cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Exploratory Association Study of Alcohol Use Disorder and DNA Methylation

Background Epigenetic factors, including DNA methylation, play an important role in the etiology of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Noncandidate-based methylome-wide studies leveraging multiple tissue types are needed in order to identify a set of CpG targets that reliably differentiate AUD patients from controls and strongly correlate across brain tissue and more commonly collected tissue types (e.g., buccal cells). Methods Postmortem precuneus brain tissue samples were collected from 49 alcohol-dependent (AD) cases and 47 controls (sample I), and DNA was extracted from precuneus and putamen brain tissue and buccal cells in 24 postmortem subjects (sample II). Methylation levels were analyzed at over 450,000 CpG sites in both samples. CpGs that demonstrated significant methylation differences between cases and controls were advanced for further analysis with the goal of identifying CpGs that also demonstrated consistent methylation correlations across tissue type. Results In the primary analysis, 244 hypomethylated and 188 hypermethylated CpGs met a priori criteria for both significant methylation differences between cases and controls as well as significant correlation across brain and buccal cell tissue types, employing stringent Bonferroni p-value correction. Many of these CpGs were involved in gene networks related to lipid metabolism, immune response, inflammatory response/disease, and gastro-intestinal disease. Conclusions More than 400 CpGs demonstrated differences in methylation between AD cases and controls and showed significant correlation across tissue types. Several genes and pathways (e.g., inflammation and immune functioning) that have been previously associated with AUD were identified in the current analyses.
The effects of reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) on wetland habitat and arthropod community composition in an urban freshwater wetland

Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) is an aggressive invader that dominates wetlands throughout the US. We examined the effects of reed canary grass on wetland habitat, both vegetation canopy architecture and soil environment, and its impacts the arthropod community in an urban wetland in Portland, OR, USA. Reed canary grass dominance resulted in reduced vegetation canopy complexity through reductions in native vegetation diversity and canopy height. In addition, reed canary grass dominance significantly changed the wetland soil environment, decreasing soil organic content and increasing soil moisture. The arthropod community responded to these habitat changes, being distinct between plots dominated by reed canary grass and those dominated by native vegetation. In addition, diversity measures were significantly lower in plots dominated by reed canary grass. Variables describing both vegetation canopy complexity and soil environment were more important predictors than relative abundance of reed canary grass in multiple regression models developed for dominant arthropod taxa and community metrics. Our results suggest that the mechanism by which reed canary grass affects the wetland arthropod community is primarily indirect, through habitat changes, rather than by directly altering its food source.
Many-body topological invariants in fermionic symmetry-protected topological phases: Cases of point group symmetries

Finding suitable nonlocal order parameters that distinguish various symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases is an important subject in view of experimental and numerical detection of SPT phases. By ``simulating'' the generating manifold of cobordism group in the operator formalism, the authors here propose nonlocal operations as diagnoses for SPT phases protected by point group symmetries. The nonlocal operations involve ``partial point group transformations'', which are obtained by point group transformations restricted to a spatial subregion on a given ground-state wave function. Through analytical and numerical calculations, the authors show that the complex $U(1)$ phase of the ground state expectation value of such partial point group transformations may serve as an order parameter for those SPT phases. The examples in the paper include the ${Z}_{8}$ and ${Z}_{16}$ invariants of topological superconductors protected by inversion symmetry in $(1+1)$ and $(3+1)$ dimensions, respectively, as well as the lens space topological invariants in $(2+1)$-dimensional fermionic topological phases.
Headless Compression Screw Versus Kirschner Wire Fixation for Metacarpal Neck Fractures: A Biomechanical Study.

Purpose This study aimed to determine the biomechanical stability of headless compression screws in the fixation of metacarpal neck fractures and to compare them with another common, less invasive form of fixation, K-wires. The hypothesis was that headless compression screws would show higher stiffness and peak load to failure than K-wire fixation. Methods Eight matched-paired hands (n = 31), using the ring and little finger metacarpals, had metacarpal fractures simulated at the physeal scar. Each group was stabilized with either a 3.5-mm headless compression screw or 2 0.045-in (1.1-mm) K-wires. Nineteen metacarpals were tested in 3-point bending and 12 in axial loading. Peak load to failure and stiffness were calculated from the load displacement curve. Bone mineral density was recorded for each specimen. Results Bone mineral density was similar in the 2 groups tested for 3-point bending and axial loading. Stiffness was not significantly different in 3-point bending for headless compression screws and K-wires (means, 141.3 vs 194.5 N/mm) but it was significant in axial loading (means, 178.0 vs 111.6 N/mm). Peak load to failure was significantly higher in headless compression screws in 3-point bending (means, 401.2 vs 205.3 N) and axial loading (means, 467.5 vs 198.3 N). Conclusions Compared with K-wires, headless compression screws for metacarpal neck fractures are biomechanically superior in load to failure, 3-point bending, and axial loading. Clinical relevance Headless compression screws demonstrate excellent biomechanical stability in metacarpal neck fractures. In conjunction with promising clinical studies, these data suggest that headless compression screws may be an option for treating metacarpal neck fractures.
Place over traits? Purchasing edibles from medical marijuana dispensaries in Los Angeles, CA

