cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobility and inequality in neoliberal India

In this article, we portray the Indian experience of mobility and inequality since the early 1990 s. First, we address the question of heightening Indian inequality. Inequality has tended to rise substantially and can be understood in terms of the growing distance among social classes. Second, we present an analysis of migration in class terms and examine whether it has contributed to a reduction or heightening of inequality. Migrants as a group, across classes, have tended to do better than non-migrants at source and equivalent classes at destination. This finding is somewhat curious and counter-intuitive, and we explain it through the logic of endowments that these different groups possess. The better performance of the migrants has only further heightened the tendencies towards increasing inequality. Third, we analyse intergenerational occupational mobility to see if there is evidence for greater social mobility through the heightened presence of markets in our midst. Broadly, in an overall context of ...
Resolving international border disputes: The Irish experience

This article explores the value of a specific model of norm replacement in accounting for the circumstances leading to Ireland’s Good Friday agreement (1998), which formally and finally settled the...
The frequency of QTc prolongation among pediatric and young adult patients receiving methadone for cancer pain

Introduction A prolonged corrected QT (QTc) interval in pediatric patients is defined as ≥470 msec. Methadone can cause a prolonged QTc interval that can lead to ventricular arrhythmias. The risk of methadone-induced prolongation of the QTc interval in children and young adults is unknown. The purpose of the study was to determine the frequency of QTc prolongation among pediatric and young adult patients with cancer pain on methadone treatment. Methods We retrospectively reviewed data for all patients on methadone during the study period. Qualifying patient data were reviewed to determine whether these patients had an electrocardiogram (ECG) while on methadone. The QTc values for analysis were manually calculated using the standard formula described by Bazett. Results Twenty-five patients were identified that met eligibility criteria. The median QTc decreased from baseline after initiation of methadone. QTc prolongation occurred in four of 25 (16%) patients and only one patient had a QTc greater than 500 msec. This patient had 17 normal QTc intervals on methadone prior to the prolongation. After resolution of electrolyte abnormalities, six subsequent ECGs on methadone had a normal QTc interval. Conclusions Prolongation of the QTc interval is infrequent. The only observed case was transient during multiple comorbid conditions. A prospective study is justified to better understand what role methadone plays as one of many risk factors for prolongation of the QTc interval in children and young adults.
Klassen von Klassen

Jedes Ding ist fur uns eine Klasse, da wir durch das Reglement von Kapitel 4, Individuen zu ihren eigenen Elementen zu erklaren, auch das, was so aussieht, als konnte es etwas anderes sein, auf diesen Nenner gebracht haben. Hieraus folgt, das jede Klasse eine Klasse von Klassen ist, und somit, das jedes Ding eine Klasse von Klassen ist.
DECIPHERING ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES FOR THE DESIGN OF PROTEIN-BASED NANOMACHINES

De novo-designed elastic-contractile model proteins exhibit unique phase transitions (called inverse temperature transitions) that result in hydrophobic association on raising the temperature and that are capable of performing the set of energy conversions that occur in biology. The energy conversions involve the intensive variables of the free energy of mechanical force, temperature, pressure, chemical potential, exectrochemical potential and electromagnetic radiation frequencies ranging from the ultraviolet to the acoustic. Their phy- sical characterizations and analyses have resulted in an understanding of rever- sible elastic force development, even by a single dynamic chain, and of the change in Gibbs free energy for hydrophobic association, DGHA, that results from virtually every variable of interest to protein structure and function. A functional component within DGHA is a water-mediated apolar-polar repulsion, DGap. These physical principles have been applied with success to gain an understanding of the function of key biological energy converting proteins, namely Complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, the F1-motor of ATP synthase of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the myosin II motor of muscle contraction. With the assist of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the single-chain force-extension mode and in a dynamic force spectroscopy mode that takes advantage of the acoustic mechanical resonances exhibited by these elastic contractile model proteins, these physical processes become engineering principles for the construction of nanosensors with the potential to detect single molecular events.
Assessing the Relationship between Economic News Coverage and Mass Economic Attitudes

Do economic performance and economic news coverage influence public perceptions of the economy? Efforts to assess the effects are hampered by the interrelationships among the variables. In this paper, we bring to bear a more careful accounting of available economic variables than previous studies have used. We find that both media tone and economic attitudes are strongly related to actual economic performance. Moreover, after taking into account the economy itself, a substantial relationship between media tone and economic attitudes persists. Given that economic attitudes influence a wide variety of political outcomes, this finding carries important normative and political significance.
Inferring a Boolean Function from Positive and Negative Examples

A central problem in data mining is how to analyze observations grouped into two categories and infer some key patterns that may be implied by these observations. As discussed in Chapter 1, these observations describe different states of nature of the system or phenomenon of interest to the analyst.
Antibiotics and respiratory infections: are patients more satisfied when expectations are met?

