cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mouse hemoglobin messenger ribonucleic acid. Translational capacities of rabbit and duck reticulocyte cell-free systems programmed with mouse 9 S ribonucleic acid.

Abstract The use of the large capacity zonal rotor makes possible the routine isolation of 1 to 2 mg of hemoglobin mRNA (9 S RNA) from sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated reticulocyte polyribosomes. Mouse hemoglobin mRNA prepared by this method directs the synthesis of significant amounts of mouse globin β-chains when added to a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system. The addition of mouse hemoglobin mRNA to a duck reticulocyte cell-free system results in the synthesis of both α- and β-globin chains, thus not only demonstrating the presence of both the α- and β-mRNAs in the mouse 9 S RNA but also the ability of a mammalian mRNA to be translated in a nonmammalian cell-free system. The addition of mouse globin mRNA to the rabbit cell-free system has little effect on the total amino acid incorporation into protein, although a substantial amount of the protein synthesized is mouse β-chains. This suggests that protein synthetic components other than mRNA may be limiting in the rabbit cell-free system and that the added mRNA is competing with endogenous mRNA. An increase of amino acid incorporation into protein is observed when the mouse hemoglobin mRNA is added to the duck cell-free system, suggesting that mRNA may be limiting in this cell-free preparation. The translational efficiencies of the mouse hemoglobin mRNA were essentially equal in both rabbit and duck cell-free systems with 4.0 to 4.5 globin chains synthesized per mRNA during the incubation period. Consequently, the rabbit and duck reticulocyte cell-free systems may be useful for assaying a variety of specific mRNAs.
Typologies of Deification

Investigations into the Christian doctrine of deification have multiplied in recent years. Due especially to the emergence of studies on deification from the Western theological tradition, concerns are being raised about what constitutes a genuine doctrine of deification. This article considers three influential efforts to clarify the types of deification – from Norman Russell, Gosta Hallonsten and Paul Gavrilyuk – and offers critical and constructive proposals for identifying the core content of deification and its various types.
Rheuma und rheumatologische Pharmakotherapie in der Schwangerschaft

Eine Schwangerschaft bei einer Rheuma-Patientin ist in jedem Fall eine Risikoschwangerschaft und in enger interdisziplinarer Zusammenarbeit zwischen Gynakologen, Rheumatologen und gegebenenfalls Endokrinologen und Nephrologen unter engmaschigen Kontrollen zu begleiten. Gunstig fur eine geplante Schwangerschaft ist eine ruhige Krankheitsphase.
Internet Courses: Who Is Doing the Work?

The growth in Internet courses (E courses) and degrees is continuing but controls to insure academic honesty do not seem to be keeping pace with the growth in offerings. Responses to a questionnaire distributed to chairpersons of accounting departments relating to the use of controls for controlling academic dishonesty in E courses indicated that respondents strongly favored requiring students to provide a digital photo ID and audio capabilities when registering for an E course but rejected the idea of requiring them to provide a web cam that might be used for verifying their identity. Respondents strongly believe that students taking an E course should complete some, but not all, examinations on-line and, whenever possible, on the university web site and that they should complete some, but not all, homework assignments on-line and at the university web site whenever possible. They also tended to believe, even though they did not endorse requiring one, that students should use a web cam when completing examinations on-line and that faculty should compare the photo ID with the web cam image. However, they do not believe that students should be required to use a web cam when completing homework assignments or that faculty should compare the photo ID with the web cam image. Respondents believe that students should be required to participate in on-line chat rooms with both the instructor and with the instructor and other students. The use of a web cam and the comparison of a photo ID with a web cam image were not seen as desirable. Overall accounting chairs endorse requiring the student who enrolls in an E course to obtain some existing technology, except for a web cam, that might help control academic dishonesty. They expect the student to be prepared to spend more than $100 to obtain the technology.
Effect of Oral Ethanol Administration on Intestinal Cholesterogenesis in the Rat

The administration of ethanol to rats was associated with changes in intestinal cholesterogenesis. Cholesterol synthesis was increased in intestinal slices following the administration of a single large dose of ethanol. This effect was not observed in animals previously ingesting small amounts of alcohol continuously for 3 to 4 weeks using three different techniques of chronic alcohol administration. An increase in cholesterol was also demonstrated in the mesenteric lymph of lymph fistula rats, but only when ethanol was still present in the intestinal lumen at the time of lymph collection. Changes in the distribution of cholesterol among the lipoprotein fractions of intestinal lymph were also observed under the same conditions. It seems reasonable to suggest that the effect of ethanol on intestinal cholesterol synthesis is due to a direct effect of ethanol on the intestinal mucosal cell. The significance of these observations on systemic cholesterol metabolism remains to be determined.
Language Contact: A Study of the Spanish in Two Spanish-Language Presses in Charleston, South Carolina

