cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Argon Degassing Models of the Earth

THERE have been many attempts to model Ar degassing of the Earth. In one category1–6 models are implicitly coherent in regard to K and Ar; 40Ar which has been accumulating with parent K in the mantle is degassed when K enters the crust. I have discussed in detail the implications of such a model to the origin of the sialic crust elsewhere (refs 7 and 8 and D. W. S., to be published). The other major approach has been to treat Ar degassing according to a first order rate process; degassing rate is proportional to the content of 40Ar in the Earth at any time9–12.
Can tokamaks PFC survive a single event of any plasma instabilities

Abstract Plasma instability events such as disruptions, edge-localized modes (ELMs), runaway electrons (REs), and vertical displacement events (VDEs) are continued to be serious events and most limiting factors for successful tokamak reactor concept. The plasma-facing components (PFCs), e.g., wall, divertor, and limited surfaces of a tokamak as well as coolant structure materials are subjected to intense particle and heat loads and must maintain a clean and stable surface environment among them and the core/edge plasma. Typical ITER transient events parameters are used for assessing the damage from these four different instability events. HEIGHTS simulation showed that a single event of a disruption, giant ELM, VDE, or RE can cause significant surface erosion (melting and vaporization) damage to PFC, nearby components, and/or structural materials (VDE, RE) melting and possible burnout of coolant tubes that could result in shut down of reactor for extended repair time.
Neural differentiation in the OTT-6050 mouse teratoma: Enzymatic and immunofluorescence characterization of a tumor fraction showing melanogenesis in neuroepithelial cells

A pigmented tumor fraction, designated IB-9, obtained following cellular dissociation and elutriation procedures applied to the solid transplants of the OTT-6050 mouse teratoma cell line, was characterized enzymatically and by immunofluorescence for the presence of tyrosinase and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Enzymatic assays of the pigmented tumors were compared with those obtained on non-pigmented teratoma-derived tumors, on pigmented tumors obtained from the mouse melanoma B16 line as a control for tyrosinase activity, and on whole brains of adult 129/J mice as a control for TH activity.
Medical advice and diabetes self-management reported by Mexican-American, Black- and White-non-Hispanic adults across the United States

Background: Diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in the United States, particularly among minorities, and if improperly managed can lead to medical complications and death. Healthcare providers play vital roles in communicating standards of care, which include guidance on diabetes self-management. The background of the client may play a role in the patient-provider communication process. The aim of this study was to determine the association between medical advice and diabetes self care management behaviors for a nationally representative sample of adults with diabetes. Moreover, we sought to establish whether or not race/ethnicity was a modifier for reported medical advice received and diabetes self-management behaviors. Methods: We analyzed data from 654 adults aged 21 years and over with diagnosed diabetes [130 MexicanAmericans; 224 Black non-Hispanics; and, 300 White non-Hispanics] and an additional 161 with ‘undiagnosed diabetes’ [N = 815(171 MA, 281 BNH and 364 WNH)] who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2008. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate whether medical advice to engage in particular self-management behaviors (reduce fat or calories, increase physical activity or exercise, and control or lose weight) predicted actually engaging in the particular behavior and whether the impact of medical advice on engaging in the behavior differed by race/ethnicity. Additional analyses examined whether these relationships were maintained when other factors potentially related to engaging in diabetes self management such as participants’ diabetes education, sociodemographics and physical characteristics were controlled. Sample weights were used to account for the complex sample design. Results: Although medical advice to the patient is considered a standard of care for diabetes, approximately onethird of the sample reported not receiving dietary, weight management, or physical activity self-management advice. Participants who reported being given medical advice for each specific diabetes self-management behaviors were 4-8 times more likely to report performing the corresponding behaviors, independent of race. These results supported the ecological model with certain caveats. Conclusions: Providing standard medical advice appears to lead to diabetes self-management behaviors as reported by adults across the United States. Moreover, it does not appear that race/ethnicity influenced reporting performance of the standard diabetes self-management behavior. Longitudinal studies evaluating patient-provider communication, medical advice and diabetes self-management behaviors are needed to clarify our findings.
Formycin analogs. I. Model studies in the preparation of an isomer of formyein and related derivatives (s-triazolo[4,3-a] pyrazines)

The synthesis of a number of 8-substituted- and 3-methyl-8-substituted-.s-triazolo[4,3-a]-pyrazines as model molecules for an isomer of formyein (i.e., 8-amino-3-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-s-triazolo[4,3-a ]pyrazine (2)) and some of its derivatives (including aglycone) is reported. The C-8 subslituents include amino (3a and 4a), chloro (3b and 4b), hydroxy (as the 8-ones 8a and 9a), mercapto (as the 8-thiones 8c and 9c), hydroxylamino (3e and 4e), selenoxy (as the 8-selenones 8d and 9d), metlioxy (3g and 4g), and thiomethoxy (3h and 4h). Also described are 7-methyl-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-8(7H) one (8b) and its 3-methyl derivative (9b) together with imidazo[1,2-g]-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine (10a) and its 3-methyl derivative (10b). Complete spectral data for all of these molecules is presented.
The roles of predation, competition, and exploitation in the trophic dynamics of a warmwater stream: a model synthesis, analysis, and application

