cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Size Response Characteristics of a Wafer Surface Scanner for Nonideal, Real-World Particles

The response of a wafer surface scanner is usually determined by means of calibration wafers carrying polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres. The responses of a scanner to real-world contaminant particles with a nonspherical particle shape and a different refractive index are generally not well-understood. In this paper, uniform-sized particles of Al, Al2 O3 Si, SiO2, Si3 N4 and Zn have been deposited onto bare silicon wafers for use as calibration standards to study the response of wafer surface scanners to nonspherical, real-world particles. The particles used were irregular in shape and covered a size range of 0.2 μm to 1.0 μm. The morphological characteristics of the particles have been examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental response of a commercially available wafer surface scanner (Tencor Surfscan-4000) to these uniform-sized, nonspherical particles has been determined. The experimentally determined response of the wafer surface scanner has been compared with theoretical calcula...
La définition du handicap dans la loi de 2005 et le certificat médical : Quels sont les enjeux et comment s’en servir au mieux de l’intérêt de la personne atteinte de troubles psychiques ?

La loi du 11 fevrier 2005 a introduit une definition du handicap, inspiree de la Classification internationale du fonctionnement, du handicap et de la sante. Cette loi a profondement remanie le paysage institutionnel en confiant aux nouvelles Maisons departementales des personnes handicapees des missions d’accueil, d’accompagnement, d’evaluation des besoins, de proposition de reponses, de decision et de suivi des situations de handicap. Ces missions vont bien au-dela de la verification administrative de conditions d’ouverture de droits, l’evaluation de la situation et des besoins devant s’appuyer sur une approche globale et multidimensionnelle, conforme a la definition du handicap. L’objectif porte par la loi est clairement celui d’une inclusion sociale des personnes handicapees et d’une individualisation des reponses au plus pres du droit commun accessible a tout citoyen. Dans ce nouveau cadre, le certificat medical qui doit etre obligatoirement fourni a la MDPH est une premiere etape essentielle, conditionnant la qualite et la fluidite de l’evaluation et des propositions de reponses qui vont suivre. Mais ce certificat medical n’est pas l’unique source de l’evaluation. Le seul diagnostic medical de l’affection causale ne saurait a lui seul informer sur la situation de handicap. En particulier pour les personnes handicapees par des troubles mentaux chroniques, une vision dynamique de l’ensemble des composantes de sa situation, et notamment de son environnement, est indispensable. L’ethique de ce partage d’information avec l’equipe pluridisciplinaire de la MDPH necessite un echange entre les acteurs et une connaisance mutuelle des roles de chacun.
The Latin American Dollar Standard in the Post-Crisis Era

This paper examines the extent to which there is currently a "dollar standard" in Latin America by empirically looking at the time series relationships between local currencies and the major global currencies using daily data over the period 2003-2006. The results indicate that three countries in the Andes - Ecuador (which is officially dollarized), Bolivia, and Peru - are on practically perfect dollar standards and might find additional financial integration fairly practicable. Four more countries - Guyana, Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay - are nearly on a dollar standard and might easily move closer to dollarization. Guyana, Uruguay, and Paraguay have economies substantially smaller than that of Ecuador, which has already officially dollarized, and might find similar full dollarization relatively easy. Argentina, although having abandoned its currency board mechanism, seems to be engineering (or at least allowing) a persistent, though imperfect, link to the dollar. Mexico and Colombia are on a partial dollar standard, but exhibit influence from other currencies as well (the yen and the pound for Mexico, and the yen and the euro for Colombia). Four additional currencies investigated - Chile, Brazil, Canada, and Venezuela - are further from a dollar standard but are certainly not completely independent of the dollar either.
Between Scylla and Charbydis: Anarchy, Tyranny, and the Debate Over a Bill of Rights

Scylla and Chardydis are the mythical sea monsters who were said to have posed an inescapable threat to passing sailors traveling through the Strait of Messina: this article suggests that the Federalists and Antifederalists were the beasts between which the Bill of Rights had to pass. As is evident by the debates between Federalists and Antifederalist during the Constitutional Convention, both sought to construct a framework that would preserve individual liberty and establish justice. Here, Professor Finkelman discusses the trials and tribulations during the debates that lead to the creation of the Bill of Rights. Despite a great deal of mistrust on the part of both Federalists and Antifederalists, they were able to come together in support on one of our nation’s most important founding documents.
Polyphenol Components in Cultured Cells of Amacha (Hydrangea macrophylla Seringe var. Thunbergii Makino)

In the course of our studies on the polyphenol components of the cultured cells of amacha, seven polyphenol compounds were isolated as pure crystals. The chemical structures of these compounds were determined by analytical methods (IR, UV, NMR and MS spectra) and colour reactions, and the compounds were identified as phyllodulcin, hydrangenol, daphnetin-8-monomethylether, umbelliferone, phyllodulcin-8-β-D-glucoside, hydrangenol-8-β-D-glucoside and skiminin (umbelliferone-7-β-D-glucoside). This is the first report of the isolation of phyllodulcin-8-β-D-glucoside and daphnetin-8-monomethylether from a natural source and of the other compounds from the cells of higher plants in suspension culture.
The development of a simulation environment for testing of a multi-tier mission command architecture

