cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proportional integral — Resonant and dual loop current control structure comparison for grid connected converters in the rotating frame

Over the past few years, due the increasing penetration of renewable energy, there has been a steady rise in the harmonic content in grid voltages. In such circumstances, a proportional integral (PI) based current control in the synchronous reference rotating frame (dq) for a grid connected voltage source converter may not be adequate to suppress the harmonic components and to precisely follow the fundamental frequency component with zero steady state error. Several current control structures have been proposed, with proportional integral — resonant controller (PI-RES) based structure being one of the most popular. In this paper, the PI-RES has been compared to the recently introduced dual loop current control structure. Both these current control structures have been compared in terms of their tracking, filtering and disturbance rejection capability. Robustness of both these structures has also been analyzed under a grid impedance variation. Simulation and experimental results have been provided to validate the analysis presented.
A Simplified Method for the Design of Externally Pressurized Gas Lubricated Thrust Bearings

A simplified procedure has been developed for the performance estimation of externally-pressurized gas lubricated thrust bearings. Both orifice-compensated and inherently-compensated bearings may b...
Update on Stage IV Acquired Adult Flatfoot Disorder: When the Deltoid Ligament Becomes Dysfunctional

Deltoid ligament complex insufficiency is a fundamental pathologic component of stage IV AAFD. Failure of the deltoid ligament allows the talus to tilt into valgus within the ankle mortise. If left untreated, ankle joint biomechanics are altered and may lead to debilitating tibiotalar arthritis. All surgical treatments that address the valgus talar tilt seen with stage IV AAFD require accompanying procedures to properly realign the hindfoot. Stage IV AAFD can be subdivided into two groups. Patients with a flexible ankle deformity without advanced tibiotalar arthritis (stage IV-A) can be considered for a joint-sparing procedure. A variety of procedures have been described, but longterm follow-up studies have yet to determine which of these techniques is optimal. Patients with a rigid valgus ankle deformity or a flexible deformity accompanied by advanced tibiotalar arthritis (stage IV-B) should be considered for a joint-sacrificing procedure. To date, the most reliable results for stage IV-B AAFD have been reported with either tibiotalocalcaneal or pan-talar arthrodesis.
On Underdetermined Systems

We summarize the results of a study [4] whose objective was to obtain some understanding of the nature of certain solutions of underdetermined systems of linear equations with a view to their role in the analysis of various practical inverse problems, specifically those associated with image restoration and computed tomography.
Loess-paleosol carbonate clumped isotope record of late Pleistocene-Holocene climate change in the Palouse region, Washington State, USA

The Channeled Scabland–Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States preserves geomorphic and pedosedimentary records that inform understanding of late Pleistocene–Holocene paleoclimate change in a region proximal to the last glacial period Cordilleran Ice Sheet. We present a clumped (Δ 47 ) and conventional (δ 18 O, δ 13 C) isotopic study of Palouse loess–paleosol carbonates in combination with carbonate radiocarbon ( 14 C) dating to provide new measures of regional late–last glacial (~31–20 cal ka BP) and Holocene soil conditions. Average clumped isotope temperatures (T(Δ 47 )) for last glacial Palouse loess–paleosol carbonates (9±4°C) are significantly lower than those for Holocene-aged carbonates (T(Δ 47 )=18±2°C) in study sections. Calculated soil water δ 18 O VSMOW values (−16±2‰) for last glacial carbonates are also offset relative to those for Holocene-aged samples (−11±1‰), whereas calculated soil CO 2 δ 13 C VPDB values are similar for the Holocene (−16.9±0.2‰) and late–last glacial (−16.7±1.1‰) periods. Together, these paleoclimate metrics indicate late–last glacial conditions of pedogenic carbonate formation in the C 3 grassland soils of the Palouse were measurably colder (9±5°C) than during the Holocene and potentially reflect a more arid last glacial paleoclimate across the Palouse, findings in agreement with previous proxy studies and climate model simulations for the region.
Analysis and Design of Wide Range Output Voltage Regulated Power Supply for Underwater Constant Input Current DC Distribution System

Constant current feed is preferred in long distance under-water power distribution networks due to robustness against cable impedance and faults. Multiple power converter modules connected in series along the distribution line either provide a regulated current or regulated voltage at their outputs. In this paper, an isolated parallel resonant converter based converter architecture is presented that provides wide range of regulated output voltage over wide load range using multiple transformer secondary windings and a combining circuit. Steady state analysis and design are presented to minimize component count and stress with high efficiency over the full desired operating range. A generalized design method is presented for such a converter to operate from constant dc current source to regulate its output voltage over 1:10 range with 1:10 load range for each output voltage setting. Finally, a hardware prototype has been built and tested to validate the design with 250 kHz switching frequency and a regulated output voltage that can vary between 80 V to 250 V over a load range of 50 W to 500 W. The converter is fed from a 1 A constant current source.
Disclosure and Deception: Regulation of Material Connections between Ad Sponsors and Their 'Endorsers' in New and Traditional Media

