cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamical downscaling of short-term climate fluctuations: On the benefits of precipitation assimilation

[1] Regional downscaling has proven useful in adding details to the global solution. However, the parameterized physical processes can systematically deviate the large-scale features in the regional solution. To demonstrate the precipitation assimilation beneficial impact on the dynamical downscaling, a regional spectral model driven by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project II (NCEP/DOE AMIP-II) Reanalysis was used to downscale the large-scale features over most of North America. The North American Regional Reanalysis provided the 3-hourly precipitation rates that the regional model employed to simulate two opposite extreme climate events: the upper Mississippi River Basin 1988 drought and 1993 floods. In addition to these two cases, the 1990 summer anomalous precipitation over the same area was also investigated. Precipitation assimilation positively influences the dynamical downscaling of these extreme climate events. The regional model when assimilating precipitation was particularly successful in reproducing the observed precipitation patterns over the central United States, where the large-scale circulation affects the precipitation variability. Particularly for the flood year, the intensity and location of the subtropical upper-level westerly jet and its associated transverse circulations were noticeably improved in the regional simulations, where the heavy precipitation core was found. This also suggests that the cumulus convection scheme, in this case the Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert parameterization scheme, can cause the large-scale features to drift during the regional simulation, and precipitation assimilation reduces this departure from the global solution. These changes in the upper-level winds were also followed by better characterization of the drought of 1988 as well as the 1990 summer heavy precipitation simulation, in comparison to regional control simulations, where precipitation was not assimilated.
His Master's Voice(over): Revisionist Ethos and Narrative Dependence from Broken Arrow (1950) to Geronimo: An American Legend (1993)

(1996). His Master's Voice(over): Revisionist Ethos and Narrative Dependence from Broken Arrow (1950) to Geronimo: An American Legend (1993) ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 9, The American West Re-Imagined, pp. 15-29.
On the dielectric susceptibility spectra of supercooled o-terphenyl

Supercooled o-terphenyl has been the subject of many investigations including dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. Due to the low dielectric strength and the tendency to crystallize at elevated temperatures, a detailed shape analysis of the loss profile from the glass transition temperature Tg to ∼1.2Tg is not available for the neat glass former. Assessing the origin of the different temperature dependencies of translational and rotational motions in supercooled liquids and its possible connection to heterogeneity requires this knowledge regarding the possible changes in the relaxation-time distribution across the 100s–100ns relaxation-time range. This note provides this information for o-terphenyl on the basis of a master curve representation: time-temperature superposition applies with a constant stretching exponent of β=0.5 in the range of interest.
Acute leukemia and cytogenetic abnormalities complicating melphalan treatment of primary systemic amyloidosis.

• We followed up 153 patients with biopsy-proven primary systemic amyloidosis to determine their risk for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia or a dysmyelopoietic syndrome. In 10 patients cytogenetic abnormalities developed consistent with alkylatorinduced damage to hematopoietic cells. In this group, the total melphalan dose ranged from 476 to 2450 mg (median, 1764 mg) administered over 21 to 92 months (median, 38 months). Eight of the 10 patients died as a direct result of pancytopenia, 1 died of progressive renal amyloid, and 1 remains alive with persistent complex cytogenetic abnormalities. Four patients had acute nonlymphocytic leukemia; 5 had a dysmyelopoietic syndrome; and 1 had a nondiagnostic bone marrow examination. Although only 6.5% of the entire group had leukemia or a dysmyelopoietic syndrome, the actuarial risk in patients surviving 3.5 years was 21%. Median survival from onset of dysmyelopoietic syndrome or acute leukemia was 8.1 months. ( Arch Intern Med . 1990;150:629-633)
The local discontinuous Galerkin method for three-dimensional shallow water flow

We formulate and present a stability analysis for the local discontinuous Galerkin method applied to a model of three-dimensional shallow water flow. This model is described by the Navier–Stokes equations, assuming hydrostatic pressure. The resulting system of equations is given by momentum equations for the x and y components of velocity, the continuity equation, which is used to solve for the vertical component of velocity, and an equation describing the motion of the free surface. Our analysis includes the full nonlinearities in the model with no simplifying assumptions and accounts for the movement of the mesh due to the free surface. To our knowledge this is the first analysis of any numerical scheme for this complex system of equations. Numerical results are presented which demonstrate the accuracy of the method for a problem with a known analytical solution. � 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Detroit: Urbanism Moves West: Palisaded Fur-Trade Center to Diversified Manufacturing City

Detroit was founded in 1701 as a French fur-trading center. The British period (1760–1796) is documented archaeologically by grave goods, military palisade and picket remains, military buttons, lead balls, Chinese export porcelain, and a handful of other sherds. During the first two American decades, Detroit remained a fur-trading center. From 1820 to 1850, Detroit served mainly as a farmer's center. By 1870, Detroit was becoming a manufacturing center; both locally and in adjacent Michigan and Ontario, Detroit-made goods are known archaeologically.
Recent Work on the Interstellar Medium