This paper presents work on the design and development of a simulation environment for testing the two competing mission command technologies and their implementations. To illustrate the utility of the system, several usage scenarios are presented and evaluated. Specifically, requirements such as the requisite collection of goal satisfaction data, craft performance and computing system (and software) performance are considered. The paper concludes with an overview of future work which is enabled by the proposed simulation environment.
Predicting Online Political Participation The Importance of Selection Bias and Selective Exposure in the Online Setting

Although we have a broad understanding of the factors that predict traditional forms of political participation, we know comparatively less about the determinants of online political participation. Among the limited research that explores the predictors of online political participation, news seeking is often found to be an important factor; however, many studies fail to consider selective exposure and the distinct influence of differing types of information. In this study, I ask, “What factors predict online participation, and what role does selective exposure play in this relationship?” Using a nationally representative sample (N = 2,250) and a selection model to correct for biased estimates of online political participation, I find that online political participation is not well predicted by the same resource-related determinants that influence traditional participation; specifically, income and age are unrelated to online political participation among Internet users. Second, I find that exposure to po...
Chapter 11 – The Anatomy of the Tail

The chapter begins with a general discussion of static stability and control. In addition to defining fundamental stability concepts, it discusses trends in longitudinal and lateral/directional stability derivatives. Additionally, methods to estimate elevator deflection requirements and stick-fixed neutral point are provided. Then, a thorough, but general discussion of the pros and cons of different tail configurations is given. This is followed by providing the general formulation of horizontal and vertical tail geometry. Finally, three methods intended to tailor the tail arm and the vertical tail surface are introduced. These methods minimize the wetted area of a fuselage, which is assumed to have the shape of a frustum, and the stabilizing surfaces in an attempt to minimize skin friction. The three methods use historical values of the horizontal tail volume, the vertical tail volume, and a combination of the two.
Technology and Human Rehabilitation: Prostheses for Sensory Rehabilitation and/or Sensory Substitution

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the scientific and technical research and development aspects of sensory aids. The critical role of hearing in the development of language and the production of speech is well established. If hearing is lost after learning to speak, speech is usually retained, but it is subject to a noticeable reduction in quality. Certain sensory aids to this class of the hearing handicapped can ameliorate or remedy this deterioration. The congenitally hearing-impaired child or one who loses hearing before an age of several years cannot acquire speech autonomously and requires special training, with a predictable lag of 3 to 5 years behind normal children in the use and development of language. The problem is exacerbated by the delay in the early recognition of hearing difficulty in the infant and young child. The loss is not addressed until the child noticeably lags his peers in the understanding and use of language, a measure sometimes put off as late as the early school years. Because in human development, the practical use of language antedates formal education, the delay in diagnosis and therapy can introduce irremedial and uncompensatable losses.
Erratum to: The shocking consequences of hybrid epigenomes

The online version of the original article can be found under doi: 10.1186/s13059-016-0967-3 .
Truth in a Region

Vague predicates have borderline cases. A certain shortish, thin and scraggly fir tree might only beaborderline case of “suitable as a Christmas tree” for example. A number of theorists of vagueness would regard this as equivalent to a claim that they would express using a “definitely” operator: the tree is neither definitely suitable nor definitely unsuitable. Standard versions of supervaluation semantics for vague predicates yield the surprising result that every sentence entails its definitization: if it is true that Firby the fir tree is suitable, then it is true that Firby is definitely suitable.1 The truth of the claim that Firby is suitable guarantees the truth of the claim that Firby is definitely suitable. Let us call the entailment principle in question D-introduction.
Organizing the last line of defense before hitting the memory wall for CMPs

The last line of defense in the cache hierarchy before going to off-chip memory is very critical in chip multiprocessors (CMPs) from both the performance and power perspectives. We investigate different organizations for this last line of defense (assumed to be L2 in this article) towards reducing off-chip memory accesses. We evaluate the trade-offs between private L2 and address-interleaved shared L2 designs, noting their individual benefits and drawbacks. The possible imbalance between the L2 demands across the CPUs favors a shared L2 organization, while the interference between these demands can favor a private L2 organization. We propose a new architecture, called Shared Processor-Based Split L2, that captures the benefits of these two organizations, while avoiding many of their drawbacks. Using several applications from the SPEC OMP suite and a commercial benchmark, Specjbb, on a complete system simulator, we demonstrate the benefits of this shared processor-based L2 organization. Our results show as much as 42.50% improvement in IPC over the private organization (with 11.52% on the average), and as much as 42.22% improvement over the shared interleaved organization (with 9.76% on the average).
Thermal analysis of switched reluctance motor with direct in-winding cooling system

