cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intratumoral DNA content variability. A study of non-small cell lung cancer.

Twenty-eight resected primary non-small cell lung carcinomas were studied for intratumoral DNA variability by flow cytometry (FCM). Three separate tissue specimens from each resected tumor were divided equally for FCM analysis and histologic evaluation. FCM analysis also was performed on fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) from the center of the resected tumor. Histologically, there were 8 squamous carcinomas, 19 adenocarcinomas, and 1 large cell carcinoma. Twenty-three tumors (82%) were aneuploid, and 5 (18%) were diploid. The DNA index in aneuploid neoplasms ranged from 0.91 to 3.30 (mean, 1.64). All 5 diploid and 19 (83%) of the (23) aneuploid neoplasms manifested intratumoral DNA stability. Four (17%) of the aneuploid tumors showed regional DNA heterogeneity expressed as additional stemlines in at least one sample. The FN A yield was sufficient in 21 cases and inadequate for complete analysis in 7 cases. In general, good correlation between FNA and tissue analysis was obtained. However, in three of the aneuploid neoplasms, FNA materials did not reveal an additional nondominant stemline, as noted in the tissue specimens. The authors attribute this finding to a dilutional factor in the aspiration material. The authors conclude that most non-small cell lung carcinomas express DNA stability; FNA provides adequate cellular material for FCM in most cases.
The Roots of (Scalar) Implicature

A year after unveiling the notion of ‘implicature’ in his William James lectures at Harvard, Paul Grice published one of these lectures, a study of the relation of word meaning to utterer’s meaning within his overall framework for speaker meaning: The wider programme...arises out of a distinction I wish to make within the lolal signification of a remark, a distinction between what the speaker has said (in a certain favored and maybe in some degree artificial, sense of ‘said’), and what he has ‘implicated’ (e.g., implied, indicated, suggested, etc.), taking into account the fact that what he has implicated may be either conventionally implicated (implicated by virtue of the meaning of some word or phrase which he has used) or non-conventionally implicated (in which case the specification of implicature falls outside the specification of the conventional meaning of the words used). (Grice 1968: 225; cf. also Grice 1989: 118)
Functionals for Exchange and Correlation II

Functional functionals Summary Density functional theory is the most widely used method today for electronic structure calculations because of the success of practical, approximate functionals. The crucial quantity in the Kohn–Sham approach is the exchange–correlation energy which is expressed as a functional of the density E xc [ n ]. This chapter is devoted to relevant approximate functionals, in particular, the local density approximation (LDA) and examples of generalized-gradient approximations (GGAs). Explicit formulas for certain widely used functionals are given in App. B. Non-local formulations are an active area of research leading to new classes of functionals, in particular, orbital-dependent functionals including the “optimized effective potential” (OEP) method and “hybrid functionals.” Important features are illustrated by a few selected results on atoms and molecules. As emphasized in the previous chapter, the genius of the Kohn–Sham approach is two-fold: first, the construction of an auxiliary system leads to tractable independent-particle equations that hold the hope of solving interacting many-body problems. The famous Kohn–Sham equations are given in (7.11)–(7.13). Second, and perhaps more important, by explicitly separating out the independent-particle kinetic energy and the long-range Hartree terms, the remaining exchange–correlation functional E xc [ n ] can be reasonably approximated as a local or nearly local functional of the density. Even though the exact functional E xc [ n ] must be very complex, great progress has been made with remarkably simple approximations. This chapter is devoted to those approximations.
The future of PrEP among transgender women: the critical role of gender affirmation in research and clinical practices.

Introduction : Globally, transgender (“trans”) women are one of the key populations most disproportionately impacted by HIV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is the newest and most promising biomedical HIV prevention intervention to date. This paper reviews relevant literature to describe the current state of the science and describes the potential role of PrEP among trans women, including a discussion of unique considerations for maximizing the impact of PrEP for this vulnerable population. Methods : Available information, including but not limited to existing scientific literature, about trans women and PrEP was reviewed and critiqued based on author expertise, including PrEP clinical trials and rollout. Results : To date, PrEP demonstration projects and clinical trials have largely excluded trans women, or have not included them in a meaningful way. Data collection strategies that fail to identify trans women in clinical trials and research further limit the ability to draw conclusions about trans women’s unique needs and devise strategies to meet them. Gender-affirming providers and clinic environments are essential components of any sexual health programme that aims to serve trans women, as they will largely avoid settings that may result in stigmatizing encounters and threats to their identities. While there is currently no evidence to suggest drug-drug interactions between PrEP and commonly used feminizing hormone regimens, community concerns about potential interactions may limit interest in and uptake of PrEP among trans women. Conclusions : In scaling up PrEP for trans women, it is essential to engage trans communities, utilize trans-inclusive research and marketing strategies and identify and/or train healthcare providers to provide gender-affirming healthcare to trans women, including transition-related care such as hormone provision. PrEP implementation guidelines must consider and address trans women’s unique barriers and facilitators to uptake and adherence. Keywords: transgender women; PrEP; HIV prevention. (Published: 18 October 2016) Citation: Sevelius JM et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2016, 19(Suppl 6) :21105 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/21105 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.19.7.21105
“Long-hissler” fine structure within auroral hiss: A review and synthesis

