cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) is a syndrome that is characterized by gait impairment, cognitive decline and urinary incontinence, and is associated with ventriculomegaly in the absence of elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. There is significant variation in the clinical presentation and progression of this disorder, and its diagnosis often represents a challenge for neurologists and neurosurgeons. Various supplemental tests, including the CSF tap test, external CSF drainage via spinal catheter, and CSF outflow resistance determination, can improve the accuracy of predicting a response to surgical treatment. CSF shunting provides significant symptom improvement in the majority of appropriately evaluated patients. In 2005, an international study group published evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and management of INPH. This review will highlight the clinical presentation, radiographic findings, supplemental prognostic tests, differential diagnosis, surgical treatment and outcomes of INPH.
GLC Determination of dl-2-(3-Phenoxyphenyl)propionic Acid (Fenoprofen) in Human Plasma

The quantitative determination of dl-2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propionic acid (fenoprofen) in plasma is described. Fenoprofen, extracted with hexane from 1 ml. of acidified plasma, is converted to the silyl ester and then measured by GLC utilizing a flame-ionization detector. Favorable quantitation is achieved by using dl-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)valeric acid as a mass internal standard. The assay is quantitative above 0.25 mcg./ml. Overall, precision and accuracy of the assay are approximately ±10% (RSD) and ±5% (RE) in the range of 3-8 mcg./ml. Plasma data are presented to demonstrate the clinical utility of the method.
New axionic instantons in quantum gravity

New Euclidean solutions, describing the nucleation of a baby universe, are presented for an axion (described by an antisymmetric tensor field strength of rank D-1 in D dimensions) coupled to gravity including a cosmological constant.
Towards fine-grained urban traffic knowledge extraction using mobile sensing

We introduce our vision for mining fine-grained urban traffic knowledge from mobile sensing, especially GPS location traces. Beyond characterizing human mobility patterns and measuring traffic congestion, we show how mobile sensing can also reveal details such as intersection performance statistics that are useful for optimizing the timing of a traffic signal. Realizing such applications requires co-designing privacy protection algorithms and novel traffic modeling techniques so that the needs for privacy preserving and traffic modeling can be simultaneously satisfied. We explore privacy algorithms based on the virtual trip lines (VTL) concept to regulate where and when the mobile data should be collected. The traffic modeling techniques feature an integration of traffic principles and learning/optimization techniques. The proposed methods are illustrated using two case studies for extracting traffic knowledge for urban signalized intersection.
XENON M X-RAY SPECTRA FROM ION--ATOM COLLISIONS.

Abstract Soft X-ray spectra from collisions involving 180 keV Xe ++ ions and Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Xe targets are presented. Promotion of electrons into the normally vacant 4f level of Xe is observed and this promotion is found to be a strong function of the Z of the target.
Selective Coating of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes with Thin SiO2 Layer

Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been shown to be highly sensitive gas sensors. However, attaching functional groups with selective sensing functions on nanotubes without destroying the intrinsic electronic property of the nanotubes is still challenging. Here, we report a new method of coating SWNTs with a thin layer of SiO2 using 3-aminopropyltriethoxyysilane as coupling layers. The thickness of the SiO2 could be controlled at about 1 nm. The coating of SiO2 on SWNTs was confirmed by burning the SWNTs in air. The effect of 3-aminopropyltriethoxyysilane was also discussed.
Tempo sensitivity in isochronous tone sequences: The multiple-look model revisited

Factors affecting tempo sensitivity in isochronous tone sequences were investigated in two experiments. Participants listened to tones in sequence conditions in which the number of time intervals in isochronous standard and comparison sequences was varied, and they were asked to judge the tempo of the comparison relative to the standard. When the duration of the standard interval was held constant, tempo sensitivity was affected by the number of comparison intervals, but not by the number of standard intervals. In contrast, when the duration of the standard interval was varied randomly from trial to trial, tempo sensitivity was affected by the number of intervals in both sequences. The present findings are discussed in the context of a generalized multiple-look model that posits independent contributions of both sequences to tempo sensitivity. Quantitative model fits suggest that the relative contribution of the number of the standard intervals to tempo thresholds depends on (1) the availability of a stable long-term referent for the standard tempo and (2) a priori knowledge about the number of standard intervals.
Toward model-based policy design for reliable and efficient integration of distributed generators

This paper proposes that a reliable and efficient integration of distributed generators (DGs) needs strategic planning and operation for distribution systems. The paper illustrates that today's policies such as plug-and-play and those outlined under IEEE standard 1547 cannot support a large penetration of DGs sending power to the grid. The paper explores possible challenges and potential opportunities in integrating a large penetration of DGs. The key point of the paper is designing a model-based adaptive policy to link the methods engineers use to policy design for achieving efficient and reliable performance. Two strategies that could be used to achieve this are outlined and discussed: enhanced plug-and-play and third party siting and operating review.
"Virtual" health care organizations and the challenges of improving quality.

