cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts. VII. Vitamin K and riboflavin phosphate as cofactors of cyclic photophosphorylation.

Abstract Vitamin K substances and FMN appear to catalyze separate pathways of cyclic photophosphorylation. The FMN pathway shows a dependence on added TPN and greater sensitivity to inhibition by dinitrophenol and o -phenanthroline than the vitamin K pathway. Both pathways are inhibited by p -chloromercuribenzoate, gramicidin and methylene blue but not by arsenite or antimycin A. Cyclic photophosphorylation catalyzed by phenazine methosulfate resembled the vitamin K pathway in its independence from added TPN and resistance to inhibition by dinitrophenol and o -phenanthroline. The role of vitamin K in phosphorylations by plant and animal tissues is reviewed. A possible physiological role for cyclic photophosphorylation in photosynthesis of green plants is suggested.
Heightened risk of preterm birth and growth restriction after a first-born son

Abstract Purpose In Scandinavia, delivery of a first-born son elevates the risk of preterm delivery and intrauterine growth restriction of the next-born infant. External validity of these results remains unclear. We test this hypothesis for preterm delivery and growth restriction using the linked California birth cohort file. We examined the hypothesis separately by race and/or ethnicity. Methods We retrieved data on 2,852,976 births to 1,426,488 mothers with at least two live births. Our within-mother tests applied Cox proportional hazards (preterm delivery, defined as less than 37 weeks gestation) and linear regression models (birth weight for gestational age percentiles). Results For non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics, Asians, and American Indian and/or Alaska Natives, analyses indicate heightened risk of preterm delivery and growth restriction after a first-born male. The race-specific hazard ratios for preterm delivery range from 1.07 to 1.18. Regression coefficients for birth weight for gestational age percentile range from −0.73 to −1.49. The 95% confidence intervals for all these estimates do not contain the null. By contrast, we could not reject the null for non-Hispanic black mothers. Conclusions Whereas California findings generally support those from Scandinavia, the null results among non-Hispanic black mothers suggest that we do not detect adverse outcomes after a first-born male in all racial and/or ethnic groups.
In Vitro Study of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in Fontan Circulation With Respiration Effects

The Fontan operation is the final stage of palliative surgery for children born with single ventricle heart defects. The most common configuration is called total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC), wherein the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava are anastomosed directly to the pulmonary arteries; therefore the pulmonary circulation is driven by venous pressure only. The Fontan procedure, although successful in the early postoperative period, with time can decrease in efficiency or even fail within several years after the operation. The reasons of different clinical outcomes for some of the Fontan patients are not clear enough, even though it is commonly accepted that certain factors such as low pulmonary vascular resistance and proper shape and size of the TCPC construction are crucial for the succesful long term outcomes. Accordingly, one of the major problems is the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance due to altered hemodynamics after the surgery, causing venous hypertension and respiratory-dependent pulmonary regurgitation [1]. The main pulmonary arteries may also see increased resistance due to congenital malformations, surgical scarring, or deliberate surgical banding. Thus, the consequence of the increased pulmonary vascular resistance at both proximal and distal locations with respect to the TCPC junction, and its effect on the systemic pressures and flow rates, is the main objective of this study.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
High copy wildtype human 1N4R tau expression promotes early pathological tauopathy accompanied by cognitive deficits without progressive neurofibrillary degeneration

Accumulation of insoluble conformationally altered hyperphosphorylated tau occurs as part of the pathogenic process in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other tauopathies. In most AD subjects, wild-type (WT) tau aggregates and accumulates in neurofibrillary tangles and dystrophic neurites in the brain; however, in some familial tauopathy disorders, mutations in the gene encoding tau cause disease. We generated a mouse model, Tau4RTg2652, that expresses high levels of normal human tau in neurons resulting in the early stages of tau pathology. In this model, over expression of WT human tau drives pre-tangle pathology in young mice resulting in behavioral deficits. These changes occur at a relatively young age and recapitulate early pre-tangle stages of tau pathology associated with AD and mild cognitive impairment. Several features distinguish the Tau4RTg2652 model of tauopathy from previously described tau transgenic mice. Unlike other mouse models where behavioral and neuropathologic changes are induced by transgenic tau harboring MAPT mutations pathogenic for frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), the mice described here express the normal tau sequence. Features of Tau4RTg2652 mice distinguishing them from other established wild type tau overexpressing mice include very early phenotypic manifestations, non-progressive tau pathology, abundant pre-tangle and phosphorylated tau, sparse oligomeric tau species, undetectable fibrillar tau pathology, stability of tau transgene copy number/expression, and normal lifespan. These results suggest that Tau4RTg2652 animals may facilitate studies of tauopathy target engagement where WT tau is driving tauopathy phenotypes.
Solvatochromic Study of Poly(vinyl chloride) Plasticizers and Their Solutions in Chloroform: Application to Phenobarbital Partitioning and Molecular Recognition of Phenobarbital.