We developed a trophic dynamic model of key populations and processes in the New River, West Virginia, to identify the mechanisms most responsible for maintaining food web structure. Key populations were represented by thirteen model components and were aquatic insects; age-1 and age-2 crayfish (three species); age-1 and age-2 hellgrammites (Corydalus cornutus larvae); non-game fishes; age-0, age-1, and adult smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu); age-0, age-1, and adult rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris); and age-0, age-1 to age-3, and adult flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris). In this system, crayfish and hellgrammites are harvested to provide bait for the recreational fishery that extensively exploits the three predatory fish species. Predation and intraspecific regulation were represented with nonlinear algorithms, and linear terms represented fishery harvests. Interspecific competition among components occurred through predation on shared prey. Error analysis of the model suggested that predation was the most important mechanism in maintaining system structure (the disposition of biomass among system components). Further, the trophic relation between each component and its prey accounted for 34–64% of the variability in food web structure, whereas predation on each component explained 1–24% of food web structure variability. Therefore, so-called ‘bottom-up’ effects were more influential than ‘top-down’ effects. Interspecific competition and intraspecific regulation had secondary roles in maintaining New River food web structure, although intraspecific regulation was most important to aquatic insects, which were not predatory in our model. Both forms of competition are probably tempered by extensive predation and exploitation in the New River system. Exploitation was a secondary structuring agent to adult smallmouth bass, which experience a high rate of harvest in the New River.
Immediate detection of early high-risk patients with acute myocardial infarction using two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities

Forty-three patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were studied with serial two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) to define a high-risk subset for in-hospital cardiovascular complications including pump failure, life-threatening arrhythmias, or death. A 2DE segment score was developed representing the extent of left ventricular (LV) regional wall motion abnormality (WMA) which was correlated with peak total creatine kinase (CK) release. Patients with transmural AMI had a segment score of 7.2 +/- 3.8, whereas those with nontransmural AMI had a segment score of 4.7 +/- 3.4 (p less than 0.025). Peak total serum CK enzyme level correlated statistically with segment score but with a low correlation coefficient. Thirteen (30%) of the 43 patients had an in-hospital complication and their segment score was 10.0 +/- 3.4 compared to 4.6 +/- 2.7 in those patients without a complication (p less than 0.005). A segment score greater than or equal to 8 was found in 11 of 13 (85%) of those who suffered a cardiac complication and in only five (16%) of the 30 patients without complication (p less than 0.05; sensitivity 85%, specificity 83%). Patient's initial clinical Killip classification was specific but very insensitive in predicting an early complicated course. Thus, 2DE study of LV regional wall motion can predict in the immediate post-AMI stage the in-hospital likelihood of such patients developing a cardiovascular complication during acute myocardial infarction.
Application of attractive potential by DFT + U to predict the electronic properties of materials without highly localized bands

Abstract It is well known that density functional theory (DFT) underestimates band gaps of materials which have highly localized valence electrons. On the other hand, the predictions of electronic properties of materials, which do not have localized band near the band gap, by DFT are not accurate enough as well. The effect of electronic correlation on properties of this second group of materials such as, in particular, gallium phosphide (GaP) is theoretically studied in this paper. The goal is to find and physically justify a computationally economical but reasonably accurate method to study such materials. The electronic correlation in GaP has been varied by using DFT based methods, such as in DFT + U , with different U -values for gallium d and phosphorus p orbitals. The fact that GaP does not have partially filled localized orbitals, such as 3d orbitals in ZnO, the justification for the use of DFT + U is rather challenging. DFT + U method, as is applied here in an unconventional way to include attractive potentials, correct the shortcoming of DFT in a very economical way by improving both the band gap and mechanical properties. These results will facilitate large supercell calculations for doping or alloying in GaP or similar materials.
Evidence for a donor-acceptor pair band in CuInSe2

Abstract The broad-band emission, observed in p -type crystals, was studied as a function of excitation intensity and temperature. The band peak is usually in the energy range of 0.93–0.95 eV at 4.2°K. The band shifts to higher energy as the excitation intensity of temperature increases. This behavior is consistent with a donor-acceptor pair-band mechanism. The acceptor energy E A is 85 ± 2 meV. The acceptors and donors involved in the pair band appear to be Cu and Se vacancies.
The development and validation of the Self-Regulation Strategy Inventory—Self-Report

