cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Information in Naked Short Sales

The SEC passed a rule during the 2008 financial crisis that requires an immediate forced close-out of any equity short sale in which the short seller fails to deliver (FTDs) shares for settlement (“naked short sales”). This rule increases the risk of establishing a short position when demand on the trade date could exceed the supply of shares available for loan on the settlement date. This study provides evidence on the need for such a rigid rule. We find that FTD open interest 1) is consistent with valuation-relevant accounting fundamentals and 2) contains unpriced information about the direction of future returns that earns substantial abnormal returns in a long-short trading strategy. Using detailed security lending data, we find that FTDs are high when short selling is constrained, which likely explains why the FTD information about future returns exceeds that from covered (delivered) short interest. Taken together, our evidence shows that FTDs facilitate price discovery by allowing informed arbitrage when short selling is constrained. This finding has implications for securities regulators, managers concerned with FTDs in their company’s stock, and academics interested in a publically available proxy for constrained short selling.
Annotated Checklist of Vascular Plants in the Vicinity of Cedar Creek and Brewster Lake, Pierce Cedar Creek Institute, Barry County, Michigan

The purpose of this study was to document the vascular flora and major plant community types present in the core area of the Pierce Cedar Creek Institute (portions of Sec 19 & 30, T2N, R8W) in Barry County, Michigan, north and south of Cloverdale Road, roughly 12 km south of Hastings and ca. 4 km west of highway M-37 at Dowling. This paper is a companion to Slaughter and Skean (2003), which presents a more detailed description of Institute property and its interesting relict conifer swamps.
Ultrastructural observations on amniotic fluid cells

Abstract Amniotic fluid was obtained at cesarean section from 5 third-trimester pregnancies and the proportion of orange-staining cells in the amniotic fluid determined using Nile blue sulfate staining. In the freshly obtained fluids 25 to 75 per cent of the cells stained orange. The cells were sedimented and processed for examination in the electron microscope. Virtually all the cells appeared to be squamous epithelial cells of fetal epidermis or mucous membrane. They contained variable numbers of keratin filaments and P.A.S.-positive particles resembling glycogen. No fat-containing cells were found. The presence of the squamous cells appeared to correlate with the thickening of the stratum corneum near term. It is concluded that the orange-staining cell is a cornified fetal squamous cell coated on its exterior surface by lipid material that appears to be intracellular in the light microscope and is removed during processing for electron microscopy.
Effect of preirradiation ribonucleic acid synthesis inhibition on resistance to ultraviolet light with resistant and sensitive strains of Escherichia coli B/r

Abstract The ultraviolet resistance of a streptolydigin-susceptible strain of Escherichia coli B/r hcr− increased during preirradiation treatment with streptolydigin (an inhibitor of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase) for 20 min and then remained constant. During preirradiation treatment with chloramphenicol (an inhibitor of protein synthesis), resistance to ultraviolet light increased for 1 to 2 h, and reached a maximal level significantly above that attained in streptolydigin-containing medium. These results suggest that there are two mechanisms that function in Hcr− cells during chloramphenicol treatment which contribute to the concomitant ultraviolet resistance enhancement. One is ribonucleic acid dependent and is inhibited by streptolydigin. This ribonucleic acid-dependent mechanism appears to be absent in wild-type and RecA E. coli B/r strains.
Compact Stellarator Path to DEMO

The US fusion program is considering what new facilities are needed in addition to ITER and existing facilities to prepare the way to a DEMO reactor. The broad issues are familiar: sustainment of an ignited/high-Q plasma in steady state, avoidance of disruptions and large variations in power flux to the wall, adequate confinement of thermal plasma and alpha-particles, control of a burning plasma, particle and power handling (divertors), etc. Stellarators have key reactor advantages: steady-state high-plasma-density operation without external current drive or disruptions, stability without a close conducting wall or active feedback systems, and low recirculating power. While stellarators are at present less developed than tokamaks because of the higher parameters obtained in large tokamaks, D-T operation in TFTR and JET, and the decision to proceed with ITER, stellarators do present an attractive alternate path to a DEMO reactor. Compact stellarators, with moderate plasma aspect ratios, good confinement, and high-beta potential lead to the smaller-size reactors that are favored by the US utility industry. The ARIES group, which had previously analyzed different tokamaks, an ST, an RFP and a modular stellarator (SPPS) as reactors, has recently examined compact stellarators. The ARIES-CS study established that compact stellarators can be economically competitive with tokamaks as reactors, but face serious issues with divertors, as do other toroidal concepts.
Na H exchange in antral cells isolated from Necturus, rabbit, and guinea pig