This article examines the challenges of improving health care quality continuously within and across "virtual" provider organizations such as independent practice associations and physician-hospital organizations. It draws on recent research and theory about interorganizational networks in other fields to develop recommendations for securing physicians' commitment to quality improvement strategies in today's health care environment.
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Reduction of Persistent Anger

Abstract Although persistent anger is not represented in DSM-IV as a psychiatric disorder, it is nevertheless a significant clinical problem. Based on our experience with both research and clinic patients from a diverse urban population, and drawing on methods utilized by others, we have refined and elaborated several treatment strategies that appear useful for anger reduction. The strategies derive from a counterconditioning treatment model: patients are exposed (either naturally or by design) to situations that may evoke anger, while they apply physiological, cognitive, and/or behavioral methods that can dampen the habitually angry response. The specific anger-reduction methods include: applied muscle relaxation, cognitive reappraisal, inhibition of overresponding, and reversal of underresponding (through acquisition of effective communication and problem-solving skills). Preliminary evidence is presented indicating that anger patients experience significant reduction in the intensity, duration, and frequency of anger reactions after completing 12 sessions of therapy utilizing these anger-reduction methods.
Development of an antimicrobial stewardship-based infectious diseases elective that incorporates human patient simulation technology.

Objective. To design an elective for pharmacy students that facilitates antimicrobial stewardship awareness, knowledge, and skill development by solving clinical cases, using human patient simulation technology.Design. The elective was designed for PharmD students to describe principles and functions of stewardship programs, select, evaluate, refine, or redesign patient-specific plans for infectious diseases in the context of antimicrobial stewardship, and propose criteria and stewardship management strategies for an antimicrobial class at a health care institution. Teaching methods included active learning and lectures. Cases of bacterial endocarditis and cryptococcal meningitis were developed that incorporated human patient simulation technology.Assessment. Forty-five pharmacy students completed an antimicrobial stewardship elective between 2010 and 2013. Outcomes were assessed using student perceptions of and performance on rubric-graded assignments.Conclusion. A PharmD elective using active learning, ...
Enhancing immunogenicity of a 3′aminomethylnicotine-DT-conjugate anti-nicotine vaccine with CpG adjuvant in mice and non-human primates

Tobacco smoking is one of the most preventable causes of morbidity and mortality, but current smoking cessation treatments have relatively poor long term efficacy. Anti-nicotine vaccines offer a novel mechanism of action whereby anti-nicotine antibodies (Ab) in circulation prevent nicotine from entering the brain, thus avoiding the reward mechanisms that underpin nicotine addiction. Since antibody responses are typically long lasting, such vaccines could potentially lead to better long-term smoking cessation outcomes. Clinical trials of anti-nicotine vaccines to date have not succeeded, although there was evidence that very high anti-nicotine Ab titers could lead to improved smoking cessation outcomes, suggesting that achieving higher titers in more subjects might result in better efficacy overall. In this study, we evaluated CpG (TLR9 agonist) and aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) adjuvants with a model anti-nicotine antigen comprising trans-3'aminomethylnicotine (3'AmNic) conjugated to diphtheria toxoid (DT). Anti-nicotine Ab titers were significantly higher in both mice and non-human primates (NHP) when 3'AmNic-DT was administered with CpG/Al(OH)3 than with Al(OH)3 alone, and affinity was enhanced in mice. CpG also improved functional responses, as measured by nicotine brain levels in mice after intravenous administration of radiolabeled nicotine (30% versus 3% without CpG), or by nicotine binding capacity of NHP antisera (15-fold higher with CpG). Further improvement should focus on maximizing Ab function, which takes into account both titer and avidity, and this may require improved conjugate design in addition to adjuvants.
Exogenous expression of beta-catenin regulates contact inhibition, anchorage-independent growth, anoikis, and radiation-induced cell cycle arrest.

β-Catenin is an important regulator of cell–cell adhesion and embryonic development that associates with and regulates the function of the LEF/TCF family of transcription factors. Mutations of β-catenin and the tumor suppressor gene, adenomatous polyposis coli, occur in human cancers, but it is not known if, and by what mechanism, increased β-catenin causes cellular transformation. This study demonstrates that modest overexpression of β-catenin in a normal epithelial cell results in cellular transformation. These cells form colonies in soft agar, survive in suspension, and continue to proliferate at high cell density and following γ-irradiation. Endogenous cytoplasmic β-catenin levels and signaling activity were also found to oscillate during the cell cycle. Taken together, these data demonstrate that β-catenin functions as an oncogene by promoting the G1 to S phase transition and protecting cells from suspension-induced apoptosis (anoikis).
A STAIN FOR THE HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS.

