cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian analysis of heterogeneity in the distribution of binding properties of immobilized surface sites.

Once a homogeneous ensemble of a protein ligand is taken from solution and immobilized to a surface, for many reasons the resulting ensemble of surface binding sites to soluble analytes may be heterogeneous. For example, this can be due to the intrinsic surface roughness causing variations in the local microenvironment, nonuniform density distribution of polymeric linkers, or nonuniform chemical attachment producing different protein orientations and conformations. We previously described a computational method for determining the distribution of affinity and rate constants of surface sites from analysis of experimental surface binding data. It fully exploits the high signal/noise ratio and reproducibility provided by optical biosensor technology, such as surface plasmon resonance. Since the computational analysis is ill conditioned, the previous approach used a regularization strategy assuming a priori all binding parameters to be equally likely, resulting in the broadest possible parameter distribution ...
ADOLESCENTS COMPLIANCE WITH MENTAL HEALTH REFFERALS

The purpose of this study was to elucidate factors which contribute to adolescents' compliance with mental health referrals. Fifty-seven Black and Hispanic inner-city youth ages 11-20 (mean=16.1), attending a comprehensive adolescent health clinic, were referred by 5 primary care physicians for counseling services. At the time of referral, both the physician and patient completed questionnaires: the patient's questionnaire included the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Initial counseling appointments were kept (compliance) by 43.1% (24) of the patients. Females were significantly more compliant (21 of 42) than males (3 of 15) (X2-4.08; p<.05). While all but two patients saw themselves as having problems, those who viewed their difficulties as more serious (“big problems”) were less likely to keep appointments (6 of 21) than those who described themselves as having “small problems” (18 of 33) (X2-3.5; p<.10). Compliance was not affected by whether the patient saw the referral as his decision or one made jointly. The degree of the family's involvement and attitude towards counseling did not affect compliance. The degree of depression as determined by the CDI was not significantly different between compilers and noncompliers. We conclude that, while identification of patients likely to comply with mental health referrals is not possible, physicians should be on the alert for those patients who feel overwhelmed by their problems. In most naed of help, these may be the very patients who do not avail themselves of mental health services.
Magnetic phase diagram of flux-grown single crystals of CeSb

Abstract CeSb is well known for having a particularly complex H–T phase diagram. Most of the studies on this compound have been performed on crystals produced by a direct reaction technique. Here, we report on crystals of CeSb grown from a high temperature melt utilizing a third element, in this case tin, as a flux. The crystals are of exceptionally high quality, having a residual resistance ratio ρ(300 K)/ρ(2 K)>400. We present detailed magnetization and resistivity data performed in order to map the H–T phase diagram which has never been fully determined by thermodynamic and transport measurements. The resulting phase diagram is exceptionally complex, corresponds well with the results of neutron scattering studies, and reveals at least two new ordered states.
Opioid effectiveness and side effects in chronic pain

Opioids can provide effective analgesia by way of different routes of administration without limiting side effects for most patients suffering from chronic pain when clinicians properly manage the pertinent patient-, pain-, and drug-centered characteristics. Randomized, placebo-controlled, prospective studies are needed to establish a causal relationship between opioids and hypogonadism. Many of the current studies are retrospective, which only lead to suggestive associations between opioids and hypogonadism and incorporate bias. Clinicians may incorporate available tools, including urine toxicology tests, to assess any aberrant behavior on the part of patients using opioids and to maximize compliance with an opioid regimen.
Method of comparing chemical contrast with resist contrast

This report describes a simple method for quantifying the extent of reaction occurring in positive tone chemically amplified photoresists. It involves comparing the amount of photoacid-induced deprotection (measured by FT-IR) to the resist thickness loss (e.g. the characteristic curve for resist contrast) measured as a function of incident dose. This method compares what we have termed the 'chemical contrast' to the resist contrast. It potentially provides a way to identify factors other than deprotection reactions (such as cross-linking, other chemical reactions or the dissolution inhibition/promotion for the PAG itself) which affect the dissolution properties of chemically amplified resists. This method can also be used to correlate lithographic performance with the actual chemistry occurring in the resist film. Results for a variety of different resist systems are described.
Psychotic symptoms and disorders and the risk of violent behaviour in the community

This study uses data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) surveys to examine the strength of the association between psychotic symptoms and violent behaviour, controlling for underlying mental disorder, substance abuse, sociodemographic characteristics and use of mental health services, in a representative sample of community residents. A replication is conducted of a study that found an increased risk of violence associated with a particular cluster of psychotic symptoms involving perceived threat and internal control-override (TCO). Respondents who reported TCO symptoms were about twice as likely to engage in assaultive behaviour as those with hallucinations or other psychotic symptoms, and about five times as likely as those with no mental disorder. The combination of substance use disorders with TCO symptoms added significantly to the risk of violent behaviour. Those with a history of using mental health services also posed a higher risk of violence, probably due to the differential selection of more severely ill and ‘dangerous’ individuals into treatment settings. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Greenhouses of Science for Management

