cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isobolographic analysis of chlordiazepoxide and triazolam combinations in squirrel monkeys discriminating triazolam.

Rationale: The discriminative stimulus (DS) effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) differ from those of other typical benzodiazepine (BZ) agonists in that CDP does not always occasion full substitution for a BZ agonist DS. Objectives: The present study tested the hypothesis that the unusual DS effects of CDP may result from its relatively low intrinsic efficacy by examining the combinations of CDP and triazolam using isobolographic analysis in squirrel monkeys discriminating triazolam. Methods and results: Squirrel monkeys were previously trained to discriminate triazolam (0.03 mg/kg, i.v.) from vehicle under a fixed-ratio 10 (FR 10) schedule of food reinforcement. CDP occasioned partial substitution for triazolam and did not alter the DS effects of triazolam, whereas single doses of triazolam enhanced the DS effects of triazolam, and bretazenil antagonized the triazolam DS. The isobolographic analysis showed that CDP and triazolam combinations resulted in additive effects in animals in which CDP substituted for triazolam, whereas infra-additive effects were obtained in animals in which CDP did not substitute for triazolam. Conclusions: The partial substitution of CDP for triazolam and the infra-additive effects obtained in animals in which CDP did not substitute for triazolam suggest that CDP may have lower intrinsic efficacy than triazolam. However, the lack of overall effect of CDP pretreatment and the lack of shift in animals in which CDP substituted for triazolam suggest that other factors, such as differential activity at BZ receptor subtypes, may play a role in the effects of CDP.
A High Compression and Short Test Sequence Test Compression Technique to Enhance Compressions of LFSR Reseeding

This paper presents a test data compression scheme that can be used to further improve compressions achieved by LFSR reseeding. The proposed compression technique can be implemented with very low hardware overhead. Unlike most commercial test data compression tools, the proposed method requires no special ATPG that is customized for the proposed scheme and can be used to compress test patterns generated by any ATPG tool. The test data to be stored in the ATE memory are much smaller than that for previously published schemes and the number of test patterns that need to be generated is smaller than other weighted random pattern testing schemes. Experimental results on a large industry design show that over 1600X compression is achievable by the proposed scheme with the number of patterns comparable to that of highly compacted deterministic patterns.
Non-Hamiltonian dynamics and trajectory methods in quantum phase spaces

A Lagrangian, moving-with-the-fluid, picture in the quantum Wigner phase space is rigorously defined, introducing a state-dependent current in phase space. Contrary to its classical counterpart, the Lagrangian dynamics in quantum phase space is non-Hamiltonian and elementary phase-space volumes are not conserved. The consequences for the numerical implementation of a fluid trajectory method in quantum phase space are discussed.
Using fine-scale fuel measurements to assess wildland fuels, potential fire behavior and hazard mitigation treatments in the southeastern USA

The inherent spatial and temporal heterogeneity of fuelbeds in forests of the southeastern United States may require fine scale fuel measurements for providing reliable fire hazard and fuel treatment effectiveness estimates. In a series of five papers, an intensive, fine scale fuel inventory from the Savanna River Site in the southeastern United States is used for building fuelbeds and mapping fire behavior potential, evaluating fuel treatment options for effectiveness, and providing a comparative analysis of landscape modeled fire behavior using three different data sources including the Fuel Characteristic Classification System, LANDFIRE, and the Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment. The research demonstrates that fine scale fuel measurements associated with fuel inventories repeated over time can be used to assess broad scale wildland fire potential and hazard mitigation treatment effectiveness in the southeastern USA and similar fire prone regions. Additional investigations will be needed to modify and improve these processes and capture the true potential of these fine scale data sets for fire and fuel management planning.
Relationships among hormones, brain and motivated behaviors in lizards

Lizards provide a rich opportunity for investigating the mechanisms associated with arousal and the display of motivated behaviors. They exhibit diverse mating strategies and modes of conspecific communication. This review focuses on anole lizards, of which green anoles (Anolis carolinensis) have been most extensively studied. Research from other species is discussed in that context. By considering mechanisms collectively, we can begin to piece together neural and endocrine factors mediating the stimulation of sexual and aggressive behaviors in this group of vertebrates.
High Level Expression and Characterization of the Mitochondrial Citrate Transport Protein from the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The gene encoding the mitochondrial citrate transport protein (CTP) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been identified, and its protein product has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed CTP accumulates in inclusion bodies and can be solubilized with sarkosyl. Approximately 25 mg of solubilized CTP at a purity of 75% is obtained per liter of E. coli culture. The function of the solubilized CTP has been reconstituted in a liposomal system where both its kinetic parameters (i.e.Km = 0.36 mM and Vmax = 2.5 μmol/min/mg protein) and its substrate specificity have been determined. Notably, the yeast CTP displays a stricter specificity for tricarboxylates than do CTPs from higher eukaryotic organisms. Dot matrix analysis of the yeast CTP sequence indicates the presence of three homologous sequence domains (each approximately 100 residues in length), which are also related to domains in other CTPs. Thus, the yeast CTP displays the tripartite structure characteristic of other mitochondrial transporters. Alignment of the yeast CTP sequence with CTPs from other sources defines a consensus sequence that displays 89 positions of amino acid identity, as well as the more generalized mitochondrial transporter-associated sequence motif. Based on hydropathy analysis, the yeast CTP contains six putative membrane-spanning α-helices. Finally, Southern blot analysis indicates that the yeast genome contains a single gene encoding the mitochondrial CTP. Our data indicate that, based on both its structural and functional properties, the expressed yeast CTP can be assigned membership in the mitochondrial carrier family. The identification of the yeast CTP gene, and the expression and purification of large quantities of its protein product, pave the way for investigations into the roles of specific amino acids in the CTP translocation mechanism, as well as for the initiation of crystallization trials.
A Model of the Self-Driven Evolution of a Defective Continuum

