cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of VO2 Peak during Treadmill and Cycle Ergometry in Severely Overweight Youth

The purpose of this study was to compare peak cardiorespiratory parameters during treadmill and cycle ergometry in severely overweight youth. Twenty-one participants from the Committed to Kids Pediatric Weight Management program at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center volunteered. Participants completed peak treadmill and cycle ergometer tests on separate days. In order to examine reliability, six subjects completed a second treadmill test and seven subjects a second cycle test. Physical characteristics included the following: Age (yrs) 12.5 ± 2.8; Body weight (BW) (kg) 78.5 ± 27.0, Height (m) 1.56 ± 0.13; and % fat 42.8 ± 7.5. No statistical significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found between treadmill and cycle peak tests. Treadmill VO2 peak (l·min -1 ) averaged 1.57 ± 0.40 and cycle 1.46 ± 0.30 and VO2 peak relative to BW 21.5 ± 4.1 and 20.3 ± 5.5 for treadmill and cycle ergometry, respectively. Therefore treadmill values were 7.0% and 5.6% higher than cycle values. In normal weight or children and adolescents at risk for overweight, treadmill values typically average from 7 to 12% higher than cycle values. Reliability of VO2 peak as indicated by intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.70 to 0.96 for a single or repeated tests. Intra individual variability averaged 0.5% for VO2 peak (l·min -1 ) during treadmill ergometry and 5.7% for cycle ergometry. Also, standard errors of measurement were low (40 to 90 ml min or 1.0 to 1.7 ml . kg -1. min -1 ) for the peak treadmill or cycle tests. In summary, our data suggest that both treadmill and cycle ergometry provide reliable methods for determining VO2 peak in overweight youth.
A scalable CWDM/TDM-PON network with future-proof elastic bandwidth

Among the passive optical network (PON) architectures two have prevailed: one is based on time division multiplexing (TDM) over a single wavelength channel and on a comprehensive timing protocol, and the other on coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM). However, both proposals have orthogonal advantages and disadvantages. In this paper we describe a hierarchical CWDM/TDM passive optical network (PON). We demonstrate that the access network exhibits superior scalability, payload type transparency, and bandwidth elasticity allowing for bandwidth on demand, versatility, resiliency, provisionability, cost efficiency, protection and future-proofing features. We also demonstrate that this network can deliver to more than 16,000 end-users using simple and existing optical technology.
Dynamic Exposure Targeting

Achieving desired exposures to information sources is critical to successful active investing. If a portfolio manager, for example, wants to increase her portfolio’s exposure to a signal—how long will it take? By how much should she change the signal’s weight? How will exposures to other signals change? If she turns off a signal, for how long will the exposure to it persist? Can she accelerate these shifts? These challenges can present themselves whenever markets or business conditions change. Rule-of-thumb answers can mislead as exposures are affected not only by the sequence of weight changes but also by signal speeds and correlations and by the levels of risk and turnover. Sneddon and Yukhymuk solve for the combined effects of portfolio and signal dynamics, derive explicit predictions of the resulting exposure dynamics, and provide the intuition behind these results. The solutions include cost control as well as expectations over all realizations of the signals, both current and prior. A simple but central result describes exposure shift speeds. The authors show that interactions between different features can lead to unexpected results. The information presented in this article can help a portfolio manager to predict and manage the timing and extent of a portfolio’s exposure to its information sources.
Introductory Scientific History to Neuropsychological Assessment

This chapter provides an introductory, but brief, history of the development of scientific assessment batteries in neuropsychology. About 30 years ago, neuropsychology was on the edge of discovering a new formal assessment methodology. This was a computerized assessment scoring and basic interpretation program. This could have been integrated with computer technology. Since the 1980s, with the exception of some relatively unrecognized work by a few neuropsychologists, the field has been dominated by the clinical or flexible method that uses flexible batteries and clinical judgment as the basis for assessment. In the last few years, a new neuropsychological assessment method made its appearance. This is the computerized neuropsychological testing program. The program that appears to be the most challenging to traditional clinical neuropsychology assessment is the MindStreams program. This program is designed for medical practice and requires no neuropsychologist. The results of the program include measures of the amount of impairment for various major cognitive domains. These results are delivered to the physician in a printout “immediately” after the patient is tested. The printout is designed so that a doctor, such as a neurologist, can quickly issue a report on the cognitive status of the individual.
Economics of Evidence and Proof

In the Anglo-American common law legal system, the law of evidence regulates the fact-finding phase of the adjudication process, primarily by specifying the content and form of information that a litigant (or anyone else, including a judge) may present to factual decision-makers, which is referred to as the "admissibility" question. There is no law of "proof" per se, but there are doctrines that specify burdens of proof in both of two senses. First, the burden of production identifies the party required to come forward with evidence on a particular fact in dispute. Second, the burden of persuasion is the degree of certainty by which the finder of fact must decide, ranging from a simple preponderance of evidence through various intermediate levels to "beyond a reasonable doubt." Outside of common law legal systems, there is no separate body of evidence law as such. In those nations following the civil law system, the fact-finding process largely is left to the discretion of the judge. This comparative distinction reflects deeper institutional differences across legal traditions.
A clinical cancer prevention curriculum in a comprehensive cancer center.