In 2009 the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) approved new Endorsement Guidelines pursuant to its authority to regulate unfair or deceptive advertising. The Commission will use the guidelines in evaluating endorsements and testimonials. The guidelines specifically cite bloggers as examples of endorsers who must disclose when they receive cash or in - kind payment to review a product. The revised Guides also address celebrity endorsers. They clarify that celebrities have a duty to disclose their relationships with advertisers when making endorsements outside the context of traditional ads, such as on talk shows or in social media. This paper discusses various types of promotions that trigger new disclosure mandates under the FTC Guides. This discussion includes various legal and ethical concerns about these promotions, including the FTC’s approach to deception. In particular, the analysis focuses on endorsements in settings other than obvious 30-second TV commercials or infomercials, including blogs, online social media and celebrity appearances on talk shows. The paper concludes with recommendations for future advertising regulation in new media.
Midgut malrotation complicated by small bowel obstruction in an 80-year-old woman: A case report

Abstract Introduction Midgut malrotation results from abnormalities in the 270-degree counterclockwise rotation of the midgut around the axis of the superior mesenteric artery during embryological development, and classically presents early in life with symptoms of intestinal obstruction. Nevertheless, adult cases have occasionally been reported. Presentation of case An 80-year-old female with no surgical history was brought to our emergency department for acutely altered mental status. On exam, her abdomen was distended and diffusely tender to palpation. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed a dilated loop of jejunum with evidence of mesenteric twist concerning for closed-loop small bowel obstruction. The patient was taken for exploratory laparotomy and was found to have Ladd bands and other findings suggestive of intestinal malrotation. A Ladd procedure was performed and the patient remained under observation. She experienced intermittent abdominal distension and bilious nasogastric tube output, but subsequent CT scans revealed no evidence of obstruction. She was discharged following clinical improvement and ability to tolerate a diet. Discussion Malrotation of the small bowel exists on a spectrum depending on the embryologic stage during which anomalous rotation occurs. Classic findings on CT imaging (including abnormal mesenteric vasculature, right-sided duodenojejunal junction, whirlpool signs, and left-sided ascending colon) can provide clues to the existence of malrotation. Conclusion Although malrotation is rare in adults, clinical and radiologic findings play an important role in the correct diagnosis of adult malrotation for appropriate and timely intervention.
Placement and Anchoring of Trigeminal Neurostimulation Electrodes: Technical Report.

Background Peripheral neurostimulation (PNS) for medically refractory trigeminal and craniofacial pain is an emerging alternative to traditional surgical approaches. Technical problems with craniofacial PNS have included electrode migration and erosion, limiting the utility and cost-effectiveness of this procedure. Objective To review our institutional surgical technique for trigeminal PNS implantation, focusing on a novel technique for electrode anchoring. Methods Consecutive cases of permanent craniofacial PNS placement by a single surgeon over 36 months were reviewed for surgical technique and technical outcomes. Electrodes were placed percutaneously with open anchoring to the pericranium at a separate parietal incision. Results Sixteen systems (53 electrodes) were implanted in 14 patients. Median follow-up was 13 months (range, 5-29 months). Electrode placement was successful in all cases with no intraoperative complications. There was 1 lead migration (6.3% per patient; 1.8% per lead) and no cases of erosion. Two patients (14.3%) required explant for infection, 1 of whom was successfully reimplanted. Three patients (21.4%) underwent surgical revision other than for infection. Conclusions We present an improved method for craniofacial PNS surgery which introduces a separate incision for electrode anchoring at the parietal boss. This technique simplifies the procedure and greatly reduces rates of erosion and migration, improving patient comfort and satisfaction.
The Spectacular Commodification of Rome in Paolo Sorrentino’s La grande bellezza

This essay explores the postmodern image economy with regard to the depiction of Rome as a global city of the spectacle in Paolo Sorrentino’s La grande bellezza. It argues that an incongruity exist...
Ultrafast Optical Switching and Power Limiting in Intersubband Polaritonic Metasurfaces

We experimentally demonstrate a nonlinear metasurface comprising plasmonic resonators coupled to multi-quantum well transition. Due to MQW saturation, the metasurface provides a giant χ(3) on the order of 3×10−13 m2/V2 with ∼2 ps response time.
Molecular analysis of GPI-anchor biosynthesis pathway genes in rat strains used for the Pig-a gene mutation assay

