cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
No Defense for Self-Defense: Determining Whether Courts Should Order Insurers To Represent Insureds Who Have Acted in Self-Defense

The right to defend oneself has traditionally been heavily protected by courts in all scenarios. However, the refuge that an act of self-defense provides becomes muddled in the context of an insurance agreement. State courts are split on whether an insured who claims to have acted in selfdefense is entitled to legal representation and compensation from the insurer in light of an insurance contract containing an intentional injury exclusion clause. This clause is used virtually uniformly throughout the insurance industry and it has caused courts to ponder if an act of selfdefense fits within the language of such a clause, and, consequently, if an act of self-defense should be excluded from insurance coverage. This Note analyzes both the textual and public policy arguments that are set forth by the proponents of each side of this dispute as well as the lines of reasoning courts use in justifying their divergent rulings. Taking this analysis into consideration, this Note ultimately concludes that acts of self-defense should be excluded from coverage when traditional policy terms are used.
The DNa-protein relaxation complex of the plasmid RK2: Location of the site-specific nick in the region of the proposed origin of transfer

The broad host range plasmid, RK2, has been isolated as a DNA-protein relaxation complex. Nicking of the plasmid DNA in the relaxation complex occurs at a single specific site (rlx) located approximately 20 kb away from the origin of DNA replication. A cis-acting function required for plasmid transfer, the presumptive origin of transfer, maps in the same region as rlx. The region of RK2 encompassing rlx has been cloned onto pBR322 and shown to promote mobilization of the hybrid plasmid by an RK2 derivative. These results indicate that the RK2 relaxation complex nicks at or near the origin of transfer of the RK2 plasmid.
Carbon dioxide clearance using bubble CPAP with superimposed high-frequency oscillations in a premature infant lung model with abnormal lung mechanics.

BACKGROUND High-frequency (HF) oscillatory ventilation has been shown to improve carbon dioxide (CO2 ) clearance in premature infants. In a previous in vitro lung model with normal lung mechanics we demonstrated significantly improved CO2 washout by HF oscillation of bubble continuous positive airway pressure (BCPAP). OBJECTIVE To examine CO2 clearance in a premature infant lung model with abnormal lung mechanics via measurement of end-tidal CO2 levels (EtCO2 ) while connected to HF oscillated BCPAP. DESIGN AND METHODS A 40 mL premature infant lung model with either: normal lung mechanics (NLM): compliance 1.0 mL/cm H2 O, airway resistance 56 cm H2 O/(L/s); or abnormal lung mechanics (ALM): compliance 0.5 mL/cm H2 O, airway resistance 136 cm H2 O/(L/s), was connected to BCPAP with HF oscillation at either 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 Hz. EtCO2 was measured at BCPAPs of 4, 6, and 8 cm H2 O and respiratory rates (RR) of 40, 60, and 80 breaths/min and 6 mL tidal volume. RESULTS HF oscillation decreased EtCO2 levels at all BCPAPs, RRs, and oscillation frequencies for both lung models. Overall mean ± SD EtCO2 levels decreased (P < .001) from nonoscillated baseline by 19.3 ± 10.2% for NLM vs 14.1 ± 8.8% for ALM. CO2 clearance improved for both lung models (P < .001) as a function of oscillation frequency and RR with greatest effectiveness at 40 to 60 breaths/min and HF at 8 to 12 Hz. CONCLUSIONS In this in vitro premature infant lung model, HF oscillation of BCPAP was associated with improved CO2 clearance as compared with nonoscillated BCPAP for both NLM and ALM. The significant improvement in CO2 clearance in an abnormal lung environment is an important step towards clinical testing of this novel respiratory support modality.
Traumatic brain injury in the acute care setting: assessment and management practices of speech-language pathologists.

To characterize current knowledge, beliefs, confidence, and practice patterns of acute care speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in assessing and managing cognitive-communication disorders following...
Can a leopard change its spots? Only some children use counterevidence to update their beliefs about people

Abstract Children can use testimony and their own observations to make trait attributions about other people (e.g., she is nice). The current study investigates whether children will change their beliefs about a person if their behaviors contradict children’s beliefs about them. Five- and 6-year-olds and adults were presented with characters labeled as “mean” (Experiment 1) or “nice” (Experiment 2). The characters were then described as behaving in a trait-inconsistent manner. Approximately half of the children and the majority of adults immediately abandoned the trait label, while the remainder maintained the trait label, regardless of the volume of contradictory behavior presented to them. Children, but not adults, who maintained the label also recast the character’s behaviors to be trait-consistent. These results suggest that some children use behaviors to update their beliefs about people while others change their beliefs about behavior to match their beliefs about people.
Age is measured with systematic measurement error in developing country surveys: A diagnosis and analysis of consequences:

Research in political science and other social sciences often relies on survey data to study a range of questions about politics in the developing world. This study identifies systematic measuremen...
Stem Cells and Alcohol-Related Cancers

