cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ignition and flame spreading over a solid fuel:Non-similar theory for a hot oxidizing boundary layer

A more accurate theoretical study of ignition of a solid polymeric fuel in a hot oxidizing flow field is carried out as an extension of the previous work reported in the Thirteenth Combustion Symposium. In the present work, the complete non-similar calculation is carried out, eliminating the previously used local similarity approximation and the integral approximation to solve the condensed-phase energy equation. Comparison of the predictions based on the non-similar calculations indicates that both results predict similar trends of ignition behavior. However, the ignition delay time and the amount of downstream shift in the previous local similarity calculation differ significantly from those in the present non-similar calculation. This comparison has implications for other otheries of boundary layer combustion in the literature that utilize the self-similarity approximation. The flame-spreading behavior is also predicted as an extension of the ignition process. In agreement with the experimental observations reported in the previous work, results of the non-similar calculation predict that, in the case of high freestream oxygen concentration, the flame spreading downstream from the point of first ignition is slow. Reducing the oxygen concentration increases the flame-spreading speed in both directions (upstream and downstream). This aggreement between experiment and theory indicates that, when the flame spreads downstream, convective heat transfer is the dominant process in bringing the local surface element to vigorous pyrolysis, rather than conduction, and when the flame spreads upstream in the low freestream oxygen level case, the surface temperature ahead of the flame front is already high enough to cause spontaneous ignition, and the appearance of flame awaits the evolution of an abundant supply of fuel. Ignition and flame spreading are shown theoretically to depend sensitively on the thermal and transient properties of the diluent gas (e.g., helium, argon, nitrogen).
Range Straggling in Nuclear Track Emulsion

The contributions to the range variance in nuclear track emulsion have been studied and the magnitude of the various effects calculated. Bohr straggling is found to be the most important effect when the energy is high, but for slow particles, a number of others combine to dominate the straggling. Range errors caused by distortion are also studied. Measurements are reported on the straggling of eighteen particle groups consisting of protons, pions, and muons. With the particle mass and velocity as variable parameters, the theoretical estimates are tested and a detailed accounting of the contributions to the straggling is made.
Optical properties of ocular tissues in the near infrared region

Near infrared characterization of optical proper- ties of aqueous humor and vitreous humor of healthy human and bovine eyes has been performed. The indices of refraction (n) of these ocular tissues were determined using a Michelson interferometer. The total diffuse reflection (Rd) and total transmission (Tt) measurements had been taken for individual ocular tissue by using a double-integrating sphere setup and infrared laser diodes. The inverse adding doubling (IAD) computational method based on the diffusion approximation and radiative transport theory was applied to the measured values of n, Rd, and Tt to calculate the optical absorption and scattering coefficients of the human and bovine ocular tissues. The scattering anisotropy value was determined by iteratively running the IAD method program and a Monte Carlo simulation of light-tissue interaction until the minimum difference in experimental and computed value for Tt was realized. A comparison between the optical characterization of human and bovine ocular samples was also made.
Glycoengineering of human IgG1-Fc through combined yeast expression and in vitro chemoenzymatic glycosylation.

The presence and precise structures of the glycans attached at the Fc domain of monoclonal antibodies play an important role in determining antibodies’ effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement activation, and anti-inflammatory activity. This paper describes a novel approach for glycoengineering of human IgG1-Fc that combines high-yield expression of human IgG1-Fc in yeast and subsequent in vitro enzymatic glycosylation, using the endoglycosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation as the key reaction. Human IgG1-Fc was first overproduced in Pichia pastoris. Then the heterogeneous yeast glycans were removed by Endo-H treatment to give the GlcNAc-containing IgG1-Fc as a homodimer. Finally, selected homogeneous glycans were attached to the GlcNAc-primer in the IgG1-Fc through an endoglycosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation, using sugar oxazolines as the donor substrates. It was found that the enzymatic transglycosylation was efficient with native GlcNAc-containing IgG1-Fc h...
Closed-form kinematics for a spatial closed-chain mechanism modeling biped stance

This paper presents kinematic analysis of a spatial closed-chain mechanism with applications in the stance phase of human gait and in postural studies. Based on a specific sequence of body-fixed rotations and an appropriate set of independent coordinates, a closed-form solution has been successfully obtained by suitably imposing the kinematic constraints. This approach reduces the numerical stiffness index of the respective dynamic system from three to two, and provides a set of ordinary differential equations instead of differential/algebraic equations describing system dynamics. As a result, it allows more stable integration and more efficient direct dynamic simulation. This approach is not universal for all closed-chain mechanisms. However, it is anticipated that this approach will have valuable influence on modeling biped locomotion in biomechanics and robotics.
A test of Klopfer’s empathic learning hypothesis

