cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Relation Between Sparse Sampling and Parametric Estimation

We consider the relationship between parameter estimation of an additive model and sparse inversion of an under-determined matrix (dictionary) in a linear system. The dictionary is constructed by sampling parameters of the additive model. Parameters and model order are estimated using regularized least-squares inversion. We investigate equi-spaced and Fisher information inspired parameter sampling methods for dictionary construction, and present an example quantifying parameter estimation error performance for the different sampling methods. These results indicate that estimation performance is degraded by sampling the parameter space either too finely or too coarsely.
Preparation of uniformly labeled NMR samples in Escherichia coli under the tight control of the araBAD promoter: expression of an archaeal homolog of the RNase P Rpp29 protein

We report the first use of the tightly regulated araBAD promoter for generating uniformly labeled samples for NMR. The araBAD promoter provides a distinct advantage over that of the most commonly used protein overexpression systems in bacteria (e.g., in pET vectors: T7lac), in that it provides much tighter control over basal expression. However, use of araBAD-regulated expression for preparation of uniformly labeled protein samples for NMR is complicated by the fact that glucose (the most commonly used carbon source in defined minimal media) indirectly represses transcription, and thus, cannot be used. After experimenting with alternative media, we found that uniformly labeled NMR samples can be prepared using the highly regulated arabinose-inducible promoter and that suitable yields can be obtained in defined minimal media containing glycerol, not glucose, as the carbon source.
A microtiter plate assay using cascade amplification for detection of nonisotopically labeled DNA.

We describe a microtiter-plate-based, colorimetric assay for DNA, the enzyme-linked DNA-enzyme-linked coagulation assay (EDNA-ELCA). The EDNA-ELCA uses amplification of the common pathway of coagulation for the ultrasensitive detection of DNA which is tagged by incorporation of functional groups such as biotin and fluorescein. The EDNA-ELCA enables detection of attomole amounts of DNA (<1 pg per microtiter well), with a sensitivity 200-1000 times higher than other colorimetric techniques. The assay has been applied as an adjunct to PCR for quantitative determination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus DNA at levels corresponding to 1-105 organisms. The EDNA-ELCA can also be used to assay DNA by hybridization; <50 amol of an unlabeled DNA template is detected by hybridization to biotin- and fluorescein-labeled probes.
Validation of an automated method of three-dimensional finite element modelling of bone

This study validated an automated method of finite element modelling of bone from CT scan data. After a fresh-frozen cadaveric femur was modelled, strain gauges were attached to the bone at 11 locations and the femur was mechanically tested by applying a load to the femoral head. Linear regression analysis was used to correlate the strains predicted by the model with the experimentally measured strains. The regression results were significant (P < 0.001), indicating that the strain calculated by the FE model is a valid predictor of the measured strain. Verification of the surface strains also supports the validity of the strains and stresses predicted inside the bone. The present study provides a strong rationale for use of this modelling method as a research tool and in possible clinical applications.
Educational Reform in Japan and Its Influence on Teachers' Work.

Abstract The 2002 restructuring of the national curriculum in all Japanese public elementary and secondary schools includes a reduction and reallocation of instructional hours, and the addition of a new “integrated studies” course, with an emphasis on more individualized, cross-curricular thematic projects. This reform comes at a time when a stagnant economy puts increased pressure on a shrinking youth population and on educators to obtain and preserve job security despite school closures and a weakened teacher's union. Teacher accountability includes contractual, professional, and moral accountability at a variety of interconnected levels. While the curriculum reform rhetoric frames the benefits of the plan primarily in terms of national and community-level outcomes, the strongest teacher accountability mechanisms seem to occur at the prefectural, school, and individual levels. At the national and prefectural levels, employment- and training-related mechanisms operate to ensure compliance with policy. At the community level, collegial, and political ties also impact teacher accountability, but in ways essentially consistent with national and prefectural expectations. At the school and individual levels, teacher obligations to administrators, parents, and students begin to confllict with teacher accountability to those at higher levels, primarily in terms of the traditions and expectations challenged by the reform policy.
An in-situ observation of mechanical twin nucleation and propagation in TiAl

Abstract A creep-deformed Ti-48at.% A1-2at.% Nb-2at.%Cr specimen was studied using the electron beam illumination method in a transmission electron microscope to investigate mechanical twin nucleation and propagation in situ. The mechanical twins were observed to nucleate by bowing out one or two twinning dislocations at grain boundaries. The mechanical twin nucleus was either an intrinsic stacking fault or an extrinsic stacking fault. The mechanical twin propagated by sequential emission of twinning dislocations from the grain boundaries and homogeneous glide of the twinning dislocations on every adjacent twinning plane. The twinning dislocation is identified to be 1/6[112] and the twinning plane is (111). The twin-matrix interface structure is also identified. A Schmid factor analysis indicates that the observed twin nucleation and propagation resulted from a local stress concentration. A simplified uniaxial tensile stress slate necessary to operate (111)[112] twinning system is analysed. Based on the e...
Chronic lithium administration has no effect on haloperidol-induced supersensitivity of pre- and postsynaptic dopamine receptors in rat brain.

