cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The single-cell chemostat: an agarose-based, microfluidic device for high-throughput, single-cell studies of bacteria and bacterial communities

Optical microscopy of single bacteria growing on solid agarose support is a powerful method for studying the natural heterogeneity in growth and gene expression. While the material properties of agarose make it an excellent substrate for such studies, the sheer number of exponentially growing cells eventually overwhelms the agarose pad, which fundamentally limits the duration and the throughput of measurements. Here we overcome the limitations of exponential growth by patterning agarose pads on the sub-micron-scale. Linear tracks constrain the growth of bacteria into a high density array of linear micro-colonies. Buffer flow through microfluidic lines washes away excess cells and delivers fresh nutrient buffer. Densely patterned tracks allow us to cultivate and image hundreds of thousands of cells on a single agarose pad over 30–40 generations, which drastically increases single-cell measurement throughput. In addition, we show that patterned agarose can facilitate single-cell measurements within bacterial communities. As a proof-of-principle, we study a community of E. coli auxotrophs that can complement the amino acid deficiencies of one another. We find that the growth rate of colonies of one strain decreases sharply with the distance to colonies of the complementary strain over distances of only a few cell lengths. Because patterned agarose pads maintain cells in a chemostatic environment in which every cell can be imaged, we term our device the single-cell chemostat. High-throughput measurements of single cells growing chemostatically should greatly facilitate the study of a variety of microbial behaviours.
(Na+ + K+)-activated adenosinetriphosphatase: fluorimetric determination of the associated K+ -dependent 3-O-methylfluorescein phosphatase and its use for the assay of enzyme samples with low activities.

Abstract Data are presented which prove that 3- O -methylfluorescein phosphate is a substrate for the K + -dependent phosphatase that is associated with Na + ,K + -ATPase. Conditions for the continuous fluorimetric assay of 3- O -methylfluorescein phosphatase are described. Enzyme preparations from three different tissues with widely different specific activities exhibit similar K m values for 3- O -methylfluorescein phosphate. Correlation between Na + ,K + -ATPase activity and K + -dependent 3- O -methylfluorescein phosphatase activity is demonstrated in several partially purified enzyme preparations and crude tissue fractions. When the K + -dependent 3- O -methylfluorescein phosphatase of a crude rat-brain homogenate is assayed, the activity is a linear function of the amount of homogenate added to the assay mixture. The equivalent of 10 μg of brain tissue may be assayed under the conditions used. The potential value of this highly sensitive fluorimetric method for the assay of enzyme in small samples of various tissues is suggested.
The relative strengths of indirect and direct word learning.

Indirect word learning lacks many of the overt social-pragmatic cues to reference available in direct word learning, yet the two result in equally robust mappings when comprehension is assessed immediately after learning. The 3 studies reported here investigated how 3-year-olds ( N 96) respond to more challenging tests of the relative strengths of indirect and direct word learning. In Study 1, children’s comprehension of indirectly and directly learned proper and common names was tested after a 2-day delay. Both types of learning resulted in proper name mappings that picked out an individual and in common name mappings that could be extended to another category member. In Studies 2 and 3, children’s comprehension was tested after they had been provided with additional, and sometimes inconsistent, information about the scope of previously learned words. There was a hint of a difference between indirect and direct word learning, but results overall suggested that the two were equivalent.
Irritable bowel syndrome defined by factor analysis. Gender and race comparisons.

To examine the applicability across subgroups of the Manning criteria commonly used to diagnose the irritable bowel syndrome, a 22-item symptom questionnaire was administered to male and female African-American and Caucasian adults (N=1344). Principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation was used to identify symptom clusters. Consistent with the findings of a previous factor analytic study, three of the six Manning symptoms (loose stools and more frequent bowel movements with onset of pain, pain relieved by defecation) formed a cluster corresponding to the irritable bowel syndrome in all subgroups. It is concluded that: (1) The three core Manning symptoms have equal applicability to both genders and to African-Americans as well as to Caucasians. They are useful symptom criteria for the diagnosis of IBS when used in conjunction with medical evaluation. (2) Three of the six Manning symptoms rarely correlate with the others; if confirmed in patient samples, this would indicate that these three symptoms are not useful for making a diagnosis of the irritable bowel syndrome.
Hybrid feature detection and information accumulation using high-resolution LC-MS metabolomics data.

