cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inert gas jets for growth control in electron beam induced deposition

An inert, precursor free, argon jet is used to control the growth rate of electron beam induced deposition. Adjustment of the jet kinetic energy/inlet temperature can selectively increase surface diffusion to greatly enhance the deposition rate or deplete the surface precursor due to impact-stimulated desorption to minimize the deposition or completely clean the surface. Physical mechanisms for this process are described. While the electron beam is also observed to generate plasma upon interaction with an argon jet, our results indicate that plasma does not substantially contribute to the enhanced deposition rate.
Improved reading comprehension: Making the regular education initiative work in secondary settings

The Regular Education Initiative, which calls for the abandoning or radical restructuring of special education has triggered the most intense and controversial debate in the professional literature at the present. This article provides a brief overview of instructional approaches for improving reading comprehension as a means of keeping mildly handicapped students in their regular classroom setting or of reintegrating those placed in separate programs. The authors suggest that an integrated system is not only desirable but possible.
Modified Locked-Oscillator Frequency Dividers

A simple locked-oscillator frequency divider is described. The circuit, which consists of an LC oscillator modified to facilitate locking, is capable of operating over a 7-to-1 plate-supply-voltage range when dividing by a factor of 30.
Water and Moisture Uptake by Plasma Polymerized Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Films

Water and moisture uptake characteristics of plasma polymerized N-isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAAm) hydrogel films, deposited under different reactor process conditions, have been studied using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Trends in frequency and dissipation values during water/moisture sorption studies indicated that the pNIPAAm thin films were thermoresponsive. Deposition at higher substrate temperatures and lower reactor pressures, where electron and ion temperatures are high, yielded films with relatively high moisture uptake capacity under ambient humidity conditions. In contrast, pNIPAAm films deposited at lower substrate temperatures and higher pressures, where cross-link densities are reduced, showed relatively low moisture uptake. These results are consistent with the hydrogen-bonding characteristics of the pNIPAAm films.
Experimental evaluation of a MEMS inertial measurements unit for Doppler navigation of underwater vehicles

This paper reports the results of an in-water laboratory experimental evaluation of the attitude estimation accuracy of a low-cost micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) attitude and heading reference system (AHRS), and the effect of the accuracy of this sensor on Doppler-based underwater navigation. We report a comparative analysis of Doppler navigation obtained employing MEMS AHRS in comparison to Doppler navigation obtained with a high-accuracy inertial navigation system (INS) including a true-North-seeking gyrocompass and high precision accelerometers. The data indicate that Doppler navigation performance with MEMS AHRS is sensitive to instrument calibration including Doppler/AHRS alignment calibration, calibration of AHRS magnetometers for hard-iron & soft-iron errors, and calibration of AHRS angular rate sensors. When carefully calibrated, MEMS AHRS Doppler navigation error is shown to be within an order-of-magnitude of that obtained with high-end INS for the conditions and vehicle trajectories studied. The goal of this evaluation is to quantify Doppler navigation performance using MEMS AHRS. These results may be useful in the development of lower-cost Doppler navigation systems for small and low-cost underwater vehicles.
An alternative model for the anorthositic and associated rocks of the Nain massif, Labrador

Abstract The two rock series identified in the Naim massif by de Waard & Wheeler ( Lithos 4 , 1971) differ fundamentally in their silica saturation and potassium content. It is suggested that the two series instead of having a single parent magma, may represent two parents, one essentially low-K, high-alumina basalt with FeO:MgO near 1, and the other essentially andesitic. The apparent continuity of trends between the two rock series may be fortuitous in that the basic differentiates of the more acid magma show mineralogical and chemical trends toward the critically undersaturated suite because of their common P-T environment of crystallization.
Isomer ratio measurements for the reaction 29Si(18O, p2n)44m, 44gSc☆

Abstract Isomer ratios for the reaction 29 Si( 18 O, p2n) 44g Sc, 44g Sc have been deduced from activity measurements for projectile energies between 30 and 99 MeV. Statistical model calculations show that the isomer ratio dependence on projectile energy up to about 80 MeV can be adequately described by assuming a fixed ratio of quadrupole to dipole γ-ray strengths. Such a ratio of E2/E1 strengths agrees with corresponding values deduced from the literature. The values of the γ-ray strength ratios needed to fit the experimental isomer ratios are extremely sensitive to the relative amounts of quadrupole γ-ray admixture and to the presence of discrete levels other than those which conform to the yrast line.
HIV Prevalence and Awareness of Positive Serostatus Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women in Bogotá, Colombia

