cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromosome damage in early embryo and endosperm development in crosses involving the preferentially transmitted 4S1 chromosome of Aegilops sharonensis

Chromosome damage in early embryo and endosperm development in crosses involving the preferentially transmitted 4S 1 chromosome of Aegilops sharonensis
Some problems in digital heat-flow measurement

The most accurate method of digitizing a resistance requires that a bridge be brought to null balance by means of digital steps. Satisfactory circuits of reasonable complexity require irregular electrical dissipation in the sensors, and a relatively wide frequency bandwidth in the detector. This combination places considerably greater demands on sensor quality than do conventional electromechanical recorders, and this has been strikingly confirmed during the initial use at sea of a newly developed digital resistance recorder with a sensitivity of 10−5. Mounted on a coring tool, with miniature outrigger sensors to measure geothermal gradients in the pelagic sediment, the recorder produces sensor readings with considerable scatter even when the sensor probes are buried in sediment. These contrast sharply to the steady reading of the calibration arm. An additional symptom with some sensors is the shunning of certain numbers in the low decades of the digital readings.
When drugs and surgery don't work.

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder characterized byrecurrent and unprovoked seizures (Dreifuss,1987; Hauser & Hesdorffer, 1990). It is one of themost common neurologic disorders in the adult.The lifetime risk of developing epilepsy is 3.2%(Mattson, 1992). Approximately 90% of the inci-dent cases in adults have symptomatic partialor localization-related epilepsy (Camﬁeld C Hauser & Hesdorffer, 1990;Hauser, 1992). The medial temporal lobe is themost epileptogenicregion of the brain (Luby et al.,1995; Jeong et al., 1999; Wiebe et al., 2001). Patho-logic lesions underlying the epileptogenic zoneinclude mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), tumor,vascularanomaly,malformations ofcorticaldevel-opment (MCDs), and head trauma (Cascino et al.,1993; Radhakrishnan et al., 1998). The initialresponse to medication is of prognostic impor-tance (Hauser, 1992). Patients with a remotesymptomatic neurologic disease, foreign-tissuelesion, developmental delay, or abnormal neuro-logic examination are less likely to be renderedseizure-free. The goals of treatment are to renderthe individual seizure-free without producingantiepileptic drug (AED) toxicity, allowing theindividual to become a participating and produc-tive member of society (Engel & Ojemann, 1993).Despite the introduction of ‘‘newer’’ AEDs, nearlyone-half of patients with partial epilepsy will notattain a seizure remission with pharmacotherapy(Kwan & Brodie, 2003). This discussion focuses onmanagement of the adult patient with intractablepartial seizure disorders that are medically refrac-tory and may not be surgically remediable. It isestimated that 400,000 of the 2 million individualswith partial epilepsy in the United States have amedically refractory partial seizure disorder(Hauser & Hesdorffer, 1990; Hauser, 1992). Anestimated 1,500 patients in the United Statesundergo epilepsy surgery each year. A UK studyindicated that 30,000 patients develop epilepsyeach year and approximately 6,000 have medicallyrefractoryseizures(Lhatooetal.,2003).However,there are only about 400 epilepsy surgeries per-formedannuallyintheUK.Therefore,thenumberof patients with intractable partial epilepsy that isboth medically refractory and possibly not a surgi-callyremediableepilepticsyndromeissigniﬁcant.KEY WORDS: Medically refractory, Partial epi-lepsy,Notsurgicallyremediable.The function of a physician is to cure a few, helpmany,andcomfortall.PercivalBailey,M.D.NeurologistandNeurosurgeon;1892–1973
Sesquiterpene lactones in chemotaxonomy

Abstract The utilization of guaianolides in chemotaxonomy is discussed, and some biosynthetic considerations are advanced.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Tryptophan and Tyrosine in Atp-Creatine Phosphotransferase

Abstract A recent paper by Edelhoch1 has presented a spectrophotometric method for the rapid determination of the tryptophan and tyrosine content of unhydrolyzed proteins.
Using GIS to assess the relationship between land use and water quality at a watershed level

Daily water quality data from six U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring stations along the Great Miami River and digital land use/land cover and elevation data for the same watershed were analyzed. The validity of using electrolytic conductivity as a water quality indicator was examined by correlating conductivity with 199 other water quality variables, 60 of which were significantly correlated with conductivity. Positive correlations existed between conductivity and dissolved materials. Negative correlations existed between conductivity and insoluble or suspended materials. Conductivity was also found negatively correlated with stream discharge, and so were most water quality variables that were positively correlated with conductivity. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used for analyzing spatial variations of conductivity and land use make-ups in catchment for monitoring stations. It appears that conductivity is related to not only the percentage of urban land use in the catchment but also the cumulative effect of urban land use from upstream. The evidences imply that conductivity may not be a sensitive water quality indicator of nonpoint pollution sources. Further research is needed to identify if the close relation between conductivity and the urban land use may be explained by a high density of point pollution sources in urban areas.
Multichannel data acquistion system for assessing reliability of fiber optic couplers

With the increased number of fiber-optic couplers in use in network applications, it is imperative that device reliability be ensured. Corning has developed flexible and accurate multi-channel test systems for monitoring performance during environmental testing. One such single-mode system utilizing 90 channels has been demonstrated with a one sigma stability of < 0.004dB over 136 hours of testing.
Preparation and Properties of Imide/Pyrrone Copolymers.

