cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D Reconstruction of Coronary Artery Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Aims The 3D geometry of individual vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which are essential for understanding the mechanical function of blood vessels, are currently not available. This paper introduces a new 3D segmentation algorithm to determine VSMC morphology and orientation. Methods and Results A total of 112 VSMCs from six porcine coronary arteries were used in the analysis. A 3D semi-automatic segmentation method was developed to reconstruct individual VSMCs from cell clumps as well as to extract the 3D geometry of VSMCs. A new edge blocking model was introduced to recognize cell boundary while an edge growing was developed for optimal interpolation and edge verification. The proposed methods were designed based on Region of Interest (ROI) selected by user and interactive responses of limited key edges. Enhanced cell boundary features were used to construct the cell’s initial boundary for further edge growing. A unified framework of morphological parameters (dimensions and orientations) was proposed for the 3D volume data. Virtual phantom was designed to validate the tilt angle measurements, while other parameters extracted from 3D segmentations were compared with manual measurements to assess the accuracy of the algorithm. The length, width and thickness of VSMCs were 62.9±14.9μm, 4.6±0.6μm and 6.2±1.8μm (mean±SD). In longitudinal-circumferential plane of blood vessel, VSMCs align off the circumferential direction with two mean angles of -19.4±9.3° and 10.9±4.7°, while an out-of-plane angle (i.e., radial tilt angle) was found to be 8±7.6° with median as 5.7°. Conclusions A 3D segmentation algorithm was developed to reconstruct individual VSMCs of blood vessel walls based on optical image stacks. The results were validated by a virtual phantom and manual measurement. The obtained 3D geometries can be utilized in mathematical models and leads a better understanding of vascular mechanical properties and function.
Abstract 973: The NCI Biospecimen Research Network

The National Cancer Institute9s (NCI) Office of Biorepositories and Biospecimen Research (OBBR) initiated the Biospecimen Research Network (BRN) in early 2006 to coordinate and support systematic investigation into how collection, processing, and storage of human biospecimens affect subsequent analysis. To support this goal, the BRN sponsors, conducts and collaborates on studies to evaluate the effects of biospecimen pre-analytical variables on the outcomes of molecular assays for cancer diagnosis and research. BRN supported findings will contribute to the development of evidence-based best practices for the collection, processing, storage and transport of biospecimens; building on the “NCI Best Practices for Biospecimen Resources.” Currently the BRN sponsors a variety of initiatives aimed to develop and support the research efforts of the biospecimen science community. Through its newly launched extramural research program the BRN supports a portfolio of projects addressing biospecimen pre-analytical variables and biospecimen integrity. Furthermore, the BRN aims to significantly improve biospecimen-based diagnostic and research capabilities by communicating the results of such research to the scientific and clinical communities. The Biospecimen Research Database and the annual BRN symposium, Advancing Cancer Research Through Biospecimen Science are forums established for effective exchange of biospecimen research results. The BRN also supports new research and innovation through its collaborations with other NCI programs such as NCI Innovative Molecular Analysis Technologies (IMAT), the NCI Small Business Innovation Research Development Center (SBIR), the Clinical Proteomics Technologies for Cancer (CPTC) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Through these partnerships, the BRN serves as a resource for program awardees and presents new opportunities for research. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 973.
A UNIFIED PICTURE OF LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE

A consistent picture of large-scale structure appears to be emerging from different types of observations including the spatial distribution of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, narrow pencil-beam surveys, and quasars. I describe these observations below. A network of large-scale superclusters, up to - 150 Mpc in scale, is suggested. The supercluster network surrounds low-density regions of similar scales, suggesting a "cellular" structure of the universe. (Ho = 100 km /s/ Mpc is used).
Expressive Terms: Pejoratives and Honorifics

In ‘Logic’ Frege writes, If we compare the sentences ‘This dog howled the whole night’ and ‘This cur howled the whole night’, we find that the thought is the same. The first sentence tells us neither more nor less than does the second. But whilst the word ‘dog’ is neutral as between having pleasant or unpleasant associations, the word ‘cur’ certainly has unpleasant rather than pleasant associations and puts us rather in mind of a dog with a somewhat unkempt appearance. Even if it is grossly unfair to the dog to think of it in this way, we cannot say that this makes the second sentence false. True, anyone who utters this sentence speaks pejoratively, but this is not part of the thought expressed (1897: 140). Frege is right in holding that ‘dog’ and ‘cur’ are not exact synonyms. The same can be said of the pairs ‘Chinese’—‘Chink’, ‘German’—‘Kraut’, ‘Italian’—‘Spic’, ‘Negro’—‘nigger’, and all those involving racial slurs. Other offensive slurs include such pejoratives as ‘faggot’, ‘gerudo’, and ‘wetback’.1 I side with Frege and Dummett in viewing these differences as semantic. Yet, it remains to be seen whether such differences in meaning are to be attributed to tone or to sense — where the latter should be explained in terms broader than those of sentential truth and falsity — or indeed, strange as it may sound, whether differences here might better be attributed to a kind of utterance-force.
Modernism Deferred: Harlem Montage

