cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decoherence of a measure of entanglement

For a solvable pure-decoherence model, we confirm by an explicit model calculation that the decay of entanglement of two two-state systems (two qubits) is approximately governed by the product of the suppression factors describing decoherence of the subsystems, provided that they are subject to uncorrelated sources of quantum noise. This demonstrates an important physical property that separated open quantum systems can evolve quantum mechanically on time scales larger than the times for which they remain entangled.
Anterior craniofacial resection — for paranasal sinus tumors involving anterior skull base

Management of anterior skull base tumors is complex due to the anatomic detail of the region and the variety of tumors that occur in this area. Currently, the “gold standard” for surgery is the anterior craniofacial approach. Craniofacial resection represents a major advance in the surgical treatment of tumors of the paranasal sinuses involving anterior skull base. It allows wide exposure of the complex anatomical structures at the base of skull permitting monobloc tumor resection. This study presents a series of 18 patients with anterior skull base tumors, treated by a team of head-neck surgeons and neurosurgeons. The series included 15 malignant tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses and 3 extensive benign lesions. All tumors were resected by a combined bi-frontal craniotomy and rhinotomy. The skull base was closed with a pediculated pericranial flap and a split-thickness free skin graft underneath. There were no postoperative problems of wound infection, cerebrospinal fluid-leakage or meningitis. Recurrent tumor growth or systemic metastasis occurred in 3 out of 15 patients with malignant tumors, 6 months to 2 years postoperatively. Craniofacial resection was thus found to give excellent results with low morbidity in malignant lesions and can also be adapted for benign tumors of anterior skull base.
Depressive symptoms, major depression, and generalized anxiety: A comparison of self-reports on CES-D and results from diagnostic interviews

This study evaluates the validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) by comparing it to DSM-III diagnoses of major depression and generalized anxiety, using the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Data were gathered on a sample of 310 mothers of children with chronic disabilities. The utility of the CES-D for detecting major depression was approximately equal to its utility for detecting generalized anxiety. Multivariate analysis revealed that the unique association of CES-D with current depression was equal to its association with current generalized anxiety and that the two disorders had additive effects on CES-D. The analysis did not identify any individual CES-D symptom as specific to either disorder. The findings, therefore, do not support the notion that the CES-D measures depression specifically.
Plasmalemmal pH-gradients in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant MCF-7 human breast carcinoma xenografts measured by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy

31p Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was employed to investigate tumor pH in xenografts of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. Measured extracellular pH values were found to be lower than the intracellular pH in all three tumor types investigated. The magnitude of this acid-outside plasmalemmal pH gradient increased with increasing tumor size in tumors of two drug-resistant variants of MCF-7 cells, but not in tumors of the parent (drug-sensitive) cells. The partitioning of weak-base or weak-acid drug molecules across the plasma membrane of a tumor cell is dependent upon the acid-dissociation constant (pKa) of the drug as well as the plasmalemmal pH gradient. A large acid-outside pH gradient, such as those seen in MCF-7 xenografts, can exert a protective effect on the cell from weak-base drugs such as anthracyclines and Vinca alkaloids, which have pKa values of 7.5 to 9.5. The possibility of enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of weak-base drugs by dietary or metabolic manipulation of the extracellular pH, in order to reduce or reverse the plasmalemmal pH gradient, deserves investigation.
Intentionalism, Intentional Realism, and Empathy

Contemporary philosophers of history and interpretation theorists very often deny the thesis of intentional realism, because they reject intentionalism or the thesis that an agent's or author's intentions are relevant for the interpretive practice of the human sciences. I will defend intentional realism by showing why it is wrong to whole-heartedly reject intentionalism and by clarifying the logical relation between intentionalism and intentional realism. I will do so by discussing the two central arguments against intentionalism; the argument from the perspective of narrative anti-realism and the epistemic argument focusing on the fact that an agent's or author's intentions are not epistemically accessible in a direct manner. In particular, I will show that the fact that historians write narratives does add a level of complexity as far as the giving of explanations of individual actions are concerned. Yet it does not follow that the explanatory power of a full fledged historical narrative can be understood as being completely independent of our folk psychological account of individual agency. Accordingly, we should also be prepared to accept a methodological distinction between the human and the natural sciences as long as the human sciences use the folk psychological framework for explanatory purposes, since it is only in the former that empathy plays an epistemically central role. I however do not claim that empathy is the only method of the human sciences nor do I claim that all interpretive disputes can be settled merely in light of our empathic capacities.
In-situ evidence for uranium immobilization and remobilization

