cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeted Disruption of Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 Abolishes Thermotolerance and Protection against Heat-inducible Apoptosis

Heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) is a member of the vertebrate HSF family that regulates stress-inducible synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Although the synthesis of the constitutively expressed and inducible members of the heat shock family of stress proteins correlates with increased cellular protection, their relative contributions in acquired cellular resistance or "thermotolerance" in mammalian cells is presently unknown. We report here that constitutive expression of multiple HSPs in cultured embryonic cells was unaffected by disruption of the murine HSF1 gene. In contrast, thermotolerance was not attainable in hsf1(-/-) cells, and this response was required for protection against heat-induced apoptosis. We conclude that 1) constitutive and inducibly expressed HSPs exhibit distinct physiological functions for cellular maintenance and adaptation, respectively, and 2) other mammalian HSFs or distinct evolutionarily conserved stress response pathways do not compensate for HSF1 in the physiological response to heat shock.
Clinical performance of the 3M Rapid Detection Flu A+B Test compared to R-Mix culture, DFA and BinaxNOW Influenza A&B Test.

Background: The rapid diagnosis of influenza allows for prompt patient management and the initiation of appropriate infection control measures to reduce spread in healthcare settings. Objective: To evaluate the clinical performance of the 3M Rapid Detection Flu A+B Test (3MA+B) as compared to R-Mix cell culture, direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) and the BinaxNOW AB 98.1%, 100%, 100%, 99.8%), DFA (80.4%, 99.2%, 96.1%, 95.3%; 74%, 100%, 100%, 97%), 3MA+B (70.1%, 99.8%, 98.6%, 93%; 86.5%, 98.7%, 88.2%, 98.4%) and BinaxNOW (46.4%, 100%, 100%, 88.6%; 34.6%, 100%, 100%, 93%). R-Mix, DFA and 3MA+B were significantly (P ≤ 0.0001) more sensitive than BinaxNOW for the detection of both influenza A and B. The analytical sensitivity of 3MA+B was greater than BinaxNOW. Excessive blood in samples may cause 3MA+B false positive influenza B results. Conclusions: The 3MA+B provided superior results compared to BinaxNOW. The 3MA+B Reader eliminated user misinterpretation and provided quality control and result documentation. The improved sensitivity and easy of use makes 3MA+B an effective first line triage test for emergency departments, clinics and rapid response laboratories.
Mapping algorithm for large-scale field programmable analog array

Modern advances in reconfigurable analog technologies are allowing field-programmable analog arrays (FPAAs) to dramatically grow in size, flexibility, and usefulness. With these advances, analog circuits and systems can be programmable, reconfigurable, adaptive, implemented on standard CMOS to take advantage of scaled CMOS technology, and at a density comparable to digital memories. Our goal in this paper is to develop the first physical design automation toolset for floating-gate based FPAA with focus on minimization of parasitic effects on FPAA interconnect. We provide graph-based analog circuit and FPAA device modeling suitable for efficient mapping. Our FPAA clustering algorithm constructs Computational Analog Blocks (CAB) from analog circuit elements while improving the utilization of the device and reducing its impact on the total number of routing switches used. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Subordinations Levels in Structured Financing

The authors are grateful for helpful comments from Franklin Allen, Mark Flannery, Dwight Jaffee, Tim Riddiough, and Sally Gordon.
Lunar Magnetic Anomalies and Surface Optical Properties

Consideration is given to the influence of lunar magnetic anomalies on the darkening of the lunar surface by solar wind ion bombardment. It is shown that lunar magnetic anomalies with dipole moments much greater than 5 x 10 to the 13th gauss cu cm will strongly deflect the typical solar wind, producing local plasma voids at the lunar surface. Direct measurements of lunar magnetic fields have shown most lunar magnetic fields to have moments below this level, with the exception of anomalies detected in the areas of the Reiner Gamma albedo feature, the Van de Graaff-Aitken region and Mare Marginis. Such magnetic anomalies are shown to be capable of accounting for the higher albedo and swirl-like morphology f these features by the deflection and focusing incident solar wind ions, which tend to darken the surface upon impact.
INHALED PARTICLE-BOUND SULFATE: Effects on Pulmonary Inflammatory Responses and Alveolar Macrophage Function

Acid sulfate-coated solid particles are a significant environmental hazard produced primarily by the combustion of fossil fuels. We have previously described a system for the nascent generation of carbonaceous particles surface coated with approximately 140 mug/ m3 acid sulfate [cpSO42-; 10 mg/m3 carbon black (CB) and 10 ppm sulfur dioxide (SO2) at 85% relative humidity (RH)]. The effects of inhaled cpSO42- on pulmonary host defenses are assessed in the present work. Mice were acutely exposed (4 h) to either 10 mg/m3 CB, 10 ppm SO2, or their combination at 10% or 85% RH in a nose-only inhalation chamber. No evidence of an inflammatory response was found following any of the exposures as assessed by total cell counts and differential cell counts from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. However, alveolar macrophage Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis decreased only following exposure to 140 mug cpSO42-, significant suppression occurred after 24 h, maximal suppression occurred at 3 days postexposure, and recovery to...
Captured-frame eligibility and round-robin matching for input-queued packet switches