The possibility now exists, with the availability of several families of artificial molecular receptors, to create selective extraction media. More selective extractions will lead to cleaner chromatograms, with lower detection limits and perhaps higher accuracy for trace organic analysis by chromatography. Furthermore, laboratories will be expected to minimize the use of volatile organic solvents. Consequently, nonvolatile, reusable solvents will be the basis for extractions. In addition, as artificial molecular receptors become more widely available, these solvents will be used to support molecular recognition. We have focused on plasticizers of poly(vinyl chloride) as examples of these solvents. We have determined solvatochromic parameters of several plasticizers and their solutions in chloroform. These parameters, along with cohesive energy density and solvent molar volume, were used to derive linear free energy relationships for the free energies of phenobarbital partitioning between solvent and aqueo...
Threading splines through 3D channels

Abstract Given a polygonal channel between obstacles in the plane or in space, we present an algorithm for generating a parametric spline curve with few pieces that traverses the channel and stays inside. While the problem without emphasis on few pieces has trivial solutions, the problem for a limited budget of pieces represents a nonlinear and continuous (‘infinite’) feasibility problem. Using tight, two-sided, piecewise linear bounds on the potential solution curves, we reformulate the problem as a finite, linear feasibility problem whose solution, by standard linear programming techniques, is a solution of the channel-fitting problem. The algorithm allows the user to specify the degree and smoothness of the solution curve and to minimize an objective function, for example, to approximately minimize the curvature of the spline. We describe in detail how to formulate and solve the problem, as well as the problem of fitting parallel curves, for a spline in Bernstein-Bezier form.
Vibration of nuclear fuel bundles

Abstract Several mathematical models have been proposed for calculating fuel rod responses in axial flows based on a single rod consideration. The spacing between fuel rods in liquid metal fast breeder reactors (LMFBRs) is small; hence fuel rods will interact with one another due to fluid coupling. The objective of this paper is to study the coupled vibration of fuel bundles. To account for the fluid coupling, a computer code (AMASS) is developed to calculate added mass coefficients for a group of circular cylinders based on the potential flow theory. The equations of motion for rod bundles are then derived including hydrodynamic forces, drag forces, fluid pressure, gravity effect, axial tension and damping. Based on the equations, a method of analysis is presented to study the free and forced vibrations of rod bundles. Finally, the method is applied to a typical LMFBR fuel bundle consisting of seven rods.
Phenomenology of exotic particles in E 6 theories

We explore the properties of the exotic fermions as well as the additional gauge boson(s) and Higgs scalars present in E/sub 6/ grand unified theories resulting from superstrings. Special attention has been paid to the decay modes of these new particles and their production mechanisms at existing accelerators and those under construction.
Investigation of the role of sex hormones in alcoholics' visuospatial deficits

Abstract This study investigated whether an alcohol-related disturbance in the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis was a factor in alcoholics' visuospatial impairment. One month detoxified male alcoholics ( n = 58) performed significantly poorer than peer controls ( n =30) on a battery of visuospatial and verbal tests. Serum concentrations of testosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were obtained at three times during cognitive testing. Previously reported correlations in healthy young male adults between visuospatial performance with testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone concentrations were replicated in control subjects. These correlations were not significant in the alcoholics. The results suggest that chronic alcoholism may disrupt the normal relationships between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and cognitive functioning.
Effects of aging and glucocorticoid treatment on monoamine oxidase subtypes in rat cerebral cortex : Therapeutic implications

Dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is more common in elderly depression than in younger cohorts, resulting in elevated glucocorticoid levels. Effectiveness of antidepressant drugs is also impaired in these patients. We evaluated the effects of continuous infusions of dexamethasone on monoamine oxidase (MAO) subtypes in aged rat brain to determine whether unique interactions of glucocorticoids and aging could contribute to abnormal transmitter disposition. Aged rats given dexamethasone showed robust induction of both MAO A (threefold increase) and B (30% increase) in the frontal/parietal cortex, effects in the opposite direction from those seen in young rats treated with glucocorticoids. Our results support the view that depression in the elderly may have biologically discrete components that make it differ from depression in younger people. These distinctions may influence the etiology and therapy of depression, while at the same time providing potential biomarkers (such as platelet MAO) that may serve to predict successful treatment outcome in patient subpopulations.
Can self-rated health identify US women and men with low bone mineral density? A cross-sectional population study.

