cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Common Bile Duct Exploration in the Era of Laparoscopic Surgery

Objective: To review the treatment and outcome of patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones who underwent cholecystecomy. Design: Prospective series of 700 consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies, with a mean follow-up of 22 months. Setting: University-affiliated community hospital. Patients: Eighty patients with documented CBD stones during a 42-month period (July 1990 to January 1994). Interventions: Laparoscopic CBD exploration (LCBDE) was performed with either choledochotomy and T tube (n=27) or transcystic duct choledochoscopy (n=33). Open CBDE (OCBDE) (n=16) and endoscopic sphincterotomy (n=16) were also employed. Main Outcome Measures: Documented removal of CBD stones and procedure-related complications. Results: Laparoscopic CBDE was successful in 60 (94%) of 64 attempted cases. Mean operating time was 149±40 minutes and length of hospital stay was 2.8±2.1 days. Six complications (10%) were recorded, including three retained stones (5%). In 11 of 16 patients undergoing OCBDE, CBD stones were discovered with intraoperative cholangiography after conversion to laparotomy was needed for completion of the cholecystectomy. One OCBDE was planned in a patient with suppurative cholangitis. Preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (n=11) was successful in four patients. Postoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (n=5) was successful in four patients. Conclusion: With a protocol of routine cholangiography, LCBDE, and selective use of OCBDE (when LCBDE is not possible), the reliance on a second procedure (endoscopic sphincterotomy) can be minimized. Laparoscopic CBDE, a technically demanding operation, is possible at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the majority of cases, with a low complication rate and a short length of hospital stay. (Arch Surg. 1995;130:265-269)
Correlated Low-Frequency BOLD Fluctuations in the Resting Human Brain Are Modulated by Recent Experience in Category-Preferential Visual Regions

The resting brain is associated with significant intrinsic activity fluctuations, such as the correlated low-frequency (LF) blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) fluctuations measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Despite a recent expansion of studies investigating resting-state LF-BOLD correlations, their nature and function are poorly understood. A major constraint on LF-BOLD correlations appears to be stable properties of anatomic connectivity. There is also evidence that coupling can be modulated by recent or ongoing task performance, suggesting that certain components of correlated dynamics are malleable on short timescales. Here, we compared activity during extended periods of rest following performance of 2 distinct cognitive tasks using different categories of visual stimuli—faces and complex scenes. Prolonged exposure to these distinct categories of visual information caused frontal networks to couple differentially with posterior category-preferential visual regions during subsequent periods of rest. In addition, we report preliminary evidence suggesting that conditions exist in which the degree of modulation of LF-BOLD correlations predicts subsequent memory. The finding that resting-state LF-BOLD correlations are modulated by recent experience in functionally specific brain regions engaged during prior task performance clarifies their role as a dynamic phenomenon which may be involved in mnemonic processes.
Milestones in understanding platelet production: a historical overview

The discovery of thrombopoietin (TPO, also termed THPO) in 1994 was a major achievement in understanding the regulation of platelet production. In prior decades, physiological studies had demonstrated that platelets were produced from bone marrow megakaryocytes and that the megakaryocytes responded to thrombocytopenia by increasing their number, size and DNA ploidy. In 1958, it was proposed that a 'thrombopoietin' must exist that regulated this interaction between the circulating platelet mass and the bone marrow megakaryocytes. After over three decades of effort, TPO was finally purified by five independent laboratories. TPO stimulated megakaryocyte colony-forming cell growth and increased the number, size and ploidy of megakaryocytes. When the genes for TPO or TPO receptor were eliminated in mice, megakaryocytes grew and platelets were made, but at 15% of their normal number. A first generation of recombinant human (rh) TPO molecules [rhTPO and pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rhMGDF)] rapidly entered clinical trials in 1995 and increased platelet counts in humans undergoing non-myeloablative chemotherapy but not in those undergoing stem cell transplantation. Antibodies developed against PEG-rhMGDF and development of these recombinant thrombopoietins ended. A second generation of TPO receptor agonists (romiplostim and eltrombopag) was then developed. Neither of these TPO receptor agonists demonstrated any significant untoward effects and both are now licensed in many countries for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia. This review describes the significant experiments that have surrounded the discovery of TPO and its clinical development.
A Problem in Ludwig Feuerbach's Theory of Religious Language

The late Karl Barth once wrote that no one can hope to overcome Ludwig Feuerbach ‘…with whining or with angry criticism of his views of religion.’ This is plainly correct, for Feuerbach's argument that religious language is always anthropological is an argument of great attractiveness—and, apparently, of great explanatory utility to psychologists, historians, and philosophers. Barth's solution to the problem raised by Feuerbach is less satisfactory. It just will not do for Christian believers simply to cleanse Christian theology of anthropological foundations by admitting ‘…that even in our relation to God,… we can lay claim to his truth, his certainty, his salvation as grace and only as grace’. Nor will it do for Christian believers, secure in the promise of divine succour, to ‘… laugh… at Feuerbach’ for his naive view of human possibilities. Even though a cleansing of theology may be helpful to the Church, it will have little (more likely, no) effect upon the widespread popular and scholarly acceptance of Feuerbach's conclusions.
The impact of the AMO on the West African monsoon annual cycle