Abstract : Two series of copolymers containing imidazopyrrolone (Pyrrone) and imide groups were prepared by solution polymerization. The mechanical properties of thin films of the copolymers were measured and the films showed a general increase in the tangent modulus and a decrease in elongation with increasing Pyrrone content. The copolymers were more resistant to degradation by strong acids and bases than the corresponding polyimide. The thermal stabilities of the copolymers in air improved with increasing imide content, while the thermal stabilities in a vacuum improved with increasing Pyrrone content. These copolymers represent a way to utilize the useful properties of each class of homopolymers.
CO 2 , SO x and NO x Emissions Constrained Multi-Criteria-Best Generation Mix Using Fuzzy Set Theory

A new approach considering CO2 air pollution constraints in the long-term generation mix is proposed under uncertain circumstances. CO2 emission of electricity system industry has over thirty percent of total emission quantity in the world. The CO2 emission in coal power plant competitive with nuclear power plant is very severe. The air pollution in coal is requiring LNG or new environmental type generation system (wind power, solar power tidal power et al.) instead of coal power plant, despite the new generation systems ask for very high construction cost. A characteristic feature of the presented approach in this paper is what effects give the air pollution constraints in long term best generation mix. Best generation mix problem is formulated by linear programming with fuel and construction cost minimization with load growth, reliability (reserve margin rate) and air pollution constraints. The proposed method accommodates the operation of pumped-storage generator. It was assumed in this study that the construction planning of the hydro power plants is given separately from the other generation plans. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by applying to the best generation mix problem of KEPCO-system, which contains nuclear, coal, LNG, oil and pumped-storage hydro plant in multi-years.
Biostereometrics, And Problems In Ontogenetic And Phylogenetic Studies Of Growth And Form

In spite of a long and rich history of investigation, numerous questions remain to be resolved about human form and form change. Techniques from analytical geometry, anthropometry, biostatistics, comparative, developmental and functional anatomy, osteology, paleontology and scanning electron microscopy are but a few of the methods which have been used to advance our understanding of human anatomy. Biostereometrics, however, with its capacity to generate mathematically precise three-dimensional descriptions of body structures has not been broadly applied in comparative studies of human form and morphogenesis. This paper briefly identifies and reviews some of the more persistent problems associated with the description, quantification, and analysis of biological form; it offers suggestions how biostereometric procedures may be combined with other methods to generate more complete, mathematically accurate and biologically sound characterizations of human form, growth and development.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mullite Formation by Endothermic Reaction of α‐Alumina/Silica Microcomposite Particles

The formation of mullite was investigated using microcomposite powders which consist of α-alumina cores and amorphous silica coatings. Differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction showed that the mullitization reaction was endothermic. In contrast, mullite forms exothermically in samples prepared by sol-gel processing. The results are shown to be consistent with available thermodynamic data for mullite formation from different alumina and silica phases.
The Effects of Hydrotherapy on Anxiety, Pain, Neuroendocrine Responses, and Contraction Dynamics During Labor

Background: Hydrotherapy (immersion or bathing) is used worldwide to promote relaxation and decrease parturient anxiety and pain in labor, but the psychophysiological effects of this intervention r...
Utility of the risk assessment profile for risk stratification of venous thrombotic events for trauma patients.

Abstract Background Trauma patients are at risk for the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The purpose of this study was to validate the Risk Assessment Profile (RAP) as a tool for stratifying the risk of VTE. Methods RAP scores were calculated in a retrospective cohort analysis for all trauma patients aged 13 years or older admitted in 2003 and 2006 and hospitalized longer than 48 hours. Association of RAP with VTE, sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curve were included in the analysis. Results Of 2,281 patients, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) developed in 239 (10.5%) and pulmonary embolism (PE) developed in 34 (1.5%). In moderate- and high-risk patients, the RAP had a sensitivity of .82 and a specificity of .57. Identification of VTE for high-risk patients had a sensitivity .15 and a specificity of .97. The incidence of VTE increased significantly with risk level regardless of mechanism of injury. Conclusions The RAP score is highly associated with VTE in trauma patients regardless of mechanism of injury and is a valid risk assessment tool.
Studies on phosphatidylserine by tandem quadrupole and multiple stage quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization: structural characterization and the fragmentation processes.

