cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A MICROTITER GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ASSAY FOR STUDY OF THEOPHYLLINE PHARMACOKINETICS

Therapy of childhood asthma with theophyllines has been controversial and less than optimal because of a variable dose response relationship and unpredictable toxicity. Theophylline plasma concentration appears to correlate directly with pharmacologic effect and toxicity. The standard spectrophotometric (SP) method for theophylline is time consuming, requires large volumes of blood and is inaccurate in the presence of caffeine and other xanthines. An accurate gas chromatographic (GC) assay was developed and compared with the SP method. The GC response was linear from 0.5 to 100μg/ml of plasma. Recovery of theophylline was 95%. Ten children receiving theophylline preparations by oral and intravenous routes were studied. Peak plasma theophylline levels with the SP method ranged from 7.6 to 30.1 μg/ml, mean 18.2 ± 7.6; with the GC method the range was 4.8 to 18.4 μg/ml, mean 11.2 ± 4.6. Caffeine and other xanthine compounds did not interfere with the GC determinations. Assuming a two compartment open system model and first order kinetics, plasma half time (t½) and elimination constants were calculated individually to determine a dose which would insure maximum therapeutic response and avoid toxic symptoms. This rapid, accurate, specific, microtiter gas chromatographic assay has direct application to patient care.
Improved solar energy conversion efficiencies for the photocatalytic production of hydrogen via TiO2 semiconductor electrodes

Abstract Overall solar energy conversion efficiencies of at least 0.8%, somewhat greater than those previously reported, have been obtained in the photocatalytic production of hydrogen using TiO2 semiconductor electrodes prepared by heat-treatment of titanium metal foils. A shift in the threshold frequency for hydrogen evolution toward energies slightly lower than the 3.02 eV bandgap of TiO2 has been observed for some of these electrodes. This result supports the possibility of utilizing a greater portion of the solar spectrum, thereby increasing overall conversion efficiency even further. A tentative explanation of this shift involves the presence of mixed phases of the titanium-oxygen system (Magneli phases) in the semiconducting film. An outline of the work in progress is given.
International public management network symposium on administrative philosophies and management practice

Abstract Do administrative philosophies, however defined, lead or trail change in public sector organizations? How may we define administrative philosophy and is useful to distinguish between philosophy, doctrine and justification? To what extent does academic research and theory influence administrative practice? Do academics learn most of what they theorize about from practitioners? These and other questions are addressed in this first IPMN electronic symposium.
Quality Assurance Organization Selection Factors for Highway Design and Construction Projects

A project quality assurance organization (QAO) assigns project quality responsibilities and relationships, both for design and construction. In the highway sector, all project quality roles and responsibilities have historically been assigned to the state highway agency (SHA), an accepted and well-understood industry practice. However, increasing use of alternative project delivery methods and reductions in SHA staffing are having an impact on traditional QAO practices. SHAs are increasingly selecting alternative QAOs, but they are making these selections in an ad hoc manner because of limited staff knowledge and experience, and a lack of guidance from the research community. Highway design and construction quality research focuses almost exclusively on inspections, observations, corporate quality, warranties, and materials testing, resulting in a gap in the research about shifts in project quality roles and responsibilities. This research extends the civil engineering quality management body of knowledge by identifying factors that influence the selection of QAOs and rating the appropriateness of the QAOs for each selection factor. Because of the complexity of the topic, scope of the decision process, and the limited project data available, structured interviews and the Delphi method were chosen to explore the selection factors. The research discovered 10 factors: project size, project complexity, project delivery method, project schedule sensitivity, availability of agency project staff, agency project staff experience, agency culture, industry ability to manage their own quality, trust between agency and industry, and amount of quality risk to shift away from the agency. The research provides the highway industry with new understanding of the effects that each selection factor has on the fundamental QAOs. This fundamental knowledge will allow SHAs to make more informed QAO selections.
Threshold Law for Double Photoionization and Related Processes with L = 1 Final States

The energy dependence at threshold for the escape of two electrons with total angular momentum $L=1$ is shown to be the same as that found for $L=0$ by Rau, and classically by Wannier, for processes that leave the same residual ion. It is suggested that this threshold law will also hold for $Lg1$.
Improved LAboratory Prototype ELectrolarynx (LAPEL): using inverse filtering of the frequency response function of the human throat.

