cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-stage epitaxial growth of GaP on spinel

Abstract Heteroepitaxial GaP films were grown on MgAl 2 O 4 spinel substrates by a two-stage epitaxial process. The nucleation and initial film growth are achieved by a vapor phase growth technique. Further film growth and p-n junctions were obtained by the liquid phase epitaxial technique. The epitaxial film-substrate composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and topography, scanning electron microscopy, and electrical measurements. Information was obtained on the epitaxial orientation relationships, crystalline perfection, surface structure, and electrical characteristics. Electroluminescent diodes were successfully fabricated from GaP p-n junctions grown on spinel.
Daily rhythmic changes in hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase activity: Role of dietary phenylalanine

Abstract Phenylalanine hydroxylase has a circadian rhythmicity in the rat liver. Fasted rats have a lower phenylalanine hydroxylase activity than rats fed ad libitum , but the circadian rhythmicity persists. Since breakdown of body proteins maintains blood levels of phenylalanine, the lower phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in the fasted rats seems to be independent of phenylalanine blood levels. In rats on high phenylalanine intake the peak in blood phenylalanine coincides in time with the peak enzyme activity in the liver. Phenylalanine blood levels affect the extent and duration of the maximum enzyme activity in rats with high phenylalanine intake. In rats on Chow diets or in rats receiving comparable or lower levels of phenylalanine, the circadian rhythm of phenylalanine hydroxylase appears to be independent of phenylalanine blood levels.
Series resistance compensation in translinear circuits

The base resistance is often the primary limitation factor for the accuracy in translinear circuits. A general compensation technique for the extrinsic base resistance and the emitter series resistance is presented in this paper. The applications discussed include proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) temperature sensors and bandgap references.
Processes Affecting Distribution of Foraminifera and Other Biogenic Sediment Components off Coast of Washington and Oregon: ABSTRACT

Three biozones based on the microbiogenic components of sediment are recognized on the continental shelf off the coast of Oregon and Washington. Boundaries of these zones seem to be influenced by the limiting surface-wave and internal-wave turbulence and sediment substrate. The winter plume of the Columbia River transports biogenic particles northward. The inner zone is influenced by wave turbulence and has a sandy substrate. Living Eggerella advena and Buliminella elegantissima are confined mainly to this zone, but their empty tests also are common in the middle zone. Below the depth influenced by wave turbulence, fine sediments from the Columbia River are deposited; therefore the middle zone has a muddy substrate. It is characterized by dominance of the foraminifers Recurvoides turbinatus, Spiroplectammina biformis, and Nonionella spp., and the planktonic diatom Coscinodiscus spp. In the outer zone which is below the regional halocline, little sediment accumulates--possibly because of turbulence created by internal waves. The substrate therefore generally is sandy, and is characterized by dominance of the foraminifers Angulogerina angulosa, Eilohedra levicula, Epistominella exigena End_Page 462------------------------------ Uvigerina juncea, Adercatryma glomeratum, Haplophragmoides bradyi, and abundant radiolarians. Tintinnids, pennate diatoms, plant fragments, and empty tests of B. elegantissima are more abundant off the mouth of the Columbia River and north of it than they are south of it. These inner shelf and land-derived biogenic particles appear to be distributed by the north-setting winter plume of the Columbia River. End_of_Article - Last_Page 463------------
Pressure dependence of F-center hyperfine interactions*

Abstract We report a study of the effects of intense hydrostatic stress (10 Kbar) on the ENDOR spectra of F -centers in several alkali halides. In LiF, KCl, and KBr, the first shell contact hyperfine interaction constant, a I , increases with compression, while the second shell term, a II , decreases. In LiCl, however, d a II /d P and d a I /d P are both less than zero. We explain our experimental results, including the anomaly cf LiCl, with a model involving (1) ionic motion in a non-constant spin-density gradient and (2) ion-motion-induced perturbation of the F -center envelope function.
PRODUCTION OF RUNT DISEASE IN TOLERANT MICE BY THE INJECTION OF SYNGENEIC LYMPHOID CELLS

When chimeric A strain mice tolerant of (A x C57BL/1)F1 hybrid skin grafts are injected with spleen cells from normal A donors the recipients develop weight loss, clinical evidence of runting, and death in some animals. Similar recipients injected with spleen cells from A strain donors immunized against C57BL/1 tissue show a more rapid onset of the runting process and increased mortality. Runting in. these experiments therefore results from an immune attack by the injected A strain lymphoid cells against the (A x C57BL/1)F1 hybrid tissue harbored by the chimeric recipients. Since the hybrid tissues of the chimeric recipients were derived from spleen cell populations we conclude that the immunologic rejection of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissue is sufficient to cause the runting syndrome. C3H mice tolerant of A strain skin grafts because of the prior injection of viable or disrupted A strain spleen material were given 400 r of x-irradiation and an injection of C3H spleen cells. Only the chimeric C3H mice harboring viable A strain cells developed weight loss and clinical evidence of disease, showing again that runting occurs only when an attack can be made against viable lymphoid and hematopoietic tissue. Normal A strain mice injected intravenously with 850 million (A x C57BL/1)F1 hybrid spleen cells reject hybrid skin grafts and do not develop runting, whereas the rejection of similar hybrid tissue present in chimeric A strain mice results in runting. It is concluded that runting will occur only when the immunologic attack is directed against lymphoid and hematopoietic tissue which has become established within host tissues. The possibility that runting may result from hypersensitivity reactions occurring in the lymphoid tissues is discussed.
Durability of a reference material over diverse conditions

