cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Market Censorship Revisited: Press Freedom, Journalistic Practices, and The Emerging World Order

This essay undertakes a wide-ranging assessment of the ways current transformations in global political formations are being configured within Western news discourses. Inspired by but not modeled after Raymond Williams’s (1976) Keywords, this analysis identifies some of the structures, conditions, and theoretical issues that need to be addressed to construct a vocabulary of key terms in the current interpretive crises. Situated within the assumptions of media-critical theory, it examines the relevance of recent feminist and philosophical approaches to metaphor, how terms become naturalized in political discourse, key terms in post-cold war political linguistics, and their implications for democracy and the critical spirit.
Cold-Finger Measurement of Heat Transfer Through Solidified Mold Flux Layers

The thermal resistance between the cast strand and the copper mold in continuous casting is dominated by the conduction resistance through the partially solidified mold flux layer and the contact resistance between the solidified mold flux and the mold. In the cold-finger approach, a freeze layer of mold flux is grown on a water-cooled probe immersed in molten flux. In principle, the thickness of the solid layer and the steady-state heat flux can be used to estimate conductivity and contact resistance. Lower-basicity fluxes generally give somewhat lower heat fluxes under these conditions and result in formation of glassy films. Glassy films are generally significantly thinner than crystalline films, because of the higher thermal conductivity of crystalline films. A potential approach to estimate thermal conductivity and contact resistance from transient changes in solid film thickness and heat flux is outlined.
Advancements in IQ-SPECT analysis on myocardial perfusion imaging compared to conventional SPECT through count quantity.

2835 Objectives The development of IQ-SPECT systems revolutionized myocardial perfusion imaging to produce high quality cardiac images. These acquired images using single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) rely heavily on the number of counts. An analysis of the collimator, orbit, and implementation of attenuation correction of the IQ-SPECT system highlight its distinguishing features. While these features have suggested improved imaging quality due to count values compared to those of conventional SPECT, there are elements that still limit the image advancement that are not completely understood. Methods The case study subjects were instructed to be without caffeine 8 hours prior to imaging. Images of two subjects were acquired using conventional SPECT or IQ-SPECT systems under a 1-day protocol. Forty-five minutes prior to imaging, a rest dosage of 499.5 MBq of 99m Tc SESTIMIBI was given. Twenty minutes prior to imaging a stress dosage of 1,110 MBq of 99mTc SESTIMIBI and 0.4 mg of Lexiscan was given. Images were analyzed following composition of cardiac slices and blackout defect maps constructed by the Corridor4DM program for quality and accuracy. Results The first case study subject had a summed stress score (SSS) of 4 and summed difference score of 4. The IQ- SPECT system depicted mild ischemia with a defect in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) with reversibility in LAD. The second case study subject had an SSS of 15 and a summed rest score of 5, underwent conventional SPECT and IQ-SPECT stress imaging due to lack of clarity and soft tissue interference. Both SPECT systems suggested defects in the apical region of overlapping LAD, LCX, and right coronary artery (RCA). Defects were also seen in the base regions of the LAD and RCA. Reversibility was seen in the apical overlap regions in the LAD, LCX, and RCA as well as the base region of the LAD. Conclusions With the increased count values obtained by the IQ-SPECT system, higher quality images were constructed compared to conventional SPECT images. Yet, the inability to determine myocardial wall defects in both SPECT systems is indicative of soft tissue overlap. This results in inaccurate count values of myocardial tissue alone. Further modifications of protocol and the IQ-SPECT system are needed to correct this limitation.
Solar-driven photocatalytic decomposition of microcystin-LR: from laboratory development to on-site demonstration

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) found in various water bodies worldwide have been a huge concern due to their adverse impacts on human health and ecosystems. In particular, HABs associated with cyanobacteria have been of great interest because of their potential to generate and release biological toxins, especially, lethal microcystins (MCs). The overall goal of this study was to develop a new sustainable approach to decompose MCs, preferably on-site and in real-time with minimal effort, fewer chemicals, and low energy inputs. To achieve the goal, a high efficiency nitrogen-doped TiO 2 photocatalytic film immobilized onto a glass substrate was fabricated via integrated sol-gel synthesis employing nitrogen-containing surfactants as pore-templating agent and nitrogen-dopant. The film exhibited visible light-activated, nanoporous, and transparent properties. Effects of surfactant type, calcination temperature, coating layers, and reaction pH on the photocatalytic decomposition of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) were investigated under visible light. Eventually, the TiO 2 film was able to successfully decompose MC-LR on-site in a lake under solar radiation in real-time. This study implies the high potential of the TiO 2 film for on-site and real-time decomposition of many organic contaminants in water by using sustainable solar energy.
Abstract 1379: Histone demethylase KDM6 as a target for glioblastoma radiosensitization

