cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Calcium Channel Blockers on Theophylline Disposition

Twelve healthy subjects received a single oral dose of theophylline, 5 mg/kg alone, and after 7 days of oral verapamil, 120 mg every 8 hours, diltiazem, 90 mg every 8 hours, and nifedipine, 20 mg every 8 hours, in randomized crossover fashion. Mean theophylline oral clearance decreased 18% and 12% after verapamil and diltiazem, respectively (p < 0.05). No significant change in theophylline oral clearance was observed after nifedipine. Increases in mean theophylline half-life were observed after verapamil (10.8 ± 3.2 hours) and diltiazem (9.9 ± 2.4 hours) (p < 0.05) but not after nifedipine (8.6 ± 2.4 hours) when compared with control (8.6 ± 1.9 hours). Apparent volume of distribution was unchanged. Urinary excretion data showed that the relative formation rate constants of 3-methylxanthine and 1,3-dimethyluric acid were decreased during verapamil and diltiazem (p < 0.05) but not during nifedipine. No change in 1-methyluric acid excretion was observed. Increases in urinary elimination of unchanged theophylline were observed after verapamil, diltiazem, and nifedipine. The modest reduction in theophylline clearance observed after verapamil and diltiazem is not likely to produce clinically significant increases in theophylline concentrations in most patients. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1988) 44, 29–34; doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.108
Aspects of Marine Dinoflagellate Nutrition Measured by Cu Assimilation

SYNOPSIS. A rapid and sensitive method for determining the nutritional requirements of marine phytoflagellates in axenic culture is described. C14 assimilation (added as NaHC14O3) was used as a measure of response to minimal concentrations of nutrients and for studying the effects of osmotic changes on cells. The results demonstrated that Glenodinium halli Freudenthal & Lee required B12, was stimulated by thiamine, and that it is a euryhaline species. The applications and advantages of this technique in nutritional studies and bioassays are discussed.
Iterative solution of linear systems

Recent advances in the field of iterative methods for solving large linear systems are reviewed. The main focus is on developments in the area of conjugate gradient-type algorithms and Krylov subspace methods for non-Hermitian matrices.
How can primary health care system and community-based participatory research be complementary?

ABSTRACT Health statistics leave little doubt that the current health system in Iran, which is mainly based on primary health care (PHC), is a functioning one, and that health in Iran has improved far beyond where it was 40 years ago. However, this system has its limitations too. While PHC is very effective in reducing morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases and other acute conditions, it is far less effective in addressing chronic and multi-factorial conditions which are now emerging in Iran. In this article, we review some of the salient features of the current health system in Iran, its strengths and limitations, and then introduce community-based participatory research (CBPR) as a method that could potentially fill some of the gaps in the system. We will discuss the definition and steps needed to implement CBPR, provide some important references, and discuss how this approach may not only improve the health system but it could also lead to improvement in other fields in the society too. Keywords: Community; Research; Health; Iran.
Ultra-low-power multiplexed electronic driver for high resolution deformable mirror systems

We present a new multiplexed high-voltage driver architecture that departs from previous MEMS deformable-mirror drivers. Just one D/A converter and one high-voltage amplifier module drive the entire actuator array through a row-column addressing scheme. This approach reduces operational power consumption of a multiple-channel deformable-mirror driver by two orders of magnitude. It can provide for the integration of the deformable mirror and driver into a compact package, reducing driver volume by an order of magnitude. Both of these system modifications are essential for the implementation of MEMS deformable mirrors into space-based adaptive optics systems and other applications.
Principles in the Organization of Invertebrate Sensory Systems

The sections in this article are: 1 Classification of Interneurons 2 Integration in the Absence of Interneurons 3 Thermoreception and Chemoreception 4 Mechanoreception 4.1 Arthropods 4.2 Annelids 4.3 Molluscs 4.4 Interneurons of Axial Nerve Cord Responsive to Touch in Octopus Arm Arranged According to Field Size 4.5 Gravity Reception 4.6 Summary of Mechanoreceptor Mechanisms 5 Vibration Sense and Hearing 5.1 Acrididae 5.2 Tettigoniidae and Gryllidae 5.3 Lepidoptera 5.4 Summary of Vibration Sense and Hearing 6 Photoreception 6.1 Molluscs 6.2 Arthropods 7 Vision 7.1 Crustacean Compound Eyes 7.2 Insect Compound Eyes 8 General Conclusions
Sympatric Host-Race Formation and Speciation in Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae): A Tale of Two Species for Charles D.

