cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relating free energy and open-circuit voltage to disorder in organic photovoltaic systems

Efficient exciton dissociation into mobile charge carries a crucial factor underscoring the performance of organic polymer-based bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic devices. In this paper, we compute the energies of charge-transfer (CT) states of the model donor-acceptor lattice system with varying degrees of structural disorder to investigate how fluctuations in the material properties affect electron-hole separation. We also demonstrate how proper statistical treatment of the CT energies recovers the experimentally observed “hot” and “cold” exciton dissociation pathways. Using a quantum mechanical model for a model heterojunction interface, we recover experimental values for the open-circuit voltage at 50 and 100 meV of site-energy disorder. We find that energetic and conformational disorder generally facilitates charge transfer; however, due to excess energy supplied by photoexcitation, highly energetic electron-hole pairs can dissociate in unfavorable directions, potentially never contributing to the photocurrent while “cold” excitons follow the free energy curve defined at the operating temperature of the device.
Defining Requirements for a Repository to Meet the Needs of K-12 Computer Science Educators, Researchers, and Evaluators

This Research Full Paper describes the early research conducted to design a searchable repository of peer-reviewed research related to pre-college computing activities. This repository is part of a larger project to enable the computer science education community to gather and analyze data related to the effectiveness of these activities. To ensure that the repository met the needs of the community, we convened a virtual focus group of experienced and expert researchers and educators to discuss the repository’s value, what it should contain, and how it should be presented. This paper presents 1) an analysis of these discussions, which shows that participants were equally interested in the repository’s content and quality, 2) an initial list of variables that can affect the outcomes of these activities, and 3) an initial set of questions researchers should ask when authoring computer science education research involving precollege computing activities. We also consider these results in light of the larger challenge raised by others of how to improve quality research in computing education.
CSF1R antagonism limits local restimulation of antiviral CD8 + T cells during viral encephalitis

Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) locally maintained through colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling. Microglial depletion via CSF1R inactivation improves cognition in mouse models of neuroinflammation, but limits virologic control in the CNS of mouse models of neurotropic infections by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesize that CSF1R plays a critical role in myeloid cell responses that restrict viral replication and locally restimulate recruited antiviral T cells within the CNS. The impact of CSF1R signaling during West Nile virus infection was assessed in vivo using a mouse model of neurotropic infection. Pharmacological inactivation of CSF1R was achieved using PLX5622 prior to infection with virulent or attenuated strains of West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging neuropathogen. The subsequent effect of CSF1R antagonism on virologic control was assessed by measuring mortality and viral titers in the CNS and peripheral organs. Immune responses were assessed by flow cytometric-based phenotypic analyses of both peripheral and CNS immune cells. Mice treated with CSF1R antagonist prior to infection exhibited higher susceptibility to lethal WNV infection and lack of virologic control in both the CNS and periphery. CSFR1 antagonism reduced B7 co-stimulatory signals on peripheral and CNS antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by depleting CNS cellular sources, which limited local reactivation of CNS-infiltrating virus-specific T cells and reduced viral clearance. Our results demonstrate the impact of CSF1R antagonism on APC activation in the CNS and periphery and the importance of microglia in orchestrating the CNS immune response following neurotropic viral infection. These data will be an important consideration when assessing the benefit of CSF1R antagonism, which has been investigated as a therapeutic for neurodegenerative conditions, in which neuroinflammation is a contributing factor.
The Added Value of Team Member Diversity to Research in Underserved Populations

In this chapter we describe an example of the added value demographic diversity provides in the conceptualization, design, and conduct of epidemiologic research aimed at clarifying cancer and other chronic disease risks among underserved populations. We report on the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS), an ongoing prospective study tracking nearly 86,000 adults seeking to identify and quantify risk factors for cancer and other illnesses and provide information useful toward amelioration of health disparities. Two-thirds of cohort members are African American, and the majority of both black and white participants are generally low-income residents of rural as well as urban areas of the southeastern United States. Herein we outline the goals of the SCCS, describe the diversity of the cohort as well as the scientific research team and collaborating federally qualified community health centers (CHCs), and present summary statistics indicating that several basic measures of health status vary by demographic status. We conclude by presenting lessons learned from conducting research in medically underserved populations.
Comments on “Intermolecular interactions between methanol and some sulphonamide drugs in aqueous medium using thermodynamics approach”

Abstract The negative values of the apparent molal volumes of methanol reported by Bahadur and coworkers are incorrect, and not consistent with the experimental densities reported in the paper. Moreover, the authors' calculated negative values for the apparent molal volume of methanol in water are inconsistent with published values taken from the chemical literature.
Quality Measures in Undergraduate Medical Education

