cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glucose Disposal Rates and the Glucose Challenge in Pregnant Women

ABSTRACT Two large groups of randomly selected women were given standard rapid intravenous glucose tolerance tests during 3rd trimester pregnancy. One group was given a 25 g, and the other a 37½ g glucose challenge. The higher dose augmented the peak value and prolonged the fall to equilibrium levels. Significantly different disposal rates resulted when the simple exponential, but not when an incremental model, was applied to the data. The source of the disagreement with different analytic models was clarified by a two-way analysis of variance which indicated that body weight and not glucose dose significantly affected disposal rates calculated from the simple exponential model. This finding has particular significance for the current study because the weight distribution of the two groups were at variance. The model using increments above a theoretic post-test leveling was found to give k rates for the two dose schedules which were not significantly different, and were also shown to be independent of the...
Combined Mechanical Engineering Materials Lecture and Mechanics of Materials Laboratory: Cross-Disciplinary Teaching

We have developed a course combining a Mechanical Engineering Materials Laboratory with a Materials Science lecture for a small combined population of undergraduate Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering students. By judicious selection of topic order, we have been able to utilize one lecture and one laboratory for both Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering students (with limited splitting of groups). The primary reasons for combining the Mechanical and Biomedical students are to reduce faculty load and required resources in a small university. For schools with medium or small Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering programs, class sizes could be improved if they could include other populations. The heterogeneous populations also aid in teaching students that the same engineering techniques are useful in more than a single engineering realm. The laboratory sections begin with the issues common to designing and evaluating mechanical testing, followed by tensile, shear, and torsion evaluation of metals. To introduce composite materials, wood and cement are evaluated. While the Mechanical Engineering students are evaluating impact and strain gauges, the Biomedical Engineering students are performing tensile studies of soft tissues, and compression of long bones. The basic materials lectures (beginning at the atomic level) are in common with both Mechanical and Biomedical student populations, until specific topics such as human body materials are discussed. Three quarters of the term is thus taught on a joint basis, and three or four lectures are split. Basic metal, plastic and wood behavior is common to both groups.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Chiral translation and cooperative self-assembly of discrete helical structures using molecular recognition dyads

Complementary diaminopyridine (DAP) and flavin derivatives self-assemble into discrete helically stacked tetrads in hydrocarbon solvents. The self-assembled structure was demonstrated through induced circular dichroism using DAPs with chiral side-chains and flavin with achiral side-chains. Flavin derivatives with chiral side-chains were synthesized; cooperativity in the self-assembly was established through circular dichroism (CD) profiles and melting curves. It was found that placing stereocenters in both recognition units resulted in a strong bisignated profile and enhancement of complex stability, indicative of cooperative self-assembly.
Stereoselective and non-stereoselective effects of D 600 (methoxyverapamil) in smooth muscle preparations

Mechanical responses in guinea-pig ileal longitudinal, rat vasa deferentia and rat portal vein smooth muscle strips elicited by receptor activation (muscarinic or alpha-adrenergic) or by K+ depolarization were blocked by D 600 (methoxyverapamil). Stereoselectivity was observed with the (-)-enantiomer being more potent than the (+)-enantiomer (the ratio varying from 6 to 180). The tonic (slow) component of response was more sensitive than the phasic (fast) component. D 600 competitively blocked binding of (-)-[3H]QNB and [3H]WB 4101 to muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic receptors respectively, but in marked contrast to the effects on mechanical responses antagonism of ligand binding was non-stereoselective. It is suggested that stereoselectivity of action of D 600 may be a useful criterion to distinguish between its several sites of action.
Increase in Viscosity in Polystyrene Melt at High Rates of Shear

EXTENSIVE results have been published showing the existence of an upper (high shear rate) Newtonian region for dilute polymer solutions1. This has been shown to be of considerable value in characterizing molecular weight distribution. However, because of experimental difficulties, there is little information of this kind which has been obtained on bulk polymer melts of high molecular weight. Master curves of viscosity versus shear rate for a number of these polymers show no evidence of such an effect for at least six shear rate decades of non-Newtonian behaviour2.
The ovarian budget crisis.

In times of economic peril, much effort is spent searching for the causes and worrying about the short and long term consequences when they have profound effects on our daily well-being and livelihood. The floundering U.S. economy has had global consequences, not the least of which has been the demise of prominence in technology and science that Americans have benefitted from for many years. The delicate balance between revenue and expenditure that equilibrates the budget has a parallel: The human ovary. In this issue, we see evidence of the ovarian budget crisis that is at the base of the “global” economy we call human reproduction. And not too far behind lie implications for long-term outcomes that will likely change how medicine is practiced in and around the field of human ARTs. In this case, building a new knowledge base upon which safer and more efficient patient care can be realized, and not a cataclysmic stimulus rescue effort, is the root to economic recovery.
Differential modulation of allergic eye disease by chronic and acute ascaris infection.

