cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of fixed-count subsampling on macroinvertebrate biomonitoring in small streams.

SUMMARY 1. When rigorous standards of collecting and analysing data are maintained, biological monitoring adds valuable information to water resource assessments. Decisions, from study design and field methods to laboratory procedures and data analysis, affect assessment quality. Subsampling ‐ a laboratory procedure in which researchers count and identify a random subset of field samples ‐ is widespread yet controversial. What are the consequences of subsampling? 2. To explore this question, random subsamples were computer generated for subsample sizes ranging from 100 to 1000 individuals as compared with the results of counting whole samples. The study was done on benthic invertebrate samples collected from five Puget Sound lowland streams near Seattle, WA, USA. For each replicate subsample, values for 10 biological attributes (e.g. total number of taxa) and for the 10-metric benthic index of biological integrity (B-IBI) were computed. 3. Variance of each metric and B-IBI for each subsample size was compared with variance associated with fully counted samples generated using the bootstrap algorithm. From the measures of variance, we computed the maximum number of distinguishable classes of stream condition as a function of sample size for each metric and for B-IBI. 4. Subsampling significantly decreased the maximum number of distinguishable stream classes for B-IBI, from 8.2 for fully counted samples to 2.8 classes for 100-organism subsamples. For subsamples containing 100‐300 individuals, discriminatory power was low enough to mislead water resource decision makers.
FRAMING GERTRUDE: PHOTOGRAPHIC NARRATION AND THE SUBJECTIVITY OF THE ARTIST-OBSERVER IN LEVY’S THE ROMANCE OF A SHOP

In Amy Levy's 1888 novel, The Romance of a Shop, four orphaned sisters, the Lorimers, open a photography studio in London and struggle to find business and a balance between free expression and propriety. Certainly, the sisters’ commercial involvement with photography can be read as artistic and unconventional for women of the time, but their position as artist-observers sometimes seems to relegate them to a space behind the lens and behind the window that divides their apartment from the society they look out upon. It is from that position as photographer-observer that Gertrude, the most introspective and yet most socially conscious of the sisters, wields her perceptive powers, her piercing gaze. Photography, and the way in which it influences her mode of observing, gives Gertrude an accurate, superior vision and a kind of social agency; but that gaze is negatively mediated by photography, too, filtered by the machine.
Back to Basics: The Sequencing of Inductive and Deductive. Research Methodologies in Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Research

Die Durchsicht der Literatur zu Obst- und Gemuse-Praferenzen in Australien zeigt sehr wenig systematische Forschung; die meisten Untersuchungen wurden von verschiedenen offentlichen und privaten Industriekonzernen durchgefuhrt. Angesichts dieses embryonalen Stadiums der Forschung zur Wahrnehmung und Auswahl von Obst und Gemuses ist ein besonderes Forschungsvorgehen berechtigt, das induktive Prozesse betont und fortschreitet zu deduktiven Methoden: Die durch relativ unstrukturierte Forschungsmethoden gewonnenen Daten konnen deduktiven Methoden unterworfen werden, die eine mehr experimentelle, strukturierte Forschungsmethode erfordern und das Testen von Hypothesen, die sich aus den induktiv gewonnenen Daten ergeben, beinhalten. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird dies ausfuhrlich diskutiert. Eine von der Autorin durchgefuhrte Untersuchung zur Wort-Assoziation wird beschrieben, um den Nutzen der Kombination eines Fragebogens zur Wort-Assoziation mit einer demografischen Befragung fur die Gewinnung reichhaltiger, gut geordneter und leicht zu interpretierender induktiver Daten zu veranschaulichen. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0203228
A Nondichotomous Key to Protist Species Identification of Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Abstract A key was developed using morphological and behavioral characters to identify nine genera and 13 species of protists found in the hindgut of three Reticulitermes species— Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks), and Reticulitermes hageni Banks—by using the online IDnature guides by Discover Life. There are seven characters and 13 taxa, each attached to species descriptions, digital stills, or movies to aid in protist species identification. We chose characters for protist species identification that were easy to observe with live samples and a light microscope at 400× magnification. All 11 protists from R. flavipes and nine each in R. virginicus and R. hageni were recognized using original and revised species descriptions. This was the first report of the protist genera Trichomitus from both R. virginicus and R. hageni.
Detection, sizing, and shape identification of single nanoparticles and viral pathogens