Low-energy CAD product-ion spectra of various molecular species of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the forms of [M−H]− and [M−2H+Alk]− in the negative-ion mode, as well as in the forms of [M+H]+, [M+Alk]+, [M−H+2Alk]+, and [M−2H+3Alk]+ (where Alk=Li, Na) in the positive-ion mode contain rich fragment ions that are applicable for structural determination. Following CAD, the [M−H]− ion of PS undergoes dissociation to eliminate the serine moiety (loss of C3H5NO2) to give a [M−H−87]− ion, which equals to the [M−H]− ion of a phoshatidic acid (PA) and give rise to a MS3-spectrum that is identical to the MS2-spectrum of PA. The major fragmentation process for the [M−2H+Alk]− ion of PS arises from primary loss of 87 to give rise to a [M−2H+Alk−87]− ion, followed by loss of fatty acid substituents as acids (RxCO2H, x=1,2) or as alkali salts (e. g., RxCO2Li, x=1,2). These fragmentations result in a greater abundance of [M−2H+Alk−87−R2CO2H]− than [M−2H+Alk−87−R1CO2H]− and a greater abundance of [M−2H+Alk−87−R2CO2Li]− than [M−2H+Alk−87−R1CO2Li]−; while further dissociation of the [M−2H+Alk−87−R2(or 1)CO2Li]− ions gives a preferential formation of the carboxylate anion at sn-1 (R1CO2−) over that at sn-2 (R2CO2−). Other major fragmentation process arises from differential loss of the fatty acid substituents as ketenes (loss of Rx′CH=CO, x=1,2). This results in a more prominent [M−2H+Alk−R2′CH=CO]− ion than [M−2H+Alk−R1′CH=CO]− ion. Ions informative for structural characterization of PS are of low abundance in the MS2-spectra of both the [M+H]+ and the [M+Alk]+ ions, but are abundant in the MS3-spectra. The MS2-spectrum of the [M+Alk]+ ion contains a unique ion corresponding to internal loss of a phosphate group probably via the fragmentation processes involving rearrangement steps. The [M−H+2Alk]+ ion of PS yields a major [M−H+2Alk−87]+ ion, which is equivalent to an alkali adduct ion of a monoalkali salt of PA and gives rise to a greater abundance of [M−H+2Alk−87−R1CO2H]+ than [M−H+2Alk−87−R2CO2H]+. Similarly, the [M−2H+3Alk]+ ion of PS also yields a prominent [M−2H+3Alk−87]+ ion, which undergoes consecutive dissociation processes that involve differential losses of the two fatty acyl substituents. Because all of the above tandem mass spectra contain several sets of ion pairs involving differential losses of the fatty acid substituents as ketenes or as free fatty acids, the identities of the fatty acyl substituents and their positions on the glycerol backbone can be easily assigned by the drastic differences in the abundances of the ions in each pair.
SELF-LEARNING GENERAL PURPOSE PID CONTROLLER

Abstract A self-learning Neural-net-based Fuzzy logic System (NFS) is designed to determine the gains of a PID controller. The controller operates in a closed-loop system. The NFS receives the error, error integral and error derivative signals, and by fuzzy inference it adjusts the controller gains. As a result, these gains vary with time to achieve good performance compared to a conventional PID controller. A modified random optimization learning algorithm is given to train the NFS. The learning algorithm does not require a model of the plant being controlled. Instead, it uses knowledge of plant input/output behavior to update parameters of the NFS.
Genetic Mapping and Physical Cloning of UVB Susceptibility Region in Mice

One of the most important goals of cancer research is to identify environmental and host factors that contribute to the malignant state. Human skin cancers are among the few tumor types for which the predominant environmental carcinogen is known. Ultraviolet light, a component of sunlight, is an important cause of skin cancer in humans. In humans and mice, ultraviolet B radiation induces systematic and local immunosuppression. A consequence of that is inappropriate immune surveillance of somatic tissues for evidence of malignantly transformed cells. The impairment of contact hypersensitivity, as it develops early and correlates well with tumor frequency in various mouse strains, has been used for over 15 y as a model of immunologic events occurring in photocarcinogenesis. In mice, as well as in humans, ultraviolet B radiation induced impairment of contact hypersensitivity is not uniform in all individuals; some individuals are susceptible to the deleterious effects of ultraviolet B, whereas others are resistant to ultraviolet B. We have defined the genetic locus responsible for ultraviolet B susceptibility and resistance in mice within the Bat5 and H-2D segment of the mouse chromosome 17
Molecular simulation analysis and X-ray absorption measurement of Ca2+, K+ and Cl- ions in solution.

This paper presents recent advances in the use of molecular simulations and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, which enable us to understand solvated ions in solution. We report and discuss the EXAFS spectra and related properties governing solvation processes of different ions in water and methanol. Molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories are coupled to electron scattering simulations to generate the MD-EXAFS spectra, which are found to be in very good agreement with the corresponding experimental measurements. From these simulated spectra, the ion−oxygen distances for the first hydration shell are in agreement with experiment within 0.05−0.1 A. The ionic species studied range from monovalent to divalent, positive and negative: K+, Ca2+, and Cl-. This work demonstrates that the combination of MD-EXAFS and the corresponding experimental measurement provides a powerful tool in the analysis of the solvation structure of aqueous ionic solutions. We also investigate the value of elec...
A Head and Neck Lymph Node Classification Using an Anatomical Grid System While Maintaining Clinical Relevance