Recent studies support the assumption that mutation of the X-linked Pig-a gene is most likely responsible for the mutant phenotype of the cells deficient in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins quantified in the rodent Pig-a gene mutation assay. In humans, however, mutations in both alleles of one of the 30 other genes involved in GPI-anchor synthesis, e.g., PIG-L and PIG-O, cause reduced expression of surface GPI-anchored proteins. Here, we investigated the possibility that the loss of the GPI-anchor detected by the rat Pig-a assay also could be caused by mutation in other GPI-biosynthesis genes. 31 samples were obtained from 8 inbred and outbred rat strains commonly used for genetic toxicology assays. In order to investigate possible sources of variation in the Pig-a assay, variant DNA sequences were evaluated in Cd59 and 24 GPI-biosynthesis genes. In some genes, such as Pig-n and Pig-u, homozygous variations occurred in all animals, suggesting that these variations are due to deviations in the reference genome. Heterozygous Pig-s, Pig-w, Pig-o, Pig-c, Pgap1, Pgap2, Pig-k and Pig-t variations were found, however, indicating that these genes could serve as targets for mutation in the assay. Protein alignment for these altered genes was conducted with possible human, mouse and rat phenotypic mutants from the literature; this analysis demonstrated that many of the variations that we detected were in non-conserved sequences and that no phenotypes for any of these variants could be inferred from known mutants from the literature. All heterozygous variants were in outbred rats. Overall, the findings of this study cannot totally rule out the possibility that mutations in GPI-biosynthesis genes other than Pig-a are detected in the Pig-a assay, but suggest that if it occurs, it must occur only rarely and therefore mutations in genes other than Pig-a have little impact on rat-based experiments.
Follow-up Blood Cultures in Children With Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcusaureus is a common pathogen seen in pediatric bloodstream infections. Currently, no evidence-based recommendations are used to guide decisions on the number of follow-up blood cultures (FUBCs) needed to demonstrate infection clearance. Unnecessary cultures increase the risk of false-positives, add to health care costs, and create additional trauma to children and their families. In this study, we examined risk factors for persistent S aureus bacteremia (SAB) and intermittent positive blood cultures (positive cultures obtained after a documented negative FUBC result) to determine the number of FUBCs needed to demonstrate infection clearance in children. METHODS: Patients ≤18 years who were hospitalized with SAB at Texas Children’s Hospital in 2018 were reviewed. We assessed the impact of an infectious disease diagnosis (central line–associated bloodstream infection, osteomyelitis, soft tissue infection, endocarditis, etc) and medical comorbidities on bacteremia duration. Patients with intermittent positive blood cultures were studied to determine the characteristics of this group and overall frequency of reversion to positive cultures. RESULTS: A total of 122 subjects met the inclusion criteria. The median duration of bacteremia was 1 day (interquartile range: 1–2 days). Only 19 patients (16%) had bacteremia lasting ≥3 days, all of whom had a diagnosis of central line–associated bloodstream infection, osteomyelitis, or endocarditis. Intermittent positive cultures occurred in 5% of patients, with positive cultures after 2 negative FUBC results seen in CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of our sample of children with SAB, additional blood cultures to document sterility are not necessary after 2 FUBC results are negative in well-appearing patients.
Voxel-Scale Conversion Mapping Informs Intrinsic Resolution in Stereolithographic Additive Manufacturing

In high-resolution stereolithography, printed parts deviate significantly from the projected photomask because of the reaction complexity on the voxel scale. To better understand the reaction proce...
Drivers of productivity differences between Douglas-fir planted within its native range in Oregon and on exotic sites in New Zealand

Abstract Forest species planted outside their native range sometimes exhibit growth rates that far exceed those in their native range. In species grown for timber production, the improved growth in certain exotic environments has led to the widescale propagation of some outstanding species, but the proposed mechanistic drivers behind this improved growth are little studied. Given the increasing importance of understanding growth response to climate changes, many of these species present ideal test cases, including coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), a widely planted timber species native to the Pacific Coast of North America. We identified a set of seven sites in the Oregon Cascades Range and the South Island of New Zealand that were planted with Douglas-fir seedlings originating from a shared seed source in 2004, presenting an opportunity to examine drivers of productivity while reducing the confounding effect of genetics. We sampled plots at each of these sites during the 2019 dormant season by measuring standing trees, collecting increment cores, assessing soil conditions, and installing meteorological instruments. Using these data, we constructed an environmentally sensitive model of annual radial growth of the stem at breast height, accounting for between- and within-location variation controlled by environmental factors. Trees at New Zealand locations had increased diameter growth compared to those in Oregon. Lower vapor pressure deficit during the growing season was the primary cause of this improved productivity in New Zealand through presumed effects on higher stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis. In contrast, other environmental factors were identified as driving productivity differences between sites within Oregon and within New Zealand.
Diabetes-Related Autoantibodies in Diabetic Gastroparesis

Background Detection of islet autoantibodies [anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA), anti-islet cell antibody (ICA), anti-insulin antibody (IAA)] in patients with diabetes usually indicates an autoimmune origin, suggesting type 1 diabetes (T1DM). The aim of our study was to determine whether islet autoantibodies are present in patients with diabetic gastroparesis and whether they associate with delayed gastric emptying, severity of GI symptoms, or diagnosed type of diabetes.
Side and type of initial motor symptom influences visuospatial functioning in Parkinson's disease.

