cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bedrock fracture density controls on hillslope erodibility in steep, rocky landscapes with patchy soil cover, southern California, USA

Abstract Although many steep landscapes comprise a patchwork of soil-mantled and bare-bedrock hillslopes, models typically assume hillslopes are entirely soil-mantled or bare-bedrock, making it challenging to predict how rock properties influence hillslope erodibility and landscape evolution. Here, we study headwater catchments across the San Gabriel Mountains (SGM) and Northern San Jacinto Mountains (NSJM) in southern California; two steep landscapes with similar climate and lithology, but with distinctly different bedrock fracture densities, ∼5× higher in the SGM. We combine new and published detrital in-situ cosmogenic 10Be-derived erosion rates with analysis of high resolution imagery and topography to quantify how the morphology and abundance of bare-bedrock and soil-mantled hillslopes vary with erosion rate within and between the two landscapes. For similar mean hillslope angles (35-46°), catchments in the NSJM erode at rates of 0.1-0.6 m kyr−1, compared to 0.2-2.2 m kyr−1 in the SGM. In both landscapes, bare-bedrock hillslopes increase in abundance with increasing erosion rate; however, more and steeper bedrock is exposed in the NSJM, indicating that wider bedrock fracture spacing reduces soil production efficiency and supports steeper cliffs. Additionally, higher erosion rates in the SGM require a 3× higher soil transport efficiency, reflecting an indirect control of bedrock fracture density on the size of sediment armoring hillslopes. Our data highlight how hillslope morphodynamics in steep landscapes depend on the strength of soil and bedrock and the efficiency of soil production and transport, all of which are variably sensitive to rock properties and influence the partitioning of soil and bare-bedrock on hillslopes.
Factors Associated with the Use of Meditation, U.S. Adults 2017.

Objectives: Relatively little is known about who uses various types of meditation or how health problems and health care barriers might simultaneously impact its use. This article describes the current prevalence of meditation and identifies significant individual and health system-related factors associated with its use. Design: Cross-sectional descriptive analysis of the 2017 National Health Interview Survey analyzed in 2019. Setting/Location: United States. Subjects: The adult, civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population. Outcome measures: Self-reported use of any type of meditation in past year (mantra, mindfulness, spiritual, guided imagery, and progressive relaxation) or as part of yoga or t'ai chi practice. Control variables included demographic characteristics, health status, risk behaviors, and health system-related factors (self-reported barriers and facilitators to health care access) hypothesized to be associated with greater meditation use. Results: Over 46 million people (19% of the adult, civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population) currently practice some type of meditation. Three main factors predict meditation use: the presence of a health problem (chronic disease, pain, anxiety/depression, and sleeping problems), cost or access barriers to conventional medical care, and individual characteristics (younger age, female sex, and sexual minority status). Conclusions: Meditation is one of the most common forms of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States today. While its health benefits are still emerging, public health practitioners and clinicians should be aware of the increasing use of these therapies to treat common health problems, their relatively low prevalence among some groups that might benefit from them (such as older people, those with less healthy lifestyles, and men), and their higher use among those who face barriers to obtaining conventional care.
Assessment of late-term progression of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in patients with orthotopic heart transplantation using quantitative cardiac 82Rb PET

The risk stratification and long-term survival of patients with orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) is impacted by the complication of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). This study evaluates changes in myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial coronary flow reserve (CFR) in a group of long-term OHT patients using quantitative cardiac 82Rb-positron emission tomography (PET). Twenty patients (7 females and 13 males, mean age = 72.7 ± 12.2 years with CAV and 62.9 ± 7.2 years without CAV and post-OHT mean time = 13.9 years), were evaluated retrospectively using dynamic cardiac 82Rb-PET at rest and regadenoson-induced stress. The patients also underwent selective coronary angiography (SCA) for diagnosis and risk stratification. CAV was diagnosed based on SCA findings and maximal intimal thickness greater than 0.5 mm, as defined by International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Global and regional MBFs were estimated in three vascular territories using the standard 1-tissue compartment model for dynamic 82Rb-PET. The myocardial CFR was also calculated as the ratio of peak stress MBF to rest MBF. Among twenty patients, seven had CAV in, at least, one major coronary artery (ISHLT CAV grade 1 or higher) while 13 patients did not have CAV (NonCAV). Mean rate-pressure products (RPP) at rest were significantly elevated in CAV patients compared to those without CAV (P = 0.002) but it was insignificant at stress (P = NS). There was no significant difference in the stress MBFs between CAV and NonCAV patients (P = NS). However, the difference in RPP-normalized stress MBFs was significant (P = 0.045), while RPP-normalized MBFs at rest was not significant (P = NS). Both CFR and RPP-normalized CFR were significantly lower in CAV compared to NonCAV patients (P < 0.001). There were significant correlations between MBFs and RPPs at rest for both CAV (ρ = 0.764, P = 0.047) and NonCAV patients (ρ = 0.641, P = 0.017), while there were no correlations at stress for CAV (ρ = 0.232, P = NS) and NonCAV patients (ρ = 0.068, P = NS). This study indicates that the resting MBF is higher in late-term post-OHT patients. The high resting MBF and reduced CFR suggest an unprecedented demand of blood flow and blunted response to stress due to impaired vasodilatory capacity that is exacerbated by the presence of CAV.
Late recognition of Gore Helex atrial septal occluder fracture and migration.

