cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibration methods for time domain network analysis

Accurate calibration techniques for the characterization of general one- and two-port networks using time domain reflection/transmission (TDR/T) measurements are presented. Simple one-port open-short-match corrections formulated by W.M. Scott and G.S. Smith (1986) are generalized for three arbitrary known loads and extended to the two-port case. Known, general frequency-domain techniques are shown to be directly applicable to the time-domain measurements, including the use of redundancy to reduce the number of required calibration standards. A time-domain thru-match-short method similar to the TRL method of G.F. Engen and C.A. Hoer (1979) is presented. Examples of the measured results for typical one- and two-port devices are included and compared with vector network analyzer measurement results to validate the time domain network analysis algorithms. >
Building bridges and crossing them: translational research in developmental psychopathology.

To improve the health and well-being of individuals, it has become clear that scientific discoveries must be translated into practical applications (Insel & Fernald, 2004; Moses, Dorsey, Matheson, & Thier, 2005). Historically, such discoveries, particularly in the health sciences, have begun at “the bench,” with basic research at the molecular or cellular level progressing to the “bedside” or clinical venue. Increasingly, both basic researchers and those who are involved directly in patient care recognize that the bench–bedside approach to translational research is best conceptualized as reciprocal in nature (Cicchetti & Hinshaw, 2002; Ialongo et al., 2006). That is, basic scientists can develop new tools for utilization with patients, and clinical researchers and clinicians can make novel assessments about the nature and progression of disease that can stimulate further basic research investigations (Zerhouni, 2005). This bidirectional process is consistent with one of the central tenets of developmental psychopathology, where knowledge on normative and atypical development is considered to be mutually informative (Cicchetti, 1993; Cicchetti & Toth, 1998, 2006; Rutter & Sroufe, 2000).Our work on this Editorial and Special Issue was partially supported by research grants from the National Institute of Drug Abuse, the National Institute of Mental Health, and the Spunk Fund, Inc.
How much do you value your family and does it matter? The joint effects of family identity salience, family-interference-with-work, and gender

Using identity theory and the gender role framework, this study examined the interactive effects of family identity salience, family-interference-with-work (FIW), and gender on two outcome variables: job satisfaction and job distress. Results from a sample of 163 employees support the proposed buffering hypothesis for job distress and job satisfaction, such that individuals who experienced a high level of FIW reported more job distress and less job satisfaction only when they were low in family identity salience. Additionally, we found support for a three-way interaction, such that the two-way interactive effects of family identity salience and FIW on job satisfaction were stronger for women than for men. Theoretical and practical implications of the results, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.
Anthropogenic Aerosols and the Distribution of Past Large‐Scale Precipitation Change

The climate response of precipitation to the effects of anthropogenic aerosols is a critical while not yet fully understood aspect in climate science. Results of selected models that participated the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and the data from the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project suggest that, throughout the tropics and also in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, aerosols have largely dominated the distribution of precipitation changes in reference to the preindustrial era in the second half of the last century. Aerosol-induced cooling has offset some of the warming caused by the greenhouse gases from the tropics to the Arctic and thus formed the gradients of surface temperature anomaly that enable the revealed precipitation change patterns to occur. Improved representation of aerosol-cloud interaction has been demonstrated as the key factor for models to reproduce consistent distributions of past precipitation change with the reanalysis data.
Tensiometric and Phase Domain Behavior of Lung Surfactant on Mucus-like Viscoelastic Hydrogels

Lung surfactant has been observed at all surfaces of the airway lining fluids and is an important contributor to normal lung function. In the conducting airways, the surfactant film lies atop a viscoelastic mucus gel. In this work, we report on the characterization of the tensiometric and phase domain behavior of lung surfactant at the air-liquid interface of mucus-like viscoelastic gels. Poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels were formulated to serve as a model mucus with bulk rheological properties that matched those of tracheobronchial mucus secretions. Infasurf (Calfactant), a commercially available pulmonary surfactant derived from calf lung extract, was spread onto the hydrogel surface. The surface tension lowering ability and relaxation of Infasurf films on the hydrogels was quantified and compared to Infasurf behavior on an aqueous subphase. Infasurf phase domains during surface compression were characterized by fluorescence microscopy and phase shifting interferometry. We observed that increasing the bulk viscoelastic properties of the model mucus hydrogels reduced the ability of Infasurf films to lower surface tension and inhibited film relaxation. A shift in the formation of Infasurf condensed phase domains from smaller, more spherical domains to large, agglomerated, multilayer structures was observed with increasing viscoelastic properties of the subphase. These studies demonstrate that the surface behavior of lung surfactant on viscoelastic surfaces, such as those found in the conducting airways, differs significantly from aqueous, surfactant-laden systems.
ADJUNCT TO WHAT? A NON-TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON TEACHING THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

