cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Applications of the Modal Theory

In much of this chapter, we shall be speaking in the object language. When doing so, everything we say may be analyzed in terms of our four metaphysical primitives (object, n-place relation, exemplifies, encodes), six logical primitives (not, if-then, every, necessarily, the, being such that), and two primitive theoretical relations (exists, E-identical). All of the definitions constructed and theorems proved in what follows may be ultimately analyzed in terms of these primitives. We begin with a definition of truth.
The Relativity Example: Is Terminological Innovation a Good Idea?

Relativistic kinematics and its impact on timekeeping in distributed systems design and operation is emerging as a sub-discipline as bandwidths and clock rates increase and timing accuracy requirements grow more stringent. In a recent tutorial paper [3] we have proposed a new terminology for some of the concepts of relativistic kinematics, along with some new formulations of the theory that better fit the distributed systems application. We describe our motivations, justifications, and philosophy in defining a terminology that is self-consistent and meaningful in this new system context, even as it breaks with a century of scientific literature. We argue that this unusual attempt at terminological innovation is practical in the case of a design paradigm that is only emerging, and justified by the contextual needs and pedagogical opportunities. Only time will tell whether this new terminology becomes established and entrenched.
Social Work and the Concept of Individualism

The author examines current challenges to the concept of individualism as they relate to social work's guiding principle of person-in-environment and to clinical social work practice. Feminist and ...
Pockets of peasantness: small-scale agricultural producers in the Central Finger Lakes region of upstate New York

Some farmers in the Central Finger Lakes Region of New York balance their production between principles of peasant farming and capitalist farming. They struggle to extend their sphere of autonomy and subsistence production, while extended commodity production is often a response to external forces of the state and capital. This struggle, together with a quantitative increase of small farms, can be described as an instance of repeasantization. Based on inductive, empirical qualitative social research, this case study describes the economy and social organization of six farms in the area under investigation and explores the applicability of the rich theory of peasant farming to agriculture in this community. Besides selling commodities to pay for many farming inputs and consumer goods, the farms produce for their subsistence and that of their community. They exchange products and services with other farms, they build networks of mutual provisioning, support, and mentorship, and try to take good care of the land. This paper shows that subsistence production and peasant culture are not restricted to the past or the Global South, but also exist as pockets of peasantness on six New York farms. The perspective applied in this paper suggests that principles of peasant farming may shape farming on other US farms, too, if we accept that these principles intersect with constrains of the larger capitalist market society in which they are embedded.
ALTRE: workflow for defining ALTered Regulatory Elements using chromatin accessibility data.

Summary Regulatory elements regulate gene transcription, and their location and accessibility is cell-type specific, particularly for enhancers. Mapping and comparing chromatin accessibility between different cell types may identify mechanisms involved in cellular development and disease progression. To streamline and simplify differential analysis of regulatory elements genome-wide using chromatin accessibility data, such as DNase-seq, ATAC-seq, we developed ALTRE ( ALT ered R egulatory E lements), an R package and associated R Shiny web app. ALTRE makes such analysis accessible to a wide range of users-from novice to practiced computational biologists. Availability and Implementation https://github.com/Mathelab/ALTRE. Contact ewy.mathe@osumc.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Semantic segmentation of breast lesion using deep learning

Objectives Although breast ultrasound imaging is powerful and effective tool to detect breast lesions and have been widely performed worldwide, it is an operator-dependent test, hence the accuracy for detection and diagnosis of breast lesions depend on the operator. We develop a computer-aided segmentation system for breast lesions in ultrasound images using deep learning. Methods A data set containing 215 ultrasound images were collected from our institute. Ultrasound images were cropped at 512 × 512 pixel images automatically. The breast tissue area within each image was extracted and cropped to make a masking image. The U-Net algorithm was programmed to train the images with deep learning. The original ultrasound images were input as the input images, and the corresponding masking images were input as the output images to extract breast tissue area. DICE coefficient was used to evaluate its accuracy of extraction. Also, the breast lesion was cropped to make masking image and these images were also trained by U-Net to extract the area of the lesion. Results DICE coefficient achieved over 90% of accuracy to extract the area of breast tissue. The breast lesion was also successfully extracted from the images. Conclusions We achieved accurate segmentation of the area of breast tissue and breast lesions. Deep learning could potentially help detecting and diagnosing the breast cancer, improving accuracy and productivity of detecting and diagnosing breast cancer.
4 – Wellbore Performance

Publisher Summary Wellbore performance analysis involves establishing a relationship among tubular size, wellhead and bottom-hole pressure, fluid properties, and fluid production rate. Understanding wellbore flow performance is vitally important to production engineers for designing oil well equipment and optimizing well production conditions. Oil can be produced through tubing, casing, or both in an oil well depending on which flow path has better performance. Producing oil through tubing is a better option in most cases to take the advantage of gas-lift effect. The mathematical models are also valid for casing flow and casing-tubing annular flow as long as hydraulic diameter is used. Among many models, the modified Hagedorn–Brown model has been found to give results with good accuracy. The industry practice is to conduct a flow gradient (FG) survey to measure the flowing pressures along the tubing string. The FG data are then employed to validate one of the models and tune the model if necessary before the model is used on a large scale.
Sunlight concurrently reduces Prymnesium parvum elicited acute toxicity to fish and prymnesins.