Background Antibiotics are frequently prescribed for respiratory infections, even though most of these infections are viral. To understand why physicians do so, we studied patients' and physicians' expectations for antibiotics and the effects of the patient-physician interaction on patient satisfaction. Methods Patients with a respiratory infection were asked to complete a questionnaire before and after visiting with physicians at three family medicine centers. Physicians completed a questionnaire following the visit. Results Sixty-five percent of the 113 patients with respiratory infection expected antibiotics. Physicians had some ability to perceive this expectation and frequently prescribed antibiotics for patients who expected them. Antibiotics were prescribed to over 75% of patients with sinusitis or bronchitis and to 18% of those diagnosed with only viral infections. No association was found between a prescription for antibiotics and patient satisfaction; however, patient satisfaction did correlate with the patients' report that they understood the illness and that the physician spent enough time with them. Conclusions Physicians frequently prescribe antibiotics for upper respiratory infections when they believe patients expect it, but receiving a prescription for antibiotics is not in and of itself associated with increased patient satisfaction.
Why Do Markets Move Together? An Investigation of U.S.-Japan Stock Return Comovements Using Adrs

This study explores empirically the fundamental factors that influence intraday and overnight cross country stock return covariances. Using the Institute for Study of Securities Markets (ISSM) transactions data from 1988 to 1992, we construct overnight and intraday returns for a portfolio of Japanese stocks using their NYSE-traded American Depository Receipts and a matched-sample portfolio of U.S. stocks. A simple valuation framework is developed to examine cross-country correlations of returns and to discriminate between "competitive" and "global" information shocks to future expected and unexpected dividends and discount rates. We find that U.S. macroeconomic news announcements, shocks to the yen/dollar foreign exchange rate and Treasury bill returns and industry effects have no measurable influence on U.S. and Japanese return correlations. However, large shocks to broad-based market indexes (Nikkei Stock Average and Standard and Poor's 500 Stock Index) positively impact both the magnitude and persistence of the return correlations. The implications for international diversification strategies are discussed.
Source apportionment of trace elements and black carbon in an urban industrial area (Portland, Oregon)

Abstract This paper reports a current source apportionment study of trace elements and black carbon in particulate matter in industrial Southeast Portland, Oregon. The study aimed to determine whether metal pollution hotspots identified in the area in 2016 had been successfully mitigated by baghouse installation, or whether industrial sources continued to dominate local particulate matter. Particulate matter was filter-collected nearly continuously in 24-hour intervals between October 2017 and March 2018 (101 total filters). Filters were analyzed for 30 elements by x-ray fluorescence; black carbon was measured continuously during filter sampling using an aethalometer. EPA's Positive Matrix Factorization 5.0 was used for source apportionment modeling, yielding a 5-factor optimal solution. The source identities were resolved to be diesel and fuel emissions, sea salt, soil dust, secondary sulfates, and metals industry. The metals industry source was much less significant than expected, suggesting effective emissions reductions from the local factory. The source profiles' correlation with wind direction and speed using bivariate polar plots was examined to give further insight into the source identities and their locations. The NOAA HYSPLIT model was also used for air flow back-trajectory analysis. The results of the HYSPLIT and bivariate polar plots suggest that the coal power plant in eastern Oregon is a significant source of sulfates and mercury emissions. Using PMF on particulate matter data from a second industrial location in Southeast Portland (98 filters) revealed the same major sources except for the metals industry source, supporting the conclusion that regional sources dominate particulate matter metals composition, despite measurements made in an industrial urban location.
All-in-one automated microfluidics control system.

Abstract We present a fully-integrated solution for controlling pneumatically-driven microfluidic chips, featuring a pump, one or more pressure regulators and up to 32 solenoid valves, controlled by a microcontroller. The microfluidics control system requires only a power source and a computer or mobile device for its operation. A touchscreen interface communicates with the microcontroller over USB or Bluetooth and allows users to control the system with ease either manually or autonomously, allowing experiments to run with no user intervention. The pressure regulators were purpose-built, enabling integrated pressure sources on-board, rather than relying on external equipment. These regulators can also be used as stand-alone devices in any other application.
Skin-Sparing Mastectomy

Skin-sparing mastectomy is accepted as an oncologically safe procedure for appropriately selected patients proceeding to either therapeutic or risk-reducing mastectomy that enhances the cosmetic outcome with immediate breast reconstruction. This chapter outlines the factors behind patient selection and surgical technique, and discusses contemporary data pertaining to postoperative complications and long-term evaluation of oncological safety.
Inhibition of HER signaling induces growth arrest and apoptosis in ErbB2-driven non-small cell lung cancers