A variety of matching schemes for input-queued (IQ) switches that deliver high throughput under traffic with uniform distributions has been proposed. However, there is a need of matching schemes that provide high throughput under several admissible traffic patterns, including those with nonuniform distributions, while keeping implementation complexity low. In this letter, first, we introduce the captured frame concept for matching schemes in IQ switches. Second, we propose a round-robin based matching scheme, uFORM, which uses the proposed concept for cell matching eligibility. We show via simulation that our matching scheme delivers high throughput under several nonuniform traffic patterns, and retains the high performance under uniform traffic that round-robin matching schemes are known to offer.
How Item Residual Heterogeneity Affects Tests for Differential Item Functioning.

Differential item functioning (DIF) occurs when people with the same proficiency have different probabilities of giving a certain response to an item. The present study focused on an assumption implicit in popular methods for DIF testing that has received little attention in published literature (item residual homogeneity). The assumption is explained, a strategy for detecting violations of it (i.e., item residual heterogeneity) is illustrated with empirical data, and simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of binary logistic regression, two-group item response theory (IRT), and the Mantel–Haenszel (MH) test in the presence of item residual heterogeneity. Results indicated that heterogeneity inflated Type I error and attenuated power for logistic regression, and attenuated power and produced biased estimates of the latent focal group mean and standard deviation for two-group IRT. The MH test was robust to item residual heterogeneity, probably because it does not use the logistic function.
Measurement of the Radiative electron Polarization in a 2.4-GeV Storage Ring

We have observed the existence of transverse polarization of the electron beam in the SPEAR storage ring resulting from the emission of synchrotron radiation in the magnetic field. The time constant for polarization build-up has been measured for a single circulating electron beam to be ${90}_{\ensuremath{-}35}^{+90}$ min and the corresponding equilibrium polarization to be ${0.85}_{\ensuremath{-}0.25}^{+0.15}$. These values are to be compared with the theoretical predictions of 124 min and 0.924, respectively.
Revisions of the ADIOS oil spill model

Abstract For several years, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Hazardous Materials Response Division (NOAA/HAZMAT) has been using and distributing the computer software package called ADIOS™ (Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills) to aid responders in oil spill cleanup. ADIOS forecasts the weathering processes and characteristics of oil slicks. Based on new research results and analysis since the first version was released, a major update revises and improves previous algorithms, plus adds new modules for other weathering processes and for spill cleanup strategies. The weathering processes included in the new version, called ADIOS2, are spreading, evaporation, dispersion, sedimentation, and emulsification. The user cleanup options are dispersants, in-situ burning, and skimming. Different types of release scenarios can be simulated and the user is allowed to enter ranges for selected input variables with the resulting uncertainty displayed in the model output.
General Dentists and Special Needs Patients: Does Dental Education Matter?

Special needs patients are one of the underserved dental patient groups in the United States. This study investigates whether undergraduate dental education about special needs patients affects general dentists' a) professional behavior, b) practice characteristics, and c) attitudes concerning special needs patients. Data were collected from 208 general dentists (178 male/30 female; average age: 49.85 years) who were members of the Michigan Dental Association. The more the respondents agreed that dental education had prepared them well, the more likely they were to treat various types of special needs patients and to set up their practices so they could treat them and the more they liked treating these patients. In conclusion, most general dentists did not think their undergraduate dental education had prepared them well to treat special needs patients. However, the better they reported to have been educated, the more likely they were to treat special needs patients. Given the access to care problems for many special needs patients, it seems crucial to revise dental curricula and provide more didactic and clinical education concerning the treatment of special needs patients.
Relaxed Controls and a Class of Active Material Actuator Models

Previous research has demonstrated that rigorous modeling and identification theory can be derived for structural dynamical models that incorporate control influence operators that are static KrasnoselskiiPokrovskii integral hysteresis operators. Experimental evidence likewise has shown that some dynamic hysteresis models provide more accurate representations of a class of structural systems actuated by some active materials including shape memory alloys and some piezoceramics. In this paper, we show that the representation of control influence operators via static hysteresis operators can be interpreted in terms of a homogeneous Young’s measure. Within this framework, we subsequently derive dynamic hysteresis operators represented in terms of Young’s measures that are parameterized in time. We show that the resulting integrodifferential equations are similar to the class of relaxed controls discussed by Warga [10],Gamkrelidze [and Roubicek [25]. The formulation presented herein differs from that studied in [10], [24] and [25] in that the kernel of the hysteresis operator is a history dependent functional, as opposed to Caratheodory integral satisfying a growth condition. The theory presented provides representations of dynamic hysteresis operators that have provided good agreement with experimental behavior in some active materials. The convergence of finite dimensional approximations of the governing equations is also discussed.
Accurate power measurement technique for digital systems using independent component analysis

