cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of 40Ar and 39Ar in irradiated orthoclase

Abstract The important concerns of whether neutron irradiation affects Ar diffusional behavior in minerals and whether the diffusivities of natural radiogenic 40Ar and induced 39Ar are identical are considered. Both issues are addressed with isothermal and incremental-heating experiments on natural, homogeneous orthoclase from Benson Mines which was subjected to irradiation similar to typical 40 Ar 39 Ar measurements. Previous study of this feldspar shows that laboratory 40Ar loss occurs by volume diffusion with physical grain sizes as the effective transport dimensions following a single Arrhenius relation. Isothermal-heating experiments (600 to 800°C, 4 to 21 days) on irradiated feldspar show the same loss and apparent 40Ar diffusion coefficients, within uncertainty, as unirradiated sample. For these heating times and temperatures, the experiments indicate that the defects accompanying irradiation have only very minor, if any, effects on Ar behavior with regard to both diffusion kinetics and effective transport domains and that 39Ar and 40Ar diffusivities do not differ radically. The results suggest intrinsic control of Ar diffusion by a single mechanism for all isotopes, regardless of origin, in this specimen. Step-heating experiments yield essentially flat spectra but with minor yet significant apparent discordance which is the same for different grain sizes. The spectra show high ages for small, initial low-temperature fractions and a slight increase in age with progressive Ar release. While these variations are potentially explicable by sample heterogeneities, the preferred explanation is that they result from 39Ar recoil loss and a slightly higher diffusivity of 39Ar relative to 40Ar. The relative behavior is consistent with a kinetic mass effect in which the diffusion rates of 39Ar and 40Ar are inversely proportional to the square root of mass according to rate theory. The results have important implications for diffusion processes in feldspar and the application of the 40 Ar 39 Ar method.
Successful Management of a Subdural Hematoma in a Hemophiliac With an Anti-Factor VIII Antibody

A 20-yr-old hemophiliac with an anti-Factor VIII antibody level of 8 units/ml of plasma was hospitalized with a subdural hematoma and progressive neurologic deterioration. He underwent craniotomy and evacuation of the hematoma, and was discharged with minimal neurologic deficit. His successful management required two exchange transfusions utilizing an Aminco continuous flow Celltrifuge, immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids, e-aminocaproic acid (EACA), and large doses of AHG concentrates. Complications included hemolysis and platelet dysfunction due to hyperfibrinogenemia, leukopenia, and Gram negative sepsis. The cost of the patient’s 6½ wk hospitalization was $58,751, of which $38,039 was for AHG concentrates.
Metal Oxides and Related Nanostructures

Metal oxides, sulfides, and other related nanostructures are another major class of nanomaterials that play a very important role in many areas of chemistry, physics, and materials science [1] . The metal elements are able to form a large diversity of oxide, sulfide, and other compound nanostructures [1].
Protection of Vulnerable Occupant Population in Traffic Incidents

Motor vehicle crash (MVC) related injuries have been effectively reduced over the past decades. However, field data analysis indicates not all occupants were equally protected under the current safety design. Comparing to mid-age and mid-size occupants, children, elderly, and obese occupants are at greater risk of severe injuries and death [1-3]. For example, with similar incidents, a 75-year-old occupant is, on the average, 3.87 to 6.7 times as likely to die as a 21year-old male occupant. Moreover, older occupants are at greater risk of serious injury to all body regions [1]. As a result, vehicle safety designs should be specifically tailored toward these vulnerable populations for full-scale injury prevention.
Introductory Essay: Scientific Discovery and the Future of Philosophy of Science

In this essay I shall try to help the general reader find his way about the issues by sketching in the relevant background or by pointing out the papers which do, either in this volume or in its companion,Scientific Discovery: Case Studies.2 Most of the papers which follow are accessible to the nonexpert, as philosophers of science themselves are just now finding their sea legs in the hitherto unnavigable waters of scientific discovery. But I also want to critically analyze, clarify, and expand upon several themes and new developments discernible in the many and varied contributions to the first Leonard Conference. My topics will include the discovery/justification ‘dichotomy’ and its recent abandonment in favor of (at least) a three-fold distinction; the degree to which contemporary discussion has advanced beyond the bold and stimulating challenge of N. R. Hanson; reasons why, after more than a century, scientific discovery itself is once again widely perceived to be a philosophically important topic; the emergence of the scientific problem and of scientific judgment as important units of and for the philosophical analysis of science; the move from logic to rationality and the rejection of the received conception of rationality; and some large-scale proposals for the future of philosophy of science by Larry Laudan, Dudley Shapere, and Marx Wartofsky. I shall present the issues and evaluate the arguments as fairly as I can, but I shall hardly be writing from a neutral perspective.
The Heterodox Economics of Gardiner C. Means

(1993). The Heterodox Economics of Gardiner C. Means. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 269-271.
Silicon heterojunction solar cells with effectively transparent front contacts

