cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurod1 regulates survival and formation of connections in mouse ear and brain

The developing sensory neurons of the mammalian ear require two sequentially activated bHLH genes, Neurog1 and Neurod1, for their development. Neurons never develop in Neurog1 null mice, and most neurons die in Neurod1 null mutants, a gene upregulated by Neurog1. The surviving neurons of Neurod1 null mice are incompletely characterized in postnatal mice because of the early lethality of mutants and the possible compromising effect of the absence of insulin on peripheral neuropathies. Using Tg(Pax2-cre), we have generated a conditional deletion of floxed Neurod1 for the ear; this mouse is viable and allows us to investigate ear innervation defects of Neurod1 absence only in the ear. We have compared the defects in embryos and show an ear phenotype in conditional Neurod1 null mice comparable with the systemic Neurod1 null mouse. By studying postnatal animals, we show that Neurod1 not only is necessary for the survival of most spiral and many vestibular neurons, but is also essential for a segregated central projection of vestibular and cochlear afferents. In the absence of Neurod1 in the ear, vestibular and cochlear afferents enter the cochlear nucleus as a single mixed nerve. Neurites coming from vestibular and cochlear sensory epithelia project centrally to both cochlear and vestibular nuclei, in addition to their designated target projections. The peripheral innervation of the remaining sensory neurons is disorganized and shows collaterals of single neurons projecting to multiple endorgans, displaying no tonotopic organization of the organ of Corti or the cochlear nucleus. Pending elucidation of the molecular details for these Neurod1 functions, these data demonstrate that Neurod1 is not only a major factor for the survival of neurons but is crucial for the development of normal ear connections, both in the ear and in the central nervous system.
Genetic interrelationships among the T-even bacteriophages

Abstract Genetic interrelationships among the T-even bacteriophages have been studied by DNA-DNA hybridization techniques. The isolation, identification and characterization of completely distinct nucleotide sequences from heteroduplexes provided DNA fractions which, upon further testing, gave results useful for a comparative evaluation of the viral contents of the T-even bacteriophages.
Bcl-XL-templated assembly of its own protein-protein interaction modulator from fragments decorated with thio acids and sulfonyl azides

Protein−protein interactions have key importance in various biological processes and modulation of particular protein−protein interactions has been shown to have therapeutic effects. However, disrupting or modulating protein−protein interactions with low-molecular-weight compounds is extremely difficult due to the lack of deep binding pockets on protein surfaces. Herein we describe the development of an unprecedented lead synthesis and discovery method that generates only biologically active compounds from a library of reactive fragments. Using the protein Bcl-XL, a central regulator of programmed cell death, we demonstrated that an amidation reaction between thio acids and sulfonyl azides is applicable for Bcl-XL-templated assembly of inhibitory compounds. We have demonstrated for the first time that kinetic target-guided synthesis can be applied not only on enzymatic targets but also for the discovery of small molecules modulating protein−protein interactions.
Kinship, association, and social relationships in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Data on social interactions with matrilineal kin were collected from two groups of rhesus monkeys for 6 years. All behavioral states, including time within one meter of another, involved kin more often than would be expected by chance. Significant associations were also found between kinship and the frequencies of various forms of agonistic as well as affiliative acts. Frequency of social interaction, however, was not a simple function of time in proximity. Although animals spent more time with kin than nonkin they had more aggressive interactions with kin. Moreover, aggression was biased toward the more serious forms of expression in interactions with kin. Time spent in association was neither predictive of the rate of aggressive interaction nor reduced by high rates of aggressive interaction. Rather than association time influencing rates of interaction, association time may be the consequence of a history of aggressive and affiliative exchanges. Preferential association and high rates of aggressive interaction with kin may be possible due to the existence of compensating social mechanisms nullifying the negative influence of specific aggressive encounters. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
“Not in my backyard”: The issues and complexities surrounding prison siting

The past few decades has seen an unprecedented growth in prison construction and expansion. As a result, prison siting has become a major issue in the criminal justice system. This paper presents a siting case to illustrate the issues and complexities surrounding the locating of prisons in local communities. It discusses several approaches to siting and their consequences. In the example, an authoritarian approach was utilized, granting relative priority to official authority and imperative in siting the prison. The community's interests and concerns were superseded by the need to build a prison. The role of the news media in defining and shaping the events and presenting a forum for the major groups to articulate their positions and concerns is also examined. The paper suggests a more collaborative approach toward community relations, such as designating a siting specialist, including community members in initial discussions, formally seeking their approval through a referendum, and continuing talks to a...
Immunohistochemical differentiation of four benign eccrine tumors

