cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intermittent Temporal Slowing in Cognitively Normal Oldest-old: The 90+ EEG Study (P3.214)

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between asymptomatic intermittent temporal slowing and longitudinal cognitive performance in the oldest-old, people aged 90 and over. BACKGROUND: In routine clinical practice, intermittent temporal slowing (ITS) is associated with focal cerebral lesions such as stroke or head trauma, which are also associated with cognitive impairment. In contrast, ITS is highly prevalent (>50%) in cognitively intact elderly (蠅85 years old) without any history of seizure, stroke or head trauma. The consequence of ITS is unclear as the current literature lacks longitudinal cognitive evaluations of the very elderly with asymptomatic ITS. METHODS: We evaluated 12 participants from The 90+ Study, a population based investigation of people aged 90 and older. We obtained 1-hour Standard International 10-20 System EEG within 3 months of baseline neuropsychological testing repeated every 6 months. Tests included measures of global cognition (MMSE), memory (CVLT long-delay) and language (animal fluency). Average rate of change in cognitive scores was compared in participants with (n=8) and without (n=4) ITS. RESULTS: At baseline, all participants were cognitively normal (mean MMSE: 29 (range:26-30)), mostly women (67%) with an average age of 94 years (range:91-99). The average length of follow-up was 4 years (range:1.1-4.5). We saw no difference in the average annual rate of decline in participants with and without ITS on MMSE (0.64 vs. 0.33points/year, t=0.51, p=0.62), CVLT long-delay (0.07 vs. 0.53points/year, t=1.86, p=0.10), and animal fluency (0.22 vs. 0.20points/year, t=0.05, p=0.96). One person with ITS developed dementia. CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary study, asymptomatic ITS was not associated with subsequent cognitive decline in healthy oldest-old participants. ITS may represent a benign, aging phenomenon, as opposed to an underlying pathological process, and may not require further clinical work-up in the oldest-old. However, the small sample size limits our statistical power and the results warrant a larger study to confirm the findings. Study supported by: NIH grants T32NS045540 and R01AG21055 Disclosure: Dr. Bullain has nothing to disclose. Dr. Corrada has nothing to disclose. Dr. Greenia has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kawas has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec. Dr. Kawas has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Continuum.
POLYCLONAL ANTIBODY CATALYTIC VARIABILITY

We have performed a systematic variability study of polyclonal antibody catalysis by using five rabbits immunized with the same hapten. Important results from this work are the following. (1) Similarities were observed in the catalytic polyclonal antibodies derived from all five rabbits. Four of the five rabbits produced polyclonal samples that were nearly the same in terms of catalytic activity, whereas the fifth rabbit, designated as rabbit 2, displayed a somewhat higher level of catalytic activity. The catalytic activities (as kcat/kuncat) of these polyclonal samples were similar to that from the best murine monoclonal antibody that had been previously elicited by the same hapten. (2) Titre was not an accurate indicator of polyclonal antibody catalytic activity. (3) A mathematical analysis to describe a distribution of Michaelis-Menten catalysts was performed to help interpret our results. (4) Kinetic analysis indicated that the binding parameters of the different samples were remarkably homogeneous, because one or two components were all that were required to fit the on-rate and off-rate data satisfactorily. Interestingly, the most active catalytic polyclonal sample, that from rabbit 2, displayed the slowest off-rate (so slow it could not be measured) and thus the highest overall affinity. (5) Catalytic analysis of eluted fractions of antibody from a substrate column indicated that each polyclonal sample was also relatively homogeneous in terms of catalytic parameters. The main conclusion of our study is that for this hapten-animal system, the overall catalytic immune response is relatively consistent at two levels. Consistent catalytic activity was observed between the polyclonal samples elicited in the different animals, and the elicited hapten-specific polyclonal antibodies were relatively homogeneous in terms of binding and catalytic parameters within each immunized animal. The observed similarities of the catalytic activity in the different animals is surprising, because the immune response is based on specific binding of antibodies to hapten. There is no known selective pressure to maintain consistent levels of catalytic activity. Our results can therefore be interpreted as providing evidence that for this hapten there is a fixed relationship between hapten structure and catalytic activity and/or consistent genetic factors that dominate the catalytic immune response.
The Intersection of Perceptions and Experiences of Bullying by Race and Ethnicity among Middle School Students in the United States

Little is known about how ethnic identity influences bullying. Using a racially diverse sample, we examine how within-race perceptions match experiences. We utilize bivariate probit regression to examine the correlation between actual and perceived victimization and bullying experiences. Results suggest no differences in victimization by ethnicity but perceived victimization differed across groups. Perceived and actual bullying differed across all groups. School climate acted as a protective factor against bullying and victimization, but school diversity increased the likelihood of bullying by whites and Latinos. These findings shed light on the importance of ethnic identity in understanding the etiology of bullying.
Intermittent Stimulation of the Left Vagal Nerve in Young Children with Refractory Epilepsy

