cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Multiscale Damage Criterion for Fatigue Life Prediction in Metallic Materials

In this paper a multiscale damage criterion for fatigue life prediction is introduced. A damage evolution rule based on strain energy density is modified to incorporate crystal plasticity at the microscale. A damage tensor that indicates the local damage state is derived using optimization theory. Local damage information is passed from local to grain level in the form of a damage vector via averaging techniques. Finally, the damage evolution rule for a meso representative volume element (RVE) is calculated through the KreisselmeierSteinhauser (KS) function, which can produce an envelope function for multiobjective optimization. The weighted averaging method is also used to obtain the corresponding damage evolution direction for the meso RVE. A critical damage value is derived in this paper to complete the damage criterion for fatigue life prediction. Simulation results and comparison with experimental data are presented.
On the Heats of Formation of Alkanes

A broad diverse test set of alkanes and cycloalkanes previ- ously studied with MM4 calculations has had the heats of formation calculated by several different quantum mechanical methods: Hartree- Fock, MP2, and MP4, and also by B3LYP and B3LYP + dispersion energy. Overall, three computational methods (MM4, MP4, and B3LYP + dispersion) yield results that are generally of experimental accuracy. These results are analyzed and compared in some detail. Keywords: MM4, MP4, B3LYP, Dispersion Energy, Heats of Formation. Resumen: Se describen los calculos de calores de formacion de un conjunto amplio y diverso de alcanos y cicloalcanos que habian sido estudiados previamente por el metodo MM4. En este trabajo se emplean diversos metodos de mecanica cuantica, entre ellos se encuentran: Hartree-Fock y MP4, asi como B3LYP y B3LYP + energia de dispersion. De estos metodos de calculo, los metodos com- putacionales MM4, MP4 y B3LYP + energia de dispersion propor- cionan resultados que coinciden con los datos experimentales. Estos resultados se analizan y comparan detalladamente. Palabras clave: MM4, MP4, B3LYP, Energia de dispersion, calores de formacion.
The limits of success? NGOs, microfinance and economic development in Pakistan's Northern Areas

Microfinance's staunchest proponent, Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus, speaks of it as a basic human right and argues that the world's poor are natural entrepreneurs. Pakistan's Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP), one of the world's largest and most successful NGOs, has run microfinance and micro-enterprise programmes in Pakistan's Northern Areas since 1982. This article examines microfinance-induced micro-entrepreneurship as a sustainable economic development policy in light of AKRSP's experience and concludes that, given AKRSP's extensive resources and relative failure, microfinance's efficacy as a sustainable economic development policy (but not its role in poverty alleviation) is doubtful.
Falsifying paradigms for cosmic acceleration

Consistency relations between growth of structure and expansion history observables exist for any physical explanation of cosmic acceleration, be it a cosmological constant, scalar field quintessence, or a general component of dark energy that is smooth relative to dark matter on small scales. The high-quality supernova sample anticipated from an experiment like the SuperNova/Acceleration Probe and cosmic microwave background data expected from Planck thus make strong predictions for growth and expansion observables that additional observations can test and potentially falsify. We perform a Markov chain Monte Carlo likelihood exploration of the strength of these consistency relations based on a complete parametrization of dark energy behavior by principal components. For $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\mathrm{CDM}$, future supernova and cosmic microwave background data make percent level predictions for growth and expansion observables. For quintessence, many of the predictions are still at a level of a few percent with most of the additional freedom coming from curvature and early dark energy. While such freedom is limited for quintessence where phantom equations of state are forbidden, it is larger in the smooth dark energy class. Nevertheless, even in this general class predictions relating growth measurements at different redshifts remain robust, although predictions for the instantaneous growth rate do not. Finally, if observations falsify the whole smooth dark energy class, new paradigms for cosmic acceleration such as modified gravity or interacting dark matter and dark energy would be required.
A Group-Based Modeling Approach to Examining Sociodemographic Variation in the Association Among Risky Sexual Behavior, Drug Use, and Criminal Involvement in a Sample of Newly Arrested Juvenile Offenders:

This study examined sociodemographic variation in the interrelationships between risky sexual practices, substance use, and arrest history. The sample consisted of 948 newly arrested juvenile offen...
Investigating the Associations Between Nocturia and Sleep Disorders in Perimenopausal Women

Purpose: We determined the associations between nocturia and sleep disorders in perimenopausal women.Materials and Methods: A total of 100 women with nocturia were compared to 200 without nocturia. Obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, anxiety and menopausal stage were assessed using validated questionnaires. Comorbidities associated with nocturia were determined by bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression.Results: Independent associations for nocturia were anxiety (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.08–4.13), black American race (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.06–3.85), obstructive sleep apnea symptoms (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.18–2.53) and insomnia (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.05–1.12).Conclusions: Nocturia is associated with sleep disorders in perimenopausal women.
Cardiac Resuscitation and Neurologic Tolerance to Anoxia

Complete inflow stasis of the heart was associated with less central nervous system damage, if the heart was resuscitated with massage. Ventricular fibrillation did not occur during the period of circulatory arrest, but it was seen occasionally after the heart filled. Its incidence was increased by the use of Adrenalin and by allowing the heart to recover without massage. The administration of various doses of heparin had no effect on the Degrees of brain damage resulting from interruption of the circulation.
Mood and food.

