cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small mammal communities of streamside management zones in intensively managed pine forests of Arkansas

Abstract Streamside management zones (SMZs), composed primarily of hardwoods in the southeastern United States, provide habitat diversity within intensively managed pine (Pinus spp.) plantations. However, effects of SMZ width and adjacent plantation structure on riparian wildlife communities are poorly understood. Therefore, during 1990–1995, we examined small mammal communities within 5 SMZ width classes (1–20 to >100 m) embedded within three types of pine plantations (young, open canopy; closed canopy; and thinned) and three natural riparian stands in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, USA. We captured small mammals for 10 consecutive days each February using four to six traplines each consisting of nine trap stations with three snap traps at each station. We estimated relative abundance [catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE)], species richness, species diversity, and species evenness for all captures and captures just along the stream course. Within the SMZ/plantation settings and three natural stands, we captured 1701 small mammals of 11 species in 114,285 trapnights. Golden mice (Ochrotomys nuttalli), southern short-tailed shrews (Blarina carolinensis), and Peromyscus spp. comprised 88% of all captures. Our study suggests that narrow (≤20 m wide) SMZs in managed pine forests tend to have higher small mammal abundance and species richness than wider SMZs. Additionally, species richness and CPUE was greater in SMZs within young, open canopy and thinned plantations versus closed canopy plantations. Plantation structure appears to influence small mammal community structure within SMZs more than SMZ width. Shortening the amount of time plantations spend in closed canopy conditions would likely improve habitat conditions for small mammals existing in SMZs within intensively managed pine landscapes. Streamside management zones in the South designed to meet voluntary water quality standards are likely sufficient for small mammal conservation.
The numeraire commodity in a mature walrasian economy

The central argument of this paper is that current general equilibrium output in a mature Walrasian economy is enhanced by the optimal selection of components of a multi-commodity numeraire, according to the decisions of borrowers and lenders. The commodity evaluation which emerges from transactions is accomplished by requiring money in circulation to be conventionally representative of the numeraire. Banking assets other than real monetary reserves are nominal. Since the latter are claims on real assets held elsewhere in the economy, initial numeraire reserves may include a part of the real collateral underlying bankers' long-term portfolios. This multi-commodity numeraire, which then constitutes the real reserves of the monetary system, is welfare optimal.
Solar cycle variation in the heliosphere

For over three decades a succession of spacecraft have provided in situ measurements of interplanetary plasma and magnetic field parameters. These measurements span a range of heliocentric distances from 0.3 to 61 AU, and provide an explicit picture of the three-dimensional structure of the inner and outer heliosphere in the vicinity of the ecliptic plane, while ground-based interplanetary scintillation (IPS) measurements and observations from the Ulysses spacecraft extend our knowledge of the inner and outer heliosphere to higher latitudes. The structure of the heliosphere varies dramatically over the course of a solar cycle. Much of this variation can be related to changes in the structure and inclination of the coronal magnetic field.
Octahedral and Related Molecules

Octahedral species include not only examples such as PF6 - and CoF6 3- which contain central atoms but also those which do not, such as the cluster systems B6H6 2- and Mo6Cl8 4+. We will also find it instructive to consider in this Chapter BrF5, ICl4 -, and B5H9 whose structures, depicted in Figure 8–1, can be considered as missing one or two octahedral vertex atoms.
Double Michelson Interferometer For Contactless Thermal Expansion Measurements

Laser interferometry provides adequate range and resolution for thermal expansion measurements. However, accuracy can be achieved only if the relative motions of the sample and the optics are known and/ or accounted for. The system described incorporates self compensating features into the optics. Signal processing techniques for real time length change recording are also discussed.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Myoglobin Cast Nephropathy in a Kidney Transplant Patient With Normal Creatine Kinase

Delayed graft function in kidney transplant recipients is a known complication associated with increased risk of acute rejection and reduced transplant survival after 1 year. There are multiple risk factors, including prolonged cold ischemia time, donor age, and cause of donor's death. Major causes of delayed graft function are acute kidney injury in the donor, often from prolonged terminal ischemia, reflected by acute tubular injury in the recipient. However, the differential diagnosis of delayed graft function includes acute rejection, recurrence of the primary glomerular diseases, and other less commonly encountered conditions. A transplant kidney biopsy usually is required to elucidate the correct cause and initiate the right treatment, which is crucial for transplant survival. We report a case of a transplant recipient who developed delayed graft function due to an uncommon cause. After correct diagnosis, the patient's transplant function improved.
The Kaplan-Meier estimate for dependent failure time observations

