cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infection in patients on maintenance haemodialysis.

Abstract As a preliminary to a more extensive review of infection during haemodialysis, records covering 2943 patient-months of haemodialysis were surveyed at five dialysis centres, and dialysis-associated infections were recorded. The review disclosed a mean attack-rate of 6·5 infections per 100 patient-months, including 3·5 shunt infections per 100 patient-months of dialysis. There was very little variation in attack-rates between centres. Rates of infection during two " epidemic " periods were also examined.
Predicting the orbital lifetime of tethered satellite systems

Abstract Two models of uncontrolled tethered systems—a lumped-mass model and an orbital element propagation model—are described. Feed-forward artificial neural network architecture and training are discussed. A network training algorithm and hybrid training approach are described and used to train two lifetime prediction networks: one for free tethers and one for upward-deployed tether-trailing satellites. The accuracy of network predictions is demonstrated.
Vibrational relaxation by metal atoms

Abstract Estimates have been made on the vibrational relaxation of N 2 in collision with the metal atoms Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Al using an ionic curve crossing model. The relationship of these results to earlier calculations and to beam experiments are indicated.
Psychosocial aspects of vasectomy in Latin America

Abstract This paper examines some of the reasons for the paucity of vasectomy programs in Latin America and some considerations which should be taken into account before such programs are implemented. Social constraints, the structure of the Latin American family, and the “machismo” cult are discussed. The authors conclude that if the processes of self‐selection, screening and counseling are employed, vasectomy programs can be just as successful in Latin America as in other parts of the world.
Using Transactional Web Archives To Handle Server Errors

We describe a web archiving application that handles server errors using the most recently archived representation of the requested web resource. The application is developed as an Apache module. It leverages the transactional web archiving tool SiteStory, which archives all previously accessed representations of web resources originating from a website. This application helps to improve the website's quality of service by temporarily masking server errors from the end user and gaining precious time for the system administrator to debug and recover from server failures. By providing pertinent support to website operations, we aim to reduce the resistance to transactional web archiving, which in turn may lead to a better coverage of web history.
Regulatory responses to convergence: experiences from four countries

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to identify the factors that have moved some regulators around the world to restructure their regulatory agencies towards an integrated information and communication technology (ICT) regulator.Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses the theory of transaction costs as an analytical framework to analyze the regulatory convergence efforts of the UK, India, Malaysia, and South Africa. It relies on case study methodology to elucidate the obstacles towards a converged policy framework.Findings – The cases show that these countries moved towards a converged regulator and laws to eliminate obsolete rules that were hampering investment and slowing competition in the ICT sector. The governments also wanted to eliminate some redundancies and simplify the rules used in regulating ICTs. For some countries the ICT regulator maintains traditional industry distinctions but others moved towards an issues‐organizing framework. The challenges included training, consultations with ...
Inhibición de proteasas en geles de surimi de jurel (Trachurus murphyi) / Inhibition of proteases in surimi gels from jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi)

The effects of 0-5% levels of beef plasma, egg white and potato extract as protease inhibitors of jack mackerel surimi (Trachurus murphyi) and their effects on functional properties were studied. Gel quality was evaluated measuring gel strength, deformation, rupture force, water holding capacity, color and sensory evaluation. Maximum proteolytic activity was found at 65 °C after 60 min where the gel quality was markedly deteriorated. At a level of 1% beef plasma, egg white or potato extract, pro tease inhibition of 91.9%, 82.7% and 74.4 %, respectively, was found. Beef plasma at 1% was the most effective protease inhibitor and was the most acceptable for the judges, but produced a gel with a yellow hue. SDS-electrophoresis verified the action of inhibitors in preventing degradation of high molecular weight proteins which form the gel network.
Nonperturbative renormalization and the electron’s anomalous moment in large-α QED

We study the physical electron in quantum electrodynamics expanded on the light-cone Fock space in order to address two problems: (1) the physics of the electron's anomalous magnetic moment ${a}_{e}$ in nonperturbative QED and (2) the practical problems of ultraviolet regularization and renormalization in truncated nonperturbative light-cone Hamiltonian theory. We present results for ${a}_{e}$ computed in a light-cone gauge Fock space truncated to include one bare electron and at most two photons, i.e., up to two photons in flight. The calculational scheme uses an invariant mass cutoff, discretized light-cone quantization (DLCQ), a Tamm-Dancoff truncation of the Fock space, and a photon mass regulator. We introduce new weighting methods which greatly improve convergence to the continuum within DLCQ. Nonperturbative renormalization of the coupling and electron mass are carried out, and a limit on the magnitude of the effective physical coupling strength is computed. A large renormalized coupling strength ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{R}=0.1$ is then used to make the nonperturbative effects in the electron anomalous moment from the one-electron, two-photon Fock state sector numerically detectable.
Multi-configuration Ground Penetrating Radar Data

Traditionally Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) measurements are conducted using two co-polarized antennas both oriented perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Configurations where the antennas are held parallel to the direction of propagation or cross-polarized to each other have hardly been used. In this study we show that collection of this kind of data will increase our knowledge of buried objects with a distinct orientation, like cylinders. By recording the electric field in two different orientations using multi-configuration data acquisition, and with the use of Alford rotation we can extract information about the orientation of these objects. Because the reflection of these objects is angle-dependent, we can exactly predict the angle of orientation of the objects. A GPR survey has been conducted at a controlled test-site. The results of this survey show good prediction of the angle of orientation of the buried objects and confirm the expected theoretical results. To obtain a better understanding of the different sources for errors and the underestimate of the angle of orientation an error analysis
Plaque and structural characteristics of the descending thoracic aorta using transesophageal echocardiography.

