cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computing interrater reliability on the Apple Macintosh computer

A program is described for computing interrater reliability by averaging, for each rater, the correlations between one rater’s ratings and every other rater’s ratings. For situations in which raters rate more than one ratee, raters’ reliabilities can be computed for either each item or each ratee. The program reads data from a text file and puts the reliability coefficients in a text file. The standard Macintosh interface is implemented. The Quick-BASIC program is distributed both as a listing and in compiled form; it can be run with advantage with math coprocessors.
Macroevolutionary Interpretations of Symmetry and Synchroneity in the Fossil Record

Quantitative analyses of global diversity in the marine fossil record over Phanerozoic time reveal an historically ordered pattern of sequential dominance and increasing diversity. Explanatory models applied to this empirical pattern lead to irreconcilable differences of interpretation. The issue may be resolved by determining the expected distributions and limits of temporal covariation among clades generated by a random branching process. Results also challenge the claim that asymmetries in intra-clade diversity variation provide a directional arrow for the history of life.
Composition control of radio-frequency magnetron sputter-deposited La0.5Sr0.5CoO3−∂ thin films

For this paper, we used radio-frequency (rf) sputter deposition to synthesize epitaxial La0.5Sr0.5CoO3−∂ (LSCO) films. We investigated the influence of sputter deposition parameters, in particular, oxygen partial pressure, plasma power, total sputter pressure, and post-deposition cooling atmosphere on film composition, microstructure, and electrical resistivity. We show that rf sputtering from a single target can produce LSCO films with La/Sr and (La + Sr)/Co ratios of unity and with low electrical resistivities of about 1 mΩ cm. Film microstructures were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Formation of an ordered film superlattice, most likely due to oxygen vacancy ordering, was observed. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between the film microstructure and the electrical resistivity.
Trumping and contrastive causation

Jonathan Schaffer introduced a new type of causal structure called ‘trumping’. According to Schaffer, trumping is a species of causal preemption. Both Schaffer and I have argued that causation has a contrastive structure. In this paper, I analyze the structure of trumping cases from the perspective of contrastive causation, and argue that the case is much more complex than it first appears. Nonetheless, there is little reason to regard trumping as a species of causal preemption.
Cost-Shifting: New Myths, Old Confusion, and Enduring Reality

The papers by Paul Ginsburg and Jason Lee and colleagues make it clear how far we have come on the issue of cost shifting and how far we still have to go. We have created some new myths, persisted in some old confusion, and largely ignored an enduring reality. That enduring reality is that lack of competition in the health care sector permits cost shifting to occur. Instead of focusing on this causal condition, public discussion has been centered on the symptoms. A number of steps can be taken to deal with causes; this paper discusses several of these steps.
Emittance Calculations for the Stanford Linear Collider Injector

A computer code has been implemented for on-line acquisition and analysis of data for emittance measurements of the SLC injector beam. The beam emittances have been determined experimentally using this code; measured beam emittance values have been found to be within expectations. When the system operates in the automatic mode, an emittance measurement takes less than two minutes. This emittance measurement method has been thoroughly tested and has been extended to other regions of the SLC system. Resultant beam sigma matrices are used in the lattice design models to calculate the strengths of quadrupoles required for the optical matching of the CID beam into the SLC Linac.
STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF NONUNIFORM MAGNETIZATION REVERSAL

Thermally activated magnetization reversal in elongated particles is studied within a model that allows for spatially nonuniform magnetization configurations along the particle. An external field antiparallel to the existing magnetization is shown to given rise to an energy barrier which represents a spatially localized deviation from the initial uniform magnetization configuration. For sufficiently elongated particles, thermal fluctuations thus substantially lower the coercivity compared to the previous theories by N\'eel and Brown which assume a spatially uniform magnetization. The magnetization reversal rate is calculated using a functional Fokker-Planck description of the stochastic magnetization dynamics. Analytical results are obtained in the limits of small fields and fields close to the anisotropy field. In the former case the hard-axis anisotropy becomes effectively strong and the magnetization reversal rate is shown to reduce to the nucleation rate of kink-antikink pairs in the overdamped sine-Gordon model. The present theory therefore includes the nucleation theory of the double sine-Gordon chain as a special case.
Surgical management of rectovaginal fistula

Abstract Despite various advances in surgical technique, improvements in technology and the ongoing accumulation of knowledge gained by clinical experience, rectovaginal fistulas remain complicated entities to treat. Arguably, achieving definitive success in its repair can be as troublesome to the surgeons undertaking the challenge of treatment as it is debilitating to those that suffer from its manifestations. Multiple options exist in the armamentarium to repair rectovaginal fistula. Low, small fistulas, typically a result of cryptoglandular disease or obstetrical trauma, are amenable to local repairs, often without protective diversion. In contrast, high or more complex fistulas, typically those that are sequelae of inflammatory bowel disease, malignancy, or radiation, often warrant more extensive repairs incorporating tissue interposition with the protection of temporary proximal diversion. Finally, the choice of repair depends on the presence or absence of associated sphincter injury, as many patients with obstetrical trauma will have an anterior sphincter defect. It is critical to address associated sphincter defect during repair of this subset of rectovaginal fistulas if such a defect is identified. If no sphincter defect is identified, the choice of local repair becomes a matter of surgeon preference and experience.
Keeping editors in line.