Abstract One of the most prominent fine-structures of auroral hiss is the “long-hissler”, defined here as a dispersed feature embedded within broadband auroral hiss emissions in the frequency range 1–40 kHz and lasting longer than 0.3 s. While theory is limited, there is evidence that hisslers can be used in remote sensing of density characteristics at altitudes of thousands of km. By applying an automatic threshold algorithm to VLF data collected at South Pole 2230–0130 UT daily during June–August 2014, 22 h of auroral hiss are identified on 49 of 93 days analyzed, for an occurrence rate of 9.7% during the applicable MLT interval. From manual inspection of these intervals, 414 groups (trains) of long hisslers are identified on 34 of the 49 days on which hiss occurred. Median lower (upper) frequency bounds of these features are 8 (22) kHz, median frequency–time slope is −10 kHz/s, and median hissler repetition time within a train (hissler period) is 1.2 s. Hissler period and frequency–time slope are inversely related. Data from previous studies are reviewed to provide a comprehensive description of the phenomenon. Contrary to some previous studies, subsequent long hissler features are found to commonly overlap in time, and no evidence is found for an inverse relationship between hissler train duration and geomagnetic activity.
Factors Determining the Onset of Puberty

Puberty represents a stage in a mammal’s life span during which dramatic behavioral and physiological changes occur. Although significant progress has been made describing the complex cascade of events that characterize puberty, nonetheless, the factors that initiate and maintain the process and thus set the timing of the maturational process (Tanner, 1962) are poorly understood. The purpose of this chapter is to examine those variables that influence the timing of puberty. The “timing of puberty” refers not only to the age at which somatic and neuroendocrinological changes in the reproductive system are initiated but also to the rate at which these are completed. The analysis focuses on female primates, but attention is given to data from nonprimate mammals that help elucidate possible mechanisms controlling puberty onset and the ontogeny of reproductive changes leading to sexual maturity. This chapter thus does not describe the status of our current understanding of mammalian puberty, as this has been done quite thoroughly in several recent comprehensive reviews (Reiter & Grumbach, 1982; Foster, 1988; Plant, 1988a, 1988b; Ojeda & Urbanski, 1988), but rather attempts to define the mechanisms that initiate sexual maturation and attainment of adult reproductive functioning in female primates.
Lowering the Marginal Corporate Tax Rate: Why the Debate?

In an effort to attract new investors and retain existing producers, governments use corporate tax rates as a policy tool for industrial recruitment, resulting in inter-state tax competition. Foreign direct investment (FDI) growth and GDP growth are the two policy outcomes gauged in inter-state tax competition. The assumption is that lower corporate taxes lead to increases in FDI, which results in capital formation that generates GDP growth. This 60-nation panel study tests that assumption through examining economic indicators contingent on taxation, such as FDI and mergers and acquisitions among multinational corporations between 1999 and 2009. The results suggest that reduced corporate tax rates can increase FDI but decrease annual GDP growth. The main policy implication is that tax competition may attract investment, but may not promote overall economic growth, offering support for value-extraction theories.
An Entrustable Professional Activity (EPA)-Based Framework to Prepare Fourth-Year Medical Students for Internal Medicine Careers

The purpose of the fourth year of medical school remains controversial. Competing demands during this transitional phase cause confusion for students and educators. In 2014, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) released 13 Core Entrustable Professional Activities for Entering Residency (CEPAERs). A committee comprising members of the Clerkship Directors in Internal Medicine and the Association of Program Directors in Internal Medicine applied these principles to preparing students for internal medicine residencies. The authors propose a curricular framework based on five CEPAERs that were felt to be most relevant to residency preparation, informed by prior stakeholder surveys. The critical areas outlined include entering orders, forming and answering clinical questions, conducting patient care handovers, collaborating interprofessionally, and recognizing patients requiring urgent care and initiating that care. For each CEPAER, the authors offer suggestions about instruction and assessment of competency. The fourth year of medical school can be rewarding for students, while adequately preparing them to begin residency, by addressing important elements defined in the core entrustable activities. Thus prepared, new residents can function safely and competently in supervised postgraduate settings.
Quantitative analysis of a III-V tapered horn-shaped metal-clad nano-cavity as an on-chip light source

