cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters: the NaKMgCaClSO4H2O system from zero to high concentration at 25° C

Abstract A chemical model of the seawater system, NaKMgCaClSO 4 H 2 O, is developed for predicting mineral solubilities in brines from zero to high ionic strengths. The calculated solubilities are shown to be in agreement with the experimental data from gypsum saturation ( I m ) to bischofite saturation (I > 20 m). The model utilizes activity coefficient expressions recently developed by Pitzer and co-workers and an algorithm for rapidly identifying the coexisting phases and their composition at equilibrium. The activity coefficient expressions are parameterized using binary and ternary system solubility and osmotic data. The results indicate that a free energy model defined by binary and ternary system data will accurately predict solubilities in more complex systems. The algorithm for solving the general chemical equilibrium problem is briefly discussed. The method can be used to model systems with an arbitrary number of possible non-ideal solution phases. The iterative procedure is guaranteed to converge and has been found to be efficient and easy to implement. Calculated phase diagrams associated with the seawater system are compared to experimental data. Our calculations are within experimental accuracy whereas the prediction of other seawater models are in substantial disagreement with the data even at low concentration. The calculation of evaporation sequences is also briefly discussed and qualitatively compared to field data. The mineral assemblages predicted by this method are in substantially better agreement with core samples than the sequences predicted by phase diagram methods ( Braitsch , 1971), which do not explicitly include the Ca component.
Brain as a self-predictor: Sparse full-brain auto-regressive modeling in fMRI

We demonstrate a method to build an autoregressive model for the whole brain without carrying out any aggregation of the fMRI data. The model gives biologically meaningful results and has several desirable properties. We show that the model gives significantly improved prediction on unseen data as compared to baseline methods. The voxels with better prediction are distributed throughout the brain, including the task positive and task negative regions. In addition to the active regions identified by the general linear model (GLM), our analysis also uncovers complex interactions among the regions involved in the default mode networks.
Application of Fluorescent-Antibody Procedures to the Study of Pathogenic Dematiaceous Fungi II. Serological Relationships of the Genus Fonsecaea

Gordon, Morris A. (New York State Department of Health, Albany), and Yousef Al-Doory. Application of fluorescent-antibody procedures to the study of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi. II. Serological relationships of the genus Fonsecaea. J. Bacteriol. 89:551-556. 1965.-The staining spectra of fluorescein-labeled antiglobulins to Fonsecaea compactum, F. dermatitidis, and F. pedrosoi were determined with respect to 71 strains of morphologically related and 21 miscellaneous molds (including so-called "black yeasts"). All three conjugates showed considerable reaction with saprophytic Cladosporium spp. F. dermatitidis appeared to be most closely related serologically to the genus Cladosporium; F. compactum conjugate was fairly specific; and the few non-specific reactions of diluted F. pedrosoi reagent were almost unexceptionally with species of Fonsecaea and Cladosporium. Most strains of F. pedrosoi were unstained by F. compactum conjugate, and there was very little relationship shown between either of these species and Phialophora verrucosa. Conjugates of two strains of P. verrucosa failed to react with any of the three species of Fonsecaea. The possible significance of these results for classification of the "black yeasts" and other dematiaceous molds is discussed.
Dinitrochlorobenzene Immunotherapy of Recurrent Squamous Papilloma of the Conjunctiva

Abstract Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) immunotherapy of a recurrent conjunctival papilloma was employed successfully in a 24-year-old man. Previous attempts at electrocautery, surgical excision, and cryosurgery met without success. The tumor response to DNCB therapy resulted in total eradication of the tumor and represents a more successful modality than previous treatments. Poor patient compliance, variable patient immune mechanisms, and tumor size may influence the rate and type of response to DNCB immunotherapy. DNCB therapy should be considered in the treatment of conjunctival papillomas refractory to conventional modes of therapy.
Shake table testing of a full-scale five-story building: system identification of the five-story test structure

A full scale five-story reinforced concrete building was built and tested on the NEESUCSD shake table. The purpose of this test was to study the response of the structure and nonstructural components and systems (NCSs) and their dynamic interaction during seismic excitations of different intensities. The building specimen was tested under base-isolated and fixed-based conditions. To analyze the effects of the construction process, NCSs, the isolation system and structural/nonstructural damage on the dynamic properties of the building, a sequence of dynamic tests were performed on the test specimen, including ambient vibrations, impact/free vibration and forced vibration tests, the last including low amplitude white noise (WN) and seismic base excitation. In this paper, the measured response data from accelerometers are used to estimate the modal parameters (natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes) of the building at different stages of construction, during the placement of NCSs and at different damage states of the structure and NCSs. Different system identification methods, including output-only and inputoutput, are used for this purpose. The results clearly show the effects of changing the state of the building on its equivalent linear dynamic properties, providing significant insight on the effects, absolute and relative, of the construction activities, NCSs and structural/nonstructural damage on the modal properties of the building.
Arrhythmogene Effekte von Antiarrhythmika: Bedeutung elektrophysiologischer Studien

