cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Real-Time Oncology Review (RTOR) Pilot Program for Approvals of New Molecular Entities.

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Oncology Center of Excellence (OCE) established the Real-Time Oncology Review (RTOR) pilot program in 2017 to streamline the review process for oncology drug applications with the applicant and the Agency agreeing upon a piecemeal strategy and timeline for module components. The Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) review clock does not officially start until the final component is submitted. Participation requires careful planning of time and resources due to the multiple submissions and interactions with the FDA. Applicants must also meet certain criteria regarding the clinical trial design and development program to be eligible for RTOR. Publicly available databases (Drugs@FDA) and documents were searched for all RTOR applications, which revealed a total of 28 approved applications that participated from February 2018 to August 2020. Initial marketing applications were further reviewed to identify any potential advantages or limitations from participation in the pilot program. These four case studies demonstrated an individualized RTOR process reflecting the program’s pilot status. The FDA approved 3 out of the 4 applications approximately three to four months before the PDUFA goal date. The time savings is not guaranteed as other parts of the review may influence the overall timeline. However, the optional biweekly teleconferences increased communication and collaboration between the applicant and the FDA. The full impact of RTOR on applications remains undetermined as the number of approved applications that have participated in the pilot program is still relatively small.
Parent-Child Relationships and the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Qualitative Study with Parents in Early, Middle, and Late Adulthood.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on families is currently unknown. Parents and children have experienced a variety of changes as public health interventions have been implemented to slow the spread of the virus. The current exploratory qualitative study recruited parents (n = 365) in early (ages 20-34), middle (ages 35-64), and late (ages 65 and older) adulthood to understand how the early weeks of the pandemic influenced their parent-child relationships. Participants completed an online survey between March 21 and 31, 2020. Three themes emerged through qualitative content analysis: (1) relational steadiness, (2) navigating COVID-19 challenges in relationships, and (3) relational enhancement.
Preference and willingness to pay of female college students for human papillomavirus vaccination in Zhejiang Province, China: A discrete choice experiment.

The study aimed to quantify the preferences of female college students for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in Zhejiang Province, China, using a discrete choice experiment (DCE). One medical ...
Resilience within Communities of Forced Migrants: Updates and the Path Forward:

We explore the current state of the principal literature relevant to resilience and vulnerability within and among communities of forced migrants. We highlight strengths, gaps, and weaknesses in th...
Degradation of oil by fungi isolated from Gulf of Mexico beaches

Fungi of the Ascomycota phylum were isolated from oil-soaked sand patties collected from beaches following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. To examine their ability to degrade oil, fungal isolates were grown on oiled quartz at 20°C, 30°C and 40°C. Consistent trends in oil degradation were not related to fungal species or temperature and all isolates degraded variable quantities of oil (32-65%). Fungal isolates preferentially degraded short (<C18; 90-99%) as opposed to long (C19-C36; 7-87%) chain n-alkanes and straight chain C17- and C18-n-alkanes (91-99%) compared to their branched counterparts, pristane and phytane (70-98%). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were also degraded by the fungal isolates (42-84% total degraded), with a preference for low molecular weight over high molecular weight PAHs. Overall, these findings contribute to our understanding of the capacity of fungi to degrade oil in the coastal marine environment.
The Ordinary Deja Vu of a Rainy Morning

It must be this way, too, for the old men reading these pale zeroes the rain keeps typing, repeating perfectly in the pools? the old men who have learned years ago that weather is to be taken personally, and who, though they are weary, are today almost happy, pleased with the way the rain recites its adages, something they had said once or written down, as if the rain, by being so many, defined them as indefinite articles define a noun,
Some phenomena which control sulfuric acid emission from automotive catalysts

With the use of a simulated exhaust system, the sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide emission from a monolith noble- metal oxidation catalyst (Engelhard IIB) is measured. It was found that the storage rate of sulfur onto an initially sulfur-free catalyst decreases to a few percent of the sulfur rejection rate within 3-4 h. The amount of sulfur on the catalyst when the catalyst is in equilibrium with 20 ppm sulfur in the gas phase varies between 0.3 weight percent of the catalyst at about 400 degree C to 0.1 weight percent at 600 degree C. The sulfur can readily desorb from the catalyst if the gas phase sulfur content is lowered or if the catalyst temperature is increased. It was found that the conversion of sulfur dixoide to sulfuric acid reaches thermodynamic equilibrium at temperature of 400-500 degree C and space velocities of 30,000 H to the minus 1 power. These conditions correspond approximately to a small V8 engine at 20 mph cruise. In the simulated exhaust system without a catalyst, propylene, propane and hydrogen, which are present in automobile exhaust, reduce sulfuric acid to sulfur dioxide. This reduction appears to be a homogeneous reaction. /GMRL/
When Curricular Objectives Collide: The Official, Enacted, and Experienced Curricula in Schools During the People's Republic of Poland (1952–1989)