Abstract A polyethylene film with phenolic antioxidant and phosphite synergist, has been proposed to be a standard reference material for the oxidative induction time measurement by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) [R.L. Blaine, A proposed reference material for oxidative induction time by differential scanning calorimetry, in: A.T. Riga, G.H. Patterson (Eds.), ASTM Special Technical Publications, STP 1326, ASTM, W. Conshohocken, PA, 1997, pp. 193–204.], ASTM D-3895 [ASTM D-3895-92, Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of Polyolefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry]. We have examined the oxidative stability of this material over diverse conditions. These include oxidative induction time in air, over broad temperatures; induction time in pressurized oxygen in a pressure DSC, circulating oven, and samples subjected to different doses of ionizing radiation. It appears that when the lifetime is presented in the Arrhenius form, a progressively diminishing activation energies toward room temperature was observed. After combining experimental OIT (oxidative induction time) data of up to about 8 years, a conservative estimate of durability of about 30 years was obtained.
Interaction of Learner Characteristics with Learning from Three Models of the Periodic Table.

This study was designed to explore the effects on learning of: (1) structural modifications to the periodic table, (2) the location of a periodic table within instructional materials, and (3) the presence of a two-page schema showing relationships between the topics explained in the written materials and the periodic table. One hundred and sixty high school students were randomly assigned to one of eight treatments. A 28-item posttest (KR –; 21 = 0.72), consisting of multiple choice and constructed answer items, was designed to measure subjects' ability to use their periodic tables to obtain factual information and to solve qualitative chemistry problems. Regression analyses using the multiple choice portion of the posttest as a dependent variable and table type as an independent variable revealed that for subjects with minimal experience with the periodic table, those who received the table with added visual data performed significantly better than subjects who received either of the other two tables (df 3,93; F = 2.72; p < 0.05). For subjects familiar with the periodic table, significant vocabulary X table (df 3,49; F = 3.22; p < 0.05) and vocabulary X location (df 1,49; F = 4.46; p < 0.05) interactions were detected. Subjects high in verbal comprehension tended to take advantage of the modified tables, while those low in verbal comprehension processed the traditional table with less information most effectively. These latter students also benefited more from having the periodic table alongside their written materials.
Revealing Biological Pathways Implicated in Lung Cancer from TCGA Gene Expression Data Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis

Analyzing biological system abnormalities in cancer patients based on measures of biological entities, such as gene expression levels, is an important and challenging problem. This paper applies existing methods, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and Signaling Pathway Impact Analysis, to pathway abnormality analysis in lung cancer using microarray gene expression data. Gene expression data from studies of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma (LUSC) in The Cancer Genome Atlas project, and pathway gene set data from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were used to analyze the relationship between pathways and phenotypes. Results, in the form of pathway rankings, indicate that some pathways may behave abnormally in LUSC. For example, both the cell cycle and viral carcinogenesis pathways ranked very high in LUSC. Furthermore, some pathways that are known to be associated with cancer, such as the p53 and the PI3K-Akt signal transduction pathways, were found to rank high in LUSC. Other pathways, such as bladder cancer and thyroid cancer pathways, were also ranked high in LUSC.
UV and fluorescence characterization of styrene and methyl methacrylate polymerization

Polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were studied by UV and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. Using a sharp decrease in the extinction coefficient at 250 nm and the fluorescence quantum yield at 308 nm of styrene following polymerization, styrene conversion in solution polymerization by UV and fluorescence measurements were found to correlate well with IR results monitoring the disappearance of vinyl groups, at three different temperatures (65, 70, and 75°C). The activation energy of about 6 kcal/mol was obtained. Using the decrease in UV absorbance of MMA during polymerization, solution polymerization of MMA was studied and compared with IR results. Due to the solvent absorbance, the UV method underestimates the conversion to a certain extent. When a small amount of styrene is added in MMA polymerization as a reactive extrinsic comonomer, the conversion of styrene measured by fluorescence is found to be faster than MMA, due to the characteristic reactivity ratios of MMA and styrene. The correlation curve could be used to estimate MMA conversion from styrene fluorescence, providing a method more sensitive than the viscosity-dependent fluorescence probe technique. Bulk polymerization of styrene was studied by bifurcated fiber-optic fluorescence. Due to self-quenching, little fluorescence of styrene is observed up to 75% conversion, but increases sharply from 75 to 85% conversion, followed by a drastic decrease during the last 15% conversion. In comparison to other methods of following vinyl polymerization such as refractive index, density, and gel permeation chromatography, these spectroscopic techniques provide real-time in situ capability as well as better sensitivity, especially in the later stages of polymerization. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Two-dimensional avalanche simulation of collector-emitter breakdown

