cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altered Sedimentation Behavior and Ultrastructure of Platelets in Hyperlipidemia

The influence of hyperlipidemia on platelet sedimentation behavior and ultrastructure was studied in samples of plasma obtained from 22 normal subjects, 7 patients with Type II and 12 patients with Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, all fasting; also from 11 normal subjects prior to and at intervals up to 6 hours following ingestion of a meal containing 65 g of fat. Platelet counts were made on mixed platelet rich plasma after centrifugation of whole blood at 1,000 rpm, on top plasma layers after high speed centrifugation (10,000 rpm), and on the sediments resuspended in imidazole buffer. The mean ± se number of platelets per mm 3 in top layer among normal, Type II and Type IV plasmas were 4,090 ± 405; 9,000 ± 70, and 21,500 ± 1,950, respectively. The rise and subsequent fall in plasma triglycerides in response to fat ingestion in normal subjects paralleled those of platelets in the top layers. No such correlation was found with plasma cholesterol. The presence of platelets in the top layers of plasma was demonstrated further by electron microscopy. The buoyant platelets revealed the presence of osmophilic (lipid) particles within their open canalicular system, and pseudopod formation. The sedimented platelets from normal subjects had a smooth contour, whereas those from patients with hyperlipidemia displayed a striking formation of pseudopods. The data suggest that the sedimentation behavior of platelets and their normal structure are altered significantly as they interact with abnormal concentrations of plasma lipoproteins.
Evaluation of sludge dumping off Delaware Bay

Abstract Sewage sludge from Philadelphia and Camden has been dumped off the mouth of Delaware Bay since 1961. Local residents have claimed that sludge is washed ashore, is a health hazard and has impoverished the fauna of the seabed in the area. In the survey reported here, an assessment has been made of the composition and abundance of the benthic marine fauna of the dumping grounds. The results suggest that dominant species of the area are changing as particulate organic matter accumulates.
The action of sweet potato β-amylase on glycogen and amylopectin: Formation of a novel limit dextrin

Abstract The degradation of glycogen and amylopectin by sweet potato β-amylase is shown to take place in two stages. In the first, rapid stage the polysaccharide is degraded to a novel limit dextrin in which the unbranched side chains are shortened to three and four units in length. In the second, slower stage, this novel limit dextrin is degraded to the classical β-limit dextrin in which the unbranched side chains are three and two glucose units in length.
A study of indium depletion in the OMVPE growth of GaInAs

Abstract This paper describes an experimental and theoretical study of the nature of indium depletion in the organometallic epitaxy of GaInAs. A mathematical model for mass, momentum and energy transfer, together with homogeneous and heterogeneous decomposition of the indium species, was developed for this purpose. Several different mechanisms were postulated based on experimental data obtained from a mass spectrometric study. The activation energies for the decomposition reactions were obtained by fitting the theoretical composition of GaInAs with the experimental values for growth at 700°C. These models were then compared with experimental results over a range of growth parameters such as susceptor temperature, susceptor slope, reactor pressure and reactant partial pressure. Excellent correlation was obtained for a model based on the homogeneous decomposition of a triethylindium-arsine adduct to a stable product via an irreversible bimolecular reaction, with an activation energy of 11.9 kcal/gmol. This study resulted in the development of a model which describes the nature of the chemical processes that lead to indium depletion. The rate expression obtained for indium depletion can be used to predict the growth rate and composition of GaInAs for a wide range of reactor parameters. Finally, it can be used for optimization of growth and compositional uniformity of GaInAs.
Role of the Big Five personality traits in predicting college students' academic motivation and achievement

Abstract College students (308 undergraduates) completed the Five Factor Inventory and the Academic Motivations Scale, and reported their college grade point average (GPA). A correlation analysis revealed an interesting pattern of significant relationships. Further, regression analyses indicated that conscientiousness and openness explained 17% of the variance in intrinsic motivation; conscientiousness and extraversion explained 13% of the variance in extrinsic motivation; and conscientiousness and agreeableness explained 11% of the variance in amotivation. Further, four personality traits (conscientiousness, openness, neuroticism, and agreeableness) explained 14% of the variance in GPA; and intrinsic motivation to accomplish things explained 5% of the variance in GPA. Finally, conscientiousness emerged as a partial mediator of the relationship between intrinsic motivation to accomplish and GPA. These results are interpreted within the context of what educators could do to encourage and nurture student motivation and achievement.
Risk factors in enterprise wide information management systems projects