The in-situ microbial reduction and immobilization of uranium was assessed as a means of preventing the migration of this element in the terrestrial subsurface. Uranium immobilization (putatively identified as reduction) and microbial respiratory activities were evaluated in the presence of exogenous electron donors and acceptors with field push-pull tests using wells installed in an anoxic aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate. Uranium(VI) amended at 1.5 microM was reduced to less than 1 nM in groundwater in less than 8 d during all field experiments. Amendments of 0.5 mM sulfate or 5 mM nitrate slowed U(VI) immobilization and allowed for the recovery of 10% and 54% of the injected element, respectively, as compared to 4% in the unamended treatment. Laboratory incubations confirmed the field tests and showed that the majority of the U(VI) immobilized was due to microbial reduction. In these tests, nitrate treatment (7.5 mM) inhibited U(VI) reduction, and nitrite was transiently produced. Further push-pull tests were performed in which either 1 or 5 mM nitrate was added with 1.0 uM U(VI) to sediments that already contained immobilized uranium. After an initial loss of the amendments, the concentration of soluble U(VI) increased and eventually exceeded the injected concentration, indicating that previously immobilized uranium was remobilized as nitrate was reduced. Laboratory experiments using heat-inactivated sediment slurries suggested that the intermediates of dissimilatory nitrate reduction (denitrification or dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia), nitrite, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide were all capable of oxidizing and mobilizing U(IV). These findings indicate that in-situ subsurface U(VI) immobilization can be expected to take place under anaerobic conditions, but the permanence of the approach can be impaired by disimilatory nitrate reduction intermediates that can mobilize previously reduced uranium.
The partial 5-HT(1A) agonist buspirone reduces the expression and development of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in rats and improves l-DOPA efficacy.

Dopamine (DA) replacement therapy with l-DOPA remains the standard pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). Unfortunately, chronic l-DOPA treatment is accompanied by development of motor fluctuations and l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). While serotonin (5-HT)(1A) agonists acutely reduce these complications, their prophylactic and long-term effects are not well-delineated. To test this, male Sprague-Dawley rats received unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions. In experiment 1, l-DOPA-primed rats were pre-treated with Vehicle (0.9% NaCl), various doses of the partial 5-HT(1A) agonist, buspirone (0.25, 1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg, ip) or buspirone (2.5 mg/kg, ip)+the 5-HT(1A) antagonist, WAY100635 (0.5 mg/kg, ip) 5 min prior to l-DOPA (12 mg/kg+15 mg/kg benserazide, ip). Rats were tested for LID using the abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) scale and motor performance using the forepaw adjusting steps test (FAS). In experiment 2, l-DOPA-naive rats received co-administration of l-DOPA+buspirone (1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg, ip) for 2 weeks. AIMs and FAS were measured throughout. In l-DOPA-primed rats, buspirone dose-dependently reduced LID and improved l-DOPA-related motor performance due to action at the 5-HT(1A) receptor. In l-DOPA-naive rats, buspirone delayed LID development while improving l-DOPA's anti-parkinsonian efficacy indicating the potential long-term benefits of 5-HT(1A) agonists for reduction of l-DOPA-related side effects.
Circadian rhythm of tumor promotion in the two-stage model of mouse tumorigenesis.

The question of whether cancer risk is influenced by time-of-day exposure to potentially carcinogenic agents was approached in this study by exposing mouse skin to a single initiating dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz [∀-]anthracene, followed by a 12 week regime of bi-weekly skin treatments with the tumor promoter, 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol acetate (TPA), given at four different circadian clock times (CCTs). Tumor incidence, average number of tumors per mouse and tumor size showed a dominant circadian component with an acrophase occurring at 23:00 h CCT. Pre-treatment with all trans-retinoic acid, prior to bi-weekly TPA promotion, reduced tumor incidence, average number and size of tumors per animal by greater than 80%, but did not suppress the underlying circadian rhythm of sensitivity to TPA-induced tumor formation.
Treatment refusal in adolescents

Abstract While treatment refusal is a relatively uncommon problem, its occurrence creates a difficult situation for all involved. Clinicians must recognize all the factors that influence adolescent decision-making and understand their relative importance to the individual patient. Attempts to convince the teenager to accept therapy should be based on a sincere respect for him as an individual and for his beliefs.
Isolation and culture of rat and mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cells

The ability to isolate oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) provides a powerful means to characterize their differentiation, properties and potential for myelin repair. Although much knowledge is available for isolation of OPCs from the rat central nervous system, preparation and maintenance of mouse OPCs has been until recently a challenge owing to difficulties in obtaining a sufficient quantity of purified OPCs. Here, we describe protocols to prepare highly enriched rat OPCs and nearly homogenous mouse OPCs. The mouse method generates predominantly OPCs from cortical neural progenitor cells as clonal aggregates called "oligospheres" by taking advantage of molecular genetic tools. Isolated OPCs can be further differentiated into oligodendrocytes. Collectively, we describe simple and efficient methods for the preparation and in vitro maintenance of enriched OPCs from rats and mice. Isolation and culture of a large, homogenous population of rodent OPCs should significantly facilitate studies on OPC lineage progression and their utility in myelin repair after injury.
Treatment of cancer pain

