cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application Of The Radon Transform To Optical Production Of The Wigner Distribution Function

The Wigner distribution function (WDF), a simultaneous coordinate and frequency representation of a signal, has properties useful in pattern recognition. Because the WDF is computationally demanding, its use is not usually appropriate in digital processing. Optical schemes have been developed to compute the WDF for one-dimensional (1 -D) signals, often using acousto-optic signal transducers. Some recent work has demonstrated the computation of two-dimensional (2-D) slices of the four-dimensional (4-D) WDF of a 2-D input transparency. In this latter case, the required 2-D Fourier transformation is performed by coherent optics. We demonstrate that computation of the WDF of real 2-D signals is susceptible to Radon transform solution. The 2-D operation is reduced to a series of 1 -D operations on the line-integral projections. The required projection data are produced optically, and the Fourier transformation is performed by efficient 1 -D processors (surface acoustic wave filters) by means of the chirp-transform algorithm. The resultant output gives 1 -D slices through the 4-D WDF nearly in real time, and the computation is not restricted to coherently illuminated transparencies. This approach may be useful in distinguishing patterns with known texture direction. The optical setup is easily modified to produce the cross-Wigner distribution function, a special case of the complex, or windowed, spectrogram.
Health‐Care Costs: Discussion of “The Impact of Changes in Regulation on Cost Behavior”

In this discussion, I use Holzhacker, Krishnan, and Mahlendorf (this issue), hereafter HKM, as a point of departure from which to discuss the current state of the two research areas to which they contribute. I will present some big-picture thoughts on research opportunities in their source literatures — the literature on financial management in health care and the literature on cost stickiness — and speculate as to where these literatures might go in the future.
Topological analysis of long-chain branching patterns in polyolefins.

Patterns in molecular topology and complexity for long-chain branching are quantitatively described. The Wiener number, the topological complexity index, and a new index of 3-starness are used to quantify polymer structure. General formulas for these indices were derived for the cases of 3-arm star, H-shaped, and B-arm comb polymers. The factors affecting complexity in monodisperse polymer systems are ranked as follows: number of arms ≫ arm length > arm central position ≈ arm clustering > total molecular weight ≈ backbone molecular weight. Topological indices change rapidly and then plateau as the molecular weight of branches on a polyolefin backbone increases from 0 to 5 kD. Complexity calculations relate 2-arm or 3-arm comb structures to the corresponding 3-arm stars of equivalent complexity but much higher molecular weight. In a subsequent paper, we report the application of topological analysis for developing structure/property relationships for monodisperse polymers. While the focus of the present w...
A sum theorem for (FPV) operators and normal cones

Abstract In his 2008 book “From Hahn–Banach to Monotonicity”, S. Simons mentions that the proof of Lemma 41.3, which was presented in the previous edition of his book “Minimax and Monotonicity” in 1998, is incorrect, and one does not know if this lemma and its consequences are true. The aim of this short note is not only to give a proof to the mentioned lemma but also to improve upon it by relaxing one of its assumptions.
The Landauer resistance and band spectra for the counting quantum turing machine

Abstract In other work, the generalized counting quantum turing machine (GCQTM) was studied. For any N this machine enumerates the first 2 N integers in succession as binary strings. The generalization consists of associating a potential with read 1 steps only. The Landauer resistance (LR) and band spectra were determined for the tight binding Hamiltonians associated with the GCQTM for energies below the potential height. Here these calculations are extended to energies both above and below the barrier height. For parameters and potentials in the electron region, the LR fluctuates rapidly between very high and very low values as a function of momentum. The rapidity and extent of the fluctuations increases rapidly with increasing N . For N = 18, the largest value considered, the LR shows good transmission probability as a function of momentum with numerous holes of very high LR values present. This is true for energies both above and below the potential height. It is suggested that the main features of the LR can be explained by coherent superposition of the component waves reflected from or transmitted through or across the 2 N −1 potentials present in the distribution. If this explanation is correct, it provides a dramatic illustration of the effects of quantum nonlocality.
Novel, Organically Doped, Sol–Gel‐Derived Materials for Photonics: Multiphasic Nanostructured Composite Monoliths and Optical Fibers

