cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-accidental fractures in child maltreatment syndrome

Non-accidental fractures are the second most common injuries in maltreated children presenting to the emergency department. It is estimated that 30% of maltreated children evaluated have either acute or healing fractures. The hallmarks of these injuries are multiple fractures at different stages of healing. However, certain isolated fracture patterns are also observed. The determination of the non-accidental nature of injury remains a challenge, and a delay in diagnosis may place the child at increased risk of sustaining further injuries or death. In this article we will review the historical and physical characteristics, common fractures, and radiographic findings of non-accidental fractures in maltreated children. Careful evaluation of historical data, identification of children at high risk for maltreatment, accurate interpretation of radiographs, and a timely referral to social services may result in reduced morbidity and mortality.
Substrate temperature dependence of SiH concentration in silane plasmas for amorphous silicon film deposition

Spatial distributions of SiH radicals were measured between capacitively coupled electrodes for various substrate temperatures (Ts = 20–300 °C) in RF glow discharges of pure silane. Laser induced fluorescence and optical emission spectroscopic techniques were applied to determine the relative SiH concentrations in the ground state (A2Δ, v = 0) and in the excited state (X2π, v = 0) respectively. Both concentrations increase near the substrate with increasing substrate temperature Ts. In their respective Arrhenius plots (the logarithm of signal intensity vs Ts−1), the concentrations increase slowly for Ts 180 °C. The increase in SiH concentrations for Ts > 180 ° C is due to the increase in current density of fast electrons which are responsible for gas ionization and silane dissociation. This effect can be explained by an increase in secondary electron emission efficiency of the film surface, which is caused by H2 gas desorption. The “elbows” in the Arrhenius plots suggest that the film surface undergoes a physical change around 180 °C.
Alfalfa seed oil

Herein reported are the initial results of an attempt to clarify conflicting statements on the nature and composition of alfalfa seed oil. Its unsaturated acid fraction contains representatives of three common types, linolenic and linoleic acids, neither of which, apparently, is present there in isomeric form, and oleic acid. The study is being continued.
Social and Emotional Competence in Children of Depressed Mothers

The relations between maternal unipolar major depression and children's self-concept, self-control, and peer relationships were studied in a middle-class, predominantly white sample of 96 families. Each family included a target child between the ages of 5 and 10. Depressed mothers varied on whether or not the child's father also had a psychiatric disorder. Well mothers all had spouses with no psychiatric disorders. Analyses controlled for marital status, age, and sex of child. Children completed measures of self-concept and peer relations skills; teachers completed measures of self-control and a rating of popularity with peers. Results supported the multiple risk factor model in that fathers' psychiatric status and parents' marital status explained much of the variability in children's social and emotional competence. Maternal depression alone, in the context of a well husband/father, was only related to children having been rated by their teachers as less popular. Results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms by which maternal depression may interact with paternal psychopathology and divorce in relation to children's social and emotional competence. The findings may further indicate that older children are more vulnerable to these multiple risk factors than younger children.
Standard For Software Reliability Engineering

This tutorial will use the "ANWAIAA Recommended Practice for Software Reliability" as a baseline, with updates from recent SRE developments. The recommended practice defines a generic procedure for applying Software Reliability Engineering (SRE), recommends model selection criteria, recommends an initial model set, describes a data base architecture to support SRE, and describes available tools. Knowing how to develop a software reliability process and how to predict software reliability is of high interest in all areas of the computer industry.
Fatal microvascular pulmonary emboli from precipitation of a total nutrient admixture solution

Background: Paroxysmal respiratory failure and death occurred in two young adult females with pelvic infections. Autopsy revealed an amorphous material containing calcium obstructing the pulmonary microvasculature of each patient. Both patients received an identical total nutrient admixture (TNA) solution before their deaths. Methods: Infusion of TNA into an animal model was undertaken in an effort to reproduce the clinical effect. Laboratory investigation was also performed to isolate a precipitate and identify the factors contributing to precipitation. Results: A nonvisible precipitate containing calcium, phosphorus, and organic material was isolated from the TNA solution. Infusion of the formulation into healthy pigs resulted in sudden death within 4 hours. Alteration of the amino acid component, mix sequence, agitation technique, and mixing container influenced precipitate formation. Conclusion: Pulmonary embolization of a precipitate containing calcium phosphate resulted in the death of two patients....
A final note to continuing educators working as change agents

If organizational support for continuing education is to grow, someone must take the responsibility for making it happen.
Double layer interactions between charge-regulated colloidal surfaces: pair potentials for spherical particles bearing ionogenic surface groups

