cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethanol impairs microtubule formation via interactions at a microtubule associated protein-sensitive site

Prolonged ethanol abuse has been associated with brain injury caused by impaired synaptogenesis, cellular migration, neurogenesis, and cell signaling, all of which require proper microtubule functioning. However, the means by which ethanol may impair microtubule formation or function and the role that microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) have in mediating such effects are not clear. In the present studies, purified MAP-deficient (2 mg/mL) and MAP-rich (pre-conjugated; 1 mg/mL) bovine α/β tubulin dimer was allowed to polymerize at 37 °C, forming microtubules in the presence or absence of ethanol (25-500 mM). Microtubule formation was assessed in a 96-well format using a turbidity assay, with absorption measured at 340 nm for 45 min. Additional studies co-exposed α/β tubulin dimers to 50 mM ethanol and purified MAPs (0.1 mg/mL) for 45 min. Polymerization of MAP-deficient tubulin was significantly decreased (at 15-45 min of polymerization) during exposure to ethanol (>25 mM). In contrast, ethanol exposure did not alter polymerization of α/β tubulin dimers pre-conjugated to MAPs, at any concentration. Concurrent exposure of MAP-deficient tubulin with purified MAPs and ethanol resulted in significant and time-dependent decreases in tubulin polymerization, with recovery from inhibition at later time points. The present results suggest that ethanol disrupts MAP-independent microtubule formation and MAP-dependent microtubule formation via direct actions at an MAP-sensitive microtubule residue, indicating that disruption of neuronal microtubule formation and function may contribute to the neurodegenerative effects of binge-like ethanol intake.
GLYCOGEN SYNTHETASE: ITS RESPONSE TO CORTISOL.

Glycogen synthetase activity in the livers of starved mice is stimulated by the glucocorticoid, cortisol.
Wind Direction and Equilibrium Mixed Layer Depth: General Theory

Abstract A usually neglected Coriolis term in the turbulent kinetic energy budget of the ocean surface mixed layer is examined for the special case of a steady-state mixed layer depth with no entrainment. In this term, the Reynolds stresses interact with the northward component of planetary rotation to exchange turbulent kinetic energy between horizontal and vertical components. The direction of the exchange depends upon the sign of east-west component of the wind stress. A vertically integrated or bulk theory is derived for a non-entraining mixed layer in equilibrium. The results show that the vertical turbulent kinetic energy and hence the vertical mixing and mixed layer depth will be reduced for westerly winds. Fasterly winds will increase vertical mixing and mixed layer depth.
Regulation of Torsin ATPases by LAP1 and LULL1

TorsinA is a membrane-associated AAA+ (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) ATPase implicated in primary dystonia, an autosomal-dominant movement disorder. We reconstituted TorsinA and its cofactors in vitro and show that TorsinA does not display ATPase activity in isolation; ATP hydrolysis is induced upon association with LAP1 and LULL1, type II transmembrane proteins residing in the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. This interaction requires TorsinA to be in the ATP-bound state, and can be attributed to the luminal domains of LAP1 and LULL1. This ATPase activator function controls the activities of other members of the Torsin family in distinct fashion, leading to an acceleration of the hydrolysis step by up to two orders of magnitude. The dystonia-causing mutant of TorsinA is defective in this activation mechanism, suggesting a loss-of-function mechanism for this congenital disorder.
Determination of Chlordane in Laboratory-Generated Environmental Fate Samples

Abstract Trans- and cis-chlordane have been analyzed in several samples used for aquatic environmental fate studies. These samples include air, water, fish and sediments, The procedures involve extraction with various solvents followed by sulfuric acid clean-up of the extracts. The various solvents used were hexane (air and water), isopropanol/hexane (sediment), and pentane (fish). The fish were further cleaned-up using acetonitrile/pentane partitioning. Extracts were concentrated prior to analysis by GC/ECD. The GC columns used were either 12.5 or 25 m fused silica capillary column coated with OV-17 or a 2 m × 2 mm glass column packed with 3% SE-30 on 80/100 mesh Gas Chrom Q. GC/MS confirmation was conducted on selected samples. Mean recoveries of trans- and cis-chlordane from the various media ranged from 83.0 to 104.5%, with precisions ranging from 3.0 to 15.6%. The lowest recoveries and precision were found for the fish samples. Limits of detection were 0.01, 0.38 and 0.30 ppb for both trans- and cis-...
Been There But Going Where?: Assessing Old and New Agendas in Security Research and Study

