cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple and efficient procedure for saturation mutagenesis using mixed oligodeoxynucleotides

Abstract A method is described for the efficient saturation mutagenesis of a segment of DNA. A pool of mixed oligodeoxynucleotides (oligos) is generated in a single synthesis by deliberately contaminating each nucleotide reservoir with a low concentration of the other three monomers. The concentration at which a particular level of substitution (i.e. single, double, etc.) is favored can be calculated from simple probability. The pool of single-stranded, mixed oligos is then cloned directly into a double-stranded vector. This is achieved by designing the oligo such that it has ends which are complementary to those left by restriction enzymes generating 5' and 3' overhanging ends. The efficiency of the cloning procedure that we describe is greater than 90%. As a result, direct sequence analysis of transformant clones is justified. In the example described, 2 3 of M13 plaques containing an inserted oligo carried one or more mutations. Mutations generated by this method are randomly distributed throughout the inserted DNA and include all types of substitution. The ease and efficiency of the procedure eliminate any requirement for genetic selection of mutants and thus allow phenotypically silent mutations to be obtained.
Forssman antigen exposed on surface membrane after viral transformation.

IN the course of transformation by oncogenic agents, cells not only synthesize new surface membrane components but also their membrane structure is altered. This can lead to the exposure of components already existing in the plasma membrane of the parent cell1. The Forssman antigen, a glycolipid with N-acetylgalactosamine as a terminal determinant2, was not found on the surface of baby hamster kidney cells in tissue culture (BHK). Cells transformed by oncogenic viruses such as polyoma virus (Py-BHK) or Rous sarcoma virus displayed Forssman activity on their surfaces3,4.
Role of cardioselectivity and intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in beta-blocking drugs in chronic coronary artery disease

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents with various ancillary properties have been found valuable in the management of patients with hypertension, angina pectoris and atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. They are also used to reduce the risk of a subsequent coronary event after a myocardial infarction. In approximately 2 decades, the role of these agents in the patient with angina pectoris has expanded from one primarily involving the adjunctive treatment of the patient refractory to other drugs, to the present, in which beta-adrenergic blockers are the most common prophylactic agent prescribed for this indication.
Drug offers as a context for violence perpetration and victimization

Drug use has been linked empirically with and aggression and violence among youth in national and State of Hawai'i samples. However, the nature of this link and its implications for prevention are unclear. Therefore, this article explores the intersection of drugs with aggression and violence by using the drug offer context as the unit of analysis. Native Hawaiian youth are sampled because substance use rates tend to be higher and onset tends to be earlier for them than for their non-Hawaiian peers. Fourteen sex-specific focus group discussions were held with rural Native Hawaiian middle school students (N = 64). Students discussed what they think they would do in terms of drug refusal strategies in a variety of drug offer contexts. Although aggression and violence were perceived to be socially inappropriate, students nonetheless felt drug use would be less socially competent. Narrative analyses indicated that aggression and violence were thought to function as potential drug refusal strategies. As proximal drug resistance, aggression and violence perpetration served as an immediate deterrent to the drug offerer and thus drug use. As distal drug resistance, victimization served as a rationale for avoiding drug using contexts. Implications are discussed in terms of prevention policy and practice, specifically in terms of a school-based prevention curriculum. Future research in Hawaiian epistemology and gendered approaches are warranted.
Synthesis and characterization of polydimethylsiloxane-cured organically modified silicate hybrid coatings

Hybrid coatings based on polydimethylsiloxane-cured organically modified silicate were synthesized through a sol–gel technique. Amino-terminated siloxane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane were used as precursors for the hybrid coatings. These hybrid films were deposited via spin coating onto an aluminum alloy to improve the corrosion protection. The effects induced by the different chain lengths of siloxane on the chain dynamics, thermal stability and corrosion performance of the coated samples were investigated. The rotating-frame spin–lattice relaxation times and scale of the spin-diffusion path length indicated that the configuration of the hybrid films was highly crosslinked, dense and adhered to the aluminum alloy substrates. The thermal stability and the apparent activation energy, evaluated by van Krevelen's method, of the hybrid coatings depended on the siloxane chain length. Potentiodynamic analysis revealed that the hybrid films provided exceptional barrier and corrosion protection in comparison with untreated aluminum alloy substrates.
Bernoullicity of solenoidal automorphisms and global fields

We show that ergodic automorphisms of solenoids are isomorphic to Bernoulli shifts by using the product formula for global fields.
NMR characterization of the interaction of the Salmonella type III secretion system protein SipD and bile salts