The relationship between mood and food is complex. Mood can influence the foods we choose to eat. Sometimes we hear friends or family saying that they were so stressed by events in their lives that their eating was out of control – either they overate or, less frequently, that they could not eat. Overeating when stressed is a common reaction. More than a third of the participants in a national survey conducted by National Public Radio, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard School of Public Health (2014) said they change their diets during stressful times. The term ‘comfort food’ has entered our lexicon and refers to traditional foods that we feel provide a relief from negative emotions and an increase in positive feelings; eating comfort food is seen as a response to emotional stress. Comfort food is specific to culture and frequently has a high carbohydrate level and a simple preparation. When we feel stressed, we reach for foods that will comfort us immediately, but one theory proposes that this can lead to a vicious cycle: foods high in carbohydrates may lead to surges and crashes in blood sugar accompanied by a surge in adrenaline, or epinephrine, often called ‘the stress hormone’ (Aubrey, 2014). According to this explanation, eating lots of refined carbohydrates and sugar may exacerbate our responses to stress. The relationship between food and mood can also go the other way: the food we choose to eat may affect our mood. There may be types of food that make us more resilient to stress. Over the last two decades, researchers have been investigating the links between the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish (eggs, dark leafy greens, etc.) and emotional health and wellbeing (Aubrey, 2014). Others have shown a strong day-today relationship between more positive mood and higher fruit and vegetable consumption (Hopf, 2013; White, Horwath, & Conner, 2013). And others have demonstrated a link between
Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Carnivorous Plant Family Sarraceniaceae

The carnivorous plant family Sarraceniaceae comprises three genera of wetland-inhabiting pitcher plants: Darlingtonia in the northwestern United States, Sarracenia in eastern North America, and Heliamphora in northern South America. Hypotheses concerning the biogeographic history leading to this unusual disjunct distribution are controversial, in part because genus- and species-level phylogenies have not been clearly resolved. Here, we present a robust, species-rich phylogeny of Sarraceniaceae based on seven mitochondrial, nuclear, and plastid loci, which we use to illuminate this family's phylogenetic and biogeographic history. The family and genera are monophyletic: Darlingtonia is sister to a clade consisting of Heliamphora+Sarracenia. Within Sarracenia, two clades were strongly supported: one consisting of S. purpurea, its subspecies, and S. rosea; the other consisting of nine species endemic to the southeastern United States. Divergence time estimates revealed that stem group Sarraceniaceae likely originated in South America 44-53 million years ago (Mya) (highest posterior density [HPD] estimate = 47 Mya). By 25-44 (HPD = 35) Mya, crown-group Sarraceniaceae appears to have been widespread across North and South America, and Darlingtonia (western North America) had diverged from Heliamphora+Sarracenia (eastern North America+South America). This disjunction and apparent range contraction is consistent with late Eocene cooling and aridification, which may have severed the continuity of Sarraceniaceae across much of North America. Sarracenia and Heliamphora subsequently diverged in the late Oligocene, 14-32 (HPD = 23) Mya, perhaps when direct overland continuity between North and South America became reduced. Initial diversification of South American Heliamphora began at least 8 Mya, but diversification of Sarracenia was more recent (2-7, HPD = 4 Mya); the bulk of southeastern United States Sarracenia originated co-incident with Pleistocene glaciation, <3 Mya. Overall, these results suggest climatic change at different temporal and spatial scales in part shaped the distribution and diversity of this carnivorous plant clade.
On the Collapse of Historical Civilizations

To explain the collapse of historical civilizations, scholars typically point to suboptimal behaviors including misunderstanding the natural environment, shortsightedness, or a lack of institutions. We examine the collapse of four historical societies with a model of endogenous population growth and renewable resources employing components of optimal resource management, economic growth theory, and the moral philosophy of social welfare function choice. We find that these collapses may have been socially optimal. Further, we show that the transient behavior of the system is more sensitive to assumptions than the equilibrium behavior and that focusing solely on equilibria may miss key insights. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITPα) stimulates in vitro intra-Golgi transport

Abstract Using a cell-free assay designed to reconstitute cis-to-medial intra-Golgi vesicular transport, we identified at least four crude activities in bovine brain cytosol that stimulate this assay. We have purified one of these activities to near homogeneity and have identified this M r 36 kDa protein to be the α isoform of phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITPα) by N-terminal peptide sequencing, immunoreactivity with PITP-specific antisera, and the ability of recombinant PITPα to stimulate in vitro intra-Golgi transport. From these data, we conclude that in vitro Golgi transport is facilitated by PITPα.
Tropomyosin-2 cDNA lacking the 3' untranslated region riboregulator induces growth inhibition of v-Ki-ras-transformed fibroblasts.

