cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular and Cell Biological Aspects of Learning: Toward a Theory of Memory

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular and cell biological aspects of learning. Learning is the process by which an organism forms a new memory. It is readily demonstrable by testing for recall at some time after the process has been completed. There are, as yet, no clearly definable criteria available by which observational, physiological, or biochemical data can be used to establish that an animal during learning is actually forming a permanent memory. During the past 20 years, three general types of investigation have been employed to study the molecular biology of learning and memory: (1) interventive approach—in which drugs and specific metabolic inhibitors have been used to interfere with the learning and recall process; (2) correlative approach—in which the time course of macromolecular changes is studied during and following learning in an effort to identify specific molecules and biochemical mechanisms that might be crucial to the acquisition of new behavior; and (3) neurochemical behavior-modulating approach—in which particular hormones or chemicals are used to determine what auxiliary factors can promote the process of acquisition or delay the extinction of a learned response.
Laser Based Approaches to Increase Fiber-Optic-Based Selectivity: Dynamic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Over the last several decades the communications industry has developed small, high-light transmitting fiber-optic materials. Because of their inherently non-perturbing nature fiber optics have found wide spread use in many diverse areas of analytical spectroscopy. Of all the spectroscopic techniques, fiber-optic-based fluorescence has probably enjoyed the greatest popularity. Unfortunately, while successful analyses have been achieved via fiber-optic probes, only a fraction (that is, spectral information) of the total information content from the fluorescence process has been utilized. In this paper, recent results from our laboratory are presented for the successful implementation of the remaining dynamic and steady-state fluorimetric measurements in conjunction with fiber-optic sensing.
Non-Commutative Ergodic Theory

The structure of a factor M is best understood through the study of symmetry of the factor, i.e. the study of the group Aut(M.) of automorphisms of M. We have been experiencing this through the structure analysis of factors of type III for instance. Apart from the modular automorphism groups, we do not have a systematic way of constructing an automorphism of a given factor M. It is still unknown if every separable factor of type II1 admits an outer automorphism. Thus we restrict ourselves to AFD factors in most cases, where we have many different ways of constructing automorphisms. The counter part in analysis of the theory of automorphisms is ergodic theory or the theory of non-singular transformations on a σ-finite standard measure space. As we have seen in Chapter XIII, the Rokhlin’s tower theorem played a fundamental role in the theory of AF measured groupoids. We will present first the non-commutative analogue of this basic result in ergodic theory in §1. Unlike other parts, we need this theory for non-separable von Neumann algebras. It is interesting to note that whilst our primary interests are rest upon separable factors some results valid for non-separable von Neumann algebras are badly needed to advance our separable theory. One might be tempted to have a philosophical discussion about this irony. The results there will be applied to the analysis of outer conjugacy of single automorphisms in subsequent sections.
Crystalline α2β2 Complexes of Tryptophan Synthetase of Escherichia coli: A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE NATIVE COMPLEX AND THE RECONSTITUTED COMPLEX

The native tryptophan synthetase complex of Escherichia coli has been purified and crystallized for the first time. The preparation utilizes a strain of E. coli K-12 which produces both the α and β2 subunits of tryptophan synthetase; about 17% of the total soluble protein of this strain is the tryptophan synthetase complex. A reconstituted tryptophan synthetase complex has also been prepared and crystallized from α and β2 subunits which were separately purified from two different strains of E. coli K-12. Our findings that both the native and reconstituted complexes have the same molecular weight, α2β2 subunit structure, crystalline shape, and specific activities show that the native complex contains no new component and that reconstitution of the complex results in no alteration of the properties of the complex. Tryptophan synthetase can also form a reconstituted αβ2 complex. This complex has been isolated and further characterized.
Magnet designs for a crystal-lattice quantum computer

A quantum computer using nuclear spins in a crystal lattice requires a method for addressing individual quantum bits. This identification can be achieved with a spatially varying magnetic field. Spins at different lattice sites can have distinguishable Zeeman frequencies allowing initialization, logic operations, and measurements to be performed through radio frequency (rf) pulse techniques. Here, we present magnet designs that have gradients between 1 and 20 T/μm, which are necessary to realize quantum computation with particular crystals.
Effect of Polycations on Sensitivity of BALB/3T3 Cells to Murine Leukemia and Sarcoma Virus Infectivity

Polybrene or diethylaminoethyl dextran, when added with murine leukemia or sarcoma virus inocula, significantly increased virus infectivity of BALB/3T3 cells. Residual polycation concentrations were nontoxic.
Meta-Theory of International Criminal Procedure: Vindicating the Rule of Law