Radiotherapy is a primary treatment modality for glioblastomas (GBMs). Because post-translational histone modifications have been implicated in the regulation of radiosensitivity, as a potential strategy for enhancing the response of GBMs to radiotherapy we have evaluated the effect of radiation on histone methylation in glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) and the established glioma cell line (U251). For these studies we focused on histone H3K27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3), whose opposing site H3K36me2 has already been linked to DNA repair. Exposure of GSCs and U251 to 10Gy decreased H3K27me3 by 30min, reaching a cell line depended maximum between 1h and 3h, followed by a return to control levels at 6h. According to immunoblot analysis, GSCs and U251 had significant higher levels of KDM6A compared to KDM6B, suggesting a more prominent role for KDM6A in the demethylation of H3K27me3 after irradiation. To determine whether KDM6 could serve as a target for GBM radiosensitization, we focused on GSKJ4, which is an inhibitor for KDM6A and KDM6B. GSKJ4 treatment (4uM) of GSCs and U251 increased the amount of H3K27me3 within 1h of exposure and was found to block the radiation-induced decrease of H3K27me3. Based on clonogenic survival analysis addition of GSKJ4 immediately prior to irradiation significantly enhanced the radiosensitivity of GSCs and U251. To begin to investigate the mechanism responsible for this radiosensitization, GSCs and U251 were irradiated (10Gy), treated with GSKJ4 and collected at 0.5-24h later for neutral comet assay, a measure of DNA double strand breaks. GSKJ4 had no effect on the initial comet-tail moment, yet significantly increased the comet tail-moment up to 24h after radiation, suggestive of an inhibition of DSB repair. To further investigate the potential role of histone demethylase as a potential target to radiosensitize GBM, siRNA was used to knock down KDM6A expression. Cells treated with siKDM6A showed a significant increase in H3K27me3 and the radiation-induced decrease of H3K27me3 was abolished. Analysis of γH2AX nuclear foci after irradiation (2Gy) of siKDM6A treated cells showed a significant delay in foci dispersal, consistent with an inhibition of DSB repair. To investigate whether similar changes in histone methylation occurred in an in vivo setting, H3K27me3 levels were determined in GSC orthotopic xenografts as a function of time after brain irradiation. Similar to in vitro conditions, radiation reduced H3K27me3 levels at 1h, with a decrease still present at 6h. Taken together, these results suggest that the histone demethylase KDM6A is a target for GBM radiosensitization. Citation Format: Barbara Helen Rath, Marzia F. Shah, Kevin Camphausen, Philip J. Tofilon. Histone demethylase KDM6 as a target for glioblastoma radiosensitization [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1379. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1379
Global State Changes Induce Non-reciprocal Reduction of Mutual Information in the Thalamocortical Network

Understanding the neural mechanisms of loss and recovery of consciousness remains an active area of scientific and clinical interest. Recent models and theories of consciousness implicate thalamus or neocortex as the dominant regions that control global state change, but experimentally testing these theories requires parsing the response properties of the complex thalamocortical network. In this work, we explore information processing using chronic recordings of multiunit activity between thalamus and cortex by targeting either the corticothalamic or thalamocortical pathway with direct electrical stimulation under subhypnotic and just-hypnotic states of isoflurane or dexmedetomidine induced unconsciousness. We found that mutual information between the stimulus and response in the corticothalamic circuit decreases with loss of consciousness, and that the change is not reciprocated in the thalamocortical direction. These changes in mutual information were moderately correlated with changes in evoked rate, and a strong effect of isoflurane on spontaneous and evoked rate accounts for a large portion of the change in mutual information. Further, we found cortical synchrony to increase under sub- and just-hypnotic doses of dexmedetomidine and isoflurane, suggesting cortical responses become more causally dependent on thalamocortical input at reduced levels of consciousness, or unconsciousness. We believe these changes suggest loss of consciousness is associated with a decrease in the number of available cortical network states, and may suggest cognitive unbinding from ascending sensory input.
Chapter 6 Manufacturing lead times, order release and capacity loading

Manufacturing lead times are a critical measure of manufacturing performance that have not received a great deal of attention in the literature. Lead times are affected by many factors including capacity, loading, batching and scheduling, and themselves affect many aspects of costs, and control. The interaction between lead times and order release mechanisms is discussed and models relating them are described. In addition, models incorporating lead times in capacity planning and design decisions are also surveyed and some directions for research are discussed.
Info-dynamics: An Algebraic Introduction

Chapter 4 of this monograph provides variety-transformation dynamics on stock-flow information conditions on specific and the total system that have been made possible by technological set of transformations referred to as the set of \( {\mathcal{T}} \text{-} {\text{Processes}} \).
Basic Principles of Thermochemical Conversion

This chapter addresses some of the basic principles of the thermochemical conversion of biomass to other, more useful products. Thermochemical conversion usually denotes such concepts as combustion (discussed in Chapter 6), gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefaction, all of which involve the high-temperature (and occasionally high-pressure) processing of biomass.
Economic impact of onchocerciasis control through the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: an overview.