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure is indicated in cryptogenic stroke. Percutaneous PFO closure is both feasible and highly efficacious with low incidence of device-related complications. When complications occur, they are usually discovered within 6 weeks of device deployment. We describe the case of a partially embolised and fractured Gore Helex Septal Occluder device recognised nearly 9 years after placement requiring surgical explant. .
Prevalence and Social and Built Environmental Determinants of Maternal Prepregnancy Obesity in 68 Major Metropolitan Cities of the United States, 2013-2016.

Objective. Maternal prepregnancy obesity is related to increased maternal morbidity and mortality and poor birth outcomes. However, prevalence and risk factors for prepregnancy obesity in US cities are not known. This study examines the prevalence and social and environmental determinants of maternal prepregnancy obesity (BMI ≥30), overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25), and severe obesity (BMI ≥40) in the 68 largest metropolitan cities of the United States. Methods. We fitted logistic and Poisson regression models to the 2013–2016 national vital statistics birth cohort data (N = 3,083,600) to derive unadjusted and adjusted city differentials in maternal obesity and to determine social and environmental determinants. Results. Considerable disparities existed across cities, with the prevalence of prepregnancy obesity ranging from 10.4% in San Francisco to 36.6% in Detroit. Approximately 63.0% of mothers in Detroit were overweight or obese before pregnancy, compared with 29.2% of mothers in San Francisco. Severe obesity ranged from 1.4% in San Francisco to 8.5% in Cleveland. Women in Anchorage, Buffalo, Cleveland, Fresno, Indianapolis, Louisville, Milwaukee, Oklahoma City, Sacramento, St Paul, Toledo, Tulsa, and Wichita had >2 times higher adjusted odds of prepregnancy obesity compared to those in San Francisco. Race/ethnicity, maternal age, parity, marital status, nativity/immigrant status, and maternal education were important individual-level risk factors and accounted for 63%, 39%, and 72% of the city disparities in prepregnancy obesity, overweight/obesity, and severe obesity, respectively. Area deprivation, violent crime rates, physical inactivity rates, public transport use, and access to parkland and green spaces remained significant predictors of prepregnancy obesity even after controlling for individual-level covariates. Conclusions. Substantial disparities in maternal prepregnancy obesity among the major US cities remain despite risk-factor adjustment, with women in several Southern and Midwestern cities experiencing high risks of obesity. Sound urban policies are needed to promote healthier lifestyles and favorable social and built environments for obesity reduction and improved maternal health.
Can the Representativeness Heuristic Explain the Asset Growth Anomaly

We find that the low average returns to firms with high asset growth are consistent with two key implications of models of diagnostic investor expectations (e.g., Bordalo, Gennaioli, La Porta, and Shleifer, 2019) that formalize the representativeness heuristic of Kahneman and Tversky (1972). These models predict that investors overestimate the subjective probability of states that are more representative of a firm’s type and also neglect risk after a string of good news. We construct a measure of how representative the stereotype the ‘next Google’ is of high asset growth in the recent past. We show that this measure predicts the returns of CMA, the asset growth factor in the five factor model of Fama and French (2015). Returns to CMA are 17.5% over the 3 years after months with high representativeness and only 5.4% following low representativeness months. In the cross-section, we find evidence consistent with investors neglecting the risk of high asset growth firms. The asset growth effect is not present in portfolios with low distress risk and the interaction between distress and asset growth, rather than asset growth by itself, predicts low returns in Fama and MacBeth (1973) regressions and portfolio sorts. We also find that analysts and markets do not appreciate the importance of the interaction between asset growth and distress and are sluggish in responding to news for the ‘interaction’ portfolio. Finally, we show that our measure of representativeness predicts the returns of the interaction portfolio.
An action plan to address the mental health impact of COVID-19 on communities: Five effective strategies.

