cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Concentration Profiles and Diffusion Paths in Single-Phase Multicomponent Multilayered Assemblies

An analysis of multilayered assemblies set up with multicomponent alloys selected in a single phase field has been recently developed on the basis of a matrix of constant interdiffusion coefficients. This analysis employs a transfer matrix method and is applicable to a study of evolution of concentration profiles and diffusion paths as a function of time for multilayered diffusion assemblies (MDAs) where any number of finite layers is sandwiched between two bulk terminal alloys. The analysis is utilized in this study to simulate concentration profiles and diffusion paths for MDAs assembled with (fcc) Cu-Ni-Zn alloys with two terminal alloys, A and B, sandwiching an alloy layer C in the middle. For short diffusion times the diffusion path of the ternary MDA, A/C/B, corresponds to two segments corresponding to the diffusion paths of the infinite diffusion couples, A/C and C/B. At longer times the diffusion zones of the two individual couples overlap and the diffusion path of the MDA varies continuously with time. The evolution of the concentration profiles and diffusion paths is presented and each intermediate path configuration is associated with a unique ratio of the middle layer thickness to the square root of diffusion time. The simulated concentration profiles clearly show the development of uphill diffusion and zero-flux planes (ZFP) for the individual components due to diffusional interactions among the components. At very long times, the diffusion path of the MDA approaches that of the infinite couple A/B between the two terminal alloys.
BETTER PRODUCT STRATEGY THROUGH ALERT CHANNEL MANAGEMENT

Getting product strategies to work out as planned is a tough job. One of the most frequently overlooked factors needed for effective product strategy implementation is channel member support at the wholesale and/or retail levels. Without strong support and follow‐through by these channel members, product strategies are much less likely to be successfully implemented. This article discusses five product strategies commonly used by consumer goods manufacturers, and discusses the channel management implications associated with each. By being alert to these product management/channel management interfaces, many of the problems of poor channel member support and follow‐through can be avoided.
Infants of drug-dependent mothers.

1. Lauren M. Jansson, MD* 2. Martha L. Velez, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, The Center for Addiction and Pregnancy, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize the effects of maternal substance use on the developing fetus, neonate, and growing child. 2. Describe the effect of maternal substance use on the mother-infant dyad. 3. Discuss the factors that may serve as mediators and moderators of the effects of maternal substance use on the child. 4. Understand the complex context within which the substance-abusing mother and her infant must be considered. 5. Evaluate and manage the substance-exposed dyad. In utero substance exposure continues to pose a public health and societal dilemma. Prenatal exposure to legal and illegal substances is a substantial and preventable risk factor for developmental alterations in infants. Intrauterine substance exposure affects more newborns than many other common major medical conditions, making the problem of the substance-exposed infant an inevitable concern for all pediatricians. Of the 4.3 million infants born annually in the United States, between 800,000 and 1 million are born to women who used drugs during pregnancy; approximately 1 in 9 infants is exposed to alcohol, 1 in 5 is exposed to nicotine, and 1 in 20 is exposed to illegal drugs. Opioid use during pregnancy is a growing concern due to the rise in abuse of prescription opioids (eg, hydrocodone, oxycodone) in women of childbearing age. Currently, 5.4 million children live with a parent who has a substance use disorder, and 3.4 million live with a mother who has a substance use disorder in the United States. (1) Resumption of drug use following childbirth is an additional concern; in a recent report, cigarette, alcohol, binge alcohol, and marijuana use rates were higher in women with a child …
Human liver microsomal metabolism and DNA adduct formation of the tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, riddelliine.

Riddelliine, a widespread naturally occurring genotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, induced liver tumors in rats and mice in an NTP 2-year carcinogenicity bioassay. We have determined that riddelliine induces liver tumors in rats through a genotoxic mechanism involving the formation of (±)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP), which reacts with DNA to form a set of eight DNA adducts. To determine the relevance to humans of the results obtained in experimental animals, the metabolism of riddelliine was conducted using human liver microsomes. As with rat liver microsomes, DHP and riddelliine N-oxide were major metabolites in incubations conducted with human liver microsomes. The levels of DHP and riddelliine N-oxide were 0.20−0.62 and 0.03−0.15 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, which are comparable to those obtained from rat liver microsomal metabolism. When metabolism was conducted in the presence of calf thymus DNA, the same set of eight DHP-derived DNA adducts was formed. Both the meta...
Hall effects in Bose-Einstein condensates in a rotating optical lattice

Using linear response theory, we demonstrate fractional quantum Hall features in a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate in a corotating two-dimensional optical lattice. The corotating lattice and trap potential allow for an effective magnetic field and compensation of the centrifugal potential. Fractional quantum Hall features in the current response are seen for the single-particle system and for a few strongly interacting many-particle systems.
On the geometric form of Bernoulli configurations

