cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trait irritability and social cue identification and interpretation in young adult females

Abstract Difficulty labeling facial expressions and tendencies to interpret ambiguous faces as hostile are potential mechanisms of irritability. However, most research into social cue processing and irritability has been conducted in pediatric populations, has not examined the role of affective context, and has not accounted for co-occurring constructs independently associated with social cue processing. The present study investigates how an experimental frustration manipulation impacts associations between trait irritability and social cue processing among non-clinical adult females (N = 100). Higher trait irritability was associated with difficulties identifying happy and disgust faces on a dynamic face task following frustration. Replicating prior work, higher trait irritability was associated with hostile interpretations of ambiguous social scenarios. These associations persisted after accounting for aggression, anxiety, and depression. These findings suggest that trait irritability and social cue processing associations in adults vary across tasks and affective contexts.
Equivalence of the Fermat potential and the lensing potential approaches to computing the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect

We show in detail that the recently derived expression for evaluating the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) temperature shift in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) caused by individual embedded (compensated) lenses is equivalent to the conventional approach for flat background cosmologies. The conventional approach requires evaluating an integral of the time derivative of the lensing potential, whereas the new Fermat potential approach is simpler and only requires taking a derivative of the potential part of the time delay.
Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of influenza C virus

Influenza C virus (ICV) is a common yet under-recognized cause of acute respiratory illness. ICV seropositivity has been found to be as high as 90% by 7–10 years of age, suggesting that most people are exposed to ICV at least once during childhood. Due to difficulty detecting ICV by cell culture, epidemiologic studies of ICV likely have underestimated the burden of ICV infection and disease. Recent development of highly sensitive RT-PCR has facilitated epidemiologic studies that provide further insights into the prevalence, seasonality, and course of ICV infection. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of ICV.
Kisspeptin has an independent and direct effect on the pituitary gland in the mare.

Abstract To more clearly understand the equine gonadotrope response to kisspeptin and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), peripheral LH and FSH were quantified in diestrous mares after treatment with either equine kisspeptide (eKp-10, 0.5 mg iv), GnRH (25 μg iv), or a combination thereof every 4 h for 3 days. The following observations were made: 1) a diminished LH and FSH response to eKp-10 and GnRH was observed by Day 3, but was not different by treatment, 2) a decrease in basal LH concentration was observed from Day 1 to Day 3 for the eKp-10, but not the GnRH treated mares, 3) there was no change in basal FSH with either treatment. Additionally, pre-treatment with GnRH antagonist (antide 1.0 mg iv) eliminated any measurable change in LH after eKp-10 (1.0 mg iv) treatment. Both GnRH and kisspeptin are Gαq/11 coupled receptors, therefore quantifying the rise in intracellular calcium following treatment with cognate ligand allows simultaneous assessment of receptor activation. Direct stimulation of equine primary pituitary cells with GnRH and/or eKp-10 demonstrates three distinct populations of pituitary cells: one population responded to both eKp-10 and GnRH, a second, independent population, responded to only eKp-10, and a third population responded only to GnRH. These populations were confirmed using co-immunofluorescence of hemipituitaries from mares in diestrus. Although the rise in peripheral LH concentration elicited by eKp-10 is dependent on GnRH, this work suggests that kisspeptin also has a specific and direct effect on the equine gonadotrope, independent of GnRH.
Defining team membership in primary care: Qualitative analysis.

Primary healthcare is recognized as a team-based activity. Traditionally, a primary care team is considered to be a group of individuals that work together to satisfy patients’ needs for primary ca...
Very early onset eosinophilic esophagitis is common, responds to standard therapy, and demonstrates enrichment for CAPN14 genetic variants.

Background Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, food antigen–mediated disease characterized by esophageal dysfunction and intraepithelial eosinophil accumulation. Objective We hypothesized that very early onset EoE (V-EoE) would be enriched for early-life and genetic factors and have worse presentation and prognosis than later-onset pediatric EoE (L-EoE). Methods We conducted a single-site, retrospective review comparing patients diagnosed at age 12 months or less (V-EoE, n = 57) and age 14 to 18 years (L-EoE, n = 70). These patients underwent medical record, EoE Histology Scoring System, Endoscopic Reference Score, and EoE Diagnostic Panel assessment when sample availability permitted. Genetic association used 2 EoE genotype repositories. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests, t tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, Spearman correlations, cluster analysis, and logistic regression. Results Among pediatric patients with EoE, diagnosis most commonly occurred within early life (0-24 months, 17%). V-EoE was more likely to attain histologic remission via dietary restriction (P Conclusions Early-life diagnosis of EoE is a common occurrence. V-EoE responds to standard therapy without early evidence for complications, suggesting a less severe prognosis than hypothesized. Molecular pathogenesis is preserved between V-EoE and L-EoE. Cesarean delivery and CAPN14 genetic variation likely promote earlier disease development.
Fault Classification in Photovoltaic Arrays Using Graph Signal Processing