The levels of high molecular weight isoforms of tropomyosin (TM) are markedly reduced in ras-transformed cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that the forced expression of tropomyosin-1 (TM-1)...
Browridge development in cercopithecidae: A test of two models

Theoretical discussions of primate browridge formation have resulted in several interpretations of its form and function. Lateral radiographs of adult Old World monkeys, representing most cercopithecine and colobine genera, were examined to address whether both biomechanical and spatial factors influence the development of a supraorbital torus. A linear measurement of browridge size was compared with a series of measures related to each model. Partial correlations were used to ascertain the relative independence of biomechanical (model I or II) and spatial effects upon torus formation. Allometric (size-related) shape changes were evaluated with log-linear bivariate regression analysis; subfamily differences in scaling patterns, with an analysis of covariance. When spatial and biomechanical (I or II) factors were both significantly related to brow size, additive and interactive multiple regression models were used to further assess the manner by which each set mutually affects variation in browridge dimensions. Correlation analyses were repeated with size-corrected antilogged residuals to eliminate a potentially spurious effect of skull size. Old World monkeys provide support of the spatial model. Also of interest is that skull size emerges as a primary influence on torus formation. Several alternative explanations are also put forward to account for browridge development in each subfamily.
Effects of oligonucleotides on the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma DNA polymerase reaction

Abstract 1. The effect of an extract of normal liver on the tumor DNA polymerase (deoxynucleosidetriphosphate: DNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) reaction was found to be similar to the effect produced by nuclease. 2. DNA partially hydrolysed by deoxyribonuclease served as a better primer for the tumor DNA polymerase reaction than either native or heat-denatured DNA. 3. The maximum priming ability of deoxyribonuclease digest for the polymerase reaction was achieved for pancreatic deoxyribonuclease (EC 3.1.4.5) when 20 % of the DNA had been rendered acid soluble, and for splenic deoxyribonuclease (EC 3.1.4.6) or micrococcal deoxyribonuclease (EC 3.1.4.7) when only 1 % hydrolyzed 4. Under conditions of limiting DNA, the polymerase reaction was stimulated by a pancreatic deoxyribonuclease digest of DNA and inhibited by a micrococcal deoxyribonuclease digest. 5. No incorporation of labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphate into oligonucleotide was observed. 6. No incorporation of labeled oligonucleotide into DNA was observed.
Vaccinia Virus Intermediate and Late Promoter Elements Are Targeted by the TATA-Binding Protein

Vaccinia virus replicates in the cytoplasm of the host cell and encodes its own RNA polymerase and transcription factors. The proteins that target the poxvirus RNA polymerase to intermediate- and late-class promoters have not been identified. In this study, representatives of the intermediate and late promoters were characterized at the nucleotide level to identify essential motifs. Both intermediate and late viral promoters are shown to have an essential element suggestive of TATA boxes, which are potential targets for the TATA-binding protein (TBP). Several approaches were used to test for TBP requirement in vaccinia virus transcription, including overexpression of TBP, expression of a dominant negative mutant of TBP, RNA interference, and expression of adenovirus E1A protein, which inactivates TBP. In each case, the results support an essential role for TBP in vaccinia virus intermediate- and late-gene transcription. These findings indicate that poxviruses have integrated TBP as a central feature into an otherwise heterologous transcription system. A model for transcriptional switching, in which both intermediate and late promoter elements are targeted by TBP that recruits viral transcription factors to assemble a functional complex on their cognate promoters and a dysfunctional, repressed complex on the other class, is proposed.
Interleukin-10 inhibits chronic angiotensin II-induced pathological autophagy

Abstract Background Although autophagy is an essential cellular salvage process to maintain cellular homeostasis, pathological autophagy can lead to cardiac abnormalities and ultimately heart failure. Therefore, a tight regulation of autophagic process would be important to treat chronic heart failure. Previously, we have shown that IL-10 strongly inhibited pressure overload-induced hypertrophy and heart failure, but role of IL-10 in regulation of pathological autophagy is unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that IL-10 inhibits angiotensin II-induced pathological autophagy and this process, in part, leads to improve cardiac function. Methods and results Chronic Ang II strongly induced mortality, cardiac dysfunction in IL-10 Knockout mice. IL-10 deletion exaggerated pathological autophagy in response to Ang II treatment. In isolated cardiac myocytes, IL-10 attenuated Ang II-induced pathological autophagy and activated Akt/mTORC1 signaling. Pharmacological or molecular inhibition of Akt and mTORC1 signaling attenuated IL-10 effects on Ang II-induced pathological autophagy. Furthermore, lysosomal inhibition in autophagic flux experiments further confirmed that IL-10 inhibits pathological autophagy via mTORC1 signaling. Conclusion Our data demonstrate a novel role of IL-10 in regulation of pathological autophagy; thus can act as a potential therapeutic molecule for treatment of chronic heart disease.
Interview with Heinrich Bauersfeld