A horn-shaped metal-clad InGaAsP nano-cavity with sloped sidewalls is proposed as a platform for nanoscale light sources. The nano-cavity’s physical dimensions are 350 × 350 × 350 nm^3, and its mode volume is 0.5 (λ_0/n)^3. In our numerical simulations and quantitative analysis, we have shown that the sloped sidewalls reduce metallic absorption and improve resonant mode confinement; and adjusting their slope from 0 to 16° increased the Q factor from 150 to 900 and laser modulation 3dB bandwidth from 4.3 to 36 GHz. The lasing threshold current was expected to be 35 μA at 16°. In a simulated feasibility study, we demonstrate 60 Gbps modulated laser signal (5 fJ/bit), producing 20 μW output power at the 1.5 μm wavelength with injection current 100 μA, as an implementation of horn-shaped nano-cavity platform to the low power and ultra-fast on-chip nano-laser.
The Religious Rhetoric of Anti-Trump Evangelicals in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election

This essay examines three arguments made by anti-Trump evangelical Christians in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. By explicating the arguments from character, policy, and evangelical witness, I show how this group of minority rhetors – a minority both within American evangelicalism and within the American electorate at large – used their minority status to project a prophetic warning against the Trump candidacy and in so doing developed a rhetoric that was politically potent while remaining faithful to evangelical theology and history. Paradoxically, it was by losing the election that these anti-Trump rhetors won the opportunity to articulate clearly and forcefully an evangelical political rhetoric and an implicit policy agenda.
Developing Trauma-Informed Care Champions: A Six-Month Learning Collaborative Training Model

This paper describes a six-month learning collaborative for service providers seeking to implement trauma-informed care (TIC) into their agencies. Although the professional literature on trauma-informed care has grown substantially over the past 10 years, little research has focused on how to effectively train agencies in creating a trauma-informed culture shift. Participants were trained as “TIC champions” to help facilitate the creation of trauma-informed approaches in their agencies. Through a parallel process, they learned the skills for planning and implementing a trauma-informed approach in their agency. At the completion of the training, trainers observed champions becoming more confident in their ability to assist their agencies in creating a trauma-informed culture shift. Though quantitative studies evaluating the learning collaborative are needed, initial findings suggest the collaborative approach is an effective means of guiding champions through the process of becoming trauma-informed.
Gerson, K. (1993). No man's land: Men's changing commitments to family and work

(1995). Gerson, K. (1993). No man's land: Men's changing commitments to family and work. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 121-123.
Facilitation and Unblocking: A Quantitative Model

The purpose of this project is to develop a realistic computational model of facilitation and unblocking at the neuromuscular junction. The approach taken is the following. Having acknowledged a “threshold” effect at the EPP level, the notion of threshold is adopted from the onset and the basic model is developed in terms of it, without explicit reference to the mechanism underlying it. In a second step, the threshold at the EPP level is itself modeled using what is known at the neurophysiological level. Both goals have been met. The model has been mapped out to two software versions designed and implemented in the language and using the GENESIS simulator. The results are consistent with the experimental observations and further experiments have been suggested to test the finer aspects of the model. Future work includes the full development of fine quantitative aspects, as well as the performance of the suggested experiments and comparisons with the current model in view of its refinement.
Non-heme iron dioxygenases structure and mechanism

Recent progress in understanding the structure and mechanism of nonheme iron dioxygenases is discussed; three classes of dioxygenases are reviewed — the intradiol cleaving catechol dioxygenases, the α-ketoglutarate dioxygenases, and lipoxygenase. In all three classes of enzymes, iron is essential for the catalysis of dioxygen fixation reactions, though the mechanisms by which these reactions are realized appear to be quite distinct from each other. Such mechanistic insights arise from spectroscopic and kinetic studies on the enzymes together with investigations on organic-inorganic systems which mimic the enzym-catalyzed reactions.
The Operant-Respondent Distinction Revisited: Toward An Understanding Of Stimulus Equivalence

The distinction between operant and respondent behavior classes has received considerable attention throughout the history of behavior analysis. Some have contended that because operant and respondent processes share a number of similarities, the distinction should be dropped. Others, for lack of a better theoretical alternative, have supported the continued distinction. It is suggested that the failure of behavior analysts to recognize the ever-present role of respondent relations in operant conditioning experiments may be impeding the formulation of an effective explanation for stimulus equivalence, which has been investigated primarily as an operant phenomenon. Conceptual issues historically relevant to the operant-respondent distinction are discussed, and equivalence researchers are urged to consider the involvement of both classes of behavior in their analyses.
UHF Array Element using a Reflection Coefficient Modulator

A 432 MHz array element is described using a compact 4 element Y agl, quarter wavelength transmission line, and diode reflection coefficient modulator. Measurements in the anechoic chamber show an array element gain of 10.5 dBi. PN junction, Schottky barrier, and PIN diodes are compared using a common −3.8 dBm 700 Hz sine wave modulation source. The low-barrier microwave Schottky diodes are only 1.4 dB better than common 1N4152 PN diodes at 432 MHz. E and H pattern and gain measurements using the Yagi as a modulated scatterer element are compared with E and H far-field simulations. As expected, ain is higher as a transponder element than the 9.1 dBi Yagi gain predicted in far-field pattern simulations. This element will be used in modulated scatterer signal processing ar-ravs.
Multitribe evolutionary search for stable Cu-Pd-Ag nanoparticles using neural network models.