Emphasis in this review of current problems in the study of the interstellar medium is on a few specialized topics. The first treated is the problem of the cloud structures and the velocity fields in the interstellar gas. Another section deals with the observations suggesting the presence of dust as well as gas in the medium and with the proposed nature of the dust grains. These grains were the first indicators of the presence of a general galactic magnetic field and are believed to be catalytic agents in the formation of molecules in the gas. The status of current observational investigations of the magnetic field and of current theoretical studies of the formation of interstellar molecules is described. Finally, very recent observations in the microwave spectrum of the hydroxyl radical are outlined. These suggest the availability of new and surprising information about conditions in the interstellar medium.
Experimental Testbed for Testing a Robotics Based Identification Method

As satellite on-orbit service operations become increasingly aggressive and complex (such as on-orbit refueling, rescuing, repairing, etc.), the need for identifying varied inertial properties of a satellite is becoming a critical task. The importance of this task stems from the dependence of spacecraft’s guidance, navigation and control system on these properties. In order to accurately control a spacecraft, its control system must be capable of fully identifying these properties as they change. Previous techniques use thruster firing or momentum wheels to accomplish this task. However a newly developed robotics based method requires measuring the spacecraft’s velocity changes only, which can be induced by an onboard robotic arm powered by solar energy. This paper gives a brief overview of this method and then focuses on the design of experimental verification of the method. The verification consists of a series of experiments including a simulated microgravity test onboard the NASA JSC Reduced Gravity aircraft in order to accurately simulate an environment similar to a flying satellite in orbit.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The relationship between objective and perceived fit with academic major, adaptability, and major-related outcomes

Abstract This study examined the effects of fit with college major on major commitment, GPA, college satisfaction, and changing one’s major. We further examined how individual adaptability may moderate the importance of fit on these outcomes. College students (N = 198; 160 women and 38 men; mean age = 19.14 years) completed an interest inventory used to assess objective fit with major, and also indicated their perceived fit with major. Results revealed little correlation between perceived fit and objective fit, with differential relationships to these outcomes. Perceived fit showed stronger positive correlations with affective major commitment and academic self-efficacy than did objective fit. Regarding the moderating role of adaptability, individuals higher in adaptability reported higher institutional satisfaction when there was lower perceived fit. Adaptability also had a main effect on major-related outcomes above and beyond the effects of fit. Practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
The teacher efficacy for inclusive practices (TEIP) scale: dimensionality and factor structure

The Teacher Efficacy for Inclusive Practices (TEIP) scale is designed to measure teacher-self efficacy to teach in inclusive classrooms. The original study identified three scale factors: efficacy in using inclusive instruction (EII), efficacy in collaboration (EC), and efficacy in managing behavior (EMB) (Sharma et al., 2012). The purpose of our study was to examine the TEIP scale for dimensionality and to cross-validate its factor structure for pre-service teachers in the context of early childhood education. A bifactor model fit to the data revealed that the TEIP scale is essentially unidimensional, that is, there is one dominant latent factor and the originally found three scale factors (EII, EC, and EMB) represent specific aspects of the general factor of teacher self-efficacy to teach in inclusive classrooms. Along with providing validation evidence, these findings have important implications for the scoring on the TEIP scale using classical test analysis or unidimensional item response theory models.
Optimal intervention strategies for cyclic therapeutic methods with fixed-length duration of effect

When implementing chemotherapy, it is possible to decrease the likelihood of visiting undesirable states by finding the right dose schedules that maximizes the benefit to toxicity ratio of a delivered drug. Therapies in a typical practice are usually administered in cycles. If treatment is applied at the beginning of a cycle, then the patient will be under the influence of the drug for some period of time, after which there can be a recovery phase. In this paper, we present a methodology to devise optimal intervention policies in Markovian genetic regulatory networks for the class of cyclic therapeutic methods where interventions have fixed-length duration of effectiveness.
A Fourier Optics Method for Calculating Stellar Occultation Light Curves by Objects with Thin Atmospheres

A stellar occultation occurs when a solar system object passes in front of a distant star. The light curves resulting from stellar occultations can reveal many aspects of the obscuring object. For airless bodies, the diffraction light curve specifies the object's size, distance and, if several chords are observed, shape. Occultation light curves are especially sensitive to the presence of atmospheres; the refraction light curve is a function of the atmosphere's density, pressure, and temperature profiles. The goal of this paper is to develop a practical algorithm to model the simultaneous effects of diffraction and refraction for objects in which both phenomena are observable. The algorithm we present is flexible: it can be used to calculate light curves by objects with arbitrary shapes and arbitrary atmospheres (including the presence of opacity sources such as hazes), provided that the atmosphere can be represented by a thin screen with a phase delay and an opacity defined at each location in the screen. Because the algorithm is limited at present to thin atmospheres (in which rays from a star are bent but undergo virtually no translation as they pass through an atmosphere), the gas giants, Earth, Mars, and Venus are not treated. Examples of stellar occultations are presented for round or irregularly shaped objects having thin atmospheres of various column densities.
Incorporating non-linear lumped elements in FDTD: the equivalent source method