3773 Mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and EGFR amplification occurs in approximately 10-20% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Both genetic aberrations had been shown to correlate with responsiveness to small molecule EGFR inhibitors. This suggests a pivotal role for EGFR signaling in the maintenance of the proliferative state of these cells. The ErbB2 gene is amplified in 5-10% of non-small cell lung cancers and recently ErbB2 mutations similar to EGFR mutations had been described in another 2-5% of all non-small cell lung cancers. The biological role of ErbB2 mutations has not been fully defined and the therapeutic relevance of the ErbB2 pathway in the treatment of ErbB2-driven NSCLCs remains unclear. In the present study, we utilized an ErbB2-mutant (H1781) and an ErbB2-amplified (Calu-3) non small cell lung cancer cell line to model ErbB2-driven lung cancers. Stimulation of both H1781 as well as Calu-3 cells with EGF or neuregulin-1 led to a significant increase in ErbB2 phosphorylation (p-ErbB2) associated with a corresponding increase in p-ERK and p-AKT levels. Treatment of both cell lines with GW572016, a combined EGFR/ErbB2 inhibitor blocked p-ErbB2 as well as p-ERK and p-AKT activation. Blockade was accompanied by a dose-dependent growth inhibition in both cell lines, with an approximately 80% reduction in proliferation at a concentration of 1 μM following 72 hours of treatment. A marked increase in apoptosis was observed in the H1781 cell line (4% to 12% at 1 μM and 25% at 10 μM), while only a slight increase in apoptosis was seen in the Calu-3 cell line. BrDu proliferation assays showed a dramatic reduction in S-phase cells and an accumulation in the G1 phase explaining the growth arrest in Calu-3 cells. Further studies are being conducted to identify the contribution of EGFR versus ErbB2 signaling to the observed phenotype and downstream changes are also being explored to identify the effectors of proliferation arrest and apoptosis in these cell lines. Our studies demonstrate the therapeutic potential of HER inhibition in ErbB2-driven non-small cell lung cancers and also point to potential differences between ErbB2-mutant and ErbB2-amplified cancers with regards to their sensitivity to treatment with small molecule HER-inhibitors.
Oxygen pumping characteristics of YBaCo4O7+δ for solar thermochemical cycles

Abstract A new medium-temperature oxygen sorbent material, YBaCo4O7+δ, was prepared and investigated for its potential applications as an oxygen pumping material to facilitate solar thermochemical fuel production using a two-step metal oxide redox cycle. The oxygen uptake and release attributes of YBaCo4O7+δ were studied by both thermogravimetric analysis and a small-scale vacuum test. The results reveal that the oxygen uptake capacity and kinetics of YBaCo4O7+δ depends on both the uptake temperature and partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), and can also be affected by the particle size. In the vacuum test, YBaCo4O7+δ could bring down the pO2 of a vacuum chamber from 21 kPa to 0.5 kPa, which accounted for over 97% of the oxygen in the system. It was also found that the major issue for applying YBaCo4O7+δ as pumping material came from the slow kinetics at the low pO2 level. The current study has proved that the particle size has a significant effect on the pumping behavior of YBaCo4O7+δ, especially for the uptake kinetics. Further research would be required for material development to make this application economically practical.
Introducing Digitizing Technology in CAD Pattern-Making Class for Upcycling Project

(Harlock, 1989; Stott, 2012). Lectra Modaris, a digital pattern-making software used for all phases of pattern development, was implemented into the required coursework within the university’s junior-level CAD pattern-making class. The benefits of applying CAD pattern-making and digitizing technologies into the upcycling project in the studio class are: (a) to make necessary pattern adjustments and save the model for improved ease of access later, (b) to add seam allowances on the garment patterns more quickly and more accurately than the traditional paper pattern-making method , (c) to simplify the evaluation of the size and usage of existing second-hand materials before constructing the final garment, and (d) to enable easy arrangement of the marking of the garment patterns onto the existing second-hand materials to achieve the minimal waste goal for the sustainable apparel design project.
Commentary on "What happens after the hospital? An analysis of longitudinal care needs in children treated for child physical abuse".

Abstract This is a commentary on the manuscript entitled “What Happens after the Hospital? An Analysis of Longitudinal Care Needs in Children Treated for Child Physical Abuse” by Brittany L. Johnson and colleagues.
Rate of venous thromboembolism in gynecologic patients on an ERAS pathway.

214Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of surgery. An Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) program is a multimodal care pathway mea...
Attaining scalable storage-expansion dualism for bioartificial tissues.