The “Management Sciences” must have a science foundation upon which to build a structure to serve management. To date, the sciences making the greatest contribution have been mathematical and physical in nature. But theory, experimental design, and measurement are rapidly revolutionizing our knowledge of the human being so that the psychological and biological sciences may be expected to make a greater and greater contribution to the management sciences. This paper reports the work being done on the research frontier at the University of Michigan in connection with organisms as systems, the reactions of groups, models of human preference, the experimental exploration of human observation, detection, and decision making, and the analysis and synthesis of speech. While these areas are not useful for immediate application at the user's level in the management sciences, a recent symposium on the subject provided a short tour through these greenhouses of science for management from which applicable science may be expected to emanate. The material of the symposium will be reported in the paper.
A Hidden Markov Model for short term prediction of traffic conditions on freeways

Accurate short-term prediction of traffic conditions on freeways and major arterials has recently become increasingly important because of its vital role in the basic traffic management functions and trip decision making processes. Given the dynamic and stochastic nature of freeway traffic, this study proposes a stochastic approach, Hidden Markov Model (HMM), for short-term freeway traffic prediction during peak periods. The data used in the study was gathered from real-time traffic monitoring devices over six years on a 60.8-km (38-mile) corridor of Interstate-4 in Orlando, Florida. The HMM defines traffic states in a two-dimensional space using first-order statistics (Mean) and second-order statistics (Contrast) of speed observations. The dynamic changes of freeway traffic conditions are addressed with state transition probabilities. For a sequence of traffic speed observations, HMMs estimate the most likely sequence of traffic states. The model performance was evaluated using prediction errors, which are measured by the relative length of the distance between the predicted state and the observed state in the two-dimensional space. Reasonable prediction errors lower than or around 10% were obtained from HMMs. Also, the model performance was not remarkably affected by location, travel direction, and peak period time. The HMMs were compared to two naive predication methods. The results showed that HMMs perform better and are more robust than the naive methods. Therefore, the study concludes that the HMM approach was successful in modeling short-term traffic condition prediction during peak periods and in accounting for the inherent stochastic nature of traffic conditions.
"atom Smashers: Fifty Years" Preview of an Exhibit on the History of High Energy Accelerators

In the latter part of this year an exhibit treating the historical development of high energy particle accelerators and detectors will open in Washington, DC, at the National Museum of History and Technology of the Smithsonian Institution. Filling 8000 square feet with historical hardware, the exhibit, which will continue for several years, is the product of a collaboration between ERDA and the Smithsonian, with essential contributions from several ERDA-funded accelerator laboratories. A discussion is given of the exhibit's displays and floorplan.
Cervical Tracheal Resection: New Lessons Learned

Background Cervical tracheal stenosis can be a difficult condition to manage. Depending on the etiology, location, and extent of the stenosis, tracheal or cricotracheal resection may be required. Intraoperative decisions may predict outcome. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing cervical tracheal or cricotracheal resection from April 2000 through March 2008. Results One hundred and five patients underwent 108 tracheal or cricotracheal resections. Median age was 65 years (range, 15 to 78); 68% were women. Indication for operation included postintubation tracheal stenosis (38), idiopathic (31), tracheostomy stenosis (19), invasive thyroid cancer (9), and other (8). Median length of trachea resected was 2.7 cm (range, 1.5 to 6.0 cm); 48 patients (46%) underwent extended cricotracheal resections. Twenty-six patients (25%) had an intraoperative chin stitch placed. Hospital stay was a median of 4 days (range, 2 to 33). Operative mortality was (1%); 1 patient died of myocardial infarction on postoperative day 3. Four patients (4%) had hoarseness or vocal cord immobility. Median follow-up was 36 months (range, 1 to 79). Eighteen patients (17%) required dilation postoperatively. Seven patients (7%) required tracheostomy; 2 (2%) are tracheostomy dependent. Three patients (3%) underwent a re-resection for recurrent stenosis. Multivariate analysis of indication for resection, type of resection, length of resection, anastomotic technique, and use of chin stitch did not predict the need for postoperative dilation, tracheostomy, or reoperation. Conclusions Cervical tracheal resection can be performed safely with low morbidity and mortality. Only 5% of patients required a long-term tracheostomy or re-resection for recurrent tracheal stenosis. Specific intraoperative decisions did not predict long-term success.
Influence of Steroids in Vitro on Transaminase Activity and Integrity of Thymocytes

Studies have been conducted on the effects of steroids added in vitro on the glutamic-aspartic and glutamic-alanine transaminase activities of rat thymocytes. Testosterone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone and 17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone, each in approximately 10−4 M concentration, increased glutamic-aspartic transaminase activity. Added cortisol produced a decrease in this enzymic activity of thymocytes when studied by 1 of the 3 transaminase methods used; assays by the other 2 procedures revealed no influence of this steroid. The low level of glutamic-alanine transaminase activity of thymocytes was unaltered by any of the steroids studied. There was no steroidal effect on the transaminase activity of brokencell preparations of thymocytes. The same basal transaminase activity was observed in thymocytes obtained from weanling and from post-pubertal rats. The steroidal effects were the same on cells from both age groups. Balance studies of intact thymocytes and incubation medium and experiments with brok...
Evidence for a cholinergic influence on catecholaminergic pathways terminating in the anterior and medial basal hypothalamus.