The 2019 coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted the physical and mental health of individuals and communities worldwide. While research is being conducted in real-time to address the unique impacts of COVID-19, this moment is also an opportunity to learn from previous infectious disease outbreaks. The goal of this paper is to review the literature on previous infectious disease outbreaks to better understand and identify effective interventions that may help mitigate the psychological impact and collective trauma on a given community. Five strategies are recommended for developing a plan of action: (1) engage and partner with community leaders and community-based organizations; (2) establish (and re-establish) community support networks including self-help groups; (3) conduct community outreach, education, and training on the signs and symptoms of mental health issues, how to access mental health resources, and effective supportive and coping skills; (4) deploy Community Health Workers to access, engage, and educate community members; and (5) use a community capacity-building and community empowerment-oriented approach. When implemented together, these strategies have been shown to help communities reduce the mental health impact and heal from the collective trauma of an infectious disease outbreak and increase the collective efficacy of a community, resulting in increased resiliency and preparedness for future outbreaks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings Among Individuals With Olfactory and Cognitive Impairment.

Objectives The underlying mechanism of the association between olfactory impairment and dementia may be explained by neurodegenerative changes detected on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The purpose of this systematic review is to describe neurodegenerative changes on MRI in patients with olfactory impairment and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. Study design Systematic review. Methods A literature search encompassing PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies with MRI and olfactory testing among participants diagnosed with MCI or dementia was performed. Sample size, study design, cognitive impairment type, olfactory testing, and MRI findings were abstracted. Two investigators independently reviewed all articles. Results The search yielded 556 nonduplicate abstracts, from which 86 articles were reviewed and 24 were included. Seventeen (71%) of 24 studies reported hippocampal volume findings, with 14 studies reporting a relationship between hippocampal volume and olfactory performance. Two (50%) of four prospective studies reported the potential utility of baseline hippocampal volume as a marker of dementia conversion from MCI. Five (21%) of 24 studies reporting olfactory functional MRI (fMRI) findings highlighted the utility of olfactory fMRI to identify individuals in the early stages of cognitive decline. Conclusion Current evidence suggests hippocampal volume correlates with olfactory performance in individuals with cognitive impairment, and that olfactory fMRI may improve early detection of AD. However, the predictive utility of these imaging markers is limited in prospective studies. MRI may be a useful modality for selecting patients at high risk of future cognitive decline for enrollment in early treatment trials. Laryngoscope, 2021.
The Brazilian Experience With Respect to Tender Offers

The first tender offer in Brazil occurred in October 1971, when Macrosul SA. sought takeover of Sulbanco [1]. It was at the height of a period during which the Brazilian Government's Ministry of Finance encouraged the formation of financial conglomerates [2]. Credit from the Central Bank of Brazil was made readily available to selected financial institutions [3] who then engaged in private negotiations with target company controlling shareholders. Sales were negotiated for as much as ten times the market value of the shares, and non-controlling, or minority shareholders were rarely invited to tender their shares at the premium price [4]. Controversy arose over this questionable practice of failing to offer the premium to the minority shareholders, and in 1973 the first legislative proposals to remedy the situation were brought before the Congress [5]. The following year, the Council of Economic Development [6] dealt with the issue in its Second National Economic Development Plan of 1974. Specifically, it called for reformulation of the Corporation Law with a view toward preventing the controlling shareholders' shares from obtaining a higher resale value than that of the non-controlling, or minority shareholders' shares [7]. Thus, it sought to protect the economic interests of the minority shareholders in the event of a privately negotiated sale of a controlling block of shares. Pursuant to this Plan, the Economic Development Council issued the following guidelines for reformulation of the Corporation Law: "The Law shall require that the transfer of a substantial portion of the voting capital of a public company be effected through a tender offer transaction so as to ensure that minority shareholders receive treatment equal to that received by the controlling shareholders [8]". A shift away from this policy occurred in June 1976, when the Economic Development Council included in its draft Corporation Law a provision that asserted the right of the controlling shareholders to receive a premium price upon transfer of
Archaeological Investigations in the Soldiers' Barracks Complex of Mission San Antonio de Padua 1978-1981

This report concerns the continuing program of archaeological research being conducted at Mission San Antonio near Jolon, California. Mission San Antonio was established in 1771 as a part of the Spanish attempt to secure the region from foreigners, particularly the Russians who were expanding southward along the Pacific Coast at that time. Between 1771 and 1820 the mission was guarded by a regular force of less than five men sent from the Presidio of Monterey.
Die Nichtuntrüglichkeit des Mathematischen Schliessens

In der Berichtigung der landlaufigen Auffassung uber die Mathematik gehe ich nunmehr zu dem dritten Punkt uber. Es handelt sich dabei um das mathematische Schliesen selbst. Dieses wird nach der ublichen Meinung fur etwas ganz Selbstverstandliches angesehen. Man braucht ja, so denkt man, nur die gewohnlichen Regeln der Logik anzuwenden; dann gelangt man, von den Axiomen ausgehend, zu dem ganzen Aufbau der mathematischen Theorien. Und soweit die Axiome sicher sind, mussen auch die Folgerungen zuverlassig sein. Eine prinzipielle Schwierigkeit kann hiernach also gar nicht auftreten.
Non‐Cartesian parallel imaging reconstruction

