cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the use of rational iterations and domain decomposition methods for the Helmholtz problem

An iterative algorithm for the numerical solution of the Helmholtz problem is considered. It is difficult to solve the problem numerically, in particular, when the imaginary part of the wave number is zero or small. We develop a parallel iterative algorithm based on a rational iteration and a nonoverlapping domain decomposition method for such a non-Hermitian, non-coercive problem. Algorithm parameters (artificial damping and relaxation) are introduced to accelerate the convergence speed of the iteration. Convergence analysis and effective strategies for finding efficient algorithm parameters are presented. Numerical results carried out on an nCUBE2 are given to show the efficiency of the algorithm. To reduce the boundary reflection, we employ a hybrid absorbing boundary condition (ABC) which combines the first-order ABC and the physical $Q$ ABC. Computational results comparing the hybrid ABC with non-hybrid ones are presented.
The shift and broadening of the resonance lines of Ca, Sr and Ba in hot, dense argon and helium

Abstract The shift and half-width of the resonance singlet lines of Ca, Sr and Ba in emission were measured under various relative densities between 20 and 70 for Ar (at 2500 K) and between 35 and 121 for He (at 2450 K) by means of a ballistic compressor. The shift due to Ar is always red and increased with increasing relative density. The shift due to He is slightly toward red at densities below 50 and then gradually turns to the violet as the relative density is further increased. The foreign gas shift and broadening is nearly the same for the resonance lines of all these different alkaline-earth atoms but is different for different foreign gases, as in the case of alkali metals. Comparison with previous observations of Ca at 910 K shows that the increase of temperature will cause a decrease in red shifts and half-widths.
Regional performance of tall tropical bunchgrasses in the Southeastern U.S.A.

Abstract This paper contains results of four research projects conducted over a five-year period (1986–1990), to evaluate high yielding perennial bunchgrasses as a renewable energy source. In peninsular Florida, tall bunchgrasses including elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) and energycane (Saccharum spp.), have produced far greater annual dry biomass (DB) yields than forage and sweet sorghums (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). In the colder locations in Florida's panhandle and at Auburn, Alabama, adapted elephantgrass and energycane genotypes produced comparable-to-much larger DB yields than the annual sorghums. A long near-linear period of DB accumulation, lasting 140 to 196 days, was responsible for the high yielding ability of the perennial bunchgrasses. However, the daily rate of DB accumulation of the bunchgrasses and the efficiency by which incoming solar energy was converted to chemical energy in plant biomass, were not unlike those of other C-4 grasses during active growth. The biomass of elephantgrass and energycane can be stored easily by ensiling because harvested herbage (before ensiling) has a low buffering capacity. Propagation quality of elephantgrass stems can be improved by applying high rates of fertilization to nursery plants.
Sequence and Stereospecific Consequences of Major Groove α-(N6-Adenyl)-Styrene Oxide Adducts in an Oligodeoxynucleotide Containing the HumanN-rasCodon 61 Sequence

The oligodeoxynucleotide d(CGGACAAGAAG):d(CTTCTTGTCCG), containing N-ras codon 61 (underlined), provided a model with which to examine the respective roles of adduct stereochemistry and DNA sequence in modulating the conformations of site-specific diastereomeric α-(N6-adenyl)–styrene oxide adducts. Solution structures of the (R)- and (S)-α-(N6-adenyl)–styrene oxide adducts incorporated at A6 and A7 in this sequence were refined from 1H NMR data. Distance restraints calculated from NOE data using relaxation matrix analysis were incorporated as effective potentials into the total energy equation. Solution structures refined using restrained molecular dynamics which incorporated a simulated annealing protocol were evaluated by complete relaxation matrix methods. Each of these adducts was located in the major groove. Their solution conformations were depen-dent upon both the stereochemistry of adduction and the DNA sequence. Stereochemistry determined the orientation of the styrenyl moieties relative to the lesion sites. For the R diastereomers, the styrene rings were oriented toward the 5′-direction from the sites of adduction. For the S stereoisomers, the styrene rings were oriented toward the 3′-direction from the sites of adduction. Both large and small DNA sequence effects were observed. For the two R adducts, small DNA sequence effects were observed. For the two S adducts, a large sequence effect, in which the S(61, 2) adduct equilibrated between two conformers while the S(61, 3) adduct exhibited only a single conformation, was observed. Potential energy minimization of the S(61, 2) adduct major conformation yielded a structure in which the styrene ring was oriented in the 3′-direction, and interacted primarily with the complementary strand. The minor conformation of the S(61, 2) adduct was not identified. These results are discussed in the context of mutagenesis experiments designed to probe for α-styrene oxide-induced mutations within these same sequences which revealed stereo- and sequence-specific effects in the processing of these lesions. This series of experiments represents the first reported example of ‘walking’ a set of structurally defined adducts along the DNA duplex, with analysis of adduct conformation at each isomeric position on the helix.
Effect of long-term zidovudine exposure on salvage and de novo purine and pyrimidine nucleotide syntheses