Analog-to-digital (ADC) converters are the most direct and accurate method of power measurement. However it is impractical to instrument ADCs for large number of circuits in a digital system to measure power. In this paper, we present a high resolution digital power measurement technique that is scalable, uses lower power, and is less invasive than ADCs. The core concepts of this new technique has been demonstrated using an evaluation design on FPGA platform. Our latest design can simultaneously monitor 350 different instrumentation points on FPGA circuits and on-board components at 128 kS/sec for each point. The calculated total power differs from those acquired using low noise ADC by less than 3%. Furthermore, an offline data analysis indicates that our method is resilient to instrumentation errors and noise.
The Fine Art of Drafting (shhh) Bills

If the bill is more visually accessible and sent punctually, it is more likely to be paid. This article provides a guide of how to best prepare every lawyers’ least favorite document – the bill.
Contrast Agents for Molecular-Level fMRI

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques have had immense impact in neuroscience, but also suffer from widely recognized limitations. Spatial resolution in fMRI is degraded by hemodynamic point-spread functions estimated to be 0.6–1.5 mm or more in diameter. Temporal resolution is on the order of several seconds because of the impulse response times characteristic of neurovascular coupling. Most importantly, specificity for distinct types of neuronal events is absent in fMRI, meaning that contributions of neurons with different neurotransmitter systems or connectivity patterns cannot be distinguished. In some cases, false positive “activation” of hemodynamic origin can be a further confound.
Exacerbation of aluminium encephalopathy after treatment with desferrioxamine

Two haemodialysis patients with aluminium encephalopathy developed dramatic deteriorations of their neurological symptoms after initiation of desferrioxamine (DFO) therapy. Both patients were treated with relatively large doses of DFO (1 g and 2 g per treatment). In the first case, paranoid delusions, visual hallucinations, seizures and deteriorating speech followed each dialysis treatment with DFO. The second patient experienced increasing confusion, decreasing short-term memory, and deterioration in speech. In both cases the neurological symptoms regressed after decreasing or discontinuing the DFO. These patients demonstrate the potential dangers of using high doses of DFO. The pathogenesis of the exacerbation is not well understood but, may not simply be due to the result of elevated plasma aluminium levels after DFO therapy. We argue in this communication for reducing DFO in patients with aluminium encephalopathy to doses of 1 g three times per week to ensure adequate treatment of aluminium encephalopathy while minimising the risk of exacerbation from overzealous DFO administration.
Simultaneous Boundary and Distributed Feedback Control of the Current Profile in H-mode Discharges on DIII-D

Abstract Control of the current profile in tokamak plasmas has been shown to play an important role in achieving advanced scenarios that could enable steady-state operation. The nonlinearity and spatially distributed nature of the current profile dynamics motivate the use of model-based control designs. In this work, we consider a control-oriented model of the current profile evolution in DIII-D high-confinement (H-mode) discharges, and the problem of regulating the current profile around a desired trajectory. The PDE model is discretized in space with a finite difference method and a backstepping design is applied to obtain a transformation from the original system into a particular target system with desirable properties. The resulting boundary condition control law is complemented with control laws for the available distributed actuators. The combined control strategy uses nonlinear combinations of the total plasma current, total power, and line averaged density as actuators. Simulation and experimental results show the ability of the controller to track desired targets and to reject input disturbances.
Formic Acid As a Hydrogen Storage Medium: Ruthenium-Catalyzed Generation of Hydrogen from Formic Acid in Emulsions

Formic acid is decomposed to H2 and CO2 in the presence of RuCl3 and triphenylphosphines in an emulsion. In situ formed ruthenium carbonyls, such as [Ru(HCO2)2(CO)2(PPh3)2] (1), [Ru(CO)3(PPh3)2] (2), and [Ru2(HCO2)2(CO)4(PPh3)2] (3), and a large cluster, involving a Ru12 core, were identified and structurally characterized from the reaction mixtures. The catalytic activity of the mono and binuclear complexes was also investigated and it was found that [Ru2(HCO2)2(CO)4(PPh3)2] (3) shows high stability even at elevated temperatures and pressures and its activity is 1 order of magnitude lower than those measured for the mononuclear complexes. It was also attempted to use [Ru(HCO2)2(CO)2(PPh3)2] (1) as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid under neutral conditions. Although the reduction of CO2 did not take place, the conversion of [Ru(HCO2)2(CO)2(PPh3)2] (1) to an unexpected carbonate, [Ru(CO3)(CO)2(PPh3)2]·H2O was observed.
Food Closets in State Service Centers Assist with Emergency Food Delivery

Objective: This study sought to determine which combination of variables were significant predictors of desire to use weight management resources. Design: A retrospective exploratory study was conducted using results from a 2009 needs assessment study. Subjects: Faculty and staff responses (n 432) were used. Statistical Analyses: Binary logistic regression determined significant predictors for interest in using individual diet counseling and either an internetor campus-basedweight loss program. -2 log likelihood tests were used to assess significant differences between models with demographic, interest, and behavioral factors against restricted models with only demographic and behavioral factors.
Determination of Protein Content in Milk by Formaldehyde Value Titration