Past studies analyzing the English influence in Spanish-language press in the United States focused on major cities of large Hispanic populations, such as, Miami, New York or Los Angeles. In recent years, the Hispanic population in the Carolinas has been growing quickly and merits studies equivalent to those of the large cities to analyze the effects of the language contact between Spanish and English. This study analyzes the English influence on the Spanish of two Spanish-language presses available in Charleston, South Carolina. The study analyzed the English influence at different linguistic levels in the two different writing styles of articles and advertisements and the types of English influence at the different linguistic levels in these two writing styles. The data were collected from one edition of each of the presses. The results indicated that the English influence found in the Spanish-language press of Charleston, SC is comparable to the findings of past studies in larger cities with greater Hispanic populations. In addition, the outcomes reveal parallels with studies on language acquisition and loss in a contact situation and studies on bilingualism of second language learners and heritage speakers. Furthermore, the findings suggest social effects on language in a contact situation at the varying linguistic levels.
Isolated Medial Rectus Nuclear Palsy as a Rare Presentation of Midbrain Infarction

Patient: Male, 83 Final Diagnosis: Midbrain infarction Symptoms: Diplopia Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Computed tomography of the head and magnetic resonance image of the brain Specialty: Neurology Objective: Rare disease Background: Diplopia is a common subjective complaint that can be the first manifestation of a serious pathology. Here, we report a rare case of midbrain infarction involving the lateral subnucleus of the oculomotor nuclear complex presenting as diplopia, with no other stroke manifestations. Case Report: An 83-year-old right-handed white man with past medical history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary artery disease presented to the emergency department (ED) with diplopia and unsteadiness. Two days prior to admission, the patient woke up with constant horizontal diplopia and unsteadiness, which limited his daily activities and led to a fall at home. He denied any weakness, clumsiness, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, fever, or chills. Ocular exam showed a disconjugate gaze at rest, weakness of the left medial rectus muscle, impaired convergence test, and bilateral 3-mm reactive pupils. The diplopia resolved by closing either eye. The remaining extraocular muscles and other cranial nerves were normal. There was no nystagmus, ptosis, or visual field deficit. Sensation, muscle tone, and strength were normal in all extremities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed a tiny focus of restricted diffusion in the left posterior lateral midbrain. Conclusions: A thorough history and physical examination is essential to diagnose and manage diplopia. Isolated extraocular palsy is usually thought to be caused by orbital lesions or muscular diseases. Here, we report a case of mid-brain infarction manifested as isolated medial rectus palsy.
Multi-criteria analysis of potential recovery facilities in a reverse supply chain

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been employed by researchers for solving multi-criteria analysis problems. However, AHP is often criticized for its unbalanced scale of judgments and failure to precisely handle the inherent uncertainty and vagueness in carrying out the pair-wise comparisons. With an objective to address these drawbacks, in this paper, we employ a fuzzy approach in selecting potential recovery facilities in the strategic planning of a reverse supply chain network that addresses the decision maker's level of confidence in the fuzzy assessments and his/her attitude towards risk. A numerical example is considered to illustrate the methodology.
ZrO2 film growth by chemical vapor deposition using zirconium tetra-tert-butoxide

Abstract ZrO 2 films were grown by chemical vapor deposition at T >573 K with the precursor zirconium tetra- tert- butoxide (ZTB) Zr(OC(CH 3 ) 3 ) 4 . The ZrO 2 films were deposited on a Si(100) surface and film thicknesses were measured after growth at various temperatures using ellipsometry. ZrO 2 film growth was negligible at T T =623–723 K, and then decreased at T >773 K. Maximum ZrO 2 growth rates of ∼76 A/min were observed at 723 K with a ZTB pressure of 0.05 Torr. This ZrO 2 growth rate is consistent with a reactive sticking coefficient of γ =6.8×10 −5 . Auger depth-profile analysis measured low carbon levels of 2 growth rates. This correlation indicates that ZTB decomposes to deposit ZrO 2 by a β -hydride elimination mechanism. Auger depth-profile analysis revealed higher carbon levels of ≥10% where the ZrO 2 growth rate decreased at T >773 K. ZrO 2 deposition may be partially poisoned by carbon at these higher temperatures. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies examined the stability of hydroxyl (ZrOH*) and butoxide (ZrOC(CH 3 ) 3 *) species on ZrO 2 . Both hydroxyl and butoxide species decreased roughly linearly with temperature from 300–800 K. The comparison between butoxide stability and ZrO 2 growth rate argues that the butoxide species decomposition via β -hydride elimination is the rate-limiting step for ZrO 2 film growth.
Environmental Influences upon the Social Choices, Occupational Behaviours and Adaptedness of Zoo Chimpanzees: Relevance to Occupational Therapy