Antiarrhythmika haben wie alle anderen Medikamente zusatzlich zu ihrer erwunschten Wirkung potentiell negative Effekte. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen Therapeutika konnen Antiarrhythmika jedoch zusatzlich zu einer systemischen Toxizitat potentiell die Bedingungen verschlechtern, die sie ursprunglich verbessern sollten. Daruber hinaus sind die durch diese Antiarrhythmika exazerbierten Arrhythmien haufig unvorhersehbar, beginnen plotzlich und konnen unmittelbar lebensbedrohliche Folgen haben. Der Arzt ist verpflichtet, dies bei der Einleitung oder Anderung einer pharmakologischen antiarrhythmischen Therapie zu berucksichtigen.
Controlled staining of autoradiographs.

The preparation of autoradiographs in which the tissue and the emulsion are in permanent register is often complicated by staining after the photographic image has been developed and fixed. While general oversight methods can be satisfactory, controlled, specific staining can be obtained with most basic dyes when the pH is properly regulated. The reactivity of the gelatin is suppressed at a pH of 4 or slightly below whereas nuclei, ergastoplasm, cartilage, mast cells, mucus, etc. stain readily. Basic fuchsin,. 05% at pH 3.5-4.0 in dilute (1:10) McLlvaine buffer, is recommended. The final preparation contrasts in color and transparency with the black, opaque silver grains.
GILMOCRINUS KENTUCKYENSIS N. SP. FROM THE LATE OSAGEAN (MISSISSIPPIAN) MULDRAUGH MEMBER OF THE BORDEN FORMATION IN KENTUCKY: A EUROPEAN IMMIGRANT ORIGINALLY DERIVED FROM NORTH AMERICA?

Crinoids flourished during the Early Mississippian, with late Osagean crinoids being among the most diverse and well studied. Among others, late Osagean crinoid faunas include the well-known Crawfordsville and Indian Creek localities in Montgomery County, Indiana (Van Sant and Lane, 1964; Lane, 1973), and the Keokuk Limestone in the Mississippi River valley stratotype region. The late Osagean faunas in North America have been comprehensively revised recently in a series of studies (Ausich and Kammer, 1990, 1991a, 1991b, 1992; Ausich and Meyer, 1992; Kammer and Ausich, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996; Ausich et al., 1997, 2000; Meyer and Ausich, 1997). Recently, a new species of the cladid crinoid genus Gilmocrinus Laudon, 1933 was discovered by Goldstein in the Muldraugh Member of the Borden Formation in north-central Kentucky at the same locality studied by Ausich et al. (2000), raising the total species richness at this locality to 67. This single, small specimen is especially significant because of its implications for the geographic distribution of crinoids between North America and Western Europe during the Early Mississippian. In North America, Gilmocrinus was previously known only from the late Kinderhookian Stage (Webster, 2003). Gilmocrinus kentuckyensis n. sp. extends the range of the genus into the late Osagean Stage. There are no reports of Gilmocrinus from the early and middle Osagean of North America, although there are at least 55 species of advanced cladids known from this time interval in the Burlington Limestone (Webster, 2003). In Europe, Gilmocrinus first appears in the early Osagean-equivalent Ivorian Stage and ranges into the late Osagean-equivalent upper Chadian Stage, thus covering the span of time that Gilmocrinus is missing in North America. These biogeographic occurrences suggest that Gilmocrinus originated in North America, migrated to Europe before becoming …
Adaptive EEG artifact suppression using Gaussian mixture modeling

Neural tracking using electroencephalography (EEG) recordings suffers from physiologic and extraphysiologic artifacts. We propose an integrated method to adaptively track multiple neural sources while reducing the effects of artifacts. Time-frequency features are first extracted from EEG recordings without pre-processing to suppress artifacts. Unsupervised clustering using Gaussian mixture modeling is then used to separate sources from artifacts, and the clustering results are incorporated into a probability hypothesis density filter to estimate the parameters of an unknown number of sources. Simulation results demonstrate the method's effectiveness in increasing the tracking accuracy performance for multiple neural sources using recordings contaminated by artifacts.
Cultural Identity: Components and Assessment

Chapter 2 presents the variables that constitute cultural identity. These include ethnicity, age, developmental stage, gender and gender identity, sexual orientation, cultural background, migration status, language(s), religion/spirituality, family composition, geographical environment, and social class. It highlights the intersections of identity, and identifies how mental heath professional can accurately assess a client’s identity, and focuses on incorporating the client’s identity with all its intersections into the counseling process.
Stirling Duplex System Modeling for Control System Analysis

