cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Origins of Defects in Organohalide Perovskites and Their Influence on Charge Carrier Dynamics

The chemical origins of charge recombination centers in lead-based organohalide perovskites were investigated using a combination of quantitative solution chemistry, X-ray diffraction, and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. We explored the complex, concentration-dependent solution equilibria among iodoplumbate coordination complexes that have been implicated as potential midgap states in organohalide perovskites. High concentrations of PbI2, PbI3–, and PbI42– were found in precursor solutions that match those used to deposit perovskite films for solar cell applications. We found that the concentration of tetraiodoplumbate PbI42– is uniquely correlated with the density of charge recombination centers found in the final perovskite films regardless of the lead precursor used to cast the films. However, mixed-halide perovskites commonly referred to as CH3NH3PbI3–xClx suppressed the formation of PbI42– in comparison to perovskites that included only iodide, which is consistent with the longer charge...
The Effect of Contralateral Pure Tones on the Compound Action Potential in Humans: Efferent Tuning Curves.

BACKGROUND The compound action potential (CAP) has been suggested in the literature as an alternative to otoacoustic emissions for evaluating the efferent auditory system. However, very few studies have examined efferent influence on auditory nerve potentials in humans. PURPOSE This study examines the effects of presenting contralateral pure tones on the ipsilateral CAP onset and offset amplitudes as a potential clinical tool for the assessment of efferent auditory function. RESEARCH DESIGN CAPs for 1- and 4-kHz tone pips (TPs) and clicks were recorded from 9, 9, and 8 participants, respectively. Contralateral tones were presented at levels ranging from 20 to 70 dB HL in 10-dB steps. The frequencies of the contralateral tones were 0.5, 1, 2 kHz for the 1-kHz TP CAP; 2, 4, 8 kHz for the 4-kHz TP CAP; and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 kHz for the click CAP. DATA ANALYSIS The CAP onset and offset amplitudes in all experimental conditions were analyzed and compared to the CAP amplitude without contralateral stimulation (i.e., baseline). RESULTS Maximum suppression of 1-kHz TP CAP onset amplitude was obtained in seven out of nine participants by the 1-kHz contralateral pure tone at 40 dB HL. The 4-kHz TP CAP onset amplitude was maximally suppressed in eight out of nine participants by the 8-kHz contralateral pure tone at 30 dB HL. The click CAP offset amplitude was maximally suppressed in four out of eight participants by the 8-kHz contralateral tone presented at 40 dB HL. The 1- and 4-kHz TP CAP offset and click CAP onset amplitudes were not affected by contralateral stimulation. CONCLUSIONS These results along with the previous studies may suggest that the efferent system is maximally stimulated by moderate signal-level tones (i.e., 30-40 dB HL), and that efferent activity is dependent on frequency cues of both the stimulus and suppressor tones. Other factors that might be affecting efferent influence on the CAP in humans such as sound duration, phase, bandwidth, and periodicity need to be further investigated.
Aggregate Demand and Finance: A Post Keynesian Short Period Macro Model

The previous eight chapters have examined the foundational components of Post Keynesian macroeconomic analysis. This examination covered a range of issues including the nature of demand equilibrium (Chapter 3), the inability of generalized nominal wage and price level adjustment to necessarily secure full employment (Chapters 4 and 5), the theory of aggregate supply based on producers’ expectations of aggregate demand (Chapter 5), the problem of expectations in an uncertain world (Chapter 6), and the endogenous nature of money and finance (Chapters 7 and 8). The current chapter serves to unify these elements of analysis in a coherent macroeconomic model that describes the determination of short period equilibrium.1
Modeling for Prediction and Management

This chapter provides an overview of modeling philosophy and practices. The steps involved in creating and testing a model are described. Uncertainty analysis and stochastic models are explained. Several examples of the use of modeling in economic studies and in cases involving resistance related to pest phenology are presented.
Insights on obstacle avoidance for small unmanned aerial systems from a study of flying animal behavior

Thirty-five papers from the ethological literature were surveyed with the perception and reaction of flying animals to autonomous navigation tasks organized and analyzed using a schema theoretic framework. Flying animals are an existence proof of autonomous collision-free flight in unknown and disordered environments. Because they successfully avoid obstacles, self-orient, and evade predators and capture prey to survive, the collected information could inform the design of biologically-inspired behaviors for control of a small unmanned aerial system (SUAS) to improve the current state-of-the art in autonomous obstacle avoidance. Five observations were derived from the surveyed papers: sensing is done by vision in lighted scenarios and sonar in darkness, one sensor is always dominant, adaptive sensing is beneficial, no preference was identified for lateral versus vertical avoidance maneuvers, and reducing speed is consistently seen across species in response to objects in the flight path. Additionally, the questions of defining clutter and scale of speed reduction left unanswered by the literature were discussed. Finally, three rules for control of a SUAS in an unknown environment that restricts maneuverability were identified. These are the distance to begin maneuvers to avoid an obstacle in the flight path, the direction to adjust the flight path, and the role of centered flight in determining the adjustment. Surveyed 35 ethological papers for perception and reaction of flying animals.Bio-inspired motor and perceptual schemas for small unmanned aerial systems.Open questions of defining clutter and scale of speed reduction discussed.Identified three rules for control of a SUAS in an unknown environment.
Elementary Preservice Teachers’ Transitional Conceptions of Partitive Division with Proper-Fraction Divisors