In patients with active cancer, the management of chronic pain is an essential element in a comprehensive strategy for palliative care. This strategy emphasises multidimensional assessment and the coordinated use of treatments that together mitigate suffering and provide support to the patient and family. This review describes this framework, an approach to pain assessment, and widely accepted techniques to optimise the safety and effectiveness of opioid drugs and other treatments. The advances of recent decades suggest a future that includes increased evidence-based targeting of specific analgesic interventions within an individualised plan of care that is appropriate throughout the course of illness.
DNA-Directed Synthesis of Generation 7 and 5 PAMAM Dendrimer Nanoclusters

A novel nanostructure was constructed using two different generations of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers and three sets of complementary oligonucleotides (34, 50, and 66 bases in length). The oligonucleotides were covalently conjugated to partially acetylated generation 5 and 7 PAMAM dendrimers, and these conjugates were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis. The agarose gel electrophoresis appearance of these covalently linked oligonucleotide dendrimers was also compared to electrostatically bound oligonucleotide-dendrimer complexes. Equimolar amounts of the G5 and G7 conjugates were then hybridized together to allow for the DNA-directed self-assembly of supramolecular clusters. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis indicated that the overall size of the DNA-linked dendrimer clusters tended to increase according to the length of the oligonucleotide used ranging from 30 to 50 nm, which agreed with the diameter of dendrimer nanoclusters predicted by molecular modeling. The DNA-linked novel dendrimer nanoclusters were also examined with tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) to distinguish the DNA-linked structure from a nonlinked simple G7/G5 dendrimer mixture. AFM image analysis suggested that the distance between the DNA-linked dendrimers was significantly larger than what was seen after simple mixing of G7/G5 dendrimers. The mixture showed a few dendrimers physically in contact with an interdendrimer distance of 8-10 nm. The interdendrimer distance of the nanoclusters linked with the 50-base-long oligonucleotide pairs was measured to be 21 ± 2 nm, which is in agreement with the theoretical length of the oligonucleotides duplex. These results suggest that PAMAM dendrimers can be self-assembled via complementary oligonucleotides to form supramolecular nanoclusters.
X-ray characterization of detached-grown germanium crystals

Germanium (111)-oriented crystals have been grown by the vertical Bridgman technique, in both detached and attached configurations. Microstructural characterization of these crystals has been performed using synchrotron white beam x-ray topography (SWBXT) and double axis x-ray diffraction. Dislocation densities were measured from x-ray topographs obtained using the reflection geometry. For detached-grown crystals, the dislocation density is 4-6 x 10(exp 4) per square centimeter in the seed region, and decreases in the direction of growth to less than 10(exp 3) per square centimeter, and in some crystals reaches less than 10(exp 2) per square centimeter. For crystals grown in the attached configuration, dislocation densities were on the order of 10(exp 4) per square centimeter in the middle of the crystals, increasing to greater than 10(exp 5) per square centimeter near the edge. The measured dislocation densities are in excellent agreement with etch pit density results. The rocking curve linewidths were relatively insensitive to the dislocation densities. However, broadening and splitting of the rocking curves were observed in the vicinity of subgrain boundaries identified by x-ray topography in some of the attached-grown crystals.
A close association of GM3 with c-Src and Rho in GM3-enriched microdomains at the B16 melanoma cell surface membrane: a preliminary note.

Abstract B16 melanoma is characterized by high content of GM3 ganglioside, which has been recognized as a melanoma-associated antigen defined by specific monoclonal antibodies. We report now that GM3 is present predominantly (>90%) in the 1% Triton X-100-insoluble, low-density microvesicular fraction (“detergent-insoluble glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomain”; DIGEM) separated on sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. Associated with DIGEM, many signal transducer molecules such as c-Src, FAK, and the low-molecular-weight G-proteins Rho A and H-Ras were also found. Rho A and FAK were found in part, and PLC-β2 and Gαs were found exclusively, in the high-density fraction. Immunoprecipitation of GM3 present in DIGEM by anti-GM3 antibody DH2, followed by Western blotting, revealed co-precipitation of Rho A and c-Src with GM3. These findings suggest (i) a specific organization of GM3 in close association with Rho A and c-Src within DIGEM at the melanoma cell surface; and (ii) such organizational units may be directly involved in signal transduction, in which glycosphingolipids receive signals which are subsequently transduced by associated transducer molecules.
The struggle to establish the African origins of Western civilisation

Notwithstanding, definitive evidence from archaeology and anthropology (that has also found a modest foothold in the accounting history literature) that accounting and accountants in Africa, were at the beginning of human (Western) civilisation as we know it, there remains strong Eurocentric and US-centric bias against recognising the full implications of this research. This paper reviews (briefly) the archaeological and anthropological evidence that supports this thesis, and then discusses the resistance to publishing the first accounting study on colonialism in Sierra Leone (that finally resulted in success).
Male Skin Care Needs

