cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sources of color-word interference in the Stroop color-naming task

The results of several previous experiments have suggested that interference in the Stroop color-naming task is greater for color words that are also members of the set of possible color-naming responses. However, all previous experiments had strength of association to the concept of color and, in most cases, word frequency confounded with membership in the response set. The present experiments controlled for these factors and obtained strong evidence that interference is substantially greater when the printed words are also members of the response set. In addition, it was shown that for color words that are not from the response set the amount of interference is a function of the strength of association of the words with the concept of color. It was concluded that there is selective activation of the color-naming response set in memory. Internal activation of the remaining color terms is a function of how strongly they are associated with other color-naming responses.
Community oxygen metabolism in a shallow tidal estuary

Abstract Comprehensive sampling of a shallow tidal estuary was performed hourly for 14 days, at three-month intervals throughout the annual temperature cycle. The project took place in the Newport River estuary located inside the Outer Banks of North Carolina, U.S.A. In all 26 parameters were monitored at a single station, including meteorology, hydrology, water chemistry and phytoplankton production physiology. The estuarine character in colder months was dominated by riverine input, while in warmer months the estuary was lagoonal, having limited input and exchange with the sea. A holistic evaluation of estuarine community O2 metabolism was developed using diffusion-corrected changes in O2 concentration. These data indicated positive integrated diel production (autotrophy) only in winter (February). The estuary was functionally heterotrophic during warmer months (May, August, November). Integrated short-term radiocarbon productivity estimates compared favorably with measurements of oxygen based diel gross production rates. Community O2 based respiration rates (heterotrophy) exhibited a strong positive relationship with water temperature. During summer, rates of heterotrophic metabolism and associated nutrient regeneration appeared to control autotrophic production.
Electron-Ion Recombination Rate Coefficient Measurements in a Flowing Afterglow Plasma

The flowing-afterglow technique in conjunction with computer modeling of the flowing plasma has been used to determine accurate dissociative-recombination rate coefficients alpha for the ions O2(+), HCO(+), CH5(+), C2H5(+), H3O(+), CO2(+), HCO2(+), HN2O(+), and N2O(+) at 295 K. We find that the simple form of data analysis that was employed in earlier experiments was adequate and we largely confirm earlier results. In the case of HCO(+) ions, published coefficients range from 1.1 X 10(exp -7) to 2.8 x 10(exp -7) cu cm/S, while our measurements give a value of 1.9 x 10(exp -7) cu cm/S.
Research and Practice Implications for Knowledge Synthesis in Education

Knowledge synthesis is an important strategy for helping educators benefit from federal and other investments in research and development. This article describes federal R&D efforts to make more ef...
Regional atmospheric patterns and the delayed sea-ice freeze-up in the western Arctic

The western Arctic sea ice cover has dramatically changed since the late 1970s, particularly the timing of the autumn freeze-up. While atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic processes associated with synoptic-scale weather patterns largely impact the onset of regional ice formation, linkages between the subseasonal occurrences of these patterns, across interannual to multidecadal time scales, and the freeze-up are not well understood. This manuscript takes a synoptic climatological atmospheric pattern (AP) classification approach to evaluate the role of warm season-dominant (i.e., May-October) mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) and 1000–500 hPa thickness APs, derived from daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis fields, on the passive microwave-derived freeze-up dates for the marginal Beaufort/Chukchi Seas and western Arctic Ocean from 1979 to 2013. Analysis of the respective classifications’ frequencies and their relationships to the freeze-up reveals that approximately one-third of freeze-up variance may be explained by early/middle warm season Beaufort Sea High surface pressure pattern frequency changes. A similar amount of freeze-up variance is explained by the occurrence of mid-warm season dominant thermal patterns, either earlier or later than their predominant season. Both results suggest that pattern changes may be associated with changing ocean–atmosphere heat exchanges affiliated with lengthened periods of melt conditions.
The structure of microbodies and their associations with other organelles in zoosporangia ofEntophlyctis variabilis