Salvage and de novo purine and pyrimidine nucleotide syntheses were studied in H9 (a human lymphoid cell line) and H9-AZT cells (chronically zidovudine-exposed H9 cells). H9-AZT cells incorporated 18% and 27% more hypoxanthine and uridine, respectively, than H9 cells. The incorporation of the formate and bicarbonate was similar in both cell lines. Purine and pyrimidine de novo synthesis was inhibited by hypoxanthine and uridine, respectively. Hypoxanthine and uridine salvage pathways, however, were not affected by formate or bicarbonate. Short-term AZT exposure of cells had no effect on nucleotide synthesis. Some of the problems encountered in the studies of purine and pyrimidine synthesis are also discussed.
Radiation therapy for chordomas of the base of skull and cervical spine: patterns of failure and outcome after relapse

Abstract Purpose: To determine the patterns of failure and outcome following relapse of chordomas of the base of skull and cervical spine. Methods and Materials: Between November 1975 and October 1993, 204 patients were treated for chordoma of the base of skull or cervical spine, of which 63 have developed relapse. These 63 patients constitute the main focus of this study. Forty-five patients presented with base of skull and 18 with cervical spine tumors. All patients received combined proton and photon beam radiation. The median prescribed dose was 70.1 cobalt-Gray equivalent (CGE) (range 66.6–77.4). There were 25 males and 38 females, with a median age of 41 years (range 7–66). Median follow-up was 54 months (range 8–158). Results: Sixty-three of the 204 patients treated (31%) had treatment failure. Among the 63 patients who relapsed, 60 (95%) experienced local recurrence, and in 49 patients (78%), this was the only site of failure. Two of 63 patients (3%) developed regional lymph node relapse and 3 of 63 (5%) developed surgical pathway recurrence (1 left neck, 1 palate and 1 nasal cavity). Thirteen of 204 patients relapsed in distant sites, accounting for 20% (13 of 63) of all patients with recurrence in this series. The most common metastic sites were lungs and bones presenting in 7 of 13 and 6 of 13 patients, respectively. Only 2 of 13 patients failed with isolated distant metastasis. The actuarial 3- and 5-year survival rates after local relapse (60 patients) were 44 and 5%, respectively. Following distant failure (13 patients), the 3- and 5-year survival rates were 25 and 12%, respectively. After any relapse (63 patients) the corresponding survival rates were 43 and 7%. Following local relapse, 49 of 60 patients underwent salvage therapy consisting of subtotal resection in most patients (46 of 49). The remaining 11 of 60 patients received supportive care only. Salvage therapy resulted in stable or improved status without subsequent disease progression in 7 of 49 (14%), stable or improved status with subsequent disease progression in 26 of 49 (53%), and progressive disease in 16 of 49 patients (33%). The actuarial 2- and 5-year overall survival rates following relapse for the 49 patients who underwent salvage treatment were 63 and 6%, which favorably compared to the 2-year survival rate of 21% for those who received supportive care only ( p = 0.001). Conclusions: Local relapse is the predominant type of treatment failure for chordomas of the base of skull and cervical spine. Salvage treatment may relieve symptoms; however, most patients will ultimately succumb to their disease. Poor long-term survival rates following relapse emphasize the importance of a combined treatment approach with experienced surgeons and radiation oncologists at the time of primary treatment. For most patients, only permanent local tumor control will offer a chance of cure.
Die-To-Database Inspection - An Effective Method Of Detecting And Locating Defects On Reticles

As the drive towards increased production of VLSI type devices continues, integrated circuit fabrication has become increasingly dependent on stepper technology to meet the demands for denser geometries, smaller critical dimensions, and tighter registration tolerances. This technology is based on repetitively exposing the wafers in a field-by-field manner using a reticle which is either a single or multi-die IC pattern. This technology differs from that of the 1X projection aligner in which there is a one-to-one correspondence between the mask and the imaged wafer.
Rotational Friction Kernel in Water from the Femtosecond Time-Resolved Optical Kerr Effect of Acetonitrile/Water Mixtures

Depolarized Rayleigh scattering (DRS) of acetonitrile/water mixtures is examined with the time-resolved, heterodyne-detected optical Kerr effect (OHD-OKE). For neat water, the rise of electronic response gives a symmetricapparatus function and an asymmetric correction is constructed with the help of high-frequency Raman data. For the mixtures at 21 °C, depolarized Raman spectra up to 1600 cm - 1 are obtained with high signal/noise ratio. The DRS spectra for acetonitrile mole fraction 0.05 ≤ x A C N ≤ 1 are decomposed into the spectra of water and of neat acetonitrile and a "composite" spectrum with associated weight functions. The spectral density at infinite dilution in water is obtained by extrapolation and transformed into the second-rank orientational correlation function of single acetonitrile solutes. The Einstein frequency of 31.11 cm - 1 is higher than the value of 27.11 cm - 1 for the potential-free stochastic rotor and an oscillation is observed in the corresponding velocity correlation function, both indicating librational motion in a solvent cage. The rotational correlation time τ 2 = 1.49 + 0.015 ps may be used to rescale τ 2 values from 1 4 N nuclear quadrupole relaxation in water; the comparison provides an improved value 4.54 ′ 0.03 MHz for the coupling constant. The correlation function is inverted to give the kernel for rotational friction. The latter consists of a fast biexponential decay with a 33-fs correlation time followed by exponential decay with a 0.779-ps time constant. An oscillatory residue around 0.3 ps indicates coupling between acetonitrile libration and the water frictional modes.
Effects of dihydropyridine calcium channel blocking drugs on rat brain muscarinic and α-adrenergic receptors