Abstract We have studied the effect of chronic lithium administration on haloperidol-induced dopaminergic supersensitivity in rat brain. Lithium had no effect on haloperidol-induced increases in apomorphine inhibition of dopamine synthesis in the striatum and mesolimbic regions. Similarly, lithium was without effect on haloperidol-induced increases in density of [3H]spiperone binding sites in the striatum. These results indicate that lithium has no effect on haloperidol-induced supersensitivity of presynaptic dopamine receptors in the striatum and mesolimbic regions and on postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the striatum.
Ligand-Free Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reactions Using an Inexpensive Aqueous Palladium Source: A Synthetic and Computational Exercise for the Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory

An inexpensive procedure for introducing the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction into a high-enrollment undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory course is described. The procedure employs an aqueous palladium solution as the catalyst and a range of para-substituted aryl bromides and arylboronic acids as substrates. The coupling reactions proceed rapidly at room temperature using standard glassware and do not require ligands, an inert atmosphere, or specialized equipment. Computational chemistry is used to explore the molecular and electronic structures of typical starting materials and products of the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling.
Male and female nurturing: Perceptions of style and competence

College men and women evaluated male and female characters in five stories about babysitters. The characters: (1) refused to babysit, (2) babysat with minimal caretaking activities, (3) babysat with an active play style, (4) babysat with a quiet play style, or (5) babysat with a combined style. The “refuser” was considered most masculine but was consistently devalued. The quiet play, the active play, and combined caretakers were evaluated most positively. Evaluations of babysitters were more dependent on the behaviors they engaged in than on their gender. Nurturing men and women were both valued.
SMALL TOWN IN PENNSYLVANIA

ABSTRACT Americans have always shown strong affinity for small towns. Some, as exemplified by Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, developed into places of very real importance in the cultural and economic life of the United States in the past, but have found it increasingly difficult to compete effectively in a world of heavy industry and quaternary economics. Changes in American taste and technology suggest that small towns might again play a meaningful role in contemporary society. Three generations of economic and demographic difficulties have caused physical and psychological damage which sharply limits Bellefonte's ability to play such a role.
Ion charge state distributions of vacuum arc plasmas: The origin of species

Vacuum arc plasmas are produced at micrometer-size, nonstationary cathode spots. Ion charge state distributions (CSD{close_quote}s) are experimentally known for 50 elements, but the theoretical understanding is unsatisfactory. In this paper, CSD{close_quote}s of vacuum arc plasmas are calculated under the assumption that the spot plasma experiences an instantaneous transition from equilibrium to nonequilibrium while expanding. Observable charge state distributions are the result of a freezing process at this transition. {open_quotes}Frozen{close_quotes} CSD{close_quote}s have been calculated using Saha equations in the Debye-H{umlt u}ckel approximation of the nonideal plasma for all metals of the Periodic Table and for boron, carbon, silicon, and germanium. The results are presented in a {open_quotes}periodic table of CSD.{close_quotes} The table contains also the mean ion charge state, the neutral vapor fraction, and the effective plasma temperature and density at the freezing point for each element. The validity of the concepts of {open_quotes}instantaneous freezing{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}effective temperature and density{close_quotes} is discussed for low and high currents and for the presence of a magnetic field. Temperature fluctuations have been identified to cause broadening of CSD{close_quote}s. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Poly‐Rho Test as a Screening Tool for Explosive Performance

A screening test was developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory [1] that can be used to decide if a newly synthesized/formulated explosive might warrant further development. The test consists of firing a rate-stick composed of 12.7 mm diameter by 12.7 mm high pellets of different densities ordered from lowest to highest, initiated by a detonator at the low-density end of the stick. This poly-rho test yields detonation velocities over a range of densities using only the small amount of the explosive typically generated by the synthetic organic chemist at an early stage of the scale-up process. The amount of material required is far less than that required for the typical rate-stick series. This paper presents results on poly-rho tests that were conducted on three explosives commonly used at Los Alamos National Laboratory, namely PBX 9501, PBX 9502 and PETN. The results are compared with empirical detonation-theory predictions and existing explosive experimental data, with good agreement in all cases.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF VISUAL PURPLE : II. THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE BLEACHING OF VISUAL PURPLE BY LIGHT.

