cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accumulation and cellular localization of nanoparticles in an ex vivo model of acute lung injury.

Abstract Background The benefit of nanomedicine in mitigating acute lung injury (ALI) is currently unknown. Therefore, we introduced the generation IV polyamidoamine dendrimers with neutral surface property (dendrimer) into our established ex vivo animal model and sought to determine their biodistribution to define their cellular uptake profile and to evaluate their potential as a drug delivery candidate for the treatment of ischemia–reperfusion–induced ALI. Methods Eight rabbit heart–lung blocks were harvested and exposed to 18 h of cold ischemia. The heart–lung blocks were then reperfused with rabbit donor blood. Dendrimer was conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (D-FITC) for localization and quantification studies. D-FITC (30 mg or 150 mg) was injected into the bypass circuit and baseline, 1- and 2-h tissue samples were obtained to determine percent uptake. Low (10×) and high (40×) magnification images were obtained using confocal microscopy to confirm the accumulation and to determine the cellular targets of the dendrimer. Results Four heart–lung blocks were exposed to 30 mg and four to 150 mg of D-FITC. After adjusting for dry weight, the mean uptake in the 30 and 150 mg samples after 2 h of reperfusion were 0.79 ± 0.16% and 0.39 ± 0.22% of perfused doses, respectively. Confocal imaging demonstrated dendrimer uptake in epithelial cells and macrophages. Conclusions Fluorescently tagged dendrimers demonstrated injury-dependent tissue accumulation in a variety of different cell types. This unique approach will allow conjugation to and delivery of multiple agents with the potential of mitigating ALI injury while avoiding systemic toxicity.
A Tale of Two Crowds: Public Engagement in Plankton Classification

‘Big data’ are becoming common in biological oceanography with the advent of sampling technologies that can generate multiple, high-frequency data streams. Given the need for ‘big’ data in ocean health assessments and ecosystem management, identifying and implementing robust and efficient processing approaches is a challenge for marine scientists. Using a large plankton imagery data set, we present two crowd-sourcing approaches applied to the problem of classifying millions of organisms. The first used traditional crowd-sourcing by asking the public to identify plankton through a web-interface. The second challenged the data science community to develop algorithms via an industry partnership. We found traditional crowd-sourcing was an excellent way to engage and educate the public while crowd-sourcing data scientists rapidly generated multiple, effective solutions. As the need to process and visualize large and complex marine data sets is expected to grow over time, effective collaborations between oceanographers and computer and data scientists will become increasingly important.
Estimating the spin diffusion length and the spin Hall angle from spin pumping induced inverse spin Hall voltages

There exists considerable confusion in estimating the spin diffusion length of materials with high spin-orbit coupling from spin pumping experiments. For designing functional devices, it is important to determine the spin diffusion length with sufficient accuracy from experimental results. An inaccurate estimation of spin diffusion length also affects the estimation of other parameters (e.g., spin mixing conductance, spin Hall angle) concomitantly. The spin diffusion length for platinum (Pt) has been reported in the literature in a wide range of 0.5--14 nm, and in particular it is a constant value independent of Pt's thickness. Here, the key reasonings behind such a wide range of reported values of spin diffusion length have been identified comprehensively. In particular, it is shown here that a thickness-dependent conductivity and spin diffusion length is necessary to simultaneously match the experimental results of effective spin mixing conductance and inverse spin Hall voltage due to spin pumping. Such a thickness-dependent spin diffusion length is tantamount to the Elliott-Yafet spin relaxation mechanism, which bodes well for transitional metals. This conclusion is not altered even when there is significant interfacial spin memory loss. Furthermore, the variations in the estimated parameters are also studied, which is important for technological applications.
Emergency Departments Increasingly Administering Medications through the Nose.

Abstract Administering medications through the nose as an alternative to intramuscular or intravenous injections is increasingly popular in emergency departments and out-of hospital settings because it is simple, fast, and can be used in situations where obtaining intravenous access is difficult or time intensive. This article examines the literature and indications for the out-of-hospital and emergency department administration of five commonly used intranasal medications: midazolam (used to sedate children and treat seizures), fentanyl (for pain relief), naloxone (for opioid overdoses), ketamine (to induce anesthesia) and dexmedetomidine (to sedate and relieve pain in children).
Adaptive Multiresolution Energy Consumption Prediction for Electric Vehicles