ABSTRACT The assumption of adjunct faculty as both behind and beneath fulltime and/or tenured faculty is becoming a point of increasing conflict and controversy in the world of academia. Regardless of the setting (community college, four year college, or university), adjuncts occupy next to the lowest position in the faculty hierarchy. Ironically, while unflatteringly positioned, the economic, operational, and boundary-spanning contributions of this unheralded cadre of professors are substantial. Additional mining of adjunct faculty potential in several venues can unearth possibilities such as: (1) having university administration leverage adjunct influence in the community; and/or (2) having employers enhance organizational performance by utilizing employees who serve as adjuncts to broker applied theory; and/or (3) have adjunct faculty members capitalize on the uniqueness of their “praxis” orientation thereby benefiting students, employers, the university, and themselves. The teaching profession is one ...
Labor Implications of TPP

The Social Dimension Labor Provision of the Transpacific Partnership (TPP) indeed represents the “Next Generation” in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and is possibly a “game changer” in the several Asian countries with TPP-side agreements with the U.S. As one of the few countries in the world that includes labor provisions in FTAs with Asia-Pacific countries, the U.S. in the TPP has built on its past FTA labor provisions and through its side agreements on labor with Vietnam, Malaysia, and Brunei to advance new and higher labor standards. The significance of the Side Agreements cannot be over-emphasized. As always, the proof is in the actual enforcement and, in the author’s opinion, future scrutiny should be on making enforcement meaningful. In the interim and final analysis, it may well be up to the economists to proclaim a conclusion on its economic impact and its success or failure.This paper places discussion of the TPP in the context of addressing the growth of FTAs and the limited use of social dimension provisions on labor, particularly with many Asia- Pacific countries, thus highlighting the progressive measures on labor protections undertaken by the TPP and how it fits with emerging developments in the region. This discussion is followed by identifying new research agenda implicated by TPP labor provisions and its side agreements and, providing analyses to the challenges and opportunities they present. Finally, in the conclusion, summaries, suggestions, and challenges to other disciplines will be made.
Response—Applying antibiotics lessons to antivirals.

The main arguments against broad-spectrum therapies presented by Martin are based on the pitfalls of this approach with antibiotics. However, the spread of resistance in bacteria to which Martin refers is not directly applicable to viral resistance. Bacteria can spread antibiotic resistance either
INELASTIC PROTON SCATTERING FROM $sup 96$Mo THROUGH ISOBARIC ANALOG RESONANCES.

Excitation functions for proton elastic and inelastic scattering to several low-lying states of $^{96}\mathrm{Mo}$ have been measured in the energy range from 5.2 to 8.0 MeV. Isobaric analog resonances have been used to deduce the structure of parent states in $^{97}\mathrm{Mo}$. In particular, the ground state of $^{97}\mathrm{Mo}$ was found to have parentage in four excited states of $^{96}\mathrm{Mo}$, besides the $^{96}\mathrm{Mo}$ ground-state component already known from $^{96}\mathrm{Mo}(d,p)$ studies. Angular distributions were measured on the prominent resonances to determine the angular momenta of the exiting protons and to obtain inelastic partial widths. Noticeable asymmetries in the inelastic yield curves are found and interpreted as arising from interference between the resonance reaction and other (direct) processes. The assignment of spin-parity ${0}^{+}$ to the 1.15-MeV state of $^{96}\mathrm{Mo}$ is found to be consistent with the present data.
Comparison of MIEX® treatment and coagulation on NOM character

The MIEX® DOC Process was developed specifically for the removal of problematic natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water production. The Mt Pleasant plant in South Australia was constructed to assess the MIEX® DOC Process in likely operating scenarios including retrofit into existing conventional water treatment plants and installation into new plants combined with microfiltration. The plant has been operating since 2001. In conjunction with this has been an extensive laboratory investigation into the factors impacting on the effectiveness of the process for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal and water quality improvement, particularly for MIEX® treatment combined with coagulation. Both plant monitoring and laboratory studies indicate that changes in the character of the NOM and water quality have had a significant impact on DOC removal by the MIEX® resin. MIEX® and coagulation have been very effective in combination and consistently reduced turbidity to <0.5 NTU from an average of 60 NTU. The target is now to achieve higher DOC removal rates. To achieve this, it is important that the influence of water quality changes on the MIEX® and coagulation processes, particularly the impact of changes in NOM character are fully understood.
Quasi-state-specific QCT method for calculating the dissociation rate of nitrogen in thermal non-equilibrium