The temperature coefficient of the bleaching of visual purple by light is 1.00 over a range of 30 degrees. This indicates that the monomolecular course of the reaction represents a real chemical process, as opposed to a possible diffusion process, and that the reaction is probably simple in nature.
Inclusive Spectra in Deeply Inelastic ep Collisions

We develop a picture of $\mathrm{ep}$ collisions which is in the spirit of recent speculations concerning multiplicity fluctuations in high-energy collisions. We analyze the implications for experimental studies.
Compact cores of coverings

Abstract Let H be a subgroup of G . In this paper we discuss the following questions: Is there a two-complex L so that π 1 (L)=G and so that the cover of L corresponding to H has a compact core? Is there an L so that π 1 (L)=G and so that the cover of L corresponding to H doesn't have a compact core?
On the use of hemagglutination-inhibition for influenza surveillance : Surveillance data are predictive of influenza vaccine effectiveness

The hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay is the main tool used by epidemiologists to quantify antigenic differences between circulating influenza virus strains, with the goal of selecting suitable vaccine strains. However, such quantitative measures of antigenic difference were recently shown to have poor predictive accuracy with respect to influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) in healthy adults. Here, we re-examine those results using a more rigorous criterion for predictive accuracy -- considering only cases when the vaccine (V) and dominant (D) circulating strains are antigenically different -- and greater numbers of HI titers. We find that the Archetti -- Horsfall measure of antigenic difference, which is based on both the normalized HI titer (NHI) of D relative to antisera raised against V and the NHI of V relative to D, predicts VE very well (R(2)=0.62, p=4.1x10(-3)). In contrast, the predictive accuracies of the NHI of D relative to V alone (R(2)=0.01), and two other measures of antigenic difference based on the amino acid sequence of influenza virus hemagglutinin (R(2)=0.03 for both measures) are relatively poor. Furthermore, while VE in the elderly is generally high in cases when D and V are antigenically identical (VE=35%, S.E.=5%), in other cases VE appears to increase with the antigenic difference between D and V (R(2)=0.90, p=2.5x10(-5)). This paradoxical observation could reflect the confounding effects of prior immunity on estimates of VE in the elderly. Together, our results underscore the need for consistently accurate selection of suitable vaccine strains. We suggest directions for further studies aimed at improving vaccine-strain selection and present a large collection of HI titers that will be useful to such studies.
Expression of desmin, laminin and fibronectin during in situ differentiation (decidualization) of rat uterine stromal cells

Abstract Immunocytochemical analysis of frozen rat uterine sections containing decidual tissue, formed in response to normal or artificial stimulation of uteri sensitized by endogenous or exogenous hormonal regimens, demonstrated an elevated expression of the intermediate filament protein desmin in decidual cells. Changes in the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components were coordinated with the elevated expression of desmin as stromal cells underwent decidualization. In parallel with the pattern of regional decidualization, as determined by elevated desmin expression, laminin accumulated in ECM of decidual cells while an apparent decrease in fibronectin was associated with altered organization at the decidual cell surface. The in situ observations confirm previous results, which indicated that the expression of desmin in decidual cells formed in vivo or in vitro is a valid marker of their differentiation, and resolve questions unanswered in the previous study: (a) desmin (and laminin) appear to be constitutively expressed in non-decidualized stroma at barely detectable levels, (b) desmin is a valid marker of stromal cell differentiation because it is expressed similarly in decidual cells, irrespective of varying experimental protocols for uterine sensitization and stimulation, and (c) desmin expression follows the same regional progression described for the process of decidualization in morphological and histochemical studies.
EAGLE: An Extensible Architecture for General Linguistic Engineering

Over the course of two summer projects, we developed a general purpose natural language system which advances the state-of-the-art in several areas. The system contains demonstrated advancements in part-of-speech tagging, end-of-sentence detection, and coreference resolution. In addition, we believe that we have strong maximal noun phrase detection, and subject-verb-object recognition and a pat tern matching language well suited to a range of tasks. Other features of the system include modularity and interchangeability of components, rapid component integration and a debugging environment.
Total Gonadotropin Activity in the Urine of Prepubertal Children

Abstract Four hundred fifty-nine 24-hr urine specimens from 44 normal children between the ages of 4 and 10 have been screened for total gonadotropin activity by means of the mouse uterus assay. Gonadotropins were detected at the 10 mouse uterus unit level in 1/6 of the specimens. Seventy-five per cent of the children had at least one 24-hr urine sample which yielded a positive result. No definite conclusions about the endocrine status of a prepubertal patient can be drawn from single random determinations of total urinary gonadotropin. A scheme is proposed for evaluating the results obtained from multiple 24-hr collections.
Effect of Therapeutic-Dose Irradiation on Left Ventricular Function in Conscious Dogs

Abstract Every week, 8 conscious, chronically instrumented dogs underwent left ventricular (LV) function studies before, during, and after cardiac irradiation with cobalt 60 (myocardial dose of 5,000 rads at 200 rads per day through a 5 × 5 cm port). During the weekly LV function studies, left atrial pressures were raised by rapid infusion of balanced saline solution. Heart rate, aortic pressures, left and right atrial pressures, LV pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and maximum rate of rise of LV pressure were recorded. Electrocardiograms were made. Cardiac outputs were obtained by thermodilution. Stroke volume, LV stroke work, and LV minute work were calculated. LV function curves were constructed each week. All dogs lost weight and became irritable after approximately 800 rads. The electrocardiograms showed signs of myocardial injury after 1,200 rads. All variables were slightly depressed during the first 8 weeks following irradiation. At the eleventh week, both left atrial pressure and LVEDP increased significantly and LV function declined. There was also clinical evidence of LV failure at rest and after volume loading. This study documents that external cardiac irradiation, in a therapeutic dose and schedule range, causes depression of LV function. These functional changes were partially reversed when the follow-up study was continued to six months after irradiation.
Pediatric evaluation of brain-damaged children.