This study investigated adaptedness within an institutional setting with a captive chimpanzee model, asking the question: What is the relationship of environmental opportunities for occupation, of the lack thereof, to adaptation? Eleven group-living chimpanzees at the Los Angeles Zoo were studied across three common environmental conditions: new enrichment, in which materials were introduced into their habitat to support diverse occupations; old enrichment (days after new enrichment); and no enrichment (barren habitat). Shifts in social and occupational choices across conditions were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. While the chimpanzees employed various adaptive strategies that favourably influenced their experiences of time's passage, their adaptive capacities were also environmentally overwhelmed. Time emerged as an environmental factor that created situations of occupational deprivation and also channelled behaviour into more constricted forms of expression. It is proposed that the findings ...
Self- and Other- Directed Aggression in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients

ABSTRACT Objective To examine self- and other-directed aggression in 89 children and adolescents on a psychiatric inpatient unit to determine ways in which aggressive and nonaggressive patients differ and to discover those factors associated with self-directed versus other-directed aggression. Method Three types of data were collected: ongoing observations of aggressive behavior during hospitalization, Child Behavior Checklists completed by a parent or guardian at admission, and patient and family history data gathered from a retrospective chart review. Results Compared with nonaggressive patients, aggressive patients were more likely to have a history of antisocial behavior, to be victims of abuse or neglect, to have lived in a foster home, and to have had several primary caretakers. Both groups of aggressive patients engaged in three types of aggressive behavior with equal frequency and were strikingly similar on a host of other variables. Only the number of primary caretakers with whom a patient had lived discriminated self- from other-directed aggressive patients; patients who experienced frequent disruptions in caretaking were more likely to engage in acts of self-injury during hospitalization. Conclusions Whether a particular patient will engage in aggressive behavior during hospitalization can be accurately predicted from preadmission characteristics; however, the manner in which a patient is likely to aggress, i.e., toward others or self, is difficult to predict because of striking similarities between types of aggressive patients. Further investigations are needed to determine how self- and other-directed aggressive patients differ and to elucidate relationships between disrupted, unstable, or inadequate caretaking and aggression, particularly self-injury, in children and adolescents.
Potential Role of KCNQ/M-Channels in Regulating Neuronal Differentiation in Mouse Hippocampal and Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neuronal Cultures

Abstract Voltage-gated K+ channels are key regulators of neuronal excitability, playing major roles in setting resting membrane potential, repolarizing the cell membrane after action potentials and affecting transmitter release. The M-type channel or M-channel is a unique voltage- and ligand-regulated K+ channel. It is composed of the molecular counterparts KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 (also named Kv7.2 and Kv7.3) channels and expressed in the soma and dendrites of neurons. The present investigation examined the hypothesis that KCNQ2/3 channels played a regulatory role in neuronal differentiation and maturation. In cultured mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells undergoing neuronal differentiation and primary embryonic (E15–17) hippocampal cultures, KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 channels and underlying M-currents were identified. Blocking of KCNQ channels in these cells for 5 days using the specific channel blocker XE991 (10 μM) or linopirdine (30 μM) significantly decreased synaptophysin and syntaxin expression without affecting cell viability. Chronic KCNQ2/3 channel block reduced the expression of vesicular GABA transporter (v-GAT), but not vesicular glutamate transporter (v-GluT). Enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was observed in XE991- and linopirdine-treated neural progenitor cells. In electrophysiological recordings, cells undergoing chronic block of KCNQ2/3 channels showed normal amplitude of mPSCs while the frequency of mPSCs was reduced. On the other hand, KCNQ channel opener N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM, 2 μM) increased mPSC frequency. Fluorescent imaging using fluorescent styryl-dye FM4-64 revealed that chronic blockade of KCNQ2/3 channels decreased endocytosis but facilitated exocytosis. These data indicate that KCNQ2/3 channels participate in the regulation of neuronal differentiation and show a tonic regulation on pre-synaptic transmitter release and recycling in developing neuronal cells.
Challenges in Applying Photoemission Electron Microscopy to Biological Systems

Photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) is a unique surface-sensitive instrument capable of providing real-time images with high spatial resolution. While similar to the more common electron microscopies, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the imaging technology relies on the photogeneration of electrons emitted from a sample through light excitation. This imaging technique has found prominence in surface and materials sciences, being well suited for imaging flat surfaces, and changes that occur to that surface as various parameters are changed (e.g. temperature, exposure to reactive gases). Biologically focused PEEM received significant attention in the 1970s, but was not aggressively advanced since that pioneering work. PEEM is capable of providing important insights into biological systems that extend beyond simple imaging. In this article, we identify and establish important issues that affect the acquisition and analysis of biological samples with PEEM. We will briefly review the biological impact and importance of PEEM with respect to our work. The article also concludes with a discussion of some of the current challenges that must be addressed to enable PEEM to achieve its maximum potential with biological samples.
Power Parity, Commitment to Change, and War