This paper presents Stirling-convertor modeling contributions developed under contract to NASA-Glenn Research Center in support of a lander mission to Venus. The extremely high ambient surface temperature imposes significant cooling requirements, and the dense atmosphere precludes the use of solar power. It is thus proposed that the lander be powered by heat from a radioisotope, which is converted by a Stirling engine into mechanical work. This then drives a coupled Stirling cooler and linear alternator for electrical power. The duplex system has only three moving parts (two displacers and a shared piston), and all are passively resonant; the only available means of control is through regulation of power absorbed by the alternator. This work presents extensions to prior techniques of converting nonlinear, steady-state descriptions of duplex-system dynamics into best-fit linear systems for evaluating transients, potential controllers, and system output. Additionally, efforts to describe cooler thermodynamics with linear systems are detailed, leading to a roadmap for a full, linear description of a Stirling duplex system.
Regional blood-brain barrier transport of ketone bodies in portacaval-shunted rats.

The permeability of the blood-brain barrier to ketone bodies, substrates of the monocarboxylic acid carrier, was measured in individual brain structures of control and portacaval-shunted rats. The measurements were made 5-7 wk after the shunt or sham operation by quantitative autoradiography. Portacaval shunting caused the permeability to ketone bodies to decrease throughout the brain by approximately 70%. There was a striking change in the transport pattern in the cerebral cortex; deeper cortical layers were affected more than superficial layers. Ketone body consumption by brain is limited by the transport capacity of the monocarboxylic acid system. Therefore, in portacaval-shunted rats the very low activity of this system makes it unlikely that ketone bodies can make a substantial contribution during situations such as fasting. Likewise, other substrates of the monocarboxylic acid system, e.g., lactate and pyruvate, will have greatly restricted access to the brain after portacaval shunting. If the carrier is symmetrical, another consequence will be that exit of endogenously produced lactate will be retarded.
Assessing Reconfigurable Design for a Chaotic Objective in a Mars Exploration Rover

This paper presents a strategy for assessing reconfigurability at the architecture level in the design of a complex system to fulfill a chaotic objective. A hi-fidelity simulation environment is used to quickly run a myriad of test scenarios on a reconfigurable system and a more traditional alternative. Specifically, the design of a mobility system for a Mars rover is used in this assessment. Rovers provide an excellent illustration of the issue; 1) the mobility problem is one with many random variables, 2) rover architectures are complex enough that a make-it, break-it, fix-it approach is prohibitively expensive and time consuming, and 3) several rover architectures employing reconfigurability have been proposed or are already under development. The ultimate objective of this research is to compare complex systems across a widely diverse range of architectures and reconfigurations. This paper is a step toward that goal. Four rovers – two architectures using two size scales - are tested in twenty terrain challenges, and their performance is explored across various levels of ground traction, slope, and rock field density. By considering potential missions as a combination of the objectives of the terrain challenges, architecture selection is explored. Performance is the primary measure considered in this paper with cost, risk, and other considerations to be addressed in future work.
Solving Want/Should Conflicts in the Workplace

It is common for employees and consumers to face intrapersonal conflicts when making trade-offs between maximizing their long-term utility and satisfying their immediate desires. In such cases, peo...
1:4 Case-control Studies on the Risk Factors of Rabies in Changzhou City

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics and the risk factors of rabies in Changzhou.Methods To select 27 rabies cases in Changzhou city from 2003 to 2007.The healthy survivors who had been hurt by the same way were regarded as the controls.The comparison,sex and age are same to the rabies cases,conditional Logistic regression analysis was adopted.Results The occurrence of rabies was positively correlated to the animal’s initiative attack(OR=5.148,95%CI:0.357～79.787),deep and broad wound(OR=4.810,95%CI:0.347～67.950),wound without disposal in time(OR=4.480,95%CI:0.298～43.003),and non-injecting vaccine(OR=63.960,95%CI:3.987～110.761)and so on.Conclusion The relative risk factors of rabies are deep and broad wound,animal’s initiative attack,wound without disposal in time and non-injecting vaccine and so on.The effective measures of preventing and controlling rabies are health education,normal wound disposal and prompt anti-rabies vaccinations in Changzhou.
Does Ego-Resilience Impact Friendship Outcomes?

Abstract. The present study examined the relationship between resilience and positive outcomes in friendships of young adults. SEM and bootstrapping analyses were performed to test whether positive emotions mediate the relationship between ego-resilience and enhanced friendship outcomes. Findings revealed indirect effects for friendship closeness, maintenance behaviors, and received social support. Our findings demonstrate the importance of positive emotions and its connection with trait resilience in the realm of friendships.
Globalization, the Spread of English, and Language Planning in Africa