A traditional medical curriculum focused strictly on the diagnosis and management of disease is no longer adequate in the rapidly evolving landscape of healthcare, in which clinicians are expected to practice evidence-based medicine while minimizing patient harm and system-based errors. In this context, quality improvement (QI) and patient safety (PS) have become increasingly underscored as competencies for which physician trainees should be proficient. Importantly, QI/PS has the aim of improving the process of healthcare relating to the systems issues surrounding healthcare delivery and patient outcomes while ultimately leveraging evidence-based findings to refine patient care.
Smad3 Regulates Neuropilin 2 Transcription by Binding to its 5′ Untranslated Region

Background Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic change and consequential intimal hyperplasia (IH) cause arterial stenosis and posttreatment restenosis. Smad3 is a master transcription factor, yet...
NOTE ON THE FRACTURE PROPERTIES OF Fe-49Ni AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES*

The tensile, fatigue crack growth, and fracture toughness properties of Fe—49Ni were determined at room temperature, 76 K, and 4 K. The test material was 10-cm-thick, 25-cm-wide billet in the hot-rolled and ground condition having the following chemistry (in wt. %): 47.5 Ni, 0.012 C, 0.33 Mn, 0.25 Si, and the balance Fe. Transverse tensile properties were determined with 25-mm-gauge length, 6.4-mm-diameter specimens using the methods described previously by Reed [1]. Fatigue crack growth rates in the transverse orientation (TL) were determined with 25-mm-thick, 51-mm-wide compact tensile specimens using the compliance method for crack length determinations; the test procedures and equipment were described previously by Fowlkes and Tobler [2]. Fracture toughness in the TL orientation was determined with 25-mm-thick, 51-mm-wide compact tensile specimens using the J-integral test procedures of Landes and Begley [3] and the cryogenic testing procedures and equipment described previously by Tobler et al. [4].
Chapter 9 – Primate Adaptations

: Many aspects of primate anatomy are associated with aspects of behavior or ecology. These associations can be used to reconstruct the behavior and ecology of fossil species known only from bones and teeth. Body size is correlated with many aspects of ecology and behavior, including diet, locomotion, and life history. Other anatomical features associated with dietary differences include feature of dental anatomy, and the proportions of the digestive system. Primates show several distinct types of locomotion, including arboreal quadrupedalism, terrestrial quadrupedalism, leaping, suspension, and bipedalism. Each of these is associated with details of the structure on the limbs and trunk. Differences in primate social behavior are associated with dimorphism of the canine teeth and body mass as well as features of the reproductive system.
The Role of Masculinity and Femininity in Body Objectification: Comparison of Heterosexual and Gay Communities

Drawing on objectification theory, we investigated associations among age, gender-typed traits (masculinity, femininity), community involvement (gay and lesbian sample), and body objectification (body surveillance and body shame) in gay men, lesbians, and heterosexual men and women. Our sample included 390 participants from university and community settings. A total of 82 gay men, 62 lesbians, 82 heterosexual men, and 164 heterosexual women, M age = 23.06 years (range 18–62), completed a measure to assess body surveillance and body shame and masculinity and femininity. Additionally, the lesbian and gay participants completed an assessment to measure LGBT community involvement. Controlling for age, results were significant for the femininity × masculinity interaction on body surveillance for gay men and lesbians, and masculine gender-typed traits for heterosexual women. Masculinity also was a significant predictor of body shame for lesbians. LGBT community involvement was non-significant for both gay men and lesbians. Our findings are consistent with objectification theory and highlight the importance of examining the complexities of gender (e.g., interaction between masculinity and femininity) and sexual orientation when body objectification is investigated.
China in the Middle East: an Analysis from a Theoretical Perspective of “Path Dependence”

There is an ongoing debate about whether China’s growing economic presence in the Middle East will eventually make it more politically assertive on the Middle Eastern affairs. This paper demonstrates, from a theoretical perspective of “path dependence,” that China’s promotion of the “Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence” since the 1950s as the guiding doctrine of its foreign relations has forged a “path” for China to follow, along which it has made and repeated promises against interventionism and imperialism to other countries including the Middle Eastern ones. It, in turn, has created a situation where moving away from that “path against interventionism and imperialism” will cause huge damage to China’s reputation as a reliable non-interventionist partner to the Middle Eastern countries, and the “Global South” in general. As a result, China has refrained, and will arguably continue to refrain, from being too politically assertive on the Middle Eastern affairs.
The skinny on body condition scoring dairy cattle

Routinely recording the body condition score (BCS) of dairy cattle is a valuable tool for managers and consultants on the dairy. Using solid guidelines based on reputable resources, a consistent analysis may be made for the whole herd and create a data set which will show trends over time. By managing the data using a computer spreadsheet program, BCS may be sorted and examined by a variety of criteria, including days in milk (DIM), parity, stage of lactation, pen number, or any other relevant parameters. Monitoring the BCSs on a regular basis will provide an invaluable set of data that can be used to observe not only the nutritional management of the herd, but the reproductive management, welfare, and environmental conditions of the dairy as well.
PySeq2500: An open source toolkit for repurposing HiSeq 2500 sequencing systems as versatile fluidics and imaging platforms.

