cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anti-Representationalism and the Dynamical Stance

Arguments in favor of anti-representationalism in cognitive science often suffer from a lack of attention to detail. The purpose of this paper is to fill in the gaps in these arguments, and in so doing show that at least one form of anti-representationalism is potentially viable. After giving a teleological definition of representation and applying it to a few models that have inspired anti-representationalist claims, I argue that anti-representationalism must be divided into two distinct theses, one ontological, one epistemological. Given the assumptions that define the debate, I give reason to think that the ontological thesis is false. I then argue that the epistemological thesis might, in the end, turn out to be true, despite a potentially serious difficulty. Along the way, there will be a brief detour to discuss a controversy from early twentieth century physics.
On the pade tablé and its relationship to the r and sarrays and arm a modeling

The Box-Jenkins method is a popular and important technique for modeling and forecasting of time series. Unfortunately the problem of determining the appropriate ARMA forecasting model (or indeed if an ARMA model holds) is a major drawback to the use of the Box-Jenkins methodology. Gray et al. (1978) and Woodward and Gray (1979) have proposed methods of estimating p and qin ARMA modeling based on the R and Sarrays that circumvent some of these modeling difficulties. In this paper we generalize the R and S arrays by showing a relationship to Pade approximunts and then show that these arrays have a much wider application than in just determining model order. Particular non-ARMA models can be identified as well. This includes certain processes that consist of deterministic functions plus ARMA noise, indeed we believe that the combined R and S arrays are the best overall tool so fur developed for the identification of general 2nd order (not just stationary) time scries models.
Reproduction Studies in the Mature Fowl 1. Corn and Soybean Oil Meal as Sources of Unidentified Growth and Hatchability Factors

Abstract IN RECENT years interest has been shown by many workers in the study of unidentified factors necessary for hatchability of chicken and turkey eggs. Unidentified hatchability factors were demonstrated in several ingredients as reviewed by Ferguson et al. (1958). These workers reported increases in hatchability of turkey eggs from hens fed diets supplemented with fish solubles, liver fraction “L,” distillers dried solubles, condensed fish solubles, dehydrated alfalfa meal, dried whey and dried brewers’ yeast. Couch et al. (1950) obtained an increase in the hatchability of fertile eggs when the diet of the laying hen was supplemented with dried whey and fish solubles. The work of Arscott and Combs (1953) was in agreement with the latter in which increased hatchability was obtained when condensed fish solubles was incorporated into the diet of the laying hen. Waibel et al. (1955) reported that chicks from hens fed an alpha protein and glucose purified …
Determination of refractory organic matter in marine sediments by chemical oxidation, analytical pyrolysis and solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The Spanish Ministry of Education provided financial support for this research (fellowship BES-2003-1900 and project CGL2006-12730-C03-C01).
Decimated photonic crystal membrane defect cavity lasers

We demonstrate decimated photonic crystal defect cavity lasers with improved thermal properties. Reducing the number of holes around the defect cavity to as few as 2 periods still enables photopumped operation with longer duty cycle.
A two-sample procedure for selecting the population with the largest mean fromk normal populations

A two-sample procedure is given for selecting the population with the largest mean fromk normal populations with known variances. Thek populations are screened through the first sample for possible elimination of those populations which have considerably smaller means. The second sample is drawn from the non-eliminated populations only. The two-sample procedure is compared with the fixed sample procedure of Bechhofer [2]. The ratio of the expected total number of observations required in the first case to the total number of observations required in the second case for the same level of the probability of a correct selection measures the relative advantage of experimenting in two stages. Fork=2 it is shown that the ratio is bounded below by 1/4.
Molecular cloning and characterization of the taurine transporter of Atlantic salmon

Abstract Osmolytes are small neutral solutes that provide osmotic pressure to the cell without interacting with or denaturing enzymes and cofactors. An increase in the concentration of osmolytes in mammalian renal cells during hyperosmotic stress has been demonstrated to assist in cell volume regulation. More recently uptake of taurine, a common osmolyte, has been reported in tilapia and the carp epithelial cell line, epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC), exposed to hyperosmotic stress. The current report investigated whether taurine transporters were present in anadromous salmon and might assist in adaptation to the marine environment. Cloning of the cDNA coding for the taurine transporter in salmon revealed a high degree of identity with the deduced amino acid sequences of taurine transporters from tilapia (93%), carp (90%) and canine (79%). Exposure of isolated tissues to hyperosmotic conditions revealed marked upregulation (2–5 fold) of transcript for the taurine transporter in branchial lamellae, kidney and heart tissue with maximum expression at 125 mM supplemental NaCl and from 24–72 h. Juvenile salmon transferred from freshwater to seawater exhibited a similar elevation in accumulation of taurine transporter mRNA which continued at least 72 h. Supplementation of hyperosmotic tissue culture medium with 5–30 μM taurine failed to reduce cell mortality or alleviate suppression of protein synthesis in branchial lamellae. Oral administration of taurine in the diet of juvenile salmon prior to and during seawater transfer reduced the quantity of taurine transporter mRNA in smolts but not parr. The results indicate that salmon possess a transporter for the osmolyte taurine and suggest it to be one component of an array of mechanisms involved in adaptation to the dehydrating marine environment.
Delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) of the first carpometacarpal (1CMC) joint: a feasibility study

