cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epithelial proliferation in human fundic mucosa after antrectomy and vagotomy

Changes in the gastric mucosa after a partial gastrectomy may predispose to neoplasia, but epithelial proliferation in such patients has not been studied well. Therefore, we obtained one or more suction biopsies of fundic mucosa from 6 volunteers (controls), 5 patients in whom a duodenal ulcer had healed, and 6 patients with antrectomy and vagotomy. Biopsies were organ cultured over tritiated thymidine-containing medium to label proliferating cells, and processed for light microscopy and autoradiography. The measurements of proliferation that were used, namely, the total number of cells in the gastric pits, the number of cells in the proliferative zone, the number of labeled cells in the proliferative zone, and proliferation index (number of cells in the proliferative zone/total number of cells in the gastric pit) all indicated that epithelial proliferation is increased significantly in fundic mucosa of patients after antrectomy and vagotomy when compared with fundic mucosa from normal controls or patients with healed duodenal ulcer. Proliferation was increased most in biopsies that showed atrophic gastritis. The enhancement of epithelial proliferation after antrectomy and vagotomy may be due to the development of gastritic changes, but an additional effect of vagotomy cannot be excluded. Further, the expansion of the proliferative zone suggests a disorder of proliferation which may predispose to malignant transformation.
Mechanisms Determining Large-Herbivore Distribution

Grazing distribution is an important component of the foraging ecology of large herbivores. Recognising the differences in foraging behaviours that occur along spatial and temporal scales is critical for understanding the mechanisms that result in grazing distribution patterns. Abiotic factors such as topography, water availability and weather and biotic factors such as forage quantity and quality affect the distribution of large herbivores. Numerous empirical studies have shown that large herbivores typically match the time spent in an area with the quantity and quality of forage found there. Although the observed grazing patterns have been documented, the underlying behavioural processes are still being elucidated. Cognitive foraging mechanisms assume that animals can use spatial memory to remember the levels of forage resources in various locations, while non-cognitive mechanisms require that behaviours such as intake rate, movement rate and turning frequency vary in response to forage resource levels. The ability of animals to use spatial memory during foraging has been demonstrated in several species including livestock, which suggests cognitive mechanisms are possible. Optimal-foraging theory can also be used to help explain behavioural processes. Giving-up rules based on marginal-value theorem appear to work well for large herbivores when a patch or feeding site can be noticeably depleted within an appropriate temporal scale such as a grazing bout or when forage availability is limited. However, givingup rules do not always explain movements among feeding sites when forage is plentiful. The satiety hypothesis has been used to explain the avoidance of toxins and the acquisition of nutrients in diet selection. We suggest the satiety hypothesis can be expanded to account better for the variability in feeding-site selection. Large herbivocres should move among feeding sites when forage availability becomes limiting or when animals become satiated. Satiation with feeding sites may occur because of the presence of toxins or nutrient imbalances or because of aversive external stimuli. Large herbivores may return to sites that were previously considered aversive due to a combination of individual animal variation and social factors. Large herbivores can now be readily tracked using global positioning system (GPS) technology, which will allow us to test predictions of the satiety and other hypotheses and to better understand behavioural processes associated with foraging
The lateral hypothalamus and adjunctive drinking.

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to review some facts that demonstrate motor functions of the lateral region of the hypothalamus (LH) in the rat and to relate them to motor activity and adjunctive behavior. The hypothalamus is one of the most interesting parts of the brain. Relatively simple experimental manipulations such as lesions, electrical stimulation, and application of various chemicals produce reliable and dramatic changes in the behavior of many different species of typical laboratory animals. The possibility that LH, a confluence of major pathways and reciprocating interconnections between the limbic-forebrain and limbic-midbrain has important motor control functions involved in the production of ingestive behavior is also not emphasized frequently until recently. If electrolytic lesions are produced in the LH during the acute phase of the experiment when the ventral root reflex discharges are being obtained, there were no observable effects on spinal reflex excitability for as long as 3 h.
Endogenous Oxidoreductase Expression is Induced by Aminoglycosides

Oxidoreductases such as glutaredoxin are a major class of enzymes that reversibly catalyze thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Transfection experiments using geneticin (G418) selection to identify the specific protein S-thiolated substrates of glutaredoxin-1 (Grx-1) noted the curious phenomenon that nontransfected control cells treated with G418 had increased levels of Grx-1 expression. Varied concentrations of gentamicin, kanamycin, and hygromycin increased Grx-1 expression in a time- and dose-dependent fashion in human cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Reactive oxygen species formation after aminoglycoside exposure correlated directly to aminoglycoside treatment. Further indication that oxidation regulates Grx-1 expression was noted by the positive effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a known inducer of redox-sensitive AP-1 transcription factor. In agreement with this hypothesis was the finding that the physiologic reductant N-acetylcysteine decreased Grx-1 expression whereas tert-butyl hydroperoxide increased Grx-1 expression. Our data suggest that aminoglycosides increased Grx-1 expression in response to oxidative stress.
Gender-specific outcomes after balloon aortic valvuloplasty: Inhospital and long-term outcomes

