cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflection and refraction of thermal waves from a surface or an interface between dissimilar materials

Abstract The harmonic analysis is applied to study the reflection and refraction patterns of thermal waves from a surface and an interface between dissimilar materials. Regardless of the boundary conditions imposed on the surface/interface, the reflection angle is found to be identical to the incident angle of thermal waves. The refraction angle of the thermal waves penetrating into the second material layer, however, depends on the ratio of the thermal wave speeds in the two material layers. The relative strengths of reflection and refraction waves to that of the incident wave are obtained for all the cases. The physical envelope for complete transmission and the physical conditions for complete reflection are discussed in detail. The results thus obtained are extended to study the reflection and refraction patterns of thermal shock waves in the neighborhood of a material interface. The relative thermal Mach numbers are used to characterize the reflection and refraction behavior of thermal shock waves.
Enzymic analysis of functional groups on the steroid nucleus.

Abstract This paper describes the application of steroid ring A dehydrogenases in particular the steroid 1-dehydrogenase from Nocardia restrictus for the rapid determination of several functional groups on the steroid nucleus. The kinetics of 1,2-dehydrogenation is used to differentiate δ 4−3 −keto steroids from δ 1,4 −3−keto steroids and δ 1 −3-keto−(5 α )−steroids as well as to establish the configuration of substituents at C-1 and C-2 positions. The identification of 9α-hydroxyl, 19-hydroxyl and 19-nor steroids is based on the aromatization of ring A when these steroids are dehydrogenated at the 1,2 positions.
High Concentrations of Active Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Porcine Coronary Artery Thrombi

Addition of exogenous plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) to fibrin clots inhibits fibrinolysis in vivo. However, it is unknown whether the localized concentrations of active PAI-1 necessary to produce this antifibrinolytic effect can be recruited to acute arterial thrombi by endogenous mechanisms. We measured PAI-1 activity and antigen in porcine coronary artery thrombi that formed in response to acute vascular injury. Mean PAI-1 activity in thrombi (n=5) was 36±5.1 μg/mL, which is >2000 times its concentration in normal porcine plasma. The presence of markedly elevated concentrations of active PAI-1 in thrombi was confirmed by an immunoactivity assay and by demonstrating formation of sodium dodecyl sulfate–stable complexes after addition of 125I-urokinase to thrombus extracts. Comparative analysis of PAI-1 antigen by Western blotting and urokinase inhibition assay suggested that approximately one third of thrombus-associated PAI-1 was active. Histological examination of coronary thrombi revealed that they consisted predominantly of dense aggregates of platelets with interspersed islands of fibrin, which closely resemble the histological appearance of thrombi in patients with myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris. Washed porcine platelets prepared from peripheral blood contained sufficient PAI-1 antigen and activity to account for the concentrations observed in coronary artery thrombi. However, the specific activity of human platelet PAI-1 was lower than that of porcine platelet PAI-1 (2% versus 50% active, respectively), and human platelets inhibited in vitro fibrinolysis to a lesser extent than did porcine platelets. These results indicate that active PAI-1 accumulates in porcine coronary artery thrombi in concentrations markedly higher than those present in plasma and that PAI-1 may be an important determinant of the known resistance of platelet-rich thrombi to lysis by tissue-type plasminogen activator. These studies also underscore the importance of considering possible species differences in protein function when comparing animal models of thrombosis to acute coronary thrombosis in humans.
Unmet health care needs in children with cerebral palsy: A cross-sectional study

Children with potentially severe health conditions such as cerebral palsy (CP) are at risk for unmet health care needs. We sought to determine whether children with CP had significantly greater unmet health care needs than children with other special health care needs (SHCN), and whether conditions associated with CP increased the odds of unmet health care needs. We analyzed data from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, 2005-2006, using multivariate logistic regression to calculate the adjusted odds of children with CP having one or more unmet health care needs compared to children with other SHCN. We also determined the association of CP-related conditions with unmet health care needs in children with CP. After weighting to national averages, our sample represented 178,536 children with CP (1.9%), and 9,236,794 with children with other SHCN (98.1%). Although having CP increased the odds that children had unmet health care needs (OR = 1.46, 95% CI [1.07-1.99]), the presence of a "severe" health condition weakened the association. Gastrointestinal problems and emotional problems increased the odds that children with CP would have unmet health care needs above that of children without the associated conditions (p ≤ .01). Children with CP are similar to children with other SHCN and may benefit from collaborative programs targeting severe chronic conditions. However, children with CP and associated conditions have increased odds of unmet health care needs in comparison to children without those problems.
The presumptive CDR3 regions of both T cell receptor alpha and beta chains determine T cell specificity for myoglobin peptides.