The electrolarynx (EL) provides a valued means of verbal communication for people who have lost their larynx. Existing ELs have some drawbacks such as harsh, raucous, and unpleasant sound and the presence of background noise. This study presents an experimental analysis of two commerical ELs and describes the development and testing of an improved LAb-oratory Prototype ELectrolarynx (LAPEL) which more accurately simulates the sound of a natural larynx and has lower background noise. This natural sound is obtained by determining the frequency response function (FRF) of the tissue of the human neck and using this information to tailor the input signal to the EL by inverse filtering such that its output spectrum resembles that of the natural larynx. The result was subjectively judged to have a superior and more natural sound than existing electrolarynxes.
On the ability of the Viking gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer to detect organic matter

A recent paper by Navarro-Gonzalez et al. [Navarro-Gonzalez R, Navarro KF, de la Rosa J, Iniguez E, Molina P, Miranda LD, Morales P, Cienfuegos E, Coll P, Raulin F, et al. (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:16089–16094] claims to show that the Viking GCMS (gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer) experiment, which carried out a search for organic matter at the surface of Mars in 1976, “may have been blind to low levels of organics.” To rebut this assertion, the Viking experiment, test data, and results on Mars are reviewed, and the fallacies in the design, execution, and interpretation of the new experiments presented by Navarro-Gonzalez et al. are critically examined.
AChR structure: a new twist in the story

Abstract The amino acid sequence for all four subunits of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) channel has now been determined by molecular biological techniques 1 . As this sequence information became available, a number of laboratories proposed structures for the membrane-spanning portions of the channel. These proposals fell into two classes with very different views of what ions passing through the pore would see. Models in the first class 1–3 , pictured a pore that would be uncharged and lined with hydrophilic side chains, whereas the second class of models 4,5 predicted a charge lined pore with alternating regions where positive and negative charges predominate. Recent reports of work in two laboratories provide evidence that the second class of models is correct 6–8 .
Green revolution as a planned intervention strategy for agricultural development: A systems perspective

The green revolution was a planned intervention expected to raise cereal-grain production in Third World countries. Use of high yield varieties (HYVs) was to reduce dependence on food imports and bring about food self-sufficiency. Early results were increased overall cereal-grain production, but unforseen and undesirable social and economic consequences. The use of organizational development (OD) analysis of early green revolution results indicates that the initial strategy relied on a “hard” systems analysis to bring about adoption of the high yield varieties. Early green revolution work attempted to induce attitude and behaviour change within existing local and regional institutions. Recognizing the need to ensure distribution of green revolution inputs among subsistence farmers, later strategies used a “soft” systems analysis in developing structural intervention. Largely unable to reform existing government institutions and land-holding patterns which restricted small farmer HYV programme participation, programme managers designed alternative structures to allow the small/subsistence farmer access to HYV inputs.
Strong and Weak CP Violation

Abstract We study the renormalization of the QCD vacuum parameter θ which arises from CP violation in the weak interactions. In the Kobayashi-Maskawa extension of the Weinberg-Salam model to include six quarks, the first renormalization of θ occurs in O( α 2 ) and is apparently O(10 −16 ). If we assume that θ = 0 at some unknown “relaxation” scale μ 0 , this renormalization makes a contribution to the neutron electric dipole moment which is probably O(10 −31 to 10 −32 )cm and smaller that the purely perturbative contribution. Infinite renormalization of θ may first occur in O( α 7 ), and we isolate a topological class of diagrams of this order which do indeed require infinite renormalization of θ. For any reasonable choice of the relaxation scale μ 0 , the residual finiteθ renormalization is much smaller than the first finite O( α 2 ) contribution. We finish with some remarks about θ renormalization in other weak interaction models of CP violation.
Phytophthora ramorum Infects Hazelnut, Vine Maple, Blue Blossom, and Manzanita Species in California

Phytophthora ramorum was isolated from symptomatic tissue of California hazelnut (Corylus cornuta var. californica), vine maple (Acer circinatum), blue blossom (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus), and two species of manzanita (Arctostaphylos columbiana and A. manzanita) in the spring of 2006. This is the first report of these plant species as natural hosts of P. ramorum. Symptomatic C. cornuta var. californica plants were found in Marin, Mendocino, and Sonoma Counties. Symptomatic A. circinatum plants were found among infected Lithocarpus densiflorus and Umbellularia californica trees in Humboldt Co. Symptomatic C. thyrsiflorus plants were found in Humboldt Co. within an infected forest of Sequoia sempervirens, Pseudotsuga menziesii, L. densiflorus, and Arbutus menziesii trees. Both Arctostaphylos species were found in Humboldt Co. Symptomatic hairy manzanita (A. columbiana) was found in Humboldt Redwoods State Park, near the Avenue of the Giants, within a forest of P. menziesii, L. densiflorus, and A. menziesii trees displaying unconfirmed symptoms of P. ramorum. Cultures of P. ramorum had not previously been obtained from Arctostaphylos species; however the pathogen had been associated with A. manzanita through PCR analysis of symptomatic tissue (1). Field symptoms of ramorum blight on C. cornuta var. californica included leaf water-soaking and marginal necrosis. The infection apparently spread into young stems, causing shoot dieback (Fig. 1). A. circinatum exhibited petiole necrosis similar to symptoms observed on bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum). Leaf lesions, often appearing as marginal scorching, have also been observed on bigleaf maple but were not apparent on naturally infected A. circinatum (Fig. 2). C. thyrsiflorus and both Arctostaphylos species displayed leaf spots and stem lesions. Shoot dieback was observed in naturally infected C. thyrsiflorus plants (Fig. 3).
Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample.