Background: Despite its simplicity, self-rated health (SRH) is a significant dimension of health assessment, with demonstrated means to identify individuals at increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess whether SRH, age, and modifiable osteoporosis risk factors in a hypothetical screening situation could identify individuals with low bone mineral density (BMD). Methods: Data were analyzed from a multiethnic sample of 4905 women and men aged 50 to 79 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Low BMD was assessed according to the World Health Organization definition using gender- and race/ethnicity-specific young adult mean values to calculate T-scores. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine whether BMD was lower among those with poorer SRH; multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether poor SRH was associated with low BMD. Results: The study population included 616 and 589 African American; 522 and 564 Mexican American; and 1312 and 1302 white women and men, respectively. The distributions of SRH responses differed for African American and Mexican American women and men compared with the distributions for samegender whites, with significantly more white women and men reporting excellent or very good health (P < 0.05) and significantly greater proportions of African American and Mexican American women and men reporting poorer health (P < 0.05). Among women and nonwhite men, there was no evidence of an association between BMD and SRH. Linear trends of decreasing BMD with declining SRH were detected for all men with low or normal body mass index (P < 0.001) and overweight men (P < 0.001). When stratified by race/ethnicity, a linear trend of decreasing BMD with declining SRH was found for nonobese white men only (P-trend: <0.001). The likelihood of having low BMD among nonobese white men who reported excellent or very good health was two-thirds that of their male counterparts with poor SRH (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Independent of age and modifiable osteoporosis risk factors, poor SRH may be a relevant risk factor for low BMD among older nonobese white men. Further research is needed to determine whether SRH may be a useful risk assessment tool for low BMD in this group of men.
Formation of Enzymatically Active, Dialysable Fragments during Autodigestion of Pepsin

NORTHROP and co-workers have shown1 that pepsin in solution digests itself with the formation of material soluble in trichloroacetic acid. The amount of non-protein substance formed depends upon factors such as time, temperature, and the pH and composition of the solvent. It has now been found in this laboratory that if autodigestion of pepsin proceeds at pH values removed from those optimal for proteolysis, pH 1.5–2.0, activity can be recovered in the non-protein fraction.
Mail Survey to Determine Amounts of, and Potential Work Force Exposure to, Foliarly-Applied Insecticides in North Carolina

A large number of agricultural workers are exposed to pesticide residues on crops, especially during work activities related to production of cotton, tobacco, vegetables, and fruits. North Carolina used an estimated 35 million Ibs (AI) of pesticides in 1974 (Keil et al. 1977). A North Carolina Department of Agriculture Quarterly Survey conducted during July 1975 estimated that 272,000 farm workers were employed on 132,000 farms. Many of those workers are poorly educated and often unaware of potential hazards involved in handling insecticide-treated crops.
Cognitive and task influences on Web searching behavior

Users' individual differences and tasks are important factors that influence the use of information systems. Two independent investigations were conducted to study the impact of differences in users' cognition and search tasks on Web search activities and outcomes. Strong task effects were found on search activities and outcomes, whereas interactions between cognitive and task variables were found on search activities only. These results imply that the flexibility of the Web and Web search engines allows different users to complete different search tasks successfully. However, the search techniques used and the efficiency of the searches appear to depend on how well the individual searcher fits with the specific task.
Characterizing gas-water interfacial and bulk-water partitioning for gas-phase transport of organic contaminants in unsaturated porous media

This study was performed to investigate the impact of interfacial and bulk-water partitioning on the retention and retardation of gas-phase contaminants during transport in unsaturated porous media...
Abstract 2283: Nano-scale proteomic profiles of response to targeted therapy in patients with RCC.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Novel agents that inhibit targets in the hypoxia and MTOR pathways can achieve response rates of 30-60% in renal cell carcinoma (RCC); however, biomarkers have not yet been identified to measure degree of target inhibition and mechanism of biologic response in individual patients. We developed the use of a high-throughput, nanoscale immunoassay (NIA, Nanopro1000 Instrument, Protein Simple) to profile hypoxia pathways and downstream signaling in serially sampled clinical specimens from patients with RCC. NIA uses charge-based separation to distinguish multiple charged modifications of individual proteins, and measure relative ratios of individual unphosphorylated and phosphorylated isoforms. We first developed and optimized assays to measure therapeutic targets and proteins in hypoxia, proliferation and metabolic pathways (including CaIX, HIF, VEGFR, ERK, AKT, MYC, glutaminase) to analyze frozen surgical specimens, fine needle aspirates (FNA's) and blood PBMC specimens from patients with RCC. Next, we analyzed more than 200 FNA's from solid tumors, comparing RCC with paired adjacent non-tumor tissue and other epithelial malignancies. Basal MAPK signaling across the samples ranged across 3 logs for both normal and tumor tissue, demonstrating the difficulty in setting a threshold predictive of response based on a single pre-treatment measurement. To test whether analysis of serial specimens could detect changes, we prospectively collected and analyzed blood peripheral mononuclear cells from 20 RCC patients before and during treatment with standard targeted therapies including MTOR and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We report for the first time that targeted inhibitors can preferentially inhibit or activate specific protein phospho-isoforms in patients with RCC. Our studies demonstrate that rapid and quantitative nanoproteomic profiling in very small amounts of serially sampled clinical specimen may accelerate translational studies for predictive proteomic biomarkers of response to targeted therapy. Citation Format: Alice C. Fan, John Leppert, Joanna E. Liliental, Liwen Xu, Thomas J. Metzner, Emelyn Shroff, Alia Yaghi, Christine Yost, James D. Brooks, Lauren C. Harshman, Chiara Sabatti, Sandhya Srinivas, Dean W. Felsher. Nano-scale proteomic profiles of response to targeted therapy in patients with RCC. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2283. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2283
ELectrokinetic studies on oxidized aluminium surfaces

