cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic networks of pregnancy care: Bengali immigrant women in New York City

Abstract The aim of this paper is to elucidate the links between place and Bengali immigrant women’s use of social networks in their efforts to live a healthy pregnancy. The literature on therapeutic landscapes has mostly emphasized characteristics of local places. I argue that social networks constituted in and beyond the places where people live are equally important. I draw on findings of a qualitative study conducted with Bengali immigrant women in New York City between 2004 and 2006 to understand the place-creating characteristics of social therapeutic networks . In-depth interviews with 40 women in selected neighborhoods in New York City show that such networks operated at multiple scales, ranging from the local to the transnational. A mix of tangible and virtual care and support were received through face-to face interaction and phone conversations. Advice on how to live a healthy pregnancy, cooking and bringing or sending food and therapeutic conversations emerged as important kinds of care and support provided by therapeutic networks. These networks worked in complex ways, reflecting: 1) the situational context of women’s lives, shaped by the temporal (e.g. length of residence) and place-based (e.g. residential geographies) aspects of migration, 2) the importance of ‘imaginative aspects’ in shaping the meanings women formed of therapeutic networks and 3) the diverse ways in which women created and sustained these networks, based on class, country of origin, religion and culture.
Six3 Represses Nodal Activity to Establish Early Brain Asymmetry in Zebrafish

The vertebrate brain is anatomically and functionally asymmetric; however, the molecular mechanisms that establish left-right brain patterning are largely unknown. In zebrafish, asymmetric left-sided Nodal signaling within the developing dorsal diencephalon is required for determining the direction of epithalamic asymmetries. Here, we show that Six3, a transcription factor essential for forebrain formation and associated with holoprosencephaly in humans, regulates diencephalic Nodal activity during initial establishment of brain asymmetry. Reduction of Six3 function causes brain-specific deregulation of Nodal pathway activity, resulting in epithalamic laterality defects. Based on misexpression and genetic epistasis experiments, we propose that Six3 acts in the neuroectoderm to establish a prepattern of bilateral repression of Nodal activity. Subsequently, Nodal signaling from the left lateral plate mesoderm alleviates this repression ipsilaterally. Our data reveal a Six3-dependent mechanism for establishment of correct brain laterality and provide an entry point to understanding the genetic regulation of Nodal signaling in the brain.
Atypical Mycobacterial Cutaneous Infections

Atypical mycobacterial infections have been a cause of steadily growing infections over the past decades, especially in immunocompromised patients. They are classified by their ability to produce pigment, growth rate, and optimal temperature. Mycobacterium marinum , M kansasii , and M avium-intracellulare are examples of slow-growing mycobacteria. M fortuitum , M chelonei , and M abscessus are examples of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Atypical mycobacteria are ubiquitous in the environment. No specific treatment guidelines exist but a multidrug regimen combined with surgical modalities is often used for therapy.
Influence of torque on the lift and drag of a particle in an oscillatory flow.

In the work of Fischer et al. (2002, 'Forces on Particles in an Oscillatory Boundary Layer', J. Fluid Mech., 468, pp. 327-347, 2005; 'Influence of Wall Proximity on the Lift and Drag of a Particle in an Oscillatory Flow', ASME J. Fluids Eng., 127, pp. 583-594) we computed the lift and drag forces on a sphere, subjected to a wall-bounded oscillatory flow. The forces were found as a function of the Reynolds number, the forcing frequency, and the gap between the particle and the ideally smooth rigid bounding wall. Here we investigate how the forces change as a function of the above parameters and its moment of inertia if the particle is allowed to freely rotate. Allowing the particle to rotate does not change appreciably the drag force, as compared to the drag experienced by the particle when it is held fixed. Lift differences between the rotating and nonrotating cases are shown to be primarily dominated in the mean by the pressure component. The lift of the rotating particle varies significantly from the fixed-particle case and depends strongly on the Reynolds number, the forcing frequency, and the gap; much less so on the moment of inertia. Of special significance ismore » that the lift is enhanced for small Reynolds numbers and suppressed for larger ones, with a clear transition point. We also examine how the torque changes when the particle is allowed to rotate as compared to when it is held fixed. As a function of the Reynolds number the torque of the fixed sphere is monotonically decreasing in the range Re=5 to Re=400. The rotating-sphere counterpart experiences a smaller and more complex torque, synchronized with the lift transition mentioned before. As a function of the gap, the torque is significantly larger in the fixed particle case.« less
Probable low-pressure intrusion of gabbro into serpentinized peridotite, northern California

