder on noisy and unstructured datasets. Specifically, we show that over the principal eigendirections of the Jacobian matrix space learning is fast and one can quickly train a model with zero training loss that can also generalize well. Over the smaller eigendirections, training is slower and early stopping can help with generalization at the expense of some bias. We also discuss how neural networks can learn better representations over time in terms of the Jacobian mapping. We conduct various numerical experiments on deep networks that corroborate our theoretical findings and demonstrate that: (i) the Jacobian of typical neural networks exhibit low-rank structure with a few large singular values and many small ones, (ii) most of the useful label information lies on the principal eigendirections where learning is fast, and (iii) Jacobian adapts over time and learn better representations.
4D Pulse Wave Imaging with sub aperture compounding in the carotid artery in simulations, phantoms and human subjects

Pulse Wave Imaging (PWI) can non-invasively and regionally map and quantify local pulse wave velocities (PWV). Assumptions regarding axis symmetry are intrinsic to 2D imaging. 3D imaging can provide an added advantage especially in pathological arteries where radial symmetry does not hold. Previously a 3D feasibility was presented for pulse wave imaging with a narrow field of view in vivo using plane wave imaging. In this study, we expanded the field of view compared to the previous method by using diverging waves and improve the imaging quality by using coherent compounding. We demonstrated agreement in simulations and PVA phantoms. Initial in vivo results in a human patient with stenotic carotid arteries are also presented. 3D PWI can thus be used in conjunction with diverging wave imaging to provide sufficient fields of view for clinical PWI.
Soil aggregates, aggregate-associated carbon and nitrogen, and water retention as influenced by short and long-term no-till systems

Abstract No-till (NT) management can improve soil aggregate formation and stability, porosity, and organic carbon (SOC) through the addition of crop residues and less soil disturbance. However, conventional-till (CT) can deteriorate soil structure and cause loss of SOC. This study aimed to quantify the impacts of long-term (NTL) and short-term NT (NTS) on changes in soil aggregate stability, aggregates associated SOC and total nitrogen (TN), bulk density (ρb), glomalin related soil protein (GRSP), pore-size distribution, and water retention compared to the long-term CT treatment at three different locations (Garretson, Crooks, and Beresford). The treatments included: CT (>20 years), NTS ( 25 years). The mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter, and wet aggregate stability of NTL were greater than the CT at Garretson and Crooks. Long-term NT had a significantly higher concentration and preservation capacity of SOC under different aggregate fractions than the CT treatment. The NT reduced soil ρb compared to the CT treatment at all the three sites for 0−10 cm depth. At Crooks and Beresford, the SOC was 33.3 and 13.7 % higher under NTS compared to that under CT, respectively, at 0−10 cm depth. The GRSP content in bulk soil was significantly higher under NTL and NTS treatments compared to that under CT at Garretson and Crooks. At saturation (0 kPa), the NTL had significantly higher (p 4, 2, and 1 mm aggregates than the CT at Crooks and Beresford. These results demonstrate the short- and long-term beneficial effects of the NT treatment on soil water retention and physical quality compared to the CT treatment.
The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Preeclampsia: Causative Factor or Collateral Damage?

Preeclampsia, new onset hypertension in pregnancy, affects ~ 5 -10% of the world's population. Preeclampsia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for both the mother and fetus. As of today, there is no cure for this disease except for delivery of the fetal-placental unit. The exact causation and onset of the disease is unknown. However, recent studies have shown a strong correlation between mitochondrial dysfunction and preeclampsia. Circulating mitochondrial DNA, elevated reactive oxygen species, angiotensin II type-1 receptor agonistic autoantibodies (AT1-AA), activated natural killer cells, and upregulated inflammatory responses all contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction and the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. This review summarizes the current literature of both experimental and clinical observations that support the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathophysiology of preeclampsia and may be a precursor to the disease onset. This review will also address the use of therapies to improve mitochondrial dysfunction in preeclampsia.
Designing the reclaimed landscape

