cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sulfate contamination in groundwater from a carbonate-hosted mine

Abstract Sulfide oxidation in a carbonate environment produces groundwater contamination with high sulfate making the water unsuitable for drinking supplies. The zinc-lead mines near Shullsburg, Wisconsin are located in the Galena-Platteville Formation, a carbonate aquifer that was dewatered during mining. Sulfate levels have reached as high as 40 nmol/l in some local wells and eleven wells were abandoned. Geochemical modeling of chemical reactions and isotope effects using the USGS computer program PHREEQE showed the importance of dolomite, calcite, CO 2 , and siderite or iron hydroxide in controlling the water chemistry. The decrease in sulfate levels with time indicated that dilution by incoming recharge water was an ongoing process. The results of carbon isotope reaction modeling are consistent with dilution of contaminated water. The evidence for localization of contamination and dilution means that area farmers have seen the worst of the contamination. The mechanism of contamination was further examined by microbiological sampling and sulfur isotope determinations, which indicated that bacteria of the Thiobacillus species that thrive under neutral pH conditions may have catalyzed sulfide oxidation. Research into the chemical evolution of contamination in this environment not only explains how sulfide oxidation causes contamination despite buffering by carbonate rocks, but also suggests how oxidation is initiated in the case of acid mine drainage.
Radiofrequency Ablation With a Cryogenically Cooled Catheter to Percutaneously Treat Mitral Valve Prolapse

Mitral valve (MV) disease is the most common form of heart valve disease, occurring in approximately 2% of the population and resulting in 43,000 open-chest surgical procedures every year [1]. One subtype is mitral valve prolapse (MVP), which primarily affects the elderly and is often characterized by severe regurgitant flow, thickened and enlarged leaflets, and disrupted and mechanically compromised collagen architecture.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The effect of calcium on the respiratory responses of mung bean mitochondria.

Abstract Purified mung bean hypocotyl mitochondria were examined for their capacity to carry out respiration-dependent accumulation of calcium. The addition of 0.1–1.0 mM calcium to mung bean mitochondria supplemented with succinate gave no stimulation of state 4 respiration even in the presence of inorganic phosphate and the ionophoretic antibiotic A-23187. Even at high calcium concentrations, no transient changes in the respiratory activity occurred and subsequent addition of ADP initiated a further state 3 response. Although the additions of calcium resulted in a rapid H+ ejection, it was insensitive to lanthanum and uncoupling agents. Similarly, additions of calcium failed to initiate any transient changes in the oxidation-reduction states of either pyridine nucleotides or cytochrome b. Direct spectrophotometric recordings of absorbance changes of murexide revealed no respiration-linked calcium transport. It is proposed that although mung bean mitochondria possess a respiration-linked electrochemical potential gradient it would appear that this potential cannot be expressed as calcium transport even at high ion concentrations, probably due to a low calcium membrane permeability.
Issues and concerns about a prospective child support enforcement policy in south korea

Abstract A rapidly growing number of unwed mothers is now forcing Korean society to look to the previously forgotten population of unwed fathers. For the first time, the Korean government is considering imposing child support enforcement on unwed fathers. This article explores potential problems, as well as possible benefits, of a child support enforcement policy in South Korea by analyzing both the unique characteristics of Korean society and the previous child support enforcement policy experiences of other countries. A prospective enforcement policy might be beneficial to Korean unwed mothers by decreasing the moral stigma placed on them, by increasing Korean men's awareness about the consequences of their sexual relationships, and by providing them with financial resources. However, in practice, child support enforcement may increase unwed mothers' risk of being threatened by unwed fathers and may decrease their autonomy from unwed fathers. The practical barriers to establishing this enforcement policy are also discussed.
Evidence for similar structural changes on binding of platinum anti-tumor agents to DNA and nucleosomes

Abstract The influence of Pt(II) compounds on the 31 P NMR spectra of natural DNA, synthetic polynucleotides, and nucleosomes was investigated. With Pt complexes which are anti-tumor agents, a new peak or shoulder centered at ~ 1.2 ppm downfield from the untreated DNA signal was observed. When Pt compounds known not to be anti-tumor agents were studied, no such new signal was observed. The most reasonable explanation for the downfield resonance is that it is a consequence of a structural change induced in the DNA by the anti-tumor agent. Since the effect of the Pt compounds on nucleosomes was similar, the same structural change is probably occurring in DNA in solution and in nucleosomes. A nonalternating dG · dC polymer, but not alternating G·C or any A·T polymers, exhibited a similar spectral change and this finding suggests that the structural change in the DNA arises primarily from reaction of Pt anti-tumor agents with adjacent G residues.
Competitive Degradation between the Fumigants Chloropicrin and 1,3‐Dichloropropene in Unamended and Amended Soils

The mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) is used as a preplant soil fumigant. In comparison with individual fumigants, application of a mixture may affect the environmental dissipation and fate of each chemical, such as emission and degradation. We investigated the degradation of CP, 1,3-D, and their mixture in fresh soils and sterile soils, and evaluated the competitive characteristic of fumigants in the mixture. The degradation of low concentrations of CP in fresh soil was accelerated at early times in the presence of 1,3-D, whereas the addition of CP reduced the degradation rate of trans-1,3-D, possibly by inhibiting the activity of trans-1,3-D degrading microorganisms. The potential of applying amendments to the soil to increase the rate of CP and 1,3-D degradation was also illustrated. The degradation of both fumigants was significantly enhanced in soils amended with ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (Na-DEDTC) compared with unamended soil. Competitive degradation was observed for CP in amended soils in the presence of 1,3-D. The degradation of cis-1,3-D in amended soils spiked as a mixture of 1,3-D and CP was repressed compared with the rate of degradation in samples spiked with 1,3-D only. This implied that in abiotic degradation, CP and cis-1,3-D competed for a limited number of reaction sites in amended soil, resulting in decreased degradation rates. No significant influence of fumigant mixtures was observed for trans-1,3-D in amended soil.
Linking Spatial and Temporal Variation at Multiple Scales in a Heterogeneous Landscape

Abstract Anthropogenic, ecological, and land-surface processes interact in landscapes at multiple spatial and temporal scales to create characteristic patterns. The relationships between temporally and spatially varying processes and patterns are poorly understood because of the lack of spatiotemporal observations of real landscapes over significant stretches of time. We report a new method for observing joint spatiotemporal landscape variation over large areas by analyzing multitemporal Landsat data. We calculate the spatiotemporal variation of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the area covered by one Landsat scene footprint in north central Florida, over spatial windows of 104–108 m2 and time steps of two to sixteen years. The correlations, slopes, and intercepts of spatial versus temporal regressions in the real landscape all differ significantly from results obtained using a null model of a randomized landscape. Spatial variances calculated within windows of 105–107 m2 had the stron...
How vertical hand movements impact brain activity elicited by literally and metaphorically related words: an ERP study of embodied metaphor

Embodied metaphor theory suggests abstract concepts are metaphorically linked to more experientially basic ones and recruit sensorimotor cortex for their comprehension. To test whether words associated with spatial attributes reactivate traces in sensorimotor cortex, we recorded EEG from the scalp of healthy adults as they read words with while performing a concurrent task involving either upward- or downward- directed arm movements. ERPs were time-locked to words associated with vertical space – either literally (ascend, descend) or metaphorically (inspire, defeat) – as participants made vertical movements that were either congruent or incongruent with the words. Congruency effects emerged 200-300ms after word onset for literal words, but not until after 500ms post-onset for metaphorically related words. Results argue against a strong version of embodied metaphor theory, but support a role for sensorimotor simulation in concrete language.
Reply to: "On the robustness of germ cell migration and microRNA-mediated regulation of chemokine signaling".

Reply to: "On the robustness of germ cell migration and microRNA-mediated regulation of chemokine signaling"
Severe acidosis and subsequent neurologic status

To examine the relationship between severe acidosis at birth and evidence of subsequent neurologic dysfunction, a 4-year review was performed encompassing 15,528 neonates. One hundred forty-two (0.91%) of these neonates had an umbilical cord arterial pH less than or equal to 7.05 with a base deficit greater than or equal to mEq/L. Neurologic assessments found 101 of 110 term neonates (91.8%) and 17 of 32 preterm neonates (53.1%) with severe acidosis to be free of neurologic deficits at the time of hospital discharge. Follow-up developmental evaluation data were available for 7 of 9 term neonates and 8 of 15 preterm neonates with abnormal examinations. Although 5 term and 6 preterm infants demonstrated mild developmental delays or mild tone abnormalities in the first year of life, none exhibited a major motor or cognitive abnormality at 12 to 24 months of age. Consequently, acidosis in umbilical cord blood, even when severe, is a poor predictor of subsequent neurologic dysfunction.
Stranger Compliments: The Interpretation of Street Remarks

(1991). Stranger Compliments: The Interpretation of Street Remarks. Women's Studies in Communication: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 75-93.
Coronary disease risk factor reduction and behavior modification in minority adolescents: the PATH program.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of a unique school-based program of exercise, health education, and behavior modification on health knowledge, health behaviors, coronary risk factors, and cardiovascular fitness in minority adolescents. Methods: A total of 346 students from an inner-city public high school participated in health promotion intervention or regular physical education volleyball classes. Subjects were African-American (47%), Asian-American (9%), Hispanic (21%), white (3%), and other (19%). The health promotion curriculum consisted of 11 weeks of daily circuit training exercise and health lecture-discussions. Results: The groups were similar in age, height, weight, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Following intervention, both boys ( P P P P 2 max ( P Conclusions: The results suggest that a school-based health promotion program of exercise and health lecture-discussion is beneficial for multiethnic, inner-city adolescents, especially females.
Crustacean genetics and breeding: an overview.