Starr (1978) argues that the initiation of war requires both opportunity and willingness. Most theories of international conflict, however, consider only one of these conditions. Power transition theory, which focuses on power parity as opportunity and negative evaluations of the status quo as willingness, is an exception. Although the logic of the theory is compelling and empirical support impressive, the theory suffers from a lack of generalizability, and from inadequate conceptualization and operationalization of evaluations of the status quo. We offer preliminary corrections for both of these weaknesses by (1) depicting the international system as a series of hierarchies rather than as a single hierarchy, thus providing some generalizability; and (2) using extraordinary military buildups to evaluate the relative commitment of the challenger and the dominant power to the modification or maintenance of the status quo, respectively. We argue that the probability of wars between contenders in local or international hierarchies increases significantly when power parity is achieved, presenting the potential challenger with the opportunity to successfully challenge the dominant state, and when the challenger's extraordinary buildup exceeds that of the dominant power, revealing its willingness and commitment to change. Empirical evaluation of the conflict behavior of major power contenders and of a subset of minor power contenders provides strong support for our reconceptualization of power transition theory.
Stat3: a STAT family member activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6

The STAT family of proteins carries out a dual function: signal transduction and activation of transcription. A new family member, Stat3, becomes activated through phosphorylation on tyrosine as a DNA binding protein in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) but not interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). It is likely that this phosphoprotein forms homodimers as well as heterodimers with the first described member of the STAT family, Stat91 (renamed Stat1 alpha), which is activated by the IFNs and EGF. Differential activation of different STAT proteins in response to different ligands should help to explain specificity in nuclear signaling from the cell surface.
The palladium assisted transfer reduction of. alpha. ,. beta. -unsaturated nitroalkenes to oximes using ammonium formate

Abstract α, β-Unsaturated nitroalkenes are readily reduced to the corresponding oximes in good yields using ammonium formate in the presence of palladium. The reactions occur rapidly at room temperature in a solvent system of methanol and tetrahydrofuran.
Wavelength dependence of a fiber-bundle based FSO link

A transmitter and receiver design based on the use of fiber optic bundles have been proposed and studied both experimentally in the laboratory and theoretically through simulation, and have shown promise for providing enhanced functionality in mitigating the effects of turbulence and weather on the pointing, acquisition and tracking problem. In this paper, the operation of an FSO link constructed from these designs is analyzed under similar environmental conditions but transmitting at two different wavelengths. A transmitter with a linear fiber array transmitted over a brick surface at either 1310 nm or 1550 nm wavelength to a receiver constructed using a hexagonal array of 19 fibers located 15 feet away. Data at 100 kb/s was transmitted across the link and the collected signal was recorded for off-line statistical analysis, including achieved bit-error rate. The investigation finds that, when eliminating effects due to artifacts in source operation, dependence of link operation on wavelength is minimal, even though the optical alignment was optimized for only 1550 nm.
Dietary effects on tissue composition, oogenesis and the reproductive performance of female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Washburn, B.S., Frye, D.J., Hung, S.S.O., Doroshov, S.I. and Conte, F.S., 1990. Dietary effects on tissue composition, oogenesis and the reproductive performance of female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 90: 179-195. One hundred and eighty 2-year-old female rainbow trout brood&h were fed a low protein, high carbohydrate (LP), intermediate protein and carbohydrate (IP), or a high protein, low carbohydrate (HP) diet for 9 months to determine the effect of the diets on ovarian development, body proximate composition, and reproductive performance. Dietary treatment did not have any effect on the histomorphology of ovarian development. However, during vitellogenesis (July until November), fish fed different diets had significantly different body and carcass weights, plasma glucose, and plasma vitellogenin levels. Although there were some differences between the three treatments in the proximate composition of gonads, liver, and gastrointestinal tract during the reproductive cycle, no consistent pattern was seen. At spawning, LP fish retained a higher amount of lipid in the ovaries and gastrointestinal tract than the other two groups. Although the egg proximate composition was the same regardless of diet, eggs from fish fed the LP and IP diets had significantly higher survival (P-z 0.05 ) to the eye-up stage, hatchability, and relative fecundity than HP fish.
Insulin-unresponsive tissues respond to superactive insulin-like material

Insulin-like material prepared from insulin-Sepharose stimulates glucose oxidation by isolated diaphragm of C57Bl/6J ob/ob mice, but insulin does not. This material is much more effective than insulin on epididymal fat tissue from these mice. Insulin-like material and insulin are equipotent on the corresponding tissues from lean littermates.
Dopaminergic involvement in the mechanism of action of pentazocine

