cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A biorobotic structural model of the mammalian muscle spindle primary afferent response.

A biorobotic model of the mammalian muscle spindle Ia response was implemented in precision hardware. We derived engineering specifications from displacement, receptor potential, and Ia data in the muscle spindle literature, allowing reproduction of muscle spindle behavior directly in the robot's hardware; a linear actuator replicated intrafusal contractile behavior, a cantilever-based transducer reproduced sensory membrane depolarization, and a voltage-controlled oscillator encoded strain into a frequency signal. Aspects of muscle spindle behavior not intrinsic to the physical design were added in control software using an adaptation of Schaafsma's mathematical model. We tuned the response to biological ramp and hold metrics including peak, mean, dynamic index, time domain response, and sensory region displacement. The model was validated against biological Ia response to ramp and hold, sinusoidal and fusimotor inputs. The response with dynamic or static gamma motorneuron input was excellent across all studies. The passive spindle response matched well in five of the nine measures. Potential applications include basic science muscle spindle research and applied research in prosthetics and robotics. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Effect of catalyst deactivation on the chemical composition and biological activity of catalytic two-stage coal liquefaction process materials

Abstract Samples of pressure filter liquid (PFL), the solids-free portion of the recycle slurry oil, were taken each day of the 25-day demonstration run No. 227-20 of the catalytic two-stage direct coal liquefaction (CTSL) process operated by Hydrocarbon Research Inc. (HRI). Selected samples were chemically characterized by fractionation into chemical classes by adsorption column chromatography using neutral alumina and picric acid-coated alumina adsorbents followed by high resolution gas chromatography, g.c.-m.s. and low voltage probe-inlet mass spectrometry. Selected samples were tested for biological activity using the standard histidine reversion microbial mutagenicity assay with S. typhimurium, TA 98 and an initiation/promotion assay for mouse skin tumorigenicity. Chemical analysis results indicated that there were increased concentrations of heteroatomic components in the PFL as catalyst age increased; the nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compound fraction and hydroxy-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction contents of the PFL both increased with increasing pilot plant operation time. In addition, the aliphatic hydrocarbon and hydroaromatic fraction contents of the PFL decreased and the heavier molecular weight PAH compound content increased as the catalyst aged during the demonstration run. Biological testing results indicated that the mutagenic activity increased and that the skin tumour initiating activity of the PFL, as determined by total number of tumours per mouse, also tended to increase with catalyst age and deactivation.
Indra: an integrated quantitative system for compliance management for IT service delivery

The explosive growth of business process implementations in various industries has brought into sharp focus the need for process compliance with regulatory policies. This has raised the need for business process compliance solutions requiring an automated and quantitative approach. Quantification of compliance enables an organization to accurately determine its compliance posture and take steps to improve process noncompliances in the future. To that end, in this paper, we propose Indra, our system for integrated compliance management. Indra takes a holistic approach toward compliance, focusing on a compliance life cycle comprising process modeling for maximal compliance at minimal cost, measuring noncompliance at runtime, analyzing the results of the measurement, and suggesting corrective actions to continuously improve process compliance in the future. The scope of this paper covers the analytic models and formulations for compliance maximization, along with a demonstration on a simplified version of a real-life example drawn from the IBM IT (information technology) service delivery units. We also describe ongoing piloting of our analytic models on real audit data from the IBM India Business Controls department. To the best of our knowledge, Indra is the first of its kind in providing integrated and quantitative compliance management.
Microcalorimetry study of the monolayer4He ordering transition on single crystal graphite

We have developed a low-temperature, ac microcalorimeter for exploring adsorption on a single 2.25 mm2 graphite leaf that is capable of 10 picoJoule/degree resolution. The microcalorimeter was used to determine the phase diagram and heat capacity critical exponents α of monolayer4He films at the commensurate ordering transition. After in situ baking at 600 K, we reproduced the narrow-ordered phase region (≃1% in coverage) reported by Campbell and Bretz for HOPG, but find quasilogarithmic, rather than power law, heat capacity divergences. We argue that the disappearance of the Potts-like exponent in the heat capacity is attributable to the geometry of nucleation along cleavage edge planes present on single crystal graphite surfaces.
Griffiths singularity in ferromagnetic alloys

Griffiths's result for percolating Ising ferromagnets is extended to the case of binary ferromagnetic alloys. The results indicate that the Griffiths singularity is a general and characteristic phenomenon in random Ising systems. This lends strong support to the contention of McCoy and Wu that a single length-scaling picture is not adequate to describe phase transitions in quenched random magnets.
Interactions of condensed tannins with selected proteins

Abstract The relative affinities of condensed tannins purified from sorghum, pinto bean, quebracho and wattle for six dissimilar proteins have been determined by a competitive binding assay. The results indicate that tannin/protein interactions may be specific for different tannins as well as for different proteins. The highly specific interactions suggest that the differences in affinity are functionally significant.
Stable optimal model reduction of linear discrete-time systems

A new algorithm is presented for finding reduced-order models of the linear time-invariant systems. Proposed recursive algorithm minimizes a weighted mean squared impulse (or step) response error between the original system and the reduced order model. This proposed optimization algorithm require solving very easy linear equations rather than the usual complicated non-linear equations. The procedure guarantees a reduced order stable model at each recursive stage. Method is easily extended to multi-input/multi-output systems. Algorithm's performance is compared with other methods reported in the literature.
Polyclonal antiidiotypic antibodies mimicking gp120 of HIV-1.