Feature detection is a critical step in the preprocessing of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) metabolomics data. Currently, the predominant approach is to detect features using noise filters and peak shape models based on the data at hand alone. Databases of known metabolites and historical data contain information that could help boost the sensitivity of feature detection, especially for low-concentration metabolites. However, utilizing such information in targeted feature detection may cause large number of false positives because of the high levels of noise in LC–MS data. With high-resolution mass spectrometry such as liquid chromatograph–Fourier transform mass spectrometry (LC–FTMS), high-confidence matching of peaks to known features is feasible. Here we describe a computational approach that serves two purposes. First it boosts feature detection sensitivity by using a hybrid procedure of both untargeted and targeted peak detection. New algorithms are designed to reduce the chance of f...
The mass spectrum of 1‐(2‐thienyl) hexane‐1‐13C

The mass spectrum of 1-(2-thienyl) hexane-1-13C is reported. The principal fragmentation routes ofthe parent ion are delineated. Beta cleavage of the alkyl chain predominates, and the label retention indicates that the alpha carbon atom remains with the charged ring moiety. A substantial part of the m/e 97 ion undergoes a ring expansion to a six membered ring. A small amount of alpha cleavage of the alkyl chain occurs with the expected loss of the label. Further fragmentation of the ions from initial alpha or beta cleavage produces similar fragment ions. It is noted that many of the neutral particles lost in the formation of the fragment ions are typical of those encountered in the alkylbenzenes or other aromatic ion systems.
Utilization and Perioperative Outcomes of Partial Cystectomy for Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Lessons from the ACS NSQIP Database

Abstract Introduction We identified predictors of partial cystectomy in the ACS NSQIP® database of more than 400 hospitals across North America. We also reviewed perioperative outcomes. Methods We reviewed the records of patients with an ICD-9 diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder who were treated with partial or radical cystectomy from 2007 to 2012. The proportion of patients who underwent partial vs radical cystectomy and the proportion who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were compared across time. We reviewed 30-day morbidity and mortality, and determined risk factors. Logistic regression was used to identify factors predictive of undergoing partial vs radical cystectomy. Results A total of 2,393 patients met study inclusion criteria. The ratio of partial to radical cystectomy was low and stable at 0% to 7% (p = 0.36). While patients undergoing radical cystectomy were more likely to receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy in later years (p Conclusions The ratio of the number of partial to radical cystectomies performed was stable. Cerebrovascular accident history, nonsmoker status and lack of trainee participation were associated with partial cystectomy. Patients treated with radical cystectomy but not those who underwent partial cystectomy were more likely to receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy in later years. Large detailed registries such as ACS NSQIP have important potential use for evaluating trends in urological practice.
Postharvest citrus mass and size estimation using a logistic classification model and a watershed algorithm

A machine vision system for estimation of citrus fruit mass, fruit count, and fruit size during postharvest processing was investigated with the aim of developing of an advanced citrus yield mapping system. Such yield mapping system enables the citrus growers to efficiently manage the in-grove spatial variability factors such as: soil type, soil fertility, moisture content, etc., and can help increase yield and profits. Thus, a machine vision system was developed and installed in a citrus debris cleaning machine, which removes debris from mechanically harvested loads. An image processing algorithm was developed to identify fruit from images of the postharvest citrus from a commercial citrus grove. For fruit detection, logistic regression model based pixel classification algorithms were developed. To avoid misclassification due to highly saturated area on fruit and non-fruit regions, a highly saturated area recovering (HSAR) algorithm was developed that obviated use of a “filling holes” operation. A mass calibration process was conducted, and fruit mass was estimated, which turned out to be reasonably good. The highest coefficient of determination (R2) value between the measured fruit mass and the estimated fruit mass was observed to be 0.945 and the root mean square error was 116.1 kg. A H-minima transform based watershed algorithm was used to separate the joined fruit and enabled an estimation of fruit counting and fruit size. Fruit mass estimation using the fruit size information was also conducted and these results were compared with that of the mass estimation based on fruit pixel area.
Characteristics of people aged 45 years or older with heart disease by frequent mental distress status, 2001.

Abstract Background. Depression commonly occurs after nonfatal cardiac events and is associated with adverse health outcomes. Methods. In 2001, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, an ongoing, state-based, random-digit-dialed telephone survey of non-institutionalized adults, administered cardiovascular health questions to 19 states and DC. Among those aged ≥45 years, we examined the association of frequent mental distress (FMD) (≥14 self-reported mentally unhealthy days in the past 30 days) with modifiable adverse behaviors (smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity) and health care coverage. Results. The prevalence of FMD among adults with heart disease was 14.8%. Age-adjusted odds ratios indicated that adults with heart disease and FMD were more likely to smoke, to be physically inactive, to be obese, and to be without health care coverage than persons without FMD. Although frequent mental distress was associated with only one adverse health behavior (physical inactivity) after fully adjusting when these health behaviors were considered separately, we observed a twofold increased likelihood for the presence of multiple adverse health behaviors among those with FMD as compared to those without FMD. Conclusions. Medical counseling on lifestyle changes after cardiac events is accepted as a key part of rehabilitation; however, the mental well-being of patients may also need to be monitored, as it may be a mediating factor in achieving healthy lifestyle goals.
The efferent role of sensory axons in nerve-evoked contractions of bullfrog bladder.

