cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Sub is a weird drug:" A web-based study of lay attitudes about use of buprenorphine to self-treat opioid withdrawal symptoms.

Background: Illicit use of buprenorphine has increased in the U.S., but our understanding of its use remains limited. This study aims to explore Web-forum discussions about the use of buprenorphine to self-treat opioid withdrawal symptoms. Methods: PREDOSE, a novel Semantic Web platform, was used to extract relevant posts from a Web-forum that allows free discussions onillicitdrugs.First,weextractinformationaboutthetotalnumberof buprenorphine-related posts per year between 2005 and 2013. Second, PREDOSE was used to identify all posts that potentially contained discussions about buprenorphine and opioid withdrawal. A total number of 1,217 posts that contained these terms were extracted and entered into NVivo data base. A random sample of 404 (33%) posts was selected and content analyzed. Results:Buprenorphine-related postsincreasedovertime,peakingin 2011. The posts were about equally divided between those that expressed positive and negative views about the effectiveness of buprenorphine in relieving withdrawal symptoms. Webforum participants emphasized that buprenorphine’s effectiveness may become compromised because of the “size of a person habit,” and/or when users repeatedly switch back and forth between buprenorphine and other illicit opioids. Most posts reported use of significantly lower amounts of buprenorphine (� 2mg) than doses used in standard treatment. Concomitant use of other psychoactive substances was also commonly reported, which may present significant health risks. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the usefulness of Webbased data in drug abuse research and add new information about lay beliefs about buprenorphine that may help inform prevention and policy measures. (Am J Addict 2015;XX:1 –7)
Transcript profiles of Candida albicans cortical actin patch mutants reflect their cellular defects: contribution of the Hog1p and Mkc1p signaling pathways.

In Candida albicans, Myo5p and Sla2p are required for the polarized localization and function of cortical actin patches, for hyphal formation, and for endocytosis. Deletion of either the MYO5 or the SLA2 gene generated a common transcriptional response that involved changes in the transcript levels of cell wall protein- and membrane protein-encoding genes. However, these profiles were distinct from those observed for a mutant with specific deletions of the actin-organizing domains of Myo5p or for wild-type cells treated with cytochalasin A, both of which also generate defects in the organization of cortical actin patches. The profiles observed for the myo5Δ and sla2Δ mutants had similarities to those of wild-type cells subjected to an osmotic shock, and the defects in cortical patch function found with myo5Δ and sla2Δ mutants, but not cortical actin patch distribution per se, affected sensitivity to various stresses, including heat and osmotic shocks and cell wall damage. Secondary effects coupled with defective endocytosis, such as lack of polarized lipid rafts and associated protein Rvs167-GFP (where GFP is green fluorescent protein) and lack of polarized wall remodeling protein GFP-Gsc1, were also observed for the myo5Δ and sla2Δ mutants. The mitogen-activated protein kinases Hog1p and Mkc1p, which mediate signaling in response to osmotic stress and cell wall damage, do not play a major role in regulating the transcript level changes in the myo5Δ and sla2Δ mutants. Hog1p was not hyperphosphorylated in the myo5Δ and sla2Δ mutants, and the transcript levels of only a subset of genes affected in the myo5Δ mutant were dependent upon the presence of Hog1p and Mkc1p. However, it appears that Hog1p and Mkc1p play important roles in the myo5Δ mutant cells because double deletion of myosin I and either Hog1p or Mkc1p resulted in very-slow-growing cells.
Chemical calculations and chemicals that might calculate

I summarize some applications of symbolic calculation to the evaluation of molecular integrals over Slater orbitals, and discuss some spin-offs of this work that have wider potential. These include the exploration of the mechanized use of analogy. I explain the methods that I use to do this, in relation to mathematical proofs and to modeling step by step processes such as organic syntheses and NMR pulse sequences. Another spin-off relates to biological information processing. Some challenges and opportunities in the information infrastructure of interdisciplinary research are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
The Author Recognition Test without Foils as a Predictor of Vocabulary and Cultural Literacy Test Scores

Performance on a foil-free version of the Author Recognition Test was for 40 undergraduates and 5 graduate students a significant predictor of vocabulary knowledge and cultural literacy. Performance on foil-free versions of the Author and Magazine Recognition Tests were significant predictors of cultural literacy.
Educational Ethnography Past, Present, and Future: Ideas to Think With

