cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS MUELLERIA FRENGUELLI

Navicula gibbula Cleve and its allies have a number of morphological characters which are visible under the light microscope and distinguish them from taxa included in Navicula Bory sensu stricto. These include proximal raphe ends which are sharply and unilaterally hooked and often extend beyond the central area, as well as two apparently thickened longitudinal ribs which extend the length of the valve on either side of the raphe. With the use of the SEM additional well-defined characters of the N. gibbula complex become apparent. Distal raphe ends are bifurcate and the valve face and mantle possess bipartite walls similar to those in Neidium Pfitzer. Furthermore, the apparently thickened longitudinal ribs are actually hollow canals, a feature reminiscent of the longitudinal canals of Diploneis Ehrenberg. Characters of the group are particularly well-defined and distinct from those of other genera, justifying separation from Navicula. Based on the valve morphology of N. gibbula and all other members of th...
Initiation and ultrastructure of a reptilian fibroblast cell line obtained from cutaneous fibropapillomas of the green turtle, Chelonia mydas.

Two fibroblastic cell lines were established from explants of fibropapillomas of each of two different green turtles (Chelonia mydas). These cells, designated GTFP (Green Turtle Fibropapilloma), were subcultured approximately 30 times at 30°C in Eagle’s minimal essential media supplemented with 2 to 10% fetal bovine serum. The ultrastructural morphology of the cultured fibroblasts is described. The cells contained abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, polyribosomes, and mitochondria; collagen fibrils were visible in the extracellular space. No viruslike particles or evidence of other pathogenic agents could be demonstrated by electron microscopy in any of the cultured cells examined.
Rational design of inhibitors that bind to inactive kinase conformations

The majority of kinase inhibitors that have been developed so far—known as type I inhibitors—target the ATP binding site of the kinase in its active conformation, in which the activation loop is phosphorylated. Recently, crystal structures of inhibitors such as imatinib (STI571), BIRB796 and sorafenib (BAY43-9006)—known as type II inhibitors—have revealed a new binding mode that exploits an additional binding site immediately adjacent to the region occupied by ATP. This pocket is made accessible by an activation-loop rearrangement that is characteristic of kinases in an inactive conformation. Here, we present a structural analysis of binding modes of known human type II inhibitors and demonstrate that they conform to a pharmacophore model that is currently being used to design a new generation of kinase inhibitors.
Packaging with Liquid Crystal Polymer

Electronics packages provide housing, protection, electrical interconnections, thermal dissipation, and assembly for integrated circuits and devices. At high frequency, cavity packages are used more often than over-molded plastic packages to achieve lower electrical losses. The major drawback of cavity packages is the open area that water and other contamination can be accumulated on the surface of a packaged device to cause degradation such as corrosion.
BREAD FROM SORGHUM AND BARLEY FLOURS

SUMMARY Various additives were examined as possible aids in making bread from sorghum and barley flours. Good rise was achieved with doughs containing 45% solids. Several gums, especially 4000 centipoise methylcellulose, increased gas retention in sorghum bread and improved texture of both sorghum and barley breads. Several starches improved texture and loaf volume of sorghum bread. Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) improved the texture of sorghum bread but caused it to crumble badly. GMS improved softness in barley bread. Shortenings also softened sorghum and barley breads. The effect of several processing variables on sorghum bread was studied along with 2 methods of imparting a sour fermented flavor to sorghum bread.
Parallel machine scheduling with nested processing set restrictions

Abstract We consider the problem of scheduling a set of n independent jobs on m parallel machines, where each job can only be scheduled on a subset of machines called its processing set. The machines are linearly ordered, and the processing set of job j is given by two machine indexes a j and b j ; i.e., job j can only be scheduled on machines a j , a j + 1 , … , b j . Two distinct processing sets are either nested or disjoint. Preemption is not allowed. Our goal is to minimize the makespan. It is known that the problem is strongly NP-hard and that there is a list-type algorithm with a worst-case bound of 2 - 1 / m . In this paper we give an improved algorithm with a worst-case bound of 7/4. For two and three machines, the algorithm gives a better worst-case bound of 5/4 and 3/2, respectively.
Characterization and analysis of the cotton cyclopropane fatty acid synthase family and their contribution to cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis.