PURPOSE. To assess alterations in allergic ocular responses to nonparasite antigens in an experimental system in which mice were skewed toward a Th2 cytokine profile by helminth infection. METHODS. Mice were inoculated with Ascaris suum (A. suum) eggs concurrent with ragweed (RW) sensitization (RW/acute) or by repeated inoculation before RW sensitization (RW/ chronic). Control subjects were divided into RW, A. suum, and sham-sensitized groups. Animals were RW-challenged in the eye and examined for changes in ocular responses, inflammatory cell infiltrates, and in vitro assessment of cytokines after antigen restimulation. In subsequent experiments, CD4/ CD25 T regulatory and CD4/CD25 control T cells were adoptively transferred into mice before ocular challenge. RESULTS. RW sensitization and challenge increased ocular symptoms and eosinophil infiltration into the conjunctiva over PBS control eyes. Acute A. suum infection significantly increased RW-induced clinical symptoms and eosinophil infiltrates in the conjunctiva (P 0.0001) and resulted in the development of anterior uveitis. In contrast, RW/chronic infection provided protection from allergic responses to RW with significantly fewer eosinophils in the eye and reduced eotaxin levels. Transfer of CD4/CD25 T cells from RW/chronic mice into RW/ acute animals also decreased disease intensity, suggesting that T regulatory cells may contribute to protection from allergic eye disease. CONCLUSIONS. The current studies suggest acute parasitic infections exacerbate allergic symptoms, whereas chronic infections offer protection and provide possible explanations for the role of parasitic infection in susceptibility and resistance to nonparasite allergens. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46: 2772‐2780) DOI:10.1167/iovs.04-0899
Real-time generation of the Wigner distribution of complex functions using phase conjugation in photorefractive materials

An optical processor for real-time generation of the Wigner distribution of complex amplitude functions is introduced. The phase conjugation of the input signal is accomplished by a highly efficient self-pumped phase conjugator based on a 45°-cut barium titanate photorefractive crystal. Experimental results on the real-time generation of Wigner distribution slices for complex amplitude two-dimensional optical functions are presented and discussed.
Heteroepitaxy of CdTe on GaAs and silicon substrates

Abstract CdTe can be grown directly by molecular beam epitaxy on substrates such as GaAs or silicon, which exhibit very large lattice mismatches of 14.6% and 19% respectively. The occurrence of dual epitaxy, which has been previously reported for growth on (100)GaAs, has also been found recently for growth on (211)GaAs. The (133)CdTe-(211)GaAs hetero-interface presents a smooth continuation of the tetrahedral bond network from GaAs to CdTe, which is not the case for the (211)CdTe-(211)GaAs interface. Single-domain, twin-free CdTe(111)B films are currently obtained on Si(100) surface where single atomic steps are dominant. The crystalline quality of CdTe/Si films has been dramatically improved as confirmed by X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence and electron microscopy investigations. The narrowest rocking curves obtained for as-grown epilayers are 70 arcsec for (133)CdTe/(211)GaAs, 50 arcsec for a flash-annealed (211)CdTe/(211)GaAs and 140 arcsec for (111)B CdTe/(100)Si. These results confirm that the CdTe/GaAs and CdTE/Si composite substrates should be viewed as prime candidates to replace bulk CdTe substrates.
High yield purification of soluble guanylate cyclase from bovine lung.

Abstract Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the main target of nitric oxide (NO), is a cytosolic, heme-containing, heterodimeric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP) to 3,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and pyrophosphate (PPi) in the presence of Mg2+. Cyclic GMP is then involved in transmitting the NO activating signals to a variety of downstream effectors such as cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels, protein kinases, and phosphodiesterases. In this work, sGC has been purified from bovine lung. The lungs were subjected to grinding and extraction with buffer at physiological pH followed by centrifugation. The resulting solution was subjected to successive column chromatography on DEAE- and Q-Sepharose, Ceramic Hydroxyapatite, Resource Q, and GTP–agarose. The purified enzyme migrated as a two-band protein on SDS–PAGE corresponding to sGC subunits α (Mr = 77,532) and β (Mr = 70,500) and had an A280nm/A430nm of ∼1 indicating one heme per heterodimer. The yield of enzyme was 8–10 mg from 4 to 5 kg bovine lungs. Vmax and Km of non-stimulated sGC were 22 nmol/mg/min and 180 μM, respectively. Upon stimulation with the NO donor 3-ethyl-3-(ethylaminoethyl)-1-hydroxy-2-oxo-1-triazene, the Vmax increased to 1330 nmol/mg/min while the Km dropped to 43 μM. The quality and quantity of enzyme make it suitable for studies to probe the structure and catalytic mechanism of this enzyme and for research related to drug discovery.
A model for subgrain superplastic flow in aluminum alloys