Detection of single nanoscale particles, in particular viral pathogens, have been a challenging task with earlier efforts focusing on high-Q resonators [1,2] to overcome the sensitivity limitations of conventional optical techniques. We have developed a new biodetection technique - Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS) originally for protein microarrays [3] in multiplexed molecular diagnostics. Recently, we have demonstrated that a multi-LED discrete wavelength illumination system can substitute for the tunable laser in IRIS technology [5]. Broad spectral coverage afforded by the use of multi-color visible LEDs allow for not only a compact, battery-operated, and portable system, but also enables the use of very thin transparent layer in IRIS substrates and thus high lateral resolution imaging. To detect and size pathogens, IRIS shines light from multi-color LED sources sequentially on nanoparticles bound to the sensor surface, which consists of a silicon dioxide layer on top of a silicon substrate (see Fig. 1). Interference of light reflected from the sensor surface (acting as a planar optical antenna) is modified by the
Lexical ambiguity in sentence comprehension

An event-related fMRI paradigm was used to investigate brain activity during the reading of sentences containing either a lexically ambiguous word or an unambiguous control word. Higher levels of activation occurred during the reading of sentences containing a lexical ambiguity. Furthermore, the activated cortical network differed, depending on: (1) whether the sentence contained a balanced (i.e., both meanings equally likely) or a biased (i.e., one meaning more likely than other meanings) ambiguous word; and, (2) the working memory capacity of the individual as assessed by reading span. The findings suggest that encountering a lexical ambiguity is dealt with by activating multiple meanings utilizing processes involving both hemispheres. When an early interpretation of a biased ambiguous word is later disambiguated to the subordinate meaning, the superior frontal cortex activates in response to the coherence break and the right inferior frontal gyrus and the insula activate, possibly to suppress the incorrect interpretation. Negative correlations between reading span scores and activation in the right hemisphere for both types of ambiguous words suggest that readers with lower spans are more likely to involve show right hemisphere involvement in the processing of the ambiguity. A positive correlation between reading span scores and insula activation appearing only for biased sentences disambiguated to the subordinate meaning indicates that individuals with higher spans were more likely to initially maintain both meanings and as a result had to suppress the unintended dominant meaning.
Gender and Ethnic Differences in Health-Promoting Behaviors of Rural Adolescents

Although much is known about health-risk behaviors of adolescents, less is known about their health-promoting behaviors. The purpose of this analysis was to compare health-promoting behaviors in adolescents in Grades 9–12 by gender and ethnicity and explore how these behaviors changed over time. Data were collected from 878 rural adolescents (47.5% Hispanic; mean age at baseline 14.7 years). Males from all ethnic groups scored significantly higher than all females on physical activity; non-Hispanic Black males and females scored significantly higher than other ethnic groups on safety behaviors. Hispanic and non-Hispanic White females scored higher than males in these ethnic groups on stress management. Nutrition, physical activity, and safety behaviors decreased significantly for most participants from Grade 9 to 12 whereas stress management remained relatively stable. Findings are similar to those from nationally representative samples that analyzed cross-sectional data and have implications for school n...
Controlling the recombination rate of semiconductor active layers via coupling to dispersion-engineered surface plasmons

The coupling between excited electron-hole pairs in semiconductor active layers and surface plasmon polaritons in metallo-dielectric stacks is investigated. These structures can be used to engineer the surface-plasmon dispersion properties so as to introduce tunable singularities in the photonic density of modes, and hence in the recombination rate of nearby active media. A detailed theoretical study of this effect is presented together with the experimental demonstration of geometrically tunable increased recombination in GaN/AlGaN quantum wells via near-UV photoluminescence measurements. If combined with a suitable geometry to efficiently scatter the emitted surface waves into radiation, this approach can be used for light-emission efficiency enhancement at tunable wavelengths.
Stability of the folin phenol reagent

A comprehensive study has been made of the stability of the Folin phenol reagent as the initial acidic concentrate. Even though refrigerated, an apparent continuing and linear decomposition of about 2 per cent per month occurs which should be considered in the determination of mcg. amounts of protein.
UV Laser Processing of Semiconductor Devices

The use of a pulsed UV excimer laser based process for the incorporation of dopant impurities into Si is described. The process can result in high concentration shallow box like profiles suitable for submicron VLSI device fabrication. The process consists of exposure of the clean silicon surface to a doping gas (B2H6, AsH3, PH3) then driving the adsorbed monolayers of dopant into the Si by a melt-regrowth process initiated by a pulsed XeCl excimer laser. Modeling of the process allows prediction of the resulting doping profiles and electrical properties of the doped layers. Excellent crystal quality of the doped layers is found even without a post-doping anneal. Also, recent results indicate that post doping annealing may not be needed for improvement of the electrical characteristics of the doped layers provided certain conditions are met. Detailed descriptions of the process, results, modeling and device fabrication are presented.
Bubbles in live-stranded dolphins