Introduction Part One: Contextualizing Landscape Alteration through Historic, Systemic, and Biologic Perspectives Valuing Alteration Frederick Turner Disturbance Ecology and Symbiosis in Mine-Reclamation Design Peter del Tredici Gold and the Gift: theory and design in a mine reclamation project Rod Barnett What is Mine is Mine and What is Yours is Mine: Engineering in its Natural Context Dorion Sagan Ecological Succession and Its Role in Landscape Reclamation Eric D. Schneider Interrogating a Landscape Design Agenda in the Scientifically Based Mining World Belinda Arbogast Part Two: Interdisciplinary Responses and Opportunities in Reclamation Science, Art, and Environmental Reclamation: Three Projects and a Few Thoughts T. Allan Comp The Wellington Oro Mine-Site Cleanup: Integrating the Cleanup of an Abandoned Mine Site with the Community's Vision of Land Preservation and Affordable Housing Victor Ketellapper Building Partnerships for Post-Mining Regeneration--Post-Mining Alliance at the Eden Project Caroline Digby Community based reclamation of abandoned mine lands in the Animas Watershed, Colorado William Simon Case Studies of Successful Reclamation and Sustainable Development at Kennecott Mining Sites Jon Cherry Part Three: Technology, Representation, and Information in Reclamation Design Digital Simulation and Design: Adapting to the Altered Landscapes Alan Berger and Case Brown Cashin Mine Site Reclamation Scenarios-From Haul Road to Economic Engine Alan Berger and Case Brown Reclaiming the Woods: Trail Strategies for the Golden Horsehoe's Historic Mining Roads Alan Berger and Bart Lounsbury Real-Time Coal Mining and Reclamation: OSM's Technical Innovation and Professional Services (TIPS) Program Billie Clark, Jr. Part Four: Future Directions and Programs in U.S. Reclamation Policy and Law The Land Revitalization Initiative: Landscape Design and Reuse Planning in Mine Reclamation Edward H. Chu The Legal Landscape Robert W. Micsak
Matching with Shape Contexts

We introduce a new shape descriptor, the shape context, for measuring shape similarity and recovering point correspondences. The shape context describes the coarse arrangement of the shape with respect to a point inside or on the boundary of the shape. We use the shape context as a vector-valued attribute in a bipartite graph-matching framework. Our proposed method makes use of a relatively small number of sample points selected from the set of detected edges; no special landmarks or key-points are necessary. Tolerance and/or invariance to common image transformations are available within our framework. Using examples involving both silhouettes and edge images, we demonstrate how the solution to the graph matching problem provides us with correspondences and a dissimilarity score that can be used for object recognition and similarity-based retrieval.
Disentangling the syntrophic electron transfer mechanisms of Candidatus geobacter eutrophica through electrochemical stimulation and machine learning

Interspecies hydrogen transfer (IHT) and direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) are two syntrophy models for methanogenesis. Their relative importance in methanogenic environments is still unclear. Our recent discovery of a novel species Candidatus Geobacter eutrophica with the genetic potential of IHT and DIET may serve as a model species to address this knowledge gap. To experimentally demonstrate its DIET ability, we performed electrochemical enrichment of Ca. G. eutrophica-dominating communities under 0 and 0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl based on the presumption that DIET and extracellular electron transfer (EET) share similar metabolic pathways. After three batches of enrichment, Geobacter OTU650, which was phylogenetically close to Ca. G. eutrophica, was outcompeted in the control but remained abundant and active under electrochemical stimulation, indicating Ca. G. eutrophica's EET ability. The high-quality draft genome further showed high phylogenomic similarity with Ca. G. eutrophica, and the genes encoding outer membrane cytochromes and enzymes for hydrogen metabolism were actively expressed. A Bayesian network was trained with the genes encoding enzymes for alcohol metabolism, hydrogen metabolism, EET, and methanogenesis from dominant fermentative bacteria, Geobacter, and Methanobacterium. Methane production could not be accurately predicted when the genes for IHT were in silico knocked out, inferring its more important role in methanogenesis. The genomics-enabled machine learning modeling approach can provide predictive insights into the importance of IHT and DIET.
A Rare Case of Hypothermia-Induced ST Segment Elevation.

Prompt recognition of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is critical as it has significant management and outcome implications, often leading to emergent cardiac catheterization for revascularization. However, other conditions such as pulmonary embolism, myocarditis, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, hypothermia, drug overdose, septic shock, left bundle branch block, left ventricular aneurysm, pericarditis, Brugada syndrome, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy can mimic this presentation on electrocardiography (EKG) and need to be recognized to avoid unnecessary procedures and improve treatment outcomes. We report a case of prominent Osborn waves on EKG from significant hypothermia incorrectly labeled as STEMI. We also provide a literature review on EKG manifestations of hypothermia and the mechanism of those changes, the differential diagnoses of ST segment elevation and their management.
Arthritis, physical function, and disability among older Mexican Americans over 23 years of follow-up.

