cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Humidity Sensitivity of Atmospheric Temperature Sensors by Salt Contamination

Abstract Anomalous results concerning the micrometeorological temperature field in the boundary layer over the ocean have been obtained in many recent experiments. These include lack of an inertial-convective subrange in temperature spectra, unusually large values for the scalar universal subrange constant, underestimation of the sensible heat flux by the bulk aerodynamic formula, gross imbalance of dissipation and production terms in the temperature variance budget equation, and dissimilarities of the temperature and humidity statistics and time traces. Empirically it has been observed that such results occur for unstable conditions when the temperature time series is characterized by a peculiar waveform, termed a “cold spike”, which has no counterpart in the humidity field and has not been observed over land. To explain these results, it is proposed that surfaces of the small temperature sensors (thermistors, thermocouples and resistance wires) commonly used in marine boundary layer experiments become c...
Surimi Gel Enhancement by Bovine Plasma Proteins

Gel strength enhancement of Pacific whiting surimi was studied by using an α2-macroglobulin (α2-M)-enriched plasma fraction (FIV-1) and a transglutaminase (TG)-enriched plasma fraction (FI-S). Fluorescent amine-incorporating activity was detected in FIV-1, FI-S, and bovine plasma protein (BPP), indicating potential protein cross-linking activity by α2-M and TG. Inhibition of autolytic activity was observed with FIV-1 and BPP. FIV-1 in combination with bovine serum albumin, fibrinogen, or FI-S enhanced gelation more than FIV-1 alone. These results indicate various components in BPP function both to enhance gelation of Pacific whiting surimi and to inhibit proteolysis. Keywords: Plasma protein; transglutaminase; α2-macroglobulin; surimi; gelation
Identifiers and their role in networked information applications

Le nombre d'identificateur pour les objets electroniques se developpe avevc notamment : l'URN (Uniform Resource Name), le PURL (Persistent URL) de l'OCLC, le SICI (Serial Item and Contribution Identifier), et le DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
THE ROLE OF THE GOLD STANDARD IN THE GIBSON PARADOX

Recent papers by Lee and Petruzzi (1986) and Barsky and Summers (1988) provide rival theories of how the Gibson Paradox could result from the impact of changes in the interest rate on the real price of gold. This paper empirically tests each model and finds more support for the Lee-Petruzzi approach than the Barsky-Summers approach. The paper also suggests that Lee and Petruzzi may have used an inappropriate method to test their model, and that both papers employed inappropriate sample periods.
Immature and mature megakaryocytes enhance osteoblast proliferation and inhibit osteoclast formation

Recent data suggest that megakaryocytes (MKs) play a role in skeletal homeostasis. In vitro and in vivo data show that MKs stimulate osteoblast (OB) proliferation and inhibit osteoclast (OC) formation, thus favoring net bone deposition. There are several mouse models with dysregulated megakaryopoiesis and resultant high bone mass phenotypes. One such model that our group has extensively studied is GATA-1 deficient mice. GATA-1 is a transcription factor required for normal megakaryopoiesis, and mice deficient in GATA-1 have increases in immature MK number and a striking increase in bone mass. While the increased bone mass could simply be a result of increased MK number, here we take a more in depth look at the MKs of these mice to see if there is a unique factor inherent to GATA-1 deficient MKs that favors increased bone deposition. We show that increased MK number does correspond with increased OB proliferation and decreased OC formation that stage of maturation does not alter the effect of MKs on bone cell lineages beyond the megakaryoblast stage, and that GATA-1 deficient MKs survive longer than wild-type controls. So while increased MK number in GATA-1 deficient mice likely contributes to the high bone mass phenotype, we propose that the increased longevity of this lineage also plays a role. Since GATA-1 deficient MKs live longer they are able to exert both more proliferative influence on OBs and more inhibitory influence on OCs.
Airway obstruction in Hurler's syndrome--radiographic features.

Abstract The mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) diseases are progressive clinical disorders which are characterized by a deficiency of lysosomal enzymes. In MPS I (Hurler's syndrome), reduced activity of alpha- l -iduronidase leads to intralysosomal storage of dermatan and heparan sulfate in various tissues. Airway obstruction is a frequent problem in these patients, often secondary to abnormal cervical vertebra, a short neck, a high epiglottis, and mucopolysaccharide infiltration of the soft tissues in the upper aerodigestive tract. Evaluation of these abnormalities may include plain film and videofluoroscopic examinations of the airway. The therapeutic and diagnostic implications of such studies are discussed in a review of 4 patients with Hurler's syndrome manifesting upper airway obstruction.
Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 86. Cryogel Synthesis of Nanocrystalline CL‐20 Coated with Cured Nitrocellulose

An unusual energetic composite, in which spherical nano-dimensional particles of CL-20 were uniformly coated with HDI-cross-linked nitrocellulose, was synthesized by the sol-gel to cryogel method. Up to 90% solid loading was achieved. The particle size of CL-20 was determined to be in the range of 20–200 nm by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. The decomposition characteristics of the composite were investigated by DSC and T-jump/FTIR spectroscopy. The decomposition properties were controlled mostly by nitrocellulose until the percentage of CL-20 was well above 50%. The drop weight impact sensitivity of the cryogels was essentially independent of the composition.
In Situ Generation of Two-Dimensional Au-Pt Core-Shell Nanoparticle Assemblies.

