cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cigarette Smoking and Drug Use on a College Campus

The role played by marijuana in “precipitating” or “potentiating” the use of the more dangerous illegal drugs, particularly heroin, has received fairly detailed attention (Ball, Chambers and Ball, 1968; Glaser, Inciardi and Babst, 1969; Robins and Murphy, 1967). Although the marijuana-to-heroin equation could mean many different things empirically, probably the clearest generalization verifying the drug “progression” hypothesis would be that, on a statistical, or actuarial, basis, the marijuana user is significantly more likely to try and use heroin, as well as any other illegal dangerous drug, than is true of his peer who has never experimented with marijuana (Whitehead, 1970; Russell, 1970; Josephson, 1971; Chambers, 1971). This is especially true of the regular and frequent marijuana user; the more that one smokes marijuana, the greater is the likelihood that one will try and use any and all illegal drugs, including heroin (Goode, 1969, 1970, 1971; McGlothlin, et al., 1970; Hochman and Brill, 1971; Mir...
Innate immunity in the liver

Purpose of review The liver is constantly exposed to large varieties of antigens that are derived from the gastrointestinal tract, including dietary antigens, pathogens, and toxins. Its function as a major immune organ is now being appreciated. The liver lymphocyte population is enriched in macrophages (ie, Kupffer cells), natural killer and natural killer T cells, which constitute the innate immune system. This review will focus on recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms that regulate the hepatic innate immune system because the innate immune system may mediate many chronic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Recent findings Hepatic natural killer T cells modulate liver injury by balancing local production of proinflammatory (Th-1) and antiinflammatory (Th-2) cytokines. Hepatic natural killer T cell depletion leads to Th-1 polarization of hepatic cytokine production, increasing tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma. This potentates lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity. The hepatic natural killer T cells themselves are regulated by Kupffer-cell-produced cytokines, dietary factors, and certain neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine. In leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, an animal model for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insufficient norepinephrine increases hepatic natural killer T cell apoptosis, depleting hepatic natural killer T cells and inducing proinflammatory cytokine polarization. This contributes to chronic inflammation, increased lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity, and insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. Summary Assuming that defects in the hepatic innate immune system that promote Th-1 cytokine polarization are common pathogenic mechanisms for hepatic insulin resistance and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, therapies that inhibit inflammatory activity may be beneficial for these disorders.
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 at mouse neuromuscular synapses.

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling system includes the growth factors and their cell surface receptors, along with circulating IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) that may alter and modulate the action of these neurotrophic hormones. These IGFBPs, along with IGFs and receptors, have been detected in various tissues including the brain. In this study, using polyclonal antibody to human IGFBP-1 or bovine IGFBP-2, we found that mouse muscle extracts contain similar-sized proteins that crossreact with these antibodies on Western immunoblots. After establishing that these antibodies reacted with the homologous murine IGFBPs, we performed immunocytochemistry to demonstrate the localization of IGFBP-1 at the neuromuscular junction, a model nicotinic, cholinergic synapse, as well as within intramuscular nerves. IGFBP-2, a distinct macromolecule, is present on the surface of muscle fibers and is not present within synapses or nerves. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the origin of solar flare microwave radio bursts

Abstract The broadband microwave radio bursts associated with solar flares are suggested to be synchrotron emission from relativistic positrons resulting from the decay of pions produced by the interaction of accelerated flare protons with the solar material. A detailed calculation is made of the positron yield and the resulting synchrotron spectrum, and good agreement is found between the calculated radioemission and the observed microwave flux density. It is suggested, therefore, that broadband microwave bursts are an indication of the presence of high density protons at the Sun even when such protons are not observable at the Earth.
Vinca alkaloids inhibit conversion of arachidonic acid to thromboxane by human platelet microsomes: comparison with other microtubule-active drugs.

The Vinca alkaloid vinblastine causes dose-dependent inhibition of malondialdehyde formation and aggregation in activated human platelets as a result of inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism via the thromboxane pathway (Brammer, J.P., Kerecsen, L. and Maguire, M.H. (1982) Eur. J. Pharmacol. 81, 577). The nature of the inhibition by vinblastine has been investigated with human platelet microsomes, measuring conversion of arachidonic acid to malondialdehyde and thromboxane B2 via spectrophotometric assay and RIA, respectively, determining arachidonate oxygenation by monitoring oxygen consumption, and identifying metabolites formed from [1-14C]arachidonic acid. Vinblastine was compared with other Vinca alkaloids and with structurally unrelated microtubule-active drugs. Vinca alkaloids were unique in causing dose-dependent inhibition of both malondialdehyde and thromboxane B2. Order of potency was vinblastine = vincristine = vindesine > leurosine > vinepidine. Inhibition of malondialdehyde and thromboxane B2 by 50 μM vinblastine was at least 60%. Microsomal cyclooxy genese was not inhibited by 200 μm vinblastine. Inhibition by vinblastine of [1-14C]arachidonic acid conversion to thromboxane B2 was associated with a 4-fold increase in prostaglandin E2 formation. Thromboxane B2, but not malondialdehyde, formation was inhibited by colchicine < nocodazole ⪡ vinblastine. Results indicate that microsomal thromboxane synthetase is inhibited by Vinca alkaloids and other tubulin-binding drugs, and suggest that the action of vinblastine in inhibiting thromboxane synthesis, aggregation and release in intact platelets is not dependent upon its antimicrotubular actions.
Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand Caregivers' Intention to Serve Sugar-Sweetened Beverages to Non-Hispanic Black Preschoolers