We demonstrate silicon heterojunction solar cells with microscale effectively transparent front contacts (ETCs) that redirect incoming light to the active area of the solar cell. Replacing standard contact electrodes by ETCs leads to an enhancement in short circuit current density of 2.2 mA cm−2 through mitigation of 6% shading losses and improved antireflection layers. ETCs enable low loss lateral carrier transport, with cells achieving an 80.7% fill factor. Furthermore, dense spacing of the contact lines allows for a reduced indium tin oxide thickness and use of non-conductive, optically optimized antireflection coatings such as silicon nitride. We investigated the performance of ETCs under varying light incidence angles, and for angles parallel to the ETC lines find that there is no difference in photocurrent density with respect to bare indium tin oxide layers. For angles perpendicular to the ETC lines, we find that the external quantum efficiency (EQE) always outperforms cells with flat contact grids.
WZ, Wγ, WW and ZZ pair productions at TeV eγ colliders

Abstract We calculate the gauge-boson pairs W−Z, W−γ, W+W−, ZZ productions in the e−γ collisions, where the photon beam is realized by the laser back-scattering method. These processes are important tests for the non-abelian gauge sector of the standard model (SM). Precise calculations of these processes can therefore probe the anomalous gauge-boson interactions. Besides, these processes are important potential backgrounds for the intermediate mass Higgs (IMH) search in the eγ → WHν production.
Mycobacterium bovis hosted by free‐living‐amoebae permits their long‐term persistence survival outside of host mammalian cells and remain capable of transmitting disease to mice

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Despite intensive TB control campaigns, there are sporadic outbreaks of bovine TB in regions declared TB free. It is unclear how M. bovis is able to survive in the environment for long periods of time. We hypothesized that Free-living amoebae (FLA), as ubiquitous inhabitants of soil and water, may act as long-term reservoirs of M. bovis in the environment. In our model, M. bovis would be taken up by amoebal trophozoites, which are the actively feeding, replicating and mobile form of FLA. Upon exposure to hostile environmental conditions, infected FLA will encyst and provide an intracellular niche allowing their M. bovis cargo to persist for extended periods of time. Here, we show that five FLA species (Acanthamoeba polyphaga, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Acanthamoeba lenticulata, Vermamoeba vermiformis and Dictyostellium discoideum) are permissive to M. bovis infection and that the M. bovis bacilli may survive within the cysts of four of these species for over 60 days. We further show that exposure of M. bovis-infected trophozoites and cysts to Balb/c mice leads to pulmonary TB. This work describes for the first time that FLA carrying M. bovis can transmit TB.
Late to the Party: Importance of Dietary Fat and Protein in the Intensive Management of Type 1 Diabetes. A Case Report

Insulin dosing in type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been focused primarily on carbohydrate intake, but recent evidence highlights the importance of dietary fat and protein in glycemic excursions. Several methods have been developed to incorporate dietary fat and protein into insulin dose calculations, including fat-protein units (FPUs) that estimate insulin requirements based on ingested fat and protein, as well as extended combination insulin boluses. However, insulin dosing based on meal fat and protein content is challenging to incorporate into clinical practice. We present the case of a 40-year-old man with T1D using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions and continuous glucose monitoring. He followed a diet that restricted carbohydrate intake, with compensatory increases in dietary protein and fat. He had poor glycemic control with frequent postprandial hyperglycemia. He began incorporating FPUs into his insulin dosing calculations and used extended dual wave boluses to administer prandial insulin. Over the next 6 months he experienced a significant improvement in glycemic control. Fat and protein have both been shown to cause delayed postprandial hyperglycemia, leading to poor glycemic control with carbohydrate-focused insulin dosing in our patient on a high-fat, high-protein diet. It is difficult to incorporate dietary fat and protein into insulin dosing in the clinical setting. However, our patient experienced an improvement in glycemic control with the application of FPUs and dual wave boluses in prandial insulin dosing, showing that methods such as these can be used successfully in T1D management.
Reduction of benzoquinone ansamycin Hsp90 inhibitors by NQO1 generates hydroquinone ansamycins which are more potent Hsp90 inhibitors