Male skin care has undergone significant development over the past decade, with many companies now marketing skin care products directly to the male consumer. Despite the claims of many of these companies, few over-the-counter products have data to support their efficacy at a clinical level. A basic, effective regimen for preventive male skin care should include twice-daily facial cleansing and twice-daily moisturizer application, which should include sunscreen during the day. This article focuses on topical therapies directed at the maintenance and repair of photoaged male skin. The future holds promise for new developments in skin care. However, in the absence of significant scientific breakthroughs, the most cost-effective intervention will continue to be prevention.
The reactivity of the coordinated mercapto group with various metal ions

Abstract The reactions of tris(2-mercaptoethylamine)cobalt(III), Col3, with cadmium(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) has resulted in the isolation of [Cd(CoL3)2]CdBr4,[Zn(CoL3)2]ZnBr4 and[Cu(CoL3)2]Br·2CuBr.These complexes have been characterized by chemical analyses, electronic and infrared spectra and conductivity measurements. The metal ions, Cd, Zn, Cu are believed to be coordinated by one CoL3 ligand and a bridging bromide. The reactions oftris(2-mercaptoethylamine)cobalt(III) with potential reducing metal ions such as Fe+2 or VO+2 and oxidizing metal ions such as Cr(H2O)+36, UO+42, andCe+4 has resulted in the isolation of salts of Co(CoL3)+32. Possible mechanisms which will result in the formation of the Co(CoL3)+32 cation are discussed.
Adolescent pregnancy-prevention program: A model for research and evaluation

Despite the increased interest in the effects of adolescent pregnancy-prevention programs, most interventions lack the research design and data essential for evaluation. This article describes a model in which evaluative research was incorporated in program design. The derivation of the model, the selection of measurable parameters, characteristics of the population reflected in baseline and subsequent data, and problems in quantifying and interpreting appropriate variables are discussed. Clinic data and aggregate data from three self-administered surveys is used. The surveys were completed by students in the inner-city junior and senior high schools that cooperated in the education and clinical program. We demonstrate how these two types of data augment one another in assessing program effects. The study explores the evaluation and the timing of change in sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (coital, contraceptive, and clinic) and thus may contribute to the design of measurable, replicable interventions.
Using Context to Recognize People in Consumer Images

Recognizing people in images is one of the foremost challenges in computer vision. It is important to remember that consumer photography has a highly social aspect. The photographer captures images not in a random fashion, but rather to remember or document meaningful events in her life. Understanding images of people necessitates that the context of each person in an image is considered. Context includes information related to the image of the scene surrounding the person, camera context such as location and image capture time, and the social context that describes the interactions between people. The goal of this paper is to provide the computer with the same intuition that humans would use for analyzing images of people. Fortunately, rather than relying on a lifetime of experience, context can often be modeled with large amounts of publicly available data. Probabilistic graph models and machine learning are used to model the relationship between people and context in a principled manner.
Law commentary: Unjust dismissal laws in other countries: some cautionary notes*

In this article the author provides a view from the USA on the workings of unfair dismissal legislation in a number of countries.
Effect of purine nucleosides and nucleotides on the in vivo radiation response of normal tissue in the rat.

Abstract WAG/Rij rats were exposed to single doses of radiation following intraperitoneal injection of inosine, pyruvate and inorganic phosphate (IPP). When skin reactions and structural damage were scored in the hind legs of irradiated rats, IPP was observed to decrease radiation sensitivity. Radioprotection was also observed in rats that were pretreated, with inosine alone and with the purine nucleosides adenosine and guanossine. The purine nucleotides 5′-inosine monophosphate (IMP), 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 5′-guanosine monophosphate (GMP) and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) were also protective. The purine bases hypoxanthine, adenine and guanine were not protective. A decline in blood pressure was observed following administration of either IPP or inosine alone but not following AMP or cyclic AMP. The mechanism(s) whereby the purine nucleosides and nucleotides result in radioprotection are currently being investigated.
Social adaptability index predicts kidney transplant outcome: a single-center retrospective analysis

Background. Social adaptability index (SAI) is the composite index of socioeconomic status based upon employment status, education level, marital status, substance abuse and income. It has been used in the past to define populations at higher risk for inferior clinical outcomes. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the association of the SAI with renal transplant outcome. Methods. We used data from the clinical database at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Transplant Institute, supplemented with data from United Network for Organ Sharing for the years 2001–09. The association between SAI and graft loss and recipient mortality in renal transplant recipients was studied using Cox model in the entire study population as well as in the subgroups based on age, race, sex and diabetes status. Results. We analyzed 533 end-stage renal disease patients (mean age at transplant 50.8 6 11.8 years, 52.2% diabetics, 58.9% males, 71.1% White). Higher SAI on a continuous scale was associated with decreased risk of graft loss [hazard ratio (HR) 0.89, P < 0.05, per 1 point increment in the SAI] and decreased risk of recipient mortality (HR 0.84, P < 0.01, per 1 point increment in the SAI). Higher SAI was also significantly associated with decreased risk for graft loss/ recipient mortality in some study subgroups (age 41–65 years, males, non-diabetics). Conclusions. SAI has an association with graft and recipient survival in renal transplant recipients. It can be helpful in identifying patients at higher risk for inferior transplant outcome as a target population for potential intervention.
Infrared Absorption Studies of n-Heptane under High Pressure

