cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intact cerebral ventricle as a site for tissue transplantation

TRANSPLANTATION of nervous tissue into the brain as a means of investigating both regeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) and graft viability has long been attempted1–3. Typical methods of transplantation involve surgical removal of brain tissue in order to accommodate grafts or the direct insertion of grafts into the brain substance4–7. Our approach differs from previous studies in avoiding mechanical damage to the brain surface or parenchyma. Thus, the regenerative capacity of the transplant and its interactions with intact brain surfaces, blood vessels and parenchyma can be studied without complication by appreciable scar formation or inflammatory response8. We report here the survival of allografted mature superior cervical ganglion (SCG) fragments into the intact IV ventricle of young rats. The transplanted autonomic fragments, initially without any afferent, efferent or vascular connections, regenerate vigorously as an in vivo culture within the cere-brospinal fluid (CSF). The undamaged IV ventricle provides a favourable site to study competitive interactions between brain and tissue grafts. We have found that the pattern of cell migration in developing cerebellum may be altered, so that cells of the external granular layer (EGL) and areas of maturing granular and molecular neuropil may migrate into the SCG graft. Entire laminae of EGL cells can be arrested at the cerebellar cortical surface even in 5-month-old rats. Normally, these cells complete their migration in the opposite direction, to their adult residence in the internal granule layer, before the end of the first post-natal month in the rat. This anomalous migration of developing CNS neurones through the limiting surface of the brain in response to a foreign tissue has not been previously reported.
Length of Day during Early Gestation as a Predictor of Risk for Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity

Purpose Fetal mice require light exposure in utero during early gestation for normal vascular development in the eye. Because angiogenic abnormalities in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are manifested in preterm infants, we investigated whether day length during early gestation was associated with severe ROP (SROP). Design Single-center, retrospective cohort study. Participants We included a total of 343 premature infants (401-1250 g birth weight [BW], from 1998-2002): 684 eyes (1 eye each of 2 patients excluded) with 76 eyes developing SROP, defined as (1) classic threshold ROP in zone I or II, (2) type 1 ROP in zone I, or (3) in a few eyes, type 1 ROP in posterior zone II that was treated. Methods For each infant, average day length (ADL) was calculated during different cumulative time periods and time windows after the estimated date of conception (EDC). Multiple logistic regression analysis (with generalized estimating equations to account for inter-eye correlation) was performed. Main outcome measures Association of ADL during early gestation with SROP. Results In a model evaluating all 684 eyes with 76 eyes developing SROP, BW, gestational age, multiple births, race, per capita income in the mother's residence ZIP code, and ADL during the first 90 days after the EDC were factors associated with the development of SROP. Each additional hour of ADL (90 days) decreased the likelihood of SROP by 28% (P = 0.015; odds ratio [OR], 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.94). In a model evaluating the subset of 146 prethreshold ROP eyes with 76 eyes developing SROP, each additional hour of ADL during the first 105 days after the EDC decreased the likelihood of SROP by 46% (P = 0.001; OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.37-0.78). Time windows when ADL was most closely associated with SROP were 31 to 60 days and 61 to 90 days after the EDC for the all eyes and the prethreshold ROP eyes models, respectively. Conclusions Higher ADL during early gestation was associated with a lower risk for SROP and may imply a role for prophylactic light treatment during early gestation to decrease the risk of SROP.
Development of a computer algorithm for defining an active drug list using an automated pharmacy database.

Abstract Background and Objective: Increasingly, pharmacy databases are being used to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of drug therapy. Such determinations often require the creation of a drug regimen at a particular point in time. The objective of this study was to develop a computer algorithm for defining a cross-sectional active drug list. Methods: Electronic pharmacy data were obtained as part of the Iowa Medicaid Pharmaceutical Case Management Program. The active drug lists generated by the computer algorithm were compared with active drug lists generated by independent pharmacist review of the pharmacy refill data. Results: In a sample of 25 patients who received 379 potentially active medications, the interrater reliability between pharmacist reviewers was excellent (kappa = 0.94). In a second sample of 100 patients who received 1476 potentially active medications, the computer algorithm had a sensitivity of 93.8% and specificity of 91.7%, using pharmacist review as the comparison standard. Conclusion: The computer algorithm was found to be a valid method of processing electronic pharmacy data to yield a characterization of drug exposure at a point in time. The potential benefits and limitations of using this approach are discussed.
An algorithm for approximate counting using limited memory resources

This paper describes a randomized algorithm for approximate counting that preserves the same modest memory requirements of log(log n) bits per counter as the approximate counting algorithm introduced in the seminal paper of R. Morris (1978), and in addition, is characterized by (i) lower expected number of memory accesses and (ii) lower standard error on more than 99 percent of its counting range. An exact analysis of the relevant statistical properties of the algorithm is carried out. Performance evaluation via simulations is also provided to validate the presented theory. Given its properties, the presented algorithm is suitable as a basic building block of data streaming applications having a large number of simultaneous counters and/or operating at very high speeds. As such, it is applicable to a wide range of measurement and monitoring operations, including performance monitoring of communication hardware, measurements for optimization in large database systems, and gathering statistics for data compression.
Use of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and a detailed suicide evaluation in determining imminent suicidality in distressed patients with cardiac disease.