International criminal procedure is in a second phase of development, moving beyond the common law/civil law dichotomy and searching for its sui generis theory. The standard line is that international criminal procedure has an instrumental value: it services the general goals of international criminal justice and allows punishment for violations of substantive international criminal law. However, international criminal procedure also has an important and often overlooked intrinsic value not reducible to its instrumental value: it vindicates the Rule of Law. This vindication is performed by adjudicating allegations of criminal violations that occurred during periods of anarchy characterized by the absence of domestic procedural law. This suggests a theoretical insight: the anti-impunity norm and its concern with punishment should be read in tandem with a meta-theory that emphasizes that international criminal procedure has an irreducibly intrinsic value because it returns legal process to procedural vacuums. The present literature generally ignores this non-consequentialist value. In addition to this theoretical reorientation, several practical consequences follow, including a revised understanding of the principle of legality, the importance of local procedures, the use of guilty pleas and plea bargaining, and in absentia trials. Although the meta-theory does not dictate which of these procedural devices should be used, it does provide a new standard with which to evaluate them.
Inhibition of protein kinase C activator-mediated induction of p21CIP1 and p27KIP1 by deoxycytidine analogs in human leukemia cells: relationship to apoptosis and differentiation.

Abstract Events accompanying sequential exposure of U937 leukemic cells to the deoxycytidine (dCyd) analogs 1-[β- d -arabinofuranosyl]cytosine (ara-C) or 2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine; dFdC) followed by two protein kinase C (PKC) activators [bryostatin 1 (BRY) or phorbol 12′-myristate 13′-acetate (PMA)] exhibiting disparate differentiation-inducing abilities were characterized. A 24-hr exposure to 10 nM BRY or PMA after a 6-hr incubation with 1 μM ara-C or 100 nM dFdC resulted in equivalent increases in apoptosis, caspase-3 activation, and polyADP-ribose polymerase degradation, as well as identical DNA cleavage patterns. BRY and PMA did not modify retention of the lethal ara-C metabolite ara-CTP or alter ara-CTP/dCTP ratios. Unexpectedly, pretreatment of cells with ara-C or dFdC opposed BRY- and PMA-related induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) p21 CIP1 and/or p27 KIP1 . These effects were not mimicked by the DNA polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin or by VP-16, a potent inducer of apoptosis. Inhibition of PKC activator-induced CDKI expression by ara-C and dFdC did not lead to redistribution of proliferating cell nuclear antigen but was accompanied by sub-additive or antagonistic effects on leukemic cell differentiation. Sequential exposure of cells to ara-C followed by BRY or PMA led to substantial reductions in clonogenicity that could not be attributed solely to apoptosis. Finally, pretreatment of cells with ara-C attenuated PMA- and BRY-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, an enzyme implicated in CDKI induction. Collectively, these findings suggest that pretreatment of leukemic cells with certain dCyd analogs interferes with CDKI induction by the PKC activators PMA and BRY, and that this action may contribute to modulation of apoptosis and differentiation in cells exposed sequentially to these agents.
Geographic techniques and recent applications of remote sensing to landscape-water quality studies

This article overviews recent advances in studies of landscape-water quality relation- ships using remote sensing techniques. With the increasing feasibility of using remotely-sensed data, landscape-water quality studies can now be more easily performed on regional, multi-state scales. The traditional method of relating land use and land cover to water quality has been extended to include landscape pattern and other landscape information derived from satellite data. Three items are focused on in this article: 1) the increasing recognition of the importance of larger-scale stud- ies of regional water quality that require a landscape perspective; 2) the increasing importance of remotely sensed data, such as the imagery-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and vegetation phenological metrics derived from time-series NDVI data; and 3) landscape pattern. In some studies, using landscape pattern metrics explained some of the variation in water quality not explained by land use/cover. However, in some other studies, the NDVI metrics were even more highly correlated to certain water quality parameters than either landscape pattern metrics or land use/cover proportions. Although studies relating landscape pattern metrics to water quality have had mixed results, this recent body of work applying these landscape measures and satellite-derived metrics to water quality analysis has demonstrated their potential usefulness in monitoring watershed conditions across large regions.
Virtual rear projection: improving the user experience with multiple redundant projectors

Front projection is an economical method to produce large displays. However, the twin problems of occlusions, which create shadows on the screen, and light projected onto users near the screen, potentially blinding them, makes front projection a poor fit for large upright interactive surfaces. Virtual Rear Projection (VRP) uses multiple redundant front projectors to provide the user experience of using a rear projected display. By using a projector-camera system to mitigate shadows and blinding light, a virtual rear projected display significantly improves upon the user experience of a traditional front projected display, allowing it to replace a rear projected display. In this thesis we characterize the problems caused by shadows and occlusions and develop projection technologies that mitigate shadows and blinding light. We also present a laboratory performance evaluation, and a user evaluation of the technology showing that VRP improves the user experience with respect to traditional front projection.
Infection of gnotobiotic pigs with an Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain associated with an outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis.

Gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with an Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain isolated from a human with hemorrhagic colitis developed anorexia, lethargy, and watery diarrhea. Bacteria diffusely colonized the cecum and colon surfaces and the crypt epithelium. At bacterial attachment sites, microvilli were effaced, and epithelial cells were irregularly shaped, rounded, or detached. Submucosa, lamina propria, and mesentery were markedly edematous and contained many inflammatory cells. Images
Excess molar enthalpies of (ethane + ethene), (ethane + chloromethane), (propane + chloromethane), and ( butane + chloromethane) calculated from cubic equations of state and the principle of corresponding states : a comparison with experimental results

Abstract Excess molar enthalpies HmE are calculated using equations of state and the principle of corresponding states for four binary mixtures: (ethane + ethene), (ethane + chloromethane), (propane + chloromethane), and (butane + chloromethane), at temperatures from 298.15 to 363.15 K and pressures from 5 to 15 MPa, so that a comparison can be made with recently obtained experimental calorimetric results. Four cubic equations of state (van der Waals, Redlich-Kwong, Soave, and Peng-Robinson) and the principle of corresponding states, used together with the van der Waals one-fluid approximation (vdW1), are examined. The only adjustable parameter was the binary interaction parameter k12 in Berthelot's combining rule. It was adjusted for each type of mixture and set at different values for the equation of state calculations or the principle of corresponding states prediction, but set independent of temperature, pressure, and a particular equation of state. Usually, reasonably good comparisons are obtained between the experimental results and the HmE(p,T) surface calculated from the equations of state and from the principle of corresponding states. (Vapor + liquid) equilibria for (ethane + chloromethane) at p = 5 MPa were also calculated using the k12 determined from the HmE results, and compared with experimental results. The agreement is best for the Soave and the Peng-Robinson equations, with the other equations and the principle of corresponding states predicting equilibrium mole fractions that are low.
The forms of native chlorophyll in Chlamydobotrys stellata and their changes during adaptation from photo-heterotrophic to autotrophic growth

Absorption and fluorescence spectra were measured for Chlamydobotrys stellata cultured either photo-heterotrophically on acetate or autotrophically on CO2 as well as during adaptation from hetero- to autotrophic conditions. Curve analyses of the absorption spectra at liquid nitrogen temperature suggest the presence of chlorophyll-a forms with their main absorption peaks at 663, 670, 678, 685, 693 and 707 nm. The proportion of the longer wavelength forms, 685, 693 and 707 nm, decreases during adaptation to autotrophic growth. The chlorophyll-b content of the photo-heterotrophic culture was very low.
Opiate delta-2-receptor antagonist naltriben does not alter discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol.

Abstract The ability of a selective 2-opiate receptor antagonist, naltriben, to modulate ethanol discrimination was investigated in a rat model using a drug discrimination procedure. Rats were trained to discriminate ethanol (1.25 g/kg, IP) from saline on a fixed-ratio schedule, FR10. Once rats had acquired the ethanol-saline discrimination, ethanol dose–response tests were conducted with 15-min pretest injections. Following the characterization of the ethanol dose-response curve, the effect of naltriben on ethanol's discriminative stimulus was assessed by administering naltriben (0.032–5.6 mg/kg, IP) 15 min before the ethanol administration. In the present study, naltriben did not have any modulatory effect on ethanol discrimination, suggesting that either Δ 2 -opiate receptors are not involved in the formation of ethanol's discriminative stimulus or the antagonism of Δ 2 -opiate receptors is not sufficient to alter ethanol's compound discriminative stimulus.
Segregation and Fragmentation: Extending Landscape Ecology and Pattern Metrics Analysis to Spatial Demography

Though demography’s roots involve a strong spatial component, recent attention to capitalizing on widely available spatially referenced demographic data has returned the focus to spatially enabled analyses. Landscape ecology offers a theoretical framework and concomitant methodology in pattern metric analysis well suited for extracting process through the examination of spatial patterns. Applied on the environmental side of population–environment interaction research, pattern metric analysis has not been brought to bear on population data per se. This research illustrates the utility of a pattern metric approach utilizing U.S. Census data from 1990 and 2000 to document changes in spatial configuration of race and class in South Carolina. The results corroborate similar findings elsewhere of exurban growth as well as an increasing income gap and spread of Hispanic population, both statistically and spatially. Further insight into the forces related to these processes is gained from explicit assessment of spatial configuration. The method is offered as a complementary tool to the richly evolving field of spatial demography.
SU‐E‐J‐177: Understanding the Seminal Vesicle's Motion Relative to the Prostate: Range and Pattern