Abstract Prymnesium parvum continues to spread globally, producing harmful algal blooms that release toxins known to cause fish kills. While previous work has identified possible P. parvum toxin(s) (e.g., prymnesins, fatty acids, fatty acid amides) and investigated treatment strategies targeted at minimizing cell abundance, studies examining efficacy of treatment approaches to remove toxins are lacking. To understand influences of sunlight on toxins stability and toxicity to fish, acutely toxic P. parvum cultures were exposed to three light scenarios (lab dark control, field dark, and field light) and then evaluated for acute toxicity to fish and prymnesins abundance. Previous work showed acute toxicity to fathead minnow larvae was ameliorated after 2 h of sunlight exposure, and results observed herein found an identical trend. Acute toxicity disappeared in light exposed filtrate, but filtrate exposed to 35 °C without sunlight remained acutely toxic to fish. Additionally, six prymnesins were identified through high-resolution mass spectrometry and abundance corresponded to acute toxicity levels. Prymnesins were present at the highest level in filtrate that was acutely toxic but diminished in filtrate that was exposed to light and correspondingly ameliorated acute toxicity to fish. These findings suggest prymnesins are responsible for measured acute toxicity and are photo-labile, which represents an important implication for treatment strategies.
SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein is decorated with multiple N- and O-glycans

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19) started at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China has spread rapidly and became a pandemic. Since there is no therapy available that is proven as fully protective against COVID-19, a vaccine to protect against deadly COVID-19 is urgently needed. Nucleocapsid protein (N protein), is one of the most abundant proteins in coronaviruses and is a potential target for both vaccine development and point of care diagnostics. The variable mass of N protein (45 to 60 kDa), suggests the presence of post-translational modifications (PTMs), and it is critical to clearly define these PTMs to gain the structural understanding necessary for further vaccine research. There have been several reports suggesting that the N protein is phosphorylated but lacks glycosylation. Our comprehensive glycomics and glycoproteomics experiments confirm that the N protein is highly O-glycosylated and also contains significant levels of N-glycosylation. We were able to confirm the presence of O-glycans on seven sites with substantial glycan occupancy, in addition to less abundant O-glycans on four sites. We also detected N-glycans on two out of five potential N-glycosylation sites. Moreover, we were able to confirm one phosphorylation site. Recent studies have indicated that the N protein can serve as an important diagnostic marker for coronavirus disease and a major immunogen by priming protective immune responses. Thus, detailed structural characterization of the N protein may provide useful insights for understanding the roles of glycosylation on viral pathogenesis and also in vaccine design and development.
Two-dimensional iterative projection method for subsample speckle tracking of ultrasound images

Speckle tracking provides robust motion estimation necessary to create accurate post-processed images. These methods are known to be less accurate in the lateral dimension compared with the axial dimension due to the limitations on the lateral resolution of ultrasound scanning. This paper proposes a two-dimensional iterative projection (TDIP) algorithm using the Riesz transform to generate the analytic signals. The TDIP is an improvement to an already accurate speckle tracking algorithm called the phase coupled (PC) method. The PC method projects the intersection of gradients on the correlation map to the zero phase contour to estimate displacement. The TDIP method performs iterative projections and uses the aggregate of these projected locations to estimate the motion, in addition to rejecting inaccurate projections by checking them against the aggregate projection location. The TDIP additionally adopts the Riesz transform to generate two-dimensional analytic signals to improve lateral accuracy. The Riesz transform is a multidimensional extension of the Hilbert transform into the nD Euclidean space and therefore can be used to include data in both axial and lateral dimensions as opposed to the commonly used Hilbert transform which is one dimensional. The accuracy of the TDIP is quantitatively proven on simulated datasets from the Field II simulation program and on experimental data from two flow phantoms. At all cases, the TDIP is more accurate than the PC algorithm at two-dimensional displacement estimation. Graphical Abstract The lateral estimates from the Phase Coupled algorithm. This method uses the Hilbert transform for the analytic signal. There is large estimated motion within the flow blockage bounded by the red, fin shape in the center of the flow channel. The flow channel itself is also bounded by dashed, red lines. Graphical Abstract The lateral estimates from the TDIP method. This method is not tracking motion within the blockage in the center of the flow channel. The channel and the blockage are both bounded by dashed, red lines.
Nanoplasmonic │E│ 4 Enhancement of Molecular Raman Scattering and Electronic Raman Scattering with Spatial Correlation