Demand for compact high torque/power density electric machines necessitates the choice of an effective cooling system. The focus of this paper is to compare the steady-state thermal analysis of a naturally air-cooled conventional 8/6 SRM to the same motor with direct in-winding cooling system. The goal is to determine how much torque increase can be achieved by using direct cooling in the windings slots. The results show that the direct cooling of the winding guarantees lower temperature in the windings by 50% at a given operating point, although the winding slot volume is reduced by 25%. This means current density limit increases with direct winding cooling, hence improving the torque/power density of the machine.
Benchmark Stations for the Measurement of Presently Missing Parameters

Benchmark stations, more commonly called “reference stations,” have been of great importance in climatic research and for monitoring long-term environmental changes. The stations of the U. S. “Climatological Benchmark Network” record temperature and precipitation. Reference measurements of other parameters commonly made include, in addition, such things as barometric pressure, humidity, wind velocity, insolation and atmospheric turbidity. A plea is made for preservation of the present climatic reference stations, and for maintenance and improvement of stations for reference measurement of solar radiation.
Multimodality Imaging Approaches for Evaluating Traumatic Extremity Injuries: Implications for Military Medicine

Significance: Military service members are susceptible to traumatic extremity injuries that often result in limb loss. Tremendous efforts have been made to improve medical treatment that supports residual limb function and health. Despite recent improvements in treatment and novel prosthetic devices, many patients experience a wide range of clinical problems within residual limbs that can negatively impact the progress of rehabilitation programs while also impairing functional capacity and overall quality of life. Recent Advances: In addition to existing standard imaging modalities that are used for clinical evaluation of patients suffering from traumatic extremity injury, novel noninvasive imaging techniques are in development that may facilitate rapid and sensitive assessment of various aspects of traumatic extremity injuries and residual limb health. Critical Issues: Despite recent advances, there remains a clinical need for noninvasive quantitative imaging techniques that are capable of providing rapi...
Frequency-axis light transport and topological effects in dynamic photonic structures

We study the ring resonator under a dynamic modulation. Each ring resonator supports a set of resonant modes with an equal spacing. We find that the system exhibits a spectral Bloch oscillation along the frequency axis when we introduce a frequency detuning in the modulation frequency. A periodic switching of the detuning brings out a unidirectional translation of the frequency of light. Moreover, in an array of rings, each of which is dynamically modulated with a different phase, we see topologically-protected edge states. Our work points to a new capability for the control of light in the frequency space.
Elucidating multi-physics interactions in suspensions for the design of polymeric dispersants: a hierarchical machine learning approach

A computational method for understanding and optimizing the properties of complex physical systems is presented using polymeric dispersants as an example. Concentrated suspensions are formulated with dispersants to tune rheological parameters, such as yield stress or viscosity, but their competing effects on solution and particle variables have made it impossible to design them based on our knowledge of the interplay of chemistry and function. Here, physical and statistical modeling are integrated into a hierarchical framework of machine learning that provides insight into sparse experimental datasets. A library of 10 polymers having similar molecular weight but incorporating different functional groups commonly found in aqueous dispersants was used as a training set in magnesium oxide slurries. The compositions of these polymers were the experimental variables that determined the complex system responses, but the method leverages knowledge of the constituent “single-physics” interactions that underlie the suspension properties. Integration of domain knowledge is shown to allow robust predictions based on orders of magnitude fewer samples in the training set compared with purely statistical methods that directly correlate dispersant chemistry with changes in rheological properties. Minimization of the resulting function for slurry yield stress resulted in the prediction of a novel dispersant that was synthesized and shown to impart similar reductions as a leading commercial dispersant but with a significantly different composition and molecular architecture.
Visual Psychological Anthropology: Implications for Teaching and the Future

The book concludes with recommendations for the dissemination of visual psychological anthropology and its use in psychological anthropology pedagogy, public presentations for colleagues and specialists, and the wider digital public sphere. The chapter puts forth some potential directions and prospects for a visual psychological anthropology, gesturing toward the challenges and opportunities ahead for an ethnographic film that is resonant and integrated with the methods and insights of contemporary psychological anthropology.
Optical Refractive Index Sensing Based on High-Q Bound States in the Continuum in Free-Space Coupled Photonic Crystal Slabs.