Salmonella and Shigella bacteria require the type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject virulence proteins into their hosts and initiate infections. The tip proteins SipD and IpaD are critical components of the Salmonella and Shigella T3SS, respectively. Recently, SipD and IpaD have been shown to interact with bile salts, which are enriched in the intestines, and are hypothesized to act as environmental sensors for these enteric pathogens. Bile salts activate the Shigella T3SS but repress the Salmonella T3SS, and the mechanism of this differing response to bile salts is poorly understood. Further, how SipD binds to bile salts is currently unknown. Computer modeling predicted that IpaD binds the bile salt deoxycholate in a cleft formed by the N-terminal domain and the long central coiled coil of IpaD. Here, we used NMR methods to determine which SipD residues are affected by the interaction with the bile salts deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, and taurodeoxcholate. The bile salts perturbed nearly the same set of SipD residues; however, the largest chemical shift perturbations occurred away from what was predicted for the bile salt binding site in IpaD. Our NMR results indicate that that bile salt interaction of SipD will be different from what was predicted for IpaD, suggesting a possible mechanism for the differing response of Salmonella and Shigella to bile salts.
Thermal Effects in High Repetition Rate, High Average Power Chirped Pulse Amplifiers

We have developed a single stage, 5W high repetition rate femtosecond regenerative amplifier system pumped. We investigate thermal effects (lensing and birefringence) in our amplifier.
Cancer registries: a novel alternative to long-term clinical trial follow-up based on results of a comparative study:

Background Data collection and review were identified as major contributors to the cost of randomized clinical trials (RCTs).Purpose We proposed and assessed a novel alternative for long-term clini...
Dislocation Dynamics Simulations of Plasticity in Polycrystalline Thin Films

Abstract 3-D discrete dislocation dynamics simulations were used to investigate the size-dependent plasticity in polycrystalline, free-standing, thin films. A simple line-tension model was used to model the dislocation transmission cross grain boundaries. At a constant film thickness, the total dislocation density and the strength increase as grain size decreases. The yield stress scales with grain diameter with a power law, with an exponent that varies with both film thickness and grain size for thicker films. In addition, the yield strength of films scales proportionally to the reciprocal of thickness and matches experiment results well. A spiral source model was developed that relates the strength of films to the statistical variation of the spiral source length, and accurately predicts the size-dependent strength in polycrystalline thin films.
Optimized Guided Wave Excitations for Health Monitoring of a Bolted Joint

Recent research has shown that chaotic structural excitation and state space reconstruction may be used beneficially in structural health monitoring (SHM) processes. This relationship has been exploited for use in detection of bolt preload reduction by using a chaotic waveform with ultrasonic frequency content with a damage detection algorithm based on auto-regressive (AR) modeling. The signal is actively applied to a structure using a bonded macro fiber composite (MFC) patch. The response generated by the mechanical interaction of the MFC patch with the structure is then measured by other affixed MFC patches. In this study the suitability of particular chaotic waveforms will be investigated through the use of evolutionary algorithms. These algorithms are able to find an optimum excitation for maximum damage state discernability whose fitness is two orders of magnitude greater than choosing random parameters for signal creation.
Simulation of Pulsatile Blood Flow Through a Flexible Cannula

Implantable devices in direct contact with flowing blood are currently being used to treat many medical conditions; however, thromboembolism, blood damage and the attendant risk for ischemic stroke remains a major impediment. Specifically, vascular access methods, performed by the insertion of cannulae into vessels, may give rise to non-physiological pressure variations and shear stresses. To date, the hydrodynamic behavior of cannulae has been evaluated by comparing their pressure loss-flow rate relationships, as obtained from in vitro experiments. Numerical studies have evaluated cannulae as rigid wall vessels with steady flow conditions [1]. Various catheter tip styles have been compared [2], and the fluid dynamics of arterial cannulae inserted in the aortic arch have been investigated [3]. Evaluation of shear stresses within a flexible wall cannula under pulsatile blood flow conditions is discussed herein. We anticipate that considerations for pulsating blood flow and flexible device walls will indicate that anticoagulation requirements can be minimized and device related complications can be decreased, thus increasing patient survival rates.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A micromethod for the estimation of oligosaccharides containing glycosidically linked sialic acid or hexoses, or both, in glycoproteins