By 2D Raman mapping, we observe a spatially correlated linear dependence between molecular Raman scattering (MRS) and electronic Raman scattering (ERS) signals, revealing the same nanoplasmonic │E│4 enhancement factors for both MRS and ERS processes.
Lateral Fractional Order Controller Design and Tuning for a Flying-Wing UAS

It is important to develop stable and robust controllers for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) that fly in the turbulent Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL). This paper introduces a new fractional order controller design and tuning method for roll tracking of a flying-wing UAS. The proposed factional order proportional derivative (FOPD) controller is designed to meet multiple objectives including gain margin, phase margin, overshoot, etc. The controller gains are determined by genetic algorithm based optimization. The developed FOPD controller was validated using an identified lateral UAS dynamics model. The proposed FOPD controller showed better performance in turbulence rejection when compared with a classical PD controller.
The IHS Library and Its Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

There are two points of departure for this chapter. At one level, the chapter explores how the Institute for Housing and Urban Development (IHS) library responded by adjusting the services it provides to its immediate constituency, together the with Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR) University Library, with a rapid shift to e-books. At another level, the IHS library has also responded to the COVID-19 situation, by providing information to a much wider audience, targeting particularly Africa, Asia, and Latin America by collating information on the social, economic, and environmental impact of COVID-19 in the urban areas of emerging economies. The majority of the institute’s participants come from such countries, where a lack of resources increases these countries’ vulnerability to the onslaught of the pandemic. The IHS library’s contribution the institute’s COVID-19 Resource Hub (see https://www.ihs.nl/en/resources/covid-19-resource-hub) is briefly described in the second part of the chapter.
Enterococcal Endocarditis: Hiding in Plain Sight

Enterococcus faecalis is a major opportunistic bacterial pathogen of increasing clinical relevance. A substantial body of experimental evidence suggests that early biofilm formation plays a critical role in these infections, as well as in colonization and persistence in the GI tract as a commensal member of the microbiome in most terrestrial animals. Animal models of experimental endocarditis generally involve inducing mechanical valve damage by cardiac catheterization prior to infection, and it has long been presumed that endocarditis vegetation formation resulting from bacterial attachment to the endocardial endothelium requires some pre-existing tissue damage. Here we review both historical and contemporary animal model studies demonstrating the robust ability of E. faecalis to directly attach and form stable microcolony biofilms encased within a bacterially-derived extracellular matrix on the undamaged endovascular endothelial surface. We also discuss the morphological similarities when these biofilms form on other host tissues, including when E. faecalis colonizes the GI epithelium as a commensal member of the normal vertebrate microbiome - hiding in plain sight where it can serve as a source for systemic infection via translocation. We propose that these phenotypes may allow the organism to persist as an undetected infection in asymptomatic individuals and thus provide an infectious reservoir for later clinical endocarditis.
The Evolving Role of Radiofrequency Guided Localisation in Breast Surgery: A Systematic Review

Wire-guided localisation (WGL) has been the gold-standard for localising non-palpable breast lesions before excision. Due to its drawbacks, various wireless alternatives have been developed, including LOCalizer™, which is based on radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology. In this systematic review, we consulted EMBASE, Medline and PubMed databases using appropriate search terms regarding the use of RFID technology in the localisation of occult breast lesions. Retrospective and prospective studies were included if they quoted the number of patients, rate of successful placement, retrieval rate, margin positivity rate and the re-excision rate. In addition, studies comparing RFID to WGL were also included and analysed separately. Seven studies were included in this systematic review spanning 1151 patients and 1344 tags. The pooled deployment rate was 99.1% and retrieval rate was 100%. Re-excision rate was 13.9%. One complication was identified. Two studies compared RFID with WGL (128 vs. 282 patients respectively). For both techniques the re-excision rate was 15.6% (20/128 vs. 44/282 respectively, p value is 0.995). Based on our review, LOCalizer™ is safe and non-inferior to WGL in terms of successful localisation and re-excision rates. However, further research is required to assess the cost effectiveness of this approach and its impact on the aesthetic outcome compared with WGL and other wire free technologies to better inform decision making in service planning and provision.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of integrated circuits by single-angle X-ray ptychography with machine learning

The interiors of integrated circuits (ICs) are imaged by X-ray translational scanning ptychography as the sole acquisition method of raw data. This is unlike ptycho- tomographic and ptycho-laminographic schemes, which also require the angle of illumi- nation to be scanned. The computational reconstruction is reconstructed by a Transformer, a form of machine learning algorithm also used in dynamical image processing. During training, the Transformer learns the rich priors that define the IC interior. Even though 3D reconstructions obtained from experimental raw data are not error-free, the technique shows promise toward drastically reducing the overall scanning time.
The Politics of Prisoner Abuse: The United States and Enemy Prisoners after 9/11