Abstract Interns, residents, and medical students who spend one month at a comprehensive cancer center are presented with a strategy to incorporate cancer preventive services into their outpatient practices. This is accomplished through didactic lectures in clinical epidemiology. Terms that are essential to an understanding of disease occurrence are defined including incidence, prevalence, and mortality rate. Odds and probability are explored with the introduction of the odds ratio and the identification of risk factors. Primary and secondary cancer prevention are defined, and parameters related to cancer screening are introduced (sensitivity, specificity, prevalence, and positive predictive value). Risk factors for malignancy are identified where they are known and can be modified. Primary prevention strategies are reviewed by site along with data that support or refute recommendations for site‐specific screening. Medical conditions and risk factor profiles that define high‐risk groups are reviewed. Trai...
Spatial correlations between Rydberg atoms in an optical dipole trap

We use direct spatial ion imaging of cold ${}^{85}$Rb Rydberg atom clouds to measure the Rydberg-Rydberg correlation function, with and without light-shift potentials generated by an optical dipole trap. We find that the blockade radius depends on laser detunings and spatially varying light shifts. At certain laser detunings the probability of exciting Rydberg atoms at particular separations is enhanced, which we interpret to be a result of direct two-photon excitation of Rydberg atom pairs. The results are in accordance with predictions [F. Robicheaux and J. V. Hern\'andez, Phys. Rev. A 72, 063403 (2005)] and a model we develop that accounts for a one-dimensional dipole-trap potential.
The epidemiological analysis of the outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in the plateau region

Objective To understand the outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Xitieshan town of Dachaidan Executive Committee,Qinghai province(elevation 3700m)and the treatment of this epidemic situation,in order to make references for prevention and treatment of the epidemic of HFMD in this area in the future.Methods Through epidemiologic investigation,combined with clinical symptoms and signs to make a comprehensive analysis.Results The breakout and epidemic of HFMD especially centralized in the Xitieshan nursery school and the eastern single worker's dormitory building of Xitieshan Mining Administration. There are 180 children under the age of six in the town,and 19 had HFMD. The total incidences rate was 10.56%,Among that 10 children were in nursery school,9 children were in the around villages. The epidemic of HFMD is gathering popularized.There was no one died in the epidemic situation.Among the 19 children,there were 5 boys and 14 girls. The proportion of boys to girls was 1 to 2.8. The main reason of this epidemic was the imperfect management of sick floating population. Conclusion Strengthen to administer upon the floating population of the endemic area,and take the medical observation when necessary. We should also improve the training of school physician and community doctor to enhance their capacity of emergency handing in the important infectious diseases and outbreaking event of public health,and carry out the report of epidemic situation. It is urgent to conduct various popularized activities,strengthen mass media propaganda and face to face education to prevent HFDM epidemic among rural residents.
Structure-Guided Protein Transition Modeling with a Probabilistic Roadmap Algorithm

Proteins are macromolecules in perpetual motion, switching between structural states to modulate their function. A detailed characterization of the precise yet complex relationship between protein structure, dynamics, and function requires elucidating transitions between functionally-relevant states. Doing so challenges both wet and dry laboratories, as protein dynamics involves disparate temporal scales. In this paper, we present a novel, sampling-based algorithm to compute transition paths. The algorithm exploits two main ideas. First, it leverages known structures to initialize its search and define a reduced conformation space for rapid sampling. This is key to address the insufficient sampling issue suffered by sampling-based algorithms. Second, the algorithm embeds samples in a nearest-neighbor graph where transition paths can be efficiently computed via queries. The algorithm adapts the probabilistic roadmap framework that is popular in robot motion planning. In addition to efficiently computing lowest-cost paths between any given structures, the algorithm allows investigating hypotheses regarding the order of experimentally-known structures in a transition event. This novel contribution is likely to open up new venues of research. Detailed analysis is presented on multiple-basin proteins of relevance to human disease. Multiscaling and the AMBER ff14SB force field are used to obtain energetically-credible paths at atomistic detail.
The Art of Being a Scientist: A sample curriculum