The dihydropyridine (DHP) Ca2+ channel blocking drugs nicardipine, nitrendipine, nimodipine, felodipine, nifedipine and nisoldipine were examined for activity in inhibiting specific (-)-[3H] QNB and [3H]WB4101 binding to the muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic receptors, respectively, of rat brain. Muscarinic receptor binding was affected most by nicardipine, with felodipine having less activity; the other DHP drugs were essentially inactive at 3 X 10(-5) M. The (+)-stereoisomer nicardipine (KI = 4.07 X 10(-7) M) was 27 times more potent than the (-)-isomer in inhibiting [3H]QNB binding, and this inhibition was found to be competitive. This inhibitory effect of nicardipine was not mediated via interaction with the high-affinity DHP binding site assumed to be associated with a Ca2+ channel. (+)-Nicardipine inhibited the binding of [3H]nitrendipine to this DHP binding site of brain, with a K1 of 9.01 X 10(-11) M, and was 10 times more potent than the (-)-isomer. Thus, the muscarinic receptor was 4200 times less sensitive to (+)-nicardipine than was this DHP binding site. Nicardipine was also the most potent DHP drug inhibiting [3H]WB4104 binding to the alpha-adrenergic receptor, although the other drugs were also somewhat active, in the rank order sequence listed above. This effect of nicardipine on the adrenergic receptor was also stereoselective, with (+)-nicardipine (KI = 3.46 X 10(-7) M) being about 3 times more potent than the (-)-isomer, in producing competitive inhibition of radioligand binding. These data suggest that the effects on brain receptors occur as a result of direct, stereospecific effects of DHP drugs on these receptors and are not due to Ca2+ channel blocking activity of these drugs.
A Long View of Globalization and Crisis

The crises we confront raise fundamental questions: how do we rethink our objectives? What are we assuming as ‘given’ that is getting in the way? I approach these questions by undertaking a ‘long history’ of accumulation processes and the social hierarchies, justificatory ideologies, and subjective investments they generate. Early state formation marked a turning point in potential scales of accumulation; the ‘industrial revolution’ and European state making marked a subsequent leap associated with modern capitalism. Accumulation throughout has involved both economic and non-economic processes and a mixture of coercion and consent. I argue that a history of these transformations illuminates issues shaping current crises: in particular, the ‘givenness’ (normalization) of inequalities within and between groups; belief systems that cultivate stratifications and antagonistic relations; erasure of social reproduction as the indispensable foundation of sustainability; and the idealization of ‘growth’ that under...
Distalization of the Drosophila leg by graded EGF-receptor activity

Arthropods and higher vertebrates both possess appendages, but these are morphologically distinct and the molecular mechanisms regulating patterning along their proximodistal axis (base to tip) are thought to be quite different. In Drosophila, gene expression along this axis is thought to be controlled primarily by a combination of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and Wnt signalling from sources of ligands, Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Wingless (Wg), in dorsal and ventral stripes, respectively. In vertebrates, however, proximodistal patterning is regulated by receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity from a source of ligands, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), at the tip of the limb bud. Here I revise our understanding of limb development in flies and show that the distal region is actually patterned by a distal-to-proximal gradient of RTK activity, established by a source of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-related ligands at the presumptive tip. This similarity between proximodistal patterning in vertebrates and flies supports previous suggestions of an evolutionary relationship between appendages/body-wall outgrowths in animals.
Comparison of Steady-State Shear Viscosity and Complex Shear Modulus in Langmuir Monolayers

Langmuir monolayers of simple fatty acids exhibit a wide range of nonlinear flow behavior. One issue for such materials is whether or not there exists a simple relationship between the steady-state shear viscosity, η , and the complex shear modulus, ) ( * ω G . In particular, one might expect to find a relationship analogous to the Cox-Merz rule that exists for viscoelastic polymers relating η as a function of shear rate to ) ( * ω G as a function of frequency. We investigate η and ) ( * ω G for two different materials and a number of different phases. As expected, due to the strongly nonlinear features of monolayers, the measured values of η and ) ( * ω G differ by orders of magnitude. Furthermore, there is no simple relationship between η as a function of shear rate to ) ( * ω G as a function of frequency.
Physician Attitudes and the Treatment of Alcohol and Drug Dependent Patients

(1978). Physician Attitudes and the Treatment of Alcohol and Drug Dependent Patients. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 27-34.
International INtegrated Database for the Evaluation of severe sePsis and drotrecogin alfa (activated) THerapy: component trials and statistical methods for INDEPTH.