Stem cells are populations of cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells, tissues, and organs. Stem cells are characterized by their capacities of multipotency to differentiate or self-renew. They play a crucial role in many aspects of biology, from embryo development to tissue repair and maintenance. In many organs and tissues, they serve as an internal system for regeneration and repair. Stem cells divide essentially without limit to maintain the stem cell pool and replenish other cells as long as needed.
Whatever Happened to the Contract Clause

This paper examines the decline of the contract clause in constitutional jurisprudence. Although the contract clause occupied a key and much-litigated place in constitutional law during the nineteenth century, the Supreme Court never read the clause with literal exactness. Over time the Court began to limit the reach of the contract clause in a number of ways. It early distinguished between contractual rights and the remedy available to enforce such rights. States retained some room to modify enforcement procedures. Thereafter the Court insisted upon strictly construing legislative grants and recognized an inalienable police power to protect the health, safety, and morals of the public. Moreover, the Supreme Court upheld rent control laws and mortgage moratorium measures as valid legislative responses to emergency conditions which trumpted contracts between individuals. In short, the Supreme Court recognized so many exceptions to the contract clause as to virtually read it out of the Constitution. The advent of New Deal constitutionalism in the late 1930s, which downplayed economic rights and affirmed broad regulatory authority, completed the effective destruction of the contract clause. Despite some fleeting interest in revitalizing the clause, and a few decisions enforcing contract clauses in state constitutions, this once-powerful provision remains at the fringe of modern constitutional law. The paper contends that the decline of the contract clause likely reflects a diminished faith in contractual bargaining and competitive markets.
The resistance of ribonucleic acid polymerase to proteolytic attack during transcription in vitro.

Abstract The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6, nucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyl transferase) from Micrococcus lysodeikticus was only partially inactivated by carboxypeptidases A and B, was almost completely inactivated by trypsin and subtilisin, and was resistant to chymotrypsin. DNA-bound RNA polymerase was also partially susceptible to the carboxypeptidases, to trypsin, and to subtilisin. During transcription the resistance of the RNA polymerase to these proteolytic enzymes increases 25 to 35%. This increased resistance suggests that either the structure or the environment of the RNA polymerase is different in the ternary complex, DNA-RNA polymerase-RNA, than it is in the binary complex, DNA-RNA polymerase. The carboxypeptidase studies suggest that the carboxy-terminal residue or residues of the RNA polymerase enzyme may not be used in transcription.
The Role of Guanfacine as a Therapeutic Agent to Address Stress-related Pathophysiology in Cocaine Dependent Individuals

The pathophysiology of cocaine addiction is linked to changes within neural systems and brain regions that are critical mediators of stress system sensitivity and behavioral processes associated with the regulation of adaptive goal-directed behavior. This is characterized by the upregulation of core adrenergic and corticotropin-releasing factor mechanisms that subserve negative affect and anxiety and impinge upon intracellular pathways in the prefrontal cortex underlying cognitive regulation of stress and negative emotional state. Not only are these mechanisms essential to the severity of cocaine withdrawal symptoms, and hence the trajectory of clinical outcome, but also they may be particularly pertinent to the demography of cocaine dependence. The ability of guanfacine to target overlapping stress, reward, and anxiety pathophysiology suggests that it may be a useful agent for attenuating the stress- and cue-induced craving state not only in women but also in men. This is supported by recent research findings from our own laboratory. Additionally, the ability of guanfacine to improve regulatory mechanisms that are key to exerting cognitive and emotional control over drug-seeking behavior also suggests that guanfacine may be an effective medication for reducing craving and relapse vulnerability in many drugs of abuse. As cocaine-dependent individuals are typically polydrug abusers and women may be at a greater disadvantage for compulsive drug use than men, it is plausible that medications that target catecholaminergic frontostriatal inhibitory circuits and simultaneously reduce stress system arousal may provide added benefits for attenuating cocaine dependence.
Experience with Model Checking Linearizability

Non-blocking concurrent algorithms offer significant performance advantages, but are very difficult to construct and verify. In this paper, we describe our experience in using SPIN to check linearizability of non-blocking concurrent data-structure algorithms that manipulate dynamically allocated memory. In particular, this is the first work that describes a method for checking linearizability with non-fixed linearization points.
Why free ride?: Strategies and learning in public goods experiments

Abstract Laboratory experiments on free riding have produced mixed results. Free riding is seldom observed with single-shot games; however, it is often approximated in finitely repeated games. There are two prevailing hypothesis for why this is so: strategies and learning. This paper discusses these hypotheses and presents an experiment that examines both.
Neonatal lesions of the medial temporal lobe disrupt prefrontal cortical regulation of striatal dopamine