This paper introduces an adaptive multiresolution framework for electric vehicle (EV) energy consumption estimation with real-time capability. Three key parameters, namely powertrain efficiency, wind speed, and rolling resistance, are adaptively estimated using a two-step nonlinear iterative algorithm. Based on this algorithm, a multichannel framework for high-resolution powertrain efficiency estimation is introduced. Employing the “connected vehicles” concept, more reliable trip level energy estimates are achieved by sharing sensed environmental information. In addition, state-of-charge aware energy cost prediction methods of different accuracy and complexity are introduced to combat range anxiety and reduce computational complexity during times of high energy reserves. A variety of detailed simulations illustrate the introduced concept and its benefits for future EV systems.
Truth and Consciousness

Many work on flushing out what our consciousness means in cognitive and phenomenological terms, but no one has yet connected the dots on how consciousness and truth intersect, much less how our phenomenal consciousness can form the ground for most of our models of truth. Here, I connect those dots and argue that the basic structure of our phenomenal consciousness grounds the nature of truth as concordance, to harmonize in agreement, and that most extant theories on truth are well explained in that grounding. Said another way, the unifying and bifurcating intentional structure of phenomenal consciousness is the non-epistemic ground of truth, such that most theories of truth can be explained as particular expressions of concordance based upon the differing aspects of that ground.
Restaurando a Paisagem: Um Desafio Social e Ambiental

Considerando-se a perspectiva do dialogo sobre as relacoes entre a sociedade humana e a conservacao da natureza, este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar um estudo de caso que visou restaurar ecologicamente uma area degradada e promover, concomitantemente, acoes de educacao ambiental no âmbito nao formal. A area, localizada no municipio de Glorinha-RS, e composta por uma paisagem formada por remanescentes de dois biomas tipicos e ameacados do Rio Grande do Sul, a Mata Atlântica e o Pampa. Motivados pelo dever etico-moral e preocupados com as situacoes adversas observadas, os proprietarios permitiram que a area se tornasse objeto de estudo de um projeto de restauracao e educacao ambiental realizado entre os anos de 2013 a 2015. conservacao ambiental; educacao ambiental; Mata Atlântica; restauracao ecologica; impactos ambientais.
Stimuli-induced bi-directional hydrogel unimorph actuators

Abstract Stimuli responsive hydrogels may be promising materials for shape transforming structures due to their ability to deform significantly in response to an environmental stimulus without the need for external power. It is well-known that by laminating swelling hydrogels and non-swelling flexible materials, such as inert elastomers, bending actuation can be achieved. In this work, we report an improved hydrogel-elastomer bonding process and demonstrate the utility of the process with a stimuli-induced bi-directional hydrogel unimorph actuator. The actuator is comprised of polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel, a humidity-sensitive gel that can swell to 17 times its original volume, bonded to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer, which is humidity insensitive. The unimorph actuator bends in one direction during swelling in an aqueous environment and in the opposite direction when drying in air, without any observed delamination between layers. We achieve the strong bonding between PAAm hydrogel and PDMS elastomer through both chemical and mechanical means, and quantify an order-of-magnitude improvement in interfacial bond strength relative to bonding through chemical means alone. We observe the bi-directional bending behavior of hydrogel unimorph actuators as a function of environmental humidity and prove that the structure’s motion can be tuned by manipulating the thickness of the PDMS elastomer layer, as well as predicted using a simplified analytical approach. Lastly, we expand upon a simple rectangular unimorph structure to demonstrate more complex bending, wrinkling, and surface texture behaviors.
Clinical Evaluation and Future Prospects of Asparaginase

The original discovery of the antileukemic effects of guinea pig serum by Kidd [1] in 1953 and the subsequent biological and chemical studies on its active principle, L-asparaginase (A-ase), by many investigators including Broome [2], Mashburn and Wriston [3], and Old, Boyse et al. [4, 5] are well known. Following the preliminary clinical studies on A-ase reported by De Barros et al. [6], Dolowy et al. [7], Hill et al. [8], and Oettgen et al. [9], we have been evaluating the drug for the past 2 years [10, 11].
Time-dependent reliability assessment of ship structures under progressive and shock deteriorations

Abstract The aim of this paper is to provide a rational reliability assessment of ship structures under multiple hazards during their lifetime. These hazards cause both progressive and shock deteriorations of structural performance. Time-dependent estimation of structural reliability must consider multiple failure modes. In this paper, the safety margins under progressive and shock hazards are evaluated separately for the associated failure modes. Considering the cumulative effect of multiple hazards during the lifetime, probabilistic structural deterioration process is represented by using cumulative-time approach. To present the multi-hazard analysis, corrosion and extreme lateral pressure are adopted as progressive and shock type hazards, respectively. Failure modes of buckling and permanent set are considered for safety and serviceability of a ship structure component. Side shell plating structure in a tanker is used to illustrate the evaluation of lifetime structural performance deterioration in multi-hazard environment.
Malignant Otitis Externa Outcomes: A Study of the University HealthSystem Consortium Database.