Abstract Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given hourly injections of physostigmine for 1–4 h, and the effect of this treatment on dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) content or on DA and NA turnover was determined in the anterior hypothalamus, medial basal hypothalamus and telencephalon-thalamus. The turnover of DA and NA was estimated by measuring the decline in these amines produced following the inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase with α-methyl-p-tyrosine (αMPT). In later experiments oxotremorine was administered instead of physostigmine at hourly intervals for 2 h. Physostigmine administration resulted in a highly significant increase in the depletion of NA produced by αMPT indicating that the turnover of NA was increased by this drug. This effect was observed in the medial basal hypothalamus and anterior hypothalamus but not in the telencephalon-thalamus. Oxotremorine also produced an increase in NA turnover, but this drug was effective in all three brain areas. Atropine pretreatment blocked the effect of both physostigmine and oxotremorine on NA turnover. However, in the case of physostigmine, atropine was only effective if it was given 30 min before each injection of physostigmine. Mecamylamine, a nicotine blocker, did not reverse the effect of physostigmine on NA turnover. These results suggest that there is a cholinergic input via muscarinic receptors which influences the activity of noradrenergic pathways terminating in the anterior or medial basal hypothalamus.
Fe/SSZ-13 as an NH3-SCR Catalyst: A Reaction Kinetics and FTIR/Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study

Abstract Using a traditional aqueous solution ion-exchange method under a protecting atmosphere of N2, an Fe/SSZ-13 catalyst active in NH3-SCR was synthesized. Mossbauer and FTIR spectroscopies were used to probe the nature of the Fe sites. In the fresh sample, the majority of Fe species are extra-framework cations. The likely monomeric and dimeric ferric ions in hydrated form are [Fe(OH)2]+ and [HO Fe O Fe OH]2+, based on Mossbauer measurements. During the harsh hydrothermal aging (HTA) applied in this study, a majority of cationic Fe species convert to FeAlOx and clustered FeOx species, accompanied by dealumination of the SSZ-13 framework. The clustered FeOx species do not give a sextet Mossbauer spectrum, indicating that these are highly disordered. However, some Fe species in cationic positions remain after aging as determined from Mossbauer measurements and CO/NO FTIR titrations. NO/NH3 oxidation reaction tests reveal that dehydrated cationic Fe is substantially more active in catalyzing oxidation reactions than the hydrated ones. For NH3-SCR, enhancement of NO oxidation under ‘dry’ conditions promotes SCR rates below ∼300 °C. This is due mainly to contribution from the “fast” SCR channel. Above ∼300 °C, enhancement of NH3 oxidation under ‘dry’ conditions, however, becomes detrimental to NOx conversions. The HTA sample loses much of the SCR activity below ∼300 °C; however, above ∼400 °C much of the activity remains. This may suggest that the FeAlOx and FeOx species become active at such elevated temperatures. Alternatively, the high-temperature activity may be maintained by the remaining extra-framework cationic species. For potential practical applications, Fe/SSZ-13 may be used as a co-catalyst for Cu/CHA as integral aftertreatment SCR catalysts on the basis of the stable high temperature activity after hydrothermal aging.
Middle mesial canals in mandibular molars: incidence and related factors.

Abstract Introduction Although the internal anatomy of mandibular molars has been extensively studied, information about middle mesial (MM) canals is limited. The primary aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the incidence of MM canals in mandibular first and second molars. The secondary aim was to correlate the incidence of MM canals with variables of molar type, sex, age, ethnicity, and presence of a second distal canal. Methods All mature permanent first and second mandibular molars treated from August 2012 to May 2014 were included in the analysis. After completion of root canal instrumentation in all main canals, the clinician inspected the isthmus area of the mesial root using the dental operating microscope. If there was a catch point in this area with a file or explorer, the operator spent more time attempting to negotiate an MM canal. Results Seventy-five mandibular first and second molars were treated during the specified period. Fifteen (20%) teeth had negotiable MM canals. The incidence of MM canals was 32.1% in patients ≤20 years old, 23.8% in patients 21–40 years old, and 3.8% in patients >40 years. Analysis of data revealed a significant difference in the distribution of MM canals among different age groups ( P Conclusions The incidence of negotiable MM canals overall and their frequency of identification in younger patients were higher than in previous reports.
Influence of mercury velocity on compatibility with type 316L/316LN stainless steel in a flow loop