A two-dimensional (2-D) transient simulation approach with the avalanche effect included has been used to study breakdown phenomena in conventional vertical bipolar transistors of the n-p-n type. The simulated current responses to voltage ramps show the important difference in speed for the emitter-collector breakdown and collector-base breakdown. DC specified values may be too conservative. >
EPL reticle technology

Nikon, in collaboration with IBM, has been developing EB stepper, which is the electron beam projection lithography (EPL) system for 70 nm node generation and below. As the standard reticle for EB stepper, the scattering silicon stencil type is used to obtain highest performance. The EB reticle has thin silicon membranes of thickness 2 micrometers and membrane size 1.13 mm square with stencil opening patterns, which are supported by a grid-grillage structure. The development of the EB reticle is one of key issues in the EB stepper development. We had accomplished 76nm reticle development using silicon-on-insulator wafer with a stress- controlled membrane. Now we are in the 200 mm reticle development phase. We have curried out experiments in cleaning, inspection and repair for the EB reticle, which are very important issues for the EB reticle fabrication. We showed possibilities of Ar aerosol cleaning, a reticle repair using Focused Ion Beam, pattern defect inspection with DUV microscope and so on.
Host Defense Against Streptococcus pneumoniae: The Role of the Spleen

The asplenic patient has an increased susceptibility to bacterial septicemia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for approximately 50% of the episodes. Although the incidence of septicemia varies among patients of different ages and with different underlying diseases, half of the patients with overwhelming post-splenectomy infection die. Increased susceptibility to overwhelming infection with blood-borne bacteria is due primarily to the absence of a major phagocytic mass with a large blood flow. In the nonimmune host the spleen plays an important role in the phagocytosis and clearance of blood-borne antigens. Asplenic infants younger than two years old or splenectomized patients with an underlying disease that impairs their ability to form specific antibody to S. pneumoniae are at maximal risk for septicemia. In addition, studies of asplenic animals and humans suggest that the spleen has a specific role in the production of antibody. Activation of the alternative complement pathway may be abnormal in patients with anatomical or functional asplenia. Defective clearance of blood-borne bacteria in the nonimmune host, a decrease in antibody formation, and abnormal activation of the alternative complement pathway may be additive defects that place the asplenic host at risk for overwhelming post-splenectomy infection.
Induction of atrial fibrillation with low-energy defibrillator shocks in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators

In a population of 151 consecutive patients who received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator, we found that atrial fibrillation was induced by low-energy shocks in 19% and was most common in patients with lead systems that included a right atrial electrode. Our finding that there was a fixed relation between the energy required to fibrillate ( 3 J) suggests the presence of an upper limit of vulnerability in the human atrium.
Symbolic Opposition: A Retrospective Analysis of House Votes to Reject BRAC Recommendations in 1989, 1991, and 1995

In 1988 Congress authorized a bipartisan commission to close and realign military bases. The commission process provided members of Congress with bases closing in their districts an opportunity to oppose the closures symbolically. This article analyzes this symbolic opposition, namely, the three House votes to reject the BRACs' recommendations for closure and realignment. Logistic regression models are used to determine that ideology and parochialism are significant variables when analyzing votes in the House. When the analysis is restricted only to members with bases closing, job losses guided the voting.
31P nuclear magnetic resonance phospholipid analysis of anionic-enriched lecithins

Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance provides well-dispersed, quantifiable phospholipid profiles of commercial and laboratory anionic lecithin preparations. Seventeen phospholipids were determined in commercial soybean lecithins. Lecithin refinement to produce anionic-enriched lecithins may be monitored precisely.
Application of Δε-Analysis to Pharmaceuticals II: Determination of Morphine

Abstract Morphine exhibits a bathochromic displacement typical for phenols of its U.V. absorption spectrum in alkaline solution as compared to its spectrum in acid solution. Subtracting the absorbances of the U.V. spectrum in acid solution from those of the U.V. spectrum in alkaline solution results in a characteristic Δe-spectrum (differential spectrum). This difference spectrum exhibits a maximum at 298 mμ of sufficient magnitude to be suitable for quantitative determinations in a manner analogous to the use of the usual U.V. absorption spectra but with added specificity. The method has been applied to the determination of morphine in tablets, tincture of opium, and camphorated tincture of opium.
NONLINEAR FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATIONS OF UNCERTAINTY IN MODEL VALIDATION