In this paper, we address the problem of fault classification in PhotoVoltaic (PV) arrays using a semi-supervised graph signal processing approach. Traditional fault detection and classification methods require large amounts of labeled data for training. In utility scale solar arrays, obtaining labeled data for different fault classes is resource intensive. We propose a graph based classification technique that relies on a limited amount of labeled data. We compare our results with the well known supervised machine learning classifiers such as the K-nearest neighbour classifier, random forest classifier, support vector machines, and artificial neural networks. We also show that the graph-based classifiers require lower training computational cost compared to the standard supervised machine learning algorithms. The proposed method also achieves good classification performance with unseen data. We validate our method on a real-time dataset and show significant improvements over existing approaches.
Perspective on High-Rate Alkaline Water Splitting

Alkaline water splitting (AWS) represents a sustainable technology for hydrogen gas generation. In comparison to proton exchange membrane water splitting, AWS is an economical approach because non-...
Direct writing of continuous carbon fibers/epoxy thermoset composites with high-strength and low energy-consumption

Abstract Epoxy resin-based thermoset composites are extensively used in industries with billions of dollars in revenue every year. High-rate manufacturing process is highly sought-after to produce complex composite structures with geometric flexibility and low energy-consumption. This work demonstrates printing and in-situ cure of epoxy resin-based thermosets and composites via self-sustaining frontal propagation. Specifically, latent initiator in the resin formulation was tuned from 2 mol% to 0.05 mol% to lower the frontal propagation temperature from ~290 °C to ~240 °C without decreasing the reaction rate. The epoxy resin was soaked into continuous carbon fiber (CF) tows and then printed through a modified direct ink writing system. Synchronization of the printing process and in-situ frontal curing resulted in continuous CF/thermoset composites (c-CFTC). Both single and dual nozzle print-heads were used to print c-CFTC with tunable fiber volume fractions. As-printed specimens exhibited exceptional tensile strength, 1.15 GPa at 48 vol% fibers and 0.42 GPa at 18 vol% fibers in fiber direction and ~35.5 MPa in transverse direction. The energy consumption of the printing process was also calculated, indicating 3.6 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh)/year energy-saving in comparison to conventional manufacturing processes with hours of high-temperature oven curing, equivalent to the energy consumption of 360,000 US families per year (single US family electric consumption: 10,000 kWh/year). The printing speed was 7.5–13.8 cm/min dependent on the fiber fraction, and thus the production rate was estimated to be 400–800 cm3/hour. Such a high-rate and energy-saving approach could revolutionize the c-CFTC industry and aerospace, automobile, and marine industries with environmental and energy sustainability.
Section 9.1 new dosimeters: New dosimetry systems

Abstract During the past two years there have been significant advances in several forms of radiation measurement systems for radiation processing, covering dose ranges of 1–106 Gy. Calorimeters as reference standards for both ionizing photon and electron fields have become well-established. In addition to the older ceric-cerous dosimetry solution analyzed potentiometrically, new liquid-phase dosimeters include those analyzed by spectrophotometry, e.g., improved forms of acidic aqueous solutions of K-Ag dichromate and organic radiochromic dye solutions. It has recently been demonstrated that by using certain refined sugars, e.g., D-(-) ribose, optical rotation response in aqueous solutions can be enhanced for dosimetry at doses > 104 Gy. There has been expanded development, use, and formulation (rods, tablets, and thin films) of the amino acid, alanine, as a solid-phase dosimeter analyzed by either ESR spectrometry or by glutamine or alanine spectrophotometry of complexes with ferric ion in the presence of a sulfonphthalein dye (xylenol orange). New commercial types of radiochromic plastic dosimeters, e.g., GafChromicTM, Riso B3TM, GAMMACHROME YRTM, RadixTM, and GammexTM, have been introduced and applied in practice. Improvements and broader use of optical waveguide dosimeters, e.g., Opti-ChromicTM, have also been reported, especially in food irradiation applications. Several novel dyed plastic dosimeters are available in large quantities and they lose color due to irradiation. An example is a dyed cellulosic thin film (ATC type DY-42TM) which can be measured spectrophotometrically or densitometrically up to doses as high as 106 Gy.
SYNERGY BETWEEN THEORY AND EXPERIMENT AS APPLIED TO H/D EXCHANGE ACTIVITY ASSAYS IN [Fe]H2ase ACTIVE SITE MODELS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses synergy between theory and experiment as applied to H/D exchange activity assays in [Fe] H2ase active site models. The growing importance of computational chemistry in mechanistic inorganic chemistry may be ascribed to the broad accessibility and application of density functional theory and related techniques to large molecules, in this case a diiron complex with 10 to 12 coordination sites filled with diatomic or larger ligands. Hydrogenases are biological catalysts responsible for H 2 uptake or production in which the required H 2 cleavage is established to occur in a reversible and heterolytic manner (H + /H – ). This activity is typically assayed by H/D exchange reactivity in H 2 /D 2 O or H 2 /D 2 / H 2 O mixtures. The observation of inhibition of the H/D exchange reaction by CO and CH 3 CN implicates coordinatively unsaturated intermediates in the H 2 capture process. New experiments are also carried out to test the hypotheses implied by some of the individual steps of the proposed mechanism, which are calculated to be energetically feasible.
How Interest in Science Negatively Influences Perceptions of Women

