cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Avoiding the pitfalls of EEG interpretation in childhood epilepsy

The accurate interpretation of the electroencephalogram (EEG) of infants and children being evaluated for suspected epilepsy is based on the appreciation of normal and expected age-dependent characteristics, an awareness of the significance of both epileptiform and non-epileptiform activity, and the correlation of epileptiform abnormalities with clinical findings. Avoiding the pitfalls of pediatric EEG interpretation include the recognition of such normal EEG features in wakefulness as posterior slow waves of youth, mu rhythm, and lambda waves. In addition, the understanding of age-dependent characteristics of EEG state-changes is essential, such as: monorhythmic and paroxysmal hypnagogic hypersynchrony, special features of vertex transients and sleep spindles, positive occipital sharp transients, initial arousal responses and post-arousal hypersynchrony. The EEG response to activation procedures such as hyperventilation and photic stimulation may also be a source of confusion. Patterns of uncertain diagnostic significance also may be present in children, including 14- and 6-Hz bursts and rhythmic temporal theta bursts of drowsiness (the so-called psychomotor variant). Some nonepileptiform EEG abnormalities may also be misinterpreted as epileptiform. The determination of the clinical significance of spike foci and generalized abortive spike-and-wave may pose more of a problem as a potential pitfall than the identification by visual analysis of these interictal discharges. Another problem posed to the electroencephalographer is the determination of the EEG response to antiepileptic drug therapy including effect on spike foci, generalized spike-and-wave and electrical seizure activity, and effect on background activity. The recognition of the differences between the EEG of children and adults will provide the basis for more accurate interpretation and assist the electroencephalographer in avoiding the identification of normal, age-dependent features as epileptiform.
Coparental Communication with Nonresidential Parents as a Predictor of Couples' Relational Satisfaction and Mental Health in Stepfamilies

This study tested the degree to which coparental communication with nonresidential parents predicted couples' relational satisfaction and mental health in stepfamilies. Participants included 127 stepfamily dyads. Results revealed that stepparents' coparental communication with nonresidential parents positively predicted their satisfaction with their current partners (i.e., with residential parents). For mental health, stepparents' coparental communication with nonresidential parents reduced their mental health symptoms, but positively predicted their partner's mental health symptoms (i.e., indicating poorer mental health). Consequently, the results highlight the ambivalence residential parents may experience as they manage the tensions associated with having their new partners coparent with their ex-spouses.
Hardware specialization of machine-learning kernels: Possibilities for applications and possibilities for the platform design space (Invited)

This paper considers two challenging trends affecting low-power sensing systems: (1) the applications of interest increasingly involve embedded signals that are very complex to analyze; and (2) the platforms themselves face elevating constraints in terms of energy and possibly cost. Motivated by the complexities of analyzing the application signals, we emphasize the benefits of data-driven approaches. Most notably, these approaches are based on machine learning, as opposed to traditional DSP. We consider how the algorithms lend themselves to specialized signal-analysis platforms. Hardware specialization is well-regarded as an approach to address issues of computational efficiency, performance, and capacity, thus playing a key role in leveraging Moore's Law. However, we describe how hardware specialization of machine-learning kernels, this time with an explicit focus on error resilience, can also play a powerful role in enabling system-wide fault tolerance, thereby aiding Moore's Law on another dimension.
Literary production and the rearticulation of home space in the works of George Sand, Marie d'Agoult and Hortense Allart

Bourgeois French discourse on the home in the nineteenth century emphasized its domestic and private nature, and its separation from the male sphere of work and public affairs. Prescriptive literat...
Modeling of Antiphase Boundaries in L12 Structures

The thermodynamic properties of conservative (111) antiphase boundaries in L12 ordered structures are modeled using the tetrahedron approximation of the cluster variation method. The concentration and long-range order parameter profiles are determined as a function of temperature and composition of the bulk alloy. Characteristic wetting transitions, with a macroscopic disordered layer growing from the antiphase boundary as the transition temperature is approached, are found for all cases investigated. The effectof antiphase boundaries on the disordering of ordered alloys and on the gliding of superdislocations are discussed.
How Not to Conduct a Forensic Hypnosis Interview: A Case Study

A forensic hypnosis interview played a major role in a murder conviction. Several years later, the reliability of the interview was called into question leading to a court hearing on whether the methods used by the hypnosis specialist, hired by the police, conformed to the legal guidelines established by the Wisconsin Supreme Court. This article examines the many errors committed by the hypnosis specialist, and the subsequent legal proceedings which altered the verdict.
Serotonergic modulation of hyperpolarization‐activated current in acutely isolated rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