SUMMARY A new approach is presented for modelling three-dimensional lumped elements in the "nite-di!erence time-domain (FDTD) solution of Maxwell’s equations. The "nite-di!erence equations for the lumped element’s circuit behaviour are derived to produce discrete relationships between the device’s terminal currents and voltages. These di!erence equations are then implemented in the FDTD grid with equivalent voltage and current sources based on static "eld approximations. The method can be used for a wide range of applications which include lumped elements that may be passive, active, linear, non-linear, single, and multiple port devices. The underlying advantages of modelling a lumped element in this manner as compared to the more traditional extended FDTD technique is that the lumped element is easily extended across multiple FDTD cells and the need for a separate transcendental equation solver is eliminated. The method is demonstrated by a speci"c example based on the Curtice}Cubic non-linear model for a MESFET. The s-parameters from an FDTD simulation are compared to the manufacturer’s measured data and to results from simulations using Hewlett-Packard’s Microwave Design System (MDS). Finally, the method is used to model the MESFET in a three port oscillator. Copyright ( 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emissions of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PAHs from legacy on-road heavy-duty diesel engines.

Abstract Exhaust emissions of seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxin/furan (PCDD/F) congeners, tetra–octa PCDD/F homologues, 12 WHO 2005 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, mono–nona chlorinated biphenyl homologues, and 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from three legacy diesel engines were investigated. The three engines tested were a 1985 model year GM 6.2 J-series engine, a 1987 model year Detroit Diesel Corporation 6V92 engine, and a 1993 model year Cummins L10 engine. Results were compared to United States’ mobile source inventory for on-road diesel engines, as well as historic and modern diesel engine emission values. The test fuel contained chlorine at 9.8 ppm which is 1.5 orders of magnitude above what is found in current diesel fuel and 3900 ppm sulfur to simulate fuels that would have been available when these engines were produced. Results indicate PCDD/F emissions of 13.1, 7.1, and 13.6 pg International Toxic Equivalency (I-TEQ) L −1 fuel consumed for the three engines respectively, where non-detects are equal to zero. This compares with a United States’ mobile source on-road diesel engine inventory value of 946 pg I-TEQ L −1 fuel consumed and 1.28 pg I-TEQ L −1 fuel consumed for modern engines equipped with a catalyzed diesel particle filter and urea selective catalytic reduction. PCB emissions are 2 orders of magnitude greater than modern diesel engines. PAH results are representative of engines from this era based on historical values and are 3–4 orders of magnitude greater than modern diesel engines.
Transient growth and thinning of the barrier oxide layer on iron measured by real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry

Abstract The transient growth and thinning of the passive film on iron was investigated in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, disodium salt (EDTA) containing borate buffer solutions of pH 8.4 using real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry under potentiostatic control. EDTA effectively suppressed the formation of the outer layer of the passive film, thereby rendering the barrier layer amenable to direct examination. It was shown that the barrier layer growth was completed in about 10 s upon potential stepping in the anodic direction. On the other hand, the thinning of the barrier oxide layer upon potential stepping in the cathodic direction occurred at a rate that was two orders in magnitude lower than the growth rate. The steady-state barrier layer thickness varied linearly with applied potential, whereas the steady-state current density did not depend on the formation potential. These spectroscopic ellipsometric measurements are qualitatively explained by the point defect model (PDM).
Model aluminum-poly(p-phenylenevinylene) interfaces studied by surface Raman spectroscopy

Polymeric organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have emerged as inexpensive and versatile alternatives to traditional inorganic-based display technologies. Further advances in this field depend on extending device lifetimes and improving electroluminescence efficiencies, both of which are strongly coupled to the integrity of the electrode/organic contacts. Therefore, the deposition of low-work function metals on organic materials has been extensively studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), and near-edge X-ray adsorption fine structure (NEXAFS) to ascertain information about the chemical and electronic states within the interfacial region. However, to date, the only molecular structural information about metal-organic species formed in these regions has come from fits of theoretical models to existing XPS and UPS data. Very little direct structural information exists about the potential multitude of metal-organic species formed during cathode deposition. We report the use of surface Raman spectroscopy to study the interactions between aluminum and trans-stilbene, a model for poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV). The Raman spectral data suggest preferential formation of covalent Al-C bonds at the vinylene carbons as opposed to the phenyl carbons of PPV.
A generalization of the Eulerian numbers with a probabilistic application