We examined whether women who pursue scientific training are viewed negatively by college students. Participants (N = 114 college students; 56 women, 58 men) saw a woman describe her major (either chemistry or the humanities) and express either strong commitment to her course of study or ambivalence about it. Participants then provided judgments about the speaker's traits (such as assertiveness and sociability), social behaviors (including how often she dates), and her future potential (including happiness and fulfillment with her career, as well as starting salary). Results indicated that both major and commitment level influenced perceptions of the speaker. Commitment to the major increased judgments of future career fulfillment, intellectual competence, school achievement, and assertiveness. Pursuit of chemistry, however, was perceived as negative, as people judged the woman as less sociable when she was committed to being a chemist, and women participants predicted she would have a less fulfilling career. Men participants said they would not want to date her. Although women may understand that they could make more money in the sciences, negative judgments about their social capabilities and future happiness may contribute to their propensity to avoid science.
Caregiver anxiety upon discharge for neonates with congenital heart disease.

Introduction. Parents of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have been shown to be at an increased risk of having psychosocial morbidities including anxiety, depression, and somatization. Little is known about the anxiety level of these parents during the initial hospital course. The goal of this study was to evaluate the anxiety level of the parents at the time of hospital discharge and to determine if certain characteristics predict higher anxiety levels. Methods. Caregivers of neonates admitted with CHD within the first 30 days of life were recruited. Anxiety levels were measured by using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale just prior to discharge. Spearman correlations were performed between state and trait scales vs. clinical variables. Results. Fifty-nine questionnaires were completed for 38 neonates. Based on state score measure of anxiety, 81% of parents denied anxiety, 14% reported borderline anxiety, and 5% reported significant anxiety. Trait scores of anxiety reflected 93% of parents who denied anxiety, 2% who reported borderline anxiety, and 5% who reported significant anxiety. There was a significant positive correlation between state score and level of education (ρ= 0.30, P < .05) and the trait score and level of education (ρ= 0.23, P < .10). Number of medications was also significantly negatively associated with standard trait score (ρ=–0.37, P < .05). Conclusion. In general, anxiety trait scores were low for caregivers of neonates with CHD; however, there was a higher proportion of caregivers that reported anxiety in the state anxiety score. Higher education was associated with a higher level of anxiety. Future studies are needed to determine how to minimize anxiety levels during this stressful time period.
A MODERN PERSPECTIVE ON TRANSITION STATE THEORY

Chemical rates, the temporal evolution of the populations of species of interest, are of fundamental importance in science. Understanding how such rates are determined by the microscopic forces involved is, in turn, a basic focus of the present discussion.
Thyroid hormone induces constitutive keratin gene expression during Xenopus laevis development.

Abstract We have used in vitro explant cultures of Xenopus laevis skin to investigate the role that the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) plays in activating the 63-kilodalton (kDa) keratin genes. The activation of these genes in vivo requires two distinct steps, one independent of T3 and one dependent on T3. In this report we have shown that the same two steps are required to fully activate the 63-kDa keratin genes in skin explant cultures, and we have characterized the T3-mediated step in greater detail. Unlike the induction of transcription by T3 or steroid hormones in adult tissues, there was a long latent period of approximately 2 days between the addition of T3 to skin cultures and an increase in concentration of keratin mRNA. While the T3 induction of 63-kDa keratin gene transcription cannot occur until age 48, a short transient exposure of stage 40 skin cultures to T3 resulted in high-level expression of these genes 5 days later, when normal siblings had reached stage 48. This result indicates that T3 induces a stable change in epidermal cells which can be expressed much later, after extensive cell proliferation has occurred in the absence of T3. Once the 63-kDa keratin genes were induced, they were stably expressed, and by the end of metamorphosis T3 had no further effect on their expression. The results suggest that T3 induces constitutive expression of the 63-kDa keratin genes during metamorphosis.
CD30‐Positive Large Cell Transformation of Mycosis Fungoides

Large cell transformation of mycosis fungoides (MF) is an uncommon phenomenon. We present a case of CD30-positive large cell transformation and discuss its possible pathophysiology. A 74 year-old male with a 36-year history of patch stage MF presented with a 3-month history of right chest cellulitis that was refractory to IV antibiotic treatment. Skin biopsies from his thigh demonstrated a patchy dermal infiltrate of irregular and hyperchromatic lymphocytes and epidermotropism. The majority of the infiltrate was positive for CD4, CD3, CD2, and negative for CD7. Only 10% were positive for CD25 and CD8. Biopsies obtained from the ulcerated chest nodules showed a dermal infiltrate of large and pleomorphic lymphoid cells with prominent nucleoli. These large lymphoid cells were strongly positive for CD3, CD30, CD25, CD2 and UCHL-1. Occasional cells were positive for CD4 and CD20. They were negative for ALK-1, TIA-1, CD7, CD8, and CD15. T-gamma receptor gene rearrangement analyses by polymerase chain reaction demonstrated a clonal process with similar rearrangement patterns identified in the patch stage MF as well as in large cell transformation areas. Examinations of his peripheral blood and bone marrow were negative. The patient had tolerated one cycle of CHOP chemotherapy.
The nature of human prehension: Three dextrous hands in one

