cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
La revolución teórica del zapatismo: sus consecuencias históricas, éticas y políticas

1. Introduccion Lo que propongo aqui es considerar el zapatismo, tanto en sus acciones como en sus discursos, como una revolucion teorica. Ello implica considerar que las revoluciones teoricas no se producen solo en el ambito disciplinario o academico, sino en todos los ordenes de la sociedad. Ello implica tambien sobrepasar los limites de las “dos culturas” en el pensamiento de la modernidad, epistemologica para las ciencias y hermeneutica para las humanidades, y pensar que si el conocimiento se produce en todas las esferas sociales, tambien las revoluciones teoricas pueden producirse en cualquiera de ellas. Una de las consecuencias mas inmediatas de esta propuesta es que el conocimiento no es representacion sino, tomando un termino de Francisco Varela (Conocer, 1990), “enaccion”. Por lo tanto, no se trata ya de pensar “teorias” que nos ayuden a comprender la “realidad”, sino encontrar la teoria “en” la realidad. Asi, el zapatismo produjo una revolucion teorica que hubiera sido impensable en las disciplinas, por la simple razon de que las disciplinas estan asentadas sobre el pre-juicio y el principio de que el conocimiento es representacion y que los acontecimientos sociales deben ser representados por el conocimiento disciplinario, lo cual impide considerarlos como conocimientos en si mismos. Y menos aun conocimiento teorico! La revolucion teorica del zapatismo tiene su expresion mas simple en lo que Marcos llama “la traduccion” o, mejor, en su capacidad para pensar “entre” y, de ahi, su capacidad como lo dice el propio Marcos, de “crear sentido”. En cuanto a lo primero, “La fuerza de los zapatistas radica en la no violencia: su originalidad, en la invencion de una nueva relacion entre violencia y no violencia. El crecimiento de una violencia contenida y reprimida durante decadas, o siglos, desemboca en una estrategia de no violencia armada al servicio de una produccion de sentido, de una invencion simbolica y politica” (Subcomandante Marcos, 1997,115). En cuanto a lo segundo, la creacion de sentido se origina en una tension epistemologica del estar entre, del estar en el borde: “La tension en la que se mantiene el movimiento garantiza su ejemplaridad y su expresividad. Si recae, puede descomponerse en la violencia o en el repliegue comunitario” (Subcomandante Marcos, 1997, 115). Tension, en ultima instancia, entre la nacion y la comunidad, el exceso de lo primero lleva al nacionalismo; el exceso en lo segundo al comunitarismo. Esta es otra instancia del pensamiento en los bordes, en la tension entre dos extremos que genera la “capacidad de crear sentidos” y, por lo tanto, la revolucion teorica de los zapatistas. La capacidad de crear sentidos provine de un pensamiento que se localiza en los bordes y que se funda en una doble traduccion: la traduccion desde la cosmologia indigena hacia el marxismo leninismo y viceversa. Una nueva dimension del conocimiento, no la de la pureza del pensamiento indigena, tampoco la del marxismo-leninismo, sino la transformacion de ambas.
Preoperative considerations: which herbal products should be discontinued before surgery?

Catherine A. Heyneman is the director of the Idaho Drug Information Service and an assistant professor of Pharmacy Practice at the Idaho State University College of Pharmacy, Pocatello, Idaho. Medicinal herbs have been used since the beginning of recorded time. Approximately one quarter of prescription drugs on the market today are still derived from plant products (eg, digoxin from the foxglove plant). The danger inherent in the current widespread use of herbal products is the assumption that the term “natural” is synonymous with “safe.”
Taxing Carbon: What, Why, and How

The case for a carbon tax is strong. A well-designed tax could efficiently reduce the emissions that cause climate change and encourage innovation in cleaner technologies. The resulting revenue could finance tax reductions, spending priorities, or deficit reduction — policies that could offset the tax’s distributional and economic burdens, improve the environment, or otherwise improve Americans’ well-being. But moving a carbon tax from the whiteboard to reality is challenging. To help policymakers, analysts, and the public address those challenges, this report examines the what, why, and how of implementing a carbon tax and using the revenue it would generate.
A Syntactic Method for Enforcing Semantic Database Integrity Constraints

An automata theoretic framework is proposed which allows for a syntactic treatment of semantic properties of relational databases.The semantic integrity of a database is defined in terms of predicates on its attributes. These predicates are shown to determine the specification of a finite state automata which detects, in time proportional to the length of the input, whether the semantic integrity of the database has been violated. In addition, this approach leads to efficient techniques for dealing with the problems of consistency, equivalence and redundancy of integrity constraints. These concepts are defined and algorithms for their determination are described.
Intracavity infrared-microwave double-resonance spectroscopy

The paper discusses the development of the intracavity infrared-microwave (or radio-frequency) double-resonance method in which a microwave resonance of low-pressure gas placed inside a laser cavity is detected as a variation of laser power. Emphasis is laid on the very high sensitivity of this method and on the three phenomena observed by this method, i.e. (1) the transfer of saturation holes and spikes to other levels that are not directly pumped by the laser through weak intermolecular interactions without a change in velocity, (2) velocity-tuned multiphoton processes, which complicate the structure of saturation holes, and (3) the off-resonant ‘double’ resonance in which microwave pumping is detected through the dispersive response of the laser rather than absorption.
Advertising Effectiveness and Risk in the Consumer Decision Process

The persuasion of advertising is examined in terms of the risks women face in their decisions as consumers. Experimental results relate self-confidence, risk style, and product importance to the ef...
Penile malignant melanoma in association with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis.