Non-Cartesian parallel imaging has played an important role in reducing data acquisition time in MRI. The use of non-Cartesian trajectories can enable more efficient coverage of k-space, which can be leveraged to reduce scan times. These trajectories can be undersampled to achieve even faster scan times, but the resulting images may contain aliasing artifacts. Just as Cartesian parallel imaging can be used to reconstruct images from undersampled Cartesian data, non-Cartesian parallel imaging methods can mitigate aliasing artifacts by using additional spatial encoding information in the form of the nonhomogeneous sensitivities of multi-coil phased arrays. This review will begin with an overview of non-Cartesian k-space trajectories and their sampling properties, followed by an in-depth discussion of several selected non-Cartesian parallel imaging algorithms. Three representative non-Cartesian parallel imaging methods will be described, including Conjugate Gradient SENSE (CG SENSE), non-Cartesian generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA), and Iterative Self-Consistent Parallel Imaging Reconstruction (SPIRiT). After a discussion of these three techniques, several potential promising clinical applications of non-Cartesian parallel imaging will be covered.
Quantum nondemolition detection and squeezing in optical fibers

The nonlinear optical interactions in an optical fiber permit the amplitude of one wave to be inferred from the phase of a coupled wave, and the partial suppression of quantum noise.
Unintended Epidural Placement of a Thoracic Paravertebral Catheter in a Patient with Severe Chest Trauma

Objective. Severe pain can lead to ventilatory compromise in patients with multiple rib fractures. Regional anesthetic techniques, including continuous thoracic paravertebral and thoracic epidural blocks, can be useful in reducing this pain and subsequent morbidity due to respiratory compromise. Thoracic paravertebral block can result in significant complications. Presumed epidural spread of injected medication has been described with thoracic paravertebral block. High-quality radiographic images of an attempted placement of a thoracic paravertebral catheter in the epidural space have not been reported. We present these images to highlight the occurrence of this complication. Settings and Patients. In this case, we report an attempted placement of a thoracic paravertebral catheter that passed into the epidural space. High-fidelity, three-dimensional computer tomography images and the management of the unintended epidural catheterization are presented. Results and Conclusions. In the setting of severe chest trauma, the potential risk of unintended placement of an intended thoracic paravertebral catheter in the epidural space is graphically illustrated as a potential risk of this procedure.
A Complex Systems Perspective on Collaborative Design

Collaborative design is challenging because strong interdependencies between design issues make it difficult to converge on a single design that satisfies these dependencies and is acceptable to all participants. Current collaborative design processes are typically characterized by (1) multiple iterations and/or heavy reliance on multi-functional design reviews, both of which are expensive and time-consuming, (2) poor incorporation of some important design concerns, typically later life-cycle issues such as environmental impact, as well as (3) reduced creativity due to the tendency to incrementally modify known successful designs rather than explore radically different and potentially superior ones.
SNR maximization hashing for learning compact binary codes

In this paper, we propose a novel robust hashing algorithm based on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) maximization to learn binary codes. We first motivate SNR maximization for robust hashing in a statistical model, under which maximizing SNR minimizes the robust hashing error probability. A globally optimal solution can be obtained by solving a generalized eigenvalue problem. The proposed algorithm is tested on both synthetic and real datasets, showing significant performance gain over existing hashing algorithms.
Quantification of glycosidase activity in selected strains of Brettanomyces bruxellensis and Oenococcus oeni

Brettanomyces bruxellensis and lactic acid bacteria are common microorganisms capable of modifying wine aroma and flavor. The activity of β-glucosidase against p -nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside was determined in a model system for 14 strains of Brettanomyces bruxellensis yeast and 9 strains of lactic acid bacteria (Oenococcus oeni) . All Brettanomyces strains and 7 Oenococcus strains exhibited enzymatic activity against this substrate. B. bruxellensis β-glucosidase activity was primarily intracellular; O. oeni showed some extracellular activity. Strains showing activity greater than 1000 nmole mL -1 g dry cell mass -1 24 hr -1 for Brettanomyces , or 100 nmole mL -1 g dry cell mass -1 24 hr -1 for Oenococcus , were evaluated for their effect on native Viognier grape glycosides. Neither genus was active on Viognier grape glycosides.
Software Process Simulation Modeling (ProSim‘98): WorkshopReport