Sol-gel-processed organic-inorganic hybrid materials combine the merits of inorganic glass and organic molecules, and are therefore a class of materials with good potential for photonics. In this review, two approaches which have shown promising results for producing useful materials for photonics are described: (i) a novel way to fabricate organically doped, multiphasic nanostructured composite monoliths and (ii) a method of fabrication of organically doped, sol-gel-derived optical fibers. For each approach, the preparation process is presented, together with selected applications such as multidye solid-state tunable laser, multiphasic optical power limiter, a micron-scale chemical-sensing and biosensing fibers and solid-state dye-doped fiber lasers.
Clofarabine for Cytoreduction Prior to Allogeneic Transplant Conditioning for Refractory Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Abstract Abstract 4506 The treatment of primary refractory and relapsed refractory acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is unclear. We report on a retrospective analysis of all patients who received clofarabine for refractory AML immediately prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation between 2006 and 2011. Eleven patients with refractory AML received clofarabine 40 mg/m2 with or without cytarabine 100mg/m2 prior to allogeneic transplantation. Nine patients had primary refractory disease and two were in first relapse. The median age was 62 (24–66) with 6 men and 5 women. Three patients had de novo AML, seven had prior MDS and one had prior polycythemia vera. One patient had undergone a prior autologous stem cell transplant. Cytoreduction with less than 10% blasts in the marrow was achieved in forty-four percent of patients. Two patients died prior to time of transplant due to infectious complications. At the time of transplant, six of the patients (66%) had infectious complications at time of transplantation. Three of the patients (33%) had documented bacteremia prior to transplant. Of the nine patients who proceeded to allogeneic transplantation, six received reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) consisting of extracorporeal photopheresis for two days, Pentostatin 4mg/m2 × 2 days and 600 cGy fractionated TBI. Three patients received myeloablative conditioning with two patients receiving Cytoxan/TBI 1200 cGy and one patient receiving Busulfan/Cytoxan. Grade I-II hyperbilirubinemia and Grade I-II transaminitis were documented in four patients (44%) and five patients (55%) of patients after clofarabine administration prior to transplant, respectively. Grade I acute GvHD occurred in five patients (55%) and grade II acute GvHD was present in two patients (22%). No patient developed Grade III or IV acute GvHD. The 100 day transplant-related mortality was 1/3 (33%) and 4/6 (66%) in the RIC group and in the myeloablative conditioning group, respectively. One patient died of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome on day 20. The 100 day overall survival in patients who did not achieve effective cytoreduction was comparable to those with effective cytoreduction at 60% and 50%, respectively. The one year overall survival was 22%. One patient is alive and disease-free with out GVHD at 57 months. Our findings demonstrate that survival at 100 days and one year was independent of clofarabine cytoreduction. These results suggest that effective cytoreduction with clofarabine is not necessary for a prolonged response in patients with refractory AML. The one-year overall survival in this heavily pretreated refractory patient population is comparable to published data. Treatment related mortality was high, particularly in those patients who received a myeloablative conditioning which is attributable to infectious complications. However, the use of clofarabine followed by a RIC allogeneic transplant was tolerated and may be associated with a prolonged response. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Understanding the High‐Resolution X‐Ray Spectra of Early‐Type Stars

Fig. 1.—Chandra Medium Energy Grating spectra of the six target stars, showing emission from Hand He-like S, Si, Ne, Mg, and O, along with a number of Fe ions (principally Fe xvii). Note the variety of emission line profile shapes. The jump in X-ray spectral resolution made possible by the orbiting Chandra X-Ray Observatory has inspired a host of new techniques for determining the locations, motions, and temperature structures of the X-ray–emitting plasma of hot stars. Although steady-state models of stellar winds are relatively well developed, X-rays offer a unique window on small-scale inhomogeneous structures in hot star winds. Currently, the most viable theory of X-ray generation in hot stars relies on small instabilities growing into X-ray–emitting shocks distributed throughout the wind. The advent of high-resolution X-ray data allows many new ways to test this paradigm that are applied here. In a detailed study of the O4f star z Pup (J. P. Cassinelli et al. 2001, ApJ, 554, L55), X-ray–emitting gas is found extremely close to the photosphere, a region where it would be difficult to generate strong shocks. The X-ray line profiles of z Pup do conform well to what would be expected from an Xray source embedded in an expanding, absorbing wind: they are broad because of the wind expansion, and their centroids are blueshifted because of wind absorption of X-rays originating on the far side of the wind. Achieving an understanding of the line profiles of the O9 III star d Ori is not as straightforward, however. The emission lines are surprisingly narrow and do not show the expected blueshift (N. A. Miller et al. 2002, ApJ, 577, 951). Detailed comparisons to theories of line profile generation are not able to resolve this discrepancy. A study of the six normal hot stars observed with Chandra (see Fig. 1) reveals that the good agreement found between the line profiles of z Pup and theoretical expectations is the exception, not the rule. Perhaps most puzzling, the X-ray line profiles of the two B stars studied are broadened by less than a couple of hundred kilometers per second, making it difficult to imagine how the X-ray–emitting gas can be related to the rapid outflow of the wind as a whole. A recently proposed infalling clump model for the B star t Sco (J. C. Howk et al. 2000, ApJ, 534, 348) can explain nearly all of its X-ray properties. However, this model probably does not explain all B star X-ray emission, for the other B star studied (b Cru) is a much dimmer and softer X-ray emitter.
On-site rectification of meteorological satellite pictures.