ABSTRACT Rabbit antiidiotypic antibodies (Ab2) were produced against anti-HIV-1 antibody 0.5β (Ab1), which binds to gp120 of HIV-1 and shows virus-neutralizing activity. The Ab2 bound specifically ...
The adsorption of H2 and CO on strained Ni overlayers on W(110) and W(100)

The structural and chemisorptive properties of thin films (0.01–20 monolayers, ML) of Ni evaporated onto W(110) and W(100) single crystal surfaces have been examined by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). LEED results indicate that at coverages up to 1 ML the Ni films grow pseudomorphically with respect to the W(110) and W(100) substrates. This growth pattern leads to Ni monolayer densities on W(110) and W(100) which are 21% and 38% less than the corresponding monolayer densities for Ni(111) and Ni(100), respectively. AES data indicate layer-by-layer growth of Ni on both surfaces at 100 K. TPD of Ni from W(110) and W(100) yield two discrete features which are related to Ni desorption from the monolayer and multilayer structures. For both surfaces heats of sublimation of an annealed Ni multilayer determined from the TPD data are consistent with three-dimensional island formation upon annealing Ni coverages in excess of 1 ML. TPD results following the chemisorption of CO onto monolayer Ni films on both W(110) and W(100) indicate a significant weakening of the CO binding strength, corresponding to a decrease of approximately 75 K in the CO desorption temperature maxima, compared with CO on bulk Ni. TPD of H 2 from similarly prepared Ni films indicate a weakening of the adsorbed hydrogen, H(ads), binding strength on Ni/W(100), and a stabilization of the H(ads) binding strength on Ni/W(100).
Enhanced plasmon anomaly in the dynamical conductivity of heterostructures with large spacer.

We calculate the frequency-dependent scattering rate M''(\ensuremath{\omega}), which determines the dynamical conductivity of a disordered two-dimensional electron gas. The existence of plasmons in an interacting electron gas gives rise to a strongly frequency-dependent scattering rate. For ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As/GaAs heterostructures with large spacer width \ensuremath{\alpha}, we get an analytical result for the scattering rate: M''(\ensuremath{\omega})=M''(0)[1+A\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\omega}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{5}$Rexp(-B${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{2}$)]. The coefficients A and B depend on the Fermi wave number ${k}_{F}$, the effective Bohr radius ${a}^{\mathrm{*}}$, and \ensuremath{\alpha}. $M prime prime ( omega )\char22{} peaks at ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{0}$=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{F}}$(5${\mathit{a}}^{\mathrm{*}}$/\ensuremath{\alpha}${)}^{1/2}$/(${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{F}}$${\mathrm{a}}^{\mathrm{*}}$), where ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{F}$ is the Fermi energy. The high-frequency scattering rate is also calculated: M''(\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\gg}2${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{F}$)\ensuremath{\ll}M''(0). We predict a maximum linewidth for plasmons with wave number ${q}_{0}$=5/(4\ensuremath{\alpha}). The relevance of our theory to anomalies found in cyclotron-resonance experiments is discussed.
The quark-hadron transition in the early universe

Abstract The application of quantum chromodynamics to big bang cosmology predicts that the universe underwent a transition from a quark-gluon plasma to a confined hadronic phase when it was roughly 10 −5 seconds old. A first order phase transition in QCD can produce baryon density inhomogeneities in an initially homogeneous universe. Neutron diffusion converts these density inhomogeneities into variations in the local ratio of neutrons to protons, and these variations can produce detectable features in the pattern of abundances produced in primordial nucleosynthesis. In addition, the deviation from equilibrium needed to drive the phase transition can result in the production of primordial magnetic fields.
Just Don't Shut the Door on Me: Aspirations of Adolescents in Crisis

A qualitative investigation examined aspirations of youth experiencing significant educational, legal, or emotional difficulty. A research panel of five professional school counselors analyzed transcripts from interviews of 15 youth having multiple risk factors. Data revealed that, despite considerable obstacles, these young people typically held clear hopes for future education, careers, family relationships, civic involvement, and personal satisfaction. The findings underscore the importance of school counselors' advocacy for youth in crisis.
The Authenticity of Maximus the Confessor's Letter to Marinus: The Argument from Theological Consistency