Intermittent Stimulation of the Left Vagal Nerve in Young Children with Refractory Epilepsy
Vapor-liquid equilibria for some concentrated aqueous polymer solutions

Vapor-liquid-equilibrium data were obtained for binary aqueous solutions of six water-soluble linear polymers in the range 70-95°C. A classical gravimetric sorption method was used to measure the amount of solvent absorbed as a function of vapor-phase water pressure. Polymers studied were polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethyleneoxide, polyvinylalcohol, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyethylenimine, polymethylvinylether. The experimental data were reduced with Hino's lattice model that distinguished the interactions due to London dispersion forces and those due to hydrogen bonding.
Malaysia’s Coming Out! Critical Cosmopolitans, Religious Politics and Democracy

Abstract This paper explores the rise of new social movements in Malaysia in the past year, with special focus on the transformations in civil society and the changing face of politics in the country. Recently, proselytisation and LGBT rights have become deeply politicised as a result of a revival in public activism and mobilisation. Here, I examine the discourse surrounding these issues through analyses of NGO websites, press releases, news articles and other sources. The analyses reveal three emergent themes beginning with the fragmentation of Islamic authority following experiments with state Islamism, the cosmopolitanisation of a society in a post-Islamist phase and finally, the increasing public visibility of social and political movements. I argue that Malaysian society is experiencing a shift from traditional ethnic politics to more critical cosmopolitan struggles, highlighting the encounter with globalisation and heightened awareness within public consciousness of the visible presence of minority communities in society.
Interest-Relative Invariantism

In his important book Knowledge and Practical Interests, Jason Stanley advances a proposal about knowledge and the semantics of knowledge ascriptions which he calls interest-relative invariantism. A theory of knowledge ascriptions of the form 'A knows that 5" is invariantist provided that, according to the theory, every sentence of the form expresses a complete proposition when a time is assigned to the temporal variable associated with the verb 'knows' and the semantic values
Characteristics of electrorheological responses in an emulsion system

The characteristics of electrorheological (ER) responses in an emulsion system have been examined for the first time. The emulsion system consists of a chlorinated paraffin oil and a silicone oil; these two liquids have similar dielectric constants, but the former liquid is 1000 times more conductive than the latter liquid. The mismatch in electric properties between the dispersed phase and the dispersing medium can be reversed in an emulsion by inverting the phase distribution. Transient ER responses in the emulsion system have been studied over a range of shear rates following step changes (on/off) of an external dc electric field. The relative response strength characterizing the ER effect increases with the field strength and with the volume fraction of silicone oil, but decreases with increasing shear rate imposed. The paraffin oil-in-silicone oil emulsion exhibits a response much stronger than that observed in the phase-reversed silicone oil-in-paraffin oil emulsion. No negative ER response is detected in the silicone oil-in-paraffin oil emulsion. With an optical microscope, very different microscopic response characteristics are observed for the phase-reversed emulsions under static conditions, and this can be explained according to the leaky dielectric liquid model of Taylor.
Economic Consequences of Marital Dissolution

This study analyzes Weitzman's suggestion that men average a 42 percent gain and women a 73 percent decline in standard of living in the first year after divorce. A cross-sectional GSS data set of white respondents for 1983-87 is used. Family incomes of divorced women and men are compared with their married counterparts for five SES categories. For both genders, incomes of divorced persons are lower than incomes of married persons. Family incomes are regressed against a set of control variables and a marital status variable. The marital status variable was statistically significant in determining family incomes for both genders.
Sensitive gas chromatographic detection of acetaldehyde and acetone using a reduction gas detector

The response of a newly available mercuric oxide Reduction Gas Detector (RGD-2) to subpicomole and larger quantities of acetaldehyde and acetone is tested. The RGD-2 is found to be capable of subpicomole detection for these carbonyls and is more sensitive than an FID (Flame Ionization Detector) by an order of magnitude. Operating parameters can be further optimized to make the RGD-2 some 20-40 times more sensitive than an FID. The detector is linear over a wide range and is easily adapted to a conventional gas chromatograph (GC). Such a GC-RGD-2 system should be suitable for atmospheric carbonyl measurements in clean as well as polluted environments.
Electrodes for pH measurements

Abstract The experimental pH value is defined in terms of a difference in the electromotive force or tension of a pH cell containing (I) the ldunknown” solution and (2) a standard solution of assigned pH. The pH cell consists of a reference electrode, a liquid junction and an electrode whose potential is a function of pH. The potential or tension of the reference electrode, including that at the liquid junction, is assumed to remain unchanged while measurements (I) and (2) are being made and during the time interval between these measurements. Although the glass electrode is the most common pH-responsive electrode, the hydrogen electrode, the quinhydrone electrode and the antimony electrode all have their place in pH measurements. This paper describes these four indicator electrodes, discusses the advantages, limitations, and accuracy of each one, and summarizes the information needed for a selection of the best electrode for each special measuring situation.
Food deprivation-induced changes in the level of opioid peptides in the pituitary and brain of rat.