The question of why there are so many host plant-specific phytophagous insects has long perplexed entomologists, ecologists, and evolutionary biologists alike. In this chapter, we will argue that part of the answer resides in the relationship between host-plant specialization and reproductive isolation. Plants (either different parts, varieties, or species) represent different niches to phytophagous insects. Traits adapting an insect to one species or variety of plant may prevent an insect from efficiently utilizing alternative hosts. Do such host-associated traits also result in reproductive isolation (Walsh 1864; Thorpe 1930; Bush 1966; Futuyma and Keese 1992)? Can isolation evolve as an inadvertent, pleiotropic byproduct of a phytophagous insect adapting to a new host plant (Rice 1987; Berlocher 1989; Rice and Hostert 1993)? If so, then the plethora of host specialists is due, at least in part, to numerous plant niches that have imposed divergent selection pressures on phytophagous insects (Hutchinson 1968; Rosenzweig 1978).
Time‐Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy in Studies of Organometallic Excited States and Reactive Intermediates

Abstract— This article provides a brief overview of time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (TRIR) applied to the investigation of organometallic photochemistry in solution. In this context, some fundamental problems where flash photolysis TRIR techniques may provide information relevant to photochemical pathways and to certain thermal reaction mechanisms are described. Different approaches to obtaining TRIR spectral information are summarized and illustrated with specific applications.
Diffuse Disease of the Liver

While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is utilized primarily in the liver for evaluation and characterization of focal lesions, it also has utility in the assessment of diffuse disease of the liver. It can offer a noninvasive means of establishing the presence of diffuse liver disease, characterizing the extent of disease, and, in certain instances, identifying the underlying cause of the disease.
Mass Conservation Considerations in Analytic Representation of Raindrop Fragment Distributions

Abstract Model formulation of drop breakup requires a set of analytic functions to describe the size distribution of water fragments that result from the collision of two raindrops of arbitrary diameter. The set of fragment distribution functions derived by Low and List in 1982 has provided the foundation for most of the recent modeling studies of raindrop collision. The formulas provide reasonably accurate approximations to histogram representations of laboratory data but produce distributions of drop fragments whose masses do not sum to the masses of the colliding drops. To correct the problem, new analytic expressions are derived using least squares fits with constraints on the total water mass content of the fragments and on the number of fragments produced by collision. Introduction of the mass conservation constraint reveals that, for drop collisions in which the mass of the larger colliding drop greatly exceeds that of the smaller drop, a certain feature is missing from both the histograms and the ...
Bounds on Delaunay tessellations

Motivated by applications in density estimation and data compression, this article considers the bounds on the number of tiles in a Delaunay tessellation as a function of both the number of tessellating points and the dimension. Results can also be interpreted for the dual of the Delaunay tessellation, the Voronoi diagram. Several theoretical lower and upper bounds are found in the combinatorics and computational geometry literatures and are brought together in this article. We make a comparison of these bounds with several empirically derived curves based on multivariate uniform and Gaussian generated random tessellating points. The upper bounds are found to be very conservative when compared with the empirically derived number of tiles, often off by many orders of magnitude. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Entamoeba histolytica: an update.

Purpose of review Over the past decade, since it was formally recognized that Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar were two distinct species, studies in this field have made dramatic in-roads into the understanding of E. histolytica and the pathogenesis of invasive amoebiasis. Over the same period it has also become clear that the true incidence of E. histolytica infection, particularly in vulnerable populations such as low socioeconomic children, is exceedingly high. Understanding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and the molecular and genetic biology of the organism will not only lead to improved diagnostic and treatment options but, ultimately, to the development of a safe and efficacious vaccine. Recent findings The recent advances in the genetic and molecular sciences have increased our understanding of the mechanisms that make E. histolytica unique among enteric protozoa in causing invasive disease. In addition, host factors, which predispose individuals or populations to infection or disease, are beginning to be elucidated. New diagnostic tools specific to E. histolytica are being exploited by clinicians and researchers to identify and treat patients as well as to add to the knowledge of the epidemiology and natural history of this infection. The ultimate goal - eradication of disease - is theoretically feasible since humans and primates are the only reservoirs of E. histolytica. Many talented and dedicated individuals are pursuing the development of an effective and safe amoebiasis vaccine. Summary E. histolytica remains an important pathogen in many populations of the world and although there has been substantial progress into understanding the disease major challenges still exist.
Searching with a lie using only comparison questions

S.M. Ulam (Adventures of Mathematician Scribner, New York, 1976) presented the following problem. If one person picks a number from one to one million and the other person could ask yes or no questions, how many questions would be required to find the number with certainty if the opponent were allowed to lie once or twice. J. Spencer (Mathematics Magazine vol.57, no.2, 1984) found that by using a weight balancing strategy, if n c' are allowed. However, it will be shown that, by using a somewhat modified algorithm, if n >
Phylogenetic conservatism of functional traits in microorganisms