Klopfer, (1957) proposed that naive ducks could learn to avoid a potentially dangerous situation by observing the behavior of experienced ducks toward it. Such second-hand learning was termed empathic. The domain of this hypothesis was extended and tested under less stringent conditions. Forty pairs of chicks were used. The demonstration bird was presented with a series of mealworm larvae, varying in color pattern and palatability, and the number of trials it took for each bird to reject five such larvae in succession was recorded. The observer birds were then exposed to the same test. There was no decrease in the number of trials to reach criterion.
Determination of horizontal in-situ stresses and natural fracture properties from wellbore deformation

Accurate and low-cost information on in-situ stresses and fracture properties is critical in reducing well costs and increasing well recoveries. In this paper, a hybrid model based on the displacement back analysis is proposed for determining the in-situ stress magnitudes and fracture properties at the wellbore scale using wellbore displacements. The new methodology is an integration of artificial neural network (ANN), genetic algorithm (GA), and numerical analysis. An ANN is used to map the non-linear relationship between the maximum and minimum horizontal in-situ stresses (σH, σh) and natural fracture properties (e.g., joint angle, θ, aperture, a1 and a2, and spacing, s) and the wellbore displacements. A forward modelling (UDEC) is used to compute wellbore displacements as a function of horizontal in-situ stresses and natural fracture properties, and to create the necessary training and testing samples for ANN. The set of unknown horizontal in-situ stresses and natural fracture properties at wellbore scale are searched in a global space using GA based on the objective function. Results of the numerical experiment show that the hybrid ANN-GA model based on the displacement back analysis can effectively recognise the horizontal in-situ stresses and natural fracture properties from wellbore deformation during drilling.
Shear-Layer Instabilities: Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements and Implications for Acoustics

The use of particle image velocimetry (PIV) to study the spatial and temporal features of unsteady fluid flow has increased dramatically in the past five to ten years. One particular application of PIV is to examine how shear-layer instabilities and turbulence lead to radiated sound. In this review, the basic operation of a PIV system is provided along with an introduction to the equations that relate unsteady fluid motion to sound. The references then illustrate how PIV is currently used in a number of canonical flow problems of interest in which the phenomena are dominated by shear-layer instabilities that lead to radiated noise. Specifically, cavity flows, flow over airfoils and cylinders, and finally jet flows are considered.
Modified Phosphorus Program for Broilers Based on Commercial Feeding Intervals to Sustain Live Performance and Reduce Total and Water-Soluble Phosphorus in Litter

SUMMARY Two experiments were conducted to adapt the results of previous studies from our laboratory on calcium and nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) requirements to feeding intervals more similar to the commercial broiler industry. Feeding periods of 0 to 14, 14 to 35, 35 to 42, and 42 to 56 d were used. In the first experiment, a positive control diet similar to industry levels (0.45% NPP and 1.0% Ca, 0.40% NPP and 0.9% Ca, 0.35% NPP and 0.8% Ca, and 0.30% NPP and 0.8% Ca for the various feeding periods, respectively) was compared with various combinations of Ca and NPP levels, with phytase supplementation used in some diets with low NPP. It was observed that birds fed starter diets with 0.40% NPP followed by 0.30% during the grower phase grew as well with equivalent feed conversion as those fed the positive control diet. Feeding less than 0.30% during the grower period resulted in excessive mortality over the duration of the study. In the second experiment, consisting of 2 consecutive trials in which birds were housed beginning on new softwood shavings, adjustments were made in the NPP and Ca levels used in the first experiment; diets were fed with or without phytase supplementation. At the conclusion of the second trial, samples of litter were evaluated for total and soluble P contents. All of the modified diets supported BW gain, feed conversion, livability, and bone parameters that did not differ significantly from that of birds fed the positive control diets. Total and soluble P contents of the litter were significantly reduced by the modified diets fed with or without phytase. Use of the modified diets resulted in significant savings in dietary costs associated with reduced levels of P supplementation.
How to Measure Motivation: A Guide for the Experimental Social Psychologist

This article examines cognitive, affective, and behavioral measures of motivation and reviews their use throughout the discipline of experimental social psychology. We distinguish between two dimensions of motivation (outcome-focused motivation and process-focused motivation). We discuss circumstances under which measures may help distinguish between different dimensions of motivation, as well as circumstances under which measures may capture different dimensions of motivation in similar ways. Furthermore, we examine situations in which various measures may capture fluctuations in nonmotivational factors, such as learning or physiological depletion. This analysis seeks to advance research in experimental social psychology by highlighting the need for caution when selecting measures of motivation and when interpreting fluctuations captured by these measures.
Note---Sampling Properties of Rate Questions with Implications for Survey Research

Frequency questions “How many times did you do X in the last month?” are often used to measure respondents' behavior rates. Under suitable assumptions, frequency data can be analyzed in the context of the Negative Binomial Distribution model. Recency questions “How long ago did you last do X?” can also be used to assess usage rates, but have not been studied as much. In this study we compare the reliability and statistical efficiency of frequency and recency questions. We show that the relative performance of these two formats can be summarized succinctly. Validity issues are also considered. Our findings suggest that recency questions tend to perform better for low usage, low salience events.
Nonlinear circuit solver with linear interconnect load

We consider a current source driver macromodel approach for the fast solution of a combined on-chip driver-interconnect model problem. In this approach, we divide the problem into two separate parts which are solved independently so that the nonlinear solution is only required for a small portion of the overall problem.
Evaluation of effectiveness of a vaccination program against an infectious disease at the population level.

