cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attending to Communication and Patterns of Interaction Culturally Sensitive Mental Health Care for Groups of Urban, Ethnically Diverse, Impoverished, and Underserved Women

BACKGROUND: The United States is ethnically diverse. This diversity presents challenges to nurses, who, without empirical evidence to design culturally congruent interventions, may contribute to me...
Dynamics of Individual Polymers using Microfluidic based Microcurvilinear Flow

Polymer dynamics play an important role in a diversity of fields including materials science, physics, biology and medicine. The spatiotemporal responses of individual molecules such as biopolymers have been critical to the development of new materials, the expanded understanding of cell structures including cytoskeletal dynamics, and DNA replication. The ability to probe single molecule dynamics however is often limited by the availability of small-scale technologies that can manipulate these systems to uncover highly intricate behaviors. Advances in micro- and nano-scale technologies have simultaneously provided us with valuable tools that can interface with these systems including methods such as microfluidics. Here, we report on the creation of micro-curvilinear flow through a small-scale fluidic approach, which we have been used to impose a flow-based high radial acceleration (∼103 g) on individual flexible polymers. We were able to employ this microfluidic-based approach to adjust and control flow velocity and acceleration to observe real-time dynamics of fluorescently labeled λ-phage DNA molecules in our device. This allowed us to impose mechanical stimulation including stretching and bending on single molecules in localized regimes through a simple and straightforward technology-based method. We found that the flexible DNA molecules exhibited multimodal responses including distinct conformations and controllable curvatures; these characteristics were directly related to both the elongation and bending dynamics dictated by their locations within the curvilinear flow. We analyzed the dynamics of these individual molecules to determine their elongation strain rates and curvatures (∼0.09 µm−1) at different locations in this system to probe the individual polymer structural response. These results demonstrate our ability to create high radial acceleration flow and observe real-time dynamic responses applied directly to individual DNA molecules. This approach may also be useful for studying other biologically based polymers including additional nucleic acids, actin filaments, and microtubules and provide a platform to understand the material properties of flexible polymers at a small scale.
Impact of gate underlap on gate capacitance and gate tunneling current in 16 nm DGMOS devices

In this paper, the impact of gate underlap on the effective gate capacitance and gate tunneling current in DGMOS devices has been demonstrated. It is shown that in scaled devices, fringing capacitance dominates the effective gate capacitance. Hence with optimum underlap the effective gate capacitance can be reduced thereby reducing the delay and power. Gate underlapping also reduces gate direct tunneling current in the off-state.
An electron microscope study of pituitary autograft cells in the rat.

Pituitary glands were removed from adult estrous rats and transplanted to the renal capsule. Eighteen days later the graft tissue was removed and prepared for electron microscopy. All the cell types present in the normal gland were seen in these grafts, although the predominant cell was one having the following features: 1) an eccentric nucleus; 2) large and polymorphic secretory granules with immature granules concentrated in the Golgi area; 3) elaborate arrays of endoplasmic membranes and associated ribonucleoprotein particles. These grafts were actively producing luteotrophin, as evidenced by positive decidual reactions in all animals following uterine traumatization. On the basis of this study and earlier functional studies of pituitary autografts, it was concluded that a specific morphologic type of acidophile can be related to luteotrophin secretion in the rat.
Absorption of Enteral Recombinant Human Erythropoietin by Neonates

BACKGROUND:Erythropoietin (EPO) is present in amniotic fluid, colostrum, and human milk. One possible function of ingested EPO might be to stimulate erythropoiesis. However, it is unclear whether human neonates absorb recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) after oral administration.OBJECTIVE:To determine whether circulating EPO concentrations increase following enteral administration of rhEPO to neonates.METHODS:The study was designed as a 2-center prospective, blinded, randomized, 2 times 2 crossover study, with each infant receiving 1 dose of rhEPO 1000 units/kg and 1 dose of placebo. Serum EPO concentrations were measured at baseline, 2, and 4 hours following study drug administration. The rhEPO and placebo dosing were separated by a mean of 72 hours. Analysis was stratified by gestational age (≤35 wk, >35 wk) and feeding type (human milk, infant formula).RESULTS:No significant change in serum EPO concentration was identified at 2 or 4 hours following enteral administration of rhEPO.CONCLUSIONS:Enter...
Dissociation Pressures of Solid Solutions from Fe3O4 to 0.4Fe3O4·0.6CoFe2O4

The dissociation pressures of solid solutions from Fe3O4 to 0.4Fe3O4·0.6CoFe2O4 have been determined as a function of temperature. Within experimental error, solid solutions within this range are thermodynamically ideal.
Directional Newton Methods in n Variables

Directional Newton methods for functions f of n variables are shown to converge, under standard assumptions, to a solution of f(x) = 0. The rate of convergence is quadratic, for near-gradient directions, and directions along components of the gradient of f with maximal modulus. These methods are applied to solving systems of equations without reversion of the Jacobian matrix.
Optimal Defensive Strategies in One-Dimensional RISK