Abstract The primary purpose of this study was to develop and gather initial psychometric information regarding the Self-Regulation Strategy Inventory—Self-Report (SRSI-SR), a self-report measure of students' use of specific self-regulation strategies. Information regarding the scales' factor structure, convergent and discriminant validity, differential validity, and internal consistency was gathered using a sample of 142 ninth and tenth grade students in an urban high school. Principal component analysis of the SRSI-SR yielded a three-factor structure: (a) Seeking and Learning Information, (b) Managing Environment/Behavior, and (c) Maladaptive Regulatory Behaviors. Internal consistency for the overall SRSI-SR was high (alpha = .92), with the subscales ranging from .72 to .88. A second principal component analysis indicated that the three subscales of the SRSI-SR converged onto one higher-order factor but discriminated from two motivation beliefs (i.e., task interest, perceived instrumentality). In addition, ANOVA procedures revealed that the SRSI-SR reliably differentiated high and low achievers. The implications of the results and potential avenues for future research are presented and discussed.
Chiral crystal in cold QCD matter at intermediate densities

The analogue of Overhauser (particle-hole) pairing in electronic systems (spin-density waves with non-zero total momentum $Q)$ is analyzed in finite-density QCD for 3 colors and 2 flavors, and compared to the color-superconducting BCS ground state (particle-particle pairing, $Q=0).$ The calculations are based on effective nonperturbative four-fermion interactions acting in both the scalar diquark as well as the scalar-isoscalar quark-hole (``\ensuremath{\sigma}'') channel. Within the Nambu-Gorkov formalism we set up the coupled channel problem, including multiple chiral density wave formation, and evaluate the resulting gaps and free energies. Employing medium-modified instanton-induced 't Hooft interactions, as applicable around ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{q}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.4\mathrm{GeV}$ (or 4 times nuclear saturation density), we find the ``chiral crystal phase'' to be competitive with the color superconductor.
INTEGRATING DIRECT EFFECTS AND TRAIT-MEDIATED INDIRECT EFFECTS USING A PROJECTION MATRIX MODEL

In systems where indirect effects are mediated by traits (e.g., behavior) rather than density, direct and indirect effects may be measured in different biological currencies, making it difficult to quantify their relative contributions to a net interaction. For instance, the hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, which colonizes shells occupied by the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus, affects its host directly by reducing its fecundity and indirectly by modifying the behavior of its predators. In this study, I construct population projection matrices for P. longicarpus, which were housed with different assemblages of hydroids and predators. By defining direct and indirect effects as combinations of log-transformed λ's from these matrices, I translate direct effects on fecundity and indirect effects on survival into a common currency (population growth rate), allowing me to assess the relative strength of these effects. In the presence of a fish predator, strong positive indirect effects countered negative direct effects, producing a net mutualism. In the presence of a crab predator, indirect effects were equivalent in size and magnitude to direct effects, resulting in a net parasitism. These results provide insight into the mechanisms underlying context-dependency and help to explain the geographical and temporal variation observed in outcomes of symbiotic interactions.
Effect of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose on the Respiration of Tropical Anthracnose Fungi

This study begins an investigation of the chemical activities of one of the most destructive groups of spoilage organisms of tropical foods, the anthracnose fungi. The present paper treats of an introductory investigation on carbohydrate metabolism. Two fungi isolated from rotted banana tissue, Gloeosporium musarum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, were grown in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, a metabolic blocking agent, in shake culture. The mycelia produced were studied in the Warburg respirometer in the presence of glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Gloeosporium musarum was found to be incapable of growth in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose as the sole carbon source, but did grow when glucose was added. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides grew normally, but at a slower rate on 2-deoxyglucose than on glucose. Glucose grown G. musarum and C. gloeosporioides both exhibited respiratory inhibition in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose, whereas 2-deoxyglucose adapted C. gloeosporioides did not. The uncoupling agent 2, 4-dinitrophenol induced respiratory stimulation except in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose in glucose grown C. gloeosporioides where it caused a drop in oxygen uptake.
“Mixed Dementia”: Adequate or Antiquated?: A Critical Review

Despite its importance and widespread usage, the term mixed dementia, referring to the coexistence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VsD), has been ill-defined and poorly conceptualized. The authors review the use of the term mixed dementia in neuropathological and clinical research. As a result of recent developments in the categorization of dementias, they recommend discarding the term mixed dementia in favor of a more precise terminology based on AD and VsD concurrently meeting established criteria for each diagnosis.
Defining fetal station

Objective This study was undertaken to determine the definitions and beliefs regarding fetal station among pregnancy caregivers. Study design Residents, nurses, and faculty at 5 teaching centers in Denver, Colo, were given surveys to determine what definitions were being used for fetal station and the perceived importance of these definitions. Results There were 243 responses from the 453 surveys. We found 4 definitions were in use: level of the presenting part in relationship to ischial spines in (1) centimeters or (2) thirds, and level of the biparietal diameter in relationship to the ischial spines in (3) centimeters or (4) thirds. Few caregivers were aware that other caregivers were using different definitions of fetal station. Conclusion This lack of standardization may lead to errors in the care of laboring patients.
Extracranial radiosurgery using the CyberKnife

