cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validity of the WST and the WST-Q in children with spina bifida: a pilot project

AbstractObjective: To begin exploring use of the manual wheelchair versions of the Wheelchair Skills Test (WST) and the Wheelchair Skills Test-Questionnaire (WST-Q) in children with spina bifida wh...
Mitigation of variable seasonal productivity in algae biomass through blending and ensiling: An assessment of compositional changes in storage

Abstract Microalgae biomass has gained considerable attention in recent years as an attractive feedstock for biofuel production. However, seasonal variability in algae growth presents a challenge to delivering a consistent feedstock supply to a conversion facility. Drying is one approach to preserving algae produced in productive summer months for conversion in winter, but is energy intensive and costly. Ensiling is an alternative to drying that preserves algae in wet anaerobic conditions in the presence of organic acids. We have previously demonstrated that dry matter loss of algae:corn stover blends can be limited to 8% over 35 days using this approach. However, longer storage durations will be required to maintain a consistent feedstock supply to a biorefinery. Furthermore, the impacts to biomass quality that occur during storage are unknown. A Box-Behnken design of experiment was conducted to determine the influence of moisture, soluble sugar, and algae content on dry matter loss of algae:corn stover blends in wet anaerobic storage over a 30-day period. Using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) moisture and soluble sugar content were found to significantly affect dry matter loss in storage. The results of experimental design were then used to inform the initiation of a 180 day storage study that evaluated the storage performance and biomass composition of algae:corn stover blends containing 5, 20 or 40% algae. After 180 days of storage dry matter loss ranged from 6 to 17%. A relative increase in nitrogen content of stored blends indicates that protein content was unaffected by storage, while the carbohydrate fraction was most impacted, decreasing by 5–15%. For each stored blend the oxygen content decreased in storage resulting increased higher heating values (HHV). The impact that changes to biochemical and elemental composition of algae:corn stover blends has on biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals is discussed.
Integrative environmental modeling of soil carbon fractions based on a new latent variable model approach.

Abstract Soil-environmental correlation has been extensively studied as a cost-effective method for regional-scale soil attribute modeling. However, the limitations of commonly used statistical methods in soil-factorial modeling entail multicollinearity in bigdata soil-factorial prediction data and mixed type of soil-environmental variables (categorical and continuous). Both of these shortcomings were addressed resulting in a new soil-factorial modeling approach. The objective of this study was to develop a novel statistical technique for factorial modeling of topsoil soil total (TC), organic (SOC), recalcitrant (RC), moderately-available (MC), and hot-water extractable carbon (HC) in Florida. This article introduced a two-step regression technique (2Step-R) combining linear regressions (i.e., Ridge Regression—RR and Bayesian Linear Regression) and latent variable models (i.e., Partial Least Squares Regression—PLSR and Sparse Bayesian Infinite Factor—SBIF) for the integration of mixed type soil-environmental datasets. Results of this research showed the new technique capabilities to derive acceptable models for TC, SOC, RC, and MC predictions (R2 > 0.65; residual prediction deviation, RPD > 1.6), but fair for HC prediction (R2 ≤ 0.60; RPD ≤ 1.6). This novel method improved TC, SOC, and MC prediction accuracies compared with standard PLSR and RR methods. In conclusion, the new modeling approach that incorporates categorical along with continuous soil-environmental predictor variables in latent variable models has profound potential to improve soil attribute predictions in other regions.
Glucocorticoid Receptor Polymorphisms in Children Undergoing Congenital Heart Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

We conducted a candidate gene association study to test the hypothesis that different gene polymorphisms will be associated with corticosteroid responsiveness and study outcomes among children undergoing congenital heart surgery. This is a prospective observational cohort study at a large, tertiary pediatric cardiac center on children undergoing corrective or palliative congenital heart surgery. A total of 83 children were enrolled. DNA was isolated for three polymorphisms of interest namely N363 (rs56149945) and 9β (rs6198) associated with increased sensitivity to corticosteroids and BclI (rs41423247) associated with decreased sensitivity to corticosteroids. Duration of inotropic use, low cardiac output scores (LCOS), and vasoactive inotrope scores were examined in relation to these three polymorphisms. Using Kaplan–Meier analysis, heterozygous individuals showed longer transcriptional intermediary factor (TIF) compared with wild type for N363 polymorphism (p = 0.05). In multivariable Cox regression, heterozygous alleles for 9β polymorphism showed significantly shorter TIF compared with wild type (hazard ratio = 2.04 [1.08–3.87], p = 0.03). The relationship between lower LCOS scores and alleles groups was significant for 9β heterozygous polymorphism only (1.5 [1–2.2], p = 0.01) in comparison to wild type and homozygous. The presence of heterozygote alleles for the increased corticosteroid sensitivity is associated with longer TIF compared with wild type. Conversely, the presence of heterozygous alleles for the decreased sensitivity to corticosteroids is associated with shorter TIF compared with wild type.
Severe Covid-19