AbstractFrom the end of World War II to 1989, a Communist regime dictated political and economic policy in Poland as well as educational curricula. Heavily influenced by Marxist-Leninist ideology, the official state curriculum sought to build support for the Communist system and to promote acquiescence to the Soviet influence in Poland’s internal affairs. Yet, the official curriculum contradicted the perspectives of many Poles who recalled the country’s historically democratic traditions and lamented its 18th-century partitioning by the Russian, Prussian, and Austrian empires, which resulted in the disappearance of Poland from the map of Europe for 123 years (1795–1918). The resulting inconsistency between the official curriculum and the goals and knowledge of Polish teachers evidenced itself as they attempted to subvert the ideological indoctrination called for by the state. This qualitative study sought to better understand how teachers and students mediated the official curriculum in the classroom. Exa...
Perceptual Interpretation for Autonomous Navigation through Dynamic Imitation Learning

Achieving high performance autonomous navigation is a central goal of field robotics. Efficient navigation by a mobile robot depends not only on the individual performance of perception and planning systems, but on how well these systems are coupled. When the perception problem is clearly defined, as in well structured environments, this coupling (in the form of a cost function) is also well defined. However, as environments become less structured and more difficult to interpret, more complex cost functions are required, increasing the difficulty of their design. Recently, a class of machine learning techniques has been developed that rely upon expert demonstration to develop a function mapping perceptual data to costs. These algorithms choose the cost function such that the robot’s planned behavior mimics an expert’s demonstration as closely as possible. In this work, we extend these methods to address the challenge of dynamic and incomplete online perceptual data, as well as noisy and imperfect expert demonstration. We validate our approach on a large scale outdoor robot with hundreds of kilometers of autonomous navigation through complex natural terrains.
Parenting and the Prevention of Childhood Injuries

Injuries in childhood represent a serious public health problem in the United States. Unintentional injury is the most common cause of death and disability for children. For example, injuries are the cause of half the deaths that occur for children 1–4 years of age. Over 600,000 children are hospitalized annually for injuries, and approximately 16 million children yearly are seen in emergency rooms as a result of injury (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 1990). Injuries that are clearly unintentional are not the only sources of the problem. Child maltreatment adds to the number of injury-based fatalities, disabilities, and medical treatments. For example, in 2001 an estimated 903,000 children were confirmed by child protective agencies in the United States to have been maltreated (i.e., abuse and/or neglect), and an estimated 1,300 children died from abuse or neglect (a rate of 1.81 per 100,000 children in the population). Many more children suffered from nonfatal injuries (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], 2003). Prevention of both unintentional and maltreatment-based injuries in childhood is obviously of utmost importance. This chapter focuses on parenting-related interventions aimed at the prevention of childhood injury. Parents and other family caregivers are logical contributors to prevention of childhood injuries, in part because the injuries often occur in the home or in close proximity to a parent. This chapter focuses only on the preadolescent age group (children from infancy to 12 years of age) and does not consider injury prevention among adolescents. Two isolated areas of unintentional injury and child maltreatment have grown up side by side with little interaction between the two. The boundaries between inadvertent (unintentional) injuries and injuries attributable to child maltreatment are somewhat blurred and artificial. Peterson (1994) and others have argued that the commonalities between the two areas outnumber the differences and that it is
Capital's Offense: Law's Entrenchment of Inequality

Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century is a rare scholarly achievement. It weaves together description and prescription, facts and values, economics, politics, and history, with an assured and graceful touch. So clear is Piketty’s reasoning, and so compelling the enormous data apparatus he brings to bear, that few can doubt he has fundamentally altered our appreciation of the scope, duration, and intensity of inequality. This review explains Piketty’s analysis and its relevance to law and social theory, drawing lessons for the re-emerging field of political economy. The university enables interdisciplinary work, and political economy is an ideally hybrid discursive space for this process of mutual inspiration and correction. Lawyers are particularly well-suited to the task of studying political economy, because we are the ones drafting, interpreting, and applying the rules governing the interface between state actors and firms. Integrating the long-divided fields of politics and economics, a renewal of modern political economy could unravel problems inadequately addressed by narrower specializations. Piketty’s work shows how inquiries in both law and political economy will be enriched by their interaction.
A Tussle with Tousa: Savings Clauses in Intercorporate Guaranties