The ultrastructure of microbodies in developing zoosporangia ofEntophlyctis variabilis was studied by three dimensional reconstructions from serial sections and by cytochemical localization of catalase activity. The morphology of microbodies and the spatial association of microbodies with other organelles varied during fungal development. In incipient zoo-sporangia, granular dilations resembling microbodies arose from rough ER. Young, enlarging zoosporangia contained elongate, contorted microbodies continuous with ER and aligned along bundles of microtubules. Oval, paired microbodies, lying on each side of an ER cisternae, were found in all zoosporangia, but in older zoosporangia this configuration of microbodies predominated. Analysis of serial sections revealed that these oval, paired microbodies were sometimes continuous with each other, with ER, and also apparently with the ER cisterna interposed between them. Other paired, oval microbodies were clearly discrete. Constrictions were found along the length of elongate microbodies and at junctions between oval microbodies. These constrictions may represent stages in fragmentation of microbodies from pre-existing microbodies. These observations suggest that microbodies originated in three ways: 1. as local dilations in tubular ER, 2. as lateral buds from opposite sides of ER cisternae, and 3. as fragments from elongate microbodies. Microbodies were consistently spatially associated with ER, nuclear envelopes, and mitochondria. The cisterna of ER passing between paired microbodies sometimes extended into a branching, tubular system of ER which curved around the side of one microbody and lay between this microbody and the forming face of a dictyosome. The cytochemical localization of thiamine pyrophosphatase activity in this cisterna when it is not associated with dictyosomes suggests a role in metabolic control. These spatial associations indicate that the microbody assemblage with other organelles represents functional units where propinquity to other organelles and intraluminal continuities insure a system for transport of substrates and products.
Context-Specific Target Definition in Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin-Glycan Receptor Interactions

Protein-glycan interactions are important regulators of a variety of biological processes, ranging from immune recognition to anticoagulation. An important area of active research is directed toward understanding the role of host cell surface glycans as recognition sites for pathogen protein receptors. Recognition of cell surface glycans is a widely employed strategy for a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, parasites, and viruses. We present here a representative example of such an interaction: the binding of influenza A hemagglutinin (HA) to specific sialylated glycans on the cell surface of human upper airway epithelial cells, which initiates the infection cycle. We detail a generalizable strategy to understand the nature of protein-glycan interactions both structurally and biochemically, using HA as a model system. This strategy combines a top-down approach using available structural information to define important contacts between glycans and HA, with a bottom-up approach using data-mining and informatics approaches to identify the common motifs that distinguish glycan binders from nonbinders. By probing protein-glycan interactions simultaneously through top-down and bottom-up approaches, we can scientifically validate a series of observations. This in turn provides additional confidence and surmounts known challenges in the study of protein-glycan interactions, such as accounting for multivalency, and thus truly defines concepts such as specificity , affinity, and avidity . With the advent of new technologies for glycomics—including glycan arrays, data-mining solutions, and robust algorithms to model protein-glycan interactions—we anticipate that such combination approaches will become tractable for a wide variety of protein-glycan interactions.
Fundic Gland Polyp Dysplasia Is Common in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

Background & Aims: Fundic gland polyps (FGPs) are common in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) but have been considered nonneoplastic. Gastric carcinoma arises from FGPs in FAP presumably from a dysplasia–carcinoma pathway. Our study examined the prevalence of FGPs and FGP dysplasia in FAP and identified endoscopic or demographic features associated with FGPs and dysplasia. Methods: Demographic and endoscopic information were obtained prospectively from 75 consecutive subjects undergoing upper-endoscopic surveillance for FAP. Systematic biopsy specimens of FGPs, normal-appearing fundic mucosa, and antral mucosa for Helicobacter pylori were obtained. Multivariable analysis assessed the association of demographic or endoscopic factors with the presence of FGP or FGP dysplasia. Results: FGPs were detected in 88% of subjects and were dysplastic in 41% (38% low grade, 3% high grade). H pylori infection was rare in subjects with vs without FGPs (1.5% vs 33.3%, P = .005). In the multivariable analysis larger FGP size (odds ratio [OR], 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–14.4), higher stage of duodenal polyposis (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2–4.5), and antral gastritis (OR, 11.2; 95% CI, 1.2–103.9) were associated with FGP dysplasia. Exposure to acid-suppressive medications was associated with a marked decrease in dysplastic FGPs (OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.03–0.64). Conclusions: The majority of FAP patients have FGPs and nearly half will have dysplastic FGPs. There is an inverse relationship between H pylori and FGPs. FGP dysplasia is associated with larger polyp size, increased severity of duodenal polyposis, and antral gastritis. Acid-suppressive therapy use appears protective against dysplasia in FGPs.
Intracellular Symbionts and Other Bacteria Associated with Deer Ticks (Ixodes scapularis) from Nantucket and Wellfleet, Cape Cod, Massachusetts

The diversity of bacteria associated with the deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) was assessed using PCR amplification, cloning, and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes originating from seven ticks collected from Nantucket Island and Wellfleet, Cape Cod, Mass. The majority of sequences obtained originated from gram-negative proteobacteria. Four intracellular bacteria were detected including strains of Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, and Wolbachia and an organism related to intracellular insect symbionts from the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group. Several strains of members of the Sphingomonadaceae were also detected in all but one tick. The results provide a view of the diversity of bacteria associated with I. scapularis ticks in the field.
Surgery for cyanotic heart disease in the first year of life