The Castle Lake gabbroic body intrudes the Trinity ultramafic sheet in northern California. The extent of concentric reaction zones of talc, tremolite, and chloritic blackwall on included blocks of peridotite correlates with increasing proportions of igneous hornblende in the gabbroic host; consequently, the reaction zones probably formed during initial cooling of the gabbro. The principal source of water in the gabbroic magma and in the reaction zones was probably a hydrothermal system which existed during and after crystallization of the magma. Blocks of pyroxenite in a succession of intrusive sheets of gabbroic rock indicate repeated intrusion of magma into its previously solidified margins. An increasing proportion of hornblende in the younger sheets correlates with a marked increase in the grain size. Variable distribution of dissolved and exsolved water and transitory minor decompression events can explain the grain-size layering in the younger sheets. Vugs as much as 5 mm in diameter in the pegmatitic hornblende gabbro are interpreted to be igneous in origin and, together with the patchiness of the metamorphism, suggest that the gabbro crystallized at a pressure of ∼2 kbar or less. Igneous hornblende (near solidus) and rare garnet are consistent with such a low pressure. The lack of sodium-rich plagioclase in the patchily metamorphosed gabbros suggests that the hydrothermal (metamorphic) fluids were poor in sodium (nonmarine or distilled marine). Because of the correlation between these igneous and metamorphic features, it is likely that the Castle Lake gabbro intruded its own hydrothermal envelope of serpentinized peridotite.
Malignant histiocytosis X report of a rapidly fatal case in an elderly man

A 71-year-old white man developed an increasing number of 1-to-10 mm, erythematous nodules, many with central ulceration, most prominent on the head and trunk. Biopsy of a nodule showed infiltration of the dermis and epidermis by large cells with multilobulated nuclei and numerous mitoses. Electron microscopy showed that most tumor cells contained Langerhans' cell granules. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated a pattern of antigen expression similar to that of Langerhans' cells including Ia and Leu-6 (T6) antigens. Chest x-ray showed diffuse pulmonary infiltration and similar tumor cells were present in the sputum and urine. He developed increasing dyspnea and jaundice despite chemotherapy, and died 6 months after the onset of the disease. Autopsy showed massive tumor infiltration of the lungs, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, and focal involvement of the myocardium, skin and bladder. Clinical and cytologic features indicated this case to be a rare example of highly malignant histiocytosis X in an elderly man.
Children's verbal working memory: role of processing complexity in predicting spoken sentence comprehension.

Purpose This study investigated the role of processing complexity of verbal working memory tasks in predicting spoken sentence comprehension in typically developing children. Of interest was whethe...
Supplemental energy and protein increase use of sagebrush by sheep

Abstract The ability of sheep to consume big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.), a shrub that contains terpenes, may be improved with supplemental energy and protein needed for detoxification processes. We compared feeding behavior of supplemented and unsupplemented ewes grazing separately in three 0.5 ha plots of 40 m × 120 m during October 2001. Supplemented ewes were offered a choice of a high-energy (50% corn and 50% beet pulp—3.62 Mcal/kg DE and 9.5% CP) and a high-protein (85% alfalfa and 15% soybean meal—2.89 Mcal/kg DE and 15% CP) supplement for 15 min/day. Supplemented ewes consumed 492 g (S.E. = 24.3) of the high-energy supplement and 140 g (S.E. = 9.8) of the high-protein supplement. The incidence of feeding on sagebrush was recorded using scan sampling at 10-min intervals from 09:00 to 17:00 h every other day for 10 days. Incidence of feeding on sagebrush increased gradually for both treatments from 0.4% on day 1 to 28% on day 10 (P
Swallowing Dysfunction After Critical Illness

Critical care practitioners must frequently make decisions about their patients' ability to swallow food, liquids, and pills. These decisions can be particularly difficult given the incompletely defined epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, and prognostic features of swallowing disorders in critically ill patients. Furthermore, the consequences of improper decisions-namely, aspiration, malnutrition, hunger, and thirst-can be devastating to patients and their families. This review outlines the problem of swallowing dysfunction in critically ill patients and then addresses the most clinically relevant questions that critical care practitioners face today. First, we review the epidemiology of swallowing dysfunction in critically ill patients. Next, we describe the different diagnostic tests for swallowing dysfunction and describe a general approach to the initial assessment for swallowing disorders. Finally, we explore the existing treatments for swallowing dysfunction. Given the burden of swallowing dysfunction in patients recovering from critical illness, enabling critical care practitioners to manage these disorders, while stimulating new investigation into their pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management, will enhance our care of critically ill patients.
Cervical enamel projections in unusual locations: a case report and mini-review.