Abstract The variational approach of Reiner and Radke (1990) is employed to investigate the effect of surface charge regulation upon the double layer interaction free energy Ve of pairs of colloidal particles immersed in an electrolyte. A model for dissociating surface groups that permits the consideration of an arbitrary number ofion-complexation reactions is introduced. The variational method is then used to derive (in the Poisson-Boltzmann approximation) the configurational free energy functional Ω of an ensemble of particles bearing such groups. The Debye-Huckel (DH) linearization process is applied to this functional, and ensuing consistency issues are examined. The DH free energy is extremized for a configuration of two interacting flat plates, and Derjaguin's (1934 and 1939) method is used to obtain an approximate analytical form for Ve for two different-sized spherical particles bearing different surface groups. This second problem is next considered from the perspective ofLevine's (1934, 1939b) exact multipole expansion of the electrostatic potential surrounding two axisymmetric particles. It is shown that the linear superposition approximation (LSA) for Ve developed by Levine (1939c) and Verwey and Overbeek (1948) emerges rigorously from this formulation in the limit of large interparticle separations. The interaction free energy from Levine's expansion is calculated te a six digit accuracy for identical spheres over the range of regulated behavior from fixed surface charge density qs to fixed surface potential ψs for surface-surface separation h to Debye length λ ratios from 0 to 2 and ratios of the particle radius a to λ of 0.1, 1, and 10. These results are compared to those obtained from Derjaguin's method and the linear superposition approximation. Derjaguin's method is only quantitatively accurate (in error by less than 10%) for the largest value of a/λ and becomes progressively less so as the boundary is changed from perfectly regulating (constant ψs) to unregulated (constant qs). Agreement of the LSA with the exact Ve is good over a wide range of parameters, but worsens for large a/λ and small h/λ. Appendices present extensions of our approach to surfaces bearing more than one type of complexing group and to the consideration of Stern layer formation at the particle-electrolyte boundary in the context of a standard model for metal oxide-aqueous interfaces.
What Do We Know about Determination of Amino Acids with Orthophthalaldehyde

Mechanisms of the formation of the fluorescent species widely used for determination of amino acids, based on reaction with orthophthalaldehyde (OPA) were unknown. Attempts to elucidate this mechanism based solely on product identification were unsuccessful. Analytical methods based on reaction of OPA with amino acids in the presence of RS− or CN− ions were developed empirically. The reaction conditions reported in more than 700 papers differed considerably. In aqueous solutions OPA exists in three different forms in equilibrium – the unhydrated form Ia (20%), monohydrated acyclic form Ib (8%) and cyclic hemiacetal form Ic (72%). These forms are in equilibria, the rate of establishment of which is acid and base catalyzed. Reactions of OPA and NH3 and 2-aminoethanol (colamine) take place in a series of equilibria depicted in Scheme 1. The isoindole derivatives are formed in cyclization of the carbinolamine. Formation of an imine is a side reaction.
Interaction of streptomycin and para-aminosalicylic acid on bacteria. I. Streptomycin-sensitive vs. streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli.

Streptomycin and para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) exert mutually antagonistic biologic effects in vitro on a stretomyan-resistant strain of Escherichia coli. As the concentration of PAS in the medium is increased, the inhibition due to streptomycin is gradually diminished and ultimately reversed. The organisms are not dependent on streptomycin, except in the presence of relatively high concentrations of PAS. The results, based on in vitro experiments, indicate that clinical use of PAS and streptomycin together, after a few doses of streptomycin without PAS have been administered, may be dangerous.
Stable drop shapes under disjoining pressure: III. Sharp contact lines

The shape and stability of a drop with a sharp contact line are analyzed. The disjoining pressure is included. The choice made for the latter is special in that it admits a sharp contact angle as appropriate in this case. The stability analysis is considered for two scenarios, one where the contact line cannot be moved which mode turns out to be stable to small perturbations, and the other where it can be moved but the contact angle is fixed at the equilibrium value. This second case turns out to be unstable to small perturbations due to the curvature effect of the drop.
TOR-centric view on insulin resistance and diabetic complications: perspective for endocrinologists and gerontologists

This article is addressed to endocrinologists treating patients with diabetic complications as well as to basic scientists studying an elusive link between diseases and aging. It answers some challenging questions. What is the link between insulin resistance (IR), cellular aging and diseases? Why complications such as retinopathy may paradoxically precede the onset of type II diabetes. Why intensive insulin therapy may initially worsen retinopathy. How nutrient- and insulin-sensing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway can drive insulin resistance and diabetic complications. And how rapamycin, at rational doses and schedules, may prevent IR, retinopathy, nephropathy and beta-cell failure, without causing side effects.
Fetal cell identifiers: results of microscope slide-based immunocytochemical studies as a function of gestational age and abnormality.