Abstract With the advent of DSM-III-R, the diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) shifted in emphasis from the autonomic arousal to the cognitive component of the disorder, namely worry. The Penn State Worry Questionnaire was developed to assess the trait of worry and has proven to be a reliable and valid measure in a series of studies largely based on college student samples. The purpose of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties and utility of the PSWQ in a clinical sample of 436 anxiety disorder patients and 32 normal controls. Factor analysis indicated that the PSWQ assesses a unidimensional construct. Furthermore, the PSWQ evidenced quite favorable internal consistency using GAD patients and each of the other anxiety disorder groups and normal controls. The validity of the PSWQ was supported by an analysis indicating that the measure distinguished GADs from each of the other anxiety disorder groups including those with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Moreover, correlations between the PSWQ and measures of anxiety, depression, and emotional control supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the measure. Collectively, the findings speak favorably to the use of the PSWQ in research examining the nature and treatment of GAD and the processes of normal and pathological worry.
Risks and benefits of estrogen use.

Since cellular proliferation is necessary for carcinogenesis, it seems reasonable that the hormones responsible for proliferation of endometrial cells, the estrogens, should in some way be involved in the genesis of endometrial cancer. A substantial body of data exists to indicate that high levels of endogenous estrogens, in particular estrone, predispose to endometrial cancer, and it now seems that a number of risk factors for the disease can be explained on this basis.1 Estrogen preparations came into use in the United States in the 1930's, and evidence has been gradually accumulating to incriminate them as well.2 , 3 Nonetheless, until the reports . . .
FATE OF PHOTOSENSITIZING FURANOCOUMARINS IN TOLERANT AND SENSITIVE INSECTS

The fate of [14C]xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) was studied in larvae of insect species that are tolerant (Papilio polyxenes Stoll) or sensitive (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) to the phototoxic effects of photosensitizing psoralens. Both insects metabolize xanthotoxin by oxidative cleavage of the furan ring, but the detoxification occurs at a much more rapid rate inP. polyxenes in which >95% of an oral 5 μg/g xanthotoxin dose is metabolized within 1.5 hr after treatment. The detoxification of psoralens byP. polyxenes appears to occur primarily in the midgut tissue prior to absorption, with the result that the intact phototoxin does not reach appreciable levels in body tissues. Studies with an angular furanocoumarin indicated that isopsoralens are metabolized byP. polyxenes at a somewhat slower rate than observed for psoralens; however, a reduced rate of metabolic detoxification of isopsoralens probably does not explain the fact that psoralen tolerance inP. polyxenes does not extend to the isopsoralen series.
Overlap of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: an evaluation of a modified scoring system

Overlap of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: an evaluation of a modified scoring system
Improved Outcomes Associated with Limiting Identification of Candida spp. in Respiratory Secretions

Pneumonia due to infection with Candida spp. is extremely rare even though these yeasts are commonly cultured from respiratory secretions. The diagnosis of pneumonia due to Candida spp. should be made only by demonstrating tissue invasion of a biopsy specimen. Physicians might misinterpret the presence of Candida spp. in respiratory secretions as being the etiological agent of pneumonia. This study describes the practice of limiting identification (ID) of rapidly growing yeasts (i.e., Candida spp.) in respiratory secretions and its impact on patients. Before November 2001, rapidly growing yeasts found in respiratory secretions were identified to the species level. After November, rapidly growing yeasts were reported as "yeasts, not Cryptococcus." The group of patients with respiratory secretions processed before November 2001 is called the full ID group (n = 267); the group with samples processed after that date is called the limited ID group (n = 77). Full ID patients had an average length of hospital stay of 12.1 days/patient; that of limited ID patients was 10.1 days/patient, a decrease of 2 days/patient (P = 0.02). The full ID patients had an average cost of 9,407 dollars/patient; that of limited ID patients was 6,973 dollars/patient, a decrease of 2,434 dollars/patient (P = 0.03). Antifungal medications were used in 103 of 267 (39%) full ID patients and in 16 of 77 (21%) limited ID patients, a decrease of 18% (P = 0.004). Limited ID patients had a mortality rate of 14.3%; that of full ID patients was 18.7%, a decrease of 4.4% (P = 0.37). This policy of limiting yeast ID did not impair the diagnosis of pneumonia. Rather, decreases in lengths of stay, costs, and administration of unnecessary antifungal therapy were observed after instituting this policy.
Historical development of soil-water physics and solute transport in porous media