Maximus the Confessor's Letter to Marinus (PG 91, 136) has been used throughout the centuries by both Latins and Greeks to defend their respective positions vis-a-vis the filioque . Yet doubts about its authenticity, raised by both sides, have prevented its acceptance as representative of the consensus patrum on the procession of the Holy Spirit. This paper argues that the best case for the authenticity of the Letter , all other doubts aside, is its consistency with the trinitarian principles Maximus inherited from the earlier fathers and established in his other works. For this reason the Letter to Marinus continues to offer modern theologians and ecumenists the best hope for resolving the age old question of the filioque based on the earliest known patristic reference to the debate.
Consistency of vendor-specified activity values for 192Ir brachytherapy sources

Abstract A long-term comparison was done between the manufacturer-stated 192 Ir activity and the measured 192 Ir activities determined with a well-type ionization chamber. Sources for a Nucletron Micro Selectron high-dose-rate (HDR) unit were used for this purpose. The radioactive sources reference activities were determined using a PTW well-type ionization chamber traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Primary Calibration Laboratory. The measurements were taken in a period of 56 months with 17 different radioactive sources. The manufacturer stated activities were taken from the source calibration certificate provided by the manufacturer. These values were compared with the measured activities. The results have shown that both the percentage deviation of the monthly control measurements with the well-type chamber and the ratio between the measured activities to the manufacturer-stated value lie within ± 2.5%. These results were compared with similar published data and with uncertainty level (3% of the mean and 5% maximum deviation from mean) for brachytherapy sources calibration recommended by the AAPM. It was concluded that a threshold level of ±2.5% can be used as a suitable quality assurance indicator to spot problems in our department. The typical ±5% uncertainty as provided by the manufacturers may be tightened to ±3% to be more in line with published AAPM reports.
Unusual imaging features of completely isolated enteric duplication in a child

We report a case of completely isolated enteric duplication in an 18-month-old boy in whom US revealed a reniform abdominal mass with a pseudokidney sign that had no connection to adjacent organs. Distinctive histopathological changes of the duplication account for these unusual imaging features. Our case represents a diagnostic challenge in this rare entity. To our knowledge, this is a unique case.
Laparoscopic aneurysm resection and splenectomy for splenic artery aneurysm in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Splenic artery aneurysms (SAA) are a rare entity most commonly diagnosed incidentally. Their association with pregnancy increases the risk of rupture resulting in a disproportionately high maternal and fetal mortality. Accordingly, elective surgical treatment is recommended in asymptomatic patients with aneurysms less than 2 cm. In this case, we present a patient during her third trimester of pregnancy with a SAA who was treated by laparoscopic aneurysm resection and splenectomy. The patient is a 38-year-old multiparous woman, with an incidental diagnosis of a SAA in 2010. Subsequently, the patient became pregnant and at 27 weeks started to develop abdominal pain. Failed embolization was attempted with worsening of the patient’s symptoms. A CT angiogram revealed a 1.6 cm distal third SAA without any evidence of rupture. Due to the localization of the lesion, the patient was offered a laparoscopic aneurysm resection and splenectomy. Operating time was 90 min and estimated blood loss was 5 cc. Postoperative fetal monitoring was normal. No perioperative complications were observed. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 3. Two months after laparoscopic splenectomy, the patient delivered a male infant in perfect health. Although this is a rare disease, the risk of aneurysmal rupture is increased during pregnancy. As a result of high maternal and fetal mortality, elective surgery should be performed. Laparoscopic surgery is the technique of choice.
Electrical behavior of defibrillation and pacing electrodes

This article discusses the electrodes and their interfaces for internal and external defibrillation and external pacing applications. Of primary concern is the nature of the current delivery and distribution at the electrode-tissue interface and the techniques that may be used to generate a uniform distribution of current density in order to minimize pain and burning. The cost of achieving a uniform current distribution is tolerable for external pacing applications, but questionable for defibrillation applications. In the process of examining the nature of the electrode interface, we also discuss various models of its behavior, including analytic, equivalent circuit, numerical, and empirical models.
Development of a decision aid to inform patients' and families' renal replacement therapy selection decisions.