A central question in biology is how biodiversity influences ecosystem functioning. Underlying this is the relationship between organismal phylogeny and the presence of specific functional traits. The relationship is complicated by gene loss and convergent evolution, resulting in the polyphyletic distribution of many traits. In microorganisms, lateral gene transfer can further distort the linkage between phylogeny and the presence of specific functional traits. To identify the phylogenetic conservation of specific traits in microorganisms, we developed a new phylogenetic metric-consenTRAIT-to estimate the clade depth where organisms share a trait. We then analyzed the distribution of 89 functional traits across a broad range of Bacteria and Archaea using genotypic and phenotypic data. A total of 93% of the traits were significantly non-randomly distributed, which suggested that vertical inheritance was generally important for the phylogenetic dispersion of functional traits in microorganisms. Further, traits in microbes were associated with a continuum of trait depths (τD), ranging from a few deep to many shallow clades (average τD: 0.101-0.0011 rRNA sequence dissimilarity). Next, we demonstrated that the dispersion and the depth of clades that contain a trait is correlated with the trait's complexity. Specifically, complex traits encoded by many genes like photosynthesis and methanogenesis were found in a few deep clusters, whereas the ability to use simple carbon substrates was highly phylogenetically dispersed. On the basis of these results, we propose a framework for predicting the phylogenetic conservatism of functional traits depending on the complexity of the trait. This framework enables predicting how variation in microbial composition may affect microbially-mediated ecosystem processes as well as linking phylogenetic and trait-based patterns of biogeography.
Growth and trace metal absorption by Phragmites australis in wetlands constructed for landfill leachate treatment

Phragmites australis (common reed) grew well in the presence of high concentrations of NH4+-N (300 mg/1), BOD (300 mg/1), Fe (30 mg/1), Mn (1.5 mg/1) and K (500 mg/1). Other metals were not particularly elevated with the pH of the landfill leachate being 7-7.2. Reed standing crop continued to increase in the two years after leachate applications began, ranging to about 1100, 100, and 1000 g/m2 dry wt. for shoots, roots and rhizomes, respectively. Nutrient elements like N, K, Ca, and Mg were absorbed to normally sufficient levels, while tissue P was low at 0.04%. Metals were not translocated to and accumulated by shoots or rhizomes, but exhibited elevated levels in roots. Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were at levels of 3700, 65, 45, 12 and 0.2 mg/kg respectively, but the roots acted as effective filters for transport of metals to the shoots and rhizomes. Only P and Zn accumulation by plants approached total amounts in leachate entering the constructed beds. SEM and X-ray microanalysis showed Fe accumulation on root surfaces, with Fe and other metals at lower concentrations inside the root tissue. The rhizosphere may provide a particularly effective, locally oxidized environment for metal precipitation and adsorption outside the root.
Visualizing program concepts using EVA

Understanding and explaining algorithm's concepts implemented in a computer program is an important and very challenging preoccupation of engineers and scientists in many technical disciplines. It is also a primary preoccupation in software maintenance, modification of existing software, and software reuse. Software visualization is an invaluable tool for such tasks. It can be used to help in identification, display, and thus in understanding of the characteristics and concepts of both the algorithm and its computer implementation. In this paper, we overview our current project EVA, an interactive Environment for Visualization and Animation of Programming Concepts. The goals of EVA include creation of an authoring environment for visualization and animation of programming concepts. EVA is being developed in Ada, and integrates a number of modified public domain packages to speed up the development.
Radiation exchange in large space structure and frames

The analysis of radiation heat transfer is determined by the need to determine the geometrical quantity, F(ij), which is commonly called the view factor, and which represents the fraction of energy leaving surface i which strikes surface j. The present investigation shows that the use of a rotating plane to model a one-dimensional radiation element is both computationally efficient and accurate. Because of the reduced computational cost of this element, radiation view factors for complex structures can be calculated directly. Under some conditions, the characteristics of the one-dimensional element may lead to a loss in accuracy when it is used to model obstructing cylinders. In cases in which the element is too close to the radiating surfaces, curved surfaces must be represented by a collection of flat planes. However, it appears that as long as the one-dimensional element is more than 5 diameters from the other surfaces, its use is valid.
Video data and sonar data: Real world data fusion example

Recently a data set was collected that includes video data and imaging sonar data in the underwater environment. This data set provides a unique example of a data fusion problem that is not commonly found in the underwater environment. This paper presents the fusion of data from a video camera and an imaging sonar, which is then processed by a target tracking algorithm.
Factors associated with instillation-abortion time during saline-instillation abortion

Abstract Analysis of 736 saline instillation procedures indicated that age, gestation, amount of fluid removed, amount of saline instilled, reactions to the procedure, and hypernatremia were not associated with instillation-abortion time. Excessive bleeding was almost 3 times as common, and a retained placenta was more than 4 times as common, when instillation-abortion time was longer than 22 hours.
Residents' Response to Duty-Hour Regulations — A Follow-up National Survey

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education implemented new requirements for resident duty hours and supervision in July 2011. This survey examines whether residents' concerns about potential effects on education and patient care have been borne out.
Age changes in the fine structure of anterior pituitary of the mouse.

