cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lack of Understanding of Acute HIV Infection among Newly-Infected Persons—Implications for Prevention and Public Health: The NIMH Multisite Acute HIV Infection Study: II

Acute/early HIV infection is a period of high HIV transmission. Consequently, early detection of HIV infection and targeted HIV prevention could prevent a significant proportion of new transmissions. As part of an NIMH-funded multisite study, we used in-depth interviews to explore understandings of acute HIV infection (AHI) among 34 individuals diagnosed with acute/early HIV infection in six US cities. We found a marked lack of awareness of AHI-related acute retroviral symptoms and a lack of clarity about AHI testing methods. Most participants knew little about the meaning and/or consequences of AHI, particularly that it is a period of elevated infectiousness. Over time and after the acute stage of infection, many participants acquired understanding of AHI from varied sources, including the Internet, HIV-infected friends, and health clinic employees. There is a need to promote targeted education about AHI to reduce the rapid spread of HIV associated with acute/early infection within communities at risk for HIV.
Hole injection energetics at highly conducting polymer anode: small molecule interfaces studied with photoemission spectroscopy

We report a photoemission study of the interfaces between spin-cast films of a new variation of a polymer blend consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and glycerol as an additive, and vacuum-evaporated hole transport layers (HTL) of 4,4'-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl (CBP),N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(1-naphthyl)-1-1'biphenyl-4,4'di amine (NPD) and N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-dia mine (TPD). The hole injection barrier, as deduced from photoemission spectroscopy, is 0.5 - 0.9 eV at the PEDOT-PSS / HTL interface, which compares very well with the previously reported barrier heights for oxygen plasma -treated indium-tin oxide (ITO)/NPD and ITO/TPD interfaces, and which is, most notably, a factor of two smaller than barriers measured for a PEDOT-PSS/hole-transporting luminescent polymer, e.g. poly(bis-(2-dimethyloctylsilyl)-1,4-phenylvinylene, interface. The measured energy barriers imply a sufficiently efficient charge injection at the studied PEDOT-PSS/HTL interface, which is very encouraging for further development of anode structures based on similar conducting polymer blends and chemically modified structures to be utilized in molecular organic light-emitting device applications.
Genetic mapping of Echinacea purpurea via individual pollen DNA fingerprinting

The pollen genome of Echinacea purpurea ‘Magnus’ (purple coneflower) was amplified using a modified primer extension pre-amplification (PEP) procedures followed by AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analyses of individual pollen grains. Twenty-four AFLP primer pairs were identified that produced 104 scorable markers in eleven linkage groups. This is the first report on the production of AFLP markers from individual pollen grains for genetic mapping in coneflower. Coneflowers are important to both the ornamental and medicinal herb industries.
The effects of sensation seeking, physical attractiveness of stimuli, and exposure frequency on liking

Fifty-four males and 46 females who scored high or low on a sensation seeking scale were exposed to slides of physically attractive or unattractive person stimuli 1, 2, 5, 10, or 25 times in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 repeated measures design. Liking and future recognition expectancy were positive linear functions of exposure frequency. Sensation seeking x stimuli interactions indicated that high sensation seekers both liked and expected to recognize the physically attractive persons in the future more than the physically unattractive persons, while low sensation seekers did not differ on their ratings of the attractive or unattractive persons. Results were discussed in terms of Stang’s learning-affect theory, the optimal stimulation approach, and the physical attractiveness stereotype.
Construction and validation of the in-store privacy preference scale

Abstract Consumer privacy issues continue to influence marketing practice. While protection from undue use of personal information draws significant attention, concerns related to undesired visibility of consumer activity in the shopping space has received very little. In fact any empirical measure of this is lacking, despite a growing body of literature in the realm of shopping related consumer embarrassment and practices used by consumers to privatize shopping behavior. To close this gap, this paper develops a self-report scale to measure in-store privacy preference (ISPP), a situational variable that addresses consumer desires to avoid shopping related self-disclosure. The paper reports on data collected from over 1000 adult consumers to develop and validate a four-item measure of ISPP. The measure is shown to predict several potential outcomes related to embarrassing or uncomfortable shopping experiences. Applications for the scale's use and implications for managers are discussed.
Expression of cell cycle regulator cdk2ap1 suppresses tumor cell phenotype by non-cell-autonomous mechanisms.