Two-dimensional assemblies of Au–Pt bimetallic nanoparticles are generated in situ on polyethyleneimmine (PEI) silane functionalized silicon and indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass surfaces. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV–Visible spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements reveal the formation of core–shell structure with Au as core and Pt as shell. The core–shell structure is further supported by comparing with the corresponding data of Au nanoparticle assemblies. Static contact angle measurements with water show an increase in hydrophilic character due to bimetallic nanoparticle generation on different surfaces. It is further observed that these Au–Pt core–shell bimetallic nanoparticle assemblies are catalytically active towards methanol electro-oxidation, which is the key reaction for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).
Hemidesmosome-like intercellular specializations in human meningiomas

Desmosomes, gap junctions and tight junctions are intercellular specializations which have been described in human meningiomas. We report, in five of five meningiomas, including a pulmonary metastasis from a malignant intracranial meningioma, a fourth type of intercellular specialization which is similar to but not identical with the hemidesmosome of the epidermis. Identical intercellular specializations have been described between arachnoidal cells, but not between dural fibroblasts. The presence of the junction in human meningeal neoplasms of diverse histologic pattern supports the origin of the meningioma from arachnoidal epithelium. The consistent occurrence of these structures in a pulmonary metastasis as well as benign intracranial tumors suggests that they may be a useful morphologic marker in the differential diagnosis of putative extracranial metastatic meningiomas.
Memristive Behavior Observed in a Defected Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube

Memristive electrical behavior has recently gained attention because of technological advances in nanostructuring, which has enabled the fabrication of working devices. However, such investigations have been limited to mobile ionic systems, and memristive behavior in other types of nanoscale systems has been largely overlooked. Here, we report direct measurement of memristive behavior of defect states in a quasi-metallic, single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) FET. After exposing the CNT FET to laser irradiation, the conductance-gate-voltage profile ( G-Vg) indicates the creation of a gate-tunable, resonant electron scattering defect. Once a defect is formed, current flowing in the forward and reverse directions reversibly switches the G-Vg characteristics of the device. The changes in conductance are attributed to the current direction-sensitive changes in the structure of an isolated defect state in the nanotube. The defect-scattering spectra are extracted from the G-Vg data using a Landauer model.
Relationship of elevated blood pressure to ECG amplitudes and spatial vectors in otherwise “healthy” subjects

Abstract ECG amplitudes and mean spatial vectors are analyzed according to levels of blood pressure in three blood pressure groupings among a sample of putatively healthy laborers who ranged in age from 20 to 60 years (Group A—under 14090 mm. Hg blood pressure; Group B—14090 to 15994 mm. blood pressure; and Group C—16095 to 199109 mm. Hg blood pressure). In the groups with asymptomatic moderate elevation of blood pressure, significant differences from the "normotensives" are found, with lower T-wave amplitude, greater elevation of QRS and T vectors, and a widened spatial angle between QRS and T vectors. The differences are not due principally to the effect of overweight. The "normal age trend" toward a horizontal electrical heart position is not apparent in the "normotensive" group. The ECG and vectorial differences found are in the direction of those electrical features which characterize myocardial hypertrophy and ischemia, and they probably represent the earliest ECG signs of the myocardial effect of an increased cardiac work load.
SEQUENTIAL APPLICATION OF MAJOR HABIT‐REVERSAL COMPONENTS TO TREAT MOTOR TICS IN CHILDREN

In this study, we sequentially administered up to four components of the habit-reversal treatment to 4 children with motor tics within a multiple baseline design. The habit-reversal components included (a) awareness training; (b) awareness training and self-monitoring; (c) awareness training, self-monitoring, and social support; and (d) awareness training, social support, and the use of a competing response. Results demonstrated that the combined use of awareness training, social support, and competing response training was effective in eliminating motor tics in 2 of 4 children, that awareness training alone was effective for 1 child, and that a combination of awareness training and self-monitoring was effective for the 4th child. The treatment and ensuing improvement were found to be socially valid. We discuss possible explanations for these results and recommend directions for future research.
Separate Worlds Set to Collide: Smallpox, Vaccinia Virus Vaccination, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Concerns about the possible release of smallpox by bioterrorists has led to policies that recommend smallpox vaccination of some health care providers, and, in the near future, the vaccine may become available to the general population on a voluntary basis. Both smallpox virus (variola virus) and the smallpox vaccine (vaccinia virus) will have a significant impact on people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Given that populations with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and populations with immunosuppressed conditions due to solid organ and bone marrow transplantation were not present in the days when smallpox was prevalent, we will speculate on how smallpox might present in immunodeficient patients, and we will review the adverse events expected from the smallpox vaccine in hosts with HIV infection.
Wiring pitch integrates MCM design domains

