cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on Urban Land Replacement in Yunnan Province

Based on fast urbanization and the city regeneration in the "Twelve Five" period in Yunnan province,according to land renting theory of urban land utilization and manifestation of differential rent,land replacement,including arrangement and replacement of rural residential,is an effective way to explore the potential urban land resources,integrated with manifestation of differential rent and land utilization regulations.The land replacement could transform land utilization pattern from incremental expansion patterns to activation patterns of urban land stock.A conversion for physical formation to value formation of urban land utilization and infrastructural facilities could be achieved,and the profit of urban land replacement can also be created simultaneously.
Statin-Associated Side Effects

Hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors or statins are well tolerated, but associated with various statin-associated symptoms (SAS), including statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS), diabetes mellitus (DM), and central nervous system complaints. These are "statin-associated symptoms" because they are rare in clinical trials, making their causative relationship to statins unclear. SAS are, nevertheless, important because they prompt dose reduction or discontinuation of these life-saving mediations. SAMS is the most frequent SAS, and mild myalgia may affect 5% to 10% of statin users. Clinically important muscle symptoms, including rhabdomyolysis and statin-induced necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (SINAM), are rare. Antibodies against HMG-CoA reductase apparently provoke SINAM. Good evidence links statins to DM, but evidence linking statins to other SAS is largely anecdotal. Management of SAS requires making the possible diagnosis, altering or discontinuing the statin treatment, and using alternative lipid-lowering therapy.
Getting Water in Mumbai: Eight Methods of Access

Based on ten months of fieldwork in Mumbai, India, this paper explores practices of water access and acquisition, focusing on the histories, geographies, and power relations that water produces and inhabits as it flows through the city. How do the residents, industries, and small businesses in Mumbaiﾒs suburbs meet their daily water requirements? What kinds of networks and systems of authority are leveraged in order to mitigate risk and secure reliable supplies of water? My research pays particular attention to the various forms that water takes; while water is generally theorized as a homogenous substance provided as an infrastructural service, in actuality, there are so many kinds of water (well water, rain water, brackish water, fresh water, in addition to municipally-supplied piped water), and an even-wider variety of access mechanisms. While policy perspectives tend to approach urban water questions with engineering and technological 'solutions,' my research instead foregrounds the politics and power relations embedded in certain configurations of water access and flow across Mumbai.
First-derivative spectroscopic determination of acetaminophen and sodium salicylate in tablets

A first-derivative spectroscopic method for the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and sodium salicylate in tablets was developed. Solutions of this drug combination in acidic ethanol were analyzed using their respective spectral responses at 258.5 and 317.0 nm. The method, which can be used for tablet composite assay and content uniformity analysis, is linear for acetaminophen concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 21.6 micrograms/mL, and for sodium salicylate concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 36.0 micrograms/mL. Relative standard deviations for the assay of both drugs in commercial tablets were less than 2%, and recoveries of acetaminophen and sodium salicylate from spiked samples were 99.7 and 100.1%, respectively. The results obtained by first-derivative spectroscopy were in agreement with the results of a liquid chromatographic procedure for acetaminophen and a fluorometric method for sodium salicylate. The technique used for the selection of wavelengths for analysis is also described.
Forager bees (Apis mellifera) highly express immune and detoxification genes in tissues associated with nectar processing

Pollinators, including honey bees, routinely encounter potentially harmful microorganisms and phytochemicals during foraging. However, the mechanisms by which honey bees manage these potential threats are poorly understood. In this study, we examine the expression of antimicrobial, immune and detoxification genes in Apis mellifera and compare between forager and nurse bees using tissue-specific RNA-seq and qPCR. Our analysis revealed extensive tissue-specific expression of antimicrobial, immune signaling, and detoxification genes. Variation in gene expression between worker stages was pronounced in the mandibular and hypopharyngeal gland (HPG), where foragers were enriched in transcripts that encode antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and immune response. Additionally, forager HPGs and mandibular glands were enriched in transcripts encoding detoxification enzymes, including some associated with xenobiotic metabolism. Using qPCR on an independent dataset, we verified differential expression of three AMP and three P450 genes between foragers and nurses. High expression of AMP genes in nectar-processing tissues suggests that these peptides may contribute to antimicrobial properties of honey or to honey bee defense against environmentally-acquired microorganisms. Together, these results suggest that worker role and tissue-specific expression of AMPs, and immune and detoxification enzymes may contribute to defense against microorganisms and xenobiotic compounds acquired while foraging.
Dental care for the aging patient.