Essays in this collection are focused on assessing the developments in research and study in the past 20 years. They will likely provoke some new thoughts about what we believe we have accomplished so that we can have markers for our forward progress. By design, the authors can afford to contribute only general perspectives since space is limited. The exercise is a welcome opportunity to summarize perspectives from folks who have laboured to push the fi eld to back up its self-provided label of ‘ profession ’ with a commitment to and fulfi lment of a key ingredient in the label: research and study based on scientifi c methods. True professional status cannot be invoked in the security fi eld until evidence-based decision-making is fully accepted and practiced by the vast majority of the fi eld ’ s practitioners. The questions addressed to authors immediately bring to mind two particular interests. First, can we accurately summarize the pathways that have brought us to this point in security ’ s evolution toward true professionalism? Second, what dreams do we have to fi re the imaginations of practitioners and budding scholars? This discussion should be anchored, therefore, in visions about new agendas that are built on the successes and distractions of the past. On one level, then, this essay serves as one observer ’ s mere accounting. On another level, it is intentionally provocative. By itself, mere accounting rarely stimulates new pathways. Provocations springing from evidence of past misadventures may, however, invite challenges and thereby encourage imaginative thinking beyond defenses of the status quo.
Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) envenomation: Descriptive analysis of calls to United States Poison Centers with focus on Arizona cases

AbstractBackground. The Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) is a venomous lizard native to the deserts of southwestern United States (US) and northern Mexico. The purpose of this study was to describe human exposures to Gila monsters reported to US poison control centers (PCCs) with a focus on Arizona cases. Methods. The American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS) was used to access and retrospectively review all calls to US PCCs, concerning Gila monsters between January 1, 2000 and October 31, 2011. In addition, detailed records from the two Arizona PCCs were reviewed for the same time period. Results. A total of 319 calls regarding Gila monsters were identified in the NPDS. Of these, 105 (33%) were human exposures; most (79%) occurred in males. A total of 71 (68%) of these 105 cases were referred to a health care facility (HCF); 30 (29%) were managed on-site. Of the 71 HCF referrals, 36 (51%) were discharged home and 17 (24%) were admitted. Most (65%) admissions wer...
Spatial Distance of Point-Lines

A point-line is the combination of a directed line with a reference point on it. In this article, the spatial distance between two point-lines in space is defined based on a point-line displacement model. The displacement of a point-line from one position to the other is uniquely described as the composition of a pure translation along the point-line and a screw displacement about the common normal of the two positions. It is shown that such a displacement model leads to a simpler configuration of the underlying screw triangle and defines the shortest distance between two point-lines. The dual quaternion algebra is used to describe the idea with mathematic expressions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Repeated cocaine administration results in supersensitivity of striatal D-2 dopamine autoreceptors to pergolide

Groups of rats administered cocaine-HCl (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline either acutely or once daily for 8 or 14 days were killed 24 hrs after the last dose. In striatal slices prelabelled with [3H]DA, modulation of [3H]-overflow by pergolide was used to measure D-2 autoreceptor activity. Compared to the contemporaneous control group pergolide produced a greater inhibition only in striatal slices from rats treated repeatedly with cocaine. In radioligand binding studies using striatal membranes from control rats, pergolide had a 500-fold greater affinity for the D-2, as opposed to the D-1, dopamine (DA) receptor subtype. These results indicate that repeated treatment with cocaine produces supersensitive striatal D-2 release-modulating autoreceptors consistent with a compensatory change to diminish the effect of elevated synaptic concentrations of DA produced by cocaine. In contrast, supersensitivity of D-2 receptors was not detected in [3H] spiperone binding assays.
Putting a Stake in Stakeholder Theory

The primary appeal of stakeholder theory in business ethics derives from its promise to help solve two large and often morally difficult problems: (1) how to manage people fairly and efficiently and (2) how to determine the extent of a firm’s moral responsibilities beyond its obligations to enhance its profits and economic value. This article investigates a variety of conceptual quandaries that stakeholder theory faces in addressing these two general problems. It argues that these quandaries pose intractable obstacles for stakeholder theory which prevent it from delivering on its large promises. Acknowledging that various versions of stakeholder theory have made a contribution in elucidating the complex nature of firms and business decision making, the article argues that it is time to move on. More precise explications of the nature of modern firms focusing on the application of basic moral principles to different business contexts and situations are likely to prove more accurate and useful.
Abstract 2498: Differential rapamycin sensitivity distinguishes two distinct populations of tumor cells in murine glioma

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Solid tumors are complex ecosystems, composed of a heterogeneous ensemble of cells that comprise the tumor mass (neoplastic compartment) and the surrounding stroma (non-neoplastic compartment). Currently, research efforts are aimed at defining the individual contributions of each cell type to tumor development and maintenance. Previous studies using a genetically-engineered mouse model of Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-associated optic glioma have underscored the critical role of one stromal cell type (microglia) in the growth of these tumors. In the current study, we analyze neoplastic cell heterogeneity and demonstrate that two distinct proliferating populations of neoplastic cells exist in the tumor. These distinct cell types, neuroglial progenitors and differentiated astrocytes, are distinguished by their sensitivity to rapamycin. The molecular basis for this differential sensitivity to rapamycin reflects dramatic differences in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex protein expression and basal mTOR activation. We leverage this cell type-specific sensitivity to target neuroglial progenitor cells in the tumor and inhibit optic glioma formation in vivo. Collectively, these findings emphasize the importance of cellular diversity in glioma formation and growth, and highlight the importance of developing novel treatment strategies that co-target multiple cell populations for maximal therapeutic benefit. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2498. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2498
Evaluation of dexmedetomidine therapy for sedation in patients with toxicological events at an academic medical center