MCM designs require independent analysis in loosely coupled but interrelated design regimes. This paper proposes wiring pitch as the unifying thread in a real time iterative design environment that facilitates analysis in all pertinent domains. Actual system results demonstrate the strengths of the technique. >
A 72-Year-old Male With Left Testicular Pain

i A72-year-old men presented to his primary care physician with a chief complaint of a painful left scrotal mass of 2 weeks’ duration. He had a medical history of noninvasive bladder cancer for which he had completed a 6-week induction course of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) 5 months before his present presentation. During his treatment, other than mild dysuria, he did not recall any scrotal discomfort, fever, or chills. The urine cultures were negative; however, the patient was treated with a 2-week course of ciprofloxacin antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. During his urologic consultation, the left scrotum was erythrematous, and an indurated mass was palpable at the lower pole of the left testis involving the epididymis, which had not decreased in size. He denied dysuria, hematuria, fevers, chills, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, or changes in bowel movements. He denied any history of urinary tract infections or other genitourinary complaints. Recent routine blood test results, including hemoglobin, hematocrit, liver function tests, -fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase, were within normal limits. His urinalysis revealed microscopic hematuria and was otherwise unremarkable. The urine culture was negative. A testicular ultrasound scan was obtained and revealed a left 3.5 1.5 cm heterogenous, hypoechoic, lobulated mass originating from the epididymal tail, with a mass effect on the lower pole of the testis (Fig. 1). Definitive invasion into the left testis could not be excluded, and the scrotum appeared indurated, with increased echogenicity suggestive of an inflammatory reaction. The right testis and epididymis were normal in appearance. A computed tomography urogram was also obtained and revealed a mildly thickened bladder wall consistent with the known previous bladder cancer and was otherwise unremarkable.
Voice packet losses and data integration in reservation random access protocols for wireless access networks

A method for evaluating the performance of a class of reservation random access (RRA) protocols is developed. The method is based on a Markovian model, whose stationary solution is obtained via an iterative computational procedure based on matrix decomposition techniques. Subject to a maximum delay constraint, two voice quality performance measures, the steady-state probability of voice packet dropping and the distribution of the number of packets dropped from a typical talkspurt, are evaluated for four RRA protocol examples, and comparisons are made with the performance of an ideal hypothetical multiplexer. Suggestions for the design of integrated voice/data RRA protocols are made. >
A 2-step waveguide E-plane filter design method using the semi-discrete finite element method

The semidiscrete finite element method is used to design rectangular waveguide E-plane filters over a wide range of band-widths. First, a single filter element is characterized over the frequency range of interest by extracting lumped element values from the full-wave solution. A filter is then designed and optimized using the k-parameter method in which only first-order mode interaction between elements is considered. The filter response is then further refined by optimizing the full-wave response of the entire filter. This numerical technique exhibits excellent numerical convergence, with accuracy better that one percent with only 30 finite element nodes. Two filters were designed and their responses measured to verify the accuracy of the numerical technique. >
Towards computations of ocean flows using Navier-Stokes equations

The equations for mass, momentum, temperature and salinity are formulated in a non-inertial general curvilinear coordinate system to be solved numerically. A flux-difference split type of numerical flux formulation is used for the convective fluxes and the equations are numerically solved in a strongly coupled manner using the discretized Newton-relaxation scheme. The addition of artificial viscosity is not required for stability. Test cases were considered that included laminar flow over a flat plate with prescribed wall temperature and salinity as well as laminar flow with heat transfer over a backward facing step. These computations compare well with existing results. The present numerical scheme was also applied to a body-fitted grid that approximates the entire Atlantic Ocean and rotates with the Earth. These results, though encouraging, must be considered preliminary. >
PASSIVE PROPERTIES OF THE MUSCLE-TENDON UNIT: THE INFLUENCE OF MUSCLE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationships among the passive properties of the muscle-tendon unit and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). Our findings indicated significant relationships between muscle CSA and passive stiffness (P < 0.05; r = 0.830) and muscle CSA and passive energy absorption (P < 0.05; r = 0.765). Since passive stiffness and the ability to absorb passive energy decreases with many diseases, these findings may support the need to maintain or increase muscle CSA.
Isolated aortic origin of the intersegmental spinal branch