This note overviews several studies that have been conducted on the economic impact of onchocerciasis (river blindness) control through the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC). A cost-benefit analysis of the APOC concludes that the programme is highly cost-effective. The economic rate of return (ERR) is 17% if benefits are considered in accordance with the stated objective of the programme (i.e. the achievement of long-term, sustainable, ivermectin-delivery systems). However, the cost-benefit analysis significantly under-estimates the net benefits from the APOC, since it considers, for ease of quantification, only the reduction in blindness as the principal benefit accruing from control activities. Recent studies, summarized here, have shown that there may be substantial benefits (in terms of enhanced productivity, increased household-level welfare, and reduced health-related expenditure, for instance) resulting from the reduction of the skin-related symptoms associated with the disease.
In-Depth Review of Stroke Prevention in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation

Stroke is a common complication of atrial fibrillation that leads to high morbidity. Anticoagulation therapy significantly reduces the risk of stroke in a selected group of patients. The decision to start anticoagulation needs to be balanced with bleeding risk. During the past years, multiple oral anticoagulation agents were proven to be as effective as warfarin in multiple randomized clinical trials. The superior benefits of these agents over warfarin are lower risk of intracranial bleeding, stable blood level and no need for frequent blood monitoring. The non-pharmacological approach for stroke prevention is undergoing development and only use in the clinical trials. If proven to be beneficial, it will have great impact for the patient who is contraindicated for anticoagulation therapy. The objective of this article is to review the most current options for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
Is There a Duty to Die in Europe? If Not Now, When?

We have invented a new kind of death in the last 60 years. This new kind of death makes a profound difference – ethically, legally, socially, theologically and philosophically – and urges us to reflect on the implications of this new death. Some 15 years ago, I posed the question “Is There a Duty to Die?” (Hardwig 1997) to which I argued that there is.
Artificial Intelligence: Search

We describe computer algorithms that solve problems by systematic trial-and-error explorations of alternatives. Problem-solving is modeled as search in a problem-space graph, where nodes represents states of the problem, and edges represent operators that change the state. The problems we consider fall into three classes: single-agent path-finding problems, such as Rubik's Cube, sliding-tile puzzles, and the traveling salesman problem; two-player games such as chess and checkers; and constraint-satisfaction problems such as the Eight Queens problem, graph coloring, and boolean satisfiability. For single-agent path-finding problems, we describe brute-force search algorithms including breadth-first search, uniform-cost search, and depth-first search. We also consider heuristic search algorithms, such as A*, that rely on a heuristic function that estimates the cost of an optimal solution to a problem. If this function never overestimates the actual cost, the A* algorithm is guaranteed to return an optimal solution, if one exists. For two-player games we present the minimax search algorithm with static evaluation. For constraint-satisfaction problems, we explain a simple backtracking algorithm. The main difficulty of all these problems is that the number of different possible states that must be examined grows exponentially with problem size, a problem known as combinatorial explosion.
Inventing Leadership: The Challenge of Democracy

Contents: Foreword Preface Prologue: Of Fictions, Implicit Theories, and Leadership in a Democracy Part I: Inventing the Leader 1. The Classical Ideal of the Leader 2. The Classical Ideal in Republics Part II: Inventing the People 3. A New Conception of the People Part III: Inventing Leadership 4. A New Social Relation 5. The Challenge of Democracy 6. James Madison and the Classical Ideal 7. Tocqueville and the Challenges of Democracy 8. Inventing Liberalism 9. Inventing Communitarianism Part IV: Reinventing Leadership 10. A New Fiction of Leadership Index
Integron-mediated antibiotic resistance in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.