Background Cyclopropane fatty acids (CPA) have been found in certain gymnosperms, Malvales, Litchi and other Sapindales. The presence of their unique strained ring structures confers physical and chemical properties characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids with the oxidative stability displayed by saturated fatty acids making them of considerable industrial interest. While cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPE) are well-known inhibitors of fatty acid desaturation in animals, CPE can also inhibit the stearoyl-CoA desaturase and interfere with the maturation and reproduction of some insect species suggesting that in addition to their traditional role as storage lipids, CPE can contribute to the protection of plants from herbivory.
Nonlinear elasticity and pressure-dependent wave speeds in granular media

Following is an analysis of the small-strain nonlinear elasticity of granular media near states of zero stress, as it relates to the pressure-dependent incremental linear elasticity and wave speeds. The main object is elucidation of the p ½ dependence of incremental elastic moduli on pressure p , a dependence observed in numerous experiments but found to be at odds with the p ½ scaling predicted by various micromechanical models based on hertzian contact. After presenting a power-law continuum model for small-strain nonlinear elasticity, the present work develops micromechanical models based on two alternative mechanisms for the anomalous pressure scaling, namely: (1) departures at the single-contact level from the hertzian contact, due to point-like or conical asphericity; (2) variation in the number density of hertzian contacts, due to buckling of particle chains. Both mechanisms result in p ½ pressure scaling at low pressure and both exhibit a high-pressure transition to p ½ scaling at a characteristic transition pressure p *. For assemblages of nearly equal spheres, a non-hertzian contact model for mechanism (1) and percolation-type model for (2) yield estimates of p * of the form p * = c μ ˆ ∝ 3 . Here c is a non-dimensional coefficient depending only on granular-contact geometry, while α ≪ 1 is a small parameter representing spherical imperfections and μ ˆ is an appropriate elastic modulus of the particles. Then, with R representing particle radius and h a characteristic spherical tolerance or asperity height, it is found that α = ( h / R ) ½ for mechanism (1) as opposed to α = h / R for (2). Limited data from the classic experiments of Duffy & Mindlin on sphere assemblages tend to support mechanism (1), but more exhaustive experiments are called for. In addition to the above analysis of reversible elastic effects, a percolation model of inelastic ‘shake-down’ or consolidation is given. It serves to describe how prolonged mechanical vibration, leading to the replacement of point-like or inactive contacts by stiffer Hertz contacts may change the pressure-scaling behaviour of particulate media. The present analysis suggests that pressure-dependence of elasticity may provide a useful means of characterizing the state of consolidation and stability of dense particulate media.
Power Saving mechanisms for M2M communication over LTE networks

Machine to Machine (M2M) communication is expected to be a major driver of growth in mobile communications for cellular networks such as LTE. Since LTE networks are primarily designed and optimized for human to human (H2H) communications, existing protocols and mechanisms are not very efficient for supporting M2M communication. Several modifications are needed to address the service requirements and traffic characteristics of M2M devices in these networks. Device power efficiency is one of the crucial requirements for M2M communication. We focus on solutions to decrease power consumption of M2M devices over 4G networks. M2M traffic characteristics are different from those of H2H traffic in terms of the size and the frequency of the generated data. One possible mechanism is to maximize the time that the M2M device is in low power state. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of extending the Paging Cycle and reducing the RRC Connected-to-Idle transition tail time on power savings. Our results show that for infrequent data transmission extending Paging Cycle reduces power consumption up to 79.3%. However, for frequent data transmission reducing Connected-to-Idle transition tail time is more effective and reduces power consumption by up to 76.2%.
Regioselectivity of pyridine deprotonation in the gas phase.

The regioselective deprotonation of pyridine in the gas phase has been investigated by using chemical reactivity studies. The mixture of regioisomers, trapped as carboxylates, formed in an equilibrium mixture is determined to result from 70−80% deprotonation in the 4-position, and 20−30% deprotonation at the 3-position. The ion formed by deprotonation in the 2-position is not measurably deprotonated at equilibrium because the ion is destabilized by lone-pair repulsion. From the composition of the mixture, the gas-phase acidities (ΔH°acid) at the 4-, 3-, and 2-positions are determined to be 389.9 ± 2.0, 391.2−391.5, and >391.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The relative acidities of the 4- and 3-positions are explained by using Hammett−Taft parameters, derived by using the measured gas-phase acidities of pyridine carboxylic acids. The values of σF and σR are −0.18 and 0.74, respectively, showing the infused nitrogen in pyridine to have a strong π electron-withdrawing effect, but with little σ-inductive effect.
Facebook: how we lost control and found empowerment

Whitman College Technology Services (WCTS) constantly strives to find new and interesting ways to engage and connect with our student body as well as to empower our student staff. Additionally, social media engagement has been challenging; of the two separate Facebook pages associated with WCTS, the most recent update was several months ago. A marriage of problem and solution was discovered: we let go of control and let our student staff manage our Facebook presence. This solution not only allows us to better engage the student body but also gives our student staff more responsibility and "real world" experience.
Mechanical constitutive laws for the irradiation behavior of graphite

Abstract Models are developed for the radiation-induced volume changes of graphite. The change in porosity is described as a two-stage process, each being associated with different types of pores in a polycrystalline graphite material. Changes in the effective elastic properties are then related to the changes in porosity and the changes in the shape of the pores. Finally, the fracture strength is shown to be related to the effective elastic properties and the size of the microcracks. The significance of the interrelationships between volume changes, elastic and fracture properties are discussed in view of fusion reactor applications.
Mescaline: excitatory effects on acoustic startle are blocked by serotonin2 antagonists.