The following interview with Heinrich Bauersfeld was conducted in the Summer and Fall of 2012 by e-mail. Heinrich Bauersfeld received his doctorate in mathematics from Hannover University but devoted his life to the teaching of mathematics. His work made a seminal impact both on the practice of mathematical teaching and on shaping the entire field of mathematics education ( Didaktik der Mathematik) as a scientific discipline*.
Sublamination Theory for Accurate Analysis of Functionally Graded Plates and Composite Laminates

Presented is a sublamination theory for advanced analysis of plates made of functionally graded materials and composite laminates. The sublamination plate theory extends a layerwise higher-order shear-deformation theory for laminated plates by considering material properties being continuous functions of the thickness coordinate and using a new concept of sublamination to increase the degrees of freedom. The theory accommodates free shear stress conditions on the bonding surfaces, accounts for non-uniform deformation-dependent distributions of transverse shear stresses through the thickness, can be used for evaluating boundary restraint effects, and can be used for analyzing thin and thick plates with any boundary conditions. A sublamination plate element based on this theory is developed and validated for static and dynamic analysis. The degrees of freedom of the element is adaptable. For an element away from boundaries it degrees of freedom can be reduced at the elemental level without loss of accuracy. Analytical shear warping functions are presented. Moreover, modal analysis of functionally graded plates with different boundary conditions is performed to show the capability and accuracy of the theory.
Effects of alternating classical conditioning and extinction sessions on the conditioned nictitating membrane response of the rabbit

Eleven Ss received four acquisition sessions of classical conditioning training followed by 11 alternating sessions of conditioning and extinction. Although Ss demonstrated a relatively high degree of stability of responding over extinction sessions the form of the extinction function within sessions changed over sessions. The results were contrasted with analogous instrumental conditioning experiments.
Establishing the Physician's Office Laboratory

The government-initiated changes in reimbursement for medical care in general but specifically for laboratory testing and the availability of new equipment designed for limited use have provided the incentives to expand the laboratory testing done in physicians' offices. This, in turn, has provided new opportunities for pathologists and medical technologists to serve as consultants to these offices. Physicians' offices must be individually evaluated in order to present a proposal and/or the options available, and several approaches to consulting are described. The laboratory characteristics to be evaluated are suggested, and the possible roles for various laboratory personnel are presented.
Effect of enhanced granulation on Cr-bearing vanadium and titanium magnetite sintering

Cr-bearing vanadium and titanium magnetite(V-Ti-Cr) mixture is of poor granulating efficiency and poor permeability,and has a serious impact on the development of low temperature and high material layer sintering. The effects of many parameters,including burnt lime addition,mixture moisture,wetting time and granulation time,on the sintering of V-Ti-Cr mixture were performed by sinter pot test and the effects of enhanced granulation were investigated on the basis of reference scheme.The results show that d,GI0,E,B increase from 2.26 mm,66.30%,54.11%,48.15% to 2.58 mm,80.43%,90.82%,73.53%,respectively. And sintering rate,yield,productivity,strength increase from 16.54 mm/min,70.39%,1.22 t/(m2·h),55.36% to 19.70mm/min,77.94%,1.64 t/(m2·h),59.36%,respectively,under the conditions of 5%burnt lime addition,7.5% moisture,wetting for 10 min and granulation for 8 min when the basicity of the mixture is 2.15,with 3.20% carbon. The moisture fluctuations of V-Ti-Cr mixture with a high sensitivity to moisture should be controlled strictly. The amount of calcium ferrite was increased and the mineral composition and structure of V-Ti-Cr sinter were improved,which was achieved by improving the oxygen in the bed with a higher permeability for the enhanced granulation,resulting in higher yield and quality.
Applications of Bayesian Analysis in Econometrics