The science of soil-water physics and contaminant transport in porous media began a little more than a century ago. The first equation to quantify the flow of water is attributed to Darcy. The next major development for unsaturated media was made by Buckingham in 1907. Buckingham quantified the energy state of soil water based on the thermodynamic potential energy. Buckingham then introduced the concept of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, a function of water content. The water flux as the product of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and the total potential gradient has become the accepted Buckingham-Darcy law. Two decades later, Richards applied the continuity equation to Buckingham9s equation and obtained a general partial differential equation describing water flow in unsaturated soils. For combined water and solute transport, it had been recognized since the latter half of the 19th century that salts and water do not move uniformly. It wasn9t until the middle of the 20th century that scientists began to understand the complex processes of diffusion, dispersion, and convection and to develop mathematical formulations for solute transport. Knowledge on water flow and solute transport processes has expanded greatly since the early part of the 20th century to the present.
RATE CONSTANTS FOR THE GAS PHASE REACTION OF CHLORIDE ION WITH METHYL BROMIDE OVER THE PRESSURE RANGE 300 TO 1100 TORR

Rate constants for the reaction of chloride ion with methyl bromide have been determined over a range of buffer gas pressures from 300 to 1100 Torr at 125 °C by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The rate constants were found to increase slightly with increased pressure over this range and also increased slightly with a change from nitrogen to methane buffer gas. Parallel measurements for the reaction of chloride ion with n-butyl bromide indicated no dependence of the observed rate constants on changes in the pressure or identity of the buffer gas, as expected. The present measurements indicate that the high-pressure limit (HPL) of kinetic behavior is not achieved for the Cl-/CH3Br reaction system by use of buffer gases in the near-atmospheric pressure range and are consistent with a recent suggestion by Seeley et al. that this reaction should occur with near-collision frequency in its high-pressure limit.
A computerized diagnostic technique applicable to HV impulse testing of transformers

A novel method for computer-controlled impulse testing and evaluation of transformer windings is described. Companion software which can be run on any IBM-compatible microcomputer is also described. The method is based on the use of a high-resolution digitizer which supplants the need for visual interpretation of impulse test oscillograms. Availability of the digitized waveforms permits rapid automated comparison of the impulse response and its frequency domain characteristics with ideal references, the latter through the use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Preliminary results indicate that faults involving a single turn can easily be detected via this method in several ways-from the real or imaginary part of the FFT of the current waveform, from the magnitude of the FFT, or from the phase angle of the FFT. However, the phase angle appears to be the clearest indicator of the group. The method also appears to permit pinpointing the location of the fault within the transformer winding. >
Influence of Thermal Environment on Food Habits of Female Cave Myotis (Myotis velifer)

Abstract For insectivorous bats in temperate regions, energetic stresses imposed by the thermal environment of a roost might cause bats to be more selective of prey consumed to compensate for increased energetic demands. We collected samples of guano from beneath maternity roosts of Myotis velifer in caves and barns in the Red Hills region of southern Kansas. Caves were cooler than barns and, thus, imposed greater energetic stress on roosting bats. We analyzed food habits to determine if diet was associated with the thermal environment of roosts in caves and barns. Food habits of adult female bats roosting in caves and barns did not differ, suggesting that females are using other methods, most likely a combination of methods, to cope with cooler temperatures in caves.
Interleukin‐4 and interferon‐gamma gene expression in summer pasture‐associated obstructive pulmonary disease affected horses

Summary We hypothesised that horses affected with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD) react to an allergen or allergens in their summer environment that is either absent or present at lower levels in their winter environment; and that such allergencs stimulate SPAOPD-affected horses to produce a different T helper lymphocyte cytokine profile from that of control horses. The primary objective of this study was to determine the cytokine mRNA profile of T helper lymphocytes obtained from summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD) affected horses when 1) the horses were showing signs of disease (summer) and 2) they were in clinical remission (winter). A further objective was to determine the differences between cytokine mRNA T helper lymphocyte profiles of control and affected horses in the summer and winterseasons. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) mRNA expression levels were increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples of affected horses during disease expression. No significant amounts of IL-5 mRNA were detected in any of the samples. These results suggest that there is an allergic component to SPAOPD of horses and that appropriate manipulation of the immune system could offer hope for treatment and prevention of the disease in the future. Further research studies will be needed to determine the most appropriate treatments to use to alter the antigen-stimulated cytokine profile being expressed by SPAOPD-affected horses or to alter the effects that these cytokines produce.
Head and Neck Cancer

Re-irradiation for loco-regional failure of head and neck cancer or second primary tumours in previously irradiated areas after a full course of (chemo) radiation poses a challenging problem for radiation oncologists. Salvage surgery remains the standard of care which, however, is the case in only 20% of the cases. Chemotherapy alone is not considered a curative treatment option. Curatively intended (chemo-) radiation should be considered in well-selected cases and can be administered safely with a reasonable chance of long term survival (approximately 15–20%) but at the cost of increased acute and late toxicity. The results of taxane-based chemo-re-irradiation protocols are most promising. In case of adverse prognostic factors, immediate postoperative (chemo-) re-irradiation after salvage surgery can be administered safely and significantly improves loco-regional control. Severe treatment-related morbidity remains of major concern. However, most series on re-irradiation published so far did not use the most optimal fractionation and technique. Improvement of the therapeutic ratio can be expected from altered fractionation schedules, by limiting the target volume to the high risk areas and by using more advanced radiation delivery techniques. Future studies should focus on new developments that proved to be effective in the primary treatment of HNSCC. In this respect, new induction chemotherapy regimens such as TPF and the addition of cetuximab to radiation are of great interest as these approaches might improve locoregional control and overall without increasing treatment-related morbidity.
A gaming frame of mind: digital contexts and academic implications