Software companies are faced with constant changes and increased demands for improvements to cycle time, costs, and quality. Software Process Simulation has shown to be an effective tool to evaluate changes made to a software project or development organization and to help manage these changes. The Silver Falls Workshop on Software Process Simulation Modeling (ProSim) brings both researchers and practitioners together in order to jointly explore the benefits of, and issues involved in, Software Process Simulations. The focus of this workshop is on both the application of software process simulation research in addressing real-world problems, as well as advances being made which will provide the foundation for Software Process Simulation modeling in the future. This paper provides a report on the ProSim’98 workshop and a summary of the technical program.
Characterization of a nucleopolyhedrovirus from the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a serious localized pest of vegetable and field crops. We have characterized a newly discovered baculovirus, the Agrotis ipsilon multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgipMNPV), that was isolated from A. ipsilon in Illinois. Restriction enzyme fragment profiles of AgipMNPV DNA were distinct from those of previously described nucleopolyhedroviruses. Electron microscopy of AgipMNPV-infected tissues indicated that nucleocapsids of this virus are multiply enveloped. A. ipsilon was highly susceptible to infection by AgipMNPV and significantly more susceptible to infection by AgipMNPV than by Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). Host range studies showed that Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea were moderately susceptible to infection; Pseudaletia unipuncta and Spodoptera frugiperda were only partially susceptible, and Anticarsia gemmatalis, Spodoptera exigua, Trichoplusia ni, and Ostrinia nubilalis were not susceptible to infection by AgipMNPV. Because of its high virulence, AgipMNPV has potential as an alternative to chemical insecticides for control of A. ipsilon. r 1999 Academic Press
Spatial Language, Polysemy, and Cross-Linguistic Semantic Mismatches: Cognitive Linguistics Insights into Challenges for Second Language Learners

Abstract Spatial language has long been recognized as one of the most difficult challenges for second language (L2) learners. Recent advances in linguistics have begun to reveal the complexity and cross-linguistic variation in spatial language, thus offering us tools for better understanding of the difficulties L2 learners face. This article focuses on recent Cognitive Linguistic analyses of the complex, extended semantic networks (polysemy networks) commonly associated with spatial language that codes focus-ground relations. The investigation involves fine grained comparisons of the extended polysemy networks associated with the Russian preposition za and the English prepositions over and at, which are two standard translations of za. The analysis reveals, even though the central figure-ground configurations of za versus over and at are quite different, za has developed key extended meanings which overlap those of over and at. The result is what seems like cross-linguistic semantic mismatches. I hypothes...
M-cells: A logic circuit model to account for some features of CNS inhibition

A truth table definition for neural inhibition is used to develop a model for stimulus specificity in a sensory system. An example from the mammalian visual system, that of orientation selectivity in visual cortex, is worked out in detail. Using the assumption that logical processing of signals may take place in a nerve cell's dendritic tree, a digital circuit is transformed into a neural model. An important feature of the model is an inhibitory neuron, termed an M-cell, which by its actions confers response specificity on neighboring principal cells. The M-cell is shown to have several properties in common with basket cells seen in cerebellar, hippocampal and cerebral cortex.
Paramagnetic resonance study of liquids during photolysis VII. Nitrilest

Abstract Upon photolysis with ultraviolet light, solutions of nitriles containing hydrogen peroxide give radicals formed by abstraction of α-hydrogens. Paramagnetic resonance spectra have been observed and hyperfine couplings and g -values measured for radicals made from acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, iso-butyronitrile, succinonitrile, cyanoacetic acid, ethyl cyanoacetate, glycolonitrile, and hydracrylonitrile.
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ in BRCA Mutation Carriers

Purpose The current literature suggests that ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is infrequently diagnosed in patients with BRCA germline mutations. We studied women at high risk of hereditary breast cancer syndromes who underwent testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 to estimate DCIS prevalence and incidence in known BRCA-positive women compared with high-risk women who were mutation negative. Methods We analyzed breast event outcomes in a retrospective cohort of 129 BRCA-positive and 269 BRCA-negative women undergoing genetic testing for a BRCA mutation between September 1996 and December 2003 at University of California, San Francisco. We estimated the frequency of DCIS and invasive cancer and time to breast events from birth using a Cox proportional hazard model for competing risks. Histologic grade of DCIS was also compared between groups. Results Among BRCA carriers, 48 (37%) had DCIS (with or without invasive cancer) compared with 92 noncarriers (34%). Univariate analysis showed that both DCIS and ...
Surveyor Results and the Composition of the Moon

Chemical composition of moon from Surveyor results, noting resemblance to terrestrial basalt
Tuning the Optical Properties by Engineering the Topologic Shape of Ag Nanorods

ABSTRACT We use the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) method to investigate the optical extinction spectra and the E -field enhancement distribution of Ag nanorods with different topologic shapes, such as cylindrical-, needle-, period-, L -, parallel-, U-shaped, and helical nanorod st ructures. Compared to Ag nanorods with a simple sh ape such as cylinder and needle, irregular nanorod structures show many distinct pl asmon resonance modes over a large spectral range. More hot spots are observed for nanorods with more kinks and bendings, such as period-shaped and L-shaped nanorods, and the E- field distribution depends on the polarization and propagation direction of the excitation light. For the parallel-nanorod structure, when the incident E -field is perpendicular to the nanorod axis, only transverse plasmon modes are excited. However, for a U-shaped nanorod, longitudinal plasmon modes can also be stimulated along the vertical nanorod direction. Helical nanorod interacts differently with left- and right-handed circular polarized lights, which provides another way to tune the plasmon peak and arrange the E -field distribution.
Translationally invariant self-consistent field theories