Objective—To evaluate the application of a vaccine in a population of animals. Sample Population—Field-trial data from the literature. Procedure—A spreadsheet simulation model was constructed to estimate the impact of a vaccination program, assuming various population sizes, transmission rates, and vaccine efficacies. Results—Total effectiveness (proportion of affected animals [ie, cases] avoided) increased with the vaccinated proportion of the population. However, with a highly efficacious vaccine, this relationship discontinued after a sufficient vaccination proportion was reached, reflecting herd immunity. Evaluation of a case study indicated that what may be considered a poor vaccine on the basis of its low efficacy may protect a substantial portion of the population if the vaccine is administered to a sufficient number of susceptible animals. Further investigation of a case study of horses indicated that evaluating a vaccine based solely on its efficacy could greatly underestimate its value. Conclusi...
TCL1 oncogene expression in B cell subsets from lymphoid hyperplasia and distinct classes of B cell lymphoma.

Activation of the TCL1 oncogene has been implicated in T cell leukemias/lymphomas and recently was associated with AIDS diffuse large B cell lymphomas (AIDS-DLBCL). Also, in nonmalignant lymphoid tissues, antibody staining has shown that mantle zone B cells expressed abundant Tcl1 protein, whereas germinal center (GC; centrocytes and centroblasts) B cells showed markedly reduced expression. Here, we analyze isolated B cell subsets from hyperplastic tonsil to determine a more precise pattern of Tcl1 expression with development. We also examine multiple B cell lines and B lymphoma patient samples to determine whether different tumor classes retain or alter the developmental pattern of expression. We show that TCL1 expression is not affected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and is high in naive B cells, reduced in GC B cells, and absent in memory B cells and plasma cells. Human herpesvirus-8 infected primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) and multiple myelomas are uniformly TCL1 negative, whereas all other transformed B cell lines tested express moderate to abundant TCL1. This observation supports the hypothesis that PEL, like myeloma, usually arise from post-GC stages of B cell development. Tcl1 protein is also detected in most naive/GC-derived B lymphoma patient samples (23 of 27 [85%] positive), whereas most post-GC-derived B lymphomas lack expression (10 of 41 [24%] positive). These data indicate that the pattern of Tcl1 expression is distinct between naive/GC and post-GC-derived B lymphomas (P < 0.001) and that the developmental pattern of expression is largely retained. However, post-GC-derived AIDS-DLBCL express TCL1 at a frequency equivalent to naive/GC-derived B lymphomas in immune-competent individuals (7 of 9 [78%] positive), suggesting that TCL1 down-regulation is adversely affected by severe immune system dysfunction. These findings demonstrate that TCL1 expression in B cell lymphoma usually reflects the stage of B cell development from which they derive, except in AIDS-related lymphomas.
Stochastic Efficiency, Normality, and Sampling Errors in Agricultural Risk Analysis

This paper examines the power of tests for efficiency. The relationship between sample size, parameter values, and the family of probability distributions is stressed. Some findings are that the probability of correctly ranking distributions is frequently very low regardless of sample size. It is generally lowest as distributional parameters (such as the means) of the two distributions being compared are of similar magnitudes. Further, the empirical distribution function performs extremely well as compared to maximum likelihood estimators.
A chase too far

In a previous paper we proposed a novel method for generating alternative query plans that uses chasing (and back-chasing) with logical constraints. The method brings together use of indexes, use of materialized views, semantic optimization and join elimination (minimization). Each of these techniques is known separately to be beneficial to query optimization. The novelty of our approach is in allowing these techniques to interact systematically, eg. non-trivial use of indexes and materialized views may be enabled only by semantic constraints.We have implemented our method for a variety of schemas and queries. We examine how far we can push the method in term of complexity of both schemas and queries. We propose a technique for reducing the size of the search space by “stratifying” the sets of constraints used in the (back)chase. The experimental results demonstrate that our method is practical (i.e., feasible and worthwhile).
Cardiac looping and the vertebrate left-right axis: antagonism of left-sided Vg1 activity by a right-sided ALK2-dependent BMP pathway.