Previous experiments to examine corrosion resulting from thermal gradient mass transfer of type 316L stainless steel in mercury were conducted in thermal convection loops (TCLs) with an Hg velocity of about 1 m/min. These tests have now been supplemented with a series of experiments designed to examine the influence of increased flow velocity and possible cavitation conditions on compatibility. In one experiment, the standard TCL design was modified to include a reduced section in the hot leg that provided a concomitant increase in the local velocity by a factor of five. In addition, a pumped-loop experiment was operated with a flow velocity of about 1 m/s. Finally, a TCL was modified to include an ultrasonic transducer at the top of the hot leg in an attempt to generate cavitation conditions with corresponding extreme local velocity associated with collapsing bubbles. The results indicate that compatibility of type 316L/316LN stainless steel does not depend significantly on liquid metal velocity in the range of 1 m/min to 1 m/s. Benchtop cavitation experiments revealed susceptibility of 316L coupons to significant weight losses and increases in surface roughness as a result of 24 h exposure to 1.5 MPa pressure waves in Hg generated ultrasonically at 20 kHz. However, attempts to generate cavitation conditions on coupons inside the TCL with the ultrasonic transducer proved largely unsuccessful.
Hyperbaric oxygenation alleviates MCAO-induced brain injury and reduces hydroxyl radical formation and glutamate release

The present study examined the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on the formation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA), the products of salicylate trapping of hydroxyl free radicals, and glutamate release in the striatum during acute ischemia and reperfusion. Non-HBO rats (n = 8) were subjected to 1-h ischemia. Study rats (n = 8) were treated with HBO at 2.8 ATA for 1 h during ischemia. Artificial CSF solution containing 5 mM sodium salicylate was perfused at 1 μl/min. Samples were continuously collected at 15 min intervals and the levels of 2,3-DHBA, 2,5-DHBA, and glutamate were analyzed. The lesion volume was determined by TTC stain. Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery induced a significant increase in the levels of 2,3-DHBA and 2,5-DHBA. A peak of approximately two and fourfold of baseline levels was reached at 45 min and was maintained at elevated levels during reperfusion. The level of glutamate increased approximately two times at 30 min during ischemia, continued to increase, and reached approximately three times baseline level during reperfusion. HBO significantly alleviated brain injury associated with decreased levels of 2,3-DHBA, 2,5-DHBA and glutamate. This study suggests that the decreased glutamate release and the reduced formation of hydroxyl free radicals might contribute to the neuroprotective effect of HBO.
Convergence of adaptive control schemes using least-squares parameter estimates

The stability, convergence, asymptotic optimality, and self-tuning properties of stochastic adaptive control schemes based on least-squares estimates of the unknown parameters are examined. It is assumed that the additive noise is i.i.d. and Gaussian, and that the true system is of minimum phase. The Bayesian embedding technique is used to show that the recursive least-squares parameter estimates converge in general. The normal equations of least squares are used to establish that all stable control law designs used in a certainty-equivalent (i.e. indirect) procedure generally yield a stable adaptive control system. Four results are given to characterize the limiting behavior precisely. A certainty-equivalent self-tuning regulator is shown to yield strongly consistent parameter estimates when the delay is strictly greater than one, even without any excitation in the reference trajectory. >
Preliminary evidence of cryptic species among host-associated populations of Unionicola hoesei (Acari: Unionicolidae)

Water mites of the genus Unionicola Haldeman, 1842 are common symbionts of freshwater mussels, living on the gills or mantle and foot of their hosts, and using these tissues as sites of oviposition. Cryptic species – two or more distinct species that have been designated as a single species – in this instance, genetically differentiated host-associated populations that are difficult to distinguish morphologically – have been reported for these mites; however, the extent to which they typify the genus is not well known. As part of an ongoing study characterizing cryptic biodiversity among Unionicola mussel-mites, we examined sequence divergence in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene among populations of Unionicola hoesei Vidrine, 1986, a gill mite that is known to occur in association with many species of host mussels, and compared these data to those reported for other Unionicola cryptic species complexes. Genetic distance data revealed that four populations of Unionicola hoesei exhi...
Studies on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: variability in ATP inhibition.

