cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum. I. Delineation of the cerebellar primordium and early cell movements

Short-survival and long-survival thymidine radiograms, and methacrylate-embedded tissue from normal and X-irradiated rat embryos were used to delineate the neuroepithelial source of the cerebellum and trace the earliest cell movements. The cerebellar anlage, crescent shaped, is demarcated by two ventricular landmarks, the anterior extension of the tela choroidea of the fourth ventricle and the embryonic cerebellar fissure. The cerebellar tela choroidea extends from the medullary fourth ventricle posteromedially to the lateral recess of the pontine fourth ventricle anterolaterally. The embryonic cerebellar fissure begins caudally as a single midline incision beneath the fused posterior cerebellar primordium, then splits to follow the unfused cerebellar halves, first separating each from the isthmus then from the pons. The cerebellar primordium is divided into three parts. The lateral cerebellar primordium caps the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle; it is contiguous with the pons medially and separated ventrally from the anlage of the cochlear nuclei by the tela choroidea. The subisthmal cerebellar primordium is situated beneath the isthmus, medially lining the isthmus canal. Laterally and posteriorly, it is continuous with the lateral and postisthmal primordia. The postisthmal cerebellar primordium caps the postisthmal recess of the fourth ventricle and extends to the medullary fourth ventricle. As we shall describe later, each of these primordia is a source of different components of the developing cerebellum. Most cells of the superficially located nuclear transitory zone are labeled with 3H-thymidine administered on day E14 but not thereafter. A high proportion of the cells of the deeper cortical transitory zone could still be labeled on day E15. This supports the assumption made earlier that the first is composed of differentiating deep neurons, the second of Purkinje cells. The cells of the nuclear transitory zone originate in the lateral cerebellar primordium near the junction with the tela choroidea prior to the formation of the germinal trigone and migrate in a superficial position medially. Beginning on day E16, the nuclear transitory zone splits into two components. One has transversely oriented cells that seem to be the source of a decussating fiber tract, presumably the hook bundle of Russell. The other is composed of longitudinally oriented cells that apparently contribute fibers to the ipsilateral superior cerebellar peduncle. The translocation of the cells of the nuclear transitory zone from the cerebellar surface to its depth, to form the deep nuclei, and the radial migration of the cells of the cortical transitory zone to the surfa
Against Preemption: How Federalism Can Improve the National Legislative Process

How easily should courts infer that federal statutes preempt state law? An ongoing debate exists on the question in Congress and among scholars and judges. One side calls for judges to protect federalism by adopting a rule of statutory construction that would bar preemption absent a clear statement of preemptive intent. Opponents argue against such a "clear statement" rule by arguing that state control over preemptable topics is often presumptively inefficient, because common-law juries lack expertise and because states are prone to imposing external costs on their neighbors. This article sidesteps these debates over preemption and instead argues that, quite apart from whether state law is itself efficient, an anti-preemption rule of statutory construction has benefits for the national law-making process. Because of the size and heterogeneity of the population that it governs, Congress has institutional tendencies to avoid politically sensitive issues, deferring them to bureaucratic resolution, and instead concentrating on constituency service. Non-federal politicians can disrupt this tendency to ignore or suppress political controversy, by enacting state laws that regulate business interests, thus provoking those interests to seek federal legislation that will preempt the state legislation. In effect, state politicians place issues on Congress' agenda by enacting state legislation. Because business groups tend to have more consistent incentives to seek preemption than anti-preemption interests have to oppose preemption, controversial regulatory issues are more likely to end up on Congress' agenda if business groups bear the burden of seeking preemption. Moreover, the interests opposing preemption tend to use publicity rather than internal congressional procedures to promote their ends. Therefore, by adopting an anti-preemption rule of construction, the courts would tend to promote a more highly visible, vigorous style of public debate in Congress.
The rate of oxygen exchange between ReO4− and H2O

The rate law for the exchange of oxygen atoms between perrhenate ion and water in the pH range 2·2 to 6·2 is rate = k1[H+][ReO4−][H2O]+k2[ReO4−][H2O]; at μ = 0·34 and 0°C, k1 = 3·91 1.2mole−1min−2 and k2 = 1·89 × 10−5 1. mole−1min−1. The exchange of [Re(en)2O2]+ with water is slow under neutral conditions and the oxygens of [Re(en)2O2]+ are transferred to ReO4− when the oxidation is carried out in basic media with Br2.
Differential exoprotease activities confer tumor-specific serum peptidome patterns