The purpose of this correlational study was to determine the ability the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to explain caregivers' intention to serve sugar-sweetened beverages to non-Hispanic black preschoolers. A sample of 165 caregivers of non-Hispanic black children preschoolers completed a written questionnaire. Multiple regression with path analysis confirmed the relationships of attitude and subjective norm, but not perceived behavioral control (PBC),with intention. After removing PBC, the model accounted for 45.1% of variance in intention. Nurses and other health care professionals can use these findings to tailor behaviorally-based obesity prevention programs at the individual, family, and community-based levels.
Feedback Control Systems: Design with Regard to Sensitivity

A compensation design method is proposed, which not only secures a desired location for the dominant roots on the s plane, but also satisfies conditions concerning the sensitivity of these dominant roots to the varying plant parameters. Examples are solved and verified on the analog computer.
TP-9201, A Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Platelet Receptor Antagonist, Prevents Rethrombosis After Successful Arterial Thrombolysis in the Dog

Background and Purpose We examined the ability of TP-9201, a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, to prevent carotid artery rethrombosis in the anesthetized dog. Methods Occlusive thrombosis was induced by electrolytic injury of the left carotid artery. Thirty minutes later, 0.05 U/kg of anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC) was infused locally to achieve clot lysis. Carotid artery recanalization was followed immediately by the infusion of either saline (10 mL/h, 240 minutes; n=9), low-dose TP-9201 (120 μg/kg plus 3 μg · kg–1 · min–1, 240 minutes; n=7), or high-dose TP-9201 (185 μg/kg plus 5 μg · kg–1 · min–1, 240 minutes; n=7). Ex vivo platelet aggregation responses to ADP or arachidonic acid were determined. Results TP-9201 produced complete inhibition of platelet aggregation in citrated platelet-rich plasma but a partial and dose-dependent inhibition in heparinized platelet-rich plasma. A twofold and eightfold increase in the template bleeding time was associated with the infusion of low-dose and high-dose TP-9201, respectively. There were frequent cyclic flow reductions in both the saline and low-dose TP-9201–treated groups after thrombolysis. However, the high-dose TP-9201–treated group exhibited a sustained flow with minimal evidence of cyclic flow reductions. At the conclusion of the protocol, patent vessels were found more frequently in the high-dose TP-9201 (5/7; P =.0048) than in the low-dose TP-9201 treatment group (2/7; P =.17) when compared with the saline group (0/9). Infusion of high-dose TP-9201 was associated with a significant reduction in the thrombus mass as compared with the control vessels. Conclusions Administration of TP-9201 in conjunction with successful thrombolysis inhibited ex vivo platelet aggregation and prevented rethrombosis of the canine carotid artery. This study demonstrates that TP-9201, an inhibitor of the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor, can inhibit platelet–vessel wall interaction and thus prevent rethrombosis.
Atomic level observation of grain boundaries in metals

Verification par microscopie en haute resolution de la modelisation par ordinateur selon laquelle les joints de grains dans les materiaux cubiques a faces centrees et cubiques centres sont ordonnes. Validation experimentale de l'interrelation des modeles de dislocations primaires et secondaires entre elles et avec le concept de motif structural. Mise en evidence de la coexistence de structures multiples
Immunohistochemical evaluation of cholinergic neurons in the rat superior olivary complex

The cholinergic system in the rat superior olivary complex (SOC) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ChAT-positive somata were found mostly in the lateral superior olive (LSO) and ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB). In the LSO, there were both rostral-caudal and medial-lateral gradients in concentration of ChAT-positive somata; the highest concentration was in the middle of the rostral-caudal extent and the most medial part. The estimated total number of ChAT-positive neurons in the LSO was similar to previous estimates of the total number of lateral olivocochlear neurons. Two groups of ChAT-positive somata were found in the VNTB: a dorsolateral group of larger, multipolar, and more darkly labeled neurons and a ventromedial group of smaller, oval, and more lightly labeled neurons, which was about 5 times as numerous. There was a caudal-to-rostral increase in number of neurons in each group. VAChT immunoreactivity, predominantly localized in puncta, was seen in LSO, VNTB, and LNTB, and, to a lesser extent, in other parts of the SOC. VAChT-positive somata were also found in the VNTB and medial LSO. This distribution pattern of VAChT was generally similar to that of ChAT. AChE labeling had a similar appearance to ChAT labeling in the VNTB but differed in the LSO, where AChE labeling was lighter and associated more with neuropil than with somata.
Elevated levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin in adipose tissue of certain U.S. veterans of the Vietnam war

