cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyses of 22S dynein binding to Tetrahymena axonemes lacking outer dynein arms.

Tetrahymena thermophila mutants homozygous for the oad mutation become nonmotile when grown at the restrictive temperature of 39° C. Axonemes isolated from nonmotile oad mutants (oad 39° C axonemes) lack approximately 90% of their outer dynein arms and are deficient in 22S dynein. Here we report that oad 39° C axonemes contain 40% of the 22S dynein heavy chains that wild-type axonemes contain and that oad axonemes do not undergo ATP-induced microtubule sliding in vitro. Wild-type 22S dynein will bind to the outer arm position in oad axonemes and restore ATP-induced microtubule sliding in those axonemes. Unlike wild-type 22S dynein, oad 22S dynein does not bind to the outer arm position in oad axonemes. These data indicate that the oad mutation affects some component of the outer arm dynein itself rather than the outer arm dynein binding site. These data also indicate that oad axonemes can be used to assay outer dynein arm function.
Beyond the desktop: and into your vehicle

Interaction with computer based systems long since moved out of the domain of the professional user in the office environment. But now neither is it solely the domain of the naive but motivated user in the home and office environment. Such interaction with complex applications and services is moving beyond the desktop and into everyday life. New challenges exist in the development of the whole user experience for mobile products, such as cellphones and especially for telematics products. The new product category of in-vehicle infotainment products presents some quite different and specific challenges to the user experience designer.
Peer Victimization and Depressive Symptoms in Obese Youth: The Role of Perceived Social Support

This study examined whether social support moderates the relation between peer victimization and depressive symptoms in children who are obese. Participants were 96 children 8 to 17 years of age (M = 12.8, SD = 1.8) attending a pediatric obesity clinic. Children completed self-report measures. Results indicated that for obese girls peer social support significantly moderated the association between peer victimization and depression, but this result was not found for obese boys. Partial support was found that peer social support buffered the relation between peer victimization and depressive symptoms in obese children. However, important gender differences were found.
Subcellular localization of high and low molecular weight DNA polymerases of rat liver.

Abstract DNA polymerases from isolated rat liver organelles have been characterized by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel filtration. Mitochondrial DNA polymerase has a molecular weight of about 150,000. The nuclear DNA polymerase has a molecular weight of about 35,000.
Design and Testing of a Dynamic Refocus System for Rayleigh Laser Beacons

We present the design, laboratory tests and preliminary field tests of a dynamic refocus system for 351nm Rayleigh beacon laser guide stars. The purpose of dynamic refocus is to increase the beacon signal from a pulsed laser, by maintaining focus in a fixed plane while the laser pulse travels through the atmosphere over an extended height range. The focusing element in our system is a moving concave mirror. The optics have been designed and built to focus on a ring of 5 beacons at 1 arc minute radius at the 6.5 m MMT, covering the range 18 through 40 km. Laboratory tests of image quality resulted in 0.5 arcsec refocused images corresponding to the height range 22 through 28 km, free from spherical aberration. Preliminary field tests were performed on the Mt. Bigelow Observatory 1.5 m telescope, with a frequency tripled, Q switched YLF laser beam projected from a 25 cm telescope. To simulate an off axis sub aperture of the MMT, the laser and telescope axes were set 3 m apart and reimaging optics were placed ahead of the refocus unit to image at the same plate scale as the MMT (500 μm/arcsec). Returns from different heights were selected by gating the detector with a Pockels cell. Returns over a 10 km height range from 8km to 18km were brought into focus for a total mirror motion measured to be 900 μm. The system is now ready for testing dynamic refocus, which will be accomplished by attaching the mirror to a metal resonator tuned to the laser pulse frequency. The range from 23 to 35 km to be used will require a motion of 500 μm.
International news media exposure, knowledge, and attitudes

This study provided mixed support for traditional expectations on the impact of exposure to international news in the U.S. The study questioned whether different news media have a differential impact on knowledge, attitudes, and opinions about international subjects. The medium seemed to make a difference under certain circumstances and for certain topics. Not all media, however, had equal impact. The study also questioned whether knowledge and views espoused by an adult audience are made more homogeneous as exposure to international news increases. The media were not likely to promote homogeneity or cognitive and attitudinal dependence in their audiences.
Inhibition of augmentation of potassium (86Rb) uptake in maize primary roots by the root apex

Summary The ability of the primary root of Zea mays L. seedlings to augment its rate of K + ( 86 Rb) uptake during submersion and aeration was not affected by excision from the kernel, but the presence of the attached apex partially suppressed augmentation development in basipetal regions. The root apex can have this influence whether attached or excised via an inferred water-soluble inhibitor. Kinetin and IAA each stimulate augmentation at low (5–10 nM), and inhibit at high (10, μM), concentration. An interaction of kinetin with IAA or with GA 3 in modulating aumentation could not be shown.
Suffering, justice, and the politics of becoming.

