cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics, Dynamics, and Kinetics at Liquid–Fluid and Fluid–Solid Interfaces

Abstract This article covers thermodynamic, dynamic, and kinetic models that are suitable for the analysis of wetting, adsorption, and related interfacial phenomena in colloidal and multiphase systems. Particular emphasis is made on describing crucial physical assumptions and the validity range of the described theoretical approaches and predictive models. The classical sharp interface treatment of thermodynamic systems where a perfectly smooth surface is assumed to separate homogeneous phases can present significant limitations when analyzing systems that are subject to thermal motion and present multiple metastable states caused by interfacial heterogeneities of nanoscale dimensions. Mesoscopic approaches such as stochastic Langevin dynamics can extend the application of sharp interface models to a wide variety of systems exhibiting metastability as they undergo thermal motion. For such metastable systems, dynamic and kinetic equations can describe the evolution of observable (macroscopic) variables as the system approaches thermodynamic equilibrium. Sufficiently close to equilibrium, Kramers theory of thermally activated escape from metastable states can be effectively employed to describe diverse wetting and interfacial processes via kinetic equations. Future directions for further advancement and application of thermodynamic, dynamic, and kinetic models are briefly discussed in the context of current technological developments involving nanoparticles, nanofluidics, and nanostructured surfaces.
Cardiovascular Research Center at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Translational Mission.

The Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC) at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai was established in 2007 and is focused on advancing our knowledge of cardiovascular diseases and translating these discoveries into effective therapies. The CVRC is currently housed in The Leon and Norma Hess Center for Science and Medicine, a state-of-the-art clinical and research facility in New York’s Upper East Side. The Center is part of the Mount Sinai Health System, comprised of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and 7 other hospital campuses throughout the New York Metropolitan Area. Since its inception, the CVRC has grown to include ≈75 members composed of physicians, physician-scientists, postdoctoral fellows, research scientists, and technicians. Our team of lead investigators and researchers work across platforms to investigate cardiac and stem cell biology, tissue engineering, vector biology, cardiac physiology, electrophysiology, vascular diseases, metabolic disorders, imaging, and clinical trials. Close collaboration and shared vision among the investigators glean fundamental insights into cardiovascular physiology and pathobiology, which illuminate potential avenues for therapeutic treatment. The Center currently has 2 full professors, 5 associate professors, 10 assistant professors, and 4 instructors in medicine/cardiology. In 2017, total National Institutes of Health funding increased to >14 million dollars. In addition to 15 R01s, 3 K awards, and an F30, the CVRC is home to 3 Transatlantic Leducq Foundation grants, 4 American Heart Association postdoctoral fellowships, 4 American Heart Association Scientist Development grants, an American Heart Association Strategically Focused Research Network, a Department of Defence Concept Award, and a National Institutes of Health S10 Shared Instrument grant. We have also recently acquired funding from 2 biotechnology companies. Figure shows the junior and senior investigators at the Cardiovascular Research Center. Figure. Junior and senior investigators at the Cardiovascular Research Center . Front row (left to right): Anthony Fargnoli, Irene Turnbull, Ah …
Joint distribution of rises, falls, and number of runs in random sequences

By using the matrix formulation of the two-step approach to the distributions of runs, a recursive relation and an explicit expression are derived for the generating function of the joint distribut...
Experimental study of the stability and dynamics of a two-dimensional ideal vortex under external strain

The dynamics of two-dimensional (2-D) ideal fluid vortices is studied experimentally in the presence of an irrotational strain flow. Laboratory experiments are conducted using strongly magnetized pure electron plasmas, a technique which is made possible by the isomorphism between the drift–Poisson equations describing plasma dynamics transverse to the field and the 2-D Euler equations describing an ideal fluid. The electron plasma system provides an excellent opportunity to study the dynamics of a 2-D Euler fluid due to weak dissipation and weak 3-D effects, simple diagnosis and precise control. The plasma confinement apparatus used here was designed specifically to study vortex dynamics under the influence of external flow by applying boundary conditions in two dimensions. Additionally, vortex-in-cell simulations are carried out to complement the experimental results and to extend the parameter range of the studies. It is shown that the global dynamics of a quasi-flat vorticity profile is in good quantitative agreement with the theory of a piecewise-constant elliptical patch of vorticity, including the equilibria, dynamical orbits and stability properties. Deviations from the elliptical patch theory are observed for non-flat vorticity profiles; they include inviscid damping of the orbits and modified stability limits. The dependence of these phenomena on the flatness of the initial profile is discussed. The relationship of these results to other theoretical, numerical and experimental studies is also discussed.
Vulnerability-tolerant secure architectures