1338 The benzoquinone ansamycin Hsp90 inhibitor 17-allyamino-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG) can be reduced by NAD(P)H:Quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) to generate a more water soluble and more potent hydroquinone ansamycin Hsp90 inhibitor, 17AAGH2 (Guo et al., Cancer Res. 2005; 65, 10006-15). Here we extended this work to other benzoquinone ansamycin Hsp90 inhibitors including geldanamycin (GA), 17AG, 17DMAG and 17AEP-GA. HPLC analysis of the metabolism of these quinones by rhNQO1 revealed that all these benzoquinone ansamycin compounds could be reduced by NQO1 to form their corresponding hydroquinones. The hydroquinones, as expected, are more water soluble than their parent quinones as indicated by a shorter retention time on reverse phase HPLC. Hydroquinone formation was NQO1-dependent and could be blocked by ES936, a mechanism-based (suicide) inhibitor of NQO1. The formation of hydroquinone ansamycins following the reduction of their parent quinones by rhNQO1 was confirmed by LC-MS. We then used an isogenic pair of human breast cancer cell lines (MDA468 and MDA468/NQ16) to determine the role of NQO1 in benzoquinone ansamycin metabolism. MDA468 cells lack NQO1 activity due to a genetic polymorphism and MDA468/NQ16 cells are stably transfected MDA468 cells expressing high levels of NQO1. In growth inhibition studies (MTT) MDA468/NQ16 cells were 3-9 fold more sensitive to benzoquinone ansamycin Hsp90 inhibitors than the parent MDA468 cells following a 4hr drug exposure and this increased sensitivity could be abrogated by pretreatment with ES936. There was no difference in the sensitivity between these two cell lines to the non-quinone Hsp90 inhibitor radicicol under identical treatment conditions. The ability of the benzoquinone ansamycin Hsp90 inhibitors and their corresponding hydroquinones to inhibit purified yeast Hsp90 ATPase activity was examined. In these studies maximal inhibition was observed in the presence of NQO1 and NAD(P)H, and this increased inhibition could be abrogated by ES936. In conclusion, as seen previously with 17AAG, the reduction of benzoquinone ansamycin Hsp90 inhibitors including GA, 17AG, 17DMAG and 17AEP-GA by NQO1 to form their corresponding hydroquinone generates more water soluble and more potent Hsp90 inhibitors (supported by CA51210).
The polyadenosine RNA-binding protein ZC3H14 interacts with the THO complex and coordinately regulates the processing of neuronal transcripts

The polyadenosine RNA-binding protein ZC3H14 is important in RNA processing. Although ZC3H14 is ubiquitously expressed, mutation of the ZC3H14 gene causes a non-syndromic form of intellectual disability. Here, we examine the function of ZC3H14 in the brain by identifying ZC3H14-interacting proteins using unbiased mass spectrometry. Through this analysis, we identified physical interactions between ZC3H14 and multiple RNA processing factors. Notably, proteins that comprise the THO complex were amongst the most enriched proteins. We demonstrate that ZC3H14 physically interacts with THO components and that these proteins are required for proper RNA processing, as loss of ZC3H14 or THO components leads to extended bulk poly(A) tail length. Furthermore, we identified the transcripts Atp5g1 and Psd95 as shared RNA targets of ZC3H14 and the THO complex. Our data suggest that ZC3H14 and the THO complex are important for proper processing of Atp5g1 and Psd95 RNA, as depletion of ZC3H14 or THO components leads to decreased steady-state levels of each mature transcript accompanied by accumulation of Atp5g1 and Psd95 pre-mRNA in the cytoplasm. Taken together, this work provides the first unbiased identification of nuclear ZC3H14-interacting proteins from the brain and links the functions of ZC3H14 and the THO complex in the processing of RNA.
Evaluation of Leg Pain and Swelling

Point-of-care ultrasound for the assessment of leg pain and swelling is a rapid, high-yield assessment that can quickly lead to therapeutic interventions. Ultrasound of the lower extremity can be used to assess for deep venous thrombosis (DVT), lymphadenopathy, and visualization of subcutaneous edema for evaluation of cellulitis versus congestive heart failure (CHF). As most pathology in the lower extremity is relatively superficial, a high-frequency linear transducer is used for its superior linear resolution and flat footprint.
Simulation of Cascading Outages Using a Power-Flow Model Considering Frequency

Many steady-state power-flow-based models for cascading outage simulation have not considered frequency, which, however, is an important indicator of generation-load imbalance. This paper proposes a novel steady-state approach for simulating cascading outages. The approach employs a power-flow-based model that considers static power-frequency characteristics of both generators and loads. Thus, the frequency deviation due to active power imbalance can be calculated under cascading outages. Furthermore, a new ac optimal power-flow model considering frequency deviation is proposed to simulate the remedial control when system collapse happens as indicated by the divergence of power flows. Case studies first benchmark the steady-state frequency calculated by the power-flow-based model with time-domain simulation results on a two-area power system, and then test the proposed approach for simulation of cascading outages on the IEEE 39-bus system and an NPCC 48-machine 140-bus power system. The test results are compared with a traditional frequency-independent approach using the conventional power flow and ac optimal power-flow models, and verify that by capturing frequency variations under cascading outages, the proposed approach can more accurately simulate the mechanism of outage propagation.
Why Parsing Technologies

Natural languages are messy and difficult to parse with computers. It is clearly the case, and everybody agrees, that good linguistic theories are required to cope with the messy languages. Many linguistic theories and formalisms have been developed and discussed in the area of Computational Linguistics last couple of decades. On the other hand, there have been many practical systems that involve natural language parsing, such as machine translation, but only a few of them take full advantage of advances in linguistic theories. This is not because system builders are too lazy to learn new theories. I think there are two reasons. First, some linguistic theories and formalisms do not take implementation into account, and therefore cannot be implemented in a reasonable time with reasonable space. Second, there are too many other non-linguistic problems to worry about, and these problems (which are often underappreciated by theoreticians) more directly affect the system’s performance. Thus, it would not make sense to adopt more sophisticated theories until better solutions to the non-linguistic problems are found.
997 PLASMA PROSTAGLANDIN E AND F 2 α IN TERM INFANTS