Mechanisms of intracellular pH (pHi) regulation were investigated using the pH-sensitive dye BCECF (2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein) to measure pHi in isolated antral cells from Necturus, rabbit, and guinea pig. The BCECF fluorescence was calibrated in terms of pHi by using a nigericin-high potassium concentration method to equilibrate pHi and pHo. Average pHi for the cells of Necturus and rabbit was approximately 7.1 in a HEPES-buffered, HCO3-free Ringer's solution. Average pHi in Necturus cells in CO2/HCO3-buffered Ringer's solution was approximately 7.0. An ammonium-loading technique was used to acidify the cell to measure intrinsic buffering capacity (beta i) and to monitor pHi recovery. Average beta i = 28 mM per pH unit in Necturus and 42 mM per pH unit in rabbit cells in HEPES-buffered Ringer's solution. Recovery from an acid load was sodium-dependent, completely inhibited by 100 microM amiloride, and unaffected by changes in potassium concentration between 6 and 25 mM. The results provide evidence in support of the presence of an amiloride-sensitive Na/H exchanger in antral cells from rabbit, guinea pig, and Necturus.
Design concepts for a 3-phase axial peg style electrostatic rotating machine utilizing variable elastance

Rotating electric machinery is usually constructed of iron/steel laminations, copper windings, and permanent magnets. This paper investigates fluid-filled, electrostatic rotating machines for the ultimate ambition of transitioning fundamental magnetic materials to dielectrics in order to reduce production costs. The study of the axial-peg-style electrostatic rotating machine focuses on basic geometric and material knowledge and the creation of design tools. An axial peg machine possesses interdigitated pegs (cylinders) that come into, and out of, radial alignment as the machine rotates causing variable capacitance between the stator and rotor. A prototype with peak torque of 0.7N-m and gap field strength of 15kV/mm was constructed. The specific torque density of the machine is 0.101N-m/kg, comparable to fractional horsepower NEMA class induction machines. This was achieved by filling the machine with a dielectric fluid, whose relative permittivity is 7.1, rather than the ultra-high vacuum typically employed in canonical electrostatics. Experimental measurements presented include angular capacitance, peak torque and torque-per-volt under stall conditions. Construction techniques are discussed in detail.
Lyme borreliosis: the need for more research

ARTICLE ARTICLE Sir, The recent paper by White et al. 1 is notable on a number of counts and adds weight to the calls for further research that Lyme Disease Action has been making for some years. The abstract, quoting a definite improvement in 28% of patients might mislead. It is worth drawing clinicians’ attention to the fact that those who had longer treatment than recommended by published guidelines fared best with 61% showing a definite improvement against only 20% of those treated with conventional …
Assessment of corneal epithelial integrity after acute exposure to ocular hypotensive agents preserved with and without benzalkonium chloride.

The corneal toxicity of 2 intraocular pressure-lowering agents was compared in a rabbit cornea model with New Zealand White rabbits. Corneal epithelial morphology and cell size were assessed by in vivo confocal microscopy. Baseline microscopic examinations were performed on 1 eye of each animal. Two weeks later, the eyes were bathed for 3 min in travoprost 0.004% preserved without benzalkonium chloride (BAK) or latanoprost 0.005% preserved with 0.02% BAK; the eyes were then rinsed with balanced salt solution, and the corneas were again examined by confocal microscopy (n=4/group). A second group of animals was exposed to the medications through a dosing regimen of 1 drop/min (3 drops total) (n=4/group). In eyes treated with travoprost without BAK (3-min bath), superficial epithelial cells were similar to baseline, as indicated by their visible cell borders and bright nuclei. In contrast, the surface cells in eyes treated with latanoprost were significantly smaller and brighter and had less distinct borders. Surface cell size was significantly smaller as compared with baseline size and as compared with rabbits treated with travoprost without BAK for 3 min. Similar effects on corneal epithelial cell morphology were observed with the 1-drop/min dosing regimen. In this rabbit model, travoprost 0.004% preserved without BAK did not cause corneal epithelial toxicity; latanoprost 0.005% induced superficial cell loss, most likely caused by the presence of a relatively high concentration of BAK (0.02%).
Categorical color perception of Japanese observers: Comparison with that of Americans

Ten native Japanese observers named 424 colors of the OSA Uniform Color Scales set using monolexemic color terms of their choice. The results are compared with those from seven American subjects previously studied by Boynton and Olson. It is concluded, in full agreement with the original thesis of Berlin and Kay, that there are eleven basic color terms in each language, each of which describes a fundamental color sensation dependent upon an underlying physiology that does not differ between the two groups.
The Color Glass Condensate and particle production in the forward rapidity region

Hadron production in the forward rapidity region is considered in the Color Glass Condensate approach to high energy deuteron-nucleus collisions. The projectile deuteron is treated via collinear factorization and pQCD formalism while the nucleus is described as a Color Glass Condensate. It is shown that both DGLAP evolution of the projectile wave function and JIMWLK evolution of the target are essential for a proper understanding the RHIC data in the forward rapidity region.
A sensitive assay for galactokinase in Escherichia coli.