High sensitivity (S) and high quality factor (Q) are desirable to achieve low detection limit in label-free optical sensors. In this paper, we theoretically demonstrate that single-layer and coupled bi-layer photonic crystal slabs (PCS) possess simultaneously high S and high Q near the bound states in the continuum (BIC). We theoretically achieved S > 800 nm/RIU and Q > 107 in refractive index sensing in the 1400–1600 nm telecom optical wavelength bands. We experimentally demonstrated an S of 94 nm/RIU and a Q of 1.2 × 104, with a detection limit of 6 × 10−5 refractive index unit. These sensor designs can find applications in biochemical sensing, environmental monitoring, and healthcare.
Functions of the Actin Cytoskeleton in the Early Embryology of the Nervous System

This chapter outlines the role that the actin cytoskeleton plays during the various stages of neural tube morphogenesis. While a great deal has been learned about this topic, there is still much to be uncovered. The large number of mutants that have been established to date is an excellent starting point, but a large-scale genetic analysis of these genes has yet to be performed. Based on the fact that either many of the proteins discussed above interact directly or the pathways in which they function interact, it will be important to use genetics to uncover the relationship between these proteins and pathways in vivo. Understanding how these pathways interact genetically may provide critical data that could explain the complicated etiology of human neural tube defects. To date no loci have been definitively identified as being causative for human neural tube defects. However, most studies indicate that there is a genetic basis for human birth defects of this nature and that they are multigenic in origin. This would suggest that heterozygosity at several different loci might be sufficient to cause neural tube defects. Currently, the only preventative agent for NTD is dietary supplementation with folic acid. However, the mechanism by which folic acid reduces the risk of birth defects is unclear. Therefore, it will be important to determine if folic acid can ameliorate NTDs caused by errors in actin dynamics, PCP, or ciliogenesis or if lesions in these pathways make animals more susceptible to folic acid deficiency. It appears that understanding how cytoskeletal organization is regulated in vivo during neurulation will be critical for future efforts to prevent NTD as a source of embryonic lethality and human suffering.
Structural vs Functional Limitations to Oxygen Transport: Is there a Difference?

The flow of O2 through the mammalian respiratory system has been described as occurring down a cascade of transport steps (Taylor and Weibel, 1981): pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary diffusion, circulatory convection, peripheral tissue diffusion, and reduction of the O2 by cytochrome oxidases on the inner cristae of mitochondria. When rates of O2 consumption (\(\rm\dot{v}\)O2) are at their maximum (\(\rm\dot{v}\)O2max), over 90% of the O2 flowing through the respiratory system is consumed by mitochondria in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues (Mitchell and Blomqvist 1971).
MICROBIAL LEACHING OF CU-NI SULFIDE CONCENTRATE

Mutalism between Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 19859 and Beijerinckia lacticogenes ATCC 19361 has an effect upon both the rate and extent of leaching copper and nickel from ore concentrates of the Duluth Gabbro.
Inclusive muon production and the b-quark cross-section at 1.8 TeV

The D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider has full azimuthal coverage of muons to within 3 degrees of the circulating beams. The authors report a preliminary measurement of the inclusive muon pt-spectrum with the D0 detector. These results can be used to infer the b-quark production cross-section in p{bar p}-interactions at 1.8 TeV.
Technical Causes of ACL Graft Failure

Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has a higher failure rate and worse clinical outcomes than primary reconstruction. A number of technical factors can contribute to these results. Proper tunnel positioning on the femoral and tibial sides is critically important, and tunnel malposition is the most common technical cause of graft failure. Recognizing tunnel enlargement and properly preparing the tunnels are likewise important. Graft-related factors that may contribute to failure include improper graft choice, as well as inadequate graft fixation or tensioning. Failure to address limb malalignment and concomitant ligamentous injuries may also contribute to ACL graft failure. Errors in notchplasty can lead to graft failure, as well. Each of these factors should be addressed in the planning and execution of revision ACL reconstructions.
Radiological Imaging for the High-Risk Patient

In this chapter we will discuss the appropriate imaging techniques for women at high risk for breast cancer as well as accepted timelines for imaging. Mammography is the only imaging technique that has been proven to decrease breast cancer mortality as a screening modality. Given the limitations of mammography, other imaging techniques are recommended for the woman at high risk. We will discuss the utility of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as additional screening modalities. In addition emerging breast imaging technologies will be discussed.
Voyager 1: Energetic Ions and Electrons in the Jovian Magnetosphere

The observations of the cosmic-ray subsystem have added significantly to our knowledge of Jupiter's magnetosphere. The most surprising result is the existence of energetic sulfur, sodium, and oxygen nuclei with energies above 7 megaelectron volts per nucleon which were found inside of Io's orbit. Also, significant fluxes of similarly energetic ions reflecting solar cosmic-ray composition were observed throughout the magnetosphere beyond 11 times the radius of Jupiter. It was also found that energetic protons are enhanced by 30 to 70 percent in the active hemisphere. Finally, the first observations were made of the magnetospheric tail in the dawn direction out to 160 Jupiter radii.
The Glass Is Half Full: The Need to Promote Positive Mental Health in Black College Students

ABSTRACTThis article provides an overview of Black college students and the need to focus on promoting positive mental health (PMH). Traditionally, research examining Black student’s mental health ...
Comments on “Solubility measurement and correlation of 2-phenyl-1H-indole in fourteen mono organic solvents from 289.05 K to 338.55 K”