Background Increasing numbers of balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) are performed in the management of symptomatic aortic stenosis as bridge and therapeutic challenge in the work-up for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. However, the significance of gender in outcomes following BAV remains controversial. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 664 consecutive patients who underwent BAV from January 2005 to December 2012. Patients were stratified according to gender. Clinical and procedural characteristics as well as in-hospital outcomes and 1-year mortality were collected. Cumulative survival curves for women and men were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method and were compared by the log-rank test. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify the independent effect of sex on 1-year mortality. Results Of the 664 patients, 333 (52%) were women. Women had lower body surface area, tended to be frailer and were less likely to have history of coronary artery disease. Women were more likely to present with heart failure whereas men presented more commonly with chest pain. In hospital death was significantly higher in women compared to men, mainly driven by the difference in cardiac death (8.1% vs 3.9%, P = .02 and 6.3% vs 2.6%, P = .02 respectively). One-year mortality rates were similar in women and men (25.4% vs 29.4%, P = .42) and after multivariate analysis gender had no association with 1-year mortality (HR = 0.9, P = .65). Conclusions Significant differences exist in baseline characteristics and presentation between genders. Although in hospital mortality after BAV was significantly higher in women, 1-year mortality was similar between women and men.
Survival of bull spermatozoa seeded and frozen at different rates in egg yolk-tris and whole milk extenders

Six factorially arranged experiments were designed to study effects of seeding, freezing, and thawing rates in whole milk and egg yolk-Tris extenders commonly used for commercial cryopreservation of bull sperm. In these extenders, semen normally is supercooled to -13 or -14 degrees C unless the sperm are seeded. When sperm were supercooled or seeded, either mechanically or with immobilized silver iodide, and frozen to -196 degrees C, the postthaw percentages of motile sperm were 59, 57, and 64%, respectively. Freezing rates of -15, -25, and -35 degrees C/min gave similar sperm survival rates and were superior to -5 degrees C/min. For milk, the critical freezing temperature extended to -75 degrees C before transfer to liquid nitrogen gave good results. For egg yolk-Tris extender, transfer to liquid nitrogen was less critical once -50 degrees C had been attained. Thawing of sperm in water baths at 25 and 45 degrees C gave similar results, and both temperatures were superior to 5 degrees C. The postthaw percentage of motile sperm in egg yolk-Tris was equal or superior to that of sperm frozen in milk. A freezing rate of -15 degrees C/min to -100 degrees C and thawing at 25 degrees C consistently gave good results.
Offshore Inspection Cost Reduction by Inspection Planning Based on Survey Records, Fatigue and Reliability Analysis

An approach to identify fatigue sensitive joints to be considered in an inspection programme is presented. Joint selection is based on inspection records, fatigue and reliability analysis. Fatigue analysis is used to identify fatigue sensitive tubular joints, thus reliability analysis and inspection records are used to assess the joint selection. The objective is to reduce the number of inspected joints whilst maintaining the platform risk level within acceptable limits. A relation between the reliability index β, a weighted average stress range value and tubular joint geometrical expressions is presented for the selection of joints for inspection. Experience obtained from inspection records is considered for an assessment of the joints selected for inspection. Cost reduction is determined from a comparison of this approach with inspection programmes applied in the past.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Effects of different cations on the hydrodynamic radius of DNA

The effects of different cations on the hydrodynamic radius (RH) of a 48-bp synthetic DNA are measured by time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy of intercalated ethidium. Relative statistical errors in RH are only approximately 1%. With increasing cation concentration, Na+ causes a small decrease in RH, Cs+ causes a somewhat larger decrease by up to 0.5 A at 100 mM, and (CH3CH2)4N+ causes an increase in RH by approximately 0.5 A at 100 mM. The qualitatively different effects of these monovalent cations indicates that the changes in RH with cation concentration do not arise primarily from electrolyte friction. Divalent cations cause much larger increases in RH with increasing cation concentration. Mg2+ causes an increase in RH by up to 1.0 A at 24.4 mM, and Mn2+ causes an increase in RH by up to 1.6 A at 24.4 mM. These effects are independent of DNA concentration. There is some positive correlation between the order of effects of the different cations on RH and the order of their effects on interhelical hydration forces. It is suggested that these different ions affect RH either by altering the hydration layer or possibly by some effect on DNA structure, such as stabilizing bends.
INHIBITION OF UPTAKE OF TRITIATED-NORADRENALINE IN THE INTACT RAT BRAIN BY IMIPRAMINE AND STRUCTURALLY RELATED COMPOUNDS.

