cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shaping and Being Shaped by Environments for Learning Science: Continuities with the Space and Democratic Vision of a Century Ago.

Environments of learning often remain unnoticed and unacknowledged. This study follows a student and myself as we became aware of our local environment at MIT and welcomed that environment as a vibrant contributor to our learning. We met this environment in part through its educational heritage in two centennial anniversaries: John Dewey’s 1916 work Democracy and Education and MIT’s 1916 move from Boston to the Cambridge campus designed by architect William Welles Bosworth. Dewey argued that for learning to arise through constructive, active engagement among students, the environment must be structured to accommodate investigation. In designing an environment conducive to practical and inventive studies, Bosworth created organic classical forms harboring the illusion of symmetry, while actually departing from it. Students and I are made open to the effects of this environment through the research pedagogy of “critical exploration in the classroom,” which informs my practice of listening and responding, and teaching while researching; it lays fertile grounds for the involvement of one student and myself with our environment. Through viewing the moon and sky by eye, telescope, airplane, and astrolabe, the student developed as an observer. She became connected with the larger universe, and critical of formalisms that encage mind and space. Applying Euclid’s geometry to the architecture outdoors, the student noticed and questioned classical features in Bosworth’s buildings. By encountering these buildings while accompanied by their current restorer, we came to see means by which their structure and design promote human interaction and environmental sustainability as intrinsic to education. The student responded creatively to Bosworth’s buildings through photography, learning view-camera, and darkroom techniques. In Dewey’s view, democracy entails rejecting dualisms endemic in academic culture since the Greek classical era. Dewey regarded experimental science, where learners are investigators, as a means of engaging the world without invoking dualism. Although Dewey’s theory is seldom practiced, our investigations cohered with Deweyan practice. We experienced the environment with its centennial philosophy and architecture as educational agency supportive of investigation that continues to evolve across personal and collective history.
Producing competitive advantage from an infrastructure technology: The case of cloud computing

ABSTRACTTo determine the viability of cloud computing as a source of competitive advantage, we integrate the theory of diffusion of innovations and the theory of dynamic capabilities to synthesize ...
Citizens of California: How the Golden State Went from Worst to First on Immigrant Rights

AbstractCalifornia has accomplished a remarkable shift in its historical development on immigrant rights, from pioneering and championing anti-immigrant legislation from the 1850s through the 1990s, to passing robust pro-immigrant rights policies in the last two decades. In this article, we unpack California’s policies and historical shift on immigrant rights, and develop a typology of regressive, restrictive, and progressive variants of state citizenship. We then advance a theory of how California’s progressive state citizenship crystallized in 2014 by cumulating and gaining sufficient strength in particular elements – of rights, benefits, and membership ties – to constitute a durable and meaningful form of state citizenship. Our work builds on, and speaks to, a fast-growing literature on immigration federalism and a robust literature on semi-citizenship and alternative types of citizenship. Situated in federalism, state citizenship operates in parallel to national citizenship, and in some important ways...
Back to the Future: From Managed Care to Patient-Managed Care

As with several of the other contributions in this collection (e.g., Engelhardt, 2002; Pellegrino, 2002), this article begins with an historical focus. After more than a decade of extraordinary turbulence in the financing and delivery of health care, and on the threshold of still more change, we have an opportune moment to look back in order to understand better what may lie ahead. As proposed here, many of the most salient changes of the past few years have spun themselves out, while ongoing economic forces promise changes that may reach even deeper than those already witnessed.
A preliminary cladistic analysis of the genus Vernonia (Vernonieae: Asteraceae )

A cladistic study of the sections and subsections of the genus Vernonia was performed using 32 characters. The resulting cladograms indicate that New and Old World taxa are largely distinct, but differences in topology of equally parsimonious trees indicate that the level and position of connections is unclear. The yellow-flowered trinervate-leaved species of Madagascar separate out as distinct from other Old World taxa as do the large-headed leafy-bracted species of the New World Leiboldia group. Problems are encountered with the placement of the New World subsect. Eremosis/Critoniopsis and the Old World subsectt. Strobocalyx and Urceolatae. Our analyses support the overall synoptic treatment of Jones and Jeffrey, however there are areas of phylogenetic and taxonomic difficulty which need further study. Other non-morphological characters are required to resolve problematic relationships and provide a taxonomic framework reflective of phylogenetic relationships.
Basaltic and Alkalic Rocks of Southern Brazil: A Review

General domal uplift may have begun in early Mesozoic in the South Atlantic preceding volcanism by at least 50 m. y. Rifting and the start of basaltic activity began 147 m. y. ago: diabase dikes filled in rifts parallel to the coast and alkalic volcanism took place at Jacupiranga and Anitapolis 122–138 m. y. ago. The Parana basalts include a complete range of types, but chemically, they are largely alkalic or high alumina. Ruegg [1] divides them into four general geochemical areas and concludes they originated by fractional crystallization from an olivine tholeiite magma, underwent differentiation and crystal fractionation at some depth, show some degree of contamination, and ascended slowly or in stages to the surface.
Application of Immunocytochemistry and Immunofluorescence Techniques to Adipose Tissue and Cell Cultures

