cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can conduction induce convection? On the non-linear saturation of buoyancy instabilities in dilute plasmas

We study the effects of anisotropic thermal conduction on low-collisionality, astrophysical plasmas using two- and three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations. Dilute, weakly magnetized plasmas are buoyantly unstable for either sign of the temperature gradient: the heat-flux-driven buoyancy instability (HBI) operates when the temperature increases with radius while the magnetothermal instability (MTI) operates in the opposite limit. In contrast to previous results, we show that the MTI can drive strong turbulence and operate as an efficient magnetic dynamo, akin to standard, adiabatic convection. Together, the turbulent and magnetic energies may contribute up to ∼10 per cent of the pressure support in the plasma. In addition, the MTI drives a large convective heat flux, up to ∼1.5 per cent ×ρc 3 s . These findings are robust even in the presence of an external source of strong turbulence. Our results for the non-linear saturation of the HBI are consistent with previous studies but we explain physically why the HBI saturates quiescently, while the MTI saturates by generating sustained turbulence. We also systematically study how an external source of turbulence affects the saturation of the HBI: such turbulence can disrupt the HBI only on scales where the shearing rate of the turbulence is faster than the growth rate of the HBI. The HBI reorients the magnetic field and suppresses the conductive heat flux through the plasma, and our results provide a simple mapping between the level of turbulence in a plasma and the effective isotropic thermal conductivity. We discuss the astrophysical implications of these findings, with a particular focus on the intracluster medium of galaxy clusters.
The exponential class and generalized time-shift covariant quadratic time-frequency representations

We propose the new exponential class of quadratic time-frequency representations (QTFRs) covariant to constant shifts in frequency and dispersive, exponential shifts in time. We obtain the exponential class from the two covariance properties it satisfies, and also by warping the affine class of scale and constant time-shift covariant QTFRs. We develop the class formulation, kernel constraints for desirable properties, new QTFR members, and the intersection of the exponential class with Cohen's class. We also propose QTFR classes that are covariant to generalized time-shifts according to arbitrary group delay functions. We obtain these classes from known QTFR classes (such as Cohen's class, the affine class, the hyperbolic class, and the power classes) using a generalized transformation based on the desirable group delay time-shift covariance.
Identifying human papillomavirus vaccination practices among primary care providers of minority, low-income and immigrant patient populations.

Abstract Objective Minority populations in the United States are disproportionally affected by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and HPV-related cancer. We sought to understand physician practices, knowledge and beliefs that affect utilization of the HPV vaccine in primary care settings serving large minority populations in areas with increased rates of HPV-related cancer. Study design Cross-sectional survey of randomly selected primary care providers, including pediatricians, family practice physicians and internists, serving large minority populations in Brooklyn, N.Y. and in areas with higher than average cervical cancer rates. Results Of 156 physicians randomly selected, 121 eligible providers responded to the survey; 64% were pediatricians, 19% were internists and 17% were family practitioners. Thirty-four percent of respondents reported that they routinely offered HPV vaccine to their eligible patients. Seventy percent of physicians reported that the lack of preventive care visits for patients in the eligible age group limited their ability to recommend the HPV vaccine and 70% of those who reported this barrier do not routinely recommend HPV vaccine. The lack of time to educate parents about the HPV vaccine and cost of the vaccine to their patients were two commonly reported barriers that affected whether providers offered the vaccine. Conclusions Our study found that the majority of providers serving the highest risk populations for HPV infection and HPV-related cancers are not routinely recommending the HPV vaccine to their patients. Reasons for providers’ failure to recommend the HPV vaccine routinely are identified and possible areas for targeted interventions to increase HPV vaccination rates are discussed.
ON THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMAL RENDEZVOUS FOR A NONZERO DURATION

A rendezvous problem of two linear controlled systems is investigated. The two systems are required to rendezvous with each other during a given nonzero time interval. A necessary condition and a sufficient condition are obtained.
Atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene in toluene/water mixtures

The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene in water/toluene mixtures was studied. A linear dependence of the molecular weight on conversion was observed, but the initiation efficiency decreased when the catalyst concentration increased. The variation of the amount of water in the system affected the control of the ATRP, indicating that the presence of the aqueous phase influenced the concentration of copper halides in the organic phase. The partitioning of copper halides resulted in almost complete migration of CuII into the aqueous phase, which assisted with catalyst removal after polymerization. For example, the amount of residual copper in the organic phase determined by inductively coupled plasma was less than 1 ppm when the polymerization mixture was exposed to air for 30 min. The ATRP of styrene in water/toluene mixtures occurred with the preservation of Br at the polymer chain end, as confirmed by successful block copolymerization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3153–3160, 2002
The Redistricting Cycle, Partisan Tides, and Party Strategy in State Legislative Elections:

State legislative elections are increasingly shaped by two factors that influence the prospects of winning a majority: the redistricting cycle and partisan tide elections. Winning control of the re...
An integrated mobility and traffic model for vehicular wireless networks

Ad-hoc wireless communication among highly dynamic, mobile nodes in a urban network is a critical capability for a wide range of important applications including automated vehicles, real-time traffic monitoring and vehicular safety applications. When evaluating application performance in simulation, a realistic mobility model for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) is critical for accurate results. This paper analyzes ad-hoc wireless network performance in a vehicular network in which nodes move according to a simplified vehicular traffic model on roads defined by real map data. We show that when nodes move according to our street mobility model, STRAW, network performance is significantly different from that of the commonly used random waypoint model. We also demonstrate that protocol performance varies with the type of urban environment. Finally, we use these results to argue for the development of integrated vehicular and network traffic simulators to evaluate vehicular ad-hoc network applications, particularly when the information passed through the network affects node mobility.
Quantum analysis and the classical analysis of spontaneous emission in a microcavity

Starting from a quantum Maxwell equation for the vector potential operator, we study the spontaneous emission properties of a two-level atom interacting with the electromagnetic field in a lossless and inhomogeneous dielectric structure and express the spontaneous emission rate, the external quantum efficiency, and the spontaneous emission factor in terms of the classical Green function of the dielectric structure. Comparing these results with the corresponding classical results, we show that the above quantities can be calculated from the radiation field of a classical dipole. Based on this correspondence, a numerical algorithm is developed to calculate the modification of spontaneous emission in microcavities. The line shape of the emission spectrum of the light source and the decay of the cavity resonant modes are automatically taken into account in this algorithm. The approximate expressions for the spontaneous emission rate and the spontaneous emission factor are discussed.
Activation of negated and non-negated entities

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to investigate the activation of negated concepts in the mental representation of sentences. Subjects read short passages ending with a sentence that did or did not negate the second of two direct objects: Justin bought a mango but not an apple/and an apple. The prior context was manipulated such that it either licensed the negation or not. After reading, subjects wrote a continuation. These were coded for whether they referred to Noun1 or Noun2. In the first two experiments, when the context did not license the negation, Noun2 was written about more often when it was negated than when it was non-negated. But in the third experiment, when the negation was licensed, Noun2 was written about equally often in both conditions. These findings suggest that non-licensed negation draws attention to the negated concept resulting in the negated concepts becoming more active than non-negated concepts.
Medical image lossless compression based on combining an integer wavelet transform with DPCM

To improve the classical lossless compression of low efficiency, a method of image lossless compression with high efficiency is presented. Its theory and the algorithm implementation are introduced. The basic approach of medical image lossless compression is then briefly described. After analyzing and implementing differential plus code modulation (DPCM) in lossless compression, a new method of combining an integer wavelet transform with DPCM to compress medical images is discussed. The analysis and simulation results show that this new method is simpler and useful. Moreover, it has high compression ratio in medical image lossless compression.
A new time domain method for estimating acoustic attenuation of soft tissue

A time-domain method, called the envelope-peak (EP) method, was recently proposed for attenuation estimation in reflection. The method has high precision and low computational overhead. However, if the bandwidth of the transmitted ultrasound pulse is very wide, the method can produce a biased estimate. The EP method is modified by preprocessing the echo signal using a split-spectrum technique. The combination of this technique with the narrowband technique enables the accuracy of the attenuation estimation to be well controlled without precise knowledge of the spectral shape and parameters of the transmitted pulse. Analysis shows that, while improving the accuracy of the attenuation estimation, the modified method retains the high precision of the original method. >
Development of a hospital-based dental phobia clinic.

Summary The formation of a hospital-based dental phobia clinic requires little initial outlay in terms of capital. It can provide badly needed care by accessing a group of patients that have not been able to receive dental care. A dental phobia clinic cam provide an additional facet of training to house staff and attending staff, using existing facilities. The hospital environment provides an appropriate setting for this specialized kind of care.
Spider cardiac physiology, I. Structure and function of the cardiac ganglion

Abstract 1. 1. Electrophysiological studies into the function of the cardiac ganglion of the spider Eurypelma marxi Simon have shown that the ganglion functions in both the genesis and the co-ordination of the heart-beat. 2. 2. The microanatomy of the cardiac ganglia of two species of spider was studied by light microscopy. In both species the ganglion consists mainly of three nerve components: cell bodies, cell processes, and regions of neuropil. 3. 3. Three types of nerve-cells in the ganglion are recognized. These cell types can be distinguished on the basis of size, shape, number of cel processes, and cytoplasmic detail. 4. 4. From reconstructions made from sections of the ganglion, total numbers of cells, the numbers of each cell type, and the distribution of the cells in the ganglion have been determined.
Abstract 2042: Deregulated TS promotes tumor progression in diverse hematopoietic and mesenchymal cell lineages