AbstractWe report a case of malignant melanoma of the penis in association with penile squamous cell cancer. Previous regional lymphadenectomy did not prevent subsequent development of regional recurrence. This clinical presentation and the literature are discussed.
Paleonutrition and Paleopathology of the Salt River Hohokam: A Search for Correlates

ABSTRACTRecent excavations at the Phoenix area Hohokam sites of Grand Canal Ruins, Casa Buena, and La Ciudad yielded 163 non-cremated human skeletons representing both the pre-Classic and Classic periods. Several conditions associated with nutritional stress were observed in these remains including dental caries, wear and calculus formation, antemortem tooth loss, enamel hypoplasia, porotic hyperostosis, rickets, bladder stone disease and short stature. Some of these conditions reflect weaning and infectious disease stress occurring in childhood, rather than adult nutritional inadequacies. Only dental canes, wear and calculus formation, and antemortem tooth loss could be used to measure the effect of the Hohokam dietary regime on adults. The paleopathological evidence preserved in these remains does not appear to negate the idea that the Hohokam possessed a rich and varied diet as proposed by archaeobotanists, but does suggest nutritional irregularities occurring in early childhood.
Desire for Cultural Preservation as a Predictor of Support for Entertainment Media Censorship in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates

This article examines support for cultural preservation as a predictor of support for censorship of entertainment media in three Arab Gulf countries: Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates ( N = 3,017; n > 1,000 in each country). Greater support for cultural preservation was positively associated with support for censorship; a belief that more should be done to preserve cultural traditions (Qatar, United Arab Emirates) and a desire for more entertainment that reflects one’s culture and history (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates) were positively associated with support for censorship in two of the three countries. The belief that Hollywood films are harmful to morality was the only variable associated with stronger censorship support in all countries.
Effect of water on the high-pressure structural behavior of anorthite-diopside eutectic glass

Abstract We employed in situ high pressure Raman spectroscopy to examine structural variations in hydrous versus anhydrous aluminosilicate glasses as a function of pressure. Raman spectra of anhydrous and water-saturated (6.7 wt% H 2 O) eutectic anorthite – diopside (An-Di) glasses were collected at pressures up to 10 GPa in a diamond anvil cell (DAC). Both glasses exhibited a distinct change in compression mechanism at about 2.5 GPa. From 0 to 2.5 GPa each glass depolymerizes. Above 2.5 GPa the anhydrous glass becomes less polymerized, whereas the hydrous glass becomes more polymerized as pressure is increased up to 10 GPa. These differences are explained in terms of Al-coordination and formation of triclusters. For the dry glass, at pressures below 2.5 GPa, depolymerization occurs by means of tricluster (OT 3 ) formation in which bridging oxygens (BO) become triply coordinated to a third network forming cation, preferentially IV Al, thereby increasing the coordination to V Al. At pressures > 2.5 GPa compression induced coordination to non-bridging oxygens (NBO) causes tetrahedral IV Al to become highly coordinated V,VI Al. Network modifying cations (Ca and Mg) coordinated to NBO at ambient conditions become charge-balancing cations for V,VI Al at elevated pressure, resulting in decreased polymerization. For the wet glass, compression up to 2.5 GPa causes protons in H 2 O to depolymerize Al tetrahedra into Al-OH. At pressures > 2.5 GPa most of the highly coordinated Al is present as VI Al and network polymerization increases with the formation of M-OH (M = Ca, Mg) groups that enable Si-O-Si bonds (BO). Bulk modulus measurements support increased polymerization with the wet glass (K 0 = 16 ± 2GPa) shown to be more compressible than the dry glass (K 0 = 52 ± 5 GPa).
Thalamic Bursts and Single Spikes Evoke Distinct Inhibitory States in the Primary Sensory Cortex.