The in vivo acoustic and structural characteristics of atherosclerosis in the descending thoracic aorta have not been well delineated. We prospectively evaluated the descending thoracic aorta of 147 patients (35 women and 112 men; age, 61 ± 14 years) who underwent clinically indicated transesophageal echocardiography. Patients with suspected disease of the aorta were excluded. Thirty-eight patients (26%) had protruding plaques (men, 25%; women, 29%). Six patients had mobile intimal densities with the mobile area ranging up to 1 cm 2 . As expected, aortic lumen area was decreased (plaque-free, 3.53 cm 2 ; plaque, 3.19 cm 2 ; p 2 ; plaque, 1.92 cm'; p 2 ; plaque, 5.09 cm 2 ; difference not significant) in a compensatory manner as observed in other arterial beds. Plaque gray scale was less than the gray scale of plaque-free wall (plaque-free, 141.2; plaque, 122.7; p p
Family History of Chronic Disease and Meeting Public Health Guidelines for Physical Activity: The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study

We aimed to assess whether a family history of coronary heart disease, diabetes, or cancer is linked to meeting public health guidelines for health-promoting physical activity. To achieve this objective, we analyzed data on 29,513 adults who came to the Cooper Clinic (Dallas, Texas) between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2010, for a preventive medicine visit. Patients completed a comprehensive medical survey including information on family medical history, physical activity, and other lifestyle behaviors. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between having a family history of chronic disease and meeting physical activity guidelines. The results indicated that individuals with a family history of disease had reduced odds for meeting or exceeding physical activity guidelines. For example, participants with a family history of 3 diseases were 36% less likely to meet or exceed physical activity guidelines than their counterparts without a family history of disease (odds ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.58-0.72), while controlling for covariates. Among this large sample of adults, those with a family history of chronic disease were less inclined to regularly engage in physical activity. Thus, targeted programs encouraging adoption and maintenance of health-promoting physical activity might be warranted, specifically targeting individuals with familial history of disease.
Post-shock chest compression delays with automated external defibrillator use☆

Abstract Primary objective: In a swine model of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) cardiac arrest, we established that automated external defibrillator (AED) defibrillation could worsen outcome from prolonged VF compared with manual defibrillation. Worse outcomes were due to substantial interruptions and delays in chest compressions for AED rhythm analyses and shock advice. In particular, the mean interval from first AED shock to first post-shock compressions was 46 ± 6 s. We hypothesized that the delay from shock to provision of chest compressions is similar in the out-of-hospital setting. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective observational review of AED-treated adult VF cardiac arrest victims over a 26-month period to determine the interval from the first AED defibrillation attempt to the initial provision of post-shock chest compressions for out-of-hospital VF cardiac arrests. A two-tiered, single emergency medical service (EMS) system with AED-equipped first responders serves our area of 400 km2 with a population of 487,000 people. The defibrillators record a detailed sequence of events during the resuscitation effort that includes the electrocardiogram with real clock times and a recording of surrounding audible actions. Results: A median of 38 s (IQR 15, 61 s) elapsed between the first shock and the initiation of chest compressions. Approximately half of the delay was due to mechanical/electronic factors and the remainder due to human factors. Of 64 adults in VF, 45 (70%) died before hospital admission, 19 (30%) survived to admission and 10 (16%) survived to hospital discharge. Conclusion: Substantial delays in the provision of post-shock chest compressions are typical in this EMS system with AED-equipped first responders.
Intracranial tumors in children: small single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy using short- and long-echo sequences.

We report preliminary experience using single-voxel, proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) employing small voxels of interest, in combination with short and long echo-time protocols, for the assessment of primary intracranial tumors in children. We examined 23 children with primary intracranial tumors detected by MRI, and 32 controls with similar ages, using MRS on a 1.5 T system. Localized single-voxel (3.7±1.3 cc) proton spectra were obtained with short-echo (2,000/18), stimulated-echo (STEAM) and long-echo (2,000/270) spin-echo (PRESS) protocols. All spectra were evaluated qualitatively; 10 tumor and 19 control spectra were processed for peak area quantification. Small voxels of interest were able to account for tissue heterogeneity. Combined acquisition of short- and long-echo spectra increased the number of detectable metabolites. The solid portion of all tumors exhibited reducedN-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), strong contribution from cholines (Cho) and inositols or glycine, minimal presence of total creatine (tCr), enhanced broad mobile lipid resonances and accumulated lactate. Calculated selected metabolite ratios of Cho/tCr and Cho/NAA were substantially increased from control values. The cystic portions of the masses showed only lipid and lactate peaks.
The development of human megakaryocytes. II. CD4 expression occurs during haemopoietic differentiation and is an early step in megakaryocyte maturation