A model of the self-driven evolution law of a defective anelastic continuum is presented. Two-dimensional examples are discussed and the role of the Clausius—Duhem inequality in imposing constitutive restrictions is investigated.
Longitudinal and transverse momentum correlation of the proton spectrum

Abstract The inclusive proton spectrum in the region 0.5 ⪅ x ⪅ 0.9 is described by a through-going proton recoiling against a high-mass cluster. The longitudinal and transverse momentum correlation can then be explained in terms of a simple Regge formula. Evidence is given for the weakness of the triple-Pomeron coupling.
Diatoms from the Great Lakes. II. Some Rare or Poorly Known Species of the Genus Navicula

Twenty-one taxa of the diatom genus Navicula which are known to occur in the Great Lakes but have not been adequately treated in the North American literature are described and figured. The observed Great Lakes distribution and ecological affinities of these entities are discussed.
A Behavioral Archaeologist Responds

The final contribution to the 2010 Society for American Archaeology Forum, “Assessing Michael B. Schiffer and his Behavioral Archaeology,” is Schiffer’s response to issues raised by Michael J. O’Brien and Alexander Bentley, Robert L. Kelly, Linda S. Cordell, Stephen Plog, and Diane Gifford-Gonzalez in their published contributions. This paper addresses several long festering issues, reiterates and clarifies some positions, and presents a few unpublished views.
The impact of insurance lapse among low-income children

Children living in poverty not only have disproportionately more health problems, but also have disproportionately lower health care service utilization. Change, whether in health care delivery system or in family living situation, may interfere with or jeopardize insurance status and thereby influence access to health care services. We hypothesized that children who have maintained Medicaid insurance compared to those who have not will be more likely to have preventive care visits and less likely to have emergency room visits. We further hypothesized that transient situations such as homeless episodes, foster care placement, and living in more than one location in the same 1-year period will contribute to loss in Medicaid coverage. This retrospective cohort study was conducted at an urban children’s hospital outpatient clinic at which 210 family respondents were recruited over a 1-year period. An in-person interview containing several standardized instruments was administered to the caregiver. In addition, children’s medical records were retrospectively abstracted from point of study entry to first contact. Findings indicated that children who lost Medicaid coverage, compared to others, had significantly fewer preventive care health visits. There were no differences in emergency room visits. Transient situations did not appear to influence preventive or emergency room care. In addition, the change into a managed-care delivery system also increased loss of coverage. Loss of coverage may be a barrier to preventive care services. To ensure optimal preventive care services, the onus is on the providers and plants to facilitate continued insurance coverage.
Knockdown of orexin type 2 receptor in the lateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum of rats increases REM sleep

Dysfunction of the orexin/hypocretin neurotransmitter system causes the sleep disorder narcolepsy, characterized by intrusion of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep-like events into normal wakefulness. The sites where orexins act to suppress REM sleep are incompletely understood. Previous studies suggested that the lateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum (lPMT) contains an important REM sleep inhibitory area, and proposed that orexins inhibit REM sleep via orexin type 2 receptors (OxR2) in this region. However, this hypothesis has heretofore not been tested. We thus performed bilateral injection of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting Ox2R into the lPMT on two consecutive days. This led to a ~30 % increase of time spent in REM sleep in both the dark and light periods for the first two days after injection, with a return to baseline over the next two post-injection days. This increase was mainly due to more longer (>120 s) REM episodes. Cataplexy-like episodes were not observed. The percentage of time spent in wakefulness and NREM sleep, as well as the power spectral profile of NREM and REM sleep, were unaffected. Control animals injected with scrambled siRNA had no sleep changes post-injection. Quantification of the knockdown revealed that unilateral microinjection of siRNAs targeting OxR2 into the lPMT induced a ~40% reduction of OxR2 mRNA two days following the injections when compared to the contralateral side receiving control (scrambled) siRNA. Orexin type 1 receptor (OxR1) mRNA level was unaffected. Our results indicate that removal of OxR2 neurotransmission in the lPMT enhances REM sleep by increasing the duration of REM episodes.
A fluoroionophore for detection of potassium ions: 9-anthryl-substituted azacrown ether covalently linked to a 1,3-alternate calix[4]arene

