cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating Stream Temperature from Air Temperature: Implications for Future Water Quality

This study examines the air temperature/stream temperature relationship at a geographically diverse set of streams. We evaluate the general temperature relationships (both linear and nonlinear) that apply to these streams, and then examine how changes in stream temperature associated with climate variability or climate warming might affect dissolved oxygen levels. The majority of streams showed an increase in water temperature of about 0.6-0.8°C for every 1°C increase in air temperature, with very few streams displaying a linear 1:1 air/water temperature trend. For most of the streams, a nonlinear model produced a better fit than did a simple linear model. Understanding the relationship between air temperature and water temperature is important if people want to estimate how stream temperatures are likely to respond to anticipated future increases in surface air temperature. Surface water temperature in many streams will likely increase 2 to 3°C as air temperature increases 3 to 5°C. At sites with currently low dissolved oxygen content, an increase in summer stream temperatures could cause the dissolved oxygen levels to fall into a critically low range, threatening the health of many aquatic species.
Fault tolerant circuits and probabilistically checkable proofs

We introduce a new model of fault tolerance for Boolean circuits. We consider synchronized circuits and we allow an adversary to choose a small constant fraction of the gates at each level of the circuit to be faulty. We require that even in the presence of such faults the circuit compute a "loose version" of the given function. We show that every symmetric function has a small (size O(n), depth O(log n)) fault tolerant circuit in this model. We also show a perhaps unexpected relation between our model and probabilistically checkable proofs.
Leucogranites in the Black Hills of South Dakota: The consequence of shear heating during continental collision

Leucogranites are common features of convergent orogens. However, the heat necessary for producing leucogranite magma from pelitic sources in convergent orogens is a major unresolved issue. We suggest that the generation of the Harney Peak Granite, Black Hills, South Dakota, during the Proterozoic Trans-Hudson orogeny is best explained by shear heating during thrusting of a Proterozoic sedimentary sequence over the Archean Wyoming basement. Our thermotectonic model successfully reproduces pressure-temperature-time constraints on early regional metamorphism of schists and subsequent generation of the late orogenic Harney Peak Granite. The model is consistent with isotopic data for the granite, which require both Proterozoic and Archean source rocks, and its emplacement as small batches of melt. The similarity of geologic relationships in the Black Hills to those of other collisional orogens suggests that shear heating may be a viable mechanism for leucogranite generation in thickened crusts.
Specialization of Imperative Programs Through Analysis of Relational Expressions

An inter-procedural data flow analysis operating on control flow graphs and collecting information about program expressions is described in this paper. The following relational and other expressions are analyzed: equivalences between program expressions and constants; linear-ordering inequalities between program expressions and constants; equalities originating from some program assignments; atomic constituents of controlling expressions of program branches. Analysis is executed by a worklist-based fixpoint algorithm which interprets conditional branches and incorporates a rule-based inference procedure. Two variants of the polyvariant program point specialization using results of the analysis are presented. The both specializations are done at the level of control flow graphs. The variants differ in terms of the size of residual programs.
Bacterial responses to neutrophil phagocytosis

Purpose of reviewThis review focuses on adaptive bacterial interactions with neutrophils, emphasizing information communicated within the past year about bacterial factors that respond to contact with or phagocytosis by PMN.Recent findingsSince the discovery of type III and IV secretion, progress in
Don't Stress: Early Life Conditions, Hypertension, and Selection into Associated Risk Factors

Early life conditions have been linked to various domains of later life health, including cardiovascular outcomes. Using life history data from 13 European countries, I nd that childhood socioeconomic status and measures of childhood health are related to hypertension, although there is cross country heterogeneity in these eects. I account for potential omitted variable bias by using aggregate measures of public health at birth, which are plausibly exogenous to the individual. I nd that infant mortality at birth is positively related to hypertension, even allowing for cohort eects, and controlling for GDP at birth. Results imply that improvements in early life conditions in Europe led to an overall reduction in the hypertension rate of between 3 and 6 percentage points, for the cohort born 1931-1935, relative to the cohort born 1956-1960. An alternative strand of literature in epidemiology links contemporaneous factors, such as work place environment, to heart disease. However, theories of life cycle decision making suggest that individuals may be selected into these adverse environments and behaviours on the basis of their initial conditions. I demonstrate a strong association between early environment and these risk factors. Results imply that these should therefore be viewed as outcomes which lie on the causal pathway between initial conditions and later outcomes, in which case ignoring this selection will misattribute at least part of the eects of early life environment to current circumstance. This has important policy implications for targeting hypertension as it indicates that emphasis should also be placed on combatting disadvantage across the life course, rather than just factors which only manifest themselves in adulthood.
Substrate binding and sequence preference of the proteasome revealed by active-site-directed affinity probes