OBJECTIVE Arthritis is a common chronic condition in the ageing population. Its impact on physical function varies according to sociodemographic and race/ethnic factors. The study objective was to examine the impact of arthritis on physical function and disability among non-disabled older Mexican Americans over time. DESIGN A 23-year prospective cohort study of 2230 Mexican Americans aged 65 years and older from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (1993/94-2016). The independent variable was self-reported physician-diagnosed arthritis, and the outcomes included Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), mobility, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and handgrip strength. Covariates were sociodemographic, medical conditions, body mass index, depressive symptoms, and cognitive function. General linear mixed models were performed to estimate the change in SPPB and muscle strength. General Equation Estimation models estimated the odds ratios (OR) of becoming ADL- or IADL- or mobility - disabled as a function of arthritis. All variables were used as time-varying except for sex, education, and nativity. RESULTS Overall, participants with arthritis had higher odds ratio (OR) of any ADL [OR = 1.35, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.09-1.68] and mobility (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.18-1.52) disability over time than those without arthritis, after controlling for all covariates. Women, but not men, reporting arthritis had increased risk for ADL and mobility disability. The total SPPB score declined 0.18 points per year among those with arthritis than those without arthritis, after controlling for all covariates (p-value < .010). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the independent effect of arthritis in increasing ADL and mobility disability and decreased physical function in older Mexican Americans over 23-years of follow-up.
Embedding theorems on Campanato-Morrey spaces for vector fields of Hörmander type

This paper deals with embedding theorems on Campanato-Morrey spaces formed by degenerate vector fields, which include Hormander and Grushin type of vector fields. These embedding theorems are somewhat different from the known Poincare estimates. The main ingredients of the proofs rely on the fractional maximal functions. These results evidently have applications to the regularity of subelliptic PDE.
Choosing the appropriate Gas Discharge Tubes (GDT) for avionics lightning protection

GDTs are a very effective component to suppress high powered pulsed transients such as lightning. When designing per the datasheet, one would expect a component to operate within the specified ratings. This is not always the case. Some GDTs typically violate the impulse spark-over voltage rating. The authors have noticed a belief in the industry that this is normal for a GDT. GDTs can be found that do perform according to their ratings. The purpose of this article is to dispel any belief by the reader that unpredictability of a GDT's impulse spark-over voltage is just "part of designing with GDTs". However, you do have to test.
Partisanship Transformed? Comparing the Young Boomers and Millennials

My paper analyzes the relationship between partisanship and presidential voting choice for two separate, young generations. Consistent with many theories and observations about partisanship, today’s Millennial or Generation Y voters show more signs of being “sorted” by partisanship than were the early Boomers. However, there is another important factor that I argue has been under-studied: a limited but enduring tendency across both generations for younger voters to support candidates who are both socially and more economically liberal than the population at large. Since the GOP has by most accounts “moved right” on both dimensions, over the past thirty years, I argue that one result has been that younger independents (including so-called young “independent leaners,” who do not yet show convincing signs of being closet partisans) have tilted more in a pro-Democratic direction, worsening the GOP’s current odds of capturing today’s 18-29 year olds.
Real business-cycle realizations, 1925-1995 A comment

In their paper, Gregor Smith and Stanley Zin address an important question: how well do real-business-cycle models account for the historical behavior of the economy? This empirical exercise is in the spirit of traditional econometrics. It would hardly be surprising to see such comparisons in other contexts, but it is surprising in the case of real-business-cycle models. The standard empirical methodology, following Kydland and Prescott's (1982) original article on real-business-cycle models, is calibration. Typically, calibrated real-business-cycle models have been evaluated through subjective comparisons between selected sample moments for the actual economy and the corresponding moments from simulated data generated using the model. Smith and Zin's paper is especially attractive because it seeks to bridge the gap between the calibration methodology and traditional econometrics. The central empirical question about any model is, how well does the model reproduce characteristic features of the world? If a model does reproduce those features well--perchance, perfectly--one cannot logically deduce that the model is the true one that generated the data. What one can logically deduce is that the model belongs to a class--much narrower than the class of all possible models--that can reproduce the data to a given degree of accuracy. That is itself useful knowledge--especially if rival models do not fall within such a class. Calibrators have typically emphasized (e.g., Kydland and Prescott 1991 and 1996) that their models are highly stylized and are meant to capture certain dimensions of the data, while ignoring others. Kydland and Prescott, for example, argue that standard econometrics biases the investigator against the real-business-cycle model, because it makes the model responsible, as it were, for features of the data it was not designed to capture. The standards of traditional econometrics may undermine the usefulness of economic models for policy analysis, because policy analysis
Nicotinic receptor-mediated activation by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK of a Raf-1/MAP kinase pathway, resulting in phosphorylation of c-myc in human small cell lung carcinoma cells and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells

Objective: Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) expresses phenotypic features of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and demonstrates a strong etiologic association with smoking. SCLC cell lines express a Raf-1-dependent mitogenic signal transduction pathway, which is thought to transduce the mitogenic signals initiated by neuropeptide autocrine growth factors. Recent studies have identified the tobacco-specific carcinogenic nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) as a site-selective high-affinity agonist for the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), which regulates the growth of a significant subset of SCLC in vitro by stimulating the release of the autocrine growth factor serotonin. The purpose of this study was to identify signaling events initiated by binding of NNK to the α7 nAChR. Design: We have used a human SCLC cell line and fetal hamster pulmonary neuroendocrine cells with in vitro kinase activation assays and western blots to assess the levels of expression and activation of Raf-1, MAPK and c-myc to address this issue. Results: Our data show that NNK activates the Raf-1/MAP kinase pathway, resulting in phosphorylation of c-myc. The activation of this signal transduction pathway by NNK was inhibited by the site-selective antagonist for the α7 nAChR α-bungarotoxin (α-BTX) or by the serotonin reuptake inhibitor imipramine, suggesting that the responses to NNK were mediated by nicotinic receptor-initiated release of serotonin. Accordingly, NNK-induced 5-HT release was blocked by α-BTX while NNK-induced DNA synthesis was inhibited by α-BTX, imipramine, the PKC inhibitor sphingosine or the MEK inhibitor PD98059. SCLC cells demonstrated high basal levels of 5-HT release, DNA synthesis, and over-expressed Raf-1 and MAPK protein suggesting the constitutive activation of an upstream regulator such as the α7 nAChR. Conclusion: Our findings link, for the first time, the stimulation of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by a cancer-causing agent with the activation of a Raf-1/MAPK/c-myc signaling pathway. Furthermore, our data suggest that serotonin uptake inhibitors may protect against the development or be useful in the clinical management of SCLC.
Hubble: an advanced dynamic folder technology for XML

A significant amount of information is stored in computer systems today, but people are struggling to manage their documents such that the information is easily found. XML is a de-facto standard for content publishing and data exchange. The proliferation of XML documents has created new challenges and opportunities for managing document collections. Existing technologies for automatically organizing document collections are either imprecise or based on only simple criteria. Since XML documents are self describing, it is now possible to automatically categorize XML documents precisely, according to their content. With the availability of the standard XML query languages, e.g. XQuery, much more powerful folder technologies are now feasible. To address this new challenge and exploit this new opportunity, this paper proposes a new and powerful dynamic folder mechanism, called Hubble. Hubble fully exploits the rich data model and semantic information embedded in the XML documents to build folder hierarchies dynamically and to categorize XML collections precisely. Besides supporting basic folder operations, Hubble also provides advanced features such as multi-path navigation and folder traversal across multiple document collections. Our performance study shows that Hubble is both efficient and scalable. Thus, it is an ideal technology for automating the process of organizing and categorizing XML documents.
Children, Social Science, and the Law: Expert Testimony on the Suggestibility of Children: Does It Fit?

There is a trend among American courts toward admitting defense expert testimony on the suggestibility of children in sexual abuse cases. This paper argues that there are good reasons to limit or exclude such testimony in a large proportion of cases. I emphasize the issue of "fit": review of appellate case law and the research on sexual abuse and suggestibility reveals that expert testimony often fails to match the research findings or does not fit the facts of the case. I discuss other arguments against admitting such testimony, and emphasize their limitations. These arguments include the objection that expert testimony regarding suggestibility invades the province of the jury, is not helpful to the jury because it is common sense, and is not scientific knowledge.
Metric selection for information theoretic sensor management

Different information theoretic sensor management approaches are compared in a Bayesian target-tracking problem. Specifically, the performance using the expected Renyi divergence with different parameter values is compared theoretically and experimentally. Included is the special case in which the expected Renyi divergence is equal to the expected Kullback-Leibler divergence, which is also equivalent to both the mutual information and the expected change in differential entropy for this Bayesian updating problem. The example problem involves a single target moving in a circle, four bearing-only sensors, and two time-delay sensors. A particle filter based tracker is used.
B Lymphopoiesis in the Thymus

The thymus has been regarded as the major site of T cell differentiation. We find that in addition to alphabeta and gammadelta T cells, a significant number (approximately 3 x 104 per day) of B220+IgM+ mature B cells are exported from the thymus of C57BL/6 mice. Of these emigrating B cells, we estimate that at least approximately 2 x 104 per day are cells which developed intrathymically, whereas a maximum of approximately 0.8 x 104 per day are cells which circulated through the thymus from the periphery. The thymus possesses a significant number of pro-B and pre-B cells that express CD19, VpreB, lambda5, and pax-5. These B cell progenitors were found in the thymic cortex, whereas increasingly mature B cells were found in the corticomedullar and medullary regions. Other lymphoid cells, including NK cells and lymphoid dendritic cells, are not exported from the thymus at detectable levels. Thus, the thymus contributes to the formation of peripheral pools of B cells as well as of alphabeta and gammadelta T cells.
Specific effect of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate on the solubility of tobacco Fraction I protein.