Abstract In this paper we study a generalization of the Eulerian numbers and a class of polynomials related to them. An interesting application to probability theory is given in Section 3. There we use these extended Eulerian numbers to construct an uncountably infinite family of lattice random variables whose first n moments coincide with the first n moments of the sum of n +1 uniform random variables. A number of combinatorial identities are also deduced.
Seasonal and spatial dynamics of 234Th/238U disequilibria in southern Lake Michigan

[1] Measurements of 234Th/238U disequilibria were made on an approximately bimonthly basis over the course of a year in nearshore (10–40 m deep) and offshore (160 m deep) surface waters of the southern basin of Lake Michigan (18,100 km2). The mean activity of 238U in Lake Michigan measured 230 ± 20 dpm m−3, approximately 1 order of magnitude lower than what is typically found in marine systems. Measured median activities of dissolved (<0.45 μm) and excess particle-bound 234Th were 8.0 and 60.6 dpm m−3, respectively. Using a simple one-dimensional model, median residence times for dissolved and particle-bound 234Th were ∼1 and ∼14 days, respectively. 234Th-based particle settling velocities had a median value of 0.4 m d−1 (range: ∼0.0–1.4 m d−1), and instantaneous 234Th-based estimates of the net vertical mass flux had a median value of 0.4 g m−2 d−1 (range: ∼0.0–5.2 g m−2 d−1). Average particle settling velocities were generally constant over time and increased only slightly in the shallowest (10 m) sampling stations. Calculated mass fluxes showed a strong correlation with temporal and spatial changes in the concentration of total suspended matter, which, in the nearshore area, closely followed seasonal variations in wind-induced wave height. Using a simple two-box model, the 234Th-based cross-margin mass export rate for the entire southern basin of Lake Michigan was equal to 1.35 × 109 kg yr−1, which is in excellent agreement with a 210Pb − 137Cs based, basin-wide mass sedimentation rate of 1.28 × 109 kg yr−1.
A Place for Emotion: How Space Structures Nurse-Parent Interactions in W. African Pediatric Wards

Workers who regularly confront the realities of life and death, including health workers in high mortality settings, are often expected, by themselves and others, to be experts at emotion managemen...
Transient ischemic attacks: An update

This is a review of extant concepts of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), their definitions, prognostic significance, pathogenesis, physiology, and management. The natural history of TIAs depends upon the risk factors of the population group studied, so that therapeutic trials should be controlled and randomized and not dependent upon published natural history data. A strong association between TIAs and coronary artery disease has now been established. It may be difficult to establish the cause or pathogenesis of TIAs in any given patient in view of the relatively poor correlation between the patient's symptoms and location of arterial plaques. Recent studies have suggested mechanisms aside from impaired perfusion or embolization from carotid plaques or vertebral basilar disease. There are no proven indications for carotid endarterectomy, a procedure which has been excessively used in the United States, but presently ongoing prospective, randomized, controlled multi-center studies will likely resolve this important issue. Neither is there scientific validation for the use of long-term anticoagulants, but data support the efficacy of ASA in reducing the incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction in patients with TIAs.
Two Methods That Define the Scale of Obesogenic Environments: A Case Study of Lewiston–Auburn, Maine

Food environments may contribute to obesity (be obesogenic). However, the number of people living in environments deemed obesogenic may be impacted by how distance to food sources is measured. This study, in Lewiston–Auburn, Maine (L-A), used an existing definition of obesogenic environment based on the ratio of unhealthy to healthy food stores within 800 m, 2010 census data, and visits to all food stores/restaurants to build a geographic information system (GIS). This GIS yielded the population and number of single-parent households living in areas deemed obesogenic when distance was measured by Euclidian distance and by road network distance. L-A had 82 fast food restaurants and 81 food stores. We found that 43% of L-A's 59 647 people lived in obesogneic environments when Euclidian distance was used but only 30% did so using road network distance. Single-parent households were at particular risk of living in obesogenic environments (P < .001, comparison by chi-square).
Electrically curable double-layer polymer resist for dynamic nanoscale lithography

A double-layer polymer resist composed of a top electrically curable resin layer with onium salt photo-acid generators and a bottom ionic conductive polymer transfer layer has been developed for dynamic nanoscale electric lithography. By applying an electric potential on the resist from conductive patterns on a mask, the acid generators under the conductive patterns are electrolyzed into proton acid, which consequently cross-links the cationically polymerizable resin resist. With the double-layer resist, nanopatterns can be generated with a sub-50 nm resolution. By applying different electric potentials on the individual conductive patterns on the mask, the transferred nanopatterns can be modified dynamically.
Influence of Aerosol Scattering on Atmospheric Blurring of Surface Features

We investigate the influence of the shape of atmospheric scattering phase functions on blurring of surface detail in images acquired from space. The effects are characterized by computing atmospheric transfer functions and by solving the multidimensional equation of radiative transfer using a Fourier transform method. We predict that increased forward scattering enhances the detectability of atmospheric blurring near reflectance boundaries. Results for off-nadir viewing are also presented.
Horizontal drying fronts during solvent evaporation from latex films

