cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Global Carbon Dioxide Budget

The increase in atmospheric CO[sub 2] levels during the last deglaciation was comparable in magnitude to the recent historical increase. However, global CO[sub 2] budgets for these changes reflect fundamental differences in rates and in sources and sinks. The modern oceans are a rapid net CO[sub 2] sink, whereas the oceans were a gradual source during the deglaciation. Unidentified terrestrial CO[sub 2] sinks are important uncertainties in both the deglacial and recent CO[sub 2] budgets. The deglacial CO[sub 2] budget represents a complexity of long-term dynamic behavior that is not adequately addressed by current models used to forecast future atmospheric CO[sub 2] levels.
Gender Identity Disorder, the Gender Binary, and Transgender Oppression: Implications for Ethical Social Work

This article argues that social workers are ethically obligated to serve as allies of transgender and gender-nonconforming communities and, thus, should critically examine the diagnosis of gender identity disorder and the oppression inherent in pathologizing gender nonconformity. Social workers should also consider the oppression inherent in the socially constructed gender binary that is the root of the perceived psychosis in gender nonconformance and should fight against this oppression and, therefore, against that binary. This article proposes several action steps that social workers can take to advocate for the transgender and gender-nonconforming communities.
Effect of High-Occupancy Toll Lanes on Mass Vehicle Emissions: Application to I-85 in Atlanta, Georgia

High-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes were recently proposed for I-85 in Atlanta, Georgia, as a way to relieve congestion and to provide a reliable commute time for single-occupant drivers who are willing to pay a toll. It is important to evaluate the air quality impacts of such a proposal in the context of environmental regulations, such as the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and transportation conformity regulations. Several factors affect mass vehicle emissions, such as vehicle activity, speed, age distributions, and class distributions. These factors are incorporated into a base scenario that models the current conditions on I-85 with high-occupancy vehicle lanes by using data collected in the corridor during the summer of 2007, and a future scenario that models the implementation of HOT lanes on this corridor by using information from cities that already have HOT lanes. The MOBILE-Matrix modeling tool, recently developed by the Georgia Institute of Technology, is used for the emissions analysis b...
Water Resource Security Strategy in Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province

With the quick development of economy, increase o f population and urbanization, urban water security becomes a limited factor to fulfill the urban sustainable development. Qinhuangdao is a water shortage of resources and pollution-induced water shortage city. Under the major background of global warming, the climate of Qinhuangdao becoming warmer and drier in recent years, the precipitation has decreased correspondingly. The rivers runoff reduces obviously and the level of the groundwater drops. The quantity of usable water resource is reduced significantly. Impacted by the urbanization, social-economic development and rapid population growth, the demand of water resource increases continuously. The security situation of water resource in Qinhuangdao is becoming more severe. Through analyzing the water resource situation, existing issues and reasons in Qinhuangdao city, the author proposed regulating approaches to ensure safety of water resources.
X-ray production variability

Some dental x-ray generators do not produce the quantity of x-rays expected at the kilovoltage and milliamperage setting made. A simple experiment was performed on five dental x-ray generators of three manufacturers to test their output in roentgens per minute at a range of kilovoltage and milliamperage settings. Each generator had variable kilovoltage and milliamperage capability. The recorded output was compared with its theoretic output. The results confirm the suspicion that considerable output variations exist and suggest a serious problem to the practitioner wishing to expand his radiographic technique armementarium.
STUDIES ON THYMIDINE KINASE IN CULTURED MOUSE FIBROBLASTS.

Abstract Thymidine stabilized thymidine kinase (ATP: thymidine 5′-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21) in extracts of cultured mouse fibroblasts, and in intact cells it prevented the loss of activity which usually occurs in aging cultures. These and other results suggest that the enzyme may be synthesized constantly in proportion to total protein synthesis, and constantly inactivated in the absence of thymidine. By treatment of wild-type mouse fibroblasts with 3–5 or 30 μg of 5-bromodeoxyuridine per ml, sublines were obtained which were partially or highly resistant to this analog, and partially or essentially completely deficient in thymidine kinase activity. The partially deficient lines may be heterozygous for the ability to produce active enzyme.
Determining the minimum crack width that can be detected using the impact-echo method Part 2. Numerical fracture analyses

To determine the minimum crack width that can be detected using the impact-echo method, two types of laboratory experiment on concrete plate specimens were conducted. In each experiment, a crack was propagated through the plate parallel to the plate surfaces, while surface displacements caused by the crack opening were measured and impact-echo tests were performed along the crack trajectory. The relationship between the surface displacements and the real crack-opening displacements was established using the results of nonlinear fracture analyses. The minimum crack width was determined by estimating the crack-opening displacements for each impact-echo test location. As a result of this work, the minimum crack width which can be detected was found to be 0.025 mm, and the minimum crack width for which stress waves are not transmitted across the crack faces was found to be 0.08 mm. This paper describes how crack-opening displacements were determined using nonlinear fracture analyses.
Suppression of a defective alanyl-tRNA synthetase in Escherichia coli : A compensatory mutation to high alanine affinity