The ideology of globalization is discussed further in this chapter, with a focus on the spread of English and its role in language policy and planning in Africa in the twenty-first century. The central question addressed in the chapter is “Why does English spread?” The chapter discusses two competing theories offering to explain the unprecedented phenomenon of the spread of English: the Anglo-American Conspiracy Theory (Phillipson, Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford University Press, 1992) and the Grassroots Theory (Fishman, et al., Post-imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940-1990. Mouton de Gruyter, 1996). Next, it discusses the manifestations of the spread of English—the waves of globalization—in various African countries. In conclusion, the chapter considers the impact of the spread of English on language policies aimed at promoting the use of African languages, especially in the educational systems, and raises the question of whether vernacular language education, which is at the heart of the language question in Africa, will survive in the era of globalization, a phenomenon so powerful that it competes for influence even in countries that have no colonial ties to Britain or the USA.
Basic Concepts and Tools

In this chapter we introduce the main themes that we will cover in this book and provide an introduction for each of them. We begin with a brief overview of C++ and define the two basic concepts of functions and classes as well as other syntactic elements of the language. We then introduce basic mathematical concepts that include elements of linear algebra, vector orthogonalization, and corresponding codes and software. Finally, we introduce parallel programming and review some generic parallel architectures as well as standard parallel algorithms for basic operations (e.g., the fan-in algorithm for recursive doubling). We also provide a brief overview of the main MPI commands. INTRODUCTION TO C++ An ancient proverb states that the beginning of a thousand-mile journey begins with a single step. For us, this single step will be a brief overview of the C++ programming language. This introduction is not designed to be all-inclusive, but rather it should provide the scaffolding from which we will build concepts throughout this book. Admittedly, what you will read now may seem daunting in its scope, but as you become more familiar with the concepts found herein, you will be able to use the C++ language as a tool for furthering your understanding of deeper mathematical and algorithmic concepts presented later in the book. With this in mind, let us begin our thousand-mile journey with this first step.
Society and early child development: Developmental health disparities in the nature-and-nurture paradigm.

The long-standing nature versus nurture debate has generated many controversies and was in turn fueled by them. The question of whether differences among individuals should be attributed to their genes or their environment, their inheritance or their circumstances, has been – and remains – central to how policy makers and the public alike think about major issues concerning social arrangements. It has become so fundamental to public discourse that it is hard to see beyond this legacy and grasp the full implications of the emerging nature-and-nurture paradigm captured in the preceding chapters of this volume. On the evidence presented in this volume, and continuing to accumulate rapidly in research centers around the world as developmental scientists use new tools and technologies to explore the new paradigm, the impact of this shift in thinking will be profound. The greatest impact may well be in an area that has always been among the most controversial in the long nature-nurture standoff: What accounts for individual differences in competence and health? There is overwhelming evidence that individual differences in the full range of developmental outcomes – cognitive, behavioral, and social competence, along with physical and mental health, an aggregate for which we have used the term “developmental health” (Keating & Hertzman, 1999) – are not random but rather patterned by socioeconomic circumstances (Keating, 2009b).
Organic growth in spintronics

Conventional microelectronic devices, such as transistors and diodes, are based on the storage and transport of electronic charge in a semiconductor. Electrons, however, also have a quantum attribute known as spin, which can point in either a clockwise or an anticlockwise direction. These two spin states are usually called up and down, and putting them to use in semiconductors would add a new dimension to traditional electronics. The field of "spintronics"is therefore very exciting because it raises the possibility of materials and devices that have several built-in functions.
Distribution of Single-Banded Snowfall in Central U.S. Cyclones

AbstractA climatology of single-banded snowfall in the central United States and the variability of processes at work in its formation are presented. Ninety-eight snowbands are identified in association with 66 cyclones over 5 yr spanning the winters from 2006/07 through 2010/11. An additional 38 cyclones featured nonbanded snowfall exceeding 4 in. (10.2 cm). Nearly twice as many bands were observed to the northeast of the surface low than to the northwest. Over each snowband’s life cycle, the median (mean) snowband lasted 4.0 (5.2) h, was 42 (45) km wide, 388 (428) km long, and had an aspect ratio of 10.2 (10.8). A common appearance exists for snowbands in different large-scale flow regimes and locations relative to the surface cyclone. The median snowband elongates during the first half of its life span, with its width remaining constant. During the second half of the median snowband’s life span, the length and width contract. Composite analysis of the synoptic and broad mesoscale environments that snow...
A Review of Becoming Indian: The Struggle Over Cherokee Identity in the Twenty-first Century

Twenty-first century United States Census results stoke a wildfire racial conversation that sweeps far beyond Kituwah, the ancient mother town of the Cherokee People in the Great Smoky Mountains. The Cherokee People of the Fire and their hidden descendants who passed as white are engaged in an expanding talking circle over questions of identity and belonging. Circe Sturm, an interdisciplinary anthropologist with Sicilian, German, and Mississippi Choctaw ancestry, is quick to state that she was not raised on tribal land or in tribal community. Though her readers do not know how she checked boxes indicating her race on the US Census form, she is clear about her aspiration for the book, Becoming Indian: The Struggle over Cherokee Identity in the Twenty-first Century. Sturm invested over fifteen years of research toward realization of her vision for greater political understanding about a topic that arouses a conflagration of polarized perspectives.
Efficient Nonprofiling 2nd-Order Power Analysis on Masked Devices Utilizing Multiple Leakage Points