Pentazocine, a mixed agonist—antagonist opiate of the benzomorphan class, produces effects similar to those of morphine, but appears to do so by a mechanism which differs from that of morphine. Neurochemical and behavioral data are reviewed which suggest that this difference involves central dopaminergic systems. It is concluded that pentazocine produces some of its opiate agonist effects both by interaction with opiate receptors and by dopamine agonist actions. Possible means by which pentazocine might produce its dopaminergic effects are suggested, and possible implications of the proposed dual mechanism with respect to pentazocine's low dependence liability are discussed.
The estimation of parameters for a commonly used stochastic model

A region into which particles arrive in a random manner, remain a random amount of time, and then leave is considered. This model is used in penetration theories of heat and mass transfer. From observations of the number of particles present at any time, it is desired to estimate arrival and exit statistics, residence time statistics, and average rates of transfer across the region. Assuming arrival is a Poisson process, equations governing the above statistics are derived. Some problems in spectral analysis arising from the use of nondifferentiable stochastic processes are solved. Estimators for important parameters are discussed, and it is shown that generally they are biased. A derivation linking the rate of transfer across the region with the rates of transfer of particles is obtained and compared with other such results.
A finite element-integral equation solution to torsion problem

Abstract The torsion problem can be formulated as a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind and then solved by a finite element method based on a weighted residual technique. This procedure effectively reduces a two dimensional problem to a one dimensional problem, and thereby significantly simplified the computer implementation. The procedure is illustrated by an example and results are compared with the exact solution.
Zinc concentrations in two strains of mice after free choice and forced ethanol exposure

from lack of control over the specific radioactivity of the precursor amino acid during the incorporation period. In the present study the rate of protein synthesis was measured in anaestheiized rats, using a continuous, intravenous infusion of valine (specific radioactivity 3.33 pCi/mol), lasting for 30 min. The specific radioactivity of valine was measured to be fairly constant from 11 min onwards. Liver specimens were taken at 11, 20 and 30 min. The protein synthesis rate was calculated from valine-specific radioactivity in protein and in the intracellular precursor pool measured from 11 to 30 min. The rats were pair-fed either a diet containing ethanol (9.2 g/kg per rat per day) or a control diet, in which lipid replaced ethanol isoenergetically, for 58 65 days. The animal growth rate was not significantly different between the groups (2.8 g/day in the ethanol-treated US. 2.9 g/day in controls). All animals were fasted for approximately 16 h before measurement of protein synthesis. In addition, some rats received an i.p. injection (1 ml/kg) of either saline or dexamethasone (4 mg/kg) 1 h prior to measurement of protein synthesis. Chronic ethanol treatment reduced the in uiuo protein synthesis rate by 37% from a control rate of 86.0 + 5.9 nmoles valine per 100 g body weight per min (a = 0.002). This reduction became less marked when the rats received an i.p. injection of saline and disappeared completely when given dexamethasone i.p. 1 h before measurement of protein synthesis. Thus ethanol-treated rats given dexamethasone i.p. had a significantly higher rate of protein synthesis than ethanol-treated rats given nothing or saline (a < 0.05). Our observations demonstrate that the handling procedure preceding the measurement of protein synthesis could be of critical importance to the outcome of the experiments. This could explain some of the controversies in the literature on ethanol effects on rates of protein synthesis.
Three Different Methods of Expression Profile Analysis in Plants

In the last 15 years many advances have been made in techniques available to molecular biologists. In the field of gene expression in particular, several new methods have become common use for determining changes in gene expression over the course of plant development, changes induced by external stimulus, and differences in the various tissue types of a plant. Here we describe the theory, general methods, and some applications for three of these new techniques in the broad field of plant biology DNA microarray, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR, and serial analysis of gene expression. DOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v16i1.1107 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 16(1): 63-76, 2006 (June)
Structural and dielectric properties of BaTiO3 - BiScO3 ceramics

The structural and dielectric properties of bulk (1?x) BaTiO3?x BiScO3 (x = 0 ? 0.6) ceramics were investigated to acquire a better understanding of the binary system, including determination of the phase diagram, dielectric properties, and the difference in roles of Bi and BiScO3 doping on BaTiO3. The solubility limit for BiScO3 into the BaTiO3 perovskite structure was determined to be about x = 0.4, which was much higher than the solubility of Bi alone. A structural change from tetragonal to pseudocubic was observed at about x = 0.05 ? 0.1 at room temperature. Dielectric measurements revealed the gradual change from typical ferroelectric behavior in pure BaTiO3 to a highly diffusive and dispersive relaxor behavior from 10 to 40 mol% BiScO3. Several of the compositions showed high permittivities (approximately 1000) with low temperature coefficients of capacitance.
Pharmacological and biochemical activities of some monomethylxanthine and methyluric acid derivatives of theophylline and caffeine.