It is an honour to present this paper at St John's College, Cambridge, Sir Harold Jeffreys' college. As you all probably know, Sir Harold has made outstanding, pioneering contributions to the development of Bayesian statistical methodology and applications of it to many problems. In appreciation of his great work, our NBER-NSF Seminar on Bayesian Inference has recently published a book (Zellner, 1980a) honouring him. Jeffreys (1967) set a fine example for us by emphasizing both theory and applications in his work. It is this theme, the interaction between theory and application in Bayesian econometrics, that I shall emphasize in what follows. The rapid growth of Bayesian econometrics from its practically non-existent state in the early 1960s to the present (Zellner, 1981) has involved work on Bayesian inference and decision techniques, applications of them to econometric problems and development of Bayesian computer programs.? Selected applications include Geisel (1970, 1975) who used Bayesian prediction and odds ratios to compare the relative performance of simple Keynesian and Quantity of Money Theory macroeconomic models. Peck (1974) utilized Bayesian estimation techniques in an analysis of investment behaviour of firms in the electric utility industry. Varian (1975) developed and applied Bayesian methods for real estate tax assessment problems. Flood and Garber (1980a, b) applied Bayesian methods in study of monetary reforms using data from the German and several other hyperinflations. Evans (1978) employed posterior odds ratios in a study to determine which of three alternative models best explains the German hyperinflation data. Cooley and LeRoy (1981), Shiller (1973), Zellner and Geisel (1970), and Zellner and Williams (1973) employed a Bayesian approach in study of time series models for US money demand, investment and personal consumption data. Production function models have been analysed from the Bayesian point of view by Sankar (1969), Rossi (1980) and Zellner and Richard (1973). Tsurumi (1976) and Tsurumi and Tsurumi (1981) used Bayesian techniques to analyse structural change problems. Reynolds (1980) developed and applied Bayesian estimation and testing procedures in an analysis of survey data relating to health status, income and other variables. Litterman (1980) has formulated a Bayesian vector autoregressive model that he employed (and is employing) to generate forecasts of major US macroeconomic variables that compare very
Exercise regulation of adipose tissue

Exercise training results in adaptations to numerous organ systems and offers protection against metabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes, and recent reports suggest that adipose t...
Employment settings of psychologists

This column reports data on employment settings of members of the American Psychological Association (APA) who were active in the clinical pratice of psychology in 1992.
Halogen-rich scapolite and biotite; implications for metamorphic fluid-rock interaction

Abundant Cl-rich scapolite and biotite indicate high Cl activities during greenschistthrough amphibolite-facies regional metamorphism of metasedimentary rocks northwest of the Idaho batholith. Biotite-zone granofels contain up to 40 modal percent Cl-rich scapolite. The strict stratigraphic control on the occurrence ofscapolite and the fine-scale interlayering of Cl-rich and Cl-poor metasedimentary rocks suggest that scapolite was formed during regional metamorphism by reaction of plagioclase with calcite and halite. Mass-balance constraints on the formation of scapolite show that, prior to metamorphism, sedimentary units containing l0 modal percent halite along restricted sedimentary horizons, 0.5 to 20 cm thick, would have been sufficient to form the most scapolite-rich layers. The abundance ofCl-rich phases decreases abruptly with the appearance ofzoisite-bearing assemblages in the metasedimentary rocks, suggesting infiltration of low-Cl HrO at higher grades. Scapolite compositions range from 32 to 62 equivalent anorthite (EqAn) and 0.7 6 to 0.06 Xo. There is a general increase in EqAn and decrease in X., with increasing metamorphic grade. However, local variations in scapolite composition suggest hat metamorphic fluid compositions were heterogeneous and internally bufered. Biotites coexisting with scapolite contain up to 0.51 wto/o Cl (biotite grade) and 2.58 wto/o F (kyanite + sillimanite grade). Biotite compositions indicate significant differences inlogffir/fr.:) values of fluids in equilibrium with low-grade, biotiteand carbonate-rich granofels. Differences in the inferred metamorphic fluid compositions are observed, in some cases, down t o a s c a l e o f < l c m . Cl is strongly partitioned into an aqueous fluid relative to solid phases and is removed by metamorphic devolatilization and infiltration by dilute fluids. Therefore, the occurrence of bufered activity gradients in Cl, as indicated by scapolite and biotite compositions, suggests that metamorphic fluid flow was highly channelized and aqueous fluid-rock interaction was limited. High and variable Cl activities were not smoothed out by aqueous fluid-rock interaction through two regional metamorphic events.
Growth and Characterization of a Semiconductor-Superconductor Heterostructure: the Hg1−xCdxTe/YBa2Cu3O7−x System

A semiconductor-superconductor heterostructure has been successfully demonstrated in the Hg1−xCdxTe/YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) system. YBCO films were deposited on LaAIO3 substrates by Pulsed Laser Deposition and Hg1−xCdxTe layers were subsequently grown between 160 °C and 200 °C. Heterostructures grown at 160 °C retain the key electronic properties of both the semiconductor and the superconductor. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the Hg1−xCdxTe films are oriented with the (111) planes parallel to the substrate. Mesa diodes were fabricated, and rectification in I–V characteristics was observed corresponding to carrier transport across the semiconductor/superconductor interface. For the heterostructure with a Hg0.75Cd0.25Te top layer, the thermal activation barrier to electron transport was found to be 82 meV from the temperature dependence of the zero-bias differential resistance.
Molecular Genetics of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy

The disease described by Charcot and Marie involves a slowly progressive distal muscular atrophy with initial involvement of the feet and legs, followed by variable progressive weakness of the hands (Charcot and Marie, 1886). Independently, Tooth had reported on a peroneal type of progressive muscular atrophy with essentially the same clinical findings (Tooth, 1886). While the inherited nature of the disease was noted in both studies, Tooth had correctly postulated that the disorder is due to an underlying neuropathy, instead of a myelopathy as Charcot and Marie had proposed.
Official Perspectives from Eastern Europe

In this chapter, a diplomatic representative to the United States from each of five countries directly affected by possible NATO enlargement summarizes his government’s position on the issue.
Several Variable Differential Calculus

We shall now switch to a different topic, namely that of differentiation in several variable calculus. More precisely, we shall be dealing with maps f : R n → R m from one Euclidean space to another, and trying to understand what the derivative of such a map is.
Multimodal imaging evidence of pathology-mediated disease distribution in corticobasal syndrome.