Mid-infrared spectra of neat n-heptane at room temperature are presented over a pressure range from ambient to 70 kbar. The application of hydrostatic pressure induces frequency shifts, band splittings, and significant changes in the line shapes of internal vibrational modes both in liquid and in solid phases. The results are discussed in terms of the liquid-solid phase transition and changes of the population of molecular conformers. Evidence for a solid-solid phase transition near 30 kbar is also presented.
A framework for dynamically instrumenting GPU compute applications within GPU Ocelot

In this paper we present the design and implementation of a dynamic instrumentation infrastructure for PTX programs that procedurally transforms kernels and manages related data structures. We show how performing instrumentation within the GPU Ocelot dynamic compiler infrastructure provides unique capabilities not available to other profiling and instrumentation toolchains for GPU computing. We demonstrate the utility of this instrumentation capability with three example scenarios - (1) performing workload characterization accelerated by a GPU, (2) providing load imbalance information for use by a resource allocator, and (3) providing compute utilization feedback to be used online by a simulated process scheduler that might be found in a hypervisor. Additionally, we measure both (1) the compilation overheads of performing dynamic compilation and (2) the increases in runtimes when executing instrumented kernels. On average, compilation overheads due to instrumentation consisted of 69% of the time needed to parse a kernel module, in the case of the Parboil benchmark suite. Slowdowns for instrumenting each basic block ranged from 1.5x to 5.5x, with the largest slowdowns attributed to kernels with large numbers of short, compute-bound blocks.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RESPIRATION OF TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI IN CULTURE.

1. The oxygen consumption of cultural forms of Trypanosoma cruzi decreases in intensity with increasing age of the cultures; no correlation with any other factor studied could be established. 2. The respiratory quotient was high for the first 10 days, i.e. as long as the population increased; with the onset of a decline in numbers, the R.Q. began to drop. It is believed that the flagellates consume in the beginning predominantly sugar and later predominantly protein. Observations on the pH of the cultures bear out this view. 3. The oxygen consumption was independent of the oxygen tension over a wide range of tensions. 4. The oxygen consumption increased in the temperature range 13° to 40°C., while a temperature of 44°C. proved to be lethal. Upon application of Arrhenius' equation, two straight lines, intersecting at about 28°C., resulted. The µ values were 23,980 and 5275 for the lower and higher temperature range respectively. 5. Of the oxidase inhibitors tested, strong inhibition of the oxygen consumption was achieved with azide, cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide. Pyrophosphate had no influence at all. There is some probability that cytochrome oxidase is the chief oxidase present. 6. The strongest inhibitory influence due to dehydrogenase inhibitors was observed with propyl carbamate and high concentrations of ethyl carbamate. 7. A small fraction of the oxygen consumption, about 10 per cent, may be due to substances with sulfhydryl groups, as indicated by a slight but distinct inhibition due to dilute iodoacetate and to arsenite.
NORTH SEA POLE TIDE DYNAMICS

S U M M A R Y Laplace tide equations (LTEs) augmented to include linear bottom friction and Chandler wobble forcing have been solved numerically for the pole tide in the North Sea employing realistic bottom topography and geometrical boundaries. The motivation for our study is the need to explain observations of enhanced pole tide amplitudes and eastward intensification along the southern boundary of the Sea. Following Wunsch (1974), the tidal dynamics are considered to depend on non-equilibrium pole tide behaviour at the open northern boundary of the Sea. With reasonably small bottom friction and open boundary forcing, the amplitude of the pole tide in the North Sea is found to be close to equilibrium, i.e. the coastal amplitudes do not match the observations. However, the phase lag obtained is close to those inferred from tide gauge analyses. Under these conditions, the North Sea has the potential to dissipate a considerable fraction (-25 per cent) of Chandler wobble energy. If much larger bottom friction is considered, the resulting pole tide amplitudes are more highly variable within the Sea, and-if the open-boundary forcing is also much larger-the tidal amplitudes match many of the observations; in this case, however, the tidal currents dissipate an unacceptably huge amount of wobble energy. An earlier version of this problem-proposed by Wunsch (1974) and reconsidered by Dickman & Preisig (1986), in which time-independent LTEs are postulated in a North Sea modelled with analytical bottom topography and a rectangular domainis also fully solved, via the method of weighted residuals. The solutions include one in which the non-equilibrium portion of the tide height is nearly constant all over the domain. The corresponding tidal currents are negligibly slow. Our work points to the importance of realistic bottom topography and coastline geometry in affecting the tidal dynamics; such factors to date have not been considered in theoretical analyses of the North Sea pole tide. The realistic bathymetry and geometry produce a large variability in bottom friction, which is inversely proportional to the water depth, and thereby generate substantial dynamic behaviour-despite the long period of the pole tide. We find that these factors significantly enhance the tidal currents and promote an eastward intensification of the non-equilibrium tide height near the southern coast.
Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus, Rhizopogon