Background: Periodontitis is primarily a bacteria-induced disease that can be modified by tooth-related local factors. Cervical enamel projections (CEPs) are a common tooth anomaly that can act as contributing factors in the development of periodontitis. They are most commonly found at the buccal surfaces of mandibular molars.Methods: A 57-year-old female was referred to our clinic for treatment of chronic periodontitis. A clinical examination revealed moderate attachment loss that was localized to the palatal side of the maxillary second molars. The rest of the dentition was less affected, with a diagnosis of generalized slight chronic periodontitis. An initial non-surgical periodontal treatment was provided followed by apically positioned flap surgery in the maxillary right and left posterior areas. At the time of surgery, CEPs were found where the periodontium was most affected.Results: Because surgical intervention exposed the CEPs, they were not removed. After the active therapy, which resulted in in...
New models of cache architectures characterizing information leakage from cache side channels

Side-channel attacks try to breach confidentiality and retrieve critical secrets through the side channels. Cache memories are a potential source of information leakage through side-channel attacks, many of which have been proposed. Meanwhile, different cache architectures have also been proposed to defend against these attacks. However, there are currently no means for comparing and evaluating the effectiveness of different defense solutions against these attacks.In this paper, we propose a novel method to evaluate a system's vulnerability to side-channel attacks. We establish side-channel leakage models based on the non-interference property. Then we define how the security aspects of a cache architecture can be modeled as a finite-state machine (FSM) with state transitions that cause interference. We use mutual information to quantitatively reveal potential side-channel leakage of the architectures, and allow comparison of these architectures for their relative vulnerabilities to side-channel attacks. We use real attacks to validate our results.
Some Applications Of Microtransmittance And Microreflectance Techniques

A transmission microsampling accessory to use with FT-IR instruments was introduced at the Pittsburgh Conference, 1983. This accessory, which employs all-reflecting on-axis optics, has subsequently been modified, and this Universal Microsampling Unit can be used to record the transmission or the reflection spectra of samples as small as 20μm x 20μm in linear dimensions. The applications of this accessory to the study of the spectra of semiconductors (1) and polymers (2,3) have been published in the literature. The highly sensitive accessory can be used to record the spectra of single polymer filaments as small as 15/μm in diameter. Using a polarizer inserted in the optical path, dichroic spectra of single fibers, such as PET, have been recorded (3). The microsampling method has also been used for the study of contaminant particulates suspended in solution, characterization of different layers in a multi-layer polymer, and "fish eyes" on painted polymer panels (4). In this paper, we will briefly describe the universal microsampling accessory and some of it applications.
MODEL STUDIES OF SUBSIDENCE AND GROUND MOVEMENT USING LASER HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY

Abstract Laser holographic interferometry is a method of remotely monitoring surface movement even on the surface of granular material in three dimensions, without the surface disturbances associated with instrument emplacement. In this study models of longwall and room and pillar layouts were used to demonstrate the validity of the technique and, subsequently, to generate data as the parameters controlling displacement were varied. The effects of cavity size, depth and orientation and material elasticity, time and geologic structure on surface displacement were analyzed. Gelatin and sand were successfully used as model materials in the study which has demonstrated that laser holographic interferometry is a practical system with potential to examine complex structures such as multiple panel extraction in longwall, multiple seam extraction or extraction of seams associated with irregular geologic conditions which might otherwise be difficult to monitor.
Paratesticular pseudotumor following herniorraphy

Abstract A case is reported of a sixty-one-year-old man in whom a large paratesticular pseudotumor developed two months after elective herniorraphy. This is the first case of this rare entity in which a definite sequence after surgery is documented. Other unusual aspects of the case are discussed, and the literature is reviewed.
The ring-hexavacany in silicon: A stable and inactive defect

Molecular dynamics simulations as well as ab initio and near ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations in crystalline silicon predict that the configuration of the hexavacancy that has a hexagonal ring missing from the crystal is remarkably stable. The energetics imply that it does form and is more likely to grow than to dissociate during heat treatments. Further, the energy eigenvalues and the charge distribution imply that it has no electrical or optical activity. However, it is a large void in the crystal and could be an efficient gettering center and a precursor of extended defects.
Application of Fisher fusion techniques to improve the individual performance of sonar computer-aided detection/computer-aided classification (CAD/CAC) algorithms

Raytheon has extensively processed high-resolution sidescan sonar images with its CAD/CAC algorithms to provide classification of targets in a variety of shallow underwater environments. The Raytheon CAD/CAC algorithm is based on non-linear image segmentation into highlight, shadow, and background regions, followed by extraction, association, and scoring of features from candidate highlight and shadow regions of interest (ROIs). The targets are classified by thresholding an overall classification score, which is formed by summing the individual feature scores. The algorithm performance is measured in terms of probability of correct classification as a function of false alarm rate, and is determined by both the choice of classification features and the manner in which the classifier rates and combines these features to form its overall score. In general, the algorithm performs very reliably against targets that exhibit "strong" highlight and shadow regions in the sonar image- i.e., both the highlight echo and its associated shadow region from the target are distinct relative to the ambient background. However, many real-world undersea environments can produce sonar images in which a significant percentage of the targets exhibit either "weak" highlight or shadow regions in the sonar image. The challenge of achieving robust performance in these environments has traditionally been addressed by modifying the individual feature scoring algorithms to optimize the separation between the corresponding highlight or shadow feature scores of targets and non-targets. This study examines an alternate approach that employs principles of Fisher fusion to determine a set of optimal weighting coefficients that are applied to the individual feature scores before summing to form the overall classification score. The results demonstrate improved performance of the CAD/CAC algorithm on at-sea data sets.
Transducin activation state controls its light-dependent translocation in rod photoreceptors