It is rare to find a truly linear phenomenon. However, based on the data presented in Science 's Compass (Editorial, “Welcome Don Kennedy,” 26 May, p. [1341][1]), the years of service by Editors-in-Chief of Science fit a remarkably linear trend. The accompanying figure plots (as solid dots) the
Octave-spanning Infrared Supercontinuum Generation in Robust Chalcogenide Nano-tapers

We fabricate robust step-index chalcogenide nano-tapers. Using picosecond pulses at 1.55 μm, we generate octave-spanning low-power-threshold near-infrared and mid-infrared supercontinuum (0.85-2.35 μm).
Anion Exchange in Saprolite

Many studies have shown that subsoils in the Piedmont region of the southeastern USA have anion exchange capacity (AEC) and can adsorb anions such as nitrate \(\left(NO^{{-}}_{3}\right)\) . Groundwater discharging to wells and streams often passes through thick layers of saprolite beneath Piedmont soils, but little is known about the AEC of saprolite. Our objective was to determine the AEC on saprolite samples collected with a split-spoon sampler during the installation of seven groundwater monitoring wells in north Georgia. Forty four samples were collected from depths ranging from approximately one to 15 m below the surface and analyzed for AEC, extractable iron, and pH. The saprolite thickness was at least 15 m at all seven sites as verified by drilling an adjacent 7.6-cm hole to bedrock. The average AEC for 37 saprolite samples was 0.80 cmol c kg −1 . This was slightly less than half of the AEC observed in typical subsoil horizons of Piedmont soils. There was a significant positive correlation ( r = 0.64) between saprolite AEC and iron oxide content. Taking into account the differences in thickness of the soil and saprolite, saprolite had about six times the AEC of subsoil. The expected adsorption coefficient ( K d ) for NO − 3 in saprolite was approximately 0.81 cm 3 g −1 , based on the relationship between AEC and K d . Using an estimated bulk density and saturated water content based on texture, this corresponds to a retardation coefficient ( R ) of 4.4. Models and remediation efforts involving NO − 3 in shallow Piedmont groundwater need to account for anion adsorption in saprolite.
Treating aortic dissection and penetrating aortic ulcer with stent graft: thirty cases.

Background The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and safety of stent graft in the treatment of aortic dissection and penetrating aortic ulcer. Methods From June 2001 to April 2004, 25 patients with aortic dissection and 5 patients with penetrating aortic ulcer received stent-graft implantation. Within this group were 24 male and 6 female patients, with an average age of 52.3 ± 11.9 years. One patient was diagnosed as type A dissection, 23 patients as chronic type B dissection, 1 patient as acute type B dissection, and the remaining 5 patients with penetrating aortic ulcer. Among the 25 patients with aortic dissection, 3 had contained rupture. All patients were followed up in 1 to 32 months. Results All patients received stent-graft implantation. There were 5 type I endoleaks. Retrograde ascending aortic dissection occurred during the operation in 1 patient. Two other retrograde ascending aortic dissections occurred in 2 patients 1 day and 7 days, respectively, after stent-graft implantation. Two patients died 1 day and 18 days, respectively, after operation because of rupture of ascending aortic dissection. One-month mortality rate was 6.7%. No death occurred during follow-up time. One patient received a second stent-graft implantation 20 months after the first procedure. Conclusions Serious complications may develop after stent-graft implantation, but the early results of treatment of aortic dissection and penetrating aortic ulcer with stent graft were satisfactory. Long-term follow-up was needed.
A neutralization epitope in the hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein interacts with host entry factor CD81.

The identification of a specific immunogenic candidate that will effectively activate the appropriate pathway for neutralizing antibody production is fundamental for vaccine design. By using a monoclonal antibody (1H8) that neutralizes HCV in vitro, we have demonstrated here that 1H8 recognized an epitope mapped between residues A524 and W529 of the E2 protein. We also found that the epitope residues A524, P525, Y527 and W529 were crucial for antibody binding, while the residues T526, Y527 and W529 within the same epitope engaged in the interaction with the host entry factor CD81. Furthermore, we detected “1H8-like” antibodies, defined as those with amino acid-specificity similar to 1H8, in the plasma of patients with chronic HCV infection. The time course study of plasma samples from Patient H, a well-characterized case of post-transfusion hepatitis C, showed that “1H8-like” antibodies could be detected in a sample collected almost two years after the initial infection, thus confirming the immunogenicity of this epitope in vivo. The characterization of this neutralization epitope with a function in host entry factor CD81 interaction should enhance our understanding of antibody-mediated neutralization of HCV infections.
The flypaper effect and other anomalies

