cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaporation of accumulated multicomponent liquids from fibrous filters

Fibrous filters are used for environmental and occupational mist sampling and industrial mist collection. If compounds in the filtered droplets are volatile or semi-volatile, they may evaporate into the gas passing through the filter. In sampling applications, failure to properly account for evaporation of collected mist will lead to mist concentration estimates that are low. In control applications, volatilization of filtered droplets may release vapors that are harmful to workers or the public. Also, vapor emitted from mist filters may recondense as a hazardous aerosol or on surfaces to pose a safety or housekeeping problem. Droplets collected by fibrous filters coalesce into larger drops that reside on the fibers. Results from a numerical model developed to predict evaporation from these drops agree favorably with experimental data. Measurements and numerical predictions show that a gas stream leaving a wetted fibrous filter can be saturated with the vapor of semi-volatile compounds retained on the filter. In some situations, the model indicates that the gas stream will be saturated before it passes 0.1 mm into a wetted filter. If the liquid retained on a filter is a pure compound, the vapor concentration leaving the filter is constant when initially clean air passes through. If the liquid is multicomponent, the downstream vapor concentration in previously uncontaminated air will decrease with time as the more volatile components evaporate preferentially. Fluctuations in incoming mist and vapor concentrations can enhance evaporation because more retained liquid will volatilize when incoming vapor concentrations are low.
Effects of lidar point density on bare earth extraction and DEM creation

Data density has a crucial impact on the accuracy of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). In this study, DEMs were created from a high point-density LIDAR dataset using the bare earth extraction module in Quick Terrain Modeler. Lower point-density LIDAR collects were simulated by randomly selecting points from the original dataset at a series of decreasing percentages. The DEMs created from the lower resolution datasets are compared to the original DEM. Results show a decrease in DEM accuracy as the resolution of the LIDAR dataset is reduced. Some analysis is made of the types of errors encountered in the lower resolution DEMs. It is also noted that the percentage of points classified as bare earth decreases as the resolution of the LIDAR dataset is reduced.
Exploiting factional discourse: Wedge issues in contemporary American political campaigns

A wedge issue is a rhetorical strategy, usually focused on a social concern, that is intentionally constructed to divide party voters and polarize the public in order to gain political advantage. Often gaining currency through the media, such issues may be considered to coarsen political discourse by exploiting factions. This article defines the term “wedge issue,” discusses the persuasion and argumentation strategies that make wedge issues effective, and illustrates how wedge issues have been used in a number of political campaigns. The author suggests that it is one role of the rhetorician to explain these issues to the public so that voters will become more aware of how they may be manipulated.
Intra-individual lap time variation of the 400-m walk, an early mobility indicator of executive function decline in high-functioning older adults?

Higher intra-individual lap time variation (LTV) of the 400-m walk is cross-sectionally associated with poorer attention in older adults. Whether higher LTV predicts decline in executive function and whether the relationship is accounted for by slower walking remain unanswered. The main objective of this study was to examine the relationship between baseline LTV and longitudinal change in executive function. We used data from 347 participants aged 60 years and older (50.7% female) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Longitudinal assessments of executive function were conducted between 2007 and 2013, including attention (Trails A, Digit Span Forward Test), cognitive flexibility and set shifting (Trails B, Delta TMT: Trials B minus Trials A), visuoperceptual speed (Digit Symbol Substitution Test), and working memory (Digit Span Backward Test). LTV and mean lap time (MLT) were obtained from the 400-m walk test concurrent with the baseline executive function assessment. LTV was computed as variability of lap time across ten 40-m laps based on individual trajectories. A linear mixed-effects model was used to examine LTV in relation to changes in executive function, adjusted for age, sex, education, and MLT. Higher LTV was associated with greater decline in performance on Trails B (β = 4.322, p 0.05). In high-functioning older adults, higher LTV in the 400-m walk predicts executive function decline involving cognitive flexibility and set shifting over a long period of time. High LTV may be an early indicator of executive function decline independent of MLT.
H-ISP - A Hybrid Inflator Simulation Program

A hybrid-inflator simulation program (H-ISP) has been developed to facilitate the evaluation of hybrid inflators for airbag systems. Based on fundamental principles of species mass and energy conservation and gas dynamics, this program can simulate the complex thermochemical processes of a hybrid inflator, including solid propellant combustion, single-phase or two-phase flow, multiple chemical species with temperature- and composition-dependent thermal properties, and heat transfer phenomena. This paper presents the theory, computer program structure, and usage of H-ISP with an example.
Style, Function, Neutral Traits, Evolution, and Classiﬁ cation

