cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building models: a direct but neglected approach to teaching computer science

The use of software models for teaching a variety of computer science topics is a valuable technique. Such models may be studied by reading and examining each model itself. Additionally, the models form the basis for experimentation. The J language is particularly well suited for modeling. It is not necessary that students be proficient in J programming to make effective use of J models and experiments with models are easily devised so that laboratory measurements may be taken. Example models for a number of computer science topics are given.
Brazil nut consumption promotes satiety without increasing blood glucose and insulin responses in healthy adults

Brazil nuts are rich in important nutrients including unsaturated fatty acids and fiber and are the highest known food source of selenium. Selenium has exhibited a multitude of health benefits including increased antioxidant capacity, improvement of lipid profiles, insulin and glucose responses, and elevation of mood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of Brazil nut consumption on postprandial satiety, glucose, insulin, antioxidant activity, and anxiety in healthy subjects. In a crossover design with two trials, 22 healthy adults (age 25 ± 4.94 years, BMI 22.3 ± 3.29 kg/m2) consumed pretzels (36 g) and isocaloric, sodium-matched Brazil nuts (20 g), separated by a 48-h washout period. A visual analogue scale measured satiety at baseline, 20 and 40 min after snack consumption. Anxiety (via modified STAI), blood glucose, insulin, and antioxidant levels were measured at baseline and 40 min. Both the Brazil nuts and pretzels increased satiety with greater satiety in Brazil nuts compared to pretzels (P = 0.049). Each snack also decreased anxiety (P = 0.020) from baseline to 40 min post-consumption with no significant differences between the two trials. Pretzel consumption caused a significant increase in blood glucose and insulin (P < 0.001) at 40 min post-consumption compared to baseline, while Brazil nut consumption did not significantly increase either level. Brazil nut consumption improved postprandial satiety and stabilized glucose and insulin responses compared to baseline, which warrants further studies on reducing overall food intake and preventing cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and weight gain.
The Voice of America: Lowell Thomas and the Invention of 20th Century Journalism

It may seem outrageous to identify a figure from American journalism history by name in a biography subtitled: “And the Invention of 20th Century Journalism.” But you have to read this book by Mitc...
Urinary and biliary excretion of ergot alkaloids from steers that grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue.

Ergot alkaloids cause fescue toxicosis when livestock graze endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue. Little is known about the bioavailability of the ergot alkaloid classes (lysergic acid, lysergic acid amides, or ergopeptine alkaloids) in livestock, and this hampers development of pharmacological strategies to ameliorate the toxicosis. One method used to determine bioavailability of ergot alkaloids is to examine urinary and biliary excretion patterns. Thus, our objectives were to compare ergot alkaloid excretion via urinary or biliary systems and to determine the rate of appearance or clearance of these alkaloids in cattle that were grazing E+ or endophyte-free (E-) tall fescue. In autumn 1996, bile and urine samples were collected from eight steers (203 kg), each grazing E+ and E- tall fescue, and total alkaloid excretion was quantified using competitive ELISA. Approximately 96% of the ergot alkaloids were excreted in urine. The same steers were used to examine the rate of appearance in, or clearance from, urine when switched from E+ to E-, or from E- to E+, pastures in comparison with steers that were continuously grazing E+ or E- tall fescue at 0, 2, 5, and 7 d. Steers were returned to their original pastures after 7 d, and urine was collected at 2, 5, and 7 d. Urinary alkaloid concentrations in steers switched from E- to E+ pastures were similar (P = .55) to those in steers that continuously grazed E+ tall fescue after 2 d. Steers switched from E+ to E- pastures had urinary alkaloid concentrations similar (P = .91) to those in steers that continuously grazed E- pastures after 2 d. In 1997, two trials were conducted in which steers (191 kg) were switched or remained on E+ or E- pastures, and urine was collected at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h to estimate rate of alkaloid appearance or clearance. Steers switched from E- to E+ 1) had about 33% as much urinary alkaloids as steers grazing E+ pasture after 12 h, 2) were not different after 24 h (P = .76), 3) had twice those of the E+ steers at 48 h (P < .05), and 4) were not different after 96 h. Steers switched from E+ to E- tall fescue had approximately 33% less (P < .05) urinary alkaloids than those grazing E+ at 12 h, 67% less (P < .05) at 24 and 48 h, and were not different (P = .86) from steers continuously grazing E- pastures after 96 h. Urinary alkaloid excretion patterns were similar to ergot alkaloid solubility patterns from in vitro digestion of E+ tall fescue. We suggest that alkaloids, liberated from the forage by ruminal microorganisms, were rapidly absorbed as lysergic acid amides and biotransformed ergopeptine alkaloids.
Gazing Without Eyes: A "Stare-in-the-Crowd" Effect Induced by Simple Geometric Shapes.