The T cell receptor alpha/beta (TCR-alpha/beta) is encoded by variable (V), diversity (D), joining (J), and constant (C) segments assembled by recombination during thymocyte maturation to produce a heterodimer that imparts antigenic specificity to the T cell. Unlike immunoglobulins (Igs), which bind free antigen, the ligands of TCR-alpha/beta are cell surface complexes of intracellularly degraded antigens (i.e., peptides) bound to and presented by polymorphic products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Therefore, antigen recognition by T cells is defined as MHC restricted. A model has been formulated based upon the similarity between TCR-alpha/beta V region and Ig Fab amino acid sequences, and the crystal structure of the MHC class I and Ig molecules. This model predicts that the complementarity determining regions (CDR) 1 and 2, composed of TCR V alpha and V beta segments, primarily contact residues of the MHC alpha helices, whereas V/J alpha and V/D/J beta junctional regions (the CDR3 equivalent) contact the peptide in the MHC binding groove. Because polymorphism in MHC proteins is limited relative to the enormous diversity of antigenic peptides, the TCR may have evolved to position the highly diverse junctional residues (CDR3), where they have maximal contact with antigen bound in the MHC peptide groove. Here, we demonstrate a definitive association between CDR3 sequences in both TCR alpha and beta chains, and differences in recognition of antigen fine specificity using a panel of I-Ed-restricted, myoglobin-reactive T cell clones. Acquisition of these data relied in part upon a modification of the polymerase chain reaction that uses a degenerate, consensus primer to amplify TCR alpha chains without foreknowledge of the V alpha segments they utilize.
Ethical issues in prison research: A risk/benefit analysis

Ethical issues in research are especially important when working with confined populations such as prisoners. One method that has been proposed to assist the decision-making process is the use of a risk/benefit model. The informed estimation of the probable risks and potential benefits of any given research project should be used to determine the ethical justifiability of conducting the research. The present article enumerates the variables relevant to a risk/benefit analysis when conducting research in a prison setting. Also, the risks of undue influence and the limits of confidentiality will be discussed. Finally, the appropriate use of informed consent will be discussed as a safeguard against these risks. Language: en
The composition of galactic cosmic rays

Low energy galactic cosmic ray composition from sounding rockets and satellites shown different than intermediate and high energy radiation at balloon altitudes
Marketing consumer goods in Australia

Abstract Australia, the land o f the wallaby and the “outback,” has become a modern, industrialized nation. Due partly to American investment and influence in business practices, the picture o f the Australian business scene has changed enormously since the 1930's. Advertising, pricing, product lines, distribution, retailing, wholesaling, marketing, all are in a state o f transition. In the metropolitan areas (where 70 percent o f the population lives) the pattern o f buying is rapidly changing; mass media promotion has helped bring about consumer sophistication. Supermarkets, discount houses, and suburban shopping centers are replacing the small, neighborhood shop. Many dissimilarities between the market economies o f Australia and the United States are disappearing, and the authors feel that the two will resemble each other even more in the years to come.
Synthesis, toxicity and biodistribution of two 5,15-di[3,5-(nido-carboranylmethyl)phenyl]porphyrins in EMT-6 tumor bearing mice.

The total synthesis of a 5,15-di(3,5-(o-carboranylmethyl)phenyl)porphyrin 5, its zinc(II) complex 6, and the correspond- ing nido-carboranylporphyrins 7 and 8 are reported. The molecular structures of porphyrin 6 and of potassium nido-carborane were obtained and are described. The biodistribution of nido-carboranylporphyrins 7 and 8 in BALB/c mice bearing EMT-6 mammary tumors are presented and compared. Both compounds are effective tumor localizers and delivered therapeutic concentrations of boron to tumors (meanstandard deviation): 32.5 7.1 and 54.3 14 mg/g for 7 and 8, respectively, 2 days after the last of 3 injections of a total boron dose of 23 mg/kg body weight. The zinc(II) complex 8 was found to deliver 1.2-1.7 times higher amounts of boron to tumors than 7, with lower tumor-to-blood boron concentration ratios (9.8/1 and 4.7/1 for 7 and 8, respectively, 2 days after injections). The tumor-to-brain boron concentration ratios were > 100/1 for both porphyrins 2 days after administration. Both nido-carboranylporphyrins 7 and 8 were well-tolerated at the concentrations used (75 and 78 mg/kg body weight, respectively) and no morbidity or mortality were observed in these studies. # 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Paleoclimatic analyses of middle Eocene through Oligocene planktic foraminiferal faunas