Style and function are intuitively appealing concepts we bring to archaeological classification based on our interaction in daily life with our own artifacts. In this interaction, we routinely distinguish between functional and stylistic aspects of artifacts and it is but a short step to extend our experiential knowledge to the domain of artifact classification by introducing a distinction between functional and stylistic types. We can distinguish a functional trait as one in which variation in the values for a trait have consequences at a phenomenological level in accordance with physical properties, mode of energy transfer involved in doing an activity with an artifact, and so on, when using an artifact with the trait in question for some task. In a stylistic trait, variation in the values for the trait has consequences at the ideational level and may thereby alter a conceptual relationship between the artifact on which that trait is embedded and the performance of an activity with that artifact. Evolutionary archaeologists, following Robert Dunnell, have mistakenlyargued that neutral traits should be equated with stylistic traits and the traits affected by selection should be equated with functional traits, even though both functional and stylistic traits are subject to selection.
Fluid Volume and Electrolyte Changes of the Early Postburn Period

The fact that over half of all burn deaths still occur within the first 10 days following thermal insult suggests that both the initial resuscitation and the subsequent fluid volume changes and alterations in electrolyte metabolism play significant roles in the high mortality percentage associated with the early postburn period.
Parthenogenetic Reproduction by Dermacentor variabilis (Acarina: Ixodidae)

Female American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), that fed on a bovine in the absence of males engorged, detached, and produced larvae parthenogenetically. These engorged virgin females weighed significantly less than mated females and also laid significantly smaller egg masses. The time required for engorgement by mated females was significantly shorter than the time required by unmated females. The average minimum period of incubation of parthenogenetically derived eggs was significantly longer than that of fertilized eggs. Of 100 virgin females that engorged in the absence of males, 93 engorged and detached, 73 oviposited, and 52 produced egg masses in which some eggs hatched, which gave an average 1.5% hatch in egg masses from virgin females compared with 75.9% hatch in egg masses from mated females. Most parthenogenetically derived larvae died within 2–3 days posteclosion; only 2 of the 200 F1 larvae placed on guinea pigs attached and engorged. Female D. variabilis that engorged in the presence of male Amblyomma americanum (L.) were not mated by the males, and the reproduction dynamics of these females were similar to those of females that engorged in the absence of males.
''I'll Say a Mi Sheberach for You'': Prayer, Healing and Identity Among Liberal American Jews

Modern American Judaism is often characterized by complex negotiations about practices, beliefs, affiliations and identities. This article uses ethnographic research on one ritual practice—the Mi Sheberach prayer for healing—to explore these processes of meaning-making and identity construction, through the lens of lived experience. While survey data tell us which practices, beliefs and affiliations are most commonly adopted by liberal American Jews, this ethnographic research examines why these choices are made, what they represent, and how they are integrated into the broader lifeworlds of this population. I demonstrate that prayers for healing are an inherently social process, inextricably linked to relationships with other people, the community, God, and tradition. Prayer means something different to each of the participants in this study, yet for all, the Mi Sheberach becomes one site, among many, through which relationships to Judaism and Jewishness are negotiated and constructed. Study participants choose, and maintain, those Jewish practices, like the Mi Sheberach, that resonate emotionally and/or spiritually and that fit within the larger context of their lifeworld—in this case, the search for meaning, comfort, strength and connection during times of illness and healing. Yet at the same time, an essential part of this resonance is the experience of community, connection and tradition. The individual’s search for meaning is synthesized with the collectivist nature of Judaism, in an ongoing and continually evolving process of interpretive interaction between text, tradition and personal experience.
Spontaneous Arousals during quiet sleep in piglets : A visual and wavelet-based analysis

STUDY OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to characterize spontaneous arousals during NREM sleep in piglets and to compare two methods of identifying these events: a "visual" technique using spectral analysis and an automated technique using wavelets. Our goal was to understand the benefits and limits of these methods when applied to sleep in human infants. DESIGN Arousals were identified by evaluating rapid changes in EEG low frequency activity, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR). A cortical arousal was defined as a rapid decrease in EEG low frequency activity. An autonomic arousal was defined by a transient increase in heart rate or a transient change in mean arterial BP (MAP). SETTING Laboratory study in sleeping and awake piglets. PARTICIPANTS Five 1-2 week old piglets. INTERVENTIONS Chronically instrumented with a femoral arterial line, EEG, EOG, EMG electrodes, and a micro-dialysis probe with its tip located in the rostral ventral medulla. Artificial CSF (aCSF) was dialyzed into the RVM throughout the experiments Measurements: For the visual analysis, the average delta power (0.5-4 Hz) for each 5-second epoch was determined using spectral analysis. MAP and HR were analyzed in 1-second bins. Video images were analyzed for body movements and eye openings. Transient changes in blood pressure, HR, and delta power were then visually identified. For the wavelet analysis, a quantitative, automated technique with a defined "wakefulness threshold" was used to identify rapid decreases in EEG low frequency activity and the rate of change of MAP. RESULTS Using the visual method, 117 episodes associated with stereotypical hemodynamic, EEG, and behavioral changes (startle) were identified. Seventy five events occurred in isolation or were first in a series of "multiple" events, 41 "multiple" events were defined as events occurring <20 seconds following a previous event. Eighteen events were associated with the termination of apnea. In isolated events or those occurring first in a series, the onset of changes in HR and BP clearly preceded the decrease in EEG amplitude and delta power. Using wavelet analysis, 73 EEG arousals and 115 MAP transients were identified independently; 62% of the EEG events were associated with a transient change in MAP and HR, and in these cases the onset of the hemodynamic events preceded EEG arousals. EEG arousals and MAP transients, however, also occurred alone and not associated with a stereotypical pattern of a startle, changes in MAP and HR and the EEG. CONCLUSIONS Many of these spontaneous arousals represent integrated EEG, hemodynamic, and behavioral processes similar to arousal phenomena described in adult rats and human infants, but the pattern of spontaneous arousals appears to be more heterogeneous than has been described for arousals induced by exogenous stimuli. Both the visual and wavelet analysis identified these events, but the wavelet technique has the potential advantage of better time resolution and automation of the analysis.
Exemplary Nominees and a Colorful Puzzle: Previewing the 2016 Almanac & Reader