Data are reviewed on 248 patients less than 1 year old who presented with a diagnosis of cyanotic heart disease between January 1976 and January 1982. No infant had had prior surgical treatment. The patients were classified according to diagnosis: tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary atresia and anomalies of the tricuspid atresia or single ventricle type. Other remote forms of cyanotic heart disease were excluded from the analysis. Management of these patient groups is discussed in relation to their potential for corrective surgery early in infancy or later. The proper selection of palliative procedures that will permit bilateral growth and development of pulmonary arteries and equal distribution of pulmonary blood flow is emphasized. Morbidity and mortality in each patient group are discussed.
Accuracy of CT in detecting intraabdominal and pelvic lymph node metastases from pelvic cancers

In 40 patients with pelvic cancers evaluated by computed tomography (CT), CT was less accurate in demonstrating lymph node metastasis compared to its high accuracy in detecting nodal involvement in lymphoma patients. This largely reflects the inability of CT to detect alterations in internal architecture in a normal-sized lymph node. While less sensitive, CT is a more specific method than lymphangiography in detecting nodal involvement by pelvic cancers. The role of CT in the staging of pelvic cancers is discussed.
Mitochondrial toxin inhibition of [3H]dopamine uptake into rat striatal synaptosomes

Administration of the mitochondrial inhibitors malonate and 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) to rats provides useful models of Huntington's disease. Exposure to these inhibitors has been shown to result in increased extracellular concentrations of striatal dopamine (DA), which is neurotoxic at high concentrations. The cause of this increase is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mitochondrial inhibition alters dopamine transporter (DAT) function. Striatal synaptosomes were incubated in the presence of several structurally unrelated inhibitors of mitochondrial Complexes I, II, and IV, and [(3)H]DA uptake was measured. Although all of the toxins inhibited [(3)H]DA uptake, there was a large variation in their inhibitory potencies, the rank order being rotenone>>cyanide>azide>3-NP>>malonate. Examination of the kinetic parameters of [(3)H]DA uptake revealed that inhibition was due to a reduction in maximum velocity (V(max)), with no change in affinity (K(m)). The addition of either ATP or of ADP plus P(i) to synaptosomes treated with 3-NP, or of the reactive oxygen species spin trap alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone to synaptosomes exposed to either malonate or cyanide failed to prevent mitochondrial toxin-induced inhibition of DAT function. The lack of effect of high energy substrates or of a free radical scavenger suggests that the mechanism by which extracellular DA is increased by several mitochondrial toxins involves factors other than mitochondrial ATP production or oxidative stress. Taken together, the results suggest that one mechanism whereby mitochondrial toxins increase extracellular concentrations of DA is via interaction with the DAT at a site other than the substrate site, i.e. noncompetitive inhibition of the DAT.
Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Characteristics of Anodically Fabricated TiO2 Nanotube Arrays: Structural and Optical Properties

There are currently immense needs to optimize low-cost materials, such as TiO2, so they can efficiently split water photoelectrochemically into hydrogen and oxygen, thus providing a clean energy fuel. To this end, the nature of the crystalline phase and the dimension of the photocatalyst are of crucial significance. In this study, films of 7 μm long titania nanotube arrays were fabricated via anodization of titanium foil in formamide electrolytes containing NH4F and H3PO4. Upon annealing the as-anodized nanotubes, the anatase-to-rutile phase transformation was found to start at 550 °C, which is about 120 °C above the temperature observed for the 500 nm long nanotube films, with the nanotube films remaining stable up to 580 °C. Analysis of the variation of crystallite size with annealing temperature along with XPS analysis of the films was used to investigate the reason behind this observation. UV−vis measurements showed that the absorption edges of the annealed samples were red shifted from that of the as...
Rigid Body Energy Minimization on Manifolds for Molecular Docking.

Virtually all docking methods include some local continuous minimization of an energy/scoring function in order to remove steric clashes and obtain more reliable energy values. In this paper, we describe an efficient rigid-body optimization algorithm that, compared to the most widely used algorithms, converges approximately an order of magnitude faster to conformations with equal or slightly lower energy. The space of rigid body transformations is a nonlinear manifold, namely, a space which locally resembles a Euclidean space. We use a canonical parametrization of the manifold, called the exponential parametrization, to map the Euclidean tangent space of the manifold onto the manifold itself. Thus, we locally transform the rigid body optimization to an optimization over a Euclidean space where basic optimization algorithms are applicable. Compared to commonly used methods, this formulation substantially reduces the dimension of the search space. As a result, it requires far fewer costly function and gradi...
Thermodynamic resolution of cytochrome P450 and characterization of an iron-sulfur center in rat liver microsomal preparations