Summary We evaluated the effect of expressing the cell cycle regulator cdk2ap1 in epithelial or stromal cell compartments to reduce SCC growth in vitro and in vivo . Cell-autonomous and/or non-cell-autonomous expression of cdk2ap1 reduced tumor growth and invasion and altered cell cycle, adhesion, invasion, angiogenesis, and apoptotic gene expression, as assessed by several in vitro phenotype assays, quantitative real-time PCR, and in vivo molecular imaging using a novel three-way xenograft animal model. Our findings suggest that the interactions between cancer cells and fibroblasts that promote abnormal growth can be minimized by expressing cdk2ap1, supporting a novel concept by which tumor/growth suppressor genes can impact tumorigenesis phenotypes from non-cell-autonomous interactions within the tumor microenvironment.
980-84 Restenosis of Stented Dialysis Conduits Caused by Stent Collapse, not Neointimal Proliferation

Restenosis at stented sites has been attributed to neointimal proliferation. Stent collapse from external compression may also contribute to restenosis (Resten). We performed PTA and stenting in 6 hemodialysis conduits in five patients. Four subclavian and two brachiocephalic vein stenoses were initially treated with PTA and Palmaz stents, All sites developed early restenosis (mean time = 3.3 ± 2 months). Whereas angiography suggested a classic proliferative mechanism of restenosis, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) demonstrated eccentric stent collapse: stent configuration was ovoid or slitlike, rather than circular, and struts were not apposed to the vessel wall, but instead were protruding into the lumen directly abutting the IVUS probe. Neointimal proliferation was absent in all cases, Redilation was performed in all cases, with additional stents placed in the 4 subclavian veins. All 6 vessels subsequently restenosed a second time by stent collapse (mean time = 4.7 ± 2 months). Download : Download high-res image (92KB) Download : Download full-size image Pre-PTA Post-Stent Resten Redilate Resten #2 Redilate #2 %Stenosis 73(±21) -21(±23) 58(±11) -211±21) 83(+27) -5(±18) Conclusions 1. Restenosis at stent sites may be caused by stent collapse due to external compression. 2. Stent collapse is poorly visualized byangiography, but readily identified by IVUS
Transforming a response variable for linearity

SUMMARY We consider the problem of choosing a transformation t(y) of a univariate response variable y so that the regression function E{t(y)Jx}is linear in the predictor vector x. Let y be the fitted values from a linear regression of y on x. Given a few simple assumptions, we show that the plot with y on the horizontal axis and 9 on the vertical axis can be used to visualise the needed transformation t(y). A smoother can then be used as an aid to assessing t(y) visually.
The risk for outpatient antibiotic-treated infections following a course of oral corticosteroids among children with asthma.

Short courses of oral corticosteroids are widely used to treat asthma. The objective of this study was to assess if one course of oral corticosteroids increases asthmatic children's risk for infections treated with outpatient antibiotics. Using New York State Medicaid claims data on asthmatic children 2–15 years old, we made cohorts of oral corticosteroid users and nonusers. We determined the percentage of children who filled antibiotic prescriptions in the 30 days after index dates. Index dates were dates oral steroids were started (for steroid users) or matched dates (for nonusers). Odds ratios were adjusted for age, month of index date, and prior antibiotic use. Among children not receiving antibiotics on index dates, antibiotic prescriptions were filled in the next 30 days for 438 (20%) of 2145 steroid nonusers and 130 (19%) of 698 steroid users (p = 0.30); compared to nonusers, steroid users had an adjusted odds ratio of subsequent antibiotic use of 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73–1.15). Amon...
THE QUANTUM EFFICIENCY FOR THE INTERPHOTOCONVERSION OF THE BLUE and PINK FORMS OF PURPLE MEMBRANE

When the cations bound to purple membrane are removed it turns blue, and when this blue membrane is irradiated its color changes to pink. Irradiation of pink membrane leads to the reformation of blue membrane. We have determined that the quantum efficiency for the formation of pink membrane from deionized blue membrane is 1.6 ± 0.6 ± 10 4 at 0oC, pH 5.0. We also found that the quantum efficiency for the back photoconversion, i.e. the formation of blue membrane from pink membrane, is 8.8 ± 1.6 ± 10-3 at 0oC, 55 times greater than that of the forward photoconversion reaction. The extinction coefficients of the pink membrane and blue membrane were determined to be 44 500 ± 670 cm-1 M-1 at 491 nm and 54 760 ± 830 cm-1M-1 at 603 nm, respectively, assuming light-adapted purple membrane is 63 000 cm-1M-1 at 568 nm. The quantum efficiency for forming pink membrane from blue membrane is much lower than that for forming the photointermediate of the blue membrane's photocycle. Their relationship is similar to that of light-adaptation and photocycle of the dark-adapted purple membrane.
Incoherent scatter radar study of photochemistry in the E-region

[1] The ionospheric E-region from 100 km to 150 km is typically regarded as being in photo-chemical equilibrium (PCE) state during daytime. Incoherent scatter radar observations at Arecibo show that PCE is not always valid. During July 31–Aug. 5, 1992, the vertical ion drift was observed to increase by 50 m/s over a ten kilometer altitude range. The large divergence resulting from the steep velocity gradient reduced the electron concentration by 30%, invalidating the generally held PCE. Observations of non-PCE allow us to estimate the chemical loss rate. By assuming that the loss rate does not have a day-to-day variability, the dissociative recombination rate derived from the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) observation is about 1.0 × 10−7 cm3s−1, which is significantly lower than the laboratory rate of NO+, or O2+. The most plausible explanation for the discrepancy is that the relative concentration of O2+ and NO+ changed significantly when non-PCE occurred.
Micromodification of Van Slyke's method of determining the alkali reserve by bicarbonate titration.

