cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Case of Carcinoma of the Rectum Associated with Fistulae in ANO

Kraske (1) in 1897 stated that there is no satisfactory evidence that cancer arises from a hemorrhoidal tag or a fistula. Ewing (2) quoted Kraske and is apparently of the same opinion. Opposing this view are a number of reports in the recent literature which conclude or imply that fistulae and other rectal abnormalities cause the development of cancer. The literature on this subject shows little in the way of histological detail which might establish a causal relationship between the rectal abnormalities and the cancers. The case of Fitchet (3) was a squamous-cell carcinoma, demonstrated by histological study to have originated from the lining epithelium of a fistulous tract. A probable case has been reported by Rosser (4), in which curettage of a fistulous tract disclosed squamous epitheliomatous tissue. The reports of cases by Moon (5), Lockhart-Mummery (6), and of other cases by Rosser (7) give no satisfactory histological evidence. Consequently, the only statement which can safely be made on the basis of these reports is that there may be an association of cancer with fistulae. In a series of 779 cases of rectal cancer, Mandl (8) was able to find only 3 cases in which a fistula preceded the cancer. Jacobs (9) found 5 cases of ischiorectal abscess and fistulae associated with cancer in 91 cases of cancer of the rectum collected over a period of ten years at Montefiore Hospital. The reports of Rosser (7) and others would indicate a greater frequency of such an association. The indecisive aspect of these studies stimulated a detailed histological study of a case of multiple fistulae associated with a mucinous carcinoma which came to autopsy at the Cleveland City Hospital.
Examples of event handling in APL2

@EA (Execute Alternate) which provides a simple event handling facility. This dyadic function can easily be simulated using the event handling facilities offered by other vendors. Event handling provides a significant new direction in capability to APL. Some applications that are inconvenient or impractical are easily accomplished using event handling. The examples given show some novel uses that may not be obvious on first introduction to
Comparison of conventional and neural network heuristics for job shop scheduling

A new neural network for solving job shop scheduling problems is presented. The proposed scaling neural network (SNN) achieves good (linear) scaling properties by employing nonlinear processing in the feedback connections. Extensive comparisons between SNN and conventional heuristics for scheduling are presented. These comparisons indicate that the proposed SNN allows better scheduling solutions than commonly used heuristics, especially for large problems.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of Type I and Type II Myristoyl-CoA:protein N -Myristoyltransferases with the Acyl-CoAs found on Heterogeneously Acylated Retinal Proteins

Abstract Protein myristoylation occurs when the 14 carbon fatty acid, myristic acid, is covalently attached by amide linkage to a protein's N -terminal glycine by an N -terminal myristoyltransferase (NMT). A variation of this called heterogeneous acylation occurs in vivo only in retina when specific proteins are modified by myristic acid (14:0), tetradecenoic acid (14:1 n–9), tetradecadienoic acid (14:2n –6), and lauric acid (12:0). Myristic and lauric acids are relatively rare, comprising approximately 1% of the fatty acids in the retina. The unsaturated fatty acids 14:1 n–9 and 14:2 n–6 are less abundant, but can be synthesized in retina by retroconversion of 18:1 n–9 and 18:2 n–6 fatty acids, respectively. A previous quantitative study of acyl-CoA pools in bovine retina, heart, and liver found comparable levels of acyl-CoAs in each tissue, indicating that heterogeneous acylation is not due to limiting amounts of myristoyl-CoA in retina. In this current study the authors have characterized a panel of purified recombinant Type I and II NMTs found in retina and liver by assessing their utilization of the four acyl-CoAs used in vivo to acylate retina proteins. Acceptor peptides used in these assays were derived from the N -termini of src which is only myristoylated in vivo, and the cAMP dependent kinase A catalytic subunit which is heterogeneously acylated in retina, but myristoylated in other tissues. The authors have tested the ability of unlabelled acyl-CoAs to compete with [3H] myristoyl-CoA transfer, the efficacy of an NMT inhibitory protein (NIP71), and acyl-CoA affinity chromatography was used to isolate endogenous NMT inhibitory factor(s) from bovine heart and retina tissue homogenates. These results provide a basis of kinetic parameters and enzymatic characterization for Type I and Type II NMTs with two acceptor peptides and the four physiologically relevant fatty acid-CoAs found on retinal proteins, but do not indicate that heterogeneous acylation is a specialized function of any of the enzymes tested in this study.
Congenital Cystic Neck Masses: Embryology and Imaging Appearances, With Clinicopathological Correlation

Congenital cystic masses of the neck are uncommon and can present in any age group. Diagnosis of these lesions can be sometimes challenging. Many of these have characteristic locations and imaging findings. The most common of all congenital cystic neck masses is the thyroglossal duct cyst. The other congenital cystic neck masses are branchial cleft cyst, cystic hygroma (lymphangioma), cervical thymic and bronchogenic cysts, and the floor of the mouth lesions including dermoid and epidermoid cysts. In this review, we illustrate the common congenital cystic neck masses including embryology, clinical findings, imaging features, and histopathological findings.
Effect of Plastic Deformation on the Electrical Conductivity of Silver Bromide