1. The effect of serotonin (5-HT) on the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (IH) was studied in small-, medium- and large-diameter acutely isolated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, including cells categorized as type 1, 2, 3 and 4 based on membrane properties. 5-HT increased IH in 91 % of medium-diameter DRG cells (including type 4) and in 67 % of large-diameter DRG cells, but not other DRG cell types. 2. The increase of IH by 5-HT was antagonized by spiperone but not cyanopindolol, and was mimicked by 5-carboxyamidotryptamine, but not (+)-8-hydroxydipropylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT) or cyanopindolol. These data suggested the involvement of 5-HT7 receptors, which were shown to be expressed by medium-diameter DRG cells using RT-PCR analysis. 3. 5-HT shifted the conductance-voltage relationship of IH by +6 mV without changing peak conductance. The effects of 5-HT on IH were mimicked and occluded by forskolin, but not by inactive 1,9-dideoxy forskolin. 4. At holding potentials negative to -50 mV, 5-HT increased steady-state inward current and instantaneous membrane conductance (fast current). The 5-HT-induced inward current and fast current were blocked by Cs+ but not Ba2+ and reversed at -23 mV, consistent with the properties of tonically activated IH. 5. In medium-diameter neurons recorded from in the current clamp mode, 5-HT depolarized the resting membrane potential, decreased input resistance and facilitated action potential generation by anode-break excitation. 6. The above data suggest that in distinct subpopulations of DRG neurons, 5-HT increases cAMP levels via activation of 5-HT7 receptors, which shifts the voltage dependence of IH to more depolarized potentials and increases neuronal excitability.
Formation of β-Hydroxy Histidine in the Biosynthesis of Nikkomycin Antibiotics

Nikkomycins, a group of peptidyl nucleoside antibiotics produced Streptomyces tendae Tu901, are potent competitive inhibitors of chitin synthase. In this study, three nikkomycin biosynthetic enzymes, NikP1, NikQ, and NikP2, were overexpressed, purified, and characterized. The NikP1 activated L-His and transferred it to the carrier protein domain to form L-His-S-NikP1, which served as the beta-hydroxylation substrate of NikQ. The beta-OH-His was then hydrolytically released from NikP1 by NikP2. The results reported here substantiate our earlier proposal that the covalent tethering of an amino acid onto a carrier protein domain prior to downstream modification is a general strategy for diverting a fraction of the amino acid into secondary metabolism.
Metagenomic analysis of bacteria from human tongue scrapings reveals novel bacterial communities that contribute nitrite and nitric oxide to the host

Human nitrate reduction requires the presence of nitrate reducing bacteria since mammals cannot reduce this anion. Understanding this pathway will provide a more effective system for recycling endogenously produced nitrate and to enhance nitrite and NO formation from dietary sources of nitrate. The purpose of our study was to analyze and identify the nitrate reducing capacity of tongue scrapings from three subsets of human volunteers that had a high, moderate and low nitrate reductase activity over a period of four days in vitro and to perform a parallel metagenomic analysis of the bacterial community structure over the same time period to identify bacteria that may be reducing nitrate. Through 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and analysis using the CloVR 16S analysis pipeline and the Genboree Machine Learning Toolkit, we were able to identify notable changes in community structure and identify taxa that contribute to nitrate reduction. Biochemically and genetically we found significant community diversity between high, moderate and low nitrate reducing tongue scrapings and have identified specific bacteria that are unique to each level of nitrate reduction. Further characterization of these species and their nitrate reducing activity will enable exploitation of the oral microbiota and/or the development of specific pre/probiotic treatments that may be useful for treating any condition related to NO insufficiency. Therapeutically, our data suggests that the best way to promote NO production and overcome conditions of NO insufficiency may not be targeted at eNOS, but rather on targeting specific oral bacterial communities and a diet rich in nitrate.
First-year changes in blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels within two groups of occupational lead workers.

Quarterly changes in blood lead (PbB) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels experienced by 30 male lead-acid storage battery workers and 24 auto assembly workers during their initial year of occupat...
Ontological Butchery: Organism Concepts and Biological Generalizations

Biology lacks a central organism concept that unambiguously marks the distinction between organism and non-organism because the most important questions about organisms do not depend on this concept. I argue that the two main ways to discover useful biological generalizations about multicellular organization--the study of homology within multicellular lineages and of convergent evolution across lineages in which multicellularity has been independently established--do not require what would have to be a stipulative sharpening of an organism concept.
Immigrants in immunology: the benefits of lax borders

The field of immunology has a long history of illuminating fundamental biological processes of critical importance to human health. From an outsider's perspective, the questions are profoundly philosophical and the experimental approaches are elegantly precise. Yet immunology can also appear impenetrable. Here we recount the experience of two graduate students from the fields of ecology and computer science, who have immigrated into immunological terrain attracted by systems-level questions. We argue that such migrations enrich the field of immunology, and that cultural and institutional changes are needed to promote more interdisciplinary explorations.
Do precocial mammals develop at a faster rate? A comparison of rates of skull development in Sigmodon fulviventer and Mus musculus domesticus