On 15th January, 1926, Langston Hughes read first at the Washington Playhouse, then in Baltimore, and at the end of the month at a venue in Claremont Avenue near Columbia University in New York, from his newly published first volume of poetry, The Weary Blues.1 The volume was published by Alfred A. Knopf in a striking red, black and yellow wrapper. It carried a drawing of an angular blues pianist on its cover by the Mexican caricaturist Miguel Covarrubias and an introduction by the white author, Harlem impresario, friend to Hughes and others of the ‘Negro Renaissance’, Carl Van Vetchen. Vetchen had been instrumental in securing the publication of Hughes’s book with Knopf and had hosted a party in Hughes’s honour in November, 1925. His own controversial novel Nigger Heaven, was also to appear later in 1926.
Mind vs. Body and Other False Dilemmas of Post-Cartesian Philosophy of Mind

This chapter, after surveying some of the most recalcitrant dilemmas of modern philosophy of mind, argues that we can get rid of them by revising their usually unchecked presumptions from the perspective of a paradigmatically different conceptual framework, namely, scholastic Aristotelian hylomorphism. In particular, the chapter points out that our false presumptions are historically rooted in those late-medieval conceptual developments that first allowed the emergence of the apparent possibility of “Demon-skepticism”, which lies at the bottom of the modern idea of identifying the mind as “the self”, the seat of consciousness, in stark contrast with the body, an unconscious physical, biological mechanism. As opposed to this conception, the chapter presents the earlier scholastic Aristotelian paradigm, which it dubs “hyper-externalism”, as the conceptual framework that rightly excludes the apparent possibility of “Demon-skepticism”, the ultimate ground of our false dilemmas listed earlier.
Ethnic Enclaves and Type II Diabetes: a Focus on Latino/Hispanic Americans

Diabetes disproportionately impacts the Latino population and while individual traditional risk factors are key, additional external factors, such as neighborhoods, may also affect diabetes rates. This review examines the role of living in an ethnic enclave, a neighborhood with a high Latino concentration, on diabetes and its risk factors for the Latino population in the United States (U.S.). Studies fail to find an association between living in an ethnic enclave and diabetes, despite research demonstrating that enclaves have a protective effect on other health outcomes for Latinos. When considering diabetes risk factors, the associations with ethnic enclaves are mixed. For Latinos, living in an ethnic enclave is associated with healthier diets and increased physical inactivity, while data are mixed for obesity prevalence. More research is needed to determine what aspects of an ethnic enclave have a protective effect against diabetes among Latinos.
Unraveling complex molecular transformations of N-β-alanyldopamine that account for brown coloration of insect cuticle.

Rationale N-β-alanyldopamine (NBAD) and N-acetyldopamine (NADA) are catecholamines that are used by insects as sclerotizing precursors for hardening of their cuticle. They share a common pathway utilizing the same set of sclerotizing enzymes. Yet, cuticles using NBAD are brown, while cuticles using NADA are colorless. To identify the cause of this major unresolved color difference, molecular transformations of NBAD with cuticular enzymes were investigated. Methods Reactions of NBAD and NADA with native cuticle isolated from the wandering stages of Sarcophaga bullata larvae as well as the reactions of NBAD with cuticular sclerotization enzymes - phenoloxidase, quinone isomerase and quinone methide isomerase - were investigated using UV-Vis spectroscopy, HPLC, and mass spectrometry. In addition, the reactivity of enzymatically generated NBAD quinone was investigated by mass spectrometry. Results Reactions of NBAD with sclerotizing enzymes isolated from Sarcophaga bullata larvae generate colorless products such as N-β-alanylnorepinephrine, N-β-alanylarterenone, dehydro NBAD, the benzodioxan dimers of dehydro NBAD and other minor adducts, the same kind of compounds generated by NADA reaction with cuticular enzymes. However, oxidation of NBAD produces colored quinone adducts, in addition. NADA, which lacks the amino group did not produce these quinone adducts. Conclusions LC-MS analysis of the reaction mixture of NBAD – cuticular enzyme reactions reveal the novel production of colored quinone adducts that are not possible for NADA. Therefore, our results suggest that the brown coloration of cuticle formed through NBAD crosslinking is likely due to the formation and accumulation NBAD quinone and its adducts, while NADA quinone adducts tend not to form during NADA crosslinking, producing a nearly colorless cuticle.
Prediction of Time to Tumor Recurrence in Ovarian Cancer: Comparison of Three Sparse Regression Methods

Ovarian cancer is the most fatal gynecological malignancy among women. Making a reliable prediction of time to tumor recurrence would be a valuable contribution to post-surgery follow-up care. In this paper we study three well-known data sets, known as TCGA, Tothill and Yoshihara, and compare three sparse regression methods, two of which (LASSO and EN) are well-known and the third (CLOT) is from our laboratory. It is established that the three data sets are very different from each other. Therefore a two-stage predictor is built, whereby each test sample is first assigned to the most likely data set and then the corresponding predictor is used. The weighted concordance of each regression method is computed to compare the methods and select the best one. CLOT uses a biomarker panel of 103 genes and achieves a concordance index of 0.7829, which is higher than that achieved by the other two methods.
Intraoperative Fluoroscopic Imaging for Suprascapular Nerve Localization During Spinal Accessory Nerve to Suprascapular Nerve Transfer.