Light-dependent redistribution of transducin between the rod outer segments (OS) and other photoreceptor compartments including the inner segments (IS) and synaptic terminals (ST) is recognized as a critical contributing factor to light and dark adaptation. The mechanisms of light-induced transducin translocation to the IS/ST and its return to the OS during dark adaptation are not well understood. We have probed these mechanisms by examining light-dependent localizations of the transducin-α subunit (Gtα)in mice lacking the photoreceptor GAP-protein RGS9, or expressing the GTPase-deficient mutant GtαQ200L. An illumination threshold for the Gtα movement out of the OS is lower in the RGS9 knockout mice, indicating that the fast inactivation of transducin in the wild-type mice limits its translocation to the IS/ST. Transgenic GtαQ200L mice have significantly diminished levels of proteins involved in cGMP metabolism in rods, most notably the PDE6 catalytic subunits, and severely reduced sensitivity to light. Similarly to the native Gtα, the GtαQ200L mutant is localized to the IS/ST compartment in light-adapted transgenic mice. However, the return of GtαQ200L to the OS during dark adaptation is markedly slower than normal. Thus, the light-dependent translocations of transducin are controlled by the GTP-hydrolysis on Gtα, and apparently, do not require Gtα interaction with RGS9 and PDE6.
The histone H3K4 demethylase SMCX links REST target genes to X-linked mental retardation

Gene transcription is critically influenced by chromatin structure and the modification status of histone tails. Methylation of lysine residues in histone tails is dynamically regulated by the opposing activities of histone methyltransferases and histone demethylases. Here we show that JARID1C/SMCX, a JmjC-domain-containing protein implicated in X-linked mental retardation and epilepsy, possesses H3K4 tri-demethylase activity and functions as a transcriptional repressor. An SMCX complex isolated from HeLa cells contains additional chromatin modifiers (the histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2, and the histone H3K9 methyltransferase G9a) and the transcriptional repressor REST, suggesting a direct role for SMCX in chromatin dynamics and REST-mediated repression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals that SMCX and REST co-occupy the neuron-restrictive silencing elements in the promoters of a subset of REST target genes. RNA-interference-mediated depletion of SMCX derepresses several of these targets and simultaneously increases H3K4 trimethylation at the sodium channel type 2A (SCN2A) and synapsin I (SYN1) promoters. We propose that loss of SMCX activity impairs REST-mediated neuronal gene regulation, thereby contributing to SMCX-associated X-linked mental retardation.
Bacterial epitopes involved in the induction of reactive arthritis

A panel of documented arthritogenic Shigella flexneri strains as well as an epidemic-associated non-arthritogenic Shigella sonnei control was used to identify a 2-megadalton plasmid specific to the arthritogenic strains. The plasmid, pHS-2, contains a DNA sequence that encodes a 22-amino acid polypeptide encompassing a pentapeptide homologous to part of the polymorphic region of the alpha-1 domain of HLA-B27. These results suggest that molecular mimicry between arthritogenic bacterial-encoded epitopes and the HLA-B27 molecule may play a role in the development of reactive arthritis.
Immunohistologic analysis of renal CD40 and CD40L expression in lupus nephritis and other glomerulonephritides

Objective. To investigate potential mechanisms by which CD40L-mediated signals may be involved in the pathogenesis of lupus glomerulonephritis (GN). Methods. Renal in situ CD40L and CD40 expression was examined in patient biopsy specimens. Immuno-histochemical studies were performed on frozen sections utilizing anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody (MAb), anti-CD40 MAb, or control MAb. As controls, we analyzed normal kidney specimens and specimens obtained from patients with IgA nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, minimal change disease, idiopathic membranous GN, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive pauci-immune GN. Staining distribution was noted and staining intensity scored on a semiquantitative scale of 0 (no staining) to 3+ (intense staining). Results. In normal kidney, CD40 was expressed on parietal epithelial cells, mesangial cells, endothelial cells, and distal tubules but not proximal tubules. Glomerular and tubular CD40 expression was markedly up-regulated in class III and class IV lupus GN, where there was intense staining of crescents, proximal and distal tubules, and interstitial mononuclear cells. In contrast, CD40 expression in class V lupus GN was similar to that in normal kidney. Interstitial mono-nuclear cells expressing CD40L were present in class IV lupus GN. However, these findings were not unique to lupus GN: up-regulation of CD40 and CD40L expression was similarly observed in other inflammatory renal diseases. Conclusion. This study shows that CD40 is expressed on a variety of renal parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in normal kidney. Renal CD40 expression is up-regulated in class III and class IV lupus nephritis, as well as in other inflammatory renal diseases, and is associated with the presence of CD40L+ mononuclear cells.
Adaptation to apparent concomitant motion in the absence of physical or retinal motion

Continued fixation of a point of light in the dark moving concomitantly with the observer’s head motion has been found to lead to motion adaptation. This adaptation is shown in that, following the adaptation period, a physically stationary object viewed with head movement appears to move concomitantly with a direction and phase opposite to those of the adapting stimulus. The present study was concerned with identifying the conditions responsible for this adaptation. Of particular interest was the question of whether the concomitant motion sufficient for adaptation is a physical or an apparent motion. Two kinds of concomitant motion were used as adaptation stimuli: a point of light in the dark that appeared to move concomitantly with the observer’s head motion but was physically stationary and a point that physically moved concomitantly with the head but appeared stationary. Adaptation occurred in the first but not in the second situation. This result indicates that perceived, not physical, concomitance is the condition required for adaptation.
The Humanistic School, A Critical Analysis.