Abstract:Several technical drawbacks can limit the clinical applications of conventional stereotactic radiosurgery: It requires the attachment of a rigid frame that immobilizes the patient and provides a frame of reference for aiming radiation beams, which is uncomfortable to patients, complicates f
Corrigendum to “Pathways of Translation: Deep Brain Stimulation”

DOI: 10.1111/cts.12181 1Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic Center for Translational Science Activities, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; 2Post-doctoral Research Fellow, CTSA Master's Degree Student, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; 3Associate Professor of Neurosurgery and Physiology, Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Correspondence: Michael R Gionfriddo (Gionfriddo.michael@mayo.edu) [Article in Clinical and Translational Science. 6 (2013), no. 6, 497–501]
Bringing space physics concepts into introductory electromagnetism

Many of the concepts that have arisen in space plasma research over the last four decades can be profitably incorporated into the teaching of introductory physics. In this article is an example of how research concepts can inform and improve instruction in basic science courses. There are other examples of this transference, and the community of space physics researchers should make an effort to publicize the ways in which this research can be used to improve instruction in the educational system. Space physicists regularly use a concept that is unfamiliar to the majority of professional physicists: the concept of moving electromagnetic field lines. Space physicists state that "magnetic flux is eroded from the dayside magnetosphere" or "the magnetic field lines in the vicinity of Io move with Io and not with Jupiter."
A minimal kinetic model for a viral DNA packaging machine.

Terminase enzymes are common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic double-stranded DNA viruses. These enzymes possess ATPase and nuclease activities that work in concert to “package” a viral genome in...
Mobile web caching in a hostile environment

In the wired Internet, it is common practice to use Web caching to reduce network utilization and improve access time to a Web page. Mobile users introduce new variables in the communication process due to the fact that a user may dynamically change its contact point within the network, accessing the Web server through a different path, which may not have access to cached pages. In hostile environments such as domestic catastrophic emergencies, field units must have a higher priority to significant information available through Web servers, requiring lower response times and reliable access via Internet enabled cell phones. In foreign lands, specific infrastructure must be implemented and activated, which requires extensive work currently being researched by defense contractors. In domestic situations, the infrastructure exists and must be equipped to provide the necessary priority to civil defense personnel. This study discusses mechanisms used in Web caching and suggests features that should be added to current cache management algorithms to provide the necessary priority, including the use of standard protocol commands to identify cacheable information and establishment of priority and aging policies to control the length of time data should be maintained in the cache.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Kinetics of sorption and abiotic oxidation of arsenic(III) by aquifer materials

Abstract The fate of arsenic in groundwater depends largely on its interaction with mineral surfaces. We investigated the kinetics of As(III) oxidation by aquifer materials collected from the USGS research site at Cape Cod, MA, USA, by conducting laboratory experiments. Five different solid samples with similar specific surface areas (0.6–0.9 m2 g−1) and reductively extractable iron contents (18–26 μmol m−2), but with varying total manganese contents (0.5–3.5 μmol m−2) were used. Both dissolved and adsorbed As(III) and As(V) concentrations were measured with time up to 250 h. The As(III) removal rate from solution increased with increasing solid manganese content, suggesting that manganese oxide is responsible for the oxidation of As(III). Under all conditions, dissolved As(V) concentrations were very low. A quantitative model was developed to simulate the extent and kinetics of arsenic transformation by aquifer materials. The model included: (1) reversible rate-limited adsorption of As(III) onto both oxidative and non-oxidative (adsorptive) sites, (2) irreversible rate-limited oxidation of As(III), and (3) equilibrium adsorption of As(V) onto adsorptive sites. Rate constants for these processes, as well as the total oxidative site densities were used as the fitting parameters. The total adsorptive site densities were estimated based on the measured specific surface area of each material. The best fit was provided by considering one fast and one slow site for each adsorptive and oxidative site. The fitting parameters were obtained using the kinetic data for the most reactive aquifer material at different initial As(III) concentrations. Using the same parameters to simulate As(III) and As(V) surface reactions, the model predictions were compared to observations for aquifer materials with different manganese contents. The model simulated the experimental data very well for all materials at all initial As(III) concentrations. The As(V) production rate was related to the concentrations of the free oxidative surface sites and dissolved As(III), as r As ( V ) = k ox ′ [ Mn ( IV ) OH ] [ H 3 AsO 3 ] with apparent second-order rate constants of k ox f ′ = 6.28 × 10 - 1 and k ox s ′ = 1.25 × 10 - 2 M - 1 s - 1 for the fast and the slow oxidative sites, respectively. The As(III) removal rate decreased approximately by half for a pH increase from 4 to 7. The pH dependence was explained using the acid–base behavior of the surface oxidative sites by considering a surface pKa = 6.2 (I = 0). In the presence of excess surface adsorptive and oxidative sites, phosphate diminished the rate of As(III) removal and As(V) production only slightly due to its interaction with the oxidative sites. The observed As(III) oxidation rate here is consistent with previous observations of As(III) oxidation over short transport distances during field-scale transport experiments. The model developed here may be incorporated into groundwater transport models to predict arsenic speciation and transport in chemically heterogeneous systems.
Mesendoderm Extension and Mantle Closure in Xenopus laevis Gastrulation: Combined Roles for Integrin α5β1, Fibronectin, and Tissue Geometry