Background The risk of suicide is elevated in patients with cardiac disease in comparison with the general population. Objective In distressed cardiac inpatients, we explored the use of Item 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, which inquires about thoughts of death or suicide, and a detailed suicide evaluation (DSE) triggered by positive responses to Item 9 as means of assessing suicide. Methods Among cardiac inpatients endorsing current emotional distress, we recorded the prevalence of positive responses to Item 9, gathered information about outcomes and time spent completing the DSE, and examined the frequency of imminent suicidality identified by the DSE among Item 9–positive patients. Results Among 366 patients, 77 (21%) answered affirmatively to Item 9. All DSEs were successfully completed but consumed 17 clinician hours. Among the 71 patients receiving the DSE, 2 (0.5% of total sample; 2.8% of Item 9–positive patients) were imminently suicidal (i.e., had intent or plan). Conclusion Nearly 1 in 4 patients had a positive response to Item 9, but very few had imminent suicidality; the DSE was easy to use and acceptable to patients but time consuming. A more narrowly focused alternative to Item 9 may more accurately predict imminent suicidality and reduce the burden of further detailed suicide screening.
New tools for discovering and characterizing microbial diversity

To discover and characterize microbial diversity, approaches based on new sequencing technologies, novel isolation techniques, microfluidics, and metagenomics among others are being used. These approaches have contributed to discovery of novel genes from environmental samples, to massive characterization of functional and phylogenetic genes and to isolation of members of formerly uncultured yet ubiquitous groups like Verrucomicrobia, Acidobacteria, OP10, and methanogenic Archaea. Cheaper sequencing is key in this process by making available applications that were previously restricted to big research centers, complementing previously available methodologies and potentially replacing some of them. The new tools are reshaping the way we study the environment, increasing the resolution at which microbial communities, their complexities and dynamics, can be studied to reveal their genetic potential and their functional diversity.
Global existence for the Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation in arbitrary dimensions

On considere l'equation de Benjamin-Bona-Mahony generalisee: u t −Δu t +div(φ(u))=0. On donne un resultat d'existence globale pour le probleme aux valeurs initiales associe pour toutes les dimensions
Approximate Stability Analysis and Computation of Solutions of Nonlinear Delay Differential Algebraic Equations with Time Periodic Coefficients

Approximate stability analysis of nonlinear delay differential algebraic equations (DDAEs) with periodic coefficients is proposed with a geometric interpretation of evolution of the linearized system. Firstly, a numerical algorithm based on direct integration by expansion in terms of Chebyshev polynomials is derived for linear analysis. The proposed algorithm is shown to have deeper connections with and be computationally less cumbersome than the solution of the underlying semi-explicit system via a similarity transformation. The stability of time periodic DDAE systems is characterized by the spectral radius of a “monodromy matrix”, which is a finite-dimensional approximation of a compact infinite-dimensional operator. The monodromy matrix is essentially a map of the Chebyshev coefficients (or collocation vector) of the state from the delay interval to the next adjacent interval of time. The computations are entirely performed with the original system to avoid cumbersome transformations associated with th...
Library Design on a Dime.

This article will discuss the renovation and redesign project that took place at Gadsden State Community College's Austin R. Meadows Library. The process will be explained along with lessons learned and things to avoid. In addition, a cost breakdown will be provided.
1204 DECREASED ARTERIAL OXYGEN TENSION ACCOMPANYING ASYNCHRONOUS CHEST WALL MOVEMENT IN ACTIVE SLEEP

1204 DECREASED ARTERIAL OXYGEN TENSION ACCOMPANYING ASYNCHRONOUS CHEST WALL MOVEMENT IN ACTIVE SLEEP
Evaluation of production facilities in a closed-loop supply chain: a fuzzy TOPSIS approach

It has become common for manufacturing facilities involved in production of new products to also carry out collection and re-processing of used products. While environmental consciousness has become an obligation to the facilities in the production of new products due to governmental regulations and public perspective on environmental issues, potentiality of the facilities to re-process used products directly affects the profitability of the facilities. Although many papers in the literature deal with performance evaluation of facilities, none of them address these two factors. To this end, a TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) approach, which evaluates production facilities in terms of both environmental-consciousness and potentiality, is proposed. Furthermore, since most of the criteria that fall under these two factors are intangible, triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) are employed to rate them in the evaluation process. A numerical example demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method.
Tenosynovitis Caused by a Novel Nontuberculous Mycobacterium Species Initially Misidentified as a Member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

We present a case of tenosynovitis caused by a novel, slowly growing, nonchromogenic, nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM). Originally misidentified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, the NTM cross-reacts with the M. tuberculosis complex nucleic acid hybridization probe, a M. tuberculosis gamma interferon release assay, and is closely related to M. tuberculosis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Dihydroisodrin hydroxylation as an indicator of monooxygenase capability of black cutworm Agrotis ypsilon and cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni larvae.