The purpose of this review is to give a general overview of crustacean aquabreeding and to serve as a quick entry to the literature. Non economically important groups (“animal models”) are mentioned for their heuristic value and our published work and unpublished experience with the freshwater prawn Macrobruchium rosenbergii is used to illustrate specific points. Of all the aquaculturally important groups crustaceans have the least amount of genetic research applied to them. However, in the last 20 years there has been enough research to mandate the review by Hedgecock et al. (1982) in the update of the well-known work by Waterman (1960) which did not have a chapter on genetics; cytogenetics vis a vis sex determination has been reviewed by Ginsburger-Vogel and Charniaux-Cotton (1982). Table I, derived from the papers cited by Hedgecock et al. (1982), shows that crustacean genetics is dominated by Artemia biochemical genetics, color polymorphism and electrophoresis. Less than 1% of the genetic work done on crustaceans has been of an applied nature but has involved all the major economically important taxa except crayfish. The aquacultural crustaceans, like some fishes and molluscs, are undomesticated and applied crustacean genetics is still largely restricted to assessing genetic variation. Although some effort is being made to develop this varia tion, there has been no selection done on the crustaceans, and no genetic groups developed by direct human intervention are available.
LWR water chemistry guidelines

Abstract This review describes the development of water chemistry guidelines to reduce corrosion damage and control radiation buildup in light water reactors. Three sets of guidelines are reviewed, covering BWR systems, PWR primary systems, and PWR secondary systems. The technical basis for the water chemistry parameters are discussed and the corrective actions to be taken if parameters exceed the recommended values are outlined.
Diagnosis and Management of Esophageal Hiatus Hernia

1) Esophageal hiatus hernia is the most frequent type of diaphragmatic hernia. 2) Fluoroscopy and roentgenographic studies are essential for the diagnosis. 3) The hernia may be symptomless, but in my experience symptoms are frequently present. 4) Symptoms may be related to (a) gastrointestinal disturbance, (b) acute blood loss, (c) chronic blood loss or (d) angina pectoris type of pain suggestive of cardiac disease. 5) The treatment is generally medical consisting of diet, medication and general measures.
Time-Dependent Relaxations in Thin Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Coatings: The Role of Buried Interfaces

In this work, we use constant load indentation and cantilever peel of polymer films to probe relaxation events that occur due to the chemical modification of a buried interface. Hydroxypropyl cellulose films on four different chemical interfaces were produced, and the creep compliance and fracture energy of each interface was measured. Polymer films having strong interfacial interactions with the substrate, as measured by cantilever peel, exhibited equivalent compliance to bulk measurements when modeled as a thin film with a perfectly bonded (no slip) interface. On weaker interfaces, larger contact areas led to this model calculating significantly higher compliances than expected, which we attribute to debonding events at the interface. These additional relaxations at the buried interface were strongly dependent on the extent the substrate surface moieties could hydrogen bond with the hydroxyl groups present on the polymer chain. Deviations caused by debonding events were additive over time, with modeled ...
Chinese Prosperity Doesn't Bring Democracy

The United States accuses China of subsidizing its entire export economy through artificially undervaluing its currency. China accuses the United States of fiscal profligacy while flooding the world with easy credit to keep its economy afloat. This dispute reflects the reality that the world's two largest economies are built on opposite dynamics of production and savings vs. consumerism and debt. In Europe, the wages of unsustainable debt that financed the welfare state have also come due. Rebalancing the global economy in this context is not only a matter of fixing exchange or interest rates and extending the retirement age. It must also involve a recalibration of democracy in both East and West. Two Nobel economists, the Greek prime minister, a ranking Chinese economist and the former chief economist of the IMF address these issues.
Discrimination learning decreases perceived similarity according to an objective measure

Initial identification discriminations between two sizes and between two slants produced better overall performances on subsequent size and slant same-different discriminations, respectively. This size- and slant-specific transfer was due to an improvement on only the different pairs. Time-duration identification discriminations with the identical stimuli and response assignments improved neither overall same-different performances nor performances on different pairs. A good performance on different pairs relative to same pairs should indicate a low perceived similarity. The literature indicates that A-X and B-Y pairings produce a positive transfer on an A-versus-B discrimination when X and Y are relatively low in similarity, and also indicates that a low perceived (not physical) similarity improves discrimination learning. An increase in salience should have also improved performance on the same pairs. The conclusion: the initial discriminations decreased the perceived similarity of parts (size or slant). This decrease resembles perceptual contrast. A discrimination between two parts also seems to increase the extent to which each part is apprehended as a separate group. Therefore, the conclusion accords with the position that two groups are associated with contrast, including for visibility.
Patterns of Relating between Mothers and Preschool-Aged Children Using the Marschak Interaction Method Rating System.