Latex films cast on a substrate often dry nonuniformly, with a drying front separating fluid domains from solidified regions passing across the film. For initial film thicknesses that are smaller than the characteristic horizontal distance, the analysis predicts surface-tension-driven horizontal flow. In a limit that ensures vertical homogeneity it is shown how a front of close-packed particles forms and propagates. Imposing a maximum for the capillary pressure causes a solvent front to recede into the film. This recession is minimal, but can markedly affect the propagation of the particle front. An overall mass balance offers a solution for infinite capillary pressure, thereby illustrating the mechanism for propagation of the front. The positions of the fronts are predicted for both infinite and finite domains as a function of the maximum capillary pressure. Selective or nonuniform evaporation produces final film profiles, while the evaporating regions are still visible. After predictions over different size areas are made, the smallest area is compared with experiment.
Modular organization of axial microcircuits in zebrafish

Locomotion requires precise control of spinal networks. In tetrapods and bipeds, dynamic regulation of locomotion is simplified by the modular organization of spinal limb circuits, but it is not known whether their predecessors, fish axial circuits, are similarly organized. Here, we demonstrate that the larval zebrafish spinal cord contains distinct, parallel microcircuits for independent control of dorsal and ventral musculature on each side of the body. During normal swimming, dorsal and ventral microcircuits are equally active, but, during postural correction, fish differentially engage these microcircuits to generate torque for self-righting. These findings reveal greater complexity in the axial spinal networks responsible for swimming than previously recognized and suggest an early template of modular organization for more-complex locomotor circuits in later vertebrates.
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ENGINEERING ECONOMY PEDAGOGY

Abstract This work presents the results of a recent two-part survey of how engineering economy is taught in U.S. universities. A mail and email survey of faculty and staff that teach engineering economy was conducted in 1995 through 1997. For the survey's two parts, this produced 45 and 28 complete responses, respectively. Three categories of questions were asked pertainingto 1) the faculty that teach it, 2) the course content and mechanics itself, and 3) the students that take the course. This paper also includes results from a previously unpublished survey done in 1989. All of these results are compared with two similar studies done in 1984 and 1989. Potential pedagogical implications are summarized as they relate to increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of engineering economy teaching in U.S. universities.
The Utilisation of Computer‐Based Decision Support Systems in Transportation

Regardless of the size of the firm, the sector of the transportation industry or the style of management, distribution runs on information. The sheer size and volume of today's distribution activities require a high degree of commitment to computer‐based technologies to support managerial decisions on a continuous basis.
The usefulness of diagnostic testing in the initial evaluation of chronic kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 13% of adults in the United States and is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and costs.1–3 There is a broad differential for CKD, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial disease, urologic causes, and unknown causes.2 To our knowledge, a comprehensive assessment of the tests used in CKD evaluation has not been conducted. We determined how often laboratory and imaging tests were obtained in the initial evaluation of CKD and whether these tests affected diagnosis and/or management.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Inhibits Human Platelet Aggregation in Vitro and in Vivoa

The hypothesis has been advanced that the adrenal steroids dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) exert antiatherogenic and cardioprotective actions. Platelet activation has also been implicated in atherogenesis. To determine if DHEA and DHEAS affect platelet activation, the effects of these steroids on platelet aggregation were assessed both in vitro and in vivo. When DHEAS was added to pooled platelet-rich plasma before the addition of the agonist arachidonate, either the rate of platelet aggregation was slowed or aggregation was completely inhibited. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by DHEA was both dose- and time-dependent. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by DHEA was accompanied by reduced platelet thromboxane B2 (TxB2) production. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by DHEA was also demonstrated in vivo. In a randomized, double-blind trial, 10 normal men received either DHEA 300 mg (n = 5) or placebo capsule (n = 5) orally three times daily for 14 days. In one man in the DHEA group arachidonate-stimulated platelet aggregation was inhibited completely during DHEA administration, whereas in three other men in the DHEA group the rate of platelet aggregation was prolonged, and the sensitivity and responsiveness to agonist were reduced. None of the men in the placebo group manifested any change in platelet activity. These findings suggest that DHEA retards platelet aggregation in humans. Inhibition of platelet activity by DHEA may contribute to the putative antiatherogenic and cardioprotective effects of DHEA.
Mode coupling: Why POF Supports 40Gbps

We demonstrate experimentally and numerically that mode-coupling in graded index plastic optical fiber enables 40 Gbps over 200 m in the presence of dramatic refractive index errors.
Defective Retrovirus Insertion Activates c-Ha-ras Proto-oncogene in an MNU-Induced Rat Mammary Carcinoma