Abstract A sensitive, reproducible procedure for assay of galactokinase in Escherichia coli, employing galactose-C14 as substrate, microcolumns of Dowex-1 for separation of product from substrate, and toluenization for extraction of enzyme is described in detail. Requirements for stabilization of the enzyme are discussed.
Contact Dermatitis From Eriodictyon parryi: A Novel Cause of Contact Dermatitis in California

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by Eriodictyon parryi, better known as poodle-dog bush, is a growing cause of contact dermatitis in California. Blooming after a large fire, E parryi is a threat to reforestation workers as well as countless outdoor enthusiasts across the state. This paper focuses on the epidemiology, identification, immunochemistry, pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of contact dermatitis from this little-researched plant.
Behavioral responses of bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo) to controlled olfactory stimulation

Swimming behaviors of bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo) were observed in response to chemical stimulation. Large volume (10 ml) samples were introduced into the path of swimming sharks. In still water, tight turning and circling were observed while samples introduced in the presence of a water current elicited a swimming pattern of connected loops moving downcurrent. A headmount attached to the shark allowed small volume (0.5 ml) samples to be directed into the olfactory capsules. Stimulation in still water produced the turning and circling behaviors as observed for the large volume samples and stimulation in moving waters produced the same connected loops pattern. Other experiments confirmed that the small volume samples quickly dilute below threshold and therefore the behaviors observed in response to the 0.5 ml samples are swimming patterns released by the chemical signal but are presumed to be modulated by factors other than chemical cues. Additionally, it was demonstrated that bonnethead sharks can ...
The first three‐dimensional, first‐principles model of the plasmasphere

Just beyond the ionosphere lies the plasmasphere, a ring of cold plasma that encircles the planet on closed geomagnetic field lines. Built up from charged ions ejected from the upper ionosphere at equatorial and midlatitudes, the plasmasphere grows and shrinks in response to the solar wind and the dynamic magnetosphere. How the plasmasphere responds to magnetic storms can in turn affect the behavior of the radiation belts. Working from a model of the ionosphere known as SAMI3, Huba and Krall have developed the first comprehensive three-dimensional model of the plasmasphere that is built up from first-principles physics. The authors' plasmasphere model is a simplified dynamic model that seeks to represent a region stretching out to roughly eight Earth radii.
Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of enkephalin in the goldfish preoptic nucleus.

Abstract This study describes the ultastructural localization of the opioid peptide enkephalin (ENK) in the preoptic nucleus of the goldfish. Using immunocytochemical techniques, ENK could be seen in neurosecretory granules and throughout the cytoplasm of magnocellular neurons with an agranular distribution. ENK was also associated with small clear vesicles and large dense-core vesicles within certain axon terminals in the preoptic nucleus. In this report, we discuss the cellular and synaptic relationships of ENK neurons in the preoptic nucleus of the teleost.
Circadian rhythm of pattern formation in populations of a free-swimming organism, Tetrahymena.

SYNOPSIS. In a preliminary search for a phototactic response in Tetrahymena, we discovered instead an autotactic phenomenon of pattern formation produced by motile free-swimming cells in a dense culture. This pattern of cell aggregation is remarkably similar to the Benard-cell patterns of classical physical chemistry, and reminiscent of the streaming patterns of motile microorganisms. In a study of light effects on the rate of pattern formation, we found that it has an endogenous circadian component, and is strongly dependent on cell concentration.
Late-season changes in allocation of starch and sugar to shoots, coarse roots, and fine roots in two hybrid poplar clones

Two hybrid Populus clones, Tristis and Eugenei, which had been grown from cuttings in 114-liter pots sunk in the ground, were sequentially harvested during the latter part of the first growing season. Pots were supplied with water and nitrogen at two different rates. Starch and sugar concentrations were determined in samples taken from stems, branches, cuttings, and five diameter classes of roots. Concentrations of starch and sugar in all components of the trees were significantly affected by time of harvest and clone. Water and nitrogen treatments, however, did not significantly affect carbohydrate concentrations. From August to November, as plants developed cold hardiness, starch concentrations declined and sugar concentrations increased in stems and branches, especially in Tristis. In both clones, the large roots (> 1 mm diameter) were major repositories of starch and sugar late in the season. By the end of September, 80% of total-tree nonstructural carbohydrates in Eugenei were located in the roots. Even the fine-root fraction (< 0.5 mm diameter) showed substantial carbohydrate loading in late season, contradicting the hypothesis that starch deposition in fine roots occurs only when they are being formed.
Tunable electro-optic microphotonic devices in ferroelectrics