This study was undertaken to characterize the integrons present in a group of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates and the ability of these integrons to transfer antibiotic resistance genes from STEC to E. coli K-12 MG1655. A total of 177 STEC isolates were analyzed for antibiotic susceptibility and the presence of integrons. Class 1 integrons were detected in 14 STEC isolates, and a class 2 integron was identified in 1 STEC isolate. The STEC isolates positive for class 1 integrons were resistant to streptomycin (MICs > 128 μg/ml) and sulfisoxazole (MICs > 1,024 μg/ml), and the isolate positive for the class 2 integron was resistant to streptomycin (MIC of 128 μg/ml), trimethoprim (MIC > 256 μg/ml), and streptothricin (MIC > 32 μg/ml). Results of restriction digestion and nucleotide sequencing revealed that the cassette regions of the class 1 integrons had a uniform size of 1.1 kb and contained a nucleotide sequence identical to that of aadA1. The class 2 integron cassette region was 2.0...
Divided Differences and Multipoint Rational Interpolation

This chapter is the most involved and most central of the chapters on rational approximation.
Guidelines for applied machine learning in construction industry—A case of profit margins estimation

Abstract The progress in the field of Machine Learning (ML) has enabled the automation of tasks that were considered impossible to program until recently. These advancements today have incited firms to seek intelligent solutions as part of their enterprise software stack. Even governments across the globe are motivating firms through policies to tape into ML arena as it promises opportunities for growth, productivity and efficiency. In reflex, many firms embark on ML without knowing what it entails. The outcomes so far are not as expected because the ML, as hyped by tech firms, is not the silver bullet. However, whatever ML offers, firms urge to capitalise it for their competitive advantage. Applying ML to real-life construction industry problems goes beyond just prototyping predictive models. It entails intensive activities which, in addition to training robust ML models, provides a comprehensive framework for answering questions asked by construction folks when intelligent solutions are getting deployed at their premises to substitute or facilitate their decision-making tasks. Existing ML guidelines used in the IT industry are vastly restricted to training ML models. This paper presents guidelines for Applied Machine Learning (AML) in the construction industry from training to operationalising models, which are drawn from our experience of working with construction folks to deliver Construction Simulation Tool (CST). The unique aspect of these guidelines lies not only in providing a novel framework for training models but also answering critical questions related to model confidence, trust, interpretability, bias, feature importance and model extrapolation capabilities. Generally, ML models are presumed black boxes; hence argued that nobody knows what a model learns and how it generates predictions. Even very few ML folks barely know approaches to answer questions asked by the end users. Without explaining the competence of ML, the broader adoption of intelligent solutions in the construction industry cannot be attained. This paper proposed a detailed process for AML to develop intelligent solutions in the construction industry. Most discussions in the study are elaborated in the context of profit margin estimation for new projects.
Using the context of algorithmic art to change attitudes in introductory programming

This paper describes the use of algorithmic art as a context for teaching programming and computational thinking. We show how students can learn to apply mathematics and computer programming to create algorithmic art, and we record changes in their understanding and attitudinal responses toward computer science. The power of this approach lies in the relationship between image and algorithm combined with the fact that visual images are easily understood and enjoyed by most students. The images give clear and immediate feedback about the structure and behavior of the algorithm being explored. Going the other way, the goal of creating a specific visual effect, challenges the student to understand the implication of a given programming or mathematical construct.
Low Complexity Sequential Search with Measurement Dependent Noise.

This paper considers a target localization problem where at any given time an agent can choose a region to query for the presence of the target in that region. The measurement noise is assumed to be increasing with the size of the query region the agent chooses. Motivated by practical applications such as initial beam alignment in array processing, heavy hitter detection in networking, and visual search in robotics, we consider practically important complexity constraints/metrics: \textit{time complexity}, \textit{computational and memory complexity}, \textit{query geometry}, and \textit{cardinality of possible query sets}. Two novel search strategy, $dyaPM$ and $hiePM$, are proposed. In contrast to previously proposed algorithms, $dyaPM$ and $hiePM$ are of a connected query geometry (i.e. query set is always a connected set). We also demonstrated how they can be implemented with low computational and memory complexity. Additionally, $hiePM$ has a hierarchical structure and has a low cardinality of possible query sets. These make $hiePM$ suitable for applications such as beamforming in array processing where the extra computation of the query set construction dictates a codebook-based approach (the choice of query set is constrained to a pre-computed small query set collection), and the limit of memory enforces a smaller codebook size. Through a unified analysis with Extrinsic Jensen Shannon (EJS) Divergence, $dyaPM$ is shown to be asymptotically optimal in search time complexity (asymptotic in both resolution (rate) and error (reliability)). On the other hand, $hiePM$ is shown to be near-optimal in rate. In addition, via numerical examples, both $hiePM$ and $dyaPM$ are shown to outperform prior work in the non-asymptotic regime.
Developing a health communication campaign for disposal of unused opioid medications.