Among temperature resistant revertants of a temperature sensitive E. coli alanyl-tRNA synthetase mutant a strain was found which contains an alanyl-tRNA synthetase with an additional mutation in the structural gene of the enzyme. This mutant enzyme has a 9 or 38 fold decreased Km value for alanine compared to that of the thermolabile parental enzyme or to wild-type enzyme, respectively. The alaS gene maps just counterclockwise from recA on the E. coli map (94% cotransduction frequency). It appears that the enzyme's increased affinity for alanine is the mechanism of suppressing the temperature sensitive character of the cell. In addition, some coldsensitive temperature resistant revertants were found, where the cold-sensitive character mapped near strA, Presumably they are due to changes in ribosomal proteins as characterized by Ruffler et al. (1974).
Six years of the fifth force

The enunciation of the 'fifth force' hypothesis in 1986 spawned a generation of experiments searching for deviations from newtonian gravity. Although no compelling evidence for any new weak forces has emerged in the past six years, the searches for anomalous gravitational effects have produced a large number of important experimental and theoretical results.
42 A FOUR-YEAR FOLLOWUP STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF METHYLPHENIDATE ON THE BEHAVIOR AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN

Sixty-two children were evaluated 4 years after their initial referral for symptoms of hyperactivity. Behavioral measures included parent and teacher judgments of behavior and social adjustment. Academic achievement was assessed by teachers' reports, number of failed grades, special education services, and two individually administered achievement tests. Data were analyzed for the total group to determine both the extent to which presenting problems diminished over time and the major problems still present. The effects of stimulant drug therapy on outcome were assessed by dividing the children into groups according to the duration of time they had taken stimulants. Total duration of time on stimulants ranged from 6 months (Group I) to 4 years (Group V). Results indicated that the symptoms of hyperactivity significantly lessened, but remained higher in these children than in normal peers. Behavioral and social problems were less pervasive than academic underachievement. There were no group differences, indicating that the duration of stimulant intervention did not have a significant effect on outcome. The clinical implication of this study is that the beneficial effects of stimulant drug intervention occur within the first months after initiation of therapy. Long-term treatment does not appear to be of value in producing better outcome.
Drift Velocities of Electrons in Argon, Nitrogen, and Argon-Nitrogen Mixtures

The drift velocities of electrons produced by polonium $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles in a parallel-plate ionization chamber have been measured for pure argon, pure nitrogen, and argon-nitrogen mixtures. The argon data agree with the results of other investigators using the same method, but disagree with those obtained from the pulsed x-ray method. The nitrogen data agree with the results published by early investigators.
Dynamic models and attainment in the workplace

Abstract The two most marked trends in recent stratification studies are: (1) the shift away from a statical approach to attainment and toward a dynamical representation of achievement, and (2) the shift away from the assumption that achievement is largely a matter of individual characteristics, and toward the view that achievement is the outcome of an employer-employee exchange of productive resources for earnings and status. This paper forges a link between these parallel trends by elaborating on previous formulations of dynamic models of achievement and applying the results to the analysis of earnings attainment in an internal labor market. The modeling section of the paper joins within a single framework the growing interest in ascertaining how a given structure of opportunity shapes achievement and in determining the different points in the career line at which individual background and resource variables impact attainment. Special attention is devoted to the problems facing researchers who wish to bring a dynamic conceptualization of achievement to cross-sectional or otherwise deficient data. Although the empirical application of the various models is largely meant to be illustrative, it is of interest in its own right because it goes substantially beyond previous efforts in this area.
VISIBLE LIGHT-CURABLE N-METHACRYLOYL GLUTAMIC ACID MODIFIED POLYELECTRO LYTES FOR USE IN DENTAL APPLICATIONS

The visible light-curable N-methacryloylglutamic acid (MGA) modified polymers (VLC MGA MPs), with the optimal molar ratio of 8:1:1 (acrylic acid: itaconic acid: MGA) in the copolymer backbone, were synthesized by a one pot reaction. The compressive strength (CS) was used as the initial basic screening property to determine the best graft ratio. A statistical design of experiment (DOE) technique was utilized to predict the optimal formulation for the VLC MGA MP with the best graft ratio based on the CS. The VLC MGA MPs were synthesized under the same reaction conditions, using a free-radical polymerization process to produce the copolymers, followed by grafting 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM) onto the copolymer backbone to form the VLC materials. Specimens were prepared by mixing the polymer solutions with the basic glass powders and their strength values were measured after the test specimens were conditioned in distilled water at 37°C for 7 days. In this study, polymer solutions containing VLC MGA M...
11.4.2 Applying SE Methods Achieves Project Success to Evaluate Hammer and Fixed Cutter Grinders Using Multiple Varieties and Moistures of Biomass Feedstock for Ethanol Production