Bubbles in supersaturated tissues and blood occur in beaked whales stranded near sonar exercises, and post-mortem in dolphins bycaught at depth and then hauled to the surface. To evaluate live dolphins for bubbles, liver, kidneys, eyes and blubber–muscle interface of live-stranded and capture-release dolphins were scanned with B-mode ultrasound. Gas was identified in kidneys of 21 of 22 live-stranded dolphins and in the hepatic portal vasculature of 2 of 22. Nine then died or were euthanized and bubble presence corroborated by computer tomography and necropsy, 13 were released of which all but two did not re-strand. Bubbles were not detected in 20 live wild dolphins examined during health assessments in shallow water. Off-gassing of supersaturated blood and tissues was the most probable origin for the gas bubbles. In contrast to marine mammals repeatedly diving in the wild, stranded animals are unable to recompress by diving, and thus may retain bubbles. Since the majority of beached dolphins released did not re-strand it also suggests that minor bubble formation is tolerated and will not lead to clinically significant decompression sickness.
Hydroperiod and hydraulic loading for treatment potential in urban tidal wetlands

Abstract. Conventional methods of estimating water quality improvement due to wetland treatment are not well suited to the dynamic water level and wetted area fluctuations observed in coastal settings. We present a new method to quantify hydroperiod and hydraulic loading at different elevations in a coastal wetland profile in which the principal inflows and outflows are due to tides. We apply our method to an urban coastal setting (part of the New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary) where a major water quality problem persists due to fecal coliform contamination from combined sewer overflow (CSO) discharges. Based on three types of simplified hydrograph, we show how such an approach and conceptual model of a terraced tidal wetland with constant mean slope can be used to assess hydrologic constraints for wetland vegetation species and the potential treatment effectiveness for adjacent impaired coastal waters. Resulting hydroperiods and hydraulic loading values decrease approximately exponentially with elevation along the wetland profile with considerable variation in overall slope depending on the hydrograph pattern. Application of a first-order contamination reduction model using our calculated hydraulic loadings indicates that such tidal treatment wetlands could reduce average fecal coliform concentrations in the range of 27% to 94% depending on the pattern of water level fluctuation, wetland surface elevation and vegetation density. Our analysis shows the performance potential for tidal wetlands to treat adjacent coastal waters. Restoration of existing salt marshes, and construction of new tidal wetlands would therefore be a promising part of an ecohydrologic strategy to improve water quality in contaminated urban coastal settings like the New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary.
Utility of Procalcitonin as a Biomarker for Rejection and Differentiation of Infectious Complications in Lung Transplant Recipients

Objective: To evaluate the utility of procalcitonin (PCT) as a biomarker for rejection and differentiation of infectious complications in lung transplant recipients. Data Sources: An English-language literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966-September 2013) using the terms procalcitonin, transplantation, and lung transplantation. Additional articles were identified through a manual search of reference lists of the articles obtained. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles evaluating PCT use in lung transplant recipients, including those where lung transplant patients were a subgroup of immunocompromised patients, were included. Data Synthesis: Infection and rejection are leading causes of mortality in lung transplant recipients, with similar clinical presentations; PCT could be a valuable biomarker to differentiate between these complications. Five prospective and 2 retrospective single-center observational evaluations were reviewed. Study populations were diverse, with only 3 focused ...
Robert Rodgers Korstad, Civil Rights Unionism: Tobacco Workers and the Struggle for Democracy in the Mid-Twentieth-Century South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. 576 pp. $55.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.

Robert Rodgers Korstad's dramatic story of tobacco workers in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, during the 1940s and 1950s, reveals the intricate connections between a local struggle for better wages and working conditions and the broader fight for racial democracy and civil rights. On June 17, 1943, a group of black women at the Reynolds Tobacco plant stopped work, rejecting the authority of a dictatorial white foreman and expressing long-simmering anger over speed-ups, dangerous working conditions, and unjust wages. With the help of organizers from the left-leaning United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America (UCAPAWA), hundreds of black (and a few white) workers at Reynolds built Local 22 of the Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers of America (FTA-CIO). Korstad eloquently tells us how the FTA succeeded. He points to the temporary convergence of factors, an active federal government in labor relations, the labor movement's aggressive Southern Front, and the move in the urban South toward white supremacy with “a lighter touch” (376) that created a moment of extraordinary opportunity for “working-class blacks [who], through their participation in the labor movement, were in the vanguard of civil rights efforts of the 1940s.”(422)
Psychological dynamics of political advertising effects

Political advertising has come to play a major role in American elections. This paper attempts to shed light on political advertising effects by examining the psychological dynamics of political ad...
Use Of Herbal Supplements among College Students in Eastern Kentucky: Impact Factors

ABSTRACT Dietary supplements are pills, capsules, tablets, or liquid products that contain a vitamin, mineral, herb, botanical, or amino acid. These products are usually marketed using health claims that do not have to be approved or safety-tested by the U.S. FDA. The literature on the use of herbal supplements has identified gaps in the knowledge associated with factors that influence their use, especially among young adults in rural Appalachia. This study (a) collected information regarding demographics, type of supplements and frequency of use, and (b) identified factors that are statistically related to an increased use of herbal supplementation. It was found that only two variables, amount of fruit and vegetables in the diet and number of physician visits per year, were related to increased herbal supplement use. Female participants who have a better perception of science as a discipline, compared with male participants, tend to use herbal supplements more often. It was noted that many participants c...
Radial artery pseudoaneurysm: a maneuver to decrease the risk of thrombin therapy.