We report on several recently demonstrated microphotonic devices based in ferroelectric single crystals. The device concept is to micro-pattern ferroelectric domains in the shape of lenses and prisms whose refractive index is electric field tunable through the electro-optic effect. Two different devices have been fabricated and tested. The performance of an integrated lens and scanner device is demonstrated with electric field tunable focusing power and a scanning range of 14.6°. A 2-stage cascaded horn-shaped scanner is demonstrated with a scanning range of 25.4° at 5 kHz. Ferroelectric materials offer a unique platform for integrating several optical functions, like focusing, scanning, and frequency conversion, all in the same device.
Early projects using Ada at the United States Air Force Academy

Ada is the language of choice in the computer science curriculum at the Air Force Academy. Its richness, complexity and strong typing are ideal for teaching abstraction, encapsulation and object-oriented programming in the context of good programming practices.Specifically, the Department of Computer Science teaches Ada in its introductory course required of all students at the Academy. Those cadets majoring in computer science then take an additional Ada programming course in the Fall of their sophomore year, followed by a course in programming languages in the Spring semester. It is this third course, Computer Science 359, that gives cadets their first experience programming a problem of significant complexity in Ada, while introducing them to a wide variety of topics and language capabilities.Computer Science 359 has the following goals and objectives:1. Gain a basic understanding of the four programming language paradigms: imperative, object-oriented, functional and logic-oriented.2. Gain a broad knowledge of the Ada programming language.3. Gain a working knowledge of object-oriented programming.4. Gain familiarity with a functional and logic-oriented programming language.5. Gain a working knowledge of recursion.This paper discusses the type and scope of projects that have been used to teach the Ada programming portion of the course.
Teaching about Labor through Union Worker–University Student Dialogues

This article offers a pedagogical model for facilitating union worker–university student dialogues on labor issues. Most university students in this study initially held neutral opinions of organiz...
Purification and partial characterization of a mitogenic factor from bovine liver: structural homology with basic fibroblast growth factor.

Abstract Two mitogenic peptides in bovine liver extract were purified to apparent homogeneity by monitoring the purification steps with two in vitro bioassays; one based on stimulation of adult bovine aortic arch endothelial cell proliferation and the other incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine to mouse fibroblast 3T3 cells. The purification procedure involved cation-exchange chromatography followed by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose and two steps of reversed-phase HPLC. The purified material showed the same biological activity as pituitary basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Amino acid analyses of the purified mitogen yielded a similar, but not identical composition to that of bovine pituitary basic FGF(1–146) reported previously. Gas-phase microsequencing identified two sequences in equal amounts in the purified preparation. Furthermore, the sequencing results are in accord with the theoretical data obtained when two truncated forms of basic FGF, corresponding to FGF(12–16) and (16–146), are being sequenced simultaneously. Basic FGF(12–146) is a novel truncated form of basic FGF which has not been isolated before although the (16–146) fragment has been found previously in kidney, corpus luteum, and adrenal. SDS-PAGE analysis could not separate the two forms and showed that both migrated as a protein of about 15 100 daltons, which is slightly smaller than intact basic FGF(1–146) (16 200 daltons). These results, taken together, indicate that at least some of the mitogenic activity in liver may be derived from basic FGF-related polypeptides.
Diffraction dissociation An experimental and phenomenological review

Abstract We review hadron diffraction dissociation at high energies with emphasis on the phenomenological description of experimental data.
Spatial and temporal surface interpolation using wavelet bases

Efficient solutions to spatial interpolation problems (e.g., regularization) and spatio-temporal interpolation problems (e.g., regularization plus Kalman filtering) can be obtained by using wavelet bases either for problem discretization or for preconditioning. Good approximate solutions can be obtained in only O(n) operations and O(n) storage locations, so that rear-real- time implementations are possible on standard microprocessors.
39: Pravastatin upregulates eNOS activity in the sFLT-1 mouse model of preeclampsia

istered either intramuscular (IM) or intranasal (IN). Mice were given booster doses of the same formulation and the same route of administration at 4 and 8 weeks. Serial serum and vaginal washings were obtained at weeks 4, 8, 11, 15, and 27 to determine antibody response. C5a specific IgG and IgA antibody responses were determined by colormetric ELISA. Mice were also challenged vaginally with GBS serotypes Ia, III, and V. After 24 hours, vaginal swabs were obtained, grown on blood agar plates, and number of GBS colonies were counted. RESULTS: Of the various formulations and routes of delivery tested, oth PLGA 75:25 30ug and 50:50 30ug IM and IN vaccines elicited a ignificant systemic IgG immune response with highest titers attained f 1:100,000. IgA immune responses were observed, but were inconistent. For the vaginal colonization studies, mice vaccinated with LGA 50:50 30ug and 75:25 30ug via the IM route showed no vaginal olonization with serotypes Ia and III. For GBS serotype V, less proective immunity was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In the murine model, IM and IN administration of LGA 50:50 30ug and 75:25 30ug vaccine formulations rendered a trong systemic immune response and prevented GBS colonization of he vaginal vault by serotypes Ia and III. Differences in protection to olonization by serotype V may be explained by differential C5a pepidase expression.
Assessment of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Eltrombopag and Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Healthy Adult Subjects