Abstract The neural input to the frog bladder was characterized in vitro . The nerve-evoked bladder contraction consists primarily of an early parasympathetic cholinergic component and a later, longer-lasting non-adrenergic non-cholinergic component. This slow non-adrenergic non-cholinergic contraction is not only resistant to cholinergic and adrenergic antagonists, but also to H 1 and H 2 histaminergic antagonists and to the serotoninergic antagonist, methysergide. It is concluded that the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic contraction is mediated by an efferent action of the sensory system because it is resistant to ganglionic nicotinic antagonists and because it is elicited specifically by stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the dorsal root. 5-Hydroxytryptamine is a potent and specific inhibitor of the sensory non-adrenergic non-cholinergic contraction. Although the bladder smooth muscle is innervated by terminals containing a somatostatin-like substance, somatostatin does not cause a bladder contraction. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, enkephalin, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, adenosine and adenosine 5 monophosphate are also unlikely candidates for the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic transmitter because they do not produce bladder contractions and/or their antagonists are ineffective on the nerve-evoked contraction. A putatively sensory network of fibers containing a substance P-like material is located within the wall of the bladder. Substance P produces bladder contractions at concentrations as low as 10 −9 M and so it, or a related substance, is a viable transmitter candidate in this system. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)(10 −5 M) also causes a bladder contraction and remains a possible candidate as well. The data demonstrate that the bladder contraction resulting from electrical stimulation of the bladder nerves is due in large part to the “antidromic” stimulation of sensory axons. The likely presence therefore of potent and releasable substances in the peripheral sensory terminals of the bladder suggests that this sensory system may exert significant local, efferent control of bladder smooth muscle (i.e. independent from the central nervous system).
1H-NMR assignments of GM1-oligosaccharide in deuterated water at 500 MHz by two-dimensional spin-echo J-correlated spectroscopy

Abstract The 1H-NMR spectra of the oligosaccharide derived from monosialoganglioside GM1 (GM1 = β- d -galactosyl-(1–3)-β- d -N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(1–4)-[α-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2–3)]-β- d -galactosyl-( 1–4)-β- d -glucosylceramide) (GM1OS) and its reduced form (GM1OS-R) have been obtained at 500 MHz in D2O. Through the combined use of one-dimensional and homonuclear two-dimensional spin-echo J-correlated (2D SECSY) spectra of GM1OS-R, the assignments for the ring protons of GM1OS are made. Data on chemical shifts and coupling constants of GM1OS including the α-linked neuraminic acid protons, in aqueous solution, are tabulated. Due to the very small coupling constants (
TiO2 nanotubes for bone regeneration

Nanostructured materials are believed to play a fundamental role in orthopedic research because bone itself has a structural hierarchy at the first level in the nanometer regime. Here, we report on titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) surface nanostructures utilized for orthopedic implant considerations. Specifically, the effects of TiO 2 nanotube surfaces for bone regeneration will be discussed. This unique 3D tube shaped nanostructure created by electrochemical anodization has profound effects on osteogenic cells and is stimulating new avenues for orthopedic material surface designs. There is a growing body of data elucidating the benefits of using TiO 2 nanotubes for enhanced orthopedic implant surfaces. The current trends discussed within foreshadow the great potential of TiO 2 nanotubes for clinical use.
Cytokine combination therapy with long-acting erythropoietin and granulocyte colony stimulating factor improves cardiac function but is not superior than monotherapy in a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Background Erythropoietin (EPO) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) are potential novel therapies after myocardial infarction (MI). We first established the optimal and clinically applicable dosages of these drugs in mobilizing hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), and then tested the efficacy of monotherapy and combination therapy post-MI. Methods and Results Optimal doses were established in enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) + chimeric mice (n = 30). Next, mice underwent MI and randomized into 4 groups (n = 18/group): 1) GCSF; 2) EPO; 3) EPO+GCSF; and 4) control. Left ventricular (LV) function was analyzed pre-MI, at 4 hours and at 28 days post-MI. Histological assessment of infarct size, blood vessels, apoptotic cardiomyocytes, and engraftment of eGFP+ mobilized cells were analyzed at day 28. LV function in the control group continued to deteriorate, whereas all treatments showed stabilization. The treatment groups resulted in less scarring, increased numbers of mobilized cells to the infarct border zone (BZ), and a reduction in the number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes. Both EPO groups had significantly more capillaries and arterioles at the BZ. Conclusion We have established the optimal doses for EPO and GCSF in mobilizing HSC from the bone marrow and demonstrated that therapy with these agents, either as monotherapy or combination therapy, led to improvement of cardiac function post-MI. Combination therapy does not seem to have additive benefit over monotherapy in this model.
Studies in robust approaches to object detection in high-clutter background

