cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theorizing Charismatic Authority in Early Islamic Law

In Islamic Studies, charisma has usually been reserved for the study of marginalized individuals. I argue here that charisma may also be applied to leadership among legal scholars. To do so, I join a long line of scholars who have modified Max Weber’s initial insights, and put forth a new, dynamic model of charismatic authority. The purpose of my model is to account for the fact that religious histories emphasize the uniqueness of the originating charismatic event, be that Prophet Muhammad’s revelations, Jesus’ theophany or the Buddha’s enlightenment, while at the same time recognizing that the charismatic cycle never quite ends. In contrast with Weber, I argue that charismatic authority in religious traditions is best understood as a network of influence and interaction through which the routinization of charisma reinterprets and redefines the meaning of the originating charismatic event.
Comments on the Present Status of Elastic and Inelastic Magnetic Electron-Deuteron Scattering

The long-standing discrepancies between theory and experiment in the magnetic elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons from the deuteron at high momentum transfer are reexamined. It is concluded that the predictions using most deuteron models agree with the elastic scattering data if one employs the presently accepted dipole fit (with scaling) for the proton and neutron form factors. A second conclusion is that the inelastic scattering to the $^{1}S_{0}$ state is not affected by small changes in the nucleon form factors, but is completely dominated by dynamic effects such as those due to meson-exchange diagrams.
EFFECT OF ALTERED THYROID FUNCTION UPON ADRENOCORTICAL ACTH AND METHOPYRAPONE (SU-4885) RESPONSIVENESS IN MAN.

The effect of abnormal thyroid function on the adrenocortical response to ACTH and methopyrapone (Metopirone, Su-4885) infused at different times in the 24 hours has been studied and compared to the response in normal subjects. Hyperthyroidism advanced and exaggerated the normal circadian variation in the adrenocortical response to exogenous ACTH and potentiated adrenocortical activation following Su-4885 when the drug was infused in the early morning. Hypothyroidism produced the opposite effects. Infusion of Su-4885 later in the day demonstrated persistence at both extremes of thyroid function of the circadian variation in the sensitivity of the central nervous system mechanism regulating ACTH release to changes in cortisol concentration. The data are interpreted to suggest 2 independent effects of thyroid hormone upon pituitary ACTH activity: 1) an indirect effect through its influence on the peripheral metabolism of cortisol mediated by the negative feedback mechanism on the magnitude of ACTH secretion...
Growth of Laser Ablated YBa2Cu3O7-δ Films as Examined by RHEED and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) we have examined the growth morphology, surface structure, and surface degradation of laser ablated YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films. Films from 5 nm to ltm thick were studied. The films were deposited on MgO and LaAlO3 substrates using two different excimer laser ablation systems. Both island nucleated and spiral growth morphologies were observed depending on the substrate material and deposition rate used. The initial growth mechanism observed for a 5–10 nm thick film is replicated through different growth layers up to thicknesses of 200 run. Beyond 200 rnm, the films show some a-axis grains and other outgrowths. The thinnest films (5–10 nm) show considerable surface roughness on the order of 3–4 nm. For both growth mechanisms the ledge width remains approximately constant (∼ 30 nm) and the surface roughness increases as the film thickness increases. The films with spiral growth have streaked RHEED patterns despite having considerable surface roughness, while the films with island growth have more of a three dimensional diffraction pattern. RHEED patterns were obtained after the film surfaces were degraded by exposure to air, KOH developer, a Br-methanol etch, and a shallow ion mill. Exposure to air and KOH developer caused only moderate degradation of the RHEED pattern whereas a shallow (I nm deep) 300 V ion mill completely destroyed the RHEED pattern.
Chronic Toxicity, Reproductive, and Teratogenic Studies with Oxamyl

Abstract Oxamyl (methyl N′,N′ -dimethyl- N -[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]-1-thiooxamimidate; CAS 23135-22-0) was tested for oral toxicity in the rat and dog (90-day and 2-year feeding studies) and in the mouse (2-year feeding study). Teratogenic potential was evaluated in the rat and rabbit and functional reproductive capacity was studied in the rat in a one- and a three-generation reproduction study. Rats fed a diet containing oxamyl at 500 ppm showed clinical signs of cholinesterase inhibition and body weight loss within 2 days. Feeding of either 100 or 150 ppm oxamyl for 90 days produced a reduced rate of weight gain without other signs of response, and no effects were detected at 50 ppm. An oxamyl feeding period of 2 years also showed depressed body weight gains in rats fed either 100 or 150 ppm. Cholinesterase activity was depressed only during the first week of feeding and only in the 150-ppm group. All other indices of response, including the type and distribution of tumors, were similar in the test and control rats and it was concluded that the no-observed-effect level was 50 ppm (equivalent to approximately 5 mg/kg). Mice fed oxamyl at 100 ppm for 6 weeks showed signs of cholinesterase inhibition and some mortalities, so the dietary concentration was reduced to 75 ppm in the 2-year study. Body weights of mice fed oxamyl at 50 or 75 ppm were lower than controls during the first 6 months of the study. No other signs of a toxic response to oxamyl were seen in mice and a no-observed-effect level of 25 ppm (approximately 2.5 mg/kg) was assigned to this compound. No evidence of a tumorigenic response was obtained. Dogs fed oxamyl at 150 ppm for 2 years showed marginal increases in serum alkaline phosphatase activity and cholesterol concentration but no tissue pathology was seen. No evidence of cholinesterase inhibition was seen. It was concluded that the no-observed-effect level for oxamyl in the dog was 100 ppm (approximately 2.5 mg/kg). In the one- and three-generation reproduction studies, litter sizes were somewhat lower in rats fed oxamyl at 100 or 150 ppm oxamyl with normal values seen at 50 ppm. Weanling body weights were normal in rats in the 50-ppm group for three generations but were reduced in the one-generation study. Pup body weights were lower in rats in both the 100- or 150-ppm groups. Transfer ofF3b pups, derived from dams in the 150-ppm group, to control diets following delivery improved the weight gains. No evidence of a teratogenic response was seen in the rat although a reduced rate of weight gain was seen in pregnant rats fed oxamyl at 100 ppm or greater. In the rabbit, no evidence of a teratogenic response was found even at dose levels in which maternal toxicity was encountered.
Birth and death of a stationary Markov process

The killing of a process by means of a multiplicative functional (MF) has recently been considered by Getoor in the context of stationary random birth and death processes. LetX be a Borel right process with semigroupP. LetM be an exact MF forX and letK be the semigroup for the process arising whenX is killed according toM. Getoor gives a creation and killing mechanism that expresses a stationary process with semigroupK in termsM and a stationary process with semigroupP. We extend his work and show thatM generates many birthing and/or killing constructions. Moreover we show that ifM is chosen appropriately, one of the processes we construct is a stationary excursion.
Prediction Intervals for the Weibull Process

Exact prediction intervals, based upon maximum likelihood estimation, for the kth future observation of a Weibull process are derived. For k = 1, an exact, closed-form prediction limit is given. For k > 1, the exact solution, and a simpler approximate prediction limit are both given.
Contributions of Rad9 to tumorigenesis

Rad9 plays a crucial role in maintaining genomic stability by regulating cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair, telomere stability and apoptosis. Rad9 controls these processes mainly as part of the heterotrimeric 9-1-1 (Rad9-Hus1-Rad1) complex. However, in recent years it has been demonstrated that Rad9 can also act independently of the 9-1-1 complex as a transcriptional factor, participate in immunoglobulin class switch recombination and show 3’–5’ exonuclease activity. Aberrant Rad9 expression has been associated with prostate, breast, lung, skin, thyroid and gastric cancers. High expression of Rad9 is causally related to, at least, human prostate cancer growth. On the other hand, deletion of Mrad9, the mouse homolog, is responsible for increased skin cancer incidence. These results reveal that Rad9 can act as an oncogene or tumor suppressor. Which of the many functions of Rad9 are causally related to initiation and progression of tumorigenesis and the mechanistic details by which Rad9 induces or suppresses tumorigenesis are presently not known, but are crucial for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions.
An interactive graphics approach to dimensional analysis

This paper describes an interactive approach to dimensional analysis. This approach permits the researcher and student to inspect alternative spatial representations along with a wide range of rotations. Some understanding of problems inherent in multidimensional sealing is presented to help provide an appreciation of the utility of the method.
Inactivation of C/ebp Homologous Protein-driven Immune-Metabolic Interactions Exacerbate Obesity and Adipose Tissue Leukocytosis

Successful adaptation to periods of chronic caloric excess is a highly coordinated event that is critical to the survival and propagation of species. Transcription factor C/ebp homologous protein (Chop) is thought to be an important molecular mediator that integrates nutrient signals to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and innate immune activation. Given that aberrant ER stress response is implicated in inducing metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance, we hypothesized that ER stress target gene Chop integrates immune and metabolic systems to adapt to chronic positive energy balance. Here we report that inactivation of Chop in mice fed a high fat diet led to significant increase in obesity caused by a reduction in energy expenditure without any change in food intake. Importantly, ablation of Chop does not induce metabolically healthy obesity, because Chop-deficient mice fed a high fat diet had increased hepatic steatosis with significantly higher insulin resistance. Quantification of adipose tissue leukocytosis revealed that elimination of Chop during obesity led to substantial increase in number of adipose tissue T and B lymphocytes. In addition, deficiency of Chop led to increase in total number of myeloid subpopulations like neutrophils and F4/80+ adipose tissue macrophages without any alterations in the frequency of M1- or M2-like adipose tissue macrophages. Further investigation of inflammatory mechanisms revealed that ablation of Chop increases the sensitivity of macrophages to inflammasome-induced activation of IL-β in macrophages. Our findings indicate that regulated expression of Chop during obesity is critical for adaptation to chronic caloric excess and maintenance of energy homeostasis via integration of metabolic and immune systems.
Comparative analysis of low temperature industrial refrigeration systems

Abstract This paper compares the energy performance and economics of a direct two-stage ammonia system to an ammonia–carbon dioxide cascade system for low temperature (below −40 °C) applications. Component and system models are developed for both the direct ammonia and the ammonia–carbon dioxide cascade options. These models provide the basis for quantifying the relative operating costs for both systems on annual and life-cycle bases. The analysis shows that the ammonia–carbon dioxide cascade system option using a shell-and-tube cascade condenser offers the potential for increased energy efficiency when compared to a direct two-stage ammonia system when operating with evaporating temperatures that are below −46.2 °C. For the cascade system option, the analysis shows that a shell-and-tube cascade heat exchanger with design approach temperature of 5.6 °C provides the optimal balance of system performance with capital cost.
Operationalizing physical literacy: The potential of active video games

Abstract The core idea of physical literacy is a mind-body integrated, holistic approach to physical activity. A physically literate individual is expected to be cognitively knowledgeable, physically competent, and mentally motivated for a physically active life throughout the lifespan. The advancement of technology in recent years, especially those in active video games (AVGs), seems to have allowed the mind-body integrated physical activity accessible to children at all ages. This article reviews findings from research and critique research on AVGs in light with the theoretical and pedagogical tenets of physical literacy and, on the basis of the review, elaborates the potential that AVGs could contribute to enhancing children's physical literacy.
Orientation dependence of ballistic electron transport and impact ionisation

The orientation dependence of ballistic electron transport in GaAs is investigated using the pseudopotential band structure. It is shown that a single scattering event can permit electron impact-ionisation threshold energies to be reached in the ?111? and ?100? directions. This is in contrast to ballistic calculations, where simple thresholds do not exist in these directions.
Active Specific Immunotherapy, given as adjuvant treatment, improves survival of patients with microsatellite stable colorectal tumors, but not of patients with microsatellite instable colorectal tumors

It has been documented that Active Specific Immunotherapy (ASI), given as adjuvant treatment, improves survival of patients with stage II and III colorectal cancer. Here we report on the effects of adjuvant ASI in patients with Micro Satellite Stable (MSS) versus Micro Satellite Instable (MSI) tumors. From 196 patients with stage II or stage III colorectal cancer who previously participated in the ASI trial published by Vermorken et al. in the Lancet (1999;353:345e50), we collected frozen tumor samples and/or paraffin-embedded tumor material. From this material DNA was extracted and microsatellite status was assessed. KaplaneMeier curves were plotted to determine survival associations with microsatellite status and treatment group (placebo versus adjuvant ASI treatment). From 196 of the original 256 patients participating in the trial we retrieved good quality archival tumor DNA for further analysis of microsatellite status. We subsequently identified 162 (83%) Micro Satellite Stable tumors and 34 (17%) Micro Satellite Instable tumors. Irrespective of microsatellite status, the current study showed a significant survival benefit for those patients receiving ASI treatment (P 5 0.012), as expected based on the results of Vermorken et al. New to this is that irrespective of treatment, patients with MSI tumors showed significantly fewer recurrences than patients with MSS tumors (P 5 0.03). Taking both MS status and treatment into account, we found no significant difference in survival between ASI versus placebo treated patients bearing MSI tumors. In contrast to this, we found that patients with MSS tumors benefited from ASI treatment in that ASI treated patients showed significantly improved survival (P ! 0.05). It can be concluded that ASI will benefit only patients with MSS tumors, since only they showed significant improved survival upon ASI therapy. For the MSI group there is most likely no benefit of ASI therapy. CONSTITUTIONAL SUBMICROSCOPIC GENOME IMBALANCES IN CHILDREN WITH BOTH CANCER AND A CONGENITAL ANOMALY
The differential geometry of curves in an image space of spherical kinematics

Abstract The Euler parameters of the rotation of a rigid body in space, termed a spherical displacement, may be used to define a kinematic mapping of the spherical displacement to a point on a hypersphere of unit radius. Thus the differential geometry of curves on a hypersphere reflects instantaneous properties of spherical motion. This paper presents the Frenet reference frame, the Frenet equations, and the geodesic curvature and torsion functions which are used to analyze and characterize curves on a hypersphere. Explicit formulas for the geodesic curvature and torsion of an arbitrary parameterized curve are obtained using a generalization of vector algebra known as the exterior algebra of multivectors, which we develop in detail. As an example of the application of these results we compute the local properties of the image curve of a spherical motion defined in terms of its instantaneous invariants and canonical coordinate system.
Measuring landmine size and burial depth with ground-penetrating radar

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been shown to be useful in the detection of landmines. It is of great interest to extend this capability to discrimination between landmines and other objects cluttering the battlefield environment. Wavenumber migration processing (SAR imaging) is used here to show the ability of a GPR to determine both burial depth and size of landmines. Wavenumber migration imaging is summarized and an automated algorithm for extracting size and depth is introduced. A repeatability study is presented for ten signatures from the same metallic landmine. An example of 2D wavenumber migration imaging is presented, as well as, a summary of landmine size and depth estimates from the ten signatures.
Financing Medicare in the Next Administration

Joseph P. Newhouse writes that as the candidates confront the budget deficit, they will come eyeball to eyeball with the projected increase in federal spending that is accounted for by Medicare.
Identifying Motivations for the Use of Commercial Web Sites

The uses and gratifications theoretical framework has continued to prove useful in the study of new and emerging media. In previous research on television as a medium, motivations for media use have been grouped into either process gratifications motivations associated with using the medium, like channel surfing or content gratifications motivations related to information or entertainment delivered by the medium, like watching the evening news for information. This study applies the uses and gratifications perspective to better understand the factors motivating commercial Web site use, and identifies a new media use gratification unique to the Internet: socialization using the medium to communicate with people. Through the cooperation of two major on-line companies, this research reports the results of a two-part study that begins with the identification of 179 motivations for Web use and subsequently reduces those to five primary underlying factors. These factors are discussed and related to three key indicators: frequency of Web use, frequency of computer use, and affinity with the computer. Implications for new social gratifications for Internet use are discussed, and directions for future research are proposed.
Key issues affecting the status of women

Despite progress made in increasing the official recognition given to the valuable contributions of women to the development of their countries too many societies still value men and devalue women and thus deny girls and women the same nutrition health care education legal rights and employment opportunities as men. Whereas girls are born with biological advantages that enhance their chances of survival over boys these advantages are often lost in developing countries due to discriminatory practices. Because of the role of women in reproduction family planning (FP) has led to vast improvements in womens health but figures for maternal mortality and morbidity (abortion remains a major cause of maternal death) in developing countries point to a huge unmet need for FP services. Education is the strongest variable affecting the status of women and progress is being made as can be seen by the near-universal provision of primary education for girls in most countries of Asia and Latin American and the Caribbean and by the fact that more women are receiving higher education. However investment in girls continues to lag that in boys and girls drop out of school sooner and are less likely to be trained in many disciplines. In the area of employment women have a larger share of the labor market but many must resort to work in the informal sector. In conclusion although it is now recognized that improving the status of women is key to development efforts women continue to be denied equality of opportunity. Planners and policy makers must be sensitized to gender concerns resources must be allocated to women-in-development activities and the participation of women in the formulation and implementation of development policies must be enhanced. Specific areas which should receive priority are health care and FP education and economic activities.
Support for global Science: Remote sensing's challenge

Remote sensing uses a wide variety of techniques and methods. Resulting data are analyzed by man and machine, using both analog and digital technology. The newest and most important initiatives in the U. S. civilian space program currently revolve around the space station complex, which includes the core station as well as co-orbiting and polar satellite platforms. This proposed suite of platforms and support systems offers a unique potential for facilitating long term, multidisciplinary scientific investigations on a truly global scale. Unlike previous generations of satellites, designed for relatively limited constituencies, the space station offers the potential to provide an integrated source of information which recognizes the scientific interest in investigating the dynamic coupling between the oceans, land surface, and atmosphere. Earth scientist already face problems that are truly global in extent. Problems such as the global carbon balance, regional deforestation, and desertification require new approaches, which combine multidisciplinary, multinational research teams, employing advanced technologies to produce a type, quantity, and quality of data not previously available. The challenge before the international scientific community is to continue to develop both the infrastructure and expertise to, on the one hand, develop the science and technology of remote sensing, while on the other hand, develop an integrated understanding of global life support systems, and work toward a quantiative science of the biosphere.
Compression characteristics of agglomerated food powders: Effect of agglomerate size and water activity Características de la compresión de alimentos en polvo: Efecto del tamaño del aglomerado y del contenido de humedad

The stability of food agglomerates is very important for keeping optimal instant properties as well as flow characteristics. Compression tests have been proven not only to be useful tools in char acterizing attrition, but also excellent descriptors for powder flowability. The purpose of this work was to study the effects of particle size and water activity (a w) on the compression characteristics of selected agglomerated food powders, and then to identify suitable mathematical models by using a non-linear regression program for predicting the compression characteristics of food agglomerates when partial attrition takes place. Three agglomerated food powders - non-fat milk, low fat milk and instant coffee - were classified by size into five or six fractions with a set of RX-29 sieve screens. Each fraction was conditioned at three aw levels, placed in a cylindrical compression cell, and compressed with a piston attached to the crosshead of a TA-XT2 texture analyser. The crosshead speed was 1 mm/s in all tes...
Suppression of cylotoxic effect of mitomycin-C by superoxide dismutase in Fanconi's anemia and dyskeratosis congenita fibroblasts

Survival curves were determined for several human diploid fibroblast strains treated with mitomycin-C (MMC) with or without concomitant incubation with superoxide dismutase (SOD). These included cells from patients with Fanconi's anemia (FA), dyskeratosis congenita (DC) a disorder related to FA, Gardner's syndrome (GS) and xeroderma pigmentosum grop C (XPC). Incubation with SOD had no effect on MMC-induced cytotoxicity in the two normal cell strains, XPC or GS. Although GM2053 (FA) and two DC strains showed intermediate sensitivity to killing by MMC similar to XPC and GS, the survival of these cell strains was increased approximately 2-4 times after 0.5 microgram/ml of MMC by concomitant treatment with SOD. Survival of the most MMC sensitive cell strain GM1309 (FA) was sharply increased by adding SOD; survival was enhanced about 15-fold after treatment with 0.1 microgram/ml of MMC. SOD induced no enhancement of survival in MMC treated normal cells at survival levels down to nearly 10(-3). We propose that the hypersensitivity to MMC cytoxicity in FA and DC cells may involve among other factors a deficiency in the inactivation of certain free radical intermediates.
Understanding Rape Survivors' Preparations for Court

This article concerns rape survivors' preparation for courtroom appearances. It is an inductive analysis of face-to-face interviews and courtroom observation. The study builds on research about resistance to rape, reporting, the prosecution of rape, and anthropological studies of legal consciousness. It begins with descriptions of survivors' preparation activities: appearance work, rehearsal, emotion work, team building, role research, and case enhancement. It then explores how survivors' legal experience and knowledge of the legal system, awareness of dominant cultural understandings of rape, personal sense of efficacy, and the quality of their interactions with prosecutors lead them to prepare more or less intensively for their court appearances.
FBPSK, power and spectrally efficient modulation for PCS and satellite broadcasting applications

FBPSK, a new modulation technique which leads to nonlinear amplified power efficient BPSK modulated systems is presented. This technique has an offset quadrature modulator structure, and uses a nonlinear FQPSK processor to smooth the pulse shape of the transmitted data. FBPSK can be nonlinearly amplified using C class type of amplifiers with minimum spectral regeneration leading to power and spectrally efficient systems compared to conventional BPSK in both satellite and PCS applications. It can deliver 1 Watt output power compared to 150 mWatt for BPSK, and reduces spectral regeneration by a minimum of 18 dB in wireless LAN applications. FBPSK is compatible with BPSK, and can be demodulated using conventional BPSK receivers. The BER performance of FBPSK in AWGN channels has a less than 1.1 dB degradation compared to a BER of 10/sup -4/ for BPSK. FBPSK increases the power output and spectral efficiency, extends the battery life, and reduces the radiation compared to BPSK modulated systems.
In vitro‐in vivo extrapolation of quantitative hepatic biotransformation data for fish. II. Modeled effects on chemical bioaccumulation

Hypothetical in vitro biotransformation rate and affinity values for fish were extrapolated to a set of in vivo whole-body metabolism rate constants. A one-compartment model was then used to investigate potential effects of metabolism on chemical bioaccumulation as a function of octanol/water partitioning (Kow). In a second model-based effort, in vitro data were incorporated into a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for fish. The two models predict similar effects on bioaccumulation when calculated in vivo intrinsic clearance values (CL(IN VIVO,INT) are less than 50% of estimated liver blood flow (Q(LIVER). When CL(IN VIVO,INT) approaches Q(LIVER), the PBTK model predicts a greater effect on bioaccumulation than the one-compartment model. This result is attributed to the structure of the PBTK model, which provides for first-pass clearance of chemicals taken up from food. Uncertainties inherent to in vitro-in vivo extrapolations of hepatic metabolism data include the effects of protein binding, inaccurate estimation of in vivo metabolism by in vitro assays, and failure to account for metabolism in other tissues. Model-based predictions of bioaccumulation within a natural setting also must account for possible metabolism at multiple trophic levels. The models described in this study can be used to perform in vitro-in vivo metabolism comparisons with fish, estimate in vitro biotransformation parameters on the basis of measured chemical residues in field-collected animals, and calculate the level of in vitro metabolic activity required to limit bioaccumulation of all compounds to a specified value.
Songbird frequency selectivity and temporal resolution vary with sex and season.

Many species of songbirds exhibit dramatic seasonal variation in song output. Recent evidence suggests that seasonal changes in auditory processing are coincident with seasonal variation in vocal output. Here, we show, for the first time, that frequency selectivity and temporal resolution of the songbird auditory periphery change seasonally and in a sex-specific manner. Male and female house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ) did not differ in their frequency sensitivity during the non-breeding season, nor did they differ in their temporal resolution. By contrast, female house sparrows showed enhanced frequency selectivity during the breeding season, which was matched by a concomitant reduction of temporal resolution. However, males failed to show seasonal plasticity in either of these auditory properties. We discuss potential mechanisms generating these seasonal patterns and the implications of sex-specific seasonal changes in auditory processing for vocal communication.
Performance-aware scheduler synthesis for control systems

We consider the problem of designing a cyber-physical system where several control loops share the same architectural resources. Typically, the design of such systems proceeds in two steps. In the platform independent step, for each control loop in the system, the control designer calculates a control law and a sampling time that together ensure that the control loop has certain desired performance. Then, in the platform dependent step, these control tasks are scheduled on the platform, and a schedulability analysis determines if (and how) the control laws can be implemented and scheduled without missing the sampling deadlines. In this paper, we explore an alternative controller-scheduler co-design approach that aims to achieve optimal performance for all the individual control loops maintaining fairness. We first analyze the control systems to find out the rates at which control signals should be dropped to maintain schedulability and the optimal performance. We then use the rates to compute a schedule statically. We show a control theoretic approach to compute the effect of the rate of drops on the performance of the control systems and provide an SMT-based scheduling algorithm that takes as input control tasks, their periods, worst-case execution times, and their rate of drops, and outputs a static schedule that optimizes the performance of the control systems. We demonstrate our results through a case study on a family of inverted pendulums sharing the same processor for their control computations.
Surface chemistry of Ni induced graphite formation on the 6H-SiC (0 0 0 1) surface and its implications for graphene synthesis

Abstract Ni films ranging in thickness from 0.4 nm to 50 nm were deposited by evaporation onto terraced SiC (0 0 0 1) substrates at room temperature and annealed at 700 °C. The resulting changes in surface composition and morphology were characterized using Auger electron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. In all cases, graphitic films dominate the surface chemistry. There appears to be three different thickness dependent morphology regimes. For the thinnest Ni films (0.4 nm), there is a uniform carbon-overlayer. For slightly thicker Ni films (0.6–9.6 nm), clustering and platelet formation are observed, and for still thicker films (50 nm), the platelets give way to hillocks. Within the platelet regime, there is a critical thickness at which surface roughening occurs. These results reveal a potential parametric window in which graphene may be produced and harvested.
Design of the x-kernel

The x-kernel is a configurable operating system kernel designed to support experimentation in interprocess communication and distributed programming. The x-kernel's underlying architecture provides a rich set of abstractions that are used to construct and compose communication protocols. The architecture is interesting because the abstractions are both general enough to accommodate a wide range of protocols and efficient enough to provide a useful testbed in which protocol performance can be accurately measured.
Microarray analysis of vegetative phase change in maize

*† Summary Vegetative phase change is the developmental transition from the juvenile phase to the adult phase in which a plant becomes competent for sexual reproduction. The gain of ability to flower is often accompanied by changes in patterns of differentiation in newly forming vegetative organs. In maize, juvenile leaves differ from adult leaves in morphology, anatomy and cell wall composition. Whereas the normal sequence of juvenile followed by adult is repeated with every sexual generation, this sequence can be altered in maize by the isolation and culture of the shoot apex from an adult phase plant: an ‘adult’ meristem so treated reverts to forming juvenile vegetative organs. To begin to unravel the as-yet poorly understood molecular mechanisms underlying phase change in maize, we compared gene expression in two juvenile sample types, leaf 4 and culture-derived leaves 3 or 4, with an adult sample type (leaf 9) using cDNA microarrays. All samples were leaf primordia at plastochron 6. A gene was scored as ‘phase induced’ if it was up- or downregulated in both juvenile sample types, compared with the adult sample type, with at least a twofold change in gene expression at a P-value of £0.005. Some 221 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were upregulated in juveniles, and 28 ESTs were upregulated in adults. The largest class of juvenile-induced genes was comprised of those involved in photosynthesis, suggesting that maize plants are primed for energy production early in vegetative growth by the developmental induction of photosynthetic genes.
Measuring Nonmonetary Utilities in Uncertain Choices: The Ellsberg Urn

Introduction, 324. — I. The Ellsberg problem, 326. — II. Probabilistic interpretation, 326. — III. Utility interpretation, 327. — IV. Measuring nonmonetary utility, 328.
Synthetic ultraviolet light filtering chemical contamination of coastal waters of Virgin Islands national park, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands

Contamination of surface waters by synthetic ultraviolet light (UV) filtering chemicals is a concern for the Virgin Islands National Park (VINP). Discrete water samples were collected from VINP bays to determine UV filter chemical presence in the coastal waters. Spatial distribution and the potential for partitioning between subsurface waters and the sea surface microlayer (SML) were also examined. The UV filter chemicals 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, benzophenone-3, octinoxate, homosalate, and octocrylene were detected at concentrations up to 6073 ng/L (benzophenone-3). Concentrations for benzophenone-3 and homosalate declined exponentially (r(2)=0.86 to 0.98) with distance from the beach. Limited data indicate that some UV filter chemicals may partition to the SML relative to the subsurface waters. Contamination of VINP coastal waters by UV filter chemicals may be a significant issue, but an improved understanding of the temporal and spatial variability of their concentrations would be necessary to better understand the risk they present.
Abstract B48: Exploiting aberrant mTOR signaling in hematological malignancies to preferentially enlarge cells for physicochemical destruction

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has received considerable attention as a potential target for cancer chemotherapy, as aberrant mTOR regulation has been found in a tremendous diversity of malignancies. Such targeted therapies are designed to inhibit mTOR, thereby decreasing oncogenic potential within the cell. However, overexpression of mTOR may also be exploited to further increase the size differential between malignant and normal cells, a hallmark that is the basis of physicochemical therapeutic approaches. Therefore, this study sought to compare the physiological responses of malignant and normal blood cells after exposure to rapamycin, a known inhibitor of mTOR. U937 human promyelocytic leukemia cells were compared with human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs) at varying rapamycin concentrations to assess which cell type was more sensitive to mTOR inhibition. Subsequent results indicated that while both cell lines exhibited a marked reduction in cell volume, only U937 cells were able to readily proliferate in the presence of rapamycin. These effects were readily observed in as little as 2nM rapamycin, demonstrating the profound affinity the inhibitor has for mTOR. Further, size reduction could be rescued in U937 cells using vincristine, creating a substantial size differential between malignant and normal blood cell populations. This ultimately suggests that mTOR can be exploited to preferentially enlarge malignant cells for physicochemical destruction, providing a novel therapeutic approach for leukemia and other hematological malignancies. Citation Format: Matthew Trendowski, Gabriela Krawiec, Thomas P. Fondy. Exploiting aberrant mTOR signaling in hematological malignancies to preferentially enlarge cells for physicochemical destruction. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Targeting the PI3K-mTOR Network in Cancer; Sep 14-17, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(7 Suppl):Abstract nr B48.
Sparse Depth Calculation Using Real-Time Key-Point Detection and Structure from Motion for Advanced Driver Assist Systems

This paper presents a system for calculating depth using a single camera with a focus on advanced driver assist systems. The proposed system consists of an improved structure from motion (SfM) approach. First, a novel multi-scale fast feature point detector (MFFPD) is proposed for detecting key-points in the image in real-time with high accuracy. Secondly, a method is presented for sparse depth calculation at the detected key-points locations using multi-view 3D modeling. The proposed SfM system is capable of processing multiple video frames from a single planar or fisheye camera setup and is resilient to camera calibration parameter drifts. The algorithm pipeline is implemented using OpenCV/C++. Results are presented for sets of images that contain temporal motion and sets that contain lateral motion corresponding, respectively, to views from the front and side video cameras of a car.
Use of Low Temperature Si MBE Growth Techniques for High Performance SiGe/Si Electronics

Through the use of low temperature Si molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), we have fabricated high performance Si1-x Gex/Si heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) and bipolar inversion-channel field effect transistors (BICFETs). Our growth method employs a high temperature Si-assisted desorption followed by MBE growth at a temperature only slightly in excess of the critical temperature for two-dimensional layer-by-layer growth. {xc1} At this temperature, segregation of Sb has previously been shown to be kinetically limited. {xc2} In addition, significantly more strain can be frozen into such an epitaxial layer as compared with those grown at higher temperatures.{xc3} Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) data verify the abruptness of the Sb doping profiles in our device structures. High resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) data are consistent with planar, coherently strained Si1-x Gex layers in our HBTs. A gain of 2690 (3210) is observed in our BICFETs at 300 K (7 K).
Demonstration of metastatic melanoma by Tc-99m sestamibi imaging.

A 65-year-old man who had malignant melanoma that started from the nail bed of the left thumb was found to have multiple metastases for which numerous local radiation therapies were given. Because of the known tumor-seeking property of Tc-99m hexakis complexes and encouraged by the In vitro cell line study that demonstrated Increased uptake of Tc-99m sestamibi by malignant cells, a dose of Tc99m-sestamibl was administered and whole-body Images were obtained. Numerous metastatic tumor masses, including a few that were not palpable and not suspected, were visualized.
Adaptive Control for Small Fixed-Wing Unmanned Air Vehicles

A igh t control system capable of operating a small unmanned air vehicle from the linear igh t regime into high angle of attack igh t has been developed. An adaptive controller has been developed to enable this capability. The control law is based on approximate dynamic inversion and utilizes a neural network which is trained on-line to cancel the model errors present in the model inversion. The controller has been implemented as the attitude-command-attitude-hold portion of the vehicle’s autopilot. This controller has shown benets over traditional linear controllers even in the linear igh t regime both in robustness to model errors and in command tracking performance. Presented in this paper is the development of the controller. Simulation results of the controller will show the benets of adaption in the presence of model error.
An International Working Conference on Nutrition and Infection.

(1969). An International Working Conference on Nutrition and Infection. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 199-216.
The curative effect analysis of IVIG on severe drug eruption for children

Objective:To summarize the clinical experience of IVIG associated with corticosteroid for the children with severe drug eruption. Methods: To contrast IVIG associated with corticosteroid for 15 cases(the treat group) and pure corticosteroid for 16 cases(the control group),to analyse the effect time and the total curative effect. Results: The effect time of the treat group was greatly shorter than that of the control group(t=2.619,P0.05),the total curative effect of the treat group was better than that of the control group too(χ~2=9.05,P0.05). Conclusions: IVIG associated with corticosteroid for the children with severe drug eruption has reliable curative effect and short average relief time.It's a valuable way to be spreaded.
Risk factors of artrioventricular block after transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects

Ventricular septal defect(VSD)is one of the most common congenital cardiac malformations.Since the Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder in treatment of VSD developed,with advances in transcatheter treatment options,percutaneous device closure of VSD has become a safe and practical alternative for surgical repair.The initial clinical experience of using this method has been very encouraging with results showing a high rate of complete closure and a low incidence of complications at mid-term follow-up.However,closure device of perimembranous VSD may resulted in complete artrioventricular block.In this article,the risk factors and preventive measures of artrioventricular block after percutaneous device closure of VSD were reviewed.
Primary congenital and secondary acquired splenic panhematopenia.

1. The spleen is an organ of multiple structures and many functions, but in the interests of human health and disease, it is probably far more important pathologically than physiologically. 2. It has been abundantly proved that instability in splenic functional balance toward any one of the essential elements of the blood passing through this organ may be an inherited trait, as in congenital hemolytic icterus. Recognition is now made of a syndrome in which, despite intensive compensatory panmyeloid hyperplasia, indiscriminate elimination of all circulating elements occurs, actually simulating panmyeloid hypoplasia. Splenectomy in such a syndrome is often dramatically curative. "Primary splenic panhematopenia" is suggested as an appropriate descriptive designation. 3. The potentially important role which may be played by the spleen, secondarily involved in a wide variety of syndromes, with the precipitation of varying degrees of peripheral cellular disequilibria, demands careful diagnostic discrimination. A dependable experience in the specific technics by which bone marrow and splenic functions are appraised is essential to sound judgment and clinical acumen. 4. The normal spleen is apparently not essential to life and health at any age and, therefore, may be surgically removed without prejudice to future hemolytopoietic equilibria and longevity. The pathologic spleen may at times constitute a very real hazard to health and an actual threat to survival; in the more acute syndromes, prompt surgical intervention may be lifesaving.
Climate constrains lake community and ecosystem responses to introduced predators

Human activities have resulted in rising temperatures and the introduction or extirpation of top predators worldwide. Both processes generate cascading impacts throughout food webs and can jeopardize important ecosystem services. We examined the impact of fish stocking on communities and ecosystems in California mountain lakes across an elevation (temperature and dissolved organic carbon) gradient to determine how trophic cascades and ecosystem function vary with climate. Here, we show that the impact of fish on the pelagic consumer-to-producer biomass ratio strengthened at low elevation, while invertebrate community composition and benthic ecosystem rates (periphyton production and litter decomposition) were most influenced by predators at high elevation. A warming climate may therefore alter the stability of lake ecosystems by shifting the strength of top-down control by introduced predators over food web structure and function.
Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases EthA and MymA Are Required for Activation of Replicating and Non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibitors

Summary Successful treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection typically requires a complex regimen administered over at least 6 months. Interestingly, many of the antibiotics used to treat M. tuberculosis are prodrugs that require intracellular activation. Here, we describe three small molecules, active against both replicating and non-replicating M. tuberculosis , that require activation by Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs). Two molecules require BVMO EthA (Rv3854c) for activation and the third molecule requires the BVMO MymA (Rv3083). While EthA is known to activate the antitubercular drug ethionamide, this is the first description of MymA as an activating enzyme of a prodrug. Furthermore, we found that MymA also plays a role in activating ethionamide, with loss of MymA function resulting in ethionamide-resistant M. tuberculosis . These findings suggest overlap in function and specificity of the BVMOs in M. tuberculosis .
Molecular genetic approach to the study of phototransduction in Drosophila

It has become apparent that phototransduction is a complex process involving multiple molecular components. Therefore, a major task in unravelling phototransduction is to derine precisely the functional roles of these molecular components and their interrelationships. The newly developed techniques of molecular genetics may be useful for achieving these goals because they make available a systematic approach to study these problems. In this paper, a specific example of studies utilizing these techniques to analyze a Drosophila mutation (trp.) which directly affects phototransduction is discussed. A general plan to study the trp. gene is also outlined in order to provide a framework for examining the potential contributions of this approach.