Purpose: To investigate inter-fractional (inter-fx) and intra-fractional (intra-fx) seminal vesicle (SV) motion to determine motion management strategies for prostate SBRT. Methods: 9 prostate SBRT patients (37Gy/5fx) were studied. All patients were implanted with fiducial markers in the prostate for soft tissue tracking. SVs were contoured on 5 pairs of preand post-treatment CBCTs and the planning CT. All CT/CBCT images were registered according to fiducial markers. Inter-fx motion was analyzed by comparing pre-treatment CBCT with planning CT; intra-fx motion was analyzed by comparing pre- and post-treatment CBCTs. Both the center of mass (COM) and boarders of SV were assessed to determine motion ranges. SV were segmented into left SV (LSV) and right SV (RSV) to analyze independent motion patterns. Results: Inter-fx SV motion is significant in all directions. The 95% range of COM is 9.4, 14.3 and 10.3 mm for LR, AP and SI direction. Larger motion variation is observed with SV boarder. A 5 mm margin can provide 60% and 58% CTV coverage for COM and border. Intra-fx SV motion is smaller than inter-fx. A 5 mm margin can provide 93% and 84% CTV coverage for COM and boarder. LSV and RSV show different motion patterns in LR direction with correlation of −0.194 for COM while AP motion is strongly correlated (0.837). SV COM shows weak correlation with RSV COM, LSV COM, right boarder of RSV and left boarder of LSV (coefficient of 0.326, 0.450, 0.087, −0.192). SV COM's AP motion is strongly correlated with both LSV and RSV. Conclusion: SV moves substantially both inter- and intra-fractionally, indicating the difficulty of covering CTV with fixed 5mm margin. Additional considerations/strategies in margin design are required. SV boarder motion shows independence from COM, indicating potential underdose to CTV if tracking with COM. Soft tissue imaging is highly desired for SV localization.
Matrix-vector multiplication in thin photorefractive GaAs crystals

Optical matrix-vector multiplication using four-wave mixing in a thin photorefractive GaAs crystal is demonstrated. Using a thin wafer of GaAs offers the potential to integrate the encoding spatial light modulators directly on the wave-mixing medium.
Max Weber as a critical theorist

Our conclusion will take the form of a restatement of the famous “iron cage” passage from The Protestant Ethic which was the starting point of our discussion, put into the terms of the categories and conclusions developed in this article. First, a prefatory remark about the term “capitalism.” Weber understood capitalism not in terms of the ownership of capital or a specific mode of production, but in a more general sense — as the formal practical-instrumental rationalization of economic action. If one accepts this definition, one can distinguish three main forms of capitalism: entrepreneurial capitalism; corporate capitalism, as exemplified by the present United States; and State capitalism, as exemplified by the Soviet Union. The “iron cage” passage was written when corporate capitalism was at an early stage of development, and State capitalism had not yet appeared on the scene. Yet his critique seems to apply with especial force to corporate capitalism, and to be germane to State capitalism as well. As Weber was well aware: , 1401–1402. Our restatement follows.
An investigation of the astronomical theory of the ice ages using a simple climate-ice sheet model

The astronomical theory of the Quaternary ice ages is incorporated into a simple climate model for global weather; important features of the model include the albedo feedback, topography and dynamics of the ice sheets. For various parameterizations of the orbital elements, the model yields realistic assessments of the northern ice sheet. Lack of a land-sea heat capacity contrast represents one of the chief difficulties of the model.
1H-NMR spectroscopic assay method for metoclopramide hydrochloride in tablets and injections

AbstractA simple, accurate and specific proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopic method has been developed for the assay of metoclopramide hydrochloride in tablets and injections. In deuterium oxide, the analyte and acetamide, the internal standard, produced corresponding resonance signals at 1.35 ppm and 2.03 ppm of utility for quantitative purposes. The average ± SD recovery of drug from 10 synthetic formulations was 99.7 ± 0.7% of the added amount. The assay of commercial products by the proposed method resulted in average assay values of 100.43 (range = 98.8-100.8, n = 6)% of declared for tablets, and of 99.45 (range = 99.6-100.4, n = 4)% of declared for injections. These results were validated by a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method.
Notetaking and depth of processing

Abstract Four levels of notetaking (summary, paraphrase, verbatim, and letter search) were used to control depth of processing of a prose passage with 180 high school students, who then either reviewed their notes or read an interpolated text. A separate control group took no notes. On immediate and delayed post-tests, post hoc analyses with the depth (notetaking) condition showed the following ranking: summary = paraphrase > control = verbatim > letter search. A paraphrase notes × review × test-position interaction was significant, indicating that less forgetting occurred on a delayed post-test when students reviewed their paraphrase notes than when they read an interpolated text. Analysis of reading times showed that the additional time required for notetaking was only worthwhile when meaningful notes were taken.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF S35 IN TISSUES AFTER INJECTION OF METHIONINE-S35 AND SODIUM SULFATE-S35

