cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influences of Salinity and Desiccation on Development of First-Stage Larvae in the Egg of Eustrongylides ignotus and their Impact on the Epizootiology of Eustrongylides ignotus in Florida, U.S.A

Two experiments were conducted to study the influence of salinity and desiccation on the development of first-stage larvae in eggs of Eustrongylides ignotus. In cultures of low salinities (0, 10, and 20 parts per thousand [ppt]) 54% to 60% of the eggs contained first-stage larvae by day 90, but no development occurred in the eggs incubated in seawater (40 ppt). Development of eggs in cultures that were exposed to sunlight and allowed to dry down was ca. 1%, whereas 57% to 62% development occurred in cultures maintained in deionized water.
Characterization of a salivary lysozyme in larval Helicoverpa zea.

The cDNA sequence of a salivary lysozyme in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was determined. The full-length cDNA is 1,032 bp, and it encodes a protein of 142 amino acids. This lysozyme has 90% identity with Heliothis virescens lysozyme and 76% identity with Manduca sexta lysozyme. There is a signal peptide of 20 amino acids at the N-terminus. The mature protein is about 14.4 kDa without the signal peptide. The pI value is greater than 9.5 as determined by isoelectric focusing. From genomic DNA, two introns and three exons were within the open reading frame (ORF). Southern blot analysis indicated that it is a single-copy gene. A time-course study revealed that the H. zea lysozyme gene was differentially expressed in the labial glands during the development of fifth-instar larvae, with the peak level of lysozyme mRNA being detected on day 1. Dot blot analysis showed different levels of H. zea lysozyme expression when the caterpillars fed on different plants. Further, the H. zea lysozyme could be detected with antibodies raised against the M. sexta lysozyme, and it was one of the most abundant secreted proteins in saliva collected directly from the caterpillar’s spinneret. The potential role of the lysozyme on host plants in mediating susceptibility to bacterial disease is discussed in the context of tritrophic interactions.
Cognitive taska in the mental status examination.

We evaluated the reliability of 20 cognitive tasks as part of a clinical mental status examination. Twenty-five adult psychiatric inpatients were selected at random and inter viewed before three board-certified psychiatrists who, without any knowledge of each other's ratings, completed a form determining the presence or absence of abnormal responses. We found 19 of the 20 items to yield R values of greater than .50, with 14 of these having R values of .80 or better. All correlations were significant at the less than .01 level. We suggest that these cognitive tasks with demonstrated reliability be included in the standard mental status examination. As a group, the tasks are easily and rapidly administered and should provide more accurate clinical screening of patients suspected of cortical dysfunction. These tasks will enable clinicians to make more precise and cost-effective referrals for elaborate, time-consuming, and expensive neuropsychological testing.
Development of the labial pit organ glomerulus in the antennal lobe of the moth Manduca sexta: the role of afferent projections in the formation of identifiable olfactory glomeruli.

Iterated neuropil modules called glomeruli are characteristic of primary olfactory centers in both vertebrates and invertebrates. To gain insight into the developmental mechanisms underlying the formation of such structured, organized neuropil, we have examined the development of an identified glomerulus in the olfactory (antennal) lobe of the moth Manduca sexta. The labial pit organ glomerulus (LPOG) receives bilateral sensory projections from the labial pit organs in the labial palps of the mouthparts, while other glomeruli in the antennal lobe receive unilateral projections from the antenna. Here, we chronicle the development of the LPOG under normal and perturbed conditions. Our findings suggest that the sensory axons of the labial pit organ, like those of the antenna, induce and shape growth of interneuronal arborizations, but specific features of interneuronal arborizations such as the relative position of glomerular arborizations within the antennal lobe are independent of both classes of afferent innervation. Labial pit organ axons and antennal axons exhibit a high degree of specificity for their respective target regions, independent of the presence or absence of the other class of afferent axon or the route taken to the antennal lobe. Specification of glomerular position is intrinsic to the antennal lobe rather than a consequence of competition between afferent axons.
Tripodal amido boron and aluminum complexes

The synthesis and structural elucidations of novel boron and aluminum complexes incorporating the tripodal triamido [N3]3- ligand framework that is hypothesized to promote the preorganized pyramidal geometry for high Lewis acidity are reported. Salt metathesis between the in situ-generated trianionic lithium complexes of the tripodal amido ligands with BCl3 leads to boranes HC[SiMe2N(4-MeC6H4)]3B (1) and MeSi[SiMe2N(4-MeC6H4)]3B (2); however, substitution of the N-Ar group with the bulky tBu affords the unexpected non-boron-containing LiCl adduct {[HC(SiMe2NtBu)2(SiMeNtBu)]Li3(Et2O)Cl}2 (3) via apparent elimination of MeBCl2. The products derived from the salt metathesis reaction with AlCl3 are determined by the reaction medium: while the reaction in a hexanes-ether mixture or toluene affords solvated salt adduct HC[SiMe2N(4-MeC6H4)]3Al.ClLi(Et2O)2 (4) or salt adduct HC[SiMe2N(4-MeC6H4)]3Al.ClLi (5), respectively; the addition of a small amount of THF produces a mixture of complexes HC[SiMe2N(4-MeC6H4)]3Al.(THF) (6, major) and HC[SiMe2N(4-MeC6H4)]3Al(OCH=CH2).Li(THF)2 (7, minor). The desired complex 6 can be exclusively formed using HC[SiMe2N(4-MeC6H4)]3Li3.(THF)3 and the hexanes-ether mixture solvent. The molecular structures of complexes 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 have been elucidated by X-ray diffraction studies. The structure of 1 shows an approximately trigonal pyramidal geometry at B with no significant N-B p-p pi-interactions. The strong salt adduct and solvate formation of the tripodal amido Al complex, as well as its similarity to the strong Lewis acid Al(C6F5)3 in the THF adduct and enolaluminate formation and structure, indicate the desired core structure [N3]Al is indeed highly Lewis acidic.
A new systematic formalism for similarity analysis