Key Clinical Points Evaluation and Management of Severe Covid-19 Patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) may become critically ill with acute respiratory distress syndrome that typ...
Study on the incidence of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and its influencing factors in Fujian province,2008-2011

儿童服用脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗(OPV)后有可能发生疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰(VAPP)病例,虽然发生率极低,但随着OPV大量使用,在无脊灰国家和地区,VAPP的重要性日渐凸显,因此对VAPP的发生及其影响因素研究日益重要[1].本研究通过免疫规划监测信息管理系统福建省2008-2011年OPV常规免疫以及历年强化免疫/查漏补种OPV数据估算VAPP发生率,并对2004-2011年急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测系统病例资料进行分析,探讨VAPP发生的影响因素. 关键词：脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗;疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎;影响因素
Traveller in one’s own land: Reverse movements in migritude literature

Migritude literature focuses predominantly on migration from the global south to the countries of Europe and North America and the everyday life forged in these new contexts. The lived experience o...
The ethics of rebuilding our country’s surgical platform after a pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has shaken the foundation of our healthcare system. One of the most dramatic consequences is the postponement of elective surgical procedures, which has led to significant financial stress. As institutions plan to reintegrate their surgical case backlog back into the operating room, there are many factors to consider. Now, more than ever, efficiency and cost-savings must be considered, but these factors must not overshadow the commitment to caring for our patients and communities.
Topological and symmetry-enriched random quantum critical points

Topological phases represent a pillar of modern condensed matter physics. While gapped topological systems have been studied extensively, gapless topological materials represent an exciting, largely unexplored area. Here, the authors show that symmetry can enrich random quantum critical points and phases. They uncover a class of gapless topological phases, protected by symmetry and robust to strong randomness. Some of these phases can be realized in nonequilibrium states stabilized by many-body localization. They also appear naturally in periodically driven (Floquet) systems.
Integrated Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Treatment-Induced Epigenetic Homogenization

Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) constitute one-sixth of invasive female breast cancer cases and are the most likely to develop resistance to treatment via genetic and/or epigenetic adaptation into drug tolerant persister (DTP) states. We applied single-cell ATAC-seq and RNA-seq to characterize the dynamic regulatory and transcriptional landscape in five basal-like TNBC cell lines in response to the MEK inhibitor Trametinib. We observed surprisingly few shared changes between lines, indicating substantial heterogeneity in the emergence of DTP states. However, we identified a shift toward a common state based on the novel observation of the preferential loss of cell line-specific regulatory elements and gene expression. Integration of the two modalities enabled a granular dissection of dynamic regulatory mechanisms, which revealed highly context-dependent roles of regulatory elements. This work highlights the heterogeneity of response, yet suggests homogenization occurs in the form of the preferential loss of epigenetic configurations unique to each BCCL.
Structural Overdelegation in Criminal Procedure

In function, if not in form, criminal procedure is a type of delegation. It requires courts to select constitutional objectives, and to decide how much discretionary authority to allocate to law enforcement officials in order to implement those objectives. By recognizing this process for what it is, this Article identifies a previously unseen phenomenon that inheres in the structure of criminal procedure decision-making.Criminal procedure’s decision-making structure, this Article argues, pressures the Supreme Court to delegate more discretionary authority to law enforcement officials than the Court’s constitutional objectives can justify. By definition, this systematic “overdelegation” does not result from the Supreme Court’s hostility to protecting criminal procedure rights. Instead, it arises from a set of institutional pressures that, in combination, differentiate criminal procedure from other forms of constitutional decision-making. By identifying the problem of structural overdelegation, this Article clears away much of the confusion that complicates normative debates about the Supreme Court’s criminal procedure decisions. Why does the Supreme Court so frequently grant discretionary authority to law enforcement institutions that other observers find untrustworthy? How can one tell whether the Court has granted “too much” discretion to law enforcement officials, and what does that phrase even mean? By turning attention to criminal procedure’s structure, this Article offers a framework for answering these questions, and for deepening our understanding of criminal procedure decision-making.
Global Opportunity Index 2020 : Focus on the GCC Countries

Saudi Arabia’s presidency of the 2020 G20 and the Expo 2020 in Dubai offer a unique opportunity to showcase the region’s ongoing efforts to attract international investments. This report uses the Global Opportunity Index and its different categories to assess the region’s improvements in 2019. More specifically, it compares the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries' performances to those of a reference group, the upper-middle-income countries. The analysis provides a better understanding of the countries' economic development and readiness to welcome a more diversified pool of international investors. The GCC countries align with the upper-middle-income group performance in the cost of starting a business, the burden of labor regulation and taxes, the age and health of the working population, the efficiency of the legal system, and access to financial services and financial depth of the economy. However, their performance lags in four categories that affect foreign investors' potential interest in the region: • Protection of the investor, including the recovery and resolution process and investors’ rights • Transparency regarding the quality and quantity of information that can be easily collected from the public and private sectors • Workforce talent, including the qualifications of the labor force and its diversity • Economic openness, including trade agreements and tariffs All of these categories are important. Yet, prioritizing the first two points would reassure investors as they relate directly to the rule of law — to their ability to recover part of their investment and to assess the quality of their investment. It would help diversify the pool of investors away from the local ones. Ultimately, it could also help diversify the economy away from oil.
Waitlist and Post-Heart Transplant Outcomes for Children with Kawasaki Disease in the United States.