SUMMARY Twenty nine isolates of Rhizopogon from 20 spp. differed markedly in their ability to form ectomycorrhizas with Douglas fir, western hemlock and lodgepole pine in pure-culture syntheses, Within the four sections of Rhizopogon there were similarities in ectomycorrhizal appearance and range of potential hosts. Intermediate and overlapping ectomycorrhiza! characters were evident in closely related species complexes. Although the host-specificity of many species, based on field observations of sporocarps, often correlated with their host range in the syntheses, some fungi formed well-developed ectomycorrhiza on hosts with which they appear not to be associated in the field. The specificity of host associations is suggested as a major contributor to the speciation and diversification of Rhtzopogon in the Pacific Northwest of the USA and Canada.
Ions Classification in Peptide Tandem Mass Spectra

In computational proteomics, inferring the peptide sequence from its MS/MS data is an important issue and many algorithms have been proposed. Ions classification aiming at determining the type of ions provides a basis for most of the existing algorithms. However, no report on ions classification methods have been found to our knowledge. In this paper, a method extracting ion feature is first presented according to the analysis of the relationship among ions. To deal with ions with high overlap peaks and highdensity peaks in some mass interval, a method of filtering 'noise' peaks is then proposed according to the information of the related ions. Moreover, a binary ions classification method, which takes some type of ions as one class and the rest ions as the other class, is proposed based on SVM with a novel kernel trick. In the experiments, classification for b-ions and y-ions are implemented. The results demonstrate that an accuracy level of 90% is achieved.
Surgical Repair of Meniscal Tears With Concomitant Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients 18 Years and Younger

BackgroundThere are sparse data available regarding outcome of meniscal repair performed at the time of ACL reconstruction in the pediatric and adolescent population.PurposeTo review the results of meniscal repair performed at the time of ACL reconstruction in pediatric and adolescent patients.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsThe records of all patients age 18 years or younger who underwent meniscal repair at the time of ACL reconstruction between 1990 and 2005 were reviewed. Ninety-nine patients (56 female, 43 male) with an average age of 16 years (range, 13-18) were included. Average injury to surgery interval was 107 days (range, 2-1109). Clinical outcomes were assessed at a mean of 8 years postoperatively (range, 2-19). A multivariate model was used to compare this cohort with a previously published cohort of patients with isolated meniscal tears.ResultsThe clinical success rate of meniscal repair was 84% for simple tears, 59% for displaced bucket-handle tears, and 57% for complex ...
The Galactic Habitable Zone: Galactic Chemical Evolution

Abstract We propose the concept of a “Galactic Habitable Zone” (GHZ). Analogous to the Circumstellar Habitable Zone (CHZ), the GHZ is that region in the Milky Way where an Earth-like planet can retain liquid water on its surface and provide a long-term habitat for animal-like aerobic life. In this paper we examine the dependence of the GHZ on Galactic chemical evolution. The single most important factor is likely the dependence of terrestrial planet mass on the metallicity of its birth cloud. We estimate, very approximately, that a metallicity at least half that of the Sun is required to build a habitable terrestrial planet. The mass of a terrestrial planet has important consequences for interior heat loss, volatile inventory, and loss of atmosphere. A key issue is the production of planets that sustain plate tectonics, a critical recycling process that provides feedback to stabilize atmospheric temperatures on planets with oceans and atmospheres. Due to the more recent decline from the early intense star formation activity in the Milky Way, the concentration in the interstellar medium of the geophysically important radioisotopes 40K, 235,238U, and 232Th has been declining relative to Fe, an abundant element in the Earth. Also likely important are the relative abundances of Si and Mg to Fe, which affects the mass of the core relative to the mantle in a terrestrial planet. All these elements and isotopes vary with time and location in the Milky Way; thus, planetary systems forming in other locations and times in the Milky Way with the same metallicity as the Sun will not necessarily form habitable Earth-like planets. As a result of the radial Galactic metallicity gradient, the outer limit of the GHZ is set primarily by the minimum required metallicity to build large terrestrial planets. Regions of the Milky Way least likely to contain Earth-mass planets are the halo (including globular clusters), the thick disk, and the outer thin disk. The bulge should contain Earth-mass planets, but stars in it have a mix of elements different from the Sun's. The existence of a luminosity–metallicity correlation among galaxies of all types means that many galaxies are too metal-poor to contain Earth-mass planets. Based on the observed luminosity function of nearby galaxies in the visual passband, we estimate that (1) the Milky Way is among the 1.3% most luminous (and hence most metal-rich) galaxies and (2) about 23% of stars in a typical ensemble of galaxies are more metal-rich than the average star in the Milky Way. The GHZ zone concept can be easily extrapolated to the universe as a whole, especially with regard to the changing star formation rate and its effect on metallicity and abundances of the long-lived radioisotopes.
Estimating sample size in functional MRI (fMRI) neuroimaging studies: Statistical power analyses