Plastic deformation of AgBr at and below room temperature produces a conductivity increase that varies linearly with strain. The conductivity increase has a low activation energy, exhibits dispersion at low frequencies, and recovers slowly at room temperature. A small anisotropy in the conductivity increase can be produced which indicates that the increase is greater parallel to the slip planes than perpendicular to them. The conductivity increase is attributed to regions of disorder that are introduced by the deformation, and these regions of disorder appear to be piled-up groups of dislocations in the slip planes of the work-hardened crystal.
Social Policy: An Introduction, by Richard M. Titmuss (edited by Brian Abel-Smith and Kay Titmuss). Pantheon Press, New York, 1974. $8.95. 160 Pages

(1977). Social Policy: An Introduction, by Richard M. Titmuss (edited by Brian Abel-Smith and Kay Titmuss). Pantheon Press, New York, 1974. $8.95. 160 Pages. Journal of Education for Social Work: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 122-124.
Estimating the Node-Level Behaviors in Complex Networks From Structural Datasets

There is an emerging class of networks that evolve endogenously based on the local characteristics and behaviors of nodes. Examples of such networks include social, economic, and peer-to-peer communication networks. The node-level behaviors determine the overall structure and performance of these networks. This is in contrast to exogenously designed networks whose structures are directly determined by network designers. To influence the performance of endogenous networks, it is crucial to understand a) what kinds of local behaviors result in the observed network structures and b) how these local behaviors influence the overall performance. The focus in this paper is on the first aspect, where information about the structure of networks is available at different points in time and the goal is to estimate the behavior of nodes that resulted in the observed structures. We use three different approaches to estimate the node-level behaviors. The first approach is based on the generalized preferential attachment model of network evolution. In the second approach, statistical regression-based models are used to estimate the node-level behaviors from consecutive snapshots of the network structure. In the third approach, the nodes are modeled as rational decision-making agents who make linking decisions based on the maximization of their payoffs. Within the decision-making framework, the multinomial logit choice model is adopted to estimate the preferences of decision-making nodes. The autonomous system (AS) level Internet is used as an illustrative example to illustrate and compare the three approaches.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Validation of IEC 61853-2 standard (Draft): Angle of incidence effect on photovoltaic modules

The purpose of this study is to test and validate the IEC 61853-2 (draft) standard procedure for the measurement of incident angle effects on photovoltaic modules. The data obtained was processed according to IEC 61853-2 model to obtain the relative light transmission or relative optical response of all the test modules (free from the influence of diffused light component and the cosine effect). This data was compared to the data derived for the air/glass interface using various theoretical light transmission models and to the data derived specifically for the PV modules (with glass superstrate) using an empirical model developed by Sandia National Laboratories. The results show nearly identical relative light transmission plots for all the five test modules with glass superstrate irrespective of the type of PV cell technology (mono-Si, poly-Si, a-Si, CdTe or CIGS). This indicates that the reflective losses are governed almost exclusively by the air/glass interface of the PV modules. The relative light transmission plots obtained using the IEC 61853-2 model were in good agreement with the plots obtained using the theoretical air/glass interface models and the empirical model developed by Sandia National Laboratories for the glass superstrate PV modules. The standard states that “for the flat glass superstrate modules, the AOI test does not need to be performed; rather, the data of a flat glass air interface can be used. The results obtained in the current study validate this statement.
Synthesis and characterization of the double-substituted perovskites LaxSr1−xCo1−yMnyO3−δ for use in high-temperature oxygen separations

Abstract Materials in the La 0.1 Sr 0.9 Co 1− y MnyO 3− δ (LSCM) family are potentially useful as ceramic membranes for high-temperature oxygen separations. A series of LSCM samples was synthesized by solid state methods and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and four-probe conductivity. The materials were indexed in the cubic Pm-3m space group. TGA data implied that LSCM can reversibly absorb and desorb oxygen versus temperature and partial oxygen pressure, while powder diffraction data showed that the material maintained the cubic perovskite structure. Preliminary four-probe conductivity measurements signify p-type semiconducting behavior.
Use of the timeout ribbon procedure during community-based instruction