Es wird eine Glukose-6-Phosphat-Dehydrogenase in Erythrozyten des Menschen beschrieben, bei der die Michaelis-Konstante fur Glukose-6-Phosphat und die Inhibitor-Konstante fur Adenosintriphosphat erniedrigt sind. Erythrozyten des Schafes zeigen keine kompetitive Hemmung mit ATP.
Combustor/emitter design tool for a thermophotovoltaic energy converter

Abstract Recently, there has been a renewed interest in thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion. A TPV device converts radiant energy from a high temperature incandescent emitter directly into electricity by photovoltaic cells. The current research at the U.S Naval Academy involves the design, construction and demonstration of a prototype TPV converter that uses a hydrocarbon fuel (such as natural gas) as the energy source. Since the photovoltaic cells are designed to convert radiant energy efficiently at a prescribed wavelength, it is important that the temperature of the emitter be nearly constant over its entire surface. The U.S Naval Academy is developing a small emitter (with a high emissivity) that can be maintained near 1478 K (2200F). This paper describes the computer spreadsheet model that was written as a tool to be used for the design of the high temperature emitter.
Autism screening tools: An evaluation of the Social Communication Questionnaire and the Developmental Behaviour Checklist–Autism Screening Algorithm

Background This study is the first to evaluate the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) and the Developmental Behaviour Checklist–Autism Screening Algorithm (DBC‐ASA) in the same sample of scho...
Generalized discrete Fourier transform: Theory and design methods

Constant amplitude transforms like discrete Fourier transform (DFT), Walsh transform, nonlinear phase Walsh-like transforms and Gold codes have been successfully used in many wire-line and wireless communications technologies including code division multiple access (CDMA), discrete multi-tone (DMT), and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) types. In this paper, we present a generalized framework for DFT called Generalized DFT (GDFT) with nonlinear phase by exploiting the phase space. It is shown that GDFT offers sizable performance improvements over Walsh, Gold and DFT codes in multi-carrier communications scenarios considered. We also highlight that known constant modulus code families are special solutions of the proposed GDFT framework. Moreover, we introduce practical design methods offering computationally efficient implementations for GDFT. We expect performance improvements in future communications systems employing GDFT intelligently.
Classification and course of alcohol problems among adolescents in addictions treatment programs.

Background: This study tested whether adolescents in addictions treatment programs could be reliably classified into milder and more severe alcohol problem categories using latent class analysis, and examined the relation of latent class structure to DSM-IV alcohol diagnoses. Transition probabilities among the latent classes at 1-year follow-up and their predictors were used to characterize the short-term course of alcohol problems. Methods: Adolescents recruited from addictions treatment were administered a modified section of the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM (SCID) alcohol use disorders (AUD) during or shortly after addictions treatment and at 1-year follow-up. DSM-IV lifetime conduct disorder diagnosis was assessed at baseline using a modified version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS). Results: A 3-class solution that represented increasing severity of alcohol problems (i.e., asymptomatic, mild, and severe) provided the best fit to the alcohol symptom data, and was consistent across gender, ethnicity, and presence of conduct disorder. Cross-classification of latent class membership with DSM-IV alcohol diagnosis indicated only a fair level of agreement. There was an overall decrease in alcohol problem severity from baseline to follow-up. Conditional transition probabilities indicated that males and those with conduct disorder, particularly for those in the severe class at baseline, had a lower likelihood of transitioning to the asymptomatic class at 1-year follow-up. Conclusions: The latent class structure of alcohol problems in an adolescent clinical sample was best represented by a 3-class severity-based model. Cross-classification of latent class membership with DSM-IV alcohol diagnosis suggests the potential utility of re-organizing diagnostic criteria to better distinguish the relative severity of abuse and dependence diagnoses. Transitions between latent classes were fairly common at 1-year follow-up, and characterized by a general reduction in alcohol symptoms.
A theory of strain-gradient plasticity for isotropic, plastically irrotational materials. Part I: Small deformations

This study develops a small-deformation theory of strain-gradient plasticity for isotropic materials in the absence of plastic rotation. The theory is based on a system of microstresses consistent with a microforce balance; a mechanical version of the second law that includes, via microstresses, work performed during viscoplastic flow; a constitutive theory that allows: • the microstresses to depend on ∇E˙p, the gradient of the plastic strain-rate, and • the free energy ψ to depend on the Burgers tensor G=curlEp. The microforce balance when augmented by constitutive relations for the microstresses results in a nonlocal flow rule in the form of a tensorial second-order partial differential equation for the plastic strain. The microstresses are strictly dissipative when ψ is independent of the Burgers tensor, but when ψ depends on G the gradient microstress is partially energetic, and this, in turn, leads to a back stress and (hence) to Bauschinger-effects in the flow rule. It is further shown that dependencies of the microstresses on ∇E˙p lead to strengthening and weakening effects in the flow rule. Typical macroscopic boundary conditions are supplemented by nonstandard microscopic boundary conditions associated with flow, and, as an aid to numerical solutions, a weak (virtual power) formulation of the nonlocal flow rule is derived.
Infrared astronomy with NASA's new Spitzer Space Telescope

Launched from Kennedy Spaceflight Center in the early morning of August 25, 2003, NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope (formerly Space Infrared (IR) Telescope Facility, SIRTF) is the fourth and final facility in the Great Observatories Program. It joins Hubble Space Telescope (HST, 1990), the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO, 1991-2000), and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXO, 1999). Spitzer has a sensitivity that is two to three orders of magnitude higher than that of previous ground-based and space-based infrared observatories. It is revolutionizing our understanding of the creation of the universe, the formation and evolution of galaxies, the genesis of stars and planets, and the chemical evolution of the universe. A brief overview of infrared (IR) astronomy and of Spitzer's role in the science of IR is given. The history, construction, launch, and in-orbit checkout of the observatory is reviewed. Science highlights from the first two and a half years of observations are presented. Further information about the Spitzer can be found on the WEB at http://spitzer.caltech.edu/.
Probing liquid dynamics, one molecule at a time.