The first carpometacarpal (1CMC) joint, at the base of the thumb, is a common site for symptomatic and radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) among the elderly 1–4. OA in the 1CMC joint can be particularly debilitating because it is associated with a decrease in pincer grip strength and limits activities such as writing and handling small objects 4. Currently, the diagnosis and staging of 1CMC OA is based on physical signs and symptoms and radiographic evidence of reactive bone changes 5. A deeper appreciation of OA etiology and progression in the 1CMC joint is currently limited by a lack of markers sensitive to early intraarticular degenerative changes, particularly those that are radiographically occult, that can be used to quantitatively assess disease status and therapeutic efficacy. The dGEMRIC (delayed Gadolinium Enhanced MRI of Cartilage) technique has previously been used in the knee and hip as a non-invasive method to evaluate one aspect of cartilage biochemical status, that of the spatial distribution of cartilage glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration 6–10, but has never been applied to the thin cartilage in the hand. This study found dGEMRIC evaluation of the 1CMC joint is technically feasible and demonstrates differences between cartilage in asymptomatic and OA joints, potentially providing an objective measure of disease progression and a means for better understanding biochemical changes which might precede cartilage destruction.
Inhibition of dog brain synaptosomal Na+ -K+ ATPase and K+-stimulated phosphatase activities by long chain n-alkyl-amine and -piperidine, and N'-alkylnicotinamide derivatives.

Abstract The effects of piperidine, primary amine, and nicotinamide aliphatic derivatives on dog brain snyaptosomal Na + -K + ATPase were investigated. These derivatives inhibited the enzyme activity in a manner dependent on alkyl chain length. Kinetic studies revealed that inhibition of Na + -K + ATPase activity by long chain alkyl derivatives (C 12 -C 18 ) was biphasic and non-competitive with respect to the inhibitor and substrate (ATP) concentrations respectively. These long alkyl derivatives caused changes in the Hill coefficient that suggest the occurrence of a possible conformational change in the enzyme molecule. Dual-inhibitor experiments showed that both saturated and unsaturated pentadecylpiperidine (C 15 -pip) derivatives inhibited Na + -K + ATPase by the same mechanism. Oleylamine (C 18:1 -NH 2 ), and N -dodecylnicotinamide (C 12 -NA + Cl − ) derivatives apparently inhibited the enzyme activity by a mechanism different from that of piperidine derivatives. Low concentrations of C 15:1 -pip, C 18:1 -NH 2 , and C 12 -NA + Cl − inhibited dog brain Na + -K + ATPase activity only, but at higher inhibitor concentrations K + -stimulated phosphatase activity was inhibited as much as Na + -K + ATPase. It is concluded that long chain n -alkyl derivatives of piperidines, amines, and nicotinamide have a cationic detergent-like action on Na + -K + ATPase, possibly by the disruption of protein-phospholipid interactions. The mechanism by which these compounds inhibit the overall Na + -K + ATPase may involve two different inhibitory sites: one, a high affinity inhibitory site, binding to which inhibits the Na + -stimulated phosphorylation reaction, and the other, a low affinity inhibitory site, binding to which inhibits the K + -stimulated dephosphorylation reaction. These possible mechanisms may provide an explanation for the observed biphasic inhibition kinetics.
Stabilization over Markov feedback channels

The problem of mean square stabilization of a discrete-time linear dynamical system over a Markov time-varying digital feedback channel is studied. In the scalar case, it is shown that the system can be stabilized if and only if a Markov jump linear system describing the evolution of the estimation error at the decoder is stable — videlicet if and only if the product of the unstable mode of the system and the spectral radius of a matrix that depends only on the Markov feedback rate is less than one. This result generalizes several previous data rate theorems that appeared in the literature, quantifying the amount of instability that can be tolerated when the estimated state is received by the controller over a noise free digital channel. In the vector case, a necessary condition for stabilizability is derived and a corresponding scheme is presented, which is tight in some special cases and which improves upon previous results on stability over Markov erasure channels.
MSSA brain abscess and pyomyositis presenting as brain tumour and DVT

A 66-year-old man with a recent radiographic diagnosis of a parietal brain tumour presented with severe left thigh pain that prevented ambulation. On examination, his left anterior thigh was mildly swollen without erythema. Initial concern was for deep vein thrombosis in the setting of brain malignancy or necrotising soft tissue infection. Subsequent imaging and biopsies revealed methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) pyomyositis of the left thigh and MSSA brain abscess.
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN CHILDREN