Applying basic systems engineering (SE) tools to the mission analysis phases of a 2.5-million dollar biomass pre-processing project for the U.S. Department of Energy directly assisted the project principal investigator understand the complexity and identify the gaps of a moving-target project and capture the undefined technical/functional requirements and deliverables from the project team and industrial partners. A creative application of various SE tools by non-aerospace systems engineers developed an innovative “big picture” product that combined aspects of mission analysis with a project functional flow block diagram, providing immediate understanding of the depth and breath of the biomass preprocessing effort for all team members, customers, and industrial partners. The “big picture” diagram became the blue print to write the project test plan, and provided direction to bring the project back on track and achieve project success.
The Role of Temporal Variables in Inhibition Produced through Extinction

In two experiments with rats as subjects, the temporal characteristics of inhibition produced through extinction were investigated. Each experiment established two independent signals for unconditioned stimulus presentation, one trace and one delay. Following initial training, either the trace or the delay conditioned stimulus (CS) was massively extinguished. In Experiment 1, a summation test established that an extinguished delay CS (but not a neutral CS) passed a summation test with a delay, but not with a trace, transfer excitor, and an extinguished trace CS (but not a neutral CS) passed a summation test with a trace, but not with a delay, transfer excitor. In Experiment 2, a retardation test showed retarded behavioral control by an extinguished delay CS when the CS was retrained as a delay CS, but not as a trace CS, and by an extinguished trace CS when the CS was retrained as a trace CS, but not as a delay CS. The results are discussed in terms of contemporary theories of extinction.
Improved Design of Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease Trials through Cohort Enrichment and Surrogate Endpoints

Alzheimer's disease (AD) trials initiated during or before the prodrome are costly and lengthy because patients are enrolled long before clinical symptoms are apparent, when disease progression is slow. We hypothesized that design of such trials could be improved by: 1) selecting individuals at moderate near-term risk of progression to AD dementia (the current clinical standard) and 2) by using short-term surrogate endpoints that predict progression to AD dementia. We used a longitudinal cohort of older, initially non-demented, community-dwelling participants (n = 358) to derive selection criteria and surrogate endpoints and tested them in an independent national data set (n = 6,243). To identify a "mid-risk" subgroup, we applied conditional tree-based survival models to Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale scores and common neuropsychological tests. In the validation cohort, a time-to-AD dementia trial applying these mid-risk selection criteria to a pool of all non-demented individuals could achieve equivalent power with 47% fewer participants than enrolling at random from that pool. We evaluated surrogate endpoints measureable over two years of follow-up based on cross-validated concordance between predictions from Cox models and observed time to AD dementia. The best performing surrogate, rate of change in CDR sum-of-boxes, did not reduce the trial duration required for equivalent power using estimates from the validation cohort, but alternative surrogates with better ability to predict time to AD dementia should be able to do so. The approach tested here might improve efficiency of prodromal AD trials using other potential measures and could be generalized to other diseases with long prodromal phases.
Effect of biointerfacing linker chemistries on the sensitivity of silicon nanowires for protein detection.

Point-of-care diagnostics show promise in removing reliance on centralized lab testing facilities and may help increase both the survival rate for infectious diseases as well as monitoring of chronic illnesses. CMOS compatible diagnostic platforms are currently being considered as possible solutions as they can be easily miniaturized and can be cost-effective. Top-down fabricated silicon nanowires are a CMOS-compatible technology which have demonstrated high sensitivities in detecting biological analytes, such as proteins, DNA, and RNA. However, the reported response of nanowires to these analytes has varied widely since several different functionalization protocols have been attempted with little characterization and comparison. Here we report protocols for fabrication and functionalization of silicon nanowires which yield highly stable nanowires in aqueous solutions and limits of detection to ∼1 pg/mL of the model protein used in the study. A thorough characterization was done into optimizing the releas...
Program analysis using quantifier-elimination heuristics

Software is being employed for life-critical, safety-critical, infrastructure-critical and economically critical applications. Our daily lives rely heavily on proper functioning of software in gadgets we directly or indirectly use-airplanes, flight control, high speed trains, cars, cell-phones, medical devices and instruments, banks, and what not. Malfunctioning of a program can have very severe consequences-costing lives (e.g. Therac-25 [13], Patriot missile) and money (e.g. Ariane 5, malfunctioning of economic transactions, problems in stock exchanges) [14]. Validation and verification of software have become even more and more important. Given that full verification of software has been found increasingly difficult to achieve because of lack of rigorous and complete specifications on one hand as well as difficulty of verification systems/theorem provers to address the increasing complexity of software despite considerable advances in automated reasoning techniques, ensuring absence of various types of bugs becomes a critical first step in ensuring reliability.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment: what are the long-term cardiovascular risks?

