cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperbaric oxygen, hypothermia, and cerebral ischemia in the dog

Abstract A new method to arrest the cerebral circulation of a dog is described, in which the major intraspinal arteries surrounding the cervical spinal cord are divided or thrombosed in a preliminary operation. After the animal has recovered from the procedure, pneumatic cuffs are inflated about the neck which block the extraspinal arteries and interrupt all flow of blood to the head. The effects of cerebral ischemia were studied in dogs breathing air or oxygen at 3 ATA at body temperatures of 37°C. and 28°C. and the data subjected to probit analysis. Seven minutes of ischemia were followed by a 50% mortality in normothermic dogs breathing air. A period of 94 minutes was required to attain the same mortality in hypothermic dogs, regardless of whether air or hyperbaric oxygen was respired. The duration of ischemia required to induce a moderate neurological deficit was 6 minutes in normothermic animals breathing air and 8 minutes in those administered oxygen. Hypothermic animals sustained a moderate neurological deficit after 29 minutes of cerebral ischemia if supplied air and after 34 minutes if supplied hyperbaric oxygen.
Reluctant Partners, Problem Definition, and Legislative Intent: K-16 Policy for Latino College Success:

Improving access to college for Latinos and other underrepresented minorities is a serious policy dilemma, particularly in states where they constitute large and growing numbers of the college-age ...
Implementation of a school-based internet obesity prevention program for adolescents.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the reach, adoption, and implementation of HEALTH[e]TEEN, a school-based Internet obesity prevention program, and examine differences in student participation and satisfaction by school, gender, age, and race/ethnicity. Design Concurrent mixed method evaluation. Setting Three public high schools in Connecticut. Participants Three hundred eighty-four adolescents, 8 teachers. Intervention(s) HEALTH[e]TEEN vs HEALTH[e]TEEN plus coping skills training. Main Outcome Measure(s) Demographic and state-available data, measurements of student satisfaction and participation, interviews with school administrators and teachers. Analysis Mixed and logistic models, content analysis. Results The sample (n = 384) was diverse (35% white), with a mean age of 15.3 years and mean body mass index of 24.7 kg/m 2 . Student participation (83% of lessons completed) and satisfaction (mean 3.6 out of 5) was high. Schools implementing the program in class had higher satisfaction and participation compared with schools that implemented the program as homework ( P ≤ .001 and P = .02 and .03, respectively). Younger students had higher participation compared with older students, but no difference in satisfaction was noted ( P = .03). Conclusions and Implications Two school-based Internet programs to decrease obesity reached diverse adolescents, and were adopted and implemented with high student satisfaction and participation. Implementation of the intervention was influenced by setting (classroom vs homework), teacher characteristics, student age, and gender.
Effect of promoter-leader sequences on transient reporter gene expression in particle bombarded pea (Pisum sativum L.) tissues☆

Abstract Particle bombardment was used to deliver plasmids containing promoter-β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene constructs into intact pea embryo axes, leaves and roots. Transient GUS enzyme activity was influenced by the promoter-leader sequence driving the GUS gene, as measured by fluorometric and histochemical assays. In most cases, the untranslated leader sequence from RNA 4 of alfalfa mosaic virus (referred to here as ‘AMV’) significantly increased GUS activity when included between the promoter (nopaline synthase (NOS), cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (35S), or the tandem 35S promoter (35S-35S)) and the GUS coding sequence. The 35S-35S-AMV promoter-leader sequence produced 4- to 10-fold greater levels of transient GUS activity in these pea tissues than the 35S promoter alone. Particle bombardment is a simple and rapid method for the assessment of vector constructs in pea tissues.
Polar Marine Communities

SYNOPSIS. This paper offers a sweeping but very superficial review of the marine biology of polar seas. The marine systems in the Arctic and Antarctic have in common polar positions and cold temperatures, otherwise they are strikingly different. The Arctic has broad shallow continental shelves with seasonally fluctuating physical conditions and a massive fresh water impact in the northern coastal zones. However, it has a low seasonality of pack ice and little vertical mixing. In contrast, the Antarctic has over twice the oceanic surface area, deep narrow shelves, and, except for ice cover, a relatively stable physical environment with very little terrestrial input. The Antarctic has great pack ice seasonality and much vertical mixing. Primary productivity in the polar areas tends to be strongly pulsed with the zooplankton lagging behind; however there are many exceptions to such generalizations. Most recent research has focused on specific patterns and processes resulting in biological hot spots such as predictable leads in the ice, polynyas, oceanographic fronts, areas of intense mixing, and the marginal ice zone. This review attempts to weave these recent oceanographic studies into the geological history of each habitat in an effort to develop a holistic understanding of the biological processes
New fuzzy shell clustering algorithms for boundary detection and pattern recognition

In this paper, we introduce new hard and fuzzy clustering algorithms called the c-quadric shells (CQS) algorithms. These algorithms are specifically designed to seek clusters that can be described by segments of second-degree curves, or more generally by segments of shells of hyperquadrics. Previous shell clustering algorithms have considered clusters of specific shapes such as circles (the fuzzy c-shells algorithm) or ellipses (the fuzzy c-ellipsoids algorithm). The advantage of our algorithm lies in the fact that it can be used to cluster mixtures of all types of hyperquadrics such as hyperspheres, hyperellipsoids, hyperparaboloids, hyperhyperboloids, and even hyperplanes. Several examples of clustering in the two-dimensional case are shown.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transfecting neurons and glia in the rat using pH-sensitive immunoliposomes.