Quantitative faunal analyses and oxygen isotope ranking of individual planktic foraminiferal species from deep sea sequences of three oceans are used to make paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic inferences. Species grouped into surface, intermediate and deep water categories based on δ18O values provide evidence of major changes in water-mass stratification, and individual species abundances indicate low frequency cool-warm oscillations. These data suggest that relatively stable climatic phases with minor cool-warm oscillations of ∼0.5 m.y. frequency are separated by rapid cooling events during middle Eocene to early Oligocene time. Five major climatic phases are evident in the water-mass stratification between middle Eocene through Oligocene time. Phase changes occur at P14/P15, P15/P16, P20/P21 and P21/P22 Zone boundaries and are marked by major faunal turnovers, rapid cooling in the isotope record, hiatuses and changes in the eustatic sea level. A general cooling trend between middle Eocene to early late Oligocene is indicated by the successive replacement of warm middle Eocene surface water species by cooler late Eocene intermediate water species and still cooler Oligocene intermediate and deep water species. Increased water-mass stratification in the latest Eocene (P17), indicated by the coexistence of surface, intermediate and deep dwelling species groups, suggest that increased thermal gradients developed between the equator and poles nearly coincident with the development of the psychrosphere. This pattern may be related to significant ice accumulation between late Eocene and early late Oligocene time.
Health discourse and within-group stigma in professional BDSM

Abstract This article directly deals with health and stigma within practices of erotic labor. Scant previous literature has focused on erotic laborers' perceptions of stigma and the ways in which regimes of stigmatization operate within their particular social worlds. I use the commercial BDSM (Bondage, Discipline, Sadism, Masochism) “dungeon” as a strategic research site to investigate these workers' conceptions and management of their own stigma, and I find that discourses about stigma are inextricably entwined with concerns about health and wellbeing. Data are derived from ethnographic fieldwork with professional dominatrices (“pro-dommes”) who work in New York City and San Francisco as well as in-depth interviews conducted between September 2007 and April 2008. Counter to stereotypes of erotic laborers as violent or as vectors of disease, BDSM workers are in fact not only concerned about safety but professionally invested in it, reinforcing it through an identity politics of hierarchies of erotic labor. There are multiple implications of this work for public perception and policy—implications that could only be brought to light through the ethnographic method.
Gender, Self-Care and Functional Status Among Older Persons with Coronary Heart Disease: A National Perspective

The risk and burdens of cardiovascular diseases rise in late life and shift from men to women at age 65. This study uses baseline data from the National Survey of Self-Care and Aging to assess the association of self-care and functional status of older men and women with coronary heart disease (CHD). We first compare men and women with and without CHD, then base subsequent analyses on 597 persons with CHD. Three types of self-care (behavior changes, environmental adaptations, medical equipment use) were examined, and functional status was measured as difficulty with basic, mobility, and instrumental ADLs. Regardless of gender, persons with CHD had more functional impairment and used more self-care than those without the disease. Women were more impaired and engaged in more self-care than men. Equipment use was associated with higher functioning for men and women. Behavioral changes were significant only for men, as were advanced age, non-white ethnicity, more depressive symptoms, and low physical activity for women. Education, intervention, and supportive care for older adults with CHD should consider the role of specific types of self-care in disease management and prevention of decline as well as gender differences in use of various self-care strategies.
Outcome of Metformin-Facilitated Reinitiation of Oral Diabetic Therapy in Insulin-Treated Patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

ABSTRACT Objective To test the feasibility of reimplementation of oral diabetic therapy in insulin-treated patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and to determine the characteristics of patients in whom such conversion was successful. Methods We attempted reinitiation of combination oral therapy with metformin and a sulfonylurea in 55 consecutive C-peptide-positive patients who had had NIDDM for less than 30 years and had received insulin therapy for less than 10 years. Results Reinitiation of oral therapy was successful in 42 patients and unsuccessful in 13. Reinitiation of oral therapy was unsuccessful because of lack of diabetic control in nine patients and gastrointestinal side effects in four patients. The successful group had a lower insulin requirement (P = 0.004), a shorter duration of insulin therapy (P = 0.013), and a lower body mass index (P = 0.014). Baseline glycosylated hemoglobin, C-peptide level, age, and duration of diabetes were not significant predictive factors. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels were significantly lower (mean, 1.3%; P = 0.0001) after successful reinitiation of oral therapy in comparison with before. Both groups of patients (those with successful and those with unsuccessful conversion to oral therapy) lost weight. Conclusion The group of patients with NIDDM in whom reinitiation of combination oral therapy is most likely to be successful are those with a shorter duration of insulin therapy, lower insulin requirements, and lower body mass index. Successful conversion to oral diabetic therapy significantly decreases the glycosylated hemoglobin level. (Endocr Pract. 1997; 3:73-76)
The Factor Structure Underlying Three Self-Report Multicultural Counseling Competence Scales.