Introduction: This drug safety review provides an update on the long-term cardiovascular risks of therapeutic stimulant class medication for children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Areas covered: Relevant literature on the long-term (defined as ≥ 12 months) cardiovascular effects of stimulant class medications for ADHD was sought using PubMed searches for clinical literature, epidemiological reports, as well as reviews of post-marketing data and clinical guidelines/consensus statements. Comparison was made to the non-stimulant atomoxetine.Expert opinion: Long-term cardiovascular risks of stimulants for healthy children and adults with ADHD are limited to minor mean elevations in blood pressure (≤ 7 mmHg) and heart rate (≤ 10 bpm). In a sizeable minority of individuals these elevations are greater and/or reach a clinical threshold. Subjective complaints may also be anticipated during long-term treatment, yet without an increase in serious cardiac outcomes above background r...
PV Output Power Smoothing Using Energy Capacitor System

Photovoltaic systems are being considered as one of the major sources of electrical energy for next decades. The cost of PV cells is decreasing more and more and this will help increase its penetration in power systems. One of the main issues of PV systems is their dependency on irradiance of the sun and temperature of the cells. As during day-time both these factors are changing continuously, the output power of PV cells would have considerable fluctuations that would not be acceptable in power systems with high penetration of PVs. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a system to smooth the output power of the PV using Energy Capacitor System. A case study for investigating the performance of the proposed configuration is simulated and results show that it can considerably smooth the output power of the PV system.
Dynamic-transmit focusing using time-dependent focal zone and center frequency

A method for achieving dynamic-transmit focus is presented. Within an initial high bandwidth pulse, successively higher frequencies are focused to successively closer focal zones along a transmitted beam line. During the receive operation, a time varying bandpass filter initially passes the higher frequencies that are focused closer in and successively passes lower center frequencies as time evolves and the focal zone moves out. The dynamically focused receive pulses are digitally sampled and processed by a matched digital filter to minimize phase anomalies. In this way, an improved resolution image is obtained with no loss of frame rate. The method is evaluated using comprehensive simulations that account for realistic levels of phase aberration and tissue attenuation. The method is relatively robust with respect to these perturbations. When the appropriate conditions apply, the new method can achieve an improvement in mean lateral resolution similar to that found in a multiple transmit zone implementation but without the frame rate penalty. A discussion of implementation considerations and limitations is presented.
Experimental Study and Modeling of Group Retrieval in Ants as an Approach to Collective Transport in Swarm Robotic Systems

Group food retrieval in some ant species serves as a useful paradigm for multirobot collective transport strategies that are decentralized, scalable, and do not require a priori information about the payload. We present a comprehensive overview of group retrieval in ants and investigate this phenomenon in Aphaenogaster cockerelli in order to extract the ants' roles during transport, the rules that govern their actions, and the individual forces that they apply to guide a food item to their nest. To measure these forces, we fabricated elastic structures with calibrated stiffness properties, induced ants to retrieve the structures, and tracked the resulting deformations with a camera. We then developed a hybrid system model of the ant behaviors that were observed in the experiments. We conducted simulations of the behavioral model that incorporate a quasi-static model of planar manipulation with compliant attachment points. Our simulations qualitatively replicate individual ant activity as well as certain macroscopic features of the transport.
The State of US Emergency Care: A Call to Action for Hospital Pharmacists

The recent publication of the Institute of Medicine/Board on Health Care Services reports on the future of emergency care in the US health system has identified the main limitations of the care provided by emergency departments (EDs). Increased development of ED pharmacy services and increased involvement of pharmacists in the ED can contribute to improvements in shortcomings identified in the report. Pharmacy training programs must take the initiative to incorporate emergency care into their curricula to meet the predicted increase in demand for ED pharmacists. Pharmacy associations, administrators, and ED practitioners must direct research on the impact of the pharmacist in the ED.
A cross-sectional analysis of orienting of visuospatial attention in child and adult carriers of the fragile X premutation

Fragile X premutation carriers (fXPCs) have an expansion of 55–200 CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene. Male fXPCs are at risk for developing a neurodegenerative motor disorder (fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS)) often accompanied by cognitive decline. Several broad domains are implicated as core systems of dysfunction in fXPCs, including perceptual processing of spatial information, orienting of attention to space, and inhibiting attention to irrelevant distractors. We tested whether orienting of spatial attention is impaired in fXPCs. Participants were fXPCs or healthy controls (HCs) asymptomatic for FXTAS. In experiment 1, they were male and female children and adults (aged 7–45 years). They oriented attention in response to volitional (endogenous) and reflexive (exogenous) cues. In experiment 2, the participants were men (aged 18–48 years). They oriented attention in an endogenous cueing task that manipulated the amount of information in the cue. In women, fXPCs exhibited slower reaction times than HCs in both the endogenous and exogenous conditions. In men, fXPCs exhibited slower reaction times than HCs in the exogenous condition and in the challenging endogenous cueing task with probabilistic cues. In children, fXPCs did not differ from HCs. Because adult fXPCs were slower even when controlling for psychomotor speed, results support the interpretation that a core dysfunction in fXPCs is the allocation of spatial attention, while perceptual processing and attention orienting are intact. These findings indicate the importance of considering age and sex when interpreting and generalizing studies of fXPCs.
Transgenic Expression of RecA of the Spirochetes Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia hermsii in Escherichia coli Revealed Differences in DNA Repair and Recombination Phenotypes