Abstract A polemic is given regarding the thermodynamic properties reported in the published paper. The authors' calculated infinite dilution activity coefficients and infinite dilution partial molar excess enthalpies of 2-phenyl-1H-indole are found to be inconsistent with the Wilson model curve-fit parameters reported in the paper.
Screening of retinopathy of prematurity and risk factor analysis

Objective To investigate the present incidence and the risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity(ROP). Methods The clinical data of 182 premature infants who were born in our hospital from Sep 2013 to Sep 2014 with birth weight <2 000 g and gestational age<37 weeks were analyzed retrospectively, and were divided into ROP group and without ROP group.They were screened for ROP from 4 to 6 weeks of chronological age or 32 weeks of postmenstrual age. Results In 182 cases, there were 32 cases with ROP, the incident rate was 17.6%.Among them, 10 cases were monocular and 22 cases were binocular with ROP.In ROP groups, the mean gestational age was(29.3±1.5) weeks and the birth weight was(1 280±240)g.Eleven cases developed to stage 1 of ROP, 5 cases developed to stage 2 of ROP, 16 cases developed to stage 3 of ROP and 5 cases with plus lesions.Eighteen cases were treated by laser photocoagulation and 2 cases received intravitreal ranibizumab injections.Compared with the infants without ROP, the development of ROP was correlated with birth weight, gestational age, oxygen supplement, use of pulmonary surfactants, infection, apnea, and blood transfusions(P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis suggested that gestational age, oxygen inhalation, use of pulmonary surfactant, and mechanical ventilation were significant risk factors associated with the development of ROP(P<0.05). Conclusion The factors associated with ROP are gestational age, birth weight, oxygen inhalation, apnea and infection.The lower of the birth weight and gestational age, the incidence of ROP is higher. Key words: Retinopathy of prematurity; Related factors; Prematurity; Screening
Genetics of Equine Behavioral Traits

Behavior is a valuable quantitative trait in the horse because of its impact on performance, work, recreation, and prerequisite close interactions with humans. This article reviews what is known about the genetics of behavior in horses with an emphasis on the genetic basis for temperament traits, neuroendocrine function, and stereotypic behavior. The importance of using modern molecular genetic techniques to the study of equine behavior and recommendations for future research are also discussed. Ultimately, these studies enhance the understanding of the biology of behavior in the horse, improve handler and rider safety, and benefit horse welfare.
Countering Complacency With Radical Reflection: Supporting White Teachers in the Enactment of Critical Multicultural Praxis:

Although White teachers can be effective teachers of racially diverse students, studies continue to document factors that can undermine their success, such as color-blindness and unawareness of rac...
Curiosity as the impulse to know: common behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying curiosity and impulsivity

Curiosity is critical to learning and generally seen as a highly desirable quality, while impulsivity is generally seen as maladaptive and is associated with deleterious outcomes. The differing views of these constructs present somewhat of a paradox, as curiosity and impulsivity share remarkable overlaps, both in terms of the way they are measured behaviorally and in terms of their underlying neural substrates. Here, we review the burgeoning research into curiosity and highlight the ways in which many of the behavioral measures of curiosity rely on time and the impulsive need to know, right now, and without delay. While our understanding of the neural basis of curiosity is still developing, we discuss growing evidence supporting the importance of frontostriatal circuits and their dopaminergic inputs from the midbrain, areas that are critical to impulsivity and reward processing more generally. The commonalities between impulsivity and curiosity offer fertile ground for future research into the developmental time course of both constructs and the ways they are influenced by sociocultural context, experimental parameters, neurological conditions, and behavioral interventions. Finally, we discuss the implications of this somewhat paradoxical relationship for current educational and cultural trends that tend to dampen impulsivity, perhaps thereby inadvertently discouraging curiosity.
Two-dimensional superexchange-mediated magnetization dynamics in an optical lattice

The interplay of magnetic exchange interactions and tunneling underlies many complex quantum phenomena observed in real materials. We study nonequilibrium magnetization dynamics in an extended two-dimensional (2D) system by loading effective spin-1/2 bosons into a spin-dependent optical lattice and use the lattice to separately control the resonance conditions for tunneling and superexchange. After preparing a nonequilibrium antiferromagnetically ordered state, we observe relaxation dynamics governed by two well-separated rates, which scale with the parameters associated with superexchange and tunneling. With tunneling off-resonantly suppressed, we observe superexchange-dominated dynamics over two orders of magnitude in magnetic coupling strength. Our experiment will serve as a benchmark for future theoretical work as the detailed dynamics of this 2D, strongly correlated, and far-from-equilibrium quantum system remain out of reach of current computational techniques.
Higher COVID-19 Vaccination Rates among Unemployed in the United States: State Level Study in the First 100 days of Vaccine Initiation