In References 4 and 5, the author studied the geometric form of the free boundary Γ of an annular domain Ω, characterized by the Bernoulli condition that |∇U|=1 on Γ, where U is the capacity potential in Ω. It was shown, for example, that Γ has at most as many ν-extrema (for a given direction ν) or inflection points as the other boundary component Γ* of Ω, which is assumed given. Our purpose here is to extend the results in References 4 and 5 (wherever possible) to multiply connected regions for which some boundary components are given and others are free boundaries characterized by the Bernoulli condition. We present both positive results and counterexamples.
Java for parallel computing and as a general language for scientific and engineering simulation and modeling

We discuss the role of Java and Web technologies for general simulation. We classify the classes of concurrency typical in problems and analyze separately the role of Java in user interfaces, coarse grain software integration, and detailed computational kernels. We conclude that Java could become a major language for computational science, as it potentially o ers good performance, excellent user interfaces, and the advantages of object-oriented structure.
Amplitude and frequency modulation of pulsatile luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release.

1. A variety of neuroendocrine approaches has been used to characterize cellular mechanisms governing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) pulse generation. We review recentin vivo microdialysis,in vitro superfusion, andin situ hybridization experiments in which we tested the hypothesis that the amplitude and frequency of LHRH pulses are subject to independent regulation via distinct and identifiable cellular pathways.
Kinetics of incorporation of sendai virus proteins into host plasma membranes and virions

Abstract The association of Sendai virus proteins with the cytoplasmic surface of purified host plasma membranes has been reported. In this study, the viral proteins isolated with the membrane were characterized kinetically in pulse-chase experiments to determine whether these proteins appear to be involved in virus maturation by budding. Sendai virus-infected BHK cells were pulsed with [ 35 S]methionine and then chased for 4 hr. At various time points throughout the chase, intracellular nucleocapsids, plasma membrane-associated nucleocapsids, and virions released from the cell were analyzed for content of labeled viral proteins. Labeled membrane-associated nucleocapsids of Sendai virus behave as expected for kinetic intermediates in the budding process. The nucleocapsids associated with the membrane have a composition that is different from the majority of intracellular nucleocapsids (higher NP/P ratio), a ratio indicative of precursors to virion nucleocapsids. The data are consistent with the association of nucleocapsids with the membrane as nascent strands so that they spend several hours in association with the membrane and yet are incorporated into virions immediately upon completion. Furthermore, labeled P and M are shown to be incorporated into virions for longer periods of time than had previously been described.
Steroid hormone receptors in target cell membranes.

Numerous reports of rapid steroid hormone effects in diverse cell types cannot be explained by the generally prevailing theory that centers on the activity of hormone receptors located exclusively in the nucleus. Cell membrane forms of steroid hormone receptors coupled to intracellular signaling pathways may also play an important role in hormone action. Membrane-initiated signals appear to be the primary response of the target cell to steroid hormones and may be prerequisite to subsequent genomic activation. Recent dramatic advances in this area have intensified efforts to delineate the nature and biologic roles of all receptor molecules that function in steroid hormone-signaling pathways. This work has profound implications for our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of hormone actions in responsive cells and may lead to development of nvoel approaches for the treatment of many cell proliferative, metabolic, inflammatory, reproductive, cardiovascular, and neurologic defects.
Self-consistent electronic structure, coulomb interaction, and spin effects in self-assembled strained InAs–GaAs quantum dot structures

Abstract We have performed a detailed self-consistent calculation of the electronic structure and charging effects in a pyramidal self-assembled InAs–GaAs quantum dot. Within the effective mass approximation, our model is general for three-dimensional quantum devices, without simplifying assumptions on the shape of the confining potential nor fitting parameters. We have used a continuum model for the strain, from which a position dependent effective mass is calculated. The number of electrons in the dot is controlled by applying external voltage to a metal gate on the top of a complete multilayer device. In order to determine the electron occupation number in the dot which minimizes the total energy of the system, we have adopted the concept of transition state for shell filling in atoms. We have calculated the exchange term of the many-body Hamiltonian using the local spin density approximation (LSDA). Comparison with the experimental data shows good agreement.
Whatever happened to direct-broadcast satellites?

Television broadcasting directly from satellites to homes would not only improve picture quality, it would bring programs with stereo sound to many millions in remote areas, and provide more program diversity, at lower cost, to viewers already served by terrestrial transmitters and cable. A few years ago, experts believed that direct satellite broadcasting was imminent and that viewers around the world would be enjoying its benefits by now.
Cooperative Controversies in the Classroom

In competition, one wins and others who play the game lose. For losers, common outcomes are high num bers of casualties, anger and resent ment, low self-esteem, sabotage, and in many cases, low productivity (Baron 1988; Fouriezos, Hutt, and Guetzkow 1950; Johnson and Johnson 1985a, 1987; Stover 1988). On the other hand, we can promote cooperation in the classroom. After all, few people have ever made it to the top without the help and support of others. Perhaps the most important lesson for students in any discipline today is the knowledge and skill of how to get along and work with others. With a shift in paradigm from a competitive model to a cooperative one, the college classroom can become a laboratory in which beneficial group learning takes place (Astin 1987; Bruf fee 1987; Johnson, Johnson, and Smith 1988; Smith 1985). Slavin (1987,8) de fines cooperative learning as "instruc tional methods in which students of all performance levels work together in small groups toward a group goal. The essential feature of cooperative learn ing is that the success of one student helps other students to be successful."
Student Characteristics That Predict Persistence in Community College Online Courses