ABSTRACTObjectives: To better understand the effects of drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DrotAA) in severe sepsis patients, and the natural progression of severe sepsis, by creating a database of severe sepsis patients using the appropriate statistical analysis methods to integrate data from various trials.Patients and methods: Patient-level data from five severe sepsis trials, conducted by the same sponsor (Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA), were combined in an integrated database. Patients from various studies were included and received either DrotAA at 24 μg/kg/h for 96 hours ( n = 3228) or placebo ( n = 1231), in addition to standard supportive care. The following adjustments to the analyses were made to allow for the combined, and thus non-randomized, nature of the data: (1) differences in observed outcomes between studies were investigated to assess the extent of study-to-study variation before combining study-level data across trials for statistical analysis; (2) random study effects were ...
Interobserver and Intraobserver Variability in the Assessment of Pulmonary Nodule Size on CT Using Film and Computer Display Methods1

Rationale and Objectives A critical element in determining biologic behavior of pulmonary nodules is volume and temporal volume change. We evaluate variability in nodule volume among readers and measuring methods. Materials and Methods 55 small ( Results Mean nodule short-axis diameter was 5.3 mm; mean long-axis diameter 7.2 mm. There was statistically significant variation among readers and measurement method for nodule volume. Volume was significantly larger using hard-copy measurements (51.9%-54.1% variation; P P = P Conclusion Considerable interobserver and intraobserver variability in measuring nodules exists using hard-copy and computer tools. Since a small change in diameter indicates a much larger change in volume, this may be significant when using early repeat CT to follow small pulmonary nodules. Computer-aided diagnostic tools that reproducibly measure nodule volume are strongly needed.
Reversible Cold Block of the Specialized Cardiac Tissues of the Unanesthetized Dog

The sinoatrial node and the bundle of His in intact, unanesthetized dogs were subjected to local cooling by means of surgically implanted devices. Impulse formation in the sinoatrial node could thus be suppressed at will and the heart rate regulated within a physiological range by an electrode driving the atrium. Reversible blockage of atrioventricular conduction was easily induced on cooling the region of the bundle of His.
Runoff effect on eutrophic lake water quality and heavy metal distribution in recent littoral sediment.

Abstract Multivariate statistical methods (hierarchical clustering analysis: HCA, and principal component analysis: PCA) were used to study the influence of runoff and other diffuse pollution sources on lake water chemistry of Hough Park lake in Central Missouri. In addition, heavy metal concentrations in lake littoral sediment were evaluated for enrichment and probable ecological risk. The abundance of macronutrients in the lake water column followed the order: Ca > Mg > TIC > K > Na > S > NO3 – N > Fe > NH3 – N > TP. Heavy metal concentrations in the lake water column were below acute and chronic level ecological guidelines. TN:TP ratios (range: 4.1–6.8) revealed nitrogen limitation of algal and other photosynthetic plant growth. The HCA showed two major clusters of similarity between the sampling points suggesting different pollution levels for the clusters. PCA 1, 2 and 3 reflected the influence of natural biochemical processes, atmospheric deposition and runoff respectively on lake water chemistry. The abundance of heavy metals and the normalizing element (Li) in littoral sediment ( Zn > Cr > Ni > Li > Cu > Pb > Cd > Hg. The average concentration of Cr, Mn and Ni in littoral sediment fraction exceeded the respective lowest effects level (LEL) threshold limit. Metal bioavailability in sediment fraction was low since the most labile metal species contained between 0% and 11% of the total metal content. Using the risk assessment code (RAC) criteria, only Mn posed a medium risk to the lake system.
Axial pressure profiles in non‐newtonian flow: Part I: Theoretical and experimental considerations

The flow behavior of polymeric fluids in tubes can be determined from measurements of the radial stress profile in the flow direction. This subject, the focus of our research, will be examined in Part II of this communication. Part I describes a research designed to test the accuracy of stress measurement with pressure transducers in a variety of recess mount geometries. No mount geometry errors were detected for the fluids used in this work over a shear rate range of 1 to 2000 sec−1. Part I also contains a survey of the literature and theoretical considerations pertinent to the entire work. On peut determiner le comportement de l'ecoulement de fluides polymeres dans des tubes en mesurant le profil de la contrainte radiale qui s'exerce dans le sens de l'ecoulement. On etudiera ce sujet, qui est le point central de notre recherche, dans la Partie II du present travail. On decrit dans la Partie I une etude faite, en vue de verifier l'exactitude des mesures de contrainte, avec des transducteurs a pression disposes en retrait selon divers arrangements geometriques. On n'a decele aucune erreur dans les arrangements geometriques, dans le cas des fluides qu'on a employes, pour une vitesse de cisaillement variant entre 1 et 2000 secondes−l. On trouve aussi dans la Partie 1 un releve de la litterature scientifique et des considerations theoriques qui s'appliquent a tout le travail.
Operating-conditions and decisions-driven test systems (OCDTS)