Abstract Immunoliposomes were constructed using antibody 5–113 (directed to an antigen on the external surface rat glial cells), the antibody Thy 1.1, and a non-immune antibody. The antibodies were conjugated to N -gluytaryl-phosphatidylethanolamine. Liposomes were constructed with these conjugated antibodies, other lipids and a β-galactosidase plasmid under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter. When immunoliposomes decorated with one of three different antibodies were injected into the brain or spinal cord of adult rats, the X-gal reaction product was observed in neurons, astrocytes and vascular elements. There was an increase in neuronal labeling when animals were injected with Thy 1.1 conjugated liposomes and there was an increase in glial labeling in animals injected with 5–113 liposomes. In spinal cords, the immunoliposomes appear to penetrate a substantial distance, transfecting neurons several centimeters from the site of delivery. These data suggest that immunoliposomes may provide an effective transfection system for gene delivery in the CNS.
Ionic transport through model membranes. II. Function of cholesterol and steroid hormones.

Abstract 1. 1. The kinetics of transfer of a water-soluble azo dye, Orange IV, from an aqueous into phospholipid micelles in an adjacent organic phase have been investigated as a method of evaluating the possible effects of various hydrocarbons on the structure of the lipid micelles and interfacial films. The transport of this dyestuff probe apparently requires the presence of unsaturated alkyl chains in the lipid, provided by egg phosphatidylcholine or by synthetic lecithin (1-oleyl-2-hexadecyl ether). 2. 2. The kinetics had previously been shown to be retarded by those n- alkanes that are promoters of carcinogenesis. On the basis of this correlation it had been predicted n- C 18 H 38 and n- C 20 H 42 should be the most active biologically of the n- alkanes . This has been confirmed in detail by biological tests for promoting activity. 3. 3. Inclusion of cholesterol and various steroid metabolites, including androgens and progestogens, had profound effects on the rate of dye transport by egg phosphatidylcholine (very little transfer to the bulk organic phase was achieved by the steroids without the phospholipid). Cholesterol had the maximum retarding effect, but increased somewhat the ultimate equilibrium transfer of dye to the micelles in the organic phase. 4. 4. The C19 steroids, dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, androsterone, and epiandrosterone enhanced the rate of transport by lecithin-cholesterol micelles in different critical ranges of concentration. The four steroids were thus ranked in the same order of effective concentration in the model transport system as they are in assays of their biological activities as androgens. The metabolic intermediate, pregnenolone, affected the transport kinetics similarly to testosterone. In contrast, the C21 hormone, progesterone, and the estrogen analog, diethylstilbestrol, retarded ionic transport in this model.
Use of modified rapid sequence tracheal intubation in pediatric patients

Background: Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) has been an established practice, but is not without risks to patient. In different situations, a modification of the standard RSI technique may be more appropriate. The definition of a modified rapid sequence intubation (MRSI) is not well-documented. The purpose of this survey was to determine the working definition of MRSI as well as the modality of its use. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study consisted of a survey of pediatric anesthesiologists and included basic questions related to the anesthesiologist's experience, practice setting and use of MRSI. Responses were compiled and analyzed to identify the working definition, technique, perceived indications/complications as well as hands-on performance of tracheal intubation during use of MRSI in children. Results: The mean ± SD years in practice of the 228 respondents were 14.9 ± 8.16 years, with pediatric patients comprising 77 ± 33% of their practice. 76.8% completed a fellowship in pediatric anesthesia. 60% of the respondents' practice setting was at a Children's Hospital. Different respondents agreed with different techniques of MRSI with the majority (65%) defining a MRSI as equivalent to a RSI, but with mask ventilation. The major indication of use of a MRSI was a concern about apnea time tolerance with traditional RSI (74%). Conclusion: Technique of a MRSI varies among pediatric care providers.
Modular control architecture for real-time synchronous and asynchronous systems