Eltrombopag is an orally bioavailable thrombopoietin receptor agonist that is approved for the treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. It is being developed for other medical disorders that are associated with thrombocytopenia. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may suffer from thrombocytopenia as a result of their HIV disease or coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV). HIV medications, particularly ritonavir (RTV)-boosted HIV protease inhibitors, are involved in many drug interactions. This study evaluated the potential drug-drug interaction between eltrombopag and lopinavir (LPV)/RTV. Forty healthy adult subjects enrolled in this open-label, three-period, single-sequence crossover study received a single 100-mg dose of eltrombopag (period 1), LPV/RTV at 400/100 mg twice daily (BID) for 14 days (period 2), and LPV/RTV at 400/100 mg BID (2 doses) with a single 100-mg dose of eltrombopag administered with the morning LPV/RTV dose (period 3). There was a 3-day washout between periods 1 and 2 and no washout between periods 2 and 3. Serial pharmacokinetic samples were collected during 72 h in periods 1 and 3 and during 12 h in period 2. The coadministration of 400/100 mg LPV/RTV BID with a single dose of 100 mg eltrombopag decreased the plasma eltrombopag area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero extrapolated to infinity (AUC(0-∞)) by 17%, on average, with no change in plasma LPV/RTV exposure. Adverse events (AEs) reported in period 2 were consistent with known LPV/RTV AEs, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, rash, and fatigue. No subjects withdrew due to AEs, and no serious AEs were reported. These study results suggest that platelet counts should be monitored and the eltrombopag dose adjusted accordingly if LPV/RTV therapy is initiated or discontinued.
Behavioral, physiological, and morphological components of dominance and mate attraction in male green iguanas

This study investigated the morphological, physiological, and behavioral components of social dominance important for mate attraction in male green iguanas (Iguana iguana). A group of 9 male and 11 female adult green iguanas was studied in a large semi-natural enclosure during one reproductive season (October–January). Four of the nine males never initiated aggressive encounters; the other five were observed to display aggressively toward each other and were ranked in a linear dominance hierarchy. Head size was the most important factor influencing fighting success. Head size and display frequency were positively correlated with plasma testosterone levels. Dominance rank directly influenced ability to monopolize areas containing resources used by females. The quality of a male's home range, measured as his access to a large basking rock in the enclosure, was related to the proportion of potential mates found within his home range. One male greatly surpassed the others in his ability to defend a home range of high quality and attract potential mates. These data suggest that physiological and morphological factors, through their influence on social behavior, may ultimately affect male reproductive fitness. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Medicine Advertising and Seniors' Knowledge of Alzheimer's Disease.

Purpose:This study examined whether seniors’ exposure to direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) medicine contributes to his or her subjective and objective knowledge of AD.Methods:A self-administered survey was conducted with a sample of 626 US seniors who were registered for an online consumer research panel.Results:The study found that (1) exposure to DTCA for AD medicine was positively related to seniors’ subjective knowledge of AD, (2) DTCA exposure had no significant relationship with overall objective knowledge of AD, and (3) DTCA exposure might influence knowledge of specific features of AD.Implications:Although DTCA for AD medicine may induce people to “feel” knowledgeable about AD, it may not result in an equivalent increase in actual knowledge. Therefore, to enhance doctor–patient interactions, both patients and doctors should be aware that although DTCA delivers important and potentially useful health information, it does not necessarily enhance actual knowledge.
Remove dc term and false alarms in fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator by using binary random phase mask

In this paper, we proposed a new architecture, called nonzero-order fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator (FJTC) using a binary random phase mask, for near real time pattern recognition applications. The binary random phase mask encodes the reference image by two equal probability phases before it is introduced in the joint input image. The joint power spectrum is then multiplied by the same phase mask to remove the zero-order term and false alarms that may be generated in the correlation plane due to the presence of multiple identical target or non-target objects in the input scene. The criteria used for measuring the performance of nonzero order fringe-adjusted JTC include correlation peak, intensity, peak-to-correlation energy, peak-to-sidelobe ratio are used in this paper. Detailed analysis for the proposed nonzero-order FJTC using binary random phase mask is presented. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Fault-tolerant quantum computation against biased noise

We formulate a scheme for fault-tolerant quantum computation that works effectively against highly biased noise, where dephasing is far stronger than all other types of noise. In our scheme, the fundamental operations performed by the quantum computer are single-qubit preparations, single-qubit measurements, and conditional-phase (CPHASE) gates, where the noise in the CPHASE gates is biased. We show that the accuracy threshold for quantum computation can be improved by exploiting this noise asymmetry; e.g., if dephasing dominates all other types of noise in the CPHASE gates by four orders of magnitude, we find a rigorous lower bound on the accuracy threshold higher by a factor of 5 than for the case of unbiased noise.
Optimum response of discontinuous feedback control systems

