cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection of iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms: a prospective analysis.

An adverse consequence of the use of the femoral artery for the endovascular evaluation and treatment of arterial disease is the increased incidence of iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms. Although surgical repair has traditionally been used to treat such aneurysms, less invasive modalities have emerged. The purpose of this study is to prospectively evaluate ultrasound-guided thrombin injection (UGTI) for the treatment of iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms. A treatment protocol was approved and 30 stable patients (21 female; age range 43-85 years; mean 67 years) were prospectively enrolled from December 1997 through June 1999 to undergo UGTI on 30 iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms. Pseudoaneurysms occurred after cardiac intervention (n = 22, 73%), peripheral intervention (n = 7, 23%), and after a femoral line placement (n = 1, 3%). They ranged in size from one to 5 cm with a time interval from intervention until UGTI of one to 132 days (median 3 days). Eleven patients (37%) were systematically anticoagulated at the time of UGTI. All pseudoaneurysms were treated using sterile technique and local anesthesia with ultrasound-guided injection via a 20-gauge spinal needle of 0.1 to 2 cm 3 (median 0.6 cm 3 ) of 1000 units/cm 3 topical thrombin solution administered by one of six physicians. A period of bedrest for 4 to 6 hours after injection was followed by repeat groin duplex scan at 24 hours and a clinical follow-up at 30 days. There were no procedural deaths or nonvascular complications. Twenty-seven (90%) UGTIs resulted in successful pseudoaneurysm ablation with no recurrences at 24 hours or 30 days. Two (7%) UGTIs failed and one (3%) femoral artery embolic complication occurred; all were successfully treated with surgery. Success appeared to be independent of anticoagulation status, pseudoaneurysm age, size, or operator experience. We conclude that UGTI is a safe, easy, well-tolerated and effective noninvasive method for treatment of iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms and should be considered in all stable patients before operative repair.
Patterns of Ninety-Day Readmissions Following Total Joint Replacement in a Bundled Payment Initiative.

Abstract Background Alternative payment models aim to improve quality and decrease costs associated with total joint replacement. Postoperative readmissions within 90 days are of interest to clinicians and administrators as there is no additional reimbursement beyond the episode bundled payment target price. The aim of this study is to improve the understanding of the patterns of readmission which would better guide perioperative patient management affecting readmissions. We hypothesize that readmissions have different timing, location, and patient health profile patterns based on whether the readmission is related to a medical or surgical diagnosis. Methods A retrospective cohort of 80 readmissions out of 1412 total joint replacement patients reimbursed through a bundled payment plan was analyzed. Patients were grouped by readmission diagnosis (surgical or medical) and the main variables analyzed were time to readmission, location of readmission, and baseline Perioperative Orthopaedic Surgical Home and American Society of Anesthesiologists scores capturing pre-existing state of health. Nonparametric tests and multivariable regressions were used to test associations. Results Surgical readmissions occurred earlier than medical readmissions (mean 18 vs 33 days, P = .011), and were more likely to occur at the hospital where the surgery was performed ( P = .035). Perioperative Orthopaedic Surgical Home and American Society of Anesthesiologists scores did not predict medical vs surgical readmissions ( P = .466 and .879) after adjusting for confounding variables. Conclusion Readmissions appear to follow different patterns depending on whether they are surgical or medical. Surgical readmissions occur earlier than medical readmissions, and more often at the hospital where the surgery was performed. The results of this study suggest that these 2 types of readmissions have different patterns with different implications toward perioperative care and follow-up after total joint replacement.
Pre-approval Access Terminology: A Cause for Confusion and a Danger to Patients.

Background:Patients who are seriously ill and have run out of available treatment options may seek access to investigational agents that have not yet been fully vetted by regulatory agencies for sa...
Variance Estimation for Statistics Computed from Spatial Lattice Data

SUMMARY A statistic s( ) is computed on spatially indexed data {X,: i e D}, where D is a finite subset of the integer lattice 22. We propose a method for estimating the variance (and other moments) of s( ) by using only the data. The set D may be irregularly shaped, the statistic s( ) may be arbitrarily complicated and no distributional assumptions (marginal or joint) are necessary. The method uses the statistic computed on overlapping 'subshapes' of D as replicates of s( ). The estimator is simply the sample variance of the (standardized) replicates. We demonstrate C2-consistency of the estimator (under mild conditions on s( ) and the strength of spatial dependence). A rate of convergence is also given, giving guidance into the appropriate choice of subshape size, and the estimator is illustrated in two data examples.
Is the lionfish invasion waning? Evidence from The Bahamas