We present an approach based on two bio-inspired algorithms to accelerate the identification of nanoparticle ground states. We show that a symbiotic co-evolution of nanoclusters across a range of sizes improves the search efficiency considerably, while a neural network constructed with a recently introduced stratified training scheme delivers an accurate description of interactions in multielement systems. The method's performance has been examined in extensive searches for stable elemental (30–80 atoms), binary (50, 55, and 80 atoms), and ternary (50, 55, and 80 atoms) Cu–Pd–Ag clusters. The best candidate structures identified with the neural network model have consistently lower energy at the density functional theory level compared with those found with traditional interatomic potentials.
Genres of Witnessing: Narrative, Violence, Generations

Anthropology has troubled longstanding assumptions about experiences of catastrophic violence, by revealing the limits of trauma theory’s insistence on the cathartic value of public expressions of ...
Anterior osteotomy for rigid cervical deformity correction

Rigid deformities of the cervical spine can be associated with significant pain, disability, and impaired quality of life. Historical treatments generally utilized posterior approaches including the opening wedge osteotomy and pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO). Translation can occur during osteoclasis of the opening wedge osteotomy, making it inherently less stable than a PSO. The PSO is limited to lower cervical or upper thoracic levels due to the vertebral artery and sensitivity of cervical nerve roots to compression during osteotomy closure. The anterior osteotomy, defined as an osteotomy through the cervical disc space and uncovertebral joints back to the level of the transverse foramen bilaterally, is a powerful correction technique that can be applied throughout the cervical spine. It can also be used to correct deformities in the coronal plane. This review will summarize the technical nuances of the anterior osteotomy including patient selection, preoperative planning, and surgical technique.
Physician Anxiety and Burnout: Symptom Correlates and a Prospective Pilot Study of App-Delivered Mindfulness Training.

Background: Physician burnout is on the rise, yet little is known about its relationship to anxiety. Mindfulness-based stress reduction has demonstrated decreases in anxiety, yet physicians have reported reluctance to engage in it due to significant time commitments. Objective: The aims of this study are to assess whether app-based mindfulness training can reduce anxiety in physicians and to explore if anxiety and burnout are correlated, thus leading to a reduction in both anxiety and burnout. Methods: This was a nonrandomized pilot study comprised of 34 physicians who worked in a large US health care network and reported having anxiety. The intervention was an app-based mindfulness program. The main outcome measure was anxiety, measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). The secondary outcome measures assessed burnout: cynicism and emotional exhaustion items from the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results: GAD-7 scores decreased significantly at posttreatment (1 month after treatment initiation, 48% reduction, P<.001) and at the 3-month follow-up (57% reduction, P<.001). There was a significant correlation between anxiety and burnout (cynicism: r=.43; P=.01; emotional exhaustion: r=.71; P<.001). There was also a significant decrease in cynicism (50% reduction, P=.003 at posttreatment; 50% reduction, P=.009 at follow-up) and emotional exhaustion at both time points (20% reduction, P<.001 at posttreatment; 20% reduction, P=.003 at follow-up). Conclusions: This pilot study is the first to test an app-based mindfulness training program targeted at reducing anxiety with physicians and to demonstrate that in physicians, anxiety is correlated with burnout. These findings suggest that this may be an effective tool to reduce anxiety and burnout in physicians. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04137081; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04137081
Depletion of macrophages slows the early progression of renal injury in obese Dahl salt-sensitive leptin receptor mutant rats

Recently, we reported that obese Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) leptin receptor mutant (SSLepRmutant) rats display progressive renal injury. The present study demonstrated that the early development of r...
Influence of apolipoprotein-E genotype on brain amyloid load and longitudinal trajectories.