The dissociation of nitrogen was studied using a quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) analysis in the context of calculating the dissociation rate surface for a dense range of temperatures for use in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications. By sampling rovibrational states from a Boltzmann distribution but uniformly sampling the relative speed, the dissociation rate was calculated for translational and rovibrational temperatures between 8000 K and 20000 K. The justification for this approach was verified by analyzing different sampling techniques. It was found that uniformly sampling the relative speed increased the uncertainty of the thermally averaged dissociation rate, but the same QCT results could be used for a large range of temperatures. This is in contrast to Monte Carlo sampling techniques, where a new batch of trajectories must be simulated for each desired temperature. To generate the dissociation rate surface, 500 million trajectories were simulated, and the non-equilibrium rates were compared to other models and experimental data, generally showing good agreement.
Abstract P4-06-01: Human mammary tumor virus, HMTV, is an MMTV-adapted human pathogen

Forty percent of American women9s breast cancers contain HMTV, a betaretrovirus 90-98% homologous to MMTV, the causative agent for breast cancer in mice. HMTV is reverse-transcribed and integrated into chromosomal DNA of human breast cells. MMTV contamination of our analyses has been definitively excluded. In 8% of unselected American mothers HMTV is found in cells in milk, but in 21% of milks from women previously biopsied for unconfirmed cancer suspicion. In breasts biopsied for suspicion of cancer before a later diagnosis of breast cancer, we see suggestive morphologic changes if the subsequent breast cancer is HMTV+. HMTV is infectious in vitro for B and T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and human mammary epithelial cells. Infecting MCF-10 breast cell lines with HMTV produces molecular changes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition with upregulation of vimentin ,and downregualtion of E-cadherin. The excess of breast cancer in western European countries and their former colonies (age standardized rates of 47 to 92 per 100,000 per year) compared to Asian incidence (29 to 43 ASR/y) can be explained by excess HMTV-related breast cancer incidence. In 7 West European, American and Oceania countries, 30 to 60% contain HMTV, while in 5 Asian nations HMTV in breast cancers ranges from 0 to 22% Different indigenous murine species with disparate MMTV burdens parallel these findings: mus domesticus in the West with much MMTV in its genome, and m. castaneus or m.musculus in the East with less. Ancient contamination of the food chain, and current lactational transfer perpetuate infection. HMTV poses a new and challenging dimension to breast cancer research involving diagnosis, molecular mechanisms, epidemiology, therapy and prevention. Citation Format: Holland JF, Jaffer S, Melana S, Nartey T, Gnjatic S, Pogo BG-T. Human mammary tumor virus, HMTV, is an MMTV-adapted human pathogen. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-06-01.
Balancing Rights and Responsibilities

The topic of child abuse and neglect has reached such a prominent place in the American consciousness that few are unaware of the potential dangers that children face at the hands of adults, including teachers, child care personnel, strangers, community leaders, and, all too often, members of a child’s own family. Indeed, one need only tune in to network television on any night to encounter at least one more story involving the victimization of a child. Although the laws of all 50 states now provide for both criminal and civil prosecution of child abuse and neglect (Bulkley, Feller, Stern, & Roe, 1996), there remains a great deal of misunderstanding and often a lack of knowledge regarding legal responses to cases in which a child is alleged to have been abused or neglected. Cases such as the infamous 1984 McMartin Preschool trial, which extended over five years and resulted in the defendants’ acquittal on all charges, render suspect the degree to which not only the general public, but also those professionals regularly involved in the resolution of these cases (particularly mental health professionals) understand the relevant legal context. The purpose of this chapter is not only to illuminate those rules and guidelines that dictate the parameters of legal responses to allegations of child maltreatment, but also to provide insight into many of the controversies that arise when a case of maltreatment is submitted to legal authorities.
A Facility for the Investagation of (n,Charged Particle) Reactions

A system comprised of a gas cell and a magnetic quadrupole triplet was developed for measuring (n, charged particle) reactions. The large (2.68m) distance between target and detector results in appreciable reduction of the background while the solid angle (about 15 msr) ensures measurement of small cross sections.
Inhibition and Cognition

When we are upset or confused about an event, it often helps to write or to talk about it with someone. The mere act of organizing and categorizing the event makes us feel better and allows us to devote our attention to other things. Certain events, such as getting a parking ticket or having an airline lose our bags, can be assimilated and explained relatively easily. Others, however, such as being assaulted or being rejected by one’s spouse, require far more cognitive work in order to organize, understand, and ultimately to forget. One problem that occasionally occurs is that we are sometimes unable to discuss certain personally traumatic events for fear of embarrassment or punishment. In such cases, we must actively inhibit the confiding process. As will be seen, the inhibition process is itself stressful. Hence, the combined physiological effects of experiencing the trauma, attempting to assimilate the trauma, and inhibition can sum to produce long-term stress and susceptibility to disease. The model that we propose has evolved from rather diverse literatures and serendipitous observations. Because our research in this area is in a nascent stage, our model should be viewed as a tentative conceptual framework that will undoubtedly be revised over the next few years.
Brain Abnormalities on MRI in Partial Epilepsy

The incidence of cerebral abnormalities using MRI in 30 consecutive children, aged 0.9-15.5 years, presenting with intractable complex partial seizures is reported from the Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Sick Children, London, UK.
Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia and Epilepsy