When isolated from tissue, white adipose cells are round, and their interior is filled with a large (80-120 microm) droplet of stored triglyceride, leaving a thin (1-2-microm) layer of cytoplasm between the lipid droplet and the plasma membrane. Their three-dimensional architecture, together with the fact that these cells ordinarily float in medium, have created major challenges when one attempts to perform microscopy techniques with these cells. Adipocytes serve as the principal energy reservoir in the body, and it is essential to overcome these difficulties to be able to study hormone-mediated responses in real adipose cells, which convey physiological significance that cannot be readily duplicated by the use of cultured model adipocytes. This chapter focuses on the use of confocal microscopy optical sectioning and computer-assisted image reconstruction in the whole adipose cell in the study of insulin-regulated protein trafficking. In addition, we illustrate the possibility to image whole-mount preparations of living adipose tissue, opening new ways to probe adipose cells in situ without disrupting their cellular interactions within living adipose tissue. Confocal microscopy constitutes an effective morphological approach to investigating adipose cell physiology and pathophysiology.
Pesticide use, allergic rhinitis, and asthma among US farm operators

Objective: The objective of the study is to examine associations between use of specific pesticides and lifetime allergic rhinitis and current asthma in US primary farm operators.Methods: The 2011 ...
Efficient learning and crossbar operations with atomically-thin 2-D material compound synapses

Accurate and efficient synaptic weight programming and vector-matrix multiplication are demonstrated using compound synapses constructed with ultralow power binary memristive devices having oxidized atomically thin two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (BNOx) filament formation layers. Experimental data of the resistive-switching current-voltage characteristics of BNOx memristors are used to formulate variation-aware models that enable statistically analyzing the trade-off between efficiency and accuracy as a function of the synaptic resolution (i.e., levels of synaptic weight programming). Results are compared with commonly reported oxide-based memristors indicating orders of magnitude (i.e., ∼105) improvements in power efficiency and ∼2-5× improvements in accuracy.
Rates and occupational characteristics of international seafarers with mental illness.

Background Seafarers enable 90% of global commerce, working in isolation from social support and medical care. While occupational conditions of isolation may suggest possible excess risk of mental illness and suicide, research on seafarer mental illness is limited. Aims To describe seafarers with mental illness and associated incidence rates in a large population of international seafarers. Methods We used mental illness claims data from a large international marine insurance provider arising from working seafarers during the years 2007-15. We used descriptive statistics and calculated mental illness incidence rates in this seafarer population. Results There were 278 seafarer mental illness claims in the study data. Claims were more often reported in deck workers (46%) and ratings (58%). The crude mental illness rate was 3.9 per 100 000 person-years. Conclusions Using objective data on a large seafaring population, our analysis highlights the important issue of mental illness in this isolated and underserved international workforce. The low observed mental illness claims rate is likely due to the high threshold for claims reporting.
Editorial Commentary: Safety in Anteromedial Elbow Portal Placement? Go North!

Abstract Since iatrogenic injury to surrounding structures is more likely in the elbow than in the other major joints, many studies have examined the relationship of elbow arthroscopy portals to the at-risk anatomy. In accessing the anterior compartment of the elbow from the medial side, the brachial artery and median, ulnar, and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerves are at risk. Factors that improve the safety of this approach include the use of a proximal versus distal anteromedial portal, a distended versus and nondistended joint, and a flexed versus extended elbow position, all of which result in an approximate margin of safety of 2 cm from the deep at-risk structures.
Registered Nurse Burnout, Job Dissatisfaction, and Missed Care in Nursing Homes.

Objectives To examine the relationship between registered nurse (RN) burnout, job dissatisfaction, and missed care in nursing homes. Design Cross-sectional secondary analysis of linked data from the 2015 RN4CAST-US nurse survey and LTCfocus. Setting A total of 540 Medicare- and Medicaid-certified nursing homes in California, Florida, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Participants A total of 687 direct care RNs. Measurements Emotional Exhaustion subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, job dissatisfaction, and missed care. Results Across all RNs, 30% exhibited high levels of burnout, 31% were dissatisfied with their job, and 72% reported missing one or more necessary care tasks on their last shift due to lack of time or resources. One in five RNs reported frequently being unable to complete necessary patient care. Controlling for RN and nursing home characteristics, RNs with burnout were five times more likely to leave necessary care undone (odds ratio [OR] = 4.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.56-9.66) than RNs without burnout. RNs who were dissatisfied were 2.6 times more likely to leave necessary care undone (OR = 2.56; 95% CI = 1.68-3.91) than RNs who were satisfied. Tasks most often left undone were comforting/talking with patients, providing adequate patient surveillance, patient/family teaching, and care planning. Conclusion Missed nursing care due to inadequate time or resources is common in nursing homes and is associated with RN burnout and job dissatisfaction. Improved work environments with sufficient staff hold promise for improving care and nurse retention. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2065-2071, 2019.
Integrating Scientific Programming in Communities of Practice for Students in the Life Sciences

