cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary and/or nutritional risk factors and breast carcinoma: consumer response.

The author is a former state legislator and feminist activist. Having traveled extensively in Asia, she questions the comparison of U.S. statistics regarding dietary/nutritional risk factors with those from countries whose public health standards are below that of the U.S. The author also notes that only recently has the U.S. had a critical mass of women in Congress that led to the funding of the first Women's Health Initiative. Countries in Asia have few women in positions of political power to advocate for public policies regarding women's health issues, especially concerning the gathering of data regarding breast carcinoma, which is considered a culturally sensitive topic. Although soy is considered a healthy staple of the majority of Asian diets because of its phytoestrogens, there is a mixed message to American consumers because cancer, rather than heart disease, is the leading cause of death among Asian females.
Basal cortisol, cortisol reactivity, and telomere length: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract The objective of the present study is to synthesize the existing empirical literature and perform a meta-analysis of published data on the relationship between cortisol and telomere length. We systematically searched studies that examined the relationship between cortisol and telomere length in humans on electronic databases and screened reference sections of included articles. Fourteen studies were included in the meta-analysis, with effect sizes being extracted for two cortisol measures: basal cortisol levels and cortisol reactivity to acute psychological stress. Results from random effects models showed that basal cortisol levels (13 effect sizes from 12 cross-sectional studies, N = 3675 participants) were not significantly correlated with telomere length (r =−0.05, 95% CI [−0.11, 0.02]). Further, results stratified by the specimen type for cortisol measurement (i.e., saliva, urine, blood) showed that none of the three basal cortisol level measures were correlated with telomere length. However, we found a statistically significant correlation between salivary cortisol reactivity to acute psychosocial stress (6 cross-sectional studies, N = 958 participants) and telomere length (r = −0.13, 95% CI [−0.23, −0.03]). Subgroup analyses revealed that correlations between salivary cortisol reactivity and telomere length were more evident in studies conducted among children (vs. adults) and in studies that included female participants only (vs. both genders). However, the small number of available studies limits the conclusions derived from subgroup analyses, and more studies are needed before moderator effects can be properly established. Overall, findings of this study support the existence of a relationship between cortisol reactivity and telomere shortening.
Facile and scalable electrodeposition of copper current collectors for high-performance Li-metal batteries

Abstract Lithium metal is a promising anode for high-energy-density batteries owing to its large theoretical capacity and highly negative electrochemical potential. However, its commercial application is stalled by the undesired dendritic growth of lithium during cycling. Here we report a facile one-step electrodeposition process for low-cost, scalable fabrication of copper current collectors with 3-D architected porous structures composed of interconnected nanoparticles of Cu. Li anode deposited onto this porous current collector exhibits good cycling stability of > 340 h in symmetric cells without short-circuit. When tested in full cells with liquid or solid-state electrolyte, the Li anode hosted on the 3-D Cu current collector demonstrates excellent cycling performance with no dendrites formation. This process is extremely simple and scalable for mass production of dendrite-free and high capacity current collector for Li-batteries, which can be easily incorporated into the roll-to-roll manufacturing processes of battery industries.
Integrating the Economic Way of Thinking into US History Courses

Can the economic way of thinking be integrated into high school and middle school US history courses? We introduce an instrument, the Test of Economic Thinking, to assess student’s ability to apply the economic way of thinking. In a pilot study involving 120 high school and middle school students across three states, we implement the Test of Economic Thinking to assess the effectiveness of integrating economic concepts into US history courses using the supplemental Economic Episodes in American History textbook. The results indicate that the supplemental textbook improves student’s ability to apply economic concepts. The pilot study suggests that integrating the economic way of thinking into high school US history can be fruitful and that the Economic Episodes in American History text can be a useful tool to facilitate the integration.
Transmission–Distribution Cosimulation: Analytical Methods for Iterative Coupling

With the increased penetrations of distributed energy resources (DERs), the need for integrated transmission and distribution system analysis (T&D) is imperative. This paper presents an integrated unbalanced T&D analysis framework using an iteratively coupled cosimulation approach. The unbalanced T&D systems are solved separately using dedicated solvers. An iterative approach is developed for T&D interface coupling and to ensure convergence of the boundary variables. To do so, analytical expressions governing the T&D interface are obtained. First-order and second-order convergent methods using fixed-point iteration (FPI) method and Newton’s method, respectively, are proposed to solve the system of nonlinear T&D interface equations. The proposed framework is tested using an integrated T&D system model comprised of 9-bus IEEE transmission test system integrated with a real-world 6000-bus distribution test system. The results show that the proposed framework can model the impacts of system unbalance and increased demand variability on integrated T&D systems and converges during stressed system conditions. As expected, Newton’s method converges faster with a fewer number of iterations as compared with FPI method and the improvements are more pronounced during high levels of system unbalance and high loading conditions.
Array of symmetric nanohole dimers with high sensitivity for detection of changes in an STT-RAM ultrathin dielectric layer