Variation in neonatal maturity among mammals is often explained by variation in gestation length, but species may also differ in developmental rate, a quantity that is difficult to measure because the conventional formalism makes two important and potentially unrealistic assumptions: (1) ontogeny of form can be described by a single line, and (2) species have the same ontogeny of form. We examine two species, one precocial (Sigmodon fulviventer), the other altricial (Mus musculus domesticus), and find that neither assumption is met. Therefore, we introduce an alternative metric, the rate of shape differentiation away from the average neonate. We find that S. fulviventer has a lower developmental rate than M. m. domesticus; consequently, while more mature at birth, S. fulviventer loses ground to M. m. domesticus over time. Surprisingly, despite differences in gestation length and developmental rate, these species reach developmental and life-history milestones at nearly identical degrees of skull shape maturity.
Acute toxicity of 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, terbufos and trichlorfon to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes spp.) and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) as affected by salinity and temperature

The toxicities of two industrial chemicals (4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol) and two organophosphate insecticides (terbufos and trichlorfon) to juvenile grass shrimp (Palaemonetes spp.) and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variega-tus) were determined by static, 96-h toxicity tests in a factorial design with 12 combinations of salinity and temperature (15, 20, 25, 30 ppt × 17, 22, 27°C). Concentrations of the toxicants, including bioconcentration, were determined as appropriate by gas or liquid chromatography and the use of 14C-labeled compounds. The 96-h LC50s for 4-nitrophenol ranged from 12 to 31 mg/L and for 2,4-dinitrophenol from 13 to 50 mg/L. Toxicity decreased as salinity increased for 4-nitrophenol and both test organisms. Toxicity decreased as salinity increased for 2,4-dinitrophenol and sheepshead minnows, but toxicity to grass shrimp increased as salinity increased. Toxicity decreased with increased temperature for grass shrimp exposed to 2,4-dinitrophenol and sheepshead minnows exposed to 4-nitrophenol, increased with temperature for sheepshead minnows exposed to 2,4-dinitrophenol, and no change was observed for grass shrimp exposed to 4-nitrophenol. Bioconcentration of phenols in both test organisms increased as concentration increased. The 96-h LC50s for terbufos ranged from 3.4 to 6.6 μg/L and for trichlorfon from 6.3 to 19,300 μg/L. Terbufos and trichlorfon toxicity to grass shrimp and sheepshead minnows increased with increased temperature. BCFs for terbufos were greater in sheepshead minnows than grass shrimp, but were reversed for trichlorfon.
Commentary: revisiting the early morning blood pressure surge and myocardial ischemia.

In this issue of the Journal, Uen and colleagues’ article entitled ‘‘Early Morning Surge and Dipping Status of Blood Pressure: Are These of Predictive Value for Silent Myocardial Ischemia?’’ revisits the entity of circadian rhythms and coronary ischemia. In their study, the group evaluated 76 patients of 344 who demonstrated ST depression on 24-hour monitoring for ST-segment characteristics and blood pressure (BP). They determined that the degree of overnight BP dipping and concomitant early morning BP surge did not correlate with the presence of ST-segment depression indicative of myocardial ischemia. Notable within the data presented, but not specifically addressed by the authors in the discussion section, is the fact that in all of the time frames measured with the ambulatory BP monitoring system, the patients who did not demonstrate ST depression during the course of the day had statistically significantly lower mean systolic BP. Therefore, the most important fact to arise from these authors’ work is that overall BP control is more predictive of silent ischemia than either overnight BP dipping or early morning surges. The presence of a morning peak for acute myocardial infarction (MI) has been noted for decades but was disregarded from the earliest papers as being a reporting bias from patients sleeping through their symptoms. The Multicenter Investigation of Limitation of Infarct Size (MILIS) study demonstrated an increase in cardiac events during the hours of 6 am to 12 noon, utilizing time to peak creatinine kinase–MB fraction to determine the time of onset for the MI. A second study, the Intravenous Streptokinase in Acute Myocardial Infarction (ISAM) trial corroborated these results in more than 1700 patients, demonstrating a 4-fold greater likelihood of events between 8 am and 9 am compared with overnight hours. Similar patterns have emerged in patients presenting with sudden cardiac death (SCD) in several studies. There are several physiologic events demonstrating circadian rhythms that could account for the morning peak in acute ischemic cardiac events. There is an increase in sympathetic activity that accompanies and readies the body for awakening in the morning. Coincident with this is a rise in BP, pulse pressure, and heart rate, which may increase the hemodynamic stresses across the coronary arteries, most notably at the shoulder regions of the vulnerable plaques. Additionally, higher sympathetic tone may promote increased vascular tone and coronary vasoconstriction, while increasing metabolic demands on the myocardium. Furthermore, there is an early morning increase in platelet aggregability and a reduction in the fibrinolytic From the Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 Address for correspondence: John D. Bisognano, MD, PhD, Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 679-7, Rochester, NY 14642-8679 E-mail: john_bisognano@urmc.rochester.edu Manuscript received May 18, 2009; accepted May 22, 2009
Einfαsup k transgene in B10 mice suppresses the development of myasthenia gravis