Abstract N-(9-methyl-anthracene)-25,27-bis(1-propyloxy)calix[4]arene azacrown-5 (II) and its model compound N-(9-anthrylmethyl)aza-18-crown-6 (I) were synthesized and tested as fluoroionophores for the selective detection of potassium ions with a view to the use of II in the fabrication of potassium ion sensors. Compound II consists of a 1,3-alternate calix[4]arene group covalently linked to an azacrown ether that is N-substituted with a fluorescent anthracene group. This compound acts as an ‘off–on’ fluorescent indicator for ion complexation. In dichloromethane solution, compound II exhibits good sensitivity to potassium ions and forms a 1:1 fluoroionophore–ion complex. Studies demonstrate that II is selective for potassium over other alkali metal cations, with excellent selectivity over sodium and lithium ( log K K , Na ∼ log K K , Li ≤−3.5) and moderate selectivity over rubidium and cesium ( log K K , Rb ∼ log K K , Cs ∼−1) . Sensitivity of II to potassium is considerably enhanced in dichloromethane in comparison to methanol/dichloromethane mixtures, presumably due to two effects: a hydrogen-bonding interaction of methanol with the azacrown nitrogen atom, and poor solvation of the ion by dichloromethane, the latter creating a driving force for complexation.
Social and environmental influences on opioid sensitivity in rats: importance of an opioid’s relative efficacy at the mu-receptor

Evidence indicates that social and environmental enrichment can influence the functional maturation of the central nervous system and may affect an organism’s sensitivity to centrally acting drugs. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of social and environmental enrichment on sensitivity to mu-opioids possessing a range of relative efficacies at the mu-receptor. Rats were obtained at weaning (21 days) and divided into two groups immediately upon arrival. Isolated rats were housed individually in opaque laboratory cages with no visual or tactile contact with other rats; enriched rats were housed socially in groups of four in large cages and given various novel objects on a daily basis. After 6 weeks under these conditions, the effects of morphine, levorphanol, buprenorphine, butorphanol, and nalbuphine were examined in the warm-water, tail-withdrawal procedure and the place-conditioning procedure. In the tail-withdrawal procedure, isolated and enriched rats did not differ in sensitivity to morphine (1.0–30 mg/kg) and levorphanol (0.3–10 mg/kg), but enriched rats were more sensitive to buprenorphine (0.03–3.0 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.3–30 mg/kg), and nalbuphine (0.3–30 mg/kg). In drug combination tests, butorphanol and nalbuphine antagonized the effects of morphine in isolated rats under conditions in which they produced high levels of antinociception in enriched rats. In the place-conditioning procedure, doses of 10 morphine and 3.0 levorphanol established a place preference in both groups of rats, whereas doses of 0.3 buprenorphine, 3.0 butorphanol, and 10 nalbuphine established a place preference only in enriched rats. These findings may be taken as evidence that enriched rats are more sensitive than isolated rats to the effects of lower-efficacy mu-opioids and that social and environmental enrichment leads to functional alterations in opioid receptor populations.
Design with part behaviors: Behavior model, representation and applications

Abstract A part is primarily characterized by its ‘function(s)’. The function of the part is achieved through its ‘interactions’ with other parts in an assembly under a set of operating conditions. These ‘interactions’ constitute the ‘behavior’ of the part. The ‘part behavior’ is achieved through a set of spatial and design functional relationships between the interacting surfaces of the parts. The set of spatial and design functional relationships for a part constitutes the Part Function Model (PFM) of that part. In this paper, the nature and role of part ‘functions’ and ‘behaviors’ have been studied in the context of a product design system. The paper addresses the following issues: (i) relationship between function, behavior, and geometry of a part; (ii) importance of ‘part behavior’ over ‘part function’, and development of a ‘part behavior’ model; (iii) methodology for transforming the part behaviors into the PFM model of the part; (iv) product model framework for storing the PFM model information with an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) based CAD system (Concentra's Concept Modeller); (v) importance of the PFM model within the product development process; and (vi) application of the PFM model for generating various product specifications of the part. The prototype implementation of a Functional Design System for transforming part behaviors into different types of part specifications has also been presented in this paper.
Effect of stress and ACTH1–24 on hormonal levels in male alligators, Alligator mississippiensis