BackgroundSocioeconomic factors may impact the efficiency of COVID vaccine rollout; however, there are limited studies that examine how state socioeconomic status influences the speed of vaccine distribution. This study aimed to demonstrate how employment rates as one of the main socioeconomic factors affect vaccine coverage in 50 states of the United States. MethodsThis study has obtained vaccine data for the 50 states in the United States, available in the electronic online database ourworldindata.org. In addition to employment rates, other socioeconomic determinants including poverty level, uninsured rates, population density, homeownership, educational level, the percentage of the elderly population, and educational level were obtained from ourworldindata.org data platform. Data from these 50 states were used for regression analyses to examine the relationship between socioeconomic and vaccination rates. ResultsOur study revealed a positive linear association between unemployment and vaccine rates, and states with higher unemployment rates were more likely to have higher vaccination rates. However, other socioeconomic measures do not significantly associate with vaccine coverage. ConclusionDespite other studies showing that vulnerable populations had lower vaccine rates, this study shows that states with higher unemployment rates are more likely to be vaccinated. However, the finding suggests a need for more research for the states with higher than 5% unemployment rates, as they had a lower vaccine coverage than states with a range of 4% to 5% unemployment rates.
Linear Programming \(\sum c_jx_j, x_j \ \ge 0\ \forall j\)

One of the most fundamental approaches to optimization problems is that of Linear Programming. While it is very general and has wide applicability, a number of important theoretical properties are part of LP which carry over to other optimization problems, viz. development of upper and lower bounds, linear approximations, simplex type approaches, etc.
When "Everything" is Information: Irish Traditional Music and Information Retrieval

As a global phenomenon, Irish traditional music has a tremendous following, while practitioners of Irish traditional music often disagree on shared aspects of their music culture. This provides numerous challenges when organizing traditional Irish traditional music for retrieval purposes. This paper describes the music information seeking and retrieval (MIR) challenges of Irish traditional music in terms of the physical paradigm and user-centered relevance, using TheSession.org as an example. Limitations of the physical paradigm are addressed, both related to the traditional music subject matter, and how current MIR systems fall short in their attempts to manage Irish traditional music. Additional discussions of user-centered relevance contextualize the problems related to music information seeking and retrieval with traditional musics. In the future, representations of music objects connected as linked open data, combined with multiple query capabilities, may provide a robust and flexible structure for traditional music information seeking and retrieval.
Tensile Strength of Dried Gelcast Green Bodies

Ceramic green bodies were prepared by three different techniques, dry pressing, slip casting, and gelcasting. The tensile strength of the green bodies was measured using a diametral compression test. It was found that the gelcast samples were from 2 to 20 times stronger than the conventionally formed green bodies. SEM examination of the gelcast samples revealed a homogeneous, brittle fracture surface indicating a very uniform distribution of the binder and excellent dispersion of the ceramic powder.
The preparation of highly concentrated allergenic extracts by increasing the concentration of extraction. I. Timothy and low ragweed pollens.

Abstract 1.1. Highly concentrated timothy and low ragweed pollen extracts have been prepared by direct extraction. 2.2. Extracts of timothy and low ragweed pollens, prepared in increasing weight by volume ratios, from 5 to 50 per cent, showed a distinct proportionality, indicating extraction in linear ratios, as measured by total and phosphotungstic acid-precipitable nitrogen content, concentration of reducing substances, and reagin neutralization activity. 3.3. The use of glycerinated extracting fluids was necessary in the preparation of such highly concentrated and potent extracts to avoid sedimentation and to preserve activity.
The complete nucleotide sequence of a pathogenic molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus.

The complete nucleotide sequence of an infectious clone of simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques, SIVmac239, has been determined. Virus produced from this molecular clone causes AIDS in rhesus monkeys in a time frame suitable for laboratory investigation. The proviral genome including both long terminal repeats is 10,279 base pairs in length and contains open reading frames for gag, pol, vif, vpr, vpx, tat, rev, and env. The nef gene contains an in-frame premature stop after the 92nd codon. At the nucleotide level, SIVmac239 is closely related to SIVmac251 (98%) and SIVmacl42 (96%). It will now be possible to test which features of the viral sequence are critical molecular determinants for the pathogenesis of AIDS.
Crystal structure of a complex of a type IA DNA topoisomerase with a single-stranded DNA molecule.