Abstract A methyl green-thionine stain was developed which gives a fairly selective staining of nucleic acids and a sharp differential coloring of chromatin, nucleoli, and basophil cytoplasm. Ribonucleic acid stains red, metachromatically; and DNA, blue-green. Proteins and mucins do not stain. Only the polysaccharides of mast cell granules and cartilage stain, also metachromatically. These substances can be distinguished from RNA by enzymic digestion tests, or more easily, by using the stain at pH 1.2; at this low pH nucleic acids do not stain. Pyronine was replaced by thionine because of its unsuitable staining properties. Various dyes were tested as substitutes for pyronine, and thionine was found to give the best results. Unlike pyronine, thionine does not stain proteins not associated with nucleic acids and does not obscure the color imparted to the chromatin by methyl green. A study was made of the various factors which influence the staining process. The intensity and color of the staining, especially the metachromatic coloring of RNA, were easily altered by fixatives, period of fixation, and by the temperature, pH, buffers, and concentration of the staining solution and by postmortem changes. Short fixation in formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde gave the best results.
Kinetics of polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S and mixtures of hemoglobin A and hemoglobin S at high hemoglobin concentrations

Abstract Transverse water proton relaxation times ( T 2 ) have been measured as a function of time after deoxygenation of solutions containing hemoglobin S. The shortened T 2 values observed upon deoxygenation of hemoglobin S result from an increase in the correlation time ( τ c ) of the water fraction irrotationally bound to deoxyhemoglobin S as it polymerizes. Therefore, the change in τ c as a function of time after deoxygenation can be used to measure the rate of polymer formation. The change in τ c observed is reasonably fit by the first-order equation τ = τ 0 (1 − e − kt ) + τ oxy . At a total hemoglobin concentration of approximately 300 mg/ml, the pseudo-first-order rate constant in a heterozygous AS sample is 25 times slower than in a homozygous S sample, k = 0.019 and 0.47 s −1 , respectively. Since the transit time for an erythrocyte in vivo is approximately 15 s, these results suggest that the heterozygous A/S erythrocyte would traverse the circulation and become reoxygenated before extensive polymerization and, therefore, cell sickling could occur. For the homozygous S/S erythrocyte, there is ample time for polymerization and for cell sickling during circulation.
Case Studies in Planar Part Feeding and Assembly Based on Design of Limit Sets

Vibration is commonly used in industrial parts feeding and alignment processes, and to provide energy to encourage mobility among self-assembling parts. We are studying a simple model of agitation where planar parts are repetitively thrown by a simple one-degree-of-freedom throwing surface, caught and allowed to settle. Throwing actions result in nonlinear discrete-time maps in the parts' configuration space, exhibiting behaviors such as unique fixed points and uncertainty-reducing forward limit sets with large basins of attraction. We show how to shape these maps by choosing the arm geometry, throwing velocity and mass parameters of the parts. In some cases, we can design a single map that is guaranteed to uniquely position and orient a part. In other cases, we can design multiple maps corresponding to different throw velocities such that the composition of the maps can be used to drive multiple parts to a desired assembly. Switching between the throw actions is triggered by simple sensors that recognize when the system has achieved a configuration in the basin of attraction of a subsequent map.
Correlation of histology and sensibility after nerve repair

The partially denervated human fingertip was used as a model to correlate results of a detailed evaluation of sensibility with the presence of reinnervated sensory corpuscles identified by light and electron microscopy. In each of the three patients studied, the histologically identified reinnervated mechanoreceptors were appropriate to provide the neurophysiologic basis for the observed results of clinically tested sensibility.
EFFECT OF CURING INGREDIENTS, SKINNING, AND BONING ON YIELD, QUALITY, AND MICROFLORA OR COUNTRY HAMS

Green hams were left intact, partially skinned, fully skinned, and fully skinned and boned. They were dry-cured with or without nitrate and aged 3 months. The presence of nitrate had no effect on the variables studies. Percent moisture loss and accompanying weight loss increased with each further removal of protective fat and skin. Percent residual salt was in proportion to weight loss. Residual nitrite was low for all groups Color and aroma scores were similar for all groups. General appearance scores, however, were lowest for the drier boneless group. Shear values were greatest while organoleptic flavor and over-all satisfaction scores were lowest in the boneless group. Tenderness scores were similar for the skinless and boneless group but both were lower than for the intact or partially skinned groups. In general, microbial counts were highest for surface samples from completely skinned fresh hams and lowest for partially skinned fresh hams. Higher counts were obtained for core samples from boneless fresh hams than for intact hams. Aerobic (26° and 37°C), lactobacilli, enterococci. streptococci. yeast and mold surface, and core counts tended to decrease during the manufacture of aged dry-cured hams. No trends in counts due to ham group or cure treatment were observed during the manufacturing process. At the end of the aging period none of the hams contained bacteria of public health significance. Aged dry-cured hams of acceptable microbial quality can be manufactured using intact, partially skinned, skinned or boneless fresh hams without potassium nitrate as part of the cure mixture.
ALLERGY FOR RHINOLOGISTS

Every subspecialty within the discipline of otorhinolaryngology may be impacted by allergy. In none is this more evident than in rhinology. Understanding the possible effects of allergy on the nose and sinus, and dealing with such problems appropriately, will significantly diminish one's treatment failure rate.
Optical Correlation Of Surface Displacement

A coherent optical correlation technique is used to measure surface displacements. In the event that the surface roughness of the test object is invariant during the object's translation, the correlation intensity peak remains constant. A simple relationship between the displacement of the surface and the displacement of the peak correlation signal is found and experimentally verified.
Four fallacies of pop evolutionary psychology.