Today, secure systems are built by identifying potential vulnerabilities and then adding protections to thwart the associated attacks. Unfortunately, the complexity of today's systems makes it impossible to prove that all attacks are stopped, so clever attackers find a way around even the most carefully designed protections. In this article, we take a sobering look at the state of secure system design, and ask ourselves why the "security arms race" never ends? The answer lies in our inability to develop adequate security verification technologies. We then examine an advanced defensive system in nature - the human immune system - and we discover that it does not remove vulnerabilities, rather it adds offensive measures to protect the body when its vulnerabilities are penetrated We close the article with brief speculation on how the human immune system could inspire more capable secure system designs.
Does a marching band impact college Football game attendance? A panel study of Division II

Marching bands are an integral part of the college football game-day experience by increasing both the quantity and quality of entertainment. Academic music programs could enhance a band’s entertai...
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1)-mediated cholesterol export from lysosomes

Low-density lipoprotein particles are taken up by cells and delivered to the lysosome where their cholesterol esters are cleaved off by acid lipase. The released, free cholesterol is then exported from lysosomes for cellular needs or storage. This article summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of cholesterol export from lysosomes. Cholesterol export requires NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) and NPC2, genetic mutations of which can cause Niemann–Pick type C disease, a disorder characterized by massive lysosomal accumulation of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. Analysis of the NPC1 and NPC2 structures and biochemical properties, together with new structures of the related Patched (PTCH) protein, provides new clues to the mechanisms by which NPC proteins may function.
Analysis of Readmissions Following Hospitalization for Cellulitis in the United States.

Importance Cellulitis commonly results in hospitalization. Limited data on the proportion of cellulitis admissions associated with readmission are available. Objective To characterize the US national readmission rate associated with hospitalization for treatment of cellulitis. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort analysis of cellulitis admissions from the nationally representative 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database calculated readmission rates for all cellulitis admissions and subsets of admissions. The multicenter population-based cohort included adult patients admitted for conditions other than obstetrical or newborn care. Data were collected from January 1 through November 30, 2014, and analyzed from February 1 through September 18, 2018. Bivariate logistic regression models were used to assess differences in readmission rates by patient characteristics. Costs were calculated for all readmissions after discharge from hospitalization for cellulitis (hereinafter referred to as cellulitis discharge) and by readmission diagnosis. Exposures Admission with a primary diagnosis of cellulitis. Main Outcomes and Measures Proportion of cellulitis admissions associated with nonelective readmission within 30 days, characteristics of patients readmitted after cellulitis discharge, and costs associated with cellulitis readmission. Results A total of 447 080 (95% CI, 429 927-464 233) index admissions with a primary diagnosis of cellulitis (53.8% male [95% CI, 53.5%-54.2%]; mean [SD] age, 56.1 [18.9] years) were included. Overall 30-day all-cause nonelective readmission rate after cellulitis discharge was 9.8% (95% CI, 9.6%-10.0%). Among patients with cellulitis, age (odds ratio for 45-64 years, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.75-0.81;P = .001) and insurance status (odds ratio for Medicare, 2.45; 95% CI, 2.33-2.58;P Conclusions and Relevance Readmission after hospitalization for cellulitis is common and costly and may be preventable with improved diagnostics, therapeutics, and discharge care coordination.
Environmental variables associated with Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii population structure and Swiss needle cast severity in Western Oregon and Washington.

The environment has a strong influence on the abundance and distribution of plant pathogenic organisms and plays a major role in plant disease. Climatological factors may also alter the dynamics of the interactions between plant pathogens and their hosts. Nothophaeocryptopus (=Phaeocryptopus) gaeumannii, the causal agent of Swiss needle cast (SNC) of Douglas-fir, is endemic to western North America where it exists as two sympatric, reproductively isolated lineages. The abundance of this fungus and the severity of SNC are strongly influenced by climate. We used statistical and population genetic analyses to examine relationships between environment, pathogen population structure, and SNC severity. Although N. gaeumannii Lineage 2 in western Oregon and Washington was most abundant where SNC symptoms were most severe, we did not detect a significant relationship between Lineage 2 and disease severity. Warmer winter temperatures were inversely correlated with foliage retention (AFR) and positively correlated with the relative abundance of Lineage 2 (PL2). However when distance inland, which was strongly correlated with both AFR and PL2, was included in the model, there was no significant relationship between Lineage 2 and AFR. Spring/early summer dew point temperatures also were positively associated with total N. gaeumannii abundance (colonization index (CI)) and inversely correlated with AFR. Warmer summer mean temperatures were associated with lower CI and higher AFR. Our results suggest that the two lineages have overlapping environmental optima, but slightly different tolerance ranges. Lineage 2 was absent from more inland sites where winters are colder and summers are warm and dry, while Lineage 1 occurred at most sites across an environmental gradient suggesting broader environmental tolerance. These relationships suggest that climate influences the abundance and distribution of this ecologically important plant pathogen and may have played a role in the evolutionary divergence of these two cryptic fungal lineages.
Still struggling: intersectionality, vulnerability, and long-term recovery after the Tuscaloosa, Alabama USA Tornado