Abstract The peeling reaction, the process by which oligosaccharides are degraded in alkali, was used as the basis for an assay to provide structural information about glycosidically linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins. Glycoproteins were treated with 0.05 m NaOH at 50° to induce release, and subsequent degradation (“peeling”), of glycosidically linked, but not of N -glycosydically linked, oligosaccharides. Among the degradation products generated from O -linked chains were three 3-deoxy sugar acids whose formation was correlated with certain structural features of the oligosaccharides. N -Acetylneuraminic acid was released from terminal positions in the oligosaccharides, and iso- and meta-saccharinic acids were derived from the degradation of 4- O - and 3- O -substituted hexoses, respectively. All of these sugar acids were detected colorimetrically by periodate oxidation and reaction of the product with 2-thiobarbituric acid. The ability of the method to generate 3-deoxy sugar acids was tested in 8 alkali-treated glycoproteins. 3-Deoxy sugar acids were detected only in those glycoproteins whose glycosidically linked carbohydrates contained N -acetylneuraminic acid, or 3- O - or 4- O -substituted hexoses, or both. As little as 0.12 μg of 3-deoxy sugar acid produced from 5 μg of human chorionic gonadotropin was sufficient for detection. This method is novel in its ability to distinguish sialylation of glycosidically linked carbohydrates. Furthermore, it combines the specificity of β-elimination with the sensitivity of the 2-thiobarbituric acid assay in targeting degradation products of the peeling reaction as candidates for an assay method.
Directional energy migration in an oriented nanometer-scale host/guest composite: semiconducting polymers threaded into mesoporous silica

Abstract In this paper, we show that the semiconducting polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2 ′ -ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) can be incorporated into the channels of an aligned mesoporous silica host. Polarized fluorescence spectroscopy is used to show that more than 80% of the polymer in the composite is aligned by incorporation into the host. Time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy further indicates that the incorporated chains are isolated from each other, while the unincorporated polymer is aggregated, probably at grain boundaries or surfaces. Control of the fraction of polymer inside versus outside the pores can be achieved by selective oxidation of the unincorporated polymer. Because of the unique nanoscale geometry of this material and the existence of multiple environments, excitations in this composite are funneled from outside the pores down into the aligned, isolated polymer chains inside the pores. Time-resolved stimulated emission spectroscopy is used to follow this process by monitoring the increase in luminesce polarization with time. The results show that control of polymer morphology through host/guest chemistry can be used to direct the motion of excitations and thus to deliver energy to specific regions of a material.
Functional and biochemical evidence for altered serotonergic function in the fawn-hooded rat strain.

Administration of various doses of DOI (a 5-HT2A/5-HT2C agonist) produced hyperthermia that was significantly less in the FH rat strain relative to the Wiatar rat strain. Similarly, administration of various doses of ipsapirone (a 5-HT1A agonist) produced hypothermia that was significantly less in the FH rat strain relative to the Wistar rat strain. Furthermore, m-CPP (a 5-HT agonist)-induced increases in growth hormone levels were also significantly less in the FH rat strain relative to the Wistar rat strain. There was no significant difference in the levels of either 5-HT or 5-HIAA between the two rat strains in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and striatum. In the brain stem, however, both 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were significantly lower in the FH rat strain relative to the Wistar rat strain. On the other hand, 5-HT turnover rate was significantly higher in the hypothalamus and striatum and significantly lower in the hippocampus in the FH rat strain relative to the Wistar rat strain. These findings provide further evidence for altered serotonergic function in the FH rat strain and, in addition, suggest that the FH rat strain may prove to be a useful genetic model for some neuropsychiatric disorders with possible abnormalities in serotonergic function such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and the eating disorders.
The Kansas City Severe Weather Event of 4 June 1979

Abstract The severe weather and localized flooding which hit Kansas City on the afternoon of 4 June 1979 are investigated through a detailed synoptic scale and mesoscale analysis of the events leading up to the formation of the storms. The results indicate that despite a middle and upper troposphere characterized by weak synoptic scale forcing and an absence of many of the “classic” severe weather parameters, a line of deep convection developed from north central Kansas through northwest Missouri and into southern lowa. The key feature was to be found in the lower troposphere in the form of a trough line which had formed along the lee side of the Rocky Mountains and moved eastward into the Great Plains area with the approach of an upper level shortwave from the northwest. Convergence and southwesterly flow ahead of the low-level trough helped create a thermodynamically favorable environment, while the associated ascent provided the necessary lift to ignite the convection. The most intense cells were confi...
Association of Volume of Patient Encounters with Residents’ In-Training Examination Performance

BACKGROUND Patient care and medical knowledge are Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) core competencies. The correlation between amount of patient contact and knowledge acquisition is not known.
Historical oyster reef connections to Chesapeake Bay - a framework for consideration

Abstract Lieutenant Francis Winslow's 1878 oyster survey data of the lower Chesapeake Bay provided the spatial context for considering connectivities of Crassostrea virginica to estuarine function and food web dynamics. Winslow measured the area, water depths, and in some cases bed thickness for 70 distinct oyster beds in the 368 km2 Tangier-Pocomoke complex, and 12 beds in 35 km2 of the James River oyster reef habitat. Individual beds showed great size variations, yet most were
What Is Happening at Spectral Type F5 in Hyades F Stars