We evaluated waitlist and post-heart transplant outcomes for children with Kawasaki disease and found that over 3 decades the number of patients requiring heart transplantation in the US is low. Also, patients with Kawasaki disease have similar waitlist and post-transplant outcomes compared with patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.
A Minireview on Temperature Dependent Protein Conformational Sampling.

In this minireview we discuss the role of the more subtle conformational change—protein conformational sampling and connect it to the classic relationship of protein structure and function. The theory of pre-existing functional states of protein are discussed in context of alternate protein conformational sampling. Last, we discuss how temperature, ligand binding and mutations affect the protein conformational sampling mode which is linked to the protein function regulation. The review includes several protein systems that showed temperature dependent protein conformational sampling. We also specifically included two enzyme systems, thermophilic alcohol dehydrogenase (ht-ADH) and thermolysin which we previously studied when discussing temperature dependent protein conformational sampling.
Improvement in dyspareunia after vaginal mesh removal measured by a validated questionnaire

The objective was to examine the effect of the surgical removal of vaginally placed prolapse and incontinence mesh on sexual function. We hypothesize that patients with painful complications of mesh will experience improvement in dyspareunia and sexual function after mesh removal. The eligible cohort consisted of 133 women who presented with a new onset of pain attributed to mesh-augmented incontinence or prolapse surgery and who elected to undergo mesh removal between 1 August 2012 and 1 July 2013. Sexual function symptoms were assessed before and after mesh removal surgery using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence Sexual Function Questionnaire short form (PISQ-12). Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of improvement in dyspareunia. Ninety-four patients undergoing mesh removal completed a pre-operative questionnaire, 63 of whom also completed a post-operative questionnaire. After mesh removal, there was a nearly 50% reduction in the proportion of women reporting always experiencing post-operative pain with intercourse among those experiencing pre-operative pain. There was a statistically significant quantitative improvement in pain with intercourse after mesh removal based on mean change score of PISQ-12 question 5 “How often do you experience pain with intercourse?”. In multivariate analysis, only history of vaginal delivery was associated with symptom improvement. Removal of transvaginal prolapse mesh is associated with improvement in self-reported dyspareunia based on a standardized question on a validated instrument in a small cohort of women. Although larger studies are needed to confirm the relationship between mesh-augmented surgeries and post-procedural dyspareunia, these data suggest that consideration of mesh removal is a reasonable step for patients with painful intercourse attributed to mesh-augmented prolapse and incontinence surgeries.
Irreducible actions

Subdirectly irreducible acts and finitely subdirectly irreducible acts are characterized, for acts over a commutative semigroup that satisfy finiteness conditions.
Optimal allocation of computational resources in hydrogeological models under uncertainty

Abstract Flow and transport models in heterogeneous geological formations are usually large-scale with excessive computational complexity and uncertain characteristics. Uncertainty quantification for predicting subsurface flow and transport often entails utilizing a numerical Monte Carlo framework, which repeatedly simulates the model according to a random field parameter representing hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer. The physical resolution (e.g. spatial grid resolution) for the simulation is customarily chosen based on recommendations in the literature, independent of the number of Monte Carlo realizations. This practice may lead to either excessive computational burden or inaccurate solutions. We develop an optimization-based methodology that considers the trade-off between the following conflicting objectives: time associated with computational costs, statistical convergence of the model prediction and physical errors corresponding to numerical grid resolution. Computational resources are allocated by considering the overall error based on a joint statistical–numerical analysis and optimizing the error model subject to a given computational constraint. The derived expression for the overall error explicitly takes into account the joint dependence between the discretization error of the physical space and the statistical error associated with Monte Carlo realizations. The performance of the framework is tested against computationally extensive simulations of flow and transport in spatially heterogeneous aquifers. Results show that modelers can achieve optimum physical and statistical resolutions while keeping a minimum error for a given computational time. The physical and statistical resolutions obtained through our analysis yield lower computational costs when compared to the results obtained with prevalent recommendations in the literature. Lastly, we highlight the significance of the geometrical characteristics of the contaminant source zone on the optimum physical and statistical resolutions.
Faculty Peer Evaluations: A Synergistic Administrative Tool

It is essential that effective techniques of performance evaluat)on be advanced to guide, reward, motivate and develop faculty if higher education is to optimize the value it adds to the economy.
Gender Differences in the Drinking Patterns of American and Hong Kong Adolescents