To suffer is to undergo, to bear, to endure. Suffering exists on the underside of agency; it is as important to ethics as agency. The experience of suffering is never entirely captured by the ethical, political, medical and spiritual categories in which it is represented. Perhaps an engagement with suffering can open up hidden connections between these domains. After examining John Caputo and Friedrich Nietzsche comparatively on the relation between suffering and ethics, this essay explores the relation of the “politics of becoming” to suffering. The politics of becoming is a paradoxical process by which a new cultural identity is drawn into being and yet is irreducible to the energies and motives that spurred its initiators to action. To exemplify and think the politics of becoming is to call into question the sufficiency of existing paradigms of morality. A critical examination of the Rawlsian model of justice brings out, for example, the insufficiency of justice to the politics of becoming. It suggests the need, first, to pursue an “ethics of engagement” between several parties drawing upon a variety of sources of ethical inspiration and, second, to cultivate ldcritical responsiveness” to new social movements that struggle to place new identities onto the cultural register. If the latter movements sometimes modify general understandings of suffering, identity, justice and medical practice they also indicate the role cultural thinkers can play in re-examining periodically established codes of interaction between these domains.
Universal Consistency of Data-Driven Partitions for Divergence Estimation

This paper presents a general histogram based divergence estimator based on data-dependent partition. Sufficient conditions for the universal strong consistency of the data-driven divergence estimator, using Lugosi and Nobel's combinatorial notions for partition families, are presented. As a corollary this result is particularized for the emblematic case of l m-spacing quantization scheme.
Some in vitro assay conditions that affect quantitation and stability of cytochromes P-450 and b5

Abstract Greatest uniformity in measurement of cytochrome P-450 was achieved when the protein content of hepatic microsomes was rigidly maintained at some uniform value. Microsomes of rats, rabbits and dogs diluted to 0.5 mg protein/ml in KCl· Tris or 0.1 m Tris (pH 7.4) buffers exhibited 76-47% of the measurable cytochrome P-450 of microsomes from the same pool suspended at 4.0 mg protein/ml. However, since the suspensions of microsomes at 4.0 mg protein/ml are relatively opaque, we prefer suspensions of 2.0–2.5 mg/ml for routine analysis. Cytochrome b 5 measurements were not uniformly affected by protein concentration. Highest cytochrome P-450 measurement occurred in the pH range of 6.6 to 7.0 when using either 0.1 m Tris or 0.1 m phosphate buffer as the suspending medium. Increasing KCl concentrations from 0 to 0.31 m depressed measurable cytochrome P-450 and b 5 ; however, upon increasing buffer concentrations from 0.05 to 0.2 m , measurements were unaffected. Albumin added to microsomal suspensions in 0.15 m KCl to provide a total protein content of 4.0 mg/ml stabilized the cytochrome P-450 measurement to the same extent as the buffers. The maintenance of a uniform pH over varied protein concentrations by titrating with NaOH failed to produce this stabilizing effect. Storage of the microsomal pellet (105,0000 g ) from rat and rabbit livers at −15°C preserved the cytochrome P-450 without loss for at least 8 days. Cytochrome b 5 was not as labile upon storage as a diluted suspension as cytochrome P-450.
Deconvolution of the X-Ray Emission and Absorption Components in Centaurus A

We present ROSAT HRI and PSPC plus ASCA X-ray observations of the radio galaxy Centaurus A. The HRI image reveals that the X-ray jet has remained constant in flux since the Einstein observation 15 years ago, while the nuclear flux has decreased by ~60%. The PSPC data allows the first detailed spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy of the nucleus, jet, and diffuse emission in Cen A. The 0.1-2 keV spectrum of the nucleus is heavily absorbed, as expected. The jet can be described by a power law of photon index Γ ~ 2.3, although thermal models cannot be ruled out. The presence of faint diffuse emission is confirmed, extending out to ~6 kpc from the nucleus. The spectrum of the diffuse emission can be modeled as two "Raymond-Smith" plasmas. A low-temperature component, kT = 0.29 keV, is consistent with emission from gas heated by stars, while the harder component may represent the contribution of galactic X-ray binary systems; the diffuse emission increases in intensity close to the galactic disk. The identification of these extended components makes it possible to separate the nuclear and diffuse contributions to the ASCA spectrum. The 0.6-10 keV nuclear spectrum is well modeled by a power-law continuum of photon index Γ ~ 1.96, in good agreement with the "canonical" value for Seyfert 1 galaxies. Forty percent of the nuclear continuum is absorbed by a column density ~4 × 1023 cm-2, 59% is absorbed by a column ~1 × 1023 cm-2, and 1% is absorbed by a value close to the 21 cm Galactic line-of-sight column. The high degree of nuclear absorption is consistent with the circumnuclear molecular clouds whose existence is suggested by absorption measurements in a number of wave bands. The iron Kα emission line observed appears broad; the best-fit Gaussian width implies an origin in material with velocities ~11,000 km s-1, while the equivalent width is 114 ± 18 eV. Both quantities are in good agreement with an origin in the circumnuclear absorbing material.
Selective Membrane Toxicity of the Polyene Antibiotics: Studies on Lecithin Membrane Models (Liposomes)