Two consecutive intersegmental arteries (ISA) sharing a common origin from a single intersegmental trunk is a frequent anatomic variation. Ipsilateral intersegmental trunks are divided into complete and incomplete forms. In the classic form of incomplete trunk, the dorsospinal artery (DA), missing at one of the levels supplied by the trunk, arises separately from the aorta. This configuration is known as an isolated DA or a direct emergence of the DA from the aorta. Three angiographic observations of a different form of incomplete ipsilateral trunk are reported here, in which only the spinal component of the DA is arising separately from the aorta. This variant corresponds to the adult persistence of the ISA in its most primitive form. If overlooked, an isolated spinal branch may represent a diagnostic pitfall during angiography, in particular when the variant provides blood supply to the spinal cord or to a spinal vascular malformation. Two consecutive intersegmental arteries (ISA) sharing a common aortic origin from a single intersegmental trunk is a frequent anatomic variation.1 These ipsilateral intersegmental trunks are divided into complete and incomplete forms.2 To be complete, an ISA trunk must have a complete set of branches for each of the vertebral levels it supplies; these include (i) an anterior component (or aortic stem) providing the anterior-lateral group of osseous arteries for the vertebral body, (ii) a lateral component (named lumbar, subcostal or intercostal artery depending on the level considered) and (iii) a dorsospinal artery (DA), itself consisting of a dorsal component vascularizing the paraspinal musculature, and a spinal component providing the radicular artery. In the classic form of incomplete unilateral trunk, the DA is missing at one of the levels supplied by the trunk, arising instead separately from the aorta. This configuration, reported by Chiras and Merland3 in 1979, is known …
Simulation integration: using multidatabase systems concepts

This paper considers the challenge of designing a framework that supports the integration of multiple existing simulation models into an integrated simulation environment (multisimulation). We aim to facilitate the process of fusing together the independently created simulators into an integrated simulation environment wherein we can model and execute complex scenarios involving multiple simulators. In this paper, we focus on solutions for the synchronization problem in multisimulation to orchestrate consistent information flow through multiple simulators. In particular, we provide: (1) a transaction-based approach to modeling the synchronization problem in multisimulations by mapping it to a problem similar to multidatabase concurrency; we express multisimulation synchronization as a scheduling problem where the goal is to generate âcorrect schedulesâ for time advancement and data exchange across simulators that meets the dependencies without loss of concurrency; (2) a hybrid scheduling strategy which adapts itself to the ârightâ level of pessimism/optimism based on the state of the execution and underlying dependencies. We also develop two key optimizations: (a) efficient checkpointing/rollback techniques; and (b) relaxation model for dependencies which guarantees bounded violation of consistency to support higher levels of concurrency. We evaluate our proposed techniques via a detailed case study from the emergency response domain by integrating three disparate simulators: a fire simulator (CFAST), an evacuation simulator (Drillsim) and a communication simulator (LTEsim).
Western Antarctic Peninsula physical oceanography and spatio-temporal variability

Abstract This study focuses on 12 years of physical oceanography data, collected during the Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research program (PAL LTER) over the continental margin of the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). The dataset offers the most long-lived consistent CTD-gridded observations of Antarctic waters collected anywhere in the Southern Ocean. The physical characteristics, water column structure and spatio–temporal variability of the various properties are examined for physically consistent and ecologically important patterns and modes of variability. Unique findings of note include: (1) The average annual ocean heat flux (to the atmosphere) over the continental shelf shows a decreasing trend through time averaging 0.6 W m−2 yr−1, with an annual average ocean heat flux of ∼19 W m−2. The ocean heat content over the shelf shows a linearly increasing trend of 2.6×107 J m−2yr−1, due predominantly to increased upwelling of warm Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) onto the shelf with a small contribution due to a slight warming of UCDW (but over longer time scales (50 yr), the warming of UCDW dominates), (2) optimal multi-annual average vertical turbulent diffusivity coefficient (kz) is ∼8.5×10−5 m2s−1, determined by inversion considering warming of trapped remnant winter mixed layer water, (3) the water masses in the grid are well separated according to bathymetrically controlled features, dividing the sample domain into 3 sub-regions: slope, shelf and coastal waters; (4) the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) was always present along the shelf-break (consistent with the Orsi et al. [1995. On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Research I 42 (5), 641–673.] climatology) where UCDW shows its farthest southern extent and forms the Southern ACC Front (SACCF). The spatio–temporal variability of the delivery and distribution of ocean heat is dictated by the dynamics that are consistent with changes in the state of ENSO (La Nina drives enhanced upwelling in this region) and in the strength of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM; +SAM drives a local response similar to that of La Nina). The large 1997–1998 El Nino, followed by the transition to the strong La Nina of 1998–1999 (amplified by a large +SAM) introduced a regime shift on the shelf, resulting in the elimination of ∼0.5 m of sea ice melt (presumably from the loss of sea ice being grown). 2002 was an anomalous year coinciding with an extraordinary storm forcing driving a 4.5σ increase in the heat content on the shelf. These jumps coincide with considerable changes in sea ice distribution as well. Pure UCDW on the shelf is primarily restricted to the deep canyons, with occasional appearances on the shelf floor near the middle of the grid. Anomalies in summer sea surface temperatures reflect wind strength (stronger winds mixing more cold winter water to the surface, with cooler SST; light winds, the opposite).
Inclusion of the inertial effects in the drift-diffusion equation