Estimation of statistical power in functional MRI (fMRI) requires knowledge of the expected percent signal change between two conditions as well as estimates of the variability in percent signal change. Variability can be divided into intra-subject variability, reflecting noise within the time series, and inter-subject variability, reflecting subject-to-subject differences in activation. The purpose of this study was to obtain estimates of percent signal change and the two sources of variability from fMRI data, and then use these parameter estimates in simulation experiments in order to generate power curves. Of interest from these simulations were conclusions concerning how many subjects are needed and how many time points within a scan are optimal in an fMRI study of cognitive function. Intra-subject variability was estimated from resting conditions, and inter-subject variability and percent signal change were estimated from verbal working memory data. Simulations derived from these parameters illustrate how percent signal change, intra- and inter-subject variability, and number of time points affect power. An empirical test experiment, using fMRI data acquired during somatosensory stimulation, showed good correspondence between the simulation-based power predictions and the power observed within somatosensory regions of interest. Our analyses suggested that for a liberal threshold of 0.05, about 12 subjects were required to achieve 80% power at the single voxel level for typical activations. At more realistic thresholds, that approach those used after correcting for multiple comparisons, the number of subjects doubled to maintain this level of power.
Effects of Light Environment on Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Development in Inga leiocalycina, a Tropical Wet Forest Tree1

Abstract Results of a shadehouse experiment and a field study with seedlings and saplings of Inga leiocalycina Willd. (Leguminoseae), a canopy tree of American lowland tropical wet forests, indicated that plant light environment affects both (1) the degree of root colonization by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and (2) the development of VAM structures in the root. Among shadehouse-grown seedlings, VAM colonization increased with increasing light intensity, from a mean of 20 percent (21.5 cm colonized root) at a light level approximating forest understory environments to 47 percent (233.1 cm) at a light level found in centers of treefall gap environments. In contrast, VAM colonization levels were similar between gap and understory habitats among field-collected sapling roots; however, the anatomy of the symbiosis differed between light environments. Roots of light gap saplings had significantly more intracellular fungal coils than understory sapling roots. At subsaturating levels for photosyn...
Variation in glacial erosion near the southern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, south-central Wisconsin, USA: Implications for cosmogenic dating of glacial terrains

We measured the abundance of cosmo- genic 10 Be and 26 Al in 22 samples collected from five striated granite, metarhyolite, and quartzite outcrops in south-central Wiscon- sin that were covered by the late Wisconsin Laurentide Ice Sheet. In two outcrops, mea- sured nuclide abundances are consistent with the existing radiocarbon chronology of ice retreat. In three outcrops, nuclide abun- dances were up to eight times higher than predicted by the radiocarbon chronology. At these three sites, several thousand years of ice flow eroded only centimeters to deci- meters of rock, allowing a significant quan- tity of nuclides (10 5 two samples carry the equivalent of .150,000 yr of surface exposure, even though they were covered by ice during the last-glacial-maximum advance. Samples highest on the landscape or in plucked ar- eas have less inheritance than those from the lee sides of large hills or lower in the landscape. Three quartzite samples collect- ed ;10 km up-ice from the margin contain three to four times the expected nuclide abundance (10 5 to 10 6 atoms per gram of quartz). In contrast, eight other quartzite and granite samples from two outcrops .50 km up-ice from the former margin contain only 10 5 atoms of 10 Be per gram of quartz, consistent with late Pleistocene ex- posure and little, if any, nuclide inheri- tance. This relationship between glacial erosion and distance from the former ter- minus is consistent with a marginal zone of minimal subglacial erosion; the ice was ei- ther frozen to its bed there, or the ice thick- ness and duration of ice cover were less near the terminus. These data, together with simple model- ing of nuclide production by deeply pene- trating muons, suggest that many meters of rock must be removed to reduce inheri- tance to negligible levels (,1000 yr) in con- tinental terrains with low long-term erosion rates. Our results indicate that cosmogenic dating of exposed bedrock surfaces near former ice margins or in areas where ice was frozen to the bed may be uncertain, and in some cases impossible, because nu- clides are inherited from prior periods of cosmic-ray exposure. Unfortunately, striat- ed glacial outcrops that can be used to dem- onstrate most easily the assumption of ''no postglacial erosion'' are also the most likely to have undergone little glacial erosion. This finding suggests that cosmogenic- nuclide production rates based on glacially striated surfaces may include cosmogenic nuclides inherited from prior exposure.
A study on rescoring using HMM-based detectors for continuous speech recognition

