cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combining Social Capital and Geospatial Analysis to Measure the Boston’s Opioid Epidemic

Social support is considered an important factor in the recovery of individuals, who suffer from drug use disorder. Traditional drug treatment interventions have mainly focused on the individual without taking into consideration the social and environmental conditions that may support or reduce drug use. By combining a social capital framework with geospatial research methodologies, we mapped hot spots and cold spots within the 23 Boston neighborhoods and identified where social ties were stronger or weaker. The spatial correlation analysis and Geographically Weighted Regression demonstrated that in areas where social capital is low, there is a moderately high incidence of opioid deaths and sick assist calls. Our analysis shows that in neighborhoods where residents are involved in charitable organizations, where people gather around religious organizations, or where unions are more active, people help each other more and might be aware of actions to take to prevent opioid-related deaths.
Implementing Cybersecurity in the Energy Sector

Tackling the cyber risks in the energy sector is just not critical for energy security but also is a vital component for a strong nation and economy as identified by the recent World Energy Committee report. The statement also focuses that there has been a steady growth in the total count of successful cyber-attacks over the recent years to this energy sector. Cybersecurity in the energy sector does matters, and since the energy business is primarily preceded by private corporations, their systems are under major targets by both crooks and hostile agencies. Cybersecurity is mostly considered as a negligible item on the board meeting agenda unless and until something comes wrong, by which time it’s too delayed. Most big corporations now have Cybersecurity cell with cybersecurity officers but due to the absence of technical knowledge and corresponding details of this cyber world at the board level, their work is confined inside a black box. Energy companies are a definitive target since they deliver important product and services. The dangers are in height, but the risk is doubtful to be broadly valued until a sizable attack takes place. The energy and the utility sector constitute a crucial part of critical national infrastructure, that produces it an expensive target for state or non-state performers in search of gaining military and political leaders or causing chaos and disruption. Being competent to remotely disorder a national electricity grid would have made a shocking effect. Hence, protecting the grid from cyber-attack is an essential component of guaranteeing energy security.
Fuzzy Logic Beyond Traditional “And”-Operations

In the traditional fuzzy logic, we can use “and”-operations (also known as t-norms) to estimate the expert’s degree of confidence in a composite statement \( A\, \& \,B\) based on his/her degrees of confidence d(A) and d(B) in the corresponding basic statements A and B. But what if we want to estimate the degree of confidence in \( A\, \& \,B\, \& \,C\) in situations when, in addition to the degrees of estimate d(A), d(B), and d(C) of the basic statements, we also know the expert’s degrees of confidence in the pairs \( d(A\, \& \,B)\), \( d(A\, \& \,C)\), and \( d(B\, \& \,C)\)? Traditional “and”-operations can provide such an estimate – but only by ignoring some of the available information. In this paper, we show that, by going beyond the traditional “and”-operations, we can find a natural estimate that takes all available information into account – and thus, hopefully, leads to a more accurate estimate.
Roadmap to Victory: Boris Yel'tsin and the Russian Presidential Elections of 1996

Two specialists on the electoral geography of post-Soviet Russia analyze the spatial voting patterns of the first and second (runoff) rounds of the Russian presidential elections of June and July 1996, assessing the degree to which the distribution of the vote among regions contributed to a Yel'tsin victory. They also examine social and economic correlates of the vote for the two principal contenders-Boris Yel'tsin and Gennadiy Zyuganov—in both rounds of the elections and investigate patterns of vote switching from losing candidates in the first round of the elections (e.g., Lebed, Zhirinovskiy, Yavlinskiy) to the two remaining candidates. 4 figures, 5 tables, 14 references. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: H10, O50, Z10.
Chapter 2 – A Programmable, Scalable Platform for Next-Generation Networking

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a scalable parallel network processor architecture for handling next-generation storage networking at line speeds of 10 Gb/s or higher. By using many simple, but general-purpose processors and embedded memory, high levels of processing power per mm2 of silicon area can be achieved, making this architecture ideally suited to the computationally intensive conversion of protocols required by current and emerging storage networks. The coarse-grain parallelization of protocol tasks and synchronization via queues and message passing are a good match for the parallel processor core environment. Simulations show that a chip with fewer than 16 processor cores can easily handle the protocol conversion between 10 Gb/s Fibre Channel and Infiniband networks. Larger configurations are used for the implementation of small computer systems interface protocols.
Possible Influence of Antibiotic Therapy on Usefulness of Metabolic Inhibition Test for Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections

Certain antibiotics, if in serum, simulate specific antibody in the metabolic inhibition test for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. This effect is not eliminated by presence of serum or heat treatment.
Valuing Children's Health: A Reassessment of the Benefits of Lower Lead Levels