Aiming at a better understanding of the mechanisms heating the chromospheres, transition regions, and coronae of cool stars, we study ultraviolet, low-resolution Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph spectra of Hyades main-sequence F stars. We study the B-V dependence(s) of the chromospheric and transition layer emission line fluxes and their dependences on rotational velocities. We find that the transition layer emission line fluxes and also those of strong chromospheric lines decrease steeply between B-V = 0.42 and 0.45, i.e., at spectral type F5, for which the rotational velocities also decrease steeply. The magnitude of the line-flux decrease increases for lines of ions with increasing degree of ionization. This shows that the line-flux decrease is not due to a change in the surface filling factor but rather due to a change of the relative importance of different heating mechanisms. For early F stars with B-V < 0.42 we find for the transition layer emission lines increasing fluxes for increasing v sin i, indicating magnetohydrodynamic heating. The v sin i dependence is strongest for the high-ionization lines. On the other hand, the low chromospheric lines show no dependence on v sin i, indicating acoustic shock heating for these layers. This also contributes to the heating of the transition layers. The Mg II and Ca II lines show decreasing fluxes for increasing v sin i, as long as v sin i is less than approx. 40 km/s. The coronal X-ray emission also decreases for increasing v sin i, except for v sin i larger than approx. 100 km/s. We have at present no explanation for this behavior. For late F stars the chromospheric lines show v sin i dependences similar to those observed for early F stars, again indicating acoustic heating for these layers. We were unable to determine the v sin i dependence of the transition layer lines because of too few single star targets. The decrease of emission line fluxes at the spectral type F5, with steeply decreasing v sin i, indicates, however, a decreasing contribution of magnetohydrodynamic heating for the late F stars. The X-ray emission for the late F stars increases for increasing v sin i, indicating magnetohydrodynamic heating for the coronae of the late F stars, different from the early F stars.
Database design technique

The usefullness of database management techniques is directly related to the manner in which the database itself is designed. Numerous attempts have been made to bring structure to the design process. The paper proposes a coherent integrated approach to database design and describes an extensive example of its use. Procedures to obtain functional dependencies are defined and shown to be effective. Tools to assist in the logical design of databases are described and their use illustrated.
Acceptability of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine for Males: A Review of the Literature

The quadrivalent human papillomavirus virus vaccine was recently licensed for use in males in the United States. This study reviews available published literature on acceptability among parents, health care providers, and young males. Among 23 published articles, half were conducted in the United States. The majority (87%) used quantitative survey methodology, and 13% used more explorative qualitative techniques. Convenience samples were used in most cases (74%) and 26% relied on nationally representative samples. Acceptability of a human papillomavirus virus (HPV) vaccine that protects against cervical cancer and genital warts was high in studies conducted among male college students (74%-78%) but lower in a community sample of males (33%). Among mothers of sons, support of HPV vaccination varied widely from 12% to 100%, depending on the mother's ethnicity and type of vaccine, but was generally high for a vaccine that would protect against both genital warts and cervical cancer. Health providers' intention to recommend HPV vaccine to male patients varied by patient age but was high (82%-92%) for older adolescent patients. A preference to vaccinate females over males was reported in a majority of studies among parents and health care providers. Messages about cervical cancer prevention for female partners did not resonate among adult males or parents. Future acceptability studies might incorporate more recent data on HPV-related disease, HPV vaccines, and cost-effectiveness data to provide more current information on vaccine acceptability.
Influence of Diastereomeric Ratios of Deoxyribonucleoside Phosphoramidites on the Synthesis of Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

Extensive investigations on the influence of diastereomeric ratios of deoxyribonucleoside phosphoramidites on stereo-reproducibility of solid phase synthesis of phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotides via the phosphoramidite approach indicate that the process is stereoreproducible and under inherent process control.
Integrated fiber optic incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy detector for near-IR absorption measurements of nanoliter samples

An integrated fiber-optic sensor is described that uses incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy for sensitive detection of aqueous samples in nanoliter volumes. Absorption was measured in a 100 µm gap between the ends of two short segments of multimode graded-index fiber that were integrated into a capillary using a precision machined V-grooved fixture that allowed for passive fiber alignment. The other ends of the fibers were coated with dielectric mirrors to form a 9.5 cm optical resonator. Light from a fiber-coupled superluminescent diode was directly coupled into one end of the cavity, and transmission was measured using a fiber-coupled silicon photodiode. Dilute aqueous solutions of near infrared dye were used to determine the minimum detectable absorption change of 2.4×10(-4) under experimental conditions in which pressure fluctuations limited performance. We also determined that the absolute minimum detectable absorption change would be 1.6×10(-5) for conditions of constant pressure in which absorption measurement is limited by electronic and optical noise. Tolerance requirements for alignment are also presented.
The use of monoclonal antibodies to detect beet mild yellowing virus and beet western yellows virus in aphids