This study examined the extent to which 3 self-report multicultural scales were measuring the predominant 3-factor conceptualization of multicultural counseling competence as consisting of multicultural attitudes/beliefs, knowledge, and skills. Results of a confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the 3-factor model was not fully supported. An exploratory factor analysis identified a 2-factor structure (i.e., self-perceived multicultural counseling skills and multicultural counseling attitudes/beliefs) underlying these instruments. Implications of the findings for clinical practice, training, and research are discussed.
From Butyribacterium to E. coli : An Essay on Unity in Biochemistry

New ideas in science frequently arise from neglected or distorted antecedents. This essay deals with the idea of biochemical unity, encapsulated in Jacques Monod's well-known phrase, dating from 1954: "Anything found to be true of E. coli must also be true of elephants." An earlier version of this phrase,--"From the elephant to butyric acid bacterium--it is all the same!"--was coined in 1926 by the Dutch microbiologist Albert Jan Kluyver. In that year Kluyver and his associate Hendrick Jean Louis Donker published a celebrated paper, "Unity in Biochemistry." The concept of biochemical unity had many antecedents, but these had never caught on. The Kluyver-Donker paper has often been regarded to provide a boost to biochemical and especially to microbiological thinking. Its interpretations and misinterpretations represent an encapsulated history of biochemistry. The present paper examines the history of the concept of biochemical unity from before to beyond Kluyver, investigates the two "elephant" phrases and their possible relationships, and ends with a discussion of the attractiveness of unifying ideas in science.
Cloning of a member of the arrestin family from a human thyroid cDNA library

Abstract We used the cDNA of human retinal arrestin as a probe to screen a human thyroid cDNA library. We isolated and plaque-purified one clone (hTHY-ARRX). The nucleotide sequence of the 1.8 kb cDNA insert had an open reading frame of 1227 bp coding for a protein of 409 amino acids. Northern blot analysis revealed a single transcript of 1.7 kb in human thyroid cells. There is significant homology between amino acid sequences of human thyroid arrestin and human retinal arrestin (63%) and bovine β-arrestin (74%), respectively. The hTHY-ARRX cDNA was stably transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells already expressing a functional human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor. The cAMP response to TSH stimulation was unaltered in these cells, and homologous desensitization to TSH stimulation was not restored. It is not presently known whether hTHY-ARRX is human β-adrenergic arrestin or a new member of the arrestin family.
Evidence for a Tumor Suppressor Gene Distal to BRCA1 in Prostate Cancer

AbstractPurpose: The breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA1, has been implicated by both epidemiologic and genetic studies to be involved in prostate cancer. We wished to test the frequency of BRCA1 deletion and that of other markers in the region of proximal 17q in prostate tumor cells.Materials and Methods: We used a dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay using P1 phage probes for the BRCA1 gene and 3 flanking sites at 17q12-21, as well as a chromosome 17 centromere-specific alpha-satellite probe, to detect deletions in single-cell suspensions and touch preparations from 23 primary clinical stage B prostate tumors and adjacent nontumor prostate tissues. Lymphoblastoid cells and prostate cells from a normal donor were used to determine control loss values.Results: Significant loss (p less than 0.05) of at least 1 of the P1s was detected in 16 of 23 (70 percent) cases, and in 4 of those cases all markers were lost, consistent with whole chromosome loss. Of the 12 cases with s...
Long-term survival of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis from the American College of Rheumatology Wegener's granulomatosis classification criteria cohort

OBJECTIVE: To determine survivorship in Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) in a well-defined multicenter cohort. METHODS: Follow-up was obtained for 77 of the 85 patients enrolled in the 1990 American College of Rheumatology vasculitis classification study. RESULTS: There were 28 deaths (10 females and 18 males) among the 77 patients available for follow-up. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated with mortality data from the general population and from this group of patients with WG (an SMR of 1 indicates that expected and observed survival are identical). Overall survivorship among patients with WG was substantially reduced in this cohort (SMR = 4.685 ± 0.65; for females SMR=6.814 ± 1.571; for males SMR=3.998 ± 0.69). CONCLUSION: The life expectancy of patients with WG is reduced compared with the general population.
The virtue of moral responsibility in healthcare decisionmaking.

The principle of respect for autonomy is increasingly under siege as a valuable component of healthcare ethics. Its critics charge that it has been elevated to a position out of proportion to its contribution, so that the individual's wishes and rights have come to dominate healthcare decisionmaking, while obligations and responsibilities are ignored or devalued. If we are to salvage respect for autonomy we must find a way to reconnect the individual and the community, rights and responsibilities, in the way we think about, discuss, and make healthcare decisions.
Introduction: Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (tbi), the most complicated disease of the most complex organ of the body, remains the leading cause of death in the Western world in persons younger than 45 years of age. The field of TBI stands on the shoulders of the giants of Glasgow, Scotland; Richmond, Virginia; and Sweden. The contemporary approach to this injury is principally a reflection of the coma classification scheme of Jennett and Teasdale,4 the intensive care management principles framed at the Medical College of Virginia in the late 1970s,2 and both remote and recent physiology contributions from Swedish investigators.1,3 Despite the hard-fought efforts of numerous researchers around the world, however, not one Phase III clinical trial of a pharmacological compound for TBI has been successful. But a renaissance is in the making as modern tools are brought to bear on the understanding of and therapeutic interventions for TBI. Many aspects of the pathophysiology and management of TBI are reflected in this issue of Neurosurgical Focus. The issue begins with the latest report from a group in Cambridge regarding the monitoring of cerebral autoregulation—the next frontier in the individualization of the intensive care management of severe TBI. A podcast accompanies the article, and an excellent review of cerebral autoregulation, the brain’s intrinsic ability to maintain constant cerebral blood flow, appears later in the issue. Original studies on seizure prophylaxis for TBI in adults and the prognostication of TBI in the pediatric population follow. The issue concludes with reviews on prehospital management, genomics in children with TBI, beta-blockers in TBI, and selective cranial hypothermia. It is hoped that you find the volume informative.
Atmospheric isoplanatism and astronomical image reconstruction on Mauna Kea