Objective To determine protein content in milk by formaldehyde value titration.Method Using amphoteric property of amino acids,the formaldehyde solution was added into milk sample,and then the sample was titrated by standard alkali.The protein content in milk was calculated by determining free amino acids of it.Results There was a good correlation between protein content in milk and free amino acids.The RSD was 2.63%～3.40%.Compared with the national standard method,the ratios of absolute difference to its arithmetic average of two methods were all below 5%.The determining time was 3～5 min,and less than 3 h of national standard method.Conclusion The method could effectively resolve the interference problems of nitrogen substances which belong to non-protein kinds,and apply to rapid quantitative test of protein in milk and milk powder.
S05.1 Adolescent chlamydia rates adjusted for sexual experience and activity

Rates of reported cases of chlamydia, a sexually transmitted infection, are high among adolescent women in the United States, in particular non-Hispanic black teens. Fewer than half of female teens have ever had sex and are not at risk. We adjusted national chlamydia case rates for sexual behaviour and examined differences in adjusted rates by race. We used chlamydia case data reported to CDC, census population counts, and data from the 2002, 2006–2010, and 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth to calculate the adjusted rates for those who have had sex (sexually experienced) and rates for those who had sex in the past year (sexually active) across race groups for female teenagers. Overall, the rates of chlamydia are higher when adjusted for sexual behaviour. The disparity in female rates for blacks relative to whites is reduced when adjusted for sexual behaviour. For example, in 2006–2008, the black to white chlamydia rate ratio decreased from 6.7 to 3.0 after adjusting for sexual experience. From 2002–2013, decreases in female black/white disparities were more pronounced after adjusting for behaviour: 6.4 to 5.3 (crude) vs. 5.1 to 3.5 (adjusted for sexual experience) and 5.9 to 3.5 (adjusted for sexual activity). From 2002–2013, the female Hispanic to white rate ratio also decreased, but was less affected by adjustment for sexual activity: 2.1 to 1.4 (crude) vs. 2.5 to 1.5 (adjusted for sexual experience) vs. 2.7 to 1.7 (adjusted for sexual activity). The impact of adjustments can be attributed to: decrease in proportion of sexually experienced/active blacks; increase in proportion of sexually experienced/active Hispanics; and stable proportion in whites. Adjustments for sexual behaviour attenuate the chlamydia rate disparity between blacks and whites, and not adjusting for behaviour underestimates the reduction in disparities over time. Black teens remain disproportionately burdened by chlamydial infections.
Compliance-Resisting Behaviors: The Effects of Age, Agent, and Types of Request

(1984). Compliance-Resisting Behaviors: The Effects of Age, Agent, and Types of Request. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 8, Communication Yearbook 8, pp. 747-763.
Damage Control Surgery and the Open Abdomen

Management of the open abdomen incorporates tenants of intensive care unit and operative care of the critically ill patient. While several etiologies may result in the requirement for an open abdomen, goals of care are similar to all: temporary coverage of the viscera, appropriate critical care to include fluid resuscitation and nutrition support, treatment of the underlying etiology, attempts at fascial coverage and prevention or treatment of complications. This article will discuss each of these core components of open abdomen management in turn.
Promoting the Multidimensional Character of Scientific Reasoning.

This study reports part of a long-term program to help students improve scientific reasoning using higher-order cognitive tasks set in the discipline of cell biology. This skill was assessed using problems requiring the construction of valid conclusions drawn from authentic research data. We report here efforts to confirm the hypothesis that data interpretation is a complex, multifaceted exercise. Confirmation was obtained using a statistical treatment showing that various such problems rank students differently—each contains a unique set of cognitive challenges. Additional analyses of performance results have allowed us to demonstrate that individuals differ in their capacity to navigate five independent generic elements that constitute successful data interpretation: biological context, connection to course concepts, experimental protocols, data inference, and integration of isolated experimental observations into a coherent model. We offer these aspects of scientific thinking as a “data analysis skills inventory,” along with usable sample problems that illustrate each element. Additionally, we show that this kind of reasoning is rigorous in that it is difficult for most novice students, who are unable to intuitively implement strategies for improving these skills. Instructors armed with knowledge of the specific challenges presented by different types of problems can provide specific helpful feedback during formative practice. The use of this instructional model is most likely to require changes in traditional classroom instruction.
Business Models in the Chemical Industry Amid a Changing Competitive Landscape

The market environment for chemical companies has changed dramatically during the last decades, especially considering the rise of emerging market players and, along with it, intensified competition. With Industry 4.0 knocking at the door, the pace of change is not expected to slow down. Thus, chemical companies more than ever before need to have a clear strategy in place. First, they have to decide which businesses they want to be in. Second, organizing those businesses according to their characteristics and strictly pursuing a business model will be decisive in creating and strengthening competitiveness.
Fragment answers and movement