In the past several years many organizations have initiated enterprise-wide information management systems projects, using such packages as SAP, Peoplesoft, and Oracle. These projects often represent the single largest investment in an information systems project in the history of these companies, and in many cases the largest single investment in any corporate-wide project. These enterprise-wide information management systems projects bring about a host of new questions, because they represent a new type of management challenge. Some of these questions and issues are:What are the major risk factors associated with implementing traditional MIS projects?What are the major risk factors associated with enterprise-wide information management projects?What new risk factors need to be addresed in ERP projects? What are some of the risks in MIS projects that are not factors in ERP projects?Based upon the findings, enterprise-wide information management systems projects pose new opportunities and significant challenges. Some of the “summary” ideas which are re-iterated throughout the case studies are:Justify the enterprise-wide projects based upon cost-justification and economies of scale.Re-engineer business processes to “fit” the package, rather than trying to modify the software to “fit” the organization's current business processes.Identify and implement strategies to re-skill the existing IT workforce and acquire external expertise through vendors and consultants when needed.Utilize “business analysts,” with both business knowledge and technology knowledge.Obtain top management support for the project and establish strong project leadership.Make a commitment to training end-users in custom report evelopment.Manage change through leadership, effective communications, and the role of a champion.
Influence of cold rolling and strain rate on plastic response of powder metallurgy and chemical vapor deposition rhenium

The plastic response of two kinds of rhenium processed via powder metallurgy (PM) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were investigated under uniaxial compression over a range of strain rates. The PM rhenium, further cold rolled to 50 and 80 pct of the original thickness, was also investigated to assess the influence of cold work on the plastic behavior. A strong basal texture was detected in all the preceding materials as a result of processing and cold work. Both CVD and PM rhenium exhibited an increase in yield strength and flow stress with increasing strain rate. In PM rhenium, cold work resulted in an increase in hardness and yield strength and a decrease in the work hardening rate. The deformed microstructures revealed extensive twinning in CVD rhenium. At large strains, inhomogeneous deformation mode in the form of classical cup and cone fracture was noticed.
An exact update for Harris’ TREAD

The purpose of this paper is to show how Harris’ TREAD value can be computed without approximation.
Local Lobbying for State Grants: Evidence from Georgia's Hope Scholarship

Georgia's HOPE Scholarship is a merit-based aid program intended to provide educational resources for qualified Georgia residents who attend college within the state. The sole determinant of HOPE eligibility is high school grade point average (GPA), which may differ by school district (county). The subjective nature of GPAs gives localities the ability to increase the consumption of education subsidies by lowering academic standards. Consistent with this analysis, the authors find systematic differences in grade assignments across counties, and proxies for local interest group pressure for grade manipulation are associated with greater HOPE eligibility.
Abstract PR04: Distinctive squamous cell carcinoma protein signatures.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SQ) of the lung causes approximately 400,000 deaths per year worldwide, and no specifically targeted treatments yet exist. We used the SOMAscan proteomic platform (which measures 1129 proteins with a median limit of detection of 40 fM and 5% CV) in a broad-based analysis of serum and tissue samples to gain insight into the distinctive drivers of SQ malignant growth. We discovered unique SQ markers and pathways that show early expression of invasion and metastasis signals. Strong SQ signals were revealed. Our multi-center serum study of 94 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases and 269 long-term smoker and benign pulmonary nodule controls resulted in the discovery of 60 lung cancer biomarkers and the development of a 7-marker diagnostic panel. This panel was validated in two independent cohorts. The AUC for detection of SQ carcinoma was 0.93 in training and 0.89 in the Univ. of Heidelberg validation set (56 SQ cases/27 benign nodule controls). Performance was confirmed with an AUC of 0.87 in an independent validation cohort assembled by the EDRN (25 SQ cases/20 benign nodules/52 smoker controls). This non-invasive test could be used as an adjunct to CT to detect rapidly growing SQ tumors that are disproportionately missed as interval cancers in CT screening studies. In addition, we analyzed 68 NSCLC tumor and matched non-tumor tissue lysates. This study consisted of 49 adenocarcinoma (AD) and 19 SQ tumors, 88% of which were Stage I or II. Proteomic comparisons of tumor/non-tumor or AD/SQ tissue samples performed using the Mann-Whitney test identified 79 tumor markers. Differences between tumor and non-tumor tissue were dominated by inflammatory, apoptotic and cell proliferation proteins. Just as we observed in the serum studies, the most common pattern was an increasing difference in protein levels from non tumor to AD to SQ. Of note, 24% of the proteins were only markers in SQ. These SQ-only markers are enriched for angiogenesis, cell proliferation and cell adhesion functions. Unexpected findings that the SQ proteome is dominated by proteins that promote malignancy and metastasis even in early stage tumors were revealed through broad proteomic profiling. These insights may lead to essential connections between the biochemical pathways altered in malignancy and tools for SQ cancer diagnosis and treatment. This abstract is also presented as Poster B14 . Citation Format: Rachel Ostroff, Michael R. Mehan, Stephen Williams, Edward Brody, Harvey Pass, William Rom, Jill Siegfried, Thomas Muley, Wilbur Franklin, Dan Merrick, Adrie van Bokhoven, Holly Wolf, William Feser, Anna E. Baron, York Miller. Distinctive squamous cell carcinoma protein signatures. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-IASLC Joint Conference on Molecular Origins of Lung Cancer; 2014 Jan 6-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2014;20(2Suppl):Abstract nr PR04.
Authentic Research: An Interview on the Way to the Ponderosa