Distal fiber transfer of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) to the suprascapular nerve (SSN) has been well described as an effective means to regain shoulder external rotation following upper trunk brachial plexus injuries. Both supine and prone positioning techniques have been described with comparable success. Whereas the posterior technique allows for sufficient distal length on the SAN for effective neurotization of the infraclavicular brachial plexus and SSN both proximal and distal to the suprascapular ligament, localization of the SSN within the suprascapular notch can be challenging and time intensive, especially in the obese patient. The use of intraoperative C-arm fluoroscopy is presented as a viable method for more exact suprascapular notch identification during dissection of the SSN.
Did true frogs 'dispersify'?

The interplay between range expansion and concomitant diversification is of fundamental interest to evolutionary biologists, particularly when linked to intercontinental dispersal and/or large scale extinctions. The evolutionary history of true frogs has been characterized by circumglobal range expansion. As a lineage that survived the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event (EOEE), the group provides an ideal system to test the prediction that range expansion triggers increased net diversification. We constructed the most densely sampled, time-calibrated phylogeny to date in order to: (i) characterize tempo and patterns of diversification; (ii) assess the impact of the EOEE; and (iii) test the hypothesis that range expansion was followed by increased net diversification. We show that late Eocene colonization of novel biogeographic regions was not affected by the EOEE and surprisingly, global expansion was not followed by increased net diversification. On the contrary, the diversification rate declined or did not shift following geographical expansion. Thus, the diversification history of true frogs contradicts the prevailing expectation that amphibian net diversification accelerated towards the present or increased following range expansion. Rather, our results demonstrate that despite their dynamic biogeographic history, true frogs diversified at a relatively constantly rate, even as they colonized the major land masses of Earth.
Boosting data filtering on columnar encoding with SIMD

In columnar databases, data is generally stored in an encoded format to save storage space and reduce I/O. Popular encoding schemes include dictionary encoding, delta encoding, run-length encoding, and bit-packed encoding. In many open-source columnar data formats, performing queries on encoded data requires the data to be first decoded to memory, which is time-consuming. In this paper, we design several novel SIMD-based algorithms to speed up query execution on encoded data. Our algorithms use SIMD to vectorize the execution and skip unnecessary decoding for higher efficiency, achieving a throughput of filtering up to 18 billion numbers per second with single thread. We build SBoost, a columnar data store utilizing these algorithms to speed up filtering on encoded data, thus improving query efficiency. SBoost is written in Java and invokes the SIMD algorithms using JNI, making it readily available for Java-based query platforms, which are dominant in open-source data analytic systems. SBoost demonstrates great potential in speeding up query efficiency in both disk-based analytic queries and in-memory queries by reducing query time by up to 90% compared to Apache Parquet.
Gendering Occupations: An Introductory Exercise for Teaching Reproduction of the Binary Gender System:

This paper presents a foundational classroom exercise used to help introduce the systemic and interactional aspects of the binary gender system, using 12 occupations selected from the Bureau of Lab...
The Interdependence of Allergic and Inflammatory Processes

In a widely accepted system of classification, allergic reactions have been divided by Gell and Coombs into four different categories (1). Their definition of allergy is the classical one, rather than the limited modern or clinical definition, and, therefore, purports to encompass the totality of reactions which involve the immune system. While this classification has served a useful role, it will be the purpose of this discussion to review recent data which suggests that allergic reactions are an integral part of the whole range of inflammatory responses, and, perhaps, should no longer be divided in this fashion. It will be suggested, instead, that these responses, which are of major importance in both defense mechanisms and in disease processes, have a pathogenesis in which each of the traditional types of allergic response are so inextricably intermingled that they are best considered as constituting a continuum.
Tor and the censorship arms race: lessons learned (abstract)