Mice bearing the H-2 bhaplotype are susceptible to the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), induced by acetylcholine receptor (AChR) autoimmunity. One of the genes influencing EAMG susceptibility has been mapped to the A blocus of the major histocompatibility complex, and the Aβ chain has been implicated in the pathogenesis. Mice of the H-2 bhaplotype, including C57BL/10 (B10), have a genomic deletion of the E αgene and therefore fail to express the E molecule on their cell surface. To test the hypothesis that failure to express the cell surface E molecule in B10 mice contributes to EAMG pathogenesis, E infα sup transgenic B10 mice expressing the T molecule were examined. Expression of the E molecule in E infα sup transgenic B10 mice partially prevented the development of EAMG.
Performance and availability measurement of the IBM information network

A key requirement of a network service is the management of specified service levels as perceived by the end user. A capability for measuring and reporting end user response time and availability is essential. This paper describes measurement techniques to track these key service-level attributes in the IBM Information Network (ISM/IN). These techniques apply to most complex SNA networks.
The Role of Cultural Promotion as an Integral Component of Leipzig’s Urban Development

After the reunification in 1990, Leipzig—as well as other East German cities—had to face the challenges of the new political-administrative system and an open global economy. Through the systematic implementation of its evolving urban development strategies, the city has developed positively in many areas. After the German reunification, most of Leipzig’s districts lacked cultural leisure services that would have been fit for all age groups and close to their homes. In the early 1990s, the establishment of such urgently needed socio-cultural centers was initiated on the one hand by official authorities and on the other by the citizens themselves. Many newly founded associations and initiatives strove hard to maintain the existing or to develop new cultural activities. In order to implement the latter, they were not only interested in the already established cultural sites, but particularly in former industrial structures or other buildings with a rich historical background. The best project in this effort is the world-famous Spinnerei. These urban environments offered vast opportunities for artists, the independent scene, cultural workers and creative industries alike. A large number of Leipzig’s cultural institutions originated from civic engagement and were then, in times of economic recovery, incorporated into municipal ownership. Nowadays, they are threatened to be re-privatized as the city’s means of cultural funding are gradually reaching their limits. But Leipzig planning officials still think that the promotion of cultural projects in the neighborhoods provides a climate where culture is respectfully seen as a precious opportunity for urban development. Through an extensive and varied offer of cultural activities, otherwise marginalized citizens can be integrated in social life and participate in democratic processes.
Structure and interdiffusion of epitaxial ZnO/ZnMgO nanolayered thin films

Interdiffusion was studied in Zn1−xMgxO:Al∕ZnO expitaxial superlattices with periods of 15 and 25nm grown on basal-plane sapphire by dc reactive sputtering. Interdiffusion coefficients were determined by analyzing low angle x-ray reflectivity peak intensity decreases during isothermal annealing, using analytical interdiffusion expressions. The results were corroborated with diffusion data obtained from secondary ion mass spectrometry compositional depth profiles. An initial fast diffusion stage was observed for, e.g., the first few hours at 500°C, followed by slower diffusion at longer times.
The laser additive manufacture of Ti-6Al-4V

Laser additive manufacturing (LAM) is a manufacturing technique with cost-reduction potential for titanium aerospace components. The mechanical properties of LAM Ti-6Al-4V have been investigated extensively, but little work on microstructure evolution has been performed to date. The results presented here provide a first look at the relationships between LAM processing parameters and microstructure in as-deposited Ti-6Al-4V.
Heating Effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharges in Sterilization

Summary form only given. Dielectric Barrier Discharges (DBDs) are significant among the all types of non-thermal plasmas with their ease of operation. They produce several chemically active species with low gas heating. Because of this characteristic, DBDs are widely used in gas cleaning, thin film deposition, ozone production, light source, industrial processes of polymer films or fibers to increase the wetability and the adhesion, and many other technologies, Beside the listed above, DBDs enable various emerging novel applications in biology and medical field. In most cases, breakdown of an atmospheric pressure gas results in multi streamer mode of operation with formation of microdischarges and their consecutive appearances, which are visible to naked eye, called filaments. Despite the very small geometry and very short life time of the microdischarges, they are the only mechanism for dissipation of energy within the gap which causes localization of the heating only at the vicinity of the channel. Eventually, microdicharges are the only factors that are responsible for temperature increase in the gap and on the treated surface. Energy dissipation is minute but highly localized, so is important when surface to be treated is biological (temperature sensitive) material. Not only this thermal influence but also some other important parameters are strongly dependent on the electrical properties of discharges, i.e. driving voltage. In this study we compared thermal influence and temperature of two different types of discharges (sinusoidal and microsecond-pulsed waveform) that have been generated and tested with two distinct electrode configurations. Results will be presented in order to determine the possibilities how to control the heating effect with driving waveform.
TWO VIRUSES OF THE CUCUMBER MOSAIC GROUP ON TOBACCO