Abstract Following 1–4 days of food-deprivation (FD) male rats were sacrificed. The pituitary and different regions of brain were analyzed for β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (β-EI), dynorphin (dyn) and methionine-enkephalin (ME) content by RIA. Pituitary β-EI increased by 16, 28 and 43% on days 2, 3 and 4 of FD. In striatum also, β-EI increased by 140 and 176% on days 2 and 3 of FD. Dyn level in pituitary was not affected but decreased in hypothalamus by 20% and in striatum by 73% on the 4th day of FD. There was a significant decrease (33–55%) in ME levels in striatum, hippocampus and cortex on 4th day of FD. When food-deprived rats were fed for 24 hr, concentration of most of the opioid peptides returned to basal level. These results suggest that FD in rats affects the opioid peptide levels in a differential manner.
Some effects of a buzzer CS and a novel buzzer on self-punitive running in rats

Self-punitive behavior was demonstrated in prepunishment speeds during extinction following shock escape training in a straight runway under buzzer-CS and under no-CS conditions. The buzzer enhanced punished running (shock in the last half of the runway) and nonpunished running. The buzzer did not significantly enhance self-punitive behavior, defined as the difference between punishment conditions with faster running for punished rats than for nonpunished rats. Introduction of a novel buzzer at the beginning of extinction enhanced both punished and nonpunished running relative to no-CS conditions but had no effect on selfpunitive behavior. Discontinuance of the buzzer CS at the end of acquisition eliminated selfpunitive behavior during extinction. The results were interpreted as supporting explanations of self-punitive behavior in terms of fear conditioning and conflict resolution.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia in a patient with multiple sclerosis following treatment with mitoxantrone.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia in a patient with multiple sclerosis following treatment with mitoxantrone
Career counselling: A process in process

Abstract Career counselling, career guidance, and career interventions are terms in the process of evolution. Historical and contemporary factors in the US experience that have changed and expanded the needs for career counselling and related career interventions are discussed. For many work-adjustment problems, in particular, there is a growing acknowledgement that career and personal counselling must fuse. Where this fusion occurs, on a continuum from choice, indecision, and situational concerns to change, indecisiveness, and personal concerns, is analysed.
Using scribble gestures to enhance editing behaviors of sketch recognition systems

Mechanix is a computer-assisted tutoring system for engineering students. It uses recognition of freehand sketches to provide instant, detailed, and formative feedback as a student progresses through each homework problem. By using recognition algorithms, the system allows students to solve free-body diagrams and truss problems as if they were using a pen and paper. However, the system currently provides little support for students to edit their drawings by using free hand sketches. Specifically, students may wish to delete part or the whole of a line or shape, and the natural response is to scribble that part of shape out. We developed a new method for integrating scribble gestures into a sketch recognition system. The algorithm automatically identifies and distinguishes scribble gestures from regular drawing input using three features. If the stroke is classified as a scribble, then the algorithm further decides which shape or which part of shape to be deleted. Instead of using slower brute-force methods, we use geometric-based linear-time algorithms which efficiently detect a scribble gesture and remove the intended shapes in real-time.
On the "selling" of academic research to industry

Technology transfer does not happen automatically. One of the primary reasons that academic research fails to be adopted by industrial practitioners is that the benefits of doing so are not obvious. In contrast, the perceived drawbacks of even attempting to do so are easy to enumerate. This paper argues that academics need to be a better job of "selling" their research to industry in order to facilitate the transfer of their results. One facet of this self-marketing effort is to pro-actively address some of the likely objections that someone from industry might have, such as convincing them that academic research is relevant to their work, that successful prior collaborations are applicable to their situation, and that they will definitely see a short-term return on their investment.
Democracy And Bureaucracy in a Community Planning Process

The implementation of efforts to revitalize poor communities through participatory, collaborative planning efforts is often problematic. In part, this is because the organization of these efforts embodies an inherent tension between an ideology of associational action and local democracy on the one hand and an adherence to essentially rational-bureaucratic approaches to planning and implementation on the other. This article conceptualizes this tension and examines its unfolding and implications in comprehensive community initiatives through an in-depth case study of one such effort.
Are Mapmakers Able to Target and Protect Congressional Incumbents? The Institutional Dynamics of Electoral Competition

Can those in charge of redistricting foster electoral competitiveness by targeting some congressional incumbents while protecting others from potent competition? We provide an answer by presenting ...
Actions of SQ 29,548 on contractile responses and arachidonic acid metabolism of intrapulmonary arteries, in vitro.