We consider a one-dimensional version of the board game RISK and discuss the problem of how a defending player might choose to distribute his armies along a chain of territories in order to maximiz...
Pattern of Duplicate Presentations at National Hematology-Oncology Meetings: Influence of the Pharmaceutical Industry

CONTEXT AND QUESTION ASKED:The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Society of Hematology (ASH) annual meetings are two of the largest conferences in the fields of hematology and oncology. These meetings are attended by physicians, researchers, pharmaceutical industry colleagues, and representatives from the media and business sectors. The intention of both societies, as stated in their submission guidelines, is to accept abstracts that have not previously been presented. These policies are presumably in place to minimize redundancy and, due to time and space constraints, allow the largest number of researchers to present their findings. Hence, we asked, are there duplicative presentations at these two large meetings, and if so, how often do they occur?METHODS—WHAT WE DID:To date, however, the success of the societies in eliminating duplication has not been carefully analyzed. In addition, the motivations behind re-presentation have not been evaluated objectively. Therefore, we co...
Finite difference modeling of selectively buried ion- exchanged waveguides in glass

Selectively buried ion-exchanged waveguides show promise for several integrated-optic applications. They consist of buried and surface waveguide sections connected by adiabatic transitions. Modeling results demonstrate that a large confinement factor in a superstrate layer can be obtained.
Structural analysis, test evaluation, and flight verification of orbited docking system for Orbiter/Mir mission

In 1992 NASA decided to build an Orbiter Docking System (ODS) using a Russian made docking mechanism to dock to the Russian Mir space station within two and a half years. On June 22, 1995, the Orbiter, on flight STS-71, made history by docking to the Mir station as NASA had planned. This paper presents highlights of the structural analysis, test evaluation and flight verification of the ODS. What makes the ODS a unique program is its highly complex structures and mechanism, its aggressive demanding schedule, and its complex international coordination. The ODS was a very successful program. It was built within its proposed budget and achieved all of its major milestones. Most importantly, the ODS behaved just as it was designed. The recently successful Orbiter/Mir docking mission provides the best testimony.
Regrowth of Implanted-Amorphous Si: Furnace to Laser Annealing

High-quality, epitaxial layers regrown from ion-implanted, amorphous Si are an important element in integrated circuit fabrication. Two regimes are well-characterized and understood: furnace annealing in the solid phase from 500° to 1000°C and pulsed-laser annealing in the liquid-phase. Growth rates have been measured in the range from 1 A/sec in the solid phase to 10 m/sec in the liquid phase. Impurity redistribution is in hand and only the strong enhancement of solid phase rates due to the presence of 0.1 at. % or greater of dopants remains as a controversial issue. The emergence of rapid thermal annealing (10 to 20 sec at 1000 to 1100°C) as an attractive method of restoring crystal order has introduced a new area of controversy; in this case, growth rates and impurity redistribution. The experimental data from several groups will be presented in order to highlight the different mechanisms that have been invoked. The redistribution of implanted B and As will also be discussed.
Metatheory, Metamethod, Meta-Data-Analysis: What, Why, and How?:

This paper examines recent developments in meta-study in sociology which involves metatheory, metamethod, and meta-data-analysis. It argues that the three branches of meta-study, though previously unrelated, are now rapidly converging, signaling, among other things, the existence of a sustained crisis in the discipline. It concludes that meta-study will continue to grow in sociology for some time to come.
Rapid Quantitative Homogenization of Semi-Micro Mycelium Samples

Most attempts to homogenize mycelia for biochemical study have required use of large samples of material to obtain sufficient amounts of homogenate for quantitative analysis. This usually involves homogenizing entire mycelia, or at least large parts of mycelia. However, growing mycelia are not biochemically or physiologically uniform (Ross, 1982a), and the use of whole mycelia for the analysis of, for example, light receptors, is analogous to grinding up a whole mouse to examine eye chemistry. I have recently reported (1982b) on levels of phenoloxidase activity found in extremely small samples of mycelia taken daily from cultures of the basidiomycete, Coprinus congregatus Bull.: Fr. The purpose of the daily sampling from every growth zone of each culture was to attempt to localize enzyme activity as correlated with growth and the attainment of developmental competence of the hyphal cells. One major problem with such localization experiments was the difficulty of obtaining quantitatively repeatable homogenizations of the small samples in a rapid manner. The samples had to be small to avoid too much trauma to the mycelia and to avoid sampling more than one growth zone at a time (FIG. 1). The enzyme assay reagents were not stable for long, which meant that all samples of any one experiment had to be processed with the same batch of reagents, even though some experiments generated several thousand samples-thus requiring a rapid homogenizing system. Several methods were tried, including a Virtis Homogenizer, a Brinkman Polytron, a Parr nitrogen disruption bomb, and grinding with a mortar and pestle. All of these methods suffered from the inability to enable repeat homogenizations quantitatively on the small samples. The small size of the mycelial cells and their thick cell walls hindered breakage in the large mechanical homogenizers, and the size of the samples was too small for efficient recovery from the Parr disruption bomb. In all these methods it was virtually impossible to transfer the very small amount of homogenized material from the homogenizing vessel to centrifuge tubes in a quantitative manner. A new method was developed using the Dynatech Laboratories "MicrodilutersTm" that are designed to transfer a set amount of liquid from one cell to another of a 96 well plate as part of the Dynatech MicrotiterTm System. The 25 t1l size just fits into a Pyrex 6 X 50 mm test tube. The diluters have an enlarged slotted head on a narrow shaft (FIG. 2C) that very effectively disrupts hyphal cells when spun at high speed. The shaft is cut down to fit the chuck of a drill with a variable speed control, such as the Dremel "Moto Tool" (FIG. 3). Any low-power, variable-speed drill that will take the microdiluter shaft should work. In practice, samples were taken with a No. 2 cork borer (6 mm diam) that had been cut out so that plugs would remain in the Petri dish after being cut and not get stuck in the cork borer (FIG. 1). The plugs were removed with fine forceps and cut in half to fit into the small tubes (FIG. 2A, B). The samples could be
Electron Transfer through Surface-Grown, Ferrocene-Capped Oligophenylene Molecular Wires (5-50 Å) on n-Si(111) Photoelectrodes.