This research explores the impact of the Tuscaloosa tornado on the long-term financial and emotional well-being of survivors 4 to 5 years after the event. Using social stress theory and an intersec...
Applying Data Science Methods for Early Prediction of Undergraduate Student Retention

This paper presents a case study of applying the data science methods to a large education data collected at a University over 7 years. The goal of the study is to understand the important features, and to derive models for predicting student retention. Issues dealing with real world data, for example variable definition, missing data handling, and data cleaning were discussed. A new recursive feature elimination based feature selection method was developed. This study derived features and models for four different student groups, the first-generation students, the African American students, the Hispanic students, and the disabled students. The features identified and the predictive models built were compared crossed the four groups.
Range-Based Expectations

I propose and document empirically that investors form “range-based” expectations – expectations that are influenced by an asset’s past trading range – and that these beliefs affect trading behavior and asset prices. I find that, if an asset’s price is high (low) relative to its 52- week trading range, investors erroneously believe that the asset’s future return distribution is negatively (positively) skewed. Consistent with these beliefs, less sophisticated investors trade options in a way that decreases their exposure to underlying stocks that have a high price relative to their 52-week range; moreover, individual investors are more likely to sell and not buy such stocks. Also consistent with these beliefs, stocks with a high (low) price relative to their past trading range earn high (low) subsequent returns, on average.
Identification of student lifestyle characteristics associated with training choices to drive targeted admissions in veterinary medicine

Background: There is an identified need for practicing veterinarians with a focus on food animal work in the United States. Students at the University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine track by species (food animal, equine, mixed, and small animal) or discipline (research) in the latter part of their training. Identification of life experiences that are associated with students choosing the food animal track would permit the college to better target admissions to meet societal needs. Aims and Objectives: To identify lifestyle characteristics and activities associated with choice of the food animal track and to evaluate how student choice of track varies across their training. Materials and Methods: Students from three consecutive classes were surveyed to identify factors influencing track choice. Fisher's test was used to compare data and Clopper–Pearson “exact” confidence intervals computed. Results: Students who declared interest in the 1st year in small animal, equine, or food animal as a track were highly likely to choose that at their final track later in the curriculum. Eightyfive percent of students in a food animalfocused early admission track chose the food animal track; the remainder chose the mixed track with cattle as one of their species of interest. Students were more likely to choose the food animal track if their undergraduate major was animal science, if they grew up in a rural area, lived on a farm, were in 4H or were in Future Farmers of America, or had shown or worked horses or cattle, or shadowed a large animal veterinarian. Students valued mentoring from within the college and from outside veterinarians. Conclusions: Knowledge of how students choose their tracks will permit the college better to promote admissions of students who are more likely to track food animal and to plan for adequate clinical year experiences for all students.
Bounds for Scattering from Absorptionless Electromagnetic Structures

The design of the scattering properties of electromagnetic structures is of fundamental interest in optical science and engineering. While there has been great practical success in applying local optimization methods to electromagnetic device design, it is unclear whether the performance of the resulting designs is close to that of the best possible design. This question remains open for absorptionless electromagnetic devices, since the absence of material loss makes it difficult to provide provable bounds on their scattering properties. We resolve this problem by providing nontrivial lower bounds on performance metrics that are convex functions of the scattered fields. Our bounding procedure relies on accounting for a constraint on the electric fields inside the device, which can be provably constructed for devices with small footprints or low dielectric contrast. We illustrate our bounding procedure by upper bounding the scattering cross sections of lossless dielectric and metallic particles.
Consumer Autonomy and Pathways to Portability in Banking and Financial Services

One of the critical ways to promote economic security is by making financial services work better for more American families. Efforts to build a financial system that promotes consumer autonomy will involve innovation and reforms to our payment systems and more broadly, our policy and legal infrastructure. Such advances help empower consumers and harness technological innovation, but they also need to be grounded with strong consumer protections—especially in an era where people increasingly turn to technology to manage their financial lives. This white paper is designed to spark conversation among academics, private sector stakeholders, public interest organizations, legislators, policy-makers, and regulators about how to approach consumer financial data. Consumer financial data is playing an increasingly important role in driving value creation in the financial services sector. Banks can now leverage advanced processing technologies to obtain new insights about client behavior to develop smarter projects. At the same time, data has fueled innovation by financial technology service providers (“FSPs”) that source data from banks. These service providers harness the data to create products and services that perform key consumer financial activities once handled entirely by banks and offer new experiences that banks themselves are often not delivering. But who owns a customer’s financial data? FSPs assert that consumers should be empowered to own their own data, especially as this would introduce new competition into the financial service sector. Many banks, however, contend that opening up consumer information to third parties raises serious risks of fraud and abuse. Both sides of the debate advocate for the consumer’s interest: banks on the grounds of security and privacy, and the fintech sector on the grounds of access and innovation.
New Methods for Generating Synthetic Equivalents of Real Social Networks

