cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium in the Louisiana heron (Hydranassa tricolor) and the cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis)

Lead and cadmium concentrations in the tissues and stomach contents of several age classes of Louisiana herons (Hydranassa tricolor) and cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) from the Galveston Bay region of Texas were measured, and levels of exposure and the rates of accumulation by these species were compared. Statistical analyses showed no differences in the rates and patterns of accumulation of these metals between these species; however, tissue and age class were both significant variables. Lead concentrations were highest in the bone of adult birds, while cadmium was highest in the adult kidney. Although these birds feed in different habitats, analyses of metal content in their food items showed similar rates of exposure. We note an important distinction between biomagnification and ontogenetic accumulation in studies which seek to estimate the importance of trophic position on risk of exposure to heavy metals.
High-Density Lipoprotein Loses Its Anti-Inflammatory Properties During Acute Influenza A Infection

Background—Viruses have been identified as one of a variety of potential agents that are implicated in atherogenesis. Methods and Results—C57BL/6J mice were killed before or 2, 3, 5, 7, or 9 days after intranasal infection with 105 plaque-forming units (pfu) of Influenza A strain WSN/33. Peak infectivity in lungs was reached by 72 hours, and it returned to baseline by 9 days. No viremia was observed at any time. The activities of paraoxonase and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in HDL decreased after infection and reached their lowest levels 7 days after inoculation. The ability of HDL from infected mice to inhibit LDL oxidation and LDL-induced monocyte chemotactic activity in human artery wall cell cocultures decreased with time after inoculation. Moreover, as the infection progressed, LDL more readily induced monocyte chemotaxis. Peak interleukin-6 and serum amyloid A plasma levels were observed at 2 and 7 days after inoculation. HDL apoA-I levels did not change. ApoJ and ceruloplasmin levels ...
Wafer-scale 3D integration of InGaAs photodiode arrays with Si readout circuits by oxide bonding and through-oxide vias

A new wafer-scale three dimensional (3D) integration technique, originally developed for Si, is applied to hybridize InP-based photodiode arrays with Si readout circuits. The infrared (IR) photodiodes consisted of an InGaAs absorption layer grown on the InP substrate and were fabricated in the same processing line as silicon-on-insulator (SOI) readout circuits to allow 3D integration in the Si fabrication facility. The finished 150-mm-diameter InP wafer was directly bonded to the SOI wafer and interconnected to the Si readout circuits by through-oxide vias (TOV). A 32x32 array with 6-@mm pixel size was demonstrated. The 3D integration of InP with Si wafers achieved the smallest pixel size, which is less than a half of that can be achieved using conventional flip-chip bump bonding technique.
Thousands of on-line observers is just the beginning

ABSTRACT Web-based or on-line experiments are still a relatively new rese arch topic. Laboratory or highly controlled experiments are, for many reasons, the preferred methodology for visual experiments. However recent experiments suggest that on-line experiments have some unique properties and advantages that may in some cases outweigh or offset their disadvantages. This paper will consider on-line experiments from both a general and a narrow perspective. Specifically a range of specific experiments, and on-line tools, will be considered from a broad vantage and possible themes or considerations for these experiments will be considered. Keywords: visual experiments, web-based tools, distributed tasks, on-line experiments Since the beginning, it was the same. The only difference, the crowds are bigger now. Elvis Presley 1. INTRODUCTION What is an on-line observer? In the context of this paper an on-line observer is an experime ntal participant that uses a communications network to provide data. This paper will be limited to visual tasks using some form of display but certainly the general principles discussed will apply to other modalities, such as audio. The thousands listed in the title is a direct reference to one of the primary advantages of usin g a communication network, such as the internet, to conduct experiments: the potential for a much larger number of observers. However in the case of online experiments it not just about how many observers  other factors are relevant.
Are some mutations directed

A fundamental tenet of modern genetics is that mutations occur spontaneously, without regard to their effects on the organism's fitness. However, several authors have recently published evidence that suggests that the bacterium E. coli can respond to novel environmental conditions by inducing or directing specifically those mutations that enhance fitness in such environments. These claims of directed mutation have been met with alternative explanations for the reported observations.
Managing diversity: Impact of religion in the Indian workplace

Abstract Religious diversity in India stems from centuries of foreign traders and invaders ranging from the Mongols to the Mughals, French and British who came with their faiths. Religious diversity has created much political conflict and bloodshed in society at large (e.g. the recent blasts in Mumbai), but many differences have been reconciled in the workplace over time. MNCs seeking to engage in the Indian economy are attracted by the intellectual capital of this diverse nation. I examine the presence of religion in the Indian workplace through cultural values, beliefs and management practices and their impact on IHRM practices in managing diversity.
MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION IN SKOROHOD STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Consistency and limit distribution of the maximum likelihood estimator of a parameter in the drift coefficient of an anticipative Skorohod stochastic differential equation satisfying a boundary condition are obtained based on n independent trajectories of the corresponding Skorohod diffusion inside a time interval [0, T] as n → oo. The results are illustrated for the anticipative Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process.
Optimum error detection codes for noiseless decision feedback