Background: The histogenesis and differentiation of eccrine tumors, including cylindroma, poroma, spiradenoma and syringoma, remains controversial. This controversy may be because of sporadic and incomplete studies of these neoplasms. Methods: Ten examples each of normal eccrine structures and of four benign eccrine tumors are analyzed with antibodies to cytokeratin (CK) 7, CD34, CK6, CK10, smooth muscle actin (SMA) and CD10. These markers represent two different immunohistochemical stains for each part of the eccrine structure; CK7 and CD34 stain the secretory coil, CK6 and CK10 stain the straight duct and SMA and CD10 stain the myoepithelial cells. This redundancy in staining is performed on four benign eccrine tumors to better interpret the existing literature. Results: We find that CK7 is a sensitive marker for the secretory coil; both cylindromas and spiradenomas express CK7. We also find that CK6 is a marker for the inner ductal cells, while CK10 is a marker for the middle ductal cells; syringomas express both these markers. SMA appears to be a more specific marker for myoepithelial cells surrounding normal eccrine coils, and none of the studied tumors express SMA or CD10. Conclusions: Our studies suggest that syringomas are tumors of the eccrine duct, while cylindromas and spiradenomas are tumors of the secretory coil.
Identification of presumptive long axon neurons in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat lumbosacral spinal cord: A Golgi study

Abstract The present Golgi study identifies and describes 3 types of presumptive long axon neurons in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat lumbosacral spinal cord. These neurons were traced from prenatal stages to adulthood and were found to correspond to the ‘limitrophe’ and two variations of the ‘centrale’ cell originally described by Ramon y Cajal in fetal and newborn animals. These neurons can be distinguished from intrinsic, non-projection neurons of the substantia gelatinosa.
A promoter polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor α associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in African-Americans

Objective. The polymorphic tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) gene encodes a cytokine involved in inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. One polymorphic variant is associated with increased production of TNFα. This study examined the frequency of this polymorphic variant in African-American patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared with controls. Methods. We determined the gene frequency of the polymorphic variant of TNFα in an African- American SLE patient population and in a geographically matched African-American control population. Results. The gene frequency of the TNFα -308A polymorphism was higher in the African-American SLE population than in the control population. This relationship was independent of major histocompatibility complex DR alleles. Conclusion. The TNFα -308A polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of SLE in African- Americans.
LGBQQ Young Adult Experiences of Religious and Sexual Identity Integration

It is often assumed that the process of navigating an LGBQQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and questioning) sexual identity in a religious context is difficult and conflicting. However, only a few studies have empirically examined LGBQQ experiences of religion and identity integration. One-hundred five LGBQQ participants (age 18–24) were surveyed to examine their experiences of religious and sexual identity integration. While LGBQQ young adults do not report a high degree of sexual and religious identity integration, factors such as self-acceptance and increased knowledge were instrumental for those who reported integration. Suggestions are provided for counselors working with conflicted LGBQQ young adults.
An Investigation of Carbon Nanotube Dispersion in Vinyl Ester Resin Using Mechanical, Thermal and Statistical Techniques

The inclusion of 0.25 and 0.5 wt.% functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into a vinyl ester (VE) resin has been studied. To investigate the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dispersion, the sonication process has been performed under a variety of parameters including mixing time and sonication amplitude. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and 3-point flexural testing methods have been employed to explore the thermo-mechanical properties of materials. Differential scanning calorimetry results show up to 13°C increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the VE polymer by introducing 0.25 wt.% CNTs with a total sonication energy of 60 KJ. It is also established that the flexural modulus of the polymer can be improved up to 24%. An array indentation technique has been used to evaluate the hardness and elastic modulus variations in the regions of nanoparticle concentration. The resulting variations along the indentation array have been statistically studied using three-parameter Weibull distribution. Based on the resulting dispersion conditions, the optimum sonication parameters and nanoparticle concentration have been determined.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Understanding the Experiences of Students with Psychiatric Disabilities: A Foundation for Creating Conditions of Support and Success.

Understanding the issues, concerns, and experience of students with psychiatric disabilities assists colleges in creating conditions of inclusion and integration in the campus environment.
Genetic Enhancement and the Biopolitical Horizon of Class Conflict

In this paper I argue that the widespread use of liberal eugenics would establish a biopolitical horizon for class conflict. In the course of my discussion, I examine Foucault’s discussion of the origins of class racism in Society Must Be Defended . I then turn to an examination of how a widespread use of genetic engineering could aggravate class divisions and produce new forms of class racism. I conclude the essay with an overview of the political options which are available to opponents of liberal eugenics.
Epithelial Myosin Light Chain Kinase Activation Induces Mucosal Interleukin-13 Expression to Alter Tight Junction Ion Selectivity