Objective To use multimodal neuroimaging to evaluate the influence of heterogeneous underlying pathology in corticobasal syndrome (CBS) on the neuroanatomical distribution of disease. Methods We performed a retrospective evaluation of 35 patients with CBS with T1-weighted MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and neuropathologic, genetic, or CSF evidence of underlying pathology. Patients were assigned to 2 groups: those with evidence of Alzheimer pathology (CBS-AD) and those without Alzheimer pathology (CBS-non-AD). Group comparisons of CBS-AD and CBS-non-AD assessed clinical features, gray matter (GM) cortical thickness, and white matter (WM) fractional anisotropy. Results CBS-AD was found in 34% (n = 12) and CBS-non-AD in 66% (n = 23) of CBS patients. Clinical evaluations revealed that CBS-non-AD had a higher frequency of asymmetric rigidity compared to CBS-AD, but groups otherwise did not differ in dementia severity, impairments in cognition, or rates of extrapyramidal symptoms. We found frontoparietal GM and WM disease in each group compared to healthy, demographically comparable controls, as well as multimodal neuroimaging evidence of a double dissociation: CBS-non-AD had WM disease in the corpus callosum, corticospinal tract, and superior longitudinal fasciculus relative to CBS-AD, and CBS-AD had reduced temporoparietal GM relative to CBS-non-AD, including the precuneus and posterior cingulate. Conclusions Patients with CBS have a pathology-mediated dissociation of GM and WM disease. Multimodality neuroimaging may be useful for improving in vivo pathologic diagnosis of CBS.
Relative contributions of organic and inorganic fouling during nanofiltration of inland brackish surface water

Abstract Bench-scale nanofiltration (NF) experiments were performed with two commercially available membranes having different ion rejection characteristics to assess dominant fouling mechanisms during inland brackish surface water desalination and the role of rejection on flux decline. The Foss Reservoir in the state of Oklahoma, USA was used as a representative natural brackish surface water source in these experiments. Both nanofilters rejected divalent cations to a very high extent (Mg>94% and Ca>92%) but exhibited substantially different rejections of monovalent cations (e.g. Na removals of 60% and 97%). A model solution formulated to have a similar ionic composition as the natural water but with no added natural organic matter (NOM) was also employed to isolate mineral scaling effects. The low monovalent ion rejecting membrane was predominantly fouled by NOM with only limited contributions from calcium carbonate scaling. In contrast, electron microscopy along with infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that both NOM and gypsum were major foulants for the membrane that highly rejected both mono- and divalent ions. The exacerbated flux decline for the more salt-rejecting nanofilter was attributed to the synergistic effects of NOM and gypsum on fouling coupled with the formation of a very compact organic foulant layer due to greater extent of Ca-NOM interactions and the higher ionic strength of the concentration polarization layer. These results demonstrate that the relative contributions of NOM and mineral scaling to flux decline during brackish surface water NF depends on membrane ion rejection characteristics. Hence, optimal membrane selection needs to balance total dissolved solids concentration of the product water with the need to minimize fouling.
Multiobjective Analysis of the Sedimentation behind Sangju Weir, South Korea

AbstractThis paper presents a new multiobjective approach to solve sedimentation problems behind weirs and low-head dams. The multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework is used to improve res...
CM Approaches: Characterization of Particle-Functionalized Materials

During the development of new particulate-functionalized materials, experiments to determine the appropriate combinations of particulate and matrix phases are time-consuming and expensive.
Organic solute transporter OSTα/β is overexpressed in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and modulated by drugs associated with liver injury.

The organic solute transporter OSTα/β is highly expressed in hepatocytes of liver tissue obtained from patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis. OSTα/β substrates ...
Evaluation of the Equine Respiratory System Using Physical Examination and Endoscopy

Defining respiratory disease is not always easy in the horse because auscultation with accurate interpretation of lung sounds can be difficult. However, performing a thorough physical examination, including rebreathing auscultation and percussion of the thorax and sinuses, is very useful in elucidating the problem. Endoscopic examination of the upper respiratory system is also critical for definitively diagnosing certain conditions.
Buildings and Groups