A new systematic formalism is presented for similarity analysis—i.e., for reducing the number of independent variables in systems consisting of partial differential equations and a set of auxiliary conditions. The formalism is a specialization of previous group theory techniques developed by the authors. Concurrent with its presentation, and to illustrate that it is particularly well suited for practical similarity analyses, the formalism is applied to certain three-dimensional incompressible boundary layer flows; and a variety of results are elicited which exhibit somewhat greater generality than any previously reported for the class of flows.
Immunological characterization of rat liver prothrombin precursors.

Abstract Liver microsomes from vitamin K-deficient, Warfarin-resistant, or control rats were extracted with Triton X-100 and the prothrombin related proteins concentrated and subjected to crossed-immunoelectrophoresis against antibody to rat plasma prothrombin. Microsomes from control rats contain only a small amount of cross-reacting material, and the mobility of this material was influenced by the presence of Ca ++ in the buffer. Microsomes from vitamin K-deficient or Warfarin-treated rats contained two major proteins reacting with this antibody. The electrophoretic mobility of these proteins was not influenced by the presence of Ca ++ in the buffer, and they disappeared following the injection of vitamin K to the rats. The more basic of these two forms was shown to be identical to a previously characterized pI 7.2 prothrombin precursor. A purified pI 5.8 precursor was found to have an electrophoretic mobility intermediate between these two major microsomal species. Incubation of a microsomal preparation with vitamin K resulted in a decrease in the amount of these proteins and the appearance of more acidic forms.
CO2-rich impact craters on Callisto

[1] Carbon dioxide is present over most of Callisto's surface and is often concentrated in and around morphologically fresh and bright impact craters. The depths of the 4.26-μm absorption band in reflectance spectra returned by the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) aboard the Galileo spacecraft imply a CO2 abundance in the top ∼1 mm of the surface that is ≤0.3 wt %. This absorption band is due to CO2 that is contained in the nonice material. Ice on Callisto may also contain CO2, but the ice appears to be large-grained and therefore is not sufficiently reflective for an absorption band at 4.26-μm to be visible. The depth of the CO2 absorption band has at most only a very slight photometric dependence. The distribution of CO2 around morphologically fresher impact craters suggests its origin there is related to the impact process, but there is no indication that impactors are the source of the impact-related CO2, (e.g., known comet chains are not CO2-rich). These distributions of CO2 also suggest that the enrichment of CO2 in and around impact craters is a transient phenomenon. The increased CO2 abundance around impact craters on Callisto is associated with (1) the dark, less icy material within and nearby the craters, (2) occasionally the icy material inside the craters and their icy rims, (3) their continuous ejecta blankets, and, if existing, (4) their icy ejecta.
Studies of nephrotoxic agents in an improved renal proximal tubule system.

Abstract Renal proximal tubule fragments (RPT) were prepared from young-adult, male F-344 rats by deferoxamine/collagenase perfusion and evaluated as a potential model for mechanistic studies and screening, using known nephrotoxins. Chloroform and S-(1,2- dichlorovinyl )- l - cysteine (DCVC) produced depressed O2 consumption rates (basal and/or nystatin-stimulated) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release during 8-hr incubations at 0.5 mg RPT protein/ml. Cytochrome P-450 inhibitors piperonyl butoxide and metyrapone were either without effect or potentiated chloroform-induced toxicity. DCVC was more cytotoxic to RPT than to rat hepatocytes. The cytotoxic potency for cephalothin relative to cefazolin decreased as RPT content in the medium was increased to 3.0 mg protein/ml, giving a rank order more in accord with results reported in vivo. Cephalosporins markedly depressed brush border alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, without affecting γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity; the effect on ALP was less sensitive to the RPT level. Acetaminophen (25 m m ) and p-aminophenol (1.0 m m ) induced LDH release without ALP depression and inhibited mitochondrial respiration. These results in general corresponded well with in vivo responses and indicate that this RPT system may be valuable for studies of chemical-induced nephrotoxicity.
Kinetics of the II‐III phase transformation of polytetrafluoroethylene at high pressure

The rate of transformation from helical to all-trans-planar polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) at high pressures has been determined by monitoring the Raman spectra of PTFE following pressure jumps from the stability field of PTFE II to pressures between 9 and 14 kbar at temperatures between 0 and −30°C. The transformation kinetics can be described by Avrami's equation for nucleation and growth kinetics with an exponent of 0.5, although observations at lower temperatures suggest that even smaller values of the exponent may be appropriate. At 10 kbar and 0°C, the specific rate constant is 0.51 min−1/2. The energy and volume of activation are 11 kcal mole−1 and −7 cm3 mole−1, respectively. The values of these parameters suggest that the transformation mechanism involves propagation of helix reversal planes along the several adjacent chains leaving all-trans material in their wakes.
Personal Web Pages as Professional Activities: An Exploratory Study.