The authors point out that when the potential across the transit region of a device varies by kT/2 mod q mod volts or more within a mean free path length the charge carrier inertia significantly influences the current transport. The conventional drift-diffusion model is corrected to include such inertial effects and obtain a unified transport model. Device modeling has been done using the modified transport model and used in the case of an n/sup +/nn/sup +/ structure to demonstrate the importance of the inertial or the ballistic effects on the carrier motion for very narrow potential barriers. The results show that the uniform transport model gives improved results compared to the drift-diffusion model. >
HURST, ALLISON L. (2012). COLLEGE AND THE WORKING CLASS: WHAT IT TAKES TO MAKE IT

Using a sociologist's lens, Allison L. Hurst argues that colleges and universities, primarily four-year institutions, do not understand the needs that students of working class families bring to th...
WAP: Unreasonable distributions of execution time under reasonable conditions

Reliability and safety often depend on the execution times of software tasks being reasonably consistent and predictable if not strictly bounded in the real-time sense. Since commodity computers are theoretically deterministic machines, one might expect the elapsed and CPU time required to execute a fully-defined, deterministic software task with no complications to satisfy that requirement. But experiments at NIST have produced distributions of elapsed and CPU time which are "unreasonable" enough to invalidate the statistical assumptions and confidence intervals that are ordinarily used to summarize results. If this variability is endemic to the modern hardware and operating systems that are deployed, then increasingly invasive methods of controlling it in the lab are of marginal interest. Instead, it needs to be characterized and dealt with. Some approaches are suggested with the aim of starting a discussion.
The New Originalism

New originalist theories of judicial review and constitutional interpretation that have emerged since the 1980s can be distinguished from an older set of theories that were predominant in the 1970s and 1980s. This article distinguishes these older and newer versions of originalism and places them within their intellectual and political contexts. Whereas the old originalism developed largely to serve as the basis for criticizing the constitutional doctrine developed by the Warren and early Burger Courts, the new originalism has developed with the Rehnquist Court in mind and is less concerned with criticizing judicial review than with guiding it.
Job embeddedness: is it always a good thing?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the explanatory power of reactance theory and power dependence theory in predicting the moderating effect of job embeddedness on the organizational trust-workplace deviance relationship. Design/Methodology/Approach – Cross-sectional data were collected from a sample of nurses (n=353) via an online survey organization. The data were analyzed using hierarchical regression. Findings – Job embeddedness significantly moderated the organizational trust-workplace deviance relationship such that participants who experienced low organizational trust and high job embeddedness engaged in more workplace deviance than those experiencing low organizational trust and low job embeddedness. Practical implications – Organizations should attempt to build and maintain employees’ organizational trust since employees who lack organizational trust are more likely to act deviantly. Additionally, organizations should realize that job embeddedness is not always beneficial. Therefor...
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Snapshot Selection for State Estimation of Feedback Controlled Flows

Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) has been used extensively in the past for estimation and low dimensional modeling of both steady and time periodic flow fields. If the intended use of the low dimensional POD model is in the area of feedback flow control, the low dimensional state of a flow field needs to be accurately estimated as input for a controller. This poses the problem of snapshot selection: For the state to which the feedback controller drives the flow, usually no snapshots are available beforehand. We investigate POD bases derived from steady state, transient startup and open loop forced data sets for the two dimensional circular cylinder wake at Re = 100. None of these bases by itself is able to represent all features of the feedback controlled flow field. However, a POD basis derived from a composite snapshot set consisting of both transient startup as well as open loop forced data accurately models the features of the feedback controlled flow. For similar numbers of modes, this POD basis, which can be derived a priori, represents the feedback controlled flow as well as a POD model developed from the feedback controlled data a posteriori. These findings have two important implications: Firstly, an accurate POD basis can be developed without iteration from unforced and open loop data. Secondly, it appears that the feedback controlled flow does not leave the subspace spanned by open loop and unforced startup data, which may have important implications for the performance limits of feedback flow control.
Two New Species of Idolothrips.

Of the two species of Idolothrips to be described below, the former has been known to me for more than two years, but only recently have I recognized it as distinct from I. coniferarum Pergande, which was described in 1896. I regret that I have been unable directly to compare these species, but I have never met with the latter in the field, and have been unable to secure specimens from the original describer.
Modeling Small Non-canonical RNA Motifs with the Rosetta FARFAR Server

Non-canonical RNA motifs help define the vast complexity of RNA structure and function, and in many cases, these loops and junctions are on the order of only 10 nucleotides in size. Unfortunately, despite their small size, there is no reliable method to determine the ensemble of lowest energy structures of junctions and loops at atomic accuracy. This chapter outlines straightforward protocols using a webserver for Rosetta Fragment Assembly of RNA with Full Atom Refinement (FARFAR) (http://rosie.rosettacommons.org/rna_denovo/submit) to model the 3D structure of small non-canonical RNA motifs for use in visualizing motifs and for further refinement or filtering with experimental data such as NMR chemical shifts.
An insulin-sensitive cytosolic protein kinase accounts for the regulation of ATP citrate-lyase phosphorylation