Abstract Objectives To examine discrete purchasing behaviors of marijuana-infused edibles from medical marijuana dispensaries with the aim to identify potential venue- and individual-level targets for prevention. Methods Two-stage, venue-based sampling approach was used to randomly select patrons exiting 16 medical marijuana dispensaries in Los Angeles, California during Spring 2013. Hierarchical generalized linear modeling was used to examine the likelihood of purchasing edibles among 524 patrons reporting a discrete purchase regressed on characteristics of the sampled dispensaries and their patrons. Results At a venue level, patrons were more likely to purchase edibles from dispensaries located within Census tracts with higher median incomes or in close proximity to a higher number of dispensaries. At an individual level, patrons who identified as Black or Hispanic were associated with a lower likelihood of purchasing edibles when compared to patrons who identified as other non-White, non-Hispanic race/ethnicity. Conclusions Place-based policies focused on regulating edible sales through dispensaries may be fruitful in influencing access to edibles. Additionally, social marketing campaigns may benefit from targeting both locations where edible purchases are more likely and populations who are more likely to purchase edibles.
Extending the Dual Factor Model of Facebook Use: Social motives and network density predict Facebook use through impression management and open self-disclosure

Abstract This study tests the Dual Factor Model of Facebook Use (Nadkarni & Hofmann, 2012), which posits that individuals use Facebook to fulfill belongingness and self-presentation needs. Furthermore, it extends the original dual-factor model to include perceptions of network density to predict Facebook self-expression and use. In a cross-sectional online study (N = 312, 67% female), participants completed measures of their frequency of Facebook use, open self-disclosure and strategic impression management on Facebook, perceived density of their Facebook networks, and general belongingness and self-presentation motives. Self-monitoring, indicating the need to self-present, was positively related to Facebook use via strategic impression management and open self-disclosures. There was no overall correlation between need to belong and frequency of Facebook use, however this finding was qualified by divergent direct and indirect effects. Need to belong predicted increased Facebook use through strategic impression management and decreased Facebook use both directly and via open disclosure. Finally, network density predicted greater Facebook use through open disclosure. Results provide initial support for the extended Dual Factor Model, but also highlight the relevance of specifying the structural nature of one's network and types of Facebook use. Amendments to, and further developments of, the model are discussed.
Large Uncertainty in Estimating pCO2 from Carbonate Equilibria in Lakes

Most estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) evasion from freshwaters rely on calculating partial pressure of aquatic CO2 (pCO2) from two out of three CO2-related parameters using carbonate equilibria. However, the pCO2 uncertainty has not been systematically evaluated across multiple lake types and equilibria. We quantified random errors in pH, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and temperature from the North Temperate Lakes Long-Term Ecological Research site in four lake groups across a broad gradient of chemical composition. These errors were propagated onto pCO2 calculated from three carbonate equilibria, and for overlapping observations, compared against uncertainties in directly measured pCO2. The empirical random errors in CO2-related parameters were mostly below 2% of their median values. Resulting random pCO2 errors ranged from ±3.7% to ±31.5% of the median depending on alkalinity group and choice of input parameter pairs. Temperature uncertainty had a negligible effect on pCO2. When compared with direct pCO2 measurements, all parameter combinations produced biased pCO2 estimates with less than one third of total uncertainty explained by random pCO2 errors, indicating that systematic uncertainty dominates over random error. Multi-decadal trend of pCO2 was difficult to reconstruct from uncertain historical observations of CO2-related parameters. Given poor precision and accuracy of pCO2 estimates derived from virtually any combination of two CO2-related parameters, we recommend direct pCO2 measurements where possible. To achieve consistently robust estimates of CO2 emissions from freshwater components of terrestrial carbon balances, future efforts should focus on improving accuracy and precision of CO2-related parameters (including direct pCO2) measurements and associated pCO2 calculations.
Perinatal hemorrhage from ulceration of the umbilical cord: A potentially catastrophic association with duodenal and jejunal obstruction.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to review published reports and contribute new cases of umbilical cord ulceration (UCU) with perinatal hemorrhage into the amniotic cavity in the setting of duodenal or jejunal obstruction because knowledge of this sequence is poorly disseminated and could be lifesaving. Methods Published reports of UCU with hemorrhage associated with congenital duodenal or jejunal obstruction were reviewed. Chart review was conducted for the cases encountered at our institutions between January 2008 and March 2017. We noted perinatal complications, method of delivery, gestational age, birth weight, gender, number, location, and pathologic description of umbilical cord ulcers, and outcome. Results Thirty-one reports and 7 new cases were studied. Perinatal complications included: preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes: 63%; fetal distress: 95%; mean gestational age: 33weeks; premature gestation: 95%; bloody amniotic fluid: 90%. Pathological analysis of UCUs revealed solitary, multifocal, helical and punched-out lesions. There were 12 neonatal deaths (32%), and 12 intrauterine deaths (32%). Survival rate was 37%. Conclusions UCU with perinatal hemorrhage is associated with duodenal and jejunal obstruction. Knowing the typical clinical signs of this potential catastrophic complication could prompt lifesaving delivery. Type of study Prognostic Level of evidence IV
Ultrafine microstructure and texture evolution of aluminum foil by asymmetric rolling