Atmospheric isoplanatism for visual wavelength image-reconstruction applications was measured on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. For most nights the correlation of the transform functions is substantially wider than the long-exposure transform function at separations up to 30 arcsec. Theoretical analysis shows that this is reasonable if the mean Fried parameter is approximately 30 cm at 5500 A. Reconstructed image quality may be described by a Gaussian with a FWHM of λ/s0. Under average conditions, s0 (30 arcsec) exceeds 55 cm at 7000 A. The results show that visual image quality in the 0.1–0.2-arcsec range is obtainable over much of the sky with large ground-based telescopes on this site.
Load shedding using bargaining games

In times of generation shortage relative to load demand, the only available way to ensure system stability is to shed load equivalent to the amount that demand exceeds supply. This load shedding procedure usually takes place in a series of 3–5 steps where each step has a quantity of load assigned to it. The process is carried out with each subsequent steps adding to the total load disconnected from supply until the amount of load/demand is less than the present supply capacity. Presently there is no method that gauges the percentage of load to be disconnected, then equitably allocates this loss of supply to the non-critical load on multiple feeders. We investigate using the game theory method of bargaining games for resources, within the setting where available supply needs to be allocated to the loading on feeders appropriately to their respective level of demand.
Sign of the coupling between T -violating ground states in second-order perturbation theory

We consider the coupling between two {ital T}-violating systems by a non-{ital T}-violating interaction. We show that the configuration in which the signs of the {ital T} breaking in the two systems are opposite generally has lower energy. In the context of those theories of the cuprate superconductors which postulate breaking of {ital T} invariance in the CuO{sub 2} planes, a crude estimate of the Coulomb-induced antiferromagnetic'' coupling for reasonable domain sizes indicates that it is an edge'' effect but at least competitive with the ferromagnetic'' one due to Josephson and magnetic effects.
Inclusive distribution of photoproduced pions in QCD and the recombination model

Abstract The joint momentum distribution of a quark and an antiquark in a real photon is calculated in QCD. An argument is given for its usefulness to the photoproduction of pions at low p T in the recombination model. With no free parameters except an overall normalization, we determine the inclusive cross section at large x . The result agrees well with experiment.
Heterogeneity of cancer surveillance practices among medical oncologists in Washington and Oregon

Background. Medical oncologists provide long term care for patients who have been treated for cancer and are in remission. However, little is known about how physicians use routine laboratory and imaging tests for detecting cancer recurrence in their patients. Methods. To assess type and level of their surveillance testing of patients with cancer who are in remission, a cross-sectional survey of medical oncologists was performed. Seventy-three members of the American Society of Clinical Oncology residing in Washington and Oregon participated (70% response rate). Standardized questionnaires were mailed to medical oncologists using a multiple-mailing technique. Three scenarios, each describing a patient with cancer of the breast, colon, or prostate, were included. Participants were asked to indicate the frequency at which they would order seven different diagnostic tests in the routine follow-up of such patients. Results. Virtually all respondents would practice some level of follow-up testing of their patients. Although testing practices did not vary significantly according to physician age, year of graduation, practice type, or state of residence, there was considerable variability from physician to physician. Conclusions. These results suggest that optimal cancer-surveillance testing programs for patients with cancer of the breast, colon, or prostate have not yet been satisfactorily defined. Cancer 1995 ; 75 :2605-12.
Removing Coal Radicals by Chemical Reduction

The radical population of Wyodak coal was decreased by reaction with the reducing agents SmI2, YbI2, and CrCl2. The latter is the most effective, removing 67% of the radicals. It is also the easiest to prepare. The swelling of Wyodak coal in toluene, THF, and pyridine is independent of the coal's radical population demonstrating that radical sites are not responsible for intermolecular associative interactions.
The Case of Mistress Mary Hampson: Her Story of Marital Abuse and Defiance in Seventeenth-Century England

For modern criminologists, domestic violence encompasses acts of physical, sexual, psychological and economic abuse that, even in the twenty-first century, are difficult to study because such mistr...
Evolution of regional left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in acute Q and non-Q wave myocardial infarction.