The ability of serotonin2 (5-HT2) antagonists to block the excitatory effects of mescaline on the acoustic startle reflex were analyzed. Mescaline (20 mg/kg) caused a consistent increase in the amplitude of the acoustic startle reflex. This effect was blocked in a dose-related fashion by the 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin (ED50 dose=0.25 mg/kg IP). In contrast, even a high dose of ritanserin (2.0 mg/kg) did not block the excitatory effects of amphetamine on startle. Other 5-HT2 antagonists (ketanserin, cinanserin, LY 53857) also blocked mescaline's effect, whereas the 5-HT1 antagonist pindolol (5 mg/kg) did not. These results support the hypothesis that the behavioral effects of hallucinogens are mediated by agonist actions at 5-HT2 receptors.
Approaching the Slepian-Wolf boundary using practical channel codes

We review the interpretation of the Slepian-Wolf result for compression of correlated sources as a problem of channel coding with side information. Based on this review, we propose a method that allows the use of practical error correcting codes of fixed length to achieve performance close to any point in the Slepian-Wolf boundary without the use of explicit time-sharing arguments. The performance of the proposed approach when turbo codes are utilized is shown by simulations.
Cytokine regulation of chronic cardiac allograft rejection: evidence against a role for Th1 in the disease process.

Background. Transient depletion of CD4+ T cells in cardiac allograft recipients prolongs allograft survival; however, grafts exhibit signs of chronic rejection characterized by collagen deposition and neointima development. Although it is believed that Th1 cells promote acute graft rejection, the role of these cells in chronic rejection remains unclear. Hence, our study evaluated whether Th1 cells are associated with the development of chronic cardiac allograft rejection. Methods. Splenocytes obtained from C57BL/6 recipients bearing BALB/c hearts with signs of chronic rejection were adoptively transferred into C57BL/6 SCID cardiac allograft recipients. As a measure of Th1 function, interferon-γ production was determined after restimulation of recipient splenocytes with donor alloantigens. Results. Transfer of splenocytes in SCID allograft recipients resulted in accelerated chronic rejection in the majority of mice. Characterization of these cells before transfer revealed hyporesponsive Th1 function. However, donor-specific proliferative responses and precursor interleukin-2 producing helper and cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequencies were comparable to that of naive splenocytes. Further, splenocytes obtained from SCID recipients with advanced signs of chronic rejection remained deficient in Th1 function, suggesting that Th1 are not involved in this disease process. This possibility was further supported by the development of chronic rejection in IL-12 knockout recipients. Finally, when splenocytes used for adoptive transfer retained Th1 function, transfer of these cells into SCID recipients resulted in acute allograft rejection. Conclusions. We have established a model in which the mediators of chronic rejection may be further explored. In this system, the absence rather than the presence of donor-reactive Th1 is associated with chronic rejection. These data indicate that Th1-independent effector mechanisms are responsible for chronic rejection in this model.
Defining Juvenile Justice in the 21st Century

Crime and public policy continue to be salient issues in the 21st century. This article reviews juvenile justice policy and examines initiatives that demonstrate positive directions for the future of the juvenile justice system. The authors summarize the history of juvenile justice and review recent developments that warrant further research to demonstrate rational, effective policies and strategies for responding to juvenile delinquency. The influences of ideology, politics, and the media on public policy are discussed, and the authors consider future issues in juvenile justice.
The potential of virus-based gene therapies for treatment of metastatic kidney cancer

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a disease that can be effectively treated when localized within the kidney; ‘therapy’ often involves the surgical removal of the diseased organ and the surrounding tis...
Symmetric directional coupler switches

Operation and design considerations are described for a general class of symmetric directional coupler switches. Performance limitations are discussed in terms of asymmetries. Comparisons are made between various waveguide and electrode geometries. Measured devices operating at \lambda = 0.83 \mu m have a V π voltage length product under 30 V mm and an extinction ratio greater than 28 dB in each output state.
Photosolubility of diazoquinone resists

The photochemical properties of a diazoquinone/novolak resist system were studied over a wide range of material and processing parameters in order to determine the optimum values for a given application. These resists are representative of the commercial positive-working photoresists being used for high-resolution lithography. The solubility of the resist in an alkaline developer depends on exposure E as \Delta g^{-1} = [g_{0}(E/E_{e})^{m}]^{-1} + [\Delta g_{\infin}]^{-1} where the net development rate ( \Delta g ) is the difference between solubility rates of the exposed ( g ) and unexposed (g 0 ) sample. Three of these parameters characterize the lithographic response of the resist. They depend mainly on the resist composition but not on the processing conditions. E e is a measure of the sensitivity and ranges from 10 to 20 mJ/cm2of 405-nm light for useful resist formulations. The contrast parameter ( m ) increases slowly with sensitizer concentration while the saturated solubility ratio ( g_{\infin}/g_{0} ) inereases very rapidly. The fourth parameter (g 0 ) depends strongly on processing parameters. It can readily be set to provide the desired development time, e.g., by adjusting the developer strength. On a more fundamental level, it is found that the dependence of the solubility on exposure can be expressed in a unified manner for all the resist formulations studied as g \approx g_{0} \exp (2 \times 10^{-20} n_{e}) where n e is the number of exposed sensitizer molecules per cubic centimeter.
A combined oscillation, power supply current and I/sub DDQ/ testing methodology for fault detection in floating gate input CMOS operational amplifier

