cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the basis of ethionine-resistance in neurospora

Abstract 1. 1. The basis of ethionine resistance in two temperature-sensitive irreparable mutants of Neurospora crassa (55701 and r-eth -1) has been examined. 2. 2. One of these mutants (55701) appears to be resistant due to an impaired ability to concentrate ethionine from the medium. 3. 3. The strain r-eth -1 has a normal uptake system for ethionine, but fails to incorporate this analog into protein. Evidence is offered that although r-eth -1 overproduces methionine, this fact accounts for only part of the resistance to ethionine, and that this strain has an ability to discriminate against this analog that is not a trivial consequence of methionine overproduction. 4. 4. It is proposed that a single gene alteration in r-eth -1 genes rise to three pleiotropic effects: (a) a component of the protein-synthesizing machinery is able to discriminate between methionine and ethionine, (b) this component is involved in the regulation of methionine synthesis, (c) the change in this component renders it abnormally temperature-labile.
Behavioral Phenotypes in Organic Genetic Disease: Presidential Address to the Society for Pediatric Research, May 1, 1971

Behavioral Phenotypes in Organic Genetic Disease: Presidential Address to the Society for Pediatric Research, May 1, 1971
Dose-response hearing loss for white noise in the Sprague-Dawley rat.

Abstract The effect of noise exposure on the inner ear is well documented. However, the sensitivity to noise-induced damage varies with animal species. The purpose of this investigation was to generate a hearing loss dose-response curve for a 20-day white noise exposure in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Eight male rats were exposed to 110, 100, 95 or 85 dB sound pressure level (SPL) for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks in a sound-attenuated chamber fitted with a bank of overhead speakers. Controls were placed in an identical chamber without speakers. Four weeks after the exposure period ended, brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) thresholds were recorded in all rats at 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 kHz. Rats were then killed and cochlear tissues were processed for surface preparation. Hair cells were counted. Outer hair cell loss in the organ of Corti was observed in rats exposed to 95, 100, and 110 dB. Summary cytocochleograms were prepared for each rat by graphing the percentage of all hair cells remaining vs the percentage of distance along the basilar membrane as measured from the apex. The summary cytocochleograms were averaged and the area above this curve, corresponding to hair cell loss, was calculated. BAER threshold elevations (dB) were converted into percentage loss overall hearing function. Noise exposure level (dB) and (1) percentage area above the group average summary cytocochleogram and (2) percentage hearing loss were plotted as dose-response curves. Log-probit analysis was used to calculate ED50 noise exposure levels of 117 and 104 dB (SPL), (1), and (2), respectively. No observable effect level, lowest observable adverse effect level, and frank effect levels are identified.
A performing medium for working group graphics

Writing and drawing together on a common display often assist a working group in a task. For example,face-to-face groups have long enjoyed the richness of graphic communication found on blackboards. The spontaneous image manipulations which take place over time on a blackboard can be viewed as a text-graphic performance. A human performer generates and manipulates text and graphics for the purpose of assisting the working group in their task.The phenomenon of performed text-graphics presents opportunities for research in the area of computer-supported cooperative work. 1] Spontaneous generation demands a performing medium where the focus is on live manipulation of text and graphics. Design of a computer-based medium with enough agility and generality to support blackboard-like activity is a challenge for interface design. 2] Agility and generality must not be achieved at the expense of specializability. After a group has initially sketched an idea in text and graphics, then that same medium should also support refining the sketch according to formal schema. 3] The performing medium can also be used as a recording medium for studying image manipulation as part of the working group process.This paper presents a stepwise approach to the design of a performing medium for working group graphics. First, examples of non-computer text-graphics for groups are examined to get a preliminary idea of the underlying phenomenon: the performing of text-graphic manipulation to assist working groups. Next key features of that kind of text-graphic manipulation are isolated. Then, third, the architecture and behavior of a graphics editor providing those features is described.
Personality and enjoyment of computer game play

This paper introduces a research framework of game play based on a review of media enjoyment theories, personality theories, effects of computer game play, and technology acceptance model. The proposed framework suggests that an appropriate fit between characteristics of the player and gaming technology will result in greater enjoyment while social influence may moderate effects of the fit. An empirical study is carried out to investigate the relationship between enjoyment of computer game play and two personality traits (sensation seeking and self-forgetfulness). Hypotheses are proposed. A survey is conducted in two US universities. Results and implications are discussed.
Amelioration of nickel phytotoxicity in muck and mineral soils.

Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) was obtained at 2075 and 4505 mg kg 1 1 Ni, the predicted marketable yield of celery L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), and redbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) was con- (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers.) was re- ducted to test the ability of limestone and hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) duced by 16 to 40% depending on growing season. Yield to ameliorate Ni phytotoxicity in two soils contaminated by particulate of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in soil with 1300 emissions from a nickel refinery. Quarry muck (Terric Haplohemist; mg kg 1 Ni was increased by 8% or reduced by 36% in 72% organic matter) contained 2210 mg kg 1 of total Ni. The mineral comparison with predicted yields in various growing soil, Welland silt loam (Typic Epiaquoll), was more contaminated seasons. Nickel toxicity to agricultural crops grown in (2930 mg Ni kg 1 ). Both soils were very strongly acidic, allowing contaminated mineral soils located in the vicinity of the the soil Ni to be soluble and phytotoxic. Nickel phytotoxicity of the refinery as well as potential for remediation of these untreated muck soil was not very pronounced and could be easily soils received very little attention. confused with symptoms of Mn deficiency that occurred in this soil even with Mn fertilization. Severe nickel phytotoxicity of the untreated In situ amelioration of heavy metal toxicity, a cost- mineral soil prevented any growth of redbeet, the most sensitive crop; effective alternative to the replacement of contaminated even wheat, a relatively Ni-resistant species, was severely damaged. soil, may be achieved by amending soils with compo- White banding indicative of Ni phytotoxicity was present on oat and nents that reduce metal solubility and hence phytoavai- wheat leaves grown on the acidic mineral soil. Soil Ni extracted with lability. Depending on metal, soil, and resources avail- diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and 0.01 M Sr(NO3 )2 was able, a variety of amendments can be used including indicative of the ameliorative effect of amendments and correlated clay minerals, apatite, ferric and manganese hydroxy well with Ni concentrations in plant shoots. Making soils calcareous oxides, and limestone (Brown and Chaney, 2000; Mench was an effective treatment to reduce plant-available Ni and remediate
Electron Spin Resonance Studies of Hydrogen Adsorption on Defect-Induced Carbon Nanotubes

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were subjected to harsh acid treatment for subsequently increasing periods of time. Transmission electron micrographs show that metallic particles are largely removed in this process and that nanofibers are preferentially destroyed. Acid treatment induces defects through segmentation of the tube walls. These changes were studied using electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and the response of the defects to hydrogen adsorption was monitored over a temperature range from ambient to 5 K. The interaction of hydrogen mainly with defects is manifested in the largest increase in signal amplitude for the sample with the most defects and in the increase of the spin lattice relaxation time at temperature below 10 K.
The network library system: the history and description of an evolving library developed system

The Network Library System (NLS) is a collaborative development project undertaken by the University of Wisconsin‐Madison Libraries and the University of Chicago Libraries. Efforts to develop the system began in the 1970s. The conceptualization of the system, cooperative efforts to develop the system, and subsequent changes to the system due to such factors as the appearance on the market of alternative systems, are described. Current plans, which call for the linking of the NOTIS system with components of the NLS system, are covered in a sidebar at the end of the article.
Multisite reliability of cognitive BOLD data

Investigators perform multi-site functional magnetic resonance imaging studies to increase statistical power, to enhance generalizability, and to improve the likelihood of sampling relevant subgroups. Yet undesired site variation in imaging methods could off-set these potential advantages. We used variance components analysis to investigate sources of variation in the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal across four 3-T magnets in voxelwise and region-of-interest (ROI) analyses. Eighteen participants traveled to four magnet sites to complete eight runs of a working memory task involving emotional or neutral distraction. Person variance was more than 10 times larger than site variance for five of six ROIs studied. Person-by-site interactions, however, contributed sizable unwanted variance to the total. Averaging over runs increased between-site reliability, with many voxels showing good to excellent between-site reliability when eight runs were averaged and regions of interest showing fair to good reliability. Between-site reliability depended on the specific functional contrast analyzed in addition to the number of runs averaged. Although median effect size was correlated with between-site reliability, dissociations were observed for many voxels. Brain regions where the pooled effect size was large but between-site reliability was poor were associated with reduced individual differences. Brain regions where the pooled effect size was small but between-site reliability was excellent were associated with a balance of participants who displayed consistently positive or consistently negative BOLD responses. Although between-site reliability of BOLD data can be good to excellent, acquiring highly reliable data requires robust activation paradigms, ongoing quality assurance, and careful experimental control.
Engineered polymerases amplify the potential of ancient DNA

The generation of genomic data from mammoths and Neanderthals has reinvigorated discussion about whether extinct species could be brought back within the foreseeable future. However, post-mortem DNA decay rapidly reduces the number and quality of surviving DNA fragments, consequently increasing rates of sequencing error and forming a significant obstacle to accurate sequence reconstruction. Recent work has shown that it is possible to engineer a polymerase capable of using even highly damaged fragments as template sequences.
Marking renal injury: can we move beyond serum creatinine?