Myocardial infarction (MI) is an uncommonly suspected cause of morbidity in children. This retrospective case series study was undertaken to ascertain the incidence and etiologies of MI in the pediatrie population as diagnosed by EGG, and to develop a protocol for prospective study and therapy. AH ECGs reported at Texas Children's Hospital from 1954-1986 were reviewed. Over 100,000 ECGs on 54,605 patients were obtained. There were 1,013,210 pediatrie admissions and 31,305 pts referred to the section of pediatrie cardiology. Seventy-two pts had ECGs read as consistent with MI and multiple etiologies noted. These included: anomalous left coronary artery (20%), Kawasaki disease (14%), myocarditis (13%), neontatal critical aortic stenosis (11%), ventricular tumor (5.5%), dilategd cardiomyopathy (4%), pulmonary atresia-intact ventricular septum (4%), birth asphyxia (4%), aortic thrombosis (4%), muscular dystrophy (2.5%), coaractation of aorta (2.5%), rheumatic carditis (2.5%), TAPVR (2.5%), and chest trauma (2.5%). The positive ECGs represent 0.13% of ECGs at TCH during this period, 0.23% of cardiology referrals, and 0.007% of pediatrie admissions. Conclusion: 1) A variety of etiologies of MI are observed in a pediatrie population. 2) Congenital coronary artery anomalies was the leading cause of childhood MI in this series, accounting for 20% of cases. 3) MI may be underdiagnosed in children and this series, because of retrospective study design, may represent a minimal incidence.
The influence of reactants and Al/Ga/Si ratios on the synthesis of CGS structured zeolites

ECR-9 (CGS) zeolites have been synthesised from gallosilicate and gallo-aluminosilicate gels at between 100 °C and 220 °C using several Al and Si reactant types. Aluminum was substituted for gallium in the framework at levels up to 20% in seeded syntheses, but higher Al substitutions promote the crystallization of impurities. This is the first report of a gallo-aluminosilicate CGS composition. We successfully used the Simulated Framework Annealing method to solve the structural topology as if ECR-9 was a novel gallosilicate. The structure was refined using Rietveld full profile analysis (wRp = 14.6%) of powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction data.
Impact of Dietary Yogurt on Immune Function

Studies of the effects of yogurt on immunity and atopic diseases have suggested improvements in cytokine (interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma) responses and clinical scores in patients with allergic rhinitis. This study compares prospectively immune parameters of participants who received 16 oz of yogurt versus 16 oz of milk/day in a randomized cross-over design. Yogurt that contained live, active Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus or 2% milk was consumed for one month each. Twenty otherwise healthy adults with atopic histories documented by skin testing were enrolled. Immune studies were performed at the beginning and end of the two 1-month study phases, separated by a 2-week washout period. These studies included measurements of cellular, humoral, and phagocytic function. No adverse events were noted in either group. No significant improvements in any immune parameter were noted. The consumption of yogurt that contained the live active bacteria L bulgaricus and S thermophilus does not appear to enhance immune function in atopic individuals at the dosage and duration used in this study.
Retrieval by reformulation in two library catalogs: Toward a cognitive model of searching behavior

Twenty subjects were assigned information problems to solve through searching a university card catalog and twenty were assigned the same problems to solve in a comparable online catalog. The study was designed to test hypotheses derived from a psychological theory of remembering known as retrieval by reformulation, and to observe behavioral differences while searching the two catalogs. Verbal protocols were used to identify reformulations and to operationalize further the theoretical construct “reformulation.” Greater perseverance and more frequent search reformulations were associated with the online catalog, while larger retrieval sets and more favorable search assessments were associated with the card catalog. No significant differences were found on most attitudinal measures. Post hoc analyses examined include overlap of sets of retrieved items variance associated with the use of test questions. © 1990 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Public Administration as Pragmatic, Democratic, and Objective

In the foregoing essay, Patricia M. Shields argues that public administration and administrators should support a much greater incorporation of classical pragmatism than has been the case to date. This paper supports that conclusion by focusing on classical pragmatism’s central benefit to public administration: its ability to provide the field with a claim to objectivity that it badly needs, but which Shields barely mentions. It shows how objectivity is closely connected to a pragmatic conception of democracy, and how this conception of democracy is diametrically opposed to one built on a fact/value (or administration/politics) dichotomy.
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) transformation by clostridia isolated from a munition-fed bioreactor: comparison with non-adapted bacteria

Several bacterial strains were examined for their ability to degrade the nitroaromatic explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The strains examined included various clostridial strains isolated from a 4-year-old munition enrichment, related clostridial strains obtained from a culture collection, two enteric bacteria, and three lactobacilli. All Clostridium species tested were able to reduce TNT rapidly in a complex medium. In cell suspension experiments, these strains were also able to reduce 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (DANT) to 2,4,6-triaminotoluene (TAT) and to produce a compound that is not yet identified; thus, they could not be distinguished from one another with regard to the pathway of transformation. The enteric strains and the lactobacilli were able to perform the initial reduction of TNT, but none was capable of reducing DANT in cell suspensions.
Interrelationships of metabolic pathways in the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. I. Glycolysis and respiration (Crabtree effect).