Abstract After incubation with either ribulose-1,5-diphosphate or Mg 2+ and HCO 3 − , Fraction I protein was subjected to conditions optimal for high yield of crystalline protein. With Mg 2+ and HCO 3 − , crystals formed by 1.5 h, and within 24 h nearly 70% of the total protein was recovered as crystals, whereas with ribulose-1,5-diphosphate, the protein remained in solution beyond 3 days. The Fraction I protein crystals were almost instantaneously solubilized by addition of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate, but upon addition of Mg 2+ and HCO 3 − the crystals would again rapidly appear. Speculations are advanced on how such profound changes in solubility might regulate photosynthetic carbon fixation and ameboid movement of the mobile phase of chloroplasts.
Power consumption analysis of Bluetooth Low Energy, ZigBee and ANT sensor nodes in a cyclic sleep scenario

This paper is intended to guide developers of wireless systems who are puzzled by the vast number of radio configuration parameters and options. We provide experimental data comparing power consumption of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee and ANT protocols for a cyclic sleep scenario, in which a short-range and low-power wireless sensor node periodically sends a data packet to a remote `hub' with intervening sleep intervals. Devices such as wearable health monitors often use this scenario when interfacing with a mobile phone-based hub. For all measured sleep intervals BLE achieved lower power consumption (10.1 uA, 3.3 V supply at 120 s interval), compared with ZigBee (15.7 uA), and ANT (28.2 uA). Most of the power consumption differences can be attributed to the time taken for a node to connect to the hub after waking up and the use of sleep between individual RF packets. For the three protocols we determined a sleep interval at which the tradeoff between power consumption and data rate is optimized.
The role of B lymphocytes in experimental herpes simplex viral retinitis.

The purpose of this study was to examine B cell participation in experimental herpes simplex virus (HSV) retinitis. Passive immunization with anti-herpes antibody protects BALB/c mice from herpes simplex retinitis (HSR). Using anti-Mu antibody treatment, we modified the B cell population of C.B-17 mice, normally resistant to HSR, in order to test the hypothesis that such treatment would render them susceptible to HSR by impairing their early antibody response to anterior chamber (AC) inoculation with HSV. We analysed the effect of anti-Mu treatment on their susceptibility to HSR and then employed Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and ELISA techniques to study the patterns of immunoglobulin gene and protein expression, and the T-cell receptor alpha/beta (TCR alpha/beta) gene expression after AC inoculation of HSV. Immunohistopathologic analysis revealed that 100% of the B cell deficient mice (B-) developed contralateral retinitis following AC inoculation, confirming the hypothesis that anti-Mu antibody treatment would convert HSR-resistant mice into HSR-susceptible ones. Transfer of B cells from naive congenic donor mice resulted in 67% of recipient B- mice developing contralateral retinitis. Transfer of anti-HSV antibody conferred nearly complete protection, with only 11% of mice developing retinitis (P < 0.005). PCR and ELISA analysis showed that both untreated and B- C.B-17 mice showed similar dynamic patterns of mRNA IgG isotype expression and of anti-HSV IgG isotypic antibody response following AC inoculation. Thus, we were forced to reject the hypothesis that an impaired early antibody response is primarily responsible for the increased HSR susceptibility seen in B- mice. In contrast, PCR analysis of TCR alpha/beta mRNA expression revealed dramatic differences between susceptible and resistant mice, suggesting that TCR V beta selection and usage may be a critical factor influencing HSR-sensitivity in this murine model, and that B cells (and immunoglobulin isotype) may play a role in TCR V beta selection and usage after ocular encounter with HSV.
Comparison of Gd-BOPTA and Gd-DOTA for peripheral CE-MRA: a double-blind clinical study.

Most of the clinically introduced gadolinium based MR contrast agents belong to the group of extracellular Gd chelates. Gd-BOPTA (dimeglumine gadobenate, Multihance®, Bracco SpA, Milano, Italy) initially behaves similarly to the unspecific Gd-contrast agents (1,2) but in a second phase it has a liver-specific uptake(3). Therefore it has been approved for the detection of focal liver lesions (4,5). Only recently it was noted that Gd BOPTA shows a nearly twofold increased molar relaxivity (R1 9.7 mMs 1/R2 12.5 mMs 1, heparinised human blood, 39°C, 20 MHz) within the human blood in comparison to other extra-cellular fluid contrast agents (R1 4.9 mMs 1/R2 6.3 mMs 1)(6,7). This may be explained by a reversible binding of the chelator to albumin, which additionally reduces the extravascular leakage, resulting in a further increase of vascular signal. The aim of this study was to check under double-blind conditions the hypothesis that both the increased relaxivity and favorable distribution of Gd-BOPTA should result in a more efficient MR contrast agent for CE-MRA compared to GdDOTA at the same dose (8). MATERIALS AND METHODS
Nitrogen oxides/selenium dioxide-mediated benzylic oxidations