Research in life science domains is producing larger data sets that require the use of computational approaches to understand biological phenomena. Academic institutions, industry, and other sectors in the life sciences are creating jobs that involve computation, data science, and data visualization. Therefore, there is a need for life scientists to understand and be trained in computation for this new job market. Many life science students are not taught foundational concepts of computation as a part of their curriculum. Therefore, there exists a gap in understanding when beginning to learn computer science (CS) and relate it to data-centric questions in other fields. To improve learning experiences and help train these students, this work sought to understand existing challenges that life science students face in learning scientific programming and identify routes for improvement. To do so, we evaluated three distinct learning experiences--- a hands-on workshop, structured coursework, and long-term research experiences. Based on these student evaluations, we highlight the major challenges and benefits of different learning environments and provide suggestions to educators and institutions for integrating scientific programming education in life science coursework or research. Student-centered, group environments were the most successful at engaging students in computing concepts. Overall, this work provides strategies to enrich learning experiences and promote best practices in computation for life science students and engage these students in the development of in-demand skills.
Study of Melt Spinning Processing Conditions for a Polyacrylonitrile Copolymer with a Water/Ethanol Mixture as a Plasticizer

Abstract This paper is concerned with the feasibility of melt spinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) copolymer (acrylonitrile/methylacrylate 95.6/4.4 mol% ratio) plasticized with water-ethanol (EtOH) ...
Algorithm 1000: SuiteSparse:GraphBLAS: Graph Algorithms in the Language of Sparse Linear Algebra

SuiteSparse:GraphBLAS is a full implementation of the GraphBLAS standard, which defines a set of sparse matrix operations on an extended algebra of semirings using an almost unlimited variety of operators and types. When applied to sparse adjacency matrices, these algebraic operations are equivalent to computations on graphs. GraphBLAS provides a powerful and expressive framework for creating graph algorithms based on the elegant mathematics of sparse matrix operations on a semiring. An overview of the GraphBLAS specification is given, followed by a description of the key features and performance of its implementation in the SuiteSparse:GraphBLAS package.
The Reverse Exam: A Gamified Exam Structure to Motivate Studying and Reduce Anxiety

This experience report describes an attempt to improve student attitudes towards exams by encouraging students to craft exam questions that earn game points and by allowing students to defer some questions to a second attempt at the exam a week later, increasing study time while reducing common timed-test anxiety. The approach, inspired by research in gamification and student-generated questions, focuses on: getting students to study broadly across the material; encouraging students to craft good questions; encouraging an honest first attempt; preventing memorization for the second attempt; incorporating teamwork. Data collected from implementations in two different courses indicate that several finer points of the game design are important and that student-generated questions can be just as effective as instructor-generated questions. Survey data shows that students are very positive about having a second chance at learning.
Relationships of virus titers and transmission rates among sympatric and allopatric virus isolates and thrips vectors support local adaptation

Plant viruses rely on insect vectors for transmission among plant hosts, but many of the specifics of virus-vector interactions are not fully understood. Thrips tabaci, which transmits Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in a persistent and propagative manner, varies greatly in its ability to transmit different isolates of TSWV. Similarly, TSWV isolates are transmitted at different efficiencies by different populations of T. tabaci. This study characterizes differences in virus titers in the vector among TSWV isolate-T. tabaci isoline pairings in relation to differences in transmission rates, and demonstrates that although transmission rates were higher for sympatric than allopatric TSWV isolate-T. tabaci isoline pairings, virus titers in the thrips vector were significantly lower in the sympatric pairings. Results further demonstrate that TSWV titers in the vector were unrelated to virus titers in the leaf tissue from which they acquired the virus and provide evidence for the importance of specific vector-virus interactions and local adaptation in determining transmission efficiency of TSWV by T. tabaci.
Abatacept in the treatment of localized scleroderma: A pediatric case series and systematic literature review.