While prostaglandin E (PGE) levels have been measured in term infants, PGE and prostaglandin F2α have not been serially reported in infants to determine their change with age. The object of this study was to determine PGE and PGF2α levels in cord blood and again at 3 days of age in term healthy infants. PGE and PGF2α levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. In all instances, both prostaglandin E and prostaglandin F2α fell significantly by 3 days of age (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 respectively). All infants were term healthy neonates without evidence of shunting through a patent ductus arteriosus. These levels of PGE are comparable to reported levels for this age.
Centralization/Decentralization in the Dynamics of Afghan History

Author(s): Barfield, Thomas | Abstract: The analysis of political organization in Afghanistan is clouded by a number of myths (unconquerable, ungovernabale and graveyard of empires) that are contradicted by the facts. Historically Afghanistan was peacefully governed by a wide variety of conquerors and native dynasties, but all used combinations of direct and indirect rule to create stable polities. They also relied on theories of political legitimacy that vested authority in ruling elites that, once established, returned to power after periods of disruption to bring order to the country. This pattern of successful governance has been overlooked in rebuilding Afghanistan today to the detrement of political stability.
Phase-Sensitive Detection of Fluorescence

Phase-sensitive detection of fluorescence (PSDF) is a newly developed method with numerous potential applications in physical, chemical, and biological research. This method is based upon the principles discussed in Chapter 3 with regard to the measurement of fluorescence lifetimes by the phase shift and demodulation methods. It is convenient to discuss this topic separately, with emphasis on the analysis of samples which display ground state heterogeneity. In a subsequent chapter we will describe the application of this technique to excited state reactions.
Climate and the Climate System

The climate and global climate system are reviewed in terms of the characteristic physical processes which operate within and between its atmospheric, oceanic, cryospheric and land surface components. Together with conditions external to the system, these processes are responsible for both the maintenance and change of climate over time scales ranging from a season to geological epochs. The most critical aspects of climate simulation with either simplified or comprehensive models are identified as the parameterization of subgrid-scale processes, especially those involving convection, clouds and the surface boundary layer, and the coupling of the atmosphere and ocean. Further modelling and diagnostic research are seen as essential for an improved understanding of climate and its predictability.
The Development of Treatment Conceptualizations in Cognitive Therapy

As a young child, I recall watching my mother bake a cake. It appeared that she took a pinch of this, a handful of that, two eggs, and mixed it all together. When I asked her about her recipe, she told me that she had no written recipe, that the only recipe that she had was in her head. When I asked her how she knew how much of each ingredient to use, she shrugged, and replied, “After a while, you just know.” When I asked her how and from whom she learned these recipes, she responded that she learned them from her mother by watching quietly, and not asking so many questions. Despite the apparent lack of a written recipe or formula, my mother’s food always came out tasting just as good each time as it was the time before. How could that be, I wondered, if she had no written recipe? That mystery persists to this day. When I ask her for the recipe for a favorite food, she replies, “I’ll cook it for you. You just watch and see what I do.” Watching her is easy. The process looks so astoundingly simple that I wonder why I couldn’t do it myself. After watching and carefully writing down what I see, I go home and try the recipe.
Examining the Relationship Between Media Consumption, Fear of Crime, and Support for Controversial Criminal Justice Policies Using a Nationally Representative Sample:

According to cultivation theory, higher levels of crime-based media consumption result in an increased fear of crime. This study extends cultivation theory’s basic assertion by (a) creating a robus...
Fuzzy and Possibilistic Clustering for Multiple Instance Linear Regression

Multiple instance regression (MIR) operates on a collection of bags, where each bag contains multiple instances sharing an identical real-valued label. Only few instances, called primary instances, contribute to the bag’s label. The remaining instances are noise and outliers observations. The goal in MIR is to identify the primary instances within each bag and learn a regression model that can predict the label of a previously unseen bag. In this paper, we present an algorithm that uses robust fuzzy clustering with an appropriate distance to learn multiple linear models from a noisy feature space simultaneously. We show that fuzzy memberships are useful in allowing instances to belong to multiple models, while possibilistic memberships allow identification of the primary instances of each bag with respect to each model. We also use the possibilistic memberships to identify the optimal number of regression models. We evaluate our approach on a series of synthetic data sets. We show that our approach achieves higher accuracy than existing methods.
Antibodies to periodontogenic bacteria are associated with higher disease activity in lupus patients.