Explores the possibility of considering the creation and maintenance of reference librarians’ personal Web sites as part of their professional duties. After reviewing a sample of personal Web sites and the results of an e‐mail survey targeting such sites and their creators, a case study is presented of three home pages detailing interactions with site visitors, especially interactions with research scholars, as well as examining non‐traditional reference service and scholarly publishing. Concludes the article by offering suggestions regarding the integration of personal Web sites into professional reference librarians’ duties and faculty activities.
Modeling behavior of cross-ply ceramic matrix composites under quasi-static loading

This paper presents a simplified analysis (model and failure criteria) for predicting the stress-strain responce of cross-ply fiber-reinforced ceramic composite laminates under quasi-static loading and unloading conditions. The model formulation is an extension of the modified shear-lag theory previously introduced by the authors for analyzing unidirectional laminates for the same loading conditions. The present formulation considers a general damage state consisting of matrix cracking in both the transverse and longitudinal plies, as well as fiber failure. These damage modes are modeled by a set of failure criteria with the minimum reliance on empirical data, and can be easily employed in a variety of numerical or analytical methods. The criteria used to estimate the extent of matrix cracking and interfacial debonding are closed-form and require the basic material properties. The failure criterion for fiber failure requires a priori knowledge of a single empirical constant. This parameter, however, may be determined without microscopic investigation of the laminate microstructure. The results from the present simplified analysis match well with the experimental data.
Composite micro-sphere optical resonators for electric field measurement

Polymer-based, multi-layered dielectric microspheres are investigated for high-resolution electric field sensing. The external electric field induces changes in the morphology of the spheres, leading to shifts in the whispering gallery modes (WGMs). Light from a distributed feedback (DFB) laser is sidecoupled into the microspheres using a tapered section of a single mode optical fiber to interrogate the optical modes. The base material of these multi-layered spheres is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Three microsphere geometries are investigated: (1) cores comprised of a 60:1 volumetric ratio of PDMS-to-curing agent mixture that are mixed with varying amounts of barium titanate (BaTiO3) nano particles, (2) cores comprised of 60:1 PDMS that are coated with a thin layer of 60:1 PDMS that is mixed with varying amounts of barium titanate and (3) a composite Carbon Black-BaTiO3 prototype. The outermost layer for all sphere geometries is a thin coat of 60:1 PDMS which serves as the shell waveguide. Light from the tapered laser is coupled into this outermost shell that provides high optical quality factor WGM (Q ~ 10 6 ). The microspheres are poled for several hours at electric fields of ~ 1 MV/m to increase their sensitivity to electric field. Preliminary results show that electric fields of the order of 100 V/m can be detected using these composite micro-resonators.
Preparation and properties of the systems CuFeS2.00−x and Cu1.00−xFe1.00+xS2.00−y

Abstract Stoichiometric samples of CuFeS2.00 were prepared by direct combination of the elements in sealed evacuated silica tubes. Homogeneous single phase products gave a density of 4.18±1 g/cc and cell parameters of a o =5.292±5 A and c o =10.407±5 A . Magnetic susceptibility of pure CuFeS2.00 was found to be temperature independent from 77°K to 300°K. Samples of CuFeS2.00−x were also prepared by the same method, and were single phase with the tetragonal γ-form (0.24≥x≥0.17). Cell dimensions for CuFeS1.80 were a o =10.598±5 A and c o =5.380±5 A . It was concluded from density measurements that the structure is best represented as a close packing of sulfur with excess metal ions occupying additional lattice sites. Compounds having the composition Cu1.00−xFe1.00+xS1.80 were prepared and found to be cubic ( a o ⋍5.32 A ).
A Crisis of Crisis Narratives

What is at stake in “crisis” narratives? From the outset, it seems unproblematic to maintain that there have recently been several economic crises—most prominently the subprime crisis in the United...
Desituating action: digital representation of context