Semi-structured interviews were conducted among approximately 100 high school students each in Hong Kong and one small mid-western town in the United States. We intended 1) to examine differences between the two cultures in sociocultural factors affecting the students' first drinking experience, their drinking levels, and definitions of alcohol use; and 2) to see whether gender, differences in addition to cultural differences, influence the above variables and associations among these variables. As expected, American adolescents are more likely than Hong Kong adolescents to drink, to drink more frequently, and to drink higher quantities. Hong Kong adolescents tended to take their first drink earlier than U.S. adolescents. However, an association between early and later drinking present in the U.S. sample, was not found in the Hong Kong one. Definitions of alcohol use were influential in determining drinking levels. The data also show that gender differences in drinking levels and the social processes leading to alcohol use are more pronounced in the U.S. than in Hong Kong.
The Never-Ending Revival: Rounder Records and the Folk Alliance

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Michael F. Scully Year: 2008 Pages: 288 Publisher: University of Illinois Press ISBN: 978-0-252-03333-9 (hard cover). Prices: $40.00 USD(hard cover).
Coupling of ATP-sensitive K+ channels to A1 receptors by G proteins in rat ventricular myocytes.

ATP-sensitive K+ (K+[ATP]) current is thought to be regulated by GTP-binding proteins (G proteins), but the pathways that couple receptor, G protein, and channel have not been defined. We studied r...
Life Before Earth

Abstract Moore's law is an empirical observation that the complexity of computer chips measured by the number of transistors doubles every 18–24 months. Because there is similarity between the evolution of human technology and living organisms, it is intriguing if an exponential increase in complexity can be found in the biological evolution. Functional complexity of organisms can be roughly approximated by the size of the nonredundant functional genome. It appears that genome complexity increased nearly exponentially and doubled in size every 340 million years. Several positive feedback mechanisms including gene cooperation and duplication with subsequent specialization may have caused the exponential growth. An extrapolation of this trend to earlier times suggests that life originated 9.7 ± 2.7 billion years ago, assuming that life started from systems with simple heritable molecules that are functionally equivalent to a nucleotide or coenzyme. The common assumption that life began on Earth may be one of our last anthropocentrisms. This cosmic time scale for the evolution of life has important consequences: (1) Earth was likely seeded by panspermia (but not by directed panspermia as Crick suggested); (2) life took ca. 5 billion years to reach the complexity of bacteria; (3) experimental replication of the origin of life from scratch may have to emulate many cumulative rare events; (4) the environments in which life originated and evolved initially may have been quite different from those envisaged on Earth; and (5) the Drake equation for predicting the number of civilizations in the universe is likely wrong, as intelligent life has just begun appearing in our universe. Evolution of advanced organisms has accelerated via development of additional information-processing systems: epigenetic memory, continuing differentiation, primitive mind, multicellular brain, language, books, computers, and Internet. These higher-level systems are characterized by much faster rates of complexity increase as compared to genome complexity. Finally, we discuss the issue of the predicted “technological singularity” and give a biosemiotics perspective on the increase of life's complexity.
Contemporary philosophy of religion: Issues and approaches

The following essays are presented in celebration of the publication of the fiftieth volume of theInternational Journal for the Philosophy of Religion.Since the publication of the first volume in 1970, there has emerged a new era in western philosophy of religion characterized by pluralism in content and method.* Some philosophers identify themselves as traditional theists, often returning to their roots in medieval philosophy. Others seek either to recon­struct the God of classical theism or in some cases leave it behind altogether. Persons often associate the first with Anglo-American or analytic approaches to the philosophy of religion and the latter with Continental or phenomeno­logical approaches to philosophy of religion. There is some justification for this. It is not unusual to see the work of a contemporary analytic philosopher of religion begin with the declaration that by God he or she means the God of classical theism. By contrast the work of a philosopher of religion in the phenomenological tradition may begin with the declaration that theism in its traditional form has lost its credibility.
Emotional distress and coping with a stressful relationship in adolescent boys.

Abstract The purpose of this analysis was to investigate relationships between emotional distress in middle and late adolescent boys and the strategies they use to cope with a stressful relationship. The sample of 130 boys was surveyed using the Personal Stress Inventory to assess emotional distress, the Jalowiec Coping Scale, and a demographics questionnaire. Parent was the most frequently reported stressful relationship, followed by girlfriend. Adolescents used more problem-oriented coping (POC) than affective-oriented coping (AOC). AOC was a better predictor than was POC of emotional distress and predicted 56% of the variance in emotional distress scores. The findings provide nurses with information for identifying middle and late adolescent boys who are at risk for emotional distress.
Excitation of Nearly Steady Finite-Amplitude Barotropic Waves

An exact nonlinear stationary solution is obtained for barotropic waves in a beta-plane channel and it is shown that it can be excited under a range of initial conditions. Results show that a finite-amplitude wave in a constant shear flow, given an initial phase tilt against the shear and a sufficient initial amplitude, interacts with the mean flow to produce a nearly steady state close to the exact stationary solution. This equilibration process involves nonlinear transients; in particular, as the flow equilibrates, the emergence of critical levels is accompanied by the neutralization of local mean vorticity gradients at these levels, thus allowing the solution to attain a nonsingular modal structure.
The Drivers of Foreign R&D Investment in China