When states are threatened by war and terrorism, can we really expect them to abide by human rights and humanitarian law? David P. Forsythe's bold analysis of US policies towards terror suspects after 9/11 addresses this issue directly. Covering moral, political, and legal aspects, he examines the abuse of enemy detainees at the hands of the United States. At the center of the debate is the Bush Administration, which Forsythe argues displayed disdain for international law, in contrast to the general public's support for humanitarian affairs. Forsythe explores the similarities and differences between Presidents Obama and Bush on the question of prisoner treatment in an age of terrorism and asks how the Administration should proceed. The book traces the Pentagon's and CIA's records in mistreating prisoners, providing an account which will be of interest to all those who value human rights and humanitarian law.
Angiotensin-II Induced Hypertensive Renal Injury is Mediated through HMGB1-TLR4 Signaling in Rat Tubulo-Epithelial Cells

Angiotensin II is a vaso-constrictive peptide that regulates blood pressure homeostasis. Even though the inflammatory effects of AngII in renal pathophysiology have been studied, there still exists a paucity of data with regard to the mechanism of action of AngII-mediated kidney injury. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanistic role of HMGB1-TLR4 signaling in AngII-induced inflammation in the kidney. Rat tubular epithelial cells (NRK52E) were treated with AngII over a preset time-course. In another set of experiments, HMGB1 was neutralized and TLR4 was knocked down using small interfering RNA targeting TLR4. Cell extracts were subjected to RT-PCR, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, ELISA. AngII induced inflammation in NRK52E cells increased gene and protein expression of TLR4, HMGB1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Pretreatment with Losartan attenuated the AngII-induced expression of TLR4 and inflammatory molecules. TLR4 silencing was used to elucidate the specific role played by TLR4 in Ang...
An Introduction to Logic for Students of Physics and Engineering

A physicist with an engineering background, the author presents a brief tutorial on logic. In his work at NASA and in his encounters with students, he has often found that a firm grounding in basic logic is lacking - perhaps because there are so many other demands on people that time simply cannot be taken to really examine the roots of human reasoning. This report provides an overview of this all-too-important subject with the dual hope that it will suffice insofar as it goes and that it will spur at least some to further study.
Dominant Cultural Values: Content Analysis of the U.S. and Indian Print Advertisements

SUMMARY This study expands on previous work in exploring dominant cultural values portrayed in print magazine advertisements in the United States of America (U.S.) and India across and within product categories. A modified version of Cheng and Schweitzer's (1996) coding framework is used for the study. The differences and similarities in the observed frequencies of the dominant cultural values portrayed in the print magazine advertisements are discussed. The analysis shows a commonality of the dominant values frequently portrayed in the magazine advertisements of both countries although statistically significant differences in their frequency of occurrence are also present for several of the observed values both across and within product categories. The results are consistent with those of researchers advocating a middle-of-the-road approach in the standardization versus adaptation debate of advertising messages. Advertising campaigns in each country should be assessed carefully in terms of target market,...
Dynamics of Exchange at Gas-Zeolite Interfaces I: Pure Component n-Butane and Isobutane

We present the results of Molecular Dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations of n-butane and isobutane in silicalite. We begin with a comparison of the bulk adsorption and diffusion properties for two different parameterizations of the interaction potential between the hydrocarbon species, both of which have been shown to reproduce experimental gas−liquid coexistence curves. We examine diffusion as a function of the loading of the zeolite, as well as the temperature dependence of the diffusion constant at loading and for infinite dilution. Both force fields give accurate descriptions of bulk properties. We continue with simulations in which interfaces are formed between single component gases and the zeolite. After reaching equilibrium, we examine the dynamics of exchange between the bulk gas and the zeolite. In particular, we examine the average time spent in the adsorption layer by molecules as they enter the zeolite from the gas in an attempt to probe the microscopic origins of the surface barrier. The mic...
Which Helps Detect Lies, Eagerness or Vigilance? The Impact of Regulatory Focus on Lie Detection

The current research explored the influence of regulatory focus on the accuracy of lie detection. We propose that a prevention focus leads to greater performance in detecting lies than those under a promotion focus, because a prevention focus engenders a vigilant state and enhances people’s sensitivity to negative information. Four studies supported this hypothesis using different lie detection materials. The first two studies considered regulatory focus as a chronic individual difference and found that prevention focus was positively related to accuracy in detecting lies. Studies 3 and 4 manipulated regulatory focus by a) framing the task as truth detection vs. lie detection and b) asking participants to write essays about their aspirations and hopes vs. their duties and obligations. Results consistently found that individuals under a prevention focus had higher accuracy in detecting lies than promotion focused individuals. Importantly, a prevention focus did not produce a mere response bias and increase people’s tendency to judgment truth as lies. Implications for motivation and conflict resolution are discussed.
Constitutional Perspective of Church-State Relations in South Africa