Many psychological studies have shown that when we act, and especially when we interact, we consciously and unconsciously attend to context of many types. Sensors can pick up some but not all context that is acquired through our senses. Some context is lost, some is added, and captured context is presented in new ways. Digital aggregators and interpreters do not aggregate and interpret the same way we do. Missing or altered context disrupts our processing of information in ways that we may not recognize. To address the disruption we may use additional sensors to capture and deliver some of the missing context. Learning to handle these new conduits is then a further source of disruption, and on it can go. With greater knowledge of context, we can work and interact more efficiently, assuming that we can learn to take advantage of the information without being overwhelmed. However, converting contextual information to a digital format changes it in specific ways. Transient information becomes more permanent, local information is made available globally, and information that once spread slowly can spread much more quickly. The information can enable us to work more efficiently, but these changes in its nature have profound indirect effects. The potential loss of privacy is widely discussed, but other effects may be more significant. In particular, the loss of confinement and transience of information creates an environment that is fundamentally unnatural, in conflict with the one we evolved to live in.
Mono(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)titanium and -zirconium Complexes Supported by Chiral Diolate Ligands. X-ray Crystal Structures of [(η-C5Me5)TiCl(μ-η1,η1-2-CF3-dpbd)]2 and [HNEt3][(η-C5Me5)2Zr2Cl2(μ-Cl)(μ-η1,η2-3,5-Me2-dpbd)2]

Reaction of optically pure (S,S)-butadiene diepoxide (1) with 2 equiv of Grignard reagent ArMgBr (Ar = 2-CF3C6H4 or 3,5-Me2C6H3) in the presence of copper(I) iodide produces the chiral substituted diphenylbutanediols (dpbd) (2S,3S)-ArCH2CH(OH)CH(OH)CH2Ar (Ar = 2-CF3C6H4 (2), abbreviated 2-CF3-dpbdH2; Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3 (3), abbreviated 3,5-Me2-dpbdH2). The mono(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) halide complex (η-C5Me5)TiCl3 reacts with 1 equiv of diol 2 in the presence of triethylamine to produce the dimeric species [(η-C5Me5)TiCl(μ-η1,η1-2-CF3-dpbd)]2 (4). An analogous reaction employing the zirconium halide (η-C5Me5)ZrCl3 and the diol 3 leads to isolation of the salt complex [HNEt3][(η-C5Me5)2Zr2Cl2(μ-Cl)(μ-η1,η2-3,5-Me2-dpbd)2] (5). Compounds 4 and 5 have been subjected to single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The solid-state structure of 4 consists of two titanium metal centers, each bearing a pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand and a terminal chloride ligand, bridged by two diolate ligands such that a ce...
Abstract IA23: Using metabolomics in epidemiologic studies: An example for pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth-leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Among individuals who develop pancreatic adenocarcinoma, only 5% will survive 5 years after diagnosis and most patients live for <12 months. Novel strategies for prevention and risk stratification are greatly needed. Glucose intolerance has emerged as an important predisposing factor for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Prospective studies have demonstrated an increased risk of pancreatic cancer with increasing body-mass index, a determinant of peripheral insulin resistance and a central risk factor for type II diabetes. Although controversy remains regarding causation versus consequence, diabetes has been associated with pancreatic cancer risk and fasting serum glucose and post-load plasma glucose have been linked with the subsequent risk of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, studies have linked levels of circulating hormones to pancreatic cancer risk, including insulin, C-peptide and adiponectin. Studies are needed to better understand mechanisms underlying the higher risk of pancreatic cancer among individuals with impaired glucose processing Metabolism denotes the conversion of food products into energy and the building blocks for cellular functioning. The high-throughput identification and quantification of small molecule metabolites produced by metabolism, including lipids, fatty acids, sugars, nucleotides, and amino acids, has been termed metabolomics. Metabolomics is increasingly being used to evaluate alterations in metabolism and their relationship to human disease. In epidemiologic studies, this technology has particular potential to advance our understanding of disease, as participants have provided information on a variety of exposures and diseases in addition to biologic samples. Given the strong link between glucose intolerance and pancreatic cancer risk, we pursued a rigorous pilot program of a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics platform for application to prospectively collected, archived plasma specimens in a nested case-control study of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This pilot program highlighted important issues relevant to data analysis, including accounting for sample preservative type, sample processing delays, and fasting times. Furthermore, it helped define reproducibility of metabolites using actual archived participant samples. The application of metabolomics to large epidemiologic studies holds promise for defining new biomarkers of disease, including for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Citation Format: Brian Matthew Wolpin. Using metabolomics in epidemiologic studies: An example for pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Post-GWAS Horizons in Molecular Epidemiology: Digging Deeper into the Environment; 2012 Nov 11-14; Hollywood, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA23.
Ligand-independent activation of progestin receptors in sexual receptivity.

Ovarian steroid hormones, estradiol and progesterone, regulate cellular functions in the central nervous system, resulting in the alterations in physiology and reproductive behavior. One means by which steroid hormones exert their neural effects on reproductive behavior is via their intracellular receptors functioning as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Studies from our laboratory in the past few years have shown that in addition to their cognate ligands, neurotransmitters like dopamine can activate intracellular steroid receptors in a ligand-independent manner. Using biochemical and molecular approaches we have demonstrated that the effects of neurotransmitter dopamine, on reproductive behavior in female rats and mice, occur by means of cross talk between membrane receptors for dopamine and intracellular progestin receptors (PRs). In this article, our studies on the integration of intracellular signaling pathways leading to the activation of PRs and its impact on modulation of reproductive behavior are summarized.
Localism Rediscovered: Toward New Political Understandings in School District Governance