Abstract This paper provides a brief review of the human adipose measurements that have been used to estimate exposure to polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDF). A new study is introduced that focuses on whether 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (2378-TCDD) can still be found in the adipose tissue of U.S. Vietnam veterans. The adipose tissue has been removed by using a refined liposuction technique as an outpatient or office medical procedure. Preliminary data on levels of 2378-TCDD in tissue of U.S. Vietnam War veterans, including 6 members of the Operation Ranch Hand group, are presented and show that some Ranch Handers still carry as much as 40 to 60 parts-per-trillion 2378-TCDD in their adipose tissue whereas other veterans still show little evidence of elevated levels of 2378-TCDD.
Assessing fatty acid biostatus: Red blood cells or plasma?

Omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) biostatus can be estimated using red blood cell (RBC) membranes or plasma. The sample type that exhibits the lower within-person variability and is less affected by an acute dose of n-3 FA is preferred in clinical practice. The experiments described here indicate that RBC-based metrics are superior to plasma-based for use in patient care.
Interleave-Division Multiplexing MIMO Scheme for Increasing Cell-Edge Throughput

An IDM-based space-time scheme is proposed to increase cell-edge throughput in the present of one main out-cell interference. Our results show that for low-rate applications, the proposed scheme can effectively remove the out-cell interference and exhibit a significant gain over the traditional STBC-based scheme. With excellent performance and low-complexity, our scheme is a promising candidate for low-rate applications, e.g, the control channel in the next generation cellular system.
The dilemma of apoptosis in myelodysplasia and leukemia: a new promise of therapeutic intervention?

The dilemma of apoptosis in myelodysplasia and leukemia: a new promise of therapeutic intervention?
An approximate method for residual stress calculation in functionally graded materials

Abstract Thermal residual stresses in functionally graded materials (FGMs) arise primarily from nonlinear spatial variations in the thermal expansion coefficient, but can be significantly adjusted by variations in modulus. Thermoelastic analysis of FGMs is complicated by such modulus gradients. A class of problems for which thermal stress solutions for materials with constant modulus can be used as a basis for approximations for FGMs is discussed. The size of the error in this approximation due to gradients in elastic modulus is investigated. Analytical and finite element solutions for the thermal stresses in various FGM geometries are compared to results from this approximate method. In a geometry of practical interest, a right cylinder graded along the z-axis, the error for a Ni–Al2O3 FGM was found to be within 15% for all gradients considered. The form of the approximation makes it easier to identify desirable types of spatial nonlinearity in expansion coefficient and variations in modulus; this would allow the manipulation of the location of compressive stresses.
A Theory of Piecemeal Policy Recommendations

The theory of the second best, first formally presented by Lipsey and Lancaster [16], maintains that the abolition of an arbitrarily chosen distortion in an economy with multiple distortions may reduce the welfare of the economy. The main objective of the present paper is to formulate some piecemeal policy recommendations which would definitely result in a move towards efficiency. In particular, we will prove the following: (a) a policy which reduces all price distortions uniformly will improve the welfare of the economy, if it is stable in the Marshallian sense. (b) a policy which brings the highest distortion to the level of the next highest will improve the welfare of the economy, if the good with the highest distortion is substitutable for all the other goods and if the economy is stable in the Marshallian sense. Our results integrate the characterization of the second best solution by Green [9], the analysis of the uniform reduction of tariff and excise tax by Foster and Sonnenschein [8] and Bruno [4], and the demonstration by Kemp [15] that the welfare effect of the tariff reduction in the two commodity world is related to the stability of the economy. In the present paper, an extensive use of the compensated demand function enables us to reveal the underlying relationship among these seemingly unrelated works.' In Section 2, we will define the compensated demand function, and will present its properties used in this paper. The model will be presented in Section 3. In Section 4 we will establish that in an economy with constant-cost technology a uniform reduction in excise tax rates improves welfare provided that the aggregate of income terms weighted by marginal costs (AIM) is positive. We will also show that a reduction of the highest tax rate to the level of the next highest rate improves the welfare if the AIM is positive and if the good with the highest tax rate is substitutable for all other goods. In Section 5 the main theorems will be proved by establishing that the positivity of AIM in the propositions of Section 4 can be replaced by another condition if the economy is stable under the Marshallian adjustment mechanism (which is defined in the text). Section 6 will re-evaluate the theory of the second best from our framework. (This section can be read independently of Section 5.) Throughout this paper, a matrix will be denoted by an upper-case letter; a lower-case bold-faced letter will represent a column vector; its transpose will be shown by a prime; and the ith element of the vector is denoted by the same letter with subscript i, unless stated otherwise.
Interaction of Urea with a Hydroxide-Bridged Dinuclear Nickel Center: An Alternative Model for the Mechanism of Urease