Abstract Introduction Communities throughout the United States have implemented medicine disposal programs to prevent diversion of unused opioid analgesics from homes but a general lack of awareness may contribute to low rates of utilization. The objective of this study was to develop and test community-based campaign messages promoting appropriate disposal of unused opioids at disposal programs. Methods In Fall 2019, 491 residents (79% female, 97% White, mean age: 40 years) of five rural, Appalachian counties (3 in Kentucky and 2 in North Carolina) completed a web-based, experimental survey. Participants were randomly exposed to two of four messages and rated each message separately. A pretest–posttest design was utilized to assess change in beliefs about retaining unused prescription opioids in the home following exposure to message sets. Results All messages favorably influenced participants’ perceptions related to concerns and risks of retaining unused prescription opioids and importance of - and self-efficacy in disposing of unused opioid medications. After controlling for social and demographic characteristics and baseline beliefs in generalized linear mixed models, Message 1 outperformed other messages in increasing participants’ concern about retaining unused prescription opioids in the home and Message 3 was most effective in increasing self-efficacy to dispose of unused prescription opioids. Conclusions Messages including young children and pictorially demonstrate how to dispose of medications may have the greatest impact on behavioral actions related to medication disposal. The findings from this study can be used to inform community-based campaigns to facilitate disposal of unused prescription opioids.
Secondary School Administrators' Knowledge and Perceptions of the Athletic Training Profession, Part II: Specific Considerations for Principals.

Context Secondary school administrators fulfill many leadership roles, including creating and implementing policies to help ensure the safety of athletic programs. However, limited research has examined principals' perceptions and awareness of the athletic trainer (AT) role. Objective To explore secondary school principals' perceptions of athletic training and knowledge related to the roles and responsibilities of ATs. Design Concurrent mixed methods. Setting Cross-sectional online questionnaire. Patients or other participants Principals (n=686) representing public secondary schools across the United States (age = 48.1±7.8 years, years in position = 7.1±5.8). Intervention(s) Web-based questionnaire composed of demographics, various quantitative items assessing knowledge and perceived value of ATs, and open-ended questions. Main outcome measure(s) Descriptive statistics summarize demographic data. Select quantitative measures are reported as count response and overall percentages. Responses to open-ended questions were analyzed inductively. Results We obtained a 5% response rate (686/13,517). Approximately 93% (n=637) of responding principals considered an AT to be a trusted source of medical information. The most frequently selected skills they believed ATs were qualified to perform included 'injury prevention' (99.1%), 'first aid/wound care' (96.5%), and 'therapeutic intervention' (91.4%). Sixty-three percent (n=430) of respondents considered an AT 'extremely valuable' to student-athlete health and safety. Our results indicate secondary school principals have a vague understanding of AT "training" and appreciate the immediacy of care ATs can provide. They also appear to utilize decentralized hiring practices. Conclusions Secondary school principals recognize the role ATs play in the immediate care of athletic-related injuries and identify ATs as a trusted source of medical information. However, principals have limited understanding of the qualifications and educational requirements of ATs. Future professional advocacy efforts, targeting this stakeholder group, should highlight all medical services an AT provides and emphasize the AT's value in schools that sponsor athletics programs.
Effects of hearing aid processing on speech intelligibility in virtual restaurant settings

Hearing-impaired listeners struggle to understand speech in complex environments like restaurants. Environmental factors (signal-to-noise ratio and reverberation time) and hearing aid processing (digital noise reduction and wide dynamic range compression [WDRC]) have been shown to affect speech intelligibility in these contexts. We examine the independent and synergistic effects of these environmental factors and processing strategies on speech intelligibility. Virtual space techniques were used to build a virtual restaurant. The target talker was located directly in front of the listener and competing talkers were located to the listener’s right in various positions around the restaurant. Signal-to-noise ratio was varied randomly, centered on 0 dB with a standard deviation of 2 dB. Reverberation time was either 0.8 or 1.8 s. Hearing aid processing was simulated using custom software. WDRC was either fast or slow with the following attack/release times: 5/50 ms and 100/2000 ms. Digital noise reduction was either on or off. Customized gain and frequency shaping were applied to the signals. Listeners heard low-context sentences through insert earphones and repeated the target sentence. Responses were scored based on the number of correctly repeated keywords. Preliminary results show that the effect of WDRC depended on reverberation time. [Work supported by NIH.]
The Bottom of the Health Care Rationing Iceberg.