Abstract In some long term medical follow-up studies, a series of dependent and possibly censored failure times may be observed. Suppose that these failure times were generated from the same distribution function, and inferences about it are of our main interest. In this article, we show that under rather weak conditions for the dependence among the observations, the Kaplan-Meier estimator is still consistent and asymptotically normal. For a special dependent case in which highly stratified data are observed, a valid estimate for the limiting variance of the Kaplan-Meier estimate is also provided. Our proposal is illustrated with an examply.
An open source software approach to geospatial sensor network standardization for urban runoff

Abstract In this paper, we implement a geospatial sensor network for monitoring a green technology stormwater runoff site. The sensor network uses OpenWRT, an embedded Linux operating system, and other open source software, to create a modified router for reading Maxim’s 1-Wire™ protocol, queuing and transferring standardized sensor data while enabling location and time. The modified router created the bridge between the sensor protocols and the middle-level software to provide reliable data to both the sewer district and the Environmental Protection Agency. Representational State Transfer (REST) is used in the design philosophy of the client and server open source software for transferring the data from the embedded systems to the server level for storage and publication. The use of open source software not only creates a more affordable network but lowers the entry barrier to sensor networking and enables developers for continued innovation and standardization.
Kynurenic acid and γ-D-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid suppress the compound action potential of the auditory nerve☆

Abstract Kynurenic acid and γ-D-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid, two excitatory amino acid antagonists, were perfused through the guinea pig cochlea while monitoring various cochlear potentials. Both drugs (0.6–10 mM) reduced the magnitude of the compound action potential (CAP) of the cochlear nerve without much effect on other potentials. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the hair cell transmitter is an excitatory amino acid, possibly L-glutamate.
ACTION POTENTIALS OF NEUROSECRETORY NEURONS IN THE LEECH THEROMYZON RUDE.

Abstract Action potentials have been recorded from the neurohemal area of the brain in the duck leech, Theromyzon rude. These neurosecretory fiber spikes are of long duration (about 6 msec), whereas the majority of those recorded from the neuropil of the dorsal commissure are of shorter duration (about 3 msec). Some spikes of long duration are also obtained from the neuropil. Extracellular recording from neurosecretory perikarya revealed action potentials corresponding in duration to those obtained from fibers in the neurohemal area, whereas those from “ordinary” neurons were of shorter duration. As is the case with the vertebrate neurosecretory neurons studied by other workers, these invertebrate neurosecretory neurons apparently also conduct impulses, thus substantiating the concept of the neurosecretory cell as a neuron with glandular properties.
Role of a PDZ1 domain of NHERF1 in the binding of airway epithelial RACK1 to NHERF1

In past studies, we demonstrated regulation of CFTR Cl channel function by protein kinase C (PKC)-ϵ through the binding of PKC-ϵ to RACK1 (a receptor for activated C-kinase) and of RACK1 to human N...
Dynamic simulation of pharmacokinetic systems using the electrical circuit analysis program SPICE2

Abstract The electrical circuit simulation program SPICE2 is used to perform computer simulations of linear and non-linear pharmacokinetic systems. This is achieved by applying novel network thermodynamic principles which make use of the analogy between the conservation laws of chemical reactions and mass transport and Kirchoff's laws of current and voltage balance for electrical circuits. A simple description of program input for general pharmacokinetic simulation as well as simulation of complex pharmacokinetic and physiologic phenomena such as single and multiple divided daily dosing, Michaelis-Menten kinetics, gastric emptying cycle, drug resorption and linear and non-linear drug protein binding is provided. Drug concentrations or amounts in different compartments are graphically obtained or tabulated as time functions. The economy of time and effort afforded by this program is illustrated by simulating the metabolism and accumulation kinetics of salicylic acid on single and repeated divided dosing. The advantages of SPICE2 over other available simulation packages and its educational value as a teaching and research tool and discussed.
Vagaries of conditional gene targeting

Conditional gene targeting based on excision or inversion of loxP-flanked DNA segments by Cre recombinase is a powerful technology for the analysis of gene function, but unexpected expression patterns of cre transgenes, variability of recombination efficiency depending on the target gene and potential toxicity of Cre recombinase represent serious challenges for the experimenter.
Σ5-completeness of index sets arising from the recursively enumerable Turing degrees

Abstract We employ techniques related to Lempp and Lerman's “iterated trees of strategies” to directly measure a Σ 5 -predicate and use this in showing the index set of the cuppable r.e. sets to be Σ 5 -complete. We also show how certain technical devices arise naturally out of the iterated-trees context, in particular, links arise as manifestations of a generalized notion of “stage”.
Respiratory symptoms among infants at risk for asthma: association with surfactant protein A haplotypes