Objectives Microbial infections and mucosal dysbiosis influence morbidity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In the oral cavity, periodontal bacteria and subgingival plaque dysbiosis provide persistent inflammatory stimuli at the mucosal surface. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether exposure to periodontal bacteria influences disease parameters in SLE patients. Methods Circulating antibodies to specific periodontal bacteria have been used as surrogate markers to determine an ongoing bacterial burden, or as indicators of past exposure to the bacteria. Banked serum samples from SLE patients in the Oklahoma Lupus Cohort were used to measure antibody titres against periodontal pathogens (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola) and commensals (Capnocytophaga ochracea, and Streptococcus gordonii) by ELISA. Correlations between anti-bacterial antibodies and different clinicalparameters of SLE including, autoantibodies (anti-dsDNA, anti-SmRNP, anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La), complement, and disease activity (SLEDAI and BILAG) were studied. Results SLE patients had varying amounts of antibodies to different oral bacteria. The antibody titres against A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and C. ochracea were higher in patients positive for anti-dsDNA antibodies, and they showed significant correlations with anti-dsDNA titres and reduced levels of complement. Among the periodontal pathogens, only antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans were associated with higher disease activity. Conclusions Our results suggest that exposure to specific pathogenic periodontal bacteria influences disease activity in SLE patients. These findings provide a rationale for assessing and improving periodontal health in SLE patients, as an adjunct to lupus therapies.
Diagnostic Dilemma of Disseminated Histoplasmosis Mimicking Hemophagocytosis Lymphohistiocytosis in Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis on Anti-TNF Therapy: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) have become the cornerstone for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic autoimmune conditions. However, these biologic DMARDs can lead to various opportunistic infections such as viral infection, tuberculosis, and histoplasmosis. Furthermore, these biologics can also cause severe systemic inflammatory reactions known as hemophagocytosis lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) that can lead to multiorgan failure and high mortality. Due to overlapping clinical features and time-intensive microbiological culture methods, distinguishing between HLH and opportunistic infections can be challenging early in the disease course. We present a similar situation with our patient where the patient met the diagnostic criteria for HLH however was found to have disseminated histoplasmosis. This case uniquely evaluates the utility of the HLH diagnostic criteria and hemophagocytosis for accurate diagnosis of HLH.
Larvae of African Allodapine Bees. 1. The genus Allodape (Hymenoptera: Xylocopinae)

This is the first of a series of papers on African allodapine bee larvae. It is intended to provide comparative data on these, the most diverse and interesting of all bee larvae, so that a classification of them can be made and compared with that based on adults. This paper provides an account of ontogenetic changes that occur during larval life, as well as a study of specific differences among mature larvae of the genus Allodape. As restricted by Michener (1969 and in press), the genus Allodape occurs only in tropical and southern Africa. Included species are listed by Michener (in press) and those on which nest data are available are treated by Michener (1971). Major larval features of some species of Allodape have been known through the works of Brauns (1926) and Skaife (1953) but many details have remained undescriptionbed. Mature larvae of Allodape differ from those of other genera of allodapine bees in having long hairs on the head but these limited to the vertex and eight or less in number; in the large, rounded ventrolateral protuberances of the first body segment, these bearing seven to about twenty very long hairs; and in the presence of hairs on the dorsal surfaces only of most of the other body segments, the venter and other ventrolateral protuberances being hairless. The curled body, very short antennae, long hairs in the cephalic area, and other characters suggest the genus Braunsapis, but in nearly all species of that genus the long hairs are limited to the head and there are more than eight.
Uncertain Decisions and Continuous Spaces: Outcomes Spaces and Uncertainty Visualization

Uncertain scientific results serve as the foundation for public policy decisions in local and global society. Communicating these findings to policymakers poses an immense challenge, as information considered beneficial for evaluating a problem is very different for scientists and decision makers. This is especially true in decisions related to climate change mitigation and adaptation, where conflicting results and controversy leaves many decision makers questioning the veracity of results or waiting until uncertainty is reduced. This conflict does not support evaluation of policy alternatives meant to address causes and future effects of climate change. Robust decision making offers a foundation for methods that include the context of uncertainty and decisions, by visualizing the relationship between uncertainty and policy alternatives. This research presents outcome spaces as methods of implicit uncertainty visualization that represent the effect of uncertainty on policy outcomes. Implementation of an outcome space in a water simulation model is presented here. Uncertain variables act as coordinates on an x- and y-axes to produce a space of policy outcomes. This method of uncertainty visualization acts as an uncertainty map, representing all possible outcomes for specific policy decisions. This conceptual model incorporates two variables, but can be extended to multivariate representations.
Interlaboratory Measurement of Rheological Properties of Tomato Salad Dressing.