Abstract Objective: We evaluated monoclonal antibodies to 3 cell surface and 3 intracellular antigens for their relative usefulness as markers to identify fetal cells in maternal blood. Study Design: With indirect immunocytochemical labeling techniques, antigen expression was studied in 52 fetal blood samples as a function of gestational age, fetal karyotype, the presence of multiple anomalies detectable on ultrasonography, and anemia. Results: A decline in the expression of these antigens as gestational age advanced was demonstrated. Samples from karyotypically abnormal fetuses, fetuses with multiple anomalies, and anemic fetuses showed an antigenic distribution that was immature for gestational age. In normal fetuses ζ globin and ϵ globin expression decreased after 12 to 14 weeks, potentially limiting the utility of these proteins as fetal cell markers in the isolation of fetal cells from maternal blood. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate a fetal developmental hematologic profile that varies with gestational age and also with pathologic condition. Antibodies to the γ chain of fetal hemoglobin and the transferrin receptor (CD71) are the most useful fetal cell–identifying reagents. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1234-9.)
The role of vitamin A and its CSF metabolites in supporting a novel mechanism of idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Background Elevated levels of retinoic acid (RA) may cause dynamic vitamin A metabolic and genetic transcriptional changes that will lead to decreased cellular viability, proliferation, cellular remodeling, adhesion changes and a resultant decrease in permeability, which contributes to elevated CSFP. RA and subsequent formation of retinyl esters, which act as surfactants may cause a toxic response in the arachnoid membrane leading to elevated CSFP.
Strontium content of mammalian bone, diet and excreta.

Abstract In only a few studies have common strontium dietary levels been correlated with the bone content. Such studies have been made for material of human origin and laboratory rabbits in the St. Louis area and for the Howler monkey ( Alouatta ) from Argentina. Common Sr content, as mg Sr/g Ca, for selected human calcified tissues were as follows: fetal mandible, 0.57; deciduous 2nd molar, 0.47; deciduous incisor, 0.33; permanent bicuspid, 0.32; and adult bone, 0.46. Sr analyses of four commercial milk product saples and four composite human diets averaged 1.07 and 1.51 mg Sr/g Ca, respectively. Bone Sr for rabbit and monkey was 0.85 and 1.27 while consuming herbaceous diets containing 4 and 5.5 mg Sr/g Ca, respectively. For rabbits grown on the above diet, feces and urine contained 6 and 1.8 mg Sr/g Ca indicating discrimination against Sr relative to Ca by the excretory systems. The “observed ratio” (bone Sr/Ca:diet Sr/Ca) were: fetal mandible, 0.38; deciduous teeth, 0.65; permanent bicuspids, 0.27; adult bone, 0.31; Alouatta bone, 0.23; and rabbit bone, 0.21. These values are comparable to values previously obtained from measurements of 90 Sr fallout.
Sankara's fatal mistake

Abstract Sankara's philosophy fails definitively at the point where he leaves the human experience—’sinning and suffering‘—unaccounted for. What in each of us, he asks, sins and suffers? Is it the antahkarana, the ‘mental organ’ giving rise to the series of mental states (buddins) that file by illumined by the atman? Impossible, he says, for the antahkarana by itself is material (jada,) and therefore unconscious (acit). Then is it the ātman, upon which the antahkarana is superimposed? Inconceivable, he says, for the atman is identical with Brahman, and Brahman is by definition pure bliss‐consciousness, as far removed from sin and suffering as can be imagined. Then is the atman in conjunction with the antahkarana—a partnership that Sankara calls the jiva (or soul)—the sinner and sufferer? Yes, he says, as long as you remember that the sin and suffering are ultimately illusory, as illusory as the antahkarana itself. I show why Sankara's answer fails and what the failure implies, then suggest a fruitful way ...
Leaf-twig carbon isotope ratio differences in photosynthetic-twig desert shrubs.

Carbon isotope ratios were determined for bulk tissues of both leaves and current season twigs of 29 species of Mohave Desert shrubs. Leaf and twig tissues were found to differ in their carbon isotope ratios, only in those species which had photosynthetic twigs. These data suggest that the twigs of these species operate at lower intercellular CO2 values than leaves, an interpretation which is consistent with available gas-exchange data. An effect of microhabitat was also evident between the mean isotope ratios of leaves from wash versus slope habitats.
Storage and release of acetylcholine in rat cortical synaptosomes: Effects ofd,l-2-(4-phenylpiperidino)cyclohexanol (AH5183)

Abstract A post-stimulation synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh), its incorporation into a ‘stable-bound’ (vesicular) compartment and subsequent release, were compared in K + -stimulated synaptosomes, in the absence and presence of 10 μM AH5183. The drug depressed by 16% the net intrasynaptosomal formation of ACh from 1 μM [ 3 H]choline (Ch) in the medium, by competitively inhibiting ( K i⋍20μM ) the high-affinity Ch transport, but it had no direct effect on the intraterminal synthesis of ACh per se. The drug reduce of newly synthesized [ 3 H]ACh into synaptic vesicles by 55% and subsequent K + -depolarization-induced release of [ 3 H]ACh by 83%, although it had no effect on Ca 2+ influx into synaptosomes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that AH5183 blocks cholinergic neurotransmission presynaptically by interfering with recharging of synaptic vesicles with ACh. Since the reduction of ACh release in the presence of AH5183 had no direct effect on ACh synthesis, these results also suggest that the transmitter release is not prerequisite for enhancement of Ch uptake and ACh synthesis in stimulated nerve terminals.
Changes in the status of neurotransmitter receptors in a rabbit model of hepatic encephalopathy.