A technique integrating the oscillation, power supply current and I/sub DDQ/ based testing of circuit under test (CUT) is presented. A CMOS operational amplifier with floating gate input transistors, designed for operation at /spl plusmn/2.5 V in 1.5 /spl mu/m n-well CMOS process, is used as the CUT. The faults simulating possible short and open manufacturing defects are introduced using the fault injection transistors. The change in oscillation frequency, power supply current and quiescent current is observed for fault detection. Two op-amps have been designed, one with twenty two short faults and the other with a combination of five open and seven short faults. Twenty two short faults and twelve combined open and short faults (except two short faults) have been detected by the combined testing methodology.
Transcriptomic responses to ocean acidification in larval sea urchins from a naturally variable pH environment.

Some marine ecosystems already experience natural declines in pH approximating those predicted with future anthropogenic ocean acidification (OA), the decline in seawater pH caused by the absorption of atmospheric CO2 . The molecular mechanisms that allow organisms to inhabit these low pH environments, particularly those building calcium carbonate skeletons, are unknown. Also uncertain is whether an enhanced capacity to cope with present day pH variation will confer resistance to future OA. To address these issues, we monitored natural pH dynamics within an intertidal habitat in the Northeast Pacific, demonstrating that upwelling exposes resident species to pH regimes not predicted to occur elsewhere until 2100. Next, we cultured the progeny of adult purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) collected from this region in CO2 -acidified seawater representing present day and near future ocean scenarios and monitored gene expression using transcriptomics. We hypothesized that persistent exposure to upwelling during evolutionary history will have selected for increased pH tolerance in this population and that their transcriptomic response to low pH seawater would provide insight into mechanisms underlying pH tolerance in a calcifying species. Resulting expression patterns revealed two important trends. Firstly, S. purpuratus larvae may alter the bioavailability of calcium and adjust skeletogenic pathways to sustain calcification in a low pH ocean. Secondly, larvae use different strategies for coping with different magnitudes of pH stress: initiating a robust transcriptional response to present day pH regimes but a muted response to near future conditions. Thus, an enhanced capacity to cope with present day pH variation may not translate into success in future oceans.
Relationship between Loudness Tolerance and the Acceptance of Background Noise for Young Adults with Normal Hearing

This study investigated the relationship between listener loudness tolerance and listener acceptable noise level (ANL). Twenty-five normal hearing adults completed loudness tolerance and acceptable noise level measures. Loudness tolerance was measured using a scaling technique. The acceptable noise levels were calculated from a procedure designed to quantify a listener's willingness to accept background noise while listening to speech. Pearson correlation confirmed that loudness tolerance and acceptable noise levels are not related.
Clinical manifestations and treatment of gout

Abstract Gout results from the deposition of urate crystals in a variety of soft tissues throughout the body. Currently over half a million American women suffer from the disorder. Disease manifestations include painful attacks of acute arthritis as well as chronic arthritis with deposition of uric acid crystals known as tophi. The disorder is often overlooked and misdiagnosed as another form of arthritis. Multiple drugs are now available to treat the acute pain of gouty arthritis, as well as to help reduce the long-term complications of gout and chronic hyperuricemia.
Placental prolactin-like proteins in rodents: variations on a structural theme.

The placenta of many species of mammals produces and secretes placental lactogen (PL), a polypeptide hormone with structural and functional properties similar to pituitary prolactin (PRL). In rodents, the placenta produces more than one PL and also other proteins with structural homology to PRL (reviewed by Duckworth et al., 1988; Ogren and Talamantes, 1988). Unlike the PLs, these other PRL-like proteins appear to bind only weakly or not at all to lactogenic receptors (PRL receptors) and have little or no lactogenie activity. The physiological functions of the placental PRL-like proteins are not well understood. While there is good evidence that the PLs play a role in the preparation of the mammary gland for lactation, the nature of their lactogenic activities is not yet defined. For example, it is not known whether the PLs have effects on the mammary gland that differ qualitatively from those of pituitary PRL. In addition, receptors that bind PLs have been identified in a number of tissues other than the mammary gland (e.g., liver and ovary), but the effects of PLs on these potential target tissues have not been examined. Even less is known about the functions of the nonlactogenic PRL-like proteins, and with one exception, recep-
Factors influencing the adjustment of women on global assignments