Abstract In the absence of sterol, amphotericin B at 5 × 10−6 M caused maximum marker release from the saturated dipalmitoyl lecithin liposomes, minimum release from the unsaturated dioleoyl lecithin liposomes, and an in-between response from egg lecithin liposomes. Nystatin at 2.5 to 4.0 × 10−5 M induced appreciable marker release from all three types of sterol-free liposomes. The amphotericin B- and nystatin-induced permeability changes in dipalmitoyl lecithin liposomes were drastically suppressed by the incorporation of cholesterol or stigmasterol (with identical Δ5 sterol nuclei), but were unaffected by the incorporation of ergosterol or 5,7-cholestadien-3β-ol (with identical Δ5,7 sterol nuclei). The nystatin sensitivity of dioleoyl lecithin liposomes remained low after the incorporation of cholesterol or stigmasterol, but was greatly enhanced by the incorporation of ergosterol or 5,7-cholestadien-3β-ol. Digitonin, a compound known to interact specifically with membrane sterol, induced marker release from liposomes in proportion to the amount of either cholesterol or ergosterol incorporated; epicholesterol did not sensitize to digitonin. These results lead to the following conclusions: (i) polyene-induced permeability alteration in model membrane systems is effected by the composition of membrane phospholipid fatty acyl chains; (ii) the distribution of double bonds in the sterol nucleus is related to the selective toxicity of the polyenes toward natural sterol-containing membranes; and (iii) polyenes differ in membrane selectivity.
Additional anomalous menhaden and other fishes

While conducting juvenile Atlantic and Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus andB. patronus) abundance surveys and tagging studies in estuaries from Brownsville, Texas to Barnstable Harbor, Mass. in 1971, anomalous menhaden and other species were collected. A total of nine new and five previously reported anomalies for menhaden and six new anomalies for five other species are reported. The five species were spot,Leiostomus xanthurus; white mullet,Mugil curema; Atlantic silverside,Menidia menidia; Atlantic needlefish,Strongylura marina and longnose gar,Lepisosteus osseus.
Poly(arylene amine)s from the reduction of aromatic polyimines

Poly(arylene amine)s were prepared from the reduction of aromatic poly(anthraquinone imines), which are readily available from the condensation reaction of arylene diamines and anthraquinones or 2,5-dimethylbenzoquinone. The reduction reaction was studied in detail with model diimines derived from anthraquinones. Simply stirring in hydrazine monohydrate at 70 °C readily reduced a polyimine derived from 2,5-dimethylbenzoquinone. Complete reduction of the polymers derived from anthraquinone or its derivatives was achieved by using hydrazine monohydrate in the presence of a palladium catalyst at 65 °C. These polymers have potential useful properties as photoconductors or antioxidants and extend the series of polyaniline analogues under very controlled structural and synthetic conditions.
Immunohistochemical detection of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) in neoplastic and other thyroid disorders

The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is the most potent of the inhibitors of apoptosis, a group of related caspase inhibitors. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis expression correlates with radio- and chemoresistance and clinical aggressiveness in certain tumors. XIAP expression was examined in 106 specimens from neoplastic and other thyroid disorders, which underwent citrate-based antigen retrieval and staining with monoclonal anti-XIAP. Normal thyroid was XIAP-negative. Of 35 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), 29 (83%) stained variably in intensity and/or extent. An insular carcinoma was strongly positive and 1 of 4 anaplastic carcinomas moderately positive. Follicular, medullary, and 3 of 4 anaplastic carcinomas, oncocytic neoplasms, and a hyalinizing trabecular tumor were nonstaining. Hashimoto's thyroiditis and adenomatous goiters were either nonstaining or occasionally stained in oncocytic foci. Because XIAP was highly specific for PTC among the thyroid neoplasms, it may be a useful marker for differential diagnosis when used alone or in combination with other markers. XIAP may also be useful in differentiating insular carcinoma from follicular neoplasm in certain difficult cases. In addition, the selective expression of XIAP in PTC and some high-grade thyroid malignancies also provides clues to the role of the apoptotic pathway in the tumorigenesis of these neoplasms.
Nemawashi essential for conducting research in Japan

Nemawashi is a semi-formal but systematic and sequential consensus building procedure in Japan by which the approval of a proposed idea or project is sought from every person in a significant organizational position. For foreigners planning research in Japan, this concept has important implications since the project approval process is more obscure than in many Western countries. In this paper, I discuss observations as an outsider the research environment and culture in a Japanese hospital as seen from the inside, and draw conclusions for conducting research in Japan. From May to July of 1992, I was supported by the Japan-United States Educational Commission (the Fulbright Program) to interview physicians about end of life decision-making in Japan. The proposed project sought to obtain information on the way Japanese physicians use family and patient preferences in clinical decision-making. As I initiated the project, my Japanese advisor took great pains to explain the need for nemawashi to gain approval in my host institution. He underscored the importance of carefully informing every clinical and administrative person who might be affected by the proposed project, as well as the steps necessary for obtaining their endorsement. This process alone took three weeks and personal negotiations by my advisor at six levels before final project approval was granted by the dean. For actual data collection, my advisor made personal introductions to a high ranking physician from each department which greatly facilitated the scheduling of subsequent interviews with other faculty members in that department. The personal introductions by my host professor ensured 100% participant cooperation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nanocomposites and Hierarchical Nanocomposites Development at Hawaii Nanotechnology Laboratory