Tor is a free-software anonymizing network that helps people around the world use the Internet in safety. Tor's 2500 volunteer relays carry traffic for several hundred thousand users, including ordinary citizens who want protection from identity theft and prying corporations, corporations who want to look at a competitor's website in private, and soldiers and aid workers in the Middle East who need to contact their home servers without fear of physical harm. Tor was originally designed as a civil liberties tool for people in the West. But if governments can block connections to the Tor network, who cares that it provides great anonymity? A few years ago we started adapting Tor to be more robust in countries like China. We streamlined its network communications to look more like ordinary SSL, and we introduced "bridge relays" that are harder for an attacker to find and block than Tor's public relays. Through the Iranian elections in June 2009, the periodic blockings in China, the demonstrations in Tunisia and Egypt, and whatever's coming next, we're learning a lot about how circumvention tools work in reality for activists in tough situations. This talk will start with a brief overview of the Tor design and its diverse users, and then jump into the technical and social problems we're encountering, what technical approaches we've tried so far (and how they went), and what approaches I think we're going to need to try next.
A hippocampal circuit linking dorsal CA2 to ventral CA1 critical for social memory dynamics

Recent results suggest that social memory requires the dorsal hippocampal CA2 region as well as a subset of ventral CA1 neurons. However, it is unclear whether dorsal CA2 and ventral CA1 represent parallel or sequential circuits. Moreover, because evidence implicating CA2 in social memory comes largely from long-term inactivation experiments, the dynamic role of CA2 in social memory remains unclear. Here, we use pharmacogenetics and optogenetics in mice to acutely and reversibly silence dorsal CA2 and its projections to ventral hippocampus. We show that dorsal CA2 activity is critical for encoding, consolidation, and recall phases of social memory. Moreover, dorsal CA2 contributes to social memory by providing strong excitatory input to the same subregion of ventral CA1 that contains the subset of neurons implicated in social memory. Thus, our studies provide new insights into a dorsal CA2 to ventral CA1 circuit whose dynamic activity is necessary for social memory.
Climate Change and Soil Quality in the WANA Region

The term soil quality refers to capacity of the soil to render ecosystem services of interest to humans, and relevant to other ecological functions. Soil quality in the West Asia North Africa Region (WANA) depends on a range of properties and processes. Principal soil properties include physical (i.e., texture, structure, available water holding capacity or AWC, water infiltration rate, bulk density, soil strength, effective rooting depth), chemical (i.e., pH, cation exchange capacity or CEC, nature of exchangeable cations, intensity and capacity of plant available nutrients, electrical conductance and the concentration of soluble salts), and biological (i.e., soil organic carbon concentration and stock, microbial biomass carbon, activity and species diversity of micro and macro flora and fauna). Among these, principal determinants of soil quality for agronomic land use are bulk density, aggregation, AWC, water infiltration rate, pH, CEC, electrical conductance, nutrient reserves, soil organic carbon, and microbial biomass C. Important processes affecting soil quality are: soil erosion, decomposition of soil organic matter, soil compaction, salinization and acidification, etc. These properties and processes can be strongly affected by climate change. The latter may include increase in temperature and decrease in the effective precipitation. These climatic changes can exacerbate risks of decline in aggregation and soil structure, increase in accelerated soil erosion by water and wind, and increase in the rate of mineralization of soil organic matter content, and secondary salinization. With increase in evaporation, the frequency and intensity of droughts may increase which may reduce the use efficiencies of water and nutrients, and also adversely affect agronomic yield and net primary production. With increase in population, and the demands for food and other basic necessities, adaptation to climate change is an important strategy. The goal of sustainable soil management is to alter cropping/farming systems, crops and varieties, and timings of farming operations (i.e., planting, harvesting). Adaptations may also involve adoption of new and innovative irrigation methods such as micro-irrigation (drip sub-irrigation), shift to integrated nutrient management involving use of organic fertilizers (i.e., compost, manure, biological N fixation), and conversion to conservation tillage based on mulch farming and complex rotations. Improved grazing and low stocking rate, and integration of pastures with forage trees (agroforestry) is another useful option. While some scientific information on the recommended management practices is available for the WANA region, appropriate policies must be implemented to promote the adoption of new and innovative technologies to enhance and sustain soil quality in a harsh and changing climate.
Text Entry Throughput: Towards Unifying Speed and Accuracy in a Single Performance Metric

Human-computer input performance inherently involves speed-accuracy tradeoffs---the faster users act, the more inaccurate those actions are. Therefore, comparing speeds and accuracies separately can result in ambiguous outcomes: Does a fast but inaccurate technique perform better or worse overall than a slow but accurate one? For pointing, speed and accuracy has been unified for over 60 years as throughput (bits/s) (Crossman 1957, Welford 1968), but to date, no similar metric has been established for text entry. In this paper, we introduce a text entry method-independent throughput metric based on Shannon information theory (1948). To explore the practical usability of the metric, we conducted an experiment in which 16 participants typed with a laptop keyboard using different cognitive sets, i.e., speed-accuracy biases. Our results show that as a performance metric, text entry throughput remains relatively stable under different speed-accuracy conditions. We also evaluated a smartphone keyboard with 12 participants, finding that throughput varied least compared to other text entry metrics. This work allows researchers to characterize text entry performance with a single unified measure of input efficiency.
Further investigation of the potential anti-neoplastic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions of phenoxybenzamine using the Broad Institute CLUE platform