The effects of early brain damage are often, but not always, milder than the effects of comparable damage in adults, depending on the age at which injury occurred, the region of the brain damaged, and the brain functions involved. Studies of the impact of early brain damage have generally focused on functions primarily associated with the neural structures injured, even though the development and function of distant but interconnected neural systems might also show effects. Here we examine the regulation of striatal dopamine by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, in adult monkeys that had had either neonatal or adult lesions of the medial-temporal lobe and in normal animals. We use microdialysis to measure the dopamine response in the caudate nucleus after the infusion of amphetamine into the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Normal animals and those with adult lesions showed a reduction in dopamine overflow; in contrast, monkeys with neonatal lesions showed increased dopamine release. Thus, early injury to the primate medial-temporal lobe disrupts the normal regulation of striatal dopamine activity by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during adulthood. Early focal lesions may have substantial and long-lasting impacts on the function of a distant neural system.
The Effects of Laser-Induced Collagen Shortening on the Biomechanical Properties of the Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament Complex

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of laser-induced collagen shortening on the biomechanical properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex. Fifty-seven bone-ligament-bone specimens underwent uniaxial tensioning to 10% strain. Approximately half of the specimens then underwent 10% shortening by lasing using a holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. Both groups were again tensioned to 10% strain, and then loaded to failure. Ultimate strain and yield strain were significantly higher in the lased specimens than in the nonlased specimens. No significant difference was found for ultimate stress, yield stress, or elastic modulus between the two groups. Failure of the ligament did not appear to occur in the lased areas. The load-to-failure results suggested that the strength of the ligament complex was not significantly compromised by this lasing protocol.
Cr3+ and rare earth doped LiNbO3

Abstract It has been found that LiNbO 3 can readily be doped with rare earths and transition metal ions. The fluorescence is efficient and sharp. Results for Cr 3+ and Nd 3+ are discussed.
NAS forms geological sciences board

A new board to help guide geological research has been formed by the National Academy of Sciences' Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences. The 15-member Geological Sciences Board probably will hold its first official meeting in April, according to board chairman William R. Dickinson of the University of Arizona. The board's formation was spurred by the lack of systematic and continuous attention given to geological sciences in the past and by the increasing contributions geology makes to society, explained Joseph W. Berg, Jr., executive secretary of NAS' Office of Earth Sciences. The board is expected to fill a gap in NAS activities where disciplines such as hydrology, paleontology, and geological engineering have not been represented, Dickinson added. These topics have been handled by ad hoc committees.
Rapid Restriction Mapping of Cosmids by Sequence-Specific Triple-Helix-Mediated Affinity Capture

A simple and rapid strategy for restriction mapping based on sequence-specific triple-helix affinity capture (TAC) was developed. The strategy was applied to the analysis of cosmid clones by the construction of a new cosmid vector, ScosTriplex-II, containing two different triple-helix-forming sequences flanking the cloning site of the original SuperCos-1 cosmid vector. For restriction mapping, the recombinant cosmid DNA is digested with NotI restriction enzyme or with one of four intron-encoded endonucleases for excision of intact inserts followed by controlled partial digestion with a mapping enzyme used in conjunction with the corresponding methyltransferase. The partial digestion products are combined with biotinylated triple-helix-forming oligonucleotides to form a triple-helical complex. The triple-helix complexes are immobilized on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads, washed, and eluted with pH 9 buffer solution. The fragments are separated and directly sized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Bidirectional maps are obtained simultaneously by binding to the two different triple-helix-forming oligonucleotides. No probe labeling, gel drying, blotting to membranes, hybridization, or autoradiography is necessary. Also, TAC conditions that permit gel-free isolation of the terminal restriction fragments from cosmid inserts were found. These advantages afforded by ScosTriplex-II should facilitate the automation of cosmid restriction site fingerprinting needed for large-scale mapping and sequencing projects.
Communication: Non-radiative recombination via conical intersection at a semiconductor defect

Localization of electronic excitations at molecule-sized semiconductor defects often precedes non-radiative (NR) decay, and it is known that many molecules undergo NR decay via conical intersection. Herein, we report the direct simulation of fast and efficient NR decay via a conical intersection at a known semiconductor defect. It is suggested that this silicon epoxide defect may selectively quench photoluminescence (PL) in small silicon nanocrystals (band gap > ∼2.8 eV), and thus influence both the observed PL yield and PL energy of oxidized silicon nanocrystals.
A class of A(N + C) codes and its properties

We discuss here a new class of arithmetic codes, called A(N + C) codes where A and C are constant positive integers, N is information to be coded. A(N + C) codes are a special case of AN + B arithmetic codes which were first studied by Brown. AN codes are linear and cannot be used to detect unidirectional multiple errors. A(N + C) codes are nonlinear and are useful for detecting and/or correcting symmetric errors, arithmetic errors and unidirectional errors. Furthermore, A(N + C) codes can be constructed to provide constant-weight, self-complementing and cyclic-code properties. It is apparent that the codes with these properties have, in some sense, broader capabilities of error detection and error correction.
Genetic analysis of a large kindred exhibiting type I protein C deficiency and associated thrombosis