Fluorescence microscopy is a key method in the life sciences. State of the art -omics methods combine fluorescence microscopy with complex protocols to visualize tens to thousands of features in each of millions of pixels across samples. These -omics methods require precise control of temperature, reagent application, and image acquisition parameters during iterative chemistry and imaging cycles conducted over the course of days or weeks. Automated execution of such methods enables robust and reproducible data generation. However, few commercial solutions exist for temperature controlled, fluidics coupled fluorescence imaging, and implementation of bespoke instrumentation requires specialized engineering expertise. Here we present PySeq2500, an open source Python code base and flow cell design that converts the Illumina HiSeq 2500 instrument into an open platform for programmable applications. Customizable PySeq2500 protocols enable experimental designs involving simultaneous 4-channel image acquisition, temperature control, reagent exchange, stable positioning, and sample integrity over extended experiments. To demonstrate accessible automation of complex, multi-day workflows, we use the PySeq2500 system for unattended execution of iterative indirect immunofluorescence imaging (4i). Our automated 4i method uses off-the-shelf antibodies over multiple cycles of staining, imaging, and antibody elution to build highly multiplexed maps of cell types and pathological features in mouse and postmortem human spinal cord sections. As demonstrated here, PySeq2500 enables non-specialists to develop and implement state of the art fluidics coupled imaging methods in a widely available benchtop system.
Factors Associated With Salvage Amputation and Radical Surgery in Recurrent Sarcoma: A Single Institution Retrospective Review.

Purpose/objective(s) Sarcoma is a rare, diverse oncologic diagnosis with a complex spectrum of presentation. Advances in multimodality therapy including treatment with radiotherapy have shifted the paradigm from amputation to limb-sparing surgery (LSS) or limited resections. Management of recurrent sarcoma after LSS is challenging and may require subsequent amputation. Here, we sought to identify factors associated with amputation or radical excision as salvage therapy for recurrent sarcoma. Materials/methods Sarcomas treated at a single institution were identified. Patients who required any salvage surgery for recurrent sarcoma were selected. Comparison was made between patients receiving LSS or limited re-excision versus amputation or radical, whole organ excision at the time of first salvage surgery. Demographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics were retrospectively reviewed. Univariate comparison was made using Chi squared test and analysis of variance. Multivariate logistic regression was completed to assess factors associated with salvage surgery type. Results A total 5,774 sarcoma patients were evaluated between 2000 and 2018. Salvage surgery for recurrent sarcoma was required for 519 patients (9%). Patients requiring upfront radical surgery (n = 17) were excluded. The study included 502 patients with 375 (75%) receiving salvage limb sparing surgery and 127 (25%) receiving salvage amputation or radical surgery at the time of their second surgery. Soft tissue sarcoma (STS, n = 455, 91%) was more common than osseous sarcoma (n = 47, 9%), including 173 (34%) STS of extremities. Univariate analysis revealed that age, gender, and race were not associated with amputation or radical surgery; however, higher stage, higher grade, and no radiation in primary treatment were associated with subsequent amputation (P Conclusion In a single institution cohort, need for amputation or radical excision at the time of salvage surgery after LSS for recurrent disease was rare, in keeping with modern sarcoma experiences. Retrospective review suggests that higher stage is associated with radical salvage options while receipt of radiation during primary treatment is inversely related. Further inquiry into the clinical characteristics and the patterns of failure may clarify the relationship between stage, radiation and radical salvage therapy. Future work may aid in avoiding morbid salvage therapy.
Sociability and Social Organization in Monkeys and Apes

Publisher Summary The origins of primate sociability and the sources of order in the societies of monkeys and apes are highly complex. The living primates have evolved as gregarious animals and much of their behavior is specifically adapted to life in groups. This chapter discusses the general considerations of primate sociability and social organization, sources of primate sociability, and relevance to human social behavior. Many factors can be discerned, which might contribute to the gregariousness, such as affinity of the infant for the mother that persists into early adolescence and probably beyond. Other sources of sociability, such as social play, grooming, and sexual behavior become manifested during the later periods of the development. The social organization appears to be more rigid in the terrestrial baboons and macaques than among the primates favoring an arboreal habitat. The communication is intimately involved in the coordination and control of activities within organized groups, and there is a discrepancy observed between the intellectual achievement as revealed by laboratory investigation and the apparent requirements of the natural environment. The living primates approximate a linear evolutionary sequence, raising the possibility that comparative study of the living primates can contribute to an understanding of the evolutionary trends that culminated in man.
Chapter 3 Adhesion of Fouling Diatoms to Surfaces: Some Biochemistry