A pseudoaneurysm is an infrequent complication of arterial intervention. It is most frequently seen in the groin after coronary catheterization but can be seen in any vessel as a sequela of trauma. Pseudoaneurysms can also occur peripherally as the sequela of arteriovenous shunting for dialysis or placement of indwelling catheters or after traumatic drawing of arterial blood gas. Treatment of pseudoaneurysms has evolved through the years. Initially it was the domain of surgical intervention. Subsequently, most cases have been treated with ultrasound-guided compression. Recently thrombin (Jones Pharmacy Inc, St Louis, MO) injection has become the preferred treatment method. However, direct injection of thrombin into a pseudoaneurysm is not without risk. If thrombin should escape the pseudoaneurysm, a clot can propagate into the affected artery and result in embolization or thrombosis of peripheral branch vessels. The severity of the iatrogenic insult is amplified when the blood supply is to more critical areas, such as the head or hand. In this report, a new technique to help minimize the chance of unwanted propagation of the thrombus into the peripheral vasculature during thrombin treatment of a radial artery pseudoaneurysm is described.
Lift-Off Patterning of Nano-Crystalline Quantum Dot Films

The paper is concerned with the effectiveness of the lift-off process in pattern definition of ultra-thin nanocrystalline quantum dot (NQD) films. The lift-off process is implemented and investigated in conjunction with mist deposition and spin coating of NQD films. The lift-off process is preformed in gas-phase (oxygen plasma exposure) and liquid-phase (acetone immersion). The results of NQD patterned films using lift-off process are presented and discussed in terms of performance of the lift-off medium (dry and wet), resolution of the pattern transfer process, as well as photoresist thickness. It demonstrates that while fully compatible with the mist deposition, the patterning scheme proposed is not compatible with spin coating of NQDs films.
Cavitating Propeller Analysis Including the Effects of Wake Alignment

Various wake alignment techniques which have been developed in the past for the analysis of non-cavitating propellers in uniform inflows are reviewed and some of them are extended in the case of cavitating flows subject to inclined inflows. The effect of the inclined trailing wake geometry on the predicted cavities and blade forces is found to be significant. Predicted open flow characteristics and unsteady forces acting on the blades of an inclined shaft propeller are compared with those predicted by other methods, as well as with those measured in experiments.
Lithium ion in cleft palate teratogenesis in CD1 mice.

SummaryThe teratogenic effects of lithium on CD1 mice were studied. A dose of 15.5 mg of lithium chloride monohydrate in sterile water (Injection U.S.P.) was given each day for 2 or 3 days on days 11 through 13 of pregnancy. The mice were sacrificed on day 17 of pregnancy. The uteri were examined for resorption sites and the fetuses for malformations. The incidence of cleft palate in the offspring of mice injected on days 11, 12, and 13 was 15.1%; on days 12 and 13, 7.2%; and on days 11 and 12, 3.4%. Since the incidence of spontaneous cleft palate is very low in these mice, a teratogenic effect of lithium salts has been demonstrated. There was also an increase in resorption sites. The pregnant mothers did not show any evident ill effects from the lithium salt at the dosage given.The able technical assistance of Mrs. M. A. Wade and Messrs. G. Businaro and W. A. Stammer is gratefully acknowledged.
Study of Low Illumination Sensing Aids Applicable to Lunar Landing

An assessment of the potential use of low illumination sensing aids as a means to facilitate manned lunar landing in dimly lit regions, such as near the poles, terminator, and the lunar dark side has been performed. A number of natural and artificial illumination sources were considered: starlight, earthshine, sunlight reflected from high altitude terrain, light emitted by the landing rocket plume and artificial lamps. In addition, thermal emissions from the surface were considered. Various sensors were modeled, including CCDs in the visual and near infrared bands, low light goggles, long wavelength IR sensors, and the unaided human eye. It was found that in regions illuminated by scattered sunlight or earthshine mature CCD or low light goggle technology is adequate. Regions on the lunar dark side are more problematic as the temperatures are too low for practical thermal IR sensors and surface contrast may be inadequate for hazard avoidance using artificial sources of illumination.
Devolving the carceral state: Race, prisoner reentry, and the micro-politics of urban poverty management