Abstract The oxidation of benzylic groups to the corresponding carboxylic acid functionality by dioxygen is mediated by a combination of nitrogen oxides and selenium dioxide (SeO 2 ). Substrates examined include alkylnaphthalenes and alkylpyridines. The aldehyde appears to be an intermediate in the reaction. Mechanistic studies suggest that the rate-determining step is hydrogen atom abstraction by nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) to form the benzyl radical. Selenium dioxide subsequently oxidizes this radical to the desired product.
Design and performance of a Compton-coincidence system for measuring non-proportionality of new scintillators

Abstract A Compton-coincidence scintillator light yield non-proportionality measurement system was constructed and tested. Improved testing procedures and timing resolution have allowed the use of significantly less active excitation sources without lengthening test times or degrading data integrity. Previous methods typically required 100 mCi Cs-137 sources, but an increase in solid angle between source and sample as well as improved timing resolution have allowed the use of sources with activities less than 10 μCi. Representative samples of BGO and NaI(Tl) were tested to validate the system against literature single-source data.
Soft X‐ray irradiances during solar flares observed by TIMED‐SEE

[1] Observations from the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics–Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Experiment (TIMED-SEE) are analyzed to determine the solar soft X-ray energy emission during a solar flare. The TIMED-SEE X-ray ultraviolet Photometer System (XPS) detectors utilize broadband photodiodes that observe from 0.1 to 27 nm. The XPS observed 29 flares of various strengths over a 6-month period in 2002. We describe an emission measure technique to interpret the broadband observations and determine a best fit flare spectrum. This technique is applied to the 29 flares observed by the XPS. Our results show that most of the enhancement in the solar spectrum during a flare comes from the 0–2 nm wavelength range. We also show that the XPS calculated 0.1–0.8 nm irradiance for brighter M-class and X-class flares is in good agreement with the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) observed 0.1–0.8 nm irradiance. Also, the XPS 0–7 nm flare irradiance is well correlated with the 0.1–0.8 nm irradiance observed by GOES. We show that the total 0–7 nm irradiance of smaller X-class flares (X1–X5) calculated at the time of the XPS observation provides 2–3 times the energy of the quiet Sun 0–7 nm irradiance.
RUMORS OF THE DEMISE OF THE URBAN CRISIS ARE GREATLY EXAGGERATED

: This article examines a growing body of literature that claims or implies the urban crisis is over. This literature presents several recurrent themes: that the urban crisis is past because cities have put their fiscal affairs in order; that urban problems should be understood as the product of a hiatus between a waning industrial economy and an emergent service and high technology economy; and that there is a growing back-to-the-city movement. In contrast to this literature, the author proposes an alternative understanding of urban conditions. This understanding defines the urban crisis to be the isolation of the minority poor in central cities, and sees crisis as the result of complex and interacting historical trends—trends that have not, as yet, been displaced or reversed. The end-of-crisis literature is reviewed, and central arguments are examined. Counterarguments are offered, and a brief survey of objective conditions in central cities is undertaken. In the concluding section, it is argued that the urban crisis has never disappeared, but has merely moved onto and off of the national agenda. The propensity to rename or define away conditions in central cities, with relative disregard for actual developments, has been a considerable obstacle to increasing the quality of life for those who live there.
Lamellar body formation precedes pulmonary surfactant apoprotein expression during embryonic mouse lung development in vivo and in vitro

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether lamellar inclusion body (LB) formation and surfactant apoprotein (SP-35) production are directly coordinated by temporal and positional information during development. In the present study we report a comparison between embryonic B10.A mouse lung morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation in vivo with that observed during organ culture in serumless medium. Precursor LB were first detected at embryonic day 12 (E12d), and progressively larger numbers and forms were produced during subsequent differentiation of respiratory alveolar duct epithelium. SP-35 was first detected during the canalicular period (E16.5d). Lung cultures (E12 d) showed pseudoglandular and canalicular periods of morphogenesis, and both ciliated epithelial and type II cell differentiation. Nonciliated cells produced increasing numbers of lamellar inclusion bodies throughout the culture period. SP-35 was detected at 9 days in vitro (d.i.v.). These observations indicate (i) precursor LB formation precedes SP-35 expression and is not dependent on apoprotein synthesis; (ii) E12d lung development in vitro using serumless medium proceeds at a rate equivalent to 0.5 days in vivo through 11 d.i.v.; and (iii) morphogenesis and differentiation occur in the absence of exogenous hormones and growth factors. The cell-cell interactions that play a role in morphogenesis and cell differentiation appear to be intrinsic to the developmental program for embryonic lung development and are likely to be mediated by autocrine and/or paracrine factors.
An experiment in in‐service education: The 1973 SCA‐university of Wisconsin summer institute