Abstract This study examined the student characteristics of learning style, locus of control, computer experience and access, and online course experience on persistence of community college students in online courses. An online survey instrument based on the Barsch Learning Style Inventory (1996), the Abbreviated Measure of Internal–External Locus of Control (1974), and a computer experience scale that was developed by the researchers was completed by 225 students enrolled in online courses at five Florida community colleges. Logistic regression analysis identified a three-variable model (auditory learning style, grade point average, and basic computer skills) that was significant in predicting online student success. Academic and student support interventions are suggested for community college students who may be affected by these predictors.
Etiology and prognosis of alpha coma

We reviewed our experience with alpha coma, the finding of predominantly alpha-frequency rhythms in the EEGs of unconscious patients, and identified 50 patients. Cardiac arrest, either inside (n = 25) or outside (n = 24) the hospital, was the cause of unconsciousness in all except one patient who had hyperglycemic, hyperosmolar coma. After out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the risk of never regaining consciousness or dying during hospitalization did not differ significantly between unconscious patients with (n = 24) and without (n = 69) alpha frequencies in their EEGs. A review of the literature supports our findings that alpha coma most commonly follows cardiac arrest and does not preclude the possibility of neurologic recovery. We conclude that alpha coma is a descriptive term and lacks prognostic significance in itself.
Cloudlets: at the leading edge of cloud-mobile convergence

Since the dawn of mobile computing two decades ago, the unique constraints of mobility have shaped the software architectures of systems. We now stand at the threshold of the next major transformation in computing: one in which the rich sensing and interaction capabilities of mobile devices are seamlessly fused with compute-intensive and data-intensive processing in the cloud. This heralds a new genre of software that augments human perception and cognition in a mobile context.A major obstacle to realizing this vision is the large and variable end-to-end WAN latency between mobile device and cloud, and the possibility of WAN disruptions. Cloudlets have emerged as an architectural solution to this problem. A cloudlet represents the middle tier of a 3-tier hierarchy: mobile device -- cloudlet -- cloud, and can be viewed as a "data center in a box" whose goal is to "bring the cloud closer". A cloudlet-based hardware/software ecosystem inspires futuristic visions such as cognitive assistance for attention-challenged mobile users, scalable crowd-sourcing of first-person video, and ubiquitous mobile access to one's legacy world. Realizing these visions will require many technical challenges to be overcome. It will also require us to rethink a wide range of issues in areas such as privacy, software licensing, and business models.
A kinematic wave theory of multi-commodity network traffic flow

Abstract A systematic understanding of traffic dynamics on road networks is crucial for many transportation studies and can help to develop more efficient ramp metering, evacuation, signal control, and other management and control strategies. In this study, we present a theory of multi-commodity network traffic flow based on the Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) model. In particular, we attempt to analyze kinematic waves of the Riemann problem for a general junction with multiple upstream and downstream links. In this theory, kinematic waves on a link can be determined by its initial condition and prevailing stationary state. In addition to a stationary state, a flimsy interior state can develop next to the junction on a link. In order to pick out unique, physical solutions, we introduce two types of entropy conditions in supply-demand space such that (i) speeds of kinematic waves should be negative on upstream links and positive on downstream links, and (ii) fair merging and First-In-First-Out diverging rules are used to prescribe fluxes from interior states. We prove that, for given initial upstream demands, turning proportions, and downstream supplies, there exists a unique critical demand level satisfying the entropy conditions. It follows that stationary states and kinematic waves on all links exist and are unique, since they are uniquely determined by the critical demand level. For a simple model of urban or freeway intersections with four upstream and four downstream links, we demonstrate that theoretical solutions are consistent with numerical ones from a multi-commodity Cell Transmission Model. In a sense, the proposed theory can be considered as the continuous version of the multi-commodity Cell Transmission Model with fair merging and First-In-First-Out diverging rules. Finally we discuss future research topics along this line.
DNA POLYMERASES IN FRACTIONATED RAT BRAIN NUCLEI

— —Adult rat brain nuclei were separated by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation into astrocyte enriched, neuron enriched, and oligodendrocyte/microglia fractions. Nuclear fractions were subjected to velocity sucrose gradient centrifugation and gradient fractions assayed using relatively specific reaction mixtures for DNA polymerase-α, -β and TdT. NEM resistant DNA polymerase activity (DNA polymerase-β) was detected in equivalent amounts in all nuclear fractions. High molecular weight NEM sensitive activity (DNA polymerase-α) was found primarily in the neuron enriched fraction. The significance of the presence of DNA polymerase-α, an enzyme thought to be involved in DNA replication, in a cell incapable of cell division is unknown. TdT was detected in all fractions with increased activity in the neuron enriched fraction. The finding of TdT in thymocytes and neurons further supports the hypothesis that this enzyme is involved in the storage of noninherited information.
JPL pulsar timing observations. IV - Excess phase noise