Abstract 1. Dihydroisodrin (1,8,9,10,11,11-hexachloro-2,3–7,6- endo -2,1–7,8- endo -tetracyclo[6.2.1.1 3,6 .0 2,7 ] dodec-9-ene) (DHI) hydroxylation was used as an in vivo and in vitro index of monooxygenase activity in black cutworm Agrotis ypsilon and cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni larvae. 2. Monohydroxydihyroisodrin (DHI-OH), the 4-hydroxy derivative of DHI, was the only metabolite detected using electron-capture gas chromatography. 3. Monooxygenase activity required NADPH and was susceptible to carbon monoxide inhibition. 4. Black cuttorm gut homogenates produced 99±20 pmole DHI-OH/mg protein/min and fat body homogenates 24±4 units. Cabbage looper fat body and gut homogenates had 8±1 and 4±1 units activity respectively. 5. In both species activity was greatest in the ultimate instar. 6. Orally and topically administered DHI was metabolized more rapidly (up to 10-times) by black cutworms than by cabbage loopers.
NMR calibration of a polarized nuclear target, part of which is radiation-damaged

Abstract An NMR method is proposed for calibrating the decreased dynamic nuclear polarization in the radiation-damaged part of a nuclear target crystal when the beam area is smaller than the crystal.
Evaluating Municipal Water Conservation Policies Using a Dynamic Simulation Model

A dynamic simulation model is developed for South Florida to capture the interrelationships between water availability and competing municipal, agricultural, and environmental water demands. This paper presents the model structure and findings related to municipal water demand and potential for water conservation. The policies of introducing low flow appliances, xeriscaping, and pricing are tested for their effectiveness in reducing municipal water demand. Performance criteria of reliability, resilience, and vulnerability are used to measure the success of policies. Policies are also evaluated for their impact on environmental flow requirements. The model is calibrated using data from 1975 to 2005 for population growth, municipal water demand, and water levels in Lake Okeechobee; and simulations are carried out from 2005 to 2030 on a monthly time step. Sensitivity analysis is performed and extreme condition tests are conducted to evaluate the robustness of the model. The status-quo (defined as no changes in the current water use patterns) simulations show a reduction in environmental flows after 2010 leading to an increase in the number of minimum flow level violations. Policies tested show potential for a reduction in municipal demand and for improvement in environmental flows.
Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900

Shortly after 300 AD, barbarian invaders from Inner Asia toppled China's Western Jin dynasty, leaving the country divided and at war for several centuries. Despite this, the empire gradually formed a unified imperial order. Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900 explores the military strategies, institutions and wars that reconstructed the Chinese empire that has survived into modern times. Drawing on classical Chinese sources and the best modern scholarship from China and Japan, David A. Graff connects military affairs with political and social developments to show how China's history was shaped by war.
Measurement of charge transfer in sprite-producing lightning using ELF radio atmospherics

Transient high altitude optical emissions referred to as “sprites” are believed to occur as a result of the transfer of large amounts of charge (∼100–300 C) from cloud altitudes of 5–10 km to the ground. Using a general subionospheric ELF propagation model, we quantitatively interpret magnetic field waveforms of ELF radio atmospherics originating in mid-western U.S. lightning discharges and observed at Stanford (∼1800 km range) to determine the temporal variation of the lightning current and thereby measure the charge transfer during the stroke. For 6 sprite-producing lightning current waveforms observed on July 24, 1996, we find that 25 to 325 coulombs of charge was transferred during the first 5 ms of the discharges, assuming a 10 km altitude for the initial charge.
Richard H. Moy, MD (1931–2013): Southern Illinois University School of Medicine's Founding Dean Dies

The first leader of SIU School of Medicine, Dr. Richard H. Moy died Feb. 15, 2013, at the age of 82. A true visionary and risk-taker, Dr. Moy became the first dean at Southern Illinois University S...
Rate-Determining Step of Escherichia coli Alkaline Phosphatase Altered by the Removal of a Positive Charge at the Active Center†

Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase catalyzes both the nonspecific hydrolysis of phosphomonoesters and a transphosphorylation reaction in which phosphate is transferred to an alcohol via a phosphoseryl intermediate. The rate-determining step for the wild-type enzyme is pH dependent. At alkaline pH, release of the product phosphate from the noncovalent enzyme−phosphate complex determines the reaction rate, whereas at acidic pH hydrolysis of the covalent enzyme−phosphate complex controls the reaction rate. When the lysine at position 328 was substituted with a cysteine (K328C), the rate-determining step at pH 8.0 of the mutant enzyme was altered so that hydrolysis of the covalent intermediate became limiting rather than phosphate release. The transphosphorylation activity of the K328C enzyme was selectively enhanced, while the hydrolysis activity was reduced compared to that of the wild-type enzyme. The ratio of the transphosphorylation to the hydrolysis activities increased 28-fold for the K328C enzyme i...
Diagnostic and perinatal management of fetal extrasystole.