A dimer nanohole array is proposed for in situ characterization of radiation damages in spin transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) multilayer structures. The structure supports a Fano resonance, which is about twice as sensitive to the refractive index changes in the surface layer, compared to the plasmonic mode in single nanohole arrays. A simplified STT-RAM multilayer of air/gold(5 nm)/MgO(10 nm)/gold(60 nm)/quartz substrate is considered as the platform for the dimer nanohole array. Our studies show that regarding the changes in the ultrathin MgO layer, the normalized figure of merit for this structure is up to more than 10 times larger than an array of single nanoholes. Furthermore, an improvement in bulk sensing performance over the array of nanohole heptamers is observed.
Local Music in a Global Network: Circulation, Reputation, and Hybridity

This chapter positions Swedish music as a central space within the global system using three interrelated theoretical perspectives: circulation, reputation, and hybridity. First, Sweden is well positioned to take advantage of cultural knowledge that circulates in the production of global popular music. The second element of success is the acquisition of reputational capital among songwriters and producers, which is dependent on both concrete commercial accomplishments and the discursive powers of being associated with the well-known Swedish pop phenomenon. Thirdly, from the perspective of cultural hybridity, Swedish pop music incorporates both local and global cultural expressions.
Effects of white‐tailed deer exclusion on the plant community composition of an upland tallgrass prairie ecosystem

QUESTIONS: Grasslands support ecosystem services, promote diversity, and assist in carbon sequestration. However, grasslands worldwide are diminishing in area, and understanding the drivers shaping the remaining grasslands is critical for their maintenance. The North American tallgrass prairie covers approximately 13% of its historical range and is shaped by fire and herbivory. Fire frequency negatively correlates with plant species richness, while bison (Bos bison) — the historical grazers — offset this effect. However, bison populations have declined, and large browsers are increasing in density. Few studies though have examined the role of large browsers — particularly white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) — and their interaction with fire frequency in tallgrass prairies. Here, we addressed two questions: (a) What are the impacts of deer on plant diversity, species identities, and relative abundances; and (b) is there an interactive effect between the pressures exerted by deer and the well‐documented effects of fire in driving plant community responses? LOCATION: This study took place at the Konza Prairie Biological Station in northeastern Kansas, USA. METHODS: Using a 22‐year deer exclosure experiment, we examined differences in plant species richness, evenness, and plant community composition between plots that were either accessible or inaccessible to deer, in areas burned annually or once every four years. RESULTS: We did not find significant effects of deer or interactive effects between deer and burning frequency on any metric of the plant community measured, including plant species richness, evenness, and plant community composition. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to the impact that deer have in other ecosystems (e.g. forests), our results indicate that deer do not affect the plant community of herbaceous‐dominated tallgrass prairies. These results indicate that while the loss of bison‐grazers has shifted tallgrass prairie plant communities to C₄ grass‐dominated systems, the shift to browsing‐dominated herbivore pressure from deer has a minimal effect on the plant community.
H pylori treatment reduced risk for gastric cancer in patients with a family history of gastric cancer.

Source Citation Choi IJ, Kim CG, Lee JY, et al. Family history of gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori treatment. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:427-36. 31995688
Effective Molecular Descriptors for Chemical Accuracy at DFT Cost: Fragmentation, Error-Cancellation, and Machine Learning.

Recent advances in theoretical thermochemistry have allowed the study of small organic and bio-organic molecules with high accuracy. However, applications to larger molecules are still impeded by t...
VanA rectal swab screening as a predictor of subsequent vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bloodstream infection in critically ill adults.

Objective: To evaluate whether vanA rectal screening for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) predicts vancomycin resistance for patients with enterococcal bloodstream infection (BSI). Design: A retrospective cohort study. Setting: Large academic medical center. Methods: The predictive performance of a vanA rectal swab was evaluated in 161 critically ill adults with an enterococcal BSI from January 1, 2007, to September 1, 2014, and who had a vanA rectal swab screening obtained within 14 days prior to blood culture. Results: Of the patients meeting inclusion criteria, 83 (51.6%) were vanA swab positive. Rectal-swab–positive patients were more likely to be younger, to be immunocompromised, to have an indwelling central vascular catheter, and to have a history of MDR bacteria. The vanA rectal swab had sensitivity and negative predictive values of 83.6% and 85.9%, respectively, and specificity and positive predictive values of 71.3% and 67.5%, respectively, for predicting a vancomycin-resistant enterococcal BSI in critically ill adults. Conclusions: VanA rectal swabs may be useful for antimicrobial stewardship at institutions with VRE screening already in place for infection control purposes. A higher PPV would be warranted to implement a universal vanA screen on all ICU patients.
Abolish the Lecturer: A Manifesto for Faculty Equity