To characterize the influence of apolipoprotein-E (APOE) genotype on cerebral Aβ load and longitudinal Aβ trajectories, [11C]Pittsburgh compound-B (PiB) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was used to assess amyloid load in a clinically heterogeneous cohort of 428 elderly participants with known APOE genotype. Serial [11C]PiB data and a repeated measures model were used to model amyloid trajectories in a subset of 235 participants classified on the basis of APOE genotype. We found that APOE-e4 was associated with increased Aβ burden and an earlier age of onset of Aβ positivity, whereas APOE-e2 appeared to have modest protective effects against Aβ. APOE class did not predict rates of Aβ accumulation. The present study suggests that APOE modifies Alzheimer's disease risk through a direct influence on amyloidogenic processes, which manifests as an earlier age of onset of Aβ positivity, although it is likely that other genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors are important.
An Ecological Systems Approach to Exploring Facilitators and Barriers to Success for Minority Students Enrolled in a Doctor of Physical Therapy Program

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore racial and ethnic minority (REM) Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students' and graduates’ definition of success and their perceived facilitators and barriers to success. Method This study utilized a mixed methods explanatory sequential design, including quantitative methods to analyze pre-existing performance data from four cohorts of DPT students who graduated from one program between 2014 and 2018. The primary researcher conducted focus group interviews with REM students and graduates to explore perceptions of facilitators and barriers to their success while enrolled in a DPT program in a predominantly White institution. Results Over a four-year period, most students were successful in degree attainment; however, race was associated with increased incidences of academic difficulty (p = 0.03) and increased time to degree attainment (p = 0.03). Four percent of REM students withdrew from the program compared with less than one percent of White students. REM students and graduates perceived facilitators to success included authentic interactions with faculty and minority peers. Barriers to success included language, cultural and social isolation, as well as discrimination, and a lack of representation of minorities both in the academic institution and clinical facilities. Conclusion Despite barriers to success, REM students prioritized increasing access to care for communities of color by providing bilingual patient care, highlighting REM DPT students as assets to the health care workforce. However, findings confirm inequitable outcomes for REM students and offers insight into the experience of REM DPT students in a predominantly White institution. A shortage of minority role models, highlights the need for minority core and clinical faculty.
Non-Stationary Queues with Batch Arrivals

Motivated by applications that involve setting proper staffing levels for multi-server queueing systems with batch arrivals, we present a thorough study of the queue-length process $\{Q(t); t \geq 0\}$, departure process $\{D(t); t \geq 0\}$, and the workload process $\{W(t); t \geq 0\}$ associated with the M$_{t}^{B_{t}}$/G$_{t}$/$\infty$ queueing system, where arrivals occur in batches, with the batch size distribution varying with time. Notably, we first show that both $Q(t)$ and $D(t)$ are equal in distribution to an infinite sum of independent, scaled Poisson random variables. When the batch size distribution has finite support, this sum becomes finite as well. We then derive the finite-dimensional distributions of both the queue-length process and the departure process, and we use these results to show that these finite-dimensional distributions converge weakly under a certain scaling regime, where the finite-dimensional distributions of the queue-length process converge weakly to a shot-noise process driven by a non-homogeneous Poisson process. Next, we derive an expression for the joint Laplace-Stieltjes transform of $W(t)$, $Q(t)$, and $D(t)$, and we show that these three random variables, under the same scaling regime, converge weakly, where the limit associated with the workload process corresponds to another Poisson-driven shot-noise process.
Impact of crosslink heterogeneity on extracellular matrix mechanics and remodeling.

Mechanical interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) lead to the formation of biophysical cues, notably in the form of cell-generated tension, stiffness, and concentration profiles in the ECM. Fibrillar ECMs have nonlinear stiffnesses, linked to the reorientation of fibers under stress and strain, and nonelastic properties, resulting from the force-induced unbinding of transient bonds (crosslinks) that interconnect fibers. Mechanical forces generated by cells can lead to local ECM stiffening and densification. Cell tension is also propagated through the ECM network. The underlying factors that regulate the relative emergence of these signals are not well understood. Here, through computational simulations of 3D ECM fiber networks, we show that the composition of ECM crosslinks is a key determinant of the degree of densification and stiffening that can be achieved by cell-generated forces. This also regulates the sustainability of tensions propagated through the ECM. In particular, highly transient force-sensitive crosslinks promote nonelastic densification and rapid tension relaxation, whereas permanent crosslinks promote nonlinear stiffening and stable tension profiles. A heterogeneous population of crosslinks with different unbinding kinetics enables ECMs to exhibit accumulation, tension propagation, and stiffening simultaneously in response to mechanical interactions with cells.
Engineering Ethics Education for Social Justice

This Work-in-Progress Innovative Practice paper describes incorporation of social justice into engineering ethics education. Current teaching of engineering ethics pays inadequate attention to social justice, mirroring engineering education in general. While many authors have called for a reconsideration of the fundamental canons of engineering ethics, there has been relatively less work on teaching and developing ethics from viewpoints that highlight social justice. We have recently begun a project to address this gap, focusing on curriculum design and collecting preliminary data to demonstrate the efficacy of our approach. In this paper we describe the theoretical foundations for the class, the design principles, and the research approach to determine its effectiveness
Just How Competitive is 'Competitive'? Describing the Relationship between Electoral Competition and the Quality of Campaign Information Environments

This analysis examines the relationship between electoral competitiveness and various measures of campaign information quality in House, Senate and state-level presidential contests. The quality measures include diversity, tone, equality, issue content, and the amount of dialogue occurring during the campaign. Although this relationship is typically assumed to be linear, this study finds that it very rarely is. Based on these relationships, I develop hypotheses about the relationship between electoral competitiveness and voter knowledge in campaigns and then use individual-level data to test them.
Blocking the prevalence of adenoviral conjunctivitis in premature infants by combined disinfection method.