Purpose The current classification of head and neck lymph nodes lacks a standardized system that integrates basic anatomy and clinical relevance. Currently, anatomy texts, atlases, and journals used to educate future health care professionals use a classification system that differs from the commonly used clinical nomenclature. As a result, student trainees entering the professional world are confused by lymph node terminology. The purpose of this study was to suggest a lymph node classification system that accurately reflected anatomy and clinical applications. Materials and Methods A literature search was conducted on anatomic and clinical texts, atlases, journals, and Web sites. Results Two recurring classification themes were found from anatomic texts and atlases: superficial and deep chains, and local anatomic structures. Since 1988 the clinical specialties have used a Roman numeral “level” system. The differences between anatomic and clinical classification systems have led to academic frustration. After analysis, a functional classification system was developed that integrated anatomic and clinical terminology from the current classification systems. This suggested system revised the clinically accepted level system approved in 1988 and replaced the terminology with an anatomically derived naming system. Conclusion This system satisfies the need for a classification that unifies anatomic and clinical applications.
Experimental Investigation of Pitch Ramp-Hold-Return Motion of Flat Plates at Low Reynolds Number

The flow development and force generation of a two-dimensional flat plate undergoing a pitch ramp-hold-return motion are reported. Direct force measurements and PIV flow field measurements are described. The experiments were conducted in water at a Reynolds number based on free stream speed and chord of approximately 5,000 and reduced frequency k = 0.2, where the reduced frequency is based on the rate of change of the pitch angle normalized with chord and free stream speed. The maximum pitch angle and the duration of the hold part of the motion were varied and their impact on the force generation and flow evolution were measured. As expected the force and flow evolution during the pitch ramp part of the motion is independent of the hold and return parts and is in agreement with previous work reported in the literature. It is found that the evolution of aerodynamic parameters during the hold part is a function of time and maximum pitch angle but independent of hold duration. However the force and flow evolution during the return part depends on the hold duration and maximum pitch angle. PIV measurements are used to document the evolution of the LEV and TEV vortices.
Animal Model: Genetic Analysis of an Inherited Deficiency of the Third Component of Complement in Brittany Spaniel Dogs

Genetically determined C3 deficiency in Brittany spaniel dogs shares a number of biochemical and clinical characteristics with the human disorder. In humans, the gene for C3 deficiency is a null gene that is allelic to the structural gene for C3 and is not linked to the major histocompatibility locus. The current study used allotype analysis of canine C3 in order to demonstrate that the gene for C3 deficiency in these dogs is also a null gene allelic to the structural gene for C3. In addition, preliminary pedigree analysis suggests that the gene for canine C3 deficiency is apparently not closely linked to the major histocompatibility complex of the dog. Thus, it appears that C3 deficiency in Brittany spaniel dogs not only shares biochemical and clinical features with C3 deficiency in humans, but also shares some genetic characteristics with the human disorder.
Review of incompressible fluid flow computations using the vorticity-velocity formulation

Abstract An overview of the development of the vorticity-velocity formulation to the numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations is presented. The advantages and disadvantages to such a formulation are discussed, as well as the various numerical algorithms used in solving these governing differential equations.
Electron-vibrational dipole scattering

Abstract It is shown that at low energies (less than 1 eV) inelastic electron-molecule cross sections of the order of one square angstrom may arise from electron scattering off the electric dipole moments associated with bending and stretching vibrations of the target molecule. The theory accounts qualitatively for the vibrational cross section observed in methane for electronic energies below 0.5 eV.
Relation between Extrapolation Number and Apical Cell Number in Gemmae of Marchantia polymorpha L.

THE gemmae of Marchantia polymorpha L. are approximately discoidal with two apical notches 180° from each other1,2. An apical notch marks the location of paired apical cells. Radiobiological data on gemmae of Marchantia indicate that the apical growth of a gemma need not necessarily be the only type of growth occurring in the proliferation of a viable outgrowth from a gemma3–5. In addition, it has been shown that cell survival within the irradiated gemma is correlated with nuclear volume differences among the different cells4,5. These results are similar to those reported for the radiosensitivity of ‘higher plants’ by Sparrow and co-workers6–8, Osborne et al.9,10, and Lunden11, although the former authors6–8 state that the volume of the chromosome at interphase is a better index of radiosensitivity than nuclear volume.
In Vitro Kinetics of Synthesis and Release of Mouse Placental Lactogen

The dynamics of the in vitro synthesis and release of mouse placental proteins and mouse placental lactogen (mPL) were examined by culturing explants from mouse placentae from days 11, 14, and 17 of gestation for up to 24 h. The amount of mPL in medium and tissue was determined by RIA, and new protein synthesis was measured by the incorporation of [3H]leucine into mPL and proteins. The rate of synthesis of 3H-labeled proteins and [3H]mPL was constant for 17 h of incubation, confirming the viability of the placental tissue. Rapid and preferential release of newly synthesized mPL was observed; 88% of the mPL synthesized in 24 h was released into the medium, and the ratio of [3H]mPL to 3H-labeled proteins in the medium (14–18%) was significantly higher than that in the tissue (1–4%). There is not a stable storage pool of mPL under these conditions, as demonstrated by the similarity of the ratios of counts per min of [3H]mPL to nanograms of mPL in the medium and tissue. This conclusion is supported by the obs...
Dopaminergic and cholinergic modulation of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase interneurons