Benefits to parents of lower lead levels in their children are much less than federal regulatory agencies' estimates of benefits, which they compute as the expected discounted gains to children's lifetime earnings. Using earlier work by Agee and Crocker, I show benefits to parents are between $1,100 and $1,900 per IQ point gained, or roughly one-sixth of the benefits to children estimated by federal agencies. The new estimates are superior insofar as they are based on observed behavior. They also use a more robust measure of lead levels in children. This analysis suggests lead standards will redistribute resources from parents to their children, because the benefits to parents are less than the costs of the standards. The Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Housing and Urban Development should reconsider their lead standards.
Detecting liveness in fingerprint scanners using wavelets: Results of the test dataset

A novel method is proposed to detect “liveness” associated with fingerprint devices. The physiological phenomenon of perspiration, observed only in live people, is used as a measure to classify ‘live’ fingers from ‘not live’ fingers. Pre-processing involves filtering of the images using different image processing techniques. Wavelet analysis of the images is performed using Daubechies wavelet. Multiresolution analysis is performed to extract information from the low frequency content, while wavelet packet analysis is performed to analyze the high frequency information content. A threshold is applied to the first difference of the information in all the sub-bands. The energy content of the changing wavelet coefficients, which are directly associated with the perspiration pattern, is used as a quantified measure to differentiate live fingers from others. The proposed algorithm was applied to a data set of approximately 30 live, 30 spoof and 14 cadaver fingerprint images from three different types of scanners. The algorithm was able to completely classify ‘live’ fingers from ‘not live’ fingers providing a method for improved spoof protection.
Cultural Shifts: Putting Critical Information Literacy Into Practice

This paper uses the example of foreign languages to explore the integration of critical information literacy into the curriculum of various disciplines. By closely examining the practices and values inherent in the foreign language information environment, the paper suggests that a critical vision of information literacy provides the most appropriate approach to help meet campus goals of educating students for transcultural competence. As such, the paper provides an example of the process and role of the librarian in integrating critical information literacy into disciplinary fields and proposes that this approach could be effective in global learning initiatives.
Gaze scribing in physics problem solving

Eye-tracking has been widely used for research purposes in fields such as linguistics and marketing. However, there are many possibilities of how eye-trackers could be used in other disciplines like physics. A part of physics education research deals with the differences between novices and experts, specifically how each group solves problems. Though there has been a great deal of research about these differences there has been no research that focuses on noticing exactly where experts and novices look while solving the problems. Thus, to complement the past research, I have created a new technique called gaze scribing. Subjects wear a head mounted eye-tracker while solving electrical circuit problems on a graphics monitor. I monitor both scan patterns of the subjects and combine that with videotapes of their work while solving the problems. This new technique has yielded new information and elaborated on previous studies.
Reduction alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract The reductive alkylation of the aromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene and perylene is investigated. Reduction with potassium metal in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature leads to the naphthalene radical anion and the perylene dianion, which react with alkyl iodides to yield di-alkyl di-hydro species. The reductive alkylation of coals can be more complex.
Cytoarchitectonic atlas of the cochlear nucleus of the chinchilla, Chinchilla laniger

A detailed cytoarchitectonic atlas of the chinchilla cochlear nucleus complex was prepared in the transverse plane with the Nissl method. Subdivisions of the cochlear nucleus were defined on the basis of cell size, cell packing density, and, in some cases, on cytological features of cell types. In general, the chinchilla cochlear nucleus has an organizational plan similar to that described for other mammalian species. As in other rodents, the chinchilla has a large and well-developed dorsal cochlear nucleus consisting of three distinct layers. The ventral cochlear nucleus consists of two distinct nuclear masses, a posterior nuclear group and an anterior nuclear group, each composed of several subdivisions, which are qualitatively similar to those described for other mammals. Thus it is now possible to compare detailed observations, such as tonotopic maps, in the chinchilla with findings from the analogous cell populations in other mammals, such as the cat, with considerable precision. In the chinchilla, three cell groups, previously undescribed in mammals, have been defined and their counterparts in the cat identified.
Relationships between Dimensions of Depressive Experience and Evaluative Beliefs about People in General

The present research examined relationships between depression and evaluative beliefs about people in general. Subjects were 111 college students. Depression was assessed with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977) and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (Blatt, D'Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976), which differentiates three dimensions of depression. Subjects rated people in general on 36 evaluative adjectives, and they judged the degree of success people generally achieve in seven basic life domains. Among the females, high Dependency scores were associated with negative evaluations of people. Highly self-critical males evaluated people negatively and perceived them as achieving a low degree of success in life. The results for overall depression seem to obscure the results obtained for specific factors of depression. Implications for depressive inter-personal behavior andfor the notion of a depressive negative bias toward the self are discussed.
Hematopoietic immortalizing function of the NKL‐subclass homeobox gene TLX1