Summary Information on infectivity of the aphids which invade sugar beet root crops each Spring is required for forecasting incidence and providing advice on control of virus yellows. Monoclonal antibodies, produced in the USA to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and in Canada to beet western yellows virus (BWYV), were used to distinguish between sugar-beet-infecting strains of the luteovirus beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), and the non-beet-infecting strains of the closely-related BWYV in plant and aphid tissue. Totals of 773 immigrant winged Myzuspersicae and 124 Macrosiphum euphorbiae were caught in water traps in a crop of sugar beet between 25 April and 5 August 1990. Using the monoclonal antibodies and an amplified ELISA, 67%M. persicae and 19%M. euphorbiae were shown to contain BWYV; 8%M. persicae and 7%M. euphorbiae contained BMYV. In studies with live winged aphids collected from the same sugar beet field during May, 25 of 60 M. persicae and two of 13 M. euphorbiae transmitted BWYV to the indicator host plant Montia perfoliata; two M. persicae and two M. euphorbiae transmitted BMYV. In another study three of 65 M. persicae and one of three M. euphorbiae in which only BWYV was detected, transmitted this virus to sugar beet.
Synchronization in actor systems

This paper presents a mechanism for the arbitration of parallel requests to shared resources. This mechanism is the serialize, which may be described as a kind of protection mechanism, in that it prevents improper orders of access to a protected resource. The mechanism is a generalization and improvement of the monitor mechanism of Brinch-Hansen and Hoare.Serializers attempt to systematize and abstract desirable structural features of synchronization control structure into a coherent language construct. They represent an improvement in the modularity of synchronization over monitors in several respects. Monitors synchronize requests by providing a pair of operations for each request type [examples are STARTREAD/ENDREAD and STARTWRITE/ENDWRITE for the readers-writers problems]. Such a pair of operations must be used in a certain order for the synchronization to work properly, yet nothing in the monitors construct enforces this use. Serializers incorporate this structural aspect of synchronization in a unified mechanism to guarantee proper check-in and check-out. In scheduling access to a protected resource, it is often desired to wait in a queue for a certain condition before it continues execution. Monitors require that a process waiting in a queue will remain dormant forever, unless another process explicitly signals to the dormant process that it should continue. Serializers improve the modularity of synchronization by providing that the condition for resuming execution must be explicitly stated when a process enters a queue making it it unnecessary for processes to signal other processes. Each process determines for itself the conditions required for its further execution.The behavior of a serializer is defined using the actor message-passing model of computation. Different versions of the "readers-writers" problems are used to illustrate how the structure of a serializer corresponds in a natural way to the structure of the arbitration problem to be solved. The correspondence makes it easier to synthesize a scheduler from behavioral specifications and to verify that an implementation satisfies its specifications.No claim is made for the "completeness" of the serializer mechanism, beyond showing that semaphores can be implemented using serializers. Further, no "complete" solution is proposed to the "no-starvation" specification which requires that a resource reply to each request which it receives. Rather, it is shown for some simple examples that serializers represent a step toward better structuring of parallel access to shared resources, and that proofs that starvation is impossible for these examples are easier with serializers than with some of the currently existing mechanisms for controlling parallel access to resources.
Cationic porphyrin derivatives as inhibitors of polyamine catabolism

Abstract The effects of six cationic porphyrins on several enzymes involved in polyamine biosynthesis and catabolism have been examined. Both spermidine and spermine synthase were unaffected by the porphyrins at up to 2 mM. By contrast, omithine and S -adenosylmethionine decarboxylase were inhibited by the nickel and cobalt derivatives of meso -tetrakis( N -methyl-4-pyridiniumyl)porphyrin (T4MPyP) with ic 50 values in the 10–100 μM region. Spermidine/spermine N ′-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and polyamine oxidase (PAO) were highly sensitive to the six meso -substituted cationic porphyrins tested, with K i values as low as 6 nM for SSAT and 85 nM for PAO. These inhibitors may prove useful in defining the structural features of the active site of these enzymes.
Control of thermoregulatory behavior by brief displacements of hypothalamic temperature

When local hypothalamic temperature is changed, squirrel monkeys behaviorally change their environmental temperature in the opposite direction by a proportional amount. Skin and deep body temperatures shift in the same direction the environment does. Several pairs of offered air temperatures, which the monkeys must alternate to select their environment, yield similar functional relations between the behavioral response and hypothalamic temperature.
Cost-effectiveness of population-based BRCA1/2 testing and ovarian cancer prevention for Ashkenazi Jews: a call for dialogue.