CD4 expression is not limited to T cells and monocytes. In both mouse and man the antigen has been detected on some early haemopoietic progenitors and we have shown that some mature megakaryocytes (MK) express CD4, the surface molecule that serves as the high-affinity receptor for human immunodeficiency virus, type-1 (HIV-1). Using a serum-free culture system in which sorted CD34 + haemopoietic progenitors are cultured with thrombopoietin (TPO), IL-3, IL-6 and SCF, we now show that CD4 expression is induced in virtually all developing haemopoietic cells. This phenomenon was particularly striking in the MK lineage, where Cl)4 expression began whilst the cells were still CD34 + but after they expressed Cl)41 (GPIIb/IIIa). CD4 expression and endomitotic polyploidization occur at the same time in MK development. In culture, maximum CD4 expression occurred 4-6 d after CD41 expression and lasted for a few days. Expression of Cl)4 declined gradually thereafter and most MK were CD4 by the end of the culture period. The amount of CD4 on the surface of some MK, as measured by intensity of fluorescence staining, exceeded that of normal monocytes and approached the brightness of T cells. Appearance of the surface antigen correlated with the presence of mRNA for CD4, as measured by RT-PCR.
Pay-for-performance: considerations in application to the management of spinal disorders.

Study design Descriptive review. Objectives To describe the role of pay-for-performance as a health care policy that has a significant influence on the management of spinal disorders, and to consider parameters of quality measure that are likely to optimize the efficacy of a pay-for-performance system as applied to spine care. Summary of background data Pay-for-performance arrangements have been adopted in many areas of medicine with limited evidence for improvement in quality of care. There is an important role for a system that will improve quality of care in the management of spinal disorders. The absence of accepted evidence-based approaches to the management of spinal disorders makes the choice of parameters to measure for quality difficult. Results Performance parameters to consider include a continuum of measures from process variables that focus on a discrete component of the health care experience, to outcome variables that encompass the end result of care. There are advantages and limitations to each parameter discussed. Conclusion A pay-for-performance system in the management of spinal disorders should include both process variables that measure safety and outcome variables that reflect the end result of care.
Changes in lipid environment decrease Na, K-ATPase activity in obstructive nephropathy.

Changes in the lipid environment decrease Na,K-ATPase activity in obstructive nephropathy. Unilateral ureteral obstruction markedly alters sodium and water reabsorption by the affected kidney. These abnormalities may be due, at least in part, to decreased Na,K-ATPase activity in various segments of the nephron during obstruction. The reason for this decreased activity has, however, remained speculative. The present study examines the potential mechanisms underlying the decreased Na,K-ATPase activity in obstruction. The Na,K-ATPase activity was markedly reduced in basolateral membrane vesicles prepared from the cortex of the obstructed kidney of rats with unilateral ureteric obstruction of 24 hours duration when compared to basolateral membrane vesicles from contralateral kidneys of the same rats or to basolateral membrane vesicles from kidneys of sham operated animals. However, no such difference was present three days post-release of unilateral ureteric obstruction. When basolateral membrane vesicles were incubated with sodium dodecyl sulphate to permeabilize the vesicles, no difference in the proportion of enzyme latency was detected between the basolateral membrane vesicles from obstructed kidneys and those from sham operated rats. Immunoblotting with antibodies to the alpha subunit of Na,K-ATPase revealed equal amounts of enzyme in the basolateral membrane vesicles from contralateral kidneys, obstructed kidneys and sham operated rats. When incubated with liposomes under conditions conducive to fusion and lipid exchange the activity of Na,K-ATPase in basolateral membrane vesicles from obstructed kidneys was reconstituted almost to normal levels. This increase in enzyme activity did not occur in basolateral membranes from contralateral kidneys or in membranes from kidneys of sham operated rats incubated in the same manner. We conclude that the reduction in Na,K-ATPase activity in ureteric obstruction is not related to reduced quantity of enzyme or to its sequestration in impermeable vesicles, but to changes in the lipid environment of the basolateral membrane.
Search for biogenic structures and viable organisms in lunar samples: a review.