Objective:To characterize factors that affect outcomes for patients with malignant otitis externa (MOE).Methods:Retrospective review of inpatients with MOE was performed. Patient demographics, como...
Avian Influenza Virus Isolation and Propagation in Chicken Eggs

The avian influenza (AI) virus is usually isolated and propagated by inoculating either swab or tissue samples from infected birds into the chorioallantoic sac of embryonating chicken eggs. This is the accepted method, but occasionally an isolation may only be successful when inoculated either into the yolk sac or onto the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonating chicken eggs. Chorioallantoic fluid is harvested from eggs with dead or dying embryos and is tested for the presence of hemagglutinating antigen. If hemagglutination-positive, this indicates that the isolate may be the AI virus. The presence of the AI virus may be confirmed by either an agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay, RT-PCR specific for AI virus, or a commercially available immunoassay kit specific for type A influenza. Instructions for AI virus primary isolation and propagation, preparing antigen for an AGID test, setting up an AGID test, and interpreting results are given.
The changing nature of network traffic analysis and modeling

For many decades, telephone network traffic has been characterized by Poisson call arrivals and exponentially distributed call durations (with a mean of about 3 minutes). In contrast, recent work in network traffic data analysis and modeling has demonstrated that data network traffic is best characterized in terms of burstiness and connection times that range over a wide range of time scales (from milliseconds to minutes and hours); in addition, data network traffic has been observed to undergo constant and often radical changes within short periods in time, due to a constantly changing user population, the emergence of so-called “killer applications” (e.g., the Web and other multimedia services in today’s Internet), new networking technologies, etc. Historically, the areas of network traffic data analysis and modeling have suffered from a severe “drought” of data. However, more recently, this drought has been replaced by a “flood” of traffic measurements from today’s high-speed communication networks that keeps increasing in volume and speed. As a result of these changes, network research (in particular, traffic analysis and traffic modeling) has started to adopt concepts that have a long tradition in the physical sciences but have been all but ig-nored in the social sciences and in the mainstream statistics literature. On January 10, 1997, Walter Willinger from AT&T Labs—Research illustrated some of these concepts and showed how they apply to modern network traffic analysis and modeling. He pointed out their implications on traffic engineering and performance analysis of current and future high-speed networks. Finally he outlined new areas of research in the mathematical and statistical sciences that result from these changes and are of practical importance for network research.
Assessing Political Positions of Media

Although central to understanding the role of the media, few quantitative measures of the political positions of media exist. Collecting and classifying editorials adopted by 23 major U.S. newspapers on 495 Supreme Court cases from 1994-2004, we apply an item response theoretic approach to place newspapers on a substantively meaningful - and long validated - scale of political preferences. Our results provide significant insights into the study of the media. We show that 17 of the 23 papers are more likely to the left of the median Justice for this period, but also find considerable evidence that this may be an artifact of the liberalness of urban, elite, high circulation papers.
Equine Arteritis Virus

This chapter provides an overview of the classification and description of the equine arteritis virus, its hosts, the key developments regarding the virus, and the diagnostic techniques and reagents. Equine arteritis virus, infrequently, causes an epizootic disease affecting the small arteries of less than 0.5 mm in diameter, resulting in fever, edema of legs, swelling around eyes, stiff gait, and sometimes abortion. The subclinical infection by avirulent strains of viruses is the most common form. The hosts that are infected by the equine arteritis virus include horses. Viral etiology was first reported in 1953. Bucyrus is the prototype virus and a modified live virus (MLV) is available. A temperature-sensitive mutant has been reported.
KEYNOTE-042 rolls back programmed cell death ligand 1 threshold for non-small cell lung cancer pembrolizumab monotherapy without new insight into those deriving benefit.

The past two years have been exceptional for pembrolizumab in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The publication of KEYNOTE-189 redefined first-line treatment with combination chemotherapy and pembrolizumab as a new standard-of-care in an unselected population, KEYNOTE-042 expanded the United States Food & Drug Administration (FDA)’s approval for first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy, and KEYNOTE-001 showed the most robust five-year overall survival (OS) results ever seen in advanced NSCLC, specifically among patients with high programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression ( Table 1 ) (1-4).
End-of-Life Communication Between Providers and Family Caregivers of Home Hospice Patients in a Rural US-Mexico Border Community: Caregivers' Retrospective Perspectives.