Purpose: About half of unaffected BRCA1/2 carriers have a negative family history, confounding efforts toward presymptomatic carrier identification. Ovarian cancer is preventable for known carriers but is otherwise highly lethal. Cost-effectiveness and gains in life expectancy are important factors in evaluating the desirability of population-based genetic screening, currently the only viable strategy to identify carriers with unrevealing family histories. Methods: Cost-utility analysis for a population-based genetic screening program offered to American Ashkenazi Jewish women aged 35–55 years measuring cancer incidence, life expectancy, and cost. Results: Our model predicts that a genetic screening program would result in 2811 fewer cases of ovarian cancer, with a life expectancy gain of 1.83 quality-adjusted life years among carriers. At a cost of $460 for founder mutation testing, the cost of the program is $8300 (discounted) per year of quality-adjusted life gained. Conclusion: In populations with a high prevalence of BRCA1/2 founder mutations, genetic screening may be cost-effective when compared with recommended public health interventions such as mammographic screening. We advocate the initiation of a dialogue among Jewish stakeholders, genetics professionals, and public health leaders to determine whether a population-based BRCA1/2 genetic screening program should be pursued.
Volatile visual representations: failing to detect changes in recently processed information.

Research documenting people’s inability to detect large changes in visual scenes suggests that visual representations may be sparse and volatile, providing no cumulative record of the attended items in a scene. However, these studies have failed to control for attention. Thus, the visual system may construct a cumulative record of all attended stimuli and still miss such changes, because they involve items that were never attended to. In two experiments, subjects saw 12-digit arrays and identified either the highest digit in the array (Experiment 1) or the lowest digit not in the array (Experiment 2). Subsequent change-detection tasks revealed that subjects often failed to detect changes that involved the same digits they had previously identified to perform the digit tasks successfully. This provides additional evidence that our usable visual representations are relatively impoverished and volatile.
Lectin-mediated agglutination of erythrocyte ghost membranes following depletion of membrane protein and intramembrane particles.

Abstract Profound digestion of unsealed human erythrocyte ghosts with high concentrations of Pronase results in a near complete loss of intramembrane particles while trypsin digestion is less effective. The small vesicles formed by proteolysis are agglutinable by soybean agglutinin (SBA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and phytohemagglutinin (PHA), but not concanavalin A (ConA). Densitometer tracings of Pronase-treated vesicles analyzed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels demonstrated no detectable protein or glycoprotein migrating slower than the marking dye. The vesicles showed a loss of 90% Lowry positive material (the remainder may be non-protein chromogens), near depletion of sialyl residues, no significant change in lipid composition, and equal amounts of phospholipid phosphorus compared to an equal volume of ghosts. The lipid material extracted from Pronase-derived vesicles or intact ghosts inhibited hemagglutination with SBA and WGA but not ConA. SBA but not ConA was found to specifically bind to Pronase-derived vesicles while both lectins bound to native ghosts. These observations suggest that neither the integrity of the intramembrane particles nor the presence of membrane glycoprotein appears essential for SBA-, WGA-, and PHA-mediated agglutination. Furthermore, it appears that native membrane glycolipids (and perhaps glycopeptides) can bind SBA, WGA and PHA. The membrane glycolipids may play a larger role than heretofore realized in lectin-mediated agglutination of cells.
Initial synthesis of oligomeric uranyl polyesters

The initial synthesis of uranyl polyesters from the reaction of UO$sub 2$$sup 2+$-containing moieties with acid salts is reported. (LK)
CSense: a stream-processing toolkit for robust and high-rate mobile sensing applications

This paper presents CSense - a stream-processing toolkit for developing robust and high-rate mobile sensing application in Java. CSense addresses the needs of these systems by providing a new programming model that supports flexible application configuration, a high-level concurrency model, memory management, and compiler analyses and optimizations. Our compiler includes a novel flow analysis that optimizes the exchange of data across components from an application-wide perspective. A mobile sensing application benchmark indicates that flow analysis may reduce CPU utilization by as much as 45%. Static analysis is used to detect a range of programming errors including application composition errors, improper use of memory management, and data races. We identify that memory management and concurrency limit the scalability of stream processing systems. We incorporate memory pools, frame conversion optimizations, and custom synchronization primitives to develop a scalable run-time. CSense is evaluated on Galaxy Nexus phones running Android. Empirical results indicate that our run-time achieves 19 times higher steam processing rate compared to a realistic baseline implementation. We demonstrate the versatility of CSense by developing three mobile sensing applications.
Bio-inspired hybrid control of pulse-coupled oscillators and application to synchronization of a wireless network

Pulse-coupled oscillators (PCOs) are limit cycle oscillators coupled in an impulsive rather than smooth manner. Its importance in biology and engineering has motivated the community to understand basic properties and design principles of PCO networks. In this work we address synchronization of PCO networks subject to both a global cue and local interactions using a hybrid systems approach. We characterize solutions and give synchronization conditions using phase response curves as design element. To illustrate the results, we provide an evaluation in QualNet™, a widely used commercial network simulator.
Observation of the temperature structure function parameter, C T 2, over the ocean