Abstract 1. 1. Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells grown for 7–8 days in C 57 /BL mice were used for in vitro chemical and metabolic time studies to evaluate the inhibition of oxygen consumption by the cell (Crabtree Effect). 2. 2. The time of onset of inhibited respiration was measured with an oxygen electrode. 3. 3. Determinations were made of the influence of monoiodoacetic acid and 2,4-dinitrophenol on the respiration of the tumor cells endogenously and in the presence of glucose. 4. 4. The rates of glucose and 2-desoxy- d -glucose metabolism and changes in certain metabolites (lactate, trioses, ketoses, pentose, ATP, ADP, AMP, DPN, TPN and total mono- and dinucleotides) were correlated with the onset, duration and termination of the Crabtree Effect. 5. 5. The influence of 2,4-dinitrophenol on glucose metabolism and changes in the same metabolites as indicated in point 4 were studied. 6. 6. The data obtained in these studies are evaluated in terms of the cell architecture, selective permeability of the mitochondrial membranes and the action of adenylate kinases. From these evaluations a tentative mechanism is suggested to explain the Crabtree Effect.
Identification of a second distinct strain of beet mild yellowing luteovirus using monoclonal antibodies and transmission studies

Summary The variation among isolates of beet mild yellowing luteovirus (BMYV), collected from commercial crops of sugar beet during 1990, 1992 and 1993, was studied using monoclonal antibodies and transmissions to indicator species. The common strain of BMYV, which occurs throughout the sugar-beet root growing area, reacts with monoclonal antibodies MAFF 24, BWYV-BC-510H and BYDV-PAV-IL-1, and infects Capsella bursa-pastoris. A second strain, which failed to react with monoclonal antibody BYDV-PAV-IL-1 and which did not infect C. bursa-pastoris, was identified in 11% of sampled infected plants. The implications of the properties of this strain for the epidemiology of BMYV are discussed.
Modeling of chaotic time series for prediction, interpolation, and smoothing

Chaos poses a significant challenge for the time series analyst, since structure in strange attractors tends to be very intricate and nonuniform. Although frequently referred to as unpredictable deterministic behavior, chaotic systems can in fact be forecast over limited time scales. Techniques for constructing predictive models for chaotic dynamics are discussed, including a variety of functional interpolation schemes and several examples of connectionist approaches to the problem. Error estimates based on polynomial interpolation are provided. The underlying deterministic nature of chaotic signals motivates a nonlinear smoothing procedure for the reduction of noise. >
Navy Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Systems

Navy ISR crosses the full spectrum of ISR technologies and draw on support from novel multi-sensor architectures that are also under current development. Together these technologies are enabling sensor-sensor collaboration and automated information discovery.
Information Capacity of Photographic Films

The information capacity of four Kodak films is computed. The results lie in the range from one to six million bits per square centimeter—the Panatomic-X film having the largest information capacity, and the Royal-X film the least. The basic formula for the information capacity of a photographic film involves the Wiener spectrum of the granularity and the sine-wave response; data adequate for the calculation of these functions were published in 1958. The results obtained hold only if messages recorded on the film are coded in an optimal way. No optimal methods of coding are known, but methods that are close to optimal have been developed. It is known that when optimal coding is employed, nearly every message looks just like a grainy film. After the problem is formulated in mathematical terms, the chief mathematical problem is that of selecting the optimum set of messages; this is done with the help of the calculus of variations.A photographic film is a peak-limited recording channel: the density is limited in both directions. The theory of information capacity is not yet adequately developed for such channels; the calculation is actually based on the existing formulas for mean-square-limited channels; at the end of the calculation an ad hoc correction is made to take account of the peak limiting.Photographic films are nonlinear in at least two different ways: the noise (granularity) depends on the signal, and the output (density) is a nonlinear function of the input (exposure). It is shown that the first nonlinearity may be unloaded on the second, so that only the input–output nonlinearity remains.
Mark–Resight Methodology for Estimating Population Densities for Prairie Dogs

Abstract Accurate assessments of local population size of the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) are essential because of their overall decline and importance to prairie ecosystems. We describe the use of mark–resight methodology to estimate black-tailed prairie dog population size and density. Study colonies include isolated urban habitat fragments in Denver, Colorado, USA, and unfragmented control colonies in the Pawnee National Grassland, USA. We compare results from various mark–resight estimators to those derived from linear transformations of visual counts of active prairie dogs. Our results suggest that mark–resight methods are feasible in both urban and rural systems, and reveal extremely high densities for isolated prairie dogs in urban sites. Our methodology can be used to obtain reliable, unbiased estimates of local population size and density.
Defence against packet injection in ad hoc networks