ABSTRACT Many western firms are increasing the amount of direct investment in Research and Development (R&D) facilities in China. The surprising growth in R&D in China has led to the development of three new models of R&D. Two of these models can be viewed as variations or combinations of traditional models. However, one model is new in that it focuses solely on the Chinese market and can cause the change of worldwide R&D. These new models leverage China's market and it's wealth of skilled researchers. Companies must be aware of these models to make the best use of their R&D investments. However, they should also be aware that some aspect of these models are feasible in China only due to its unique market and are not readily usable in other countries.
The classical su(2) invariance of the su(2) q -invariant XXZ spin chain

The XXZ spin-chain Hamiltonian has been constructed to be su(2) q -invariant, but naively does not appear to be su(2)-invariant. However, using recently discovered deforming maps between representations of su(2) q and corresponding representations of su(2), we prove a theorem which states that if a Hamiltonian is su(2) q -invariant, it is also su(2)-invariant. The theorem generalizes to any quantized Lie algebra.
Inhibition of cutaneous contact hypersensitivity by calcium transport inhibitors lanthanum and diltiazem

Abstract Epidermal Langerhans cells (ELC) are bone marrow-derived immune cells that are important in allergic contact dermatitis. We examined the influence of calcium transport inhibitors, lanthanum and diltiazem hydrochloride, on allergic contact dermatitis induced by 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) in BALB/c mice. Systemic lanthanum at a dose of 0.08 mg/kg and topical lanthanum (50μ1 of 10% solution) were given 5 d before DNCB sensitization. Systemic diltiazem (30 mg/kg per dy) was given for 3 d during sensitization with DNCB. In all animals, challenge with topical DNCB to the ear skin was performed 5 d after sensitization and ear swelling was measured. Twenty four hours post-DNCB challenge, animals receiving systemic lanthanum demonstrated a 56% decrease in contact hypersensitivity (ear swelling) compared with non-lanthanum-treated animals (0.08 ± 0.03 mm vs 0.18 mm ± 0.02 mm, p p p p
SURFACTANT RELEASE FROM ISOLATED TYPE II EPITHELIAL CELLS: ROLE OF MICROFILAMENTS (ACTIN)

Alteration of cytoskeletal elements of secretory cells is associated with exocytosis, presumably by regulating microfilament (actin) and microtubule structure and function. We used cytochalasins (to promote microfilament depolymerization), rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin and fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibodies against actin and tubulin to partially characterize the role of the cytoskeleton in surfactant secretion by Type II epithelial cells in primary culture. Surfactant pools were prelabeled with 3H-choline to follow release of tritiated phosphatidyl choline (3H-PC). Cytochalasins A,B,C, and D enhanced release 2-3-fold, EC50 of 1,1,.5, and .1 uM, respectively, but did not enhance cytosolic cyclic AMP levels. Only A caused significant cytotoxicity as determined by release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase. Dose response of 3H-PC release by C and D was biphasic (maximum response, 1.0-0.5 uM) decreasing toward control levels >luM. D caused release by 1 hr and progressively increased release up to 3 hr. D-induced release was additive to that induced by terbutaline and forskolin. By fluorescent labeling, microfilaments were associated with lamellar bodies and D caused a change in cell morphology and microfilament/microtubule structure. Cytochalasin-induced release of 3H-PC is independent of cyclic AMP synthesis and is associated with alterations in cell morphology and organization of the cytoskeleton associated with lamellar bodies, further supporting the role of the cytoskeleton in surfactant release.
AT2 Receptor and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation in Vascular Development

The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor is transiently expressed at late gestation in the fetal vasculature, but its expression rapidly declines after birth. We have previously demonstrated that the expression of this receptor mediates decline in vascular DNA synthesis that occurs at this stage of vascular development. To examine further the role of the AT2 receptor in vasculogenesis, we have focused on the effect of the AT2 receptor on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation. In this study, we examined the time-dependent expression of differentiation markers for VSMCs in the aorta of wild-type and AT2 receptor-null mice. alpha-Smooth muscle actin was expressed at the early stage of differentiation and exhibited unchanged expression before and after the peak of AT2 receptor expression, which was observed at embryonic day 20, neonatal day 1, and thereafter. No difference in alpha-smooth muscle actin expression was observed between the wild-type and AT2 receptor-null mice. In contrast, the mRNA levels for calponin, expressed in the late stage of VSMC differentiation, were significantly higher in the wild-type mouse aorta as compared with the AT2 receptor-null mice, which correlates with expression of the AT2 receptor. Moreover, the protein levels of calponin and high-molecular-weight caldesmon (h-caldesmon) showed lower expression in the aorta of AT2 receptor knockout mice at 2 and 4 weeks after birth. Taken together, our results suggest that the AT2 receptor promotes vascular differentiation and contributes to vasculogenesis.
Shock and Noise as Instigating Stimuli in Human Aggression