Shipboard measurements of temperature fluctuations, mean wind, temperature, and humidity permit comparisons to be made of experimental and empirical estimates of ct2, the temperature structure function parameter. Surface flux estimates are obtained from bulk aerodynamic formulae. Temperature fluctuation data are selected to minimize a salt-contamination effect which causes increases in temperature variance. Predictions for CT2 based on surface flux scaling agree within 20%, except for near neutral and large unstable conditions where disagreement can be attributed to measurement problems.
When is a River not a River? Reclaiming Nature's Disorder in Lux v. Haggin

Few legal cases in nineteenth-century California sparked such bitter controversy as the preeminent water rights ruling, Lux v. Haggin. From the time litigation began in 1879, Lux v. Haggin served as a public forum for a wide range of ongoing conflicts in California's arid San Joaquin Valley: San Francisco's control of hinterland resources, the struggle between "land monopolists" and "small farmers," and, perhaps most notably, "riparian" landowners versus water "appropriators.", While these highly politicized issues made Lux v. Haggin a case with different meanings for different audiences, the court had a basic question to decide: What is a watercourse? For Charles Lux and his fellow plaintiffs legally to establish their water rights as riparian landowners, they had to prove that the Buena Vista Slough that crossed their Kern County swampland was a watercourse. If it was a watercourse, then they were riparian landowners; but if Buena Vista Slough was indistinguishable from Buena Vista swamplands -that is, if no watercourse existed, as Haggin and the other defendants contended-then the plaintiffs had no riparian rights. Defining what constituted a river therefore stood at the center of Lux v. Haggin. Over the course of the lengthy trial, however, this attempt to codify a river's existence developed into a broader discussion about the character of nature in California. The text of Lux v. Haggin provides a unique view of Californians' representations of nature and how these representations functioned within the discourse of nineteenth-century law. These representations largely portrayed nature as orderly, consistent, and definable -a socially constructed nature both adaptable to the permanency of human law and amenable to the preservation of private property rights. In this way, Lux v. Haggin presents a compelling example of how law transforms nature into prop-
Impact of Injections During Diagnostic Coronary Arteriography on Coronary Patency in the Setting of Acute Myocardial Infarction from the TIMI Trials

Although the primary end point of many angiographic thrombolytic patency trials is assessed at 90 minutes, injections are often performed before this standard time point. The Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Angiographic Core Laboratory uses the first injection at each time point (60, 75, and 90 minutes) after thrombolytic administration to assess the TIMI flow grade and the corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC). Whereas the coronary arteriogram is conventionally viewed as “diagnostic,” the frequency with which this first injection might be “therapeutic” and contribute to the mechanical opening of occluded coronary arteries is not well defined. We hypothesized that mechanical opening is infrequent, and we studied 4,021 consecutive first injections (815 that were occluded) in the TIMI 10B and 14 trials to define its frequency and to determine the potential impact that injections have on patency rates in thrombolytic trials.
Ejection chains, reference structures and alternating path methods for traveling salesman problems

Abstract Ejection chain procedures are based on the notion of generating compound sequences of moves, leading from one solution to another, by linked steps in which changes in selected elements cause other elements to be “ejected from” their current state, position or value assignment. This paper introduces new ejection chain strategies designed to generate neighborhoods of compound moves with attractive properties for traveling salesman problems. These procedures derive from the principle of creating a reference structure that coordinates the options for the moves generated. We focus on ejection chain processes related to alternating paths, and introduce three reference structures, of progressively greater scope, that produce both classical and non-standard alternating path trajectories. Theorems and examples show that various rules for exploiting these structures can generate moves not available to customary neighborhood search approaches. We also provide a reference structure that makes it possible to generate a collection of alternating paths that precisely expresses the symmetric difference between two tours. In addition to providing new results related to generalized alternating paths, in directed and undirected graphs, we lay a foundation for achieving a combinatorial leverage effect, where an investment of polynomial effort yields solutions dominating exponential numbers of alternatives. These consequences are explored in a sequel.
Equivalent outcome of patients with clinical Stage IIIA non–small-cell lung cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiation compared with induction chemotherapy followed by surgical resection