The loss of "bound" S35 that occurs during various mounting procedures used in autoradiography was studied in healing surface wounds of rats treated with either methionine-S35 or Na2S35O4. Valid autoradiography of bound S35 in this tissue is not possible until 48 hours after radiosulfate and 24 hours after radiomethionine injection, when the S35 is almost entirely bound in large protein and polysaccharide molecules. Autoradiograms of S35 given in both the organic and inorganic form reveal substantial over-all loss of the bound isotope from sections subjected to contact with solvents prior to autoradiography. A comparison of autoradiograms prepared by dry-mounting sections of frozen-dried tissue with autoradiograms of wet-mounted sections of the same tissue suggest that the loss is proportional to the extent of the contact with solvents. Evidence suggests that loss of the isotope occurs during contact of the ribbon or section itself with solutions after fixation and cutting and prior to radiation exposure. No appreciable loss of the bound isotope seems to occur during contact of the intact tissue specimen with a variety of fluid fixatives except for a marginal zone at the excision edges of the tissue. The potential hazard of displacement of the isotope during fixation, however, remains. Technics which prevent loss of the isotope and fogging of the nuclear emulsion permit the use of thinner sections and emulsion films and the fine resolution of image rendered possible by the physical properties of S35.
Strain differences in memory and incentive as a function of external stimulation

Inbred mouse strains DBA/2J and C57BL/6J were subjected to either air blast or control handling immediately after each of 30 spatial discrimination trials given 22 to 26 h apart. Errors were more frequent and swimming times were longer for the air-blast group of the C57BL/6J strain. Data were interpreted in terms of interference with memory consolidation and incentive to respond by means of aversive external stimulation.
IgG-paraoxonase-1 fusion protein for targeted drug delivery across the human blood-brain barrier.

Paraoxonase (PON)-1 is the most potent human protein with organophosphatase activity against organophosphate (OP) toxins. OP compounds readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and have lethal mechanisms of action within the brain. The production of a brain penetrating form of human PON1, which crosses the BBB, is possible with the re-engineering of the enzyme as a fusion protein with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the human insulin receptor (HIR). The HIRMAb crosses the BBB via the endogenous insulin receptor, and acts as a molecular Trojan horse to ferry the PON1 into brain. The human PON1 was fused to the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain of the chimeric HIRMAb. COS cells were dual transfected with the heavy chain gene and the light chain gene, and the HIRMAb-PON1 fusion protein was affinity purified with protein A chromatography. Western blotting with antibodies to human IgG or human PON1 showed the heavy chain of the HIRMAbPON1 fusion protein was 40 kDa larger than the heavy chain of the chimeric HIRMAb. The ED50 of binding to the HIR extracellular domain was 0.55 ± 0.07 nM and 1.1 ±0.1 nM, respectively, for the chimeric HIRMAb and the HIRMAb-PON1 fusion protein. The PON1 enzyme activity of the fusion protein was approximately 25% of the enzyme activity in human plasma, based on a fluorometric enzymatic assay. In conclusion, human PON1 has been re-engineered as an IgGorganophosphatase fusion protein that penetrates the human BBB.
Corticosteroid therapy in central stromal keratitis.

Use of adrenal corticosteroids in central corneal inflammatory disease has been heat­ edly discussed during the past 15 years." Kaufman and Thomas have recom­ mended topical corticosteroid therapy (com­ bined with IUDR) for disciform lesions in herpetic keratitis, while Thygeson has cau­ tioned that they may encourage virus prolif­ eration and lead to catastrophic events. Theo­ dore believes that some cases of deep stromal herpes cannot be controlled without corti­ costeroids. DeVoe has emphasized that corticosteroid therapy in herpes simplex kera­ titis should not be condemned on the basis of rabbit experiments. Corticosteroids may be used guard­ edly' in herpes zoster keratitis; they probably should be avoided in central bacterial ulcers. However, corticosteroids are the treatment of choice' in allergic cor­ neal disease. The general consensus indicates that the use of corticosteroids depends upon the etiologic agent involved rather than the degree of structural alteration. Specific therapy is always preferable but, when it is not successful, nonspecific (corticosteroid) therapy may be used. Following extensive experimental evalua­ tion of the mechanisms of inflammatory reac­ tivity in the rabbit and guinea pig cornea,"
Purification of Xenopus transcription factor IIIA and 5 S RNA from 7 S ribonucleoprotein particle by ammonium sulfate precipitation

A simple and efficient method for purifying Xenopus transcription factor IIIA from the 7 S particle has been developed by taking advantage of the differential solubilities of the protein factor and 5 S RNA in ammonium sulfate solution. Conditions under which ammonium sulfate dissociates the 7 S particle and selectively precipitates factor IIIA while the 5 S RNA moiety remains in the supernatant were found. The method simultaneously purifies, in a nondestructive manner, both factor IIIA and 5 S RNA in high yield. Purification proceeds through several ammonium sulfate precipitations of the 7 S particle. Factor IIIA obtained by this method contains no detectable RNA and is highly active as judged by DNase I footprinting and in vitro transcription of the 5 S RNA gene, as well as reconstitution with 5 S RNA to form the 7 S particle. The molar extinction coefficients of factor IIIA at 205 and 280 nm were determined from the ultraviolet absorption spectra measured with the purified protein.
The effects of subpixel addressing on users' performance and preferences during reading-related tasks