This paper presents activities related to the development of nanocomposites and hierarchical nanocomposites; at the Hawaii Nanotechnology Laboratory of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. On nanocomposites, developments on toughening of polymeric materials employing nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes are reported. On hierarchical nanocomposites, first, mechanical properties improvements for continuous fiber ceramic composites using nanoparticles are discussed. Second, a multifunctional micro-brush using carbon nanotubes is discussed. Third, the structure of a micro-foam using carbon nanotubes is explained. Finally, the multifunctional properties improvement of a novel three-dimensional hierarchical nanocomposite employing carbon nanotubes is discussed. In closing, the effect of chirality of single-walled nanotubes on their thermomechanical properties evaluated analytically using asymptotic homogenization method and numerically employing finite element method will be explained, and analytical closed form solutions for matrix filled nanotube nanocomposites, also verified numerically, assuming generally cylindrical orthotropic properties will be reported.© 2006 ASME
Ectopic sympathetic preganglionic neurons maintain proper connectivity in the reeler mutant mouse.

The location of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) in the spinal cord of the reeler mouse mutant is abnormal. Instead of their normal location in the intermediolateral column, the majority of SPN in the reeler cluster around the central canal. To determine whether ectopically located SPN in the reeler form appropriate synaptic connections with their pre- and postsynaptic partners, we examined 1) whether the axons of descending neural pathways that normally terminate on SPN follow them to their ectopic location, and 2) whether the central autonomic neural circuit that controls sympathetic output to the kidney is organized normally in the reeler. Using antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin, neuropeptide Y, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide as markers for adrenergic, serotonergic and peptidergic terminals, we found that axons which normally innervate SPN follow these neurons to their ectopic spinal location in the reeler. Injection of pseudorabies virus into the kidney of wild type and reeler mutant mice revealed similar patterns of renal sympathetic and pre-sympathetic control circuits in the spinal cord, brainstem and forebrain. These results indicate that the presynaptic inputs and postsynaptic targets of SPN in the reeler are normal, despite the ectopic spinal location of their cell bodies.
Genetic characterization and fine mapping of susceptibility loci for sarcoidosis in African Americans on chromosome 5

Sarcoidosis, a systemic granulomatous disease, likely results from both environmental agents and genetic susceptibility. Sarcoidosis is more prevalent in women and, in the United States, African Americans are both more commonly and more severely affected than Caucasians. We report a follow up of the first genome scan for sarcoidosis susceptibility genes in African Americans. Both the genome scan and the present study comprise 229 African American nuclear families ascertained through two or more sibs with sarcoidosis. Regions studied included those which reached a significance in the genome scan of 0.01 (2p25, 5q11, 5q35, 9q34, 11p15 and 20q13), 0.05 (3p25 and 5p15-13) or which replicated previous findings (3p14-11). We performed genotyping with additional markers in the same families used in the genome scan. We examined multi-locus models for epistasis and performed model-based linkage analysis on subsets of the most linked families to characterize the underlying genetic model. The strongest signal was at marker D5S407 (P=0.005) on 5q11.2, using both full and half sibling pairs. Our results support, in an African American population, a sarcoidosis susceptibility gene on chromosome 5q11.2, and a gene protective for sarcoidosis on 5p15.2. These fine mapping results further prioritize the importance of candidate regions on chromosomes 2p25, 3p25, 5q35, 9q34, 11p15 and 20q13 for African Americans. Additionally, our results suggest joint action of the effects of putative genes on chromosome 3p14-11 and 5p15.2. We conclude that multiple susceptibility loci for sarcoidosis exist in African Americans and that some may have interdependent effects on disease pathogenesis.
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and those with diabetes mellitus had a similar increased risk for myocardial infarction

Source Citation Lindhardsen J, Ahlehoff O, Gislason GH, et al. The risk of myocardial infarction in rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011...
Brachydactyly type C