Abstract Aluminum alloys that contain low angle boundaries exhibit different superplastic behavior than alloys consisting of high angle boundaries. On a relative basis, the low angle boundaries increase the flow stress, but impart a greater resistance to cavitation; the strain-rate sensitivity of this material is generally smaller and the change in the strain-rate sensitivity with strain rate shows a minimum instead of a maximum as observed in the large angle boundary materials. As a result, the subgrain material can be deformed to large tensile strains at fast strain rates. A kinetic model for subgrain superplasticity that invokes a balance between the arrival and emission rates of dislocations at low angle boundaries is presented. It explains several features of subgrain superplasticity. It also explains why ultrafine dispersoids of intermetallics appear to stabilize the subgrain structure in aluminum. Early work on the correlation between flow stress and the subgrain size in dynamic recrystallization of metals may also be consistent with the model.
Recriminalizing Delinquency: Violent Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice Reform

Recriminalizing Delinquency presents a case study of legislation that redefines previous acts of delinquency as crimes, and delinquents as juvenile offenders. It examines one state's response to violent juvenile crime through waiver legislation that transfers jurisdiction over juveniles from juvenile court to criminal court. It focuses on the creation, implementation, and effects of waiver legislation that lowered the eligible age of criminal responsibility to thirteen for murder and fourteen for other violent offenses. In the end, recriminalization is seen as an effort to return a part of the juvenile justice system to the conditions that existed prior to the creation of juvenile courts.
Mode-selective all-optical switching via quantum frequency conversion

We propose mode-selective all-optical switching by utilizing quantum frequency conversion in a single-mode regime. This can potentially augment existing tools for all-optical information processing in the quantum domain.
CT-Guided percutaneous catheter drainage of lymphocele complicating splenorenal anastomosis

We report the successful management by CT-guided percutaneous catheter drainage of a lymphocele complicating a Warren-Zeppa distal splenorenal venous anastomosis. The early postoperative course of this 31-year-old male with homozygous alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency was complicated by chylous ascites and a large lymphocele demonstrable on CT scanning. The persistent 10.5 cm diameter lymphocele was drained percutaneously 5 weeks later by a CT-guided catheter. Drainage of lymph continued at decreasing rates for 13 days when the catheter was removed. Complete resolution of the lymphocele was confirmed at 2 1/2 months. The successful treatment of a lymphocele by percutaneous catheter drainage may obviate major surgery and has not been previously documented.
SHORT-RUN TRENDS IN UNITED STATES PATENT ACTIVITY

We examine a newly created data series consisting of the monthly number of American patents granted since 1853. An initial examination divides the series into four time periods. An analysis of short-run cycles demonstrates that the same Box-Jenkins model is not applicable to all four periods. Differences in nineteenth and twentieth century model parameters may be a result of frequent bureaucratic reinterpretations of America's patent law during the last century, or-as many have claimed-may represent changes in the process of innovation itself over time. Our findings suggest that future researchers discriminate between two periods in their analyses. The first lasts until the late 1870's, during which time there was a very high variability in the number of patents issued. Since the late 1870's there has been a substantial decline in variability, and the amount of variance that can be explained by a simple Box-Jenkins model has increased. Still, not much variation can be explained using short-run cycles, and longer cycles appear to be both time period specific and highly unstable. The dynamics of American inventive activity are complex, and inventive activity appears to be largely driven by exogenous factors such as wars, economic conditions and changes in governmental policy, rather than by its own internal dynamics.
Effect of antilyphocyte-globulin potency on survival of cadaver renal transplants. Prospective randomised double-blind trial

71 recipients of cadaver primary and secondary renal transplants were investigated in a prospective randomised double-blind study. Patients were given one of two rabbit antilymphocyte globulin (A.L.G.) preparations made by similar techniques but differing in potency as measured by skin-graft prolongation in rhesus monkeys. Patient selection and management were otherwise similar. A statistically significant difference (P less than 0-05) in graft survival (78% vs. 42%) developed between the two groups at a mean follow-up of 18-4 months and patient entry into the study was terminated. After a 3-5 year interval from the start of the trial the double-blind code was broken. It was found that the high-potency-A.L.G. group had better graft survival and fewer rejection episodes (P less than 0-05) than the moderate-potency group. The results suggest that preclinical testing of A.L.G. by the primate skin graft test can be a valid indicator of the potential efficacy of an A.L.G. preparation in renal-transplant recipients. It is suggested that quality-control standards may improve the clinical results of A.L.G. therapy.
An Approximation technique for small noise open-loop control problems†

Abstract : This paper is concerned with the development of an approximation technique for the solution of a class of fixed stopping time small noise open loop control problems. These problems arise by adding an additive white noise term with a small coefficient sq rt (2 epsilon) I to the system equations in the deterministic control problem. An approximation scheme is developed that has the advantage that one finds approximately optimal controls simultaneously for all sufficiently small epsilon. The scheme requires the solution of a generalized linear regulator problem which is solvable easily numerically. The numerical method is also presented. (Author)
Langmuir monolayers of gold nanoparticles