Wireless ad hoc networks have very limited network resources and are thus susceptible to attacks that focus on resource exhaustion, such as the injection of junk packets. These attacks cause serious denial-of-service via wireless channel contention and network congestion. Although ad hoc network security has been extensively studied, most previous work focuses on secure routing, but cannot prevent attackers from injecting a large number of junk data packets into a route that has been established. We propose an on-demand hop-by-hop source authentication protocol, namely Source Authentication Forwarding (SAF), to defend against this type of packet injection attacks. The protocol can either immediately filter out injected junk packets with very high probability or expose the true identity of an injector. Unlike other forwarding defences, this protocol is designed to fit in the unreliable environment of ad hoc networks and incurs lightweight overhead in communication and computation.
Freeform fabrication of bioactive tissue scaffolds

Biopolymeric scaffolds have been utilized in tissue engineering as a technique to confide the desired proliferation of seeded cells in vitro and in vivo into its architecturally porous three-dimensional structures. Novel freeform fabrication methods for tissue engineering polymeric scaffolds have been an interest because of its repeatability and capability of high accuracy in fabrication resolution at the macro and micro scales. A multinozzle biopolymer deposition system which is capable of extruding biopolymer solutions and living cells for bioactive fabrication of 3D tissue scaffolds is presented. The deposition process is biocompatible and occurs at room temperature and low pressures to reduce damage to cells. Sodium alginate aqueous solution is deposited into calcium chloride solution using three-dimensional dispensing (3DD) to form hydrogel structures. The flow rate, nozzle diameter, and nozzle velocity were studied and a model was developed to design 3D scaffolds with controlled strut diameters and pore sizes. In addition, cells were deposited through the system with alginate to form gel scaffold structures with encapsulated cells in a bioactive fabricated manor. Cell viability studies were conducted on the cell encapsulated scaffolds for validating the bioactive freeform fabrication process.
Capacitor voltage balancing in full binary combination schema flying capacitor multilevel inverters

Recently, the full binary combination schema (FBCS) method has been introduced to control the flying capacitor multilevel inverter. This method has the primary advantage that the number of voltage levels can be increased for a given number of semiconductor devices when compared to the conventional control methods. However, due to the difficulty of balancing the capacitors, the new schema requires fixed floating sources to provide the DC voltages. This paper reveals an approach of balancing the capacitors, thus expanding the application fields of FBCS inverters to the family of the flying capacitor multilevel inverters under the condition of choosing a suitable modulation index. Simulation results demonstrate the proposed voltage balancing control.
Flow Through a Permeable Tube

The mathematical modeling of fluid flow through a tube with a permeable wall is discussed with reference to physiological and biomedical applications. Exact, approximate, and numerical solutions are presented and compared; the physics of the flow is delineated; and the significance of the relevant flow parameters is explained.
Community Diabetes Prevention and Management Strategies

With the gradual increase in diabetic patients in community,the comprehensive prevention and control of diabetes have become one of the priorities in community health service.Since the effective control of diabetes,including diet,exercise,drugs,self-monitoring,health education and other factors,need wide-ranging co-ordination of patients,their families and society,the community targeted prevention and management and health education can promote unhealthy lifestyle of diabetic patients to correct and enhance treatment compliance and improve their quality of life.
Analysis of Emergency Medical Rescue During the Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan Province

Objective To systematically and thoughtfully summarize the experience and lessons of emergency medical rescue during the Wenchuan earthquake in order toprovide relevant evidence to inform decision making for future emergency medical situations.Methods The relevant data was collected and analyzed through brainstorming and questionnaire.Result ①The Sichuan province Headquarters for Earthquake Disaster Relief was organized at the first time after the earthquake,and a coordination mechanism was established between the national ministry and Sichuan,as well as different departments and the army,to ensure the powerful,ordered,and effective action for the medical rescue.② Thirty-five thousand eight-hundred medical rescue workers were organized within 72 hours of the earthquake and were sent to all the worst-hit counties via land,water,and air.Some effective measures such as "Four concentration" and "Transfer of wounded patients" were used to reduce the mortality and disability of the wounded patients.③ The anti-epidemic measures were performed across all the villages and settlements of the people affected by the earthquake to ensure no recurrence of public health events during the first two weeks after the quake.④ Medical resources were organized scientifically and transparently to meet the demand of medical rescue.⑤ The recovery and re-establishment of medical services were promoted by two phases.Conclusion The emergency medical rescue of those affected by the earthquake in the Sichuan Province is succesful.In the future,we should establish an effective emergency medical rescue system,supply the reserve of medical resources,improve the equipment of medical rescue teams,strengthen the establishment of discipline of disaster medicine,and improve the emergency pre-plan.
Detection of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in Lishui,Zhejiang