Object detection approaches need to perform accurately and robustly over a wide range of scenes. It would be quite valuable if one can devise a performance index for an object detection approach as a function of the nature of a particular scene. Basically this requires an ability to derive a quantitative measure for the 'clutter' observed in an image. Most images of interest are texture-rich i.e. the important perceptual properties are based upon the spatial arrangements of simple patterns which might be regular in nature. As a result, it is natural to utilize texture analysis based operators to define the measure of image quality of 'clutter' that is being sought. It has been proven that the gray level cooccurence (GLC) matrices of an image embody important texture information, and the image can indeed be reconstructed from these matrices. Hence it is proposed that GLC-based measures be derived and used to quantify image quality. Current approaches are based on only one of several important perceptually meaningful measures which can be computed from GLC matrices. Prior work done in this area is assessed in this paper. The derivation of the image quality measures from GLC matrices is currently being researched. This paper presents a discussion of these issues along with the objectives and results of an ongoing study involving object detection in high resolution aerial images.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
In silico biotechnology. Era of reconstruction and interrogation.

Bernhard Palsson is a Professor of Bioengineering and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the University of California, San Diego. His current research focuses on: the reconstruction of genome-scale networks of cellular metabolism, transcriptional regulation and cellular signaling; the development of in silico modeling procedures, including the constraint-based modeling philosophy and approach that can be applied to genome-scale reconstructions; and experimental tests of predictions of microorganism phenotypes, including changes in DNA sequence, gene expression and growth rates. He is the founder and co-founder of several companies, including Genomatica, a company that is focused on in silico biology. Suddenly we hear about systems biology everywhere, but what is it? With the increased popularity of this subject there are many different definitions floating around. There seems to be a consensus building around a definition that is comprised of four principal factors: the enumeration of network components, the reconstruction of networks, the mathematical representation of networks and their mathematical interrogation to assess their properties, and experiments to verify or refute computational predictions. The process is seen as iterative [1,2]. Although systems analysis in biology is not new (e.g. pharmacokinetics has been in use since the early 1970s), the emergence of systems biology signifies a new level of detail and of scale of complexity in the analysis of living systems. Systems biology may be viewed as genome-scale science that is enabled by the development of highthroughput technologies.
High Speed Friction Stir Welding: A Computational and Experimental Study

A three-dimensional numerical analysis of friction stir welding at high speed (HS-FSW) is presented here. The temperature distribution in the workpiece has been calculated for a number of processing conditions. The analysis adopts a thermal model based on the simple laws of friction. This model translates to having a moving heat source along the weld-line on the top surface of the workpieces. Results have been validated experimentally using an infrared camera as well as thermocouple measurements. By comparing actual welds performed on Aluminum 6061-T6 and the numerical predictions, it is observed that the appropriate range for the (maximum) surface temperatures for obtaining a sound weld is between 570°C and 530°C, and that these temperatures are achieved between spindle translation velocities of 125 mm/min and 250 mm/min, respectively.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Controlling currents through molecular wires

We investigate the possibility of controlling by means of external laser fields both the current through molecular wires and the corresponding noise properties. It is found that an appropriate off-resonant driving field reduces the coherent transport across the molecule resulting in a strong current suppression. The relative level of transport noise, characterized by a Fano factor, exhibits characteristic maxima and minima near regimes of current suppression. In a three-terminal configuration, the field allows one to steer the current selectively towards one terminal.
Long-term population, productivity, and energy use trends in the sequence of leading capitalist nations

Abstract There are many theories on why sustainable science, technology, and commerce emerged first in Western Europe rather than elsewhere. A general theory is that the geography of Europe facilitated the development of diverse and independent states and resultant competition among them. Over the past 500 years, the sequence of leading states began with Portugal and the Netherlands on the edge of continental Western Europe, then moved to the British Isles, and finally moved across the Atlantic Ocean to the United States. The transitions of leadership from one state to another occurred about every 100 years. This sequence suggests that leadership moves from smaller states to larger states (although not to the largest existing state at the time), perhaps because larger states have the flexibility to develop more complex organizational processes and adapt new technology. To explore this theory further, this paper analyzes state population data at the beginning and end of each leadership period. The data reveal an accelerating initial population sequence. Further understanding is gained from comparing the populations of the preceding and succeeding states at the time of each transition: the succeeding state's population is usually about two times larger than that of the preceding state. It is also seen that over time, the new organizational processes and technologies developed by the leading state are diffused and adapted by other states. Evidence of the effects of this diffusion should be seen in the dynamics of relative productivity and energy use (since the relative advantage of new ideas and technology can be maintained for a short period of about 100 years). This paper investigates these trends in population, trade, and resources to provide insight on possible future transitions.
Exposure to Violence and Victimization, Depression, and Substance Use and the Use of Violence by Young Adolescents