We report an experimental study of Langmuir monolayers of dodecanethiol-ligated gold nanoparticles with in situ optical microscopy and X-ray scattering. The particle spacing increases with thiol concentration but does not depend on surface pressure. Compression beyond the full coverage of the monolayers causes the monolayers to wrinkle. With the presence of excess thiol molecules, the wrinkles unfold back to monolayer upon the expansion of the surface area. A theoretical model based on van der Waals' attraction and tunable steric repulsion is adopted to explain this reversibility.
On-chip generated mercury microelectrode for heavy metal ion detection

In this paper, the on-chip generated mercury microelectrode for heavy metal ion detection has been presented. A mercury droplet (∼150 μm in diameter) is on-chip generated to form a microelectrode through the mercury microfluidics control. The mercury microelectrode is used to electrochemically detect the heavy metal ions. The sample solutions with different concentration of heavy metal ions (Pb2+ and Cd2+) have been successfully detected on the mercury droplet microelectrode using the square wave stripping voltammetry.
Audiencias, intertextualidad y nueva alfabetización en medios

Este articulo explora la intertextualidad como una tecnica que puede ser usada para tender un puente entre viejos y nuevos programas de alfabetizacion con los medios dirigidos a profesores y estudiantes que esperan pasar de un modelo de ensenanza basado en los libros de texto a un mundo de recursos on-line, pedagogias flexibles, tecnicas de estudio de los medios, construccion interactiva del conocimiento y analisis y produccion de multimedia.
Minimizing the wavefront error degradation for primary mirror segments with failed hexapod actuators

The performance of a segmented space telescope depends in part upon the ability to maintain the alignment and phasing of its primary mirror segments. Failures of segment control actuators pose a threat to mission success, but their effects can be mitigated by using the remaining segment actuators to optimize the pose of each affected segment. This paper considers the effect of actuator failures on the final wavefront error of a segmented space telescope whose primary mirror consists of 18 hexagonal segments, each controlled by a 3-6 hexapod. Optimization algorithms that minimize the wavefront error for single- and multiple-failure cases are developed, and simulation results are presented. When one actuator fails, the affected segment can still attain a pose with zero wavefront error by exploiting the rotational symmetry of the primary. When two actuators fail, the resulting wavefront error depends upon which hexapod legs fail and at what lengths; cases where both legs of a bipod fail are an order of magnitude worse than other cases. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations of many failures randomly distributed across an initially well-phased segmented primary show that more than 10% of the actuators must fail before the root-mean-square wavefront error degrades significantly.
Complications of single port laparoscopic and robotic surgery

Any new surgical approach or technique requires a stringent inquisition of its relative merits and risks. When laparoscopic cholecystectomy was introduced nearly two decades ago, a small rise in complications during the learning curve of the procedure was accepted by both physicians and patients given the tangibly lessened morbidity and shortened convalescence that were associated with the approach [1]. Single port laparoscopy was conceptualized and refined over the last 18 months in an attempt to further reduce patient discomfort and to improve cosmesis. Collectively, over 200 single port urologic procedures have been successfully completed and include both extirpative and reconstructive indications [2–4]. Thus far, results have been generally favorable with a modicum of complications commensurate with any new technique. However, the superiority of the single port approach as compared to standard laparoscopy has yet to be firmly established [4]. Given that the single port approach is, at least in the short term, demonstrating only marginal differential benefit, complications with single port surgery must be critically evaluated. This chapter will offer a brief review of the single port laparoscopic literature with an emphasis on reported complications and finally outline our algorithm for addressing single port adverse events.
A method for the synthesis of intermediate views in image-based rendering using image rectification

One method to synthesize arbitrary views of a given environment in image based rendering (IBR) is the technique of view synthesis. A scan-line-based intermediate view synthesis algorithm is presented, in which image rectification is applied in the pre-warping processing and the post-warping matrix is specified through the movement of the epipoles. Image warping, or morphing, is a technique used in computer vision. Simulation results are provided on the synthesis of intermediate views using this method.
Toxicology of Diethylene Glycol Butyl Ether 1. Exposure and Risk Assessment

Diethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether (DGBE) is a glycol ether solvent used in many consumer products including hard-surface cleaners and paints; its acetate ester (DGBA) is also used in paints. The highest consumer exposure to DGBE was estimated to be about 0.06 mg/kg/day from use in cleaners, and to DGBA was 0.19 mg/kg/day by inhalation from use in paints. DGBA was shown to be rapidly metabolized to DGBE, and its systemic toxicity was considered to be similar to DGBE. Prior toxicology studies and those required by a 1988 TSCA Final Test Rule, detailed in the following four papers, confirm that DGBE (and by implication DGBA): (1) can be absorbed dermally, (2) is not genotoxic in a battery of assays, (3) is not a systemic nor a reproductive toxicant by the dermal route in rats, and (4) is not neurotoxic by the dermal route in rats. There is an adequate margin of safety between the no observed adverse effect level in the animal studies and the estimated human exposure levels, confirming that there is no ris...
Pancreatic Cancer: Local Success and Distant Failure

The cure rate for pancreatic cancer remains less than 5% despite more than 20 years of clinical trials. Nevertheless, a select group of patients benefit from therapy at all stages of disease and important concepts regarding patient care have emerged. The development of agents such as gemcitabine and docetaxel have spurred a new generation of clinical trials in pancreatic cancer. An appreciation for the results of the many adjuvant and neoadjuvant trials and the application of lessons learned in the care of these patients is necessary to design the new trials.
Microchip platforms for multiplex single-cell functional proteomics with applications to immunology and cancer research

Single-cell functional proteomics assays can connect genomic information to biological function through quantitative and multiplex protein measurements. Tools for single-cell proteomics have developed rapidly over the past 5 years and are providing approaches for directly elucidating phosphoprotein signaling networks in cancer cells or for capturing high-resolution snapshots of immune system function in patients with various disease conditions. We discuss advances in single-cell proteomics platforms, with an emphasis on microchip methods. These methods can provide a direct correlation of morphological, functional and molecular signatures at the single-cell level. We also provide examples of how those platforms are being applied to both fundamental biology and clinical studies, focusing on immune-system monitoring and phosphoprotein signaling networks in cancer.
The energy and entropy of VLSI computations

We introduce the concept of energy index, a measure which can be used to estimate the pourer dissipation of a standard implementation of the high-level specification for an asynchronous circuit. This energy index is related to information-theoretic entropy measures. It is shown how these measures can be used to design low-power circuits.
Provably Fast Inference of Latent Features from Networks: with Applications to Learning Social Circles and Multilabel Classification

A well known phenomenon in social networks is homophily, the tendency of agents to connect with similar agents. A derivative of this phenomenon is the emergence of communities. Another phenomenon observed in numerous networks is the existence of certain agents that belong simultaneously to multiple communities. An understanding of these phenomena constitutes a central research topic of network science. In this work we focus on a fundamental theoretical question related to the above phenomena with various applications: given an undirected graph G, can we infer efficiently the latent vertex features which explain the observed network structure under the assumption of a generative model that exhibits homophily? We propose a probabilistic generative model with the property that the probability of an edge among two vertices is a non-decreasing function of the common features they possess. This property is true for many real-world networks and surprisingly is ignored by many popular overlapping community detection methods as it was shown recently by the empirical work of Yang and Leskovec [44]. Our main theoretical contribution is the first provably rapidly mixing Markov chain for inferring latent features. On the experimental side, we verify the efficiency of our method in terms of run times, where we observe that it significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods. Our method is more than 2,400 times faster than a state-of-the-art machine learning method [37] and typically provides non-trivial speedups compared to BigClam [43]. Furthermore, we verify on real-data with ground-truth available that our method learns efficiently high quality labelings. We use our method to learn social circles from Twitter ego-networks and perform multilabel classification.
Seamless integration of layout and simulation

This document talks about the usage of Simulation Data Exchange (SDX) (Moorthy 1999) in order to enable a consistent digital model of automotive factories. The scope of the digital model is to plan and analyze the factory by using different software packages. Thus the model doesn't exist in only one application. Therefore the consistency in terms of geometry and process data needs to be guaranteed with external support. Whereas any redundant information storage and rework of existing data has to be avoided. SDX is a promising approach to accomplish this interface management.
A scalable reflection type phase shifter with large phase variation

We describe a reflection type phase shifter which exhibits a large phase shift range. We characterized its response between 1.95 GHz and 2.15 GHz and achieved over 400/spl deg/ phase shift with less than 4dB insertion loss. The transition time from 0/spl deg/ to 180/spl deg/ is <20 nS. Our design is scalable to mm-wave operation because it uses no inductors.
Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to investigate a pseudo- outbreak of Bacillus cereus in a pediatric unit

Bacillus cereus is a well-known cause of food poisoning. It also causes rare systemic infections, usually in immunocompromised patients. Dissemination of this species in hospitals had been reported. Most of these episodes were pseudo-outbreaks and were usually secondary to equipment or environmental contamination. We report here on the use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to analyze a pseudo-outbreak of B. cereus in a pediatric unit. Different restriction endonucleases had been tested, and SmaI was found to give the best result for PFGE. Among the 26 clinical isolates of B. cereus and the type strain of the species, 15 distinct PFGE patterns were distinguished. PFGE after DNA macrorestriction with SmaI could clearly differentiate between the epidemiologically related isolates and the unrelated isolates. Because the same epidemic strain of B. cereus was isolated from the settle plates which were exposed near the outlet of the ventilation system, the source of this pseudo-outbreak was suspected to be the unit's air filtration system. This is one of the first reports of the application of PFGE to the study of B. cereus, and this method is useful for epidemiological investigation.
The influence of inclusion geometry on the elastic properties of discontinuous fiber composites