Intestinal barrier function is reduced in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-13, which are up-regulated in IBD, induce barrier defects that are associated with myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activation and increased claudin-2 expression, respectively, in cultured intestinal epithelial monolayers. Here we report that these independent signaling pathways have distinct effects on tight junction barrier properties and interact in vivo. MLCK activation alters size selectivity to enhance paracellular flux of uncharged macromolecules without affecting charge selectivity and can be rapidly reversed by MLCK inhibition. In contrast, IL-13-dependent claudin-2 expression increases paracellular cation flux in vitro and in vivo without altering tight junction size selectivity but is unaffected by MLCK inhibition in vitro. In vivo, MLCK activation increases paracellular flux of uncharged macromolecules and also triggers IL-13 expression, claudin-2 synthesis, and increased paracellular cation flux. We conclude that reversible, MLCK-dependent permeability increases cause mucosal immune activation that, in turn, feeds back on the tight junction to establish long-lasting barrier defects. Interactions between these otherwise distinct tight junction regulatory pathways may contribute to IBD pathogenesis.
CEDAR: A us program initiated for scientific achievement in aeronomy emphasizing the role, need and development of modern optical facilities

In early 1983 a campaign was initiated in the U.S.A. to acquire modern optical facilities focusing on the use of imaging detector technology to strengthen our spectroscopic interferometric, imaging and lidar capabilities to solve some of the major aeronomic scientific problems. These scientific problems were addressed by sub-committees for spectroscopic, interferometric, imaging and lidar facilities as well as by the aeronomy modeling and theoretical community. The sub-committees further defined the science and answered the question of how each facility could help solve the posed scientific problems using current capabilities, upgraded systems and new Class I facilities. The individual sub-committee reports are assembled in Volume II of the Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) report. Volume I, synthesized by the Steering Committee, presents a three phase program over the next seven years aimed at the solution of the various CEDAR Science issues as the new facilities are developed. Recently, the CEDAR program expanded to include two additional sub-committee contributions from the radar community (both incoherent scatter, IS, and coherent) covering their roles in addressing the CEDAR Science issues. The solution of major aeronomic scientific problems through the cooperation and coordination of observations using all types of instruments, not exclusively optical, is now the main theme of the CEDAR program. In addition, it is clearly recognized that the global nature of many of the CEDAR Science issues requires the active support and involvement of the worldwide aeronomy scientific community. The scientific challenges are many, and the tasks of coordination and cooperation will be trying. However, the world aeronomy community will be justly rewarded by the resultant strides in understanding of the Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of the Atmospheric Regions around the globe. This report will provide an overview of the CEDAR program, the types of optical facilities of interest and some of the scientific issues and proposed campaigns resulting from the 28–31 July 1986 CEDAR workshop.
Panic at “The Who Concert Stampede”: An Empirical Assessment

I report evidence showing that panic did not cause the death and injury of numerous young people prior to a concert by the rock group, The Who, at Cincinnati's Riverfront Coliseum in late 1979. An analysis of transcripts of interviews with patrons in attendance and police who were on duty when the deaths occurred reveals that people did not “stampede” over others in their rush to enter the Coliseum as media accounts contend. Instead, participants tried to help others, and most competition that did occur reflected efforts to escape the crush rather than to enter the concert. I conclude that theoretical models of panics or “crazes” within the literature on collective behavior are not very useful in explaining this type of incident.
Capillary Electrophoresis Measurements of the Free Solution Mobility for Several Model Polyelectrolyte Systems

The free solution electrophoretic mobilities of poly(styrenesulfonate), ss-DNA, and duplex DNA are measured by capillary electrophoresis across a range of ionic strengths and, for poly(styrenesulfonate) and ss-DNA, across a range of chain lengths. The data are then compared with mobilities reported in the literature and predicted by theory. For ionic strengths below 0.1 M, the capillary method is more accurate and rapid than previous techniques; it also provides a distribution of mobility values for polyelectrolyte mixtures. A maximum of the free solution mobility with respect to chain length is discovered in the oligomer range for both poly(styrenesulfonate) and ss-DNA; lowering ionic strength accentuates this unexplained phenomenon. In the large chain limit, where the mobility is independent of chain length, the ionic strength dependences of mobility for all three polymers are remarkably similar. These dependences can only be explained by models that incorporate nonlinear electrostatic effects into the ...
Heating tokamaks via the ion-cyclotron and ion-ion hybrid resonances