An understanding of partitive division is foundational for numerous other mathematics topics, including unit rate, slope, and probability. However, research has shown that learners tend to have a l...
Fertility preservation for men with testicular cancer: Is sperm cryopreservation cost effective in the era of assisted reproductive technology?

Abstract Introduction Many patients do not cryopreserve sperm before undergoing cancer treatment because of high perceived costs of cryopreservation. We sought to investigate the cost-effectiveness of fertility preservation compared to posttherapeutic fertility treatment in testicular cancer patients. Materials and methods We performed a systematic search of the PubMed database for the following: risk of azoospermia 12 months after surveillance, chemotherapy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, and radiation therapy (RT); rates of natural conception, and rates of conception with the use of intrauterine insemination or assisted reproductive technology, with or without microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (microTESE). A decision tree was constructed using the TreePlan add-in for Microsoft Excel (TreePlan Software, San Francisco, California). Cost-effectiveness was calculated as the overall cost of a given management branch, divided by likelihood of pregnancy. Calculations accounted for variable number of years of cryopreservation, and variable costs of microTESE. Results 1,113 articles were identified; 44 were included in the final analysis. Overall probability of pregnancy was higher among couples who cryopreserved sperm, versus those who did not. In patients undergoing active surveillance or retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, cryopreservation was more cost-effective if storage time was short ( 7,000). Cryopreservation prior to chemotherapy was more cost-effective unless microTESE cost was low ( Conclusions Sperm cryopreservation prior to undergoing chemotherapy or RT remains the most cost-effective strategy for fertility preservation, across a range of possible costs associated with surgical sperm retrieval and in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
Topiramate-Induced Chest Pain: A Case Report:

Background:Topiramate, an anticonvulsant used for prophylaxis of migraines and epilepsy, is commonly associated with adverse effects of cognitive dulling and fatigue. Chest pain is a potential adve...
Tuck-Folding Method for the Design of Origami Structures with Creased Folds

Following the description of the unfolding polyhedra method for origami design in the previous chapter, here the focus switches to an origami design method applicable to a much wider spectrum of three-dimensional goal shapes. This chapter presents the tuck-folding method to solve the following origami design problem: given a goal shape represented as a polygonal mesh (termed as the goal mesh), find the shape and fold pattern of a planar sheet that can be folded to match the goal mesh, and a history of folding motion from the planar configuration of the sheet to the configuration that matches the goal mesh. The method generates a sheet comprised of the faces of the goal mesh in addition to introduced regions having two rigid faces and three creased folds. The creased folds are used to tuck-fold the added regions to form the shape of the goal mesh. We also address the implementation of the tuck-folding method in a computational environment.
Being Virtual: Beyond Restructuring and How We Get There

The word virtual suffers from a recent spate of immense over-use. To add clarity to my own thought, I consulted a dictionary. My old edition, not edited for current usage, says: Virtual—existing or resulting in essence or effect though not in actual fact, form or name. From medieval English—virtual—effective, powerful. From Latin—virtus—capacity, virtue. [American Heritage, 1973]
Posterior dislocation of the long head biceps tendon: a case report, specific radiographic finding, and review of the literature

Posterior dislocation of the long head of the biceps tendon uncommonly occurs with traumatic shoulder injury. The diagnosis is almost always associated with anterior shoulder dislocation which often cannot be reduced. We present a case of traumatic posterior dislocation of the long head of the biceps tendon with no reported history of shoulder dislocation, but instead a rare and specific radiographic finding. The imaging features are described, the relevant literature reviewed, and salient features discussed.
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing-A Valuable Tool, Not Gatekeeper When Referring Patients With Adult Congenital Heart Disease for Transplant Evaluation.

