cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of ambiguous appearance-related feedback on body image, mood states, and intentions to use body change strategies in college women: An experimental study

The current study evaluated the effects of receiving ambiguous appearance-based or nonappearance-based feedback on body image, mood states, and body change strategies. One hundred and forty-six women were randomly assigned to either an appearance condition, wherein they interacted with a confederate supposedly working for a cosmetic surgery center, or a nonappearance condition, in which the confederate purportedly worked for an academic enhancement center. Counter to expectations, there was no evidence of significant group differences on most of the variables that assessed mood states and body change strategies. However, intentions to engage in bulimic behavior were significant higher and dieting intentions marginally higher at posttest for the appearance condition, however anger levels were significantly higher for the nonappearance condition. Limitations of the study are discussed and future indications for research in this area are suggested.
Activated Ras alters lens and corneal development through induction of distinct downstream targets

Background Mammalian Ras genes regulate diverse cellular processes including proliferation and differentiation and are frequently mutated in human cancers. Tumor development in response to Ras activation varies between different tissues and the molecular basis for these variations are poorly understood. The murine lens and cornea have a common embryonic origin and arise from adjacent regions of the surface ectoderm. Activation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway induces the corneal epithelial cells to proliferate and the lens epithelial cells to exit the cell cycle. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the differential responses of these two related tissues have not been defined. We have generated transgenic mice that express a constitutively active version of human H-Ras in their lenses and corneas.
Startle gating in rats is disrupted by chemical inactivation but not D2 stimulation of the dorsomedial thalamus.

Abstract The neural regulation of sensorimotor gating, as measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex, has been a focus of interest based on the consistent deficits in PPI reported in schizophrenia patients. While dorsomedial thalamus (MD) dysfunction has been implicated in the clinical ‘gating’ deficits of schizophrenia patients, relatively little is known regarding the regulation of PPI by the MD. We previously reported that PPI in rats is reduced after intra-MD infusion of the GABA agonist muscimol, or after excitotoxic lesions of the MD. In the present study, we tested the regulation of PPI by D2 receptors in the MD. PPI was measured after intra-MD infusion of the D2 agonist quinpirole (0, 1 or 10 μg/side) in a within-subject design. Infusion placement was confirmed functionally in later tests by reversible inactivation of the MD via intra-MD infusion of tetrodotoxin (TTX; 10 ng/side), and subsequently by direct histological examination. Intra-MD infusion of quinpirole had no significant effect on PPI, using doses that significantly disrupt PPI after infusion into the ventral forebrain (nucleus accumbens). TTX infusion into the MD caused a significant loss of PPI; this effect was not reversed by pretreatment with the atypical antipsychotic quetiapine (7.5 mg/kg). The MD regulation of PPI in rats is not mediated via D2 receptors, but is clearly manifested via PPI deficits after reversible MD inactivation via TTX.
Estrogens and congeners from spent hops (Humulus lupulus).

Estrogenicity-directed fractionation of a methanol extract of the strobiles of Humulus lupulus that had been extracted previously with supercritical CO2, known as “spent hops”, led to the isolation and identification of 22 compounds including 12 prenylated chalcones (1−8, 10−13), five prenylflavanones (14−17), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (18), sitosterol-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (19), humulinone (20), and cohumulinone (21). In addition, the prenylated chalcone xanthohumol C (9a) was obtained as a 6:1 mixture along with its 1‘ ‘,2‘ ‘-dihydro derivative (9b). Three new chalcones (4, 11, 12) and four previously unreported constituents of hops (5, 6, 9b, 13) are reported. The structures of the new compounds were determined through a combination of spectrometric techniques including 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, and ESIMS-MS. Full 1H NMR spin system analyses were performed to characterize the higher-order glucopyranosyl, prenyl, and chalcone B-ring spectra of the isolates. The principle estrogen 8-prenylnaringenin (15) from ...
MYTH AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE AMERICAN ACCOUNTING PROFESSION

The American accounting profession attempts to provide the public with efficient and effective financial reports; but to succeed, it must satisfy an environment of diverse, often conflicting, institutions. This article critically interprets the profession's development, arguing that it displays an interplay of myth and technology. This interplay generates structural flaws in the profession as well as a bias against reform.
SOME PROPERTIES OF A PURIFIED BACTERIOLYSIN OBTAINED FROM ALLANTOIC FLUID OF CHICK EMBRYOS INFECTED WITH INFLUENZA VIRUS.