Few educational resources have been developed to inform patients’ renal replacement therapy (RRT) selection decisions. Patients progressing toward end stage renal disease (ESRD) must decide among multiple treatment options with varying characteristics. Complex information about treatments must be adequately conveyed to patients with different educational backgrounds and informational needs. Decisions about treatment options also require family input, as families often participate in patients’ treatment and support patients’ decisions. We describe the development, design, and preliminary evaluation of an informational, evidence-based, and patient-and family-centered decision aid for patients with ESRD and varying levels of health literacy, health numeracy, and cognitive function. We designed a decision aid comprising a complementary video and informational handbook. We based our development process on data previously obtained from qualitative focus groups and systematic literature reviews. We simultaneously developed the video and handbook in “stages.” For the video, stages included (1) directed interviews with culturally appropriate patients and families and preliminary script development, (2) video production, and (3) screening the video with patients and their families. For the handbook, stages comprised (1) preliminary content design, (2) a mixed-methods pilot study among diverse patients to assess comprehension of handbook material, and (3) screening the handbook with patients and their families. The video and handbook both addressed potential benefits and trade-offs of treatment selections. The 50-minute video consisted of demographically diverse patients and their families describing their positive and negative experiences with selecting a treatment option. The video also incorporated health professionals’ testimonials regarding various considerations that might influence patients’ and families’ treatment selections. The handbook was comprised of written words, pictures of patients and health care providers, and diagrams describing the findings and quality of scientific studies comparing treatments. The handbook text was written at a 4th to 6th grade reading level. Pilot study results demonstrated that a majority of patients could understand information presented in the handbook. Patient and families screening the nearly completed video and handbook reviewed the materials favorably. This rigorously designed decision aid may help patients and families make informed decisions about their treatment options for RRT that are well aligned with their values.
Real-world emissions of carbonyl compounds from in-use heavy-duty diesel trucks and diesel Back-Up Generators (BUGs)

Abstract Emissions of carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein are of interest to the scientific and regulatory communities due to their suspected or likely impacts on human health. The present work investigates emissions of carbonyl compounds from nine Class 8 heavy-duty diesel (HDD) tractors and also from nine diesel-powered backup generators (BUGs); the former were chosen because of their ubiquity as an emission source, and the latter because of their proximity to centers of human activity. The HDD tractors were operated on the ARB 4-Mode heavy heavy-duty diesel truck (HHDDT) driving cycle, while the BUGs were operated on the ISO 8178 Type D2 5-mode steady-state cycle and sampled using a mobile emissions laboratory (UCR MEL) equipped with a full-scale dilution tunnel. Samples were analyzed using the SAE930142 (Auto/Oil) method for 11 aldehydes, from formaldehyde to hexanaldehyde, and 2 ketones (acetone and methyl ethyl ketone). Although absolute carbonyl emissions varied widely by BUG, the relative contributions of the different carbonyls were similar (e.g., median: 56% for formaldehyde). A slight increasing trend with engine load was observed for relative formaldehyde contribution, but not for acetaldehyde contribution, for the BUGs. On-road per-mile carbonyl emission factors were a strong function of operating mode of the ARB HHDDT cycle, and found to decrease in the order Creep>Transient>Cruise. This order is qualitatively similar to emission factors for PAHs and n-alkanes determined for the same set of Class 8 diesel tractors in an earlier work. In general, relative carbonyl contributions for the HDD tractors were similar to those for BUGs (e.g., median: 54% for formaldehyde). These results indicate that while engine operating mode and application appear to exert a strong influence on the total absolute mass emission rate of the carbonyls measured, they do not appear to exert as strong an influence on the relative mass emission rates of individual carbonyls.
Navegando pelo labirinto do silêncio: artistas feministas no México

O artigo aborda a relacao problematica entre a producao artistica feminina, o feminismo e os movimentos politicamente orientados surgidos no Mexico na decada de 1970. Atraves de entrevistas com algumas das principais artistas mexicanas da epoca, o autor demonstra que nem o feminismo, nem os movimentos de esquerda deram apoio as realizacoes artisticas das mulheres, que puderam contar apenas com seus proprios recursos na criacao de novas estruturas, esteticas e praticas feministas.
Attitude strength and social acceptability of cormorant control programs on Lake Champlain

Abstract Federal and state wildlife managers have endeavored to reduce populations of cormorants on Lake Champlain since 1999. These efforts have relied on the presumption of a nuisance species attitude toward cormorants shared among the public. We employed the concept of attitude strength to explore beliefs, sentiments, and intentions that different recreational groups hold toward cormorants, and to gauge the social acceptability of population control on Lake Champlain. Results confirmed that people generally agreed with the nuisance species label. Overall attitudes toward cormorants leaned toward the negative side, and respondents tended to support hazing of nesting birds, egg oiling, and even state-sponsored shooting as population control measures. Strongest objections to cormorants came from anglers and lakeshore homeowners, whereas boaters and conservation group members were more ambivalent about cormorants and population control measures. Moreover, when analyzing attitude strength dimensions, results showed that overall ambivalence about cormorants was prevalent, negative attitudes may be based in cultural differences and social class, and those with the strongest negative attitudes may be fitting knowledge to attitudes.
Effectiveness and safety of brimonidine as adjunctive therapy for patients with elevated intraocular pressure in a large, open-label community trial.