Introduction Treatment of patients with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) with advanced therapies including heart transplant (HT) is often delayed due to paucity of objective prognostic markers for the severity of heart failure (HF). While the utility of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) in non-ACHD patients has been well-defined as it relates to prognosis, CPET for this purpose in ACHD is still under investigation. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 20 consecutive patients with ACHD who underwent HT between March 2010 and February 2016. Only 12 of 20 patients underwent CPET prior to transplantation. Demographics, standard measures of CPET interpretation, and 30-day and 1-year post transplantation outcomes were collected. Results Patient Characteristics. Twenty patients with ACHD were transplanted at a median of 40 years of age (range: 23-57 years). Of the 12 patients who underwent CPET, 4 had undergone Fontan procedures, 4 had tetralogy of Fallot, 3 had d-transposition of the great arteries, and 1 had Ebstein anomaly. Thirty-day and one-year survival was 100%. All tests included in the analysis had a peak respiratory quotient _1.0. The median peak oxygen consumption per unit time (_VO2) for all diagnoses was 18.2 mL/kg/min (46% predicted), ranging from 12.2 to 22.6. Conclusion There is a paucity of data to support best practices for patients with ACHD requiring transplantation. While it cannot be proven based on available data, it could be inferred that outcomes would have been worse or perhaps life sustaining options unavailable if providers delayed referral because of the lack of attainment of CPET-specific thresholds.
Recruitment of Older Veterans with Diabetes Risk for Alzheimer's Disease for a Randomized Clinical Trial of Computerized Cognitive Training.

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is prevalent in the general United States population, and in the veteran population. T2DM has consistently been linked to increased risk for cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Computerized cognitive training (CCT) is practical and inexpensive cognitive interventions that is an alternative to medication. Objective To report the recruitment methods and challenges to date in an ongoing two-site randomized controlled trial (RCT) of CCT on cognitive function and T2DM management in an older non-demented veteran population. Methods Veterans are recruited primarily by targeted mailings or by direct contact at clinics and presentations. Results From 1,459 original contacts, 437 expressed initial interest, 111 provided informed consent, and 97 completed baseline assessments. Participants from the two VA Medical Centers differed in demographics and baseline characteristics. Comparing recruitment methods, the proportion of individuals contacted who were ultimately consented was significantly less from mailings (5%) than other sources (20%), primarily face- to-face clinic visits (χ2 (1) = 38.331, p Conclusions Mailings are cost-effective, but direct contact improved recruitment. Not using or lacking access to computers and ineligibility were major reasons for non-participation. Within-site comparisons of demographically diverse sites can address confounding of demographic and other site differences.
DNA damage response in peripheral mouse blood leukocytes in vivo after variable, low-dose rate exposure

Environmental contamination and ingestion of the radionuclide Cesium-137 (137Cs) is a large concern in fallout from a nuclear reactor accident and improvised nuclear device and highlights the need to develop biological assays for low dose rate, internal emitter radiation. To mimic low dose rates attributable to fallout, we have developed a VAriable Dose-rate External 137Cs irradiatoR (VADER), which can provide arbitrarily varying and progressive low dose rate irradiations in the range of 1.2 to 0.1 Gy/day, while circumventing the complexities of dealing with radioactively-contaminated biomaterials. We investigated the kinetics of mouse peripheral leukocytes DNA damage response in vivo after variable, low-dose rate 137Cs exposure. C57BL/6 mice were placed in the VADER over 7 days with total accumulated dose up to 2.7 Gy. Peripheral blood response including the leukocytes depletion, apoptosis signal protein p53 and DNA repair biomarker {gamma}-H2AX were measured. The results illustrated that blood leukocyte count had significantly dropped by days 7. P53 levels peaked at day 2 (total dose=0.91Gy) and then declined whereas {gamma}-H2AX yields generally increased with accumulated dose and peaked at day 5 (total dose=2.08Gy). ROC curve analysis for {gamma}-H2AX provided a good discrimination of accumulated dose < 2 Gy and [≥] 2 Gy, highlighting the potential of {gamma}-H2AX as a biomarker dosimetry in a protracted, environmental exposure scenario.
Agency, Identity and Ecumenicalism in the American Missionary Schools of Tripoli, Lebanon

When the American Protestant Mission in Syria entered the educational arena of nineteenth-century Tripoli, its administrators founded long-lasting educational institutions primarily for the purpose...
Does Financial Reporting for Income Tax Expense Affect the Timeliness of Goodwill Impairments

This study examines if financial reporting for income tax expense affects the timeliness of goodwill impairments. Goodwill impairments are an important signal of expected future cash flows, yet their timing is subject to managers’ discretion. U.S. GAAP requires firms to test all goodwill for impairment, whereas tax laws generally do not permit impairment deductions but require amortization for only some goodwill. Only when an impairment includes tax-amortizable goodwill will financial statement tax benefits partially offset the impairment’s negative effect on GAAP net income. Holding the size of pre-tax impaired goodwill constant and controlling for attributes of firms’ prior acquisitions, we predict and find that managers are more likely to delay impairments when the offsetting financial statement tax benefits are smaller. We estimate goodwill impairments are 15 to 20 percent more likely to be delayed when impairments generate reduced financial reporting tax benefits. Our findings suggest financial reporting for taxes potentially distorts the timeliness of goodwill impairments, informing the current debate on goodwill accounting.
8 – Efferent Copy