Purified rat liver ATP citrate-lyase is phosphorylated on serine residues by an insulin-stimulated cytosolic kinase activity partially purified from rat adipocytes [Yu, Khalaf & Czech (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 16677-16685]. The Km for lyase phosphorylation by this hormone-sensitive kinase activity is approx. 3 microM. Two-dimensional tryptic-peptide mapping of the 32P-labelled lyase reveals that the kinase-catalysed phosphorylation occurs primarily on a specific peptide. In intact 32P-labelled adipocytes, insulin enhances the serine phosphorylation of ATP citrate-lyase by 2-3-fold. Tryptic digestion of the 32P-labelled lyase immunopurified from insulin-treated adipocytes also yields one major phosphopeptide. 32P-labelled lyase tryptic peptides derived from labelling experiments in vitro and in vivo exhibit identical electrophoretic and chromatographic migration profiles. Furthermore, radio-sequencing of the phosphopeptide from lyase 32P-labelled in vitro indicates that serine-3 from the N-terminus is phosphorylated by the insulin-stimulated cytosolic kinase, in agreement with previous studies on the position of the phosphoserine residue in ATP citrate-lyase isolated from insulin-treated cells. Taken together, the similarity in site-specific phosphorylation of ATP citrate-lyase from insulin-treated adipocytes to that catalysed by the hormone-activated cytosolic kinase in vitro strongly suggests that this kinase mediates insulin action on lyase phosphorylation in intact cells.
Health Literacy, Mental Health,and Adolescents

Health literacy is a growing field with an increasing amount of research being conducted. Given the increasing attention to this topic it is surprising that there has been little research focused on adolescents (Manganello, Health Education Research, 23(5):840–847, 2008). There is also a paucity of research in the USA about health literacy and mental health, and almost no research in this area specific to adolescents. This chapter will address the intersection of health literacy and mental health, including mental health literacy, with a focus on adolescents. We will give a summary of definitions of health literacy and mental health literacy, and provide a brief overview of research that has focused on both health literacy, including its relationship to mental health outcomes, and mental health literacy. We will highlight research in these areas that has been conducted with adolescents, and propose ideas for future work.
Analyzing refractive index profiles of confined fluids by interferometry part II: Multilayer and asymmetric systems

Methods for determining the substrate properties and the optical thickness of thin films or any variation in the refractive index of a fluid or film near a surface for unknown 5-layer symmetric and 3-layer asymmetric interferometers are presented. Both systems can be fully resolved without any known layer properties and without contact or confining the films. The method was tested using realistic simulated interferometer data, and was found to consistently yield accurate values for all desired properties. The method was experimentally validated through analysis of an asymmetric three layer interferometer system of linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) adsorbed onto mica substrates of differing thickness and identical refractive index. The results were in excellent agreement with the dry polymer film properties measured using conventional SFA contact measurements. More complicated systems were also evaluated for feasibility, and any additional parameter specifications required for analysis were determined. The utility of this method is broad, as a single experiment in a laboratory setting can independently provide non-contact film properties and the effects of confinement on the film structure, which can be correlated to a simultaneously measured interaction force profile.
The Italian Student Revolts, 1967–68

Most scholars would agree that the initial spark that ignited the demonstrations in Italy’s universities at the end of the 1960s came from longstanding ills within academia itself. Italy’s antiquated institutions of higher education reflected the nation’s historic problems of underdevelopment. Symptomatic of this inability of the universities to adapt to changing times was the student rebellion in Trento. The alpine university became one of the first centers of student revolt precisely because it was the only place one could study sociology in the entire country and thus concentrated a number of highly politicized and socially active students in a small, conservative town. As historian Gerd-Rainer Horn convincingly demonstrates, the Italian government’s initial hesitancy to confer a degree in the subject, led to the first occupation of the university in January 1966.1 This is but one example of the inadequacies of these archaic institutions that were revealed during the student movement’s initial demonstrations for educational reform in the mid-1960s. As we shall see, the student movement at first formed to address problems in the universities, but by the end of the decade they had left the campuses to extend their critique into all of society.
How Market Dynamics of Domestic and Foreign Social Media Firms Shape Strategies of Internet Censorship

There is ongoing debate over whether authoritarian regimes can maintain control over information given the rise of social media and the Internet. In this debate, China is often cited as a prime example of how authoritarian regimes can retain control, but to date, there has been limited research on whether China’s online censorship strategies can be replicated in other authoritarian regimes. This article shows that China’s ability to censor social media rests on the dominance of domestic firms in China’s market for Internet content. The absence of U.S. social media firms in China allows the Chinese government to engage in censorship through content removal, which can quickly and effectively suppress information. In contrast, for most other regimes, the market for social media is dominated by U.S. multinational firms, e.g., Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and in these contexts, content removal is an immense challenge. This article then examines the prospects of instituting content removal by developing domestic...
Circulating tumor cell analysis in patients with metastatic breast cancer