Brain circuits must faithfully transform sensation into the precise firing of neurons in the cortex, several synapses downstream from the periphery. To ensure accurate perception, these circuits exploit the unique firing properties of each component neuronal population. Most sensory information is
Condensed-matter physics: Marching to a different quantum beat

Periodic oscillations are common in nature but they generally decay or fall out of phase. Two experiments have found evidence for a Floquet time crystal, which is characterized by persistent in-phase oscillations. See Letters p.217 & p. 221 Much like ordinary crystals, time crystals exhibit a high degree of structural order. But whereas ordinary crystals get their periodicity from the regular repetition of spatial elements, time crystals are an exotic, non-equilibrium state of matter in which the same structures repeat themselves in time. Predicted to exist a few years ago, time crystals have so far resisted experimental demonstration. Now, two groups offer evidence for experimental observation of this elusive form of matter. Jiehang Zhang et al. create a specific kind of time crystal—a discrete time crystal—in a chain of ten trapped ions under the influence of periodic driving. Mikhail Lukin and colleagues achieve a similar feat using approximately one million nitrogen–vacancy spin impurities in diamond as an experimental platform. In both cases, the time-crystalline order is shown to be robust to external perturbations. Such time crystals could potentially find applications in robust quantum memory.
Observations on the radial flow of water between fixed parallel plates

Dye filament techniques were employed to investigate streamline configurations for both converging and diverging radial flow. Inherent characteristic of diverging flow are the boundary layer separation phenomena and the formation of axially symmetric vortex sheets. The onset of boundary layer separation is predicted from a dimensionsless stability parameter which is derived from a semi-empirical expression found to be in approximate agreement with wall pressure data. For flows significancyly in excess of the critical rate, disturbance oscillations were observed to amplify and generate eddies. At very high rates of diverging flow, both steady state and transient cavitation were observed. These phenomena are closely linked with the vortex formations. In contrast, converging flow retained a laminar character up to the highest rate of flow attainable.
Anthropogenic Soils in Agricultural Settings

Anthrosols are the characteristic type of anthropogenic soil found wherever people have practiced agriculture for many centuries.
Deaf: A Concept Analysis From a Cultural Perspective Using the Wilson Method of Concept Analysis Development:

The purpose of this article is to provide an analysis of the concept Deaf to increase health care provider (HCP) understanding from a cultural perspective. Deaf signers, people with hearing loss who communicate primarily in American Sign Language (ASL), generally define the term Deaf as a cultural heritage. In the health care setting, the term deaf is most often defined as a pathological condition requiring medical intervention. When HCPs are unaware that there are both cultural and pathological views of hearing loss, significant barriers may exist between the HCP and the Deaf individual. The concept of Deaf is analyzed using the Wilsonian method. Essential elements of the concept "Deaf" from a cultural perspective include a personal choice to communicate primarily in ASL and identify with the Deaf community. Resources for HCPs are needed to quickly identify Deaf signers and provide appropriate communication.
Nobody's Home: Candid Reflections of a Nursing Home Aide

After caring for his mother at the end of her life, Thomas Edward Gass felt drawn to serve the elderly. He took a job as a nursing home aide but was not prepared for the reality that he found at his new place of employment, a for-profit long-term-care facility. In a book that is by turns chilling and graphic, poignant and funny, Gass describes America’s system of warehousing its oldest citizens. With Americans living longer than ever before, elder care is among the fastest growing occupations. This book makes clear that there is a systemic conflict between profit and extent of care. Instead of controlling costs and maximizing profits, what if longterm care focused on our basic need to lead meaningful and connected lives until our deaths? What if staff members dropped the feigned hope of forestalling the inevitable and concentrated on making their charges comfortable and respected? These and other questions raised by this powerful book will cause Americans to rethink how nursing homes are run, staffed, and financed—as well as the circumstances under which we hope to meet our end.
Clinical implications and considerations for evaluation of in silico algorithms for use with ACMG/AMP clinical variant interpretation guidelines.

Clinical genetics laboratories have recently adopted guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants set by the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) and Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP). The use of in silico algorithms to predict whether amino acid substitutions result in human disease is inconsistent across clinical laboratories. The clinical genetics community must carefully consider how in silico predictions can be incorporated into variant interpretation in clinical practice. Please see related Research article: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-017-1353-5
The Importance of Racial Socialization: School-Based Racial Discrimination and Racial Identity Among African American Adolescent Boys and Girls.

This study examined various parental racial socialization messages as mediators between school-based racial discrimination and racial identity formation over 4 years for African American boys (N = 639) and African American girls (N = 711). Findings indicated that school-based racial discrimination was associated with racial identity beliefs. For African American boys, behavioral racial socialization messages mediated the relation between school-based racial discrimination and racial centrality over time. Mediation also resulted for African American girls, but for a different set of race-related messages (negative messages and racial barriers) and racial identity beliefs. The developmental significance of the findings and implications for future research are discussed.
Pulse-coupled Belousov-Zhabotinsky oscillators with frequency modulation