An attempt is made to summarize the examinations and tests of the lunar samples to date and point out the limitations and tentative conclusions regarding the biology of the moon. The low levels of organic carbon, the lack of hydrous minerals, and inability to hold an atmosphere all make it unlikely that the moon could provide sufficient sources of organics and water to generate even the rudimentary beginnings of chemical precursors to life.
The synthesis and structural characterization of the [Nb(Se)3StBu]2−, [Nb(O)(Se2)SeH]2−, [(Nb(O)(Se2)2)2Se4]4− and {[Nb(Se)3]2O}4− anions. New elementary selenoniobates

Abstract The reaction of NbCl5, NaStBu, Se and Et4NCl in CH3CN in a 1:6:1:1.6 molar ratio affords crystalline (Et4N)2[Nb(Se)3(StBu)], 1. The same salt is obtained in about 25% yield by the oxidation of [Nb(S)(StBu)4]− with 1 equiv. of Se. Oxidation of 1, or its Ph4P+ analog with 1.5 equiv. of Se in the presence of water, results in the formation of the [Nb(O)(Se2)2SeH)]2− anion, 2, that can be isolated as Ph4P+ or Et4N+ salts. The SeH vibration in the Et4N+ salt of 2 is found at 2526 cm−1 and the proton in the anion is easily exchanged with D3COD. The (Et4N)4[(Nb(O)(Se2)2)2Se4] dimer, 3 was obtained by the oxidation of (Et4N)2[Nb(O)(Se2)2SeH)] with 2 equiv. of elemental selenium. The reaction of (Et4N)2[Nb(Se)3(StBu)] with water in CH3CN, led to isolation of the oxo-bridged dimer, (Et4N)4[(Se)3NbONb(Se)3], 4. The crystal structures of 1–4 have been determined. Single crystal X-ray diffraction data for 1–4 were collected on a Nicolet P3/F diffractometer using MoKα radiation and the structures solved using a combination of heavy atom Patterson techniques, direct methods and Fourier techniques. The number of parameters refined and the final R factors obtained for each structure at the conclusion of refinement are: (1) 280, 0.0463; (2), 528, 0.0941; (3), 318, 0.0886 and (4), 205, 0.0625 respectively. The anion in 1 exhibits tetrahedral geometry while the structure of the anion in 2 shows the Nb5+ ion in a pentagonal pyramidal geometry with two η2-Se22− and the η1-SeH− ligands in the equatorial plane and the oxo ligand in the apical position. The Nb atom is located 0.70 A above the plane defined by the five equatorial Se atoms. In 2, the NbO, NbSeH and NbSe2 bonds are found at 1.671(11), 2.608(4) and 2.60(1) A, respectively. The structure of the anion in 3 shows 2 [Nb(O)(Se2)2] units, bridged by a tetraselenido ligand to give a dimer with pentagonal pyramidal [Nb(O)(Se2)2Se] subunits and the oxo ligands in an anti conformation. In 4 the μ-oxo ligand of the anion is located on a crystallographic centre of symmetry and the NbO bond, in the linear NbONb unit is 1.916(1) A. The two Nb(Se)3 units are oriented in a staggered fashion to give an idealised D3d symmetry.
Room temperature synthesis of an optically and thermally responsive hybrid PNIPAM-gold nanoparticle

Composites of metal nanoparticles and environmentally sensitive polymers are useful as nanoactuators that can be triggered externally using light of a particular wavelength. We demonstrate a synthesis route that is easier than grafting techniques and allows for the in situ formation of individual gold nanoparticles encapsulated by an environmentally sensitive polymer, while also providing a strong interaction between the polymer and the metal particle. We present a one-pot, room-temperature synthesis route for gold metal nanoparticles that uses poly-N-isopropyl acrylamide as the capping and stabilizing agent and ascorbic acid as the reducing agent and achieves size control similar to the most common citric acid synthesis. We show that the composite can be precipitated reversibly by temperature or light using the non-radiative decay and conversion to heat of the surface plasmon resonance of the metal nanoparticle. The precipitation is induced by the collapse of the polymer cocoon surrounding each gold nanoparticle, as can be seen by surface plasmon spectroscopy. The experiments agree with theoretical models for the heat generation in a colloidal suspension that support fast switching with low laser power densities. The synthesized composite is a simple nanosized opto-thermal switch.
Synthesis and characterization of polymer light conduits

Large diameter polymer light conduits are prepared for the first time by UV-curing. The polymer cores of the polymer light conduits are prepared from the copolymerization of various monomer mixtures in FEP tubes by UV curing, where FEP is used as the polymer cladding. The monomer mixtures consist of a multifunctional monomer for adjusting the heat resistance of the polymer cores and a monofunctional monomer for adjusting the flexibility. Experimental results indicate that the properties of the prepared polymer light conduits can be significantly modified by the formulations of the reactant mixtures. The onset thermal decomposition temperatures of the prepared polymer cores are 50°C to 79°C higher than that of the PMMA core. The glass transition temperatures and the refractive indices of the prepared polymer cores decrease from 78°C to -34°C and 1.490 to 1.474, respectively, when the contents of 2-ethyl-hexyl acrylate in the monomer mixtures increase from 0% to 70%. The prepared polymer light conduits conduits have large numerical apertures suitable for wide angle illumination applications.
Monodisperse ferrous phosphate colloids in an anoxic groundwater plume