This article presents findings from an ethnographic study of prisoner reentry programming in a large Midwestern city to better understand the strategies reentry organizations employ to ‘rehabilitat...
Introduction to the symposium proceedings

In 1985, the governor of the state of Washington signed into law a bill establishing the Washington Distinguished Professorship program. The bill allocated state funds to match private gifts to increase endowments at Washington’s public, four-year institutions of higher education. The University
Progress in mechanism of crosslinking of ENB-EPDM rubber

Sulfur and dicumyl peroxide were two kinds of commonly used crosslinking agent.In this paper,the mechanism of these crosslinking of ENB-EPDM rubber was reviewed.The study results show that the attachement of the sulfur bridge occurs only at two allylic position C-3 and C-9 of the third monomer in the sulfur crosslinking system,but in the dicumyl peroxide crosslinking system,the crosslink points mainly lied on tertiary carbon of EPDM backbone and C-3 and C-9 of the third monomer.The mechanism of crosslinking of ENB-EPDM rubber was the foundation of the successful development of solid rocket motor insulation with high performance,but for the existence of such factors as rubber ingredients and external environment,it would produce a series of competitive reactions in the actual crosslinking process of ENB-EPDM insulation.So,the factors which influence the crosslinking of ENB-EPDM insulation,influence degree and influence mechanism were the focus in the future study.
Novel Synthesis of Kanamycin Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles with Potent Antibacterial Activity.

With a sharp increase in the cases of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria all over the world, there is a huge demand to develop a new generation of antibiotic agents to fight against them. As an alternative to the traditional drug discovery route, we have designed an effective antibacterial agent by modifying an existing commercial antibiotic, kanamycin, conjugated on the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In this study, we report a single-step synthesis of kanamycin-capped AuNPs (Kan-AuNPs) utilizing the combined reducing and capping properties of kanamycin. While Kan-AuNPs have increased toxicity to a primate cell line (Vero 76), antibacterial assays showed dose-dependent broad spectrum activity of Kan-AuNPs against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including Kanamycin resistant bacteria. Further, a significant reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC100) of Kan-AuNPs was observed when compared to free kanamycin against all the bacterial strains tested. Mechanistic studies using transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy indicated that at least part of Kan-AuNPs increased efficacy may be through disrupting the bacterial envelope, resulting in the leakage of cytoplasmic content and the death of bacterial cells. Results of this study provide critical information about a novel method for the development of antibiotic capped AuNPs as potent next-generation antibacterial agents.
Behavioral Assessment in Pediatric Settings

The fields of behavioral assessment and pediatric psychology are both recently evolved. The need for behavioral assessment was first articulated about 15 years ago (Cautela, 1968; Goldfried & Pomeranz, 1968; Kanfer & Saslow, 1969) and the area was considered new as lately as 1976 (Hersen, 1976). Pediatric psychology has a similar brief history. Logan Wright coined the term in 1967 and the field is still undergoing the birth pangs of self-definition (Tuma, 1982). In spite of the brevity of their existence, each subspecialty has generated an extensive literature. Numerous edited behavioral assessment volumes are on psychologists’ bookshelves today (e.g., Barlow, 1981; Ciminero, Calhoun, & Adams, 1977; Cone & Hawkins, 1977; Haynes, 1978; Hersen & Bellack, 1976; Keefe, Kopel, & Gordon, 1978; Kendall & Hollon, 1980; and Mash & Terdal, 1976), and comparable texts on pediatric psychology are beginning to emerge (e.g., Camp, 1980, 1981; Fitzgerald, Lester, & Yogman, 1982; Magrab, 1978; McGrath & Firestone, 1983; Russo & Varni, 1982; Tuma, 1982; Wright, Schaefer, & Solomons, 1979).
Stemming the Tide: The Presentation of Women Scientists in CSI

We reviewed three of the 15 years of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation to understand the media presentation of women scientists. We found that CSI did present stereotypical views of the female investigators and that the female characters playing these roles were often punished by the script. However, we also found that the show provided an opportunity for the story of women to be told by these female characters. Accordingly, our examination of the character of Sara Sidle and the other forensic scientists found that the portrayal was more complex that previously literature suggests.
Tumor-fibroblast interactions stimulate tumor vascularization by enhancing cytokine-driven production of MMP9 by tumor cells.