Abstract The effect of stress and the synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH 1–24 ) on plasma cortisol (F), corticosterone (B), progesterone (P), and testosterone (T) were investigated in farm-reared subadult male alligators (30–50 kg body wt) during the breeding season (June). In experiment 1, blood was sampled immediately after capture of alligators. Alligators were then treated with a single dose of either ACTH 1–24 (0.25 mg/animal/experimental) or a saline control. Additional blood samples were obtained at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 6 hr postinjection. After sampling, the alligators were released and recaptured just prior to each bleeding time. Alligators injected with ACTH 1–24 showed significant increase in plasma F and B levels over the saline injected group at 1 an 6 hr postinjection. Plasma P and T levels showed no significant difference between ACTH 1–24 and saline injected group throughout the sampling period. In experiment 2, alligators were treated with dexamethasone (10 mg/animal), restrained for 3 hr and subsequently injected with ACTH 1–24 as in experiment 1. This group also demonstrated a significant increase in plasma F and B levels in ACTH 1–24 injected alligators over the saline-injected group only at 7.5 hr postinjection and as in experiment 1, P and T levels showed no significant difference. In experiment 1 and 2, capture stress alone induced significant rises in plasma F and B concentrations in both the saline and ACTH 1–24 groups. Progesterone levels in both experiments remained unaffected and Plasma T levels decreased significantly following stress. It appears that ACTH 1–24 stimulated further F and B secretion in the alligators but had no effect on P or T levels. There was no significant difference between alligators treated with ACTH or ACTH and dexamethasone which indicates that dexamethasone was not effective in inhibiting endogenous ACTH secretion. Like other reptiles, capture and serial bleedings induced a significant rise in corticosteroids during the period of stress.
Mapping stain distribution in pathology slides using whole slide imaging

Background: Whole slide imaging (WSI) offers a novel approach to digitize and review pathology slides, but the voluminous data generated by this technology demand new computational methods for image analysis. Materials and Methods: In this study, we report a method that recognizes stains in WSI data and uses kernel density estimator to calculate the stain density across the digitized pathology slides. The validation study was conducted using a rat model of acute cardiac allograft rejection and another rat model of heart ischemia/reperfusion injury. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to label ED1 + macrophages in the tissue sections and the stained slides were digitized by a whole slide scanner. The whole slide images were tessellated to enable parallel processing. Pixel-wise stain classification was conducted to classify the IHC stains from those of the background and the density distribution of the identified IHC stains was then calculated by the kernel density estimator. Results: The regression analysis showed a correlation coefficient of 0.8961 between the number of IHC stains counted by our stain recognition algorithm and that by the manual counting, suggesting that our stain recognition algorithm was in good agreement with the manual counting. The density distribution of the IHC stains showed a consistent pattern with those of the cellular magnetic resonance (MR) images that detected macrophages labeled by ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide or micron-sized iron-oxide particles. Conclusions: Our method provides a new imaging modality to facilitate clinical diagnosis. It also provides a way to validate/correlate cellular MRI data used for tracking immune-cell infiltration in cardiac transplant rejection and cardiac ischemic injury.
Doped sol-gel materials as a matrix for fast-response photochromic devices and as a pororus cladding for fiber optic chemical sensors

The effect of a porous sol-gel matrix on the optical limiting characteristics of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (CAP) has been investigated. Excited state singlet-singlet absorption processes are found to be responsible for the fast response characteristics (ps to ns) for CAP doped xerogel glasses. Subsequent inter-system crossing and triplet-triplet absorption processes are responsible for the persistent absorbance (ns to ms) determined by the ISC rate and the phosphorescent lifetime of CAP. Inhomogeneous spectral broadening of CAP in the xerogel matrix relative to alcohol solutions was found to have a significant affect on the relative linear (i.e. ground state) versus non-linear (i.e. optically induced excited state) absorption processes. In addition, the faster absorption recovery observed for CAP in a silica xerogel relative to ethanol solution was attributed to an increased rate of electronic to vibrational internal conversion in the xerogel matrix. Porous xerogel glasses doped with sensor chromophores have also been in investigated as a novel cladding for fiber optic chemical sensor devices. The lower refractive index of the sol-gel film makes it a suitable cladding material while the porous channels allow analytes to diffuse into the evanescent field region where they are detected by changes in the photophysics of analyte sensitive chromophores.
“Not Going Away”: Approaches Used by Students, Faculty, and Staff Members to Create Gay–Straight Alliances at Three Religiously Affiliated Universities

This qualitative study examines the processes of forming gay–straight alliances at three religiously affiliated institutions of higher education. Using the lens of Social Movement Theory (SMT), this paper presents the methods and approaches used when advocates of gay–straight alliances at these institutions encountered resistance from administrators. The article analyzes the use of collaborative, conciliatory, assertive, and underground/subversive methods within specific contexts and also draws on three models provided by SMT to offer insight that may prove useful to people working to form gay–straight alliances or to support lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) students at religiously affiliated institutions.
Visual outcomes after vitreous loss during cataract surgery performed by residents.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the visual outcomes after vitreous loss during cataract surgery performed by residents. Setting: Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA. Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patients who had cataract extraction complicated by vitreous loss from 1997 through 1999 was conducted. All surgery was performed by third-year ophthalmology residents. Results: In 1400 cataract surgeries, 63 cases of vitreous loss (rate 4.5%) were identified. One case had less than 1 month of follow-up and was excluded from further analysis. Of the 62 remaining cases, 53 had phacoemulsification, 7 extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE), 1 phacoemulsification converted to ECCE, and 1 intracapsular cataract extraction. Thirty-two eyes had a sulcus-fixated posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) implanted, 20 an anterior chamber IOL, and 7 a PC IOL in the capsular bag; 3 eyes were left aphakic at the time of initial surgery. Overall, 77% of patients had a postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/40 or better. Of the 14 patients who did not have a BCVA of 20/40 or better, 9 had preexisting ocular pathology affecting vision. If these 9 patients are excluded, 91% of patients with vitreous loss had a BCVA of 20/40 or better. Six patients (10%) developed clinical cystoid macular edema. No patient with vitreous loss developed a retinal detachment or endophthalmitis. Conclusions: Good visual acuity can be achieved after resident cataract surgery complicated by vitreous loss. The rate of vitreous loss in this study is consistent with that in previous reports of resident cataract surgery in the literature.
Magnetic Properties of Group 8 Metal-Metal-Bonded Porphyrin and Tetraazaporphyrin Dimers.