The “Exemplary Legal Writing” ballots are in the mail. During 2015, judges and other legal scholars nominated judicial opinions and law review articles for our annual collection of exemplary legal writing. Those nominators are now voting for what they believe to be the most especially exemplary of those nominees. In a few weeks we will tally the votes and then publish the top vote-getters in the 2016 Green Bag Almanac & Reader. We had planned to honor exemplary writing in four categories, but we ended up with just three, for a reason that will become obvious if you keep reading. In addition, like every Green Bag Almanac & Reader, this year’s will have — in addition to the “Exemplary Legal Writing” honorees — our perennially popular annual reviews: Bryan Garner’s The Year in Language & Writing; Greg Jacob and Rakesh Kilaru’s The Year in Law; Tony Mauro’s A Term in the Life of the Supreme Court; and; Kevin Underhill’s A Year of Lowering the Bar. We will also have our customary thematic “useful and entertaining tidbits.” Like last year’s Almanac & Reader, this year’s will have a Sherlock Holmes/John Watson theme. This time we will focus on two stories: “The Reigate Puzzle” (one of the classics) and “The Field Bazaar” (a somewhat obscure and controversial vignette).
Colorectal Cancer: Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy

Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival and reduces the rate of recurrence for patients with stage III colon cancer and may also improve survival in some subgroups of patients with stage II colon cancer. The recommended chemotherapeutic regimens, FOLFOX [Folinic acid (leucovorin) + 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) + Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin)] or CapeOx (capecitabine + oxaliplatin), are more effective than past regimens, but also have more side effects. Since 5-year survival rates are improved 20–25 % with adjuvant therapy, all patients with stage III colon cancer should be evaluated for postoperative chemotherapy. For rectal cancer, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is recommended for all clinical stage II and III disease to decrease recurrence. In addition, all clinical and/or histologic stage II and III rectal cancers should be considered for adjuvant chemotherapy. This chapter will review the indications, data, and outcomes for adjuvant therapy for colon and rectal cancer.
PUBLIC PENSION FUNDS AND ECONOMICALLY TARGETED INVESTMENTS

As the assets of public employee retirement systems grow (to $1 trillion by 1994), so does the interest in targeting these assets to specific goals, primarily housing and job creation, in a system's geographic area. If properly structured, these investments, often called economically targeted investments, or ETIs, can be a legitimate part of a public retirement system's portfolio. This article clarifies several essential characteristics of ETIs. Previous studies, national surveys and actual ETI portfolios are examined. The article argues that further analysis, especially involving evaluation techniques, is essential as this investment strategy continues to gain steam, especially with the encouragement of the Clinton Administration.
“We Do Everything with edTPA” Interrupting and Disrupting Teacher Education in Troubling Times

This chapter juxtaposes our analysis of dilemmas related to high-stakes teacher performance assessments with excerpts from a recent electronic chat between the authors and a private edTPA “tutor” to illustrate the complexity of preparing candidates for teacher licensure in the midst of neoliberal educational policies. Written as a series of narrative interludes or interruptions—a parallel to how we see edTPA disrupting our work as teacher educators—this chapter offers a rhetorical representation of the absurdity that results from the corporatization of teacher evaluation. In so doing, we seek to highlight the ethical conundrums that outsider evaluation presents across the teacher preparation landscape, while simultaneously modeling critical responses to these disruptive educational policies.
Behavioral rationality as a foundation for public policy studies

Abstract Cognitive processing applies to a single human being, yet most key social processes are organized in collectives, and connecting them is not a simple task. I review the basic ways in which social and behavioral scientists have tried to link the individual with the system, illustrating the progress that has been made in this endeavor. We are closer than we ever have been to producing a behavioral model that integrates cognitive science yet does not produce a confusing overabundance of findings that have systems level implications. I conclude that we may well be at a tuning point in which the fully rational model of human choice, currently used as the microfoundation for economics and the study of political institutions, is replaced by a more robust behavioral model of choice that relies on developments in the cognitive sciences.
Preference for an Opioid/Benzodiazepine Mixture over an Opioid Alone Using a Concurrent Choice Procedure in Rhesus Monkeys.