Translocations resulting in ectopic expression of the TLX1 homeobox gene (previously known as HOX11) are recurrent events in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Transduction of primary murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with retroviral vectors expressing TLX1 readily yields immortalized hematopoietic progenitor cell lines. Understanding the processes involved in TLX1-mediated cellular immortalization should yield insights into the growth and differentiation pathways altered by TLX1 during the development of T-ALL. In recent clinical gene therapy trials, hematopoietic clonal dominance or T-ALL-like diseases have occurred as a direct consequence of insertional activation of the EVI1, PRDM16 or LMO2 proto-oncogenes by the retroviral vectors used to deliver the therapeutic genes. Additionally, the generation of murine hematopoietic progenitor cell lines due to retroviral integrations into Evi1 or Prdm16 has also been recently reported. Here we determined by linker-mediated nested polymerase chain reaction the integration sites in 8 TLX1-immortalized hematopoietic cell lines. Notably, no common integration site was observed among the cell lines. Moreover, no insertions into the Evi1 or Prdm16 genes were identified although insertion near Lmo2 was observed in one instance. However, neither Lmo2 nor any of the other genes examined surrounding the integration sites showed differential vector-influenced expression compared to the cell lines lacking such insertions. While we cannot exclude the possibility that insertional side effects transiently provided a selective growth/survival advantage to the hematopoietic progenitor populations, our results unequivocally rule out insertions into Evi1 and Prdm16 as being integral to the TLX1initiated immortalization process.
Stress fields in composites with coated inclusions

Abstract A micromechanics model is presented for the prediction of stress fields in coated fiber composites. The method is based on the “average stress in the matrix” concept of Mori and Tanaka and is formulated for the case of thermoelastic loading. A general description of the model is first given for three-phase materials and then specialized to the case of coated fiber composites. Results are presented for typical coated fiber composite systems under a variety of mechanical loading situations and uniform temperature change.
When the Going Gets Tough, Do the Tough Ask for Help? Help Seeking and Power Motivation in Organizations.

Individuals do not seek help, even when help is needed and available, because help seeking implies incompetence and dependence, and therefore is related to powerlessness. It was hypothesized that gender, status, and organizational norms affect the importance of maintaining and accruing power, which in turn affect help seeking behaviors. A laboratory and a field study showed that there was more help seeking between equal-status than unequal-status individuals. Further, both studies revealed that males sought more help in collective than individualistic organizational norms, though the trend was not apparent for females. These results shed light on the psychological mechanisms underlying help seeking behaviors and have practical implications for developing steps to foster help seeking in organizations.
Oxygen Enrichment of Room Air to Improve Well-being and Productivity at High Altitude

Increasingly, commercial activities, such as mines, and scientific facilities, such as telescopes, are being placed at very high altitudes, up to 5,000 m. Frequently workers commute to these locations from much lower altitudes, or even from sea level. In addition, large numbers of people permanently live and work at high altitudes. The hypoxia of high altitude impairs sleep quality, mental performance, productivity, and general well-being. Recently it has become feasible to raise the oxygen concentration of room air by injecting oxygen into the air conditioning. This is remarkably effective at reducing the equivalent altitude. For example, increasing the oxygen concentration by 1% (e.g., from 21% to 22%) reduces the equivalent altitude by about 300 m. In other words, a room at an altitude of 4,500 m containing 26% oxygen is effectively at an altitude of 3,000 m. Oxygen enrichment has now been tested in several studies and shown to improve sleep quality and cognitive function. The fire hazard is less than in air at sea level. This innovative technique promises to improve productivity and well-being at high altitude.
Higher polyamines restore and enhance metabolic memory in ripening fruit

Abstract Polyamines are ubiquitous, biogenic amines that have been implicated in diverse cellular functions in most living organisms. Ever since spermine phosphate crystals were isolated over three centuries ago, scientists have kept busy in unraveling the mystery behind biological roles of spermine and other known polyamines, viz., putrescine and spermidine. Although the pathway of polyamine biosynthesis has been elucidated, the molecular basis of their in vivo function is far from being understood. Molecular biology tools have provided a promising avenue in this direction, with success achieved in altering endogenous polyamines in plants by over-expression and knock-out of the genes responsible for polyamine biosynthesis. Such transgenic material has become a good genetic resource to learn about the biological effects of polyamines and their interaction with other signaling molecules. Interestingly, engineered accumulation of higher polyamines, spermidine and spermine, in tomato in a fruit-specific manner restored metabolic activity even at late developmental stages of fruit ripening, reviving cellular programs underlying N:C signaling, energy and glucose metabolism. Along with these, a wide array of genes regulating transcription, translation, signal transduction, chaperone activity, stress proteins, amino acid biosynthesis, ethylene biosynthesis and action, polyamine biosynthesis, isoprenoid pathway and flavonoid biosynthesis was activated. Based on various reports and our results, we suggest that polyamines act as ‘surrogate messengers’ and nudge other signaling molecules, such as plant hormones and NO, to activate a vast genetic network to regulate growth, development and senescence.
Assessment of applicant work values through interviews: The impact of focus and functional relevance