Abstract I develop a model in which income, both in its own right and as a proxy for other socioeconomic characteristics, is an input in the production function for local public services (the most obvious example is education, though there are other applications as well). The comparative statics results from this model yield the following results. (1) The observed ‘flypaper effect’ (the tendency for local government to spend a higher fraction of unrestricted grants than income of residents) may be due, at least in part, to the fact that own income (but not grants) is a substitute for purchased inputs in the technology. Hence, the propensity to spend on purchased inputs out of own income is lower than out of grants. (2) The income elasticity of demand for public-sector output may be higher than the observed income elasticity of demand for purchased inputs. (3) Equalization of educational opportunity via wealth neutrality (as suggested by Feldstein) requires major changes in education finance once we recognice the distinction between purchased inputs and output.
Eikonal but not: A complementary view of high energy evolution

Abstract The high energy evolution equations that describe the evolution of hadronic amplitudes with energy are derived assuming eikonal interaction of the evolved hadronic wave function with the target. In this Letter we remark that this derivation allows a different interpretation, whereby the hadronic wave function is not evolved, but instead the evolution acts on the S -matrix operator. In this approach, analogous to the Heisenberg picture of Quantum mechanics, the scattering is not eikonal and additional boost provides for radiation of more gluons in the final state.
Using the Electromagnetics of Cancer’s Centrosome Clusters to Attract Therapeutic Nanoparticles

This paper summarizes recent research findings concerning centrioles, centriole duplication, centriole overduplication, supernumerary centrioles, centrosomes, and centrosome amplification. The paper then discusses the status of ongoing research on the use of nanoparticles for cancer treatment. The research findings show that a centriole produces an electromagnetic field apparently due to the longitudinal oscillation of its microtubules (MTs). A cluster of centrioles is therefore presumed to produce an enhanced electromagnetic field. Individual centrioles are immersed in a cloud of electron-dense material (proteins) which together with the centrioles is known as the centrosome. A cluster of centrioles thus produces a cluster of centrosomes—a hallmark of cancer cells. With enhanced electromagnetic fields, centrosome clusters provide an attraction for magnetically charged nanoparticles. These nanoparticles however are not attracted to normal cells which with only two (or at most four) centrioles, have a weaker magnetic field. The idea is simple: Magnetized and therapeutic nanoparticles are directed toward tumors and then attracted to the centrosome clusters of the tumor cells. Once inside the tumor cells, the nanoparticles can release their toxins.
Enhancing interface design using attentive interaction design toolkit

This paper shows how a software toolkit enables graphic designers to make camera-based interactive environments in a short period of time without requiring experience in user interface design or machine vision. The Attentive Interaction Design Toolkit, a vision-based input toolkit, gives users an analysis of faces found in a given image stream, including facial expression, body motion, and attentive activities. This data is fed to a text file that can be easily understood by humans and programs alike. A four-day workshop demonstrated that some Flash-savvy architecture students could construct interactive spaces (e.g. Eat-Eat-Eat, TaiKer-KTV and ScreamMarket) based on a group of people's body and their head motions.
β-Po phase of sulfur at 162 GPa: X-ray diffraction study to 212 GPa

Using diamond anvil cell techniques and powerful synchrotron sources, we carried out an energy dispersive x-ray diffraction study on sulfur to 212 (GPa) and detected a transition to a new phase at 162\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 GPa. This new phase has been indexed as the \ensuremath{\beta}-Po structure based on agreement with the d spacings and the measured diffraction peaks. This is consistent with the published results on high pressure phases of Se and Te. The Raman spectra of the fully recovered sulfur indicate permanent changes in the molecular structure. This paper represents the first experimental results in which a structural determination has been made for the low-atomic-number materials above 100 GPa.
Approaching the performance limit for economized cycles using simplified cycles

Abstract Modifications such as economization aim to improve the efficiency of vapor compression equipment by cooling the refrigerant during the compression process. A previous study ( Mathison et al., 2010 ) explored the theoretical limit to cycle performance with economizing, which was defined as the performance when a saturated vapor state was maintained in the compressor by continuously injecting a two-phase mixture. However, achieving continuous injection and controlling the quality of the injected refrigerant poses a substantial challenge. Therefore, the current paper investigates the ability of an economized cycle with saturated vapor injection through a finite number of ports to approach the limiting cycle performance. For an air-conditioner using R-410A with an evaporation temperature of 5 °C and a condensing temperature of 40 °C, the model predicts that injecting saturated vapor through three ports will improve the COP by 12%, which is approximately 67% of the maximum benefit provided by economizing in the limiting case.
Prevalence of urovirulence genes cnf, hlyD, sfa/foc, and papGIII in fecal Escherichia coli from healthy dogs and their owners.