The human hand is versatile in its interactions with the environment, demonstrating skills that designers of dextrous robot hands would like to emulate. From the many attempts that have been made to understand the use of the human hand and to establish classifications of prehensile activity, common themes emerge. Two key issues seem to be balanced in prehensile tasks: that of affixing the object in the hand, and that of gathering information about the state of the object during the task. In this paper, we show these being balanced through combinations of three basic methods of applying oppositions around obiects, and we show how these relate to the postures of standard prehensile classifications.
Calculation of weak transitions in lattice QCD

We propose the use of Monte Carlo simulations of QCD to evaluate hadronic matrix elements of local operators encountered in electroweak and grand-unified-theory transitions. Preliminary Monte Carlo estimates are made of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=2$ matrix elements responsible for the ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{K}_{S}$ mass difference and the $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=1$ operators believed to explain the $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{1}{2}$ enhancement.
Pubescence and leaf spectral characteristics in a desert shrub, Encelia farinosa

The effects of leaf hairs (pubescence) on leaf spectral characteristics were measured for the drought-deciduous desert shrub Encelia farinosa. Leaf absorptance to solar radiation is diminished by the presence of pubescence. The pubescence appears to be reflective only after the hairs have dried out. There are seasonal changes in leaf absorptance; leaves produced at the beginning of a growing season have high absorptances, whereas leaves produced during the growing season are more pubescent and have lower absorptances. The decrease in leaf absorptance is the result of an increase in pubescence density and thickness. Between 400 and 700 nm (visible wavelengths), pubescence serves as a blanket reflector. However, over the entire solar spectrum (400–3000 nm), the pubescence preferentially reflects near infrared radiation (700–3000 nm) over photosynthetically useful solar radiation (400–700 nm). Leaf absorptance to solar radiation (400–3000 nm) varies between 46 and 16%, depending on pubescence; whereas leaf absorptance to photosynthetically useful radiation (400–700 nm) may vary from 81 to 29%.
Development of the Mechanical Properties of Engineered Skin Substitutes After Grafting to Full-Thickness Wounds

Engineered skin substitutes (ESSs) have been reported to close full-thickness burn wounds but are subject to loss from mechanical shear due to their deficiencies in tensile strength and elasticity. Hypothetically, if the mechanical properties of ESS matched those of native skin, losses due to shear or fracture could be reduced. To consider modifications of the composition of ESS to improve homology with native skin, biomechanical analyses of the current composition of ESS were performed. ESSs consist of a degradable biopolymer scaffold of type I collagen and chondroitin-sulfate (CGS) that is populated sequentially with cultured human dermal fibroblasts (hF) and epidermal keratinocytes (hK). In the current study, the hydrated biopolymer scaffold (CGS), the scaffold populated with hF dermal skin substitute (DSS), or the complete ESS were evaluated mechanically for linear stiffness (N/mm), ultimate tensile load at failure (N), maximum extension at failure (mm), and energy absorbed up to the point of failure (N-mm). These biomechanical end points were also used to evaluate ESS at six weeks after grafting to full-thickness skin wounds in athymic mice and compared to murine autograft or excised murine skin. The data showed statistically significant differences (p <0.05) between ESS in vitro and after grafting for all four structural properties. Grafted ESS differed statistically from murine autograft with respect to maximum extension at failure, and from intact murine skin with respect to linear stiffness and maximum extension. These results demonstrate rapid changes in mechanical properties of ESS after grafting that are comparable to murine autograft. These values provide instruction for improvement of the biomechanical properties of ESS in vitro that may reduce clinical morbidity from graft loss.
Evidence-based practice part 2: Reliability and validity of selected acute pain instruments

Abstract Pain management is an important aspect of perianesthesia patient care. PACU nurses need to be familiar with pain measurement to judge effectiveness of pain management. In fact, the 1999-2000 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations' (JCAHO) guidelines have included the measurement of pain before and after pain treatment in their standards of practice. This article reviews selected pain instruments that could be used to measure pain in perianesthesia patients and the available reliability and validity of the instruments. © 2001 by American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses.
Correlation of the phosphorylation states of pp60c-src with tyrosine kinase activity: the intramolecular pY530-SH2 complex retains significant activity if Y419 is phosphorylated.