Recent studies have established distinctive serum polypeptide patterns through mass spectrometry (MS) that reportedly correlate with clinically relevant outcomes. Wider acceptance of these signatures as valid biomarkers for disease may follow sequence characterization of the components and elucidation of the mechanisms by which they are generated. Using a highly optimized peptide extraction and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS-based approach, we now show that a limited subset of serum peptides (a signature) provides accurate class discrimination between patients with 3 types of solid tumors and controls without cancer. Targeted sequence identification of 61 signature peptides revealed that they fall into several tight clusters and that most are generated by exopeptidase activities that confer cancer type-specific differences superimposed on the proteolytic events of the ex vivo coagulation and complement degradation pathways. This small but robust set of marker peptides then enabled highly accurate class prediction for an external validation set of prostate cancer samples. In sum, this study provides a direct link between peptide marker profiles of disease and differential protease activity, and the patterns we describe may have clinical utility as surrogate markers for detection and classification of cancer. Our findings also have important implications for future peptide biomarker discovery efforts.
HOW INFORMATION SPREAD AMONG THE GENTRY, 1550-1640

During the first half of the sixteenth century, the English gentry came to realize that its continued access to the controls of power would depend less on birth and military prowess and more on literacy and learning. As a result, the sons of gentlemen flooded into the grammar schools, where they acquired a good knowledge of classical Latin and, rather less commonly, the rudiments of Greek. Together with the languages of the ancients, the schoolboys imbibed at least something of classical ideals. Principally they learned the duty of service to the common weal, a service to be expressed politically. That ideal had permeated Roman education and, through the writings of humanist educational theorists such as Erasmus, was embodied in the curricula of the English grammar schools and universities. Young men were trained in the arts of argument. They learned the trick of compiling a commonplace book, under whose artfully devised headings they entered the “flowers” of their reading. Then, when occasion demanded it, in conversation or letter, in the law courts or parliament, they could search out the appropriate topos, in their memories or in their notes, and bring to bear the weight of classical (and even modern) wisdom. So much, indeed, might be learned by all grammar school boys. Those who proceeded to the universities added further weapons to their armories. Since the universities existed principally to train theologians and preachers, a function whose importance increased as it became necessary to defend English Protestantism from the attacks of Catholics and separatists, they emphasized dialectic.
Effect of chronic alcohol feeding on physiological and molecular parameters of renal thiamin transport

The renal thiamin reabsorption process plays an important role in regulating thiamin body homeostasis and involves both thiamin transporters-1 and -2 (THTR1 and THTR2). Chronic alcohol use is associated with thiamin deficiency. Although a variety of factors contribute to the development of this deficiency, effects of chronic alcohol use on renal thiamin transport have not been thoroughly examined. We addressed this issue by examining the effect of chronic alcohol feeding of rats with liquid diet on physiological and molecular parameters of renal thiamin transport. Chronic alcohol feeding caused a significant inhibition in carrier-mediated thiamin transport across the renal brush-border membrane and was evident as early as 2 wk after initiation of alcohol feeding. Similarly, thiamin transport across the renal basolateral membrane was significantly inhibited by chronic alcohol feeding. The inhibition in renal thiamin transport was associated with a marked decrease in the level of expression of THTR1 and -2 proteins, mRNAs, and heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. Chronic alcohol feeding also caused a significant reduction in the level of expression of thiamin pyrophosphokinase but not that of the mitochondrial thiamin pyrophosphate transporter. These studies show that chronic alcohol feeding inhibits the entry and exit of thiamin in the polarized renal epithelial cells and that the effect is, at least in part, mediated at the transcriptional level. These findings also suggest that chronic alcohol feeding interferes with the normal homeostasis of thiamin in renal epithelial cells.
Observational Study on Less Invasive Surfactant Administration (LISA) in Preterm Infants<29 Weeks--Short and Long-term Outcomes.

Background: A recent trial has demonstrated short-term benefits of a new minimal invasive procedure of surfactant administration in spontaneously breathing preterm infants ≥26 weeks (less invasive surfactant administration, LISA). Aim: To assess safety as well as short- and long-term outcomes of the LISA procedure in preterm infants between 23–28 weeks of gestation. Study design: Preterm infants born between 23+0 and 28+6 weeks gestational age during 2 periods, 18 months before (Period 1, n=44) and 18 months after introduction of LISA (Period 2, n=53), were analyzed for neonatal outcomes. 52% of discharged infants were assessed for neurodevelopmental outcome at corrected age of 3 years. Results: In Period 2, 66% of the preterm infants needing surfactant were treated by the new method of LISA. In this period, fewer patient had to be ventilated during the first 3 days of life (42 vs. 77%, p Conclusion: Implementation of the LISA method on a neonatal ward was safe and feasible and was associated with less need for mechanical ventilation in infants >24 weeks. As our study was retrospective the observed trends for better pulmonary and neurocognitive outcomes should be interpreted with caution until results from randomized trials on the LISA procedure are available.
Values-Based Leadership: Enduring Lessons from the Aeneid

This paper explored the Aeneid, Virgil’s foundation epic of the Latin cannon, from a values-based leadership perspective, which is defined as the moral foundation underlying stewardship decisions and actions of leaders. Specifically, we juxtaposed the resonant leadership elements of vision, culture and values – and their corresponding equivalent Roman themes of fatum, pietas, and virtus. Using a thematic analysis approach, we coded the following eight values: integrity, good judgment, leadership by example, decision-making, trust, justice/fairness, humility, and sense of urgency. We found that while the Aeneid extols prototypical values, the epic instructs that truly effective leadership is not about being a monochromatic prototype. Rather, the epic reveals that the essence and privilege of effective leadership demands reflection on the dynamic relationship between the leader and the led towards a better, envisioned future.
An Improved IMM Estimator Combined with Intelligent Input Estimation Technique for Tracking Maneuvering Target