AA1060 aluminum foil was rolled from 4 mm to 20 μm by asymmetric rolling without intermediate annealing. The microstructures and textures were investigated. The original coarse grains with an average grain size of 60 μm were refined to fine equiaxed grains with an average grain size of about 500 nm with mainly large grain boundaries. During the rolling, the intensities of copper texture C-{112} and brass texture B-{011} gradually increased, and most crystallites aggregated along the β and τ orientation lines. The orientation intensity reached the maximum value 26 when the foil was rolled to 500 μm, but significantly decreased to 16 when the thickness became 20 μm, and the texture mainly consisted of a rotation cubic texture RC-{100} . With the combined forces including drawing, compressing and shearing, severe plastic deformation was obtained during the asymmetric rolling, promoting dynamic recrystallization at room temperature. Because of a combined force in the deformation zone and shear force along the normal direction, dynamic recrystallization occurs during the asymmetric rolling; therefore, the average grain size is significantly refined. The texture intensity of ultrathin strip first increases, i.e., work hardening, and then decreases mainly because of dynamic recrystallization.
Energy use by air taxis and drones for parcel delivery, is it practical? Is it sustainable?

Aircraft that take off and land vertically with rotors or horizontal propellers like drones use more energy than conventional aircraft whose lift is provided by wings. Drones with propellers are less efficient than helicopters with large rotors. The poor energy density of batteries compared to hydrocarbon fuels limits the range and endurance of the electrically powered aircraft. Although the ratio of the mass of payload and fuel (or battery) to the total aircraft mass for the proposed Amazon drone is not that different from the same ratio for a Boeing 747, the range and time in the air is very much less. In principle, a conventional aircraft powered by photovoltaic panels covering a wing with a span of 6 m could match the performance of the proposed Amazon drone. Amazon has proposed delivering packages by an electrically powered drone capable of vertical take off and landing. By comparison with helicopters, the energy needed to move a 2.5 kg package is estimated to be more than 130 times the energy used in delivering the same package in a small delivery truck. By comparison, a conventional airplane with the same mass could, in principle, be powered by photovoltaic panels, covering the wings, and it would use an energy equivalent to about 3 times the energy used by a small delivery truck. Based on the performance of existing small helicopters, the analysis shows that an electrically powered air taxi would only be able to make journeys of 10 min or less. Vertical take-off and landing add to energy requirements, and drones using a large number of propellers are less efficient than helicopters. The major limitation, not surprisingly, is the poor energy density of batteries compared to liquid hydrocarbon fuels.
High-voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation: effects of frequency of current on blood flow in the human calf muscle

1. Twelve healthy subjects received high-voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation (115-475 V d.c.) delivered in separate treatments of 2, 32 and 128 pulses/s for 10 min at the subject's maximum tolerable voltage while calf muscle blood flow was measured by non-invasive Whitney strain-gauge venous occlusion plethysmography. 2. The high-voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation was administered with negative polarity by an intermittent mode of 30 s on, 30 s off. Measurements of calf muscle blood flow were made during each 30 s period when the stimulus was off. The effect of one 30 s maximum isometric contraction of the calf muscles on blood flow was used as a standard for evaluating the effectiveness of high-voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation on calf muscle blood flow. 3. Significant (paired t-tests; P less than 0.05) increases in calf muscle blood flow over the preceding baseline levels occurred for the isometric contraction (322%) and for frequencies of 2 pulses/s (33.5%) and 128 pulses/s (13.36%), but not for a frequency of 32 pulses at which calf muscle blood flow increased in only six of 12 subjects. The mean increases in calf muscle blood flow at 2 and 128 pulses/s represented 11.63% and 4.0%, respectively, of that resulting from the isometric contraction. 4. A clear positive correlation between voltage level and the magnitude of increase in calf muscle blood flow was demonstrated but differed for each frequency used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Thomson scattering measurements on DIII-D using in-vessel laser mirrors and lenses to diagnose a new divertor location