Rapid digestion of pp60c-src tyrosine kinase (src TK) in combination with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry enabled the determination of the time course for autophosphorylation of three tyrosine sites (Y338, Y419, and Y530) and a correlation with src TK activity. A form of src TK was purified from baculovirus-infected cells which contains only Y338 partially phosphorylated. Incubation with MgATP increases the phosphorylation of all three sites. The autophosphorylation and dephosphorylation of Y419 are directly correlated with the level of src TK activity. The role of Y338 phosphorylation is unknown. Conditions resulting in complete autophosphorylation of Y530 were identified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Surface plasmon resonance detection and size exclusion chromatography provide direct evidence for an intramolecular pY530-SH2 complex, supporting previous models [Matsuda, M., Mayer, B.J., Fukui, Y., & Hanafusa, H. (1990) Science 248, 1537-1539]. Contrary to these models, when the enzyme is fully phosphorylated on Y530, phosphorylated on Y419, and present only as the intramolecular pY530-SH2 complex, 20% of the kinase activity is retained. In addition, the k(m)'s for substrates are unaffected. Disruption of the pY530-SH2 interaction and activation of kinase activity by a high-affinity SH2 ligand yield a Kactivation which is 200-fold larger than the Kd for ligand binding to the uncomplexed src SH2 domain. These data suggest a Keq of 200 (unitless) for the intramolecular association of pY530 with the SH2 domain. We propose that the pY530-SH2 interaction modulates signal transduction by down-regulating src TK activity 5-fold, and perhaps more importantly by inhibiting protein-protein interactions with the SH2 domain. These results have significant implications relative to the development of SH2 ligands as therapeutics to control aberrant signal transduction. These ligands will be 200-fold less effective at inhibiting protein-protein interactions versus down-regulated src TK than versus activated src TK. This should minimize activation of src TK activity in normal cells and lead to an increased therapeutic index.
Labour markets and the (hyphenated) welfare regime in Latin America

Abstract This article deploys a welfare regime approach to examine changes in social policy in Latin America since the ‘lost decade’. Before the ‘lost decade’ the welfare regime in Latin America could best be described as ‘conservative/informal’. It was ‘truncated’ because the main welfare institutions, social insurance and employment protection, did not extend beyond workers in formal employment. The article shows that the structure of the labour market was the main stratification device, and argues that labour-market liberalization and new forms of social assistance are producing a shift towards a ‘liberal-informal’ welfare regime, ‘hyphenated’ rather than ‘truncated’.
Antibody diversity: one enzyme to rule them all.

Three reactions diversify antibody genes in human somatic cells of the B lineage: VDJ recombination, somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination. The discovery of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) has led to the elucidation of a unified molecular mechanism for initiation of the last two reactions and suggests why B cells undergoing these reactions are prone to cancer-associated DNA damage.
Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy of Phenol, Catechol, Resorcinol and Hydroquinone Chemisorbed on Alumina

Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy has been used to probe the irreversible chemisorption at 295 K of phenol, catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone on thin amorphous alumina films in Al/Al2O3/Pb sandwich structure tunneling junctions. This spectroscopy yields a representation of the vibronic excitations of the chemical bonds in the adspecies. Phenol chemisorbs predominantly as C6H5O- on Al+3 sites with a very small amount of associative chemisorption at high coverages. Catechol and resorcinol both adsorb predominently as the di-ion C6H4O2-2, whereas hydroquinone chemisorbs both as the di-ion and as the single ion 1, 4-C6H4(OH)O- at high surface coverages. Hydrogen bonding is observed among the adsorbates and between the adsorbates and the OH groups on the partially hydroxylated Al2O3 surface. The experimental results are explicable in terms of the geometry and chemical properties of the adsorbates and the oxide surface.
A self-regulating hydrogen generator for micro fuel cells

The ever-increasing power demands and miniaturization of portable electronics, micro-sensors and actuators, and emerging technologies such as cognitive arthropods have created a significant interest in development of micro fuel cells. One of the major challenges in development of hydrogen micro fuel cells is the fabrication and integration of auxiliary systems for generating, regulating, and delivering hydrogen gas to the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). In this paper, we report the development of a hydrogen gas generator with a micro-scale control system that does not consume any power. The hydrogen generator consists of a hydride reactor and a water reservoir, with a regulating valve separating them. The regulating valve consists of a port from the water reservoir and a movable membrane with via holes that permit water to flow from the reservoir to the hydride reactor. Water flows towards the hydride reactor, but stops within the membrane via holes due to capillary forces. Water vapor then diffuses from the via holes into the hydride reactor resulting in generation of hydrogen gas. When the rate of hydrogen consumed by the MEA is lower than the generation rate, gas pressure builds up inside the hydride reactor, deflecting the membrane, closing the water regulator valve, until the pressure drops, whereby the valve reopens. We have integrated the self-regulating micro hydrogen generator to a MEA and successfully conducted fuel cell tests under varying load conditions.
Quantum fluctuations in Josephson junction comparators.