Abstract Background: The proteasome is a multicatalytic protease complex responsible for most cytosolic protein breakdown. The complex has several distinct proteolytic activities that are defined by the preference of each for the carboxyterminal (P1) amino acid residue. Although mutational studies in yeast have begun to define substrate specificities of individual catalytically active β subunits, little is known about the principles that govern substrate hydrolysis by the proteasome. Results: A series of tripeptide and tetrapeptide vinyl sulfones were used to study substrate binding and specificity of the proteasome. Removal of the aromatic amino-terminal cap of the potent tripeptide vinyl sulfone proteasome inhibitor 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-2-nitrophenyl-leucinyl-leucinyl-leucine vinyl sulfone resulted in the complete loss of binding and inhibition. Addition of a fourth amino acid (P4) to the tri-leucine core sequence fully restored inhibitory potency. 1251-labeled peptide vinyl sulfones were also used to examine inhibitor binding and to determine the correlation of subunit modification with inhibition of peptidase activity. Changing the amino acid in the P4 position resulted in dramatically different profiles of β-subunit modification. Conclusions: The P4 position, distal to the site of hydrolysis, is important in defining substrate processing by the proteasome. We observed direct correlations between subunit modification and inhibition of distinct proteolytic activities, allowing the assignment of activities to individual β subunits. The ability of tetrapeptides, but not tripeptide vinyl sulfones, to act as substrates for the proteasome suggests there could be a minimal length requirement for hydrolysis by the proteasome. These studies indicate that it is possible to generate inhibitors that are largely specific for individual β subunits of the proteasome by modulation of the P4 and carboxy-terminal vinyl sulfone moieties.
A knowledge based system for flow shop scheduling

Abstract A technique is designed to integrate several solution methods to the problem of job sequencing in a flow shop. The solution methods integrated are linear programming, heuristics, and an expert system approach. The advantages to this integrated approach include reducing computation time and improving the solution as compared to the use of heuristic alone.
EFFECT OF ZINC OXIDE CATALYZED PEROXIDE ON STEROLS OF ALMOND, COTTONSEED, AND OLIVE OILS.

The phytosterols of almond, cottonseed, and olive oils undergo changes in structure when the oils are irradiated in both ultraviolet and sunlight with zinc oxide. The changes in the phytosterol molecules of the oils indicate a probability that a similar change could occur in the sterols of the skin. These changes might produce a molecule with anti-inflammation activity, thus providing an explanation for the dermatological effect of zinc oxide external preparations.
Surgical management of exertional compartment syndrome of the lower leg Long-term followup

Forty-six limbs in 28 patients were surgically treated for exertional compartment syndrome. One group of 16 patients (26 limbs) underwent a fasciotomy for exertional anterior compartment syndrome (Group 1). A second group of 12 patients (20 limbs) underwent a fasciotomy for exertional deep posterior compartment syndrome (Group 2). Patients in Group 2 experienced symptoms for a significantly longer time than those in Group 1:16 versus 6.8 months (P < 0.01). All three of the pressure measurements used in this study (resting pressure, 1 minute after exercise, and 5 minutes after exercise) were significantly higher in both groups than in normal controls (P < 0.01). The 1 minute after exercise values were significantly higher in Group 1 (mean, 36.5) than in Group 2 (mean, 29.1) (P < 0.01). In Group 1, 25 of 26 limbs (96%) had excellent results. In Group 2, 13 of 20 limbs (65%) had satisfactory results (5 excellent and 8 good) and 7 (35%) had unsatisfactory results (4 fair and 3 poor). Those patients who had an unsatisfactory outcome did so within 6 months. Patients in Group 1 had a significantly higher rate of satisfactory results than those in Group 2 (P < 0.05).
A Study of Sintered Apatites

Hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, and chlorapatite materials were synthesized and their sintering characteristics were studied. The compressive strength of the apatites was determined and is given as a function of density. Scanning electron micrographs of the typical material structure are given. The degradation of strength of the hydroxyapatite after an extended acid soak also is reported.
How Community Clergy Provide Spiritual Care: Toward a Conceptual Framework for Clergy End-of-Life Education