The estimation performance of interactive multiple model (IMM) estimator for tracking a maneuvering target is influenced by the target motion models and application of filters. An improved IMM estimation algorithm combined with the intelligent input estimation technique is proposed in this study. The target motion models include the constant velocity (CV) model and the modified Singer acceleration model. The intelligent fuzzy weighted input estimation (IFWIE) is used to compute the acceleration input for the modified Singer acceleration model besides the application of standard Kalman filter (KF). The combination of KF and IFWIE can estimate the target motion state precisely and the proposed method is compared with the common IMM estimator. The simulation results prove the improved IMM estimator has superior estimation performance than the common IMM estimator, especially when the target changes the acceleration violently. The utilization of IFWIE for the improved IMM estimator can estimate the acceleration input effectively.
Why Don’t More American Indians Become Engineers in South Dakota?

American Indians are among the most under-represented groups in the engineering profession in the United States. With increasing interest in diversity, educators and engineers seek to understand why. Often overlooked is simply asking enrolled tribal members of prime college age, “Why don’t more American Indians become engineers?” and “What would it take to attract more?” In this study, we asked these questions and invited commentary about what is needed to gain more engineers from the perspectives of enrolled tribal members from South Dakota, with some of the most poverty-stricken reservations in the nation. Overall, results indicated that the effects of poverty and the resulting survival mentality among American Indians divert attention from what are understood to be privileged pursuits such as engineering education. The study’s findings indicated American Indian interviewees perceived the need for consistent attention to the following issues: 1) amelioration of poverty; 2) better understanding of what engineering is and its tribal relevancy; 3) exposure to engineering with an American Indian cultural emphasis in K-12 schools; 4) presence of role-model engineers in their daily lives; 5) encouragement and support from their peers, families, teachers, Elders, and tribal governments to value science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education, particularly engineering fields; and (6) the embedded perceptions of math as a barrier to engineering studies.
Parallelisms in traditional African system of music education and Orff schulwerk

The acquisition of musical knowledge or, for that matter, any knowledge in any society is guided by a variety of factors prescribed by the life styles of the society as a homogeneous unit. There are as many distinct life-styles as there are societies and the norms and parameters that govern them are also greatly diverse. However, scholarship has shown that in spite of such diversities as may be encountered in the life-styles of the worlds peoples, there are certain often unsuspected underlying similarities in patterns of behavior. Based on the foregoing observation, therefore, it is neither unrealistic nor farfetched to propose that there are possible parallelisms in the traditional African system of acquiring musical knowledge and the system developed by the prolific German composer and teacher, Dr. Carl Orff. Although scores of documentary evidence have established differences between traditional African and European systems of education, it is necessary to reiterate them here in order to make my discussion meaningful.
Epitaxial Heterostructures of Lead Selenide Quantum Dots on Hematite Nanowires

We present a novel method for synthesizing epitaxial quantum dot-nanowire (QD-NW) heterostructures using the example of colloidal PbSe QDs decorated on furnace-grown hematite (α-Fe2O3) NWs. The direct heterogeneous nucleation of QDs on Fe2O3 NWs relies upon an aggressive surface dehydration of the as-synthesized Fe2O3 NWs at 350 °C under vacuum and subsequent introduction of colloidal reactants resulting in direct growth of PbSe QDs on Fe2O3. The synthesis is tunable: the QD diameter distribution and density of QDs on the NWs increase with increased dehydration time, and QD diameters and size distributions decrease with decreased injection temperature of the colloidal synthesis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) structural analysis reveals direct heteroepitaxial heterojunctions where the matching faces can be PbSe (002) and Fe2O3 (003) with their respective [110] crystallographic directions aligned. This can be a general approach for integrating colloidal and furnace synthetic techniques, thus broadening possible material combinations for future high-quality, epitaxial nanoscale heterostructures for solar applications.
Notes on the Pygmy Mouse (Baiomys), with Description of a New Subspecies from México