Abstract Purpose To compare the outcome of induction chemotherapy followed by surgery (C/S) and concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for clinical Stage IIIA non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods and materials Between 1990 and 2000, 107 patients underwent either induction C/S ( n = 55) or concurrent CRT ( n = 52) for clinical Stage IIIA NSCLC at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Patient and tumor characteristics were balanced in the two treatment groups with respect to T and N stage, race, median age, performance status, weight loss, and histologic findings. In the C/S group, induction chemotherapy included two to four cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection. Postoperative RT was delivered in 35 patients, with referral for RT made at the discretion of the treating physician. CRT consisted of three cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy given every 3 weeks concurrent with RT to 60–63 Gy in 30–35 fractions in 27 patients and 69.6 Gy in 58 fractions (b.i.d.) in 25 patients. Local control, overall disease-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The median follow-up duration was 20 months in all patients and 32 months in surviving patients. Results No statistically significant differences were found in the end points measured in the two treatment groups. Specifically, the median survival time was 31 and 27 months and the 5-year overall survival rate was 33% and 30% in the C/S and CRT groups, respectively. Likewise, the 5-year local control (58% vs. 61%), disease-free (24% vs. 23%), and distant metastasis-free (44% vs. 36%) survival rates in the two groups were not significantly different. In the C/S group, postoperative RT significantly improved the 5-year local control rate from 33.8% to 81.5% ( p = 0.007) but did not significantly improve overall survival. Additionally, patients in the C/S group whose disease responded to induction chemotherapy had a significantly improved 5-year overall survival rate (50%) compared with those who had stable or progressive disease (16%, p = 0001). Conclusion Treatment of Stage IIIA NSCLC using either induction C/S or CRT resulted in similar outcomes in terms of local control and median overall, 5-year overall, distant metastasis-free, and disease-free survival. However, patients undergoing induction C/S often needed postoperative RT to achieve local control equivalent to that achieved with concurrent CRT. Advances in radiation-based treatment as reflected in this study have resulted in similar outcomes compared with modern induction C/S. To improve survival, however, newer systemic agents that reduce and control distant metastasis are required.
Molybdenum: band structure, Fermi surface, and spin-orbit interaction

The nonrelativistic energy bands of bcc Mo are calculated by the renormalized-atom method and the Fermi surface is obtained using an interpolated band structure. The de Haas-van Alphen data for the neck orbit of the electron jack and the electron lens are used to derive, for the crystal, a spin-orbit parameter of 0.0075 Ry, approximately equal to the atomic spin-orbit parameter.
A novel multimeric form of FasL modulates the ability of diabetogenic T cells to mediate type 1 diabetes in an adoptive transfer model

Abstract Activation induced cell death (AICD) via Fas/FasL is the primary homeostatic molecular mechanism employed by the immune system to control activated T-cell responses and promote tolerance to self-antigens. We herein investigated the ability of a novel multimeric form of FasL chimeric with streptavidin (SA-FasL) having potent apoptotic activity to induce apoptosis in diabetogenic T cells and modulate insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes (IDDM) in an adoptive transfer model. Diabetogenic splenocytes from NOD/Lt females were co-cultured in vitro with SA-FasL, SA control protein, or alone without protein, and adoptively transferred into NOD/Lt-Rag1null recipients for diabetes development. All animals receiving control (Alone: n = 16 or SA: n = 17) cells developed diabetes on average by 6 weeks, whereas animals receiving SA-FasL-treated (n = 25) cells exhibited significantly delayed progression (p
NO Interacts with the Tyrosine Radical YD• of Photosystem II To Form an Iminoxyl Radical†

Incubation of photosystem II, PSII, membranes with NO for a few minutes results in the reversible elimination of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal II from the oxidized Tyr Y(D)., presumably due to the formation of a weak Tyr Y(D).-NO complex [Petrouleas, V., & Diner, B. A. (1990) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1015, 131-140]. Illumination of such a sample at ambient or cryogenic temperatures produces no new EPR signals. If, however, the incubation with NO is extended to the hours time range, illumination induces an EPR signal with resolved hyperfine structure in the g = 2 region. The signal shows the typical features of an immobilized iminoxyl radical (> C=NO.) with hyperfine values A(parallel) = 44 G, A(perpendicular) = 22 G, and A(iso) = 29.3 G. The following observations suggest that the iminoxyl signal is associated with PSII: (a) the signal results from an immobilized species at room temperature probably associated with a membrane-bound component, (b) the abundance of the signal is (sub)stoichiometric to PSII, (c) the signal is light-induced, (d) some of the treatments that affect PSII (Tris, Ca2+ depletion, high-salt wash) severely diminish the size of the signal, and (e) the development of the signal correlates with the release of Mn. In addition, the following observations suggest that the iminoxyl signal results from an interaction of Y(D). with NO: (a) the evolution of the signal correlates with the loss in reversibility of the Tyr Y(D).-NO interaction and (b) the size of the signal correlates with the initial amount of oxidized Tyr Y(D). It is accordingly proposed that during the incubation with NO, a weak Tyr Y(D).-NO complex is rapidly formed and is then slowly converted to a tyrosine-nitroso adduct. Light-induced oxidation of the latter produces the iminoxyl radical. The nitrosotyrosine is expected to have an oxidation potential significantly lower than the parent tyrosine and can act as an efficient electron donor in PSII even at cryogenic temperatures. It is probably this lowered redox potential of the tyrosine Y(D) that explains the release of Mn concomitant with the formation of the nitroso species.