Fifty fetuses referred to the Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital for fetal echocardiography between January 1, 1991 and June 1, 1995 were evaluated. The mean fetal gestational age at the time of diagnosis of arrhythmia was 34.1 weeks, and the mean gestational age at the time of delivery was 38.7 weeks. Checkup echocardiographic examinations were performed every 10–14 days, for a mean 2.4 studies per fetus. In most cases (48/50, 96%), premature atrial contractions were present during the first echocardiography examination. The fetal heart study was normal in 30 cases; in 7 (14%) there was tricuspid valve regurgitation, in 7 (14%) an atrial septal aneurysm, in 4 congenital heart defects, in 1 myocardial hypertrophy, and in 1 disproportion in the four-chamber view. Of the 50 fetuses, 43 underwent regular echocardiographic monitoring alone; in 7 cases, based on the presence of additional echocardiographic findings, pharmacotherapy was applied (digoxin, verapamil, or both). Three neonates died after delivery owing to malformations in two cases (one critical aortic stenosis, one spina bifida plus hygroma colli) and due to myocarditis in one case. In six of seven newborns treated in utero, myocarditis was diagnosed after birth (including the one with neonatal demise). Most of the newborns were in good condition after birth, their mean Apgar score being 8.6 and the mean birth weight 3259 g. We concluded that most extrasystoles represent an isolated anomaly, not affecting the fetal condition. Their presence should not influence the obstetric care and may require only echocardiographic monitoring. In most of our cases the premature contractions subsided after birth, although sometimes they preceded fetal supraventricular tachycardia or appeared after congenital myocarditis.
Disabling RFID tags with visible confirmation: clipped tags are silenced

Existing solutions to protect consumer privacy in RFID either put the burden on the consumer or suffer from the very limited capabilities of today's RFID tags. We propose the use of physical RFID tag structures that permit a consumer to disable a tag by mechanically altering the tag in such a way that the ability of a reader to interrogate the RFID tag by wireless mean is inhibited. In "clipped tags", consumers can physically separate the body (chip) from the head (antenna) in an intuitive way. Such a separation provides visual confirmation that the tag has been deactivated. However, a physical contact channel may be used later to reactivate it. Such a reactivation would require deliberate actions on the part of the owner of the RFID tag to permit the reactivation to take place. Thus reactivation could not be undertaken without the owner's knowledge unless the item were either stolen or left unattended. This mechanism enables controlled reuse after purchase, making clipped tags superior to other RFID privacy-enhancing technologies.
Private and public pension systems compared: an evaluation of the Latin American experience

Abstract This article briefly explains the main features of public and private pension systems, as well as structural and parametric pension reforms. Its core compares performance, within Latin America, between private pension systems in ten countries and public pension systems in eight countries, based on nine indicators: labor force coverage, ages of retirement and pension levels, gender equality, administrative costs, wage contributions, compliance, portfolio diversification in investment of pension funds, rates of returns of investment, and financial equilibrium. Contrary to what is often maintained, the article concludes that public systems perform better than private ones in most of those indicators.
Hierarchical segmentation-based approach to motion analysis

Abstract This paper presents an algorithm for motion analysis that has been used for identifying moving targets in a sequence of images. The algorithm is based on first generating a hierarchical segmentation of each image and then identifying corresponding regions from image to image. Using hierarchical image descriptions allows regions to be matched from frame to frame even if scene changes cause the regions to appear at different scales in the segmented image. Hierarchical segmentation also allows the algorithm to isolate the stable regions in each image which are most effective for image registration and to focus computation on the range of resolutions that are relevant for a particular application. Performing registration at the region level has severtal important advantages over traditional optical flow or feature point matching algorithms. These advantages include better performance in the presence of scene changes and noise and the capability for identifying successfully large motions between frames. Following segment registration, the algorithm estimates the motion of the background and of candidate targets. Moving targets are identified based on their motion relative to the background. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated by experiments on image sequences containing large motions.
Optimization of Parallel Particle-to-Grid Interpolation on Leading Multicore Platforms