Abstract A previously described large Vermont kindred possessing a high incidence of venous thromboembolism with associated Type I protein C deficiency (1) has been genetically analyzed. All nine exons of the protein C gene, including both coding and non-coding regions, have been amplified from blood cell genomic DNA using the Tag DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers corresponding to flanking intronic regions, and the products directly sequenced. An initial mutation (C→T) resulting in Thr298→Met was observed in one arm of the family exhibiting a history of thrombosis and protein C deficiency and was designated protein CVERMORT IIa. However, examination of the kindred member parent (male) of this arm and members of other arms of the kindred demonstrated that the mutation entered the arm via the genetically unrelated spouse. Further analysis of the father and members of other arms of the kindred revealed a different mutation (C insertion: CAT→CCAT), resulting in a frameshift beginning at amino acid #107 (His→Pro) and truncation of the protein at codon #119 of the mature protein. This mutation, called protein CVERMORT IIb, is associated with protein C deficiency and thrombosis throughout the kindred.
Attachment and Health-Related Physiological Stress Processes

People who are more securely attached to close partners show health benefits, but the mechanisms underlying this link are not well specified. We focus on physiological pathways that are potential mediators of the connection between attachment in childhood and adulthood and health and disease outcomes. Growing evidence indicates that attachment insecurity (vs. security) is associated with distinctive physiological responses to stress, including responses involving the HPA, SAM and immune systems, but these responses vary with type of stressor (e.g., social/nonsocial) and contextual factors (e.g., partner's attachment style). Taking this more nuanced perspective will be important for understanding the conditions under which attachment shapes health-related physiological processes as well as downstream health and disease consequences.
Ectopic expression of catalase in Drosophila mitochondria increases stress resistance but not longevity

The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the rate of mitochondrial oxidant production governs the aging process of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Catalase, an antioxidative enzyme expressed in the cytosol and peroxisomes of Drosophila, was targetted ectopically to the mitochondrial matrix by fusion of a leader peptide derived from ornithine aminotransferase with its N-terminus. The presence of the transgene encoding this fusion protein was associated with moderate (35 +/- 13%) increases in total catalase activity in most lines, and measurable levels of catalase activity in the mitochondria (30-140 U/mg protein). There was no impact on the life span of the flies at 25 degrees C, even in an exceptional line with a 149% increase in total catalase activity, and there was a small decrease in longevity at 29 degrees C. There were no compensatory changes in the rate of metabolism or physical activity, or in the levels of other major antioxidants, suggesting that the aging process was largely unaffected. Resistance to exogenous hydrogen peroxide, paraquat, and cold stress was enhanced, but there was no appreciable effect on resistance to hyperoxia. The results demonstrate the importance of mitochondrial antioxidant levels in the resistance to oxidative stress at the organismal level, and illustrate that different effects on aging and stress resistance may ensue from a single treatment. The main inferences drawn are that: (i) levels of stress resistance may neither be a cause nor a reliable indicator of the rate of aging, and (ii) bolstering antioxidant levels in Drosophila may not delay or slow down the aging process.
Parotid Sparing Study in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Receiving Bilateral Radiation Therapy: One-year Results

Many patients with head and neck cancers receive radiation therapy as part of their treatment which frequently causes considerable morbidity, including various degrees of permanent salivary gland dysfunction. Three-dimensional treatment planning [3-DTP] and conformational dose delivery constitute a new therapeutic modality that conforms the high-dose radiation volume to the shape of the tumor volume while minimizing the dose to tissue that is not at risk of containing cancer. The treatment volumes for head and neck tumors as well as parotid glands can be well-defined on cross-sectional CT imaging techniques. The purpose of this investigation is to determine if 3-DTP and conformational dose-delivery could minimize radiation dose and salivary gland dysfunction to contralateral parotid glands in patients with head and neck cancers. Eleven patients with head and neck cancers who required bilateral radiation therapy were treated with 3-DTP. Unstimulated and stimulated bilateral parotid saliva was collected prior to radiotherapy, weekly during treatment, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the completion of radiotherapy. Treated parotid glands received an average dose of 5745 cGy, while spared glands received only 1986 cGy (p < 0.0001). Unstimulated and stimulated parotid flow rates decreased dramatically in treated glands after the initiation of radiotherapy, remained at extremely low rates without any improvements, and were significantly lower at 1 year after radiotherapy compared with baseline. Conversely, parotid flow rates in spared glands underwent mild changes during radiotherapy and were approximately 50% of baseline values. The results of this study suggest that with the use of 3-DTP, contralateral parotid gland function can be partially preserved for at least 1 year in patients with head and neck cancers requiring bilateral radiation.
The isolation of intact adrenal chromaffin granules using isotonic Percoll density gradients.