Previously published tables of geocentric arrival times for 24 pulsars covering a 12 year span are extended here to 14.5 years. The list of pulsars is extended by nine, most of which were observed for about 4 years. Known positins of these new objects are confirmed, and limits on the proper motions are obtained. Large phase excursions in PSR 0525 + 21 are found. The orbital parameters of the binary pulsar 0820 + 02 are tentatively confirmed. Short-term timing noise in excess of that expected from receiver considerations alone is established. Variations in the timing residuals for the original 24 pulsars are analyzed for correlations with other observable parameters. Little significant correlation with changes in pulse shape or energy or with the drift correction is found on time scales of 500 pulses or longer.
A 65nm CMOS ultra low power and low noise 131M front-end transimpedance amplifier

In this paper, the design, implementation and simulation of a high-transimpedance gain, ultra low-power dissipation and low-noise CMOS front-end transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is presented. For interfacing with bio-sensor array and analog neuron circuit, an improved capacitive-feedback TIA topology is adopted with active load to obtain a 131M gain, 1.45MHz bandwidth, 90.8fA/rt(Hz) input-referred current noise at the sampling frequency, less than 1° phase response at the sampling frequency, and 520mV peak-to-peak output swing. The proposed circuit dissipates less than 30µW with 0.8V supply voltage, and the circuit is implemented in 65nm CMOS Predictive Technology Model.
Conceptualizing a Secure Wireless Cloud

The interest in cloud computing by organizations has driven a core desire to become more effective and efficient with information technology (IT). Cloud computing enables organizations to utilize instantly provisioned scalable IT resources on a pay-per-use basis. The wireless grid provides a new model for heterogeneous devices to share physical and virtual resources within an ad-hoc environment with no dedicated server needed to manage the network. Both of these technologies provide new opportunities to provide innovative architectures but also have a number of security related issues that concern many potential users. Despite the potential benefits, each integration of a cloud computing and a wireless grid architecture raise even more concerns related to information security than each architecture alone. As a new paradigm for organizational strategic initiatives, these are the issues which prevent cloud computing and wireless grid solutions from becoming the prevalent integration for an operational system. This article will identify a wireless cloud architecture and identify potential vulnerabilities and threats to a wireless cloud solution. We also identify the beginnings of a promising wireless grid security architecture, which focuses on a wireless cloud authentication, authorization and access control process.
Zodiac: efficient impact analysis for storage area networks

Currently, the fields of impact analysis and policy based management are two important storage management topics that are not being treated in an integrated manner. Policy-based storage management is being adopted by most storage vendors because it lets system administrators specify high level policies and moves the complexity of enforcing these policies to the underlying management software. Similarly, proactive impact analysis is becoming an important aspect of storage management because system administrators want to assess the impact of making a change before actually making it. Impact analysis is increasingly becoming a complex task when one is dealing with a large number of devices and workloads. Adding the policy dimension to impact analysis (that is, what policies are being violated due to a particular action) makes this problem even more complex.In this paper we describe a new framework and a set of optimization techniques that combine the fields of impact analysis and policy management. In this framework system administrators define policies for performance, interoperability, security, availability, and then proactively assess the impact of desired changes on both the system observables and policies. Additionally, the proposed optimizations help to reduce the amount of data and the number of policies that need to be evaluated. This improves the response time of impact analysis operations. Finally, we also propose a new policy classification scheme that classifies policies based on the algorithms that can be used to optimize their evaluation. Such a classification is useful in order to efficiently evaluate user-defined policies. We present an experimental study that quantitatively analyzes the framework and algorithms on real life storage area network policies. The algorithms presented in this paper can be leveraged by existing impact analysis and policy engine tools.
The Economic Geography of the Internet’s Infrastructure

The Internet is perhaps the defining technology of the emerging twenty-first century. This article examines the infrastructure that comprises the “network of networks” and the spatial patterns that...
An accumulation map for the Greenland dry‐snow facies derived from spaceborne radar