We examined the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in loci encoding surfactant protein A (SFTPA) and risk of wheeze and persistent cough during the first year of life among a cohort of infants at risk for developing asthma. Between September 1996 and December 1998, mothers of newborn infants were invited to participate if they had an older child with clinician-diagnosed asthma. Each mother was given a standardized questionnaire within 4 months of her infant's birth. Infant respiratory symptoms were collected during quarterly telephone interviews at 6, 9 and 12 months of age. Due to the association of SFTPA polymorphisms and race/ethnicity, analyses were restricted to 221 white infants for whom whole blood and respiratory data were available. Ordered logistic regression models were used to examine the association between respiratory symptom frequency and SFTPA haplotypes. The 6A allele haplotype of SFTPA1, with an estimated frequency of 6% among our study infants, was associated with an increased risk of persistent cough (OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.71, 7.98) and wheeze (OR 4.72, 95% CI 2.20, 10.11). The 6A/1A haplotype of SFTPA, found among approximately 5% of the infants, was associated with an increased risk of persistent cough (OR 3.20, 95% CI 1.39, 7.36) and wheeze (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.43, 7.37). Polymorphisms within SFTPA loci may be associated with wheeze and persistent cough in white infants at risk for asthma. These associations require replication and exploration in other ethnic/racial groups.
Wideband fiber optic vector modulator using 8-tap all-optical Hilbert transformer

A wideband photonic RF vector modulator with novel architecture is presented and demonstrated with capability of continuous amplitude modulation and 0°-360° phase shifting. In-phase and quadrature-phase components of the output signal are used to produce 360° continuous phase shifting and optical attenuation is used to control the signal amplitude. A novel 8-tap all-optical transverse-filter implementing a Hilbert transform is proposed and demonstrated to produce 90° quadrature phase-shift for the broadband RF signal. Experimental apparatus and results for continuous vector modulation will be presented for the frequency range of 1-6 GHz.
On free convection in water at 4°C

Abstract The problem of momentum and heat transfer by free convection from a semi-infinite vertical plate to a liquid at its maximum density is analyzed. It is shown that the magnitude of the convective velocities may be much reduced when operating at this density. For water at 4°C the convective velocities are reduced by about 8- and 80-fold from those in water at 20°C for temperature variations of 1°C and 10 −2 °C respectively.
Solutions of RNA polymerase plus linear wild type E. coli lac DNA fragments contain a mixture of stable P1 and P2 promoter complexes

The lac promoter is known to have overlapping, mutually exclusive, binding sites for RNA polymerase. A number of techniques have been used to probe solutions of polymerase and linear lac DNA fragments, including gel electrophoresis binding assays, transcription experiments, and exonuclease III digestions. The data indicate that mixing RNA polymerase with the wild type lac promoter leads to formation of more than one kind of complex; a typical solution contains enzyme in heparin resistant, "open" complexes at the P2 site, while other DNA molecules have polymerase bound in a heparin sensitive, "closed" complex at P1. There may be other rather stable complexes as well. The presence of more than one type of complex has obvious implications for in vitro physical studies of this system. The data suggest that using truncated DNA fragments which eliminate the P2 site may allow isolation and study of P1 closed complexes. Quantitative analysis of the fractions of polymerase found at P1 and P2 implies that P2 can have only a limited effect on lac transcription in the cell.
Quantitative real-time PCR assay for detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis.

A real-time PCR assay was developed for the detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis. The assay is species specific and provides quantitative results in the range 10 to 1010 gene copies. The assay is not inhibited by the presence of tick, human, or mouse DNA and is compatible with high sample throughput. The assay was compared with previously described assays for E. chaffeensis.
Interacting topological defects on frozen topographies

We propose and analyze an effective free energy describing the physics of disclination defects in particle arrays constrained to move on an arbitrary two-dimensional surface. At finite temperature the physics of interacting disclinations is mapped to a Laplacian sine-Gordon Hamiltonian suitable for numerical simulations. We discuss general features of the ground state and thereafter specialize to the spherical case. The ground state is analyzed as a function of the ratio of the defect core energy to the Young's modulus. We argue that the core energy contribution becomes less and less important in the limit $R\ensuremath{\gg}a,$ where R is the radius of the sphere and a is the particle spacing. For large core energies there are 12 disclinations forming an icosahedron. For intermediate core energies unusual finite-length grain boundaries are preferred. The complicated regime of small core energies, appropriate to the limit $R/\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{a}\ensuremath{\infty},$ is also addressed. Finally we discuss the application of our results to the classic Thomson problem of finding the ground state of electrons distributed on a two sphere.
Contemporary Iran: Economy, Society, Politics