Abstract Model validation provides a useful means of assessing the ability of a model to account for a specific experimental observation, and has application to modeling, identification and fault detection. In this paper we consider a new approach to the linear fractional transformation (LFT) model validation problem by deploying quadratic functionals, and more generally nonlinear functionals , to specify noise and dynamical perturbation sets. Sufficient conditions for invalidation of such models are provided in terms of semidefinite programming problems.
Stabilization of 5‐azacytidine by nucleophilic addition of bisulfite ion

5-Azacytidine (I) stability was increased approximately 10-fold over its stability in water or lactated Ringer injection by the addition of excess sodium bisulfite and the maintenance of pH approximately 2.5. The increased stability in the presence of bisulfite at pH 2.5 was attributed to the addition of bisulfite across the 5-6 protonated imine bond of I, which prevented the hydrolytic attack on this labile double bond. However, above pH 4, bisulfite increased I degradation. At higher pH, the compound was no longer protonated and bisulfite did not form the stable addition product. The addition compound quickly decomposed above pH 6 to give back the parent compound and, thus, acted as a I prodrug. The intact drug remaining was assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the reversibility of the bisulfite-I addition product above pH 6 was demonstrated by UV spectrophotometry and HPLC. The potential utility of the bisulfite-I addition product as a I prodrug in parenteral and possible oral dosage forms is discussed.
Flight paths of night-flying moths to light.

Abstract The terminal portion of the flight paths of the corn earworm moth, Heliothis zea , to blacklights were studied on a moth flight pond and in the field. It was found that moths did not spiral into a lamp or fly directly at the light, but flew towards a region next to the lamp. It is suggested that near-the-light moths perceive a dark Mach band next to the lamp and fly towards this region in an effort to escape.
Alternating Direction Implicit Method-Based Nonlinear Filtering for Relative Orbit Estimation

Nonlinear filtering theory, based upon the Fokker-Planck equation and Bayes’ rule, has been around since the 1970s. This method does not require linearized dynamics and/or measurement models, and also the assumption of the Gaussian process is not necessary. However, it is extremely difficult to obtain an analytical solution of the Fokker-Planck equation with only a few exceptions, and normally the solution is obtained through numerical approaches. In this paper, this type of nonlinear filtering method is reinvestigated and applied to a relative orbit estimation problem. The time evolution of the state conditional probability density function between measurements is obtained by solving the associated Fokker-Planck equation numerically using the numerical scheme called the alternating direction implicit method. To further mitigate the computational load, an enhanced moving domain technique is employed and the probability distribution function is partitioned.
Role Perceptions and Role Dynamics between Graduate Scientists and K-12 Teachers in a School-University Outreach Project: Understudied Constructs.

Partnerships between scientists and teachers are an important focus of the current reform in science education. This study examined the roles and the dynamics of interactions in an NSF-funded Graduate Teaching Fellows in K-12 Education (GK-12) project. Data sources included interviews with teachers, fellows, and students at eight K-12 schools. Data were analyzed for emergent categories recognized by teachers and fellows alike. Roles played by the fellows were those of science/ math expert, scientist/mathematician role model, source of material resources, source of curricular enrichment, and teaching partner. Teacher roles were perceived as liaison between fellow and schools, teaching partner, teaching mentor, and science/math learner. Although the project underdefined the roles of the teachers, teachers showed noteworthy consistency in perception of their roles. The roles of the fellows differed from those of the project description and evolved idiosyncratically within each teacher-fellow partnership. Because a consistent understanding between project directors and participants regarding roles is critical to the success of a project, the authors suggest that further research into roles that emerge within partnerships is vital for the future development of K-12 projects.
Poststroke Fear of Falling in the Hospital Setting

AbstractPurpose: Fear of falling (FoF) has a negative impact on older adults, however there is a paucity of research regarding the development and impact of FoF after stroke. Therefore, our objectives were to determine the proportion of individuals with FoF and the affect of FoF during the immediate poststroke period. Methods: This observational study of baseline data from a pilot cohort study includes a convenience sample of 28 adults with acute stroke before discharge home. Measures include self-reported FoF, the Falls Efficacy Scale–Swedish Version [FES(S)], Stroke-Specific Quality of Life (SS-QOL), performance and satisfaction with performance (Canadian Occupational Performance Measure), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9). Results: Fifteen (54%) of the participants reported FoF. Those with FoF were more likely to have decreased SS-QOL domain scores for energy (p = .013), personality (p = .015), and thinking (p = .008); decreased performance (self-...
Left Ventricular Performance at High End-Diastolic Pressures in Isolated, Perfused Dog Hearts