Introduction:Family caregiver–provider communication is essential to making an effective hospice care transition for patients. Despite the importance of this topic, there is little information abou...
Penile Blood Gas Sample to Assess Recurrent Priapism

A technologist questioned an undetectable glucose concentration in an arterial blood gas sample. Investigation revealed that it was a penile sample collected from a 31-year-old man with erectile dysfunction. The patient presented to the emergency department with priapism of 72-h duration. A penile blood gas sample was subsequently sent to the lab (sample 1). Following phenylephrine treatment, additional penile blood gas …
Sexual Orientation and Sleep Difficulties: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES)

This study aimed to examine differences in sleep difficulties among adults in the United States (aged 18–59) as a function of sexual orientation and physical health. Data came from the 2013 to 2014...
Current concepts underlying the pathophysiology of acute Charcot neuroarthropathy in the diabetic foot and ankle.

With a complex and often misunderstood etiology, acute Charcot neuroarthropathy (ACN) is a devastating complication of peripheral neuropathy. In patients with diabetes, timely diagnosis of ACN in t...
Accidental adrenaline auto-injector-induced digital ischaemia: a proposed treatment algorithm.

Increased numbers of adrenaline auto-injectors (AAIs) are in circulation in the UK. The rate of accidental auto-injection injuries has increased during this time. Various treatment strategies are described in the literature. We present the case of a 32-year-old, right-hand-dominant man who sustained an unintentional AAI injury to the volar aspect of his right thumb. On presentation to the emergency department, the thumb was ischaemic. There was no improvement with simple conservative measures (warm soaks). The patient was referred to our tertiary hand surgery service and a digital block using 2% lidocaine promoted reversal of ischaemia within 2 hours with no long-term sequelae. Phentolamine rescue, on standby, was not necessary in this case. In this case report, we highlight the therapeutic challenges associated with managing AAI injury and propose an evidence-based treatment algorithm to prevent risk of severe adverse outcomes such as digital necrosis.
Prone Single-Position Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Posterior Decompression and Pedicle Screw Fixation for the Treatment of Grade II Spondylolisthesis: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

Lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) provides indirect decompression without disruption of the posterior elements. It involves a larger implant footprint than that of posterior approaches. LLIF is typically performed with the patient in the lateral decubitus position. When a posterior fixation is indicated, a second-stage procedure is performed with the patient in the prone position. Single-position surgery provides the potential advantage of decreased operative time because both procedures can be performed without patient repositioning. Single-position LLIF and posterior fixation in the prone position have not been well validated to date. Herein, techniques for LLIF, percutaneous pedicle screw fixation, and facetectomy in the prone position are shown. A 76-yr-old woman with osteoporosis presented with severe back and bilateral leg pain refractory to conservative management and imaging findings of grade 2 dynamic anterolisthesis at L4-L5 with severe stenosis. She underwent LLIF with percutaneous pedicle screw fixation and facetectomy. She was placed on a Jackson table in the prone position for the entire procedure, which was performed in a single stage. Percutaneous pedicle screws were placed, followed by a left-sided minimally invasive facetectomy. A left-sided retroperitoneal transpsoas approach was used to perform the LLIF in standard fashion. Finally, the rods were locked into place. Postoperatively, the patient was neurologically stable, and imaging confirmed good hardware placement. At the 6-wk follow-up, the patient was doing well. This case demonstrates the feasibility of performing LLIF and posterior fixation in a single stage in the prone position. The patient provided informed consent. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute.
Doubly-Affine Extractors, and Their Applications.

In this work we challenge the common misconception that information-theoretic (IT) privacy is too impractical to be used in the real-world: we propose to build simple and reusable IT-encryption solutions whose only efficiency penalty (compared to computationally-secure schemes) comes from a large secret key size, which is often a rather minor inconvenience, as storage is cheap. In particular, our solutions are stateless and locally computable at the optimal rate, meaning that honest parties do not maintain state and read only (optimally) small portions of their large keys with every use. Moreover, we also propose a novel architecture for outsourcing the storage of these long keys to a network of semi-trusted servers, trading the need to store large secrets with the assumption that it is hard to simultaneously compromise too many publicly accessible ad-hoc servers. Our architecture supports everlasting privacy and post-application security of the derived one-time keys, resolving two major limitations of a related model for outsourcing key storage, called bounded storage model. Both of these results come from nearly optimal constructions of so called doubly-affine extractors: locally-computable, seeded extractors Ext(X,S) which are linear functions of X (for any fixed seed S), and protect against bounded affine leakage on X. This holds unconditionally, even if (a) affine leakage may adaptively depend on the extracted key R = Ext(X,S); and (b) the seed S is only computationally secure. Neither of these properties are possible with general-leakage extractors.
Juvenile experience alters strategies used to solve the radial arm maze in rats