This is a report of the institute, “Teaching Interpersonal Communication in the Secondary School,” held on the University of Wisconsin‐Madison campus during June, 1973. The report describes the institute's objectives, instructional strategies, and promotional procedures. There is also a brief description of the participants and a general evaluation.
Quasi-classical theory of electron correlations in atoms

The quasi-classical limit of the many-particle perturbation theory is considered for electrons moving in the Coulomb potential of the nucleus. The problem is analyzed using the Green's function formulation of many-particle physics. When corrections involving the gradient of the self-consistent potential are neglected, the results agree to all orders in the interaction strength with the procedure of Lewis for including correlation corrections in the ThomasFermi model. The disagreement between the work of Lewis and the recent work of Baraff is shown to be due to the latter's neglect of anomalous contributions to the perturbation theory which arise, because the local Fermi momentum is a function of the interaction strength. The calculation of inhomogeneity corrections is also considered. (auth)
Identification of Residue-to-residue Contact between a Peptide Ligand and Its G Protein-coupled Receptor Using Periodate-mediated Dihydroxyphenylalanine Cross-linking and Mass Spectrometry

Fundamental knowledge about how G protein-coupled receptors and their ligands interact is important for understanding receptor-ligand binding and the development of new drug discovery strategies. We have used cross-linking and tandem mass spectrometry analyses to investigate the interaction of the N terminus of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae tridecapeptide pheromone, α-factor (WHWLQLKPGQPMY), and Ste2p, its cognate G protein-coupled receptor. The Trp1 residue of α-factor was replaced by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) for periodate-mediated chemical cross-linking, and biotin was conjugated to Lys7 for detection purposes to create the peptide [DOPA1,Lys7(BioACA),Nle12]α-factor, called Bio-DOPA1-α-factor. This ligand analog was a potent agonist and bound to Ste2p with ∼65 nanomolar affinity. Immunoblot analysis of purified Ste2p samples that were treated with Bio-DOPA1-α-factor showed that the peptide analog cross-linked efficiently to Ste2p. The cross-linking was inhibited by the presence of either native α-factor or an α-factor antagonist. MALDI-TOF and immunoblot analyses revealed that Bio-DOPA1-α-factor cross-linked to a fragment of Ste2p encompassing residues Ser251–Met294. Fragmentation of the cross-linked fragment and Ste2p using tandem mass spectrometry pinpointed the cross-link point of the DOPA1 of the α-factor analog to the Ste2p Lys269 side chain near the extracellular surface of the TM6-TM7 bundle. This conclusion was confirmed by a greatly diminished cross-linking of Bio-DOPA1-α-factor into a Ste2p(K269A) mutant. Based on these and previously obtained binding contact data, a mechanism of α-factor binding to Ste2p is proposed. The model for bound α-factor shows how ligand binding leads to conformational changes resulting in receptor activation of the signal transduction pathway.
Refractories for continuous steel casting

As a result of work carried out by institutes and enterprises in the refractories and metallurgical industry of the USSR, various types of refractories have been developed for continuous steel casting plant that is widely used in production conditions. The speeding up of the work of continuous casting plant, the extension of the range of steels being cast, and the development of continuous casting plant of various designs all require decisions to be made in the field of refractory materials. It is necessary to continue research into the mechanism responsible for the formation of the contact layer between the steel and the refractory, the way in which it reacts, and the movement in various boundary conditions; it will also be necessary to develop further scientific experimental theories for the contact layer, and through the accumulation of the necessary data to approach the problems of constructing a mathematical model for the process.
End-stage Mechanisms Underlying Voltage and Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Inactivation (VDI and CDI) of CaV1.3 Channels

The past decade has witnessed many discoveries about the early events that underlie calmodulin (CaM) regulation of Ca2+ channels. Much is known about the positioning of apoCaM (Ca2+-free) on channels, and the initial Ca2+/CaM interaction sites. Beyond this, precious little is clear about the eventual actions of this central genre of Ca2+ channel modulation. Does CDI involve hinged-lid occlusion, selectivity filter collapse, or allosteric inhibition of activation gating? Do CDI and VDI reach the same ultimate conformation? All these proposals remain in flux. Here, we deduce that mutations within the S6 activation gates would produce discriminating effects on activation and inactivation, depending on which mechanism holds true. For the first two end-stage mechanisms (hinged-lid occlusion and selectivity filter collapse), S6 mutations that enhance channel opening are predicted to strengthen channel inactivation. By contrast, for an allosteric mechanism, such mutations would actually weaken inactivation. These predictions motivated exhaustive mutagenesis of the S6 segments of all four homologous domains of CaV1.3. We find that S6 mutations affect VDI and CDI in strikingly different ways, indicating a fundamental divergence of their end-stage mechanisms. The pattern seen for CDI agrees remarkably well with that predicted for an allosteric mechanism. By contrast, VDI effects cannot be fully explained by any previously described end-stage mechanism. Instead, mapping the functional VDI effects onto a structural homology model of CaV1.3 reveals a telling structural pattern, suggestive of a novel ‘hinged-lid-shield’ mechanism. In this scheme, CaV1.3 channels feature a specialized distal S6 ‘shield’ that repels lid closure. We validate this proposal with experiments in which the integrity of the shield and the mobility of the hinge-lid are independently modified. In all, these advances furnish a rich mechanistic backdrop for the many Ca2+ channelopathies involving S6 domains.
Cell cycle dependence of radiation-induced homologous recombination in cultured monkey cells.