The editorial discusses the influence of evolutionary theory on the study of psychology, focusing on the discipline of evolutionary psychology. This belief system states that adaptation is found among the psychological aspects that control behavior rather than among behaviors themselves. Psychologists David M. Buss and Steven Pinker are prominent representatives of pop evolutionary psychology, or Pop EP. The author points out fallacies in Pop EP. INSET: A Pop EP Questionnaire.
Liver Involvement in the Histiocytic Disorders of Childhood

The liver can be involved directly, by infiltration, and indirectly—by remote effects—in the histiocytoses of childhood. Langerhans cell disease, the most well recognized of these, infiltrates the liver directly but has a remarkable selectivity for the bile ducts. Early involvement is by Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) infiltration leading to a sclerosing cholangitis and, eventually, biliary cirrhosis. Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase is a sensitive indicator of liver infiltration in a child with LCH. The indirect effects on the liver of LCH elsewhere in the body are mediated through an accompanying macrophage activation syndrome that is most likely responsible for hepatomegaly and hypoalbuminemia but without direct infiltration. These indirect effects are completely reversible. Juvenile xanthogranuloma/xanthoma disseminatum, a related dendritic cell disorder that can have systemic manifestations, has a strikingly different pattern, with a predominantly portal infiltrate spilling over into the adjacent lobule but sparing the biliary tree. The biology of the liver lesions is not clear but regression has been documented. Myeloproliferative disorders and myeloid leukemias can express CD1a and/or S100 protein, mimicking LCH but distinguished by their sinusoidal pattern. The primary macrophage histiocytoses such as the familial hemophagocytic syndromes can lead to severe liver damage. Although a portal lymphohistiocytic infiltrate is most characteristic, it is probably cytokine-mediated hepatocellular damage that can cause substantial functional impairment or even hepatic failure as a presenting feature. Liver involvement in other, more unusual histiocytic disorders, is also illustrated.
Nonuniform changes in arteriolar myogenic tone within skeletal muscle following hindlimb unweighting

Hindlimb unweighting (HLU) has been shown to alter myogenic tone distinctly in arterioles isolated from skeletal muscles composed predominantly of fast-twitch (white gastrocnemius) compared with sl...
Role of ceramide in Ca2+-sensing receptor-induced apoptosis

Increased extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o) can damage tissues, but the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly defined. Using HEK 293 cell lines that stably overexpress the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaR), a G protein-coupled receptor, we demonstrate that activation of the CaR leads to apoptosis, which was determined by nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, and increased cytosolic cytochrome c. This CaR-induced apoptotic pathway is initiated by CaR-induced accumulation of ceramide which plays an important role in inducing cell death signals by distinct G protein-independent signaling pathways. Pretreatment of wild-type CaR-expressing cells with pertussis toxin inhibited CaR-induced [3H]ceramide formation, c-Jun phosphorylation, and caspase-3 activation. The ceramide accumulation, c-Jun phosphorylation, and caspase-3 activation by the CaR can be abolished by sphingomyelinase and ceramide synthase inhibitors in different time frames. Cells that express a nonfunctional mutant CaR that were exposed to the same levels of [Ca2+]o showed no evidence of activation of the apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, we report the involvement of the CaR in stimulating programmed cell death via a pathway involving GTP binding protein alpha subunit (Gαi)-dependent ceramide accumulation, activation of stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase, c-Jun phosphorylation, caspase-3 activation, and DNA cleavage.
Control Design of an Active and Reactive Power HVDC Modulation System with Kalman Filtering

This paper discusses results of an EPRI contract on control design for an ac/dc transmission system to increase power transfers limited by dynamic stability. The control is acbieved by modulating the rectifier dc current or power and the inverter dc voltage. Coordinated active and reactive power modulation is accomplished by Linear Quadratic (LQ) control design. Improved performance is realized by utilizing reactive power coupling between dc and ac networks to modulate dc and ac active power. For the demonstration system, power modulation with coordinated voltage modulation is shown to be about ten times more effective than power modulation alone. Control interactions between electromechanical modes of oscillation are eliminated by Kalman filtering. Filtering permits excellent control performance with a minimum of system measurements. Modern control technology is applied within realistic system constraints, such as measurements.
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of noreximide and norendimide in bulk material, tablets and animal feed