Increased abuse of opioids is contributing to an escalation in overdose deaths. Benzodiazepines are frequently abused with opioids, possibly because they increase the potency and/or effectiveness of opioids to produce reinforcing effects. This study used a concurrent-choice procedure to determine whether monkeys would choose to self-administer a mixture of the opioid remifentanil and the benzodiazepine midazolam over remifentanil alone. Initially, three monkeys could respond on one lever for saline and on a second lever for either remifentanil alone or midazolam alone. Thereafter, monkeys chose between a dose of remifentanil (0.32 µg/kg/infusion) that did not change and a dose of remifentanil that varied across sessions; for some sessions, midazolam was combined with varying doses of remifentanil. All monkeys received more infusions of remifentanil (0.0032–0.32 µg/kg/infusion) than saline, whereas only two monkeys responded more for midazolam than for saline. When 0.32 µg/kg/infusion remifentanil was available on one lever and a dose of remifentanil that varied across sessions (0.1–1 µg/kg/infusion) was available on the other lever, monkeys chose the larger dose. Combining 3.2 µg/kg/infusion midazolam with 0.32 µg/kg/infusion remifentanil increased responding for the mixture over 0.32 µg/kg/infusion remifentanil alone, although monkeys chose remifentanil alone over mixtures containing smaller doses of remifentanil. When 10 µg/kg/infusion midazolam was combined with 0.1 µg/kg/infusion remifentanil, monkeys chose the mixture over 0.32 µg/kg/infusion remifentanil alone. Thus, monkeys prefer some opioid/benzodiazepine mixtures to larger doses of the opioid alone, suggesting that opioid/benzodiazepine coabuse might be due to increased potency (and possibly effectiveness) of opioids to produce reinforcing effects.
Crystal Structures of Human GlyRα3 Bound to Ivermectin

Ivermectin acts as a positive allosteric modulator of several Cys-loop receptors including the glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls), γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAARs), glycine receptors (GlyRs), and neuronal α7-nicotinic receptors (α7 nAChRs). The crystal structure of Caenorhabditis elegans GluCl complexed with ivermectin revealed the details of its ivermectin binding site. Although the electron microscopy structure of zebrafish GlyRα1 complexed with ivermectin demonstrated a similar binding orientation, detailed structural information on the ivermectin binding and pore opening for Cys-loop receptors in vertebrates has been elusive. Here we present the crystal structures of human GlyRα3 in complex with ivermectin at 2.85 and 3.08 A resolution. Our structures allow us to explore in detail the molecular recognition of ivermectin by GlyRs, GABAARs, and α7 nAChRs. Comparisons with previous structures reveal how the ivermectin binding expands the ion channel pore. Our results hold promise in structure-based design of GlyR modulators for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
High Resolution Optoelectronic Retinal Prosthesis

Retinal prosthetic system based on conversion of near-infrared light into pulsed electric current using subretinal photodiode array will be presented. System performance, limits of resolution and issues of the interface with retina will be discussed.
Counseling Strategies for Empowering People Living in Poverty: The I-CARE Model

Poverty has an impact on mental health and the counseling process in profound ways; however, counselors may fail to recognize the importance of poverty in clients' lives. The authors propose a model to help counselors navigate the complexities of counseling clients who are living in poverty. The I-CARE Model may help counselors develop insight about personal biases, acknowledge harsh realities of poverty, remove barriers to growth, and expand on the clients' own strengths. La pobreza tiene un profundo impacto sobre la salud mental y el proceso de consejeria; sin embargo, es posible que los consejeros no reconozcan la importancia de la pobreza en las vidas de sus clientes. Los autores proponen un modelo para ayudar a los consejeros a comprender las complejidades de los clientes que viven en la probreza. El Modelo I-CARE puede ayudar a los consejeros a desarrollar su percepcion de sesgos personales, reconocer las duras realidades de la probreza, eliminar barreras al crecimiento y ampliar las fortalezas de los clientes.
Individual Learning and Cooperation in Noisy Repeated Games - Second Version

We investigate whether two players in a long-run relationship can maintain cooperation when the details of the underlying game are unknown. Specifically, we consider a new class of repeated games with private monitoring, where an unobservable state of the world influences the payoff functions and/or the monitoring structure. Each player privately learns the state over time but cannot observe what the opponent learned. We show that there are robust equilibria in which players eventually obtain payoffs as if the true state were common knowledge and players played a “belief-free” equilibrium. We also provide explicit equilibrium constructions in various economic examples.
Autologous stem-cell transplantation after second-line brentuximab vedotin in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma.