In this chapter, I document the structures by which university lecturer faculty, many of whom have comparable qualifications to their tenure-line colleagues, are denied access to comparable compensation, job security, opportunities for advancement, working conditions, support for scholarship, voice in governance, academic freedom, professional development, or recognition. I argue that this two-tier system produces no educational, scholarly, creative, or democratic benefits but exists only to exploit non-tenured faculty while reinforcing white supremacy and patriarchy, leading to the conclusion that the two-tier system must be abolished.
Inverse probability weighting for selection bias in a Delaware community health center electronic medical record study of community deprivation and hepatitis C prevalence

ABSTRACT Purpose To demonstrate how selection into a healthcare facility can induce bias in an electronic medical record-based study of community deprivation and chronic hepatitis C virus infection, in order to more accurately identify local risk factors and prevalence. Methods We created a catchment model that attempted to define the probability of selection into a retrospective cohort. Then using the inverse of this probability, we compared naive unweighted and weighted models to demonstrate the impact of selection bias. Results ZIP code-level ecological plots of the cohort demonstrated that there was a pattern of the community deprivation, hepatitis C outcome, and distance to the health center (an intuitive proxy for being within catchments). The naive multilevel analysis found that living in an area with greater deprivation resulted in 1.25 times greater odds of HCV (95% CI: 1.06, 1.48), whereas the weighted analysis found less certainty of this effect due to a selection bias. Conclusions We observed that selection into the catchment area of the studied healthcare facility may bias the association of community deprivation and hepatitis C. This may be mitigated through inverse probability weighting.
Instability Within: A Microscopic and Often Comical View of “Oligarchic” Politics in Buenos Aires, 1883

The traditional view of modern Argentine political history dates its origins to the federalization of Buenos Aires in 1880, after which an “oligarchy” of landowning elites managed to consolidate power and limit internal conflict through a power-sharing coalition called the Partido Autonoma Nacionalista. Although it is true that this elite bloc, which controlled national politics until the democratic reforms of the 1910s, largely eliminated the civil wars that had wracked the fledgling Argentine republic in the nineteenth century, the image of a unified oligarchy after 1880 has come under increasing scrutiny by a generation of historians interested in its fissures, tensions, ambivalences, and even ruptures.
Optimal experimental design with fast neural network surrogate models

Abstract Designing optimal experiments minimizes the uncertainty of results and maximizes the efficient use of resources. Herein, machine learning surrogate models and the approximate coordinate exchange (ACE) algorithm are used to determine optimal experimental designs (OEDs) over large or arbitrarily restrictive design spaces. OED is particularly salient in materials science, where experiments are expensive and material properties must often be inferred indirectly. The proposed framework is demonstrated by finding optimal experiments with which the hidden constituent properties of composite materials can be most efficiently inferred from observable experimental outcomes. The OED is given by an information-theoretic criterion that maximizes the conditional mutual information between the hidden properties and the expected experimental outcomes. To perform tractable optimization, a neural network is trained as a surrogate model to mimic a physics-based simulation, which can calculate the expected experimental outcome based on a candidate experimental design and sampled constituent properties. The ACE algorithm is used to optimize over large design spaces with many tests and controlled parameters where an exhaustive search would be intractable even with the surrogate model. Using this approach, OEDs that are consistent with those produced by heuristic knowledge and established best practices are found; then optimal designs in larger design spaces where heuristic knowledge is unavailable are examined. All code, data, and trained models to reproduce the work in this paper is available at https://github.com/nasa/OED-with-NN-surrogates .
Program Sustainability Through Interdisciplinary Networking: On Connecting Foreign Language Programs with Sustainability Studies and Other Fields

Interdisciplinarity poses fundamental challenges to the ways in which even the most progressive departments conceive of their educational mission with respect to integrated language and culture learning. This essay outlines the structure for redesigning the undergraduate major as a “tools-based” curriculum that concentrates work in three core areas: skill in language and literacy, knowledge of context and media, and development of critical literacy and global understanding. It advocates a complex approach to fostering translingual and transcultural competence and describes the development of course offerings in the environmental humanities as an example. By recognizing the emerging mosaic structure of undergraduate education and embracing opportunities to collaborate with other disciplines, foreign language departments can engage in productive curriculum reform.
Women's Retirement Income and the Three-Legged Stool