The rightward looping of the primary heart tube is dependent upon upstream patterning events that establish the vertebrate left-right axis. In Xenopus, a left-sided Vg1 signaling pathway has been implicated in instructing cells to adopt a ‘left-sided identity’; however, it is not known whether ‘right-sided identity’ is acquired by a default pathway or by antagonism of Vg1 signaling. Here, we propose that an antagonistic, BMP/ALK2/Smad-mediated signaling pathway is active on the right side of the Xenopus embryo. Truncated ALK2 receptor expression on the right side of the blastula elicits heart reversals and altered nodal expression. Consistent with these findings, constitutively active ALK2 (CA-ALK2) receptor expression on the left side of the blastula also elicits heart reversals and altered nodal expression. Coexpression of CA-ALK2 with mature Vg1 ligand results in predominantly left-sided nodal expression patterns and normal heart looping, demonstrating that the ALK2 pathway can ‘rescue’ left-right reversals that otherwise occur following right-sided misexpression of mature Vg1 ligand alone. Results with chimeric precursor proteins indicate that the mature domain of BMP ligands can mimic the ability of the ALK2 signaling pathway to antagonize the Vg1 pathway. Consistent with the observed antagonism between BMP and Vg1 ligands, left-sided ectopic expression of Xolloid results in heart reversals. Moreover, ectopic expression of Smad1 or Smad7 identified two downstream modulators of the BMP/ALK2 signaling pathway that also can regulate cardiac orientation. Collectively, these results define a BMP/ALK2-mediated pathway on the right side of the Xenopus embryo and, moreover, suggest that left-right patterning preceding cardiac morphogenesis involves the activation of two distinct and antagonistic, left- and right-sided TGF(beta)-related signaling pathways.
Mobile computing in military ambulatory care

Although satellite and cellular communication advances have enabled users of mobile computers the ability to access information regardless of location, it introduces new problems for transaction management in distributed database systems. Traditional transaction mechanisms and criteria have to be adjusted to accommodate the limitations of a mobile computing environment. Data replication is an example of a technique that is used in traditional database systems to increase the availability and the fault-tolerance of the data, but at the same time adds the overhead of maintaining replica consistency across multiple sites of the network. Data replication is a useful tool in mobile computing due to the fact that a mobile host may be disconnected from the network for long periods of time. The data replication allows the mobile host to use a local data copy while it is disconnected from the network. Mobile hosts that have the capability to store copies of data items increase the difficulty of maintaining replica consistency, because of the mobile host's volatile storage. Also, the mobile host must be assured that the local copies that it is using are valid, and any changes made locally to a copy are reflected in the rest of the system. We introduce a mobile replica management algorithm. A mobile transaction manager (MTM) coordinates the transactions initiated by mobile hosts, which query and update replicated databases stated at both mobile and static hosts in a battlefield environment. This battlefield environment is based upon the U.S. telemedicine (Prime Time III) support in Bosnia. The MTM is responsible for the synchronization of the replicated data items in the network.
The FDTD diakoptics method

A finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) diakoptics method is developed. Sequential and parallel algorithms are provided to connect cascaded segments and to realize the modular computation of large circuits. When the large circuit is modified, only a few segments need to be recalculated, while the mutual interaction is preserved. This means that the repetitive computation of large structures is avoided and the modular computation of large circuits is realized. The proposed methods are applied to a one-dimensional case to confirm their validity by comparison with the results from microwave SPICE (MWSPICE). >
Hydrological modeling of continental-scale basins

▪ Abstract Recent increased interest in the role of the land surface in weather and climate, including impacts due to climate change, has resulted in land surface hydrologic models that incorporate processes which describe the exchange of water and energy at the Earth's surface. The development of a grid-based hydrological model with a full soil-vegetation-atmospheric-transfer (SVAT) land surface parameterization is summarized. The model is suitable both for simulating continental-scale river basins at high temporal and spatial resolutions and as the land surface parameterization in atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). Results for the Missouri River basin show the model can successfully simulate hydrological fluxes (e.g. streamflows and evaporation) for large catchments.
The reliability of individual differences in face-selective responses in the fusiform gyrus and their relation to face recognition ability

Face recognition ability varies widely in the normal population and there is increasing interest in linking individual differences in perception to their neural correlates. Such brain-behavior correlations require that both the behavioral measures and the selective BOLD responses be reliable. The reliability of the location of the fusiform face area (FFA) has been demonstrated in several studies. Here, we address reliability of a different kind: reliability of the magnitude of responses to faces within this localized region. We calculated split-half reliability of face-selective responses within functionally defined posterior and anterior face-selective patches in the fusiform gyrus (FFA1/FFA2). We used data from two published studies that included both a functional localizer for face-selective regions and independent data suitable for quantifying face-selectivity. We found highly reliable face selectivity in both hemispheres that was highest in the centermost voxel(s) compared to larger regions of interest. Differences in face-selectivity between the two face patches within one hemisphere and across hemispheres were also reliable. Our results reveal considerable reliability of face-selective signals in and across FFA in adults. Given the good reliability of behavioral measures of face recognition, prior failures to find a relationship between the mean response to faces in FFA and behavioral face recognition in normal adult subjects are unlikely to be due to limitations of the measurements.
Retrenchment Chic: The Dangers of Offshore Balancing

This essay assesses arguments in favor of "offshore balancing," a grand strategy premised on significantly retrenching U.S. commitments and presence abroad. It argues that the financial and geopolitical benefits of that strategy are significantly overstated, while the probable costs and dangers are often obscured. If implemented, offshore balancing would likely endanger the international influence and stability that the United States has long enjoyed, and render the country vulnerable to higher longer-term risks and costs.
2-{[(4-Methoxy-phen-yl)dimethyl-silyl]meth-yl}isoindoline-1,3-dione.