This paper addresses an issue that constantly plagues all social science research: How should we adjust our conceptual orientations and methodological priorities to take into account apparently changing human experiences and priorities? I take up this issue in the form of three “muddles,” or confusing situations, that confront me as an ethnographer trying to work in today’s contentious educational research atmosphere. In my case, the three muddles concern the meaning of “culture;” the enthusiasm (or not) for ethnography; and the researcher’s responsibility to those she writes about and hopes to help. First, I describe each muddle. Then I try to “tidy them up,” at least enough to give some direction to my future work. I find that some familiar ideas about culture, ethnography, and researcher responsibility are still very useful, but they should be thought about in new ways in light of present circumstances. [There are images that evoke] connections in the world today that make [those images] useful to thin...
Nutrient intakes in women and congenital diaphragmatic hernia in their offspring

BACKGROUND: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe birth defect where there is an opening in the diaphragm through which a portion of the abdominal contents protrudes into the thoracic cavity. The etiologies of CDH remain unknown, although experimental animal data suggest dietary factors might play a role. This study examined whether maternal nutrient intakes were associated with delivering infants with CDH. METHODS: We analyzed infants with isolated CDH who were born from 1997 to 2003 and recruited into the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), a multisite, population-based case-control study. Exposure data were obtained from telephone interviews, which were completed within 24 months after delivery, and were available for 377 case mothers and 5,008 control mothers. A food frequency questionnaire was used to derive nutrient intakes during the year before pregnancy. RESULTS: A crude OR of 0.6 (95% CI: 0.3–1.0) was observed for higher intake of choline. Elevated ORs (1.4 to 1.7) were found for lower intakes of choline, cysteine, methionine, and protein. Among women who took vitamin supplements, higher intakes of B vitamins (i.e., folate, vitamin B1, B2, B6, and B12), minerals (i.e., calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc), and vitamin E were inversely associated with CDH (ORs from 0.7–0.3). Moreover, among women who did not take vitamin supplements, lower intakes of calcium, retinol, selenium, vitamin B12, and vitamin E had positive associations with CDH (ORs from 1.4 to 2.1). CONCLUSIONS: Our observations contribute to a limited body of evidence suggesting a woman's periconceptional diet might be associated with CDH in her offspring. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
National Design and State Building in Sub-Saharan Africa

This article examines the political geography of state building in contemporary sub-Saharan Africa. The absence of interstate war has produced a unique situation for contemporary state builders in Africa—they have inherited states with relatively fixed borders encapsulating a variety of environmental and geographic conditions, compounded by varying distributions of population densities. The author examines the effects of a variety of strategies that African rulers have employed to enhance their state-building efforts given the type of national design they inhabit. These strategies include the allocation of citizenship, interventions in land tenure patterns, and the adoption and management of national currencies. The author tests the effects of these strategies on several dimensions of state capacity in sub-Saharan Africa from 1960 to 2004 using a variety of statistical analyses. The results indicate that the strategies currently adopted by african rulers have generally failed to substantially augment their capacity.
A framework for characterizing eHealth literacy demands and barriers.

Background: Consumer eHealth interventions are of a growing importance in the individual management of health and health behaviors. However, a range of access, resources, and skills barriers prevent health care consumers from fully engaging in and benefiting from the spectrum of eHealth interventions. Consumers may engage in a range of eHealth tasks, such as participating in health discussion forums and entering information into a personal health record. eHealth literacy names a set of skills and knowledge that are essential for productive interactions with technology-based health tools, such as proficiency in information retrieval strategies, and communicating health concepts effectively. Objective: We propose a theoretical and methodological framework for characterizing complexity of eHealth tasks, which can be used to diagnose and describe literacy barriers and inform the development of solution strategies. Methods: We adapted and integrated two existing theoretical models relevant to the analysis of eHealth literacy into a single framework to systematically categorize and describe task demands and user performance on tasks needed by health care consumers in the information age. The method derived from the framework is applied to (1) code task demands using a cognitive task analysis, and (2) code user performance on tasks. The framework and method are applied to the analysis of a Web-based consumer eHealth task with information-seeking and decision-making demands. We present the results from the in-depth analysis of the task performance of a single user as well as of 20 users on the same task to illustrate both the detailed analysis and the aggregate measures obtained and potential analyses that can be performed using this method. Results: The analysis shows that the framework can be used to classify task demands as well as the barriers encountered in user performance of the tasks. Our approach can be used to (1) characterize the challenges confronted by participants in performing the tasks, (2) determine the extent to which application of the framework to the cognitive task analysis can predict and explain the problems encountered by participants, and (3) inform revisions to the framework to increase accuracy of predictions. Conclusions: The results of this illustrative application suggest that the framework is useful for characterizing task complexity and for diagnosing and explaining barriers encountered in task completion. The framework and analytic approach can be a potentially powerful generative research platform to inform development of rigorous eHealth examination and design instruments, such as to assess eHealth competence, to design and evaluate consumer eHealth tools, and to develop an eHealth curriculum. [J Med Internet Res 2011;13(4):e94]
Slowing of intestinal transit by fat or peptide YY depends on β-adrenergic pathway