A hydroxide-bridged dinuclear nickel complex with a urea molecule linking the two metal ions through its carbonyl oxygen atom has been prepared as a model for the metalloenzyme urease. This complex, [Ni2(μ-OH)(μ-urea)(bdptz)(urea)(CH3CN)](ClO4)3, where bdptz is the dinucleating ligand 1,4-bis(2,2‘-dipyridylmethyl)phthalazine, effects the hydrolysis of urea upon heating in a two-step reaction. In the first step, a molecule of ammonia is eliminated from urea with concomitant production of cyanate, the first-order rate constant in acetonitrile being (7.7 ± 0.5) × 10-4 h-1. This reaction is at least 500 times faster than the spontaneous decomposition of urea under the same conditions. When the cyanate-containing product is further heated in the presence of water, the cyanate is hydrolyzed with a second-order rate constant of (9.5 ± 1) × 10-4 M-1 h-1. Reaction of [Ni2(μ-OH)(μ-urea)(bdptz)(urea)(CH3CN)](ClO4)3 in 50% aqueous acetonitrile afforded ammonia with no appreciable buildup of the cyanate-containing spe...
Oscillabolastic model, a new model for oscillatory dynamics, applied to the analysis of Hes1 gene expression and Ehrlich ascites tumor growth

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights� Oscillabolastic model used to capture oscillatory dynamics. � Relevance of oscillatory dynamics to biology systems described. � Hes1 gene expression accurately described using the oscillabolastic model. � Generalized model proposed to accommodate multivariate cases. This paper introduces a new dynamical model, called the oscillabolastic model, to analyze the dynamical behavior of biomedical data when one observes oscillatory behavior. The proposed oscillabolastic model is sufficiently flexible to represent various types of oscillatory behavior. The oscillabolastic model is applied to two sets of data. The first data set deals with the oscillabolastic modeling of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and the second one is the oscillabolastic modeling of the mean signal intensity of Hes1 gene expression in response to serum stimulation. A generalized oscillabolastic model is also suggested to accommodate cases in which predictor variables other than time are also involved.
"No Rhyme or Reason": The Hidden Logia of the Gospel of Thomas

What follows is yet another attempt to "find the author's compositional principle," in the hope that what I offer here will not earn a critique from Helmut Koester similar to those given to the efforts of my predecessors. Yet before turning to Thomas, which opens by claiming that whoever understands the interpretation of its sayings will not taste death, it is the interpretation of this logion of Helmut Koesters that promises, if not eternal life, at
Synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides containing the c-nucleoside and 2- deoxy-2’-fluoro-ara-nucleoside moieties by the h-phosphonate method.1.2

Abstract A module type, computer-controlled, multipurpose synthesizer displaying a novel device for the transport of liquids, was constructed and used in the synthesis of oligomers containing some C-nucleosides and 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-ara-nucleoside moieties. H-Phosphonate method was applied in terms of a further adjustment of construction features of the synthesizer versus chemistry of the process. Results of preliminary studies on the effects of the modified nucleosides on the stability of duplexes showed a clear tendency of destabilization of duplexes in the case of C-nucleosides while fluorinated nucleosides in most cases stabilize the formed duplexes.
A Graphical Approach to Load Balancing and Sparse Matrix Vector Multiplication on the Hypercube

We consider the implementation on a hypercube concurrent computer, of matrix vector multiplication y = Ax where A is a large sparse matrix. A good decomposition is crucial for the case when each column of A has on the average fewer non zero elements than there are nodes in the hypercube. We review simulated annealing and neural network methods for generating a hypercube decomposition for this problem. We introduce a new graphical method, orthogonal recursive bisection, which can be applied to general problems and is successful on this test case. The performance of the concurrent computer depends strongly on any correlations in the placement of non zero elements of A.
BIPARTITE PROXIMAL SESAMOID BONES IN YOUNG THOROUGHBRED HORSES

Twelve foals with unusual sesamoid development were found in a population of 107 Thoroughbred foals (60 males, 47 females) over a three year period. Radiographic examination was done at 14 days of age and at 42 day intervals thereafter. The routine administration was of a dorsopalmar view of the proximal sesamoid bones in the left forelimb. Changes of the proximal sesamoid bones were found in 11% of the foals between 14 and 56 days of age. The change was a radiolucent line at the junction of the middle and proximal third of the sesamoid bone. Of those which were observed with sesamoid bone changes, 8 had a normal radiographic appearance at 60 days. In most foals at least 2 or 3 sesamoid bones of the forelegs were affected. In some only 1 sesamoid bone was affected. The changes did not correlate with a clinical joint disorder. However, females seemed to be affected more than males. This condition may be similar to bipartite sesamoid bones described by others and probably a manifestation of secondary ossification centers.
Protection from the dark side of NO: signaling and cellular defenses against nitric oxide toxicity