Using a sample of graduate management students interviewed by corporate recruiters, this study examined how the assessment of applicant work values during employment interviews is affected by the focus of the interview and the functional relevance of the work value to the recruiter's organization. Hypotheses are derived from recent person perception research, information processing research and goal-setting research. Results suggest that interview focus and functional relevance affect work value assessment accuracy.
Spacing of reinforcer delivery and effectiveness of magazine training

In Experiment 1, three groups of rats were given magazine training with either a 30-sec or a 120-sec average interval between reinforcers (drops of water). An extinction test indicated that there was little difference in the stimulus control of dipper-approach responses established by the two schedules. In Experiment 2, rats given magazine training with either the 30-sec or the 120-sec spacing learned to barpress about equally readily. The results question the efficiency of using long intervals between reinforcers in magazine training.
Paleohydrology: Understanding Global Change

Raymond Bradley's masterful Paleoclimatology, published in 1999, would be a hard act for anyone to follow, so perhaps it was a bit unfair of me to have had such high expectations for Paleohydrology. The book suffers in comparison for two reasons. First, the book is basically a report of the INQUA Commission on Global Continental Paleohydrology (GLOCOPH),and thus largely serves as a vehicle for members of the Commission to describe their activities and findings for the period 1991–2002. As a result, it does not have the clarity of focus and organization, nor breadth of coverage, found in Paleoclimatology.
Chorioallantoic placentation in squamate reptiles: Structure, function, development, and evolution

Allantoplacentae in lizards and snakes form during the evolution of viviparity through apposition of the chorioallantois and a vestige of the shell membrane to the uterine lining. Generalized squamate allantoplacentae are epitheliochorial, diffuse, adeciduate, and highly vascular, accomplish maternal-fetal gas exchange, and possibly transfer small quantities of organic and inorganic nutrients. Placental gas exchange presumably is enhanced by the thinning of tissues lying between fetal and maternal capillaries, a progressive increase in placental vascularity, and in some species, by differences in oxygen affinity of fetal and maternal blood. A few saurian genera (e.g., Chalcides, Mabuya, and Pseudemoia) include species with specialized placentae that transfer large quantities of nutrients. Specializations of the allantoplacentae of these lizards include interdigitating, hypertrophied uterine and chorioallantoic tissues, and enlarged absorptive chorionic epithelia. South American Mabuya are further specialized by the presence of chorionic areolae and a distinctive placentome. Weekes' 1935 classification of placental morphotypes is reviewed, and a few minor modifications are proposed, in addition to recognition of a fourth morphotype. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that placental organs have originated on more than 100 occasions among squamate reptiles, and indicate that three separate lineages have converged on substantial placentotrophy through the evolution of specialized histotrophic placentae. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of a Metallaborane Complex Containing Pd(III) and the First Doubly Charge Compensated Ollide Ion. X-ray Crystal Structure of 1,4-Br2-1,2,5-(PMe2Ph)3-closo-1-PdB11H8

The reaction of [Me3NH][nido-B11H14] with 4 equiv of lithium alkyl in THF at 5 °C generated the putative ollide ion, Li4[B11H11], which was not isolated. This was treated in situ with (PMe2Ph)2PdBr...
Cost of an acting intern: clinical productivity in the academic emergency department.

Abstract Background A few studies suggest that an increasing clinical workload does not adversely affect quality of teaching in the Emergency Department (ED); however, the impact of clinical teaching on productivity is unknown. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to determine whether there was a difference in relative value units (RVUs) billed by faculty members when an acting internship (AI) student is on shift. Secondary objectives include comparing RVUs billed by individual faculty members and in different locations. Methods A matched case-control study design was employed, comparing the RVUs generated during shifts with an Emergency Medicine (EM) AI (cases) to shifts without an AI (controls). Case shifts were matched with control shifts for individual faculty member, time (day, swing, night), location, and, whenever possible, day of the week. Outcome measures were gross, procedural, and critical care RVUs. Results There were 140 shifts worked by AI students during the study period; 18 were unmatchable, and 21 were night shifts that crossed two dates of service and were not included. There were 101 well-matched shift pairs retained for analysis. Gross, procedural, and critical care RVUs billed did not differ significantly in case vs. control shifts (53.60 vs. 53.47, p = 0.95; 4.30 vs. 4.27, p = 0.96; 3.36 vs. 3.41, respectively, p = 0.94). This effect was consistent across sites and for all faculty members. Conclusions An AI student had no adverse effect on overall, procedural, or critical care clinical billing in the academic ED. When matched with experienced educators, career-bound fourth-year students do not detract from clinical productivity.
Effects of 24R,25‐ and 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 on mineralizing growth plate chondrocytes