When considering the interdisciplinary nature of education, researchers need to acknowledge students' traditional and multimodal literacies and learning environments. Technological changes have brought about new learning spaces and what students learn through their video gaming experiences seems to have important academic implications and applications. This article presents data from three case studies of academically struggling 11th‐grade male video gamers, revealing the academic affordances of the participants' video game playing; the students developed a schema for academic material from their video game playing, fostering meaningful connections to classroom material. Overall, this paper reveals how the virtual gaming environment enabled three gamers to contextualize academic information, thereby making the material personally relevant. Ein Glucksspielrahmen fur den Verstand: Digitale Kontexte und akademische Auswirkungen Wenn man die Bereichs uberschreitende Natur der Bildung bedenkt, mussen Forscher ...
Problems of Method in Comparative Criminology

Methodological problems of conducting comparative research in criminology are reviewed in the light of the severe lack of comparative research in criminology. Methodological difficulties in conducting survey research in comparative criminology are outlined. These include the necessity to establish equivalence of meaning, comparability of samples, temporal equivalence and equivalence of interviewers. It is suggested that an important and as yet unexplored avenue for comparative criminology may be in the area of comparative systems analysis.
Activation of Protein Kinase C Enhances the Phosphorylation of the Type B Interleukin-8 Receptor and Stimulates Its Degradation in Non-hematopoietic Cells

We have previously characterized the stably transfected, clonally selected human placental cell line, 3ASubE P-3, which overexpresses the type B interleukin-8 receptor (IL-8RB) and responds to the chemokine melanoma growth stimulatory activity (MGSA) with enhanced phosphorylation of this receptor. In work described here, we demonstrate that the MGSA-enhanced phosphorylation of this receptor is mediated via a process involving pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins. Furthermore, treatment of the 3ASubE P-3 cells with either 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) or 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (diC8), two different activators of protein kinase C (PKC), results in a concentration-dependent increase in the phosphorylation of the IL-8RB. Inhibition of PKC, by treatment with staurosporin (50 nM for 2 h), or down-regulation of PKC, by prolonged treatment with TPA (400 nM for 40 h) suppresses the TPA-enhanced receptor phosphorylation, but has no effect on the MGSA-enhanced receptor phosphorylation. These data suggest that the isoforms of PKC that are sensitive to these manipulations may not play a role in mediating the MGSA-enhanced phosphorylation of the IL-8RB. TPA treatment also results in a time-dependent decrease in 125I-MGSA binding to the 3ASubE P-3 cells. A 30-min treatment with 400 nM TPA results in approximately a 50% decrease in binding, whereas a 2-h treatment essentially eliminates specific binding of 125I-MGSA to these cells. The TPA-induced decrease in 125I-MGSA binding is accompanied by enhanced degradation of the IL-8RB, as indicated by Western blot analysis and pulse-chase experiments, suggesting a potential role for PKC as a negative regulator of the IL-8RB. MGSA treatment (50 nM for 2 h) also stimulates receptor degradation in the 3ASubE P-3 cells, indicating that this receptor is down-regulated in response to prolonged exposure to its ligand. In similar studies conducted on the promonocytic cell line, U937, MGSA treatment of the U937 cells resulted in receptor phosphorylation, whereas PKC activation failed to significantly modulate the phosphorylation state of the IL-8RB. Treatment of the U937 cells with MGSA, TPA, or diC8 resulted in a loss of receptor protein present in these cell types. These data imply that MGSA signaling through the IL-8RB is similar in both the non-hematopoietic and hematopoietic cell types, whereas activation of PKC by TPA or diC8 elicits different responses in these two distinct cell types.
Paradoxical Emboli from Calf and Pelvic Veins in Cryptogenic Stroke