This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of SQ 29, 548, a thromboxane (TX) A2 receptor antagonist, on contractile responses and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism of bovine intrapulmonary arterial (IPA) rings. The contractile responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), histamine, phenylephrine, and potassium chloride (KCl) were not significantly altered by 10−8 M SQ 29, 548 in either endotheliumintact or denuded IPA. The concentration of SQ 29,548 was chosen as it reduced the response to 10−7 M U46619, a TXA2 mimetic, by 50%. AA metabolism by IPA produced more PGI2 whereas that by intrapulmonary vein (IPV) produced more PGE2. SQ 29,548 in concentrations of 10−8 to 10−5 M did not affect the activity of PGI2 synthase or GSH-dependent PGE2 isomerase in IPA or IPV microsomal fractions. No microsomal TXA2 synthase activity was detectable. SQ 29,548 had no effect on PGH synthase activity of IPA or IPV. The data indicate the presence of a TXA2-mediated contractile response in the IPA which is endothelium-independent and is selectively antagonized by SQ 29,548. The data further indicate that the contractile responses of IPA to 5-HT, histamine, phenylephrine, and KCl do not have a TXA2-mediated component. It is suggested that SQ 29,548 is a pharmacological probe to determine the role of TXA2 n pathophysiologic states in the pulmonary vascular bed and may be a therapeutic agent to treat pulmonary hypertensive disorders in which TXA2 is involved.
NEST SUCCESS OF BLACK-BACKED WOODPECKERS IN FORESTS WITH MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE OUTBREAKS IN THE BLACK HILLS, SOUTH DAKOTA

Abstract Black-backed Woodpeckers (Picoides arcticus) are burned-forest specialists that rely on beetles (Coleoptera) for food. In the Black Hills, South Dakota, standing dead forests resulting from mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks offer food resources for Black-backed Woodpeckers, in addition to providing habitat similar to burned forest. However, data on reproductive rates in these habitats are lacking. We estimated nest success and evaluated factors affecting nest survival of Black-backed Woodpeckers in beetle-killed forests in the Black Hills in 2004 and 2005. Nest success was 78% (n = 12) in 2004 and 44% (n = 31) in 2005. Fledging rates per pair were 2.0 ± 0.3 SE (n = 12) and 1.4 ± 0.3 SE (n = 28) in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Our results showed that temporal effects (e.g., age, date, and year) had the greatest influence on nest survival. Nest age was the most important predictor of daily nest survival; survival was higher in older nests. Nest survival was also lower later i...
An early-onset congenic strain of the motor neuron degeneration (mnd) mouse.

Abstract The mouse mutant motor neuron degeneration (mnd/mnd) has been proposed as a model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) on the basis of widespread abnormal accumulating lipopigment and neuronal and retinal degeneration. Clinically, the mutant on a C57Bl/6 genetic background shows a progressive motor abnormality starting by 6 months of age, with death prior to 12 months. When mnd is outcrossed to the AKR/J genetic background, ca. 40% of the mnd/mnd F2 progeny show early onset (onset by 4.5–5 months and death by 7 months). A congenic strain of mnd has now been produced by eight generations of backcross onto the AKR background. Mice on this background show average onset at 4 months, and most are moribund prior to 5.5 months. The early onset appears to correlate with levels of abnormal accumulating material, and should prove useful in elucidating NCL neurodegenerative mechanisms.
Mobility analysis of general bi-modal four bar linkages based on their transmission angle

Abstract The equation Z = (cos2μ) − 1 = 0, where μ is the transmission angle of an R-S-S-R four bar linkage, is shown to be a fourth order polynomial in t (the tangent of the half of the input angle). It is further shown that the mobility of the linkage is related to the number of the real roots of this quartic equation as follows: • 0 real roots: crank-rocker or drag link; • 2 real roots: double rocker; • 4 real roots: special double rocker or rocker (input)-crank. The conditions for the number of real roots are developed in terms of the explicit conditions on the linkage parameters. As subsets of these conditions, the Grashof mobility criteria for planar and spherical four-bars are developed.
When Missions Matter: Professional Priorities and the “Stepchild” of Supervisory Programs