Indo-Pacific lionfishes (Pterois volitans/miles) have undergone rapid population growth and reached extremely high densities in parts of the invaded Atlantic. However, their long-term population trends in areas without active management programs are unknown. Since 2005, we have monitored lionfish abundance in the Exuma Cays of the central Bahamas on 64 reefs ranging in size from 1 to 4000 m2. Lionfish densities increased from the first sighting in 2005 through 2009, leveled off between 2010 and 2011, and then began to decrease. By 2015, densities had noticeably declined on most of these reefs, despite a lack of culling or fishing efforts in this part of The Bahamas. There was no consistent change in lionfish size structure through time. We discuss possible causes of the decline, including reductions in larval supply or survival, hurricanes, interactions with native species, and intraspecific interactions. Further studies are required to determine whether the declines will persist. In the meantime, we recommend that managers continue efforts to control invasive lionfish abundances locally.
Long-Face Dentofacial Deformities: Occlusion and Facial Esthetic Surgical Outcomes.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to document malocclusion and facial dysmorphology in a series of patients with long face (LF) and chronic obstructive nasal breathing before treatment and the outcomes after bimaxillary orthognathic, osseous genioplasty, and intranasal surgery. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study of patients with LF undergoing bimaxillary, chin, and intranasal (septoplasty and inferior turbinate reduction) surgery was implemented. Predictor variables were grouped into demographic, anatomic, operative, and longitudinal follow-up categories. Primary outcome variables were the initial postoperative occlusion achieved (T2; 5 weeks after surgery) and the occulsion maintained long-term (>2 years after surgery). Six key occlusion parameters were assessed: overjet, overbite, coincidence of dental midlines, canine Angle classification, and molar vertical and transverse positions. The second outcome variable was the facial esthetic results. Photographs in 6 views were analyzed to document 7 facial contour characteristics. Results Seventy-eight patients met the inclusion criteria. Average age at surgery was 24 years (range, 13 to 54 yr). The study included 53 female patients (68%). Findings confirmed that occlusion after initial surgical healing (T2) met the objectives for all parameters in 97% of patients (76 of 78). Most (68 of 78; 87%) maintained a favorable anterior and posterior occlusion for each parameter studied long-term (mean, 5 years 5 months). Facial contour deformities at presentation included prominent nose (63%), flat cheekbones (96%), flat midface (96%), weak chin (91%), obtuse neck-to-chin angle (56%), wide lip separation (95%), and excess maxillary dental show (99%). Correction of all pretreatment facial contour deformities was confirmed in 92% of patients after surgery. Long face patients with higher preoperative body mass index levels were more likely to have residual facial dysmorphology after surgery (P = .0009). Conclusion Using orthognathic surgery techniques, patients with LF dentofacial deformity achieved the planned occlusion and most maintained the corrected occlusion long-term. In unoperated patients with LF, a “facial esthetic type” was identified. Orthognathic surgery proved effective in correcting associated facial dysmorphology in most patients.
Secondary surgical resection for patients with recurrent uterine leiomyosarcoma

Abstract Objectives To assess outcomes after secondary surgical resection in patients with recurrent uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS). Methods We retrospectively identified all patients who had no evidence of disease after initial surgery for uLMS, who underwent surgery for a first recurrence at our institution between 1/1991 and 10/2013. We excluded patients who received any therapy for recurrence prior to secondary resection, and patients who underwent surgery soon after morcellation [of presumed benign fibroids] showed widespread disease. Overall survival (OS) was determined from time of first recurrence to death or last follow-up. Results We identified 62 patients: 29 with abdominal/pelvic recurrence only, 30 with lung recurrence only, 3 with both. Median time to first recurrence was 18 months (95% CI: 13.3–23.3): 15.8 months (95% CI: 13.0–18.6) abdominal/pelvic recurrence; 24.1 months (95% CI: 14.5–33.7) lung-only recurrence (p = 0.03). Median OS was 37.7 months (95% CI: 25.9–49.6) abdominal/pelvic recurrence; 78.1 months (95% CI: 44.8–11.4) lung recurrence (p = 0.02). Complete gross resection (CGR) was achieved in 58 cases (93%), with gross residual ≤1 cm in 2 (3.5%) and >1 cm in 2 (3.5%). Median OS based on residual disease was 54.1 months (95% CI: 24.9–83.3), 38.7 months (95% CI: NE), 1.7 months (95% CI: NE), respectively (p Conclusions Secondary surgical resection of recurrent uLMS is reasonable in patients with a high probability of achieving CGR. Lung-only recurrences were associated with more favorable outcome. Following CGR, additional therapy may not offer benefit.
Narrative visualization of the outcomes of Federal investments in research

We offer here a narrative visualization entitled: Technology hot spots and the Office of Science and position its contribution within discussion of novel forms of communicating research results as an aid to maximizing use of research evaluation. In this study, patent co-citation analysis was used to systematically identify emerging high impact technologies in the US technology ecosystem and then to establish that Office of Science of the US Department of Energy (DOE) funds research that underpins these technology “hot spots.” We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this novel form of communicating evaluation results based our experience.
Asymmetry in STT-RAM Cell Operations

Spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) has emerged as a promising technology to replace SRAM and DRAM in embedded memory applications. In STT-RAM, the data are stored in a magnetic device (magnetic tunneling junction or MTJ) as different resistance states. The unique data storage mechanism of STT-RAM introduces the different design optimization concerns from conventional memories. As one important characteristic, programming “1” and “0” into an STT-RAM cell is very asymmetric in terms of performance, power, and reliability. In this chapter, we will review this asymmetry and analyze its sources. The impacts of this asymmetry on the STT-RAM cell optimization will be also discussed, followed by the introduction on a model to simulate the STT-RAM cell asymmetry.
Long-term vegetation response following post-fire straw mulching

Straw mulching is one of the most common treatments applied immediately post fire to reduce soil erosion potential and mitigate post-fire effects on water quality, downstream property, and infrastructure, but little is known about the long-term effects on vegetation response. We sampled six fires that were mulched between 9 and 13 years ago in western US dry conifer forests. We compared understory plant species diversity and abundance, tree seedling density and height by species, and fractional ground cover on mulched and unmulched paired plots. Mulch did not influence understory plant diversity, species richness, or fractional ground cover. However, on mulched plots, tree seedlings grew taller faster, especially on north-facing aspects, and there was slightly more graminoid cover. Mulch did not affect overall tree seedling density, but there were fewer ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson) and more Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) in mulched areas, especially on south-facing slopes. Managers will be able to weigh the long-term implications of mulching against the short-term reductions in soil erosion potential. While there are many concerns about vegetation suppression and exotic species introduction from using straw mulch, our study suggests that the long-term effects are subtle 9 to 13 years after post-fire mulching.
Health System Implementation of a Tobacco Quitline eReferral.

Background Proactive referrals through electronic orders (eReferrals) can increase patient connection with tobacco quitlines. More information is needed on “real-world” implementation of electronic health record tools to promote tobacco cessation while minimizing provider burden. Objectives This paper examines the health system implementation of an eReferral to a tobacco quitline without best practice alerts in primary care, specialty, and hospital settings in an academic health system. Methods This is a prospective implementation study of a health system tobacco eReferral to a state quitline that was completed with an approach to minimize provider cognitive burden. Data are drawn from electronic health record data at University of California, Davis Health Systems (March 2013–February 2016). Results Over 3 years, 16,083 encounters with smokers resulted in 1,137 eReferral orders (7.1%). Treatment reach was 1.6% for quitline services and 2.3% for outpatient group classes. While the group classes were offered to outpatient smokers, the eReferral order was included in an outpatient order set and eventually an automated inpatient discharge order set; no provider alerts were implemented. Referrals were sustained and doubled after inpatient order set implementation. Among all first time eReferral patients, 12.2% had a 6 to 12 month follow-up visit at which they were documented as nonsmoking. Conclusion This study demonstrates a quitline eReferral order can be successfully implemented and sustained with minimal promotion, without provider alerts and in conjunction with group classes. Reach and effectiveness were similar to previously described literature.
Effect of time to surgery on outcomes in stage I esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Background There are limited data on the safe interval from diagnosis to surgery in patients with stage I esophageal adenocarcinoma. We hypothesized that increased time to surgery would be associated with worse survival and increased nodal upstaging. Methods The National Cancer Database was used to identify patients with cT1N0M0 esophageal adenocarcinoma (2004-2015) who underwent esophagectomy without induction therapy. The primary outcome was survival, and the secondary outcomes were the rate of margin-positive resection and pathologic nodal upstaging. Time to surgery was modeled as a categoric variable, dividing patients into quartiles (Q1-4), and as a continuous variable using piecewise linear splines centered on 50 and 100 days. Results A total of 2495 patients met study criteria. When examined in quartiles, there was no difference in survival between groups based on time to surgery in both unadjusted and multivariable analyses. As a continuous variable, increasing time to surgery less than 50 days was associated with improved survival (hazard ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.00), and time to surgery greater than 100 days was associated with worse survival (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.01) and increased margin-positive resection (odds ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.02). Treatment at a high-volume center, government insurance, and diagnosis and treatment at different centers were associated with surgery beyond 100 days. Conclusions Increasing time to surgery greater than 100 days is associated with worse outcomes in patients with stage I esophageal adenocarcinoma. In this patient population, esophagectomy should be offered as soon as safely possible.
Pathogenic T cell cytokines in multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is believed to have an autoimmune etiology. As MS is the most common nontraumatic disease that causes disability in young adults, extensive research has been devoted to identifying therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the current understanding derived from studies of patients with MS and animal models of how specific cytokines produced by autoreactive CD4 T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. Defining the roles of these cytokines will lead to a better understanding of the potential of cytokine-based therapies for patients with MS.
Differential kinetics of nitrogen oxides reduction leads to elevated nitrous oxide production by a nitrite fed granular denitrifying EBPR bioreactor

Denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating organisms (DPAOs) are capable of nitrate (NO3−) and/or nitrite (NO2−) reduction coupled to phosphorus (P) uptake when subjected to alternating anaerobic/anoxic conditions. However, accumulation of the denitrification intermediate nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, has been previously observed in DPAO enrichments. To date, denitrification capability and denitrifying P uptake rates of DPAOs using different electron acceptors (NO3−, NO2−, and N2O) after long-term exposure and adaptation to elevated concentrations of NO2− characteristic of shortcut N removal systems have not been examined. To address this knowledge gap, we operated a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor under alternating anaerobic/anoxic conditions with high NO2− feed for over a year to obtain an enrichment of “Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis” capable of denitrifying P uptake. Ex situ batch assays were performed to clarify capacity for reduction of various nitrogen oxides and simultaneous P uptake by the DPAO enrichment culture under both decoupled (internal COD as electron donor) and coupled (external COD as electron donor) feeding conditions. These batch assays revealed distinct nitrogen oxides reduction and denitrifying P uptake capabilities, with significantly elevated kinetics when NO2− was supplied as the electron acceptor for P uptake. Surprisingly, N2O reduction was extremely slow when only internal storage polymers were present as an electron donor (decoupled feeding), as is typical for PAOs in practical enhanced biological P removal processes. This pattern held when N2O was the sole electron acceptor supplied, and when N2O was supplied with NO3− or NO2−. We documented a particularly strong propensity for N2O accumulation in the presence of NO2− under both decoupled and coupled scenarios. The formation of granular microbial aggregates in the reactor was observed without intentional granule selection. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed selective enrichment of putative DPAOs in large granular biomass. qPCR-based profiling of denitrification functional genes demonstrated that smaller floccular aggregates had higher genomic potential for N2O production, while large granular aggregates likely played a role as a putative sink for N2O.
Do U.S. Bank Holding Companies Substitute Operational Hedging for Financial Hedging

Risk management in the banking industry occasionally comes into the public spotlight due to events such as the recent financial crisis. Knowledge of bank risk management strategies aids regulators and investors in determining which strategies pose the greatest risk. While derivative use as a bank risk management strategy has been studied, we find only one study examining the linkage between derivative use (financial hedging) and operational hedging. This analysis limits operational hedging to merger and acquisitions activity. Our study uses broader measures of operational hedging. Specifically we examine diversification in the operational areas of non-interest income (NII), loan portfolio composition, and geographic location. We find NII diversification is an operational hedge and is used as a substitute for financial hedging. While loan diversification is not an operational hedge, its relationship to financial hedging depends upon whether the bank holding company (BHC) uses derivatives for trading or for purposes other than trading. Geographic diversification is an operational hedge and its relationship with respect to financial hedging also is contingent upon the type of derivatives (trading or non-trading) used by BHCs.
Screening and Surveillance

Within the context of typical development, it is not unusual for a child to show a slight delay in reaching a developmental milestone. Healthcare providers and parents may adopt a wait-and-see approach for some delays with little consequence to the child’s outcome. In the case of early signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that often manifest as developmental delays, however, acting early to evaluate the child’s development and provide early intervention is key to better outcomes. Early identification is defined as having a comprehensive developmental evaluation of possible ASD symptoms no later than age 3, but a growing body of research has shown identification can be accurate and stable at younger ages. Navigating the differences between minor delays and signs of ASD is best conducted by combining forces between parents and health or other early childhood care providers using both ASD screening and developmental surveillance. This chapter outlines guidelines and resources for both screening and surveillance from professional organizations, ASD researchers, and healthcare agencies.
A comparison of the embedding method with multiparametric programming, mixed-integer programming, gradient-descent, and hybrid minimum principle-based methods

In recent years, the embedding approach for solving switched optimal control problems has been developed in a series of papers. However, the embedding approach, which advantageously converts the hybrid optimal control problem to a classical nonlinear optimization, has not been extensively compared with alternative solution approaches. The goal of this paper is thus to compare the embedding approach with multiparametric programming, mixed-integer programming [mixed integer programming (MIP), commercial (CPLEX)], and gradient-descent-based methods in the context of five recently published examples: 1) a spring-mass system; 2) moving-target tracking for a mobile robot; 3) two-tank filling; dc-dc boost converter; and 5) skid-steered vehicle. A sixth example, an autonomous switched 11-region linear system, is used to compare a hybrid minimum principle method and traditional numerical programming. For a given performance index (PI) for each case, cost and solution times are presented. It is shown that there are numerical advantages of the embedding approach: lower PI cost (except in some instances when autonomous switches are present), generally faster solution time, and convergence to a solution when other methods may fail. In addition, the embedding method requires no ad hoc assumptions (e.g., predetermined mode sequences) or specialized control models. Theoretical advantages of the embedding approach over the other methods are also described; guaranteed existence of a solution under mild conditions, convexity of the embedded hybrid optimization problem (under the customary conditions on the PI), solvability with traditional techniques (e.g., sequential quadratic programming) avoiding the combinatorial complexity in the number of modes/discrete variables of MIP, applicability to affine nonlinear systems, and no need to explicitly assign discrete/mode variables to autonomous switches. Finally, common misconceptions regarding the embedding approach are addressed, including whether it uses an average value control model (no), whether it is necessary to tweak the algorithm to obtain bang-bang solutions (no), whether it requires infinite switching to implement embedded solution (no), and whether it has real-time capability (yes).
Factors associated with utilization of emotion and personality instruments among neuropsychologists.