Contemporary Iran: Economy, Society, Politics, edited by Ali Gheissari, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-19-5378449-8, v + 375pp. The timely publication of Contemporary...
Plasmon Coupling in Two-Dimensional Arrays of Silver Nanoparticles: II. Effect of the Particle Size and Interparticle Distance†

The effect of the particle size and interparticle distance on the coherent plasmon coupling was studied in 2D arrays of silver nanoparticles. The plasmon coupling leads to the formation of a cooperative plasmon mode characterized by an intense and narrow peak in the blue spectral range. The arrays were fabricated via the self-assembly of the nanoparticles on poly(4-vinylpyridine)-modified glass substrates. Changing the ionic strength of the aqueous nanoparticle suspension prior to the self-assembly provided a possibility for controlling the interparticle distance in the arrays. The study revealed an optimum particle size around 86 nm and the corresponding optimum interparticle distance of about 107 nm for the strongest plasmon coupling, as determined from the most intense and sharpest resonance that was observed in water. Changing the dielectric medium will conceivably result in different values for the optimal particle size and interparticle distance.
Experimental observations on the nucleation and growth of δ′ (Al3Li) in dilute Al-Li alloys

The influence of nucleation temperature and pre-aging thermal history on δ′ (Al3Li) precipitate distributions was studied in a binary Al-8.2 at. pct Li alloy. The distribution of δ′ in the microstructure is found to be homogeneous and insensitive to variations in pre-aging thermal history when nucleation occurs at large undercoolings (ΔT > 90 °C). When nucleation occurs at low undercoolings (90 °C > gDT > 40 °C), nucleation is homogeneous but the precipitate number density is influenced by preaging thermal history. At very small undercoolings (ΔT < 40 °C) nucleation next to dislocations is favored unless large numbers of excess vacancies are present, in which case homogeneous nucleation can be more prevalent than nucleation next to dislocations. The early stages of δ′ growth are seen to be consistent with bulk diffusion control. Enhanced growth rates are observed when the material contains a higher concentration of excess vacancies. The retention of this enhanced growth for long periods of time suggests that vacancies can be trapped within the structure for long times despite their mobility. Morphological instabilities are found to develop during δ′ particle growth. These instabilities occur at very small particle sizes and cause the normally spherical particles to tend toward a dendritic morphology.
NONHARMONIC DEGREES OF FREEDOM : DENSITIES OF STATES AND THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS

A universal algorithm for the calculation of the density-of-states, partition, and other thermodynamic functions of internal one-dimensional nonharmonic degrees of freedom is developed and analyzed. The algorithm is exact in the classical limit and results in analytical formulas for many types of potentials. Quantum effects are taken into account via the inverse Laplace transform of the classical partition function corrected for quantum effects by the method of Pitzer and Gwinn. Explicit formulas are reported for a variety of selected potential types (double-well inversion, quartic oscillator, etc.). An extension of the classical treatment to multidimensional potentials is described.
Internet security: Who is leaving the ‘virtual door’ open and why?

The purpose of the present paper is to study Chicago residents’ knowledge about Internet security and their utilization of prevention and detection tools. The results from hierarchical linear models suggest that there are significant gender, race, age, and community differences in knowledge about firewalls, spyware, phishing and data encryption, as well as the utilization of prevention and detection tools such as anti-virus programs, pop-up blockers and parental control software. Further, diffusion of innovation theory and utopian and dystopian perspectives toward technology help to explain some, but not all, of the variation in peoples’ knowledge about Internet threats and their use of security measures. These findings should help experts identify those people that may be more susceptible to cyber victimization, and highlight the importance of users’ behavior in the realm of Internet security.
Localizing the global Television and hybrid programming in India

In this article I examine the cultural role of private and state-controlled television networks in India and their negotiation of identities through profitable hybrid programming. I draw attention to a new emerging power in processes of globalization: indigenous, regional television networks. Ethnography in Bangalore, India, in 1997 and 2000 revealed that regional, private, vernacular language networks indeed played a crucial role in local imaginings and, in the long run, may rise in tremendous political power through their manipulation and reflection of regional identity. The analysis leads to a critique of local media markets and the location of ‘nation’ in global media processes.
Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Ecosystem Management: An Application to Waterfowl Production