If there is a clear bottom line to the literature on political control of the bureaucracy, it is that control is never complete. Principals can be multiple, priorities diverse, preferences for policy incomplete and not articulated, and intentional choice lost in the muddle. Yet as long as bureaucratic studies remain focused upon outside political actors, or at best, the political appointee at the helm of an agency, we will not make many advances in our understanding of important organizational dynamics that act as an independent force upon the phenomenon of bureaucratic behavior. This article suggests a politically cognizant return to the bureaucracy by examining the distinct management efforts of the Fed, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the FDIC to supervise the consumer and civil rights obligations of banks, known collectively as “compliance” obligations. The same mandates, issued and overseen by the same political principals, and implemented within common professional cultures, have been managed in ways that vary in the context of each agency's organizational mission. It is argued that organizational mission provides an empirical link between the priorities and mandates imposed from a system of “overhead democracy,” and the influential priorities of a common professional group (bank examiners) in each of the agencies.
An evaluation of commercially available biological filters for recirculating aquaculture systems

Abstract Three different commercially available biological filters were evaluated in triplicate on a 60 m3 tank-based Tilapia system under commercial warmwater growout conditions. The study was performed at the North Carolina State University Fish Barn—a commercial scale research and demonstration recirculating aquaculture facility operated by the department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering. Total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) removal rates were determined for the three types of biofilters for a range of concentrations ranging from 0.13 to 1.20 g TAN m−3. TAN concentrations were varied by feed rates and ammonium chloride additions, and limited by fish feeding response. Maximum feed rates were 65 kg feed d−1 using a 40% protein diet at a maximum biomass of 5500 kg. Average observed TAN removal rates (in g TAN m−3 of unexpanded media d−1 ± standard deviation) for the three filters were 267 ± 123, 586 ± 284, and 667 ± 344 for the moving bed bioreactor, floating bead filter, and fluidized sand filter, respectively. These results are considerably lower than results previously published at the laboratory scale using artificial waste nutrients. This study highlights the need for future biofilter evaluations at the commercial scale using real aquaculture waste nutrients.
Complex vascular bundles, thick ascending limbs, and aquaporins: wringing out the outer medulla

despite its small mass, the renal inner medulla plays a pivotal role in homeostasis. It adjusts the solute, water, and proton content of the final urine to match the excretory needs of the organism. The large glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by high-flow, low-gradient processing in the proximal
Updated 2008 Surface Snowmelt Trends in Antarctica

Surface snowmelt in Antarctica in 2008, as derived from spaceborne passive microwave observations at 19.35 gigahertz, was 40% below the average of the period 1987–2007. The melting index (MI, a measure of where melting occurred and for how long) in 2008 was the second-smallest value in the 1987–2008 period, with 3,465,625 square kilometers times days (km2 x days) against the average value of 8,407,531 km2 x days (Figure 1a). Melt extent (ME, the extent of the area subject to melting) in 2008 set a new minimum with 297,500 square kilometers, against an average value of approximately 861,812 square kilometers. The 2008 updated melting index and melt extent trends over the whole continent, as derived from a linear regression approach, are −164,487 km2 x days per year (MI) and −11,506 square kilometers per year (ME), respectively.
A natural history of cleidocranial dysplasia.

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia associated with clavicle hypoplasia and dental abnormalities. The condition is caused by mutations in the CBFA1 gene, a transcription factor that activates osteoblast differentiation. Clinical characteristics associated with CCD have previously been described in case reports and small case series. This study was undertaken to gain a more complete delineation of clinical complications associated with CCD. The study population was composed of 90 CCD individuals and 56 relative controls ascertained from genetic and dental practices in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia. A number of previously unrecognized complications were significantly increased including: genua valga, scoliosis, pes planus, sinus infections, upper respiratory complications, recurrent otitis media, and hearing loss. Primary Cesarean section rate was significantly increased compared to relative controls and the general population rate. Finally, dental abnormalities, including supernumerary teeth, failure of exfoliation of the primary dentition, and malocclusion, are serious and complex problems that require intervention. Clinical recommendations based on the results of this study are included.
Wind Tunnel Evaluation of PM10 Samplers

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated new national ambient air quality standards for PM10 (particles smaller than 10 μm aerodynamic diameter). Samplers used to collect PM10 must be subjected to wind tunnel tests before they can be approved as part of a designated reference or equivalent method. Monodisperse liquid and solid particles are used over a range of particle sizes and windspeeds to characterize the sampling effectiveness and 50 percent cutpoint of candidate samplers. This paper describes an EPA wind tunnel test facility, sampler test procedures, and the results of selected sampler tests with liquid and solid test particles. The agreement between wind tunnel results and observations from field measurements of ambient particulate matter is also discussed. 1The information contained in this article does not necessarily reflect Environmental Protection Agency policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Factoring fuzzy transitivity

Transitivity of a precise weak preference relation implies that its asymmetric component (strict preference) and its symmetric component (indifference) are transitive and conversely the transitivity of strict preference and indifference implies that the underlying weak preference relation is transitive. This paper examines to what extent analogous results may be obtained for the different transitivity conditions and different methods for deriving strict preference and indifference being used in the literature of choice with fuzzy preferences.
Homogeneous Catalysis: A Wedding of Theory and Experiment. The Eugene J. Houdry Award Address