The material presented in this book lends itself well for a course for beginning graduate students. Such students are under time pressure when starting their research and taking courses in their chosen discipline. For this reason our best experience has been in teaching the course as a single-semester, 1-credit course, which amounts to approximately 15 classroom sessions. This appendix gives a sample curriculum aimed at offering instructors ideas for elements that could be included in such a course. The curriculum includes homework assignments that roughly follow the chapters in this book, but doing all assignments is unnecessary and might make the workload unacceptably high. The suggested homework is intended to inspire instructors' ideas for helpful exercises. Our experience is that it is best to teach the course to classes no larger than about 20 students. The material is conveyed most effectively in a discussion format rather than as a lecture that offers relatively little opportunity for student participation. Some topics covered are likely to touch on personal issues; many students find it easier to pose questions and share personal views and dilemmas in a small group. Class 1. What the course and science are about. Since the course is most effective when there is ample discussion, it is important that students feel comfortable in the group. It is helpful for students to have the opportunity to introduce themselves in class and mention, for example, what they hope to learn in this course and any personal issues or questions they would like to share.
Evaluation of in-class and online discussion meetings in a biopharmaceutics problem-based learning class

Abstract Objectives To evaluate faculty-led discussion meetings (with about eight students) conducted face-to-face (in-class) or by synchronous, real-time videoconference (online), in a biopharmaceutics course taught in a facilitated problem-based learning (PBL) format. Methods Three methods were used to compare in-class versus online discussion sessions for two semesters. The first method involved three parameters that measured the quality of interactions between faculty (facilitator) and student ( Fc–St ), participation of students in the discussions ( Par ), and student–student interactions ( St–St ). The second method assessed student's perceptions of the discussions with surveys. The third method mapped the interactions (a sociogram) between faculty (facilitator) and students in a discussion. Results There were significantly lower scores for Par and St–St ( P Fc–St ( P Conclusion PBL discussion meetings can be held online because of the increased availability and acceptance of the technology, but may lead to reduced interaction and participation. Our findings suggest that synchronous online discussions may require the facilitator to foster and stimulate student participation and student–student interactions in an active manner that may differ from the approach used for in-class discussions.
Dissocier les effets facilitants et les effets délétères de l’émotion sur la cognition

L’emotion est une « arme a double tranchant » qui peut soit ameliorer, soit deteriorer des aspects divers de notre cognition et de notre comportement. Par exemple, la charge emotionnelle d’un evenement peut attirer l’attention et renforcer la memoire de cet evenement, par contre une information emotionnelle, sans pertinence pour la tâche cognitive en cours, peut etre consideree comme une distraction et ainsi entrainer la deterioration de la performance a cette tâche. Ces effets opposes de l’emotion peuvent etre identifies a differents niveaux, a la fois au sein du meme processus cognitif et a travers des processus cognitifs differents, ou a un niveau plus general, comme dans le cas de la reponse au stress. Cette revue presente des donnees nouvelles qui permettent de mieux comprendre les facteurs qui influencent les effets opposes de l’emotion sur la cognition chez le sujet sain ainsi que dans le cas de dysfonctionnements lies a des desordres affectifs. Les questions discutees dans cette revue sont d’une grande importance pour arriver a mieux comprendre les mecanismes impliques dans les relations entre emotion et cognition dans le fonctionnement sain ainsi que dans les troubles emotionnels ou les effets de l’emotion sur la cognition sont intensifies. Globalement, la presente revue souligne la necessite de considerer et identifier les facteurs qui peuvent avoir une influence sur les effets de facilitation et les effets de degradation des emotions sur la cognition.
Deaths, Visibility, and the Politics of Dissensus at the US-Mexico Border

This paper addresses the intended and unintended politicization of bodies of undocumented migrants beyond their death. Border activists in Arizona, California, and Texas have engaged in marches, projections, and collective acts of mourning to publicize the issue of undocumented migrants dying in their attempt to cross the desert. Nienass and Delano argue that these politics of mourning are stagings of dissensus in Jacques Ranciere’s sense, as they place these border deaths in the context of state violence and constitute a challenge to existing frames within which we sense someone as publically grievable.
Diastereoselective Intramolecular Cyanoamidation with Alkenes

Reported herein is a diastereoselective intramolecular alkene cyanoamidation, wherein high d.r. values are imparted by chiral directing groups. Lactams with an α-all-carbon quaternary stereocenter are readily synthesized, which may enable access to structures frequently found in biologically active molecules and natural products.
What's in a squeak? Female vocal signals predict the sexual behaviour of male house mice during courtship