In 2 separate experiments Ss were either attacked or not attacked by a confederate (C). In one experiment C used shocks and in the other he used loud noise in attacking. In each case, S was later allowed to reply in kind to C. Results show that Ss attacked with shocks retaliated with both a greater number and greater intensities of shock than Ss not attacked. Ss attacked with loud noise retaliated more than nonattacked Ss only in terms of the number of noise bursts given. The conclusion is drawn that shock is a more reliable instigator of retaliatory aggression than aversive noise.
Ecological indicators for protection impact assessment at two scales in the Bozin and Marakhil protected area, Iran

Abstract Official protection can play a major role in biodiversity conservation, but it may have unintended effects on habitats at multiple scales. We evaluated the effects of this protection designation on forest area and structure at two spatial scales in Bozin and Marakhil protected area. We classified Landsat-5 TM images from 2001 and 2009, covering protected and unprotected areas and used for broad scale analysis, and IKONOS and GeoEye images from 2001 and 2009 for fine scale analysis. We used landscape structure metrics and the models that fit patch size distribution as the ecological indicators of protection impact. The protection effect was scale dependent, with significant habitat loss and fragmentation at the fine scale but not at the broad scale. Protection increased the number of large patches inside the park, as indicated by a shift from a truncated power law to a power law distribution of patch sizes. The habitat structural maintenance and aggregation inside the park, and fragmentation outside the park boundaries, signal a potential shift of human pressure from inside to directly outside of the park. This study indicates the need for spatial analyses on both sides of protection boundaries at multiple scales using complementary indicators to understand the impacts of protection on habitat structure.
How to get large meshed split skin grafts

A method of meshing large sheets of split skin using the Zimmer dermamesher with a standard carrier is described.
Detection of single DNA base mutations with mismatch repair enzymes.

A novel method for identifying DNA point mutations has been developed by using mismatch repair enzymes. The high specificity of the Escherichia coli MutY protein has permitted the development of a reliable and sensitive method for the detection and characterization of point mutations in the human genome. The MutY protein is involved in a repair pathway that can convert A/G or A/C mismatches to C/G or G/C basepairs, respectively. A/G or A/C mismatches formed by hybridization between two amplified genomic DNA samples or between specific DNA probes and target DNA are nicked at the mispaired adenine strand by MutY protein. As little as 1% of the mutant sequence can be detected by the mismatch repair enzyme cleavage (MREC) method in a mixture of normal and mutated DNAs (e.g., mutant cells are only present in 1% of the normal cell background). By using different probes, the assay also can determine the nucleotide sequence of the mutation. We have applied this method to detect single-base substitutions in human oncogenes.
Nonhemolytic familial jaundice

Summary Two children having a familial jaundice are described. Clinical andlaboratory studies would indicate that their jaundice was of a non-hemolytic character.
Shoplifting by Male and Female Drug Users: Gender, Agency, and Work

This article explores the gendered nature of crime by investigating the motivations and justifications used by male and female substance abusers whose current source of income is shoplifting. Drawing upon interviews from a larger study, this subsample of active male and female offender narratives produces several themes. First, despite difficult personal circumstances and constant need to satisfy drug addictions, agency in action is expressed in how male and female drug users negotiate criminal options in an urban drug market. Second, men give different reasons for shoplifting over other hustles than do the more common subject of shoplifting studies, women. Although men rationalize shoplifting as a logical alternative to more “masculine” crimes (e.g., robbery), women compare it to the highly “feminized” crime of sex work. What male and female shoplifters do seem to share is a similar assessment of financial rewards and harm. Shoplifting is constructed as a form of work by women but less clearly so by the ...
Effects of breathing 80% oxygen on water and albumin accumulation in oleic acid-injured rabbit lungs.

This study was done to determine whether breathing 80% oxygen would enhance edema formation in oleic acid (OA) lung injury. Rabbits breathed air (n = 51) or 80% oxygen (n = 51) for 1 to 7 days after OA lung injury (0.09 ml/kg iv). Control groups breathed 80% oxygen (n = 37) or room air (n = 8) without OA injury. Pulmonary vascular permeability was assessed by measuring 131I-albumin (RISA) concentration in extravascular, extracellular lung water (EVECW) relative to plasma (RISAL/RISAPL). EVECW (ml/g dry lung) was measured by 24Na, and total lung water (TLW) by wet/dry weight (g/g dry lung). Air-breathing control values were 4.53 +/- 0.25 (SD) for TLW and 0.40 +/- 0.09 for RISAL/RISAPL. In the air-breathing OA group, TLW and RISAL/RISAPL increased to 8.32 +/- 0.85 and 0.93 +/- 0.16, respectively, 2 h after OA (p less than .001) but by 24 h, were equal to air-breathing controls. TLW and RISAL/RISAPL in the oxygen treated OA group did not differ from the air breathing OA group on days 2 through 7 inclusive, suggesting that 80% oxygen had no effect on edema formation in the OA-injured lung. Breathing 80% oxygen alone, without OA injury, significantly (p less than .005) increased TLW and RISAL/RISAPL on days 5 and 6. Thus, preexisting lung injury had a protective effect against edema formation from a high fraction of inspired oxygen.
Odd-even features in 3He + 3H scattering