SummaryElectron micrographs of the ananterior pituitary gland of the Swiss albino mouse reveal that the cytoplasm of chromophobes, acidophiles and basophiles contain granules, a double-membraned system and mitochondria in varying amounts. The nuclear membrane appears to be double. With aging the nuclear membrane becomes irregular in outline, the nuclear cortex becomes dense, the mitochondria become enlarged and vacuolated, and the double-membraned system fragments. The implications of these observations are discussed.
Picturing Suffering: The Moral Dilemmas in Gazing at Photographs of Human Anguish

Photographs of human suffering inundate everyday life in the United States. The camera lens brings the human gaze into the intimate anguish of state sponsored torture and “natural disaster.” This essay argues that photographs of suffering in contemporary culture present a nexus of ethical and moral issues. These issues arise from how photographs represent suffering “others” and how these images inform collective response to human anguish. This essay interrogates this intersection through the lens of Christian ethics' root metaphor of imago Dei. First, the essay explores the power and privilege that are invisible in the act of gazing upon a photograph of human suffering. Second, Kevin Carter's 1994 Pulitzer Prize winning photo of a Sudanese girl-child is deconstructed through the use of visual cultural studies. This analysis illustrates that photographs are not a literal depiction of suffering but rather a cultural representation which deeply condition the knowledge of human suffering. Finally, the essay argues that the photo is an invitation for the viewer to become an agent, not a spectator whose morality is realized in the sociality of imago Dei in suffering.
Application of Constraint Multi-Objective Optimization to the Design of Offshore Structure Hulls

The paper reports on the continuous development of an automated optimization procedure for the design of offshore structure hulls. Advanced parametric design algorithms, numerical analysis of wave-body interaction and formal multi-objective optimization are integrated into a computer aided design system that produces hull shapes with superior seakeeping qualities. By allowing multiple objectives in the procedure naval architects may pursue concurrent design objectives, e.g. minimizing heave motion while simultaneously maximizing deck load. The system develops a Pareto frontier of the best design alternatives for the user to choose from. Constraints are directly considered within the optimization algorithm thus eliminating infeasible or unfit designs. The paper summarizes the new developments in the shape generation, illustrates the optimization procedure and presents results of the multi-objective hull shape optimization.© 2007 ASME
Histories of host shifts and cospeciation among free‐living parasitoids of Rhagoletis flies

Host shifts by specialist insects can lead to reproductive isolation between insect populations that use different hosts, promoting diversification. When both a phytophagous insect and its ancestrally associated parasitoid shift to the same novel host plant, they may cospeciate. However, because adult parasitoids are free living, they can also colonize novel host insects and diversify independent of their ancestral host insect. Although shifts of parasitoids to new insect hosts have been documented in ecological time, the long-term importance of such shifts to parasitoid diversity has not been evaluated. We used a genus of flies with a history of speciation via host shifting (Rhagoletis [Diptera: Tephritidae]) and three associated hymenopteran parasitoid genera (Diachasma, Coptera and Utetes) to examine cophylogenetic relationships between parasitoids and their host insects. We inferred phylogenies of Rhagoletis, Diachasma, Coptera and Utetes and used distance-based cophylogenetic methods (ParaFit and PACo) to assess congruence between fly and parasitoid trees. We used an event-based method with a free-living parasitoid cost model to reconstruct cophylogenetic histories of each parasitoid genus and Rhagoletis. We found that the current species diversity and host-parasitoid associations between the Rhagoletis flies and parasitoids are the primary result of ancient cospeciation events. Parasitoid shifts to ancestrally unrelated hosts primarily occur near the branch tips, suggesting that host shifts contribute to recent parasitoid species diversity but that these lineages may not persist over longer time periods. Our analyses also stress the importance of biologically informed cost models when investigating the coevolutionary histories of hosts and free-living parasitoids.
Memory Retrieval Failures Produced by Changes in Drug State

This chapter will discuss the effects of drugs on the expression of knowledge as indicated by the performance of learned responses by animals. I shall begin with a brief description of the major types of effects of drugs on the acquisition and/or expression of knowledge. I shall then review the available evidence about the effects of changes in drug state on memory retrieval, that is, evidence about state-dependent learning.
Republication: Utility of hand held portable ultrasound in a rural Guatemalan hospital