Abstract Background Localized scleroderma (LS) is a rare chronic immune-mediated skin condition of unknown etiology characterized by an inflammatory response in the skin and subcutaneous tissues resulting in collagen deposition and subsequent fibrosis. There is no cure for LS. No therapies have been licensed specifically for the treatment of LS and the clinical management of the disease remains largely empirical. Abatacept, a recombinant fusion protein interfering with the T-cell costimulatory pathway, has been reported to be effective in adult cases of LS. We report the successful use of abatacept in a juvenile localized scleroderma (jLS) cohort and conduct a systematic literature review to evaluate the evidence supporting the use of abatacept in the treatment of LS. Methods We compiled retrospectively the clinical data on 8 cases of jLS that were treated with abatacept in our academic center. A systematic review protocol was developed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-P) guidelines and has been registered with the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO). Standardized searches of MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE were undertaken to identify studies reporting the use of abatacept in the treatment of LS. Heterogeneity in study design, interventions and reported outcomes necessitated a qualitative data synthesis. Results The use of abatacept was effective and safe in our cohort of jLS patients. Our standardized searches identified 30 articles, of which 3 deemed eligible for full data extraction. All 3 studies were small (total of 18 patients; mean 6 subjects per study), single center, open-label, uncontrolled and non-randomized. The Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-randomized Studies (RoBANS) identified high risk-of bias for confounding variables and blinding of assessors in each of the 3 studies evaluated and in our pediatric case series. Conclusions The evidence-base to support the use of abatacept in the treatment of LS is currently limited and clinical practice guidelines should take a measured approach to such recommended therapy. Nonetheless, as the empirical evidence on the clinical effectiveness of abatacept in the treatment of LS accumulates, a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial is necessary to formally evaluate the observations documented by case-based reports.
Translational regulation of environmental adaptation in bacteria

Bacteria must rapidly respond to both intracellular and environmental changes to survive. One critical mechanism to rapidly detect and adapt to changes in environmental conditions is control of gene expression at the level of protein synthesis. At each of the three major steps of translation—initiation, elongation, and termination—cells use stimuli to tune translation rate and cellular protein concentrations. For example, changes in nutrient concentrations in the cell can lead to translational responses involving mechanisms such as dynamic folding of riboswitches during translation initiation or the synthesis of alarmones, which drastically alter cell physiology. Moreover, the cell can fine-tune the levels of specific protein products using programmed ribosome pausing or inducing frameshifting. Recent studies have improved understanding and revealed greater complexity regarding long-standing paradigms describing key regulatory steps of translation such as start-site selection and the coupling of transcription and translation. In this review, we describe how bacteria regulate their gene expression at the three translational steps and discuss how translation is used to detect and respond to changes in the cellular environment. Finally, we appraise the costs and benefits of regulation at the translational level in bacteria.
OP0118 Treatment preferences for early rheumatoid arthritis patients: how aggressive are rheumatologists?

Background Epidemiologic and clinical data point to the need for early and aggressive DMARD treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in order to improve functional outcome and prevent joint damage. Objectives To identify the pharmacoeconomic, physician, and geographic variables that might modify physician choice (s) of first-line therapy for early RA. Methods A questionnaire describing 3 RA cases with differing levels of disease severity/activity was developed. Each scenario portrayed a patient of the same age/gender, but presenting with a 6-month?s history of the signs/symptoms of mild, moderate, and severe disease activity/severity. The questionnaire was mailed to rheumatologists (adult practice) (n = 995) within four geographical regions of the United States (Northeast-NY; South-TX; Midwest-MO/NE/KS; West-CA) who were identified through the membership directory of the American College of Rheumatology. Rheumatologists were asked to identify their choice (s) of first-line therapy for each of the case profiles, first incorporating and second not incorporating cost as a factor in their treatment decision (s). Results 375 (37.7%) questionnaires were returned between March 12 and April 25, 2000. Response rates were similar among the different geographical regions. The Table 1 demonstrates the use of NSAID/COX2 inhibitors and/or corticosteroids (CS) alone as well as the use of DMARD therapy (including anti-TNF medications) with or without NSAID/COX-2, and/or CS. Various combinations of only NSAID/COX2/CS/Hydroxychloroquine/Sulfasalazine as the initial treatment were cited by 53–56% for mild, 3–5% for moderate, and 1–2% for severe disease activity/severity. DMARD monotherapy was chosen by nearly 3/4 of all rheumatologists for the treatment of mild RA, and by 40–60% for the treatment of moderate-severe RA regardless of cost issues. For severe disease activity/severity, when cost was a consideration the use of triple DMARD therapy significantly increased. Neither geographic location nor age (as a proxy for years of training) of the rheumatologist appeared to play a role in the treatment choices. Conclusion For the first-line therapy of early RA, medication cost played no role in the choice of mono, double, or triple therapy except in the RA scenario with severe disease activity/severity. For mild disease activity/severity: 1) a surprisingly high percent employed NSAID and/or CS alone; 2) half of the rheumatologists did not prefer MTX, gold, azathioprine, cyclosporine or any of the newer DMARDs (leflunomide, etanercept, infliximab) in this broad RA patient population. For the first-line treatment of early RA, aggressive DMARD therapy is not universally employed by all rheumatologists in the regions studied.
Impact of High PV Penetration on the Inter-area Oscillations in the U.S. Eastern Interconnection