This paper describes a control architecture for real-time control of complex robotic systems. The modular integrated control architecture (MICA), which is actually two complementary control systems, recognizes and exploits the differences between asynchronous and synchronous control. The asynchronous control system simulates shared memory on a heterogeneous network. For control information, a portable event-scheme is used. This scheme provides consistent interprocess coordination among multiple tasks on a number of distributed systems. The machines in the network can vary with respect to their native operating systems and the internal representation of numbers they use. The synchronous control system is needed for tight real-time control of complex electromechanical systems such as robot manipulators, and the system uses multiple processors at a specified rate. Both the synchronous and asynchronous portions of MICA have been developed to be extremely modular. MICA presents a simple programming model to code developers and also considers the needs of system integrators and maintainers. MICA has been used successfully in a complex robotics project involving a mobile 7-degree-of-freedom manipulator in a heterogeneous network with a body of software totaling over 100,000 lines of code. MICA has also been used in another robotics system, controlling a commercial long-reach manipulator.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the interaction of magnetic fields and magnetic shields

Abstract Some general mathematical expressions have been derived for the induced self and mutual inductances of the wires inside a cylindrical ferromagnetic shell. An application of these results is given. It is shown that the effect of the ferromagnetic shell on the inductances of the multiconducting wires is strongly geometry dependent; the closer the wires to the magnetic shell, the stronger the effect. For wires in the center of the cylinder, no significant result will be caused by the presence of the magnetic shell.
Hazardous Exposure to Intermittent and Steady‐State Noise

The following document was prepared by NAS‐NRC CHABA Working Group 46. This group was asked to specify damage‐risk criteria for exposure to sound. The paper contains graphs of maximum sound‐pressure levels and durations of exposures that the Working Group believes would be tolerable and examples of the use of these graphs in addition to background information and a discussion of the rationale, assumptions, limitations, and general problems pertinent to the development and application of a damage‐risk criterion and related exposure contours.
An Experimental Study of the Flow Downstream of a Circular and Tapered Cylinder

The flow downstream of intersection of both a circular and a tapered cylinder with a flat plate was examined at Re D =1.3x10 5 using surface visualization, five-hole-probe anemometry, and flow visualization. A pair of large, counter-rotating swirls with common flow away from the wall and with centers over one diameter away from the wall was present dowstream of both obstacles.
Reviewing the research on distance education and e-learning

This paper will provide insight into the current emphasis of research on distance education and e-learning. The review is organized by three intersecting activities. First, we informally collected and reviewed approximately 300 peer-reviewed journals for articles published on distance education and instruction and technology broadly defined [30]. Second, we read and reviewed the numerous meta-analyses of distance education, multimedia, e-learning, and collaborative computing published over the last fifteen years [1--2, 4--6, 17, 25--27, 31, 33, 35]. Third, we performed our own meta-analysis of the abstracts of articles published in 10 peer-reviewed journals on distance learning and e-learning. Our goal in all these activities was to generate a list of significant topics or themes contained in publications about distance education and e-learning, in part to demonstrate the lack of consistent terminology.
The relationship of hunger to predatory behaviour in hawks (Falco sparverius and Buteo platypterus)

Abstract The relationship of hunger (as measured by food consumption) to predatory behaviour in two species of falconiform birds was investigated in the laboratory. The tendency to kill prey was correlated with hunger, and only hungry birds killed prey. I suggest that there is no predatory instinct or drive which operates independently of hunger and offer other rationales for the occasional excessive killing by some vertebrate predators. Falco sparverius exhibited a circadian rhythm of hunger and killing by some vertebrate predators. Falco sparverius exhibited a circadian rhythm of hunger and killing tendency, with a peak in the late afternoon. Buteo platypterus possibly showed a slight peak in the morning.
Oral aspirin and ibuprofen increase cytokine-induced synthesis of IL-1β and of tumour necrosis factor-αex vivo

We investigated the effect of oral aspirin and ibuprofen on the ex vivo synthesis of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy volunteers. Seven volunteers took 325 mg of aspirin daily for 14 days. Three weeks after ending aspirin medication, ex vivo IL-1 beta and TNF synthesis induced by exogenous IL-1 alpha was elevated threefold compared to the pre-aspirin value (P = 0.01 and P = 0.005, respectively). Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a stimulus, no influence of oral aspirin was observed. The increase in cytokine synthesis did not parallel decreased synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Seven weeks after discontinuation of aspirin, cytokine and PGE-2 production returned to pre-aspirin levels. Another seven volunteers took 200 mg of ibuprofen daily for 12 days. Again, there was no effect on LPS- or Staphylococcus epidermidis-induced cytokine synthesis. However, IL-1 alpha-induced synthesis of IL-1 beta was elevated to a mean individual increase of 538% (P < 0.001) and synthesis of TNF was elevated to 270% (P < 0.001) at the end of ibuprofen medication and 2 weeks after discontinuation of ibuprofen. There were parallel increases in PGE2 and both returned to their pre-ibuprofen levels 5 weeks after stopping. Although inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase blunt PGE2-mediated symptoms such as fever and pain, we conclude that short term use of either aspirin or ibuprofen results in a 'rebound' increase in cytokine-induced cytokine synthesis that is not observed in LPS-induced cytokines.
Test for photosynthetic inhibition by bis(N',N'-dimethylureido) biphenyl photoproducts of monuron