The untenable dependence of cryopreservation on cytotoxic cryoprotectants has motivated the mining of biochemical libraries to identify molecular features marking cryoprotectants that may prevent ice crystal growth. It is hypothesized that such molecules may be useful across all temperatures eliminating cellular destruction due to equilibration cytotoxicity before and after cryopreservation. By probing the biochemical space using solvation-associated molecular topology and partition-distribution measures we developed an analytic formalism for ice crystal inhibition. By probing the union between a heat-shock protein cluster and an anti-freeze glycoprotein cluster, the model development process generated distinct regions of interest for anti-freeze glycoprotein and proved robust across different classes of proteins. These results confirm that there is a chemical space within which efficacious Ice Crystal Inhibitor molecular libraries can be constructed. These spaces contain latent projections drawn from solvent accessibility, hydrogen bonding capacity and molecular geometry. They also showed that molecular design can be a useful tool in the development of new-age cryoactive matrices to enable the smooth transition across culture, preservation and expansion. These chemical spaces provide low cytotoxicity since such amphipathic molecules occupy a continuum between solubizing and membrane stabilizing regions as shown by the free energy of translocation calculations. These biochemical design spaces are fundamentally the solution to efficient scale-up and deployment of cell therapies. Consequently, this article proposes the use of a molecular knowledge-mining approach in the development of a class of non-cytotoxic cryoprotective agents in the class of Ice Crystal Inhibitor compatible with continuous cryothermic and normothermic cell storage and expansion.
Four Views on Free Will

Notes on Contributors. Acknowledgments. A Brief Introduction to Some Terms and Concepts. 1. Libertarianism ((Robert Kane). 2. Compatibilism (John Martin Fischer). 3. Hard Incompatibilism (Derk Pereboom). 4. Revisionism (Manuel Vargas). 5. Response to Fischer, Pereboom, and Vargas (Robert Kane). 6. Response to Kane, Pereboom, and Vargas (John Martin Fischer). 7. Response to Kane, Fischer, and Vargas (Derk Pereboom). 8. Response to Kane, Fischer, and Pereboom (Manuel Vargas). Bibliography. Index.
Stimulated forward Brillouin scattering in hollow-core photonic crystal fiber

Stimulated forward Brillouin scattering is observed in hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber. Multiple acoustic closely-spaced resonances exist below 100 MHz. A quality factor enhancement is observed when air is evacuated from the fiber.
Protective Effect of Delayed Treatment With Low-Dose Glibenclamide in Three Models of Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose— Ischemia/hypoxia induces de novo expression of the sulfonylurea receptor 1-regulated NC(Ca-ATP) channel. In rodent models of ischemic stroke, early postevent administration of the sulfonylurea, glibenclamide, is highly effective in reducing edema, mortality, and lesion volume, and in patients with diabetes presenting with ischemic stroke, pre-event plus postevent use of sulfonylureas is associated with better neurological outcome. However, the therapeutic window for treatment with glibenclamide has not been studied. Methods— We examined the effect of low-dose (nonhypoglycemogenic) glibenclamide in 3 rat models of ischemic stroke, all involving proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo): a thromboembolic model, a permanent suture occlusion model, and a temporary suture occlusion model with reperfusion (105 minutes occlusion, 2-day reperfusion). Treatment was started at various times up to 6 hours post-MCAo. Lesion volumes were measured 48 hours post-MCAo using 2,3,5-triphenylt...
Crack detection and characterization techniques - An overview

SUMMARY Crack occurrence and propagation are among critical factors that affect the performance and lifespan of civil infrastructures such as bridges, pipelines, and so on. As a consequence, numerous crack detection and characterization techniques have been researched and developed in the past decades in the areas of SHM and non-destructive evaluation (NDE). The significant amount of performed studies and the large number of publications give rise to the need to systematize, condensate, and summarize this enormous effort. The aims of this paper are to summarize the knowledge about cracking and its sources, review both existing and emerging methods for crack detection and characterization, and identify the advantages and challenges for these methods. In general, this paper identifies two sensing approaches (direct and indirect) and two data analysis approaches (model-based and model-free or data-driven) along with a range of associated technologies. The advantages and challenges of each approach and technology are discussed and summarized, and the future research needs are identified. This paper is intended to serve as a reference for researchers who are interested in crack detection and characterization as well as for those who are generally interested in SHM and NDE. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated modeling of power system dynamics using the Lagrangian formulation

SUMMARY An automated method is introduced for deriving the governing dynamic equations of electric power systems using the Lagrangian formulation. A main advantage of using the Lagrangian formulation to model the system dynamics is that this framework has been shown to be useful for passivity-based control. The automation of the modeling is valuable because for interconnected power systems, it is very complex to derive by hand. The automated method is demonstrated on an example interconnected power system. Finally, the differential equations derived in the stationary three-phase reference frame for this example are transformed to the rotating two-phase reference frame, and simulations in the different reference frames are shown and analyzed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer simulation of low-frequency electromagnetic data acquisition

Computer simulation of low‐frequency electromagnetic (EM) digital data acquisition in the presence of natural field noise demonstrates several important limitations and considerations. Without a remote reference noise removal scheme, it is difficult to obtain an adequate ratio of signal to noise below 0.1 Hz for frequency‐domain processing and below 0.3 Hz base frequency for time‐domain processing for a typical source‐receiver configuration. A digital high‐pass filter substantially facilitates rejection of natural field noise above these frequencies; however, at lower frequencies where much longer stacking times are required, it becomes ineffective. Use of a remote reference to subtract natural field noise extends these low‐frequency limits by one decade, but the remote reference technique is limited by the resolution and dynamic range of the instrumentation. Gathering data in short segments so that natural field drift can be offset for each segment allows a higher gain setting to minimize dynamic range p...
The role of dietary sources of nucleotides in immune function: a review