Abstract Previous clinical studies with the FDA-approved alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, showed apparent efficacy to reverse the symptoms and disabilities of the neuropathic condition, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome; also, the anatomic spread and intensity of this syndrome has a proliferative character and it was proposed that phenoxybenzamine may have an anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory mode of action. A previous study gave evidence that phenoxybenzamine had anti-proliferative activity in suppression of growth in several human tumor cell cultures. The same report demonstrated that the drug possessed significant histone deacetylase inhibitory activity. Utilizing the Harvard/Massachusetts Institute of Technology Broad Institute genomic database, CLUE, the present study suggests that the gene expression signature of phenoxybenzamine in malignant cell lines is consistent with anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory activity and suppression of tumor expansion by several possible mechanisms of action. Of particular note, phenoxybenzamine demonstrated signatures that were highly similar to those with glucocorticoid agonist activity. Also, gene expression signatures of phenoxbenzamine were consistent with several agents in each case that were known to suppress tumor proliferation, notably, protein kinase C inhibitors, Heat Shock Protein inhibitors, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, and glycogen synthase kinase inhibitors. Searches in CLUE also confirmed the earlier observations of strong similarities between gene expression signatures of phenoxybenzamine and several histone deacetylase inhibitors.
Early Parenteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Children Not Receiving Early Enteral Nutrition Is Associated With Significantly Higher Mortality

Background To determine whether early parenteral nutrition (PN) (25% of goal energy within 48 hours of PICU admission) is associated with poorer outcomes in children receiving no enteral nutrition (EN). Methods Multicenter retrospective study of patients aged 1 month to 18 years who had a PICU length of stay (PLOS) >96 hours. We obtained weight, sex, pediatric index of mortality 2 score (PIM-2), PLOS, duration of mechanical ventilation (DMV), mortality data, and nutrition intake data. Logistic and mixed model regression analysis were used to compare data. Results 2069 patients (53.2% male, median age 6.61 years) received no EN in the first 4 days. Children receiving early PN were more likely to die than those who did not when adjusted for PIM-2, propensity score, and center (odds ratio = 2.10 [1.41-3.13], median [IQR]; P = 0.0003). The unadjusted PLOS (9.48 [5.94-18.19], and unadjusted DMV (6.73 [3.48-13.98]) for patients receiving early PN were both significantly longer than those who did not (6.75 [4.95-11.65]; P Conclusion In children with PLOS >96 hours receiving no EN for 4 days, early PN is strongly associated with higher mortality but not with differences in PLOS or DMV.
Time, Time, Time: Perceptions of the Causes of Mathematics Anxiety in Highly Maths Anxious Female Adult Learners:

Adult learners and female students report higher levels of mathematics anxiety than their peers, suggesting that female adult learners may be particularly vulnerable. This study used Bandura’s tria...
Analysis of U.S., Kenyan, and Finnish Discourse Patterns in a Cross-Cultural Digital Makerspace Learning Community Through the IBE-UNESCO Global Competences Framework

In 2017, the International Bureau of Education (IBE) at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) put forth seven global competences to address accelerating technological progress and increasing levels of complexity and uncertainty affecting many facets of society (Marope, 2017). These competences were used in examining participant discourse in a global, collaborative digital makerspace environment, where students ages 12 to 17 from six countries develop and share STEM-focused media artifacts. The participants communicate synchronously through video conference calls, referred to as online global meet-ups. The meet-ups allow students to present media artifacts they have created, share ideas, exchange information, and provide feedback. In this analysis, epistemic network analysis (ENA), a technique in quantitative ethnography, is used to examine the connections made among the IBE-UNESCO global competences in a meet-up involving participants from Finland, Kenya, and the U.S. ENA network models were created initially for the three sites, then further disaggregated by time segment to analyze how participant discourse patterns may have evolved in each context. Through this approach, the paper explores more broadly the interactive role of media making, cross-cultural engagement, and collaborative learning in the development of global competences in students.
Slices and Lumps: Division and Aggregation in Law and Life (Intro + Ch 1)

Human well-being depends on assembling useful lumps and carving out useful slices — from “lumpy goods” like bridges and highways that are valuable only when complete, to resources and assets that become more useful when artfully subdivided. As increasing urbanization and environmental threats raise the stakes for assembling resources and cooperation, emerging forms of unbundling, from jobs to cars to homes to entertainment, have refined the slices in which we produce and consume. Challenges of aggregation and division are ubiquitous, appearing not only in high-profile contexts like eminent domain and the sharing economy, but also in a wide range of collective action and personal decision settings, as well as throughout property, tort, criminal law, and regulatory policy. The book's introductory chapter emphasizes configuration’s significance as a unifying concept and as a promising focus of public and private innovation. It previews the difficulties and opportunities that slicing and lumping present in multiple domains, including personal and public finance, work, consumer markets, housing, cities, and the many areas of law and policy that involve thresholds, cliffs, and bundles. Chapter One provides a typology and analysis of the many kinds of lumpy goods that appear in markets, law, policy, nature, and everyday life. It explains that a good might be considered lumpy or indivisible either because it is difficult or costly to divide, or because it is much less valuable if divided. Indivisibility presents difficulties when the chunks or increments in which goods are demanded differ from those in which they are supplied. Sometimes assembly of some sort is required in order to have something of value, while in other cases an already assembled lump would be more valuable if split apart. Products, services, conditions, events, personal goals, and laws can be lumpy in these ways. Other dimensions explored include whether a given lump is natural or constructed, whether it represents a lumpy good or a lumpy bad, and whether it is rival or nonrival. The chapter concludes by explaining why lumpiness matters.
RESPONSE OF POLYCRYSTALLINE MAR-M200 (A NICKEL BASE SUPERALLOY) TO SHOCK LOADING