Author(s): Cramer, Steven C; Maki, Jeffrey H; Waitches, Gayle M; D'Souza, Neisha; Grotta, James C; Burgin, W Scott; Kramer, Larry A | Abstract: PURPOSE: The increased prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic strokes suggests the occurrence of paradoxical embolism. The identification of deep venous thromboses (DVTs) in this population would strengthen this hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to image the subdiaphragmatic venous system in a cohort of patients with cryptogenic strokes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 37 patients with cryptogenic brain ischemia and interatrial communication, duplex studies of calf, popliteal, and femoral veins, and magnetic resonance imaging venograms of the pelvis veins were performed. RESULTS: In 10 patients, DVTs were diagnosed that were considered to be the cause of cryptogenic brain ischemia on probable (n = 6) or possible (n = 4) bases. In these patients, the median time from stroke to DVT was 3.25 days. In 5 of these 10 patients, DVTs did not involve popliteal and femoral veins, areas thought most important to pulmonary embolism, but instead were isolated to calf or pelvic veins. Although none of these 10 patients had abnormal blood hypercoagulation tests, 8 of the 10 did have clinical conditions suggesting predisposition to developing DVTs, such as concomitant neoplasms or pulmonary embolism. CONCLUSIONS: Increased evidence for paradoxical embolism may emerge when diagnostic strategies use multiple imaging methods and evaluate a broad extent of the subdiaphragmatic veins.
Intellectual Impairment in Parkinson's Disease: Clinical, Pathologic, and Biochemical Correlates:

The prevalence of overt dementia in 27 studies representing 4,336 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients was 39.9%. The studies reporting the highest incidence of intellectual impairment (69.9%) used ps...
Nonthermal transition of GaAs in ultra-intense laser radiation field

Using the technique of tight-binding electron-ion dynamics, we have calculated the response of crystalline GaAs when a femtosecond laser pulse excites 1-20% of the valence electrons. Above a threshold fluence, which corresponds to promotion of about 12% of the valence electrons to the conduction band, the lattice is destabilized and the band gap collapses to zero. This result supports the conclusion that structural changes on a subpicosecond time scale observed in pump-probe experiments are of a nonthermal nature.
The New Spatial Turn in Jewish Studies

During the past decade or so, there has been a “veritable boom … of projects that investigate questions of place and space” in Jewish studies. In this arena, scholars in various fields of Jewish studies have begun to engage with developments in the humanities at large. Since the 1980s, many disciplines in the humanities and social sciences have become more attentive to the cultural challenges of globalization, prominent among them the effects of increased movements of migration. From these movements have arisen questions about the effect and meaning of uprooting and dislocation, the significance of belonging to a place (or to various places), the emergence of diaspora communities, and so on. The spatial dimension of human existence began to move to the forefront of scholarly considerations, and with it, new names of fields of study, such as human, critical, or cultural geography. While Jewish studies has, of course, for the longest time been aware of “diaspora” as a dimension of human existence, often perhaps with the understanding that diaspora was historically a uniquely Jewish experience, to a certain degree our field remained caught in the binarism of diaspora versus nationalism or Zionism, at least until the advance of this new impulse in the humanities, identified by some as a “spatial turn.” Against such binarisms, the volumes under discussion repeatedly appeal to “multidimensionality” in Jewish topographies and in our approaches to them.
Semantic Data Types in Machine Learning from Healthcare Data

Healthcare is particularly rich in semantic information and background knowledge describing data. This paper discusses a number of semantic data types that can be found in healthcare data, presents how the semantics can be extracted from existing sources including the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), discusses how the semantics can be used in both supervised and unsupervised learning, and presents an example rule learning system that implements several of these types. Results from three example applications in the healthcare domain are used to further exemplify semantic data types.
Resistance and cross-resistance in populations of the leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana and Pandemis pyrusana, in Washington apples

Insecticide bioassays of the leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), and Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), were used to investigate resistance and cross-resistance between azinphosmethyl and other insecticides. Comparisons of field-collected populations with susceptible laboratory colonies of both leafroller species were made in 1996-97, prior to registration and field introduction of several of insecticides, and were re-tested in 2000-2001 following several years of use in the field. Insecticides tested included azinphosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, methyl parathion, tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide, spinosad, indoxacarb, acetamiprid, Bacillus thuringiensis, and azadirachtin. Azinphosmethyl-susceptible laboratory colonies were used for comparison to field populations. Resistance to azinphosmethyl was found in all populations of C. rosaceana (5.2-26.8 fold) and P. pyrusana (8.4-24.9 fold) collected from commercial orchards. Cross-resistance between azinphosmethyl and the insect growth regulators tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide was found in all but one population of the two leafroller species. No cross-resistance was found to chlorpyrifos. Some of the populations tested were cross-resistant to spinosad and indoxacarb, but the responses to these materials were more variable.
Modeling of discrete-time time series: a summary

Summary form only given. The approach to modeling inspired by the behavioral framework consists in treating all measurements on an equal footing, not distinguishing between inputs and outputs. Consequently, the initial search is for autonomous models. In the linear, time invariant case, the main result guarantees the existence of a minimal complexity autonomous generating model /spl Theta/*. This means that all other models /spl Theta/ can be explicitly constructed from /spl Theta/* by means of a feedback configuration. Among them in most cases, the so-called input-output controllable models are of interest. These models can be constructed in an easy-to-implement, recursive way. >
LX. New outlines of chemical philosophy

(1814). LX. New outlines of chemical philosophy. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 43, No. 192, pp. 284-285.
Occipitocervical fusion with rigid internal fixation: long- term follow-up data in 69 patients