Objectives. We estimated HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women in Bogota, Colombia, and explored differences between HIV-positive individuals who are aware and unaware of their serostatus.Methods. In this cross-sectional 2011 study, we used respondent-driven sampling (RDS) to recruit 1000 MSM and transgender women, who completed a computerized questionnaire and received an HIV test.Results. The RDS-adjusted prevalence was 12.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.7, 15.8), comparable to a previous RDS-derived estimate. Among HIV-positive participants, 39.7% (95% CI = 25.0, 54.8) were aware of their serostatus and 60.3% (95% CI = 45.2, 75.5) were unaware before this study. HIV-positive–unaware individuals were more likely to report inadequate insurance coverage, exchange sex (i.e., sexual intercourse in exchange for money, goods, or services), and substance use than other participants. HIV-positive–aware participants were least likely to have had condomless anal intercour...
A potential bias in coral reconstruction of sea surface temperature

[1] Isotopic measurements in corals are used to reconstruct past sea surface temperature. These reconstructions are based on calibration regression analyses using paired measurements of modern isotopic composition and sea surface temperature. It is shown that error in these measurements of sea surface temperature can lead to substantial bias in reconstruction. Provided the variance of the measurement error is known or can be estimated, a simple correction can eliminate this bias.
Histamine provocation of clinical coronary artery spasm: Implications concerning pathogenesis of variant angina pectoris

Twelve patients with nonexertional chest pain and nonobstructive fixed coronary disease (less than 50% luminal diameter narrowing) were given histamine to investigate the potential role (coronary artery H1 receptor agonism) of the endogenous agent in producing coronary artery spasm (CAS). Histamine, at intravenous dose of 0.5 to 1.0 microgram/kg/min, provoked CAS in four patients. In six patients neither histamine nor ergonovine provoked spasm, and these patients were considered by chronic follow-up evaluation to have noncardiac etiology for their chest pain syndrome. In one patient CAS was provoked with ergonovine but not by histamine, and one ergonovine-positive patient had an equivocally positive histamine result. Pretreatment with cimetidine (H2 receptor antagonism) was necessary to avoid unpleasant side effects of histamine. Thus these observations indicate that histamine should be included among the specific agents capable of inducing CAS and provide new insight concerning the mechanism(s) causing variant angina pectoris.
Environmental approaches and prevention: The dangers of imprecision

This paper urges environmental psychologists to adopt an “empiricist stance” as they focus their field's expertise on issues related to prevention in mental health. Criteria for such a stance are p...
Status of turbulence modeling for hypersonic propulsion flowpaths

This report provides an assessment of current turbulent flow calculation methods for hypersonic propulsion flowpaths, particularly the scramjet engine. Emphasis is placed on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) methods, but some discussion of newer methods such as large eddy simulation (LES) is also provided. The report is organized by considering technical issues throughout the scramjet-powered vehicle flowpath, including laminar-to-turbulent boundary layer transition, shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions, scalar transport modeling (specifically the significance of turbulent Prandtl and Schmidt numbers), and compressible mixing. Unit problems are primarily used to conduct the assessment. In the combustor, results from calculations of a direct connect supersonic combustion experiment are also used to address the effects of turbulence model selection and in particular settings for the turbulent Prandtl and Schmidt numbers. It is concluded that RANS turbulence modeling shortfalls are still a major limitation to the accuracy of hypersonic propulsion simulations, whether considering individual components or an overall system. Newer methods such as LES-based techniques may be promising, but are not yet at a maturity to be used routinely by the hypersonic propulsion community. The need for fundamental experiments to provide data for turbulence model development and validation is discussed.
Changing Communities, Community Satisfaction, and Quality of Life: A View of Multiple Perceived Indicators

The relationship between a community’s services and conditions, satisfaction, and overall quality of life were examined in this study. As these relationships respond to specific contextual and cultural settings, qualitative methods were used to account for their complexity and depth. Key informant interviews were conducted in two rural communities experiencing changes in their living conditions as they shifted to a tourism-driven economy. The study allowed a better understanding of how residents contextualized the abovementioned relationships. Findings suggest the need to account for pre-existing social arrangements, and current community interactional and organizational conditions to better understand resident’s perceived living conditions, community satisfaction and quality of life.
Amitraz-induced delay of gastrointestinal transit in mice: Mediated by α2-adrenergic receptors

Subcutaneous injection of amitraz (0.3–3.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent delay of gastrointestinal transit in conscious mice. This effect of amitraz was antagonized by α2-adrenergic blocking agents, e.g., yohimbine, piperoxan, and tolazoline. Other adrenergic antagonists without α2-blocking activity (thymoxamine, prazosin, phenoxybenzamine, and propranolol) did not reduce the depressant effect of amitraz on gastrointestinal transit at the dosages studied. Furthermore, this effect of amitraz was not altered by a dopaminergic antagonist (haloperidol), a serotonergic antagonist (methysergide), a histamine H1-antagonist (chlorpheniramine), a histamine H2-antagonist (cimetidine), cholinergic antagonists (atropine and hexamethonium), a GABAergic antagonist (bicuculline), and an opioid antagonist (naloxone). Pretreatment of mice with 6-hydroxydopamine failed to antagonize the effect of amitraz. These results suggest that amitraz-induced delay of gastrointestinal transit is mediated by postjunctional α2-adrenergic receptors and appears not to involve the activation of β-adrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, histaminergic, cholinergic, GABAergic, or opioid receptors.
Effects of enrichment and housing on cortisol response in juvenile rhesus monkeys