In October, 2009, the bankruptcy court of the Southern District of Florida rendered its opinion in Tousa, in which subsidiaries incurred upstream and cross-stream guaranty obligations, secured by their assets, while insolvent. The proceeds of the loan were used to pay the indebtedness to a third party of the parent and of one of the subsidiaries. The unsecured creditors of the other subsidiaries challenged the new obligations, the security interest and the payment to the third party, as fraudulent transfers. The court ruled in favor of the unsecured creditors and unwound the entire transaction. It strongly criticized the diligence of the lenders in investigating the insolvency of the guarantor debtors, interpreted narrowly the range of indirect benefits that would qualify as value, and declined to enforce the savings clauses in the loan agreements. Judge Olson remarked that “[t]he savings clauses are a frontal assault on the protection that section 548 provides to other creditors. They are, in short, entirely too cute to be enforced.” Legal and financial commentary on the opinion has warned that it may lead to more litigation against lenders who rely on intercorporate guaranties and, as a result, a further chill in the availability of credit to distressed corporate groups. This paper reviews the opinion in Tousa and outlines its implications for savings clauses and intercorporate guarantees. In brief, the analysis suggests that savings clauses will offer little protection against avoidance proceedings if the lender acted in bad faith, by failing to investigate adequately the debtor’s solvency. Conversely, a savings clause is more likely to be effective if the lender continues to monitor the solvency of the debtor during the term of the loan and to adjust periodically the amount of indebtedness in accordance with the clause. In any event, Tousa sets a precedent that threatens to increase the cost and decrease the availability of credit to distressed corporate groups. This may be bad news for these borrowers and the lenders, but its policy merits deserve closer evaluation. After all, fraudulent transfer laws themselves increase borrowing costs and reduce the availability of credit to distressed borrowers, and yet are generally regarded as socially beneficial because of the protection these laws provide to existing creditors. A closer look at the rationale behind multiple-entity enterprises and the policy behind fraudulent transfer doctrine is warranted, before rejecting the court’s treatment of savings clauses.
Permission re-delegation: attacks and defenses

Modern browsers and smartphone operating systems treat applications as mutually untrusting, potentially malicious principals. Applications are (1) isolated except for explicit IPC or inter-application communication channels and (2) unprivileged by default, requiring user permission for additional privileges. Although inter-application communication supports useful collaboration, it also introduces the risk of permission redelegation. Permission re-delegation occurs when an application with permissions performs a privileged task for an application without permissions. This undermines the requirement that the user approve each application's access to privileged devices and data. We discuss permission re-delegation and demonstrate its risk by launching real-world attacks on Android system applications; several of the vulnerabilities have been confirmed as bugs. We discuss possible ways to address permission redelegation and present IPC Inspection, a new OS mechanism for defending against permission re-delegation. IPC Inspection prevents opportunities for permission redelegation by reducing an application's permissions after it receives communication from a less privileged application. We have implemented IPC Inspection for a browser and Android, and we show that it prevents the attacks we found in the Android system applications.
Morphodynamics of outgrowths of mouse trophoblast in the presence and absence of a monolayer of uterine epithelium.

Mouse blastocysts were cultured in the presence and absence of a confluent uterine, luminal, epithelial monolayer in order to assess (1) comparative developmental abilities and (2) the existence and nature of embryo-uterine intercellular contacts. Embryonic development and mural trophoblast outgrowth were examined by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and by time-lapse cinematography. The results demonstrate that cultured mouse blastocysts are capable of development that is essentially equivalent to the early egg cylinder stage in the presence and absence of a uterine epithelial substratum. Penetration of the endometrium and displacement of uterine luminal epithelial cells in vivo is paralleled in vitro by the displacement of uterine cells from the advancing edge of outgrowing mural trophoblast. The ability of mural trophoblast to continue to outgrow and displace uterine cells persists for a finite period of time. The findings are discussed with respect to (1) the nature of embryo-uterine contact in vivo and (2) mechanisms proposed to explain trophoblastic displacement of uterine luminal epithelial cells during normal implantation.
Hole mobilities that decrease with increasing electric fields in a molecularly doped polymer

Abstract The hole mobilities in the molecularly doped polymer, pyrazoline: polycarbonate, have been characterized as a function of the electric field, temperature, and pyrazoline concentration. At sufficiently low concentrations (10%) and high temperatures ( T ⪢ 375K), the mobility decreases as the electric field increases, contrary to intuition but consistent with known empirical relations.
STK15/Aurora-A Expression in Primary Breast Tumors Is Correlated with Nuclear Grade but Not with Prognosis

BACKGROUND DNA amplification on chromosome 20q13 is commonly detected in breast carcinoma and is correlated with poor prognosis. STK15 maps to this amplicon. The objective of the current study was to use immunohistochemistry to determine STK15 expression in primary breast tumors. The authors also explored whether STK15 was a prognostic factor for breast carcinoma by comparing the level of STK15 gene expression with clinical parameters that are known prognostic factors for the disease. METHODS Archival mastectomy and lumpectomy specimens, randomly selected, were immunohistochemically stained to determine the STK15 gene expression level. The clinical parameters of these same patients were reviewed retrospectively and analyzed for correlations with STK15 expression level, based on a positive-versus-negative scoring system. RESULTS Of the 112 human breast tumor specimens analyzed, 26% stained positively for STK15 by immunohistochemistry. Of the tumors, that stained positively 62.1% had a well-to-moderately differentiated nuclear grade. The correlation between STK15 staining and nuclear grade was nearly statistically significant (P = 0.05). No association was found between STK15 staining and tumor size, lymph node status, or hormone receptor status. Analysis of recurrence-free survival and overall survival rates also failed to reveal a statistically significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS STK15 expression by immunohistochemistry was noted in approximately one-fourth of primary breast tumors. STK15 expression was associated with nuclear grade, but no correlation was found between the other clinical parameters evaluated. Furthermore, no differences were found in survival rates when they were analyzed by level of STK15 staining. Cancer 2004;100:12–9. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
The USA Patriot Act's differential impact on large and small banks: Evidence from California's high-risk money laundering and related financial crime areas

The anti-money laundering (AML) provisions of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 significantly expanded the private sector's role in disrupting the financial operations of terrorist groups and criminal organizations. In doing so, the law imposed substantial compliance costs on the financial services industry as a whole. In this study, we investigate whether enforcement of the new AML measures has also caused some commercial banks and thrifts to shoulder heavier compliance-cost burdens than others. Using a dataset comprising banking institutions that hold at least one-third of their total deposits within California counties designated as ‘high-risk money laundering and related financial crime areas’, the empirical results indicate that AML compliance costs have fallen disproportionately on smaller financial institutions, suggesting that the Patriot Act has produced an intra-industry redistribution of wealth.
Bile acid and cholesterol excretion in the pregnant guinea pig: studies on the hypercholesterolemia of pregnancy.

Abstract The relationship of bile acid and cholesterol excretion to changes in plasma cholesterol during pregnancy were studied in guinea pigs. Plasma cholesterol level increased in the first trimester of pregnancy, reached to a peak during the second trimester and decreased in the third trimester reaching the lowest level at one week prior to parturition. Cholesterol level returned to the control level after parturition. Plasma triglyceride level followed a similar trend attaining peak values at second trimester and gradually returned to the control level at the third trimester of pregnancy. Bile acid and total sterol excretion were significantly higher in guinea pigs during the last phase of pregnancy while they remained unchanged during early stage of pregnancy.
Rapid modeling and analysis with QGENIE

QGENIE is a specialized interface to GENIE, a decision modeling environment developed by the Decision Systems Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh. QGENIE allows for rapid construction of graphical models in which all variables are propositional, almost no numerical probabilities are displayed at the user interface, and degrees of truth of propositions are displayed by means of node colors. All numerical parameters, such as prior probability distributions over variables and strengths of influences between variables, are entered by means of graphical sliders. While the underlying computations are all numerical and based on Bayesian updating, QGENIE makes the impression of a qualitative, “order of magnitude” type system that aids rapid model building and an approximate analysis of systems.
Clinical trials for pharmacogenomics testing for warfarin dosing: relevance to general community practices.

Clinical trials for pharmacogenomics testing for warfarin dosing: Relevance to general community practices
A Na+ channel mutation linked to hypokalemic periodic paralysis exposes a proton-selective gating pore.

The heritable muscle disorder hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) is characterized by attacks of flaccid weakness, brought on by sustained sarcolemmal depolarization. HypoPP is genetically linked to missense mutations at charged residues in the S4 voltage-sensing segments of either CaV1.1 (the skeletal muscle L-type Ca2+ channel) or NaV1.4 (the skeletal muscle voltage-gated Na+ channel). Although these mutations alter the gating of both channels, these functional defects have proven insufficient to explain the sarcolemmal depolarization in affected muscle. Recent insight into the topology of the S4 voltage-sensing domain has aroused interest in an alternative pathomechanism, wherein HypoPP mutations might generate an aberrant ionic leak conductance by unblocking the putative aqueous crevice (“gating-pore”) in which the S4 segment resides. We tested the rat isoform of NaV1.4 harboring the HypoPP mutation R663H (human R669H ortholog) at the outermost arginine of S4 in domain II for a gating-pore conductance. We found that the mutation R663H permits transmembrane permeation of protons, but not larger cations, similar to the conductance displayed by histidine substitution at Shaker K+ channel S4 sites. These results are consistent with the notion that the outermost charged residue in the DIIS4 segment is simultaneously accessible to the cytoplasmic and extracellular spaces when the voltage sensor is positioned inwardly. The predicted magnitude of this proton leak in mature skeletal muscle is small relative to the resting K+ and Cl− conductances, and is thus not likely to fully account for the aberrant sarcolemmal depolarization underlying the paralytic attacks. Rather, it is possible that a sustained proton leak may contribute to instability of VREST indirectly, for instance, by interfering with intracellular pH homeostasis.
Numerical simulations of transport processes in a pulse tube cryocooler: Effects of taper angle

Abstract A numerical model is developed for the prediction of the performance and transport characteristics in an orifice pulse tube refrigerator (OPTR). The OPTR is studied for a two specific geometries. In the first geometry (A), only the taper angle of the pulse tube is changed. In the second geometry (B), the taper angle of the pulse tube is varied along with the diameter of the hot heat-exchanger. The taper angle of the pulse tube is shown to have significant effects on the secondary streaming patterns observed in the pulse tube. Tapering the pulse tube improved the performance of the OPTR only for Geometry-B. In this case, suppression of velocity streaming is achieved in the warm end of the pulse tube.
Developmental Studies of Vitellogenesis in a Dipteran Insect, Chironomus thummi

Vitellogenesis of developing oocytes of a Dipteran insect Chironomus thummi has been investigated. The onset of yolk deposition is marked by the differentiation of the oolemma including the formation of microvilli and endocytosis. These changes are accompanied by the appearance of small electrondense granules, similar in density to the yolk platelets, arising through the sequential accumulation of material into the matrices of the multivesicullar bodies (MVBs). These latter structures are produced in the previtellogenic oocytes of the pharate pupae and early pharate adults. Often the limiting membrane of the MVBs bears bristle coats resembling those of the coated vesicles of pinocytotic origin, suggesting that it is through the fusion with the pinocytotic vesicles that the accumulation of dense material in the MVBs results. That the MVBs transform into structures resembling yolk granules is supported by statistical analysis which indicates that the decrease in the number of electron-dense MVBs coincides with the increase in the occurrence of small dense yolk granules. In the late pharate adult stage the yolk granules are considerably larger than those of earlier stages. It is during this period that at least one type of electron-dense granule occurs at the oocytefollicle cell border, and that these apparently contribute to the formation of the vitelline envelope. The results of the present study indicate that preformed oocytic elements, the MVBs, play a strategic role in the formation and arrangement of the yolk granules in Chironomus. Since these structures account for the bulk of the ooplasm, it appears that the MVBs are at least partly responsible for the correct ordering of the cytoplasmic constituents of the oocytes, which is critical for the proper development and differentiation of the embryo.
Internal impingement: findings on magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopic evaluation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine preoperative shoulder magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intraoperative arthroscopic findings in throwing athletes with a clinical diagnosis of internal impingement. Type of Study: Retrospective review. Methods: A retrospective review of the surgical indications for 769 shoulder arthroscopic procedures performed from 1997 to 2000 revealed 9 throwing athletes with a diagnosis of severe internal impingement. Each had failed treatment that included a minimum of 3 months of rehabilitation. Preoperative MRIs in all 9 were read by a fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologist blinded to the operative findings. Findings at arthroscopy were culled from the operative reports. Results: On both MRI and at arthroscopy, all 9 athletes had posterosuperior labral lesions, 1 had a humeral head articular cartilage lesion, and 1 had a SLAP lesion. Additional findings on MRI included humeral head edema, subchondral cystic changes, posterosuperior glenoid sclerosis, and rotator cuff tendonopathy predominately in the infraspinatus. At arthroscopy, there were additional findings of articular-sided partial rotator cuff tears not shown on MRI. Conclusions: Both MRI and arthroscopic findings described labral and humeral head articular cartilage lesions. These findings may be indicative of internal impingement in throwing athletes. Level of Evidence: Level III, diagnostic.
Role of glucocorticoid receptor binding sites in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 long terminal repeat in steroid-mediated suppression of HIV gene expression

Dexamethasone inhibited human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR)-directed gene expression in cells of T and B lymphoblastoid lineages, but not in monocytic cells. Suppression required an intact glucocorticoid receptor (GR), as it was amplified by transfection of lymphocytes with a plasmid encoding the human GR and blocked by the receptor antagonist RU486. These results were in direct contrast to the effects of dexamethasone on a murine leukemia retrovirus promoter where, consistent with the findings of others, activation of gene expression was obtained. Potential regions of the HIV-1 LTR mediating these effects were sought, with sequence homologies predicting two new glucocorticoid response element half-sites, GRE-II (nucleotides −6 to −1) and GRE-III (+15 to +20), downstream from a previously identified GR DNA binding domain, GRE-I (−264 to −259). Mutational analyses documented the loss of inhibitory activity attendant on changes in GRE-III and the independence of steroid-mediated effects from GRE-I and GRE-II. Consistent with these findings, electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed a difference in binding of cellular factors to GRE-III in cells of T and B lymphocyte vs. monocytic lineages. Binding sites for the cellular transcription factor leader binding protein (LBP-1) were found to overlap with GRE-III, and LBP-1 interacted with this element in the HIV LTR only in T and B lymphocytic extracts. We hypothesize that GRE-III sequence-specific effects, including modulation of LBP-GR interactions, underlie the negative regulatory effect of glucocorticoids on HIV-1 gene expression, with some specificity for cell type.
Evidence for a Nambu-Goldstone boson.

Cosmic global strings dissipate their energy into Nambu-Goldstone bosons with a $\frac{1}{k}$ energy spectrum. These Nambu-Goldstone bosons can convert to photons in the magnetic fields of various astrophysical objects, in particular galactic halos, clusters of galaxies, and extended radio sources. Evidence that this does in fact occur is found in cosmic-ray and radio-astronomy data.
Clays and formation of deep-sea chert

CHERT in the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Southern Oceans occurs both as nodules and as layers or lenses1. Associated sediments include carbonate, biogenous silica, brown clay and volcanic ash. Chert is usually found in Middle Eocene or older sediments; the actual time of chert formation is, however, not known.
Following the child, socioanalysis, and threats to community: Teacher response to children's texts

ABSTRACTI brought two conceptions of teacher response to my teaching and research in a third-grade writing workshop. The first, drawn from workshop literature, emphasized following and supporting children's choices of topic and purpose for writing. Such a conception, however, ignored the problem of children pursuing questionable intentions and material in their texts, such as when children's texts affirm—even if unintentionally—gender, race, and social class stereotypes and boundaries. I developed a second conception of response—response as socioanalysis—from work by Habermas and Freire. Children's texts were conceived of as artifacts of an oppressive U.S. society (similar to how, in psychoanalysis, patients' stories are viewed as artifacts of Oedipal conflicts).The core of the paper is a detailed analysis of a particularly difficult occasion for teacher response. In this case, a popular child wanted to publish a fictional narrative that I read as an attack on an unpopular classmate. I examine how my inte...
Decreasing the incidence of prolonged air leak after right upper lobectomy with the anterior fissureless technique.

Objective For major pulmonary resections, the incidence of prolonged air leak may be highest after right upper lobectomy. Dissection through an incomplete minor fissure for pulmonary artery exposure may contribute to air leak. We evaluate the efficacy of the anterior fissureless technique in decreasing the incidence of prolonged air leak after right upper lobectomy. Methods Twenty-seven consecutive patients had right upper lobectomy by the classic technique of fissure dissection for pulmonary artery exposure (group A). The next 66 patients had right upper lobectomy by the anterior fissureless technique (group B). Results During the period of group A, we observed a higher incidence of prolonged air leak [22.2% (6/27) vs 6.5% (3/46), P = .049] and an increase in hospitalization days (mean 14.8 vs 8.7 days, P = .021) after right upper lobectomy as compared with all other lobar resections. Comparing the 2 techniques for right upper lobectomy (group A vs group B), there was no difference in patient characteristics, operative characteristics, morbidity, or mortality. However, there was a difference in the time to air leak cessation (log-rank P = .002), incidence of prolonged air leak [22.2% (6/27) vs 7.6% (5/66), P = .047], days with chest tube (mean 9.7 vs 6.6 days, P = .044), and days in hospital (mean 14.8 vs 8.2 days, P = .001) favoring group B. No other factors predicted prolonged air leak after right upper lobectomy. Conclusions The anterior fissureless technique decreases the duration of air leak, incidence of prolonged air leak, days with chest tube, and days in hospital without any noted disadvantages. This technique should be considered when performing right upper lobectomy.
The electrical response of the modified lead titanate-based thick films

Abstract The modified lead titanate (PT) based thick films were fabricated using thick film transfer (TFT) technique. The pyroelectric and dielectric behavior ascertained plausible usage as infrared detectors for these films. The conduction processes in these films are represented by the development of an equivalent circuit model that portrays a near perfect dielectric material containing traps. Various “materials’ figures-of-merit” of modified PT films are determined for their potential use as infrared detector. Based on existing information these material properties are found to be reasonable.
A multidimensional model for educating teachers of the gifted and talented

The authors propose a multidimensional model for educating teachers of the gifted and talented taking the current literature as a point of departure. The three facets of the model describe the salient and unique characteristics of the gifted and talented which dictate the need for educational alternatives, the various roles which the successful master teacher must perform, and the various competencies which permit the teacher to function in a variety of roles. Examples which illustrate appropriate learning experiences at the intersections of the three dimensions are provided.
Smudge cells following treatment with pentostatin in a patient with B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia

![Figure][1] An 80-year-old white male diagnosed with de novo B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) presented with increasing fatigue and moderate splenomegaly without palpable lymphadenopathy following treatment with chlorambucil. A chest CT scan showed pulmonary infiltrates, presumed to be
Religious Education and Pastoral Counseling: The Classical Pentecostal Experience

The paper addresses the subject of religious education and pastoral counseling in the classical Pentecostal church. It argues that Pentecostals can benefit from a merger of religious education and pastoral counseling that leads the student/client to a closer relationship with God.
Sulphur fertilizer effect on cotton: I. Nitrogen and sulphur status and petiole nitrate‐nitrogen 1

Abstract The effect of S fertilization on S and N status and petiole NO3 −‐N in cotton was observed during the growing seasons of 1980 and 1981. Four sites representing 2 soil subgroups were studied using a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Leaf and petiole sampling began one week prior to bloom initiation and continued weekly for eight weeks. Leaf samples were analyzed for S and N and the petioles for NO3 −‐N. Levels of leaf‐S varied directly with amounts of applied S. Leaf‐N and petiole NO3 −‐N varied directly with amounts of applied N. Though not always significant, petiole NO3 −‐N and leaf‐N showed negative correlations with leaf‐S. These results suggest that knowledge of the cotton plant S status may be necessary to interpret petiole NO3 −‐N for N fertilization of cotton.
Split lung perfusion: A new method to test the effects of chemical agents on pulmonary metabolism

Abstract An isolated and perfused lung preparation was developed which allows increased flexibility and efficiency in evaluating the effects of either gaseous or circulating chemical agents on pulmonary metabolism. This split lung perfusion (SLP) combines the advantages of isolated whole lung perfusion studies with the advantages derived from the use of paired organs. The right and left lungs are perfused and ventilated simultaneously and independently. Using aniline hydroxylation and p-nitroanisole-O-demethylation as parameters of tissue mixed-function oxidase metabolism, we found that enzyme activities were the same in the right and left lung. When the left lung was ventilated with NO2 (20 ppm) and the right lung was ventilated with air (internal control), aniline hydroxylase activity was significantly inhibited about 20%. Using statistical tests to analyze the effects of acute exposure to ventilated NO2 on pulmonary aniline hydroxylation, it was found that the coefficient of variation was reduced five-fold using the SLP, as compared with data obtained using the whole lung perfusion technique. It is concluded that the SLP allows for more efficient testing of the effects of chemical agents on pulmonary metabolism by reducing experimental variability and requiring few animals.
Excitation of giant resonances in 208Pb using inelastic 14N scattering

Abstract Inelastic 14 N scattering at 266 MeV was used to investigate the giant resonance region in 208 Pb. The giant quadrupole resonance is excited quite strongly, but there is no evidence for the excitation of the recently reported 3 − and 5 − resonances.
Sentence Skills for Technical Writers

In most textbooks on technical writing, understandability of sentences is misleadingly equated with grammatical primitiveness. In actual technical writing, however, writers regularly conform to six basic rules dealing with the uses of base clauses and free modifiers, as well as punctuation. There are ten types of free modifiers, which can be used singly or in parallel or nonparallel sequences. All types are used either to add details to a key idea expressed in a base clause or to make transitions between one sentence or paragraph and another.
Ubiquitylation of an ERAD Substrate Occurs on Multiple Types of Amino Acids

Any protein synthesized in the secretory pathway has the potential to misfold and would need to be recognized and ubiquitylated for degradation. This is astounding, since only a few ERAD-specific E3 ligases have been identified. To begin to understand substrate recognition, we wished to map the ubiquitylation sites on the NS-1 nonsecreted immunoglobulin light chain, which is an ERAD substrate. Ubiquitin is usually attached to lysine residues and less frequently to the N terminus of proteins. In addition, several viral E3s have been identified that attach ubiquitin to cysteine or serine/threonine residues. Mutation of lysines, serines, and threonines in the NS-1 variable region was necessary to significantly reduce ubiquitylation and stabilize the protein. The Hrd1 E3 ligase was required to modify all three amino acids. Our studies argue that ubiquitylation of ER proteins relies on very different mechanisms of recognition and modification than those used to regulate biological processes.
Can snails ever be effective and safe biocontrol agents

The use of snails as biocontrol agents against other snails and against aquatic weeds is reviewed, evaluating their success and their impacts on non-target organisms. The predatory snail Euglandina rosea (and other species), although widely used against Achatina fulica (the giant African land snail) on Pacific and Indian Ocean islands, has not been shown to control A. fulica but has seriously impacted endemic island species. The facultative predator Rumina decollata , used in California against Helix aspersa (brown garden snail), is widely considered to be environmentally benign. However, evidence of its effectiveness is weak and it will also consume native snails. Ampullariid and thiarid freshwater snails have been used as competitors (and incidental predators) of snail vectors of human schistosomes, the parasites causing schistosomiasis (bilharzia). Successful control has been reported but impacts on native biotas have been essentially ignored. Ampullariids have been used in attempts to control aquatic ...
Remarks on turbulent transfer across of plane zero momentum-exchange

Despite the advances in the statistical theory of turbulence, the PRANDTL [see 1 of “References” at end of paper] concept of mixing-length still affords the most convenient method of evaluating momentum-transfer from velocity-profiles in turbulent flow. In symmetrical conduits, eddy-diffusivity is known directly from the BOUSSINESQ quotient of shear-stress and velocity-gradient. Hence mixing-length is not essential for the expression of eddy-diffusivity in pipe-flow, but is convenient when the distribution of shear-stress is not known, as in most flow-problems in meteorology and hydrology.
Measuring readability: A comparison of accounting textbooks