IMIPRAMINE is one of the most effective drugs for the alleviation of mental depression. There is little information concerning the mechanism of action of this drug at the biochemical level. An impressive body of evidence has been accumulating over the past few years indicating that noradrenaline is involved in behaviour. Although other antidepressant drugs such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors1, and amphetamine2, affect cerebral noradrenaline concentration, imipramine was found to have no measurable effect on the level of the neurohumour in the brain3.It has been shown that imipramine blocks the uptake of noradrenaline in peripheral tissues4 and brain slices5; however, many other drugs including the tran-uillizer chlorpromazine have the same action5,6. Because noradrenaline cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, it was virtually impossible to examine directly the action of imipramine or other drugs on the uptake of noradrenaline by the intact brain. We have recently described a procedure which made it possible to introduce tritiated-noradrenaline of high specific activity into the rat brain by an intraventricular injection. The tritiated-noradrenaline is taken up and retained by nerve endings in the brain and then shows the essentially same biochemical behaviour as the endogenous neurohumour7. This technique enabled us to investigate the effect of imipramine on the uptake of tritiated-noradrenaline by the intact rat brain. It will be shown that imipramine and structurally related antidepressant drugs but not chlorpromazine block the uptake of tritiated-noradrenaline in the brain.
Rapid multiplexed flow cytometric assay for botulinum neurotoxin detection using an automated fluidic microbead-trapping flow cell for enhanced sensitivity.

A bead-based sandwich immunoassay for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) has been developed and demonstrated using a recombinant 50 kDa fragment (BoNT/A-HC-fragment) of the BoNT/A heavy chain (BoNT/A-HC) as a structurally valid simulant. Three different anti-BoNT/A antibodies were attached to three different fluorescent dye encoded flow cytometry beads for multiplexing. The assay was conducted in two formats: a manual microcentrifuge tube format and an automated fluidic system format. Flow cytometry detection was used for both formats. The fluidic system used a novel microbead-trapping flow cell to capture antibody-coupled beads with subsequent sequential perfusion of sample, wash, dye-labeled reporter antibody, and final wash solutions. After the reaction period, the beads were collected for analysis by flow cytometry. Sandwich assays performed on the fluidic system gave median fluorescence intensity signals on the flow cytometer that were 2−4 times higher than assays performed manually in the same...
Behavioral equipoise: a way to resolve ethical stalemates in clinical research.

Randomized trials depend on clinicians feeling that they are morally justified in allowing their patients to be randomized across treatment arms. Typically such justification rides on what has been called “clinical equipoise”—when there is disagreement of opinion among the community of experts about whether one treatment is better than another, then physicians can ethically enter their patients into a clinical trial, even if individual physicians are not at equipoise. Recent debates over prominent studies, however, illustrate that controversy can be easily created rather than dispelled by trials, with many clinicians choosing not to use the proven therapy until they receive more convincing evidence of its superiority. In such situations, we propose that a new standard of equipoise be used to guide decisions about the ethical justifications for research trials—a standard of behavioral equipoise. Under behavioral equipoise, a trial is potentially justifiable if it addresses behavioral resistance to prior sc...
Ionization of ribonuclease

Abstract The titration of ribonuclease, acid to its isoionic point, has been conducted in 1.80 M KCl. The slopes of the titration curves in the neighborhood of half neutralization of the carboxyl groups have been studied at several ionic strengths. It is concluded from these slopes that the influence of the electrical double layer around the protein ion on its titration behavior is negligible at and above an ionic strength of 0.15. The molar buffer capacities indicate a wide dispersion of the carboxyl intrinsic ionization constants. It is shown that the molar capacity of the carboxyl groups resemble more nearly those found for heat denatured bovine γ-globulin, bovine serum albumin, and egg albumin rather than the buffer capacities of the native forms of these proteins. The apparent intrinsic ionization constants of the carboxyl and imidazole groups have been estimated by graphical means.
Postorthodontic root approximation after opening space for maxillary lateral incisor implants.

Introduction Orthodontic space opening during adolescence is a common treatment for congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors. Because of continued facial growth and compensatory tooth eruption, several years can elapse between completion of orthodontic treatment for a teenage patient and implant placement. There are reports that, after successful orthodontic opening of the implant space, the central incisor and canine roots reapproximate during retention and prevent implant placement. Methods To study this phenomenon, the records of 94 patients with missing maxillary lateral incisors were collected. Periapical and panoramic radiographs were used to measure intercoronal and interradicular distances between the central incisor and the canine adjacent to the missing lateral incisor before and after orthodontic treatment and at implant placement. Results Although root approximation between the adjacent central incisor and canine during retention did not occur consistently, 11% of the patients experienced relapse significant enough to prevent implant placement. Conclusions To ensure sufficient space for implant placement, we recommend at least 6.3 mm of intercoronal space and 5.7 mm of interradicular space between the adjacent central incisor and canine. A bonded wire or resin-bonded bridge will help to reduce root approximation that might occur during retention.
The relationship between problem-solving self-appraisal and indices of physical and psychological health