We have developed a method for calculation of quantum fluctuation effects, in particular, of the uncertainty zone developing at the potential curvature sign inversion, for a damped harmonic oscillator with arbitrary time dependence of frequency and for arbitrary temperature, within the Caldeira-Leggett model. The method has been applied to the calculation of the gray zone width $\ensuremath{\Delta}{I}_{x}$ of Josephson-junction balanced comparators. The calculated temperature dependence of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{I}_{x}$ in the range 1.5 to 4.2 K is in virtually perfect agreement with experimental data for Nb-trilayer comparators with critical current densities of 1.0 and $5.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{k}\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, without any fitting parameters.
Mapping Process to Pattern in the Landscape Change of the Amazonian Frontier

Changes in land use and land cover are dynamic processes reflecting a sequence of decisions made by individual land managers. In developing economies, these decisions may be embedded in the evolution of individual households, as is often the case in indigenous areas and agricultural frontiers. One goal of the present article is to address the land use and land-cover decisions of colonist farmers in the Amazon Basin as a function, in part, of household characteristics. Another goal is to generalize the issue of tropical deforestation into a broader discussion on forest dynamics. The extent of secondary forest in tropical areas has been well documented in South America and Africa. Agricultural-plot abandonment often occurs in tandem with primary forest clearance and as part of the same decision-making calculus. Consequently, tropical deforestation and forest succession are not independent processes in the landscape. This article presents a framework that integrates them into a model of forest dynamics at household level, and in so doing provides an account of the spatial pattern of deforestation that has been observed in the Amazon's colonization frontiers.
Massive quantum field theory in two-dimensional Robertson-Walker space-time

The stress tensor of a massive scalar field, as an integral over normal modes (which are not mere plane waves), is regularized by covariant point separation. When the expectation value in a Parker-Fulling adiabatic vacuum state is expanded in the limit of small curvature-to-mass ratios, the series coincides in each order with the Schwinger-DeWitt-Christensen proper-time expansion. The renormalization ansatz suggested by these expansions (which applies to arbitrary curvature-to-mass ratios and arbitrary quantum state) can be implemented at the integrand level for practical computations. The renormalized tensor (1) passes in the massless limit, for appropriate choice of state, to the known vacuum stress of a massless field, (2) agrees with the explicit results of Bernard and Duncan for a special model, and (3) has a nonzero vacuum expectation value in the two-dimensional ''Milne universe'' (flat space in hyperbolic coordinates). Following Wald, we prove that the renormalized tensor is conserved and point out that there is no arbitrariness in the renormalization procedure. The general approach of this paper is applicable to four-dimensional models.
Automation of the Anthrone Assay for Carbohydrate Concentration Determinations

Reported is the adaptation of a manual polysaccharide assay applicable for glycoconjugate vaccines such as Prevenar to an automated liquid handling system (LHS) for improved performance. The anthrone assay is used for carbohydrate concentration determinations and was scaled to the microtiter plate format with appropriate mixing, dispensing, and measuring operations. Adaptation and development of the LHS platform was performed with both dextran polysaccharides of various sizes and pneumococcal serotype 6A polysaccharide (PnPs 6A). A standard plate configuration was programmed such that the LHS diluted both calibration standards and a test sample multiple times with six replicate preparations per dilution. This extent of replication minimized the effect of any single deviation or delivery error that might have occurred. Analysis of the dextran polymers ranging in size from 214 kDa to 3.755 MDa showed that regardless of polymer chain length the hydrolysis was complete, as evident by uniform concentration measurements. No plate positional absorbance bias was observed; of 12 plates analyzed to examine positional bias the largest deviation observed was 0.02% percent relative standard deviation (%RSD). The high purity dextran also afforded the opportunity to assess LHS accuracy; nine replicate analyses of dextran yielded a mean accuracy of 101% recovery. As for precision, a total of 22 unique analyses were performed on a single lot of PnPs 6A, and the resulting variability was 2.5% RSD. This work demonstrated the capability of a LHS to perform the anthrone assay consistently and a reduced assay cycle time for greater laboratory capacity.
CEO Successor Characteristics and the Choice of Foreign Market Entry Mode: An Empirical Study

Based on the upper echelons theory, this study of 126 CEO successions and 271 foreign market entry events examines the relationships between successor CEO characteristics and choice of entry mode. Results indicate that CEO position tenure, throughput functional background, and international experience are associated with full-control entry modes. Additionally, these relationships were observed in the subgroup of high-performing firms but not in the low-performing subgroup.
Direct numerical simulation and large-eddy simulation of stationary buoyancy-driven turbulence