AbstractIntroduction. Although clinical use of dexmedetomidine (DEX), an alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist, has increased, its role in patients admitted to intensive care units secondary to toxicological sequelae has not been well established. Objectives. The primary objective of this study was to describe clinical and adverse effects observed in poisoned patients receiving DEX for sedation. Methods. This was an observational case series with retrospective chart review of poisoned patients who received DEX for sedation at an academic medical center. The primary endpoint was incidence of adverse effects of DEX therapy including bradycardia, hypotension, seizures, and arrhythmias. For comparison, vital signs were collected hourly for the 5 h preceding the DEX therapy and every hour during DEX therapy until the therapy ended. Additional endpoints included therapy duration; time within target Richmond Agitation Sedation Score (RASS); and concomitant sedation, analgesia, and vasopressor requirements. Results....
Knowing What’s Up and Learning What You’re Not Supposed to: Hip-Hop Collegians, Higher Education, and the Limits of Critical Consciousness

This qualitative portraiture study explores the different ways that college students deeply involved in hip-hop at two universities (i.e., hip-hop collegians) made their personal experiences in hip-hop relevant to their educational pursuits. The results of this study illustrate how students applied their experiences with the critical discourses of hip-hop music and the questioning discourse of hip-hop more generally to their perspectives of university education and their specific academic pursuits. This article also details the limits of these critical perspectives by illustrating how a subsample of hip-hop turntablists did not mobilize the critical and political perspectives that other participants embraced. Overall, this article focuses on the different ways that young adults from various ethnic backgrounds make a cultural artifact created primarily by Black communities relevant to their educational lives.
The Medical Directive-Reply

In Reply.— We welcome the endorsement that the Medical Directive "nicely summarizes the important clinical and therapeutic possibilities that may occur in the terminal care scenario" from representatives of the Society for the Right to Die. Regarding Ms Nobel and Dr Ahronheim's claim that the Medical Directive will not address the problem of underuse of advance care documents, we contend that the Medical Directive offers a better document that will raise interest and confidence and, thereby, use of such directives. Furthermore, in our article, we urge physicians to discuss the Medical Directive with patients during an office visit. We also suggest that Medicare and health insurance companies provide a one-time reimbursement to physicians for each patient with whom the physician discusses the Medical Directive. Finally, Ms Nobel and Dr Ahronheim should not confuse the issue regarding the legality of the Medical Directive. Use of the Medical Directive wouldnotrequire
Pteridines in the moth, Atteva punctella

Abstract Biopterin, xanthopterin, isoxanthopterin, and leucopterin were isolated both from whole insects and wings in the moth Atteva punctella. The identification of the pigments was made by thin-layer chromatography and by ultraviolet spectroscopy.
Scavenging by sharks of the genus Squalicorax in the Late Cretaceous of North America

Diverse sources and types of evidence indicate that common Cretaceous selachians of the genus Squalicorax were the preeminent scavengers of vertebrate carcasses during Santonian and Campanian ages of the Late Cretaceous. Evidence considered comes from the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain and Western Interior of the United States. Direct, material evidence of scavenging includes a decayed mosasaur vertebral centrum and a hadrosaurian dinosaur metatarsal, each containing a Squalicorax tooth evidently embedded after the host's death. Abundant implicit evidence of scavenging includes Squalicorax bite marks and Squalicorax teeth associated with numerous marine tetrapod and fish remains, and at least one additional dinosaur. Many of these bite marks and tooth associations are with predaceous tetrapod taxa, well beyond the reasonable prey size of Squalicorax species. Inference of scavenging by Squalicorax is also based on comparative counts of selachian teeth in Upper Cretaceous deposits in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Typical shark-tooth assemblages are dominated by lamnoid teeth, but at two well-studied localities containing the associated remains of large vertebrate carcasses, few shark teeth are found except those of Squalicorax, implying that these were shed during scavenging activity. Although it is not definitively proven that Squalicorax was an obligate scavenger, the longevity and cosmopolitan distribution of the genus may relate to this primary feeding strategy. INTRODUCTION
Performance effects of program structures on a snoop-cached multiprocessor system