Translatable in-vessel mirrors have enabled the DIII-D Thomson scattering system to diagnose the divertor plasma in high triangularity shaped plasmas. Previous divertor Thomson scattering measurements in DIII-D were restricted to spatial locations along a Nd:YAG laser beam that was directed through a vertical port. This only allowed measurements to be made in low triangularity shaped plasmas. The new mirrors re-route the laser underneath floor tiles to a position of smaller major radius as necessary for high triangularity plasmas. New in-vessel collection optics transmit scattered light from regions inaccessible to external lenses. Damage to mirrors and high stray light levels are challenges that were overcome to successfully make these measurements. Through the careful use of baffles and light shields, stray light leakage into polychromator detector channels was reduced to negligible levels, allowing temperature measurements below 1 eV. The system is described and the initial results presented.
History of Glottogonic Theories

Early speculation on the origin of language usually regarded it as a gift of the gods, though some argued that it was a purely natural human attribute, in Greece, Rome, and India. Traditional Jewish, Christian, and Islamic thought generally accepted the Biblical account of Adam’s first use of language in Eden and the later dispersion of tongues. Hebrew (or for Muslims, Arabic) was usually held to be the first language. Medieval and Renaissance ideas exhibited little new thought on this topic. There were attempts to replicate the ancient Psammetichus experiment with infants reared in isolation, and new proposals for the primordial tongue. Speculation on language origins greatly expanded in the 17th and 18th centuries, with debates on conventional versus naturalistic explanations, universal grammar, the capacity of feral children to reinvent language, and whether apes might be taught to speak. In the 19th century two new approaches appeared: comparative linguistics and Darwinism applied to language evolution. Brain research emerged, emphasizing cerebral localization. On the other hand, some specialists in linguistics explicitly banned glottogonic speculation as a hopeless exercise. After a decline in interest early in the 20th century, the question was vigorously revived stimulated by new fossil hominid finds, child language studies, more work on neurolinguistics, and language experiments with apes.
Decanting and its Alternatives: Remodeling and Revamping Irrevocable Trusts

Trust decanting is the process of distributing a trust estate of an irrevocable trust to the trustee of a new trust. Recognized under the common law and now statutorily by ten states, decanting can achieve a number of goals and objectives, from correcting drafting errors to responding to beneficiaries’ changed circumstances or objectives. Procedural requirements, fiduciary considerations, and tax issues will be explored.
THE USE OF MICROSOFT KINECT ™ FOR ASSESSING READINESS OF RETURN TO SPORT AND INJURY RISK EXERCISES: A VALIDATION STUDY.

Introduction Assessing readiness of return to sport after procedures such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a complex process, complicated by the pressures that athletes face in returning to sport as quickly as possible. Advances in motion analysis have been able to demonstrate movements that are risk factors for initial ACL injury and subsequent reinjury after reconstruction. An inexpensive, objective measure is needed to determine when athletes are ready to return to sport after ACL reconstruction. Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the use of a single camera, markerless motion capture technology to 3D motion capture during lower extremity movements that pose as risk factors for ACL injury. Study design Cross Sectional Study. Methods This study assessed the validity of the Microsoft Kinect™ against an established 3-dimensional motion analysis system in 20 healthy subjects. Knee kinematics were assessed during impact activity in the coronal and sagittal plane specifically evaluating peak knee valgus and peak knee flexion during single leg hop and jump from box exercises. Intraclass correlation coefficients and 95% limits of agreement (LoA) were determined for each kinematic variable. Results For the single leg hop, the mean absolute difference in the sagittal plane was 10.4 ° (95% LoA [-11.7 °, 26.8 °]), and in the frontal plane was 5.31 ° (95% LoA [-8 °, 13.9 °]). Similarly, for the jump from box landing on one leg, there was a difference of 7.96 ° (95% LoA [-17.7 °, 21.3 °]) and 4.69 ° (95% LoA [-6.3 °, 12.6 °]) respectively. For the jump from box, two-foot land, turn and pivot, the mean absolute difference between the systems was 7.39 ° (95% LoA [-17.8 °, 19.7 °]) in the sagittal and 4.22 ° (95% LoA [-5.9 °, 11.6 °]) in the frontal plane respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients for each activity ranged from 0.553 to 0.759. Conclusion The results from the Microsoft Kinect™ were found to be in poor agreement with those from a standard motion capture system. Measuring complex lower extremity movements with the Microsoft Kinect™ does not provide adequate enough information to use as an assessment tool for injury risk and return to sport timing. Level of evidence Level III.
Mentoring in the Art Classroom

This is a study in sociocultural learning. We began by combining a high school art class and a first grade class to create a tile mosaic mural for an elementary school wall. By using the multi-age format we hoped to expand art content knowledge and skills of artmaking for high school and first grade students. While many art concepts were learned during the 3-week study, an unexpected finding was that the artmaking became secondary to the mentoring relationships that formed between the high school students and the first grade students. This led us to reflect further on the role of mentoring in the art classroom and the bidirectional benefits of multi-age learning. Rather than seeing art learning only in terms of art content, learning is better characterized as interpersonal development illuminated by the literature on the zone of proximal development, mentoring, self-efficacy, and caring.
How Do Military Family Caregivers Who Completed a Supportive Intervention Differ From Those Who Dropped Out