Objective To understand the distribution of avian influenza A( H7N9) virus in human and poultry in Lishui,Zhejiang province and provide evidence for the prevention and control of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. Methods Fluorescent Quantitative PCR was conducted to detect the samples from the human cases with fever and respiratory symptoms in medical institutions and environmental samples from April 2013 to February 2014 in Lishui. Results A total of 768 cases with mild influenza like symptoms and 605 cases with severe respiratory tract infection were detected,however,all the cases were H7N9 virus negative,and 92 cases with pneumonia with unknown origin were detected,only 1 was positive for H7N9 virus(1. 09%). A total of 1317 poultry stool samples,smears of cages and egg shell surface,nasal and throat swabs of poultry and samples from unexplained dead poultry /wildfowl were detected,and only 22(1. 67%) were H7N9 virus positive,all the positive samples were from 8 live poultry markets in4 counties(district). Conclusion It is the first time to detect avian influenza A( H7N9) virus in some live poultry markets in Lishui,indicating that the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus transmission among the poultry has occurred. The risk of human infection exists.
Molecular mechanics of DNA bricks: in situ structure, mechanical properties and ionic conductivity

The DNA bricks method exploits self-assembly of short DNA fragments to produce custom three-dimensional objects with subnanometer precision. In contrast to DNA origami, the DNA brick method permits a variety of different structures to be realized using the same library of DNA strands. As a consequence of their design, however, assembled DNA brick structures have fewer interhelical connections in comparison to equivalent DNA origami structures. Although the overall shape of the DNA brick objects has been characterized and found to conform to the features of the target designs, the microscopic properties of DNA brick objects remain yet to be determined. Here, we use the all-atom molecular dynamics method to directly compare the structure, mechanical properties and ionic conductivity of DNA brick and DNA origami structures different only by internal connectivity of their consistituent DNA strands. In comparison to equivalent DNA origami structures, the DNA brick structures are found to be less rigid and less dense and have a larger cross-section area normal to the DNA helix direction. At the microscopic level, the junction in the DNA brick structures are found to be right-handed, similar to the structure of individual Holliday junctions (HJ) in solution, which contrasts with the left-handed structure of HJ in DNA origami. Subject to external electric field, a DNA brick plate is more leaky to ions than an equivalent DNA origami plate because of its lower density and larger cross-section area. Overall, our results indicate that the structures produced by the DNA brick method are fairly similar in their overall appearance to those created by the DNA origami method but are more compliant when subject to external forces, which likely is a consequence of their single crossover design.
Extracellular magnesium-dependent sodium efflux in squid giant axons.

Experiments were designed to determine whether the putative Na(+)-Mg2+ exchanger previously demonstrated to mediate Mg2+ efflux (R. DiPolo and L. Beague. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 946: 424-428, 1988) could also mediate the efflux of Na+ (presumably a Na+ efflux-Mg2+ influx exchange) in squid giant axons. The effects of external Mg2+ (Mg(o)) on 22Na efflux were measured in internally dialyzed, ATP-fueled axons in which the contribution to Na+ efflux by other pathways was inhibited. To facilitate measurement of Mg(o)-dependent Na+ efflux, the intracellular concentration of Na+ was increased. To prevent Na(+)-Na+ exchange, external Na+ was replaced by tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. To assess the effect of Mg(o) on Na+ efflux without altering the total divalent cation concentrations, Mg(o) was replaced mole-for-mole by external Ba2+ (Ba(o)). This manipulation produced reversible reductions in Na+ efflux. These reductions were neither due to membrane hyperpolarization nor to a direct effect of Bao but were due instead to the reduction in Mg(o). The Mg(o)-dependent Na+ efflux was inhibited by external amiloride but was spared by bumetanide. In the absence of external Na+, the Mgo-dependent Na+ efflux increased as a function of external Mg2+ with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. These results indicate that the Na(+)-Mg2+ exchange can mediate the efflux of Na+ (operate in Na+ efflux-Mg2+ influx mode of exchange).
A 10 mm 3 Inductive Coupling Radio for Syringe-Implantable Smart Sensor Nodes

We present a near-field radio system for a millimeter-scale wireless smart sensor node that is implantable through a 14-gauge syringe needle. The proposed system integrates a radio system on chip and a magnetic antenna on a glass substrate within a total dimension of $1 \times 1 \times 10$ mm3. We demonstrate energy-efficient active near-field wireless communication between the millimeter-scale sensor node and a base station device through an RF energy-absorbing tissue. The wireless transceiver, digital baseband controller, wakeup controller, on-chip baseband timer, sleep timer, and MBUS controller are all integrated on the SoC to form a millimeter-scale sensor node, together with a $1 \times 8$ mm2 magnetic antenna fabricated with a 1.5- $\mu \text{m}$ -thickness gold on a 100 $\mu \text{m}$ -thickness glass substrate. An asymmetric link is established pairing the sensor antenna with a codesigned $11\times 11$ cm2 base station antenna to achieve a link distance of up to 50 cm for sensor transmission and 20 cm for sensor reception. The transmitter consumes a 43.5 $\mu \text{W}$ average power at 2 kb/s, while the receiver power consumption is 36 $\mu \text{W}$ with a −54 dBm sensitivity at 100 kb/s. When powered by a $1 \times 2.2$ mm2 thin-film battery (2 $\mu $ Ah, 4.1 V), the designed system has a two week expected lifetime without battery recharging when the system wakes up and transmits and receives 16 b data every 10 min.
The Green Machine Mobile Market: An Innovative Response to Food Insecurity in the Bluff City