It has previously been shown in an animal model of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) that the number of receptors for the inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), increases and that the number of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, decreases. To determine the functional status of other neurotransmitter systems in HE, measurements were made of the specific binding of other neurotransmitters to synaptic membranes prepared from the brains of normal rabbits and rabbits in HE due to galactosamine-induced acute liver failure. The development of HE was associated with: (i) a decrease in the density (Bmax) of receptors for the two excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, aspartate and kainic acid; (ii) an increase in the Bmax of both the low and high affinity binding site for strychnine, a marker for the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine; (iii) a decrease in the affinity (Kd) of receptors for dopamine, and (iv) no appreciable change in either the specific binding of [3H]D-ala2-methionine enkephalinamide or [3H]naloxone, markers for opiate receptors, or in the Bmax or the Kd of receptors for acetylcholine. If it is assumed that the sensitivity of the brain to neurotransmitters varies directly with the density of neurotransmitter receptors, HE may be associated with increased sensitivity to inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters and decreased sensitivity to excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters. Thus, the observed changes in neurotransmitter receptors in HE afford a feasible pathophysiological basis for the mediation of the neural inhibition of HE.
In Vivo Silencing of the Human γ-Globin Gene in Murine Erythroid Cells Following Retroviral Transduction

Abstract ABSTRACT Increased expression of fetal hemoglobin can ameliorate the clinical severity of sickle cell disease. Whereas temporary induction of fetal hemoglobin can be achieved by pharmacologic therapy, gene transfer resulting in high-level expression of the fetal γ-globin gene may provide a permanent cure for sickle cell disease. We had previously developed a high-titer, genetically stable retroviral vector in which the human γ-globin gene was linked to HS-40, the major regulatory element of the human α-globin gene cluster. Based on experience in transgenic mice, the truncated promoter of the γ-globin gene of this vector should be active in adult erythroid cells. Our earlier studies demonstrated that this retroviral vector can give rise to high-level expression of the human γ-globin gene in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. We have now utilized this vector to transduce murine bone marrow cells that were transplanted into W/W v recipient mice. Analysis of transduction of murine BFU-e's in vitro and peripheral blood cells from transplanted mice in vivo demonstrated efficient transfer of the human γ-globin gene. However, in contrast to the high level of expression of the human γ-globin gene of this vector in MEL cells, the gene was completely silent in vivo in all transplanted mice. These observations confirm that all the necessary regulatory elements responsible for the developmental stage-specific expression of the human γ-globin gene reside in its proximal sequences. They also emphasize the differences between gene regulation in MEL cells, transgenic mice, and retroviral gene transfer vectors. For this form of globin gene therapy to succeed, the proximal regulatory elements of the human γ-globin gene may have to be replaced with different regulatory elements that allow the expression of the γ-globin coding sequences in adult red cells in vivo.
100-mK magnetic refrigerators for low background bolometric receivers

This paper provides a brief description of the development of adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators (ADRs) at Berkeley for cooling bolometric infrared detectors. This development was stimulated by the needs of the Multi-Band Imaging Photometer (MIPS) for the NASA Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF). A description will be given of the ways in which classical ADR technology has been developed to provide a compact refrigerator to meet the requirements of this space experiment. Similar refrigerators will be useful in a number of forthcoming space missions for cooling both infrared and X-ray bolometers.
Bowel injury in children: high-risk mechanisms and CT findings

Bowel and mesenteric injuries are, fortunately, uncommon complications of blunt abdominal trauma, occurring in 6–16% of injured children and adults. However, unlike injury to solid organs in which operative intervention is rarely necessary, injury to hollow viscera often requires early surgical repair. Delayed diagnosis can result in bowel ischemia, peritonitis and sepsis. Imaging plays a key role in the early and accurate identification of these lesions. This review will focus on high-risk mechanisms of injury and physical findings, as well as the frequency, sensitivity and specificity of CT findings of significant bowel and mesenteric injuries.
Defining anticipatory nausea and vomiting: Differences among cancer chemotherapy patients who report pretreatment nausea