The geographic ranges of Baiomys taylori and B. musculus are for the most part complementary. That of taylori extends from southeastern Arizona and eastern Texas south to Colima and west-central Veracruz. Some marginal occurrences known to me from published records or from specimens in the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology follow: At north, vicinity of: Hereford, Cochise County, Arizona; El Sauz, Chihuahua; Zarca, Durango; Monterrey, Nuevo Le6n; San Antonio, Bexar County, and La Belle, Jefferson County, Texas. At south, vicinity of: Pujal, San Luis Potosi; Acultzingo, Veracruz; M6xico, Distrito Federal; Apatzingan, MichoacAn; Colima, Colima; and La Resolana, Jalisco. The range of B. musculus lies mostly south of the range of B. taylori. It extends from western Nicaragua northwest through El Salvador, southern Honduras and Guatemala to the escarpment of the Mesa Central of M6xico; there it bifurcates around those highlands, one arm extending to central Veracruz, the other reaching at least to western Jalisco. Two southern marginal records are the vicinity of Matagalpa and of San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua. Some northern occurrences are the vicinity of: Jalapa and Plan del Rio, Veracruz; Tepanco and Piaxtla, Puebla; Tepoztln Tzitzio and Tacambaro, Michoacan; and San Gabriel and Ameca, Jalisco. Osgood (N. Amer. Fauna, No. 28, p. 258,1909) referred specimens from Culiacan, Sinaloa, and Valparaiso, Zacatecas, to B. musculus. However, apparently he suspected that they might be examples of B. taylori; he noted that their skulls were "somewhat peculiar." The specimens should be re-examined. Because their ranges are chiefly complementary and because size is the principal differential character ascribed to the forms (Osgood, op. cit.), one might readily suspect that the two interbreed and thus may be one species instead of two. There is no evidence that they interbreed, however, unless the aforementioned specimens of peculiar structure from CuliacAn and Valparaiso be hybrids. Examples of each of the species have been collected at each of several localities. In each instance the characters of the species are sharply segregated, apparently evidencing complete reproductive isolation of the two forms. In the southern United States and northern M6xico B. taylori occurs on the lowlands of both coasts as well as on the intervening Mexican Plateau. At the latitudes in central M4xico where its range meets that of B. musculus, however, taylori is typically the form of the arid temperate highlands and musculus is predominant in the adjoining arid tropical lowlands. In this border zone that fringes the Mesa Central, the ranges overlap and interdigitate; peninsulas of the range of musculus extend onto the rim of the Plateau and the range of taylori projects finger-like into lowlands. Following are localities at which both species are known to occur: Colima, Colima (Osgood, ibid.), and San Gabriel, La Resolana, and Ameca, Jalisco. At each of the three Jaliscan localities our field party from the Museum of Zoology 90 Vol. 33, No. 1
The effects of anesthetics and PaCO2 on the cerebrovascular, metabolic, and electroencephalographic responses to nitrous oxide in the rabbit.

The effects of nitrous oxide (N2O) on cerebral blood flow and metabolism, intracranial pressure (ICP), the electroenceph-alogram etc. has been well described, at least when N2O is used alone. However, during neurosurgical procedures, N2O is almost always given in combination with either volatile or intravenous agents, and generally after the institution of some degree of hypocarbia. Unfortunately, the modifying influence of such interventions are not well known, and, therefore, the cerebral effects of 70% N2O were studied in rabbits anesthetized with either 1 MAC halothane or isoflurane, or with a fentanyl/pentobarbital combination, during both normocarbia (PaCO2 ≈ 40 mm Hg) and hypocarbia (PaCO2 ≈ 20 mm Hg). Cortical cerebral blood flow (CBFc) and sagittal sinus blood flow (CBFss--as an index of "global" forebrain flow) were measured using the hydrogen clearance method. Cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2) was calculated, and intracranial pressure (ICP), central venous pressure, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and the EEG were also recorded. CBFc during normocarbic halothane, isoflurane, and fentanyl-pentobarbital anesthesia was 69 ± 23, 41 ± 16, 53 ± 26 ml.100g-1.min-1 (mean ± SD) respectively, with a significant difference between halothane and isoflurane. The addition of 70% N2O to all three anesthetics significantly increased CBFc by 32%, 34% and 36% respectively during normocarbia and by 47%, 65% and 27% during hypocarbia. A similar pattern was seen for CBFss. There were no significant differences in the response to N2O based either on anesthetic or PaCO2, except that the increase in CBFss produced by N2O during normocarbic fentanyl-pentobarbital anesthesia (10%) was less than that noted during normocarbic halothane anesthesia (39%). CMRO2 was not changed by addition of N2O regardless of anesthetic or PaCO2. N2O increased ICP under all conditions; the increments were small (about 1 mm Hg). The greatest EEG changes in responses to N2O were seen in halothane-anesthetized animals (a decrease in amplitude and increase in frequency). In contrast, no consistent EEG changes were seen with N2O in the fentanyl/pentobarbital group, while the only effect observed in the presence of isoflurane was the disappearance of the typical burst-suppression pattern. We conclude that N2O increases CBF and ICP with each of the three background anesthetics during both normocarbia and hypocarbia. The magnitude of this response to N2O may be less during a fentanyl/barbiturate based anesthetic. These changes were not associated with alterations in CMRO2, suggesting that N2O may be a direct cerebral vasodilator in this species.
API Harmony: Graph-based search and selection of APIs in the cloud