Abstract Brachydactyly type C is an autosomal dominant disorder with markedly variable penetrance. A patient with limited gene expression has shortening limited to the middle phalanges and the first metacarpal and an elongation of the radial side of the base of the second proximal phalanx. When completely expressed the characteristic radiographic findings are shortening of all the metacarpals, greatest in the thumb, followed by the little, ring, middle, and index fingers; brachymesophalangy (shortening of the middle phalanges); shortening of the proximal phalanges of the index and middle fingers, with the proximal phalanges of the ring and small fingers of normal length; elongation of the radial side of the base of the second proximal phalanx resulting in a trapezoidal shaped epiphysis; ulnar deviation at the second and third metacarpophalangeal joints; and hypersegmentation (extra phalanx) of the index and middle fingers. The ulnar deviation of the index and middle fingers may result in scissoring and require surgical correction. The hand deformities of 10 patients with brachdactyly type C are presented to characterize the hand abnormalities in the syndrome and its variable presentation. (J Hand Surg 2001;26A:31-39. Copyright © 2001 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
A comparison of implicit and explicit channel feedback methods for MU-MIMO WLAN systems

In this paper we compare the implicit and explicit methods of providing channel state information (CSI) to the transmitter in a multi-user multiple-input-multiple-output (MU-MIMO) system as specified in the draft specification IEEE 802.11ac [1]. The comparison is made on the basis of both overhead requirements and packet-error-rate (PER) performance. We also propose a hybrid feedback scheme that combines the explicit and implicit feedback methods thus benefiting from more frequent calibration without incurring extra overhead.
Molecular epidemiology of HIV: Tracking AIDS pandemic

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic is a global threat to maternal and child health especially in developing countries. It is estimated that 800 000 children are infected and 580 000 children die of AIDS-related illnesses every year. Molecular epidemiology has bee a useful tool in analyzing the origin of HIV and tracking the course of global HIV spread. This article provides an overview of recent advances in the field of molecular epidemiology of HIV across the world and discuss the biological implications. Methods: Based on the near full-length or partial nucleotide sequence information the phylogeny and recombinant structure of HIV strains are analyzed. Using genotype classification of HIV as a molecular marker the origin and the genesis of HIV epidemic are investigated. Results: The HIV-1 group M a major HIV group responsible for current AIDS pandemic began its expansion in human population approximately 70 years ago and diversified rapidly over time comprising a number of different subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRF). Of note recent studies revealed that new recombinant strains are arising continually becoming a powerful force in the spread of HIV-1 across the globe. Conclusion: Global dissemination of HIV is a dramatic and deadly example of recent genome emergence and expansion. Molecular epidemiological investigation is expected to provide information critical for prevention and future vaccine strategies. (authors)
Pregabalin for the management of fibromyalgia syndrome

This last article in a three-part series on approved medications for managing fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) reviews pregabalin (Lyrica(®)). Pregabalin was the first drug approved for FMS management and, as an anticonvulsant, differs from the other approved agents that are antidepressants. Pregabalin inhibits presynaptic excitatory neurotransmitter release by blocking α(2)δ calcium channels. Five randomized, placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated pregabalin reduces pain and improves sleep and health-related quality of life in FMS patients. While indicated dosing is 300-450 mg divided twice daily, initial dosing of 25-50 mg at night is recommended owing to side effects including somnolence, dizziness, and cognitive dysfunction. Since side effects such as weight gain and peripheral edema are dose-related, uptitration in weekly increments based on tolerability and therapeutic response is recommended. Due to its lack of protein binding and negligible hepatic metabolism, pregabalin can be safely combined with other medications and used in patients with renal failure when the dose is appropriate. Pregabalin may worsen sedation when combined with central nervous system depressants. Pregabalin should be discontinued gradually. Pregabalin-treated patients should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior. Pregabalin in combination with the other approved medications may be synergistic in treating FMS.
The molecular and cellular physiology of basolateral organic anion transport in mammalian renal tubules.

Abstract Basolateral transport of organic anions (OAs) into mammalian renal proximal tubule cells is a tertiary active transport process. The final step in this process involves movement of OA into the cells against its electrochemical gradient in exchange for α-ketoglutarate (αKG) moving down its electrochemical gradient. Two homologous transport proteins (OAT1 and OAT3) that function as basolateral OA/αKG exchangers have been cloned and sequenced. We are in the process of determining the functional distribution and regulation of OAT1 and OAT3 in renal tubules. We are using rabbit OAT1 (rbOAT1) and OAT3 (rbOAT3) expressed in heterologous cell systems to determine substrate specificity and putative regulatory steps and isolated rabbit proximal renal tubule segments to determine functional distribution and physiological regulation of these transporters within their native epithelium. Rabbit OAT1 and OAT3 differ distinctly in substrate specificity. For example, rbOAT1 has a high affinity for the classical renal OA transport substrate, p-aminohippurate (PAH), whereas rbOAT3 has no affinity for PAH. In contrast, rbOAT3 has a high affinity for estrone sulfate (ES), whereas rbOAT1 has only a very slight affinity for ES. Both rbOAT1 and rbOAT3 appear to have about the same affinity for fluorescein (FL). These differences and similarities in substrate affinities make it possible to functionally map transporters along the renal tubules. Initial data indicate that OAT1 predominates in S2 segments of the rabbit proximal tubules, but studies of other segments are just beginning. Transport of a given substrate in any tubule segment depends on both the affinity of each transporter which can accept that substrate as well as the level of expression of each of those processes in that particular tubule segment. Basolateral PAH transport (presumably OAT1 activity) appears to be down-regulated by activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and up-regulated via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) through phospholipase A2 (PLA2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclic AMP, and protein kinase A (PKA) activation.
Deformation characterization of powdered metals in compaction