Exposure to Violence and Victimization, Depression, and Substance Use and the Use of Violence by Young Adolescents
Provisioning Inka feasts at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: the geographic origins of camelids in the Pumapunku complex

Abstract While political integration can be achieved by many means, here we focus on the use of feasting and statecraft in the Inka Empire of the Andean Late Horizon (c. AD 1400–1532) in South America. In order to examine Inka political integration of the Lake Titicaca Basin of Bolivia, we examine paleomobility and paleodiet through radiogenic strontium and stable oxygen and carbon isotope data in archaeological camelid remains from the site of Tiwanaku. Mean radiogenic strontium isotope values from all archaeological camelid enamel and bone samples is 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70998 ± 0.00179 (1σ, n = 48), mean stable oxygen isotope values from a sub-set of archaeological camelid enamel and bone samples is δ18Ocarbonate (VPDB) = −10.0‰ ± 2.6‰ (1σ, n = 18) and mean stable carbon isotope values from a sub-set of archaeological camelid enamel and bone samples is δ13Ccarbonate (VPDB) = −9.0‰ ± 1.7‰ (1σ, n = 18). While many camelids consumed in these feasting events were likely local to the Lake Titicaca Basin, others came from a variety of different geologic zones, elucidating our understanding of Inka statecraft and the role of feasting in political integration in empires in the past.
Stimulation of the incorporation of 32Pi and myo-(2-3H)inositol into the phosphoinositides in polymorphonuclear leukocytes during phagocytosis.

Abstract The effect of phagocytosis on the incorporation of 32 P i and myo -[2- 3 H]inositol into the phosphoinositides (phosphatidylinositol, diphosphoinositide, and triphosphoinositide) by polymorphonuclear leukocytes from guinea pig peritoneal exudates has been studied. The results show that phagocytosis enhanced the incorporation of 32 P i and myo -[2- 3 H]inositol into all three inositides in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that phagocytosis did not stimulate the loss of the label from the inositides. The findings indicate that the increased radioactivity of the phosphoinositides in polymorphonuclear leukocytes during phagocytosis is due to a greater rate of synthesis of these phospholipids at the time of labeling, rather than due to an increase in the rate of their turnover.
Benchmarking sales staffing efficiency in dealerships using extended data envelopment analysis

Abstract This study presents an approach to benchmark dealer performance in a business-to-business setting through a rigorous efficiency analysis of sales staff allocation. Using a series of basic and extended data envelopment analysis (DEA) models on data collected from a survey of self-reported financial and statistical information, this research assesses dealer efficiency and compares the efficiency scores to traditional financial benchmarking. Findings support the minimization of outsourcing services that are customer interactive and highly specific to a transaction to differentiate the dealer from its competition. Integrating the results from DEA models, manufacturers obtain a comprehensive view of allocating sales staff to increase dealer efficiency and generating a complementary approach to traditional financial ratio benchmarking in determining best practices to other dealers.
Fluoride Toxicity in Domestic and Wild Animals

AbstractFluoride toxicity in animals has become an important toxicologic problem in many parts of the world due to the expansion of certain types of industrial operations that emit excessive fluorides into the atmosphere in areas of animal habitat. Animals normally ingest low levels of fluoride with no adverse effects. Small amounts of fluoride may even have beneficial effects, but when excessive amounts are ingested for prolonged periods of time, adverse effects are induced. Many sources may contribute to the total fluoride intake of animals. Various factors influence biologic responses of animals to excessive ingested fluorides. Signs and lesions of fluoride toxicity in animals have been characterized. The lesions observed in fluoride toxicity in various species of animals are essentially similar. Fluoride standards and a comprehensive guide for use in diagnosing and evaluating fluoride toxicity in animals have been compiled. Prevention and control of fluoride toxicity in animals can be achieved when th...
Presidential address: Transluminally placed endovascular stented grafts and their impact on vascular surgery

Abstract surgery (n.,):The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of injury, deformity and disease by manual and instrumental means. radiology (n.,):The use of ionizing radiation for medical diagnosis, especially the use of x-rays in medical radiography and fluoroscopy. war (n.,):A condition of active antagonism or contention; a concerted effort to put an end to something considered injurious. cooperation (n.,):Joint effort or operation; the association of a number of people in an enterprise for mutual benefits. compromise (n.,):A settlement in which each side gives up some demands or makes concessions. Sources: Webster's and New Heritage Dictionaries.
EUV OPC modeling and correction requirements

In this paper we discuss the EUV OPC modeling challenges and potential solutions, as well as OPC integration requirements to support the forthcoming application of EUV lithography. 10-nm-node OPC modeling is considered as an example. Wafer and mask process data were collected for calibration and verification patterns, to understand the mask making error/OPC model interactions. Several factors, including compact mask topography modeling impact, were analyzed by means of rigorous simulations and model fitting. This was performed on a large-scale data set, to ensure accurate characterization of the OPC modeling strategies, using a large number of patterns.
Outcome of prenatally diagnosed trisomy 6 mosaicism.