We describe mesendoderm morphogenesis during gastrulation in the frog Xenopus laevis and investigate the mechanics of these movements with tissue explants. When a dorsal marginal zone explant is plated onto fibronectin, the mesendoderm moves away from the dorsal axial tissues as an intact sheet. Mesendodermal cells within these explants display monopolar protrusive activity and radially intercalate during explant extension. Live time-lapse confocal sequences of actin dynamics at the margin of these extending explants prompt us to propose that integrin-mediated traction drives these movements. We demonstrate that integrin alpha(5)beta(1) recognition of the synergy site located within the type III(9) repeat of fibronectin is required for mesendoderm extension. Normal mesendoderm morphogenesis occurs with a unique "cup-shaped" geometry of the extending mesendodermal mantle and coincides with a higher rate of tissue extension than that seen in the simpler dorsal marginal zone explant. These higher rates can be reconstituted with "in-the-round" configurations of several explants. We propose several mechanically based hypotheses to explain both the initial fibronectin-dependent extension of the mesendoderm and additional requirement of tissue geometry during the high-velocity closure of the mesendodermal mantle.
Defect detection difficulties post TEOS (oxide) deposition

Microscopy has ben well understood as to its theory, advantages and limitations. Applications of microscopy to enable better sample characterization are in continued improvement. Of particular interest to defect characterization engineers is the application of microscopy techniques in the detection of defects during semiconductor wafer processing. The shrinking of feature sizes poses new challenges to yield enhancement engineers who are constantly in the look out for better and faster defect detection. The shrinking of feature sizes causes smaller photolithography margins, thereby making critical the planarization step and the film thickness uniformity across the wafer. In this paper the difficulty in detecting defects after the deposition of TEOS film which is transparent to visible light is discussed. This difficulty would extend to most ILD levels. SOme alternatives to the defect detection are also discussed with particular reference to Nomarski Differential Interference Contrast Imaging. Defects, which have different refractive index than the bulk oxide but are transparent to visible light can cause a decrease in reliability. Present day bright field inspection tools do not easily detect defects such as these. Reliability and parasitic capacitance have become important tools do not easily detect defects such as these. Reliability and parasitic capacitance have become important as lower power consumption is targeted. Detecting these defects which have different refractive indices and characterizing the source could lead to lower parasitic capacitance and higher reliability. Discussion as to the detection of different refractive index materials embedded within the oxide layer will be discussed in this paper.
Search for a Conserved-Vector-Current Mechanism in the Emission of Protons from μ − Stars in Emulsion

The energy spectrum of protons from 1289 single-prong ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ stars in emulsion was studied, with special attention given to the energy region above 20 MeV. In this energy region, Bertero, Passatore, and Viano had predicted an enhanced proton emission as a result of muon interaction with pion currents in the nucleus according to the theory of conserved vector current (CVC). No evidence of the predicted 25-MeV peak in the CVC spectrum was found, nor was there any evidence of a high-energy tail to the spectrum which was predicted to extend up to 90 MeV. The results are quite consistent with Singer's earlier theory. If the CVC mechanism occurs here at all, it occurs at least a factor (2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ less frequently than predicted.
Recurring breakpoints of 1p13∼p22 in osteochondroma

Cytogenetic studies of osteochondromas are scarce but have previously shown recurring clonal aberrations involving chromosome 8. We have studied a series of eight tumors and have found recurring aberrations not only involving chromosome 8, but also chromosome 1 in five of the seven abnormal tumors. Surprisingly, three of the chromosome 1 aberrations involved pericentric inversions. Four tumors showed aberrations involving the region 1p13∼p22 by mechanisms including inversion, insertion, and translocation. These findings indicate that aberrations of chromosome 1p, in a region spanning 1p13∼p22, may be nonrandomly involved in the cytogenetic progression of osteochondroma.
Amyloid-β Pathology and APOE Genotype Modulate Retinoid X Receptor Agonist Activity in Vivo