Summary From a pediatric point of view, brain-damaged children are small, fragile, and subject to frequent infections. The intellectual capacity of these children is difficult to determine because of physical handicaps. Final judgment should be postponed and the parents encouraged and instructed in techniques to stimulate the interest of the child. The children should be guarded against unnecessary traumatic procedures and separation from mother even more than normal children, lest such exposure superimpose on the child psychopathological damage. The cost of adequate care of the brain-damaged child is great and frequently cannot be adequately met by private means. Diagnostic studies and therapy should be done by qualified teams and every effort should be made to rehabilitate the child and to support the parents in their attempt to do this. The nursery school situation is a valuable therapeutic adjunet to the life of the young handicapped child.
Dynamic effects on the periselectivity, rate, isotope effects, and mechanism of cycloadditions of ketenes with cyclopentadiene.

The cycloadditions of cyclopentadiene with diphenylketene and dichloroketene are studied by a combination of kinetic and product studies, kinetic isotope effects, standard theoretical calculations, and trajectory calculations. In contrast to recent reports, the reaction of cyclopentadiene with diphenylketene affords both [4 + 2] and [2 + 2] cycloadducts directly. This is surprising, since there is only one low-energy transition structure for adduct formation in mPW1K calculations, but quasiclassical trajectories started from this single transition structure afford both [4 + 2] and [2 + 2] products. The dichloroketene reaction is finely balanced between [4 + 2] and [2 + 2] cycloaddition modes in mPW1K calculations, as the minimum-energy path (MEP) leads to different products depending on the basis set. The MEP is misleading in predicting a single product, as trajectory studies for the dichloroketene reaction predict that both [4 + 2] and [2 + 2] products should be formed. The periselectivity does not refle...
Tree harvest in an experimental sand ecosystem: plant effects on nutrient dynamics and solute generation.

The hydrochemical signatures of forested ecosystems are known to be determined by a time-variant combination of physical-hydrologic, geochemical, and biologic processes. We studied subsurface potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and nitrate (NO3) in an experimental red -pine mesocosm to determine how trees affect the behavior of these nutrients in soil water, both during growth and after a harvest disturbance. Solution chemistry was monitored for 2 years at the end of a 15-year period of tree growth, and then for 3 more years after harvest and removal of aboveground biomass. Concentrations were characterized by three distinct temporal patterns that we ascribe to changes in solute generation mechanisms. Prior to harvest, K soil-water concentrations were relatively uniform with depth, whereas Ca soil-water concentrations doubled with depth. Nitrate concentrations were below detection in soil water and discharge (drainage) water. Plant uptake and water/nutrient cycling exerted strong control during this interval. During the 1st year after harvest, K concentrations tripled in shallow soil water, relative to preharvest levels, and showed a strong seasonal peak in discharge that mimicked soil temperature. Summer soil temperatures and annual water flux also increased. Decomposition of labile litter, with complete nitrogen (N) immobilization, characterized this interval. In the third interval (years 2 and 3 after harvest), decomposition shifted from N to carbon (C) limitation, and Ca and NO3 concentrations in discharge spiked to nearly 200 and 400 μM, respectively. Relatively stable ionic strength and carbonate chemistry in discharge, throughout the study period, indicate that carbonic-acid weathering was sustained by belowground decomposition long after the harvest. This stable chemical weathering regime, along with the persistence of N limitation for a long period after disturbance, may be characteristic of early-phase primary-successional systems.
Clinical Significance and Prognostic Importance of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Non-Q-Wave Acute Myocardial Infarction

Abstract Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy is known to be an independent risk factor for cardiac death, but its significance in non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has not been assessed previously. In a randomized diltiazem-placebo-controlled therapeutic trial of non-Q-wave AMI confirmed by creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), 126 of 544 patients (23%) exhibited LV hypertrophy using standard voltage criteria. Compared to patients without LV hypertrophy, patients with LV hypertrophy were significantly older (65 vs 60 years, p
Perceived Honesty in the Parole Interview

The perceived honesty of parole clients in actual parole interviews was found to be related to both the content of clients' statements and clients' nonverbal behaviors during the interviews. Contrary to evidence from parole hearings in California, clients' perceived honesty appeared to have an effect on interviewers' parole decision.
Weather From Space