Clinical and linkage data in 11 families with paroxysmal kynesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), with or without infantile convulsions (IC), were studied at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, and multiple international centers.
Automatic Measurement of Chew Count and Chewing Rate during Food Intake

Research suggests that there might be a relationship between chew count as well as chewing rate and energy intake. Chewing has been used in wearable sensor systems for the automatic detection of food intake, but little work has been reported on the automatic measurement of chew count or chewing rate. This work presents a method for the automatic quantification of chewing episodes captured by a piezoelectric sensor system. The proposed method was tested on 120 meals from 30 participants using two approaches. In a semi-automatic approach, histogram-based peak detection was used to count the number of chews in manually annotated chewing segments, resulting in a mean absolute error of 10.40% ± 7.03%. In a fully automatic approach, automatic food intake recognition preceded the application of the chew counting algorithm. The sensor signal was divided into 5-s non-overlapping epochs. Leave-one-out cross-validation was used to train a artificial neural network (ANN) to classify epochs as "food intake" or "no intake" with an average F1 score of 91.09%. Chews were counted in epochs classified as food intake with a mean absolute error of 15.01% ± 11.06%. The proposed methods were compared with manual chew counts using an analysis of variance (ANOVA), which showed no statistically significant difference between the two methods. Results suggest that the proposed method can provide objective and automatic quantification of eating behavior in terms of chew counts and chewing rates.
A method to avoid smartphone memory errors impacting encryption keys

Encryption is used as the method of choice to control access to sensitive data on a smartphone by systems such as CleanOS. We present a simulation study to demonstrate the potential damaging effect that memory errors can have on encrypted data if errors corrupt encryption keys. We show how simple algorithmic strategies to detect and correct a faulty key can marginalize the risk of such errors.
Using Assessment to Provide Application in Human Factors Engineering to USMA Cadets

This paper discusses a collaboration between the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and the United States Military Academy at West Point in teaching the fundamentals of human factors engineering through assessment and experimentation. To facilitate this, the cadets engage in a year-long capstone project where an ARL scientist serves as a mentor, often in conjunction with departmental faculty. This paper discusses a five-phase teaching process to assist in training the fundamentals of research. The five phases are: 1. Identification of research questions and background research. 2. The development of research protocols and their associated training, 3. The selection and understanding of appropriate assessment techniques, 4. The coordination and execution of data collection, and 5. Statistical analysis and reporting. This process uses an existing research experiment at ARL focusing on the impact of different types of display surfaces to support military tactical decision-making to serve as a case study. The research experiment used a hybrid of two research platforms: the Augmented REality Sandtable (ARES) and the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT). An examination of the process as well as perspectives from the cadets assisting with the Perspectives from The ARL/USMA research and the cadets assisting with the research. These perspectives can help with the development of other similar programs aimed at combining research laboratories and academic institutions.
Self-Determination and Confidentiality: The Ambiguous Nature of Decision-Making

This article seeks to further clarify the ambiguous nature of two of social work's most important values: self-determination and confidentiality. Previous research indicates that many ethical decisions in social work practice are difficult to make; and, many times decisions are made based on the worker's values and experiences rather than on written ethics, laws, and agency policy. To explore this concept further, an open-ended survey instrument was distributed to 82 social work students after completing the required practice classes. The participants were asked whether they would break confidentiality based on a specific vignette and describe what decision was made and why. Results indicated that degree level (MSW versus BSW) proved to be a significant factor related to whether and/or why the respondent would break confidentiality. In addition, students with more paid work experience were more likely to question the issue of confidentiality and were more likely to break it. Two issues reflected ...
On-Line Quality Control: Advances in Sensor Technology

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the tools necessary for the selection of sensors for targeted applications. On-line sensor technology is currently emerging to address both process efficiency and quality improvement in food processing operations. Processing of food products is complex, involving many steps which, when controlled, can have a direct effect on the quality of the product as perceived by the consumer. To control a food process, sensor technology can be coupled with process control systems. This technology can take many forms, from simple physical measurements of material weight and ingredient size, to complex analytical chemicals and biosensors which can measure chemical reactions, as they are occurring during food production. The challenge for food processors, therefore, is to select the best sensor and overall process control strategy for a given process. This involves knowledge of sensor technologies and types, as well as knowledge of the process and the steps which need to be monitored and controlled. At the research level, identification and synthesis of new materials is a key factor in the development of new sensors for on-line use.
Trust and Governance: Understanding the Dimensions and Institutional Foundations

To understand the role of trust in governance, we unpack the dimensions of trust and analyze both the normative and cultural- cognitive institutions that provide the foundation for these dimensions...
Neobladder-Vaginal fistula: The University of Southern California experience.