The ion-ion hybrid resonance can occur at high plasma densities in tokamaks and thereby absorb energy from the fast magnetosonic mode which would otherwise propagate freely. Ion-cyclotron resonance regions, although they occur in the low-density peripheral plasma, can nonetheless cause sufficient absorption to compete with fundamental cyclotron resonance damping by ions. For the ion-ion hybrid resonance it is shown that: (1) the energy absorption occurs via a sequence of mode conversions. (2) A poloidal field component normal to the ion-ion hybrid mode conversion surface strongly influences the mode conversion process, so that roughly equal electron and ion heating occurs in the present proton-deuterium experiments, while solely electron heating is predicted to prevail in deuterium-tritium reactors. (3) The ion-ion hybrid resonance suppresses toroidal eigenmodes. (4) Wave absorption in minority fundamental ion-cyclotron heating experiments will be dominated by ion-ion hybrid mode conversion absorption for minority concentrations exceeding roughly 1%.
Mycotic Aneurysms of the Aortic Root: A Pathologic Study of 20 Cases

Twenty specimens of heart with mycotic aneurysms at the aortic root were studied. In ten cases, mycotic aneurysm followed infection of the aortic valve. In one case, it developed following infection of an aortic jet lesion, and in nine patients, the aneurysm was at the seat of a prosthetic aortic valve. In seven of the 11 cases with a natural aortic valve, the valve was either unicuspid or bicuspid. A retrospective evaluation of the data on the clinical records of the 20 patients revealed that infective endocarditis or noncardiac postoperative sepsis was present in 11. The most frequently isolated microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus. Conduction disturbances were found in six patients, all of them with involvement of the atrioventricular node by the aneurysm. Perforation into intracardiac cavities was found in four, two into the right ventricular infundibulum and one each into each atrium. Pericardial tamponade was caused by bleeding from the aneurysm in two cases, and myocardial infarction was a probable consequence of coronary arterial compression by the aneurysm in two cases. Mycotic aneurysms of the aortic root, in spite of their being partially or completely healed of active infection, carry a high risk of the complications enumerated. Among the 20 cases, cultures were positive in 11 and negative in nine. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from five of the cases.
Dielectric relaxation and depolarized dynamic light scattering of a generalized Debye model fluid

The simultaneous translational and rotational brownian motions of an assembly of interacting cylindrically symmetric polar molecules are assumed to obey a generalized N-particle Smoluchowski-Einste...
Continuous fuzzy groups

A continuous fuzzy group is a fuzzy group with continuous membership function on a topological group. We show that if a nontrivial continuous fuzzy group exists then the underlying topological group must be totally disconnected. It is also shown that all locally compact totally disconnected groups are carriers for nontrivial fuzzy groups. More detailed results are obtained for compact groups.
Only a small fraction of purified hepatitis C RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is catalytically competent: implications for viral replication and in vitro assays.

The enzymatic activity of a C-terminally truncated form of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, termed NS5B(Δ21), of the hepatitis C virus (strain BK) has been investigated using both homopolymeric an...
Congenital aplasia or marked hypoplasia of the myocardium of the right ventricle (Uhl's anomaly). Clinical, angiocardiographic, and hemodynamic findings.

Summary The previously unreported angiocardiographic and hemodynamic findings in a proved case of congenital aplasia or marked hypoplasia of the myocardium of the right ventricle are presented. The clinical picture consisted of progressive heart failure in infancy, marked cardiomegaly, feeble triple heart tones, no significant murmur, and absence of clinical evidences of right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension, or tricuspid regurgitation. The chest roentgenograms demonstrated marked cardiac enlargement with normal or diminished pulmonary vascular markings. The electrocardiogram showed right atrial hypertrophy and left ventricular hypertrophy. Cardiac catheterization revealed normal systolic pressures and markedly elevated presystolic waves in the right ventricular and pulmonary arterial pressure curves which were identical with the right atrial “a” waves. We have not encountered nor have we seen any reports in the literature showing identical curves. The angiocardiograms demonstrated enlarged right heart chambers, diminished pulmonary blood flow, unusual thinness of the right ventricular wall, and conspicuous absence of it trabeculae. We believe that the correct diagnosis may be derived from the clinical, cardiac catheterization, and angiocardiographic findings. It is suggested that a superior vena cavaright pulmonary artery anastomosis be performed for palliative treatment of this anomaly.
Lymphangioma of the falciform ligament: A case report

A rare case of a lymphangioma of the falciform ligament in a child is described. He presented with abdominal pain and was found to have an unusual intraabdominal mass. Resection was curative.
Reconstruction of the external genitalia in females with bladder exstrophy