Our nation continues to struggle mightily with efforts to reform and to improve the public schools. The improvement efforts to date have been extraordinarily diverse—and there have been some major ...
Propagation of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus in cell culture: Methods for infecting cells

Abstract Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) produced in Trichoplusia ni (TN-368) cells was used to infect other cell cultures. Methods were developed to recover and obtain high titers of virus from infected cells for subsequent use as inocula. To release cell-associated nucleocapsids, the cells were lysed by sonication and freeze-thawing. The infectivity of enveloped nucleocapsids was greatly reduced by freeze-thawing, while sonication was not as detrimental. The titer of plaque-forming units (pfu) was reduced about 12-fold when passed through 0.45-μm filters. The virus and cells were manipulated to determine the most efficient methods for inoculating cells while yielding the highest numbers of polyhedra. The viral inocula may be left on cells during virus replication, and cells may be centrifuged at 380 g prior to exposure to virus without affecting the yield of polyhedra. The production of polyhedra is affected by cell density, and, of the densities tested, 7.65 × 10 5 cells/ml yielded the maximum number of polyhedra per cell (142). However, the highest number of polyhedra per milliliter of culture (2.2 × 10 8 ) was obtained with 3.8 × 10 6 cells/ml. The numbers of polyhedra per cell did not vary when cells were taken from fermentor cultures at 0–144 hr and were infected with virus.
An experimental superconducting helical undulator

Abstract Improvements in the technology of superconducting (SC) magnets for high energy physics and recent advancements in SC materials with artificial pinning center (APC) [1], have made a bifilar helical SC device an attractive candidate for a single-pass free electron laser (FEL) [2]. Initial studies have suggested that a 6.5 mm inner diameter helical device, with a 27 mm period, can generate a central dipole field of 2–2.5 T [3]. Additional studies have also suggested that with a stored energy of 300 J/m, such a device can be made self-protecting in the event of a quench. As a first step towards the construction of 2 m long prototype we propose to build and test a small mechanical model that will serve as a proof of principle for such a high current density magnet, will assure its safety and provide dimensional parameters. In this paper we discuss technical issues relevant to the construction and protection of a single layer, low field (1.17 T), short (300 mm) experimental undulator.
1318 Skin Related Complications in Children Treated with Hip Spica Casts for Femur Fractures

1318 Skin Related Complications in Children Treated with Hip Spica Casts for Femur Fractures
Structural Dynamics in the Resting and Activated States of the Voltage Sensor of Ci-VSP from Dipolar Distance Measurements

The mechanism of electromechanical transduction in voltage sensing domains remains controversial. Here, we have probed the conformation of the voltage sensor of Ci-VSP in different functional states by means of EPR-based distance measurements. Ci-VSP is a voltage-sensing phosphatase from Ciona intestinalis. Although it is coupled to a cytoplasmic phosphatase, its voltage-sensing domain (VSD) is homologous to voltage sensors found in voltage-gated ion channels. It therefore serves as an excellent model to study voltage sensor movement independent of the interaction with pore domain. On the basis of voltage dependence of Ci-VSP sensing currents (Q-V curves), it is agreed that, at 0 mV, the S4 of wild-type Ci-VSP is in the resting conformation (down state). The arginine at position 217, located in the extracellular end of S4, has a strong effect on the voltage dependence of Ci-VSP sensing currents. Mutations at arginine 217 with a neutral or negative residue (R217Q or R217E), lead to a large leftward shifts in the Q-V curve so that, at 0 mV, the sensor is in the activated conformation (up state). This provides a unique opportunity to monitor the conformational differences in the VSD between resting and activated states in the absence of membrane potential. We expressed and purified a series of double cysteine mutants in the isolated voltage sensor (S1 to S4) of Ci-VSP in wild-type and R217E backgrounds, and measured distances using CW-based dipolar broadenings (for short distances, 8 to 20 A) and double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy (for longer distances, 20 to 50 A). Our preliminary analysis of the distance measurements suggest defined conformational differences between resting and activated states of the VSD.
Burial of trees by eruptions of Mount St Helens, Washington:implications for the interpretation of fossil forests

Lahars and fluvial sediments which buried trees following the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens were investigated during August of 1982. Trees buried in older mudflows, dated at a.d. 1885, a.d. 1450–1550, and 36000 years b.p., also were examined. Although many logs clearly were transported, large numbers of trees were buried in growth position. Burial by lahars generally resulted in the death of trees, whereas some trees survived burial by fluvial sediments. Scanning electron microscope studies show that trees buried in lahars are well preserved. Pre-1885 buried woods show incipient silicification, and woods buried 36000 years b.p. show silica impregnation of cell walls.Features of in situ and allochthonous burial very similar to those seen in southern Washington are found also in Eocene silicified forests in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A., and in Cretaceous fossil forests in southeastern Alexander Island, Antarctica. Observations of Recent wood from volcaniclastic deposits of Mount St Helens provide valuable insights into processes of burial and silicification of fossil forests of various ages around the world.
Partial ablation of mu-opioid receptor rich striosomes produces deficits on a motor-skill learning task