The nature of fragment answers has been under debate for the past 40 years. Most of the arguments have focused on the mobility and island-(in)sensitivity of the fragments. This paper offers a new empirical domain of investigation: interpretative differences between fragment answers and their full sentence counterparts. I present data regarding an interpretation of superlative expressions that is available only with overt movement but not covert movement, and show that fragment answers allow the reading while their full sentence counterparts do not. Thus I argue that in some cases fragment answers must involve movement in the narrow syntax. Approaches to fragment answers that exclusively involve PF movement of the fragments or in situ fragment answers are challenged.
Relative Navigation: A Keyframe-Based Approach for Observable GPS-Degraded Navigation

As relevant technologies become smaller and less expensive, micro air vehicles (MAVs) are transitioning from predominantly military and hobbyist applications to mainstream use. Exciting new applications include the delivery of medical supplies to remote areas, infrastructure inspection, environmental change detection, precision agriculture, survelliance of visible satellites. These issues are particularly prevalent when flying near the ground, where safety and reliability are especially important.
A radical way to die.

Recent work finds that reactive oxygen species are generated in cells starved for the nucleobase thymine and contribute to DNA-destructive “thymineless death” mechanisms, which underlie the activities of many drugs, including trimethoprim and sulfa-based antibiotics. Such mechanisms may also apply to cells across the tree of life.
Imagining transformative spaces: the personal–political sites of community archives

Although much has been written about formal archival spaces, little scholarship has addressed the physical spaces of community archives. This paper asks: How do community members imagine the physical spaces that steward identity-based community archives? Based on focus groups with more than 54 community archives users at five different community archives sites across Southern California, this paper examines how members of marginalized communities conceive of the physical space inhabited by community archives representing their communities. The sites explored range from a prominent location on a university campus, to storefronts, strip malls, and small cinderblock buildings. Yet across sites, users spoke about community archives spaces as symbolic and affectively moving locations. Many users described their community archives site as a “home-away-from-home,” marked by intergenerational dialog and a profound sense of belonging. For other users, community archives sites were described as “politically generative spaces” which foster dialog and debate about identity, representation, and activism and enable the community to envision its future. And yet, while the very existence of community archives is political, many participants felt that the full political potential of these sites is not yet realized. By listening to the voices of the communities represented and served by community archives, our research both indicates that a shift is warranted in archival metaphors of space and reveals how community archives are personally and politically transformative spaces for the communities they represent and serve.
Utility of initial procalcitonin values to predict urinary tract infection.

Abstract Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common reasons women seek treatment in the emergency department (ED). The biomarker procalcitonin (PCT) has gained popularity over the last decade to improve the diagnosis of bacterial infections and reduce unnecessary exposure to antibiotics. PCT has been extensively studied in patients with pneumonia and sepsis and may have additional role in UTI. Methods A retrospective study of patients who presented to the ED in which a urinalysis test and a PCT level was obtained within the first 24 h of presentation. Signs and symptoms of UTI and urine cultures were reviewed to determine a positive diagnosis of UTI. The area under the receiver operating curve was used to calculate the test characteristics of PCT. Different breakpoints were analyzed to determine which PCT level corresponded to the highest sensitivity and specificity. Results 293 patients were included in this single center, retrospective study. The AUC of PCT to predict UTI was 0.717; 95% CI: 0.643–0.791 (p Conclusions A PCT threshold
Symposium—Naming and Framing Public Administration Theory in Natural Disaster Planning and Response

(2007). Symposium—Naming and Framing Public Administration Theory in Natural Disaster Planning and Response. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 493-496.
Apolipoprotein E DNA methylation and posttraumatic stress disorder are associated with plasma ApoE level: A preliminary study.

Abstract Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) occurred in 15–30% of Veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. We examined whether DNA methylation of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene promoter region or plasma ApoE protein levels are altered in mTBI. APOE promoter region DNA methylation, APOE genotype, and plasma ApoE concentration were determined in 87 Veterans with or without mTBI who were recruited from 2010-2014. Plasma ApoE concentration was found to be associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptom severity ratings by hierarchical linear regression (p = .013) and ANCOVA (p = .007). Hierarchical linear regression revealed that plasma ApoE concentration was associated with APOE-e4 genotype status (p=.022). Higher ApoE plasma levels were found in e3/e3 Veterans than in APOE-e4 carriers (p = .031). Furthermore, plasma ApoE concentration was associated experiment-wise with DNA methylation at CpG sites -877 (p = .021), and -775 (p = .014). The interaction between APOE-e4 genotype and having a PTSD diagnosis was associated with DNA methylation at CpG site -675 (p = .009).
A Bayesian approach to synthesize estimates of the size of hidden populations: the Anchored Multiplier.