2nd-order attacks utilize power values at two leakage points to break cryptographic systems protected by 1st-order random masking. Without profiling, the attacker do not know the exact location of the two leakage points. Standard 2nd-order attacks with an exhaustive search over two windows of size $n_w$nw has computational complexity $\mathcal {O}(n_w^2)$O(nw2) and does not scale well with the window size $n_w$nw. We propose to apply a decision-combination attack, the majority vote (MV) attack, to combine 2nd order attacks at multiple candidate pairs of leakage points selected through two filters. The first filter pre-process the power traces with Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) techniques and reduce the complexity to $\mathcal {O}(n_w\log _2(n_w))$O(nwlog2(nw)). The second filter use an advanced statistical feature selection procedure, Higher Criticism (HC), to select leakage candidates that improve the effectiveness of decision-combination MV attack and other leakage-combination attacks. We derive theoretical success conditions of MV attacks as well as the typical maximum attack and a leakage-combination sum attack. The theoretical conditions are confirmed through performance comparisons of the attacks on synthetic data sets and on two real data sets, an FPGA implementation and a software implementation of masked AES. The proposed FF-HC-MV attack is data-adaptive, working well in all data sets.
Relations between Positive Temperament, Substance Use, and Internalizing Problems among Adolescents and Young Adults with and without Medical Conditions.

ABSTRACTBackground: Substance use problems are prevalent during emerging adulthood and may be particularly harmful for individuals with medical conditions. Understanding the role of positive temperament in substance use for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) may facilitate the identification of intervention and prevention targets given the complex relations between positive emotions and substance use. Objective: To examine whether components of positive temperament differentially relate to substance use in a sample of AYAs with and without medical conditions. Internalizing problems were examined as a secondary outcome given their comorbidity with substance use. Method: In a cross-sectional study that took place in 2015–2016, 494 AYAs (Mage = 19.30 years, SD = 1.33, 73% female) who were enrolled in college completed online questionnaires in a laboratory regarding their levels of positive temperament (i.e., high intensity pleasure and positive affect) as well as their substance use and internalizing proble...
Lessons Learned from Selected IPPMC Case Histories

As the IPPMC model clearly indicates, policy occupies a central position in the management cycle. It has become increasingly evident over the past three decades that the success or failure of any project is directly linked to the policymaking process. Without adequate communications or feedback channels, projects either become divorced from policymaking or are doomed to be replicated uncritically without the benefit of policy refinement. Although refinement of policy and planning occurs in the IPPMC model as a discrete task in phase 4 (evaluation and refinement), it is important to note that this model presents the ideal situation. The cycle proposes that continuous feedback occur between each major phase/task and that continuous linkages be formed during each phase with the central hub of the cycle, policy.
Conversion Coefficient Measurements in Sm152, Gd154, and Dy160 by the IEC Method

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the conversion coefficient measurements in Sm152, Gd154, and Dy160 by the internal-external conversion (IEC) method. The κ and L internal conversion coefficients of the pure E2 transitions from the first excited states in Sm152, Gd154, and Dy160 and of two E2 and one E1 higher energy transitions in Dy160 have been measured by the IEC method. The Tb160, Eu152, and Eu154 sources are prepared by neturon irradiation of separated Tb159, Eu151, and Eu153. The contamination of Eu152 in the Eu154 sample and Eu154 in the Eu152 sample was determined to be less than 1% in each case. Three sources of Tb160 were prepared, two for the internal measurements and one for the external. Two sources—one for internal and one for external studies—were made for each isotope. Six silver converters of different size and thickness were prepared for the external conversion measurements of the 87-, 122-, and 123-keV transitions in Dy160, Sm152, and Gd154 respectively. A uranium converter was used for the external measurements of the 879-keV transition.
Nonlinear Contour Dynamics in Macroscopic Systems

In this chapter we study several macroscopic applications of the closed contour dynamics problem by using theorems for differential geometry. A first application presented is the study of the geometry of trajectories of charged particles in magnetic fields. We present some closeness trajectories criteria based on Bonnet and Fenchel theorems. Another example is given by the application of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem to problems of trapping particles inside closed magnetic surfaces. At larger physical scales, we present the occurrence of very localized stable waves orbiting around elastic spheres, and we conclude the chapter with a description of nonlinear modes in neutron stars.
How Tutors of Academic Writing Can Use the Theory of Transfer of Learning