Abstract This paper discusses performance characteristics of a snoop cache system implemented on an experimental multioprocessor TOP-1. The cache state transitions and possible performance degradation by the snooping overhead are analyzed for three sample programs, single processor compilation, a simple reader-writer problem and repeated lock under the two snoop protocols, broadcast and invalidation. Their performance degradation on the real hardware is measured together with the cache access statistics data. The result provides a number of hardware and software design suggestions: the protocol setting configuration of KPU to the invalidation and the UPUs to the broadcast protocol performs better, typical parallel programs with shared variables perform better in the broadcast protocol, straightforward coding of tight snoop cache usage, such as the reader-writer example, does not saturate the TOP-1 but in the broadcast protocol, and a careful coding of the busy-wait lock loop effectively reduces bus traffic.
Evaluating interfaces for privacy policy rule authoring

Privacy policy rules are often written in organizations by a team of people in different roles. Currently, people in these roles have no technological tools to guide the creation of clear and implementable high-quality privacy policy rules. High-quality privacy rules can be the basis for verifiable automated privacy access decisions. An empirical study was conducted with 36 users who were novices in privacy policy authoring to evaluate the quality of rules created and user satisfaction with two experimental privacy authoring tools and a control condition. Results show that users presented with scenarios were able to author significantly higher quality rules using either the natural language with a privacy rule guide tool or a structured list tool as compared to an unguided natural language control condition. The significant differences in quality were found in both user self-ratings of rule quality and objective quality scores. Users ranked the two experimental tools significantly higher than the control condition. Implications of the research and future research directions are discussed.
A college education

The train ride from Chicago to Champaign took a little less than three hours; it cost $4.56. Champaign and Urbana are twin cities, some times called Chambana. The University of Illinois is mostly in Urbana, but when you’re there you can’t tell where you are—you cross the street and you’re in a different town. The two city administrations manage to live together well enough, but sometimes they generate confusion. In the days before the Uniform Time Act, for instance, it could happen, and it did, that Champaign would adopt Daylight Saving Time one summer but Urbana would not. If you were invited to dinner at 7, you usually had to make one extra telephone call to make sure what time you were really expected.
A framework for preprocessor-aware C source code analyses

Analyses of C source code usually ignore the C preprocessor because of its complexity. Instead, these analyses either dene their own approximate parser or scanner or else they require that their input already be preprocessed. Neither approach is entirely satisfactory: the rst gives up accuracy (or incurs large implementation costs), while the second loses the preprocessor-based abstractions. We describe a framework that permits analyses to be expressed in terms of both preprocessing and parsing actions, allowing the implementer to focus on the analysis. We discuss an implementation of such a framework that embeds a C preprocessor, a parser, and a Perl interpreter for the action \hooks." Many common software engineering analyses can be written surprisingly easily using our implementation, replacing numerous ad-hoc tools. The framework’s integration of the preprocessor and the parser further enables some analyses that otherwise would be especially dicult to perform.
Enhancing red-shifted white-light continuum generation in optical fibers for applications in nonlinear Raman microscopy.

We report an efficient red-shifted continuum generation of picosecond pulses in conventional optical fibers. By using a novel high-repetition rate, high-energy oscillator operating at the fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm, we achieved more than 60% of the output energy in the spectral range from 1150 to 1300 nm, perfectly suitable for broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy.
Can MRI reveal phenotypes of multiple sclerosis

The multicontrast capability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is discussed in its role in the search for phenotypes of multiple sclerosis (MS). Aspects of MRI specificity, putative markers for pathogenetic components of disease and issues of spatial and temporal distribution are discussed. While particular reference is made to MS, the concepts apply to common pathological features of many neurologic diseases and to neurodegenerative disease in general. The assessment and dissociation of disease activity and disease severity, as well as the combination of varied metrics for the purposes of inferential and predictive disease modeling, are explored with respect to biomarkers and clinical outcomes. By virtue of its noninvasive nature and multicontrast capabilities depicting multiple facets of MS pathology, MRI lends itself to the systematic search of pathogenetically distinct subtypes of MS in large populations of patients. In conjunction with clinical, immunological, serological and genetic information, clusters of MS patients with distinct clinical prognosis and diverse response profiles to available and future treatments may be identified.
Design of DC Power Supply for Rapid Transit Systems

Guidelines are presented for the design of an economical and reliable power supply and distribution system for rapid transit. Silicon rectifier substations are exclusively applied in modem systems, but opinions differ with regard to their size and location. The paper discusses these questions.
Psychologic Sequelae of Early, Infancy Health Crises:

Evidence is accumulating that health threats or actual illness during early infancy may produce psychologic problems in some children, the result of a complex interaction of the mother, the child and the situation. Similar experiences arising later in childhood seem to have a less disruptive effect. Instead of speaking of a "vulnerable child syndrome" we might do better with the terms "neonatal crisis syndrome" or even the "ominous infant phenomenon," since these broader descriptions allow for the inclusion and expansion of the concepts discussed in this thoughtful set of reflections. Improved attention to these matters is justifiable on the basis of humane considerations alone, and need not await further studies. This may well be a most important area of activity for the pediatrician who seeks to prevent emotional disorders in his patients.
Refinement and testing of a character recognition system based on feature extraction in grayscale space