Although the enteric reflex pathway triggered by volume distension is known to depend on an adrenergic nerve, it is not known whether the slowing of intestinal transit by fat or peptide YY (PYY) al...
Selective micro preconcentration of propofol for anesthetic depth monitoring by using seedless electroplated gold as adsorbent

This communication presents selective preconcentration of the anesthetic agent (Propofol) and the elimination of unwanted species from a representative sample of human breath. In this approach, a micro preconcentrator (µPC) consisting of embedded high-aspect-ratio pillars (30 μm × 120 μm χ 240 μm), an outer dimensions of 7 mm × 7 mm (encompass more than 3500 micro pillars), total inner surface area of ~10 m2, and a total inner volume of ~6.5 μL was used to selectively preconcentrate Propofol. The μPC has on-chip thermal desorption capability and was coated by electrodeposited gold as an adsorbent material. Experimental evaluations showed successful preconcentration of trace level of Propofol from a mixture containing several volatile organic compounds diluted in water-like solvent (1-propanol) and the efficient removal of non-polar compounds present in the mixture.
Effectiveness of genomic prediction on milk flow traits in dairy cattle.

Background Milkability, primarily evaluated by measurements of milking speed and time, has an economic impact in milk production of dairy cattle. Recently the Italian Brown Swiss Breeders Association has included milking speed in genetic evaluations. The main objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of implementing genomic selection for milk flow traits in the Italian Brown Swiss population and thereby evaluate the potential of genomic selection for novel traits in medium-sized populations. Predicted breeding values and reliabilities based on genomic information were compared with those obtained from traditional breeding values.
Multiple Nudix family proteins possess mRNA decapping activity

RNA decapping is an important contributor to gene expression and is a critical determinant of mRNA decay. The recent demonstration that mammalian cells harbor at least two distinct decapping enzymes that preferentially modulate a subset of mRNAs raises the intriguing possibility of whether additional decapping enzymes exist. Because both known decapping proteins, Dcp2 and Nudt16, are members of the Nudix hydrolase family, we set out to determine whether other members of this family of proteins also contain intrinsic RNA decapping activity. Here we demonstrate that six additional mouse Nudix proteins--Nudt2, Nudt3, Nudt12, Nudt15, Nudt17, and Nudt19--have varying degrees of decapping activity in vitro on both monomethylated and unmethylated capped RNAs. The decapping products from Nudt17 and Nudt19 were analogous to Dcp2 and predominantly generated m⁷GDP, while cleavage by Nudt2, Nudt3, Nudt12, and Nudt15 was more pleiotropic and generated both m⁷GMP and m⁷GDP. Interestingly, all six Nudix proteins as well as both Dcp2 and Nudt16 could hydrolyze the cap of an unmethylated capped RNA, indicating that decapping enzymes may be less constrained for the presence of the methyl moiety. Investigation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nudix proteins revealed that the yeast homolog of Nudt3, Ddp1p, also possesses decapping activity in vitro. Moreover, the bacterial Nudix pyrophosphohydrolase RppH displayed RNA decapping activity and released m⁷GDP product comparable to Dcp2, indicating that decapping is an evolutionarily conserved activity that preceded mammalian cap formation. These findings demonstrate that multiple Nudix family hydrolases may function in mRNA decapping and mRNA stability.
A framework for moving sensor data query and retrieval of dynamic atmospheric events

One challenge in Earth science research is the accurate and efficient ad-hoc query and retrieval of Earth science satellite sensor data based on user-defined criteria to study and analyze atmospheric events such as tropical cyclones. The problem can be formulated as a spatio-temporal join query to identify the spatio-temporal location where moving sensor objects and dynamic atmospheric event objects intersect, either precisely or within a user-defined proximity. In this paper, we describe an efficient query and retrieval framework to handle the problem of identifying the spatio-temporal intersecting positions for satellite sensor data retrieval. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework using sensor measurements from QuikSCAT (wind field measurement) and TRMM(precipitation vertical profile measurements) satellites, and the trajectories of the tropical cyclones occurring in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2009.
PiggyData: reducing CSMA/CA collisions for multimedia and TCP connections

This paper presents a scheme to improve the efficiency of radio MAC protocols in the case of bidirectional connections, like TCP connections and multimedia streams. First, the impact of directionality over the contention process is analysed. Then the PiggyData scheme is presented, which decreases the collision rate and overhead of bidirectional traffic over MAC protocols based on CSMA/CA. Finally, the new protocol is simulated in various scenarios to show how it performs.
Experimental investigation of 60 GHz transmission characteristics between computers on a conference table for WPAN applications

In this paper, the first measurements of the received radiated power between antennas located on a conference table to simulate the environment of antennas embedded in laptop computers for 60 GHz WPAN applications is presented. A high gain horn antenna and a medium gain microstrip patch antenna for two linear polarizations are compared. It is shown that for a typical conference table arrangement with five computers, books, pens, and coffee cups, the antennas should be placed a minimum of 5 cm above the table, but that a height of greater than 20 cm may be required to maximize the received power in all cases.
The control of "classroom attention": a group contingency for complex behavior.