This chapter describes the effort of residents from one of the nation’s poorest urban neighborhoods to successfully transform a retired city bus into an attractive mobile food market and nutrition education facility to address the food security crisis confronting large sections of Memphis, Tennessee. Since its launch in July of 2013, The Green Machine Mobile Market has provided more than 50,000 Memphians living in communities without full service grocery stores with easy access to high quality, competitively priced, and culturally appropriate fresh fruits and vegetables. The Green Machine is a joint venture of Saint Patrick Community Outreach Center and the Vance Avenue Collaborative – a coalition of more than 24 local grassroots organizations and the Department of City and Regional Planning at the University of Memphis. This project was made possible through the collaboration of dozens of local community organizations, religious institutions, small businesses, corporations, schools, universities, foundations, hospitals and the Memphis Grizzlies (a professional basketball team). This chapter describes the strategies, achievements, and challenges encountered during the transformation process, and concludes with important lessons learned through this experience. In particular, it explains how this partnership was able to establish a successful collaboration across sectors involving a broad range of neighborhood assets to directly improve community well-being (Haworth and Hart. Well-being individual, community and social perspectives. Palgrave, Hampshire, 2007; Cox et al. Aust J Soc Issues 45(1):71–89, 2010), not only in the residential area that first originated the project, but also within more than 20 low income areas where food security is a critical problem.
Is Prostate Specific Antigen of Clinical Importance in Evaluating Outcome after Radical Prostatectomy

AbstractCurrent bias would conclude that elevation of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) after radical prostatectomy infers failure of the procedure. Since April 1987 preoperative and postoperative serum PSA levels have been obtained on 226 patients who underwent radical perineal prostatectomy for presumed organ confined prostate cancer (stage T1-2N0M0). Clinical failure as defined by elevation of serum acid phosphatase, biopsy proved local recurrence or evidence of malignant disease on bone scan has occurred in 3.9% of the patients with organ confined, 7.0% with specimen confined and 13.2% with margin positive disease. However, when a PSA elevation of greater than 0.5 ng./ ml. was used as an indicator of failure the failure rate became 9.8% for the organ confined group, 39.4% for the specimen confined group and 66.0% for margin positive group. Of the patients who failed clinically the interval from initial elevation of postoperative PSA to clinical detection of failure ranged from 2 to 28 months (medi...
Investigation of the Corrosive Effects of Dental Cements on Titanium

Biocompatibility, strength, and corrosion resistance make titanium the material of choice for dental implants and abutment components. In cemented implant restorations, dental cement is used to provide retention of the crown to the abutment and to create access to the implant. Reported problems in the literature associated with dental cement cite inflammation, and in some cases peri-implantitis, due to its residual presence in subgingival tissues. It has been recently suggested that particular components of dental cement may play a role in promoting corrosion while in contact with titanium surfaces. The goal of this study was to understand the electrochemical behavior of commercially pure titanium (cpTi) in contact with various commercially available dental cements. Open-circuit potential, linear polarization resistance, and corrosion rates were measured for cpTi disks cemented with resin, eugenol, zinc phosphate, and bioceramic cements. Results determined that the bioceramic cement investigated induced significantly lower polarization resistance values and a higher corrosion rate relative to noncemented cpTi. Resin, eugenol, and zinc phosphate cements exhibited corrosion behavior between that of control and bioceramic-cemented cpTi. Overall, fluoride-containing cements were observed to increase the corrosion rate of cpTi.
Women's Health Knowledge and Skills Among Transitional Year Internship-Trained Military Medical Officers Serving as Independent Health Care Providers

ABSTRACT Background: Women comprise 14.5% of active duty service members. Delivery of women's health services is a critical component to personal, medical, and mission readiness. Our objective was to evaluate the knowledge, skills, and practices pertaining to basic elements of women's/reproductive health issues among transitional internship-trained general medical officers in the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey study of transitional internship-trained graduates from 2012 to 2015 who transitioned to an operational assignment as an independent provider after internship graduation. The study involved an anonymous 21-question survey evaluating aspects of knowledge and practice related to basic reproductive health care services (contraceptive provision, cervical cancer, and chlamydia screening). Results: Thirty-four of 62 (55%) eligible physicians completed the survey. The majority (85%) of respondents were male; 71% practiced at troop or unit-based clinic out...
Biological Physics in Silico