Previous research demonstrated that juvenile rats solve the radial arm maze by selecting adjacent arms, whereas adult rats use a less restrictive response strategy. In the present experiment, these findings were replicated and extended to include a third group of rats tested both as juveniles and as adults, and these response patterns were compared in two strains of rats. Radial eight-arm maze performance was assessed daily for 10 days in juvenile and adult Long Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats. In both strains, juveniles made significantly more adjacent arm entries than did adults. In addition, both strains of rats, when retested as adults, continued to use the adjacent arm entry strategy established during juvenile training, rather than adopting the maze-naive adult strategy. Together, these results support previous findings demonstrating that juvenile rats use an adjacent arm entry strategy to solve the radial eight-arm maze, whereas adult rats do not. In addition, these findings suggest that juvenile maze experience produces a long-lasting change in the response patterns of rats in the radial eight-arm maze.
Boyce Thompson Arboretum and Desert Legume Program's Search for the Wild Astragalus

The Boyce Thompson Arboretum/University of Arizona Desert Legume program (DELEP) is achieving national and international recognition for its seed bank. Portions of the DELEP seed bank are being backed up at the National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation in Fort Collins, Colorado and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway. DELEP's collection is now listed on the Botanic Gardens International database, which further raises its visibility and access to researchers. In analyzing DELEP's holdings, there are approximately 187 native taxa to Arizona either not represented or with insufficient seed to distribute. Excluding the 90 Astragalus taxa, collecting the remaining taxa for seed banking efforts and herbarium vouchers in support of the Legumes of Arizona-An Illustrated Flora and Reference project is a priority over the next several years.
Busbar Protection Design for Economy of Panel Space, Minimised Power Consumption, and Advanced Performance

Busbar protection is an essential component in power system design, protecting the most important system node for network stability and security. As busbar protection technology has progressed, each new hardware platform has allowed an incremental improvement in protection performance, as well as easier user communication, information and operation. Most notably the advances in recent years have been derived from the ability to implement busbar characteristics by means of numerical algorithms in a digital relay. This paper describes the design approach for a centralised busbar protection scheme - whereby the relay is housed in the minimum of panel/cubicle space that would use the newest and most compact analogue input board designs (for CT inputs), with step enhancements in communication benefits to the user via remote HMI and control systems. The paper discusses how hardware design would be oriented, given the large density of CT connections, and binary I/O status information that must be integrated in busbar protection solutions. Space saving and integration of the latest protocol: IEC61850-8-1 also modifies the mindset and design approach. Later sections give examples of how the busbar relays can be applied at all system voltages, for the diverse installed base of busbar topologies, and with any CT ratio or characteristics. The paper summarises that it is possible to implement a fully- integrated and compact busbar protection relay for universal application, saving space and power and increasing the network reliability by easing the day to day use of it. The philosophy is that a product which is simpler and easier to understand is less likely to be prone to incorrect application or setting errors, and the paper describes how settings can be minimised and wizards applied such as to "self-set" as far as practical.
Abstract 74: Improvement in Cerebral Hemodynamic Parameters and Outcome after Superficial Temporal Artery- Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass in Patients with Severe Steno-occlusive Disease of Intracranial Carotid and Middle Cerebral Artery

Background and Objective: Older and the recent extracranial-intracranial (EC/IC) bypass trials for symptomatic carotid occlusion failed to demonstrate reduction in stroke recurrence. However, role of superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass in patients with symptomatic intracranial steno-occlusive disease has been evaluated scarcely. We evaluated serial changes in various cerebral hemodynamic parameters in patients with severe steno-occlusive disease of intracranial internal carotid (ICA) or middle cerebral artery (MCA) and impaired cerebral vasodilatory reserve (CVR), treated with STA-MCA bypass surgery or medical treatment. Methods: Patients with severe steno-occlusive disease of intracranial ICA or MCA underwent transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography and CVR assessment using breath-holding index (BHI). Patients with impaired BHI (<0.69) were further evaluated with acetazolamide-challenged hexamethylpropyleneamine-oxime single-photon emission computed tomography (HMPAO-SPE...
The Use of yig-cha and chos-kyi-rnam-grangs in Computing Lexical Cohesion for Tibetan Topic Boundary Detection

To properly implement a simple Tibetan Information Retrieval (IR) system segmentation of one form or another (n-gram, POS-tagging, dictionary substring matching, etc.) must be performed (see Hackett (2000b)). To take Tibetan indexing to a more sophisticated level however, some form of topic detection must be employed. This paper reports the results of a pilot study on the application to Tibetan of one technique for topic boundary detection: Lexical Cohesion. The resources developed and deployed, the theoretical model used, and its potential applications are discussed. Introduction In a previous paper (Hackett, 2000b) we demonstrated a method for performing wordsegmentation in conjunction with part-of-speech tagging and sentence boundary detection. While sufficient for simple indexing and IR purposes, the assessment of larger scale structures within a text allows for more precise searching, translation equivalent disambiguation based on domain identification, and additional tagging possibilities. This paper reports the result of research deploying a method used by Kozima (1993) — “lexical cohesion” — for topic boundary detection, modified for Tibetan. Given the lack of comparable lexical resources for less-commonly studied languages like Tibetan, we exploit certain features in classical Tibetan literature, namely the literary genres of monastic textbooks (yig cha) and lists of enumerated phenomena (chos kyi rnam grangs), to build a keyword correlation database for use in computing “Lexical Cohesion Profiles” (LCP) for Tibetan texts.
Note on the reflection of diffuse daylight from still water