[1] An important component of ice sheet mass balance calculations is the snow accumulation rate, traditionally determined across the ice sheet from interpolated ice core data. We derive an accumulation rate map within the Greenland dry-snow facies, using C-band radar backscatter and the mean annual temperature. Values for the backscatter were obtained from the ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar mosaic acquired during September–November 1992. An empirical equation, based on elevation and latitude, is used to determine the mean annual temperature. We examine the influence of accumulation rate, and mean annual temperature on C-band (5.3 GHz) radar backscatter, using a forward model, which incorporates snow metamorphosis and radar backscatter components. Our model is run over a range of accumulation and temperature conditions, consistent with the Greenland dry-snow facies. On the basis of our modeled results, a look-up table is generated, which uniquely maps the measured radar backscatter and mean annual temperature to accumulation rate. Our results compare favorably (15.4% average difference) with 124 in situ accumulation rate measurements falling within our study area. We attribute some of the differences to (1) unreliable in situ data points, which were based on a single year's accumulation and (2) a systematic underestimate of accumulation rate by our forward model in the low-accumulation regions associated with the northern portion of our map. With questionable data points and those above 77°N removed, the average differences were less than 10.3%, as determined from 73 ice cores.
INVESTIGATION OF IRON-SULFUR COVALENCY IN RUBREDOXINS AND A MODEL SYSTEM USING SULFUR K-EDGE X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the sulfur K-edge at ∼2470 eV has been applied to a series of mononuclear iron−sulfur complexes to determine the covalency and its distribution over the ligand fiel...
Chemical/Mechanical Analyses of Anhydride-Cured Thermosetting Epoxys: DGEBA/NMA/BDMA

The chemical state of cure in a thermosetting resin was used to predict the resin's equilibrium modulus. High performance liquid chromatography analyses of the sol fraction yielded molar dynamics for monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric molecules. Their population density distributions were compared with theoretical predictions based on a chain-growth polymerization mechanism. The resulting chemical estimates of the state of cure were integrated into calculations yielding concentrations of network structures within the gel that contribute to the density of elastically active strands and junctions. The theory of rubber elasticity was then used to predict the equilibrium modulus. Measurements incorporated dynamic mechanical analysis. A comprehensive understanding of the polymerization mechanism and cure history are required for accurate simulations of contributions from branch nodes and chain links. Deterministic models based solely on chemical reaction analysis were used to estimate chain connectivity with...
Fish oil and neurovascular control in humans

The antihypertensive influence of fish oil is controversial, and the mechanisms remain unclear. Because the inverse relation between fish oil and hypertension appears to be partially dependent on the degree of hypertension, we tested the hypothesis that fish oil would elicit more dramatic reductions in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in prehypertensive (PHT) compared with normotensive (NT) subjects. Resting MAP, MSNA, and heart rate (HR) were examined before and after 8 wk of fish oil (9 g/day; 1.6 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 1.1 g docosahexaenoic acid) or placebo (olive oil; 9 g/day) in 38 NT (19 fish oil; 19 placebo) and 29 PHT (15 fish oil; 14 placebo) volunteers. Fish oil did not alter resting MAP, MSNA, or HR in either NT (80 ± 1 to 80 ± 1 mmHg; 11 ± 2 to 10 ± 1 bursts/min; 71 ± 2 to 71 ± 2 beats/min) or PHT (88 ± 2 to 87 ± 1 mmHg; 11 ± 2 to 10 ± 2 bursts/min; 73 ± 2 to 73 ± 2 beats/min) subjects. When NT and PHT groups were consolidated, analysis of covariance confirmed that pretreatment resting MAP was not associated with changes in MSNA after fish oil. In contrast, pretreatment resting HR was correlated with changes in MSNA (r = 0.47; P = 0.007) and MAP (r = 0.42; P < 0.007) after fish oil but not placebo. In conclusion, fish oil did not alter sympathetic neural control in NT or PHT subjects. However, our findings suggest that fish oil is associated with modest sympathoinhibition in individuals with higher resting heart rates, a finding that is consistent with a recent meta-analysis examining the relations among fish oil, HR, and the risk of cardiovascular disease.
An approximation method for obtaining a maximized multiple criterion

A new approximation method for obtaining a maximized multiple criterion, based on the formula of Edgerton and Kolbe (2), is presented. By applications to examples from the literature (1, 2), the new method is evaluated in comparison with the Horst approximation (1), a suggested revision of the Horst procedure, and the more exact but more laborious iterative method for the principal axis solution of Hotelling.
Continuously Tunable 250 GHz Gyrotron with a Double Disk Window for DNP-NMR Spectroscopy

In this paper, we describe the design and experimental results from the rebuild of a 250 GHz gyrotron used for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization enhanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy on a 380 MHz spectrometer. Tuning bandwidth of approximately 2 GHz is easily achieved at a fixed magnetic field of 9.24 T and a beam current of 95 mA producing an average output power of >10 W over the entire tuning band. This tube incorporates a double disk output sapphire window in order to maximize the transmission at 250.58 GHz. DNP Signal enhancement of >125 is achieved on a 13C-Urea sample using this gyrotron.
Long-Term Followup of Bankart Reconstruction: Incidence of Late Degenerative Glenohumeral Arthrosis