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on some biochemistry related to the adhesion of fouling diatoms to surfaces. Cross-feeding in biofilms may involve much more than exchange of organic molecules. It could, for instance, involve the detoxification of the biofilm environment by bacterial respiration of photosynthetically-produced oxygen. Except where stated otherwise, the experimental organism used in this study was Amphora coffeaeformis (Agardh) Kutz. A. coffeaeformis has been shown to respond to a glucose gradient in agar by moving up the concentration gradient. In the absence of glucose, cells move in a series of random ellipses. The fact that the cytochemical work of Daniel et al. showed the diatom adhesive polymer to be an acid polysaccharide and the subsequent finding that an inhibitor of protein synthesis prevented adhesion, suggested that the effect of an inhibitor of glycoprotein synthesis on adhesion should be investigated.
Dostoevsky’s enigmas: An analysis of violent men

For the calculating male adult criminal, violent acts would appear largely counterproductive. Scholarly disagreements about these behaviors are substantial, although recent ethnographic reports emphasize the subjective sense of the experience. These reports have an existential aspect, focusing on the meaning of violent, anarchic acts to the identities of perpetrators. The earliest and best known existentialist writer on criminality is Fyodor Dostoevsky whose violent characters Smerdiakov, Svidrigailov, and Stavrogin, are enigmas to their fictional counterparts, much as violent American contemporaries are to authorities and the general public. Dostoevsky's three enigmatic characters are reckless publicity seekers; like aliens in their own land, they habitually deceive, intimidate, and exploit while still considering themselves to be decent individuals. These depictions are congruent with Yochelson and Samenow's much more recent forensic observations and reinforce an antisocial prototype. Bogg (1994) offers a behavioral communality for this class of violent men: patterns of self-aggrandizing gaming developed in childhood. The game player derives extraordinary pleasure from victories, although this orientation effectively counters socialization. From Dostoevsky's views an existential nihilistic construct can be derived. This construct depicts the persona of an inveterate violent game player and is consistent with Durkheimian theory and with ethnographic and forensic/clinical observations. The prevention of a gaming orientation is feasible but appears to require parental skills and community resources.
A state-space approach to parametrization of stabilizing controllers for nonlinear systems

A state-space formula for parametrization of stabilizing controllers for linear and nonlinear systems is suggested. The stabilizing controllers (or a class of stabilizing controllers for nonlinear systems) are characterized as (linear/nonlinear) fractional transformations of stable parameters. The main idea behind this approach is to decompose the output feedback stabilization problem into state feedback stabilization and state estimation problems. The output feedback controllers have separation structures. This machinery allows the parametrization of stabilizing controllers to be conducted directly in state space without using coprime-factorization.
Emergency contraception after sexual assault: Changes in provision from 2004 to 2009

OBJECTIVE: A random sample (20%) of U.S. and territorial emergency departments were surveyed in 2004 and again in 2009 to obtain information about provision and counseling of emergency contraception (EC) to sexual assault victims. STUDY DESIGN: A representative sample of 20% of hospitals, stratified by state/ territory was prepared from the American Hospital Association list in order to conduct a 13-question telephone survey. Questions included (1) "Is there a written protocol for counseling about EC for sexual assault victims?" (2) "Are sexual assault victims at risk of pregnancy counseled about EC?" and (3) "Are sexual assault victims at risk of pregnancy provided EC?" A cross-sectional prevalence survey was administered in 2004 and 2009. RESULTS: Provision of EC has changed very little from 2004 to 2009 (63% vs. 64%, respectively). Provision varies by number of victims treated, region of country and status of state legislation. CONCLUSION: Prophylaxis against possible pregnancy is an important part of sexual assault treatment and should be maximized. EC provision for sexual assault victims in emergency departments has not greatly increased over time and does not reflect regulatory changes in accessibility. Prophylaxes against sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy are handled differently for sexual assault victims, reflecting distinct separation of sexual and reproductive health in clinical practice. Language: en
Exploring Stratocumulus Cloud-Top Entrainment Processes and Parameterizations by Using Doppler Cloud Radar Observations

AbstractObservations made at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program’s Southern Great Plains (SGP) site during uniform nonprecipitating stratocumulus cloud conditions for a 14-h period are used to examine cloud-top entrainment processes and parameterizations. The observations from a vertically pointing Doppler cloud radar provide estimates of vertical velocity variance and energy dissipation rate (EDR) terms in the parameterized turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget of the entrainment zone. Hourly averages of the vertical velocity variance term in the TKE entrainment formulation correlated strongly (r = 0.72) with the dissipation rate term in the entrainment zone, with an increased correlation (r = 0.92) when accounting for the nighttime decoupling of the boundary layer. Independent estimates of entrainment rates were obtained from an inversion-height budget using the local time derivative and horizontal advection of cloud-top height together with large-scale vertical velocity at the boundary ...
Magnesium ion-mediated binding to tRNA by an amino-terminal peptide of a class II tRNA synthetase.

Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase is a class II tRNA synthetase and occurs in a multisynthetase complex in mammalian cells. Human Asp-tRNA synthetase contains a short 32-residue amino-terminal extension that can control the release of charged tRNA and its direct transfer to elongation factor 1α; however, whether the extension binds to tRNA directly or interacts with the synthetase active site is not known. Full-length human AspRS, but not amino-terminal 32 residue-deleted, fully active AspRS, was found to bind to noncognate tRNAfMet in the presence of Mg2+. Synthetic amino-terminal peptides bound similarly to tRNAfMet, whereas little or no binding of polynucleotides, poly(dA-dT), or polyphosphate to the peptides was found. The apparent binding constants to tRNA by the peptide increased with increasing concentrations of Mg2+, suggesting Mg2+mediates the binding as a new mode of RNA·peptide interactions. The binding of tRNAfMet to amino-terminal peptides was also observed using fluorescence-labeled tRNAs and circular dichroism. These results suggest that a small peptide can bind to tRNA selectively and that evolution of class II tRNA synthetases may involve structural changes of amino-terminal extensions for enhanced selective binding of tRNA.
Some unexpected results in vibration of non-homogeneous beams on elastic foundation

Abstract A special class of inverse vibration problems is studied in this investigation. We pose the following problem: Find the spatial distribution of the material density and the elastic stiffness of an inhomgeneous beam on elastic formulation so that the vibration mode shape constitutes a preselected function, namely the static deflection of the associated homogeneous beam under some simple loading conditions. Four sets of boundary conditions are considered, in context of polynomial representation of the material density and stiffness. It turns out unexpectedly, that irrespective of the boundary condition, the natural frequency is given by the same analytical formula.
Entrainment by a Jet at a Density Interface in a Thermally Stratified Vessel

A study was conducted to determine the thermal behavior and upward movement of the density interface resulting from entrainment by an impinging jet in a thermally stratified vessel. Experiments were performed using a cylindrical vessel with water as the test fluid. The upward movement of the interface was detected by vertical strings of closely spaced thermocouples. As the interface passed a given thermocouple location, the temperature was observed to drop abruptly while oscillating in the process. It was found that vigorous entrainment and mixing maintain a relatively sharp temperature ''step'' in the impingement region. Using the theory of free submerged jets, a correlation was developed for the rise rate of the interface in terms of the Froude number based on local jet impingement parameters.
On distribution-free multiple comparisons in the one-way analysis of variance

Two methods are described for conducting distribution-free multiple comparisons of k > 2 populations. The Steel-Dwass method, based on pairwise rankings, possesses several desirable properties that are investigated. New large sample approximations are given, that are less conservative than those of the Bonferroni type suggested by Dunn (1964), and small sample tables for k = 3 populations are provided. Simultaneous confidence intervals are derived for all the pairwise location differences. Finally, an example illustrates the methodology.
The Impacts of Different Satellite Data on Rain Estimation Schemes

Abstract Rain estimates for the Great Plains States were made for a one-month period, August 1979, using different combinations of satellite and other data. The data tested were as follows: 1) two satellite images per day without any other data, 2) four satellite images per day, 3) 24 images per day, 4) 24 images per day with hourly surface observations and two per day radiosonde soundings (excluding the 6 h raingage reports), 5) two images per day with the Service A 6 h raingage reports, 6) 24 images per day with the Service A raingage reports, and 7) an automatic rain estimate made from infrared temperatures without human intervention. Each method was applied to the same geographic area by the same meteorologists. Estimates produced from the seven data combinations were compared to a withheld data set of 538 hourly recording raingages. The rain estimates from all methods tested were very similar in their ability to locate rainfall and estimate the monthly patterns. The first two methods tested, using on...
Invited Review: Molecular adaptations in mammalian hibernators: unique adaptations or generalized responses?

Hibernators are unique among mammals in their ability to attain, withstand, and reverse low body temperatures. Hibernators repeatedly cycle between body temperatures near zero during torpor and 37°C during euthermy. How do these mammals maintain cardiac function, cell integrity, blood fluidity, and energetic balance during their prolonged periods at low body temperature and avoid damage when they rewarm? Hibernation is often considered an example of a unique adaptation for low-temperature function in mammals. Although such adaptation is apparent at the level of whole animal physiology, it is surprisingly difficult to demonstrate clear examples of adaptations at the cellular and biochemical levels that improve function in the cold and are unique to hibernators. Instead of adaptation for improved function in the cold, the key molecular adaptations of hibernation may be to exploit the cold to depress most aspects of biochemical function and then rewarm without damage to restore optimal function of all systems. These capabilities are likely due to novel regulation of biochemical pathways shared by all mammals, including humans.
Involvement of a phage T4 sigma factor and an anti-terminator protein in the transcription of early T4 genes in vivo.