Background. To create efficacious interventions for military family caregivers (MFCs), it is important to understand the characteristics and predictors of completers and dropouts of newly developed supportive interventions. Aim. The purpose of this study was to examine completion patterns in MFCs enrolled in an educational intervention feasibility study. Method. Baseline data are presented from MFC completers (n = 64) and dropouts (n = 60) of a national feasibility study for an innovative intervention. Measures include depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-2), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), somatic symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-15), quality of life (World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief), relationship satisfaction (Relationship Assessment Scale), and military care recipient number of injuries. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate differences between completers and dropouts and logistic regression was used to identify predictors of intervention completion. Results. Results indicated that MFCs with greater anxiety, χ2(3) = 10.33, p = .02; depression, χ2(1) = 8.18, p = .004; somatic symptoms, F(1, 106) = 6.26, p = .01; care recipient number of injuries, F(1, 118) = 16.31, p < .001; lower general satisfaction with treatment, F(1, 96) = 4.34, p = .04; and lower satisfaction with accessibility and convenience with treatment, F(1, 89) = 4.18, p = .04, were significantly more likely to complete the intervention. After multivariate analysis, the sole predictor of intervention completion was the number of care recipients' injuries, χ2(6) = 14.89, N = 77, p < .05. Conclusions. Overall, findings indicate that MFCs who were more "at risk" were more likely to complete the intervention. Findings present patterns of intervention completion and provide insight on areas in need of further investigation on intervention development supporting the needs of MFCs.
Renal Mass Biopsy: Future Trends and Developments

Renal mass biopsy is a diagnostic technique that can be employed to evaluate the small renal mass (SRM); however, it remains underutilized to this day. The overall accuracy of percutaneous SRM biopsy is between 79% and 100%. The main shortcomings of renal mass biopsy are related to the inconsistencies in tumor grade and differentiation between some benign (i.e., oncocytoma) and malignant (i.e., chromophobe renal cell carcinoma) lesions and between different malignant subtypes. Future developments in this context include improvement of imaging modalities, development and validation of novel targeted biopsy platforms, and investigation of new biomarkers and cytogenetic features for molecular fingerprinting of the renal mass. Incorporation of these new developments to conventional axial imaging studies and histopathological examination can potentially aid in better risk stratification and management planning.
Noninvasive Follicular Tumor With Papillary-like Nuclear Features: A Practice Changer in Thyroid Pathology.

Context.— This article presents a review of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP), including its separation from follicular variant of papillary carci...
Too Pacifist in Peace, Too Bellicose in War: Political Information and Foreign Policy Opinion:

Scholars of public opinion and foreign policy recognize that the general public is poorly informed about international affairs, but they disagree about whether and how this fact affects the policie...
Musical Work Copyright for the Era of Digital Sound Technology: Looking Beyond Composition and Performance

For over 150 years, federal copyright law in the United States reflected and reinforced the model of music as a two-stage art of composition and performance. Copyright protected scores, the stable, visually perceptible result of the deliberative activity of composition. It did not protect performances, the evanescent, unrepeatable, purely aural realizations of scores. Even as protection was extended to musical sound recordings, copyright law has maintained a strong distinction between composition and performance. In the last several decades, however, developments in sound technologies and their uses by musicians and listeners have substantially undermined that distinction. Written notation often no longer figures in any stage of producing a musical recording, and the roles of composer, musician and producer are blurred as composition, performance, recording, synthesizing, sequencing, sampling, editing, processing, and mixing are accomplished iteratively within a digital environment. An empirical study of 4.5 million copyright registrations presented as part of this article demonstrates that while 86% of musical work registrations in 1978 were accompanied by deposits of written notation, by 2012 only 17% were. Copyright law, however, is still routinely interpreted to require the isolation of compositional and performance elements of sound recordings.This article argues that copyright law should cease trying to divide musical sound recordings into composition and performance elements, and should recognize phonorecord-embodied musical works as a distinct category of works of authorship. It makes the case that the 1976 Act could be interpreted to accomplish that change, but it also argues that the Act should be amended if necessary. An approach that recognizes that phonorecord-embodied musical works are distinct from notated musical works and are protectable on their own terms, can potentially better serve the purposes of copyright law in at least three ways. First, such an approach would be more consistent with the basic understanding that substantial similarity in music is to be evaluated through the comparative aesthetic appeal of listening experiences. Second, it would help to enable creators of all aspects of those listening experiences to enjoy the incentives and benefits of authorship. Third, it could be a step towards recognition of unitary copyright in some musical audio works.
Effect of plastic surgery of double-palpebra with prolapse of lacrimal gland for blepharochalasis