A combination of observations and re-analysis was used to investigate the mechanisms of the connection between the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and Sahel rainfall. A composite technique based on the AMO index was used to identify differences between warm and cold phases of the AMO. A significant summer rainfall increase over the Sahel during warm phases of the AMO was observed, with large increases during the typical monsoon onset period in June. In spring of warm phases of the AMO prior to monsoon onset, strengthening of the Saharan heat-low and its associated shallow meridional overturning circulation is observed. The intensified shallow meridional overturning circulation increases moisture flux into the Sahel from the south during spring while increased westerly winds from the Atlantic increase westerly moisture flux into the Sahel during spring and summer. The strengthening of the heat-low is accompanied by increases in Mediterranean sea-surface temperatures during warm phases of the AMO that lead to increases in moisture flux convergence in the northeast Sahel. During warm phases of the AMO the African easterly jet is farther north than in cold phases, and increased African easterly wave (AEW) activity across West Africa and into the Atlantic is observed. This increased AEW activity particularly in the early hurricane season, as measured by eddy kinetic energy, may be contributing to the increased number of Atlantic tropical storms during warm phases of the AMO.
Effects of Refrigerated Storage, pH Adjustment, and Marinade on Color of Raw and Microwave Cooked Chicken Meat

Abstract Chicken carcasses from 7-wk-old birds were skinned, deboned by hand, and the meat ground twice through a meat grinder. Samples were divided into 90-g portions, packaged, and stored at 3 C. The pH, cooking yield, and color of raw and cooked ground chicken meat were determined at 4-day intervals during 28 days of storage. In addition, ground meat samples were brought to pH values ranging from 4.9 to 7.1 by treating with citric acid or Na3 PO4. Chicken fillets were marinated in suspensions that contained citric acid and Na3 PO4 for color evaluation. Increased refrigerated storage time increased (P
The role of horizontal model resolution in assessing the transport of CO in a middle latitude cyclone using WRF-Chem

Abstract. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) online chemical transport model to simulate a middle latitude cyclone in East Asia at three different horizontal resolutions (45, 15, and 5 km grid spacing). The cyclone contains a typical warm conveyor belt (WCB) with an embedded squall line that passes through an area having large surface concentrations (> 400 ppbv) of carbon monoxide (CO). Model output from WRF-Chem is used to compare differences between the large-scale CO vertical transport by the WCB (the 45 km simulation) with the smaller-scale transport due to its convection (the 5 km simulation). Forward trajectories are calculated from WRF-Chem output using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. At 45 km grid spacing, the WCB exhibits gradual ascent, lofting surface CO to 6–7 km. Upon reaching the warm front, the WCB and associated CO ascend more rapidly and later turn eastward over the Pacific Ocean. Convective transport at 5 km resolution with explicitly resolved convection occurs much more rapidly, with surface CO lofted to altitudes greater than 10 km in 1 h or less. We also compute CO vertical mass fluxes over specified areas and times to compare differences in transport due to the different grid spacings. Upward CO flux exceeds 110 000 t h−1 in the domain with explicit convection when the squall line is at peak intensity, while fluxes from the two coarser resolutions are an order of magnitude smaller. Specific areas of interest within the 5 km domain are defined to compare the magnitude of convective transport to that within the entire 5 km region. Although convection encompasses only a small portion of the 5 km domain, it is responsible for ~40% of the upward CO transport. We also examine the vertical transport due to a short wave trough and its associated area of convection, not related to the cyclone, that lofts CO to the upper troposphere. Results indicate that fine-scale resolution with explicitly resolved convection is important when assessing the vertical transport of surface emissions in areas of deep convection.
Response of the mosquito protein interaction network to dengue infection