In the isolated, blood-perfused heart of the dog, left ventricular developed pressure and developed mean wall stress were observed while the ventricle contracted at a constant, nearly isovolumic afterload and while end-diastolic pressure was raised to levels exceeding 100 mm Hg. Coronary perfusion pressure was maintained at the level of the peak systolic pressure. Dilatation of the mitral ring and consequent mitral regurgitation were avoided by left atrial plication. Normalized graphs of percent of peak developed pressure against end-diastolic pressure showed that developed pressure rose abruptly with diastolic pressure, peaked at a diastolic pressure of approximately 30 mm Hg, and declined 14.7% (±0.9 SE) at an end-diastolic pressure of 100 mm Hg. Likewise, developed mean wall stress rose abruptly with diastolic pressure, peaked at a higher diastolic pressure of approximately 50 mm Hg, and declined only 7.5% (±0.8 SE) from this peak at an end-diastolic pressure of 100 mm Hg. Similar findings were observed in hearts acutely depressed with propranolol. Electron micrographs showed sarcomere length to average 2.275µ and 2.300µ in ventricles fixed in diastole while subjected to pressures of 61 and 100 mm Hg, respectively, after potassium arrest, confirming the findings illustrated by the normalized graphs. These observations imply that in the isolated heart of the dog there is no loss of ventricular performance attributable to a descending limb of the Frank-Starling mechanism until the end-diastolic pressure exceeds 60 mm Hg and that this loss is minimal at diastolic pressures as high as 100 mm Hg.
Sensitization by SR-2508 plus Ro 03-8799.

The primary toxicity of Ro 03-8799 is a central nervous system toxicity, whereas that of SR-2508 is a peripheral neuropathy. The feasibility of reducing overall toxicity while maintaining maximal radiosensitization by using the two sensitizers together was tested. The LD50/2 of Ro 03-8799 was 0.68 mg/g body wt (mg/gbw) after intravenous (i.v.) administration, and that of SR-2508 was 4.4 mg/gbw after i.v. administration. When both drugs were given together in equitoxic proportions, the LD50/2 was 0.45 mg of Ro 03-8799 plus 2.9 mg of SR-2508/gbw. These doses are 66% of the respective LD50/2 values of the drugs when given separately. Radiosensitization was evaluated using in vivo-in vitro assays with EMT6/SF tumors in BALB/c mice. At drug doses between 10 and 60% of the LD50/2, sensitization was generally maximal and similar to that from misonidazole, but there was less sensitization below this dose, both with the drugs given separately and together. If chronic toxicities of these drugs overlap as do the acute toxicities there will be little or no additional benefit from using these drugs in combination, compared to using them separately.
The Preschool Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study (PATS) 6-Year Follow-Up.

Objective To describe the clinical course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom severity and diagnosis from ages 3 to 5 up to 9 to 12 years during a 6-year follow-up after the original Preschool ADHD Treatment Study (PATS). Method A total of 207 participants (75% male) from the original PATS, assessed at baseline (mean age, 4.4 years, when all met criteria for ADHD) and 3 months later (before medication treatment), were re-evaluated in three follow-up assessment visits (year 3, mean age 7.4 years; year 4, 8.3 years; and year 6, 10.4 years). Parents and teachers rated symptom severity, and clinicians established psychiatric diagnoses. Analyses examined longitudinal changes in symptom severity and ADHD diagnosis. Results Parent- and teacher-rated symptom severity decreased from baseline to year 3 but remained relatively stable and in the moderate-to-severe clinical range through year 6. Girls showed generally steeper decreases in symptom T-scores. At year 6, 89% (160/180) of remaining participants met ADHD symptom and impairment diagnostic criteria. Comorbidity of oppositional defiant disorder and/or conduct disorder was associated with a 30% higher risk of having an ADHD diagnosis at year 6 in the multiple logistic model. Medication status during follow-up, on versus off, did not predict symptom severity change from year 3 to year 6 after adjustment for other variables. Conclusions ADHD in preschoolers is a relatively stable diagnosis over a 6-year period. The course is generally chronic, with high symptom severity and impairment, in very young children with moderate-to-severe ADHD, despite treatment with medication. Development of more effective ADHD intervention strategies is needed for this age group.
Exploiting Partially Reconfigurable FPGAs for Situation-Based Reconfiguration in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are typicallycomposed of very small, battery-operated devices (sensor nodes) containing simple microprocessors with few computational resources. However, the rapidly increasing popularity of WSNs has placed increased computational demands upon these systems, due to increasingly complex operating environments and enhanced data-sensing technology. Whereas introducing more powerful microprocessors into sensor nodes addressesthese demands, sensor nodes do not contain sufficient energy reserves to support these microprocessors. In this paper, we present a partially reconfigurable FPGA-based architecture and methodology to provide increased WSN flexibility and computational resources, resulting in superior power consumption and performance compared to a microprocessor capable of satisfying similar demands.
Analysis and Design of a Proportional-Integral Rate Controller for Streaming Videos

In this paper, we study the problem of rate control for streaming videos by jointly considering encoder rate control and network congestion control. We adopt a control-theoretic approach that models video streaming as a feedback control system. Based on a properly chosen operating point, the model is linearized and a proportional-integral (PI) controller is designed to stabilize the streaming video quality. We derive the guidelines for choosing parameters for the proposed PI rate controller and prove its stability properties. We also show that the PI rate controller is highly robust to fluctuations in the bottleneck link capacity. Our simulation results verify the accuracy of the analysis and demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed control-theoretic approach.
Resistance Mechanisms in an In Vitro-Selected Amoxicillin-Resistant Strain of Helicobacter pylori