In the course of our studies of silicon-containing anti­cancer compounds, the title compound, C18H19NO3Si, was synthesized. The mol­ecular geometry including bond distances and angles involving the Si atoms are typical. Torsion angles associated with the isoindoline ring and the silyl group [C—N—Cmethyl­ene—Si = 90.5 (2) and −93.1 (2)°] indicate that there is no inter­action between the O and Si atoms despite silicon's high affinity for oxygen.
P.7.12 Recovery of ambulation and functional mobility in boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy following femoral fractures

Boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) have been found to have decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures. Lower extremity (LE) post-fracture recovery often includes prolonged periods of non/partial weight bearing with increased amounts of time spent sitting in wheelchairs, increasing the risk of contractures and disuse weakness. Reported incidence of loss of independent ambulation following LE fractures varies from 20 to 50%. A retrospective chart review of the medical records of 7 ambulatory boys with DMD who sustained femur fractures over the past 5 years and for whom early post-fracture rehabilitation was recommended was completed to determine average age at fracture, and functional motor skills pre/post fracture. Boys ranged from 9 to 15 years of age at the time of fracture and were all independent ambulators. Their pre-fracture timed 30 ft. run averaged 6.5 s (3.8–9.7). The majority of fractures were managed surgically but one, a distal femur fracture, was casted without surgical intervention. Physical therapy, typically including hip/knee flexor and ankle plantar flexor stretches, active exercise, and early weight bearing on the uninvolved and, as soon as possible, on the involved leg, was recommended during the period of fracture healing. All 7 boys regained independent ambulation after their fractures, although one continued to use a walker. Time function tests were available for 5 of 7 boys after their initial recovery with an average 30 ft. run time of 7.5 s (5.0–11.7). One boy required a walker to ambulate, while another was unable to complete timed testing. Only one boy had both pre and post-fracture North Star Ambulatory Assessment scores available and these were 16/34 pre-fracture and 14/34 post-fracture. Results suggest that with a protocol of early mobilization, active exercise, and stretching, ambulation and functional mobility may be maintained following femoral fractures.
Designing patient-facing health information technologies for the outpatient settings: a literature review

Introduction The implementation of health information technologies (HITs) has changed the dynamics of doctor–patient communication in outpatient settings. Designing patient-facing HITs provides patients with easy access to healthcare information during the visit and has the potential to enhance the patient-centred care. Objectives The objectives of this study are to systematically review how the designs of patient-facing HITs have been suggested and evaluated, and how they may potentially affect the doctor–patient communication and patient-centred care. Method We conducted an online database search to identify articles published before December 2014 relevant to the objectives of this study. A total of nine papers have been identified and reviewed in this study. Results Designing patient-facing HITs is at an early stage. The current literature has been exploring the impact of HITs on doctor–patient communication dynamics. Based on the findings of these studies, there is an emergent need to design more patient-centred HITs. There are also some papers that focus on the usability evaluation of some preliminary prototypes of the patient-facing HITs. The design styles of patient-facing HITs included sharing the health information with the patients on: (1) a separate patient display, (2) a projector, (3) a portable tablet, (4) a touch-based screen and (5) a shared computer display that can be viewed by both doctors and patients. Each of them had the strengths and limitations to facilitate the patient-centred care, and it is worthwhile to make a comparison of them in order to identify future research directions. Conclusion The designs of patient-facing HITs in outpatient settings are promising in facilitating the doctor-patient communication and patient engagement. However, their effectiveness and usefulness need to be further evaluated and improved from a systems perspective.
Analysis on HIV/AIDS sentinel surveillance in STD clinic Attendees in Taishan district of Taian City in 2010

Objective:To understand the HIV/AIDS related knowledge,behaviors and the infection status of STD and AIDS among male visitors to STD clinic,and to provide scientific basis for making measures of prevention and control.Methods:From April to July 2010,394 cases were investigated in the clinic about HIV/AIDS related knowledge and behaviors.Blood samples were taken for HIV and syphilis test.Results:The overall awareness rate of the AIDS related knowledge was 82.04%,25.89% cases had high risk behaviors,the syphilis prevalence was 13.02%,and 1 case was detected as HIV antibody positive with the positive rate of 0.26%.Conclusion:Male STD of Taishan District has higher prevalence of syphilis and HIV,the awareness of HIV/AIDS related knowledge needs to be raised,and health education and behavioral intervention should be implemented urgently based on STD Clinic.
Membrane properties of cell types within guinea pig basal forebrain nuclei in vitro