Basal ganglia striosomes, or patches, are rich in mu opioid receptors (MOR) and form a three-dimensional labyrinth of cells that extend throughout the mid- and anterior striatum in mice. Though previous studies have suggested that striosomes could affect drug-induced motor output in rodents, the functional role of these compartmentalized MOR-rich striosomes is not well understood. To investigate any relationship between the striosomes and motor behavior we used the toxin dermorphin-saporin (DS) to selectively ablate MOR-rich striosomal cells. FVB mice were bilaterally infused with DS in the midstriatum alone or in the mid- and anterior striatum, and were tested on three motor tasks and in an open field. Two volume measurement procedures and stereological cell counts were used to confirm the induced pathology. Mice that received DS injections showed significantly smaller volumes (-26% to -44%) and fewer cells (-30% to -49%) in the striosome compartment compared to mice that received control injections of saline or saporin. Striosome pathology was greatest in the dorsolateral striatum. The extrastriosomal matrix was not significantly affected, resulting in an imbalance in the ratio of striosome-to-matrix cells. Behaviorally, toxin injections caused deficits on an accelerating rotarod task and the deficit was worse in mice that received mid and anterior injections than those that received midstriatal injections alone. However, DS-injected mice did not differ from control mice on other motor tasks. We conclude that the MOR-rich cells of the striosomes are necessary for optimal rotarod performance, including learning and/or improvement on the task.
Systems of equations driven by stable processes

Let Zjt, j = 1, . . . , d, be independent one-dimensional symmetric stable processes of index α ∈ (0,2). We consider the system of stochastic differential equations
G.P.95 Two sibs with early onset myopathy with areflexia, respiratory distress, and dysphagia (EMARDD) due to homozygous exon 7 deletion in MEGF10

Abstract MEGF10 was recently implicated as the gene causing EMARDD. We present two consanguineous sibs with EMARDD, a 12-yr-old girl of Egyptian descent and her (deceased) older sister. The proband had decreased fetal movements and, at birth, diffuse hypotonia and finger contractures. At 8 months, she underwent a Nissen fundoplication with gastrostomy tube placement and after required ventilatory support resulting in a tracheostomy. She ambulated with a walker at 2 years of age but became non-ambulatory by 9 years. Muscle biopsy was reported as a chronic myopathy with myofiber degeneration and regeneration associated with endomysial fibrosis and fatty replacement. The older sister had perinatal asphyxia with meconium aspiration, central hypotonia, axial hypertonia, and similar bilateral finger contractures. Due to weakness and aspiration, tracheostomy and gastrostomy tubes were placed at 6 months. She developed progressive scoliosis, never stood or walked, and died of a tracheostomy accident at 5 years of age. Muscle biopsy was reported to show nonspecific abnormalities with increased lipid droplets. Exam of the proband revealed end grade restriction of extraocular movements, ptosis, facial and generalized decreased muscle bulk, scoliosis, and proximal muscle strength was in the 2–3 range while distal was in the four range. Our first-reported muscle MRI in EMARDD shows considerable atrophy and fatty replacement of all muscles in the pelvis and thigh; gluteal and quadriceps compartments were more affected than the hamstring, adductors and gracilis. Although exome sequencing lacked coverage of exon 7, SNP analysis predicted a putative deletion within the MEGF10 locus at exon 7 followed by PCR analysis confirming a 757 bp homozygous deletion. Compared to the 10 other reported EMARDD cases, our proband has similar symptoms of decreased fetal movements, hyptonia, contractures, areflexia, and early respiratory failure but presents on the less severe end of the spectrum given her age.
Identification of a novel class of anti-inflammatory compounds with anti-tumor activity in colorectal and lung cancers.

Chronic inflammation is associated with 25% of all cancers. In the inflammation-cancer axis, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is one of the major players. PGE2 synthases (PGES) are the enzymes downstream of the cyclooxygenases (COXs) in the PGE2 biosynthesis pathway. Microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase 1 (mPGES-1) is inducible by pro-inflammatory stimuli and constitutively expressed in a variety of cancers. The potential role for this enzyme in tumorigenesis has been reported and mPGES-1 represents a novel therapeutic target for cancers. In order to identify novel small molecule inhibitors of mPGES-1, we screened the ChemBridge library and identified 13 compounds as potential hits. These compounds were tested for their ability to bind directly to the enzyme using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and to decrease cytokine-stimulated PGE2 production in various cancer cell lines. We demonstrate that the compound PGE0001 (ChemBridge ID number 5654455) binds to human mPGES-1 recombinant protein with good affinity (KD = 21.3 ± 7.8 μM). PGE0001 reduces IL-1β-induced PGE2 release in human HCA-7 colon and A549 lung cancer cell lines with EC50 in the sub-micromolar range. Although PGE0001 may have alternative targets based on the results from in vitro assays, it shows promising effects in vivo. PGE0001 exhibits significant anti-tumor activity in SW837 rectum and A549 lung cancer xenografts in SCID mice. Single injection i.p. of PGE0001 at 100 mg/kg decreases serum PGE2 levels in mice within 5 h. In summary, our data suggest that the identified compound PGE0001 exerts anti-tumor activity via the inhibition of the PGE2 synthesis pathway.
Evidence for Abnormal Heart Induction in Cardiac-Mutant Salamanders (Ambystoma mexicanum)

Homozygosity for simple recessive gene c in axolotl embryos results in the absence of a heartbeat. Gene c alters the morphology of the mutant anterior endoderm - the primary heart inductor.
Activation of CTP : phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase in rat lung by fatty acids.