This study assesses the relationship of patterns of relating between mothers and their preschool‐aged children. Thirty‐one families were used, and the mother and child participated in the Marschak Interaction Method Rating System (MIM‐RS). Mothers also completed the Demographic Data Questionnaire. Correlations based upon the MIM‐RS for mothers and their preschool‐aged children produced significant results. Mother's ability to structure, challenge, engage, nurture and facilitate their child's regulatory processes positively related/influenced their preschool‐age child's ability to demonstrate exploratory behaviors, reciprocity with their parent and to demonstrate regulatory behaviors. A parent who was not able to structure, challenge, engage, nurture and facilitate their child's regulatory processes produced a child who was not capable of exploring their environment, regulating their own self‐regulatory processes or staying within a comfortable and communicative stance with their parent.
Exosite-interactive regions in the A1 and A2 domains of factor VIII facilitate thrombin-catalyzed cleavage of heavy chain.

Abstract Thrombin catalyzes the proteolytic activation of factor VIII, cleaving two sites in the heavy chain and one site in the light chain of the procofactor. Evaluation of thrombin binding the reaction products from heavy chain cleavage by steady state fluorescence energy transfer using a fluorophore-labeled, active site-modified thrombin as well as by solid phase binding assays using a thrombin Ser205 → Ala mutant indicated a high affinity site in the A1 subunit (Kd ∼5 nm) that was dependent upon the Na+-bound form of thrombin, whereas a moderate affinity site in the A2 subunit (Kd ∼100 nm) was observed for both Na+-bound and -free forms. The solid phase assay also indicated that hirudin blocked thrombin interaction with the A1 subunit and had little, if any, effect on its interaction with the A2 subunit. Conversely, heparin blocked thrombin interaction with the A2 subunit and showed a marginal effect on A1 binding. Evaluation of the A2 sequence revealed two regions rich in acidic residues that are localized close to the N and C termini of this domain. Peptides encompassing these clustered acidic regions, residues 373-395 and 719-740, blocked thrombin cleavage of the isolated heavy chain at Arg372 and Arg740 and inhibited A2 binding to thrombin Ser205 → Ala, suggesting that both A2 domain regions potentially support interaction with thrombin. A B-domainless, factor VIII double mutant Asp392 → Ala/Asp394 → Ala was constructed, expressed, and purified and possessed specific activity equivalent to a severe hemophilia phenotype. This mutant was resistant to cleavage at Arg740, whereas cleavage at Arg372 was not affected. These data suggest the acidic region comprising residues 389-394 in factor VIII A2 domain interacts with thrombin via its heparin-binding exosite and facilitates cleavage at Arg740 during procofactor activation.
The intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments of the wrist. A correlation of collagen typing and histologic appearance.

20 fresh frozen human wrist specimens were dissected. Gross and histological examination and biochemical evaluation were performed on the intrinsic ligaments (scapho-lunate and lunotriquetral) and extrinsic ligaments (radio-scapho-capitate and radio-lunate). All ligaments were observed to have longitudinal collagen bundles. The intrinsic ligaments had large amounts of fibrocartilage near insertions and no elastin, while the extrinsic ligaments had little fibrocartilage and sparse amounts of elastin. The intrinsic ligaments were noted to have significantly more collagen Type 3 (41%) than the extrinsic ligaments (19%). These findings suggest that structural differences between the intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments of the wrist may in part account for the biomechanical observations that the intrinsic ligaments are stronger and elongate further prior to failure than the extrinsic ligaments.
Influence of aging and thymus on the beta-adrenergic dependent adenylyl cyclase activity in mouse brain cortex

Beta-adrenoceptor (betaAR) density has previously been found altered in brain cortex of aging mice. In the present paper the question has been addressed whether adenylyl cyclase (AC) also presents similar age-related changes. Due to the fact that age-related receptor impairments have previously been corrected by thymic grafts, the influence of thymus was also studied. Therefore, experiments were performed on young, athymic nude young, old and thymus-grafted old mice. BetaAR characteristics and basal and isoproterenol-stimulated AC activity were assayed in the same membrane preparations. Our results confirm a decrease of receptor density of beta(1) subtype in both old and athymic nude young mice, paralleled by a decreased isoproterenol-stimulated AC activity. A neonatal thymus grafted into old recipients is able to correct the changes in receptor density and the height of the peak of AC response. The location of the peak, however, remains shifted to the right, as it occurs in nude and in untreated old mice. It can be concluded that alterations may occur at different steps along the stimulus transducing chain, as suggested by the differential effect induced by thymus on receptor changes, which are completely recovered, and AC activity alterations, only partially corrected.
Progenitor migration to the thymus and T cell lineage commitment