The problem of interaction between perception and action is one of the central ones in fields such as psychology, neurophysiology of perception, and motor control. This problem is bidirectional. Sensory signals play an important role in movements. The most obvious example is muscle reflexes (see Chapter 6) that originate from sensory endings and lead to changes in muscle activation levels. Other examples include adjustments of movement patterns to changes in external conditions reflected in activity levels of sensory signals of different modalities. Such adjustments can be intentional; then, these effects are commonly referred to as sensory-based corrections of movements. They can also be more direct, without involving a change in one's subjective representation of the environment (cf. Gibson's notion of direct perception). There are also effects in the opposite direction: Efferent (motor-related) processes affect how one perceives signals from sensory endings. Arguably, one of the most famous examples is the inability of humans to tickle themselves. The notion of efferent copy has been one of the central notions in theories that attempt to interpret results of numerous observations, showing that what one does affects what one feels.
Diffusion Limited Cryopreservation of Tissue with Radiofrequency Heated Metal Forms

Cryopreserved tissues are increasingly needed in biomedical applications. However, successful cryopreservation is generally only reported for thin tissues (≤1 mm). This work presents several innovations to reduce cryoprotectant (CPA) toxicity and improve tissue cryopreservation, including 1) improved tissue warming rates through radiofrequency metal form and field optimization and 2) an experimentally verified predictive model to optimize CPA loading and rewarming to reduce toxicity. CPA loading is studied by microcomputed tomography (µCT) imaging, rewarming by thermal measurements, and modeling, and viability is measured after loading and/or cryopreservation by alamarBlue and histology. Loading conditions for three common CPA cocktails (6, 8.4, and 9.3 m) are designed, and then fast cooling and metal forms rewarming (up to 2000 °C min-1 ) achieve ≥90% viability in cryopreserved 1-2 mm arteries with various CPAs. Despite high viability by alamarBlue, histology shows subtle changes after cryopreservation suggesting some degree of cell damage especially in the central portions of thicker arteries up to 2 mm. While further studies are needed, these results show careful CPA loading and higher metal forms warming rates can help reduce CPA loading toxicity and improve outcomes from cryopreservation in tissues while also offering new protocols to preserve larger tissues ≥1 mm in thickness.
Dual-modality optical coherence tomography and frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope system for intravascular imaging.

Significance: Detailed biochemical and morphological imaging of the plaque burdened coronary arteries holds the promise of improved understanding of atherosclerosis plaque development, ultimately leading to better diagnostics and therapies. Aim: Development of a dual-modality intravascular catheter supporting swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) and frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging (FD-FLIM) of endogenous fluorophores with UV excitation. Approach: We instituted a refined approach to endoscope development that combines simulation in a commercial ray tracing program, fabrication, and a measurement method for optimizing ball-lens performance. With this approach, we designed and developed a dual-modality catheter endoscope based on a double-clad fiber supporting OCT through the core and fluorescence collection through the first cladding. We varied the relative percent of UV excitation launched into the core and first cladding to explore the potential resolution improvement for FD-FLIM. The developed catheter endoscope was optically characterized, including measurement of spatial resolution and fluorescent lifetimes of standard fluorophores. Finally, the system was demonstrated on fresh ex vivo human coronary arteries. Results: The developed endoscope was shown to have optical performance similar to predictions derived from the simulation approach. The FLIM resolution can be improved by over a factor of 4 by primarily illuminating through the core rather than the first cladding. However, time-dependent solarization losses need to be considered when choosing the relative percentage. We ultimately chose to illuminate with 7% of the power transmitting through the core. The resulting catheter endoscope had 40-μm lateral resolution for OCT and <100 μm lateral resolution for FD-FLIM. Images of ex vivo coronary arteries are consistent with expectations based on histopathology. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that our approach for endoscope simulation produces reliable predictions of endoscope performance. Simulation results guided our development of a multimodal OCT/FD-FLIM catheter imaging system for investigating atherosclerosis in coronary arteries.
The Impact of Social Support After a Disaster

Disasters of any type are often associated with poor psychological health in community-residing adults who experience them. Social support is one factor that has been found to impact the outcome of psychological health in a positive way. In conducting a literature review of the effect of social support provided after a disaster on post-disaster psychological health of community-residing adults, varying types and sources of social support are seen as well as different statuses of disaster survivors. There are also differences in survivors’ attitudes and comfortableness in seeking and providing social support. Using data collected after the 2007 and 2014 northern San Diego County, California, wildfires, this chapter explores various types and sources of social support for a sample of 313 adults ranging in age from 18 to 94 years. Findings indicated that received social support differed among different disaster survivor groups with primary disaster survivors receiving more social support than other disaster survivor groups. Secondary disaster survivors were more comfortable seeking social support and received more social support than non-victims. Feeling comfortable providing social support was associated with providing social support. Implications of these findings for organizations developing programs to facilitate the recovery of disaster survivors are discussed.
A New Adaptive Bidirectional Region-of-Interest Detection Method for Intelligent Traffic Video Analysis