A method for recognizing degraded text is described. One application domain is postal address blocks, where the system must function with varying and unspecified fonts, dot matrix printing, and poor print quality. The design achieves tolerance to differing contrast and degraded print via gray-scale analysis, and omnifont capability and good performance on touching and broken characters by encoding character shapes as graphs. Experimental results on address blocks supplied by the US Postal Service are presented. Experiments on subsampling the data indicate that the performance at 100 dpi is very close to that of the original 300 dpi. >
Depression in Geriatric ED Patients: Prevalence and Recognition

Abstract Study objective: To determine the prevalence of depression in geriatric ED patients and to assess recognition of geriatric depression by emergency physicians. Methods: We conducted an observational survey of geriatric patients who presented to an urban, university-affiliated public hospital ED. A convenience sample of 259 patients aged 65 years or older were administered a brief, self-rated depression scale. Main outcome measures were prevalence of depression (using a predetermined cutoff score for detecting depression) and recognition of depression by the treating emergency physician, assessed by chart review. Results: Seventy subjects (27%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 22% to 32%) were rated as depressed. Depressed and nondepressed patients were not significantly different with regard to age, sex, race, or education. Forty-seven percent of nursing home residents were depressed, compared with 24% of those living independently (95% CI for difference of 23%, 6% to 41%). Patients who described their health as poor were also more likely to be depressed (33 of 65, 51%) than patients who reported their health to be good or fair (37 of 194, 19%) (95% CI for difference of 32%, 18% to 45%). Emergency physicians failed to recognize depression in all the patients found to be depressed on this scale (95% CI, 0 to 5%). Conclusion: The prevalence of unrecognized depression in the geriatric ED patients we studied was high, especially in those who reported their health as poor. Use of a brief depression scale can aid recognition of depression in older patients, leading to appropriate referral and treatment. [Meldon SW, Emerman CL, Schubert DSP, Moffa DA, Etheart RG: Depression in geriatric ED patients: Prevalence and recognition. Ann Emerg Med August 1997;30:141-145.]
Personality judgment and personality pathology: self-other agreement in adolescents with conduct disorder.

We examine two issues linking personality pathology and judgment of traits within the Five-Factor Model of personality. We hy- pothesize that pathology moderates self-other agreement—''target'' par- ticipants with pathology should be less judgable than participants without pathology. In addition, we hypothesize that pathology could partially produce agreement across a variety of traits, particularly those traits fun- damental to the pathology. In an adolescent sample including a group with Conduct Disorder (CD) and a Control group, we examine agreement between adolescents' self-reports and their mothers' informant reports. Using trait-centered and person-centered perspectives, we find support for both hypotheses. Results have implications for understanding the processes affecting personality judgment, for increasing integration of traditional personality research and personality pathology, and for personality assessment.
Listening to Diversity Stories: Principles for Practice in Community Research and Action

Three broad Diversity Principles for Community Research and Action are described and offered as community psychology’s contribution to the growing literature on multicultural competence in psychology. The principles are applicable to multiple dimensions of diversity including race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, disability, and social class. The diversity principles are illustrated with examples from the twenty-two diversity stories in the AJCP Special Issue on Diversity Stories in Community Research and Action. Each of the three diversity principles (Community Culture, Community Context, and Self-in-Community) are associated with a fundamental assumption, a process emphasis (descriptive, analytic, and reflective), a core question to engage, an orienting stance (informed compassion, contextualized understanding, and empowered humility), and three areas of focus. Taken together, the principles suggest the value of the overarching stance of connected disruption. It is suggested that applying the principles to community work in diverse settings will facilitate the process of bridging differences and enhance the relevance and effectiveness of our work.
Parents of Children Newly Diagnosed with Cancer: Anxiety, Coping, and Marital Distress

Evaluated anxiety, approach-avoidance coping style, and marital distress in 134 parents of children with cancer shortly after diagnosis. Of the 67 marital pairs studied, approximately 25% of the mothers and 28% of the fathers reported significant marital distress. Regression analyses revealed that marital distress was predicted by a combination of general emotional distress, the discrepancy between the couple's state anxiety levels, and the couple's use of sensitizing coping strategies. Greater differences in anxiety levels between the parents and greater stimulus approach coping activity in the marriage were associated with greater reported marital distress.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Importance of Chromosomal Aberrations Identified in 61 Dogs with Lymphosarcoma

To determine the diagnostic and/or prognostic importance of chromosomal aberrations identified in dogs with malignant (non-Hodgkin's) lymphoma, clinical stages for 61 dogs with lymphosarcoma were determined, the lymph node(s) were histopathologically graded, and the malignant tissue lymphocytes were karyotyped. The results from life table survival curve analysis demonstrated that first remission length and survival time were significantly longer in 15 of 61 (25%) dogs that had a trisomy of chromosome 13 as the primary chromosomal aberration than in those dogs (46/61, 75%) with other primary chromosomal aberrations (P 0.05). Multivariate analysis did not identify a significant correlation between the prognostic groups or within the various prognostic subsets (P > 0.05). The pathogenesis of canine and human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, as observed cytogenetically, differs.
Direct Vs. Mnemonic Instruction: Relative Benefits for Exceptional Learners