A variety of cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, and chromosome condensation, require enzymes that can regulate the ensuing topological changes occurring in DNA. Such enzymes—DNA topoisomerases—alter DNA topology by catalysing the cleavage of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), the passage of DNA through the resulting break, and the rejoining of the broken phosphodiester backbone1. DNA topoisomerase III from Escherichia coli belongs to the type IA family of DNA topoisomerases, which transiently cleave ssDNA via formation of a covalent 5′ phosphotyrosine intermediate. Here we report the crystal structure, at 2.05 A resolution, of an inactive mutant of E. coli DNA topoisomerase III in a non-covalent complex with an 8-base ssDNA molecule. The enzyme undergoes a conformational change that allows the oligonucleotide to bind within a groove leading to the active site. We note that the ssDNA molecule adopts a conformation like that of B-DNA while bound to the enzyme. The position of the DNA within the realigned active site provides insight into the role of several highly conserved residues during catalysis. These findings confirm various aspects of the type IA topoisomerase mechanism while suggesting functional implications for other topoisomerases and proteins that perform DNA rearrangements.
Krüppel Expression Levels Are Maintained through Compensatory Evolution of Shadow Enhancers

Many developmental genes are controlled by shadow enhancers—pairs of enhancers that drive overlapping expression patterns. We hypothesized that compensatory evolution can maintain the total expression of a gene, while individual shadow enhancers diverge between species. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed expression driven by orthologous pairs of shadow enhancers from Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila yakuba, and Drosophila pseudoobscura that control expression of Kruppel, a transcription factor that patterns the anterior-posterior axis of blastoderm embryos. We found that the expression driven by the pair of enhancers is conserved between these three species, but expression levels driven by the individual enhancers are not. Using sequence analysis and experimental perturbation, we show that each shadow enhancer is regulated by different transcription factors. These results support the hypothesis that compensatory evolution can occur between shadow enhancers, which has implications for mechanistic and evolutionary studies of gene regulation.
The Super Period Matrix with Ramond Punctures in the supergravity formulation

In a very recent preprint, Witten showed how to construct a g|r × g|r super period matrix for super Riemann surfaces of genus g with 2r Ramond punctures, which is symmetric in the Z2 graded sense. He also showed how it can be applied to analyze supersymmetry breaking in string compactifications which are supersymmetric at tree-level. Witten’s construction is in the purely holomorphic formulation of super Riemann surfaces. In this paper, a construction is given in the formulation of two-dimensional supergravity. The variations of the super period matrix with respect to supermoduli deformations are also given, as well as an explicit illustration of how the super period matrix with two Ramond punctures would emerge from a degeneration of the super period matrix without punctures in higher genus. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP 3 .
Change in Insulin Sensitivity or Responsiveness Is Not a Major Component of the Mechanism of Action of Ractopamine in Beef Steers

Our objective was to determine whether the β-adrenergic agonist ractopamine altered sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin. We used the hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp approach in five multicatheterized beef steers to evaluate insulin sensitivity (ED 50 ) and responsiveness (R max or R min ) during control or ractopamine feeding (80 mg/kg feed). Steers had blood vessel catheters and ultrasound flow probes that allowed measurement of net uptake and release of glucose and insulin by portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver and hindlimb. Steers ate meals of equal size every 2 h. Steers were fed at 1.8 times calculated maintenance energy. The design was a single reversal. Two rates of insulin infusion followed a base-line period on each of three sample days. Insulin was infused into a mesenteric vein at 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mU/(h.kg body weight). During the base-line period, arterial concentrations of glucose, oxygen, nonesterified fatty acids and insulin were not different between control and ractopamine feeding. Arterial urea was lower during ractopamine than during control feeding (5.02 vs. 6.20 mmol/L, respectively, P < 0.01). Net release of glucose by liver and net uptake of glucose by the hindlimb were not affected by treatment. Similarly, net release of insulin by PDV and net uptake of insulin by liver were not affected by treatment. The R max and ED 50 for steady-state glucose infusion rate, total glucose entry, hepatic glucose production and hindlimb glucose uptake did not differ between treatments. There was a trend for a lower ED 50 in hindlimb with ractopamine treatment (P < 0.13). These data do not support a change in sensitivity or responsiveness of tissues to insulin as a major component of the mechanism of action of ractopamine. J. Nutr. 128: 505-511, 1998.
Property evaluation of nanofilled polymers

Interest has grown in recent years on the effects of nanosized fillers on the properties of polymeric systems. In particular, we arc interested in studying the changes in electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of thermosetting polyimides as coated and uncoated nanosized fillers are added in increasing levels of concentration. The results are compared to micronsized filled polyimides of similar compositions. The electrical conduction of the nanocomposites is found to be thermally assisted ionic in nature. The data shows deeper trapping by the nanofillers. We have also observed interesting changes in % elongation and thermal conductivity while modulus levels do not change significantly. A change in stress state during failure is proposed for the: observed improved mechanical properties. Thermal conductivity of the filled polymer systems seemed to be most affected by a coating on the surface of the nanofillers. Interfacial adhesion and percolation theory is suggested as a possible explanation for the differences
Drought, debate, and uncertainty: measuring reporters' knowledge and ignorance about climate change:

Increasingly, the media are important sources of scientific information. Recent studies indicate that this is especially true for climate change. This study analyzes reporters' understanding of climate change by identifying sources of reporter knowledge about climate change, measuring reporters' acquired knowledge against the scientific consensus, and analyzing differences in reporter knowledge based on several factors that may influence climate change reporting. Results show that reporters who primarily use scientists as sources and who work the environmental beat full-time have the most accurate climate change knowledge.
Hypocalcemic toxicity and atypical reactions in therapeutic plasma exchange.