Dentists and their medical colleagues must approach old patients as they would younger ones. They should not accept loss of teeth as a physiologic process associated with aging but should strive to prevent dental caries and periodontal diseases, the major causes of loss of teeth.Communities should provide equipment through hospitals or clinics for dental care of home bound patients. Even the edentulous patient should have regular oral examinations to prevent some of the deaths caused by oral cancer.
Sol–gel derived borosilicate glasses and thin film coatings on SiC substrates: Boron loss and carbon retention due to processing and heat treatment

Synthesis of freestanding borosilicate glass and borosilicate thin films (< 1 μm thick) applied on silicon carbide substrates was carried out by a sol–gel method for the purpose of determining boria effects on silicon carbide oxidation. Extensive characterization of boron loss, compositional reproducibility, and film quality was carried out through every stage in the gel to glass conversion. Boron loss in the gel synthesis and during heat treatment ranged from 30 to 68 mol% and increased with solvent loading. Hydrolyzed products were evident in glasses heat treated at lower temperatures, but were not present as crystalline phases in the amorphous glass network. Reproducibility of boron concentration in the glass was relatively unaffected by heat treatment conditions, but formation of the borosilicate bond was enhanced in certain gas environments. Carbon retention was characterized for total concentration. Carbon bonding both within the glass network and as a free carbon phase was evident by spectroscopic analysis.
The New Service Development Process: An Assessment

Although the development of new services has become increasingly more important to the U.S. economy, its importance has not been mirrored in the academic literature. This paper reviews the extant literature associated with new service development. The authors also offer a number of testable hypothesis which should be tested by future researchers in the field.
Improving the Efficiency of Organic Photovoltaic Devices through Interface Engineering

We explore theoretically the effect of incorporating a thin tunnel barrier between the electron and hole transport layers of organic heterostructure photovoltaic devices. The device efficiency can be improved significantly by controlling the rates of microscopic processes associated with exciton dissociation and recombination at the interface between the electron and hole transport layers. The effects of different parameters are examined, and conclusions for organic photovoltaic device design are discussed.
Design Box Case Study: Facilitating Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Participatory Design in Game Developm

The design and development of games for games with a purpose or serious games often requires that stakeholders from disparate backgrounds collaborate. This often presents significant challenges such as finding common ground, developing shared vocabularies, and understanding each other's expectations, all of which affect team cohesion. We present a case study illustrating how a participatory design method -- the design box -- can facilitate the collaborative efforts of interdisciplinary teams. The design box is a technique for generating game ideas (or pitches) in an iterative fashion using four "walls" or constraints: technology, audience, aesthetics, and the question or problem to be solved. We found this method helped the team understand the potential of games, develop a shared vocabulary, and increase team cohesion.
Comparison of Alternate Human Viewpoints

A human viewpoint is an important addition to any system architecture development; it adds the supplementary information required to represent the human component of the system. However, two distin...
Creating three dimensional models of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease prevalence will reach epidemic proportions in coming decades. There is a need for impactful educational materials to help patients, families, medical practitioners, and policy makers understand the nature and impact of the disease. Defining an effective workflow to create such models from existing segmentation tools will be a valuable contribution in creating these patient-specific models. A step-by-step workflow was developed and used to take patients’ Digital Imaging and Computing in Medicine magnetic resonance brain images through a process resulting in illustrative 3D–printed brain and hippocampus models that clearly demonstrate the progressive degenerative changes caused by Alzheimer’s disease. We outline the specific technical steps of auto-segmentation, manual smoothing, Standard Triangle Language file customization, and 3D printing used to create these models. Our explicated workflow can create effective models of Alzheimer’s brains that can be used in patient education, medical education, and policy forums.
Concurrent lattice infill with feature evolution optimization for additive manufactured heat conduction design

Additive manufacturing (AM) eliminates many of the geometric restrictions in conventional manufacturing, and hence complex geometry, such as lattice structures, can be produced with little additional cost. AM designs based on lattice structuring have become increasingly popular as it possesses tunable properties and can be designed to be self-supporting easily. For these reasons, lattice infill recently has been actively studied and a variety of lattice structure topology optimization methods have been developed. On the other hand, lattice infill cannot span the design domain when there are functional features in the mechanical design (e.g. assembly holes and cooling channels). Also, the geometric form of these functional features need to be maintained and cannot be replaced by the lattice structure. Thus far, lattice structure topology optimization considers these features fixed in space without design freedom and obviously, this treatment lacks overall optimality. To fill this critical gap, this work combines the feature evolution into the variable-density lattice structure topology optimization framework, which leads to a concurrent lattice density and feature layout optimization method. Parametric level set functions are employed for the feature representation and R-functions are adopted to combine the density and level set fields. Sensitivity information is calculated on both the lattice densities and feature parameters, in order to solve the problem through a unified gradient-based approach. Several 3D numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed method.
Dry Deposition Fluxes and Timescales of Turbulent Deposition over Tall Vegetative Canopies