In two experiments, students learned the hardness levels of minerals via either direct instruction or a pictorial mnemonic technique. In Experiment 1, the subjects were 56 learning-disabled high school students who were taught one of the methods in small groups. In Experiment 2, the subjects were eight educable mentally retarded junior high school students who were individually administered both methods in a crossover design. In both experiments, students given mnemonic instruction substantially outperformed direct instruction subjects.
Factors associated with bicycle ownership and use: a study of six small U.S. cities

As a means of transportation and as a form of physical activity, bicycling generates benefits to the bicyclist as well as to the community as a whole. Bicycling now accounts for less than 1 percent of all trips for all purposes in the U.S., but evidence from other western countries suggests that under the right conditions, bicycling levels can be significantly higher. Indeed, the experiences of some U.S. cities suggest that it is possible to create conditions conducive to higher levels of bicycling even in the U.S. However, the extent to which bicycle investments have contributed to bicycling levels in these communities has not been rigorously assessed. The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the determinants of bicycle ownership and use as a basis for identifying ways to promote bicycling. A cross-sectional study of six cities was designed to test the importance of bicycle infrastructure and other physical environment factors relative to individual factors and social environment factors, using a nested logit model to examine ownership and use decisions jointly. The results show strong effects of individual attitudes and physical and social environment factors on bicycle ownership and use.
Pharmacological modulation of the mechanical response of airway smooth muscle to length oscillation

Shen, X., M. F. Wu, R. S. Tepper, and S. J. Gunst. Pharmacological modulation of the mechanical response of airway smooth muscle to length oscillation.J. Appl. Physiol. 83(3): 739–745, 1997.—Stretc...
Detection of asymmetric glaucomatous damage using automated pupillography, the swinging flashlight method and the magnified-assisted swinging flashlight method

To determine the sensitivity and specificity of various methods of detecting a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) in patients with glaucoma-related diagnoses. Patients underwent RAPD evaluation using the swinging flashlight method (SFM), the magnifier-assisted SFM, and pupillography using the Konan RAPDx. Main outcome measures were sensitivity and specificity of three methods of RAPD evaluation in detecting visual field mean deviation (MD), cup to disc ratio (CDR), disc damage likelihood scale (DDLS), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) asymmetry. Eighty-one consecutive patients from the Wills Eye Hospital glaucoma service were enrolled, 60 with glaucoma and 21 with ocular hypertension or glaucoma suspect. Thirty-one percent of subjects had MD asymmetry>5 dB, 19.7% had CDR asymmetry≥0.20, 26.7% had DDLS asymmetry≥2, and 38.2% had RNFL asymmetry>10 microns. Sensitivity values for pupillography were 93.3% (95% CI, 68.1–99.8) for detecting MD asymmetry, 80.0% (95% CI, 51.9–95.7) for CDR asymmetry, 100.0% (95% CI, 73.5–100.0) for DDLS asymmetry, and 69.2% (95% CI, 38.6–90.9) for RNFL asymmetry. Specificity values were 41.2% (95% CI, 24.7–59.3) for detecting MD asymmetry, 32.8% (95% CI, 21.3–46.0) for CDR asymmetry, 33.3% (95% CI, 18.0–51.8) for DDLS asymmetry, and 42.9% (95% CI, 21.8–66.0) for RNFL asymmetry. Pupillography amplitude score was correlated with MD asymmetry (r2=0.41, P<0.001) and area under the curve was 0.84. Automated pupillography had higher sensitivity and lower specificity in detecting MD, CDR, DDLS, and RNFL asymmetry. Within the bounds of the cohort tested, this method had limited case-finding ability.
Little Magazines and Little Wanderers: Building Advocate Networks for Adoption during the Progressive Era

Abstract The Chicago-based National Children's Home Society (NCHS), founded by the Rev. Martin Van Arsdale in the early 1890s, maintained that orphanages could be emptied and the nation spared the expense of “restraining criminals” if permanent adoptive homes could be found for every neglected, abused, or abandoned child. Adoption met with fierce resistance from charities that depended on state subsidies and private donations to care for children in orphanages and later from such diverse critics as eugenicists and newly professionalized social workers. Nevertheless, adoption gradually gained adherents during the Progressive Era among civic leaders and families wanting to raise these “chicks of another brood” as their own. This article considers the practical uses and rhetorical strategies of little magazines published during the Progressive Era that were intended to set a new agenda for child saving and build a constituency for adoption through dozens of independent, state-based Protestant home-finding so...
OP81 Policy interventions to address major public health challenges: an international comparison