Inhibitory perturbations to the ferroin-catalyzed Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) chemical oscillator operated in a continuously fed stirred tank reactor cause long term changes to the limit cycle: the lengths of the cycles subsequent to the perturbation are longer than that of the unperturbed cycle, and the unperturbed limit cycle is recovered only after several cycles. The frequency of the BZ reaction strongly depends on the acid concentration of the medium. By adding strong acid or base to the perturbing solutions, the magnitude and the direction of the frequency changes concomitant to excitatory or inhibitory perturbations can be controlled independently of the coupling strength. The dynamics of two BZ oscillators coupled through perturbations carrying a coupling agent (activator or inhibitor) and a frequency modulator (strong acid or base) was explored using a numerical model of the system. Here, we report new complex temporal patterns: higher order, partially synchronized modes that develop when inhibitory coupling is combined with positive frequency modulation (FM), and complex bursting patterns when excitatory coupling is combined with negative FM. The role of time delay between the peak and perturbation (the analog of synaptic delays in networks of neurons) has also been studied. The complex patterns found under inhibitory coupling and positive FM vanish when the delay is significant, whereas a sufficiently long time delay is required for the complex temporal dynamics to occur when coupling is excitatory and FM is negative.
Lisdexamfetamine Toxicity with Delayed Hypertensive Emergency

Background: Lisdexamfetamine is a stimulant used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Limited data exist regarding the presentation and management of patients with lisdexamfetamine toxicity.Case presentation: A 17-year-old female with history of prior suicide attempt presented to the emergency department after ingestion of 50 lisdexamfetamine 40 mg capsules which belonged to a friend. The patient was asymptomatic until approximately seven hours post-ingestion when she developed hypertension, mydriasis and complained of severe headache, blurred vision, chest pain, nausea, and vomiting. The patient was diagnosed with drug-induced hypertensive emergency and phentolamine was administered after lorazepam failed to adequately control her symptoms. Discussion: While lisdexamfetamine is a pro-drug, onset of clinical effects after ingestion is typically quicker and often consistent with amphetamine intoxication including many sympathomimetic symptoms, not simply those related to vasoconstriction alone. Benzodiazepines are frequently utilized in the management of stimulant toxicity, however were insufficient for our patient. This case highlights a unique presentation of lisdexamfetamine toxicity with primarily alpha adrenergic stimulant effects in addition to altered pharmacokinetics observed in overdose. Phentolamine was effective for management of hypertensive emergency in this patient.Conclusion: Lisdexamfetamine toxicity may present with delayed onset of clinical effects. Phentolamine may be useful for treating hypertensive emergency resulting from overdose in addition to standard care.
Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Sulfide Ores for Elimination of SO2 Emissions by Smelters

The growing affluence of our society, coupled with population increases and military requirements, has placed unprecedented demands on an already burgeoning minerals industry and intensified problems created by the discharge of waste products into the environment. Among the serious offenders in this regard are base-metal pyrometallurgical operations which emit sulfur oxide gases into the atmosphere during the processing of sulfide ores. Increasing concern over the problems facing man in his environment requires that efforts be made to eliminate, as much as possible, such sources of contamination.
PARTIAL DISCHARGE AND BREAKDOWN STUDIES IN MODEL GAS TRANSFORMER WINDINGS

ABSTRACT New concepts for a gas-insulated power transformer include a very compact winding construction, comprised of sheet conductor insulated with polymer film and impregnated with SF6 gas. 60 Hz partial discharge and breakdown studies on models built with this construction have examined the effects of time of voltage application and the use of a winding edge fill (potentially useful to improve mechanical performance). Favorable voltage endurance considerably above discharge inception is found. As anticipated, the use of an edge fill results in some sacrifice in electrical properties.
A Cross Validation Method for First Kind Integral Equations

This paper analyzes a cross validation method of obtaining a stable, data- based, approximate solution to a general class of first kind Fredholm integral equations of the form $$g(t) = \int_0^1 h (t,\tau )f(\tau )d\tau $$ (1.1) from finite, discrete, inaccurate data $${Y_j} = g({T_j}) + {\varepsilon _j},j = 1,2,...,n$$ (1.2) where, as usual, the \(\left\{ {{{\varepsilon }_{j}},j = 1,2,...,n} \right\} \) is discrete white noise. That is, they are uncorrelated real valued random variables with mean zero and nonzero unknown variance σ 2.
Bioequivalence for Topical Drug Products

This chapter discusses the current approaches for bioequivalence (BE) assessment of generic topical drug products by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA). The approval of these drug products are governed by guidances and federal regulations that facilitate the development and subsequent approval of bioequivalent topical drug products. The goal is for these generic topical drug products to be therapeutically equivalent to the innovator (reference) product. The variation in the site of activity, multiple dosage forms (vehicles), and therapeutic drug classes are all critical factors in the determination of appropriate scientific/clinical approaches that are most suitable to demonstrate BE between the generic and reference product. The most common type of topical drug products is considered to be locally acting dermatologic drug products. So, establishing BE has been a daunting task due to the site of action commonly being in or on the skin. In most cases, BE studies with clinical endpoints are recommended for topical drug products, except for in the case of topical dermatologic corticosteroids in which in vivo pharmacodynamic studies are recommended. Despite these limitations, the US FDA is forging ahead through regulatory science initiatives and collaborative research projects to explore the progression of new in vitro and/or in vivo methods; along with improvement of the current approaches used for BE assessment of generic topical drug products.
Experimental Education: Design and Implementation of Nikola Tesla's Egg of Columbus as an Instructional Aid