Time- and dosage-dependent effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 on primary cultures of pre- and post-confluent avian growth plate (GP) chondrocytes were examined. Cultures were grown in either a serum-containing culture medium designed to closely mimic normal GP extracellular fluid (DATP5) or a commercially available serum-free media (HL-1) frequently used for studying skeletal cells. Hoechst DNA, Lowry protein, proteoglycan (PG), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium and phosphate mineral deposition in the extracellular matrix were measured. In preconfluent cultures grown in DATP5, physiological levels of 24,25(OH)2D3 (0.10–10 nM) increased DNA, protein, and LDH activity significantly more than did 1,25(OH)2D3 (0.01–1.0 nM). However, in HL-1, the reverse was true. Determining ratios of LDH and PG to DNA, protein, and each other, revealed that 1,25(OH)2D3 specifically increased PG, whereas 24,25(OH)2D3 increased LDH. Post-confluent cells were generally less responsive, especially to 24,25(OH)2D3. The positive anabolic effects of 24,25(OH)2D3 required serum-containing GP-fluid-like culture medium. In contrast, effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 were most apparent in serum-free medium, but were still significant in serum-containing media. Administered to preconfluent cells in DATP5, 1,25(OH)2D3 caused rapid, powerful, dosage-dependent inhibition of Ca2+ and Pi deposition. The lowest level tested (0.01 nM) caused >70% inhibition during the initial stages of mineral deposition; higher levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 caused progressively more profound and persistent reductions. In contrast, 24,25(OH)2D3 increased mineral deposition 20–50%; it required >1 week, but the effects were specific, persistent, and largely dosage-independent. From a physiological perspective, these effects can be explained as follows: 1,25(OH)2D3 levels rise in hypocalcemia; it stimulates gut absorption and releases Ca2+ from bone to correct this deficiency. We now show that 1,25(OH)2D3 also conserves Ca2+ by inhibiting mineralization. The slow anabolic effects of 24,25(OH)2D3are consistent with its production under eucalcemic conditions which enable bone formation. These findings, which implicate serum-binding proteins and accumulation of PG in modulating accessibility of the metabolites to GP chondrocytes, also help explain some discrepancies previously reported in the literature. J. Cell. Biochem. 98: 309–334, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Molecular and polymeric precursors to boron-based ceramics

Abstract The compounds 2-(vinyl) pentaborane and B-vinylborazine have been observed to undergo thermally induced polymerizations to produce either soluble or crosslinked forms of poly[2-(vinyl) pentaborane] or poly(B-vinylborazine), respectively. It has now been found that when these polymers are pyrolyzed under appropriate conditions they may function as excellent high yield precursors to boron-containing ceramics such as boron carbide and boron nitride.
Predicting Affect from Global Self-discrepancies: The Dual Role of the Undesired Self

Abstract According to self-discrepancy theory (SDT; Higgins, Klein & Strauman, 1985), discrepancy between the actual and ideal selves predicts feelings of dejection, and discrepancy between the actual and ought selves predicts feelings of agitation. Carver, Lawrence, and Scheier (1999) recently reported that discrepancy between the actual and feared selves moderates SDT-predicted relationships. In a conceptual replication of Carver et al.'s study, we employed a new direct assessment measure of ideal, ought, and undesired self-discrepancies that yielded similar results. In addition to strongly predicting all five affect domains included in Carver et al.'s study, undesired self-discrepancy operated as a moderator such that ought discrepancy predicted anxiety only for those relatively far from their worst. Results suggest that decreased self-regulatory significance (Boldero & Francis, 2000; Higgins, 1999) of ought self-discrepancy as a guide for anxiety may accompany feeling close to one's worst. Findings ar...
Orientational dependence of T2 relaxation in articular cartilage: A microscopic MRI (microMRI) study.

The experiments reported herein are the first MRI investigations of the orientational dependence of T(2) relaxation in articular cartilage at microscopic resolution over the 360 degrees angular space. For each of six canine cartilage specimens, 48 independent T(2)-weighted proton images were acquired for 12 different specimen orientations. Pixel-wise monoexponential fits of these proton images produced 12 T(2) relaxation images, each with an in-plane pixel resolution of 13.7 microm. Cartilage T(2) as a function of specimen orientation was shown to follow approximately the angular dependence of the nuclear dipole-dipole interaction, with local maxima at approximately 55 degrees, 125 degrees, 235 degrees, and 305 degrees. However, the relative amplitudes of the T(2) maxima deviated somewhat from those expected from the dipolar interaction. The amplitudes of these maxima also varied with tissue depth: the largest amplitudes were found in the radial zone, intermediate amplitudes were found in the superficial zone, and there was a continuous decrease in amplitude approaching the transitional zone from the superficial zone above and the radial zone below. We explain the discrepancy between the observed T(2) anisotropy and the angular dependence of the dipolar interaction by means of a simple model which considers the average of one isotropic and two anisotropic spin populations-the first being associated with "free" water, and the latter two arising from collagen-associated waters. We show that even for the "long" T(2) components, which arise in multiple-compartment studies of collagen-water systems, there appears to be two subpopulations. Each has the same peak value of T(2), but the angular dependence of one is shifted in phase by 90 degrees relative to the other by virtue of the fact that each is associated with groups of mutually perpendicular fibrils.
Constituents of supercharacters and Kirillov functions