Background/Objectives: Visuospatial problems are common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and likely stem from dysfunction in dopaminergic pathways and consequent disruption of cortical functioning. Characterizing the motor symptoms at disease onset provides a method of observing how dysfunction in these pathways influences visuospatial cognition. We examined two types of motor characteristics: Body side (left or right) and type of initial symptom (tremor or symptom other than tremor). Methods: 31 non-demented patients with PD, 16 with left-side onset (LPD) and 15 with right-side onset (RPD), as well as 17 healthy control participants (HC). The PD group was also divided by type of initial motor symptom, 15 having tremor as the initial symptom and 16 having an initial symptom other than tremor. Visuospatial function was assessed with the Clock Drawing Test. Results: Of the four Clock Drawing scoring methods used, the Rouleau method showed sensitivity to subgroup differences. As predicted, the LPD and non-tremor subgroups, but not the other subgroups, performed more poorly than the HC group. Conclusion: The findings provide further evidence for differences in cognition between these subtypes of PD and highlight the importance of considering disease subtypes when examining cognition.
Two-Dimensional Observers

State estimation for two-dimensional (2-D) discrete-time systems is considered. Results for both the Givone-Roesser local state model and the Porter-Aravena wave advance process model are established. The analysis avoids the assumption of stationarity of the system and separability of the characteristic polynomial.
Foley catheter and esophageal foreign bodies.

Dr Schunk and colleagues1 have provided a very clear presentation of their use of the Foley catheter with fluoroscopic guidance for removal of esophageal foreign bodies in children. They cite their high success rate and relative safety and infer that this is the procedure of choice based primarily on cost reduction. They properly point out that fluoroscopic-guided catheter extraction should be applied only to blunt foreign bodies that have been lodged for 3 days or less, and there should be no history of esophageal disease.
Information Technology and the Law

Publisher Summary The information explosion occurring in other fields is also occurring in law. Today the lawyer must cope with more laws, more regulations, more problems, and more judicial and administrative bodies than ever before. Old methods of work are inadequate and he needs new tools. Many of the tools are here. But scientists and engineers must help him learn to use these tools. The conjunction, “Information Technology and the Law,” is commutative and therefore symmetrical. When the relation between information technology and the law is examined a little more closely, it is soon recognized that two oppositely polarized relations exist. This chapter discusses the way the new technology may be used in law and the way the law applies to the new technology. Lawyers today are interested in making use of information technology in recording, classifying, analyzing, utilizing, and applying the law. In addition, lawyers are becoming concerned with the application of the common law, which has evolved through centuries of trial and error, and modern statutory law, to problems that are being created by information technology. Some lawyers are turning to the computer and to modern mathematical science to help them in the solution of all their problems, both old and new. At the same time, the use of computers is creating new legal problems, which can be solved best by an understanding of computers as well as an understanding of established legal principles. This chapter presents an overview of the activity occurring at the interface between information technology and law and suggests the problems that may be most significant from the standpoint of the lawyer, the courts, and the public as a whole. This paper we will take some short excursions into a number of technical fields, including the fields of symbolic logic, information retrieval, prediction of decisions, and the law of computers.
A computer-aided benchmarking system for parallel and expandable database computers

In this paper a computer-aided benchmarking methodology for a new kind of database computers is introduced. The emergence of this new kind of parallel database computers (known as the multiple-backend database computers) in the research community and in the commercial world, where each computer system is configured with two or more identical processors and their associated stores for concurrent execution of transactions and for parallel processing of a centralized database spread over separate stores, is evident. The need and lack of a methodology for benchmarking the new database computer with a variable number of backends for the same database or with a fixed number of backends for different database capacities is pronounced. The measures (benchmarks) of the new database computer are articulated and established and the design of the methodology for conducting the measurements is then given in this paper. The computer-aided benchmarking system (CABS), which computerizes the benchmarking methodology for systematically assisting the design of test databases and test-transaction mixes, for automatically tallying the design data and workloads, and for completely generating the test databases and test-transaction mixes, is reported also herein.
Do children with PDDNOS have a theory of mind