// Michelle Limoge 1 , Alfiya Safina 3 , Amy Beattie 4 , Lauren Kapus 1 , Alexander M. Truskinovsky 2 and Andrei V. Bakin 1 1 Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA 2 Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA 3 Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA 4 University at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA Correspondence to: Andrei V. Bakin, email: // Keywords : fibroblasts, matrix metalloproteinase-9, tumor angiogenesis, TGF-beta, breast cancer Received : February 10, 2017 Accepted : February 24, 2017 Published : March 08, 2017 Abstract Advance-stage breast carcinomas include significant amounts of fibroblasts and infiltrating immune cells which have been implicated in tumor growth, recurrence, and response to therapy. The present study investigated the contribution of fibroblasts to tumor growth using direct tumor-fibroblast co-cultures and tumor xenograft models. Our findings revealed that fibroblasts enhance breast carcinoma growth by promoting the tumor vasculature via the MMP9-dependent mechanism. In tumor-fibroblast co-cultures, fibroblasts increased expression of TGF-β, TNF, and IL-1β cytokines in tumor cells. These cytokines cooperatively induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase MMP9 in tumor cells. Knockdown of MMP9 by shRNA significantly reduced tumor vascularization induced by fibroblasts. Mechanistically, our findings argue that expression of MMP9 in tumor cellsis regulated by crosstalk of TGF-β with TNF and/or IL-1β cytokines. The mechanism of this cooperative response did not involve cross-activation of the canonical signaling pathways as TGF-β did not activate RELA/p65 signaling, while TNF did not affect SMAD signaling. Instead, TGF-β and TNF cytokines co-stimulated MAP kinases and expression of JUN and JUNB, AP1 transcription factor subunits, which together with RELA/p65 were essential for the regulation of MMP9. Depletion of JUN and JUNB or RELA in tumor cells blocked the cooperative induction of MMP9 by the cytokines. Thus, our studies uncovered a previously unappreciated role of tumor-fibroblast interactions in the stimulation of tumor angiogenesis, and an essential role of the MAPK-AP1 axis in the cooperative up-regulation of the angiogenic driver MMP9 by cytokine crosstalk.
Muslims as outsiders, enemies, and others: The 2016 presidential election and the politics of religious exclusion

Despite Americans’ commitment to religious freedom, religious minorities have been marginalized and excluded since the country’s founding. Focusing on the 2016 election, this article analyzes the latest chapter in this history, in which Republican candidates constructed symbolic boundaries that defined Muslims as non-American (outsiders), anti-American (enemies), and un-American (others). It then draws parallels between contemporary anti-Muslim rhetoric and the historic treatment of Catholics, Jews, Mormons, and atheists. In each case, these religious groups have troubled a vision of American belonging that is tightly linked to white Protestant identity, and more subtly, to individualist and voluntaristic notions of the good religious (and democratic) subject. This recurrent pattern complicates the notion that American nationhood is rooted in civic rather than ethnic membership, instead revealing a complex interplay between civic and ethnic logics of exclusion. While efforts to purify the “Christian nation” rest explicitly upon an ethno-religious vision of American peoplehood, a subtler civic logic is also at work in efforts to frame religious minorities as uncivil threats to American values and norms, including religious freedom itself.
Global Sourcing Strategy: An Evolution in Global Production and Sourcing Rationalization

Increased global sourcing of manufacturing and service activities from independent suppliers has been a prominent part of the restructuring of firms’ supply chains since the 1980s. Academics and consulting companies have advocated global sourcing as one of the key drivers of superior corporate strategy that has a direct impact on marketing performance, including market share, product quality, customer satisfaction, and brand loyalty, among others. In this chapter we first discuss the trend and nature of global sourcing strategy as it has evolved in response to the climate of the time since the 1980s. We then discuss how global sourcing levels must achieve a strategic fit with the environment. Finally, we combine these balance and fit perspectives to suggest how changes in the fit alter the required balance in global sourcing over time. From this synthesis we develop several future research questions related to important conceptual and theoretical perspectives on global sourcing.
Action-Based Model for Topologically Resilient Supply Networks

The ubiquity of supply chains has ignited interest in studying supply networks through the lens of complex adaptive systems. A particularly important characteristic of supply chains is the desirable goal of sustaining their operation when exposed to unexpected perturbations. Network models focusing on the critical aspect of supply chain resilience may provide insights into the design of supply networks that may quickly recover from disruptions. This paper proposes an action-based perspective for creating a compact probabilistic model for a given real-world supply network. The action-based model consists of a set of rules (actions) that a firm may use to connect with other firms, such that the synthesized networks are topologically resilient. Additionally, it captures the heterogeneous roles of different firms by incorporating domain specific constraints. Results analyzing the resilience of networks subjected to node disruptions show that networks synthesized using the proposed model can outperform its real-world counterpart.
Searching for the Soul: Athena's Owl in the Comparative Education Cosmos.