Aims The use of orthotropic neobladder (ONB) construction in women has increased in popularity. With increasing numbers so have complications distinct to this procedure. Neobladder vaginal fistula (NVF) is a rare but challenging complication. We present our experience correcting this problem. Methods An IRB approved database of female patients with an ONB was retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a history of NVF were identified and charts reviewed. Our standard technique of radical cystectomy and orthotopic diversion in female patients includes interposition of omentum between the neobladder and anterior vaginal wall and sacrocolpopexy. Results Two hundred and forty-nine female patients underwent cystectomy and ONB construction between 1995 and 2015. Fourteen patients were diagnosed with a NVF (5.6% incidence). The average age and follow-up was 67 years and 33.7 months, respectively. Surgery for fistula closure was attempted in 13 patients. One repair was combined abdominal and transvaginal; the remaining 12 were performed transvaginally. Location of NVF was categorized as at the urethra-neobladder anastomosis (UNA, nine patients) and anterior vaginal wall (AVW, four patients). Eight patients had a successful fistula repair (61.5%) but only five patients ultimately retained their ONB (39%). Conclusions Patients with a NVF pose a surgical challenge. Successful fistula repair does not necessarily result in adequate continence due to an incompetent outlet. NVF location at the UNA is the more common location and is more challenging in regard to successful resolution of the NVF as well as possible urinary incontinence post-NVF repair.
Transmission factors and socioeconomic status as determinants of diarrhoeal incidence in Lima, Peru.

As part of a longitudinal, community - based study of diarrhoeal morbidity in a peri - urban community in Lima, Peru, a household survey was administered to ascertain possible risk factors, based on transmission routes, for diarrhoeal incidence. Socioeconomic information was also obtained in the survey and a composite socioeconomic status (SES) indicator was created based on four variables: income (wealth), ownership of 4 functioning electrical household appliances, community participation, and house construction. Both transmission factors and the SES indicator were analysed for their effects on diarrhoeal incidence using both bivariate and multivariate methods. The SES indicator, method of water storage, if the child was seen eating faeces or soil were all significantly associated with diarrhoeal incidence. In a final logistic model, water storage, location of defecation for children, child eating soil or faeces, and age, demonstrated significant results. Children in households with water stored in containers without a faucet were twice as likely to have a high incidence of diarrhoea (>7 episodes/child/year). The SES indicator was not signi ficant in the logistic model, but high SES was associated with whether or not the child was reported as having been seen eating faeces or soil and with non - use of latrines by adults. Also low SES households were more likely to have better water storage methods. Therefore, it would seem that (SES) does not independently determine diarrhoeal incidence, but rather may be functioning through these transmission factors to affect diarrhoeal incidence.
Soft Sensor of Biomass in Nosiheptide Fermentation Process Based on Secondary Variable Weighted Modeling Method

Biomass is hard to be measured on line in Nosiheptide fermentation process, which brings difficulties to control and optimization of this process. To solve this problem, soft sensor technique is applied to implement the on-line estimation of biomass, and a secondary variable weighted modeling method is proposed. Based on the unstructured model for Nosiheptide fermentation process, the secondary variables are selected according to the implicit function existence theorem. Then, each secondary variable is self-adaptively weighted according to its different effect on biomass, and a soft sensor model of biomass is developed by using the secondary variable weighted modeling method. The testing results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Measurement in Practice

The use of scales in social sciences has been considered an important element in the development of ideas. Indeed, many common diagnoses in the mental health field have been aided by some very distinct and robust measures (e.g., the CIDI (Andrews & Peters, 1998) and the Beck Depression inventories (Beck, 2006)). The now-famous concepts and ideas such as social distance (Bogardus, 1933) and anomie (Srole, 1956) all find support on well-established social scales. Still others such as the BEM Sex Inventory (Bem, 1974), the Kansas Marital Satisfaction (Schumm, 2001), or Herek (1984) scale on attitudes toward lesbians and gays all share one very important trait—good design and methodological sophistication. This is not to say that each measure is without error, clearly they are not, but it is to say that the developmental approaches used by the authors reflected a level of concern and sophistication that renders these scales as useful and adaptable measures across a variety of subjects and in numerous cultural settings. With some important modifications, these instruments endure. In short, these measures meet the criteria of scale construction by providing a concrete measurement of abstract theoretical ideas. The questions then become, what are scales, how are they composed, why do they work, and how can one be sure that the scale is really an appropriate measure of the theoretical construct under examination? Throughout this book, these issues will be addressed in great detail. The purpose of this chapter is to provide some insight into these issues and offer an overview of the process. Let me begin with a very critical caveat—No scale is without its problems and not all elements can be combined to make a scale no matter the reliability score. Good research methodology along with logic and good sense must always accompany any measure worth its weight.
Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Have Adipose, Hepatic, and Peripheral Insulin Resistance.