Real-time intelligent video-based traffic surveillance applications play an important role in intelligent transportation systems. To reduce false alarms as well as to increase computational efficiency, robust road segmentation for automated Region of Interest (RoI) detection becomes a popular focus in the research community. A novel Adaptive Bidirectional Detection (ABD) of region-of-interest method is presented in this paper to automatically segment the roads with bidirectional traffic flows into two regions of interest. Specifically, a foreground segmentation method is first applied along with the flood-fill algorithm to estimate the road regions. Then the Lucas-Kanade’s optical flow algorithm is utilized to track and divide the estimated road into regions of interest in real-time. Experimental results using a dataset of real traffic videos illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method for automatically determining the RoIs in real-time.
Singularities of Cell Functions

In order to motivate certain notions about singularities of cell functions we shall first examine the one- and two-dimensional cell functions in Sections 5.1 and 5.2. With these low-dimensional functions the basic geometrical ideas are much easier to appreciate. Before proceeding, let us introduce some terms which will be found convenient in the following discussions.
The location of different synthetic systems for fatty acids in inner and outer mitochondrial membranes from rabbit heart.

Abstract The outer membranes have been separated from the inner membranes of rabbit heart mitochondria. The isolation of one unit from the other has been confirmed by assay of enzymes which have specific membranous locations and by electron microscopic examination. Fatty acid synthetic capacity and the products were studied in each of the subfractions. Two synthetic systems were present. A synthetic system de novo responsible for the complete synthesis of C14 to C18 fatty acids was contained in the inner membrane. The outer membrane possessed a chain elongation mechanism which added 1 or 2 acetate units to previously formed acyl compounds to make fatty acids 14 to 24 carbon atoms in chain length. The two systems differed in cofactor requirements and responsiveness to added NADH. It is suggested that the outer membrane synthetic system could function as an NADH "shuttle" by transferring cytoplasmic-reducing equivalents inside the mitochondrion as elongated fatty acids. The inner membrane system, which has a much larger capacity, could reoxidize intramitochondrial NADH in order to facilitate substrate level phosphorylation at times of respiratory chain inhibition.
A mysterious dust clump in a disk around an evolved binary star system

The discovery of planets in orbit around the pulsar PSR1257+12 (ref. 1) shows that planets may form around post-main-sequence stars2. Other evolved stars, such as HD44179 (an evolved star which is part of the binary system that has expelled the gas and dust that make the Red Rectangle nebula), possess gravitationally bound orbiting dust disks3,4. It is possible that planets might form from gravitational collapse in such disks5. Here we report high-angular-resolution observations at millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths of the dusk disk associated with the Red Rectangle. We find a dust clump with an estimated mass near that of Jupiter in the outer region of the disk. The clump is larger than our Solar System, and far beyond where planet formation would normally be expected, so its nature is at present unclear.
Levels of Aggregation: A Conceptual Model

Aggregate analysis has been established as a standard method on the study of market response behavior for a long time. Aggregation has advanced our understanding of the linkages among social characteristics and aggregate response behavior. However, aggregate analysis has been hindered by fragmentary and unsystematic procedures to determine the most appropriate level of aggregation. The general objective of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework to determine the level of aggregation of variables in data analysis. In addition, statistical procedures are suggested in this framework to verify and to determine the level of aggregation represented by a variable. The conceptual framework is useful for deciding if the variables are to be analyzed from micro-analysis focus or macro-analysis focus. The statistical procedures enable the researcher to systematically identify and verify the level(s) of aggregation of variables in an existing data set.
Microximetry: Simultaneous Determination of Oxygen Consumption and Free Radical Production Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses simultaneous determination of oxygen consumption and free radical production using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. EPR spectroscopy-based oximetry with a highly sensitive probe such as lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc) microcrystals is considered to be a technique with high accuracy and resolution, and lower sample requirement. Because the microximetry is based on EPR, an added advantage of this technique is that it is also possible to simultaneously study the free radicals generated, if any, in the enzymatic reactions or during the cellular respirations using a spin-trapping technique with an appropriate spin trap added to the medium. Thus both the oxygen consumption rate and the quantitation of free radicals can be obtained in a single experiment. The principle of electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry, particulate EPR oximetry probes, lithium phthalocyanine microcrystals as oxygen-measuring probe, simultaneous measurements of both oxygen and free radical concentrations, electrochemical synthesis and calibration of LiPc probes, and measurement of oxygen consumption and superoxide generation in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils arealso discussed.
Adaptation to Exercise in the Rat: Lack of Associative Control