Abstract Context Community-based clergy are highly engaged in helping terminally ill patients address spiritual concerns at the end of life (EOL). Despite playing a central role in EOL care, clergy report feeling ill-equipped to spiritually support patients in this context. Significant gaps exist in understanding how clergy beliefs and practices influence EOL care. Objectives The objective of this study was to propose a conceptual framework to guide EOL educational programming for community-based clergy. Methods This was a qualitative, descriptive study. Clergy from varying spiritual backgrounds, geographical locations in the U.S., and race/ethnicities were recruited and asked about optimal spiritual care provided to patients at the EOL. Interviews were audio taped, transcribed, and analyzed following principles of grounded theory. A final set of themes and subthemes were identified through an iterative process of constant comparison. Participants also completed a survey regarding experiences ministering to the terminally ill. Results A total of 35 clergy participated in 14 individual interviews and two focus groups. Primary themes included Patient Struggles at EOL and Clergy Professional Identity in Ministering to the Terminally Ill. Patient Struggles at EOL focused on existential questions, practical concerns, and difficult emotions. Clergy Professional Identity in Ministering to the Terminally Ill was characterized by descriptions of Who Clergy Are ("Being"), What Clergy Do ("Doing"), and What Clergy Believe ("Believing"). "Being" was reflected primarily by manifestations of presence; "Doing" by subthemes of religious activities, spiritual support, meeting practical needs, and mistakes to avoid; "Believing" by subthemes of having a relationship with God, nurturing virtues, and eternal life. Survey results were congruent with interview and focus group findings. Conclusion A conceptual framework informed by clergy perspectives of optimal spiritual care can guide EOL educational programming for clergy.
Consideration of the Landscape

Wetland restoration traditionally occurred on a case-by-case basis, without consideration of where wetland losses were occurring or the cumulative effects of land use (agriculture and urban development) on loss of wetland functions and ecosystem services. Today, a landscape- or watershed-based approach is needed to restore wetlands at larger spatial scales and in strategic locations for water quality improvement, flood attenuation, and biodiversity. A landscape approach requires consideration of watershed properties such as land use and land use ratio, distance from (nutrient) sources, connectivity to aquatic ecosystems and patch number, area, and density that are compatible with the goals of the restoration. Landscape characteristics, topography, and hydric soils, aid in placement of sites in areas appropriate for restoration. On-site characteristics such as wetland area and depth are important for scaling restoration sites to the appropriate size. Candidate sites are prioritized according to the goal(s) of the project. For water quality improvement, sites might be placed close to sources of nutrient loads to remove sediment and P, or downstream in areas with longer retention time to remove N. For biodiversity, reestablishing connections with existing aquatic, riparian, and wetland vegetation and other high-quality natural areas, such as nature preserves, is needed to connect donor or source sites with recipient (i.e., restoration) sites.
The Effects of Retrieval Practice on Metacognitive Monitoring Accuracy: A Comparison of First- and Other-Generation Students

Being metacognitively accurate, or knowing what you know and do not know, has been correlated with and experimentally related to positive academic outcomes and memory performance. Knowing what you know is also referred to as monitoring accuracy. People that have high monitoring accuracy also effectively control their future study by focusing on the material they have not learned and spending less time on the material they already know, this is known as metacognitive control. Given the connection between metacognitive monitoring and control with performance on criterion tests, much research has been devoted to improving metacognition. The known groups of people that have lesser metacognitive abilities include low performers and may include first-generation college students. Williams and Hellman (2004) found that first-generation students who were taking an online college course did not control their study as effectively as second (or other) generation students. Importantly though, this study did not explicitly measure the participants’ metacognitive accuracy. The purpose of the current study was two-fold. First, we sought to establish any differences in monitoring accuracy between firstand othergeneration participants. Second, we sought to establish the effectiveness of retrieval practice to improve metacognitive monitoring accuracy among firstand other-generation participants. Based on the literature, we hypothesized that other-generation participants will METACOGNITION AND FIRST-GENERATION STUDENTS 24 have higher monitoring accuracy than first-generation participants. We also hypothesized that participants who practiced retrieval will show increased monitoring accuracy. A 2 generation (firstor other-generation) X 2 condition (retrieval practice or control) quasiexperimental design found no differences between firstand secondgeneration participants in terms of monitoring accuracy. However, numerically, first-generation participants were more accurate than other-generation participants. The results also indicated that retrieval practice significantly increased metacognitive accuracy for both firstand other-generation participants. Further research is required to understand the dissociation between first-generation participants’ metacognitive monitoring accuracy and control.
Optimal Interstrand Bridges for Collagen-like Biomaterials

In some natural collagen triple helices, cysteine (Cys) residues on neighboring strands are linked by disulfide bonds, enhancing association and maintaining proper register. Similarly, Cys-Cys disulfide bridges have been used to impose specific associations between collagen-mimetic peptides (CMPs). Screening a library of disulfide linkers in silico for compatibility with collagen identifies the disulfide bridge between proximal homocysteine (Hcy) and Cys as conferring much greater stability than a Cys-Cys bridge, but only when Hcy is installed in the Xaa position of the canonical Xaa-Yaa-Gly repeat and Cys is installed in the Yaa position. Experimental evaluation of CMPs that host alternative thiols validates this design: only Hcy-Cys bridges improve triple-helical structure and stability upon disulfide-bond formation. This privileged linker can enhance CMP-based biomaterials and enable previously inaccessible molecular designs.
From Racemic Units to Polar Materials