Objective—To determine the prevalence of 4 urovirulence genes in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from healthy dogs and their owners and to determine whether detection of E coli strains with these genes was associated with a history of urinary tract infection (UTI). Sample Population—61 healthy dog-owner pairs and 30 healthy non–dog owners. Procedures—A fecal specimen was obtained from each participant, and 3 colonies of E coli were isolated from each specimen. A multiplex PCR assay was used to detect 4 genes encoding virulence factors: cytotoxic necrotizing factor (cnf), hemolysin (hlyD), s-fimbrial and F1C fimbriae adhesin (sfa/foc), and pilus associated with pyelonephritis G allele III (papGIII). Human participants completed a questionnaire to provide general information and any history of UTI for themselves and, when applicable, their dog. Results—26% (16/61) of dogs, 18% (11/61) of owners, and 20% (6/30) of non–dog owners had positive test results for ≥ 1 E coli virulence gene. One or more genes were ...
Synthesis of thomasic acid

Abstract Thomasidioic acid ( 2 ) has been synthesized in two steps by oxidative phenol coupling of sinapic acid ( 6 ) to the dilactone ( 7 ) followed by acid-catalyzed rearrangement. The diol dibenzyl ether ( 15 ), derived from thomasidioic acid dimethyl ester ( 9 ) by benzylation followed by LAH reduction, was selectively oxidized to yield thomasic acid ( 1 ) after debenzylation and base hydrolysis.
A survey of authors publishing in four megajournals

Aim. To determine the characteristics of megajournal authors, the nature of the manuscripts they are submitting to these journals, factors influencing their decision to publish in a megajournal, sources of funding for article processing charges (APCs) or other fees and their likelihood of submitting to a megajournal in the future. Methods. Web-based survey of 2,128 authors who recently published in BMJ Open, PeerJ, PLOS ONE or SAGE Open. Results. The response rate ranged from 26% for BMJ Open to 47% for SAGE Open. The authors were international, largely academics who had recently published in both subscription and Open Access (OA) journals. Across journals about 25% of the articles were preliminary findings and just under half were resubmissions of manuscripts rejected by other journals. Editors from other BMJ journals and perhaps to a lesser extent SAGE and PLOS journals appear to be encouraging authors to submit manuscripts that were rejected by the editor’s journals to a megajournal published by the same publisher. Quality of the journal and speed of the review process were important factors across all four journals. Impact factor was important for PLOS ONE authors but less so for BMJ Open authors, which also has an impact factor. The review criteria and the fact the journal was OA were other significant factors particularly important for PeerJ authors. The reputation of the publisher was an important factor for SAGE Open and BMJ Open. About half of PLOS ONE and around a third of BMJ Open and PeerJ authors used grant funding for publishing charges while only about 10% of SAGE Open used grant funding for publication charges. Around 60% of SAGE Open and 32% of PeerJ authors self-funded their publication fees however the fees are modest for these journals. The majority of authors from all 4 journals were pleased with their experience and indicated they were likely to submit to the same or similar journal in the future. Conclusions. Megajournals are drawing an international group of authors who tend to be experienced academics. They are choosing to publish in megajournals for a variety of reasons but most seem to value the quality of the journal and the speed of the review/publication process. Having a broad scope was not a key factor for most authors though being OA was important for PeerJ and SAGE Open authors. Most authors appeared pleased with the experience and indicated they are likely to submit future manuscripts to the same or similar megajournal which seems to suggest these journals will continue to grow in popularity.
Robust, efficient, optical-damage-resistant, 200 mJ nanosecond ultraviolet light source for satellite-based lidar applications.

Conventional wisdom contends that high-energy nanosecond UV laser sources operate near the optical damage thresholds of their constituent materials. This notion is particularly true for nonlinear frequency converters like optical parametric oscillators, where poor beam quality combined with high intra-cavity fluence leads to catastrophic failure of crystals and optical coatings. The collective disappointment of many researchers supports this contention. However, we're challenging this frustrating paradigm by developing high-energy nanosecond UV sources that are efficient, mechanically robust, and most important, resistant to optical damage. Based on sound design principles developed through numerical modeling and rigorous laboratory testing, our sources generate 8-10 ns 190 mJ pulses at 320 nm with fluences < 1 J/sq-cm Using modified but otherwise conventional Nd:YAG lasers, we achieve near-IR to UV conversion efficiency exceeding 21%.
Scaling up to address new challenges to conservation on US farmland