Young rhesus monkeys exposed to conditions of social restriction are subject to stress. The physiological indicator, plasma cortisol, can be used to measure this stress. A technique using dexamethasone suppression-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge was used to determine whether inanimate enrichment and social housing condition affected plasma cortisol levels in juvenile rhesus monkeys. Cortisol levels in two cohorts of monkeys (N = 64) were determined first while monkeys were caged singly and then while caged in pairs. Both control and enriched subjects received the dexamethasone suppression-ACTH challenge procedure and, for each cohort, cortisol samples were obtained after 10 and 12 months of single-caging and subsequently after 2 and 4 months of pair-housing. Compared with controls, experimental subjects receiving inanimate environmental enrichment did not show lower levels of plasma cortisol. Although environmental enrichment may lead to behavioural improvements, it did not affect adrenal function in this study. Social housing condition (single vs. pair) also did not affect cortisol. Monkeys in most conditions responded appropriately to the dexamethasone suppression-ACTH challenge, indicating that levels of stress were not extreme. There were a number of significant interaction effects that were due to an atypical set of results for one of the control groups in one of the singly housed test sessions. Monkeys that spent their year of single-caging in indoor rooms showed higher activations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system than did monkeys that spent their year of single-caging in outdoor buildings. This suggests that aspects of the environment outside of the cage (conspecific activity, environmental variation, etc.) may influence plasma cortisol. This is surprising, considering that inanimate and social enhancements within the cage had little effect.
Genetic interaction between the unstable v-Ha-RAS transgene (Tg.AC) and the murine Werner syndrome gene: Transgene instability and tumorigenesis

Tg.AC transgenic mice provide a sensitive assay for oncogenic agents and a convenient alternative to the two-stage initiation/promoter model of skin tumorigenesis. Although extensively used, this model has remained in part an enigma since mice that carry the Tg.AC transgene (consisting of v-Ha-Ras driven by an embryonic ζ-globin promoter) would not ordinarily be expected to develop skin and other adult tumors. Cloning and characterizing the inserted transgene has provided an insight into the Tg.AC phenotype. We find that the transgene is inserted into a Line-1 element in such a way as to create extended inverted repeats consisting of both transgene and Line-1 sequences. Such structures would be expected to contribute to the instability of the Tg.AC locus and we suggest that this instability is critical to the Tg.AC phenotype. Further, we strengthen this notion by introducing an inactivating mutation in the murine Wrn gene (a gene important in maintenance of genome stability) and showing that bigenic Tg.AC/WrnΔhel/Δhel mice experience an eightfold increase in inactivating germline mutations at the Tg.AC locus. Similarly, Tg.AC/WrnΔhel/Δhel mice that retain an intact and thus active Tg.AC locus experience a sharp increase in papillomas as compared to Tg.AC/Wrn+/+ mice. This work demonstrates a genetic interaction between the instability of the multicopy transgene and the Werner Syndrome gene. From this, we conclude that genetic instability remains a key element in this tumor promoter model.
Research highlights: micro-engineered therapies

Lab on a chip systems have often focused on diagnostic, chemical, and cell analysis applications, however, more recently the scale and/or precision of micro-engineered systems has been applied in developing new therapies. In this issue we highlight recent work using microfluidic and micro-engineered systems in therapeutic applications. We discuss two approaches that use microfluidic precision to address challenges in filtering blood – to both remove unwanted pathogens and toxins and isolate rare cells of interest that have therapeutic potential. In both cases chemically-modified surfaces, a bioengineered mannose binding lectin on magnetic particles and antibody-functionalized reversibly degradable alginate film, provide the functionality to remove (or isolate) target cells of interest. The third paper we highlight generates microscale gels as protective niches for cell-based therapies. Importantly, the microgels are designed to have controlled porosity but also mechanical rigidity to protect housed therapeutic cells, like mesenchymal stem cells. We expect continued progress in micro- & nano-enabled therapies facilitated by the fabrication of new microstructured materials, precise separations, and closed-loop sensing and drug delivery.
Enhancement by nitrite of peroxide-induced degradation of uric acid and 3-N-ribosyluric acid

Abstract The oxidation of uric acid and 3-N-ribosyluric acid by hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin was stimulated by the addition of sodium nitrite, which alone has no effect on the urates. The urates were not oxidized by either hydrogen peroxide alone or hydrogen peroxide and sodium nitrite unless methemoglobin was present. t-Butyl hydroperoxide also oxidized the urates in the presence of methemoglobin, but the reaction was not stimulated by sodium nitrite. The addition of either sodium azide or potassium cyanide reduced the rate of the reaction with either hydrogen peroxide or t-butyl hydroperoxide both in the presence and absence of sodium nitrite. Possible explanations for the stimulation by nitrite of peroxide-induced degradation of urates are presented.
Ecological and evolutionary genetics of Arabidopsis