Background The multiplier method is one of the most frequently used population size estimation (PSE) methods for key populations, yet estimates from this method are often inconsistent with each other, other PSE methods and local knowledge. We developed a novel Bayesian approach, the 'Anchored Multiplier', which synthesizes estimates from multipliers coupled to an a priori estimate to arrive at a single consensus estimate and credible range. Methods Data for size estimation were collected from three cross-sectional bio-behavioural surveillance studies of people who inject drugs (PWID) in San Francisco, CA, USA (2005, 2009 and 2012). We demonstrate the application of the Anchored Multiplier and a Variance Adjusted-Anchored Multiplier using PSE produced by multipliers in the three surveys and the literature for the USA. Size estimates were compared with estimates from other available PSE methods. Results Using the Anchored Multiplier, we estimated the PWID population made up 2.41% [95% credible interval (CI): 1.9-2.85] of the adult population in 2005, 2.1% (95% CI: 1.8-2.48) in 2009 and 2.3% (95% CI: 2.03-2.61) in 2012. The Variance Adjusted-Anchored Multiplier calculated similar point estimates, with wider 95% credible intervals. Credible intervals from both approaches were substantially narrower than from other standard PSE methods and, unlike other methods, indicated that the prevalence of PWID was stable over time. Conclusions The Anchored Multiplier is a promising new approach to size estimation, which generates a single estimate to inform programmatic strategies to counter the HIV epidemic, and provides a robust denominator to quantify the burden of disease for key populations.
Patterns of pear thrips activity in the northeastern United States, 1990-1992

Pear thrips, Taeniothrips inconsequens, activity and damage in forest stands of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) was monitored in 18 states over a three-year period (1990–92). New state records were recorded in southern and mid-western states. In 1990, thrips activity was greatest; damage to maple foliage was related to thrips activity during and just after maple buds opened. In subsequent years, thrips activity was lower and damage less apparent.
Characterizing the Circulating Cell Populations in Traumatic Heterotopic Ossification.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) occurs secondary to trauma, causing pain and functional limitations. Identification of the cells that contribute to HO is critical to the development of therapies. Given that innate immune cells and mesenchymal stem cells are known contributors to HO, we sought to define the contribution of these populations to HO and to identify what, if any, contribution circulating populations have to HO. A shared circulation was obtained using a parabiosis model, established between an enhanced green fluorescent protein–positive/luciferase+ donor and a same-strain nonreporter recipient mouse. The nonreporter mouse received Achilles tendon transection and dorsal burn injury to induce HO formation. Bioluminescence imaging and immunostaining were performed to define the circulatory contribution of immune and mesenchymal cell populations. Histologic analysis showed circulating cells present throughout each stage of the developing HO anlagen. Circulating cells were present at the injury site during the inflammatory phase and proliferative period, with diminished contribution in mature HO. Immunostaining demonstrated that most early circulatory cells were from the innate immune system; only a small population of mesenchymal cells were present in the HO. We demonstrate the time course of the participation of circulatory cells in trauma-induced HO and identify populations of circulating cells present in different stages of HO. These findings further elucidate the relative contribution of local and systemic cell populations to HO.
Parent Food and Eating Behavior Assessments Predict Targeted Healthy Eating Index Components.

Abstract Objective To examine the ability of parent response to assessments of in-home availability of 20 fruits and vegetables (FV), self-efficacy/outcome expectancy to prepare FV that their child would eat, modeling of FV eating behavior, and eating competence to predict parents’ targeted Healthy Eating Index–2010 (HEI) scores at baseline. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Sixty-one classrooms in 8 northern Colorado elementary schools over 4 years participating in Fuel for Fun (FFF), a school-based culinary and physical activity intervention. Participants Parents and guardians (n = 71) of fourth-grade youths from participating classrooms. Main Outcome Measure(s) Healthy Eating Index–2010 scores as derived from 24-hour recalls administered with the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour dietary assessment tool. Analysis Generalized linear regression models tested the predictive validity of survey assessments for targeted HEI components. Results were considered statistically significant at P ≤ .05. Results In-home FV availability predicted total fruit (P = .01), whole fruit (P = .001), and total vegetable (P = .01) HEI, and parent modeling of FV eating behavior predicted total fruit (P = .01) and whole fruit (P = .02) HEI. However, these survey measures were not associated with other HEI components, including total HEI. Parent self-efficacy/outcome expectancy to prepare FV that their child would eat or like was not associated with total HEI or HEI components. Eating competence did not predict total HEI but was associated with seafood and plant proteins in the anticipated direction (P = .04). Conclusions and Implications The results demonstrated construct validation of some parent Fuel for Fun survey assessments with targeted HEI components. Additional assessment in larger and more diverse samples is warranted so that nutrition education and behavior researchers may use these valid and reliable, brief, low-cost, and easy-to-use survey instruments as a proxy for dietary intake.
Lack of recall after sedation for cataract surgery and its effect on the validity of measuring patient satisfaction.