This study tests a four-factor model proposed by Caligiuri and Cascio (in press) for predicting the cross-cultural adjustment of female expatriates. The four factors tested in this paper were family support, personality characteristics, organizational support and host nationals' attitudes towards female expatriates. Structured phone interviews with thirty-eight American female expatriates from US-based companies were conducted. The responses were content analysed and regression was conducted. The results suggest company and family support are significantly related to cross-cultural adjustment. Thus, suggestions are given for future research on female expatriates using the theoretical model of social support. Practical recommendations for how to maximize the likelihood of success for women on global assignments are also given.
Combining Net Present Value and Strategic Attractiveness to Evaluate Drug Development Alternatives

ABSTRACTWith respect to possible products resulting from a proposed drug development project, consideration of such criteria as likely efficacy, incidence of side effects, price per dosage, and mechanism of action is critical for the process of evaluating the relative attractiveness of the project. These criteria, along with other factors, influence both the expected financial return and the strategic attractiveness of a drug development project. Through integration of the portfolio theory concept of efficient frontier with the technique of conjoint analysis, a model for evaluating new drug development projects—relative to financial and strategic dimensions—is presented, discussed, and initially tested.
Managing an Interorganizational Network: A Framework of the Institutional Mechanism for Network Control

'The interorganizational network is viewed as a strategic mechanism to improve a firm's competitive advantage through cost minimization while maintaining flexibility. The change in orientation from competition to cooperation in interfirm relationships is rationalized according to the transaction-cost econom ics perspective. We address the selection of a control mode as a critical issue in managing an interorganizational network, considering the risk and cost involved in working with others. Various forms of network structure are illus trated as the proper control modes according to the interaction of the type of interdependence and the nature of network governance.
Direct and large eddy simulations of a bottom Ekman layer under an external stratification

Abstract A steady Ekman layer with a thermally stratified outer flow and an adiabatic boundary condition at the lower wall is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large eddy simulation (LES). An initially linear temperature profile is mixed by turbulence near the wall, and a stable thermocline forms above the mixed layer. The thickness of the mixed layer is reduced by the outer layer stratification. Observations from the DNS are used to evaluate the performance of the LES model and to examine the resolution requirements. A resolved LES and a near-wall model LES (NWM–LES) both compare reasonably well with the DNS when the thermal field is treated as a passive scalar. When buoyancy effects are included, the LES mean velocity and temperature profiles also agree well with the DNS. However, the NWM–LES does not sufficiently account for the overturning scales responsible for entrainment at the top of the mixed layer. As a result, the turbulent heat flux and the rate of change of the mixed layer temperature are significantly underestimated in the NWM–LES. In order to accurately simulate the boundary layer growth, the motions responsible for entrainment must either be resolved or more accurately represented in improved subgrid-scale models.
AMG 925 Is a Dual FLT3/CDK4 Inhibitor with the Potential to Overcome FLT3 Inhibitor Resistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Resistance to FLT3 inhibitors is a serious clinical issue in treating acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). AMG 925, a dual FLT3/CDK4 inhibitor, has been developed to overcome this resistance. It is hypothesized that the combined inhibition of FLT3 and CDK4 may reduce occurrence of the FLT3 resistance mutations, and thereby prolong clinical responses. To test this hypothesis, we attempted to isolate AML cell clones resistant to AMG 925 or to FLT3 inhibitors. After a selection of over 8 months with AMG 925, we could only isolate partially resistant clones. No new mutations in FLT3 were found, but a 2- to 3-fold increase in total FLT3 protein was detected and believed to contribute to the partial resistance. In contrast, selection with the FLT3 inhibitors sorafenib or AC220 (Quizartinib), led to a resistance and the appearance of a number of mutations in FLT3 kinase domains, including the known hot spot sites D835 and F691. However, when AC220 was combined with the CDK4 inhibitor PD0332991 (palbociclib) at 0.1 μmol/L or higher, no resistance mutations were obtained, indicating that the CDK4-inhibiting activity of AMG 925 contributed to the failure to develop drug resistance. AMG 925 was shown to potently inhibit the FLT3 inhibitor-resistant mutation D835Y/V. This feature of AMG 925 was also considered to contribute to the lack of resistance mutations to the compound. Together, our data suggest that AMG 925 has the potential to reduce resistance mutations in FLT3 and may prolong clinical responses.
The Roles of Local Government Managers in Theory and Practice: A Centennial Perspective

The standard narrative to explain the evolution of roles filled by city managers suggests that managers originally served as administrative technicians who carried out the policy directives of city councils, but, over time, they became more involved in policy advice and community leadership. This article documents enduring involvement in policy and the recent expansion of community leadership, analyzing definitions of the manager's roles offered by practitioners and scholars since the beginning of the city manager profession 100 years ago. In addition, measurements of the manager's role performance at various points in time are examined, along with trends in the preparation of managers and the context in which they work. Ignoring the evidence that the policy role is integral to professional management can lead to unfounded questions about the legitimacy of city and county managers and impairs our understanding of the council-manager form of government and political–administrative relations.
Interplay between yield, nitrogen application, and logistics on the potential energetic and greenhouse gas emissions from biomass crops