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Our laboratory recently showed that elevated TS plays a direct causal role in tumorigenesis of NIH3T3 cells in vitro and in the development of endocrine pancreatic mouse tumors in vivo. This observation changed the paradigm of TS as a passive biomarker and has significance for cancer treatment as it refocuses attention on the importance of TS as a tumor-promoting signal. To address whether TS plays an early role in tumorigenesis that is restricted to specific tumor types or if TS plays a late role associated with enhanced progression of established tumors of diverse histologic origin, we have now cross-bred human TS (hTS) transgenic mice with Ink4a/Arf null mice, a common somatic mutation frequently found in adult human cancers. Median survival of hTS/Ink4a/Arf+/- (n=15) mice was reduced 24% (313 vs. 411 days, p <0.05). Both hTS/Ink4a/Arf+/- and hTS/Ink4a/Arf-/- mice (n=16) showed an increase in lymphoma, histiocytic sarcoma (HS) and soft tissue sarcoma (SS). For example, the incidence of HS in hTS/Ink4a/Arf-/- male mice was 31% versus 12% in Ink4a/Arf-/- minus (p<0.01), and tumor cells had spread to multiple tissues (as many as 9 different organs) as compared to hTS minus mice where tumors were localized in lymph nodes and spleen. Strikingly, the tumor burden was markedly increased in hTS/Ink4a/Arf-/- mice: average spleen weight 1.11 vs. 0.49 g, p<0.001, lymph nodes, 1.06 g vs. 0.42 g, p<0.001. We also detected an increase in size and extent of tumor mass of SS (average weight 5.8 g). We detected increased aneuploidy in hTS/Ink4a/Arf-/- HS cell lines as compared to Ink4a/Arf-/- HS cell lines: chromosomal loss 32.1% vs. 16.7%, p<0.05, gain 24.5% vs. 0%, p<0.001 and translocations 9.4% vs. 0%, p<0.05 by spectral karyotyping analysis. Treatment of TS positive HS tumor cells with lenti-TS shRNAs downregulated TS expression and resulted in tumor growth inhibition in vitro as well as in mouse orthotopically transplanted xenograft. In addition, combined TS shRNAs with gemcitabine or pemetrexed treatment showed synergistic inhibition of HS tumor cell growth. These data demonstrate that deregulated TS enhanced genome instability and promote tumor progression in diverse hematopoietic and mesenchymal tumor cells. Citation Format: Min Chen, Akbar Nawab, Frederic J. Kaye, Maria Zajac-Kaye. Deregulated TS promotes tumor progression in diverse hematopoietic and mesenchymal cell lineages. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2042. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2042
A Novel Method for Multiobjective Design and Optimization of Three Phase Induction Machines

A fast and efficient multiobjective optimization design method is developed for induction machines, which requires much fewer design iterations than the traditional design methods. In this new method, the number of prime variables that define the optimization is reduced to only six. A canonical particle swarm optimization (PSO) method with penalty function for design constraints is developed to find the optimal solution for a user-defined objective function. After several trial solutions with the PSO, the optimal regions for both the design variables and the performance indexes can be estimated. The results will provide useful information for both a drive system designer and a machine designer at an early stage of the design process. A comparison study of PSO and genetic algorithm (GA) is also performed in this paper, and the comparison shows that PSO is more successful in finding the global optima and also has better computational efficiency than GA. The original contributions of this paper are a novel induction machine design method, consideration of winding turn selection limitation, and a machine-design-focused comparison.
On the quantitative evaluation of characteristic length scales of interior and surface structure

Abstract In the present paper we use a simple method for the quantitative evaluation of characteristic length scales of some dislocation and surface topographical structures in mechanically deformed metals by means of linear integral transforms (in particular, the Fast Hartley Transform, FHT). The method also provides valuable information about the point symmetry group of a given microstructural pattern thereby allowing one to distinguish between different types of patterning (e.g. “isotropic rotationally invariant” vs highly directional “crystallographic”). Such information, if combined with the proven techniques of modern stereology and quantitative metallography, can provide added insight into the nature of spatial coupling in those systems of non-linear governing equations that describe the formation and evolution of microstructure, and how these systems can be applied to a variety of technological applications. Several concrete examples of dislocation and topographical structures are considered, and results of a “computational diffraction analysis” of each example are discussed.
Collapse to black holes in Brans-Dicke theory. I. Horizon boundary conditions for dynamical spacetimes.