Professor Kazamias has argued that comparative education has lost its “soul,” by abandoning its historical and humanist episteme in the first half of the 20th century and turning to an ahistorical and nonhumanist social science today. This essay takes the readers on a journey across time and space in search of comparative education’s “soul,” briefly encountering a goddess in Greek mythology, a witch in medieval Europe, Alice in Wonderland, and Donna Haraway in the Chthulucene.
On Guard: The Costs of Work-Related Hypervigilance in the Correctional Setting

Employees in security-related occupations are expected to be alert and on guard at work in order to stay safe and complete their work tasks (e.g., police, military, corrections). This study introduces the concept of work-related hypervigilance (WHV) as an experience at work that sustains cognitive and physiological activation among employees and is associated with strain outcomes and lower well-being. It was hypothesized that WHV would be associated with greater strain outcomes (i.e., exhaustion and p hysical health symptoms), work-to-family conflict, and impaired sleep. Data were collected from 1317 security staff working in 14 state correctional facilities in the Northwestern United States. Results indicated that WHV was positively related to exhaustion, physical health symptoms, and work-to-family conflict. Further, WHV was negatively related to sleep quantity and quality. Overall, the results support the proposition that WHV is an important employee experience that warrants further examination. Practical and theoretical implications and future research directions are discussed.
A Cross-Layer Design for Adaptive Multimodal Interfaces in Pervasive Computing.

Multimodal interfaces have attracted more and more attention. Most researches focus on each communication mode independently and then fuse the information at the application level. Recently, several frameworks and models have been proposed to support the design and development of multimodal interfaces. However, it is still a challenging issue of supporting adaptations in the multimodal interfaces. Existing approaches are using rule-based specifications to define the adaptation of input/output modalities. Distinct from previous work, this paper presents a novel approach, which quantifies the usability of each modality and then formalizes the adaptation issue as searching for a set of input/output modalities that produce the highest usability. Furthermore, our approach supports a cross-layer design, which considers the adaptation from the perspectives of the interaction context, available system resources and QoS requirements. In other words, our design crosses application, system and network layers. An optimal solution and a heuristic algorithm are developed to automatically select an appropriate set of modalities combinations under a certain situation. The numerical evaluation shows good performance of both solutions.
Computational Theorizing: A Formal Framework of Organizational Performance

As discussed in Chapters 1 and 2, organizational performance is affected by multiple factors including stress, organizational design, and task environment. These factors are conceptually independent, but the effect of such factors and their interactions cannot be known unless we can examine them in an organizational setting. In this chapter, we will describe a simulated environment in which organizations are making decisions under these factors (Figure 3.1).
Molecular Pathophysiology of Photoaging in Human Skin and the Effect of All-Trans Retinoic Acid

Premature skin aging, known as photoaging, results from damage to human skin cells caused by solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. At the macro level, the symptoms of photoaging manifest as wrinkles, mottled pigmentation, leathery texture, laxity, reduced resiliency, and sallowness. We have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which UV damages collagen in the dermal extracellular matrix. At the molecular level, photoaging results from UV induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade skin collagen. UV induction of MMPs is inhibited when skin is pretreated with all-trans retinoic acid (tRA), suggesting that tRA may prevent UV-induced collagen destruction, in addition to improving the appearance of already damaged skin. tRA prevents UV induction of c-Jun protein that is required for MMP gene expression. However, topically applied tRA does not inhibit UV-induced c-Jun kinase activity in human skin in vivo, as it does in cultured cells. It is possible that tRA inhibits UV inducted accumulation of c-Jun protein by stimulating its degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Structural and functional evaluation of the peripheral vasculature in patients with PAD using MRI

Background Impaired vascular reactivity in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) may be due to primary microvascular disease, limited macrovascular supply, or a mixture of these two factors. The combination of structural and functional MR-based evaluation of the peripheral vasculature may provide insight into the mechanism of impairment. The objective of this study is to investigate preliminary results of a combined protocol to assess both microvascular function via perfusion imaging, and macrovascular patency and the presence of collateralization via a non-contrast angiography technique in patients with PAD.
Contemporary Old Artists on Their Late-Life Creativity

An impressive number of well-known and long-lived men and women Western artists from several centuries and representing various nationalities remained creative well beyond their youth and middle years (Chapters 7 and 8). Masterpieces of art were produced in the artists’ 40s and later, and artists remained productive until at least their 50s, with many continuing into their 70s and up to their deaths. Artists of renown, in short, exhibited relatively late peaks and long spans of creativity. A few of Lehman's (1953) studies of historical artists, in contrast to those generally favoring declines, also supported the continued tenure of creativity (Chapter 6) as did some studies of creativity test scores among nonartists, especially longitudinal efforts (Chapter 3). Late-life creativity therefore takes two contradictory trends (Chapter 3), either that of decline or continuation. Opposing trajectories could be the result of comparing test scores of nonartists with real-world achievements of artists, or of contrasting cross-sectional measures with longitudinal achievements over time.
Motivation belief profiles in science: Links to classroom goal structures and achievement