Abstract The evolution of segmental wall motion in Q and non-Q wave acute myocardial infarction was studied in detall in 15 patients without known prior ischemic events. Serial two-dimensional echocardiographic studies were performed beginning early after the onset of chest pain and continuing until 10 to 14 days after admission. An area of apparent infarction was identified on each initial study based on later correlation of ECG and echocardiographic findings. Wall motion of infarct-and noninfarct-related areas was graded in a semiquantitative fashion based on the scoring of a visual analysis. Sequential image data demonstrated significant spontaneous improvement in wall motion of the infarct area in non-Q but not in Q wave events. Patients with non-Q wave infarction and improvement in regional function were at high risk for recurrent infarction within 6 months. Improvement in wall motion inside or outside the area of infarction in Q wave events was related to future risk. We concluded that in patients with initial acute myocardial infarction, fallure to develop Q waves correlated with return of function in the apparent area of infarction. Improvement in regional wall motion after the initial study suggested risk for future ischemic events in both ECG types of myocardial infarction. Serial echocardiographic imaging may be a means to identify patients at risk for infarct extension in both non-Q and Q wave events.
Medical student self-assessment narratives: perceived educational needs during fourth-year emergency medicine clerkship.

Background: The educational needs of medical students in the 4th-year of training are not well defined in the literature. Purpose: The specific aim of this investigation is to characterize the perceived educational needs of 4th-year medical students during an Emergency Medicine clerkship. Methods: This was a thematic analysis of informed self-assessment narratives. The writings were performed by medical students during an Emergency Medicine clerkship from July 2010 through May 2011. Themes and subthemes that emerged were assessed for frequency of occurrence. Results: Qualitative analysis of 203 narratives revealed 13 themes and 55 subthemes. Patient care (50%), history taking (44%), and physical examination (29%) were the themes most commonly noted as strengths. Medical decision making/plan of care (44%), differential diagnosis (37%), presentation skills (32%), and knowledge base (27%) were the themes most commonly noted as weaknesses. All themes were described as strengths by some students and weaknesses...
Difference mechanisms: explaining variation with mechanisms

Philosophers of science have developed an account of causal-mechanical explanation that captures regularity, but this account neglects variation. In this article I amend the philosophy of mechanisms to capture variation. The task is to explicate the relationship between regular causal mechanisms responsible for individual development and causes of variation responsible for variation in populations. As it turns out, disputes over this relationship have rested at the heart of the nature–nurture debate. Thus, an explication of the relationship between regular causal mechanisms and causes of variation and between individual development and variation offers both the necessary amendment to the philosophy of mechanisms and the resources to mediate the dispute.
Dynamics of Nonlinear Parabolic Systems with Time Delays

Abstract The dynamics of a coupled system of semilinear parabolic equations with discrete time delays is investigated using the method of upper and lower solutions. It is shown that if the reaction function in the system possesses a mixed quasimonotone property and the corresponding elliptic system has a pair of coupled upper and lower solutions then there is a monotone iteration process which yields a pair of quasisolutions of the elliptic system and the sector between the quasisolutions is an attractor of the delayed parabolic system. Under some additional conditions this sector is a global attractor and the solution of the parabolic system converges to a true solution of the elliptic system. The same conclusions are obtained for a coupled system of parabolic-ordinary equations with time delays. Applications are given to three model problems arising from ecology and nuclear engineering. These model problems possess multiple steady-state solutions and sufficient conditions are given to ensure the stability and instability of these solutions.
Sharps Injuries and Other Blood and Body Fluid Exposures Among Home Health Care Nurses and Aides

Objectives. We quantified risks of sharp medical device (sharps) injuries and other blood and body fluid exposures among home health care nurses and aides, identified risk factors, assessed the use of sharps with safety features, and evaluated underreporting in workplace-based surveillance.Methods. We conducted a questionnaire survey and workplace-based surveillance, collaborating with 9 home health care agencies and 2 labor unions from 2006 to 2007.Results. Approximately 35% of nurses and 6.4% of aides had experienced at least 1 sharps injury during their home health care career; corresponding figures for other blood and body fluid exposures were 15.1% and 6.7%, respectively. Annual sharps injuries incidence rates were 5.1 per 100 full-time equivalent (FTE) nurses and 1.0 per 100 FTE aides. Medical procedures contributing to sharps injuries were injecting medications, administering fingersticks and heelsticks, and drawing blood. Other contributing factors were sharps disposal, contact with waste, and pat...
Where We’re Headed: A New Wave of Scholarship on Educating Medical Professionalism

Ah yes, another editorial on professionalism. This topic has certainly been one of accelerating interest. For example, a PubMed search on the title word “professionalism” finds 1331 articles as outlined in Table 1; approximately 100 articles per year have appeared since the 2002 publication of the physician charter.1 While much of the past literature has focused on the definition of professionalism, increasingly, the field is moving in the needed direction of discovering and building processes that foster professional attitudes and behaviors among physicians and physicians in training. In this education issue of The Journal of General Internal Medicine, at least six articles focus on the subject.2–7 While all six add to the literature in their own right, taken collectively, they contain several powerful messages that provide a beacon for future work in this field: Table 1 English Language Articles Published With the Word ‘Professionalism’ in the Title*
Electron impact excitation of the Meinel band system of N+2