Summary Description of a micromodifcation of Van Siyke's method of determining the akali reserve by biearbonate titration. This modified method seems to be practical for routine use. Resume Description d'une micromodification de la m'eathode de van Siyke pour determiner les reserves d'aleali au moyen du titrage par le bicarbonate, qui parait pratiquement utilisable dans le travail de routine Zusammenfassung Beschreibung einer Milromodifikation von van Siykes Methode zur Bestimmung der Alkalireserve durch Bikarbonatitrierung, welche fur Routinarbeit praktisch anwendbar zu sein scheint Resumen Se describe una micromodificion del metodo de van Styke para la determinacion de la reserva de alcali mediante titulacion de bicarbonato. Este metodo modificado es al parecer practice para uso rutinario
Crack development in graphite—epoxy cross-ply laminates under uniaxial tension☆

Abstract When a graphite-epoxy laminate of cross-ply (0/90) lamination is subjected to uniaxial tension, transverse cracks in the 90° ply can be induced at strains as low as 0·3%. These cracks will continue to form in increasing numbers if the applied tension increases. At some late stage of loading, and before the breaking of fibers in the 0° ply, several other matrix-dominant cracking modes may emerge. All seem to be precipitated by the transverse cracks. The late-stage matrix cracks propagate individually in a stable manner, but can coalesce and thus cause disintegration of the laminate. The objective of this paper is to describe analytically the various cracking events in the cross-ply laminates as they occur during the course of loading. The particular laminates considered belong to the [0 2 /90 n ] s , n = 1, 2 and 4 , family. Emphasis is placed on determining why a certain mode of cracking occurs while some other modes do not. Especially for the cracking modes which occur during late-stage loading, an analysis will be made to explain why they are critical to the final strength of the laminate. The analytical results are compared with experiments on laminates made from a graphite-epoxy system.
Attenuation of longitudinal ultrasonic wave near the diffuse phase transition in CdF2

Abstract The attenuation of a longitudinal ultrasonic wave propagating in the [111] direction in CdF 2 is studied as function of temperature from 300K to 1030K. An ultrasonic attenuation peak has been observed for the first time near 983K. This peak is used to define the diffuse transition temperature (T c = 983 K ) in CdF 2 which is well below its melting temperature of 1372K. The Arrhenius activation energy of anion motion above T c was obtained from the temperature dependence of the attenuation and the theory of the dynamics of the coupled crystalline-cage-charged-liquid fluctuations. The elastic constant, C 11 +2 C 12 +4 C 44 ) 3 , measured simulataneously with the ultrasonic attenuation displays a large decrease near 983K in addition to the nearly linear decrease in the elastic constant with temperature.
Folding in vivo of a newly translated yeast cytosolic enzyme is mediated by the SSA class of cytosolic yeast Hsp70 proteins

The nature of chaperone action in the eukaryotic cytosol that assists newly translated cytosolic proteins to reach the native state has remained poorly defined. Actin, tubulin, and Galpha transducin are assisted by the cytosolic chaperonin, CCT, but many other proteins, for example, ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC), a cytosolic homotrimeric enzyme of yeast, do not require CCT action. Here, we observe that yeast cytosolic OTC is assisted to its native state by the SSA class of yeast cytosolic Hsp70 proteins. In vitro, refolding of OTC diluted from denaturant was assisted by crude yeast cytosol and ATP and found to be directed by SSA1/2. In vivo, when OTC was induced in a temperature-sensitive SSA-deficient strain, it exhibited reduced specific activity, and nonnative subunits were detected in the soluble fraction. These findings indicate that, in vivo, the Hsp70 system assists in folding at least some newly translated cytosolic enzymes, most likely functioning in a posttranslational manner.
Iron Complexes for the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen: Tuning Primary and Secondary Coordination Spheres

A series of iron hydride complexes featuring PRNR′PR (PRNR′PR = R2PCH2N(R′)CH2PR2 where R = Ph, R′ = Me; R = Et, R′ = Ph, Bn, Me, tBu) and cyclopentadienide (CpX = C5H4X where X = H, C5F4N) ligands has been synthesized; characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and cyclic voltammetry; and examined by quantum chemistry calculations. Each compound was tested for the electrocatalytic oxidation of H2, and the most active complex, (CpC5F4N)Fe(PEtNMePEt)(H), exhibited a turnover frequency of 8.6 s–1 at 1 atm of H2 with an overpotential of 0.41 V, as measured at the potential at half of the catalytic current and using N-methylpyrrolidine as the exogenous base to remove protons. Control complexes that do not contain pendant amine groups were also prepared and characterized, but no catalysis was observed. The rate-limiting steps during catalysis are identified through combined experimental and computational studies as the intramolecular deprotonation of the FeIII hydride by the pendant amine and the su...
Closed-form expression for 1s-->1s electron-capture amplitude in a second-order Faddeev approximation.