Cloud-enabled applications and services increasingly consume other services through web application programming interfaces (APIs). API ecosystems support both the production and the consumption of APIs. For service providers seeking to externalize their APIs, API ecosystems help publish, promote, and provision such APIs. For applications or services consuming APIs, API ecosystems unify how APIs are presented and composed. A key challenge for API ecosystems is the continuous collection of information on APIs and the utilization of the information for the benefit of all actors in the ecosystem. In this work, we present the design of API Harmony, a service to support developers in identifying, selecting, and consuming APIs. API Harmony builds on our previous work on building an API Graph, which enables the continuous collection of API information and analysis operations for API providers, consumers, and ecosystem providers. In this paper, we revise the API Graph and describe how we utilize its latest version in API Harmony for API search and selection. Furthermore, we describe how we implemented API Harmony and present an evaluation of its capabilities compared with existing solutions.
Protection Against Histamine Shock by Catecholamines in Bordetella pertussis-Treated, Adrenalectomized, or Adrenergic Blocked Mice

SummaryCFW mice, hyper sensitized to histamine by adrenalectomy, adrenal demed-ullation, treatment with histamine sensitizing factor (HSF) from Bordetella pertussis, or β-adrenergic blocking agents, are protected from histamine death by epinephrine or nor-epinephrine. Intravenous treatment with these drugs, to be maximally effective, should be given 30 to 60 seconds after histamine challenge. Mice made hypersensitive to histamine apparently die from an inability of their vascular system to overcome the hyportensive effects of histamine. In adrenalectomized or adrenal-demedullated mice, there is an insufficient production of catecholamines for protection, while in the HSF-treated or β-adre-nergically blocked mice the ability of endogenous catecholamines to protect seems to be diminished or blocked. When a sufficient quantity of exogenous epinephrine is given, the blocking effect of HSF or β-adrenergic blocking agents can be overcome and the mice protected from lethal histamine shock. When mice receive larg...
Stress dependent slip boundary condition for single- and two-phase fluid flow on a substrate

In problems such as moving contact line and corner flows, fluid velocity adjacent to the wall varies spatially in direction normal and tangential to the wall. Navier and Maxwell slip models considered flows where velocity only changed in the wall normal direction. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulation is used to study the moving contact line problem. In the vicinity of the triple contact point, slip length is shown to be dependent on the local velocity gradient tensor and number density. Scaling for slip length and the velocity gradient tensor is identified; that helps collapse the data to give a universal curve for slip length. The universal curve helps relate slip length to the fluid-wall properties and the local flow parameters. Generalized slip model together with the universal curve, provide an accurate boundary condition for a wide range of steady flow problems without having to perform computationally expensive molecular dynamics simulations.
Transnational Mexican-Origin Families' Ways of Knowing: A Framework Toward Bridging Understandings in U.S. Schools

AbstractTransnational students and families are those who cross real and metaphoric borders, spanning countries, to engage family and community in meaningful ways. Based on a three-year, multi-sited ethnographic study, I show the distinct ways of knowing of four Mexican-origin, working class families and how the U.S. schools where the children from these families study hardly recognize these ways of knowing. The families’ ways of knowing can be characterized as a form of what Gloria Anzaldua calls conocimiento, or knowing, under three interweaving categories: Nepantlera or in-between, bridge-building knowing; sobrevivencia or survivalist knowing; and chained knowing, in which families are chained in their knowing to the realities of the U.S./Mexican border and their extended communities and families who also are impacted by the border. The article shows that schools recognize neither transnational practices, such as return trips to Mexico, nor transnational ways of knowing. Educators may strengthen their ...
Notes on Prime Numbers, Their Numerical Statistics & Patterns II: Modular Arithmetic and the Symmetric Triangular Embedding Model

Recently we discussed in a letter the modular arithmetic and a particular integer numbers (odd) model, which we then utilized to discuss parsed integer numbers statistics and nearness. We continue in this letter to discuss the approach as applied to other models, namely the triangular embedding of symmetric copies in large number representations, and obtain a relationship for identifying primes from non primes. We then discuss other models that may prove useful such as the golden ratio spiral and number sequences from the same approach.
Dietary regulation of rat intestinal angiotensin-converting enzyme and dipeptidyl peptidase IV

The small intestinal brush-border membrane contains several peptidases that are involved in the hydrolysis of dietary peptides containing proline. A high-proline (gelatin) diet was administered to one of several groups of rats to study its possible regulatory effect on levels of two prolyl peptidases, namely angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV). Groups of rats were maintained on isocaloric diets containing either low (4%), normal (17%), or high (50%) protein (casein) or high (50%) gelatin. After 7 days, brush-border membranes and total RNA were prepared from the small intestine. ACE activity was 3- to 10-fold higher in brush-border membranes from the gelatin group compared with the low-protein group. DPP IV exhibited a three- to sixfold increase. Immunoblot analysis of brush-border membrane-associated ACE protein indicated a six- to eightfold increase in the high-gelatin group. There was also a 1.5- to 3-fold increase in steady-state levels of ACE and DPP IV mRNA. These results suggest that a diet high in proline (gelatin) is particularly effective in increasing intestinal levels of these two enzymes.
Future horizons for the victims of trauma

The prevention of injuries and the future treatment of trauma victims are exciting and uncertain prospects. Continuous advances in the development of inclusive trauma care systems, technical surgical achievements, and patient-centered redesign are important factors to consider. The integration of effort will be a recurrent theme in injury prevention and trauma care.
The impact of bowel preparation on the severity of anastomotic leak in colon cancer patients.