Supercharacters and Kirillov functions have been proposed as two related constructions that mimic the characters of certain p-groups. The irreducible constituents of these functions are intimately linked; specifically, irreducible constituents of a Kirillov function are constituents of the corresponding supercharacter.
Interaction Between Primary and Secondary Streams of Supersonic Ejector Systems and Their Performance Characteristics

Performance characteristics and interaction between primary and secondary fluid flow streams of supersonic ejector systems
Indian Female Gurus in Contemporary Hinduism: A Study of Central Aspects and Expressions of Their Religious Leadership, by Marie-Thérèse Charpentier, Ǻbo Akademi University Press: Ǻbo, Finland, 2010, 395 pp. ISBN 978 951 765 544 6, €42.95 (paperback)

Indian Female Gurus in Contemporary Hinduism: A Study of Central Aspects and Expressions of Their Religious Leadership, by Marie-Therese Charpentier, Ǻbo Akademi University Press: Ǻbo, Finland, 201...
Removal Of Cations From Zirconium To Permit Its Use In Low Loss Fluoride Optical Fibers

For attainment of near-intrinsic losses in the 2 to 4 µm range, concentrations of cations such as iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper must lie in the 0.2 to 10 ppb range (1 ppb = 1 mol/109 mol of glass). Commercial grades of zirconium salts tend to form colloids and to contain hundreds or thousands of times more than the tolerable concentrations. We have found filtration to be partially effective for colloid removal. Working with relatively concentrated (2 molar, about 17% by weight) solutions of Zr salts, we have introduced about 7000 ppb each of Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu. We have determined that all of these metals can readily be removed by laboratory-scale ion-exchange methods to meet the cation-purity standards for near-intrinsic absorption.
Divisions of household work, routines, and child care occupations in families

Abstract To meet their family's needs, parents must create and maintain daily routines that are sustainable, meaningful, provide opportunities to shape their children's development, and meet the often conflicting and competing needs of individual family members. As the number of women participating in paid work outside of the home continues to increase, parents are faced with the dilemma of how to create and maintain routines that facilitate their accomplishment of the work required to meet their family's needs for both economic support and physical and psychological nurturance of their children. This article tells the stories of three families with traditional and non‐traditional divisions of household work in order to demonstrate various methods that they used to divide the work within their family. These stories are followed by a discussion of differences in routines and patterns of engagement in child care occupations found in families with non‐traditional and traditional divisions of household work. ...
Algebraic function fields with small class number

Abstract It is proved that there is no congruence function field of genus 4 over GF(2) which has no prime of degree less than 4 and precisely one prime of degree 4. This shows the nonexistence of function fields of genus 4 with class number one and gives an example of an isogeny class of abelian varieties which contains no jacobian. It is shown that, up to isomorphism, there are two congruence function fields of genus 3 with class number one. It follows that there are seven nonisomorphic function fields of genus different from zero with class number one. Congruence function fields with class number 2 are fully classified. Finally, it is proved that there are eight imaginary quadratic function fields F K(x) for which the integral closure of K[x] in F has class number 2.
Statistical scrutiny of the phenomenological redshift-distance square law

Abstract The phenomenological redshift-distance square law for low-redshift galaxies is scrutinized from the standpoint of further statistical refinements, possible untreated selection effects, and new data. In particular the question of approximate normality of the bright end of the luminosity function is studied, and answered affirmatively for the square-law absolute magnitudes. The problem of a possible effect due to redshift incompleteness is addressed through the analysis of samples limited in surface brightness and/or luminosity. An analysis is given which is based on the Uppsala General Catalogue, rather than the Reference Guide to Bright Galaxies earlier used as data source. As earlier, maximum-likelihood estimates for the redshift-distance exponent p in the empirical redshift-distance relation z ∞ rp are p ∼ 2 ± ϵ with ϵ ⩽ 0.2 in all substantial redshift ranges.
In Vivo Oligomerization of the F Conjugative Coupling Protein TraD