This study sought to differentiate PDDNOS from a similar nonautistic disorder (i.e., language impairment) on the basis of a cognitive deficit, theory-of-mind (ToM). ToM is an ability to infer mental states in others and has been found to be highly prevalent in autism, a disorder that shares many characteristics with PDDNOS (Baron-Cohen, 1985; Volkmar & Cohen, 1988). A sample of 28 children with either PDDNOS or a language impairment formed two groups (n = 14), matched on gender and verbal mental age. Participants were administered the brain function task (Baron-Cohen, 1989) and the false belief task (Perner, Frith, Leslie, & Leekam, 1989) to assess ToM. Results suggest that children with PDDNOS are deficient in a ToM ability, however, this relationship is not as strong as in previous studies with autistic samples, suggesting that children with PDDNOS may have a greater ToM ability. The existence of PDDNOS on the higher end of a spectrum of the Pervasive Developmental Disorders as well as the construct of ToM itself existing on a continuum are discussed.
Testing the dark matter annihilation model for the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe haze

Analyses have found a 'haze' of anomalous microwave emission surrounding the Galactic Centre in the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) sky maps. A recent study using Fermi data detected a similar haze in the γ-ray. Several studies have modelled these hazes as radiation from the leptonic byproducts of dark matter annihilations, and arguably no convincing astrophysical alternative has been suggested. We discuss the characteristics of astrophysical cosmic ray sources that could potentially explain this microwave and γ-ray emission. The most promising astrophysical scenarios involve cosmic ray sources that are clustered such that many fall within ∼1 kpc of the Galactic Centre. For example, we show that several hundred Galactic Centre supernovae in the last million years plus a diffusion-hardened electron spectrum may be consistent with present constraints on this emission. Alternatively, it could be due to a burst of activity probably associated with Sagittarius A * occurring ∼ 1 Myr ago and producing > 10 51 erg in cosmic ray electrons. Different models predict contrasting trends for the spectral index of the microwave and γ-ray spectrum as a function of angle from the Galactic Centre that we show should be robust to cosmic ray propagation uncertainties. In particular, if the haze is from dark matter annihilations, it should have a very hard microwave and γ-ray spectrum for which the spectral shape does not change significantly with angle, which we argue would be difficult to achieve with any astrophysical mechanism. Observations with the Planck and Fermi satellites can distinguish between viable haze models using these signatures.
Is Seedling Establishment Very Rare in the Oklahoma Seaside Alder, Alnus maritima ssp. oklahomensis?

The Oklahoma seaside alder (Alnus maritima ssp. oklahomensis) is a shrub that grows almost exclusively in Johnston County. While individuals resprout vigorously from rootstocks, few seedlings have been observed in the wild. We surveyed 1,848 one-meter- square plots of suitable microhabitat at two locations on the Blue River and a location on Pennington Creek. We found only 20 alder seedlings, all of them in their first year, and most of them in unsuitable, shaded conditions. These observations are consistent with the interpretation that, despite its abundant production of viable seeds, the Oklahoma seaside alder has effectively no long-term successful seedling establishment. These observations serve as a basis for seedling establishment experiments planned for the near future.
Effects of Noise on the Physiology and Behavior of Farm-Raised Animals

With the constantly increasing intensity of ambient sound in the modern world, questions arise as to how well the present noise level is tolerated by livestock, and whether noises of still higher intensities and greater frequency will interfere with the efficiency of production. While it has been assumed that most farm animals would seldom be exposed to sounds of extremely high intensities, some animals, nevertheless, are frequently exposed to loud aircraft, truck and motorcycle sounds. Any environmental factor that places farm animals under severe stress can decrease efficiency and profits. One question that needs to be answered is whether sound places livestock under stress and, if it does, the extent and mode of interference, i.e., how does it interfere with production. Although little research has been conducted on the noise problem with farm animals, extensive studies have been made of the responses of man and laboratory animals to various sounds.
In Situ Raman Spectroscopy of SiO2-Supported Transition Metal Oxide Catalysts: An Isotopic 18O−16O Exchange Study

The molecular structures of dehydrated group 5−7 transition metal oxides (V2O5, Nb2O5, CrO3, MoO3, WO3, Re2O7) supported on SiO2 were investigated with time-resolved 18O−16O exchange in situ Raman spectroscopy measurements. The supported group 5−7 dehydrated surface transition metal oxides were exclusively present as isolated species on SiO2 because of the absence of bridging M−O−M vibrations. The SiO2-supported group 5 (VOx and NbOx) surface metal oxides exhibit band splitting into two Raman vibrations (M16O and M18O), which is consistent with monoxo surface OM(−O−Si)3 species. The SiO2-supported group 6 (CrOx, MoOx, and WOx) surface metal oxides consist of both monoxo OM(−O−Si)4 and dioxo (O)2M(−O−Si)2 structures. The dioxo surface species give rise to triplet band splitting corresponding to M(16O)2, M(18O)2, and 18OM16O. Identification of the intermediate surface 18OM16O struc-ture was guided by recent DFT calculations. The SiO2-supported group 7 (ReOx) metal oxide system exclusively contains trioxo su...
Anger and irrational thought: Questionnaire and interview ratings