We present a new numerical code that evolves a spherically symmetric configuration of collisionless matter in the Brans-Dicke theory of gravitation. In this theory the spacetime is dynamical even in spherical symmetry, where it can contain gravitational radiation. Our code is capable of accurately tracking collapse to a black hole in a dynamical spacetime arbitrarily far into the future, without encountering either coordinate pathologies or spacetime singularities. This is accomplished by truncating the spacetime at a spherical surface inside the apparent horizon, and subsequently solving the evolution and constraint equations only in the exterior region. We use our code to address a number of long-standing theoretical questions about collapse to black holes in Brans-Dicke theory.
Further Evidence of the Deleterious Effects of Overheard Derogatory Ethnic Labels Derogation Beyond the Target

Greenberg and Pyszczynski (1985)found that an overheard derogatory ethnic label can lead to negative evaluations of its target. The present study was designed to provide a conceptual replication of this effect and assess whether the effect could extend to evaluations of a person associated with the target. Subjects read a trial transcript and were asked for verdicts and attorney and defendant evaluations. Whereas the defendant was always white, the defense attorney was either black or white. When the defense attorney was black, a confederate posing as a subject either made no comment or a derogatory comment in which the defense attorney was referred to as either "shyster" or "nigger. " The derogatory ethnic label led to derogation of the defense attorney, thus replicating the effect found by Greenberg and Pyszczynski in a different setting. In addition, the white defendant received especially negative evaluations and harsh verdicts when defended by a black who was the target of a derogatory ethnic label. ...
Home buyers' characteristics and selling prices

This study examines the relationship between home buyers' characteristics and selling prices. Using survey on home buyers and the 1990 Multiple Listing Service data on single-family housing transactions in the Reno-Sparks area in Nevada, this study finds that home buyers play a significant role on housing price determination. For a given type of house, higher income home buyers would pay higher prices than lower income home buyers and first-time home buyers would pay lower prices than repeat home buyers.
Reduced effect of pH on skinned rabbit psoas muscle mechanics at high temperatures: implications for fatigue

1. Inhibition of actomyosin function by decreased pH has been proposed to account for much of the depression of muscle function during fatigue. The clearest support for this hypothesis has been from studies of skinned skeletal muscle fibre mechanics at low temperatures (< or = 15 degrees C). 2. We re-examined the effect of decreased pH (7.0-6.2) on skinned mammalian skeletal fibre mechanics at low (10 degrees C) and high (30 degrees C) temperatures, using recently developed protocols that allow reproducible mechanical data to be obtained at higher temperatures. 3. At 10 degrees C we duplicated previous observations of a significant inhibition of maximum shortening velocity (Vmax) and isometric tension (Po) by acidosis. In contrast, at the higher temperature, we found only a very minimal effect of acidosis on Vmax and a threefold reduction in the decrease in Po. 4. Thus at temperatures only slightly below physiological for mammalian skeletal muscle systems, pH plays a much less important role in the process of muscle fatigue at the cross-bridge level than has been suggested by data obtained at physiologically unrealistic temperatures.
The design and implementation of Berkeley Lab's linuxcheckpoint/restart

This paper describes Berkeley Linux Checkpoint/Restart (BLCR), a linux kernel module that allows system-level checkpoints on a variety of Linux systems. BLCR can be used either as a stand alone system for checkpointing applications on a single machine, or as a component by a scheduling system or parallel communication library for checkpointing and restoring parallel jobs running on multiple machines. Integration with Message Passing Interface (MPI) and other parallel systems is described.
Overproduction and rapid purification of human fast skeletal β troponin T using Escherichia coli expression vectors: functional differences between the α and β isoforms

Abstract Troponin T (TpnT), an essential component of the Ca 2+ -regulatory troponin complex, is involved in protein-protein interactions with other thin-filament proteins during muscle contraction in vertebrate striated muscle (VSM). The isoforms of TpnT are encoded by members of a multigene family which, by alternate splicing, produces a complex pattern of isoproteins in VSM. The functional domains of TpnT are only tentatively identified and structure-function analysis on this protein is limited due to the heterogeneity of the multiple isoforms. We reasoned that the overproduction and purification of a single TpnT species in Escherichia coli would provide an insight into these studies, besides being useful in crystallizing the protein. We cloned the human fast skeletal αTpnT-encoding cDNA (βTpnT f ) in three expression vectors. Overexpression was achieved in an E. coli BL21(DE3) lysogen using a T7 RNA polymerase promoter-based vector, pET17b. The unfused recombinant protein was purified by a simple and rapid procedure in a biologically active and immunoreactive form. This is the first successful synthesis of a complete βTpnT f polypeptide from any species using an in vitro expression system. Purified human βTpnT f , a predominant fetal form, was less Ca 2+ -sensitive and exhibited considerably reduced affinity for troponin C and tropomyosin, as compared to the rabbit fast skeletal αTpnT, a predominant adult isoform. These results provide a biochemical correlate to the age-related differences in Ca 2+ sensitivity of tension development in vertebrate fast skeletal muscles
Clinical development of holmium:YAG laser prostatectomy

Holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser vaporization and resection of the prostate offers advantages in immediate tissue removal compared to the Neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser. Ongoing development of appropriate operative techniques and Ho:YAG laser delivery systems suitable for endoscopic prostate surgery, including side-firing optical delivery fibers, have facilitated this approach. We performed Ho:YAG laser prostatectomy in 20 human subjects, including 2 men treated immediately prior to radical prostatectomy to assess Ho:YAG laser effects in the prostate. A total of 18 men were treated in an initial clinical trial of Ho:YAG prostatectomy. Estimated excess hyperplastic prostate tissue averaged 24 g (range 5 - 50 g). A mean of 129 kj Ho:YAG laser energy was delivered, combined with a mean of 11 kj Nd:YAG energy to provide supplemental coagulation for hemostasis. We have observed no significant perioperative or late complications. No significant intraoperative changes in hematocrit or serum electrolytes were documented. In addition to providing acute removal of obstructing prostate tissue, Ho:YAG laser resection allowed tissue specimen to be obtained for histologic examination. A total of 16 of 18 patients (90%) underwent successful removal of their urinary catheter and voiding trial within 24 hours following surgery. Immediate improvement in voiding, comparable to classic transurethral electrocautery resection of the prostate (TURP), was reported by all patients. Ho:YAG laser resection of the prostate appears to be a viable surgical technique associated with minimal morbidity and immediate improvement in voiding.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A new two-level efficient technique for 2D image patches registration via optimized cross correlation, wavelet transform, and moments of inertia with application to ladar imaging

A new fast feature-based approach for efficient and accurate automated image registration with applications to multiple-views or Multi-sensor LADAR imaging is presented. As it is known, highly accurate and efficient Image registration is highly needed and desired in ground or Airborne LADAR imaging. The proposed approach is two-fold: First, direct comparison of sub-image patches of the overlapping images is performed applying the normalized cross-correlation technique. A pre-specified window sub-image patch size is used to speed up the matching process. In particular, a 65x65 window is defined in the right 50% of the left image (reference image) then, a matching window in the left 50% of the right image (unregistered image) is searched. The beauty of this approach is that the original images are reduced to small and similar sub-image patches of size 65x65, reducing tremendously the computation time of the matching point pairs search process, which as we show, speeds up tremendously the derivation of the matching points pairs described in the next phase. Second, Wavelet transform is applied then to the small and similar sub-image patches to extract a number of matching feature points. Each feature point is an edge point whose edge response is the maximum within a neighborhood. The normalized cross correlation technique is applied again this time to find the matching pairs between the feature points. From the matching pairs, the moments of inertia are applied to estimate the rigid transformation parameters between the overlapping images. In general, the overlapping images can have an arbitrarily large orientation difference. Therefore, this angle must be found first to correct the unregistered image. In order to estimate the rotation angle, we show how a so-called "angle histogram" is derived and calculated. The rotation angle selected is the one that corresponds to the maximum peak in the angle histogram. We show how the proposed approach is of an order of magnitude faster than the existing methods, on a single-processor computer. We show also that the proposed approach is automatic, robust, and can work with any partially overlapping images rotated from each other. Experimental results using rotated and non-rotated images are presented.
On the Orientation of Grid Systems for the Statistical Prediction of Tropical Cyclone Motion

Abstract Statistical models for the prediction of tropical cyclone motion traditionally have been formulated in a coordinate system oriented with respect to zonal and meridional directions. An investigation is made here into the forecast error reducing potential of a grid system reoriented with respect to initial storm heading. The developmental data comprise Atlantic forecast situations from 1965 through 1980 on all storms initially north of about 25°N. Reorientation of the coordinate system reduces the total variance in 24 h storm motion by 40%, projects most of the motion onto one (along-track) component of displacement, and makes the components nearly independent of each other. For 48 and 72 h displacements, however, these advantageous effects are substantially diminished or eliminated. Synoptic predictors derived from current deep-layer mean heights on a grid of 1700 km radius are used to forecast storm displacements. For the developmental data, grid reorientation lowers the 24 h forecast error by 13...
On the Future Prospects of Meteor Detections (Invited Review)

The successful application of modern observing techniques for Leonid storm observations show that meteor (shower) detections will have a bright future if the field will pursue difficult but important questions. How to forecast a satellite threatening meteor storm? What happens to the organic matter in meteors and can this be an important source of prebiotic molecules? What range of variations in composition and morphology exists among cometary grains and what does this tell us about the origin of the solar system? What long-period comets approach Earth orbit and can meteoroid streams provide early warning for giant impacts? What are the sources of interstellar and interplanetary grains? Just to mention a few. To answer these questions will need new technologies and facilities, some of which are being developed for other use. This may include NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared and sub-millimeter Astronomy (SOFIA). In addition, big-science space missions can drive the field if meteor detections are an integral part. Special events, such as meteor outbursts and the “artificial meteor” from the reentry of sample return capsules from interplanetary space, can mobilize observing and theoretical efforts. These and other future opportunities are briefly discussed.
Tumour promoter-induced release and metabolism of arachidonic acid: Comparison between mouse and human epidermal cells.