One of the goals for tutors of academic writing is to help student writers tailor their writing processes to different writing projects so that students adapt what they know about one type of writing to another. This ability to write in different contexts can be explained by the theory of transfer of learning, which is generally defined as the ability to take something learned in one context and adapt, apply, or remix knowledge or skills in new contexts, including educational, civic, personal, or professional (Driscoll 2011). The mind, seeing similarities to what is already known, extends what is similar to another activity (Haskell 2001: 11). Tutors of writing need to know about transfer. Six categories of transfer – content, context, genres, writers’ prior knowledge, students’ ability to reflect, and dispositions – offer a lens to help researchers, trainers of tutors, or tutors (whether of L1 or L2 writers) to better identify where and how transfer could happen so that tutors are more prepared to look for opportunities to tutor for transfer. This paper offers insights into how these categories help tutors of academic writing who want to enhance students’ acquisition of academic skills.
Overlooked sexual segregation of habitats exposes female migratory landbirds to threats

Abstract Male and female animals often segregate spatially among habitats and landscapes outside of breeding seasons, but it is unclear to what extent conservation efforts account for sexual segregation. Overlooking this phenomenon may result in conservation plans that don’t meet the needs of both sexes, especially when resources or threats vary spatially. We assessed the prevalence of sexual segregation and degree to which current conservation efforts account for it with a review of nonbreeding ecology and conservation planning literature for 66 North American migratory landbirds of conservation concern. Sexual segregation was common in the group—reported for one-third of all species and two-thirds of those with published nonbreeding sex ratios—and did not differ with dimorphism or conservation status. Despite this, only 3% of species distribution models and 8% of conservation recommendations considered sexual segregation, indicating the pattern is widely overlooked. Next, we used the declining Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) as a case study to test for sex-bias in habitats prioritized by current conservation efforts. By modeling nonbreeding occupancy and forest cover loss for males and females, we show that females lost twice as much nonbreeding habitat as males from 2000 to 2016, yet existing conservation focal areas remain heavily biased towards male-dominated landscapes. Furthermore, female-dominated habitats face higher rates of conversion than male habitats for multiple species of Neotropical migrants, suggesting the failure to address sexual segregation may compromise the effectiveness of migratory landbird conservation. We recommend greater effort to report sex ratios and create sex-specific habitat assessments and distribution models.
Research on Improving Outcomes and Reducing Costs of Psychological Interventions: Toward Delivering the Best to the Most for the Least

Treatment and prevention efforts guided by psychological theory, research, and practice can have outcomes of greater value than the resources consumed by those efforts—and outcomes superior to thos...
Workplace Violence in the Setting of Pain Management

In the context of the opioid crisis, increased attention has been placed on the risk of violence in outpatient pain medicine clinics. The primary objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of workplace violence in a mixed group of clinicians (ie, practicing physicians, resident and fellow physicians in training, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, psychologists) participating in a workplace violence education session at a national pain conference held March 6 through March 10, 2019. A published survey instrument developed to assess workplace violence among pain management clinicians was offered to all 70 attendees, and 58 (82.9%) completed the survey. The mean age of respondents was 47.5 years, and 23 of 56 (41.1%) were female. Of the 58 respondents, 48 (82.8%) reported calling security at least once in the past year, and 39 of 57 (68.4%) reported being threatened with bodily harm. Among those threatened (multiple responses possible per respondent), 41 of 78 responses (52.6%) reported verbal threats, 11 of 78 (14.1%) reported being threatened with an object, and 11 of 78 (14.1%) reported threats of physical violence. Of 59 reponses, 15 (25.6%) endorsed carrying a weapon or using protective equipment. When asked about the clinical context of threats, 37 of 77 responses (48.1%) cited opioid management, 9 (11.7%) cited Workers' Compensation, 6 (7.8%) cited disability request, and 4 (5.2%) cited litigation related to an automobile accident. The observations from this survey suggest that clinicians practicing pain medicine experience workplace violence and threats of violence on a frequent basis. It is imperative for clinicians to acknowledge the risk of workplace violence and to recognize high-risk clinical scenarios. Future research should be directed toward developing and implementing data-driven risk mitigation strategies aimed at reducing the rate of workplace violence in outpatient pain clinics.
Coronary Artery Disease of the Donor Graft: Any Impact on Survival and Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy after Heart Transplantation?

Purpose Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) represents a relevant issue after Heart Transplantation (HTx), affecting mid and long-term outcomes. Coronary artery disease (CAD) of the donor graft has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of CAV. Although definitive data are still lacking, CAD of the donor graft represents an exclusion criteria in many transplant Units. We analyzed the outcomes of patients who underwent HTx from donor hearts affected by no-severe CAD. Methods Patients who received a graft, evaluated with coronary angiogram before the retrieval, were divided into two groups according to the presence or not of no-severe CAD (with lesions ≤50%) of the donor graft (groups CAD and NCAD, respectively). The outcomes analyzed were survival and freedom from grade ≥2 CAV. The study period was between 1990 and 2018. Median follow up was 86 months (range 0.3-317). Results There were differences between CAD and NCAD groups according to the baseline characteristics, as reported in Table 1. Survival and Freedom from grade ≥2 CAV were similar between the two groups at mid term (p=0.47 and p=0.66, Figure 1). At adjusted multivariate analysis for both survival and freedom from grade ≥2 CAV, donor CAD was not considered a significant risk factor. Conclusion Coronary angiogram plays a reliable role in identifying suitable organs, even those affected by CAD. In fact, no-severe donor CAD does not seem to affect survival and development of high grade CAV, more likely due to immunological factors. If confirmed by larger studies, these finding could encourage the employment of donor hearts affected by CAD.
The Simulated Ostomate: An Experiential Caring Experience