From an initial pool of 96 students, 36 subjects were selected based on Novaco Anger Scale scores to form high-, moderate-, and low-anger groups (n=12). They completed self-report questionnaires and participated in a structured interview designed to elicit cognitive and affective responses to hypothetical situations involving interpersonal conflict. High- and moderate-anger groups scored significantly higher than low-anger subjects on a questionnaire measure of irrational thinking. High-anger subjects scored higher than low-anger subjects on general anxiety, suspiciousness, fear of negative evaluation, hostility, and criticism of themselves and others. Interview ratings showed that there were no group differences in self-reports of anger or ability to cope with conflict, yet raters judged high-anger subjects to display more anger than low-anger subjects in their stated response actions. Estimates of coping ability varied inversely with reports of anger experienced. Generally, results support a relationship between irrational thinking patterns and anger in feeling and action. Implications for treatment are discussed.
The Product Matrix Traveling Salesman Problem: An Application and Solution Heuristic

In this paper we analyze an optimization problem that arises in the overhaul of a gas turbine engine. This problem involves the placement of nozzle guide vanes in the nozzle of the engine. The objective of the vane placement is to attain "uniform" flow equalized distribution of hot fuel gases about the circumference of the engine nozzle. We show that this placement problem is equivalent to a traveling salesman problem TSP whose cost matrix is a product matrix. Exploiting properties of the special form of the cost matrix, we give a heuristic algorithm for solving the problem, and derive a posteriori lower bounds for the heuristic. We show that the heuristic performs extremely well on both real and simulated data. Finally, we present and develop the theoretical results that are the foundation of the proposed heuristic.
Intraoperative nerve action potential recordings: technical considerations, problems, and pitfalls.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to provide our experience with intraoperative nerve action potential (NAP) recordings. In particular, we focus on a discussion of the technical considerations of intraoperative NAP with emphasis on identifying and remedying problems and pitfalls. METHODS: We report, perhaps, the largest operative series of peripheral nerve lesions in continuity with intraoperative NAP recording derived from 1736 patients with 3459 lesions in continuity with operative outcomes. We pay special attention to patients for whom we felt that NAP recordings were either difficult or misleading. RESULTS: A positive NAP across a lesion resulting in neurolysis gave grade 3 or better function using the Louisiana State University Health Science Center grading system in 94.7% of neural elements. Differential fascicular recordings resulted in split repair in 62 nerves with recovery in 58. The absence of an NAP correlated histologically with a neurotmetic lesion. With resultant repair, 1111 of 1975 nerves recovered to grade 3 or better. CONCLUSION: Visual inspection of a nerve lesion in continuity can be misleading. Aithough there is no "head-to-head" comparison of our data with data obtained without the use of intraoperative NAP recordings, we feel strongly that with experience and knowledge of the problems and pitfalls regarding intraoperative recording techniques, one may take advantage of the great benefits of this very useful and informative surgical tool.
Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction: complication of lymphangiography

An unusual delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction developed after lymphangiography to stage the patient's adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
Effect of insulin pretreatment on glucose and lipid metabolism of liver slices from normal rats.

SummaryLiver slices from normal fed rats were incubated in physiologic bicarbonate buffer, and the effect of increasing glucose concentration and insulin pretreatment on hepatic glucose metabolism was studied. Exposure of the liver slice to increased levels of glucose resulted in the recovery of more glucose-614C in CO2 relative to lipid pathways. Insulin pretreatment, in the presence of a “high” medium glucose concentration, resulted in a preferential incorporation of glucose-614C into total lipid and triglyceride relative to CO2 and into fatty acid to a greater extent than into glycerol. The effects of insulin were dependent upon the presence of a “high” concentration of glucose in the medium.
Classical discrimination conditioning and reversal in the albino rabbit

Eight albino rabbits were trained in a classical discrimination conditioning task measuring heart-rate and nictitating-membrane responses. Following 10 days of acquisition, reversal training was carried out for 10 days. The nictitating-membrane response indicated a successful discrimination reversal within 3 days, while the heart-rate response never showed discrimination reversal during the entire period.
Peukert's Law of a Lead-Acid Battery Simulated by a Mathematical Model

The Peukert’s law is the most widely used empirical equation to represent the rate-dependent capacity of the lead-acid battery (LAB), mainly because it is easy to use, accurate, and applicable to a wide temperature range. In this work, we show that the Peukert behavior can be properly simulated by a mathematical model with only three rate-dependent parameters (specific active surface area, tortuosity exponent of the electrode morphology and the maximum capacity density). In this study, the analysis of the rate-dependent parameters of a flooded LAB provides an interesting case of study to understand the end of discharge (EOD) behavior of the battery at various rates, which constitutes the Peukert behavior of the LAB. Although at high rates, an exhaustion of sulfuric acid may occur in the positive plate as a result of acid transport limitation, the main factor that determines the EOD behavior is the change of the active surface area which is underpinned by the clogging of the pores due to sulfation of the electrodes, preventing the discharge reaction to occur at places where the active material might still be available.
Specificity of Drosophila Cytonemes for Distinct Signaling Pathways