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a prevalent and devastating condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite marked improvements in clinical care, the outcomes for subjects with AKI have shown limited improvement in the past 50 years. A major factor inhibiting clinical progress in this field has been the inability to accurately predict and diagnose early kidney dysfunction. The current gold standard clinical and biochemical criteria for diagnosis of AKI, Risk Injury Failure Loss End-stage renal disease, and its modification, Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria, rely on urine output and serum creatinine, which are insensitive, nonspecific, and late markers of disease. The recent development of a variety of analytic mass spectrometry–based platforms have enabled separation, characterization, detection, and quantification of proteins (proteomics) and metabolites (metabolomics). These high-throughput platforms have raised hopes of identifying novel protein and metabolite markers, and recent efforts have led to several promising novel markers of AKI. However, substantial challenges remain, including the need to systematically evaluate incremental performance of these markers over and beyond current clinical and biochemical criteria for AKI. We discuss the basic issues surrounding AKI biomarker development, highlight the most promising markers currently under development, and discuss the barriers toward widespread clinical implementation of these markers.
The use of glucose oxidase as a generator of H2O2 in the enzymatic radioiodination of components of cell surfaces

Glucose oxidase generates H2O2 via the conversion of glucose to gluconolactone in the presence of molecular oxygen. Coupling of this reaction to the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed substitution of iodine for hydrogen on the phenolic side chains of proteins present on the surfaces of murine myeloma cells leads to a very marked increase in incorporation of radioactivity as well as a significant improvement of cell survival.
Noninvasive diagnosis of cardiac allograft rejection: The effect of procainamide

The surface electrocardiogram (ECG) has been used as a noninvasive technique for the diagnosis of cardiac allograft rejection. Alteration in conduction, R-wave amplitude, and rhythm have been associated with rejection. These ECG findings are modulated by the myocyte sodium channel, but are inconsistent and occur only during severe rejection episodes. The purpose of this study was to (I) characterize changes in cardiac electrophysiology during allograft rejection using the highly sensitive intramyocardial electrocardiogram and (2) determine whether pharmacological sodium channel blockade with procainamide enhances subtle ECG changes. Nine mongrel dogs underwent heterotopic heart transplantation in which four intramyocardial leads (one anteriorly and posteriorly on each ventricle) were attached. Leads exited to a subcutaneously placed ECG block which was transcutaneously accessed posttransplant to record direct intramyocardial electrocardiograms. Six animals were treated with procainamide. while three were ...
The neurotrophins and their receptors: Structure, function, and neuropathology

The neurotrophins are a family of polypeptides that promote differentiation and survival of select peripheral and central neurons. Nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, neurotrophin-4, and neurotrophin-5 are included in this group. In recent years, tremendous advances have been made in the study of these factors. This has stimulated our review of the field, characterizing the neurotrophins from initial isolation to molecular analysis. The review also discusses their synthesis, localization, and responsive tissues, in both the periphery and CNS. The complex receptor interactions of the neurotrophins are also analyzed, as are putative signal transduction mechanisms. Discussion of the observed and postulated involvement in neuropathological disorders leads to the conclusion that the neurotrophins are involved in the function and dysfunction of the nervous system.
Plasmon‐Mediated Synthesis of Silver Cubes with Unusual Twinning Structures Using Short Wavelength Excitation

The plasmon-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles is a versatile synthetic method which leverages the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of nanoscale silver to generate particles with non-spherical shapes and control over dimensions. Herein, a method is reported for controlling the twinning structure of silver nanoparticles, and consequently their shape, via the plasmon-mediated synthesis, solely by varying the excitation wavelength between 400, 450, and 500 nm, which modulates the rate of Ag⁺ reduction. Shorter, higher energy excitation wavelengths lead to faster rates of reaction, which in turn yield structures containing a greater number of twin boundaries. With this method, silver cubes can be synthesized using 450 nm excitation, which represents the first time this shape has been realized by a plasmon-mediated synthetic approach. In addition, these cubes contain an unusual twinning structure composed of two intersecting twin boundaries or multiple parallel twin boundaries. With respect to their twinning structure, these cubes fall between planar-twinned and multiply twinned nanoparticles, which are synthesized using 500 and 400 nm excitation, respectively.
Efficient message passing on UNIX shared memory multiprocessors

Abstract We describe a single-copy mechanism which enables an efficient message passing among UNIX processes on shared memory multiprocessors. A special version of PVMe , IBM's AIX implementation of the PVM message passing programming model, has been built based on this approach. Some preliminary results here reported show the clear advantage of the single-copy with respect to more conventional schemes.
Aortic stenosis, angina pectoris, coronary artery disease