This paper describes the on-going efforts to create a two-phase induction motor to serve as an educational and instructional aid for demonstrating various concepts in physics and electromagnetism for students and visitors to Florida Polytechnic University. Specifically, the mathematical calculations required and design process used to create a functioning two-phase alternating current induction motor similar to the Egg of Columbus (EOC) machine created by Nikola Tesla will be explored. In addition, physical aids may be constructed to demonstrate the fundamental physical and electromagnetic principles supporting the overall function of the induction motor. Further, surveys may be created and distributed among students to gauge the effectiveness of the experiments in comprehension of the fundamental concepts and, thus, effectiveness of the model as an instructional aid. Finally, efforts will be made to ensure this project is scalable, so that future students may expand upon this experiment as deemed necessary.
"I'm used to doing it by myself": exploring self-reliance in pregnancy.

Self-reliance (the need to rely on one’s own efforts and abilities) is cited as a potential coping strategy for decreased or absent social support during pregnancy. Little data exists on how women view self-reliance in pregnancy. We recruited women from urban, walk-in pregnancy testing clinics from June 2014–June 2015. Women aged 16 to 44 and at less than 24 weeks gestational age were eligible. Participants completed an enrollment survey and in-person, semi-structured interviews. We used framework analysis to identify key concepts and assess thematic relationships. Eighty-four English-speaking women completed qualitative interviews. Participants averaged 26 years of age and 7 weeks estimated gestational age. Most identified as Black (54%) or Hispanic (20%), were unemployed or homemakers (52%), unmarried (92%), and had at least one child (67%). Most did not intend to get pregnant (61%) and planned to continue their pregnancy and parent (65%). We identified self-reliance as a prevalent concept that almost half (48%) of participants discussed in relationship to their pregnancy. Self-reliance in pregnancy consisted of several subthemes: 1) past experiences, 2) expectations of motherhood, 3) financial independence, 4) decision making, and 5) parenting. Self-reliance is an important aspect of women’s reproductive lives and is threaded through women’s past and current thoughts, feelings, experiences and decisions about pregnancy. Women’s belief in their own self-reliance as well as a recognition of the limits of self-reliance merits further research, especially as a potential strategy to cope with decreased or absent social support during pregnancy.
ACES (Accelerated Chest Pain Evaluation With Stress Imaging) Protocols Eliminate Testing Disparities in Patients With Chest Pain.

Background Patients from racial and ethnic minority groups presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with chest pain experience lower odds of receiving stress testing compared with nonminorities. Studies have demonstrated that care pathways administered within the ED can reduce health disparities, but this has yet to be studied as a strategy to increase stress testing equity. Methods A secondary analysis from 3 randomized clinical trials involving ED patients with acute chest pain was performed to determine whether a care pathway, ACES (Accelerated Chest pain Evaluation with Stress imaging), reduces the racial disparity in index visit cardiac testing between African American (AA) and White patients. Three hundred thirty-four participants with symptoms and findings indicating intermediate to high risk for acute coronary syndrome were enrolled in 3 clinical trials. Major exclusions were ST-segment elevation, initial troponin elevation, and hemodynamic instability. Participants were randomly assigned to receive usual inpatient care, or ACES. The ACES care pathway includes placement in observation for serial cardiac markers, with an expectation for stress imaging. The primary outcome was index visit objective cardiac testing, compared among AA and White participants. Results AA participants represented 111/329 (34%) of the study population, 80/220 (36%) of the ACES group and 31/109 (28%) of the usual care group. In usual care, objective testing occurred less frequently among AA (22/31, 71%) than among White (69/78, 88%, P = 0.027) participants, primarily driven by cardiac catheterization (3% vs. 24%; P = 0.012). In ACES, testing rates did not differ by race [AA 78/80 (98%) vs. White 138/140 (99%); P = 0.623]. At 90 days, death, MI, and revascularization did not differ in either group between AA and White participants. Conclusions A care pathway with the expectation for stress imaging eliminates the racial disparity among AA and White participants with chest pain in the acquisition of index-visit cardiovascular testing.
The Species-Reaction Graph

The Species-Reaction Graph is a diagrammatic representation of a reaction network that closely resembles those commonly used to depict biochemical pathways. We shall see that a network’s Species-Reaction Graph often carries an extraordinary amount of far-from-obvious information about how the network might behave. In fact, the theorems in this chapter will tell us a great deal about behavior across the entire reaction network landscape, in particular about why dull, stable behavior is more prevalent than one might expect within a mathematical macrocosm so rife with nonlinearity.
Smog and Air Pollution: Journalistic Criticism and Environmental Accountability in China