Involvement in community-based instruction can be adversely affected when students engage in behavior that interferes with participation in instruction. A multiple probe across settings design with an embedded reversal was used to investigate the effectiveness of the nonseclusionary timeout ribbon procedure for two middle-school students with moderate mental retardation in community and school settings. An athletic wristband served as the timeout ribbon, which functioned as the stimulus for the availability of reinforcement. When the student was wearing the wristband, he could earn reinforcers. On occurrence of inappropriate behavior, the wristband was removed and the student was placed in nonseclusionary timeout. Implementation of the timeout ribbon procedure resulted in target behaviors reduced to zero occurrences for both youths. This was maintained at a 2-week follow-up, even as the reinforcement schedule was thinned. The timeout ribbon procedure provided an efficient, effective, and socially valid means of supporting positive behavior across settings for these students.
Prediction of Children's Postoperative Pain: The Role of Presurgical Expectations and Anticipatory Emotions

Examined predictors of children's ratings of postoperative pain intensity based on a model of children's expectations for surgery developed from the Children's Health Belief Model (Bush & Iannotti, 1990) and McGrath's (1990) model of children's pain experiences. Prior to their inpatient surgeries, 28 children (ages 7-17 years) and their parents completed ratings of children's expected surgery pain, anticipatory anxiety, and expected helpfulness of pain medicine. Following surgery, children completed ratings of their postoperative pain intensity. Age, total analgesics administered, and anticipatory anxiety emerged as significant predictors of children's postoperative pain ratings. Methodological issues concerning the measurement of children's expectations for surgery are discussed.
Flagellar biosynthesis exerts temporal regulation of secretion of specific Campylobacter jejuni colonization and virulence determinants

The Campylobacter jejuni flagellum exports both proteins that form the flagellar organelle for swimming motility and colonization and virulence factors that promote commensal colonization of the avian intestinal tract or invasion of human intestinal cells respectively. We explored how the C. jejuni flagellum is a versatile secretory organelle by examining molecular determinants that allow colonization and virulence factors to exploit the flagellum for their own secretion. Flagellar biogenesis was observed to exert temporal control of secretion of these proteins, indicating that a bolus of secretion of colonization and virulence factors occurs during hook biogenesis with filament polymerization itself reducing secretion of these factors. Furthermore, we found that intramolecular and intermolecular requirements for flagellar-dependent secretion of these proteins were most reminiscent to those for flagellin secretion. Importantly, we discovered that secretion of one colonization and virulence factor, CiaI, was not required for invasion of human colonic cells, which counters previous hypotheses for how this protein functions during invasion. Instead, secretion of CiaI was essential for C. jejuni to facilitate commensal colonization of the natural avian host. Our work provides insight into the versatility of the bacterial flagellum as a secretory machine that can export proteins promoting diverse biological processes.
Variation in piRNA and Transposable Element Content in Strains of Drosophila melanogaster

Transposable elements (TEs) are one of the most important features of genome architecture, so their evolution and relationship with host defense mechanisms have been topics of intense study, especially in model systems such as Drosophila melanogaster. Recently, a novel small RNA-based defense mechanism in animals called the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway was discovered to form an adaptive defense mechanism against TEs. To investigate the relationship between piRNA and TE content between strains of a species, we sequenced piRNAs from 16 inbred lines of D. melanogaster from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel. Instead of a global correlation of piRNA expression and TE content, we found evidence for a host response through de novo piRNA production from novel TE insertions. Although approximately 20% of novel TE insertions induced de novo piRNA production, the abundance of de novo piRNAs was low and did not markedly affect the global pool of ovarian piRNAs. Our results provide new insights into the evolution of TEs and the piRNA system in an important model organism.
From proteases to proteomics.

This personal and professional autobiography covers the 50-yr period of 1950–2000 and includes the following topics: History of the University of Washington School of Medicine and its Department of Biochemistry (Mount Rainier and the University of Washington, recruiting faculty, biology, research programs); scientific editing (publication, Biochemistry, Protein Science, electronic publication); Europe revisited (Heidelberg, approaching retirement, the German Research Center, reunion in Vienna); and 50 yr of research on proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, carboxypeptidases, mast cell proteases, future developments).
NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS SEEN IN HIV DISEASE

Despite dramatic improvements in the therapeutic management of clients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, cognitive disorders still appear as clinical manifestations of the illness trajectory. The development of neurocognitive impairment is associated with high levels of HIV activity and the resultant severe degree of immunosupression. Although many clinicians almost exclusively associate HIV-related cognitive dysfunction with HIV encephalopathy and dementia, the etiologic conditions are numerous and include not only HIV infection affecting the brain, but also infections and neoplasms, as well as adverse effects of prescribed therapies. Treatment strategies include pharmacologic interventions, alternative and complementary therapies, and milieu management.
On reducing false sharing while improving locality on shared memory multiprocessors