An improved method for the isolation of intact adrenal chromaffin granules under isotonic conditions, using a Percoll density gradient, is presented. After dissection, homogenization, and differential centrifugation, the crude granule homogenate was layered onto a gradient medium previously centrifuged at 20,200g × 5 min, consisting of 30% (vv) Percoll, 0.27 m sucrose, and 10 mm Tris-maleate, pH 7.0. After centrifugation for 40 min at 8650g in a standard preparative centrifuge, the chromaffin granules were found to band in the lowest fraction, where 45% of the catecholamines and 60% of the ATP could be recovered. With respect to other published methods, the percentage of lysosomal and mitochondrial contamination compared favorably. In addition, granules isolated by the Percoll gradient method were found to have at least 42 and 14% higher ATP and catecholamines, respectively, per milligram of protein. It is suggested that this method offers the advantages of ease of preparation, purity, and cost efficiency when compared with previously published techniques.
Distribution of Currents in the Lightning Protective System of a Residential Building—Part I: Triggered-Lightning Experiments

We present the results of structural lightning protective system (LPS) tests conducted in 2004 and 2005 at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) at Camp Blanding, FL. Lightning was triggered using the rocket-and- wire technique, and its current was directly injected into the LPS. The test configurations in 2004 and 2005 differed in the lightning current injection point, number of down conductors, grounding system at the test house, and the use of surge protective devices. The primary objective was to examine the division of the injected lightning current between the grounding system of the test house, and remote ground accessible via the neutral of the power-supply cable. In 2004, the mean value of the peak current entering the electrical circuit neutral in search of its way to remote ground was about 22% of the injected lightning current peak, while in 2005, it was about 59%. For comparison, more than 80% of the injected peak current was observed to enter the electrical circuit neutral in similar 1997 tests at the ICLRT in which a different test house with a different (poorer) grounding system was used (Rakov et al. 2002 [1]). An attempt to model the 2004 and 2005 experiments is presented in a companion paper.
Identification of a developmental program using bromodeoxyuridine.

Abstract Incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into the DNA of precursor erythroblasts (hematocytoblasts) prevents the appearance of hemoglobin in their progeny. Erythroblasts already synthesizing hemoglobin are unaffected by incorporation of the analogue. This resistance extends over as many as 3 to 4 continuous divisions, at substitutions for thymidine threefold higher than that needed to prevent the initial appearance of hemoglobin. No alterations were observed in the development of these erythroblasts once hemoglobin synthesis was begun. To the limit of resolution of our techniques, this insensitivity is unlikely to be based upon (a) a stable hemoglobin messenger RNA, (b) a species of DNA that is not replicated in the presence of the analogue during the resistant period, or (c) a differential flux of BrdUrd into restricted segments of the genome. It is hypothesized that BrdUrd prevents the initiation of new modes of synthetic activity.
Chlorine enrichment in central Rio Grande Rift basaltic melt inclusions: Evidence for subduction modification of the lithospheric mantle

Shallow subduction of the Farallon plate during the Laramide orogeny (ca. 80–40 Ma) may have resulted in metasomatism of the western North American lithospheric mantle. Olivine- and orthopyroxene-hosted melt inclusions from the central Rio Grande Rift are variably enriched in chlorine relative to fluid-immobile elements. Subparallel trends in Cl/K versus Cl/Nb for alkali basalts and tholeiites can be explained by Cl/K fractionation during low degree partial melting, with D Cl ≈ D Nb K . The observed trace element enrichment does not correlate with host Mg# or melt SiO 2 wt% as expected for crustal contamination via an assimilation–fractional crystallization (AFC) process. In addition, examples from other volcanic systems suggest that Cl/K decreases with increasing contamination, contrary to observed positive correlations between Cl/K and Ba/Nb and Sr/Nd. The positive correlation of Cl/K and Cl/Nb with typical indices of subduction enrichment (e.g., Ba/Nb and Sr/Nd) supports a model of mantle metasomatism during subduction.
Characterization and modeling of a chemically amplified resist for ArF lithography

There is increasing interest in chemically amplified (CA) single-layer photoresist for 193 nm excimer laser lithography as a route to sub-quarter micron imaging. A quantitative understanding of the factors that limit the ultimate resolution of CA resists requires a detailed knowledge of both the kinetics of the acid-catalyzed chemical reaction and the diffusion properties of the photogenerated acid. Information of this type is key to the accurate modeling of all CA resists regardless of exposure wavelength. We have investigated the exposure, thermal processing and dissolution behavior of a methacrylate terpolymer-based 193 nm resist. The chemical reactions occurring during post-exposure bake were monitored by FTIR microscopy over a range of PEB temperatures and exposure doses. Using the FTIR data and dissolution contrast curves, parameters for a model of the exposure, the post-exposure bake and the development were extracted. The model was implemented in the SAMPLE lithography simulation tool to predict resist profiles and process latitudes of methacrylate resists on a 193 nm step and scan tool. Excellent agreement between the simulated photoresist profiles and SEM cross-sections was obtained.
On: “The influence of pore pressure and confining pressure on dynamic elastic properties of Berea sandstone,” by N. I. Christensen and H. F. Wang (GEOPHYSICS, 50, 207–213, February 1985).