A method is described by which small local users of satellite-borne TV camera pictures can find the geographical position of features in the image. The main objectives are to minimize, first, the amount of information that has to be sent to the user and, second, the amount of computing he has to do. The method is primarily graphical. The user has a number of predrawn maps, with identified lines of latitude and preferably unidentified lines of longitude. The picture and the appropriate map are directly superimposed so that the latitude-longitude grid on the map can be traced through to the picture. The paper discusses the choice of map parameters and the method by which the user selects the appropriate map, finds the position of the sub-satellite point and the direction of the inertial velocity vector on the map (by corrections to the position of a hypothetical circular orbit satellite) and on the received picture (using attitude data), and superimposes map and picture.
Earth After the Moon Forming Impact

The Hadean Earth is widely and enduringly pictured as a world of exuberant volcanism, exploding meteors, huge craters, infernal heat, and billowing sulfurous steams; i.e., a world of fire and brimstone punctuated with blows to the head. In the background the Moon looms gigantic in the sky. The popular image has given it a name that celebrates our mythic roots. A hot early Earth is an inevitable consequence of accretion. The Moon-forming impact ensured that Earth as we know it emerged from a fog of silicate vapor. The impact separated the volatiles from the silicates. It took approx. 100 years to condense and rain out the bulk of the vaporized silicates, although relatively volatile elements may have remained present in the atmosphere throughout the magma ocena stage. The magma ocean lasted approx. 2 Myr, its lifetime prolonged by tidal heating and thermal blanketing by a thick CO2-rich steam atmosphere. Water oceans condensed quickly after the mantle solidified, but for some 10-100 Myr the surface would have stayed warm (approx. 500 K) until the CO2 was removed into the mantle. Thereafter the faint young Sun suggests that a lifeless Earth would always have been evolving toward a bitterly cold ice world, but the cooling trend was fiequently interrupted by volcanic or impact induced thaws. A cartoon history of water, temperature, and carbon dioxide in the aftermath of the moon-formining-impact is shown. How long it stays hot depends on how long it takes to scrub the C02 out of the atmosphere.
OPTIMUM HORIZONTAL GUIDANCE TECHNIQUES FOR AIRCRAFT

Some problems of automatic guidance of an aircraft in the horizontal plane are described. The horizontal guidance tasks, which such a flight control system should be capable of performing, were identified as being of three types: guiding the aircraft from any initial location and initial heading to (1) any final location and heading; (2) intercept and fly along a line of specified direction; and (3) a final location with arbitrary final heading. Guidance problems such as capturing an ILS beam at a specified point on the beam, intercepting a VOR radial, and point-to-point navigation can be formulated in terms of these problems. The guidance laws minimize the arc distance to fly between initial and final conditions subject to constraints on the minimum turning radius.
Ring-closing metathesis of olefinic peptides: design, synthesis, and structural characterization of macrocyclic helical peptides.

Heptapeptides containing residues with terminal olefin-derivatized side chains (3 and 4) have been treated with ruthenium alkylidene 1 and undergone facile ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM) to give 21- and 23-membered macrocyclic peptides (5 and 6). The primary structures of peptides 3 and 4 were based upon a previously studied heptapeptide (2), which was shown to adopt a predominantly 310-helical conformation in CDCl3 solution and an α-helical conformation in the solid state. Circular dichroism, IR, and solution-phase 1H NMR studies strongly suggested that acyclic precursors 3 and 4 and the fully saturated macrocyclic products 7 and 8 also adopted helical conformations in apolar organic solvents. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction of cyclic peptide 8 showed it to exist as a right-handed 310-helix up to the fifth residue. Solution-phase NMR structures of both acyclic peptide 4 and cyclic peptide 8 in CD2Cl2 indicated that the acyclic diene assumes a loosely 310-helical conformation, which is considerably...
A fast planar partition algorithm, II

Randomized, optimal algorithms to find a partition of the plane induced by a set of algebraic segments of a bounded degree, and a set of linear chains of a bounded degree, are given. This paper also provides a new technique for clipping, called virtual clipping, whose overhead per window W depends logarithmically on the number if intersections between the borders of W and the input segments. In contrast, the overhead of the conventional clipping technique depends linearly on this number of intersections. As an application of virtual clipping, a new simple and efficient algorithm for plannar point location is given.
IMAGING FAINT BROWN DWARF COMPANIONS CLOSE TO BRIGHT STARS WITH A SMALL, WELL-CORRECTED TELESCOPE APERTURE

We have used our 1.6 m diameter off-axis well-corrected subaperture (WCS) on the Palomar Hale telescope in concert with a small inner-working-angle phase-mask coronagraph to image the immediate environs of a small number of nearby stars. Test cases included three stars (HD 130948, HD 49197, and HR7672) with known brown dwarf companions at small separations, all of which were detected. We also present the initial detection of a new object close to the nearby young G0V star HD171488. Follow-up observations are needed to determine if this object is a bona fide companion, but its flux is consistent with the flux of a young brown dwarf or low-mass M star at the same distance as the primary. Interestingly, at small angles our WCS coronagraph demonstrates a limiting detectable contrast comparable to that of extant Lyot coronagraphs on much larger telescopes corrected with current-generation adaptive optics (AO) systems. This suggests that small apertures corrected to extreme AO (ExAO) levels can be used to carry out initial surveys for close brown dwarf and stellar companions, leaving follow-up observations for larger telescopes.
Observations on the composition of Prussian blue films and their electrochemistry

Prussian blue (PB) films grown on Pt and SnO2 electrodes are investigated by cyclic voltammetry, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), XPS, ferric equivalent weight determination, and spectroelectrochemistry.
A truncation depth rule of thumb for convolutional codes