Context Adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have difficulty obtaining optimal glucose control, which may relate to insulin resistance (IR), especially during puberty. Moreover, IR increases the risk for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in T1D. However, the tissue specificity of IR in adolescents with T1D has not been fully phenotyped. Objective To assess adipose, hepatic, and peripheral insulin sensitivity in adolescents with and without T1D. Design and Setting Thirty-five youth with T1D [median age, 16 (first and third quartiles, 14, 17) years; 53% female; median body mass index (BMI) percentile, 82nd (55th, 96th); late puberty; median hemoglobin A1c, 8.3% (7.3%, 9.4%)] and 22 nondiabetic youth of similar age, BMI, pubertal stage, and level of habitual physical activity were enrolled. Insulin action was measured with a four-phase hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (basal and 10, 16, and 80 mU/m2/min) with glucose and glycerol isotope tracers. Results Adolescents with T1D had a significantly higher rate of lipolysis (P < 0.0001) and endogenous glucose production (P < 0.001) and lower peripheral glucose uptake (glucose rate of disappearance, 6.9 ± 2.9 mg/kg/min for patients with T1D vs 11.3 ± 3.3 for controls; P < 0.0001) during hyperinsulinemia compared with controls. In youth with T1D, glucose rate of disappearance correlated with free fatty acid at the 80-mU/m2/min phase (P = 0.005), markers of inflammation (IL-6; P = 0.012), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P = 0.001), and leptin (P = 0.008)], but not hemoglobin A1c. Conclusions Adolescents with T1D have adipose, hepatic and peripheral IR. This IR occurs regardless of obesity and metabolic syndrome features. Youth with T1D may benefit from interventions directed at improving IR in these tissues, and this area requires further research.
Intermittently tagged real-time MRI reveals internal tongue motion during speech production.

Purpose To demonstrate a tagging method compatible with RT-MRI for the study of speech production. Methods Tagging is applied as a brief interruption to a continuous real-time spiral acquisition. Tagging can be initiated manually by the operator, cued to the speech stimulus, or be automatically applied with a fixed frequency. We use a standard 2D 1-3-3-1 binomial SPAtial Modulation of Magnetization (SPAMM) sequence with 1 cm spacing in both in-plane directions. Tag persistence in tongue muscle is simulated and validated in vivo. The ability to capture internal tongue deformations is tested during speech production of American English diphthongs in native speakers. Results We achieved an imaging window of 650-800 ms at 1.5T, with imaging signal to noise ratio ≥ 17 and tag contrast to noise ratio ≥ 5 in human tongue, providing 36 frames/s temporal resolution and 2 mm in-plane spatial resolution with real-time interactive acquisition and view-sharing reconstruction. The proposed method was able to capture tongue motion patterns and their relative timing with adequate spatiotemporal resolution during the production of American English diphthongs and consonants. Conclusion Intermittent tagging during real-time MRI of speech production is able to reveal the internal deformations of the tongue. This capability will allow new investigations of valuable spatiotemporal information on the biomechanics of the lingual subsystems during speech without reliance on binning speech utterance repetition.
Structural Integrity of Rail in Railroad Track in the United States

The resistance of rail to fatigue crack propagation and fracture are discussed. Preliminary results of crack growth calculations are presented to illustrate the correlation of an elementary crack growth model with a full-scale experiment. The possible effects of current trends in railroad operations on safe crack growth life and damage tolerance of rail are noted.
STOPPING POWER AND DOSE EQUIVALENT OF α-PARTICLES IN TISSUE EQUIVALENT GAS

Biological damage produced by charged particles in tissue depends on the dose delivered and on the linear energy transfer. It appears therefore of fundamental interest to investigate stopping power data for dosimetric purposes. A method has been developed to measure rapidly the range–energy relation and stopping power of α -particles in gases. The apparatus, reported in previous work, consists of a gas absorption cell in which α -particles from 210 Po lose their energy, and of a semiconductor detector which measures the residual α -energy. Stopping powers for α -particles have thus been obtained for CH 4 , CO 2 , O a and N 2 over an energy range from 0.1 to 5.3 MeV. Assuming that the stopping power is independent of the state of condensation of the medium and that it follows Bragg's additivity law, stopping powers in tissue (H: 10.1%, C: 12.1%, N: 4.0%, O: 73.6% by weight) have been calculated. The results are higher by as much as 50 per cent at 1 MeV than those given by Neufeld and Snyder. Consequently the dose equivalent for α -particles has, for instance, to be increased by 15 per cent at 1 MeV. Agreement between the present stopping powers and those given in a review by Whaling for E a > 2 MeV has been found.
Un Grano de Arena: Infrastructural Care, Social Media Platforms, and the Venezuelan Humanitarian Crisis