The performance of applications on large shared-memory multiprocessors with coherent caches depends on the interaction between the granularity of data sharing, the size of the coherence unit and the spatial locality exhibited by the applications, in addition to the amount of parallelism in the applications. Large coherence units are helpful in exploiting spatial locality, but worsen the effects of false sharing. We present a mathematical framework that allows a clean description of the relationship between spatial locality and false sharing. We first show how to identify a severe form of multiple-writer false sharing and then demonstrate the importance of the interaction between optimization techniques aimed at enhancing locality and the techniques oriented toward reducing false sharing. Given the conflicting requirements, a compiler based approach to this problem holds promise. We investigate the use of data transformations in addressing spatial locality and false sharing, and derives an approach that balances the impact of the two. Experimental results demonstrate that such a balanced approach outperforms those approaches that consider only one of these two issues. On an eight-processor SGI Origin 2000 system, our approach brings an additional 9% improvement over a powerful locality optimization technique that uses both loop and data transformations. Also, our approach obtains an additional 19% improvement over an optimization technique that is oriented specifically toward reducing false sharing. Our study also reveals that in addition to reducing synchronization costs and improving memory subsystem performance, obtaining large granularity parallelism also helps these two optimization techniques, namely, enhancing locality and reducing false sharing, be compatible.
An Examination of Adaptive Selling: Antecedents and Outcomes

Adaptive selling appears promising as a strategy to increase sales effectiveness because it requires salespeople to develop and continually assess their presentations based upon the encountered selling situations and the needs of the individual customers. Although the desirability of practicing adaptive selling strategies appears readily apparent, little research has been conducted in examining how differences in adaptive selling orientations are related to selected personal and work variables, and job attitudes and performance.
Associations between cadmium exposure and neurocognitive test scores in a cross-sectional study of US adults

Background: Low-level environmental cadmium exposure and neurotoxicity has not been well studied in adults. Our goal was to evaluate associations between neurocognitive exam scores and a biomarker of cumulative cadmium exposure among adults in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Methods: NHANES III is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of the U.S. population conducted between 1988 and 1994. We analyzed data from a subset of participants, age 20–59, who participated in a computer-based neurocognitive evaluation. There were four outcome measures: the Simple Reaction Time Test (SRTT: visual motor speed), the Symbol Digit Substitution Test (SDST: attention/perception), the Serial Digit Learning Test (SDLT) trialsto-criterion, and the SDLT total-error-score (SDLT-tests: learning recall/short-term memory). We fit multivariable-adjusted models to estimate associations between urinary cadmium concentrations and test scores. Results: 5662 participants underwent neurocognitive screening, and 5572 (98%) of these had a urinary cadmium level available. Prior to multivariable-adjustment, higher urinary cadmium concentration was associated with worse performance in each of the 4 outcomes. After multivariable-adjustment most of these relationships were not significant, and age was the most influential variable in reducing the association magnitudes. However among never-smokers with no known occupational cadmium exposure the relationship between urinary cadmium and SDST score (attention/perception) was significant: a 1 μg/L increase in urinary cadmium corresponded to a 1.93% (95%CI: 0.05, 3.81) decrement in performance. Conclusions: These results suggest that higher cumulative cadmium exposure in adults may be related to subtly decreased performance in tasks requiring attention and perception, particularly among those adults whose cadmium exposure is primarily though diet (no smoking or work based cadmium exposure). This association was observed among exposure levels that have been considered to be without adverse effects and these levels are common in U.S. adults. Thus further research into the potential neurocognitive effects of cadmium exposure is warranted. Because cumulative cadmium exposure may mediate some of the effects of age and smoking on cognition, adjusting for these variables may result in the underestimation of associations with cumulative cadmium exposure. Prospective studies that include never-smokers and non-occupationally exposed individuals are needed to clarify these issues.
Does constipation predict the quality of bowel preparation during colonoscopy

Background Suboptimal bowel preparation has several consequences, including reduced polyp detection rate and increased cost of colorectal cancer screening. The presence of constipation is thought to be a feature associated with poor bowel preparation. Objectives To characterise the relationship between features of constipation and the quality of bowel preparation during colonoscopy. Design Patients presenting for an outpatient colonoscopy were asked to complete a questionnaire which included demographics, type of bowel purgative and features of bowel movements (BMs)—derived from the ROME III criteria for diagnosis of chronic constipation. Patients 101 patients from the community undergoing surveillance colonoscopy completed the study. Interventions Patients underwent standard bowel preparation, completed a pre-endoscopy survey, followed by routine surveillance colonoscopy. Main outcome measurements The endoscopist rated the quality of bowel preparation using the previously validated Ottawa scoring scale. Statistical analysis was performed to characterise the relationship between the existence of chronic constipation and quality of bowel preparation. Results BM frequency of Conclusion Eliciting features of BMs before colonoscopy may predict those at risk for poor bowel preparations and increase cost effectiveness of colonoscopy.
Speeding up materialized view selection in data warehouses using a randomized algorithm