The existence of an rIIB promoter site not recognized by the Escherichia coli σ factor is demonstrated. Early synthesis of lysozyme messengers seems to result from the lack of termination of pre-early transcription.
Effect of Pacing-Induced Tachycardia and Myocardial Ischemia on Ventricular Pressure-Velocity Relationships in Man

Ventricular function was evaluated in 18 patients prior to left ventriculography and selective coronary arteriography. Simultaneous left ventricular pressure (catheter-tip manometer) and dP/dt were recorded at resting heart rates and during tachycardia induced by right atrial pacing. Pressure-velocity curves were constructed from which Vmax and maximum measured contractile element velocity (max VCE) were obtained. Vmax and max VCE initially increased with pacing-induced tachycardia in 17 of the 18 patients. Eight patients developed evidence of myocardial ischemia during atrial pacing. During the period of myocardial ischemia there was a decrease in Vmax and max VCE in all eight patients despite constant or increasing heart rate. In the 10 patients who did not develop evidence of myocardial ischemia with pacing-induced tachycardia, Vmax and max VCE continued to increase or remained constant with increasing rate. Peak left ventricular dP/dt increased coincident with the onset of myocardial ischemia in six of eight patients despite a fall in Vmax and max VCE in all eight patients during the ischemic period. A highly significant difference was demonstrated between Vmax values of patients with normal ejection fractions and patients with low ejection fractions, both at rest and during pacing-induced tachycardia.
Close-in blast loading of a steel disc; sensitivity to steel strength modeling

Abstract The EPIC Lagrangian wavecode is used to simulate four experiments, in each of which a circular disc of rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) was loaded by the detonation of a nearby, bare, cylindrical charge of Octol. The disc's radius equals 76.2 mm, and its thickness is either 12.7 or 25.4 mm.The charge has a length-to-radius ratio of 4.32, and its radius is either 38.3 or 41.2 mm.Two strength models, Johnson-Cook and Zerilli-Armstrong, are applied to the RHA in the simulations. For each model, a published set of parameter values is found to produce results in reasonable agreement with experiment in terms of the disc's steady-state center-of-mass velocity and “swept-back volume,” a measure of the final plastic bending.
Actein induces calcium release in human breast cancer cells

Abstract Background The triterpene glycoside actein from the herb black cohosh preferentially inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells and activates the ER stress response. The ER IP3 receptor and Na,K-ATPase form a signaling microdomain. Since actein is lipophilic, its action may be limited by bioavailability. Purpose To develop actein to prevent and treat cancer, we examined the primary targets and combinations with chemotherapy agents, as well as the ability of nanoparticles to enhance the activity. Materials and methods To reveal signaling pathways, we treated human breast and colon cancer, as well as 293T and 293T (NF-κB), cells with actein, and measured effects using the MTT, luciferase promoter, Western blot and histology assays. To assess effects on calcium release, we preloaded cells with the calcium sensitive dye Fura-2. To enhance bioavailability, we conjugated actein to nanoparticle liposomes. Results Actein strongly inhibited the growth of human breast cancer cells and induced a dose dependent release of calcium into the cytoplasm. The ER IP3 receptor antagonist heparin blocked this release, indicating that the receptor is required for activity. Heparin partially blocked the growth inhibitory effect, while the MEK inhibitor U0126 enhanced it. Consistent with this, actein synergized with the ER mobilizer thapsigargin. Further, actein preferentially inhibited the growth of 293T (NF-κB) cells. Nanoparticle liposomes increased the growth inhibitory activity of actein. Conclusions Actein alters the activity of the ER IP3 receptor and Na,K-ATPase, induces calcium release and modulates the NF-κB and MEK pathways and may be worthwhile to explore to prevent and treat breast cancer.
The non-linear interaction of a finite number of disturbances to a layer of fluid heated from below

It is predicted that, at a temperature difference a little less than that at which motion starts according to linear stability theory, a steady hexagonal convective pattern will develop from finite-amplitude instabilities in a horizontal layer of fluid heated from below. This is because the first disturbances to start growing must be the triplet of two-dimensional ‘rolls’ which form angles of 60° with each other and whose amplitudes and phases first fall in certain critical ranges. The growth of these disturbances stabilizes all other disturbances and is such that ultimately the right phases and amplitudes occur to give hexagonal cells. If the temperature difference is increased somewhat beyond its critical value, the hexagonal pattern becomes unstable and a two-dimensional roll pattern is predicted. In an intermediate temperature range, rolls are unstable but transport more heat than hexagons. ‘Free–free’ boundary conditions, a viscosity which varies with temperature, and a fixed disturbance wave-number are assumed in this extension of the work of Palm (1960) and Segel & Stuart (1962). Other theoretical results and some experimental results are compared with the present predictions.
Discerning the Epidemiology of Drug Use among a Sample of College Students.