Abstract Some monomethylxanthine and methyluric acid derivatives of theophylline and caffeine have been studied to explore whether they possess pharmacological and biochemical activities similar to those of their parent compounds. Both 3-methylxanthine and 1-methylxanthine, but not 1,3-dimethyluric acid or 3-methyluric acid, produced the same maximal relaxation of guinea pig tracheal muscle as did theophylline. The EC 50 values for theophylline and 3-methylxanthine were not significantly different, whereas those for 1-methylxanthine, 1,3-dimethyluric acid and 3-methyluric acid were significantly higher than that if theophylline. In the Langendorff guinea pig heart, theophylline and 3-methylxanthine caused essentially identical increases in cardiac contractile force. Although less effective than theophylline, 1-methylxanthine and caffeine produced equivalent increases in cardiac contractility. At concentrations higher than those effective for the methylxanthines, 1,3-dimethyluric acid markedly increased contractile force. 3-Methylxanthine inhibited cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase to a lesser extent than did theophylline at both 1.4 and 400 μM cyclic nucleotide concentrations. However, at the higher substrate concentration, cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activity was inhibited by 3-methylxanthine more than by theophylline. Thus, it appears that the monomethylxanthine and methyluric acid derivatives of theophylline and caffeine possess a spectrum of pharmacological activity similar to that of their parent compounds, a finding which raises important questions about various aspects of the current therapeutic use of methylxanthines.
K-Ar geochronology of the Limestone Caribbees and Martinique, Lesser Antilles, West Indies

Abstract Twenty-seven K-Ar ages have been measured on igneous rocks from islands of the Limestone Caribbees (St. Martin, St. Bartholomew, Antigua, and Grande Terre, Guadeloupe) and Martinique in the Lesser Antilles arc. Earlier paleontological data indicated that rocks on several of these islands are Eocene in age and among the oldest known in the arc. The oldest igneous activity on the islands studied is 35–40 m.y. Bifurcation of the Lesser Antilles arc north of Guadeloupe took place between 7 and 20 m.y. ago. A distinct physical overlap of older and younger volcanic arcs exists on Martinique. Our results do not support previous suggestions that the pre-Tertiary basement of the Greater Antilles extends through the Limestone Caribbees to the anomalously old, Jurassic-Cretaceous, igneous rocks of La Desirade.
Initiation and development of pistillate flowers in Actinidia chinensis

Abstract Initiation and development of pistillate flowers in Actinidia chinensis Planch, cultivar ‘Hayward’ (kiwifruit, Chinese gooseberry) was followed using light and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that dormant buds contain undifferentiated primordia in the leaf axils. These primordia remain undifferentiated until shortly before bud break, approximately two months before full bloom, when the primordia become trilobed as bracts and lateral flower primordia are initiated. The lateral flowers often abort in this cultivar. Acropetal development of the terminal flower proceeds rapidly. Five to seven sepals are initiated, followed by a whorl of five to seven petals. Stamen initiation is centripetal and the anthers develop to produce inviable pollen. The central portion of the floral apex is converted into a large compound pistil with numerous hollow styles, each terminated by an open stigma.
Testosterone triggers growth of brain vocal control nuclei in adult female canaries.

Abstract Two vocal control nuclei 3f the canary telencephalon, hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudale (HVc) and nucleus robustus archistriatalis (RA), are larger in males, that learn complex songs, than in females, that normally do not sing. HVc and RA can be induced to grow by 90% and 53%, respectively, in adult gonadectomized females under the influence of testosterone, as these birds acquire male-like song. The magnitude of this effect is comparable, though of reversed sign, to that following early castration in males. This system is unique in the extent to which gross neural plasticity normally associated with early development can be induced in adulthood.
PULSED RAMAN MEASUREMENTS OF INHIBITED ELECTRON-PHONON COUPLING AT HIGH PLASMA DENSITIES IN SILICON

A 15 nsec duration, frequency doubled Nd : YAG laser at power densities near 1 J/cm2 has been used to create high plasma densities in silicon at room temperature. Phonon Raman scattering generated by a delayed 7 nsec dye laser probe pulse shows lattice temperatures far below the silicon melting temperature of 1412°C. The results suggest the presence of a dense-plasma-induced phase transition with a greatly inhibited electron-lattice coupling.
A generalized framework for throughput analysis in sparse mobile networks

Consider a mobile network wherein nodes are confined to move and communicate in a given area. The network is assumed to be sparse, wherein a direct communication path from a source node via multiple hops to a destination node almost never exists. The nodes resort to storing, carrying, and forwarding packets when a contact occurs, as a means of communication. This paper investigates the question of computing the throughput capacity of the resulting network, in other words, the rate at which a source node can send packets to a destination node using the other nodes in the network as relays. It proposes an accurate generalized framework valid for any mobility model that exhibits stationarity. The framework uses the embedded Markov-Chain approach using which the capacity of such a network can be accurately determined by computing certain well-defined characteristic parameters from the mobility model. Constraints posed by limited node storage and contention between nodes for the wireless channel are also considered in order to obtain a realistic model for the throughput. The paper also illustrates the proposed framework under two specific cases: the random walk, random waypoint, and restricted random waypoint mobility models, and validates the same using simulations.
An Examination of Scale-Dependent Resource Use by Eastern Hognose Snakes in Southcentral New Hampshire