Historically, assessment of emotion and personality functioning was not emphasized by clinical neuropsychologists, who instead focused almost exclusively on the evaluation of cognitive functioning....
Cowboys of the Sea: Pirates as Desirous Malcontents, but Not Really:

This autoethnographic piece served as the introduction of the panel on “cowboys and pirates” at the International Congress on Qualitative Inquiry (2018) to which many of these papers in part, and w...
The Role of Telepsychiatry

You are working a busy Friday night in your suburban emergency department (ED), and there has been an unusually high volume of patients presenting with psychiatric complaints this evening. As they are placed into rooms and medically assessed, an increasing number of beds in the department are not turning over as these patients wait for psychiatric consultations; there is no on-call psychiatrist at your hospital. As the night progresses, patients in the waiting room become upset about the wait time, anxious patients grow restless in the noisy environment, and the ED staff begins to feel the rising level of stress. Fortunately, the charge nurse remembers that the ED has recently launched a new telepsychiatry program. She retrieves a mobile telehealth unit comprised of a monitor and camera, and wheels it into a patient’s room. Within 10 minutes, the patient is speaking to a board-certified psychiatrist via a secure two-way video connection. The psychiatrist later calls you to discuss the case, give medication recommendations, inform you that the patient requires inpatient admission, and tells you that she will begin the process of finding a bed at an appropriate facility. The mobile unit is wheeled into the next patient’s room, and the process is repeated.
Caring for Pediatric Patients After Gun Violence

Gun violence is an incredibly disruptive trauma, tearing tissue, destroying organs, stressing families, and upending developmental and psychosocial progress. Care for a child or adolescent after gun violence tends to the physical, developmental, behavioral, and psychosocial needs of the injured patient, as well as those of the family and the community who will support that patient but may also themselves be secondary trauma victims. Physical needs vary based on injury characteristics, including location, severity, sequela, dependence on assistive devices, pain experience, the patient’s premorbid condition, and developmental stage. Psychosocial considerations are also diverse and particularly influenced by the intent and circumstances of the gun violence as well as individual and environmental characteristics, including prior traumas, supports, stressors, resilience, and resources. In the ambulatory setting, the treating physician can optimize short- and long-term outcomes with careful assessment of the patient’s comprehensive needs, facilitation of collaboration among the patient’s multidisciplinary support team, assistance with social services, and ongoing communication with both patient and family.
Assessing the relative contribution of vision to odometry via manipulations of gait in an over-ground homing task

The visual, vestibular, and haptic perceptual systems are each able to detect self-motion. Such information can be integrated during locomotion to perceive traversed distances. The process of distance integration is referred to as odometry. Visual odometry relies on information in optic flow patterns. For haptic odometry, such information is associated with leg movement patterns. Recently, it has been shown that haptic odometry is differently calibrated for different types of gaits. Here, we use this fact to examine the relative contributions of the perceptual systems to odometry. We studied a simple homing task in which participants travelled set distances away from an initial starting location (outbound phase), before turning and attempting to walk back to that location (inbound phase). We manipulated whether outbound gait was a walk or a gallop-walk. We also manipulated the outbound availability of optic flow. Inbound reports were performed via walking with eyes closed. Consistent with previous studies of haptic odometry, inbound reports were shorter when the outbound gait was a gallop-walk. We showed that the availability of optic flow decreased this effect. In contrast, the availability of optic flow did not have an observable effect when the outbound gait was walking. We interpreted this to suggest that visual odometry and haptic odometry via walking are similarly calibrated. By measuring the decrease in shortening in the gallop-walk condition, and scaling it relative to the walk condition, we estimated a relative contribution of optic flow to odometry of 41%. Our results present a proof of concept for a new, potentially more generalizable, method for examining the contributions of different perceptual systems to odometry, and by extension, path integration. We discuss implications for understanding human wayfinding.
Neuroimaging markers of adolescent depression in the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) study