Groundwater samples collected near a secondary-sewage infiltration site on Cape Cod, Massachusetts were examined for colloidal materials (10–1000 nm). In two wells the water contained a population of monodisperse 100-nm particles, detected using laser-light scattering and autocorrelation data processing. SEM and SEM-EDAX analysis of these colloidal materials collected on ultrafilters confirmed the laser light scattering result and revealed that these microparticles consisyed of primarily iron and phosphorus in a 1.86 Fe to 1.0 P stoichiometric ratio. Chemical analyses of the water samples, together with equilibrium solubility calculations, strongly suggest that the ion-activity product should exceed the solubility product of a 100-nm diameter predominantly vivianite-type (Fe3(PO4)2 · 8H2O) colloidal phase. In light of our results, we conclude that these microparticles were formed by sewage-derived phosphate combining with ferrous iron released from the aquifer solids, and that these colloids may be moving in the groundwater flow. Such a subsurface transport process could have major implications regarding the movement of particle-reactive pollutants traditionally viewed as non-mobile in groundwater.
The dynamic movement of plutonium in an underground nuclear test with implications for the contamination of groundwater

The recent discovery of the migration of plutonium in groundwater away from underground nuclear tests at the Nevada Test Site has spawned considerable interest in the mechanisms by which plutonium may be released to the environment by a nuclear explosion. A suite of solid debris samples was collected during drilling through an expended test cavity and the overlying collapse chimney. Uranium and plutonium were analyzed for isotope ratios and concentrations using high precision magnetic sector inductively coupled mass spectrometry. The data unequivocally shows that plutonium may be dispersed throughout the cavity and chimney environment at the time of the detonation. The 239Pu/240Pu ratios are also fractionated relative to initial plutonium isotope ratio for the test device. Fractionation is the result of the volatilization of uranium and production of 239Pu by the reaction 238U(n,γ). We conclude that for the test under consideration plutonium was deposited outside of the confines of the cavity by dynamic processes in early-time and it is this plutonium that is most likely transferred to the groundwater regime.
Purification and chemical properties of flagellin

Abstract A study of flagella and flagellin from six bacterial species led to the following generalizations: Flagella consist of proteins that, after removal from the cell bodies by shaking, can be isolated in highly purified condition by fractional centrifugation, or a combination of centrifugation and fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Purification by centrifugation is aided by the removal of the “center-bottom” portion of precipitates, a fraction that often contains impurities. Experiments involving the stepwise saturation of the suspensions with ammonium sulfate indicated that the 0–0.1 and the 0.5–1.0 fractions are the least homogeneous. By discarding them one can obtain preparations of high purity. To isolate material of the “highest purity,” additional fractionation within the 0.1–0.5 saturation range is needed. Flagella dissociate at pH 2 apparently into individual flagellin molecules. In impure acid-dissociated preparations, a residue remains after centrifugation (the “pH 2 insoluble material”); this residue contains the bulk of the nonprotein substances in the preparation. Highly purified flagella contain no detectable “pH 2 insoluble material,” “hexose,” “pentose,” nucleic acid, or ash. While flagella precipitate over a wide range of ammonium sulfate concentrations, flagellin comes down within a very narrow range of saturation; in purified preparations there is no indication of contaminating proteins. The homogeneity of the preparations is also suggested by the demonstration that only one amino acid, alanine, is the N-terminal amino acid. On the assumption that each molecule of flagellin contains one terminal alanine, the minimum molecular weight is approximately 14,000–20,000, depending upon the organism. Similar values are obtained on the basis that each protein molecule contains one molecule of cysteine, and by ultracentrifugation. Flagellin of Proteus vulgaris was obtained in “crystalline” form. The amino acid composition of flagellin from Proteus vulgaris is given, and interesting features concerning the composition are mentioned. “Native” flagella and relatively unaltered flagellin preparations are not digested by trypsin, pepsin, and papain.
Cytomegalovirus transmission in a Midwest day care center: possible relationship to child care practices.

The epidemiology of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and transmission in alarge Iowa day care center was studied. Over the 9 months of the study the overall CMV prevalence rates were 21% to 22%, with rates as high as 71% in toddlers. Titers of CMV in the urine or saliva of infected children were as high as 3×10 4 plaque-forming units of CMV per milliliter, similar to titers of CMV observed in some congenitally infected infants. Restriction enzyme analysis of CMV isolates from children in the center demonstrated two major clusters with similar patterns, one among 2- and 3-year-old children and another among infants. The clustering of similar CMV isolates among nonambulatory infants suggests that child care or hygienic practices may contribute to the spread of CMV infection in day care centers. Furthermore, the relatively high prevalence of CMV excretion in this center and the low seropositivity rates to CMV among adults in Iowa suggest that adults in the Midwest who have contact with children in day care centers may be at risk for primary CMV infection.
An effect of flavors on strength of conditioned aversions

Attempts to condition aversions to nonpreferred flavors have not been as consistently successful as when preferred flavors were used. To find if the problem is one of method of measurement or if it is a general characteristic in the conditioning of aversions, the present experiment used several measurement procedures to compare aversions formed by rats to one preferred and one nonpreferred flavor. On all measures, whether relative (decreases in intake) or absolute (final amount consumed), aversions for the preferred flavor were greater than for the nonpreferred flavor.
Sectoral Shocks, Learning, and Aggregate Fluctuations