Abstract The cytochrome P450 of a rat liver microsomal preparation has been resolved potentiometrically into two components with midpoint potentials of approximately −320 and −425 mV (pH 7.2). An epr signal, with absorptions at g = 1.93 and g = 1.88 has been observed in microsomal fractions of rat liver. This iron-sulfur species is paramagnetic in the reduced form and has a midpoint potential of approximately −270 mV. The field positions of the signals, their midpoint potentials, and their temperature dependence are unlike those of any known mitochondrial respiratory chain component. The failure of previous attempts to observe an iron-sulfur center in rat liver microsomes may be due to the partial overlap of the iron-sulfur signal by the high field component of the cytochrome P450 signal. Resolution of the iron-sulfur component and the multiplicity of the P450 components was achieved by the combination of redox potentiometry and epr spectroscopy.
Drugs for All: The Future of Global AIDS Treatment

I am interested in the arts of government that accompany economic globalization and in the remaking of populations as market segments (specifically therapeutic markets). Using the Brazilian response to AIDS as an ethnographic baseline, I examine the systemic relations between pharmaceutical commerce and public health care and the value systems that underscore global AIDS treatment initiatives. The pharmaceuticalization of governance and citizenship, obviously efficacious in the treatment of AIDS, nonetheless crystallizes new inequalities.
Penetration of cylindrical objects in soft mud

The depth of penetration of objects impacting into soft sediments in the seafloor will depend on a number of factors including sediment shear strength, impact velocity, orientation of the object, and the density of the object. A critical step in developing a model for predicting depth of penetration is establishing a database of impact penetration measurements under closely controlled conditions. Toward this end, researchers at Texas A&M University constructed a 4-ft deep by 6-foot diameter test basin for conducting impact tests. The penetration experiments used medium to high plasticity sediments collected from the Gulf of Mexico seafloor. Sediments were processed to achieve uniformity and shear strength characteristics were measured using miniature vane tests. Impact tests were conducted using an apparatus that could vary the object density, impact velocity and orientation. Test results were evaluated based on a simplified model that used plasticity theory to describe instantaneous soil resistance and a simple kinetic model to describe motions of the object. The test results indicated that sediment shear resistance is a critical factor controlling penetration depths.
DNAse I pre-treatment markedly enhances detection of nuclear cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57Kip2 and BrdU double immunostaining in embryonic rat brain

As a member of the CIP/KIP family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs), p57Kip2 binds tightly to G1 cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes to block cell cycle progression. CKIs play critical roles in regulating the transition from proliferation to differentiation in many tissues, including the nervous system. Conversely, CKI dys-regulation contributes to neoplasia and cancer progression. While the combined detection of CKI immunoreactivity and S phase entry using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation may be particularly informative, successful immunostaining may be limited due to “masked” antigen epitopes and acid-induced signal degradation. We now report an improved double immunofluorescent method for detecting p57Kip2 and BrdU in paraformaldehyde-fixed frozen sections of embryonic rat brain. We substituted deoxyribonuclease I (DNAse I) for HCl pre-treatment to expose antigenic sites in frozen sections, and employed a biotinylated tyramide-based system to enhance p57Kip2 visualization. We identified a time- and dose-dependent relationship between DNAse I treatment and double labeling of p57Kip2 and BrdU, increasing both the numbers and intensities of immunopositive nuclei. With excess DNAse I treatment, however, there was signal degradation for both BrdU and total DNA, as reflected by DAPI staining. The use of DNAse I pre-treatment significantly increases the reliability and sensitivity of immunodetection of CKI nuclear factors, and should be useful for both developmental neurobiology studies as well as cancer diagnostic applications.
Response to Comments: Finding the Narrative in Narrative Research

The author responds to comments by Barone (2009), Clandinin and Murphy (2009), and M. W. Smith (2009) on “The Construction Zone: Literary Elements in Narrative Research” (Coulter & M. L. Smith, 2009). She clarifies issues regarding point of view, authorial surplus, narrative coherence, and the relational qualities of narrative research. She maintains that the relational, the ethical, and the aesthetic are not mutually exclusive. Literary elements can function to support collaborative processes while attending to the aesthetic qualities that invite the reader into the storied account.
Sabadilla Alkaloids. III. Chromatographic Separation of the Water-Soluble Fraction. Isolation of a New Crystalline Alkaloid, Sabatine

By partition chromatography on a buffered silicic acid column, evidence has been obtained for the presence of at least five additional alkaloids in the water-soluble portion, crude fraction D (see paper I in this series) of sabadilla alkaloids. One of the new alkaloids has been obtained in crystalline state and given the name “sabatine.” Upon hydrolysis it gives rise to a new alkanolamine, which has been given the name “sabine.” Some of its properties and the results of preliminary pharmacological tests are reported.
Increasing empathic accuracy through practice and feedback in a clinical interviewing course