Within a second-order approximation to the Faddeev treatment of the exact transition operator for 1{ital s}{r arrow}1{ital s} electron capture in ion-atom collisions, expressions are derived in terms of {ital F}{sub 4} generalized hypergeometric functions for that part of the full amplitude involving electronic-nuclear potentials only. For totally symmetric collisions, the amplitude is evaluated in terms of {sub 3}F{sub 2} functions. When near-the-energy-shell anomalies of the Coulomb scattering are neglected, the amplitude is seen to reduce to a symmetric impulse-approximation form, and, when the explicit Coulomb nature of the problem is neglected, to a second-order Born approximation form. As a special case, the amplitude is evaluated at the momentum transfer value where the differential cross section exhibits a local maximum---the Thomas peak. The values of the various amplitude norms at the Thomas peak are compared.
An optical study of α-UF5 and β-UF5

Abstract The optical absorption spectra of polycrystalline samples of both α- and β-UF5 have been measured in the range 2700 - 500 nm at 4, 77 and about 293 K using a recording spectrophotometer. It was assumed that the crystal field in both cases was dominated by weak covalent interactions; consevuently crystal-field analyses were developed based on the angular overlap model. Crystal-field parameters consistent with the evperimental data were derived.
Delivery of definitive dose external beam radiation in close proximity to an implanted deep brain stimulator.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an increasingly common treatment for medication-refractory Parkinson disease and essential tremor and has emerging applications for other neurologic and psychiatric conditions.1,2 The DBS system consists of 1 or more electrode leads implanted in the brain, and connected by tunneled wires to an impulse generator implanted in the subcutaneous tissue below the clavicle. The impulse generator contains a battery-powered circuit and is programmed with patientspecific stimulation. The system comes with a handheld programmer that can set stimulation parameters and turn the device on or off. Little evidence is available regarding administration of radiation therapy with a DBS device in close proximity to the target volume. In this report, we present our experience treating a patient with a DBS directly overlying a non-small cell lung tumor.
Federal and State Response to the Gifted and Talented

Federal and state response to the educational needs of gifted students has been intermittent and permissive. The lack of cohesive and comprehensive policies pertaining to identification and programming for these students has created a disparity in services within and across states. Broader education policies, such as those resulting from No Child Left Behind legislation have further directed attention away from the pursuit of cultivating exceptional talent and toward universal minimum proficiency. The purpose of this article is to (a) present the current status of gifted education policy at the federal and state levels, (b) consider the role recent reports might play in raising national awareness of the needs of gifted students, and (c) explore possible ideas for acquiring the support of policymakers in the future.
EXPERIMENTAL INDUCTION OF ESTRUS IN THE DOG1

It has been demonstrated that adrenalectomized and immature female dogs may be brought into estrus with an extract of menopause urine (1, 2). The induced heat was of normal duration, and was apparently followed by a typical metestrum, as indicated by the prolonged survival period after cortical hormone had been withheld. These results compare favorably with those obtained when dogs are adrenalectomized during normal estrus (3), as well as when previously adrenalectomized dogs spontaneously come into estrus (4). Estrus has also been induced in the dog with follicular ovarian hormone (5 to 7). However, Grollman (7) found that adrenalectomized dogs following estrus induced with theelin failed to exhibit a prolonged life span, and he concluded that the induced cycle failed in some respect to duplicate all the physiological changes of normal estrus.
Revisiting niacin: reviewing the evidence

Abstract Atherogenic dyslipidemia, defined by a cluster of lipoprotein abnormalities, including low high−density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and elevated serum triglycerides, represents an important potential target for reducing cardiovascular risk. This has paved the way for revisiting niacin as a therapy in preventing progression of atherosclerosis. Niacin remains the safest and most effective agent for raising HDL-C and is a logical choice to target atherogenic dyslipidemia. While the clinical efficacy of niacin has been known for many years, it is only with development of newer formulations, which have lower side-effect profiles and improved compliance, that the potential for this agent been fully realized. In this review, we will examine some of the reasons that niacin can have important implications for reducing progression of atherosclerosis. We will first examine the different formulations and their variability, not only in side-effect profiles, but also in clinical efficacy. We will then consider the theoretical evidence for the benefit of HDL-raising produced by niacin on atherosclerotic progression. Finally, we will review clinical data suggesting the benefit of niacin on cardiovascular outcomes.
Gas chromatographic analysis of theophylline in human serum.

Abstract A method is presented for the analysis of theophylline in human serum. The method is specific with no interference from theophylline metabolites, ephedrine, hydrocortisone, or caffeine and their metabolites. It is sensitive to approximately 1 μg/ml and analyses over the range of 5–11 μg/ml were found to have an average relative error of 7.5%.
Degenerate Germanium. I. Tunnel, Excess, and Thermal Current in Tunnel Diodes