. 4. Id. table 763, at 464. 5. It is conventional to omit from the "stool" two other possible legs, earned income and welJournal of Legislation erty in old age. It will also suggest some helpful changes in retirement systems. SOCIAL SECURITY AND OTHER GOVERNMENT PENSIONS The three-legged stool is extremely lopsided today with benefits provided by the federal government, primarily Social Security, bearing most of the burden of supporting women in their old age. In 1976 88% of unmarried women over age sixty-five were entitled to Social Security,6 and 60% had no other income.7 Social Security is preeminent as a source of income not only because so many women depend upon it but also because it is regularly adjusted upward to keep pace with the cost of living.8 Few other forms of retirement income are commensurably increased.9 It is difficult to exaggerate the importance of cost-of-living increases in retirement benefits. During the 1970's living costs increased at an average annual rate of 7.4%. As a result, by 1980 those who retired in 1970 experienced more than a 50% decrease in the value of any retirement income that was not indexed.'" The importance of Social Security has become even greater as the rate of inflation has accelerated in recent years, to a figure in excess of 11% in 1980."1 Federal employees are generally not covered by Social Security but instead receive indexed federal pensions; these also take the place of staff pensions, and, therefore, for long-term employees are larger than fare, although both are important sources of income for the elderly. They are not discussed here but should not be forgotten. 6. U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, & WELFARE, SOCIAL SECURITy: THE CHANGING ROLES OF MEN AND WOMEN 177 (1979) [hereinafter cited as THE CHANGING ROLES OF
EP&R Standards Project Report: Technical Review of National Incident Management Standards

The importance and necessity for a fully developed and implemented National Incident Management System (NIMS) has been demonstrated in recent years by the impact of national events such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Throughout the history of emergency response to major disasters, especially when multiple response organizations are involved, there have been systemic problems in the consistency and uniformity of response operations. Identifying national standards that support the development and implementation of NIMS is key to helping solve these systemic problems. The NIMS seeks to provide uniformity and consistency for incident management by using common terminology and protocols that will enable responders to coordinate their efforts to ensure an efficient response.
Creating More Versatile Intelligent Learning Environments with a Component-Based Architecture

In this paper we show that, with an appropriate component-based architecture, new functionality can be added to an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) with minimal effort. In particular, we show that an explanation function can be added to a component-based ITS which was originally designed to support activity in a learning-by-doing environment. We support these two claims by presenting our recent efforts to extend the Java Algebra Tutor, a variant of the PAT algebra tutor, with a generic example explanation module.
Palaeoceanography. Antarctic stratification and glacial CO2.

One way of accounting for lowered atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during Pleistocene glacial periods is by invoking the Antarctic stratification hypothesis, which links the reduction in CO2 to greater stratification of ocean surface waters around Antarctica1,2. As discussed by Sigman and Boyle3, this hypothesis assumes that increased stratification in the Antarctic zone (Fig. 1) was associated with reduced upwelling of deep waters around Antarctica, thereby allowing CO2 outgassing to be suppressed by biological production while also allowing biological production to decline, which is consistent with Antarctic sediment records4. We point out here, however, that the response of ocean eddies to increased Antarctic stratification can be expected to increase, rather than reduce, the upwelling rate of deep waters around Antarctica. The stratification hypothesis may have difficulty in accommodating eddy feedbacks on upwelling within the constraints imposed by reconstructions of winds and Antarctic-zone productivity in glacial periods.
Identification of a sample of e+e- -> qq Events For the Precise Measurement of Alpha_S in High Energy Electron Positron Colliders

Based on the PYTHIA physics simulation package, and a fast simulation of the proposed detector for the Next Linear Collider, a set of cuts is identified which leads to a sample of e+e- -> qq events appropriate for the precise measurement of alpha_s in e+e- annihilation at sqrt(s) = 500 GeV/c^2. Using these cuts, the systematic uncertainty on alpha_s associated with correcting for selection cut biases and remaining non-e+e- -> qq (q ^= t) contamination is expected to be less than +/- 1%. This work was done as part of a study of the prospects for the precise measurement of alpha_s at future High Energy Physics facilities, undertaken for the 1996 Snowmass Workshop on New Directions in High Energy Physics.
Standardization of geometric radar symbology: stereotyped meanings and paper-and-pencil testing

The initial studies that have been conducted to derive a standard set of geometric symbols for application to future radar assisted air defense systems are presented. Experiment I was aimed at determining whether or not particular shapes exist in our population as stereotypes for the meanings friendly, hostile, and unknown. The second step in the research was directed towards finding a set of symbols which can be easily discriminated and quickly reacted to in a paper-and-pencil mode.
Dopamine lesion-induced changes in subthalamic nucleus activity are not associated with alterations in firing rate or pattern in layer V neurons of the anterior cingulate cortex in anesthetized rats