Abstract Five substituted biphenyl photoproducts were identified from the photolysis of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (monuron) under varying solution conditions. These photoproducts contained functional groups that conferred phytotoxic properties to phenylurea herbicides. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine if these biphenyl photoproducts at 1, 10 and 100 μM concentrations could exhibit phytotoxic effects using the Hill reaction as the biological assay. The results show that virtually no inhibitory effects were observed from the bis-(N′,N′-dimethylureido)biphyenyl photoproducts at any of the above concentrations.
OR09-5THE OPIOID EPIDEMIC AMONG CHILDREN: EQUIPPING OURSELVES FOR SUCCESS

Opioid overdoses kill more young adults in the US than overdoses of any other drug. With the proliferation of prescription opioids, there has been a tremendous increase in opioid use disorders among children and young adults. While statistics regarding youth opioid disorders are alarming, there has not been a concurrent increase in formalized medical education for physicians. Because drug abusers are often highly stigmatized in society, their healthcare utilization tends to be fragmented and sporadic. Physicians need to equip themselves with a cohesive skill-set to provide optimal care to such a high-risk patient population. This presentation will begin with a brief lecture-based review of the opioid epidemic among children. We will then discuss the various screening and diagnostic tools available to clinicians and provide a referenced bibliography for further reading. Next, we will define evidence-based medical and non-medical treatment strategies employed in the treatment of opioid use disorders. The presentation will then transition to learning exercises where participants will practice learned objectives through case-based clinical vignettes.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Model Analysis of Cardiac Mitochondrial VDAC1 Kinetics

Metabolites, nucleotides, and ions are transported across the outer membrane of mitochondria (OMM) via the voltage-dependent anion channel, VDAC. Besides its role as the gatekeeper that regulates the metabolic and energetic functions of mitochondria, VDAC has also been implicated in apoptosis. In neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, the most abundant isoform, VDAC1, has been shown to undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs). However, the impact of PTMs on VDAC1 characteristics and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction are not well established. We developed a computational model that accurately described the effects of PTMs on VDAC1 gating. Channel activity was obtained from recombinant or purified cardiac VDAC1 incorporated into lipid bilayers. Recordings were acquired in the presence of a nitric oxide donor, PAPA NONOate (PPN), and from a VDAC1 phosphomimetic, S137E. For analysis of VDAC1 activity, we used Bayesian statistics combined with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling which provided an excellent method for identifying kinetic models and associated parameters. Unlike the maximum likelihood estimator, the MCMC method returned the probability distribution of the rate constants from which the model fitness and identifiability were reliably obtained. The gating of wild-type, S137E mutant, and VDAC1 exposed to PPN (25 and 100 μM) could be described by a single kinetic model having five states with three distinct conducting states. Additionally, the model revealed transition kinetics that were not previously identified. Thus, our MCMC-based model allows for the prediction of VDAC1 activity under various PTM conditions. Our next stage is to integrate this kinetic model with a computational model of mitochondria to develop a comprehensive model that encompasses the changes in ionic flow across the OMM to more accurately predict mitochondrial dysfunction under pathophysiological conditions.
Revised food consumption estimate of a bluegill sunfish population in Wyland Lake, Indiana, U.S.A.

The estimate of food consumption by the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) population of Wyland Lake, Indiana, was examined with reference to recent research on the length of the growing season and the effect of body weight, ration and activity on growth efficiency. Growth efficiency was measured in the laboratory in terms of protein, comparing nitrogen assimilated with nitrogen accumulated over a period of about 30 days. The revised consumption of protein was 134.9kg (or 1407kg live weight of aquatic organisms, 444 kg/ha) during a growing season of 111 days compared with the original estimate of 127.3 kg calculated for an assumed growing season of 150 days, a difference of only 6%. The correspondence between the two estimates was coincidental. The original estimate was made at a time when the growing season had not been measured and the effect of ration and body size on growth efficiency was not precisely known. Corrections for these factors plus that for activity compensated for one another, closely approaching, by chance, the original value.
Electrospinning of polymeric and ceramic nanofibers as uniaxially aligned arrays

Electrospinning has been applied to prepare uniaxially aligned nanofibers made of organic polymers, ceramics, and polymer/ceramic composites. The key to the success of this method was the use of a collector consisting of two pieces of electrically conductive substrates separated by a gap whose width could be varied from hundreds of micrometers to several centimeters. As driven by electrostatic interactions, the charged nanofibers were stretched to span across the gap and thus to become uniaxially aligned arrays over large areas. Because the nanofibers were suspended over the gap, they could be conveniently transferred onto the surfaces of other substrates for subsequent treatments and various applications. Materials that have been successfully incorporated into this procedure include conventional organic polymers, graphite carbon, and metal oxides. By controlling the parameters for electrospinning, we have also fabricated a number of simple device structures, for example, an individual nanofiber spanning ...
Addition of Amines to a Carbonyl Ligand: Syntheses, Characterization, and Reactivities of Iridium(III) Porphyrin Carbamoyl Complexes