Purpose To determine the effectiveness and safety of brimonidine when used in combination with one or more glaucoma medications in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Methods Post hoc analysis of a multicenter, 2-month, open-label, prospective, clinical trial in which 2,335 patients received brimonidine as monotherapy, replacement therapy, or combination therapy. Patients who received brimonidine as combination therapy (n = 554) were examined in the current analysis. Efficacy was determined by the reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) from baseline before the addition of brimonidine. Safety and tolerability parameters included adverse events and quality-of-life measures (e.g., ocular comfort, energy level, breathing ability, night vision). Results Addition of brimonidine to preexisting regimens resulted in an overall mean additional reduction in IOP of 17.9% (4.26 mm Hg) at month 2 (P Conclusions Brimonidine, when added to existing glaucoma regimens, safely and effectively lowered IOP in this community-based trial.
Neutron activation paper chromatographic analysis of phosphatides in mammalian cell fractions.

Abstract Diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) was found in the mitochondria of a number of cell fractions. Its concentration was estimated by neutron activation chromatographic analysis of the deacylated derivative, 1,3-diglycerophosphoryl-glycerol. Microsomes contained little or none of this lipid. The distributions of the other glycerol phosphatides in mitochondria and microsomes were similar. A possible functional role for diphosphatidylglycerol is discussed.
Farm Structure and the Economic Well‐Being of Nonmetropolitan Counties

The Goldschmidt thesis (1947, 1978) maintains that increasing farm size in the United States has undermined the well-being of rural communities. Recent studies have cast doubt on this, however. We analyze data for nonmetropolitan counties in the United States, and also incorporate indicators of the nonfarm economic sector into our analysis so that we can explore the net effect of farm structure on well-being. In addition, we distinguish nonmetropolitan counties by their level of farm dependency. Our study fails to support the Goldschmidt thesis.
DTI changes in bilateral uncinate fasiculus following acute, but not chronic symptomatic concussion in adolescence. (I5-3B)

Objective: To further characterize acute and chronic changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) after pediatric concussion. Background: While prior studies have demonstrated changes in FA and ADC in the acute and subacute time periods after injury, the directionality and time course of these changes remains unclear, in part related to the heterogeneity of the study populations and differences in the timing of studies. Methods: We examined two cohorts of children aged 10 to 21 with aged matched controls. The first a population was imaged acutely within 72 hours of a concussion after presenting to the Emergency Department. The second cohort was gathered retrospectively from symptomatic patients seen in a sports medicine clinic a mean of 3 months after injury. MR imaging consisted of 30 direction single tensor diffusion tensor (DTI) with quantitative tractography. Results: Preliminary results demonstrate increased FA acutely following concussion (left: p = 0.05; right: p= 0.041) and decreased mean diffusivity (left: p = 0.025; right: p= 0.0017) in bilateral uncinate fasciculi that was not present in patients with prolonged symptoms seen in clinic. Conclusion: Concussion leads to axonal injury in the uncinate fasciculus in the acute setting that may resolve in the chronic phases of concussion. Dysfunction in structural connectivity of the uncinate fasciculus has implications for learning and memory as well as the integration of emotional processing between the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior temporal lobe in the acute phase. Therefore, acute, but not chronic symptom burden may correlate with changes on DTI in the uncinate fasiculus following concussion. Disclosure: Dr. Guerriero has nothing to disclose. Dr. Drottar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Meehan III has nothing to disclose. Dr. Grant has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mannix has nothing to disclose.
Assessment of situation-behavior profiles and their guiding cognitive and affective processes: a case study from the domain of aggressive behaviors

Summary: Assessment of dysfunctional cognitive processes that guide maladaptive behavioral functioning is a sine qua non for cognitive behavioral treatment. Such an assessment, however, is cursed with at least three problems. Firstly, people may not always have access to their cognitive processes, which may hamper the retrieval of them by means of direct questioning procedures. Secondly, the contents of dysfunctional cognitions can be highly idiographic, which may limit their assessment by means of nomothetic instruments. Thirdly, one may wish to go beyond the assessment of the contents of the cognitive beliefs and chart the links with the situational conditions under which these dysfunctional beliefs are applicable, their interrelations and their links with the ultimate maladaptive behaviors. This article describes a novel method that may be helpful in this respect. After outlining its major principles, we illustrate them with a case study of an impulse control disordered patient.
Ethnographic Studies of Childhood: A Historical Overview

In this article, I briefly survey the ethnographic research literature on childhood in the 20th century, beginning with the social and intellectual contexts for discussions of childhood at the turn of the 20th century. The observations of Bronislaw Malinowski and Margaret Mead in the 1920s were followed by later ethnographers, also describing childhood, some of whom criticized developmental theories; still others were influenced initially by Freudian and other psychoanalytic theories and later by the suggestions of Edward Sapir for research on the child's acquisition of culture. The Six Cultures Study led by John Whiting at midcentury was followed by diverse trends of the period after 1960—including field studies of infancy, the social and cultural ecology of children's activities, and language socialization. Ethnographic evidence on hunting and gathering and agricultural peoples was interpreted in evolutionary as well as cultural and psychological terms. The relationship between ethnography and developmental psychology remained problematic.
Back from the Dead: How to Revive Transfer Pricing Enforcement