In this paper we stress that currently available test systems were developed by making major assumptions at the time when this was realistic to do. These test systems are only building blocks of a much larger puzzle that needs to be simulated and tested in the changing electric energy industry. It is practically impossible to integrate several test systems once developed in a stand-alone way into a more functional test systems capable of answering badly needed questions about system performance in the actual operations and over the prolonged periods of time when the conditions vary significantly and are often driven by the decisions along the way. We suggest that test systems for emulating the actual system operation, as well as for guiding the operator to make decisions according to multiple performance objectives are going to be essential to support integration of new technologies. In order to begin to fill this gap, we introduce a notion of “operating conditions and decisions-driven test systems” (OCDTS). We illustrate the applications of such test systems for answering questions concerning the type of dominant operating problem, the most critical constraints and the potential for improving system operations by adjusting other variables. We show how such an approach fundamentally helps those operating the system in making the most out of the available resources over time. Quantifiable benefits in terms of enhancing reliability, efficiency and environmental impacts are described.
Dual roles for adenomatous polyposis coli in regulating retinoic acid biosynthesis and Wnt during ocular development

Congenital hypertrophy/hyperplasia of the retinal pigmented epithelium is an ocular lesion found in patients harboring mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene. We report that Apc-deficient zebrafish display developmental abnormalities of both the lens and retina. Injection of dominant-negative Lef reduced Wnt signaling in the lens but did not rescue retinal differentiation defects. In contrast, treatment of apc mutants with all-trans retinoic acid rescued retinal differentiation defects but had no apparent effect on the lens. We identified Rdh5 as a retina-specific retinol dehydrogenase controlled by APC. Morpholino knockdown of Rdh5 phenocopied the apc mutant retinal differentiation defects and was rescued by treatment with exogenous all-trans retinoic acid. Microarray analyses of apc mutants and Rdh5 morphants revealed a profound overlap in the transcriptional profile of these embryos. These findings support a model wherein Apc serves a dual role in regulating Wnt and retinoic acid signaling within the eye and suggest retinoic acid deficiency as an explanation for APC mutation-associated retinal defects such as congenital hypertrophy/hyperplasia of the retinal pigmented epithelium.
Determination of paternity in dragonflies by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA fingerprinting.

We used Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting to address issues of paternity in two odonate species. Amplification artifacts of RAPD markers were controlled by assessing paternity patterns relative to the banding patterns generated by quantitative mixtures of DNA from putative parents (‘synthetic offspring’). In the aeshnid dragonfly Anax parthenope, for which the mating histories of both males and females were unknown, we found strong evidence for complete paternity success for the contact guarding male. In the highly polygamous libellulid dragonfly Orthetrum coerulescens, we detected and quantified mixed paternity in sequentially produced offspring clutches and demonstrated that fertilization success is correlated with the duration of copulation. Our results suggest that RAPD fingerprinting is suitable to address issues of paternity in systems which are genetically uncharacterized and produce large offspring clutches.
Kinetic analysis of electromagnetic wave backscattering in a magnetized plasma

An analysis is presented which describes the stimulated backscattering of an electromagnetic wave with frequency large compared with the electron cyclotron frequency and the electrostacic scatterer wave frequency. The electron and ion susceptibilities provided by kinetic theory are employed in convenient approximations valid at moderate temperatures. Formulae are derived which permit calculation of the growth rate and threshold in bounded and unbounded plasmas. A numerical study of the effects of a static magnetic field on the stimulated backscattering of a carbon dioxide laser beam in a hydrogen plasma is included.
Note on a sphere theorem for the axisymmetric stokes flow of a viscous fluid

An expression for the Stokes's stream-function for a slow steady axisymmetrical motion of viscous fluid due to a hydrodynamical distribution in the presence of a sphere has been given by the author [1] in terms of the stream-function for the motion due to the same distribution in unbounded fluid, this latter motion being assumed irrotational. The author has since been able to obtain a more general expression for the stream-function by not assuming the motion in unbounded fluid to be irrotational, this result being given in his Ph.D. dissertation [2]. Hasimoto [3] has since given these results, the second in a different form from that of the author. Since the general expression derived by the author is considerably simpler than that found by Hasimoto, it is given in this note. A corresponding result for the motion in a region bounded by a plane is also given.
Comparing static and dynamic code scheduling for multiple-instruction-issue processors