Abstract Arachidonic acid (AA) release and metabolism to prostaglandins (PG) in response to the complete mouse skin tumour promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and the first-stage promoter A23187 were compared in keratinocytes from normal adult human and two different strains of mouse with different sensitivities to TPA as a tumour promoter. The rate, extent and distribution of incorporated [14C]AA among the classes of phospholipids were similar in cultures of either CD-1, SSIN or human keratinocytes. Using prelabelled cultures, the amount of radiolabel released in control cultures was nearly identical for human and both strains of mice. Distinct species differences were observed, however, after TPA treatment. Cultures of human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) released only half as much label by 6 hr compared with either strain of mouse. In addition, whereas the mouse epidermal keratinocytes (MEK) metabolized AA readily to PGE2, very little PGE2 could be detected in the human cultures. The extent of variability between individual human samples (n = 11) in response to 0.1 μg TPA/ml ranged from a 20% increase to a 200% increase in release of label, with a mean increase of 50%, whereas murine cells produced a mean increase of 400%. When MEK and HEK were stimulated with 10−6 and 10−5 m -A23187, an increase in the release of arachidonate by 200 and 400%, respectively, was observed for both species. Under these conditions of equal release, equivalent amounts of PGE2 were produced. To compare further the ability of mouse and human cells to metabolize exogenous AA to PGE2, freshly isolated, as well as cultured, cells from each species were incubated with [14C]arachidonate. Under both conditions, HEK have approximately the same ability as MEK to metabolize AA to PGE2 (approx. 2% of the arachidonate for both species). The reduced ability of HEK, compared with MEK, to produce PGE2 is specific to TPA and is due primarily to insufficient substrate, that is, low levels of arachidonic acid release.
Strong coupling corrections to the Ginzburg-Landau theory of superfluid He 3

In the Ginzburg-Landau theory of superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, the free energy is expressed as an expansion of invariants of a complex order parameter. Strong coupling effects, which increase with increasing pressure, are embodied in the set of coefficients of these order-parameter invariants [A. J. Leggett, Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, 331 (1975); E. V. Thuneberg, Phys. Rev. B 36, 3583 (1987); J. Low Temp. Phys. 122, 657 (2001)]. Experiments can be used to determine four independent combinations of the coefficients of the five fourth-order invariants. This leaves the phenomenological description of the thermodynamics near ${T}_{c}$ incomplete. Theoretical understanding of these coefficients is also quite limited. We analyze our measurements of the magnetic susceptibility and the NMR frequency shift in the $B$ phase which refine the four experimental inputs to the phenomenological theory. We propose a model based on existing experiments, combined with calculations by Sauls and Serene [Phys. Rev. B 24, 183 (1981)] of the pressure dependence of these coefficients, in order to determine all five fourth-order terms. This model leads us to a better understanding of the thermodynamics of superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in its various states. We discuss the surface tension of bulk superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and predictions for novel states of the superfluid such as those that are stabilized by elastic scattering of quasiparticles from a highly porous silica aerogel.
APPC/MVS distributed application support

Advanced Program-to-Program Communication for Multiple Virtual Storage (APPC/MVS) is a major evolutionary change to MVS for applications that need to connect and communicate across the enterprise. APPC/MVS is an implementation of Systems Network Architecture (SNA) LU 6.2 session-defined protocol. This new MVS environment includes services to enhance the creation, execution, and management of MVS peer-to-peer and client/server applications. In addition to providing connectivity and communications services, APPC/MVS also has scheduling facilities for managing concurrent work originating from other systems in the enterprise network. The objective of this paper is to survey these facilities by examples of usage and by relationships to existing MVS services. Topics include various types of distributed models and approaches, design considerations, and characteristics that represent candidates for an APPC/MVS implementation. Relationships of the APPC/MVS environment with the Customer Information Control System/Enterprise Systems Architecture (CICS/ ESA™), Information Management System/ Enterprise Systems Architecture Transaction Manager (IMS/ESA™ TM), Time Sharing Option Extensions (TSO/E), and batch environments are included.
Low surface energy polymers and surface-active block polymers. IV, Monolayers at the air-water interface

