cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CIRCUMSTELLAR MATTER AND WINDS IN YOUNG STARS

The morphology of the circumstellar regions around low-mass protostars and pre-main-sequence stars is analysed in light of a wide range of observations (optical, near-, mid- and far-infrared, radio continuum, radio molecular emission). Optical and radio jets, near-infrared H2 and far-infrared [OI] fine structure lines are used to characterize the mass outflows from these stars during the transition from accreting protostar to T Tau star. Mass loss rates, flow and shock velocities, and bolometric luminosities are presented, as are the dimensions of large cool flattened envelopes (probably infall regions). Even objects with extremely low luminosities are capable of generating jets.
Renzulli's Model: Needed Research:

In this response to Renzulli's 25-year review of his work, I develop 3 questions for examining his perspectives: (a) Does Renzulli's conception reflect the gifted population? (b) Do school system p...
The orbits of the outer Jovian satellites

We report on the numerically integrated orbits for the nine outer Uranian satellites. The orbits are calculated based on fits to the astrometric observations for the period from 1984 to 2006. The results include the state vectors, post-fit residuals, and mean orbital elements. We also assess the accuracy of the orbital fits and discuss the need for future measurements.
Broadband multiservice network for airborne command and control

An integrated services network is being developed for U.S. Government command and control aircraft. These aircraft require voice, data, and control systems to perform their missions. A future requirement for video is anticipated. The current systems' configurations are entirely point-to-point between the various pieces of equipment onboard the aircraft. A broadband network, known as the Onboard Connectivity Network (OCN), is being prototyped to consolidate communications within the aircraft. The OCN will significantly reduce aircraft weight and will simplify the process of new system integration. The initial OCN uses a unique broadband backbone topology based on a combination of single mode fiber and coaxial cable. A fiber cable interconnects active star units located in forward and aft compartments. The star units connect via fiber to coaxial conversion boxes located in each compartment. Coaxial cable interconnects network nodes within the compartments. Node configurations are being designed using a VMEbus topology. Use of VME facilitates the application of off-the-shelf interface boards and will simplify the evolution of the network to future backbone network standards. Automated workstations will be employed for network control and monitoring, voice subnetwork management, radio operations, and mission technical control.
Impact of fetal nicotine exposure on development of rat brain regions: Critical sensitive periods or effects of withdrawal?

Fetal nicotine exposure evokes alterations in central nervous system structural, neurochemical, and behavioral development. In the current study, the relative importance of critical developmental exposure periods and withdrawal were examined by infusing nicotine to pregnant rats using osmotic minipumps beginning on the fourth day of gestation. Infusions were confined to either the first 8 days (withdrawal on gestational day 13), to nearly all of gestation (withdrawal on gestational day 21), or throughout gestation and continued into the first 2 postnatal weeks. Maternal weight gain was retarded by nicotine, with a hierarchy corresponding to the duration of nicotine exposure. Similarly, fetal and neonatal body weights were unaffected in the group receiving the shortest duration of nicotine exposure, and were less affected by the intermediate infusion regimen than by the longest regimen; brain region weights were reduced significantly only with the longest regimen. Using ODC activity, a sensitive marker for altered brain cell development, we found little change in animals exposed to nicotine in early gestation and undergoing withdrawal on day 13. However, in the groups receiving nicotine through the end of gestation or through gestation and into the postnatal period, ODC activity was significantly elevated. These results indicate that withdrawal from nicotine contributes little, if any, effect either to the growth deficits or to abnormalities of brain cell development. Instead, the most important factor appears to be exposure within the developmental period corresponding to the proliferation of nicotinic receptors and the timing of receptor control of cell replication and differentiation.
Obligating, Pressuring, and Supporting Dimensions of the Environment and the Non‐Market Advantages of Developing‐Country Multinational Companies

We analyse the non-market advantages of developing-country multinational companies (DMNCs) over advanced-economy multinational companies (AMNCs) when both compete in the same host country. Non-market advantages are advantages based on resources developed by the firm to operate in a country's environment. Building on the resource-based theory and the concept of distance, we classify dimensions of a country's environment into three types (obligating, pressuring, and supporting) and argue that each type has a different impact on the advantages of DMNCs over AMNCs. First, obligating dimensions are those dimensions in which countries are not more or less developed than others; they are merely different, obligating a firm to develop particular non-market resources to operate there. In such cases, the advantage of DMNCs over AMNCs cannot be differentiated. Instead, MNCs from more distant home countries have a disadvantage compared to MNCs from less distant countries. This is the traditional conceptualization of distance in the literature. Second, pressuring dimensions are those dimensions in which countries are more or less demanding in pressuring the firm to continuously upgrade its non-market resources. For these dimensions, DMNCs face a disadvantage against AMNCs, because the latter have more sophisticated non-market resources than the former. Third, supporting dimensions are those in which countries are more or less developed in their provision of external non-market resources that support the firm's operations. In this case, DMNCs tend to enjoy an advantage over AMNCs, because the former are better at dealing with a lack of supporting resources than the latter. These last two types of dimensions challenge the commonly held ideas that distance is always directionless and always results in a disadvantage.
Overview 12: Fundamentals of dendritic solidification—II development of sidebranch structure☆

Abstract Experiments have been carried out to study the development of the dendritic sidebranch structure in succinonitrile. Results obtained provide the first insights into such fundamental problems as the origin of sidebranch perturbations, the mechanism of sidebranch evolution, the influence of anisotropy in solid-liquid interfacial energy, the kinetics of isothermal coarsening, and, finally, the mechanism of dynamic sidebranch coarsening during solidification. All of the problems addressed have applications to the interpretation of microstructures arising from both conventional and rapid solidification processes.
Freedom of Expression and Propaganda During World War I: Understanding George Creel and America's Committee on Public Information

(1998). Freedom of Expression and Propaganda During World War I: Understanding George Creel and America's Committee on Public Information. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 48-60.
Comments on the CRA Paper Entitled “An Economic Analysis of the Use of Selective Distribution by Luxury Goods Suppliers”

(2009). Comments on the CRA Paper Entitled “An Economic Analysis of the Use of Selective Distribution by Luxury Goods Suppliers”. European Competition Journal: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 227-260.
Cd-metallothionein-a test object for dark-field studies of protein structure.

Cadmium-metallothionein contains about six metal atoms per 6,000 molecular weight, reflecting the high proportion of cystein residues in the structure. Because of the strong scattering from probable Cd-S(Cyst)3 complexes, the protein is unambiguously visualized by conventional tilted beam dark-field electronmicroscopy. The projections of the structure correspond to free, aggregated and partially denatured forms of the presumed native structure, a hexahedral mass, 36 25 16 A. Relaxed states of this structure show that the molecule is comprised of two similar, covalently linked “half-metallothioneins”, each comprised of three domains. Each of the six domains of the native structure is evidently formed by stacking of two characteristic scattering centers together, at a separation of 9 A. A speculative scheme for the folding of the native structure is presented. The results are interpreted as substantiating the fidelity of dark-field images of small proteins, and the cadmium-metallothionein molecule is suggested as a standard test object for the method.
The Role of Literature in Secondary and Post‐Secondary Language Instruction: Disparity or Unity?1

A consideration of the status of literature in university and secondary school curricula, the degree of student interest in the study of literature, and research activity and teacher training in literary methodology reveals a disparity between the expectations of the university curricula and the role of literature in the other areas. Thus, undue tension is created while the place of literature in our discipline may be misunderstood and even neglected. Yet, literature can have a powerful effect in provoking change in the individual. After a discussion of these considerations, some positive suggestions for lessening this disparity are made with the hope that greater understanding and cooperation between the secondary and post-secondary levels will arise and that our attention will be redirected toward seeking improvement in the teaching of literature. While this is not a new problem in our profession, all too little is being done about it.
Effects of Age at Sexual Maturity on Body Weight, Egg Weight and Egg Production

Abstract AGE at sexual maturity is a physiological character whose importance has long been recognized by poultry breeders. It has been studied so extensively that a review of the literature here would seem superfluous. There is general agreement, however, that early sexual maturity is associated with high annual production. Rice (1915) was among the first to call attention to the importance of early sexual maturity in egg producing flocks. Dryden (1916) also emphasized the value of early sexual maturity in breeding to increase egg production. Goodale (1918) pointed out that early sexual maturity was very desirable in a breeding program, and there arose a general interest in the relationship of this character to egg production. Data were presented by Hays (1924) to indicate that early sexual maturity is regulated by a dominant autosomal gene and a dominant sex-linked gene. Both Warren (1934) and Waters (1934) confirmed the idea that a dominant . . .
Spaceborne flight validation of NASA ESTO technologies

Small satellites flight experiments, using CubeSats, are growing rapidly as a low-cost and quick turn-around platform for education, focused science observations, and advanced technology validation. This talk will describe recent investments by NASA's Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) to rapidly advance the TRL of various hardware and software technologies targeted for future Earth Science Decadal Survey Instruments via the CubeSat platform.
Seismic scattering and shallow structure of the moon in Oceanus Procellarum

Scattering in a high-Q medium has been the best hypothesis to date for explaining the observation of a long, reverberating train of waves in lunar seismographs. To test this hypothesis qualitatively, two experiments were devised which simulated this scattering and reproduced actual lunar seismographs. Pulses were propagated across a plate with grooves cut half-way through, and then were propagated along the edge of a plate with holes drilled within a skin depth of the edge. The seismographs of near impacts and moonquakes recorded by the Apollo 12 station in two frequency bands were studied. The impacts were those of S4B Saturn boosters and LM ascent stages. Interpretation of these data suggests the existence of a scattering layer 25 km thick with a Q of 5000. The density of the scatterers decreases with depth, suggesting that they are associated with cratering, or that they consist of cracks which anneal with depth.
SU-E-J-10: Accuracy of Image Guidance Using Cone-Beam CT with Multiple Breath Hold Using Active Breathing Coordination

Purpose: To complete a CBCT for a treatment using ABC, multiple breath hold (BH) (>3) were used due to the slow gantry rotation and the short BH period. Inter‐BH tumor position variability may introduce distortion in the reconstructed images. This study aims to determine a threshold of the inter‐BH scan displacement so that the inconsistency can be identified from the CBCTimages.Methods: A numerical phantom was constructed to represent the thorax region of a human body. To simulate the inter‐BH displacements, known magnitudes of motion (s = 0, 1, 3, 5 mm) along the longitudinal direction were introduced for the ‘tumor’ and ‘diaphragm’ in the phantom. Two different irregular motion patterns (s1=s3=/=s2 and s1=/=s2=/=s3) during CBCT scans were tested. Furthermore, a physical phantom with a movable insert was scanned using a commercial CBCT system. The insert of the phantom was programmed to move in the longitudinal direction according to the same motion patterns as designed in the numerical simulations. Subsequently, nine CBCT's in ‘half‐fan’ mode for the physical phantom were acquired with the insert in various positions. These CBCTimages were then fused to the reference CT by aligning to either the body of the phantom or the ‘tumor’ inside the insert. Results: Based on numerical simulation, position variation >1mm can be observed from the reconstructedCBCTimages. Based on acquired CBCTs of the physical phantom, position variations of >3mm or 5mm were observed, depending on the motion pattern during the data acquisition. Because of the use of half‐fan mode, we observed the order of position displacements of the tumor during CBCT acquisition drastically affected the outcome of imaging registration. Conclusions: Using ABC device, the inter‐BH variability during a CBCT acquisition affects accuracy of tumor localization. A patient individualized planning margin might be necessary to account for this effect.
Functional and morphological features of isolated hepatocytes preserved in University of Wisconsin solution.

Although several studies suggest that hepatic graft failure after cold ischemia results from nonparenchymal cell damage, other data indicate that hepatocellular ATP content is significantly correlated with the transplantation success rate. In this study, we have conducted a systematic investigation of various aspects of cell viability and function of isolated hepatocytes stored at 4°C for 24 and 48 hr in either University of Wisconsin solution or Hanks' HEPES buffer, a control solution clinically unsuitable for organ preservation. After 24 hr, hepatocytes stored in Hanks' HEPES buffer had viability (measured by trypan blue exclusion and ALT and lactic dehydrogenase leakage), transport function (measured by 22Na+ and [3H]taurocholate uptake) and cell size similar or only slightly altered when compared with freshly isolated and University of Wisconsin solution-stored hepatocytes. ATP content was decreased in both groups; however, the reduction was much greater in Hanks' HEPES buffer-stored cells. Furthermore, ATP regenerating capacity was greatly reduced in Hanks' HEPES buffer-stored but not in University of Wisconsin solution-stored hepatocytes. By 48 hr viability and function of Hanks' HEPES buffer-stored hepatocytes were decreased; University of Wisconsin solution afforded partial protection. When examined by light and electron microscopy, cells stored in both University of Wisconsin solution and Hanks' HEPES buffer for 24 hr appeared essentially normal except for the presence of numerous membrane blebs in the Hanks' HEPES buffer group. Tissue sections of livers preserved in Hanks' HEPES buffer but not in University of Wisconsin solution revealed the presence of extensive amounts of blebs in the sinusoidal lumen and loss of endothelial elements. This study indicates that isolated hepatocytes are remarkably resistant to 24-hr cold ischemia. However, the resulting low ATP levels may be responsible for formation of membrane blebs, the shedding of which, in vivo, may lead or contribute to microcirculatory disturbances. These findings may potentially explain the relationship between hepatocellular ATP content and regenerating capacity and the clinical outcome of liver transplantation. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;14:331–339.)
Convective Heat Transfer to Ceilings above Enclosure Fires

Several theoretical and experimental results which are useful in estimating convective heattransfer from buoyant plumes to unconfined ceilings are to be found in the literature. While these results are applicable for estimating ceiling heat transfer in enclosure fires at early times, this is not generally the case once the inevitable layer of hot plume gases starts to accumulate near the ceiling. In this paper a method for estimating ceiling heat transfer under the general conditions of the latter scenario is outlined, and a partial verification of its validity is provided. The method requires results for unconfined ceiling heat transfer which are also summarized.
Microwave properties of planar hexagonal ferrites

A large number of samples of hexagonal ferrite, with planar anisotropy incorporating various metal ions, were synthesized and tested for FMR (ferromagnetic resonance). Measurements were made at room temperature in transmission cavities at frequencies between 10 and 35 Gc/s on magnetically oriented polycrystalline compounds. Of the possible crystal forms for hexagonal ferrite, those designated as W, Y , and Z were investigated. The Y compounds were found to have the most useful microwave properties. The resonance line width was found to vary between 100 and 1200 Oe, and the anisotropy field varied from zero to 40000 Oe. The W and Z compounds have planar or uniaxial anisotropy, depending on the composition. The region of zero anisotropy was determined. The magnetically oriented polycrystalline materials resemble single crystals in having easy and hard directions of magnetization which require different magnetic field values for FMR. Qualitative information about how well the crystallites are aligned with each other can be obtained from the examination of two FMR absorption curves made with the sample turned so that its easy and hard directions, respectively, are aligned with the magnetic field. Curves are shown to illustrate the difference between nonoriented, partially oriented, and well-oriented materials.
The physics of Mott electron localization

Abstract Although rare earth metals and compounds are well known to have localized 4f electrons, the concept of “localized electrons” in a periodic system remains a notorious source of confusion. Similar issues arise for 3d electrons and have been studied most intensively for 3d transition metal oxides — the traditional Mott insulator materials. We review a conceptual picture of the Mott insulator state which clarifies the concept of localized electrons, and which has recently been implemented with much success. The key feature is strong orbital as well as spin polarization, within the context of unrestricted Hartree—Fock theory using screened Coulomb and exchange parameters to represent the intra-atomic d—d interactions. The failure or success of local-density approximations is directly related to the presence or absence of orbital polarization. Some practical considerations and recent calculations are discussed.
Millimeter-scale modal layering and the nature of the upper solidification zone in thick flood-basalt flows and other sheets of magma

Abstract Water flooding the surface of the Holyoke flood-basalt flow of Connecticut and Massachusetts was probably responsible for its entablature developing quench textures to depths of 80 m beneath the flow's surface. Despite the rapid cooling from above, the entablature–colonnade boundary is displaced above the center of the flow, which can only mean that crystal mush sank from the roof zone to the floor of the flow during solidification. The entablature of the Holyoke flow exhibits a subtle, quasi-horizontal, millimeter-scale modal layering, with sheets of ophitic pyroxene–plagioclase clusters alternating with discontinuous sheets of residual liquid. The layering is believed to have formed by repeated nucleation of pyroxene–plagioclase clusters in a rapidly advancing thermal boundary layer. The alternating layers of crystals and residual liquid produced a mush with planes of weakness along which the dense crystal mush could separate from the roof. The layering parallels the cuspate entablature–colonnade boundary, which must therefore be a primary magmatic feature rather than simply where downward and upward propagating fractures met. The modal layering has been found in other flood-basalt flows, but also in the roof zone of the Palisades sill. This texture may therefore be common in the roof zones of many sheet-like bodies of magma.
Harmonic mode locking in a sliding-frequency fiber laser

We demonstrate a sliding-frequency mode-locked (SFM) erbium fiber laser generating 20 ps pulses with center wavelengths rapidly sweeping across a spectral range of 50 nm. Excess optical nonlinearity in the laser cavity leads to multipulsing, with a tendency to tight pulse bunching (<3 ns) at the fundamental cavity frequency of 25 MHz. The addition of a parallel optical delay line, with a path difference equal to a rational fraction of the cavity length, distributes the pulses uniformly across the entire cavity and achieves a harmonic SFM up to 1 GHz. The result establishes cavity nonlinearity as a critical design parameter for picosecond wavelength-swept lasers.
Effects of immigration on some stochastic logistic models: a cumulant truncation analysis.

This paper uses a new cumulant truncation methodology to investigate the stochastic power law logistic model with immigration, and illustrates the model with parameter values used to describe the growth of muskrat populations in the Netherlands. This model has a stable equilibrium distribution. The incorporation of immigration into the model, therefore, simplifies the qualitative nature of the stochastic solution. The (unconditional) cumulant functions for the transient and the equilibrium population size distributions are obtained, from which the distributions are shown to be near-normal at all times for the parameter values of interest. Approximating cumulant functions, which are relatively easy to find in practice, are derived and shown to be quite accurate, except for the case of massive immigration. As the level of immigration increases, the mean value rises more rapidly initially, as expected; however, the variance and the skewness of both the transient and the equilibrium distributions are reduced.
Strong M 1 Transitions in Light Nuclei

The nature of strong $M1$ transitions, particularly those observed by inelastic electron scattering at backward angles, is investigated. Calculations of particular cases reveal a tendency to concentrate the transition strength in a few levels, in some respects similar to the familiar giant $E1$ resonance. The energy-weighted sum rule for such transitions is examined, and an approximation is developed which exhibits the qualitative behavior to be expected in $4N$ nuclei whose ground states have $I=0=T$. The results are compared with experiment.
Jus Post Bellum and Counterinsurgency

Abstract The United States’ continuing engagements in Iraq and Afghanistan have focused reflection on how best to wage counterinsurgency, recognizing that the blurred lines between combatants and noncombatants that characterize this type of fighting broaden the range of opportunities and obligations counterinsurgents face. While many have looked to jus in bello constraints on the just conduct of war to guide this effort, jus post bellum requirements for the just cessation of conflict provide a better framework in which to discuss how soldiers and marines may effectively and ethically pursue insurgents while simultaneously building host-nation capacity to govern politically, economically, and militarily. This paper demonstrates how jus post bellum obligations provide an important structure within which counterinsurgents may understand the full range of their obligations to the host nation and its population, best pursue insurgents while honoring their commitment to noncombatant immunity, and set the standa...
Learning deficits in lead-injected rats☆

Abstract Weanling and adult rats injected with one of three concentrations of lead acetate for 37 days failed to demonstrate any learning impairments as measured by a Hebb-Williams maze series relative to water injected controls. Rats at the highest dose level showed clear symptoms of lead poisoning. Pregnant females injected during pregnancy with an asymptomatic dose of lead acetate showed a 100% abortion rate, while 75% of water injected controls delivered litters. Rats whose mothers were injected with asymptomatic doses of lead acetate throughout nursing developed more slowly, weighed less, and demonstrated learning deficits relative to controls. The behavioral and physiological effects of lead may be greatest during the earliest developmental stages.
Prospective teacher beliefs about liberative and oppressive mathematics teaching practices: a first step toward equitable instruction

This article reports findings from a study conducted within a teacher education program to help highlight the importance of equitable instruction of mathematics for all students. The researcher developed four scenarios of her oppressive and liberative teaching practices. Prospective teachers were then asked to write scenarios describing their oppressive and liberative teaching practices. Results showed that prospective teachers found it easier to write liberative teaching practices of themselves than oppressive examples. Scenario themes centered on allowing students ample time to understand mathematical concepts, having high expectations for all students, and addressing individual student’s needs. Developing prospective teachers who are aware of equity in teaching requires ample time to discuss authentic issues in diversity. Teacher educators need to be aware of their own oppressive and liberative teaching practices in doing such work.
An affordable high-performance optical absorbance detector for capillary systems

Abstract Optical absorption detection is the most common detection mode in capillary-based separation systems such as capillary liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis (CE). The peak-to-peak noise levels of presently available commercial absorbance detectors usable for on-column detection is of the range 1 × 10 −5 − 5 × 10 −5 absorbance units (10–50 μAU). Currently there is widespread interest in CE because of its simplicity and exceptional separation power. The most expensive item in a home-made CE set-up is the optical absorption detector. Herein we present a simple, versatile and inexpensive design for an on-column optical absorbance detector that is comparable in performance to commercial units in both ultraviolet and visible regions. The detector has been tested with Zn, Cd, and Hg lamps and a visible-light-emitting diode as the sources. Detector response is linear over several orders of magnitude. Noise levels are somewhat higher for the Hg lamp and ~15 μAU for the others for on-column detection through a 75 μm bore, 142 μm-diameter capillary. In actual CE experiments, the limit of detection for test solutes ranged from sub- to low-femtomole quantities.
Sensitivity and kinetics of signal transmission at the first visual synapse differentially impact visually-guided behavior

In the retina, synaptic transmission between photoreceptors and downstream ON-bipolar neurons (ON-BCs) is mediated by a GPCR pathway, which plays an essential role in vision. However, the mechanisms that control signal transmission at this synapse and its relevance to behavior remain poorly understood. In this study we used a genetic system to titrate the rate of GPCR signaling in ON-BC dendrites by varying the concentration of key RGS proteins and measuring the impact on transmission of signal between photoreceptors and ON-BC neurons using electroretinography and single cell recordings. We found that sensitivity, onset timing, and the maximal amplitude of light-evoked responses in rod- and cone-driven ON-BCs are determined by different RGS concentrations. We further show that changes in RGS concentration differentially impact visually guided-behavior mediated by rod and cone ON pathways. These findings illustrate that neuronal circuit properties can be modulated by adjusting parameters of GPCR-based neurotransmission at individual synapses.
Insertion reactions of CO2, OCS, and CS2 into the Sn–N bonds of (Me2N)2Sn: NMR and X-ray structural characterization of the products

Abstract The interactions of the heteroallenes CO2, OCS, and CS2 with (Me2N)2Sn have been investigated. These CX2 species insert into the Sn–N bonds under mild conditions to provide products bis-(N,N-dimethylcarbamato)tin(II), [(Me2NCO2)2Sn]2, bis-(N,N-dimethylthiocarbamato)tin(II), [Me2NC(O)S]2Sn and bis-(N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamato)tin(II), (Me2NCS2)2Sn. These molecules have been fully characterized by traditional spectroscopic methods as well as by X-ray crystallography. The [Me2NC(O)S]2Sn product is the first example of a structurally characterized Sn(II) thiocarbamate. The solid-state structures of the final products vary depending on the heteroallene inserted. The CO2-inserted product is dimeric in the solid-state, with both bridging and chelating carbamate ligands. These dimers form a chain-like network via intermolecular Sn⋯O interactions. The monomeric thiocarbamate also shows a chain-like extended structure, through both Sn⋯O and Sn⋯S interactions, while the dithiocarbamate product has no significant intermolecular contacts.
Treatment of traumatic brain injury with a combination therapy of marrow stromal cells and atorvastatin in rats.

Objective This study investigated the effects of a combination therapy of marrow stromal cells (MSCs) and statins (atorvastatin) after traumatic brain injury in rats. Methods Thirty-two female Wistar rats were injured by controlled cortical impact and divided into four groups. Group I was injected with MSCs (1 x 10(6)) intravenously 24 hrs after traumatic brain injury. Group II was administered atorvastatin (0.5 mg/kg) orally for 14 days starting 24 hours after traumatic brain injury. Group III received MSCs (1 x 10(6)) combined with atorvastatin (0.5 mg/kg). Group IV (control) was injected with saline. MSCs were harvested from the bone marrow of male rats to identify male donor cells within female recipient animals by localization of Y chromosomes. Functional analysis was performed using modified neurological severity scores and the Morris water maze test. Animals were sacrificed 35 days after injury and brain sections stained with immunohistochemistry. Results No functional improvement was seen in animals treated with MSCs or atorvastatin alone (Groups I and II). However, functional improvement was seen with both testing modalities (modified neurological severity scores and Morris water maze) in animals receiving combination therapy (Group III). Microscopic analysis showed that significantly more MSCs were present in animals receiving combination therapy than in those receiving MSCs alone. Also, significantly more endogenous cellular proliferation was seen in the hippocampus and injury boundary zone of the combination therapy group than in the monotherapy or control groups. Conclusion When administered in combination with MSCs, atorvastatin increases MSC access and/or survival within the injured brain and enhances functional recovery compared with monotherapy.
Determination of synaptic phenotype: insulin and cAMP independently initiate development of electrotonic coupling between cultured sympathetic neurons

Abstract Electrotonic coupling between pairs of sympathetic neurons dissociated from superior cervical ganglia of neonatal rats is rare when cells are cultured for 2 weeks in a nutrient medium plus serum and is common when cells are cultured for the same period in serum-free defined medium. This defined medium is the same nutrient medium with five added factors (progesterone, transferrin, putrescine, insulin, and selenium). When added singly to serum-containing medium, insulin and, to a lesser extent, selenium promote the development of electrotonic and dye coupling. The insulin effect is obtained with doses as low as 0.01 microgram/ml and is maximal after exposures from 3 to 5 days. The incidence of electrotonic coupling is also enhanced by exposure of cells to dibutyryl cAMP. This effect is obtained with doses as low as 0.1 mM, is faster (being maximal at approximately equal to 12 hr exposure), and is prolonged in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor caffeine. Butyrate itself promotes coupling to a small extent, but cAMP involvement is confirmed by similar effects of other membrane permeant analogues. Endogenous levels of cAMP are significantly elevated in cultures grown in the defined medium but not in those in serum-containing medium to which insulin or selenium are added. We conclude that the promotion of coupling by cAMP and by insulin or selenium are independent. The development of coupling in the defined medium thus seems to be a consequence of the addition of promoting substances (insulin, selenium) and the removal of an inhibitory effect of serum on cAMP levels.
EFFECT OF SERA FROM CYSTIC FIBROSIS HOMOZYGOTES AND HETEROZYGOTES ON GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN VERO CELLS

The effect on intracellular production of carbon dioxide from glucose of sera from cystic fibrosis (C.F.) homozygotes and heterozygotes was determined in an established cell line (Vero cell) by a double-blind assay. CO2 production was reduced when cells were incubated with an ammonium-sulphate-precipitated fraction of sera from C.F. homozygotes and heterozygotes but not by a similar fraction from sera of healthy donors.
Effect of ventilation strategies on residential ozone levels

Abstract Elevated outdoor ozone levels are associated with adverse health effects. Because people spend the vast majority of their time indoors, reduction in indoor levels of ozone of outdoor origin would lower population exposures and might also lead to a reduction in ozone-associated adverse health effects. In most buildings, indoor ozone levels are diminished with respect to outdoor levels to an extent that depends on surface reactions and on the degree to which ozone penetrates the building envelope. Ozone enters buildings from outdoors together with the airflows that are driven by natural and mechanical means, including deliberate ventilation used to reduce concentrations of indoor-generated pollutants. When assessing the effect of deliberate ventilation on occupant health one should consider not only the positive effects on removing pollutants of indoor origin but also the possibility that enhanced ventilation might increase indoor levels of pollutants originating outdoors. This study considers how changes in residential ventilation that are designed to comply with ASHRAE Standard 62.2 might influence indoor levels of ozone. Simulation results show that the building envelope can contribute significantly to filtration of ozone. Consequently, the use of exhaust ventilation systems is predicted to produce lower indoor ozone concentrations than would occur with balanced ventilation systems operating at the same air-exchange rate. We also investigated a strategy for reducing exposure to ozone that would deliberately reduce ventilation rates during times of high outdoor ozone concentration while still meeting daily average ventilation requirements.
Teacher Technology Use and Student Evaluations: The Moderating Role of Content Area.

Recently, concerted efforts have been made to encourage teachers to utilize technology within the classroom. Just as other modes of presentation style have implications for students' perceptions of...
Mechanistic effects of autophosphorylation on receptor tyrosine kinase catalysis: enzymatic characterization of Tie2 and phospho-Tie2.

Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases by autophosphorylation is one of the most common and critical transformations in signal transduction, yet its role in catalysis remains controversial. Autoph...
Laser-induced fluorescence of O(3p 3 P), O 2 , and NO near 226 nm: photolytic interferences and simultaneous excitation in flames

Spectral overlaps between O atom two-photon transitions and one-photon O2 and NO transitions near 226 nm have been studied. Excitation of photodissociating O2 levels can cause anomalously high concentration population measurements of O atoms in flames. We find that excitation of O 3P1 will minimize the photochemical interference, and the data presented here are necessary to quantify the extent of such effects. Alternatively, these overlaps can be exploited to obtain simultaneous laser-induced fluorescence detection of O, O2, and NO with a single laser.
Cooperation or conniving: How public sector rules shape the decision

To what extent will decision makers in the economy use their time, energy, and imagination to cooperate in production and productive exchange? To what extent will they instead devote their efforts toward simply redividing the economic pie to arrange bigger slices for themselves at the expense of others, and ultimately at the expense of the size of the pie? This paper explains the case to be made that added collectivization since 1960, embodied in the growth industries of regulation and tax collection, have significantly shifted entrepreneurial efforts nationally toward pie redividing and away from pie enlarging activities. Empirical evidence is provided to support this assertion.
Arterial switch procedure in an adult

The arterial switch procedure has been shown to offer both anatomic and physiologic correction in infants and children with transposition of the great arteries and ventricular septal defect. We believe that adults may also benefit in some circumstances, as evidenced by the case of a 22-year-old man who underwent successful operation after having initially undergone pulmonary artery banding for transposition with ventricular septal defect in 1967 when he was 5 months of age.
Omitted ray fixed point theorem

This paper presents a functional version of Altman’s condition as an alternative to the standard inward-outward techniques used in the Krasnoselskii and Leggett–Williams type fixed point theorems. Leggett– Williams type arguments are utilized to minimize the conditions on the boundaries of the functional wedges.
D-optimal weighing designs for n≡−1mod4 objects and a large number of weighings

Abstract Let M m , n (0,1) denote the set of all m × n (0,1)-matrices and let G(m,n)= max det X T X:X∈M m,n (0,1) . Inthis paper we exhibit some new formulas for G ( m , n ) where n≡−1( mod 4 ) . Specifically, for m = nt + r where 0⩽ r n , we show that for all sufficiently large t , G ( nt + r , n ) is a polynomial in t of degree n that depends on the characteristic polynomial of the adjacency matrix of a certain regular graph. Thus the problem of finding G ( nt + r , n ) for large t is equivalent to finding a regular graph, whose degree of regularity and number of vertices depend only on n and r , with a certain “trace-minimal” property. In particular we determine the appropriate trace-minimal graph and hence the formulas for G ( nt + r , n ) for n =11, 15, all r , and all sufficiently large t .
A multicenter U.S. experience with EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration using the olympus GF-UM30P echoendoscope: Safety and effectiveness

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to determine the safety, efficacy, and accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration using the GF-UM30P echoendoscope. Methods: GF-UM30P–guided EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration results from 3 EUS referral centers were prospectively recorded. Successful sampling required that the needle tip be seen within the lesion on at least 1 pass. Aspirates were considered adequate if they were diagnostic for cancer, contained suspicious or atypical cells, or were adequately cellular for interpretation but nondiagnostic. Results: EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration was attempted on 162 lesions in 152 patients with no complications. Sampling was successful in 150 of 162 (93%) attempts (mean lesion size 2.5 ± 1.2 cm (range 0.7 to 6.0 cm). Aspirates were adequately cellular in 138 of 162 (85%) attempts (43% diagnostic, 15% suspicious and/or atypical cells, 27% adequate cellularity but nondiagnostic). Sampling failed in 12 of 162 (7%) attempts. Ten of 12 (83%) failures and 11 of 12 (92%) inadequate aspirates occurred when lesions measured less than 2 cm. The sensitivity for malignancy was 93% if only successfully sampled lesions with surgically confirmed negative results were included. However, it was 68% if all attempts were included and when unconfirmed high/moderate suspicion negative results were counted as false negatives and low suspicion negative results as true negatives. Conclusions: The GF-UM30P may be clinically useful for EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration if a curved linear array instrument is unavailable. (Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50:792-6.)
Spin polarization of secondary electrons in transition metals: Theory

A theory of the spin polarization of the secondary electrons in transition metals and glasses is presented. In contrast to the secondary-electron intensity distribution, the spin polarization is shown to yield useful information about the electron-electron interaction. The ratio of the lifetimes of majority- to minority-spin electrons can be determined directly from the measured values of the spin polarization P(E) by ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}$(E)/${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\downarrow}}$(E)=[(1-${p}_{B}$)/( 1+${p}_{B}$)][1+P(E)]/[1-P(E)], where ${p}_{B}$ is the bulk magnetization. The theory is applied to both Fe and Ni.
Experimental Verification of the Linear Relationship between IR Extinction and Liquid Water Content of Clouds.

Abstract The IR extinction of clouds has been measured with a CO2 laster transmissometer (λ = 10.6 μm). Using an established linear relationship (based on the Chýlek approximation to the Mie theory) between extinction and liquid water content, the liquid water contents of clouds varying in both droplet size and concentration have been determined. These values are compared with liquid water contents derived from simultaneous cloud collection. The agreement between the two techniques is excellent having a correlation coefficient of 0.98 and corresponding favorable 95% confidence limits. The results indicate that this technique should prove extremely useful for the field measurement of the liquid water content of clouds and fogs.
Responses of Rat P2X2 Receptors to Ultrashort Pulses of ATP Provide Insights into ATP Binding and Channel Gating

To gain insight into the way that P2X2 receptors localized at synapses might function, we explored the properties of outside-out patches containing many of these channels as ATP was very rapidly applied and removed. Using a new method to calibrate the speed of exchange of solution over intact patches, we were able to reliably produce applications of ATP lasting <200 μs. For all concentrations of ATP, there was a delay of at least 80 μs between the time when ATP arrived at the receptor and the first detectable flow of inward current. In response to 200-μs pulses of ATP, the time constant of the rising phase of the current was ∼600 μs. Thus, most channel openings occurred when no free ATP was present. The current deactivated with a time constant of ∼60 ms. The amplitude of the peak response to a brief pulse of a saturating concentration of ATP was ∼70% of that obtained during a long application of the same concentration of ATP. Thus, ATP leaves fully liganded channels without producing an opening at least 30% of the time. Extensive kinetic modeling revealed three different schemes that fit the data well, a sequential model and two allosteric models. To account for the delay in opening at saturating ATP, it was necessary to incorporate an intermediate closed state into all three schemes. These kinetic properties indicate that responses to ATP at synapses that use homomeric P2X2 receptors would be expected to greatly outlast the duration of the synaptic ATP transient produced by a single presynaptic spike. Like NMDA receptors, P2X2 receptors provide the potential for complex patterns of synaptic integration over a time scale of hundreds of milliseconds.
Influence of surface chemistry on inkjet printed carbon nanotube films

Abstract Carbon nanotube ink chemistry and the proper formulation are crucial for direct-write printing of nanotubes. Moreover, the correct surface chemistry of the self-assembled monolayers that assist the direct deposition of carbon nanotubes onto the substrate is equally important to preserve orientation of the printed carbon nanotubes. We report that the successful formulation of two single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) inks yields a consistent, homogenous printing pattern possessing the requisite viscosities needed for flow through the microcapillary nozzles of the inkjet printer with fairly modest drying times. The addition of an aqueous sodium silicate allows for a reliable method for forming a uniform carbon nanotube network deposited directly onto unfunctionalized surfaces such as glass or quartz via inkjet deposition. Furthermore, this sodium silicate ingredient helps preserve applied orientation to the printed SWNT solution. Sheet resistivity of this carbon nanotube ink formula printed on quartz decreases as a function of passes and is independent of the substrate. SWNTs were successfully patterned on Au. This amine-based surface chemistry dramatically helps improve the isolation stabilization of the printed SWNTs as seen in the atomic force microscopy (AFM) image. Lastly, using our optimized SWNT ink formula and waveform parameters in the Fuji materials printer, we are able to directly write/print SWNTs into 2D patterns. Dried ink pattern expose and help orient roped carbon nanotubes that are suspended in ordered arrays across the cracks.