Abstract Great Britaiin dominated the chemical industry, particularly the dyestuff industyr, during the last half of the nineteenth century. William Henry Perkin, who had a post at the Royal College of Chemistry in London when he was 17, but who was working at the time in his home laboratory, oxidizedaniline sulfate with k2Cr2O7 and obtained the dye aniline purple or mauve. Recognizing its potential, he resigned his academic position and together with his father began commercial manufacture of the dye when he was 19 years old. Perkin retired in 1874 at the age of 36to devote ful time to research. The other important dye stuff at the time was indigo. Under Imperial Britain, India in 1890 produced 5 million pounds of indigo from the woad plant; its selling price was $3/lb. Chemists at Badische Anilin and Soda Fabrik had been trying to synthesize indigo for many years and in 1897, after 18 years of research, the company achieved the first commercial synthesis. The major stumbling block in the process had bee...
Heat exchangers for use in the culturing of marine organisms

Marine Biological experiments often require controlling the seawater temperature in flowing culture systems. This heating or cooling of seawater is generally accomplished with a heat exchanger and an intermediary fluid. The major consideration in the choice of a heat exchanger is often finding a unit whose material is compatible with seawater, with the culture organisms and with the objectives of the individual experimental programs. Researchers, over the years, have used a variety of heat exchanger types and materials. Unfortunately there is currently no central source of information on this accumulated experience.
Substrate current model for submicrometer MOSFETs based on mean free path analysis

The nonequilibrium effects of hot carriers are investigated to analyze avalanche generation for submicrometer MOSFET devices. A simple analytical expression for the impact ionization utilizing the mean free path concept is developed. It is incorporated into a conventional drift-diffusion equation solver (PISCES) to obtain the substrate current in submicrometer MOSFET devices. The transconductance for high drain bias and breakdown conditions are analyzed based on the proposed impact ionization model. >
Carotid endarterectomy in octogenarians: comparison with patient characteristics and outcomes in younger patients.

Abstract Objectives: Carotid endarterectomy has been shown to be of clear benefit to selected patients. However, recent trials of carotid endarterectomy versus best medical therapy have excluded octogenarians, and some authors have suggested that carotid endarterectomy would have an unfavorable cost-benefit relationship in octogenarians. We compared patients and results for carotid endarterectomy in octogenarians and younger patients. Methods: We reviewed the results for 582 primary carotid endarterectomies (90 in octogenarians and 492 in younger patients) performed in 528 patients between February 1, 1985, and January 31, 1998 (all data were collected prospectively for the most recent 301 carotid endarterectomies). Conventional surgical technique was used with general anesthesia, selective shunting, and selective patching. Main outcome measures were perioperative and late ipsilateral stroke and death. Results: The two groups were similar with respect to indications for carotid endarterectomy and patient characteristics, except that octogenarians were more likely to have histories of congestive heart failure or hypertension and less likely to have histories of smoking or chronic lung disease. Carotid endarterectomy was performed for asymptomatic disease in 27% of the octogenarians and 33% of the younger patients ( P =.31). Stenosis was ≥80% in 90% of the octogenarians and 78% of the younger patients ( P =.014). Perioperative strokes, all of which were ipsilateral, occurred in one octogenarian (1.1%) and eight younger patients (1.6%, P = 1.00). No octogenarians and two younger patients died within 30 days of surgery ( P = 1.00). Length of stay and direct costs associated with carotid endarterectomy were similar for octogenarians and younger patients. Late strokes occurred in two octogenarians (one ipsilateral) and four younger patients (two ipsilateral). Life table estimates of freedom from ipsilateral stroke at 2 years were 98% and 97% for octogenarians and younger patients, respectively (log-rank P =.69), and life table estimates of patient survival at 4 years were 81% and 89% for octogenarians and younger patients, respectively ( P =.11). Octogenarians represented an increasing fraction of the carotid endarterectomies performed during the study period. Conclusions: Octogenarians selected for carotid endarterectomy were similar to younger patients with respect to indications for carotid endarterectomy and comorbidities. Early mortality, early and late neurologic outcome, complications, and resource utilization were similar for the two groups, and more than 75% of octogenarians survived 4 years after undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Cost-benefit analyses for carotid endarterectomy, which are highly sensitive to expected patient survival, might not be pertinent to individual patient situations. Intellectually intact octogenarians without unusually severe comorbidities are good candidates for and should be offered the benefits of carotid endarterectomy. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:927-35.)
Cervical spine anomalies in Weaver syndrome; a diagnostic clue in adults