Iterative error-detection codes are applied to a decision-feedback communication system employing a noisy binary-symmetric forward channel and a noise-free feedback channel. The optimum (maximum information rate) code is shown to be one in which only a single parity check is made at each stage of the iteration. This code is referred to as the SPC code. For this code, the probability of an undetected error P_M tends to zero algebraically, rather than exponentially, with block length. However, the complexity of the necessary decoder grows only as log \log 1/P_M , a drastic improvement over the \log 1/P_M growth encountered in error-correction systems. The behavior of the SPC code under a memory (blocklength) constraint is also investigated, and the optimum length of each stage of the iteration is determined. The results have considerable practical import--modest memory size can be used with little adverse effect on information rate and with very small probability of undetected error. The over-all performance of the SPC code and decision feedback system is considered when the binary symmetric forward channel is imbedded in an additive Gaussian channel. The Gaussian channel bandwidth that maximizes information rate in bits per second is determined, under the constraint of iow error probability, and the efficiency of the code (ratio of information rate to infinite-bandwidth Gaussian channel capacity) is found to be 27 per cent, two or three times the efficiency obtainable with single-stage error-detection-only codes. Plots are provided of the variation in rate of specific SPC codes when the Gaussian channel is subject to slow fades.
Capacity Analysis of Multiple Antenna Systems with Mismatched Channel Quantization Schemes

We consider in this paper the analysis of transmit beamforming methods in multiple antenna systems with finite-rate feedback of the channel state information. We focus our attention on providing capacity analysis of a quantized MISO system over correlated fading channels with sub-optimal and mismatched channel quantizers. Two types of mismatched quantizers are investigated, which include: 1) quantizers designed with simple suboptimal criterion, and 2) quantizers whose codebooks are designed with a mismatched channel covariance matrix. We approach this problem from a source coding perspective by formulating the quantized MISO system as a general vector quantization problem with encoder side information, constrained quantization space and non-mean-squared distortion function. By utilizing the high-resolution distortion analysis of the generalized quantizer, we obtain tight lower bounds of the capacity loss of a quantized MISO system with both optimal and mismatched channel quantizers. Theoretical as well as empirical results reveal significant performance degradation of the mismatched quantizers when compared to the optimal channel quantizers. This elucidates the importance of choosing proper codebook design criterion and using correct source statistical distributions.
Numerical examination of the dual-mode sorption model for sorption rate experiments with an extension for a mobile langmuir component

Numerical methods were applied to the dual-mode sorption model for sorption rate experiments with an immobilized Langmuir component over broad ranges of polymer characteristics and experimental conditions. The variation of the diffusion coefficient evaluated using a single scaling procedure was examined. The numerical procedure was also applied to the model for infinite volume sorption and to sorption allowing for mobility of the Langmuir component of the penetrant.
Direct Injection High Efficiency Nebulization in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Under Cool and Normal Plasma Conditions

The direct injection high efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN) was investigated for application to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) with a cool plasma. Elements are organized into three categories based on their performance in the cool and normal plasma. Sensitivity, precision, and detection limits are presented for elements (39K, 40Ca, and 56Fe) that suffer from mass spectral interferences (38ArH+, 40Ar+, and 40Ar16O+) derived from the plasma gas. Figures of merit are also reported for a group of elements that are suitable for analysis using either the cool or normal plasma condition. In a departure from previous published accounts, however, a group of elements is investigated that is suitable for analysis in the cool plasma only by measurement of the metal oxide ion because the sensitivity and precision of the atomic ion are inferior to those obtained for the metal oxide ion. The sensitivity and precision obtained for these molecular species are comparable to those obtained for the atomic ions of elements that are suitable for analysis using the cool plasma. Calibration curves for the metal oxide signal as a function of the metal concentration in the cool plasma are linear over six orders of magnitude, covering the concentration range from 1 ppt to 1 ppm. Nerve tonic tablets that contain Na, Mg, K, Ca, and Fe in unspecified amounts were analyzed under cool plasma conditions.
A Review of: “Pete Simi and Robert Futrell. American Swastika: Inside the White Power Movement's Hidden Spaces of Hate.”