Solid state magnetic susceptibility data (2−350 K) are presented for the metal−metal doubly bonded dimers [Ru(OEP)]2 (OEP = octaethylporphyrin), [Ru(OETAP)]2 (OETAP = octaethyltetraazaporphyrin), and [Os(OEP)]2. The data are consistent with strong zero-field splitting of the triplet ground state (D ≈ 240−630 cm-1). Variable temperature (200−300 K) 1H NMR data are presented for [Os(OEP)]2 and [Ru(OETAP)]2 and for two heterodimers, [(OEP)RuRu(OETAP)] and [(OEP)OsRu(OETAP)].
Body size and condition influence migration timing of juvenile Arctic grayling

Freshwater fishes utilising seasonally available habitats within annual migratory circuits time movements out of such habitats with changing hydrology, although individual attributes of fish may also mediate the behavioural response to environmental conditions. We tagged juvenile Arctic grayling in a seasonally flowing stream on the Arctic Coastal Plain in Alaska and recorded migration timing towards overwintering habitat. We examined the relationship between individual migration date, and fork length (FL) and body condition index (BCI) for fish tagged in June, July and August in three separate models. Larger fish migrated earlier; however, only the August model suggested a significant relationship with BCI. In this model, 42% of variability in migration timing was explained by FL and BCI, and fish in better condition were predicted to migrate earlier than those in poor condition. Here, the majority (33%) of variability was captured by FL with an additional 9% attributable to BCI. We also noted strong seasonal trends in BCI reflecting overwinter mass loss and subsequent growth within the study area. These results are interpreted in the context of size and energetic state-specific risks of overwinter starvation and mortality (which can be very high in the Arctic), which may influence individuals at greater risk to extend summer foraging in a risky, yet prey rich, habitat. Our research provides further evidence that heterogeneity among individuals within a population can influence migratory behaviour and identifies potential risks to late season migrants in Arctic beaded stream habitats influenced by climate change and petroleum development.
Allelopathy—An update

The latest previous comprehensive review of allelopathy (Rice, 1974) covered research done primarily prior to 1973. There have been numerous reviews published in recent years on specific phases of allelopathy (see III), but most of them covered research results published primarily through 1972 also. This review has been restricted, therefore, largely to research conducted subsequent to 1972, except for background information and significant papers overlooked in previous reviews. There has been almost an exponential increase in the rate of publication of papers concerned with allelopathy. Research has been particularly active in relation to the roles of allelopathy in agriculture, forestry, phytopathology, patterning of vegetation, algal succession, and old-field succession. Our increasing knowledge of the conditions under which certain crop residues cause allelopathic effects to subsequent crops should enable us soon to guard against such effects. We are on the threshold of breeding crop plants that will inhibit the chief weeds in a given area through allelopathic action, and thus decrease the need for synthetic weed killers. Our understanding of allelopathic interactions of various plant species has already been used advantageously in reforestation, and future developments are very encouraging. Our increasing knowledge of allelopathy is aiding greatly in our understanding of many ecological phenomena, such as succession and patterning of vegetation. Evidence is mounting that inhibition of nitrification increases as succession progresses toward the climax vegetation, at least in many vegetation types. This leads to a decrease in the loss of nitrogen. Addition of inhibitors to arable lands to prevent nitrification has proved to be valuable in preventing loss of nitrogen and in increasing crop yields. There has been a rapid advance in our knowledge of mechanisms of action of known allelopathic compounds, at increasingly more fundamental levels. We have known for several years, for example, that some of these compounds inhibit uptake of various minerals, but have not known the mechanism of the action. Recent research indicates this may be due, at least in part, to inhibition of a plasma membrane ATPase that is involved with ion absorption. A thorough knowledge of mechanisms of action of allelochemics is essential to our overall understanding and appreciation of the field of allelopathy.
Effects of instructions and verbal modeling in a survey interview setting

Abstract The effects of two interviewing procedures, Instructions and Verbal Modeling, on the reporting of health information in a survey interview setting were evaluated. The theoretical basis for selecting these procedures was derived from a conceptualization of the cognitive requirements for effective reporting. Two main dependent variables were used: number of health conditions reported, and number of ideas reported. An experimental sample design was employed, with the sample restricted to white females aged 18–64 yr, living in several towns and cities of a large metropolitan area. Results indicate various mediating effects of educational level and subjective health rating; and implications of the study for research on interviewing methodology, as well as on the cognitive and motivational aspects of reporting performance, are discussed.
Sequestration of RNA in Alzheimer's disease neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques

The polypeptide composition of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and senile plaques (SPs) has been characterized extensively within the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Because few data exist on the nonproteinaceous components of these lesions, we sought to determine if NFTs, neuropil threads (NTs), and SPs contain RNA species. To accomplish this, acridine orange (AO) histofluorescence was employed, alone or in combination with thioflavine S (TS) staining and immunohistochemistry to identify RNAs in paraffin-embedded tissue sections of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Postmortem brain samples came from 32 subjects including AD and elderly Down's syndrome (DS) patients, age-matched normal controls, and non-AD diseased controls. AO stained the cytoplasm of normal hippocampal and entorhinal neurons in all of the cases, while NFTs, NTs, and SPs were AO-positive in the same regions of AD and DS brains. Cytoplasmic AO histofluorescence was abolished with RNase, but not DNase or proteinase K, indicating the relative specificity of AO for RNA species. Quantitative analysis of double-labeled sections demonstrated that approximately 80% of TS-positive NFTs also were AO-positive, whereas approximately 55% of TS-stained SPs contained AO labeling. These novel observations demonstrate the presence of RNAs in NFTs, NTs, and SPs.
Miniature Wireless Magnetoelastic Resonant Motor With Frequency Selectable Bidirectional Rotation

This paper presents the analysis, fabrication, and experimental results of wirelessly actuated chip-scale rotary motors. Two designs are described. Design M is actuated by a φ8 -mm magnetoelastic stator lithographically micromachined from Metglas 2826MB-bulk-foil with 25 μm thickness. It operates at a resonant frequency of 11.35 kHz while 3-Oe dc and 2-Oe amplitude ac magnetic fields are applied. The measured rotation speed, start torque, calculated driving step size, and payload are 44 r/min, 2 nN ·m, ≈23 mdeg, and 9 mg, respectively. Design S uses a stator that is a sandwich of Si (φ8 mm diameter and 65 μm thickness) and magnetoelastic foil (φ8 mm diameter and 25 μm thickness) to tailor the stiffness. The typical resonant frequencies of clockwise (CW) mode and counterclockwise (CCW) mode are 6.1 and 7.9 kHz, respectively. The CCW mode provides a rotation rate of about 100 r/min, start torque of 30 nN ·m, and driving step size of 74 mdeg while 8-Oe dc and 6-Oe amplitude ac magnetic fields are applied. Bidirectional rotation is realized by switching the applied frequency, thereby exciting the stator in a slightly different mode shape. Design S shows at least 43-mg payload capability.
Metabolic adaptation to local climate in birds

Abstract 1. 1. Existence metabolism in house sparrows, Passer domesticus, collected at nine North American localities, varies inversely with mean mid-winter and mid-summer temperatures of collection sites at rates of 0 · 0036 and 0 . 0041 kcal g−1 day−1°C−1, respectively. 2. 2. Behavioral responses and improved insulation during the winter provide further adaptation to cold climates at rates of 0.0019 and 0.00012 kcal g−1 day −1 °C−1, respectively. 3. 3. Within the range of collection sites, ultimate minimal existence metabolism decreases southward, while upper critical temperatures predicted from these values increase. 4. 4. Ultimate maximum existence metabolism and lower limits of temperature tolerance increase northward with drop in winter temperature and constitute the critical metabolic characteristics that enable the species to be permanent residents at the collection sites. 5. 5. Maximum and minimum existence energy values and ultimate lower limits of temperature tolerance are used to construct a graphic physiological model for the distribution of house sparrows in North America.
Differentiation of glial precursor cells from developing rat brain in vitro

Abstract We have previously shown that enriched preparations of oligodendrocytes from mature bovine brain or 30d rat brain contain 4–10% ganglioside-GD3+ glial precursor cells, which differentiate into astrocytes in culture23. These findings are in contrast to those described by others in cultures of neonatal rat brain, which contain precursors that differentiate into both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. We have extended this study to determine whether the properties of glial precursor cells vary during development. Cells isolated by the same technique from 5-, 10- and 20-day-old rats, were placed in culture and double-immunostained at 1,2,3,6 and 10 days in vitro (DIV) for GD3/glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), galactosylceramide (GC)/GFAP, GD3/GC, GD3/antigen O4, GC/O4 and GFAP/O4. After 1 DIV the isolates from 5 day rats contained 30% GD3+ cells, 1% oligodendrocytes (GC+) and 3.5% astrocytes (GFAP+). The corresponding percentages from 10 day rats were: 35% GD3+, 3% GC+ and 3% GFAP+; and from 20 day rats: 28% GD3+, 35% GC+ and 1% GFAP+. Thus the number of oligodendrocytes in the initial isolate increased dramatically between 10 and 20 days. At all 3 ages immature cells were a major component of the total isolate. GFAP+ cells increased rapidly in all cultures. In all cultures the numbers of GFAP+/GD3+ cells reached a maximum and then declined coincident with the increase of GFAP+/GD3− cells, but there were many more of these double stained cells in cultures from 20 day rats. Moreover, all cultures at 1 DIV contained some GFAP+/GD3− cells. Thus astrocytes appeared to derive both from pre-existing GFAP+/GD3− cells and from GD3+ cells, the latter pathway being more significant in the older rats. GC+ cells increased in cultures prepared from 5 day and 10 day rats, but remained relatively constant in cultures from 20 day rats. The number of GD3+/O4+ cells decreased coincident with an increase of GC+/O4+ cells (all GC+ cells were O4+), but the number of GC+/GD3+ cells was insignificant in any culture from any age animal. These findings in developing animals support the scheme shown by others in neonates that oligodendrocytes derive from GD3+ cells via O4+/GC-intermediate cells. These data show that more GD3+ cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes in 5- and 10-day-old animals than in 20-day-old animals, and a larger percentage differentiate into astrocytes in 20-day-old animals than in the younger animals. The most reasonable explanation of these results is that two committed populations of GD3+ precursor cells exist in the brain, and that the ratio of these populations changes during development. The implication of this conclusion is that bipotential progenitor cells do not persist beyond the neonatal period, but become committed to separate lineages during development.
Two neuron dynamics and adiabatic elimination