In the six years since the then Chief of Staff of the JCT pronounced transfer pricing enforcement to be dead, numerous case studies have demonstrated the truth of his observation, starting with the JCTs own examination of six US based multinationals (MNEs) in 2010 and followed by the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations hearings on Microsoft, HP and Apple in 2012-13. There is little doubt that the current transfer pricing rules, in conjunction with the dysfunctional Subpart F rules, allow US-based MNEs to shift most of their profits to low tax jurisdictions. It is estimated that there are currently about 2 trillion dollars of such profits that benefit from deferral and cannot be repatriated because they are not subject to foreign tax and therefore would be subject to full US taxation upon repatriation under current law. Hence the push to adopt territoriality and allow the MNEs to distribute these trapped profits as dividends to their US parent, which can then in turn use them to pay dividends to its shareholders. The OECD has recently come to recognize that the transfer pricing system does not work as intended. In its report on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, the OECD recognizes that BEPS results in revenue losses that affect all states, especially poorer ones; that systematic tax avoidance by the richest and most powerful companies in the world undermines the general legitimacy of taxation; that it gives MNEs significant competitive advantages over purely domestic firms, resulting in inefficient allocations of investment and major distortions to economic activity; and that it skews the decisions of the MNEs themselves, resulting in overall economic welfare losses.This article will contrast three approaches to dealing with the BEPS problem: adopting a unitary taxation regime; ending deferral; and adopting anti base erosion measures. It concludes that while the first approach is the best long term option, the other two are more promising as immediate candidates for adoption in the context of US tax reform and the OECD BEPS project.
EARLY EVENTS IN OLFACTORY PROCESSING

Olfactory space has a higher dimensionality than does any other class of sensory stimuli, and the olfactory system receives input from an unusually large number of unique information channels. This suggests that aspects of olfactory processing may differ fundamentally from processing in other sensory modalities. This review summarizes current understanding of early events in olfactory processing. We focus on how odors are encoded by the activity of primary olfactory receptor neurons, how odor codes may be transformed in the olfactory bulb, and what relevance these codes may have for downstream neurons in higher brain centers. Recent findings in synaptic physiology, neural coding, and psychophysics are discussed, with reference to both vertebrate and insect model systems.
Outcomes of Community-Dwelling Adults without Diabetes Mellitus Who Require Ambulance Services for Hypoglycemia

Objective: We evaluate the prevalence, etiology, and outcomes of hypoglycemia requiring emergency medical services (EMS) in patients without diabetes mellitus (non-DM). Methods: We reviewed medical records of all ambulance calls for non-DM with blood glucose <70 mg/dl in Olmsted County, Minnesota, between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2009. Results: A total of 131 patients (age 51 ± 19 years; 54 % females) made 142 EMS calls, while 10 patients made repeated calls. Causes of hypoglycemia were critical illness (42; 32%), alcohol and polysubstance use (36; 27.5 %), insulinoma/ bariatric surgery (10; 8%), restricted oral intake (7; 5%), and multiple factors (3; 27.5 %). Patients with alcohol and polysubstance abuse were younger (p = .002). A total of 54 patients had additional hypoglycemia predisposing comorbidities/factors [adrenal insufficiency (2), end-stage renal disease (11) and chronic liver disease (7), beta blockers use (34), and pentamidine use (1)]. Repeated calls and emergency room transportation were similar, but hospitalization varied across the etiologies, with the lowest proportion in the multiple-factor-related hypoglycemia group (p = .01). Duration of follow-up was 1.28 (interquartile range 0.13–2.70) years. A total of 38 patients died, and age-adjusted mortality varied across different etiologies ( p < .001), with highest among critically ill. Cancer caused the highest number of deaths (7/38; 18%), while 1 death was due to hypoglycemia. Conclusions: There were multiple etiologies for hypoglycemic episodes in community-dwelling non-DM that required EMS. Critical illness, multifactorial causes, and alcohol/polysubstance abuse were common causes. Hospitalization and mortality were higher with critical illnesses.
Evaluation of dextromethorphan and carbetapentane as anticonvulsants and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid antagonists in mice