The authors present their results as if Berea sandstone were an elastic material; that is, velocities are given as functions of confining and pore pressure. In fact, most rocks are inelastic and velocities depend on the history of the confining and pore pressure, and not just on the present values. Some measurements of hysteresis were reported by Gardner et al. (1965). The confining pressure was cycled between two pressures Pc(1) and Pc(2) for a fixed pore pressure Pp, following a fixed schedule of pressure changes, until repeatable values of velocity were obtained. (At any intermediate pressure the velocity measured for increasing pressure was different from the value for decreasing pressure, giving rise to a hysteresis cycle). When the same schedule of pressure changes for the differential pressure Pc-Pp was followed by holding Pc fixed and varying Pp, the measured velocities followed the same hysteresis curve within the limits of experimental accuracy. In brief, when hysteresis was taken into account, ...
Papillary hyperplastic nodule: pitfall in the cytopathologic diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the pitfalls of overdiagnosing papillary formation as papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in thyroid cytology specimens. Methods Patients with papillary hyperplastic nodules who had preoperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) were selected for this study. All patients had been diagnosed as having either PTC or lesions suggestive of PTC on preoperative FNAB. Pathology reports, surgical reports, and cytopathology slides were reviewed and analyzed for demographic data, nature of surgery, and pathologic features. Results Six women and 2 men with a mean age of 49 years (range, 16-79 years) were included. The lesion size ranged from 1.0 to 3.5 cm. Four patients were diagnosed as having PTC and 4 as having lesions suspicious for PTC. FNAB specimens were available for review in 6 cases. Surgical pathology slides were reviewed in all cases. When cytologic material was evaluated for the morphologic features that led to the misdiagnosis of PTC by comparing it with FNAB specimens of classic variant of PTC, the specimens from these patients showed follicular cells arranged in short, nonbranching papillae in a background of watery colloid and macrophages. The follicular cells were round and demonstrated oncocytic change with nuclear enlargement, prominent central nucleoli, nuclear chromatin clearing, and intranuclear grooves. Conclusions Caution should be exercised rendering the diagnosis of PTC on FNAB samples when a thyroid lesion shows papillary configurations and oncocytic cells and if convincing nuclear features of PTC are not present. Furthermore, some morphologic features on thyroid aspiration can help differentiate these cases from true PTC. (Endocr Pract. 2008;14:863-868)
Excellent outcomes for adults who experienced early standardized treadmill training during acute phase of recovery from stroke: A case series

AbstractObjective: To describe gait outcomes, including assistive device use and incidence of falls, in a group of adults post stroke who received early standardized treadmill training (ESTT) in the acute phase of rehabilitation. Design: A case series of 18 individuals post stroke with varied lesion size, location, and comorbidities. Setting: Inpatient rehabilitation unit. Intervention: Daily 30-minute sessions of ESTT initiated before overground training in the acute rehabilitation period. Outcome measures: Three-dimensional gait analysis, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), assistive device inventory, and fall history. Results: Gait analysis revealed better temporal and spatial symmetry than have been previously documented. Twelve participants walked at speeds of greater than 0.80 m/s and 10 walked without the use of an assistive device or orthoses. Mean 6MWT distance was 322.42 m (±114.33). Thirteen participants (72%) reported no falls over a 6-month period. Conclusion: These outcomes far surpass the current da...
Effect of drought stress on protein body development in radicles of cotton embryos: A quantitative study with image analysis

Abstract Protein body development in the radicle of the ripening cotton seeds was analyzed with electron microscopy and quantitative image analysis during the period from 30 to 60 days after anthesis (DAA) in control and drought-stressed (defoliated) plants. Vacuolar partitioning to form progenitors of protein bodies was arrested in embryos of plants exposed to drought stress at 30 DAA. Drought stress also resulted in a 75% reduction in amount of protein present in the vacuole/protein body compartment in basal but not apical cortical cells of the radicle when examined at 60 DAA. We interpret these results to indicate that a major effect of whole plant defoliation, as an experimental model of severe drought stress, was either focal reduction in the availability of nutrients or deregulated genetic control of conversion and compartmentation of reserves into protein bodies within basal cortical cells in cotton radicles.
Magnetic and crystallographic properties of the compounds KxFeF3 and K0.2FeF2.8O0.2

Abstract The compounds K x FeF 3 (where 0.18 ≤ x ≤ 0.24) and K 0.2 FeF 2.8 O 0.2 have been prepared and investigated. All are hexagonal, light colored and weakly ferromagnetic. The Curie points of the K x FeF 3 are 122° K while the Curie point of K 0.2 FeF 2.8 F 0.2 is 51° K. Possible explanations for these very low ordering temperatures are discussed.
Barriers to Use of Pharmacotherapy for Addiction Disorders and How to Overcome Them

Substance use disorders are highly prevalent, debilitating conditions for which effective pharmacotherapies exist with a broad evidence base, yet pharmacotherapy for the treatment of addiction disorders is underutilized. The goals of this review are to describe the barriers that may contribute to poor adoption and utilization of pharmacotherapy for alcohol and opioid dependence at the system, provider, and patient level and to discuss ways to overcome those barriers. Multifaceted efforts directed at all three levels may be needed to speed pharmacotherapy adoption. More research is needed to help us better understand barriers from patients’ perspectives. Strategies to promote adoption of pharmacotherapy for addiction disorders should be modified to fit the needs of the practice, system, and individual patients. Pharmacotherapy is a valuable tool in the clinical armamentarium of addiction treatment; thus, overcoming barriers to implementation may improve clinical and social outcomes.
Using human patient simulation to prepare student pharmacists to manage medical emergencies in an ambulatory setting.