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of plastic surgery of double-palpebra with reposition of lacrimal gland for blepharochalasis.Methods We operated on 10 cases (20 eyes) with dermatolysis palpebrarum which stopped attack and was static for more than one year.A double eyelid fold incision was made.Then redundant skin and sphincter palpebrarum as well as protrusion of intraorbital fat were removed.In the operation of dislocation of lacrmial gland we sewed up lacrmial gland in full thickness and fixed it to the periosteum of lacrmial fossa,and the levator muscle of upper eye lid aponeurosis prothesis or plication was choosed when the levator muscle of upper eye lid aponeurosis was broken or not.And for the shorted transverse diameter of coloboma of eye lid we sewed up the external palpebral ligament and fixed it to the periosteum of lateral orbital margin.Results All the 10 patients got satisfactory therapeutic effect,the cutis laxa had been amended obviously,the good upper double eyelid shape could be achieved,the reposition of lacrimal gland was finished,lapsus palpebrae superioris and shorted transverse diameter of coloboma of eye lid had been rectified satisfactorily.All cases we followed up for three monthes to one year,and dislocation of lacrmial gland had been amended in one case,others had been reposited well,without recurrence.Conclusions Blepharochalasis can be effectively treated by surgery,and it is convenient and effective to treat dislocation of lacrimal gland and blepharochalasis through a double eyelid fold incision.This multiple surgical treatment is not only a curative operation but also a cosmetic surgery. Key words: Blepharochalasis; Lacrimal glands prolapse; Double upper eyelid-folds; Surgical treatment
Portfolio Dynamics for Customers of a Multiservice Provider

Multiservice providers, such as telecommunication and financial service companies, can benefit from understanding how customers' service portfolios evolve over the course of their relationships. This can provide guidance for managerial issues such as customer valuation and predicting customers' future behavior, whether it is acquiring additional services, selectively dropping current services, or ending the relationship entirely. In this research, we develop a dynamic hidden Markov model to identify latent states that govern customers' affinity for the available services through which customers evolve. In addition, we incorporate and demonstrate the importance of separating two other sources of dynamics: portfolio inertia and service stickiness. We then examine the relationship between state membership and managerially relevant metrics, including customers' propensities for acquiring additional services or terminating the relationship, and customer lifetime value. Through a series of illustrative vignettes, we show that customers who have discarded a particular service may have an increased risk of canceling all services in the near future (as intuition would suggest) but also may be more prone to acquire more services, a provocative finding of interest to service providers. Our findings also emphasize the need to look beyond the previous period, as in much current research, and consider how customers have evolved over their entire relationship in order to predict their future actions. This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta, marketing.
A longitudinal study: Microbiological evaluation of two halal beef slaughterhouses in the United States

Abstract Most evidence about the hygienic condition of halal food is derived from studies conducted in Muslim-majority countries, not western countries. Because context of practice is different in Muslim-majority countries, it is difficult to apply these findings to western countries, such as the United States. We aimed to determine the hygienic condition of beef carcasses and environmental surfaces in two U.S. halal beef slaughterhouses over a 12-month period. Each month between November 2016 and October 2017 samples were collected [N = 432 carcass samples (pre- and post-evisceration)] and 59 surface samples (slaughter hall floor, brisket saw, and offal table). All carcass and surface samples were analyzed for detectable levels of four indicator organisms -- aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae count (EC), total coliform count (TCC), and generic Escherichia coli (ECC). All indicator organisms (APC, ECC, TCC, and EC) in samples collected from both plants were within acceptable limits based on USDA microbiological guidelines of beef carcasses. Significant differences (P
Verbal memory is associated with adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviors in community dwelling older adults.

Adherence to protective behaviors is central to limiting the spread of COVID-19 and associated risk of serious illness and mortality in older populations. Whether cognition predicts adherence to protective behaviors has not been examined in older adults. To examine whether specific cognitive abilities predict adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviors in older adults, independent of other relevant factors. Data from 431 older adults (i.e., ≥ 65 years) who took part in the COVID-19 module of the Health and Retirement Study were included in the present study. Separate binary logistic regression models were used to examine whether performance on measures of immediate and delayed recall and working memory predicted adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviors, controlling for demographics, level of COVID-19 concern, depressive symptoms, and medical conditions. For every unit increase in immediate and delayed recall, the probability of adhering to COVID-19 protective behaviors increased by 47% and 69%, respectively. There was no association between the measure of working memory and adherence. It is of public interest to understand the factors that reduce adherence to protective behaviors so that we can better protect those most vulnerable and limit community spread. Our findings demonstrate that reduced memory predicts non-adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviors, independent of virus concern, and other relevant demographic and health factors. Public health strategies aimed at increasing adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviors in community dwelling older adults, should account for the role of reduced cognitive function in limiting adherence.
Milk Exosomes Protect Human Microbiota Associated-Mice Against Clostridioides difficile Infection

Objectives Exosomes are natural nanoparticles that facilitate cell-to-cell communication in animals and bacteria. Milk contains ∼1012 exosomes/mL. Evidence suggests that milk exosomes (MEs) contribute to maintaining a tight gut barrier function, bind toxins secreted by gut pathogens, and alter the growth of gut bacteria. Clostridioides difficile infection is a leading cause of health care-associated diarrhea in North America. Our objective of this study is to test if milk exosomes alter the severity of C. difficile infection.
Evaluating the contribution of reactive balance to prediction of fall rates cross-sectionally and longitudinally in persons with multiple sclerosis.