A new route is described that enables the design of polar materials using racemic basic building units (BBUs). Λ- and Δ-[Cu(H2O)(bpy)2]2+ complexes in noncentrosymmetric [Cu(H2O)(bpy)2]2[HfF6]2·3H2O and centrosymmetric [Cu(H2O)(bpy)2][BF4]2 reveal that racemic BBUs in the solid state can lead directly to noncentrosymmetry. The structure is polar if only mirror or glide planes relate the left- and right-handed enantiomers, whereas nonpolar, achiral structures result if rotoinversion relates the left- and right-handed enantiomers. This structural analysis also provides an alternative route in the design of polar materials that had always been engineered from polar BBUs.
Growth and stability of deep planted red maple and northern red oak trees and the efficacy of root collar excavations

Trees with root systems established well below grade due to deep planting or soil disturbance are common in urban landscapes, yet the long term effects of buried trunks and subsequent remediation strategies, such as root collar excavation are poorly documented. We evaluated the consequences of deep planting over a 10-year period on tree growth and stability, with and without root collar excavation, for red maple [Acer rubrum L. Red Sunset® (‘Franksred’)] and Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) planted at grade or 30-cm below grade. Sleeves to prevent soil-trunk contact were installed around trunks on a subset of deep trees. Root collar excavations were made during the 6th growing season for both species and trees were grown for an additional 4 and 3 growing seasons for red maples and Northern red oaks, respectively. Within two weeks of root collar excavations, pulling tests compared the effect of treatments on stability of red maples. Deep planting generally slowed growth of red maple but had no clear effect on Northern red oak. Root collar excavation had no lasting effect on growth of either species. Approximately 55% of deep red maples and 33% of deep Northern red oaks had roots crossing and in intimate contact with buried trunks, suggesting a potential for future girdling roots. Approximately 25% of deep maples had substantial adventitious rooting. All deep Northern red oaks had new roots emerging just above the first original structural roots but none were clearly adventitious. Trunk sleeves had no effect on growth for either species. Neither deep planting nor root collar excavation resulted in a loss of tree stability compared to trees planted at grade, although failure patterns varied among treatments. Overall, the biggest long term concern for deep-planted trees is the potential for girdling root formation.
Changes in forest ground vegetation in subtropical forest ecosystems,Southern China

The main aim is to identify changes in forest ground vegetation in five study areas in southern Chinese forests during the first two years after establishment.Abundances of all species were recorded in 50 marked 1m2 vegetation plots in each of five study areas,situated in forests dominated by subtropical broadleaved and coniferous trees.All 250 plots were analysed twice:in 2000-2002 and two years later(2002-2004).Species abundance was analysed by univariate and multivariate statistical methods.Two-year changes in single-species abundances,species number and species composition were tested.Results showed that vascular plant species decreased significantly in abundance in one area and increased significantly in two areas,whereas bryophyte species decreased significantly in abundance in one area and increased significantly in another area.The number of bryophyte species increased significantly in three areas and decreased significantly in two areas,whereas the number of vascular plant species increased significantly in two areas.Significant change in species composition along the second most important vegetation gradient(DCA2)was observed in two areas.The patterns of changes in bryophytes can be explained by climatic fluctuations,substantiating that the bryophytes are good indicators of biotic effects of climatic change.The increase in the abundance and numbers of vascular plant species in two areas is most likely due to seasonal variation and more favourable climatic growth conditions the second and third years,compared with the first year of analysis.No clear indications have been found of changes in vascular plant species that may be linked to soil acidification or direct effects of air pollutants.
Direct correlation between methylation status and expression of the human O-6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase gene

To assess the role of DNA cytosine methylation in the expression of the O-6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene, the methylation status of selected CpG-containing dinucleotides in and surrounding the coding regions of the gene were examined and correlated with steady state expression of MGMT mRNA in 13 human cell lines. Additionally, tumor cells which exhibited very high levels of MGMT expression were chronically exposed to 5-azacytidine to assess the effects of changes in gene methylation on MGMT expression. Results of these studies demonstrate that the degree of methylation of multiple MGMT gene regions correlates with gene expression, but in a direct rather than an inverse fashion, and that 5-azacytidine-induced demethylation of the MGMT gene correlates with a significant reduction, rather than induction, of MGMT steady-state mRNA expression. These results suggest a unique, potentially alterable methylation-related regulatory mechanism for the MGMT gene.
Comparable rates of responding and reinforcement do not eliminate the differential effects of ethanol on response chain acquisition and performance