We are now in the multicore revolution which is witnessing a rapid evolution of architectural designs due to power constraints and correspondingly limited microprocessor clock speeds. Understanding how to efficiently utilize these systems in the context of demanding numerical algorithms is an urgent challenge to meet the ever growing computational needs of high-end computing. In this work, we examine multicore parallel optimization of the particle-to-grid interpolation step in particle-mesh methods, an inherently complex optimization problem due to its low computation intensity, irregular data accesses, and potential fine-grained data hazards. Our evaluated kernels are derived from two important numerical computations: a biological simulation of the heart using the Immersed Boundary (IB) method, and a Gyrokinetic Particle-in-Cell (PIC)-based application for studying fusion plasma microturbulence. We develop several novel synchronization and grid decomposition schemes, as well as low-level optimization techniques to maximize performance on three modern multicore platforms: Intel's Xeon X5550 (Nehalem), AMD's Opteron 2356 (Barcelona), and Sun's UltraSparc T2+ (Niagara). Results show that our optimizations lead to significant performance improvements, achieving up to a 5.6× speedup compared to the reference parallel implementation. Our work also provides valuable insight into the design of future autotuning frameworks for particle-to-grid interpolation on next-generation systems.
Genetic improvement of cereal proteins.

Cereal proteins are inferior nutritionally to the proteins in milk, meat, and eggs because of inadequate levels of the amino acid lysine. With the discovery in 1963 by Mertz, Bates, and Nelson (1) that the maize mutant opaque-2 had nearly twice as much lysine as ordinary maize has, scientists realized that cereal grain proteins could be improved in quality by genetic manipulation. The recent discovery of high-lysine mutants of barley (2) and sorghum (3) raises the hope that all cereals can be improved in protein quality.
Non-Invasive Monitoring of a Bioartificial Pancreas in Vitro and in Vivo

Monitoring biochemical processes relevant to the function, survival, and longevity of tissue-engineered pancreatic constructs is important for the development of an optimum construct design as well as patient care management after implantation. In this report we demonstrate the ability of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to monitor aspects of intracellular metabolism, overall morphology, and distribution of a microencapsulation based bioartificial pancreas in vitro and in vivo.
The Rise (and Retreat) of a Market: English Joint Stock Shares in the Eighteenth Century

The market for joint stock shares in eighteenth-century England is often portrayed as an underdeveloped and flawed mechanism for resource allocation, which in turn is cited to explain the paucity of shares actually traded. This article questions that interpretation, both by inquiring whether the requisite institutions for a functional market were present, and by constructing a new time series of eighteenth-century share prices and exposing them to a test of the efficient markets hypothesis. Because the stock exchange is found to exhibit most of the conventionally defined characteristics of an effective market, the article concludes by outlining the case for skepticism with respect to a common theme in economic history: the idea that the purported superiority of market resource allocation over alternative non-market forms (in the absence of rigidities due to underdevelopment or government interference) is an unambiguous conclusion in every historical context.
Characterization of the Murine Mitochondrial Glycerol-3-phosphate Acyltransferase Promoter

Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) catalyzes the acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, a committed step in triacylglycerol and phospholipid biosynthesis. We have previously reported the cDNA cloning and transcriptional regulation of the murine mitochondrial GPAT (mGPAT). We now report the cloning of the 5′-flanking region of the murine mitochondrial GPAT. The transcription start site was identified by primer extension and RNase protection assays. A TATA box-like motif (TTATTAT) was located between −34 and −29 and a reverse CCAAT box (ATTGG) was located between −78 and −74, relative to the transcription start site. To begin studying mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of the mGPAT gene, chimeric luciferase (LUC) plasmids containing serial deletions, from −1447 to −38, of the 5′-flanking region of the murine mGPAT gene were prepared and transfected into 3T3-L1 cells. The fusion construct −1447 GPAT.LUC showed high promoter activity and deletions to −1353, −747, −322, and −86 did not markedly change the promoter activity. With all constructs, luciferase activity was 2-fold higher when plasmids were transfected into 3T3-L1 adipocytes. However, deletion of sequences between −86 and −55 resulted in a 9-fold decrease in LUC activity in both preadipocytes and adipocytes. Deletion of sequences between −55 and −38 did not alter promoter activity. DNase I footprint analysis revealed a protected region between −95 and −65 which included the putative CTF/NF1 binding site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated a single protein-DNA complex formation. Oligonucleotides synthesized according to the CTF/NF1 consensus sequence or the adenovirus NF-1 site showed a different and more complex pattern of protein-DNA interaction and were not able to compete away the mGPAT promoter-protein complex, indicating that a distinct protein was bound to −86/-55, a region important for the basal promoter activity in 3T3-L1 cells. Luciferase activity was increased 2.8- and 8-fold when adipocytes stably transfected with −322 GPAT.LUC were treated with 5 and 25 mM glucose, respectively, in the presence of 10 nM insulin. These results indicate that carbohydrate-responsive sequences are located within −322 base pairs of the mGPAT promoter.
The Social and Nonsocial Behaviors of Precocious Preschoolers during Free Play.