Abstract The crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana has been the subject of intense research into molecular and developmental genetics. One of the consequences of having this wealth of physiological and molecular data available, is that ecologists and evolutionary biologists have begun to incorporate this model system into their studies. Current research on A. thaliana and its close relatives ably illustrates the potential for synergy between mechanistic and organismal biology. On the one hand, mechanistically oriented research can be placed in an historical context, which takes into account the particular phylogenetic history and ecology of these species. This helps us to make sense of redundancies, anomalies and sub-optimalities that would otherwise be difficult to interpret. On the other hand, ecologists and evolutionary biologists now have the opportunity to investigate the physiological and molecular basis for the phenotypic changes they observe. This provides new insight into the mechanisms that influence evolutionary change.
A New Argument for Morality: Machiavelli and the Ancients

Machiavelli is best known for his bold realism, and The Prince is a self-conscious alternative to the moral teachings of Christian and classical thought. The author demonstrates, however, that most...
An experimental approach to determine esocid prey preference in replicated pond systems

Abstract Lepak JM, Fetherman ER, Pate WM, Craft CD, Gardunio EI. 2012. An experimental approach to determine esocid prey preference in replicated pond systems. Lake Reserv Manage. 28: 224–231. Competitive interactions between salmonids and white suckers (Catostomus commersonii) often result in poor salmonid growth, condition, and ultimately angler catch-per-unit-effort. Fisheries managers frequently introduce hybrid northern pike (Esox lucius) and muskellunge (E. masquinongy), known as tiger muskellunge, as biological control agents to reduce the abundance of undesirable species including white suckers, while simultaneously attempting to create viable recreational fisheries with stocked salmonids. In this study, northern pike were used to evaluate esocid prey preference between naive, hatchery-reared rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and wild white suckers. Enclosures containing northern pike were stocked with rainbow trout and white suckers at 2 densities (50:50 and 20:80, respectively) to represent di...
Measures Urged to Cut Short‐Lived Climate Pollutants

To produce significant near-term climate benefits, the Obama administration should take a series of actions under existing authorities to reduce greenhouse gases that have relatively short atmospheric lifetimes of weeks to a few decades, according to a 12 March study by the nonprofit Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES). The report, “Domestic Policies to Reduce the Near-Term Risks of Climate Change,” notes that recent estimates suggest that about 30–40% of warming experienced to date can be attributed to these short-lived pollutants, which include black carbon, methane, and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
Lessons from children with specific language impairment

This study was supported by clinical research center grant P0-DC-02748 from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health.
Blurring borders, visualizing connections: Aligning information and visual literacy learning outcomes

Purpose – This paper seeks to offer a rationale and practical suggestions for the integration of visual literacy instruction and information literacy instruction practice and theory.Design/methodology/approach – The paper aligns visual literacy and information literacy competency standards, revealing connections and opportunities for practical integration during library instruction and traditional classroom instruction.Findings – On analysis of 11 visual literacy competencies, three exhibit a strong relationship with the ACRL's Information Literacy Competency Standards.Practical implications – The paper provides guidelines for teaching and learning scenarios that may be used in a library instruction session or as part of a course curriculum.Originality/value – The paper advocates the alignment of visual literacy and information literacy competencies as a method for connecting multiple literacies in information literacy instruction.
The Use of Media to Impact on Legislation

There clearly are a large number of opportunities to use the media to influence legislation and legislative initiatives. There are a number of examples of legislation or laws that now exist as a result of pediatricians using the media effectively. National requirements for child auto restraints, Consumer Product Safety Commission regulations on children's toys, safety caps on medications, bicycle helmet laws, and increasing restrictions on guns can all be traced, in part, to the timely and appropriate use of the media. North Carolina safe gun laws to protect children resulted from pediatricians using some unfortunate and tragic incidents to dramatize the need for gun control. Highlighting the inappropriate care for children in emergency situations in New Jersey contributed to the movement to enact pediatric emergency care guidelines for that state. Finally, the effective use of the media by the AAP has brought a number of serious, child-related issues to the legislative forefront resulting in improved conditions for children. It is not easy, though. To use the media effectively takes persistence, thoughtful attention to developing relationships with the professionals in the media, and careful follow-up. It's important that pediatricians speak out on behalf of children and children's needs. The media, when used properly and knowledgeably, can be a powerful ally and contributor to a better outcome.
Design of volume hologram filters for suppression of daytime sky brightness in artificial satellite detection

We present a design methodology for volume hologram filters (VHFs) with telephoto objectives to improve contrast of solar–illuminated artificial satellites observed with a ground–based optical telescope and camera system operating in daytime. VHFs provide the ability to selectively suppress incoming light based on the range to the source, and are used to suppress the daylight background noise since signal (satellite) and noise (daylight scatterers) are located at different altitudes. We derive the overall signal–to–noise ratio (SNR) enhancement as the system metric, and balance main design parameters over two key performance considerations – daylight attenuation and spectral bandwidth – to optimize the functioning of VHFs. Overall SNR enhancement of 7.5 has been achieved. Usage of multi–pixel cameras can potentially further refine this system.
Chemical relaxation phenomena behind normal shock waves in a dissociated freestream.