This study explores the impact of high PV penetration on the inter-area oscillation modes of large-scale power grids. A series of dynamic models with various PV penetration levels are developed based on a detailed model representing the U.S. Eastern Interconnection (EI). Transient simulations are performed to investigate the change of inter-area oscillation modes with PV penetration. The impact of PV control strategies and parameter settings on inter-area oscillations is studied. This study finds that as PV increases, the damping of the dominant oscillation mode decreases monotonically. It is also observed that the mode shape varies with the PV control strategy and new oscillation modes may emerge under inappropriate parameter settings in PV plant controls.
Local structure memory effects in the polar and nonpolar phases of Mo Te 2

We use total scattering to study the reversible transition between the polar $1{T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and nonpolar ${T}_{d}$ phases of layered $\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ taking place at 240 K. Whereas, macroscopically, the transition appears to be first order, locally, it is not. In particular, a great deal of the stacking sequence of Te-Mo-Te layers characteristic of the polar $1{T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ phase persists locally in the nonpolar ${T}_{d}$ phase, and vice versa, over a broad temperature range extending about 100 K both below and above the transition. The intermixing ratio for the two sequences evolves gradually across the transition temperature, consistent with a second-order transition behavior. The presence of coexisting local polar and nonpolar regions and the resulting variety of internal interfaces where the spatial inversion symmetry is broken may be behind some of the unusual electronic properties of ${T}_{d}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$, including its putative type-II Weyl semimetal state.
Environmental Toxicology Assays Using Organ-on-Chip.

Adverse effects of environmental toxicants to human health have traditionally been assayed using in vitro assays. Organ-on-chip (OOC) is a new platform that can bridge the gaps between in vitro ass...
No Good Deed Goes Unpublished: Precedent-Stripping and the Need for a New Prophylactic Rule

This paper addresses the “open secret” that federal appellate courts often strip their opinions of precedential value as a means to forgo fair, principled and/or thorough adjudication of issues raised in appeals. Is there a basis in contemporary constitutional doctrine for a presumption that appellants suffer constitutional injury when courts dispose of their appeals using non-precedential opinions? The author answers “yes.” The argument centers on case law establishing so-called “constitutional prophylactic rules,” which work to “overprotect” a given core right - that is, to create a presumption of constitutional injury without proof of it - when such is the only effective way of protecting the core right to any meaningful extent. The author couples this case law with sobering empirical data and entrenched theories of judicial power to argue that a new prophylactic rule forbidding “precedent-stripping” is necessary to ensure that appellate courts do not deny appellants full and fair adjudication of their appeals.
Demand-Supply Deficit in the Indian English Classroom: An Analysis

The tertiary English classroom in India is full of challenges, but it is an irony that the English classroom is also the least challenging class for English teachers. English teachers are so liberal and magnanimous that they never problematize it. They fail to perceive that there is a huge deficit between demand and supply and this deficit causes frustration in both teachers and the taught. Since students do not get what they need, the class becomes unchallenging and docile. and students are satisfied with the mandatory pass in English. The classroom lacks vibrancy and vigour because students lose interest and remain unmotivated and teachers continue to be complacent and uncomplaining. The English classroom at the tertiary level in India is challenging for many reasons: its large size and heterogeneity, students’ favourable attitude but with little effort, teachers’ cavalier attitude and their limited competencies, institutions’ commercial outlook and lack of adequate, basic infrastructure, common textbooks and uniform testing, lang-lit dichotomy and langue-parole confusion, lack of teacher training and indigenous teaching methodology, privileging speech over writing, junior vs. senior controversy in allocation of language classes and so on. The present study concentrates on the actual and potential reasons behind the huge demand-supply deficit between students’ needs and delivery mechanism of such needs in the class.
When to List, Who Should List, and How: The Capabilities Approach, Democratic Education, and Inclusion

Tony DeCesare undertakes an important project in his essay by conceptualizing a possible “middle ground” capabilities approach that intersects with the goals of democratic education. It is in light of his concern for social discussion and “the work of public reasoning” that he looks to Amartya Sen’s express avoidance of a prescribed and fixed capabilities list; to list, we understand, is to universalize and impose a view of the good in educational contexts that demand a much more localized and context-specific account of valued ends and thus capabilities.
On the Use and Abuse of Overflight Column Doctrine