Abstract OBJECTIVES: A very characteristic genital anomaly accompanies bladder exstrophy in females. This includes anterior displacement and narrowing of the vagina and separation of the clitoris into two distinct bodies. The authors have had a relatively large experience with correction of this rare genital anomaly. From this experience, it began to appear that certain procedural details were associated with improved outcomes. The objective of this article was to review this experience and detail the reconstruction of the external genitalia in these patients. METHODS: All cases of bladder exstrophy in females presenting from January 1, 1970 to December 31, 1992 were reviewed. A total of eight patients who underwent surgical correction of the external genitalia were included. Data was obtained regarding urologic treatment, associated anomalies, corrective gynecologic procedures, complications and subsequent course. RESULTS: Corrective gynecologic surgery included enlargement of the vaginal orifice in all eight patients. Five patients had reapproximation of the bifid clitoris. Three patients performed postoperative dilatation therapy. Postoperatively, one patient experienced dyspareunia requiring a repeat procedure to enlarge the vaginal orifice. No patient had complications related to pelvic organ prolapse. CONCLUSIONS: Care should be taken not to extend the perineal incision too far posteriorly in reconstruction of the external genitalia in females with bladder exstrophy. Failure to do so may further predispose the patient to uterine prolapse. Postoperative dilator therapy may be an important adjunctive technique.
Sex reversal by estradiol in three reptilian orders

Administration of exogenous estradiol caused embryos to develop ovaries rather than testes in alligators, softshell turtles, and leopard geckos. Alligators and leopard geckos are known to have environmental sex determination; softshell turtles lack both environmental sex determination and heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Sensitivity to gonadal feminization by estradiol thus appears to be widespread in amniotes.
Structural change, power politics, and community organizations in Africa: Challenging the patterns, puzzles and paradoxes

Abstract This paper explores two phenomena shaping processes of local institutional and organizational change in rural Africa. The first is the complexity of institutional layering and dissonance in which local organizations and institutions in rural Africa coexist. The second is the paradox often found in state local relations in Africa. Central governments encourage local communities to take on responsibilities which the center cannot manage. Should significant organizational strength emerge at the local level, however, central powers often move expeditiously to destroy it. Illustrative material comes primarily from Kenya and Zimbabwe and selectively from several other countries. We ask what new structures are emerging and what old ones are being adapted to new functions. We argue that local organizations are critical for addressing ecological decline and restoring the productivity and sustainability of rural Africa. Both localities and national governments have much to gain if the capacities of local organizations can become, themselves, a valued resource in the resource-scarce setting comprising much of rural Africa.
“Old faith is often modern heresy”: Re-enchanted orthodoxy in Coleridge’s “The Eolian Harp” and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

Charles Taylor’s recent revision of secularization narratives allows for a rereading of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “The Eolian Harp” and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner—two poems frequently construe...
A note on double edge diffraction for parallel wedges

An extended spectral theory of the diffraction approach is used in the investigation of double-edge diffraction in the near-field region of a parallel wedge geometry illuminated by a cylindrical wave. A high-frequency approximation can be formulated in terms of a canonical double stationary phase integral. A uniform asymptotic reduction of the latter, using the method of D.S. Jones (1971), results in a compact representation involving the generalized Fresnel integral, with certain advantages in numerical applications over past representations. >
Review of Bernard Lown, M.D. and Howard Zinn, Ph.D., Prescription for Survival: A Doctor's Journey to End Nuclear Madness 1

Prescription for Survival: A Doctor's Journey to End Nuclear Madness by Bernard Lown, MD, is a semi-autobiographical recounting of the founding of the International Physicians for Prevention of Nuc...
Body mass index and mortality in an ethnically diverse population: the Multiethnic Cohort Study

Body mass index (BMI) has been strongly related to overall mortality, but the consistency of this association across diverse ethnic groups and the effects of early adult BMI versus BMI in later adulthood have not been adequately studied. A prospective analysis was performed using data from 183,211 adults aged 45–75 who enrolled the population-based Multiethnic Cohort Study by completing a questionnaire that included self-reported weight and height information in 1993–1996. Participants were African Americans, Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and whites living in Hawaii and California. During an average 12.5 years of follow-up, 35,664 deaths were identified. To control for confounding caused by conditions that lead to weight loss and mortality, we excluded participants with a history of cancer or heart disease, who ever smoked, and who died within the first 3 years of follow-up. An increased risk of mortality was observed in participants with a BMI ≥ 27.5 in both men and women compared with the reference category of BMI 23.0–24.9; a BMI ≥ 35.0 carried a greater risk of mortality in men than in women. Although the findings were generally similar across ethnic groups, the association of higher BMI with mortality in Latino men appeared to be weaker than in the other groups. A BMI of 25.0–34.9 at age 21 showed a stronger positive association, with no further increase in risk for a BMI ≥ 35.0, than did BMI in later adulthood. These results indicate that the association of BMI with mortality is generally consistent across sex and ethnic groups, with some variation in the strength of the effect. Most notably, the effect of overweight in young adulthood appears to be much stronger than that of overweight in later adulthood on mortality in later life. This emphasizes the importance of weight management in childhood and adolescence.
Efficacy of chest compression-only BLS CPR in the presence of an occluded airway