We investigated the beta-lactam resistance mechanism(s) of an in vitro-selected amoxicillin-resistant Helicobacter pylori strain (AmoxR). Our results demonstrated that resistance is due to a combination of amino acid substitutions in penicillin binding protein 1 (PBP1), HopB, and HopC identified in AmoxR, resulting in decreased affinity of PBP1 for amoxicillin and decreased accumulation of penicillin.
Computational retinal imaging via binocular coupling and indirect illumination

The retina is a complex light-sensitive tissue that is an essential part of the human visual system. It is unique, as it can be optically observable with non-invasive methods through the eye's transparent elements. This has inspired a long history of retinal imaging devices for examination of optical function [Van Trigt 1852; Yates 2011] and for diagnosis of many of the diseases that manifest in the retinal tissue, such as diabetic retinophathy, hypertension, HIV/AIDS related retinitis, and age-related macular degeneration. These conditions are some of leading causes of blindness, especially in the developing world, but can often be prevented if screened and diagnosed in early stages.
Defect Chemistry and Electrical Properties of Thallium Oxide Single Crystals

Ehdectrical resistivity and Hall voltage were measured between 4.2 and 300 K on T12O3 crystals annealehd at 550°C for 24 h under oxygen pressures of 2×104 to 107 Pa. The carrier concentration varied from 7.97×1020 to 5.08×1020 cm−3, the low-temperature Hall mobility from 131 to 189 cm2/V.s, and the Fermi level from 7.1×104 to 5.05×104 J/mol above the bottom of the conduction band as P02 was increased from 2×104 to 107 Pa. The dependence of Fermi level on carrier concentration and P0l was consistent with a parabolic density-of-states function describing the conduction band. Over the entire region of oxygen pressure investigated, Fermi-Dirac statistics were required to describe the dependence of carrier concentration on P02.
Cultural evolution and the way we count.

A few years ago on the Pacific Island of Tonga, I stood a few yards distant from a little shed as Feinga explained to me what he did with the many yams from his garden (Fig. 1). Yams, a highly desired food in much of Oceania, are often at the center of village events today as they were in the past. In 1777, explorer Captain James Cook witnessed the ‘inasi ceremony, or annual tribute presentations, where yams and other food were presented to the chiefs of Tonga. There, as in other parts across Polynesia, tributes to ruling elites and trading between islands involved managing large quantities of food, requiring numerical operations such as addition, multiplication, and division of these resources both within and between islands. As an important management tool, the system to count these quantities arose and was maintained through cumulative social learning and innovation, a prime example of Darwinian evolution. Over the last decade, our evolutionary understanding of cultural complexity and dynamics has significantly increased as empirical studies (1⇓–3) address the mathematical theory laid out in the 1980s (4, 5). Among key questions are how new cultural variation is introduced, and what advantages enable a cultural variant to become common in society. In PNAS Bender and Beller (6) address these two questions, detailing the innovative manner in which a small Pacific Island population represented quantities, or how they counted, before European contact.
Decades-old silvicultural treatments influence surface wildfire severity and post-fire nitrogen availability in a ponderosa pine forest

Wildfire severity and subsequent ecological effects may be influenced by prior land management, via modification of forest structure and lingering changes in fuels. In 2002, the Hayman wildfire burned as a low to moderate-severity surface fire through a 21-year pine regeneration experiment with two overstory harvest cuttings (shelterwood, seed-tree) and two site preparations (scarified, unscarified) that had been applied in a mature ponderosa pine forest in the montane zone of the Colorado Front Range in 1981. We used this event to examine how pre-fire fine fuels, surface-level burn severity and post-fire soil nitrogen-availability varied with pre-fire silvicultural treatments. Prior to the wildfire, litter cover was higher under both shelterwood and unscarified treatments than seed-tree and scarified treatments. Immediately after the fire in 2002, we assessed burn severity under 346 mature trees, around 502 planted saplings, and in 448 4 m 2 microplots nested within the original experimental treatments. In one-fourth of the microplots, we measured resin-bound soil nitrate and ammonium accumulated over the second and third post-fire growing season. Microplots burned less severely than bases of trees and saplings with only 6.8% of microplot area burned down to mineral soil as compared to >28% of tree and sapling bases. Sapling burn severity was highest in unscarified treatments but did not differ by overstory harvest. Microplot burn severity was higher under the densest overstory (shelterwood) and in unscarified treatments and was positively related to pre-fire litter/duff cover and negatively associated with pre-fire total plant cover, grass cover and distance to tree. In both years, resin-bound nitrate and ammonium (NH4 + -N) increased weakly with burn severity and NH4 + -N availability was higher in unscarified than scarified plots. The lasting effects of soil scarification and overstory harvest regime on modern patterns of surface burn severity after two decades underscores the importance of historic landuse and silviculture on fire behavior and ecological response. Unraveling causes of these patterns in burn severity may lead to more sustainable fire and forest management in ponderosa pine ecosystems. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Dinucleotide polymorphism at the DXS1178 locus is tightly linked to PGK1 at Xq13