The interplay between nitrogen fertilization (N), yield, nitrous oxide emissions (N2O), and diesel fuel utilization associated with harvest and transport logistics of biomass crops remains poorly understood. In this research, we show that intensification (in terms of N) of bioenergy cropping to maximize yield supports not only minimized land use but also maximized logistics efficiency in terms of diesel use. This paradigm was examined within the scope of the billion-ton biofuels vision and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 using potential yields on marginal and prime agricultural land. Sixteen scenarios were investigated that considered the primary factors with agriculture bioenergy; biomass yield (11.2 and 22.4 Mg ha−1 yr−1), two nitrogen fertilizer application rates (50 and 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1), two Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGE) factors for synthetic nitrogen to nitrous oxide (1.5 and 5%), and three harvest/transportation efficiencies (50, 65, and 80%). These scenarios resulted in energy consumption between 747 and 1351 MJ Mg−1 and GHGE between 72 and 311 kg CO2 eq Mg−1. GHGE emissions are strongly related to the emission of nitrous oxide from soils due to nitrogen fertilization and could represent over 80% of the GHGE relative to biomass harvest logistics. These data imply that synthetic N supplementation to maximize yield could reduce the burden due to diesel fuel for harvest, but would rapidly become the most significant contributor to GHGE. Minimizing the impact of N fertilization will be critical for reducing the GHGE associated with biomass production.
Promoting Independence for Wheelchair Users: The Role of Home Accommodations

Purpose: The objective of this research is to investigate whether home accommodations influence the amount of human help provided to a nationally representative sample of adults who use wheelchairs. Design and Methods: We analyzed data from the Adult Disability Follow-back Survey (DFS), Phase II, of the Disability Supplement to the 1994‐ 1995 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS-D). The analytic sample consisted of 899 adults aged 18 and older who reported using wheelchairs in the previous 2 weeks. We conducted logistic regression and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses to test the influence of home accommodations on the receipt of any human help, and among respondents who received help, on the hours of help received, respectively. We analyzed paid and unpaid help separately. Results: Home accommodations were related to the receipt of unpaid, but not paid, help. Relative to having no home accommodations, the presence of each additional accommodation decreased the odds of having unpaid help by 14% (OR = .86; 95% CI = .76, .97). Additionally, we observed an inverse relationship between the number of accommodations in the home and hours of unpaid help (p , .01). For wheelchair users who live alone, specific types of home accommodations were also inversely related to hours of unpaid help. Implications: Policies that reimburse for home accommodations may be an efficient response to the growing demand for home-care support while enabling greater autonomy and independence for people who use wheelchairs.
Embedded decoupling capacitor performance in high speed circuits

Embedded decoupling is normally considered a better solution than surface mount decoupling for suppressing the switching noise of a high speed digital board/package because of its shorter leads that result in smaller parasitic inductance. This leads to lower impedance over a higher frequency band. It is presumably better in reliability and lowers the cost as well. Designers tend to use large value capacitors for efficient decoupling. Usually, to increase capacitance of an embedded capacitor, one can use a material with higher dielectric constant, design larger electrodes, and reduce the thickness of the dielectric. However, these strategies may sometimes lead to lower performance at high frequency band. This paper will discuss the pros and cons of different embedded capacitor approaches through simulation. As an application example, a typical power/ground network with an embedded capacitor will be compared with that of surface mount discrete capacitor.
Conserved roles for Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 in the regulation of lateral organ development in Aquilegia x coerulea ‘Origami’

Epigenetic regulation is necessary for maintaining gene expression patterns in multicellular organisms. The Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins form several complexes with important and deeply conserved epigenetic functions in both the plant and animal kingdoms. One such complex, the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), is critical to many developmental processes in plants including the regulation of major developmental transitions. In addition, PRC2 restricts the expression domain of various transcription factor families in Arabidopsis, including the class I KNOX genes and several of the ABCE class MADS box genes. While the functions of these transcription factors are known to be deeply conserved, whether or not their regulation by PRC2 is similarly conserved remains an open question. Here we use virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to characterize the function of the PRC2 complex in lateral organ development of Aquilegia x coerulea ‘Origami’, a member of the lower eudicot order Ranunculales. Leaves with PRC2 down-regulation displayed a range of phenotypes including ruffled or curled laminae, additional lobing, and an increased frequency of higher order branching. Sepals and petals were also affected, being narrowed, distorted, or, in the case of the sepals, exhibiting partial homeotic transformation. Many of the petal limbs also had a particularly intense yellow coloration due to an accumulation of carotenoid pigments. We show that the A. x coerulea floral MADS box genes AGAMOUS1 (AqAG1), APETALA3-3 (AqAP3-3) and SEPALLATA3 (AqSEP3) are up-regulated in many tissues, while expression of the class I KNOX genes and several candidate genes involved in carotenoid production or degradation are largely unaffected. PRC2 targeting of several floral MADS box genes may be conserved in dicots, but other known targets do not appear to be. In the case of the type I KNOX genes, this may reflect a regulatory shift associated with the evolution of compound leaves.
Calculation of risk and statistical indices associated with available transfer capability