Reluctance of the lay public to perform bystander CPR is becoming an increasingly worrisome problem in the USA. Most bystanders who admit such reluctance concede that fear of contagious disease from mouth-to-mouth contact is what keeps them from performing basic life support. Animal models of prehospital cardiac arrest indicates that 24-h survival is essentially as good with chest compression-only CPR as with chest compressions and assisted ventilation. This simpler technique is an attractive alternative strategy for encouraging more bystander participation. Such experimental studies have been criticized as irrelevant however secondary to differences between human and porcine airway mechanics. This study examined the effect of chest compression-only CPR under the worst possible circumstances where the airway was totally occluded. After 6 min of either standard CPR including ventilation with a patent airway or chest compressions-only with a totally occluded airway, no difference in 24 h survival was found (10/10 vs. 9/10). As anticipated arterial blood gases were not as good, but hemodynamics produced were better with chest compression-only CPR (P < 0.05). Chest compression-only CPR, even with a totally occluded airway, is as good as standard CPR for successful outcome following 6.5 min of cardiac arrest. Such a strategy for the first minutes of cardiac arrest, particularly before professional help arrives, has several advantages including increased acceptability to the lay public.
The role of left ventricular reconstruction for cardiogenic shock.

Left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction is recognized as an early adaptive mechanism that later results in adverse physiologic changes. Surgical therapy for this condition includes exclusion of nonfunctional segments of ventricular wall and restoration of more normal ventricular geometry. The Dor procedure, or endoventricular patch plasty, is recognized as an excellent means of accomplishing this goal. Most series in regard to the Dor procedure report results in patients who electively come to surgery after developing global ventricular distension after an area of akinesia or dyskinesia. We report a small series of 6 patients who presented with acute myocardial infarction and who developed cardiogenic shock after ventricular dilation. Each patient underwent emergent revascularization and left ventricular reconstruction using the Dor technique. A seventh patient with akenesia, but without preoperative shock, required the Dor procedure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass. There were no in-hospital deaths, and follow-up showed good outcomes. In certain select acute subsets (large anterior myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, and ventricular dilation), immediate revascularization and restoration of left ventricular size improves outcomes by changing left ventricular shape and thereby pre-empting remodeling and restoring blood flow to ischemic myocardium.
Damage Tolerance Implications of Corrosion Pillowing on Fuselage Lap Joints

A previous study showed that pillowing, caused by the presence of corrosion products, can significantly increase the stress in fuselage lap joints, which raises concerns about the effect on aircraft safety. In the present study finite element techniques were used to determine the effect that pillowing has on the stress-intensity factor for cracks located at rivet holes in lap joints. The stress caused by the internal pressure and riveting process was taken into account while the fuselage curvature was ignored. The results indicate that corrosion pillowing increases the stress-intensity factor for the crack edge along the skin-faying surface with a concurrent decrease on the opposite side. This difference suggests that a crack will grow more rapidly along the faying surface than in the through-the-thickness direction, thus forming a semi-elliptical crack front with a very high aspect ratio. This type of crack is more difficult to detect.
Functional morphology of muscles in Tetranchyroderma papii (Gastrotricha)

Movement in gastrotrichs is powered by an interaction of ventral cilia and muscles. In interstitial gastrotrichs, movement among sand grains often requires the additional use of adhesive tubules that allow for behaviors such as escape responses and changes in body position. In this study, we describe orientations and possible mechanical actions of muscles during locomotion in the gastrotrich, Tetranchyroderma papii (Macrodasyida). Fluorescently labeled phalloidin was used to stain F-actin of muscles and visualize muscle patterns. Muscles are arranged in circular, longitudinal, and helicoidal orientations. Circular muscles were in the form of discreet rings around the pharynx and intestine, and contribute to the structure of the oral hood. Longitudinal muscles are largely concentrated on the ventral and ventrolateral sides of the body, where they aid in body flexion, including directional changes during ciliary swimming, body torsion, and escape responses. Helicoidal muscles, present as myocytes in left- and right-hand orientations, lie external of the circular bands and some of the longitudinal bands, and are hypothesized to counteract dilations of the pharynx and intestine during feeding. Extraordinary muscle orientations with undetermined functions include a pair of crossover muscles and a single semicircular muscle band at the caudal end.
Electric energy micro-production in a rural property using biogas as primary source