Abstract Background We previously demonstrated that brentuximab vedotin (BV) used as second-line therapy in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma is a tolerable and effective bridge to autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT). Here, we report the post-AHCT outcomes of patients treated with second-line standard/fixed-dose BV and an additional cohort of patients where positron-emission tomography adapted dose-escalation of second-line BV was utilized. Patients and methods Patients on the dose-escalation cohort received 1.8 mg/kg of BV intravenously every 3 weeks for two cycles. Patients in complete remission (CR) after two cycles received two additional cycles of BV at 1.8 mg/kg, while patients with stable disease or partial response were escalated to 2.4 mg/kg for two cycles. All patients, regardless of treatment cohort, proceeded directly to AHCT or received additional pre-AHCT therapy at the discretion of the treating physician based on remission status after second-line BV. Results Of the 20 patients enrolled to the BV dose-escalation cohort, 8 patients underwent BV dose-escalation. BV escalation was well-tolerated, but no patients who were escalated converted to CR. Of 56 evaluable patients treated across cohorts, the overall response rate (ORR) to second-line BV was 75% with 43% CR. Twenty-eight (50%) patients proceeded directly to AHCT without post-BV chemotherapy, and a total of 50 patients proceeded to AHCT. Thirteen patients received consolidative post-AHCT therapy with either radiation, BV, or a PD-1 inhibitor. After AHCT, the 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were 67% and 93%, respectively. The 2-year PFS among patients in CR at the time of AHCT (n = 37) was 71% compared with 54% in patients not in CR (p = 0.12). The 2-year PFS in patients who proceeded to AHCT directly after receiving BV alone was 77%. Conclusions Second-line BV is an effective bridge to AHCT that produces responses of sufficient depth to provide durable remission in conjunction with AHCT (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01393717).
Setup and Care of Endoscopes

The introduction of a flexible endoscope to mainstream clinical practice has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal, urologic, and pulmonary illnesses. The flexibility of these scopes has far surpassed the limitations of the traditional rigid endoscope, allowing the endoscopist to reach and treat anatomical areas never thought to be amenable to this kind of treatment. These scopes and their associated tools allow endoscopists to diagnose and treat disease processes that traditionally required invasive surgery. These procedures are now done in a truly minimally invasive fashion, often on an outpatient basis. Two types of endoscopes are commonly used: fiberoptic and videoendoscopes.
Popular Press Representations of Marconi’s Wireless

This chapter demonstrates how favorable popular press articles re-presented Marconi’s wireless to audiences in American periodicals. Many journalists reconstructed the wireless rhetorically by emphasizing the technology’s industrial value and profitable potential. The rhetoric the authors employed closely follows the topoi Marconi used in his presentations to technical and scientific audiences. The articles promote the wireless’s efficiency, profitability, and usefulness by using progress markers. The popular press also portrayed the wireless as a technology marking human evolution. The re-presentations suggest how positive accounts of the wireless fit the cultural values and attitudes concerning technology in the early twentieth century. Progressive ideology of the early twentieth century is entwined with these favorable representations. These positive popular press accounts heralded Marconi’s wireless as a monumental invention from the turn of the last century.
The Unfulfilled Promise of Effective Air Quality and Emissions Monitoring

Is extensive, direct monitoring of industrial emissions and air quality too difficult and expensive to be practical? Much of the Clean Air Act regulatory program rests on an assumption that the answer to this question is “yes.” This assumption has hobbled EPA and state regulation of air quality. Regulators, the regulated community, and courts have all become comfortable with implementation plans, permit limits, and enforcement decisions based on unverified estimates. The result? Air quality and health protection goals that remain unmet. Monitoring technology is changing, however, and as the technology improves, the fallacy of arguments against direct measurement of emissions and air quality becomes more transparent. This article is about the importance and uses of reliable, publicly available data regarding emissions of pollutants and ambient air quality.
Rogues and Regulation of Germline Editing.

Rogues and Regulation of Germline Editing Calling for a moratorium on germline editing won’t stop rogue actors. Instead, an “ecosystem” approach to regulation might minimize premature, unwarranted,...
Novel Speed-Controlled Automated Ladder Walking Device Reveals Walking Speed as a Critical Determinant of Skilled Locomotion after a Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Rats.

Abstract The horizontal ladder task is an established method to assess skilled locomotor recovery after neurological dysfunction. Walking speed is often used as a standardized measure in locomotor ...
Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on resting-state connectivity: A systematic review.