Cumulative time measures of classroom attention, as delineated by the teacher, were taken of four elementary classes (kindergarten, third, fifth, and sixth grades) and of 16 randomly chosen students in these same classes. Each class of students was viewed as an individual responding organism. Base rates showed considerable variability. Explicit instructions alone concerning student attention produced temporary increase for some students and for some grades. Adding group contingencies (i.e., contingencies dependent on the attention of every student in the class) and token-mediated reinforcement to class achievement of a gradually increasing attention criterion raised group measures to a consistent 70 to 85% level of time attending to task as instructed, and raised individual student measures to a stable 90 to 100% level. Reversals and other data indicate that the elementary teacher can, by herself and with little effort, maximize what she considers the "paying-attention behavior" of all her students by her less-than-precise measure and consequation of the attention of the class as a whole.
Relative Biological Effectiveness of Accumulated 125IdU and 125I-Estrogen Decays in Estrogen Receptor-Expressing MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells

Abstract Yasui, L. S., Hughes, A. and DeSombre, E. R. Relative Biological Effectiveness of Accumulated 125IdU and 125I-Estrogen Decays in Estrogen Receptor-Expressing MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells. The therapeutic potential for delivering a cytotoxic dose of radiation (using the decay of Auger-electron emitters) to the cell nucleus of cancer cells that express estrogen receptors (ERs) by radiolabeled estrogen was investigated in the ER-expressing human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. The radiolabeled estrogen/ER complex irradiates the cell nucleus by binding specific DNA sequences called estrogen response elements (EREs). Cell clonogenicity and induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by γ radiation or accumulation of 125I-iododeoxyuridine (125IdU) or E-17α[125I]iodovinyl-11βmethoxyestradiol (125IVME2) decays were determined. MCF-7 cells were efficiently killed by accumulation of 125IdU (D0 = 30 decays per cell) and 125IVME2 decays (D0 = 28 decays per cell). DNA DSBs were induced by the accumulation...
Prolegomena to The Querist

Bishop George Berkeley wrote The Querist as a response to the politico-economic dilemma the Anglo-Irish ruling class faced in the early eighteenth century. On the one side, the mercantilist policies of the British state made it impossible for the Anglo-Irish to carry on independent foreign trade; but, on the other, any attempt to evade these policies would bring down the wrath of the British state and perhaps stir up jacqueries among the expropriated Irish “natives.” The strategy Berkeley proposed in The Querist has been the object of some interest among historians of capitalist development,1 but in this section I would like to draw attention to the form of that seminal book. This form begs for explanation since the book contains all and only queries, 895 queries.
Jobber: Automating Inter-Tenant Trust in The Cloud

The rise of cloud computing has significantly shifted the way we host our digital infrastructure. Today, companies often host their sites and services in large multitenant data centers. Understandably, recent research has explored mechanisms to isolate tenants. In this poster, we explore the opposite end of the spectrum – enabling tenants to securely collaborate. Multi-tenant data centers can offer many advantages over traditional private data centers such as the ability to dynamically grow and shrink the size of a deployment in response to the load on the service. An untapped benefit, however, is that the collocation of multiple services in these data centers also offers numerous possibilities for inter-tenant optimization and cooperation. For example, service providers and service consumers that happen to be tenants in the same data center should be able to benefit from the increase in network performance and decrease in network cost associated with their collocation. Such collaboration, however, should not come at the cost of decreased security. Tenants are only willing to use shared infrastructure if they can be reasonably assured that their networked systems will be properly protected. Traditionally, this protection is provided by statically configured firewalls that allow access to specific services on specific machines while blocking access to everything else [1]. Unfortunately, even in private data centers, statically configured firewalls are prone to human error and misconfiguration. The highly dynamic nature of multi-tenant data centers only exasperates this issue. Furthermore, traditional firewalls do not allow the flexibility required to properly optimize connections between collocated, interacting tenants. Dynamic multi-tenant data centers require a dynamic, multi-tenant aware, security mechanism. Toward this end, we present Jobber: a highly dynamic network security system designed to handle both the dynamic nature of cloud data centers and the desire for optimized intertenant communication inherent in multi-tenant data centers (Figure 1). Instead of relying on statically configured rules, Jobber builds and leverages a trust network between tenants to dynamically determine if a communication attempt between tenants should be allowed or denied. We employ techniques from Introduction Based Routing (IBR) [3] to realize this capability. Jobber, through theories proposed in IBR, effectively places a market value on good behaviors, encouraging well behaved tenants to form interData Center Network
Focus on . . . Welfare Benefit Funds