The luminous reflectance of still water for the light from an overcast sky is found to be less than the commonly accepted value (R = 0·066), because such skies are brighter at the zenith than at the horizon. For a sky three times as bright at the zenith as at the horizon, the value R = 0·051 is computed.
The educational value of pediatric emergency transport: By design or by default?

Pediatric emergency transport teams provide an important and challenging clinical experience in many residency training programs. However, the educational value of this experience has not been carefully examined. A 32-item questionnaire was developed to assess curricular components of the three phases of the transport experience in residency training: phase 1 included pretransport training and qualifications and curricular planning, phase 2 addressed intratransport phone backup for the team analogous to online medical command, and phase 3 included posttransport feedback and performance evaluation. The study also addressed the chief residents' perception of the roles of the resident and transport nurse working on the team. The survey was mailed to chief residents at 76 pediatric residency programs in the United States. Data were received from 75 programs for a return rate of 98%. Fifty-four programs that used residents for transport team staffing were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Of the respondents, 39% report a specific training process prior to transport. Twenty-two percent of programs provide residents with written materials such as a manual or course syllabus. Eighty-two percent have a senior physician always identified for phone backup. Fifty-two percent of programs have no specific method for team evaluation and 31% rely only on informal verbal feedback. Thirty percent routinely provide feedback within one week of the transport. Sixty-three percent of chief residents view the experienced transport nurse as an equal member of the transport team. The study found that the educational structure of transports is largely unplanned and that basics such as preservice training and timely performance feedback are not usually addressed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mapping digital divide in neighborhoods: Wi-Fi access in Baton Rouge, Louisiana

As the Internet becomes widely available, one possible effect is to level the playing field for all members of the society. The opposite effect is to produce a new kind of inequality, commonly referred to as the ‘digital divide’. This study uses the access point mapping technique to obtain the Wi-Fi access point density and analyzes its association with various demographic and socioeconomic attributes in neighborhoods. Fieldwork in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, indicates that low-income households headed by a black, single, female parent with multiple children and no college degree have the lowest rates of Wi-Fi ownership. Results from research following the technique can help inform planners in implementing municipal Wi-Fi networks and can also be used as a proxy measure for socioeconomic attributes that are not updated in a timely manner and are often expensive to collect.
Note on measurements of the films of the solar eclipse, May 9–8,1948

Second and third contacts are studied by measuring the variation of the integrated light for the individual beads at their appearance or disappearance. The light variation is derived from the density variation. The density is measured radially through the image of the crescent. A calibration gives the relation between the density and the light which caused the density. By calculations based on the variation of light are found (a) the instant and the value of the minimum angle, as seen by the observer, between the centers of the Sun and the Moon at the eclipse; (b) the difference of the angular radii of the two bodies; (c) the relative positions on the Earth of observers at different stations along the eclipse. Furthermore, an improved knowledge of the limb of the Moon and of the limb darkening of the Sun can be obtained.
Electroencephalographic Evidence of Correlated Event-Related Signals Between the Brains of Spatially and Sensory Isolated Human Subjects

Objective: To determine whether correlated event-related potentials (ERPs) can be detected between the brains of spatially and sensory isolated human subjects. Design and setting: Simultaneous digi...
Petrology of the hilina formation, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