Abstract The brain is organized into networks that reorganize dynamically in response to cognitive demands and exogenous stimuli. In recent years, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has gained increasing use as a noninvasive means to modulate cortical physiology, with effects both proximal to the stimulation site and in distal areas that are intrinsically connected to the proximal target. In light of these network-level neuromodulatory effects, there has been a rapid growth in studies attempting to leverage information about network connectivity to improve neuromodulatory control and intervention outcomes. However, the mechanisms-of-action of rTMS on network-level effects remain poorly understood and is based primarily on heuristics from proximal stimulation findings. To help bridge this gap, the current paper presents a systematic review of 33 rTMS studies with baseline and post-rTMS measures of fMRI resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC). Literature synthesis revealed variability across studies in stimulation parameters, studied populations, and connectivity analysis methodology. Despite this variability, it is observed that active rTMS induces significant changes on RSFC, but the prevalent low-frequency-inhibition/high-frequency-facilitation heuristic endorsed for proximal rTMS effects does not fully describe distal connectivity findings. This review also points towards other important considerations, including that the majority of rTMS-induced changes were found outside the stimulated functional network, suggesting that rTMS effects tend to spread across networks. Future studies may therefore wish to adopt conventions and systematic frameworks, such as the Yeo functional connectivity parcellation atlas adopted here, to better characterize network-level effect that contribute to the efficacy of these rapidly developing noninvasive interventions.
Influence-based provenance for dataflow applications with taint propagation

Debugging big data analytics often requires a root cause analysis to pinpoint the precise culprit records in an input dataset responsible for incorrect or anomalous output. Existing debugging or data provenance approaches do not track fine-grained control and data flows in user-defined application code; thus, the returned culprit data is often too large for manual inspection and expensive post-mortem analysis is required.We design FlowDebug to identify a highly precise set of input records based on two key insights. First, FlowDebug precisely tracks control and data flow within user-defined functions to propagate taints at a fine-grained level by inserting custom data abstractions through automated source to source transformation. Second, it introduces a novel notion of influence-based provenance for many-to-one dependencies to prioritize which input records are more responsible than others by analyzing the semantics of a user-defined function used for aggregation. By design, our approach does not require any modification to the framework's runtime and can be applied to existing applications easily. FlowDebug significantly improves the precision of debugging results by up to 99.9 percentage points and avoids repetitive re-runs required for post-mortem analysis by a factor of 33 while incurring an instrumentation overhead of 0.4X - 6.1X on vanilla Spark.
PHASES Differential Astrometry and Iodine Cell Radial Velocities of the kappa Pegasi Triple Star System

kappa Pegasi is a well-known, nearby triple star system. It consists of a ``wide'' pair with semi-major axis 235 milli-arcseconds, one component of which is a single-line spectroscopic binary (semi-major axis 2.5 milli-arcseconds). Using high-precision differential astrometry and radial velocity observations, the masses for all three components are determined and the relative inclinations between the wide and narrow pairs' orbits is found to be 43.8 +/- 3.0 degrees, just over the threshold for the three body Kozai resonance. The system distance is determined to 34.60 +/- 0.21 parsec, and is consistent with trigonometric parallax measurements.
Broadening Engineering Perspectives by Emphasizing the Human Side of Engineering

In the present day, most engineering programs are focused on imparting highly detailed technical knowledge to their students. Some of the forward-looking programs and faculty are bringing socio-technical perspectives to engineering education, but to- date they are not the majority. Though the students remain interested in technical content, oftentimes they face difficulty connecting what they learn to practicality. Consequently, students resort to learning through memorization and example-based learning implying that students quickly forget what they have learned. It is well documented that students can retain more about courses where they have participated in team activities, problem solving, etc. Since they can work on connections and sharing ideas as a community. In recent years, it is also becoming apparent that a lack of attention to human values and the human side of engineering will create disconnects between the social responsibility of engineers and their place as technical citizens and leaders. However, if a connection exists between the students’ education and their personal learning goals, would there be an improvement in how they learn? Through our work, we seek evidence that when a student engages personally and is socio-technically aware they are more receptive to learning. We would like to know if incorporation of a human sided approach to engineering (through an inquiry classroom), enables engineering students to be more engaged and involved in their learning and eventually towards societal issues. Additionally, we will perform a content analysis of student reflections to investigate if an inquiry-based environment is suitable for students to engage in the human side of engineering.
Special issue on understanding the relationships between COVID-19 and transportation

In late 2019 the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to a pandemic in 2020 and continues in 2021 and came to be known as the COVID-19 pandemic (Ciotti ...
Prognostics for Light Water Reactor Sustainability: Empirical Methods for Heat Exchanger Prognostic Lifetime Predictions