Although it is employed in biological systems for intercellular signaling or inflammatory responses, nitric oxide is not readily contained by cell membranes and so might damage surrounding non-target cells. We have studied the genetic and biochemical basis of cellular resistance to the toxicity of NO. Inducible resistance mechanisms activate defense pathways that diminish lethal damage, prevent apoptosis, and may employ increased repair systems. A key inducible component of the cell response to NO toxicity is the enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO1). The activity of HO1 is necessary for the basic resistance of mammalian cells to NO-mediated cytotoxicity. However, the critical HO1-dependent reaction(s) responsible for NO resistance have not yet been identified. The induction of HO1 in response to NO depends on limited transcriptional activation and, in some cell types, on dramatic NO-induced stabilization of the HO1 mRNA. In human fibroblasts, this stabilization increases directly with the degree of NO exposure. Novel regulatory pathways appear to underlie the pathways of inducible NO resistance and NO-mediated mRNA stability.
Evaluation and verification of enhanced electrical performance of advanced coreless flip-chip BGA package with warpage measurement data

In this paper, the 8+1-layer coreless substrate of fcBGA will be introduced, which was revised from the 12-layer core substrate. This coreless substrate was manufactured in Shinko using an advanced ABF film (GZ41) having low CTE for lower warpage and better assembly performance. To evaluate and verify the electrical performance, the fabricated coreless substrate was measured for S- and Z-parameters in frequency-domain and measured for differential TDR impedance and eye-diagram & timing jitter histogram in time-domain. The simulated and measured results were compared with the simulated results of the 12-layer core substrate for evaluation of the improvement from signal/power integrity. In order to evaluate the assembly performance of the coreless substrate, the warpage data and basic material data (Tg, CTE) were measured and demonstrated for die attach area and non-die area.
Bronchodilator Effect of a New Oral Beta Adrenoreceptor Stimulant, Th1165a: A Comparison with Metaproterenol Sulfate

In a single-blind study the short-term effects of oral administration of Th1165a (5, 10, 15, and 20 mg), metaproterenol sulfate (Alupent) (20 mg), and placebo on ventilatory function, pulse rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were compared over a period of six hours in ten patients with stable, reversible obstructive airway disease. Both Th1165a (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg) and metaproterenol administration caused significant bronchodilation of rapid onset (30 minutes), but the bronchodilator effect of Th1165a (10, 15, and 20 mg) was greater and lasted longer (six hours vs three hours) than that of metaproterenol. A dose-dependent bronchodilator effect was recognizable after administration of Th1165a. The 20-mg dose of metaproterenol sulfate and the 5-mg and 10-mg doses of Th1165a produced minimal side effects. Larger doses (15 and 20 mg of Th1165a caused significant increases in pulse rate. Mild and transient tremors were the most common side effect after administration of Th1165a.
Network Community Structure Detection for Directional Neural Networks Inferred From Multichannel Multisubject EEG Data

In many neuroscience applications, one is interested in identifying the functional brain modules from multichannel, multiple subject neuroimaging data. However, most of the existing network community structure detection algorithms are limited to single undirected networks and cannot reveal the common community structure for a collection of directed networks. In this paper, we propose a community detection algorithm for weighted asymmetric (directed) networks representing the effective connectivity in the brain. Moreover, the issue of finding a common community structure across subjects is addressed by maximizing the total modularity of the group. Finally, the proposed community detection algorithm is applied to multichannel multisubject electroencephalogram data.
Chemical Composition and Heterogeneity of Wild 2 Cometary Particles Determined by Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence

Seven cometary dust particle tracks in Stardust aerogel were studied using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence methods at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NY) and Advanced Photon Source (IL). Elemental maps were produced for each of the tracks and elemental abundances for 156 individual fragments within these tracks were determined. Whole-track elemental abundances were inferred by summing the elemental masses for the fragments in each track and scaling by the ratio of total Fe in the map and total Fe in the fragments. In general, whole-track and terminal-particle abundances are dissimilar. The total Fe masses ranged from 4 to 2200 pg, corresponding to impactors in the size range of 2.7 to 22 μm if Fe abundances are equal to the chondritic value. Systematic variations in element abundance with fragment distance from the aerogel entry point were generally subtle but were pronounced in one track (C2115,19). In this track, Zn/Fe was about three orders of magnitude higher at the top, Cr/Fe was two orders of magnitude higher at the bottom, and S was relatively uniform. Compositional convergence data showed that typically analysis of ~10 fragments was needed to reach convergent whole-track abundance. Zinc was an exception, showing nonconvergent profiles and steps due to the presence of rare, high-Zn fragments. The resulting wholetrack elemental abundances show diverse patterns that are generally chondritic (i.e., within a factor of three of CI abundances) with some exceptions, notably depletions in S and enrichments in the moderately volatile elements Cu, Zn, and Ga. Enrichments in large ion lithophile elements relative to Fe were observed in one track. Correlation matrices showed several strong elemental correlations, notably selenium associated with sulfur (sulfides), a ubiquitous correlation of the first-row transition metals Cr, Mn, and Fe attributed to the presence of pyroxene, and enrichments of gallium associated with calcium, likely affiliated with Mg-Al glass.
The Impact of Voluntary Environmental Disclosure Quality on Firm Value