Land used for agricultural production comprises a significant portion of the United States (US) land area and is increasingly the focus of conservation efforts. These efforts include programs to protect and improve the quality of water, soil, and wildlife habitat. Government conservation efforts in the US focus on voluntary conservation programs. As the success of these programs depends on the participation of agricultural producers, much research has examined factors influencing producer decision-making. This research has provided important insights regarding micro and meso-scale factors influencing participation, but has tended to overlook macro-scale political and economic factors that increasingly shape production decisions. We argue that researchers examining producer decision making need to scale up their analysis to include macro-scale factors, which pose increasing challenges to conservation efforts. We use two case studies, in California and Iowa, to illustrate scenarios where policy and market changes have led to a significant loss of participation in conservation efforts. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used in each case to examine how new political and economic conditions influence producer decision-making regarding conservation. In both cases new policies conflict with federal conservation initiatives, creating situations where producers feel they must abandon conservation practices. The emergence of these macro-scale challenges highlights the vulnerability of current voluntary approaches and indicates that alternative policy tools need to be explored. This discussion deserves immediate attention, given current proposals to cut funding for US conservation programs. New policy combinations should be explored that can effectively sustain producer participation in conservation efforts despite changes in policy and market conditions.
Shape-Based Normalization of the Corpus Callosum for DTI Connectivity Analysis

The continuous medial representation (cm-rep) is an approach that makes it possible to model, normalize, and analyze anatomical structures on the basis of medial geometry. Having recently presented a partial differential equation (PDE)-based approach for 3-D cm-rep modeling [1], here we present an equivalent 2-D approach that involves solving an ordinary differential equation. This paper derives a closed form solution of this equation and shows how Pythagorean hodograph curves can be used to express the solution as a piecewise polynomial function, allowing efficient and robust medial modeling. The utility of the approach in medical image analysis is demonstrated by applying it to the problem of shape-based normalization of the midsagittal section of the corpus callosum. Using diffusion tensor tractography, we show that shape- based normalization aligns subregions of the corpus callosum, defined by connectivity, more accurately than normalization based on volumetric registration. Furthermore, shape-based normalization helps increase the statistical power of group analysis in an experiment where features derived from diffusion tensor tractography are compared between two cohorts. These results suggest that cm-rep is an appropriate tool for normalizing the corpus callosum in white matter studies.
Wittgenstein's Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief

This slender volume contains notes, kept by some of those who were present, of lectures on aesthetics and religious belief, and of conversations with Rush Rhees concerning Freud. The lectures were given informally by Wittgenstein at Cambridge in 1938; the conversations took place between 1942 and 1946. Wittgenstein neither wrote down nor saw the material here presented, but the editor reports that the versions of lecture notes by different students agree to a remarkable extent.Despite the varying authorships and intervals of time during which these Lectures and Conversations took place, the book is a surprisingly integrated whole and not simply a miscellany. What seems to unite its three topics and their treatment is Wittgenstein's examination of the kind of evidence upon which each of the three disciplines (Aesthetics, Psychoanalysis, Religious Belief) have tended to rely—his argument being that 1) Psychoanalysis has tended to rest on insufficient evidence; 2) Aesthetics on the wrong kind of evidence; and 3) Religious Belief on the false notion that it is a matter of evidence when this is not at all the case.
Dynamics of the conditional electromagnetic field in cavity QED

Summary form only given. We have developed a correlation technique that permits us to follow the evolution of the mean amplitude of the conditional electromagnetic field emitted from an optical system. The detection of a photon is correlated with the photocurrent record from a balanced homodyne detector. The measured signal in the homodyne detector is proportional to a correlation between particle wave aspects of light. One application of this technique is the measurement of quadrature amplitude fluctuations which violate classical bounds by orders of magnitude.We use this wave-particle correlator to study the time evolution of the electromagnetic field emitted from a cavity QED system. We operate in the optical regime of cavity QED where a beam of optically pumped two-level Rb atoms traverse the TEM/sub 00/ mode of a high finesse Fabry-Perot cavity.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 14-alkoxymorphinans. 20. 14-phenylpropoxymetopon: an extremely powerful analgesic.

The synthesis and the biological and pharmacological evaluation of several 14-phenylpropoxy analogues of 14-methoxymetopon are described. Most of the new compounds were nonselective and exhibited binding affinities in the subnanomolar or low nanomolar range at opioid receptors (μ, κ, δ), with 14-phenylpropoxymetopon (PPOM; 7) displaying the highest affinity for all three opioid receptor types. The most striking finding of this study is that the derivatives from the novel series of N-methyl-14-phenylpropoxymorphinans acted as extremely powerful antinociceptives with potencies higher than that of 14-methoxymetopon (1) and even etorphine. 14-Phenylpropoxymetopon (PPOM; 7) showed considerably increased potency in the in vivo assays in mice (25-fold in the tail-flick assay, 10-fold in the hot-plate assay, and 2.5-fold in the paraphenylquinone writhing test) when compared to etorphine, while it was equipotent to dihydroetorphine in the hot-plate assay and the paraphenylquinone writhing test and ca. twice as pot...
PHYSICAL EXERTION AS A TRIGGER OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH

The data reviewed in this article indicate that physical exertion can trigger the onset of nonfatal myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. In addition, it is clear that although the relative risk associated with heavy exertion may be high, the absolute risk is actually quite small. It also is clear that regular exercise reduces the risk of triggering of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death by isolated bouts of exertion. Thus, these data provide further support for encouragement of regular exercise, as recommended by the American Heart Association. Such a program is likely to lower the overall risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death because it may lower the baseline risk and also decrease the relative risk that an episode of exertion will trigger a myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death. Specific recommendations for patients with a history of myocardial infarction or angina are complex. Patients with coronary artery disease have the same relative risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death as those with no such history. Because of their elevated and variable baseline risk, however, specific recommendations regarding the risks and benefits of heavy physical exertion must be provided by their individual physicians, acting on recommended guidelines for exercise in such patients.
Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control

Recent advancements in cognitive neuroscience have afforded a description of neural responses in terms of latent algorithmic operations. However, the adoption of this approach to human scalp electroencephalography (EEG) has been more limited, despite the ability of this methodology to quantify canonical neuronal processes. Here, we provide evidence that theta band activities over the midfrontal cortex appear to reflect a common computation used for realizing the need for cognitive control. Moreover, by virtue of inherent properties of field oscillations, these theta band processes may be used to communicate this need and subsequently implement such control across disparate brain regions. Thus, frontal theta is a compelling candidate mechanism by which emergent processes, such as 'cognitive control', may be biophysically realized.
Proposed experimental test of neutrino sea as a subquantic medium

Astrophysical findings coupled with known properties of a generalized neutrino-antineutrino flux suggest that there exists a finite medium which may be capable of transmitting electromagnetic radiation. Recent theoretical studies support this hypothesis. Previous studies of « ether drift » centered attention on Earth’s orbital motion (30 km/s), largely ignoring galactic velocity (220 km/s). We suggest a critical experimental test using high-velocity emitters with flows parallel to the Earth’s galactic motion.
Large-Area Well-Ordered Nanodot Array Pattern Fabricated With Self-Assembled Nanosphere Template

This paper has demonstrated a simple method to fabricate a large-area (~1 cm2) well-ordered gold nanodot array pattern with high throughput at low cost. At first, self-assembled polystyrene (PS) spheres are closely packed on a water surface, and then transferred from the water surface to a solid substrate by dip coating. This results in a large-area defect-free close-packed PS sphere monolayer template on the solid substrate. It is worthy noting that the large-area close-packed PS sphere template can be transferred to the surfaces of various solids including silicon, oxides and metals, offering great flexibility. Furthermore, the close-packed PS monolayer can be tailored to a loose-packed sphere array template by reactive ion etching (RIE) technique. The sphere size is reduced upon etching but the spacing between spheres retains unchanged. By utilizing the PS sphere template, gold nanodot arrays with feature size down to 30 nm have been fabricated.
Effect of Rectal Distention on Lower Urinary Tract Function in Children

Purpose: We investigated the effect of rectal distention on lower urinary tract function.Materials and Methods: Children were assigned to a constipation and lower urinary tract symptoms group or to a lower urinary tract symptoms only group. The definition of constipation was based on pediatric Rome III criteria. Standard urodynamics were done initially and repeated during simultaneous barostat pressure controlled rectal balloon distention and after balloon deflation. We evaluated the effects of rectal balloon inflation and deflation on urodynamic parameters. Colonic transit time measurement, anorectal manometry and the Parenting Rating Scale of child behavior were also used.Results: We studied 7 boys and 13 girls with a median age of 7.5 years who had constipation and lower urinary tract symptoms, and 3 boys and 3 girls with a median age of 7.5 years who had lower urinary tract symptoms only. Urodynamic patterns of response to rectal distention were inhibitory in 6 children and stimulatory in 12, and did ...
Functional genomics: the search for novel neurotransmitters and neuropeptides

Abstract Functional genomics can be defined as the search for the physiological role of a gene for which only its primary sequence is known. Most of the genes encoding proteins containing seven hydrophobic stretches code for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Although many of these have been shown to interact with known natural ligands, several bind ligands which have not been thus far isolated. These are the so-called orphan GPCRs. As an example of functional genomics, an `orphan receptor strategy' has been developed to identify the natural ligands of orphan GPCRs. The application of this strategy is bound to revolutionize our understanding of the diversity of the primary messengers which modulate synaptic transmission. This review discusses the basic concepts and some of the particular problems associated with the orphan receptor strategy. The strategy's potential is exemplified by its successes which culminated in the discovery of the neuropeptides `orphanin FQ/nociceptin' and `orexins/hypocretins'. The steps that led to the characterization of these neuropeptides are discussed as are some of the further studies that have addressed the roles of these neuropeptides. To conclude, some of the implications of the application of the orphan receptor strategy are discussed.
Improved Immune Recovery after Transplantation of TCRαβ/CD19 Depleted Allografts from Haploidentical Donors in Pediatric Patients