This detailed exploration of voluntary employees' beneficiary associations (VEBAs) provides important historical context and legal definitions creating an alternative interpretation of the ramifications of the recent ruling in Booth v. Commissioner.
From 'Rites' to 'Rights' of Audience: The Utilities and Contingencies of the Public's Role in Court-Based Processes

This chapter, in the book Representations of Justice, examines the history of public displays of the power of rulers, who relied on the open rituals of judgment and punishment to make and to maintain law and order. We map how the ritualistic performance for the public became a right of the public to participate in and to observe adjudication. Using the United States as an example, we show why courts can serve as rich sources of information about legal, political, and social conflict. Yet, despite new technologies facilitating access, information about conflicts and their resolution is being limited through laws, doctrines, and practices that devolve court authority to low-visibility tribunals inside administrative agencies, outsource decision making to private providers, and reformulate court-based processes to promote private management and settlement in lieu of public adjudication. These new processes reveal the contingency of the public's role and require analyses of the premises for public rights of audience. The argument we make for public processes relies not only on courts' capacity to provide insights into the uses of both public and private power but also on how court-based public practices generate and reflect democratic norms. Open courts welcome popular input into the production of norms. Further, they provide an opportunity to observe the ordinary, bureaucratic imposition of authority. Whether expressing and creating commitments to human dignity, fair treatment of equals, and government accountability or demonstrating aggressive retribution that can foster sectarian strife, the display of conflicts (with its attendant cross-claims, fights over facts, decisions, and sanctions) enables contestation, change, or reaffirmation of the practices and rules shown. Open courts enact commitments to living in a social order in which disputes are neither the private and exclusive domain of those in disagreement nor owned by governmental authorities holding the power to impose law.
Myoprocta acouchy (Red acouchy)

The karyotypes shown were kindly donated by Dr. K. Fredga, Genetics Institute, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden, and were prepared from bone marrow after in vivo colchicine administration.
Prescribed fire alters surface activity and movement behavior of a terrestrial salamander

Prescribed fire has become a commonly used forest management tool for reducing the occurrence of severe wildfires, decreasing fuel loads and reestablishing the historic ecological influences of fire. Investigating population-level wildlife responses to prescribed fire is important for evaluating the effects of fire management on animals, but in order to predict and simulate wildlife responses to potential management actions, mechanistic studies that elucidate individual-level responses are also necessary. We used radio-frequency identification to investigate individual-level responses of western slimy salamanders Plethodon albagula to prescribed fire. We compared the salamander home-range sizes [minimum convex polygons (MCP)], movement behaviors, and activity levels before and after prescribed fire using a randomized block experiment. We initiated the study at three plots in 2011, and added two new plots in 2012. We captured, tagged and released ≥38 salamanders at each plot from May 2011–May 2012 (total N = 205). We recorded 918 total recaptures of 142 unique salamanders; 31% of tagged salamanders were never recaptured. Across all years and treatments, only 14% of relocations were surface-active (i.e. visually confirmed) salamanders; the others were underground. Following prescribed fire, the surface-active proportion of recaptures was nearly seven times greater in control versus burned areas, which indicates that P. albagula respond to post-prescribed fire conditions by spending more time belowground. We did not find evidence of direct mortality of salamanders from fires; the proportion of known-alive individuals did not differ between treatments. Maximum daily displacement was 43.3% higher among burn-area than control-area salamanders, and MCP varied in a similar pattern; this may indicate salamanders were attempting to find more hospitable microenvironments or other resources, such as prey. Together, these individual-level observations corroborate our findings from a population-level study of a congeneric terrestrial salamander and contribute to our understanding of the behavioral mechanisms underlying population dynamics.
The Plantations of St. Benedict: The Benedictine Sugar Mills of Colonial Brazil

With the exception of the Franciscans pledged to poverty, the major religious orders of colonial Brazil, Carmelites, Benedictines, and Jesuits, all maintained their religious activities and establishments by means of bequests, stipends, loans, urban and rural properties. Any analysis of the economic role of the Church in Brazil normally and justifiably begins with the activities of the Society of Jesus whose extensive properties spread throughout Portuguese America. Unquestionably, their operations were the most extensive of any corporate group or institution in the colony. The other orders, however, were often regionally important and were always an integral part of the economic life of the colony, sharing in the good times and bad along with their secular counterparts. The following article is an attempt to examine the operations of the Benedictine sugar engenhos in Brazil by analyzing previously usused records. These materials not only reveal a great deal about the management of ecclesiastical estates, but also provide one of the few opportunities to analyze the expenses and income of a series of plantations over time, thus allowing us to examine some of the general economic trends in the colony's export history.
Immunotherapy A New Approach to Treating Multiple Myeloma with Daratumumab and Elotuzumab