Abstract The single-channel resonating-group method is used to study effects of the Pauli principle on 3He + 3H scattering. Comparison is made with previous similar calculations for d + 3He scattering, and it is found that the Pauli principle affects the s = 0 state of the 3He + 3H system rather similarly to the way it affects the s = 1 state, whereas the Pauli principle affects the s = 3 2 state of the d + 3He system quite differently from the way it affects the s = 1 2 state. Mention is made of the possibility of observing similar effects of the Pauli principle in other nuclear systems.
Self-consistent electronic structure of transition-metal surfaces: The Mo (001) surface

A self-consistent pseudopotential method together with a mixed-basis set of plane waves and Gaussian orbitals are used to determine the electronic structure of the (001) surface of molybdenum. The pseudopotential is derived from a self-consistent calculation of the atomic levels and wave functions, and is tested for bulk molybdenum. The resulting bulk band structure and density of states are compared with existing augmented-plane-wave APW calculations. The same potential is applied to investigate the electronic structure of an uncontracted Mo (001) surface. A complete analysis of the surface states is given in terms of their distribution in the two-dimensional surface Brillouin zone, charge-density distribution, and the local density of states. The results are in very good agreement with recent photoemission measurements.
Integral formulation for a waveguide FEL

Abstract In this paper the author derives a Green's function for an FEL in a waveguide. The radiation field is decomposed into transverse waveguide modes and an integral is derived for the evolution of each mode. The treatment is exact; there is no slowly varying envelope approximation and no averaging over an undulator period. Each transverse mode consists of a spectrum of longitudinal frequencies that obey the waveguide dispersion relation ω 2 c 2 = γ 1 2 + k 2 , where γ1 depends on the transverse mode. The waveguide confines the radiation to propagation in a single dimension. This reduces a 3-D electromagnetic problem to a 1-D problem. The integral formulation of a waveguide FEL will be applied to studying frequency sidebands in FELs. It should also be particularly useful in studying slippage effects in FELs with short electron bunches.
Blood Hormone Iodine and Iodide Reserve in Relation to Basal Metabolic Rate.

Five women diagnosed as having toxic adenoma were given 2 grains of desiccated thyroid per day with the results on the basal metabolic rate shown in Table I.From this it is seen that the average basal metabolic rate was not appreciably increased. The same treatment was given to 11 patients with exophthalmic goiter and the results were as shown in Table II.This shows that there is no increase in the average basal metabolic rate of exophthalmic goiter patients on feeding 2 grains of desiccated thyroid per day. This contained 0.2% of iodide; thus 2 grains contain 0.26 mg of iodine whereas iodized salt contains 0.02% iodine, and the average daily intake of 10 g would contain 1.5 mg or nearly 6 times as much iodine as is present in the desiccated thyroid. Such a dose of iodized salt is not considered sufficient to lower the basal metabolic rate as much as 2 grains of thyroid would be expected to raise it. Therefore it seems probable that in the patients being fed thyroid there was, on an average, a lessening o...
INTRAPLANT MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN GRASSES

A B S T R A C T Clonal progenies were developed from individual nodal segments of bromegrass, cormlets of timothy, and secondary basal buds of sorghum. The parent plants were morphologically unstable or chimeral and occurred in either hybrid or inbred populations. Intraplant clonal progenies usually continued to be unstable through the second clonal generation. Marked deviating types occurred within clonal rows. Intraplant comparisons were made of inflorescence characters and seed-set following open-pollination of unstable plants from inbred lines of smooth bromegrass. Significant differences occurred between characters in panicles from different parts of the same plant. IT HAS BEEN estimated that about threefourths of the grasses are polyploids. Similarly, the occurrence of a series of euploid chromosome numbers within species of this family is well documented. Instances of aneuploidy, etc., are well recognized. It is not usually recognized, however, that intraplant variations in chromosome numbers may occur. Morphological variations that occurred in descendants from wide crosses and in inbred lines of several grasses are considered in this paper. Morey (1949) examined the morphological variation that occurred between and among progenies derived from a complex hybrid of Avena sativa L. Adult plants developed from seed from different panicles of the same plant differed materially in several gross morphological characteristics. Among clones grown from single rhizome nodes of Agropyron repens-like plants developed from open-pollination seed of Agroelymus turneri, deviant clonal types occurred that differed morphologically from other plants produced from other nodes of the same rhizome. Intraplant variations in somatic chromosome numbers were commonly observed in this population also (Nielsen and Nath, 1961.) Somatic sectoring in the F-2 progeny from Bromus inermis X B. tyttholepis was apparent in such characters as culm height, texture of culms and leaves, culm coloring at seed ripening, panicle type, barren and fertile culms, seed set or fertility and maturity (Nielsen, Drolsom, and Jalal, 1962). More recently intraplant variations in pollen stainability and size were examined in Bromus inermis (Jalal and Nielsen, in press). These expressions of within-plant variation appear to be related to tendencies for both somatic and germinal nuclei
Some Research Directions for Future Integrated Satellite and Terrestrial Networks