Abstract We consider an effective neuron network obtained from the Hopfield model by adiabatic elimination. The validity of the slaving procedure is first numerically examined. The self-interaction of the effective neuron network may lead to non-zero attractors (far from the origin Ui = 0. The qualitative structure of the attractors for this two effective neuron model with J12J21 > 0 or
Iron removal from monoferric human serum transferrins by 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one, 1-hydroxypyridin-2-one and acetohydroxamic acid

The kinetics of iron removal from both forms of human serum monoferric transferrin by three ligands, 1, 2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one (L1), 1-hydroxypyridin-2-one and acetohydroxamic acid, have been evaluated at pH 7.4 and 25.0 degreesC. In almost all cases the rate of iron removal follows simple saturation kinetics with respect to the ligand concentration. No spectroscopically distinct intermediates are observed during the iron removal reaction, which is consistent with a mechanism in which the rate-limiting step in iron removal is a protein conformational change. In the presence of chloride or perchlorate, most systems continue to follow simple saturation kinetics, but with significantly different kmax values. Chloride accelerates iron release from both transferrin binding sites, while perchlorate accelerates iron release from the C-terminal site but retards iron release from the N-terminal site. When the hydrochloride salt of L1 is used to prepare the L1 stock solution, the allosteric effect of the chloride produces a continuing increase in the rate of iron removal with increasing ligand concentration, so that one no longer observes simple saturation kinetics. A least squares fit of kobs vs. the ligand concentration for L1.HCl shows that the allosteric effect of the chloride not only enhances the first-order term for iron removal but also doubles the apparent kmax for the saturation term. This supports the view that allosteric binding of anionic ligands contributes to the observed variation in kmax among different ligands. A detailed description of this allosteric effect is not yet possible because the effect varies significantly from system to system, depending upon the specific anion that is binding at the allosteric site, the ligand that is used to remove the iron, and the transferrin lobe from which iron is removed.
Statistical characterization of the EEG: The use of the power spectrum as a measure of ergodicity

Abstract In order to interpret statistical summaries of treatment-related changes in EEG power spectra, the internal consistency of the set of data from each condition must first be known. A technique for the assessment of such across-record homogeneity (ergodicity) is derived from the defining characteristics of the power-spectrum. A simplified graphic approximation is also detailed. Computer simulations and practical validation confirm it as a useful means of evaluating the erogodicity of sets of EEG data.
The genus Atropellis, and a new genus of the Helotiales associated with branch cankers of Western Hemlock.

(with 15 figures) During the summer of 1960, an unusual discomycete was found associated with fusiform, cankered swellings on branches of western hemlock [Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.], growing in the coastal region of British Columbia. Cultural studies show it to be identical with a nonsporulating fungus previously isolated from this type of canker. We determined that this organism is Atropellis treleasei (Sacc.) Zell. & Goodd. (1930), but examination of other members of this genus shows that A. treleasei is not congeneric with either Atropellis pinicola Zell. & Goodd. (1930), the type of this genus, or with the other species assigned to Atropellis. Studies on the other species of the genus were undertaken to clarify the taxonomic position of A. treleasei and of the
Multiphoton ionization detection of CH, carbon atoms, and O2 in premixed hydrocarbon flames

Abstract Measurements of the multiphoton ionization (MPI) spectra of CH, C atoms, and O2 have been made in atmospheric-pressure CH4/air and C2H4/air flames in the 280–315 nm region. The transitions involved are D 2Πi ←← X 2Πr and E′ 2Σ+ ←← X 2Πr for CH, the 3DJ ←← 3PJ and 1S0 ←← 1D2 multiplets for carbon atoms, and (3sσ) 3Πg ←← X 3Σg− for O2. Unusual rotational line intensities are observed in the CH spectra, which double resonance experiments show arise from near resonance with the intermediate C 2Σ+ state. The MPI spectrum of O2 is much more intense in flames compared to room-temperature, atmospheric-pressure conditions.
Sleep: A Synchrony of Cell Activity-Driven Small Network States