Vocal production can be a two-way channel for the exchange of information between males and females during courtship. Although the ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of male house mice, Mus musculus, during interactions with females have been a focus of communication research, the vocalizations of females in this context remain poorly understood. During interactions with males, female mice produce audible vocalizations with a broadband harmonic structure (‘broadband vocalizations’, or BBVs) that are often described by human listeners as ‘squeaks’. We tested the hypothesis that the production of BBVs corresponds to male and female behaviours, as well as to contextual variables like oestrous phase, by measuring BBVs, USVs and nonvocal behaviours during 39 unique male–female pairings. We found that the relationship of BBVs to other behaviours depends on the phase of courtship. A high incidence of BBVs accompanied by male-directed kicks and lunges early in interactions predicted a lack of later male mounting and male-produced ‘50 kHz harmonic’ USVs. In contrast, there was significant temporal overlap between BBVs and 50 kHz harmonic USVs at later stages of courtship, potentially driven by mounting events. The duration of acoustically nonlinear segments of BBVs varied significantly among females, even across interactions with different males, but also varied across oestrous phase within females. These findings suggest that vocalizations could play a role in signalling acute female motivational state, identity or oestrous state during opposite-sex interactions. Since the information-bearing features of BBVs are relatively easily measured, they are potentially a useful readout of negative motivational state suitable for many research and educational applications.
NATIONAL TRENDS IN ADMISSIONS AND IN-HOSPITAL MORTALITY IN HEART FAILURE PATIENTS AND IMPACT OF THE ACC/AHA MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES: INSIGHT FROM THE NATIONAL INPATIENT SAMPLE (NIS)

Background: We sought to investigate the impact of national guidelines on outcomes among patients hospitalized with heart failure (HF). Methods: Age- and gender-standardized annual national estimates in HF admissions were calculated using data from the National Inpatient Sample and the U.S. Census
Towards Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Models of Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia

Neutropenia is a serious toxic complication of chemotherapeutic treatment. For years, mathematical models have been developed to better predict hematological outcomes during chemotherapy in both the traditional pharmaceutical sciences and mathematical biology disciplines. An increasing number of quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models that combine systems approaches, physiology, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics have been successfully developed. Here, I detail the shift towards QSP efforts, emphasizing the importance of incorporating systems-level physiological considerations in pharmacometrics.
Magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial strain: A review of current approaches.

Contraction of the heart is central to its purpose of pumping blood around the body. While simple global function measures (such as the ejection fraction) are most commonly used in the clinical assessment of cardiac function, MRI also provides a range of approaches for quantitatively characterizing regional cardiac function, including the local deformation (or strain) within the heart wall. While they have been around for some years, these methods are still undergoing further technical development, and they have had relatively little clinical evaluation. However, they can provide potentially useful new ways to assess cardiac function, which may be able to contribute to better classification and treatment of heart disease. This article provides some basic background on the physical and physiological factors that determine the motion of the heart, in health and disease and then reviews some of the ways that MRI methods are being developed to image and quantify strain within the myocardium. Level of Evidence: 4 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017.
The Effect of a Community-Based Medical School on the State and Local Physician Workforce.

PurposeTo assess the effect of community-based medical education as implemented by Michigan State University College of Human Medicine (MSU-CHM), which has immersed students in diverse communities across Michigan since its founding, on the physician workforce in the six communities in which clinical
Assessment and significance of long-term outcomes in pediatric surgery

Treatment modalities for newborns with anatomical congenital anomalies have greatly improved over the past decades, with a concomitant increase in survival. This review will briefly discuss specific long-term outcomes to illustrate, which domains deserve to be considered in long-term follow-up of patients with anatomical congenital anomalies. Apart from having disease-specific morbidities these children are at risk for impaired neurodevelopmental problems and school failure, which may affect participation in society in later life. There is every reason to offer them long-term multidisciplinary follow-up programs. We further provide an overview of the methodology of long-term follow-up, its significance and discuss ways to improve care for newborns with anatomical congenital anomalies from childhood into adulthood. Future initiatives should focus on transition of care, risk stratification, and multicenter collaboration.
Risk of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer Associated With Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Category 3 (Equivocal) Lesions Identified on Multiparametric Prostate MRI.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of clinically significant cancer (CSC) in Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) category 3 (equivocal) lesions prospectively identified on multiparametric prostate MRI and to identify risk factors (RFs) for CSC that may aid in decision making. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Between January 2015 and July 2016, a total of 977 consecutively seen men underwent multiparametric prostate MRI, and 342 underwent MRI–ultrasound (US) fusion targeted biopsy. A total of 474 lesions were retrospectively reviewed, and 111 were scored as PI-RADS category 3 and were visualized using a 3-T MRI scanner. Multiparametric prostate MR images were prospectively interpreted by body subspecialty radiologists trained to use PI-RADS version 2. CSC was defined as a Gleason score of at least 7 on targeted biopsy. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to identify the RFs associated with CSC. RESULTS. Of the 111 PI-RADS category 3 lesions, 81 ...
What We Have Learned From the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study.