∗I developed many of the ideas expressed in this article while working with a group of teachers from the University of California, Los Angeles, University Elementary School. I wish to acknowledge their many contributions. They were Margaret Brown, Edith Buchanan, Roxie Lee, Kent Lewis, and Doug Russell.
Temporally and radially-resolved femtosecond optical measurements of solid density plasma reflectivities and transmissivities

Abstract We report on space and time-resolved femtosecond optical probing of a solid density hot plasma. The plasma is produced by 3 × 10 15 W/cm 2 intensity, 210 fs duration laser pulse irradiation of a transparent fused quartz solid target. Time-resolved measurements of reflectivity and transmissivity at the center of the plasma using a non-perturbative synchronized probe pulse incident from the rear side of the target show a rapid reflection enhancement and transmission decrease, attributed to formation of a super-critical density, steep-gradient plasma layer at the surface. The probe beam is also used to map relectivity and transmissivity at different locations from the plasma center with 20 μm resolution. The measurements indicate radially-dependent plasma characteristics and cooling times which will be discussed in light of a radially-dependent intensity of the pump laser.
Protein Adsorption on Cation Exchangers: Comparison of Macroporous and Gel-Composite Media

The protein uptake equilibrium and kinetics and the breakthrough behavior of recently developed commercial chromatography media are evaluated using lysozyme as a model solute. One of the adsorbents, known by the trade name POROS 50, is a macroporous matrix based on a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer. The other adsorbent, known by the trade name HyperD, is a composite obtained by filling the pores of high-porosity polystyrene-coated silica particles with a polyacrylamide-based hydrogel. Both materials are designed for preparative and process ion-exchange chromatography of proteins at high speed and have a strong cation exchange functionality. The equilibrium and transport properties of lysozyme in each adsorbent are studied in batch experiments. The maximum equilibrium uptake capacity in a 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 is 160 ± 5 mg/cm 3 of particle volume for the macroporous adsorbent and 260 ± 10 mg/cm 3 for the gel-composite material. With the macroporous adsorbent mass transfer appears to be dominated by macropore diffusion with an effective pore diffusivity of 1.1 x 10 -7 cm 2 /s, except during the initial saturation of the outermost layer of the particle, when external film mass transfer is controlling. An idealized two-step model of this process is found to be consistent with the experimental data. With the gel-composite adsorbent, however, mass transfer appears to be dominated by homogeneous gel diffusion with an effective pseudo-homogeneous diffusivity of 7.5 x 10 -9 cm 2 /s at high protein concentrations and by the external film resistance at low protein concentrations. For both adsorbents, breakthrough profiles obtained experimentally at elevated flow rates in packed columns are in good agreement with predictions based on the batch measurements and external film coefficients predicted from literature correlations. In spite of the fact that it possesses a larger particle size, the gel-composite adsorbent appears to be superior to the macroporous medium, exhibiting a dynamic capacity at 10% breakthrough more than a factor of 2 larger at mobile phase velocities in the range 0-5000 cm/h.
EFFECTS OF IRRADIATION UPON LACTATION.

Abstract Seven cows were exposed to a single dose of 400 r Co 80 irradiation at 2 months prepartum, then re-irradiated with 350 r after 18 wk of lactation. Their feed consumption, milk yield, and blood cell changes were compared with paired control cows throughout the lactation. Irradiation caused mild to severe reduction in feed intake which, in turn, reduced milk yields significantly. Recovery from the effects of the first irradiation was nearly complete at 15 to 18 wk of lactation, but the cows and their lactation had not recovered from the second irradiation by the end of the lactation. Seven additional cows were exposed to 400 r once in mid-lactation. Milk yields of these cows dropped below controls for 5 wk after irradiation, after which they returned to the normal lactation curves. Weekly tests of milk fat and total solids indicated that milk composition from the irradiated cows was not significantly affected.
Application of grey clustering approach and genetic algorithm to partial discharge pattern recognition