CTP : phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activity exists in both the microsome and cytosol fractions of adult lung, 36 and 59%, respectively. Although these enzyme activities are stimulated in vitro by added lipid activators (i.e. phosphatidylglycerol), there are significant levels of activity in the absence of added lipid. We have removed endogenous lipid material from microsome and cytosol preparations of rat lung by rapid extraction with isopropyl ether. The extraction procedure did not cause any loss of cytidylyltransferase activity in the cytosol. After the extraction the enzyme was almost completely dependent upon added lipid activator. Isopropyl ether extraction of microsome preparations produced a loss of 40% of the cytidylyltransferase activity, when measured in the presence of added phosphatidylglycerol. Lipid material extracted into isopropyl ether restored the cytidylyltransferase activity in cytosol. The predominant species of enzyme activator in the isopropyl ether extracts was fatty acid. A variety of naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids stimulated the cytidylyltransferase to the same extent as phosphatidylglycerol. Saturated fatty acids were inactive.
Wavelet-based AE characterization of composite materials

Abstract This paper addresses an application of recently developed wavelet-based signal processing technique on a composite fracture behavior study. Here, the wavelet methodology is introduced, and a complete procedure of wavelet-based acoustic emission (AE) analysis methods developed by the author are demonstrated. In this research, the AE signals from glass fiber reinforced (GFR) composites are collected during the standard quasi-static tensile testing and transformed by the Daubechies discrete wavelets using the programs developed by the author. Based on AE tests, the fracture behaviors are studied for the material. In the study of GFR composite fracture behavior, classical linear fracture mechanics method is used for comparison. The exponential constant m value used to determine the relationship between stress and stress intensity factor are compared relative to the classical fracture mechanics and the AE techniques. In order to demonstrate the advantage of the wavelet-based AE techniques, the conventional AE analysis is also provided side-by-side for comparison. The results verify that the wavelet-based method better approximates residual strength relative to the classical AE techniques. In this paper, the results of the wavelet-based AE analysis of glass fiber composites are presented. The results indicate that wavelets-based signal processing is an efficient tool in the analysis and the transformation of AE signals.
A CELLULAR AUTOMATON MODELING THE STRUGGLE TO CONTROL THE MEDIA

A free and fair press is an essential condition for democracy. In many western countries, the media production, distribution, ownership, and funding are dominated by corporations, and therefore governed by the idea of maximizing profits for the investors making freedom and fairness of the press very questionable. There exist, however, a number of political activists who, by writing books and articles, and giving talks, are fighting to free the media from the influence of big corporations. This paper presents a simple cellular automaton model of this struggle.
Chromosome 10 allelic loss in malignant melanoma.

The involvement of tumor suppressor genes in the progression of melanoma has been suggested by the frequent deletion of specific regions of the genome in melanoma. In this study, a panel of 18 surgically removed melanomas from 15 patients was analyzed for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 10 polymorphic loci on chromosome 10. LOH was observed in 7 (50%) of 14 informative patients. LOH data suggested that melanomas from 5 patients had lost entire copies of chromosome 10, and that melanomas from 2 patients had lost copies of 10q. In contrast, LOH was not observed on chromosome 15, 20, or 21. These results are consistent with previous cytogenetic observations and provide indirect evidence that there is a tumor suppressor gene on the long arm of chromosome 10 which is relevant to melanoma development. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Trace elements in rims and interiors of Chainpur chondrules

Trace elements were measured in the rims and interiors of nine chondrules separated from the Chainpur LL-3 chondrite. Whole rock samples of Chainpur and samples of separated rims were also measured. Chondrule rims are moderately enriched in siderophile and volatile elements relative to the chondrule interiors. The enriched volatile elements include the lithophilic volatile element Zn. The moderate enrichment of volatiles in chondrule rims and the lack of severe depletion in chondrules can account for the complete volatile inventory in Chainpur. These results support a three-component model of chondrite formation in which metal plus sulfide, chondrules plus rims and matrix silicates are mixed to form chondrites.
Oncocytic neoplasms of salivary glands. A report of fifteen cases including two malignant oncocytomas

Fifteen oncocytic (oxyphilic granular cell) neoplasms of the salivary glands collected from three large university medical centers are presented. The histologic and ultrastructural criteria that characterize oncocytes are presented and electron micrographs of two of our cases are discussed. Included in the series are 10 benign oncocytomas, two malignant oncocytomas and three benign, oncocytic pleomorphic adenomas. The clinical and pathologic features of benign oncocytomas are reviewed, with special attention to the variety of gross and microscopic changes present. The literature on malignant oncocytomas is critically reviewed, diagnostic criteria are evaluated, and a unique case is discussed in detail. Reference is made to a group of neoplasms that we designate as benign locally aggressive oncocytomas. The problem of differential diagnosis between oncocytoma and bening, oncocytic pleomorphic adenoma is considered.
Effect of te on morphological transitions in Fe-C-Si alloys: Part ii. Auger analysis