The commonly used rule of thumb of 5 m for the truncation depth of a memory m convolutional code is accurate only for rate 1/2 codes and should be replaced by two to three times m/(1-r) for a rate r code.
On the asymptotics of some large Hankel determinants generated by Fisher–Hartwig symbols defined on the real line

We investigate the asymptotics of Hankel determinants of the form detj,k=0N−1[∫ΩdxωN(x)∏i=1m∣μi−x∣2qixj+k] as N→∞ with q and μ fixed, where Ω is an infinite subinterval of R and ωN(x) is a positive weight on Ω. Such objects are natural analogs of Toeplitz determinants generated by Fisher–Hartwig symbols, and arise in random matrix theory in the investigation of certain expectations involving random characteristic polynomials. The reduced density matrices of certain one-dimensional systems of trapped impenetrable bosons can also be expressed in terms of Hankel determinants of this form. We focus on the specific cases of scaled Hermite and Laguerre weights. We compute the asymptotics by using a duality formula expressing the N×N Hankel determinant as a 2(q1+⋯+qm)-fold integral, which is valid when each qi is natural. We thus verify, for such q, a recent conjecture of Forrester and Frankel derived using a log-gas argument.
ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION OF ECCENTRIC HOT NEPTUNE GJ436b

GJ436b is a unique member of the transiting extrasolar planet population being one of the smallest and least irradiated and possessing an eccentric orbit. Because of its size, mass, and density, GJ436b could plausibly have an atmospheric metallicity similar to Neptune (20-60 times solar abundances), which makes it an ideal target to study the effects of atmospheric metallicity on dynamics and radiative transfer in an extrasolar planetary atmosphere. We present three-dimensional atmospheric circulation models that include realistic non-gray radiative transfer for 1, 3, 10, 30, and 50 times solar atmospheric metallicity cases of GJ436b. Low metallicity models (1 and 3 times solar) show little day/night temperature variation and strong high-latitude jets. In contrast, higher metallicity models (30 and 50 times solar) exhibit day/night temperature variations and a strong equatorial jet. Spectra and light curves produced from these simulations show strong orbital phase dependencies in the 50 times solar case and negligible variations with orbital phase in the 1 times solar case. Comparisons between the predicted planet/star flux ratio from these models and current secondary eclipse measurements support a high metallicity atmosphere (30-50 times solar abundances) with disequilibrium carbon chemistry at play for GJ436b. Regardless of the actual atmospheric composition of GJ436b, our models serve to illuminate how metallicity influences the atmospheric circulation for a broad range of warm extrasolar planets.
Crystal structure of a copper complex of 2-carboxypentonic acid; a decomposition product of dehydroascorbic acid

In acidic aqueous solution and in the presence of copper(II), ascorbic acid is rapidly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, which rearranges to give the branched-chain dicarboxylic acid 2-carboxypentonic acid (1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid)(H3cpa). The ion cpa3– is sequestered by copper(II) to produce the insoluble crystalline product [Cu9Cl2(cpa)6(H2O)3]2–·xH2O. Characterization of the crystals by X-ray diffraction indicates that copper exists in two distinct environments, one of which is five-co-ordinate and the other six-co-ordinate, and that cpa3– makes seven bonds to copper. Channels of disordered solvent occupy 40% of the cell volume and pass completely through the crystals.
Photochemical trifluoromethylation of tyramine and L-tyrosine derivatives

Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation (254 nm) of methanolic solutions of trifluoromethyl iodide (CF3I) in the presence of side-chain-protected tyramine and L -tyrosine results in trifluoromethylation of the aromatic ring. The presence of an amine base to neutralize HI formed during the reaction is essential. The electrophilic trifluoromethyl radical preferentially attacks the ring ortho to the phenolic group, and 3-trifluoromethyltyramine and 3-trifluoromethyl- L -tyrosine derivatives were obtained in yields of 27% and 33%, respectively.
Oxidative Cleavage of Oximes with Silica‐Gel‐Supported Chromic Acid in Nonaqueous Media

Abstract A simple procedure for a clean and high‐yielding oxidative deoximation of benzaldoximes and ketoximes using a silica‐gel‐supported chromic acid reagent has been developed. This solid‐supported reagent allows us to carry out this reaction in nonaqueous dichloromethane reaction media.
Control Stick Logic in High-Angle-of-Attack Maneuvering

The relationships between pilot control stick inputs and control effector deflections are examined. Specifically, we address multiply redundant control effector arrangements and command-driven control laws. During high-angleof-attack, low-dynamic-pressure maneuvering, there is both a control power and control coordination problem. Control effector deflections are not one to one with pilot inputs, and the maximum capabilities of effectors to respond to pilot inputs varies dynamically with the state of the airplane. The problem is analyzed in the context of a generic control law that continuously regulates sideslip. A means is presented to relate the fixed control effector limits to the dynamically varying control response limits. This information may be used to re-establish the one-to-one correspondence of pilot inputs to control capabilities. Nomenclature F = force G = gearing ratio / = moment of inertia L = transformation matrix L, D, C = aerodynamic lift, drag, and sideforce, wind axes L,M,N = rolling, pitching, and yawing moments m = mass m = vector of moments (or moment coefficients) p,q,r = rolling, pitching, and yawing rates T = thrust u = vector of control effectors V = velocity a = angle of attack ft = sideslip angle
The Finance-Growth Nexus: Evidence from Bank Branch Deregulation