Since 9/11, law enforcement has focused its energies on external terror threats and given less attention to the homegrown dangers posed by white power groups. Despite various setbacks, these groups...
Comment on "Changes of Reporting Rates in the Southern California Earthquake Catalog, Introduced by a New Definition of ML" by Thessa Tormann, Stefan Wiemer, and Egill Hauksson

Abstract Earthquake catalogs can be inhomogeneous because of changes in the definition of earthquake magnitude. Provided that a sufficient number of events have magnitudes defined in more than one system, it is possible to apply a Monte Carlo method to the observed joint distribution to convert sets of magnitudes from one system to another, improving any statistical analysis of the catalog. I demonstrate the method for the southern California catalog, in which the definition of local magnitude has recently been changed. Monte Carlo magnitude mapping appears to eliminate temporal changes that are otherwise present.
Wife-Battering: A theoretical construct and case report

Abstract A theoretical construct—prostrate-detonate-dominate-ingratiate—is presented to explain the development and maintenance of wife-battering. The construct is tied to research evidence and, along with clinical observations, is used to help develop a rationale for the type of therapy deemed most likely to be effective with wife-batterers. Group marital Relationship Enhancement, a method that fits this rationale, was chosen for trial with battering husbands and their wives. A case report on this group, including follow-up, is presented.
An experimental multifaceted traumatic brain injury model

Study objectives: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers an inflammatory cascade that results in increased blood-brain barrier permeability, edema, and infiltration of leukocytes leading to neuronal cell death. The fluid percussion head injury (FPI) model will be used to reproduce TBI in the rat to follow biochemical, histologic, and behavioral changes and to test new drugs with beneficial therapeutic effects. Methods: Wistar rats (250- to 300-g body weight) were anesthetized with halothane, and a 4-mm craniotomy was done on the right parietal cortex. A 2-mm female union bolt was cemented to the skull, and animals were left to recover for 24 hours before the FPI (3 atm, 100-ms duration). Animals were left for different periods, up to 7 days with food and water ad libitum. Blood-brain barrier permeability was evaluated at 24, 48, and 72 hours after FPI by measuring Evans Blue dye extravasation. Neurologic scoring of motor skills was evaluated with the Rotating Pole test and the Ladder climb test. Immunohistochemistry performed with paraffin embedded 10-μm sections using terminal deoxynucleotide transferase–mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) staining in the core region. Results: The level of Evans Blue recovered from the damaged (right) hemisphere was increased 3.9- and 5.0-fold at 24 and 48 hours, respectively, whereas in the contralateral hemisphere, these values were 3.3- and 2.4-fold, indicating a lower, although significant, alteration of the blood-brain barrier and a faster recovery than in the damaged site. Rotating pole results demonstrate that the TBI model produces significant motor function impairment compared with control and sham groups. Histologic examination by TUNEL 48 hours after trauma showed the area of apoptotic cell death, and by 7 days reactive gliosis was detected with GFAP in the FPI area. All studies were done in parallel in sham control animals. Conclusion: This model having been validated, studies are currently under way to investigate new neuroprotective compounds used for the treatment of the devastating effects of TBI in human beings.
Scalable Node-Level Computation Kernels for Parallel Exact Inference

In this paper, we investigate data parallelism in exact inference with respect to arbitrary junction trees. Exact inference is a key problem in exploring probabilistic graphical models, where the computation complexity increases dramatically with clique width and the number of states of random variables. We study potential table representation and scalable algorithms for node-level primitives. Based on such node-level primitives, we propose computation kernels for evidence collection and evidence distribution. A data parallel algorithm for exact inference is presented using the proposed computation kernels. We analyze the scalability of node-level primitives, computation kernels, and the exact inference algorithm using the coarse-grained multicomputer (CGM) model. According to the analysis, we achieve O(Ndcwc Pij=1 wc rC,j/P) local computation time and O(N) global communication rounds using P processors, 1 les P les maxc PiPij1 wc rC,j, where N is the number of cliques in the junction tree; dc is the clique degree; rC,j is the number of states of the jth random variable in C; wc is the clique width; and ws is the separator width. We implemented the proposed algorithm on state-of-the-art clusters. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm exhibits almost linear scalability over a wide range.
Reductive dechlorination of TCE by zero valent bimetals.

Abstract Six zero valent bimetal combinations were tested for trichloroethene (TCE) dechlorination. Palladium, nickel, and copper were coated at 500 mg kg‐1 or less onto zero valent iron, producing Pd/Fe, Ni/Fe, and Cu/Fe bimetals, and zinc, producing Pd/Zn, Ni/Zn, and Cu/Zn bimetals. The order of reactivity of the six bimetals and two metals based on surface area normalized pseudo first order rate constants was observed to be: Pd/Fe >Pd/Zn > Ni/Fe > Cu/Fe > Ni/Zn > Cu/Zn > Fe > Zn. Thus, in general, 1) iron metal and bimetals exhibit faster reaction rates than the corresponding zinc reductants, 2) bimetals exhibit faster reaction rates than pure metals, and 3) metal coating enhance reactivity in the order of Pd > Ni > Cu. Chlorinated intermediate products were observed in small amounts for Fe only. In all cases, the chloride balance, calculated from TCE and chloride concentrations, ranged from 90 to 111%. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of bimetal combinations on catalytic dechlorinatio...
Cooperative control of Akt phosphorylation, bcl-2 expression, and apoptosis by cytoskeletal microfilaments and microtubules in capillary endothelial cells.