Dietary sources of preformed purines and pyrimidines seem to be important for optimal function of the cellular immune response. It was previously assumed that nucleotides were not needed for normal growth and development, but the results described in this review demonstrate a need for nucleotides in the response to immunological challenges. This effect is likely due to a requirement for preformed pyrimidines for proper development and activation of T cells. The need for sources of preformed nucleotides in defined formulas such as parenteral and enteral formulas and infant formulas is suggested by the studies reviewed below.
Mean and turbulent flow structure during the amalgamation process in fluvial bed forms

[1] Fluvial channels present bed forms such as dunes and ripples that alter instantaneous hydrodynamics parameters such as flow velocities, water surface profiles, bed shear stresses, and Reynolds stresses and create turbulent coherent structures that are significantly different from those presented in flat bed conditions. It is known that LES-based models are more suitable than RANS models to reproduce the complex hydrodynamics around bed forms. Herein, a LES model is applied to describe the mean and turbulent flow structure under superimposed bed forms. Three cases were simulated: RUN I (train of ripples), RUN II (superimposed bed forms), and RUN III (amalgamated bed forms). The LES modeling was performed using a free surface condition to allow the model to develop undulations and boils on the water surface caused by effect of the bed forms. Some important conclusions from this study are: the division of high and low shear stresses on the stoss side of the dune, the progression of the flow field topology from RUN I and RUN III, and the type of turbulent coherent structures found in each stage. The region of high shear stresses was related to turbulence production, in which the streamwise velocity fluctuations (where strips structures are related to streaks) were associated to the modification of the bed morphology. The turbulence Horseshoes Vortices (THV) were more frequent in RUN I than in the other two cases (where streamwise rolls were more frequent). Finally, the frequency of the bursting events increased from RUN I to RUN II and decreased from RUN II to RUN III. Implications of detailed hydrodynamics into bed forms processes are also presented and discussed.
Fat, weather, and date affect migratory songbirds’ departure decisions, routes, and time it takes to cross the Gulf of Mexico

Approximately two thirds of migratory songbirds in eastern North America negotiate the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), where inclement weather coupled with no refueling or resting opportunities can be lethal. However, decisions made when navigating such features and their consequences remain largely unknown due to technological limitations of tracking small animals over large areas. We used automated radio telemetry to track three songbird species (Red-eyed Vireo, Swainson’s Thrush, Wood Thrush) from coastal Alabama to the northern Yucatan Peninsula (YP) during fall migration. Detecting songbirds after crossing ∼1,000 km of open water allowed us to examine intrinsic (age, wing length, fat) and extrinsic (weather, date) variables shaping departure decisions, arrival at the YP, and crossing times. Large fat reserves and low humidity, indicative of beneficial synoptic weather patterns, favored southward departure across the Gulf. Individuals detected in the YP departed with large fat reserves and later in the fall with profitable winds, and flight durations (mean = 22.4 h) were positively related to wind profit. Age was not related to departure behavior, arrival, or travel time. However, vireos negotiated the GOM differently than thrushes, including different departure decisions, lower probability of detection in the YP, and longer crossing times. Defense of winter territories by thrushes but not vireos and species-specific foraging habits may explain the divergent migratory behaviors. Fat reserves appear extremely important to departure decisions and arrival in the YP. As habitat along the GOM is degraded, birds may be limited in their ability to acquire fat to cross the Gulf.
The Roots of Narcissus: Old and New Models of the Evolution of Narcissism

The construct of narcissism encompasses attributes such as arrogance, assertiveness, a sense of authority, entitlement, exhibitionism, exploitativeness, forcefulness, self-absorption, social potency, and vanity. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the evolutionary origins of this multifaceted trait. We posit: (1) Narcissism is rooted in physical characteristics that, in turn, shape one’s psychological development; (2) narcissism is shaped by complex gene × environment interactions; and (3) narcissism is related to numerous genes with very small effects that have been subjected to selection pressures over the course of human evolutionary history. Building on this third explanation, we propose a model for the evolutionary origins of narcissism. Namely, narcissism manifests as a result of selection for attributes that promote short-term mating and dominance—facilitating reproduction and survival.
Mothers' perceptions of their adolescents' weight status: are they accurate?