Two fifths of the world's population is at risk from dengue. The absence of effective drugs and vaccines leaves vector control as the primary intervention tool. Understanding dengue virus (DENV) host interactions is essential for the development of novel control strategies. The availability of genome sequences for both human and mosquito host greatly facilitates genome-wide studies of DENV-host interactions. We developed the first draft of the mosquito protein interaction network using a computational approach. The weighted network includes 4,214 Aedes aegypti proteins with 10,209 interactions, among which 3,500 proteins are connected into an interconnected scale-free network. We demonstrated the application of this network for the further annotation of mosquito proteins and dissection of pathway crosstalk. Using three datasets based on physical interaction assays, genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screens and microarray assays, we identified 714 putative DENV-associated mosquito proteins. An integrated analysis of these proteins in the network highlighted four regions consisting of highly interconnected proteins with closely related functions in each of replication/transcription/translation (RTT), immunity, transport and metabolism. Putative DENV-associated proteins were further selected for validation by RNAi-mediated gene silencing, and dengue viral titer in mosquito midguts was significantly reduced for five out of ten (50.0%) randomly selected genes. Our results indicate the presence of common host requirements for DENV in mosquitoes and humans. We discuss the significance of our findings for pharmacological intervention and genetic modification of mosquitoes for blocking dengue transmission.
NAGPRA AT 20: Museum Collections and Reconnections

Since the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was enacted 20 years ago, the identification and repatriation of cultural items has become essential to museum–tribe relationships. Interactions prompted by repatriation policies and laws impel tribal representatives and museums alike to take a new look at museum collections. Three examples of interactions between Indian tribes and the American Museum of Natural History that were prompted by NAGPRA demonstrate how museum practices are changing. A series of responses by tribal representatives involved in these NAGPRA cases, with specific reference to their reconnections with the material culture in museum collections and museum–tribe relationships, show the ways in which tribal members frame the issues.
Mobility and security issues in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks

The emergence of wireless ad-hoc networks is considered extremely attractive in terms of new applications' enabler. The integration of reliable sensors in nodes of wireless ad-hoc networks has posed various interesting challenges to the community of researchers and engineers. We focus in this paper on two fundamental issues: supporting high mobility of sensors and guaranteeing continuity of sensing, while providing for the correlation of collected data. We propose an efficient scheme for the management of data, sensor mobility, and sensing security
Optimization of Hardware Complexity in Benes-Type WDM Optical Switching Networks

In this paper, we propose a new Benes-Type wave-length division multiplexing (WDM) optical network with space-wavelength switching capability. Intuitively, adding wavelength switching capability to space Benes networks requires the use of additional hardware components (i.e., wavelength converters). However, in this paper, we show that a Benes network with full-permutation capability in both space and wavelength domains can be designed using a smaller number of hardware components but the same number of stages as that in a space-only Benes network. In addition, wavelength conversion in the proposed network occurs only between two pre-defined wavelengths, eliminating the need for any expensive wide-range wavelength converters. We show that, the proposed WDM-Benes network has a smaller hardware complexity compared to most existing Benes networks.
Changes in Brain Adenosine — 3′5′ — Monophosphate in the Aging Rat

Even in subjects selected as clinically healthy and free of the usual pathologies of the aged, deficits in both verbal and motor performance may be revealed by careful measurements under mild stresses such as the imposition of time limits or the introduction of new and unfamiliar material or unusual testing situations. If we accept these observations as indicative, then it would appear that the aging nervous system is likely to be most sensitively deviant in those elements which are critically involved in the dynamic responses necessary to adaptation and that the most fruitful lines of research are those which probe these elements rather than those mainly indicative of the steady state. Out of the plethora of possibilities admitted by this approach we have chosen to study the cyclic-AMP levels of the cerebral cortex of the rat. The cortex, because it appears to be involved in those higher functions which are the first to be slowed by advancing age; and the cyclic-AMP system, because it occupies a central position as a carrier information from the outside of the cell to its interior and has been implicated in the mediation of the metabolic response of the cell to an adaptive, demand.
Bereavement Services Offered in Adult Intensive Care Units in the United States

Background Losing a loved one in the intensive care unit (ICU) is stressful for family members. Providing bereavement support to them is recommended. However, little is known about the prevalence of bereavement services implemented in adult ICUs. Objective To describe current bereavement follow-up services in adult ICUs. Method A cross-sectional prospective study design was used. ICU nurse leaders completed a 26-item online survey posted in the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses e-newsletter. The survey contained questions about current practices in bereavement care. Data were collected for 1 month and were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. Results A total of 237 ICU nurse leaders responded to the survey. Hospital and ICU types were diverse, with most being community (n = 81, 34.2%) and medical (n = 61, 25.7%). Most respondents reported that their ICUs (n = 148, 62.4%) did not offer bereavement follow-up services, and many barriers were noted. When bereavement follow-up care was offered, it was mainly informal (eg, condolence cards, brochures). Multiple logistic regression indicated that ICUs in hospitals with palliative care were almost 8 times (odds ratio, 7.66) more likely to provide bereavement support than were ICUs in hospitals without palliative care. Conclusions The study findings provide insight into what type of bereavement evaluation methods are being used, what barriers are present that hinder use of bereavement follow-up services, and potential interventions to overcome those barriers in adult ICUs in the United States.
SUBSTITUTION PROCESSES IN MOLECULAR EVOLUTION. II. EXCHANGEABLE MODELS FROM POPULATION GENETICS.

Substitution processes are of two sorts: origination processes record the times at which nucleotide mutations that ultimately fix in the population first appear, and fixation processes record the times at which they actually fix. Substitution processes may be generated by combining models of population genetics-here the symmetrical-neutral, overdominance, underdominance, TIM, and SAS-CFF models-with the infinite-sites, no-recombination model of the gene. This paper is mainly concerned with a computer simulation study of these substitution processes. The rate of substitution is shown to be remarkably insensitive to the strength of selection for models with strong balancing selection caused by the genealogical drift of mutations through alleles held in the population by selection. The origination process is shown to be more regular than Poisson for the overdominance, TIM, and SAS-CFF models but more clustered for the underdominance model. A class of point processes called Sawyer processes is introduced to help explain these observations as well as the observation that the times between successive originations are nearly uncorrelated. Fixation processes are shown to be more complex than origination processes, with regularly spaced bursts of multiple fixations. An approximation to the fixation process is described. One important conclusion is that protein evolution is not easily reconciled with any of these models without adding perturbations that recur on a time scale that is commensurate with that of molecular evolution.
Ion Beam Deposition of Calcium Hydroxyapatite

Calcium hydroxyapatite has been sputtered on glass and Ti-6Al-4V substrates using a 1.5-kV argon ion beam. The films have been examined by x-ray diffraction analysis, energy dispersive spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and adhesion testing. Results of this experimentation are presented.
Mechanistic insights for formation of an organometallic Co-C bond in the methyl transfer reaction catalyzed by methionine synthase.

Methionine synthase (MetH) catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methyltetrahydrofolate (CH3–H4Folate) to the cob(I)alamin intermediate to form an organometallic Co–C bond, a reaction similar to that of CH3–H4Folate:corrinoid/iron–sulfur protein (CFeSP) methyltransferase (MeTr). How precisely it is formed remains elusive because the displacement of a methyl group from the tertiary amine is not a facile reaction. To understand the electronic structure and mechanistic details of the MetH–cob(I)alamin:CH3–H4Folate reaction complex, we applied quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) computations. The hybrid QM/MM calculations reveal the traditionally assumed SN2 mechanism for formation the CH3–cob(III)alamin resting state where the activation energy barrier for the SN2 reaction was found to be ∼8–9 kcal/mol, which is comparable with respect to the determined experimental rate constant. However, the possibility of an electron transfer (ET) based radical mechanism consistent with the close-lying d...
Computations of Flows past an Insect -Like Flapping Wing

The Institute for Aerospace Research of the National Research Council Canada (NRCIAR) is carrying out research work to develop and validate efficient experimental models and numerical algorithms for unsteady low-Reynolds-number flow solvers, as well as to investigate the aeromechanical aspects of unsteady insect-like flapping wings for nano-air vehicles (NAV). This paper reports on the implementation of some special features used for simulating complex flapping-wing aerodynamics, such as grid degeneration, blockstructured parallelization, and overlapping grids. Preliminary results for an insect-like wing obtained using the in-house code INSflow indicate that fully three-dimensional flow separation may persist on the wing surface during flapping motions. The discrepancies between numerical and experimental results are also discussed.
Evaluation of tomato accessions for flavour and flavour-contributing components

Flavour is one of the most highly demanded consumer traits of tomato at present; poor flavour is one of the most commonly heard complaints associated with modern varieties of tomato. In order to combine flavour with other desirable fruit traits in improved cultivars, it is important to determine how much variability exists in the crucial compounds that contribute most to flavour. The objective of the present study was to determine the variability of flavour-contributing components including total soluble solids (TSS) and total titratable acids (TTA) among other subjective traits related to flavour in a core collection of tomato accessions. The core collection was comprised of 173 tomato accessions with a wide genetic background from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Services (ARS) Plant Genetic Resources Unit repository. The TTA varied from 0.20 to 0.64%, whereas the TSS ranged from 3.4 to 9.0%, indicating the availability of broad variation for these traits. Rinon (PI 118783), Turrialba, Purple Calabash and LA2102 were among the high TTA (>0.45%) containing accessions, whereas those with high TSS (>7.0%) were AVRDC#6, Sponzillo and LA2102. A positive correlation of overall flavour with TTA (r= 0.33; P< 0.05) and TSS (r= 0.37; P< 0.05) indicated that these two components play an important role in determining the overall flavour in tomato. Subjectively measured other traits including fruity odour and fruity flavour had positive correlations with overall flavour. Overall flavour is discussed in the context of other traits including fruit firmness. Information obtained from this study may be useful for tomato breeders aiming to improve tomato flavour.
Dryocosmus kuriphilus-induced Chestnut Galls and Their Inhabitants

Studies were conducted to characterize altered tissues of larvae-infested buds and stem and leaf galls induced by Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu on Chinese chestnuttrees (Castanea mollissimaBlume) and to describe gall inhabitants. Bud and gall samples were collected fromchestnuttrees growinginMantua, OH,on2Mar.and 3May 2012, respectively, and prepared for microscopy. Uni- and multilocular larval chambers containing one D. kuriphilus larva per chamber were observed in buds and stem galls. Evidence of insect-modified Castanea cells was present as a two-layer zone of hypertro- phied plant cells adjacent to the larval chambers before budbreak on 2 Mar. By 3 May, stem and leaf galls were in the growth and differentiation stage of development. Within galls, torn cell walls and disorganized organelles were visible in the protoplasm of cells surrounding ovoid-shaped larval chambers. A continuous layer of nutritive cells with large nuclei and nucleoli, abundant lipid bodies and mitochondria, and fragmented vacuoles was contiguous to larval chambers. At the outermost region of the nutritive tissue, cells had recently divided. Larger vacuolated cells, with slightly thickened walls, were observed surrounding recently divided cells. Thin-walled parenchyma cells in the chestnut gall cortex had large vacuoles with fewer organelles than those of the nutritive layer. Vascular tissue within the gall was connected with that of the plant host tissue outside the gall. In some chestnut galls, a single parasitoid larva was found attached to a D. kuriphilus larva. Each parasitoid larva had six pairs of setae on its head capsule, a pair of clypeal setae, a notched labrum, a semicircular lobed labium, 13 post-cephalic body segments, and rows of long, erect setae on all body segments.
Determination of selenium in food by atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of selenium in food by atomic fluorescence spectrometry.Methods:After the sample was digested by heating in acid,hydrogen selenide(SeH2) was generated using sodium borohydride as the reducer and introduced with the carrier into the atomizer for atomization.Under irradiation of a hollow cathode lamp of selenium,ground state selenium atoms were excited to high-energy state and,when returning to the ground state after deactivation,emitted fluorescence of characteristic wavelengths.The fluorescence intensity was positively proportional to the content of selenium and,based on this,quantification was performed against a standard series.Results:Good linearity was presented within the selenium concentration range of 1.0 μg/L～20.0 μg/L;the regression equation was y=177.421x-11.782(r=1.0000).Conclusion:For determination of selenium by atomic fluorescence spectrometry,the limit of detection could be of as low as ppb grade;the limit of detection of AFS9800 spectrometer was 0.0989 μg/L.The method has the advantages of high sensitivity,high accuracy,high precision,wide linear range,simple operation and low reagent toxicity and,therefore,it can be widely used for determination of selenium in food and water.
Introduction on the Lock Gine of Exterior Trimming of a Hidden A Post Front Bumper

The article introduces a lock gine of exterior trimming of a hidden A post front bumper adopted by new microcar"Wuling Rongguang",produced by SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Co.,Ltd.and analyzes the problems that may occur as it is designed.
CSMC Model for Wind Speed and Its Application in Reliability Evaluation of Power System Containing Wind Energy

A time series wind speed model is presented based on continuous state markov chain(CSMC)in this paper.The recorded wind speed time series is transformed into that in the normal distribution domain using Box-Cox technique,and then a CSMC model of transformed data is constructed in multi-dimensional normal domain.In addition,normal distributed data is transformed into wind speed data by using of the Box-Cox back-transformation,therefore a CSMC model of wind speed time series is built.The validity of proposed model is testified by measured wind speed data,which shows that the model can preserve the probability distribution and autocorrelation characteristics of original wind speed.The applicability of the proposed model is also verified on the IEEERTS test system,which shows that it can be used to evaluate the reliability of power systems with wind energy.
Comparison Among of Pollutant Removal Rates in Sewage by Several Wetland Plants in Spring Season

The removal efficiency of main pollutants in sewage by four constructed wetland plants usually used in Nanjing in spring was investigated in this article.The results show that: in spring,Cattail(Typha latif olia) and Calamus(Acorus calamus Linn) have high removal efficiency the removal rates of TN,TP and COD are 72.46%,90.36%,65.05% and 69.82%,(91.32%,) 77.15%,respectively.Reed has higher removal efficiency and the removal rates of these are 58.84%,74.60% and(57.19%,) respectively.The perification ability of Canna is the worst among these four species.So for using watland plants in spring,the Cattail and Calamus are the best choice and while Canna is not suitable for use.
Estimating total numbers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in lymph nodes of cynomolgus and rhesus macaques

Tuberculosis (TB) is predominantly thought of as a lung disease. However, in classic pathology studies, a thoracic lymph node is often infected in addition to the lungs. Furthermore, lymphadenitis is common in children infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In our non-human primate model, at least one lymph node is infected in nearly all macaques. However, rhesus macaques have substantially more lymph node involvement than cynomolgus macaques, and this often leads to clinical deterioration. To better understand the role of lymph nodes in TB, as well as the differences between these species, we quantified the total number of Mtb genomes (live and dead bacteria) in the lymph nodes at 4 and 12 weeks post-infection (p.i.). Mtb burden in the lymph nodes was not significantly different between cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, as well as between 4wk and 12wk p.i.. We then compared the number of Mtb genomes with the number of viable bacteria to determine the degree of bacterial killing in these tissues. Overall, bacterial killing in lymph nodes was very low, compared to lung granulomas. However, the 12wk p.i. rhesus macaques had significantly less Mtb killing in their lymph nodes than the 4wk p.i. rhesus and 12wk p.i. cynomolgus macaques, which could in part explain the greater lymph node involvement in rhesus macaques. The level of bacterial killing between intact and effaced (necrotic) lymph nodes was similar; however, there was a trend of increasing Mtb burden as the effacement increases. Some lymph nodes without culturable bacteria were found to have Mtb genomes present, suggesting lymphatic spread. Our preliminary data suggest that lymph nodes may play a role as a bacterial reservoir and as a means of bacterial dissemination and reactivation.
The extraction of uranium (VI) from sulphuric acid solutions by cyclohexyl-alkylamines

Abstract The effects of amine structure and of organic solvent on the extraction of uranium (VI) from sulphuric acid solutions by cyclohexyl-alkylamines have been investigated. It is found that the uranium extraction efficiency of cyclohexyl-alkyl secondary amines is greater than that of cyclohexyl-alkyl tertiary amines; when the aklyl chain is branched the extraction efficiency of the amine is reduced and much influenced by the properties of the organic solvent used as diluent. The mechanism of uranium extraction by cyclohexyl-dodecylamine has also been studied.
From Assessment to Implementation: Using Qualitative Interviews to Inform Distance Learning Library Services

ABSTRACTWhile broad assessment projects are often used to steer library strategic planning initiatives, this article will present the benefits of qualitative interviews with distance learning constituents as a framework for developing a focused vision and targeted services. This article will describe the planning and execution of an assessment project used to build a foundation for future library resources and services to target off-campus users. The benefits of this analysis will be detailed. Based on the data, implementation strategies were devised to strengthen and further develop the distance learning unit at Florida State University Libraries.
Innocents Abroad, Redux: Latin America

Travel to a series of Latin American meetings provided the opportunity to discuss matters of common interest concerning teaching and learning within introductory chemistry courses.
Monetary Policy to Resist Excessive Depreciation

In considering policy responses to recent financial crises, I want to focus my remarks on one critical issue: The appropriate monetary policy response for a country experiencing severe downward pressure on its exchange rate to an extent that the real exchange rate is pushed well below the level that appears reasonably consistent with medium-term economic fundamentals. This was the factual situation for the Asian crisis economies (Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand) in late 1997 and early 1998, and it is often the case for countries facing external payments crises, especially in the aftermath of forced withdrawals from regimes of limited exchange rate flexibility. In these circumstances, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has typically urged a significant, temporary tightening of monetary conditions, as reflected in interest rates on short-term credit under the control of the central bank, in order to resist excessive exchange rate depreciation.
Changes in pitch height elicit both language-universal and language-dependent changes in neural representation of pitch in the brainstem and auditory cortex.

Abstract Language experience shapes encoding of pitch-relevant information at both brainstem and cortical levels of processing. Pitch height is a salient dimension that orders pitch from low to high. Herein we investigate the effects of language experience (Chinese, English) in the brainstem and cortex on (i) neural responses to variations in pitch height, (ii) presence of asymmetry in cortical pitch representation, and (iii) patterns of relative changes in magnitude of pitch height between these two levels of brain structure. Stimuli were three nonspeech homologs of Mandarin Tone 2 varying in pitch height only. The frequency-following response (FFR) and the cortical pitch-specific response (CPR) were recorded concurrently. At the Fz-linked T7/T8 site, peak latency of Na, Pb, and Nb decreased with increasing pitch height for both groups. Peak-to-peak amplitude of Na–Pb and Pb–Nb increased with increasing pitch height across groups. A language-dependent effect was restricted to Na–Pb; the Chinese had larger amplitude than the English group. At temporal sites (T7/T8), the Chinese group had larger amplitude, as compared to English, across stimuli, but also limited to the Na–Pb component and right temporal site. In the brainstem, F0 magnitude decreased with increasing pitch height; Chinese had larger magnitude across stimuli. A comparison of CPR and FFR responses revealed distinct patterns of relative changes in magnitude common to both groups. CPR amplitude increased and FFR amplitude decreased with increasing pitch height. Experience-dependent effects on CPR components vary as a function of neural sensitivity to pitch height within a particular temporal window (Na–Pb). Differences between the auditory brainstem and cortex imply distinct neural mechanisms for pitch extraction at both levels of brain structure.
Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis in Mice Following Mechanical Injury to the Synovial Joint