For about a decade now, the capability has existed to produce the synoptic marine weather maps for surface pressure, moisture, fronts and other storms details based on satellite data. All that is needed for an excellent first approximation is scatterometer winds. The analysis is improved with radiometer moisture, sea surface temper­ ature, and air temperatures. To demon­ strate this capability, data from the Seas at scatterometer (SASS) and radiome­ ter (SMMR) have been used to produce weather information. When SASS data is used as the lower boundary condition for a planetary boundary layer (PBL) model, gradient winds and pressure fields can be produced. A combination of SMMR and SASS data yield excellent frontal defi­ nition and overall storm wetness and strength.
A Formula for N-Row Macdonald Polynomials

We derive a formula for the n-row Macdonald polynomials with the coefficients presented both combinatorically and in terms of very-well-poised hypergeometric series.
Wavelength-selective switching - architecture and technology overview

This work will provide an overview of node architectures and wavelength-switching technologies for the implementation of "all-optical" mesh networks.
The effect of diflubenzuron feeding on glycosaminoglycan and sulfhemoglobin biosynthesis in mice

Abstract Diflubenzuron (Dimilin), an inhibitor of insect chitin synthesis, was fed to mice in concentrations of 50 to 2000 ppm in the diet. The activity of the mammalian hexosamine transferases responsible for glycosaminoglycan (mucopolysaccharide) formation was monitored by measuring the in vivo rate of incorporation of a labeled precursor into hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate of skin. No inhibition of biosynthesis was noted at any concentration; indeed the insecticide appeared to stimulate the production of these compounds. After 3 weeks on the diet, mice eating 1000 and 2000 ppm diflubenzuron showed obvious signs of cyanosis, and sulfhemoglobin was demonstrated in the blood of mice eating more than 200 ppm. The amount of sulfhemoglobin appeared to be related to the dietary insecticide content and the highest level seen was 13% of total hemoglobin in the 2000-ppm group after 31 days. These values returned to normal within 3 weeks when diflubenzuron was removed from the diet.
Butyrate-induced colonic hypersensitivity is mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in rat dorsal root ganglia.

Objective Increased faecal butyrate levels have been reported in irritable bowel syndrome. Rectal instillation of sodium butyrate (NaB) increases visceral sensitivity in rats by an unknown mechanism. We seek to examine the signal transduction pathways responsible for the enhanced neuronal excitability in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) following NaB enemas and demonstrate that this is responsible for the colonic hypersensitivity reported in this animal model. Design Colorectal distention (CRD) studies were performed in rats treated with NaB rectal instillation with/without intrathecal or intravenous administration of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase inhibitor U0126. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry studies elucidated intracellular signalling pathways that modulate I A . Patch-clamp recordings were performed on isolated DRG neurons treated with NaB, with/without U0126. Results Visceromotor responses (VMR) were markedly enhanced in NaB-treated rats. Western blot analysis of DRG neurons from NaB-treated rats showed a 2.2-fold increase in phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pEKR1/2) and 1.9-fold increase in phosphorylated voltage-gated potassium channel subunit 4.2 (pKv4.2). Intrathecal or intravenous administration of U0126 reduced VMR to CRD in NaB-treated rats and prevented increases in pERK1/2 and pKv4.2. Patch-clamp recordings of isolated DRG neurons showed that NaB caused a reduction in I A to 48.9%±1.4% of control and an increase in neuronal excitability, accompanied by a twofold increase in pERK1/2 and pKv4.2. Concurrent U0126 administration prevented these changes. Conclusions Visceral hypersensitivity induced by colonic NaB treatment is mediated by activation of the MAP kinase–ERK1/2 pathway, which phosphorylates Kv4.2. This results in a reduction in I A and an enhancement of DRG neuronal excitability.
Surface-stabilized holography in an azo-dye-doped liquid crystal

Holograms are recorded by a 514-nm laser polarized parallel to the molecular director in an azo-dye-doped nematic liquid crystal. For some surface treatments, the recorded holograms persist in the dark. For glass surfaces, exposure to light polarized normal to the molecular director erases the hologram. The hologram also vanishes when the sample is heated across the nematic to isotropic phase transition but reappears when the sample is cooled back to the nematic phase. The dynamics and strength of this effect depend strongly on the surface treatment of the sample cell.
Adverse effects limit the usefulness of fluvoxamine for the treatment of alcoholism

Abstract Open-label and placebo-controlled trials of fluvoxamine, a selective, serotonergic anti-depressant, were conducted as an adjunct to relapse prevention psychotherapy in alcoholics. In the open trial, 16 inpatient alcoholics began a 12-week treatment program, with 10 patients dropping out during the first 4 weeks of treatment. In the controlled trial, 8 of 10 patients on fluvoxamine dropped out during the first 4 weeks of treatment, compared with only 1 of 9 patients on placebo. Baseline patient characteristics did not appear to explain the differential attrition in the controlled trial, although the placebo-treated patients were more alcohol dependent. In both trials, patients on fluvoxamine complained of a variety of adverse effects, which they often identified as the basis for early termination of treatment. These adverse effects appear to limit the usefulness of the medication for the treatment of alcoholism.
A linear constraint satisfaction approach to cost-based abduction