This paper provides evidence that financial markets can directly affect economic growth by studying the relaxation of bank branch restrictions in the United States. We find that the rates of real, per capita growth in income and output increase significantly following intrastate branch reform. We also argue that the observed changes in growth are the result of changes in the banking system. Improvements in the quality of bank lending, not increased volume of bank lending, appear to be responsible for faster growth.
Realization of Tellurium-based all dielectric optical metamaterials using a multi-cycle deposition-etch process

Tellurium dielectric resonator metamaterials were fabricated using a newly developed multi-cycle deposition-etch process. Deposition and etching of Tellurium were studied in detail. All the samples showed two transmission minima corresponding to magnetic and electric dipole resonances.
Takeovers: English and American

Viewed against the backdrop of European company law generally, the UK and US systems of corporate governance are remarkably similar. However, there are several salient differences between the system, including the fact that the UK has a more robust and less regulated takeover market than the USA, while the USA is more permissive towards derivative litigation. This paper explains the differences as a function of politics. In the USA, where corporate law is dominated by state governments, the political forces aligned against hostile takeovers are quite potent, generating legislation and judicial decisions that have suppressed takeover activity. In the UK, with a more unitary system, the political forces play out differently, and the system accordingly generates rules more accommodating to unfriendly takeovers.
Fiscal Fatigue, Fiscal Space and Debt Sustainability in Advanced Economies

How high can public debt rise without compromising fiscal solvency? We answer this question using a stochastic model of sovereign default in which risk-neutral investors lend to a government that displays ‘fiscal fatigue’, whereby its ability to increase primary balances cannot keep pace with rising debt. As a result, the government faces an endogenous debt limit beyond which debt cannot be rolled over. Using data for 23 advanced economies over the period 1970–2007, we find evidence of a fiscal reaction function with these features, and use it to compute ‘fiscal space’, defined as the difference between current debt ratios and the estimated debt limits.
Processing of Glass in Space

N Abstract EW glass compositions should result from space processing. To make a glass, a liquid must be cooled rapidly enough to prevent nucleation of crystals and the elimination of container walls, a common source of nucleation, should lead to new glass-forming compositions. Rapid heat transfer is important in glass forming; the special conditions of heat transfer in space processing must be carefully controlled for successful melting of easily crystallized glasses. Fining and homogenization are important problems in making glasses, but they present no special problems for glass melting in space.
Discrete-Time Valuation of American Options with Stochastic Interest Rates

We develop an arbitrage-free discrete time model to price American-style claims for which domestic term structure risk, foreign term structure risk, and currency risk are important. This model combines a discrete version of the Heath, Jarrow, and Morton (1992) term structure model with the binomial model of Cox, Ross, and Rubinstein (1979). It converges (weakly) to the continuous time models in Amin and Jarrow (1991, 1992). The general model is "path dependent" and can be implemented with arbitrary volatility functions to value claims with maturity up to five years. The model is illustrated with applications to long-dated American currency warrants and a cross-rate swap from the quanto class. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Hinode/EIS observations of propagating low-frequency slow magnetoacoustic waves in fan-like coronal loops

Aims. We report the first observation of multiple-periodic propagating disturbances along a fan-like coronal structure simultaneously detected in both intensity and Doppler shift in the Fe xii 195 A line with the EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) onboard Hinode . A new application of coronal seismology is provided based on this observation. Methods. We analyzed the EIS sit-and-stare mode observation of oscillations using the running difference and wavelet techniques. Results. Two harmonics with periods of 12 and 25 min are detected. We measured the Doppler shift amplitude of 1-2 km s -1 , the relative intensity amplitude of 3%-5% and the apparent propagation speed of 100-120 km s -1 . Conclusions. The amplitude relationship between intensity and Doppler shift oscillations provides convincing evidence that these propagating features are a manifestation of slow magnetoacoustic waves. Detection lengths (over which the waves are visible) of the 25 min wave are about 70-90 Mm, much longer than those of the 5 min wave previously detected by TRACE. This difference may be explained by the dependence of damping length on the wave period for thermal conduction. Based on a linear wave theory, we derive an inclination of the magnetic field to the line-of-sight about $59 \pm 8^{\circ}$, a true propagation speed of $128 \pm 25$ km s -1 and a temperature of $0.7 \pm 0.3$ MK near the loop's footpoint from our measurements.
A Yeast Model of FUS/TLS-Dependent Cytotoxicity