Cytonemes are types of filopodia in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc that are proposed to serve as conduits in which morphogen signaling proteins move between producing and target cells. We investigated the specificity of cytonemes that are made by target cells. Cells in wing discs made cytonemes that responded specifically to Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and cells in eye discs made cytonemes that responded specifically to Spitz (the Drosophila epidermal growth factor protein). Tracheal cells had at least two types: one made in response to Branchless (a Drosophila fibroblast growth factor protein, Bnl), to which they segregate the Bnl receptor, and another to which they segregate the Dpp receptor. We conclude that cells can make several types of cytonemes, each of which responds specifically to a signaling pathway by means of the selective presence of a particular signaling protein receptor that has been localized to that cytoneme.
Computational-Fluid-Dynamics-Based Clean-Wing Aerodynamic Noise Model for Design

A new noise metric is developed for clean-wing aerodynamic noise modeling that may be used in aircraft or wind turbine design studies involving aerodynamic noise. The method uses Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes calculations with a two-equation turbulence model to include the effects of the lift coefficient, flow three-dimensionality, and wing design parameters on the trailing-edge noise. These effects are not considered in the existing, relatively less expensive, semi-empirical noise prediction methods. The proposed noise metric is not the exact value of the noise intensity, but it is a relative noise measure suitable for design studies. The new noise metric is less expensive to compute compared to the full-noise calculations done with computational aeroacoustics methods, and it can be easily implemented using the solutions of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations that may have already been performed as part of the aerodynamic design and analysis. Parametric studies were performed to investigate the effect of the wing geometry and the lift coefficient on the noise metric. Two-dimensional studies were done using two subsonic (NACA 0012 and 0009) and two supercritical [SC(2)-0710 and -0714] airfoils. The energy-efficient transport wing (a generic conventional transport wing) was used for the three-dimensional study. Both two-and three-dimensional studies show that the trailing-edge noise increases significantly at high lift coefficients. The three-dimensional effects observed in the parametric wing study indicate the importance of calculating the noise metric with a characteristic velocity and length scale that vary along the span.
The direct anterior approach: Here today, gone tomorrow—Affirms

Abstract In recent years there has been a wave of enthusiasm for the DA. Its appeal centers around the possibility of performing a THA "without cutting muscle or tendon." This allegedly provides the benefit of accelerated recovery, reduced dislocation rate, and absence of postoperative precautions. However, literature shows that the price to the patient can be unacceptably high. This article provides some perspective on this risk and presents a safe alternative (DP tm ) that can achieve similar clinical results. The readily extensile DP gives the surgeon who is new to the technique an opportunity to minimize risk associated with the learning curve.
Overoxidized Polypyrrole-Coated Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes for Dopamine Measurements with Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

Thin films of overoxidized polypyrrole have been electrochemically coated onto carbon fiber microelectrodes and used for dopamine measurements with background-subtracted, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at a scan rate of 300 V/s. The films were stable on the electrode surface only when the electrodes were scanned to high potentials (1400 mV vs SSCE) in pH 7.4 aqueous buffer. Dopamine sensitivity and ascorbate and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) rejection at the overoxidized polypyrrole-coated electrode were compared to those at carbon fiber electrodes coated with Nafion, a perfluorinated ion-exchange material. At 300 V/s, the overoxidized polypyrrole-coated electrode was almost 3 times more sensitive to dopamine than an uncoated disk electrode. Furthermore, the films were as effective as Nafion in the attenuation of the response to ascorbate and DOPAC, common interferences of dopamine in vivo. Overoxidized polypyrrole-coated electrodes maintained a stable response to dopamine for several hours when implan...
The importance of population susceptibility for air pollution risk assessment: a case study of power plants near Washington, DC.

In evaluating risks from air pollution, health impact assessments often focus on the magnitude of the impacts without explicitly considering the distribution of impacts across subpopulations. In this study, we constructed a model to estimate the magnitude and distribution of health benefits associated with emission controls at five older power plants in the Washington, DC, area. We used the CALPUFF atmospheric dispersion model to determine the primary and secondary fineparticulate-matter (< 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) concentration reductions associated with the hypothetical application of “Best Available Control Technology” to the selected power plants. We combined these concentration reductions with concentration‐response functions for mortality and selected morbidity outcomes, using a conventional approach as well as considering susceptible subpopulations. Incorporating susceptibility had a minimal effect on total benefits, with central estimates of approximately 240 fewer premature deaths, 60 fewer cardiovascular hospital admissions (CHA), and 160 fewer pediatric asthma emergency room visits (ERV) per year. However, because individuals with lower education appear to have both higher background mortality rates and higher relative risks for air-pollution‐related mortality, stratifying by educational attainment implies that 51% of the mortality benefits accrue among the 25% of the population with less than high school education. Similarly, diabetics and African Americans bear disproportionate shares of the CHA and ERV benefits, respectively. Although our ability to characterize subpopulations is constrained by the available information, our analysis demonstrates that incorporation of suscepti
Numerical Simulation of Flow Through Biofluid Devices