Ultrasound has been used extensively in the medical setting in the so-called first world countries and has become a more affordable, portable diagnostic tool. Medical care in more austere environments may not have access to all of the diagnostic technologies currently available in first world countries. During a recent medical mission to Guatemala, portable focused ultrasound was used in the medical setting to help with clinical decision making. Portable ultrasound in austere medical environments has technical challenges unique to this environment, yet can help the clinical team in their management of various patient complaints. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Medical knowledge; Patient care; Practice based learning and improvement; Systems based practice. Republished with permission from: Madore F, Kube E, Stawicki SPA, Bahner DP. Utility of hand held portable ultrasound in a rural Guatemalan hospital. OPUS 12 Scientist 2011;5(1):1-3.
Cephennomicrus Reitter of New Caledonia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

Abstract Cephennomicrus Reitter is a large genus of the cephenniine ant-like stone beetles (Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae) distributed in the Afrotropical, Oriental, Australia and South Pacific. Adults of most species do not reach 1 mm of body length; they are rarely collected, and typically only male characters are useful for species diagnoses; for those reasons systematics of this genus is a challenging task. Only one species was previously known to occur in New Caledonia, an unusually pigmented, bicolored C. caledonicus (Franz). Based on newly collected specimens, C. caledonicus is redescribed and C. wanati sp.n. is described. The New Caledonian species have unusually uniform and long vestiture of setae, and the newly described species is the third (and first outside Africa) known Cephennomicrus showing male dimorphic characters not on the head, as in many other congeners, but on the elytra.
RAPID IMPROVEMENT IN RIGHT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY EMBOLISM TREATED WITH ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED CATHETER DIRECTED THROMBOLYSIS

Background: Acute massive and submassive pulmonary embolism (PE) causes right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction, which can result in hemodynamic compromise and adverse patient outcomes. Ultrasound-assisted catheter directed thrombolysis (UA-CDT) is an effective method of treatment by quickly
Lectin Cross-Linking Interactions with Multivalent Carbohydrates

The present findings provide a molecular basis for a new paradigm of specificity in multivalent carbohydrate-lectin interactions, namely the formation of type 2 homogeneous cross-linked lattices between multivalent carbohydrates and lectins. The present x-ray data demonstrate that the cross-linked complexes formed between a series of structurally related divalent carbohydrates and a single tetravalent lectin (SBA) are distinct and due to crystal packing interactions. These results thus provide a molecular basis for the formation of homogeneous type 2 cross-linked complexes between lectins and multivalent carbohydrates and glycoconjugates.
Modeling baseline conditions of ecological indicators: Marine renewable energy environmental monitoring

Abstract Ecological indicators are often collected to detect and monitor environmental change. Statistical models are used to estimate natural variability, pre-existing trends, and environmental predictors of baseline indicator conditions. Establishing standard models for baseline characterization is critical to the effective design and implementation of environmental monitoring programs. An anthropogenic activity that requires monitoring is the development of Marine Renewable Energy sites. Currently, there are no standards for the analysis of environmental monitoring data for these development sites. Marine Renewable Energy monitoring data are used as a case study to develop and apply a model evaluation to establish best practices for characterizing baseline ecological indicator data. We examined a range of models, including six generalized regression models, four time series models, and three nonparametric models. Because monitoring data are not always normally distributed, we evaluated model ability to characterize normal and non-normal data using hydroacoustic metrics that serve as proxies for ecological indicator data. The nonparametric support vector regression and random forest models, and parametric state-space time series models generally were the most accurate in interpolating the normal metric data. Support vector regression and state-space models best interpolated the non-normally distributed data. If parametric results are preferred, then state-space models are the most robust for baseline characterization. Evaluation of a wide range of models provides a comprehensive characterization of the case study data, and highlights advantages of models rarely used in Marine Renewable Energy environmental monitoring. Our model findings are relevant for any ecological indicator data with similar properties, and the evaluation approach is applicable to any monitoring program.
Improving Pronominal and Deictic Co-Reference Resolution with Multi-Modal Features

Within our ongoing effort to develop a computational model to understand multi-modal human dialogue in the field of elderly care, this paper focuses on pronominal and deictic co-reference resolution. After describing our data collection effort, we discuss our annotation scheme. We developed a co-reference model that employs both a simple notion of markable type, and multiple statistical models. Our results show that knowing the type of the markable, and the presence of simultaneous pointing gestures improve co-reference resolution for personal and deictic pronouns.
Family Help With Medication Management: A Predictive Marker for Early Readmission

Abstract Objectives To identify aspects of medication management that are associated with a greater risk of hospital readmission. Patients and Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study, with a thorough medication history and reconciliation performed at admission and discharge. Patients 18 years or older (N=258) were prospectively enrolled on admission to a cardiology service at a tertiary care hospital from September 1, 2011, through July 31, 2012. All patients received their hospital and outpatient care within our institution, which minimized loss to follow-up. Readmission rates within 30 days and 6 months after discharge were recorded and used to investigate associations with specific characteristics related to medication regimen and management. Nominal logistic fit tests were used to establish associations with risk factors. Results A higher risk of readmission within 30 days after discharge was seen with heart failure diagnosis ( P =.003) and with increased severity of comorbid conditions based on Charlson score ( P =.02). Patients whose family managed their medications entirely had a higher risk of readmission at 30 days (odds ratio, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.25-5.6; P =.01) and at 6 months (odds ratio, 3.54; 95% CI, 1.70-7.65; P Conclusion Patients requiring family member support with medication management should be considered at increased risk for readmission. Increased focus on these patients at discharge may help decrease readmissions.
Impact of natural organic matter and increased water hardness on DGT prediction of copper bioaccumulation by yellow lampmussel (Lampsilis cariosa) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).