Dysfunctional activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is thought to underlie movement deficits of patients with Parkinson's disease. Alterations in STN firing patterns are also evident in the anesthetized rat model of Parkinson's disease, where studies show that loss of striatal dopamine and concomitant changes in the indirect pathway are associated with bursty and oscillatory firing patterns in STN output. However, the extent to which alterations in cortical activity contribute to changes in STN activity is unclear. As pyramidal neurons in the cingulate cortex project directly to the STN, cingulate output was assessed after dopamine lesion by simultaneously recording single-unit and local field potential (LFP) activities in STN and anterior cingulate cortex in control, dopamine-lesioned and non-lesioned hemispheres of urethane-anesthetized rats. Correlated oscillations were observed in cross-correlograms of spike trains from STN and cingulate layer V neurons with broad waveforms indicative of pyramidal neurons. One-2 weeks after dopamine cell lesion, firing rate, incidence of bursty and 0.3-2.5 Hz oscillatory activity of neurons and LFP power in the STN all increased significantly. In contrast, firing rate, incidence of bursty and 0.3-2.5 Hz oscillatory activity of cingulate layer V putative pyramidal neurons and power in cingulate LFPs did not differ significantly between dopamine-lesioned, non-lesioned or control hemispheres, despite significant loss of dopamine in the lesioned cingulate cortex. Data show that alterations in STN activity in the dopamine-lesioned hemisphere are not associated with alterations in neuronal activity in layer V of the anterior cingulate cortex in anesthetized rats.
Pathogenesis of bleeding colonic diverticulosis.

The cause of bleeding was found in 8 of 10 cases of colonic diverticulosis associated with severe rectal hemorrhage by using arteriographic and microangiographic techniques to localize the site and serial histological sections to study the lesion. Strikingly consistent changes were identified. These are related to the characteristic angioarchitecture of colonic diverticula. These changes include asymmetric rupture of the vas rectum toward the lumen of the diverticulum precisely at its dome or anti mesenteric margin; conspicuous eccentric intimal thickening of the vas rectum, often with medial thinning and duplication of the internal elastic lamina at and near the bleeding point; and general absence of diverticulitis. Control colonic diverticula demonstrated normal structures or, only occasionally, minimal eccentric intimal thickening in their associated vasa recta. This suggests that traumatic factors arising within the diverticular or colonic lumen induce asymmetric intimal proliferation and scarring of the associated vasa recta, predisposing to rupture and massive bleeding.
An experimental and theoretical dissection of potassium cation/glycine interactions

The binding of K+ to glycine is examined in detail by studying the interaction of the potassium cation with glycine and ligands that contain the functional components of glycine both singly and in pairs. Bond dissociation energies of M+–L where L = glycine, ethanol amine, propionic acid, methyl ethyl ketone, 1-propanol, and 1-propylamine are reported. Experimentally, the bond energies are determined using threshold collision-induced dissociation of the M+–L complexes with Xe using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. Analyses of the energy dependent cross sections provide 0 K bond energies for the M+–L complexes. All bond energy determinations include consideration of unimolecular decay rates, internal energy of reactant ions, and multiple ion–molecule collisions. Ab initio calculations, including those for a 1-amino-2-propanone ligand, using MP2, density functional, and compound methodologies show good agreement with the experimental bond energies and with the few previous experimental values available. The combination of this series of experiments and calculations allows the binding strength of individual functional groups and the influence of chelation to be thoroughly explored. This permits a detailed understanding of the driving forces for the interaction of K+ with glycine and of the differences between the theoretical structures of Na+(glycine) and K+(glycine).
On m-dependence and Edgeworth expansions

This paper contains two results. The first establishes, under mild assumptions, the validity of an Edgeworth expansion with remaindero(N−1/2) for aU-statistic with a kernel of degree two using observations from anm-dependent shift. The second result gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the distribution of a sum ofm-dependent random variables to possess an Edgeworth expansion. This generalizes a result of Bickel and Robinson from the i.i.d. case to them-dependent case.
Stem Cell Mobilization with Cyclophosphamide Overcomes the Suppressive Effect of Lenalidomide Therapy on Stem Cell Collection in Multiple Myeloma

A total of 28 treatment-naive patients with stage II or III multiple myeloma (MM) were treated with the combination of clarithromycin, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (BiRD). Stem cells were collected following granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) or cyclophosphamide (Cy) plus G-CSF mobilization at maximum response. Sufficient stem cells for 2 autologous stem cell transplants were collected from all patients mobilized with Cy plus G-CSF, versus 33% mobilized with G-CSF alone (P < .0001). The duration of prior lenalidomide therapy did not correlate with success of stem cell harvests (P = .91). In conclusion, Cy can be added to G-CSF for stem cell mobilization to successfully overcome the suppressive effect of prior treatment with lenalidomide.
The Ionizations of C60 in the Gas Phase and in Thin Solid Films.