Abstract This article examines critical environmental reporting of the Chinese smog crisis, also known as the PM2.5 crisis, which are episodes of heavy particulate air pollution. By focusing on the sequence of media attention on PM2.5 standards and metrics, I show how the narrow focus on smog pollution developed into a broader critique of China's economic development model and of how government makes and carries out policy. I argue that environmental journalists have played a key role in promoting accountability on governments for tackling smog. At different stages of the smog crisis, journalists managed to show or create links between PM2.5 metrics and wider issues of public health, economic development, political power, social injustice, civic involvement and China's place in the world. They were able to employ the smog issue to make broader political and economic critiques, demanding greater government accountability and transparency in smog governance. Journalistic criticisms intensified public pressure on the authorities for reducing pollution and improving air quality.
Association between Treatment by Fraud and Abuse Perpetrators and Health Outcomes among Medicare Beneficiaries

Importance Fraud and abuse contribute to unnecessary spending in the Medicare program, and federal agencies have prioritized fund recovery and the exclusion of health care practitioners who violate policy. However, the human costs of fraud and abuse in terms of patient health are unknown. Objective To assess whether Medicare beneficiaries’ receipt of health care services from fraud and abuse perpetrators (FAPs) is associated with worse health outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cross-sectional study comparing mortality and emergency hospitalization rates of 8204 patients treated by an FAP with those among patients treated by a randomly selected non-FAP in 2013. Known FAPs were identified from the December 2018 List of Excluded Individuals/Entities (LEIE) published by the Office of the Inspector General in the Department of Health and Human Services. Patients were identified in a 5% sample of Medicare claims data and were enrolled in the Fee-for-Service program. Exposures Treatment by a health care professional subsequently excluded from Medicare for fraud, patient harm, or a revoked license. Main Outcomes and Measures All-cause mortality between 2013 and 2015 and 2013 emergency hospitalizations. Results A total of 8204 Medicare beneficiaries in the study sample (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.2] years; 58.2% female, and 23.0% nonwhite) saw an FAP for the first time in 2013. Of these, 5054 (61.6%) were treated by fraud perpetrators, 1157 (14.1%) by patient harm perpetrators, and 1193 (24.3%) by revoked license perpetrators. Compared with 296 298 beneficiaries treated by non-FAPs (mean [SD] age, 71.1 [12.4] years; 58.6% female, and 16.5% nonwhite), beneficiaries exposed to an FAP were more likely to be eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid (34.7% [2845 of 8204] vs 21.9% [64 989 of 296 298];P Conclusions and Relevance This study’s findings suggest that receiving medical care from FAPs may be associated with significantly higher rates of all-cause mortality and emergency hospitalization after risk adjustment. Identifying and permanently removing FAPs from the Medicare program may be associated with improved beneficiary health in addition to financial savings.
Novel Use of Non-Invasive Devices and Microbiopsies to Assess Facial Skin Rejuvenation Following Laser Treatment

Background and objective Patient-reported outcomes and blinded observer rating scales are subjective and unreliable but are extensively utilized to evaluate cosmetic office-based treatments, including ablative lasers. This study aims to assess the practicality of using non-invasive and minimally invasive methods for objective skin assessment following a skin rejuvenation treatment. Study design/materials and methods Twelve patients received a single 1,470/2,940 nm laser treatment for facial rejuvenation. Assessments were performed before treatment, and 7 days, 3 weeks, and 3 months post-treatment. Images were taken with the VISIA Skin Analysis System to measure wrinkles, textures, pores, ultraviolet (UV) spots, brown spots, red areas, and porphyrins. Other non-invasive skin measurements-high-resolution ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography, transepidermal water loss and BTC 2000-were used to measure epidermal/dermal thickness, blood flow, surface roughness, wrinkle depth, attenuation coefficient, elasticity, laxity, and viscoelasticity. Microbiopsies (0.33 mm in diameter or the equivalent of a 23-gauge needle) were collected for histology and gene expression of tissue rejuvenation. Results Significant improvement in facial skin aesthetics after laser treatment was recorded in UV spots, brown spots and pores after 3 weeks and in UV spots and brown spots after 3 months. The dermal attenuation coefficient decreased significantly at 3 weeks, while blood flow 0.5 to 0.7 mm below the skin surface increased significantly between 5 days and 3 weeks following treatment. Epidermal hyaluronic acid expression assessed by immunostaining and expression of inflammatory genes were elevated at 7 days post-treatment compared with untreated or 3 months post-treatment. There were no statistically significant changes in collagen or elastin-related genes between groups at the studied parameters. Conclusion Non-invasive devices can be effectively used to provide objective measurements of skin structure, pigmentation, blood flow, and elasticity to assess the efficacy of facial skin rejuvenation treatments. Furthermore, microbiopsies can objectively evaluate facial skin rejuvenation without scarring. Using non-invasive skin imaging, a single treatment with the 1,470/2,940 nm laser was observed to be effective in improving skin appearance after 3 months, namely in reducing UV spots and brown spots, without significant changes in the tissue at the molecular level, as assessed by microbiopsy. Lasers Surg. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Air I Breathe”: Songwriting as Literacy Practices of Remembrance:

This qualitative study, based on data from an ongoing after-school literacy and songwriting initiative, examines the multiliteracy practices of Noriah Rose and Koral, Black adolescent girls, and th...
Outcomes of Venous End‐to‐Side Microvascular Anastomoses of the Head and Neck

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The literature on outcomes of end-to-side (ETS) anastomoses for microvascular reconstruction of the head and neck is limited. This series reviews ETS in free tissue transfer (FTT) across multiple institutions to better understand their usage and associated outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review of 2482 consecutive patients across three tertiary institutions. METHODS Adult patients (> 18) who received a FTT from 2006 to 2019 were included. RESULTS Two hundred and twenty-one FTT were identified as requiring at least one ETS anastomosis. These ETS cases had a failure rate of 11.2% in comparison to 3.8% in a cohort of end-to-end (ETE) cases (P < .001). ETS cases were significantly more likely to have a prior neck dissection (P < .001), suggesting the ETS method was utilized in select circumstances. A second ETS anastomosis improved survival of the FTT (P = .006), as did utilization of a coupler over suture (P = .002). Failure due to venous thrombosis was significantly more common with one ETS anastomosis instead of two ETS anastomoses (P = .042). CONCLUSIONS ETS is effective but is often used as a secondary technique when ETE is not feasible; as such, in this series, ETS was associated with higher failure. A second anastomosis and the use of the coupler for completing the anastomoses were associated with lower rates of failure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:1286-1290, 2021.
Making Public Interest Lawyers In A Time Of Crisis: An Evidence-Based Approach

Now is a critical time to consider the role that lawyers—and the law schools that produce them—can play in movements for social transformation. Over the past half-century, public interest lawyers who represent subordinated communities in the pursuit of equal justice have contributed significantly to such movements: mobilizing law to fight discrimination, expand access to social benefits, promote the inclusion of immigrants and others branded outsiders, and protect the rights of low-wage workers and the unhoused. While some law schools have invested resources to train students seeking public interest careers, most continue to focus on placing students in lucrative law firms: elevating a neoliberal conception of legal education that seeks to maximize return on investment, rather than promoting the professional role of lawyers in democratic society. Even those law schools dedicated to helping students enter public interest careers lack basic information about which interventions are most likely to work. This Article fills that critical information gap by providing the first systematic empirical evidence about what law schools can do to help students build long-term public interest careers. Based on original data collected through a National Science Foundation-funded survey of a decade of graduates from six California law schools, this Article looks beyond the “drift” away from public interest work during law school to analyze the factors that promote what we call “public interest persistence,” or dedication to public interest work throughout one’s career. Using statistical techniques to evaluate the importance of endowment effects—what students bring to law school—and educational effects—what they experience there—we reveal the underappreciated ways that law schools do, in fact, matter in shaping public interest careers. In particular, we find that law schools play a crucial facilitative role: guiding students toward public interest careers through externships, summer jobs, and extracurricular activities that equip students with the tools they need to navigate the public interest job market and pursue social justice over the course of their professional lives. Based on these critical new findings, the Article offers policy recommendations for how law schools can build on current programs in support of public interest careers and urges rethinking what it means to practice public interest law—and advance broader demands for fundamental change—that respond to the urgency of the current crisis.
A statistical nonparametric method for identifying consistently important features across samples

Abstract In many applications, a consistently high measurement across many samples can indicate particularly meaningful or useful information for quality control or biological interpretation. Identification of these strong features among many others can be challenging especially when the samples cannot be expected to have the same distribution or range of values. We present a general method called conserved feature discovery (CFD) for identifying features with consistently strong signals across multiple conditions or samples. Given any real-valued data, CFD requires no parameters, makes no assumptions on the shape of the underlying sample distributions, and is robust to differences across these distributions.We show that with high probability CFD identifies all true positives and no false positives under certain assumptions on the median and variance distributions of the feature measurements. Using simulated data, we show that CFD is tolerant to a small percentage of poor quality samples and robust to false positives. Applying CFD to RNA sequencing data from the Human Body Map project and GTEx, we identify housekeeping genes as highly expressed genes across tissue types and compare to housekeeping gene lists from previous methods. CFD is consistent between the Human Body Map and GTEx data sets, and identifies lists of genes enriched for basic cellular processes as expected. The framework can be easily adapted for many data types and desired feature properties. Availability Code for CFD and scripts to reproduce the figures and analysis in this work are available at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/cfd. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/cfd.
Presentation of endogenous antigen to MHC class II restricted T cells is independent of transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP)