Phenomena occurring at the metal- and metal oxide-electrolyte interface are of enormous fundamental and technological interest. This paper reports experimental and theoretical findings on electrokinetic potentials obtained for aluminium and aluminium oxide surfaces in contact with simple electrolytes. The correlation of electrokinetic parameters with corrosion phenomena is a new development, which the authors regard as having wide implications in surface oxidation studies and related fields. The streaming potential technique has been used to determine zeta potentials. An automatic recording apparatus has been employed for quick measurement of electrokinetic parameters, a capability which is essential for the study of reactive surfaces and/or substrates. This apparatus records streaming potential-pressure curves in approximately 10–20 s (or less if desired) as compared to about 50 min necessary by older methods. Aluminium metal, oxidized aluminium, and pure alumina powders have been investigated. Adsorption isotherms for simple and complex ions, respectively, and an explanation of the specific adsorption phenomena have been deduced from electrokinetic measurements. The electrokinetic behaviour of aluminium oxidized in air or water is found intermediate to that of aluminium metal and pure alumina, respectively. The isoelectric points obtained at constant ionic strengths of 1 × 10−3M range from a pH = 6 to pH = 9, and depending on the extent of surface oxidation, the former have been shown rather sensitive functions of pH. An attempt to correlate the degree of surface oxidation to the observed data has been made.
Endometrial cancer in Asian and American Indian/Alaskan Native women: tumor characteristics, treatment and outcome compared to non-Hispanic white women.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study is to compare survival of Asian (AS), American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) women with endometrial adenocarcinoma (EC). Methods Patients with EC were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program from 1988 to 2009. Kaplan–Meier survival methods and Cox proportional hazards regression were performed. Results Of the 105,083 women, 97,763 (93%) were NHW, 6699 (6.4%) were AS and 621 (0.6%) were AI/AN. AS and AI/AN were younger than NHW with mean age of 57.7 and 56.5 vs. 64.3years (p In multivariate analysis, AS had better overall (OS) (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.81–0.91, p Conclusions Asians were younger at presentation, more likely to have lymphadenectomy and had an improved outcome compared to NHW. Interestingly, Asian immigrants had more favorable outcome than Asians born in the US. Further studies are warranted to find possible explanations for such a difference.
Dna Damage Induction by 125I-Estrogen

DNA damage induced by the radioactive decay of 125I-estrogen (125I-VME2) in an estrogen receptor expressing CHO cell line, CHO-ER, was measured. 125I-VME2 targeted 125I atoms proximal to DNA estrogen response elements (EREs). 125I decays were accumulated at-135oC, and thereafter assayed by alkaline and neutral filter elution techniques to measure DNA single strand break (ssb) and double strand break (dsb) induction respectively. Increasing DNA damage (both ssbs and dsbs) was detected after exposure of cells to increasing concentrations of 125I-VME2. DNA ssb and dsb dose-response curves for 125I-VME2 were multiphasic. The rates of DNA damage induction by the decay of 125I-VME2 was determined by comparing slopes of all data or by comparing initial slopes. DNA ssb induction per 125I-VME2 decay was approximately 2 times greater compared with DNA dsb induction. 125I-VME2 decay induced approximately 4-8 times more DNA dsbs than 125IUdR decay.
"The Scientific Method" as Myth and Ideal

“The Scientific Method” as it has been portrayed in popular and introductory contexts has been declared a myth. The variation that one finds in introductory presentations of “The Scientific Method” is explained by the fact that there is no canonical account among historians and philosophers of science. What, in particular, is wrong with “The Scientific Method”? This essay provides a fairly comprehensive survey of shortcomings of “The Scientific Method”. Included are corrections to several misconceptions that often accompany such presentations. Rather than treating “The Scientific Method” as a useful approximation or an ideal, the myth should be discarded. Lessons can be learned for introductory pedagogical contexts from considering the shortcomings of the myth.
The role of neuroendocrine immune interactions in the initiation of humoral immunity in chickens