A data warehouse stores information that is collected from multiple, heterogeneous information sources for the purpose of complex querying and analysis. Information in the warehouse is typically stored in the form of materialized views, which represent pre-computed portions of frequently asked queries. One of the most important tasks when designing a warehouse is the selection of materialized views to be maintained in the warehouse. The goal is to select a set of views in such a way as to minimize the total query response time over all queries, given a limited amount of time for maintaining the views (maintenance-cost view selection problem). In this paper, we propose an efficient solution to the maintenance-cost view selection problem using a genetic algorithm for computing a near-optimal set of views. Specifically, we explore the maintenance-cost view selection problem in the context of OR view graphs. We show that our approach represents a dramatic improvement in time complexity over existing search-ba...
The Specific and Essential Role of MAVS in Antiviral Innate Immune Responses

The mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) mediates the activation of NFκB and IRFs and the induction of interferons in response to viral infection. In vitro studies have also suggested that MAVS is required for interferon induction by cytosolic DNA, but the in vivo evidence is lacking. By generating MAVS-deficient mice, here we show that loss of MAVS abolished viral induction of interferons and prevented the activation of NFκB and IRF3 in multiple cell types, except plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). However, MAVS was not required for interferon induction by cytosolic DNA or by Listeria monocytogenes. Mice lacking MAVS were viable and fertile, but they failed to induce interferons in response to poly(I:C) stimulation and were severely compromised in immune defense against viral infection. These results provide the in vivo evidence that the cytosolic viral signaling pathway through MAVS is specifically required for innate immune responses against viral infection.
The effects of young children's affiliations with prosocial peers on subsequent emotionality in peer interactions

Preschoolers’ (60 boys and 64 girls, M age = 50.73 months) affiliations with prosocial peers were observed in naturally occurring interactions and then examined in relation to positive and negative emotionality within their peer interactions one semester later. Greater affiliation with prosocial peers in the fall was related to enhanced positive emotionality (especially for girls) and decreased negative emotionality (especially for boys) in later peer interactions. These findings held when initial levels of the emotion were controlled and were found above and beyond variations in classroom levels of prosociality. The findings suggest that peers exert influence in early childhood and that these effects can positively affect the quality of young children’s later peer interactions.
Bergmann's rule in ectotherms: a test using freshwater fishes.

Understanding patterns of variation in body size within and among species is a central question in evolutionary ecology (Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998). The most well known pattern of variation in body size is Bergmann’s rule (Bergmann 1847; Mayr 1956). The intraspecific version of Bergmann’s rule holds that within endothermic species, body size increases with increasing latitude (or decreasing temperature; Blackburn et al. 1999; Ashton et al. 2000). In general, mammals conform to this rule (Ashton et al. 2000). Ray (1960) proposed that ectothermic organisms also follow Bergmann’s rule, on the basis of primarily one line of argument. Specifically, ectotherms reared at relatively lower temperatures typically mature later at larger sizes when compared with conspecifics reared at higher temperatures (Atkinson 1994; Sibly and Atkinson 1994). Ray (1960) reasoned that the negative slope of the reaction norm between size at maturity and rearing temperature combined with generally lower temperatures at higher latitudes would produce a cline of increasing body size with increasing latitude. Ray (1960) summarized field data from previous studies to add generality to his claim of ectotherms following Bergmann’s rule. In regard to fishes, he states that “the rule is obeyed by a great number of fishes as shown by numerous reports in the literature” (Ray 1960, p. 93), but he provides no citations related to variation in body size across latitude. All his citations regarding fish apply to meristic counts
Overview of the systems of systems engineering methodology

There is no widely accepted approach to conducting system of systems engineering (SoSE) efforts. The SoSE methodology is a rigorous engineering analysis that invests heavily in the understanding and framing of the problem under study. By conducting a rigorous engineering analysis of the problem and its associated context, the SoSE methodology minimises the chance that a Type III error may be committed early on in a SoSE analysis. The SoSE methodology is a guide to be adapted to the particular circumstances that define its application. The theoretical and philosophical grounding for the SoSE methodology derives from systems theory. The systems principles, laws, and concepts are central to everything that follows in application of the SoSE methodology to a specific problem domain. The SoSE methodology contains seven perspectives and 23 constituent elements that serve to structure the application of the perspectives during methodology application. Each perspective is essential to a holistic treatment of the problem, with all perspectives iteratively applied and existing in relationship to every other, informing and informed by each.
Complexity in Electronic Switching Circuits

The complexity of an electronic switching circuit is defined in a sufficiently general way so that most definitions which are presently used may be included. If ?(p, q) is the complexity of a p input q output circuit which has been minimized then we may define E(p, q) as the maximum of ?(p, q) over all p input, q output circuits. In spite of the generality of the definition of complexity one may obtain the following inequality which gives upper and lower bounds on this maximum complexity: C12r/r?E(p, q)?C22r/r where r = p+log2 q. In this expression C1 and C2 are constants independent of p and q which depend upon the definition of complexity. These theoretical bounds are compared with those obtained from a few known circuiit designs.
Nasal pre-systemic metabolism of peptide drugs: Substance P metabolism in the sheep nasal cavity