The aim of this pilot study was to implement and evaluate an experiential simulation to determine if this pedagogical strategy had any impact on nursing students’ caring scores. Caring is intrinsic to the nursing profession, but best practices in how to teach the concept remain unclear. The study hypothesized that having students participate in an ostomate experience by wearing and emptying a pouch, and completing a simulation with a standardized patient who is living with a stoma, could impact caring scores on Pommier’s (2011) “Caring for Others” instrument. The study used a quantitative quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test comparative design and enrolled 10 mid-western undergraduate nursing students from an accelerated degree program at a Kansas university. The results revealed a statistically significant improvement in the scores (p = 0.047; d = 0.44). The specific areas of significance were found in indifference, separation, and mindfulness. There was no statistical significance found between kindness, disengagement, or common humanity. The study results support the use of simulation as a valid pedagogical strategy with a need for further research with various scenarios and patient populations to impact professional caring.
Role of implicit bias in pediatric cancer clinical trials and enrollment recommendations among pediatric oncology providers.

Background Provider implicit bias can negatively affect clinician-patient communication. In the current study, the authors measured implicit bias training among pediatric oncology providers and exposure to implicit association tests (IATs). They then assessed associations between IATs for race and socioeconomic status (SES) and recommendations for clinical trial enrollment. Methods A prospective multisite study was performed to measure implicit bias among oncology providers at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and affiliate clinics. An IAT was used to assess bias in the domains of race and SES. Case vignettes were used to determine an association between bias and provider recommendation for trial enrollment. Data were analyzed using Student t tests or Wilcoxon tests for comparisons and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests were used for association. Results Of the 105 total participants, 95 (90%) had not taken an IAT and 97 (92%) had no prior implicit bias training. A large effect was found for (bias toward) high SES (Cohen d, 1.93) and European American race (Cohen d, 0.96). The majority of participants (90%) had a vignette score of 3 or 4, indicating recommendation for trial enrollment for most or all vignettes. IAT and vignette scores did not significantly differ between providers at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital or affiliate clinics. No association was found between IAT and vignette scores for race (P = .58) or SES (P = .82). Conclusions The authors noted a paucity of prior exposure to implicit bias self-assessments and training. Although these providers demonstrated preferences for high SES and European American race, this did not appear to affect recommendations for clinical trial enrollment as assessed by vignettes.
Resonant Enhancement of Exchange Coupling for Voltage-Controlled Magnetic Switching

We predict that it is possible to achieve a purely voltage-driven switching of a ferromagnet using spin-dependent resonant tunneling. In a configuration of two exchange-coupled magnets through a resonant-tunneling barrier, application of a voltage leads to a resonant enhancement and an oscillatory nature of the exchange coupling. The peak equivalent exchange field is strong enough to switch typical ferromagnets used in scaled magnetic memory devices. The switched configuration is retained once the electric field is removed since the equilibrium exchange coupling is negligible, suppressed by large barriers. Bidirectional switching is possible with the same polarity of the voltage, unlike conventional magnetic memory devices where a bidirectional current or a magnetic field is necessary. Further, the threshold of switching is decoupled from the speed, due to the conservative nature of the exerted torque. This is very different from the conventional spin-torque devices that exhibit a trade-off due to the nonconservative nature of the switching torque. We further show that the structure shows an oscillation in the magnetoresistance (MR) stemming from the resonant tunneling. Interestingly, the MR is higher for smaller voltages while the exchange field is higher for larger voltages---this is promising for efficient read and write operations in potential memory applications.
Decoupled or doubled? Evaluating geospatial dispersion of student-resident displacement by school closure.