Viscous liquids are the precursors to glassy solids, a class of materials found in many important applications. Glasses are materials that have solidified via a gradual increase in viscosity, rather than by crystallization (1). As a result, understanding the dynamics of liquids near their glass transition temperature, Tg, will help create better noncrystalline solids and improve our knowledge of their properties. Many of the interesting properties of glasses are the consequence of the structural disorder that glasses share with the liquid state. Disorder implies that each molecule in a liquid is subject to a different environment and thus may display different behavior regarding its dynamics. Therefore, the ideal method for studying the dynamics of materials is by an experiment that allows us to look at the sample one molecule at a time. Relative to previous single-molecule studies, the recent advance reported by Paeng et al. (2) is based on using a probe molecule that reflects the liquid’s behavior with high fidelity.
Cholecystokinin and satiation with alcohol

Release of the brain-gut peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) is stimulated by intragastric instillation of ethanol, and peripheral administration of CCK inhibits ethanol consumption. To assess the temporal specificity of the inhibitory effect of CCK on alcohol intake, water-deprived rats were given 5% ethanol at 20, 10 or 0 min after intraperitoneal injections of CCK octapeptide. Delaying access to ethanol for 20 min prevented a significant effect of CCK on intake. CCK's temporally constrained inhibitory action on alcohol consumption is consistent with an ethanol satiation effect. To test the motivational specificity of CCK's effect on fluid intake, rats were allowed a 2-bottle choice of 2% ethanol and water after CCK injections. Ethanol solution intake was suppressed by CCK, and total water intake was unaffected. The putative alcohol satiation action of CCK is appropriately specific to ethanol solution in free-choice tests. Hungry, but not fluid-deprived rats that were either ethanol experienced or naive received a 2-bottle choice of 4% ethanol or water after CCK or saline injections. CCK again specifically inhibited ethanol intake, but this effect required prior ethanol experience. Doses of CCK and naloxone, an opioid receptor blocker, combined to inhibit ethanol intake in an infra-dose-additive manner in water-deprived rats. CCK may act endogenously, in part on opioid receptor-mediated processes, as a preabsorptive satiety signal of ethanol. The full expression of this action appears to depend on prior conditioning of nutritive expectancy of the postingestive effects of alcohol.
Experimental Analysis of Rudder Contribution to Roll Damping

Measuring and modeling the forces on the appendages of surface ships is important for understanding roll-damping and validating numerical simulations. In recent years, Atsavapranee et al (2007) showed that the bilge keel damping component can be modeled using the flat plate theory established by Keulegan and Carpenter (1958). This model treats the bilge keels as a flat plate that generates viscous damping, as well as added mass. The model comes as an improvement to models used in computational codes used for predicting roll damping, due to the fact that the added mass component is significant. In this study, uncoupled roll motion is investigated to quantify the rudder forces on a fully appended DTMB model #5415 with instrumented appendages at Froude numbers of 0 and 0.138. The objective of the current effort is to decompose the rudder force into its steady, symmetric, and antisymmetric components using Fourier analysis. In the force analysis the rudders are treated as flat plates for the Fr = 0 tests, using the model described by Keulegan and Carpenter (1958). The drag and lift forces are consistent with the flat plate model. The anti-symmetric term, however, does not show a clear trend. For a flat plate model, the anti-symmetric term should resemble a negative sine wave with respect to roll. However, the rudders represent a higher aspect ratio flat plate, and thus require a modification to the added mass formulation. Furthermore, during a normal roll period they tend to interact with the free surface, which can lead to wave damping, which should resemble a positive sine wave with respect to roll. Thus, the two components of the anti-symmetric portion of the signal are superimposed upon one another. In an attempt to decouple these two components, the added mass was artificially removed from the antisymmetric component of the force. This paper will detail the methods used to model the rudder forces for both the standstill and positive Froude number cases.
On the Calculation of Tidal Currents in Homogeneous Estuaries