Venezuela is in the midst of a humanitarian crisis. In addition to food and medicinal shortages, violent crime has risen dramatically since 2014, spurring a mass exodus from the country. In order to cope with persistent material, informational, and digital infrastructural breakdowns that their friends and family in Venezuela are facing, members of the Venezuelan diaspora have turned to social media platforms to support people they left behind. Through semi-structured interviews and participant observation, I uncover the ways participants form a critical infrastructure for people in Venezuela. I describe participants' actions as infrastructural care --- infrastructural action as a form of caring for others at a distance through the ongoing management of resources, relationships, and infrastructures. Infrastructural care consists of relational, negotiated, and dialectic actions that provide critical support while also generating ongoing tensions as participants are geographically separated from the crisis and, through their involvement, are forced to confront their own experiences of trauma. In addition to proposing the lens of infrastructural care, this paper contributes to our understandings of the ways people cope with an ongoing humanitarian crisis at a distance and how social media platforms fit in with wider ecologies of efforts.
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are a major cause of both maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality and account for approximately one quarter of all antenatal admissions to the hospital [1]. The spectrum of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy includes preexisting hypertension, new-onset hypertension in pregnancy, as well as hypertension that may occur de novo in the postpartum period. Challenges in the management of hypertension in pregnancy include choosing when to use antihypertensive medication, goals of antihypertensive therapy, and which drugs to use. Recent data also show that hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are associated with long-term cardiovascular risks in women.
Lymphoma Masquerading as an Ear Mass.

Due to the infrequently reported location, malignancies of the ear are usually misdiagnosed at the time of first presentation. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports in literature regarding diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) presenting as an ear mass, as was seen in our patient. We describe a case of a 38-year-old gentleman who presented with four months of worsening dyspnea on exertion and nonproductive cough. On exam there was a 4 cm x 5 cm erythematous, non-tender, and immobile mass on the right lower ear in the intertragic notch, sparing the lobe. CT of the neck and chest revealed prominent cervical lymph nodes and a diffusely spread circumferential soft tissue mediastinal mass involving the lungs, pleura, and pericardium. Malignancy was suspected, so the right ear mass was biopsied. Findings were consistent with DLBCL, germinal center B-type. This case provides a rare example of DLBCL presenting as an ear mass in a 38-year-old male with a chronic cough. We believe that prompt radiological evaluation of the chronic nonresolving cough may have helped in timely diagnosis of the malignancy, possibly halting the extensive infiltrative spread of disease, and thereby reducing the morbidity that the patient eventually suffered.
The Current State of Donor Human Milk Use and Practice

Human milk contains nutrients and immune factors that promote health and growth of an infant. Donor human milk is recommended as the best alternative for infants whose mothers' breast milk is unavailable. This article describes the current status of donor human milk practice and suggests the areas of educational and research needs. Articles published in the last 10 years were reviewed, and findings were summarized under 4 themes: (1) women's knowledge and concerns about donor human milk use, (2) hospital practices, (3) cost-effectiveness, and (4) access and affordability of donor human milk. Women were concerned about donor human milk contamination, disease transmission, cost, and access to bank donor human milk, due to lack of knowledge and awareness of donor human milk benefits and its processing procedures. The absence of health care providers' support for donor human milk adds to the confusion. There is a rising trend of donor human milk use in hospitals for both healthy and vulnerable newborns and infants with varying policies on screening for donor human milk use, cost coverage, or consent procedure. However, a shortage of safe and affordable donor human milk is a barrier to its adoption. A standardized guideline is needed for hospitals regarding donor human milk implementation and cost coverage. Education programs for health care providers are needed to improve knowledge and understanding of donor human milk benefits and safety to provide guidance to parents. It is crucial to develop legislation expanding insurance coverage to achieve donor human milk equity and optimizing long-term human milk diet outcomes.
A crosslinked dextran sulfate-chitosan nanoparticle for delivery of therapeutic heparin-binding proteins.

Abstract Negatively charged dextran sulfate (DS)-chitosan nanoparticles (DSCS NPs) contain a DS outer shell with binding properties similar to those of heparin and are useful for the incorporation and delivery of therapeutic heparin-binding proteins. These particles, however, are unstable in physiological salt solutions due to their formation through electrostatic interactions. In the present study, a method was developed to covalently crosslink chitosan in the core of the DSCS NP with a short chain dicarboxylic acid (succinate), while leaving the outer shell of the particle untouched. The crosslinked particles, XDSCS NPs, are stable in NaCl solutions up to 3 M. XDSCS NPs were able to incorporate heparin-binding proteins (VEGF and SDF-1α) rapidly and efficiently, and maintain the full biological activity of the proteins. The incorporated proteins were not released from the particles after a 14-day incubation period at 37 °C in PBS, but retained the same activity as those stored at 4 °C. When aerosolized for delivery to the lungs of rats, XDSCS NP-incorporated SDF-1α showed a ∼17-fold greater retention time compared to that of free protein. These properties suggest that XDSCS NPs could be beneficial for the delivery of therapeutic heparin-binding proteins to achieve sustained in vivo effects.
Trends in Podcast Download Frequency Over Time, Podcast Use, and Digital Literacy in Foreign Language and Literature Courses