The following set of notes outlines the work that my colleagues and I have been doing for the past 10 years which have exploited the opportunities that that silicon micro to nanomachining technologies provide in biological physics. This work started with my graduate student Wayne Volkmuth and has grown to include the efforts of a great many people, including but being limited to the following faculty: Tom Duke (University of Cambridge Physics), Ted Cox (Princeton Molecular Biology), Harold Craighead (Cornell University Applied Physics), Jim Sturm (Princeton University Electrical Engineering), Steve Chou (Princeton University Electrical Engineering), Paul Kohl (Georgia Institute of Technology), Lois Pollack (Cornell University Applied Physics, Bill Eaton (National Institutes of Health), Klaus Gehardt (Bochum University, Germany); and the following students and post docs: Wayne Volkmuth, Jim Brody, Judith Castellino, Rob Carlson, Olgica Bakajin, Jeff Chou, Jonas Tegenfeldt, Richard Huang, Christelle Prinz and Nick Darnton. To everybody, thanks for all the hard days and nights.
The Mechanism of the Formation of Chemically-Heterogeneous Polyethylene Terephthalate during its Industrial Manufacture from Dimethyl Terephthalate and Ethylene Glycol

The mechanism for the formation of chemically-heterogeneous polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) under industrial manufacturing conditions from dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol was discussed in light of the results of a study of this polymer and the derived polymer gel. The chemical heterogeneity of PETP is attributed to side-reactions leading to the formation of relatively small bent macromolecules with short side-chains branchings.
From IgG Fusion Proteins to Engineered-Specific Human Regulatory T Cells: A Life of Tolerance

Recent efforts have concentrated on approaches to expand and "specify" human regulatory T cells (Tregs) and to apply them to modulate adverse immune responses in autoimmunity and hemophilia. We have used retroviral transduction of specific T-cell receptor, single chain Fv, or antigen domains in Tregs to achieve this goal. Each of these approaches have advantages and disadvantages. Results with these engineered T cells and evolution of the research developments and paths that led to the development of specific regulatory approaches for tolerance are summarized.
Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting.

FGM/C involves partial or total removal of the external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for nonmedical reasons. It is considered a human rights violation. It has no known health benefits, but many reported harmful consequences.
CRLB for estimation of 3D sensor biases in spherical coordinates

In order to carry out data fusion, it is crucial to account for the imprecision of sensor measurements due to systematic errors. This requires estimation of the sensor measurement biases. In this paper, we consider a 3D multisensor multitarget bias estimation approach for both additive and multiplicative biases in the measurements. Multiplicative biases can more accurately represent real biases in many sensors, however, they increase the complexity of the estimation problem. By converting biased measurements into pseudo-measurements of the biases it is possible to estimate biases separately from target state estimation. The conversion of the spherical measurements to Cartesian measurements, which has to be done using the unbiased conversion, is the key that allows estimation of the sensor biases without having to estimate the states of the targets of opportunity. The measurements provided by these sensors are assumed time-coincident (synchronous) and perfectly associated. We evaluate the Cram´er-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) on the covariance of the bias estimates, which serves as a quantification of the available information about the biases.
The Biology of Cytomegaloviruses

The initial isolations of human cytomegaloviruses (HCMVs) occurred in 1956 and 1957 (Rowe et al., 1956; M. G. Smith, 1956; Weller et al., 1957). Many investigators have since isolated CMVs or CMV-like agents from a variety of hosts including monkeys (Black et al., 1963; Ablashi et al., 1972; Asher et al., 1974; Nigida et al., 1979; Rangan and Chaiban, 1980), horses (Plummer and Waterson, 1963; Hsiung et al., 1969), rats (Rabson et al., 1969), squirrels (Diosi and Babusceac, 1970), pigs (Plowright et al., 1976), mice (M. G. Smith, 1954; Kim et al., 1975), guinea pigs (Jackson, 1920; Cole and Kuttner, 1926), and sheep (Hartley and Done, 1963).
Optimal Active Sensing for Process Tracking

Motivated by the Internet-of-things and sensor networks for cyberphysical systems, the problem of low complexity dynamic sensor activation for the tracking of a time-varying process is examined. The tradeoff is between energy efficiency and fidelity. The problem of minimizing the time-averaged mean-squared error over infinite horizon is examined under a constraint on the mean number of active sensors. The proposed method artfully combines two key ingredients: Gibbs sampling for sensor subset selection, and stochastic approximation for learning, in order to create a high performance, energy efficient tracking mechanism with active sensor selection. Tracking of an i.i.d. process with unknown parametric distribution is considered; the main challenge here is that the unknown parameter vector must be learned. The key theoretical result proves that the proposed algorithm converges to locally optimal solutions. Numerical results suggest that global optimality is in fact achieved in some cases.
Resonance assignments of wild-type and two cysteine-free variants of the four-helix bundle protein, Rop

Repressor of primer (Rop, or ROM, RNA I modulator) is a 63 amino acid four-helix bundle protein that exists in solution as an anti-parallel homodimer. This protein has been extensively studied, including by X-ray crystallography, NMR, rational design, and combinatorial mutagenesis. Previous NMR experiments with wild-type Rop were carried out at pH 2.3 and pH 6.3. In this paper, we report complete N-H backbone assignments for three variants of Rop under the same pH 6.3 conditions: wild-type Rop; a cysteine-free pseudo-wild type variant (C38A C52V); and a core-repacked variant of the Cys-free variant (T19V L41V C38A C52V). These assignments enable functional and dynamic studies of wild-type and Cys-free variants of Rop.