The presence of neuroendocrine immune interaction in mammalian species has been studied extensively and has been established. However, such an interaction is not as well established in avian species. Furthermore, the role of such an interaction in the initiation of humoral immunity is not well understood. Therefore, the present studies were conducted to determine mechanisms involved in the initiation of humoral immunity in chickens. Cornell K-strain White Leghorn immature male chickens were used for all the experiments. Changes in hormonal and leukocyte profiles after antigen stimulation were studied. The ability of different leukocytes to produce ACTH was also investigated. It was concluded that the first step in the initiation of humoral immunity after antigen exposure is the release of interleukin-1 by macrophages, which in turn stimulates the production of CRF by hypothalamus and/or leukocytes. It is important to mention that CRF production could also be a direct effect of antigen stimulation. The CRF will then stimulate ACTH production by anterior pituitary and/or leukocytes. In addition, CRF will directly enhance lymphocyte activities in the spleen. Corticosteroid production will be stimulated by ACTH and will cause redistribution of lymphocytes from circulation to secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen for antigen processing and eventual production of antibodies against the invading antigens. Finally, both ACTH and corticosteroids will later act in a negative feedback manner to regulate and control the process of antibody production by inhibiting lymphocyte activities and/or reducing the responsiveness to different stimuli.
Experiences of Cervical Cancer Survivors in Rural Eastern North Carolina: a Qualitative Assessment

Little qualitative research has been conducted with cervical cancer survivors. We sought to understand the experiences of survivors in rural Eastern North Carolina and identify any barriers which may have kept women from receiving preventive Papanicolaou screenings or follow-up care. We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 15 low-income and underserved cervical cancer survivors living in Eastern North Carolina. Participants included English-speaking women who attended a large cancer center for care between March 2012 and March 2013. Participants ranged from being recently diagnosed with cervical cancer to being 15 years post-diagnosis. Interviews lasted approximately 1 h and were audio-tape-recorded. On average, women were 55 years old (range 35–85) and were diagnosed with cervical cancer 3 years prior to the interview (range 0.2 to 180 months). A good proportion was uninsured or Medicaid-insured (60 %). Half reported an annual household income of less than $20,000, and 13 % reported having a college degree. The majority of survivors had limited understanding of cervical cancer, experienced persistent symptoms related to their cancer before seeking care, and were nonadherent to Papanicolaou screening recommendations. The main barriers to care reported by participants was lack of money and health insurance, followed by the perception of overall health (which equated to the belief that medical care was not needed), transportation issues, and discomfort with provider. Health professionals should focus educational efforts on the benefits of Papanicolaou screenings, the symptoms sometimes associated with cervical cancer, and the free or low-cost services available to low-income women.
SLA evaluation with on-the-fly measurements of distributed service implementation over clouds

Given the business mode of offering computing services to customers in a cloud setting, a major question arises: how good are the services of a cloud provider when compared to that of other providers. The paper attempts to answer the question by describing a methodology to measure the various cloud parameters (such as VM cycles and number of VM instances) at run-time and map them onto meaningful service-level attributes. The paper provides a concrete definition of the service attributes experienced by the client application: such as availability, agility, and elasticity, in terms of the underlying cloud infrastructure parameters (i.e., VM instances and network bandwidth). Since the IaaS parameters are hard to measure directly, we resort to a measurement methodology that maps the client-visible PaaS-layer service attributes onto the underlying IaaS parameters exported by the cloud provider. Our measurement methodology satisfies the requirements of cloud testing: "stealthiness" and "non-intrusiveness", while minimizing the measurement overhead.
A Preconditioned Newton-Krylov Method for Computing Stationary Pulse Solutions of Mode-locked Lasers

We solve the periodic boundary value problem for a mode-locked laser cavity using a preconditioned matrix-implicit Newton-Krylov solver. Solutions are obtained two to three orders of magnitude faster than with standard tools.
Injury surveillance in the ED: design, implementation, and analysis

Comprehensive, population-based surveillance for nonfatal injuries requires uniform methods for data collection from multiple hospitals. To show issues related to design and implementation of multihospital, emergency department (ED), injury surveillance, a city-wide system in the United States is discussed. From October 1, 1995 to September 30, 1996 all injury-related ED visits among District of Columbia residents <3 years of age were ascertained at the 10 hospitals where city children routinely sought care. Information was abstracted from 2,938 injury-related, ED visits (132.7 visits/1,000 person-years). Based on this experience, suggestions to facilitate design of multihospital, injury surveillance in other locations are offered. Importantly, injury-related visits were reliably ascertained from ED logs, and for most variables, a systematic sample of injury-related visits was representative of the total injured population. However, there is a need for more complete documentation of circumstances surrounding injuries and for standardization of data elements on ED logs and treatment records.
A safety net for diabetics.

D. Clery's News Focus story “A pancreas in a box” (10 January, p. [133][1]), which discusses progress toward an artificial pancreas, outlines the fervent wishes of all but articulates a view of the future that potentially overlooks the “good” in a quest for the “perfect.” Industry is
Further studies of the intestinal degradation products of cholic acid-24-C14 in rats; formation of deoxycholic acid.