Simplifying assumptions are used to reduce micromechanical treatments to compact expressions which directly reveal the role of the inclusion shape and aspect ratio in establishing the elastic behavior of heterogeneous materials. Attention is directed to the comparison of aligned ellipsoidal and cylindrical inclusions that exhibit transversely isotropic behavior characterized by five independent elastic constants. These comparisons show that the effective transverse in-plane moduli (E, k* and G) are essentially independent of inclusion shape for aspect ratio greater than ∼ 20; ellipsoidal inclusions provide higher longitudinal reinforcement than cylindrical inclusions of equivalent aspect ratio. Comparison of predictions with measured elastic moduli shows that both the cylindrical and ellipsoidal shape models for isolated inclusions overpredict longitudinal elastic constants for systems which exhibit evidence of inclusion agglomeration. The notion of an effective aspect ratio based on clusters of filaments responding as a coherent unit appears to provide a means for reconciling a wide range of experimental observations.
Lower bounds on expected redundancy for nonparametric classes

The article focuses on lower bound results on expected redundancy for universal coding of independent and identically distributed data on [0, 1] from parametric and nonparametric families. After reviewing existing lower bounds, we provide a new proof for minimax lower bounds on expected redundancy over nonparametric density classes. This new proof is based on the calculation of a mutual information quantity, or it utilizes the relationship between redundancy and Shannon capacity. It therefore unifies the minimax redundancy lower bound proofs in the parametric and nonparametric cases.
Applications of confocal microscopy to fat globule structure in cheese.

The development of cheese texture depends upon a number of different variables, for example, the relative proportions of chemical constituents (fat, water, protein) and the degree of proteolytic degradation of the casein matrix (Everett and Jameson, 1993). Fat exists enmeshed in the casein matrix within cheese and curd, and may influence texture through the size of the globules and also by the nature of the proteinaceous stabilizing species adsorbed at the fat globule/water interface (van Vliet and Dentener-Kikkert, 1982; Xiong and Kinsella, 1991). In the present study, the effect of protein type at the fat/serum interface on size distribution of fat particles in cheese was investigated by manufacturing cheese that contained different proteins at the fat globule/water interface. This was achieved by homogenization of cream prior to cheesemaking, or emulsification of milk fat with isolated native milk proteins.
Does Surgical Approach During Total Hip Arthroplasty Alter Gait Recovery During the First Year Following Surgery

Abstract Multiple surgical approaches exist for total hip arthroplasty (THA). Each approach has risks and benefits in regard to complications and changes in postoperative gait. This study examined the effect of three surgical approaches on postoperative gait mechanics. Thirty patients completed a self-selected speed level walking gait assessment preoperatively, 6 weeks, and 1 year after surgery. We found no difference between approaches 1 year following surgery for any study variable. Several differences existed between time points independent of surgical approach. Significant improvement was found in sagittal and frontal plane hip ROM, peak hip extension and adduction angle and moment, the functional measures, walking speed, and the Harris Hip Score. This study suggests that postoperative gait changes are similar for the three analyzed surgical approaches.
Methods for Laboratory Investigation of Airbag-Induced Thermal Skin Burns

Two new techniques for investigating the thermal skinburn potential of airbags are presented. A reduced-volume airbag test procedure has been developed to obtain airbag pressures that are representative of a dynamic ridedown event during a static deployment. Temperature and heat flux measurements made with this procedure can be used to predict airbag thermal burn potential. Measurements from the reduced-volume procedure are complemented by data obtained using two gas-jet simulators, called heatguns. Gas is vented in controlled bursts from a large, heated, pressurized tank of gas onto a target surface. Heat flux measurements on the target surface have been used to develop quantitative models of the relationships between gas jet characteristics and burn potential.
The aftermath of an invasion: Structure and composition of Central Appalachian hemlock forests following establishment of the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae

As the highly invasive hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae, continues to expand its distribution in eastern North America, affected forests will incur drastic changes in composition and structure. While these changes have been well- studied in dense hemlock forests in the Northeast, relatively little work is known about the effects of the adelgid at the western edge of the range of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis. We evaluated the nature and extent of these changes using vegetation assess- ments coupled with growth simulations. The woody plant community was assessed in three strata (upper, mid- and lower) and was used to predict forest succession. Using the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS), we then projected the growth of hemlock forests 20 years into the future with and without the effects of the adelgid. In forest simulations lacking adelgid invasion, little change in composition or structure is forecast. In contrast, our projections predict a near complete loss of the hemlock forest type within 20 years of adelgid establishment, with widespread conversion to hardwood forest types, most notably white oak-red oak-hickory, chestnut oak-black oak-scarlet oak, and yellow poplar-white oak-red oak. Hemlock loss will result in denser deciduous forests with thinner canopies and multiple gaps, and significant alterations to terrestrial and aquatic wildlife habitat.
Male mating strategies and reproductive constraints in a group of wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus).

Tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) provide an extreme example of active female sexual solicitation of males. In spite of being targeted by females for sex, males may delay copulation for hours or days. Data were collected on the sexual interactions in one wild capuchin group at the Estacao Biologica de Caratinga in Brazil from September 1996 to August 1997. All successful conceptions during this year occurred in the dry season, yet sexual behavior was observed during 9 months of the year. This study tested whether male sexual response to female proceptivity was seasonally-mediated. Male consortship participation, solicitation of females, latency to copulation, and copulation frequency were compared between fertile and nonconceptive females. Seasonal patterns in copulation interference, mating style, and alternative mating strategies were also examined. Thirty-two copulations were observed. The alpha male was solicited for significantly more consortship days per female, but his mating success, in terms of copulation frequency, did not differ from that of two other adult males in the group. In the dry season, when the females were fertile, the males showed increased contest competition for mates, a higher frequency of alternative mating strategies against copulation interference, and increased monitoring of the females' condition. However, contrary to expectations, the alpha male's latency to copulation was significantly longer in the fertile season than in the nonconceptive months, and no males were observed to mate more than one time per day, even at the conceptive peak. Male mating strategies were affected by both season and rank, and there was evidence for reproductive constraints on males throughout the year. Limited male ejaculatory capacity and male choice in the timing of copulations within female proceptive phases may both be important factors in driving the sexual dynamics of this species.
ANCAs Are Also Antimonocyte Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies

Names can be misleading. The term ANCA is a misnomer, because ANCAs recognize antigens that are in not only the primary granules of neutrophils but also, the peroxidase-positive lysosomes of monocytes, including both proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). The first published article on ANCA
Gimme That Old Time Religion: Rethinking the Role of Religion in the Emergence of Social Inequality

Even a moment’s reflection on the daily news informs us of the powerful ability of religion to shape and transform the world in which we live, whether it is a war waged for religious purposes or the deliberations of a local school board. But when it comes to thinking about a more distant past, one in which pronounced social inequalities either did not exist or were on a pathway to becoming, we archaeologists suffer a mental disconnect. Religion falls by the wayside, words like “ideology” or “ritual” dominate our discourse when we do think about it, and almost inevitably, we return to our materialist roots and seek some sort of economic first cause or foundation for the emergence of social inequality.
Exercise-induced changes in plasma vitamin B-6 concentrations do not vary with exercise intensity.

This study examined the effect of high vs mod- crate exercise intensity on changes in concentration of plasma pynidoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), pynidoxal (PL), and 4-pyndoxic acid (4-PA) in human subjects. Eight physically active subjects were tested twice at 60% and 85% maximum oxygen consump- tion (VO2max) for 30 and 20 mm, respectively, on a bicycle ergometer. Blood samples were obtained before and during cx- ercise. Data were adjusted for changes in plasma volume calcu- lated from changes in hematocrit. PLP concentration significantly increased during exercise (P < 0.0001 ), with 79% of the rise in PLP concentration occurring within 5 mm. 4-PA concentration increased steadily through exercise and was 23% higher at 20 mm than at 0 mm. Exercise intensity had no effect on the mag- nitude or rate of either increase for either PLP or 4-PA. PL con- centration did not vary with exercise duration, but was signifi- cantly higher at 60% compared with 85% VO2max (P = 0.001). No significant differences were observed in glucose concentra- tion. The data do not support hypotheses in the literature that PLP concentration rises during exercise to support exercise- induced shifts in substrate utilization. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:552-8.
Nitrous oxide production by nitrification and denitrification in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific oxygen minimum zone

The Eastern Tropical South Pacific oxygen minimum zone (ETSP-OMZ) is a site of intense nitrous oxide (N2O) flux to the atmosphere. This flux results from production of N2O by nitrification and denitrification, but the contribution of the two processes is unknown. The rates of these pathways and their distributions were measured directly using 15N tracers. The highest N2O production rates occurred at the depth of peak N2O concentrations at the oxic-anoxic interface above the oxygen deficient zone (ODZ) because slightly oxygenated waters allowed (1) N2O production from both nitrification and denitrification and (2) higher nitrous oxide production yields from nitrification. Within the ODZ proper (i.e., anoxia), the only source of N2O was denitrification (i.e., nitrite and nitrate reduction), the rates of which were reflected in the abundance of nirS genes (encoding nitrite reductase). Overall, denitrification was the dominant pathway contributing the N2O production in the ETSP-OMZ.
Random musings on a Sunday afternoon