Abstract Although the nasal administration of peptide and protein drugs bypasses hepatic first-pass metabolism and the highly proteolytic environment in the gastrointestinal tract, the enzymes present in the nasal cavity may still limit the bioavailability of peptide and protein compounds. A knowledge of the degradation patterns in both the nasal secretions and homogenates is important to estimate bioavailability limitations resulting from pre-systemic metabolism. Substance P (SP) and its fragments SP(1–9), and SP(1–7) were incubated with both nasal secretions and homogenized mucosal tissues to investigate peptide metabolism in the sheep nasal cavity. The disappearance of the initial peptide compounds and appearance of their metabolites were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC. The metabolism patterns in the secretions were found to be similar to those in the homogenates. SP(1–9) and SP(1–7) were the two major fragments identified for the degradation of SP. SP(1–9) was also further metabolized to SP(1–7). The order of the degradation rates was SP ≈ SP(1–9) > SP(1–7) in both the homogenates and secretions. No major C-terminal fragments, such as SP(2–11) and SP(3–11), were found which suggests that SP, SP(1–9) and SP(1–7) are resistant to the activity of the aminopeptidases present in the nasal cavity. Addition of phosphoramidon, a specific inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP), to the reaction mixtures reduced the pseudo-first order rate constants by 72 and 90% in nasal homogenates and nasal secretions, respectively. Captopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), did not inhibit SP metabolism in either secretions or homogenates.
Guinea Pigs in the Pre-Columbian West Indies

ABSTRACT In archaeology, human-introduced animals provide clues about social interaction and movement of past peoples. Zooarchaeological records in the Caribbean show that pre-Columbian people introduced several South American mammals to different islands. This article examines all reported pre-Columbian zooarchaeological records of domesticated guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) in the Caribbean. Thus far, 218 bone fragments have been identified from 18 sites on nine islands. To date, our analysis indicates that guinea pigs were introduced to the islands after AD 500, possibly to the Greater Antilles first. Almost all are recovered from midden contexts. The contexts of guinea pig remains suggest that these animals were consumed as food and not considered an exotic or high-status food source with restricted consumption or other non-food uses such as ritual animals. The spatial and temporal patterns of guinea pigs suggest that the animals may have been linked to social identity and new patterns of trade, intera...
A UV-induced mutation in neurospora that affects translational regulation in response to arginine.

The Neurospora crassa arg-2 gene encodes the small subunit of arginine-specific carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. The levels of arg-2 mRNA and mRNA translation are negatively regulated by arginine. An upstream open reading frame (uORF) in the transcript's 5' region has been implicated in arginine-specific control. An arg-2-hph fusion gene encoding hygromycin phosphotransferase conferred arginine-regulated resistance to hygromycin when introduced into N. crassa. We used an arg-2-hph strain to select for UV-induced mutants that grew in the presence of hygromycin and arginine, and we isolated 46 mutants that had either of two phenotypes. One phenotype indicated altered expression of both arg-2-hph and arg-2 genes; the other, altered expression of arg-2-hph but not arg-2. One of the latter mutations, which was genetically closely linked to arg-2-hph, was recovered from the 5' region of the arg-2-hph gene using PCR. Sequence analyses and transformation experiments revealed a mutation at uORF codon 12 (Asp to Asn) that abrogated negative regulation. Examination of the distribution of ribosomes on arg-2-hph transcripts showed that loss of regulation had a translational component, indicating the uORF sequence was important for Arg-specific translational control. Comparisons with other uORFs suggest common elements in translational control mechanisms.
AUDIENCE'S PERCEPTION OF CULTURAL/ETHNIC STEREOTYPES IN TV SHOWS

Ethnic Stereotypes in media and why they matter: Much research has focused on the existence of both positive and negative stereotypes in television. The fact is that stereotypes are still present in the media and have several implications for the ethnic and social groups included. Racial or ethnic stereotypes, which are the main topic in this research, are generalizations about an out-group. Processes of this research: This study examines relevant research articles about the portrayals in television of ethnic and cultural groups. Literature suggests that television still plays an important role in reinforcing stereotypes. These articles provide the starting point for future research about the possible effects on the audience regarding cultural stereotypes in TV shows, especially African American stereotypes; Latino stereotypes; Asian stereotypes; and interracial relationships. Results: The repeated depiction of cultural stereotypes in television shows reinforces and validates the notion of the ―other.‖ The articles reviewed for this research provide the most relevant findings regarding this issue. However, further research needs to be done to determine the possible effects on the audience and changes in attitudes towards different cultural or ethnic groups after the exposure to these stereotypes and how the effects could impact reallife interactions among different groups.
Urinary tract infection in older adults

Urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria are common in older adults. Unlike in younger adults, distinguishing symptomatic urinary tract infection from asymptomatic bacteriuria is problematic, as older adults, particularly those living in long-term care facilities, are less likely to present with localized genitourinary symptoms. Consensus guidelines have been published to assist clinicians with diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection; however, a single evidence-based approach to diagnosis of urinary tract infection does not exist. In the absence of a gold standard definition of urinary tract infection that clinicians agree upon, overtreatment with antibiotics for suspected urinary tract infection remains a significant problem, and leads to a variety of negative consequences including the development of multidrug-resistant organisms. Future studies improving the diagnostic accuracy of urinary tract infections are needed. This review will cover the prevalence, diagnosis and diagnostic challenges, management, and prevention of urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria in older adults.
Robust pose estimation in untextured environments for augmented reality applications

We present a robust camera pose estimation approach for stereo images captured in untextured environments. Unlike most of existing registration algorithms which are point-based and make use of intensities of pixels in the neighborhood, our approach imports line segments in registration process. With line segments as primitives, the proposed algorithm is capable to handle untextured images such as scenes captured in man-made environments, as well as the cases when there are large viewpoint changes or illumination changes. Furthermore, since the proposed algorithm is robust to large base-line stereos, there are improvements on the accuracy of 3D points reconstruction. With well-calculated camera pose and object positions in 3D space, we can embed virtual objects into existing scene with higher accuracy for realistic effects. In our experiments, 2D labels are embedded in the 3D scene space to achieve annotation effects as in AR.
Ultrafast laser spectroscopy of two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures

In this seminar, I will present our recent studied of optical land electronic properties of 2D materials by ultrafast laser spectroscopy. These 2D materials, such as MoS2, WS2, and black phosphorus, as well as van der Waals heterostructures formed by them, are promising candidates for various electronic and optoelectronic applications. First, we studied several nonlinear optical processes, such as second harmonic generation, which allows detection of the crystal orientation and symmetry of MoS2 monolayers, and two-photon absorption, which was used to measure the bandgap and exciton binding energy of WSe2 monolayers. Second, we used a transient absorption microscopy technique to study photocarrier/exciton dynamics in these materials, and measured their lifetime and diffusion coefficient. Third, we demonstrated all-optical injection of ballistic currents in ReS2, and studied the dynamics of ballisric charge transport. Fourth, by performing transient absorption measurements with polarization resolution, we studied spin and valley dynamics of excitons in monolayer MoSe2. Finally, we used the transient absorption technique with layer selectivity to study heterostructures of graphene-WS2, MoS2-MoSe2, and WS2-MoSe2. We observed ultrafast and efficient charge and exciton transfer across the van der Waals interface in all these structures. The formation of spatially indirect excitons in the transition-metal-dichalcogenide heterostructures was also studied. Furthermore, we found that the optical properties of WS2 can be effectively tuned by carriers in graphene in the graphene-WS2 heterostructure
Quais interesses se devem defender

The article introduces two problems of the professional ethics of the legal operators: the ownership of rights that lawyers must represent and the objectives that should be protected in the litigation. The discussion focuses on the representation, offered by several films, of the lawyer's role in the processes and of his ethical and legal obligations towards his clients.
Learning and Psychological Effects from Peers in a Competitive Environment: Evidence from the PGA Tour

Identifying the impact that an individual’s peers have on his or her own performance outcomes is difficult to do in practice. Examining data from professional golf tournaments provides a unique opportunity to produce such estimates in that players compete in a high stakes setting, completing tasks in a discrete order with a group of randomly assigned peers. In a previous study, Guryan, Kroft, and Notowidigdo (2009) focus on how the ability of one’s playing partner impacts one’s own score in each round, finding little to no evidence of peer effects. We make use of detailed shot-level data, and focus on how putts taken by peers on a given hole impact the outcomes for an individual. There are at least two potential effects experienced by observing the performance of a peer. One is that a player learns about the features of the green: slope, speed or other relevant factors. The second effect is that a player experiences a psychological impact by seeing another player succeed or fail on a given shot. We find that the learning effect from simply observing other players has a positive impact on a player’s success. We also find evidence that a player’s success is negatively related to how successful his peers have been to that point.
Lunar Surface Environmental Conditions: Challenges of Developing an Outpost and Exploiting In Situ Resources