From observing 26 precocious preschoolers during free play, it was determined that they engaged in high frequencies of associative and dramatic play. The girls engaged in more cooperative and less solitary play than the boys. The older children participated in more solitary, parallel, and less cooperative and less dramatic play than their younger peers. The higher IQ group (median IQ = 160+) undertook less constructive and more dramatic play than the lower IQ group (median IQ = 137).
The Advantages of Backup Reprovisioning After Failure Repair (and Failure Arrival) in Telecom Mesh Networks

Survivability is a key concern in modern telecom mesh networks because of the enormous capacity of a telecom link which is usually an optical fiber employing wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). Backup bandwidth reprovisioning has been shown to be an effective approach for improving network survivability as well as preventing existing services from unnecessary interruption. We investigate the advantages of reprovisioning new backup paths for connections when a previous failure is repaired (as well as when a network failure occurs). We consider reprovisioning of backup paths either (1) for unprotected or vulnerable connections that lose their primary or backup paths due to a previous failure and fail to be reprovisioned when the failure happens due to resource limits, or (2) for all existing connections in the network. The pros and cons of the two policies are investigated. A wavelength-convertible network and shared-path protection are assumed in this study. We compare the performance of our dynamic reprovisioning approach with a conventional scheme which reprovisions backup paths for connections only when a network failure occurs. The simulation results demonstrate that our approach achieves more network robustness and better backup capacity optimization.
City Planning versus Urban Planning Resolving a Profession’s Bifurcated Heritage

Planning as a profession in the United States has a bifurcated heritage of design-oriented physical planning and policy-oriented socioeconomic planning. This fundamental dichotomy continues to divide the profession into two distinct interests and two distinct approaches to urban issues, a tension that is especially problematic today, given the dominance of a design orientation in urban development and the dominance of a policy orientation in the planning profession. The author reviews this dual heritage and its underlying attitudes and concludes by making five recommendations that can assist the planning profession to recapture its unique role, to strengthen its ability to address contemporary urban issues, and to become a stronger player vis-a-vis architects and civil engineers in guiding the future of American cities.
Opaque document imaging: building images of inaccessible texts

This paper introduces a method for building a readable image of an opaque, rolled or folded text from a volumetric, penetrating scan. The problem is framed by localizing, constructing, and manipulating an image induced by a surface embedded in a 3D voxel space. There are two central contributions that lead to the demonstrated results. First is an energy-based texture formation algorithm, which is a function of voxel intensities and the geometry of the embedded surface. Second is a regularization algorithm based on a constrained mapping of the embedded surface to a regularized image plane. The mapping preserves angles and lengths, which minimizes the distortion of text in the image. The experimental results show readable images derived from custom, high resolution (X-ray-based) CT scans of rolled papyrus and ink samples. These methods are significant for scholars seeking to study inaccessible texts, and may lead to viable techniques for scanning everyday opaque objects (books) without opening them.
FINDING FUNDING FOR LIBRARY SERVICE TO NATIVE AMERICANS

“Today the imperative need of Indian communities in the field of education is a need to know; to know the past …and to know about the world that surrounds them in the same intimate manner they once knew the plains, mountains, deserts, rivers, and woods.” — Vine Deloria, Jr., The Right to Know 1978.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of captopril, enalapril, and quinapril

This review compares the metabolism and pharmacokinetic profiles of captopril, the first orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, and 2 newer ACE inhibitors, enalapril and quinapril. Captopril differs from both enalapril and quinapril in that its chemical structure contains a sulfhydryl group, the presence of which may be important in the development of adverse reactions. Captopril also differs from enalapril and quinapril in its ability to be metabolized in plasma. Enalapril and quinapril are both de-esterified, most likely in the liver, to their active metabolites, enalaprilat and quinaprilat. All 3 ACE inhibitors are eliminated primarily via renal excretion, and renal dysfunction markedly increases the area under the time versus plasma concentration curves. Hepatic dysfunction also slows the conversion of enalapril and quinapril to their active metabolites. There is evidence that both captopril and enalapril, but not quinapril, may accumulate with repeated dosing. The pharmacokinetics of these agents are not significantly modified by co-administration of other drugs. However, captopril does cause marked increases in trough plasma levels of digoxin. Overall, the pharmacokinetic profiles of captopril, enalapril, and quinapril make them suitable for a wide range of patients with hypertension or congestive heart failure.
Desperately seeking synapses

![Graphic][1] LFA-1 (red) molecules surround central TCRs (green) in a live synapse. Signaling between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC) is orchestrated through a bull's eye–like structure known as the immunological synapse. But no one had ever spotted these structures
Integración conceptual Green-Lean en el diseño, planificación y construcción de proyectos