The results of a study of the effect of freestream dissociation and vibrational excitation on relaxation phenomena behind normal shock waves in air are presented. Included are shocktube measurements of the relaxation time behind reflected shock waves which were obtained by monitoring the radiative emission time-history at initial driven tube pressures of 0.20 and 0.50 mm Hg and for incident shock speeds from 4.9 to 6.8 mm///sec. These conditions correspond to reflected shock-wave equilibrium temperatures ranging from 7300° to 10,300°K and freestream dissociation levels from 30 to 60%. Numerical calculations of normal shockwave nonequilibrium relaxation phenomena have also been carried out using a coupled vibration-dissociation model including preferential dissociation from excited vibrational levels. From a comparison of these numerical results and the experimental measurements, it has been concluded that the effect of freestream dissociation and vibrational excitation on normal shock-wave relaxation phenomena is small and that the particle relaxation times behind shock waves with identical downstream equilibrium thermodynamic states are approximately the same. The calculated relaxation profiles, obtained over large ranges of pressure, and measured relaxation times are also compared, together with the use of binary scaling, and these results are discussed.
Detecting eye contact using wearable eye-tracking glasses

We describe a system for detecting moments of eye contact between an adult and a child, based on a single pair of gaze-tracking glasses which are worn by the adult. Our method utilizes commercial gaze tracking technology to determine the adult's point of gaze, and combines this with computer vision analysis of video of the child's face to determine their gaze direction. Eye contact is then detected as the event of simultaneous, mutual looking at faces by the dyad. We report encouraging findings from an initial implementation and evaluation of this approach.
Proteinase B is, indeed, not required for chitin synthetase 1 function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Previous genetic evidence led to the conclusion that proteinase B of yeast was not involved in the function of chitin synthetase 1 (Chs1), based on the demonstration of normal septum formation, cell division and chitin deposition in mutants devoid of the proteinase (Zubenko, G.S., Mitchell, A.P., and Jones, E.W. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 2395–2399). Later, however, it was found that the essential enzyme for septum formation is chitin synthetase 2, whereas Chs1 acts as an auxiliary enzyme, whose absence results in daughter cell lysis under acidic conditions (Cabib, E., Sburlati, A., Bowers, B. and Silverman, S.J. (1989) J. Cell Biol. 108, 1665–1672). By using the lytic behavior as a criterion, we have now found that prb1 strains are not defective in Chs1 function. Certain strains contain a recessive suppressor of lysis which could mask the Chs1 defect. However, appropriate crosses and transformation experiments showed that the prb1 mutants do not harbor the suppressor. It may now be concluded with confidence that proteinase B is not required for chitin synthetase 1 function.
Multi-length scale computational derivation of Kevlar® yarn-level material model

The results of an extensive set of molecular-level computational analyses regarding the role of various microstructural/morphological defects on the Kevlar® fiber mechanical properties are used to upgrade the associated yarn-level model of the same material. While carrying out this analysis, the hierarchical multi-scale (atoms/ions—molecular chains—fibrils—fibers—yarn) of the problem was taken into account. To construct various defects, the appropriate open-literature experimental and computational results were used while the concentration of defects was set to the values comparable with their counterparts observed under “prototypical” polymers synthesis and fiber fabrication conditions. Due to the stochastic nature of the defect distributions, their effect on the yarn-level strength and ductility are included in the form of the corresponding two-level Weibull distribution. As far as the material stiffness is concerned, it was assumed that the first-order effect of the defects is to change the mean value of the stiffness parameters and that this effect is of a deterministic character. While upgrading the yarn-level material model for Kevlar® it was recognized that a yarn is an assembly of nearly parallel fibers (often lightly twisted, or tied with wrap-around filaments) with relatively weak lateral coupling.
Pigments of Chaetopterus variopedatus (Polychaeta)