Of the many effects that eye contact has, perhaps the most powerful is the stare-in-the-crowd effect, wherein faces are detected more readily when they look directly toward you. This is commonly at...
The Main and Interactive Associations between Demographic Factors and Psychopathology and Treatment Utilization in Youth: A Test of Intersectionality in the ABCD Study

Demographic factors may be associated with youth psychopathology due to social-contextual factors that may also pose barriers to intervention. Further, in line with intersectionality theory, youth with multiple non-dominant identities may be most likely to experience psychopathology and face barriers to care. This study examined rates of parent-reported psychopathology and mental health treatment utilization as a function of several demographic characteristics (in isolation and in concert) in a population-based, demographically diverse sample of 11,875 9- to 10-year-old youth. Results indicated most consistently that lower SES was associated with greater rates of psychopathology and greater likelihood of treatment utilization; that Asian American youth (relative to all other racial groups) and Hispanic/Latinx (relative to non-Hispanic/Latinx) youth were less likely to have a history of psychopathology or to have utilized treatment; and that male youth had greater rates of lifetime Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and were more likely to have utilized treatment. There was more modest support for interactive effects between demographic factors on psychopathology, which are discussed. The present study provides some support for differential rates of parent-reported psychopathology and treatment utilization as a function of demographic identities in youth. Potential explanations for these differences (e.g., cultural differences in symptom presentation; underreporting of symptoms) are discussed.
Acute ischemic stroke as a result of paradoxical embolus in a patient with renal cell carcinoma, intravenous tumor thrombus extension, and patent foramen ovale (1084)

Objective: This is the first reported case of intraoperative paradoxical embolism in the setting of renal cell carcinoma with cavoatrial extension and patent foramen ovale. Background: Patent foramen ovale is a common congenital cardiac abnormality. An association with acute ischemic stroke, secondary to paradoxical embolism of venous blood clots, is well described. Extension of renal cell carcinoma into the adjacent veins is common. Surgical resection is felt to be an effective approach to treatment, even in the setting of extensive venous involvement. Design/Methods: A case report. Results: A 55-year-old woman with recently diagnosed right renal mass and cavoatrial tumor thrombus was transferred to our facility for surgical resection. She subsequently underwent open radical right nephrectomy, regional lymph node dissection, inferior vena cava and right atrial tumor thrombectomy, and resection of the infrahepatic vena cava. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiogram confirmed absence of tumor thrombus from the inferior vena cava and right atrium and also identified a patent foramen ovale. Upon weaning sedation, she was noted to be agitated and have left hemiplegia. Her National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was 30 and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 6. The CT head revealed extensive hypoattenuation right in the middle and left posterior cerebral artery territories. There was associated cerebral edema and 5mm midline shift. In the setting of devastating neurologic injury, her family elected to transition to comfort care and the patient died on postoperative day 7. Conclusions: Presence of patent foramen ovale may be a risk factor for severe cerebrovascular complications in the surgical management of renal cell carcinoma with venous involvement. We therefore propose that vigorous screening for PFO be a component of the preoperative workup for RCC with venous involvement. In the event a PFO is discovered pre-operatively, its closure should be contemplated in this population. Disclosure: Dr. Gritsch has nothing to disclose. Dr. Abdallah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Taylor has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mesbah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Demaerschalk has nothing to disclose.
Response to Reviewers of John Witte, Jr., Church, State, and Family: Reconciling Traditional Teachings and Modern Liberties

This article responds to Mark Jordan, Brian Bix, Michael Broyde, Robin Fretwell Wilson and Jonathan Chaplin who offered learned reviews of my volume, Church, State, and Family: Reconciling Traditional Teachings and Modern Liberties (Cambridge University Press, 2019). This volume marshals historical, philosophical, jurisprudential, theological, and social science arguments to defend the fundamental place of the marital family in modern liberal societies. While applauding modern sexual freedoms as a welcome relief from traditional forms of patriarchy, paternalism, and plain prudishness, it also defends the traditional Western teaching that the marital family is an essential cradle of conscience, chrysalis of care, and cornerstone of ordered liberty. The volume thus urges churches, states, and other social institutions to protect and promote the monogamous marital family, including same-sex families. It encourages reticent churches to embrace the rights of women and children, as earlier Christian writers taught. It encourages modern states to promote responsible sexual freedom and stable family relations, as classical liberals in Europe and North America repeatedly said. It counsels modern churches and states to share somewhat in family law governance, and to resist recent efforts to privatize, abolish, flatten, or radically expand the marital family sphere. And the volume invites fellow citizens to get over their bitter battles concerning same-sex marriage and tend to the vast family field that urgently needs concerted attention and action. The five reviewers generously condone the main argument of the book, while offering interesting caveats and elaborations.
Legal Education for Human Rights Work: Social Work Practicum Students in Forensic Placements