Summary. A “yellow cucumber mosaic virus” is described, which appeared to develop spontaneously during experiments with ordinary cucumber mosaic on tobacco. This form is readily distinguishable from the ordinary cucumber mosaic virus by the conspicuous bright yellow mottling produced on tobacco and other hosts. In modes of transmission, properties and host range, the virus appears to be identical with ordinary cucumber mosaic virus, and is hence regarded as a strain variant of this form. A second virus is described on tobacco which appears to belong to the same general group, although showing differences of greater magnitude from the ordinary cucumber mosaic virus. This form is distinguished chiefly by the milder type of symptoms produced upon various common hosts, and by its somewhat lower thermal death-point, tolerance to dilution and longevity in vitro. Additional evidence is thus offered of strain variation in the cucumber mosaic group, similar to that already recognised in certain other groups of plant viruses.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Response to Graded Vitamin D3 Supplementation Among Obese Adults

Context: Guidelines have suggested that obese adults need 2 to 3 times more vitamin D than lean adults to treat vitamin D deficiency, but few studies have evaluated the vitamin D dose response in obese subjects. Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] response to 3 different doses of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in a group of obese subjects and to quantify the 25(OH)D dose-response relationship. Design, Setting, Intervention, Patients: This was a randomized, single-blind study of 3 doses of oral vitamin D3 (1000, 5000, or 10,000 IU) given daily to 67 obese subjects for 21 weeks during the winter months. Main Outcome Measures: Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured at baseline and after vitamin D replacement, and 25(OH)D pharmacokinetic parameters were determined, fitting the 25(OH)D concentrations to an exponential model. Results: Mean measured increments in 25(OH)D at week 21 were 12.4 ± 9.7 ng/mL in the 1000 IU/d group, 27.8 ± 10.2 ng/mL...
Organizational Diversity, Labor Markets, and Wage Inequality:

The demand shifts that have played an important role in driving up wage inequality in the United States during the past quarter century are changes in the world of organizations. However, despite great advances in organizational theory during the same time period, there has been little progress in understanding how organizational processes shaped the evolution of inequality. Most theory and research focuses on processes internal to organizations. The author presents theory and evidence suggesting that progress can be made through greater attention to the consequences of organizational diversity for matching and inequality in the labor market.
Digital Image Correlation Study of Plastic Deformation and Fracture in Fully Martensitic Steels

Plastic deformation and fracture of two grades of fully martensitic steel are investigated with a miniature tensile stage, a custom image acquisition algorithm and digital image correlation. The image acquisition algorithm controls the camera framing rate according to user defined load, displacement and timing thresholds. This provides a greater number of images captured during periods of rapid load change over small displacements. True stress–true strain curves reveal substantial differences in material ductility and failure behavior. Fracture surfaces are examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy to provide insight into differences in the tensile behaviors observed for these steels.
Polyester dimethacrylate oligomers and networks

Abstract Dimethacrylate matrix resins and composites are becoming increasingly important in structural and coating components in the development of civil infrastructure. Service lives in excess of 50 years in outdoor environments are desirable for these materials. Aliphatic matrix resins derived from cycloaliphatic epoxies and dicarboxylic acids are under investigation as a means of obtaining coatings and fiber reinforced composites with such extreme durability to sunlight. The cycloaliphatic backbone shows reduced ultraviolet adsorption relative to bisphenol-A/epichlorohydrin resins. A series of new dimethacrylate resins and networks were prepared with 800 and 1200 g/mol oligomers and different concentrations of methyl methacrylate as the reactive diluent. Their thermal and mechanical properties have been compared to the bisphenol-A/epichlorohydrin-based dimethacrylate resins, which have either styrene or methyl methacrylate as the reactive diluent. The molecular weight between crosslinks was controlled by both the oligomer molecular weight as well as the amount of the reactive diluent to tailor network properties. The aliphatic networks exhibit glass transition temperatures ranging from ≈93–115°C with the higher Tgs associated with lower molecular weight oligomers and higher network densities. The aliphatic networks, in general, also have lower fracture toughness and higher hardness values as compared to networks prepared from bisphenol-A/epichlorohydrin oligomers. The fracture toughness, K1C, increases with the percentage of methacrylate diluent due to the increase in the molecular weight between crosslinks. However, networks cured with styrene as the reactive diluent show the reverse trend in fracture toughness.
More on the Structure of the Philebus