After unsuccessful attempts to recover a viable RecA-deficient mutant of the Lyme borreliosis agent Borrelia burgdorferi, we characterized the functional activities of RecA of B. burgdorferi, as well as RecA of the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii and the free-living spirochete Leptospira biflexa, in a recA mutant of Escherichia coli. As a control, E. coli RecA was expressed from the same plasmid vector. DNA damage repair activity was assessed after exposure of the transgenic cells to UV light or the radiomimetic chemicals methyl methanesulfonate and mitomycin C. Recombination activity in the cells was assessed by using an assay for homologous recombination between repeats in the chromosome and by measuring the ability of the cells to foster lytic growth by red gam mutant bacteriophage λ. Overall, we found that transgenic cells with recA genes of B. burgdorferi, B. hermsii, and L. biflexa had approximately equivalent activities in promoting homologous recombination in the lacZ duplication assay, but cells with B. burgdorferi recA and, most notably, B. hermsii recA were significantly less capable than cells with L. biflexa recA or E. coli recA in responding to DNA damage or in facilitating plaque formation in the phage assay. The comparatively poor function of Borrelia recA in the latter set of assays may be the consequence of impaired coordination in the loading of the transgenic RecA by RecBCD and/or RecFOR in E. coli.
Epidermal growth factor deficiency during pregnancy causes abortion in mice

The concentration of epidermal growth factor in the submandibular gland and plasma of female mice increased substantially during pregnancy. Pregestational sialoadenectomy (removal of the submandibular glands) attenuated the rise in plasma epidermal growth factor during gestation and reduced the number of mice completing a term pregnancy by approximately 50%. Epidermal growth factor replacement therapy given to these mice during pregnancy improved the outcome of complete pregnancy to 86%. The administration of anti-epidermal growth factor antiserum in a daily dose of 50 or 100 microliter to sialoadenectomized pregnant mice increased the percentages of abortion to 67 and 100, respectively. These results suggest that epidermal growth factor may be necessary for the normal course of pregnancy.
Nanocarbon-based gas sensors: progress and challenges

Novel materials based on nanocarbons (e.g., carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene) have attracted much attention as sensing elements in miniaturized, low-power consumption, and ubiquitous electronic gas sensors due to their unique structural and electronic properties. This highlight discusses some recent progress in the research on nanocarbon-based electronic gas sensors, including CNTs, graphene, and their composites (i.e., nanocarbon–nanocrystal hybrids), identifies the technological barriers that impair their commercialization, and presents an outlook of the challenges and opportunities for the use of nanocarbon-based materials in next generation gas sensors.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Compact Variability Modeling in Scaled CMOS Design

As CMOS technology is scaled down into the nanometer range, variation control becomes much more challenging, having a fundamental impact on all aspects of IC design. Although continual improvements in manufacturing processes are mitigating some of variability's negative effects, the semiconductor industry is starting to accept that some effects are better mitigated during the design phase. Handling variability in the design step will require accurate, consistent models of variability and its dependence on designable parameters, and of variability's spatial and temporal distributions. Such models are quite different from the "corner" models deployed thus far to model manufacturing variability. Consequently, the compact modeling of systematic, spatial, and random variations is essential to abstract the physical-level variations into a format that designers can use.
Variation in echocardiographic and cardiac hemodynamic effects of PM and ozone inhalation exposure in strains related to Nppa and Npr1 gene knock-out mice

Elevated levels of ambient co-pollutants are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes shown by epidemiology studies. The role of particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) as co-pollutants in this association is unclear. We hypothesize that cardiac function following PM and O3 exposure is variably affected by genetic determinants (Nppa and Npr1 genes) and age. Heart function was measured before and after 2 days each of the following exposure sequence; (1) 2-h filtered air (FA) and 3-h carbon black (CB; 0.5 µg/m3); (2) 2-h O3 (0.6 ppm) and 3-h FA; (3) 5-h FA; and, (4) 2-h O3 and 3-h CB. Two age groups (5 and 18 months old (mo)) were tested in C57Bl/6J (B6) and 129S1/SvImJ (129) mice using echocardiographic (echo) and in vivo hemodynamic (IVH) measurements. With echo, posterior wall thickness was significantly (P < 0.01) greater in 129 relative to B6 mice at baseline. With CB exposure, young B6 and older 129 mice show significant (P < 0.01) reductions in fractional shortening (FS) compared to FA. With O3...
Alumina-supported molybdenum phosphide hydroprocessing catalysts