In both empirical and theoretical contexts, we may need to generate synthetic versions of large-scale social networks. Extant network generation models and algorithms do not replicate in full measure the structural complexities of real social networks. While extant approaches can replicate specific network characteristics well (e.g., degree distribution), they fail to replicate other aspects such as presence of overlapping cliques and community structures in social networks. Inspired by some recent developments in community detection algorithms in social networks, we propose two new network generation algorithms that explicitly incorporate the distribution of overlapping communities. We show that our proposed algorithms are measurably superior to the extant algorithms in generating synthetic social networks that more closely resemble actual social networks along a multiplicity of metrics that are used to characterize such networks.
Overutilization and underutilization of autoantibody tests in patients with suspected autoimmune disorders.

Objectives Diagnostic Management Teams (DMTs) are one strategy for reducing diagnostic errors. This study examined errors in serology test selection after a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test in patients with suspected systemic autoimmune rheumatic disorder (SARD). Methods This retrospective study included 246 patient cases reviewed by our ANA DMT from March to August 2019. The DMT evaluated the appropriateness of tests beyond ANA screening tests (overutilization, underutilization, or both) based on American College of Rheumatology recommendations and classified cases into diagnostic error or no error groups. Errors were quantified, and patient and provider characteristics associated with diagnostic errors were assessed. Results Among 246 cases, 60.6% had at least one diagnostic error in test selection. The number of sub-serology tests ordered was 2.4 times higher in the diagnostic error group than in the no error group. The likelihood of at least one diagnostic error was higher in males and African American/Black patients, although the differences were not statistically significant. Providers from general internal medicine, primary care, and non-rheumatology specialties were approximately two times more likely to make diagnostic errors than rheumatology specialists. Conclusions Diagnostic errors in test selection after a positive ANA for patients with suspected SARD were common, although there were fewer errors when ordered by rheumatology specialists. These findings support the need to develop strategies to reduce diagnostic errors in test selection for autoimmunity evaluation and suggest that implementation of a DMT can be useful for providing guidance to clinicians to reduce overutilization and underutilization of laboratory tests.
Infection Modeling Case Study: Discrete Spatial Susceptible-Infected-Recovered Model

The susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model is used in epidemiology to simulate the transmission of infectious diseases. The continuous formulation of the SIR model is represented by a set of three coupled differential equations that can be solved numerically. Due to the dynamics of the simulation, the SIR model is best when simulating diseases that confer a lasting immunity. More complex models for disease transmission are typically derived from this base model and can include features such as additional infectious stages, stochastic frameworks, vaccines, and finite immunity. In this case study, I first examine the features of the continuous model. Then, I create a discrete model, which simulates individuals that transmit the disease based on proximity. With this basic framework established, one can examine strategies that change the spread of the infection, such as social distancing.
Calving distributions of individual bulls in multiple-sire pastures

Reproductive performance and the number of calves produced by individual bulls within multiple-sire pastures has been shown to be highly variable. The objective of this project was to quantify patterns in the number of calves sired in multiple-sire pastures.
Right Ventricular Response to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

Although pathologically a disease of the pulmonary vasculature, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) manifest clinically as a syndrome of right heart failure. In the PAH syndrome, the increased afterload produced by the characteristic plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy of PAH is just one element that contributes to a progressive decline in right-heart function. Likewise, in CTEPH, mechanical obstruction of proximal and distal pulmonary vessels by persistent thromboemboli sets off a sequence of pathological changes that ultimately cause right-heart pressure overload. Maladaptive coupling of the RV to the pulmonary circulation, left ventricular-right ventricular interactions, impaired myocardial contractility, attenuated myocardial relaxation, and systemic vascular congestion all contribute to a decline in RV function and ultimately to adverse outcomes in these conditions. Here, an overview of RV involvement in PAH and CTEPH is provided, with a focus on methods utilized to assess and characterize RV function, as well as the mechanisms underlying maladaptive changes that have been elucidated to date.
Ideology and Spatial Voting in American Elections

Ideology and Spatial Voting in American Elections addresses two core issues related to the foundations of democratic governance: how the political views of Americans are structured and how citizens' voting decisions relate to their ideological proximity to the candidates. Focusing on testing the assumptions and implications of spatial voting, this book connects the theory with empirical analysis of voter preferences and behavior, showing Americans cast their ballots largely in accordance with spatial voting theory. Stephen A. Jessee's research shows voters possess meaningful ideologies that structure their policy beliefs, moderated by partisanship and differing levels of political information. Jessee finds that while voters with lower levels of political information are more influenced by partisanship, independents and better informed partisans are able to form reasonably accurate perceptions of candidates' ideologies. His findings should reaffirm citizens' faith in the broad functioning of democratic elections.
Uptake and Metabolism of Folate by a Folate-utilizing Mutant of Pediococcus cerevisiae (8081/S) and the Parent Strain (8081)