A lacZ transgene recombination system that reports homologous recombination events involving duplicated lacZ segments was used to study recombination in monkey cells exposed to ionizing radiation at different points in the cell cycle. With this system, recombination events can be detected in single cells by histochemical staining soon after exposure of cells to DNA-damaging treatment. Ionizing radiation rapidly induced recombination 5–10-fold in cells that were at the mitosis stage of the cell cycle. Irradiation either of cells at other points in the cell cycle or of nonsynchronized cells had less of an effect on recombination between lacZ segments.
Underassessment of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis using color flow Doppler compared to compression sonography

The aim of this paper is to compare the accuracy of color Doppler to compression sonography in the diagnosis of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. Longitudinal color flow imaging was performed in 60 lower extremities in patients with clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The study was then repeated by a blinded examiner using transverse compression sonography. The results were then correlated. Thirty-five examinations were negative by both color flow and compression methods. Twenty thrombi were diagnosed on compression sonography, while only 13 were diagnosed by the color flow method. Thirty-five percent of thrombi were missed using color flow imaging alone. We conclude that compression sonography should remain an integral part of the assessment of lower extremity DVT, as a significant number of thrombi might be overlooked using longitudinal color flow imaging alone. This is especially true in non-occlusive thrombi that are adherent to the vessel wall.
MARKOV-BERNSTEIN TYPE INEQUALITIES FOR CONSTRAINED POLYNOMIALS WITH REAL VERSUS COMPLEX COEFFICIENTS

LetP n,k c denote the set of all polynomials of degree at mostn withcomplex coefficients and with at mostk(0≤k≤n) zeros in the open unit disk. Let denote the set denote the set of all polynomials of degree at mostn withreal coefficients and with at mostk(0≤k≤n) zeros in the open unit disk. Associated with0≤k≤n andx∈[−1, 1], let $$B_{n,k,x}^* : = \max \{ \sqrt {\frac{{n(k + 1)}}{{1 - x^2 }}} ,n\log (\frac{e}{{1 - x^2 }}\} ,B_{n,k,x}^* : = \sqrt {\frac{{n(k + 1)}}{{1 - x^2 }}} ,$$ , andM n,k * ≔max{n(k+1),nlogn},M n,k ≔n(k+1). It is shown that $$M_{n,k}^* : = \max \{ n(k + 1),n\log n\} ,M_{n,k}^* :n(k + 1)$$ for everyx∈[−1, 1], wherec 1>0 andc 2>0 are absolute constants. Here ‖·‖[−1,1] denotes the supremum norm on [−1,1]. This result should be compared with the inequalities $$c3\min \{ B_{n,k,x,} B_{n,,k,} \} \leqslant _{p \in P_{n,k} }^{\sup } \frac{{|p'(x)|}}{{||p||[1,1]}} \leqslant \{ B_{n,k,x,} B_{n,,k,} \} ,$$ , for everyx∈[−1,1], wherec 3>0 andc 4>0 are absolute constants. The upper bound of this second result is also fairly recent; and it may be surprising that there is a significant difference between the real and complex cases as far as Markov-Bernstein type inequalities are concerned. The lower bound of the second result is proved in this paper. It is the final piece in a long series of papers on this topic by a number of authors starting with Erdos in 1940.
EVALUATION OF "CORONARY VASODILATORS" BY CORONARY ARTERIOGRAPHY.

Abstract The primary purpose of a coronary vasodilator is to increase the caliber of the coronary vascular bed. Selective coronary arteriography currently is the most direct and effective means of evaluating changes in the size of the coronary arteries in the intact organism. Utilizing this method of examination, it is apparent that glyceryl trinitrate and erythrityl tetranitrate have coronary vasodilating actions even in those patients with overt and serious coronary atherosclerosis. The demonstration of this action, however, does not imply that coronary blood flow is consequently improved.