Recently several investigators have become interested in the manner in which one appraises one's coping or problem-solving abilities as a potential intervening variable in the coping process. This study extended previous research by examining the relationship between one's problem-solving appraisal and indices of both physical and psychological health. Twenty-five self-appraised effective and 21 self-appraised ineffective problem solvers completed the Cornell Medical Index, SCL-90, and the Jenkins Type A Activity Survey. The results revealed that the self-appraised ineffective problem solvers reported experiencing more psychological distress, whereas the self-appraised effective problem solvers acknowledged more behaviors associated with some aspects of Type A patterns.
Respiratory syncytial virus‐induced CCL5/RANTES contributes to exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation

Severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has a significant impact on airway function and may induce or exacerbate the response to a subsequent allergic challenge. In a murine model combining early RSV infection with later cockroach allergen (CRA) challenge, we examined the role of RSV-induced CCL5/RANTES production on allergic airway responses. RSV infection increased CCL5 mRNA and protein levels, peaking at days 8 and 12, respectively. Administration of CCL5 antiserum during days 0-14 of the RSV infection did not significantly alter viral protein expression when compared to mice treated with control serum. In mice receiving the combined RSV-allergen challenge, lungs collected on day 22 exhibited significantly increased numbers of CD4- and CD8-positive T cells. This increase in T cell numbers was not observed in mice receiving alpha-CCL5. On day 43, peribronchial eosinophilia and leukotriene levels were increased in RSV-allergen mice. Pretreatment with CCL5 antiserum resulted in decreased recruitment of inflammatory cells to bronchoalveolar and peribronchial regions of the lungs and these reductions were associated with a reduction in both T cell recruitment into the bronchoalveolar space, leukotriene release and chemokine generation. Thus, CCL5 released during RSV infection has a significant effect on the inflammatory response to subsequent allergic airway challenges.
Nitrate as a consideration in planning future land uses

Abstract Nitrate-nitrogen in drinking water has been demonstrated to be a health hazard. An inventory of domestic and agricultural nitrogen use is presented for a rural-agricultural watershed, the Fall Creek Basin of New York State. Predictions of the impact of future land uses on nitrate concentrations in drinking water were made. In the basin studied, increased N use, associated with expansion of agricultural land use, appears not to be a threat to currently accepted levels of stream pollution. A simplified model is presented which allows estimation of stream or groundwater recharge nitrate concentration in humid regions.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF LAMINAR MIXED CONVECTION IN THE ENTRANCE REGION OF HORIZONTAL RECTANGULAR DUCTS

A laminar, three-dimensional, steady-state model has been solved to determine the nature and effect of thermally driven secondary flows in, a horizontal channel with heated top and bottom surfaces and insulated side walls. The secondary flow is characterized by ascending and descending thermals that form longitudinal vortex rolls and enhance the bottom surface heat transfer and channel friction factor by as much as 400 and 30%, respectively. Parametric calculations have been performed to determine the effect on hydrodynamic and thermal conditions of Reynolds number (100 ≤ Re ≤. 1000), Grashof number (2.5 × 105 ≤ Gr∗ ≤ 6.5 × 104), Prandtl number (Pr = 6.5 and 0.7), top-to-bottom surface heat flux ratio (−1.0 ≤ q1/qb ≤ 5.0), aspect ratio (1 ≤ A ≤ 10), and entrance velocity profile. Conditions near the bottom surface are characterized by mixed convection and are unaffected by heating at the top surface. Conversely, conditions at the top surface are dominated by forced convection and are unaffected by heating...
Cities and Sustainability Polycentric Action and Multilevel Governance

Polycentric theory, as applied to sustainability policy adoption, contends that municipalities will act independently to provide public services that protect the environment. Our multilevel regression analysis of survey responses from 1,497 municipalities across the United States challenges that notion. We find that internal drivers of municipal action are insufficient. Lower policy adoption is explained by capacity constraints. More policy making occurs in states with a multilevel governance framework supportive of local sustainability action. Contrary to Fischel’s homevoter hypothesis, we find large cities and rural areas show higher levels of adoption than suburbs (possibly due to free riding within a metropolitan region).
Maize commercial hybrids compared to improved population hybrids for grain yield and agronomic performance

Improved maize (Zea mays L.) populations and population hybrids can both be profitable alternatives to commercial single-cross hybrids as well as good elite sources of diverse inbred lines. The objective of this research was to compare grain yield and agronomic performance between early maturing maize population hybrids and current early maturing commercial single-cross hybrids. This is a consequence of our research program targeted at identifying alternative heterotic patterns for the northern Corn Belt. Improved maize populations and population hybrids (S0 generations) were evaluated in experiments arranged in randomized complete block and partially balanced lattice designs across 29 environments. Grain yield potential of population hybrids was optimally expressed under irrigated conditions. Data across environments showed that 20% of the population hybrids evaluated were not different (P ≤ 0.05) from at least one of the commercial single-cross hybrids for grain yield performance, root lodging, and stalk lodging percentages. The average mid-parent heterosis value across population hybrids from different geographic regions was 20.4% with negative estimates observed in only two population hybrids. Breeding efforts toward elite populations and population hybrids have demonstrated that germplasm improvement is extremely valuable and deserves public funding. These efforts should be supported in order to enable the development of elite sources of diverse inbred lines and the development of improved population hybrids for specific markets (e.g., organic) to increase producer options. Public maize breeding programs utilizing recurrent selection methods for germplasm improvement could address the need. These programs, however, should incorporate extensive testing of population hybrids.
Inversion in the H-2 complex of t-haplotypes in mice