Many scholars writing on property or intellectual property policy assume that, when commercial aviation became feasible, the ad coelum maxim applied so literally that any airplane automatically trespassed on the air columns above lots of land beneath its flight path. The ad coelum maxim alienated property doctrine from sensible policies, these assumptions continue, and this disjunction was not fixed until courts reinvigorated property doctrine with new policies in the 1930s and 1940s.This Article has two goals. The first is to show that this portrait of overflight litigation is misleading. In the watershed overflight cases, jurists took for granted that legal “property” has a built-in normative commitment to one fundamental policy goal — that property rights be structured to facilitate all stakeholders being allowed to use those resources concurrently and beneficially, each for his own individual goals. So in overflight cases, jurists revised the scope of the ad coelum maxim to make sure that the maxim cohered with sound policies already fundamental to property law. The maxim confirmed landowners’ control over the low-altitude air space reasonably necessary to their beneficial uses of their lots. But the maxim was found not to apply to high-altitude airspace, because it seemed likely to impede all citizens’ concurrent interests in using airspace as a commons for air travel and transport.The second goal is to shed light on why contemporary scholarship portrays the ad coelum maxim and the transition in aerial trespass law so inaccurately. The conventional portrait of the overflight transition provides a tempting narrative helping to make traditional rights of exclusive control seem overbroad. By process of elimination, the “ad coelum fable” helps make seem more attractive alternate property strategies, especially commons approaches and “liability rule” forced transfers of use rights. Although such approaches may be desirable in some situations, they should be judged on their normative merits — not by setting up and then ridiculing straw-man portraits of alternatives. This Article illustrates with contemporary scholarship on eminent domain and urban redevelopment, and on the Google Books dispute.
Chapter 8 Properties and Behaviour of Iron in Clay Minerals

Structural Fe in clay minerals plays a large role in determining and influencing the chemical and physical properties and behaviour of this ubiquitous inorganic fraction of natural soils and sediments. Almost all clay minerals contain some Fe in their crystal structures, so the impact of Fe is great. Moreover, the effects of Fe are greatly amplified by its facile susceptibility to changes in oxidation state (redox modification), which are in fact larger than the effects of its mere presence in the mineral structure. Iron(III) is the more common oxidation state in the smectite structure under natural conditions, but bacterial activity in soils and sediments readily reduces it temporarily to Fe(II). In the laboratory, both sodium dithionite and bacteria were used extensively to effect reduction, followed by a plethora of subsequent characterizations. A variety of other reducing agents were also tried in the laboratory, with mixed results and with none of them being as effective as either dithionite or bacteria. Multiple redox cycles transform the smectite to a more illitic form, with both fixed K and residual Fe(II) increasing with each cycle. The surface reactivity of the smectites toward pesticides, chlorinated and various other organics, and redox-active metals is greatly increased once the structural Fe had been reduced. The cation exchange and fixation capacities increase, whereas specific surface area and swelling in water decrease. Recent studies also showed that reaction with redox-active anions (e.g. nitrate) is possible with polycations-exchanged, redox-modified smectites. Structural changes were characterized by a variety of chemical, instrumental, and spectroscopic methods, including the use of synchrotron X-ray sources, infrared, UV–visible, and scanning, environmental-sample, and high-resolution electron microscopy. In summary, Fe in smectites provides a robust means by which the properties and behaviour of soils and sediments change dynamically over space and time as environmental conditions fluctuate in response to global climate patterns and anthropogenic activity. Many opportunities await the curious and adventurous ones who decide to probe this phenomenon in order to advance understanding and uncover more avenues for meaningful exploitation.
Reading Max Taut: Bauten und Pläne

Published in 1927, Max Taut: Bauten und Plane consists primarily of photographs of Taut's latest building project, the German Printers’ Union Building, built in Berlin between 1924 and 1926. It also includes a brief text by the critic Adolf Behne, in which he defines Sachlichkeit as ‘self-conscious’ architecture that generates a ‘connection of man to man'. At first glance, Behne's text seems to introduce the German Printers’ Union Building as an example of Sachlichkeit. Yet this paper will argue that it responds to the presentation of architecture in the photographic book more than to the design of Taut's building. According to Behne, modern man had become alienated from his everyday environment and Sachlichkeit calls for his empowered interaction with architecture, an experience potentially facilitated by photography. Max Taut: Bauten und Plane testifies to the close collaboration between photography, architecture and the book in an attempt to articulate Sachlichkeit during the Weimar Republic.Because of...
Cervical spine geometry in the automotive seated posture: variations with age, stature, and gender.