We investigated the spectrum of lesions characteristic of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) across the knee joint in response to mechanical injury. We hypothesized that alteration in knee joint stability in mice reproduces molecular and structural features of PTOA that would suggest potential therapeutic targets in humans. The right knees of eight-week old male mice from two recombinant inbred lines (LGXSM-6 and LGXSM-33) were subjected to axial tibial compression. Three separate loading magnitudes were applied: 6N, 9N, and 12N. Left knees served as non-loaded controls. Mice were sacrificed at 5, 9, 14, 28, and 56 days post-loading and whole knee joint changes were assessed by histology, immunostaining, micro-CT, and magnetic resonance imaging. We observed that tibial compression disrupted joint stability by rupturing the anterior cruciate ligament (except for 6N) and instigated a cascade of temporal and topographical features of PTOA. These features included cartilage extracellular matrix loss without proteoglycan replacement, chondrocyte apoptosis at day 5, synovitis present at day 14, osteophytes, ectopic calcification, and meniscus pathology. These findings provide a plausible model and a whole-joint approach for how joint injury in humans leads to PTOA. Chondrocyte apoptosis, synovitis, and ectopic calcification appear to be targets for potential therapeutic intervention.
A Normative Exploration of the Link Between Development, Economic Growth, and Natural Risk

The link between development and disaster losses is investigated in a normative framework. The paper innovates in modeling risk taking and its benefits. Under undemanding conditions, it is optimal for (i) disaster probability to decrease with income; (ii) the relative exposure to risk, i.e. the share of capital located in at-risk areas, to increase and the losses per event to increase faster than economic growth; and (iii) the risk, i.e. expected losses, to grow faster than income at low levels of development and slower than income at high levels of development. Increasing exposure to risk is both a consequence and a driver of economic growth and reducing disaster risk through reduced exposure is costly.
Protocol to engineer Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov states in a cold Fermi gas

We propose a two-step experimental protocol to directly engineer Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) states in a cold two-component Fermi gas loaded into a quasi-one-dimensional trap. First, one uses phase imprinting to create a train of domain walls in a superfluid with equal number of $\ensuremath{\uparrow}$- and $\ensuremath{\downarrow}$-spins. Second, one applies a radio-frequency sweep to selectively break Cooper pairs near the domain walls and transfer the $\ensuremath{\uparrow}$-spins to a third spin state, which does not interact with the $\ensuremath{\uparrow}$- and $\ensuremath{\downarrow}$-spins. The resulting FFLO state has exactly one unpaired $\ensuremath{\downarrow}$-spin in each domain wall and is stable for all values of domain-wall separation and interaction strength. We show that the protocol can be implemented with high fidelity at sufficiently strong interactions for a wide range of parameters available in present-day experimental conditions.
Hospice Care: Nurses' Experience and Perception of Older Adult Patients' Experience.

ABSTRACTObjectives: The current study sought to understand the differences hospice nurses perceived in caring for older adult patients who utilize hospice for longer and shorter periods, older adul...
Follow-Up Evaluation and Surveillance After Treatment of Bone Sarcomas

Successful follow-up of patients treated for bone sarcoma requires a ­proactive regimen of regularly scheduled clinic visits, during which the patient receives evaluations appropriate to treatment issues that change predictably with increasing time from the surgery. Early issues include wound healing and ­resumption of basic mobility, leading into a period of heightened surveillance for tumor recurrence, followed by long-term issues centering on the integrity of hardware and reconstructions. Abnormalities that present in each of these phases produce characteristic findings on the medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies. Imaging is an essential part of the follow-up regimen. Radiographs can reveal complications such as tumor recurrence, hardware loosening, infection, or allograft resorption. Other studies, such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, are commonly indicated when an abnormality is suspected and can be optimized for patients with metallic hardware. Outcome measures, such as performance tests, are useful for assessing many factors that affect the lives of bone sarcoma patients; these factors include mobility, function, pain, and emotional acceptance. Scheduled clinic visits and well-balanced patient assessment can optimize patient outcome.
Non Destructive Testing for EPS Geofoam Quality Assurance

Non Destructive testing (NDT) was used to check the quality of EPS geofoam blocks produced at different manufacturing plants. Strength and deformation parameters for design and construction are dependent on the quality of specified geofoam grades delivered on site. Ultra sound P wave velocities through EPS blocks were measured to obtain estimates of Young’s moduli for different densities produced at four molding plants. The moduli values derived from NDT were compared with previously reported results. Differences between P wave velocities and moduli for blocks formed with virgin material and blocks that contain recycled content were examined. The results indicate NDT is a versatile and more practical method for onsite quality assurance monitoring.
Thermodynamic Study of the Mg-Sb System