The data from 88 patients (pts) with aortic stenosis (AS) were reviewed to determine relationships between angina pectoris (AP) and coronary artery disease (CAD). Results of surgery performed in 81 of these pts was analyzed. All pts had coronary arteriograms, and lesions greater than or equal to 50% were considered significant. Fifty-nine pts had an aortic valve gradient measured at catheterization greater than or equal to 40 mmHg, and in 29 pts, AS was confirmed at operation. Sixty-eight pts (77%) experienced AP, and 32 had coexisting CAD (47%); 9 of 20 pts without AP had CAD (45%). There were no significant differences in the incidence of AP in pts divided into subgroups by the aortic valve gradient (40-50, 51-100, 101-200 mmHg) or age (40-59, 60-81 years). Also, no significant differences were found in the incidence or extent of CAD between the two age groups; the extent of CAD was similar regardless of the presence or absence of AP. In pts with AP (1) CAD was more likely in pts greater than or equal to 60 years of age; (2) CAD was less likely when the aortic valve gradient was greater than 100 mmHg, suggesting that AP in these pts was due to hemodynamically severe AS. All pts with 3-vessel CAD experienced AP, and the aortic valve gradient was less in these pts than in those with no CAD or less extensive CAD. In 19 pts with combined AS and CAD who had both the aortic valve replaced and a revascularization operation only 1 of pts died in the hospital, while 3 of 19 pts with combined AS and CAD who had aortic valve replacement alone died. In this study a significant number of pts with AS experienced AP, and the presence or absence of AP did not predict coexisting CAD. Coronary arteriography is recommended in the evaluation of pts greater than or equal to 40 years of age with AS. The operative mortality appears to be decreased in pts with AS and CAD who have combined surgery.
Structural effects of raloxifene on the proximal femur: results from the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation trial.

Raloxifene improves spine bone mineral density (BMD), and its ability to reduce vertebral fractures by 40–50% suggests that it increases vertebral strength. Positive effects on hip BMD suggest a similar strengthening of the hip, but dimensional ambiguities in BMD by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) make it difficult to infer strength effects directly. Hip fractures may be too infrequent to evaluate in practical clinical trials; even the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) study with 7,705 subjects was insufficiently powered to show a comparable reduction in hip fractures. An alternative evaluation of hip DXA data in structural terms should provide more direct evidence of treatment effects on hip strength. Hip scans from a subset of the MORE study, including 4,806 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis randomized to daily oral doses of placebo, 60 mg, or 120 mg of raloxifene were reanalyzed by the hip structure analysis (HSA) method. Scans acquired at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 years were evaluated to extract BMD and cross-sectional geometry across the narrowest point on the neck (NN), the intertrochanteric region (IT), and the proximal shaft 1.5 times the minimum neck width distal to the intersection of the neck and shaft axes. While femur outer diameter expanded during follow-up at all three regions, there were no differences in expansion between groups; treatment influenced mainly the amount and distribution of bone within cross-sections. Effects were similar at the two dose levels at the NN region although the 120 mg dose produced a greater effect on section modulus (SM) at the IT region and on BMD, bone cross-sectional area (CSA), SM, average cortical thickness (CT), and buckling ratio (BR) at the shaft region. Compared with placebo after 3 years, treatment groups showed 0.4–2% higher BMD, CSA, SM, and CT and 1–2% lower BR. The smallest treatment effects were evident at the shaft at 60 mg. We conclude that raloxifene does not influence periosteal apposition in the proximal femur but it nevertheless produces small but significant improvement in resistance to axial and bending stresses (CSA and SM, respectively) at all analyzed regions. The significant reductions in buckling ratio suggest that additional strength loss due to cortical instability is also ameliorated by treatment.
Dysoxylins A−D, Tetranortriterpenoids with Potent Anti-RSV Activity from Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum

Four new compounds, belonging to the tetranortriterpenoid family, named dysoxylins A-D (1-4), isolated from Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum, were found to exhibit potent antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). These structures were determined by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and were shown to have anti-RSV EC50 activities in the range 1.0-4.0 microg/mL in cytopathic effect inhibition and plaque reduction assays.
Oligodendrogliomas in children

Oligodendrogliomas are rare central nervous system (CNS) tumors in children. The purpose of this study was to identify prognostic factors for progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in pediatric patients with oligodendrogliomas. We retrospectively analyzed clinical data on 37 pediatric patients with oligodendroglial tumors treated at Washington University. Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate survival rates. Log-rank was used to detect the difference between survival curves. The median age was 11.1 years (range 10 months–18 years), and median follow-up was 4.5 years (range 2 months–30.5 years). The 5-year PFS and OS were 66.4 and 93.4%, respectively. Mixed histology was associated with worse OS compared to patients with pure oligodendroglioma, 5-year OS 77.6 versus 100% (P 3 years at diagnosis correlated with improved 5-year PFS, 33.3 versus 69.8% (P = 0.01). Neither post-operative chemotherapy nor radiation therapy correlated with improved outcome. GTR and age >3 years at diagnosis remained significant for improved PFS on multivariate analysis. There were no factors correlated with improved overall survival on multivariate analysis. Pediatric oligodendroglial tumors are associated with excellent OS; however, a third of patients developed progressive disease. Our data demonstrate that patients with less than GTR and <3 years at diagnosis are at increased risk for progression and may benefit from more aggressive therapy.
Current posttraumatic stress disorder and history of trauma in trichotillomania.