Abstract The spreading of five block copolymers of 2-(p-(t-butyl)phenyl) oxazoline (hydrophobic block) and 2-ethyl oxazoline (hydrophilic block) at the air-water interface was studied using Langmuir-Blodgett film balance techniques. Three regions of compression were found. At low force, the hydrophilic block was being compressed. This continued until the hydrophobic tails contacted each other. The second region was the compression of the hydrophobic tails lying almost flat on the water surface. As the pressure increased to 40 mN m−1, the hydrophobic tail rotated so that the side chains were perpendicular to the surface. The area of the hydrophobic block in the most compressed state was about equal to its thickness multiplied by its chain length. As chain length increased, packing efficiency decreased slightly. All compressed phases remained liquid like. The films remained as monolayers up to the pressure (about 70mNm −1) permitted by the trough.
Steroid‐induced sexual differentiation of the developing brain: multiple pathways, one goal

Hormone exposure, including testosterone and its metabolite estradiol, induces a myriad of effects during a critical period of brain development that are necessary for brain sexual differentiation. Nuclear volume, neuronal morphology, and astrocyte complexity are examples of the wide range of effects by which testosterone and estradiol can induce permanent changes in the function of neurons for the purpose of reproduction in adulthood. This review will examine the multitude of mechanisms by which steroid hormones induce these permanent changes in brain structure and function. Elucidating how steroids alter brain development sheds light on how individual variation in neuronal phenotype is established during a critical period.
Forelimb brachial muscle activation patterns using surface electromyography and their relationship to kinematics in normal dogs walking and trotting

The objective of this study was to determine activity of the elbow flexor and elbow extensor groups of muscles relative to shoulder and elbow joint kinematics in normal walking and trotting dogs using surface electromyography (EMG), and to determine if muscle activity varies with gait or limb. Ten healthy mixed-breed dogs were walked and trotted across embedded force plates in a 6 m walkway while simultaneously recording muscle activation using surface EMG positioned over the biceps brachii (elbow flexor group) and triceps brachii (elbow extensor group); peak shoulder, elbow, and carpal joint angles from motion capture, and ground reaction forces. EMG magnitude, timing, and power spectral density (PSD) were used to analyse muscle activity. The effects of gait type and limb side on EMG measures and joint angles were assessed using an analysis of variance. Results showed that the elbow flexor group was maximally active at end of stance. The elbow extensor group was maximally active at the beginning of stance. Muscle activity occurred earlier in the gait phase (stance or swing) in the trot compared to the walk. The amplitude, frequency at maximum PSD (elbow flexor group only) and the median frequency were larger on the right side than on the left side. The maximum PSD and integrated PSD were larger on the left side than the right side. These data provide a reference for identifying abnormalities associated with orthopaedic, neurological, or rehabilitative changes. Limb asymmetry observed in muscle activation in clinically normal dogs should be further evaluated.
Paternal involvement with adolescents in intact families: The influence of fathers over the life course

We measure the quality and quantity of fathers’ involvement with adolescent children in intact families over time using longitudinal data from The National Survey of Children. We examine differentials in fathers’ involvement by children’s and family characteristics and model the long-term effects of fathers’ involvement on children’s outcomes in the transition to adulthood. Fathers are more involved with sons than with daughters and they disengage from adolescents with increasing marital conflict. We find beneficial effects for children of father’s involvement in three domains: educational and economic attainment, delinquent behavior, and psychological well-being. The course of affective relations throughout adolescence also has a beneficial effect on delinquent behavior and psychological well-being.
Color metallography of diffusion-induced grain boundary migration in Cu-Zn and Cu-As alloys☆

Abstract Diffusion-induced grain boundary migration is a recently recognized phenomenon that leads to unexpected motion of grain boundaries. Vastly enhanced mass transport characterizes the low-temperature aspect of the phenomenon, since the grain boundaries provide easy paths for diffusional redistribution of atoms in the regions traversed by the boundaries. Diffusion of a solute into or out of polycrystalline materials when only grain boundary diffusion is significant has been observed to induce grain boundaries to migrate in a number of alloys. To investigate this phenomenon further, boundary migration in binary Cu-Zn and Cu-As was studied by use of color metallography. Alloyed surfaces were revealed in the regions traversed by the boundaries after zincification of pure copper in the temperature range 600–900 K and after diffusion of arsenic from the vapor into pure copper in the temperature range 573–643 K. The extent of migration, degree of alloying, and morphology of the grain boundary migration were studied using a variety of metallographic preparative techniques. Because the migrating boundaries sweep across grains, mixing in solute, and because no compositional changes occur except in regions through which migrating boundaries pass, changes in the color of surface regions were used to detect and to extract the extent of the phenomenon.
A Model of the Perishable Inventory System With Reference to Consumer-Realized Product Expiration