Mouse t-haplotypes demonstrate strong linkage disequilibrium between t-lethal genes and specific H–2 types, presumably a result of recombination suppression between t and normal chromosomes1. The observation of free recombination occurring between two complementary t-haplotypes suggested a chromosomal mismatch between t and normal chromosomes2. Recent data showing the H–2 complex to be misplaced relative to two other markers, T and tf, in t-haplotypes3 suggested that chromosomal rearrangement in t-haplotypes might be the basis for their ‘mismatch’ with the normal chromosome. Here, to analyse the molecular nature of the rearrangement, we have cloned a polymorphic H–2 class I restriction fragment, which had previously been shown to map centromeric to the serologically defined H–2 complex in t-haplotypes4. Genetic mapping studies show that this cloned t-DNA is homologous to the H–2 D region of wild-type chromosomes, and that the Eα Ia gene maps telomeric to this DNA fragment in t-haplotypes, in contrast to its orientation in wild-type chromosomes. These results give molecular evidence for an inversion of H–2 in t-haplotypes, which may be at least partially responsible for recombination suppression and thus for linkage disequilibrium.
Hypoxic cell sensitizers and heavy charged particle beams may play complementary roles in killing hypoxic tumor cells

The analysis of growth delay data of a rat rhabdomyosarcoma tumor system with and without misonidazole and irradiated with spread-peak heavy-ion radiation yields two conclusions that bear on the relative efficacy of the two modes of treatment and imply a complementary role of the two modes which enhances the effects of either given separately. 1. For both carbon and neon ion peak radiation given in four fractions, RBE values for tumor growth delay are significantly greater than the enhancement ratio for an X ray plus misonidazole fractionation scheme [2.0-2.3 (carbon) and 2.6-2.8 (neon) vs. 1.2-1.5 (X rays plus misonidazole)]. This implies that high LET killing is considerably more effective in this tumor system (hypoxic fraction of about 35%) than the hypoxic cell sensitization caused by misonidazole. 2. When misonidazole is given in conjunction with the heavy ion beam irradiations, an increased growth delay is seen, greater than when either heavy ions or misonidazole plus X rays are given separately. The product of the sensitizer enhancement ratio for heavy ions and the RBE for no sensitizer yields a measure of the overall enhancement of effect relative to an X ray treatment. The values of this product for the carbon beam (2.4-2.5) and neon beam (3.4) show high effectiveness for either beam plus misonidazole. The interpretation is that heavy ion beams reach and kill hypoxic cells not penetrated by the misonidazole, and some hypoxic cells not killed by the high LET component receive low LET damage which is made lethal by the drug. Thus, the net hypoxic cell killing is enhanced by the high LET beams and in a complementary way by the combination of the drug and the low LET portion of the radiation.
Dissociative electron attachment: Threshold phenomena and multimode effects

We present a summary of recent progress on studies of threshold phenomena in low-energy dissociative electron attachment to polyatomic molecules: vibrational Feshbach resonances and threshold cusps. The theoretical approach is based on the resonance R-matrix theory. It allows us to analyze threshold effects in other channels, particularly vibrational excitation. If the molecular long-range field is not strong enough, virtual-state cusps are observed at vibrational excitation thresholds. The second part of the paper illustrates the multimode effects in dissociative attachment using attachment to the CF3Cl molecule as an example. Symmetric stretch C-Cl vibrations v3 and symmetric deformation (or so-called "umbrella") vibrations v2 are included. Calculations allow us to study the final-state vibrational distribution in the CF3(v2) fragment.
Structure and origin of flagellar hairs in Vacuolaria virescens.

The anterior flagellum of the phytoflagellate Vacuolaria virescens (Class Chloromonadophyceae) bears flagellar hairs. Each hair has two components: a tapered base which is superficially attached to the flagellar membrane and a 170 A diameter microtubular shaft that arises from the distal end of the hair base and usually forms an angle with it. Parts of the endoplasmic reticulum in this organism are greatly dilated and contain large numbers of closely packed microtubules which are aligned approximately parallel to each other. These intracisternal microtubules have an outside diameter of 170 A and are composed of 8 subunits; they appear to be identical to the shaft portions of the flagellar hairs in diameter, intensity of staining, preservation after fixation in osmic acid, and resistance to colchicine treatment. A vesicle containing flagellar hairs and opening at its distal end into the flagellar groove has been observed. This is thought to be an intermediate stage between the intracisternal microtubules and the final position of flagellar hairs on the flagellar membrane.
The War of the Well(e)s