Rheological properties of food materials are important as they influence food texture, processing properties, and stability. Rotational rheometry has been widely used for measuring rheological properties. However, the measurements obtained using different geometries and rheometers are generally not compared for precision and accuracy, so it is difficult to compare data across different studies. In this study, nine rheometers from seven laboratories were used to measure the viscosity and viscoelastic properties of a commercial salad dressing. The measurements were obtained at three temperatures (8, 25, and 60 °C) using different diameter parallel plates (20, 40, 50, and 60 mm). Generally, the viscosity measurements among rheometers differed significantly ( P 0.05 ). For larger geometry diameter (40, 50, and 60 mm) and at lower temperatures (8 °C), viscosity measurements at lower shear rate (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 s-1 ) were significantly different. Rheometer brand significantly affected storage modulus only at low (0.01%) and high levels (10% and 100%) of strain. Temperature was an influencing factor on viscoelastic behaviors only at high strain (>10%). Storage moduli values obtained by frequency sweeps were not affected by rheometer or plate diameter. Overall, rheometer, geometry, and temperature can influence rheological measurements and care should be taken when comparing data across laboratories or published works. Higher shear rates (≥10 s-1 ) and moderate strains (0.1% to 10%) generally provide more repeatable data among different laboratories. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study provides information on what factors may potentially influence rheological measurements conducted across different laboratories. It is useful for rheometer users who want to compare their experimental data to published data or compare two sets of published data. It is better to compare data collected at shear rates 10 s-1 and strains between 0.1% and 1.0%.
Interaction of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Myeloma Cells Trigger Tumor Promoting Transcriptional Changes in Multiple Myeloma Cells

Introduction We have previously shown that increased numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in bone marrow (BM) of multiple myeloma (MM) patients promote tumor cell growth, survival, and drug resistance; as well as suppress T and NK cell mediated anti-MM immunity (Chauhan et al, Cancer Cell 2009, 16:309-323; Ray et al, Leukemia 2015, 29:1441-1444). Here, we analyzed genetic changes in MM cells triggered by coculture with pDCs using next generation sequencing (NGS). Functional validation of NGS data was performed in our coculture models of pDC-T-MM cells to assess impact on tumor cell surface phenotype, growth, survival, and drug resistance; as well as cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against MM. We identified and validated the metabolic ectoenzyme CD73/NT5E, implicated in cancer metabolism and immunosuppression via nucleotide degradation pathway, as a novel therapeutic target in MM. Methods Purified MM patient pDCs were cocultured with autologous MM cells or allogeneic MM cell lines (1pDC/5MM) for 48h, followed by separation of MM cells from pDCs using flow cytometry. Total RNA from MM cells was subjected to RNAseq analysis using Illumina Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Raw sequence data were analyzed using VIPER workflow generating differential expression (DEseq2) and KEGG pathway. Statistical significance: log2FC (fold change) values in coculture vs control, with an FDR (False Discovery Rate) value of 95). Linear model for RNAseq analysis (Limma) and its GUI (Glimma) were also utilized for the visualization of data. Results RNA-seq data was analyzed using negative binomial distribution (DEseq2) and linear (Limma) models. Results showed 9200 and 9250 genes were differentially expressed (p Conclusions Our RNA-seq and NGS analysis of pDCs-triggered transcriptome changes in MM cells identifies genes and pathways mediating tumor growth and immunosuppression, which therefore represent targets for novel therapeutics to improve patient outcome. Disclosures Chauhan: C4 Therapeutics.: Equity Ownership; Stemline Therapeutics: Consultancy. Anderson: Sanofi-Aventis: Other: Advisory Board; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Other: Scientific Founder; Oncopep: Other: Scientific Founder; Amgen: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau.
Comparison of Rates of Progression of Macular OCT Measures in Glaucoma.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare rates of change of various macular thickness measures and evaluate the influence of baseline damage on macular rates of change. Methods One hundred twelve eyes (112 patients) with ≥ 2 years of follow-up and ≥ 5 macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) images and 10-2 visual field (VF) tests were included. OCT measures of interests were full macular thickness (FMT), ganglion cell complex (GCC), ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and outer retinal layer (ORL) thickness in 3° × 3° superpixels. Rates of change were estimated with linear regression and normalized by dividing rates by the average normative superpixel thickness. We compared rates of change and proportion of significantly worsening superpixels (detection rate) and improving superpixels (false discovery rate [FDR]) among macular measures as a function of baseline thickness and 10-2 VF status. Results Median (interquartile range [IQR]) baseline VF mean deviation, follow-up time, and number of VFs/OCTs were -7.6 dB (-11.8 to -3.8 dB), 4.5 years (4.0-5.0 years), and 9 (8-10), respectively. Normalized FMT and GCC rates of change were faster and detection rates were higher than GCIPL and GCL (P < 0.001), but FMT had lower FDR than GCC (P = 0.02); faster FMT rates were partially explained by ORL rates of change. GCC detection rates were less likely than GCIPL and GCL rates to decrease with diminishing baseline thickness or worse VF damage. In eyes with 10-2 VF worsening, GCC and GCL demonstrated the fastest rates of change. Conclusions GCC measurements are most likely to detect structural worsening along the spectrum of glaucoma severity. Although FMT rates of change are least influenced by baseline thickness, they partially reflect likely age-related ORL changes. Translational Relevance GCC thickness measurements seem to be the optimal macular outcome measure for detection of glaucoma deterioration.
On the possibility of seismic recording of meteotsunamis