Treatment of (carbonyl)chloro(meso-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato)iridium(III), (TTP)Ir(CO)Cl (1), with excess primary amines at 23 °C in the presence of Na2CO3 produces the trans-amine-coordinated iridium carbamoyl complexes (TTP)Ir(NH2R)[C(O)NHR] (R = Bn (2a), n-Bu (2b), i-Pr (2c), t-Bu (2d)) with isolated yields up to 94%. The trans-amine ligand is labile and can be replaced with quinuclidine (1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, ABCO), 1-methylimidazole (1-MeIm), triethyl phosphite (P(OEt)3), and dimethylphenylphosphine (PMe2Ph) at 23 °C to afford the hexacoordinated carbamoyl complexes (TTP)Ir(L)[C(O)NHR] (for R = Bn: L = ABCO (3a), 1-MeIm (4a), P(OEt)3 (5a), PMe2Ph (6a)). On the basis of ligand displacement reactions and equilibrium studies, ligand binding strengths to the iridium metal center were found to decrease in the order PMe2Ph > P(OEt)3 > 1-MeIm > ABCO > BnNH2 ≫ Et3N, PCy3. The carbamoyl complexes (TTP)Ir(L)[C(O)NHR] (L = RNH2 (2a,b), 1-MeIm (4a)) undergo protonolysis with HBF4 to give the cationic carbon...
Light Intensity at Night for Broilers Reared Under Summer Temperatures

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the intensity of light required at night during the summer months for maximum growth rate of broilers reared in curtain-sided houses. Light intensity for 14 of the 24 h was 431 lx, simulating daylight hours, and either 9, 30, or 69 lx for 10 of the 24 h, simulating night hours. The temperature regimen used was a 24-h linear temperature cycle of 24 to 35 to 24 C. Results showed that light intensity at night did not significantly influence 6-wk body weights or feed conversion ratios of broiler males. Twenty-five watt rather than 75 to 100 W incandescent bulbs are sufficient for maximum growth rate for most curtain-sided broiler houses, with two strings of light bulbs that are 2.1 m high and on 3-m centers equidistant from the ends and sidewalls.
The tree property at ℵω+1

We show that given ω many supercompact cardinals, there is a generic extension in which there are no Aronszajn trees at ℵ ω +1· This is an improvement of the large cardinal assumptions. The previous hypothesis was a huge cardinal and ω many supercompact cardinals above it, in Magidor–Shelah [7].
Epigenetic control of Foxp3 by SMYD3 H3K4 histone methyltransferase controls iTreg development and regulates pathogenic T cell responses during pulmonary viral infection

Epigenetic control of Foxp3 by SMYD3 H3K4 histone methyltransferase controls iTreg development and regulates pathogenic T-cell responses during pulmonary viral infection
Force generation and phosphate release steps in skinned rabbit soleus slow-twitch muscle fibers

The force-generation and phosphate-release steps of the cross-bridge cycle in rabbit soleus slow-twitch muscle fibers (STF) were investigated using sinusoidal analysis, and the results were compared with those of rabbit psoas fast-twitch fibers (FTF). Single fiber preparations were activated at pCa 4.40 and ionic strength 180 mM at 20 degrees C. The effects of inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations on three exponential processes, B, C, and D, were studied. Results are consistent with the following cross-bridge scheme: [formula: see text] where A is actin, M is myosin, D is MgADP, and P is inorganic phosphate. The values determined are k4 = 5.7 +/- 0.5 s-1 (rate constant of isomerization step, N = 9, mean +/- SE), k-4 = 4.5 +/- 0.5 s-1 (rate constant of reverse isomerization), K4 = 1.37 +/- 0.13 (equilibrium constant of the isomerization), and K5 = 0.18 +/- 0.01 mM-1 (Pi association constant). The isomerization step (k4) in soleus STF is 20 times slower, and its reversal (k-4) is 20 times slower than psoas fibers. Consequently, the equilibrium constant of the isomerization step (K4) is the same in these two types of fibers. The Pi association constant (K5) is slightly higher in STF than in FTF, indicating that Pi binds to cross-bridges slightly more tightly in STF than FTF. By correlating the cross-bridge distribution with isometric tension, it was confirmed that force is generated during the isomerization (step 4) of the AMDP state and before Pi release in soleus STF.
Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm : A Rare Complication of Open-Heart Surgery with Unusual Doppler Manifestations

A patient with postoperative ventricular pseudoaneurysm is reported. The rarity of this complication is discussed. The unusual flow signal in the velocity Doppler cardiogram and its unique significance are emphasized. The surgical management of the aneurysm and the postoperative disappearance of the Doppler finding are presented.
Feminism and the wish for a child