Abstract Endogenous retrovirus sequences are present in the genome of a wide variety of animal species. The activation of the proto-oncogenes of the ras family, particularly c-Ha-ras, by either point mutation or overexpression, has been shown to be associated with a vast number of different cancers. Here we report that the insertion of a defective retrovirus in the −1 intron of rat c-Ha-ras is responsible for the activation of the gene by over 10-fold overexpression in an MNU-induced rat mammary cancer. A portion of the 3′ end of the retroviral sequence is expressed as a part of the c-Ha-ras transcript in the carcinoma tissue, indicating the direct involvement of this element in the transcription of the c-Ha-ras gene. The c-Ha-ras structural gene transcribed by the promoter of the defective retroviral element can neoplastically transform the NIH 3T3 cell line upon transfection.
Improving concurrency and asynchrony in multithreaded MPI applications using software offloading

We present a new approach for multithreaded communication and asynchronous progress in MPI applications, wherein we offload communication processing to a dedicated thread. The central premise is that given the rapidly increasing core counts on modern systems, the improvements in MPI performance arising from dedicating a thread to drive communication outweigh the small loss of resources for application computation, particularly when overlap of communication and computation can be exploited. Our approach allows application threads to make MPI calls concurrently, enqueuing these as communication tasks to be processed by a dedicated communication thread. This not only guarantees progress for such communication operations, but also reduces load imbalance. Our implementation additionally significantly reduces the overhead of mutual exclusion seen in existing implementations for applications using MPI_THREAD_MULTIPLE. Our technique requires no modification to the application, and we demonstrate significant performance improvement (up to 2X) for QCD, 1-D FFT and deep learning CNN applications.
Early effects of thyrotropin on the surface morphology of thyroid cells in culture.

The surfaces of ovine thyroid cells in monolayer culture respond characteristically to the addition of thyrotropin (TSH) to the medium. Pseudopodia and microvilli appear within minutes of TSH addition and the cell surface assumes a rough texture. The response is maximal between 15 and 30 min after stimulation. This action of TSH is mimicked by N6, O2-dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate and by prostaglandin E1 and to a lesser degree by cyclic AMP. TSH action is not mimicked by cyclic GMP, dibutyryl cyclic GMP, or by the protein hormones: human chorionic gonadotropin, ACTH, insulin, or prolactin. Surface activity, including bleb formation which is maximal at Day 2, has subsided by the fourth day after TSH addition and the surface appears smooth and flat, thus resembling nonstimulated cultures. The response to thyrotropin is greatly diminished in the presence of Li+, cycloheximide, actinomycin D, vinblastine, and cytochalasin B. The cell surface response of thyroid cells in culture is consistent with the acute responses of the intact gland to TSH such as endocytosis and colloid droplet formation.
Organization and Structure of Clouds and Precipitation on the Mid-Atlantic Coast of the United States. Part V: The Role of an Upper-Level Front in the Generation of a Rainband

Abstract The origins of a rainband of moderate intensity that occurred over the eastern Carolinas is investigated. It is concluded that the band formed in the updraft portion of a thermodynamically direct vertical circulation about an upper-level frontal zone in a region of conditional symmetrical instability (CSI). The release of CSI is presumed to have been responsible for the dimensions of the band and its orientation relative to the shear vector. An adiabatic mechanism for destabilization of the environment of the upper-level front to CSI was explored but found to be insignificant in this case.
Cultural Style and Solutions to Conflict

This paper relates data from two contrasting cultures in Papua New Guinea to the divergent views of Boulding and Galtung with regard to egalitarian and hierarchical structures in society, associative and dissociative solutions to conflict, justice and exploitation, vitality and stagnation, and direct or structural violence. Analyses suggest that the evolutionary and structural theories proposed, respectively, by Boulding and Galtung may be differentially applicable to societies organized by different cultural styles. Examples are provided from anthropological research in two societies of contrasting cultural styles in Papua New Guinea: the group-oriented Tikana of New Ireland, and the individualistic Lavongai of New Hanover. The style of Tikana culture is group-oriented, institutionalized, and egalitarian; while that of Lavongai culture is individualistic, non-institutionalized, and peck-ordered. In the resolution of conflicts, e.g. regarding property or marriages, Tikana typically emphasize public claims and favor peace over justice for individuals. Institutionalized rules provide leadership and prevent the escalation of disputes to violence. Lavongai, by contrast, typically seek justice at any cost, and regard disputes as private matters. Conflicts are resolved by individuals unaided by institutionalized rules or leadership roles, and often involve violence. The same structures which yield dissociative solutions to conflict among the Lavongai also allow peck-ordered hierarchies to form and persist, while those structures which produce associative solutions among the Tikana also bring about and maintain egalitarian relationships.
GOD, SCIENCE, AND SOCRATES