The high-resolution He I photoelectron spectrum of C60 in the gas phase is reported and compared with the photoelectron spectrum of C60as a thin film prepared by vapor deposition (one to three monolayers) on gold. The spectra show low valence ionization bands that are very sharp and well-separated for a molecule of this size, consistent with the highly symmetric truncated icosahedral structure and theoretical calculations. The total band widths of the valence ionizations from the thin film samples are comparable to those from the gas phase species, showing that the electronic interactions between the molecules and with the surface do not significantly influence these measurements of the molecular electronic structure. The gas phase photoelectron spectra also show vibrational fine structure in the first and second ionization bands with spacings that are consistent with the two totally symmetric vibrational modes of C60. The first vertical ionization energy relative to the vacuum level is determined to be 7.61 ± 0.02 eV from these gas phase measurements.
Varied responses of human B-lymphoblastoid cell lines to infection with vesicular stomatitis virus.

Abstract Previous studies carried out with a limited number of human lymphoblastoid cell lines of B-cell origin concluded that B cells were relatively insensitive to cell killing by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (Nowakowski et al., J. Virol. 12, 1272–1278, 1973; Creager et al., Virology 111, 211–222, 1981). The B-cell lines employed in those studies all contained endogenous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The present investigation was carried out using additional B-cell lines with and without endogenous EBV genomes. It was found that the presence of EBV in human B-lymphoblastoid cells has a marked influence on the outcome of infection by VSV. In the EBV-negative B-cell lines, few, if any, cells survived VSV infection. The EBV-positive B-cell lines responded quite differently: much less cytopathology occurred, and persistent infections invariably were established. These findings suggest that EBV may play a critical role in the response of human B-lymphoblastoid cell lines to VSV infection, especially in regard to cell killing and the establishment of VSV persistence. Although there was a striking difference in the ability of VSV to kill EBV-positive and EBV-negative B-cell lines, there was no correlation between cell destruction and the amount of viral RNA or progeny virus synthesized.
A theoretical study of the ionospheric F region equatorial anomaly—I. Theory☆

When observed noontime values of the maximum electron density, NMAX(F2), in the ionospheric F2 region are plotted as a function of magnetic latitude, a curve is produced which has two peaks, one on either side of the dip equator at ± 16° dip latitude. This paper theoretically investigates the daily variation of this latitudinal distribution of NMAX(F2) (the so-called Appleton or equatorial anomaly) and specifically attempts to account for the longitudinal differences observed between the American and Asian sectors. Part I outlines the theory involved in solving the time-dependent plasma continuity equation in which production, loss, and transport of ionization are taken into account, where the effects of neutral wind, ambipolar diffusion and E × B drift are included in the transport term. By describing the geomagnetic field in two equivalent ways, B = − ▽γ and B = ▽α × ▽β, where α, β and γ are known magnetic scalar potentials, the spherical r, θ and φ space coordinates of the continuity equation are transformed to coordinates which define directions parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field thus putting the equation in a form suitable for numerical integration.
The Development of a Service-Learning Program for First-Year Students Based on the Hallmarks of High Quality Service-learning and Rigorous Program Evaluation

We describe six hallmarks of high quality service-learning and explain how these considerations guided the development of a Transitional Coaching Program (TCP) during the first three years of implementation. We have demonstrated that the TCP is acceptable, feasible, and sustainable. Improvements have been seen in the degree of impact on learning objectives, but statistically significant change has not yet been achieved. This project highlights the importance of looking beyond satisfaction and engaging in rigorous assessment of learning objectives and ongoing quality improvement through attention to best practices and evidence-based, continuous quality improvement.
A Pragmatist Account of Participatory Communication Research for National Development

Participatory research has often been advanced as a counter to academic studies, particularly to objectivist social science. This article argues that such a dichotomization is not necessary, that a strict division between normative and empirical research is not productive, and that pragmatism offers a basis upon which a rapprochement between participatory and academic research can be built. While other approaches to participatory research are possible, the value of pragmatism is that it recognizes the central role of values in constituting knowledge while committing to no single nonnative position, thus creating the opportunity to negotiate normative frameworks as appropriate in various research settings. Craig's proposal for treating communication research as a “practical discipline” is used to assess the potential status of participatory research as a scholarly, as well as a practical, endeavor.
A comparison of timolol and propranolol in essential hypertension

The antihypertensive efficacy of a new beta-adrenergic receptor inhibiting compound, timolol (MK-950), was evaluated using two treatment protocols: double-blind timolol vs. placebo treatment and double-blind timolol vs. propranolol (10 and 12 patients, respectively). These studies indicate that timolol significantly and safely reduced arterial pressure in mild to moderately severe essential hypertensive patients. The reduction in mean arterial pressure with timolol was equivalent to the pressure reduction with propranolol when the doses of 30 and 120 mg. per day, respectively, were used.
Orchestra: intrusion detection using parallel execution and monitoring of program variants in user-space