Abstract Cholic acid-24-C 14 was injected intraperitoneally into rats, and the intestinal degradation products of cholate were studied in the intestinal tract and feces. A relatively small amount of the radioactivity (4–19%) was present in compounds with carbonyl groupings. When extracts of feces were chromatographed on the columns described by Mosbach et al . (16), a consistent sharp peak of radioactivity was observed in the dihydroxycholanic acid region. This material, tentatively described as bile acid D, was characterized by its absorption spectrum in the visible and near ultraviolet regions after treatment with the reagents of Minibeck (17) and of Szalkowski and Mader (18), and the methyl ester was characterized by its infrared absorption spectrum. These reactions indicated that bile acid D was essentially pure deoxycholic acid. When bile acid D was added to large quantities of deoxycholic acid and chromatographed, the peak of radioactivity corresponded to the deoxycholic acid peak. Recrystallization of bile acid D and carrier deoxycholic acid did not change the specific activity. Biosynthetic deoxycholate administered into the duodenum was one-third converted in a single hepatic circulation to a labeled trihydroxycholanic acid. The conversion of labeled taurocholate to free deoxycholate was shown to occur in the cecum. Biosynthetic deoxycholic acid was partially absorbed when administered into the duodenum or cecum, but in neither case was it absorbed to the extent of labeled cholic acid. No labeled compound except taurocholate has yet been identified in portal sera. The significance of these transformations in the body steroid economy was discussed.
A developmental voltage&#8211;tunable microwave magnetron

The paper concerns the results of design and performance of a low power coaxially interdigital magnetron with external coupled cavity. Special attention is given to the problem of wide-range tunability, in the microwave frequency spectrum, using either mechanical or voltage-tuning methods. The basic structure of the magnetron consists of a short, hermetically-sealed section of coaxial transmission line which contains six equally spaced radial vanes extending from the inner wall of the outer coaxial cylinder into six longitudinal slots in the inner coaxial cylinder. The cathode is symmetrically located within the inner coaxial cylinder at the position of the multianode structure. This sealed off multi-anode system is used to excite a TEM mode in an external coaxial circuit. Experimental results on electronically and mechanically tunable operation are reported, with particular emphasis on voltage tuning.
Competition between Bromus tectorum L. and Poa pratensis L.: the role of light

Bromus tectorum L. dominates sites of large-scale disturbance, while Poa pratensis L. dominates the sites of small-scale disturbance in the Festuca/Symphoricarpos habitat type in eastern Washington (USA). The role of incident irradiation in influencing these distributions was examined using field and glasshouse experiments. Glasshouse grown swards of B. tectorum growing beneath an established canopy of P. pratensis displayed larger biomass and higher survival when exposed to supplemental light versus controls. Neither mean plant height nor the skewness in the individual biomass distribution were significantly different between the supplemental light and control plots. Maximum net photosynthesis for P. pratensis and B. tectorum was 11.5 and 14.87 mg CO2·dm-2·h-1, respectively. For Poa, light utilization efficiency was greater, although light compensation point was lower than that exhibited by Bromus. These photosynthetic characteristics along with the seasonal pattern of light transmission through the meadow steppe canopy may largely account for the successful establishment of P. pratensis in small sites of disturbance with little light, while restricting the establishment of B. tectorum to patches with more irradiance.
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF BEEF AND BEEF BY‐PRODUCT PROTEIN FRACTIONS IN FRANKFURTER BATTERS

Protein fractions [high ionic strength soluble (HIS), low ionic strength soluble (LIS) and insoluble (IN)] and myosin percentage of beef skeletal tissues were varied in model system frankfurter batter formulations by substitution of lung, heart and spleen to investigate changes in stability and textural properties. Percentage myosin and HIS proteins were positively correlated to reheat yield and apparent strain and stress at failure in the cooked batters. The quantity of LIS proteins was negatively correlated, whereas the quantity of IN proteins were not highly correlated with the batter parameters evaluated. Properties examined in protein gel and batter model systems were highly correlated. Results suggest that the yield and texture of frankfurters might be improved by adjusting the type and quantity of meat in a formulation to achieve minimum quantities of HIS protein and myosin.
Two-photon instant structured illumination microscopy improves the depth penetration of super-resolution imaging in thick scattering samples.