Capillary endothelial cells can be switched between growth and apoptosis by modulating their shape with the use of micropatterned adhesive islands. The present study was carried out to examine whether cytoskeletal filaments contribute to this response. Disruption of microfilaments or microtubules with the use of cytochalasin D or nocodazole, respectively, led to levels of apoptosis in capillary cells equivalent to that previously demonstrated by inducing cell rounding with the use of micropatterned culture surfaces containing small (<20 μm in diameter) circular adhesive islands coated with fibronectin. Simultaneous disruption of microfilaments and microtubules led to more pronounced cell rounding and to enhanced levels of apoptosis approaching that observed during anoikis in fully detached (suspended) cells, indicating that these two cytoskeletal filament systems can cooperate to promote cell survival. Western blot analysis revealed that the protein kinase Akt, which is known to be critical for control of cell survival became dephosphorylated during cell rounding induced by disruption of the cytoskeleton, and that this was accompanied by a decrease in bcl-2 expression as well as a subsequent increase in caspase activation. This ability of the cytoskeleton to control capillary endothelial cell survival may be important for understanding the relationship among extracellular matrix turnover, cell shape changes, and apoptosis during angiogenesis inhibition.
Effect of Non-Alignment/Alignment of Attenuation Map Without/With Emission Motion Correction in Cardiac SPECT/CT

Purpose: We investigate the differences without/with respiratory motion correction in apparent imaging agent localization induced in reconstructed emission images when the attenuation maps used for attenuation correction (from CT) are misaligned with the patient anatomy during emission imaging due to differences in respiratory state. Methods: We investigated use of attenuation maps acquired at different states of a 2 cm amplitude respiratory cycle (at end-expiration, at end-inspiration, the center map, the average transmission map, and a large breath-hold beyond range of respiration during emission imaging) to correct for attenuation in MLEM reconstruction for several anatomical variants of the NCAT phantom which included both with and without non-rigid motion between heart and sub-diaphragmatic regions (such as liver, kidneys etc). We tested these cases with and without emission motion correction and attenuation map alignment/non-alignment. Results: For the NCAT default male anatomy the false count-reduction due to breathing was largely removed upon emission motion correction for the large majority of the cases. Exceptions (for the default male) were for the cases when using the large-breathhold end-inspiration map (TI_EXT), when we used the end-expiration (TE) map, and to a smaller extent, the end-inspiration map (TI). However moving the attenuation maps rigidly to align the heart region, reduced the remaining count-reduction artifacts. For the female patient count-reduction remained post motion correction using rigid map-alignment due to the breast soft-tissue misalignment. Quantitatively, after the transmission (rigid) alignment correction, the polar-map 17-segment RMS error with respect to the reference (motion-less case) reduced by 46.5% on average for the extreme breathhold case. The reductions were 40.8% for end-expiration map and 31.9% for end-inspiration cases on the average, comparable to the semi-ideal case where each state uses its own attenuation map for correction. Conclusions: Two main conclusions are that even rigid emission motion correction to rigidly align the heart region to the attenuation map helps in average cases to reduce the count-reduction artifacts and secondly, within the limits of the study (ex. rigid correction) when there is lung tissue inferior to the heart as with the NCAT phantom employed in this study end-expiration maps (TE) might best be avoided as they may create more artifacts than the end-inspiration (TI) maps.
A Cognitive Processing Model of Information Source Use and Stereotyping: African-American Stereotypes in South Korea

This study proposes a cognitive processing model to explain that stereotypes are the result of a two-way interaction between receiver evaluation of the valence of accessed information from the media, and receiver evaluation of the realism and believability of the information. This model is applied to analyze American media use and stereotyping of African-Americans among 378 high school students in South Korea. Findings partially support the proposed model: positive media portrayals perceived to be real and believable result in positive stereotyping, while negative media portrayals perceived to be real and believable result in negative stereotyping. Respondents perceived that messages disseminated by the American media were somewhat realistic and believable, and that American media portray African-Americans negatively.
Response of Fission Yeast to Toxic Cations Involves Cooperative Action of the Stress-Activated Protein Kinase Spc1/Sty1 and the Hal4 Protein Kinase

Stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), members of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) subfamily, are highly conserved among eukaryotes. Studies of yeasts demonstrated that SAPKs play pivotal roles in survival responses to high osmolarity, oxidative stress, and heat shock. Here we report a novel physiological role of the fission yeast Spc1 SAPK in cellular resistance to certain cations, such as Na+, Li+, and Ca2+. Strains lacking Spc1 or its activator, Wis1 MAPK kinase, are hypersensitive to these cations. Spc1 positively regulates expression of sod2+ encoding a Na+/H+ antiporter through Atf1 and other transcription factors. In addition, we have identified a novel Spc1-interacting protein, Hal4, which is highly homologous to the budding yeast Sat4/Hal4 protein kinase. Like its budding yeast counterpart, the fission yeast Hal4 kinase is essential for cellular resistance to Na+, Li+, and Ca2+. The hal4-null phenotype is complemented by overexpression of the Trk1 potassium transporter or increased K+ in the growth medium, suggesting that Hal4 promotes K+ uptake, which consequently increases cellular resistance to other cations. Interestingly, the Spc1-Hal4 interaction appears to be required for cellular resistance to Ca2+ but not Na+ and Li+. We propose that Spc1 SAPK and Hal4 kinase cooperatively function to protect cells from the toxic cations.
Dispositional optimism and outcome following traumatic brain injury.

Objective: Despite vast literature examining the predictors of patient outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI), the complicated relationship between personality and psychological, cognitive and functional outcomes remains poorly understood. The present study examined the relationship between the personality trait of dispositional optimism (DO) and outcome after moderate and severe TBI in the context of a proposed theoretical model. Methods: Forty-five individuals who had sustained moderate-to-severe TBI were recruited through mailings and completed the Symptom Checklist Questionnaire-90 Revised (SCL-90-R), the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS), the Craig Handicap Assessment Reporting Technique (CHART) and the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). Analyses were conducted to test a model predicting the relationship between personality and patient outcome after TBI. Results: DO was significantly correlated with psychological distress, but did not predict functional outcome. In addition, two significant mediating relationships were demonstrated: (1) psychological distress was shown to mediate the relationship between dispositional optimism and cognitive ability and (2) cognitive ability mediated the relationship between psychological distress and functional outcome. Conclusion: These findings illustrate that higher levels of DO in individuals sustaining moderate-to-severe TBI are related to better psychological functioning which in turn predicts improved cognitive and functional outcomes.
ACCURACY OF HOURLY AIR TEMPERATURES CALCULATED FROM DAILY MINIMA AND MAXIMA

Reicosky, D.C., Winkelman, L.J., Baker, J.M. and Baker, D.G., 1989. Accuracy of hourly air temperatures calculated from daily minima and maxima. Agric. For. Meteorol., 46: 193-209. Temperature is one of the critical variables that drives biological systems and is of fundamental importance in crop growth models. The objective of this work was to determine the accuracy of several methods for calculating hourly air temperatures from daily maxima and minima. Methods that have as inputs daily minimum and maximum temperature were selected from the literature based on their use in existing growth models and simplicity. Four years of hourly air temperature data collected during the growing season at 2 m over well-watered grass were used to test the various methods. Six days from each growing season were randomly selected for detailed analysis, and an additional 9 days were selected to cover a range of daily maximum temperatures and solar radiation. The absolute mean error within a 24-h period ranged from 0.5 to 9.3 ° C for the 6 randomly selected days for all 4 years of the data. All methods worked reasonably well on clear days but with limited success on overcast days. Daily maximum temperature did not appear to affect the accuracy of any of the methods. If accurate timing of temperature input to models is critical, the results indicate direct measurement of hourly temperature may be necessary.
TREM-2 Binds to Lipooligosaccharides of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and is Expressed on Reproductive Tract Epithelial Cells

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) is an innate immune receptor that initiates cellular activation upon ligation. In this study, we examined the interaction of TREM-2 with Neisseria gonorrhoeae using murine TREM-2A, as it has been reported to recognize bacterial ligands. Using a whole-bacteria enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), TREM-2A bound to all six strains in variable degrees. Far-western blots of gonococcal outer membranes revealed TREM-2A binding to lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and opacity (Opa) protein, with predominant binding to LOS. Binding of TREM-2A to LOS was confirmed by ELISA and surface plasmon resonance. O-deacylation of the lipid A significantly reduced binding. Flow cytometry and reporter cell assays showed that gonococci bound to TREM-2A-transfected cells and induced transmembrane signaling. In humans, TREM-2 was constitutively expressed by genitourinary and fallopian tube epithelial cells, both of which are primary targets of gonococcal invasion. Ligation of TREM-2 by LOS induced interleukin-6 production in HeLa cervical carcinoma cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the expression of human TREM-2 by cells deriving from a non-myeloid lineage. We conclude that gonococci can interact with TREM-2 receptors through binding to LOS and Opa protein and initiate cell signaling and cytokine production.
Northern Forest (C): The Environmentalists' Views