It is important to distinguish patients whose reports of pretreatment nausea and vomiting reflect classically conditioned anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV) from those whose reports reflect the influence of other pharmacological and psychological factors. Therefore, Andrykowski (J. Behav. Med.9: 33–41, 1986) has suggested that only patients who report pretreatment nausea on Day 1 of a chemotherapy cycle be considered to have developed ANV. As part of a prospective, longitudinal investigation of side effects associated with cancer chemotherapy, three groups of patients were identified: those who (a) never reported pretreatment nausea (noPTN), (b) reported pretreatment nausea but never prior to a Day 1 infusion (PTN), and (c) reported pretreatment nausea prior to a Day 1 infusion (PTND1). Discriminant analysis revealed that the PTN and noPTN groups did not differ, while both differed from the PTND1 group, particularly with respect to factors presumed to facilitate classical conditioning. The results justify excluding PTN patients from the criterion group of patients considered to have developed ANV.
A nonlinear integral equation from the Ball-Zachariasen model of diffractive scattering: Numerical solution near a singularity of the Fréchet derivative☆

In the Ball-Zachariasen model of high-energy diffractive scattering, the unitarity condition leads to a non-linear integral equation for the elastic amplitude. The equation is solved by the Newton-Kantorovich iteration, and also by two other algorithms derived from the imbedding method. The starting point is a function proposed by Ball and Zachariasen, which had heretofore led to divergent iterative sequences. The techniques used are of interest for the general problem of solving equations of S-matrix theory, and are discussed at some length from the viewpoint of operator imbedding. The solution is one of an infinite family of solutions related by scale transformations. All members of the family have the same value γ0 of the dimensionless parameter γ = ln(σtσe), where of and σt are total and elastic cross-sections. The number γ0 has the character of an eigenvalue for the solution family; there are no neighboring solutions with neighboring values of γ. Thus, one has a “boot-strap” determination of the strength of particle production, and the computed value of γ0 , as well as the differential cross-section (for a particular choice of length scale), are in rough agreement with experiments on p−p scattering.
Halide complexes of the lanthanide elements

Abstract The stability constants for formation of CeCl2+, CeBr2+, EuCl2+, EuI2+, YCl2+, and YBr2+ have been measured at an ionic strength of 1·0 M by a liquid cation exchanger extraction method. Constants for formation of CeCl2+, EuCl2+, EuCl2+ and EuBr2+ are also reported. The enthalpy and entropy values indicate that these complexes are ionic and possibly of the outer sphere type.
Gender-Related Motivational Differences in Participation in an Organized Seniors Fitness Program: Moving beyond Sex-Role Stereotypic Motives

Primary reasons for senior adults' participation in a fitness program were examined in two groups to assess gender-related differences. 30 senior adults or "beginners" had just enrolled in the program, while 43 "veterans" had participated for about three years. Among "beginners" women were more likely to participate because "daytime meetings were offered" and "people I trust recommend it" but there were no gender differences among "veterans." Close examination of responses indicated that differences among "beginners" no longer obtained because "veteran" men's motivations increased to resemble those of women. Examination of these motivational shifts as well as those which approached significance is in progress with a larger sample.
The utility of umbilical artery Doppler investigation in women with the HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome.

Abstract Objective: Our aim was to study the utility of umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry in the management of women with the HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome. Study Design: Fetuses of women with the HELLP syndrome underwent ultrasonographic evaluation at initial presentation. An abnormal umbilical artery Doppler study was defined as a systolic/diastolic ratio >5.0. The systolic/diastolic ratios were correlated with outcome variables including laboratory findings, latency, mode of delivery, and birth weight. Results: Fifty women were enrolled into the study. Eighteen of the fetuses (36%) had abnormal waveforms, with 8 fetuses demonstrating either absent or reversed end-diastolic umbilical artery blood flow. The mean umbilical artery systolic/diastolic ratio was significantly higher for fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction or who were small for gestational age than for those without these diagnoses ( P = .001, for each). No correlation was observed between the systolic/diastolic ratio and the laboratory findings at admission, the degree of hypertension at admission, or the latency to delivery (all, P > .05). No woman with a fetus at a viable gestational age having abnormal Doppler waveforms had a successful vaginal delivery. Conclusion: Abnormal umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry is associated with a higher risk of fetal growth restriction and a high likelihood of cesarean delivery. These values were not correlated with the severity of maternal disease. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1087-9.)
The pontocerebellar system in the rat: An HRP study. II. Hemispheral components