Santos Jr, E., A linear constraint satisfaction approach to cost-based abduction, Artificial Intelligence 65 (1994) 1-27. Abduction is the problem of finding the best explanation for a given set of observations. Within AI, this has been modeled as proving the observation by assuming some set of hypotheses. Cost-based abduction associates a cost with each hypothesis. The best proof is the one which assumes the least costly set. Previous approaches to finding the least cost set have formalized cost-based abduction as a heuristic graph search problem. However, efficient admissible heuristics have proven difficult to find. In this paper, we present a new technique for finding least cost sets by using linear constraints to represent causal relationships. In particular, we are able to recast the problem as a 0-1 integer linear programming problem. We can then use the highly efficient optimization tools of operations research yielding a computationally efficient method for solving cost-based abduction problems. Experiments comparing our linear constraint satisfaction approach to standard graph searching methodologies suggest that our approach is superior to existing search techniques in that our approach exhibits an expected-case polynomial run-time growth rate.
Effect of tacticity on permeation properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)

The effect of stereoregularity on gas permeation properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was investigated. The gas permeability coefficients for He, H2, O2, N2, Ar, CH4, and CO2 at 35°C near atmospheric pressure have been measured for three different PMMAs. Apparent diffusion and solubility coefficients were obtained from time lag data, and these were compared with data for a commercial PMMA previously reported. The permeability, solubility, and diffusion coefficients increase as the content of syndiotactic sequences increases. These observations are consistent with more dense packing of the isotactic form in the glassy state that stems in part from its lower glass transition temperature. The transport behavior for a 50:50 isotactic/syndiotactic blend was also studied. These so-called stereocomplexes exhibit permeation behavior comparable to other weakly interacting miscible blend systems.
Single-shot femtosecond laser ablation of copper: experiment vs. simulation

Single 5 and 40 femtosecond, near IR pulses with fluences varying from 0.4 – 80 J/cm 2 from a Ti:Sapphire laser was focused onto a single crystal Cu sample surface with 2.0 μm focal spot at 15 and 45 degree angle of incidence. The surface profiles after interaction were studied with an interferometric depth profiler (Wyko NT9100), and benchmarked against crater size and morphology predicted by 2D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) laser damage simulation model.
Is the U.S. Ready for FDI from China? Lessons from Japan in the 1980s

The U.S. environment for inbound FDI from China today exhibits striking parallels with the environment for Japanese FDI in the 1980s. The motivations for Chinese FDI, such as building on extensive export activity by reaping advantages from location and ownership in the U.S., and internalizing processes that are currently external to Chinese firms targeting U.S. markets, are also likely to parallel those of Japanese firms during the boom in FDI from Japan in the 1980s. While the Japanese experience in the U.S. was initially rocky, many Japanese firms learned to adapt and thrive, particularly at the local level. Much can be learned from these parallels, particularly the sources of friction that Chinese firms are likely to encounter in Washington, and the means of dealing with these frictions both nationally and regionally. Foremost among these lessons is the need to distinguish between the FDI environment at the federal and state levels. While the federal political and regulatory climate may be problematic for Chinese firms, state and local governments and communities are likely to be much more receptive to Chinese investment, particularly of the greenfield variety. Chinese firms will need to integrate fully into the community by forming dense networks of interaction with local suppliers, businesspeople and politicians, and by being good citizens in the realms of employment practices, philanthropy and community involvement. At the national level, Chinese firms probably can anticipate substantial wariness toward Chinese FDI by Congress and federal agencies. There is no magic formula for escaping political skepticism and even hostility at the national level. The Japanese case suggests that avoiding high profile acquisitions and overt lobbying efforts by individual Chinese firms (as opposed to working with organizations representing foreign investors generally) is a sound strategy for mitigating friction.
Stereospecificity in the reactions of acetylcholinesterase.

SummaryAcetyl-β-methylcholine is a racemic compound. Acetyl-D-β-methylcholine is hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase; the Lisomer is not. Acetyl-L-β-methylcholine is an inhibitor of the hydrolysis of the Disomer and of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase. Therefore the generally available acetyl-β-methylcholine is composed of half substrate and half inhibitor. Two other structurally related compounds are also cholinesterase inhibitors when tested under conditions comparable to those obtaining in the use of acetyl-DL-β-methylcholine.
Promoting nursing careers using a storybook for children

Recruitment into the nursing profession is an urgent need. Using the storybook Jill Learns About Nurses Around the Town, 11 nurses participated in a nursing promotion program with elementary-age children. Narrative analysis of participant experiences suggests nurses want to and can effectively participate in nursing promnotion programs with children.
A General Theory of Projectiles

(1903). A General Theory of Projectiles. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 98-101.
Exploratory Laparotomy for Proximal Vascular Control in Combat-Related Injuries.