Abstract We conducted an exposure experiment with Diffusive Gradients in Thin- Films (DGT), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and yellow lampmussel (Lampsilis cariosa) to estimate bioavailability and bioaccumulation of Cu. We hypothesized that Cu concentrations measured by DGT can be used to predict Cu accumulation in aquatic animals and alterations of water chemistry can affect DGT's predict ability. Three water chemistries (control soft water, hard water, and addition of natural organic matter (NOM)) and three Cu concentrations (0, 30, and 60 μg/L) were selected, so nine Cu-water chemistry combinations were used. NOM addition treatments resulted in decreased concentrations of DGT-measured Cu and free Cu ion predicted by Biotic Ligand Model (BLM). Both hard water and NOM addition treatments had reduced concentrations of Cu ion and Cu-dissolved organic matter complexes compared to other treatments. DGT-measured Cu concentrations were linearly correlated to fish accumulated Cu, but not to mussel accumulated Cu. Concentrations of bioavailable Cu predicted by BLM, the species complexed with biotic ligands of aquatic organisms and, was highly correlated to DGT-measured Cu. In general, DGT-measured Cu fit Cu accumulations in fish, and this passive sampling technique is acceptable at predicting Cu concentrations in fish in waters with low NOM concentrations.
Statistics: Randomness and Regularity

You probably are reading this book because you think it is important to know something about the subject of statistics. At the same time, you may suspect that studying statistics won’t be the pleasantest task you have ever undertaken. We have seen too many reluctant students to think statistics courses are automatically crowd pleasers. We know some of you would prefer to analyze a poem, sing a ballad, or dissect a frog. But we think we have enough knowledge of student temperament to speak to all of you, eager and less than eager.
Agonistic behavior, social interactions, and behavioral specialization in a primitively eusocial bee

1. A new method of observation is used to assay the behavior of three groups of individuals from colonies ofLasioglossum zephyrum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). These groups (queens, guards, and foragers) differ significantly in several behavioral attributes. Guards were never observed to pass non-nestmate guards, a common interaction among nestmates. Foragers and queens pass frequently. Guards elicit submissive behavior from foragers more frequently than foragers elicit submissive behavior in guards. 2. Queens are significantly larger in two body size measurements than guards, and guards are significantly larger than foragers. Queens have the largest ovaries, guards the second largest, and foragers the smallest, on the average. 3. A relationship between ovarian development and dominance behavior is suggested but not conclusively demonstrated. 4. Young (1 day old) bees with no social experience engage in normal social interactions, including passing, but older (5 day old) inexperienced bees do not pass; there is apparently a critical period in the behavioral development of individuals after which the cannot engage in normal social interactions. 5. In encounters between members of different groups individuals can rapidly assess the status of the individual which they are encountering and display the appropriate behavioral response.
Conclusions: The Role of Asian American Culture in Parenting and Parent-Adolescent Relationships

Ideas about parenting and family relationships are rooted in culture. In this concluding chapter of a book, Asian American Parenting and Parent–Adolescent Relationships, we argue that “mainstream” thinking about parenting and parent–child relationships is grounded in Western cultural assumptions, beliefs, and practices regarding parenting and family life. These assumptions and beliefs are reflected and reinforced everyday—through daily family interactions, but also through popular media and cultural representations of families. These images tell us what it means to be parents, and what adolescents and their relationships with their parents are supposed to be like. In this chapter we synthesize the major findings from the five empirical studies presented in the prior chapters of the book and discuss their contributions to research on Asian American parenting and parent–adolescent relationships.
A Spring Assisted One Degree of Freedom Climbing Model

A dynamic model of running-the spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP)-has proven effective in describing the force patterns found in a wide variety of animals and in designing and constructing a number of terrestrial running robots. Climbing or vertical locomotion has, on the other hand, lacked such a simple and powerful model. Climbing robots to date have all been quasi-static in their operation. This paper introduces a one degree of freedom model of a climbing robot used to investigate the power constraints involved with climbing in a dynamic manner. Particular attention is paid to understanding how springs and body dynamics can be exploited to help relieve a limited power/weight ratio and achieve dynamic running and climbing.
Uncoupling of CD71 shedding with mitochondrial clearance in reticulocytes in a subset of myelodysplastic syndromes.