Dry deposition of atmospheric aerosols is strongly influenced by turbu- lence particularly close to the ground where the roughness elements present on the surface considerably amplify the atmosphere surface exchange fluxes. Vegetation elements induce turbulence in the canopy flow which extends vertically above the canopy creating a roughness layer in which turbulent eddies are present. Aerosol particles entering this layer are brought rapidly in contact with vegetation elements increasing deposition. We present a new approach to modelling dry deposition to high-roughness vegetated surfaces. As an initial step, the domain of analysis is one-dimensional (1D), extending in the vertical direction from the ground up to five times the height of the canopy top. In this domain, a time dependent conser- vation law is solved by constructing several flux components. The turbulent flux generated by vegetation elements is constructed using multiple scales in accordance with the size of vegetation elements. The removal flux is computed as a fraction of the turbulent flux using perfect collection efficiency. The gravitational flux is then calculated based on particle size and turbulence intensity. Once all the fluxes are known the conservation law is advanced in time. Multiple runs are necessary for completing the concentration profile for a given forest canopy structure and wind intensity. Once the concentration profile is determined, deposition velocities are obtained. Extending this method to two space dimensions represents the next step which requires a more complete characterization of the canopy, to include the hori- zontal vegetation. Several other improvements are under consideration for instance; less than perfect capturing efficiency and particle rebound, inclusion of other fluxes resulting from particle dynamic or chemical processes.
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES IN ZEOLITE SYNTHESIS

ABSTRACT The development of specific zeolite frameworks by interaction of organic structure directing molecules and aluminosilicate species is an important area of research. Raman spectroscopy, by providing vibrational and thereby structural information about the framework as well as the organic molecule helps elucidate the mechanism of zeolite evolution. In this study, we contrast the role of tetramethylammonium (TMA+), tetraethylammonium (TEA+), tetrapropylammonium (TPA+) and pyrrolidine (Pr) in the synthesis of ZK-4, mordenite, ZSM-5 and ferrierite, respectively.
In Vitro Behavior of Isolated Oligodendrocytes

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the in vitro behavior of isolated oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes of the central nervous system (CNS), similar to their cousins, the Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), have the formation and maintenance of myelin as their specific established biological function. The in vitro studies of isolated oligodendrocytes help to reveal new potentialities of these cells, including capabilities not expressed in vivo. Investigation of isolated oligodendrocytes in culture also proves to be important in terms of diseases that selectively affect oligodendrocytes in humans. Multiple sclerosis is a relatively common disease of unknown etiology in which myelin is lost and oligodendrocytes die. The chapter presents an oligodendrocyte and its multiple connections to myelinated axons. Inspection of this figure reveals some of the difficulties encountered when attempts are made to isolate intact and viable oligodendrocytes. During fractionation, the processes connecting the cell to its myelin must be sheared from the cell body and at the same time, cell viability must be preserved. Oligodendrocytes kept in vitro are active cells; they synthesize processes and membranes, assume various shapes, and interact with each other.
FRET-based measurement of GPCR conformational changes.

The C-termini of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with specific kinases and arrestins in an agonist-dependent manner suggesting that conformational changes induced by ligand binding within the transmembrane domains are transmitted to the C-terminus. Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) can be used to monitor changes in distance between two protein domains if each site can be specifically and efficiently labeled with a donor or acceptor fluorophore. In order to probe GPCR conformational changes, we have developed a FRET technique that uses site-specific donor and acceptor fluorophores introduced by two orthogonal labeling chemistries. Using this strategy, we examined ligand-induced changes in the distance between two labeled sites in the beta(2) adrenoceptor (beta(2)-AR), a well-characterized GPCR model system. The donor fluorophore, LumioGreen, is chelated by a CCPGCC motif [Fluorescein Arsenical Helix or Hairpin binder (FlAsH) site] introduced through mutagenesis. The acceptor fluorophore, Alexa Fluor 568, is attached to a single reactive cysteine (C265). FRET analyses revealed that the average distance between the intracellular end of transmembrane helix (TM) six and the C-terminus of the beta(2)-AR is 62 A. This relatively large distance suggests that the C-terminus is extended and unstructured. Nevertheless, ligand-specific conformational changes were observed (1). The results provide new insight into the structure of the beta(2)-AR C-terminus and ligand-induced conformational changes that may be relevant to arrestin interactions. The FRET labeling technique described herein can be applied to many GPCRs (and other membrane proteins) and is suitable for conformational studies of domains other than the C-terminus.
In situ formation of catalytically active graphene in ethylene photo-epoxidation.