The Council on Social Work Education tasks social work programs to ensure students illustrate competency with regard to advocating for and advancing human rights. Given the three generations of human rights experience differing levels of guarantee and protection, multiple tools are needed in order to advance human rights across the board. As human rights cannot be sufficiently realized until they are protected by law, many of those tools are made more useful when combined with knowledge of the legal system and processes. Advocacy is a key aspect of social work practice, and therefore social work education provides a solid foundational understanding on the legislative branch of government. However, as all three branches of government have the ability to impact human rights law, social work programs are advised to integrate more opportunities for students to learn about the judicial and executive branches as well. Recognizing that not all programs are positioned to inject forensic social work education into their curriculum, an interprofessional practicum model that integrates social work students into university legal clinics is provided.
The Formation of Native Disulfide Bonds: Treading a Fine Line in Protein Folding

The folding of proteins that contain disulfide bonds is termed oxidative protein folding. It involves a chemical reaction resulting in the formation of disulfide bonds and a physical conformational folding reaction that promotes the formation of the native structure. While the presence of disulfide bonds significantly increases the complexity of the folding landscape, it is generally recognized that native disulfide bonds help funnel the trajectory towards the final folded form. Here, we review the role of disulfide bonds in oxidative protein folding and argue that even structure-inducing native disulfide bond formation treads a fine line in the regeneration of disulfide-bond-containing proteins. The translation of this observation to protein misfolding related disorders is discussed.
The precariousness of human life: Jane Austen, pandemic, and the coping mechanisms of nineteenth-century literature

Beginning with the author’s experiences teaching Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility (1811) at the exact moment of the COVID-19 pandemic’s outbreak, this article considers pandemic-specific changes in student reactions to Austen’s novels. Death and disease, though ever-present in Austen’s work, have been relatively unpopular as topics of discussion and – until the pandemic – have rarely been the focus of Austen studies in the undergraduate classroom. The article takes the opportunity to study how the pandemic has changed this and how it introduces new pedagogical potentials into Austen-focused classrooms, while also examining how nineteenth-century literature may contain a series of coping mechanisms in response to death and disease that are sorely needed in our pandemic and post-pandemic societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Nineteenth-Century Contexts is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Cancer Risk in Nodules Detected at Follow-up Lung Cancer Screening CT

Background: Nodules may have different lung cancer risks when new on follow-up CT versus when present on an earlier CT ("existing" nodules). Diameter-based Lung-RADS and volume-based NELSON categories have shown variable performance in nodule risk assessment. Objective: To assess Lung-RADS and NELSON classifications for nodules detected on follow-up lung cancer screening CT examinations. Methods: This retrospective study included 185 patients (100 women, 85 men; median age, 66 years) who underwent lung cancer screening CT examinations for which a prior CT was available. Stratified random sampling was performed to enrich the sample with suspicious nodules, yielding 50, 45, 47, 30, and 13 nodules with Lung-RADS categories 2, 3, 4A, 4B, and 4X, respectively. Lung-RADS categories were recorded from clinical reports. Nodules' linear measurements were extracted from clinical reports to generate Lung-RADS categories using strict criteria. Two radiologists used a semiautomated tool to obtain nodule volumes, which were used to generate NELSON categories. Lung cancer risk was assessed. ROC analysis was performed. Percentages were weighted by Lung-RADS category frequencies in the underlying screening cohort. Results: Twenty-nine cancers were diagnosed. Weighted cancer risk was 5% for new nodules, 1% for stable existing nodules, and 44% for growing existing nodules. No clinical category 2 nodule was cancer. Using strict Lung-RADS, 34 nodules, including 7 cancers, were downgraded to category 2. AUC for cancer was 0.96 for clinical Lung-RADS, 0.81 for strict Lung-RADS, 0.71-0.84 for NELSON (two readers), and 0.89 for nodule diameter. Clinical Lung-RADS achieved weighted sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 85% in the entire sample, 100% and 41% in new nodules, and 100% and 94% in existing nodules. Optimal diameter threshold was 8 mm for existing nodules, versus 6 mm for new nodules. Conclusions: Lung-RADS, as applied by radiologists in clinical practice, achieved excellent performance on follow-up screening examinations. Strict Lung-RADS downgraded some cancers to category 2. Volumetric assessments had weaker performance than clinical Lung-RADS. New nodules warrant smaller size thresholds than existing nodules. Clinical Impact: The findings provide insight into radiologists' management of nodules detected on follow-up screening examinations.
γ-Glutamyl-Transpeptidase-Resistant Glutathione Analog Attenuates Progression of Alzheimer's Disease-like Pathology and Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model.

Oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is mediated, in part, by the loss of glutathione (GSH). Previous studies show that γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)-resistant GSH analog, Ψ-GSH, improves brain GSH levels, reduces oxidative stress markers in brains of APP/PS1 transgenic mice, a mouse model of AD, and attenuates early memory deficits in the APP/PS1 model. Herein, we examined whether Ψ-GSH can attenuate the disease progression when administered following the onset of AD-like pathology in vivo. Cohorts of APP/PS1 mice were administered Ψ-GSH for 2 months starting at 8 month or 12 months of age. We show that Ψ-GSH treatment reduces indices of oxidative stress in older mice by restoration of enzyme glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) activity and reduces levels of insoluble Aβ. Quantitative neuropathological analyses show that Ψ-GSH treatment significantly reduces Aβ deposition and brain inflammation in APP/PS1 mice compared to vehicle-treated mice. More importantly, Ψ-GSH treatment attenuated the progressive loss of cortical TH+ afferents and the loss of TH+ neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC). Collectively, the results show that Ψ-GSH exhibits significant antioxidant activity in aged APP/PS1 mice and chronic Ψ-GSH treatment administered after the onset of AD pathology can reverse/slow further progression of AD-like pathology and neurodegeneration in vivo.
Excretion of Fumonisin B1, Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1, and the Fumonisin B1−Fructose Adduct in Rats

The excretion of fumonisin B1 (FB1), hydrolyzed FB1 (HFB1), and FB1−fructose addition products (FB1−fructose) was determined in male Fisher 344/NHsd rats. Rats were dosed by gavage with 0.69, 6.93,...
Coding of Spatial and Temporal Information in Episodic Memory

Publisher Summary There have been methodological problems involved in the investigation of temporal and spatial coding. Therefore, this chapter examines the standard procedures employed in this type of research and provides comparisons of the effects of different visual presentation modes on the retention of temporal order. Although these comparisons comprise essentially an inventory of empirical findings, extant theoretical models of spatiotemporal coding are described also and then evaluated in light of these data. A review of research pertaining to the role of spatial cues in children's judgments of absolute and relative recency is included, followed by a comprehensive examination of the probe-type serial memory task.
Able To Include: Focus groups with persons with IDD and their coaches communicating through social media

The CIP-project Able To Include (ATI) is run by partners from five European countries. The aim is to create a technical solution thus ensuring that people with intellectual disabilities can use applications to lead fulfilling, independent lives. ATI is developing an accessibility layer that will integrate with existent and future ICT tools. The integration of this accessibility layer will be tested in 3 different pilots in Spain, Belgium and UK, and in 3 different usage scenarios: leisure within the information society, mobility and labor integration. To optimize the design, ATI chooses a collaborative approach with the end-users, i.e. people with IDD. To achieve this, focus groups were set up with people with IDD and with caregivers of people with IDD. The main purpose of this research was to explore the experiences and the current knowledge of people with Intellectual Developmental Disabilities (IDD) regarding social media. This paper mainly focuses on the technological results of the focus groups held in Belgium. Researchers found that people with IDD have a great interest in social media. It holds a lot of possibilities, yet people with IDD also encounter several issues, either with the devices being used, or coming from the application itself. As communicating through social media seems to be a critical issue, the tools developed by ATI can be of great value. A human centered design, including the end-users by the means of focus groups, enables researches to produce customized designing solutions, taking into account the needs and the specific context of use for people with IDD.
Password rescue: a new approach to phishing prevention

A phishing attack exploits both the enormous scale of the web and the fact that users are often enormously confused about what they can trust. Scale allows the phisher to get many responses to his attack, even though the probability of any given user responding is low (it costs the phisher no more to send a million emails than to send one). The enormous confusion about trust allows the phisher make a copy of a bank web-site look as trustworthy to the victim as the original. Previous approaches to this problem have tried to solve the problem by preventing useful information leaking to the phisher; for example by alerting the user to suspicious or low reputation sites. Generally this is done at the client (typically in a browser plugin or add-on). We propose a scheme that in several respects is a radical departure from previous approaches. First, we make no attempt to prevent information leakage. Rather, we try to detect and then rescue users from the consequences of bad trust decisions. Second, we harness scale against the attacker instead of trying to solve the problem at each client. Thus our scheme increases in efficacy with the scale of deployment: it offers very little protection if a small fraction of users participate, but makes phishing almost impossible as the deployment increases. Finally, we make clear that small trials of our system would prove little. The scale requirements of Password Rescue make it suitable for large deployment or not at all. HotSec seems like the best forum for such ideas.
Differential roles of ERK and JNK in early and late stages of neuritogenesis: a study in a novel PC12 model system.

The rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line has been an invaluable model system for studying neuritogenesis. Nerve growth factor (NGF) elicits multiple aspects of neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. It is therefore difficult to dissect and assign an individual signaling pathway to each stage of neuritogenesis. We have recently reported the isolation of a variant PC12 cell line, PC12-N1 (N1), which spontaneously extends neuritic processes and exhibits an increased sensitivity to NGF. Here, we show that, under different culture conditions, the cells display three distinct phases of neuritogenesis consisting of neurite initiation, rapid neurite elongation, and a maturation process characterized by the thickening of neurites and increase in cell soma sizes. We demonstrate that signaling through ERK, but not p38 or JNK, is required for the spontaneous neurite initiation and extension. Treatment with low concentrations of NGF induces rapid neurite elongation without affecting neurite branching and cell soma sizes. Such a rapid neurite outgrowth can be blocked by the inhibition of ERK, but not JNK, activities. In the presence of higher concentrations of NGF, the N1 cells undergo further differentiation with many characteristics of mature neurons in culture, e.g. larger cell soma and numerous branches/connections. This process can be completely blocked by inhibiting ERK or JNK activities using specific inhibitors. These results suggest that ERK and JNK signals play different roles in neuritogenesis, and that JNK activity is essential in the late stages of neuritogenesis. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that signaling dosage is important in the activation of a specific pathway, leading to distinctive biological outcomes.
Relationship between acid-base composition of amniotic fluid and the clinical condition of the newborn guinea pig: I. Influence of maternal carbon dioxide tension☆