The importance of minority researchers conducting research about the groups of which they are members has been stressed and encouraged by the educational research community. This article is a reflection of what one minority researcher learned in the process of preparing a dissertation about attitudes of parents and teachers in a reservation community toward multicultural education.
Left Ventricular Filling and Diastolic Pressure-Volume Relations in the Conscious Dog

In 7 conscious dogs, left ventricular diastolic volume (V) was estimated by taking biplane cineradiographs with the left ventricular cavity previously outlined by permanent radiopaque markers. Left ventricular pressure (P) was measured with an implanted miniature transducer. There were two rapid filling periods during early and late diastole; little filling occurred during the middle third of diastole (diastasis). The diastolic pressure-volume relationship was approximately exponential and was fitted by the equation P = —a + be cY , where a, b, and c are positive constants; the relationship appeared to be determined principally by the elastic properties. The effects of infusions of saline, isoproterenol, calcium gluconate, and methoxamine suggested that viscous and inertial properties are also important determinants of diastolic left ventricular mechanics. No significant series viscosity was observed. Plastic properties were not detected. The elastic properties were not affected by agents having a positive inotropic effect. End-diastolic pressure often differed from that predicted by the exponential equation above, suggesting that it is not a reliable index of enddiastolic volume and left ventricular compliance.
Prospective, Blinded Comparison of Helical CT and CT Arterial Portography in the Assessment of Hepatic Metastasis from Colorectal Carcinoma

Objective This prospective blinded comparison of helical CT and helical CT arterial portography aimed to detect liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma.
Browning's “Saul” and the Fourfold Vision: A Neoplatonic-Hermetic Approach

Over the years Browning's poem “Saul,” which he himself chose as one of his finest lyrics, has received much critical attention. It has been analyzed as showing the development of Browning's religious beliefs between 1845 and 1855, as an inductive approach to religious experience, as a typological account of man's growth in history toward Christianity, as an expression of Browning's Evangelical faith in the Incarnation, as an example of his use of the past to comment on the present, and as a dynamic statement of his emotional mysticism. Its rising structure and sequence of ideas have been related to Christopher Smart's “Song to David” and “Ode to Musick on St. Cecilia's Day,” to Wyatt's “Seven Penitential Psalms,” and to various minor eighteenth- and nineteenth-century works on Saul. Without contradicting this earlier criticism, we should like to suggest another possible source of idea, structure, and image. To read “Saul” in the light of the Platonic, Neoplatonic, or Hermetic tradition's concept of four hierarchical levels or stages of mystic vision can add, we believe, a new and intriguing dimension to the interpretation and appreciation of the poem's structure and significance.
MicroRNAs in systemic rheumatic diseases

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs about 21 nucleotides in length. miRNAs have been shown to regulate gene expression and thus influence a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Moreover, they are detected in a variety of sources, including tissues, serum, and other body fluids, such as saliva. The role of miRNAs is evident in various malignant and nonmalignant diseases, and there is accumulating evidence also for an important role of miRNAs in systemic rheumatic diseases. Abnormal expression of miRNAs has been reported in autoimmune diseases, mainly in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. miRNAs can be aberrantly expressed even in the different stages of disease progression, allowing miRNAs to be important biomarkers, to help understand the pathogenesis of the disease, and to monitor disease activity and effects of treatment. Different groups have demonstrated a link between miRNA expression and disease activity, as in the case of renal flares in lupus patients. Moreover, miRNAs are emerging as potential targets for new therapeutic strategies of autoimmune disorders. Taken together, recent data demonstrate that miRNAs can influence mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis, relapse, and specific organ involvement of autoimmune diseases. The ultimate goal is the identification of a miRNA target or targets that could be manipulated through specific therapies, aiming at activation or inhibition of specific miRNAs responsible for the development of disease.
Humanism, posthumanism, and compassionate love

Abstract This article considers a special area where pure scientism, separated from humanistic perspectives, has come to define a perspective broadly termed posthumanism, where the modification of human nature is too easily embraced as progress. The humanistic response to this scientism is equally central in this reflection. I offer a perspective on the futility of pure scientism with regard to human progress worthy of our dignity as human creatures. I conclude with an endorsement of the natural human capacity for compassionate love, for it is still the discovery of what already lies within us that dignifies what lies before us.
Response of anchovies dampens effects of the invasive bivalve Corbula amurensis on the San Francisco Estuary foodweb