We present a self-consistent field theory which is translationally invariant. The equations obtained go over to the usual Hartree-Fock equations in the limit of large particle number. In addition to deriving the dynamic equations for the self-consistent amplitudes we discuss the calculation of form factors and various other observables.
Palliative Care for Motor Neurone Disease

The palliative care of a patient with motor neurone disease (MND) starts even at the time of diagnosis, and this care throughout the disease process is crucial to management in the later stages. Palliative care is defined as: ‘The active total care of patients whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment. Control of pain, of other symptoms, and of psychological, social and spiritual problems is paramount. The goal of palliative care is achievement of the best possible quality of life for patients and their families.’ (World Health Organization 1990). As there is, at present, no cure for MND, and Riluzole, at best, only slows the progression of the disease. Therefore, the care of patients with MND is palliative and this approach will enable them, together with their families, to retain as good a quality of life as possible. During the disease progression, there are times when there are particular
Generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes in vitro against autologous human leukaemia cells.

NORMAL lymphocytes cultured with allogeneic cells in one-way mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) respond proliferatively to the “lymphocyte-defined” (LD) antigens and subsequently cytotoxic cells are generated against the target antigens on the stimulating cells1. In contrast, when responding lymphocytes are cultured with stimulating lymphocytes that differ with respect to target antigens but not LD antigens, proliferative and cytotoxic responses are not easily generated; the addition of a second stimulating cell differing from the responding cell with respect to LD antigens in a ‘three-cell’ experiment allows the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes directed against target antigens1–4. Consistent with results of others5–9, we have detected low but significant MLC responses after culturing remission lymphocytes with irradiated autologous leukaemia cells; however, cytotoxic lymphocytes were not generated. Using the ‘three-cell’ approach, where remission lymphocytes, irradiated leukaemia cells and irradiated allogeneic stimulating cells were cocultured, we have generated lymphocytes specifically cytotoxic for autologous human leukaemia cells.
Force heterogeneities in particle assemblies: from order to disorder.

The effect of increasing structural disorder on the distribution of contact forces $P(f)$ inside three dimensional particle assemblies is systematically studied using computer simulations of model granular packings. Starting from a face-centered-cubic array, where all contact forces are identical, an increasing number of defects is introduced into the assembly, after which the system is then allowed to relax into a different mechanically stable state. Three distinct protocols for imposing disorder are compared. A quantitative measure of the disorder is obtained from distributions of the coordination number and three-particle contact angle. The distribution of normal contact forces show dramatic qualitative changes with increasing disorder. In the regime where the disorder is relatively weak, the pressure and the lowest normal mode frequency scale approximately linearly in the coordination number, with distance from the crystalline state. These results for $P(f)$ are discussed in the context of jamming phenomena in glassy and granular materials.
Theoretical Aerodynamics of Over-Wing-Blowing Configuration

Previous investigations on OWB aerodynamics2'3 have been centered on the jet entrainment effect, without properly accounting for the dynamic pressure difference in the flowfield because of the presence of the jet. The predicted lift has been found to be too low as compared with experiments, in particular, when the jet is close to the wing. In this paper, the additional lift induced by the over-wing-blowing jets is attributed to the inviscid jet-wing interaction due to the higher jet dynamic pressure and the jet flap effect. The methods used in computing the jet entrainment effect and the wing-jet interaction are summarized in the following. Existing methods for computing jet entrainment are mainly for incompressible, nonheated jets.4 To extend the methods to compressible heated jets, Kleinstein's theory for free compressible jets is revised to include the effect of external stream, with the simplicity of his theory being retained. In this extended theory, the axial velocity is given by
Optical measurement of arterial mechanical properties: from atherosclerotic plaque initiation to rupture

During the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis, from lesion initiation to rupture, arterial mechanical properties are altered by a number of cellular, molecular, and hemodynamic processes. There is growing recognition that mechanical factors may actively drive vascular cell signaling and regulate atherosclerosis disease progression. In advanced plaques, the mechanical properties of the atheroma influence stress distributions in the fibrous cap and mediate plaque rupture resulting in acute coronary events. This review paper explores current optical technologies that provide information on the mechanical properties of arterial tissue to advance our understanding of the mechanical factors involved in atherosclerosis development leading to plaque rupture. The optical approaches discussed include optical microrheology and traction force microscopy that probe the mechanical behavior of single cell and extracellular matrix components, and intravascular imaging modalities including laser speckle rheology, optical coherence elastography, and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography to measure the mechanical properties of advanced coronary lesions. Given the wealth of information that these techniques can provide, optical imaging modalities are poised to play an increasingly significant role in elucidating the mechanical aspects of coronary atherosclerosis in the future.
Differences in mitochondrial functions from right and left ventricular myocardium of four mammalian species.