The emission spectrum of the Meinel band system of N2(+) was obtained in the region between 0.72 and 1.6 micrometers by electron impact excitation of N2. The relative excitation function is presented for the (0, 0) band from 22 to 120 eV. Cross sections of the Meinel bands that fall in this region were measured relative to the (2, 0) Meinel band. The results obtained are in good agreement with previously published values below 1.1 micrometers except for the (0, 0) band which is 30% higher. The electronic transition moment at large internuclear distances is found to agree with theoretical estimates.
Surface effects on the Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide from dissociated water vapour

The formation of hydrogen peroxide at 77°K from water vapour dissociated in a low-pressure electrodeless discharge was investigated as function of the surface-to-volume ratio. S/V, of both coated and uncoated tubular reactors interposed between the discharge exit and the coolant level. As S/V was increased, the peroxide yield increased to a maximum value and then decreased; this maximum shifted to much lower values of S/V for KCl-coated and H3PO4-coated surfaces. Compared with uncoated Pyrex surfaces, H3PO4-coatings gave higher H202 yields whereas KCl-coatings gave lower yields. Surfaces coated well with ice did not show much effect, but condensed water films decreased the H2O2 yield. Similar results were obtained when the surface area and the volume traversed by the dissociated vapour were varied at constant S/V. These surface effects are discussed to show that the formation of H2O2 occurs via the cold surface reactions H + O2 OaH and H + 02H H2O2 and not by the dimerization of OH radicals. Die Bildung bei 77°K von H2O2 aus Wasserdampf, der durch eine elektrodenlose Niederdruckentladung zur Dissoziation gebracht wurde, wurde als Funktion des Oberflachen/Volumen-Verhaltnisses S/V von sowohl beschichteten als auch unbeschichteten Rohrenreaktoren untersucht, die sich zwischen Entladungs-Ausgang und Kuhlmittel-Niveau befanden. Bei ansteigendem S/V wird ein Maximum der H2O2-Ausbeute durch laufen: dieses liegt bei Beschichtung mit KCl bzw. H3PO4 bei viel niedrigen S/V-Werten-als bei unbeschichtetem Pyrex-Glas. H3PO4-Beschichtung bewirkt eine kurze bessere Ausbeute als die freie Pyrex-Oberflache, KCl-Beschichtung eine schlechtere. Bedeckung der Oberflachen mit Eis zeigte praktisch keinen Effekt. Wahrend kondensierte Wasserfilme die H2O2Ausbeute erniedrigten. Die beobachteten Oberflacheneffekte werden so gedeutet, das die H2O2-Bildung nicht durch Dimerisierung von OH-Radikalen erfolgt, sondern uber die Reaktionen H + O2 O2H und H + O2H H2O2 an kalter Oberflache.
Occurrence of the Barnacle, Xenobalanus Globicipitis, On Coastal Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) in New Jersey

The thoracican cirripede, Xenobalanus globicipitis (Steenstrup, 1851), of the family Coronulidae (Balanomorpha), is known to occur on a variety of species of cetaceans throughout the world (see Rajaguru & Shantha, 1992 for a review; Van Waerebeek et al., 1993; Jefferson et al., 1995; Orams & Schuetze, 1998; Rittmaster et al., 1999; De Beneditto & Ramos, 2000; Aznar et al., 2005). Occurrence of X. globicipitis (hereafter referred to as Xenobalanus) has been reported from wild, captive, live-stranded, and/or dead individuals, and most describe the barnacles as commonly occurring on dorsal fins, pectoral flippers, and flukes. Though Xenobalanus may easily be confused with stalked barnacles belonging to the suborder Lepadomorpha because of their marked similarity in appearance, they belong to the suborder Balanomorpha (cf. Darwin, 1854; Ruppert et al., 2004). While Xenobalanus is often referred to as a parasitic organism, the relationship between the barnacle and its host is actually commensal, or phoretic, as the barnacle only attaches to the host for transportation purposes. While attached, the barnacle feeds via suspension techniques commonly utilized by other sessile barnacles (Ruppert et al., 2004). Xenobalanus is specialized in its ability to attach to cetaceans, yet the mechanism that drives its occurrence remains unclear. Though the larval stages of this species have not been described, similar barnacles undergo self-fertilization and release their larvae in the water column. These larvae develop and settle once an appropriate host is found, and life cycles of 5-6 months have been reported (Van Waerebeek et al., 1993; Fertl, 2002). A number of factors have been suggested to affect its settlement, including host swimming speed, the age or health of host individuals, upwelling events, and/or water temperature and
The Capute Scales: CAT/CLAMS—A pediatric assessment tool for the early detection of mental retardation and communicative disorders

The early identification of communication disorders and mental retardation necessitates an assessment measure that differentiates these two disorders in infancy and early childhood. The Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) was devised to diagnose global cognitive delay and language delay by evaluating language and problem-solving skills independently. It does so in an efficient and accurate manner that differentiates type and degree of delay. The use of CAT/CLAMS is well established in populations of children thought to be either delayed or at risk of delay. This article reports the use of the CAT/CLAMS for identifying children with language or cognitive delay (≤75% of expected) in a cohort of asymptomatic children with no known risk for delay. When compared with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II, the CAT/CLAMS was effective in identifying delay. In a primary care setting, the CAT/CLAMS proved to be a practical, reliable assessment tool for identifying and quantifying delays in language and cognition in children 36 months of age or younger. MRDD Research Reviews 1998;4:14–19. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Maternal Teaching Talk within Families of Mexican Descent: Influences of Task and Socioeconomic Status.