Podcasts used as supplemental material PSM and podcasts integrated into the curriculum PIC are complementing, extending, and transforming the traditional face-to-face classroom as well as blended and online courses. This paper examines podcast download frequency among students in foreign language and literature courses over a four-year period by using both students' digital literacy skills and the instructional use of the podcasts whether PSM or PIC as predictors. As it analyses four years of trend data between the Fall semester of 2007 and the Fall semester of 2011, the authors; study reveals that the download frequency among the PIC group was relatively higher than that of the PSM group. What's more, it shows that students' digital literacy moderated their frequency of download. This is consistent with previous findings that suggest that instructors can offer students an advantage by using thoughtfully planned and well-designed podcasting activities, which help their students hone the skills necessary for success in the second language L2 teaching and learning environment.
Maximum Folding, a Generalization of Maximum Matching

We shall introduce a unified graph model which represents various problems in VLSI, e.g., PLA folding, Gate-Matrix layout, and channel routing. Then we introduce an algorithm for folding a Weinberger’s array [an array containing three kinds of entries, 0 (no connection), c (connection), t (transistors)]. It is shown that the folding of Weinberger’s array is a generalization of the PLA folding, and equivalent to channel routing.
"Hairy" Cells in Blood in Lymphoreticular Neoplastic Disease and "Flagellated" Cells of Normal Lymph Nodes

During examinations of viable leukocytes from many leukemic and nonleukemic patients, peculiar cells called "hairy" cells were seen in the blood from 2 patients. These cells were characterized by numerous short, thin villi projecting from the surface of the cells. In one patient, some of these cells had one or more cytoplasmic masses. The nuclei were oval or crescentic, eccentrically placed, and some had small nucleoli. The cells did not flatten on glass, did not phagocytize latex particles, and were resistant to irradiation with 2000 r. The cells were considered to be identical to the neoplastic lymphoid reticulum cells of Mitus et al.1 Both patients with hairy cells had large spleens, moderate anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Radiotherapy of the spleen of one patient resulted in a prompt leukopenia and a delayed decrease in the size of the spleen. This patient is alive and asymptomatic 21 months after diagnosis. The second patient’s thrombocytopenia was relieved by splenectomy. He is asymptomatic now, 11 months after diagnosis. Hairy cells are still present in small numbers in the blood of both patients. The pathologic hairy cells in the blood were similar to "flagellated" cells seen in suspensions from several hyperplastic lymph nodes. The flagellated cells were relatively few in number, large, with numerous long, thin cytoplasmic projections and round, oval or crescentic nuclei, some of which had small nucleoli. The flagellated cells were resistant to irradiation and probably were identical to the "phagocytic reticular cells" of Sundberg.12
Ultrafast energy relaxation and trapping dynamics in semiconductor quantum dots

Summary form only given. We report femtosecond (fs) studies of energy relaxation and trapping dynamics in three types of quantum-dot systems: semiconductor nanocrystals (NC)/glass composites made by high temperature precipitation, ion-implanted NCs, and colloidal NCs generated via organometallic routes. Comparison of ultrafast data for these three types of samples allows us to separate effects intrinsic to quantum dots from those related to lattice imperfections and interface properties. High-sensitivity fs chirp-free transient absorption (TA) is applied to directly measure the population/depopulation dynamics.
Measurement of Thermal Conduction Through Polymeric Nanowires With the Dual Cantilever Technique

Bi–material microcantilevers, with their high sensitivity to thermal stimuli, are ideally suited sensors for investigating nanoscale heat transfer. We have designed and fabricated low thermal conductance bi–material microcantilevers by minimizing their width and thickness. Using such cantilevers, we have demonstrated heat flux resolution of less than 1 picowatt. A pair of such cantilevers is proposed as a configuration for measuring thermal conductance of a nanostructure suspended between the two. In this technique, two lasers are focused, one on each cantilever. One laser is modulated to vary the temperature at the end of one cantilever, while the second laser senses variation in heat flow through the second cantilever due to thermal conduction along the nanowire. We have determined the resolution of such a conductance measurement by measuring the background conductance between the two cantilevers in the absence of a nanostructure suspended between them. The background conductance is due to other pathways for heat transfer between the cantilevers besides nanostructure conductance. We have measured the background conductance to be as low as 0.05 nWK−1.We present measurements of thermal conductance of polystyrene nanowires performed using the dual cantilever technique. The nanowires are fabricated via electrospinning technique with diameters varying in the range of 150–300 nm. While the polystyrene nanowires present a demonstration of the cantilever technique for measuring thermal conductance, the technique we have developed can be extended to other types of nanostructures so long as they can be suspended between two cantilever ends.© 2014 ASME