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of mothers’ perceptions of adolescents’ weight status. Research Methods and Procedures: Parent interviews and adolescent surveys (755) were conducted in an ethnically diverse sample from Project EAT (Eating among Teens). Results: Adolescent weight status was accurately assessed by 60% of mothers, underestimated by 35% of mothers, and overestimated by 5% of mothers. In multivariate analyses, mothers of female adolescents were about half as likely to underestimate their adolescent's weight status as mothers of male adolescents. Nonoverweight mothers were about half as likely as overweight mothers to underestimate their adolescent's weight status. Discussion: Most mothers are able to accurately assess their adolescent's weight status; however, adolescent gender and mothers’ weight status are related to accuracy. Mothers were more likely to underestimate their sons’ weights than their daughters’ weights, and overweight mothers were more likely to be inaccurate in their assessments than nonoverweight mothers. Findings suggest that the majority of parents do not need to be told that their children are overweight; instead, messages to parents of overweight teens should focus on how to provide support for healthy weight management.
Philosophical criteria for psychological explanation

A psychological explanation consists of a set of premises postulated to account for the occurrence of some behavioral phenomenon. This paper contends that an explanation should satisfy at least five philosophical criteria: (1) The explanation must be deductive; that is, it should be possible to deduce the occurrence to be explained from the premises. (2) The explanation must contain empirical meaning. It should not be a contradiction to assert that the explanation can be falsified by empirical observation. (3) The explanation must be predictive; that is, in principle, if the explanation were known in advance, the occurrence would have been predicted. (4) The explanation should contain a causal argument; in principle, the explanation identifies a means for control of the behavior to be explained. (5) The premises should be general. Other testable predictions should follow from the premises. Thus, the premises used in an explanation should be usable in explanations of other phenomena. Every good explanation leads to a new experiment that threatens to disprove it.
Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults: Clinical-computed tomographic correlations

The clinical and computed tomographic (CT) findings in 100 consecutive adult nontraumatic intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) cases are analyzed. There were 74 parenchymal brain hemorrhages with secondary ventricular extension. The ventricles were filled with blood and asymmetrically enlarged. If the hemorrhage involved putamen, cerebellum, pons, or subcortical cerebral hemispheric white matter, IVH was associated with large parenchymal hematomas; these patients had poor clinical outcome. With thalamic or caudate hematomas, IVH frequently occurred with large hematomas but may occur with small hematomas. The small hematomas were located directly contiguous to the ventricular walls and caused extensive ventricular blood. Patients with small thalamic and caudate hemorrhage with intraventricular blood had good clinical outcome; whereas patients with large hematomas had poor outcome. Primary IVH occurred in 24 cases. In these cases, blood was seen in all ventricular chambers. Aneurysms involving the anterior cerebral-anterior communicating artery region were the most common etiology for primary IVH.
Chatter dynamics in sheet rolling

Abstract Two and four degree of freedom (DOF) systems describing chatter in sheet rolling are investigated. In the two DOF case, this includes studying the nonlinear behavior that arises due to the deformation at the work-backup roll interface. The force displacement relation between two cylindrical rolls being pressed together is inherently nonlinear due to the changing contact area. The investigation also includes the additional plastic deformation of the sheet in the roll-bite that is present during chatter. As the work rolls vibrate the gap widens and narrows inducing additional plastic deformation of the sheet. For the two DOF case, one mode of vibration is a motion of the work roll-sheet mass center. The other mode is a squeezing motion of the sheet in the bite by the work rolls. The natural frequencies seem to correspond with fifth octave chatter. The nonlinear theory predicts a small shift in the vibrational frequency. The role of inter-stand tension in triggering instability is also discussed. The four DOF system extends the research of Yarita et al. by providing analytic expressions for the natural frequencies. It appears that this system is capable of predicting third octave chatter, in addition to fifth octave chatter.
A Microfluidically Cryocooled Spiral Microcoil With Inductive Coupling for MR Microscopy

Magnetic resonance (MR) microscopy typically employs microcoils for enhanced local signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Planar (surface) microcoils, in particular, offer the potential to be configured into array elements as well as to enable the imaging of extremely small samples because of the uniformity and precision provided by microfabrication techniques. Microcoils, in general, however, are copper-loss dominant, and cryocooling methods have been successfully used to improve the SNR. Cryocooling of the matching network elements, in addition to the coil itself, has shown to provide the most improvement, but can be challenging with respect to cryostat requirements, cabling, and tuning. Here we present the development of a microfluidically cryocooled spiral microcoil with integrated microfabricated parallel plate capacitors, allowing for localized cryocooling of both the microcoil and the on-chip resonating capacitor to increase the SNR while keeping the sample-to-coil distance within the most sensitive imaging range of the microcoil. Inductive coupling was used instead of a direct transmission line connection to eliminate the physical connection between the microcoil and the tuning network so that a single cryocooling microfluidic channel could enclose both the microcoil and the on-chip capacitor with minimum loss in cooling capacity. Comparisons between the cooled and uncooled cases were made via Q-factor measurements and agreed well with the theoretically achievable improvement: the cooled integrated capacitor coil with inductive coupling achieved a factor of 2.6 improvement in Q-factor over a reference coil conventionally matched and tuned with high- Q varactors and capacitively connected to the transmission line.
Spatial and temporal distribution of intracellular free cholesterol in brains of a Niemann-Pick type C mouse model showing hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Implications for Alzheimer's disease.