Response of MAR-M200 to shook loading shows that (a) the amplitude of the elastic precursor decays from 2.8 GPa at zero depth to .92 GPa at a depth of 7.8mm; (b) above the appropriate depth dependent Hugoniot Elastic Limit (EEL) the response of MAR-M200 shows a substantial reduction in its shear strength; and (c) the unloading of MAR-M200 from its shock compressed state appears to be elastic.
COVID-19-Associated Miller Fisher Syndrome: MRI Findings.

Miller Fisher syndrome, also known as Miller Fisher variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome, is an acute peripheral neuropathy that can develop after exposure to various viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. It is characterized by a triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia. Miller Fisher syndrome has recently been described in the clinical setting of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) without accompanying imaging. In this case, we report the first presumptive case of COVID-19-associated Miller Fisher syndrome with MR imaging findings.
Emergent Properties of Foveated Perceptual Systems

We introduce foveated perceptual systems -- a hybrid architecture inspired by human vision, to explore the role of a \textit{texture-based} foveation stage on the nature and robustness of subsequently learned visual representation in machines. Specifically, these two-stage perceptual systems first foveate an image, inducing a texture-like encoding of peripheral information -- mimicking the effects of \textit{visual crowding} -- which is then relayed through a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained to perform scene categorization. We find that these foveated perceptual systems learn a visual representation that is \textit{distinct} from their non-foveated counterpart through experiments that probe: 1) i.i.d and o.o.d generalization; 2) robustness to occlusion; 3) a center image bias; and 4) high spatial frequency sensitivity. In addition, we examined the impact of this foveation transform with respect to two additional models derived with a rate-distortion optimization procedure to compute matched-resource systems: a lower resolution non-foveated system, and a foveated system with adaptive Gaussian blurring. The properties of greater i.i.d generalization, high spatial frequency sensitivity, and robustness to occlusion emerged exclusively in our foveated texture-based models, independent of network architecture and learning dynamics. Altogether, these results demonstrate that foveation -- via peripheral texture-based computations -- yields a distinct and robust representational format of scene information relative to standard machine vision approaches, and also provides symbiotic computational support that texture-based peripheral encoding has important representational consequences for processing in the human visual system.
From Save The Crew to Saved The Crew: Constitutive Rhetoric, Myth, and Fan Opposition to Sports Team Relocation:

Sports franchise relocation is a hallmark of the American sports landscape. Teams relocate at their owners’ whims, leaving fans with little more to do than voice their angst. When the Columbus Crew...
Hyperchylomicronemia, oxygen affinity and proton passage across the red cell membrane.

Diminished myocardial oxygen supply is clearly an important factor in the incidence and progress of cardiovascular disease (Selwyn and Ganz, 1988). However the pathophysiology of the various molecular events which cause acute cardiac dysfunction remain unclear.
James Heckman as a 'Law & Society' Scholar: An Appreciation

James Heckman was the 2000 Nobel Laureate in Economics. This short paper reviews the methodological and substantive contributions Heckman has made to the empirical study of law. Heckman's work is shown to be important because he has developed techniques to address fundamental problems such as how to separate law as "cause" and as "effect." His work on selected or choice-based sampling has applications to almost every problem empirical researchers confront, since the sample we can actually observe is almost never randomly drawn from some larger population as classical statistical theory assumes. Substantively, his work on the effects of civil rights laws, job training programs, and other legal interventions in labor markets has profound implications for how we understand law's power to alter economic relationships. His critique of experimental approaches to studying social behavior has commonalities with "interpretivist" criticism of positivist social science.
Rethinking the geography of energy transitions: low carbon energy pathways through energyshed design