FUS/TLS is a nucleic acid binding protein that, when mutated, can cause a subset of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS). Although FUS/TLS is normally located predominantly in the nucleus, the pathogenic mutant forms of FUS/TLS traffic to, and form inclusions in, the cytoplasm of affected spinal motor neurons or glia. Here we report a yeast model of human FUS/TLS expression that recapitulates multiple salient features of the pathology of the disease-causing mutant proteins, including nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation, inclusion formation, and cytotoxicity. Protein domain analysis indicates that the carboxyl-terminus of FUS/TLS, where most of the ALS-associated mutations are clustered, is required but not sufficient for the toxicity of the protein. A genome-wide genetic screen using a yeast over-expression library identified five yeast DNA/RNA binding proteins, encoded by the yeast genes ECM32, NAM8, SBP1, SKO1, and VHR1, that rescue the toxicity of human FUS/TLS without changing its expression level, cytoplasmic translocation, or inclusion formation. Furthermore, hUPF1, a human homologue of ECM32, also rescues the toxicity of FUS/TLS in this model, validating the yeast model and implicating a possible insufficiency in RNA processing or the RNA quality control machinery in the mechanism of FUS/TLS mediated toxicity. Examination of the effect of FUS/TLS expression on the decay of selected mRNAs in yeast indicates that the nonsense-mediated decay pathway is probably not the major determinant of either toxicity or suppression.
Congruences Between Selmer Groups

In this paper we study when two congruent $l$-adic Galois representations have congruent Selmer groups. We obtain results for representations from cyclotomic characters, Hecke characters and adjoints of modular forms.
Global structure of the out‐of‐ecliptic solar wind

[1] We use the observed photospheric field maps and the wind speed observed from Ulysses to study the out-of-ecliptic solar wind. The model calculates the wind speed from the rate of magnetic flux tube expansion factors using a conversion function that is determined by least squares fit of all currently available data from Ulysses. Using the best fit conversion function, we investigate the global solar wind covering a 36-year period from 1968 through 2003. The results complement and expand upon earlier studies conducted with interplanetary scintillation and other in situ spacecraft observations. The rotationally averaged wind speed is a function of two parameters: the heliolatitude and the phase of the solar cycle. The out-of-ecliptic solar wind has a recurrent stable structure, and the average wind speed varies like a sine square of latitude profile spanning more than 5 years during the declining phase and solar minimum in each solar cycle. Ulysses has observed this stable structure in its first polar orbit in 1992-1997. Near solar maximum the structure of the out-of-ecliptic solar wind is in a transient state lasting 2-3 years when the stable structure breaks down during the disappearance and reappearance of the polar coronal holes.
POLYFLUOROARALKYLAMINES : AN IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF 4,5,6,7-TETRAFLUOROINDOLE

Abstract Tetrafluoroindole (5), a precursor for potential biologically-active compounds, was prepared previously in a four-step synthesis from C6F6. However, catalytic reduction of pentafluorophenylacetonitrile (2) to 2-pentafluorophenylethyl amine (3) is accompanied by a significant amount of a secondary amine, which, like 3, undergoes cyclization to an indoline and subsequent dehydrogenation to a new indole 8. The side-reaction in the reduction of 2 to 3 is obviated by the use of LiAlH 4 AlCl 3 (1:1). The final aromatization to yield 5 is vastly improved by replacing MnO2 with DDQ.
Multiscale Characterization of Spatial Heterogeneity in Multiphase Composite Microstructures

A computational characterization technique is presented for assessing the spatial heterogeneity of two reactant phases in a three-phase chemically reactive composite. This technique estimates the reaction yield on multiple microstructure length scales based on the segregation of the two reactant phases and the expected reaction stoichiometry. The result of this technique is a metric, quantifying the effectiveness of phase mixing in a particular microstructure as a function of length scale. Assuming that the proportionate mixing of reactant phases on multiple length scales will enhance reaction kinetics and the overall level of reaction completion, this tool can subsequently be used as a figure-of-merit for optimizing microstructure via appropriate processing. To illustrate this point, an example is shown where a bimodal three-phase microstructure has a higher reaction yield at every length scale when compared with a monomodal three-phase microstructure with the same constituent loading.
Seshadri constants and periods of polarized abelian varieties

The purpose of this paper is to study the Seshadri constants of abelian varieties. Consider a polarized abelian variety (A,L) of dimension g over the field of complex numbers. One can associate to (A,L) a real number e(A,L), its Seshadri constant, which in effect measures how much of the positivity of L can be concentrated at any given point of A. The number e(A,L) can be defined as the rate of growth in k of the number of jets that one can specify in the linear series |OA(kL)|. Alternatively, one considers the blow-up f : X = Blx(X) −→ X of X at a point x with exceptional divisor E ⊂ X over x, and defines e(A,L) =def sup{ e ∈ R | f ∗L− eE is nef } .
Oil Exchange Between Ball Bearings and Cotton-Phenolic Ball-Bearing Retainers.