Abstract Accurate empathy, long argued to be important in psychotherapy, now is an object of social–cognitive research. Graduate–level psychology students viewed brief portions of a therapy session and inferred the thoughts and feelings of the client. Accuracy scores were the rated similarity of their inferences to the client's reported thoughts and feelings. Throughout the semester course in interviewing, experimental participants practiced such judgments with feedback, while controls did not. Both groups' accuracy increased from pre– to post-test on inferred feelings, in part because the post-test was easier. Nonetheless, experimental participants on the post-test had greater accuracy of inferred feelings than controls. Women were more accurate than men in inferences for thoughts at post-test. Implications for training and future research are discussed.
The 3.6-8.0 μm Broadband Emission Spectrum of HD 209458b: Evidence for an Atmospheric Temperature Inversion

We estimate the strength of the bandpass-integrated thermal emission from the extrasolar planet HD 209458b at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 μm using the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on the Spitzer Space Telescope. We observe a single secondary eclipse simultaneously in all four bandpasses and find relative eclipse depths of 0.00094 ± 0.00009, 0.00213 ± 0.00015, 0.00301 ± 0.00043, and 0.00240 ± 0.00026, respectively. These eclipse depths reveal that the shape of the inferred emission spectrum for the planet differs significantly from the predictions of standard atmosphere models; instead, the most plausible explanation would require the presence of an inversion layer high in the atmosphere leading to significant water emission in the 4.5 and 5.8 μm bandpasses. This is the first clear indication of such a temperature inversion in the atmosphere of a hot Jupiter, as previous observations of other planets appeared to be in reasonably good agreement with the predictions of models without such an inversion layer.
Wettability modification of electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) fibers by femtosecond laser irradiation in different gas atmospheres

Abstract The effect of femtosecond laser irradiation in air and in O2 and CF4 gas flows on the wettability of electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) fiber tissue scaffolds was studied. Laser power, focus spot size, raster scan spacing and gas atmosphere were varied in experiments. SEM imaging showed the average fiber diameter and surface porosity sizes were both altered by ablation. The micro-scale surface roughness measured by scanning laser profilometry was found to have a non-monotonic relationship to the surface wettability measured by the contact angle of sessile water droplets. In contrast, surface water contact angle continuously decreased with increased oxygen atomic percentage and oxygen-containing group fraction as measured by XPS. Further, the oxygen content was larger for more extensively ablated fiber surfaces, regardless of whether the increased ablation was caused by high laser power, smaller scanning space or smaller defocusing distance. Of the three gas atmospheres, O2 gas flow was the most favorable environment for increasing surface oxidization, resulting in the largest water contact angle decrease for given laser power. For CF4 gas flow, the least oxidization occurred, and the magnitude of water contact angle decrease was smallest for treatment at a given laser power.
Calibration and validation of DRAINMOD to model bioretention hydrology

Summary Previous field studies have shown that the hydrologic performance of bioretention cells varies greatly because of factors such as underlying soil type, physiographic region, drainage configuration, surface storage volume, drainage area to bioretention surface area ratio, and media depth. To more accurately describe bioretention hydrologic response, a long-term hydrologic model that generates a water balance is needed. Some current bioretention models lack the ability to perform long-term simulations and others have never been calibrated from field monitored bioretention cells with underdrains. All peer-reviewed models lack the ability to simultaneously perform both of the following functions: (1) model an internal water storage (IWS) zone drainage configuration and (2) account for soil–water content using the soil–water characteristic curve. DRAINMOD, a widely-accepted agricultural drainage model, was used to simulate the hydrologic response of runoff entering a bioretention cell. The concepts of water movement in bioretention cells are very similar to those of agricultural fields with drainage pipes, so many bioretention design specifications corresponded directly to DRAINMOD inputs. Detailed hydrologic measurements were collected from two bioretention field sites in Nashville and Rocky Mount, North Carolina, to calibrate and test the model. Each field site had two sets of bioretention cells with varying media depths, media types, drainage configurations, underlying soil types, and surface storage volumes. After 12 months, one of these characteristics was altered – surface storage volume at Nashville and IWS zone depth at Rocky Mount. At Nashville, during the second year (post-repair period), the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients for drainage and exfiltration/evapotranspiration (ET) both exceeded 0.8 during the calibration and validation periods. During the first year (pre-repair period), the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients for drainage, overflow, and exfiltration/ET ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 during both the calibration and validation periods. The bioretention cells at Rocky Mount included an IWS zone. For both the calibration and validation periods, the modeled volume of exfiltration/ET was within 1% and 5% of the estimated volume for the cells with sand (Sand cell) and sandy clay loam (SCL cell) underlying soils, respectively. Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients for the SCL cell during both the calibration and validation periods were 0.92.
3D Organization of 2D Urban Imagery