Subpixel addressing is a font-rendering technology that triples the apparent horizontal resolution of liquid crystal displays. Four experiments measured the effects of subpixel addressing (Microsoft's ClearType) relative to standard (aliased) font-rendering techniques. Participants preferred, and gave higher readability ratings to, text that had been rendered using subpixel addressing. Subpixel addressing also significantly improved the accuracy of lexical decisions and the accuracy and speed of sentence comprehension. Subpixel addressing did not affect word-naming performance or reading speed during pleasure reading. Taken together, these findings suggest that subpixel addressing provides substantial benefits to users while adding no costs to display hardware.
Clinical problem solving: monster on the hook--case problems in neurosurgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Nonfunctioning and functioning pituitary tumors can present in numerous ways. They may be difficult to diagnose correctly and, even with proper treatment, may lead to complications. METHODS: We present the case of a patient who presented with a large, invasive sellar mass and underwent both medical and surgical treatment for this lesion. The patient's course did not progress as was expected from his initial workup. RESULTS: The patient's history, physical examination, laboratory values, pathologic specimens, and radiologic findings are discussed. His management before, during, and after medical therapy and surgery is reviewed by pituitary experts from 2 different institutions. Aspects of diagnosis and management of sellar lesions are presented and reviewed in the literature. CONCLUSION: Neurosurgeons frequently treat patients with sellar lesions and should remember that despite modern laboratory, pathologic, and radiologic techniques, the diagnosis and treatment of these lesions is not always clear.
Energy considerations in a surface formed by tensile fracture of a cross-linked polymer

Abstract Experiments were conducted on tensile fracture of a phenol-formaldehyde cast resin. Room temperature and elevated temperature fracture data was obtained and the surface energy to extend the fracture was calculated thereby. In addition, the surface was studied by optical and scanning electron photomicrographs. The ambient temperature results indicated a surface energy of the fracture far above theoretical bonding energies. It is postulated that this energy is due to molecular motion during the re-establishment of equilibrium at the free surfaces formed by the fracture.
Trials of Influenza A/New Jersey/76 Virus Vaccine in Normal Children: An Overview of Age-Related Antigenicity and Reactogenicity

The total multicenter data from trials with inactivated monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in 2,326 normal children were collected and summarized at Vanderbilt University (Nashville, Tenn.). These combined data provided the best measure of the relative antigenicity and reactogenicity of each manufacturer's vaccine. Children younger than 10 years of age were shown to have vaccine-associated reactions to doses of whole-virus vaccine containing as little as 50 chick cell-agglutinating units. Split-virus vaccines were well tolerated in doses eight times as high. No vaccine was satisfactorily antigenic in a single dose. A two-dose regimen of split-virus vaccine was antigenic, and this regimen was not associated with acute reactions.
Characterization of acetylcholinesterase molecular forms of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne

Multiple molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase have been isolated and characterized from the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne arenaria and Meloidogyne incognita. The forms of enzyme present in these 2 species are similar but not identical to those that occur in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The 5 enzyme forms exhibit differential solubilities and can be classified into 3 classes, A, B, and C, based on substrate affinity, inhibitor and detergent sensitivity, and thermal inactivation profiles. An unusual class of acetylcholinesterase has been isolated from Meloidogyne which has very high affinity for acetylcholine, but is highly resistant to carbamate and organophosphate inhibitors. The potential roles of the molecular forms in nematode behavior and sensitivity to nematicides are discussed.
Levels of superoxide dismutase mRNA in rat lens: Effect of aging

Superoxide dismutase, the enzyme catalyzing the dismutation of O2 •− to H2O2 is known to be present in various ocular and nonocular tissues. In this communication we have determined the gene expression of this enzyme in rat lenses. The investigations have been conducted as a function of age using RNase protection assay. Thesein vitro assays for the corresponding mRNA suggested that the transcription of the gene is age variant, increasing as a function of age. The levels were significantly lower in the young lenses in comparison to the older lenses. (Mol Cell Biochem152: 175–178, 1995)
Climate alteration A global issue for the electric power industry in the 21st century

Abstract Development of global electric generation and distribution systems will be central to mankind's economic and social well being. However, electricity is likely to be produced mainly from fossil fuel combustion for the foreseeable future. As a consequence, this global energy sector will contribute to growing carbon dioxide emissions, with a potential for climate alteration. Concern for potentially adverse climate effects has led to consideration of strategies for managing GHG emissions. With present technologies, extreme reduction strategies will be costly and may create significant stress on the projected world economic and energy systems. Technological options have been evaluated to a modest degree. These range from conventional emission control approaches to geo-engineering opportunities and biospheric carbon management. To be practical, these options need to be developed further and demonstrated to properly assess their operational characteristics.
Quantization of a non-topological soliton

Abstract Radiative corrections to the energy of a simple non-topological soliton are calculated to leading order in the non-linear coupling. These corrections are found to be finite, and exact results are given when the charge of the soliton is very big or order one.
The Historiography of American Catholicism as Reflected in The Catholic Historical Review, 1915–2015

This essay surveys and provides limited commentary on the articles and book reviews dealing with the history of American Catholicism that have appeared in The Catholic Historical Review since it began publication in 1915.
Sodium-23 magnetic resonance brain imaging.