Abstract The decline of many snake populations is attributable to habitat loss, and knowledge of habitat use is critical to their conservation. Resource characteristics (e.g., relative availability of different habitat types, soils, and slopes) within a landscape are scale-dependent and may not be equal across multiple spatial scales. Thus, it is important to identify the relevant spatial scales at which resource selection occurs. We conducted a radiotelemetry study of eastern hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos) home range size and resource use at different hierarchical spatial scales. We present the results for 8 snakes radiotracked during a 2-year study at New Boston Air Force Station (NBAFS) in southern New Hampshire, USA, where the species is listed by the state as endangered. Mean home range size (minimum convex polygon) at NBAFS (51.7 ± 14.7 ha) was similar to that reported in other parts of the species' range. Radiotracked snakes exhibited different patterns of resource use at different spatial s...
Note on the spread of a state in small social groups

A model is developed for the spread of a state in small social groups. Under suitable assumptions the model exhibits formal identity with Markov chain theory. The basic theorems and classifications of Markov chain theory are stated and interpreted in terms of the model. Finally, some procedures for testing the model are indicated.
Considerations for practice-based research: a cross-sectional survey of chiropractic, acupuncture and massage practices

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use has steadily increased globally over the past two decades and is increasingly playing a role in the healthcare system in the United States. CAM practice-based effectiveness research requires an understanding of the settings in which CAM practitioners provide services. This paper describes and quantifies practice environment characteristics for a cross-sectional sample of doctors of chiropractic (DCs), licensed acupuncturists (LAcs), and licensed massage therapists (LMTs) in the United States. Using a cross-sectional telephone survey of DCs (n = 32), LAcs (n = 70), and LMTs (n = 184) in the Tucson, AZ metropolitan area, we collected data about each location where practitioners work, as well as measures on practitioner and practice characteristics including: patient volume, number of locations where practitioners worked, CAM practitioner types working at each location, and business models of practice. The majority of practitioners reported having one practice location (93.8% of DCs, 80% of LAcs and 59.8% of LMTs) where they treat patients. Patient volume/week was related to practitioner type; DCs saw 83.13 (SD = 49.29) patients/week, LAcs saw 22.29 (SD = 16.88) patients/week, and LMTs saw 14.21 (SD =10.25) patients per week. Practitioners completed surveys for N = 388 practice locations. Many CAM practices were found to be multidisciplinary and/or have more than one practitioner: 9/35 (25.7%) chiropractic practices, 24/87 (27.6%) acupuncture practices, and 141/266 (53.0%) massage practices. Practice business models across CAM practitioner types were heterogeneous, e.g. sole proprietor, employee, partner, and independent contractor. CAM practices vary across and within disciplines in ways that can significantly impact design and implementation of practice-based research. CAM research and intervention programs need to be mindful of the heterogeneity of CAM practices in order to create appropriate interventions, study designs, and implementation plans.
Decay estimates in steady pipe flow

In this paper St. Venant type results are derived for the flow of viscous fluid in a pipe of arbitrary cross section. In the spirit of earlier work of Horgan and Wheeler [SIAMJ. Appl. Math., 35 (1978), pp. 97–116], the decay to fully developed flow as a function of distance from the entry section is investigated.Here, it is not assumed that the flow is fully developed at the exit section. Weighted energy inequalities are derived that lead to estimates for the “energy” associated with the velocity field represented by the difference between the entrance flow and the fully developed flow in a portion of the pipe near the exit section. The analysis is based on a variety of differential inequality techniques and Payne’s investigation of uniqueness criteria for steady-state solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations [Simpos. Internaz. Appl. Fis. Mat., 1965, pp. 130–153].
Brain Axial and Radial Diffusivity Changes with Age and Gender in Healthy Adults

White matter integrity changes with age, with the extent of variation dependent on attributes such as sex and oligodendrocyte health. Quantification of myelin and axonal integrity in healthy people would provide normative values necessary to determine pathology-related tissue characteristics with normal-aging and gender. We assessed white matter integrity with diffusion tensor imaging-based axial and radial diffusivity procedures (3.0-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging), which measure water diffusion parallel and perpendicular to axonal bundles, indicating axonal and myelin status, respectively, using region-of-interest (ROI) analyses, in 34 healthy adults (age, 46.5±6.0 years, 19 male). Sex differences in diffusion values were assessed with two-sample t-tests, and diffusion changes with age using Pearson’s correlations; whole-brain effect sizes were examined with voxel-based procedures. Multiple brain areas showed increased axial and radial diffusivity values reflecting declines in axonal and myelin integrity with age, especially in mid-hippocampal and posterior thalamic areas. However, axonal and myelin integrity increased in insular and occipital cortex projections with maturity. Females showed reduced fiber and myelin integrity in substantially more structures than males, and included limbic, basal ganglia, pontine, and cerebellar sites. A minority of structures, confined to cerebellar, temporal, and frontal cortices, showed reduced fiber and myelin integrity with age in males over females. Whole-brain effect sizes in diffusion values between sexes and age-related changes showed findings parallel to ROI analyses. The structural differences mandate partitioning of sex and age in adult white matter pathology assessment, and likely contribute to sex-based physiological and behavioral dysfunction in aging and in multiple pathologies.
RETROSPECTIVE APPRAISALS OF FATHERS' EFFECTIVENESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH OF ADULTS