Species conservation is an important global policy issue. The design of cost-effective species conservation programs requires resource managers to choose from a suite of conservation activities and sites. This article determines cost-effective conservation strategies for waterfowl using a bioeconomic modeling framework, which is developed using a biological simulation model for waterfowl and regression analysis. The model accounts for (a) a broad range of land-use and direct wildlife conservation activities, (b) the effect of landscape heterogeneity, and (c) interactions between conservation activities. Results indicate that accounting for the three factors listed above can improve the cost-effectiveness of waterfowl conservation on agricultural land.
‘Posibilidades creadoras’: Religion, Revolution and the Transformational Self in the Plays of Rafael Alberti 1931–39

This article discusses the theme of transformation in the three full-length plays that Rafael Alberti composed during the life of the Second Spanish Republic, 1931–39: Fermin Galan (1931), a highly romanticized dramatic account of the life of the Republic's first political martyr; Numancia (1937) an adaptation of Cervantes’ sixteenth-century drama El cerco de Numancia; and De un momento a otro(Drama de una familia espanola) (1938–39), a partly autobiographical account of the travails experienced by a bourgeois Spanish Catholic as he makes the transition to Marxist-revolutionary around the time of the outbreak of the Civil War. Drawing on parallels that critics such as Terry Eagleton and Herbert McCabe have identified between Christianity and revolutionary politics, it highlights the extent to which Alberti turned towards Spain's past (its artistic and cultural heritage) and, particularly, towards the religion of Catholicism, in his attempts to realize the aims of La Alianza de Intelectuales Antifascistas,...
Japanese earthworms revisited a decade on (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea).

Abstract This paper summarizes eco-taxonomic progress since 2001. Five new natives were described and five new exotics recorded plus herein Megascolecid Amynthas rodericensis (Grube, 1879) is retrieved from historical records, Acanthodrilid Microscolex dubius (Fletcher, 1887) is a new Asian record and Lumbricid Dendrodrilus rubidus subrubicundus (Eisen, 1874) morph from Lake Biwa is added to checklist a total of 96 Megadrile earthworm species in eight families from Japan. Approximately 33 are natives and same number are exotics with the balance having insufficient information to decide their origins (e.g. for Eisenia japonica hiramoto Blakemore, 2012). Synonyms are provided especially for parthenogenetically affected morphs which can only be separated via their type DNA. Criodrilid Criodrilus bathybates Stephenson, 1917 is restored as originally described in Criodrilidae and its COI nucleotide barcode is for the first time presented on GenBank.
SPIRITUAL INTEGRATION AS A PREDICTOR OF PERSISTENCE AT A CHRISTIAN INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The research reported in this paper tested three core constructs in Tinto’s (1993) Model of Student Departure within the context of Christian higher education. In addition, the research added a spiritual integration variable to Tinto’s model that could potentially help to better explain retention and attrition at Christian institutions of higher education. The findings related to the spiritual integration variable are reported here. The sample for this study consisted of the students who completed the Student Information Form, the Institutional Integration Scales, and the spiritual integration measure. These students were tracked for one year, from their initial enrollment in the fall semester of 2000 through the fall semester of 2001. Students were then placed into one of two groups. One group consisted of persisters, students who reenrolled for the fall semester of 2001. The second group consisted of withdrawers, students who did not return for the fall 2001 semester. Survey research and quantitative da...
Neurologic bases for comorbidity of balance disorders, anxiety disorders and migraine: neurotherapeutic implications

The comorbidity among balance disorders, anxiety disorders and migraine has been studied extensively from clinical and basic research perspectives. From a neurological perspective, the comorbid symptoms are viewed as the product of sensorimotor, interoceptive and cognitive adaptations that are produced by afferent interoceptive information processing, a vestibulo–parabrachial nucleus network, a cerebral cortical network (including the insula, orbitofrontal cortex, prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex), a raphe nuclear–vestibular network, a coeruleo–vestibular network and a raphe–locus coeruleus loop. As these pathways overlap extensively with pathways implicated in the generation, perception and regulation of emotions and affective states, the comorbid disorders and effective treatment modalities can be viewed within the contexts of neurological and psychopharmacological sites of action of current therapies.
Passage of stationary processes through linear and non-linear devices

Many problems in the theory of noise and other random functions can be formulated as the problem of finding the probability distribution of the functional $u = \int\limits^\infty_0 K(t') \, V\, (X (t'))dt'$ where K(t) and V(x) are known functions and x(t) is a random function of known statistical properties. The problem of finding the probability distribution of the noise output of a receiver consisting of a filter, a detector, and a second filter is of this type. Methods will be discussed which have led to solutions of this problem in some special cases. In the case of multidimensionally Markoffian x(t) the problem will be shown to be equivalent to an integral equation, which in many cases of interest reduces to a differential equation.
Noise Characterization of Linear Twoports in Terms of Invariant Parameters