A complete evaluation of available transfer capability (ATC) involves the determination of total transfer capability (TTC), transmission reliability margin (TRM) and capacity benefit margin (CBM). Due to the stochastic nature of power system behaviour, which is considered by TRM, it is important to assess ATC from a statistical and risk analysis point of view. Based on a combination of repeated AC power flow and Monte Carlo methods, risk assessment of the ATC value is described and a set of statistical indices and plots is presented, which provides important information for transmission customers, system operators and power marketers. In addition, two methods of incorporating CBM into ATC are presented and compared. Case studies with the IEEE Reliability Test System (RTS) demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods, indices and plots. The impact of uncertainty, CBM and methods of incorporating CBM on ATC are also investigated.
The analysis of UWB SiGe HBT LNA for its noise, linearity, and minimum group delay variation

The design of ultra-wideband (UWB) low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) require additional circuit design principles, which differ from those used in conventional LNAs. The design of a low-dc-power-consumption SiGe HBT LNA covering the 2-10-GHz range is demonstrated for UWB applications. Important design factors that must be carefully considered for UWB applications are analyzed, which include power dissipation, operating bandwidth, noise figure, group delay variation, and linearity. The dominant factor for low group delay variation in UWB LNAs is identified through the theoretical analysis. The linearity behavior over the wide bandwidth is analyzed and explained using the Volterra series. Second-harmonic cancellation is determined to be the dominant degradation factor for linearity. The implemented SiGe LNA achieves a gain of 13 dB, a minimum noise figure of 3.3 dB, and an input third-order intercept point of -7.5 dBm between 2-10 GHz while consuming a dc power of only 9.6 mW. This SiGe UWB LNA exhibits less than 22 ps of uniform group delay variation over the entire band.
Scheduling parallel-machine batch operations to maximize on-time delivery performance

In this paper we study the problem of minimizing total weighted tardiness, a proxy for maximizing on-time delivery performance, on parallel nonidentical batch processing machines. We first formulate the (primal) problem as a nonlinear integer programming model. We then show that the primal problem can be solved exactly by solving a corresponding dual problem with a nonlinear relaxation. Since both the primal and the dual problems are NP-hard, we use genetic algorithms, based on random keys and multiple choice encodings, to heuristically solve them. We find that the genetic algorithms consistently outperform a standard mathematical programming package in terms of solution quality and computation time. We also compare the smaller problem instances to a breadth-first tree search algorithm that gives evidence of the quality of the solutions.
Discharge patterns of neurons in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus of the unanesthetized rabbit

The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a major auditory nucleus that sends a large projection to the inferior colliculus. Despite its prominence, the responses of neurons in the VNL...
Immigration and Conflict in Europe: Patterns of Immigrant Conflict in Great Britain

Great Britain has witnessed large-scale violence involving first- and later-generation immigrants both as targets and as active participants in every decade since the 1950s. What accounts for this violence? In this chapter I present patterns of collective violence involving minorities of South Asian and West Indian descent and provide an explanation for its varied incidence across time, space, and groups. I begin by cataloging major events of collective violence involving immigrant populations from 1950 until 2008 and classify them into two categories: episodes of immigrant–native conflict and instances of immigrant–state conflict. The most striking pattern that emerges from this compilation is the significant difference in involvement in such conflict across immigrant groups: Whereas immigrant–native violence has tended to occur between South Asians and whites but much less so between black Caribbeans and whites, immigrant–state violence has been associated with minorities originating from the Caribbean islands but to a much lesser degree with South Asians. Scholars studying immigration and race relations in Britain have surely not missed this difference. Nonetheless, as a result of a tendency to emphasize the common “black” (i.e., nonwhite) immigrant experience of racism, analytical distinctions between immigrant groups or conflict types, especially in the period covering the contentious 1970s and 1980s, are rare.
High-power, single-mode ARROW-type diode lasers

Diode laser sources which operate in a stable, single spatial mode to high output powers have a variety of applications including free-space communications and high-speed, high-resolution printing. These applications demand that the diode source, in addition to having a long lifetime, maintain mode stability throughout the operation of the device. Built-in positive-index-guided structures have demonstrated 0.2 W cw single spatial mode with reliable operation,1 which is limited by the width of the emitting aperture (typically 3 µm). Reliable operation at higher power levels can only be achieved by increasimitting aperture, thereby reducing the optical power density at the facet. The approach, taken here, utilizes the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) structure2-4 as the built-in real-index waveguide to stabilize the lateral optical mode of the diode laser. ARROW structures, studied extensively as passive waveguides,5 are known to propagate a low loss, large spot-size optical mode. It is therefore natural to extend these concepts to stabilize the lateral mode of a diode laser.
Evolutionary significance of interspecific differences in gastrin-like immunoreactivity in the pylorus of phyllostomid bats