In a Multi-Variant Execution Environment (MVEE), several slightly different versions of the same program are executed in lockstep. While this is done, a monitor compares the behavior of the versions at certain synchronization points with the aim of detecting discrepancies which may indicate attacks.As we show, the monitor can be implemented entirely in user space, eliminating the need for kernel modifications. As a result, the monitor is not a part of the trusted code base.We have built a fully functioning MVEE, named Orchestra, and evaluated its effectiveness. We obtained benchmark results on a quad-core system, using two variants which grow the stack in opposite directions. The results show that the overall penalty of simultaneous execution and monitoring of two variants on a multi-core system averages about 15% relative to unprotected conventional execution
KINETICS OF TNF, IL-6, AND IL-8 GENE EXPRESSION IN LPS-STIMULATED HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD

While the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in septic shock and other inflammatory states is well established, the role of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a recently described neutrophil chemoattractant and activator, has yet to be fully elucidated. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human whole blood as an ex vivo model of sepsis, the kinetics of messenger RNA (mRNA) up-regulation and protein release of these cytokines were examined. Two waves of cytokine gene activation were documented. TNF and IL-6 were induced in the first wave with mRNA levels peaking between 2-4 hours and then rapidly declining. TNF and IL-6 protein peaked at 4-6 hours and then stabilized. IL-8 mRNA and protein were induced in the first wave, reached a plateau between 6-12 hours, and rose again in a second wave which continued to escalate until the end of the 24 hour study. These data demonstrate the complex patterns of cytokine gene expression and suggest that production of early mediators may augment continued expression of IL-8 to recruit and retain neutrophils at a site of inflammation.
A family of optimal termination detection algorithms

An important problem in distributed systems is to detect termination of a distributed computation. A computation is said to have terminated when all processes have become passive and all channels have become empty. In this paper, we present a suite of algorithms for detecting termination of a non-diffusing computation for an arbitrary communication topology under a variety of conditions. All our termination detection algorithms have optimal message complexity. Furthermore, they have optimal detection latency when message processing time is ignored.
Oxygenation Does Not Stimulate Hepatic Gluconeogenesis in Fetal Lambs

ABSTRACT. We have previously shown that the healthy fetal lamb liver does not release glucose and does not demonstrate gluconeogenesis. Shortly after birth, however, the liver releases glucose both by glycogenolysis and by gluconeogenesis. Previously it has been suggested that increased oxygen availability stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis at birth. To test this hypothesis, we increased fetal arterial blood pO2 by ventilating the fetus with high oxygen gas mixtures in utero. We placed intravascular catheters in the right or left hepatic vein, umbilical vein, inferior vena cava, and descending aorta and inserted a large polyvinyl tube into the trachea of seven fetal lambs at 134 ± 2.2 days gestation. Studies were done several days after surgery. 14C-lactate was infused intravenously and I4C-glucose concentrations were measured in hepatic venous and umbilical venous blood during a control period, during ventilation with 5% CO2, 3% O2, 92% N2, and then during ventilation with 5% CO2 and 95% O2. The difference between these two measurements represented hepatic gluconeogenesis. Arterial blood glucose concentrations and blood gases were also measured during each study period. Ventilation with 3% O2 did not significantly change arterial PO2 but ventilation with 95% oxygen increased mean arterial pO2 from a control of 16.7 to 156.3 torr. Mean arterial blood glucose concentration increased significantly from a control of 11.9 to 17.6 mg/dl during ventilation with 3% O2 and to 19.1 mg/dl during ventilation with 95% O2. However, the hepatic-umbilical venous 14C-glucose concentration difference was not significant when control values were compared with each ventilation period. We conclude that an acute increase in fetal oxygenation does not stimulate hepatic gluconeogenesis in near-term fetal lambs.
Information Retrieval with Time Series Query

We study a novel information retrieval problem, where the query is a time series for a given time period, and the retrieval task is to find relevant documents in a text collection of the same time period, which contain topics that are correlated with the query time series. This retrieval problem arises in many text mining applications where there is a need to analyze text data in order to discover potentially causal topics. To solve this problem, we propose and study multiple retrieval algorithms that use the general idea of ranking text documents based on how well their terms are correlated with the query time series. Experiment results show that the proposed retrieval algorithm can effectively help users find documents that are relevant to the time series queries, which can help users analyze the variation patterns of the time series.
Permeable Layers with Large Windows in [(CH3CH2CH2)2NH2]5In5Sb6S19·1.45 H2O: High Ion-Exchange Capacity, Size Discrimination, and Selectivity for Cs Ions

A layered indium thioantimonate was synthesized that has extra large windows in the inorganic slabs, imparting a 3D character to the compound. High ion-exchange selectivity and high capacity for Cs+ ions were found to be associated with this novel structure.
Effects of Maternal Lineages Grouped by Mitochondrial Genotypes on Milk Yield and Composition