Purpose To identify results from the Ocular Hypertension Study that can aid patients and clinicians to make evidence-based decisions about the management of ocular hypertension. Design Perspective. Results At 60 months, the cumulative frequency of developing primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) was 4.4% in the medication group and 9.5% in the observation group (hazard ratio for medication, 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27–0.59; P 2 P = .009). A 5-factor model (older age, higher IOP, thinner central corneal thickness, larger cup-to-disc ratio, and higher visual field pattern standard deviation) separated participants at high and low risk of developing POAG. Conclusions Clinicians and patients can make evidence-based decisions about the management of ocular hypertension using the risk model and considering patient age, medical status, life expectancy, and personal preference.
Identification and quantitation of furan in irradiated fruit and vegetable juice

Abstract This paper describes the use of gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) using static headspace sampling for the determination of furan in irradiated fruit and vegetable juice. The data presented demonstrate that furan is generated in juice as a result of treatment with ionizing radiation, but at low part-per-billion concentrations. The amount of furan increases with increasing dose in a non-linear second order relationship. Furthermore, it was found that furan interacts with the ionizing radiation in such a way that the amount of furan can be reduced in the absence of precursor compounds commonly found in juice products. Several possible precursors have been identified, including glucose, fructose, and ascorbic acid. We conclude that the formation of furan is complex and proceeds through a multi step process.
The effect of intravascular saline perfusion on the sequelae of transient cerebral ischemia. Light and electron microscopial observations.

Transient global ischemia was produced in cats by interrupting the arterial blood supply to the brain under direct observation of the pial vessels. The pial circulation could be restored only for a brief period after ischemia but intravascular rinsing of the brain during ischemia with various saline solutions considerably improved the postischemic circulation.
Sleep/Wake Disruption in a Mouse Model of BLOC-1 Deficiency

Mice lacking a functional Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complex 1 (BLOC-1), such as those of the pallid line, display cognitive and behavioural impairments reminiscent of those presented by individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Although disturbances in the sleep/wake cycle are commonly lamented by these individuals, the underlying mechanisms, including the possible role of the circadian timing system, are still unknown. In this paper, we have explored sleep/circadian malfunctions and underlying mechanisms in BLOC-1-deficient pallid mice. These mutants exhibited less sleep behaviour in the beginning of the resting phase than wild-type mice with a more broken sleeping pattern in normal light-dark conditions. Furthermore, the strength of the activity rhythms in the mutants were reduced with significantly more fragmentation and lower precision than in age-matched controls. These symptoms were accompanied by an abnormal preference for the open arm in the elevated plus maze in the day and poor performance in the novel object recognition at night. At the level of the central circadian clock (the suprachiasmatic nucleus, SCN), loss of BLOC-1 caused subtle morphological changes including a larger SCN and increased expression of the relative levels of the clock gene Per2 product during the day but did not affect the neuronal activity rhythms. In the hippocampus, the pallid mice presented with anomalies in the cytoarchitecture of the Dentate Gyrus granule cells, but not in CA1 pyramidal neurones, along with altered PER2 protein levels as well as reduced pCREB/tCREB ratio during the day. Our findings suggest that lack of BLOC-1 in mice disrupts the sleep/wake cycle and performance in behavioural tests associated with specific alterations in cytoarchitecture and protein expression.
Uncertain Vehicle Lateral Speed Dynamics Modeling and Control Frameworks

This research presents the robust modeling and the H ∞ , $\mu$ and Linear Parametric Varying controller synthesis for collision avoidance systems, using uncertain vehicle as well as environmental dynamics. The proposed control systems adapt to the changing road scenarios, allowing the vehicle to avoid obstacles and to prevent roll-over circumvention by properly considering a safe lane change. Robust performance is achieved by using the uncertain lateral speed dynamical characteristics of the potential collision avoidance system with varying speed levels. The uncertain dynamics was modeled for the corresponding state space representations and was utilized to develop the associated linear fractional transformation frameworks of the robust controller synthesis with proper uncertainty and performance specifications. The simulation results clearly demonstrate the viability of the controller synthesis for lateral vehicle uncertain dynamics stability and performance levels under the vehicle dynamics and changing environment uncertainty considerations.
Assessment of NAD+metabolism in human cell cultures, erythrocytes, cerebrospinal fluid and primate skeletal muscle