Type IV secretory systems are a group of bacterial transporters responsible for the transport of proteins and nucleic acids directly into recipient cells. Such systems play key roles in the virulence of some pathogenic organisms and in conjugation-mediated horizontal gene transfer. Many type IV systems require conserved “coupling proteins,” transmembrane polypeptides that are critical for transporting secreted substrates across the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacterium. In vitro evidence suggests that the functional form of coupling proteins is a homohexameric, ring-shaped complex. Using a library of tagged mutants, we investigated the structural and functional organization of the F plasmid conjugative coupling protein TraD by coimmunoprecipitation, cross-linking, and genetic means. We present direct evidence that coupling proteins form stable oligomeric complexes in the membranes of bacteria and that the formation of some of these complexes requires other F-encoded functions. Our data also show that different regions of TraD play distinct roles in the oligomerization process. We postulate a model for in vivo oligomerization and discuss the probable participation of individual domains of TraD in each step.
Chronic Hyperventilation and Panic Attacks During Sleep

This paper integrates data from studies of panic attacks during sleep with (a) stages of sleep, (b) respiratory changes during sleep, (c) physiological principles underlying chronic hyperventilation, and (d) the psychological phenomenon of fear. The thesis of the paper is that panic attacks during sleep are a consequence of renal compensation for severe chronic hyperventilation.
Pacifiers and sudden infant death syndrome: what should we recommend?

The association between pacifiers and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been known for some time. A possible protective effect was proposed as early as 19791 and subsequently supported by findings from a large case-control study in 1993,2 followed by several others.3–11 However, there has been reluctance among SIDS researchers and health professionals to recommend pacifier use as a potentially protective measure; they state the need to know more about the mechanisms of its effects and the role of possible confounding factors, thoroughly evaluate potential harm as well as potential benefits, and validate this apparent protective effect.2,4,12 Pacifiers have been recommended for all infants in Germany13 and in the Netherlands initially for bottle-fed infants9 and now for all infants.14 In October 2005 the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published updated guidelines for the reduction of SIDS risk and included a recommendation that parents consider offering a pacifier to infants at … Address correspondence to Fern R. Hauck, MD, MS, Department of Family Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800729, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0729. E-mail: frh8e{at}virginia.edu
System design and evaluation using discrete event simulation with AI

During system design and evaluation, development of optimal decision making rules for an intelligent system can be very difficult. The Operational Evaluation Modeling (OpEM) Fuzzy, Adaptive Expert System Controller, integrated into the OpEM Simulation Tool Kit, has greatly facilitated this task. The rule specification language for Controller consists of all primitives needed to implement local and global decision making. These primitives include fuzzy facts to transform analog variables into discrete concepts and variable instantiation of facts to consider lists of facts in context sensitive, global decisions. A single-track railroad system is evaluated as an example context sensitive system, and other methods of decision making are compared with OpEM. Future research is discussed that adds a machine learning module to Controller, called Supervisor, to automatically search for better decision making rules.
Theory of Normal Cathode Fall in Glow Discharges

Basis of theory of cathode fall.\char22{}From the principle of minimum energy dissipation it is shown that the actual potential distribution in the fall space must be that one which is most favorable to ionization, subject to limitations imposed by Poisson's equation. With the aid of this principle, taking as known quantities the normal cathode fall ${V}_{n}$ and Townsend's ionization constants $N$ and ${V}_{0}$, expressions are derived for the potential distribution, the thickness of the fall space ${d}_{n}$, the distribution of ionization ${n}_{x}$ and the current density ${j}_{n}$ which agree acceptably with experimental values.
Advances in Echocardiography

Echocardiography remains the main tool for noninvasive cardiac evaluation. Advances in echo technology and techniques offer new information, which will impact both the timing and method of surgical intervention. Three-dimensional echocardiography, in particular, provides improved tools for quantification both of volumes and of flows. Geometrical relations necessary for understanding functional abnormalities are also preserved with three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography. Finally 3D echocardiography also provides a unique tool for guiding minimally invasive interventions.
Spectrum-Aware Data Replication in Intermittently Connected Cognitive Radio Networks

The opening of under-utilized spectrum creates an opportunity for unlicensed users to achieve substantial per- formance improvement through cognitive radio techniques. In cognitive radio ad-hoc networks, with node mobility and low node density, the network topology is highly dynamic and end-to- end connection is hard to maintain. We propose data replication techniques to address these problems and improve data access performance in such intermittently connected cognitive radio network. Although data replication has been extensively studied in traditional disruption tolerant networks, existing techniques cannot be directly applied here since they do not consider the effects of primary user appearance on data replication. In this paper, we formulate spectrum-aware data replication as an optimization problem which tries to maximize the average data retrieval probability, subject to storage and time constraints. Since the problem is hard to solve based on mixed integer programming, we further design a distributed replication scheme based on the metric of replication benefit. Extensive simulations based on synthetic and realistic traces show that our scheme out- performs existing schemes in terms of data retrieval probability in various scenarios.
Electronically rich N-substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline 3-carboxylic acid esters: concise synthesis and conformational studies