A new representation of noisy twoports in terms of parameters invariant under Iossless transformation is proposed. This representation is especially advantageous when the terminals of the intrinsic device are not directly accessible. A method of determining noise parameters in a transmission line system using a calibrated slide-screw tuner is discussed. Experimental results are presented.
Transient response of 10-kW class advanced batteries to abrupt load changes

Abstract A measuring system has been devised to evaluate the immediate availability and response properties of both lead/acid and advanced batteries (Na/S, Zn/Cl2, Zn/Br2, redox-flow) to abrupt load changes in an electrical energy storage system. It has been found that the response time of the charge/discharge equipment is proportional to the resistance of the load: the rise time of the output current is between 10 and 150 ms for a resistance between 10 and 200 mΩ. The rise and fall times of the current of the advanced battery systems are within 20 and 2 ms, respectively. It has been confirmed that the response properties of large-scale advanced batteries are sufficiently rapid to allow the use of these systems in electrical energy storage applications.
Split Null Keys: A null space based defense for pollution attacks in wireless network coding

Recent work in defending against pollution attacks for intra-flow network coding systems proposed a null spaces based algebraic approach which has a smaller computation cost than previous pollution defenses. The approach requires the source to distribute keys periodically, but in order to scale involves forwarder nodes in the creation of new keys and their distribution. As a result the key distribution is secure only in specific network topologies such as those created by large-scale peer to peer systems, and is not secure in wireless networks where such topologies do not exist. We propose Split Null Keys, which splits the keys such that only a small portion of the key is updated periodically. The small updates allow for a scalable key distribution scheme that does not involve forwarder nodes in creating keys and thus does not rely its security on constraints imposed on the network topology. We prove that our scheme is secure despite splitting the key and we show that when compared with existing defenses our scheme imposes lower communication and computation overhead, is resilient to colluding adversaries, and does not require time synchronization.
Fossil primates and the evolution of some primate locomotor systems

Of Paleocene primates only Plesiadapis is complete enough to reconstruct locomotor patterns; it was an arboreal scrambler, perhaps functioning like a large squirrel. Eocene lemurs (adapids) show an array of locomotor types much like certain modern Malagasy lemurs. The European Eocene tarsiid Necrolemur and the American Hemiacodon show the beginning of saltatory specializations in possession of elongated calcaneum and astragalus. Although not a direct anthropoid ancestor Necrolemur seems one of the best models for representing the early locomotor type from which higher primates arose. The Oligocene primates of Egypt (among which are the earliest undoubted pongids) are preserved with a forest fauna. Structures of long bones suggest they were arboreal. A considerable number of Miocene ape bones are known and those of Pliopithecus and Dryopithecus indicate similar adaptations. Of African Miocene forms, Dryopithecus major was a large, gorilla-sized animal, and hence perhaps primarily terrestrial. D. africanus was somewhat more arboreally adapted and a partial brachiator. The Italian fossil Oreopithecus, a coal-swamp dweller, shows indications of bipedality in pelvic structure. Ramapithecus, which is presumably ancestral to Australopithecus, shows palatal and facial patterns much like these later hominids, and probably hence had locomotor patterns more like men than like living apes; its lack of the dental specializations of apes strongly supports this suggestion.
A NATURAL LAW DEFENSE TO THE EMPLOYMENT LAW QUESTION: A RESPONSE TO RICHARD EPSTEIN

Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can demand. It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of the society which he has in view. But the study of his own advantage naturally, or rather necessarily, leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous tothe society.1 The modern laborer, … instead of rising with the progress of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class. He becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than population and wealth.2 Eveyone has the right to work to free choice Of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. Eveyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented if necessary, other means of social protection. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. Evereyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holiday with pay.3
Communication complexity and stability of equilibria in economies and games

The theory of decentralized allocation mechanisms introduced by Leonid Hurwicz enabled economists to analyze the implications of requiring an allocation mechanism to perform well over a range of possible economic environments. One of the earliest major results in this theory was the formalization and proof of Hayek’s famous assertion that the competitive market mechanism minimizes the communication needed to achieve Pareto efficient allocations. The informational efficiency theorem spawned a large literature on communication complexity in allocation mechanisms. This paper provides an exposition of some results on the communication required to make equilibria locally stable, and the possibility of eliciting the required communication in allocation mechanisms and games.
Social Facilitation in a Coaction Setting: An Examination of the Effects Over Learning Trials.