Abstract The acid-base composition and electrolyte concentrations of amniotic fluid of the guinea pig at term were determined in the presence of low, normal, and high maternal P CO 2 . The values were correlated with those in maternal arterial and umbilical vein blood. Amniotic fluid appeared to be influenced more by fetal than maternal acid-base state. The lactate levels were considerably lower in amniotic fluid than in either mother or fetus; on the other hand, chloride concentration was higher while bicarbonate level was relatively low.
The winds of hydrogen-rich central stars of planetary nebulae

We have modelled far-UV, UV and optical spectra of a sample of 10 hydrogen-rich central stars of planetary nebulae (CSPN) using stellar atmosphere codes to derive their photospheric and wind parameters. The resulting stellar temperatures range from 40 to 120 kK, well spanning the CSPN evolutionary phase and allowing certain trends to be discerned. In particular, an inhomogeneous wind structure and X-ray emission in the wind are required to match spectral diagnostic lines in many cases. For the majority of the sample, a wind clumping factor of 0.1 ≤f≤ 0.04 is derived (mainly from the P vλλ1118, 28 and O vλ1371 lines). Such factors correspond to clump densities of ∼10–25 times that of the smooth wind density, with resulting mass-loss rates one-third to one-fifth the smooth wind values, which is of significant consequence to nebular dynamics, stellar and galactic evolution. Furthermore, we find clumping to begin at small radii (∼1.2 R*), as has been found when modelling the winds of (massive) O stars. The inclusion of X-ray fluxes, presumably from shocks, in the model atmosphere calculations is found to improve the fit of the O viλλ1032, 38 line (and other features) for stars with 55 ≤ Teff≤ 80 kK, and to be absolutely necessary to match this feature for the coolest stars in our sample (Teff≲ 45 kK). These findings suggest that shocks originating from line-driven wind instabilities leading to the formation of clumped winds and X-rays may be a common characteristic of CSPN, as has been found for the winds of massive O-type stars. We also find interesting results for some individual stars. NGC 1360 (Teff≃ 105 kK) displays the signature of a (previously undetected) weak stellar wind in its O vi 1032, 38 profile, and probably has the lowest mass-loss rate ( M⊙ yr−1) of any known CSPN. In contrast, we find the wind terminal velocity of NGC 2392 ( Teff≃ 45 kK) to be v∞≃ 300 km s−1, one of the slowest CSPN wind known, probably related to its subsolar metallicity. We have included in the model calculations many elements and high-ionization species previously neglected in analyses of this type, providing additional wind diagnostics such as Ne viiλ973 and Ar viiλ1064. The effects of including these as well as other line-blanketing elements are discussed.
Effects of sucrose ingestion on juvenile offenders with low, borderline, and normal nadir serum glucose values

Abstract The effects of sucrose on the neuropsychological test performance of juvenile offenders with low ( 60 mg/dl) serum glucose nadirs during an oral sucrose tolerance test were examined using a double-blind crossover challenge design. Subjects ingested a sucrose-loaded (78 g) and a no-sucrose (
Goal setting in diabetes self-management: Taking the baby steps to success

Abstract Objective To evaluate the usefulness of a diabetes self-management guide and a brief counseling intervention in helping patients set and achieve their behavioral goals. Methods We conducted a quasi-experimental study using a one group pretest posttest design to assess the effectiveness of a goal setting intervention along with a self-management guide. English- and Spanish-speaking patients with diabetes had one in-person session and two telephone follow-up calls with a non-clinical provider over a 12–16-week period. At each call and at the end of the study, we assessed success in achieving behavioral goals and problem solving toward those goals. Satisfaction with the self-management guide was assessed at the end of the study. Results We enrolled 250 patients across three sites and 229 patients completed the study. Most patients chose to set goals in diet and exercise domains. 93% of patients achieved at least one behavioral goal during the study and 73% achieved at least two behavioral goals. Many patients exhibited problem solving behavior to achieve their goals. We found no significant differences in reported achievement of behavior goals by literacy or language. Patients were very satisfied with the guide. Conclusions A brief goal setting intervention along with a diabetes self-management guide helped patients set and achieve healthy behavioral goals. Practice implications Non-clinical providers can successfully help a diverse range of patients with diabetes set and achieve behavioral goals.
Primary carcinoma of fossa navicularis