This study examines the relationship between the quality of a firm's voluntary environmental disclosures and firm value, by exploring the correlation between the components of firm value (cost of capital and expected cash flows) and disclosure quality. Using an innovative index to capture variation in environmental disclosure quality, we document a negative relation between cost of capital component of value and voluntary disclosure quality for firms that operate in environmentally sensitive or electrical industries and a generally positive association between the cash flow component of value and voluntary disclosure quality for firms that operate in environmentally non-sensitive industries. Our study provides a comprehensive rationale for a variety of firms to provide high quality voluntary disclosures, even though the means by which firm value is affected varies across firms. In addition, we document that the venue for the voluntary environmental disclosures (within a stand-alone report or as part of the annual report) significantly affect the relations. Overall, our results suggest a complex inter-relationship between firm value and voluntary disclosure quality; one that requires an understanding of the association between both the cost of capital and cash flows and voluntary disclosures.
Role and Justice Considerations in the Attribution of Responsibility to a Rape Victim.

Abstract This study was designed to assess the extent to which social role and “just world” considerations would affect perceptions and attributions of responsibility to a rape victim. The rape victim was either a topless-bottomless dancer, a social worker, or a Catholic nun, and she was either acquainted or unacquainted with her assailant. In the acquainted condition, the dancer was attributed the greatest and the nun the least amount of responsibility, indicating that social role factors can govern the range of attributional judgments which might be made in any given instance. However, unacquainted victims were ascribed more responsibility for the rape than were acquainted victims, a difference which was significant when the victim was the nun. The latter findings are discussed in terms of Lerner's just world hypothesis. Significant sex differences were found in subjects' perceptions of and responses to the rape incident and, contrary to earlier findings, no relationship was found between victim attractiveness and punitiveness toward the wrongdoer.
Hydrogen plasma etching of pyromeric carbon films

Abstract We report on a study of the etching behavior of amorphous carbon films prepared by the thermal conversion of polyfurfuryl alcohol in a hydrogen plasma. It was demonstrated that the etch rates were sensitive to the heat treatment temperature of the pyrolysis process. Etch rates increased with the gas pressure and the substrate temperature. Scanning electron microscopy revealed regions of anomalously enhanced etching and the formation of mosaic “riverlike” patterns. The enhanced etching is believed to be associated with the internal stress of carbon films.
Wetting and adsorption of ammonia on magnesium oxide

High-resolution volumetric adsorption isotherms of ammonia-on-MgO(100) surfaces have been recorded over the temperature range 160--200 K (using powder prepared by a recently introduced process). Evidence is presented that indicates that multilayer formation is possible at $Tg~173\mathrm{K}$ (at least three layers). We have observed a series of layering transitions including a crossover from incomplete to complete wetting near the triple point of ammonia. The isothermal compressibility and isosteric heat of adsorption are determined. These data are compared with earlier results obtained for ammonia on graphite and used to describe the status of the film with regard to temperature and coverage. The importance of high-quality MgO substrates is discussed and areas for further study using structural methods are mentioned.
Tunable Omnidirectional Resonance in Metal-Insulator-Metal Structures

In this paper, we present a new technique to achieve tunable omnidirectional resonance in planar metallic micro-cavity structures. It is demonstrated numerically with realistic material parameters that by changing the portion of different dielectric layers of sub-wavelength thickness in metal-dielectric-metal structure, the omnidirectional resonance can be tuned to an arbitrary frequency in the optical range. We also demonstrate that the same technique can be also used to realize tunable highpass filter in optical frequency range.
Reduced folate carrier gene (RFC1) expression and anti‐folate resistance in transfected and non‐selected cell lines

Methotrexate transport deficiency due to decreased reduced folate carrier (RFC) activity has been observed in several cell lines selected for resistance to methotrexate (MTX). Since MTX resistance is multifactorial, however, it is difficult to quantify the relative importance of changes in RFC activity in selected cell lines and even more so to determine the relative contribution of naturally occurring RFC activity in the MTX sensitivity of non-selected cell lines. We examined the role of RFC in MTX resistance by studying a transport-deficient cell line transfected with the gene for human RFC, RFC1, and by correlating relative RFC1 expression with MTX and trimetrexate (TMTX) growth inhibition (GI50) in a panel of cell lines used in the NCI Anticancer Drug Screen. Clones of transport-deficient, MTX-resistant ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells (MTXR ZR-75-1) transfected with RFC1 were 250-fold more sensitive to MTX and 300-fold more resistant to TMTX than control cell clones, showing that restoration of RFC activity has a significant impact on MTX and TMTX cytotoxicity. We also surveyed 40 of the 60 cell lines in the NCI drug screen panel for RFC1 RNA levels by a quantitative RT-PCR assay. RFC1 RNA levels varied over a range of 15-fold, with only 1 cell line found to be null in expression. Using data from the 6-day drug exposure assay, RFC1 correlated positively with MTX and negatively with TMTX cytotoxicity. As predicted by transfection studies, the calculated difference between MTX and TMTX potency was even more strongly correlated with RFC1 RNA levels of the cell lines. In addition, compounds in the NCI Anticancer Drug Screen database with cytotoxicity profiles which correlated with RFC1 RNA levels or with the calculated difference in MTX-TMTX potency were examined for MTX uptake inhibition and cytotoxicity in the RFC1-transfected MTXR ZR-75-1 cell line. Overall, our data demonstrate the importance of RFC1 in MTX resistance both as a transgene and as a constitutively expressed gene in non-selected cell lines. Int. J. Cancer 72:184–190, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
Contaminant Generators for Continuous Exposure Inhalation Chambers