Background and Objectives The routine use of preoperative bowel preparation (BP) is heavily debated in the colorectal surgery literature. To date, no study has investigated the effect preoperative BP has on patients with an established anastomotic leak. We therefore seek to compare the severity of patient morbidity and mortality in patients with a known anastomotic leak based on type of preoperative BP using the Targeted Colectomy American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). Methods All elective colon cancer operations performed with primary anastomosis were identified within the targeted colectomy database from 2012 to 2013. Patients who experienced a postoperative anastomotic leak were identified and stratified based on preoperative BP. Variables that had an association with mechanical BP at P < 0.10 were included in a multivariate logistic regression model to determine if BP was independently associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality. Results A total of 6,297 patients underwent elective colon resection with primary anastomosis for colon cancer. Two hundred and nineteen (3.5%) patients experienced an anastomotic leak. Thirty-day wound morbidity and mortality was not worse in patients who underwent preoperative BP. Conclusions BP is not associated with worse patient outcomes in those patients with an established anastomotic leak following elective colon resection with primary anastomosis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:810–813. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automated Analysis of Ideological Bias in Video

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Video Corpus Visual Semantic Concepts for Describing Video Joint Topic and Perspective Model Experiments on Differentiating Ideological Video Summary
Grillparzer and his Ahnfrau

(1963). Grillparzer and his Ahnfrau. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 209-225.
Mexican Repatriation Statistics: Some Suggested Alternatives to Carey McWilliams

D uring the years of the Great Depression, an unprecedented number of Mexican immigrants, for a variety of reasons, returned or were returned to Mexico from the United States. This movement, an acceleration of repatriation that dated back to the 1920s, was also spurred by a federal deportation campaign against aliens who had illegally entered the United States. Mexican aliens were especially vulnerable to this campaign because many had entered informally before laws were passed, and they had not regularized their entry.l For many years repatriation, as well as other episodes in Mexican American history, was completely ignored. Not until recently have serious studies begun to come from disciplines other than sociology, anthropology, or education. Because of the dearth of material on Mexican Americans, scholars have been compelled to rely on a select group of published writings for much of the background knowledge and many of the assumptions made about the experiences of Mexicans in the United States. For the phenomenon of repatriation, one of the most quoted sources has been Carey McWilliams, for the past twenty years editor of the Nation and a widely respected journalist. McWilliams, a prolific writer, discussed Mexican repatriation in several of his books dealing with minorities in America. His first observations on the return of Mexicans to Mexico were recorded in an article
Identification of Long Noncoding RNAs Associated to Human Disease Susceptibility

Transcriptomic as well as in vivo studies have revealed the importance of several lncRNAs in many complex diseases including cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders. In this protocol, we describe how to perform RNAseq data analysis to identify lncRNAs associated with disease states utilizing the open-source software CANEapp (application for Comprehensive automated Analysis of Next-generation sequencing Experiments).
ENSLAVEMENT, ARCHAEOLOGY OF

This article discusses the differential connotations among Historians, Archaeologists and other scholars, of the terms ‘slave’, ‘slavery’, ‘slave trade’ and ‘enslavement’ in the Archaeology of Africa and the African Diaspora, emphasizing the importance of their proper uses and contexts. Changes in archaeological approaches and emphasis regarding slavery and all associated historical developments are discussed using some of the more significant field, laboratory and methodological advances in Africa and the African Diaspora. It is observed that evidence is geographically, thematically and unevenly distributed, leaving gaps, lacking objectivity in interpretation which are seriously plagued by loose patterns in the use of cryptic, vague or unclear archaeological jargons in both Africa and the Americas.
The Nursing Home Pneumonia Risk Index: A Simple, Valid MDS-Based Method of Identifying 6-Month Risk for Pneumonia and Mortality