Previous data demonstrate that bexarotene (Bex), retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist, reduces soluble and insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer disease (AD)-transgenic mice either by increasing the levels of mouse apolipoprotein E (apoE) or increasing ABCA1/ABCG1-induced apoE lipoprotein association/lipidation. However, although the mechanism of action of RXR agonists remains unclear, a major concern for their use is human (h)-APOE4, the greatest AD genetic risk factor. If APOE4 imparts a toxic gain-of-function, then increasing apoE4 may increase soluble Aβ, likely the proximal AD neurotoxin. If the APOE4 loss-of-function is lipidation of apoE4, then induction of ABCA1/ABCG1 may be beneficial. In novel EFAD-Tg mice (overexpressing h-Aβ42 with h-APOE), levels of soluble Aβ (Aβ42 and oligomeric Aβ) are highest in E4FAD hippocampus (HP) > E3FAD-HP > E4FAD cortex (CX) > E3FAD-CX, whereas levels of lipoprotein-associated/lipidated apoE have the opposite pattern (6 months). In E4FAD-HP, short-term RXR agonist treatment (Bex or LG100268; 5.75–6 months) increased ABCA1, apoE4 lipoprotein-association/lipidation, and apoE4/Aβ complex, decreased soluble Aβ, and increased PSD95. In addition, hydrogel delivery, which mimics low sustained release, was equally effective as gavage for Bex and LG100268. RXR agonists induced no beneficial effects in the E4FAD-HP in a prevention protocol (5–6 months) and actually increased soluble Aβ levels in E3FAD-CX and E4FAD-CX with the short-term protocol, possibly the result of systemic hepatomegaly. Thus, RXR agonists address the loss-of-function associated with APOE4 and exacerbated by Aβ pathology, i.e. low levels of apoE4 lipoprotein association/lipidation. Further studies are vital to address whether RXR agonists are an APOE4-specific AD therapeutic and the systemic side effects that limit translational application.
Threshold voltage model for deep-submicron fully depleted SOI MOSFETs with back gate substrate induced surface potential effects

Abstract A simple analytical threshold voltage model for short-channel fully depleted SOI MOSFETs has been derived. The model is based on the analytical solution of the two-dimensional potential distribution in the silicon film (front silicon), which is taken as the sum of the long-channel solution to the Poisson's equation and the short-channel solution to the Laplace equation, and the solution of the Poisson's equation in the silicon substrate (back silicon). The proposed model accounts for the effects of the back gate substrate induced surface potential at the buried oxide-substrate interface which contributed an additional 15–30% reduction in the threshold voltage for the devices used in this work. Conditions on the back gate supply voltage range are determined upon which the surface potential at the buried oxide-substrate interface is accumulated, depleted, or inverted. The short-channel associated drain induced barrier lowering effects are also included in the model. The model predications are in close agreement with PISCES simulation results. The equivalence between the present model and previously reported models is proven. The proposed model is suitable for use in circuit simulation tools such as Spice.
A cross sectional analysis of behaviors related to operating gas stoves and pneumonia in U.S. children under the age of 5

Background: Poorly ventilated combustion stoves and pollutants emitted from combustion stoves increase the risk of acute lower respiratory illnesses (ALRI) in children living in developing countries but few studies have examined these issues in developed countries. Our objective is to investigate behaviors related to gas stove use, namely using them for heat and without ventilation, on the odds of pneumonia and cough in U.S. children. Methods: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994) was used to identify children<5 years who lived in homes with a gas stove and whose parents provided information on their behaviors when operating their gas stoves and data on pneumonia (N = 3,289) and cough (N = 3,127). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the association between each respiratory outcome and using a gas stove for heat or without ventilation, as well as, the joint effect of both behaviors. Results: The adjusted odds of parental-reported pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08, 4.03) and cough (aOR=1.66, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.43) were higher among children who lived in homes where gas stoves were used for heat compared to those who lived in homes where gas stoves were only used for cooking. The odds of pneumonia (aOR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.98), but not cough (aOR=1.23, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.75), was higher among those children whose parents did not report using ventilation when operating gas stoves compared to those who did use ventilation. When considering the joint association of both stove operating conditions, only children whose parents reported using gas stoves for heat without ventilation had significantly higher odds of pneumonia (aOR=3.06, 95% CI: 1.32, 7.09) and coughing (aOR=2.07, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.30) after adjusting for other risk factors. Conclusions: Using gas stoves for heat without ventilation was associated with higher odds of pneumonia and cough among U.S. children less than five years old who live in homes with a gas stove. More research is needed to determine if emissions from gas stoves ventilation infrastructure, or modifiable behaviors contribute to respiratory infections in children.
Mechanism of alteration of the functional fraction of lipoprotein lipase in rat heart

Abstract Feeding glucose to fasted rats resulted in a decrease in the activity of heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase in heart perfusates. Upon feeding fat to glucose-fed animals the level of heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase increased 10–14 fold. An immunological titration was used to determine whether the changes in lipase activity following the various nutritional treatments were due to changes in the amount of enzyme present or to activation/inactivation processes. These data suggest that changes in the enzyme activity are due to alteration in the quantity of lipoprotein lipase protein.
Controversies in defining and determining death in critical care