Abstract A plasticity theory is developed for a powdered metal compact. The yield criterion used for sintered powdered metals is modified for describing asymmetric behavior of powdered metal compacts in tension and in compression. Three parameters α, δ, and p are involved in the yield function. The two parameters, α and δ, are determined from the behavior of sintered powdered compacts as functions of relative density R. Green strength vs relative density R relationship for powdered metal compacts is used for defining completely the yield function with the effect of relative density. Predictions are made for compaction pressures as functions of relative density for unidirectional, bidirectional and isostatical compaction, and compared with experimental data for copper and iron powders. Also yield surfaces for various density levels are compared with the experimental data with copper powders.
Molecular Cloning of Rat Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acids: Differential Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Processing and Regulation by Growth Hormone in Extrahepatic Tissues

Two classes of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) cDNAs were isolated from an adult rat liver library using a human IGF-I cDNA probe. The two types of rat IGF-I cDNA differed by the presence or absence of a 52-base pair insert which altered the derived C-terminal amino acid sequence of the E peptide, but not the 3'-untranslated region or the sequence coding for the mature IGF-I protein. When probes derived from these cDNA clones were hybridized to Northern blots of rat mRNA, specific bands of 8.6, 2.1, and 1.0-1.4 kilobases were seen. Hybridization to poly(A)+ RNA from various tissues from GH-treated and control rats demonstrated an increase in IGF-I mRNA due to GH treatment in all tissues examined.
A gradient of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling determines the sensitivity of rbf1 mutant cells to E2F-dependent apoptosis

The inactivation of retinoblastoma (Rb) family members sensitizes cells to apoptosis. This cell death affects the development of mutant animals and also provides a critical constraint to the malignant potential of Rb mutant tumor cells. The extent of apoptosis caused by the inactivation of Rb is highly cell type and tissue specific, but the underlying reasons for this variation are poorly understood. Here, we characterize a specific time and place during Drosophila melanogaster development where rbf1 mutant cells are exquisitely sensitive to apoptosis. During the third larval instar, many rbf1 mutant cells undergo E2F-dependent cell death in the morphogenetic furrow. Surprisingly, this pattern of apoptosis is not caused by inappropriate cell cycle progression but instead involves the action of Argos, a secreted protein that negatively regulates Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR [DER]) activity. Apoptosis of rbf1 mutant cells is suppressed by the activation of DER, ras, or raf or by the inactivation of argos, sprouty, or gap1, and inhibition of DER strongly enhances apoptosis in rbf1 mutant discs. We show that RBF1 and a DER/ras/raf signaling pathway cooperate in vivo to suppress E2F-dependent apoptosis and that the loss of RBF1 alters a normal program of cell death that is controlled by Argos and DER. These results demonstrate that a gradient of DER/ras/raf signaling that occurs naturally during development provides the contextual signals that determine when and where the inactivation of rbf1 results in dE2F1-dependent apoptosis.
Nosocomial Infections in Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND Nosocomial infections are frequent complications in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of nosocomial infections in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. METHODS Prospectively collected data on patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage between January 2009 and June 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who had nosocomial infection during the hospital stay were compared with patients who did not. Poor outcome was defined as death or discharge to a long-term nursing facility. RESULTS At least 1 nosocomial infection developed in 26% of 202 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. The most common infections were pneumonia (18%), urinary tract infection (12%), meningitis or ventriculitis (3%), and bacteremia (1%). On univariate analysis, independent predictors of nosocomial infection were intraventricular hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, low score on the Glasgow Coma Scale at admission, hyperglycemia at admission, and treatment with mechanical ventilation. On multivariate regression analysis, the only significant predictor of nosocomial infection was intraventricular hemorrhage (odds ratio, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.2-11.4; P = .02). Patients with nosocomial infection were more likely than those without to require a percutaneous gastrostomy tube (odds ratio, 33.1, 95% CI, 23.3-604.4; P < .001) and to have a longer stay in the intensive care unit or hospital without a significant increase in mortality. Patients with nosocomial pneumonia were also more likely to have a poor outcome (P < .001). CONCLUSION Pneumonia was the most common infection among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.
Epitaxial strain effects on magnetic ordering and spin-phonon couplings in the (SrMnO 3 ) 1 /(LaMnO 3 ) 1 superlattice from first principles

We have studied the influence of epitaxial strain on magnetic orderings and the couplings between the spin and polar phonons in the 1:1 SrMnO${}_{3}$/LaMnO${}_{3}$ superlattice from first principles. Magnetic phase transitions of the superlattice induced by epitaxial strain are observed, consistent with previous reports. We find that oxygen octahedral rotations lower the ground state energy but do not destroy the magnetic phase transitions induced by strain. We compute zone center phonon frequencies and eigenvectors as functions of epitaxial strain and magnetic ordering. A substantial increase of the coupling strength between the spin and the lowest-frequency polar mode is observed for tensile strains. This increase can be attributed to a change of character of the lowest mode resulting from different relative couplings of the various polar modes to epitaxial strain. Finally, spin-phonon coupling strengths are computed in a Heisenberg formalism. This analysis directly reveals the changes in exchange couplings due to specific atomic displacements or phonon modes, as well as the nonequivalence of the out-of-plane exchange couplings across LaO layers and across SrO layers, the latter being the result of the artificial structuring in the superlattice.
Cranial capacity of the hominine from Olduvai Bed I.