Recently, I had a chance to review past patients who presented with the most frequent head, face, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and neck pain complaints, and I looked at common denominators among t...
The culturally gifted classroom: a sociocultural approach to the inclusive education of English language learners

AbstractThe need for including English language learners in the regular classroom at all phases of their linguistic and cultural development is presented within a Vygotkian sociocultural theory of human development. Based on the social primacy of development within this theoretical tenet, all aspects of development are viewed to proceed from social interactions. Effective social interactions that lead to development are distinguished by a heterogeneous collective experience of all participants in the interaction. In accordance with the sociocultural perspective, the educational goal of this heterogeneous group is to acquire and use cultural tools deemed appropriate to their time and place. As others’ cultures and languages become rich resources for becoming competent in one’s own culture, the cultural and linguistic diversity gained by including all students in the classroom becomes a powerful source of development for all.
Exploration of an Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) to Enhance National Security Space (NSS) Capabilities

The aerospace industry has long recognized that the United States could do a better job utilizing unused margin on launch vehicles. In recent years, new ideas for taking advantage of the margin have arisen and have included sending smaller, nano or cubesat devices tucked into various locations on the vehicle, or using a dedicated interface device such as the Evolved Expendable Vehicle Secondary Payload Adaptor (ESPA) for larger components. This paper will examine a natural extension of the ESPA idea to include the additional advantages of having an ESPA with its own maneuvering capability. We explore the range of mission life and capabilities of the Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) ESPA, from short-lived, chemical propulsion to longlife, highly maneuverable spacecraft buses. A wide range of traditional and innovative NSS space missions that can be enabled by such capabilities will be explored and cover mission classes including rapid response, mission augmentation and long-life buses. Insights gained from this exploration will help to steer requirements for OMS system development and will guide the development of future National Security Space (NSS) mission capabilities. By leveraging the combined ESPA, OMS, and excess launch capacity, NSS will be able to better take advantage of developmental opportunities and speed new capabilities into the NSS portfolio.
Governance Theory Improves the Remote Sensing Monitoring System of Illegal Land Use

Although much has been achieved by remote sensing monitoring systems of land illegal use,a remaining challenge is the separation of remote sensing technology from governance theory.From 2006-2011 quantities and areas of illegal land use in China,it is clear that a monitoring bottleneck has already appeared.Within the current monitoring system,illegal land use has enough time to become legitimate.This and other defects mean that illegal land use cannot be eliminated further.Fortunately,the theory of governance relies on experience with public affairs,and is able to improve the remote sensing monitoring system of illegal land use.First,the governance theory emphasizes multi-subjects,consultation and public participation;the monitoring system pattern should be changed from liner to network.Second,beyond constructing a monitoring system using the network formation,automaticity that eliminates the influence of humanization in the system should be introduced.Third,self-governance incorporated into this monitoring system.Thus,with the help of governance theory,the remote sensing monitoring system of illegal land illegal will be improved and result in quicker reaction times and the elimination of humanization.
Properties of a Small Photosystem II Particle Obtained from Spinach Chloroplasts

A recent paper (VERNON et al. 1371) describes the preparation from spinach chloroplasts of a small particle which has a pigment composition (high Chi a/Chl b ratio) resembling photosystem 1 subchloroplast particles (VERNON et al. 1966), but is inactive in the photoreduction of NADP with ascorbate-DPIP as a donor system. This particle, designated the TSF-2a particle, demonstrates photosystem 2 activity by catalyzing the photoreduction of DPIP3 with DPC (VERNON & SHAW 1969), and also contains cytochrome 559 bound to the particle.
New Ideas for Old

The most fervent years of the new black aesthetic may be measured along a political time line, beginning roughly with the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the publication in that same year of ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’, and ending with the wholesale flight of American forces and their sympathizers from Vietnam in the fall of 1975. With the passage of the Civil Rights Act came the belief, among blacks and those sympathetic to their causes, that the time was right for a more aggressive and action-filled push for black rights. With this belief, blacks in increasing numbers pushed forth into areas which were before too fearsome to venture into; the talent had always been there, but not the opportunity to express that vast array of talent. Critical writing by black Americans reached an especially high level of output which had not been achieved before and has not been equalled since. By the fall of 1975, the best works by the leading aestheticians had been published, with the exception of The Journey Back (1980) by Houston Baker and Black Literature and Literary Theory by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (1984).1 The fascination with black writers had diminished considerably — only one black male writer, Ishmael Reed, continued to receive any considerable attention in the American press, and only a handful of black female writers were appointed by the publishing industry for themselves, or the merits of their work, as ‘representative’ of writing by black Americans.