A metaliterary analysis of Welles’ famous radio broadcast explores “the conditions in which fact and fiction can be confused, and …the power of the mass media to exploit those conditions.”
SAR classification and confuser and clutter rejection tests on MSTAR ten-class data using Minace filters

This paper presents the status of our SAR automatic target recognition (ATR) work on the Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) public database using the minimum noise and correlation energy (MINACE) distortion-invariant filter (DIF). In our previous work, we used the MSTAR public database benchmark three-class problem and demonstrated better results than all prior work. In this paper, we address classification (including variants) and object and clutter rejection tests on the more challenging MSTAR ten-class public database. The Minace algorithm is shown to generalize well to this larger classification problem. We use several filters per object, but fewer DIFs per object than prior work did. We use our autoMinace algorithm that automates selection of the Minace filter parameter c and selection of the training set images to be included in the filter. No confuser, clutter, or test set data are present in the training or the validation set. In tests, we do not assume that the test input's pose is known (as most prior work does), since pose estimation of SAR objects has a large margin of error. We also address tests with proper use of SAR pose estimates in MSTAR recognition and the use of multilook SAR data to improve performance.
R69-16 Satisfaction of Sensitivity Requirements by Threshold Logic Elements

This paper is a valuable addition to the study of sensitivity problem in the realization of switching functions with threshold devices. The definitions of threshold sensitivity and weight sensitivity are clearly presented and discussed.
Insurance type is a determinant of 2-year mortality after non-neurologic trauma.

Background Lack of health insurance (NO-INS) is associated with increased long-term mortality after head and spinal cord injuries (NEURO-TRA). Less is known about the influence of insurance type and long-term mortality following non-NEURO-TRA. We hypothesized that NO-INS would be associated with 2-y mortality after moderate to severe injury. Methods Adults (≥18) treated at a level-I trauma center following a moderate to severe blunt injury (ISS>15) and without NEURO-TRA from 2000–2005 and discharged alive were eligible for the study. Two-y mortality was determined utilizing the Social Security Administration Death Master File. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine if type of insurance [NO-INS, Private (PRIV-INS), Medicare/Medicaid; GOV-INS), or Other (OTH-INS)] was related to 2-y mortality. Results One thousand nine hundred fifty-eight patients met study inclusion/exclusion criteria. Two-y risk of death was 2.96%. On univariate analysis, admission age, lactate, and insurance type were associated with 2-y mortality ( P P Conclusion Following moderate to severe blunt, non-NEURO-TRA, having GOVT-INS or NO-INS was associated with increased 2-y mortality. The mechanism by which this association may be explained is unclear. Future research focused on elucidating mechanisms behind poor long-term outcomes should include an examination of socioeconomic status as a potential contributor to reduced long-term mortality after injury.
Development and Validation of the Scientist-Practitioner Inventory for Psychology

This article reports 3 studies constituting the development and validation of the ScientistPractitioner Inventory (SPI), an instrument designed to measure career specialty interests of psychology students. In the 1st study, evidence for the factorial validity of the scales, test-retest reliability, freedom from response-set biases, and construct validity are presented. The 2nd study presents cross-validation evidence of a 2nd-order factor structure, internal consistency estimates, and construct validity that is similar to that found in the first study. Also presented is evidence for the superior criterion-related concurrent validity of the SPI in comparison with Holland's (1985) Vocational Preference Inventory in predicting a selected criterion. The 3rd study presents further cross-validating evidence and indications of the SPI's ability to reflect different patterns of interests depending on the nature of the sample. Implications for use of the instruments in career counseling, psychology of science, and organizational research are discussed.
Controlling a chaotic system.

Using both experimental and theoretical results, this Letter describes how low-energy, feedback control signals can be successfully utilized to suppress (laminarize) chaotic flow in a thermal convection loop. Disciplines Engineering | Mechanical Engineering Comments Suggested Citation: Singer, Jonathan, Y-Z Wang, and Haim H. Bau. (1991) Controlling a Chaotic System. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 66(9). Copyright 1991 American Physical Society. This article may also be viewed at http://prl.aps.org/pdf/PRL/ v66/i9/p1123_1 This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/meam_papers/201
Structure of human carbonmonoxyhemoglobin at 2.16 Å: a snapshot of the allosteric transition

A 2.16 A resolution structure of high-salt human carbonmonoxyhemoglobin crystallized at pH 6.4 is reported. The quaternary structure is similar to that of `classic' R-state hemoglobin; however, subtle but significant tertiary structural changes are observed at the α1β2 and symmetrically equivalent α2β1 interfaces – these are the key subunit interfaces that govern the allosteric transition between the R and T states. Specifically, the movement and weakening of two important hydrogen bonds that are diagnostic for R-state structures, β2His97–α1Thr38 and β2Arg40–α1Thr41, have been observed. In addition, a phosphate molecule bound between the two β-­subunits (at the entrance to the central water cavity) has been identified and electron density indicates that this molecule occupies two alternate positions that are related by the dyad axis. Both positions superimpose on the 2,3-­diphosphoglycerate binding site. One phosphate conformer interacts with β2Asn139, β1His143 and β1His146, while the second interacts with symmetry-related counterparts (β1Asn139, β2His143 and β2His146).
Hospital falls: development of a predictive model for clinical practice