1. Neurons in the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (nDBB) and ventral portion of the medial septum (MS) were studied using intracellular recording and single-electrode voltage clamp (SEVC) techniques in an in vitro brain slice preparation. Cell types could be operationally divided into three categories: cells with a slow postspike afterhyperpolarization (SAHP cell, 40%), neurons with a fast AHP (FAHP cells, 53%), and a third cell group recorded infrequently (7% of the cells) that fired in a burst pattern. Double-labeling techniques have shown that SAHP cells stain positively for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and are presumably cholinergic (22). The present study provides a more detailed analysis of the passive and active membrane properties of SAHP and FAHP types within these forebrain nuclei. 2. SAHP cells were characterized by a postspike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) with an amplitude of 10-20 mV and duration of approximately 600 ms at -65 mV. In the voltage range of -60--70 mV, the AHP decayed as a single exponential function with a time constant of 170 +/- 53 ms (n = 10). However, many neurons at these membrane potentials exhibited an AHP decay that was a multiple exponential function lasting for seconds. The null potential of the SAHP was approximately -90 mV and shifted by 25 mV in 9 mM KCl, a value closely predicted for a potassium (K+) conductance. The SAHP was reversibly blocked by cadmium (Cd2+), suggesting the SAHP was mediated by a calcium (Ca2+)-activated K+ conductance. 3. FAHP cells displayed afterhyperpolarizations of smaller amplitude (5-10 mV) and duration (5-50 ms) that reversed at approximately -85 mV. Elevating extracellular K+ concentration [Ko] to 6 mM shifted the reversal 13 mV more positive. Cd2+ also reduced the AHP in these cells suggesting a second faster Ca2+-activated K+ conductance may be present. 4. Both SAHP and FAHP cells had similar input resistances and resting membrane potentials but markedly different action-potential characteristics. SAHP cells had a spike duration of 1.4 ms and a prominent shoulder on the falling phase of the SAHP cell action potentials that was reduced by Cd2+. In contrast, FAHP cells had an average spike duration of 0.63 ms that was unaffected by Cd2+. 5. The passive electrical cable properties of both cell types were characterized. Equivalent electrotonic length of the dendrites (L) and the dendritic-to-somatic conductance ratio (rho) were calculated for different cell groups. SAHP cells displayed average L values of 0.61, and the average rho was 2.13. Similar values of 0.69 and 2.14 were calculated for L and rho, respectively, in FAHP cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Facebook fan page: the effect of perceived socialness in consumer–brand communication

AbstractFacebook has become an important platform for a brand–consumer relationship channel. The current study investigates the influence of perceived socialness and its effect on consumers’ attitude toward brands. Participants (N = 404) were recruited in a large southeast university. A 2 (socialness: high vs. low) × 2 (feedback control: high vs. low) × 2 (brand image: high vs. low) between-subject design was conducted. The results of this study identified three important findings. First, high (vs. low) socialness elicited higher perceived relationship commitment, brand trust, and more favorable brand attitude. Second, the effect of socialness on brand attitude was moderated by brand image (positive vs. negative). Third, the mediation analysis showed that the effect of socialness (high vs. low) on brand attitude was fully mediated by perceived relationship commitment and brand trust.
Non-tricyclic and Non-selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants and Recurrent Falls in Frail Older Women

Objective To determine the risk of recurrent falls associated with antidepressants other than tricyclics (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) among frail older women. Methods This is a secondary analysis of the Zoledronic acid in frail Elders to STrengthen bone, or ZEST, trial data treated as a longitudinal cohort in 181 frail, osteoporotic women aged ≥65 years in long-term care. The primary exposure was individual non-TCA/non-SSRI antidepressants (i.e., serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, mirtazapine, trazodone, and bupropion) at baseline and 6 months. The main outcome was recurrent (at least two) falls within 6 months after antidepressant exposure. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived using a generalized estimating equations model. Results At least 15% of women experienced recurrent falls between 0–6 and 6–12 months. At baseline and 6 months, 18.2% and 6.9% had a non-TCA/non-SSRI antidepressant, respectively. Adjusting for demographics, health status, and other drugs that increase risk of falls, non-TCA/non-SSRI antidepressant exposure significantly increased the risk of recurrent falls (AOR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.01–4.54). Fall risk further increased after removing bupropion from the non-TCA/non-SSRI antidepressant group in sensitivity analyses (AOR: 2.73; 95% CI: 1.24–6.01). Conclusions Other antidepressant classes may not be safer than TCAs/SSRIs with respect to recurrent falls in frail older women.
Our Journey to the Future