Prior to political transformation of the country in 1994, the new Constitution proclaimed South Africa to be a Christian State. There was indeed no established church in South Africa, but the legal system clearly favored a certain variety of Christian religions and put procedures in place that could be used to prohibit Africans from attending church services in areas proclaimed under the apartheid system to be reserved for white occupation. Religious bodies were not immune from strict security measures designed to maintain white privileges and to suppress active opposition to the racial policies of the government. The new constitutional dispensation represents a radical transformation of South Africa’s racist and repressive past. As far as religion and religious diversity is concerned, the constitutional dispensation of the “new South Africa” can be described as one of profound toleration and accommodation. The Constitution is religiously neutral, and a single reference to “God” in the Constitution is confined to a citation from the national anthem, which includes the phrase “God bless Africa”. The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, belief and opinion, permits religious observances in state and state-aided educational institutions, permits the State to subsidize parochial schools, makes provision under certain conditions for the recognition of polygamous (including Muslim) marriages, and prohibits discrimination based on, for example, gender, race and sexual orientation by the State and by non-State organizations, including religious institutions. Although the Constitution leaves scope for religious institutions to justify traditional practices that amount to discrimination based on gender or sexual orientation, it is submitted in the article that merely requiring a church institution to justify its internal doctrinal practices amounts to totalitarian interference by the State in the internal affairs of the church. The article records decisions of South African courts that refused to legalize the ceremonial use of drugs for religious purposes, and which suggested, by way of obiter dictum, that American jurisprudence which excludes the exercise of jurisdiction by courts of law in cases involving “doctrinal entanglement” might become part of South African law. In subsequent decisions (after the publication of this article), this dictum was not followed. South African courts are charged with resolving disputes and will not shy away from executing their judicial obligation of resolving inter- or intra-ecclesiastical disputes that will require a verdict on doctrinal issues.
Interventions for enhancing an online infection control course for Latin American countries

In 2010, St Jude began a 12-week infection control (IC) course using e-learning & face-to-face methodologies to train Latin-American infection preventionists in IC competencies. In 2014, we added a weekly hands-on practicum for reinforcing learned course elements. It consisted of using the Infection Control Assessment Tool (ICAT) developed by USAID and Management Sciences for Health, and the WHO Hand Hygiene Self-Assessment Framework (HHSAF); these validated tools aligned with course competencies.
Volume of reaction, energetics, and kinetics of tetrahydrothiophene displacement of solvent from Mo(CO)5(alkane)

Laser-induced optoacoustic spectroscopy (LIOAS) was used to determine the enthalpies and volumes of reactions for each step in ligand substitution of molybdenum hexacarbonyl with tetrahydrothiophene (THT). The enthalpy for substitution of CO on Mo(CO)6 by an alkane and of coordinated alkane on Mo(CO)5(alkane) by THT are 114 and −99 kJ mol−1, respectively. Likewise, the volumes of reaction are 13 and −16 ml mol−1. These results allow the calculation of the bond energies for Mo–alkane (56 kJ mol−1) and Mo–THT (155 kJ mol−1). Furthers studies should reveal that, for certain cases, the volume of reaction can be neglected in the determination of enthalpies of ligand substitution by LIOAS.
Development of antiinflammatory therapy for Alzheimer's disease

Inflammatory mechanisms are active in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Studies that range from epidemiological surveys to therapeutic trials in transgenic mice provide growing support for the theory that antiinflammatory drugs may be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of the disease. Randomized controlled trials in humans have not yet confirmed this theory. However, prevention and treatment trials continue to test specific antiinflammatory strategies for AD. Drug Dev. Res. 56:421–427, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Explaining sonority projection effects

The term sonority projection refers to behavioural distinctions speakers make between unattested phonological sequences on the basis of sonority. For example, among onset clusters, the well-formedness relation [bn]>[lb] is observed in speech perception, speech production and non-word acceptability (Davidson 2006, 2007, Berent et al. 2007, Albright, ms). We begin by replicating the sonority projection effects in a non-word acceptability study. Then we evaluate the extent to which sonority projection is predicted by existing computational models of phonotactics (Coleman & Pierrehumbert 1997, Hayes & Wilson 2008, inter alia). We show that a model based only on lexical statistics can explain sonority projection in English without a pre-existing sonority sequencing principle. To do this, a model must possess (i) a featural system supporting sonority-based generalisations, and (ii) a context representation including syllabification or equivalent information.
It's all 'about you': diversity in online profiles

User profiles on today's social networking sites support only a small set of predefined questions. We report on an alternative way for users to richly describe themselves, by entering not only responses, but their own questions as well. Data from 10 months of usage shows that users of a social networking site created thousands of diverse questions and reused existing questions from other users. Our findings suggest that those with highly diverse user profiles have a higher number of friends.
Colliding almost-plane gravitational waves: Colliding plane waves and general properties of almost-plane-wave spacetimes.