We present a model in which sectoral shocks have aggregate consequences. The model relies on irreversible investment and imperfect information to slow the adjustment of expanding industries. We show that this gradual expansion is sub-optimal.
Totalsynthese von (±)‐Gelsemin

Eine komplexemolekulareReorganisation (1→2), eine Sequenz aus Aza-Cope-Umlagerung und Mannich-Cyclisierung und eine neuartige intramolekulare Heck-Reaktion der tetrasubstituierten Doppelbindung eines vinylogen Carbamats sind die Schlusselschritte einer neuen Totalsynthese von (±)-Gelsemin 3. MOM=Methoxymethyl, DBU=1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-en.
Purification and characterization of Bacillus subtilis CheY

Amino acid sequence comparison suggests that numerous proteins are common to the signal transduction pathways controlling chemotaxis in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. However, previous work has indicated several differences between the two systems. We have undertaken a comparative study of the roles of the CheY protein in chemotaxis by B. subtilis and E. coli. Although CheY from the two species share only 36% amino acid sequence identity, purified B. subtilis CheY was phosphorylated in vitro by E. coli CheA, and dephosphorylation of CheY-P was enhanced by E. coli CheZ. Alteration of the putative site of phosphorylation in B. subtilis CheY, Asp54, eliminated chemotaxis in vivo, further confirming that phosphorylation is important for B. subtilis chemotaxis. Loss of CheY function resulted in tumbling behavior in B. subtilis. Introduction of positively charged residues in place of Asp10 of B. subtilis CheY abolished function, whereas the corresponding changes in E. coli CheY apparently result in constitutive activation. The B. subtilis CheY Asp10 mutant proteins also failed to cause tumbling in E. coli, consistent with a different interaction between CheY and the flagellar switch in the two species. Finally, B. subtilis adapted more rapidly to positive stimuli than negative stimuli, whereas the opposite is true of E. coli. We conclude that B. subtilis regulates its response to positive chemotactic stimuli by enhancing phosphorylation of chemotaxis proteins, whereas E. coli reduces phosphorylation in the same circumstance.
Lp estimates for the wave equation

Abstract Let u(x, t) be the solution of utt − Δxu = 0 with initial conditions u(x, 0) = g(x) and u t (x, 0) = ƒ;(x) . Consider the linear operator T: ƒ; → u(x, t) . (Here g = 0.) We prove for t fixed the following result. Theorem 1: T is bounded in Lp if and only if ¦ p −1 − 2 −1 ¦ = (n − 1) −1 and ∥ Tƒ; ∥ L α P = ∥ƒ;∥ L P with α = 1 −(n − 1) ¦ p −1 − 2 −1 ¦ . Theorem 2: If the coefficients are variables in C and constant outside of some compact set we get: (a) If n = 2k the result holds for ¦ p −1 − 2 −1 ¦ −1 . (b) If n = 2k − 1, the result is valid for ¦ p −1 − 2 −1 ¦ ⩽ (n − 1) . This result are sharp in the sense that for p such that ¦ p −1 − 2 −1 ¦ > (n − 1) −1 we prove the existence of ƒ; ϵ L P in such a way that Tƒ; ∉ L P . Several applications are given, one of them is to the study of the Klein-Gordon equation, the other to the completion of the study of the family of multipliers m(ξ) = ψ(ξ) e i¦ξ¦ ¦ ξ ¦ −b and finally we get that the convolution against the kernel K(x) = ϑ(x)(1 − ¦ x ¦) −1 is bounded in H1.
A 91 to 110-GHz tapered constructive wave power amplifier in a 0.12µm SiGe BiCMOS process

A W-band, tapered constructive wave power amplifier (TCWPA) has been designed and fabricated in a 0.12 µm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The amplifier has a 3 dB BW of 19 GHz from 91–110 GHz and a maximum gain of 12.5 dB at 101 GHz. At 98 GHz, OP 1dB is 4.9 dBm. At 97 GHz, P sat is 5.9 dBm and the PAE is 7.2%. The amplifier operates from a 2.4 V supply and occupies an area of 0.22 mm2.
Benign Hürthle cell tumors of the thyroid: a diagnosis to be trusted?

The ability to differentiate benign from malignant Hurthle cell thyroid neoplasms has provoked considerable controversy. This has significant therapeutic implications, since some have advocated total thyroidectomy for all of these lesions. The principal objectives of this study were: (a) to determine whether the histologic diagnosis of Hurthle cell adenoma could be reliably made, (b) to quantitate the risk of inappropriately labelling a Hurthle cell cancer as an adenoma, and (c) to ascertain whether the type of operative procedure affected the clinical course.
Typing of Beakeasy Audiograms

Jerger's method for classifying Bekesy audiograms is the most widely accepted clinical classification system. The audiologist types the Bekesy audiogram based upon visual inspection of the relation between the continuous- and interrupted-tone tracings. To determine the extent of agreement among audiogram type, four expert judges, using a forced-choice, blind procedure, independently typed 170 audiograms. Contingency coefficients were between 0.89 and 0.90 for the six sets of paired judges. Contingency coefficients between each judge and a numerical criterion classification system ranged from 0.86 to 0.94 representing the validity of the visual method. The visual method is a valid procedure for typing Bekesy audiograms
WAYWARD COPS: THE FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE IN GROUPS RECONSIDERED*