The projection of basilar pontine neurons to the cerebellar hemispheres was studied in pigmented rats by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Injections of horseradish peroxidase were restricted to the lateral aspects of the lobulus simplex (11 cases), crus I (26 cases), crus II (23 cases), and paramedian lobule (18 cases). The main focus of labeled neurons following lobulus simplex injections of horseradish peroxidase was located in the ventral pons, at rostral levels. Interestingly, the majority of labeled cells were distributed ipsilateral to the injection site. After crus I injections, however, labeled neurons were most evident contralaterally, although labeled ipsilteral cells were conspicuous rostrally. The majority of labeled cells were characteristically distributed along the medial, ventral, and lateral perimeters of the pontine gray. This pattern of labeling contrasts with that in cases of crus II injections, in which the main focus of labeled somata occupied more central regions of medial and ventral portions of the pons. Similarly, the pattern of labeling following injections into the paramedian lobule largely avoided the medial and lateral perimeters of the pontine gray, while numerous labeled somata occupied the central region of the pons. In addition to the pontine regions described above, labeled cells were observed in various cases in the dorsal peduncular region, the lateral and dorsolateral areas, and the nuclear reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) where three separate zones of labeling could be discerned in various cases. Several general organizational features were derived from these studies. Although specific quantitation procedures were not applied, the number of ipsilaterally labeled neurons was impressive in some cases, as was the mirror-image location of certain ipsi- and contra-lateral cell clusters. It was also noted that certain, similarly located clusters of labeled pontine neurons were present in cases in which injections were made into different cerebellar lobules, at least raising the possibility that some pontine neurons might give rise to divergent projections to multiple cerebellar locations. Moreover, it was evident that the location of certain clusters of labeled neurons was congruent with terminal zones of various pontine afferent systems, particularly those of the sensorimotor cortex. Combining the latter finding with the preceeding notion regarding pontocerebellar divergence suggests a mechanism by which sensorimotor information might be transmitted to several different cerebellar locations.
6.7.3 The Raytheon Enterprise Architecture Process (REAP)

Architecture processes have become an essential component in the construction of complex systems and in the government's evaluation of defense contractors. The Raytheon Enterprise Architecture Process (REAP) is a systems architecting process being developed by Raytheon Company to address both the needs of our customers and of Raytheon as a system integrator. This process integrates established industry and government standards including: Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture, C4ISR/Department of Defense Architecture Framework, Software Engineering Institute's Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method, Unified Modeling Language, and Colored Petri Nets. The REAP initiative is being approached as a “one-company” standardized methodology to address architecture definition, description, evolution, and assessment throughout Raytheon. The REAP facilitates higher interoperability for our customers' systems, enables the sharing of architectural best practices through common taxonomy and representation, and supports the creation of product line architecture templates to provide established architecture baselines for the design of new systems.
Model evaporation of FeO-bearing liquids: Application to chondrules

Abstract Models for thermodynamic behavior of FeO-bearing liquids are required for understanding the separate roles of evaporation, condensation and crystallization in the formation of free-floating silicate liquid droplets in the early solar nebula. These droplets, frozen as chondrules, are common in chondritic meteorites. Evaporation coefficients for Fe and FeO of ∼0.2 are calculated here from existing data using silicate liquid activity models. These models, used to describe gas-liquid-solid equilibria and to constrain kinetic processes, are compared and found similar, and the effects of liquid non-ideality are assessed. A general approach is presented for predicting the evaporation behavior of FeO-bearing Al2O3-CaO-SiO2-MgO liquids in H2-rich gas above 1400 K at low total pressure. Results are vapor pressure curves for Fe, FeO and other gas species above typical chondrule liquids, suitable for predicting compositional trajectories of residual liquids evaporating in a hydrogen-dominated vapor. These predictions are consistent with chondrule formation in the protoplanetary disk in heating events of short duration, such as those expected from shock wave or current sheet models.
Ambiguity in the developmental systems of lindenmayer

Definitions are proposed and the basic mathematical theory is developed for notions of ambiguity in the developmental systems of Lindenmayer. This preliminary work is confined to developmental systems without cellular interactions, the so-called 0L-systems. Two types of ambiguity, called surface and production ambiguity, are defined for 0L-systems. It is shown that these two definitions, taken together, are equivalent to the usual definition of ambiguity for the well-known special case of context-free grammars.
The Rio de Janeiro subway system—A case study in applying theory to practice

Abstract A case study of translation of theoretical developments (Friedman, 1975; 1976) to implementation procedures is outlined with specific reference to the Rio de Janeiro Subway System. Within the overall framework of establishing the time schedule of trips of a single line that minimizes the average waiting time of passengers with possible generalization and extension to multi-line network, the present manuscript has the limited aim of developing a time table and determining the minimal number of trains required to keep up a given schedule of trips of a single line. The incorporation of a new ad-hoc procedure of “inclusion and exclusion trips” to and from an intermediate regulating station is a novel feature not included in the original Friedman Model. This supplement characterizes an important physical attribute of the Rio de Janeiro System, namely, the limited train storage capacity at the terminal stations which is offset by virtual unlimited storage capacity at the intermediate regulating station. The case study has generated a procedure for creation and manipulation of large data bases in real life applications encountering practical constraints using a theoretically sound set of efficient algorithms.
Crossed renal ectopia in children