We identified 52 patients (56 shoulders) who underwent Bankart reconstructions for recurrent anterior instability between 1970 and 1983. We wanted to determine the prevalence of late degenerative arthrosis of the glenohumeral joint. Thirty-one patients (33 shoulders) returned for evaluation consisting of a questionnaire, physical examination, and radiographs, at an average 15-year followup. A true anteroposterior view and an axillary lateral view of both shoulders were obtained to identify signs of glenohumeral degenerative disease. The Bankart rating score devised by Rowe et al. was used to determine the subjective and objective outcome. The average Bankart score was 84. Average restriction of external rotation was 18 degrees with the arm at the side and 15 degrees with the arm abducted 90 degrees. Radiographic evaluation showed that 13 operated shoulders had normal radiographs, 14 had minimal degenerative changes, 3 had moderate changes, and 1 had severe changes. The patient with severe degenerative changes had marked restriction of external rotation of his operated shoulder. Statistical analysis using Spearman correlation coefficients revealed that there was a relationship between degenerative radiographic changes and restriction of external rotation with the arm abducted 90 degrees and length of followup, although correlations were limited because of the small number of patients with degenerative changes.
Predicting the Diffusion Coefficients in Supercritical Fluids

In this paper a semiempirical expression is proposed for the calculation of the diffusion coefficients of solutes in supercritical fluids at infinite dilution. This equation contains two terms: th...
The maligning of a country doctor.

521 ABSTRACT This article traces the misidentification of the subject of an illustra- tion in a text about women and illness in the 19th century. The heroic efforts of sur- gical pioneer Ephraim McDowell (1771-1830) and his brave patient Jane Todd Craw- ford are returned to their rightful place in medical history.
Abstract ED03-03: Tools for analysis of genome-wide methylation data: An application to prostate cancer

One of the major obstacles to effect treatment of cancer is tumor heterogeneity. Identification of markers that dictate avenues of treatment would be powerful tools in the fight against cancer. One potential marker that could be used is epigenetics. New analysis methods for epigenetic include genome-wide chips covering over 450,000 methylation sites located throughout the genome. This talk will focus on different methods of analysis for genome-wide methylation data from prostate cancer, and samples from healthy prostate samples. In addition, integration of methylation data with genetic data and additional molecular data (RNA profiling) will be discussed. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):ED03-03.
ACM SIGPLAN history of programming languages conference ALGOL 60 language summary

The term ALGOL is reported to have sprung from “ALGOrithmic Language”. Many forget, however, that ALGOL is the second brightest star in the constellation Perseus and part of an eclipsing binary. ALGOL exhibits a variation in light, which is caused by the fact that once every 69-odd hours it is partially eclipsed by a dark body, its partner star, for about 10 hours. But note that ALGOL always manages to regain its brilliance. ALGOL and its eclipsing companion (could it be FORTRAN?) are miles and miles apart (about 6,000,000).ALGOL 60 and FORTRAN are both algebraic languages designed primarily for writing programs to solve numerical problems. Both have simple variables and arrays, declarations, assignment statements, conditional and iterative statements, and procedures (subroutines).
Spatial and Seasonal Patterns of Phytophagous Thrips in Soybean Fields with Comments on Sampling Techniques

Two species of phytophagous thrips, Sericothrips variabilis (Beach) and Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), colonized soybean plants in Urbana, Illinois, Lexington, Kentucky, and Columbia, Missouri. Numbers of these thrips generally did not vary significantly among plots nor among plants within plots. However, both species were unevenly distributed on the plants. All stages of F. tritici were concentrated in terminal buds and blossoms. Adults of S. variabilis were found most commonly on the uppermost fully expanded trifoliolate or the trifoliolate immediately below it. Larvae of S. variabilis were generally concentrated on the 3rd–6th trifoliolates below the terminal. Both species occurred in soybean fields throughout the growing season, but F. tritici was rare at Columbia. Populations of F. tritici peaked earlier than those of S. variabilis at Lexington and Urbana. Also, early season population densities of both species were generally higher and rates of population buildup and decline were more pronounced at the Kentucky site. Since soybeans appear to be most vulnerable to attack by S. variabilis between stages V1 and V6, sampling should be concentrated during the vegetative stages of the crop for most purposes. Although selection of sampling methods for estimating population density of both species depends on the purpose for sampling, primary consideration should be given to the parts of the plants from which the sample units are to be taken.
Loss of heterozygosity from the short arm of chromosome 8 is associated with invasive behavior in breast cancer.