Ethanol and other drugs commonly disrupt responding under repeated acquisition and performance baselines, with responding in the former condition being more sensitive to such disruption than the latter. The present study was conducted to determine if differential drug effects would occur when baseline rates of responding were comparable in the two baseline conditions. The acute effects of ethanol (0, 0.4, and 0.8 g/kg) were examined in healthy adult volunteers responding under a multiple schedule of repeated acquisition and performance of 10-response sequences. A 1-sec delay occurred after each response to keep rates of responding comparable in the acquisition and performance conditions. This delay also reduced differences in reinforcement rates between the two components. Nevertheless, responding in the acquisition condition was still more sensitive to the disruptive effects of ethanol than responding in the performance component. This differential sensitivity to ethanol was most evident in measures of accuracy of responding (e.g., percentage of errors). These findings suggest that differences in overall rates of responding and reinforcement in the repeated acquisition and performance conditions contribute little, if anything, to the differential drug effects observed on those baselines.
Cell identification using single beam lensless imaging with pseudo-random phase encoding.

In this Letter, we propose a novel compact optical system for automated cell identification. Our system employs pseudo-random encoding of the light modulated by the cells under inspection to capture the unique opto-biological signature of the micro-organisms by an image sensor and without using a microscope objective lens to magnify the object beam. The proposed instrument can be fabricated using a compact light source, a thin diffuser, and an image sensor connected to computational hardware; thus, it can be compact and cost effective. Experiments are presented using the proposed system to identify and classify various micro-objects and demonstrate proof of concept. The captured opto-biological signature pattern can be attributed to the micro-object’s morphology, size, sub-cellular complex structure, index of refraction, internal material composition, etc. Using the captured signature of the micro-object, we extract statistical features such as mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, entropy, and correlation coefficients for cell identification using the random forest classifier. For comparison, similar identification experiments were repeated with a digital shearing interferometer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on automated cell identification using the proposed approach.
Abstract 1512: Functional validation of microRNA activity inferred by ActMiR in bladder cancer

Background: MicroRNAs (miRs) play a key role in cancer, both in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. In the past years, miR expression signatures have been reported as prognostic biomarkers in different tumor types including bladder cancer (BC). However, miR9s expression does not always correlate with activity. We recently developed a novel computational method, named ActMiR, for explicitly inferring the activity of miRs based on the changes in expression levels of target genes. The main objective of this study was to validate the inferred miRs’ activity using BC as a model. Design: We applied ActMiR in 405 BC cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database for which information from both mRNA and miR expression was available. Different BC cell lines (5637 and HT1376 for basal BC, SW780 and HT1197 for p53-like BC, and RT4 and RT112 for luminal BC) as well as the immortalized urothelial cell line [Human Urothelium cell (HUC)] were used to perform the in vitro functional validation. RNA was extracted from these cells basally and after inhibition of miR106-5p with specific anti-miR inhibitor (Taqman, Life Technologies); miR and target genes’ expression was assessed by qRT-PCR. Results: ActMir analyses revealed that a subset of 306 out of 1044 miRNAs were differentially expressed between tumor and normal samples at p-value Conclusion: Our results underscore the value of ActMir for inferring miR activity in BC from a systems biology perspective. It endorses ActMir as a promising tool for studying casual effects of miR activity on target genes, and ultimately for determining survival outcomes of BC patients. Citation Format: Mireia Castillo-Martin, Ana Collazo Lorduy, EunJee Li, Jun Zhu. Functional validation of microRNA activity inferred by ActMiR in bladder cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1512.
Review of Ductile Failure Models for Shock-Wave Propagation Finite Element Codes

The main objective of this write-up is to provide a brief summary of dynamic failure models in open literature as well as in shock-wave-propagation based finite element codes (often called “hydrocodes”). No attempt is made to discuss the mathematical details of the models. Under planar impact loading conditions, tension arising from the interactions of reflected shock waves from the stress free planes parallel to the plane of impact induces fracture in the target. Void nucleation and growth occur under very high triaxial stress leading to the generation of a stress free plane inside the target through coalescence of the voids. This type of failure is often referred to as spallation. However, ductile failure under dynamic loading conditions can also involve plastic instabilities (necking), tearing, and erosion.
Carboxylated cyclofructan 6 as a hydrolytically stable high efficiency stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and mixed mode separations

Stationary phases composed of native cyclofructan 6 (CF6) and benzoic acid modified CF6 were synthesized and evaluated for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). The ligands were bonded onto 2.7 μm core–shell silica using multipoint attachment technology. These cyclofructan 6 based columns exhibited excellent hydrolytic stability and efficiency (205000 N m−1). The new column chemistry was compared for stability with core–shell silica (the starting material) using neutral, positive and a negatively charged probes. Additionally, the advantage of the use of a pre-saturating column in HILIC mode is shown. The HILIC selectivity chart shows that the benzoic acid modified cyclofructan-6 column shows strong hydrophilicity as well as cation exchange property. A variety of hydrophilic/ionizable compounds were examined, and based on the selectivity chart, it was found that the new column chemistry is different from 33 commercial columns. The benzoic acid CF6 column can simultaneously separate acidic, neutral and basic drugs and produced considerably different retention and selectivity patterns for various classes of compounds including nucleic acid bases, β-blockers, salicylic acid and its analogues. The newly developed column chemistry also shows a potential to work in the reverse phase mode.
Reforming Undergraduate Biology Education with Graduate Teaching Assistants