Abstract Noreximide, a sedative, is generally contaminated to some extent with its endo--isomer, norendimide, with produces excitation. A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed to separate and quantitate these compounds on a 5-μm Ultrasphere ODS column with methanol—water (20:30) as mobile phase and detectionat 254 nm. Assay of mixtures of these compounds in bulk material and tablets utilized isoniazide as internal standard. Peak area ratios were linear (r = 0.9999) over 1.4–66.2 μg of injected noreximide and 0.2—8.4 μg of injected norendimide. Overall percent recovery from simulated tablets containing noreximide alone was 99.6 ± 0.8% (S.D., n = 3). Overall percent recoveries (± S.D.) from tablets containing a mixture of these compounds were 98.9 ± 0.5% and 102.3 ± 1.1% for noreximide and norendimide, respectively (n = 3). Noreximide in animal feed for long-term pharmacological studies was isolated by ether extraction and after work up, subjected to the same precedure, except that theophylline was the internal standard. Peak area ratios were linear over 0.2–19.3 μg of injected noreximide (r = 0.9999). Overall percent recoveries (± S.D., n = 3) of noreximide from spiked animal feed were 97.4 ± 1.4% and 99.0 ± 0.5% at the 500- and 5000-ppm levels, respectively. Limits of detection at the 95% confidence level (0.01 a.u.f.s., 20-μl sample volume injected) were 1.67 μ/ml and 2.56 μ/ml of noreximide and norendimide, respectively, in the final test solution.
The Electric City: Energy and the Growth of the Chicago Area, 1880-1930

No symbol of progress in our century is more galvanizing than electricity electric power and the technology it has spawned. The "invisible world" of electric energy that was emerging at the turn of the century is one we take for granted, but its influence on the growth and quality of city life was, and remains, profound. Using Chicago as a test case, Harold L. Platt investigates the emergence of an urban-based, energy-intensive society over the course of half a century in this first book-length history of energy use in the city."
Abstract 3851: The nuclear guanine nucleotide exchange factors Ect2 and Net1 regulate RhoB-mediated cell death after DNA damage

Commonly used antitumor treatments, including radiation and chemotherapy, function by damaging the DNA of rapidly proliferating cells. However, resistance to these agents is a predominant clinical problem. A member of the Rho family of small GTPases, RhoB has been shown to be integral in mediating cell death after ionizing radiation (IR) or other DNA damaging agents in Ras-transformed cell lines. In addition, RhoB protein expression increases after genotoxic stress, and loss of RhoB expression causes radio- and chemotherapeutic resistance. However, the signaling pathways that govern RhoB-induced cell death after DNA damage remain enigmatic. Here, we show that RhoB activity increases in human breast and cervical cancer cell lines after treatment with DNA damaging agents. Furthermore, RhoB activity is necessary for DNA damage-induced cell death, as the stable loss of RhoB protein expression using shRNA partially protects cells and prevents the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and the induction of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim after IR. The increase in RhoB activity after genotoxic stress is associated with increased activity of the nuclear guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), Ect2 and Net1, but not the cytoplasmic GEFs p115 RhoGEF or Vav2. Importantly, loss of Ect2 and Net1 via siRNA-mediated protein knock-down inhibited IR-induced increases in RhoB activity, reduced apoptotic signaling events, and protected cells from IR-induced cell death. Collectively, these data suggest a mechanism involving the nuclear GEFs Ect2 and Net1 for activating RhoB after genotoxic stress, thereby facilitating cell death after treatment with DNA damaging agents. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3851. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3851
Parallel programming environment for OpenMP

We present our effort to provide a comprehensive parallel programming environment for the OpenMP parallel directive language. This environment includes a parallel programming methodology for the OpenMP programming model and a set of tools (Ursa Minor and InterPol) that support this methodology. Our toolset provides automated and interactive assistance to parallel programmers in time-consuming tasks of the proposed methodology. The features provided by our tools include performance and program structure visualization, interactive optimization, support for performance modeling, and performance advising for finding and correcting performance problems. The presented evaluation demonstrates that our environment offers significant support in general parallel tuning efforts and that the toolset facilitates many common tasks in OpenMP parallel programming in an efficient manner.
Carboxylic acids and carbonyl compounds in southern California clouds and fogs

Formaldehyde, formate, and acetate have been determined in fog and cloudwater from several areas of southern California. Up to 190 μM formate and acetate was seen in high pH fog samples from the San Joaquin Valley. Formaldehyde concentrations as high as 500 μM were observed there. Organic acid concentrations were much lower at an acidic site along the margin of the valley. Fog from Riverside, CA had maximum concentrations of 1500 and 500 μM formate and acetate. The highest concentrations were observed in the samples with highest pH. Formaldehyde at Riverside was as high as 380 μM. Average formate and acetate concentrations in intercepted stratus clouds from the Santa Barbara Channel coast and San Pedro Hill were 20–60 μM and 10–30 μM, respectively. Formaldehyde concentrations in stratus clouds were 10–20 μM. Because the lifetime of a cloud or fog droplet is usually much longer than the characteristic time for interfacial mass transport, hydration or dissociation, droplets can be assumed to be in equilibrium with their surroundings. The product of aqueous-phase concentration and liquid water content in the cloud (fog) is nearly always much less than the predicted equilibrium partial pressure. Only the high pH fogs from the San Joaquin Valley have the potential to deplete the gas-phase reservoir of organic acid.
Purification of an antibiotic effective against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici produced by a biocontrol agent, Pseudomonas aureofaciens