Introduced bivalves have suppressed phytoplankton production in many aquatic food- webs, but effects on higher trophic levels have been inconsistent. In the northern San Francisco Estu- ary, the introduced clam Corbula amurensis eliminated summer-long phytoplankton blooms starting in 1987, but responses of mesozooplankton biomass and most fish were somewhat muted. I con- ducted a retrospective analysis of the response of the estuarine foodweb to the decline in phyto- plankton due to clam grazing. When C. amurensis invaded, the distribution of northern anchovy Engraulis mordax shifted toward higher salinity, reducing summer abundance by 94% in the low- salinity region of the estuary. Northern anchovy dominates the biomass of fish in the more saline reaches of the estuary, and is genetically affiliated with the subpopulation on the central California coast, which in turn is strongly influenced by climate variability. However, abundance of northern anchovy within the estuary was not related to available estimates of biomass, catch, or abundance of northern anchovy on the California coast, nor was it related to any of 4 variables describing aspects of climate variability with different time and space scales. The shift in spatial distribution appears to have been a direct behavioral response to reduced food. Bioenergetic calculations showed reduced consumption of zooplankton by all planktivores, including mysids, after C. amurensis became abun- dant and the anchovy left the low-salinity region of the estuary. This reduced consumption appears to have mitigated effects of the loss of phytoplankton productivity, making a greater proportion of the zooplankton productivity available to other fish species. Such behavioral accommodations are likely wherever invasions occur in open systems.
Differential ANG II generation in plasma and tissue of mice with decreased expression of the ACE gene.

We utilized mice with homozygous disruption of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (−/−), mice with heterozygous deletion of ACE (+/−), and wild-type mice (+/+) to test the hypothesis that genetic ...
Phase-Only Matched Filtering of Ultrawideband Arbitrary Microwave Waveforms via Optical Pulse Shaping

We demonstrate compression of ultrawideband (UWB) microwave arbitrary waveforms via phase-only matched filtering implemented in a programmable hyperfine resolution optical pulse shaper. We synthesize spread-time UWB electrical waveforms and utilize programmable microwave photonic phase filters to impose the opposite of a waveform's spectral phase on its spectrum. This enables us to compress an UWB microwave waveform to its corresponding bandwidth-limited pulse duration via phase filtering. As an example, we present compression of a linear frequency-modulated electrical waveform with > 15 GHz frequency content with almost 200% fractional bandwidth with ~ 733 ps temporal window to a 40-ps duration pulse with more than 14-dB gain in peak power. Our technique is programmable and we believe it is applicable to a wide range of arbitrary spectral phase modulated UWB radio frequency (RF) waveforms.
On similarity and independence properties of composite edf goodness-of-fit tests

Many test statistics for classical simple goodness-of-fit hypothesis testing problems are distancemeasures between the distribution function of the null hypothesis distributipn and the empirical distribution function sometimes called EDF tests. If a composite parametric null hypothesis is considered in place of the simple null hypothesis, then a test statistic can be obtained from each EDF test by replacing the known distribution function of the simple problem by the Rao-Blackwell estimating distribution function. In this note we use known results to show that these Rao-Blackwell-EDF test statistics have distributions that do not depend upon parameter values, and hence that these tests are independent of a complete sufficient statistic for the parameters.
Quality of Weathervane Scallops (Patinope ctencaurinus) from Eastern and Western Gulf of Alaska

ABSTRACT Weathervane scallops (Patinopecten caurinus) have been harvested commercially in Alaska since 1967. From the beginning, vessel operators in the eastern Gulf of Alaska have reported poor scallop adductor muscle quality characterized by tissue of stringy texture that tears easily during shucking. The Alaska scallop industry designates these scallops as “weak meats” and has difficulty marketing the product. Our research objective was to quantify variability in the quality of adductor muscle of Alaskan weathervane scallops. Physical measurements and chemical composition analyses were conducted for 2 groups of whole scallops from Yakutat (weak and standard) and 2 groups of scallop adductor muscles from Kodiak (Kodiak 1 and Kodiak 2). Moisture content was significantly higher (P 0.05) for standard, Kodiak 1, and Kodiak 2 adductor muscles, but was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in weak adductor muscles. Muscle condition...
Image-Guided Nanosystems for Targeted Delivery in Cancer Therapy