The directionally solidified Fe-3.4 wt pct C-2 wt pct Si-0.06 wt pct Te alloys of Part I were fractured inside a scanning Auger microscope. The fracture surfaces were characterized, and fracture was found to occur predominantly along the graphite/iron interfaces of the type D gray structures. The iron/graphite interfaces were found to be covered with Te having a measured thickness of one monolayer. The effect of this selective adsorption of the Te upon the strong structure control which Te produces in cast iron is discussed in terms of current models.
Prospective evaluation of cardiotoxicity during a six-hour doxorubicin infusion regimen in women with adenocarcinoma of the breast

Abstract In order to test the possible cardiac-sparing effect of doxorubicin admininstered by six-hour intravenous infusion and to prospectively evaluate the role of resting left ventricular ejection fraction in monitoring these patients, 33 women with advanced breast cancer were treated with combination chemotherapy containing 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin. Doxorubicin was administered via a femoral catheter as a six-hour infusion. Cardiac function was monitored prior to therapy and at intervals during therapy by history and physical examination and by measurement of resting left ventricular ejection fraction with gated pool radionuclide angiography. Twenty-six responses were observed (complete response, seven [21 percent]; partial response, 19 [57 percent]). Systemic toxicity included alopecia, myelosuppression, and nausea and vomiting. There was a progressive fall In resting left ventricular ejection fraction during treatment from a median baseline value of 0.63. Mean fall from baseline left ventricular ejection fraction at a cumulative doxorubicin dose of 200 to 300 mg/m 2 was 0.06 (p 2 it was 0.09 (p 2 or greater it was 0.15 (p M . They confirm the hypothesis that lower concentrations can be achieved by continuous infusion rather than by bolus Infusion. In this study, however, administration of doxorubicin by six-hour infusion did not appear to have a major cardiac-sparing effect. Studies of anthracycline cardiac toxicity should Include determination of baseline left ventricular ejection fraction and serial observations during therapy. Failure to Include deteriorations In function above an arbitrary cutoff point or to make observations only at higher cumulative doses may underestimate drug-induced myocardial damage.
U.S. Wage Inequality, Technological Change, and Decline in Union Power

Wage inequality, including the college/high school education premium, has increased substantially in the United States. A key part of the most widely accepted explanation for this is that skill-biased technological change accelerated during this time. This article suggests that the impact of skill-biased technological change was closer to constant in the second half of the twentieth century. This leaves a large unexplained decrease in the college/high school education premium in the 1940s and a large unexplained increase in the 1980s. The current article provides evidence that the upsurge and decline in union power during those respective periods provide a good explanation for these unexplained wage inequality changes.
The CASA Integrated Project 1 Networked Radar System

Abstract This paper describes the Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) Integrated Project 1 (IP1) weather radar network, the first distributed collaborative adaptive sensing test bed of the Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere. The radar network and radar node hardware and software architectures are described, as well as the different interfaces between the integrated subsystems. The system’s operation and radar node control and weather data flow are explained. The key features of the radar nodes are presented, as well as examples of different data products.
A priori information in image analysis: assessment of intensity distribution for definition of shape and size of small vessels

A method for incorporating prior information in computer-based image analysis is described and critically evaluated. The specific application improves pixel resolution (spot size) and shape estimation of small vessel cross sections in exchange for dynamic range information. The potential subpixel spot size sensitivity for a 16-bit gray scale is better than one part in 32000. The performance of shape recovery is assessed in relation to signal-to-noise ratio, acquired image resolution, vessel shape complexity and aspect ratio. The process is shown to be effective and stable when the signal-to-noise ratio exceeds 10, when the number of pixels across the vessel is two or more, when the vessel contour has as many as six lobes, and when the aspect ratio is in the range 0.2-5.0. >
Microscale radiation in thermophotovoltaic devices- : A review

Fast depleting reserves of conventional energy sources has resulted in an urgent need for increasing energy conversion efficiencies and recycling of waste heat. One of the potential candidates for fulfilling these requirements is thermophotovoltaic (TPV) devices. TPV devices generate electricity from either the complete combustion of different fuels or the waste heat of other energy sources, thereby saving energy. The thermal radiation from the emitter is incident on a TPV cell, which generates electrical currents. Applications of such devices range from hybrid electric vehicles to power sources for microelectronic systems. Absence of any moving parts and versatile fuel usage has made TPV devices very appealing for military and space applications. However, the presently available TPV systems suffer from low conversion efficiency. A viable solution to increase their efficiency is to apply microscale radiation principles in the design of different components to utilize the characteristics of thermal radiation at small distances and in microstructures. In order to have a clear understanding of microscale radiation and its role in TPV devices, several critical issues are reviewed in the present work. Emphasis is given to the development of wavelength-selective emitters and filters and the aspects of microscale heat transfer as applied to TPV systems. Recent progress, along with challenges and opportunities for future development of TPV systems are also outlined. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.