The results of a numerical simulation of flow through an artificial heart and through an artificial tilting-disk heart valve are presented. The simulation involves solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations; the solution process is described. The details and difficulties of mod eling these particular geometries are discussed. The arti ficial heart geometry uses a single moving grid, and the valve computation uses an overlaid-grid approach with one moving grid and one stationary grid. The equations must be solved iteratively for each discrete time step of the computations, requiring a significant amount of computing time. It is particularly difficult to analyze and present the fluid physics represented by these calcula tions because of the time-varying nature of the flow, and because the flows are internal. The use of three- dimensional graphics and scientific visualization tech niques have become instrumental in solving these problems.
Collective excitation of degenerate plasmas in solids

Abstract The spectrum of collective oscillations of a current carrying two-component degenerate plasma has been studied in the self-consistent field approximation by employing the Boltzmann equation. It is found that if one species of carrier has a substantially greater Fermi velocity than the other, there exist unstable oscillations of acoustic type when the average drift velocity of the fast carriers is sufficiently great. For any given drift velocity, excitations with wave-number greater than a critical value are unstable, and those with smaller wave-numbers are damped. The physical basis for the structure of the excitation spectrum is discussed, and the experimental conditions likely to allow observation of instabilities in degenerate semiconductors or semimetals are described. The existence of stable high frequency oscillations is noted, and the influence of current flow on their dispersion law is obtained.
Party Images and the American Electorate

This article investigates the presence of widely recognized images of the two major political parties, using the Center for Political Studies' (CPS) open-ended questions on party likes and dislikes...
Preparation and characterization of layered superconductors.

Application du depot chimique sans electrode a la croissance du supraconducteur lamellaire KxMoS 2 . La vitesse de croissance des films est optimisee. Mesures de la mobilite Hall et de la conductivite-dc dans l'intervalle des temperatures allant de 100 a 400 K. Ces couches presentent une legere chute dans les spectres d'absorption a 4,5 μm et une transition supraconductrice entre 8 et 12 K
Science‐Driven Restoration: A Square Grid on a Round Earth?

Is formal science necessarily an effective framework and methodology for designing and implementing ecological restoration programs? My experience as an ecologist in Hawaii suggests that even when scientific research programs are explicitly designed to guide and facilitate restoration, the culture of science, heterogeneity of nature, and real-world complexities of implementing land management practices often limit the practical relevance of conventional scientific research. Although alternative models such as adaptive management and transdisciplinary science may facilitate research that more robustly models the real world, there is often little professional support or incentive to orient even these nonconventional research approaches toward actually solving on-the-ground problems. Thus, if one’s goal is to accomplish ecological restoration as quickly and efficiently as possible, a trial-and-error/intelligent tinkering‐type approach might often be better than using more rigorous, data-intensive scientific methodology. However, the sympatric implementation of ecological restoration and scientific research programs can lead to valuable synergies such as mutual logistical and financial support and the exchange of distinct forms of knowledge. The professional activities and mere presence of scientists can also greatly enhance ap rogram’s prestige and visibility, which in turn can indirectly promote more and better ecological restoration. Improving our understanding of when formal science can directly assist restoration projects and when its value will more likely be synergistic and indirect could lead to better science, better ecological restoration, and better relationships between these two cultures.
Activation of type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors attenuates deficits in cognitive flexibility induced by NMDA receptor blockade

Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors provide a mechanism by which the function of NMDA glutamate receptors can be modulated. As NMDA receptor hypofunction is implicated in the etiology of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, the pharmacological regulation of mGlu receptor activity represents a promising therapeutic approach. We examined the effects of the positive allosteric mGlu(5) receptor modulator 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB), alone and in combination with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801, on a task measuring cognitive set-shifting ability. This task measures NMDA receptor-dependent cognitive abilities analogous to those impaired in schizophrenia. Systemic administration of CDPPB (10 and 30 mg/kg i.p) blocked MK-801 (0.1mg/kg, i.p.)-induced impairments in set-shifting ability. The effect on learning was dose-dependent, with the 30 mg/kg dose having a greater effect than the 10mg/kg dose across all trials. This ameliorative effect of CDPPB reflected a reduction in MK-801-induced perseverative responding. These results add to the evidence that mGlu(5) receptors interact functionally with NMDA receptors to regulate behavior, and suggest that positive modulators of mGlu(5) receptors may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of disorders, like schizophrenia, characterized by impairments in cognitive flexibility and memory.