We report the prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 6 mosaicism via amniocentesis, in which trisomy 6 cells were identified in three of five culture vessels with 33% (5/15) of colonies showing trisomic cells. The pregnancy was electively terminated and examination revealed minor abnormalities (shortening of the femurs, micrognathia, posterior malrotation of the ears, and bilateral camptomelia of the second digit of the hands and fifth digits of the feet). Cytogenetic analysis of the placenta showed trisomy 6 in 100% of 20 cells studied. Karyotype was 46,XX in 100 cells examined from fetal skin. There are relatively few prenatally diagnosed cases of mosaic trisomy 6 at amniocentesis. Confined placental mosaicism (CPM) has been postulated in other cases where follow-up cytogenetic studies were not available. The present case differs from those previously reported, as it appears to represent CPM of chromosome 6 with phenotypic effects to the fetus. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collaboration to regulate L.U.S.T.: Leaking underground storage tanks in Silicon Valley

Abstract Collaboration in good faith to solve social problems is often recommended to reduce social conflict and social costs. However, it is also criticized as too idealistic and thus unrealistic, especially when the social problem involves regulation of business. This article explains a successful collaborative effort to establish the first comprehensive regulation of underground chemical storage tanks in the United States. Local government officials, electronics industry executives, and public interest advocates in Silicon Valley worked together to address a highly salient social issue. Their consensus solution not only provided local regulations for underground chemical storage tanks, but also became the basis for state and federal regulatory standards.
Hawaiian plant studies—XIV alkaloids of Ochrosia sandwicensis A.Gray☆☆☆

Abstract Two quaternary alkaloids were isolated from Ochrosia sandwicensis A. Gray. One was shown to be hunterburnine α-methochloride (I), while the other has been named ochrosandwine and its probable structure is 10-hydroxydihydrocorynantheol methochloride (II). The stereochemistry of the related alkaloid huntrabrine methochloride (IV) is elaborated. Two previously isolated yellow Ochrosia bases were shown to be ellipticine hydrochloride and methoxyellipticine for which the structure-8-methoxyellipticine (V) is suggested. A rapid separation of alkaloids from plant material is described, which involves extraction with hot dilute acetic acid, precipitation with Mayer's reagent and conversion of the complex to the chlorides by anion exchange.
Membrane insertion of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin: single mutation in domain II block partitioning of the toxin into the brush border membrane.

The umbrella and penknife models hypothesize that insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins partition into the apical membrane of the insect midgut by insertion of only two α-helices from domain I of the protein, α-helices 4 and 5 in the case of the umbrella model and α-helices 5 and 6 in the case of the penknife model. Neither model envisages membrane partitioning by domains II and III. In this study, we present data suggesting that mutations in the domain II residue, F371, affect insertion of the whole toxin into Manduca sexta brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs). Using steady state fluorescence measurements combined with a proteinase K protection assay, we show that mutants of F371 have lost their ability to insert into the BBMV, even though binding to cadherin is almost unaffected. The study also identifies a difference in partitioning of toxins into artificial lipid vesicles (SUVs) as opposed to native BBMVs. While the F371 mutations block insertion of domains I and II into BBMVs, they only block domain II insertion into SUVs. Bioassay and voltage clamping of midguts also confirm the fluorescence data that the noninserting mutants are nontoxic. Our study leads us to propose that, in contrast to previous models of individual free helices inserting into the membrane, the toxin enters into the membrane as a whole molecule or oligomers of the molecule, wherein the domain II residue F371 has a vital role to play in membrane insertion.
Null-pole subspaces of nonregular rational matrix functions

Abstract Given a (not necessarily regular) rational matrix function W and a subset σ of the extended complex plane, we associate with it a free module l σ(W) over the ring of scalar rational functions which are analytic on σ, called the null-pole subspace of W over σ. In the scalar case, the information encoded in this module is equivalent to the knowledge of all the poles and zeros, including their multiplicities, at all points of σ; in the general matrix case, the null-pole subspace encodes the more complicated zero-pole structure of a rational matrix function, which is the key tool for the understanding of many factorization problems. In this paper we show how various other modules which have been introduced in the literature in connection with pole-zero structure (e.g. pole module, zero module) can be read off from the null-pole subspace, and how, conversely, the null-pole subspace can be recovered from its various pieces (pole module, null module, a null-pole coupling operator and left annihilator). We give an analytic, coordinate-dependent description of these modules which has connection with realization theory and which is useful for computations. We also solve the converse problem of finding a rational matrix function which has a given admissible module as its null-pole subspace.
Complexities in Identifying and Defining Mathematics Learning Disability in the Primary School-Age Years