Reticulocytes shed CD71 from the cell membrane and eliminate mitochondria during terminal maturation, but it is unknown whether these two events are coordinated. We demonstrate that timely removal of CD71 is coupled with mitochondrial clearance, which can be disrupted by null mutation of immediate early response gene X-1 (IEX-1), leading to generation of aberrant CD71-positive and mitochondria-negative (CD71+Mito−) reticulocytes. CD71+Mito− reticulocytes were also present in a subset of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in direct proportion to reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ψm). Mitochondrial abnormality caused by either IEX-1 deficiency or agents that dissipate ∆ψm could trigger premature clearance of mitochondria in reticulocytes. Premature clearance of mitochondria or addition of anti-oxidants lowered intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that in turn hindered CD71 shedding and reticulocyte maturation. In contrast, introduction of ROS accelerated CD71 shedding via release of exosomes that contained a high proportion of Fe3+ over Fe2+, suggesting dual functions of CD71 shedding both in removal of toxic Fe3+ from reticulocytes and in limiting importation of Fe3+ into the cells. These observations emphasize the coordination of mitochondrial and CD71 clearance in erythroid terminal maturation and offer new insights into a role for mitochondrial degeneration in the pathogenesis of some MDS-associated anemia.
Boundary micro-cracking in metastable Fe45Mn35Co10Cr10 high-entropy alloys

Abstract Mechanically-induced martensitic transformation can be a double-edged sword: depending on composition and processing history it can either lead to various beneficial mechanical effects (e.g. transformation-induced plasticity, transformation-toughening), or induce local brittleness and damage nucleation. While several corresponding guidelines are presented in steels research, controlling microstructure metastability has not drawn sufficient attention in the quick-emerging field of high-entropy alloys. In the present work, we investigated the damage mechanisms of a mechanically metastable Fe45Mn35Co10Cr10 high-entropy alloy under uniaxial tensile loading. Our integrated in-situ scanning electron microscopy/electron backscatter diffraction experiments revealed a two-fold effect of the highly localized strain, induced by asynchronously transformed martensite, leading to boundary damage nucleation and dissimilarly oriented martensitic variant formation. The latter suppresses slip transfer between adjacent grains, further expediting the growth of the nucleated damage incidents. Based on these experimental observations and corresponding theoretical calculations, we discuss the underlying mechanisms and propose a sequence of micro-events that create the observed phenomena.
Monocyte heterogeneity and functions in cancer

Monocytes are innate immune cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system that have emerged as important regulators of cancer development and progression. Our understanding of monocytes has advanced from viewing these cells as a homogenous population to a heterogeneous system of cells that display diverse responses to different stimuli. During cancer, different monocyte subsets perform functions that contribute to both pro- and antitumoral immunity, including phagocytosis, secretion of tumoricidal mediators, promotion of angiogenesis, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, recruitment of lymphocytes, and differentiation into tumor-associated macrophages and dendritic cells. The ability of cancer to evade immune recognition and clearance requires protumoral signals to outweigh ongoing attempts by the host immune system to prevent tumor growth. This review discusses current understanding of monocyte heterogeneity during homeostasis, highlights monocyte functions in cancer progression, and describes monocyte-targeted therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
Connecting Wires: Photoinduced Electronic Structure Modulation in Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Electronic structure modulation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) through the connection of linker “wires” as a function of an external stimulus is reported for the first time. The established cor...
Deep Brain Stimulation for Fluctuations and Dyskinesia in Parkinson’s Disease

When medication management no longer allows for consistent control of motor symptoms in PD because of the development of motor fluctuations and dyskinesia, deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy of the subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus has been shown to improve on time, reduce dyskinesia, and improve quality of life. Appropriate patient selection is essential for a positive outcome. Various neurostimulator system options and surgical implantation approaches/methods now exist allowing for a more individualized approach. Optimization of DBS settings is largely dictated by a trial and error approach. Antiparkinsonian medications can often be reduced after DBS. Although the motor improvement after DBS can be dramatic, non-motor PD symptoms are not well treated with current forms of stimulation and require ongoing management. Additionally, axial motor symptoms including freezing of gait and postural instability are often refractory to DBS and remain a treatment challenge.
Muslim-Non-Muslim Locational Attainment in Philadelphia: A New Fault Line in Residential Inequality?