The conduction processes in germanium tunnel diodes under forward bias are studied experimentally and compared with existing theories. Conductance is measured on an assortment of diodes with regrown $p\ensuremath{-}n$ junctions, doped with known amounts of arsenic and gallium, in the temperature range 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Capacitance is measured as a function of voltage at room temperature. The studies deal in particular with the temperature and composition dependence of the thermal current, of the peak tunnel current and peak voltage, and of the exponential component of the excess current. The thermal current varies as $\mathrm{exp}(\frac{\mathrm{eV}}{\mathrm{kT}})$. At low temperature the potential barrier controlling it has an unexpected independence of the doping, a fact not easily understood in terms of minority carrier injection. At 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K injection does occur as shown by the capacitance measurements. The peak tunnel current and voltage are found to agree quantitatively with Kane's theory of direct band-to-band tunneling for all tunnel junctions, covering a doping range from 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{18}$ to 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{20}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. The change of peak current with temperature is correlated with the variation of band-gap and Fermi level position. The excess current, which in some diodes has an exponential increase with bias for over half the band-gap voltage, is shown to be closely related to the peak current, in agreement with theory.
Cellular spacings—I. Steady-state growth

Directional solidification studies were carried out in the succinonitrile-acetone and pivalic acid-ethanol systems in order to study the variation in average cellular spacing with velocity. Three distinct behaviors were observed under steady-state growth conditions. For velocities near the critical velocity for planar interface instability, cellular spacing decreased with an increase in velocity. However, at velocities near the cell-dendrite transition the cell spacing increased sharply. Beyond this transition region, the cell or dendrite spacing decreased with further increases in velocity. These experimental observations have been explained by using the current theoretical models of cell-dendrite growth. In addition, a finite band of velocities was identified in which both cellular and dendritic structures were found to be stable. A hysteresis effect was observed in the cell-dendrite transition indicating that the cell-dendrite bifurcation is subcritical.
Disruption of Fibronectin Binding to the α5β1 Integrin Stimulates the Expression of Cyclin-dependent Kinases and DNA Synthesis through Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase

The α5α1 integrin, a fibronectin receptor, has been implicated in the control of cell growth and the regulation of gene expression. We report that disruption of ligation between α5α1 and fibronectin by integrin α5 subunit or fibronectin monoclonal antibodies stimulated DNA synthesis in growth-arrested FET human colon carcinoma cells. This stimulation only occurred when monoclonal antibody was added in the early G1 phase of the cell cycle after release from quiescence by fresh medium. Stimulation of DNA synthesis by α5 or fibronectin antibody was concentration- and time-dependent. FET cells expressed α4β1 integrin (another fibronectin receptor); however, addition of anti-human integrin α4monoclonal antibody had no effect on DNA synthesis. Treatment with α5 monoclonal antibody led to a marked increase in the expression of CDK4 in G1 phase of the cell cycle and consequently increased the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. α5 monoclonal antibody treatment increased both cyclin A- and cyclin E-associated kinase activity which was accompanied by increased protein levels of CDK2 and cyclin A. Western blotting of immunoprecipitates demonstrated increased CDK2-cyclin E and CDK2-cyclin A complexes in cells treated with α5 monoclonal antibody. Furthermore, disruption of α5α1/fibronectin ligation activated mitogen-activated protein kinase p44 and p42 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2). Pretreatment of the cells with a specific inhibitor of MEK-1, PD98059, blocked the α5 monoclonal antibody-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. In addition PD98059 prevented α5monoclonal antibody-induced DNA synthesis. Since α5α1 ligation to fibronectin is associated with decreased growth parameters, our results indicate that ligation of α5α1 integrin to fibronectin results in suppressed mitogen-activated protein kinase activity which in turn inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase activity in growth-arrested cells.
Testing the count rate performance of the scintillation camera by exponential attenuation: decaying source; multiple filters.

An algorithm and two fortran programs have been developed to evaluate the count rate performance of scintillation cameras from count rates reduced exponentially, either by a decaying source or by filtration. The first method is used with short‐lived radionuclides such as 191m Ir or 191m Au. The second implements a National Electrical Manufacturers’ Association (NEMA) protocol in which the count rate from a source of 191m Tc is attenuated by a varying number of copper filters stacked over it. The count rate at each data point is corrected for deadtime loss after assigning an arbitrary deadtime (τ). A second‐order polynomial equation is fitted to the logarithms of net count rate values: ln(R)=A+B T+C T 2 where R is the net corrected count rate (cps), and T is the elapsed time (or the filter thickness in the NEMA method). Depending on C, τ is incremented or decremented iteratively, and the count rate corrections and curve fittings are repeated until C approaches zero, indicating a correct value of the deadtime (τ). The program then plots the measured count rate versus the corrected count rate values.
A computer science curriculum at IBM Boulder

In 1976 a college level, computer science curriculum consisting of 14 courses was offered at IBM Boulder. The courses ranged from introductory courses in information processing to an advanced course in integrated computer systems. This article describes that curriculum in detail.
Semiclassical theory of localized many-anyon states.