Though some researchers and clinicians postulate that trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be implicated in the etiologic underpinnings of trichotillomania (TTM), very little research to date has examined such postulations. To address this gap in the literature, the current study assessed the prevalence of trauma and PTSD in 42 individuals seeking treatment for TTM. Relations between symptoms of PTSD and TTM also were examined, as were differences in TTM symptoms between those with and without PTSD. Findings revealed that approximately 76% reported a history of at least one traumatic event, and 19% met criteria for PTSD. Furthermore, negative correlations were demonstrated between symptoms of PTSD and characteristics of TTM, and the PTSD group reported less severe TTM characteristics. Findings suggest that the prevalence of PTSD in TTM may be higher than in the general population and that a history of greater number of types of traumas is associated with a longer duration of hair pulling as well as the scalp as the primary pulling site. The authors also speculate that in traumatized individuals, TTM may represent a form of coping vis-a-vis self-soothing or self-harm.
Well Posedness for the Motion of a Compressible Liquid with Free Surface Boundary

We study the motion of a compressible perfect liquid body in vacuum. This can be thought of as a model for the motion of the ocean or a star. The free surface moves with the velocity of the liquid and the pressure vanishes on the free surface. This leads to a free boundary problem for Euler's equations, where the regularity of the boundary enters to highest order. We prove local existence in Sobolev spaces assuming a ``physical condition'', related to the fact that the pressure of a fluid has to be positive.
Polymer adsorption phenomena at the surface of delayed tack toner images in a photopolymer proofing concept

The photopolymers discussed here utilize a photo-initiated crosslinking mechanism to detackify the imaged regions. The latent image can be rendered visible by applying micron- sized pigmented toner particles to the tacky non-imaged areas of the photopolymer. Because the toner contains a solid plasticizer, it serves as a latent ink particle; heating activates the delayed tack state, characterized by prolonged adhesiveness. The creation of a liquid ink enables the rendered image to be printed onto a paper substrate. Photopolymer components, migrating into the melted toner layer, preferentially adsorb to the polymer/air interface after printing to paper, thus influencing the delayed tack adhesive state, during which excess plasticizer crystallizes. We examine competitive adsorption phenomena at the polymer solution/air interface, via a model four-component system, containing two oligomeric surfactant molecules from the film, both characterized by ethylene-oxide linkages, but distinguished by the fact that one, is linear, while the second, is composed of three branches. The concentrations of these long-chain constituents are varied in an otherwise constant bulk polymer solution of triphenylphosphate and the toner polymer, simulating typical compositions in the actual melted toner layer. We apply two techniques of surface analysis, SIMS and ESCA (XPS), in order to reveal the identity of the adsorbing film species. Although both molecules are capable of a surface excess, the structure imposed upon the interfacial region is clearly different, depending on the excess surfactant at the surface. This difference is explained by assuming that the linear molecule lies flat on the surface while the branched oligomer adsorbs vertically. Specific SIMS/ESCA signals exhibit spectral intensities that are nonlinearly proportional to the bulk oligomer concentration; from the shapes of the adsorption isotherms, we deduce that the single chain surfactant is displaced at the surface by the branched oligomer.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Planning sequences of saccades

Subjects used saccades to fixate a sequence of 1-5 stationary targets (separation = 90') located at the vertices of an imaginary pentagon. The latency of the first saccade in a sequence and the duration of intervals between subsequent saccades increased with sequence length at a rate of about 20 msec/target. Latency also varied with ordinal position in the sequence. These results were not due to directional differences in saccadic latency nor to latency-accuracy or to latency-precision trade-offs. Results were similar when targets were removed and saccades were directed to remembered locations. These effects may be best accounted for by models that have been proposed to account for similar effects of sequence length and ordinal position on other voluntary motor tasks, such as typing, speech and finger-tapping. In these models motor programs for a sequence of responses are planned before execution and then retrieved from memory during execution. These models are fundamentally different from the traditional saccadic models in which visual error signals evoke saccades. Instead, we propose that saccades are controlled by an organized plan for an entire sequence of saccades. Visual error signals may modify or elaborate the plans during the execution of a sequence. Our proposal is consistent with ideas developed by Lashley [Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior: The Hixon Symposium. Wiley, New York (1951)] in his general treatment of the central organization that determines voluntary motor performance.
Elective Course in Nutrition Taught by a Pharmacy Student