The reduction-oxidation state of NAD+/NADH is critical for cellular health with NAD+ and its metabolites playing critical roles in aging and pathologies. Given the inherent autooxidation of reduced dinucleotides (i.e. NADH/NADPH), and the well-established differential stability, the accurate measurement of NAD+ and its metabolites is technically challenging. Moreover, sample processing, normalization and measurement strategies can profoundly alter results. Here we developed a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based method to quantify the NAD+ metabolome with careful consideration of these intrinsic chemical instabilities. Utilizing this method we assess NAD+ metabolite stabilities and determine the presence and concentrations of NAD+ metabolites in clinically relevant human samples including cerebrospinal fluid, erythrocytes, and primate skeletal muscle.
PESCA: A scalable platform for the development of cell-type-specific viral drivers

Abstract Enhancers are the primary DNA regulatory elements that confer cell type specificity of gene expression. Recent studies characterizing individual enhancers have revealed their potential to direct heterologous gene expression in a highly cell-type-specific manner. However, it has not yet been possible to systematically identify and test the function of enhancers for each of the many cell types in an organism. We have developed PESCA, a scalable and generalizable method that leverages ATAC- and single-cell RNA-sequencing protocols, to characterize cell-type-specific enhancers that should enable genetic access and perturbation of gene function across mammalian cell types. Focusing on the highly heterogeneous mammalian cerebral cortex, we apply PESCA to find enhancers and generate viral reagents capable of accessing and manipulating a subset of somatostatin-expressing cortical interneurons with high specificity. This study demonstrates the utility of this platform for developing new cell-type-specific viral reagents, with significant implications for both basic and translational research. One sentence summary Highly paralleled functional evaluation of enhancer activity in single cells generates new cell-type-specific tools with broad medical and scientific applications.
A smartphone biosensor based on analysing structural colour of porous silicon

We report a smartphone compatible, low-cost porous silicon biosensor, which correlates the structural colour of a porous silicon microcavity (PSiM) to spectral peak position. Molecules captured in the PSiM cause a colour change that can be quantified through image analysis. Minimal external accessories are employed. Spectrometer measurements of the PSiM reflectance spectrum shifts are carried out concurrently with the smartphone measurements to benchmark the accuracy of the smartphone biosensor. We estimate that the smartphone biosensor supports an equivalent accuracy of 0.33 nm for the detection of colour changes corresponding to spectral shifts of the PSiM. Biosensing functionality is demonstrated using a biotin–streptavidin assay with an estimated detection limit of 500 nM. The PSiM-smartphone biosensor is a promising platform for label-free point of care diagnostics.
Reorientation-induced Stokes shifts caused by directional interactions in electronic spectroscopy: Fast dynamics of poly(methyl methacrylate)

Dynamic Stokes shift measurements report on structural relaxation, driven by a dipole created in a chromophore by its excitation from the ground electronic state to the S1 state. Here, we demonstrate that it is also possible to have an additional contribution from orientational relaxation of the Stokes shift chromophore. This effect, called reorientation-induced Stokes shift (RISS), can be observed when the reorientation of the chromophore and the solvent structural relaxation occur on similar time scales. Through a vector interaction, the electronic transition of the chromophore couples to its environment. The orientational diffusive motions of the chromophores will have a slight bias toward reducing the transition energy (red shift) as do the solvent structural diffusive motions. RISS is manifested in the polarization-dependence of the fluorescence Stokes shift using coumarin 153 (C153) in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). A similar phenomenon, reorientation-induced spectral diffusion (RISD), has been observed and theoretically explicated in the context of two dimensional infrared (2D IR) experiments. Here, we generalize the existing RISD theory to include properties of electronic transitions that generally are not present in vibrational transitions. Expressions are derived that permit determination of the structural dynamics by accounting for the RISS contributions. Using these generalized equations, the structural dynamics of the medium can be measured for any system in which the directional interaction is well represented by a first order Stark effect and RISS or RISD is observed. The theoretical results are applied to the PMMA data, and the structural dynamics are obtained and discussed.
Captive Memories: Alcatraz Island and the Cultural Work of Prison Tourism

Alcatraz Island exists as a site of public memory—a location for which understanding is formed and persists from the shared experiences of many individuals. As with most sites of public memory and monuments of public history, the privileging of certain information and neglect of others in the construction of historical narrative is a necessary, if regrettable, part of the process. With Alcatraz, however, that omission is not only detrimental to a complete understanding of the varied and layered significance of the place, but also acts to dispossess Native Americans of the importance of Alcatraz Island in their history and ongoing struggle for civil and sovereign rights. Since the 1973 opening of Alcatraz Island to tourists, the allure of dark tourism has worked to perform a historical erasure at this site, sublimating a narrative that runs counter to dominant cultural ideologies of government righteousness, in favor of the spectacle of suffering that many endured, and few tried to escape.
On the unusual amber coloration of nanoporous sol-gel processed Al-doped silica glass: An experimental study.