Abstract Pediococcus cerevisiae 8081, which uses folinic acid for growth, and its nutritional mutant 8081/S, which utilizes folate, were compared with respect to their ability to take up and metabolize folate. In contrast to the parent strain 8081, which takes up very little folate, the uptake of folate by the mutant is a concentrative, saturable, and energy-dependent process. At low extracellular concentration (0.22 µm), folate which enters the cells is immediately metabolized, its uptake being rate limiting. Polyglutamates of reduced folate derivatives of unknown composition accumulate in the cells. At high extracellular concentration (80.8 µm), unaltered folate accumulates inside the cells and is slowly metabolized, mainly to N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. Folinic acid and amethopterin inhibit the uptake of folate, suggesting that all three compounds may be taken up by the same mechanism. An unknown substance which seemed to be responsible for cessation of folate uptake by 8081/S cells after about 30 min of incubation was formed and excreted into the medium by both 8081 and 8081/S.
Effect of Rifampin on the Structure and Membrane Attachment of the Nucleoid of Escherichia coli

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of Escherichia coli was found to be attached to the cell membrane at about 20 points. This was determined by fractionation of X-irradiated cells with the M band (magnesium-Sarkosyl crystals) technique. The number of attachment points was computed from the relationship between the amount of DNA in M bands and the number of double-strand breaks introduced by the X-ray treatment. The number of attachment points was decreased fourfold by treatment of cells with rifampin. This effect was apparently due to the action of the drug on ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase since the drug did not affect a mutant whose RNA polymerase is resistant to rifampin. This suggests that there may be two classes of attachment points of DNA on the membrane, some of which are removed by rifampin treatment and some which are not. Rifampin treatment also resulted in the uncondensing of isolated nucleoids and in an axial appearance of the nucleoids in ultrathin sections. The results suggest that RNA polymerase plays a role, direct or indirect, in maintaining the structure of the bacterial nucleoid and in some of its attachment to the membrane.
Sum frequency generation: Surface vibrational spectroscopy studies of catalytic reactions on metal single-crystal surfaces

Abstract Sum frequency generation (SFG) has been used for molecular-level investigations of adsorbates under both ultrahigh vacuum and high-pressure catalytic reaction conditions to characterize several important catalytic reactions on platinum single crystals. These reactions include ethylene hydrogenation, propylene hydrogenation and dehydrogenation, cyclohexene hydrogenation and dehydrogenation, and carbon monoxide oxidation. From SFG spectra, important catalytic reaction intermediates were determined, and possible reaction spectator species were also identified. For ethylene and propylene hydrogenation, important reaction intermediates were determined to be π-bonded ethylene and propylene, respectively. During cyclohexene hydrogenation, 1,3-cyclohexadiene was observed to be the important reaction intermediate on both Pt(111) and Pt(100). By comparing SFGspectra characterizing cyclohexene dehydrogenation on Pt(111) and on Pt(100), it was determined that 1,3-cyclohexadiene is also an important reaction intermediate. Another intermediate, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, was also observed under dehydrogenation conditions on Pt(111) but not on Pt(100). This species was determined to be a spectator species. During carbon monoxide oxidation, incommensurate CO species were determined to be important reaction intermediates.
Infection and Immunity to Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae

Staphylococcus aureus is often the first bacterial pathogen to colonize the respiratory tract of young cystic fibrosas (CF) children (1). In addition, S. aureus appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of CF pulmonary tissue injury. In contrast Haemophilus influenzae is found less frequently in CF respiratory secretions than S. aureus, and its role in pulmonary tissue injury is unclear. Presented below is a review of the microbiologie and immunologie data evaluating the significance of these organisms in CF patients. A brief discussion of the diagnosis and management of S.aureus and H. influenzae pulmonary infections in CF patients is also provided.
Epidermal nuclear immunofluorescence. Is it a specific marker for mixed connective tissue disease

In sixteen patients, the relationship of epidermal nuclear immunofluorescence to the spectrum of connective tissue diseases and to serum antibodies was investigated. The clinical diagnoses were mixed connective tissue disease (7 patients), systemic lupus erythematosus (5 patients), scleroderma (3 patients) and rheumatoid arthritis (1 patient). Detailed serologic evaluation in 13 of the 16 patients revealed positive rheumatoid factor (7 patients), antinuclear antibody (13 patients), anti-DNA (2 patients), anti-n-RNP (11 patients), anti-Sm (2 patients), anti-SS-A (3 patients) and anti-RANA (5 patients). Anti-SS-B and anti-Scl-70 were absent in all. Epidermal nuclear immunofluorescence on skin biopsy correlated with serum anti-n-RNP and is a useful marker for mixed connective tissue disease. However, it did not appear to serve as a specific marker for any one connective tissue disease. We discuss the mechanism(s) for this immunofluorescent pattern and believe it is an in vivo phenomenon.
The effect of North Carolina hospital payor mix on dental-related pediatric emergency room utilization