The recent electrophysiological characterization of TH-expressing GABAergic interneurons (THINs) in the neostriatum revealed an unexpected degree of diversity of interneurons in this brain area (Ib�~ Sandoval et al., 2010, Unal et al., 2011, 2015). Despite being relatively few in number, THINs may play a significant role in transmitting and distributing extra- and intrastriatal neuromodulatory signals in the striatal circuitry. Here we investigated the dopaminergic and cholinergic regulation of THINs in vitro .W e found that the dominant effect of dopamine was a dramatic enhancement of the ability of THINs to generate long-lasting depolarizing plateau potentials (PPs). Interestingly, the same effect could also be elicited by amphetamine-induced release of endogenous dopamine suggesting that THINs may exhibit similar responses to changes in extracellular dopamine concentration in vivo. The enhancement of PPs in THINs is perhaps the most pronounced effect of dopamine on the intrinsic excitability of neostriatal neurons described to date. Further, we demonstrate that all subtypes of THINSs tested also express nicotinic cholinergic receptors. All THINs responded, albeit differentially, with depolarization, PPs and spiking to brief application of nicotinic agonists. Powerful modulation of the nonlinear integrative properties of THINs by dopamine and the direct depolarization of these neurons by acetylcholine may play important roles in mediating the effects of these neuromodulators in the neostriatum with potentially important implications for understanding the mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders affecting the basal ganglia.
Enantio- and periselective nitroalkene Diels–Alder reaction

The periselective Diels–Alder reaction of 5-substituted pentamethylcyclopentadienes and nitroethylene has been realized by helical–chiral hydrogen bond donor catalysts. To our knowledge, this represents the first asymmetric catalytic nitroalkene Diels–Alder reaction via activation of nitroalkene, and thus establishes its proof-of-principle.
Middle cranial fossa approach

The middle cranial fossa approach provides extradural exposure to the internal auditory canal (IAC) via a subtemporal route. It offers the possibility of total removal of small intracanalicular vestibular schwannomas while preserving hearing. The first advantage of the approach is that it includes exposure of the lateral end of the IAC, which ensures removal of tumor that otherwise may be difficult to reach from the suboccipital transmeatal approach. The second advantage of the approach is that positive identification of the facial nerve at the lateral end of the IAC facilitates tumor dissection from the facial nerve.
Carrier heating in disordered conjugated polymers in electric field

The electric field dependence of charge carrier transport and the effect of carrier heating in disordered conjugated polymers were investigated. A parameter-free multiscale methodology consisting of classical molecular dynamics simulation for the generation of the atomic structure, large system electronic structure and electron-phonon coupling constants calculations and the procedure for extracting the bulk polymer mobility, was used. The results suggested that the mobility of a fully disordered poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) polymer increases with electric field which is consistent with the experimental results on samples of regiorandom P3HT and different from the results on more ordered regioregular P3HT polymers, where the opposite trend is often observed at low electric fields. We calculated the electric field dependence of the effective carrier temperature and showed however that the effective temperature cannot be used to replace the joint effect of temperature and electric field, in contrast to previous theoretical results from phenomenological models. Such a difference was traced to originate from the use of simplified Miller-Abrahams hopping rates in phenomenological models in contrast to our considerations that explicitly take into account the electronic state wave functions and the interaction with all phonon modes.
Current distribution in ESD diodes; Cross section corrections

Abstract The electron current distribution in diodes consisting of a rectangular crystal and an electron emitting filament parallel to and in front of it, used in several electron stimulated desorption (ESD) experiments has been determined by means of a dummy crystal constructed from uniformly transparent Lektromesh and a moveable, suitably constructed fine probe. It was found that for straight filaments the distribution was uniform along the narrow, but nearly triangular along the long dimension of the crystal. Calculated log signal versus time curves in ESD show considerable curvature, as often observed experimentally with such geometries. Filaments with a straight center, but coiled and shielded end sections provide uniform current distributions. When such filaments are used the curvature of the log signal versus time curves disappears for Kr desorption from W(110) but is still seen for oxygen desorption. The absolute fraction of filament current hitting the front surface of a crystal was also determined for various geometries by using a thin suppressor mesh in front of the dummy crystal. Cross sections for CO, O, and Kr ESD from W(110) were redetermined with a coiled end section filament. After correction for the fractions of current to the crystal and current non-uniformities previous results are in fairly reasonable agreement with the new values, except for the CO measurements of Leung, Vass, and Gomer, which are still high by a factor of 5. The new measurements permit a recalculation of excitation cross sections for neutral desorption. It is found that the latter are substantially smaller than corresponding gas phase values.
Cerebral superoxide anion generation during seizures in newborn pigs