![Graphic][1] Transplantation of haploidentical stem cells has become an accepted option for pediatric patients and adults with high risk malignancies who lack a matched related or unrelated donor. In recent years, the majority of pediatric transplant centers chose the CD34 positive selection of peripheral stem cells, which allowed minimizing GvHD by effective reduction of T cells in the graft. However, infectious complications caused by delayed immune recovery were a major reason for transplant related mortality (TRM). In order to improve the immune recovery, we have established a new T-cell depletion method which removes αβ+ T-lymphocytes via a biotinylated anti-TcRαβ antibody followed by an anti-biotin antibody conjugated to magnetic microbeads while retaining γδ+ T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells and other cells in the graft. In addition, CD19+ B-lymphocytes were concomitantly depleted for the prevention of post-transplant EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disease. Immune recovery was retrospectively analyzed in a cohort of 41 patients with acute leukemia, MDS and non-malignant diseases, who received αβ T and B cell depleted allografts from haploidentical family donors. Conditioning regimens consisted of fludarabine or clofarabine, thiotepa, melphalan and serotherapy with OKT3 or ATG-Fresenius®. Graft manipulation was carried out with anti TCRαβ and anti CD19 antibodies and immunomagnetic microbeads. γδ T cells and NK cells remained in the grafts. Primary engraftment occurred in 88%, acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD) grade II and III-IV occurred in 10% and 15%. Immune recovery data were available in 26 patients and comparable after OKT3 (n=7) or ATG-F® (n=19). Median time to reach > 100 CD3+/µl, > 200 CD19+ cells/µl and > 200 CD56+ cells/µl for the whole group was 13, 127 and 12.5 days. Compared to a historical control group of patients with CD34 positive selected grafts, significantly higher cell numbers were found for CD3+ at days +30 and +90 (267 vs. 27 and 397 vs. 163 cells/µl), for CD3+4+ at day +30 (58 vs. 11 cells/µl) and for CD56+ at day +14 (622 vs. 27 cells/µl). The clinical impact of this accelerated immune recovery will be evaluated in an ongoing prospective multi-center trial. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif
Limb Correction of MODIS and VIIRS Infrared Channels for the Improved Interpretation of RGB Composites

AbstractRed–green–blue (RGB) composite imagery combines information from several spectral channels into one image to aid in the operational analysis of atmospheric processes. However, infrared channels are adversely affected by the limb effect, the result of an increase in optical pathlength of the absorbing atmosphere between the satellite and the earth as viewing zenith angle increases. This study develops a technique to quickly correct for limb effects in both clear and cloudy regions using latitudinally and seasonally varying limb correction coefficients for real-time applications. These limb correction coefficients account for the increase in optical pathlength in order to produce limb-corrected RGB composites. The improved functionality of limb-corrected RGB composites is demonstrated by multiple case studies of Air Mass and Dust RGB composites using Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Suomi–National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (SNPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Sui...
POPULATION STRUCTURE OF MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN CLARKIA DUDLEYANA. II. CONSTANCY OF WITHIN-POPULATION GENETIC VARIANCE

Recent quantitative genetic studies have attempted to infer long-term selection responsible for differences in observed phenotypes. These analyses are greatly simplified by the assumption that the within-population genetic variance remains constant through time and over space, or for the multivariate case, that the matrix of additive genetic variances and covariances (G matrix) is constant. We examined differences in G matrices and the association of these differences with differences in multivariate means (Mahalanobis D2 ) among 11 populations of the California endemic annual plant, Clarkia dudleyana. Based on nine continuous morphological traits, the relationship between Mahalanobis D2 and a distance measure summarizing differences in G matrices reflected no concomitant change in (co)variances with changes in means. Based on both broad- and narrow-sense analyses, we found little evidence that G matrices differed between populations. These results suggest that both the additive and nonadditive (co)variances for traits have remained relatively constant despite changes in means.
Investigation of Epidemiological Characteristics, and Prevention and Treatment of Influenza in Longgang District in Shenzhen City

Objective To investigate and analyze the epidemiological characteristic of influenza in Longgang district of Shenzhen city during 2001 to 2002, and provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of influenza Methods Sampling investigation and statistical analysis of influenza incidence were carried out among the population in different age group, occupation and district by retrospective study. Results The total incidence of influenza was 10.1% in Longgang district. The incidence of influenza of the 0-3 years-old infants group was significant higher than that of other age groups (P0.05). No significant difference in the incidence of influenza was observed among the students, clerks and peasants (P0.05), but the incidence of workers was significant lower (P0.05). Conclusion The peak of influenza was in the mid December in Longgang districs. Extensive vaccination in the mid December can reduce the incidence of influenza, and is an economical measure to prevent the outbreak of the disease.
Some Thoughts about Research on Fire Supervision and Management System of Tianjin Binhai New Area