Abstract Energy systems are inherently spatial entities, encompassing infrastructure and land requirements; diverse perspectives of energy system stakeholders tied to locations of supply and demand; and ultimately a spatial distribution of profits, environmental impacts, and societal changes. The spatial relationships between these social and physical components of the energy system drive its ongoing evolution in response to technological advancements, economic trends, and policy directives. A low carbon energy system transition undertaken in response to climate change will require rapid and substantial changes to all of these elements and more. To capture these relationships and inform the design of a low carbon future, we propose the use of energyshed planning. An energyshed is the geographic area that contains the land, infrastructure, people, profits, and environmental impacts connected to final energy consumption. Four distinct decarbonization scenarios are explored: each pathway strikes a different balance between centralized or decentralized energy systems and corporatized or democratized energy system governance. Finally, the energyshed lens is used to perform an initial assessment of the barriers and opportunities for U.S. states to implement a near-term low carbon transition.
Multi-head or Single-head? An Empirical Comparison for Transformer Training

Multi-head attention plays a crucial role in the recent success of Transformer models, which leads to consistent performance improvements over conventional attention in various applications. The popular belief is that this effectiveness stems from the ability of jointly attending multiple positions. In this paper, we first demonstrate that jointly attending multiple positions is not a unique feature of multi-head attention, as multi-layer single-head attention also attends multiple positions and is more effective. Then, we suggest the main advantage of the multi-head attention is the training stability, since it has less number of layers than the single-head attention, when attending the same number of positions. For example, 24-layer 16-head Transformer (BERT-large) and 384-layer single-head Transformer has the same total attention head number and roughly the same model size, while the multi-head one is significantly shallower. Meanwhile, we show that, with recent advances in deep learning, we can successfully stabilize the training of the 384-layer Transformer. As the training difficulty is no longer a bottleneck, substantially deeper single-head Transformer achieves consistent performance improvements without tuning hyper-parameters.
Bilateral Cranial Nerve VI Palsies in Cryptococcal Meningitis, HIV, and Syphilis: A Case Report.

Author(s): Rival, Germaine; Okorji, Onyi; Kern, Rachael; Patel, Preya; Fradeneck, Kate; Cullen, Darragh | Abstract: Introduction: Cranial nerve (CN) VI palsy is a common complaint seen in the emergency department (ED) and has a wide range of causes. Bilateral CN VI palsies are uncommon and appear to be associated with more severe complications.Case Report: A 29-year-old male presented to the ED from an ophthalmology office for diplopia, headache, and strabismus. He was found to have bilateral CN VI palsies and new-onset seizure in the ED. A lumbar puncture revealed cryptococcal meningitis. Additional tests revealed a new diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and syphilis.Conclusion: Cryptococcal meningitis remains a life-threatening complication of HIV/AIDS. Coinfections with HIV, particularly syphilis, further complicate a patient’s prognosis as both can lead to devastating neurological sequelae. In cryptococcal meningitis, elevated intracranial pressure is a complication that can manifest as seizures, altered mental status, and cranial nerve palsies.
Clinical Implications of Gonadotropin Rhythms

When radioimmunoassays for LH and FSH were devised, a number of investigators looked for cyclic variations of gonadotropin levels in human plasma. The lack of sensitivity of these initial assays and the failure to obtain frequent samples prevented the detection of variable LH secretion. Nankin and Troen (1) were the first to show that LH and, to some extent, FSH were secreted in a pulsatile fashion. Since these initial studies, numerous laboratories have confirmed that LH secretion is highly variable (2–5). In view of these observations, it was important to determine whether variable gonadotropin secretion occurred in patients and what were the implications of this mode of secretion for the clinician.
Longitudinal neurodevelopmental study of Seychellois children following in utero exposure to methylmercury from maternal fish ingestion: outcomes at 19 and 29 months.

Despite the importance of defining developmental consequences for humans of in utero exposure to low levels of methylmercury, it is not yet clear if there are postnatal effects in fish-eating populations. The Seychelles Child Development Study (SCDS), now underway in the Republic of Seychelles, is following children to test the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to low concentrations of MeHg through maternal ingestion of fish is related to child development outcomes. In this study, children were evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) at 19 mos. ofage (N = 738). The cohort was evaluated again at29 mos. (N = 736) with the BSID and the Bayley Infant Behavior Record. Mercury exposure determined by cold vapor atomic absorption analysis of maternal hair segments corresponding to pregnancy revealed a median exposure of 5.9 ppm (Range 0.5 - 26.7 ppm). The association between maternal hair mercury concentrations and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 19 and 29 mo. of age was examined by multiple regression analysis with adjustment for confounding variables. Results : BSID Intertester reliability was ascertained by the Kappa statistic and was high. The mean BSID Mental Scale Indexes at both 19 and 29 mo. were comparable to the mean performance of US children. The mean BSID Psychomotor Scale Indexes at 19 and 29 mo. were 2 SD units above US norms, but consistent with previous findings of motoric precocity in children reared in African countries. No effect of mercury was detected on BSID scores at either age. On the Bayley Infant Behavior Record, activity level in boys, but not girls, decreased with increasing mercury exposure. Only one subjective endpoint was correlated with prenatal exposure to mercury. This study may have implications for environmental health policies concerning mercury in fish or fish consumption during pregnancy. Follow-up data are needed to determine if adverse effects occur at older ages and if such effects are determined to be related to mercury.
Mathematical Foundations of Imaging, Tomography and Wavefield Inversion