The surface of the Moon is covered with a layer of fragmental debris referred to as the regolith. Unlike terrestrial surficial debris layers (i.e., soils), the lunar regolith is formed primarily by the process of impact-induced mechanical degradation with additional modification due to space weathering. While a general understanding of the geotechnical properties of the regolith resulted from data acquired during Surveyor, Apollo and Luna landed missions, a great deal remains uncertain because explicit geotechnical experiments were few and analysis of returned material may not provide the appropriate in situ values in all cases. A series of focused in situ lunar experiments should to be conducted at potential landing sites to examine the various local geologic / morphologic terranes (e.g., intercrater plains, crater rims, crater interiors, slopes) as a function of area and depth to provide the necessary statistical understanding of the range of geotechnical properties. In addition to the mechanical properties, electrical properties also need to be evaluated. Understanding of the electrical properties is critical to evaluating the potential for surface and vehicle charging and charge transfer and for possible dust mobility. Because measurements need to be made in different geologic / morphologic terranes, mobility of the scales of a few to a few tens kilometers is required.
In Situ Raman Monitoring of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 Oxidation and Related Decomposition at Elevated Temperatures

In this work, we report the results of in situ Raman monitoring of copper zinc tin sulfide [Cu 2ZnSnS4 (CZTS)], phase under relevant processing conditions at elevated temperatures. CZTS films are prepared from a simple sol-gel method, followed by sulfurization. Raman microspectroscopy measurements are carried out using a 514.5-nm excitation laser on CZTS samples at room temperature and under in situ conditions in sealed chamber and in open air at elevated temperatures. Preliminary results of in situ Raman showed that CZTS phase is Raman active at elevated temperatures up to ∼600 °C. In addition, important information regarding CZTS phase oxidation and related decomposition at high temperatures is revealed. Coupled with X-ray diffraction analysis of the in situ Raman examined CZTS samples, a two-step oxidation/decomposition reaction is suggested. CZTS oxidizes first at ∼400 °C to form tin oxide (SnO 2) and binary sulfides mainly copper sulfide (Cu ${}_{2-x}$ S) and zinc sulfide (ZnS). Then, at temperatures higher than 400 °C, the remaining sulfides oxidize to form zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper sulfate (CuSO4). The study demonstrates that in situ Raman, combined with other ex situ characterization techniques, could provide valuable insights that help understand the complex processes involving phase formation and degradation for CZTS and other related chalcogenides as solar absorber materials.
Bidirectional Relationships Between Fatigue and Everyday Experiences in Persons Living With HIV.

Fatigue symptoms are very common among persons living with HIV (PLWH). Fatigue is related to functional and psychological problems and to treatment nonadherence. Using secondary data from ecological momentary assessment, we examined fatigue as a predictor of PLWH everyday experiences. In bidirectional analyses based on the shape shifters model, we also examined these experiences as predictors of fatigue. Data were examined from 67 PLWH who completed daily surveys on a handheld computer. Brief validated scales were used to assess participants' control beliefs, mood, stress, coping, social support, experience of stigma, and motivation. At the beginning and end of the study, fatigue was measured with two CES-D items that have been used in past HIV symptom research. Multilevel models and logistic regression were used to test reciprocal predictive relationships between variables. Moderate to severe fatigue affected 45% of PLWH in the study. Initial fatigue predicted PLWH subsequent overall level of control beliefs, mood, stress, coping, and social support, all p < .05. These state variables remained relatively constant over time, regardless of participants' initial fatigue. In tests for reciprocal relationships with 33 PLWH, average daily stress, OR = 4.74, and stigma, OR = 4.86, also predicted later fatigue. Fatigue predicted several daily survey variables including stress and social support. Stress and support in turn predicted fatigue at a later time, suggesting a self-perpetuating cycle but also a possible avenue for intervention. Future studies should examine daily variation in fatigue among PLWH and its relation to other everyday experiences and behaviors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Symmetic Fluid Flow in an Asymmetic Two-Strand Tundish

Mathematical simulations and water modeling experiments were applied to study the fluid flow in an asymmetric two-strand tundish under different flow controlling devices,and the optimized configuration was used in the industrial continuous caster. The experimental results showed that the negative dead volume fraction appeared if the classic combined method was applied to calculate the dead volume fraction for each strand,so the mean residence time was chosen as the key parameter.In the former tundish,the mean residence time at the strand near the ladle shroud was 194 seconds,the difference of the mean residence time between two strands was 97 seconds,and the difference of the temperature between two strands was 5℃. The asymmetric distribution of the flow rate of the molten steel was realized using the asymmetric rectangle turbulence inhibitor at the exit of it.Because of the asymmetry of the turbulence inhibitor,the flow rate of the molten steel was asymmetrical at the exit of the turbulence inhibitor. In the optimized tundish with asymmetric rectangle turbulence inhibitor and multi-hole baffle the mean residence time at the strand near the ladle shroud was 211 seconds,the difference of the mean residence time between two strands was 34seconds,and the difference of the temperature between two strands was 3℃.
Screening for lipid disorders in adults.

Case study: E.B. is a 50-year-old black woman who comes to your office for weight-loss counseling. She reports that her brother recently had a heart attack at 58 years of age. She does not smoke and takes no medications other than a daily multivitamin.