Current challenges in early detection, limitations of conventional treatment options, and the constant evolution of cancer cells with metastatic and multi-drug resistant phenotypes require novel strategies to effectively combat this deadly disease. Nanomedical technologies are evolving at a rapid pace and are poised to play a vital role in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions - the so-called "theranostics" - with potential to advance personalized medicine. In this regard, nanoparticulate delivery systems can be designed with tumor seeking characteristics by utilizing the inherent abnormalities and leaky vasculature of solid tumors or custom engineered with targeting ligands for more specific tumor drug targeting. In this review we discuss some of the recent advances made in the development of multifunctional polymeric nanosystems with an emphasis on image-guided drug and gene delivery. Multifunctional nanosystems incorporate variety of payloads (anticancer drugs and genes), imaging agents (optical probes, radio-ligands, and contrast agents), and targeting ligands (antibodies and peptides) for multi-pronged cancer intervention with potential to report therapeutic outcomes. Through advances in combinatorial polymer synthesis and high-throughput testing methods, rapid progress in novel optical/radiolabeling strategies, and the technological breakthroughs in instrumentation, such as hybrid molecular and functional imaging systems, there is tremendous future potential in clinical utility of theranostic nanosystems.
Exploring the impact of a pedometer on body composition and physical fitness in a cohort of U.S. military medical students: a pilot study.

ABSTRACT Military medical professionals play a central role in preventing and treating obesity among America's warriors through training, medical care, and their personal example. Unfortunately, medical students in both undergraduate and graduate settings often experience declines in physical fitness. Pedometry has been demonstrated as one means of promoting fitness with 10,000 steps/day generally accepted as a key benchmark. With this in mind, we used pedometry as an incentive during the preclinical years to encourage students to adopt a more active lifestyle. Findings suggest that participants that consistently report meeting the 10,000 steps/day maintained or improved their aerobic fitness.
Flower-inhabiting Frankliniella Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), pesticides, and Fusarium hardlock in cotton.

Cotton hardlock caused by Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc. Nirenberg) can reduce cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., yields >70% in the southeastern United States. The spores infect flowers on the day of pollination, resulting in hardlock, which is the failure of the fiber to fluff as the boll opens at maturity. Frankliniella spp. Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) inhabiting the flowers are hypothesized to increase hardlock by spreading the conidia or by creating entranceways for the germinating Fusarium conidia. Experiments were conducted at Marianna and Quincy in Florida in 2006 and 2007 to determine whether there was a relationship between the number of adult and larval thrips inhabiting the flowers of cotton and the incidence of cotton hardlock. Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) was >98% of the adult thrips in the samples at both locations each year. The adults of Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) also were collected. There were no significant regression relationships between weekly mean densities of thrips in the flowers and the incidence of cotton hardlock at harvest in any of the experiments. Additional experiments were conducted at each location in 2006 and 2007 to determine whether weekly applications during flowering of the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin, the fungicide thiophanate methyl, and the combination of the two reduced the incidence of cotton hardlock at harvest. Applications of the insecticide significantly reduced the numbers of adult F. tritici, the number of thrips larvae, and the incidence of hardlock at harvest. Applications of the insecticide were as affective as applications of the insecticide plus fungicide. In one experiment, applications of the fungicide reduced the incidence of hardlock at harvest. Applications of the insecticide usually significantly increased the number of adult F. occidentalis. None of the pesticide treatments significantly affected the numbers of the key thrips predator Orius insidiosus (Say). We conclude that insecticidal control of the adults and larvae of F. tritici during flowering reduced the incidence of cotton hardlock. However, there were no significant regression relationships between the incidence of cotton hardlock at harvest and the number of thrips in the flowers.
Clonal Variability in β-Globin mRNA Content in an Interleukin-3–Dependent Bone Marrow Cell Line Transfected With the Erythropoietin Receptor Before and After Stimulation With Erythropoietin

Unexpected clonal variability was observed in the content of β-globin mRNA in erythropoietin receptor (EpoR)-transfected Ba/F3 cells before and after exposure to erythropoietin (Epo). Of 11 clones selected by virtue of G418 resistance and positive EpoR expression, 5 clones showed high levels of β major -globin mRNA before Epo exposure, with subsequent Epo treatment causing little or no increase in globin mRNA. Five clones had undetectable levels of globin mRNA before Epo stimulation, and they did not accumulate globin mRNA when exposed to Epo, exhibiting resistance to the differentiation inducing action of Epo. Only one clone exhibited the expected phenotype, a low level of globin mRNA before exposure to Epo, and a significant Epo-dependent accumulation of globin mRNA. Phosphorylation of tyrosyl residues of the EpoR, Stat5, and JAK2 occurred upon Epo stimulation in clones representing each category. Furthermore, electrophoretic mobility shift assays using a Stat5 consensus sequence showed a difference in the nuclear binding component among these clones. These findings indicate that (1) the attainment of EpoR + Ba/F3 clones with the anticipated sensitivity to both the growth and differentiation inducing actions of Epo is a rare event and (2) STAT5 transcription factors were differently activated by Epo in clones that differed in sensitivity to Epo.
Measuring Transmission Eigenchannels of Wave Propagation through Random Media