Abstract Background Pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of hospitalization and death for nursing home (NH) residents; however, diagnosis is often delayed because classic signs of infection are not present. We sought to identify NH residents at high risk for pneumonia, to identify persons to target for more intensive surveillance and preventive measures. Methods Based on a literature review, we identified key risk factors for pneumonia and compiled them for use as prediction tool, limiting risk factors to those available on the Minimum Data Set (MDS). Next, we tested the tool's ability to predict 6-month pneumonia incidence and mortality rates in a sample of 674 residents from 7 NHs, evaluating it both as a continuous and a dichotomous variable, and applying both logistic regression and survival analysis to calculate estimates. Results NH Pneumonia Risk Index scores ranged from −1 to 6, with a mean of 2.1, a median of 2, and a mode of 2. For the outcome of pneumonia, a 1-point increase in the index was associated with a risk odds ratio of 1.26 ( P = .038) or a hazard ratio of 1.24 ( P = .037); using it as a dichotomous variable (≤2 vs ≥3), the corresponding figures were a risk odds ratio of 1.78 ( P = .045) and a hazard ratio of 1.82 ( P = .025). For the outcome of mortality, a 1-point increase in the NH Pneumonia Risk Index was associated with a risk odds ratio of 1.58 ( P = .002) and a hazard ratio of 1.45 ( P = .013); using the index as a dichotomous variable, the corresponding figures were a risk odds ratio of 3.71 ( P P = .001). Conclusions The NH Pneumonia Risk Index can be used by NH staff to identify residents for whom to apply especially intensive preventive measures and surveillance. Because of its strong association with mortality, the index may also be valuable in care planning and discussion of advance directives.
Flow visualization of the non-parallel jet-vortex interaction

The jet–vortex interaction is observed in settings ranging from aeronautics to physiology. In aeronautics, it presents as a parallel interaction of the jet exhaust and aircraft wing-tip vortex, and in the diseased state of the heart called aortic regurgitation, the interaction between blood flows is characterized by a non-parallel interaction. While there is substantial research into the mechanisms of the parallel interaction, there is comparatively limited scientific material focused on the non-parallel interaction. The objective of this study was to characterize three distinct orientations (30°, 60° and 90°) of the non-parallel jet–vortex interaction in a simplified flow loop. The ratio of the jet Reynolds number to the vortex ring Reynolds number was used to define four levels of jet strength. Flow visualization and particle image velocimetry were used to qualitatively and quantitatively describe how the flow structures interacted, and the energy dissipation rate of each condition was calculated. It was determined that as the relative jet strength increases, the vortex ring dissipates more rapidly and the energy dissipation rate increases. This information provides a basis for the understanding of a vortex ring’s interaction with an impinging jet. When the angle between the jet and vortex ring flows is perpendicular, the energy dissipation rate decreased from 6.1 W at the highest jet strength to 0.3 W at the lowest jet strength, while at an angle of 30° the energy dissipation rate decreased from 51.8 to 10.3 W. This finding contradicts the expected result, which potentiates further studies of various non-parallel arrangements.
Crystal Fields and the Quadrupolar Kondo Effect in a Model Uranium Impurity

While many normal state properties of the heavy-electron superconductors UBc13 and CeCu2Si2 are very similar (in particular the specific heat and resistivity; see Stewart, 1984), there are notable differences. For example CeCu2Si2 exhibits a quasielastic peak in the magnetic neutron scattering cross section (Horn, et. al., 1981) at precisely the 1 meV energy scale exhibited in the specific heat. UBe13 displays response centered at 15 meV with comparable width (Shapiro, et. al., 1985) despite a nearly identical low temperature specific heat to CeCu2Si2.
The Electrodynamics of Infinitesimal Charges

For simplicity of exposition, we shall take spacetime to be Minkowski space M except where otherwise specified. However, everything that we do in Sections 1 through 6 extends almost immediately to general spacetimes.
Optimizing Trade-Off Between Cost and Performance of Data Transfers Using Bandwidth Reservation in Dedicated Networks

Because of the solid performance of providing quality of service for various applications for decades, bandwidth reservation has been increasingly used in recent years for large amounts of data transfer to achieve guaranteed performance. However, effective scheduling strategy to achieve the trade-off between data transfer cost and data transfer performance still remains to be investigated. In this paper, we focus on the trade-off between cost and the most common performance parameter, i.e., completion time, of data transfers using bandwidth reservation in dedicated networks. We consider the scheduling of two types of bandwidth reservation requests regarding such trade-off: (1) to achieve the minimum data transfer cost given the data transfer deadline, and (2) to achieve the earliest data transfer completion time given the maximum data transfer cost. We propose two bandwidth reservation algorithms with rigorous optimality proofs to optimize the scheduling of these two types of bandwidth reservation requests. We then compare the proposed algorithms with two scheduling algorithms originating from one widely used scheduling algorithm in production networks, and the efficacy of the proposed optimal algorithms is verified through extensive simulations.
“Verbal Orders Don’t Go—Write It!”: Building and Maintaining the Promised Land

Peoples Temple achieved impressive objectives as an organization, the most impressive of which was establishing and maintaining an agricultural community—the Promised Land—in the remote jungle of Guyana. An activity theory analysis of work oriented to the Promised Land reveals that texts—everyday genres such as forms and lists—were important tools used by the group to achieve this objective. A study of these textual tools helps us to understand how Peoples Temple was able to meet its collective organizational goals and how individual members achieved personal transformations within the organization. Examining the group’s textual practices adds depth to existing studies of Temple history by showcasing the efficacy of organizational labor that members themselves might have taken for granted. In addition, this methodological approach provides a view of Peoples Temple work unencumbered by the social problems paradigm, offering instead an approach that is compatible with a social possibilities paradigm.
A novel T-maze assay to evaluate chemical irritants on Lumbricus terrestris

Abstract Earthworms have a profound effect on the soil they inhabit, but our current understanding of the chemical factors and molecular mechanisms that attract or repel earthworms from a specific area of soil is limited. In this study, we developed a soil T-maze assay allowing for the examination of earthworm behavioral responses to repellent chemicals. This tests earthworms individually, and thus the potential confounds of worms being influenced by conspecifics signals are avoided. Canadian nightcrawlers (Lumbricus terrestris) can detect the canonical Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) agonist, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), but not the canonical Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonist capsaicin. In the T-maze assay L. terrestris avoided TRPA1 activators AITC, cinnamaldehyde and menthol in a dosage dependent manner. The single subject T-maze assay is a useful tool to study the avoidance of earthworms to chemical compounds and provides behavioral evidence for a TRPA1 ortholog in L. terrestris.
A randomized control trial using intraoperative dexmedetomidine during Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery to reduce postoperative pain and narcotic use

Abstract Background Dexmedetomidine (DMET), a selective a2-adrenergic agonist, is an opioid-sparing adjuvant sedative that avoids respiratory depression and has been shown to be beneficial in bariatric surgery patients. Although benefit has been shown, prior studies have not evaluated the pain control effects of a single intraoperative bolus. Objectives To evaluate the postoperative effects of a single intraoperative dose of DMET. Settings University Hospital, United States. Methods This is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study registered with clinicaltrials.gov (#NCT02604940). Patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery were randomized and given either a placebo or an intraoperative DMET bolus, where 1 mg/kg was delivered over 10 minutes at the time of surgical closure. Measured outcomes included the following: postoperative pain scores, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) opioid consumption, PCA demand bolus attempts, duration of postanesthesia care unit (PACU) stay, and vital signs. Descriptive statistics were recorded as frequencies and compared using Χ2 analysis, and a Welch's 2-sample t test was used to compare continuous variables. Results Forty-six participants undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery were randomized into placebo (n = 20) or DMET (n = 26) groups. There were no statistical differences in age (45.1 versus 43.2 yr, P = .522), sex (80% versus 81% female, P = .948), and body mass index (46.1 versus 45.6 kg/m2, P = .818) between the 2 groups. There were no statistically significant differences in vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and respiration rate) between DMET and placebo groups in the preoperative and intraoperative period. During the initial 4 hours in the PACU postoperatively, mean heart rate (70 ± 12 versus 86 ± 14, P Conclusions A single bolus of DMET (1 mg/kg delivered over 10 min) administered at the time of surgical closure did not reduce immediate PACU usage of opioids but significantly reduced reported pain scores and caused a significant decrease in the number of attempts made by patients; this is a trend of decreased attempts over time (P = .04) in the DMET group. The trend of the mean total medication used over time indicates that there is neither an increasing nor decreasing trend for the DMET group, but there is an increasing trend in the total used over time for the placebo group. There was no statistically or clinically significant bradycardia, hypotension, hypoxia, respiratory depression intraoperative duration, or PACU stay. Reduced single bolus dosing of DMET required for analgesia in bariatric surgery patients is optimal from physiologic, level of care, and cost perspectives.
REGULATION OF THE INTERCONVERSION OF LIVER GLYCOGEN SYNTHETASE a AND b

ABSTRACT. A number of enzyme systems are now known to exist in interconvertible forms differing markedly in their physiological activity. The unique regulatory capability which this device provides allows enzymes to be switched from a form whose properties are adapted to intracellular homeostasis to one in which these restraints are overriden in response to external signals.
Synthesis and Decomposition of Zinc Iodide:: Model Reactions for Investigating Chemical Change in the Introductory Laboratory

The purpose of this article is to discuss two colorful reactions not widely used by chemical educators in high schools or college chemistry laboratories: The synthesis of zinc iodide from its elements, zinc and iodine, and the subsequent decomposition of zinc iodide back into its elements. These reactions are important for chemistry teachers to know about because they can be performed by introductory students to understand different aspects of chemical change such as the concepts of reaction, compound, bonding, excess and limiting reactants, an empirical formula, balanced chemical equation, the conservation of matter and energy, the Law of the Conservation of Mass, and the Law of Constant Composition. These concepts, in turn, are important because they are fundamental to chemistry, are widely taught by chemistry teachers, and are deceptively difficult for introductory chemistry students to understand.The synthesis of zinc iodide has many scientific advantages over current syntheses of binary compounds fro...
Recent measurements with the out-of-plane spectrometer system at MIT-Bates

The recent experimental program with the out-of-plane spectrometer system (OOPS) at MIT-Bates encompassed an extensive set of d(e,e′p) measurements, investigations of the N→Δ transition using p(e,e′p)π0 and p(e,e′π+)n reaction channels, and studies of virtual Compton scattering (VCS) p(e,e′p)γ below the pion threshold. Preliminary results are presented.