A case of primary carcinoma of the fossa navicularis of the male urethra is discussed. The lesion presented as an ulcerative process that circumferentially involved the external urinary meatus in a sixty-three-year-old man. Initially, the lesion was confused with a superficial carcinoma of the penis, since results of urethroscopic examination were normal. Following midshaft penectomy, despite normal gross appearance of the distal urethra, histologic examination indicated poorly differentiated epidermoid carcinoma along the mucosa of the distal urethra up to the line of surgical resection. Subsequent total penectomy showed only a small area of residual tumor at the line of previous resection. Lymphadenectomy was not performed. The patient remains alive without evidence of residual disease five years later.
The effect of change in body orientation upon the perceived direction of autokinesis

The egocentric upright was separated from the spatial vertical by rotating the O 90 deg to the right and left. The primary direction of autokinesis shifted in accord with the changes in body tilt. Therefore, it was concluded that the direction of apparent motion is egocentrically determined.
Quantitation of lipid-laden macrophages in evaluation of lower airway cytology specimens from pediatric patients.

Quantitation of lipid-laden macrophages has been used as a tool in the diagnosis of aspiration-related respiratory disorders. Fifty-six respiratory specimens from pediatric patients with lung diseases were retrospectively reviewed, and lipid-laden macrophage indices were evaluated according to modified published grading methods. The indices from patients at high risk for aspiration were significantly different from those at low risk. A simpler and more reproducible grading method was introduced. An important issue regarding sample adequacy was also addressed.
Activation of K+ channels by lanthanum contributes to the block of transmitter release in chick and rat sympathetic neurons.

We studied the effects of lanthanum (La3+) on the release of 3H-norepinephrine(3H-NE), intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and voltage clamped Ca2+ and K+ currents in cultured sympathetic neurons. La3+ (0.1 to 10 μm) produced concentration-dependent inhibition of depolarization induced Ca2+ influx and 3H-NE release. La3+ was more potent and more efficacious in blocking 3H-NE release than the Ca2+-channel blockers cadmium and verapamil, which never blocked more than 70% of the release. At 3 μm, La3+ produced a complete block of the electrically stimulated rise in intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+] i ) in the cell body and the growth cone. The stimulation-evoked release of 3H-NE was also completely blocked by 3 μm La3+. However, 3 μm La3+ produced only a partial block of voltage clamped Ca2+ current (ICa). Following La3+ (10 μm) treatment 3H-NE release could be evoked by high K+ stimulation of neurons which were refractory to electrical stimulation. La3+ (1 μm) increased the hyperpolarization activated, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) sensitive, transient K+ current (I A ) with little effect on the late outward current elicited from depolarized holding potentials. We conclude that the effective block of electrically stimulated 3H-NE release is a result of the unique ability of La3+ to activate a stabilizing, outward K+ current at the same concentration that it blocks inward Ca2+ current.
Frequency modulation excitation spectroscopy

Abstract Excitation spectroscopy is performed using frequency modulated laser radiation with widely spaced sidebands to pump a resonant absorber. The excited upper state population, and hence the intensity of the incoherent fluorescence emitted, is found to be time domain modulated at the sideband spacing frequency. By monitoring the amplitude and phase of the fluorescence modulation as functions of laser carrier frequency and sideband spacing frequency, the absorption lineshape, dispersion lineshape, and upper state lifetime can be determined.
Inflation Inertia in Sticky Information Models

This paper considers whether the sticky information model of Mankiw and Reis (2002) can robustly deliver inflation inertia. I find that four features of the model play a key role in determining inflation inertia: the frequency of information updating, the degree of real rigidities, the nature and persistence of monetary policy, and the presence or not of information stickiness elsewhere in the economy. Real rigidities serve to dampen firms’ desired price changes and are a critical element in delivering inflation inertia. The type of monetary policy, money-growth vs. interest rate rules, also matters, with Taylor rules making inflation inertia less likely than under money growth rules. Adding sticky information in consumption to the model yields a more gradual adjustment of output, thereby decreasing the incentive for firms to change prices on impact and increasing the inertia of inflation. I also explore the implications of using random versus fixed durations of information rigidity and argue that with the latter, the choice of the policy rule has a smaller effect on the qualitative response of inflation. These results allow us to sort out some conflicting conclusions on inflation inertia in sticky information models and suggest that inertia is more sensitive to parameter choices than previously thought.
Managing the areas of responsibility for collaborative undersea searchers

In recent years the role of unmanned searchers in undersea search operations has been a topic of considerable interest. In particular, the use of multiple UUVs in the search for stationary or slow moving targets has raised a number of new research questions, one of which is how to effectively plan search operations. In this paper we develop a planning approach to improve trade-offs between search coverage and false search rates for a group of unmanned searchers operating in a bounded region of interest. This important trade-off is typically handled by setting an overall constraint on searcher false alarm rate and partitioning the search region among the individual search assets. We show that this non-collaborative coverage approach can be improved upon by allowing overlap in the areas of responsibility of the searchers, driven by increased sweep widths and independent confirmation requirements on target detection. Standard computational models for acoustic detection performance for the individual searchers are utilized as a function of detection threshold to control the trade-off between searcher sweep rate and searcher false alarm rate. Parametric explorations of the resulting system performance model are used to illustrate the design dependencies in numerical examples.
Inner surface roughness of complete cast crowns made by centrifugal casting machines.