Objectives We examined the effect of hospital payor mix on the proportion of pediatric emergency department (ED) visits that were dental related. Methods We used the North Carolina (NC) Emergency Room Discharge Database from 2007 to 2009 to estimate the relationship between the percent of pediatric ED patients that were covered by Medicaid and the percent of pediatric ED visits that were dental related. Hospital-level fixed effects controlled for unobserved hospital-level characteristics. Discharge claims from 110 ED facilities in NC were analyzed over the 3-year study period. Claims were limited to individuals under 18 years old with dental disease-related International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification diagnostic codes, 520.00-530.00. Results Using 327 hospital-years of data, 62 percent of ED visits for pediatric dental reasons were covered by Medicaid, a proportion over two times greater than for pediatric reasons overall, 26 percent. Hospitals with a greater proportion of Medicaid payors had a greater proportion of pediatric dental ED visits (P < 0.01). Conclusions Hospitals serving a large population of children on Medicaid should be prepared to provide emergency dental services. Public health administrators should prioritize oral health resources at hospital communities with a high proportion of Medicaid payors.
High performance E/D-mode InAlAs/InGaAs HIGFET technology and integrated logic functions

InAlAs/InGaAs E (enhancement)- and D (depletion)-HIGFETs (heterostructure insulated-gate FETs) have been integrated on the same wafer using selective ion implantation technology. An extremely high uniformity of threshold voltage has been demonstrated for both devices ( sigma V/sub th/=8 mV/E-mode and 12 mV/D-mode). E/D-mode inverters showed a high DC gain ( approximately 20), while retaining an acceptable value of noise margin of 0.45 V. NAND logic gates have been tested up to 400 MHz, showing functional characteristics. These results suggest the suitability of E/D-mode HIGFETs for high-speed logic circuit applications. >
Endotoxin-induced alterations in rat colonic water and electrolyte transport

This study examines the effects of endotoxin on intestinal water and electrolyte transport in adult male rats. Endotoxin (1.55 mg/kg, intravenously) reduced in vivo colonic saline absorption 61% in 1 hour. In vitro unidirectional and net 22Na and 36Cl fluxes showed that endotoxin significantly decreased net colonic 22Na absorption compared with control colons (0.3 +/- 1.7 vs. 4.8 +/- 1.1 microEq/h x cm2). Although endotoxin had no significant effect on basal short circuit current (Isc) and conductance, 3H-inulin flux studies suggested an increase in colonic permeability. Isc responses to the 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent secretagogues prostaglandin E2 (1 mumol/L) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (0.1 mumol/L) were diminished by 80% and 50%, respectively. However, cytosolic cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity under basal and stimulated (6 mumol/L 8-bromo-cAMP) conditions was not altered by endotoxin treatment. The Isc responses to 10 mumol/L bethanechol, a Ca(2+)-dependent agonist, were not effected by endotoxin treatment. It was concluded that endotoxin significantly affects colonic transport function and may contribute to the development of diarrhea in inflammatory bowel diseases.
Alive and Well: The (Still) Ongoing Debate Surrounding Conceptual Separability in American Copyright Law

This Note discusses the conceptual separability doctrine of American copyright law. Separability, which can be achieved either physically or conceptually, is a prerequisite for the copyright protection of the designs of useful articles (a subset of pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works). Federal courts have been dealing with conceptual separability since the Copyright Act of 1976 took effect. However, even after thirty years, the United States Courts of Appeals have not agreed on a uniform standard for conceptual separability. Most recently, the Seventh and Fifth Circuits have disagreed as to the appropriate standard. This Note discusses the existing case law on conceptual separability and discusses the various standards. It suggests that courts employ a two-factor balancing test to determine conceptual separability in useful articles. It instructs courts to weigh 1) the degree to which the designer's process is influenced by aesthetic, as opposed to functional, and 2) the degree to which the design of the useful article is dictated by its utilitarian function. This approach successfully balances the competing goals of copyright law.
LABMAN and LINKMAN: a data management system specifically designed for genome searches of complex diseases.