Recent work in our laboratory has shown that the highly substituted, electronically rich 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (THIQ3CA) scaffold is a key building block for a novel class of promising anticoagulants (Al-Horani et al. J. Med. Chem.2011, 54, 6125-6138). The synthesis of THIQ3CA analogs, especially containing specific, electronically rich substituents, has been a challenge and essentially no efficient methods have been reported in the literature. We describe three complementary, glycine donor-based strategies for high yielding synthesis of highly substituted, electronically rich THIQ3CA esters. Three glycine donors studied herein include hydantoin 1, (±)-Boc-α-phosphonoglycine trimethyl ester 2 and (±)-Z-α-phosphonoglycine trimethyl ester 3. Although the synthesis of THIQ3CA analogs could be achieved using either of the three, an optimal, high yielding approach for the desired THIQ3CA esters was best achieved using 3 in three mild, efficient steps. Using this approach, a focused library of advanced N-arylacyl, N-arylalkyl, and bis-THIQ3CA analogs was synthesized. Variable temperature and solvent-dependent NMR chemical shift studies indicated the presence of two major conformational rotamers in 3:1 proportion for N-arylacyl-THIQ3CA analogs, which were separated by a high kinetic barrier of ~17 kcal/mol. In contrast, N-arylalkyl and bis-THIQ3CA variants displayed no rotamerism, which implicates restricted rotation around the amide bond as the origin for high-barrier conformational interconversion. This phenomenon is of major significance because structure-based drug design typically utilizes only one conformation. Overall, the work presents fundamental studies on the synthesis and conformational properties of highly substituted, electronically rich THIQ3CA analogs.
Enhancing Field Instruction in Child Welfare: Evaluation of a Training Program to Promote Quality Field Instruction

ABSTRACT Field placements in child welfare are generally recognized as a recruitment tool for professional social workers. However, little attention has been given to improving these placements in an effort to enhance recruitment. This study evaluates a comprehensive professional development curriculum for child welfare practitioners that is designed to provide participants with the knowledge and skills necessary to provide quality field instruction in a child welfare setting. The curriculum is based on a comprehensive review of the social work literature, as well as focus groups conducted with practicing field instructors. Results indicate field instructors increased their knowledge of quality field instruction and were able to make positive changes in their practices as a result of participation in the professional development program.
Family-Centered Adoption Practice:

A family-centered approach for providing adoption services is described. The impact of adoption on ordinary life issues (family boundaries and membership, loss, self-esteem, autonomy, and identity) is discussed from a family-centered perspective, and successful intervention techniques with persons involved in adoptions are presented.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SHOOT GROWTH AND CHANGING PHYLLOTAXY OF RANUNCULUS

Growth of Ranunculus shoots through ontogeny is quantified by techniques utilizing scanning electron microscopy and studies on living plant material. The order of the contact parastichy phyllotaxy in the apical system is related to the relative plastochron rates of growth of the shoot. There is a change in the (2, 3) contact parastichy pattern of vegetative phyllotaxy to a transitional (3, 5) contact pattern which is maintained through sepal production. Formation of a 5(1, 1) whorl of petal primordia establishes a (5, 8) contact pattern with the sepal primordia. Subsequent initiation of stamen primordia, in spiral sequence, results in (5, 8, 13) triple contacts between petal and stamen primordia. The stamen primordia and carpel primordia arrangement is characterized by a (8, 13) contact parastichy pattern of phyllotaxy. Through ontogeny the volume of the shoot apex progressively increases but the shape of the apex, described by a second degree polynomial, remains constant. The plastochron and the relative plastochron rates of radial and vertical displacement of primordia progressively decrease during transition but there is no alteration of the chronological rate of apical expansion. The change in contact parastichy phyllotaxy through ontogeny is interpreted as a change in the relative positions of primordia insertion on the apex resulting from an increase in apical volume and an increased rate of primordia initiation.
Empirical Support for the Theory of Induced Innovations

I. The problem, 580. — II. Characteristics of the data, 583. — III. Indications derived from time series, 587. — IV. Cross-section relations of labor share to capital intensity, 590. — V. Cross sections involving input prices and measures of technological progress, 594. — VI. Conclusions, 602.
A Little Chemistry Helps the Big Get Bigger

What is the common denominator between the geologic formation of gemstones, the degradation of pharmaceutical suspensions, and the manufacture of structural steels? They all can involve a process called coarsening, in which a group of objects of different sizes transforms into fewer objects with larger average size ( 1 ), such that “the big get bigger.” The atoms that occupy boundary locations between different phases tend to be less energetically stable, and coarsening stabilizes the overall system by decreasing the number of such atoms. A fundamental scientific question in coarsening is identifying how the requisite transport of atoms occurs. New answers to this question are being revealed by studies of nanoscale particles that are grown on surfaces