We report the surface growth of oligophenylene molecular wires on Si(111) substrates and their electron-transfer (ET) properties. Iterative wire growth of biphenylene was achieved via Pd-catalyzed Negishi reactions for lengths of nphenyl = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 (d ≈ 5–50 A). The triflato-capped wires were functionalized with vinylferrocene for potentiometric studies. For the oligophenylenes of nphenyl = 1, 2, and 4 (wire length d ≈ 5–20 A), there was a strong distance dependence (kapp = 22.6, 16.0, 8.40 s–1, respectively), correlated to β = 0.07 A–1. In contrast, longer oligophenylenes for nphenyl = 4–12 (d ≈ 20–50 A) displayed a negligible distance dependence with an ET rate of kapp ≈ 10.0 ± 1.6 s–1. These data suggest a distance-dependent tunneling mechanism at short lengths (d 20 A).
Artificial hair sensor designs for flow measurement of UAVs with different scales

Artificial hair sensors have been developed in the Air Force Research Laboratory for use in prediction of local flow around airfoils and subsequent use in gust rejection applications. The on-going sensor development is based on a micro-sized unmanned vehicle, resulting in a sensor design that is sensitive in that aircraft’s nominal flight condition (speed). However, the active, or operating, region of the artificial hair sensor concept is highly dependent on the geometry and properties of the hair, capillary, and carbon nanotubes that make up the sensor design. This paper aims at expanding the flow measurement concept using artificial hair sensors to UAVs with different dimensions by properly sizing the parameters of the sensors, according to the nominal flight conditions of the UAVs. In this work, the hair, made of glass fiber, will be modeled as a cantilever beam with an elastic foundation, subject to external distributed aerodynamic drag. Hair length, diameter, capillary depth, and carbon nanotube length will be scaled by keeping the maximum strain of the carbon nanotubes constant for different sensors under different working conditions. Numerical studies will demonstrate the feasibility of the scaling methodology by designing artificial hair sensors for UAVs with different dimensions and flight conditions, starting from a baseline sensor design.
Screening and Choosing of Antagonistic Bacteria from Phylloshere and Initially Determining Its Resistance to Alternaria alternata

In order to get antagonistic bacteria for controlling tobacco brown spot,from the smoke area of Hunan and Yunnan,676 stains of bacteria were isolated from the phyllospheres tobacco of lower part leaf,using dilution asunder method.And 16 of these possessed high level of antagonistic properties by the result of the test of confronting each other and controlling bourgeon spore.By strain 18,19,29,49,71 used as bio-control agent against tobacco brow spot in greenhouset,he results showed that the three strains had strong inhibitive effect.The inhibitive efficacy was respectively 77.4%,77.4%,92.5%,92.5% and 90.3%.
Floating Consciousness: Suzhou River Overflowing the Transnational Shores of Fiction Film Narration

The film Suzhou River,as a new kind of narration of ontologically unstable fabula,attempts to destabilize the concept of a stable,original fabula,that is,a "what really happened" that exists and precedes the act of telling story.Without a stable story,the reality in the course of interpretations collapses,thus being unable to reconstruct the story.The ambiguity of ontological borders proves to be the fragmentation and complication of modern society.
Language ideology, policy and planning in Peru

The role of the language academy (LA), according to Zhao and Shang (2016), lies conspicuously in its “soft power, influencing people’s language choice through its prestige” (p. 2). However, the deg...
Information and Communication Technology Use Is Related to Higher Well-Being Among the Oldest-Old.

Objectives Older adults often prioritize socially meaningful goals over informational goals. Thus, we predicted that using information and communication technology (ICT) in service of socially meaningful versus informational goals relates to higher well-being among the oldest-old. Method We surveyed 445 adults aged 80+ (mean = 84, range = 80-93; 64% female; 26% non-White) online or via telephone. Participants reported motivations for ICT use (connect with others, learn new information) and rated their psychological and physical well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, loneliness, goal attainment, subjective health, functional limitations). We conducted regression and mediation analyses to test our hypothesis. Results Participants used ICT more to connect with friends/family (M = 3.66, SD = 1.28) than to learn information (M = 2.61, SD = 1.44), p < .001. Overall, ICT use predicted higher well-being across outcomes, ps ≤ .008. Motivations for use differentially mediated these effects: Social motivations mediated the relationships between ICT use and psychological well-being, whereas informational motivations mediated the relationships between ICT use and physical well-being. Discussion Older adults aged 80+ use ICT less than other generations, but may have much to gain. Using social versus informational technologies may enhance multiple aspects of well-being in different ways during very late life. Highlighting such benefits may increase ICT adoption among the oldest-old.
Powers of a Class of Generating Functions

We consider positive powers of a rational generating function F(x, z) of the variable z whose numerator has degree at most 1, denominator has degree 2, and where coefficients are functions of x. Ma...
The New Metropolitan Police of Buenos Aires: Officers’ Shared Perceptions on Community Policing and Organizational Practices

This exploratory research surveys police officers of the city of Buenos Aires who have joined the metropolitan police force. Specifically, it examines the officers’ perceptions of community policin...
Is all police academy training created equally? Comparing natural resource officer and general police academy training:

American policing is characterised by variety, including numerous specialty police departments. One specialty grouping are police tasked with environmental protection. Known as natural resources of...
University Plans and Programs in Software Engineering Education

Within the past few years, a number of institutions have initiated educational programs in software engineering. Most of these efforts take the form of software engineering courses or software laboratory courses in the context of a computer science degree program at the upper division or graduate level.
Dynamics of water and salt exchange at Maryland Coastal Bays

Abstract The exchange processes between the Maryland Coastal Bays system (MCBs) and their adjacent coastal ocean were simulated using a three-dimensional unstructured-grid based hydrodynamic model, which was validated by observed data including water level, current velocity and salinity. Idealized experiments were then carried out to investigate the impact of wind forcing on water exchange and salt flux. Through these experiments, the exchanges between the MCBs and coastal ocean were investigated at two inlets (Ocean City Inlet and Chincoteague Inlet). Given that winds and tides are two key external forces known to impact estuarine dynamics, the effect of each individual force on the exchange processes was studied to evaluate the corresponding influence on the inlet dynamics. It was found that wind forcing significantly impacts the inlet dynamics: the effect of wind directions on exchange processes under strong wind speeds is substantial; for example, northwesterly winds push flux to the southern part of the bays, while southwesterly winds pile up flux towards northern Chincoteague Bay. The effect of wind forcing on the exchange dynamics becomes stronger with the augmentation of its speed. Meanwhile, tidal forcing is the major driver of exchange dynamics at weak wind speeds (e.g., 3 m/s), and its effect on exchange process gradually weakens with stronger wind speeds (e.g., 7 m/s, 15 m/s). In addition, sensitivity tests elucidated that closing either inlet results in a significant impact on the water elevation, current velocity and salinity nearby the relevant cut-off inlet areas.
The Emotional Basis of Library Anxiety

In 1986, Constance Mellon found that 75 to 85 percent of underg raduate students experienced library anxiety as well as sham e about their anxiety. Fifteen y ears earlier, Helen Block Lewis began her groundbreaking research in shame theory. This paper explores the affective components of library anxiet y using the pioneering research of Constance Mellon, Helen Block Lewis and others. Two issues are discussed: 1) how unacknowledg ed, recursive shame or “shame about shame” creates painf ul, emotional states such as library anxiety; and 2) how to recognize and neutraliz e unacknowledged shame in library service interactions.
Design of non-linear Static Var Compensator based on Synergetic Control Theory

Abstract Electric power system is complex interconnected system that is subjected to rapid change in its structure. Addition of new equipment, operation close to stability limits and variation of load in summer and winter are some factors that make power system unstable and introduce electro-mechanical oscillations in the system. These oscillations, though of small magnitude often persist for long periods of time and restrict the power transfer capacity. To stabilize the power system different control strategies are used to damp the oscillations previously but all rely on linearized model of the power system. Synergetic controller based on synergetic control theory, is a non-linear controller that forces the system toward global stability. In this paper, synergetic synthesis of the Static Var compensator (SVC) is proposed for a nonlinear model of the power system. The proposed synergetic controller is implemented in a Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system with HVDC link and the performance is compared with linear dynamic compensator based on eigen-value assignment technique. The results provided show the effectiveness of the controller for damping system oscillations in the case of variation in load whereas the linear dynamic compensator destabilized the system.
What Do Children Know about Emotions and When Do They Know It

Although researchers have learned much about children’s social knowledge in the last decade, little is known about children’s understanding of emotions and emotional expressions. Investigations of children’s knowledge of emotions and the socialization of emotional behavior have been restricted in part by a powerful theory of emotion, which was suggested by Darwin (1872) and later elaborated by Tomkins (1962, 1963) and Izard (1977). This biological view of emotion was characterized by Hochschild (1979) in the following description of emotional behavior: The image that comes to mind is that of a sudden, automatic reflex syndrome—Darwin’s instant snarl expression; Freud’s tension discharge at a given breaking point of tension overload; James’ and Lange’s notion of an instantaneous, unmediated visceral reaction to a perceived stimulus, the perception of which is also unmediated by social influence, (pp. 553–554) Emotions are viewed as analogous to knee jerks or sneezes, unlearned, biologically controlled, and subject to relatively little socialization influence.
Causal Modelling Systems (CMS and NEXUS)

At the risk of oversimplifying concepts and terms that are important to philosophers, the elements of processes involved in scientific inquiry — observational procedures, sequences of argument, methods of representation and computation, concerns about validation — basically aim at discovering causal relations between patterns of empirical phenomena. On the basis of these causal relations, science has the goal of constructing concise and systematically organized theories that describe and explain the world of nature. Technology then makes use of the results of the scientific enterprise to build reliable, effective and economically justifiable products to serve given needs and objectives.
Childhood prevention of essential hypertension.

Childhood prevention of essential hypertension requires knowledge of alterable determinants of blood pressure in children; these include obesity and sodium intake and perhaps physical activity and intake of potassium and calcium. Altering these determinants may involve two general preventive strategies. The first is a population strategy, which attempts to lower blood pressure (or keep it from rising) among all children. Population strategies may require educating children to active participants in changing their behaviors (active approach) or may merely change their environment (passive approach). The second general strategy aims to focus on children at high risk of developing hypertension as adults. To determine the usefulness of this highrisk strategy, more information is needed about prediction of adult blood pressure from childhood values and about the efficacy of interventions to control blood pressure levels in highrisk children.
Prevention of Carboplatin-induced Resistance in Human Ovarian Tumor Xenografts by Selenite

Background/aim We have been exploring a prevention approach to the problem of drug resistance which develops during ovarian cancer chemotherapy. We have previously described an in vivo model of the development of resistance to the chemotherapy drug cisplatin in xenografts, and the prevention of this resistance by selenium compounds. However, a different platinum-based drug, carboplatin, is frequently utilized in ovarian cancer treatment. The aim of the present study was to design a model for the induction of resistance by carboplatin in vivo. Materials and methods Tumors were initiated in immunodeficient mice by subcutaneous inoculation of A2780 human ovarian tumor cells. The sensitivity of the resulting tumors to therapy was determined by measuring the effect on tumor growth of a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment with a high dose of carboplatin. Results The growth of control tumors was completely (although temporarily) stopped by this treatment; however, a single pre-treatment with a low i.p. dose of carboplatin resulted in the rapid development of resistance to carboplatin, and cross-resistance to cisplatin. Pre-treatment with selenite in addition to carboplatin prevented the induction of resistance. When cells from these pre-treated tumors were transplanted to new animals, the derivative tumors retained the sensitive or resistant phenotype of their tumor of origin. Conclusion Selenite can prevent the induction of resistance by carboplatin in human ovarian tumors, and thus may offer an approach to extending the long-term efficacy of platinum chemotherapy.
Magnetic Resonance Probes for Tumor Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive, high spatial resolution, multiplanar imaging modality that offers exquisite soft tissue contrast. Recent advances in MRI equipment (higher field strengths, optimized pulse sequences, and better coil design) have made this imaging modality a procedure of choice for evaluating many cancers. Coupled with the use of small molecule paramagnetic agents and magnetic nanoparticles, different tumor processes can now be probed. Imaging of angiogenesis, apoptosis, and specific targeting are all within the realm of experimental clinical imaging. This chapter summarizes different types of magnetic probes and their application in cancer.
Three Millian Ways to Resolve Open Questions

Millianism is a thesis in philosophy of language that the meaning of a proper name is simply its referent. Millianism faces certain puzzles called Frege's Puzzles. Some Millians defend the view by appealing to a metaphysics of belief that involves Ways of Believing. In the first part of this paper, I argue that ethical naturalists can adopt this Millian strategy to resist Moore’s Open Question argument. While this strategy of responding to the Open Question Argument has already appeared in the literature, I show that the Millian strategy can be easily extended to other versions of the Open Question Argument that are alleged to be stronger than the original formulation. The allegedly stronger versions of the Open Question Argument are not straightforwardly Frege's Puzzles, but they still have analogue versions that have been presented against Millianism. What the Ways Millian can say against those analogue versions can easily be applied to these other versions of the Open Question Argument.
Decolonisation, compensation and constitutionalism: land, wealth and the sustainability of constitutionalism in post-apartheid South Africa

This paper explores the relationship between the protection of property rights and the effort to embed constitutionalism in South Africa since 1994. While the question of land will be central to th...
Measurement of the Se 80 ( γ , n ) reaction with linearly polarized γ rays

This paper reports the results of the first measurements of the differential cross section of the $^{80}\mathrm{Se}(\ensuremath{\gamma},n)^{79}\mathrm{Se}$ reaction with a linearly polarized gamma-ray ($\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray) beam. The cross section was measured at three incident $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray beam energies: 15.6, 15.8, and 16.0 MeV, with a beam energy spread of 3.0% full width at half-maximum (FWHM). The differential cross section for the excitation spectrum in $^{79}\mathrm{Se}$ was measured at two scattering angles in the plane of the beam polarization: $\ensuremath{\theta}={90}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ and ${135}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$, and at one angle in the plane perpendicular to the plane of polarization: $\ensuremath{\theta}={90}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$. The total photoneutron cross sections determined from these data are between 0.8 and 1.3 standard deviations smaller than previously published results. The excitation spectra measured in this work were fit with a Hauser-Feshbach model. Better fits to the data were obtained with a constant-temperature formulation of the nuclear level density (NLD) than with a Fermi-gas NLD model. The parameters for the constant-temperature NLD model obtained in this work are consistent with those obtained for medium-mass nuclei in previous studies.
Site dependence of absorption-promoting actions of laureth-9, Na salicylate, Na2EDTA, and aprotinin on rectal, nasal, and buccal insulin delivery.

The site dependence of the absorption-promoting actions of laureth-9, Na salicylate, Na2EDTA, and aprotinin was studied in rats. Insulin absorption was estimated on the basis of the cumulative hypo-glycemic response from 0 to 4 hr postdose, relative to that after intramuscular insulin. Insulin was administered with or without adjuvants to isolated rectal, nasal, and buccal absorption sites. Laureth-9, a nonionic surfactant which irreversibly removes membrane proteins or lipids, promoted insulin absorption from each site. The rectal, nasal, and buccal routes were 30% as effective as the i.m. route. The enhancing effects of Na salicylate and Na2EDTA, which have reversible mechanisms of permeability enhancement, were specific for rectal absorption. With these adjuvants, rectal insulin was 30–40% as effective as i.m. insulin, but nasal and buccal doses were less than 5% as effective as i.m. doses. This specificity can be at least partly explained by considering the site-to-site differences in membrane histology, although differences in pore size and membrane biochemistry might also contribute. The protease inhibitor aprotinin was ineffective in increasing insulin efficacy via each route, either alone or in combination with laureth-9.
High-Sensitivity Troponin I and Incident Coronary Events, Stroke, Heart Failure Hospitalization, and Mortality in the ARIC Study

Background: We assessed whether plasma troponin I measured by a high-sensitivity assay (hs-TnI) is associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in a community-based sample wi...
Comparing musicians and non-musicians in signal-in-noise perception.

Objectives: The objective is to compare musicians and non-musicians in signal-in-noise perception.Design: Participants underwent the following tests: (1) High-frequency (HF) audiometry, (2) QuickSI...
Providers and women's perspectives on person-centered maternity care: a mixed methods study in Kenya.

Globally, there has been increasing attention to women’s experiences of care and calls for a person-centered care approach. At the heart of this approach is the patient-provider relationship. It is necessary to examine the extent to which providers and women agree on the care that is provided and received. Studies have found that incongruence between women’s and providers’ perceptions may negatively impact women’s compliance, satisfaction, and future use of health facilities. However, there are no studies that examine patient and provider perspectives on person-centered care. To fill this gap in the literature, we use cross-sectional data of 531 women and 33 providers in seven government health facilities in Kenya to assess concordance and discordance in person-centered care measures. Additionally, we analyze 41 in-depth interviews with providers from three of these facilities to examine why differences in reporting may occur. Descriptive statistical methods were used to measure the magnitude of differences between reports of women and reports of providers. Thematic analyses were conducted for provider surveys. Our findings suggest high discordance between women and providers’ perspectives in regard to person-centered care experiences. On average, women reported lower levels of person-centered care compared to providers, including low respectful and dignified care, communication and autonomy, and supportive care. Providers were more likely to report higher rates of poor health facility environment such as having sufficient staff. We summarize the overarching reasons for the divergence in women and provider reports as: 1) different understanding or interpretation of person-centered care behaviors, and 2) different expectations, norms or values of provider behaviors. Providers rationalized abuse towards women, did not allow a companion of choice, and blamed women for poor patient-provider communication. Women lacked assurance in privacy and confidentiality, and faced challenges related to the health facility environment. Providers attributed poor person-centered care to both individual and facility/systemic factors. Implications of this study suggests that providers should be trained on person-centered care approaches and women should be counseled on understanding patient rights and how to communicate with health professionals.
DPD simulations of anion exchange membrane: The effect of an alkyl spacer on the hydrated morphology

Abstract An ion conducting polymeric membrane is a key component in an anion exchange membrane (AEM) fuel cell serving as the electrolyte. To enhance both the membrane stability and ion conductivity, phase segregate copolymers have been proposed for use as AEMs. Phase separation results in the formation of ion conducting domains, and hence the morphology of the material is important. Among the candidates, polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-polystyrene (SEBS), functionalized by quaternary ammonium (QA) head groups and variants with an alkyl spacer, has been synthesized and offers some promising characteristics. Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD), a coarse-grained scheme, was utilized to investigate the hydrated morphology of these model systems. Specifically, this work seeks to understand the effect of an alkyl (C4H8) ‘spacer’ when attached to the functional group on the hydrated morphology of the ionomer. This spacer was grafted between the SEBS and the QA group as a ‘linker’, to the end of the QA group as a ‘tail’, and in both positions as a coexisting ‘linker and tail’. The simulated morphologies were all compared back to the SEBS-QA without any spacer. An analysis of the clustering was also performed to quantify the size, connectivity, and percolation of the water and ion containing domains as a function of the degree of hydration.
PMR5, an acetylation protein at the intersection of pectin biosynthesis and defense against fungal pathogens

Powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum), one of the most prolific obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens worldwide, infects its host by penetrating the plant cell wall without activating the plant's innate immune system. The Arabidopsis mutant powdery mildew resistant 5 (pmr5) carries a mutation in a putative pectin acetyltransferase gene that confers enhanced resistance to powdery mildew. Here, we show that heterologously expressed PMR5 protein transfers acetyl groups from [14 C]-acetyl-CoA to oligogalacturonides. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we show that three amino acids within a highly conserved esterase domain in putative PMR5 orthologs are necessary for PMR5 function. A suppressor screen of mutagenized pmr5 seed selecting for increased powdery mildew susceptibility identified two previously characterized genes affecting the acetylation of plant cell wall polysaccharides, RWA2 and TBR. The rwa2 and tbr mutants also suppress powdery mildew disease resistance in pmr6, a mutant defective in a putative pectate lyase gene. Cell wall analysis of pmr5 and pmr6, and their rwa2 and tbr suppressor mutants, demonstrates minor shifts in cellulose and pectin composition. In direct contrast to their increased powdery mildew resistance, both pmr5 and pmr6 plants are highly susceptibile to multiple strains of the generalist necrotroph Botrytis cinerea, and have decreased camalexin production upon infection with B. cinerea. These results illustrate that cell wall composition is intimately connected to fungal disease resistance and outline a potential route for engineering powdery mildew resistance into susceptible crop species.
Genetic Analyses Suggesting Bacterial-Plant Signalling During Nodulation

Bacteria of the genus Rhizobium fix nitrogen in symbiotic association with leguminous plants. The establishment of symbiosis probably requires many signalling interactions between the bacteria and the plant. The bacterial nod genes are induced by plant flavones (Peters et al 1986) and are involved in synthesis of a compound which has been reported to induce plant cell division (Schmidt et al 1988). In our laboratory, we have studied three classes of Rhizobium meliloti mutants which may be involved in signalling interactions. These are mutants affected in exopolysaccharide synthesis, trpE(G) mutants, and a group of TnphoA insertion mutants.
Canakinumab to reduce deterioration of cardiac and respiratory function in SARS-CoV-2 associated myocardial injury with heightened inflammation (canakinumab in Covid-19 cardiac injury: The three C study).

Background In patients with Covid-19, myocardial injury and increased inflammation are associated with morbidity and mortality. We designed a proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial to evaluate whether treatment with canakinumab prevents progressive respiratory failure and worsening cardiac dysfunction in patients with SARS-CoV2 infection, myocardial injury, and high levels of inflammation. Hypothesis The primary hypothesis is that canakiumab will shorten time to recovery. Methods The three C study (canakinumab in Covid-19 Cardiac Injury, NCT04365153) is a double-blind, randomized controlled trial comparing canakinumab 300 mg IV, 600 mg IV, or placebo in a 1:1:1 ratio in hospitalized Covid-19 patients with elevations in troponin and C-reactive protein (CRP). The primary endpoint is defined as the time in days from randomization to either an improvement of two points on a seven category ordinal scale or discharge from the hospital, whichever occurs first up to 14 days postrandomization. The secondary endpoint is mortality at day 28. A total of 45 patients will be enrolled with an anticipated 5 month follow up period. Results Baseline characteristics for the first 20 randomized patients reveal a predominantly male (75%), elderly population (median 67 years) with a high prevalence of hypertension (80%) and hyperlipidemia (75%). CRPs have been markedly elevated (median 16.2 mg/dL) with modest elevations in high-sensitivity troponin T (median 21 ng/L), in keeping with the concept of enrolling patients with early myocardial injury. Conclusions The three C study will provide insights regarding whether IL-1β inhibition may improve outcomes in patients with SARS-CoV2 associated myocardial injury and increased inflammation.
Environmental trade-offs of relay-cropping winter cover crops with soybean in a maize-soybean cropping system