Abstract Alumina-supported molybdenum phosphide hydroprocessing catalysts, MoP/ γ -Al 2 O 3 , with weight loadings from 3.5 to 39 wt% were prepared by temperature-programmed reduction of alumina-supported molybdenum phosphate precursors. The precursors were obtained by incipient wetness impregnation of the support with aqueous molar solutions of ammonium paramolybdate and ammonium phosphate (Mo/P=1/1). Effects of loading, reduction temperature, and heating rate on the catalysts were studied, and the samples were characterized by CO chemisorption, BET surface area, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Compared to the bulk MoP and MoP/SiO 2 systems (which are similar to one another), the MoP/ γ -Al 2 O 3 material showed different behavior. Whereas calcined bulk and silica-supported molybdenum phosphates form Mo–P amorphous glasses which reduce directly to MoP, for the alumina-supported phosphates at high loadings (e.g., 13 wt% MoP/ γ -Al 2 O 3 ), a MoO 3 component is visible which reduces sequentially with temperature to MoO 2 and Mo metal, and then transforms to MoP. The difference in behavior between these systems is attributed to the formation of a strongly bound amorphous phosphate surface layer on the alumina support. Alumina has a strong affinity for phosphates, and appears to initially abstract a substantial amount of phosphorus from the stoichiometric molybdenum phosphate mixture. The alumina then releases the phosphorus at high temperature, allowing it to recombine with Mo metal to form MoP and generating active sites. The MoP/ γ -Al 2 O 3 catalysts performed well in hydroprocessing of a simulated distillate containing dibenzothiophene and quinoline at conditions representative of industrial hydroprocessing (643 K, 3.1 MPa). For the 13 wt% sample the hydrodesulfurization conversion was 57% and hydrodenitrogenation conversion was 62%. Catalytic activity, based on equal chemisorption sites loaded in the reactor (70 μmol), was generally independent of the amount of MoP deposited on the alumina surface, independent of the presence of X-ray visible molybdenum phases, and was associated with a relatively high temperature reduction peak found at all loading levels of MoP/Al 2 O 3 but not in bulk MoP. We conclude that the high-temperature peak gives rise to highly dispersed MoP which is responsible for the bulk of the CO titration sites and the catalytic activity, and that the large MoP particles visible by XRD make smaller contributions.
Desiccant Dusts Synergize the Effect of Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) on Stored-Grain Beetles

Diatomaceous earth (DE) is a desiccant insecticide and most efficacious in low humidity. It acts on insect cuticle by absorbing lipids, and perhaps by cuticular abrasion. Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, an entomopathogenic fungus, is most efficacious in high humidity and has a complex interaction with cuticular lipids. Interaction between these materials may enhance insect control performance. Assays with stored-grain beetles were conducted with B. bassiana at rates of 11, 33, 100, and 300 mg of conidia per kilogram of grain with and without single rates of DE that killed 10% or less of the target beetles. The assays revealed synergism in effects on adult Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) at all doses. There was statistically significant synergism for adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and larval R. dominica but at only one B. bassiana rate for each target. Both amorphous silicon dioxide, a sorptive dust, and diamond dust, an abrasive, showed synergistic interaction with B. bassiana on adult R. dominica. These results may provide a basis for a least-toxic approach to control of stored-product beetles and for efficacy-enhancing formulation of entomopathogenic fungi.
The Primary Mental Ability

My intent in this paper is to bring up to date a discussion of correlational models in intelligence which I started in the American Psychologist in 1962 to provide data concerning the importance of general intelligence, and in the end to renew my support for the approach to definition and theory of Godfrey Thomson (1919).
Limitations to Dynamic Seeding of North Dakota Summer Clouds

During the summer of 1981 cumulus clouds in North Dakota were unlikely candidates for dynamic seeding. Ice particle concentrations were well below 100/l in feeder type clouds associated with seeded convective storms. Comparisons of aircraft measurements and the output from a one dimensional steady state cloud model were also made.
How to evaluate a child following a first seizure

Following a first epileptic phenomenon in a child, detailed history-taking, age at onset and complete clinical examination are essential. Previously experienced paroxysmal episodes may correspond to undiagnosed seizures. It is important to inquire about the existence of subjective sensations preceding or initiating attacks, about postictal phenomena such as confusion or drowsiness and about the circumstances of occurence of the seizures. Clinical examination should look for any neurological signs, cutaneous stigmata or dysmorphic features. Parents should be asked about any recent changes in behaviour or school performances. Interictal, and eventually ictal, EEG data must be interpreted within the general neurological context. In the majority of cases, careful analysis of all the above mentionned data leads to a diagnostic hypothesis on the type(s) of seizures and, sometimes, on the epilepsy syndrome. Indications for further investigations, including MRI, will be discussed on the basis of a precise hypothesis. Treatment with antiepileptic drugs should not usually be started at the first seizure, with the exception of some epilepsy syndromes characterized by regular seizure relapse.
α-1,4 Glucosidase activity in Pompe's disease