PROF. P. V. TOBIAS1 has produced a range of values for the cranial capacity of the ‘pre-Zinjanthropus’ juvenile from Bed I, at the F.L.K.N.N. I site at Olduvai Gorge, Tanganyika. This communication presents evidence which confirms Tobias's calculations.
Focal granulomatous (Crohn's) colitis: Radiologic-pathologic correlation

In patients with Crohn's disease, early or localized lesions of the colon, termed ‘focal granulomatous colitis’, may give rise to small and often relatively inconspicuous nodular or tumor-like contour defects in conventional barium enema studies. This radiologie sign, first illustrated by Ettinger [7], has received scant attention in the literature. The present communication is intended to re-emphasize the radiologic appearances of focal granulomatous (Crohn's) colitis in conventional barium enema examinations, provide pathologic correlation, and illustrate by selected case reports the clinical significance of recognizing this particular radiologic abnormality.
Energies and widths of the 1P0 and 1S(2) resonant states of H

Abstract The energies and widths of the lowest 1 P 0 and the second 1 S resonance below the n = 2 threshold in H − have been determined by a scattering calculation employing the algebraic variational method.
Biological Effects of 5-Carboxy-2′-Deoxyuridine: Hydrolysis Product of 5-Trifluoromethyl-2′-Deoxyuridine

Abstract 5-Carboxy-2′-deoxyuridine (5-COOH-2′-dUrd) is a product of the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of 5-trifluoromethyl-2′-deoxyuridine. Hydrolysis of 5-trifluoromethyl-2′-deoxyuridine to 5-COOH-2′-dUrd in phosphate-buffered saline was kinetically first order and was pH dependent. At 37°C and pH 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0, hydrolysis occurred with rate constants of 4.19 × 10−5, 9.30 × 10−5, and 1.61 × 10−4 s−1, respectively, with corresponding half-lives of 45.7, 20.6, and 11.9 h. 5-COOH-2′-dUrd inhibited growth of HEp-2 cells by 21, 67, and 91% at 1.0, 10, and 100 μM, with no antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 or herpes simplex virus type 2 at 1.0 or 10 μM. Partial reversal of cytotoxicity in HEp-2 cells was achieved with orotidine, uridine, deoxythymidine, or deoxycytidine, whereas complete reversal of cytotoxic effects was achieved with simultaneous addition of deoxythymidine, deoxycytidine, and uridine. 5-COOH-2′-dUrd at 50 μM inhibited incorporation of [14C]orotate into RNA and DNA by 65 and 27%, respectively. 5-COOH-2′-dUrd had no effect on the incorporation of [3H]uridine into DNA or RNA. Because of the structural similarities to deoxythymidine, 5-COOH-2′-dUrd was tested as an inhibitor of deoxythymidine kinase. 5-COOH-2′-dUrd was neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 induced deoxythymidine kinase or HEp-2 cell deoxythymidine kinase. Based on these observations, the metabolic block induced by 5-COOH-2′-dUrd has been localized to the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway between orotate phosphoribosyl transferase and orotidine 5′-phosphate decarboxylase.
A Resilience-Based Model of Reunification and Reentry: Implications for Out-of-Home Care Services:

This study presents a resilience-based model for the successful reunification of children in out-of-home care services. Individual, familial, and environmental risk and protective factors associated with reunification and reentry into out-of-home care were gleaned from relevant literature and inform the construction of the model. The resilience-based model demonstrates that high levels of protective factors can buffer or even weaken the hold of risk factors, thereby reducing the likelihood of reentry. The importance of resilience-informed interventions in preventing reentry and promoting the continued reunification of children is highlighted. The implications of this resilience-based model for practice and research are discussed.
Lipid and enzyme changes in the blood and liver of monkeys given butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole.