Object. Instability of the occipitocervical junction may result from degenerative disease, infection, tumor, and trauma. Surgical stabilization involving screw fixation and rigid implants has been found to be biomechanically superior to wire-based implants. To evaluate the long-term results in a large and diverse patient population, the authors prospectively studied a consecutive group of 69 patients. Methods. All patients underwent occipitocervical fusion in which rigid posterior instrumentation included either plates or rods and screws. Patients ranged in age from 11 to 90 years (mean 51.4 years); there were 34 female and 35 male patients. The mean follow-up duration was 37 months (range 6–66 months). Fifty-seven (83%) of the 69 patients had long-standing occipitocervical anomalies, whereas the remainder presented with acute instability. Basilar invagination was present in 20 patients. Results. Correction of a severe cervical kyphotic deformity was accomplished in six patients. There were no fatalities ...
Introduction to SMS and SL

SMS is a formal system that employs SL, a notation built upon a set of for- mation rules and a depository of symbols set in a partitioned space. For those who appreciate a distinction between a first-order language and a first-order logic, SL corresponds to the former and SMS to the latter. SMS in some ways resembles restricted FOL, yet it has special features that appear to be extensions of FOL, The syntactical format of SL is similar to infix notation, and as in FOL, well formed formulas (wffs) can be constructed (see section 2.4) and treated as prem- ises from which conclusions can be drawn (see sections 11.3 and 11.4). Deriva- tions in SMS correspond to derivations in FOL but are distinguished by the fact that they are not founded on truth-functional notions of validity. It is in this sense that SMS may be said to fail to achieve status as a logistic system since many people consider the notion of truth to be a necessary component of a logistic sys- tem, although some appear to believe otherwise (e.g. Hogger, 1984; Wojcicki, 1988). Perhaps it could be said that SMS is a logistic system in a mere syntacti- cal sense. It is well known that within a formal logical system, validity can be defined both syntactically and semantically (e.g. Gallaire, Minker and Nicolas, 1977; Haack, 1978; and Levesque, 1986). Given a formal language L and a set of wffs F1, ..., Fn-1, Fn (n - 1), the validity of Fn as a derivation from the axioms of L and F1, ..., Fn-1 can be defined syntactically in terms of whether Fn is derivable by the rules of inference of L. The semantic validity of Fn as a derivation can be defined as follows: Fn is valid in L if it is true in all interpretations in which F1, ..., Fn-1 are true. Semantic validity is thus defined in terms of the truth predicate, whereas syntactic validity need not be understood with reference to the truth predicate. Validity is defined in SMS from both syntactical and semantical points of view; however, the semantics of the system are specified with reference to a many-valued set instead of the truth-predicate. The philosophical justification for adopting this approach is given in section 3.5 and in Chapter 6.
Hydrologic control of spatial patterns of suspended sediment concentration at a stream confluence

Abstract A conceptual model of the relationship between incoming hydraulic conditions and spatial patterns of suspended sediment at a stream confluence is evaluated using suspended-sediment data collected at a small stream confluence in east-central Illinois, USA. Patterns of normalized sediment concentrations at a cross-section near the exit of the confluence are a function of the ratios of momentum flux and mean sediment concentration in the upstream channels. These patterns reflect a shift in the location of the shear layer toward the outer bank as momentum ratio increases. Appreciable cross-channel mixing occurs within a distance of four channel widths downstream from the confluence. These findings suggest that confluence hydrodynamics may have important effects on the dispersal of dissolved or suspended substances in headwater areas of channel networks.
New electromagnetic lift control method for magnetic levitation systems and magnetic bearings

The classical approach to gap control in active magnetic bearings-including those in magnetic levitation (maglev) systems-is proportional-integral-derivative (pid) based current correction. This paper explores a new method that simplifies control electronics, based on repeatedly solving the governing system equations in approximations that are valid for the next 20 to 40 ms. The method simplifies the magnetic forces by using a Taylor approximation, one that can be evaluated rapidly by using multivariate splines. The simplified equations of motion are solved by the method of Frobenius. These simplified solutions are inverted to predict the voltage necessary to achieve a desired gap change in a specified time increment. Variations from this target position allow for an update on inertia and mass of the levitated object.
A new theoretical formula for turbulent heat and mass transfer with gases or liquids in tube flow