Cerebral superoxide anion generation during bicuculline-induced seizures was measured in newborn pigs. Using two closed cranial windows inserted over the parietal cortices, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-inhibitable nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction was determined during 20 min of seizure activity induced by bicuculline, 5 mg/kg i.v. A modest increase in SOD-inhibitable NBT reduction was observed in piglets subjected to bicuculline-induced seizure activity (2.4 +/- 0.6 pmol/mm2 in 20 min) when compared to control piglets (0.4 +/- 0.3 pmol/mm2 in 20 min). Pretreatment with indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) reduced SOD-inhibitable NBT reduction during seizures to the control level (0.5 +/- 0.4 pmol/mm2 in 20 min). We conclude that small quantities of superoxide anion radical are produced by newborn pig brain during bicuculline-induced seizures and that cyclooxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid appears to be a major source.
Osmotic stress does trigger brevetoxin production in the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis

Although a number of factors may influence its production, the physiological role of brevetoxin in the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis is still open to debate. Not to be left out of the discussion, Sunda et al. (1) challenge our suggestion that salinity stress may be a possible trigger for brevetoxin production. Their “repeat” of our experiment is not an actual replication (extraction protocols, analytical method, K. brevis isolates, and culturing conditions differed among their three laboratories). Moreover, a number of experimental details, including use of internal standards and preparation of toxin standards, are omitted. Internal standards are important because extraction efficiency varies among samples and could affect results. Nevertheless, both reports show that there is no long-term increase in brevetoxin production after salinity stress (1, 2) and that low-toxin cultures [SP1 (2) and “nontoxic” Wilson (1)] do not increase brevetoxin production in response to hypoosmotic stress.
Factors which affect efficiency of autoradiography with tritiated thymidine.

The overall efficiency of autoradiography with tritium-labeled thymidine has been found to be influenced by the following conditions: (1) exposure in an atmosphere of CO2 and the use of the stripping-film technique, both of which increase the autoradiographic efficiency when compared to exposure in air or to dip-coating technique; (2) latent image fading, which increases with increasing exposure. Up to 2 wk of exposure, however, this disadvantage is counterbalanced by the fading of the mechanical background produced during stripping or dip-coating; (3) the thickness of the inert coating interposed between the labeled locus and the sensitized emulsion. A layer of inert coating can be obtained that will arrest all beta particles from tritium, while having no effect on more energetic emitters like C14; (4) the amount of tritiated thymidine given, with relatively large amounts producing an increase in the mean grain count per labeled cell but not in the percentage of cells identifiable as labeled; and (5) the...
Fused Bicyclic Gly-Asp β-Turn Mimics with Specific Affinity for GPIIb-IIIa

Disubstituted isoquinolones 2 and 3 have affinity for GPIIb-IIIa and represent leads for further structural evaluation. Structure-activity studies centered on the bicyclic beta-turn mimic contained in these molecules indicated that this moiety could accommodate a variety of modifications. Specifically, monocyclic, 6, 5-bicyclic, and 6,7-bicyclic structures provide compounds with affinity for GPIIb-IIIa. Within the 6,6-series, isoquinoline, tetralin, tetralone, and benzopyran nuclei yield potent antagonists that are specific for GPIIb-IIIa. Attachment of the arginine isostere (benzamidine) to the supporting nucleus can be accomplished with an ether or amide linkage, although the latter enhances activity. Several compounds in this series provided measurable blood levels after oral dosing. Conversion of the acid moiety in these molecules to an ester generally provided compounds which gave greater systemic exposure after oral administration. Absolute bioavailabilities in the rat for the ethyl ester prodrug derivatives of the tetralin, tetralone, and benzopyran analogues of 3 were 28%, 23%, and 24%, respectively.
Schema-free SQL

Querying data in relational databases is often challenging since SQL requires its users to know the exact schema of the database, the roles of various entities in a query, and the precise join paths to be followed. On the other hand, keyword search is unable to express much desired query semantics. In this paper, we propose a query language, Schema-free SQL, which enables its users to query a relational database using whatever partial schema they know. If they know the full schema, they can write full SQL. But, to the extent they do not know the schema, Schema-free SQL is tolerant of unknown or inaccurately specified relation names and attribute names, and it also does not require information regarding which relations are involved and how they are joined. We present techniques to evaluate Schema-free SQL by first converting it to full SQL. We show experimentally that a small amount of schema information, which one can reasonably expect most users to have, is enough to get queries evaluated as if they had been completely and correctly specified.
Analyzing social situations for human–robot interaction

This paper presents an algorithm for analyzing social situations within a robot. We contribute a method that allows the robot to use information about the situation to select interactive behaviors. This work is based on interdependence theory, a social psychological theory of interaction and interpersonal situation analysis. Experiments demonstrate the utility of the information provided by the situation analysis algorithm and of the value of this method for guiding robot interaction. We conclude that the situation analysis algorithm offers a viable, principled, and general approach to explore interactive robotics problems.
3-Methylglutaconic Acidemia in Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome

ABSTRACT: The branched-chain organic acid, 3-methylglutaconic acid, is an intermediate (as the CoA thioester) in the leucine degradative pathway as well as the mevalonate shunt, a pathway that links isoprenoid metabolism with mitochondrial acetyl-CoA metabolism. Because the majority of patients with abnormal 3-methylglutaconic aciduria or acidemia appear to have normal leucine metabolism, we have speculated that some patients with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria may have defects of polyisoprenoid or sterol biosynthesis leading to overflow of isoprenoid precursors to 3-methylglutaconate via the mevalonate shunt. We therefore measured plasma levels of 3-methylglutaconic acid in patients with a known defect of sterol biosynthesis, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, and found that the patients with the lowest cholesterol levels had abnormally increased plasma levels of 3-methylglutaconic acid, similar in magnitude to those of patients with idiopathic 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. This finding suggests that some patients with unexplained 3-methylglutaconic aciduria may have defects of isoprenoid or sterol biosynthesis underlying their abnormal organic aciduria.
Morphine tolerance after chronic intracerebroventricular injection in male and female mice.