Five cases of crossed ectopic kidneys are presented, four in males and one in female, four fused and one unfused. All were on the right side; in four cases the kidneys were positioned inferiorly and in one superiorly. Urological malformations and accompanying anomalies were observed in most of our cases. Vesicoureteral reflux was demonstrated in the three children in whom cystography was performed. In the presence of anorectal malformations and vertebral anomalies or on diagnosis of crossed ectopic kidneys, early and thourough urological investigation is indicated.
Reactivity and combustion of coal chars

Seven industrial process chars were tested to determine their reactivities and/or combustion characteristics. Char densities, total surface areas, and elemental and proximate compositions were measured. Reactivity tests were conducted over three temperature ranges: thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with air (550–750 K), with CO 2 in a fixed-bed (1070–1270 K) and with air in a drop-tube furnace (1300–2100 K). In TGA tests, reactivities among chars differed by almost two orders of magnitude at the same temperature. Fixed-bed CO 2 tests gave mass reactivities that differed, by about one order of magnitude, while mass reactivities at high temperature in the drop-tube furnace differed by only a factor of two. Parent coal type and char formation conditions are major factors influencing reactivity in low and intermediate temperature ranges. N 2 -BET surface area does not adequately explain observed reactivity in any temperature range while variation in external surface area does correlate reactivity at high temperature. High temperature reactivities compared well with predictions from a pore tree/char oxidation model, after adding char volatiles percentage. Only high temperature reactivity data characterized the char consumption rate in a laboratory combustor, but a significant residual char volatiles content appeared to be essential for flame stability.
Classical analogs of mesoscopic quantum phenomena

Abstract An important aspect of mesoscopic electronic systems is that the electrons maintain their phase coherence and propagate as waves. The resulting behavior is complicated by disorder, time-dependent scattering sites and many-electron effects (possibly modeled with a nonlinear wave equation). Studying the latter effects theoretically or experimentally in mesoscopic electronic systems is difficult. However, it is possible to contrive classical wave systems which precisely duplicate the salient features of the quantum electron problem, and which may be readily studied experimentally. This paper will describe the use of such systems to study phonon assisted hopping, the effects of nonlinearity on Anderson localization, the effects of Penrose tile symmetry, noise in mesoscopic electronics, ‘superdiffusion’, and to study an aspect of the discrepancy between theory and experiment for normal electron persistent currents in mesoscopic rings.
DNA repair synthesis in human skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation used in PUVA (psoralen and UV-A) therapy for psoriasis.

SUMMARY The ultraviolet radiation used for PUVA therapy stimulated DNA repair activity in normal human skin and in the uninvolved skin from psoriatic patients. The activity detected by autoradiography increased linearly with exposure time. No stimulation was observed when the UV-B component was removed from the incident radiation by filtration through glass. Therefore UV-B damage to DNA was found responsible for the activity detected following exposure to the unfiltered PUVA light source.
Posturographic analysis through markerless motion capture without ground reaction forces measurement

The ability of the central nervous system to control posture and balance has been used with increasing frequency for the diagnosis and/or treatment evaluation of various neuromuscular diseases. Typically this analysis (Posturographic Analysis) is based on tracking the motion of the center of mass (COM) during quiet standing, however direct measurement of the COM has been commonly approximated using the movement of the center of pressure (COP). The purpose of this study was to apply and validate a new method to track the COM (center of mass) and COP (center of pressure) from a visual hull measured using a markerless motion capture (MMC) method. The method was tested by comparing the calculation of the COP from direct measurements of the COP. The deviations between the methods, below 2 mm, were small relative to the average range of movement guaranteeing a satisfactory signal to noise ratio. This new method requires only kinematic data through MMC method and without the need of a force plate can identify the influence of individual body segments to motion of the COM.
Application of the Kaufman approach to the calculation of intra-rare earth phase diagrams

Abstract The Kaufman approach is combined with values of Δ°H and Δ°S for transformations in pure rare earths to construct phase diagrams for some simple binary systems. Good agreement is obtained for the Dy-Er, Dy-Ho, Tb-Ho and Tb-Er peritectics and for the Ho-Er isomorphous phase diagram. Only limited agreement is attained for the Nd-Pr and Gd-Y double isomorphous systems. The phase diagrams for Sc and the elements Y, Nd, and Gd were least satisfactory. Where agreement is poor, the effects of impurities and other uncertainties are discussed.
The implications of embedded generation on the NGC transmission system

Since the restructuring and privatisation of the UK electricity supply industry, the principal method of power generation has undergone a shift from large conventional coal, oil and nuclear power stations to gas turbine based plant in combined cycle (CCGT) and combined heat and power (CHP) configurations. Whilst much of this new plant is connected to the National Grid Company (NGC) transmission system at 275 or 400 kV (station size ranging from around 300 MW to 2000 MW), an increasing trend in the connection of generation embedded within REC distribution networks has been observed (station size ranging from below 10 MW up to approx 350 MW). This paper addresses the effects that an increased volume of embedded generation could have on the planning and operation of the NGC transmission system.
A comparative study of crystallized silky and lemon shark muscle glycogen phosphorylases