Partial discharge (PD) measurement and recognition is a significant tool for potential failure diagnosis of the high-voltage equipment. This paper proposes the application of grey clustering approach (GCA) to recognize partial discharge patterns of the high-voltage equipment. The PD patterns are measured by using a commercial PD detector. A set of features, used as operators, for each PD pattern is extracted through statistical schemes. The significant features of PD patterns are extracted by using the genetic algorithm (GA). The proposed grey clustering approach has the advantages of high robustness and effectiveness to ambiguous patterns and is useful in recognizing the PD patterns of the high-voltage equipment. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the grey clustering approach was verified on two types of high-voltage equipments. The test results show that the proposed approach may achieve quite satisfactory recognition of PD patterns.
Social Hour: Clinical Training in Cognitive-Communicative Disorders

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) clearly defines the role of speech-language pathologists in the area of cognitive-communicative disorders across the lifespan. It is the resp...
“Base, but Nevertheless Holy” Lessons in Liminality from Symeon the Holy Fool

Victor Turner briefly mentions the liminality of “holy beggars” and “simpletons” (1969: 110) but this point has received little attention in existing literature on either liminality or holy fools. ...
Positive and Negative Affect, Signal Sensitivity, and Pay Satisfaction

This study examines the relationship of two dispositional factors, positive and negative affect (PA and NA), with multi-dimensional pay satisfaction. Among a sample of 194 full- and part-time employees in two southern states, PA explained significant variance in pay satisfaction after controlling for actual salary levels, overall job satisfaction, and other individual characteristics. More importantly the data show that PA interacts with actual salary level in explaining certain dimensions of pay satisfaction. By contrast, results confirm the hypothesis that NA is unrelated to pay satisfaction. Implications of these results are discussed and directions for future research identified.
The role of photochemical degradation of dissolved organic carbon in regulating the UV transparency of three lakes on the Pocono Plateau

The role of photochemical degradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on UV transparency (280–400 nm) was investigated in three Pocono Plateau lakes. Diffuse attenuation coefficients (KdUV) in the epilimnia of these lakes varied seasonally (39–81% decline from maximum Kd320nm), with minimum KdUV values occurring near summer solstice. Declines in KdUV corresponded to reductions in UV absorbance by dissolved material (adUV), caused by declines in both DOC concentration and UV (ad : [DOC]). The seasonal decline in KdUV was also accompanied by substantial increases in an absorption coefficient ratio (ad250nm : ad365nm) and decreases in spectral slopes (S). Experimental studies of photochemical degradation were also performed using filtered lake water and natural sunlight. Exposure to solar radiation produced a number of changes in optical parameters and DOC that resembled those observed in the water column: adUV (−35 to −52%), UV absorptivity (−31 to −48%), ad250nm : ad365nm (0 to +39%), spectral slope, S (0 to −27%), and DOC concentration (0 to −20%). Changes in adUV were correlated with absorbed UV dose. The derived rate constants were used in a model to estimate the contribution of photochemical degradation of DOC to water column declines in KdUV. Results suggest that rates of photochemical degradation were sufficient to account for the summer reductions in KdUV observed in the three lakes.
The effect of relationship quality change on adolescent condom use over time

Conclusion: These results demonstrate a significant pattern of change among relationship characteristics and condom use over a relatively short developmental period. However both linear and non-linear components are identified. Substantial variation in the slopes of the growth curves suggest important sub-group differences that will be explored in subsequent analyses. (excerpt)
Correlation transfer from basal ganglia to thalamus in Parkinson’s disease

There is much experimental evidence that neurons located in the basal ganglia of parkinsonian primates show increased pairwise correlations, oscillatory activity, and burst rate compared to normal brain activity. Past computational work has suggested that such changes in the firing pattern of neurons in the globus pallidus internus (GPi), the main output nucleus of the basal ganglia, may compromise thalamocortical relay capabilities. To understand how changes in the patterns of basal ganglia activity affect correlation transfer, we study pairs of realistic models of thalamocortical (TC) relay neurons receiving correlated inhibitory input from the GPi, as well as uncorrelated excitatory signals from cortex. We observe that bursty firing patterns such as those seen in the parkinsonian GPi allow for stronger transfer of correlations and higher correlation susceptibility than do firing patterns found under normal conditions. We also show that removing the T-current in the TC neurons does not significantly affect the correlation transfer, despite its pronounced effects on the spiking of the neurons. Oscillatory firing patterns in GPi are shown to affect the time scale at which correlations are best transferred through the system. We obtain the same results using an integrate-and-fire-or-burst (IFB) model of TC neurons as we do with a more realistic conductance-based model of the TC neurons, suggesting that the IFB model is a good reduced model for studying correlation transfer. In a reduced point process model, we derive analytic calculations of the spike count correlation coefficient for the time-inhomogeneous case. The analysis indicates that the rhythms seen in the transfer of correlations at varying time scales are very robust to different levels of spike correlations and rate correlations between the neurons. It also points to the fact that these rhythms can be seen because of differences in instantaneous spike correlations, even when the long time scale rhythmic modulation of the neurons in identical. Overall, these results show that parkinsonian firing patterns in GPi do indeed affect the way that correlations are transferred to the thalamus.
Strategies, insights, and the recent advances in volcanic monitoring and mapping with data from NASA's Earth Observing System