We posit a bottom-up sleep-regulatory paradigm in which state changes are initiated within small networks as a consequence of local cell activity. Bottom-up regulatory mechanisms are prevalent throughout nature, occurring in vastly different systems and levels of organization. Synchronization of state without top-down regulation is a fundamental property of large collections of small semi-autonomous entities. We posit that such synchronization mechanisms are sufficient and necessary for whole-organism sleep onset. Within the brain we posit that small networks of highly interconnected neurons and glia, for example cortical columns, are semi-autonomous units oscillating between sleep-like and wake-like states. We review evidence showing that cells, small networks and regional areas of the brain share sleep-like properties with whole-animal sleep. A testable hypothesis focused on how sleep is initiated within local networks is presented. We posit that the release of cell activity-dependent molecules, such as ATP and nitric oxide, into the extracellular space initiates state changes within the local networks where they are produced. We review mechanisms of ATP induction of sleep-regulatory substances and their actions on receptor trafficking. Finally, we provide an example of how such local metabolic and state changes provide mechanistic explanations for clinical conditions, such as insomnia.
The [C6H10]•+ Hypersurface: the Parent Radical Cation Diels−Alder Reaction

Various possible reaction pathways between ethene, 1, and butadiene radical cation (cis-, 2, trans-, 11) have been investigated at different levels of theory up to UCCSD(T)/DZP//UMP2(fc)/DZP and with density functional theory at B3LYP/DZP. A stepwise addition involving open chain intermediates and leading to the Diels−Alder product, the cyclohexene radical cation, 6, (path A) was found to have a total activation barrier ΔG298≠ = 6.3 kcal mol-1 and a change in free Gibbs energy, ΔG298, of −33.5 kcal mol-1. On the E° potential energy surface, all transition states are lower in energy than separated 1 + 2, the exothermicity ΔE = −45.6 kcal mol-1. A more direct path B could be characterized as stepwise with one intermediate only at the SCF level but not at electron-correlated levels and hence might actually be a concerted strongly asynchronous addition with a very small or no activation barrier (UCCSD(T)/DZP//UHF/6-31G* gives a ΔG298≠ of 0.8 kcal mol-1). The critical step for another alternative, the cyclobut...
Use of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine to study interaction between myocardial glycoconjugate secretion and endothelial activation in the early embryonic chick heart.

Abstract The glutamine analog, 6-diazo-5-oxo- l -norleucine (DON), a glycoconjugate inhibitor, was used to probe the relationships between myocardial secretion of extracellular matrix and endothelial differentiation and formation of cushion mesenchyme (primordia of AV values). When DON was given to stage 12 chick embryos maintained in shell-less culture, the myocardial secretion gradient of glucose- and sulfate-labeled matrix was blocked. Concomitantly, the endothelium failed to complete activation but continued to divide and incorporate thymidine. By varying DON concentration, two distinct phases of endothelial differentiation were identified: the first (labile to 0.5 μg) involved hypertrophy, the second (labile to 0.25 μg) acquisition of migratory appendages with resultant mesenchyme formation. Glucosamine + DON (but not inosine, glucose, or glutamine) restored the matrical secretion gradient and to varying degrees both phases of endothelial activation. Endothelia totally suppressed from forming mesenchyme in situ acquired this capacity when explanted into three-dimensional collagen gel culture. The capacity was enhanced by glucosamine given in situ as an inhibitory override, dependent upon serum concentration, inhibited by heat-inactivated serum or by adding DON to the medium, but unaffected by hyaluronate. These results were compared to those obtained by co-culturing endothelium and myocardium and discussed in terms of the hypothesis that cushion mesenchyme formation results from an epithelial interaction mediated by glycoconjugates.
A note on computed magnitude MLSM from strong motion records

It is shown that a new definition of MLSM (Trifunac14), which is computed from recorded strong motion earthquake accelerograms, leads to stable and unbiased estimates of the local earthquake magnitude ML (Richter8) for epicentral distance R < 100 km and for 3 MnL < 6.5. Tables of the uniform estimates using this new MLSM are presented for all earthquakes contributing to the current data base of free field strong motion accelerograms in EQINFOS files (Lee and Trifunac6).
Simultaneous circuit partitioning/clustering with retiming for performance optimization

Partitioning and clustering are crucial steps in circuit layout for handling large scale designs enabled by the deep submicron technologies. Retiming is an important sequential logic optimization technique for reducing the clock period by optimally repositioning flipflops. In our exploration of a logical and physical co-design flow, we developed a highly efficient algorithm on combining retiming with circuit partitioning or clustering for clock period minimization. Compared with the recent result by Pan et al. (1998) on quasioptimal clustering with retiming, our algorithm is able to reduce both runtime and memory requirement by one order of magnitude without losing quality. Our results show that our algorithm can be over 1000/spl times/ faster for large designs.