Weaver syndrome was initially described as an overgrowth syndrome with advanced bone age and characteristic facies in two unrelated males (Weaver et al., 1974). Subsequent reports included only sporadic cases. More recently, autosomal dominant inheritance has been established (Fryer et al., 1997; Proud et al., 1998). In these multiplex families, the diagnosis has not been readily apparent in affected parents. This difficulty appears to be related to the evolving phenorype (Greenberg et al., 1989) and variability in expression with biased ascertainment Anticipation may be operative, but analysis of additional families is needed to support this suggestion. This reports describes affected half-brothers who manifest tall stature, advanced bone age, camptodactyly, characteristic facies, mild contractures of major joints and developmental delay. Their father, apart from tall stature (206.5 cm) had normal hands and facies and no joint restrictions. Photographs of the father as a child did not show facial features suggesting Weaver syndrome and he had had normal cognitive development as a child. However, all three had an element of cervical kyphosis and lateral films of the cervical spine demonstrated odontoid hypoplasia and anomalous development of C-3 in one brother, C-4 in the other brother and C-5 in the father. MRI's demonstrated stenosis of the cervical spine but no evidence of spinal cord compression. All three had broad femoral necks. The proband in the family was diagnosed prenatally to have a sacrococcygeal teratoma that was surgically removed neonatally. Two additional instances of tumors in children with Weaver syndrome are known to the author. These observations suggest that the underlying defect in Weaver syndrome may involve a growth factor which predisposes to tumor formation. A collaborative effort is underway to map the Weaver syndrome gene. Additional families with this disorder are being sought for this project. Potential collaborators may contact the author at TEK8S@virginia.edu.
Chemical stability of amorphous materials: specific and general media effects in the role of water in the degradation of freeze-dried zoniporide.

ABSTRACT: The objective of the present work was to determine whether hydrolysis in a model lyophile was influenced by general media effects with water-changing properties of the medium or via a specific mechanism of water as a reactant. Four formulations of zoniporide and sucrose (1:10) were prepared with variable amounts of sorbitol [0%–25% (w/v) of total solids). These formulations were then equilibrated at 6% and 11% relative humidity using saturated salt solutions. The lyophile cakes were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetery (DSC), (isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC), solid- state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance (DFR) spectroscopy. DSC and IMC were used to assess the global molecular mobility. ssNMR relaxation times were measured to access local mobility. The DFR was used to determine the solid-state acidity expressed as the Hammett acidity function. Stability of samples was evaluated at 40°C by monitoring potency and purity by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results were interpreted in terms of the various roles of water: media effect, plasticization, polarity, and reactant. The kinetics of hydrolysis was observed to be correlated with either/both specific “chemical” effects, that is, water reactant as well as media effect, specifically global molecular mobility of the matrix. Increase in reaction rate with increase in water content is not linear and is a weaker dependence than in some hydrolytic reactions in organic solvents. A moderate amount of an inert plasticizer, sorbitol, conferred additional stabilization, possibly by restricting the amplitude and frequency of fast motions that are on a small length scale.
Evidence for the Glycosylation of the Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor

The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) was overexpressed in WEHI-3B D+ myelomonocytic leukemia cells by the transfection of an expression plasmid containing the murine G-CSFR cDNA. Two different forms of the G-CSFR were observed in these cells by western blotting. Metabolic labeling and cell surface labeling demonstrated that the majority of the G-CSFR exists in a non-mature form and is presumably present in the cytoplasm as a 115-kDa protein. A relatively small portion of the G-CSFR is present as the fully mature form on the cell surface as a 150-kDa protein; this form of the G-CSFR binds to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Both the mature and non-mature forms of the G-CSFR appear to be N-glycosylated, as determined by glycanase digestion and inhibition of glycosylation by tunicamycin. Glycosylation of the G-CSFR may be of importance for the transport of the receptor to the cell surface.
Water-soluble PEGylated silicon nanoparticles and their assembly into swellable nanoparticle aggregates

Water-soluble silicon nanoparticles were synthesized by grafting PEG polymers onto function- alized silicon nanoparticles with distal alkyne or azide moieties. The surface-functionalized silicon nanopar- ticles were produced in one step from the reactive high-energy ball milling (RHEBM) of silicon wafers with a mixture of either 5-chloro-1-pentyne in 1-pen- tyne or 1,7 octadiyne in 1-hexyne to afford air and water-stable chloroalkyl or alkynyl-terminated nano- particles, respectively. Nanoparticles with the x- chloroalkyl substituents were easily converted to x- azidoalkyl groups through the reaction of the Si nanoparticles with sodium azide in DMF. The azido- terminated nanoparticles were then grafted with mono-alkynyl-PEG polymers using a copper- catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reac- tion to afford core-shell silicon nanoparticles with a covalently attached PEG shell. Covalently linked Si nanoparticle clusters were synthesized via the CuAAC ''click'' reaction of functional Si NPs with a,x- functional PEG polymers of various lengths. Dynamic light scattering studies show that the flexible globular nanoparticle aggregates undergo a solvent-dependent change in volume (ethanol ( dichloromethane ( tol- uene) similar in behavior to hydrogel nanocomposites.
An adjustment to the higher taxonomy of the fossil Stomatopoda