Inverse problems are of interest and importance across many branches of physics, mathematics, engineering and medical imaging. In this text, the foundations of imaging and wavefield inversion are presented in a clear and systematic way. The necessary theory is gradually developed throughout the book, progressing from simple wave equation based models to vector wave models. By combining theory with numerous MATLAB based examples, the author promotes a complete understanding of the material and establishes a basis for real world applications. Key topics of discussion include the derivation of solutions to the inhomogeneous and homogeneous Helmholtz equations using Green function techniques; the propagation and scattering of waves in homogeneous and inhomogeneous backgrounds; and the concept of field time reversal. Bridging the gap between mathematics and physics, this multidisciplinary book will appeal to graduate students and researchers alike. Additional resources including MATLAB codes and solutions are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521119740.
Legal and Ethical Dimensions of Sport Public Relations

The legal dimension of sport public relations grows in importance and influence each year. The process of maintaining favorable relations between a sport organization and its public often involves balancing the marketing effects of communication with the legal ramifications of both the topic in question and the method of communication itself.Closely tied to the legal dimension of sport public relations are the ethical ramifications of decision making and the process of relating those decisions to an organization’s public. Not all legally sound decisions are ethical, and not all ethical decisions are legal. Sport organizations must examine their actions from an ethical perspective because of the importance of sport in the larger societal framework.Consider the following example. NCAA Division I football and men’s basketball student-athletes are featured in video games licensed through the NCAA Collegiate Licensing Company and produced by game producer Electronic Arts in recent times, as well as by other companies in the past. This practice has been the object of considerable criticism and analysis, and class action suits were brought against it in the federal courts of California in 2009 and 2010 (Kaburakis et al., 2009).The most recent and prominent of these lawsuits was filed by Sam Keller, a former quarterback for Nebraska and Arizona State, against the NCAA, the Collegiate Licensing Company (CLC), and Electronic Arts. The suit alleged that the NCAA, in conjunction with EA and the CLC, purposefully circumvented the prohibition on using student-athlete names by allowing users to modify and download rosters from an EA-hosted online server. Those rosters are easily adapted to the real names of the players, and most “real” players have a digital analogue present in the game (Kaburakis et al., 2009).As with any intellectual property situation, several issues are at work. On the one hand are the fundamental intellectual property rights of student-athletes, which frequently conflict with those of their institutions and the NCAA, and on the other is the constitutionally recognized freedom of expression, including commercial speech, that communication professionals and industry executives need to be aware of and incorporate in their communications and strategic planning.At the same time, major corporations and athletics associations or governing bodies need to maintain the balancing act between a positive public image measure against practical and mostly financial considerations. Answers to the difficult questions posed by such conflicts often are provided by either black letter law or, in most contemporary situations, by recent case precedent, as well as through policy solutions that governing bodies reach after considerable membership and constituent input leading to consensus (Kaburakis et al., 2009).
Actomyosin-like protein in brain.

Two general categories of ATPases are present in tissue. One group requires Na+ and K+ as well as Mg2+ for maximum enzyme activity and functions in active transport of Na + , K + , and other substances across cell membranes. The second group of ATPases requires Mg2+ or Ca2+ for activation. The biochemical and physiological significances of the Mg2+-Ca2 +-activated enzyme systems are less understood. The one major protein system activated by Mg2+ or Ca2+ which has received extensive study is the actomyosin complex; in this system the hydrolysis of ATP stimulated by divalent cations plays an essential role in muscle contraction and relaxation.
Long-term survival of patients with sarcomatoid renal cell cancer treated with chemotherapy

Sarcomatoid renal cell cancer is associated with a very poor prognosis, characterized by rapid progression of advanced disease. We previously reported the outcome of 18 patients with advanced sarcomatoid renal cell cancer treated with a regimen consisting of doxorubicin, 50 mg/m2 and gemcitabine, 1,500–2,000 mg/m2, administered every two weeks with growth factor support (A/G). Among the 18 patients, there were two complete and 5 partial responses and two patients with stable disease of more than 6 months of duration. We now report long-term survival of 4 patients with stage IV sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma treated with this regimen at the 1,500 mg/m2 dose of gemcitabine, and achieving complete response (2 patients), or rendered complete responders following surgery after maximum response (2 patients). The two complete responders are alive, disease free at 6+ and 8+ years after starting A/G, and the 2 patients rendered CR by surgery survived 3½ and 6 years, respectively. Both died of progressive disease, one with clear cell recurrence, one with sarcomatoid recurrence. In summary, this regimen is associated with a high response rate, overall improvement in progression free survival and occasional meaningful long-term survival in a disease expected to be fatal within one year.
The impact of incentives on exercise behavior: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Background The effectiveness of reinforcing exercise behavior with material incentives is unclear.