Abstract Zajonc's proposal that the presence of others facilitates emission of dominant responses was examined in a coaction setting with human maze learning. On a maze where dominant responses were likely to be correct, coacting subjects made fewer errors than those working alone. On a maze where dominant responses were likely to be incorrect, subjects performing alone made fewer errors than those coacting. Investigation of task performance at different stages in learning showed that a change in the rate of learning corresponded to a change in the dominant response from incorrect to correct. It was concluded that the presence of others has a facilitative effect on the dominant response, hindering learning when the dominant response is incorrect and helping learning when the dominant response is correct. Coaction effects were extremely pronounced in females but almost nonexistent in males.
Drawing a probability sample of female street prostitutes in Los Angeles county

Methods used to construct a spatial‐temporal sampling frame to recruit a probability sample of female street prostitutes in the 4,000 square mile area of Los Angeles County are described. Of 164 po...
Dissection of lignin macromolecular configuration and assembly: Comparison to related biochemical processes in allyl/propenyl phenol and lignan biosynthesis

This comprehensive review describes the current status and knowledge of biochemical and molecular processes involved in allyl/propenyl phenol, lignan, norlignan and lignin biosynthesis. Recent advances made over the last decade are critically discussed, and placed in context with earlier studies largely dating back to the 1950s. Beginning with the recently established formation of phenylalanine in plants, each downstream biochemical conversion is described from the perspective of the mechanistic details known to this point. Particular emphasis is placed upon proteinaceous control of monolignol-derived radical-radical coupling processes, leading to lignans and lignins, as well as apparently related processes affording the various ellagitannins and phenolic terpenoids. The evidence for non-random macromolecular lignin assembly is discussed in detail, this being in contrast to earlier notions that such processes were random. The latter assumptions have largely resulted from a lack of robust analytical procedures and rigorous quantification, as well as a lack of incisive experimental design. In addition, the often-noted severe effects of modulating lignin compositions and contents on plant vascular tissue properties (i.e. in terms of compromised biophysical properties) are described herein, as well as the severe limitations as regards recent claims of compensatory 'combinatorial chemistry' lignin formation. Much of the latter confusion has also resulted from the serious deficiencies in current lignin analytical protocols and quantification, as well as in the general lack of experimental approaches/design to probe lignin primary structure(s).
Diversified sequences of peptide epitope for same-RNA recognition

We replaced an essential RNA-binding, 30-amino acid helix-loop in an Escherichia coli tRNA synthetase with an inactive and simplified "generic" sequence having 23 of the 30 amino acids as alanine and serine. Wild-type residues were restored in random combinations to generate a library with a sequence complexity of about 1.9 x 10(7). Active molecules were obtained by genetic selection at a frequency of approximately 1% and contained variants with as many as 11 alanine/serine replacements and a total of 17 alanine/serine residues. These variants have activities which are thermodynamically competitive with that of the native protein and therefore are functionally and, most likely, conformationally equivalent.
Lloyd clustering of Gauss mixture models for image compression and classification

Abstract Gauss mixtures have gained popularity in statistics and statistical signal processing applications for a variety of reasons, including their ability to well approximate a large class of interesting densities and the availability of algorithms such as the Baum–Welch or expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for constructing the models based on observed data. We here consider a quantization approach to Gauss mixture design based on the information theoretic view of Gaussian sources as a “worst case” for robust signal compression. Results in high-rate quantization theory suggest distortion measures suitable for Lloyd clustering of Gaussian components based on a training set of data. The approach provides a Gauss mixture model and an associated Gauss mixture vector quantizer which is locally robust. We describe the quantizer mismatch distortion and its relation to other distortion measures including the traditional squared error, the Kullback–Leibler (relative entropy) and minimum discrimination information, and the log-likehood distortions. The resulting Lloyd clustering algorithm is demonstrated by applications to image vector quantization, texture classification, and North Atlantic pipeline image classification.
Confined plasmons in graphene microstructures: Experiments and theory

Graphene, a two-dimensional material with a high mobility and a tunable conductivity, is uniquely suited for plasmonics. The frequency dispersion of plasmons in bulk graphene has been studied both theoretically and experimentally, but no theoretical models have been reported and tested against experiments for confined plasmon modes in graphene microstructures. In this Rapid Communication, we present measurements as well as analytical and computational models for such confined modes. We show that plasmon modes can be described by an eigenvalue equation. We compare the experiments with the theory for plasmon modes in arrays of graphene strips and demonstrate a good agreement. This comparison also reveals the important role played by interaction among the plasmon modes of neighboring graphene structures.
Discourse and the moral point of view: Deriving a dialogical principle of universalization

Central to the discourse ethics advanced by Jurgen Habermas is a principle of universalization (U) amounting to a dialogical equivalent of Kant's Categorical Imperative. Habermas has proposed that ‘U’ follows by material implication from two premises: (1) what it means to discuss whether a moral norm ought to be . adopted and (2) what those involved in argumentation must suppose of themselves if they are to consider a consensus they reach as rationally motivated. To date, no satisfactory derivation of ‘U’ from these two premises has been presented. Thus the present study attempts to show how one can, without begging the question, arrive at ‘U’ by assuming a suitable explication of these two premises, supplemented with a fairly innocuous assumption about the context of discourse. If the argument is sound, then ‘U’ brings both deontological and consequentialist intuitions together with a notion of solidarity that requires an intersubjective account of insight.
Caspase inhibition reduces myocyte cell death induced by myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in vivo.