Background The Public Health Responsibility Deal (PHRD) in England is a public-private partnership that brings together government, academic experts, and commercial and voluntary organisations to contribute to meeting public health objectives. In this study we examine how other countries have sought to address public health problems targeted by the PHRD using policy instruments ranging from entirely voluntary agreements to mandatory regulation. We seek to assess learning that can be drawn for the PHRD on the core enablers and barriers of regulatory, self-regulatory or voluntary strategies. Methods Based on a targeted document review of policy interventions in 21 high income countries related to food and alcohol pledges included in the PHRD, we selected two pledges, alcohol labelling and salt reduction, and four countries, Australia, Denmark, Finland and France, for detailed review. For each country and topic we carried out a targeted literature review, followed by interviews with key informants representing government, civil society, academia and industry (n = 4/5 per country and topic). Through these methods we sought to understand the characteristics, aims and context of the policy implementation, the reasons for selecting a particular policy instrument over others, and any evidence on impact. Interview transcripts were analysed in NVivo using a framework approach to draw comparisons between countries and policy areas. Results The policy mechanisms implemented in each country were influenced by the country context, including the local acceptability of the use of regulatory or voluntary measures, the perception of the issue as a public health problem, and the current political environment. Key informants noted that voluntary agreements allowed policies to be implemented more quickly than through regulation; however the achievements of voluntary schemes were frequently seen as being of a smaller magnitude than would be expected from regulation. Threat of future regulation was seen as an incentive for industry to initiate or engage in voluntary schemes, as was the opportunity for building relationships with government representatives and positive publicity for taking part in the initiative. Key informants suggested that industry were only likely to engage voluntarily in schemes where the cost to industry was low. Conclusion Existing evidence suggests that voluntary agreements, supported by businesses, may be effective to achieve public policy aims but success will depend upon a number of prerequisites. However, while voluntary agreements might facilitate the introduction of a given policy, their impacts might be smaller in terms of public health gain.
Instantaneous stepped-frequency, non-linear radar part 2: experimental confirmation

Last year, we presented the theory behind “instantaneous stepped-frequency, non-linear radar”. We demonstrated through simulation that certain devices (when interrogated by a multi-tone transmit signal) could be expected to produce a multi-tone output signal near harmonics of the transmitted tones. This hypothesized non-linear (multitone) response was then shown to be suitable for pulse compression via standard stepped-frequency processing techniques. At that time, however, we did not have measured data to support the theoretical and simulated results. We now present laboratory measurements confirming our initial hypotheses. We begin with a brief description of the experimental system, and then describe the data collection exercise. Finally, we present measured data demonstrating the accurate ranging of a non-linear target.
Small Bugs, Big Changes: Taxonomic Revision of Orthorhagus McAtee & Malloch

The Schizopteridae, the largest family of litter bugs (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae), comprises 53 genera of primarily tropical, tiny true bugs. The largest genus Schizoptera Fieber comprises 64 described species and six subgenera with primarily tropical and subtropical distributions across the New World. Schizoptera species are morphologically diverse with extreme asymmetry of male genitalia and sexually dimorphic wing in females of some species. Subgeneric concepts of Schizoptera are yet to be evaluated in a phylogenetic context. The subgenus Orthorhagus McAtee & Malloch was described from a single specimen as part of Schizoptera based on similarities of wing venation and other structures. The absence of a pronotal collar was used to separate Orthorhagus from other subgenera within Schizoptera, but morphological and molecular data show that the differences between Orthorhagus species and those of Schizoptera extend beyond the lack of a pronotal collar. In this study, we elevate the subgenus Orthorhagus to generic rank and describe five new species in this genus. We provide morphological documentation including digital habitus images, genitalic drawings, and confocal micrographs for all species. Distribution maps and a key to the species of Orthorhagus, n. stat. are also presented.
The Effects of Attention on the Trigeminal Blink Reflex.

During top-down processing, higher cognitive processes modulate lower sensory processing. The present experiment tested the effects of directed attention on trigeminal reflex blinks in humans (n = 8). In separate sessions, participants either attended to blink-eliciting stimuli or were given no attentional instructions during stimulation of the supraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve. Attention to blink-eliciting stimuli significantly increased reflex blink amplitude and duration and shortened blink latency compared with the no attention condition. These results suggested that higher processes such as attention can modify the trigeminal blink reflex circuit.
Prospective study of quality of life after lung cancer resection