This study reports on three deviant social types in small police departments: the "door man," the "mouth man," and the "wheel man." Functionalists traditionally have focused on the abstract, collective functions of deviance but this work concentrates on the practical and individualistic uses of marginal group members. It is argued that deviant roles provide institutionalized means by which non-deviant members may indirectly violate or evade norms when it is to their advantage to do so. It is for these reasons that groups may need their deviants. This study attempts to elaborate on the uses and abuses of deviants in an occupational structure. Three occupational roles that emerge in small police departments and tend to be defined as deviant by the police themselves are the subject of this analysis. The three roles are: the door man, the mouth man and the wheel man. Dentler and Erikson observed that small groups need their deviants and that "groups induce deviant behavior in the same sense that they induce other group qualities like leadership, fellowship, and so on" (1959:101). In elaborating on these propositions, however, Dentler, and Erikson, as well as those functionalists who have followed, have focused primarily on abstract, collective functions of deviance and, with typical functionalist irony, treated deviance as indirectly serving to maintain and clarify normative boundaries. The ways deviants are used and abused has been ignored for the most part by functionalists. Exceptions to this general pattern, however, can be found. Fledgling investigations into the concrete, practical, and individualistic uses of marginal group members by its more acceptable members have traditionally assumed two forms. First, the uses of the socially marginal and usually powerless by the powerful has received some attention. In Greedy Institutions (1974), Lewis Coser focuses on the political functions of eunuchs, royal mistresses, Court Jews, and Christian renegades to provide interesting historical examples of the uses of marginal social types. The marginality of these individuals meant they were dependent on and loyal to their mentors-who used them in attempts to counter the power threats of impersonal bureaucracies. Ironically, the inherent tenuousness of deviant existence creates a diffuse obedience greater than that which one can demand
Effect of therapeutic level ultrasound on visual evoked potentials in the hypoxic cat

The effect of 1.0 MHz ultrasound at an intensity of 1.0 W/cm2 SATA on brain function of anaesthetized cats was assessed using Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs). Ultrasound alone did not significantly modify the averaged VEP signals. However, acute hypoxia depressed the VEP response. When the brain was exposed to ultrasound during the hypoxic episode, the VEP response remained normal. Raising brain temperature by whole body heating could not mimic the beneficial effect of ultrasound on the VEP response during hypoxia. This suggests that therapeutic ultrasound may have a protective effect on hypoxic tissues and may have clinical applications.
The microbiota protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced intestinal injury through nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) signaling.

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, induces autophagy on detection of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a component of microbial cell walls. The role of bacteria and NOD2 signaling toward ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)–induced intestinal injury response is unknown. Herein, we report that I/R-induced intestinal injury in germ-free (GF) C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice is worse than in conventionally derived mice. More important, microbiota-mediated protection against I/R-induced intestinal injury is abrogated in conventionally derived Nod2−/− mice and GF Nod2−/− mice. Also, WT mice raised in specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions fared better against I/R-induced injury than SPF Nod2−/− mice. Moreover, SPF WT mice i.p. administered 10 mg/kg MDP were protected against injury compared with mice administered the inactive enantiomer, l-MDP, an effect lost in Nod2−/− mice. However, MDP administration failed to protect GF mice from I/R-induced intestinal injury compared with control, a phenomenon correlating with undetectable Nod2 mRNA level in the epithelium of GF mice. More important, the autophagy-inducer rapamycin protected Nod2−/− mice against I/R-induced injury and increased the levels of LC3+ puncta in injured tissue of Nod2−/− mice. These findings demonstrate that NOD2 protects against I/R and promotes wound healing, likely through the induction of the autophagy response.
Using Product Positioning Strategies to Establish National Images: An Exercise Using Current International Events in the Marketing Classrom:

This article introduces a novel method of demonstrating product positioning in the classroom through discussions of current events on an international scale by creating and managing national images...
Extension of the generalized benders' decomposition

Geoffrion6 generalized the Benders' decomposition approach1 to a general class of ‘complicated’ nonlinear optimization programs. The theoretical significance of the work in Reference 6 is significant, but its computational usefulness is rather limited, due to some serious computational difficulties inherent in the master problem. In this paper, we report on a simple technique to overcome and eliminate these difficulties.
Herbal Remedies Used by Selected Migrant Farmworkers in El Paso, Texas