Abstract Background Adolescents are at increased risk of developing major depressive disorder (MDD) than many other age groups. Although the neural correlates of MDD in adults have been studied prospectively, such adolescent depression studies are mainly cross-sectional. We extracted data regarding the relationship between cortical thickness and later development of adolescent MDD from a national community study that uses an accelerated longitudinal design to examine the psychological, environmental, and neural differences related to drinking and brain development. Methods 692 subjects (age 12–21 years; 50% female) without a history of MDD were assessed with structural neuroimaging at baseline. We compared those 101 subjects who transitioned to MDD by 1-year follow-up to those who remained non-depressed over the same time period. FreeSurfer's autosegmentation process estimated vertex-wide cortical thicknesses and its Query, Design, Estimate, Contrast (Qdec) application investigated cortical thickness between those who later developed MDD and those who remained without MDD (Monte Carlo corrected for multiple comparisons, vertex-wise cluster threshold of 1.3, p Results Those who transitioned in the next year to MDD had, at baseline, thinner cortices in the superior frontal cortex, precentral and postcentral regions, and superior temporal cortex, above and beyond effects attributable to age and sex. No cortical thickness sex differences or sex-by-depression interactions were observed. Limitations A larger sample size could improve statistical power and future investigations will be needed to confirm our results. Conclusions Thinner cortices over frontal and temporal regions may be linked to enhanced vulnerability for future depression during the adolescent–young adulthood transition.
Transcription factor enrichment analysis (TFEA) quantifies the activity of multiple transcription factors from a single experiment.

Detecting changes in the activity of a transcription factor (TF) in response to a perturbation provides insights into the underlying cellular process. Transcription Factor Enrichment Analysis (TFEA) is a robust and reliable computational method that detects positional motif enrichment associated with changes in transcription observed in response to a perturbation. TFEA detects positional motif enrichment within a list of ranked regions of interest (ROIs), typically sites of RNA polymerase initiation inferred from regulatory data such as nascent transcription. Therefore, we also introduce muMerge, a statistically principled method of generating a consensus list of ROIs from multiple replicates and conditions. TFEA is broadly applicable to data that informs on transcriptional regulation including nascent transcription (eg. PRO-Seq), CAGE, histone ChIP-Seq, and accessibility data (e.g., ATAC-Seq). TFEA not only identifies the key regulators responding to a perturbation, but also temporally unravels regulatory networks with time series data. Consequently, TFEA serves as a hypothesis-generating tool that provides an easy, rigorous, and cost-effective means to broadly assess TF activity yielding new biological insights. Rubin et al. introduce transcription factor enrichment analysis (TFEA), a new motif enrichment method specifically aimed at maximizing the informative nature of differential RNA polymerase initiation data. It provides an easy, rigorous, and cost-effective analysis aimed at deciphering the temporal and mechanistic details of complex regulatory networks.
Comparing MRI and CT machine accessibility among urban and rural county hospitals.

BACKGROUND In 2019, Navigant Healthcare published research showing that 1 in 5 rural hospitals in Minnesota are at risk of closing as they are not financially sustainable. With 26.7% of Minnesota's population being rural, this is particularly worrisome. A substantial cost to rural hospitals is affording the installation, maintenance and operation of Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines. In light of the serious pressures on rural hospitals, the aim of this paper is to investigate if a disparity exists in MRI and CT machine accessibility among Minnesota's urban and rural county hospitals. DESIGN AND METHODS Hospitals of Minnesota were contacted and asked how many MRI and CT machines they carried at their facility. This information was compiled in an excel sheet and cross referenced to the county it resided along with the counties: population, rural-urban commuting area (RUCA) classification and land area in square mileage. RESULTS It was found that the state of Minnesota compared well to the national average in terms of persons and square mileage per MRI and CT machine. When comparing counties of Minnesota by their RUCA classification, a disparity is found in rural counties with regards to square mileage per CT and MRI machine. CONCLUSIONS With distance for service creating a barrier to accessibility, rural county residents would benefit from more in-hospital MRI and CT machines. With these findings, it is pertinent further research is conducted to investigate the potential vulnerability of other rural populations with regards to accessibility to radiologic resources.
Learning to Trade and Mediate

In this paper we study the behavior of boundedly rational agents in a two good economy where trading is costly with respect to time. All individuals have a fixed time budget and may spend time for the production of good one, the production of good two and trading. They update their strategies, which determine their time allocation, according to a simple imitation type learning rule with noise. In a setup with two different type of agents with different production technologies we show by the means of simulations that both direct trade and trade via mediators who specialize in trading can emerge. We can also observe the transition from a pure production economy via direct trade to an economy with mediated trade.
Synthesis of Data on the Local Interstellar Medium

While no completely definitie picture of the local interstellar medium can be presented yet, some general conclusions can be drawn. New UV results are collated with published results to help state the physical properties of the gas. A morphological view of the local medium is given.
Common factors among Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and epilepsy: Possible role of the noradrenergic nervous system