Abstract The generation of electric energy distributed throughout Brazil′s rural area contributes in the supply and logistics of energy production all over the country. This work aimed to analyze biogas production from swine waste and the generation of electric energy using biogas as primary source. Biogas was produced in Sao Miguel do Iguacu - Parana, Brazil, in a rural property which uses two biodigesters to produce biogas, whose electric conversion is performed in an engine-generator set of 100 kVA. With an average of 4672 housed animals, 554 Nm 3 day −1 of biogas were used in the generation of 847 kWh day −1 of electricity and the rest was incinerated in a flare. The average specific consumption of biogas in the engine-generator set was 0.68 m 3 kW h −1 and its efficiency was 22.21%. The cost of electric energy production using biogas was 0.12 R$ kW h −1 and the cost of the supplier′s electricity was 0.14 R$.kWh −1 . One can observe the economical feasibility of electricity production from biogas, even without receiving carbon credits.
Low temperature calorimetric measurements on isothermal aging of Al-Ag

Abstract On quenching aluminum containing 1.3 at. % silver, energy is released upon isothermal holds at low temperatures (∼245°K). The amount of energy evolved, over a measured period of time (32–140 min) after the initiation of the reaction (clustering of silver atoms), amounts to 6–7 cal/g-atom of alloy for “slow” quenches and about 2–2.5 cal/g-atom of alloy for “fast” quenches. These results are consistent with the resistometric studies of Turnbull et al. who pointed out the existence of two states in quenched Al-Ag alloys.
Investigation of Cold Foods/salad Bar Preferences Among College Students In A University Dining Hall

Abstract This study was conducted in a mid-Atlantic university dining hall Students were asked preferences regarding cold foods/salad bar items. Two surveys were distributed four months apart. The results and suggestions from the first survey were submitted to the food production manager of the dining hall. Since the first survey, the salad bar was expanded to include a larger variety of items, and more salads were added. The second survey reported degree of satisfaction with the additions/improvements to the salad bar. Over half the students approved of additions/improvements. Although this small-scale study is not representative of young adults nationally, it indicates an interest in consumption of healthier foods among students at this university. Previous studies on eating habits among college students show preferences for fat, sodium, sugar, and calorie rich foods and snacks. This may well be true for the overall population of college students, but results from this study found an interest in consumption of more nutritious foods. Eating a variety of foods can decrease risk for chronic disease, and introducing different foods early in life may benefit one's health later on. Research shows new food recipes have to be well-tested and good-tasting in order for people to try them. Opportunities are great for dietitians to educate and direct individuals toward more nutritious meals and snacks in order to decrease statistics of chronic disease.
Delay and jitter minimization in active diffusion computing

In the active computation paradigm the problem of delay and jitter control takes a complex form from its classical counterpart. Stream processing time also becomes a new factor and the concept of path bandwidth degenerates as data volume can change while in transit. The paper presents a dynamic feedback based algorithm for this problem. We have recently implemented a concept transport system, where a video stream can receive 'transformation' in a distributed manner over an active subnet while the packets diffuse via multiple paths by a scheme called cooperative transcoding. In this paper, we present the dynamic scheduling algorithm and present its performance on live runs on the test-bed system.
A multi-microprocessor system for parallel computations

This paper is concerned with the design of a multi-microprocessor system that exploits parallelism in ordinary high-level language programs so as to increase their execution speed, without adding too much complexity to the system. The notion of Parallel Execution Strings (PES) as a representation of expressions for parallel execution is first discussed. We then apply the PES scheme to detect the parallelism at both the statement and the block levels. Finally, the design of a multi-microprocessor system suitable for executing the programs compiled with the PES notion is presented. It consists of a number of microprocessors (Am2900) with central control of moderate complexity.
Throughput Optimization and Fair Bandwidth Allocation in Multi-Hop Wireless LANs

There is an inherent well-known conflict between fairness and throughput that arises in many networking scenarios. A number of researchers have studied this problem in the context of (single-hop) wireless local area networks (WLANs), where clients directly exchange traffic with access points (APs). More recently, researchers have proposed multi-hop extensions to WLANs where client traffic is forwarded via a series of client-client links. In this paper, we show that the objective of improving throughput without sacrificing fairness can be much better met in multi-hop WLANs. We decouple this objective into two separate but related problems. First, we need an algorithm to organize clients into a multi-hop structure such that fair bandwidth allocation within this structure leads to improved throughput. Second, we need algorithms for performing fair bandwidth allocation within the determined multi-hop structure. In this paper, we first design optimal fair bandwidth allocation algorithms for both max-min throughput fairness and max-min time fairness in multi-hop WLANs. Subsequently, we design an efficient algorithm to find desirable multi-hop structures. With slight modifications, our results in this paper can be generalized to other multi-hop wireless networks as well. Our proposed solutions seamlessly integrate with legacy devices and hence are incrementally deployable. Simulation results demonstrate that our solutions can effectively improve throughput (by up to 114% or more) as well as network coverage while preserving fairness.
BF3-promoted electrochemical properties of quinoxaline in propylene carbonate