Silica is the most abundant component on the earth’s surface. It plays an important role in many natural processes. Silica is also a critical material for a wide range of technical applications such as in optics and electronics. In this work, we discuss our recent experimental observation of the unusual amber coloration of aluminum doped sol-gel glass that has not been reported in the past. We characterized Al-doped sol-gel glasses, prepared at different sintering temperature, using a plethora of techniques to investigate the origin of this unusual coloration and to understand their structural and chemical properties. We used these experimental results to test a number of possible coloring mechanisms. The results suggested this coloring is likely caused by temperature-dependent aluminum-associated defect centers associated with different amorphous-to-crystalline ratios of the annealed sol-gel silica glass structures.
A fractional-order approach for transient creeping flow of spheres

We provide experimental observations of power-law temporal response for spheres in the transient regime of a Stokes flow under the effect of gravity. The analysis of the fundamental physical mechanism leading to this unexpected behavior is performed via the fractional order solution of the Basset problem proposed in 1995 by Mainardi et al. [Proc. CANCAM 95(2), 836–837 (1995)]. In this study, the original solution was slightly modified via the introduction of non-dimensional parameters in order to account for the concurrent effects of inertial and viscous forces under the long transient regime. The solution correlates well with the obtained experimental results not only for small solid spheres (where the Stokes flow regime applies) but also for larger spheres. Results suggest that, during the transient response, memory effects may lead to the occurrence of a force (a generalized Basset force) that causes the observed anomalous diffusive dynamics and which is ultimately responsible for the discrepancy between experimental observations and classical Stokes solutions.
Discovery of a celecoxib binding site on PTGES with a cleavable chelation-assisted biotin probe

Abstract The coxibs are a subset of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that primarily target cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) to inhibit prostaglandin signaling and reduce inflammation. However, mechanisms to inhibit other members of the prostaglandin signaling pathway may improve selectivity and reduce off-target toxicity. Here, we report a novel binding site for celecoxib on prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES), an enzyme downstream of COX-2 in the prostaglandin signaling pathway, using a cleavable chelation-assisted biotin probe 6. Evaluation of the multi-functional probe 6 revealed significantly improved tagging efficiencies attributable to the embedded picolyl functional group. Application of the probe 6 within the small molecule interactome mapping by photo-affinity labeling (SIM-PAL) platform using photo-celecoxib as a reporter for celecoxib identified PTGES and other membrane proteins in the top eight enriched proteins from A549 cells. Carbonic anhydrase 12, a known protein target of celecoxib, was also enriched. Four binding sites to photo-celecoxib were additionally mapped by the probe 6, including a binding site with PTGES. The binding interaction with PTGES was validated by competitive displacement with celecoxib and known PTGES inhibitor licofelone. The binding site of photo-celecoxib on PTGES enabled the development of a structural model of the interaction and will inform the design of new selective inhibitors of the prostaglandin signaling pathway.
Tales of Existing and Resisting as Female Teacher Educators in Neoliberal Times

ABSTRACTNeoliberalism permeates U.S. teacher education programs and governmental policy, consequently increasing market pressure in teacher education and stunting the development of justice-oriente...
Sampling, analyzing, and integrating microbiome ‘omics data in a translational clinical setting

Abstract The intestinal microbiome is a complex assemblage of microorganisms that is critical for host health. It is highly individualized and associated with diseases, ranging from inflammatory bowel disease and obesity to cancers. Recent technological advances have allowed an unprecedented characterization of the microbiome using metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabolomics methods, which have highlighted the microbiome as a target for personalized, precision medical interventions. These technologies generate an exponentially larger amount of data than that possible even a decade ago, resulting in analytical challenges. Moreover, integrating different ‘omics data to truly gain a translational, mechanistic understanding of the interaction between the microbiome and human host is a current challenge and active area of research. In this chapter, we discuss considerations associated with collecting samples for microbiome ‘omics research, analytical tools available for analysis of these data, and ongoing efforts to integrate various datasets, to understand the total systems biology of the host-microbe interactions.
Chapter 6 – Cost Minimization