A procedure in which female Long-Evans rats were swum to a criterion of fatigue was utilized to assess the contextual determinants of adaptation to exercise. In Experiment 1, it was observed that rats given four exercise exposures demonstrated significant adaptation to the treatment, as indicated by reliably longer swimming times over the course of exercise exposure. Furthermore, the change in swimming times reflected in these subjects was not due to maturation or growth over the course of the experiment, as their body weights before and after the experiment did not reliably differ. Experiment 2 addressed whether adaptation to swimming exercise was susceptible to a context shift effect, as is tolerance to drugs and adaptation to other homeostatic disturbances (e.g., hypothermia). Using a within-subject design, Experiment 2 demonstrated that a shift in contextual stimuli (a procedure that reliably disrupts drug tolerance and hypothermia adaptation) failed to disrupt established adjustment to exercise. The results of these experiments suggest that adaptation to exercise may be mediated by different mechanisms than adaptation to other disturbances (e.g., drugs, hypothermia), since an alteration in contextual stimuli did not appear to be detrimental to established exercise adaptation with this paradigm.
Studies on coronary occlusion: I. The effects on the electrocardiogram of the cat of producing anoxemia after coronary artery ligation

Abstract 1. 1. Under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia, anoxemia was induced by the administration of an atmosphere containing 10 per cent oxygen in fourteen cats before, and at intervals after, ligation of the left branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery. 2. 2. The RS-T segment of the electrocardiogram, which was unaffected by preoperative induction of anoxemia, was made to increase in deviation by postoperative induction of anoxemia in twelve of fourteen cats. 3. 3. The RS-T segment returned to an isoelectric position in ten cats, despite the persistence of the infarct, as shown at autopsy. The deviation originally produced by coronary ligation was reproduced by anoxemia in nine of these cats. 4. 4. Control observations disclosed that the changes observed were not caused by anesthesia, change in blood pressure, or pericardiotomy alone. 5. 5. The physiologic basis for the changes observed is discussed. It may be concluded from these observations that the effect of induced anoxemia is a rational test for coronary insufficiency.
A Review of “Translating Truth: Ambitious Images and Religious Knowledge in Late Medieval France and England”

In 1215, Pope Innocent III convoked the Fourth Lateran Council. This council had two distinctive elements: its ecumenical nature and its call for instructional and sacramental participation in nati...
Promoting breastfeeding in Bolivia: do social networks add to the predictive value of traditional socioeconomic characteristics?

This study tested whether the prediction of health-related knowledge (correct breastfeeding practices in this case) could be improved by including information about the composition of an individual's personal network above and beyond that predicted by his/her socioeconomic or demographic characteristics. Few studies have tested the predictive value of social networks, especially for population-based studies, despite an increased use of social networks in the past few years in several fields of health research, especially in research relating to prevention of HIV/AIDS and design of HIV/AIDS programmes. Promotion of breastfeeding practices that enhance child survival is important in Bolivia because of high infant morbidity and mortality in the country. Data on a cross-sectional urban probability sample of 2,354 women and men aged 15-49 years were collected from seven urban areas in Bolivia. Model building and the log likelihood ratio criteria were used for assessing the significance of variables in a logistic model. Results showed that the network variables added significantly (p<0.05 for knowledge of breast-feeding only with no other liquids and for knowledge of breastfeeding only with no solids p<0.01) to the predictive power of the socioeconomic variables. These results may also hold for other health research areas, increasingly using social network analysis, such as that of HIV/AIDS. Key words: Social networks; Inter-personal communication; Predictive value; Breastfeeding; Knowledge, attitudes, practice; HIV; Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Socioeconomic factors; Cross-sectional studies; Bolivia
On the Leading Patterns of Northern Hemisphere Sea Level Pressure Variability

AbstractThe leading patterns of variability of the monthly mean Northern Hemisphere (NH) sea level pressure (SLP) field, as derived from empirical orthogonal teleconnection (EOT) analysis of a 93-yr (1920–2012) record of NOAA–CIRES 20th Century Reanalyses, are presented and discussed, with emphasis on wintertime patterns. The analysis yields nine or more highly reproducible wintertime hemispheric EOTs, the first six of which closely resemble EOF1 or EOF2 in their respective sectors of the hemisphere. Collectively, the first nine wintertime patterns account for 70% of the variance of NH SLP, 40% of the variance of NH surface air temperature (SAT), and 52% of the variance of the time series of NH-mean SAT poleward of 20°N. Wintertime EOT1 corresponds to the NH annular mode (NAM) and EOT2 corresponds to the SLP expression of the Pacific–North America pattern. The remaining wintertime EOT patterns are monopoles arranged like the links of a chain wrapped around the primary center of action of the annular mode....
CB1 receptor antagonism blocks stress-potentiated reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats.