Abstract This study examines several intermediate accounting textbooks to determine if readability varies across texts. Readability scores are derived from the Flesch Reading Ease Formula (Flesch, 1948) and Gunning's Fog Index (Gunning, 1952). Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance is performed on the scores, followed by the Mann-Whitney U test for any differences initially discovered. Results show mostly insignificant differences across textbooks, a finding that conflicts with an earlier study using the cloze procedure (Adelberg & Razek, 1984), but is similar to a study of textbooks written in the 1970s (Razek, Hosch & Pearl, 1982). Other studies are discussed, along with suggestions for future research. The two readability techniques presented here may assist accounting educators since they are both easy to use and objective.
In vivo labeling of delta opioid receptors in mouse brain by [3H]benzylidenenaltrexone, a ligand selective for the delta1 subtype

Abstract (E)-7-Benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX) is a selective ligand for the putative deltai (61) opioid receptor. To explore the feasibility of labeling δ1 sites in vivo, we determined the cerebral distribution of radioactivity after systemic administration of [3H]BNTX to CDI mice. Uptake was, highest in striatum and lowest in cerebellum throughout the 4 hr time course. Specific radioligand binding, approximated as the difference in radioactivity concentrations between striatum and cerebellum, peaked at 0.32 percent injected dose/g at 30 min and comprised a modest 23% of total striatal radioactivity. For seven brain regions, radioactivity concentrations correlated with S site densities known from prior in vitro studies (rs = 0.79, p = 0.03), and also with the uptake of Nl'-([HC]methyl) naltrindole in vivo (rs = 0.78, p = 0.04) in mice. Specific binding in striatum, olfactory tubercles and cortical regions was saturable by BNTX, and was inhibited stereoselectively by the optical isomers of naloxone. Naltrindole and naltriben (NTB), δ antagonists, blocked 65 -99% of [3H]BNTX specific binding at a dosage of 5.0 μmol/kg. Similar doses of the μ antagonist cyprodime, or the k agonist U50.488H, did not inhibit binding. Adjusted for the four-fold greater brain penetration of NTB relative to BNTX, dose-response studies suggested that δ1 selective BNTX (ED50 = 1.51 μmolol/kg) was 50% more potent than 82 selective NTB (ED50 = 0.56 μmol/kg) in blocking specific [3H]BNTX binding in striatum. In CXBK mice, a strain with functional 81 but not 82 receptors in antinociceptive assays, radioligand uptake and distribution proved similar to that in CD1 mice. In sum, [3H]BNTX labels murine 5 opioid receptors in vivo with a low extent of specific binding. The data is consistent with, but not conclusive for, selective labeling of the δ1 subtype.
Evaluation of Toughness Differences in Chickens in Terms of Consumer Reaction

SUMMARY An untrained panel of approximately 100 people was used to evaluate the importance of differences in fryer chicken toughness that result from differences in chilling time before freezing. The panel discriminated and criticized toughness that could arise in commercial practice. At least 4 hr of aging is desirable even for birds that are thawed before being cooked. Shear resistance of fried meat measured with Warner-Bratzler and L.E.E.-Kramer shear apparatus correlated well, and correlated with untrained-panel evaluation. Adverse comments on toughness and dissatisfaction with the quality of the chicken increased with increase in shear resistance of the meat.
Nanosensor Based On Diffraction

A "Nanosensor" is conceived and tested in which a 400 nanometer grating and Helium Neon multimode laser are used to resolve nanometer motions of a PZT. A multipass scheme is described which is capable of resolving 1/9 nanometer motions or 1/5695 of the source wavelength.
The Changing Face of Functional Foods

Consumers began to view food from a radically different vantage point in the 1990s. This 'changing face' of food has evolved into an exciting area of the food and nutrition sciences known as functional foods. Functional foods can be defined as those providing health benefits beyond basic nutrition and include whole, fortified, enriched or enhanced foods which have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis at effective levels. Interest in functional foods skyrocketed in the last decade due to a number of key factors, including the growing self-care movement, changes in food regulations and overwhelming scientific evidence highlighting the critical link between diet and health. The interest in functional foods has resulted in a number of new foods in the marketplace designed to address specific health concerns, particularly as regards chronic diseases of aging. In addition to new foods designed specifically to enhance health, however, functional foods can also include those traditional, familiar foods for which recent research findings have highlighted new health benefits or dispelled old dogma about potential adverse health effects. An excellent example is the American egg-Nature's original functional food. Eggs have not traditionally been regarded as a functional food, primarily due to concerns about their adverse effects on serum cholesterol levels. Furthermore, it is now known that there is little if any connection between dietary cholesterol and blood cholesterol levels and consuming up to one or more eggs per day does not adversely affect blood cholesterol levels. Finally, eggs are an excellent dietary source of many essential (e.g., protein, choline) and non-essential (e.g., lutein/zeaxanthin) components which may promote optimal health. Nutrition in the new millennium will be dramatically different than it was in the 20th century. Completion of the human genome project will facilitate the identification of humans predisposed to diet-related diseases. Targeted or 'prescription' nutrition will become the norm, enabling the food and medical industries to provide timely and individualized approaches to disease prevention and health promotion. The egg will continue to play an important role in the changing face of functional foods.