El actual escenario de competitividad en el que se mueven las empresas de ingenieria, demanda nuevos enfoques de produccion, donde las variables medioambientales juegan un papel relevante. En este sentido el concepto de sustentabilidad debe empezar a ser manejado por todos los agentes involucrados: ingenieros, arquitectos, mandantes, entre otros. El concepto de sustentabilidad, por ser de caracter general, se ha mantenido en un ambito mas bien conceptual, haciendose complejo el desarrollo de herramientas que faciliten su consideracion a traves del ciclo de vida completo de un proyecto. Este estudio tuvo por proposito integrar las filosofias de Construccion sustentable, o Green Building, y Lean Construction, esta ultima empleada como el complemento necesario para entregar una base de analisis centrada en la gestion de produccion. Se definio como ciclo de vida acotado las etapas de diseno, planificacion y construccion, determinandose vectores de integracion por medio del analisis morfologico y matrices de impacto cruzado. Se determinaron los vectores con relacion directa para la implementacion de la integracion Green-Lean. Para operacionalizar la integracion Green-Lean se empleo como herramienta de implementacion la Constructabilidad, la que permitio secuenciar los procesos de construccion, ejercicio conceptual aplicado solo a la etapa de diseno. Como resultado, se establecio a nivel conceptual que las herramientas aplicadas en la gestion de proyectos de construccion (Lean Construction y Constructabilidad), entregan un soporte solido para la operacionalizacion, y futura aplicacion, de criterios de sustentabilidad en los procesos y etapas que involucra el ciclo de vida completo de los proyectos de construccion. Rev. ing. constr. [online]. 2009, vol.24, n.1, pp. 05-32. ISSN 0718-5073. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50732009000100001
Response of the mouse lung transcriptome to welding fume: effects of stainless and mild steel fumes on lung gene expression in A/J and C57BL/6J mice

Background Debate exists as to whether welding fume is carcinogenic, but epidemiological evidence suggests that welders are an at risk population for the development of lung cancer. Recently, we found that exposure to welding fume caused an acutely greater and prolonged lung inflammatory response in lung tumor susceptible A/J versus resistant C57BL/6J (B6) mice and a trend for increased tumor incidence after stainless steel (SS) fume exposure. Here, our objective was to examine potential strain-dependent differences in the regulation and resolution of the lung inflammatory response induced by carcinogenic (Cr and Ni abundant) or non-carcinogenic (iron abundant) metal-containing welding fumes at the transcriptome level.
Parametric composite limited yield index for functional circuits yield prediction

In this paper we present an early detection mechanism for semiconductor circuit yield prediction and tracking. Several discrete devices used as components of functional circuits have been examined by their first-metal level test data and correlated to the higher metal level functional yield. A concept of Device Health Composite Yield is also introduced in this paper.
Studies on use of DTPA and eddha chelates to supply micronutrients to plants in soils includingsimulated drip irrigation

Abstract In an experiment with calcareous Hacienda loam soil and simulated drip irrigation, FeEDDHA was far superior to FeDTPA in supplying Fe to T203 soybeans. The FeEDDHA applied at constant low levels also increased the Zn, Cu and Mn contents on the per plant basis implying that the procedure is not likely to induce deficiencies of those micronutrients. In an experiment with Yolo loam soil which was not calcareous, ZnDTPA and MnDTPA in the irrigation water did increase micronutrient contents of com growing in the soil. With small peach trees grown in the glasshouse in soil, ZnDTPA and MnDTPA resulted in increased uptake of Zn and Mn and often increased uptake of Fe and Cu. When high levels of both ZnDTPA and MnDTPA were applied, there was additive‐type toxicity.
Television on the internet: new practices, new viewers

Television is increasingly viewed through computers in the form of downloaded or steamed content, yet computer based television consumption has received little attention in HCI. In this paper we describe a study of the uses and practices of tech-savvy college students, studying their television consumption through the internet. We find that users personalize their viewing but that TV is still a richly social experience - not as communal watching, but instead through communication around television programs. We explore new possibilities for technology-based interaction around television.
CETACEAN ABUNDANCE IN HAWAIIAN WATERS ESTIMATED FROM A SUMMER/FALL SURVEY IN 2002

Cetacean abundance is estimated for the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) around the Hawaiian Islands based on a ship line-transect survey from August to November, 2002. Sighting detection functions are estimated from this and other NOAA research surveys from 1986 to 2002 using a new, multiple-covariate approach. Twenty-four species were seen on this survey, including two species (Fraser's dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei) and sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis)) that had not been previously documented to occur in Hawaiian waters. The most abun- dant large whales are sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) and Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni). The most abundant delphinids are pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis), Fraser's dolphins, spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata), and striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). Dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (Kogia sima and Kogia breviceps) and Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are also estimated to be quite abundant. Some of the migratory baleen whales (fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), sei whales, minke whales (B. acu- torostrata), and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)) were seen only late in the survey. Abundance is estimated for 19 cetacean species. The overall density of cetaceans is low in the study area, especially for delphinids. The precision of density and abundance estimates is generally low for all species because of the low number of sightings.
GMLOS: a new robust nonlinear filter for image processing applications

The restoration and enhancement of degraded images are of fundamental importance in image processing applications. The authors introduce a new robust nonlinear filter (single and multistage) based on generalized maximum likelihood reasoning and order statistics (GMLOS). This new filter is not only capable of attenuating the noise and presenting the derails, but also has the ability to sharpen the edges. In addition, it does not require any type of threshold or weighting factor and is computationally efficient. Some of the experimental results on real images are also provided. >
Beneficiary survey-based feedback on new Medicare informational materials.