This study aimed to determine the cause behind the outbreak of nosocomial adenoviral conjunctivitis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and the impact of infection control measures. The objectives of the present study include investigation of the hospital-borne infection associated with adenoviral conjunctivitis, analysis of the possible risk factors, setting bundle infection control measures, which were adjusted according to the control effect. The present study also aims to observe the effect of different intervention measures on controlling adenoviral conjunctivitis. During the first and second intervention periods, overall 635 and 597 NICU patients were enrolled, respectively. Ophthalmoscopy was conducted among 188 (in the first intervention) and 184 (in the second intervention) patients (P>0.05). The times of ophthalmoscopy the patients received were 417 and 457 (P<0.001). During the first intervention, 13 patients suffered from adenoviral conjunctivitis, while no patients with adenoviral conjunctivitis were found during the second intervention (P<0.001). All adenoviral conjunctivitis cases were reported 6-27 days (mean 12 days) after ophthalmoscopy. The hydrogen peroxide disinfection bundle measures can effectively restrict the prevalence of adenoviral conjunctivitis associated with ophthalmoscopy in premature infants.
Fatal Hymenolepis nana cestodiasis in a ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta).

The cestode Hymenolepis nana is a common parasite of humans and mice. Fecal shedding in the absence of clinical disease has previously been reported in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). This report...
Human Atrial Cardiac Microtissues for Chamber-Specific Arrhythmic Risk Assessment

Although atrial fibrillation is the most prevalent disorder of electrical conduction, the mechanisms behind atrial arrhythmias remain elusive. To address this challenge, we developed a robust in vitro model of 3D atrial microtissue from human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes and evaluated chamber-specific chemical responses experimentally and computationally. We differentiated atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes (aCMs/vCMs) from GCaMP6f-expressing hiPSCs and assessed spontaneous AP activity using fluorescence imaging. Self-assembling 3D microtissues were formed with lactate purified CMs and 5% human cardiac fibroblasts and electrically stimulated for one week before high resolution action potential (AP) optical mapping. AP responses to the atrial-specific potassium repolarizing current IKur-blocker 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) and funny current If-blocker Ivabradine were characterized within their therapeutic window. Finally, we expanded upon a published hiPSC-CM computational model by incorporating the atrial-specific IKur current, modifying ion channel conductances to match the AP waveforms of our microtissues, and employing the updated model to reinforce our experimental findings. High purity CMs (> 75% cTnT+) demonstrated subtype specification by MLC2v expression. Spontaneous beating rates significantly decreased following 3D microtissue formation, with atrial microtissues characterized by their faster spontaneous beating rate, slower AP rise time, and shorter AP duration (APD) compared to ventricular microtissues. We measured atrial-specific responses, including dose-dependent APD prolongation with 4-AP treatment and dose-dependent reduction in spontaneous activity post-Ivabradine treatment. The presented in vitro platform for screening atrial-specific responses is both robust and sensitive, with high throughput, enabling studies focused at elucidating the mechanisms underlying atrial arrhythmias.
A Bag for All Systems: Historicizing Shopping Bags in Eastern European Consumer Culture, 1980–2000:

Amidst widespread shortages in the 1980s, consumers in late communist-era Eastern Europe strategically carried shopping bags with them everywhere in case an opportunity to pick up scarce goods aros...
Alternative Strategies and Software

Space limitations prohibit a comprehensive discussion of the many statistical methods that are related to the techniques covered in previous chapters. However, a brief description of some of these alternative methods, as well as comments about them, should be made. One general issue is the role of so-called ranked-based or nonparametric methods for comparing groups and performing regression. Such methods are commonly recommended for dealing with nonnormality, so it is important to compare and contrast them with methods based on robust measures of location. Permutation tests are yet another method sometimes recommended for dealing with nonnormality as are empirical likelihood methods. Another important issue is extending methods for comparing groups to more complicated experimental designs. Finally, some comments about software should be made.
Exclusion is Forever: How Keeping Rights to Strike, Picket, and Other Labour Speech, Separate from Constitutional Rights, has Proven a Bad Deal for American Labour Unions and Constitutional Law