The present study investigated the relationship between feminism and the intensity of the wish for a child, as well as the costs and benefits of having children in a sample of 184 female undergraduates. Feminism was negatively related to motivation for motherhood, and the perceived costs of child raising rather than perceived benefits accounted for this finding. Perceptions of mother's—not father's—level of nurturance and happiness of childhood seemed to influence eagerness to assume the role of mother in profeminist women.
On the characterization of bulk copper produced by cold gas dynamic spray processing in as fabricated and annealed conditions

Abstract The use of cold gas dynamic spray processing (cold spray), a process known for a coating and repair process for many alloy systems, has been demonstrated for the production of bulk copper deposits exceeding 25 mm in thickness. The microstructure and hardness of the specimens were characterized in as sprayed and annealed conditions. Microhardness was measured in both directions from the spray/substrate interface to assess the effects of cold spray impact on the substrate material and to characterize the properties of bulk “as-sprayed” copper before and after annealing. Microstructure was analyzed via scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
A comparison of GCM-simulated and observed mean January and July precipitation

Abstract A high-resolution global precipitation climatology (developed by Legates and Willmott) is used to evaluate the simulated January and July precipitation fields of the GFDL, OSU, GISS and UKMO general circulation models (GCMs). Legates and Willmott's climatological estimates were derived from raingage observations and the gage biases were minimized. These estimates are spatially averaged to the resoltuion of each GCM and differences between the GCM-simulated field and the climatological averages are computed and mapped. Zonal averages for ten-degree bands also are examined. Precipitation rates along the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) simulated by all four GCMs are considerably lower than the climatological estimates in both months. Moreover, inadequate representation of the seasonal migration and latitudinal extent of the ITCZ result in an underestimation of wet-season precipitation and an overestimation of dry-season rainfall. In the Southern Hemisphere, the January mid-latitude maximum is inadequately simulated and it is overestimated in July. Northern Hemispheric patterns generally are better simulated than those in the Southern Hemisphere. The spectrally-based GFDL model substantially overestimates polar precipitation while it is more accurately represented by the grid-point GCMs. Regional errors are commonly quite large (in many areas they exceed 2 mm day −1 ) which suggests cautious use of current-generation GCM prognostications for local- or regional-scale climate change studies.
The behavior of an elastic–perfectly plastic sinusoidal surface under contact loading

Abstract The goal of this paper is to provide the foundation for an analysis of contact between elastic–plastic solids, whose surface roughness is idealized with a Weierstrass profile. To this end, we conduct a parametric study of the plastic deformation and residual stress developed by the two-dimensional contact between a flat, rigid platen and an elastic–perfectly plastic solid with a sinusoidal surface. Our analysis shows that the general characteristics of the deformation can be characterized approximately by two parameters: α = a / λ , where a is the half-width of the contact and λ is the period of the surface waviness; ψ = E * g / σ Y λ , where E * and σ Y are the effective modulus and yield stress of the substrate, respectively, and g is the amplitude of the surface roughness. Depending on the values of these parameters, we identify eight general types of behavior for the asperity contacts: (a) elastic, elastic–plastic or fully plastic isolated Hertz type contacts; (b) elastic, or elastic–plastic non-Hertzian isolated contacts; and (c) elastic, elastic–plastic or fully plastic, interacting contacts. Relationships between contact pressure, contact size, effective indentation depth and residual stress are explored in detail in each regime of behavior. Implications on rough surface contacts are discussed.
Isolation of a delta 6-desaturase gene from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 by gain-of-function expression in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120.

The enzyme Δ6-desaturase is responsible for the conversion of linoleic acid (18:2) to γ-linolenic acid (18:3γ). A cyanobacterial gene encoding Δ6-desaturase was cloned by expression of a Synechocystis genomic cosmid library in Anabaena, a cyanobacterium lacking Δ6-desaturase. Expression of the Synechocystis Δ6-desaturase gene in Anabaena resulted in the accumulation of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and octadecatetraenoic acid (18:4). The predicted 359 amino acid sequence of the Synechocystis Δ6-desaturase shares limited, but significant, sequence similarity with two other reported desaturases. Analysis of three overlapping cosmids revealed a Δ12-desaturase gene linked to the Δ6-desaturase gene. Expression of Synechocystis Δ6-and Δ12-desaturase in Synechococcus, a cyanobacterium deficient in both desaturases, resulted in the production of linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid.
Photochemistry of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride dyes: visible absorption and fluorescence of the di(glycyl)imide derivative monomer and dimer in basic aqueous solutions

Abstract The synthesis of the di(glycyl)imide derivative of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride and its spectral properties in basic aqueous solutions are described. The monomer and dimer forms of the dye coexist in H2O (10−3 M NaOH) with an equilibrium association constant K = 1.0 × 107 M−1 (24 °C) for dye concentrations up to 2.4 × 10−5 M (degree of dimerization equal to 96%). The 0—0 absorption band of the monomer at 532 nm is split by exciton interaction in the dimer into a higher energy band at about 500 nm and a lower energy band at about 542 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield ΦF of the monomer is about 1,0, while the dimer is non-fluorescent (ΦF
Analysis of USJ formation with combined RTA/laser annealing conditions for 28 nm high-k/metal gate CMOS technology using advanced TCAD for process and device simulation