Objective: To review the clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of daratumumab and elotuzumab for the treatment of relapsed refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Data Sources: A literature search of MEDLINE, PubMed, the US National Institutes of Health Clinicaltrials.gov, the Food and Drug administration, and relevant meeting abstracts was conducted using the terms daratumumab, elotuzumab, multiple myeloma, anti-CD38, HuMax-CD38, HuLuc63, SLAMF7, and anti-CS1. Study Selection/Data Extraction: Human and animal studies describing the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of daratumumab and elotuzumab for MM were identified. Data Synthesis: Daratumumab (anti-CD38) and elotuzumab (anti-CS1) have been recently FDA approved for the treatment of RRMM after showing efficacy in clinical trials. Elotuzumab approval was based on phase III data, and daratumumab gained accelerated approval based on phase I/II trials. Daratumumab has demonstrated significant single-agent activity, with an overall resp...
Multispectral super-resolution of tropical cyclone imagery using sparsity-based approaches

An aperture synthesis system produces ringing at sharp edges and other transitions in the observed field. In this article, we have developed an efficient multispectral deconvolution method, based on the Split Bregman total variation minimization technique, and it was successful in reducing image ringing, blurring, and distortion, while sharpening the image and preserving the information content. We also present a multispectral multi-frame super-resolution method that is robust to image noise and noise in the point spread function PSF and leads to additional improvements in spatial resolution. The methodologies are based on current research in sparse optimization and compressed sensing, which lead to unprecedented efficiencies in solving image reconstruction problems.
Effect of Transferred Power on Loss of Power Supply Network to Network

The effect of transferred power on loss of power supply network lo network is discussed.The method to determine transferred power is proposed.Taking power-transferred network as an overall package,the principle of overall package method is introduced in detail.The model of overall package method is presented combined with the principle that power user will undertake the network loss.A specific calculation example is used to demonstrate the application of overall package method in the study of above-mentioned effect.The effect degree of increased transferred power upon power-transferred network is obtained.
Bridging principles and examples through analogy and explanation

Previous research in cognitive science has shown that analogical comparison and self-explanation are two powerful learning activities that can improve conceptual learning in laboratory settings. The current work examines whether these results generalize to students learning physics in a classroom setting. Students were randomly assigned to one of three worked example learning conditions (reading, self-explanation, or analogical comparison) and then took a test assessing conceptual understanding and problem solving transfer. Students in the self-explanation and analogy conditions showed improved conceptual understanding compared to students in the more traditional worked example condition.
Properties of Hadrons Produced by Neutrinos in Hydrogen

I will discuss some results on the properties of single and correlated hadrons made in the hadron “jet” via the reaction νp → µ− + jet. We know the direction of the jet to within ± 1° in these events and the vector momenta of the individual charged hadrons are measured to better than a few per cent. Hence we have an excellent method for studying the detailed properties of hadron jets.
Living Hazard Trees

Publisher Summary A living hazard tree is any tree that is structurally weakened so that all or parts of it are likely to fall. This chapter describes the most common types of living hazard trees to encourage early detection and removal of such trees. Living trees become structurally unsound in four common ways: (1) internal decay in the trunk and/or large branches; (2) cankers and canker-rots; (3) cut roots and root decay; and (4) weak forks in the trunk and/or large branches. Decay in living trees is the end result of many complex interactions between the tree and several groups of microorganisms. All these processes begin with a wound through which microorganisms enter. Roots hold a tree firmly in place. Anything that alters the structural support provided by any part of the root system decreases the stability of the tree. Root decay or root rots and severing or cutting of any portion of the root system are two factors that decrease a root system's ability to support the tree.
mRNA poly(A)-tail changes specified by deadenylation broadly reshape translation in Drosophila oocytes and early embryos.