1258 Proteins involved in Class I MHC (MHC I) Ag processing such as Transporters Associated with Antigen Processing (TAP) are deficient in some tumor cells. Loss of TAP function leads to decreased cell surface expression of MHC I and the inability to activate CD8+ T lymphocytes. This may enable tumors and virus infected cells to escape immune surveillance. Since some endogenous protein-derived peptides are known to be class II MHC (MHC II) restricted, and are capable of activating CD4+ T lymphocytes, we examined the role of TAP in translocating endogenously synthesized peptides for loading onto MHC class II molecules. To address this issue, we have used matched panels of TAP-negative and TAP-positive tumor lines (the TAP2 negative B78H1 melanoma and its TAP2 transfected counterpart B78H1/TAP). We genetically modified B78H1, and B78H1/TAP cells to express MHC class II genes and a model antigen hen egg lysozyme (HEL). As measured by flow cytometry, transfected cells express high levels of cell surface MHC II I-Ak and internal HEL . Western blots show SDS stable MHC class II heterodimers in the absence of Ii. To examine if TAP was essential for processing and presenting HEL via MHC II, I-Ak+HEL+ B78H1 and B78H1/TAP cells were tested for their ability to activate four I-Ak restricted, HEL-specific CD4+ hybridomas in an in vitro antigen presentation assay. Our results show that I-Ak-restricted endogenous HEL peptide presentation occurred in TAP2 negative cells at levels equal to TAP positive cells for all hybridomas tested. Experiments using ammonium chloride to block the endosomal pathway indicate that antigen presentation depends on the endocytic pathway. We are currently using inhibitors of the proteosome to see if it plays a role in producing the peptides that bind to MHC class II molecules. The role of autophagy is also being tested. Collectively our data indicate that presentation of endogenous antigen via MHC II does not require a functional TAP complex and is dependent on the endosomal pathway.
Spike-in normalization for single-cell RNA-seq reveals dynamic global transcriptional activity mediating anti-cancer drug response

The transcriptional plasticity of cancer cells promotes intercellular heterogeneity in response to anti-cancer drugs and facilitates the generation of subpopulation surviving cells. Characterizing single-cell transcriptional heterogeneity after drug treatments can provide mechanistic insights into drug efficacy. Here we used single-cell RNA-seq to examine transcriptomic profiles of cancer cells treated with paclitaxel, celecoxib, and the combination of the two drugs. By normalizing the expression of endogenous genes to spike-in molecules, we found that celluar mRNA abundance shows dynamic regulation after drug treatment. Using a random forest model, we identified gene signatures classifying single cells into three states: transcriptional repression, amplification, and control-like. Treatment with paclitaxel or celecoxib alone generally repressed gene transcription across single cells. Interestingly, the drug combination resulted in transcriptional amplification and hyperactivation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway linking to enhanced cell killing efficiency. Finally, we identified a regulatory module enriched with metabolism and inflammation-related genes activated in a subpopulation of paclitaxel-treated cells, the expression of which predicted paclitaxel efficacy across cancer cell lines and in vivo patient samples. Our study highlights the dynamic global transcriptional activity driving single-cell heterogeneity during drug response and emphasizes the importance of adding spike-in molecules to study gene expression regulation using single-cell RNA-seq.
Teaching Management: Managing yourself and your time

I wish I could stand on a busy corner, hat in hand, and beg people to throw me all their wasted hours. – Bernard Berenson Teaching careers have many wonderful features. We get to spend our lives studying things we want to study, working with bright young people whose lives we can influence and edify; we have enormous freedom over the way we spend our time; we often have immediate access to excellent physical fitness facilities at reduced rates, and we have a summer schedule that can be adapted to meet our own needs. The corollary in the corporate world may not have quite as much summertime freedom, nevertheless most of the other benefits still apply. The job of teaching business management has great variety: We alternately act as teachers, researchers, writers, counselors, administrators, consultants, expert witnesses, representatives, and public speakers. Personally, we are hard-pressed to imagine a more rewarding, worthwhile, stimulating profession. These same features, though, can be overwhelming. The work is never done, it is hard to leave it at the office, students come and go, making it easy to lose sight of their individual growth and development. Pressed by the desire or the demand to publish and/or design the next dynamite class or program, we often work long hours and ignore other dimensions of life. The university tenure system places heavy pressure on young faculty to produce or face the prospect of being let go. Peopled by self-confident and independent individuals, the ranks of academe and corporate training departments are often rife with political battles and unfortunate jealousies of fame and fortune.
Automated Generation of Emotive Virtual Humans

Emotive virtual humans (VHs) are important for affective interactions with embodied conversation agents [1]. However, emotive VHs require significant resources and time. As an example, the VHs in movies and video games require teams of animators and months of work. VHs can also be imbued with emotion using appraisal theory methods that use psychology based models to generate emotions by using the VH's goals and beliefs to evaluate external events. These external events require manual tagging or natural language understanding [2]. As an alternative approach, we propose tagging VH responses with emotions using textual affect sensing methods. The method developed by Neviarouskaya et al. [3] uses syntactic parses and a database of words and associated emotion intensities.We use this database, and because these emotions are associated with specific words, we can combine the emotions with audio timing information to generate lip-synched facial expressions. Our approach, AutoEmotion, allows us to automatically add basic emotions to VHs without the need for manual animation or tagging or natural language understanding.