As the licenses of many nuclear power plants in the US and abroad are being extended, the accurate knowledge of system and component condition is becoming more important. The US Department of Energy (DOE) has funded a project with the primary goal of developing lifecycle prognostic methods that generate accurate and continuous remaining useful life (RUL) estimates as components transition through each stage of the component lifecycle. These stages correspond to beginning of life, operations at various expected and observed stress levels, the onset of detectable degradation, and degradation towards the eventual end of life. This paper provides an overview and application of a developed lifecycle prognostic approach and applies it to a heat exchanger fouling test bed under accelerated degradation conditions. The results of applying the lifecycle prognostic algorithms to the heat exchanger fouling experiment are given, followed by a discussion of the strengths and shortcomings of the developed techniques for this application.
Discrete-time population dynamics of spatially distributed semelparous two-sex populations.

Spatially distributed populations with two sexes may face the problem that males and females concentrate in different parts of the habitat and mating and reproduction does not happen sufficiently often for the population to persist. For simplicity, to explore the impact of sex-dependent dispersal on population survival, we consider a discrete-time model for a semelparous population where individuals reproduce only once in their life-time, during a very short reproduction season. The dispersal of females and males is modeled by Feller kernels and the mating by a homogeneous pair formation function. The spectral radius of a homogeneous operator is established as basic reproduction number of the population, $${{\mathcal {R}}}_0$$ . If $${{\mathcal {R}}}_0 <1$$ , the extinction state is locally stable, and if $${{\mathcal {R}}}_0 >1$$ the population shows various degrees of persistence that depend on the irreducibility properties of the dispersal kernels. Special cases exhibit how sex-biased dispersal affects the persistence of the population.
KINEMATICS AND RETURN FLOW IN A CLOSED WAVE FLUME

Stokes (1847) showed that finite amplitude progressing waves cause a net drift of fluid, in the direction of wave motion, which occurs in the upper portion of the water column. In a closed wave flume this drift must be accompanied by a return flow toward the wave generator to satisfy the conservation of mass. This study presents Eulerian velocity and water surface measurements soon after the onset of wave motion from 12 locations in a large scale flume. Waves with .67 < kh < 2.29 and .09 < H/h < .39 were produced in a water depth of 3.5 meters. Superimposing the return flow theory of Kim (1984) with seventh order stream function theory is shown to improve the velocity predictions. The measured return flows are a function of time and depth and agree with Kim's theory as a first approximation. The mean water surface set-down agrees with the theory of Brevik (1979) except for the nearly deep water waves.
Characterization of Virus- and Endotoxin-induced Interferons Obtained from the Serum and Urine of Rabbits

Abstract Interferons induced in the rabbit by Newcastle disease virus or by endotoxin have been further characterized as to their physicochemical stability and molecular size by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Endotoxin-induced interferon obtained from serum was more labile than virus-induced interferon. Both endotoxin and virus induced interferons obtained from serum contained two peaks: a minor high molecular weight (>100,000) peak and a major lower molecular weight peak. The molecular weight of the major peak induced by endotoxin was 54,000, and that induced by Newcastle disease virus was 46,000. The gel filtration pattern of interferon recovered from the urine of animals inoculated with virus reflected faithfully the pattern found in serum except that there was proportionately less of the high molecular weight peak. However, the urine interferon from endotoxin-inoculated animals contained only one broad peak with a molecular weight of 35,000. This was not the peak fraction present in the serum of such animals. It is postulated that this may represent the basic unit of endotoxin-induced interferon, and that the serum components are either polymers or conjugates of this basic unit.
Management of Bleeding Duodenal Varices with Combined TIPS Decompression and Trans-TIPS Transvenous Obliteration Utilizing 3% Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate Foam Sclerosis.

Objectives: Endoscopic experience in the management of duodenal varices (DVs) is limited and challenging given the anatomic constraints and limited experience. The endovascular management of DVs is not yet established and the controversy of whether to manage them by decompression with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) or by transvenous obliteration is unresolved. In the literature, the 6-12 month rebleeding rate of DVs after TIPS is 21-37% and after transvenous obliteration is 13%. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the clinical outcome of combined TIPS decompression and transvenous obliteration/sclerosis. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study (case series) of two institutions, evaluating patients who underwent TIPS and/or transvenous obliteration/sclerosis for bleeding DVs (from January 2009 to June 2013). TIPS was performed according to a standard procedure using covered stents. Transvenous obliteration (variceal sclerosis) from the systemic and/or portal venous circulation was performed utilizing 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate foam. Transvenous obliteration was commonly augmented with coils and/or vascular plugs. Technical (technical success of establishing TIPS and completely obliterating the DVs) and clinical outcomes (rebleeding rate and survival) were evaluated. Results: Five patients with liver cirrhosis presenting with bleeding DVs were included in the study with all eventually (and coincidentally) receiving TIPS and transvenous obliteration. Two of the five patients underwent concomitant TIPS and transvenous obliteration in the same procedural setting. However, three patients underwent transvenous obliteration due to bleeding despite a patent TIPS that had been previously placed. The average time from TIPS placement to transvenous obliteration was 125 days (range: 3-324 days). After having both procedures, there was no rebleeding in the patients during a mean follow-up period of 22 months (6-50 months). Coils and/or metallic vascular plugs were used to augment the sclerosant obliteration in four of five patients. Conclusion: The combination of TIPS decompression and foam sclerosant transvenous obliteration appears to be effective in preventing rebleeding in this limited case series and compares favorably with the existing evidence for either approach [TIPS or balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO)] alone.
Cellular immunity as a host response to squamous carcinoma of the cervix