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a fatal hereditary neurovisceral disorder with diagnostically relevant intracellular accumulation of cholesterol in non-brain tissue, for example the spleen and fibroblasts. In the brain, many ballooned neurons are seen. Using filipin microfluorodensitometry, significant accumulations of free cholesterol in specified neurons have been described in NPC patients. The present study demonstrates spatial and temporal accumulation of free cholesterol in the brains of homozygous NPC (-(npc)/-(npc)) mice, a widely acknowledged mouse model, and in primarily cultured neurons therefrom. Intraneuronal storage of free cholesterol was already prominent at a pre-clinical stage in various grey matter areas of the murine cerebral cortex. Hippocampal areas showed differential development of the pathological distribution of free cholesterol. The pyramidal cells in the CA3 sector of Ammon's horn were affected much earlier than in CA1. Some of the deeper cerebral nuclei were affected only slightly, even at the final stage. Neurons (E15-E17) cultured in a cholesterol-free medium also showed massive accumulation of intracellular free cholesterol. In addition, brains from the murine NPC model for Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like changes in the microtubule-associated protein tau were tested using the Gallyas silver technique and AT8-immunolabelling, since both human diseases are accompanied by intraneuronal tangles made up of tau protein aggregations. Although the analysis failed to show classical silver-stainable tangles of the AD type in the NPC mice, tau protein phosphorylated at epitopes considered to represent early stages of AD was found. This further strengthens the concept that an alteration in cholesterol metabolism may play an important role in AD. The NPC mouse model may thus serve as a tool to analyse the role of cholesterol in initial changes of tau that eventually lead to the formation of tangles in both NPC and AD.
Skeletal integrity in premenopausal and postmenopausal women receiving long-term L-thyroxine therapy.

Abstract purpose: The impact of long-term L-thyroxine replacement therapy on skeletal integrity is a growing concern because of the large number of women receiving thyroid hormone therapy. The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that long-term L-thyroxine therapy in which the free thyroxine index (FT 4 I) is maintained within a physiologic range has minimal impact on vertebral or femoral bone mineral density in both premenopausal and postmenopausel women. patients and methods: We measured hip integral and spinal trabecular and integral bone densities in 28 premenopausal and 28 postmenopausal women who had been receiving L-thyroxine therapy for a median of 12 and 15 years, respectively, and in whom therapy was titrated to keep the FT 4 I within the normal range. The relationship between bone density parameters and thyroid hormone status was examined using univariate and multivariate statistical methods. results: Seventy-nine percent of the premenopausal women and 86% of the postmenopausal women had FT 4 I values in the normal range at the time of bone density determination. Moreover, throughout the study's duration, the majority of annually measured values were in the normal range for more than 80% of subjects. Premenopausal women had slightly lower bone density than would be expected for age: −6.7% (z = −0.39 ± 0.74 [mean ±SD], p 2 = 0.18 to 0.66) to the variability in bone density at the spine and the hip, but parameters of thyroid hormone status did not. conclusion: These data provide the first supportive evidence that long-term L-thyroxine therapy that maintains the FT 4 I in the physiologic range is associated with a statistically significant, but clinically minimal, decrement in spinal and hip bone density in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. The decrement at the hip was entirely due to the inclusion of patients with treated Graves' disease. Thus, the changes in bone density in women receiving long-term L-thyroxine therapy are minimal at most and should not be a contraindication to therapy.
DETERMINANTS OF POLITICAL JUDGMENTS: The Joint Influence of Normative and Heuristic Rules of Inference

Prior research on political judgment has been polarized, with one group emphasizing normative models of political inference and the other emphasizing heuristic models of political inference. In accordance with recent findings in psychology, this article is rooted in the assumption that both normative and heuristic criteria simultaneously influence political judgments. Furthermore, differences in the relative extent to which these two processes serve to determine political judgments are hypothesized to depend on the nature of the judgment task. Two kinds of political judgments are considered: judgments reflecting beliefs about the candidates' stands on the issues and judgments reflecting global evaluations of the candidates. The reported results confirm that (1) voters rely on both normative- and heuristic-based considerations when forming these judgments, and (2) the relative extent to which these criteria influence these judgments depends on the complexity of the judgment task.
Perceptions of gastroenterology fellows regarding ERCP competency and training.