Objective. To implement a simulation-based educational experience focused on medical emergencies in an ambulatory pharmacy setting.Design. Second-year student pharmacists were assigned randomly to ...
Intimate partner violence and unwanted pregnancy, miscarriage, induced abortion, and stillbirth among a national sample of Bangladeshi women

The objectives were to estimate (1) lifetime prevalence of physical and sexual victimisation from husbands among a national sample of Bangladeshi women (2) associations of unwanted pregnancy and experiences of husband violence and (3) associations of miscarriage induced abortion and fetal death/stillbirth and such victimisation. The design used was a cross-sectional nationally representative study utilizing matched husband-wife data from the 2004 MEASURE Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey. The study took place in Bangladesh. Married Bangladeshi women ages 13-40 years old (n = 2677) were those that were used in the study. The methods used were bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The main outcome measures were relations of intimate partner violence to unwanted pregnancy miscarriage induced abortion and stillbirth. Results Three out of four (75.6%) Bangladeshi women experienced violence from husbands. Less educated poorer and Muslim women were at greatest risk. Women experiencing violence from husbands were more likely to report both unwanted pregnancy (OR/sadj 1.46-1.54) and a pregnancy loss in the form of miscarriage induced abortion or stillbirth (OR/sadj 1.43-1.69). Assessed individually miscarriage was more likely among victimised women (OR/adj 1.81). A nonsignificant trend was detected for increased risk of induced abortion (OR/adj 1.64); stillbirth was unrelated to violence from husbands. Intimate partner violence is extremely prevalent and relates to unwanted pregnancy and higher rates of pregnancy loss or termination particularly miscarriages among Bangladeshi women. Investigation of mechanisms responsible for these associations will be critical to developing interventions to improve maternal fetal and neonatal health. Such programmes may be vital to reducing the significant health and social costs associated with both husband violence and unwanted and adverse pregnancy outcomes. (authors)
Actin pedestal formation by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is regulated by IQGAP1, calcium, and calmodulin.

During infection, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) injects effector proteins into the host cell to manipulate the actin cytoskeleton and promote formation of actin pedestals. IQGAP1 is a multidomain protein that participates in numerous cellular functions, including Rac1/Cdc42 and Ca2+/calmodulin signaling and actin polymerization. Here we report that IQGAP1, Ca2+, and calmodulin modulate actin pedestal formation by EPEC. Infection with EPEC promotes both the interaction of IQGAP1 with calmodulin and the localization of IQGAP1 and calmodulin to actin pedestals while reducing the interaction of IQGAP1 with Rac1 and Cdc42. IQGAP1-null fibroblasts display a reduced polymerization of actin in response to EPEC. In addition, antagonism of calmodulin or chelation of intracellular Ca2+ reduces EPEC-dependent actin polymerization. Furthermore, IQGAP1 specifically interacts with Tir in vitro and in cells. Together these data identify IQGAP1, Ca2+, and calmodulin as a novel signaling complex regulating actin pedestal formation by EPEC.
The occupational attainment and earnings of American Jewry, 1890 to 1990

This paper uses a variety of census and survey data to develop the first systematic time series comparing the occupational distribution of adult male Jews and white non-Jews by nativity from 1890 to 1990. A shorter time series is presented for eamings. The decennial census has never asked religion. Indirect Jewish identifiers are used for the census and survey data without direct Jewish identifiers.
On Seismic Migration Efficiency

Wavefield extrapolation is an interaction process of wavefields, propagators, and medium heterogeneities. I quantify lateral velocity variations by a heterogeneity-spectrum representation with Gaussian probability-density functions. By relating the heterogeneity spectrum of an extrapolation slab to the angular spectrum of the used migration operator, Extrapolation efficiency η is defined to measure the quality of wavefield extrapolation through the slab. This extrapolation efficiency η represents how closely
On super vertex-graceful unicyclic graphs