Among policy makers, there is an ongoing discussion about the need to improve undergraduate education in science and engineering. With many undergraduate students being taught by graduate teaching assistants (GTAs), it is important to explore the development of STEM knowledge for teaching by GTAs. This study follows ten GTAs as they participated in a GTA teaching program that included attending a Scientific Teaching course. Data collection consisted of open-ended questionnaires and concept maps. Analysis revealed that a majority of the GTAs employed more didactic, teacher-centered practices while having varied levels of development in the areas of student understanding and instructional strategies. Those GTAs with regularly scheduled opportunities to work directly with students increased their knowledge for teaching. Additionally, GTAs with lower levels of prior GTA experience and an expressed desire to improve their teaching had the highest levels of knowledge development. From this study, we suggest that GTA programs support GTAs by initiating the preparation for teaching early in the TA experience. Finally, we recommend that science departments place more emphasis on teaching by providing GTAs with additional education coursework as well as structured opportunities to work directly with students and to practice making use of reformed teaching strategies.
Bifurcating electron-transfer pathways in DNA photolyases determine the repair quantum yield

Photolyase is a blue-light–activated enzyme that repairs ultraviolet-induced DNA damage that occurs in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproducts. Previous studies on microbial photolyases have revealed an electron-tunneling pathway that is critical for the repair mechanism. In this study, we used femtosecond spectroscopy to deconvolute seven electron-transfer reactions in 10 elementary steps in all classes of CPD photolyases. We report a unified electron-transfer pathway through a conserved structural configuration that bifurcates to favor direct tunneling in prokaryotes and a two-step hopping mechanism in eukaryotes. Both bifurcation routes are operative, but their relative contributions, dictated by the reduction potentials of the flavin cofactor and the substrate, determine the overall quantum yield of repair.
Processing of unstructured data for information extraction

Unstructured data are those that have no predetermined form or structure and are full of textual data. It does not fit well into relational tables. Most enterprise data today can actually be considered unstructured. Typical unstructured systems include emails, reports, contracts, transcripts of telephone conversations, and other communications. Web pages also contain links and references to External, often unstructured content such as images, XML files, animations and databases. This paper focuses on extracting features in html pages by using tokenization and Non matrix factorization. Classification of text is done using bag of words approach. The workbench is dataset collected in university domain web pages.
Structural Constraints, Risky Lifestyles, and Repeat Victimization

Research indicates that victims who make changes to their risky behavioral routines are better able to avoid being victimized again in the future. Nevertheless, some victims’ abilities to change their behaviors may be limited by what Hindelang et al. in Victims of personal crime: an empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Ballinger, Cambridge (1978) referred to as “structural constraints.” To assess this issue, we determine: (1) whether victims who reside in communities characterized by structural constraints (e.g., concentrated disadvantage) are more likely to continue engaging in risky behaviors (e.g., offending, illicit drug use, and getting drunk) after being victimized; and (2) whether victims who continue to engage in risky lifestyles have an increased likelihood of repeat victimization. Ten waves of data (spanning nearly 7 years) from the Pathways to Desistance Study are used, and multilevel models are estimated to examine changes to risky lifestyles and repeat victimization among a subsample of victims. Findings indicate that community-level structural constraints impose limits on the changes that victims make to their risky lifestyles, and that these changes influence repeat victimization. We conclude that, in the context of repeat victimization, structural constraints are both real and consequential, and that future theory and research should continue to explore how context shapes and influences victims’ behavioral routines.
Migrating Learning Management Systems in Higher Education: Faculty Members’ Perceptions of System Usage and Training When Transitioning From Blackboard Vista to Desire2Learn

This study examined a migration from Blackboard Vista to Desire2Learn (D2L) within a multiuniversity system. Faculty members’ perceptions from two of the systems’ colleges were evaluated using a qu...
Effects of Warning Signal Intensity, Reaction Signal Intensity, Preparatory Interval, and Temporal Uncertainty on Reaction Times of Mental Defectives