Rationale Under some conditions, stress, rather than directly triggering cocaine seeking, potentiates reinstatement to other stimuli, including a subthreshold cocaine dose. The mechanisms responsible for stress-potentiated reinstatement are not well defined. Endocannabinoid signaling is increased by stress and regulates synaptic transmission in brain regions implicated in motivated behavior.
Bayesian models of musical structure and cognition

This paper explores the application of Bayesian probabilistic modeling to issues of music cognition and music theory. The main concern is with the problem of key-finding: the process of inferring the key from a pattern of notes. The Bayesian perspective leads to a simple, elegant, and highly effective model of this process; the same approach can also be extended to other aspects of music perception, such as metrical structure and melodic structure. Bayesian modeling also relates in interesting ways to a number of other musical issues, including musical tension, ambiguity, expectation, and the quantitative description of styles and stylistic differences.
Mathematical methods for determining cell DNA synthesis rate and age distribution utilizing flow microfluorometry

Abstract Methods are developed for analyzing and interpreting DNA distributions of cell populations experimentally obtained by flow microfluorometric techniques. The first method derived can be used to compute the mean DNA synthesis rate and a transformation matrix relating a cell age distribution to its corresponding DNA distribution when these two distributions are; known. This transformation matrix is used to compute the cell DNA distribution from a cell age distribution. The second part deals with computing the initial cell age distribution when several measurements of cell DNA distribution are available. This problem is shown to be equivalent to the observability problem for the discrete-time system representing the cell population. The observability condition in system theory and a computing method for determining the initial cell age distribution are discussed. An example using DNA distributions of Chinese hamster cells for the methods is presented.
Torsional rigidities of weakly strained DNAs.

Measurements on unstrained linear and weakly strained large (≥340 bp) circular DNAs yield torsional rigidities in the range C = 170–230 fJ fm. However, larger values, in the range C = 270–420 fJ fm, are typically obtained from measurements on sufficiently small (≤247 bp) circular DNAs, and values in the range C = 300–450 fJ fm are obtained from experiments on linear DNAs under tension. A new method is proposed to estimate torsional rigidities of weakly supercoiled circular DNAs. Monte Carlo simulations of the supercoiling free energies of solution DNAs, and also of the structures of surface-confined supercoiled plasmids, were performed using different trial values of C. The results are compared with experimental measurements of the twist energy parameter, ET, that governs the supercoiling free energy, and also with atomic force microscopy images of surface-confined plasmids. The results clearly demonstrate that C-values in the range 170–230 fJ fm are compatible with experimental observations, whereas values in the range C ≥ 269 fJ fm, are incompatible with those same measurements. These results strongly suggest that the secondary structure of DNA is altered by either sufficient coherent bending strain or sufficient tension so as to enhance its torsional rigidity.
Local Dead-Time Effects In Microchannel-Plate Imaging Detectors

Three different pinholes are imaged onto the microchannel-plate imaging detector to observe the dependence of the dead-time effects on the size of the area of illumination. The independent paralyzable-counter model is used to compare with experimental results. It is seen that the dead time increases rapidly as the area of illumination increases. This indicates that the coupling between channels in the microchannel plate is rather important. Therefore a model which assumes that the whole detector behaves as a single paralyzable counter is also examined. Both models give good agreement with the experimental mean, however they do not fit well with experimental values obtained for the variance of photocounts except for low count rates.
Protein kinases: evolution of dynamic regulatory proteins

Eukayotic protein kinases evolved as a family of highly dynamic molecules with strictly organized internal architecture. A single hydrophobic F-helix serves as a central scaffold for assembly of the entire molecule. Two non-consecutive hydrophobic structures termed "spines" anchor all the elements important for catalysis to the F-helix. They make firm, but flexible, connections within the molecule, providing a high level of internal dynamics of the protein kinase. During the course of evolution, protein kinases developed a universal regulatory mechanism associated with a large activation segment that can be dynamically folded and unfolded in the course of cell functioning. Protein kinases thus represent a unique, highly dynamic, and precisely regulated set of switches that control most biological events in eukaryotic cells.
Intelligent video distribution in the collaborative analog/digital network environment

In this paper, we consider an efficient method for distributing video which surmounts the difficulties inherent in transmitting video over a standard digital network. This approach uses a parallel analog network which is dedicated to video in tandem with a digital network. We are going to consider three groups of the video network operations that can be used for collaborative work, physical and logical architecture of the Analog/Digital Video Network, and multi- layer control and management communication protocol. The example of the adaptive collaborative video network environment is also considered.
On the design of orthonormal wavelets for finite-length signals

We describe a procedure for designing compactly supported orthonormal wavelets for finite-length wavelet transform. The designed wavelets yield perfect reconstruction with a more general class of signal extensions, including symmetric extension and zero-padding, rather than the common periodic extension. This combines the compact representation from orthonormal wavelets with the good behaviour at the borders from smooth extensions, which enables their use in signal coding. We show few examples that illustrate the improvement for coding finite-length signals.
Class-specific grasping of 3D objects from a single 2D image