Working with New York data as a representative and instructive example, we fuse aerial ladar imagery with satellite pictures and Geographic Information System (GIS) layers to form a comprehensive 3D urban map. Digital photographs are then mathematically inserted into this detailed world space. Reconstruction of the photos' view frusta yields their cameras' locations and pointing directions which may have been a priori unknown. It also enables knowledge to be projected from the urban map onto georegistered image planes. For instance, absolute geolocations can be assigned to individual pixels, and GIS annotations can be transferred from 3D to 2D. Moreover, such information propagates among all images whose view frusta intercept the same urban map location. We demonstrate how many data mining and visualization challenges (e.g. identify all photos containing some stationary ground target, observe some structure from multiple perspectives, quantify match between two pictures, etc) become mathematically tractable once a 3D framework for analyzing 2D images is adopted. Finally, we close by briefly discussing future applications of this work to photo-based querying of urban knowledge databases.
Domestic Institutions and International Bargaining: The Role of Agent Veto in Two-Level Games

Putnam's (1988) conjecture that negotiators can benefit from their domestic constraints implies that they may want to impose domestic constraints on themselves by granting veto power to an agent. I show that a negotiator's decision to employ an agent as veto player depends on the kinds of information available to the foreign country and the alignment of preferences between the negotiator and the agent. When the foreign country has incomplete information about the negotiator's preferences and the negotiator has preferences too divergent from those of the agent, the negotiator will not give veto power to the agent. However, this applies only to an agent with extreme preferences, and a surprisingly large number of agent types will receive veto power. The attractiveness of the agent veto to the negotiator is in part due to its informational effect. By granting veto power to an agent, the negotiator can transmit more information to the foreign country and capture informational gains that would be lost in the absence of the agent veto.
Involvement of mast cells in eosinophilic esophagitis

Background Eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) is an emerging disorder with poorly understood pathogenesis. Objective Whereas prior studies have primarily focused on the role of eosinophils in disease diagnosis and pathogenesis, this study investigates the involvement of mast cells. Methods Total and degranulated mast cell counts were correlated to microarray and RT-PCR data to generate transcriptome expression profiles related to mast cell number and degranulation in patients with EE and healthy control subjects. Results Esophageal mastocytosis and mast cell degranulation were readily apparent in patients with EE compared with control subjects ( P P P P KIT ligand mRNA expression. Treatment of patients with EE with swallowed fluticasone propionate normalized levels of mast cells and the mast cell–related transcriptome in responder patients. Conclusion Herein we have identified local mastocytosis and mast cell degranulation in the esophagi of patients with EE; identified an esophageal mast cell–associated transcriptome that is significantly divergent from the eosinophil-associated transcriptome, with carboxypeptidase A3 mRNA levels serving as the best mast cell surrogate marker; and provided evidence for the involvement of KIT ligand in the pathogenesis of EE.
Early superoxide scavenging accelerates renal microvascular rarefaction and damage in the stenotic kidney

Renal artery stenosis (RAS), the main cause of chronic renovascular disease (RVD), is associated with significant oxidative stress. Chronic RVD induces renal injury partly by promoting renal microvascular (MV) damage and blunting MV repair in the stenotic kidney. We tested the hypothesis that superoxide anion plays a pivotal role in MV dysfunction, reduction of MV density, and progression of renal injury in the stenotic kidney. RAS was induced in 14 domestic pigs and observed for 6 wk. Seven RAS pigs were chronically treated with the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol (RAS+T) to reduce oxidative stress. Single-kidney hemodynamics and function were quantified in vivo using multidetector computer tomography (CT) and renal MV density was quantified ex vivo using micro-CT. Expression of angiogenic, inflammatory, and apoptotic factors was measured in renal tissue, and renal apoptosis and fibrosis were quantified in tissue sections. The degree of RAS and blood pressure were similarly increased in RAS and RAS+T. Renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were reduced in the stenotic kidney (280.1 ± 36.8 and 34.2 ± 3.1 ml/min, P < 0.05 vs. control). RAS+T kidneys showed preserved GFR (58.5 ± 6.3 ml/min, P = not significant vs. control) but a similar decreases in RBF (293.6 ± 85.2 ml/min) and further decreases in MV density compared with RAS. These changes were accompanied by blunted angiogenic signaling and increased apoptosis and fibrosis in the stenotic kidney of RAS+T compared with RAS. The current study shows that tempol administration provided limited protection to the stenotic kidney. Despite preserved GFR, renal perfusion was not improved by tempol, and MV density was further reduced compared with untreated RAS, associated with increased renal apoptosis and fibrosis. These results suggest that a tight balance of the renal redox status is necessary for a normal MV repair response to injury, at least at the early stage of RVD, and raise caution regarding antioxidant strategies in RAS.
The Relation Between Alcohol Use and Psychological, Physical, and Sexual Dating Violence Perpetration Among Male College Students:

The prevalence of alcohol use and dating violence are shockingly high among male college students, making this a particularly high-risk group for alcohol-related aggression. Expanding upon previous research, the current study examined the relations between three indicators of alcohol use and three types of dating violence among 204 male college students. We also examined whether hazardous drinkers reported more violence perpetration than non-hazardous drinkers. Results demonstrated that alcohol use was related to all types of aggression, and hazardous drinkers are at greater risk of violence perpetration than non-hazardous drinkers. Implications for dating violence prevention programs and future research are discussed.
The NanoBox project: exploring fabrics of self-correcting logic blocks for high defect rate molecular device technologies

Trends indicate that emerging process technologies, including molecular computing, experiences an increase in the number of noise induced errors and device defects. In this paper, we introduce the NanoBox, a logic lookup table bit string. In this way, we contain and self-correct errors within the lookup table, thereby presenting a robust logic block to higher levels of logic design. We explore five different NanoBox coding techniques. We also examine the cost of implementing two different circuit blocks using a homogeneous fabric of NanoBox logic elements: 1) a floating point control unit from the IBM Power4 microprocessor and 2) a four-instruction ALU. In this initial investigation, our results are not meant to draw definitive conclusions about any specific NanoBox implementation, but rather to spur discussion and explore the feasibility of fine-grained error correction techniques in molecular computing systems.
Underwater gliders: recent developments and future applications

Autonomous underwater vehicles, and in particular autonomous underwater gliders, represent a rapidly maturing technology with a large cost-saving potential over current ocean sampling technologies for sustained (month at a time) real-time measurements. We give an overview of the main building blocks of an underwater glider system for propulsion, control, communication and sensing. A typical glider operation, consisting of deployment, planning, monitoring and recovery are described using the 2003 AOSN-II field experiment in Monterey Bay, California. We briefly describe the recent developments at NRC-IOT, in particular, the development of a laboratory-scale glider for dynamics and control research and the concept of a regional ocean observation system using underwater gliders.
Regulation of human chorionic gonadotropin synthesis in cultured human placental cells by glucocorticoids.

The synthesis of hCG and its subunits in temperature-sensitive, simian virus 40 tsA mutant-transformed human first trimester and term placental cells and in choriocarcinoma cells was studied in the presence and absence of glucocorticoid hormones. The tsA-transformed placental cells were studied at 33 C (the temperature at which the cells exhibit the transformed phenotype) and at 40 C (the temperature at which the cells regain their differentiated, nontransformed phenotype). The glucocorticoids cortisol and dexamethasone did not affect the synthesis of hCG or hCGα in either transformed term placental cells or choriocarcinoma cells. In the tsA-transformed first trimester placental cells, however, glucocorticoids greatly inhibited hCG synthesis but induced hCGα synthesis. The inhibition on hCG synthesis was immediate, stronger at 40 C than at 33 C, and independent of the growth stage of the cells. The glucocorticoid effects were specific; neither estradiol nor progesterone affected the synthesis of hCG or hC...
Left edge topics in Russian and the processing of anaphoric dependencies

This paper investigates the cost of processing syntactic versus extra-syntactic dependencies. The results support the hypothesis that syntactic dependencies require less processing effort than discourse-derived dependencies do (Reuland 2001, 2011; Koornneef 2008). The point is made through the analysis of a novel paradigm in Russian in which a preposed nominal stranding a numeral can show number connectivity (paucal) with a gap following the numeral or can appear in a non-agreeing (plural) form, as in cathedral-paucal/plural, there were three.paucal __. Numerous syntactic diagnostics confirm that when there is number connectivity, the nominal has been fronted via A′-movement, creating a syntactic A′-chain dependency. In the absence of connectivity, the construction involves a hanging topic related via discourse mechanisms to a base-generated null pronoun. The constructions constitute a minimal pair and Reuland's proposals correctly predict that the A′-movement construction will require less processing effort compared to the hanging topic construction. A self-paced reading study for contrasting pairs as in the above example showed a statistically significant slow-down after the gap with the hanging topic as opposed to the moved nominal. We take this to support the claim that a syntactic A′-chain is more easily processed than an anaphoric dependency involving a null pronoun, which must be resolved by discourse-based mechanisms.
Ethernet/IP Applications for Electrical Industrial Systems

This paper investigates the use of Ethernet/IP communications protocol for data acquisition and control of electrical networks in an industrial environment. A high-speed communication connection among all the devices operating in a distribution network using breakers, contactors, relays, power meters and other devices may allow a large amount of data to be exchanged to and from an industrial/utilities control system. A survey of existing topologies for interface is shown, together with configurations that are be possible using Ethernet/IP standards. The possibility of integrated control of the electrical system into a utilities control network is discussed. The benefits that can be derived from the use of high speed communications such as Ethernet/IP to monitor and control electrical systems are discussed.
Learning to see faces and objects

Visual recognition of objects is an impressively difficult problem that biological systems solve effortlessly. We consider two aspects of this ability. First, is the recognition of all objects accomplished by either a single system or multiple, domain-specific systems? Behavioral, neuropsychological and neuroimaging data indicate that a single system is sufficient for the recognition of all objects at all levels. Second, how does such a system 'tune' itself to the constraints imposed by recognition at different levels of specificity? Evidence indicates that the task demands and learning that arise from different forms of feedback determine which computational routines are recruited automatically in object recognition.
Supplemental Oxygen During Propofol Sedation: Yes or No?