In 1991, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched a comprehensive program to study the Earth as one environmental system. Now called the Earth Science Enterprise (ESE), this coordinated monitoring effort was initially comprised of free-flying satellites and Space Shuttle missions, as well as airborne and ground-based studies. The satellite component of the ESE is known as the Earth Observing System (EOS), which has now entered a planned long-term global monitoring phase. The first EOS satellite, Terra, was launched in December of 1999 and offers integrated measurements of numerous solid earth and atmospheric processes, including volcanic activity. There are currently 10 NASA EOS-designated satellites carrying over thirty instruments, all of which are providing integrated measurements of the interactions between the Earth’s global cycles. Included in this effort are science investigations that examine the solid earth cycle and the natural hazards that are an inevitable result of that cycle. For volcanologists, the new higher spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution EOS data have spawned a variety of new algorithms and methodologies to monitor changes in volcanic activity, map volcanic surfaces, and investigate volcanic processes. Thermal anomaly detection, plume chemistry and mass flux, lava composition and textural properties, interaction of ash with the natural and human environment, and mitigation of hazards are but a few of the topics being addressed with these data sets. In this paper, we summarize the current state of volcanic remote sensing in the new EOS era and introduce the more detailed papers that follow in this special issue. This work stems from a special session at the Fall 2001 American Geophysical Union (AGU) meeting that was convened to showcase the current research in volcanic systems and processes using the new EOS satellite data sets. That session was also intended to provide a forum for field, aircraft, and other satellite-validated observations of volcanic edifices and processes. Our aim in this special issue is to focus on a series of detailed examples where the authors have used EOS data to investigate a specific question, rather than a generalized overview of all possible volcanological applications of remote sensing data. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Herpesvirus 6 Detection in a Non-Hodgkin's Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Cohort by Using RNA Sequencing

Comprehensive virome analysis of RNA sequence (RNA-seq) data sets from 118 non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphomas revealed a small subset that is positive for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), with one coinfection. EBV transcriptome analysis revealed expression of the latency genes RPMS1, LMP1, and LMP2, with one sample additionally showing a high level of early lytic expression and another sample showing a high level of EBNA2 expression. HHV-6B transcriptome analysis revealed that the majority of genes were transcribed.
Encoding of multivariate stimuli with MIMO neural circuits

We present a general MIMO neural circuit architecture for the encoding of multivariate stimuli in the time domain. The signals belong to the finite space of vector-valued trigonometric polynomials. They are filtered with a linear time-invariant kernel and then processed by a population of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons. We present formal, intuitive, necessary conditions for faithful encoding and provide a perfect recovery (decoding) algorithm. We extend these results to multivariate product spaces and apply them to video encoding with MIMO neural circuits. We demonstrate that our encoding circuits can serve as measurement devices for compressed sensing of frequency sparse signals. Finally, we provide necessary spike density conditions for the decoding of infinite-dimensional vector valued bandlimited functions encoded with MIMO neural circuits.
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells regulate the regeneration of their niche by secreting Angiopoietin-1

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are maintained by a perivascular niche in bone marrow but it is unclear whether the niche is reciprocally regulated by HSCs. Here, we systematically assessed the expression and function of Angiopoietin-1 (Angpt1) in bone marrow. Angpt1 was not expressed by osteoblasts. Angpt1 was most highly expressed by HSCs, and at lower levels by c-kit+ hematopoietic progenitors, megakaryocytes, and Leptin Receptor+ (LepR+) stromal cells. Global conditional deletion of Angpt1, or deletion from osteoblasts, LepR+ cells, Nes-cre-expressing cells, megakaryocytes, endothelial cells or hematopoietic cells in normal mice did not affect hematopoiesis, HSC maintenance, or HSC quiescence. Deletion of Angpt1 from hematopoietic cells and LepR+ cells had little effect on vasculature or HSC frequency under steady-state conditions but accelerated vascular and hematopoietic recovery after irradiation while increasing vascular leakiness. Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and LepR+ stromal cells regulate niche regeneration by secreting Angpt1, reducing vascular leakiness but slowing niche recovery. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05521.001
Design and Experimental Study of a CNT Sensor for Measuring Alcohol Content With Short Response Delay

Excessive alcohol content in human body can impair ability, degrade performance, and result in serious diseases. Nonintrusive and real-time sensing of alcohol content in human body is thus an important research topic. This paper describes the development of a novel carbon nanotube (CNT)-based alcohol sensor with a particular focus on the response delay problem presented in CNT based sensors. Three types of the CNT-based sensor were designed and tested to examine. The result concluded: 1) single-walled CNT is promising as the alcohol sensor with their good linearity and sensitivity and 2) single-walled CNTs with metal pads or without metal pads can both perform well. The second conclusion further implies a great promise of single-walled carbon nanotube with metal pads as alcohol sensors, as the metal pad is an important element to facilitate data reading.
Bregman operator splitting with variable stepsize for total variation image reconstruction