The Bottom of the Health Care Rationing Iceberg Here I was, trying to do a perfect job allocating a handful of mechanical ventilators for an unprecedented viral pandemic, while every day the entire...
Perioperative Management of Polycythemia

Polycythemia indicates an absolute increase in total red blood cell mass. Polycythemia has primary, secondary and mixed types. Polycythemia Vera (PV), a clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, is the most common form of primary polycythemias. PV is a neoplasm with gene mutations leading to overproduction of morphologically and functionally normal blood cells. The perioperative complications of polycythemia include thromboembolic events leading to stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and peripheral vascular occlusions. Patients with PV may also suffer from hemorrhagic complications. Patients with PV with low cardiovascular risk can be treated with aspirin and phlebotomy with a target hematocrit <45%, but high-risk patients will necessitate cytoreductive therapy usually with hydroxyurea. Some patients who cannot tolerate or resistant to hydroxyurea will need interferon or Ruxolitinib. Based on current guidelines for the management of PV, most patients can have long and productive lives. The anesthetic considerations for patients with PV should include control hematocrit level to <45% preoperatively, appropriate hemodilution intraoperatively, and closely monitoring hematocrit level and occurrence of potential complications postoperatively.
Genomic Analysis of Hypoxia Inducible Factor Alpha Evolution in Ray-finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)

Abstract Two rounds of genome duplication (GD) in the ancestor of vertebrates, followed by additional GD during the evolution of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), expanded certain gene families, including those encoding the hypoxia inducible transcription factor (HIF). The present study analyzed Actinopterygian genomes for duplicates of HIFα, the subunit that confers oxygen-dependent gene regulation. In contrast to tetrapod vertebrates that retain three HIFα genes from the ancestral vertebrate GD, four HIFα forms were found in the genomes of primitive Actinopterygians (spotted gar and Asian arowana). All four forms have been retained in zebrafish and related species (Otocephala) and salmonids and their sister taxa (northern pike) but one of them (HIF4α) was lost during the evolution of more derived fishes (Neoteleostei). In addition, the current analyses confirm that Otocephala retain duplicates of HIF1α and HIF2α from the teleost-specific GD, provide new evidence of salmonid-specific duplicates of HIF1α, HIF2α, and HIF3α, and reveal a broad distribution of a truncated form of HIF2α in salmonids and Neoteleostei. This study delivers a comprehensive view of HIFα evolution in the ray-finned fishes, highlights the need for a consistent nomenclature, and suggests avenues for future research on this critical transcription factor.
Predictors of Booster Engagement Following a Web-Based Brief Intervention for Alcohol Misuse Among National Guard Members: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Alcohol misuse is a major health concern among military members. Reserve component members face unique barriers as they live off base with limited access to behavioral health services. Web and app-based brief interventions are a promising means to improve access to treatment for those who misuse alcohol, with the use of booster sessions to enhance effectiveness, solidify gains, and reinforce changes. However, little is known about who will engage in booster sessions. Objective: This study aims to evaluate booster engagement across booster delivery modalities (Web and Peer) and identify participant-specific factors associated with booster session engagement. Methods: Following a brief web-based alcohol misuse intervention in National Guard members (N=739), we examined engagement in a series of three booster sessions. Using unadjusted and adjusted models, demographic and clinical characteristics that may serve as predictors of booster session engagement were examined across the 2 arms of the trial with different types of booster sessions: peer-delivered (N=245) and web-delivered (N=246). Results: Booster session completion was greater for Peer than Web Booster sessions, with 142 (58%) service members in the Peer Booster arm completing all three boosters compared with only 108 (44%) of participants in the Web Booster arm (χ23=10.3; P=.006). In a model in which the 2 groups were combined, socioeconomic factors predicted booster engagement. In separate models, the demographic and clinical predictors of booster engagement varied between the 2 delivery modalities. Conclusions: The use of peer-delivered boosters, especially among subsets of reserve members at risk of lack of engagement, may foster greater uptake and improve treatment outcomes. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02181283; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02181283
Unruh-DeWitt detector’s response to a nonrelativistic particle

Unruh-DeWitt (UDW) detectors that couple locally to a quantum field are an important tool for operationally studying field properties. Here, we study the response of an inertial UDW detector to a nonrelativistic particle state of a massive scalar field and we find that the transition probability of the detector splits into the vacuum contribution and the matter contribution. We show that the matter part oscillates with the interaction time duration and the oscillation period depends on the difference between the mass of the particle and the energy gap of the detector; a strong resonance pattern for the transition probability is found when such a difference equals zero. We compare the matter-part contribution with the nonrelativistic probability density of the particle and find that they provide qualitatively similar description of the particle.
Thinking about Causation: A Thought Experiment with Dominos