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) from the short arm of chromosome 8 (8p) is frequent in many human cancers, including breast, colon, prostate, and bladder cancers. LOH occurs in two regions of 8p, 8p21 and 8p22, and suggests the presence of two separate tumor suppressor genes. In breast cancers, 8p LOH occurs in both early and late clinical stage tumors, while in colon, prostate, and bladder cancers, there is an association between 8p LOH and advanced clinical stage. We investigated this discrepancy by comparing 8p LOH in infiltrating ductal carcinomas (IDC) to breast cancers of earlier clinical stage, i.e., tumors with no invasion [ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)-only tumors]. We used three markers which sample several reported loci of 8p LOH. We microdissected tumor from paraffin blocks of 39 IDC and 23 DCIS-only breast cancers and amplified tumor/normal DNA pairs for the microsatellite markers D8S254 (8p22), D8S133 (8p21.3), and NEFL (8p21). All cases of IDC were informative with at least one marker, with a combined rate of LOH of 46%. The results for each marker were [no. LOH/no. informative (%)]: D8S254, 8/26 (31%); D8S133 12/31 (39%), and NEFL, 9/25 (36%). In the DCIS-only group, all 23 were informative for at least one marker, but 8p LOH was absent. We conclude that 8p LOH from 8p21-22 is frequent in IDC of the breast, but absent in DCIS-only cases, and may play a role in breast cancer progression by conferring invasive ability.
The immunohistochemical demonstration of noradrenergic neurons in the rat brain: The use of homologous antiserum to dopamine-β-hydroxylase

Abstract The immunohistochemical localization of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) in central noradrenergic neurons of the rat is greatly improved by the use of homologous antiserum (i.e. antibody against purified rat DBH). This antiserum, which has a several thousand-fold greater affinity for rat DBH than does heterologous antibody, is used at a 1:500 dilution with low concentrations of detergent. This method applied to paraformaldehyde-perfused tissue consistently yields highly sensitive and selective staining with excellent cytologic preservation of fine neuronal processes.
Gene transfer into human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+cells by particle-mediated gene transfer

Delivery of genes into hematopoietic progenitor cells offers an attractive means for the introduction of corrective or protective genes into cells of both the myeloid and lymphoid lineage. Previously, investigators have often used murine retroviral vectors for gene delivery which require cells to be cycling for efficient delivery. We describe a nonviral method of gene delivery using particle-mediated gene transfer to obviate many disadvantages of viral vectors related to safety, production costs and the need for cell cycle proliferation. Using a CMV-CAT reporter plasmid, we show transfection of highly purified CD34+ cells isolated from umbilical cord blood. Effective gene transfer was shown in unstimulated and in growth-stimulated cells. Fol- lowing transfection with a neomycin resistance gene, differentiation into cells of the myeloid lineage was observed, assayed by CFU-GM in the presence of G-418. Both unstimulated and stimulated cells gave rise to CFU-GM in the presence of G-418, indicating that stable expression of the neomycin resistance gene was maintained in early progenitors. These results demonstrate that particle-mediated gene transfer into human hematopoietic cells from umbilical cord blood can be achieved without affecting their CFU-GM differentiation potential. This gene transfer method offers an alternative approach to gene therapy studies involving human hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Advancing the Conversation: The Roles of Discussants, Session Chairs, and Audience Members at AERA’s Annual Meeting

The value of an academic conference lies in its ability to engage attendees in ongoing scholarly conversations. Such engagement depends on presentations that are intellectually sound and effectively delivered, but it also requires thoughtful participation by discussants, session chairs, and audience members. Shared understanding of the responsibilities that accompany these roles would help advance the conversation of educational scholarship. By adhering to a few simple principles, participants at AERA’s annual meeting could better ensure that the conference lives up to its potential for promoting meaningful dialogue.
Mono-through hexanucleotide composition of the Escherichia coli genome: a Markov chain analysis

Abstract Several statistical methods were tested for accuracy in predicting observed frequencies of di- through hexanucleotides in 74,444 bp of E. coli DNA. A Markov chain was most accurate overall, whereas other methods, including a random model based on mononucleotide frequencies, were very inaccurate. When ranked highest to lowest abundance, the observed frequencies of oligonucleotides up to six bases in length in E. coli DNA were highly asymmetric. All ordered abundance plots had a wide linear range containing the majority of the oligomers which deviated sharply at the high and low ends of the curves. In general, values predicted by a Markov chain closely followed the overall shape of the ordered abundance curves. A simple equation was derived by which the frequency of any nucleotide longer than four bases in the E. coli genome (or any genome) can be relatively accurately estimated from the nested set of component tri- and tetranucleotides by serial application of a 3rd order Markov chain. The equation yielded a mean ratio of 1.03 +/- 0.94 for the observed-to-expected frequencies of the 4,096 hexanucleotides. Hence, the method is a relatively accurate but not perfect predictor of the length in nucleotides between hexanucleotide sites. Higher accuracy can be achieved using a 4th order Markov chain and larger data sets. The high asymmetry in oligonucleotide abundance means that in the E. coli genome of 4.2 X 10(6) bp many relatively short sequences of 7-9 bp are very rare or absent.
A Computer Program, AMCLA, to Analyze Aromatic Mixture and Coal Liquid

Abstract The AMCLA (Aromatic Mixture and Coal Liquid Analysis) computer program has been written for characterizing coal liquids. It may also be used in analyzing aromatic materials. This program is capable of generating all the structures of logically possible components of a mixture from input data obtained directly from elemental analysis, high resolution, non-fragmenting mass spectrometer, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. The results are printed out, in order of priority, in a form that is very similar to the conventional structural formula. The program has been successfully tested with different sample data, including data from both pure compounds and mixtures, to prove its abilities. Analysis of ether-eluted fraction of synthoil asphaltene has been done by the AMCLA program. The results compare well with those obtained in previous work.
Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions with Antimicrobial Agents