Abstract The leukocyte-migration test was used to study the response of peripheral leukocytes to autologous tissue from invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Leukocyte-migration inhibition is demonstrated in 14 patients with invasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix when tested by autologous tumor. Leukocytes from 7 control patients and one patient with adenocarcinoma of the cervix did not demonstrate migration inhibition to cervical carcinoma antigen or to autologous normal cervix. Lymph nodes containing squamous carcinoma cells demonstrate the phenomenon of inhibition when used as the antigen in the migration test. Lymph nodes with no tumor present show no migration inhibition. The study concludes that a cellular immune mechanism is present in the host response to invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. The host response shown by leukocyte-migration inhibition is not demonstrated in response to adenocarcinoma.
SPATIALLY ADAPTIVE STOCHASTIC MULTIGRID METHODS FOR FLUID-STRUCTURE SYSTEMS WITH THERMAL FLUCTUATIONS

In microscopic mechanical systems interactions between elastic structures are often mediated by the hydrodynamics of a solvent uid. At microscopic scales the elastic structures are also subject to thermal uctuations. Stochastic numerical methods are developed based on multigrid which allow for the ecient computation of both the hydrodynamic interactions in the presence of walls and the thermal uctuations. The presented stochastic multigrid approach provides ecient real-space numerical methods for generating stochastic driving elds with long-range correlations consistent with statistical mechanics. The presented approach also allows for the use of spatially adaptive meshes in resolving the hydrodynamic interactions. Numerical results are presented which show the methods perform in practice with a computational complexity of O(N log(N)).
High-efficiency picoamperes dark current InGaAs P-I-N photodetectors on Si and GaAs substrates

We demonstrate record performance operation of long wavelength (1.55 /spl mu/m) InGaAs photodetectors on Si and GaAs substrates using a wafer bonding technique. We fabricated long wavelength (1.55 /spl mu/m) photodetectors on Si and GaAs wafers using the technique of bonding by atomic rearrangement (BAR). The InGaAs PIN photodetector was bonded to a heavily p-doped Si substrate to minimize the interface resistance and to a GaAs/AlAs Bragg mirror.
Chronic benzodiazepine antagonist treatment and its withdrawal upregulates components of GABA-benzodiazepine receptor ionophore complex in cerebral cortex of rat.

Abstract Effect of chronic administration of benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788 (flumazenil) (4 mg/kg once daily for 14 days) treatment and its withdrawal on locomotor activity, body temperature, and the binding pattern of receptor ligands that bind to GABA-BZ receptor ionophore complex in different regions of the brain of the rat was studied. Ro 15-1788 (× 14 d) increased the specific binding of [ 3 H]ethyl-8-fluoro-5-6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5α][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-car☐ylate ([ 3 H]Ro 15-1788), [ 3 H]ethyl-8-azido-5-6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5α][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-car☐ylate ([ 3 H]Ro 15-4513), [ 3 H]flunitrazepam, and [ 35 S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([ 35 S]TBPS) in cerebral cortex, and this increase in binding remained upregulated during the drug withdrawal at 24. The binding of [ 3 H]Ro 15-1788 was also found significantly increased in the hippocampus, but not in cerebellum and striatum. The chronic Ro 15-1788 treatment did not alter the specific binding of [ 3 H]GABA. Rosenthal analysis of the saturation isotherms indicated that the observed upregulation in the binding pattern of [ 3 H]Ro 15-1788 and [ 3 H]Ro 15-4513 in the cerebral cortex was due to an increase in the binding capacity ( B max ). The receptor affinity ( K d ) was not changed. The withdrawal of Ro 15-1788 following its chronic administration also enhanced locomotor activity. However, no apparent change in body temperature was observed either due to chronic treatment or withdrawal. These data indicate that chronic Ro 15-1788 treatment and its withdrawal may produce an upregulation of subunits which bind the positive (benzodiazepines), negative (inverse agonist), and neutral (antagonist) ligands of benzodiazepine receptor. This may have an implication in drug discontinuation syndrome due to benzodiazepines.