It is well known that when two precisely plane-symmetric gravitational waves propagating in an otherwise flat background collide, they focus each other so strongly as to produce a curvature singularity. This paper is the first of several devoted to almost-plane gravitational waves and their collisions. Such waves are more realistic than plane waves in having a finite but very large transverse size. In this paper we review some crucial features of the well-known exact solutions for colliding plane waves and we argue that one of these features, the breakdown of ``local inextendibility'' can be regarded as nongeneric. We then introduce a new framework for analyzing general colliding plane-wave spacetimes; we give an alternative proof of a theorem due to Tipler implying the existence of singularities in all generic colliding plane-wave solutions; and we discuss the fact that the recently constructed Chandrasekhar-Xanthopoulos colliding plane-wave solutions are not strictly plane symmetric and thus do not satisfy the conditions and the conclusion of Tipler's theorem.
A flash photolysis bismuth atom laser

Abstract Laser action at 915.1 nanometers corresponding to the 7s 4 P 1 2 -6p 3 2 P 1 2 transition was observed as a result of the flash photolysis of a mixture containing argon and trimethylbismuthine.
A unifying perspective on statistical modeling

This paper presents a streamlined perspective on the various approaches to statistical modeling. This perspective can bethought of as a way to unify the Bayes, empirical-Bayes, Bayes–empirical-Bayes, parametric, nonparametric, and semiparametric models used to describe uncertainty. It is emphasized here that this paper concentrates on modeling, not on the approaches to inference that can also be categorized under the above labels, but that are quite different in their philosophical orientation.
Classical analog of cosmological particle creation

A classical, minimally coupled scalar field in a given background cosmology is discussed. Far from the initial singularity a WKB approximation is valid so that a semiclassical particle number can be defined as an adiabatic invariant. This number is then compared to scalar field parameters near the singularity. Generalization of work by Misner can be used for a nonparticle singularity description. Alternatively, ''freezing'' of the cosmology at some time t/sub 0/ after the singularity is required to obtain a particle description there. This procedure is shown to be valid if a WKB regime does exist at t/sub 0/. It gives unphysical results if a WKB regime does not exist at t/sub 0/. These classical methods are shown to reproduce the results of the quantum treatment except for zero-point energy terms. It is further shown that the ''freezing'' procedure is not conformally invariant for a conformally coupled massless scalar field. Grishchuk's result on gravitational wave amplification is reproduced and discussed.
The Robust Reliability of Neuropsychological Measures: Meta-Analyses of Test–Retest Correlations

Test–retest reliability is an important psychometric property relevant to assessment instruments typically used in neuropsychological assessment. This review presents a quantitative summary of test–retest reliability coefficients for a variety of widely used neuropsychological measures. In general, the meta-analytic test–retest reliabilities of the test scores ranged from adequate to high (i.e., r=.7 and higher). Furthermore, the reliability values were largely robust across factors such as age, clinical diagnosis, and the use of alternate forms. The values for some of the memory and executive functioning scores were lower (i.e., less than r=.7). Some of the possible reasons for these lower values include ceiling effects, practice effects, and across time variability in cognitive abilities measured by those tests. In general, neuropsychologists who use these measures in their assessments can be encouraged by the magnitude of the majority of the meta-analytic test–retest correlations obtained.
Electrophysiological and morphological properties of neurons in layer 5 of the rat postrhinal cortex

The postrhinal (POR) cortex of the rat is homologous to the parahippocampal cortex of the primate based on connections and other criteria. POR provides the major visual and visuospatial input to the hippocampal formation, both directly to CA1 and indirectly through connections with the medial entorhinal cortex. Although the cortical and hippocampal connections of the POR cortex are well described, the physiology of POR neurons has not been studied. Here, we examined the electrical and morphological characteristics of layer 5 neurons from POR cortex of 14- to 16-day-old rats using an in vitro slice preparation. Neurons were subjectively classified as regular-spiking (RS), fast-spiking (FS), or low-threshold spiking (LTS) based on their electrophysiological properties and similarities with neurons in other regions of neocortex. Cells stained with biocytin included pyramidal cells and interneurons with bitufted or multipolar dendritic patterns. Similarity analysis using only physiological data yielded three clusters that corresponded to FS, LTS, and RS classes. The cluster corresponding to the FS class was composed entirely of multipolar nonpyramidal cells, and the cluster corresponding to the RS class was composed entirely of pyramidal cells. The third cluster, corresponding to the LTS class, was heterogeneous and included both multipolar and bitufted dendritic arbors as well as one pyramidal cell. We did not observe any intrinsically bursting pyramidal cells, which is similar to entorhinal cortex but unlike perirhinal cortex. We conclude that POR includes at least two major classes of neocortical inhibitory interneurons, but has a functionally restricted cohort of pyramidal cells.
Adrenal Secretion of Glucocorticoids during Hypoxemia in Fetal Sheep