A chemical and histological study has been made of the pigments of the polychaete worm Chaetopterus variopedatus . The conspicuous green colour of the gut in the middle and posterior regions is due to a green pigment hitherto known as ‘chaetopterin’, which is localized in small green spherules in the gut epithelial cells. ‘Chaetopterin’ is a mixture of phaeophorbides a and b , the former predominating. Other pigments found in the gut-wall of the middle region of the worm include the chlorophyll derivatives iso -phaeophorbide d , dioxymesophyllochlorin, copper phaeophorbide chelation compounds, and possibly rhodoporphyrin g 7 carboxylic acid; coproporphyrin III; bile pigment-type compounds turbo-glaucobilin and helioporobilin, and the carotenoids β -carotene and traces of a xanthophyll. The body wall contains β -carotene. A black melanin is present in the black chaetae of setigerous segment IV, and a reddish melanoid pigment in a red stripe at the anterior margin of the head. Pigments present in the faeces include phaeophorbides and β -carotene. The phaeophorbides a and b are derived from chlorophylls a and b in the animal’s food (detritus). The green spherules in vivo are not fluorescent, suggesting that fluorescent, suggesting that the pigment is adsorbed on to some large molecule, possibly a mucopolysaccharide. No evidence was found that the green spherules are symbionts. Since they are such a constant feature of the animals, even during prolonged starvation, they would appear to play some essential biochemical role.
Minimally Invasive Treatment of Pediatric Spinal Deformity

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has been extensively used for the treatment of adult spinal disorders, including degenerative, trauma, and deformity. More recently, MIS techniques have been applied for the treatment of pediatric spine deformity. Several features of the pediatric spine allow for the natural application of MIS techniques. These include its greater inherent flexibility and tendency to form robust fusion. MIS techniques have been used at the top of long constructs to minimize junctional kyphosis, in treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, and for growing rods to minimize spine auto fusion. As in adult patients, these patients sustain less blood loss and shorter hospital stays. However, the surgical procedures are longer with extensive fluoroscopy, particularly in the early stages of the learning curve. Future prospective studies will clarify the true benefits of MIS techniques versus open in the treatment of pediatric spine deformity.
Conjugated oligoelectrolyte electron transport/injection layers for organic optoelectronic devices.

The function of a conjugated oligoelectrolyte (COE) as the electron transport layer (ETL) in polymer light emitting diodes is demonstrated. Current density−luminance−voltage characteristics demonstrate that insertion of the COE adjacent to an Al electrode yields higher device efficiencies than those obtained using the low work function cathode Ba. Furthermore, the temporal response of the electroluminescence is faster than that observed when using conjugated polyelectrolytes as the ETL. That COEs have better defined structures than their polymeric counterparts may make them more attractive materials for the fabrication of efficient PLEDs prepared by spin coating methods.
Growth Rate Exponents of Richtmyer-Meshkov Mixing Layers

The Richtmyer-Meshkov mixing layer is initiated by the passing of a shock over an interface between fluid of differing densities. The energy deposited during the shock passage undergoes a relaxation process during which the fluctuational energy in the flow field decays and the spatial gradients of the flow field decrease in time. This late stage of Richtmyer-Meshkov mixing layers is studied from the viewpoint of self-similarity. Analogies with weakly anisotropic turbulence suggest that both the bubble-side and spike-side widths of the mixing layer should evolve as power-laws in time, with the same power-law exponent and virtual time origin for both sides. The analogy also bounds the power-law exponent between 2/7 and 1/2. It is then shown that the assumption of identical power-law exponents for bubbles and spikes yields fits that are in good agreement with experiment at modest density ratios.
Constitutive Activation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-2 by a Point Mutation Associated with Crouzon Syndrome

The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are a family of ligand-activated, membrane-spanning tyrosine kinases. Mutations in several human FGFR genes have been identified as playing a role in certain disorders of bone growth and development. One of these, Crouzon syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder causing craniosynostosis, has been associated with mutations in the human FGFR-2 gene. We report here that microinjection of Xenopus embryos with RNA encoding an FGFR-2 protein bearing a Cys332® Tyr mutation (FGFR-2CS) found in Crouzon syndrome results in fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-independent induction of mesoderm in animal pole explants. Wild-type FGFR-2 did not induce mesoderm when injected at similar doses. The effects of the mutant receptor were blocked by co-expression of dominant negative mutants of either Raf or Ras. Analysis of the mutant receptor protein expressed in Xenopus oocytes indicates that it forms covalent homodimers, does not bind radiolabeled FGF, and has increased tyrosine phosphorylation. These results indicate that FGFR-2CS forms an intermolecular disulfide bond resulting in receptor dimerization and ligand-independent activation that may play a role in the etiology of Crouzon syndrome.
Niaspan treatment increases tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme and promotes arteriogenesis after stroke