Abstract 1. 1. Mitochondria were isolated from the right and left ventricles of Canis familiaris, Felis catus, Oryctolaqus cuniculus and Sus scrofa hearts. 2. 2. A consistent 20–25% lower rate of phosphorylating respiration (State 3) was found in right ventricular mitochondria compared to left in all four species. 3. 3. Measurement of initial velocities of calcium uptake using dual-beam spectrophotometry revealed marked differences in the apparent K m and V max values between the mitochondrial preparations from the four species. 4. 4. The results indicate significant differences in mitochondrial respiratory activity between right and left myocardium and further suggest possible differences in the role of mitochondria in maintaining cellular calcium homeostasis in the various species' hearts.
STRATIGRAPHY AND SERIATION

Stratigraphic interpretation rests on two principles: the principle of superposition and the principle that deposition units can be identified by cultural content. The sequence of deposition units derived from a case of superposition may not give a true cultural sequence if mixing, filling, or collecting has affected the cultural contents of the units. There are two kinds of seriation: evolutionary serration, done on the basis of an assumed general law of cultural development, and similiary seriation, done on the basis of similarities and differences in objects or deposition units compared. Similiary seriation assumes only that cultural change is normally gradual. Of the two kinds of seriation, only similiary seriation can give credible results. Some evidence of archaeological associations is necessary to control the possibility of non-gradual change resulting from sudden outside influence or archaism. If the conditions for success can be met, either stratigraphy or senation can provide a credible sequence. Each method provides a credible sequence. Each method provides a check on the other; the most credible results are achieved by combining the two.
High level transgenic expression of soybean ( Glycine max ) GmERF and Gmubi gene promoters isolated by a novel promoter analysis pipeline

Although numerous factors can influence gene expression, promoters are perhaps the most important component of the regulatory control process. Promoter regions are often defined as a region upstream of the transcriptional start. They contain regulatory elements that interact with regulatory proteins to modulate gene expression. Most genes possess their own unique promoter and large numbers of promoters are therefore available for study. Unfortunately, relatively few promoters have been isolated and characterized; particularly from soybean (Glycine max). In this research, a bioinformatics approach was first performed to identify members of the Gmubi ( G. m ax ubiquitin) and the GmERF ( G . m ax Ethylene Response Factor) gene families of soybean. Ten Gmubi and ten GmERF promoters from selected genes were cloned upstream of the gfp gene and successfully characterized using rapid validation tools developed for both transient and stable expression. Quantification of promoter strength using transient expression in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) cotyledonary tissue and stable expression in soybean hairy roots showed that the intensity of gfp gene expression was mostly conserved across the two expression systems. Seven of the ten Gmubi promoters yielded from 2- to 7-fold higher expression than a standard CaMV35S promoter while four of the ten GmERF promoters showed from 1.5- to 2.2-times higher GFP levels compared to the CaMV35S promoter. Quantification of GFP expression in stably-transformed hairy roots of soybean was variable among roots derived from different transformation events but consistent among secondary roots, derived from the same primary transformation events. Molecular analysis of hairy root events revealed a direct relationship between copy number and expression intensity; higher copy number events displayed higher GFP expression. In this study, we present expression intensity data on 20 novel soybean promoters from two different gene families, ubiquitin and ERF. We also demonstrate the utility of lima bean cotyledons and soybean hairy roots for rapid promoter analyses and provide novel insights towards the utilization of these expression systems. The soybean promoters characterized here will be useful for production of transgenic soybean plants for both basic research and commercial plant improvement.
Techniques For Precision Air Temperature Control

High quality air temperature control can provide an excellent means for minimizing the thermal drift of machine tools and inspection instruments when other means are not practical. Improvements in air temperature control has been improved in several machining areas by as much as ten to one by the careful identification of heat loads and the application of some fundamental classical control theory.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Climatic and environmental change in Africa during the last two centuries