A polymorphic CA repeat (locus name DXS1178) was isolated from a 1-megabase YAC (OTCC) containing the OTC gene, located at Xp21.1. However, amplification in human-rodent hybrid cells and segregation analysis in three CEPH families mapped the DXS1178 locus at Xq13. The mapping ambiguity is apparently caused by the chimeric nature of the OTCC YAC clone.
Franchisor-Franchisee Relationships in Quick-Service-Restaurant Systems

Abstract A franchisor has considerable power over its franchisees. The manner in which that power is wielded affects both franchisee satisfaction and financial results.
System facilitators and barriers to discussing older driver safety in primary care settings

Background Primary care physicians play a leading role in counselling older drivers, but discussions often do not occur until safety concerns arise. Prior work suggests that routine questioning about driving might facilitate these difficult conversations. Objective To explore system-level factors affecting driving discussions in primary care settings, in order to inform the design and implementation of a programme supporting routine conversations. Methods This qualitative descriptive study used iterative interviews with providers (physicians, nurses, medical assistants, social workers, and administrative staff) working at two clinics (one geriatric, one general internal medicine) at a tertiary-care teaching hospital. General inductive techniques in transcript analysis were used to identify stakeholder-perceived system-level barriers and facilitators to routine conversations with older drivers. Results From 15 interviews, four themes emerged: (1) complexity of defined provider roles within primary care setting (which can both support team work and hamper efficiency); (2) inadequate resources to support providers (including clinical prompts, local guides, and access to social workers and driving specialists); (3) gaps in education of providers and patients about discussing driving; and (4) suggested models to enhance provider conversations with older drivers (including following successful examples and using defined pathways integrated into the electronic medical record). A fifth theme was that participants characterised their experiences in terms of current and ideal states. Conclusions Physicians have been tasked with assessing older driver safety and guiding older patients through the process of ‘driving retirement.’ Attention to system-level factors such as provider roles, resources, and training can support them in this process.
On Resolving Church Property Disputes

In recent decades, major religious denominations have experienced some of the largest schisms in our nation’s history, resulting in a flood of church property disputes. Unfortunately, the law governing these disputes is in disarray. Some states treat church property disputes just like disputes within other voluntary associations — applying ordinary principles of trust and property law to the deeds and other written legal instruments. Other states resolve church property disputes by deferring to religious documents such as church constitutions — even when those documents would have no legal effect under ordinary principles of trust or property law.We argue that both courts and churches are better served by relying on ordinary principles of trust and property law, and that only this approach is fully consistent with the church autonomy principles of the First Amendment. Only this approach preserves the right of churches to adopt any form of governance they wish, keeps courts from becoming entangled in religious questions, and promotes clear property rights. By contrast, deferring to internal religious documents unconstitutionally pressures churches toward more hierarchical governance, invites courts to resolve disputes over internal church rules and practices, and creates costly uncertainty.
The Emerging Network of Mitochondria-Organelle Contacts

Membrane contact sites between mitochondria and other organelles are important for lipid and ion exchange, membrane dynamics, and signaling. Recent advances are revealing their molecular features and how different types of mitochondria contacts are coordinated with each other for cell function.
Occupational Therapy for Adults With Cancer: Why It Matters

Adults with cancer may be at risk for limitations in functional status and quality of life (QOL). Occupational therapy is a supportive service with the specific mission to help people functionally engage in life as safely and independently as possible with the primary goal of improving QOL. Unfortunately, for people with cancer, occupational therapy remains underused. The overall purpose of this review is to provide an understanding of what occupational therapy is and its relevance to patients with cancer, highlight the reasons to refer, and, last, provide general advice on how to access services.
Arsenic mobilization from sediments in microcosms under sulfate reduction.

Arsenic is often assumed to be immobile in sulfidic environments. Here, laboratory-scale microcosms were conducted to investigate whether microbial sulfate reduction could control dissolved arsenic concentrations sufficiently for use in groundwater remediation. Sediments from the Vineland Superfund site and the Coeur d'Alene mining district were amended with different combination of lactate and sulfate and incubated for 30–40 days. In general, sulfate reduction in Vineland sediments resulted in transient and incomplete arsenic removal, or arsenic release from sediments. Sulfate reduction in the Coeur d'Alene sediments was more effective at removing arsenic from solution than the Vineland sediments, probably by arsenic substitution and adsorption within iron sulfides. X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that the Vineland sediments initially contained abundant reactive ferrihydrite, and underwent extensive sulfur cycling during incubation. As a result, arsenic in the Vineland sediments could not be effectively converted to immobile arsenic-bearing sulfides, but instead a part of the arsenic was probably converted to soluble thioarsenates. These results suggest that coupling between the iron and sulfur redox cycles must be fully understood for in situ arsenic immobilization by sulfate reduction to be successful.
INF Deal Faces Conservative Opposition