Abstract Using a person-centered approach, this study examined science motivation belief (achievement goals and self-efficacy) profiles among middle school students (N = 1443). Three profiles were identified across grades: confidently mastery, high all, and low confidence/low mastery. For grades 6 (n = 520) and 7 (n = 307), a fourth profile, indifferent, and for grade 8 (n = 613), two new profiles, low all and performance-driven, were identified at the end of the school year. Results from latent transition analyses showed relatively stable profile membership; 42–89% of students remained in the same profile between time points. Classroom goal structures predicted profile membership and were aligned to students' personal goal endorsements. Evidence was also found for the association between profile and science achievement. Confidently mastery students demonstrated the highest science achievement, whereas performance was lower for all other profiles, with low confidence/low mastery students generally demonstrating the lowest science achievement.
Towards Fine-grained Network Security Forensics and Diagnosis in the SDN Era

Diagnosing network security issues in traditional networks is difficult. It is even more frustrating in the emerging Software Defined Networks. The data/control plane decoupling of the SDN framework makes the traditional network troubleshooting tools unsuitable for pinpointing the root cause in the control plane. In this paper, we propose ForenGuard, which provides flow-level forensics and diagnosis functions in SDN networks. Unlike traditional forensics tools that only involve either network level or host level, ForenGuard monitors and records the runtime activities and their causal dependencies involving both the SDN control plane and data plane. Starting with a forwarding problem (e.g., disconnection) which could be caused by a security issue, ForenGuard can backtrack the previous activities in both the control and data plane through causal relationships and pinpoint the root cause of the problem. ForenGuard also provides a user-friendly interface that allows users to specify the detection point and diagnose complicated network problems. We implement a prototype system of ForenGuard on top of the Floodlight controller and use it to diagnose several real control plane attacks. We show that ForenGuard can quickly display causal relationships of activities and help to narrow down the range of suspicious activities that could be the root causes. Our performance evaluation shows that ForenGuard will add minor runtime overhead to the SDN control plane and can scale well in various network workloads.
Family processes among Latino Early Head Start families: Understanding the role of caregiver acculturation.

The Family Stress Model (FSM) provides a framework for how economic pressure can impact family processes and outcomes, including parent's mental health, parenting, and child problem behaviors. Although the FSM has been widely replicated, samples disproportionately impacted by poverty, including early childhood samples and in particular Latino families with young children, have been largely excluded from FSM research. Therefore, among a sample of Latino Early Head Start children (N = 127), the current study evaluated a modified FSM to understand the direct and indirect pathways among economic pressure, parental depression, parenting self-efficacy, the parent-child relationship, child problem behaviors, and parental acculturation. Results showed that the majority of the direct FSM pathways were well-replicated among Latino caregivers of young children. Further analyses illuminated how some pathways were replicated among more but not among less-acculturated Latino parents. Implications for future FSM research with Latino families as well as for parent-focused interventions are discussed.
The Degrees of Freedom of MIMO Relay under Coherence Diversity

This paper studies the MIMO relay with non-identical link coherence times, a condition that is denoted coherence diversity. This can occur, e.g., when the nodes do not all have the same mobility, or the scatterers around some nodes have different mobility than others. Obviously this condition occurs in practice therefore the model is well motivated, but the performance of a relay under such conditions has not been studied to date. This paper calculates achievable degrees of freedom under this condition. Since different coherence times have a prominent impact on channel training, channel state is not made available to the decoder for free, and all channel training resources are accounted for in the calculations. A product superposition technique is employed at the source that allows a more efficient usage of degrees of freedom when the relay and the destination have different training requirements. Following the analysis of a representative example, a general analysis is provided and varying configurations of coherence times are studied. Numerical results demonstrate the gains of the proposed approach under coherence disparity.
On augmented identifying codes for monitoring drug trafficking organizations

A staggering 450,000 people died due to drug consumption in 2015, out of which, a third of the deaths were a direct result of drug overdosing. Illicit manufacturing of Cocaine, Heroin, Cannabis, etc., by Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs), all peaked recently, which is a major indication of their worldwide demand. With drug offenses increasing globally, the list of suspect individuals, associated with drug trafficking organizations, has also been growing over the past few decades. As it takes significant amount of technical and human resources to monitor a suspect, an increasing list entails greater resource requirements on the part of law enforcement agencies. Soon, monitoring all the suspects on the list becomes an impossible task. In this paper, we present a novel methodology called Augmented Identifying Codes (AIC), an extension of the mathematical notion of Identifying Codes. We show that our method requires significantly lesser resources, on the part of the law enforcement agencies, when compared to strategies adopting standard network centrality measures, for monitoring of individuals associated with drug trafficking organizations. Finally, we evaluate the efficacy of our approach on real world datasets.