A new model of the perishable inventory system is presented, which recognizes and incorporates the effects of consumer-realized product expiration. Such expiration has not been explicitly treated within the perishable inventory literature, and occurs when units are expired at the time of sale or expire within some short period of time subsequent to purchase. The model treats the age at which the vendor outdates units as a decision variable, and allows for analysis of the interaction between inventory ordering and outdate policy for a perishable item with random lifetime. As such, the model represents a synthesis of the fixed versus random lifetime perishable inventory literatures. Sensitivity analysis conducted with respect to the new model provides insight into the trade-offs between the costs of carrying, shortage, outdating, and consumer-realized product expiration.
413: A modified staging system for IUGR fetuses

tional groups were carried out using the Gene Ontology (Go) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) RESULTS: Fetal hearts from 10-18 GA showed expression of genes coding for contractile proteins and fatty acid metabolism. When analyzed by gestational age, first trimester hearts showed myosin related genes to be upregulated more than 5 fold compared to second trimester heart which showed genes involved in energy production and cardiac remodeling to be upregulated more than 5 fold. Retinol and GABA receptors were upregulated in ST hearts CONCLUSION: Fetal heart development during FT is dominated by genes coding for myocardial development and differentiation. ST development is dominated by energy generation and cardiomyocyte communication for contractile coordination/proliferation. Fatty acid metabolism can be seen as early as 10 weeks and gets stronger as the heart matures. Retinol receptor and GABA receptors have not been described previously in human fetal heart during this period. For the first time global gene expression of heart has been described in human samples to create a database of normal development to understand and compare with known fetal pathology.
Higher Expression of the Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K in Melanoma

Background The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) K is an essential RNA and DNA binding protein involved in gene expression and signal transduction. The role of hnRNP K in cancer is relatively understudied. However, several cellular functions strongly indicate that hnRNP K is involved in tumorigenesis. Oncogenes c-Src, c-myc, and eIF4E are regulated by hnRNP K. We have shown an increased cytoplasmic hnRNP K in pancreatic cancer. In the present study, we investigated the altered expression of hnRNP K protein and its correlation with p-ERK in melanoma using human melanoma cell lines and tissue microarray.
Successful performance of a base‐isolated hospital building during the 17 January 1994 Northridge earthquake

The purpose of this paper is to examine the response records and thereby the performance of the base-isolated University of Southern California (USC) hospital building during the Ms = 6·8 Northridge (California) earthquake of 17 January 1994. The data retrieved from the building is the first set of data from any base-isolated building that (a) was tested to acceleration levels at the free-field similar to the zero period acceleration (ZPA) level postulated in the seismic design criteria of the building and (b) exhibits levels of relative displacement excursions which puts the isolators into the nonlinear range. The variation of the fundamental frequency as a function of changing instantaneous stiffness of the isolators is identifiable. During the shaking, the isolators (a) performed well and, having attained up to 10% hysteretic damping, effectively dissipated the incoming energy of motions and (b) reduced the drift ratios of the superstructure of the building to a maximum of 10% of the allowable, which should explain the fact that there was no damage to the structure or its contents. The primary conclusion of this study is that this base-isolated building performed well during the Northridge earthquake of 17 January 1994 when only approximately 10% of the displacement capability of the isolators were utilized. Therefore, there is every reason to believe that the building will perform well during future earthquakes in the region.
Interaction of polymyxin with vertebrate peripheral nerve axons

Summary The effect of the peptide antibiotic polymyxin on nerve membrane was investigated on the voltage clamped node of Ranvier. Low polymyxin concentrations ( −5 M) had little effect. Polymyxin (2×10 −5 −10 −4 M) produced a large increase in leakage conductance accompanied by large inward current and loss of evoked sodium currents. In choline-substituted Ringer's solution the increase in leakage conductance was small and potassium currents remained near control levels. Tetrodotoxin (10 −7 M) and calcium increased the threshold for the effect. Above 10 −4 M polymyxin, leakage conductance increased to levels associated with loss of membrane integrity. The results-suggest that polymyxin forms or opens Na and K-permeable channels in nerve membrane.
Energy-Efficiency Comparison of Mobile Platforms and Applications: A Quantitative Approach

Given the number of choices of platforms and apps with similar functionalities, this paper describes the challenges and identifies the gaps toward comparing mobile platforms and apps for energy efficiency. In addition, based on case studies that focus on energy efficiency comparison of different app categories on the most popular platforms, the paper discusses insights related to the major OS providers, energy-efficient app design, and app developers common practices.
The use of orthogonal polynomials in the near-optimal control of distributed systems by trajectory approximation†

Abstract A near-optimal feedback control law for a distributed parameter system with a quadratic performance index is obtained by the method of trajectory approximation. The system equation is reduced to an approximate system of ordinary differential equations by the Galerkin—Kantorovich method, and then Pontryagin's maximum principle is applied to show that the feedback control law is linear and can be obtained as the solution of a matrix Riccati equation. Numerical computations performed using Chebyshev polynomials as the Galerkin weighting functions on the equation for a heat exchanger with wall flux forcing indicate that four thermocouples are enough to attain virtual optimality.