We report direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) of statistically stationary buoyancy-driven turbulent mixing of an active scalar. We use an adaptation of the fringe-region technique, which continually supplies the flow with unmixed fluids at two opposite faces of a triply periodic domain in the presence of gravity, effectively maintaining an unstably stratified, but statistically stationary flow. We also develop a new method to solve the governing equations, based on the Helmholtz–Hodge decomposition, that guarantees discrete mass conservation regardless of iteration errors. Whilst some statistics were found to be sensitive to the computational box size, we show, from inner-scaled planar spectra, that the small scales exhibit similarity independent of Reynolds number, density ratio and aspect ratio. We also perform LES of the present flow using the stretched-vortex subgridscale (SGS) model. The utility of an SGS scalar flux closure for passive scalars is demonstrated in the present active-scalar, stably stratified flow setting. The multi-scale character of the stretched-vortex SGS model is shown to enable extension of some second-order statistics to subgrid scales. Comparisons with DNS velocity spectra and velocity-density cospectra show that both the resolved-scale and SGS-extended components of the LES spectra accurately capture important features of the DNS spectra, including small-scale anisotropy and the shape of the viscous roll-off.
Distribution of dopaminergic receptors in the primate cerebral cortex: quantitative autoradiographic analysis using [3H]raclopride, [3H]spiperone and [3H]SCH23390.

A widespread distribution of dopamine D1 receptors in the neocortex is well recognized. However, the presence of dopamine D2 receptors in this structure has only recently been established [Martres et al. (1985) Eur. J. Pharmac. 118, 211-219; Lidow et al. (1989) Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 6412-6416]. In the present paper, a highly specific antagonist, [3H]raclopride, was used for autoradiographic determination of the distribution of D2 receptors in 12 cytoarchitectonic areas of the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes of the rhesus monkey. A low density of D2-specific [3H]raclopride binding (1.5-4.0 fmol/mg tissue) was detected in all layers of all cortical areas studied. Throughout the entire cortex, the highest density of binding was consistently found in layer V. This is a unique distribution not observed so far for any other neurotransmitter receptor subtype in monkey cerebral cortex, including D1 receptor. In addition, a comparison was made of the distribution of [3H]raclopride and [3H]spiperone, which has been commonly used in previous attempts to label cortical D2 receptors. We found marked differences in the distribution of these two radioligands. In the prefrontal cortex, the pattern of [3H]spiperone binding in the presence of ketanserin resembled the combined distribution of 5-HT1C serotoninergic and alpha 2-adrenergic sites as well as D2 receptors. Thus, [3H]raclopride provides a better estimation of the D2 receptor distribution than does [3H]spiperone. The distribution of D2-specific binding of [3H]raclopride was also compared with the D1-specific binding of [3H]SCH23390 in the presence of mianserin to block labeling to 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C sites. The density of D1-specific [3H]SCH23390 binding was 10-20 times higher than that of D2-specific [3H]raclopride binding throughout the cortex. The densities of both [3H]raclopride and [3H]SCH23390 binding sites display a rostral-caudal gradient with the highest concentrations in prefrontal and the lowest concentrations in the occipital cortex. However, the binding sites of these two ligands had different laminar distributions in all areas examined. In contrast to preferential [3H]raclopride binding in layer V, a bilaminar pattern of [3H]SCH23390 labeling was observed in most cytoarchitectonic areas, with the highest concentrations in supragranular layers I, II and IIIa and infragranular layers V and VI. Whereas [3H]raclopride binding was similar in all cytoarchitectonic areas, [3H]SCH23390 exhibited some region-specific variations in the primary visual and motor cortex. The different regional and laminar distributions of D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors indicates that they may subserve different aspects of dopamine function in the cerebral cortex.
Metabolism of 13C galactose by lymphoblasts from patients with galactosemia determined by NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract In order to assess the pathways by which galactose is metabolized by galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficient cells, lymphoblasts from 10 galactosemic patients with defined genotypes (six Q188R homozygotes, two S153L homozygotes, and two with homozygous deletions) were incubated with 1 mM 1- or 2- 13 C galactose for 2.5 and 5 h. The 13 C-labeled metabolites were identified and quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance and the results were compared to that obtained with cells from eight normal individuals. Cells from galactosemic patients formed two to three times the galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1P) in normal cells, no difference being observed between the various genotypes. Galactitol formation was not significantly different from normal cells. No labeled galactonate was detected. Cells with the Q188R and S135L mutations formed both labeled uridine diphosphogalactose (UDPgal) and uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPglu), but to a lesser extent than normals, whereas cells with the GALT deletion did not. The pattern of 13 C enrichment of the ribose carbons of adenosine monophosphate upon incubation of the normal cells with 1- 13 C galactose paralleled that found for incubations with 1- 13 C glucose, which is consistent with galactose disposition through the Leloir pathway to glucose and its subsequent metabolism to ribose. Cells with the GALT deletion formed no detectable labeled ribose, whereas cells from a patient homozygous for Q188R mutation formed labeled ribose in a pattern similar to normal albeit with lower enrichment. The results suggest that there is residual GALT activity and function of the Leloir pathway in the presence of the Q188R as well as S135L mutation.
Introducing Justification into Epistemic Logic