This case series (see also the A [UVA-OM-1107], B [UVA-OM-1110], D [UVA- OM-1112], E [UVA-OM-1113], F [UVA-OM-1156], and G [UVA-OM-1158] cases) focuses students on the boom-and-bust behaviors in the Northern Forest sawmill industry. Stakeholders, from landowners to sawmill owners to government officials to environmentalists, all want to make sure that the overall demand for saw logs, as driven by sawmill capacity, does not exceed the rate at which the trees are growing. They do not want sawmill demand to overshoot the productive capacity of the forest resource, a classic problem in renewable-resource economies that the region had experienced approximately a century earlier. Students are called upon to use system-thinking skills (analysis of reference modes of behaviors, causal-loop mapping, and stock-flow mapping) in creating their causal hypotheses of the underlying system structure. Students are asked to design system-structure policies to help sustain both the industry and the natural resources of the region. The C case describes the roles and views of environmental activists and nonprofit organizations of the Northern Forest. You, the student, advocate for the health of the forest ecosystems, which include the plants, animals, soil, air, and water. You also care about the connections between people and the forest (e.g., recreational opportunities, vital local forest-connected communities).
An artifactual prolongation of the kaolin partial thromboplastin time in hypofibrinogenemia, using the fibrometer.

A patient was reported to have a kaolin-partial thromboplastin time (kaolin-PTT) greater than 300 sec. performed on the Fibrometer. On re-examination, the kaolin-PTT test was found to be normal when the hook was used to detect the endpoint, but incoagulable with the Fibrometer. The artifact was caused by a decreased plasma fibrinogen level.
Parathyroid Hormone: Part I: Measurement and Clinical Use

The biochemistry, metabolism, and pathophysiology of parathyroid hormone (PTH) are sufficiently well understood to logically explain most clinical disorders involving parathyroid gland function and calcium metabolism. Early measurements of PTH used radioimmunoassays that detected various circulating fragments of PTH; these assays correlated poorly with one another and often gave results that conflicted clinically. Now, with the advent of two-site immunometric PTH assays, analytical performance has been improved markedly and clinical discrimination among PTH disorders has been uniformly accurate. Recent advances in the measurement of PTH have focused on improving analytical sensitivity, building automated systems, and providing rapid PTH results during surgical procedures on the parathyroid glands. This is the first article of a two-part series on PTH. The second part will describe our evaluation of two intact PTH assays and our implementation of one of these in our clinical service laboratory.
Supply Chain Coordination Based on Revenue Sharing Contract in B2B e-Markets with Trade Credit Financing

Considering the effects of trade credit financing on supplier and retailer target profits respectively and total profits of supply chain,and starting from the traditional market,the effect of revenue sharing mechanism based on trade credit for supply chain coordination and distributing the profit w as analyzed. The model of e-market revenue sharing contract coordination based on trade credit w as developed and the optimal contract parameters for rational allocation of income w ere derived. Considering the impact that credit period imposed on optimal parameters,by comparing the coordination mechanism in traditional market and e-market,sufficient conditions w ere got for supply chain members to enter e-markets and to realize the rational allocation of income. Finally, the conclusions w ere illustrated by a numerical example.
When good services go wild: reassembling web services for unintended purposes

The rich nature of modern Web services and the emerging "mash-up" programming model, make it difficult to predict the potential interactions and usage scenarios that can emerge. Moreover, while the potential security implications for individual client browsers have been widely internalized (e.g., XSS, CSRF, etc.) there is less appreciation of the risks posed in the other direction-- of user abuse on Web service providers. In particular, we argue that Web services and pieces of services can be easily combined to create entirely new capabilities that may themselves be at odds with the security policies that providers (or the Internet community at large) desire to enforce. As a proof-of-concept we demonstrate a fully-functioning Web proxy service called CloudProxy. Constructed entirely out of pieces of unrelated Google and Facebook functionality, CloudProxy effectively launders a user's connection through these provider's resources.
The role of Na plus -K plus -activated, ouabain-sensitive ATPase in the response of Artemia salina L. to salinity changes.

Abstract Brine shrimp, Artemia salina , were reared from the nauplius stage in artificial brine solutions of 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400% sea water strength. The activity of Na-K activated ouabain-sensitive, ATPase in the animals reared in the most saline environments was five times as great as in those reared in the most dilute medium. Ouabain produced a greater increase in mortality in Artemia reared in more saline environments.
Phospholipid Metabolism of Rat Gastric Mucosa