We tested the hypothesis that Niaspan (a prolonged release formulation of niacin) increases tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE) expression and Notch signaling activity and promotes arteriogenesis after stroke. Rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and were treated with or without Niaspan. Niaspan significantly elevated local cerebral blood flow, and increased arteriogenesis as indicated by increased arterial diameter and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation in the ischemic brain after stroke. The increased arteriogenesis significantly correlated with the functional outcome after stroke. Niaspan treatment of stroke upregulated TACE, Notch1, and Notch intracellular domain expression in the ischemic brain. To further investigate the mechanisms of Niaspan-induced arteriogenesis, a primary brain arterial culture was used. Niacin treatment significantly increased arterial sprouting and VSMC migration compared with control nontreated arterial cells. Inhibition of TACE by the TACE inhibitor or knockdown of TACE gene expression in brain arterial culture significantly attenuated Niacin-induced arterial sprouting and VSMC migration. In addition, TACE treatment of arterial culture significantly increased arterial VSMC migration and arterial sprouting. Knockdown of Notch1 marginally decreased arterial sprouting and VSMC migration compared with scrambled control. Niaspan promotes arteriogenesis, which is mediated, in part, by TACE.
Human Tdp1 Cleaves a Broad Spectrum of Substrates, Including Phosphoamide Linkages

Human tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (Tdp1) hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond between a DNA 3′ end and a tyrosyl moiety. In eukaryotic cells, this type of linkage is found in stalled topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes, and Tdp1 has been implicated in the repair of such complexes in vivo. We confirm here that the Tdp1 catalytic cycle involves a covalent reaction intermediate in which a histidine residue is connected to a DNA 3′-phosphate through a phosphoamide linkage. Most surprisingly, this linkage can be hydrolyzed by Tdp1, and unlike a topoisomerase I-DNA complex, which requires modification to be an efficient substrate for Tdp1, the native form of Tdp1 can be removed from the DNA. The spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy neurodegenerative disease is caused by the H493R mutant form of Tdp1, which shows reduced enzymatic activity and accumulates the Tdp1-DNA covalent intermediate. The ability of wild type Tdp1 to remove the stalled mutant protein from the DNA likely explains the recessive nature of spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy. In addition to its activity on phosphotyrosine and phosphohistidine substrates, Tdp1 also possesses a limited DNA and RNA 3′-exonuclease activity in which a single nucleoside is removed from the 3′-hydroxyl end of the substrate. Furthermore, Tdp1 also removes a 3′ abasic site and an artificial 3′-biotin adduct from the DNA. In combination with earlier data showing that Tdp1 can use 3′-phosphoglycolate as a substrate, these data suggest that Tdp1 may function to remove a variety of 3′ adducts from DNA during DNA repair.
QUANTITATIVE NITROBLUETETRAZOLIUM REDUCTION BY CORD BLOOD MONOCYTES

The phagocytic-biochemical capacity of normal cord blood monocytes was measured and compared to that of normal adult monocytes. Mononuclear cells were obtained by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient separation and the percent of monocytes established by latex particle ingestion with Nowarski optics. The functional capacity of monocytes was evaluated by quantitative spectro-photometrical measurement of the reduction of NBT dye stimulated by latex particle ingestion. No difference was found in percent monocytes ingesting latex and number of particles ingested per monocyte in cord and adult monocytes. Reduction of NBT by cord and adult monocytes was comparable both in the resting and phagocytizing stages. There was no correlation between NBT reduction and contaminating numbers of platelets or polymorphonuclears (PMN) in the samples. Our results reveal that cord monocytes do not differ from adult monocytes in ability to ingest latex particles and reduce NBT, which is consistent with their normal bactericidal capacity. However, when compared to PMN, monocytes are weaker NBT reducers, and cord monocytes do not reveal the increased resting NBT reduction observed in cord PMN.
Posture, Place, and Mood Effects on Ambulatory Blood Pressure

Ambulatory blood pressure was studied as a function of posture, place, and mood in 131 subjects classified according to race, gender, and hypertensive status. The effect of posture was significant and explained a substantial proportion of within-subject variability. After controlling for posture, significant place and mood effects were observed when subjects were sitting but not when they were standing. Home vs. work differences in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly greater in Whites than in Blacks. Similar differences in systolic blood pressure were greater in mild hypertensive than in normotensive subjects. The results of this study underscore the need to control for effects of posture when interpreting ambulatory blood pressure readings.
Rebt: A sign of evolution or devolution? An historical perspective

The first time the terms "behavior therapy" and "behavior therapist" appeared in the scientific literature was when I argued that changes in a client's behavior are paramount, and are not secondary to the resolution of putative unconscious complexes within the psyche (Lazarus, 1958). This was a rallying point against the dominant discipline of that era--psychoanalysis. At that juncture, Ellis (1957, 1958) was propounding the virtues of rational psychotherapy (RT). Subsequently, his seminal book Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy (Ellis, 1962) underscored the significance of the affective domain, and "rationalemotive therapy" (RET) was properly launched. Thereafter, voluminous writings on RET spelled out the need to apply various cognitive, emotive and behavioral methods, although its main emphasis was on the active-directive disputing of irrational beliefs. Meanwhile, behavior therapy was travelling on a somewhat related but rather different track. Its emphasis was mainly on precise studies into the specific effects of relaxation training and various desensitization methods (imaginal and in vivo), assertiveness and social skills training, habit reversal techniques, aversive and avoidance conditioning, and the systematic implementation of positive and negative reinforcement schedules. Cognitive factors, however, were given short shrift. For example, Wolpe, (1958), under "Subsidiary Methods" devoted only three short paragraphs to "Correcting Misconceptions" and stressed that "changing meanings does not constitute an example of fundamental psychotherapy" (pp. 199-200). When I published Behavior Therapy and Beyond (Lazarus, 1971)arguably the first book on Cognitive-behavior therapymand devoted an entire chapter to "cognitive restructuring" (including Ellis's A-B-C
Airborne Measurement of Snow Thickness over Sea Ice