Abstract 1. 1. Silky and lemon shark muscle glycogen phosphorylases b and a were purified and crystallized under similar conditions. In contrast to other phosphorylases, both enzymes crystallize from ammonium sulphate or buffer. The doubling in molecular weight observed upon phosphorylation to the a form is similar to that of homoiothenns but different from that of other poikilotherms (frog and lobster). 2. 2. The enzymes from these a shark species are more stable than those from muscle of homoiotherms and, like lobster phosphorylase, they require no sulphydryl compounds for maintaining their activity. 3. 3. Lemon and silky shark phosphorylases appear to be immunologically identical and distinct from the phosphorylases of rabbit or human muscle. 4. 4. The fact that phosphorylase from lemon or silky shark can be prepared in homogenous form, crystallized, and stabilized in dilute buffer without need for the activator 5/-AMP, sulphydryl compounds, or a high concentration of salts, makes it unique among the glycogen phosphorylases and particularly useful for research purposes.
The interface between multiple personality, spirit mediumship, and hypnosis.

Abstract In this paper I draw parallels between multiple personality, spirit mediumship, and hypnosis from historical, anthropological, and clinical perspectives. I emphasize Milton H. Erickson's view of multiple personalities as not necessarily pathological but as potential resources. He employed hypnosis to gain access to personalities and to transform their behavior from involuntary to voluntary actions. I discuss similarities between this view and the use of spirits as a resource with mediums. Natural trance therapies in other cultures offer a new perspective for viewing the normalcy or pathology of “other selves.”
Annual mortality patterns of a mammal community in central Panama

Few data exist on mortality of tropical forest mammals. Though dramatic reductions in population size have been reported for particular mammals in some years, such information is largely anecdotal and generally attributed to an unusual extrinsic factor such as a forest-wide fruit shortage or outbreak of a virulent disease (e.g. Collias & Southwick 1952, Foster 1982, Kaufmann 1962). It would be useful to have annual mortality data from specific mammal populations and communities, both for comparative purposes and to focus investigation on possible causal factors. However, the difficulty of collecting mortality data in the tropical forest is well appreciated. Vultures show a remarkable ability to locate fresh carcasses (Houston 1986) and the warm, humid environment and abundant insect life results in rapid destruction of any remainder. Here I present data collected over a two-year period on dead mammals recovered from a single lowland tropical forest site in central Panama. These data, though not extensive, give an indication of annual mortality in this mammalian community. In addition, for a few species, mortality peaks occurred at approximately the same time each year. Interspecific mortality peaks were not always synchronous, suggesting that factors adverse for some species may have had little effect on others in this same habitat. The survey was carried out from 1 September 1977 through 31 August 1979, a total of 24 months, on Barro Colorado Island, a 1500 ha nature preserve located in Gatun Lake, Republic of Panama. Details of the climate, topography, flora and fauna of Barro Colorado can be found in Leigh et al. 1982. Barro Colorado Island lends itself to the collection of infrequent and unpredictable data such as the occurrence of dead mammals because typically many researchers are active in the forest on any given day throughout the year. This greatly improves the chances that dead mammals will be encountered
Ten misconceptions regarding cryotherapy for prostate cancer.

Langenhuijsen et al conclude that prostate cryotherapy (PC) is ‘‘reliable and results are promising with minimal morbidity’’ in this issue of European Urology [1]. The authors provide a fair summary of the limited but rapidly growing literature and appropriately call for randomized trials and long-term data. As one of the most vocal early critics of cryotherapy but now an experienced cryosurgeon, I would like to add the observation of 10 common misconceptions regarding cryotherapy.
A phenotype intermediate between Desbuquois dysplasia and diastrophic dysplasia secondary to mutations in DTDST.

We describe a child whose original clinical and radiologic manifestations led to a diagnosis of Desbuquois dysplasia. Subsequent development of features including cervical kyphosis and cystic ears caused us to reconsider the original diagnosis. The new complement of features in this patient fell in a range between Desbuquois dysplasia and diastrophic dysplasia. Molecular testing showed that she is a compound heterozygote for mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter gene (DTDST). This finding confirms that there is locus heterogeneity in apparent Desbuquois dysplasia. It also expands the phenotypic spectrum of disorders caused by mutations in DTDST. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Beyond the Wall of Resistance: Unconventional Strategies that Build Support for Change

The article reviews the book “Beyond the Wall of Resistance: Unconventional Strategies that Build Support for Change,” by Rick Maurer.