The neurodegenerative disorders Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) share in common the neuropathologic loss of locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons. In addition, these two neurodegenerative disorders share two symptoms that define these disorders: cognitive impairment and depression. The hippocampus is a region that is known to play a role in cognition and depression, and the hippocampus receives sole noradrenergic innervation from LC neurons. However, it is unclear how the loss of LC noradrenergic neurons contributes to these common symptoms in these two disorders. Epilepsy is not considered a neurodegenerative disorder, but the hippocampus is severely affected in temporal lobe epilepsy. Of interest, cognitive impairment and depression are also common comorbid disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy. This article describes common symptoms among these three neurologic disorders and a possible role of the noradrenergic nervous system.
Current Problems in Polar-Cap Absorption

Polar-cap absorption was first recognized as a distinct ionospheric phenomenon after the great cosmic-ray flare of 23 February 1956 and the somewhat less dramatic proton flares that followed during the early part of the International Geophysical Year (Bailey, 1957; Bailey, 1959; Reid and Collins, 1959; Hultqvist and Ortner, 1959; Reid and Leinbach, 1959). During the intervening 12 years or so, a large amount has been learned about its characteristics, and this knowledge has contributed in a significant way to our understanding of solar-terrestrial physics. This paper will outline some of the more important features of PCA, describe a few areas in which our understanding is still far from adequate, and comment on ways in which coordinated satellite and ground-based observations can contribute.
Critical Communication History| Why is "Ether" in Ethernet?

An interpretive analysis of discourse by physicists in the mid- to late 19th century and electrical engineers in the mid- to late 20th century identifies cognitive and normative dimensions of the "ether" metaphor in relation to Ethernet, a standard for local area networks and a founding infrastructure for the Internet. This analysis reveals contradictions between idealized representations of information networks and the methods used to capitalize on these networks. In so doing, the research demonstrates how the use of metaphor ascribes meaning to emerging technologies in ways that function differently during the development and commercialization phases. This article concludes by asserting the utility of a comparative framework for the analysis of discourse before and after a technology enters the marketplace. Keywords: networks, historiography, Internet, metaphor, Ethernet, ether, information
LSC 2013 abstract - NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2) is expressed in alveolar macrophages of emphysematous patients and prevents elastase-induced emphysema through the involvement of MMP9/TIMP1 gene expression

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are mainly generated by NADPH oxidase, are known to participate in the pathogenesis of emphysema. There is evidence that NOX2, an isoform expressed in inflammatory cells and NOX1, detected in alveolar epithelial cells, contribute in the development of emphysema, but their specific role needs to be elucidated. To determine whether NOX2 and NOX1 are involved in human emphysema, their expressions were studied by immunohistochemistry in lungs of emphysematous patients. In addition, we investigated the contribution of NOX2 and NOX1 in elastase-induced emphysema using NOX2- and NOX1-deficient mice.NOX2 was mainly detected in alveolar macrophages of healthy and emphysematous lungs and NOX1 was present in alveolar epithelium and bronchial cells. Furthermore, elastase exposure increased NOX2 and NOX1 mRNA expression in mouse lungs. In parallel, elastase-induced alveolar airspace enlargement was prevented in NOX2-deficient mice but not in NOX1-deficient mice. NOX2 deficiency led to accumulation of apoptotic neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage after elastase instillation and the level of Il-6 and TNFa levels was identical between NOX2-deficient and WT mice under elastase; suggesting impaired clearance by macrophages. Furthermore, NOX2 deficiency reduced elastase-induced ROS production in particular in macrophages and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 gene expression but not MMP-2. Finally, these results demonstrate that NOX2 is involved in elastase-induced emphysema through the involvement of MMP9/TIMP1 gene expression.
Endocytosis of soluble immune complexes leads to their clearance by FcγRIIIB but induces neutrophil extracellular traps via FcγRIIA in vivo.

Soluble immune complexes (ICs) are abundant in autoimmune diseases, yet neutrophil responses to these soluble humoral factors remain uncharacterized. Moreover, the individual role of the uniquely human FcγRIIA and glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)–linked FcγRIIIB in IC-mediated inflammation is still debated. Here we exploited mice and cell lines expressing these human neutrophil FcγRs to demonstrate that FcγRIIIB alone, in the absence of its known signaling partners FcγRIIA and the integrin Mac-1, internalizes soluble ICs through a mechanism used by GPI-anchored receptors and fluid-phase endocytosis. FcγRIIA also uses this pathway. As shown by intravital microscopy, FcγRIIA but not FcγRIIIB-mediated neutrophil interactions with extravascular soluble ICs results in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in tissues. Unexpectedly, in wild-type mice, IC-induced NETosis does not rely on the NADPH oxidase, myeloperoxidase, or neutrophil elastase. In the context of soluble ICs present primarily within vessels, FcγRIIIB-mediated neutrophil recruitment requires Mac-1 and is associated with the removal of intravascular IC deposits. Collectively, our studies assign a new role for FcγRIIIB in the removal of soluble ICs within the vasculature that may serve to maintain homeostasis, whereas FcγRIIA engagement of tissue soluble ICs generates NETs, a proinflammatory process linked to autoimmunity.
False belief in the Theaetetus