We study the bound-state spectrum of many particles obeying fractional statistics (anyons) in a two-dimensional system in the presence of an external potential and a large magnetic field B. As a function of B, there occur periodic recurrences of quantized states at fixed energy. For fixed particle number, the period is determined by the fractional charge, while at fixed chemical potential, the fractional charge is masked by the fractional statistics. We discuss the relevance of these results to recent experiments in quantum Hall devices, and we propose a simple extension of these experiments which could measure the fractional statistics.
Os(H)2NO(PiPr3)2+: Mechanism and Energetics of a Room Temperature Reversible Ethyl/Hydridoethylene Equilibrium and Contrasting Double Insertion of Acetylene

cis,trans-Os(H)2(NO)L2+ (L = PiPr3) rapidly adds ethylene to give an η2-ethylene complex with C2H4 trans to one hydride and cis to the other. One hydride and the four ethylene protons are exchangin...
Minority Entrepreneurs: More Likely to Try, But Less Likely to Succeed?

The article describes a comparison of the success of black and white entrepreneurs. The author cites research by Philipp Kollinger of the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin) and Maria Minniti of Babson College. The reseachers found that black entrepreneurs are more likely to attempt a new business but less likely to succeed than their white counterparts—regardless of demographic or socio-economic characteristics or industry. Findings suggest that part of the gap is related to perceptual differences: Black entrepreneurs are more optimistic and so more willing to undertake a new business. Kollinger and Minniti posit that black under-representation among established entrepreneurs is related to external conditions, such as availability of financing.
The Comparative Availability of Fresh and Frozen Fryers in Grocery Stores in Three Counties in Idaho

Abstract CONSUMPTION of poultry meat has been increasing at a phenomenal rate in recent years. Since 1948 the annual per capita consumption of chicken has increased from less than 20 to over 28 pounds. During this same period the yearly production of fryers has increased from 370 million to nearly 1.8 billion in 1959. This indicates that all or most of the increase has been due to increased consumption of fryers. Factors which have undoubtedly contributed to this increase in consumption include a wider availability of fresh fryers throughout the year and a continual reduction in the retail price. Information concerning the availability of fresh and frozen fryers is of interest to producers as an indication of where and how their product is being merchandised. It may also acquaint consumers with the various forms in which frying chicken is available. The information is likewise useful to processors and retailers since poultry …
The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terrorism

The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terrorism. By Michael Ignatieff. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. 160p. 16.95 paper.While Michael Ignatieff was no doubt motivated to write this book by the civil and human rights abuses justified by the Patriot Act and the treatment of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib, the framing question of it is decidedly more abstract: How can liberal democracies defend themselves against terrorism without violating their most sacred principles? The book is to be commended for the forthright way it confronts the uncomfortable moral dilemmas posed by democracy's encounter with terrorism, but Ignatieff is less successful in his attempt to articulate a coherent “lesser evil” approach to these encounters. More disconcerting, however, is the way the formal qualities of his argument potentially silence the kind of self-reflection and historical scrutiny that ought also to play a vital role in any democratic state's—much less a superpower's—response to terrorism.
Renal insufficiency in Williams syndrome

A 19-year-old patient with Williams syndrome and renal cystic dysplasia is presented. This young man has had gradual deterioration of renal function and recurrent, acute episodes of dehydration secondary to a concentrating defect. A review revealed several reports of renal dysfunction in patients with Williams syndrome, but this complication has not been sufficiently emphasized. We recommend that all patients with Williams syndrome undergo periodic ultrasound examination and renal function evaluation.
Workload Mode Identification for Chip Heterogeneous Multiprocessors

With the potential for tens to hundreds of processing elements on future single chip multicore designs also comes the potential to execute a wider variety of input streams, or workloads. At the same time, the trend is for single users to utilize an entire single chip multicore computer. A central challenge for these computers is how to model and identify persistent changes in the input stream, or workload modes. Computer architects often model single program phases as Markov chains. We define workload modes and analyze and evaluate two modeling techniques, a Workload Classification Model (WCM) and a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). We include experimentation on a cell phone example, illustrating how WCM is, on average, 34 times more time efficient and 83% more space efficient than HMM, while improving overall performance by an average of 191% and being, on average, 56% more energy efficient. We found that even sub-optimal use of WCM can outperform HMM, further supporting the need for design time workload models. Our main contribution is to show how the design of single user multicore architecture to models of workloads that arise from single user usage patterns will be necessary as the complexity of applications and architectures grows. Thus, we advocate Workload Specific Processors as a new means of orienting single-user chip heterogeneous multiprocessors.
A Newer, Truer, and More Moral Realism?