Abstract Previous research has shown fathers' self-reports of their effectiveness to be positively correlated with their children's psychological health. To assess the relationship between adults' retrospective appraisals of fathers' effectiveness using a modified version of the Seven Secrets Survey and rated their current psychological health on the Personality Assessment Questionnaire. Total scores on the two measures correlated - .37. Three of the six Seven Secrets Survey scales, Knowing your Child, Consistency, and Protecting/Providing, were also correlated with total scores on the Personality Assessment Questionnaire.
Mitoxantrone hydrochloride in lymphoma.

A Phase I study of the dihydroxyanthracenedione derivative mitoxantrone was recently completed at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio ( 11). Twentyfour patients with a variety of malignancies were entered into the trial. The maximally tolerated dose of the drug in that study was 12 mg/m2 as a single-dose. Dose limiting toxicities included leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, which was maximal by day 9 and both returned to normal by day 19-2 1. One response was noted in the Phase I study, and a number ofpatients did notice subjective improvements. Mitoxantrone is now being used for Phase II studies in a variety of solid tumors, lymphomas and leukemias. Additional experience has shown that the drug can be given on a S-weekly schedule. The compound was tested in vitro against non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma using the human tumor cloning assay and showed activity (10). The members of the Southwest Oncology Group conducted a Phase II study in lymphoma utilizing the every three week schedule. A preliminary report of this study has been published previously (2).
Antisense Therapy: Recent Advances and Relevance to Prostate Cancer

Currently employed treatment options for patients with advanced and metastatic cancer such as surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy are limited. In particular, the well known limitations of chemotherapy are at least in part due to a lack of specificity. The activation of dominant oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes may represent novel targets for cancer therapy. Antisense therapy has been widely used to specifically and selectively inhibit the expression of selected genes at the messenger RNA level. Combinations of antisense oligonucleotides with chemotherapeutic agents may offer important advantages in cancer treatment. Several antisense drugs, especially oblimersen (G3139), have shown interesting results in experiments in animals, and have entered clinical trials. However, control oligonucleotides must be carefully chosen to separate antisense effects from the many potential nonspecific effects of oligonucleotides. This review summarizes the advantages and limitations of antisense therapy and its use in the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer.
Clinical use of gastric residual volumes as a monitor for patients on enteral tube feeding.

Background: The use of gastric residual volumes (GRVs) as a clinical monitor for patients receiving enteral tube feeding (ETF) is based on presumptions that are not physiologically sound and practice that is poorly standardized. Methods: This systematic review of the medical literature summarizes results from studies that evaluate the practice, interpretation, and impact on patient outcome from use of GRV. Results: Little data exist to support a correlation of GRV with gastric emptying, volume of gastric contents, or changes in the infusion of ETF. GRVs do not correlate to regurgitation or aspiration, and their use cannot be relied on to protect patients against aspiration pneumonia. Although recent reports suggest that elevated GRVs correlate to "intolerance" of ETF, use as a marker of impending clinical deterioration is limited by the fact that the timing of increases in GRV is unpredictable and high GRVs do not correlate independently to adverse outcome. The practice of GRV may in fact impede delivery ...
International Relations in the Liberal Arts

The international relations subfield within political science does some of the same work in furthering the liberal arts that the other subfields do, and it does some unique work. Like other political science courses, international relations courses teach competing explanations for the same event or process. Indeed, international relations courses are about the way in which the relevance of acts depends on assertions and assumptions about causation, as well as the way a problem is framed. International relations is also uniquely positioned to raise questions about political circumstances that the other subfields of political science take for granted. Because international relations is defined in terms of anarchy, without a sovereign or legitimate center, its processes lack the prima facie legitimacy of political processes within countries. The nature and enforcement of law, the autonomy of institutions, the distribution of wealth and opportunity: when posed from outside the state, elements of political life that are taken for granted within the state become variables, and are relativized. Because its subject matter is elemental and its “units” so varied, international relations cannot avoid foregrounding the interrelationship of assumptions, categories, and facts. It is, therefore, well suited to the liberal arts.