ABSTRACT: Context: Little is known about the use of complementary and alternative medicine among the approximately 1.6 million migrant farmworkers in the United States. Purpose: To evaluate the use of medicinal plants and natural remedies among a convenience sample of 100 migrant farmworkers living temporarily in a migrant worker center in El Paso, Texas. Methods: A structured interview instrument was designed to elicit information about reasons for medicinal herb use, form in which herbs were ingested, serious side effects experienced, location of purchase, effectiveness of treatment, and use of allopathic medications. Findings: The majority of workers used herbal remedies or other natural products because they believed them to be more effective than pharmaceuticals and because of tradition. Most learned about herbal remedies from a relative, primarily from their mother, and the majority who used herbal remedies believed them to be very helpful in treating specific illnesses. No adverse reactions to any herbal remedy were reported. The majority of participants did not inform their physician about their use of herbal remedies. According to the literature, potential adverse interactions between herbal remedies used and allopathic medications included gastrointestinal irritation, renal toxicity, and hypoglycemia. Conclusions: Health care providers must be knowledgeable about the use of herbal remedies among migrant farmworkers. By showing an understanding of and sensitivity to the use of these remedies, health care providers will be able to conduct more comprehensive health assessments of migrant workers and their families and provide them with more culturally competent care.
Maximum tolerated osmolarity for peripheral administration of parenteral nutrition in pediatric patients

Background: Limited data support a recommended maximum osmolarity for administration of peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN). In this retrospective, matched-cohort study, we evaluated the incidence of phlebitis or infiltration associated with administration of PPN with an osmolarity >1000 mOsm/L vs ≤1000 mOsm/L. Materials and Methods: Patients ≤18 years old who received PPN in a 2-year period were included in the study. Data related to patient demographics, PPN constituents, and adverse effects were analyzed. Results: A total of 352 patients met entry criteria. Overall, 139 (40%) patients experienced phlebitis or infiltration. There were no differences between patients who did or did not develop adverse events in terms of age or weight. Administration of PPN with osmolarity >1000 mOsm/L vs ≤1000 mOsm/L significantly increased infiltration (17% vs 7%; odds ratio [OR, 2.47]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24–4.94; P = .01) and the combined composite end point of phlebitis or infiltration (45% vs 34%; OR, ...
On-line estimation of changes in left ventricular stroke volume by transesophageal echpcardiographic automated border detection in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting

Echocardiographic automated border detection can determine the interface between blood and myocardial tissue and calculate left ventricular (LV) cavity area in real-time. The objective was to determine if on-line measurements of LV cavity area by transesophageal automated border detection could be used to determine beat-to-beat changes in stroke volume in humans. Studies were attempted on 9 consecutive patients, aged 66 ± 8 years, undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Stroke volume was measured by electromagnetic flow from the ascending aorta, and LV cavity area was measured at the midventricular short-axis level. Simultaneous area and flow data were recorded on a computer workstation through a customized interface with the ultrasound system. Recordings were performed during baseline apnea and rapid alterations induced by inferior vena caval occlusions before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Measurements of stroke area (maximal area-minimal area) were correlated with stroke volume for matched beats. Data were available for analysis on 8 of 9 patients before and on 5 patients after cardiopulmonary bypass for 644 beats. Stroke area was closely correlated with stroke volume both before (mean R = 0.94 ± 0.03, SEE = 0.33 ± 0.12 cm2) and after (mean R = 0.92 ± 0.05, SEE = 0.59 ± 0.81 cm2) cardiopulmonary bypass. The slopes of these stroke area-stroke volume relations were quite reproducible from before to after cardiopulmonary bypass in the same patient but varied between individual patients. Transesophageal automated border detection has potential for on-line estimation of changes in stroke volume in selected patients.
Mechanistic insight into inhibition of two-component system signaling

Two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) are commonly used by bacteria to couple environmental stimuli to adaptive responses. Targeting the highly conserved kinase domain in these systems represents a promising strategy for the design of a broad-spectrum antibiotic; however, development of such compounds has been marred by an incomplete understanding of the conserved binding features within the active site that could be exploited in molecule design. Consequently, a large percentage of the available TCS inhibitors demonstrate poor target specificity and act via multiple mechanisms, with aggregation of the kinase being the most notable. In order to elucidate the mode of action of some of these compounds, molecular modeling was employed to dock a suite of molecules into the ATP-binding domain of several histidine kinases. This effort revealed a key structural feature of the domain that is likely interacting with several known inhibitors and is also highly conserved. Furthermore, generation of several simplified scaffolds derived from a reported inhibitor and characterization of these compounds using activity assays, protein aggregation studies and saturation transfer differential (STD) NMR suggests that targeting of this protein feature may provide a basis for the design of ATP-competitive compounds.
Intel research expands Moore's law

Intel's research agenda includes 90-nanometer fabrication processes and work in extreme ultraviolet lithography that will help extend Moore's law. It also embraces disruptive technologies exemplified in devices such as micro-electromechanical-systems microradiators, smart antennas, and radiofrequency components for analog switches, resonators, and filters; ad hoc sensor networks with wireless communications; and photonic devices such as optical switches and cheap tunable lasers. To implement these advances, Intel has created a network of university-based labs that group the corporation's scientists with academic researchers to form multidisciplinary teams. These lablets leverage industry and academic synergy to nurture off-the-roadmap ideas and technologies and provide a proving ground for testing their viability.