THE CONCEPT of ?optimum? lies at the heart of all sophisticated design work. The intelligent designer always wants to know which design meets a given set of conflicting conditions and constraints in the best possible, or optimum, way. This is especially true in feedback control system engineering, where, in order to describe optimum quantitatively, its meaning is narrowed to include only system performance characteristics. Usually a performance index is chosen, and the optimum system is defined as the system that minimizes (or maximizes) the performance index for the given set of constraints.
Effect of Source and Particle Size of Supplemental Phosphate on Rumen Function of Steers Fed High Concentrate Diets

Abstract We examined effects of source and particle size of supplemental defluorinated rock phosphate, to meet phosphorus requirements, on rumen function of 195-kg Holstein steers fed high concentrate. Two sources and two particle sizes of each source were evaluated in a 5×5 Latin square with 14-day periods. There was no effect of source on ruminal mH [− log (mean (H + )]; however, ruminal mH was higher in animals fed supplements of larger particle size. This effect was also evident when rumen pH versus time curves were integrated below pH 6. Animals fed supplements of larger particle size had less area below pH 6 than those fed supplements of smaller size. Ruminal buffering capacity at pH 7 was affected by diet; however, orthogonal comparisons between treatment means were not significant. Neither source nor particle size of the supplement affected ruminal fluid osmolality, total volatile fatty acid concentration, or fecal starch. Water intake and ruminal fluid outflow were greater as was ruminal dry matter on HyCal supplemented diets; however, there was also a trend toward increasing rumen fluid volume. The net effect was little change of dilution rate of ruminal fluid. This may explain why rumen fermentation was not affected greatly. Conventional phosphate supplements may have potential as rumen buffering agents, but higher levels of feeding should be studied.
Coping Self-Efficacy Mediates the Effects of Negative Cognitions on Posttraumatic Distress

Although cognitive distortions have predicted posttraumatic distress after various types of traumatic events, the mechanisms through which cognitive distortions influence posttraumatic distress remain unclear. We hypothesized that coping self-efficacy, the belief in one's own ability to manage posttraumatic recovery demands, would operate as a mediator between negative cognitions (about self, about the world, and self-blame beliefs) and posttraumatic distress. In the cross-sectional Study 1, data collected among 66 adult female victims of child sexual abuse indicated that coping self-efficacy mediated the effects of negative cognitions about self and about the world on posttraumatic distress. The same pattern of results was found in a longitudinal Study 2, conducted among 70 survivors of motor vehicle accidents. Coping self-efficacy measured at 1 month after the trauma mediated the effects of 7-day negative cognitions about self and about the world on 3-month posttraumatic distress. In both studies self-blame was not related to posttraumatic distress and the effect of self-blame on posttraumatic distress was not mediated by coping self-efficacy. The results provide insight into a mechanism through which negative cognitions may affect posttraumatic distress and highlight the potential importance of interventions aimed at enhancing coping self-efficacy beliefs.
Blood from the Moon: Gender Ideology and the Rise of Ancient Maya Social Complexity

Instead of looking to gender systems and ideologies simply as mechanisms through which males and females negotiate and respond to larger but distinct social changes I will attempt to investigate here through a study of the development of social complexity in the ancient Maya world one possible way in which shifts in gender ideology may have served to initiate and perpetuate larger social changes. In other words we must look beyond the ways in which gender constructions respond to social change by also exploring the ways in which other social structures respond to changes in gender roles and relations. (excerpt)
Health Policy and the Distribution of Lifetime Income

A number of health policies have implications for, and in turn can be influenced by, the distribution of income. However, current discussions define the distribution in current, not lifetime, income. This study describes a method of estimating gender and race differences in the distribution of lifetime incomes that account for mortality differences. When cohort lifetime incomes of living and deceased persons are compared, black men are found to be much worse off, whereas white women are found to be better off than existing estimates using annual income suggest. The mortality and lifetime income advantage of white women, however, is offset if, as some argue, white women have higher morbidity rates than white men of the same age. The authors use the concept of lifetime income to draw implications for health policy debates on cigarette and beer taxes, occupational safety and health, Medicaid versus Medicare spending, educational health promotion programs, and general investments in education.
Desensitization and Internalization of the m2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Are Directed by Independent Mechanisms