In this chapter we will develop the group theory that goes along with the theory of buildings, in much the same way that the theory of Coxeter groups goes along with the theory of Coxeter complexes. In particular, we will discover a class of groups G for which we can construct an associated building Δ, on which G acts as a group of type-preserving simplicial automorphisms.
Family Psychotherapy after Stroke and Anoxic Brain Injury

This chapter addresses the effects of stroke and anoxic brain injury on the tier 1 caregiver and tier supports. First, the neuropathology of various types of strokes and anoxia is reviewed. Family scenarios are employed to address common sequelae of strokes and/or anoxia, specifically, aphasia; cognitive (especially attention, memory, and executive functions) and behavioral deficits as well as vision and motor changes (e.g., hemianopia, visuoperceptual, visuospatial, constructional skills, visual neglect, hemiplegia/hemiparesis, and other movement disorders). A series of psychotherapeutic “helpful hints” are presented for each realm for the caregiver and family to better comprehend and cope with their loved one’s stroke or anoxic symptoms and recovery. An emphasis is placed on new assistive technology that can be incorporated in therapy and at home to compensate for language, cognitive, vision, and motor impairments. This chapter also describes common areas of caregiver angst and disillusionment after stroke or anoxia with a variety of proposed psychoeducational and therapeutic tools to promote adaptation. Some of the unique challenges and useful strategies for spouses are also addressed within this chapter. Finally, an integrative case study is presented, illustrating core concepts and techniques.
Fertility Differences Among Ethnic Groups

This chapter explores ethnic/racial disparities surrounding fertility/infertility (specifically unassisted reproduction) and will provide evidence from the literature that supports hypothesized hormonal, metabolic, anatomic, and cultural factors which may affect natural fertility. Current available information on racial and ethnic differences in unassisted reproduction and infertility, specific to patients outside the USA is also reviewed.
Which novel agents for acute myeloid leukemia are likely to change practice

There has been little progress in drug development in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the recent past. This recently changed with the approval of several therapies for patients with this disease and prompts one to consider which therapies may change practice for patients with AML. To change practice, a therapy must be adopted as a standard of care intervention based on its efficacy and safety profile and must endure as the accepted treatment for a particular indication for a significant period of time. Here I attempt to determine which therapies, approved or in development, may change practice in the field of AML.
Cyclophilin A contributes to aortopathy induced by postnatal loss of smooth muscle TGFBR1

Recent recognition that TGF-β signaling disruption is involved in the development of aortic aneurysms has led to renewed investigations into the role of TGF-β biology in the aortic wall. We previously found that the type I receptor of TGF-β (TGFBR2) receptor contributes to formation of ascending aortic aneurysms and dissections (AADs) induced by smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific, postnatal deletion of Tgfbr1 (Tgfbr1iko). Here, we aimed to decipher the mechanistic signaling pathway underlying the pathogenic effects of TGFBR2 in this context. Gene expression profiling demonstrated that Tgfbr1iko triggers an acute inflammatory response in developing AADs, and Tgfbr1iko SMCs express an inflammatory phenotype in culture. Comparative proteomics profiling and mass spectrometry revealed that Tgfbr1iko SMCs respond to TGF-β1 stimulation via robust up-regulation of cyclophilin A (CypA). This up-regulation is abrogated by inhibition of TGFBR2 kinase activity, small interfering RNA silencing of Tgfbr2 expression, or inhibition of SMAD3 activation. In mice, Tgfbr1iko rapidly promotes CypA production in SMCs of developing AADs, whereas treatment with a CypA inhibitor attenuates aortic dilation by 56% (P = 0.003) and ameliorates aneurysmal degeneration (P = 0.016). These protective effects are associated with reduced aneurysm-promoting inflammation. Collectively, these results suggest a novel mechanism, wherein loss of type I receptor of TGF-β triggers promiscuous, proinflammatory TGFBR2 signaling in SMCs, thereby promoting AAD formation.-Zhou, G., Liao, M., Wang, F., Qi, X., Yang, P., Berceli, S. A., Sharma, A. K., Upchurch, G. R., Jr., Jiang, Z. Cyclophilin A contributes to aortopathy induced by postnatal loss of smooth muscle TGFBR1.
The association of pregestational and gestational diabetes with severe neonatal morbidity and mortality.

To estimate the association between maternal diabetes and severe neonatal morbidity. Retrospective cohort study of nonanomalous neonates born 240−416 weeks’ gestation from two large multisite U.S. cohorts, Cesarean Registry and Consortium on Safe Labor. The exposure was pregestational versus gestational versus no diabetes. The composite neonatal outcome included respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, necrotizing enterocolitis, grade 3-4 intraventricular hemorrhage, and death. Multivariable logistic regression estimated the association between diabetes and neonatal morbidity. Of 196,006 eligible neonates, 2993 (1.5%) were born to mothers with pregestational diabetes and 10,549 (5.4%) with gestational diabetes. Pregestational diabetes was associated with higher odds of neonatal morbidity versus gestational diabetes (aOR 2.27, 95% CI 1.95−2.64), as well as no diabetes (aOR 1.96, 95% CI 1.63−2.35). Gestational diabetes was associated with higher odds of neonatal morbidity versus no diabetes (aOR 1.16, 95% CI 1.04−1.30). Pregestational and gestational diabetes are risk factors for severe neonatal morbidity.
Coverage-based Outlier Explanation