ABSTRACT Background: Combat casualties have endured an increase in traumatic lower extremity amputations secondary to improvised explosive devices. Often surgical control of the proximal vasculature is required. We evaluate the safety profile of exploratory laparotomy (EXLAP) for proximal control (PC) in combat-injured patients. Methods: Records of 845 combat casualties from June 2009 to December 2011 were reviewed. Patients undergoing EXLAP were divided by indication into PC and non-PC groups. Demographics, Injury Severity Score, mechanism of injury, transfusion requirements, EXLAP findings, reoperation rates, and abdominal-related complications were recorded. Results: 44 patients were identified as PC and 91 as non-PC. Age was similar (23.7 ± 4.1 vs. 24.0 ± 4.6, p = 0.7138), and all were male. Improvised explosive devices blast was the most common mechanism of injury. Injury Severity Score (25.8 ± 8.2 vs. 21.4 ± 9.1, p = 0.0075), lower extremity amputation (93.1% vs. 28.6%, p = 0.0001), and transfusion ...
Motivation for reading among struggling middle school readers: A mixed methods study

Abstract Employing a mixed methods design, we explore motivation for reading comprehension (RC) among 112 struggling middle school readers at two sites, one semi-urban and one urban. Data sources included student self-reported reading motivation surveys, a standardized reading comprehension assessment, and a random sample of 44 1-on-1 student reading motivation interviews. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to model growth in reading comprehension and assess the contribution of three dimensions of reading motivation - self-efficacy, intrinsic, and extrinsic motivation - to intercepts and slopes of reading comprehension. Student interviews were also coded for the presence or absence of these three motivation constructs. Although initial HLM and interview analyses were done concurrently, follow-up analyses were conducted using each data technique based on initial findings from the other. Three main findings emerged. First, quantitative results revealed 1) a significant main effect of self-efficacy on initial RC status; 2) paradoxical site differences such that the semi-urban site's students had significantly higher RC scores, while the urban site's students had significantly higher motivation scores. Explanatory qualitative analyses of interview data further revealed that 3) the quantitative effect of self-efficacy predicting RC can be better explained through qualitative findings that struggling readers hold different motivational beliefs (which impact them differently) depending on learning environment.
American Friends of the Middle East: The CIA, US Citizens, and the Secret Battle for American Public Opinion in the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1947–1967

In 1951, the CIA secretly funded the creation of an ostensibly private group of US citizens called the American Friends of the Middle East (AFME). Pro-Arab and anti-Zionist in orientation, AFME was repeatedly attacked by pro-Israel groups before seeing its links to the CIA exposed by investigative journalists in 1967. Drawing on recent scholarship about “state–private networks” and the cultural history of US–Middle East relations, this article examines the origins of AFME, its characteristic values and relations with the CIA, and the reasons for the decline of its influence vis-a-vis the emergent “Israel lobby.”
Comprehensive Shoulder US Examination: A Standardized Approach with Multimodality Correlation for Common Shoulder Disease

Shoulder pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions encountered in primary care and specialty orthopedic clinic settings. Although magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is typically the modality of choice for evaluating the soft-tissue structures of the shoulder, ultrasonography (US) is becoming an important complementary imaging tool in the evaluation of superficial soft-tissue structures such as the rotator cuff, subacromial-subdeltoid bursa, and biceps tendon. The advantages of US driving its recent increased use include low cost, accessibility, and capability for real-time high-resolution imaging that enables dynamic assessment and needle guidance. As more radiologists are considering incorporating shoulder US into their practices, the development of a standardized approach to performing shoulder US should be a priority to facilitate the delivery of high-quality patient care. Familiarity with and comfort in performing a standardized shoulder US examination, as well as knowledge of the types of anomalies that can be evaluated well with US, will enhance the expertise of those working in musculoskeletal radiology practices and add value in the form of increased patient and health care provider satisfaction. This review describes the utility and benefits of shoulder US as a tool that complements MR imaging in the assessment of shoulder pain. A standardized approach to the shoulder US examination is also described, with a review of the basic technique of this examination, normal anatomy of the shoulder, common indications for shoulder US, and characteristic US findings of common shoulder diseases-with select MR imaging and arthroscopic correlation. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2016.
Quantitative estimation of electro-osmosis force on charged particles inside a borosilicate resistive-pulse sensor

Nano and micron-scale pore sensors have been widely used for biomolecular sensing application due to its sensitive, label-free and potentially cost-effective criteria. Electrophoretic and electroosmosis are major forces which play significant roles on the sensor's performance. In this work, we have developed a mathematical model based on experimental and simulation results of negatively charged particles passing through a 2μm diameter solid-state borosilicate pore under a constant applied electric field. The mathematical model has estimated the ratio of electroosmosis force to electrophoretic force on particles to be 77.5%.
Fluorescence and Raman Scattering in Plasmonic Nano-structures: From Basic Science to Applications

Enhanced light–matter interaction in presence of metal nanobodies opens an avenue towards practical applications of plasmonically enhanced fluorescence and Raman scattering in medicine, biology, forensic research, cultural heritage examination. An overview of experimental results and an outlook is provided in terms of practical implementation of plasmonic effects in medicine and in other fields.
Translational implications of sirtuins in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

e22211 Background: Sirtuins (SIRT) are NAD+ dependent class III histone deacetylases (HDACs), and share extensive homology with yeast silent information regulator 2 (Sir2). In mammals seven sirt2ho...
Digest: Cooperators get competitive in mixed company.