This paper explores the future architecture possibilities of an integrated satellite and terrestrial network using new and radical technology building blocks such as: multiple-access, multi-beam RF satellite communications, wireless communications, free space optical communications, all-optical network transport/switching and analog transmission and processing over optical carriers that support coherent distributed platform sensing and communications. Not only can the future network performance and cost undergo quantum-leap improvements; such a network can have profound transforming effects on space and terrestrial system architectures for sensing, healthcare, early warning systems, disaster relief, research collaborations and other new commercial applications.
The type of analgesic-receptor interaction involved in certain analgesic assays

Abstract The equivalent of p A 2 values were determined for morphine-naloxone in mice using the tail-flick, hot plate and writhing analgesic assays. In spite of marked differences in the ED 50 of morphine among the three assays, the apparent p A 2 values from the three assays were similar which suggests that, in the case of morphine, the three analgesic assays are probably measuring similar analgesic-receptor interactions.
Outdoor air pollution and lung cancer.

In the 1950s evidence of an ongoing epidemic of lung cancer in the United States and Western Europe led researchers to examine the role of outdoor air pollution, which was considered by some to be ...
Synchrotron radiation studies of the formation of niobium carbide layers on niobium

The formation of a NbC overlayer on Nb has been observed with the use of valence-band photoemission, near-edge absorption at the C K edge, and photon- and electron-stimulated Auger decay. The sample was produced by depositing an amorphous C layer on a Nb substrate either by dc glow discharge in a hydrocarbon ambient or by sputtering from a graphite target. Annealing this film first produced a previously reported graphitic phase and finally the carbide. Features in the spectra agreed well with bulk NbC density-of-states features. The results are also related to those obtained in electron-stimulated Auger measurements of carbidic and graphitic layers on catalytic surfaces, and show some agreement with calculations by Feibelman for such surface layers. Comparison of the photoemission measurements with Auger results for variously prepared samples showed a greater sensitivity of the former to details of the electronic structure.
Infrared array detectors

Arrays of detectors sensitive to infrared radiation will enable astronomical observations to be made with shorter observing times than with discrete detectors and with good relative spatial accuracy. Systems using such arrays are being developed for astronomy in several regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. An example of an infrared system is given here consisting of a 32x32 element bismuth doped silicon charge injection device array that has been used in an astronomical camera.
Irradiation quarantine treatment for control of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice

Abstract Irradiation is a quarantine treatment option for stored products pests. Dose–response tests were conducted to identify a post-harvest radiation treatment that would control rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice. Rice infested with adult or immature weevils was treated at radiation doses of 30, 60, 90, or 120 Gy, or left untreated as a control. Live and dead beetles were counted weekly for 15–24 weeks. Treatment of adult weevils at a radiation dose of 120 Gy resulted in no live adults after two weeks, indicating that this radiation dose caused adult mortality and sterility, whereas a total of 1261 adult beetles emerged during 24 weeks in the untreated controls. Treatment of immature life stages (a mixture of eggs, larvae and pupae) with a radiation dose of 90 or 120 Gy resulted in no adults emerging after five or two weeks, respectively, indicating that these doses prevented reproduction, whereas a total of 4275 adults emerged throughout 15 weeks in the untreated controls. Weight loss of rice infested with immature or adult weevils was significantly reduced by irradiation treatment at 60 Gy and 120 Gy. In a large-scale confirmatory test, a radiation dose of 120 Gy applied to 38,025 adult weevils in rice resulted in no reproduction. Irradiation at 120 Gy will provide quarantine security for rice weevil, and prevent post-irradiation weight loss caused by insect feeding in the commodity. Irradiation may be particularly helpful in controlling phosphine-resistant populations, and could help manage resistance by preventing the spread of resistant weevils in exported grains.
Thermal reaction of ethynylphthalimides and hydration of N-/4-ethynylphenyl/phthalimide

Three ethynyl substituted phenylphthalimides were prepared and characterized by high pressure liquid chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and mass spectroscopy. When the preparation of N-(4-ethynylphenyl)phthalimide was attempted by the thermal cyclodehydration of N-(4-ethynylphenyl)-2-carboxybenzamide, N-(4-acetylphenyl)phthalimide was obtained as the major component. This unusual hydration of an ethynyl group was investigated and a mechanism was proposed to explain it.