We measured the transmission matrix for localized and diffusive waves in a quasi-1D waveguide filled with randomly positioned scatterers and compare the results to predictions of random matrix theory.
Manipulation of Forest Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Abundance and Resulting Impact on Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Populations

Ants in 12 by 12 m plots in a young, regrown mixed oak-maple forest were attracted by sugar sprays or suppressed using barrier bands and poison baits. Sampling for ants using cat food baits and direct observations confirmed that ant abundance was changed by these treatments. Predation of tethered gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), larvae followed a similar pattern. Direct counts of young gypsy moth larvae were lower in plots where ants were attracted with sprays and higher in plots where ants were suppressed with baits. The implications these results have for control of gypsy moths by ants are discussed.
Advances in Inertial Guidance Technology for Aerospace Systems

The origin, evolution, and outlook of guidance as a path and trajectory manager for aerospace systems is addressed. A survey of theoretical developments in the field is presented demonstrating the advances in guidance system functionality built upon inertial navigation technology. Open-loop and closed-loop approaches for short-range systems, long-range systems and entry systems are described for both civilian and military applications. Over time, guidance system development has transitioned from passive and open-loop systems to active, closed-loop systems. Significant advances in onboard processing power have improved guidance system capabilities, shifting the algorithmic computational burden to onboard systems and setting the stage for autonomous aerospace systems. Seminal advances in aerospace guidance are described, highlighting the advancements in guidance and resulting performance improvements in aerospace systems.
Direct determination of beryllium in urine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman effect

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of beryllium in urine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman effect.Methods: After the urine sample was diluted with 0.2% nitric acid,it was determined by working curve using 1% Mg(NO3)2 as matrix modifier.Results: The linearity range of the method was 0 μg/L～5 μg/L,the correlation coefficent(r) was 0.9995,the RSD was 1.78%～4.47%,the detection limit was 0.32 pg,the characteristic mass was 2.4 pg,and the recoveries were 93.2%～104.3%.Conclusion: This method is rapid,simple,accurate and precise.It can be used to determine beryllium in the urine sample.
An Economic Dispatch Model for Microgrid with High Renewable Energy Resource Penetration Considering Forecast Errors

An economic dispatch model for microgrid with high renewable energy resource penetration considering forecast errors is proposed.This model consists of two layers:the day-ahead schedule layer and the real-time dispatch layer.In the dayahead schedule layer,an operational scheme for microgrid is obtained with considering the forecast errors of intermittent resources.In the real-time dispatch layer,the operational scheme is corrected in time according to the forecast errors of intermittent resources,while the voltage and the power flow are optimized.Under a high penetration of renewable resources,the proposed model can effectively correct the power fluctuation of renewable resources caused by the forecast errors.Simulation results on the study case system show that the proposed model can make full use of the renewable energy resources,while coordinating distributed generators and energy storage systems for the economic,safe and stable operation of microgrid.
When and why do old adults outsource control to the environment

Old adults' tendency to rely on information present in the environment rather than internal representations has been frequently noted, but is not well understood. The fade-out paradigm provides a useful model situation to study this internal-to-external shift across the life span: Subjects need to transition from an initial, cued task-switching phase to a fade-out phase where only 1 task remains relevant. Old adults exhibit large response-time "fade-out costs," mainly because they continue to consult the task cues. Here we show that age differences in fade-out costs remain very large even when we insert between the task-switching and the fade-out phase 20 single-task trials without task cues (during which even old adults' performance becomes highly fluent; Experiment 1), but costs in old adults are eliminated when presenting an on-screen instruction to focus on the 1 remaining task at the transition point between the task-switching and fade-out phase (Experiment 2). Furthermore, old adults, but not young adults, also exhibited "fade-in costs" when they were instructed to perform an initial single-task phase that would be followed by the cued task-switching phase (Experiment 3). Combined, these results show that old adults' tendency to overutilize external support is not a problem of perseverating earlier-relevant control settings. Instead, old adults seem less likely to initiate the necessary reconfiguration process when transitioning from 1 phase to the next because they use underspecified task models that lack the higher-level distinction between those contexts that do and that do not require external support.
Imaging Modalities for the Study of the Temporal Bone

During the past 30 years, rapid and extensive progress has been made in diagnostic imaging of the petrous temporal bone, especially in the techniques of complex motion (pluridirectional) tomography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Because there are a variety of imaging techniques for evaluation of the petrous temporal bone, it is essential to utilize the optimal examinations. Economic factors and the need to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure for the patient are both important considerations.
Modifications to the Planck blackbody-radiation formula for a microcavity: thermal corrections to the cavity-induced Lamb shift