Fluorescence imaging methods that achieve spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit (super-resolution) are of great interest in biology. We describe a super-resolution method that combines two-photon excitation with structured illumination microscopy (SIM), enabling three-dimensional interrogation of live organisms with ∼150 nm lateral and ∼400 nm axial resolution, at frame rates of ∼1 Hz. By performing optical rather than digital processing operations to improve resolution, our microscope permits super-resolution imaging with no additional cost in acquisition time or phototoxicity relative to the point-scanning two-photon microscope upon which it is based. Our method provides better depth penetration and inherent optical sectioning than all previously reported super-resolution SIM implementations, enabling super-resolution imaging at depths exceeding 100 μm from the coverslip surface. The capability of our system for interrogating thick live specimens at high resolution is demonstrated by imaging whole nematode embryos and larvae, and tissues and organs inside zebrafish embryos.
Map of the floristic provinces of north America

In the course of contributing to the English-language version of a book on plant geography by Academician Armen Takhtajan, I have had occasion to prepare a map of the floristic regions and provinces of North America. I now wish to put this map on record. The map is released from copyright, but we hope that anyone who uses it will acknowledge the source. The code of numbers and letters on the map is iintended to mesh with the number-code in the book. It may be explained as follows:
Vector-Meson Dominance and High-Energy Electron-Proton Inelastic Scattering

A vector-meson dominance model for high-energy $\mathrm{ep}$ inelastic scattering is proposed. We predict that at high values of the missing mass (g2.5 BeV) the ratio of the longitudinal to the transverse cross section is given by $\ensuremath{\xi}(\frac{{q}^{2}}{m_{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{[1\ensuremath{-}(\frac{{q}^{2}}{2{m}_{p}\ensuremath{\nu}})]}^{2}$, where $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is expected to be of the order of unity. Scale invariance (in the sense of Bjorken) is satisfied at very high ${q}^{2}$. The model may adequately account for the remarkably large cross section recently observed in the deep inelastic region.
Initiation of sulfite oxidation by spinach ferredoxin-NADP reductase and ferredoxin system: a model experiment on the superoxide anion radical production by metalloflavoproteins.

Abstract By means of the radical-initiation of sulfite oxidation, spinach ferredoxin-NADP reductase was shown to produce O 2 - in the course of NADPH oxidation by molecular oxygen. With the reductase and NADPH as the electron donating system, ferredoxin was found to stimulate the sulfite oxidation even more effectively than the flavoprotein at high ionic strength. Under O 2 -producing conditions, the semiquinoid form of the flavoprotein was found to be involved in the steady state absorption spectrum which was measured by “stopped-flow” technique.
Behavioral limitations that traumatic-brain-injured patients tend to underestimate

Abstract Sixty-four traumatic-brain-injury (TBI) patients and their relatives completed the Patient Competency Rating Scale (PCRS). As predicted, TBI patients consistently underestimated their behavioral limitations on 10 out of the 30 items used in this scale while showing no such underestimation (compared to relatives' reports) on eight additional items. TBI patients typically underestimate problems in emotional control and social interaction. Multiple regression equations were calculated for predicting patient and relative ratings on PCRS items. Measures of verbal learning and simple speed of finger tapping were consistently related to ratings concerning activities of daily living. However, neuropsychological test scores generally failed to predict ratings on the items sampling social interaction and emotional control. Impaired awareness of certain behavioral limitations may reflect a cognitive/affective disturbance not adequately sampled by traditional neuropsychological measures alone.
Peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC-1α) stimulates carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-Iα) through the first intron

Peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1alpha) is a transcriptional coactivator that promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism in brown fat, skeletal muscle and heart. Previous studies demonstrated that PGC-1alpha is present at low levels in the liver but that the hepatic abundance of PGC-1alpha is elevated in diabetic and fasted animals. Elevated PGC-1alpha expression is associated with increased fatty acid oxidation and hepatic glucose production. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) is a rate controlling step in the mitochondrial oxidation of long chain fatty acids. CPT-I transfers the acyl moiety from fatty acyl-CoA to carnitine for the translocation of long chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane. There are two isoforms of CPT-I including a liver isoform CPT-Ialpha and a muscle isoform CPT-Ibeta. Here, we characterized the regulation of CPT-Ialpha isoform by PGC-1alpha. PGC-1alpha stimulates CPT-Ialpha primarily through multiple sites in the first intron. We found that PGC-1alpha can induce CPT-Ialpha gene expression in cardiac myocytes and primary hepatocytes. Our results indicate that PGC-1alpha elevates the expression of CPT-Ialpha via a unique mechanism that utilizes elements within the intron.
Is Content-Related Evidence Useful in Validating Selection Tests?

The 12 papers commenting on K. R. Murphy (2009a) raise a number of important issues, most of which can be subsumed in one of four themes. First, papers examining content-oriented validation strategies are still necessary and useful, in part because of the frequent use of these strategies in the practice of industrial–organizational (I–O) psychology. Second, the term “content validity” means many different things both within and beyond the field of I–O psychology, and it is useful to understand what sorts of inferences examinations of test content do and do not support. Third, these 12 papers present very little evidence that content validation, as typically carried out by I–O psychologists, actually provides information about the likelihood that people who do well on the test will do well on the job. Finally, I believe that the best use of content-related evidence in validating selection tests is in developing hypotheses about relationships between test scores and criteria rather than in testing these hypotheses.
Repeated Nicotine Exposure Enhances Reward-Related Learning in the Rat