This paper is a descriptive report of findings from a prospective longitudinal study of math disability (MD). The study was designed to address the incidence of MD during primary school, the utility of different MD definitions, and evidence of MD subtypes. The results illustrate the dynamic properties of psychometrically derived definitions of MD. Different groups of children meet criteria for MD depending on which measure(s) are used for identification. Over time, a given individual may not continue to meet MD criteria, even when using the same assessments. Thus, the findings lead to cautions regarding the single-tool/ one-time assessment for a clinical diagnosis of MD. Twenty-two of 209 participants demonstrated “persistent MD” (MD-p), or MD for more than one school grade. Reading disability was relatively more frequent in this MD-p subgroup than in the remaining participants (25 percent vs. 7 percent). Reading-related skills were correlated with math achievement, as were select visual spatial skills. There was minimal overlap between groups who met either a “poor achievement” criteria or an “IQ-achievement discrepancy,” and the latter was far less stable a measure over time than the former. The results highlight the complexities of defining MD and illustrate the need for more research in this area.
Introduction to the new section “Clinical Laboratory in Emergency Medicine” Emergency department pregnancy testing☆

The rapid and accurate diagnosis of pregnancy is a necessity for emergency physicians. Physicians of the 1990s are fortunate to have available inexpensive, rapid pregnancy tests with virtually no false positives or negatives. The current basis of endocrine pregnancy tests is detection of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) in the serum or urine. The single HCG tests in combination with ultrasound, as well as serial HCGs, are also useful in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Serum progesterone, although at present not widely used in the emergency department, shows great promise as a test useful in the often difficult task of distinguishing ectopic and abnormal pregnancies from viable intrauterine pregnancies.
A new nonlinear filtering formula for discrete time measurements

An exact formula for computing the conditional mean of a random variable is derived for discrete time observations. This formula is analogous to the well-known result of Fujisaki-Kallianpur-Kunita for continuous time observations, and it is similar to the discrete time formula recently derived by Takeuchi and Akashi. The derivation of the new formula is extremely elementary, and it is based on the judicious choice of a certain homotopy function.
Consumer knowledge measures as predictors in product evaluation

An experiment was conducted to test whether measures of consumer knowledge predict utilization of extrinsic product cues and willingness to pay for a product. Consumers have been shown to value some extrinsic cues more than others, and this study shows that knowledge measures moderate the evaluation of some extrinsic cues. Compared to measures of familiarity and subjective expertise, objective expertise is found to be a more efficient predictor of product evaluation and to be more consistent in valuing extrinsic cues in accordance with their diagnostic utility. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
EFFECT OF THEOPHYLLINE ON VENTILATORY RESPONSES OF GROWING PRETERM NEONATES TO COMBINED INSPIRATORY AND EXPIRATORY LOADS

EFFECT OF THEOPHYLLINE ON VENTILATORY RESPONSES OF GROWING PRETERM NEONATES TO COMBINED INSPIRATORY AND EXPIRATORY LOADS
Thematic review series: The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. An interpretive history of the cholesterol controversy: part I

This is the first of a series of reviews of the controversy that swirled around the "lipid hypothesis" of atherosclerosis for so many years. Today, in the era of the statins, there is no longer any doubt about the value of decreasing blood cholesterol levels. In fact, "the lower the better" is the position of many clinicians. However, getting to this point has been a long uphill battle marked by heated debate and sometimes violent disagreement. The history of this controversy is worth telling for its own sake and because remembering it may help us avoid similar mistakes in the future. The history of this controversy is worth telling for its own sake and because remembering it may help us avoid similar mistakes in the future.
Neurons in the ventral tegmentum have separate populations projecting to telencephalon and inferior olive, are histochemically different, and may receive direct visual input.