Gastrin is a peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by G-cells located in the antrum, or pylorus, of the mammalian stomach and thought to stimulate gastric acid secretion in response to feeding. Immunohistochemical techniques using antisera to gastrin 17-1 and cho-lecystokinin 10–20 were used to demonstrate for the first time the presence of gastrin-like im-munoreactivity in cells in the pylorus in four genera of phyllostomid bats, Glossophaga soricina, Artibeus jamaicensis, Ariteus flavescens , and Erophylla sezekorni . Significant ( P ≥ 0.05) interspecific differences in gastrin cell density among these bats are the first such data for any family of mammals and correlate with interspecific histological differences in the pylorus and with interspecific differences in parietal cell abundance and activity in the fundus. Differences in density of gastrin-producing cells in bats could help explain the evolution of interspecific differences in pyloric histology because gastrin might function as a trophic hormone. An ultrastructural study of the pylorus revealed the presence of cells matching gastrin-producing G-cells described from domestic and laboratory species of mammals, suggesting that the morphology of these cells is conservative in mammals.
Jonson and Shakespeare: Oedipal Revenge

Jonson's attacks on Shakespeare's popular stagecraft, in the Induction to Bartholomew Fair and the Prologue to the folio version of Every Man In His Humour, are both well known. This essay argues that the focus of these attacks extends to an area of the dramatists' rivalry that has not hitherto been explored, in the presentation of their plays at court. While it is known that Shakespeare's plays were frequently performed at court the evidence for the presentation of Jonson's plays there is more patchy. But the essay marshals it to suggest that the sequence of plays collected in the 1616 Works is in part a proud record of their performance at court, where he was now poet laureate in all but title, while the Prologue to Every Man In implicitly questions the fitness of Shakespeare's plays for presentation there. Such questioning extends into Bartholomew Fair itself, whose presentation at court on the first day of the 1614/15 Revels season has all the appearance of a command performance. Winwife's choice of t...
Investigation on all causes of death among residents in Shunyi District of Beijing City from 2008-2010.

[Objective] To analyze the death status and death features for inhabitants in Shunyi District of Beijing City during 2008-2010,and provide scientific basis for the making of preventive and control measures.[Methods]The causes of death were classified according to ICD-10 standards,proportion of death causes and rate of PYLL,mortality rate,proportion and PYLL were applied to descriptively analyze the surveillance data of death causes in Shunyi District of Beijing City from 2008-2010.[Results] During 2008-2010,cerebrovascular disease,heart disease,malignant tumors and respiratory system disease still were main diseases which affected residents' health.The proportion of malignant tumor had increased annually.[Conclusion]Strong pertinency and effective measures should be taken to control cerebrovascular disease,heart disease,malignant tumors and other chronic disease,especially on the monitoring of malignant tumors.
Reducing medication use in a chronic pain management program

The pharmacist's role in an inpatient program using behavior-modification methods for management of chronic pain is described. Patients with chronic pain of at least six months' duration are admitted to the program; those with psychotic behavior or medical or surgical problems are excluded. During a six-week stay, patients are managed by an interdisciplinary team. The pharmacist and the patient negotiate a contract for stepwise decreases in use of analgesic and sedative drugs. Medications are administered on a regular time schedule, not on demand. The pharmacist also teaches patients and families about drugs and their proper use. A survey showed that most patients in the sample were using less medication three months after discharge than before admission to the program. Pharmacists can participate in management of patients with chronic pain by planning a method for reducing the amount of medication used and by educating patients and their families about drugs.
Phenotypically distinct helper NK cells are required for gp96-mediated anti-tumor immunity.

A number of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs), in the extracellular environment, are immunogenic. Following cross-presentation of HSP-chaperoned peptides by CD91+ antigen presenting cells (APCs), T cells are primed with specificity for the derivative antigen-bearing cell. Accordingly, tumor-derived HSPs are in clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy. We investigate the role of NK cells in gp96-mediated anti-tumor immune responses given their propensity to lyse tumor cells. We show that gp96-mediated rejection of tumors requires a unique and necessary helper role in NK cells. This helper role occurs during the effector phase of the anti-tumor immune response and is required for T cell and APC function. Gp96 activates NK cells indirectly via APCs to a phenotype distinct from NK cells activated by other mechanisms such as IL-2. While NK cells have both lytic and cytokine producing properties, we show that gp96 selectively activates cytokine production in NK cells, which is important in the HSP anti-tumor immune response, and leaves their cytotoxic capacity unchanged.