The reaction times of mentally defective Ss were studied in relation to variations in reaction signal intensity (15 or 65 dB above threshold), warning signal intensity (15, 40, or 65 dB above threshold), preparatory interval (2, 4, 7.5, or 15 sec), and temporal uncertainty. The warning signal was a 1000 cps pure tone to the left ear; the reaction signal was a 1000 cps tone to the right ear. The results revealed that each increment in warning signal intensity produced reliably longer reaction times. In addition, an interaction was observed involving preparatory interval and temporal uncertainty. Under conditions of maximum objective time certainty the shortest (2 sec.) interval was associated with the fastest responses. When temporal uncertainty was maximized, the shortest interval produced the slowest re-sponses. Contextual factors were implicated in this effect.
Cardiovascular Disease: Coronary Artery Disease and Coronary Artery Calcification

Coronary artery disease is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dialysis patients. There is strong evidence that kidney disease is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. In addition, traditional risk factors such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes, as well as nontraditional factors such as inflammation and oxidative stress, likely contribute to the excess risk of atherosclerosis in CKD. It remains to be determined whether low serum vitamin D levels and elevated fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) also play a role in atherosclerosis in CKD. There is some evidence to suggest that statins are useful in moderate CKD, but two large trials in dialysis patients showed no benefit of statin therapy. However, uremic dyslipidemia is characterized by low high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and increased triglyceride levels; statins are not effective in treating these lipid abnormalities. Beta blockers, aspirin and angiotensinconverting (ACE) inhibitors are likely effective therapies for treating coronary artery disease (CAD), but these remain very much underutilized. Similarly, despite evidence that coronary revascularization is useful in CKD and dialysis patients, these interventions are also underutilized in these populations.
Observation and Numeration of Molds from Spoiled Bread

We will introduce the basic knowledge of molds from spoiled food. We will practice staining molds and observe their morphology. We will enumerate the population of fungi from spoiled bread using 3M@ yeast/molds Petrifilm and practice the dilution technique.
Imprints in time: towards a moderately robust past

Presentism says that only present objects exist (timelessly). But the view has trouble grounding past-tensed truths like “dinosaurs existed”. Standard Eternalism grounds those truths by positing the (timeless) existence of past objects—like dinosaurs. But Standard Eternalism conflicts with the intuition that there is genuine change—the intuition that there once were dinosaurs and no longer are any. I offer a novel theory of time—‘The Imprint’—that does a better job preserving both the grounding and genuine change intuitions. The Imprint says that the past and present exist (in the timeless sense), but where the present exhibits mass-energy, the past only consists of curved empty regions of spacetime. We therefore avoid saying that there are dinosaurs, since there is no mass-energy in the past; but the curvature of the past gives us a way to ground the truth that “dinosaurs existed”.
Journal Overlap of the Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts and Web of Science Databases

ABSTRACTA journal overlap analysis was performed between the academic library databases Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts (MGA) and Web of Science. This overlap analysis determined that there are 1263 serial titles common to both Web of Science and MGA with a full 87 percent of the 1447 MGA journals/serials indexed in Web of Science. In all, 5.47 percent of Web of Science journals are indexed in MGA. The size of this overlap may have potential implications for library collections.
How we do it: shifting MR arthrogram compounding from the fluoroscopy suite to the sterile pharmacy.

To assess the impact of shifting arthrogram injectate compounding from the fluoroscopy suite to the main hospital sterile pharmacy on cost, examination delays, and infection rates. All arthrograms from the 12 months before (629 in total) and the 12 months after (699 in total) the change in arthrogram preparation procedure were compared to identify differences in examination delays and infection rate. The arthrogram formulation was sent to the Compounder’s International Analytical Laboratory for stability testing. Finally, cost per injection analysis was performed to compare fluoroscopy suite with sterile pharmacy compounding. In the 699 arthrograms performed in the 12 months following transfer of arthrogram preparation to the main hospital pharmacy, there were 0 reported examination delays, 0 reported infections, and a 53% decrease in the material cost per arthrogram. There were three recorded instances of fluoroscopy suite preparation of arthrogram injectate due to unexpected add-on patients. Outside stability testing determined that the arthrogram injectate retained at least 90% potency 30 h post-preparation. Shifting the compounding of the arthrogram injectate from the fluoroscopy room to the main hospital sterile pharmacy provides a modest cost saving and can be accomplished without examination delays or any increase in infection rate. It brought our practice into compliance with USP797, which is the current guideline for compounding practitioners, by transferring the compounding preparation of the arthrogram injectate from a procedure room to the sterile pharmacy.
An Adaptive Handicap: Borderline Personality Disorder in the Mentally Impaired

This paper continues from previous work on applying individual psychotherapy to people underserved because of mental retardation handicap (Rubin, 1983). There I broadly reviewed modern definitions of mental disorder, current issues in developmental disabilities, and applications of counseling and psychotherapy with the retarded. Specific approaches for choosing methods, selecting patients, and pursuing treatment techniques were examined. A systems approach to collaboration with family and the primary handicap program was emphasized as necessary for effective individual treatment. I will present here a more specific view of psychodynamic factors that contribute to borderline personality disorder and produce need for psychotherapy treatment. The general term mental handicap is used to encompass both intellectual impairment and organic dysfunction, and to include severe learning disabilities (previously called borderline retardation) as well as DSM-III mental retardation.
Sonata Fragments: Romantic Narratives in Chopin, Schumann, and Brahms