Although estimates concerning the prevalence of various forms of substance abuse vary considerably, it is critical to note that even the more conservative estimates indicate a major public health problem. Furthermore, increased drug experimentation has been frequently associated with the college experience. Utilizing a slightly modified version of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Monitoring the Future Survey, the present study examined the epidemiology of self-reported drug taking behaviors (e.g., alcohol, marijuana, tranquilizers, stimulants, psychedelics, etc.) among a sample (n = 683) of students attending a major public university. Data analyses focused on the specific settings and social groupings in which drug use occurred as well as on the frequency and type(s) of drug taking behaviors. Based on the results yielded from a disjoint cluster analysis, four distinct groups of drug users were identified. These four groups then served as categories of the dependent variable in a discriminant f...
Interannual variability of the Earth's spectral solar reflectance from measurements and simulations

The mean solar spectral reflectance averaged over large spatiotemporal scales is an important climate benchmark data product proposed for the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory mission. The interannual variability of these reflectances over the ocean is examined through satellite-measured hyperspectral data and through satellite instrument emulation based on model simulation. Such large domain-averaged reflectances show small interannual variation, usually under few percent, depending on the latitude region and spatiotemporal scale used for averaging. Although the interannual variation is usually less than the absolute accuracy of model calculation, the model simulated interannual variations are consistent with the measurements because most of the modeling errors in the reflectance averaged in large climate domains are systematic and are canceled out in the interannual difference spectra. The interannual variability is also shown to decrease as the temporal and spatial scales increase. Both the observational data and the model simulations show that the natural variability in the annual mean reflectance is about 50% lower than that in the monthly mean over all spectra. The interannual variability determined from observations in large climate domains also compares favorably with that from the climate Observing System Simulation Experiment based on climate model simulations; both show a standard deviation of less than 1% of the mean reflectance across all spectra for global and annual average over the ocean.
Effects of Cutaneous and Muscle Sensory Nerve Volleys in Awake Cats: A Study in Perception

The hypothesis that discharges from afferent nerves from muscle stretch receptors do not participate in kinesthesis has been substantiated by test of discrimination thresholds. In awake, unrestrained cats, nerve stimulation activating group I and most group II sensory fibers (from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs) in pure muscular nerves failed to evoke sensory discrimination. Cutaneous nerve stimulation in the same animals produced sensory discrimination even below intensities required to elicit detectable nerve thresholds.
Coherent magnetization rotation induced by optical modulation in ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic exchange-coupled bilayers

We have demonstrated recently that ultrafast (\ensuremath{\sim}100 ps) coherent magnetization rotation can be induced by optical modulation of the exchange coupling in an exchange coupled bilayer (NiFe/NiO) with short laser pulses [Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3705 (1999)]. In this paper, we acquire further support of the coherent magnetization model by studying the details of magnetization switching dynamics, including the dependence on the amplitude of exchange bias field. The exchange bias field is subject to large transient modulation by femtosecond pulsed laser excitation, providing the impulsive force for subsequent magnetization dynamics. Good agreement is obtained with a simple model of coherent magnetization processes based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equations of motion. We have also measured a strong dependence of the phenomenological damping constant (\ensuremath{\alpha}) on the exchange bias in the coupled ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic spin system.
Egg Shell Quality II: Importance of Time of Calcium Intake with Emphasis on Broiler Breeders

The results of experiments are reviewed which indicate that the most important time for broiler breeder hens to consume calcium is in the late afternoon at the initiation of shell calcification. A ...
Treatment of multiple keratoacanthomas with erlotinib

An 82-year-old male presented with numerous pruritic erythematous nodules over his trunk and extremities. Histopathology was consistent with keratoacanthomas. Given the extent of his disease, medical therapy was recommended. Based on phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor expression in lesional keratinocytes, treatment with erlotinib 150 mg daily was initiated, with rapid improvement in the number and appearance of nodules. Immunohistochemistry following treatment revealed a decrease in lesional pEGFR expression, consistent with inhibition of this receptor activation. This is the first report of multiple keratoacanthomas responding to therapy with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and it supports an emerging role for the use of EGFR inhibitors in the management of cutaneous malignancies.
Paralinguistic correlates of conceptual structure.