Background: Surgical resection with curative-intent remains the gold standard for clinically operable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This goal can be accomplished using a minimally invasive option, e.g., video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) or standard thoracotomy. Surgical techniques continue to evolve and few studies have compared the QOL of patients managed with these procedures using current approaches. The primary goal of this study was to investigate differences between patients managed surgically via VATS compared to thoracotomy with respect to ratings of chronic pain, anxiety/depression and quality of life (QOL). The secondary goal was to investigate differences between patients converted from VATS to thoracotomy versus those managed with the originally with thoracotomy. Methods: We conducted a prospective cross sectional design study comparing the QOL after surgical resection of NSCLC. Data were obtained between 3–12 months postoperatively, from patients with potentially resectable stage I–IIIa NSCLC, who underwent a thoracotomy or VATS resection. All patients were consented. Pain was evaluated with a 0 to 10 numeric pain assessment scale (NAS), mood with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (mood disorders) and QOL with FACT-L (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung). Results: A total of 97 patients with stage I–IIIa lung cancer were enrolled; of these 66 (68%) underwent a standard thoracotomy and 31 (32%) underwent VATS resection. The preferred surgical approach was a thoracotomy for patients with stage IIIa lung cancer, or patients requiring a pneumonectomy or a bi-lobectomy. There were no significant differences between VATS and thoracotomy patients in ratings of chronic pain, mood disorders, or QOL. Conversion from VATS to thoracotomy occurred in 22 (23%) of patients. There were no significant differences between VATS conversion to thoracotomy and those with initial thoracotomy procedures in ratings of chronic pain, mood disorders, or QOL. Conversion from VATS to standard thoracotomy occurred more commonly early in the series. Conclusions: While previous studies have shown that VATS offers an early advantage with regards to perioperative outcomes, our study demonstrated that VATS and thoracotomy patients had similar late QOL outcomes.
The Consumed Self

I am sitting at my office desk writing emails to former students whose stories I would like to include in my book (Berry, 2016). The book uses autoethnography and personal narrative to examine youth bullying and identity from a relational communication perspective. In particular, I focus on symbolically negotiated interactions, relationships, and identities produced in bullying performances.
The Leviathan’s Conscience: Hobbesian Human Nature and Moral Judgment:

Hannah Arendt claims that Thomas Hobbes was responsible for constituting modern people as apolitical subjects who can no longer make independent moral judgments. The refusal to think that Hobbes al...
Rights Fail and Why This Explains the Other Failures

Non-consequentialist theories fail because they depend on moral rights and people do not have moral rights. If people have rights, then they are justified by interests or autonomy, but they are not so justified. For example, interest-promotion is neither necessary nor sufficient for a right. The same is true for autonomy-promotion. The absence of rights explains why consent does not matter, why people do not forfeit their rights, and why forfeiture is not governed by a principle of proportionality. The explanation is that rights are prior to consent and forfeiture so if the former do not exist, neither do the latter. Because forfeiture is prior to proportionality, there also is no proportionality. A theory of morality that cannot handle voluntary change in moral relations (consent and promise) or conflict is a failed theory. This is one of, if not the main task, of morality. Because of the failure of rights, non-consequentialism fails.
CD4, CD8 and CD2 in T Cell Adhesion and Signaling

T lymphocytes express an array of cell surface proteins which function in a cooperative manner to enable antigen-specific cell stimulation resulting in cytokine production, cell proliferation and/or release of cytotoxic factors. These cell surface proteins include the T cell receptor (TCR), which determines both the antigen and MHC specificity of lymphocyte responses; coupled with the CD3 complex, which transmits signals resulting from ligation of the TCR. Stimulation via the TCR/CD3 complex is assisted by a variety of coreceptors, including CD2, CD4, CD8, CD28, and CD43, which bind to ligands present on the antigen presenting cell and function to enhance T lymphocyte stimulation.
Ocular preservation with neoadjuvant vismodegib in patients with locally advanced periocular basal cell carcinoma

Background/Aims Locally advanced (T4 per American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition) periocular basal cell carcinoma (BCC) can lead to loss of the eye. We report the neoadjuvant use of vismodegib followed by surgery in patients with such lesions with eye preservation as primary goal. Methods This retrospective interventional study includes all patients with a T4 periocular BCC (per 8th edition AJCC for eyelid carcinoma) treated by the senior author between 2013 and 2017 with neoadjuvant vismodegib prior to definitive surgery. Results Eight patients had a T4 tumour. Six patients presented with recurrent disease. Indications for neoadjuvant treatment were an unresectable tumour in one patient, an attempt to avoid an orbital exenteration in six patients and an attempt to avoid disfiguring facial surgery in one patient. Patients were treated for a median of 14 months (range: 4–36 months). All patients underwent an eye-sparing surgery following neoadjuvant vismodegib and all final surgical margins were negative for tumour. Five patients had a complete response to vismodegib with no microscopic residual BCC found during surgery; three patients had a significant partial response with residual tumour found on pathology. At last follow-up, a mean of 18 (range: 6–43) months after surgery, all patients were off-vismodegib and alive without evidence of disease. Conclusions Neoadjuvant vismodegib for locally advanced (T4) periocular BCC enabled an eye-sparing surgery in all patients in our cohort. Prolonged treatment was well tolerated by most patients. Over half of patients achieved a complete response with no residual microscopic disease. Careful long-term follow-up is needed to confirm long-term disease-free survival.