The Hilina Formation comprises the oldest sequence of lava flows and tuffs exposed on Kilauea Volcano. These rocks are only exposed in kipukas in younger Puna Formation lavas along cliffs on the south flank of Kilauea Volcano. Locally, tuffs and flows of the Pahala Formation separate the underlying Hilina Formation rocks rom the overlying Puna Formation rocks. Charcoal collected from the base of the Pahala Formation yielded a C14 age of 22.800±340 years B.P. which defines a minimum age for the Hilina Formation. Hilina Formation lavas crop out over a wide region and probably originated from the summit area and from both rift zones. The Hilina Formation contains both olivine-controlled and differentiated lavas (using the terminology ofWright, 1971). The olivine-controlled lavas of the Hilina Formation are distinguishable mineralogically and geochemically from younger olivine-controlled Kilauea lavas. The younger lavas generally contain discrete low-calcium pyroxene grains. greater glass contents, higher K2O/P2O5 ratios and lower total iron contents. Similar geochemical trends prevail for Manuna Loa lavas, and may typify the early lavas of Hawaiian shield volcanoes. Despite these similarities, the Hilina Formation (and all Kilauea) lavas have higher TiO2 and CaO, and lower SiO2 and Al2O3 contents than Mauna Loa Lavas. These differences have existed for over 30,000 years. Therefore, it is unlikely that the older lavas of Kilauea are compositionally similar to recent Mauna Loa lavas as was previously suggested. K2O, TiO2, Na2 and Zr contents of lavas from a stratigraphic sequence of Hilina Formation lavas are variable. These variations may be utilized to subdivide the sequence into geochemical groups. These groups are not magma batches. Rather, they represent lavas from batches whose compositions may have been modified by crystal fractionation and magma mixing.
Investigation of near and mid infrared (1.34, 1.55 and 8.1μm) laser propagation through the New York City metro area

Low power Mid-IR laser light exhibits much lower attenuation in propagation through the New York metro area when compared to Near-IR wavelengths. Depending on the type of atmospheric extinction we record a reduction of up to 800% in the exponential Beer-Lambert coefficient for Mid-IR light compared to Near-IR, thereby demonstrating the possibility of significantly increased deployable range and SNR of current communication systems by utilizing the Mid-IR spectrum. We present and analyze transmission data from an outdoor collinear, coaxial, multi-wavelength laser test bed comparing 1.31mm, 1.55mm and 8mm through outdoor atmospheric fog and rain over a 550 m free space optical link across the Stevens Institute of Technology campus. This is achieved using lasers with average power ranging from 1 mW (Mid-IR QCL) to tens of milliwatts which have been normalized under lock-in detection. We also present corroborating results from an indoor fog experiment simulating various fog types. Here we have also deconstructed Beer's attenuation coefficient and distinguish the contribution of scattering and absorption with a purpose-built polar nephelometer. Using Mie predictions we determine and measure the extent by which a Mid-IR system scatters light less under fog than a traditional Near-IR one, hence accounting for the performance enhancement in the metro-air test bed. We conclude finally that the Kruse-Mie prediction of insignificant Mid-IR-over-Near-IR-gain is strongly in error.
Continuous recognition of spatial and nonspatial stimuli in hippocampal-lesioned rats

The present experiments compared the performance of hippocampal-lesioned rats to control rats on a spatial continuous recognition task and an analogous nonspatial task with similar processing demands. Daily sessions for Experiment 1 involved sequential presentation of individual arms on a 12-arm radial maze. Each arm contained a Froot Loop reinforcement the first time it was presented, and latency to traverse the arm was measured. A subset of the arms were repeated, but did not contain reinforcement. Repeated arms were presented with lags ranging from 0 to 6 (0 to 6 different arm presentations occurred between the first and the repeated presentation). Difference scores were computed by subtracting the latency on first presentations from the latency on repeated presentations, and these scores were high in all rats prior to surgery, with a decreasing function across lag. There were no differences in performance following cortical control or sham surgery. However, there was a total deficit in performance following large electrolytic lesions of the hippocampus. The second experiment employed the same continuous recognition memory procedure, but used three-dimensional visual objects (toys, junk items, etc., in various shapes, sizes, and textures) as stimuli on a flat runway. As in Experiment 1, the stimuli were presented successively and latency to run to and move the object was measured. Objects were repeated with lags ranging from 0 to 4. Performance on this task following surgery did not differ from performance prior to surgery for either the control group or the hippocampal lesion group. These results provide support for Kesner's attribute model of hippocampal function in that the hippocampus is assumed to mediate data-based memory for spatial locations, but not three-dimensional visual objects.
Exploring cold nuclear matter effects in d + Au with high-p T reconstructed jets at PHENIX

Proton–nucleus (p + A) collisions can be used to investigate cold nuclear matter effects on hard-scattered partons and serve as an important baseline for heavy–ion collisions. In particular, p + A collisions at different centrality selections can probe the impact parameter dependence of nuclear parton distribution functions, initial state energy loss and final state parton interactions in the cold nucleus. Jet reconstruction can better determine the initial parton kinematics and recent improvements in analysis techniques allow the exploration of these effects over a wide pT range. We present the latest jet reconstruction measurements performed with the PHENIX detector at RHIC in deuteron–gold (d + Au) collisions at 200 GeV using the Gaussian filter algorithm and discuss the possible implications on descriptions of cold nuclear matter.
Teaching Across Cultures: Interaction of Cultural Causes and Educational Effects