Abstract The design of a mist generator for continuous operation for prolonged periods of time with animal inhalation exposure chambers is discussed. Operating tests showed it to be capable of maintaining satisfactory uniform concentrations of aerosol in the exposure chambers with a minimum of attention.
THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF PHAGOCYTOSIS

1. The experiments of Madsen and Watabiki on the effect of temperature on the phagocytosis of bacteria are discussed and a new analysis of their curves is given, showing that the rate of phagocytosis is very nearly a logarithmic function of the temperature from 0 degrees to 35 degrees C.; i.e., Q(10) is constant over that range and is equal to 2.0. 2. New experiments are reported on the effect of temperature on the phagocytosis of quartz and carbon particles of uniform sizes, showing a marked increase in the temperature coefficient below 30 degrees C.
Hospital mergers and closures: survival of rural hospitals.

: There are two major models to save financially failing rural hospitals: (1) expanding through an affiliation or merger with other hospitals to increase the utilization and diversity of services, or (2) downsizing by employing the limited-service model and providing only emergency and primary care service with limited acute care. This study investigates hospital mergers and closures from 1990 to 1992 using the American Hospital Association's (AHA'S) data from the Annual Survey of US. Hospitals. The presence of potential scale and scope economies among merging and closing hospitals prior to the merger or closure suggests that rural hospitals are operating at a size level that has great potential for achieving scope and scale efficiencies through mergers.
Asthma and Related Eosinophilic Infiltrates

Eosinophils were first recognized by Ehrlich1 in 1879 as a distinct type of cell within the peripheral blood characterized by a bilobed nucleus with distinct cytoplasmic granules staining positively with eosin. Eosinophils are thought to have evolved as a major component in the defense against helminth parasites. The dense granules within eosinophils contain substances such as major basic protein, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, peroxidase, cat-ionic protein, and activated oxygen species, which are toxic to helminth parasites.
A profile likelihood method for normal mixture with unequal variance

It is well known that the normal mixture with unequal variance has unbounded likelihood and thus the corresponding global maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) is undeflned. One of the commonly used solutions is to put a constraint on the parameter space so that the likelihood is bounded and then one can run the EM algorithm on this constrained parameter space to flnd the constrained global MLE. However, choosing the constraint parameter is a di‐cult issue and in many cases difierent choices may give difierent constrained global MLE. In this article, we propose a proflle log likelihood method and a graphical way to flnd the maximum interior mode. Based on our proposed method, we can also see how the constraint parameter, used in the constrained EM algorithm, afiects the constrained global MLE. Using two simulation examples and a real data application, we demonstrate the success of our new method in solving the unboundness of the mixture likelihood and locating the maximum interior mode.
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors and ischemic myocardial injury.

Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for cardiovascular events and patient death. Many animal and clinical studies are now being conducted exploring the potential of antidiabetic drugs such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors to improve cardiovascular outcomes. This review summarizes the effect of DPP-IV inhibitors on myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in animal models. The DPP-IV inhibitors prevent the rapid degradation and inactivation of incretins and lead to the accumulation of GLP-1 and other chemokines and cytokines, which appear to have both GLP-1 receptor-dependent and -independent cardioprotective, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Conflicting results, however, have been reported regarding the effect of DPP-IV inhibitors on infarct size in nondiabetic and diabetic animal models. Some studies suggest that DPP-IV inhibitors given as part of preconditioning can decrease infarct size while others found no difference in infarc...
Moral Confidence in Agriculture

Those engaged in agriculture possess a definite but unexamined moral confidence or certainty about the correctness of what they do. This paper examines the origins of that confidence and questions its continued validity. The paper argues that those engaged in agriculture are morally confident about the rightness of their activity. The basis of the moral confidence is not obvious to those who possess it or to the public. In fact, the moral confidence that pervades agricultural practice is potentially harmful because it is unexamined. Suggestions for expanding agriculture's moral scope are made to approach the question of where moral values originate, and what are, or ought to be, the moral standards for agriculture in our post-industrial, information-age society. Part of expanding agriculture's moral scope will be giving up some of our hubris about the goodness of our culture and its agriculture. The paper advocates analysis of what it is about our agriculture and our society that thwarts or limits our aspirations for agriculture and needs modification. We must strive to nourish and strengthen those features of our agriculture that are beneficial and change those that are not. To fit ourselves to this task, we must be sufficiently confident to study ourselves and our institutions and dedicated to the task of modifying both.
Life cycle analysis of an alternative to the haber‐bosch process: Non‐renewable energy usage and global warming potential of liquid ammonia from cyanobacteria