This paper presents an investigation of the rescoring performance using hidden Markov model (HMM) based attribute detectors. The minimum verification error (MVE) criterion is employed to enhance the reliability of the detectors in continuous speech recognition. The HMM-based detectors are applied on the possible recognition candidates, which are generated from the conventional decoder and organized in phone/word graphs. We focus on the study of rescoring performance with the detectors trained on the tokens produced by the decoder but labeled in broad phonetic categories rather than the phonetic identities. Various training criteria and knowledge fusion methods are investigated under various semantic level rescoring scenarios. This research demonstrates various possibilities of embedding auxiliary information into the current automatic speech recognition (ASR) framework for improved results. It also represents an intermediate step towards the construction of a true detection-based ASR paradigm.
WAVE INTERACTION BETWEEN ADJACENT SLENDER BODIES

A linear approximation for surface-wave radiation by two adjacent slender bodies is derived and compared with a three-dimensional numerical method. The approximation incorporates slender-body theory for a single body and accounts for wave interaction between the bodies. It is assumed that the distance between the bodies is on the order of their lengths. The far-field disturbance due to each body is obtained by distributing wave sources and dipoles on its centreline and solving a pair of coupled integral equations for their strengths and moments respectively. The hydrodynamic added-mass and damping coefficients are then calculated from simple expressions involving the source strengths and the hydrodynamic coefficients of each body separately. Wave exciting forces are also calculated from a far-field reciprocity relation. The approximation performs well even when the separation distance is comparable to the characteristic transverse dimension of each body.
Diversion from a rural work zone with traffic-responsive variable message signage system

An experiment was made to determine the degree of alternative-route selection from a rural freeway that occurs because of implementation of a traffic-responsive variable message signage system in a work zone. The message signs gave real-time estimates of travel time to the end of the work zone. Alternative-route selection was measured through extensive volume counts on the freeway and on parallel arterial streets, both before and after implementation of the signage system. In addition, traffic volumes were measured at a variety of locations where alternative-route selection was likely to occur and where it was unlikely to occur. Analysis of peak period data found that alternative-route selection rates were between 7% and 10% of the freeway traffic, depending on the location and the day of the week.
Specificity of Anhedonic Depression and Anxious Arousal with Sexual Problems Among Sexually Healthy Young Adults

ABSTRACT Introduction Past research has suggested that depression and anxiety are similarly associated with sexual problems. However, methodological limitations may have hindered the ability of prior studies to detect potential specificity between depression and anxiety with distinct sexual problems. Specifically, previous studies have frequently used measures that confound depression and anxiety, focused exclusively on populations with medical complications, and failed to account for the iatrogenic effects of antidepressants. Aim Clark and Watson's tripartite model was used to differentiate anxious and depressive symptoms and examine their associations with indices of sexual functioning. Specifically, we examined how general distress, anxious arousal, and anhedonia are differentially related to sexual desire, arousal, erection and lubrication difficulties, orgasm achievement, pain, satisfaction, avoidance, pleasure, concerns, and sexual self‐image. Methods In a cross‐sectional study, 1,258 young men and women completed the Female Sexual Function Index, Male Sexual Function Index (adapted for the current investigation), Profile of Female Sexual Function, and Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire. Results Zero‐order correlations revealed some specificity between the three affective constructs, as they were associated with sexual problems. However, multiple regression analyses revealed clearer patterns, showing that anhedonic depression was more uniquely related to most sexual problems among women, whereas the relations of anxiety and depression with male sexual problems were more mixed. Discussion. This study of young subjects not identified to have affective or sexual disorders suggests that specificity exists between depression and anxiety as they relate to sexual functioning, and that this specificity varies between genders. Such findings highlight the importance of considering the unique influences of anxiety and depression in the conceptualization and treatment of sexual dysfunction. Kalmbach DA, Ciesla JA, Janata JW, and Kingsberg SA. Specificity of anhedonic depression and anxious arousal with sexual problems among sexually healthy young adults. J Sex Med 2012;9:505–513.
Blind deconvolution using a maximum likelihood channel estimator

A channel estimator is presented that does not depend on a learning sequence or estimated data sequence for identifying the unknown channel. The authors endeavor to solve the problem of blind equalization in two steps. First, a maximum-likelihood estimate is made of the unknown channel from the received data alone. These estimates are then used in a maximum likelihood sequence (Viterbi) decoder to recover the transmitted digital message. Simulation results show that the probability of error obtained by this approach is comparable to that obtained with a Viterbi decoder operating with known rather than estimated channel symbols. >