Teaching across cultures as a result of a Fulbright Senior Fellowship is a life-changing event for many Fulbright Fellows. This American author experienced powerful classroom dynamics in teaching her library science students at the University of Botswana during her 1999–2000 Fulbright. Her attempt to restructure a traditional lecture class to a student-centered learning environment created classroom dynamics that forced her to examine her pedagogical beliefs for their evident weaknesses. This ethnographic study reports on her teaching experiences and her analysis of what she discovered in the process, findings that continue to impact her study of teaching and learning.
A Model for the Steady Interaction of the Solar Wind with the Moon

The steady state interaction of the solar wind with the Moon is modeled as a uniform, magnetized, quasi-neutral, collisionless, hypersonic, and hyper-Alfvenic flow of an electronproton plasma past a perfectly ion absorbing, non-magnetized sphere. For the temperature of the electronsT much less than that of the ionsTi, steady state equations are derived self-consistently from the Vlasov and Maxwell equations by taking advantage of the fact that the ion gyration ratio is small compared to the radius of the Moon, by employing an ordering which requires different scale lengths along the magnetic fieldB and center of mass velocity, and by expanding in a small parameter ɛ that measures the smallness of ∇B terms compared to a dominant term retained. A partial numerical solution is presented and discussed for the limit in which ɛ is much less than β=(ion pressure/magnetic pressure). In addition, a simple technique is presented whereby the steady state equations can be approximately extended to cases in whichT≳Ti for arbitrary ɛ/β.
Solventless Deasphalting: Selective Sulfonation Chemistry of Petroleum Asphaltenes and Resids

Asphaltenes are the lowest value component of petroleum. They are found in a variety of crude oils and in higher concentrations in resids and bitumens. Petroleum resid is the non-volatile fraction of crude oil or bitumen after distillation. Current disposition of the asphaltenes is high-temperature thermal chemistry to form higher value liquids and coke or as feedstock for asphalt. Asphaltenes are separated from a resid by a commercial process called solvent deasphalting. Deasphalting is accomplished by treating a resid with a hydrocarbon solvent (propane or butane commercially and pentane−heptane in the lab), and the asphaltenes precipitate out of solution. The rest of the resid is soluble, and this is called the deasphalted oil (DAO). The DAO is recovered by evaporation of the solvent. The DAO is higher value than the original resid, and it is used as residual sulfur fuel oil (RSFO) and, in some cases, as a feedstock for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) to form higher value liquids. Asphaltenes are compos...
Differentiation of human malignant melanoma cells that escape apoptosis after treatment with 9-nitrocamptothecin in vitro.

After in-vitro exposure to 0.05 µmol/L 9-nitrocamptothecin (9NC) for periods of time longer than 5 days, 65% to 80% of the human malignant melanoma SB1B cells die by apoptosis, whereas the remaining cells are arrested at the G2-phase of the cell cycle. Upon discontinuation of exposure to 9NC the G2-arrested cells resume cell cycling or remain arrested depending on the duration of 9NC exposure. In contrast to cycling malignant cells, the cells irreversibly arrested at G2 exhibit features of normal-like cells, the melanocytes, as assessed by the appearance of dendrite-like structures; loss of proliferative activity; synthesis of the characteristic pigment, melanin; and, particularly, loss of tumorigenic ability after xenografting in immunodeficient mice. Further, the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 is upregulated in the 9NC-treated, G2-arrested, but downregulated in density G1-arrested cells, whereas the reverse is observed in the expression of another cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21. These results suggest that malignant melanoma SB1B cells that escape 9NC-induced death by apoptosis undergo differentiation toward nonmalignant, normal-like cells.
Style and the new journalism: A rhetorical analysis of Tom Wolfe

This study analyzes the rhetorical appeal of Tom Wolfe. It argues that Wolfe's essays represent a non‐linear, oral‐sounding rhetoric that stylistically emulates television. The result is an exciting, immediate, but still credible “televisionic” journalism. Wolfe secures this unique rhetorical form through his use of the four stylistic devices associated with New Journalism—third‐person point of view, scene‐by‐scene construction, extensive dialogue, and recording of status‐life symbols—and through his particular employment of punctuation and typography, language and syntax, and organization. All contribute to the realism of Wolfe's prose—a realism sustained by a linguistic style that rejects many of the time‐honored rules and constraints of conventional journalism. Wolfe's work is part of a reportorial revolution which seeks to transform journalism from a craft to an art, thus allowing the writer to compete rhetorically with such popular mass audience persuaders as television.
Generalization Of The Ronchi Ruling Method For Measuring Gaussian Beam Diameter

A method is described for determining the diameter of a Gaussian beam by measuring the light reflected as the beam scans an "opaque Ronchi ruling" consisting of dark bars on a light background. The effects of unequal bar/space widths are included.