The phenomenon of acute desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors has been associated with several events, including receptor phosphorylation, loss of high affinity agonist binding, receptor:G-protein uncoupling, and receptor internalization. However, the biochemical events underlying these processes are not fully understood, and their contributions to the loss of signaling remain correlative. In addition, the nature of the kinases and the receptor domains which are involved in modulation of activity have only begun to be investigated. In order to directly measure the role of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) in the desensitization of the m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (m2 mAChR), a dominant-negative allele of GRK2 was used to inhibit receptor phosphorylation by endogenous GRK activity in a human embryonic kidney cell line. The dominant-negative GRK2K220R reduced agonist-dependent phosphorylation of the m2 mAChR by ~50% and prevented acute desensitization of the receptor as measured by the ability of the m2 mAChR to attenuate adenylyl cyclase activity. In contrast, the agonist-induced internalization of the m2 mAChR was unaffected by the GRK2K220R construct. Further evidence linking receptor phosphorylation to acute receptor desensitization was obtained when two deletions of the third intracellular loop were made which created m2 mAChRs that did not become phosphorylated in an agonist-dependent manner and did not desensitize. However, the mutant mAChRs retained the ability to internalize. These data provide the first direct evidence that GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation is necessary for m2 mAChR desensitization; the likely sites of in vivo phosphorylation are in the central portion of the third intracellular loop (amino acids 282-323). These results also indicate that internalization of the m2 receptor is not a key event in desensitization and is mediated by mechanisms distinct from GRK phosphorylation of the receptor.
Asymptotic normality of H-L estimators based on dependent data

LetX 1,X 2, ... be a strictly stationary φ-mixing sequence of r.v.'s with a common continuous cdfF. Let θ be a location parameter ofF. We prove the asymptotic normality of a class of Hodges-Lehmann estimators of θ under various regularity conditions on the mixing number φ and the underlyingF. We also establish the asymptotic linearity of signed rank statistics in the parameter θ.
Collagen Type III Glomerulopathies

The 2 rare disorders characterized by the pathological accumulation of collagen type III in glomeruli are discussed. These are collagenofibrotic glomerulopathy, also known as collagen type III glomerulopathy, and the nail-patella syndrome. Although there are similarities in abnormal morphology, with type III collagen in mesangium and/or capillary walls, there is no genetic or pathogenic link to them. Collagenofibrotic glomerulopathy presents either in childhood, often with a family history suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance, or in adults as a sporadic occurrence. Proteinuria is the typical manifestation, with progression to ESRD in approximately 10 years. Although there is markedly elevated serum precursor collagen type III protein in the circulation, the usual manner of diagnosis is with kidney biopsy, which discloses type III collagen in subendothelial aspects of capillary walls and often in the mesangial matrix. Glomerular involvement in the nail-patella syndrome invariably presents in a patient with an established diagnosis of this multisystem disorder with orthopedic and cutaneous manifestations. It is owing to mutations in the gene LMX1B. Although the lesion may be asymptomatic, it is usually manifested by proteinuria. Structural lesions are of collagen type III within glomerular basement membranes, different in distribution to collagenofibrotic glomerulopathy. The clinical course is variable.
The fundamental principles of fluorescence

Fluorescence is a property of many substances. It consists of an emission of light under excitation by radiation whose wave length falls within a critical absorption band. When the emission persists for an appreciable period after the existing radiation has been extinguished, it is known as phosphorescence. The fundamental principles of fluorescence are described in detail.
Land, Life, and Environmental Change in Mountains

One of the greatest challenges facing mountain scholars is to separate environmental change caused by human activities from change that would have occurred without human interference. Linking cause and effect is especially difficult in mountain regions where physical processes can operate at ferocious rates and ecosystems are sensitive to rapid degradation by climate change and resource development. In addition, highland inhabitants are more vulnerable to natural hazards and political-economic marginalization than populations elsewhere. This address focuses on the Nanga Parbat massif in the Himalaya Range of Pakistan, Garhwal Himalaya of northwest India, and Manaslu-Ganesh Himals of central Nepal. I have highlighted three special insights that geographers offer to increase understanding of human impacts on the stability of mountain landscapes. First, the mixed methods and theories we employ—quantitative and qualitative, postpositivist science and social theory, muddy-boots fieldwork linked with GIScience—together position geographers to resolve the debate over human-triggered changes in the physical landscape in mountains and explain the frequent disconnect between mountain science, policymaking, and resource management. Second, academic scholars and policymakers have come to realize that most problems require training, experience, and expertise in understanding physical and human systems. Third, modern techniques of measuring rates of geomorphic change help place the human factor in perspective and explain spatial variability of natural hazards. Forecasting environmental change remains elusive in “the perfect
The question of pentaphenylethyl: An AM1 study

Semi-empirical AM1 theoretical calculations were carried out on the pentaphenylethyl and 9-trityfluorenyl free radicals, related radicals and their precursor hydrocarbons. Previous reports of the preparation of the former radical have been questioned, although the existence of the second is on secure ground. Based on simple energy considerations, it is concluded that pentaphenylethyl should be as readily prepared. However, the acidity of the precursor hydrocarbon is considerably less than that of 9-tritylfluorene, and possible radical decomposition via dissociation to triphenylmethyl and diphenylcarbene is calculated to be more facile than the corresponding decomposition of 9-tritylfluorenyl. A previous postulation of a rapid phenyl equilibration of the pentaphenylethyl radical is shown to be untenable.
Some Anthropological Observations on Capital Punishment in the USA