We use the horizontal components of land-based seismometers in the vicinity of shorelines to apply to meteotsunamis the deconvolution algorithm introduced by Okal (Pure Appl Geophys 164:325–353, 2007) in order to recover time series of tsunami amplitudes from seismic recordings. For a selected set of seven such events recorded at 16 seismic stations, we obtain equivalent wave amplitudes and horizontal polarizations, the latter expressing the directions of particle motions at the surface of the sea. Our amplitudes are generally on the same order of magnitude as available regional records or reports, and the direction of tsunami currents is found mostly parallel to the relevant shorelines. In particular, seismic records available at three Spanish stations suggest that the unexplained waves which killed twelve people in Mostaganem, Algeria in 2007, had a meteorological origin. Our results, of an exploratory nature, suggest that seismic records could play an important role in the further understanding of the structure of meteotsunamis.
Dopamine is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist.

Tryptophan metabolites exhibit aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist activity and recent studies show that the phenylalanine metabolites serotonin and carbidopa, a drug used in treating Parkinson's disease, activated the AhR. In this study, we identified the neuroactive hormone dopamine as an inducer of drug-metabolizing enzymes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and UGT1A1 in colon and glioblastoma cells and similar results were observed for carbidopa. In contrast, carbidopa but not dopamine exhibited AhR activity in BxPC3 pancreatic cancer cells whereas minimal activity was observed for both compounds in Panc1 pancreatic cancer cells. In contrast with a previous report, the induction responses and cytotoxicity of carbidopa was observed only at high concentrations (100 µM) in BxPC3 cells. Our results show that similar to serotonin and several tryptophan metabolites, dopamine is also an AhR-active compound.
Optical measurement of voids in situ during infusion of carbon reinforcements

Liquid composite molding (LCM) is growing in importance as an alternative to traditional prepreg-autoclave methods for manufacture high-performance composites. The most significant roadblock to ind...
“Afrotopia?”: an Afrofuturist examination of Chad Hartigan’s film Morris from America (2016)

This essay examines the film Morris from America (2016) from an Afrofuturist vantage point. On the surface, the film is about being black in Heidelberg, Germany. Yet, upon closer examination, the f...
Women's higher brain metabolic rate compensates for early Alzheimer's pathology.

Introduction The female advantage in brain metabolic function may confer cognitive resilience against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods A total of 1259 participants (44% women; 52% mild cognitive impairment; 18% AD) aged 55 to 90 from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ANDI) completed tests of global cognition, verbal memory, and executive function, and neuroimaging assessments of regional glucose metabolism, hippocampal volume (HV), and amyloid beta (Aβ). We examined sex differences in brain metabolism and cognition by AD biomarker quartiles (Aβ, HV). We then examined if metabolism mediates sex differences in cognition. Results Metabolism was higher in women versus men when pathology was mild-to-moderate (quartiles 2 to 3). Women outperformed men on all cognitive outcomes at ≥1 biomarker quartile, reflecting minimal-to-moderate pathology; however, these differences were eliminated/attenuated after adjusting for metabolism. The female advantage in verbal memory was also observed at minimal pathology quartiles but was unchanged after metabolism adjustment. Discussion Women's greater brain metabolism may confer cognitive resilience against early AD.
Explaining the Intensity of the Arab Spring

Politicians and pundits are quick to say that the Arab Spring has been caused by everything from an ominous “youth bulge” in the region's population to the spread of social media like Facebook and Twitter. Other observers blame the recent unrest on high levels of unemployment or on the government corruption endemic to the region. While there is a certain logic or intuitive sense to any or all these explanations, they have yet to be rigorously tested. Moreover, we do not know if these same factors explain intraregional variation in levels of unrest, or if, instead, factors specific to each particular country have caused some regimes to succumb to the violence while others have emerged unscathed. This article tests the conventional wisdom of the Arab Spring. We find some support for the notion that perceptions of government corruption and sudden price increases correlate with higher levels of unrest, although our confidence in these findings is limited by the small number of countries in our sample. Meanwhile, we find almost no evidence that population pressure or other forms of economic hardship are significant causes of intraregional variation in the intensity of unrest. Most strikingly, despite being touted as the “Twitter Revolution,” we find no evidence that unrest correlates with Internet access, cell phone use, or the use of social media such as Facebook and Twitter. These findings, such as they are, invite political observers and social scientists to search for other, case-specific causes of civil unrest and regime instability.
A Crystallographic Alternative to the Coincidence Relationships in Copper