Abstract Inhibition of the fungus that causes take-all of wheat, Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx and Oliver var. tritici Walker, by a biocontrol agent, Pseudomonas aureofaciens Q2-87, was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Q2-87 was originally isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat grown in a take-all suppressive soil. An antifungal compound was isolated from a chemically-defined broth culture of strain Q2-87. The structure of the compound was established to be 1,3,6-trihydroxy-2,4-diacetophenone through infrared, [1H]nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), [113C]NMR, u.v., and high-resolution fast-atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry. The synthesized product of the proposed structure demonstrated activity equal to the purified natural product.
Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling of the HIV Evolutionary Response to Therapy

A major challenge for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is the development of therapy-resistant strains. We present a statistical model that quantifies the evolution of HIV populations when exposed to particular therapies. A hierarchical Bayesian approach is used to estimate differences in rates of nucleotide changes between treatment- and control-group sequences. Each group's rates are allowed to vary spatially along the HIV genome. We employ a coalescent structure to address the sequence diversity within the treatment and control HIV populations. We evaluate the model in simulations and estimate HIV evolution in two different applications: a conventional drug therapy and an antisense gene therapy. In both studies, we detect evidence of evolutionary escape response in the HIV population. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Production and characterization of monoclonal anti-CD18 anti-idiotype antibodies.

Abstract Three leukocyte adhesion receptors have been described which mediate intercellular binding of leukocytes: LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18), Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18), and p150/95 (CD11c/CD18). We have previously reported the production of several monoclonal antibodies against the common subunit of these receptors (CD18). We here describe the production of monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies against one of the anti-CD 18 antibodies (H52) which has been shown to inhibit potently the function of leukocyte adhesion receptors. Three IgG1 and two IgM anti-idiotype antibodies were derived which recognized private idiotopes on the H52 molecule. Two of these antibodies blocked the binding of H52 to purified LFA-1 and to cell surface expressed antigen. One of the antibodies (AIM.6) was shown to be an internal image-type (Ab2β) antibody based on inhibition of its binding to H52 by purified LFA-1 and by its ability to induce Ab3 which recognize LFA-1 when used as immunogen. The AIM.6 Ab2β antibody was tested for recognition of leukocyte adhesion ligands in LFA-1-mediated leukocyte adhesion and activation assays. The AIM.6 antibody did not block intercellular adhesion of leukocytes or mitogen stimulation of T cells, functions which were completely inhibited by low concns of H52. AIM.6 Ab2β antibody bound to H52 very well at 0°C but bound very poorly or not at all at 37°C. Binding studies on a panel of anti-CD18 monoclonal antibodies showed that the idiotope defined by AIM.6 was unique to H52 and an antibody recognizing the same epitope on CD 18 (H5B9). This result showed that inhibitory anti-CD 18 monoclonal antibodies utilize at least two distinct paratopes in binding to CD18. The above results are in contrast to those obtained in other systems in which Ab2β antibodies against receptor-specific Ab1 antibodies recognize receptor ligands and are discussed in the context of ligand recognition by leukocyte adhesion receptors.
Error rate considerations for a high bit rate DS-SS BPSK dual space diversity RAKE

In high bit rate DS-SS BPSK mobile radio reverse links with RAKE demodulators the frequency selective channel causes intersymbol interference. For many years the standard Gaussian approximation error rate has been used and for high bit rates its accuracy is not known. We compare the Gaussian approximation to error rate derived using total probability theorem, Chernoff and Prabhu bounds with true statistics of intersymbol interference. For signal-to-noise ratio's (SNR's) greater than 6dB (cases of interest), we show that the Gaussian approximation is a much looser upper bound than our bounds. The Prabhu bound which can be tailored to different intersymbol interference conditions is the tightest bound. We show that the RAKE combats incoherent intersymbol interference while the immunity it offers decreases for SNR's greater than 10dB. Finally, a dual space diversity RAKE provides an 8dB space diversity gain.
Structure-based drug design of diphenyl α-aminoalkylphosphonates as prostate-specific antigen antagonists.

Here, we describe the mechanism of diphenyl α-aminoalkylphosphonate ester derivatives as potent inhibitors of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a likely protease responsible for the advancement of prostate tumor progression. The AutoDock 4.2 molecular docking suite was utilized to model covalent and noncovalent binding of this class of inhibitors to predict crystallographic poses and compare experimental IC50 dose–response curves and in silico potencies for providing future more specific rational drug design. The new lead compound R/S-diphenyl[N-benzyloxycarbonylamino(4-carbamoylphenyl)methyl]phosphonate is being reported in this study as a potent inhibitor of PSA activity (IC50 = 250 nM; AutoDock Score = −8.29/–9.14 kJ·mol–1 for R/S). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using GROMACS 4.6.5 was used to obtain trajectories of the top ligand and validate key interactions in the binding complex. A hydrogen-bonding map was used to confirm interactions between the lead compound and residues THR190, SER217, and ...
A new open computational framework for highly-resolved coupled three-dimensional multiphysics simulations of Li-ion cells