Fire on the Rim: The Cultural Dynamics of East/West Power Politics. By William H. Thornton. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. 240 pp., $72.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-7425-1706-3), $26.95 paper (ISBN: 0-7425-1707-1). William H. Thornton's Fire on the Rim: The Cultural Dynamics of East/West Power Politics is a sustained, eloquent, and combative critique of realism, neorealism, reactionary modernization, and neoliberal globalization. It is also a bold effort to construct a framework of moral realism through the systematic incorporation of culture into international relations theory. Thornton's new moral geopolitics represents a cultural realism of the Left (p. 22), but more than anything else, Fire on the Rim convincingly demonstrates that it is quite possible to theorize about global politics from places other than Europe and North America. Fire on the Rim will no doubt make its mark on the debates about cultural and civilizational conflicts that are bound to increase and deepen as globalization continues. In the first chapter Thornton sets the stage for his in-depth analysis of Asian countries with a general critique of the theories and models used to understand the dynamics of Asia's integration into a global system dominated by Western values and ideas. He derides the sterility of the idealist–realist debates in international relations theory, but follows up with attacks on postmodernism and postcolonialism as well. Postmodernism is criticized for its alleged antipolitics; postcolonialism for its anti-Westernism and supposed fetish for difference. Asian theories and models also come under Thornton's scrutiny. The Chinese model of development, namely authoritarian developmentalism, is the subject of a spirited critique; but Taiwan and Korea are highly praised for balancing development and democracy. In Thornton's view, Japan falls somewhere in between. The South Korean political-economic model is painted as radical (unlike Singapore's growth-first strategy), but also as the one approach that might lead other Asian countries to prosperity combined with …
A highly sensitive extraction-photometric method for nickel with dithizone and phenanthroline.

Abstract Addition of phenanthroline to nickel dithizonate in chloroform results in a mixed ligand complex, NiDz 2 phen, the high molar absorptivity of which (49.1 × 10 3 ) results in a colorimetric estimation of nickel that is significantly more sensitive than any other method.
Hypercholesterolemia potentiates aortic endothelial response to inhaled diesel exhaust.

Background: Inhalation of diesel exhaust induces vascular effects including impaired endothelial function and increased atherosclerosis.Objective: To examine the in vivo effects of subchronic diesel exhaust exposure on endothelial cell transcriptional responses in the presence of hypercholesterolemia.Methods: ApoE (−/−) and ApoE (+/+) mice inhaled diesel exhaust diluted to particulate matter levels of 300 or 1000 μg/m3 vs. filtered air. After 30 days, endothelial cells were harvested from dispersed aortic cells by fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS). Relative mRNA abundance was evaluated by microarray analysis to measure strain-specific transcriptional responses in mice exposed to dilute diesel exhaust vs. filtered air.Results: Forty-nine transcripts were significantly dysregulated by >2.8-fold in the endothelium of ApoE (−/−) mice receiving diesel exhaust at 300 or 1000 μg/m3. These included transcripts with roles in plasminogen activation, endothelial permeability, inflammation, genomic stability,...
Doublethinking or Dialectical Thinking: A Critical Appreciation of Hoffman's “Doublethinking” Critique

Irwin Z. Hoffman's (2009) “Doublethinking our way to ‘scientific’ legitimacy” is an important and thought-provoking paper that tends to evoke passionate and polarized responses. Important threads running throughout his paper include the pitting of objectivist against constructivist perspectives and a concern that the objectivist epistemology underlying most systematic empirical research endangers important psychoanalytic values. In this paper I underscore and elaborate on the importance of certain aspects of Hoffman's paper, while at the same time arguing for a less polarized perspective, by appealing to contemporary developments in the philosophy of science that seek a middle ground between objectivism and constructivism. This middle ground recognizes that science has an irreducibly social, hermeneutic, and political character, and that data are only one element in an ongoing conversation between members of a scientific community. I also argue that the rules and standards of practice are worked out and m...
Ultrasound assessment of left ventricular function following aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafting.

Three serial determinations of left ventricular function were performed by echocardiographic techniques in ten patients undergoing aortocoronary saphenous vein grafting for occlusive coronary artery disease. There were significant increases in maximum posterior wall velocity, mean posterior wall velocity, amplitude of left ventricular wall excursion, and ejection fraction when the preoperative values were compared with those obtained one week and six weeks after surgery. Improvements in these indices seemed independent of heart rate and blood pressure and, therefore, probably reflected an improvement in ventricular function attributable to surgery. These data, of course, must be interpreted with care in patients with coronary artery disease who may have asynchronous ventricular contraction. The findings in this paper support previously reported data showing enhancement of ventricular function following aortocoronary saphenous vein grafting and provide a means for the serial evaluation of large numbers of patients by noninvasive techniques.
Dynamics of Amyloid Beta-Peptide (21-30) and its Iowa Mutation under Confinement and Crowding: A Molecular Dynamics Study

We present long time all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the wild type (WT) and Iowa mutation of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) fragment (21-30) under confinement and crowding. To study the effects of confinement, we model the protein and solvent system to be confined inside spherical pores of varying sizes (12-24A) composed of both, hydrophilic and hydrophobic walls. We discuss the dynamics of folding, and mechanisms of unfolding from a preformed β-hairpin under both confinement types by varying the size of the confined pore. Simulation results show that the dynamics of the WT and Iowa Aβ(21-30) in confinement (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) exhibit considerable variations from the corresponding bulk simulations. Also, the unfolding of preformed β-hairpin structures follow different mechanisms based on the pore type and closeness to the confined wall. These differences in mechanism are also reflected in the lifetimes of the preformed β-hairpin structures. We present effects of crowded environments on the dynamics of the WT Aβ(21-30) by modeling the crowders as C70 and C60(OH)20 spherical fullerenes in explicit solvent. Results and detailed comparisons between the two systems will be presented.
The Kapitza resistance to a variety of metallic surfaces below 0.3 K