Objectives. Create, implement, and evaluate an elective nutrition course to increase students' awareness and knowledge of nutrition in pharmacy practice. Design. A doctor of pharmacy student, who was also a registered dietitian, designed and taught a 2-credit-hour elective nutrition course with the assistance and oversight of 2 faculty members. Assessment. Students who completed the final course evaluation (45% of the total) felt that the course would be useful to them in their pharmacy practice and highly recommended that other PharmD students take the course. Mean scores on the first and second knowledge-based examinations were 83% and 84%, respectively. Conclusions. This project reflects an innovative approach to developing and delivering a course in an important area of the pharmacy curriculum and provided a pharmacy student the opportunity to explore an academic career in pharmacy.
Synthesis of a new chelating gel: removal of Ca2+ ions from parvalbumin.

Abstract The synthesis of a chelating gel which contains the effective metal chelating agent ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid covalently linked to amino-agarose is described. This gel is shown to be a rapid and extremely effective material for the removal of tightly bound, but labile metal ions from proteins without introducing contaminants into the biological system. The synthesis involves the formation of an amide linkage between the dangling carboxylate arm of the [Co(EDTA)Cl]2− complex and amino-agarose using a standard carbodiimide coupling reaction. The chelating gel is shown to remove ∼98.5% of the calcium from fully bound Ca2-parvalbumin and over 99% of the europium from Eu2-parvalbumin.
Human mammary slices in organ culture: I. Method of culture and preliminary observations on the effect of insulin

Abstract A technique for culture of human mammary slices has been devised, which permits survival and limited proliferation of all elements for periods up to 12 days in vitro. Slices survive in a variety of media with or without serum, providing that glucose concentrations are maintained above critical levels. In these organ cultures, addition of insulin to the medium results in marked morphological changes of ductal epithelium including proliferation, hypertrophy, and foci resembling squamous metaplasia.
FIRST AND SECOND LANGUAGE PATTERNS OF BRAIN ACTIVATION IN KOREAN LAYRNGEAL CONTRASTS

Abstract. This study aims to localize the brain regions involved in the apprehension of Korean laryngeal contrasts and to investigate whether the Internal Model advanced by Callan et al. (2004) extends to first versus second language perception of these unique three-way laryngeal distinctions. The results show that there is a significant difference in activation between native and second-language speakers, consistent with the findings of Callan et al. Specific activities unique to younger native speakers of Korean relative to native speakers of English were seen in the cuneus (occipital lobe) and the right middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann Area [BA] 10), areas of the brain associated with pitch perception. The current findings uphold Silva's (2006) conclusion that the laryngeal contrasts of Korean are increasingly distinguished less by VOT differences than by their effect on pitch in the following vowel. A subsequent experiment was conducted to establish whether more traditional, older native speakers of Korean who still make clear VOT distinctions also activate both the cuneus and BA 10 in the same task. Preliminary results indicate that they do not, whereas speakers with overlapping VOT distinctions do show intersecting activations in these areas, thus corroborating Silva's claim of emergent pitch sensitivity in the Korean laryngeal system.
An estimate of the number of genes in the huntington disease gene region and the identification of 13 transcripts in the 4p 16.3 segment

Physical mapping and genetic linkage studies have positioned the Huntington disease (HD) gene to a relatively large genomic region in the distal portion of the short arm of human chromosome 4 (4p16.3). To estimate the number of genes present in this region and to identify candidate disease genes, several clones that map to the 4p16.3 segment have been examined for clusters of CpG-rich restriction sites and transcribed sequences. Thirteen expressed sequences were identified and were shown by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis not to cluster into a small segment of the 4p16.3 band. The frequency of transcripts in these clones suggests that the putative HD gene region contains about 100 genes.
Fatherhood Harmony: Polyphony, Movement, and Subjectivity

We propose a reconceptualization of the metaphor of harmony to illuminate the contexts of fatherhood. This conceptualization is based upon an inductive analysis of narrative transcripts of expectant fathers (N = 42), who were telling stories that illustrated what it meant to them to be a good father. Harmony focuses our attention on three elements of social context: that there are many contexts surrounding fatherhood (polyphony), that they are changing over time (movement), and that their relationships can be understood in various ways depending upon the situation of the observer (subjectivity). We hope that this metaphor will guide future work on fathers.
High-temperature Disruption of Guard Cells of Vicia faba: EFFECT ON STOMATAL APERTURE.