Electrochemical and density functional studies demonstrate that coordination of electrolyte constituents to quinoxalines modulates their electrochemical properties. Quinoxalines are shown to be electrochemically inactive in most electrolytes in propylene carbonate, yet the predicted reduction potential is shown to match computational estimates in acetonitrile. We find that in the presence of LiBF4 and trace water, an adduct is formed between quinoxaline and the Lewis acid BF3, which then displays electrochemical activity at 1–1.5 V higher than prior observations of quinoxaline electrochemistry in non-aqueous media. Direct synthesis and testing of a bis-BF3 quinoxaline complex further validates the assignment of the electrochemically active species, presenting up to a ∼26-fold improvement in charging capacity, demonstrating the advantages of this adduct over unmodified quinoxaline in LiBF4-based electrolyte. The use of Lewis acids to effectively “turn on” the electrochemical activity of organic molecules may lead to the development of new active material classes for energy storage applications.
The Nematode Genus Rhabdias (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Amphibians and Reptiles of the Nearctic

Data on the representatives of the nematode family Rhabdiasidae in the Nearctic are summarized from the literature, study of new material, and examination of museum specimens. A description of Rhabdias tarichae sp. nov. and redescriptions of Rhabdias joaquinensis, Rhabdias ambystomae, Rhabdias ranae, and Rhabdias americanus are given. New host and geographical records are provided for several Rhabdias species. Rhabdias sp., probably representing another species new to science, was found among museum specimens from the California newt Taricha torosa; however, the poor state of the specimens did not permit description. Keys for determination of Nearctic Rhabdias species are provided, and the applicability of some morphological characters for differentiation of Rhabdias species is discussed.
Accurate Direct and Indirect On-Chip Temperature Sensing for Efficient Dynamic Thermal Management

Dynamic thermal management techniques require accurate runtime temperature information in order to operate effectively and efficiently. In this paper, we propose two novel solutions for accurate sensing of on-chip temperature. Our first technique is used at design time for sensor allocation and placement to minimize the number of sensors while maintaining the desired accuracy. The experimental results show that this technique can improve the efficiency and accuracy of sensor allocation and placement compared to previous work and can reduce the number of required thermal sensors by about 16% on average. Secondly, we propose indirect temperature sensing to accurately estimate the temperature at arbitrary locations on the die based on the noisy temperature readings from a limited number of sensors which are located further away from the locations of interest. Our runtime technique for temperature estimation reduces the standard deviation and maximum value of temperature estimation errors by an order of magnitude.
Colonial Philosophies, Urban Space, and Racial Segregation in British and French Colonial Africa

British colonial authorities adhered to a philosophy of racial segregation while their French counterparts subscribed to one that segregates along socioeconomic and cultural lines. This article interrogates the rationale for these two colonial philosophies and addresses the following questions: How were these philosophies given physical expression in colonial urban space? Why did the two seemingly opposing philosophies produce identical racially segregated urban space? It is argued that although the two colonial powers had different racial philosophies, they shared common cultural, psychological, political, social, and ideological objectives that were best accomplished through racially segregated space.
Whole-Cell versus Total RNA Extraction for Analysis of Microbial Community Structure with 16S rRNA-Targeted Oligonucleotide Probes in Salt Marsh Sediments

rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes have become powerful tools for describing microbial communities, but their use in sediments remains difficult. Here we describe a simple technique involving homogenization, detergents, and dispersants that allows the quantitative extraction of cells from formalin-preserved salt marsh sediments. Resulting cell extracts are amenable to membrane blotting and hybridization protocols. Using this procedure, the efficiency of cell extraction was high (95.7% +/- 3.7% [mean +/- standard deviation]) relative to direct DAPI (4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole) epifluorescence cell counts for a variety of salt marsh sediments. To test the hypothesis that cells were extracted without phylogenetic bias, the relative abundance (depth distribution) of five major divisions of the gram-negative mesophilic sulfate-reducing delta proteobacteria were determined in sediments maintained in a tidal mesocosm system. A suite of six 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes were utilized. The apparent structure of sulfate-reducing bacteria communities determined from whole-cell and RNA extracts were consistent with each other (r(2) = 0.60), indicating that the whole-cell extraction and RNA extraction hybridization approaches for describing sediment microbial communities are equally robust. However, the variability associated with both methods was high and appeared to be a result of the natural heterogeneity of sediment microbial communities and methodological artifacts. The relative distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria was similar to that observed in natural marsh systems, providing preliminary evidence that the mesocosm systems accurately simulate native marsh systems.