Abstract A potent bacteriolytic factor was isolated from the allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with influenza virus. Purification of this factor was accomplished by a combination of centrifugation, adsorption on aluminum phosphate, precipitation with ammonium sulfate, and dialysis. The purified lytic factor was not sedimented when subjected to 144,000 g for 7 hours, but it was retained by the dialysis tubing. In the analytical ultracentrifuge, a major component was observed for which a molecular weight of approximately 54,000 could be calculated. As the lytic factor contained nitrogen, was precipitable with ammonium sulfate, was ninhydrin positive, and behaved electrophoretically like protein, it was concluded that the factor consisted in part of protein. A positive spot test with Sudan Black B also suggested the presence of some fatty substance. Negative Benedict and Molisch tests for carbohydrate indicated that carbohydrate was absent, or present in a low level. The phosphorus content was found to be about 0.14%. The lytic factor was shown to be different from egg lysozyme in its thermal stability and in its electrophoretic mobility on paper.
Surface Properties During Primary Breakup of Turbulent Liquid Jets in Still Air

The formation of ligaments and drops at the liquid surface during primary breakup of turbulent liquid jets in still air, that is, during turbulent primary breakup, was studied experimentally using pulsed shadowgraphy and holography. Experimental conditions included round and plane (the latter actually being annular with a large aspect ratio) turbulent liquid jets in still air at normal temperature and pressure for noncavitating water and ethanol flows, long length/hydraulic-diameter (greater than 40:1) injector passages to provide fully developed turbulent pipe flow at the jet exit, jet exit Reynolds numbers of 6 x 10 3 -4.24 × 10 5 , jet exit Weber numbers of 200-300,000, and liquid/gas density ratios of 690 and 860 at conditions where direct effects of liquid viscosity were small (for example, jet exit Ohnesorge numbers were smaller than 0.0053). Measured properties included liquid surface velocities, conditions at the onset of ligament and drop formation, ligament and drop sizes along the surface, and ligament and drop velocities along the surface and rates of drop formation along the surface. Simplified phenomenological theories were used to help interpret and correlate the measurements
A Case of Pulmonary Embolism on Dabigatran

It is well known that hospitalized medical patients are at higher risk for the development of venous thromboembolism. As a result patients are placed on standard prophylactic anticoagulation. As newer anticoagulants are coming to the market patients on these novel oral agents are continued on them instead of being transitioned to the standard therapies.Dabigatran, one of the newer agents, is an oral direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) approved for anticoagulation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation and DVT prophylaxis in post-operative patients after knee and hip surgeries. Dabigatran is an effective anticoagulant because DTI’s suppress thrombus growth [1]. We report a case of extensive pulmonary emboli in a patient taking dabigatran. Although dabigatran is not currently approved for DVT/VTE prophylaxis in the hospitalized medical patient, recent studies demonstrate its non-inferiority compared with warfarin in the prevention of recurrent VTE. In light of this, we argue that our patient constitutes a treatment failure. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc1400w
Crystallography of the integral membrane protein EmrE from Escherichia coli

Crystals of the EmrE membrane-protein imposed several technical challenges for X-ray crystallography, including high mosaicity, poor diffraction and a relatively large number of heavy atoms. Consequently, the heavy-atom substructure solution was difficult to obtain. By removing the histidine tag for protein purification, the mosaicity and the diffraction quality were greatly improved. The direct-methods Shake-and-Bake program SnB was successful in locating the heavy-atom sites from a mutant of EmrE which lacks a cysteine and therefore has a reduction in the number of heavy-atom sites. The substructure solution was solved from data with anomalous difference at a resolution of 5.5 A and the structure was determined to 3.8 A.
Prevalence of low fat-free mass index and high and very high body fat mass index following lung transplantation.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of low fat-free mass index (FFMI) and high and very high body fat mass index (BFMI) after lung transplantation (LTR). A total of 37 LTR patients were assessed prior to and at 1 month, 1 year and 2 years for FFM and compared to 37 matched volunteers (VOL). FFM was calculated by the Geneva equation and normalized for height (kg/m2). Subjects were classified as FFMI “low”, ≤17.4 in men and ≤15.0 in women; BFMI ”high”, 5.2–8.1 in men and 8.3–11.7 in women; or “very high” >8.2 kg/m2 in men and >11.8 kg/m2 in women. In 23 M/14 F, body mass index (BMI) was 22.3±4.4 and 20.1±4.9 kg/m2, respectively. The prevalence of low FFMI was 80% at 1 month and 33% at 2 years after LTR. Prevalence of very high BFMI increased and was higher in patients than VOL after LTR. The prevalence of low FFMI was high prior to and remained important 2 years after LTR, whereas BFMI was lower prior to and higher 2 years after LTR.
A method for the design of shock-free slender bodies of revolution

A numerical procedure is presented for the design of shock-free supercritical slender bodies of revolution. The procedure relies on the fact that for small disturbances a hodograph-like transformation (not known a priori) can be applied to the axisymmetric potential equation. This results in a set of two coupled Poisson equations defined on a common rectangular domain. With the special variables used, the system of coupled equations for the subsonic portion of the flow is solved iteratively using a fast Poisson solver. This in turn, defines the mapping of the subsonic or subsonic-sonic boundary in the physical plane. For supercritical flows, the supersonic portion of the flow is calculated from data on the sonic line using an axisymmetric characteristic calculation. This is followed by a map to the physical plane to determine the shape of the body under the sonic bubble. Examples of shock-free supercritical slender body designs are presented and show good agreement with the direct computation of the flow past the designed slender bodies.
Uranium isotope abundance ratios in natural uranium metal certified reference material 112-A

Abstract Certified reference material (CRM) 112-A, uranium metal assay standard, with “natural” U isotopic composition and CRM 145, uranium assay standard solution made by dissolving CRM 112-A metal were analyzed using TRITON Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TIMS) to characterize the uranium isotopic abundances. The certified 235U/238U “major” ratio of 0.0072543 (40) in CRM C112-A and CRM 145 is determined using the total evaporation (TE) and modified total evaporation (MTE) methods. In the MTE method, the total evaporation process is interrupted on a regular basis to allow correction of background from peak tailing, internal calibration of the secondary electron multiplier (SEM) detector versus the Faraday cups, peak-centering, and ion source re-focusing. For the “minor” 234U/238U and 236U/238U ratio measurements using MTE, better precision and accuracy are achieved compared to the TE analyses. The certified 234U/238U ratio of 0.000052841 (82) in CRM C112-A and CRM 145 is determined using a conventional analysis technique that incorporates an internal mass bias correction utilizing the measured 235U/238U ratio and correction for peak tailing from 235U and 238U. The 236U/238U isotope abundance ratio in CRM C112-A and CRM 145 is estimated to be
Ankle Joint Sepsis with Subsequent Osteomyelitis in an Adult Patient without Identifiable Etiologies: A Case Report

Ankle sepsis can lead to rapid joint destruction with long-term articular degeneration and dysfunction. Timely diagnosis by means of joint aspiration can be helpful. In this article, we describe the case of an otherwise healthy adult male with isolated ankle sepsis. The case illustrates how a high clinical suspicion for a septic joint can justify prompt invasive diagnostic intervention, namely joint aspiration, which guides definitive treatment.
Transition metal coordination polymers of phenylphosphonic acid

Abstract Coordination compounds of phenylphosphonic acid have been prepared with manganese (II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II). The complexes have been characterized by means of i.r. spectra, visible spectra and magnetic susceptibilities. The phenylphosphonate ion acts as a bridging ligand between metals giving cross-linked polymers.
Pedagogical Dimensions and Environmental Attitudes in an Outdoor Recreation Course

This study examined the relationship between student involvement, outdoor recreation, course grades and environmental attitudes. Specifically the study was of a collegiate level course entitled â€œOutdoor Recreation and Environmental Awareness.â€ The specific research questions addressed: 1.What are the interrelationships among college student perceptions of the pedagogical dimensions of a course, their grades, and their environmental attitudes? 2. How do the aforementioned relationships vary with respect to students' self-reported participation in outdoor recreation? 3. How do the aforementioned relationships vary with respect to selected demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, academic classification, and academic major)? A pre-test post-test design was used to examine relationships between student perceptions of design variables (pedagogical dimensions) and cognitive outcomes, as indicated by course grades, and affective outcomes, as measured by environmental attitudes. In addition, the nature of relationships found was examined in light of several other variables.
The Protein Kinase Cδ Catalytic Fragment Is Critical for Maintenance of the G2/M DNA Damage Checkpoint

Protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) is an essential component of the intrinsic apoptotic program. Following DNA damage, such as exposure to UV radiation, PKCδ is cleaved in a caspase-dependent manner, generating a constitutively active catalytic fragment (PKCδ-cat), which is necessary and sufficient for keratinocyte apoptosis. We found that in addition to inducing apoptosis, expression of PKCδ-cat caused a pronounced G2/M cell cycle arrest in both primary human keratinocytes and immortalized HaCaT cells. Consistent with a G2/M arrest, PKCδ-cat induced phosphorylation of Cdk1 (Tyr15), a critical event in the G2/M checkpoint. Treatment with the ATM/ATR inhibitor caffeine was unable to prevent PKCδ-cat-induced G2/M arrest, suggesting that PKCδ-cat is functioning downstream of ATM/ATR in the G2/M checkpoint. To better understand the role of PKCδ and PKCδ-cat in the cell cycle response to DNA damage, we exposed wild-type and PKCδ null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to UV radiation. Wild-type MEFs underwent a pronounced G2/M arrest, Cdk1 phosphorylation, and induction of apoptosis following UV exposure, whereas PKCδ null MEFs were resistant to these effects. Expression of PKCδ-green fluorescent protein, but not caspase-resistant or kinase-inactive PKCδ, was able to restore G2/M checkpoint integrity in PKCδ null MEFs. The function of PKCδ in the DNA damage-induced G2/M cell cycle checkpoint may be a critical component of its tumor suppressor function.
O2- production by B lymphocytes lacking the respiratory burst oxidase subunit p47phox after transfection with an expression vector containing a p47phox cDNA

Abstract The respiratory burst oxidase of phagocytes and B lymphocytes is a complicated enzyme that catalyzes the one-electron reduction of oxygen by NADPH. It is responsible for the O2- production that occurs when these cells are exposed to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or other appropriate stimuli. The activity of this enzyme is greatly decreased or absent in patients with chronic granulomatous disease, an inherited disorder characterized by a severe defect in host defense against bacteria and fungi. In every chronic granulomatous disease patient studied to date, an abnormality has been found in a gene encoding one of four components of the respiratory burst oxidase: the membrane protein p22phox or gp91phox, or the cytosolic protein p47phox or p67phox. We report here that O2- production was partly restored to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B lymphocytes from a patient with p47phox-deficient chronic granulomatous disease by transfection with an expression plasmid containing a p47phox cDNA inserted in the sense direction. No detectable O2- was produced by untransfected p47phox-deficient lymphocytes or by p47phox-deficient lymphocytes transfected with an antisense plasmid. The finding that O2- can be produced by p47phox-deficient B lymphocytes after the transfer of a p47phox cDNA into the deficient cells suggests that this system could be useful for studying the function of mutant p47phox proteins in whole cells.
Task Groups in the School Setting: Promoting Children's Social and Emotional Learning

Through social and emotional learning (SEL), individuals develop skill in negotiating relationships successfully and expressing emotions appropriately. The socially and emotionally intelligent child reaps benefits in school and later life. Counselors are best qualified to promote children's SEL and the task group in the classroom provides an excellent opportunity for them to do so. In the task group, students can learn and practice crucial skills in vivo while they work together to complete a task. The counselor's strategic attention to promoting task completion while facilitating SEL can serve to highlight the benefits of group work in the school learning environment.
Image feature analysis and computer-aided diagnosis in digital radiography. I. Automated detection of microcalcifications in mammography

We have investigated the application of computer-based methods to the detection of microcalcifications in digital mammograms. The computer detection system is based on a difference-image technique in which a signal-suppressed image is subtracted from a signal-enhanced image to remove the structured background in a mammogram. Signal-extraction techniques adapted to the known physical characteristics of microcalcifications are then used to isolate microcalcifications from the remaining noise background. We employ Monte Carlo methods to generate simulated clusters of microcalcifications that are superimposed on normal mammographic backgrounds. This allows quantitative evaluation of detection accuracy of the computer method and the dependence of this accuracy on the physical characteristics of the microcalcifications. Our present computer method can achieve a true-positive cluster detection rate of approximately 80% at a false-positive detection rate of one cluster per image. The potential application of such a computer-aided system to mammographic interpretation is demonstrated by its ability to detect microcalcifications in clinical mammograms.
From self-service to super-service: a resource mapping framework for co-creating value by shifting the boundary between provider and customer

Improved understanding of how interactions between service providers and customers create value, along with advances in technology, can expand and redefine the roles of both provider and customer in the service delivery process. The traditional boundary between provider and customer can shift toward self service, with the customer performing many of the tasks previously done by the provider, as in self-service check-in at the airport or self-serve salad bars in restaurants. Alternatively, the boundary can shift in the opposite direction--toward what we define as super service--with the provider performing many tasks previously done by the customer, such as a car rental company that delivers vehicles to customers or automatic bill paying services provided by banks. Why do providers shift this boundary in one direction or the other? Increased competition, changing customer attitudes, and new technologies all contribute to the development of new self-service and new super-service delivery configurations. But these new configurations are only effective when they can create additional value for both provider and customer. In this paper, we introduce a resource mapping framework for shifting the service boundary effectively. This framework allows us to examine the continuum of options from self service to super service from a service systems perspective to identify conditions under which shifting the provider-customer boundary creates value.
Planar GaAs Detector-Amplifier Circuits

Monolithic GaAs detector-amplifier channels and arrays have been fabricated for use in the 0.81 - 0.85 pm wavelength range. The circuits were fabricated using a multilayered GaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs structure grown on semi-insulating GaAs. The AlGaAs layer provided electrical isolation between the upper MESFET layer and the lower n- photoconductor layer. Typical rise times of discrete photoconductors in response to 0.84 μm wavelength optical exci-tation were in the range of 1.5 - 4 ns. Rise and fall times of integrated detector-amplifier single channel circuits of 9 ns and 28 ns, respectively, were observed in response to 0.84 pm optical excitation.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Technology and engineering education students’ perceptions of hands‐on and hands‐off activities

Technology and engineering education students responded to a survey regarding hands‐on and hands‐off activities. First, the students listed hands‐on and hands‐off activities and what characterized the two types of activities. Activities such as building or assembling something as well as working manually with tools were viewed as hands‐on. Passive activities such as listening or watching were perceived as hands‐off. Then, the students rated 30 different activities on a bipolar scale ranging from 1 (high degree hands‐off) to 7 (high degree hands‐on). A Principal Components Factor Analysis of the 30 activities revealed two independent factors. The hands‐off factor consisted of many modern technological activities such as computer‐aided design, using a three‐dimensional printer, and constructing functional prototypes using stereo‐lithography technology. The hands‐on factor consisted of more traditional activities such as rebuilding an engine and using a screwdriver. These results suggest that students percei...
Wingless Repression of Drosophila frizzled 2 Expression Shapes the Wingless Morphogen Gradient in the Wing

In Drosophila wing imaginal discs, the Wingless (Wg) protein acts as a morphogen, emanating from the dorsal/ventral (D/V) boundary of the disc to directly define cell identities along the D/V axis at short and long range. Here, we show that high levels of a Wg receptor, Drosophila frizzled 2 (Dfz2), stabilize Wg, allowing it to reach cells far from its site of synthesis. Wg signaling represses Dfz2 expression, creating a gradient of decreasing Wg stability moving toward the D/V boundary. This repression of Dfz2 is crucial for the normal shape of Wg morphogen gradient as well as the response of cells to the Wg signal. In contrast to other ligand-receptor relationships where the receptor limits diffusion of the ligand, Dfz2 broadens the range of Wg action by protecting it from degradation.
Repeated Interactive Read-Alouds in Preschool and Kindergarten

Repeated interactive read-alouds, a systematic method of reading aloud, allow teachers to scaffold children's understanding of the book being read, model strategies for making inferences and explanations, and teach vocabulary and concepts. A storybook is read three times in slightly different ways in order to increase the amount and quality of children's analytical talk as they answer carefully crafted questions. During the first reading, teachers introduce the story's problem, insert comments, ask a few key questions, and finally ask a “why” question calling for extended explanation. This is accompanied by elaborations on a few key vocabulary words. Second reads capitalize on children's growing comprehension of the story by providing enriched vocabulary explanations and asking additional inference and explanation questions. Third reads consist of guided reconstruction of the story in which children recount information as well as provide explanations and commentary. These techniques have shown to be effective in increasing children's engagement, understanding, and appreciation of literature in preschool and kindergarten settings.
Synergistic extraction of trivalent actinides and lanthanides using macrocyclic compounds

The combination of lipophilic macrocyclic oxygen donors with the extractant thenoyltrifluoroacetone /HTTA/ has been shown to have a significant synergistic effect on the extractions of trivalent actinides and lanthanides. The results show that the nitrogen containing cryptand /222BB/ is a more effective synergist than the crown ether compound /15-C-5/ with only oxygen donors.
Population genetic analysis reveals a homoploid hybrid origin of Stephanomeria diegensis (Asteraceae)

Homoploid hybrid speciation has generally been viewed as a rare evolutionary phenomenon, with relatively few well-documented cases in nature. Here, we investigate the origin of Stephanomeria diegensis, a diploid flowering plant species that has been proposed to have arisen as a result of hybridization between S. exigua and S. virgata. Across the range of S. diegensis, all individuals share a common chloroplast haplotype with S. virgata while showing a greater affinity for S. exigua in terms of nuclear genetic diversity. A principal coordinates analysis (PCO) based on the nuclear data revealed that S. diegensis is most similar to each parent along different axes. Moreover, a Bayesian clustering analysis as well as a hybrid index-based analysis showed evidence of mixed ancestry, with approximately two thirds of the S. diegensis nuclear genome derived from S. exigua. These results provide strong support for a homoploid hybrid origin of S. diegensis. Finally, contrary to the finding that homoploid hybrid species are typically multiply-derived, our results were most consistent with a single origin of this species.
The effects of gender on allergen-induced histamine release in ongoing allergic cutaneous reactions

Abstract Background: Marked variability in the amount of histamine released in the first hour of ongoing cutaneous reactions has been noted. This variability occurs even among subjects with similar degrees of skin test reactivity to antigen. Methods: To determine gender effects on mediator release, we retrospectively compared: (1) skin chamber histamine release after a 0 to 1-hour and 1 to 5-hour exposure to antigen; (2) neutrophil accumulation after 5 hours of antigen exposure and skin test reactivity to antigen, histamine, and codeine in 91 male and 60 female subjects. Results: There was no difference in skin test reactivity to antigen, histamine, or codeine between male and female subjects. However, in the group as a whole, male subjects released higher amounts of histamine in the first hour (74 ± 4 ng/ml) than female subjects (55 ± 4 ng/ml), ( p p Conclusions: Since the first hour release of histamine is secondary to mast cell activation and the 1- to 5-hour histamine release is secondary to basophil activation, we conclude that the gender of the subject influences the degree of in vivo antigen-induced histamine release from mast cells.
Release of a lipopolysaccharide-protein complex from Escherichia coli A by warm-water treatment.

Abstract Warm-water treatment of Escherichia coli A in 0.1 M Tris (pH 7.3), in the absence of added Mg2+, released protein and lipopolysaccharide simultaneosly. After precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 and brief treatment with sodium deoxycholate, the solubilized material appeared as a single component when analyzed by analytical centrifugation. Chromatographic analysis with DEAE-cellulose indicated the coincidental distribution of protein and lipopolysaccharide components (e.g. heptose, 3-deoxyoctulosonate and ester groups). Bound β hydroxymyristic acid was present, but colitose (3,6-dideoxy- l -galactose) was precipitated with divalent cations and hydrolyzed with 14 mM HCl to yield a lipid. About one-half of the complex was accounted for in terms of a full complement of amino acids. The complex was dissociated by chromatography in the presence of EDTA or sodium deoxycholate, and evidence was obtained for three subfractions containing varying proportions of protein and lipopolysaccharide. The procedure used for its release and its composition suggested that the lipopolysaccharide-protein complex might be derived from the outermost layer of the cell wall. This complex showed no affinity for galactose.
Operations simulation for the design of a future space transportation system

A high, level discrete simulation model has been developed to study the operational requirements of future space transportation systems. To illustrate the capabilities of this model, the result of a study for a future fully reusable, two-stage launch vehicle concept which delivers men and material to a space station and returns are presented. Orbital transfer vehicles, based at the space station, are also included for delivery to other orbits. Results are presented which indicate that the model can be a helpful tool in evaluating the transportation system's operational needs and its ability to meet the desired mission requirements.
Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Status Asthmaticus

Objective In asthmatic patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF), placing an endotracheal tube is associated with a high rate of complications and results in increased airway resistance. In acute asthma, mask−continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) decreases airway resistance and the work of breathing (WOB), but does not improve gas exchange. In COPD with ARF, adding intermittent positive pressure ventilation to mask−CPAP results in an additional improvement in WOB and is highly effective in correcting gas exchange abnormalities. In our medical ICU, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is used as first−line interventional therapy in eligible patients with hypercapnic ARF. We report our experience with NPPV in 17 episodes of asthma and ARF over a 3−year period. Methods A face mask was secured with head straps, avoiding a tight fit, and connected to a ventilator (PB−7200). Initial ventilatory settings included CPAP at 4±2 cm H 2 O to offset intrinsic positive end−expiratory pressure and pressure support ventilation (PSV) at 14±5 cm H 2 O aiming at a respiratory rate less than 25 breaths/min and an exhaled tidal volume of 7 mL/kg or more. PSV was then adjusted following arterial blood gas results. Results Mean age was 35.4±11.3 years; 10 patients were female. The mean (±SE) for different physiologic values are reported at initiation, less than 2 h, 2 to 6 h, and 12 to 24 h into NPPV. pH was 7.25±0.01, 7.32±0.02 (p=0.0012), 7.36±0.02 (p>0.0001), and 7.38±0.02; PaCO 2 was 65±2, 52±3 (p=0.002), 45±3 (p>0.0001), and 45±4; PaO 2 fraction of inspired oxygen was 315±41, 403±47, 367±47, and 472±67 (p=0.06); and respiratory rate was: 29.1±1, 22±1 (p>0.0001), 20±l, and 17±1. NPPV was well tolerated, and only two patients required sedation. Initial delivered minute ventilation was 16±4 L/min. The mean (±SD) peak inspiratory pressure to ventilate in the NPPV−treated patients was 18±5 cm H 2 O and always less than 25 cm H 2 O. There was no complication or problem with expectorating of secretions. Oral intake (liquid diet) was preserved. Two patients required intubation (35 min and 89 h into NPPV) for worsening PaCO 2 . Duration of NPPV was 16±21 h. All patients survived. Length of hospital stay was 5±4 days. Conclusions In asthmatic patients with ARF, NPPV via a face mask appears highly effective in correcting gas exchange abnormalities using a low inspiratory pressure (>25 cm H 2 O). A randomized study is in progress to assess fully the role of NPPV in status asthmaticus.
A simple method for measuring surface strains around cracks

A simple system has been developed to measure surface strains that occur during in situ deformation of mechanical test specimens. The system uses photolithographically deposited displacement markers and computer image recognition routines to determine in-plane displacements and strains from digital images. The strain calculating routines are integrated into a simple mouse-driven software package that facilitates the transformation from digital images to useful strain field information. Additional routines have been developed to determine crack tip stress fields and J integrals. Crack tip stress intensities have been calculated from strain maps obtained for traction-free cracks in stainless steel. The J integrals were found to be independent of contour and consistent with applied stress intensities. Crack tip stress intensities were calculated for bridged cracks in lamellar TiAl. The toughening effect of the bridging zones was determined by including the bridged region in the contours. Resistance curves generated from strain maps were consistent with those measured during mechanical testing.
Clinical validation of the use of fluorescence for the early detection of dental caries

A clinical investigation was conducted in children to validate the use of fluorescence for the early detection of dental caries. A total of 150 children were examined for the presence of dental caries at baseline and at 4-month intervals for one year using conventional visual-tactile with and without a dental explorer, electrical conductivity and light fluorescence methods on the occlusal, buccal and lingual tooth surfaces. Interproximal tooth surfaces were examined using conventional film and direct digital radiography at baseline and 12 months. Validation of the clinical methods was performed by the histologic examination of exfoliated primary teeth. The results indicate that visual-tactile examinations with an explorer detected more carious lesions than similar examinations without an explorer. The use of quantitative light fluorescence permitted the detection of a substantially greater number of enamel lesions or demineralized areas than the conventional visual-tactile-radiographic diagnostic procedure. Further, the use of the quantitative light fluorescence permitted the monitoring of both the progression of regression of early carious lesions.
Motif-based polarization model: Calculations of the dielectric function and polarization in large nanostructures

We present a microscopic polarization model based on localized polarization motifs. We show that this Clausius-Mossotti\char21{}like polarization model [J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, New York, 1975)] works well for polarizations and dielectric functions of bulk solids and nanostructures when compared with direct ab initio calculations. This method enables us to self-consistently calculate the electronic structures of thousand-atom nanosystems when net charges and/or long-range electric fields are present.
Obstetric Nurses’ Attitudes and Nursing Care Intentions Regarding Care of HIV‐Positive Pregnant Women

Objective To define attitudes toward pregnant women with HIV and how these attitudes correlate with and affect prejudice and nursing care intentions. Design Cross‐sectional descriptive correlational study of obstetric nurses. Setting Eight hundred (800) mailed surveys in the United States (N = 350). Participants A random sample of nurses certified in inpatient obstetrics. Main Outcome Measures Background information tool, the Pregnant Women with HIV Attitude Scale, the Prejudice Interaction Scale in response to four vignettes, and the Marlowe‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale—Form C. Results Obstetric nurses had more positive Mothering‐Choice attitudes than Sympathy‐Rights attitudes ( p = .000). Nurses who knew more than four people affected by HIV/AIDS had more positive attitudes ( p ≤ .05). Nurses with more positive attitudes were less prejudiced and more willing to care for pregnant women with HIV ( p = .05). Nurses were significantly more prejudiced and less willing to care for women with than without HIV ( p ≤ .0001). Conclusions Nurses’ clinical care may be influenced by their attitudes and prejudice toward pregnant women with HIV. Nursing education should include how prejudice can affect our clinical decision making and behaviors. Research is needed to explicate the effects on patient outcomes.
A method for detecting a cohort exposure

Abstract Until recently cohort analysis has been primarily a descriptive technique using graphical presentations to identify obvious cohort effects. The present paper discusses methodology designed to separate and statistically assess the individual influences on disease rates of birth cohort, calendar time, and age (and includes several examples of cohort analysis on both actual and hypothetical data). Analyzing a set of data for a cohort effect for the purpose of identifying point source exposures is emphasized.
Enriched multi-point flux approximation for general grids

It is well known that the two-point flux approximation, a numerical scheme used in most commercial reservoir simulators, has O(1) error when grids are not K-orthogonal. In the last decade, the multi-point flux approximations have been developed as a remedy. However, non-physical oscillations can appear when the anisotropy is really strong. We found out the oscillations are closely related to the poor approximation of pressure gradient in the flux computation.In this paper, we propose the control volume enriched multi-point flux approximation (EMPFA) for general diffusion problems on polygonal and polyhedral meshes. Non-physical oscillations are not observed for realistic and strongly anisotropic heterogeneous material properties described by a full tensor. Exact linear solutions are recovered for grids with non-planar interfaces, and a first and second order convergence are achieved for the flux and scalar unknowns, respectively.
Characterization of surfacial basic sites of sol gel-prepared alkaline earth fluorides by means of PulseTA®

Abstract The CO2 adsorption properties of a series of different sol gel-prepared metal fluorides of the alkaline earth row and aluminium, among them two mixed (doped) metal fluorides was investigated by applying Pulse Thermal Analysis. The alkaline earth flurorides, which exhibit nanoscopic properties, have not only acid, but basic sites as well. For the first time, these basic sites have been characterized by the exothermicity of the first CO2 injection pulse. If the basicity is weak or absent, the alternating injection of water can generate OH groups at the surface of the fluorides. They mostly act as basic sites and allow a stronger differentiation of the basic properties, but the formed OH groups can exhibit an acid character as well. The impact of OH groups can affect a different influence on the sorption properties of the solids: the adsorption ability vs. CO2 can be promoted, suppressed or remain unaffected.
A universal relationship between indentation hardness and flow stress

Abstract A new indentation hardness (H) approach to evaluating the true stress (σ)–true plastic strain (e) constitutive behavior of materials is described. Extensive elastic–plastic finite element (FE) simulations were carried out to assess the relation between H and σ(e). The analysis led to derivation of a universal relation between H and σ(e) given by H ≈ 4.05(1–34.6 σflow/E)σflow, where σflow = σy + 〈σsh〉, 〈σsh〉 is the average strain hardening between e = 0 and 0.1, and E is the elastic modulus. Experimental H–σflow data pairs for the large set of alloys are in reasonably good agreement with the model predictions, but the experimental σflow are slightly higher and more linearly related to H than predicted. The H–σflow relation provides insight into the large variation of the H/σy ratios that are observed for different materials, as well as the corresponding variation in the ΔH/Δσy ratios used to estimate Δσy due to changes in an alloy’s condition, such as that induced by irradiation, based on measurements of ΔH. Notably, combinations of tensile and hardness tests can be use to estimate the average strain hardening from e = 0 to 0.1 in irradiated alloys that have very small uniform strains.
Rheological measurement of fluid elasticity during extrusion cooking

Abstract The use of slit rheometers for on-line viscosity measurements of fluid foodstuffs has been gaining increasing popularity in recent years. However, the viscoelastic nature of fluid foodstuffs necessitates the measurement of their elastic properties, which will provide a better overall understanding of the behavior of the foodstuffs during processing. This review discusses the exit-pressure and hole-pressure methods for the on-line measurement of fluid elasticity, and the application of these methods to the control of the extrusion-cooking process. The potential application of the methods to the rheological characterization of viscoelastic fluid foodstuffs in general is also discussed.
Secular Imaginaries: Introduction

The papers gathered in this issue were first presented at a conference on "Secular Imaginaries" that took place on May 3-5, 2007 at the New School for Social Research, dedicated to an examination of the life work of Charles Taylor, with special focus on the forthcoming publication of A Secular Age (Harvard, 2007). Taylor's summa philosophica has already proven extremely influential and has contributed to consequential debates on the conditions and modes of the secular, secularizations and secularisms in our global age. In a certain sense, Taylor's A Secular Age offers the best analytical, phenomenological and genealogical account we have of our modern, secular condition. Analytically, it explains with distinct clarity the structural interlocking constellation of the cosmic, social and moral orders that constitute the self-sufficient immanent frame within which we are constrained to live and experience our lives, secular as well as religious. All three orders, the cosmic, the social, and the moral are understood as purely immanent secular orders, devoid of transcendence. It is this phenomenological experience that constitutes our age paradigmatically as a secular one, irrespective of the extent to which people living in this age may still hold religious or theistic beliefs. Indeed, Taylor's primary interest is not to offer a sociological account of secularity in terms of standard theories of secularization which measure the changing, mostly falling, rates of religious beliefs and practices in modern contemporary societies. Taylor is primarily interested in offering a phenomenological account of the secular "conditions" of belief and of the "pre-ontological" context of understanding in order to explain the change from a Christian society around 1500CE in which belief in God was unchallenged and unproblematic, indeed "naive" and taken for granted, to a post-Christian society today in which belief in God not only is no longer axiomatic, but becomes increasingly problematic so
Continuities and discontinuities in communication and development research since 1958

(1997). Continuities and discontinuities in communication and development research since 1958. The Journal of International Communication: Vol. 4, Communication and Development: Beyond Panaceas, pp. 3-23.
Products of the 1907 eruption of Shtyubel' Volcano, Ksudach Caldera, Kamchatka, Russia

On March 28, 1907, a sequence of explosive eruptions within the Ksudach Caldera Complex, located in the southern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, partially destroyed Shtyubel9 Volcano, leaving a tuff cone with a 1.5 km in diameter horseshoe-shaped crater filled with a deep lake. The total estimated volume of erupted products is 2.4 km 3 , of which 1.9 km 3 consists of juvenile andesitic to rhyolitic material. The eruption can be subdivided into four phases. The first phase opened the vent and dispersed about 0.02 km 3 of pyroclastic fallout within Ksudach Caldera. The second phase produced a Plinian column that distributed about 1.5 km 3 juvenile pyroclastic fallout to north-northeast and southeast. The third phase was characterized by a powerful blast explosion toward the north-northeast in a 60 sector. The blast cloud traveled at least 100–110 ms −1 to surmount topographic barriers 500–600 m high. Other explosions produced pyroclastic flows, surges, and breccias that cover about 115 km 2 with a volume of 0.15 km 3 . The fourth phase consisted of a series of shallow hydromagmatic eruptions that emplaced five pyroclastic surge deposits with ash cloud surge beds at their tops to the west-northwest. Two or three of these surge clouds must have exceeded velocities of 100 ms −1 in order to surmount Ksudach Caldera walls. These deposits cover an area of 160 km 2 with a volume of 0.2 km 3 . Analyses of deposit structures, particle textures, and fragment components indicate that the first two phases were magmatically driven. However, the last two phases were increasingly hydromagmatic. Lack of erosional contacts between the deposits, abundant impact sags at horizon tops, and absence of reworked materials within the sequence suggest that the eruption lasted only a few hours to a few days. Juvenile products range from basaltic andesite to rhyolite in composition. Based on the variation of chemistry and texture of juvenile components, we hypothesize that there was a zoned magma chamber below Shtyubel9 Volcano just prior to the 1907 event.
Soccer Highlight Detection using Two-Dependence Bayesian Network

Soccer highlight detection is an active research topic in recent years. One of the difficult problems is how to effectively fuse multi-modality cues, i.e. audio, visual and textual information, to improve the detection performance. This paper proposes a novel two-dependence Bayesian network (2d-BN) based fusion approach to soccer highlight detection. 2d-BN is a particular Bayesian network which assumes that each variable depends on two other variables at most. Through this assumption, 2d-BN can not only characterize the relationships among features but also be trained efficiently. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.