Abstract Two antitussives, dextromethorphan and carbetapentane, which have been reported to bind to a common binding site in brain tissue and produce anticonvulsant effects in rats, were evaluated for their anticonvulsant effects against maximal electroshock-induced seizures, for their neurological impairing effects on the horizontal screen test, and their protective effects against N- methyl- d -aspartic acid (NMDA)-induced lethality in mice. Both compounds protected animals against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in a dose-related fashion after either intraperitoneal or oral administration. The neurologically impairing doses were approximately 1.5 times the anticonvulsant doses. As a function of dose, dextromethorphan, but not carbetapentane, protected mice from NMDA-induced lethality. Since carbetapentane had an anticonvulsant action without protecting against NMDA-induced lethality, these data support the hypothesis that dextromethorphan and carbetapentane may have a common anticonvulsant action separate from the phencyclidine-like, NMDA-antagonist action which only dextromethorphan exhibits.
'The doers of the law will be justified' : The exegetical origins of Martin Bucer's Triplex Iustificatio

This essay seeks to sketch the profile of Martin Bucer's views on the doctrine of justification as developed in his 1536 commentary on Romans, focusing in particular on his idiosyncratic language of 'threefold justification' in his comments on Rom. 2:13. This text is taken as a ; vantage point from which to survey the history of interpretation of the Pauline concept of justification within the Augustinian tradition, giving extended consideration to exegesis by Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Bucer's initial discussion of the Pauline usage of "dikaioun" in the praefata to his commentary is examined next, and it is concluded that his understanding of justification falls more or less within the trajectory charted by previous medieval interpreters. Turning then to Bucer's comments on Rom. 2:13, it is argued that the notion of 'threefold justification' arises as an attempt to integrate the early evangelical appropriation of the Scotist language of 'divine acceptation' within a traditional Augustinian account of justification as both event and process. The resulting formula collapses predestination into justification, making the latter the unifying concept in Bucer's soteriology. It is hoped that this essay will contribute to deepening our understanding of an oft-neglected reformer while at the same time broadening our understanding of early evangelical teaching on a central doctrinal "locus".
Colossal Magnetoresistance Observed in Monte Carlo Simulations of the One- and Two-Orbital Models for Manganites

The one- and two-orbital double-exchange models for manganites are studied using Monte Carlo computational techniques in the presence of a robust electron-phonon coupling (but neglecting the antiferromagnetic exchange ${J}_{\mathrm{AF}}$ between the localized spins). The focus in this effort is on the analysis of charge transport. Our results for the one-orbital case confirm and extend previous recent investigations that showed the presence of robust peaks in the resistivity versus temperature curves for this model. Quenched disorder substantially enhances the magnitude of the effect, while magnetic fields drastically reduce the resistivity. A simple picture for the origin of these results is presented. It is also shown that even for the case of just one electron, the resistance curves present metallic and insulating regions by varying the temperature, as it occurs at finite electronic density. Moreover, in the present study these investigations are extended to the more realistic two-orbital model for manganites. The transport results for this model show large peaks in the resistivity versus temperature curves, located at approximately the Curie temperature, and with associated large magnetoresistance factors. Overall, the magnitude and shape of the effects discussed here resemble experiments for materials such as ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.70}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.30}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and they are in agreement with the current predominant theoretical view that competition between a metal and an insulator, enhanced by quenched disorder, is crucial to understanding the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) phenomenon. However, it is argued that further work is still needed to fully grasp the experimentally observed CMR effect, since in several other Mn oxides an antiferromagnetic charge-ordered orbital-ordered state is the actual competitor of the ferromagnetic metal.
The Form of Children's Early Signs: Iconic or Motoric Determinants?

The two major language modalities—the visual-gestural modality of sign and the oral-aural modality of speech—offer different resources to the infant word learner and impose differing constraints on the infant's production of lexical items. For example, the attraction of iconicity to signing children could be such that their errors would reveal little role for biomechanical factors analogous to those that constrain early speech production. The earliest ASL signs of four deaf infants, aged 8 to 17 months, are examined. Three studies of a corpus of 632 early sign tokens are reported. The first study examined the effects of children's errors on the iconicity of the target signs. Children's signs were—with few exceptions—judged to be either as iconic (or noniconic) as the adult model or to be less iconic than the adult model. The second and third studies examined two independently-attested tendencies from general motor development: in many motor domains (including speech), infants exhibit repetitive movement p...
The dynamical properties of Penrose tilings

The set of Penrose tilings, when provided with a natural compact metric topology, becomes a strictly ergodic dynamical system under the action of R2 by translation. We show that this action is an almost 1:1 extension of a minimal R2 action by rotations on T4, i.e., it is an R2 generalization of a Sturmian dynamical system. We also show that the inflation mapping is an almost 1:1 extension of a hyperbolic automorphism on T4. The local topological structure of the set of Penrose tilings is described, and some generalizations are discussed.
The role of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system inload-induced cardiac hypertrophy