Abstract This paper describes a new approach to the computation of tidal flow in homogeneous estuaries with irregular boundary configurations and of arbitrary depth. The governing equations are the standard vertically integrated expressions of momentum and mass conservation including the effects of Coriolis acceleration, surface wind stress and bottom friction. The motion is assumed to be periodic and the original time-dependent equations are replaced by a set of modal equations obtained by Fourier decomposition, with the nonlinear terms being treated by an iteration technique. Two types of boundary conditions at the junction of the estuary with the sea are considered. 1) the specification of tidal height as a function of time across the mouth, and 2) continuity of height and velocity at the mouth when a source at sea generates waves propagating toward the estuary. It is shown that the boundary value problems as expressed by the modal equations and the boundary conditions in each case can be rephrased in ...
Innate immune sensing of a growing tumor in vivo occurs via the host sting pathway and involves mitochondrial DNA transfer from cancer cells to DCs

Meeting abstracts Spontaneous T cell responses against tumors occur frequently. However, the mechanisms by which innate immune responses become induced in response to cancer, and how they can bridge to T cell priming against tumor antigens, have been poorly understood. We recently showed that CD11c
Male western bluebirds that sire extrapair young are also successful within-pair mates

Extrapair (EP) paternity has the potential to enhance the reproductive success of males in socially monogamous systems, but increased success is not a given if seeking extrapair copulations is costly, causing males to lose paternity or experience reduced success of their own nests. Here we used 6 years of paternity data from a long-term study of western bluebirds, Sialia mexicana, to investigate the potential for reproductive consequences of EP paternity. We predicted that if females control paternity, and males gaining EP paternity are also attractive to their social mates and can thwart competition for fertilizations in their own nests, overall reproductive success should be increased compared to non-EP sires. In support of this prediction, we found that successful EP males sired almost twice as many young as males not gaining EP paternity; in addition to EP young, they had more within-pair (WP) young in their own nests, more successful nests and more fledglings per successful nest. Furthermore, through an analysis of the components of annual fitness, we found that variation in mate number contributed substantially to variation in total reproductive success. Together these data indicate that in western bluebirds, males gaining EP paternity are extremely successful and do not gain EP paternity at the expense of WP paternity. Finally, because successful EP sires were significantly older than males who were unsuccessful at acquiring EP paternity, this study also suggests that selection for longevity may be strong in this population.
The Death of Authentic Primitive Art and Other Tales of Progress

The Death of Authentic Primitive Art and Other Tales of Progress. Shelly Errington. Berkeley. University of California Press, 1998. 309 pages. $48.00 (cloth); $19.95 (paper).
Complex chemical composition of colored surface films formed from reactions of propanal in sulfuric acid at upper troposphere/lower stratosphere aerosol acidities

Abstract. Particles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) consist mostly of concentrated sulfuric acid (40–80 wt%) in water. However, airborne measurements have shown that these particles also contain a significant fraction of organic compounds of unknown chemical composition. Acid-catalyzed reactions of carbonyl species are believed to be responsible for significant transfer of gas phase organic species into tropospheric aerosols and are potentially more important at the high acidities characteristic of UT/LS particles. In this study, experiments combining sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with propanal and with mixtures of propanal with glyoxal and/or methylglyoxal at acidities typical of UT/LS aerosols produced highly colored surface films (and solutions) that may have implications for aerosol properties. In order to identify the chemical processes responsible for the formation of the surface films, attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies were used to analyze the chemical composition of the films. Films formed from propanal were a complex mixture of aldol condensation products, acetals and propanal itself. The major aldol condensation products were the dimer (2-methyl-2-pentenal) and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene that was formed by cyclization of the linear aldol condensation trimer. Additionally, the strong visible absorption of the films indicates that higher-order aldol condensation products must also be present as minor species. The major acetal species were 2,4,6-triethyl-1,3,5-trioxane and longer-chain linear polyacetals which are likely to separate from the aqueous phase. Films formed on mixtures of propanal with glyoxal and/or methylglyoxal also showed evidence of products of cross-reactions. Since cross-reactions would be more likely than self-reactions under atmospheric conditions, similar reactions of aldehydes like propanal with common aerosol organic species like glyoxal and methylglyoxal have the potential to produce significant organic aerosol mass and therefore could potentially impact chemical, optical and/or cloud-forming properties of aerosols, especially if the products partition to the aerosol surface.
Performance of urban mesh networks

Currently, large-scale deployments of mesh networks are being planned for Philadelphia as well as other cities. The performance of such networks has never been examined through simulation or through any other means. In this paper we perform detailed simulations of mesh networks in several urban environments and evaluate the performance of these networks. The simulations utilize realistic ray-tracing and other propagation models. The mobility of nodes is based on models derived from several movement and time use surveys including the US Department of Labor's recent time use study that includes travel diaries from over 20,000 people. Basic performance issues such as connectivity, capacity, and several application oriented performance metrics as a function of the density infrastructure (base stations and fix wireless relays) are examined. It is found that a high density infrastructure is required to achieve reasonable coverage, in particular, the density must be higher than is currently considered by most deployments. While allowing mobile nodes to act as relays improves coverage, it does not necessarily improve the performance received by the application. It is found that in general, there is a significant difference between the fraction of nodes that are able to communicate with a base station and the fraction of nodes that received acceptable application layer performance.
Health effects of ionizing radiation in the low-dose range