Hypocalcemic toxicity accounts for the most common adverse effects of therapeutic plasma exchange. The symptoms can be related to a fall in plasma ionized calcium. Citrate-based anticoagulants, notably sodium citrate and ACD formula A, have been indicated as the major cause of hypocalcemic toxicity, but colloid replacement fluids containing human serum albumin are also at fault. Recognition of the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemic toxicity is important because several clinical measures are available to deal with them and to ensure patient comfort. A typical reactions, characterized by flushing and hypotension during plasma exchange, have been attributed to the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Both exchange and adsorption apheresis procedures can result in atypical reactions in patients who have been taking this class of drugs within 48 to 72 hours of an apheresis procedure. These reactions are less common than hypocalcemic toxicity, but can be prevented by paying attention to detail.
Solid-state 2H NMR studies of the effects of cholesterol on the acyl chain dynamics of magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers

We report the utilization of magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers (bicelles) to study the effects of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayers for both chain perdeuterated DMPC and partially deuterated alpha-[2,2,3,4,4,6-d(6)]-cholesterol using (2)H solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The quadrupolar splittings at 40 degrees C were 25.5 and 37.7 kHz, respectively, for the 2,4-(2)H(eq) and 2,4-(2)H(ax) deuterons when the bilayer normal of the discs was aligned perpendicular to the static magnetic field. The quadrupolar splittings were doubled when Yb(3+) ions were added to flip the bicelles 90 degrees such that the bilayer normal was colinear with the magnetic field. The results suggest that cholesterol is incorporated into the bicelle discs. For chain perdeuterated DMPC-d(54), incorporated into DMPC-DHPC bicelle discs, the individual quadrupolar splittings of the methylene and methyl groups doubled on going from the perpendicular to the parallel alignment. Also, the presence of cholesterol increased the overall ordering of the acyl chains of the phospholipids. S(CD) (i) calculations were extracted directly from the (2)H quadrupolar splittings of the chain perdeuterated DMPC. The order parameter, S(CD) (i), calculations clearly indicated an overall degree of ordering of the acyl chains in the presence of cholesterol. We also noted a disordering effect at higher temperatures. This study demonstrates the ease with which (2)H order parameters can be calculated utilizing magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers when compared with randomly dispersed membrane samples.
Transient Antibody-Mucin Interactions Produce a Dynamic Molecular Shield against Viral Invasion

Given the difficulty in finding a cure for HIV/AIDS, a promising prevention strategy to reduce HIV transmission is to directly block infection at the portal of entry. The recent Thai RV144 trial offered the first evidence that an antibody-based vaccine may block heterosexual HIV transmission. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanism(s) for protection remain unclear. Here we theoretically examine a hypothesis that builds on our recent laboratory observation: virus-specific antibodies (Ab) can trap individual virions in cervicovaginal mucus (CVM), thereby reducing infection in vivo. Ab are known to have a weak—previously considered inconsequential—binding affinity with the mucin fibers that constitute CVM. However, multiple Ab can bind to the same virion at the same time, which markedly increases the overall Ab-mucin binding avidity, and creates an inheritable virion-mucin affinity. Our model takes into account biologically relevant length and timescales, while incorporating known HIV-Ab affinity and the respective diffusivities of viruses and Ab in semen and CVM. The model predicts that HIV-specific Ab in CVM leads to rapid formation and persistence of an HIV concentration front near the semen/CVM interface, far from the vaginal epithelium. Such an HIV concentration front minimizes the flux of HIV virions reaching target cells, and maximizes their elimination upon drainage of genital secretions. The robustness of the result implies that even exceedingly weak Ab-mucin affinity can markedly reduce the flux of virions reaching target cells. Beyond this specific application, the model developed here is adaptable to other pathogens, mucosal barriers, and geometries, as well as kinetic and diffusional effects, providing a tool for hypothesis testing and producing quantitative insights into the dynamics of immune-mediated protection.
Sexual harassment and perceptions of power: An under-articulated relationship.

Abstract A review of current research suggests that the relationships among facets of power and types of sexual harassment are underarticulated. In the present paper, power is presented as a multi-faceted, multi-level construct. Men and women differ both in their use of power and in their perceptions of power and powerlessness. Although power issues in sexual harassment have been discussed largely in the context of supervisory harassment, the current paper describes the power concerns involved in both co-worker and subordinate harassment as well. In order to understand the role of power in sexual harassment, researchers need to consider the level of power, the sources of power, the context of the harassing situation, and the reactions of the harassment victims. Future research may be improved through more specific definitions and measures of both power and sexual harassment.