Our goal is to grasp 3D objects given a single image, by using prior 3D shape models of object classes. The shape models, defined as a collection of oriented primitive shapes centered at fixed 3D positions, can be learned from a few labeled images for each class. The 3D class model can then be used to estimate the 3D shape of a detected object, including occluded parts, from a single image. The estimated 3D shape is used as to select one of the target grasps for the object. We show that our 3D shape estimation is sufficiently accurate for a robot to successfully grasp the object, even in situations where the part to be grasped is not visible in the input image.
Musculoskeletal manifestations of Lyme disease

Musculoskeletal involvement, particularly arthritis, is a common feature of Lyme disease. Early in the illness, patients may experience migratory musculoskeletal pain in joints, bursae, tendons, muscle, or bone in one or a few locations at a time, frequently lasting only hours or days in a given location. Weeks to months later, after the development of a marked cellular and humoral immune response to the spirochete, untreated patients often have intermittent or chronic monoarticular or oligoarticular arthritis—primarily in large joints, especially the knee—during a period of several years. The diagnosis of Lyme arthritis is usually based on the presence of this characteristic clinical picture, exposure in an endemic area, and an elevated immunoglobulin G antibody response to Borrelia burgdorferi . In addition, spirochetal DNA can often be detected in joint fluid by polymerase chain reaction. Lyme arthritis can usually be treated successfully with 1-month courses of oral doxycycline or amoxicillin or with 2- to 4-week courses of intravenous ceftriaxone. However, patients with certain genetic and immune markers may have persistent arthritis, despite treatment with oral or intravenous antibiotics. B. burgdorferi may occasionally trigger fibromyalgia, a chronic pain syndrome with diffuse joint and muscle symptoms. This syndrome does not appear to respond to antibiotic therapy.
Spontaneity of Interaction in a Social Network

Social interaction plays an important role for the development of social capital in many dynamic networks. These interactions may not be secure from self-interested agents. For that, each agent must be capable to identify reliable interaction allies. In light of this, the focus is on developing a different type of interactions among the agents inside a spontaneous networked organization (SNO). It helps to overcome such a problem through applying a broad range of service level agreements (SLAs). We will present a policy of negotiation and renegotiation to accelerate the execution process of the fittest task provided by the organized agent. Moreover, by applying collaborative filtering (CF), we will examine a different type of data to illustrate how agents interact implicitly or explicitly and how these interactions affect the social capital. This method obtains a high performance of interaction and can help to control the spontaneous flow of behaviors and knowledge to be more accurate when agents communicate rationally since trust is recorded in such a distributed organization.
Ecology: Diversity in the afterlife.

Field experiments that varied the composition of both plant litter and the organisms that break it down have revealed that, across ecosystems, lower biodiversity slows the rate of litter decomposition. See Letter p.218 It is well established that biodiversity has a positive effect on ecosystem functions such as primary production, but its effects on the diversity of plant litter and of the organisms that break it down are less clear cut. Stephan Hattenschwiler and colleagues examined litter diversity in parallel manipulative experiments at five sites ranging from subarctic to tropical, and including both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Across all of the studied ecosystems, they show that reducing the diversity of litter or of detritivores (the invertebrates and microorganisms that break litter down) slows litter carbon and nitrogen cycling and the rate of decomposition. A reduction in decomposition caused by biodiversity loss would, for example, limit the nitrogen supply to primary producers. Although positive overall, the effects were weaker than commonly reported for primary production, thus challenging current thinking on the generality of relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem processes that are based on assessments of plant productivity.
Family Supports and Resources for Parents of Children Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing

The study examined family supports after identification of children's hearing loss. On a questionnaire, 456 respondents rated the importance of different aspects of family support, the quality of supports they experienced, and their preferences about informational resources. They verified the importance of informational resources, social-emotional support, and educational advocacy. Families expressed a preference for discussion with other parents of children with hearing loss over discussion with parents of children without hearing loss. The quality of support was rated higher by parents of children with cochlear implants than by parents of children with hearing aids. Top-ranked sources of support included individual professionals and service providers, other parents of children with hearing loss, family support organizations, and grandparents and extended-family members. Open-ended written responses indicated that parents desired additional opportunities to connect with mentors, role models, and other parents.
MOLVIE: an interactive visualization environment for molecular structures.

Abstract A Molecular visualization interactive environment ( molvie ), is designed to display three-dimensional (3D) structures of molecules and support the structural analysis and research on proteins. The paper presents the features, design considerations and applications of molvie , especially the new functions used to compare the structures of two molecules and view the partial fragment of a molecule. Being developed in java , molvie is platform-independent. Moreover, it may run on a webpage as an applet for remote users. molvie is available at http://www.cs.ucsb.edu/∼mli/Bioinf/software/index.html .