This paper examines two alternative approaches to supporting code scheduling for multiple-instruction-issue processors. One is to provide a set of non-trapping instructions so that the compiler can perform aggressive static code scheduling. The application of this approach to existing commercial architectures typically requires extending the instruction set. The other approach is to support out-of-order execution in the microarchitecture so that the hardware can perform aggressive dynamic code scheduling. This approach usually does not require modifying the instruction set but requires complex hardware support. In this paper, we analyze the performance of the two alternative approaches using a set of important nonnumerical C benchmark programs. A distinguishing feature of the experiment is that the code for the dynamic approach has been optimized and scheduled as much as allowed by the architecture. The hardware is only responsible for the additional reordering that cannot be performed by the compiler. The overall result is that the dynamic and static approaches are comparable in performance. When applied to a four-instruction-issue processor, both methods achieve more than two times speedup over a high performance single-instruction-issue processor. However, the performance of each scheme varies among the benchmark programs. To explain this variation, we have identi ed the conditions in these programs that make one approach perform better than the other.
Using FPGAs to Parallelize Dictionary Attacks for Password Cracking

Operating systems and data protection tools are employing sophisticated password derived encryption key techniques in order to encrypt data. Such techniques impose a significant computational burden on forensic tools that attempt dictionary attacks are requiring cryptographic hash generation functions to be called several thousand times for each password attempted. In order to improve throughput, forensic analysis tools are designed to operate in a distributed manner over a dedicated network of workstations. This paper describes an FPGA-based hardware implementation of the standard CPSK#5 technique published by RSA Laboratories for generating password-derived encryption keys. This is the most computationally demanding step required when performing a dictionary attack on modern password-protected systems. The initial FPGA implementation incorporates four password-derived encryption key generation units operating at a frequency of 150 MHz and is capable of processing over 510 passwords per second. The implementation's performance can be easily improved by incorporating additional key generation units.
Map-based priors for localization

Localization from sensor measurements is a fundamental task for navigation. Particle filters are among the most promising candidates to provide a robust and real-time solution to the localization problem. They instantiate the localization problem as a Bayesian altering problem and approximate the posterior density over location by a weighted sample set. In this paper, we introduce map-based priors for localization, using the semantic information available in maps to bias the motion model toward areas of higher probability. We, show that such priors, under a particular assumption, can easily be incorporated in the particle filter by means of a pseudo likelihood. The resulting filter is more reliable and more accurate. We show experimental results on a GPS based outdoor people tracker that illustrate the approach and highlight its potential.
Hybrid nanoarchitectured core shell plasmonic structures with tunable optical properties

Interest in patterned polymer-based flexible nanodevices and sub-100 nm metal and transparent conducting nanostructured electrodes have led us to modify the traditional nanoimprint lithography technique to enable fabrication of an array of sub-100 nm diameter electrode structures. Transparent conducting electrodes (TCOs) are fabricated by coating one or multiple TCO layers of choice on top of a polymer nanostructured scaffold of appropriate dimension. By optimizing the thickness of each of these layers one may tune and optimize the trade-off between the conductivity and transparency of the sample. Incorporation of plasmonic materials such as Ag leads to interplay of localized and tunable surface plasmon resonances within the TCO structures. At plasmon resonance the reflection of the sample is minimized and absorption in the TCO structures dominates. Experimental and simulated reflection spectra of these structures are in good agreement, including the appearance of sharp spectral features that are absent in a simple planar analog. The simulated Brewster angle of the nanopillars decreases compared to the planar reference sample by up to 10-13 degrees depending on the height of the pillars and indicates a reduced effective refractive index. The depolarization factor obtained by ellipsometry is about 0.05, as anticipated for ellipsoidal pillars.
Cooperative Client-Side File Caching for MPI Applications

Client-side file caching is one of many I/O strategies adopted by today's parallel file systems that were initially designed for distributed systems. Most of these implementations treat each client independently because clients' computations are seldom related to each other in a distributed environment. However, it is misguided to apply the same assumption directly to high-performance computers where many parallel I/O operations come from a group of processes working within the same parallel application. Thus, file caching could perform more effectively if the scope of processes sharing the same file is known. In this paper, we propose a client-side file caching system for MPI applications that perform parallel I/O operations on shared files. In our design, an I/O thread is created and runs concurrently with the main thread in each MPI process. The MPI processes that collectively open a shared file use the I/O threads to cooperate with each other to handle file requests, cache page access, and coherence control. By bringing the caching subsystem closer to the applications as a user space library, it can be incorporated into an MPI I/O implementation to increase its portability. Performance evaluations using three I/O benchmarks demonstrate a significant improvement over traditional methods that use either byte-range file locking or rely on coherent I/O provided by the file system.
Cholesterol: Point-of-Care Testing:

OBJECTIVE:To review the literature regarding point-of-care (POC) cholesterol monitors and describe their role in pharmacy practice.DATA SOURCES:Primary articles were identified by a MEDLINE search (1966–May 2003); references cited in these articles provided additional resources.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All of the articles identified from this search were reviewed, and all information deemed relevant was included.DATA SYNTHESIS:Hyperlipidemia is a well-established risk factor for coronary artery disease, which is the leading cause of death in the US. The use of POC cholesterol monitors may help to improve the identification and management of this disease. Pharmacists may use many of these devices in their practice and are also in an ideal position to provide patient education on selection and use of these monitors and interpretation of the results.CONCLUSIONS:The availability of POC cholesterol monitors has increased in recent years. Based on currently available data, these monitors are best sui...
Blog offensive: An exploratory analysis of attacks published on campaign blog posts from a political public relations perspective

Abstract An advancement in online campaigning during the 2004 election cycle was the integration of blogs in candidate Web sites. This content analysis investigated the political public relations message strategy on campaign blogs during the 2004 election, focusing on attacks as a part of Functional Theory of Political Campaign Discourse. Results indicated frequent discussion of the opponent, reliance on attacks, and the dominance of logical appeals. Candidates focused on issue over image. The incumbent attacked more often than the challenger.
Probing the depths of informant discrepancies: contextual influences on divergence and convergence.

This study examined how a contextual approach to child assessment can clarify the meaning of informant discrepancies by focusing on children's social experiences and their if…then reactions to them. In a sample of 123 children (M age = 13.30) referred to a summer program for children with behavior problems, parent–teacher agreement for syndromal measures of aggression and withdrawal was modest. Agreement remained low when informants assessed children's reactions to specific peer and adult events. The similarity of these events increased consistency within informants but had no effect on agreement between parents and teachers. In contrast, similarity in the pattern of social events children encountered at home and school predicted informant agreement for syndromal aggression and for aggression to aversive events. Our results underscore the robustness of informant discrepancies and illustrate how they can be studied as part of the larger mosaic of person–environment interactions.
Re-inking the Pen: Evidence from P. Oxy. 657 (P13) Concerning Unintentional Scribal Errors

New Testament textual critics customarily discuss scribal errors under two headings: intentional errors and unintentional, accidental, or involuntary errors. Intentional errors are those made deliberately in order to improve or correct the text and involve corrections made to spelling or grammar, harmonisation to other passages (whether in the immediate context, in a parallel passage, or in an Old Testament source), and liturgical or theological enhancement. These might all be traced to the conscious activity of the scribe.1 Unintentional errors, on the other hand, can be distinguished (in theory at least) as arising not from conscious scribal activity but from involuntary mistakes of eye, ear, memory, judgment, pen or speech.2 These errors involve accidental additions, especially dittography (writing twice something that is only once in the exemplar), omissions, either by haplography (writing once something that is twice in the exemplar) or through homoioteleuton (a confusion due to similar endings of words or lines in the exemplar), or other sorts of confusions of letters or words.3
Testosterone Improves the Regeneration of Old and Young Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Aging is associated with loss of muscle mass and strength, reduced satellite cell number, and lower regenerative potential. Testosterone increases muscle mass, strength, and satellite cell number in humans; however, the effects of testosterone on the regenerative potential of skeletal muscle are unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of testosterone on the skeletal muscle regeneration of young (2-month-old) and aged (24-month-old) male mice. We show that testosterone increases the number of proliferating satellite cells in regenerating “tibialis anterior” muscle of young and aged castrated mice 2 and 4 days postinjury. Testosterone supplementation increases the number and the cross-sectional area of regenerating fibers in both classes of age 4 days postinjury. Testosterone increases satellite cell activation and proliferation and the regeneration of both young and aged mouse muscle. These data suggest prospective application of androgens to improve the regenerating potential of the aged human skeletal muscle.
Skin-Resident T Cells Sense Ultraviolet Radiation–Induced Injury and Contribute to DNA Repair

Skin-resident T cells have been shown to play important roles in tissue homeostasis and wound repair, but their role in UV radiation (UVR)–mediated skin injury and subsequent tissue regeneration is less clear. In this study, we demonstrate that acute UVR rapidly activates skin-resident T cells in humans and dendritic epidermal γδ T cells (DETCs) in mice through mechanisms involving the release of ATP from keratinocytes. Following UVR, extracellular ATP leads to an increase in CD69 expression, proliferation, and IL-17 production, and to changes in DETC morphology. Furthermore, we find that the purinergic receptor P2X7 and caspase-1 are necessary for UVR-induced IL-1 production in keratinocytes, which increases IL-17 secretion by DETCs. IL-17, in turn, induces epidermal TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis and growth arrest and DNA damage–associated gene 45, two molecules linked to the DNA repair response. Finally, we demonstrate that DETCs and human skin-resident T cells limit DNA damage in keratinocytes. Taken together, our findings establish a novel role for skin-resident T cells in the UVR-associated DNA repair response and underscore the importance of skin-resident T cells to overall skin regeneration.
Flavonoid oxidation by the radical generator AIBN: a unified mechanism for quercetin radical scavenging.