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion lead to myocyte cell death, at least in part, by an apoptotic mechanism. Caspases are a conserved family of proteases that play an essential role in the execution of apoptosis; however, their potential contribution to ischemic myocardial cell death is largely unknown. To examine their role in this process, we subjected rabbits to 30 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Immunoblot analyses revealed that caspases-2, -3 and -7 were proteolytically activated during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in vivo. In addition, the well-characterized caspase substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was selectively cleaved into its signature apoptotic fragment in ischemic/reperfused myocardium. Systemic administration of the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp chloromethylketone (YVAD-cmk, 4.8 mg/kg) partially blocked caspase activation and dramatically reduced the percentage of terminal dUTP deoyxynucleotidyl-transferase nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive myocyte nuclei in the infarct region (3.9+/-0.8%v 13.0+/-2.2% in control animals, P=0.012). Moreover, YVAD-cmk reduced myocardial infarct size by approximately 31% (31.1+/-3.3%v 45.3+/-4.9% in control animals, P=0.032). These results indicate that caspases are critical mediators of myocardial injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion in vivo, and they suggest that caspase inhibition may be therapeutically beneficial in myocardial infarction.
The Deep Structure of Literary Representations

Abstract The cognitive rhetoricians have introduced the idea of cognitive domains into literary theory, but they have not yet developed a model for a comprehensive, species-typical structure of human motives. Evolutionary psychology can provide this model. Elemental human motives and basic emotions provide the deep structure of literary representations, and this deep structure serves to organize the particularities of circumstance and individual identity. Personal power and reproductive success are governing purposes in life and in literary representations. The concept of individual identity is necessary to literary representation, and a theory of literature based in evolutionary psychology has to incorporate models of personality. Literature and its oral antecedents organize experience in personally meaningful ways. They provide models of behavior and help regulate the complex cognitive machinery through which humans negotiate their social and cultural environments.
Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid endoscopic injection is effective in the treatment of intermediate and high grade vesicoureteral reflux in patients with complete duplex systems.

Purpose: Endoscopic subureteral injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid has become an established alternative to long-term antibiotic prophylaxis or surgical treatment for vesicoureteral reflux. We evaluated the effectiveness of endoscopic injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid in intermediate and high grade vesicoureteral reflux in patients with complete duplex collecting systems.Materials and Methods: A total of 123 children underwent endoscopic correction of intermediate or high grade vesicoureteral reflux using injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid into complete duplex systems between 2001 and 2010. Vesicoureteral reflux was diagnosed by voiding cystourethrogram, and dimercapto-succinic acid scan was performed to evaluate the presence of renal scarring. Followup ultrasound and voiding cystourethrogram were performed 3 months after the outpatient procedure and renal ultrasound thereafter every 2 years. Mean followup was 6.7 years.Results: Complete duplex systems were unilateral in 110 patients an...
The reaction of hydroxyethyl radicals with O2: A theoretical analysis and experimental product study

Abstract Reactions of α-hydroxyethyl (CH 3 CHOH) and β-hydroxyethyl (CH 2 CH 2 OH) radicals with oxygen are of key importance in ethanol combustion. High-level ab initio calculations of the potential energy surfaces of these two reactions were coupled with master equation methods to compute rate coefficients and product branching ratios for temperatures of 250–1000 K. The α-hydroxyethyl + O 2 reaction is controlled by the barrierless entrance channel and shows negligible pressure dependence; in contrast, the reaction of the β isomer displays pronounced pressure dependence. The high pressure limit rate coefficients of both reactions are about the same at the temperatures investigated. Products of the reactions were monitored experimentally at 4 Torr and 300–600 K using tunable synchrotron photoionization mass spectrometry. Hydroxyethyl radicals were produced from the reaction of ethanol with chlorine atoms and the β isomer was also selectively produced by the addition reaction C 2 H 4 + OH → CH 2 CH 2 OH. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, vinyl alcohol and H 2 O 2 products were detected, in qualitative agreement with the theoretical predictions.