Climatic and environmental changes in Africa during the last 2 centuries have been examined, using both systematic rainfall records and proxy information concerning lakes and rivers and the occurrence of famine and drought. The rainfall records provide excellent detail for the 20th century. The proxy data have been used to produce a semi-quantitative data set spanning most of the continent and having an annual time resolution. These provide an overview of conditions during the 19th century. Various issues related to the causes of these 2 centuries of variability are also considered: atmospheric and oceanic processes, desertification, surface albedo, mineral dust and hydrological feedbacks. The most significant climatic change that has occurred has been a long-term reduction in rainfall in the semi-arid regions of West Africa. This was on the order of 20 to 40% in parts of the Sahel. There have been 3 decades of protracted aridity. Nearly all of Africa has been affected by increased aridity, particularly since the 1980s. Few changes in temperature have been demonstrated. These have occurred on a much smaller scale and are of considerably lower magni- tude than those over the continents. The rainfall conditions over Africa during the last 2 to 3 decades are not unprecedented. A similar dry episode prevailed during most of the first half of the 19th cen- tury. By mid-century, conditions more typical of the 'normal' for the current century again prevailed. Thus, the 3 decades of dry conditions evidenced in the Sahel are not in themselves evidence of irre- versible global change. On the other hand, the processes controlling rainfall over most of the conti- nent are now reasonably well understood. One of the most important factors, particularly in the Sahel, is sea-surface temperatures. It has been hypothesized that anthropogenic changes in the land surface, particularly land use change and desertification, have contributed significantly to the decline in rainfall. Current evidence suggests that if changes in the land surface (e.g., vegetation cover, sur- face albedo, soil moisture) signficantly impact climate, they are much more strongly controlled by natural climate variations, such as the recent decline in rainfall, than by human-induced land-use change or degradation. Unfortunately, we still do not have any accurate large-scale assessments of the extent, nature and degree of such changes. The dreaded 'desertification' process appears to be confined to relatively small scales. However, there is still cause for concern because the net effect of the various feedback processes involved in land degradation appears to be destabilization of ecosys- tems. Thus, a priority must be large-scale monitoring of the land surface and estimates of the degree of change.
Seasonal sea surface cooling in the equatorial Pacific cold tongue controlled by ocean mixing

In the tropics, a strong seasonal cycle in sea surface temperature exists despite comparatively constant radiation inputs; turbulent mixing from below is now shown to control the cooling phase of the seasonal cycle in the equatorial Pacific ‘cold tongue’ at 140° W. In much of the non-tropical ocean, the seasonal cycle is dominated by seasonal variations in solar radiation. Yet in the tropics, there is a strong seasonal cycle in sea surface temperature despite comparatively constant radiation inputs. James Moum and colleagues present multi-year observations that show that turbulent mixing from below accounts for much of the magnitude of the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific cold tongue at 140° W. These findings should contribute to improved understanding of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation cycle and to more accuracy in many coupled ocean–atmosphere climate models. Sea surface temperature (SST) is a critical control on the atmosphere1, and numerical models of atmosphere–ocean circulation emphasize its accurate prediction. Yet many models demonstrate large, systematic biases in simulated SST in the equatorial ‘cold tongues’ (expansive regions of net heat uptake from the atmosphere) of the Atlantic2 and Pacific3 oceans, particularly with regard to a central but little-understood feature of tropical oceans: a strong seasonal cycle. The biases may be related to the inability of models to constrain turbulent mixing realistically4, given that turbulent mixing, combined with seasonal variations in atmospheric heating, determines SST. In temperate oceans, the seasonal SST cycle is clearly related to varying solar heating5; in the tropics, however, SSTs vary seasonally in the absence of similar variations in solar inputs6. Turbulent mixing has long been a likely explanation, but firm, long-term observational evidence has been absent. Here we show the existence of a distinctive seasonal cycle of subsurface cooling via mixing in the equatorial Pacific cold tongue, using multi-year measurements of turbulence in the ocean. In boreal spring, SST rises by 2 kelvin when heating of the upper ocean by the atmosphere exceeds cooling by mixing from below. In boreal summer, SST decreases because cooling from below exceeds heating from above. When the effects of lateral advection are considered, the magnitude of summer cooling via mixing (4 kelvin per month) is equivalent to that required to counter the heating terms. These results provide quantitative assessment of how mixing varies on timescales longer than a few weeks, clearly showing its controlling influence on seasonal cooling of SST in a critical oceanic regime.
The evolution of the role and office of the first lady: the movement toward integration with the White House office

The increasing influence and activism of first ladies is not without consequence. Two results have been the growth and professionalization of the first ladies’ office and its integration with the O...
Capacity Reliability of Water Distribution Networks and Optimum Rehabilitation Decision Making

Deterioration in pipes contributes to uncertainty about the carrying capacity in water distribution networks. Capacity reliability, defined as the probability that the carrying capacity meets the flow demand, is investigated in this paper to aid in maintenance and rehabilitation decision making for water distribution networks. This paper describes the use of capacity reliability for networks with more than one demand node through finding the probability of a feasible flow given probability distributions of flow capacities in the pipes and fixed nodal demands. The solution procedure generates a set of inequalities that represents a necessary and sufficient condition for feasible flow. A solution procedure is proposed for evaluating the probability that all the inequalities are satisfied by (1) eliminating redundant inequalities and (2) determining bounds for the probability of feasible flow. A decision-making framework is developed that applies both the capacity reliability measure and the solution approach for maintenance and rehabilitation decision making.