T cells developing in the thymus are ultimately derived from bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). An understanding of the developmental steps between HSCs and T cells is important for gaining insight into cancers of the T lineage, improving T cell reconstitution after BM transplantation, and also to help ameliorate immunological defects in aging. In this article, we summarize our current understanding of the inter-related fields of early T cell development and thymic aging, and briefly discuss major unresolved questions in this field.
A Novel Cl−-Pump: Intracellular Regulation of Transport Activity

Abstract Utilizing a purified basolateral plasma membrane vesicle preparation containing Cl − -ATPase, it was demonstrated that ATP, and its subsequent hydrolysis, stimulated both intravesicular Cl − accumulation and intravesicular negativity with almost identical kinetics. Mg 2+ also stimulated both pump transport characteristics with an optimal concentration of 3 mM. Similarly, the pH optimum for both pump transport expressions was 7.8. Orthovanadate inhibition of both pump transport characteristics was directly related to its concentration. These results suggested that the active Cl − transport mechanism is electrogenic and is driven by a Cl − -stimulated ATPase.
On the Use of Outer Approximations as an External Active Set Strategy

Outer approximations are a well known technique for solving semiinfinite optimization problems. We show that a straightforward adaptation of this technique results in a new, external, active-set strategy that can easily be added to existing software packages for solving nonlinear programming problems with a large number of inequality constraints. Our external active-set strategy is very easy to implement, and, as our numerical results show, it is particularly effective when applied to discretized semiinfinite optimization or state-constrained optimal control problems. Its effects can be spectacular, with reductions in computing time that become progressively more pronounced as the number of inequalities is increased.
RNA‐binding proteins in neurodegenerative disease: TDP‐43 and beyond

Neurodegenerative diseases are a diverse group of disorders that affect different neuron populations, differ in onset and severity, and can be either inherited or sporadic. One common pathological feature of most of these diseases is the presence of insoluble inclusions in and around neurons, which largely consist of misfolded and aggregated protein. For this reason, neurodegenerative diseases are typically thought to be disorders of aberrant protein processing, in which the cumulative effects of misfolded protein aggregates overwhelm the neuron's proteostatic capacity. However, a growing body of evidence suggests a role for abnormal RNA processing in neurodegenerative disease. The importance of RNA metabolism in disease was highlighted by the discovery of TDP-43 (TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa), an RNA-binding protein (RBP), as a primary component of insoluble aggregates in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Subsequently, inherited mutations in TDP-43 and the structurally related RBP, FUS/TLS (fused in sarcoma/translated in liposarcoma), were found to cause ALS. These exciting findings have ushered in a new era of ALS research in which the deregulation of RNA metabolism is viewed as a central cause of motor neuron deterioration. In addition, the fact that neuropathologically and anatomically distinct neurodegenerative diseases display altered RNA metabolism suggests that common pathologic mechanisms may underlie many of these disorders.
Evidence for transient luminance and quasi-sustained color mechanisms

Reaction time distributions were determined in response to near-threshold intensity increments predicted to isolate either the opponent-color or luminance system. The reaction time histograms show a clear distinction between when the chromatic and achromatic systems detect the stimulus. Our results are consistent with previous reports suggesting the achromatic system is more sensitive to higher temporal frequencies than the chromatic system.
A Two‐Year, Double‐Blind, Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Oral Green Tea Polyphenols on the Long‐Term Clinical and Histologic Appearance of Photoaging Skin

BACKGROUND Green tea polyphenols (GTPs) have significant antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities, and prior short-term studies suggest that these compounds may improve photoaging skin. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the long-term effects of oral GTPs on the clinical and histologic characteristics of photoaging skin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 56 women aged 25 to 75 randomized to 250 mg GTPs or placebo twice daily for 2 years. A blinded dermatologist scored the appearance of photodamaged facial skin at 0, 6, 12, and 24 months. A blinded dermatopathologist scored the histologic characteristics of sun-exposed arm skin at 0 and 24 months. RESULTS Clinical assessment of facial skin revealed that the GTP group had significant improvement in overall solar damage at 6 months (p=.02) and significant improvement in erythema and telangiectasias at 12 months (p=.02). The placebo group did not have significant improvements in these parameters at 6 months or 12 months. There were no statistically significant differences in other photoaging parameters at 6, 12, or 24 months in the GTP or placebo groups. Histopathologic analysis of sunexposed arm skin showed no statistically significant difference in photoaging parameters in the GTP group or the placebo group at 24 months. CONCLUSIONS Long-term supplementation with oral GTPs was not superior to placebo in improving clinical or histologic photoaging parameters after 24 months of use.
The measurement of role variables: Exploratory examination of a new approach

Abstract New measures of role ambiguity, role conflict, and role overload were developed for a group of attorneys located in the headquarters of a large energy company. These measures were based upon a recently developed theory of behavior in organizations, which focuses on specific job products as an essential component of organizational roles. The measures have an attractive potential for applied efforts (e.g., training) to rectify or diminish role stress problems. Forty respondents completed the product-based measures in addition to commonly used measures of the role variables and a number of outcome measures. Results indicated that (1) the product-based role measures displayed patterns of relationships with outcomes which were quite similar to the patterns for commonly used role measures, and (2) the product-based measures of role variables compared favorably to commonly used measures in terms of frequency of relationships to outcome variables and appeared to be somewhat superior in terms of method variance problems.
Recovery of Electron-Irradiated Copper. I. Close Pair Recovery