These two books are part of the Musical Meaning and Interpretation series edited by Robert S. Hatten through Indiana University Press. Both of them examine Romantic and modern genres using various ...
Inhibition of CO2 Corrosion of Mild Steel by Imidazolines and Their Precursors

A study of the mechanism of corrosion inhibition of mild steel by imidazolines and their precursors in a CO{sub 2} containing environment is carried out using Rotating Cylinder Electrode (RCE) and Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) technique. Corrosion rate-time/concentration profiles (LPR) and minimum effective concentrations (MEC) obtained for a series of imidazolines and amides are discussed in terms of the respective contributions of their constituent parts (imidazoline ring, amide/amine group, hydrocarbon chain) to the overall corrosion inhibition. The formation of the inhibitor film is described in terms of bilayer/multilayer film model.
Foot and Ankle: Conservative Management, Operative Management, and Return to Sport

Foot and ankle injuries are one of the most common injuries within the athletic population. For masters athletes, years of repetitive motions inevitably contribute to degeneration of the most dependent structures of the body, the foot and ankle. As a result, competitive activity results in injuries related to stress and fatigue. Particularly, acute rupture of the Achilles tendon and/or chronic tendinopathy can lead to decreased performance and the need for operative intervention. Similarly, the plantar fascia may become irritated and inflamed and require intensive therapy or surgery for the athlete to continue high-level performance. Overuse and persistent load may cause debilitating stress fractures that are difficult to manage. Many of these conditions are managed through conservative measures and an emphasis on maintenance to control the symptoms of the respective condition. However, the masters athlete represents a unique population that may require surgical intervention once all other measures have been exhausted to allow them to continue high-level activity, even in a mature period of life.
Prenatal cannabis exposure and sleep outcomes in children 9-10 years of age in the adolescent brain cognitive development SM study.

Abstract Objectives Analyze the associations between prenatal cannabis exposure and child sleep outcomes. Methods Data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study®) was used to determine whether maternal reports of prenatal cannabis use were associated with child sleep outcomes among 11,875 children ages 9–10 controlling for covariates including prenatal substance exposure, mother's education, combined household income, parental marital status, race, child sex, and child age. Results Endorsement of any prenatal cannabis use was associated with symptoms of disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, disorders of arousal, sleep wake disorders, disorders of excessive somnolence, and a summed sleep disorder score (all β > 0.10 and p Conclusions Although causality is not established, the results suggest potential long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on sleep and the prudence of abstinence from cannabis use while pregnant.
Perioperative Outcomes in the Treatment of Isolated Sagittal Synostosis: Cranial Vault Remodeling Versus Spring Mediated Cranioplasty.

BACKGROUND Patients undergoing cranial expansion including spring-mediated cranioplasty (SMC) and cranial vault remodeling (CVR) receive costly and high acuity post-operative intensive care (ICU) given concerns over neurologic and hemodynamic vulnerability. The authors analyzed perioperative and post-operative events for patients presenting with sagittal craniosynostosis (CS) undergoing SMC and CVR in order to compare complication profiles. METHODS The authors performed a single center retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing SMC and CVR for the treatment of nonsyndromic, isolated sagittal CS from 2011 to 2018. Perioperative and post-operative factors were collected, focusing on hemodynamic instability and events necessitating ICU care. Mann-Whitney U and Fisher exact tests were used to compare data with significance defined as P < 0.05. RESULTS Among 106 patients, 65 (61%) underwent SMC and 41 (39%) CVR. All CVR patients received prophylactic whole blood transfusion at time of scalp incision. Acute blood loss anemia was the most common post-operative complication, prompting n = 6 (9.2%) and n = 7 (17.1%) blood transfusions in the SMC and CVR cohorts, respectively (P < 0.24). Hemodynamic instability requiring blood transfusion was rare, occurring post-operatively in n = 2 (3.1%) and n = 2 (4.9%) patients in the SMC and CVR cohorts, respectively (P < 0.64). Two patients in the CVR cohort exhibited new neurologic symptoms that self-resolved, compared to no patients in the SMC cohort (P < 0.15). CONCLUSION Despite differing degrees of operative invasiveness, post-operative hemodynamic and neurologic decompensation following CVR and SMC for isolated sagittal CS repair remains similarly rare. Indications necessitating post-operative intensive care are infrequent. Post-operative hemoglobin monitoring may enable early prediction for hemodynamic instability.