For everyone but labor unions, constitutional protection of symbolic speech, speech accompanied by mass physical action like picketing, boycotts, and even potentially threatening speech, has expanded significantly in recent decades. The First Amendment protects flag burning, cross burning, picket lines that block abortion clinics, St. Patrick’s Day parades, and nude dancing. The anomalous treatment of the identical conduct by labor unions (apart from the nude dancing) is increasingly difficult to explain. With hindsight, the American exclusion of labor speech and action from the basic constitutional framework, on the supposed grounds that it is and must be regulated through a comprehensive administrative scheme, has been bad for labor, bad for labor speech, and bad for the Constitution (for these unexplained disparate outcomes are used to delegitimize constitutional law).
The effects of high energy radiation on the vestibular and immune function in rats (693.22)

The objective of the project is to study radiation effects on the vestibular and immune systems in rats. It is proposed that high energy radiation will compromise vestibular/balance system and immu...
Exploring the behavioral aspects of adopting technology: Meeting planners' use of social network media and the impact of perceived critical mass

Purpose – The purpose of this study is three fold: to provide a preliminary exploration of meeting planners' use and perceived usefulness of the different types of social media; to examine why meeting planners use social media and; to investigate the perception of adopting the social media, especially as perceived critical mass impacts the adoption of social networking media.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from the members of a professional association for meeting professionals in the Southwest US using an online self‐administered questionnaire. A total of 510 members received an invitation to take the survey and 120 responses were received, representing a 23.5 percent response rate. Descriptive analysis, discriminant validity, reliability and path analysis were used to estimate the relationships between the five constructs: perceived critical mass, usefulness, ease of use, attitudes and intention to use social network media in the future.Findings – The most commonly preferred social net...
Follicular Lymphoma Intratumoral CD4+CD25+GITR+ Regulatory T Cells Potently Suppress CD3/CD28-Costimulated Autologous and Allogeneic CD8+CD25− and CD4+CD25− T Cells

Regulatory T cells (T(R)) play a critical role in the inhibition of self-reactive immune responses and as such have been implicated in the suppression of tumor-reactive effector T cells. In this study, we demonstrate that follicular lymphoma (FL)-infiltrating CD8+ and CD4+ T cells are hyporesponsive to CD3/CD28 costimulation. We further identify a population of FL-infiltrating CD4+CD25+GITR+ T(R) that are significantly overrepresented within FL nodes (FLN) compared with that seen in normal (nonmalignant, nonlymphoid hyperplastic) or reactive (nonmalignant, lymphoid hyperplastic) nodes. These T(R) actively suppress both the proliferation of autologous nodal CD8+CD25- and CD4+CD25- T cells, as well as cytokine production (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-2), after CD3/CD28 costimulation. Removal of these cells in vitro by CD25+ magnetic bead depletion restores both the proliferation and cytokine production of the remaining T cells, demonstrating that FLN T cell hyporesponsiveness is reversible. In addition to suppressing autologous nodal T cells, these T(R) are also capable of suppressing the proliferation of allogeneic CD8+CD25- and CD4+CD25- T cells from normal lymph nodes as well as normal donor PBL, regardless of very robust stimulation of the target cells with plate-bound anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 Abs. The allogeneic suppression is not reciprocal, as equivalent numbers of CD25+FOXP3+ cells derived from either normal lymph nodes or PBL are not capable of suppressing allogeneic CD8+CD25- and CD4+CD25- T cells, suggesting that FLN T(R) are more suppressive than those derived from nonmalignant sources. Lastly, we demonstrate that inhibition of TGF-beta signaling partially restores FLN T cell proliferation suggesting a mechanistic role for TGF-beta in FLN T(R)-mediated suppression.
Studying causes of death in the past: problems and models.

The authors provide an overview of articles in this issue of Historical Methods which is devoted to new approaches to the historical study of causes of death. Topics covered include cause-of-death registration in the past assessing long-term changes in causes of death and suggestions for future research directions. (ANNOTATION)
Recharge in Desert Regions Around the World

Following Potter's classification, arid and semiarid regions are those whose precipitation to evaporation (P/E) ratios are smaller than 0.5 and between 0.5 and 1.0, respectively. In addition to a lower net precipitation rate, rainfalls are typically infrequent and of short duration; high-intensity seasonal storms contribute a major portion of the annual rainfall over short periods of time. Under these conditions, the shallow soil surface layer infiltration capacity may be exceeded and excess overland flow propagates rapidly to flash flooding. Even low-intensity rainfalls, can lead to significant surface runoff when desert soil crusts have formed. Water focused and concentrated by topography into ephemeral washes, wadis, sabkhas, and playas provides locations of enhanced recharge in arid areas. A significant component of recharge to arid basin aquifers occurs along mountain fronts. Important aspects along the mountain front include the partitioning of rainfall and snowmelt into surface runoff, deep infiltration along fractures and faults, and vegetation-controlled evapotranspiration. Focused flow along mountain stream channels into the major washes in the Tucson Basin (Arizona) visibly infiltrates flood-plain sediment, and surface water commonly does not leave the watershed. Half the annual recharge of 9 to 10 mm/year to the Ogallala Aquifer in the southern High Plains (Oklahoma and Texas) occurs through playa floors that cover only 6% of the aquifer land surface area. Keywords: arid hydrology; recharge; desert hydrology; vadose transport; ephemeral flow; semiarid; isotope tracers; aquifer sustainability; precipitation to evaporation (P/E) ratios; washes; wadis; sabkhas; playas; infiltration; macropore; chloride mass balance; groundwater
The Magnetic Moment of the Electron