Abstract This work was undertaken to investigate the fetal adrenal corticoid secretory response to hypoxic stress in late gestation. Experiments were performed in two groups of fetal sheep of different gestational ages, group 1,129–132 (mean, 130) days and group II, 135–139 (mean, 136) days. Fetuses were prepared with chronic adrenal cannulas as well as peripheral arterial and venous catheters. With the fetus at rest and after 7, 9,11 and, in some instances, 30 and 60 min of hypoxia (maternal FIO210%), precisely timed (2 min) samples of adrenal effluent were collected for determination of cortisol (F) and corticosterone (B) secretion rates. Peripheral samples were obtained intermittently for blood gas and lactate determinations. Resting corticoid secretory rates were highly variable, suggesting an episodic secretory pattern. Corticoid secretory responses to hypoxemia were significantly elevated at 7–11 min, peaked at 30 min, and remained stable at 60 min. Specifically, in group I, F secretion increased fr...
Quite a Character: The Spectrum of Yang-Mills on S^3

Abstract We introduce a simple method to extract the representation content of the spectrum of a system with SU ( 2 ) symmetry from its partition function. The method is easily generalized to systems with SO ( 2 , 4 ) symmetry, such as conformal field theories in four dimensions. As a specific application we obtain an explicit generating function for the representation content of free planar Yang–Mills theory on S 3 . The extension to N = 4 super-Yang–Mills is also discussed.
Applied and basic social research: A difference in social context

Abstract A beginning point in the establishment of successful applied social research efforts is the conceptualization of a perspective identifying key differences between basic and applied social research activity. The distinctive character of applied research lies in its social context and several elements associated with this context. These elements are: (1) difference in work style; (2) multidisciplinary nature; (3) selection of variables; (4) communication of results; and (5) recommendations for action. The successful researcher in an applied environment is one who can function in a bureaucratic setting and is sensitive to the reality that not all research findings will be utilized in a rational planning model.
Colletes francesae, a New Species of Colletid Bee (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) Associated with Sideroxylon tenax (Sapotaceae) in Florida Scrub Habitat

Colletes francesae, new species, is described and differentiated from other Colletes species. All specimens were collected from Florida scrub habitat on the Lake Wales Ridge in Peninsular Florida, an area known for arthropod endemism. Colletes francesae is oligolectic, at least locally, on a shrub of the genus Sideroxylon. Specimens of C. francesae are currently known from 5 protected sites; its conservation status is uncertain.
2,5-diphenyl-3-morpholinofuran and its 2-hydro, 2-bromo and 2-hydroxymorpholinofurylium salts

2,5-Diphenyl-3-morpholinofuran (1) reacts with bromine and trifluoroacetic acid, giving respectively 2-bromo and 2-hydro furylium salts (2,3). The 2-hydroxy furylium bromide (4) was obtained by reaction of cis-morpholino-1,2-dibenzoylethylene (5) with hydrogen bromide. The nmr spectra of these salts show differences between the two morpholino dimethylene moieties of each caused by restricted rotation at the 3-immonium group. Chemical relationships studied include reductions to the morpholinofuran, conversions to 3-furanones, and the slow reaction of morpholinodibenzoylethylene with phenylmagnesium bromide to give cis-dibenzoylstyrene (13).
An infrared probe of iron porphyrin oxidation state and axial ligation

Abstract Carbonyl stretching frequencies of acyl groups conjugated with porphyrin rings are useful probes of the effective electronegativities of coordinated iron atoms in iron porphyrins. Acetyl carbonyl stretching frequencies for 24-diacetyldeuteroporphyrin IX dimethyl ester derivatives exhibit both metal oxidation state and axial ligand effects. Infrared spectra of chloroform and pyridine solutions corrected for solvation showed the sequences of acetyl carbonyl stretching frequencies: dipyridine iron(II)
K+ channel openers and suppression of airway hyperreactivity

Abstract Openers of ATP-sensitive K + channels (K ATP channels) can reduce obstruction to airflow by suppressing hyperreactivity of intact airways. This property can be observed in hyperreactive animals with doses that are insufficient to relax airway smooth muscle in situ in normal animals. Hence, the potency of openers of K ATP channels as inhibitors of bronchospasm is greater in hyperreactive than in normal animals. A closely analogous property has been described in clinical and laboratory studies of established anti-asthma drugs. Such findings raise the possibility that the therapeutic benefit of these drugs may depend upon an opening of K + channels, either directly or indirectly. In this review, John Morley suggests that compounds that open K + channels and impair expression of airway hyperreactivity in the absence of direct smooth muscle spasmolysis will provide a novel approach to symptomatic therapy in asthma.
Substituted trans-stilbenes can inhibit or enhance the TPA-induced up-regulation of activator protein-1.