Abstract The connections of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the accessory optic system were studied in the albino rat. Using injection of two fluorescent retrograde tracers it was found that individual neurons of the VTA project to frontal cortices or the inferior olive but not both structures. Using combined retrograde fluorescent tracers and glyxylic acid histochemistry, it was found that although a third of the cells projecting to frontal cortex contained catecholamine, none of the cells projecting to the inferior olive contained catecholamine. Thus, these portions of the ascending and descending VTA systems are independent. In addition, using injections of the anterograde transneuronal tracer [ 3 H]adenosine into one eye, it was found that cells in the VTA, as well as the MTN, contained the tracer. Therefore, there is a basis for direct retino-mesentelencephalic pathways through the VTA.
Fractured Identity Syndrome: A New Theory of Serial Murder

The topic of serial murder has captured the attention of many in the academic community. A quick scan of the best selling novels in any given week are likely to include at least a couple of posting...
Histopathology of Two Philometrid Parasites of the Southern Flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma

The southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma is host to two species of philometrid nematodes in the estuarine systems of South Carolina, USA. Histologic studies showed that all worms were hematophagous and that the host-parasite interface varied according to the worm's location in the fish. Individuals of Philometra overstreeti associated with the teeth induced a degradation of the enameloid epithelium but elicited minimal host reaction, whereas those located in the branchial arches induced an intense inflammatory response. Individuals of Philometroides paralichthydis elicited no host reaction. Those associated with the bones of the buccal cavity were contained in a thick collagenous capsule, whereas those located between the depressor and erector muscles of each fin element displaced or thinned the fin inclinator muscles to the extent of eventually causing their complete atrophy. Often the bulk of gravid worms imposed upon uninfected adjacent fin element muscle groups. Damage induced by these worms are...
Photon Temporal Correlations Measured Using a Dual-Channel Upconversion Detector

We demonstrate application of a dual-channel upconversion detector as a beamsplitter that preserves photon statistics. We use this beamsplitter to characterize temporal correlations of photons from coherent and pseudo-thermal sources.
On Boundary Integral Equations for Cracked and for thin Bodies

This paper addresses usual and hypersingular boundary integral equations for three-dimensional linear elasticity for two limiting cases-a body with a crack and a thin body. Degeneracy, or lack thereof, of the usual and hypersingular boundary integral equations, for these limiting cases, are critically examined in the context of a displacement discontinuity formulation and a regularization scheme based on "simple solutions" or "modes of deformation." Finally, the paper presents conversion of certain surface integrals on closure surfaces ("tents") into line integrals using Stokes' theorem.
Effects of applied currents on epileptiform bursts in vitro.

Abstract In this study, results show that applied electric currents can be effective to control the neuronal bursting that characterizes epileptic activity. Recordings from the CA1 region of rat hippocampus treated with penicillin show that local inhibition of epileptiform bursts is possible by short anodic current pulses (50 ms duration) applied extracellularly. Inhibition was evidenced by a large reduction (>90%) in the amplitude of field potential. Data collected from 20 slices with moderate field potentials (50–80% of maximum) showed that current needed for complete inhibition was on the order of 42 ± 3 μA. Intracellular recordings in CA1 cells ( n = 13) showed that the decrease in field potential amplitude was accompanied by suppression of intracellular neuronal firing caused by somatic hyperpolarization as measured by transmembrane potentials. The resulting hyperpolarization was on the order of 13 mv below resting potential for weakly epileptiform responses ( 50% of maximum response). These results reveal the existence of a stimulation window within which inhibition of neuronal elements can be achieved without simultaneous excitation.
Near-Realistic Mobile Exergames With Wireless Wearable Sensors

Exergaming is expanding as an option for sedentary behavior in childhood/adult obesity and for extra exercise for gamers. This paper presents the development process for a mobile active sports exergame with near-realistic motions through the usage of body-wearable sensors. The process begins by collecting a dataset specifically targeted to mapping real-world activities directly to the games, then, developing the recognition system in a fashion to produce an enjoyable game. The classification algorithm in this paper has precision and recall of 77% and 77% respectively, compared with 40% and 19% precision and recall on current activity monitoring algorithms intended for general daily living activities. Aside from classification, the user experience must be strong enough to be a successful system for adoption. Indeed, fast and intense activities as well as competitive, multiplayer environments make for a successful, enjoyable exergame. This enjoyment is evaluated through a 30 person user study. Multiple aspects of the exergaming user experience trials have been merged into a comprehensive survey, called ExerSurvey. All but one user thought the motions in the game were realistic and difficult to cheat. Ultimately, a game with near-realistic motions was shown to be an enjoyable, active video exergame for any environment.
Investigating Communication as a Possible Mediator of Team Performance in Distributed Environments

The U.S. Army Research Institute is investigating the use of virtual environment (VE) technologies to train personnel in distributed simulations. As part of this endeavor, we compared the communication activities of 2 team types as they completed a series of missions in a common VE. Local teams were comprised of 2 members situated in the same physical location, whereas distributed team members were separated geographically and had no opportunity for face-to-face communication. Following the first 7 (of 8 total) missions, communications were recorded as each team completed an after action review of their performance. Analyses of the amount and type of communication acts revealed no significant differences between local and distributed teams, even though significant performance differences were found for these team types during the VE missions. Results suggest that nonverbal communication likely mediated the relationship between networking condition and team performance.