BACKGROUND We evaluated the validity of assessing patient satisfaction with the sedation regimen among patients being discharged 45 min after receiving midazolam. If most patients do not have recall, then the sedation cannot be considered complete at the time of evaluation. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, 20 patients underwent cataract surgery with nurse-administered midazolam and fentanyl. The 11-item Iowa Satisfaction with Anesthesia Scale was administered  30 min after sedation in the recovery room. Recalled items were evaluated the next morning. RESULTS Eleven patients recalled 0 themes, 4 recalled 1, 4 recalled 2, and 1 recalled 3 themes. Thus, 15/20 patients (75%) recalled 0 or 1 of the 11 themes (P = 0.021 versus half the patients). The 95% one-sided lower confidence limit for 0, 1, or 2 themes was 80% of patients (P < 0.001 versus half). Patients who received less midazolam recalled more themes (Kendall's τb = 0.43, P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS Evaluating patient satisfaction with sedation shortly after admission to the post-anesthesia care unit is invalid because of a lack of recall; the sedation/amnesia is ongoing. Patient comfort may be assessed, but comfort is not synonymous with satisfaction; 'satisfaction' implies presence of recall. Because we studied sedation with low doses of midazolam and fentanyl, the same conclusion reliably would apply to larger doses of anxiolytics administered intraoperatively. The results match previous findings that when patients receive preoperative midazolam prior to meeting the anesthesiologist, even if the patient fully answers questions, they may have negligible recall of having met the anesthesiologist.
Artificial Intelligence for Statistical and Causal Modelling

This is an essay about a computer program, and an “artificial intelligence” program at that. I and several collaborators,1 who are all philosophers, have developed the program over the last four years. The aim of the program is to assist people in developing statistical theories, or “linear causal models” as they are sometimes called, for non-experimental data. And what has this to do with philosophy?
Stridor in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and whole body hypothermia: A case series.

BACKGROUND Stridor is one of the rare side effects of neonatal hypothermia treatment for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of the infants who underwent whole-body hypothermia and developed stridor. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of 171 infants with moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who underwent hypothermia therapy. Demographics, as well as clinical characteristics, were documented. RESULTS A total of 18 infants developed transient stridor out of 171 infants who underwent whole-body hypothermia (10.5%). The stridor was transient and resolved in all infants. All infants with stridor received treatment with one or more of the following: racemic epinephrine, dexamethasone, positive pressure ventilation and/or heliox. Two infants required otorhinolaryngologist (ENT) evaluation due to persistent and severe symptoms, of whom one was found to have left vocal cord paresis that improved with time. CONCLUSION Stridor is a transient complication associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and whole-body hypothermia in neonates. The exact mechanism is unclear and most likely multifactorial. ENT evaluation is recommended in the presence of prolonged symptoms or significant respiratory distress.
Epidemiological Considerations Working with Culturally Diverse Populations

This chapter examines the epidemiological factors that clinicians should consider when working with culturally diverse populations. The chapter describes two theoretical models of risk associated to one’s socioeconomic status and race, and depicts why membership to group identities that experience adversity is linked to negative clinical outcomes. Findings from empirical research are used to describe disparities in the prevalence and course of psychiatric disorders based on racial and sexual orientation group memberships (for example, identifying as African American, immigrant of color, or as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender). The concept of intersectionality is discussed, describing how different group identities work together simultaneously to influence outcomes. The chapter concludes with a discussion of barriers to effective treatment specifically related to access and stigma.
EGFR blockade activates interferon

Dysregulation of innate immune signaling in cancer can be pro-tumorigenic and can promote adaptive resistance to targeted therapies. Type I interferon signaling is now shown to promote survival following inhibition of the kinase EGFR, even in cells that are not ‘addicted’ to EGFR signaling.
Replacing cardiopulmonary bypass with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in heart transplantation operations

Objective To investigate clinic results of the ECMO technique instead of conservative CPB used in the heart transplantation operation with long ischemic time donor hearts.Methods Between 2006 to 2011,ECMO technique instead of conservative CPB was tried in 12 patients who accepted the heart transplantation operation with long ischemic time donor heart.The conservative ECMO canula connection was retained after the assist blood flow reduced to one half after the operation.Then the patients returned back to ICU with the ECMO assistance,ECMO was removed in the following suitable time.Results The average cold ischemic time of the donor hearts ranged from 5.8 h to 10.0 h,averaged (7.2 ± 2.4) h.The donor ages ranged from 28 to 44 years old.The femoral artery blood flow rate during the operation is 50.0-70.0 ml · kg-1 · min-1,O2 flow rate is 2.0-4.0 L/min,blood/O2 ratio is 1∶ 1.All the hearts rebeated automatically after the successful operation.ECMO were removed after assistance for 18.0-98.0 h,averaged (71.0 ±4.0) h.As to the complications,2 cases were found with bleeding and 1 with lymphoid leakage and leg nerve overreact phenomenon.Conclusion Replacing the CPB with ECMO techniques in the heart transplantation operation could get good myocardial protection results even with long cold ischemic time and improve the cardiac function recovery.This technique could maximize the marginal donor pool with good clinic results and should be expanded to use for the marginal donors. Key words: Heart transplantation ; Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ; Cardiopulmonary bypass
An Analysis of Insiders' Use of Prepaid Variable Forward Transactions