Two recent highly publicized executions prompt reexamination of the bases for widespread support for capital punishment in the USA. A brief review of the history of executions in the U.S. shows a general increase following a de facto moratorium on capital punishment during 1967–77. Among developed democracies, only the USA and Japan have retained the practice of the death penalty, and far fewer people are executed in Japan than in the USA. Likewise, the USA stands out among other developed countries for its high murder rate and other peculiar social ills. It can be argued that the death penalty not only serves to gratify a need for retribution and for reassurance that the system of social order is maintained but also functions as imitative magic in attempting to rid US society of its social problems and cultural incongruities. Magical belief in the deterrence value of the death penalty is illustrated with native testimony.
The potential of the Puna Submarine Canyon for slurry disposal of manganese nodule tailings

The Puna Submarine Canyon, the world's deepest, lies off Hawaii, a proposed location for a manganese nodule processing industry. Steep slopes, low bottom currents, little sediment, sparse bottom life, and water column stability make the canyon head a promising site for a nearshore tailings outfall pipe.
Self-assembling supermolecules and supramolecular arrays based on metal coordination

A number of really clever approaches to self-assembling supermolecules and supramolecular arrays incorporating metal centers coordinated by organic ligands have been developed during the past two years. These novel procedures rely on supramolecular assistance provided by the stereoelectronic information imprinted in the building blocks—in other words metal centers and ligands. This assistance guides the self-assembly of the building blocks into the final supramolecular product(s) in a manner reminiscent of that observed in numerous biological systems. Thus, complex and well-defined supermolecules and supramolecular arrays can now be synthesized efficiently in only one step without having to rely on tedious protection/deprotection protocols and on often low-yielding multistep synthetic routes.
Aligning Curves Under Projective Transform and its Application to Image Registration

A method to accurately align plane curves related by projective transform is described in this paper. Superior accuracy and efficiency are achieved by the use of super-curve and B-spline fusion. A super-curve is formed by superimposing two transform related and aligned curves upon each other. The B-spline fusion technique uses a single B-spline to approximate the super-curve and to align the two curves at the same time. The eight-parameter projective transform is decomposed into a simple two-parameter projective transform and an affine transform, for which a linear solution can be found. Therefore the search in the traditional eight dimensional space is reduced to a two dimensional search. The major contribution of the paper lies in the novel use of a single B-spline to represent two curves, whereas in previous approaches each curve is represented with a separate B-spline. This use of a single B-spline gives higher resolution from the two point sets instead of one. So the final result is more robustness to sampling noise. It also provides a simple and integrated framework in solving the curve matching and the transform recovery problems simultaneously.
An application of sum composition: A self orthogonal latin square of order ten☆

Abstract A latin square is said to be self orthogonal if it is orthogonal to its own transpose. In this note we utilize the sum composition technique, developed by Hedayat and Seiden, to produce a self orthogonal latin square of order ten, the smallest unsettled order in the published literature.
Scalar implicatures in a signed language

This paper tests the calculation of scalar implicatures in American Sign Language (ASL) in one of the first experimental pragmatic studies in the manual/visual modality. Both native signers of ASL and native speakers of English participated in an automated Felicity Judgment Task to compare implicatures based on two traditional scales as well as “ad hoc” scales in their respective languages. Results show that native signers of ASL calculate scalar implicatures based on a prototypical scale in ASL in the same pattern as native speakers of English, within the same experimental paradigm. There are similarly high rates of exact interpretations of numbers in ASL as in English, despite the iconicity of the numerals in ASL. Finally, an ad hoc scale was tested showing fewer implicatures in English than on the conventionalized scales. In ASL, there was a trend toward increased implicatures on the ad hoc scale which made use of the unique ability of ASL to convey spatial information using the classifier system. Taken together, these results show that conventionalized scales in ASL have the same semantic/pragmatic scalar properties as in spoken languages, although in non-conventionalized scales the inclusion of additional information such as spatial location may affect pragmatic interpretation.
Direct and compound nucleus effects in nuclear photodisintegration

Abstract A modified form of H. Feshbach's unified theory of nuclear reactions is used to construct the correct final state for the calculations of photodisintegration. The reaction theory used satisfies the requirements of the Pauli Principle. Further, a correlation is made between resonance phenomena and shell model states whose energies are determined to lie in the continuum of the complete nuclear Hamiltonian. Our calculated cross-sections include, in addition to the usual Breit-Wigner expression, another contribution which may be termed “direct.” It is important to note that the direct contribution to the cross section exhibits resonant behavior simultaneously with the Breit-Wigner expression.