Abstract In 415 BC a witch-hunt erupted in Athens. Its targets included intellectuals suspected of hostility to the traditional religion, but who, in fact, tried to reconcile it with the latest scientific theories about the universe, notably those of Anaxagoras. They did so by using allegory and etymology to interpret peculiar rites and sacred texts like the Orphic theogony. I argue that the recently reconstructed Derveni papyrus is a book by one of these intellectuals, the poet and sophist Diagoras of Melos, who was condemned to death in 415 for mocking the Eleusinian mysteries. The text proves that its author actually believed in a single, all-pervading and providential God. But most Athenians confused belief in new gods with belief in no gods at all. The new text, combined with evidence from Aristophanes's Clouds, Plato, and other sources, shows that Socrates himself was later executed for having held similar beliefs.
Long-Term Outcomes of Prolonged Life Supporting Treatment after High Risk Operations

Long-Term Outcomes of Prolonged Life Supporting Treatment after High Risk Operations Michael J Nabozny, MD, Amber E Barnato, MD, MPH, MS, Paul J Rathouz, PhD, Amy J Kind, MD, PhD, William J Ehlenbach, MD, MS, Qianqian Zhao, MS, Jeffrey A Havlena, MS, Maureen A Smith, MD, MPH, PhD, Caprice C Greenberg, MD, MPH, FACS, Margaret L Schwarze, MD, FACS University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
The use of muroid rodents in the psychology laboratory

The rodent superfamily Muroidea represents a group of animals with much potential for comparative behavioral study as they are readily acquired, easy to maintain, and exist with sufficient ecological and behavioral diversity to enhance the likelihood of significant results. The superfamily includes Old World rodents, gerbils, hamsters, and a considerable variety of New World rats, mice, and voles which inhabit all 48 adjacent United States. Potential uses of muroid rodents, their taxonomy, and their husbandry are described with particular reference to the 28 species that have been maintained in the author’s laboratory. Although research on muroid behavior is just beginning, available data already support the proposed utility of these animals in behavioral research.
Intrauterine Pulmonary Hemorrhage Secondary to Antenatal Coxsackie B-2 Infection. 1573

We report a case of massive pulmonary hemorrhage in a preterm infant at 36 weeks of gestation, born to a 43 year old (G5P3 L3 AB1). This pregnancy was complicated by viral-like infection 10 to 15 days prior to admission to hospital for preterm labor. Prenatal screening test showed that the mother's blood group was A,Rh + with immunity for rubella. Serologic tests were negative for syphilis and HBSAg. She reported that she had varicella in childhood; did not use illicit drugs, alcohol, or tobacco; and had no other infections and no rash during pregnancy. Preterm labor was treated with bed rest, calcium channel blocker, and steroid to accelerate lung maturing. Amniocentesis for lung maturity demonstrated the presence of P.G., occult blood and fetal hemoglobin. After the infant had been delivered by Cesarean section, baby noted to have pink frothy serosanguineous secretions. Intubation PPV with 100% oxygen, volume expanders and assisted ventilation was required. After obtaining blood and endotracheal secretion cultures, Ampicillin and Claforan was administered intravenously. A radiograph of the chest and abdomen showed, in addition to an endotracheal tube, diffuse bilateral reticulonodular opacities. Hypotension responded only transiently to fluid boluses and inotropic medications. Rapidly increasing ventilatory assistance initially, later E.C.M.O. was required for R.D.S. and then neonate recovered. Maternal serum tested positive for Coxsackie B-2 antibody (1:80) indicating a recent infection.
The Architecture of Computerized Business Gaming Simulations

Advances in the design of computerized business gaming simulations since the earliest works of the late 1950s are reviewed. A taxonomy of computerized gaming simulation is discussed, and the role of purpose in design is considered. Issues with respect to the representation, timing, hosting, and scoring of gaming simulations are covered.
Fatigue life prediction of notched members based on local strain and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics concepts

Abstract Fatigue life predictions for notched members are made using local strain and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics concepts. Crack growth from notches is characterized by J -integral estimates made for short and long cracks. The local notch strain field is determined by notch geometry, applied stress level and material properties. Crack initiation is defined as a crack of the same size as the local notch strain field. Crack initiation life is obtained from smooth specimens as the life to initiate a crack equal to the size of cracks in the notched member. Notch plasticity effects are included in analyzing the crack propagation phase. Crack propagation life is determined by integrating the equation that relates crack growth rate to ΔJ from the initiated to final crack size. Total fatigue life estimates are made by combining crack initiation and crack propagation phases. These agree within a factor of 1.5 with measured lives for the two notch geometries.
A Four-E Policy: Energy, Employment, Equality and the Environment

The underlying principle of the proposed policy is to produce gradually increasing incentives for all parties in the US (and in other countries with appropriate inputs) to produce more “green” energy and less harmful pollution and to consume less fossil fuel. These incentives would come from fees put on fossil fuels and on easily measured (or fairly estimated) emissions. The fees would start at a low level and would be incrementally increased until a committee of Congress decides that the fee levels had reached an appropriate level. The fees would be entirely returned to legal adult (say aged 17 and over) residents of the US in monthly rebates transferred to their bank accounts or, for poorer people, distributed in debit cards. Thus the policy would be progressive, whereas taxation of fossil fuels and of emissions is regressive. The rebates would be included in the evaluation of the cost of living so that there would be virtually no direct inflationary effects.
Relative transcription activity of different segments of the genome throughout the cell division cycle of Escherichia coli. The mapping of ribosomal and transfer RNA and the determination of the direction of replication.