Stage I recovery (14 to 65 deg K) of electron-irradiated, high-purity copper is shown to be composed of at least five substages: I/sub A/, 14 to 24 deg K; I/sub B/, 24 to 28.5 deg K; I /sub C/, 28.5 to 33 deg K; I/sub D/, 33 to 48 deg K and I/sub E/, 48 to 65 deg K. I/sub A/, I/sub B /, and I/sub C/ are recovery are discussed in further detail. I/sub B/ and I/sub C/ are shown to have the characteristics of close-pair recovery. It is inferred that I/sub A/ also has these characteristics. The values of the activation energy for recovery are E/sub A/=O.05 plus or minus 0.O1 ev, E/sub B/ =0.085 plus or minus 0.01 ev, and E/sub C/ = 0.095 plus or minus 0.01 ev. An attempt to relate the observed close-pair spectrum to specific interstitial-vacancy configurations is described. (auth)
Coupled order parameters in the Landau theory of phase transitions in solids

Abstract We discuss the role of both primary and secondary order parameters in a transition between two solid phases. We show how microscopic distortions which appear at the transition can be calculated using group-theoretical methods. We also show how the form of the coupling term in the Landau free energy influences the behavior of secondary order parameters.
Signal transduction. Mating, channels and kidney cysts.

People with mutations in either of two proteins known as polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 develop polycystic kidney disease. Studies on the nematode worm and the frogXenopus laevisare now helping researchers to work out the normal functions of these proteins. It seems that polycystin-1-related proteins act as receptors, which regulate the activity of channels containing polycystin-2-related proteins.
User-definable bull's-eye database analysis

Several quantitative bull's-eye database programs have been developed and employed successfully, but generally they restrict the user to limited types of quantitative analysis. We developed a type of bull's-eye analysis which facilitates user-defined processing, and then explored the effects of various types of processing on the comparisons of patient information with that of reference databases. Male and female bull's-eye database were generated from 32 normal patients using unweighted 2D prefiltering, ramp backprojection, unweighted 3D postfiltering, and peak value circumferential plotting (base method). The data from each patient were then reprocessed and compared to the databases by means of three different approaches: (1) using the base method, (2) using average as opposed to peak value profiles, and (3) using a resolution recovery prefilter instead of a smoothing prefilter. Significant differences in the number of apparently abnormal regions were found between the three methods. In other words, the type of single-photon emission tomography (SPET) processing affected the accuracy of comparisons between patient and database information. Because even sophisticated analysis can now be performed on personal computers, we conclude that, rather than a preprocessed data file, clinical “normal reference” information should consist of original SPET data (in a standard format, e.g., Interfile) from a series of documented normal patients. Each user could then generate reference bull's-eye database by applying his or her own clinical processing procedures to the data.
Family-oriented nutrition education and preschool obesity

Growing concern about early childhood obesity and its potential association with future health problems has stimulated nutritionists and other health professionals to conduct an increasing number of investigations (1-4). Although researchers disagree as to the importance of genetic, metabolic, and/or environmental factors in the etiology of obesity, selected studies provide evidence that environmental modification programs are an effective means of obesity control (4-7). Due to the central role offamily life in children's daily activities, it appears that family-oriented intervention is essential both for weight modification and long-term maintenance of weight loss in young children. Such intervention is supported in the literature of family theory, which has long recognized the family as the unit of decision making, planning, and action with regard to health and illness (8). In this review we explore implications of interdisciplinary findings in an attempt 1) to identify family practices and behaviors that contribute to preschool obesity and 2) to suggest effective obesity control strategies that can guide family-oriented nutrition education and counseling efforts.
Acid Bake-Leach Process for the Treatment of Enargite Concentrates

Abstract As an alternative to roasting, low-temperature (100–200 °C) sulfuric acid baking of an enargite concentrate followed by water-leaching has been evaluated. Results indicate the thermal transformation of enargite and pyrite during sulfuric acid baking. By acid baking of an enargite concentrate at 200 °C for 7 h, ~ 90% Cu and ~ 61% As were released to the leach solution, with
Collagen heterogeneity in human cartilage: Identification of several new collagen chains

Normal human hyaline cartilages contain five distinguishable coltagenous proteins in addition to, and different from the αl(II) chain of Type II collagen. This report describes the characterization of three of these additional proteins. By the criteria of solubility, electrophoretic mobilities, ion-exchange and sieve chromatographic properties, amino acid compositions, and cyanogen bromide peptide profiles, at least two of these proteins, and possibly the third, are structurally distinct collagen α chains different from previously reported collagen chains. These findings imply further molecular heterogeneity of vertebrate collagens, and the existence of at least 9 different structural genes for collagen chains.
Proteomic expression profiles of virulent and avirulent strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from macrophages.