Background Falls are common in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Reactive postural control-one's response to a balance perturbation-is likely an aspect of fall risk; however, the relationship between reactive posture and falls is poorly understood in PwMS. Objective We evaluated tibialis anterior muscle onset latency (TA latency) after balance perturbations as a predictor of fall rates in PwMS, controlling for clinical, functional, sensory, psychological, and cognitive factors. Method At baseline of the 18-month cohort study, 122 participants with MS (EDSS = 2.23) were included. Assessments were conducted every 6 months. Results Of the original 122 participants at the baseline collection, data were available from 41, 39, and 34 people at the 6, 12, and 18 month follow-ups, respectively. Percent fallers at the four time points were 35.3%, 12.2%, 15.4%, and 20.5%. Cross-sectionally (i.e., at baseline), the Timed Up-and-Go, Falls Efficacy Scale - International (FES-I), and TA latency after perturbations were significant predictors of retrospective falls rates using negative binomial regression. Longitudinally, random-effects negative binomial regression found that trait-level FES-I, Stroop Color-Word, and TA latency were significant predictors for falls rates. Conclusion Delays in automatic postural responses seem to account uniquely for fall rates in PwMS-beyond clinical, balance, or mobility measures. These delays may contribute to the increased fall rate in PwMS. In addition to brief self-report instruments (FES-I) and cognitive assessments, muscle onset after balance perturbations may be a valuable tool for predicting falls in those with MS.
The effects of strain rate and carbon concentration on the dynamic strain aging of cold rolled Ni-based alloy in high temperature water

Abstract The effect of strain rate on dynamic strain aging of cold-rolled Ni-based alloy was investigated. With decreasing strain rate, the stress amplitude of serrations first increased and then saturated. Compared with the solution-annealed condition, the thermally-treated condition produced smaller stress amplitudes that saturated at a lower strain rate. Observations are consistent with a mechanism in which the locking strength of solute atmospheres first increases with increasing solute atom arrival at dislocations and gradually saturates as solute reaches a critical level.
Resonances in Nuclei, Atoms, and Molecules: Why are They so Interesting?

Processes that are otherwise unlikely become quite probable near resonances. This high probability allows one to probe features of few-body interactions that might be inaccessible otherwise. This review will highlight studies relevant to few-body species that exploit unique properties of resonances. The examples that are discussed show some of the potential of experimental techniques, such as atom trapping, new generation light sources, and storage rings that have been perfected in the last few years. The theoretical background for these studies is outlined so as to highlight what the central features.
The capitate of Australopithecus afarensis and A. africanus

The capitates of Australopithecus afarensis (AL 288-lw and AL 333–40) and A. africanus (TM 1526) have the identical combination of modern pongid, modern hominid, and unique characteristics. These traits include the combination of a length that is proximodistally shortened (Homo sapiens-like), a facet for the second metacarpal that is distolaterally facing (unique), the reduced styloid process on the third metacarpal (pongidlike), a dorsally placed trapezoid facet (pongidlike), mediolaterally constricted metacarpal III facet (pongidlike), a prominent palmar beak (pongidlike), a single elongated facet for the second metacarpal (H. sapiens-like), a waisted neck (pongidlike), and a reduced amount of “cupping” in the third metacarpal facet (H. sapiens-like). In overall shape the bones are more like H. sapiens than other extant hominids, although they are uniquely different. The two A. afarensis capitates provide no evidence that there are two postcranial morphotypes at Hadar. Available evidence shows that A. afarensis and A. africanus are strikingly similar postcranially. The morphological differences between the capitate of Australopithecus and H. sapiens may relate to the retention of climbing ability and an absence of certain grip capabilities in these early hominids.
Detection and determination of pseudococaine in coca leaves and illicit cocaine samples.

Abstract Methodology is presented for the isolation, identification and determination of pseudococaine in coca leaves and illicit cocaine. Coca leaves, crude cocaine base (coca paste), refined cocaine base and refined cocaine hydrochloride, all derived from the same geographic location in Bolivia, were examined. Pseudococaine and other coca alkaloids were isolated from leaf samples using toluene extraction followed by acid/Celite trap and ion-pair column chromatography, and from crude and refined cocaine samples by acid/Celite column ion-pairing chromatography. Mass spectral analysis of coca leaf isolates confirmed the presence of pseudococaine. Pseudococaine was quantified by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection at levels of 0.0001-0.035% (relative to cocaine) in refined illicit cocaine and coca leaves.
Advances in the Use of Synchrotron Radiation to Elucidate Environmental Interfacial Reaction Processes and Mechanisms in the Earth’s Critical Zone