Abstract We argue that population attributable fractions, probabilities of causation, burdens of disease, and similar association-based measures often do not provide valid estimates or surrogates for the fraction or number of disease cases that would be prevented by eliminating or reducing an exposure because their calculations do not include crucial mechanistic information. We use a thought experiment with a cascade of dominos to illustrate the need for mechanistic information when answering questions about how changing exposures changes risk. We suggest that modern methods of causal artificial intelligence (CAI) can fill this gap: they can complement and extend traditional epidemiological attribution calculations to provide information useful for risk management decisions.
Atoms in Motion

So far, when discussing the properties of materials we tacitly assumed that the atoms of solids remain essentially stationary. From time to time we implied, however, that the behavior of solids is affected by the thermally induced vibrations of atoms. The changes in properties increase even more when atoms migrate through the lattice and take new positions. In order to gain a deeper insight into many mechanical properties, we therefore need to study the “dynamic case.” It will become obvious during our endeavor that the motion of atoms through solids involves less effort (energy) when open spaces are present in a lattice, as encountered, for example, by empty lattice sites. Thus, we commence with this phenomenon.
The Case for Conserving Threespine Stickleback Populations

Abstract The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) comprises a complex of geographically differentiated populations, including some that are clearly separate biological species. The complex includes marine and anadromous forms thought to represent the phenotypes that have given rise post-glacially to widely distributed, differentiated, freshwater isolates. The relative uniformity of the marine and anadromous forms permits determination of the direction of evolutionary change in the freshwater radiation. A second feature that is exceptionally valuable for evolutionary inference is the repeated, independent evolution of similar phenotypes under similar ecological conditions. This property of the radiation facilitates evaluation of the causes of evolutionary diversification and speciation. We argue that the value of individual populations of this fish is elevated by their membership in the adaptive radiation, and that each population must be viewed as an integral part of this system, rather than ju...
A Cross-Case Analysis of Three Social Justice-Oriented Education Programs:

This cross-case analysis was based on three main questions that addressed three social justice-oriented education programs. The three questions were: 1) What critical elements underlie programs that prepare professionals for social justice? 2) What can we learn from these programs in support of educational-leadership programs whose aim is to prepare leaders for social justice? and, 3) What types of resistance have these programs perhaps faced in their preparation of leaders and educators for social justice? Each pair of authors analyzed the cases. Then we developed a “meta-consensus table” that combined all three cases for each of the three questions listed above. We then sorted the categories into themes within each meta-consensus table. Each theme was presented within the discussion of each of the three aforementioned questions. This was followed by a general discussion of the results. First, it was evident that program faculty played a key role in program development and implementation. Second, it is v...
How Should Physicians Approach the Problems of Their Patients

During a recent seminar with pediatric residents to discuss the role of empathy in the doctor-patient relationship, the following dialogue occurred. Resident: It is fine and terrific to talk about how useful empathy can be, but it does not work when children with reactive airway disease have parents who continue to smoke. I feel strongly that people should not smoke. When these children wheeze, their parents bring them to the Emergency Department and we have to see them and deal with the same problem over and over again. Physician: Have you talked to the parents to try and understand their feelings about smoking and whether they believe it influences their child9s wheezing?
4‐Nitrobenzyl Fluoride

4-Nitrobenzyl fluoride product: 4-nitrobenzyl fluoride Keywords: replacement reactions, hydroxy by halogen; diethylaminosulfur trifluoride, corrosive
A Review of: “Harter, L. M., Japp, P. M., & Beck, C. S. (Editors). (2005). Narratives, Health, and Healing: Communication Theory, Research, and Practice.”

Whether their thoughts on narrative originated during readings of Kenneth Burke, Walter Fisher, or another scholar, countless communication scholars (e.g., Bochner, 1994; Ellingson & Buzzanell, 199...
Metropolitan Fragmentation and Health Disparities: Is There a Link?

Context: This article explores the relationship between metropolitan fragmentation, as defined by the total number of governmental units within a metropolitan statistical area (local municipalities, special service districts, and school districts), and racial disparities in mortality among blacks and whites in the 1990s. The presence of numerous governmental jurisdictions in large metropolitan areas in the United States can shape the geography of opportunity, with adverse consequences for health. Methods: We conducted a regression analysis using U.S. Census of Government data and Compressed Mortality File data for the country’s largest 171 metropolitan statistical areas. Findings: We found a link between increased metropolitan area fragmentation and greater racial differences in mortality between blacks and whites for both children and working-age adults. Although increasing fragmentation is associated with a higher mortality rate for blacks, it is not associated with a higher mortality rate for whites. These findings suggest that research is needed to understand how governance can positively or negatively influence a population’s health and create conditions that generate or exacerbate health disparities. Conclusions: We need to understand the extent to which metropolitan fragmentation contributes to racial segregation, whether racism contributes to both, and the role of poverty and antipoverty policies in reducing or exacerbating the consequences of metropolitan fragmentation. The exact pathways by which metropolitan fragmentation contributes to differences between blacks’
Motion planning for mobile robots in a dynamic environment with moving obstacles