As we continually develop and improve our products and services to best serve the needs of our members and the profession, we gain momentum from the accomplishments of the past to carry us forward on the path of success.
A 15-V Bidirectional Current Clamp Circuit for Integrated Patch Clamp Electrophysiology

This brief presents a high-voltage low-noise current clamp circuit for patch clamp electrophysiology systems. The circuit includes a novel programmable bidirectional current source spanning a pA to nA range, while supporting an 11.1-V input voltage range and being insensitive to opamp offset voltage. The measured output current noise floor is $8.0\,\,\text{fA}/\boldsymbol {\sqrt {\mathrm {Hz}}}$ while sourcing 100 pA. For a measurement bandwidth of 1 kHz, the corresponding integrated noise current is 588 fARMS. The system occupies an area of 0.2 mm2 in 180-nm CMOS and consumes 4 mA from a 15-V supply.
The role of interfacial disorder on thermal interface resistance (Conference Presentation)

At conformal interfaces between dissimilar materials, a finite thermal resistance develops, governed by the transmission behavior of phonons. Understanding the engineering opportunities available for such interfaces thus requires an understanding of phonon transmission behavior. Due to its simplicity, the diffuse mismatch model (DMM) remains a popular description of phonon transmission across solid-solid boundaries. However, it remains unclear in which situations the DMM is good description of the underlying physics. In this talk we present theoretical and experimental observations of interfaces with tailored degrees of disorder. Using a 3-dimensional extension of the frequency domain, perfectly matched layer (FD-PML) method, we probe the validity of the diffuse mismatch model (DMM) on a mode-by-mode basis at the interface between solids with interdiffused atoms. It is found that small levels of disorder at an interface can increase the number of available modes for transmission, and subsequently reduce thermal interface resistance. These general observations are consistent with the DMM, and for submonolayer levels of interdiffusion, similar thermal interface conductance values as the DMM are seen. However, the mode-by-mode predictions of transmission coefficient vary drastically from the DMM. Particularly, (1) contrary to the fundamental assumption of the DMM, not all modes lose memory of their initial polarization and wavevector. (2) Interdiffusion in excess of a monolayer is generally found to make agreement between the DMM and the simulations worse, not better. On the other hand, experimental measurements between epitaxial and non-epitaxial versions of the same material interfaces indicate that the detailed structure of the interfaces are unimportant to the transport properties: a key result of the DMM.
Connected and automated vehicle systems: Introduction and overview

This paper provides an introduction to the history and concepts of connected and automated vehicle systems. Connected vehicle (CV) systems have been an important focal point for the intelligent tra...
Taking Lessons Learned from a Proxy Application to a Full Application for SNAP and PARTISN

Abstract SNAP is a proxy application which simulates the computational motion of a neutral particle transport code, PARTISN. In this work, we have adapted parts of SNAP separately; we have re-implemented the iterative shell of SNAP in the task-model runtime Legion, showing an improvement to the original schedule, and we have created multiple Kokkos implementations of the computational kernel of SNAP, displaying similar performance to the native Fortran. We then translate our Kokkos experiments in SNAP to PARTISN, necessitating engineering development, regression testing, and further thought.
Smoldering Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia (SWM): Analysis from the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

1573Background: There are no epidemiologic studies of SWM due to lack ofICD codes specific for smoldering status. Methods: The NCDB represents ~70% of cancer cases in the US. It records the time to initial treatment or reasons for not receiving treatment. Using the 2004-2012 database, we estimated the overall proportion of new adult WM cases that are smoldering and analyzed outcomes according to socio-geo-demographic subgroups. Patients who were recommended treatment (irrespective of administration status) or died within 120 days of diagnosis were considered to have active WM while those who did not require treatment and had follow-up ≥120 days after diagnosis were considered to have SWM. Results: 2322 (28%) of 8302 patients diagnosed with WM were SWM. Median age at diagnosis was 71 (range 28-90) years. Median age did not change significantly during 2004-2012 (P = 0.83) but the proportion of smoldering disease decreased with time (P = 0.02). The proportions of SWM according to socio-geo-demographic subgro...
The Immune System in Obesity: Developing Paradigms Amidst Inconvenient Truths

Adipose tissue (AT) houses both innate and adaptive immune systems that are crucial for preserving AT function and metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we summarize recent information regarding progression of obesity-associated AT inflammation and insulin resistance. We additionally consider alterations in AT distribution and the immune system in males vs. females and among different racial populations. Innate and adaptive immune cell-derived inflammation drives insulin resistance both locally and systemically. However, new evidence also suggests that the immune system is equally vital for adipocyte differentiation and protection from ectopic lipid deposition. Furthermore, roles of anti-inflammatory immune cells such as regulatory T cells, “M2-like” macrophages, eosinophils, and mast cells are being explored, primarily due to promise of immunotherapeutic applications. Both immune responses and AT distribution are strongly influenced by factors like sex and race, which have been largely underappreciated in the field of metabolically-associated inflammation, or meta-flammation. More studies are required to recognize factors that switch inflammation from controlled to uncontrolled in obesity-associated pathogenesis and to integrate the combined effects of meta-flammation and immunometabolism. It is critical to recognize that the AT-associated immune system can be alternately beneficial and destructive; therefore, simply blocking immune responses early in obesity may not be the best clinical approach. The dearth of information on gender and race-associated disparities in metabolism, AT distribution, and the immune system suggest that a greater understanding of such differences will be critical to develop personalized treatments for obesity and the associated metabolic dysfunction.
A robust implementation and application of antileakage Fourier transform interpolation