Phospholipids of rat gastric mucosa comprised about 30% of the total extractable lipidsl phosphatidylcholine (PC) constitutes about half of the phospholipids. Disaturated (dipalmitoyl)-PC made up about 31% of the PC species, a concentration comparable to that reported for lung tissue. Gastric mucosa exhibited three distinguishable phospholipid deacylating enzyme activites; lysophospholipase, phospholipase A1 and phospholipase A2 and an acylase activity owing to a lysophospholipase-transacylase enzyme complex. The lysophospholipase hydrolyzed 1-palmitoyl lyso-PC to free fatty acid and glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC). This enzyme had an optimum pH of 8.0, was heat labile, did not require Ca2+ for maximum activity and was not inhibited by bile salts or buffers of high ionic strength. Phospholipase A2 and phospholipase A1 deacylated dipalmitoy1-PC to the corresponding lyso compound and free fatty acid. The specific activity of phospholipase A2 was 2-4-fold higher than that of phospholipase A1 under all the conditions tested. Both activities were enhanced 4-7.5-fold in the presence of bile salts at alkaline pH and 11-18-fold at acidic pH. Phospholipase A2 hydrolyzed diarachidonyl-PC>PC-18:2>>PC-18:1>PC-16:0. No phospholipase C or D activities were detected with dipalmitoyl1-PC as substrate. The lysophospholipase-transacylase enzyme comples displayed both a lysophospholipase and a transacylase activity. The transacylase converted, stoichiometrically, 2 moles of 1-palmitoyl1 lyso-PC to one mole each of dipalmitoyl-PC and GPC in the absence of ATP, CoA, fatty acids, bile salts or detergents. The transacylase-lyso-phospholipase activities were both located in the cytosol fraction and were associated at a constant ratio through-out several purification steps, including the isoelectrofocusing procedure.
An Outline of the Theory: English Phonology

At the heart of Lexical Phonology (as stated in the previous chapter), is the idea that a subset of phonological rule applications takes place in the lexicon, in tandem with the morphological operations, and another subset takes place postlexically. The output of phonological operations may undergo morphological operations, and may then undergo further phonological operations.
An analysis of the hospitals of Sultan Suleyman and Hurrem: Two different approaches to healthcare in sixteenth-century Ottoman Empire.

This study concentrates on two monumental Ottoman pious endowments, each with a major component devoted to healing. The first is the hospital of the Haseki Mosque Complex built by the wife of Sulta...
Structural and functional synthetic model of mono-iron hydrogenase featuring an anthracene scaffold

Mono-iron hydrogenase promotes the heterolytic cleavage of H2 and subsequent hydride transfer to its organic substrate, H4MPT+, which serves as a CO2 ‘carrier’ in methanogenic pathways. Now, using an anthracene-scaffold-based approach, a synthetic model featuring enzyme-like Fe-C,N,S facial coordination has been developed. The model complex enables the bidirectional activity of H2 activation and evolution.
Genomics of Brain Aging: Twin Studies

Twin sibling research provides a unique perspective on the etiology of brain aging. Cognitive aging studies in twins support genetic and person-specific environmental influences. With the exception of memory, genetic influences decrease with age, and person-specific environmental influences increase in importance. Furthermore, twin studies suggest that particular forms of dementia are more heritable than others (i.e., Alzheimer’s disease vs. vascular dementia). Studies of discordant twins suggest that dementia risk might be altered through environmental pathways in early adulthood; the extent to which particular genes modify risk or benefits of potential environments is less understood, from a twin perspective, to date. Uncovering the etiology of aging-related characteristics and diseases presents a challenge. Family pedigree studies may prove less profitable to establish genetic factors for late-emerging traits if family members in earlier generations died prematurely or from competing causes, particularly those since eradicated by public health advances. Twin sibling designs are an ideal model to study cognitive decline and dementia, as twins are age-matched. In this article, the advantages of twin designs are described, followed by research findings illustrating the importance of both genetic and unique environmental factors in brain aging traits.
Assessment of the July effect in post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: Nationwide Inpatient Sample

Assessment of the July effect in post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: Nationwide Inpatient Sample
Does Contextualized Attitude Change Depend on Individual Differences in Responses to Belief-Incongruent Information?

Abstract Previous research has shown that changes in the evaluation of an attitude object can be limited to the context in which counterattitudinal information was learned. To account for these findings, it has been proposed that exposure to expectancy-violating information enhances attention to context, which leads to an integration of the context into the representation of expectancy-violating counterattitudinal information. Although a considerable body of evidence supports these assumptions, it is still unclear whether contextualized attitude change is a general phenomenon that is robust across individuals or instead depends on psychological characteristics of the perceiver. To address this question, the current research tested whether contextualized attitude change is moderated by three individual difference variables that are known to influence responses to belief-incongruent information: preference for consistency, need for structure, and implicit theories of personality. Based on the hypothesis that contextualized attitude change is due to enhanced attention to context during encoding of expectancy-violating information, we hypothesized that individual differences along the three dimensions should moderate contextualized attitude change via differences in attention to context in response to expectancy-violating information. Contrary to this hypothesis, none of the three variables moderated contextualized attitude change (Experiments 1 and 2) and attention to context during exposure to expectancy-violating information (Experiment 3). Implications for the generality of contextualized attitude change, research on the three individual difference variables, and cognitive consistency more broadly are discussed.
Beyond risk-based access control: towards incentive-based access control

