cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Social and Emotional Communication in the Infant Siblings of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Examination of the Broad Phenotype

Infants with older siblings with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD-sibs) are at risk for socioemotional difficulties. ASD-sibs were compared to infants with typically developing older siblings (TD-sibs) using the face-to-face/still-face (FFSF) at 6 months and the Early Social Communication Scale (ESCS) at 8, 10, 12, 15, and/or 18 months. ASD-sibs smiled for a lower proportion of the FFSF than TD-sibs and lacked emotional continuity between episodes. With respect to TD-sibs, ASD-sibs engaged in lower rates of initiating joint attention at 15 months, lower rates of higher-level behavioral requests at 12 months, and responded to fewer joint attention bids at 18 months. The results suggest subtle, inconsistent, but multi-faceted deficits in emotional expression and referential communication in infants at-risk for ASDs.
Judging the Appropriateness of Completed Suicide, Attempted Suicide and Suicidal Ideation:

In this study students judged suicidal ideation, attempted suicide, and completed suicide to be inappropriate responses to crises, though completed suicide was judged to be even more inappropriate than the lesser suicidal responses. In addition, condemnation of suicide was associated with lower scores on a test of general irrational thinking.
Changes in self-regulatory driving among older drivers over time.

Objectives: The primary goal of the study was to identify to what extent older people modify their driving, what influences them to do so, and how self-regulatory behavior changes over time in relation to changes in perceived impairments and lifestyle characteristics. Methods: Participants 65 and older (n = 2650) were recruited while renewing their driver's licenses in Connecticut, Kentucky, and Rhode Island and were interviewed by telephone about current driving patterns, recent changes in driving, functional abilities related to driving (i.e., vision, memory, physical mobility, diagnosed medical conditions), crash involvements, and lifestyle characteristics. Participants were called annually to participate in follow-up telephone interviews; 2057 completed a second interview, 1698 completed 3 interviews, and 1437 completed all 4 interviews. Stepwise regression analyses examined how changes in impairments and life events (i.e., retiring, becoming widowed or divorced) related to changes in the number of mi...
Massive air embolism: A case report

We describe a case where massive air embolism occurred while infusing fluid under pressure with a pressurized infusion system, with fluid bags which contained volumes of air from the manufacturer. We suggest that anesthesiologists be meticulous in de-airing the infusion bag before connecting it to the intravenous infusion system. Also, if the manufacturers of crystalloid solutions would produce their product devoid of air, then this inherent risk would be substantially decreased.
Identification and Proteomic Analysis of Distinct UBE3A/E6AP Protein Complexes

The E6AP ubiquitin ligase catalyzes the high-risk human papillomaviruses' E6-mediated ubiquitylation of p53, contributing to the neoplastic progression of cells infected by these viruses. Defects in the activity and the dosage of E6AP are linked to Angelman syndrome and to autism spectrum disorders, respectively, highlighting the need for precise control of the enzyme. With the exception of HERC2, which modulates the ubiquitin ligase activity of E6AP, little is known about the regulation or function of E6AP normally. Using a proteomic approach, we have identified and validated several new E6AP-interacting proteins, including HIF1AN, NEURL4, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MAPK6). E6AP exists as part of several different protein complexes, including the proteasome and an independent high-molecular-weight complex containing HERC2, NEURL4, and MAPK6. In examining the functional consequence of its interaction with the proteasome, we found that UBE3C (another proteasome-associated ubiquitin ligase), but not E6AP, contributes to proteasomal processivity in mammalian cells. We also found that E6 associates with the HERC2-containing high-molecular-weight complex through its binding to E6AP. These proteomic studies reveal a level of complexity for E6AP that has not been previously appreciated and identify a number of new cellular proteins through which E6AP may be regulated or functioning.
Hydrothermal aging of XLPE/silica nanocomposites

This paper examines the hydrothermal aging of XLPE/silica nanocomposites. Nanocomposites are exposed to humid environment with a relative humidity of 100 % at 50 °C and the changes in moisture diffusion and electrical strength are investigated. In addition to moisture decreasing the electrical performance of nanocomposites somewhat, there is evidence that moisture can permanently damage the nanocomposites.
Critical Race Theory and Adult Education.

Critical race theory (CRT) was developed to examine the persistence of racism. This literature review attempts to understand CRT as it has been applied in related fields such as higher education and possible reasons for its limited application in adult education theorizing about race and racism. This analysis of CRT is framed against a backdrop of the evolution of an adult education discourse on race and racism over several decades and distinguishes CRT from other racial theories that have been used in the field. CRT tenets are discussed using examples that demonstrate how CRT reveals areas of racism left untouched by other forms of theorizing. The author provides a critique of CRT, caveats for those adult educators who might choose to use it, and examples of areas within the field of adult education that might benefit from a CRT lens.
Conditional loss of ErbB3 delays mammary gland hyperplasia induced by mutant PIK3CA without affecting mammary tumor latency, gene expression or signaling

Mutations in PIK3CA, the gene encoding the p110α catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), have been shown to transform mammary epithelial cells (MEC). Studies suggest this transforming activity requires binding of mutant p110α via p85 to phosphorylated YXXM motifs in activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) or adaptors. Using transgenic mice, we examined if ErbB3, a potent activator of PI3K, is required for mutant PIK3CA-mediated transformation of MECs. Conditional loss of ErbB3 in mammary epithelium resulted in a delay of PIK3CA(H1047R)-dependent mammary gland hyperplasia, but tumor latency, gene expression, and PI3K signaling were unaffected. In ErbB3-deficient tumors, mutant PI3K remained associated with several tyrosyl phosphoproteins, potentially explaining the dispensability of ErbB3 for tumorigenicity and PI3K activity. Similarly, inhibition of ErbB RTKs with lapatinib did not affect PI3K signaling in PIK3CA(H1047R)-expressing tumors. However, the p110α-specific inhibitor BYL719 in combination with lapatinib impaired mammary tumor growth and PI3K signaling more potently than BYL719 alone. Furthermore, coinhibition of p110α and ErbB3 potently suppressed proliferation and PI3K signaling in human breast cancer cells harboring PIK3CA(H1047R). These data suggest that PIK3CA(H1047R)-driven tumor growth and PI3K signaling can occur independently of ErbB RTKs. However, simultaneous blockade of p110α and ErbB RTKs results in superior inhibition of PI3K and mammary tumor growth, suggesting a rational therapeutic combination against breast cancers harboring PIK3CA activating mutations.
Recurrent affective disorder: Roots in developmental neurobiology and illness progression based on changes in gene expression

Electrophysiological kindling and behavioral sensitization to psychomotor stimulants and stress provide paradigms for understanding how repeated acute events can leave neurobiological residues in gene expression, accounting for the observed long-lasting alterations in behavioral responsivity. Kindling helps conceptualize how repeated electrical stimulation of the brain can progressively evoke increased behavioral and convulsive responsivity, leading to spontaneous seizures in the absence of exogenous stimulation following sufficient stimulations. As kindling unfolds, a complex spatiotemporal cascade of events occurs and includes the induction of immediate early genes (e.g., c-fos) and late effector genes (including peptides and growth factors) possibly associated with the observed changes in brain microstructure (e.g., synapse formation, axonal and dendritic sprouting, apoptosis). Behavioral sensitization to psychomotor stimulants and stress has also been shown to induce related but different cascades of effects on immediate early and late effector gene expression. These may be associated with the observed long-lasting alterations in behavioral responsivity based on prior experience. If these types of alterations are put into a developmental context, this would provide a paradigm for understanding how early life events could exert profound and behaviorally relevant biochemical and microstructural effects on the central nervous system of the developing organism. The conceptual overview offered by the sensitization and kindling models suggests that environmentally triggered neurobiological processes do not form a single or static residue but, instead, engage processes related to developmental neurobiology and learning and memory and whose substrate is constantly evolving over an organism's lifetime.
Net energetic advantage drives honey bees (Apis mellifera L) to nectar larceny in Vaccinium ashei Reade

Carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.) act as primary nectar thieves in rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade), piercing corollas laterally to imbibe nectar at basal nectaries. Honey bees (Apis mellifera L) learn to visit these perforations and thus become secondary nectar thieves. We tested the hypothesis that honey bees make this behavioral switch in response to an energetic advantage realized by nectar-robbing flower visits. Nectar volume and sugar quantity were higher in intact than perforated flowers, but bees (robbers) visiting perforated flowers were able to extract a higher percentage of available nectar and sugar so that absolute amount of sugar (mg) removed by one bee visit is the same for each flower type. However, because perforated flowers facilitate higher rates of bee flower visitation and the same or higher rates of nectar ingestion, they are rendered more profitable than intact flowers in temporal terms. Accordingly, net energy (J) gain per second flower handling time was higher for robbers on most days sampled. We conclude that the majority evidence indicates an energetic advantage for honey bees that engage in secondary nectar thievery in V. ashei.
Characterizing comorbidity in dialysis patients: principles of measurement and applications in risk adjustment and patient care

Comorbid conditions are highly prevalent in dialysis patients and are significant predictors of mortality and other adverse outcomes. Accordingly, it is important to account for differences in como...
Pharmacogenetics and anti-arrhythmic drug therapy: a theoretical investigation.

Pharmacological management of cardiac arrhythmias has been a long and widely sought goal. One of the difficulties in treating arrhythmia stems, in part, from incomplete understanding of the mechani...
Fried food consumption, genetic risk, and body mass index: gene-diet interaction analysis in three US cohort studies

Objective To examine the interactions between genetic predisposition and consumption of fried food in relation to body mass index (BMI) and obesity.
Practical sampling plans for Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies and apiaries.

The parasitic mite Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) is arguably the most detrimental pest of the European-derived honey bee, Apis mellifera L. Unfortunately, beekeepers lack a standardized sampling plan to make informed treatment decisions. Based on data from 31 commercial apiaries, we developed sampling plans for use by beekeepers and researchers to estimate the density of mites in individual colonies or whole apiaries. Beekeepers can estimate a colony's mite density with chosen level of precision by dislodging mites from ≈300 adult bees taken from one brood box frame in the colony, and they can extrapolate to mite density on a colony's adults and pupae combined by doubling the number of mites on adults. For sampling whole apiaries, beekeepers can repeat the process in each of n = 8 colonies, regardless of apiary size. Researchers desiring greater precision can estimate mite density in an individual colony by examining three, 300-bee sample units. Extrapolation to density on adults and pupae may require independent estimates of numbers of adults, of pupae, and of their respective mite densities. Researchers can estimate apiary-level mite density by taking one 300-bee sample unit per colony, but should do so from a variable number of colonies, depending on apiary size. These practical sampling plans will allow beekeepers and researchers to quantify mite infestation levels and enhance understanding and management of V. destructor.
Identified antennular near-field receptors trigger reflex flicking in the crayfish

Near-field disturbances in the water column are known to trigger reflex antennular flicking in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. We have identified the hydrodynamic sensors on the lateral antennular flagellum that constitute an afferent limb of this reflex and have measured the relative directionally dependent thresholds of the sensory neurons associated with these structures to hydrodynamic stimulation. Twenty-five individual standing feathered sensilla, comprising a sparse, linearly arrayed population of near-field sensors along the lateral and medial antennular flagella, were exposed to standardized pulsatile stimuli at 20 deg intervals along a 320 deg circular track. The results indicate that the sensilla are most sensitive to such stimulation in the plane of the flagellar axis. Identification and mechanical stimulation of single feathered sensilla in some preparations consistently evoked a flick reflex at maximal response latency, indicating that these sensors constitute at least one afferent limb for the reflex behavior. Experiments in which response latencies were measured following mechanical stimulation of truncated flagella, and were compared with the latencies in respective intact flagella, suggest that summation of inputs from the feathered sensillar pathways generates reflex flicking at minimal latencies. We discuss the possible central mechanisms that may underlie detection of critically important signals from this population of highly sensitive, inherently noisy sensors.
Viral Protein U (Vpu)-Mediated Enhancement of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Particle Release Depends on the Rate of Cellular Proliferation

Viral protein U (Vpu) is a 17-kDa phosphoprotein that enhances the release of viral particles from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells. This study shows that the effect of Vpu on efficient particle release depends on the rate of cell proliferation. Cells arrested by contact inhibition, chemical arresting agents, or terminal differentiation (i.e., macrophages) all exhibited a striking dependence on Vpu for efficient particle release, as shown by examination of particle production from transfections with full-length clones, infections, and the vaccinia virus expression system. In contrast, actively proliferating cells did not exhibit enhanced particle release with Vpu expression. This study demonstrates the necessity of Vpu for efficient viral particle release from quiescent cells.
New pediatric vision screener, part II: electronics, software, signal processing and validation

We have developed an improved pediatric vision screener (PVS) that can reliably detect central fixation, eye alignment and focus. The instrument identifies risk factors for amblyopia, namely eye misalignment and defocus. The device uses the birefringence of the human fovea (the most sensitive part of the retina). The optics have been reported in more detail previously. The present article focuses on the electronics and the analysis algorithms used. The objective of this study was to optimize the analog design, data acquisition, noise suppression techniques, the classification algorithms and the decision making thresholds, as well as to validate the performance of the research instrument on an initial group of young test subjects—18 patients with known vision abnormalities (eight male and 10 female), ages 4–25 (only one above 18) and 19 controls with proven lack of vision issues. Four statistical methods were used to derive decision making thresholds that would best separate patients with abnormalities from controls. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each method, and the most suitable one was selected. Both the central fixation and the focus detection criteria worked robustly and allowed reliable separation between normal test subjects and symptomatic subjects. The sensitivity of the instrument was 100 % for both central fixation and focus detection. The specificity was 100 % for central fixation and 89.5 % for focus detection. The overall sensitivity was 100 % and the overall specificity was 94.7 %. Despite the relatively small initial sample size, we believe that the PVS instrument design, the analysis methods employed, and the device as a whole, will prove valuable for mass screening of children.
Fabrication of Bismuth Telluride Wire Thermoelectric Devices

Bismuth telluride wires are interesting building blocks of thermoelectric devices. These are nanoscale heat to electric converters that have applications as uncooled detectors, generators and uncooled bolometers. Also, there is interest in bismuth telluride because it is an example of a topological insulator. The exploitation of the thermoelectric properties of devices based on wires of thermoelectric materials requires good electrical contacts between the wires and metal electrodes. The fabrication of the devices here, is based on contacting the wire ends to the device electrodes by depositing a platinum film using the focused ion beam method.
Health information needs, sources, and barriers of primary care patients to achieve patient-centered care: A literature review.

To synthesize findings from previous studies assessing information needs of primary care patients on the Internet and other information sources in a primary care setting. A systematic review of stu...
Dynamic link budget simulation for high altitude balloon data link experiment

With the growing interest in high altitude balloon experiments for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) outreach, the desire for more capable data links, to include 802.11-based solutions, has also increased. This paper addresses the challenges of modeling and simulating an 802.11-based data link throughout its flight on a high altitude research balloon. Of special interest in this simulation are modeling of the 3-dimensional nature of the antenna gain for both the transmitter and receiver throughout the flight trajectory of the balloon and modeling of the balloon-borne antenna due to wind gusts. Key research questions to be answered are link stability over time and overall data throughput of the system throughout the duration of the mission. Once developed, this simulation will allow investigations into dynamic protocol modifications, such as modifications to the transmission rate, which may provide an increase in overall data throughput. Results from this simulation will be used to generate specifications for a high altitude balloon data link experiment that will feature a live streaming video link to a ground station during an experimental mission.
Next-generation gene discovery for variants of large impact on lipid traits.

Purpose of review Detection of high-impact variants on lipid traits is complicated by complex genetic architecture. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) successfully identified many novel genes associated with lipid traits, it was less successful in identifying variants with a large impact on the phenotype. This is not unexpected, as the more common variants detectable by GWAS typically have small effects. The availability of large familial datasets and sequence data has changed the paradigm for successful genomic discovery of the novel genes and pathogenic variants underlying lipid disorders. Recent findings Novel loci with large effects have been successfully mapped in families, and next-generation sequencing allowed for the identification of the underlying lipid-associated variants of large effect size. The success of this strategy relies on the simplification of the underlying genetic variation by focusing on large single families segregating extreme lipid phenotypes. Summary Rare, high-impact variants are expected to have large effects and be more relevant for medical and pharmaceutical applications. Family data have many advantages over population-based data because they allow for the efficient detection of high-impact variants with an exponentially smaller sample size and increased power for follow-up studies.
“Unveiling” the Tramway: The Intimate Public Sphere in Late Ottoman and Republican Istanbul:

With the introduction of the horse-drawn tramway in 1871, the citizens of Istanbul were forced to reckon with a new type of public space—the crowded confines of the tramcar. This article focuses on the removal of a curtain that separated men and women on public transit in 1923, analyzing the discourses that shaped the decision and the way in which gendered discourses around public transit were altered at the outset of the Turkish Republic by the curtain’s removal. Building on the work of Lauren Berlant and Alev Cinar, I suggest that the tramcar constituted an intimate public sphere and site of negotiation in which citizens came to both confront and negotiate modern problems ranging from morality to fashion in a way that was functionally different from other public spaces.
Clinical features and follow-up study on 71 cases of Henoch-Schnlein purpura nephritis

Obstract: Objectives To explore the clinical,pathological,therapeutic and prognostic features of Henoch-Schnlein purpura nephritis(HSPN)in children.Methods A total of 133 children with HSPN was admitted and treated from 2004 to 2007.Among them 71 cases had been followed up.The clinical manifestations,pathological examination,treatment protocol and prognosis were analyzed.Results The most common clinical type was hematuria and proteinuria.The percentage of obvious proteinuria in cases with gastrointestinal sympotoms was significantly higher than that cases without gastrointestinal sympotoms(P 0.05).Forty-four cases were conducted renal biopsy.The majority pathological grades were Grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ,90.9% the immunofluorescence test showed that all cases with IgA positive,31 cases(70.5%)with complment C3 positive.According to the pathological grade and clinical sympotoms,the children were given different treatment options.Three cases were grade B and the other 67 cases were grade A.The urine test would be normal within one month to three years.The recovery period of the HSPN children with obvious proteinuria was longer than that of the children without significant proteinuria.Conclusions Because the diversity of clinical features and pathological grade in children with HSPN,the treatment should be individualized.The treatment protocal should be developed according to the pathological grade and clinical features.Most of the patients have a good prognosis.The recovery time of the children with obvious proteinuria will be longer.
Karl Marx After a Century and a Half

Karl Marx’s writings have exerted a substantial influence on politics and on the way that philosophers have engaged in public matters since the nineteenth century. In this chapter, Wood makes a plea, on grounds of intellectual honesty and for the sake of the long-term interests of humanity, to read Marx’s writings for what they say, rather than interpreting them in the light of deeds done by others in their name over a generation after Marx’s death. Wood notes that Marx, in fact, wrote almost exclusively about capitalism, saying very little about the socialist or communist society he hoped would eventually replace it. In addition, capitalism is still with us, and Marx’s thoughts about it have more relevance to current social reality than we have any right to expect from writings that are 150 years old.
DE-GMAW Arc Image Processing Based on Mathematical Morphology

Adopting a double arc image acquisition system,the morphology on the side of double arc plane,distinct arc images were acquired.Watershed segmentation could acquire more accurate arc initial outline than conventional method through image processing and analysis,and due to filiform noise produced by arc,adopting the morphological opening operation,and the accurate double arc outline was extracted after edge extraction.The results could lay foundations for further study of DE-GMAW arc characteristic.
Transforming growth factor-beta modulation of the alpha 1(IV) collagen gene in murine proximal tubular cells.

We have examined the expression of the alpha 1(IV) collagen gene in murine proximal tubular cells (MCT) to better understand how it is regulated in parenchymal cells. Transcriptional activity was examined using luciferase reporters driven by the alpha 1(IV) promoter and varying lengths of 59-flanking sequences. The minimal bidirectional promoter showed low intrinsic activity in MCT cells, but addition of upstream sequences increased luciferase expression. Maximal activity resided within the first 1,200 bp upstream. A minigene construct was generated by placing a portion of the alpha 1(IV) first intron downstream from the promoter region. The intronic sequences significantly decreased activity of the promoter in MCT cells and 3T3 fibroblasts but greatly enhanced expression in murine parietal yolk sac (PYS) endodermal cells. Addition of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) to MCT cultures elevated the levels of secreted type IV collagen. Treatment of either transiently or stably transfected MCT cells with TGF-beta produced an increase in the levels of expression of all of the reporters tested. These data support the hypothesis that cell-specific regulation of alpha 1(IV) collagen is dependent upon downstream sequences, which act to decrease the expression of type IV collagen in tubular epithelium. The activity of the alpha 1(IV) collagen gene in proximal tubular cells is increased by TGF-beta, which acts on the domain(s) embedded within the intergenic bidirectional promoter.
Pharmacological approaches to the symptomatic treatment of chronic stable angina: a historical perspective and future directions.

Le traitement pharmacologique des symptomes d'angine chronique consiste a administrer des nitrates, des beta-bloquants et des inhibiteurs calciques, dont l'usage a ete introduit en 1867 (Angleterre), en 1973 (Etats-Unis) et en 1982 (Etats-Unis), respectivement. Aucune nouvelle categorie de medicaments n'a ete approuvee pour le soulagement symptomatique de l'angine chronique depuis 22 ans. Dans la presente analyse, l'auteur expose plusieurs nouvelles demarches pharmacologiques actuellement a l'essai, dont les mecanismes d'action potentiels different pour chacune. Les mecanismes d'action proposes de certaines des nouvelles categories de medicaments experimentaux possedant des proprietes antiangineuses ou anti-ischemiques demontrees peuvent evoluer ou meme changer a mesure que la science permet d'elucider plus clairement le fonctionnement de medicaments precis. En effet, il a fallu 130 ans pour comprendre pleinement le mecanisme par lequel la nitroglycerine exerce son action. Les medicaments experimentaux presentes dans la presente analyse ne sont pas encore approuves en Amerique du Nord.
Magnetless circulators for electromagnetic and acoustic waves

Concepts and techniques that emerged in microwave engineering may have significant impact in other closely-related scientific fields, such as optics or even acoustics. In particular, non-reciprocal microwave components such as isolators and circulators have recently been achieved for acoustic waves, significantly enhancing our ability to control sound with a novel class of nonreciprocal acoustic devices. Interestingly, these recent developments have made their way back to the field of microwaves, inspiring new designs for RF circulators without magnets. We discuss here recent design iterations of magnetless circulators and isolators for electromagnetic and acoustic waves, highlighting a fruitful research strategy at the frontier of two scientific fields.
Trends in Income Inequality in the United States

Two powerful icons have dominated descriptions of historical trends in income inequality in the United States and other industrial societies: the Kuznets curve and the Great U-Turn.
A Late Cretaceous nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from marine sediments of coastal California

A partial nodosaurid ankylosaur skeleton, consisting primarily of the ilia, hindlimbs, posterior dorsal armor, plus partial forelimb elements and additional armor, was recovered from the marine Point Loma Formation, late Campanian age, north of San Diego, California. The specimen is similar to contemporaneous species of Panoplosaurus and Edmontonia from terrestrial sediments of the western interior, but there are also similarities to the armor of Stegopelta landerensis from marine sediments of earliest Cenomanian age from Wyoming. Skeletal elements critical for generic determination are not preserved, and the specimen is identified as Nodosauridae, incertae sedis. An associated marine invertebrate fauna and nannoplankton flora have revealed some discrepencies in the correlation systems used for Upper Cretaceous marine rocks of coastal California. Hollow limb bones of the specimen are interpreted as a preservational artifact. Nodosaurids had broad ecological tolerances, and visited riparian and coastal environments more frequently than other dinosaurs. However, a review of morphologic and distributional evidence fails to support a theory of amphibious or aquatic habits for nodosaurids.
Adult pollen diet essential for egg maturation by a solitary Osmia bee

Reproduction is a nutritionally costly activity for many insects, as their eggs are rich in lipids and proteins. That cost seems especially acute for non-social bees, which for their size, lay enormous eggs. All adult female bees visit flowers, most of them to collect pollen and nectar, or sometimes oils, to feed their progeny. For adult bees, the need for pollen feeding has only been detailed for the honey bee, Apis mellifera. To experimentally test for the reproductive value of adult pollen feeding by a non-social bee, Osmia californica (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Megachilidae), young female bees plus males were released into large glasshouse cages provided with either a male-fertile sunflower cultivar or a pollen-less one. Females regularly visited and drank nectar from flowers of both cultivars. Abundant orange pollen was seen regularly in guts of females confined with the male-fertile sunflowers, indicative of active pollen ingestion. All females' terminal oocytes (next egg to be laid) were small at emergence. Oocytes of females confined with the pollen-less sunflowers remained small, despite frequent nectaring and exposure to other floral stimuli. In contrast, the basal oocytes of female O. californica with access to pollen had swelled to full size within ten days following emergence, enabling them to lay eggs in provided nest tubes. Adult females of this solitary bee required dietary pollen to reproduce; nitrogen stores acquired as larvae were inadequate. Early and regular pollen feeding in part paces the onset and maximum tempo of solitary bees' lifetime reproductive output.
What Is the Role of Premedication in the Pediatric Patient

Fear and anxiety is common in the preoperative period. Sedative premedication is widely used in the United States, particularly with benzodiazepines, which have the benefit of anxiolysis and anterograde amnesia. However, this practice has come into question especially considering that one of the adverse effects is a paradoxical reaction characterized by disorientation, restlessness, and agitation.
Potential Obstacles in the Acquisition of Oral Anticancer Medications.

Purpose:To determine the amount of time elapsed between prescriber order and patient receiving oral anticancer medication.Patients and Methods:Adult patients with a diagnosis of cancer were prospectively identified in three outpatient oncology clinics when oral anticancer agents were prescribed during a 4-month observation period. For each patient, time to obtain medication was analyzed by the following time points: date of prescription, date of submission to insurance, date prior authorization was obtained, date financial assistance was received, date prescription was processed by pharmacy, and date patient received medication. Out-of-pocket cost and time spent by clinic staff to facilitate the medication acquisition process were recorded.Results:Thirty-four patients were prescribed oral anticancer medication during the data collection period. For the 27 patients who were eligible for the primary end point, medication acquisition required a median of 10 days (range, 3 to 28 days). Overall, the rate-limit...
Distribution and Persistence of Sterile Screwworms (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Released at the Panama-Colombia Border.

The sterile insect technique is used by the Comision Panama - Estados Unidos para la Erradicacion y Prevencion del Gusano Barrenador del Ganado (COPEG) to maintain a barrier at the border of Panama and Colombia to prevent screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), from South America reinfesting North America. Before studying the distribution and persistence of sterilized, mass-produced screwworms released in the barrier zone, the utility of applying fluorescent dust (∼1.0 mg/fly) to pupae and to newly emerged adults was evaluated to determine the potential effect on fly survival. The flight ability of flies collected from two adult emergence/collection systems (enclosed towers and open chambers) and treated with low (∼0.20 mg/fly) or high (∼1.0 mg/fly) amounts of fluorescent powder was compared. The distribution and persistence of sterile screwworms marked with fluorescent powder (∼0.20 mg/fly), after collection from the same two adult emergence/collection systems, was compared after their release in the barrier zone. The results demonstrated that: 1) fluorescent dust did not negatively affect sterile screwworm longevity or flight ability; 2) no differences were detected between sterile flies collected from the two emergence systems; and 3) sterile screwworms distributed evenly in the barrier zone and persisted for > 6 d. This information was useful in implementing the use of a new sterile fly emergence/collection system and deploying a new strain by COPEG for the barrier zone maintenance program; it will be valuable for evaluating alternative release strategies of sterile screwworms by the eradication and barrier maintenance program.
A Payoff to Second-Best Pragmatism: Rethinking Entity Classification for Foreign Companies

Whether it is an attempt by the Obama administration to curb corporate inversions or a strategy by the Trump administration to make U.S. businesses more competitive abroad, the world of international taxation seems primed to occupy policy conversations for the foreseeable future. Yet few areas of law are as contentious while remaining so abstruse. Indeed, international taxation — while enormously important for global commerce and domestic companies alike — is extraordinarily complex. Consequently, companies with the resources to dream up sophisticated tax shelters are better positioned to take advantage of U.S. tax laws when operating transnationally. The following example of this is illustrative. Suppose two companies (one domiciled in the United States and one domiciled overseas) sold the exact same products in both the United States and overseas. The U.S. company would be treated differently under U.S. tax law — and would have to pay higher taxes by consequence — solely because of its status as a U.S. domiciliary. While the foreign company would be exempt from U.S. taxation on all of its foreign revenue, the U.S. company would merely get a tax credit against its U.S. taxes on any income earned overseas. This reality has led companies to come up with tax strategies (including inversions) that enable them to avoid this competitive disadvantage in the global marketplace. The status quo is untenable, but it remains frustratingly difficult to reach a consensus on how to solve the problem. Many countries — including the United Kingdom and Japan — have followed a global trend towards a territorial system, or taxing companies only on revenue earned in that particular country. With the current state of political affairs, bipartisan comprehensive tax overhaul legislation remains elusive, even if the Republican-backed Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 becomes law. This paper argues for an elegant “second best” solution that could help crack down on corporate tax games while providing a road map towards a territorial system, bringing the United States into alignment with global trends. Namely, this proposal suggests that in the same vein as the corporate check-the-box regulations promulgated during the Clinton administration, companies could simply elect whether they wish to be treated as a foreign or a domestic entity. While this would leave the vast majority of the tax code largely intact, it would have wide-reaching implications for tax law and corporate structuring (without upsetting the legal form of current structures), provide a pathway towards a true territorial system, and potentially help uncover abusive tax shelters in the process.
David Skae and his nineteenth century etiologic psychiatric diagnostic system: looking forward by looking back.

The Kraepelinian syndromal approach to diagnosis taken by DSM-III and its successors, which defines disorders by their clinical phenomenon, has come under rising criticism with increasing calls for an etiologically based nosology. The relative virtues of a syndromal versus etiologic psychiatric nosology have actually been debated within our field for a long time. To deepen and historically contextualize our current discussion, I review in detail the proposal for etiologic diagnostic systems for insanity by David Skae (1814–1873). While his proposal was intuitive and appealing to some, others questioned its viability and utility pointing out a number of potential problems in its implementation that remain relevant today. Something critical might be lost for psychiatric disorders, they argued, if mental symptoms were removed from diagnostic criteria. Etiologically based diagnoses work best for mono-causal disorders and those where the causes all operate on the same scientific level. However, psychiatric disorders are highly multifactorial with a wide diversity of risk factors spread across biological, psychological and social-environmental domains so identification of a particular cause on which to base diagnoses would be difficult. Not only do individual risk factors contribute to many different disorders but most disorders are influenced by many etiologic factors. With respect to causes and disorders, psychiatry is characterized by a ‘many to many’ relationship which would make an etiologic nosologic system inherently problematic. Finally, causes and effects can be devilishly difficult to distinguish for psychiatric illness and, while clinically based nosologies aid in differential diagnosis, etiologically based system might not operate similarly.
Why a paradigm shift of ‘more than human ontologies’ is needed: putting to work poststructural and posthuman theories in writers’ studio

AbstractThis manuscript puts to work ‘more than human ontologies’ drawing on poststructural (rhizomatic) and posthumanist (intra-active) theories by plugging-in concepts with data produced in a second grade Writers’ Studio to illustrate why a paradigm shift of ‘more than human ontologies’ is needed. Specifically, how ways of doing/being/knowing (ethico-onto-epistemology) literacies are produced through intra-actions of humans and nonhumans. A second aim is to demonstrate how theory(ies) shape inquiry, how we write up transcripts and do analysis. The author puts to work data of students constructing paper Robin Hood hats to demonstrate how a dominant perspective in literacy education, New Literacy Studies (NLS), is not adequate when conceptualizing literacy as rhizomatic and intra-active. The author demonstrates analysis and discusses how these theories are paradigmatically different from NLS, a human-centered ontology. The author encourages educators to consider inventive ways of researching/teaching with...
Evaporation characteristics of ethanol droplets containing graphite nanoparticles under infrared radiation

Abstract The evaporation characteristics of liquid ethanol droplets containing graphite nanoparticles under infrared radiation were studied both experimentally and numerically. The experimental results show that the droplet evaporation rate is higher in the presence of a 2 mW infrared radiation field with a fixed wavelength of 2.3 μm than without radiation. The evaporation rate, however, decreases over time. Additionally, with particle addition, the evaporation rate no longer follows the classical D2-law. The deviation is greater at higher particle concentrations. A model was developed to simulate the instantaneous evaporation rate, considering both effects of particle accumulation on the droplet surface and radiation energy absorption by the nanoparticles. In particular, a stochastic Monte Carlo method coupled with Mie theory and Beer–Lambert law of volumetric absorption was used to calculate the distribution of the absorbed radiation energy within the droplet, which was then used to compute the temperature profiles of the droplet. The modeling results show under infrared radiation, the evaporation rate of the nanofluid droplet increases as a function of particle concentration. This is due to rising droplet surface temperature through radiation absorption by the nanoparticles near the droplet surface. However, at the later stage of evaporation, as the particles start to accumulate on the droplet surface, the effective surface area for evaporation decreases and hence reduces the evaporation rate. These two competing mechanisms combine to control the instantaneous evaporation rate.
Response to Letter to the Editor on Academic Pharmacy: Where is Our Influence Research Brief

To the Editor: Thank you for your comments and for adding to the literature concerning leadership domains in pharmacy. We agree that the results of the Academic Leadership Fellows published in our article (Vol. 81, Issue 4, Article 63 of the Journal ) may be more reflective of leaders in pharmacy,
Child Witnesses of Violence Between Parents: Psychosocial Correlates and Implications for Treatment

Witnessing marital aggression between parents is a risk factor for the intergenerational transmission of violence as well as for a wide range of behavioral and emotional difficulties. The literature on the psychosocial correlates of witnessing spouse abuse is reviewed, and assessment and treatment strategies targeting this population are presented.
α-adrenergic suppression of very-low-density-lipoprotein triacylglycerol secretion by isolated rat hepatocytes

The effect of adrenaline on triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion was examined in isolated rat hepatocytes. Cells were incubated with 0.5 mM-[1-14C]oleate, and the accumulation of triacylglycerol and [14C]triacylglycerol was measured in the incubation medium. Triacylglycerol appearing in the medium was present in a form with properties similar to very-low-density lipoproteins. Triacylglycerol, [14C]triacylglycerol and [14C]phospholipid contents of hepatocytes were also determined. Addition of 10 microM-(-)adrenaline decreased accumulation of glycerolipid in the incubation medium and also decreased cellular [14C]phospholipid content. Prazosin abolished these effects, whereas propranolol did not. The hormone did not affect cellular triacylglycerol content or rates of incorporation of [1-14C]oleate into cell triacylglycerol. The effect of adrenaline on the removal of newly secreted triacylglycerol and the secretion of synthesized glycerolipid was also examined. The catecholamine did not affect rates of removal of newly secreted triacylglycerol. Adrenaline did inhibit the secretion of pre-synthesized lipid by the cells, as assessed by the appearance of radiolabelled triacylglycerol from hepatocytes that had been preincubated with [1,2,3-3H]-glycerol. Adrenaline did not affect rates of fatty acid uptake by hepatocytes, but did stimulate oxidation of [1-14C]oleate, principally to 14CO2.
Ecology of Fear

Animals use vigilance, time allocation, and apprehension as fear responses for reducing the likelihood of being killed by their predators. As prey trade off food for safety, they alter predator–prey dynamics, the habitat selection of both prey and predators, and the number of coexisting prey species. Similarly, via predator facilitation, different predator species may coexist by exploiting the weaknesses of different predator-specific fear responses. Finally, prey fear responses may be vital for maintaining ecosystem integrity, preventing overgrazing, and conserving biodiversity. All these population, community, and ecosystem consequences of prey fear responses to predation constitute the ‘Ecology of Fear.’
Increasing markets and decreasing package weight for high-specific-power photovoltaics

Thin-film and emerging technologies in photovoltaics (PV) offer advantages for lightweight, flexible power over the rigid silicon panels that dominate the present market. One important advantage is high specific power (the power-to-weight ratio). Here we consider niche market size, price points and value propositions that can provide a path for new PV market entrants. Examining the cost–production experience curves of Si, CdTe and CIGS PV suggests that a minimum market size of US$0.2–1 billion is required to incubate a new market entrant. Several markets requiring high specific power meet this threshold. We assess the critical role of the substrate, packaging and interconnects and provide a quantitative assessment of pathways to maximize specific power. With all requisite components included, along with requirements for safety and reliability, we estimate a lower bound for a durable lightweight module at about 300–500 g m−2. Pairing this bound with a 15%-efficiency thin-film or 35%-efficiency III–V module would yield specific powers up to 500 W kg−1 or 1,167 W kg−1, respectively. Although rigid silicon panels dominate the solar power market, they are unsuitable for niche applications such as portable charging or drones, where thin-film and flexible technologies would be advantageous. This Analysis examines the needs of niche markets and the packaging weights that would be required to enable such photovoltaic devices to enter them.