Cost and the input demand correspondence are formally defined and the fundamental implications for them of the price-taking cost minimization behavioral postulate are established, including the Law of Demand for conditional demands. These implications are mostly reinterpretations of the implications of the price-taking profit maximization behavioral postulate. Cost-minimizing behavior is shown to be part of profit-maximizing behavior and is useful even when price-taking output selection to maximize profit may not be an appropriate behavioral postulate. The envelope relationship between the cost function and cost objective is explained, leading to the relationship between cost and input demand known as Shephard’s Lemma, and the symmetry and negative semidefiniteness of the matrix of demand price slopes. Additional properties arising from additional features of production sets are explored, including the elasticity identities and reciprocity. Comparative statics of the demand choices are derived for the important special case of a firm that produces one output, including the shadow price interpretation of the Lagrange multiplier as marginal cost and the concepts of complementary, substitute and normal inputs. Sufficiency of the fundamental properties of the cost function is formally proven, thereby establishing that no additional properties of cost are implied by the price-taking cost minimization behavioral postulate. There is always a nonempty, closed, free disposal, and convex cost-relevant input requirement correspondence underlying any function possessing the homogeneity and concavity properties of cost. Similarly, a homogeneous of degree zero vector-valued function defined on an open convex cone in the price space, with a symmetric negative semidefinite Jacobian, is an input demand function for a price-taking firm that minimizes cost over the implied cost-relevant input requirement sets. The chapter also shows how to derive cost-relevant production and profit functions, and how to derive a profit-relevant cost function from a given profit function.
Histological features of BRAF V600E‐mutant anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

Aims Treatment with a BRAF inhibitor, alone or in combination with a MEK inhibitor, may be considered for BRAF-mutant anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). The purpose of this study was to characterise the histology of BRAF V600E-mutant ATC. Methods and results We identified 28 ATC that were consecutively resected between 2003 and 2019. All tumour slides for each case were evaluated for the presence of a precursor tumour and for ATC morphology (sarcomatoid, pleomorphic giant cell, epithelioid or squamous). BRAF V600E mutation status was determined by BRAF V600E IHC or molecular analysis (OncoPanel NGS). Eighteen (64%) ATC had an associated well-differentiated precursor, including 10 (36%) with associated papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and eight (29%) with associated follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) or Hurthle cell carcinoma (HCC). Most ATC (19 cases, 68%) demonstrated a mixed anaplastic morphology. Squamous morphology was present in four cases. Ten (36%) ATC had a BRAF V600E mutation. All ATC that had a PTC precursor had a BRAF V600E mutation (and all ATC with a BRAF V600E mutation had a PTC precursor), whereas no ATC with an FTC or HCC precursor had a BRAF V600E mutation. All four cases of ATC with a squamous morphology had a PTC precursor and a BRAF V600E mutation. Conclusion In our cohort, the presence of a PTC precursor predicted the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation, whereas ATC with an FTC or HCC precursor lacked a BRAF V600E mutation. A squamous morphology was associated with the presence of a PTC precursor and a BRAF V600E mutation.
Effect of educational intervention on self-care ability and treatment effect in children with nephrotic syndrome

Objective To explore the effect of educational intervention on self-care ability and therapeutic effect in children with nephrotic syndrome. Methods Sixty-eight children with nephrotic syndrome admitted in our hospital from November 2015 to July 2016 were enrolled in this study. The children in the control group were given routine nursing intervention for nephrotic syndrome, and the children in the experimental group were given education intervention on the basis of nursing plan of the control group. The self-care ability of children was evaluated by self-care behavior scale of European nephrotic syndrome. The therapeutic effect of the two groups were evaluated and analyzed. Results After nursing intervention, the treatment effective rate of the experimental group (94.1%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (82.4%) (P 0.05); after nursing intervention, the score of the experimental group reduced more significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion In the treatment course of children with nephrotic syndrome, health education intervention significantly improves the self-care ability of children and the treatment effect of disease, of great significance to shorten the treatment time and improve the life quality of children with nephrotic syndrome. Key words: Education intervention; Children with nephrotic syndrome; Self-care ability; Treatment effect
Stinging and venomous caterpillars of the Southeast

Wasp and bee stings are familiar to most people, but some might be surprised to learn that several caterpillars can also sting. This painful experience results from coming into contact with, or handling, a stinging caterpillar. Unlike wasps and bees with stingers, these caterpillars have urticating hairs, which are barbed and easily break off the caterpillar’s body, causing sudden or gradually building pain. Caterpillars urticate these spines upon contact with skin or when they feel threatened. The severity of a sting varies based on the person and number of spines embedded in the skin. Many stinging caterpillars also release a toxin on contact, which may be of health concern. The caterpillars discussed in this document are found throughout the southeastern U.S.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in014
Relations of Chinese Mothers’ Cultural Values and Parental Control to Early Adolescents’ Self-Construals:

This study examined associations between mothers’ Chinese cultural values, monitoring, and psychological control with early adolescents’ independent and interdependent self-construals (SCs). Adoles...