Abstract In this paper we report on the development and demonstration of physically consistent three-dimensional models for Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) cells. The discharge behavior of a LIB is a multiphysics and multiscale problem that is simulated using coupled models for thermal, electrical, and electrochemical phenomena. The individual physics models and software are integrated into a new open computational framework for battery simulations which was designed to support a variety of modeling formulations and computer codes. Several cell configurations (unrolled cell, unrolled cell with current collectors, large capacity pouch cell, and cylindrical cell) that show the importance of coupled simulations are simulated using this approach and discussed. A validation study is presented for the pouch cell discharged under high rates to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed modeling framework.
On the design of decentralized control architectures for workload consolidation in large-scale server clusters

This paper develops a fully decentralized control architecture to address the workload consolidation problem in large-scale server clusters wherein the cluster's processing capacity is dynamically tuned to satisfy the service level agreements (SLAs) associated with the incoming workload while consolidating the workload onto the fewest number of servers. In a decentralized setting, this problem is decomposed into simpler subproblems, each of which is mapped to a server and solved by a controller assigned to that server. Though control loops on different servers run independently of each other, they are implicitly coupled via the shared high-level performance goal and interactions between controllers may result in undesired system behavior such as SLA violations and frequent switching of cores on and off. Using the proposed architecture as the reference, we analyze how the organization of individual controllers within the control structure affects its overall performance for large clusters of up to thousand servers. Our studies indicate that the control structure, when organized as a causal system in which a precedence relation exists among the individual controllers, achieves a high degree of SLA satisfaction (> 98%) while significantly reducing the corresponding switching cost.
Designing the "Things" of the IoT

Building objects that question implicit assumptions of common systems can help to reframe technological artifacts. This work builds on an inexpensive prototyping platform that augments everyday objects in minimal ways as an early move towards engaging with the Internet of Things as a site for contestation in interaction design. These intend to account for a broader understanding of design as generating political objects - design things - that draw from the work of Bruno Latour and Studio Atelier. Finally, it introduces the concept of object ecologies as a way to both analyze existing ecosystems of design objects and generate new, speculative ones.
Improved Cyclic Stimulation Using Gas Mixtures

Cyclic gas injection processes have been primarily restricted to the use of pure CO{sub 2} or CO{sub 2} that has been slightly contaminated with reservoir gases. However, it is difficult to employ CO{sub 2} in certain circumstances due to transport, economic, or corrosion problems. This paper presents the results of laboratory investigations of the cyclic gas injection process using methane, nitrogen and mixtures of these gases with CO{sub 2}. Cyclic gas injections were performed at immiscible conditions in consolidated sandstone cores that contained waterflood residual oil. Cyclic CO{sub 2} injections were performed under analogous conditions for comparative purposes. Pure methane recovered approximately the same amount of waterflood residual oil as CO{sub 2} whereas pure nitrogen recovered about half that amount. Pure CO{sub 2} was more mobile in porous media than pure CH{sub 4} or N{sub 2}. Certain CO{sub 2}/N{sub 2} and CO{sub 2}/CH{sub 4} mixtures yielded outstanding results, recovering 2-3 times the waterflood residual oil produced by pure CO{sub 2}. Maximum recovery was obtained with mixtures containing 10-25% CO{sub 2}.
Testbed for remote telepresence research

The paper describes the design and implementation of a telepresence system, as well as its control hardware and software. The mobile omnidirectional robot has three independent degrees of freedom that permit independent control of translation and rotation, thereby simulating a free-flying robot in a plane. The kinematically redundant robot arm has eight degrees of freedom that assist in obstacle and singularity avoidance. The on-board control computers permit control of the robot from the dual hand controllers via a radio modem system. A head-mounted display system provides the user with a stereo view from a pair of cameras attached to the mobile robotics system. The head tracking camera system moves stereo cameras mounted on a three-DOF platform to coordinate with the operator's head movements. This telepresence system provides a framework for research in remote telepresence, and teleoperations for space.
The Cycle of Nonsense

Abstract Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) is a putative quality-control mechanism that degrades mRNAs containing premature termination codons (PTCs). Although many of the proteins essential for NMD have been elucidated, it is unclear how these proteins cooperate to elicit NMD. In this issue of Molecular Cell , Ohno and colleagues (2003) show that complexes containing different combinations of these proteins elicit mRNA decay by sequentially phosphorylating and dephosphorylating the key NMD effector UPF1.
Buffering mechanisms in aging: a systems approach toward uncovering the genetic component of aging.