In recent years, risk-based access control has been proposed as an alternative to traditional rigid access control models such as multi-level security and role-based access control. While these approaches make the risks associated with exceptional access accountable and encourage the users to take low-risk actions, they also create the disincentives for seeking necessary risky accesses. We introduce novel incentive mechanism based on Contract Theory. Another benefit of our approach is avoiding accurate estimate of the risk associated with each access. We demonstrate that Nash Equilibria can be achieved in which the user's optimal strategy is performing the risk-mitigation efforts to minimize her organization's risk, and conduct human-subject studies to empirically confirm the theoretical results.
Intensity Fluctuation Techniques in Light Scattering

During the last decade, the field of light scattering spectroscopy has experienced remarkable growth due to the availability of laser sources, and the introduction of “light beating” or “intensity fluctuation” spectroscopy.
The Class System

The Jackson Iron Company’s employment practices created a three-tiered class system of hierarchical power, which was generated and reinforced through the built environment and pay scales. Data from architecture, pay rates, and consumer behavior patterns are all quite consistent and are therefore reliable proxies for class when taken together. Upper-class residents lived in the largest houses with the many windows, doors, and architectural elaboration; the residents here were the company doctor and the superintendent. Their families lived in houses with large, private yards that were sheltered from harsh lake winds, mostly free from industrial waste. Middle-class residents also had clean, private yards, but lived in substantially smaller and simpler frame houses with fewer windows and doors; the residents here worked in diverse occupations, predominantly in skilled trades. Working-class residents lived in another part of the town, in very crowded log cabins with few window and doors; the majority of the residents here worked as laborers and teamsters. Their neighborhood was unsheltered from Lake Michigan’s harsh winter, and their homes were surrounded by industrial waste. Artifact analysis reveals that pay scale probably constrained consumer choices, at least in part. Some consumer choices provide a view of class that parallels the three-tiered class model for the town. Broadly speaking, the upper class purchased the most expensive ceramics and food items, the working class had the least expensive, and the middle class consumer patterns fell somewhere in between. These results are not unexpected, given the constraints of company influence over residents’ daily lives. As Chaps. 7 and 8 explain, however, social status, personal identity, and noneconomic capital (social, cultural, and symbolic capital) among the classes are rather at odds with this hierarchical model.
Chapter 2 Physiologic Stress‐Mediated Signaling in the Endothelium

Although the vasculature was once thought to be a passive conduit for blood, it is now known that the endothelium is responsible for healthy vascular homeostasis and the progression of many cardiovascular-related diseases. Because the endothelium lines blood vessels, it is subjected to the mechanical forces due to of blood flow. It is now well established that endothelial cells transduce these mechanical signals into chemical signals that are evident in the mechanoregulation of a number of signal transduction pathways and endothelial cell phenotype. Despite the significant volume of work in the field of endothelial cell mechanotransduction, the exact mechanism by which mechanical forces are sensed and transduced into chemical signals is not yet well established. In this chapter, we focus on the specific role of fluid shear stress, the frictional drag force caused by blood flow, and cyclic stretch caused by the pumping action of the heart, in regulating vascular homeostasis and vascular signaling. The regulation of flow-mediated signaling in the endothelium is typically studied with well-characterized in vitro flow and stretch devices. Here, we examine various platforms used to analyze flow-mediated and stretch-mediated signals and describe the method for the implementation of these techniques.
Abstract WP219: Decision Analysis Tool for Prehospital Stroke Triage in the Era of Endovascular Therapy

Introduction: With the undisputed benefit of acute endovascular therapy and anticipated extended treatment window among select stroke patients, there is an urgent and unmet need for a regional preh...
Age-dependent changes in human cortex antioxidant and methylation metabolic pathways and their implications for neurodegenerative disorders

Oxidative stress and impaired methylation, including increased levels of homocysteine (HCY), are well-recognized for their contribution to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metabolic pathways for production of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) are interrelated and connected by transsulfuration of homocysteine to cysteine (Fig. 1). These pathways are uniquely regulated with age in human brain and their dysfunction can result in neurological disorders manifested across the lifespan. Levels of antioxidant and methylation metabolites and individual vitamin B12 species were measured in postmortem human frontal cortex across the lifespan, along with mRNA levels of the folate and vitamin B12-dependent enzyme methionine synthase (MS), which converts homocysteine to methionine. In control subjects, expression of the MS gene (mtr) showed a remarkable 400-fold progressive decrease with age, in conjunction with alternative splicing that increases its sensitivity to oxidative stress inhibition. Levels of the MS cofactor methylcobalamin (methylB12) were >10-fold lower in 60-80 yo subjects vs. 0-20 yo subjects, accompanied by higher levels of HCY and lower levels of SAM, indicative of an age-dependent decrease in methylation. By contrast, levels of cystathionine decreased with age, indicative of increased transsufuration. Autism and schizophrenia subjects exhibited premature changes in MS expression, methylB12 and transsulfuration. Normal aging of human frontal cortex is associated with progressive changes in methylation and antioxidant metabolism, and deviations from this normal progression may be associated with AD. Providing metabolic support for brain methylation appears to be a promising approach to reducing the risk and progression of AD.