As new classes of antimicrobial drugs have become available, and new uses found for older drugs, pharmacokinetic drug interactions with antimicrobials have become more common. Macrolides, fluoroquinolones, rifamycins, azoles and other agents can interact adversely with commonly used drugs, usually by altering their hepatic metabolism. The mechanisms by which antimicrobial agents alter the biotransformation of other drugs is increasingly understood to reflect inhibition or induction of specific cytochrome P450 enzymes. Macrolides inhibit cytochrome P450IIIA4 (CYP3A4), which appears to be the most common metabolic enzyme in the human liver and is involved in the metabolism of many drugs, including cyclosporin, warfarin and terfenadine. Some quinolones preferentially inhibit CYP1A2, which is partially responsible for methylxanthine metabolism. Azoles appear to be broad spectrum inhibitors of cytochromes P450. Within each of these antibiotic classes, there is a rank order of inhibitory potency towards specific cytochrome P450 enzymes. By contrast, rifampicin (rifampin) and rifabutin induce several cytochromes P450, including CYP3A4, and hence can enhance the metabolism of many other drugs. By using in vitro preparations of human enzymes it is increasingly possible to predict those antibiotics that will adversely affect the metabolism of other drugs. In addition, between-patient variability in frequency of interaction may relate to differences in the activities of these enzymes. Although the mechanisms and scope of these interactions are becoming well characterised, the remaining challenge is how to best inform the clinician so that the undesirable consequences of interactions may be prevented.
Microglia and monocytes: 'tis plain the twain meet in the brain

In a model of multiple sclerosis, tracing the fates of peripheral myeloid cells versus microglia fingers the peripheral cells in paralysis onset. Despite vigorous accumulation, peripheral cells disappear after disease resolution.
Crop domestication disrupts a native tritrophic interaction associated with the sunflower, Helianthus annuus (Asterales: Asteraceae)

. 1. Crop domestication has been a largely overlooked factor that may explain why insect herbivores tend to be more abundant and less attacked in agricultural habitats than in native habitats. This study explores how domestication of the sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., affects the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and its parasitoids. 2. Common garden experiments were used to assess the effect of domestication on larval abundance in an agricultural and a native habitat. The effect of domestication on parasitism was determined using two studies: one study that manipulated nitrogen according to levels found in agricultural and native habitats, and a second common garden study in the native habitat. 3. At peak infestation in the agricultural common garden, larval abundance was 10 times higher on agricultural plants than on wild plants. In contrast, larval abundance did not differ between plant genotypes in the native habitat. 4. Larvae were four times more likely to be parasitised on wild sunflowers than on agricultural sunflowers, and three times more likely to be parasitised on low nitrogen plants than on high nitrogen plants. Parasitism did not differ between agricultural and wild plants in the native habitat, where flowers were more similar in size. 5. Sunflower domestication has increased larval abundance, accelerated larval development, and lowered parasitism. The magnitude of the effect appears to depend upon nutrient availability. Thus, domestication can disrupt tritrophic interactions, and may help explain why some insect pests are more abundant and less attacked in agro-ecosystems.
Experiencing Cultural Geography in the Birthplace of the Blues

Over time, fewer and fewer geography scholars have the opportunity to actually engage in fieldwork. This article summarizes a field experience shared by a group of geography faculty and students wh...
Invited review: biophysical properties of sodium channels in lung alveolar epithelial cells.

Amiloride-sensitive sodium channels in the lung play an important role in lung fluid balance. Particularly in the alveoli, sodium transport is closely regulated to maintain an appropriate fluid lay...
Control of Senescence in Rumex Leaf Discs by Gibberellic Acid

The kinetics of chlorophyll and protein decomposition and the effect of gibberellic acid (GA) were examined in senescing leaf discs of Rumex crispus and R. obtusifolius. Loss of Rumex total chlorophyll proceeds at a slow rate for about 2 days followed by a period of rapid logarithmic decline. Chlorophyll b is lost at a slightly faster rate than chlorophyll a during senescence in discs as well as in situ. GA causes a complete cessation of net chlorophyll and protein degradation for several days in Rumex, in contrast to the incomplete senescence inhibition generally observed with cytokinins. GA is fully effective even when added at the middle of the logarithmic phase of chlorophyll loss. Senescence inhibition by GA is apparently gradually reversed upon GA removal. The cytokinins, kinetin and 6-benzylaminopurine, were also effective in Rumex leaf discs, indicating that the senescence retarding effect was not restricted to the gibberellins.
Understanding interventions and outcomes in mothers of infants.

The first two years after an infant's birth is a time of transition for mothers as changes in roles, responsibilities, expectations, and behaviors occur in response to the demands of caring for new...