Two programs have been developed to manage linkage analysis data. The first program, LABMAN, is a comprehensive laboratory data management system organizing pedigrees, blood DNA samples, DNA markers, Southern blot or polyacrylamide gels, autoradiographs, and marker-allele typings generated from these samples. Output includes mendelization checks for genetic incompatibilities in typings and formatted files ready for linkage analysis. LABMAN can also compress highly polymorphic allele systems into smaller allele systems facilitating analysis of large systems. The second program, LINKMAN, provides data management for lod score output from linkage analyses. It reads linkage analysis output files, calculates lod scores by family, associates lod scores with specific marker and family identifiers, and stores these data in a database where they can be combined with lod scores from previous analyses. LINKMAN easily incorporates any of a wide variety of genetic models. It produces formatted output of lod scores by user-specified criteria for reports or as ASCII files for input to other programs. If desired, tests of homogeneity of linkage across families can be run via the HOMOG program [Ott, 1991] and their output included in reports. The programs include features critical for conducting genome searches of complex diseases: They are easy-to-use, well-tested, and reliable. Data from multi-center investigations can be easily combined for analysis. Moreover, they include extensive error-checking capabilities, and they are specifically set up to protect blindness between laboratory workers and data analysts. LABMAN and LINKMAN are currently available free of charge under DOS. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Induction of folate receptor type beta in a bone marrow engraftment model of acute myelogenous leukemia.

Induction of folate receptor type β in a bone marrow engraftment model of acute myelogenous leukemia
Synthesis of d,l-β-carboxyaspartic acid from hydantoin-5-malonic acid diethyl ester

Abstract Hydantoin-5-malonic acid diethyl ester was synthesized by reduction of parabanic acid (oxalyl urea) to 5-hydroxy-hydantoin, conversion to 5-chlorohydantoin and condensation with malonic ester. Alkaline hydrolysis gave d,l -β-carboxyaspartic acid.
Giant Coronary Artery Aneurysm Formation Following Meningococcal Septicaemia

We report a case of coronary vasculitis with formation of giant coronary artery aneurysms in a child following meningococcal septicemia. We suggest that coronary vasculitis is a rare complication of meningococcal septicemia that should be included in the list of conditions known to elicit a Kawasaki-like inflammatory response.
Surface reconstruction method using deformable templates

In this paper, we propose a unification framework for three-dimensional shape reconstruction using physically- based models. Most shape-from-X techniques use an “observable” (e.g., disparity, intensity, and texture gradient) and a model, which is based on specific domain knowledge (e.g., triangulation principle, reflectance function, and texture distortion equation) to predict the observable, in 3-D shape reconstruction. We show that all these “observable—prediction-model” types of techniques can be incorporated into our framework of energy constraint on a flexible, deformable image frame. In our algorithm, if the observable does not confirm with that predicted by the corresponding model, a large “error” potential results. The error potential gradient forces the flexible image frame to deform in space. The deformation brings the flexible image frame to “wrap” onto the surface of the imaged 3-D object. Surface reconstruction is thus achieved through a “package wrapping” process by minimizing the discrepancy in the observable and the model prediction. The dynamics of such a wrapping process are governed by the least action principle which is physically correct. A physically-based model is essential in this general shape reconstruction framework because of its capability to recover the desired 3-D shape, to provide an animation sequence of the reconstruction, and to include the regularization principle into the theory.
Perception of fry register in black dialect and standard english speakers

Speech samples from 30 women, grouped by race and use of standard southern English or black dialect, were judged for perception of fry register vocalizations. All subjects speaking standard southern English were perceived to utilize significantly fewer fry vocalizations than were black subjects speaking black dialect.
Corticosteroid effects on lipid lateral diffusion in CEM-C1 and CEM-C7 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells

We have examined glucocorticoid effects on CEM-C7 and CEM-C1 subclones of a leukemic human T-cell line using fluorescence photobleaching recovery techniques. Incubation with 10(-5) M triamcinolone acetonide (TA) increased lipid lateral diffusion on steroid-sensitive CEM-C7 cells but had no effect on steroid-resistant CEM-C1 cells. CEM-C7 cells incubated in serum-free medium responded only to TA but, when fetal calf serum was added to the incubation medium, would also respond to 10(-5) M dexamethasone and hydrocortisone. Thus, glucocorticoids can cause increased lipid lateral diffusion in CEM-C7 cells, while having no effect on steroid-resistant CEM-C1 cells.
Low temperature Si/SiO x /pc-Si passivated contacts to n-type Si solar cells

We describe the design, fabrication, and results of low-recombination, passivated contacts to n-type silicon utilizing thin SiO x , and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited doped polycrystalline-silicon (pc-Si) layers. A low-temperature silicon dioxide layer is grown on both surfaces of an n-type CZ wafer to a thickness of x . The layers are annealed to crystallize the a-Si:H and diffuse H to the Si/SiO x interface, after which a metal contacting layer is deposited over the conducting pc-Si layer. The contacts are characterized by measuring the recombination current parameter of the full-area contact (J o,contact ) to quantify the passivation quality, and the specific contact resistivity (ρ contact ). The Si/SiO x /pc-Si contact has an excellent J o,contact = 30 fA/cm2 and a good ρ contact = 29.5 mOhm-cm2. Separate processing conditions lowered J o,contact to 12 fA/cm2. However, the final metallization can substantially degrade this contact and has to be carefully engineered. This contact could be easily incorporated into modern, high-efficiency solar cell designs, benefiting performance and yet simplifying processing by lowering the temperature and growth on only one side of the wafer.
Construction of plasmid cloning vehicles that promote gene expression from the bacteriophage lambda pL promoter.