Abstract Listeria monocytogenes is able to survive and proliferate within macrophages. In the current study, the ability of three L. monocytogenes strains (serovar 1/2a strain EGDe, serovar 4b strain F2365, and serovar 4a strain HCC23) to proliferate in the murine macrophage cell line J774.1 was analyzed. We found that the avirulent strain HCC23 was able to initiate an infection but could not establish prolonged infection within the macrophages. By contrast, strains EGDe and F2365 proliferated within macrophages for at least 7 h. We further analyzed these strains by comparing their protein expression profiles at 0 h, 3 h, and 5 h post-infection using multidimensional protein identification technology coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Our results indicated that similar metabolic and cell wall associated proteins were expressed by all three strains at 3 h post-infection. However, increased expression of stress response and DNA repair proteins was associated with the ability to proliferate in macrophages at 5 h post-infection. By comparing the protein expression patterns of these three L. monocytogenes strains during intracellular growth in macrophages, we were able to detect biological differences that may determine the ability of L. monocytogenes to survive in macrophages.
Completeness results for conflict-free vector replacement systems

Abstract In this paper, we give completeness results for the reachability, containment, and equivalence problems for conflict-free vector replacement systems (VRSs). We first give an NP algorithm for deciding reachability, thus giving the first primitive recursive algorithm for this problem. Since Jones, Landweber, and Lien have shown this problem to be NP-hard, it follows that the problem is NP-complete. Next, we show as our main result that the containment and equivalence problems are ∏ 2 P -complete, where ∏ 2 P is the set of all languages whose complements are in the second level of the polynomial-time hierarchy. In showing the upper bound, we first show that the reachability set has a semilinear set (SLS) representation that is exponential in the size of the problem description, but which has a high degree of symmetry. We are then able to utilize in part a strategy introduced by Huynh (concerning SLSs) to complete our upper bound proof.
The influence of curing conditions on weight loss of potatoes during storage

During investigations in 1968 and 1969 it was found that final weight losses of potatoes during storage were strongly influenced by the temperature and relative humidity under which the potatoes were kept for a limited period immediately after harvest. After initial temperatures not lower than 7.5 C and up to 20 C with a relative humidity of 100% for two weeks followed by storage at 5 C and 85% relative humidity, weight losses at the end of the storage period amounted to 4.8–5.0% in 1968 and 5.6–5.9% in 1969 as compared to, respectively, 6.8 and 7.5% for tubers which had been placed at 5 C and 85% relative humidity immediately after harvest. If the relative humidity was low during the first two weeks after harvest, weight losses, at the same temperature, ranged from 5.1 to 5.8% in 1968 and from 6.6 to 7.0% in 1969.
Evaluating the implementation of cleaner production audit demonstration projects

Abstract Cleaner production audit demonstration projects were carried out in two Chinese case factories as part of a project co-sponsored by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency and China's State Environmental Protection Administration. Audit results at both factories were characterized by implementation of predominantly low- or no-cost options, notable reductions in water pollution, and incomplete financial benefit analyses. Two reasons explain the financial benefit analyses' apparent weakness. First, factory audit teams were inexperienced in the techniques and procedures used to determine the economic benefits of cleaner production options. Second, motivations project personnel had for participating in the demonstration projects were not centered on attaining the monetary benefits of implementing cleaner production. Instead, other factors related to the international nature of the project, such as a high degree of state level oversight and prestige, were more influential in affecting the behavior of project personnel.
The statistical and biological implications of sampling units for mountain pine beetle populations in lodgepole pine

Populations of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine were measured using two sample sizes: a single gallery—this is the basic family unit constructed by the parent beetles; and a 6- by 6-inch square area—the bark was removed and the brood counted. Data from the 6- by 6-inch sample were recorded in three ways. Each measurement unit provided different biological information and required different statistical considerations. The single gallery sample provided the most representative data of the entire population, but required additional biological measurement of attack density. The 6- by 6-inch sample brood data taken on an attack density basis provided the most statistically reliable information and encompassed the pertinent biological information. Percent survival, as could be used in elementary life tables, was rather consistent in all measurement units, regardless of point in time of sampling.
WY-50,295 tromethamine, a novel, orally active 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor: biochemical characterization and antiallergic activity