Because maturing oocytes and early embryos lack appreciable transcription, posttranscriptional regulatory processes control their development. To better understand this control, we profiled translational efficiencies and poly(A)-tail lengths throughout Drosophila oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. The correspondence between translational-efficiency changes and tail-length changes indicated that tail-length changes broadly regulate translation until gastrulation, when this coupling disappears. During egg activation, relative changes in poly(A)-tail length, and thus translational efficiency, were largely retained in the absence of cytoplasmic polyadenylation, which indicated that selective poly(A)-tail shortening primarily specifies these changes. Many translational changes depended on PAN GU and Smaug, and these changes were largely attributable to tail-length changes. Our results also revealed the presence of tail-length–independent mechanisms that maintained translation despite tail-length shortening during oocyte maturation, and prevented essentially all translation of bicoid and several other mRNAs before egg activation. In addition to these fundamental insights, our results provide valuable resources for future studies.
Medication Nonadherence After Lung Transplantation in Adult Recipients

Background Our objective was to identify potential avenues for resource allocation and patient advocacy to improve outcomes by evaluating the association between recipient sociodemographic and patient characteristics and medication nonadherence after lung transplantation. Methods States US adult, lung-only transplantations per the United Network for Organ Sharing database were analyzed from October 1996 through December 2006, based on the period during which nonadherence information was recorded. Generalized linear models were used to determine the association of demographic, disease, and transplantation center characteristics with early nonadherence (defined as within the first year after transplantation) as well as late nonadherence (years 2 to 4 after transplantation). Outcomes comparing adherent and nonadherent patients were also evaluated. Results Patients (n = 7,284) were included for analysis. Early and late nonadherence rates were 3.1% and 10.6%, respectively. Factors associated with early nonadherence were Medicaid insurance compared with private insurance (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16 to 5.15), and black race (AOR 2.38, 95% CI: 1.08 to 5.25). Medicaid insurance and black race were also associated with late nonadherence (AOR 2.38, 95% CI: 1.51 to 3.73 and OR 1.73, 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.89, respectively), as were age 18 to 20 years (AOR 3.41, 95% CI: 1.29 to 8.99) and grade school or lower education (AOR 1.88, 95% CI: 1.05 to 3.35). Early and late nonadherence were both associated with significantly shorter unadjusted survival ( p Conclusions Identifying patients at risk of nonadherence may enable resource allocation and patient advocacy to improve outcomes.
FDG PET in the Staging and Management of Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma

Abstract We aimed to assess the usefulness of 18F-FDG PET in siting lymphoma involvement for CTCL patients. We retrospectively analyzed CTCL patients who had received a lymph node biopsy within approximately one month of a PET scan. Between 2003 and 2007, 19 CTCL patients (7 males, 12 females, age range: 4 – 70, median: 55) underwent a combined 56 PET scans. All studies were performed on GE Discovery LS 8 slice MDCT PET CT scanner or GE Discovery DST 16 slice MDCT PET CT scanner (Milwaukee, WI) and the images were interpreted on a GE AW or Xeleris workstation. The patients underwent whole body imaging from the head to foot at 4 minutes per bed position. Of these 19 patients, eight patients (four men, four women, mean age: 56.6, range: 49 – 70) received a lymph node biopsy following a PET scan that demonstrated elevated focal uptake (SUVs ranging from 2.2 to 9.9) in at least one lymph node. In four of the cases, the biopsied lymph node directly confirmed CTCL involvement sited in that node by PET scan (SUV 2.2 to 6.1). Three cases represented false-positive PET scans which were attributed to category 1 dermatopic lymphadenopathy and post radiation change. Despite these lack in correlations, in one case, PET sited adenopathy (SUV 9.9) in an inguinal node that biopsy pronounced benign. Further studies proved that a sampling error produced a false-negative biopsy. Despite the small sample, the study demonstrates the importance of PET imaging in staging patients with CTCL. Findings suggest that lymph node SUV values ranging from 2.2 – 9.9 often correlate with definite involvement of the nodes, and consequentially progression of the disease. It was found that false-positive PET scans may result from post radiation change or dermatopathic lymphadenopathy, category 1. The sample size was too small to detect differences in SUV and correlation in lymph node involvement. Our study demonstrates the need for improvement in the specificity of FDG-PET scans possibly by two point imaging and accurate localization of lymph nodes by use of an intraoperative probe to further enhance its usefulness in the staging of CTCL. Further prospective study is needed to determine correlation with SUV and lymph node involvement.
"Alliance Experience,Organizational Slack &Acquisition Likelihood–A Case of Industry Convergence"

A study of how firms choose between forging alliances and making acquisitions is presented using industry convergence as an environmental contingency. Using the empirical setting of the digital cam...
Cultivating resiliency through system shock: the Southern California metropolitan water management system as a complex adaptive system

ABSTRACTThis study analyses the water management system in Southern California through the lens of complexity theory as it responds to system stressors and shock caused by severe and sustained draught. The study is grounded on the thesis that self-organization in the complex space of the water governance system creates the capacity to absorb spatial shock, and through this absorption process the space experiences resiliency. This paper identifies the attributes of spatial complexity of the Southern California metropolitan water management system, and analyses a spatial shock case that ignited stakeholder action that nurtured, promoted and furthered resiliency within the system.
Fibrosis in ulcerative colitis is directly linked to severity and chronicity of mucosal inflammation