Abstract Six variables that could affect the surface roughness of a casting were investigated. The variables were (1) type of alloy, (2) mold temperature, (3) metal casting temperature, (4) casting machine, (5) sandblasting, and (6) location of each section. It was determined that the trailing portion of a complete cast crown had rougher surfaces than the leading portion. Higher mold and casting temperatures produced rougher castings, and this effect was more pronounced in the case of the base metal alloy. Sandblasting reduced the roughness, but produced scratched surfaces. Sandblasting had a more pronounced affect on the surface roughness of the base metal alloy cast either at a higher mold temperature or metal casting temperature. The morphology and the roughness profile of the original cast surface differed considerably with the type of alloy used.
Residues in the first extracellular loop of a G protein-coupled receptor play a role in signal transduction.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiaepheromone, α-factor (WHWLQLKPGQPMY), and Ste2p, its G protein-coupled receptor, were used as a model system to study ligand-receptor interaction. Cys-scanning mutagenesis on each residue of EL1, the first extracellular loop of Ste2p, was used to generate a library of 36 mutants with a single Cys residue substitution. Mutation of most residues of EL1 had only negligible effects on ligand affinity and biological activity of the mutant receptors. However, five mutants were identified that were either partially (L102C and T114C) or severely (N105C, S108C, and Y111C) compromised in signaling but retained binding affinities similar to those of wild-type receptor. Three-dimensional modeling, secondary structure predictions, and subsequent circular dichroism studies on a synthetic peptide with amino acid sequence corresponding to EL1 suggested the presence of a helix corresponding to EL1 residues 106 to 114 followed by two short β-strands (residues 126 to 135). The distinctive periodicity of the five residues with a signal-deficient phenotype combined with biophysical studies suggested a functional involvement in receptor activation of a face on a 310 helix in this region of EL1. These studies indicate that EL1 plays an important role in the conformational switch that activates the Ste2p receptor to initiate the mating pheromone signal transduction pathway.
Experimental analysis of near-crack-tip plastic flow and deformation characteristics (I): Polycrystalline aluminum

Abstract The in-plane components of the Almansi strain tensor were measured incrementally, at the microstructural length, near a stationary crack-tip in a four-point-bend specimen of polycrystalline aluminum. The strains were measured with a finite-deformation laser-moire interferometer. Measurements were made on the spatial (Eulerian) configuration to follow the strain history approximately of material points around the crack tip. The observed deformation characteristics are found to be well represented by the HRR-type field (Hutchinson, J. W., 1968. Singular behavior at the end of a tensile crack in a hardening material. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 16, 13–31; Rice, J. R., Rosengren, G. F., 1968. Plane strain deformation near a crack tip in a power-law hardening material. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 16, 1–12) of plastic orthotropy with a single parameter, J-value (Rice, J. R., 1968a. A path independent integral and the approximate analysis of strain concentration by notches and cracks. J. Appl. Mech. 35, 379–386), related to the applied loading. Despite strain fluctuations from one grain to another, the average radial dependence of strain closely matches the HRR-type singularity field within the observation window, and for the full range of the applied load. The incremental strain measurement also reveals the flow characteristics near the crack-tip. Using the Mohr strain plane representation, it is found that the incremental slip directions approximately follow the direction of the normal to the assumed yield surface. It is also found that there is a zone of appreciable size near the crack tip, in which the slip-line field is close to that of Prandtl (the tested material has a very low hardening rate). The whole field grew in an essentially self-similar way. Since the tested aluminum alloy showed a degree of plastic orthotropy, the incremental slip magnitudes were quite different from the isotropic plasticity case. Experimental results were compared to a two-dimensional (2-D) finite element analysis, employing Hill’s quadratic yield function. Although this study relied on surface measurements, the general features of the measured in-plane deviatoric strain field were close to those of the plane-strain simulation. Details of the discrepancies are also discussed.
Predicting and fostering success of American Indians in medical school

Underrepresentation of minorities continues to be a significant problem for medical schools. Although schools are considering nontraditional selection factors in an attempt to redress imbalances in admissions, little is known about the criteria that predict success for minority students who enroll. American Indian medical students at the University of North Dakota School of Medicine were surveyed concerning quantitative and qualitative variables. They scored significantly lower than non-Indian students, but there was no difference in terms of traditional admissions criteria between the Indian students who withdrew and those who graduated. Students who withdrew were slightly younger, had more siblings, and had attended reservation schools. Problems noted by students included poor academic preparation, excessive family responsibilities, and encountering cultural misperceptions. An overview of these problems and recommendations for solving them are presented.
Activation of various downstream signaling molecules by IGFBP-3.