α-1,4 Glucosidase (α-glu) has been shown to be absent in cultivated amniotic fluid cells (AFC), fibroblasts (FIB) and liver (LIV) of patients with Pompe's disease. In contrast, α-glu is present in the kidney (KID) and amniotic fluid (AF) of these patients. In an attempt to explain these differences, properties of α-glu including pH optima, turanose inhibition and heat inactivation were studied in controls (C) and Pompe's (P). The results are as follows: No α-glu activity could be demonstrated in urine or maternal serum. α-glu in amnion had properties identical with FIB and LIV enzyme. Upon differential centrifugation of the cell-free amniotic fluid, cells and tissues, α-glu was found primarily in the 25,000 × g fraction. These data clearly indicate that the α-glu present in AFC, FIB and LIV have identical properties which are distinctly different from the α-glu in AF and KID. The α-glu in AF differs from that found in KID in its greater heat lability. These studies fail to identify the origin of the α-glu in amniotic fluid. The diagnosis of Pompe's disease in utero must rest on the demonstration of the α-glu deficiency in amniotic fluid cells.
Iodine salt monitoring result analysis in Lin′an

Objective:To investigate the edible iodized salt condition of our city′s residents to find the problem promptly and take the relevant intervention measures and provide the scientific basis for further consolidation of prevention achievement,strengthening and improving the sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency disease.Methods:According to "Zhejiang Province Iodized salt Monitor Executive regulation",the random selective examination has been carried out on the salt industry wholesale businesses and resident families.Direct titrimetric method in GB/T13025.7-1999 "Salt-making Industry General Testing method Iodine Ion Determination" has been used to carry out the quantitative determination.Results:Between 2004 and 2008,the rate of qualified iodized salt in salt industry wholesale businesses is 100.0%,with the salty iodine average value being 31.7 mg/kg;the rate of qualified iodized salt in resident families is 98.5%,with the salty iodine average value being 31.1 mg/kg,the coverage rate of the iodized salt is 97.6%,and the edible rate of qualified iodized salt is 96.3%.Conclusion:The rate of qualified iodized salt,the coverage rate of the iodized salt,and the edible rate of the qualified iodized salt are all above 90%,reaching the standard of the sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency disease.
The Matter of Disability.

By ruling out questions of impairment from the social critique of disability, Disability Studies (DS) analyses establish a limit point in the field. Of course the setting of "limits" enables possibilities in multiple directions as well as fortifies boundaries of refusal. For instance, impairment (the biological conditions of an organism's inefficient attachment to the world) becomes in DS simultaneously a productive refusal to interpret disabled bodies as inferior to non-disabled bodies (i.e. pathologized) and a bar to thinking through more active engagements with disability as materiality. Disability materiality such as conditions produced by ecological toxicities serve as active switch-points for creative corporeal navigations of the interaction between bodies and environments.In fact in this paper we want to propose a more "lively" definition of disability materiality to existing definitions of impairment as limiting expressions of non-normative bodies. We have no useful ways of explaining disability as adaptation and it's time we begin the process of theorizing more active ideas of materiality that extend existing ideas of disability beyond simplistic conceptions of socially rejected biologies made available by social constructivist thought.
Clinical Diagnosis of Gout Without Joint Aspirate.

Gout is ideally diagnosed through identification of characteristic negatively birefringent crystals under polarized light microscopy in fluid aspirated from end-organ deposits, typically from a joint. However, fewer than 10% of patients with gout see a rheumatologist, and most cases of gout are diagnosed in the primary care setting based on signs, symptoms, and serum uric acid level. But how accurate is a clinical diagnosis, and can it be done better?
The Four Needs for Meaning, the Value Gap, and How (and Whether) Society Can Fill the Void

We present four needs for meaning that humans seek to fulfill in order to view their lives as meaningful – purpose, value justification, self-efficacy, and self-worth. We discuss the shift in sources of meaning, arguing that the erosion of the societal influence of religion – traditionally the central source for meaning in people’s lives – has led to a value gap which modern society has attempted to fill. The successes and failures society has encountered in this attempt are discussed. Lastly, we discuss the consequences this value gap may have for society moving forward.
Association between lifestyle, menstrual/reproductive history, and histological factors and risk of breast cancer in women biopsied for benign breast disease

The third category for extent of involution in Table 4 was published incorrectly in the original publication. The correct classification is ≥ 75% and the corrected Table 4 is given in the Correction article.
The Orphan of Zhao and Other Yuan Plays: The Earliest Known Versions

Five years after Monks, Lovers and Immortals: Eleven Early Chinese Plays (2010) came off the press, I was pleasantly surprised to see another anthology of premodern Chinese drama by Professors Step...
The Effects of Active Videogame Feedback and Practicing Experience on Children's Physical Activity Intensity and Enjoyment.