Experiments have been performed that determine for the first time the transfer of oil between cotton-phenolic ball-bearing retainers and operating ball bearings. A full retainer exchanges oil with the metal park of the bearing, probably by diffusional mixing. There is no net delivery of oil from the retrainer to the metal parts of the bearing. A partially filled retainer (such as one that has been incompletely impregnated) absorbs oil from the bearing even during operation, this drying the bearing. A fully-impregnated retainer does not deliver any significant amount of additional oil to the metal parts of a poorly lubricated bearing. The retainer will not prevent lubricant degradation and premature bearing failure under the conditions of these experiments. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference in Lahaina, Hawaii, October 16–20, 1994
Array self-calibration with large sensor position errors

Self-calibration algorithms estimate both source directions of arrival (DOAs) and perturbed array response vector parameters, such as sensor locations. Calibration errors are usually assumed to be small and a first order approximation to the perturbed array response vector is often used to simplify the estimation procedure. In this paper, we develop a more robust procedure that does not rely on the small error assumption. It has better performance for large estimation errors, and when used to initialize the Weiss and Friedlander MUSIC-based iterative technique, we see significant improvement over existing techniques for both small and large errors.
On the nature of Suppes–Sen maximal paths in an aggregative growth model

This article investigates the nature of paths in the standard neoclassical aggregative model of economic growth that are maximal according to the Suppes–Sen grading principle. This is accomplished by relating such paths to paths which are utilitarian maximal when an increasing (but not necessarily concave) utility function evaluates each period’s consumption. Dynamic properties of Suppes–Sen maximal paths, which lie entirely above or entirely below the golden-rule, are analyzed. An example is presented in which an explicit form of a consumption function is described, which generates only Suppes–Sen maximal paths. This consumption function is shown to generate consumption cycles, and violate the Pigou–Dalton transfer principle.
Irreducible components of characteristic varieties

Abstract We give a dimension bound on the irreducible components of the characteristic variety of a system of linear partial differential equations defined from a suitable filtration of the Weyl algebra A n . This generalizes an important consequence of the fact that a characteristic variety defined from the order filtration is involutive. More explicitly, we consider a filtration of A n induced by any vector ( u , v )∈ Z n × Z n such that the associated graded algebra is a commutative polynomial ring. Any finitely generated left A n -module M has a good filtration with respect to ( u , v ) and this gives rise to a characteristic variety Ch ( u , v ) (M) which depends only on ( u , v ) and M . When ( u , v )=( 0 , 1 ) , the characteristic variety is involutive and this implies that its irreducible components have dimension at least n . In general, the characteristic variety may fail to be involutive, but we are still able to prove that each irreducible component of Ch ( u , v ) (M) has dimension at least n .
Front Line Family: ‘Women's culture’ comes to the BBC:

During the 1930s and 1940s, the BBC resolutely held out against the program form most notoriously associated with ‘vulgar’, commercial, feminized US radio culture: soap operas, or serial drama with a domestic setting directed primarily at an audience of women. Yet the first British soap opera, Front Line Family, made its debut in 1941 on the North American Service, as a propaganda vehicle aimed expressly at encouraging US entry into the Second World War. It became part of the Light Programme schedule after the war and led directly to Mrs Dale's Diary and The Archers. This article traces the controversial origins and contested life of the first British soap, within the context of the ‘women's culture’ largely missing from the BBC in its early years. The terms of the debate over its origins show clearly how notions of ‘quality’ and public service were both gendered and linked to notions of national identity, and how a popular yet ‘feminine’ and ‘American’ form like the domestic serial drama challenged those...
Discovery of Photospheric Calcium Line-Strength Variations in the Dazd White Dwarf G29-38

Metals in the photospheres of white dwarfs with Teff between 12,000 and 25,000 K should gravitationally settle out of these atmospheres in 1-2 weeks. Temporal variations in the line strengths of these metals could provide a direct measurement of episodic metal accretion. Using archival VLT and Keck spectroscopy, we find evidence that the DAZd white dwarf G29-38 shows significant changes in its Ca II K line strength. At the two best-observed epochs, we find that the Ca line equivalent width (EW) = 165 ± 4 mA (in 1996.885) and 280 ± 8 mA (in 1999.653), which is an increase of 70%. We consider the effect that pulsation has on the Ca EWs for this known variable star, and find that it adds an error of <1 mA to these measurements. Calcium line strengths at other observational epochs support variations with timescales as short as 2 weeks. These Ca EW variations indicate that the metal accretion process in G29-38, presumably from its debris disk, is episodic on timescales of a few weeks or less, and thus, the accretion is not dominated by Poynting-Robertson drag from an optically thin, continuous disk, which has a timescale of ~1 yr.
[2+3] Dihydrofuran annulation via vinyloxiranation of carbonyl compounds

Abstract Aldehydes were found to undergo facile stereoselective vinyloxiranation with the lithium dienolate of ethyl 2-bromocrotonate (12) at low temperature. The resulting vinyloxiranes were transformed thermolytically to functionalized dihydrofurans. An operational comparison of this heterocyclic annulation is made with its carbocyclic counterpart, the [2+3] cyclopentene annulation, and the potential for a general dihydrofuran synthesis in either a racemic or an asymmetric fashion is addressed.
Resolutions of small sets of fat points