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), a secretory protein, is the most abundant IGF binding protein present in human serum among all IGF binding proteins. IGFBP-3 shows decreased level of expression in cancerous cells but has been known to be present in significant amounts in normal or non-cancerous cells. IGFBP-3 can induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells either in an IGF-dependent manner or independently of IGF binding. Although putative cell death specific Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3R) receptor(s) has recently been identified by which IGFBP-3 may induce its anti-tumor effects, IGFBP-3 has also been known to activate various downstream intracellular signaling molecules via a different mechanistic pathway. Stat-1 has been known to be one of the candidate molecules activated by IGFBP-3. IGFBP-3 can also inhibit Akt/IGF-1 survival pathway in MCF-7 breast cancer cells which ultimately leads to the induction of apoptosis in these cells. All these studies clearly demonstrate that IGFBP-3 regulates cell proliferation and promotes its pro-apoptotic effects in cancer cells in two different pathways: 1) sequester IGF-I to bind to IGF-I receptor to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis, 2) independent of IGF-I pathway, IGFBP-3 binds to some putative receptor and activate various downstream pro-apoptotic molecules involved in cell death.
Orthodoxies in Massachusetts: Rereading American Puritanism

Re-examining religious culture in 17th-century New England, Janice Knight discovers a contest of rival factions within the Puritan orthodoxy. Arguing that two distinctive strains of Puritan piety emerged in England prior to the migration to America, she describes a split between rationalism and mysticism, between theologies based on God's command and on God's love.
THE RANDOMIZED RESPONSE TECHNIQUE AND LARGE SAMPLE PAIRWISE COMPARISONS AMONG THE PARAMETERS OF k INDEPENDENT BINOMIAL POPULATIONS

Methods are proposed for making all possible pairwise contrasts among the parameters of k independent binomial populations based upon information obtained by the randomized response technique. In addition, the results of a small Monte Carlo study are presented in support of the methods presently being proposed.
Depletion of 4-hydroxynonenal in hGSTA4-transfected HLE B-3 cells results in profound changes in gene expression.

Abstract Previously, we have shown that overexpression of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase A4-4 (hGSTA4-4) in human lens epithelial cells (HLE B-3) leads to pro-carcinogenic phenotypic transformation of these cells [R. Sharma, et al. Eur. J. Biochem. 271 (2004) 1960–1701]. We now demonstrate that hGSTA4-transfection also causes a profound change in the expression of genes involved in cell adhesion, cell cycle control, proliferation, cell growth, and apoptosis, which is consistent with phenotypic changes of the transformed cells. The expression of p53, p21, p16, fibronectin 1, laminin γ1, connexin 43, Fas, integrin α6, TGFα, and c-jun was down-regulated, while the expression of protein kinase C beta II (PKCβII), c-myc, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), and TGFβ was up-regulated in transfected cells. These results demonstrate that HNE serves as a crucial signaling molecule and, by modulating the expression of genes, can influence cellular functions.
Skeletal stability after mandibular advancement with rigid versus wire fixation.

Purpose: This study examined the stability of skeletal changes after mandibular advancement surgery with rigid or wire fixation up to 2 years postoperatively. Patients and Methods: Subjects for this multisite, prospective, clinical trial received rigid (n = 78) or wire (n = 49) fixation. The rigid cases were fixed with three 2-mm bicortical position screws and 1 to 2 weeks of skeletal maxillomandibular fixation with elastics, and the wire fixation subjects were fixed with inferior border wires and had 6 weeks of skeletal maxillomandibular fixation with 24-gauge wires. Cephalometric radiographs were obtained before orthodontics, immediately before surgery, and at 1 week, 8 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery. Linear cephalometric changes were referenced to a cranial base coordinate system. Results: Before surgery, both groups were balanced with respect to linear and angular measurements of craniofacial morphology. Mean anterior sagittal advancement of the mandibular symphysis was 4.92 ± 3.01 mm in the rigid group and 5.11 ± 3.09 mm in the wire group, and the inferior vertical displacement was 3.37 ± 2.44 in the rigid group and 2.85 ± 1.78 in the wire group. The vertical changes were similar in both groups. Two years postsurgery, the wire group had 30% sagittal relapse of the mandibular symphysis, whereas there was no change in the rigid group (P <.001). Both groups experienced changes in the orientation and configuration of the mandible. Conclusions: Rigid fixation is a more stable method than wire fixation for maintaining mandibular advancement after sagittal split ramus osteotomy.
Overview of core disruptive accidents

Abstract An overview of the analysis of core-disruptive accidents is given. These analyses are for the purpose of understanding and predicting fast reactor behavior in severe low probability accident conditions, to establish the consequences of such conditions and to provide a basis for evaluating consequence limiting design features. The methods used to analyze core-disruptive accidents from initiating event to complete core disruption, the effects of the accident on reactor structures and the resulting radiological consequences are described.