As a result of cladistic analyses involving fossil hoplocaridans, the palaeostomatopods emerge as paraphyletic. Consequently, the genus Archaeocaris requires a separate family, erected herein. A partir des resultats d'analyses cladistiques incluant les formes hoplocarides fossiles, les palaeostomatopodes emergent comme paraphyletiques. En consequence le genre Archaeocaris necessite la creation d'une famille separee, ce que nous faisonsici.
Book Review Essay: Revisiting the Meaning of Meaningful Work

The article presents reviews for the books “The Work Ethic in Industrial America 1850–1920,” by Daniel T. Rodgers and “The Working Life: The Promise and Betrayal of Modern Work,” by Joanne B. Ciulla.
The Experience of Time at Work: Relationship to Communication Load, Job Satisfaction, and Interdepartmental Communication

This study examined 393 organizational members' reported communication load, job satisfaction, and interdepartmental communication satisfaction in relation to their experience of time along eleven dimensions—flexibility, linearity, pace, punctuality, delay, scheduling, separation, urgency, scarcity, and future and present time foci. Results indicate that organizational members who experienced their time as more delayed, more flexible, and more oriented toward the future tended to report higher levels of communication load. Additionally, members who characterized their work as more punctual and oriented toward the future were more satisfied with their jobs, while those who experienced work as faster paced were less satisfied. Finally, the organizational members most satisfied with communication among departments reported their work patterns as more linear and more strongly oriented toward the future, while members who reported their work as more delayed were least satisfied with such interdepartmental inte...
CMOS-Compatible Microring Modulators for Nanophotonic Interconnect

We demonstrate a 6Gbps CMOS-compatible SOI microring modulators that uses carrier injection. Nanophotonic interconnect systems employing such devices can boost the performance of many-core computation in data centers.
Discovery-Based Discourse

In the current wave of teaching reform in the na tion's schools, scientists are in position to play a crucial role. Simply put, we are models of what everyone agrees pupils should say and do. We in vestigate, we think critically, we imagine, we use intuition, we are playful, and we think on our feet and with our hands. "Hands-on," "discovery based" activity is what we do for a living. The connection between doing science and teaching science to youngsters ought, therefore, to be an easy one to make. Clearly scientists can con tribute directly to the design of new teaching mod els?and have. There has been much development of science-teaching programs over the past 20 years, with activity ranging from systemic cur riculum reform to enrichment programs that train teachers in the use of new hands-on methods.
Correlates of depressive symptoms among women undergoing the menopausal transition.

Abstract Objective Studies indicate that approximately 25% of women undergoing the menopausal transition experience depressive symptoms. The purpose of this study was to examine whether menopausal status was associated with the experiencing of depression among midlife women, to assess which demographic and health habit characteristics were associated with depressive symptoms experienced during the menopausal transition, and to analyze the associations between hormone levels and depressive symptoms. Methods Data from a community-based sample of 634 women aged 45 to 54 years were analyzed. Each participant completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample that was used to measure estrogen and androgen concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Results Approximately 25% of the women in the study were experiencing depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥16). The data showed that being a current smoker, having little/no regular physical activity, being in poor health, and reporting a greater number of menopausal symptoms were independently and significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Menopausal status and the measured hormone levels were not significant independent correlates of depressive symptoms. Conclusions These findings confirm the relatively high prevalence of depressive symptoms among midlife women and suggest that certain demographic, health habit, and menopausal symptom characteristics may be more important correlates of depressive symptoms in midlife than menopausal status and hormone levels.
On implementing a computation

To clarify the notion of computation and its role in cognitive science, we need an account of implementation, the nexus between abstract computations and physical systems. I provide such an account, based on the idea that a physical system implements a computation if the causal structure of the system mirrors the formal structure of the computation. The account is developed for the class of combinatorial-state automata, but is sufficiently general to cover all other discrete computational formalisms. The implementation relation is non-vacuous, so that criticisms by Searle and others fail. This account of computation can be extended to justify the foundational role of computation in artificial intelligence and cognitive science.
Certain cardiac risk factors predict risk factor interventions and influence communication between physicians and patients

We assessed predictors of cardiac risk factor testing and services and the degree of concordance among patients, physicians, and the medical records for these services, and found considerable variability among different risk factors. The data suggest that baseline risk factors influence communication and performance of interventions and that physicians appear to be underestimating the importance of treating multiple risk factors simultaneously.