A retrospective case-control study related to falls was conducted at an 1, 120-bed acute care tertiary hospital. The case (fall) sample consisted of 102 falls and 236 control (nonfall) charts during a 1-month period. An instrument developed by Hendrich (1988) was modified for use in the study. Demographic data and risk factors were recorded. Descriptive statistics included risk factor percentages for each sample and the corresponding univariate relative risks. Logistic regression was used to develop a multi-variate risk factor model with seven risk factors. The significant risk factors were recent history of falls, depression, altered elimination patterns, dizziness or vertigo, primary cancer diagnosis, confusion, and altered mobility. The adjusted relative risks were converted to risk points to be used to assess a patient's level of fall risk. Within the data set, a sensitivity of 77% (79 of 102) and specificity of 72% (169 of 236) were calculated. The model was cross-validated in a 1987 data set with a sensitivity of 83% (59 of 71) and specificity of 66% (106 of 161).
Finding Order in Nature: The Naturalist Tradition from Linnaeus to E. O. Wilson

Since emerging as a discipline in the middle of the eighteenth century, natural history has been at the heart of the life sciences. It gave rise to the major organizing theory of life-evolution-and continues to be a vital science with impressive practical value. Central to advanced work in ecology, agriculture, medicine, and environmental science, natural history also attracts enormous popular interest. In Finding Order in Nature Paul Farber traces the development of the naturalist tradition since the Enlightenment and considers its relationship to other research areas in the life sciences. Written for the general reader and student alike, the volume explores the adventures of early naturalists, the ideas that lay behind classification systems, the development of museums and zoos, and the range of motives that led collectors to collect. Farber also explores the importance of sociocultural contexts, institutional settings, and government funding in the story of this durable discipline. "The quest for insight into the order of nature leads naturalists beyond classification to the creation of general theories that explain the living world. Those naturalists who focus on the order of nature inquire about the ecological relationships among organisms and also among organisms and their surrounding environments. They ask fundamental questions of evolution, about how change actually occurs over short and long periods of time. Many naturalists are drawn, consequently, to deeper philosophical and ethical issues: What is the extent of our ability to understand nature? And, understanding nature, will we be able to preserve it? Naturalists question the meaning of the order they discover and ponder our moral responsibility for it."-from the Introduction
Low-temperature growth of epitaxial β-SiC on Si(100) using supersonic molecular beams of methylsilane

Epitaxial β-SiC films have been successfully grown on Si(100) at substrate temperatures considerably lower than those used during conventional CVD growth. This has been achieved using translationally energetic and spatially directed methylsilane delivered via seeded supersonic molecular beams. Methylsilane kinetic energy was found to dramatically affect both film morphology and growth behavior, as well as the enhancement of growth efficiency in the substrate temperature range 830-1030 K. Films obtained from thermal beams (0.079 eV) grow only through the facile mechanism involving the reaction of out-diffused silicon atoms with precursor species, identical to the growth of so-called "buffer layers" via the reactive conversion of the silicon surface. At moderately higher kinetic energies (0.45 eV), a second growth mechanism opens which operates in addition to the silicon out-diffusion process. Growth at the higher incident energy can grow thicker films, i.e., is not thickness-limited, and occurs with essentially the same rates with or without a buffer layer. The morphological evolution of films grown on bare substrates proceeds through a pitted buffer or transitional layer, which allows for the relaxation of strain due to lattice mismatch. The continuous, void-free films eventually obtained exhibit the doubly degenerate domain structure characteristic of cubic epitaxial material growing nearly two-dimensionally. Furthermore, remarkable square-pyramidally shaped and azimuthally aligned isolated three-dimensional features identified as Si islands are observed to grow simultaneously with the two-dimensional SiC film. Films grown below 900 K, though also epitaxial β-SiC, do not show these isolated three-dimensional features, and are much rougher than films grown above 900 K. These results emphasize that new, enhanced growth regimes for electronic materials deposition can be achieved by using high-intensity and velocity-tuned supersonic molecular beams to deliver kinetically accelerated neutral molecules for use as efficient growth precursors. These experiments also suggest that lower substrate thermal ranges may, for favorable cases, become accessible for growing high-quality films when using supersonic molecular beam epitaxy (SMBE) deposition methods.
Suppression of Boiling Flow Oscillations in Parallel Microchannels by Inlet Restrictors

Geometrical effects of MEMS-based microfabricated inlet orifices on the suppression of parallel channel and upstream compressible volume in stabilities commonly exhibited during flow boiling in parallel microchannels have been investigated. The heat fluxes at the onset of unstable boiling have been obtained over effective heat fluxes ranging from 9 to 614 W/cm 2 and mass fluxes from 115 to 389 kg/m 2 s. A dimensionless parameter M, which accounts for the pressure drop increase imposed by the inlet restrictors, has been used to correlate the extent of flow instability suppression. It has been shown that the onset of unstable boiling asymptotically increases with M. At sufficiently high M values, parallel channels and upstream compressible volume instabilities are completely eradicated although it gives way to another instability to develop, namely, the critical heat flux conditions. A correlation has been developed in terms of M to predict the conditions leading to unstable boiling.
Optogenetic stimulation of escape behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.