Circulatory-respiratory or brain tests are widely accepted for definition and determination of death, but have several controversial issues. Both determinations have been stimulated by organ donation, but must be valid independently of this process. Current controversies in brain death include whether the definition is conceptually coherent, whether the whole-brain or brainstem criterion is correct, whether one neurological examination or two should be required, and when to conduct the examination following therapeutic hypothermia. Controversies about the circulatory determination of death include the minimum duration of asystole that is sufficient for death to be declared, and whether the distinction between permanent and irreversible cessation of circulatory functioning is important. In addition, the goal of organ donation raises issues such as the optimal way to time and conduct the request conversation with family members of the patient, and whether the Dead Donor Rule should be abandoned.
Government Target Price Intervention in Economies with Incomplete Markets

The target price/deficiency payment program is among economists' favorite examples of costly government intervention in competitive markets. Dubbed the "Brannan Plan" after President Truman's Secretary of Agriculture, this program pays producers any positive difference between a given target price and the prevailing market price for their output. In a world of certainty and perfect competition, such an intervention benefits producers, hurts consumers (as taxpayers) and causes a net ("Harberger triangle") welfare loss. These implications are not only standard fare in economics lecture halls; they have become conventional wisdom in contemporary policy discussions. For example, the 1986 Economic Report of the President states: "Income support programs by inhibiting the efficient operation of agricultural markets can impose extra costs on consumers and taxpayers that exceed the amount of income transferred to farmers. When such losses occur, the programs are doing more than redistributing income, they are wasting valuable economic resources that could be used to make everyone better off." The object of this paper is to show that these conclusions do not extend to a stochastic production economy with incomplete contingent claim markets. In the latter setting, the distributional and welfare implications of a Brannan Plan can be reversed: producers can be made worse off, consumers can be made better off and, with nonstochastic compensation, all agents can be made better off. The conditions under which these outcomes occur include producer risk aversion and low price and income elasticities of demand, all well-known characteristics of staple food markets in which target price programs are actually employed (e.g., markets for wheat, corn, and rice). Like many other equilibrium analyses of resource allocation
Ten-year evolution utilizing computer-assisted reconstruction for giant ameloblastoma.

Background The authors describe our current practice of computer-aided virtual planned and pre-executed surgeries using microvascular free tissue transfer with immediate placement of implants and dental prosthetics. Methods All patients with ameloblastomas treated at New York University (NYU) Medical Center during a 10-year period from September 2001 to December 2011 were identified. Of the 38 (36 mandible/2 maxilla) patients that were treated in this time period, 20 were identified with advanced disease (giant ameloblastoma) requiring aggressive resection. Reconstruction of the resultant defects utilized microvascular free tissue transfer with an osseocutaneous fibular flap in all 20 of these patients. Results Of the patients reconstructed with free vascularized tissue transfer, 35% (7/20) developed complications. There were two complete flap failures with consequent contralateral fibula flap placement. Sixteen patients to date have undergone placement of endosteal implants for complete dental rehabilitation, nine of which received immediate placement of the implants at the time of the free flap reconstruction. The three most recent patients received immediate placement of dental implants at the time of microvascular free tissue transfer as well as concurrent placement of dental prosthesis. Conclusions To our knowledge, this patient cohort represents the largest series of comprehensive computer aided free-flap reconstruction with dental restoration for giant type ameloblastoma.
Finite Element Model of a Cell Incorporating Cell Membrane, Cytoskeletal Structure and Intracellular Fluid Pressure

Compressive loading is intrinsic to certain tissues in our body like articular cartilage and bone (1). In situ experiments in cartilage suggest that chondrocytes can undergo significant deformation due to compressive loading on the tissue (2). In situ and isolated cell experiments have concluded that cells are quite resilient to compressive loading, aspiration etc. and exhibit a moduli in the range of 0.6 to 2 kPa (3). However, few studies have attempted to understand the compressive behavior of cells in terms of its structural components. The structural components of a cell consist of a membrane and a dense network of at least three elements (actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments). Using finite element analysis techniques we wanted to explore the role of these structural components in determining the ability of the cell to withstand compression.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A role for MHC class II antigen processing in B cell development

For mature B cells, the encounter with foreign antigen results in the selective expansion of the cells and their differentiation into antibody secreting cells or memory B cells. The response of mature B cells to antigen requires not only antigen binding to and signaling through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) but also the processing and presentation of the BCR bound antigen to helper T cells. Thus, in mature B cells, the ability to process and present antigen to helper T cells plays a critical role in determining the outcome of antigen encounter. In immature B cells, the binding of antigen results in negative selection of the B cell, inducing apoptosis, anergy or receptor editing. Negative selection of immature B cells requires antigen induced signaling through the BCR, analogous to the signaling function of the BCR in mature B cells. However, the role of class II antigen processing and presentation in immature B cells is less well understood. Current evidence indicates that the ability to process and p...
Hemispheric activation increases positive manifold for lateralized cognitive tasks: an extension of Stankov's hypothesis.