Abstract One major difficulty in land seismic data processing is noise related to a complex near surface. The presence of sand dunes and loose deposits overlaying relatively high velocity layers leads to the generation of strong near-surface noise that travels at low velocities. This energy is often aliased despite the small shot and geophone spacing of modern 3D wide-azimuth seismic surveys. Direct application of velocity-based filtering in frequency-wavenumber (f-k) or Radon domains is not effective in suppressing this noise. Seismic data need to be interpolated and regularized to dealias the slow-traveling near-surface arrivals before denoising technologies are applied. In this work, we utilized an f-k domain seismic data interpolation technique similar to the antileakage Fourier transform method for its ability to remove leaked energy in the f-k domain arising from gaps and irregularities during data acquisition. To deal with aliasing in the input data, we implemented an antialiasing weighting functio...
Transversus abdominis plane blocks for rescue analgesia following Cesarean delivery: a case series

The role of routine transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks at the time of surgery for Cesarean delivery analgesia is uncertain. Previous studies have shown no additional analgesic benefit in patients receiving intrathecal morphine. We present a series of three cases where TAP blocks were used for rescue analgesia in patients who had severe post-Cesarean delivery pain after a standard spinal anesthetic containing bupivacaine 12 mg, fentanyl 10 μg, and morphine 200 μg. All three women experienced severe incisional pain in the postanesthetic care unit (PACU) after offset of spinal anesthesia. When the pain did not subside with intravenous opioids, the women were offered either additional intravenous opioids or a TAP block. They chose the latter. Bilateral TAP blocks were performed in a sterile posterior approach under ultrasound guidance with 0.375% ropivacaine 20 mL with epinephrine 1:400,000. All three patients experienced significant pain relief that lasted 10-19 hr and allowed for a timely discharge from the PACU. These cases show that TAP blocks may play a valuable role as a rescue analgesic technique rather than as a routine preemptive block for all Cesarean delivery patients. Use of TAP blocks reduced the need for escalating intravenous opioid doses and potential maternal opioid-related side effects. Rescue TAP blocks should be considered after Cesarean delivery when intrathecal morphine does not provide adequate pain relief or for early breakthrough pain after offset of spinal anesthesia.
Local Histogram Based Descriptor for Tracking in Wide Area Imagery

In this paper we propose a novel feature extraction technique and show its application in tracking in low resolution videos. The aspects that make tracking particularly challenging are global camera motion, large target movement, poor gradient and texture information and absence of color information. Global camera motion is reduced or eliminated by registering the images from frame to frame employing SURF (Speeded Up Robust Feature). The proposed method is based on intensity histogram, but with a variant that encodes both spatial and intensity information. The method is evaluated on CLIF (Columbus Large Image Format) data. The robustness of the feature eliminates the need for background subtraction in videos. A performance comparison of our approach with other object descriptors such as HOG (Histogram of Gradients), SURF and SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) shows the effectiveness of the proposed descriptor.
Systems analysis by mass cytometry identifies susceptibility of latent HIV-infected T cells to targeting of p38 and mTOR pathways

Efforts to cure HIV are hindered by viral persistence in latently infected memory CD4+ T cells. Targeting T cell death pathways dysregulated by HIV infection offers a novel approach for eradication of the latent reservoir. To identify potential therapeutic targets, we compared signaling and apoptosis in uninfected and latently infected primary cultured CD4+ central memory T cells by mass cytometry following T cell receptor stimulation. We found that HIV-infected cells were sensitized to activation of pro-apoptotic p38 kinase signaling via p53, and to inhibition of anti-apoptotic mTOR kinase signaling, even without HIV protein expression. Simultaneous targeting of p38 and mTOR kinases in resting CD4+ T cells from virally-suppressed HIV+ patients ex vivo reduced cell-associated HIV RNA and DNA. Our results demonstrate how systems biology approaches are useful for identifying novel therapeutic approaches to treat HIV latency, and further suggest that it may be possible to deplete latent HIV-infected T cells without viral reactivation.
Impact of state-specific Medicaid policies on timely receipt of breast cancer surgery.

6500 Background: Reports have demonstrated barriers in access to and quality of care for Medicaid enrollees, including enrollees with cancer. State-specific Medicaid eligibility policies and low re...