Abstract TCAD process and device simulations are used to gain physical understanding for the integration of laser-annealed junctions into a 28 nm high-k/metal gate first process flow. Spike-RTA (Rapid Thermal Annealing) scaling used for transient enhanced diffusion (TED) suppression and shallow extension formation is investigated. In order to overcome the performance loss due to a reduced RTA, laser anneal (lsa) is introduced after Spike-RTA to form highly activated and ultra shallow junctions (USJs). In this work, the impact of different annealing conditions on the performance of NMOS and PMOS devices is investigated in terms of Vth and Ion/Ioff, considering lateral dopant diffusion and activation.
Enhancement of power harvesting from piezoaeroelastic systems

We investigate the effects of varying the eccentricity between the gravity axis and the elastic axis on the level of energy harvested from a piezoaeroelastic energy harvester consisting of a pitching and plunging rigid airfoil supported by nonlinear springs. The normal form of the dynamics of the harvester near the Hopf bifurcation is used to determine the critical nonlinear coefficients of the springs and maximize the harvested power for different eccentricities. Two configurations are evaluated in terms of the power generated from limit cycle oscillations and a range of operating wind speeds. The impact of the load resistance on the harvested power is also assessed.
Effects of forest fragmentation on population attributes of white-footed mice and eastern chipmunks

We examined differences between populations of white-footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus ) and eastern chipmunks ( Tamias striatus ) in woodlot fragments and unfragmented forests and attempted to discriminate among potential causal mechanisms. White-footed mice showed increased population density and body mass in woodlots but otherwise no differences in population attributes between woodlots and forests. Eastern chipmunks showed decreased survival rates in woodlots but no other differences in population parameters between woodlots and forests. Mast production was variable among sites but showed no differences between woodlot and forest sites. Likewise, total biomass of mammalian granivores was similar between woodlot and forest sites, but woodlots contained an impoverished community of granivores. White-footed mice and eastern chipmunks may be affected differentially by forest fragmentation, presumably due to differences in their life-history stategies. Our results suggest that white-footed mice thrive in woodlot fragments due to increased mast availability resulting from decreased biomass of competing granivores. In contrast, eastern chipmunks may be influenced negatively by forest fragmentation, possibly because they are more susceptible to increased rates of predation occurring in woodlots than white-footed mice.
Cl− channels in smooth muscle cells

In smooth muscle cells (SMCs), the intracellular chloride ion (Cl−) concentration is high due to accumulation by Cl−/HCO3− exchange and Na+–K+–Cl− cotransportation. The equilibrium potential for Cl− (ECl) is more positive than physiological membrane potentials (Em), with Cl− efflux inducing membrane depolarization. Early studies used electrophysiology and nonspecific antagonists to study the physiological relevance of Cl− channels in SMCs. More recent reports have incorporated molecular biological approaches to identify and determine the functional significance of several different Cl− channels. Both “classic” and cGMP-dependent calcium (Ca2+)-activated (ClCa) channels and volume-sensitive Cl− channels are present, with TMEM16A/ANO1, bestrophins, and ClC-3, respectively, proposed as molecular candidates for these channels. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) has also been described in SMCs. This review will focus on discussing recent progress made in identifying each of these Cl− channels in SMCs, their physiological functions, and contribution to diseases that modify contraction, apoptosis, and cell proliferation.
Thrombopoietin rescues in vitro erythroid colony formation from mouse embryos lacking the erythropoietin receptor

Abstract The interaction of the hormone erythropoietin and its receptor (EpoR) is though to be required for normal hematopoiesis. To define the role of EpoR in this process, the murine EpoR was disrupted by homologous recombination. Mice lacking the EpoR died in utero at embryonic day 11-12.5 with severe anemia. Embryonic erythropoiesis was markedly diminished, while fetal liver hematopoiesis was blocked at the proerythroblast stage. Other cell types known to express EpoR, including megakaryocytes, mast, and neural cells were morphologically normal. Reverse transcription-coupled PCR analysis of RNA from embryonic yolk sac, peripheral blood, and fetal liver demonstrated near normal transcripts levels for EKLF, thrombopoietin (Tpo), c-MPL, GATA-1, GATA-2, and alpha- and embryonic beta H1-globin but non for adult beta maj-globin. While colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) and burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) colonies were not present in cultures derived from EpoR-/- liver or yolk sac cells, hemoglobin-containing BFU-E colonies were detected in cultures treated with recombinant Tpo and Kit ligand or with Tpo and interleukin 3 and 11. Rescued BFU-E colonies expressed adult beta-globin and c-MPL and appeared morphologically normal. Thus, erythroid progenitors are formed in vivo in mice lacking the EpoR, and our studies demonstrate that a signal transmitted through the Tpo receptor c-MPL stimulates proliferation and terminal differentiation of these progenitors in vitro.
The Structure of Cortical Cytoplasm