In the mid 1970s, UMTRI investigated the biomechanical properties of the head and neck using 180 "normal" adult subjects selected to fill eighteen subject groups based on age (young, mid-aged, older), gender, and stature (short, medium, and tall by gender). Lateral-view radiographs of the subjects' cervical spines and heads were taken with the subjects seated in a simulated automotive neutral posture, as well as with their necks in full-voluntary flexion and full-voluntary extension. Although the cervical spine and lower head geometry were previously measured manually and documented, new technologies have enabled computer digitization of the scanned x-ray images and a more comprehensive and detailed analysis of the variation in cervical spine and lower head geometry with subject age, stature, and gender. After scanning the radiographic images, 108 skeletal landmarks on the cervical vertebrae and 10 head landmarks were digitized. The resulting database of cervical spine and head geometry was used to study cervical spine curvature, vertebral dimensions, and head/neck orientation as functions of age, gender, and stature. The data were used to characterize neutral posture cervical spine curvatures using two methods: a curvature index and Bezier spline functions. Lateral-view vertebral dimensions were also calculated for each subject, and a cascading series of equations was developed to estimate vertebral size and shape for a selected age, stature, and gender. The orientation of the cervical spine was defined using a neck chord angle, where the neck chord was varied to use different anatomical landmarks and estimates of joint centers for the top and bottom of the neck chord. Results from the study have been incorporated into a MS-Access based software package that allows researchers and modelers to generate cervical spine geometries for occupants of a specified age, gender, and stature. The program allows selection of individual occupants from the database that meet age, stature, gender, or curvature criteria, or creation of a composite cervical spine geometry representative of the selected age, gender, and stature. This tool will allow researchers to configure and vary cervical spine geometry in computer models and experimental test setups used to study head and neck impact response and injury risk.
NONSPATIAL AND SPATIAL MODELS IN BIOECONOMICS

Beginning in the 1960s, ecologists, mathe- maticians, and economists started developing a class of mod- els, which today are referred to as bioeconomic models. These early models started with a difference or differential equation describing the dynamics of a biological resource. To this equa- tion one might add a second difference or differential equation describing the dynamics of "harvesting effort." Alternatively, one could formulate a dynamic optimization problem seeking to maximize discounted net benefit. These models provided important insights into the tragedy of the commons and poli- cies that might promote optimal management. By the 1970s, more complex models were developed incorporating multi- species interactions, age-structured populations, and models with stochastic growth. In the late 1990s, spatial bioeconomic models were developed in recognition of the importance of location when managing biological resources. The objectives of this survey are to: (i) review some of the early models in bioeconomics, (ii) present some of the key spatial models in bioeconomics that have been used to assess the value of ma- rine (no-take) reserves, and (iii) speculate on the direction of future research in spatial bioeconomics.
Technique for Temporal Artery Biopsy

Temporal artery biopsy is generally considered an easy or routine operation. However, documented low-benefit yield of the procedure may be influenced by shoddy surgical sampling. A method of temporal artery biopsy is presented that allows efficient harvesting and handling of adequate vessel length to aid in assessment of possible temporal arteritis. When the procedure is properly selected, predictable clinical benefit is obtainable with little difficulty for surgeons and low risk for patients.
Stacked schiff base complexes. The structural characterization of M,N′-ethylenebis(1,1,1-triflouro-2,4-pentanedioneiminato)copper(II0 and N,N′-ethylenebis(1,1,1-triflouro-2,4-hexanedioneiminato)nickel(II), Cu[en(tfpd)2] and Ni[en(tfhd)2]

Abstract The crystals and molecular structures of the Schiff base complexes N,N - ethylenebis(1,1,1-triflouro-2,4-pentanedionato)copper(II), Cu[en(tfpd)2], CuC12H12N2O2F6, and N,N - ethynelebis(1,1,1-triflouro-2-4-hexanedioneiminato-nickel(II) Ni[en(tfhd)2], NiC14H16N2O2F6, have been determined from three-dimensional counter X-ray data. The copper complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c in a cell of dimensions a = 10.665(5), b = 16.131(9), c = 9.050(4) A, β = 106.43(5)°. Least-squares refinement of the structure has led to a final R factor (on F) of 0.043 using 2351 independent intensities. The nickel complex also crystallizes in space group P21/c with a = 11.434(7), b = 17.798(b), c = 8.741(7) A with β = 110.60(5)°. Least-squares refinement of the structure, based on 1054 independent observations, has led to an R-facto (on F) of 0.073. The coordination geometry around the metal centers in both complexes is distorted square planar, the angle between the two NMO planes being 13.2° in the copper complex and 8.5° in the nickel complex; these results are in contrast with those reported earlier for the nickel analog of the present copper complex, Ni[en(tfpd)2], in which the geometry was undistorted square planar. The average CuN and CuO bond lengths are 1.939(8) and 1.909(4) A, respectively, while the corresponding values for the NiN and NiO bonds in Ni[en(tfhd)2] are 1.843(9) and 1.857(8) A, respectively. Both complexes form stacks in the crystals, leading to CuCu and NiNi separations of 4.625(2) and 4.395(3) A, respectively, with associated CuCuCu and NiNiNi angles of 156.14(2) and 167.74(8)°, respectively. The reported EPR spectra of pure and doped complexes of this type are discussed in the light of their structures.
A method for measuring apical glucose transporter site density in intact intestinal mucosa by means of phlorizin binding.