1. It is often supposed that Plato regards knowledge as some kind of acquaintance, so that knowing consists in some sort of grasping or hitting, the only altemative to which is not hitting, or missing. Knowledge is an all or nothing, hit or miss affair. It is also often assumed that this model of knowledge underlies or explains Plato's supposed inability to accommodate false belief in dialogues prior to the Sophist. Either one "hits" what one is talking about, and so has knowledge, not false belief; or else one fails to grasp, and so has said nothing, and hence again does not have false belief.' A major source of evidence adduced in support of this view is the Theaetetus' discussion of false belief. That discussion ends at an impasse, and it is often alleged that Plato fails to explain in what false belief consists because of an underlying acquaintance model.2 With this claim I shall not quarrel. I shall argue, however, that Plato is not committed to the underlying acquaintance model that occurs here. Rather, he uses it to buttress Theaetetus' suggestion, presented just before the discussion of false belief (at 187b), that knowledge is true belief. When, at the end of the discussion, Socrates rejects Theaetetus' suggestion (20la-c), he also rejects the acquaintance model that had made Theaetetus' suggestion look plausible and that also precludes a satisfactory explanation of false belief. This strategy, in addition to freeing Plato from any commitment to the acquaintance model here, also shows that the discussion of false belief is not, as is usually supposed, an irrelevant digression, awkwardly sandwiched between Theaetetus' definition and its refutation.3 Rather, the discussion is an integral part of Plato's attack on that definition. I shall return to these general morals at the close of the paper. First, however, it is necessary to understand Socrates' general procedure. Socrates presents two puzzles designed to show that false belief is impossible, and three models that attempt, but fail, to overcome the puzzles. I shall here consider only the first puzzle, what I shall call K, and the first model of false belief, allodoxia or otherjudging.4 I argue first that K rests on a strong acquaintance view. I then argue that allodoxia is not defective in any of the ways usually proposed, but that it matches Plato's account of falsity in the Sophist. It fails here only because of its reliance on
Transcriptional regulatory elements stimulate recombination in extrachromosomal substrates carrying immunoglobulin switch-region sequences.

Abstract We have developed a sensitive genetic assay to analyze DNA sequences and regulatory elements required for immunoglobulin heavy chain isotype switch recombination. Recombination substrates containing mu and gamma 3 chain switch (S)-region sequences, S mu and S gamma 3, are transiently introduced into primary murine B cells cultured with lipopolysaccharide to induce isotype switching. Recombination involving S-region sequences deletes a conditionally lethal marker, the leftward promoter of phage lambda (lambda PL), enabling recovered plasmids to transform Escherichia coli. In substrates carrying S mu-lambda PL-S gamma 3, about 2% of replicated molecules undergo deletion of lambda PL during transfection; insertion of either the immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter and enhancer sequences or cytomegalovirus IE1 promoter region upstream of S mu increases recombination 10-fold or more to 25% of replicated molecules. Guanosine-rich S-region sequences are essential for efficient recombination of these substrates.
Correlation between vitreous pigment granules and retinal breaks in eyes with acute posterior vitreous detachment.

Abstract The authors prospectively studied 106 consecutive phakic eyes with acute posterior vitreous detachment to determine the correlation between anterior vitreous pigment granules and retinal breaks. Pigment granules were identified in 15 eyes (14.1%), all of which had either a flap or an operculated retinal break. A retinal tear was found in only one eye without pigment granules ( P = 0.000). Other factors demonstrating a statistically significant association with retinal breaks included grossly visible preretinal or vitreous blood ( P = 0.039) and male gender ( P = 0.000). In the absence of other ocular pathology, the presence of vitreous pigment granules identifies a very high-risk group of acute posterior vitreous detachment patients.
Spectroscopic Calibration of Modern Density Functional Methods Using [CuCl4]2-

Density functional theory has become a popular method for studying the electronic structure and potential energy surface properties of large molecules. Its accuracy has been extensively validated for organic and organometallic systems. However, this is not yet the case for classical inorganic compounds with biological importance. This study presents a systematic evaluation of modern DFT calculations using the spectroscopically well understood molecule [CuCl4]2-. The BP86 and B3LYP functionals with saturated basis sets give a ground-state bonding description that is too covalent, and the calculated ligand-field and ligand-to-metal charge transitions are shifted to higher and lower energies, respectively, relative to experiment. A spectroscopically adjusted hybrid DFT functional (B(38HF)P86) was optimized to match the ground-state experimental Cu spin density (0.62 ± 0.02e). This adjusted hybrid functional also gives an improved excited-state description with a rms error in transition energies of 1000 cm-1....