In response to the Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997, the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) initiated a massive information and education campaign to promote effective health plan decisionmaking. Early results suggest that the pilot version of the Medicare & You handbook and other new Medicare informational materials were viewed favorably overall. Despite their limitations, most beneficiaries found the information useful. The longer, more comprehensive materials were not perceived to be more useful than the shorter, less complicated version. Additional research is needed to determine which subgroups of beneficiaries may need more and, possibly less, information.
The colors of natural objects and terrains, and their relation to visual color deficiency.

The colors of many natural objects and terrains were determined by visual matching with samples of known spectral reflectance (Munsell’s A Color Notation). There are only three important groups of colors. Foliage lies in a yellow-green region of dominant wave-length 557–574 mμ. Earths range between yellow and orange-red, 576–589 mμ. Water, sky, and distant objects are blue, 459–486 mμ. Colors of autumn foliage spread into the yellows and reds to the end of the spectrum. The outstanding characteristic of these terrain colors is their lack of saturation, most having an excitation purity of 40 percent or less. Furthermore, objects quickly lose saturation with increasing distance from the observer, so that even in the clearest weather encountered no object over 312 miles away had an excitation purity of over 11 percent. To the color-deficient observer these colors appear even less saturated than to the normal. In addition, the yellow-to-green region of the spectrum, where the majority of discriminations must be made, is one in which color blinds show poor hue discrimination. Thus, in both hue and saturation the color deficient is at a decided disadvantage in discriminating terrains.
POLARS: A pathology on-line logging and reporting system

Abstract A system has been established to collect medical data and produce reports, logs, and retrieval files. On-line data entry programs allow for entry of both fixed-length and free-text data through remote terminals. This data is then collected to allow retrieval based on its natural language contents. The system is currently implemented for surgical pathology and cytology applications.
Varieties of (de) humanization: divided by competition and status.

Recognizing or denying another’s humanity varies predictably along apparently universal dimensions of the other’s perceived warmth (trustworthiness) and competence. New data reveal distinct neural and behavioral signatures of (de)humanizing responses to distinct kinds of ingroups and outgroups on these dimensions. The most dehumanized outgroups (low on both warmth and competence) elicit disgust and avoidance, devalued as literally worth-less. In contrast, groups disliked for seeming cold but respected for competence elicit envy and Schadenfreude. Reactions to pitied outgroups—disrespected for seeming incompetent, but apparently likable enough for seeming trustworthy and warm—focus on prescriptions for their behavior. The humanization of ingroup members, who are both liked and respected, reflects individuating processes in impression formation, not necessarily accurate but at least three-dimensionally human.
169 EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN AND AGING ON INTRACELLULAR O-GLYCOSYLATION (O-GlcNAc) IN THE VASCULATURE.

Background O-GlcNAc is a dynamic post-translational modification of many nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. Blocking or reducing O-GlcNAc renders cells more sensitive to stress and decreases their survival, while increasing O-GlcNAc levels protects cells. We have shown that 17b-estradiol (E2) has vasoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects after acute arterial injury in young but not in aged rats. This study tested whether O-GlcNAc modification could be related to our age-dependent findings and whether it plays a role in E2-mediated vascular responses in young animals. Methods Intact young (2 mo old) and aged (18 mo old) female Sprague-Dawley rats were euthanized. Carotid arteries were excised, fixed, embedded, and evaluated by immunofluoresence with the selective mouse monoclonal anti-O-GlcNAc antibody (RL2). Aortic smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) were isolated from rats of the same age, passaged (# 3), made quiescent, and then treated with E2 (0.1 μM) or vehicle for 24 hrs. Immunofluorescence staining of ASMCs and Western blot analysis was performed with RL2. Results O-glycosylated protein levels in the media of carotid arteries were lower in aged compared to young rats. Similarly, O-glycosylated protein levels were lower and less concentrated in nuclei of ASMCs from aged compared to young rats. E2 treatment significantly increased O-glycosylated protein levels in young but not in aged ASMCs (Figure 7). Western analysis demonstrated E2-induced increases in global O-glycosylated protein levels only in ASMCs from young rats (Figure 8). Conclusions Global O-glycosylated protein levels are lower in aged compared to young rat carotid arteries. E2 up-regulates O-GlcNAc in young but not in aged rat ASMCs. O-GlcNAc may play an important role in E2-induced vasoprotection and its age-related modification.