Repeated exposure to addictive drugs causes neuroadaptive changes in cortico-limbic-striatal circuits that may underlie alterations in incentive-motivational processes and reward-related learning. Such drug-induced alterations may be relevant to drug addiction because enhanced incentive motivation and increased control over behavior by drug-associated stimuli may contribute to aspects of compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors. This study investigated the consequences of repeated nicotine treatment on the acquisition and performance of Pavlovian discriminative approach behavior, a measure of reward-related learning, in male rats. Water-restricted rats were trained to associate a compound conditioned stimulus (tone+light) with the availability of water (the unconditioned stimulus) in 15 consecutive daily sessions. In separate experiments, rats were repeatedly treated with nicotine (0.35 mg/kg, s.c.) either (1) prior to the onset of training, (2) after each daily training session was completed (ie postsession injections), or (3) received nicotine both before the onset of training as well as after each daily training session. In this study, all nicotine treatment schedules increased Pavlovian discriminative approach behavior and, thus, prior repeated exposure to nicotine, repeated postsession nicotine injections, or both, facilitated reward-related learning.
The influence of extent of polymerization on the thermal behavior of an epoxy-based polyether resin

A number of studies have been reported in the literature on the polymerization and thermal decomposition of epoxide resins. Lee1 and Anderson2 have both studied the thermal decomposition of epoxy resins, and they concluded that the characteristic exothermic peak (which can occur anywhere between 300° and 400°C) is caused at least partially by some reaction of the epoxide group. We have been investigating the thermal decomposition of an aromatic polyether resin which is produced by curing the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (Epon 825) with the catalytic agent trimethoxyboroxine (Fig. 1). DTA studies of the polyether in an inert atmosphere of N2 showed exothermic peaks at approximately 390°, 430°, and 470°C, with the major exotherm being the one at 430°C. Our investigation has shown the important role played by low molecular weight epoxides in these exothermic reactions.
Checklist self-evaluation in a standardized patient exercise

Background Standardized patient (SP) exercises are expensive and time consuming. We hypothesized that self-evaluation would further the goals of teaching and evaluation for a group of medical students. Methods Students were given self-evaluation checklists (essentially identical to those filled out by the SPs) and completed them prior to reviewing the SP checklists. Agreement between student and SP checklists (whether each item was checked or not) and the extent of agreement on the interactional skills rating scales were assessed. Results: Overall agreement was 93%, with 98% agreement on interactional items, 92% on physical examination items, and 89% on history items. Disagreements tended to be clustered on a few items in each scale. Scores on the interactional skills rating scales also showed strong agreement. Conclusion The use of checklists and rating scales in this context is well established. At virtually no cost, a self-evaluation tool adds a valuable dimension to the exercise.
Three Approaches to Multilevel Theory Building

Human resource development (HRD) is a dynamic field requiring multilevel considerations in the use and development of theory and theory-building approaches. Despite considerable support in HRD literature for systems and multilevel perspectives, commonly featured general theory-building models do not overtly include or integrate related considerations. It is has been argued by scholars that failures to address inherent levels across HRD have led to reductionism and a micro—macro divide that is, in the long run, an ineffective dichotomy leading to a focus on either large system or individual issues in HRD. Theorizing holistically about multiple levels concurrently has been advocated by HRD scholars as a realistic approach to the naturalistic work environment. Three multilevel theory-building frameworks are introduced, explored, and critiqued as important developments for HRD. Recommendations for advancing HRD theory building based on the aforementioned multilevel theory-building examination are outlined.
Filtration of Recombinant Norwalk Virus Particles and Bacteriophage MS2 in Quartz Sand: Importance of Electrostatic Interactions

Norwalk virus is known to be transmitted through groundwater, yet the environmental factors that facilitate its interstitial transport in subsurface systems are not yet clear. This paper investigates the filtration and surface charge of recombinant Norwalk virus (rNV) particles that are morphologically and antigenically similar to live Norwalk strains but lack nucleic acid and are therefore noninfectious. In contrast to bacteriophage MS2, a common surrogate for waterborne viral pathogens, the surface charge of rNV particles and their filtration in packed beds of quartz sand are strongly influenced by pore water pH over the environmentally important range of pH 5−7. From a mechanistic perspective, these results suggest that the physicochemical filtration of the Norwalk virus is highly dependent on the nature and magnitude of electrostatic interactions that develop between the virus and filter media. Furthermore, because MS2 and the rNV particles differ significantly with respect to their electrostatic prop...
Uptake of dopamine by platelets in vivo

Abstract Circulating platelets of cats infused with 14C-dopamine take up the amine against a concentration gradient, with maximal concentration occurring 10 min after infusion. 58%, of the platelet-bound radioactive dopamine was localized in a subcellular fraction rich in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) storage organelles. The results support earlier work with human platelets showing in vitro dopamine uptake by normal platelets, and in vivo accumulation in parkinsonian patients treated with L-dopa.