The health effects of low-dose ionizing radiation on human populations are discussed. The problems of estimating the health effects of low-level ionizing radiation, contributions to the literature on somatic and genetic risks (referring also to a few large studies that are in the design or data collection stage), and whether or not a revision of present risk estimates is indicated are discussed. It is concluded that the weight of the evidence suggests that the hazards are real, and that current and conventional risk figures underestimate the effects of exposures in the low-dose range.
Western Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): Fumigation with Methyl Bromide at Selected Fruit Temperatures

To comply with Japanese and similar import quarantine requirements of other countries, a treatment schedule for control of Rhagoletis indifferens Curran in harvested sweet cherries with methyl bromide at fruit temperatures as low as 6°C was developed. The treatment consists of 64 g/m3> of methyl bromide at fruit temperatures of 6.0 to 12.5°C, 48 g/m3 at 13.0 to 16.5°C, 40 g/m3 at 17 to 20.5°C, or 32 g/m3 at 21°C or above, all with a 2-h exposure period (the 32-g/m3 treatment at 21°C or above had been established earlier). Complete mortality of cherry fruit fly larvae was obtained with each treatment with resulting inorganic bromide residues of 4.16 to 6.93 ppm. The amount of shrivel was increased in cherries fumigated at 6.5°C. Treatment of cherries at temperatures lower than 21°C will aid greatly in maintaining satisfactory quality of the treated fruit and allow greater flexibility in the scheduling and carrying out of commercial fumigations.
Promotion of Wound Collagen Formation in Normal and Diabetic Mice by Quadrol

The rate of collagen deposition in implanted polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubing in non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetic mice was measured during 14 days post-wounding. At the time of implantation, test groups received injections of either Quadrol [N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine], glucan, or buffer in an area adjacent to the wound site. The accumulation of collagen in the implants of Quadrol-treated non-diabetic animals was more than 200% above control on days 8 to 11 and was 50% above control on day 14. In Quadrol-treated STZ-diabetic mice, the collagen accumulation gradually increased from 50% above control on day 8 to 200% above control on day 14. Treatment with glucan increased the collagen accumulation in normal mice 200 to 300% above control from days 8 to 11 respectively and then 30% above control on day 14. Collagen accumulation in the implants of the glucan-treated STZ-diabetic mice was similar to the control group. These results indicate that Quadrol promotes in vivo collagen synthesis and that Quadrol may be effective as a stimulator of wound healing in diabetic and non-diabetic animals.
An identified serotonergic neuron regulates adult neurogenesis in the crustacean brain

New neurons are born and integrated into functional circuits in the brains of many adult organisms. In virtually all of these systems, serotonin is a potent regulator of neuronal proliferation. Specific neural pathways underlying these serotonergic influences have not, however, been identified and manipulated. The goal of this study was to test whether adult neurogenesis in the crustacean brain is influenced by electrical activity in the serotonergic dorsal giant neurons (DGNs) innervating the primary olfactory processing areas, the olfactory lobes, and higher order centers, the accessory lobes. Adult-born neurons occur in two interneuronal cell clusters that are part of the olfactory pathway. This study demonstrates that neurogenesis also continues in these areas in a dissected, perfused brain preparation, although the rate of neuronal production is lower than in brains from intact same-sized animals. Inclusion of 10−9M serotonin in the perfusate delivered to the dissected brain preparation restores the rate of neurogenesis to in vivo levels. Although subthreshold stimulation of the DGN does not significantly alter the rate of neurogenesis, electrical activation of a single DGN results in significant increases in neurogenesis in Cluster 10 on the same side of the brain, when compared with levels on the contralateral, unstimulated side. Measurements of serotonin levels in the perfusate using high-performance liquid chromatography established that serotonin levels are elevated about 10-fold during DGN stimulation, confirming that serotonin is released during DGN activity. This is the first identified neural pathway through which adult neurogenesis has been directly manipulated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 2009
P3-3: Measurement of loss in high power 170 GHz gyrotron transmission lines

Over-moded corrugated cylindrical waveguides are used for high power gyrotron radiation transmission applications, such as ITER, because of their low loss characteristics at millimeter wavelengths. Measurements on such over-moded systems are fraught with inaccuracies due to higher order modes. We report a new technique to accurately measure the inherent loss of an over-moded device in the desired operation mode. This technique is demonstrated successfully on low-power measurements at 170GHz in 63.5 mm diameter corrugated ITER transmission lines. We find the miter bend loss to be 0.022 ±0.008 dB (0.5 ±0.2 %), in good agreement with theory.