Four oxidized flavonoid derivatives generated from reacting quercetin (a pentahydroxylated flavone) with the peroxyl radical generator 2,2‘-azobis-isobutyronitrile (AIBN) were isolated by chromatographic methods and identified by NMR and MS analyses. Compounds included 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,4,6-trihydroxy-3(2H)-benzofuranone (2); 1,3,11a-trihydroxy-9-(3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-on-2-yl)-5a-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,6,11-hexahydro-5,6,11-trioxanaphthacene-12-one (3); 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (4); and methyl 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglyoxylate (5). Product ratios under different hydrogen ion concentrations and external nucleophiles revealed that two of the products, namely the substituted benzofuranone (2) and the depside (4), are generated from a common carbocation intermediate. Indirect evidence for the operation of a cyclic concerted mechanism in the formation of the dimeric product (3) is provided. The identification of these products supports the model that the princip...
Optimal feature weighting for the continuous HMM

We propose new continuous hidden Markov model (CHMM) structure that integrates feature weighting component. We assume that each feature vector could include different subsets of features that come from different sources of information or different feature extractors. We modify the probability density function that characterizes the standard CHMM to include state and component dependent feature relevance weights. To learn the optimal feature weights from the training data, we modify the maximum likelihood based Baum-Welch algorithm and we derive the necessary conditions. The proposed approach is validated using synthetic and real data sets. The results are shown to outperform the standard CHMM.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of internal source monitoring in schizophrenia: Recognition with and without recollection

Patients with schizophrenia tend to have impaired source monitoring and intact item recognition, suggesting an over-reliance of familiarity effects. We previously demonstrated that providing patients with a levels-of-processing (LOP) semantic encoding strategy normalized source monitoring. The current blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study tests the hypothesis that patients will have abnormally increased fronto-temporal activation despite intact performance. fMRI was measured in 13 patients and 13 demographically matched healthy controls during a LOP source monitoring paradigm. SPM2 was used for standard pre-processing and statistical analyses, with a corrected significance threshold of p<.05. Examination of accuracy and speed measures did not reveal any group differences in task performance. Regardless of source retrieval success both groups activated expected prefrontal and parietal regions, with no areas of relatively greater control versus patient activation. In support of the hypothesis, patients showed abnormally increased activation in temporolimbic areas including middle and superior temporal gyrus, thalamus, and parahippocampal gyrus. Activation in these areas was associated with worse positive and negative symptoms, but did not correlate with performance, suggesting inefficient rather than compensatory activation.
Plasticity in the brainstem vagal circuits controlling gastric motor function triggered by corticotropin releasing factor

Stress impairs gastric emptying, reduces stomach compliance and induces early satiety via vagal actions. We have shown recently that the ability of the anti-stress neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) to modulate vagal brainstem circuits undergoes short-term plasticity via alterations in cAMP levels subsequent to vagal afferent fibre-dependent activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the OXT-induced gastric response undergoes plastic changes in the presence of the prototypical stress hormone, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). Whole cell patch clamp recordings showed that CRF increased inhibitory GABAergic synaptic transmission to identified corpus-projecting dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurones. In naive brainstem slices, OXT perfusion had no effect on inhibitory synaptic transmission; following exposure to CRF (and recovery from its actions), however, re-application of OXT inhibited GABAergic transmission in the majority of neurones tested. This uncovering of the OXT response was antagonized by pretreatment with protein kinase A or adenylate cyclase inhibitors, H89 and di-deoxyadenosine, respectively, indicating a cAMP-mediated mechanism. In naive animals, OXT microinjection in the dorsal vagal complex induced a NO-mediated corpus relaxation. Following CRF pretreatment, however, microinjection of OXT attenuated or, at times reversed, the gastric relaxation which was insensitive to l-NAME but was antagonized by pretreatment with a VIP antagonist. Immunohistochemical analyses of vagal motoneurones showed an increased number of oxytocin receptors present on GABAergic terminals of CRF-treated or stressed vs. naive rats. These results indicate that CRF alters vagal inhibitory circuits that uncover the ability of OXT to modulate GABAergic currents and modifies the gastric corpus motility response to OXT.
Glutarimides II. 3-methyl-3-alkyl-n-alkylglutarimides

Procedures for the preparation of several 3,3-dialkyl-N-alkylglutarimides from the readily obtainable Guareschi imides are described. The compounds prepared resemble some others that have been used as sedatives and antispasmodics. When tested pharmacologically, however, the new compounds, with one exception, were found to be convulsant at high dosage.
Observations on jointly optimal detection for multi-rate DS/CDMA systems

Multi-rate communication systems are considered for the transmission of direct-sequence code division multiple access wireless signals. Performance for jointly optimal detection is studied in the context of multi-code access where high data rate users multiplex their information streams onto multiple codes; and variable spreading length access where signature sequences of different lengths are assigned to users with different data rates. Preliminary results are obtained for various methods of jointly optimal detection for the variable spreading length system. In addition, asymptotic multi-user performance measures are calculated and bounded to compare performance of the two systems.