The activator protein-1 (AP-1) family of transcription factors contributes to regulation of numerous genes involved in proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. A wide array of stimuli can activate AP-1, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, tumor promoters and stress. Numerous plant polyphenols have been shown to inhibit the activation of AP-1, which often is ascribed to the anti-oxidant properties of these natural products. In the present study, a library of substituted trans- stilbenes, including polyphenols, was screened for activity against the TPA-induced activation of AP-1 using the Panomics AP-1 Reporter 293 Stable Cell Line, which is designed for screening potential inhibitors or activators. Several trans-stilbenes were identified that inhibit TPA-induced activation of AP-1, with IC50 values as low as 0.5 μM. Moreover, some other trans-stilbenes were able to enhance the effects of TPA 2 to 3-fold. Many of the trans-stilbenes identified as inhibitors or enhancers are devoid of anti-oxidant properties. The ability of trans-stilbenes to inhibit or enhance the effects of TPA does not depend upon their anti-oxidant properties.
Hydrolysis of fats and oils with moist oat caryopses

To improve the economic feasibility of hydrolyzing fats and oils with moist oat caryopses, various factors affecting the efficiency of the process were studied. Caryopses produced with an impact-type dehuller exhibited greater lipase activity than those produced by a wringer-type dehuller. Abrasion of oat caryopses against each other in a fluidized bed released particles rich in lipase. Such lipase concentrates could be added to moist caryopsis reactors to speed fat hydrolysis. Beef tallow, lard, soybean oil and crambe oil were hydrolyzed more efficiently than corn oil, castor oil and milk fat. The poor hydrolysis of castor oil was attributed to the formation of esters with the hydroxy group of ricinoleic acid, and the hydrolysis of castor oil was increased by dilution of the substrate with hexane. Diglycerides inhibited the hydrolysis and accounted for the slower hydrolysis of corn oil. Hydrolysis of milk fat by moist oat caryopses resulted in preferential hydrolysis of C6 to C10 acids. Erucic acid was released from crambe oil at significantly slower rates than the other acyl groups. High conversions of fats and oils to free fatty acids could be attained by (i) exposing the fats and oils to two to three lots of moist caryopses, (ii) the use of special oat varieties with elevated lipase content, (iii) the addition of oat lipase concentrates to moist caryopsis reactors, and (iv) dilution of the substrate with hexane. Estimates of the cost of producing free fatty acids with these processes indicated that the first three should be profitable. Growth ofClostridium sporogenes spores could not be demonstrated in caryopsis reactors. During the incubation of moist oat caryopses immersed in oil, the free fatty acid content of the internal caryopsis lipid increased only slightly, but there were changes in its fatty acid composition.
The originality of Kandinsky's compositions

Vasily Kandinsky (1866–1944) is one of the most original artists and thinkers of our century. His work presents radically new ways of visually expressing images and meanings. Through analysis of major works of art and citations from the artist's writings, this paper introduces Kandinsky's practice and theory of composition to a general audience. His most distinctive compositional devices — the use of multiple foci, the articulation or blunting of corners, the placement and coloring of weighty forms, the disassociation of color from line and the scattering of compositional elements — are illustrated in each of the main phases of his career.
Cinchophene choleresis and production of peptic ulcer in various species.

Summary and ConclusionsA choleretic response to cinchophen was observed in guinea pigs.The chinchophen output in the bile was found to be greatest in guinea pigs and to decrease in the following order: rats, cats and rabbits.The following is the order found for susceptibility to cinchophen ulceration: cat, dog, guinea pig and rat. Rabbits were fund completely resistant.There appears to be no abvious relationship between the species susceptibility to cinchophen ulceration and the choleretic response of that species to cinchophen or to the concentration of cinchophen in the bile after intravenous administration.It would appear that the ulcer susceptible animals investigated have a low basal bile flow whilst the unsusceptible have a high flow.
A new system for long-term recording and processing of heart rate and physical activity in outpatients

To evaluate physical activity in outpatients we developed a solid-state ambulatory micro-computer (MC-2) which records minute heart rate determined by an R-R wave detection program and physical activity determined by 6 mercury switches arranged on a cube. Heart rate was continuously sorted into 16 bins, activity into 7 bins, for up to 10 consecutive days. To validate the recording and processing system, 10 normal volunteers recorded their physical activity and anxiety levels for 24 hours while wearing an MC-2 and an ambulatory electrocardiographic recorder. Physical levels were standardized by multistage treadmill testing. A regression of heart rate on activity was used to create four general categories: (1) usual activity; (2) physical exercise; (3) downtime (low heart rate, low activity); and (4) “anxiety” (high heart rate, low activity). Mean heart rate on MC-2 and ambulatory electrographic recorder was not significantly different (p < .05). Activity on MC-2 and self-report were highly associated: kappa (κ) values for usual activity = .99 (.95−1.0), for physical exercise κ = .97 (.90−1.0), for downtime κ = .96 (.89−1.0), and for overall activity anxiety = .54. A solid-state microcomputer with electrocardiographic and physical activity inputs directly measures clinically relevant physiological variables in outpatients.