How is conceptual knowledge transmitted during conversation? When a speaker refers to an object, the name that the speaker chooses conveys information about categoryidentity. In addition, I propose that a speaker’s confidence in a classification can convey information about categorystructure. Because atypical instances of a category are more difficult to classify than typical instances, when speakers refer to these instances their lack of confidence will manifest itself “paralinguistically”—that is, in the form of hesitations, filled pauses, or rising prosody. These features can help listeners learn by enabling them to differentiate good from bad examples of a category. So that this hypothesis could be evaluated, in a category learning experiment participants learned a set of novel colors from a speaker. When the speaker’s paralinguistically expressed confidence was consistent with the underlying category structure, learners acquired the categories more rapidly and showed better category differentiation from the earliest moments of learning. These findings have important implications for theories of conversational coordination and language learning.
Molecular dynamics study of amorphous titanium silicate

The molecular dynamics computer simulation was used to study the local structure of titanium in silica glass. The empirical potential function used in previous simulations of other glasses performed in our lab was extended to study titanium in silica. The results indicate that at low concentrations (<10 mol% TiO2), titanium is mainly tetrahedral in bulk silica. At higher TiO2 concentrations, titanium coordination increases. Slower quench rates enhance these trends observed in the changes in titanium coordination. A cluster of overcoordinated species similar to rutile was found in TiO2: 9SiO2 and is discussed within the constraints of the MD experiment. Overall, the MD result are consistent with EXAFS data of bond lengths and coordination numbers of TiO2 in titanium silicate glasses.
New conjugated urinary metabolites in intermediate type maple syrup urine disease

N-Lactylvaline, N-lactylleucine, N-lactylisoleucine and the N-2-hydroxyisovaleryl conjugates of glycine, valine, leucine and isoleucine have been identified in urine from a patient with the intermediate type of maple syrup urine disease.
Evaluation of ventilation code requirements for building crawl spaces

Building ventilation code requirements for crawl spaces were reviewed from 1937 to today and though remain largely unchanged, provide designers and builders flexibility in moisture control methods. This study evaluates the current building ventilation code requirements for at-grade and below grade crawl space using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software with experiment inputs. The research first tested the soil moisture evaporation rate from two monitored crawl spaces in Colorado, US, which produces an average moisture load of 13.75 grains/(ft2·h) (9.6g/(m2·h)) and a maximum load of 42.7 grains/(ft2·h) (29.8g/(m2·h)). The soil moisture evaporation rates identified align well in magnitude with those recorded in the literature, supporting the estimation method used. The experiment reveals that plastic ground cover can effectively reduce the moisture load from the soil by an average of 93%. The study then developed a CFD model of the monitored crawl space to assess the necessity and effectiveness of various ventilation code requirements. The space effective leakage area to the exterior was determined through field pressurization testing and CFD analysis to be approximately 0.26in.2/ft2 of floor area. The CFD predictions, validated with the measured data, verify that the building code requirements for at-grade crawl spaces appear sufficient, but have limitations for below grade crawl spaces. Sealed crawl spaces perform better in humid climates, supporting previous research, and mechanical ventilation is justified for below grade crawl spaces only. The paper provides suggestions for the revisions to the current building code to recognize below grade underfloor spaces.
Tracing Subterranean Flow of Sewage-Plant Effluent in Lower Ordovician Dolomite in the Lebanon Area, Missouria

In an area of faulted, cavernous, carbonate rocks of Ordovician age near Lebanon, Missouri, sewage-treatment-plant effluent was traced from Dry Auglaize Creek, a losing Ozark stream, to Sweet Blue and Hahatonka Springs in an adjacent basin. Rhodamine WT dye (20-percent solution) was used to trace the subsurface movement of the effluent. Activated charcoal packets and grab samples of water were collected at 10 sites where dye might be expected to reappear and at a control site outside the area. The leading edge of the dye reached Sweet Blue Spring, a distance of 22.5 km from the injection point, 25 to 30 days after injection, and Hahatonka Spring, at a distance of 29.0 km, 45 to 50 days after injection. The apparent underground travel rate, based on straight-line distances between injection and resurgence points, was 0.6 to 0.8 km per day.
Stability of aircraft D-C systems

IT IS IMPORTANT that the aircraft electric power system designer be provided with techniques for evaluating the effects of inverter loads on the stability of d-c systems. Inverter-induced instability has been a problem for a number of years. In the past, the problem has been resolved by arbitrarily changing the time response of some element of the system. Stability criteria have now been developed on the basis of measurable properties of the system.
Mistaken identity: Legionella micdadei appearing as acid‐fast bacilli on lung biopsy of a hematopoietic stem cell transplant patient

Legionella micdadei is a potential cause of invasive lung infections in immunocompromised hosts. On biopsy specimens, it can appear as an acid-fast bacillus (AFB) and can be mistaken for a member of genus Mycobacterium. As Legionella requires selective media to grow in culture, and the commonly used, commercially available urine antigen test for Legionella only detects Legionella pneumophila serogroup-1, but not L. micdadei, it is important to consider this organism in the differential diagnosis for AFB in immunocompromised hosts. We report a case of L. micdadei infection, which was initially treated empirically for non-tuberculous mycobacteria based on AFB staining of biopsy tissue before the final diagnosis was made.