Microbial populations commonly reside in environments that are awash with iron, which is essential for their growth. However, iron is rarely found in an accessible form. In order to mine bioavailable iron from their environment, microbes produce a wide variety of iron-binding compounds called siderophores (Wandersman and Delepelaire 2004). When excreted into the surrounding environment, these molecules are extremely effective at targeting and binding iron. Once bound, iron-siderophore complexes are readily recognized and transported into any cell bearing specific outer membrane receptors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
The Mechanism of Reaeration in Natural Streams

The basic theory of turbulent flow has been applied successfully to explain many phenomena occurring in natural and artificial waterways. In this study, turbulent flow theory, both isotropic and non-isotropic, has been utilized to formulate the theory of reaeration in natural streams, which have been subjected to deaeration by the biological oxidation of organic matter.
Pre- and post-operative visualization of neonatal esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula via magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Esophageal atresia (EA) is a relatively uncommon congenital anomaly, often observed in conjunction with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). Surgical repair in neonates typically takes place with little information about the pre-existing EA/TEF structure because there are currently no acceptable tools for evaluating EA/TEF anatomy prior to repair; chest x-ray radiograph does not identify malformation sub-type or gap length, while x-ray computed tomography (CT) demonstrates an unacceptably high exposure to ionizing radiation. There is a need for safe imaging methods to evaluate pre-operative EA/TEF anatomy, which would add value in surgical planning; this need may be met with high-resolution structural MRI. We report three cases of Type-C EA/TEF in neonates. Patients were imaged prior to surgical repair using high-resolution ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize tracheoesophageal anatomy and allow for informed surgical planning and risk management. One of the three patients was imaged post-repair to evaluate surgical efficacy and evolution of the tracheoesophageal anatomy.
BAIT: Analytic Model for Catching Bad Guys and Addressing Intelligence Limitations

The proposed BAIT (Basic Activities Indicators Template) analytic model was developed with an emphasis on simplicity and flexibility to overcome many of the intelligence limitations endemic to UN missions, especially when confronted with transnational organized crime in the mission environment. The model can be applied at the strategic level for mission planning and at the operational and tactical mission levels with only minimal training and minor MS Excel skill and access.
GAPDH as a model non-canonical AU-rich RNA binding protein

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) plays a key role in glycolysis but is also known for its involvement in a myriad of extra-glycolytic functions. While GAPDH is not the only enzyme with established moonlighting roles, it shows great diversity in terms of its functions, cellular localizations, protein partners, and post-translational modifications. This review focuses on GAPDH's role as a non-canonical RNA binding protein to regulate the stability and translation of cellular mRNAs. Despite the clear involvement of GAPDH in gene expression regulation, how and where GAPDH binds to its RNA targets is still unknown. In addition, the mechanism by which GAPDH switches among its various cellular functions is also unknown. This review will summarize our current understanding of GAPDH-mediated regulation of RNA function.
Reflections on the 1997 Vatican Statements Regarding Ethics in Advertising

In February 1997, the Vatican Pontifical Council for Social Communications issued a 35-page pamphlet, which provides a religion-based commentary on the ethics of advertising. This document is composed of five sections that endeavor to treat the economic, political, cultural, and moral dimensions of advertising as they affect society. Although the thematic tone of the writing is difficult to capture by excerpting a few paragraphs, the following quotations sample the rhetorical sense of the essay:
A study of two geometric isomers of 1,1'-bi-3-cyanocyclohex-2-enylidene

The preparation, separation, crystal structure and 1H NMR spectra are reported for the two geometrical isomers of 1,1′-bi-3-cyanocyclohex-2-enylidene. The E-isomer crystallized as thin plates in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 5.3980(5), b = 7.0757(7), c = 15.300(2) A, β = 94.571(2)°, and Z = 2. The structure has symmetry C2h. The Z-isomer crystallized as needles in the triclinic space group P1¯ with a = 7.0790(6), b = 11.3155(9),c = 15.386(1) A, α = 104.943° β = 90.164(2)°, γ = 99.494(2)°, and Z = 4. The compound crystallized with two molecules per asymmetric unit. In C6D6, 1H NMR signals of the 2-vinyl protons appear almost identical. However, in a mixture of C6D6 and pyridine-d 5, the 2-vinyl protons can be distinguished. The structures compare favorably with MM2 calculations.
Immunohistochemical Profiling of Lymphoma

This chapter covers the technique of immunostaining for the characterization of lymphoma and hematopoietic tumors in tissues. The range of markers that may be diagnostically useful is discussed, as are the methodologic issues related to new marker identification, reagent validation, standardization and quantitation of staining levels.