Abstract We compared morphine analgesia ED50 values of male and female mice prior to (Day 1) and after (Day 4) 3 days of intracerebroventricular morphine injections. Increases in ED50 values from Day 1 to Day 4, indicating tolerance, were of similar magnitude in both sexes. The data suggest that spinal opioid analgesic mechanisms, acting alone or in synergy with supraspinal loci, may contribute to pharmacodynamic explanations of sex differences in systemic morphine tolerance.
The different and the same: Reexamining East and West in a cross-cultural analysis of values

Cross-cultural similarities and differences in human values were investigated. American and Japanese college students completed the terminal values portion of the Rokeach Value Survey. Consistent with past research, Japanese individuals tended to appreciate communal values more and individualistic ones less than did Americans. Nevertheless, the overall value priority ratings by American and Japanese young adults were largely similar. This could suggest that more culturally-sensitive measures of values may be necessary in order to further explore human values cross-culturally. Given the political and economic similarities between these countries, results from this study may represent relatively “pure” analyses of East-West value differences.
Electronic structure, spin polarization and high critical fields in Chevrel compounds

Abstract Results are presented of an extensive theoretical study of the origin of high field superconductivity and/or magnetism in a number of Chevrel phase ternary compounds, MMo6X8 (with M=Sn, Eu, Gd and X=S and/or Se) based on self-consistent linear muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) energy band calculations using the local density approach (Hedin et al. exchange correlation) for the paramagnetic structures and local spin density formalism (Gunnarsson and Lundqvist) for the ferromagnetic structures. All electrons and all 15 atoms/cell are included with the core electrons (including the 4f's) recalculated in each iteration in a fully relativistic representation and the conduction electrons treated semirelativistically (all relativistic terms except spin-orbit). Superconductivity is found to be due to the high Mo d-band density of states (DOS) at EF resulting from the unusual large charge transfer of Mo electrons to the chalcogen sites. There is also a large charge transfer from the metal site to the cluster (≈2 electrons in Sn and Eu) giving essentially no occupied conduction bands, for example, at the Eu site and a divalent ion isomer shift in very good agreement with the experiments of Dunlap et al. The conduction-electron DOS at the Eu site is found to be reduced by an order of magnitude from its metallic state value - in close agreement with their spin - lattice relaxation rate measurements. This low conduction-electron DOS yields very weak coupling of the 4f electrons to the conduction electrons and only a very weak Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida magnetic interaction showing why all the Chevrel rare-earth compounds - except Ce and Eu - are superconducting despite their having large local magnetic moments. The unusually high upper critical fields, Hc2, in these materials is found to be due to the unusully flat energy bands near FF. The ferromagnetic (spin polarized) results for the Eu- and Gd-compounds show a net small but positive magnetic moment on the metal site and a small but negative induced spin magnetic moment on the Mo site in the Eu compound. Fermi-contact contributions to the hyperfine field are calculated and found to be in good agreement with the Eu Mossbauer results and the negative NMR Knights shift results of Fradin et al. These results demonstrate theoretically for the first time the validity of the Fischer et al. and Fradin et al. conclusion that the Jaccarino-Peter mechanism is responsible for the large increase in the Hc2 when large concentrations of Eu magnetic impurities are substituted in SnMo6S8. Finally, calculated Stoner factors for the paramegnetic phase and spin magnetization densities for the ferromagnetic phase are used to discuss qualitatively the origin of the different behavior observed for GdMo6S8 and EuMo6S8.
In vitro effects of bryostatin 1 on the metabolism and cytotoxicity of 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine in human leukemia cells☆