Abstract Two multiple-copy, ColE1-type, plasmid cloning vehicles, pHUB2 and pHUB4, have been constructed that carry four different single restriction sites downstream from the phage lambda promoter p L . The promoting activity of p L is switched off at low temperature in the presence of a c Its gene that specifies a temperature-sensitive repressor but could be activated by heat induction c Its was located either on the host chromosome, or on a second plasmid pRK248 that is compatible with the cloning vehicle, or on the vehicle itself. Three different restriction fragments, each carrying the gene trpA of Salmonella typhimurium or Shigella dysenteriae, have been inserted into the EcoRI, BamHI and SalI sites, respectively, of these plasmids and p L dependent expression of the inserted gene in Escherichia coli was determined by measuring the enzymatic activity of the trpA gene product. Heat induction resulted in a level of expression of trpA corresponding to 1 to 6.6% of the total soluble cell protein as trpA protein. The level of trpA protein production depended on the particular insert and the plasmid used.
A Review of High‐Leverage Teaching Practices: Making Connections Between Mathematics and Foreign Languages

Recent discussions in the field of teacher education call for more practice-based professional development as a way to provide pre-service teachers with the necessary skills to significantly advance student learning. High-leverage teaching practices (HLTP) are a core set of teaching practices that, when executed proficiently by accomplished novice teachers, are said to promote higher gains in student learning over other teaching practices. In this review, we define and identify possible practices within specific teaching domains against the backdrop of the history of HLTP in the field of mathematics education, a pioneer in this area. We then extend and apply the work in mathematics to foreign language (FL) education. Examining HLTP from the perspective of mathematics education provides a useful initial framework to the FL education community to identify and establish its own set of practices and ground future research in this area.
The Importance of State Faith-Based Liaisons*

While much attention has been paid to the federal government's implementation of the Faith-Based Initiative, less has been paid to how and why states are implementing the initiative. States are not required to implement the initiative beyond guaranteeing that religious organizations are not discriminated against in funding. Nevertheless, many states have gone beyond this requirement, often by appointing "faith-based liaisons" (FBLs). As "street-level" bureaucrats, FBLs rely on personal networks to link religious groups and state agencies. FBLs increase religious groups' involvement in providing social services by bridging the gap between state governments and faith-based organizations. Understanding state level implementation of the initiative thus requires answering two questions: (1) What actions do FBLs take to implement the initiative? (2) Who are these liaisons? The unstructured nature of the position itself, as well as the backgrounds, identities, and commitments of those filling these positions, combine to have an important impact on which organizations have access to information about government funding opportunities and are granted connections to other state agencies.
A mechanism of chlorothiazide-enhanced effectiveness of antihypertensive ganglioplegic drugs.

Chlorothiazide decreases plasma volume, heart size, and cardiac output. The oligemia stimulates vasomotor tone; this tends to maintain arterial pressure because chronic arterial hypertension is characteristically self-sustaining and homeostatic. This oligemic stimulation of vasomotor tone results in increased sensitivity to the antihypertensive effect of drugs depressing or blocking vasomotor function.
Synthesis of stable hybrid silica-lipid cylinders with nanoscale helical ripples

Self-assembled cylindrical lipid tubules have attracted attention as templates for synthesizing hybrid organic−inorganic materials. Here we report the synthesis of hybrid silica−lipid cylinders by sol−gel condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) on helical rippled tubules of 1,2-bis(tricosa-10,12-diynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DC8,9PC). Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the nanoscale helical ripples of the lipid tubules are transcripted to the templated silica films. On the other hand, the deposition of the silica films substantially improves the thermal stability of lipid tubules. We find that the crystalline ordering of lipid bilayer walls confined in the hybrid silica−lipid cylinders is stable up to 110 °C.
Microwave and RF p-i-n Diode Model for Time-Domain Simulation

A dynamic time-domain model suitable for simulating the behavior of high-speed high-power p-i-n diodes is presented. This time-domain model accurately describes not only the charge storage behavior in the p-i-n diode in forward bias, but also the reverse-bias capacitance and resistance as a function of reverse voltage. A SPICE implementation of the time-domain model is fully described and a spreadsheet is being made available to the microwave community. The time-domain model is verified with experimental data and good agreement was obtained in both diode bias states. Three applications describing the linear, nonlinear, and transient behavior of the p-i-n diode simulated using the time-domain model are also presented. This improved time-domain model and associated SPICE implementation allows full modeling of high-speed high-frequency p-i-n diodes.