B147 Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may offer useful clinical information for screening, prognostication, monitoring of response to therapy, and for predicting disease recurrence. Neither imaging (CAT, PET, bone scan etc.) nor blood tests (CA15.3, CEA, PSA, etc.) meet the needs of the oncologist treating the cancer patient in respect of sensitivity, specificity and time to results. It has been shown that the quantity of CTCs is an independent predictor of survival and treatment response in breast cancer patients. To detect 1 CTC in a blood sample with >106 leukocytes, a highly sensitive and reproducible assay is needed. Various strategies are applied to isolate and enrich the number of CTCs from blood samples. A high sensitive assay is required to test if CTCs have the potential to enable “real-time biopsies”. Relatively successful approaches for CTC enrichment and detection are based on binding to anti-EpCAM antibodies. It is clear that some tumor cells are lacking or have low expression of EpCAM that will cause a variation in sensitivity and reproducibility with this method of CTC enrichment. Currently, the CellSearch system is the only regulatory approved test for CTC monitoring in metastatic breast cancer patients. We recently developed a new method for CTC enrichment and analysis using the Ariol SL-50 system, an automated image analysis platform. We have successfully applied our method to metastatic breast cancer patient’s blood samples and showed higher sensitivity than the CellSearch assay. We used anti-cytokeratin alone or in combination with anti-EpCAM antibodies linked to microbeads for CTC enrichment. An automated image analysis platform was used for image capture and characterization of CTCs on standard microscope glass slides. Fluorescence labeled anti-cytokeratin, anti-CD45 and DAPI were used for CTC identification. In addition, the morphology of CTCs was visualized by brightfield staining. In a blinded comparison study, we tested approximately 50 metastatic breast cancer patients. Our method showed a higher overall CTC detection rate (46% vs. 27%) and a wider dynamic range (1-571 vs. 1-270 CTCs) than the CellSearch system. The correlation coefficient between our method and the CellSearch system was 0.95. No CTCs were detected in blood samples from normal individuals. Our data indicate that enrichment with anti-EpCAM and anti-cytokeratin antibodies enhances assay sensitivity. The ARIOL SL-50 system has demonstrated a higher quality of CTC images by combining three fluorescent channels and brightfield images. It should be noted that the brightfield image provides additional morphological information to distinguish between intact cells and debris or fragments.Furthermore, we will discuss how changes of CTC counts in individual patients correlate over time with changes of CA27.29 levels.
Freud’s Cocaine Dreams and Memories

Freud’s initial appreciation of colonial history of the coca plant and colonialism morphed gradually into his unconscious representation of cocaine. This was marked by Freud’s analytical shift from hysteria and sexual neuroses to dream and infantile memory analysis in which his cocaine cravings configured not only his dream work but also his dream analysis. By tracing the associative relationship between cocaine and his infantile memories, Freud would arrive at the Oedipal conflict. Early childhood as the locus of the Oedipal conflict also became the locus of his etiology of mental disorders. Benjamin’s hashish mimesis in contrast to Freud’s cocaine mimesis posited a different notion of the unconscious and more importantly of the concept of the child and the child’s fantasies. For Benjamin the child at play and the child’s mimetic imagination were hardly pathogenic, but rather offered imaginative resources for rethinking Marxist revolutionary tactics.
Sartre's Failure: Reading the Baudelairean Dilemma

Jean-Paul Sartre's 1947 book-length essay on Charles Baudelaire constitutes at once one of the most provocative and the most seminal studies of the poet's philosophical orientation and how it might relate to his art. Sartre discerns the attitude of an homme penche in Baudelaire's demeanor, and alleges that the poet's greatness is based on a philosophical fraud, that is, the poet's desire to be other than others. As numerous critics have remarked, Sartre's argument appears to be theoretically sound. It is therefore puzzling that Sartre's essay has done little to displace Baudelaire's prominence in the French literary canon. This essay examines an aspect of Baudelaire's alterity that seems to especially trouble Sartre: Baudelaire, by practicing poetic prose – a "harmful" literary exercise in Sartre's opinion –, has found a means of challenging the conventional connotations of masculinity. Without violating patriarchal codes, Baudelaire has revealed an alterity inherent to the masculine's place in phallocentric culture.
A GAME-THEORETIC ANALYSIS OF PASCAL’S WAGER

Formal analyses of Pascal’s Wager have almost all been decision-theoretic, with a human as the sole decision-maker. This paper analyses Pascal’s Wager in a game-theoretic setting in which the deity whose existence the human is considering wagering on is also a decision-maker. There is an equilibrium in which the human chooses to wager that the deity exists and Pascal’s Wager thus operates, but also one in which the human does not wager. Thus, in a game-theoretic setting, Pascal’s Wager is indeterminate: wagering and not wagering are both consistent with equilibrium behaviour.
Enterprise JavaBeans caching in clustered environments: Research Articles