A growing number of genetically encoded tools are becoming available that allow non-invasive manipulation of the neural activity of specific neurons in Drosophila melanogaster1. Chief among these are optogenetic tools, which enable the activation or silencing of specific neurons in the intact and freely moving animal using bright light. Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) is a light-activated cation channel that, when activated by blue light, causes depolarization of neurons that express it. ChR2 has been effective for identifying neurons critical for specific behaviors, such as CO2 avoidance, proboscis extension and giant-fiber mediated startle response2-4. However, as the intense light sources used to stimulate ChR2 also stimulate photoreceptors, these optogenetic techniques have not previously been used in the visual system. Here, we combine an optogenetic approach with a mutation that impairs phototransduction to demonstrate that activation of a cluster of loom-sensitive neurons in the fly's optic lobe, Foma-1 neurons, can drive an escape behavior used to avoid collision. We used a null allele of a critical component of the phototransduction cascade, phospholipase C-β, encoded by the norpA gene, to render the flies blind and also use the Gal4-UAS transcriptional activator system to drive expression of ChR2 in the Foma-1 neurons. Individual flies are placed on a small platform surrounded by blue LEDs. When the LEDs are illuminated, the flies quickly take-off into flight, in a manner similar to visually driven loom-escape behavior. We believe that this technique can be easily adapted to examine other behaviors in freely moving flies.
Exploratory behavior, learning ability, and thyroid hormonal responses to stress in female rats rehabilitating from postnatal hypothyroidism

Newborn female Long-Evans rats were divided into groups of normal, hypothyroid [0.1% propylthiouracil (PTU) a reversible antithyroid goitrogen in the litter's drinking water], and hypothyroid rehabilitated (PTU water from birth to day 25, normal water thereafter). The rats were tested for several adaptive behavioral tasks between 40 and 90 days of age. At day 50, serum concentration of TSH and thyroid hormones revealed no detectable amounts of T4 and a 10-fold increase in TSH in the hypothyroid rats. At the same age in the rehabilitated animals, TSH levels were still below normal, a deficit fully normalized by day 90. Normal 50-day-old rats responded to pain stress (electric footshocks) by a significant depression of serum T4 and elevation of T3 levels within 10 min of treatment, whereas the rehabilitated animals exhibited an opposite pattern of response, i.e., an increase in the circulating T4 and a decrease in T3. At 50 days of age, both hypothyroid and rehabilitated rats showed decreased exploratory activity and no habituation in the hole-board test, whereas the locomotor activity of the rehabilitated females was significantly higher than that of the normals. No differences were found in the scores of passive avoidance learning (one trial step-through) among the three groups. Similarly, the rate of acquisition of the active one-way conditioned avoidance response (CAR) of the hypothyroid and rehabilitated rats did not differ significantly from that of the controls. However, the hypothyroid rats required significantly more unconditioned stimuli (footshocks) to acquire CAR and showed longer response latency and less intertrial responses. Although the hypothyroid rats showed no extinction of CAR, the rehabilitated rats were capable of extinction to an extent indistinguishable from normal rats. But compared with the normal animals, the rehabilitated rats showed significantly higher intertrial activity during both the acquisition and extinction phases of CAR.
NON-LINEAR NORMAL MODES (NNMs) AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN VIBRATION THEORY: AN OVERVIEW

Abstract The concept of `non-linear normal mode' (NNM) is discussed. After providing some introductory definitions the applications of NNMs to vibration theory are considered. In particular, it is shown how this concept can be used to study forced resonances of non-linear systems and non-linear localisation of vibrational energy in symmetric systems. NNMs can provide a valuable tool for understanding certain essentially non-linear dynamic phenomena that have no counterparts in linear theory and that cannot be analysed by conventional linearised methods. Additional applications of NNMs to modal analysis, model reduction, vibration and shock isolation designs, and the theory of non-linear oscillators are also discussed.
The phenomenon of splitting in a small psychiatric organization: A case report

It is evident from previous reports that splitting of the staff group is a powerful and continual occurrence in the daily life of inpatient psychiatry services. It seems critical that a sophisticated psychiatry staff be able to tolerate and master the ability to work with these phenomena. If the staff may lead a work culture in which split off parts of the group and of the individual are integrated, then a fundamental need of psychiatric patients is being met. We present a method by which a staff may work at developing this competence in a brief, intensive conference.