This study examines firm performance surrounding insiders' prepaid variable forward (PVF) transactions to infer insiders' information when they enter these off-market contracts. PVFs allow insiders to hedge downside risk, share performance gains, and obtain immediate large-sum cash payments for investment or consumption. On average, PVF transactions cover 30% of a sample insider's firm-specific wealth ($22 million), which is substantially larger than a typical open-market sale. PVFs systematically follow strong firm performance and precede degraded stock and earnings performance. PVFs also precede periods of negative abnormal returns relative to potential alternative investments. The documented association between PVFs and performance declines does not appear to result from the market's response to transaction disclosure, participant self-selection, or general price reversals. Thus, evidence suggests that insiders use PVFs to diversify firm-specific holdings in anticipation of performance declines.
Antigenic and Genetic Variation of Influenza A(H1N1) Viruses

In 1977, type A(H1N1) influenza virus, related to strains that had circulated in 1950, reappeared and spread worldwide as a true pandemic virus. Summary reports to the World Health Organization showed that after detection in northern China in May 1977, the virus appeared in contiguous countries to the north and south in November of that year and spread across the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere during the following winter. Simultaneously, the virus appeared in tropical zones and spread early in the Southern Hemisphere winter season to temperate countries in the south Pacific and south Atlantic zones (Fig. 1).
Presenting Clinicoradiologic Features, Causes, and Clinical Course of Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia in Adults.

Background Exogenous lipoid pneumonia (ELP) develops when lipid-containing substances enter the airways through aspiration or inhalation and incite an inflammatory response. The diagnosis of ELP often is difficult because findings may be nonspecific. The clinical course of ELP has not been well characterized. Research Question What are the presenting clinicoradiologic features of ELP, its causative agents, and clinical course? Study Design and Methods We searched the Mayo Clinic electronic medical records for patients diagnosed with ELP between 1998 and 2020. Inclusion diagnostic criteria were: (1) lipoid pneumonia (LP) on histopathologic examination, (2) lipid-laden macrophages in BAL fluid, or (3) fatty attenuation of parenchymal opacities on chest CT imaging. Additionally, all patients were required to have a clinician diagnosis of LP in the absence of conditions known to cause endogenous LP. Results Thirty-four patients were identified. Mean age was 71 years, with no sex predominance; one-half were asymptomatic. The diagnosis was confirmed by lung biopsy (including three lobectomies for suspected malignancy) in 71% of patients, CT scan in 24% of patients, and BAL in 5% of patients. Most patients manifested bilateral parenchymal opacities that commonly involved the lower lobes; fatty attenuation was identifiable in only 41% of patients. A causative substance was identified in 79% of patients, in most cases after the diagnosis was established. Over a median follow-up of 1.2 years, only 20% of patients with chronic respiratory symptoms improved, whereas 50% worsened. Over a median follow-up interval of 1 year, CT scan abnormalities improved or resolved in 33% of patients and progressed in 39% of patients. Patients who deteriorated were older, with a higher prevalence of GI disorders than those who remained stable or improved. Interpretation ELP often is asymptomatic and may not manifest fatty attenuation on chest CT imaging. Clinical and radiologic abnormalities persist or worsen in most affected patients, even when the causative agent is discontinued.
Predicting Covid-19 EMS Incidents from Daily Hospitalization Trends

Introduction: The aim of our retrospective study was to quantify the impact of Covid-19 on the temporal distribution of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) demand in Travis County, Austin, Texas and propose a robust model to forecast Covid-19 EMS incidents. Methods: We analyzed the temporal distribution of EMS calls in the Austin-Travis County area between January 1st, 2019 and December 31st, 2020. Change point detection was performed to identify critical dates marking changes in EMS call distributions and time series regression was applied for forecasting Covid-19 EMS incidents. Results: Two critical dates marked the impact of Covid-19 on the distribution of EMS calls: March 17th, when the daily number of non-pandemic EMS incidents dropped significantly, and May 13th, by which the daily number of EMS calls climbed back to 75% of the number in pre-Covid-19 time. New daily count of the hospitalization of Covid-19 patients alone proves a powerful predictor of the number of pandemic EMS calls, with an r2 value equal to 0.85. In particular, for every 2.5 cases where EMS takes a Covid-19 patient to a hospital, 1 person is admitted. Conclusion: The mean daily number of non-pandemic EMS demand was significantly less than the period prior to Covid-19 pandemic. The number of EMS calls for Covid-19 symptoms can be predicted from the daily new hospitalization of Covid-19 patients. These findings may be of interest to EMS departments as they plan for future pandemics, including the ability to predict pandemic-related calls in an effort to adjust a targeted response.