This study examined the influences of socioeconomic status (SES) and task on teaching interactions between mothers and children of Mexican descent. Twenty middle-class and 20 working-class mothers and their 4-year-old children were audiotaped during interaction in a school-type construction task (block building) and a homelike construction task (baking biscuits). There were significant effects of task and SES for both mothers’ and children’s behavior. Mothers asked more questions during block building but discussed more complex concepts during baking. Children asked more questions and discussed more complex concepts in baking than in block building. Middle-class mothers discussed more complex concepts than did working-class mothers, but working-class children were more directive and asked more questions than did middle-class children. The results suggest that future studies of parent-child conversation within families of Mexican descent should consider children’s contributions to the learning environment ...
Expanded Trade and GDP Data

Many sources of economic data cover only a limited set of states at any given point in time. Data are often systematically missing for some states over certain time periods. In the context of conflict studies, economic data are frequently unavailable for states involved in conflicts, undermining the ability to draw inferences of linkages between economic and political interactions. For example, simply using available data in a study of trade and conflict and disregarding observations with missing data on economic variables excludes key conflicts such as the Berlin crisis, the Korean War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Gulf War from the sample. A set of procedures are presented to create additional estimates to remedy some of the coverage problems for data on gross domestic product, population, and bilateral trade flows.
Auditory brainstem measures predict reading and speech-in-noise perception in school-aged children

Reading and speech-in-noise perception, fundamental aspects of human communication, have been linked to neural indices of auditory brainstem function. However, how these factors interact is currently unclear. Multivariate analysis methods (structural equation modeling) were employed to delineate and quantify the relationships among factors that relate to successful reading and speech in noise perception in children. Neural measures of subcortical speech encoding that reflect the utilization of stimulus regularities, differentiation of stop consonants, and robustness of neural synchrony predicted 73% of the variance in reading scores. A different combination of neural measures, specifically, utilization of stimulus regularities, strength of encoding of lower harmonics, and the extent of noise-induced timing delays uniquely predicted 56% of the variance in speech-in-noise perception measures. The neural measures relating to reading and speech-in-noise perception were substantially non-overlapping and resulted in poor fitting models when substituted for each other, thereby suggesting distinct neural signatures for the two skills. When phonological processing and working memory measures were added to the models, brainstem measures still uniquely predicted variance in reading ability and speech-in-noise perception, highlighting the robustness of the relationship between subcortical auditory function and these skills. The current study suggests that objective neural markers may prove valuable in the assessment of reading or speech-in-noise abilities in children.
Expression of cadherin10, a type II classic cadherin gene, in the nervous system of the embryonic zebrafish

Cadherins are cell surface adhesion molecules that play important roles in development of tissues and organs. In this study, we analyzed expression pattern of cadherin10, a member of the type II classic cadherin subfamily, in the embryonic zebrafish using in situ hybridization methods. cadherin10 message (cdh10) is first and transiently expressed by the notochord. In the developing nervous system, cdh10 was first detected in a subset of the cranial ganglia, then in restricted brain regions and neural retina. As development proceeds, cdh10 expression domain and/or expression levels increased in the embryonic nervous system. Our results show that cdh10 expression in the zebrafish developing nervous system is both spatially and temporally regulated.
Fully integrated power supply design for wireless biomedical implants

Describes the implementation of several fully integrated on-chip rectifier designs in BiCMOS technology for rectifying the externally generated RF magnetic power and data carrier signal in wireless biomedical implants to generate an unregulated DC supply. It also presents application of these rectifiers in an integrated dual /spl plusmn/5 V output supply capable of providing up to 50 mW for wireless biomedical implants. New full-wave rectifier topologies and low power circuit design techniques have been employed to decrease substrate leakage current and parasitic components, reduce the possibility of latch-up, and improve power transfer efficiency and high frequency performance of the rectifier block. These circuits have been designed to be used in a wireless neural stimulating microsystem and fabricated in the University of Michigan's single-metal, dual-poly 3-/spl mu/m BiCMOS process. The rectifier areas are in the range of 0.12 to 0.48 mm/sup 2/ and they are capable of delivering more than 100 mW from the receiver coil to the regulator circuitry. The performance of all rectifier designs has been tested and compared using up to 4 MHz carrier.