Reversible galvanic cell technique has been used to determine the activities, relative partial molar free energies, entropies, and enthalpies of magnesium in liquid Mg−Sb alloys. The potentials were measured in the temperature range 980° to 1250°K, employing the fused salt mixture NaCl+KCl (eutectic)+MgCl2 as the electrolyte. The heat and entropy changes accompanying the formation of Mg3Sb2(s) from liquid components, 3Mg(1)+2Sb(1)=Mg3Sb2(s) were derived from the experimental results; the values are ΔH o=−87,200 (±700) cal per gfw and ΔS o=−31.50 (±1.00) cal per gfw,oK.
Screening Panelists Using Simple Sensory Tests

This is the first of eleven longer laboratory exercises designed to be conducted in a 3-h lab period. It illustrates several simple screening methods for determining that candidates for a sensory panel have a normal sense of taste and smell. This is for a quality control, discrimination or descriptive panel, but would not be used to qualify consumers for a preference or acceptance test. The two methods used here are an odor identification (naming) test and a ranking of taste intensities.
Free Rotational and Angular Motion

IN A GAS PHASE THAT IS NOT TOO DENSE, molecules not only translate but also rotate freely. Along one or more disjoint coordinates, each moves at constant potential. Furthermore, a particle in a central field, traveling a given distance r from the center, moves at constant potential.
Evaluation of Irradiated Polypropylenes by Strain Rate Dependence of Tensile Properties

It has been demonstrated that tensile characteristics of polypropylene films are dependent on the strain rate at which these properties are measured as well as how the samples are prepared. The strain rate dependence of tensile properties is related to the dual nature of polypropylene in that, as a semi-crystalline thermoplastic, it consists of both amorphous and crystalline domains. In general, the amorphous domains give polypropylene its ductility whereas the crystalline regions give its strength. This chapter discusses the case study of six polypropylenes that are useful for medical devices and contain different additives. Those polypropylenes were irradiated to various total doses and their tensile properties measured at different strain rates. The strain rate dependence was found to change as a function of radiation dose as did the ultimate tensile properties. Resolution of tensile properties was better at low strain rates than at high strain rates, indicating the best testing conditions for evaluation of radiation stability.
Object Relations Theory and Intimacy

Object relations theory is a branch of psychoanalytic theory. Also known as “the English school,” its proponents include Klein, Fairbairn, Winnicott, and Guntrip, among others. It focuses attention on infancy as a stage of personality development, and on the infant’s relationship to mothering figures. Like interpersonal theory, it is concerned with modes of relatedness.
Controlled Release and Nanotechnology

Nanosized controlled release systems for drug delivery are segregated into several categories including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, and dendrimers. This topic is extensive and as such is only briefly reviewed here. More detailed information may be found in more focused chapters of this book. With this in mind, this chapter will provide an overview of nanoparticulate systems, followed by some of the more interesting opportunities and applications of nanotechnology in controlled release: metal–organic systems, nanotubes, responsive systems, and personal care products. The use of a drug as a therapeutic agent is often a delicate balance between therapeutic efficacy and detrimental side effects including toxicity. The control of the amount of drug delivered over time and the spatial localization of that delivery are paramount in overcoming the challenges of providing optimal therapy. This challenge drives the design of various drug delivery strategies that strive to revolutionize the way drugs exert their actions. Much of this attention has focused on nanoparticles due to their small size, relatively high surface area, influence on biodistribution, ability to make drugs available for intravascular delivery, their stabilizing effect on therapeutic agents, and the capability of sustaining release of the agent (Mainardes and Silva 2004). All these elements ultimately lead to more effective delivery of the active agent to a desired physiological or pathophysiological location. Modification of the nanocarrier composition largely controls the release of the active agent from the carrier. This can be accomplished by using various types of polymers or lipids, changing the molecular weight of those components, or changing the surface characteristics such as by crosslinking or adding a separate component like poly (ethylene glycol). In addition, more specific modifications can be made in order to achieve the optimal controlled drug release from the nanodevice. The following reviews the major classes of nanoscale drug delivery devices.
Comparison of diameter-based and image-based measures of surface area from gross placental pathology for use in epidemiologic studies

Abstract Placental surface area is often estimated using diameter measurements. However, as many placentas are not elliptical, we were interested in the validity of these estimates. We compared placental surface area from images for 491 singletons from the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network (SCRN) Study (416 live births, 75 stillbirths) to estimates obtained using diameter measurements. Placental images and diameters were obtained from pathologic assessments conducted for the SCRN Study and images were analyzed using ImageJ software. On average, diameter-based measures underestimated surface area by −5.58% (95% confidence interval: −30.23, 19.07); results were consistent for normal and abnormal shapes. The association between surface area and birthweight was similar for both measures. Thus, diameter-based surface area can be used to estimate placental surface area.