Ethylene epoxidation is used to produce 2 × 107 ton per year of ethylene oxide, a major feedstock for commodity chemicals and plastics. While high pressures and temperatures are required for the reaction, plasmonic photoexcitation of the Ag catalyst enables epoxidation at near-ambient conditions. Here, we use surface-enhanced Raman scattering to monitor the plasmon excitation-assisted reaction on individual sites of a Ag nanoparticle catalyst. We uncover an unconventional mechanism, wherein the primary step is the photosynthesis of graphene on the Ag surface. Epoxidation of ethylene is then promoted by this photogenerated graphene. Density functional theory simulations point to edge defects on the graphene as the sites for epoxidation. Guided by this insight, we synthesize a composite graphene/Ag/α-Al2O3 catalyst, which accomplishes ethylene photo-epoxidation under ambient conditions at which the conventional Ag/α-Al2O3 catalyst shows negligible activity. Our finding of in situ photogeneration of catalytically active graphene may apply to other photocatalytic hydrocarbon transformations.
Safety and efficacy of combination olaparib (O) and temozolomide (T) in small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

8571Background: SCLC is a high-grade neuroendocrine malignancy with overall response rates (ORR) to second-line chemotherapy generally ranging from 10-30%. The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in...
Beginnings of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM): Computational Artifice Assisting Scientific Inquiry and Clinical Art – with Reflections on Present AIM Challenges

Background: The rise of biomedical expert heuristic knowledge-based approaches for computational modeling and problem solving, for scientific inquiry and medical decision-making, and for consultation in the 1970’s led to a major change in the paradigm that affected all of artificial intelligence (AI) research. Since then, AI has evolved, surviving several “winters”, as it has oscillated between relying on expensive and hard-to-validate knowledge-based approaches, and the alternative of using machine learning methods for inferring classification rules from labelled datasets. In the past couple of decades, we are seeing a gradual but progressive intertwining of the two. Objectives: To give an overview of early directions in AI in medicine and threads of some subsequent developments motivated by the very different goals of scientific inquiry for biomedical research, and for computational modeling of clinical reasoning and more general healthcare problem solving from the perspective of today’s “AI-Deep Learning Boom”. To show how, from the beginning, AI was central to Biomedical and Health Informatics (BMHI), as a field investigating how to understand intelligent thinking in dealing professionally with the practice for healthcare, developing mathematical models, technology, and software tools to aid human experts in biomedicine, despite many previous bouts of “exuberant optimism” about the methodologies deployed. Methods: An overview and commentary on some of the early research and publications in AI in biomedicine, emphasizing the different approaches to the modeling of problems involved in clinical practice in contrast to those of biomedical science. A concluding reflection of a few current challenges and pitfalls of AI in some biomedical applications. Conclusion: While biomedical knowledge-based systems played a critical role in influencing AI in its early days, 50 years later they have taken a back seat behind “Deep Learning” which promises to discover knowledge structures for inference and prediction, both in science and for clinical decision-support. Early work on AI for medical consultation turned out to be more useful for explanation and teaching than for clinical practice, as had been originally intended. Today, despite the many reported successes of deep learning, fundamental scientific challenges arise in drawing on models of brain science, cognition, and language, if AI is to augment and complement rather than replace human judgment and expertise in biomedicine while also incorporating these advances for translational medicine. Understanding clinical phenotypes and how they relate to precision and personalization of care requires not only scientific inquiry, but also humanistic models of treatment that respond to patient and practitioner narrative exchanges, since it is the stories and insights of human experts which encourage what Norbert Weiner termed the ethical “human use of human beings”, so central to adherence to the Hippocratic Oath
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Hopkins Specialized Center in Clinical Oriented Research (SCCOR): Molecular Determinants of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

SCCOR Investigators: Paul M. Hassoun: overall Principal Investigator, Project 1 leader and administrative core leader; Hunter C. Champion: Project 2 leader; Fredrick Wigley: Project 3 leader; Roger...
Bayesian model checking in cognitive diagnostic models

Checking that models adequately present data is an essential component of applied statistical inference. Psychometricans increasingly use complex models to analyze test taker’s responses. The appeal of using complex cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) is undeniable, as psychometricians can fit and build models that represent complex cognitive processes in the test while simultaneous controlling observation errors. With a trend toward diagnosing fine-grained skills that are responsible for test performance, both new methods and extensions of existing methods of assessing person-fit in CDMs are required. Posterior predictive method (PP) is the most commonly used method in evaluating the effectiveness of person fit statistics in detecting aberrant response patterns in CDMs. In addition, a less known Bayesian model checking method, prior predictive posterior simulation method (PPPS), will also be used to investigate the effectiveness of chosen person-fit statistics. Three person-fit statistics, log-likelihood statistic ( $$ l_{\text{z}} $$ ), un-weighted between-set index (UB), and response conformity index (RCI) are chosen in this study.
Finite Quantum Kinematics of the Harmonic Oscillator