Increased variability in stomatal aperture at high temperatures can be attributed, in part, to the differential sensitivity of guard cells to thermal damage. Individual stomata become increasingly open at higher temperatures until guard cells are lethally damaged; at that temperature, apertures decrease. The extent of irreversible damage causing closure was estimated by K + uptake, neutral red accumulation, and visual scoring of chloroplasts. This study found that visual scoring of chloroplast disruption provided the best estimate of guard cell viability at high temperature. Removal of the damaged guard cells from the population sample resulted in a constant coefficient of variability for apertures over the temperature range 25 to 50 C.
An axiomatic approach to self-referential truth

Abstract We add a new predicate T to the language of Peano Arithmetic, with T(x) intended to mean ‘x is the Godel number of a true sentence of the augmented language’. We create a list of plausible axioms and rules of inference concerning this predicate T, each of which embodies some aspect of its intended interpretation as truth. We classify all subsets of the list as either consistent or inconsistent, and we measure the proof-theoretic strength of several subsets by comparing them with familiar systems of arithmetic and analysis.
The effect of strain rate on the toughening mechanisms of rubber‐modified plastics

The impact modification mechanisms of polycarbonate (PC) blended with polyethylene (PE) and blends of polyxylenol ether (PXE)/high impact polystyrene (HIPS), were studied using a volume dilation technique. With two extensometers, measurements of volume change during tensile deformation were made on the plastics. Strain rates of 2 × 10−5 s−1 to 4 s−1 were achieved with a MTS servo-hydraulic testing machine. Analysis of both systems were supported with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Results on the PC/PE system indicate that the impact modification mechanism is one of voiding and shear banding. The mechanism appeared to be rate sensitive: the amount of voiding increased with rate. The toughening mechanism in the PXE/HIPS blends is identified as a combination of crazing and shear banding. The amount of shear banding that occurs is proportional to the amount of PXE in the blends. The point of craze initiation was found to be delayed by increasing strain rate. The stress for craze initiation appears to be greater than for shear banding.
Clinicopathologic Presentation of Asian-Indian American (AIA) Women with Stage 0, I & II Breast Cancer

Although numerous studies have looked at cancer incidence and survival in Asian Indian-American (AIA) patients, there is a paucity of data regarding clinicopathologic presentation of cancer in this ethnically diverse population. After receiving IRB approval, AIA patients of Indian and Pakistani descent who presented with Stage 0, I, & II breast cancer to our facility were identified. Charts were extracted for clinical and pathologic variables in addition to outcomes data. Standard statistical analyses were performed using SAS (v 9.1). The population (n = 50) consisted of 86% Indian (n = 43) and 14% Pakistani (n = 7). The median age at diagnosis was 52 (range 25–79). Sixty-three percent of tumors were detected after discovery of a palpable mass while 36% had a mammographically detected mass. Stage 0, I & II distribution was 14, 42 and 44%, respectively. The median tumor size was 1.5 cm (range 0.2–4.5 cm). ER, PR, and HER2 were positive in 69, 67, and 24% of AIA patients, respectively; 21% were triple-negative. Treatment data shows that 60% underwent lumpectomy (n = 29), 39% underwent mastectomy (n = 19), 74% received hormonal therapy (n = 26) and 55% received chemotherapy (n = 30). To our knowledge, this is the first detailed report of the clinicopathologic presentation of Asian-Indian American women with breast cancer at a single institution. Of note, AIA women were more likely to present with palpable masses and at a younger age. This differs from Caucasian women and may indicate a social or cultural barrier to routine screening mammograms and possibly a biologically more aggressive tumor.
Effect of neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment on audiogenic seizures.

Abstract Subcutaneous injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in newborn audiogenic rats resulted in an increase in convulsive seizure intensity and a decrease in norepinephrine concentration in the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord. In addition, norepinephrine concentration in the brainstem (pons-medulla) was increased. Dopamine concentration in all brain regions studied was unchanged. The results suggest that norepinephrine exerts its modulatory influence on convulsive seizures by an action in either the spinal cord, the cerebral cortex, or both.
Molecular Evidence for Parthenogenesis in the Sierra Garter Snake, Thamnophis couchii (Colubridae)

Abstract We used microsatellite analysis to investigate possible reproduction by parthenogenesis in the bisexual Sierra garter snake, Thamnophis couchii. The genotypes of four microsatellite loci were determined for each of four individuals, including three T. couchii, two of which were a female and her offspring, and T. ordinoides. The female T. couchii and her offspring were homozygous and identical for all four microsatellite loci; however, Ts3 and Ts4 are the only loci that supported reproduction by parthenogenesis as Ts1 and Ts2 were uninformative. These data along with absence of a unique paternal allele and known absence of an opportunity to mate prior to and during captivity is consistent with reproduction by parthenogenesis.
Men's theories about benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer following a benign prostatic hyperplasia decision aid.