Actin-rich cortical cytoplasm of phagocytic leucocytes forms pseudopodia and controls cell shape and movement by generating directional propulsive and contractile forces. Proteins purified from leucocytes form and deform an actin matrix. Actinbinding protein (ABP) cross-links actin filaments into a three-dimensional lattice with perpendicular branches. This structure, which can be visualized in the electron microscope, is consistent with physical properties of actin-ABP matrices. Gelsolin binds one end of actin filaments with high affinity in the presence of calcium; acumentin, another protein, constitutively binds the other end with low affinity. Together these proteins can control actin filament length and thereby regulate expansion (propulsion) or collapse of the actin network. The assembly state of the network also controls myosin-based contractile forces. A tug-of-war decides the direction of lattice movement, regions of lesser structure tending to move toward regions of greater structure.
Hydrate Dissociation in Sediment

An analytical model that describes hydrate dissociation under thermal stimulation in porous media is presented. The model views the dissociation as a process in which gas and water are produced at a moving dissociation boundary. The boundary separates the dissociated zone containing gas and water from the undissociated zone containing the hydrate. A similarity solution to the conservation equations is derived, and results are presented in graphical forms that are useful in numerical computations. In particular, heat fluxes, temperature profiles, and gas pressure distributions are presented for two cases that simulate saturated-steam and hot-water thermal stimulation. A parametric study showed that the dissociation rate is a strong function of the thermal properties of the system and the porosity of the porous medium. The energy efficiency of the dissociation process, defined as the ratio of the heating value of the gas produced relative to the heat input, was also computed. For hydrate thermal stimulation, an energy efficiency value of about nine was found, which appears encouraging for natural gas production from hydrate.
Independent predictors for local recurrence following surgery for spinal metastasis.

Background Local recurrence of spinal metastasis after surgical resection is relatively common. We sought to determine risk factors and independent predictors for local recurrence after primary surgical resection of spinal metastasis.
STI571, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia: validating the promise of molecularly targeted therapy

The deregulated tyrosine kinase activity of the Bcr-Abl fusion protein has been established as the causative molecular event in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Thus the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase is an ideal target for pharmacologic inhibition. STI571 (formerly CGP57148B), is an Abl-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor that in preclinical studies selectively kills Bcr-Abl-containing cells in vitro and in vivo. The results of clinical studies have demonstrated the potential of molecularly targeted therapies, and STI571 is emerging as a new therapeutic agent for CML.
Anthropogenic effects on the smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata) in the United States

Bycatch mortality in net fisheries was the major reason for the decline of the endangered smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata, in the United States. These fisheries have been reduced or eliminated in some states including Florida--where most smalltooth sawfish are currently found in the United States. To determine whether other factors are still affecting this species, we obtained non-net fishery entanglement, injury, and mortality data by soliciting information from anyone who may have encountered this species. Smalltooth sawfish were damaged by marine pollution (e.g., polyvinyl chloride pipe, monofilament line, non-monofilament line) and injured by humans. Examples of injuries caused directly by humans include removal of rostra, shooting an individual with a powerhead, and shooting another with arrows. Many people are aware that the smalltooth sawfish is protected by state and federal laws, but some are still not aware of (or willing to accept) this status. The impacts of marine pollution and injuries directly caused by humans on this endangered species can be ameliorated by incorporating fisher education into the conservation and management processes.
Adenosine triphosphate pool levels and endogenous metabolism in Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during growth and starvation.

The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of Arthrobactery crystallopoietes was measured during growth, starvation and recovery from starvation. During exponential growth of the cells as spheres in a glucose salts medium, the level of ATP per cell remained constant at 8.0×10-10 μg/cell. Morphogenesis to rodshaped cells and an increased growth rate following addition of casein hydrolysate was accompanied by an almost two-fold increase in the ATP level. As division of the rod-shaped cells proceeded, the level of ATP declined. After growing as rods for 12–14 h the cells underwent fragmentation to spheres during which time the ATP level again increased to the original value of 8.0×10-10 μg/cell. As the spherical cells resumed growth on the residual glucose, their ATP content declined for a short period and then remained relatively constant. During starvation of sphere or rod-shaped cells for one week, the ATP level declined by approximately 70% during the first 40–50 h and then remained constant. The endogenous metabolism rate of spherical cells declined during the first 10–20 h of starvation and then remained constant at approximately 0.02% of the cell carbon being utilized per h. Addition of glucose to spherical cells which had been starved for one week increased both the ATP content per cell and their rate of endogenous metabolism. The ATP content fluctuated and then remained at a level higher than maintained during starvation while endogenous metabolism quickly declined.