Abstract Maternal lineages grouped by several methods of classification using mitchondrial DNA sequence characteristics were evaluated with animal models. Maternal pedigrees for cattle from a selection experiment begun in 1968 were traced to the earliest female member in the Holstein-Friesian Herd Book , and foundation females were assigned to maternal lineages. Mitochondrial DNA displacement loop sequence data were available for 36 lineages; all cows within lineages were considered to be identical for useful DNA sequence polymorphisms. Maternal lineages were grouped according to base pair substitution at a single locus, clustering based on displacement loop sequences, or genotypes defined by sequence and restriction site differences. Base pair substitution (adenine to guanine) at nucleotide 169 defined two maternal lineage groups that differed significantly for fat yield and percentage and estimated milk energy. Clustering the 36 maternal lineages by using 16 mitochondrial DNA displace- ment loop sequence differences produced 24 groups that significantly influenced fat percentage and energy concentration in milk. Decreasing the number of clustered groups from 24 to 14 produced groups that differed at some polymorphic sites but remained identical for most. The F statistics for 14 groups were larger, but significant outcomes were observed for the same traits. Genotype groups previously defined by sequence and restriction fragment length differences did not have a significant effect on yield or composition of cows in 29 maternal lineages.
Data centers power reduction: A two time scale approach for delay tolerant workloads

In this work we focus on a stochastic optimization based approach to make distributed routing and server management decisions in the context of large-scale, geographically distributed data centers, which offers significant potential for exploring power cost reductions. Our approach considers such decisions at different time scales and offers provable power cost and delay characteristics. The utility of our approach and its robustness are also illustrated through simulation-based experiments under delay tolerant workloads.
A near optimal crack tip mesh

Abstract The near optimal crack tip mesh obtained by the authors in a previous paper is tested for a set of problems. The accuracy is maintained within the desired values. The direct displacement extrapolation method for SIF estimation is compared to the virtual crack extension. The methodology for crack tip mesh design discussed previously is validated.
Optimization Approaches for Efficient Container Security Operations at Transshipment Seaports

An approach is described for aiding managers of a container-transshipment seaport in understanding the balance between the number of containers to undergo security inspection and two alternative objectives: first, the vessel cost as measured by the concomitant departure delays of outbound vessels and, second, the port costs as measured by the total number of container moves. Security concerns heightened by the events in the United States on September 11, 2001, have resulted in the U.S. Customs Service's seeking partnerships with foreign ports so that some containers bound for the United States might undergo security checks before they enter that country. However, outbound-vessel departure delays and additional container moves in the yard associated with security checks could create significant costs and negatively affect the competitive position of a port. A best-first optimal search procedure, A*, is used to solve a simplified container-yard management problem for transshipment seaports. A methodology is...
What Is “Epi” about Epigenetics?

: What counts as epigenetic depends on what counts as genetic. It is argued that Weismannism, the doctrine of genetic continuity and somatic discontinuity, is the basis for an overly inclusive concept of epigenetics as every inherited resource “beyond the genes.” An alternative theoretical perspective, the “reproducer” concept, is introduced to facilitate analysis of multiple inheritance systems without labeling all nongenetic inheritance “epigenetic.”
Oxygen diffusion into heterogeneous tissue with combined oxygen consumption kinetics.

A combined oxygen consumption kinetics, used previously by other investigators, is utilized to calculate oxygen transport into heterogeneous tissue. When the oxygen partial pressure in the tissue decreases below a critical value, the oxygen respiration rate inside the cell decreases linearly with the partial pressure. Theoretical calculations of oxygen penetration depths into tissue show that the combined oxygen consumption kinetics gives considerably deeper penetration than zero-order consumption. The increase of the penetration depth is of the order of half the intercapillary distance in tissue. The results show that the form of the assumed oxygen consumption model is important in determining the depth of penetration into tissue, particularly in hypoxia.
Whose Boundary? An Individual Species Perspectival Approach to Borders

Understanding ecological boundaries is recognized by ecologists as important for understanding ecosystem dynamics. All borders are borders in relation to some organism. However, much of the literature on habitat change ignores this basic ecological fact. In addition, borders are highly influenced by accidental or historical features of ecosystems, and researchers have in many cases defined them only in terms of convenience. Several viewpoints explored in this article reflect this skepticism about identifying ecosystems as real structured entities. I draw on Ghiselin’s (1974) hypothesis that species are not natural kinds but individuals, to develop a relational approach to ecological boundaries. I argue that with regard to ecology a border is always a border for a specific organism, and is a border in a specific manner for that organism. I draw on studies of two species of tsetse fly found in the Mauhoun river basin in Burkina Faso to illustrate why this relational approach is important. This approach may also help identify weaknesses in conservation efforts that have not properly asked the question, “Boundary for what?”