An unrealized potential to understand the genetic basis of aging in humans, is to consider the immense survival advantage of the rare individuals who live 100 years or more. The Longevity Gene Study was initiated in 1998 at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine to investigate longevity genes in a selected population: the “oldest old” Ashkenazi Jews, 95 years of age and older, and their children. The study proved the principle that some of these subjects are endowed with longevity-promoting genotypes. Here we reason that some of the favorable genotypes act as mechanisms that buffer the deleterious effect of age-related disease genes. As a result, the frequency of deleterious genotypes may increase among individuals with extreme lifespan because their protective genotype allows disease-related genes to accumulate. Thus, studies of genotypic frequencies among different age groups can elucidate the genetic determinants and pathways responsible for longevity. Borrowing from evolutionary theory, we present arguments regarding the differential survival via buffering mechanisms and their target age-related disease genes in searching for aging and longevity genes. Using more than 1,200 subjects between the sixth and eleventh decades of life (at least 140 subjects in each group), we corroborate our hypotheses experimentally. We study 66 common allelic site polymorphism in 36 candidate genes on the basis of their phenotype. Among them we have identified a candidate-buffering mechanism and its candidate age-related disease gene target. Previously, the beneficial effect of an advantageous cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP-VV) genotype on lipoprotein particle size in association with decreased metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, as well as with better cognitive function, have been demonstrated. We report an additional advantageous effect of the CETP-VV (favorable) genotype in neutralizing the deleterious effects of the lipoprotein(a) (LPA) gene. Finally, using literature-based interaction discovery methods, we use the set of longevity genes, buffering genes, and their age-related target disease genes to construct the underlying subnetwork of interacting genes that is expected to be responsible for longevity. Genome wide, high-throughput hypothesis-free analyses are currently being utilized to elucidate unknown genetic pathways in many model organisms, linking observed phenotypes to their underlying genetic mechanisms. The longevity phenotype and its genetic mechanisms, such as our buffering hypothesis, are similar; thus, the experimental corroboration of our hypothesis provides a proof of concept for the utility of high-throughput methods for elucidating such mechanisms. It also provides a framework for developing strategies to prevent some age-related diseases by intervention at the appropriate level.
Studies of alternative patterns of administrative organization.

A systematic framework for the organization of family planning programs includes the specification of the problems the assessment of the resources available and then the establishment of objectives regarding the program structure process and result. Some of principals involved in administration of family planning programs are the needs for 1) development in a national context; 2) marketing methods; 3) central policy planning; 4) operations-oriented research; 4) political support; and 5) evaluation. No single system of organization for family planning programs is optimal but this analysis may help to define problems involved administration.
Microstructure of Epitaxial SrTiO3/Pt/Ti/ Sapphire Heterostructures

The microstructure and orientation relationships of epitaxial (111)-oriented SrTiO3 thin films grown by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on epitaxial (111)-oriented Pt/Ti electrodes on sapphire were investigated using x-ray diffraction, conventional and scanning transmission electron microscopy. We show that the epitaxial growth of (111)-oriented SrTiO3 films was promoted by thin Ti adhesion layers underneath the Pt electrode. The SrTiO3 films nucleated with two twin-related orientation variants, rotated by 180° about the 〈111〉 surface normal. The twin boundaries were oriented approximately normal to the film plane, but no strong preference for a specific boundary plane was observed. Growth mechanisms and the relationships to the dielectric properties are discussed.
Formation control of multiple mobile robots with uncertainty

This paper considers the formation control problem of multiple mobile robots with parameter uncertainty. Decentralized adaptive control laws are proposed with the aid of the passivity property of the system dynamics and the results of graph theory.
CD8+ T Cells Induce Thyroid Epithelial Cell Hyperplasia and Fibrosis

CD8(+) T cells can be important effector cells in autoimmune inflammation, generally because they can damage target cells by cytotoxicity. This study shows that activated CD8(+) T cells induce thyroid epithelial cell hyperplasia and proliferation and fibrosis in IFN-γ(-/-) NOD.H-2h4 SCID mice in the absence of CD4(+) T cells. Because CD8(+) T cells induce proliferation rather than cytotoxicity of target cells, these results describe a novel function for CD8(+) T cells in autoimmune disease. In contrast to the ability of purified CD8(+) T cells to induce thyrocyte proliferation, CD4(+) T cells or CD8 T cell-depleted splenocytes induced only mild thyroid lesions in SCID recipients. T cells in both spleens and thyroids highly produce TNF-α. TNF-α promotes proliferation of thyrocytes in vitro, and anti-TNF-α inhibits development of thyroid epithelial cell hyperplasia and proliferation in SCID recipients of IFN-γ(-/-) splenocytes. This suggests that targeting CD8(+) T cells and/or TNF-α may be effective for treating epithelial cell hyperplasia and fibrosis.
Reconstruction of pictures from projections

A number of different techniques for reconstructing objects from their projections have evolved in the past two decades. The authors attempt to make a quantitative comparison of some of these techniques for reconstruction of two-dimensional objects from one-dimensional projections. The algorithms under test are: algebraic reconstruction technique, probabilistic method, convolution, and Fourier space algorithms. Error measures are computed for various sets of projections. >