This paper develops a Bregman operator splitting algorithm with variable stepsize (BOSVS) for solving problems of the form $\min\{\phi(Bu) +1/2\|Au-f\|_{2}^{2}\}$ , where ? may be nonsmooth. The original Bregman Operator Splitting (BOS) algorithm employed a fixed stepsize, while BOSVS uses a line search to achieve better efficiency. These schemes are applicable to total variation (TV)-based image reconstruction. The stepsize rule starts with a Barzilai-Borwein (BB) step, and increases the nominal step until a termination condition is satisfied. The stepsize rule is related to the scheme used in SpaRSA (Sparse Reconstruction by Separable Approximation). Global convergence of the proposed BOSVS algorithm to a solution of the optimization problem is established. BOSVS is compared with other operator splitting schemes using partially parallel magnetic resonance image reconstruction problems. The experimental results indicate that the proposed BOSVS algorithm is more efficient than the BOS algorithm and another split Bregman Barzilai-Borwein algorithm known as SBB.
Shape optimization of PM devices using constrained gradient based inverse problem methodology

Permanent magnets (PMs) are widely used in a variety of industrial equipment and devices. In magnet design, the shape of a PM plays an important role and minimization of the leakage flux improves the performance of the device. The shape optimization of PM devices using gradient based inverse problem methodology (GIPM) is presented. The paper describes for the first time the use of analytical sensitivities for shape optimization of PM devices. Furthermore, the adjoint method of the direct differentiation approach is used for the computation of the sensitivities of the object function. Two case studies are presented. The first involves a magnetic circuit with an air gap and PM excitation, the second is that of a PM pole face. In both cases, design optimization is employed to obtain a desired flux density profile in the air gap with a minimum leakage flux and minimum size of the PM material.
Design and evaluation of a shoulder-surfing resistant graphical password scheme

When users input their passwords in a public place, they may be at risk of attackers stealing their password. An attacker can capture a password by direct observation or by recording the individual's authentication session. This is referred to as shoulder-surfing and is a known risk, of special concern when authenticating in public places. Until recently, the only defense against shoulder-surfing has been vigilance on the part of the user. This paper reports on the design and evaluation of a game-like graphical method of authentication that is resistant to shoulder-surfing. The Convex Hull Click (CHC) scheme allows a user to prove knowledge of the graphical password safely in an insecure location because users never have to click directly on their password images. Usability testing of the CHC scheme showed that novice users were able to enter their graphical password accurately and to remember it over time. However, the protection against shoulder-surfing comes at the price of longer time to carry out the authentication.
Social networks and immigration stress among first-generation Mandarin-speaking Chinese immigrants in Los Angeles

This study examined relationships between social networks and immigration stress among first-generation Chinese immigrants. Using data from a larger study of health behavior among first-generation Mandarin/English-speaking immigrants residing in the Los Angeles metropolitan area (N = 1,183), this study found that Chinese immigrants living closer to immediate family and maintaining larger social networks experienced lower immigration stress. Unexpectedly, immigrants with larger family sizes and who participated in voluntary associations (e.g., religious, alumni, and nationality associations) reported increased immigration stress. The findings suggest that practitioners need to be cautious of a possible downside in designing interventions to expand social networks among immigrant clients. The study is especially important in the context of a rapidly increasing immigrant population from Mainland China to the USA. Key Practitioner Message: ● Working with immigration families should incorporate assessment of their social network; ● Interventions designed to facilitate supportive social networks should differentiate different social network ties; ● Different social network ties may affect the stress level of immigrants differently.
The range implications of lizard traits in changing environments.

Aim Most predictions of species ranges are based on correlating current species localities to environmental conditions. These correlative models do not explicitly include a species’ biology. In contrast, some mechanistic models link traits to energetics and population dynamics to predict species distributions. These models enable one to ask whether considering a species’ biology is important for predicting its range. I implement mechanistic models to investigate how a species’ morphology, physiology and life history influence its range.
Financial Market Development, Economic Development and Growth Diagnostics: An Application to Peru

The purpose of this paper is two fold. First, we hope that the analysis contained here will provide policymakers in Peru with a guidepost to framing appropriate financial and economic policy. Second, we hope to offer policymakers everywhere a template to implement a similar type of “growth diagnostic” for their respective countries. In this paper we find that the macro and micro-economic milieu in Peru constitutes a binding constraint and relieving this constraint would lead to significant economic growth. A recent World Bank study and a World Economic Forum survey confirm our general findings. In addition, our analysis indicates the following: Peru is not savings or investment constrained in either domestic or international markets; Peru is clearly constrained by a lack of “High Quality” human capital; poor infrastructure in Peru results in high transportation costs causing an adverse impact on competitiveness. Surprisingly, the sophistication of Peru’s exports was not a constraint, and in fact, Peru appeared to do quite well in terms of self discovery.