This paper presents studies made possible by isolating selected segments from the genome of Hfr Escherichia coli. The relative transcription activity of these segments was determined by measuring the amount of 32P pulse-labeled RNA homologous to each segment of the genome. The 32P pulse-labeled RNA was obtained throughout two division cycles of a synchronously dividing culture. The results of these measurements indicate that: (1) the entire genome is continuously being transcribed but individual segments of the genome show a characteristic change in their transcription activity throughout the cell division cycle and at different stages of the growth curve; (2) over-all transcription activity of the entire genome appears to be co-ordinated; (3) the pulse-labeled RNA fractions contain an average enrichment of RNA transcribed from the segment of the genome that has completed replication by a factor of two; (4) transcription activity does not uniquely follow the DNA replication point; and (5) the specific activities of the pulse-labeled RNA fractions over one DNA replication cycle indicate that transfer and/or ribosomal RNA transcription control may be related to the position of the DNA replication point. The mapping of 16 s and 23 s ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA was accomplished by cross-testing the different segments of the genome for sequence homology with 16 s and 23 s ribosomal and transfer RNA. The results indicate that: (1) there are two separate areas of the genome that are complementary both to the 16 s and 23 s ribosomal RNA; and (2) most transfer RNA species are complementary approximately to these same two areas. The direction in which the genome was replicated was determined by crosstesting the different segments of the genome for sequence homology with RNA transcribed by λ and 424 bacteriophages. By identifying the DNA fractions that were found to be complementary to this transcribed RNA with the asymmetrical genetic map for λ and 424, the direction of replication was found to be clockwise with reference to the conventional genetic map.
Silica binds serum proteins resulting in a shift of the dose-response for silica-induced chemokine expression in an alveolar type II cell line.

There is a growing concern about whether the myriad of culture conditions, cell lines, and doses of nonfibrous and fibrous particles used in vitro are truly representative of the complex environment of the in vivo particle exposure situation. The use of serum as a supplement to the growth medium of cultured cells is a widely accepted practice. However, little is known about whether the various serum proteins may interact with the surfaces of particles, consequently altering their toxicity, inflammatory properties, or fibrogenicity, etc. observed in vivo. Using a murine alveolar type II cell line, MLE-15, we measured the early changes in various chemokine mRNA species following exposure of the cells to silica (cristobalite) in the presence or absence of serum. Total mRNA was isolated and assayed using an RNase protection assay after 6 h of particle exposure. We observed that the addition of serum to the culture media reduced the in vitro silica-induced chemokine response (i.e., shift in the dose-response curve) in MLE-15 cells. Further, using Western blot analysis and protein sequencing techniques, we have identified a specific serum component, apolipoprotein-A1 (apo-A1), as a protein in serum that binds selectively to silica, thus leading to the altered chemokine response. We also found that apo-A1 not only binds to silica but also binds to other nonfibrous and fibrous particles such as titanium dioxide and asbestos. These results demonstrate the importance of culture conditions for modifying the outcome of an experiment when performing in vitro particle exposure studies.
A new approach to quantify the benefit to air travelers resulting from airport capacity expansion

Abstract This paper proposes a utility-based methodology to quantify passengers’ benefit resulting from airlines’ adaptation and improvement of service after airport expansion. A numerical example is given to demonstrate its applications in practice.
Chloroplast biogenesis. 38. Quantitative detection of a chlorophyllide b pool in higher plants

Abstract A pool of chlorophyllide b has been detected in greening cucumber cotyledons. This pool exhibited the same spectrofluorometric properties as that of Chl b in diethyl ether at 298 and 77 K (Rebeiz, C.A., Belanger, F.C., Freyssinet, G. and Saab, D.G. (1980) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 590, 234–247) but had the chromatographic mobility and solubility of a monocarboxylic phorbin. The presence of a free carboxylic group and of a formyl group in this putative chlorophyllide b pool was demonstrated by methylation with diazomethane and by its conversion into chlorophyllide b oxime upon treatment with hydroxylamine. The concentration of this chlorophyllide b pool in greening tissues was in the same range as those of the protochlorophyllide and chlorophyllide a pools. Less than 15% of the chlorophyllide b pool could have arisen from chlorophyllase activity in vitro, as confirmed by the extent of hydrolysis of 14 C-labeled Chl b added to the tissue just before extraction.