Abstract School closures can have negative impacts on the students attending them and the residential communities surrounding them, suggesting overlapping negative impacts on local children. Yet, it remains unclear that these two populations are one in the same. The current study uses administrative enrollment data from 18 public-school closures in Baltimore City (2010–15) to quantify student-resident displacement rates across neighborhoods. I find that closures displaced a small proportion of student-residents from many different neighborhoods, rather than displacing a large proportion of any one residential community. Displaced students’ residential neighborhoods are spatially dispersed and socio-demographically diverse. Employing school fixed-effects modeling to compare displaced students with their classmates, I show how recognizing these variations in geospatial dispersion can help to predict post-closure enrollments among displaced students. Findings suggest that many students and neighborhoods experience school closure as decoupled rather than doubled, with implications for how policies can better mitigate impacts of school closure.
Salt as a commodity or money in the Classic Maya economy

Abstract Marketplace trade was important for Late Classic (A.D. 600–900) Maya households to sell surplus products and obtain commodities from regional and long-distance trade. Elsewhere, urbanism was correlated with standardization of commodities, increased separation of producers and consumers, and the use of money for transactions. Cacao beans, woven cotton, and copper objects were used as money by the Yucatec Maya in the sixteenth century, with origins in Late Classic dynastic Maya tribute and taxation. Marketplace trade likely also featured some commodities as money, including cacao, woven cotton, and perhaps salt. Salt produced by boiling brine in pots over fires at the Paynes Creek Salt Works and in the Maya highlands is evaluated according to definitions of money.
General Inverse Design of Thin-Film Metamaterials With Convolutional Neural Networks

The design of metamaterials which support unique optical responses is the basis for most thin-film nanophotonics applications. In practice this inverse design problem can be difficult to solve systematically due to the large design parameter space associated with general multi-layered systems. We apply convolutional neural networks, a subset of deep machine learning, as a tool to solve this inverse design problem for metamaterials composed of stacks of thin films. We demonstrate the remarkable ability of neural networks to probe the large global design space (up to $10^{12}$ possible parameter combinations) and resolve all relationships between metamaterial structure and corresponding ellipsometric and reflectance / transmittance spectra. The applicability of the approach is further expanded to include the inverse design of synthetic engineered spectra in general design scenarios. Furthermore, this approach is compared with traditional optimization methods. We find an increase in the relative optimization efficiency of the networks with increasing total layer number, revealing the advantage of the machine learning approach in many-layered systems where traditional methods become impractical.
Bilingual Education in the U.S.: Programs, perspectives, challenges, and lessons

El presente articulo examina de manera historica las politicas y programas que han contribuido a desarrollar la educacion bilingue en los Estados Unidos. Partiendo de la interpretacion que se hace en los Estados Unidos sobre la educacion bilingue, este estudio examina cada uno de los programas educativos que se han ido implementando en el pais desde el siglo XX, su fundamentacion pedagogica y la evaluacion critica de sus resultados. El articulo termina con un analisis de las posibles lecturas y lecciones que el caso norteamericano puede tener para otros contextos.
Disparities in Outpatient and Telehealth Visits During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Large Integrated Health Care Organization: Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Dramatic decreases in outpatient visits and sudden increases in telehealth visits were observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, but it was unclear whether these changes differed by patient demographics and socioeconomic status. Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of the pandemic on in-person outpatient and telehealth visits (telephone and video) by demographic characteristics and household income in a diverse population. Methods: We calculated weekly rates of outpatient and telehealth visits by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and neighborhood-level median household income among members of Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) from January 5, 2020, to October 31, 2020, and the corresponding period in 2019. We estimated the percentage change in visit rates during the early pandemic period (March 22 to April 25, 2020) and the late pandemic period (October 4 to October 31, 2020) from the prepandemic period (January 5 to March 7, 2020) in Poisson regression models for each subgroup while adjusting for seasonality using 2019 data. We examined if the changes in visit rates differed by subgroups statistically by comparing their 95% CIs. Results: Among 4.56 million KPSC members enrolled in January 2020, 15.0% (n=682,947) were ≥65 years old, 51.5% (n=2,345,020) were female, 39.4% (n=1,795,994) were Hispanic, and 7.7% (n=350,721) lived in an area of median household income <US $40,000. Increases in telehealth visits during the pandemic varied across subgroups, while decreases in outpatient visits were similar, except by age. Among age groups, the ≥65 years population had the least increase in telehealth visits (236.6%, 95% CI 228.8%-244.5%), with 4.9 per one person-year during the early pandemic period versus 1.5 per one person-year during the prepandemic period. During the same periods, across racial/ethnic groups, Hispanic individuals had the largest increase in telehealth visits (295.5%, 95% CI 275.5%-316.5%). Across income levels, telehealth visits in the low-income group increased the most (313.5%, 95% CI 294.8%-333.1%). The rate of combined outpatient and telehealth visits in the Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and low-income groups returned to prepandemic levels by October 2020. Conclusions: The Hispanic group and low-income group had the largest percentage increase in telehealth utilization in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of virtual care potentially mitigated the impact of the pandemic on health care utilization in these vulnerable populations.
Entanglement Ball: Using Dodgeball to Introduce Quantum Entanglement

Quantum computers are at the forefront of computing; however, few people understand how they work and their capabilities. We present two versions of an interactive activity designed for high school students (ages 13 to 18) that introduce a core quantum concept—entanglement. The first version illustrates a simple connection between two particles, and the second explores different ways that two particles could be entangled. This activity works well for entry-level quantum computing learning and requires minimal materials.