The preferred orientation relationships between growing grains and strained (4–8 pct in tension) single crystal matrices of 99.999 pct purity copper were observed to be (001) 19° and (111) ~ 30°, identical to those previously found after secondary re-crystallization. Nearly all of the growing grains contained an annealing twin. By considering the orientation of the parent (or twinned) grains, the preferred relationships may be expressed, approximately, in terms of parallelism between the following pairs of orthogonal directions: P-relationship: Growing Grain Matrix >001< >111< >010< >110< >100< >112< Q-relationship: Matrix Growing Grain By considering the matrix during the secondary recrystallization in copper as (001)[100] and its four twin orientations, the present alternative suggests that it is the twin matrices, not the (OOl) [100] orientation, which support the growth of both (001) 19° and (111) 22° secondary grains. When the occurrence of annealing twins is rare, such as in aluminum, it is therefore expected that these two relationships should be absent, as observed experimentally. The findings of only two preferred relationships in the present investigation is in agreement with the alternative offered, but not with the coincidence model, which yields many relationships with a high coincidence density.
Interactions of the Chemokine CCL5/RANTES with Medium-Sized Chondroitin Sulfate Ligands

Interactions of the chemokine CCL5 (RANTES) with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are crucial to the CCL5-mediated inflammation process. However, structural information on interactions between CCL5 and longer GAG fragments is lacking. In this study, the interactions between oligosaccharides derived from chondroitin sulfate and a dimeric variant of CCL5 were investigated using solution nuclear magnetic resonance. The data indicate that, in addition to the BBXB motif in the 40s loop, GAGs also contact residues in the N loop in a manner similar to interactions between chemokine and the receptor N terminus, leading to possible stabilization of the dimer. Using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl-tagged hexasaccharides, the binding orientation of the hexasaccharides was shown to be highly dependent on the sulfation pattern of the N-acetyl galactosamine groups. Finally, a model of the CCL5 dimer complexed to chondroitin sulfate hexasaccharides was constructed using paramagnetic relaxation enhancement and intra- and intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effect constraints.
Is there compensated hypothyroidism in infancy

The state-mandated newborn thyroid screening program may uncover infants who exhibit normal thyroxine (T4) levels with various degrees of hyperthyrotropinemia. To elucidate further the thyroid status, the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 10 infants (7 boys, 3 girls; aged 9 to 63 days) was studied by indirect calorimetry. They were clinically euthyroid and healthy with no evidence of overt biochemical hypothyroidism (low T4, high thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]). Confirmatory testing indicated that all infants had normal serum T4 levels for age (mean +/- SD: 10.3 +/- 3.2 micrograms/dL). However, serum TSH levels varied from 2.3 to 99.2 microU/mL. In 4 infants (2 boys, 2 girls) the BMR was low (38.1 +/- 4.1 kcal/kg per day), while the other 6 patients (5 boys, 1 girl) demonstrated BMRs within the normal range (49.6 +/- 1.9 kcal/kg per day, P less than .001). The serum TSH levels were above 7.0 microU/mL among those infants with a low BMR, whereas the serum TSH levels were always below 6.0 microU/mL among the normometabolic infants. All infants who had a low BMR received thyroid therapy and promptly became normometabolic (BMR: 48.7 +/- 1.0 kcal/kg per day) with suppression of TSH levels (3.2 +/- 1.3 microU/mL) within 3 weeks of therapy, while their serum T4 levels remained within the normal range. The observed normalization of BMR in parallel to reduction of TSH levels following thyroid replacement therapy strongly suggests that these patients demonstrated a hypometabolic state, despite normal serum T4 levels. Therefore, the assessment of BMR may help define subclinical hypothyroidism in infancy in conjunction with a close monitoring of TSH concentration.
Monitoring of tool wear using artificial neural networks

An online scheme for tool wear monitoring using artificial neural networks (ANNs) has been proposed. Motivated by the fact that the tool wear at a given instance of time depends on the tool wear value at previous instance of time, memory was included in ANN. With this aim, an ANN without memory, an ANN with one phase memory, and an ANN with two are investigated in this study. The advantages and unique characteristics of the proposed tool wear modeling scheme with earlier methods of tool wear estimation are discussed.
Optimizing Programs with Partial Specifications

This paper describes a compilation method that exploits formal specifications to optimize programs. The method performs optimizations that are impossible using techniques based purely on code analysis because formal specifications contain information that either (1) cannot be deduced from code, or (2) can in theory be deduced from code but is too costly to deduce.
Non-Managing Underwriter's Role in Securities Offerings: Just Eye Candy?

While there is considerable scholarship on the due diligence defense of lead underwriters in defective corporate securities offerings, there is surprisingly little analysis of the due diligence defense of non-managing underwriters. This article challenges the common perception that lead and non-managing underwriters necessarily “sink or swim” together for purposes of due diligence. An analysis of the statutory structure of Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933 reveals that non-managing underwriters are not inextricably tethered to the lead. Rather, non-managing underwriters who actively question the lead’s due diligence investigation should be able to meet their own affirmative defense even when the lead ultimately fails to meet its burden. Moreover, despite protestations from some in the investment banking community, it is also clear that to succeed in their separate affirmative defense, non-managing underwriters cannot simply be passive participants. To meet their separate defense they must actively supervise the lead’s investigation of the financial health of the corporate issuer. Finally, the article addresses some of the practical issues involved in non-managing underwriters monitoring the lead underwriter’s investigation.