This is a review of recent work in23Na MR imaging. The main emphasis of recent papers has been pulse sequences that, with appropriate postprocessing, give images of the fast, slow, and intermediate components of T2 decay. The assignment of compartmental designation to the T2 component remains a problem except for homogeneous structures easily identifiable anatomically (ventricles, superior sagittal sinus, globe of the eye). Compartmental distribution of sodium is described. The predominance of the interstitial and plasma compartment, the invisibility of part of the intracellular sodium, and the difficulty in imaging the very fast T2 component of visible intracellular sodium make the usual Na spin-echo image essentially an image of the interstitial and plasma space. Use of super paramagnetic iron oxide coupled to dextran as a contrast medium may help to identify the plasma compartment. Because the usual Na MR images are essentially interstitial and plasma images, our own interest is in observing functional changes in these compartments. Another proposed application is the detection of the very fast T2 component in brain tumors to aid in defining tumor grade and extent.
Basic Information Processing Effects from Perceptual Learning in Complex, Real-World Domains

Recent research indicates that perceptual learning (PL) interventions in real-world domains (i.e., mathematics, science) can produce strong learning gains, transfer, and fluency. Although results on domain-relevant assessments suggest characteristic PL effects, seldom have real-world PL interventions been explicitly tested for their effects on basic information extraction. We trained participants to classify Chinese characters, based on either (1) overall configurations (structures), (2) featural relations (components), or (3) nonrelational information (stroke-count control). Before and after training, we tested for changes in information extraction using a visual search task. Search displays contained all novel exemplars, involved manipulations of target-distractor similarity using structures and components, and included heterogeneous and homogeneous distractors. We found robust improvements in visual search for structure and component PL training relative to the control. High-level PL interventions produce changes in basic information extraction, and sensitivity induced by PL for both relational structure and specific components transfers to novel structural categories.
Comparative Institutional Advantage and the Appropriate Development Model for Sub-Saharan Africa

The theory of comparative institutional advantage posits that certain types of firms locate production facilities in a particular location and avoid other locations due to unique institutional advantages and disadvantages. In sub-Saharan Africa, neoliberal policies, weak and corrupt states, and Transnational Corporations have created a particularly destructive variant of capitalism. African capitalism generates little in the way of economic growth, rewards mainly the TNC and the African elites, and undermines Africa’s economic future via activities that are utterly extractive in nature. African capitalism is facilitated directly by the WTO, the structural adjustment policies of the IMF and the World Bank, and the institutional structures of African economies. After outlining the problems with African capitalism as currently structured, the paper goes on to suggest an alternative to this model involving experimental, embedded, grass roots development efforts that build on domestic cultural institutions that would generate significantly more positive outcomes for the people of sub-Saharan Africa. By abandoning neoliberal policies, it might be possible to create a better economic model that would build on community-centered institutional strengths to benefit a greater proportion of the population.
Adding quiet and music detection capabilities to FDA-approved cochlear implant research platform

This paper presents the addition of quiet and music detection capabilities to our previously developed environment-adaptive cochlear implant speech processing pipeline. A modified Voice Activity Detector is proposed which provides quiet frame detection in addition to voice and no-voice activity detection in a computationally efficient manner. Music detection is achieved via a two-class Gaussian mixture model classifier requiring no extra computation for feature extraction. The results obtained indicate this added capability generates high detection rates for both quiet and music conditions.
Factors influencing food choice by the seaweed-eating marine snail Norrisianorrisi (Trochidae)

Through two-choice gustatory experiments, a␣preference hierarchy was established␣for␣the␣herbivorous gastropod Norrisianorrisi Sowerby, with laminarialean kelps preferred over all other seaweeds. Among the kelps, laminae of Macrocystispyrifera were slightly preferred over Egregiamenziesii, and both were strongly preferred over sporophylls of Eiseniaarborea. E.arborea, the least preferred kelp, was consistently chosen over other algae common in the snail's habitat (Halidrysdioica, Dictyotaflabellata, and Pterocladiacapillacea) and over seaweeds believed to be edible and palatable based on their morphology, structure, and secondary chemistry (Endarachnebinghamiae, Mazzaellaflaccida, and Ulvalobata). The morphologies and structural toughness of tested seaweeds varied significantly as did their nutritional (% carbon, % nitrogen, C:N ratio, and % ash) contents and phlorotannin concentrations; however, snails preferred to feed on kelps regardless of nutritional content, toughness or phlorotannin concentration; and among kelps preferred to feed on the least tough species (based on penetrometer measurements), which also were those containing the lowest phlorotannin concentrations. Preference for kelp was not upheld in experiments using agarose thalli to which freeze-dried powder, of either the kelp Eiseniaarborea or non-kelp Endarachnebinghamiae was added, suggesting the destruction of attractant chemicals during the making of the artificial foods. Our data suggest that the preference of N. norrisi for kelps over other potentially edible and palatable seaweeds may not be related to nutritional content, but instead may have evolved in response to factors such as availability, habitat provision, or refuge from predation.
Failure analysis of hydroforming of sandwich panels