The Planck blackbody law is usually derived in the large-cavity limit in which the density of electromagnetic modes is treated in the free-space-continuum limit. However, in a microcavity the normal mode structure is manifestly different from that in free space, and hence the form of the blackbody spectrum can be radically altered. We calculate the modified blackbody spectrum in the simple example of a cavity consisting of two parallel mirrors separated by a short distance. Specifically, we compute the cavity-modified blackbody distribution and Stefan–Boltzmann law.
Adipose Tissue Engineering

Abstract This chapter introduces basic concepts of adipose tissue engineering. A brief review of adipose tissue, including anatomy and physiology, is presented followed by current approaches to soft tissue reconstruction, with a particular emphasis on defects of the craniofacial region. Within this framework, modern advances in regenerative medicine are described, as well as the ethical pitfalls encountered along the way. By the end, the reader should be able to discuss the key elements required for a successful adipose tissue engineering strategy.
GRB2 Signaling as a Molecular Target for Cancer

Adaptor proteins are key regulators of intracellular signaling. Many aspects of their functions have been elucidated and the structures of many members of this family of proteins have been resolved. The adaptor protein Grb2 is a critical component of the cell signaling machinery that is deregulated in several pathological processes, including cancer. A plurality of interactions make Grb2 an important cellular hub linking activated cell surface receptors to downstream targets by binding to specific phosphotyrosine-containing and proline-rich sequence motifs. Its critical roles in epithelial morphogenesis and in processes such as proliferation, actin-based cell motility, invasion, and angiogenesis make it a logical therapeutic target for several pathological processes, including human cancer. In this chapter Grb2 will be used as a paradigm to illustrate how adaptor proteins are involved in cancer and how it is possible to selectively target adaptor proteins for cancer therapy.
Ethical Issues in Translational Research and Clinical Investigation

Publisher Summary Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with moral issues, including questions about what is it right (or wrong) to do and other intangibles, such as whether the intentions behind an action determine its goodness, or whether the actual outcome is what is important. The objective of this chapter is to provide a framework for ethical thinking and conduct in science, especially as applied to translational research and clinical investigation. Science, as a discipline of inquiry, endeavors to understand, or to better understand, how the natural world works. The tools of science generate evidence as the basis for that understanding. These tools include observation of the natural world and/or behavior of living creatures, and experimentation, a method of studying events under controlled conditions that can reduce variability and ambiguity of interpretation. Among scientists, certain attitudes, beliefs, and values have traditionally fostered virtuous behavior—hard work, perseverance, respect for others, collegiality, objectivity, and honesty, to name but a few. All of these contribute to the ethical dimensions of science. Today's scientist is a highly trained professional who acquires not only the necessary knowledge and skills to pursue the complex questions that arise, but who understands and accepts the responsibility to ensure the validity and integrity of one's work, to ensure proper design and conduct of the research, and to ensure that the data are properly recorded, analyzed, and reported.
Trespass-copyright parallels and the harm-benefit distinction

Responding to Shyamkrishna Balganesh, Foreseeability and Copyright Incentives, 122 Harv. L. Rev. 1569 (2009)
Time Lapse Spectropolarimetry: Constraining the Nature and Progenitors of Interacting CCSNe

SNe of Type IIn are among the brightest supernova explosions due to strong circumstellar interaction. Examining the geometric and optical properties of the circumstellar material (CSM) can help to identify the progenitors of individual IIn SNe. Polarimetry is the optimal method for constraining CSM characteristics, as polarimetric signals both depend upon and preserve geometric information from unresolved sources. I present the results of fitting an ensemble of simulated polarized Hα emission-line profiles of interacting SNe, created using a three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer code called SLIP, to the multi-epoch observed polarized spectra of the Type IIn SN 1997eg. Further study of this model ensemble will allow us to investigate relationships among SNe IIn based on viewing angle and consider how the category should be subdivided based on physical properties of the CSM and/or progenitor.
Bedside Rounds Valued But Not Preferred: Perceptions of Internal Medicine Residents and Attending Physicians in a Diverse Academic Training Program.

Objectives Bedside rounds/rounding (BDR) is an important tool for patient-centered care and trainee education. This study aimed at understanding the attitudes toward BDR among residents and attending physicians. Methods A survey was conducted using the Qualtrics survey tool. Responses were measured using a five-point Likert scale. Results The survey was sent to 301 attending physicians and 195 residents. Attending physicians conducted BDR 19% of the time. The preferred mode of rounding for residents was hallway and/or conference room rounding (67%). The major barriers to BDR were concern for causing confusion in or alarm to patients (attending physicians 49%, residents 77%) and prolongation of rounds (attending physicians 47%, residents 72%). The major advantages to BDR were increased likelihood of using patient-friendly language (attending physicians 84%, residents 69%) and the potential to improve trainees' oral presentations and physical examination skills (attending physicians 71%, residents 54%). Attending physicians reported having adequate skills to conduct BDR (95%) and potential opportunity to be better teachers with this mode of rounding (69%). Residents reported having some previous experience with BDR (46%) and agreed that BDR is an important skill for residents (62%). Only 34% of residents agreed that BDR allowed them to learn more about patient care compared with other modes of rounding, however. Conclusions Our study showed that our participants perceive BDR positively. Endorsed benefits include the ability to use patient-friendly language, the potential to improve trainees' clinical skills, and an opportunity to become better teachers. The reported major barriers to BDR were potential concern for patient confusion and prolongation of rounds. Despite some prior exposure reported by residents and adequate attending skills, the frequency and preference for BDR remains low and the residents remain uncertain about the educational value of BDR. The evaluation of other factors that contribute to the low frequency of BDR needs further consideration. Furthermore, each residency program may differ in the patterns of perception toward BDR and these should be formally assessed before implementing this patient-centered mode of rounding.
The Hip-twist Jump: A Unique Mechanism for Jumping in Lungless Salamanders