The production of ammonia via the Haber-Bosch process consumes large amounts of fossil fuels and releases large amounts of greenhouse gases. Ammonia has many important applications including fertilizer for crops and for microalgae-derived biofuel systems. Aquatic cyanobacteria fix nitrogen from the air and have been mass-cultured for many uses. This study analyzes, on a life cycle basis, a process to culture the cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047, in open ponds; harvest the biomass and exopolysaccharides and convert these to biogas; strip and convert the ammonia from the biogas residue to ammonium sulfate; dry the ammonium sulfate solution to ammonium sulfate crystals; transport the ammonium sulfate and convert it to liquid ammonia and concentrated sulfuric acid. When compared to the ammonia produced via the Haber-Bosch process, savings of about 1.0 × 105 MJ of non-renewable energy and 3100 kg CO2 equivalent of global warming potential per 1000 kg of liquid ammonia might be possible. The results are robust and are not sensitive to the model parameters. The proposed system, if implemented, might have a significant impact on many important global issues such as global warming, fossil fuel depletion, and food security. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 618–624, 2014
Source apportionment of fine organic aerosol in Mexico City during the MILAGRO experiment 2006

Organic carbon (OC) comprises a large fraction of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) in Mexico City. Daily and select 12-h PM 2.5 samples were collected in urban and peripheral sites in Mexico City from 17–30 March 2006. Samples were analyzed for OC and elemental carbon (EC) using thermal-optical filter-based methods. Real-time water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) was collected at the peripheral site. Organic compounds, particularly molecular markers, were quantified by soxhlet extraction with methanol and dichloromethane, derivitization, and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GCMS). A chemical mass balance model (CMB) based on molecular marker species was used to determine the relative contribution of major sources to ambient OC. Motor vehicles, including diesel and gasoline, consistently accounted for 49% of OC in the urban area and 32% on the periphery. The daily contribution of biomass burning to OC was highly variable, and ranged from 5–26% at the urban site and 7–39% at the peripheral site. The remaining OC unapportioned to primary sources showed a strong correlation with WSOC and was considered to be secondary in nature. Comparison of temporally resolved OC showed that contributions from primary aerosol sources during daylight hours were not significantly different from nighttime. This study provides quantitative understanding of the important sources of OC during the MILAGRO 2006 field campaign.
FROM MOLECULAR TO MOLAR: A PARADIGM SHIFT IN BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS

A paradigm clash is occurring within behavior analysis. In the older paradigm, the molecular view, behavior consists of momentary or discrete responses that constitute instances of classes. Variation in response rate reflects variation in the strength or probability of the response class. The newer paradigm, the molar view, sees behavior as composed of activities that take up varying amounts of time. Whereas the molecular view takes response rate and choice to be "derived" measures and hence abstractions, the molar view takes response rate and choice to be concrete temporally extended behavioral allocations and regards momentary "responses" as abstractions. Research findings that point to variation in tempo, asymmetry in concurrent performance, and paradoxical resistance to change are readily interpretable when seen in the light of reinforcement and stimulus control of extended behavioral allocations or activities. Seen in the light of the ontological distinction between classes and individuals, extended behavioral allocations, like species in evolutionary taxonomy, constitute individuals, entities that change without changing their identity. Seeing allocations as individuals implies that less extended activities constitute parts of larger wholes rather than instances of classes. Both laboratory research and everyday behavior are explained plausibly in the light of concrete extended activities and their nesting. The molecular- view, because it requires discrete responses and contiguous events, relies on hypothetical stimuli and consequences to account for the same phenomena. One may prefer the molar view on grounds of elegance, integrative power, and plausibility.
Additional observations on the sporozoite transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to monkeys.

Saimiri boliviensis monkeys were infected by the intravenous injection of 50 sporozoites of the H strain of Plasmodium knowlesi dissected from the salivary glands of Anopheles dirus mosquitoes; prepatent periods were 11, 12, 13, 13, 13, and 16 days. Sporozoites of P. knowlesi stored frozen for 7 days, 53 days, 20 mo, 7 yr and 7 mo, and 11 yr and 5 mo induced infections in Macaca mulatta monkeys with prepatent periods of 7, 6, 8, 10, and 7 days, respectively. After frozen storage for 11 yr and 5 mo, infections were induced in S. boliviensis with prepatent periods of 10–13 days.
Images in cardiovascular medicine. ST-segment elevation resulting from hyperkalemia.

A 20-year-old man with a history of type 1 diabetes mellitus presented to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain of 8 hours’ duration. Diabetic ketoacidosis was diagnosed based on a glucose of 68.8 mmol/L (1240 mg/dL), bicarbonate of 5 mmol/L, pH of 6.92, and a positive urine dipstick for ketones. Serum potassium measured 9.4 mmol/L. An ECG …