A graph G with p vertices and q edges, vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G), is said to be super vertex-graceful (in short SVG), if there exists a function pair (f, f+) where f is a bijection from V(G) onto P, f+ is a bijection from E(G) onto Q, f+((u, v)) = f(u) + f(v) for any (u, v) ∈ E(G), $$ Q = \left\{ \begin{gathered} \{ \pm 1, \ldots , \pm \tfrac{1} {2}q\} , if q is even, \hfill \\ \{ 0, \pm 1, \ldots , \pm \tfrac{1} {2}(q - 1)\} , if q is odd, \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right. $$ and $$ P = \left\{ \begin{gathered} \{ \pm 1, \ldots , \pm \tfrac{1} {2}p\} , if p is even, \hfill \\ \{ 0, \pm 1, \ldots , \pm \tfrac{1} {2}(p - 1)\} , if p is odd. \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right. $$
The effect of donor and recipient age on engraftment of tissue-engineered liver

A novel treatment for end-stage liver disease using heterotopic hepatocyte transplantation on biodegradable polymers has been investigated. Survival and repopulation of adequate cell mass to replace hepatic function has been the principal difficulty of this method. Hence the authors have begun to investigate the role of donor and recipient age on the efficiency of hepatocyte transplantation. Lewis rats were used as donors and recipients. Hepatocytes were isolated with a collagenase digestion, both for the adult and fetal livers (17 days estimated gestational age). After digestion, the hepatocytes were seeded onto 95% porous poly-(L)-lactic acid matrices. The polymer-cell constructs with adult or fetal cells were then implanted between mesenteric leaves of three different recipient groups: adults (approximately 200 g), 2-week, and 4-week neonates (two to five animals per group, depending on litter size). The specimens were harvested at 4 weeks, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE fetal cells into adults, 0.47 x 10(5) microns2; adult into 4-week neonates, 1.17 x 10(5) microns2; fetal into 4-week neonates, 4.54 x 10(5) microns2; adult into 2-week neonates, 2.98 x 10(5) microns2, and fetal into 2-week neonates, 5.81 x 10(5) microns2. In all three recipient groups, the area of fetal hepatocytes was approximately two to three times the area of the adult hepatocytes (P < .05 for 2-week and 4-week neonatal recipients, P = .06 for adult recipients). Also, as the recipient age decreased, there was an increase in the hepatocyte cell area (P < .05 for fetal or adult groups). The authors conclude that fetal hepatocytes heterotopically transplanted have a significant survival advantage over adult hepatocytes, independent of recipient age. The authors further conclude that the neonatal environment is more favorable than the adult environment for implantation of hepatocytes.
Operating experience with the Los Alamos 701

The need for large scale calculations has grown exponentially with time at Los Alamos. In the fall of 1950 we had one Card Programmed Calculator, we now have six. About a year and a half ago, the Los Alamos Maniac was put into operation. And still we needed more calculations, so a 701 calculator was ordered to help fill that need. Our 701 was delivered last April and placed under the administrative control of a group called T-1, within the Theoretical Division.
Risk-Informed Safety Classification for New Plant Designs

Risk-informed safety classification can be used to identify power plant components that are important to plant safety. Alternative treatment requirements can then be allowed for select components based on their risk-informed safety classification. This concept has been embraced in Section XI of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code through the approval of Code Cases N-660 and N-662. Draft Code Case N-720 provides an approach to applying risk-informed safety classification to new plant designs in Section III of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. For new plant designs some unique challenges exist compared to those encountered in the application of the concept to an operating plant. This paper will discuss the risk-informed safety classification approach in Code Case N-720 and the key differences in its application to new plant designs. The alternative treatment requirements proposed in the Code Case and their benefits will also be discussed.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
“You’ve Got Mail”: Issues in Communicating With Patients and Their Families by E-Mail

“You’ve got mail” is a common refrain heard by 32 million America Online subscribers. Just as the telephone transformed both American society and the practice of medicine,1 electronic communication (e-mail) is having a similar impact and will become an integral part of pediatrics. In the words of Jerome Kassirer, former editor of the New England Journal of Medicine , e-mail and electronic transfer of information has the potential to “induce cultural changes in the delivery of care even more revolutionary than any restructuring that is going on today.”2 In this issue Pediatrics , Kleiner and colleagues3 report the results of a survey of parent and physician attitudes toward the use of e-mail. The results are not surprising. The majority of families have access to e-mail, with access significantly related to family income and education. Most families want to communicate with us, and our practices, by e-mail. They express some concern about confidentiality. We, on the other hand, are quite ambivalent. Although only a small number of physicians were included in the survey, 79% indicated that they were not comfortable with e-mail communication with patients. These data are consistent with a recent survey of 834 physicians, which showed that 14% regularly or frequently use e-mail to provide clinical information to patients.4 Thirty-nine percent indicated that they do not currently e-mail clinical information but would if security/privacy were fully guaranteed, and 40% responded that even if issues of security/privacy could be resolved they would not e-mail information. There are numerous benefits of e-mail.1,5, 6 Communication is dysynchronous; that is, the 2 parties involved do not have to be in contact simultaneously to “speak with each other,” ending needless telephone-tag. Communication is rapid, relatively inexpensive, simple, and convenient. It is available day or … Address correspondence to Howard Bauchner, MD, 91 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118. E-mail: howard.bauchner{at}bmc.org