This paper introduces the basic survey and development prospects of Tianjin Binhai New Area.By comparing the course of development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and Pudong New Area,combining with industry restructuring,market mechanisms and control,distribution of energy resources and population concentration distribution and other factors,This paper analyzes fire risk and situation at present and in the days to come,and points out existing problems about fire supervision and management system.In order to meet the requirements of the rapid development of Binhai New Area,it is particularly important to establish the corresponding fire supervision and management system servicing for the development of Binhai New Area.Some suggestions are put forward to reform fire supervision and management system,maximize efficiency of fire supervision and management,complet socialized fire protection network,and reduce the probability of fire occurrence and loss in Binhai New Area.
Dynamical Control of Visual Attention Through Feedback Pathways: A Network Model

Scientists investigating selective attention have to confront two issues. The static aspects: How the brain selects a few objects from the retinal image for recognition and further processing. The dynamic aspects: How attention is rapidly shifted from one of these objects to the next.
Effect of hypertension and peroxynitrite decomposition with FeTMPyP on CBF and stroke outcome.

We investigated the effect of peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst FeTMPyP treatment on perfusion deficit, vascular function and stroke outcome in Wistar ( n = 26) and spontaneously hypertensive rats stroke-prone (SHRSP; n = 26) that underwent tMCAO for 2 h or Sham operation. Peri-infarct CBF was measured by hydrogen clearance in the absence or presence of FeTMPyP (10 mg/kg, i.v.) or vehicle 10 min before reperfusion. Myogenic tone of parenchymal arterioles (PAs) was measured as an indication of small vessel resistance (SVR). Baseline CBF was similar between Wistar and SHRSP (114 ± 12 vs. 132 ± 9 mL/100 g/min); however, MCAO caused greater perfusion deficit in SHRSP (24 ± 6 vs. 7 ± 1 mL/100 g/min; p < 0.05) and increased infarct volume by TTC (12 ± 6 vs. 32 ± 2%; p < 0.05). Reperfusion CBF was decreased from baseline in both SHRSP and Wistar (54 ± 16 and 46 ± 19 mL/100 g/min; p < 0.05), suggesting increased infarction in SHRSP was related to greater perfusion deficit. PAs from SHRSP had increased tone vs. Wistar that was enhanced after tMCAO. FeTMPyP treatment did not affect CBF during ischemia or reperfusion, or tone of PAs, but decreased the incidence of hemorrhage in SHRSP by 50%. Thus, increased tone in PAs from SHRSP could increase perfusion deficit during MCAO that was not alleviated by FeTMPyP.
A Cryogen Recycler with Pulse Tube Cryocooler for Recondensing Helium and Nitrogen

We have developed a cryogen recycler using a 4 K pulse tube cryocooler for recondensing helium and nitrogen in a NMR magnet. The liquid helium cooled NMR magnet has a liquid nitrogen cooled radiation shield. The magnet boils off 0.84 L/day of liquid helium and 6 L/day of liquid nitrogen. The recycler is designed with both a liquid helium return tube and a liquid nitrogen return tube, which are inserted into the fill ports of liquid helium and nitrogen. Therefore the recycler forms closed loops for helium and nitrogen. A two-stage 4 K pulse tube cryocooler, Cryomech model PT407 (0.7W at 4.2 K), is selected for the recycler. The recycler was first tested with a Cryomech's test cryostat and resulted in the capacities of recondensing 8.2 L/day of nitrogen and liquefying 4 L/day of helium from room temperature gas. The recycler has been installed in the NMR magnet at University of Sydney since August, 2014 and continuously maintains a zero boil off for helium and nitrogen.
Consent to Sexual Relations: Appendix: Alphabetical list of hypothetical cases

This list contains all of the hypothetical cases discussed in the book. In the sexual cases, assume that the parties have sexual relations after the fact description. Abandonment . A and B drive to a secluded spot in A's car. B resists A's advances. A says, “Have sexual relations with me or I will leave you here.” Abuse . A is captain of the high-school football team. B is eighteen, has an IQ of 70, and reveres A. A says, “You'll be my girl friend if we have sex and let my buddies watch.” B says, “Really?” A says, “Really.” B says, “OK.” Affection . A and B are dating. A makes advances. B says, “I don't want to go further unless you really care about me.” A says that he does, but later tells mutual friends that he was lying. Anesthesia . A, a dentist, penetrates B while she is unconscious from anesthesia. Antioch . A asks if he can kiss B. B says yes. A asks if he can touch B's breasts. B says yes. A asks if he can remove B's clothes. B says yes. A asks B if she wants to have intercourse. B says yes. Aphrodisiac . An aphrodisiac is developed. A slips a pill into B's drink. Having become excited, B, who has never shown much interest in sex, proposes that they have intercourse. Basketball . B, a professional basketball player, agrees to play without pay in a charity game for what A represents as an organization devoted to breast-cancer research. In fact, the organization is devoted to anti-abortion activities.