The Kapitza resistance has been measured between liquid or solid 3 He or 4 He and surfaces of Mg, Cu, W, and Au in the temperature range 0.03–0.3 K. The experimental data are in relatively good agreement with the acoustic mismatch theory modified so as to include phonon attenuation in the metal. Below ∼0.1 K the Kapitza resistance of liquid 3 He is often reduced relative to that of liquid 4 He, suggesting the presence of an enhanced thermal conduction between liquid 3 He and metals as has been observed in other laboratories.
Turbidites from giant Hawaiian landslides: Results from Ocean Drilling Program Site 842

Pliocene to Pleistocene volcanic sand turbidites recovered 320 km west of the island of Hawaii at Ocean Drilling Program Site 842 contain fragments off fresh, weakly vesicular glass and tests of Pleistocene and Eocene radiolarians. This sand is probably related to turbidity currents generated from debris avalanches produced by giant landslides on the flanks of the Hawaiian Islands. On their way to Site 842, the currents flowed over the ∼m-bigh Ha-waiian Arch, indicating that the turbidity currents were at least 325 m thick. Similar sand has been reported 930 km south of the islands. Thus, Hawaiian giant landslides play a significant role in central Pacific deep-sea sedimentary processes.
Generation of unidirectionally propagated action potentials in a peripheral nerve by brief stimuli

Single, unidirectionally propagated action potentials can be elicited in peripheral nerves by electrical stimuli of short duration. Propagation in one direction is blocked anodically by means of a quasi-trapezoidal stimulus wave form and a modified tripolar electrode configuration. Propagation in the other direction proceeds unhindered. This technique may be applicable to collision blocking of motor nerves for neural prostheses.
Stabilization of 3:1 Site-Differentiated Cubane-Type Clusters in the [Fe4S4]1+ Core Oxidation State by Tertiary Phosphine Ligation: Synthesis, Core Structural Diversity, and S = 1/2 Ground States

An extensive series of 3:1 site-differentiated cubane-type clusters [Fe4S4(PPri3)3L] (L = Cl−, Br−, I−, RO−, RS−, RSe−) has been prepared in 40−80% yield by two methods: ligand substitution of [Fe4S4(PPri3)4]1+ in tetrahydrofuran (THF)/acetonitrile by reaction with monoanions, and reductive cleavage of ligand substrates (RSSR, RSeSeR, I2) by the all-ferrous clusters [Fe8S8(PPri3)6]/[Fe16S16(PPri3)8] in THF. These neutral clusters are stable and do not undergo ligand redistribution reactions involving charged species in benzene and THF solutions. X-ray structural studies confirm the cubane stereochemistry but with substantial and variable distortions of the [Fe4S4]1+ core from idealized cubic core geometry. Based on Fe−S bond lengths, seven clusters were found to have compressed tetragonal distortions (4 short and 8 long bonds), and the remaining seven display other types of distortions with different combinations of long, short, and intermediate bond lengths. These results further emphasize the facile def...
Issues in detecting abuse of xenobiotic anabolic steroids and testosterone by analysis of athletes’ urine

Over the last decade the number of laboratories accredited by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has grown to 25. Nearly half of the ∼90 000 samples tested annually are collected on short notice—the most effective means to deter the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). The major urinary metabolites of AAS have been characterized and are identified by their chromatographic retention times and full or partial mass spectra. The process of determining if an athlete has used testosterone (T) begins with finding a T to epitestosterone (E) ratio >6 and continues with a review of the T/E–time profile. For the user who discontinues taking T, the T/E reverts to baseline (typically ∼ 1.0). For the extremely rare athlete with a naturally increased T/E ratio, the T/E remains chronically increased. Short-acting formulations of T transiently increase T/E, and E administration lowers it. Among ancillary tests to help discriminate between naturally increased T/E values and those reflecting T use, the most promising is determination of the carbon isotope ratio.
Game formulation of multiteam target assignment and suppression mission

Formulating control commands for decision makers in an extended complex mission that involves adversarial behavior has recently received significant attention. Missions of this type are typically modeled by a nonlinear discrete time dynamic system. The state is controlled by two decision makers, each with a different objective function and hierarchy of decision-making structure. To illustrate such a mission, we derive a state space dynamic model of an extended complex military operation that involves two opposing forces engaged in a battle. The model assumes a number of fixed targets that one force is attacking and the other is defending. Due to the number of control commands, the options for each force, and the steps during which the two forces could be engaged, the optimal solution for such a complicated dynamic game over all stages is computationally extremely difficult, if not impossible, to prove. As an alternative, we propose an expeditious suboptimal solution for this type of adversarial engagement. We discuss a solution approach where the decisions are decomposed hierarchically, and the task allocation is separated from cooperation decisions. This novel decoupled solution, although suboptimal in the global sense, is useful when decisions should be taken swiftly in the presence of adversaries. Some example scenarios illustrating this military model and our solution approach are presented.