Outlier detection is a core task in data mining with a plethora of algorithms that have enjoyed wide scale usage. Existing algorithms are primarily focused on detection, that is the identification of outliers in a given dataset. In this paper we explore the relatively under-studied problem of the outlier explanation problem. Our goal is, given a dataset that is already divided into outliers and normal instances, explain what characterizes the outliers. We explore the novel direction of a semantic explanation that a domain expert or policy maker is able to understand. We formulate this as an optimization problem to find explanations that are both interpretable and pure. Through experiments on real-world data sets, we quantitatively show that our method can efficiently generate better explanations compared with rule-based learners.
Qualitative Methods for CSCW: Challenges and Opportunities

Qualitative methods have long been an important component of CSCW research. However, it can be challenging to make qualitative work legible to a broader set of researchers, which is critical as mixed methods research becomes more common. Moreover, the shift towards larger scales of data and increasing calls for open data and more transparency pose new questions for qualitative methods in terms of data collection, analysis, reporting, and sharing. This workshop brings together researchers to discuss these challenges as well as new opportunities for qualitative methods, with goals to help build norms and best practices for (1) conducting qualitative research, (2) reporting that research, and (3) engaging and collaborating with CSCW researchers from other methodological traditions.
Problem Solving in the Elementary Grades: Textbook Practices and Achievement Trends over the Past Thirty Years.

considers Iowa peculiar to the point of limiting generalization from the data, the following are offered for consideration: (1) Iowa has a highly stable population, which makes it exceptionally agreeable to longitudinal study. (2) Iowa has, over the years, selected textbooks in much the same way as has the nation as a whole. (3) National increases and decreases in achievement as measured by the ITBS (Iowa Test of Basic Skills) show patterns very similar to those of Iowa (Congressional Budget Office 1986).
Influences of the Nutrition Transition on Chronic Disease

The term nutrition transition coined in the early 1990s by Barry Popkin describes global alterations in diet structure, body composition, and physical activity patterns, with a special emphasis on emerging economies undergoing rapid demographic, socioeconomic, and acculturative changes. The health-related outcomes of these shifts in the form of non-communicable chronic degenerative diseases (NCDs) have been well described in the industrialized world over the past four decades. There is growing evidence that these changes are extending to the developing world, specifically the low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) depending on the degree of socio-economic development achieved. Large segments of the global population are consequently affected. Furthermore, these changes in emerging economies are occurring at a rapid pace, younger age, and in an environment where infectious and nutrition-related deficiency diseases continue to persist. Consequently, these economies face a double burden of disease wherein the struggles of undernutrition coexist with the maladies of overnutrition within the same individual, family, or community. This paradox poses important challenges in mitigating the unhealthy aspects of nutrition transition from a public health perspective.
Towards an understanding of the Ca isotopic signal related to ocean acidification and alkalinity overshoots in the rock record

Abstract In this contribution, we explore the idea that the Ca isotope proxy has utility as an indicator of carbonate authigenesis (i.e., post-depositional precipitation of CaCO3 within the sedimentary package). Given the strong contrast in isotopic fractionation factor between the formational and diagenetic environments, Ca isotopes have the potential to fingerprint carbonate authigenesis when it occurs close to the seawater-sediment interface. We demonstrate that Ca isotopes are particularly applicable to exploring ocean acidification events, and potentially ocean anoxic events, and focus our attention on ocean acidification related to the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). We present three scenarios that vary in the magnitude and duration of the carbon fluxes that are simulated using an Earth System model of intermediate complexity (cGENIE), and we use the cGENIE output to constrain the upper boundary conditions of 1-D reactive transport models of authigenesis and recrystallization in the sedimentary section. Along with simple mixing calculations, the models inform our exploration of the hypothesis that authigenic carbonate induced by a saturation state overshoot during the PETM explains recently published Ca isotope records, and perhaps bulk carbonate records over Ocean Anoxic Event (OAE) 2. Our simulations suggest that fractionation factor variability does not explain the PETM δ44Ca records, and we propose a δ44Ca-CaCO3 space framework to assist with the elucidation of authigenic additions over time scales that are short relative to the residence time of Ca in the ocean (~1 Ma). Ultimately, we find that the ‘authigenic zone’ generated in the sedimentary column may be influenced by alkalinity overshoots or redox state; the CaCO3 produced in this zone can overprint temporal signals with depth-dependent signals that reflect lithology and sedimentation rate and need not be spatially uniform, even when driven by a global event. Ultimately, we demonstrate the utility of Ca isotopes for exploring short time scale climatic events and a quantitative framework to guide interpretations.