Abstract Bryostatin 1 is a macrocyclic lactone protein kinase C (PK-C) activator which has demonstrated promising antileukemic activity in preclinical studies. We have examined the effect of this agent on the metabolism and cytotoxicity of 1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) in both log phase and high-density human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60). Exposure of low-density cells to 12.5 nM bryostatin 1 for 24 hr prior to a 4-hr incubation with 1 or 10 μM ara-C resulted in nearly a 2-fold increase in ara-CTP formation. When cells were maintained under high-cell density conditions (e.g. 5 × 10 6 cells/ mL) for 24 hr prior to ara-C exposure, a 90% reduction in ara-CTP formation and ara-C DNA incorporation was observed. However, coincubation of high-density cells with bryostatin 1 for 24 hr increased ara-CTP formation 6- to 8-fold, yielding levels essentially equivalent to those achieved in low-density cells. Smaller (but still significant) increases in ara-C DNA incorporation were also noted. Enhancement of ara-CTP formation by bryostatin 1 occurred over a broad ara-C concentration range (0.1 to 100 μM), involved a temperature-dependent process, could not be mimicked by addition of hematopoietic growth factors, and was not related to neutralization of toxic or inhibitory substances in high-density medium. Exposure of cells to bryostatin 1 did not lead to morphologic or functional evidence of HL-60 cell maturation or an increase in cell viability, but did produce a decline in cellular proliferative activity as determined by thymidine and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and cytofluorometric analysis. Bryostatin 1 did not exert its effects in high-density cells by inhibiting ara-C deamination or by interfering with ara-CTP dephosphorylation, but instead appeared to act by enhancing ara-C phosphorylation. Although cell-free extracts obtained from high-density cells exposed to bryostatin 1 exhibited levels of deoxycytidine kinase activity compared to controls, treated cells did display a significant decline in intracellular dCTP levels (e.g. 0.7 vs 1.3 solpmol 10 6 ), and nearly a 2-fold increase in ATP and UTP concentrations. Ara-CTP formation was also increased substantially by other PK-C activators including phorbol dibutyrate and mezerein (10–100 nM); this process was inhibited more than 70% by the PK-C inhibitor H-7 (50 μM), but not by the PK-C inhibitors staurosporine, tamoxifen, and HA1004. Finally, coadministration of ara-C and bryostatin 1 resulted in greater than expected inhibitory effects toward HL-60 cell clonogenic growth. These findings suggest that the novel agent bryostatin 1 induces biochemical perturbations in leukemic cells that favor ara-C activation, particularly in high-density cells exhibiting impaired ara-C nucleotide formation. They also raise the possibility that pharmacologie agents acting through second messenger pathways may modulate the metabolism of ara-C, and potentially other nucleoside analogs.
Job Survival of New Employees.

The job survival of 1,736 newly hired workers across a variety of organizations is examined. Voluntary and involuntary turnover are analyzed separately over the first 29 weeks on the job. Moderate support is found for a theory of job survival which distinguishes between the effects of job attitudes on voluntary withdrawal and job performance on involuntary withdrawal. Organization related factors such as pay and training are better predictors of job survival than are individual variables such as race, sex, age, and education.
Influence of Trampling Intensity versus Hydration State on Loss of Biomass from the Intertidal Rockweed, Fucus gardneri

I investigated the impact of human trampling on Fucus gardneri populations at Cattle Point on San Juan Island, Washington. I hypothesized that damage to Fucus fronds would differ depending on hydration state of the plants, number of trampling steps, and time. Over a two-day period, two levels of trampling treatment, 100- and 200-steps, were applied to 18 plots on two rocky intertidal benches. Detached biomass resulting from trampling was collected each day, weighed to the nearest 0.1 gram, re-hydrated overnight in seawater, and re-weighed in order to calculate biomass removed as a function of mean percent Fucus within each plot. Damage to plants did not differ with the hydration state of Fucus. However, loss of biomass did increase with treatment level, with 222 g of Fucus fronds removed from one 100-step plot up to 1302 g removed from a 200-step plot. Percent cover decreased differentially with treatment level, ranging from 10 percent cover in a 100-step plot up to 85 percent loss in a 200-step plot. To ...
Transuranic depositional history in South Greenland firn layers

THE surface layers of the Greenland ice sheet have preserved a continuous and detailed record of atmospheric fallout of transuranic nuclides from weapons tests over the past 30 yr. The ages of the glacial strata were determined by 210Pb geochronologies. We found that the influence of remobilised soil debris with their sorbed transuranics does not seem to be important, and that fallout maxima occurred in the 1950s and 1960s for 239 + 240Pu and in 1965–66 for 238Pu. This work may be extended by using alpine glaciers in mid-latitudes for a reconstruction of fallout patterns over the past three decades and for an evaluation of present day dispersions of these nuclides as a consequence of atmospheric fallout and other possible entries through the nuclear fuel cycle.
Alterations in connections of the corpus callosum following convergent and divergent strabismus

Abstract The connectivity of the corpus callosum in visual cortical areas 17 and 18 was studied in normal cats, in cats reared with unilateral convergent or divergent surgically-induced strabismus, and in a Siamese cat. The extents of the callosal cell and terminal zones were determined following multiple injections of horseradish peroxidase and tritiated amino-acids into one hemisphere. Following surgically-induced strabismus, abnormally wide callosal cell zones were seen in both the left and the right hemisphere irrespective of the direction of eye misalignment. Abnormally wide callosal terminal zones were seen in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the deviating eye in cats reared with unilateral convergent and divergent strabismus. Abnormally wide callosal zones were seen in cats which had strabismus induced as late as postnatal day 36. In a Siamese cat with a naturally-occurring convergent strabismus, callosal cells had a different distribution and were fewer in number compared to normal cats or cats with surgically induced strabismus. This implies that the abnormal callosal connectivity of Siamese cats is not a simple results of strabismus.