Abstract When butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was given to young monkeys in daily doses of 50 or 500 mg/kg/body weight for 28 days, few significant alterations occurred in the lipid and enzyme levels of the plasma and liver. In fact, many changes induced by corn oil were prevented by BHA. Total cholesterol levels in plasma and liver were significantly lowered by treatment with either BHA or BHT in doses of 500 mg/kg/ day, although BHA was more effective. Treatment with either BHA or BHT at 50 mg/kg/day significantly lowered liver cholesterol, but only BHT significantly lowered plasma cholesterol at this dosage level. Lipid-phosphorus levels in the plasma were significantly increased by 500 mg BHA or BHT/kg/day and all animals receiving this dose and the lower dose (50 mg/kg/day) had lowered cholesterol : lipid-phosphorus ratios in the plasma and liver. A possible relationship between large doses of BHA and BHT, the level of dietary vitamin E and the type and level of dietary lipid is suggested in respect of their role in lipid metabolism in primates.
Pathogenic proline mutation in the linker between spectrin repeats: disease caused by spectrin unfolding.

Pathogenic mutations in α and β spectrin result in a variety of syndromes, including hereditary elliptocytosis (HE), hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP), and hereditary spherocytosis (HS). Although some mutations clearly lie at sites of interaction, such as the sites of spectrin α-βtetramer formation, a surprising number of HE-causing mutations have been identified within linker regions between distal spectrin repeats. Here we apply solution structural and single molecule methods to the folding and stability of recombinant proteins consisting of the first 5 spectrin repeats of α-spectrin, comparing normal spectrin with a pathogenic linker mutation, Q471P, between repeats R4 and R5. Results show that the linker mutation destabilizes a significant fraction of the 5-repeat construct at 37°C, whereas the WT remains fully folded well above body temperature. In WT protein, helical linkers propagate stability from one repeat to the next, but the mutation disrupts the stabilizing influence of adjacent repeats. The results suggest a molecular mechanism for the high frequency of disease caused by proline mutations in spectrin linkers.
Medullary Carcinoma in Children: Results of Early Detection and Surgery

• Early diagnosis and surgical treatment of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) in children is essential to decrease the likelihood of metastatic spread. To determine the optimal timing of screening and surgery, we reviewed all children younger than 16 years old who were undergoing surgical treatment. From 1970 to 1988,33 children 6 months old to 15.9 years old (mean, 9 years old) with MCT or C-cell hyperplasia or both underwent total thyroidectomy. Follow-up was 4 months to 15 years after surgery (mean, 9 years). Six of 31 patients presented with a neck mass. Basal immunoreactive calcitonin level was increased in 3 of 7 patients with C-cell hyperplasia alone, in 10 of 18 patients with nonmetastatic MCT, and in all 5 patients with metastatic MCT. At the time of surgery, 7 patients had C-cell hyperplasia, 19 patients had MCT without metastasis, and 7 patients had MCT with metastases. All children with metastasis were more than 12 years old. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid was seen as early as age 6 months in a child with multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIb (MEN-IIb) and age 3 years in a child with MEN-IIa. At follow-up, 25 patients were free of disease and 8 had had recurrent disease. Two of the 8 patients with MEN-IIb had died. All 6 children with a neck mass at presentation had recurrent disease. Of 27 patients diagnosed by screening, 25 had no evident disease and 2 had persistent disease. Thus, in children with MEN-II syndromes, screening studies are highly effective in detecting MCT. All children with MEN-IIb should be studied shortly after birth, and those with MEN-IIa should be studied by 1 year old. ( Arch Surg. 1989;124:841-843)
Myelodysplastic syndrome overview.

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by bone marrow dysplasia and peripheral cytopenias. Eighty percent of patients found to have MDS are older than 60 years and therefore not eligible for the only potentially curative therapy, bone marrow transplantation. Currently, there is no standard for treating MDS; therapies range from supportive care with transfusions or hematopoietic growth factors and low-intensity cytarabine therapy, to intensive anti-acute myeloid leukemia-type chemotherapy. Some of these treatments induce a limited hematologic response, but none consistently extends survival. Many are highly toxic. More than half of patients with MDS die within 3 to 4 years of infections, bleeding complications, or progression to acute leukemia. Agents in development for MDS include all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), decitabine, and thalidomide. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors modulate many of the cancer-signaling pathways implicated in MDS initiation or progression and may therefore be well suited for treatment of these biologically diverse hematologic malignancies. Phase I and II clinical studies in our center show that the oral FTI ZARNESTRA (formerly R115777, Ortho Biotech Oncology, Raritan, NJ) has promising anti-MDS activity, suggesting that further investigation of this agent and of this class in MDS is warranted.
The Cost of Generalizing Logistic Regression

Abstract Binary-response regression models in which the link function is a family defined by one or more unknown shape parameters are considered. Detailed attention is given to the two single-parameter families proposed by Aranda-Ordaz (1981) that incorporate the logistic, linear, and complementary log-log link functions as special cases. One model is a symmetric family of alternatives to the logistic shape and the second model is an asymmetric family. The increase in variance of quantities of interest due to the addition of an extra parameter is calculated using asymptotic methods. This inflation in variance is interpreted as the cost of adding an additional parameter to the model. In considering the seriousness of this cost the reduction in bias due to the estimation of the additional parameter should also be taken into account. Three quantities of interest—predicted probabilities for a fixed value of the explanatory variable, predicted value of the explanatory variable to obtain a specific probability,...