Consider a classical magnet m in an external constant magnetic field B. The field exerts no net force on m (i.e., the center of mass remains fixed), but the magnet tends to orient itself with respect to the direction of B. The torque to rotate m is linear in B (assuming that B does not change the magnetization of m). Thus $$\text {torque} = \mu \times \mathbf B,$$ (15.1.1) where μ is a vector along the axis of m. The vector μ is the magnetic moment of m. Equivalent to (15.1.1) is the statement that m has a potential energy — μ · B in the magnetic field. This energy is minimized by aligning μ with B.
IGOD -- Identifying Geolocation of Cloud Datacenter Hosting Mobile User's Data

We introduce a novel algorithm called IGOD to identify the geolocation of the cloud data center which is hosting the data of a mobile user. IGOD efficiently geo locate any target data center as accurately as possible and is highly cost-effective. It provides audit control and assurance against the cloud storage providers who may relocate mobile customer's data. We use Planet Lab for our data collection. We compared our approach to the earlier approaches that used Ping delay to predict the geolocation of a target. We claim that IGOD is highly cost-effective.
Access to endodontic care in North Carolina public health and Medicaid settings.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate issues related to access to endodontic care in North Carolina for individuals who used dental public health resources such as public health clinics (PHCs) or private practices that accept Medicaid or other government-sponsored reimbursement programs private practices that accept Medicaid (PPM). Methods Surveys were sent to 1,195 dentists regarding frequency and type of endodontic conditions encountered, treatments provided, and perceived barriers to care. Results were analyzed using logistic regression with the level of significance set at 0.05. Results Five hundred forty-six surveys were returned for a 45.7% response rate. Of the respondents, 79% reported frequently encountering an endodontic condition, but only 34% reported performing any type of definitive endodontic procedure. Graduates after the year 2000 were significantly more likely to perform definitive endodontic procedures (P < 0.05). Lack of insurance was the greatest barrier to care with 89% considering it a moderate to major barrier, followed by cost of the endodontic treatment (87%) and cost of the restoration following treatment (86%). PPMs were more likely to consider cost and insurance a major barrier (P < 0.05). Conclusions In North Carolina public health and Medicaid settings, the frequency of endodontic treatments provided was much lower than the frequency of endodontic conditions encountered that might have benefited from treatment. Graduation year was the best indicator for the provision of root canal therapy. Additionally, treatment patterns and perceptions of barriers to care are different for PHCs and PPMs.
The Role of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Other Transnational Anti-Corruption Laws in Preventing or Lessening Future Financial Crises

The most recent global financial crisis resulted in part from a failure of international law. Politicians and other regulators in the United States and abroad failed to effectively work together to create a consistent and proper level of regulation for the financial institutions, the mortgage-backed securities, and the credit default swaps that were at the heart of the crisis. As evidenced by the crisis, the globalization of financial markets within the past few decades has created new systemic risk in which national crises can quickly and easily spread across national borders. In the absence of greater coordination by politicians and other regulators in the United States and abroad, global financial crises are likely to occur with greater regularity and severity as the world continues to become more interconnected.Even if a cohesive web of international financial regulation can be developed, enforcement of the various strands of that web of regulation remains a concern. Remarkably, anti-corruption law has largely been ignored as a necessary component of financial regulatory reform. In the voluminous body of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the term “corruption” is not mentioned once, which is extraordinarily troubling.A robust and comprehensive system of transnational anti-corruption law is required to create stable global financial markets. The realities of an increasingly interconnected world precipitated the enactment of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act to prevent persons and other entities from engaging in activity that would corrupt foreign government officials. The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, the United Nations Convention Against Corruption, and various other international agreements have helped to spread transnational anti-corruption laws throughout the rest of the world. The adoption and enforcement of these laws, however, remains incomplete. In the absence of a robust and comprehensive system of transnational anti-corruption laws, the global financial markets remain subject to greater risk of future financial crises. This article explores the current global system of anti-corruption law and explore how that system should and must evolve to prevent or lessen future global financial crises.