Fibrosis is a common complication of chronic inflammation and can affect all organs and tissues 1. In the intestine, fibrosis is a well-recognized complication of Crohn’s disease, leading to clinically relevant intestinal strictures in at least one-third of patients throughout their disease course 2, 3. In Crohn’s disease, strictures are predominantly located in the terminal ileum, but are far less common in the colon (around 8%) 4. Very little attention has been devoted to fibrosis in other forms of chronic intestinal inflammation such as Ulcerative colitis. In this form of inflammatory bowel disease, colonic stricture formation also occurs, with strictures ranging from 1% to 11.2%, the large majority of which are benign 5–8. Fibrosis in the Ulcerative colitis colorectal wall may have significant clinical implications, such as colonic motility abnormalities 9, 10, possibly leading to important symptoms such as loose stools, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain and anorectal dysfunction, or may present as rectal urgency and incontinence associated with a decreased compliance of the rectal wall 11–13. These clinical symptoms can occur in the absence of obvious macroscopic or microscopic inflammation and an apparently normal mucosa, and may be frequently misclassified as irritable bowel syndrome 14, 15. Fibrosis is defined as an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and an expansion of the mesenchymal cell pool, and both components are likely to be present in chronic intestinal inflammation-associated strictures, including in Ulcerative colitis. The muscularis mucosae in the area of Ulcerative colitis strictures is markedly thickened, while the other intestinal layers are not different compared to non-strictured areas of Ulcerative colitis or normal colon 16. Some studies have described excessive ECM deposition, mainly in the submucosa, as a significant component of stricturing Ulcerative colitis 17. Surprisingly, few reports of Ulcerative colitis-associated fibrosis outside of the area of strictures are available 18–21. These reports, however, are based on the evaluation of single tissue sections per patient, often comparing distinct colonic locations in different patients, which limit their value in regard to learning about the real frequency and degree of severity of localized fibrosis. Until today, data on global assessment of the extent of fibrosis along the colon length, the overall fibrotic burden, and its correlation with clinical features are missing. Nevertheless, these data may be critical to establish an association with clinical phenotypes, and this study was designed to fill this knowledge gap.
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1)

The selectins are type 1 membrane glycoproteins that have an N-terminal C-type lectin domain, followed by an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like motif, a series of short consensus repeats, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail (see Chapters 2 and 3). Leukocytes express L-selectin, whereas activated platelets express P-selectin and activated endothelial cells express P-selectin and E-selectin. Each selectin mediates leukocyte rolling to vascular surfaces through Ca2+-dependent interactions of the lectin domain with cell-surface glycoconjugates. All selectins bind with low affinity to glycans with terminal components that include α2-3-linked sialic acid and a1-3-linked fucose, typified by the sialyl Lewis x (sLex) determinant (NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-4[Fucα1-3]GlcNAcβ1-R) [1, 2]. Crystal structures of sLex bound to the lectin domains of P- and E-selectin reveal a network of interactions between the fucose, a single Ca2+ ion, and several amino acids, including those that coordinate the Ca2+ [3]. This explains the Ca2+ requirement for binding. Targeted disruption of the α1-3-fucosyltransferases Fuc-TIV and Fuc-TVII in mice eliminates selectin-mediated leukocyte trafficking [4, 5]. This demonstrates that physiologically relevant selectin ligands require al-3-linked fucose. However, there is abundant evidence that selectins bind better to some glycoproteins modified with sLex-capped glycans than to others [1, 2]. This chapter focuses on the most thoroughly characterized of these glycoproteins: P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), which mediates important biological functions through interactions with each of the selectins.
Lymphokine-Activated Killer (LAK) Cell Activity in Psychiatric Illness

There is now a great deal of evidence that the central nervous system and the immune system are closely interrelated (Ader, 1981). Messengers from the brain are now known to affect immune regulation. Similarly, secretory products of immune cells and tissues can affect brain function. A number of investigators have recently studied the integrity of the immune response in patients with psychiatric disorders. Several immune abnormalities were identified in patients with major depression. These include lymphocytopenia (Kronfol et al., 1984), reduction in circulating T cell numbers (Schleifer et al.,1984), impairment in mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation (Kronfol et al., 1983), and a decrease in natural killer (NK) cell activity (Kronfol et al., 1989). Similarly, abnormalities in immune regulation in schizophrenia have also been reported. These include an increase in the number of B lymphocytes, a decrease in NK cell activity, and an increase in the level of specific immunoglobuslins and/or specific antibrain antibodies (DeLisi, 1984).