As the superpowers edge toward an agreement on intermediate-range nuclear forces, new barriers are erected by those who want the United States to act on its own, undeterred by arms control, allies, or the balance of power.
Mycophagous grazing and food preference of Proisotoma minuta (Collembola: Isotomidae) and Onychiurus encarpatus (Collembola: Onychiuridae)

Fungus-feeding Collembola have been cited as potential biological control agents for suppression of plant pathogenic fungi and root diseases. However, their interactions with saprophytic fungi, which also are used as disease control agents, have not been determined. In laboratory tests, two species of mycophagous Collembola, Proisotoma minuta Tullberg and Onychiurus encarpatus Denis, from the rhizosphere of cotton plants grazed preferentially on colonies of the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn rather than on colonies of known plant disease control agents Gliocladium virens Miller et aI., Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, and Laetisaria arvalis Burdsall. Feeding on L. arvalis restricted egg production by both insect species, whereas high egg production was associated with grazing on R. solani . High mortality rates for both insect species occurred on sporulating cultures of G. virens and T. harzianum , suggesting toxic effects of fungal metabolites or direct parasitism of insects by the fungi. The insect-fungus interactions observed in this study are viewed as potentially favorable for biological control of R. solani .
Equipment for Developing and Reading Sensitometric Tests

Two developing machines for laboratory use have been designed and constructed to approximate some of the development characteristics frequently encountered in commercial practice. They are arranged to accommodate only small quantities of film, but rapid film motion is attained by splicing the films into a loop, thus permitting reasonably high linear speeds. — A photoelectric densitometer was constructed which is in use as a secondary standard of density measurement, the mechanical features of its design affording good reproducibility and rapid operation.
VENI, DIVISI, VICI

How do you invent a new algorithm for a computational problem? The first source of inspiration is humankind, of course: to develop a sorting algorithm, think about how you would sort a deck of playing cards, or a stack of 200 student papers, and try to write that process down formally. But introspection is not enough. The greatest algorithmic discoveries represent surprising departures from the usual way of doing things. One of the early landmark events in computer science was Volker Strassen's 1968 discovery that two n x n matrices could be multiplied using fewer than n3 scalar multiplications. His algorithm uses 7n'°g276n2 scalar arithmetic operations where log27 is about 2.808. Strassen's algorithm is an example of the divide-and-conquer paradigm: to solve a problem efficiently, divide it into independent subproblems, recursively solve the subproblems, and recombine the subproblem solutions. Computer scientists have come to recognize about a half-dozen algorithm paradigms, which can guide the search for new algorithms much in the way that Polya's heuristic strategies (Analogy, Decomposition, Generalization, Induction, etc.) can guide the search for new mathematical results [3]. This column will present Strassen's method and a general technique for analyzing divide-and-conquer algorithms.
The Career and Writings of Demetrius Kydones: A study of Fourteenth-Century Byzantine Politics, Religion and Society

Demetrios Kydones (c. 725/1324–c. 800/1397) amply warrants further scholarly attention. While hardly neglected in modern scholarship – with fine work done by Loenertz, Tinnefeld, Rackl, Kianka, and...
Activating mutations of the stimulatory G protein in the McCune-Albright syndrome.

Abstract Background. The McCune-Albright syndrome is a sporadic disease characterized by polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, cafe au lait spots, sexual precocity, and hyperfunction of multiple endocrine glands. These manifestations may be explained by a somatic mutation in affected tissues that results in activation of the signal-transduction pathway generating cyclic AMP (cAMP). We analyzed DNA from tissues of patients with the McCune-Albright syndrome for the presence of activating mutations of the gene for the a subunit of the G protein (Gsα) that stimulates cAMP formation. Methods. Genomic DNA fragments encompassing regions (exons 8 and 9) previously found to contain activating missense mutations of the Gsα gene (gsp mutations) in sporadically occurring pituitary tumors were amplified in tissues from four patients with the McCune-Albright syndrome by the polymerase chain reaction. The amplified DNA was analyzed for mutations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and allele-specific oligonucleotide hyb...
The Military Identity Project: A Mixed Method Investigation of Military Self-Schema Content

ABSTRACTDespite the decreased operations tempo, psychological conditions continue to consume the lion's share of medical resources in active duty members. Many of these conditions are successfully treated with cognitive therapies founded on models that presume psychological vulnerabilities are associated with self-schema content and structure. Little is known about military self-schemas or cognitive content that may be shared among members. Our theory-driven self-schema approach utilized a mixed methods content analysis of 11,000 attributes from 140 military participants to investigate core content of military self-schemas. Patterns of cognitive content with respect to importance, valence, and self-descriptiveness are discussed with implications for future research. This preliminary work is the foundation for a program of research exploring the relationships between military identity and psychological health across the military life cycle.