Abstract Many terrestrial and aquatic animals jump to escape predators. Most terrestrial animals use robust hindlimbs to produce the power needed to lift their bodies off the ground. This paper explores an alternative jump mechanism used by the lungless salamander, Desmognathus ochrophaeus. Previous work on this jump mechanism suggested that lungless salamanders invoke rapid torso flexion to hurl themselves into the air with minimal hindlimb contribution. The current study was designed to investigate how salamanders pushed off the ground to jump and to determine whether elastic structures contribute to jump power amplification. Specifically, we focused on trunk action, hip rotation, limb placement, and jump power production. We used high speed cameras to film salamander jumps and used these videos to conduct a subsequent motion analysis. Our results demonstrate that prior to jumping, the trunk flexes laterally into a C-shape while the hindlimb (inside of the bend) is planted in front of the hips. Next, th...
Estimating the Quantity of Wind and Solar Required To Displace Storage-Induced Emissions.

The variable and nondispatchable nature of wind and solar generation has been driving interest in energy storage as an enabling low-carbon technology that can help spur large-scale adoption of renewables. However, prior work has shown that adding energy storage alone for energy arbitrage in electricity systems across the U.S. routinely increases system emissions. While adding wind or solar reduces electricity system emissions, the emissions effect of both renewable generation and energy storage varies by location. In this work, we apply a marginal emissions approach to determine the net system CO2 emissions of colocated or electrically proximate wind/storage and solar/storage facilities across the U.S. and determine the amount of renewable energy required to offset the CO2 emissions resulting from operation of new energy storage. We find that it takes between 0.03 MW (Montana) and 4 MW (Michigan) of wind and between 0.25 MW (Alabama) and 17 MW (Michigan) of solar to offset the emissions from a 25 MW/100 M...
Africa’s Natural Resources and Underdevelopment: How Ghana’s Petroleum Can Create Sustainable Economic Prosperity

At the heart of the story of Africa lies the paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty. African nations are leading producers of some of the world’s most valuable natural resources. Estimates that ...
Breast MRI BI-RADS®: Second Edition Highlights

Since the first edition of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) section of the illustrated BI-RADS® lexicon, the field of breast MRI has grown enormously. Understandably, certain terms have been added or deleted as better terms have been identified. Additionally, concepts such as background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) have been proposed and included. A section on nonenhancing findings has been added. A section devoted to implant description and assessment is new.
Modelling the structure and evolution of industrial districts

“Should an entomologist observing a moving line of ants try to understand what their leader sees in a certain new obstacle in its path and how it describes that obstacle in ‘antish’ (sic) to those following behind? Should the entomologist do no more than study the behaviour of the ants on the basis of an ‘objective’ description of their movements, of the terrain, of the obstacles in their path, etc, as they appear to human eyes? “
Deriving functional human enteroendocrine cells from pluripotent stem cells

ABSTRACT Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are a minor cell population in the intestine yet they play a major role in digestion, satiety and nutrient homeostasis. Recently developed human intestinal organoid models include EECs, but their rarity makes it difficult to study their formation and function. Here, we used the EEC-inducing property of the transcription factor NEUROG3 in human pluripotent stem cell-derived human intestinal organoids and colonic organoids to promote EEC development in vitro. An 8-h pulse of NEUROG3 expression induced expression of known target transcription factors and after 7 days organoids contained up to 25% EECs in the epithelium. EECs expressed a broad array of human hormones at the mRNA and/or protein level, including motilin, somatostatin, neurotensin, secretin, substance P, serotonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, oxyntomodulin, GLP-1 and INSL5. EECs secreted several hormones including gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), ghrelin, GLP-1 and oxyntomodulin. Injection of glucose into the lumen of organoids caused an increase in both GIP secretion and K-cell number. Lastly, we observed formation of all known small intestinal EEC subtypes following transplantation and growth of human intestinal organoids in mice.