Arbitrarily small changes in the commutation relations suffice to transform the usual singular quantum theories into regular quantum theories. This process is an extension of canonical quantization that we call general quantization. Here we apply general quantization to the time-independent linear harmonic oscillator. The unstable Heisenberg group becomes the stable group SO(3). This freezes out the zero-point energy of very soft or very hard oscillators, like those responsible for the infrared or ultraviolet divergencies of usual field theories, without much changing the medium oscillators. It produces pronounced violations of equipartition and of the usual uncertainty relations for soft or hard oscillators,and interactions between the previously uncoupled excitation quanta of the oscillator, weakly attractive for medium quanta, strongly repulsive for soft or hard quanta.
What’s in a Name? A Synthesis of “Allyship” Elements from Academic and Activist Literature

Within men’s activism to address gender inequities and prevent gender-based violence, and social justice movements more broadly, questions about the usefulness and limitations of the term ‘allyship’ have surfaced. Moreover, studies demonstrate that social justice activists with privilege often perpetuate inequalities, perhaps despite their best intentions. To explicate the current understanding of allyship and to apply it to male activism, this paper synthesized the primary elements of allyship as defined by 40 activist and academic sources. Eight unique and discrete themes surfaced: constant action of the “everyday ally”; prioritizing a structural analysis of oppression and privilege; non-self absorbed and accountable self-reflection; amplify marginalized voices; welcome criticism and be accountable; listen+shut up+read, ally is not a self-adhesive label; and allyship: unlikely or undesirable?. While surfacing as discrete concepts, the themes inter-relatedness and interdependence appeared equally crucial. The implications of this synthesis for allyship discourse and scholarship are offered. This synthesis provides conceptual and practical insights that can be applied to men’s gender equity promotion and gender-based violence prevention work.
Lifting Each Other Up: Epidermal Stem Cells in Tissue Homeostasis

Multiple stem cells maintain and repair tissues, yet how they communicate is not well understood. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Veniaminova et al. (2019) report that each sebaceous gland is maintained by local stem cells and that Notch signaling regulates multiple aspects of their function, revealing tissue homeostasis mechanisms.
Thirty-Day Spending and Outcomes for an Episode of Pneumonia Care Among Medicare Beneficiaries

Background Recent policy initiatives aim to improve the value of care for patients hospitalized with pneumonia. It is unclear whether higher 30-day episode spending at the hospital level is associated with any difference in patient mortality among fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries. Methods This retrospective cohort study assessed the association between hospital-level spending and patient-level mortality for a 30-day episode of care. The study used data for Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries hospitalized at an acute care hospital with a principal diagnosis of pneumonia from July 2011 to June 2014. Analysis was conducted by using Medicare payment data made publicly available by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services on the Hospital Compare website combined with Medicare Part A claims data to identify patient outcomes. Results A total of 1,017,353 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries were hospitalized for pneumonia across 3,021 US hospitals during the study period. Mean ± SD 30-day spending for an episode of pneumonia care was $14,324 ± $1,305. The observed 30-day all-cause mortality rate was 11.9%. After adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics, no association was found between higher 30-day episode spending at the hospital level and 30-day patient mortality (adjusted OR, 1.00 for every $1,000 increase in spending; 95% CI, 0.99-1.01). Conclusions Higher hospital-level spending for a 30-day episode of care for pneumonia was not associated with any difference in patient mortality.
The Spatial Patterns and Structures of Migration

Migration stands apart from fertility and mortality because of its fundamentally spatial nature. Unlike fertility and mortality, migration involves at least two interacting populations. Outmigration decrements the population of origin. Inmigration increments the population at the destinations. This chapter considers such topics as the geographical concentration of an origin-destination table of migration flows. It also studies the spatial structure of those flows, particularly focusing on their spatial interaction. Log-linear models are introduced, as are model migration schedules that identify and describe the most important observed regularities in spatial and age patterns.
Takayasu Arteritis With Extensive Cardiovascular, Neurovascular, and Mesenteric Involvement

Takayasu arteritis is a rare large vessel vasculitis with an incidence of 1 to 3 per million. This disease typically involves the aorta and its primary branches but has been found to involve the coronary arteries in 7% to 9% of cases. We highlight the need for prompt diagnosis and treatment. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).
A Satellite-Based Climatology of Central and Southeastern U.S. Mesoscale Convective Systems

AbstractA satellite-based climatology is presented of 9607 mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that occurred over the central and southeastern United States from 1996-2017. This climatology is cons...
Quantifying spatiotemporal occupancy dynamics and multi‐year core‐use areas at a species range boundary

AIM: Many species face large‐scale range contractions and predicted distributional shifts in response to climate change, shifting forest characteristics and anthropogenic disturbances. Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) are listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and were recently recommended for delisting. Predicted climate‐driven losses in habitat quality and quantity may negatively affect the north‐eastern Minnesota lynx population, one of the six remaining resident populations in the contiguous United States. We develop a large‐scale monitoring protocol and dynamic occupancy modelling framework to identify multi‐year core‐use areas and track spatiotemporal occurrence at the southern periphery of the species range. LOCATION: North‐eastern Minnesota lynx geographic unit, Superior National Forest and designated critical habitat, Minnesota, USA. METHODS: Spatially and temporally replicated snow track surveys were used to collect lynx detection/non‐detection data across five winters (2014–15 to 2018–19) covering >17,000 km within the 22,100 km² study area. We used a dynamic occupancy model to evaluate lynx occupancy, persistence, colonization and habitat covariates affecting these processes. RESULTS: Lynx occupancy probabilities displayed high spatial and temporal variability, with grid cell‐specific probabilities ranging from 0.0 in periphery regions to consistently near 1.0 in multi‐year core‐use areas, indicating low turnover rates in those areas. Lynx colonization and persistence increased in areas with more evergreen forest and greater average snowfall, while forest characteristics (3–5 and 10–30 m vegetation density) had mixed relationships with occupancy dynamics. We identified 55 grid cells classified as multi‐year core‐use areas across relatively contiguous regions of high average snowfall and per cent conifer forest. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates a landscape‐scale multi‐year monitoring programme assessing the effects of habitat characteristics and anthropogenic factors on species distributional changes and landscape‐level occupancy dynamics. Our framework incorporating landscape‐scale resource selection, core‐use area concepts and dynamic occupancy models provides a flexible approach to identify population‐level mechanisms driving species persistence and key areas for conservation protection.
Business Groups and Social Welfare in Emerging Markets: Existing Evidence & Unanswered Questions

This paper reviews existing studies of the role of business groups, a poorly understood organizational form that is ubiquitous in most emerging markets. Despite the abundance of descriptive and historical studies, each typically focused on a single country, there is a paucity of theoretical work and of econometric work on groups both within and across countries. I first suggest that understanding the definition of business groups is itself an interesting, albeit under-studied, research issue. Absent a better understanding of the meaning of the term 'group,' it is difficult to systematically understand recent policy experiments in countries as varied as China, India and South Korea. I review definitions from a range of countries, with an aim to identifying common underlying elements. Most definitions emphasize a complex mixture of formal and informal ties as responsible for holding together group affiliates. I then survey the existing empirical evidence on the performance effects of group affiliation. Group affiliation appears to be profitable in most emerging markets, though the underlying reasons for this effect are unclear. I review evidence related to four candidate theories. There is substantial evidence that part of the positive performance effect is due to welfare-enhancing functions originating in the idea that groups substitute for missing outside institutions. There is also evidence that part of the performance effect is due to welfare-reducing minority shareholder exploitation. Evidence supporting two other theories, that groups facilitate rent-seeking, and that groups are organizational devices which further the exercise of market power, is lacking. Finally, I consider the effects of group ubiquity on future market structure. Theoretical results and anecdotal evidence suggest that groups might play a role in restricting de novo entry, with attendant welfare consequences. However, evidence is lacking on the extent to which groups hamper the future development of markets.
Impact of Environmental Injustice on Children's Health-Interaction between Air Pollution and Socioeconomic Status.

Air pollution disproportionately affects marginalized populations of lower socioeconomic status. There is little literature on how socioeconomic status affects the risk of exposure to air pollution and associated health outcomes, particularly for children’s health. The objective of this article was to review the existing literature on air pollution and children’s health and discern how socioeconomic status affects this association. The concept of environmental injustice recognizes how underserved communities often suffer from higher air pollution concentrations in addition to other underlying risk factors for impaired health. This exposure then exerts larger effects on their health than it does in the average population, affecting the whole body, including the lungs and the brain. Children, whose organs and mind are still developing and who do not have the means of protecting themselves or creating change, are the most vulnerable to the detrimental effects of air pollution and environmental injustice. The adverse health effects of air pollution and environmental injustice can harm children well into adulthood and may even have transgenerational effects. There is an urgent need for action in order to ensure the health and safety of future generations, as social disparities are continuously increasing, due to social discrimination and climate change.
The Fruits of Hope: Student Evaluations

The validity and reliability of student evaluations of college and law school teachers have received significant attention among scholars for a long time. This scholarship has included, in recent years, articles about law school teaching evaluations. Among legal writing teachers, a relatively new group of faculty, there has been a widely-held belief that when students evaluate legal writing teachers, the result is poorer or lower scores on evaluations than those received by the teachers of doctrinal or casebook courses. The purpose of our presentation at “The First ‘Colonial Frontier’ Legal Writing Conference” was not to delve deeply into the larger and sometimes controversial issues of student evaluations, but to demonstrate that legal writing teachers and courses are not doomed to receive poor evaluations from their students. Our position is that the conventional wisdom held by so many in our field is wrong. We believe that legal writing teachers and courses can receive exemplary evaluations from students. We also believe that thoughtful choices about curricular designs and wise decisions about pedagogical techniques can almost ensure high evaluation ratings from students. Furthermore, these curricular elements and teaching methods result in better student performance and greater teacher enjoyment.
Scheduling energy storage unit with GWO for smart home integrated with renewable energy

The paper proposes a novel swarm-based grey wolf optimiser (GWO) algorithm to optimally schedule the energy storage unit for a smart home integrated with the renewable energy resources such as wind and solar. The proposed method does not impose any restrictions regarding when to use appliances and ensures that all the household demands are met any time of the day. It reduces the cost of energy consumption for the user and at the same time balances the load on the grid by drawing less energy from the grid when the demand is high. Whenever the renewable energy resources are generating power, they are used for meeting the demand and to charge the ESU. The excess power generated is sold back to the utility at the same hourly price. The GWO was tested using data obtained from the United States Department of Energy for Chicago and outperformed PSO.
To relieve pain or avoid opioid-related risk? A comparison of parents' analgesic trade-off preferences and decision-making in 2019 versus 2013 in a single U.S. pediatric hospital.

BACKGROUND Analgesic trade-off preferences, or the relative preference for pain relief vs. risk aversion, shape parents' decisions to give prescription opioids to their children. These preferences may be influenced by personal experiences and societal factors. AIM To examine whether parental analgesic trade-off preferences and opioid decision-making have shifted toward risk aversion during the opioid crisis in the United States. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of the preoperative survey data of parents from a single U.S. pediatric hospital whose children aged 5-17 years were to undergo painful surgery in 2013 (Time 1) or 2017/2019 (Time 2). Surveys assessed parents' analgesic trade-off preference (-12 or risk-averse to +12 or pain relief preferent, scores around 0=ambivalent) and their hypothetical decisions to give a prescribed opioid to a child in pain. RESULTS Data from 847 parents were included (Time 1, n = 361; Time 2, n = 486). Parents at Time 2 were significantly more risk-averse compared with Time 1 (adj.β: -0.84 [95% CI: -1.09, -0.60]). Parents at Time 2 were more than twice as likely to be risk-averse or ambivalent (OR: 2.17 [95% CI: 1.62, 2.91]). There was a significant interaction effect of Time*Preference on parents' decision to give the opioid (adj. OR: 1.09 [95% CI: 1.03, 1.16]). At Time 2, parents who were ambivalent or risk-averse were less likely than those who preferred to relieve pain to administer the prescribed opioid (OR: 0.57 [95% CI: 0.37, 0.89]). In contrast, there was no association between the preference group and the opioid decision at Time 1. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that parents of children scheduled for painful surgery at our pediatric hospital have become more analgesic risk-averse during the past decade. Parents' analgesic trade-off preferences may influence their decisions to administer prescribed opioids after surgery, which may contribute to children's pain outcomes.
Establishing osteopathic assessments to fulfill osteopathic recognition standards: a model for dermatology and other subspecialties.

The 5 year transition period for American Osteopathic Association (AOA) training programs to apply for and receive Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accreditation (i.e., the single graduate medical education system) was completed June 30, 2020. Of the previously AOA accredited programs that applied for or received osteopathic recognition (OR), only 24.5% are nonprimary care specialty programs according to the ACGME. The reluctance of specialty programs to apply for OR may be because osteopathic principles and practices (OPP) are not assessed. In order for programs to receive OR, they must have a standard method of assessment to assess osteopathic knowledge, including OPP and osteopathic manipulative treatment. In this Commentary, based on our assessment of the results of a literature review, we propose a model to provide a focused osteopathic assessment for the purposes of maintaining OR within residency training based on the ACGME six core competencies. Examples of multiple choice and essay questions are provided, as is a rubric for grading. The model is applied to the field of dermatology in this article and could serve as a blueprint to other subspecialties. With this framework, collaboration among programs will streamline the process to obtain OR in the ACGME single accreditation system.
ADHD and Spatial Attention in Children (2542)

Objective: To characterize and quantify the spatial bias of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) into specific components of “Aiming” and “Where” biases. Background: Asymmetric spatial bias in ADHD has been described in the literature, however sparingly, with inconsistent findings, and only in near space. Research in other populations demonstrated that spatial bias can be fractionated into “aiming” (motor-intentional) and “where” (perceptual-attentional) components, measurable when participants bisect lines in a direct manner and then in a “reversed” condition that reverses motor movement directions. Design/Methods: Sixteen children (10 with ADHD/ 6 neurotypical; age range 8–13 years old and average age 10.6 years) completed 64 computerized line bisection trials in near and far space in both direct and reversed conditions. Deviation from center was measured. Motor-intentional and perceptual-attentional bias components were then derived. Results: The ADHD group exhibited a leftward deviation in both the near-direct condition (mean: −5.10 mm, 95% CI: −7.98 to −2.22) and far-direct condition (mean: −2.78 mm, 95% CI: −5.50 to −0.03), while the neurotypical controls did not have deviations which excluded a zero bias in the near-direct condition (near- mean: −2.95 mm, 95% CI: −7.21 to 1.31; far-mean: −0.82 mm, 95% CI: −3.03 to 1.39). “Aiming” and “Where” components did not exclude zero biases in any conditions for either group. The groups were not significantly different for any condition or bias component. Conclusions: This is the first study to quantity near and far spatial bias in children with ADHD and to explore the components of this bias. Our findings suggest that children with ADHD have a consistent leftward near and also far spatial bias. Owing to large confidence intervals, bias components did not exclude a bias of zero. At this point, differences between the groups did not reach statistical significance. Further research with larger sample sizes will help to further clarify the findings. Disclosure: Dr. Barbayannis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ming has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for No compensation received, but serve as editor for Journal of Pediatric Neurology. Dr. Barrett has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with emedicine/WebMD. Dr. Barrett has received research support from Dart Neuroscience and Brightcloud International funded research projects she led through the Kessler Foundation.. Dr. Johnson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Silverstein has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kornitzer has nothing to disclose.
MS-speech-language pathology student mental health: Establishing a virtual safety net during COVID-19

The purpose of this paper is to describe the implementation of a remote mindfulness program designed to serve as a mental health resource for MS-speech-language pathology students coping with the initial restrictions related to COVID-19. A cursory review of the literature outlining the negative social, emotional, and psychological impact COVID-19 has had on graduate students is presented. The benefits of mindfulness practice are well-documented, therefore, making it an appropriate mental health resource for minimizing the loneliness, stress, anxiety, and uncertainty experienced by students. Elements of a remote mindfulness program implemented within days of the stay-at-home order are described including the theoretical framework, session content, as well as strategies, techniques, and resources for independent practice.
Imaging of the Colon

As with the upper GI series, fluoroscopic colonography can be performed in either a single or double contrast fashion. In single contrast studies, the colon is filled only with opaque contrast such as barium or water-soluble contrast. This demonstrates an extrinsic displacement of the colon, such as might be seen in a pelvic mass in a patient with a gynecological malignancy, to the greatest advantage. Strictures and large intraluminal filling defects may also be identified (Fig. 31.1). Double contrast studies involve partially filling the colon with barium followed by insufflation with air (or carbon dioxide) via a rectal tube placed in the rectum for the purpose of elucidating polyps, early carcinomas, or inflammatory bowel disease. If there is a concern of obstruction or perforation, single contrast water-soluble enema may be used (Fig. 31.2a).
Effects of constant or dynamic low anode potentials on microbial community development in bioelectrochemical systems

In bioelectrochemical systems, exoelectrogenic bacteria respire with anode electrodes as their extracellular electron acceptor; therefore, lower anode potentials can reduce the energy gain to each microbe and select against ones that are not able to respire at a lower potential range. Often fully developed anode communities are compared across bioelectrochemical systems with set anode potentials or fixed external resistances as different operational conditions. However, the comparative effect of the resulting constantly low versus dynamically low anode potentials on the development of anode microbial communities as well as the final cathode microbial communities has not been directly demonstrated. In this study, we used a low fixed anode potential of -250 mV and a higher-current control potential of -119 mV vs. Standard Hydrogen Electrode to approximately correspond with the negative peak anode potential values obtained from microbial fuel cells operated with fixed external resistances of 1 kΩ and 47 Ω, respectively. Pyrosequencing data from a 2-month time series show that a lower set anode potential resulted in a more diverse community than the higher- and variable-potential systems, likely due to the hindered enrichment of a Geobacter-dominated community with limited energy gain at this set potential. In this case, it appears that the selective pressure caused by the low set potential was counteracted by the low energy gain over a 2-month time scale. The air cathode microbial community with constant low anode potentials showed delayed enrichment of denitrifiers or perchlorate-reducing bacteria compared to the fixed external resistance condition.