Abstract Sandwich panels are commonly used in various applications to improve the stiffness-to-weight ratio of structure components. While producing flat sandwich panel is relatively straightforward, manufacturing of shaped sandwich components can be a challenging task. This paper presents the use of hydroforming technique in forming bi-layered and sandwich materials with an open-cell foam core. Hydraulic bulge experiments were conducted to form bi-layered and sandwich blanks into a dome shape. Various failure modes were observed from the experiments. Finite element simulations were conducted to understand the different failure mechanisms that could occur during the deformation process. The investigation can facilitate the selection of geometry and property of the constituents of the sandwich material for successful hydroforming.
A COMPREHENSIVE GAME PLAN FOR CALCULUS REFORM: THOUGHTS GROWN THROUGH EXPERIENCE

ABSTRACT We provide an outline for the development of individualized calculus reform initiatives. A broad checklist of issues is accomplished by several specific examples of efforts at the U. S. Air Force Academy.
Directional Characteristics of Potentially Damaging Wind Gusts in the Southeast United States

Annual estimated storm damage in the United States is seven billion dollars. Much of that damage is caused by tree blowover that is induced by high wind gusts. The prevailing directions of these wind gusts dictate the zones around structures in which trees may potentially fall and cause damage. To gain a better understanding of hazardous wind gusts, this research examines the directional component of wind gusts in the Southeast United States. Regional patterns of wind gusts are identified and tied to atmospheric and terrestrial patterns. Results indicate the following: (1) gusts along the northeast coast of the study area are bidirectional, being from the northeast and southwest; (2) the southeast coast has a predominantly westerly component to the gusts with little impact from the east; (3) the Piedmont is strongly influenced by westerly gusts, but an easterly component increases gradually to the northeast; and (4) high gusts in the mountains demonstrate a strong relationship with the regional and local ...
Integrating Digital Signatures with Relational Databases: Issues and Organizational Implications

This paper explores the nature and scope of integration of digital signatures with relational databases. Such as integration is essential if Internet commerce is to succeed. While evaluating the pros and cons of the integration and the related technologies, this paper identifies challenges, both technological and organizational. The paper proposes that any implementation needs to consider the organizational policies and the related rules. Careful consideration of these aspects will ensure a successful integration and implementation.
The Parameterization of Tropospheric Lapse Rates in Terms of Surface Temperature

Abstract The relationship between the lapse rate of temperature and the surface temperature is investigated by comparing the zonally averaged temperature structure of the atmosphere to that which is generated by several assumptions concerning the lapse rate. It is found that the value of ∂θ/∂p for any given temperature sounding is essentially constant, but that this value varies with both latitude and season. The ratio of ∂θ/∂p to the value of ∂θ/∂p along a moist adiabat at the surface is found empirically to have a cubic dependence on the surface temperature. This dependence is used to define a relationship between the surface temperature and the lapse rate which can be used to generate a zonally averaged temperature structure for the troposphere which is in good agreement with that which is observed. The parameterization is suitable for use in a climate model based either on radiative equilibrium or zonally averaged energy balance calculations.
Genetic factors appear to contribute substantially to dental caries susceptibility, and may also independently mediate sucrose sweetness preference.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Heritability Estimates for Dental Caries and Sucrose Sweetness Preference Bretz WA, Corby PM, Melo MR, Coelho MQ, Costa SM, Robinson M, et al. Arch Oral Biol 2006;51(12):1156-60 Level of Evidence 2 Purpose/Question To assess the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to dental caries status and to sucrose sweetness preference, via determination of heritability estimates in a cohort of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Source of Funding Government – NIH/NIDCR Type of Study/Design Cohort Study
Behavioral strategies for emotion regulation in toddlers: associations with maternal involvement and emotional expressions

Abstract Ninety-four mothers and their 18- or 24-month-old children participated in four laboratory episodes designed to elicit fear or anger. Mothers’ behavior was constrained for the first part of each episode; mothers were then instructed to help their children. Toddlers’ behavioral strategies differed as a function of maternal involvement and as a function of the emotion-eliciting context. Only some of the behavioral strategies assumed to minimize expressions of distress truly did so; other behaviors showed maintenance effects on fear and anger expressions. The different pattern of results for the fear and frustration episodes highlights the importance of examining behavioral strategies across contexts designed to elicit different emotions.
Gift appraisals: A practical approach

Abstract The typical gift to a library is of modest value and may be properly assessed by the library or an appraiser hired by the library. Librarians handling gifts should become familiar with pertinent literature on appraisals and book values so that they may better serve their donors and their libraries.