Snow cover on sea ice plays an important role in the climate of the polar regions. Snow on the sea ice reduces the heat exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere by its high albedo and low thermal conductivity. The lower the albedo, the less solar energy is reflected back into the atmosphere. Data on the extent and thickness of snow cover is needed to understand the condition and future behavior of sea ice. Remote sensing is a commonly used means of observing snow cover over sea ice. The advanced microwave scanning radiometer (AMSR-E) is one instrument for accomplishing this objective. To validate measurements made by AMSR-E, the University of Kansas developed an ultrawideband frequency-modulated continuouswave (FM-CW) airborne radar to measure snow thickness over sea ice. The University of Kansas tested their radar system on board the NASA P-3 aircraft during the NASA Arctic 2006 Field Campaign over the Alaskan coastal region. The objective of this field campaign was to acquire a comprehensive data set that will enable validation of the snow thickness retrieval algorithm AMSR-E passive microwave sensor measurements on board NASA's AQUA satellite. This paper contains the preliminary results of resolving the air/snow interface and the snow/ice interface.
Effects of Design Geometries and Nonlinear Losses on Gain in Silicon Waveguides With Erbium-Doped Regions

Silicon waveguides integrated with doped dielectric gain media may allow the design of planar light sources with electronic control. In this paper, the effects of design geometries and nonlinear losses on the gain in crystalline silicon waveguides with erbium-doped regions are investigated. We show that by using multitrench geometries, the power confinement can be increased and higher gain-to-nonlinear-loss ratio achieved. Net gain can be improved as much as 0.38 dB/cm in multitrench waveguides compared to single-trench waveguides.
Micro-computed tomography assessment of fracture healing: Relationships among callus structure, composition, and mechanical function

Non-invasive characterization of fracture callus structure and composition may facilitate development of surrogate measures of the regain of mechanical function. As such, quantitative computed tomography- (CT-) based analyses of fracture calluses could enable more reliable clinical assessments of bone healing. Although previous studies have used CT to quantify and predict fracture healing, it is unclear which of the many CT-derived metrics of callus structure and composition are the most predictive of callus mechanical properties. The goal of this study was to identify the changes in fracture callus structure and composition that occur over time and that are most closely related to the regain of mechanical function. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) imaging and torsion testing were performed on murine fracture calluses (n=188) at multiple post-fracture timepoints and under different experimental conditions that alter fracture healing. Total callus volume (TV), mineralized callus volume (BV), callus mineralized volume fraction (BV/TV), bone mineral content (BMC), tissue mineral density (TMD), standard deviation of mineral density (sigma(TMD)), effective polar moment of inertia (J(eff)), torsional strength, and torsional rigidity were quantified. Multivariate statistical analyses, including multivariate analysis of variance, principal components analysis, and stepwise regression were used to identify differences in callus structure and composition among experimental groups and to determine which of the microCT outcome measures were the strongest predictors of mechanical properties. Although calluses varied greatly in the absolute and relative amounts of mineralized tissue (BV, BMC, and BV/TV), differences among timepoints were most strongly associated with changes in tissue mineral density. Torsional strength and rigidity were dependent on mineral density as well as the amount of mineralized tissue: TMD, BV, and sigma(TMD) explained 62% of the variation in torsional strength (p<0.001); and TMD, BMC, BV/TV, and sigma(TMD) explained 70% of the variation in torsional rigidity (p<0.001). These results indicate that fracture callus mechanical properties can be predicted by several microCT-derived measures of callus structure and composition. These findings form the basis for developing non-invasive assessments of fracture healing and for identifying biological and biomechanical mechanisms that lead to impaired or enhanced healing.
LACTOFERRIN CONFORMATION AND METAL BINDING PROPERTIES

Lactoferrin⌿ is an iron binding protein found in milk and other mammalian secretions. It has properties similar to the serum transferrins and to ovotransferrin of avian egg-white (reviewed by Feeney and Komatsu, 1966). These proteins specifically bind two moles of ferric ion per mole of protein. For each Fe(III) bound, one molecule of bicarbonate is incorporated into the complex (Masson and Heremans, 1968). All of these Fe(III) binding proteins have been found to have similar amino acid compositions, optical spectra and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra.