cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Harmony in a sequent setting

In response to a problem pointed out by Steinberger (2009), the Harmony Principle of Tennant forthcoming (b) is here given a sequent formulation in order better to illustrate its application to the existential quantifier. 1. The Harmony of the rules for the standard existential quantifier The usual definition of the notion ‘φ is a (logically) stronger proposition than ψ’ is that one can deduce ψ from φ, but not conversely. An alternative definition, which will prove useful for present purposes, is that from any sequent of the form Γ, ψ:θ one can derive the sequent Γ, φ:θ. This stress on the respective roles of φ and of ψ in arguments goes back to §3 of Frege’s Begriffsschrift, where he defined identity of the propositional content of two sentences in terms of their intersubstitutability, salva validitate, as premises of arguments. Definition. Let A(x) be a formula with just the variable x free. Then for any closed term term t, we define A(t) to be the sentence that results from A(x) by replacing all free occurrences of x with occurrences of t. We shall also abbreviate ∃xA(x) to ∃xA. In sequent form, the rule of existential introduction (or ‘∃ on the right’) is (∃-I) Δ:A(t) , Δ:∃xA and the rule of existential elimination (or ‘∃ on the left’) is (∃-E) Δ, A(a):ψ where a does not occur in the lower sequent. Δ,∃xA:ψ Lemma 1. Suppose φ satisfies the conditions on ∃xA in the statement of (∃-I). Then by making full use of (∃-E) – but no use of (∃-I) – we can show that ∃xA is at least as strong as φ, i.e. from any sequent of the form Γ, φ:θ we can derive the sequent Γ, ∃xA:θ. Proof. That φ satisfies the conditions on ∃xA in the statement of (∃-I) means that the following sequent-inference (†) may be used:
Methamphetamine causes anorexia in Drosophila melanogaster, exhausting metabolic reserves and contributing to mortality

Methamphetamine (MA) appears to produce neurotoxic effects, in part, through disruptions of energy metabolism. A recent study of the whole-body proteome of Drosophila melanogaster showed many changes in energy metabolism-related proteins, leading us to hypothesize that MA toxicity may cause whole-body disruptions of energy metabolism. To test this, we monitored the response of energy reserves and other metabolites to MA-exposure with and without the addition of dietary glucose. We also monitored changes in feeding behavior, locomotor activity and respiration rates associated with MA-exposure to investigate how MA affects energy balance. We observed that glycogen and triglyceride levels decreased dramatically within 48 hr of MA-exposure, indicating a strongly negative caloric balance. Behavioral assays revealed that MA-treated flies decreased food consumption by 60-80% and exhibited a 2-fold increase in locomotion. Caloric expenditure decreased with MA-exposure, apparently due to a compensatory decrease in resting metabolism, showing that anorexia was the primary driver of the negative caloric balance. Additionally, we observed that glucose supplementation of MA-containing diet increased glycogen reserves by 44% at 48 hr, leading to a commensurate increase in survivorship. We conclude that dietary sugar supplementation enhances survivorship by partially compensating for decreased caloric intake resulting from MA-induced anorexia. The observation that MA produces similar behavioral changes in Drosophila and humans, i.e. increased locomotor activity and anorexia, further supports the use of Drosophila as a model organism for the study of the effects of MA.
Use of a Two-Phase Thermosyphon as a Low-Cost, High-Performance Economizer for Refrigeration Systems

The electricity consumption of residential and commercial refrigerators is significant in the United States. A natural choice then is to use the low outside temperatures for cooling to reduce electricity usage for residential refrigerators. Our solution is to use two phase close thermosyphon as an economizer during the cold season to take advantage of colder outside temperatures. Benefits of the thermosyphon include a high heat carrying capability with a small temperature drop, low cost, and the ability to behave as a thermal diode. In this work, a model is adapted from the literature to investigate the effect of working fluids, filling ratio and heat input on the performance of thermosyphon for refrigeration applications. Among the working fluids explored ammonia provided the best performance, followed by methanol. Experimental results are also presented for a thermosyphon residing in a simulated refrigeration configuration. The measured temperatures agree well with model predictions. The result demonstrates it is able to maintain temperature drop with applicable range.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effects of prostaglandin F2α on cerebral cortical evoked potentials

Abstract The cerebral cortical action of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) has been determined by recording the effects of intracarotid injections of PGF2α on cerebral evoked potentials. PGF2α differentially reduced cortical evoked potentials. The cortical action of PGF2α appeared to be qualitatively identical with that of norepinephrine (NE) but weaker. A protection of the cortex from the inhibitory action of NE by a preceding dose of PGF2α was demonstrated. The actions of both PGF2α and NE appear to be on the same or related postsynaptic receptors. The actions described were at doses that did not reduce oxygen availability. PGF2α may act as a modulator of adrenergic transmission in the cortex. The intracellular recording in the companion paper supplies the further critical evidence that PGF2α has a synaptic inhibitory action.
Explicit Matrix Solution of the Discretized Thermal Regenerator Model

A matrix approach to the discretized model of the thermal regenerator is used to develop an explicit analytical expression, which calculates both the transients and the periodic steady state temperatures. The cyclic steady state solution is reduced to a system of linear equations for the initial temperatures in each of the compartments. This methodology can be applied to the cases of cocurrent or countercurrent flow directions as well as symmetric or asymmetric lengths and switching times. An eigenvalue analysis using this model shows the approach of the thermal regenerator toward the cyclic steady state. Results are also compared to previous data of other investigators.
Molecular physics and chemistry applications of quantum Monte Carlo

We discuss recent work with the diffusion quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) method in its application to molecular systems. The formal correspondence of the imaginary-time Schrodinger equation to a diffusion equation allows one to calculate quantum mechanical expectation values as Monte Carlo averages over an ensemble of random walks. We report work on atomic and molecular total energies, as well as properties including electron affinities, binding energies, reaction barriers, and moments of the electronic charge distribution. A brief discussion is given on how standard QMC must be modified for calculating properties. Calculated energies and properties are presented for a number of molecular systems, including He, F, F−, H2, N, and N2. Recent progress in extending the basic QMC approach to the calculation of “analytic” (as opposed to finite-difference) derivatives of the energy is presented, together with an H2 potential-energy curve obtained using analytic derivatives.
Current and Potential Distributions of Three Non-Native Invasive Plants in the Contiguous USA

ABSTRACT: Biological invasions pose a serious threat to biodiversity, but monitoring for invasive species is time consuming and costly. Understanding where species have the potential to invade enables land managers to focus monitoring efforts. In this paper, we compared two simple types of models to predict the potential distributions of three non-native invasive plants (Geranium robertianum, Hedera spp., and Ilex aquifolium) in the contiguous USA. We developed models based on the climatic requirements of the species as reported in the literature (literature-based) and simple climate envelope models based on the climate where the species already occur (observation-based). We then compared the results of these models with the current species distributions. Most models accurately predicted occurrences, but overall accuracy was often low because these species have not yet spread throughout their potential ranges. However, literature-based models for Geranium and observation-based models for Ilex illustrated ...
Whole-exome sequencing of a pedigree segregating asthma

Background Despite the success of genome-wide association studies for asthma, few, if any, definitively causal variants have been identified and there is still a substantial portion of the heritability of the disease yet to be discovered. Some of this “missing heritability” may be accounted for by family-specific coding variants found to be segregating with asthma.
A database of macromolecular motions

We describe a database of macromolecular motions meant to be of general use to the structural community. The database, which is accessible on the World Wide Web with an entry point at http://bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/ MolMovDB , attempts to systematize all instances of protein and nucleic acid movement for which there is at least some structural information. At present it contains >120 motions, most of which are of proteins. Protein motions are further classified hierarchically into a limited number of categories, first on the basis of size (distinguishing between fragment, domain and subunit motions) and then on the basis of packing. Our packing classification divides motions into various categories (shear, hinge, other) depending on whether or not they involve sliding over a continuously maintained and tightly packed interface. In addition, the database provides some indication about the evidence behind each motion (i.e. the type of experimental information or whether the motion is inferred based on structural similarity) and attempts to describe many aspects of a motion in terms of a standardized nomenclature (e.g. the maximum rotation, the residue selection of a fixed core, etc.). Currently, we use a standard relational design to implement the database. However, the complexity and heterogeneity of the information kept in the database makes it an ideal application for an object-relational approach, and we are moving it in this direction. Specifically, in terms of storing complex information, the database contains plausible representations for motion pathways, derived from restrained 3D interpolation between known endpoint conformations. These pathways can be viewed in a variety of movie formats, and the database is associated with a server that can automatically generate these movies from submitted coordinates.
Unmet Need for Mental Health Care in Schizophrenia: An Overview of Literature and New Data From a First-Admission Study

We present an overview of the literature on the patterns of mental health service use and the unmet need for care in individuals with schizophrenia with a focus on studies in the United States. We also present new data on the longitudinal course of treatments from a study of first-admission patients with schizophrenia. In epidemiological surveys, approximately 40% of the respondents with schizophrenia report that they have not received any mental health treatments in the preceding 6-12 months. Clinical epidemiological studies also find that many patients virtually drop out of treatment after their index contact with services and receive little mental health care in subsequent years. Clinical studies of patients in routine treatment settings indicate that the treatment patterns of these patients often fall short of the benchmarks set by evidence-based practice guidelines, while at least half of these patients continue to experience significant symptoms. The divergence from the guidelines is more pronounced with regard to psychosocial than medication treatments and in outpatient than in inpatient settings. The expansion of managed care has led to further reduction in the use of psychosocial treatments and, in some settings, continuity of care. In conclusion, we found a substantial level of unmet need for care among individuals with schizophrenia both at community level and in treatment settings. More than half of the individuals with this often chronic and disabling condition receive either no treatment or suboptimal treatment. Recovery in this patient population cannot be fully achieved without enhancing access to services and improving the quality of available services. The recent expansion of managed care has made this goal more difficult to achieve.
Chapter 7:Structural Chemistry of Bimetallic Oxides Constructed from Molybdodiphosphonate Building Blocks

One approach to the design of new inorganic oxides exploits the introduction of organic molecules as structure-directing components. For example, the building block strategy links molecular oxide clusters through organic tethers or secondary metal-ligand subunits in the design of organic–inorganic hybrid materials. Specifically, oxomolybdenum organophosphonate clusters may act as nodes from which organic tethers and secondary metal coordination complex cations radiate as spokes to provide 1D, 2D, or 3D connectivities.Materials of the MII-ligand/MoxOy diphosphonate family exhibit a diverse structural chemistry, reflecting a variety of structural determinants and their interplay. Manipulation of the architectures of these materials may be accomplished by variations in the tether lengths or tether geometries of the diphosphonate ligand, the identity of the secondary metal and its coordination preferences, the identity, denticity and steric requirements of the ligand to the secondary metal, and the substitution of fluoride for oxide in the molybdate subunit. The structures of the MII ligand/MoxOy-diphosphonate family will be discussed in terms of these factors.
Slavic Folklore, the Library, and the Web: A Case-study of Subject-Specific Collaborative Information Literacy at the University of Kansas

This case study describes the ongoing integration of information literacy (IL) into a large undergraduate general education course on Slavic folklore at the University of Kansas. The purpose of the case study is to provide practical examples that Slavic librarians and other colleagues may find useful in the development of their own customized library instruction program.
A new indicator of fireworks emissions in Rochester, New York.

In ambient particle source apportionment studies, data for holidays such as July 4 (US Independence Day) are normally removed because of the high concentrations of chemical species and unusually high particle mass concentrations that are due to fireworks. Many cultures celebrate events with fireworks. A near real-time measurement that could indicate fireworks would be useful in indicating their impact on air quality. Commonly monitored ambient pollutants include PM2.5, CO, SO2, O3, 10–500-nm particle number, and black carbon (BC). Using a two-wavelength aethalometer, another parameter, delta-C (UVBC370 nm–BC880 nm, aethalometer), can be calculated. These variables were continuously monitored during July 1–7, 2005–2010, in Rochester, New York. High delta-C values are normally associated with biomass combustion particles. However, statistically higher delta-C values were observed on Independence Day compared to the other period. Back trajectory analysis showed transport of local fireworks smoke to the sampling site on the night of July 4. An enhanced correlation between delta-C and BC during the fireworks episodes suggests changes from the usual BC sources. Fireworks emissions changed the ambient carbonaceous particulate species during these intervals. The delta-C value was found to be a readily measured indicator of fireworks emissions during periods when wood combustion was not likely to be present and provides a tool for monitoring such emissions where they might be more common such as amusement parks.
Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronic Heart Failure: The Role of the Endothelium in Pathophysiology and Management

Pulmonary vascular resistance is frequently elevated in patients with chronic left ventricular failure as a result of dysregulation of vascular smooth muscle tone and structural remodeling. The former is reversible over a period of minutes to days by pharmacological vasodilators, whereas the latter is relatively fixed and may resolve only slowly, over months to years. These abnormalities are due, at least in part, to pulmonary vascular endothelial dysfunction that results in impaired nitric oxide availability and increased endothelin expression. In patients with chronic heart failure, the resulting pulmonary hypertension directly affects right ventricular function and may affect exercise capacity, morbidity, and mortality. New treatment strategies, which include the use of agents that increase nitric oxide availability or oppose the actions of endothelin, may improve the structure and function of the pulmonary vasculature in patients with chronic heart failure.
Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Images of Murine Cardiac Function at Physiologic Heart Rates

Cine cardiac magnetic resonance images of intact, adult mice at a heart rate of ≈550 beats/min (>9 beats/s) were acquired at 4.7 T during light isoflurane-inhaled sedation. Figure 1 shows spin-echo magnetic resonance images (repetition time, ≈600 ms; echo time, 11 ms; 2-mm slice thickness; …
Enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA): II. Detection of carbohydrate groups on the surface of unfixed cells

An enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) has been developed to detect specific carbohydrate units on the surface of unfixed cells. The assay may be read in standard ELISA plate readers, since the cell-bound enzyme-lectin conjugate is specifically eluted from the cells prior to development of the conjugate. ELLA, when read in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate reader, allows better detection and relative quantitation of specific surface carbohydrate units than is possible by standard immunofluorescence with fluorescein-conjugated lectins.
A Numerical Modeling Technique for Estimating Sulfur Dioxide Dry Deposition Due to Local Source Emissions

This paper describes a methodology for estimating the effect of local source emissions on dry deposition of sulfur dioxide in regions of complex terrain. Airflow in complex terrain is simulated by a time-dependent dynamical model for the meteorological fields. The results of the dynamical model are used to drive a semi-stochastic Lagrangian dispersion model in order to evaluate concentrations resulting from local source emissions. The Lagrangian dispersion model is coupled with a dry deposition treatment which includes the effects of both surface properties and micrometeoroiogical factors on deposition. A sample application is discussed for a source in the Shenandoah Valley. The largest concentrations and deposition rates were obtained shortly after sunrise, during the transition from the nocturnal to the daytime flow regime. These results suggest that dry deposition may be episodic.
Estuarine processes and their stratigraphic record: paleosalinity and sedimentation changes in the Hudson Estuary (North America)

Paleosalinity estimates and rates of sedimentation inferred from core samples from the Hudson estuary for the interval between 6.4 and 1.3 ka indicate a possible role for the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) in influencing patterns of estuarine sedimentation at centennial to millennial time scales. Currently in the estuary, sedimentation is localized via sediment trapping particularly in the vicinity of the ETM, 13–26 km upstream from Battery Park (FBP) at the southern tip of Manhattan, in water depths greater than 4 m, and on the western side of the estuary. Data presented in this paper are from cores located within the segment of the estuary 29–50 km FBP. Age constraints are provided by C-14 dating. Paleoenvironmental interpretations are based upon paleosalinity estimates, grain size variability, and sedimentary structures. Paleosalinity was inferred on the basis of foraminiferal biofacies analysis and a new method for estimating summertime paleosalinity using oxygen isotope measurements in bivalve shell material. The isotopic analysis of a narrow size fraction (1.0– 1.7 mm) representing summer growth of a single bivalve species (Gemma gemma) reduces the uncertainty related to annual changes in temperature. Data from f45 km FBP indicate a gradual decrease in summertime paleosalinity between 6.4 and 2.0 ka from 25–20x to 15–10x (the latter is similar to present-day values). These results are consistent with the conclusion of an earlier low-resolution study. Sedimentation rates are generally low and are similar to the rate of sea-level rise in the Hudson River. Lowest sedimentation rates are noted in short ( 2.3 to f1.3 ka). We hypothesize that the observed pattern in sediment accumulation relates to a location for the ETM some 20 km upstream of its present position at 3 ka. Downstream migration of the ETM since 3 ka is ascribed to shoaling of the estuary, effectively squeezing the marine saltwater wedge in the same direction, and off marginal flats into the channel. Such shoaling would have enhanced the role of waves in mixing marine and fresher surface water, and reduced the effect of the ETM in
Intravascular ultrasound for angiographically indeterminant left main coronary artery disease.

The precise diagnosis of the presence of significant left main coronary artery disease has profound prognostic and therapeutic implications. Coronary cineangiography has shown to be imprecise and inaccurate to determine the percent stenosis of the left main coronary artery. We report a case with significant left main coronary artery disease in whom coronary cineangiography was in discordance with the clinical data and intravascular ultrasonography. Based on the intravascular ultrasound findings, the patient underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Therefore, the intravascular ultrasonography may be the procedure of choice for assessing indeterminant left main coronary artery lesions by coronary angiography. intravascular ultrasound, left main coronary artery, coronary cineangiography
Diabetic retinopathy: recent advances towards understanding neurodegeneration and vision loss

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common retinal diseases world-wide. It has a complex pathology that involves the vasculature of the inner retina and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. Extensive research has determined that DR is not only a vascular disease but also has a neurodegenerative component and that essentially all types of cells in the retina are affected, leading to chronic loss of visual function. A great deal of work using animal models of DR has established the loss of neurons and pathology of other cell types, including supporting glial cells. There has also been an increased emphasis on measuring retinal function in the models, as well as further validation and extension of the animal studies by clinical and translational research. This article will attempt to summarize the more recent developments in research towards understanding the complexities of retinal neurodegeneration and functional vision loss in DR.
Prediction of cardiovascular event risk reduction from lipid changes associated with high potency dyslipidemia therapy.

AbstractBackground:Epidemiological data suggests for every 1% reduction in LDL-C there is a corresponding 1–1.5% reduction in cardiovascular events (CVEs). Additionally, for every 2–3% increase in HDL-C there is a reduction in CVEs by 2–4% that is independent of LDL-C. With numerous treatment options for managing dyslipidemia, it is important to evaluate agents that result in the greatest reduction of CVEs.Objective:To compare current high-potency dyslipidemia pharmacotherapy with respect to changes in LDL-C and HDL-C and estimate risk reductions for CVEs.Methods:This study is an analysis of existing published studies for dyslipidemia products marketed in the US. Literature searches were conducted using Medline, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Embase, and CINAH to identify trials for niacin extended-release and lovastatin (NER/L); niacin extended-release and simvastatin (NER/S); rosuvastatin (R); and, ezetimibe/simvastatin (E/S) from database inception to 1 May 2009. Demographics and changes from ...
Medical marijuana laws in 50 states: investigating the relationship between state legalization of medical marijuana and marijuana use, abuse and dependence.

a b s t r a c t Background: Marijuana is the most frequently used illicit substance in the United States. Little is known of the role that macro-level factors, including community norms and laws related to substance use, play in determining marijuana use, abuse and dependence. We tested the relationship between state-level legalization of medical marijuana and marijuana use, abuse, and dependence. Methods: We used the second wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Condi- tions (NESARC), a national survey of adults aged 18+ (n = 34,653). Selected analyses were replicated using the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), a yearly survey of ∼68,000 individuals aged 12+. We measured past-year cannabis use and DSM-IV abuse/dependence. Results: In NESARC, residents of states with medical marijuana laws had higher odds of marijuana use (OR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.49-2.47) and marijuana abuse/dependence (OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.22-2.67) than residents of states without such laws. Marijuana abuse/dependence was not more prevalent among marijuana users in these states (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.67-1.60), suggesting that the higher risk for marijuana abuse/dependence in these states was accounted for by higher rates of use. In NSDUH, states that legalized medical marijuana also had higher rates of marijuana use. Conclusions: States that legalized medical marijuana had higher rates of marijuana use. Future research needs to examine whether the association is causal, or is due to an underlying common cause, such as community norms supportive of the legalization of medical marijuana and of marijuana use. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAS Haploinsufficiency Is a Common Disease Mechanism in the Human Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome

The autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is characterized by early-onset lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, immune cytopenias, and an increased risk for B cell lymphomas. Most ALPS patients harbor mutations in the FAS gene, which regulates lymphocyte apoptosis. These are commonly missense mutations affecting the intracellular region of the protein and have a dominant-negative effect on the signaling pathway. However, analysis of a large cohort of ALPS patients revealed that ∼30% have mutations affecting the extracellular region of FAS, and among these, 70% are nonsense, splice site, or insertions/deletions with frameshift for which no dominant-negative effect would be expected. We evaluated the latter patients to understand the mechanism(s) by which these mutations disrupted the FAS pathway and resulted in clinical disease. We demonstrated that most extracellular-region FAS mutations induce low FAS expression due to nonsense-mediated RNA decay or protein instability, resulting in defective death-inducing signaling complex formation and impaired apoptosis, although to a lesser extent as compared with intracellular mutations. The apoptosis defect could be corrected by FAS overexpression in vitro. Our findings define haploinsufficiency as a common disease mechanism in ALPS patients with extracellular FAS mutations.
Structure of two intramolecular G-quadruplexes formed by natural human telomere sequences in K+ solution

Intramolecular G-quadruplexes formed by human telomere sequences are attractive anticancer targets. Recently, four-repeat human telomere sequences have been shown to form two different intramolecular (3 + 1) G-quadruplexes in K+ solution (Form 1 and Form 2). Here we report on the solution structures of both Form 1 and Form 2 adopted by natural human telomere sequences. Both structures contain the (3 + 1) G-tetrad core with one double-chain-reversal and two edgewise loops, but differ in the successive order of loop arrangements within the G-quadruplex scaffold. Our results provide the structural details at the two ends of the G-tetrad core in the context of natural sequences and information on different loop conformations. This structural information might be important for our understanding of telomere G-quadruplex structures and for anticancer drug design targeted to such scaffolds.
The dependence of ocean backscatter at K/sub u/-band on oceanic and atmospheric parameters

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory NUSCAT K/sub u/-band scatterometer successfully acquired ocean backscatter data over a wide variety of oceanic and atmospheric conditions during the Surface Wave Dynamics Experiment (SWADE). Ten flights resulted in 30 h of data collection were conducted on the NASA Ames C130 aircraft. The SWADE experimental area was deployed with several buoys providing appropriate in situ measurements to correlate with the radar backscatter for incidence angles from 10 to 60/spl deg/ at both horizontal and vertical polarizations. The NUSCAT-SWADE backscatter data base was utilized in conjunction with buoy measurements to investigate ocean backscatter signatures over the range of conditions encountered during SWADE. To account for modulations and fluctuations in incidence angles, a backscatter analysis independent of a priori geophysical model functions was developed, tested, and implemented. Results for backscatter azimuth modulations in terms of upwind, downwind, and crosswind radar returns are compared to airborne RADSCAT results and to SASS-I and II geophysical model functions versus neutral wind speed (U/sub N/). NUSCAT-SWADE results are closest overall to SASS-II values, fit best with SASS-I at 10/spl deg/ incidence angle, and are significantly higher than RADSCAT. Effects of friction velocity (u*), wave age (c/sub o//u*), and significant wave height (H/sub 1/3/) on ocean backscatter are studied. The backscatter shows a good positive sensitivity to u*, an inverse dependence on c/sub o//u*, and no systematic trend with H/sub 1/3/ excluding cases of large swells. Coefficients of empirical relations between backscatter and neutral wind speed, friction velocity, and wave age are derived for 10-40/spl deg/ incidence angles at both horizontal and vertical polarizations. Covariance studies of backscatter with the derived relations to winds show an overall deviation factor in the order of 1 dB for ocean signatures including uncertainties in surface conditions.
A planar microfabricated fluid filter

Abstract Many blood tests must be performed on plasma without cellular matter present. In the standard laboratory protocol, pure plasma is obtained through centrifugation. In order to produce a miniaturized blood sensor, a method to separate plasma other than centrifugation is needed. We describe the design, fabrication, and testing of a fluid filter that fulfils this need, and also has some features of general interest. Results from a particular device show that we can easily remove 16 μm diameter spheres from the fluid. This filter can be reusable, can potentially remove particles as small as 0.1 μm, and is easily fabricated.
Traumatic bowing of the forearm in children.

Traumatic bowing of the forearm bones in children is a definite clinical entity. The biomechanics of plastic deformations, previously reproduced in the dog ulna, explain the traumatic bowing found in these patients. Of eight children with traumatic bowing of the forearm, two had bowing of both radius and ulna without fracture; four, a bent ulna with an angulated mid-shaft radial fracture; and two, a bent radius with an angulated mid-shaft ulnar fracture. Manipulative reduction slightly decreased or left unchanged the angulation in the six patients with fracture; residual loss of complete supination and pronation was found in five of these patients. Reduction under general anesthesia corrected the bowing of both radius and ulna in one, while manipulative reduction decreased the radial and ulnar deformities in a second patient.
Let us Italicise

This essay examines the abundant emphasising through italics that goes on in Derrida's work and its English translations and argues that the use of italics can be seen to reiterate some of Derrida's major theoretical concepts on the level of literary practice. The paper is divided into three sections, preceded by an introduction that expounds the importance of emphasis in Derrida's writing and on the history of the use of the italic font in general. The first section, ‘Italics-as-Supplement’, offers a general theory of italics as a mode of signification peculiar to print and raises the question of just what the verb ‘italicise’ might entail. The second section, ‘Italics-as-Trace’, focuses on the use of italics in Derrida's prose and the notion of authorial investment that any italic implies. The third section, ‘Italics-as-Spectre’, examines how Derrida uses italics to condition our readings of the texts that he himself cites.
Simulation of Oxy-Coal Combustion in a 100 kWth Test Facility Using RANS and LES: A Validation Study

Oxy-fuel combustion of solid fuels, often performed in a mixture of oxygen and wet or dry recycled carbon dioxide, has gained significant interest in the last two decades as one of the leading carbon capture technologies in power generation. This paper presents a numerical study on oxy-fuel combustion of lignite coal in a 100 kWth test facility using Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approaches, along with radiation and char combustion submodels properly modified for the CO2-rich environment. The performance of different turbulence models is investigated by comparing their predictions with experimental measurements of velocity and species concentrations as well as gas and particle temperatures. Results show that although agreeing reasonably with the measured mean axial and tangential velocity, all the RANS turbulence models used in this study underestimate the internal recirculation zone size and the turbulence mixing intensity in the char combustion zone. The standard...
Long-Term Treatment Strategies for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a serious psychiatric disorder that frequently begins in childhood and lasts a lifetime. In the last 10–15 years, many advances have been made in the short-term treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents, especially mixed and manic episodes. Less is known about long-term treatment and treatment of depressive episodes. This paper reviews recent literature on long-term treatment strategies for pediatric bipolar disorder. Pharmacologically, several second generation antipsychotics and mood stabilizers were recently studied in long-term treatment trials. These agents showed comparable effectiveness in reducing manic symptoms. Most benefits were attained early in treatment. The majority of patients did not complete the studies. The agents varied in their side effect profiles. Based on these findings, we recommend (1) maximizing treatment benefits during acute phase, (2) choosing a pharmacological agent on the basis of side effect profile, and (3) using the lowest effective dose to minimize side effect burden. Despite the benefits of medications, a majority of patients will not adhere to permanent medication regimen. Thus, psychosocial treatments can theoretically fill the gap and complement pharmacological treatments. No definitive psychosocial treatment for pediatric bipolar disorder has been developed. However, psychosocial treatments can facilitate medication adherence and early symptom recognition through psychoeducation. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy can assist with emotional regulation and reduce suicidality, and cognitive behavioral therapy can improve adherence and satisfaction with treatment.
On the Origin and Evolution of Nest Building by Passerine Birds

The object of this review is to relate nest-building behavior to the origin and early evolution of passerine birds (Order Passeriformes). I present evidence for the hypothesis that the combination of small body size and the ability to place a constructed nest where the bird chooses, helped make possible a vast amount of adaptive radiation. A great diversity of potential habitats especially accessible to small birds was created in the late Tertiary by global climatic changes and by the continuing great evolutionary expansion of flowering plants and insects. Cavity or hole nests (in ground or tree), open-cup nests (outside of holes), and domed nests (with a constructed roof) were all present very early in evolution of the Passeriformes, as indicated by the presence of all three of these basic nest types among the most primitive families of living passerine birds. Secondary specializations of these basic nest types are illustrated in the largest and most successful families of suboscine birds. Nest site and nest form and structure often help characterize the genus, as is exemplified in the suboscines by the ovenbirds (Furnariidae), a large family that builds among the most diverse nests of any family of birds. The domed nest is much more common among passerines than in non-passerines, and it is especially frequent among the very smallest passerine birds the world over. Each basic type of nest built by passerines has advantages and disadvantages in specific ecological situations, and nest type depends on a balance of multiple factors that involve the nest site, the physical environment, the community, and the size and behavior of the birds.
Assignment of Brain-Specific Protein η Amino Chain and Microsatellites ILSTS001 and ILSTS011 to the Bovine Physical Map

Three loci were physically mapped with the use of a bovine x rodent hybrid somatic cell panel. Bovine brain-specific protein eta amino chain (BSPN) and bovine microsatellites ILSTS001 (D7S3) and ILSTS011 (D14S2) were assigned to cattle syntenic groups/chromosomes U24/BTA 14, U22/BTA7, and U24/BTA 14, respectively.
Numerically validated reduced-order model for laminates containing shape memory alloy wire meshes:

The incorporation of active materials into composites is an active area of research. However, the design and optimization of such composites is challenging because detailed analysis using finite el...
The Effects of Anesthetics on an In-vivo Oxygen Electrode

The IBC in-vivo oxygen electrode may be used during anesthesia. The possibility that three common inhalation anesthetics--halothane, enflurane, and methoxyflurane--might be reduced at the electrode, thereby changing the PO2 value, was tested. Enflurane and methoxyflurane do not affect the current produced at the electrode; halothane significantly increases PO2 readings at oxygen tensions below 105 torr. It is suggested that PaO2 readings below 105 torr be confirmed by the standard bench method.
Androgen Receptor in Teleosts

The biological activity of androgens is mediated by the nuclear androgen receptor(nAR) in vertebrates.nAR is a ligand-regulated transcriptional factor,which belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily.nAR has been characterized from mammals to teleosts.The nAR subtype is found to exist in two different isoforms in several fish species due to a teleost specific gene duplication event.These subtypes of nAR form two distinct molecular clusters and display different tissue distributions and expression patterns during embryogenesis and gonad development.Recently,increasing evidence has shown the nongenomic or cell surface receptor(the membrane androgen receptor,mAR)-mediated actions of androgen.Here we review the gene structure;molecular and biological characteristics;tissue distribution;and ligand-binding features of nAR.Furthermore,we also review the characteristics,distribution and relationship of mAR with regards to the reproductive cycle in teleost fish.
On Spencer Cohomologies of Affine Algebraic Varieties

This paper contains proofs and examples for some key facts about algebraic Spencer cohomologies preannounced elsewhere. The author hopes that here he has managed to build a more systematic discourse of the issues raised in earlier works.
Medicolegal perspectives on laparoscopic bile duct injuries.

Since the widespread adoption of laparoscopic cholecystectomy by surgeons in 1990, litigation surrounding bile duct injury alone has surpassed similar litigation for open cholecystectomy by more than 20-fold. Information from medical litigation serves as an important educational tool for surgeons. Clinicians should be actively involved in a medicolegal analysis of bile duct injuries because it is the clinical expert witness who must educate the lay jury regarding the standards of care in laparoscopic surgery.
Zika virus: immunity and vaccine development

The emergence of Zika virus in the Americas and Caribbean created an urgent need for vaccines to reduce transmission and prevent disease, particularly the devastating neurodevelopmental defects that occur in utero. Rapid advances in Zika immunity and the development of vaccine candidates provide cautious optimism that preventive measures are possible.
Goal-clobbering avoidance in non-linear planners

A central issue in non-linear planning is the ordering of operators so as to avoid undesirable interactions between their effects. The Modal Truth Criterion (Chapman 1987) states the conditions under which these interactions will occur. Non-linear planners use the Criterion, directly or indirectly, to promote or demote operators, or to co-designate variables, so as to avoid interactions. This abstract describes a method, called Goal Clobbering Avoidance (GCA), to avoid some interactions in a partially-ordered plan by promoting or demoting a sequence of operators, rather than individual operators. Effectively, it simultaneously applies the Modal Truth Criterion to all operators in the sequence, using pm-compiled information about the domain. GCA will be illustrated in the familiar Blocksworld domain, with the operators
Isolation and characterization of HSV-1 DNA from trigeminal ganglion neurons during suppressed infection in vitro

The current study analyzed the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) genome during suppressed and reactivated infection in vitro. Utilization of 3H-labeled HSV1 provided a highly specific probe for intracellular localization, isolation, and characterization of the HSV genome after infection of rabbit trigeminal ganglion neurons. Restriction enzyme analysis of viral DNA extracted during both suppressed and reactivated infection matched that of the HSV1 control DNA. Viral DNAs extracted from both cellular and nuclear fractions of host cells exhibited identical patterns. No detectable alterations in terminal fragments were observed, which suggests that the HSV1 genome is both linear and nonintegrated during suppressed infection in this system.
Light Emission Mechanisms in CuInS2 Quantum Dots Evaluated by Spectral Electrochemistry

Luminescent CuInS2 (CIS) quantum dots (QDs) exhibit highly efficient intragap emission and long, hundreds-of-nanoseconds radiative lifetimes. These spectral properties, distinct from structurally similar II–VI QDs, can be explained by the involvement of intragap defect states containing a localized hole capable of coupling with a conduction band electron for a radiative transition. However, the absolute energies of the intragap and band-edge states, the structure of the emissive defect(s), and the role and origin of nonemissive decay channels still remain poorly understood. Here, we address these questions by applying methods of spectral electrochemistry. Cyclic voltammetry measurements reveal a well-defined intragap state whose redox potential is close to that of the Cux defect state (where x = 1+ or 2+). The energy offset of this state from the valence band accounts well for the apparent photoluminescence Stokes shift observed in optical spectra. These results provide direct evidence that Cu-related def...
Cell-penetrating peptides derived from Clostridium difficile TcdB2 and a related large clostridial toxin

Clostridium difficile TcdB (2366 amino acid residues) is an intracellular bacterial toxin that binds to cells and enters the cytosol where it glucosylates small GTPases. In the current study, we examined a putative cell entry region of TcdB (amino acid residues 1753-1851) for short sequences that function as cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). To screen for TcdB-derived CPPs, a panel of synthetic peptides was tested for the ability to enhance transferrin (Tf) association with cells. Four candidate CPPs were discovered, and further study on one peptide (PepB2) pinpointed an asparagine residue necessary for CPP activity. PepB2 mediated the cell entry of a wide variety of molecules including dextran, streptavidin, microspheres, and lentivirus particles. Of note, this uptake was dramatically reduced in the presence of the Na+/H+ exchange blocker and micropinocytosis inhibitor amiloride, suggesting that PepB2 invokes macropinocytosis. Moreover, we found that PepB2 had more efficient cell-penetrating activity than several other well-known CPPs (TAT, penetratin, Pep-1, and TP10). Finally, Tf assay-based screening of peptides derived from two other large clostridial toxins, TcdA and TcsL, uncovered two new TcdA-derived CPPs. In conclusion, we have identified six CPPs from large clostridial toxins and have demonstrated the ability of PepB2 to promote cell association and entry of several molecules through a putative fluid-phase macropinocytotic mechanism.
Volumetry in the Assessment of Pituitary Adenoma Resection: Endoscopy versus Microscopy.

Background Assessment of the extent of resection after surgical resection of pituitary adenomas is most commonly reported in terms of the presence or absence of residual tumor. A quantitative comparison of volumetric resection between endonasal endoscopy (EE) and microsurgery (MS) has rarely been done. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on a consecutive series of 154 patients with pituitary adenomas treated by the same surgeon at a single institution. We employed volumetric analysis pre- and postoperatively on two cohorts of pituitary adenoma patients treated through MS (n = 37) versus EE approach (n = 117). Results Volumetric analysis revealed a higher incidence of complete resection (64.4 vs. 56.8%) and mean volume reduction in the EE cohort (92.7 vs. 88.4%), although not significant. Recurrence rates were significantly lower in the EE group (7.7% vs 24.3%, p = 0.015). Subgroup analysis identified that patients with preoperative tumor volumes >1 mL were less likely to recur through EE (7.8 vs. MS: 29.6%; p = 0.0063). A higher incidence of complete resection was also noted in patients with favorable Knosp grades (0–1) (EE: 87.8 vs. MS: 63.2%; p = 0.036). Postoperative complication rates were not significantly different between both techniques. Conclusion Both microscopy and endoscopy are well-tolerated, effective approaches in the treatment of pituitary adenomas. Our series demonstrated that EE may be superior to MS in preventing tumor recurrence and achieving a complete resection in certain subsets of patients. EE provides a slight advantage in tumor control outcomes that may justify the paradigm shift to pure endoscopy at our center.
The Radial Head Fractures

Radial head fractures represent the most common fracture of the elbow in the adult population, accounting for 1.7%–5.4% of all adult fractures. Approximately 85% of these fractures occur in young, active individuals ranging in age from 20 to 60 years-old. Radial head fractures may occur in isolation or may be part of a more extensive traumatic elbow injury. An estimated 20% of all acute elbow injuries have an associated radial head fracture (Fig. 1). In elbow dislocations, a radial head fracture is commonly associated with other traumatic pathologies including medial collateral ligament (MCL) rupture, olecranon fracture, and/or coronoid fracture. Therefore, in the setting of trauma, the elbow must be carefully evaluated to rule out associated ligamentous and bony pathology.