Abstract Objective: The study aims to explore the effects of receiving active videogame (AVG) feedback and playing experience on individuals' moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and perce...
A low-carbohydrate survey: Evidence for sustainable metabolic syndrome reversal

Background: Metabolic syndrome has become a significant problem, with the American Diabetes Association estimating the cost of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the United States alone to be $322 billion per year. Numerous clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of low-carbohydrate diets in reversing metabolic syndrome and its associated disorders. Aim: This study was designed to examine how voluntary adherents to a low-carbohydrate diet rate its effectiveness and sustainability using an online survey. Setting and methods: The 57-question survey was administered online and shared internationally via social media and ‘low-carb’ communities. Where appropriate, chi-squared tests and paired t -tests were used to analyse the responses. Results: There were 1580 respondents. The majority of respondents had consumed less than 100 g of carbohydrates per day for over a year, typically for reasons of weight loss or disease management. There was a reported decrease in waist circumference and weight with a simultaneous decrease in hunger and increase in energy level. Of those who provided laboratory values, the majority saw improvements in their HbA1c, blood glucose measurements, and lipid panel results. There was a reduction in usage of various medications, and 25% reported medication cost savings, with average monthly savings of $288 for those respondents. In particular, the usage of pain relievers and anti-inflammatories dropped with a simultaneous decreased rating of pain and increase in mobility. Conclusion: We conclude that low-carbohydrate diets are a sustainable method of metabolic syndrome reversal in a community setting.
Elastic scattering of 9 Li and 11 Li from 12 C at 50 MeV per nucleon

The elastic scattering of ${}^{9}\mathrm{Li}{+}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and ${}^{11}\mathrm{Li}{+}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ has been measured at an incident energy of 50 MeV per nucleon over the angular range from 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the center-of-momentum frame. The elastic and inelastic reaction channels were cleanly separated in the critical forward-angle region where a predicted nearside/far-side interference minimum should be observed. The angular distributions obtained in this experiment are consistent with existing quasielastic measurements at 60 MeV per nucleon. In particular, the ${}^{9}\mathrm{Li}$ data display the interference minimum, while it is absent for ${}^{11}\mathrm{Li}.$ This difference is shown to occur in the elastic channel, and the results are discussed in terms of strongly enhanced surface refraction in the ${}^{11}\mathrm{Li}$ case.
Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification for smart materials and adaptive structures (Conference Presentation)

This presentation will focus on concepts pertaining to sensitivity analysis (SA) and uncertainty quantification (UQ) for smart materials and adaptive structures. Pertinent issues are first illustrated in the context of applications utilizing piezoelectric and shape memory alloy actuators, finite-deformation viscoelastic models, x-ray crystallography, and quantum-informed continuum models. This will demonstrate that the basic UQ goal is to ascertain uncertainties inherent to parameters, initial and boundary conditions, experimental data, and models themselves to make predictions with improved and quantified accuracy. The use of data, to improve the predictive accuracy of models, is central to uncertainty quantification so it is natural to next provide an overview of how Bayesian techniques can be used to construct distributions for model inputs. The discussion will subsequently focus on computational techniques to propagate these distributions through complex models to construct prediction intervals for statistical quantities of interest such as expected stresses in viscoelastic materials, displacements in macro-fiber composites, and strains in SMA tendons. The use of sensitivity analysis to isolate critical model inputs and reduce model complexity is synergistic with uncertainty quantification and will be discussed next. The presentation will conclude with discussion detailing how uncertainty quantification can be used to improve robust control designs for smart material systems.
The Epistemology of Development, Evolution, and Genetics

Collected for the first time in a single volume are essays which examine the developments in three fundamental biological disciplines - embryology, evolutionary biology, and genetics. These disciplines were in conflict for much of the twentieth century and the essays in this collection examine key methodological problems within these disciplines and the difficulties faced in overcoming the conflicts between them. Burian skilfully weaves together historical appreciation of the settings within which scientists work, substantial knowledge of the biological problems at stake and the methodological and philosophical issues faced in integrating biological knowledge drawn from disparate sources. The final chapter describes what recent findings in development biology and genetics can tell us about the history and development of animals. Written in a clear, accessible style this collection should appeal to students and professionals in philosophy of science, and the philosophy and history of biology.
Remodeling of skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteome with high-fat diet involves greater changes to β-oxidation than electron transfer proteins in mice

Excess fat intake can increase lipid oxidation and expression of mitochondrial proteins, indicating remodeling of the mitochondrial proteome. Yet intermediates of lipid oxidation also accumulate, i...
Tiling a Torus: Cutting a Cake

We devote this chapter to some recent results on a pair of fairly well-known problems of recreational mathematics that have been around for quite a while. The first is the problem of tiling surfaces by unequal squares, the second that of devising fair procedures for dividing a cake. The results on tiling are rather definitive, whereas the work on cake-cutting is still in a rather formative stage.