OBJECTIVE: To use qualitative methods to explore audiotape evidence of unanticipated confusion between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer in using a videotape BPH treatment decision aid (DA). DESIGN: Qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews and surveys originally collected to study men’s interpretation of a DA. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Community sample of college and noncollege educated African American and white men (age ≥50; n=188). MEASURES: Transcript analysis identified themes in men’s comments about BPH and cancer. Surveys measured BPH general and prostate cancer-specific knowledge, literacy (Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults), BPH symptoms, and demographics. RESULTS: In transcript analysis, 18/188 men spontaneously talked about BPH and cancer as being related to each other, despite explicit statements to the contrary in the video. Survey data suggest that up to 126/188 men (67%) persisted in misconceptions even after viewing the DA video. Three themes were identified in the transcripts: (1) BPH and cancer are equated, (2) BPH surgery is for the purpose of removing cancer, and (3) BPH leads to cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Overall knowledge increases with DA use may mask incorrect theories of disease process. Further research should identify decision support designs and clinical counseling strategies to address persistence of beliefs contrary to new information presented in evidence-based DAs.
Funnel‐and‐Gate Performance in a Moderately Heterogeneous Flow Domain

The funnel-and-gate ground water remediation technology (Starr and Cherry 1994) has received increased attention and application as an in situ alternative to the typical pump-and-treat system. Understanding the effects of heterogeneity on system performance can mean the difference between a successful remediation project and one that fails to meet its cleanup goals. In an attempt to characterize and quantify the effects of heterogeneity on funnel-and-gate system performance, a numerical modeling study of 15 simulated heterogeneous flow domains was conducted. Each realization was tested to determine if the predicted capture width met the capture width expected for a homogeneous flow domain with the same hulk properties. This study revealed that the capture width of the funnel-and-gate system varied significantly with the level of heterogeneity of the aquifer. Two possible remedies were investigated for bringing systems with less than acceptable capture widths to acceptable levels of performance. First, it was determined that enlarging the funnel and gate via a factor of safety applied to the design capture width could compensate for the capture width variation in the heterogeneous flow domains. In addition, it was shown that the use of a pumping well downstream of the funnel and gate could compensate for the effects of aquifer heterogeneity on the funnel-and-gate capture width. However, if a pumping well is placed downstream of the funnel and gate to control the hydraulic gradient through the gate, consideration should be given to the gate residence time in relation to the geochemistry of the contaminant removal or destruction process in the gate.
A new puzzle about intentional identity

Because such statements appear to assert an identity between two objects of thought, Geach refers to them as statements of "intentional identity". Uses of an intentional identity statement such as (1) may differ along various dimensions, and before I explain just how Geach's puzzle arises it will help to distinguish at least one of these dimensions at an intuitive level. Some uses of (1) commit the speaker to the existence of a witch, or at least to the existence of a real object that Hob (and possibly Nob) take to be a witch. Other uses of (1) do not commit the speaker to the existence of anything Hob's and Nob's beliefs are about. At this point I am speaking only about linguistic intuitions regarding possible uses of the sentence; philosophical questions about what sense can be made of these intuitions are not yet being raised. That certain uses of (1) commit the speaker to the existence of an object on which Hob's and Nob's beliefs are focused is clear enough, but it might be helpful to bolster intuitions about the other kind of use by considering two situations in which a use of (1) would be true even though no existing object is the common focus on Hob's and Nob's beliefs.
Resistance to Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Barley: Effects on Aphid Feeding

The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is a serious new pest of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., throughout western North America. Feeding tests were conducted using electronic feeding monitors to determine the Russian wheat aphid resistance of four lines (CI 1412, PI 366444, PI 366450, and CIMMYT S13) compared with two susceptible cultivars, ‘Wintermalt’ and ‘Morex’. Aphid weights, lengths, and honeydew production were determined for aphids that had fed on these lines. The most resistant lines were PI 366450 and CI 1412. Electronic feeding monitor tests showed that aphids feeding on PI 366450 did not readily locate the phloem. In addition, aphids feeding on PI 366450 for 7 d weighed less and were shorter than aphids feeding on the other barley entries. Aphids feeding on the resistant entries, except for CI 1412, produced significantly less honeydew than did aphids feeding on ‘Wintermalt’. Information gained from these additional studies is valuable to barley breeders in their selection of appropriate resistant parents for plant germ plasm enhancement programs.
The medial temporal lobe memory system

Studies of human amnesia and studies of an animal model of human amnesia in the monkey have identified the anatomical components of the brain system for memory in the medial temporal lobe and have illuminated its function. This neural system consists of the hippocampus and adjacent, anatomically related cortex, including entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices. These structures, presumably by virtue of their widespread and reciprocal connections with neocortex, are essential for establishing long-term memory for facts and events (declarative memory). The medial temporal lobe memory system is needed to bind together the distributed storage sites in neocortex that represent a whole memory. However, the role of this system is only temporary. As time passes after learning, memory stored in neocortex gradually becomes independent of medial temporal lobe structures.