Abstract We investigate the minimal graded free resolutions of ideals of at most n + 1 fat points in general position in P n . Our main theorem is that these ideals are componentwise linear. This result yields a number of corollaries, including the multiplicity conjecture of Herzog, Huneke, and Srinivasan in this case. On the computational side, using an iterated mapping cone process, we compute formulas for the graded Betti numbers of ideals associated to two fat points in P n , verifying a conjecture of Fatabbi, and at most n + 1 general double points in P n .
The impact of fiscal incentives on student disability rates

Abstract In this paper, I estimate the elasticity of student disability rates with respect to the generosity of state reimbursements. The classification response is identified from policy-induced variation in the amount of state aid generated by serving a disabled student across local school districts in Texas from 1991–1992 through 1996–1997. My central estimates imply that fiscal incentives can explain nearly 40% of the recent growth in student disability rates in Texas. The magnitude of the institutional response varies by district size and enrollment concentration, student race/ethnicity and the level of fiscal constraint.
Intermediate energy nucleon-deuteron scattering theory

Abstract We examine Sloan's conclusion for an S-wave separable model, that terms of the multiple-scattering series beyond single scattering contribute only to S- and P-wave amplitudes. Comparison of experiment with the present calculation at 146 MeV shows that these conclusions are applicable to nucleon-deuteron scattering.
The user's mental model of an information retrieval system

An empirical study was performed to train naive subjects in the use of a prototype Boolean logic-based information retrieval system on a bibliographic database. Subjects were undergraduates with little or no prior computing experience. Subjects trained with a conceptual model of the system performed better than subjects trained with procedural instructions, but only on complex, problem-solving tasks. Performance was equal on simple tasks. Differences in patterns of interaction with the system (based on a stochastic process model) showed parallel results. Most subjects were able to articulate some description of the system's operation, but few articulated a model similar to the card catalog analogy provided in training. Eleven of 43 subjects were unable to achieve minimal competency in system use. The failure rate was equal between training conditions and genders; the only differences found between those passing and failing the benchmark test were academic major and in frequency of library use.
Wilson loops and minimal area surfaces in hyperbolic space

The AdS/CFT correspondence relates Wilson loops in $$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$ SYM theory to minimal area surfaces in AdS space. If the loop is a plane curve the minimal surface lives in hyperbolic space ℍ3 (or equivalently Euclidean AdS 3 space). We argue that finding the area of such extremal surface can be easily done if we solve the following problem: given two real periodic functions V 0,1(s), V 0,1(s +2π) = V 0,1(s) a third periodic function V 2(s) is to be found such that all solutions to the equation $$ -{\partial}_S^2\phi +\left[{V}_0+\frac{1}{2}\left(\lambda +\frac{1}{\lambda}\right){V}_1+\frac{i}{2}\left(\lambda -\frac{1}{\lambda}\right){V}_2\right]\phi =0 $$ are anti-periodic in s ∈ [0, 2π] for any value of λ. This problem is equivalent to the statement that the monodromy matrix is trivial. It can be restated as that of finding a one complex parameter family of curves X(λ, s) where X(λ = 1, s) is the given shape of the Wilson loop and such that the Schwarzian derivative {X(λ, s), s} is meromorphic in λ with only two simple poles. We present a formula for the area in terms of the functions V 0,1,2 and discuss solutions to these equivalent problems in terms of theta functions. Finally, we also consider the near circular Wilson loop clarifying its integrability properties and rederiving its area using the methods described in this paper.
Modeling self-assembly processes driven by nonbonded interactions in soft materials.

This Centennial Feature Article provides an overview of research in the general area of self-assembly modeling, with particular emphasis on the self-assembly of molecules into soft nanoscale structures where the driving force for assembly is provided by nonbonded interactions (hydrogen bonds and electrostatics). The models have been developed at many different levels of theory, going all the way from simple analytical models of packing effects to atomistic descriptions using molecular dynamics methods. In between these limits are mean-field and coarse-grained models, including models for DNA, peptides, and lipids that can be used to describe the assembly of hybrid (amphiphilic) materials. Several recent applications to specific systems are discussed, including the description of peptide amphiphile assembly to make cylindrical micelles, the assembly and melting of DNA hairpins, the use of DNA tethers to assemble nanoparticles into aggregates and crystalline structures, and the use of coarse-grained lipid m...
Structure--activity landscape index: identifying and quantifying activity cliffs.

A new method for analyzing a structure−activity relationship is proposed. By use of a simple quantitative index, one can readily identify “structure−activity cliffs”: pairs of molecules which are most similar but have the largest change in activity. We show how this provides a graphical representation of the entire SAR, in a way that allows the salient features of the SAR to be quickly grasped. In addition, the approach allows us view the SARs in a data set at different levels of detail. The method is tested on two data sets that highlight its ability to easily extract SAR information. Finally, we demonstrate that this method is robust using a variety of computational control experiments and discuss possible applications of this technique to QSAR model evaluation.
Contractual Solutions to the Hold-Up Problem

This paper considers a general version of the hold-up problem where n agents first make relation-specific investments and then must agree on some collective action. It is shown that first-best solutions exist under a variety of different assumptions about the nature of information asymmetries.