Hypertrophy is a fundamental adaptive process employed by postmitotic cardiac and skeletal muscles in response to mechanical load. How muscle cells convert mechanical stimuli into growth signals has been a long-standing question. Using an in vitro model of stretch-induced cardiac hypertrophy, we and others have demonstrated that mechanical stretch causes secretion of angiotensin II from cardiac myocytes and this acts as a critical mediator of the stretch-induced hypertrophic response. The results provide direct evidence for an autocrine mechanism in load-induced growth of cardiac muscle cells in vitro. In this brief review, we discuss the role of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system in load-induced cardiac hypertrophy and describe our current hypothesis and unsolved questions on the mechanism of stretch-induced hypertrophy in the neonatal rat cardiac myocyte system.
CORRELATIONS OF PERCEIVED POWER DISCREPANCIES WITH RATINGS OF FACULTY MORALE

Summary.-The present srudy examined the five discrepancies in power-coercive, reward, legitimate, referent, and expert-between faculty and the department head as predictors of faculdes' job satisfaction, involvement, and alienation in department heads' influence system. The differences between subjects' ratings of their perceptions of the department heads' use of power and the ratings assigned to their preference for superiors' use of power constituted the operational definition of discrepancy in power. Analysis indicated that alienation was significantly and positively correlated with discrepancies in coercive, reward, and legitimate power; involvement had significant negative correlations with discrepancies in coercive, referent, and expert power; satisfaction had significant negative correlations with discrepancies in coercive and legitimate power. Discrepancy in rated use of coercive power had the most consistent and significant correlation with all three indexes of faculty morale. One might conclude that the measurement of discrepancies in power might predict morale of faculty. Sheridan and Vredenburgh (1978) indicated that much research on the bases of power stems from the work of French and Raven (1959). Sheridan and ~redenbur~h also reported that the five kinds of power-coercive, reward, legitimate, referent, and expert-have been widely applied in organizational control systems. They also have been commonly observed by members of the organizations. Bachman (1968) used these five categories of bases of power to examine the correlations between the satisfaction of faculty members and the varied influence of academic deans in 25 different colleges. He reported that the deans' effective influence was based upon somewhat high competence and personal attractiveness and somewhat low dependence upon their legitimate power and coercive power. Expertise was considered the most prominent basis of the deans' influence. There also was a positive correlation between satisfaction and the total amount of influence at d hierarchical levels. Bachman concluded that the faculties' satisfaction with the academic deans would be higher when academic deans enjoyed somewhat high influence based upon expertise and personal attractiveness. However, Bachman's study did not clearly show how to deal with the superior-subordinate
Defining American Identity in the Twenty‐First Century: How Much “There” is There?

This study examines whether the increasing ethnic diversity of the United States is changing how the normative content of American identity is defined. It relies on a wide-ranging set of norms to test the claim that an increasingly multicultural America will engender a multicreedal America. In addressing this claim, the study provides an empirical assessment of the “multiple traditions” theory and develops more accurate measures of how Americans view the content of American identity than has typically been included in public opinion research. The results confirm the multiple traditions perspective, showing that a broad range of constitutive norms define being American. A complex and contradictory set of norms exist, and it is difficult to reduce them into a single measure of “Americanism.” The results further show that most Americans, regardless of their ethnic or immigrant background, share this complex view of the norms that constitute American identity, though there are signs of divergence to monitor.
Microstructure and Thermoelectric Properties of p-Type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 and n-Type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 Films Deposited by Pulsed Laser Ablation

Thin films of p-type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3, n-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 and n-type with SbI3 doping were deposited on mica substrates using Nd-YAG pulsed laser ablation at temperatures ranging from 300°C to 500°C. These films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, SEM and TEM. X-ray mapping and EDS were used to determine the composition. The films showed uniform thickness and high crystalline quality with a preferred (00n) alignment with the substrates. The film quality in terms of composition and crystal perfection is studied as a function of growth temperature. It was found that films deposited at 350°C gave improved crystallinity and thermoelectric characteristics. The Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity and Hall mobility were measured as a function of temperature and compared with the measurements on the bulk. Correlation of thermoelectric properties with microstructure is discussed.
Magnetoacoustic Stress Measurements in Steel

Uniaxial stress effects on the low-field magnetoacoustic interaction have been studied using bulk compressional waves and Rayleigh surface waves in numerous steel samples having various impurity concentrations (Namkung et al., 1984). The results invariably showed that the initial slope of acoustic natural velocity variations, with respect to net induced magnetization parallel to the stress axis, is positive under tension and negative under compression. The results of current measurements in railroad rail steel having about 0.68 wt percent carbon content are typical for medium range carbon steels. The low-field natural velocity slope in this particular type of steel, which is almost zero when unstressed, becomes steeper with increased magnitude of stress in both directions. Hence, the nondestructive determination of the sign of residual stress in railroad wheels and rails is possible using this technique. This paper discusses the basic physical mechanism underlying the experimental observations and presents the results obtained in railroad rail steel.