The employment of bright light sources generated at synchrotrons has greatly advanced our understanding of important environmental interfacial (mineral/water, mineral/microbe, plant/soil) reaction processes in the soil, environmental, and geological sciences over the past two decades. This plenary paper will provide background on principles and types of synchrotron radiation techniques with an emphasis on the use of synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microtomography to elucidate speciation of contaminants in heterogeneous soils, surface precipitation phenomena, mechanisms of rapid redox transformations, microbial transformations on mineral surfaces, air and terrestrial emanated particulate reactivity and composition, and metal reactivity and speciation in hyperaccumulator plants.
Surmounting fluctuating barriers: Basic concepts and results

We review some recent progress for the problem of thermally activated escape over a potential barrier that is additionally subjected to colored noise driven fluctuations. Particular emphasis is put on the general framework and qualitative physical insights. The main findings are that for colored noise of constant variance, the phenomenon of resonant activation is typical; in contrast, with colored noise of constant intensity, resonant activation is typically not observed. It can emerge, however, in form of a prefactor effect, if suitably fluctuating potential landscapes are chosen.
The Rights of Animals: A Very Short Primer

Do animals have rights? Almost everyone believes in animal rights, at least in some minimal sense; the real question is what that phrase actually means. By exploring that question, it is possible to give a clear sense of the lay of the land - to show the range of possible positions, and to explore what issues, of theory or fact, separate reasonable people. On reflection, the spotlight should be placed squarely on the issue of suffering and well-being. This position requires rejection of some of the most radical claims by animal rights advocates, especially those that stress the "autonomy" of animals, or that object to any human control and use of animals. But this position has radical implications of its own. It strongly suggests, for example, that there should be extensive regulation of the use of animals in entertainment, in scientific experiments, and in agriculture. It also suggests that there is a strong argument, in principle, for bans on many current uses of animals.
Pearls and the Southern Persian/Arabian Gulf: A Lesson in Sustainability

AbstractScholars often discuss marine commodities within the framework of man-made declension; indeed there are several examples in this volume. This article expands the scope of marine environment...
ECOLOGIC DIFFERENCES HAVE SEPARATED PINUS REMORATA AND P. MURICATA SINCE THE EARLY PLEISTOCENE

Pure stands of Pinus remorata regularly occur in more equable sites than those occupied by P. muricata. The fossil record suggests that this relationship has existed since at least the earliest Pleistocene. It apparently was the spread of drier, less equable, postglacial climate that opened new, intermediate coastal sites that favored hybrids of P. muricata x P. remorata, the latter a relict species closely allied to P. radiata var. cedrosensis. THE RECENT RECOVERY of additional cones of Pinus remorata Mason of early Pleistocene age, coupled with its previously reported occurrences, further clarify its status as a distinct species. The present record comes from the mouth of Potrero Canyon adjacent to State Highway 1 on the coast at Pacific Palisades, California (Fig. 1). Recent construction there reopened the near-shore marine deposit filled with molluscan shells of Early Pleistocene age (Hoots, 1931, p. 120; Woodring, Bramlette, and Kew, 1946, p. 104) and a few pine cones. This site earlier yielded cones of Pinus remorI Received for publication 1 June 1989; revision accepted 31 August 1989. This project was completed during tenure of National Science Foundation Grant BSR 88-17805. ata and P. radiata when a large pit was excavated there for a gasoline storage tank (Axelrod, 1967). The present cones of P. remorata and P. radiata were collected by John Alderson, Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County, to whom thanks are extended for donating the specimens to the Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley. Of the three well-preserved P. remorata cones (Fig. 2-4), one is split longitudinally and reveals seeds at the base of the scales (Fig. 2). The cones are ovoid, entirely symmetrical, and 7.5-9.0 cm long; the scales are thin and show no evidence of recurved hooks on the apophyses. The umbo is dorsal and excentromucronate (fide Klaus, 1980). It is emphasized that these cones differ greatly from those of P. muricata Don, which are typically asymmet[NJ POTRERO CANYON MOUTH (East Wall) 200'* -! * 4rS t Q -Q2/Ogl. -Q3 \
Rapid solidification processing

It has been over eight years since the subject of rapid solidification processing (RSP) has been given a general review. The early reviews of RSP were undertaken before the very rapid expansion of the late 1970s and early 1980s and the most recent general review was published in 1984, at approximately the height of RSP activity in the USA. More recent specialized reviews have been prepared for magnesium, titanium and aluminium alloys. The expansion of research and application testing resulted from the first major attempts to employ RSP on a large scale under both industrial and government sponsorship. The objective here is to develop the historical background of RSP, and then to update the present theoretical base for this technology. Examples of recent work on the rapid solidification of metals and ceramics will be given, along with examples of applications. Finally, an assessment of the future directions and prospects for RSP will be presented.