Abstract Winter camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] and field pennycress [Thlaspi arvense L.] are oilseed feedstocks that can be employed as winter-hardy cover crops in the current cropping systems in the U.S. upper Midwest. In addition to provide multiple ecosystem services, they can be a further source of income for the farmer. However, using these cover crops is a new agricultural practice that has only been studied recently. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the environmental performance of a maize [Zea mays L.]-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cropping system with different winter cover crops - camelina, pennycress, and rye (Secale cereale L.) - in the U.S. upper Midwest. Field experiments were carried out from 2016 to 2017 (2-year maize-soybean sequence) at three locations: Morris (Minnesota), Ames (Iowa), and Prosper (North Dakota). The environmental impact assessment was carried out using a “cradle-to-gate” life cycle assessment methodology. Four impact categories were assessed: global warming potential (GWP), eutrophication, soil erosion, and soil organic carbon (SOC) variation. Two functional units (FU) were selected: (1) 1 ha year−1, and (2) $1 net margin. When expressed with the FU ha yr−1, across the three locations cover crops had (a) lower eutrophication potential and water soil erosion, and (b) lower GWP if the cover crop was not fertilized with nitrogen. Camelina and pennycress were more effective than rye in reducing soil losses, while the three cover crops provided similar results for eutrophication potential. The results for the SOC variation were mixed, but the sequence with rye had the best performance at all locations. When expressed with the FU $ net margin, sequences including camelina and pennycress were overall the worst sequences in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient and soil losses. This negative performance was mainly due to the seed yield reduction in the second year of the sequence for both the main cash crop (soybean) and the relayed-cover crop compared with the conventional sequence maize-soybean. Such result led to a lower net margin per hectare in the sequences including camelina and pennycress when compared with the control. The results of this study suggest that the introduction of camelina and pennycress as winter-hardy cover crops has a strong potential for reducing the environmental impacts of the maize-soybean rotation. However, a field management optimization of these cover crops in a relay-cropping system is needed to make them a sustainable agricultural practice.
The Sign Status of Specular Reflections

In his book, A Theory of Semiotics (1976), Eco has argued that the recognition of a relationship of similarity between the sign-vehicle and its signified content is necessarily dependent upon a rule (or rules) of “similarity”. According to this argument, such rules serve to guide us in selecting, from among the many qualities that both a sign- vehicle and its content may possess, only those qualities that are properly to be compared. Thus, for example, the “blue” in the upper portion of a postcard landscape is capable of bringing the notion of “sky” before our minds only to the extent that we are able to isolate the quality of “blueness” from the other qualities equally possessed by the “postcard sky” and the sky as directly perceived, i.e., qualities such as material density, scale, shape, temperature, texture, weight and two-dimensionality, etc. Obviously, the patch of blue on the postcard “resembles” the sky only in a very restricted sense. Eco’s point is that the fact that this simultaneous isolation and correlation of blues appears to be quite automatic should not be allowed to hide from us the fact that it is accomplished on the basis of a network of largely implicit assumptions regarding the nature of postcard photographs and their relationship to objects of direct perception.
NAWAPA AND TWO SIBERIAN WATER-DIVERSION PROPOSALS: A GEOGRAPHICAL COMPARISON AND APPRAISAL

Three water diversion proposals of continental magnitude—the Nawapa plan for North America and two plans for Siberia and Central Asia-are compared and analyzed. The Nawapa plan, first put forward in the mid- 1960's, is found to have little prospect of being realized because of complex, expensive engineering and great potential environmental hazards. Similarly the Davydov plan of the early 1950's, envisaging the diversion of Siberian rivers to arid Central Asia, is viewed as an impractical engineering exercise. The more recent Soviet proposal, by Soyuzvodproyekt, the government's Water Management Design Institute, appears to have a greater chance of being implemented, although alternative modes and routes are still being evaluated and the environmental consequences-for Siberia are causing concern. (See also Soviet Geography, November 1972.)
Time of Origin of Neurons in the Brain Stem of the Mouse

Publisher Summary This chapter reflects on the time of origin of neurons in the brain stem of the mouse. For a better understanding of neurogenesis, three basic questions are need to be answered: (1) What is the time sequence of the birth of neurons? (2) Where are the neurons of each nuclear population born? (3) How do the neurons reach their recognized adult location? Answers to these questions are sought utilizing the autoradiographic technique with tritiated thymidine as a label that tags the neurons at the time of their birth. The application of the autoradiographic technique to the study of neurogenesis is recently reviewed by Sidman. The value of the method is recognized by Sauer and Walker in the chick and Sidman in the mouse. These studies should provide a background for determining where neurons of specific nuclei originate and how and when the neurons migrate to their recognized adult positions.