We present the design of an Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs) caching architecture, and show that EJB caching can greatly improve application throughput in clustered environments. Throughput is improved because data serving is offloaded from the database server to the cache-enabled application server. EJB caching is successful because it exploits the low-latency connections between the database server and application servers that exist in a clustered environment. An important feature of our architecture is that the caching function is transparent to applications that use it. The cache-enabled application server uses the same (EJB) programming model, and the same transactional semantics, as provided by non-caching architectures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-speed X-ray PCI and XRD During Dynamic Fracture

Abstract When a crack or a shear band propagates in a ductile material under impact loading, there is a severe stress concentration and/or strain localization near the tip of the discontinuity. It has been understood that the locally severe and fast deformation can lead to phase transformation and heat generation. The adiabatic conditions cause the local temperature to rise. However, it has been a challenge to experimentally measure the microstructural evolution, such as crystal d-spacing, texture evolution and material phase transitions, associated with the dynamic deformation and fracture process of ductile metallic materials. It is also a challenge for optical high-speed imaging techniques to image the details of the advancing crack tip with sufficient spatial resolution. In the dynamic experiments presented in this article, we used Kolsky bars integrated with a simultaneous X-ray phase contrast imaging (PCI) and diffraction (XRD) technique to study the dynamic deformation and fracture processes during high-rate loading. In such a Kolsky bar experiment, high-speed imaging of the specimen deformation and fracture processes and high-speed X-ray diffraction are recorded simultaneously in real time. The experimental setups and results on the dynamic fracture of an aluminum alloy and a bovine tibia bone are presented and discussed.
Inhibition of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling with Rapamycin Prevents Trauma-Induced Heterotopic Ossification

A pressing clinical need exists for 63% to 65% of combat-wounded service members and 11% to 20% of civilians who develop heterotopic ossification (HO) after blast-related extremity injury and traumatic injuries, respectively. The mammalian target of rapamycin pathway is a central cellular sensor of injury. We evaluated the prophylactic effects of rapamycin, a selective inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, on HO formation in a rat model of blast-related, polytraumatic extremity injury. Rapamycin was administered intraperitoneally daily for 14 days at 0.5 mg/kg or 2.5 mg/kg. Ectopic bone formation was monitored by micro-computed tomography and confirmed by histologic examination. Connective tissue progenitor cells, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α–positive cells, and α-smooth muscle actin–positive blood vessels were assayed at postoperative day 7 by colony formation and immunofluorescence. Early gene expression changes were determined by low-density microarray. There was significant attenuation of 1) total new bone and soft tissue ectopic bone with 0.5 mg/kg (38.5% and 14.7%) and 2.5 mg/kg rapamycin (90.3% and 82.9%), respectively, 2) connective tissue progenitor cells, 3) platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α–positive cells, 4) α-smooth muscle actin–positive blood vessels, and 5) of key extracellular matrix remodeling ( CD44 , Col1a1 , integrins), osteogenesis ( Sp7 , Runx2 , Bmp2 ), inflammation ( Cxcl5 , 10 , IL6 , Ccl2 ), and angiogenesis ( Angpt2 ) genes. No wound healing complications were noted. Our data demonstrate the efficacy of rapamycin in inhibiting blast trauma-induced HO by a multipronged mechanism.
Sexuality Within Female Same-Gender Couples: Definitions of Sex, Sexual Frequency Norms, and Factors Associated with Sexual Satisfaction.

Despite a growing number of female same-gender (FSG) relationships, couples-based research and interventions have focused primarily on mixed-gender couples. Consequently, research has applied a heteronormative lens to understanding some relationship factors, including sexuality. The current study sought to provide descriptive data regarding frequency and conceptualizations of sex across partners in FSG relationships, as well as to analyze how relationship factors are associated with sexual satisfaction in this population. Participants (N = 206) were 103 adult FSG couples who had been together for at least 2 months. Individuals provided self-report data on how they conceptualized sex, and actor–partner models were utilized to assess relationship factors associated with sexual satisfaction. Findings indicated that women in FSG relationships hold broad definitions of sex, with the majority of behaviors conceptualized as sex, including acts that involved partnered genital touching. In dyadic actor–partner models, sexual satisfaction was predicted by several factors including sexual frequency, emotional intimacy, and sexual intimacy. Unexpectedly, higher desired sexual frequency was associated with lower sexual satisfaction; however, this finding only emerged after controlling for actual sexual frequency, suggesting that discrepancies between desired and actual sex frequency may be important for FSG couples. Implications for clinical practice with FSG couples are explored, including a strength-based focus on broad conceptualizations of sex within this population and targeting relationship factors associated with sexual satisfaction.