Abstract Background: The adequacy of ERCP training in the United States may be suboptimal because many training programs do not provide fellows with the exposure to the procedures necessary to achieve competence. Methods: A short survey questionnaire, which assesses the training program, the personal ERCP experience, the perceptions regarding training adequacy, and the post-training practice plans, was sent to all fellows graduating from gastroenterology training programs. Results: Graduating fellows performed a median of 140 ERCPs and 35 sphincterotomies during training, with an associated median comfort level for independently performing sphincterotomy of 7.5 on a scale of 1 to 10. The median estimated success rate for independent free cannulation was 75%. Based on nonparametric correlation and regression analysis, 180 ERCPs would be necessary to achieve a free cannulation rate of 80% and 69 sphincterotomies to achieve a comfort level of 8 on a scale of 1 to 10. Thirty-six percent of fellows achieved the number of procedures and cannulation success determined by this study to indicate procedural competence. Sixty-four percent of fellows did not achieve procedural competence and 33% reported inadequate ERCP training. Nevertheless, 91% of fellows expected to perform unsupervised ERCP after training. Conclusions: The results of this study are consistent with those of previously published studies demonstrating that 160 to 200 ERCP procedures are necessary to achieve competence to perform ERCP. The majority of graduating fellows do not achieve an acceptable success rate during training, yet still intend to perform ERCP after training.
Improving inference for social research and social policy: The Bayesian paradigm

Abstract This paper reviews briefly some data interpretation difficulties associated with many social research projects, difficulties which damage efforts to synthesize the results from different studies or to use such results in the formulation of social policy. It is argued that these difficulties are traceable in large part to three causes: (1) the circuitous and nonintuitive logic of inference used customarily in social statistical analysis; (2) the lack of agreement (usually latent and implicit) about the substantive and technical premises adopted in the research argument; and (3) the frequent weakness (low diagnosticity) of social research data for distinguishing among alternative models of a phenomenon. The Bayesian paradigm of statistical inference, especially a broadly conceived version of that paradigm, offers a number of advantages for overcoming these difficulties. A principal advantage is that the Bayesian inference approach lends itself especially well to the systematic cumulation of evidence from a series of related studies. Another advantage of the Bayesian perspective is that it deals well with contingency and with uncertain knowledge. In view of these and other advantages, the Bayesian inference paradigm is proposed as a highly promising vehicle through which social researchers and policy makers may work and communicate more effectively, not only with each other, but also among themselves.
The moderating effects of gender and performance on job satisfaction and intentions to leave in the sales force

Abstract The importance of sales force turnover has led researchers to search for variables that moderate the relationship between job satisfaction and intention to leave the current sales job. Studies of male and female employees have suggested that gender can cause differences in job attitudes, job satisfaction, and intent-to-leave. Other studies have used job performance, satisfaction, and intent-to-leave to show that low and high performing employees leave their jobs for different reasons. The present study used a sample of 138 salespersons drawn from a variety of companies to explore whether (1) gender and (2) performance do moderate the relationship between job satisfaction and intent-to-leave. The study showed a tendency for men and women salespersons to leave their current sales position because of dissatisfaction with different aspects of the job and also confirmed previous research that had showed that high and low performing salespeople leave for different reasons.
The contribution of endogenous sources of DNA damage to the multiple mutations in cancer

There is increasing evidence that most human cancers contain multiple mutations. By the time a tumor is clinically detectable it may have accumulated tens of thousands of mutations. In normal cells, mutations are rare events occurring at a rate of 10(-10) mutations per nucleotide per cell per generation. We have argued that the mutation rates exhibited by normal human cells are insufficient to account for the large number of mutations found in human cancers, and therefore, that an early event in tumorigenesis is the development of a mutator phenotype. In normal cells, spontaneous and induced DNA damage is balanced by multiple pathways for DNA repair, and most DNA damage is repaired without error. However, in tumor cells this balance may be shifted such that damage overwhelms the repair capacity, resulting in the accumulation of multiple mutations. Our hypothesis is that multiple random mutations occur during carcinogenesis. The sequential mutations that are observed in some human tumors result from selective events required for tumor progression. We consider the possibility that endogenous sources of DNA damage, in particular oxidative DNA damage, may contribute to genomic instability and to a mutator phenotype in some tumors. Endogenous and environmental sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are abundant. In tumor cells, antioxidant or DNA repair capacity may be insufficient to compensate for the production of ROS, and these endogenous ROS may be capable of damaging DNA and inducing mutations in critical DNA stability genes. The possibility that oxidative DNA damage could be a significant source of the genomic instability characteristic of human cancers is exciting, because it may be feasible to modulate the extent of oxidative damage through antioxidant therapy. The use of antioxidants to reduce the extent of molecular damage by ROS could delay the progression of cancer.
Transient grating effects in resonant four-wave mixing experiments

Abstract Thermal grating effects frequently dominate the coherent signals from resonant interactions of a medium with two light waves The third-order frequency dependence of signals are then not indicative of sub-picosecond dynamical processes, but refer to the grating dynamics. Experimental configurations are discussed for azulene. FeTPP-Cl, oxazine-P, cresyl violet, malachite green, rhodamine B. and rhodamine 640-P.