Abstract Stankov (1983a, Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 471–490) suggests that the dual task paradigm, requiring the division of attention, increases positive manifold (i.e., positive intercorrelations) for cognitive tasks relative to the single task paradigm. Two dual task studies are reported. Unimanual finger-tapping served as the primary task and the short-term retention (20 sec) of digit or spatial-location sequences served as the secondary tasks. When both tasks were lateralized to the same hemisphere (digits and right-hand tapping or spatial locations and left-hand tapping), highest memory task intercorrelations (Experiment 1) and better retention of sequences (Experiments 1 and 2) resulted. Left-hand tapping produced more leftward looking and right-hand tapping more rightward looking (Experiment 2). Overflow from lateralized finger-tapping may shift the gradient of attentional activation toward the contralateral hemisphere, producing the homolateral gaze direction, the increase in positive manifold, and the better retention of sequences lateralized to that hemisphere.
Changes in pore size distribution during the drying of cellulose fibers as measured by differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract Changes in pore size distribution during the drying of cellulose fibers were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with an isothermal step melting procedure. Softwood bleached kraft pulp at various moisture ratios were generated from partial drying in a thermogravimetric analyzer and then analyzed in a DSC. The pore size distribution was calculated using the Gibbs–Thomson equation and specific melting point depression of water detected by DSC. It was observed that larger pores collapse first followed by the sequential collapse of smaller pores. It is suggested that pore wall collapse resistance is the primary factor that determines which size pores close. The average measured pore size in the fiber wall of the never dried fiber was calculated to be about 80 nm and reduced with drying of the fibers. A constant pore size of about 20 nm was observed at moisture ratios below 0.3 g/g, which corresponds to one-to-two layers of non-freezing bound water tightly bound to the surface.
Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Validation of Residual Stresses in High Speed Dry Milling of Biodegradable Mg-Ca Alloys

Abstract Magnesium-Calcium (Mg-Ca) alloys have become attractive biodegradable orthopedic biomaterials recently. Residual stresses are proven to be very influential on the degradation rate of an Mg-Ca implant in the human body. Due to the time and cost reasons, development of finite element models to predict residual stress profiles in cutting of Mg-Ca implants is highly desirable. In this study, a finite element simulation model of orthogonal cutting without explicit chip formation has been developed by using the plowing depth approach in order to predict process-induced residual stresses in high speed dry cutting of Mg-Ca0.8 (wt %) alloy using diamond tools. Mechanical properties of Mg-Ca0.8 biomaterial at high strain rates and large strains were determined using the split-Hopkinson pressure bar test. The internal state variable (ISV) plasticity model has been implemented to model the dynamic material behavior under cutting regimes. The residual stress evolution and effects of plowing speed and plowing depth on residual stress profiles are studied. Residual stress measurements were also performed utilizing the X- ray diffraction technique for validation purposes.
Sanfilippo Disease Type B: Enzyme Replacement and Metabolic Correction in Cultured Fibroblasts

α-Acetylglucosaminidase, purified from human placent, corrected the defect in mucopolysaccharide degradation when added to culture fibroblasts from patients with Sanfilippo disease type B. A small cellular concentration of enzyme gave a large corrective effect. The half-life of disappearance of enzyme activity was 4 to 7 days.
The identification of early condensates from the solar nebula

Abstract Calcium-aluminum-rich chondrules which are highly deficient in alkalis were extracted from the carbonaceous chondrite Allende and yield a range of compositions with the lowest measured isotopic composition of ( 87 Sr / 86 Sr ) ALL = 0.69877±0.00002 and identify this material as the earliest known condensate from the solar nebula. Other chondrules suggest the possible presence of even more primitive Sr in this meteorite. This result also shows that some chondritic material formed very near the earliest part of the condensation sequence. Using alkali-deficient planetary objects (Moon, basaltic achondrites, Angra dos Reis, Allende), the Sr data indicate a time interval for condensation of 10 m.y. (from ALL to BABI) if condensation occurred in a solar Rb/Sr environment. A variety of alkali-rich olivine chondrules and CaAl-rich aggregates from Allende fail to determine an isochron and indicate that the element distribution in this meteorite was disturbed later than 3.6ae, possibly recently, in a cometary nucleus. This disturbance requires that the determination of initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr be done on essentially Rb-free phases. Strontium data from equilibrated chondrites and from an iron meteorite establish an interval for metamorphism or differentiation in protoplanetary objects which followed the condensation process by ≈80 mm.y. The chronology for condensation and early planetary evolution obtained for Sr is in disagreement with the 129 I chronology but can be brought into agreement, if it is assumed that the high temperature iodine containing phases have not been affected by the metamorphic events determined by Sr.