A new theoretically-based formula is presented for fully developed steady-state forced convection heat or mass transfer in turbulent tube flow. This relationship, which is proposed for the frill range range of Prandtl or Schmidt numbers between 0.7 (gases) and 100 000 (liquids), is as follows: Coniparisons a with widely quotcd sets of data show very good agreement IFriend and metzner (heat transfer in liquids), Dcisser and Eian (heat transfer in air), Allen aid Eckert (heat transfer in water), Malina and Sparrow (heat trniisfcr in liquids), Harrott and Hamilton (mass transfcr in liquids)]. Absolute mean deviations vary from 3.6 to 8.1% over the range 0.73 + Pr or Sr ≤ 97 600. On presente une nouvelle formule ayant un fondement theorique, pour les transferts de chaleur et de masse pour un ecoulcment turbulent stationnaire en convection forcee dans un tube. On propose l'equation suivante pour la gamme complete des nombres de Prandtl et de Schmidt compris entre 0.7 (gaz) et 100,000 (liquides): On a obtenu un tres bon accord en coniparant les resultats avcc des serics de donuees frequemment citees, a savoir: a Friend et Metzner (transfert de chaleur dans les liquides); b Dcissler et Eian (transfcrt dc chaleur dans l'air); c Allen et Eckert (transfert de chaleur dans l'eau); d Malina et Sparrow (transfert de chaleur dans les liquides); e Harriot et Hamilton (transfert de masse dans des liquides). Les ecarts absolus et moyens varient entre 3.6 et 8.1% sur la gainme dc 0.73 ≤ Pr on Sc ≤ 97,600.
Molecular monitoring 101: helping your patients with chronic myeloid leukemia to understand the meaning of molecular response

For patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), measurement of molecular response (i.e. the level of BCR-ABL1 transcripts) is firmly established as a key element of disease monitoring. Assessment of BCR-ABL1 levels may help to identify early signs of resistance to treatment and enable a timely switch to alternative therapies. Hence, regular and accurate monitoring of BCR-ABL1 transcripts helps to maximize the chance of successful outcomes in CML. Because the incidence of CML is relatively low, many community oncologists encounter only a limited number of cases; measuring and interpreting BCR-ABL1 measurements in a clinically relevant fashion may be challenging. The team at our institution often encounters questions regarding real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assessments of BCR-ABL1 levels, International Scale standardization, the implications of achieving or losing molecular responses and mutation monitoring. The aim of this article is to provide practical advice for effective long-term monitoring of patients with CML by addressing frequently asked questions and common case scenarios using guideline- and evidence-based approaches.
Strategies To Improve Job Accessibility: Case Study of Tren Urbano in San Juan Metropolitan Region

The question addressed is what policies should be recommended to complement rail transit investment in further enhancing job accessibility in the case of Tren Urbano, a new rail system in the San Juan, Puerto Rico, metropolitan region (SJMR). This discussion is a continuation of an earlier analysis of the spatial effects of Tren Urbano. First, policy scenarios based on two approaches to accessibility improvement—mobility and land use—are designed. Then the accessibility effects of these policies are examined using the Hansen accessibility model. The analysis results show that with supportive transportation and land use policies, the benefits of building the new rail system for job accessibility improvement can be significantly extended along the spatial dimension and more desirable social outcomes can be obtained. Four policy recommendations are made. First, high-flexibility transportation systems should be developed as complements to rapid rail transit. In the SJMR this means paying particular attention ...
A Discussion of the Growth and Evaporation of Potassium Whiskers

A modified interpretation of the experimental results of Dittmar and Neumann1 on growth of potassium whiskers is presented. This interpretation does not affect their mathematical analysis of the problem of whisker growth by a diffusion mechanism, but does affect the parameters determined from their mathematical analysis. Also, the interpretation shows that Dittmar and Neumanns results are consistent with current theories of crystal growth.
Schizophrenic subtypes and differential responsiveness to reward and punishment

Variations in responsivity to primary, secondary asocial and interpersonal rewards and punishments between major schizophrenic subgroups were investigated in a probability learning study. The subgroups compared were process and reactive, paranoid and nonparanoid, long- and short-hospitalization, and long- and short-length of illness schizophrenics. No evidence of differential responsivity to these reward-punishment/modality combinations appeared between high and low scorers on any of the four schizophrenic subgrouping dimensions. The groups then were matched closely so that the effects of each individual difference measure could be evaluated independently of the other three. Again, no significant differences in responsiveness to the reinforcement/modality combinations appeared. The results do not support the view that any of the four dimensions relate to differential responsiveness to primary, secondary asocial or verbal reward or punishment--at least on relatively simple tasks.
Personal responsibility for health as a rationing criterion: why we don’t like it and why maybe we should

Whether it is fair to use personal responsibility of patients for their own health as a rationing criterion in healthcare is a controversial matter. A host of difficulties are associated with the concept of personal responsibility in the field of medicine. These include, in particular, theoretical considerations of justice and such practical issues as multiple causal factors in medicine and freedom of health behaviour. In the article, personal responsibility is evaluated from the perspective of several theories of justice. It is argued that in a healthcare system based on both equality of opportunity and solidarity, responsible health behaviour can—in principle—be justifiably expected. While the practical problems associated with personal responsibility are important, they do not warrant the common knee-jerk refusal to think more deeply about responsibility for health as a means of allocating healthcare resources. In conclusion, the possibility of introducing personal responsibility as a fair rationing criterion is briefly sketched.