When reading a randomized controlled trial, we typically expect one of 2 outcomes. Either the trial is positive and demonstrates a difference between interventions or it is negative and suggests similarity. In this issue, Deitch et al report a methodologically rigorous evaluation of supplemental oxygen during propofol sedation in adults and describe an outcome that is not positive but yet not totally negative. The rate of hypoxia was less in those receiving oxygen at 3 L per minute compared with room air (8% versus 18%); however, this 10% difference was not statistically significant and with 95% confidence is consistent with anything from a 24% decrease in hypoxia to a 7% increase when adding oxygen. This range includes clinically important differences. One interpretation of this trial is that because it is statistically negative, there is likely no meaningful benefit from supplemental oxygen, and therefore propofol in adults can reasonably be administered with room air alone. Avoiding supplemental oxygen appears preferable when capnography is unavailable because desaturation is not delayed when respiratory complications begin, and thus oximetry can serve as a warning device. A second interpretation of this trial is that the 10% trend, although a weak point estimate, may be clinically if not statistically significant and that there is little to be lost and perhaps something to be gained by adding oxygen. The number needed to treat according to this point estimate is 10, ie, for every 10 patients receiving supplemental oxygen, perhaps 1 episode of hypoxia can be avoided. However, the imprecision of this point estimate must be recognized. If just 1 subject fewer in the room air group had experienced hypoxia, the trend drops to 8% (number needed to treat 13). If 2 fewer room air subjects experienced hypoxia, the trend is 6% (number needed to treat 17). Unfortunately, the practice variation that prompted this trial is unlikely to be resolved according to it. Admittedly, a larger sample might have lessened this ambiguity. A post hoc calculation of the number needed to convincingly rule out a 10% difference would be 392 total patients (assumptions 18% baseline, 0.05, power 0.80; Stata 9.1; StataCorp, College Station, TX). This would have required almost 4 years at the authors’ institution at their rate of enrollment.
A set theoretic approach to target detection using spectral signature statistics

Pixels in hyperspectral images usually contain spectra from several classifiable objects, so that the recorded pixel is a mixture of the classes. Current methods estimate the proportion of each class using a set of spectral signatures describing only the class means. Since the means are known only by estimation methods, we introduce an approach that also incorporates the variation inherent in this estimation. The total least squares approach using projections onto convex sets (POCS) produces improved performance over simple maximum likelihood methods, even one that also uses the constraint sets and POCS.
Motivating Operations in the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management: Review and Discussion of Relevant Articles

Every article published in the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management from 1982 through 2012 that contained the term motivating operation (or a related term) was examined. Seventy-six articles used a relevant term. Authors used the term in attempts to categorize and explain the behavioral effects of many aspects of interventions (e.g., rules, feedback, goal-setting), everyday occurrences in organizations (e.g., nicotine deprivation, top management support), and characteristics of behaving individuals (e.g., optimism, personality state), which on the one hand suggests that the motivating operation concept has been of value in organizational behavior management research as published in the journal. On the other hand, none of the articles demonstrated the successful use of a motivating operation as the term was initially defined, which suggests that the MO concept has been substantially expanded or widely misused by authors of the evaluated articles.
Transplantation Antigens in Normal Mouse Organs.

Summary1. Mitochondrial fractions obtained from spleen cells were found to be potent transplantation antigens. 2. No anti-genic activity was detected in a) spleen, liver, or kidney cell sap; b) kidney mitochondria and microsomes. 3. Minimal antigenic activity was associated with liver mitochondria. 4. Exposure of spleen microsomes to RNAase did not affect their antigenic activity. 5. Brief exposure of spleen microsomes to ultrasound waves yielded a semisoluble antigenic preparation.
Editorial Comment: 2014 Hip Society Proceedings

The author certifies that he, or a member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®.
The analysis of binary longitudinal data with time independent covariates

SUMMARY This paper considers extensions of logistic regression to the case where the binary outcome variable is observed repeatedly for each subject. We propose two working models that lead to consistent estimates of the regression parameters and of their variances under mild assumptions about the time dependence within each subject's data. The efficiency of the proposed estimators is examined. An analysis of stress in mothers with infants is presented to illustrate the proposed method.