WY-50,295 tromethamine demonstrates significant 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 0.055 microM in rat peritoneal exudate cells, to 0.16 microM in mouse macrophages, 1.2 microM in human peripheral neutrophils and 8.1 microM in rat blood leukocytes. This activity appeared selective for 5-lipoxygenase as concentrations up to 10 microM in rat peritoneal exudate cells, and 1 microM in mouse macrophages did not effect prostaglandin generation. In non-cellular enzyme assays, WY-50,295 tromethamine displayed inhibitory activity against a soluble 5-lipoxygenase from guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells (IC50 = 5.7 microM), while it was essentially inactive against 12-lipoxygenase, 15-lipoxygenase, or prostaglandin H synthetase at concentrations up to 500 microM, or against human phospholipase A2 at concentrations up to 50 microM. In purified human blood neutrophils the inhibitory activity was reversible but did not appear dependent upon substrate concentration. IN contrast, in the guinea pig cell-free 5-lipoxygenase assay changing the arachidonic acid substrate concentration from 5 to 500 microM produced a concentration-dependent reduction in inhibitory activity. WY-50,295 tromethamine inhibited the release of peptidoleukotrienes from fragmented guinea pig lung with an IC50 of 0.63 microM. When administered p.o. with a 4 h pretreatment time, WY-50,295 tromethamine inhibited ex vivo leukotriene B4 production in rat blood leukocytes with an ED50 of 19.6 mg/kg. Against an ovalbumin-induced leukotriene dependent bronchoconstriction in anesthetized sensitized guinea pigs, WY-50,295 tromethamine inhibited the ovalbumin-induced bronchoconstriction with an i.v. ED50 of 2.5 mg/kg (5 min pretreatment) and a p.o. ED50 of 7.3 mg/kg (4 h pretreatment). Significant activity was also evident with an 18 h pretreatment. Thus WY-50,295 tromethamine is an potent and selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor in a number of in vitro systems. Additionally the compound is orally efficacious and has a long duration of action in an allergic bronchoconstriction model. This data suggests that WY-50,295 tromethamine may have utility in the treatment of asthma and other leukotriene-dependent pathologies.
Composite flywheels for energy storage

Abstract Composite flywheels for energy storage have been proposed and investigated for the past several decades. Successful applications are, however, limited due to the inability to predict the performance – especially the long-term durability. In this investigation, a comprehensive study was proposed with the intent to implement composites in high performance flywheels. The potential failure mechanism of flywheels constructed with fiber composites was evaluated. Analytical codes for predicting elastic and viscoelastic (long-term) behavior was developed for flywheel design. Material characterization and test matrices were proposed to design flywheels with maximum performance. Component level test methods and devices were developed to validate flywheel performance. Finally, a methodology incorporating these studies is presented for the design and manufacture of composite flywheels.
Clinical and laboratory evaluation and management of children with vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration

Dehydration is responsible for the morbidity and, rarely, mortality secondary to vomiting and diarrhea from acute gastroenteritis. Despite the abundance of literature in the last 20 to 30 years focused on the treatment of dehydration with oral rehydration therapy, few studies have focused on the actual clinical diagnosis of dehydration. Conventional classification systems for assessing dehydration have not been subjected to rigorous prospective validation until recently. This article reviews the recent clinical evidence that validates the use of clinical signs and symptoms in assessing dehydration in children. The utility and limitations of measuring capillary refill time as a sign are also reviewed. In addition, the scant literature examining the utility of laboratory studies in evaluating dehydration is summarized. Oral rehydration therapy for the management of dehydration in children is reviewed. Finally, recent literature examining the effectiveness and advantages of rapid intravenous rehydration in the outpatient setting is discussed.
Left ventricle surface reconstruction from volumetric CT images by the fusion of clustering and active contours

This paper presents an integrated scheme to extract and reconstruct left ventricle chambers from CT volumetric image sequences. An accurate extraction of left ventricle chambers is a crucial step towards cardiac dynamics analysis based on image sequences, a very much desired non-invasive technique for heart disease diagnosis and monitoring. The integrated approach aims at solving two major problems in cardiac image segmentation: imaging related ambiguity and anatomy related ambiguity. The K-means clustering with Gibb's random field constraints is able to resolve the imaging related ambiguity to obtain robust segmentation even when the intensity of the left ventricle exhibits spatially varying distribution. The active contour models incorporating a priori shape knowledge is able to resolve the anatomy related ambiguity to estimate the valve that separates the left ventricle from left atrium and aorta but is indistinguishable in the given images due to motion and partial volume effects. The fusion of the clustering and active contour models enables an integrated reconstruction of left ventricle chambers from the CT image sequences. Preliminary results show that the proposed scheme can produce extracted left ventricle chambers that compare favorably with the manually delineated chambers by a skilled operator. However, this proposed scheme is fast and reproducible.
Software pre-patterns as architectural knowledge

Christopher Alexander's introduction of patterns inspired their application in fields such as software engineering. However, their current realization deviates from his original intent in how and when they are used. In this paper, we contrast Alexander's concept of patterns to their current realization in software engineering and suggest a new approach to creating patterns which are broader and can be applied at the early phases of the design process, and thus adhere to Alexander's original intent as a format for capturing and sharing important design knowledge.