T HE careful differentiations made in Philebus 4C-i 8E, 2 3B2 7B, have occasioned much discussion.1 But perhaps too little attention has been paid to the fundamental unity within which these differenations operate. Hackforth's words are symptomatic: "Nobody would claim for the Philebus the architectural mastery displayed in the Phaedo and Republic; on the other hand, the formlessness of the work has been exaggerated. "2 The present note would prefer to insist on the archiitectural mastery of the Philebus revealing characteristic Platonic themes in a special argument with its own idiosyncratic coherence. So it is asked bluntly: why does Plato, after having elaborated at some length (i4{C-i8E) the One-Many-Infinite dialectic, apparently replace it with the Finite-Infinite-Mixed-Cause scheme? He seems to do this, saying "For in going ahead to fight mind's battle for the second place, I think I need a new contrivance other weapons, as it were, than those of our previous discussion, though perhaps some of the old ones will serve."3 Hackforth remarks that the first distinction is "logical" and the second "ontological" or "metaphysical, "4 a difference suggested by Bury earlier, 5 and also implied by Taylor,6 but some explication of these statements might prove enlightening. Hackforth perhaps does not stress enough how the two schemes reveal in a novel context pervasive Platonic idioms, while Bury, although seeming to recognize the correct sense, ultimately fuses the schemes in a manner foreign to Plato's whole enterprise. One recent analysis understanding the internal coherence of the dialogue, by Isenberg, suffers in explanatory power from too rigid a commitment
Efficient Convolution Kernels for Computerized Tomography

Abstract Three concepts are presented: 1) Extended kernels: The Ramachandran-Lakshminarayanan convolution kernel has one zero between each non-zero value in the spatial domain. By extending the kernel in Fourier space, it is shown that each extension leads to two additional zeros in the spatial domain of the convolution kernel, thus decreasing the required number of multiplications necessary for convolution. Any known kernel can be extended and in the limit of extension a simple backprojection reconstruction is obtained. 2) Binary kernels: A technique for generating binary approximations to any convolution kernel is described. Excluding the central element, all other elements of the kernel are approximated by an even power of two; thus, multiplications are replaced by shift operations in the convolution procedure. 3) Recursive convolution: It is shown how additions can be saved by using a recursive formulation which generates new elements in the convolution procedure utilizing only a few summation steps. Results from both extended kernels and their binary approximations are described for simulated phantoms and ultrasound data obtained from breast scans of patients.
Propagation of eigenmodes and transfer functions in waveguide WDM structures

A method of propagation functions and transfer amplitudes suitable for the design of integrated optical circuits is presented. The method is based on vectorial formulation of electrodynamics: the distributions and propagation of electromagnetic fields in optical circuits is described by equivalent surface sources. This approach permits a division of complex optical waveguide structures into sets of primitive blocks and to separately calculate the transfer function and the transfer amplitude for each block. The transfer amplitude of the entire optical system is represented by a convolution of transfer amplitudes of its primitive blocks. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of arbitrary waveguide structure are obtained in the WKB approximation and compared with other methods. The general approach is illustrated with the transfer amplitude calculations for Dragone's star coupler and router.
3D quantitative visualization of altered LV wall thickening dynamics caused by coronary microembolization

Regional heart wall dynamics has been shown to be a sensitive indicator of LV wall ischemia. Rates of local LV wall thickening during a cardiac cycle can be measured and illustrated using functional parametric mappings. This display conveys the spatial distribution of dynamic strain in the myocardium and thereby provides a rapid qualitative appreciation of the severity and extent of the ischemic region. 3D reconstructions were obtained in an anesthetized pig from 8 adjacent, shortaxis, slices of the left ventricle imaged with an Electron Beam Computer Tomograph at 11 time points through one complete cardiac cycle. The 3D reconstructions were obtained before and after injection of 100 micrometer microspheres into the Left Anterior Descending (LAD) coronary artery. This injection causes microembolization of LAD artery branches within the heart wall. The image processing involved radially dividing the tomographic images of the myocardium into small subdivisions with color encoding of the local magnitude of regional thickness or regional velocities of LV wall thickening throughout the cardiac cycle. We compared the effectiveness of animation of wall thickness encoded in color versus a static image of computed rate of wall thickness change in color. The location, extent and severity of regional wall akinesis or dyskinesis, as determined from these displays, can then be compared to the region of embolization as indicated by the distribution of altered LV wall perfusion.
Is ‘drive’ definable?

Morgan and Deutsch's articles on the concept of drive in last September's Trends in NeuroSciences produced a good deal of correspondence. Here we print three of the letters received. Wise argues that the need is for a more precise definition, but the reply by Deutsch, and the remarks of Bindra underline just how difficult it is to formulate one which is universally acceptable.
Needed: A forum for research philosophy

The technical societies' greatest problem is that of gearing their operations to a rapidly changing scene of scientific and technological growth. It is essential for the societies, along with the colleges and universities, to study this problem and find ways of encouraging young people to venture forth with a true pioneering research spirit.
Alterations in the Catalytic Activity of Yeast DNA Topoisomerase I Result in Cell Cycle Arrest and Cell Death

Eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I catalyzes the relaxation of supercoiled DNA through a concerted mechanism of DNA strand breakage and religation. The cytotoxic activity of camptothecin results from the reversible stabilization of a covalent enzyme-DNA intermediate. Mutations in two conserved regions of yeast DNA topoisomerase I induced a similar mechanism of cell killing, albeit through different effects on enzyme catalysis. In Top1T722Ap, substituting Ala for Thr722 reduced enzyme specific activity by 3-fold, yet enhanced the stability of the covalent enzyme-DNA complex. In contrast, Top1R517Gp was 1,000-fold less active and camptothecin resistant. Nevertheless, salt-stable DNA-enzyme intermediates were detected. Mutation of the active-site tyrosine abrogated mutant enzyme activity and cytotoxicity, while sublethal levels of top1T722A expression increased rDNA recombination. In checkpoint proficient cells, pGAL1-induced top1 expression coincided with the accumulation of a terminal G2-arrested phenotype. Although the acquisition of this phenotype did not require Rad9p, Top1R517Gp- and Top1T722Ap-induced lethality was enhanced in rad9Delta strains. Thus, despite mechanistic differences between Top1R517Gp and Top1T722Ap, the DNA lesions resulting from the enhanced stability of the covalent enzyme-DNA intermediates were sufficient to cause cell cycle arrest and cell death.
Radiofrequency catheter ablation guided by intracardiac echocardiography.

BACKGROUNDRadiofrequency catheter ablation requires precise positioning of the ablation electrode. Fluoroscopically guided catheter manipulation has limitations, and there are risks of radiation exposure. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of guiding catheter ablation within the right atrium with catheter-based intracardiac echocardiography.METHODS AND RESULTSA 10F, 10-MHz intracardiac imaging catheter was used to direct an ablation electrode at four or five anatomic landmarks in the right atrium. Thirty-eight radiofrequency energy applications were performed in nine anesthetized dogs, and 38 lesions were identified on pathological examination. Lesions were created a mean of 1.9 +/- 2.1 mm from the ultrasound-guided site. Twenty-six of 38 lesions (68%) were less than 2.2 mm from the imaged site. Intracardiac echocardiography also was used to confirm stable electrode-endocardial contact in 37 energy applications (97%) and identified catheter movement in 9 energy applications (24%). Di...
Nonlinear optical fibers with increased SBS thresholds

Novel profile designs are used to suppress stimulated Brillouin scattering in nonlinear fibers. The measured SBS thresholds of prototype fibers are 3 to 6 dB higher than those of conventional nonlinear fibers.
An extrahepatic bile duct growth factor: in vivo effect and preliminary characterization.

Rabbit sera injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice were noted to produce a considerable and selective enlargement of extrahepatic bile ducts. The gallbladder, intrahepatic ducts, liver and other organs showed no stimulaion of growth. Duct enlargement leading to widening of its outer diameter which, on average, was 3.6 times that of normal, was due entirely to an increased number of epithelial cells with prominent proliferation of intramural glandular components. There was no evidence of inflammatory bile duct injury, fibrosis or obstruction. All of the above changes were reversible and regressed slowly after discontinuation of injections. The bile duct growth-promoting factor was detected in sera of many animal species including humans and birds. Host response to this factor was determined by the number of injections and appeared to be strain-related since it was not observed in C57BL or C3H mice. The sex and age of the donor or recipient were not of any relevance to the growth response. In order to isolate and characterize the bile duct growth factor, rabbit serum was separated into various fractions, and the effect of each fraction was tested in the animal model. Proteins in the 33 to 65% ammonium sulfate precipitate of whole rabbit sera had activity equal to that of native sera. Activity was abolished by treating this serum fraction with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate plus proteinase K, suggesting that the bile duct growth factor is a protein. Lipids extracted from whole sera using chloroform:methanol or ultracentrifugation were devoid of activity. These studies point to the existence of a serum protein which acts as a selective in vivo growth factor for extrahepatic bile ducts in genetically susceptible mice.
Induction of ovalbumin mRNA by estrogen in the chick oviduct.

Abstract To study the induction of mRNA ov in chick oviduct tissue, two experimental designs were developed: oviduct tissue incubated in vitro with hormone, and an in vivo system involving hormone injection into the lumen of anesthetized chicks. The magnitude of hormone response in oviduct tissue suspension was shown to depend on the conditions of the incubation medium and on the previous hormonal treatment of the chicken. When animals were withdrawn from estrogen treatment (48–72 h), restimulation of oviduct minces with 10 −8 M estradiol in vitro induced-rapidly the synthesis of mRNA ov . The rate of synthesis reached its peak in the first two hours of incubation, when approximately 0.2% of the mass of the newly synthesized RNA was mRNA ov . A marked decrease in the level of mRNA ov synthesis and a gradual appearance of a lag period was observed when the estrogen withdrawal time was extended beyond 86 h. A nuclear precursor to ovalbumin mRNA could be shown to be processed into mature mRNA ov in this oviduct tissue suspension system. In vivo experiments were performed in chickens after various intervals of time following hormone withdrawal (2–13 days). Estradiol (10 −8 M) was injected into the oviduct lumen of anesthetized chicks. Within two hours a nearly maximal rate of mRNA ov synthesis was observed. These two systems have proven to be efficient for the assay of the estrogen-mediated induction of mRNA ov synthesis and serve to support the hypothesis that in the chick oviduct system, estrogen regulation of gene expression is primarily at the transcriptional level.
P-025 Measurement of ionizing radiation exposure over the gravid uterus during endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysm

Introduction Intracranial hemorrhage during pregnacy can have catastrophic outcomes for both mother and fetus with high mortality rates (estimated 63% and 27% respectively) in untreated ruptured aneurysms. One of the most commonly expressed concerns about angiography during pregnancy is the potential risk of fetal abnormalities resulting from radiation exposure. We report direct measurement of ionizing radiation exposure over of the gravid uterus during cerebral arteriography. Materials and methods Dose over the gravid uterus using a TLD was measured during endovascular treatment of an intracranial aneurysm. The patient9s abdomen was shielded using lead aprons place anterior and posterior, and strategies for dose reduction implemented. Pubmed search using mesh terms pregnancy, radiation dose, endovascular therapy and CT was performed for literature review. Results Dose measured over the gravid uterus was 11 MREM. In comparison to findings reported in the literature this level is significantly less than esposure over the uterus during CT of the abdomen to exclude appendicitis/nephrolithiasis and CT of the chest to exclude pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. The dose is similar to head CT exposure. Risk to benifit analysis for treatment of ruptured aneurysms favors treatment during pregnancy. Conclusion Radiation exposure to the gravid uterus and fetus during cerebral angiography and endovascular procedures are within standard radiation exposure in pregnancy guidelines and comparible with other imaging modalities used during pregnancy. Diagnostic cerebral angiography and endovascular procedures can be safely performed during pregnancy while implementing radiation dose reduction strategies.
Altered activation of phospholipase D by lysophosphatidic acid and endothelin-1 in mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking phospholipase C-γ1

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) activate phospholipase D (PLD) in many cell types. To see if phospholipase C-gamma1 plays a role, we used embryonic fibroblasts from mice in which the PLCgamma1 gene was disrupted. Surprisingly, the effect of LPA on inositol phosphate accumulation was increased in these PLCgamma1-/- cells, whereas that of ET-1 was completely abrogated. When PLD activity was measured, the response to LPA was also enhanced and the response to ET-1 lost in the PLCgamma1-/- cells. Treatment of these cells with ionomycin and oleoyl acetyl glycerol to mimic PLC stimulation restored PLD activity. Treatment of either PLCgamma1+/+ and PLCgamma1-/- cells with tyrosine kinase inhibitors did not inhibit LPA- or ET-1-induced PLD activity. Moreover, LPA and ET-1 treatment of PLCgamma1+/+ and PLCgamma1-/- cells did not cause tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma1 or PLC-gamma2. In summary, these results show that the altered PLD responses to LPA and ET-1 in PLCgamma1-/- are due to changes in PLC activity and do not involve tyrosine kinase activity.
Succeeding in the City: Challenges and Best Practices on Urban Commuter Campuses:

Students who make the daily commute to urban campuses face academic and nonacademic issues not typically experienced by their suburban or rural counterparts. A veteran of multiple types of campus environments offers insight into the lives of these students and suggests strategies for helping college urbanites thrive.
The changing cellular localization of α-crystallin in the lens of the chicken embryo, studied by immunofluorescence

Abstract The appearance and distribution of α-crystallin in chicken embryos and in animals after hatching were studied with the indirect fluorescent antibody method. α-Crystallin was isolated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antisera were prepared against the purified fraction and against total chicken lens. They were controlled for their specificity in Ouchterlony plates and immunoelectrophoresis. The first fluorescence with total lens antiserum was observed in the morphologically most advanced cells of the lens placode of 23-somite embryos (50–53 hours of incubation). α-Crystallin antisera did not react at this time, indicating that another structural protein was synthesized before α-crystallin appeared. With further development of the lens rudiment the fluorescence gradually spread to more peripheral parts, and at 3 to 3/12 days the entire lens reacted with total lens antiserum. At this time α-crystallin could first be detected in and around the nuclei of a few centrally located fibers. Gradually more peripheral fibers became involved, then the equatorial zone, and finally the anterior epithelium. While some cells reacted very strongly, others were only weakly fluorescent or even remained negative; there resulted a mosaiclike staining pattern. At 8 days of embryonic life all epithelial cells were positive for α-crystallin and the reaction in the fibers became progressively weaker. In the adult lens the center of the lens was negative, the epithelial cells and equatorial zone, with the exception of a few completely negative cells, were strongly positive and the superficial fibers showed an intermediate reaction. The fluorescence was always confined to the lens. It is concluded that lens placode formation is independent from crystallin synthesis. Furthermore, the production of crystallins is restricted to the lens rudiment and lens and does not take place in the optic cup and its derivates or in other ectodermal tissues. α-Crystallin appears relatively late in development and cannot be considered as an essential protein for lens formation.