Phlorizin binding has been widely used to estimate the site density of glucose transporters on intestinal and renal brush-border vesicles. Glucose transport measurements in the intact intestinal mucosa show that changes in transport rate postulated to arise from changes in site density occur under many physiological and pathological conditions. Exploring the basis of these regulatory phenomena would be facilitated by comparing changes in transport rate and site density measured in the same preparation. Hence we developed methods for measuring phlorizin binding in everted sleeves of intact mouse intestine. Specific binding of phlorizin to glucose carriers reached an asymptotic value within 120 sec, while nonspecific binding continued to rise thereafter. Hence we used 120-sec incubations. The rate of dissociation of specifically bound phlorizin was accelerated by Na+-free solutions and even more by 50mm glucose, while the rate of dissociation of nonspecifically bound phlorizin was independent of these solution changes. Hence we chose a 20-sec rinse in Ringer+50mm mannitol, because it washes out 30–40% of the nonspecifically bound phlorizin but virtually none of the specifically bound phlorizin. Ligand-binding analysis of specific binding against phlorizin concentration suggested two classes of binding sites, of which the one with stronger affinity for phlorizin probably has the higher capacity for glucose transport in mouse jejunum. The calculated affinity and capacity of this component are independent of whether one estimates the specific component of total binding by adding glucose or by removing Na+.
Histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells after passive sensitization with human reaginic serum or E myeloma protein

Abstract Significant histamine release (HR) (averaging 15 per cent) was attained from rat peritoneal cells upon incubation with human reaginic sera and a specific antigen (grass pollen) or a monospecific anti-IgE antiserum. Similar histamine values were obtained from rat mast cells (RMC) incubated with E myeloma protein and challenged with anti-IgE. Washing the cells after incubation with reaginic serum or E myeloma protein did not result in a decrease in HR upon challenge with grass pollen antigen or anti-IgE. No significant HR was observed in control situations. There was also no significant antigen-induced HR from RMC by nonreaginic (newborn) serum or by reaginic serum that was heated for 4 hours at 56 °C. Furthermore, anti-IgG, -IgA, and -IgM failed to induce HR from RMC incubated with reaginic serum. These observations support the role of human IgE in passive sensitization of heterologous cells (RMC) for the release of a chemical mediator (histamine).
Evaluation of a new method of administration of the iron chelating agent deferoxamine

Abstract We compared the effectiveness of deferoxamine administered by twice-daily subcutaneous injections with conventional administration by prolonged subcutaneous infusion in 20 patients with thalassemia. Urinary iron excretion was comparable with the two methods but decreased significantly when the total daily dose was administered as a single injection. Local reactions were similar with infusion and injection. Subcutaneous injections of deferoxamine may be considered as an alternative to conventional infusions. (J Pediatr 1997;130:86-8)
Rofecoxib provides relief of pain following third molar extractions.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Analgesic efficacy of rofecoxib compared with codeine/acetaminophen using a model of acute dental pain. Chang DJ, Bird SR, Bohidar NR, King T. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005;100(4):e74-80. Level of Evidence 1b Purpose/Question The authors of this study planned to demonstrate the clinical advantage of single-dose rofecoxib 50 mg to single-dose APAP 600 mg/codeine 60 mg. Source of Funding Industry Type of Study/Design Randomized controlled trial
Monitoring general corrosion of rebar embedded in mortar using high-frequency guided mechanical waves

High-frequency guided mechanical waves were used to ultrasonically monitor reinforced mortar specimens undergoing accelerated general corrosion damage. Waves were invoked, using both single-cycle and high-cycle tonebursts, at frequencies where the attenuation is at a local minimum. Results show that the high-frequency waves were sensitive to irregularities in the reinforcing rebar profile caused by corrosion. The sensitivity is thought to be due to scattering, reflections, and mode conversion at the irregularities. Certain frequencies show promise for being insensitive to the surrounding mortar, ingress of water, presence of additional rebar, stirrups, and rust product accumulation. This lack of sensitivity allows for changes in guided wave behavior from bar profile deterioration to be isolated from the effects of other surrounding interfaces.
Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change.

The course and outcomes of mental illness are hampered by stigma and discrimination. Research on controllability attributions has mapped the relationships between signaling events, mediating stigma, emotional reactions, and discriminating behavior. In this article, I describe how an attribution model advances research questions related to mental health stigma in three areas. (1) Stigma research needs to examine signaling events related to psychiatric stigma including the label of mental illness, behaviors associated with psychiatric symptoms, and physical appearance. (2) Research into mediating knowledge structures needs to bridge information about controllability attributions with public attitudes about dangerousness and self-care. (3) Ways in which these knowledge structures lead to emotional reactions (pity, anger, and fear) as well as behavioral responses (helping and punishing behaviors) need to be examined. The attribution model has significant implications for social change strategies that seek to decrease mental illness stigma and discrimination.