This study examines Muslim–non-Muslim disparities in locational attainment. We pool data from the 2004, 2006, and 2008 waves of the Public Health Management Corporation’s Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Survey. These data contain respondents’ religious identities and are geocoded at the census-tract level, allowing us to merge American Community Survey data and examine neighborhood-level outcomes to gauge respondents’ locational attainment. Net of controls, our multivariate analyses reveal that among blacks and nonblacks, Muslims live in neighborhoods that have significantly lower shares of whites and greater representations of blacks. Among blacks, Muslims are significantly less likely than non-Muslims to reside in suburbs. The Muslim disadvantages for blacks and nonblacks in neighborhood poverty and neighborhood median income, however, become insignificant. Our results provide support for the tenets of the spatial assimilation and place stratification models and suggest that Muslim–non-Muslim disparities in locational attainment define a new fault line in residential stratification.
Asymptomatic hyperuricemia: is it really asymptomatic?

Purpose of review Hyperuricemia is highly prevalent, affecting approximately 38 million individuals in the United States. However, the significance of asymptomatic hyperuricemia - hyperuricemia in the absence of gout - continues to be debated. Recent findings Asymptomatic hyperuricemia results in monosodium urate crystal deposition in tissues, which may promote chronic inflammation. Intracellularly, hyperuricemia inhibits the master regulator adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-associated protein kinase and may condition innate immune responses through durable epigenetic modifications. At the population level, asymptomatic hyperuricemia is associated with multiple comorbidities, including hypertension, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, and diabetes; limitations of these studies include that most are retrospective and some do not rigorously distinguish between asymptomatic hyperuricemia and gout. Treatment studies suggest that urate lowering may reduce the risk of incidence or progression of some of these comorbidities; unfortunately, many of these treatment studies are small or flawed, and not all study results are consistent. Summary Accumulating evidence suggests that asymptomatic hyperuricemia contributes to the comorbidities with which it associates and that proper asymptomatic hyperuricemia treatment may reduce future risk. Additional prospective trials are needed to definitely establish causality and support decision-making as to whether, and which patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia would warrant urate-lowering treatment.
Single-Institution Experience of Synovial Sarcoma.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the patient population and outcomes of synovial sarcoma at a single institution. Methods A retrospective review of the medical records of 28 patients with synovial sarcoma diagnosed from 1992 to 2017 was performed. Demographics, staging, disease location, treatment, and response to treatment were reviewed. Results Individuals with larger tumors at the time of presentation had an increased risk of death. An additional factor associated with poor prognosis in synovial sarcoma was increasing patient age. The patient population had a higher rate of nonextremity disease and lower overall survival when compared with national averages. Conclusions Nonextremity disease and large size of tumor at presentation may have contributed to the disparity in institutional outcomes from the national averages. The advanced presentation of synovial sarcoma remains a significant challenge in improving patient survival.
Seabed Geoacoustic Planning Support for the QPE Uncertainty DRI

Abstract : LONG TERM GOALS. Develop capability for quantifying, predicting and exploiting (QPE) the impact of seabed uncertainty on sonar system performance. OBJECTIVES. The objectives were to contribute to the development of a science plan for the QPE DRI that builds on the recent advances in the understanding of uncertainty. APPROACH. Assisted in shaping science plan drawing on the open literature, Taiwanese and other QPE colleagues, in close collaboration with members of the Seabed Characterization Working Group including Larry Mayer and Brian Calder (University of New Hampshire), Jim Lynch (WHOI), Bob Miyamoto (APLUW) as well as Phil Abbot (team leader for Acoustics Working Group). WORK COMPLETED. 1) Helped identify/obtain in southern East China Sea, pertinent to DRI goals key results from geologic/geophysical/geoacoustic community key missing elements of seabed characterization methods for quantifying and predicting geoacoustic uncertainty 2) Provided guidance on seabed uncertainty and variability issues in order to develop goals and a roadmap for the ensuing 4-year DRI. RESULTS. Unknown acoustic boundary conditions at the seabed lead to large uncertainties in TL and noise predictions. Spatial and possibly temporal (see features discussed below) variability will increase those uncertainties. A literature search was performed to identify seabed processes and features that might play a significant role in acoustic performance uncertainty. A short summary follows.
Solution Structures of Engineered Vault Particles

Prior crystal structures of the vault have provided clues of its structural variability but are non-conclusive due to crystal packing. Here, we obtained vaults by engineering at the N-terminus of rat major vault protein (MVP) an HIV-1 Gag protein segment and determined their near-atomic resolution structures in non-crystalline/solution environment. Vaults in solution adopt two conformations, 1 and 2, both with D39 symmetry. From N- to C-terminus, each MVP monomer is organized into three regions: body, shoulder and cap. While conformer 1 is identical to one of the crystal structures, the shoulder in conformation 2 is translocated up to 10 A along the symmetry axis, resulting in an outward-projected cap. Our structures clarify the conformation discrepancies in the body domain in the prior crystallography models. The vault’s drug-delivery potential is highlighted by the internal localization and structural flexibility of its Gag-loaded N-terminal extension at the waist region of the engineered vault.