Plato's tripartite definition of knowledge as justified true belief (JTB) is generally regarded as a set of necessary conditions for the possession of knowledge. The true belief components the JTB definition are represented in formal epistemology by modal logic and its possible worlds semantics. At the same time, the justification component of Plato's definition did not have a formal representation. This paper introduces the notion of justification into formal epistemology. Epistemic logic with justification, along with the usual knowledge operator F (F is known), contains assertions t:F (t is a justification for F). We study two basic systems, S4LP and S4LPN, of epistemic logic with justification and show completeness with respect to natural epistemic semantics, which augments Kripke models with a natural Fitting-style treatment of justification assertions t:F. Some new specific properties of epistemic logic with justification are established.
Chemokine Localization in Bronchial Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis in the lung involves the systemic bronchial vasculature and becomes prominent when chronic inflammation prevails. Mechanisms for neovascularization following pulmonary ischemia include growth factor transit from ischemic parenchyma to upstream bronchial arteries, inflammatory cell migration/recruitment through the perfusing artery, and paracrine effects of lung cells within the left bronchus, the niche where arteriogenesis takes place. We analyzed left lung bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and left bronchus homogenates after left pulmonary artery ligation (LPAL) in rats, immediately after the onset of ischemia (0 h), 6 h and 24 h later. Additionally, we tested the effectiveness of dexamethasone on decreasing inflammation (0–24 h LPAL) and angiogenesis at early (3 d LPAL; bronchial endothelial proliferation) and late (14 d LPAL; blood flow) stages. After LPAL (6 h), BAL protein, total inflammatory cells, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear cells increased significantly. In parallel, pro-angiogenic CXC chemokines increased in BAL and the left main-stem bronchus (CXCL1) or only within the bronchus (CXCL2). Dexamethasone treatment reduced total BAL protein, inflammatory cells (total and polymorphonuclear cells), and CXCL1 but not CXCL2 in BAL. By contrast, no decrease was seen in either chemokine within the bronchial tissue, in proliferating bronchial endothelial cells, or in systemic perfusion of the left lung. Our results confirm the presence of CXC chemokines within BAL fluid as well as within the left mainstem bronchus. Despite significant reduction in lung injury and inflammation with dexamethasone treatment, chemokine expression within the bronchial tissue as well as angiogenesis were not affected. Our results suggest that early changes within the bronchial niche contribute to subsequent neovascularization during pulmonary ischemia.
Sea‐level rise, nearshore fisheries, and the fishing industry

Global meteorological conditions may be changing, and sea levels over the next centuries could rise at rates usually measured over millennia. As a result, fish habitats, fishery yields, and the ind...
Leptin activates distinct projections from the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei

Leptin has profound effects on feeding, metabolism, and neuroendocrine status. Evidence indicates that the hypothalamus coordinates these responses, though the specific brain pathways engaged by leptin remain obscure. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) regulates pituitary gland function and feeding, and innervates autonomic preganglionic neurons, making it a candidate to regulate many of the responses to leptin. The subparaventricular zone, an anterior hypothalamic region receiving dense innervation from the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is thought to integrate circadian and metabolic information. We investigated the distribution of neurons in the rat brain activated by leptin administration that also project to the PVH or the subparaventricular zone by coupling immunohistochemistry for Fos with retrograde transport of cholera toxin-b. Intravenous leptin characteristically activated several cell groups including the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), and the PVH. When tracer injections were centered in the subparaventricular zone, many double-labeled cells were observed in the dorsomedial subdivision of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. This projection may provide an anatomic substrate for integration of metabolic and circadian information to regulate the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. When cholera toxin-b injections were centered in the PVH, many double-labeled cells were found within the caudal DMH. Hence, activation of specific neuroendocrine and autonomic elements of the PVH may be triggered by leptin-activated afferents arising in the DMH. Our results demonstrate that a discrete set of hypothalamic pathways may underlie leptin's autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral effects.
Grain impingement during recrystallization

Abstract The spherical computer model based on a cubic array of spheres growing at the same rate with the same radius is an obvious oversimplification of recrystallization reactions. However, it does provide calculable impingement geometry, and it yields results that are in agreement with experimental results. The model supports the use of the parabolic relation in Eq. [1], although it emphasizes the empirical nature of the relation and demonstrates limitations of the relation of f = 0 and f = 1. The results generated by the model further indicate that computer models of regular geometric solids can provide useful information on grain impingement during recrystallization reactions.
Plasma factor(s) influencing red cell production.

THERE is an accumulating body of evidence of the existence of a humoral substance(s) in the plasma of animals with induced anaemia which stimulates erythropoiesis in recipients1.
Practical science—research helping beekeepers 1. Tracheal mites

Because they are easily cultured, economically important, and endlessly fascinating, honey bees are the most well-known and well-researched insects in the world. They interest beekeeper and scientist alike, and although the aims of the two groups differ, their respective activities complement each other. We can thank practical-minded beekeepers for inventing beekeeping equipment, working out basic beekeeping techniques, accumulating untold hours of natural observations, and identifying applied research needs. And we can thank generations of scientists who have pieced together bee biology, disease etiologies and treatments, parasitology, genetics and breeding. Clearly, the relationship between beekeepers and bee scientists is mutually beneficial.