The objective of this study is to develop a method for mobile robot motion planning in the presence of moving obstacles. The concept of traversability vectors is used to analyze the spatial relationship between the robot and moving obstacles. Given a predefined path, the occupancy of the path by moving obstacles can be detected and registered on the constraint map. Obstacles on this map represent time constraints on the robot motion along the path. A search algorithm is then developed to coordinate the robot motion. Simulation results for this approach are discussed. >
An Evaluation of Exercise Pen Use by Circus Tigers (Pathera tigris tigris)

This study quantified the behavior of 11 tigers during periodic access to an exercise pen throughout the day and night. The study determined the amount of time spent in the pen and the percentage of time spent performing stereotypic pacing, normal locomotor behavior, and lying down while in the pen. Average access to the exercise pen was 10 hr 49 min overnight and 5 hr 30 min during the day. At night, the tigers spent 29.1% of their time in the exercise pen, during which they paced 19.6% and performed normal locomotor behavior for 23.1% of that time. By day, they spent 40.4% of their time in the exercise pen, during which they paced 10.0% and performed normal locomotor behavior 35.7% of that time. The tigers spent the rest of the time in the pen lying down. Overall, tigers will utilize an exercise pen, spending a greater percentage of time in the pen during the day than at night and also performing less stereotyped pacing than at night.
Information flow and analysis: Theory, simulation, and experiments. III. Preliminary experiments and analysis

This series of articles describes research which has been underway at The Ohio State University in an effort to develop a fundamental and general theory of information flow and analysis. More specifically, the research attempts to (1) identify and quantify important variables and parameters in the information flow process; (2) establish relationships among these variables; (3) apply the theory to practical situations and to examine the resulting implications; and (4) develop models, both simulation and experimental, to utilize and validate the theory. The basis for our work treats information as data of value in decision-making. This, in turn, leads to a powerful model of a Generalized Information System. We have now made considerable progress and have developed the basic elements comprising a generalized theory. In particular, we have been able to establish quantitative definitions for and relationships among quantity of information, value of information, effectiveness of information, decision-maker effectiveness, decision-maker performance, and other terms. By dealing with “average” decision-makers, we establish unique relationships for specific decision situations. Typical relationships and curves are presented in the articles. We describe a flexible, sophisticated simulation model which permits the examination of the interrelationship between information and decision-making for a wide variety of different situations. We present detailed simulation results for two specific examples—a typical farmer and a mathematical example. We describe prototype experiments which place human decision-makers in an interactive decision-making situation. We are able to obtain data on their decision-making behavior in the light of our conceptual model. Preliminary analysis of the data is described.
Pediatric tuberculosis: what needs to be done to decrease morbidity and mortality.

Objective. Tuberculosis (TB) control programs have been less successful among children than among adults in the United States. Between 1992 and 1997, the rate of decline of TB cases among 0- to 14-year-old children was less than the rate of decline among any other age group of US-born persons. Because of the higher prevalence of active TB among adults and their higher infectivity, most programs for TB in the United States have targeted adults. The inherent assumption has been that by targeting adults, from whom children may become infected, TB morbidity and mortality among children also will be reduced effectively. Methods. Using a semi-Markov model that divided the US population into age groups Results. After 10 years, a 5% increase in the number of adults with TB who enter treatment would only lead to a .05% decline in TB cases among children, compared with predicted cases without this intervention. Improving treatment efficacy among those adults who are already receiving treatment for their TB leads to a smaller decline in cases among children of only .003%. In contrast, a 5% increase in the number of children who enter treatment leads to a 25% decline, after 10 years, in the number of TB cases among children and a 16% decline in the number of TB deaths. In the presence of immigration of tuberculin-positive children, the benefit of targeting programs directly at children is magnified. Conclusions. Marginal changes in programs targeted directly at children are significantly more effective at further reducing pediatric TB morbidity and mortality than the same changes in programs targeted at adults with the indirect goal of reducing spread to children. Marginal increases in the number of children who enter treatment are far more effective at decreasing morbidity and mortality than equivalent marginal increases in treatment effectiveness. Unfortunately, declining insurance coverage and increasing restrictions on services to immigrants have made it harder for those who are at greatest risk of TB to get medical care. Marginal increases in preventive therapy rates substantially reduce future pediatric TB cases and deaths among children with TB infection and human immunodeficiency virus.
Capsaicin treatment in adult Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats: effects on nociceptive behavior and cardiovascular regulation.

Abstract Effects of s.c. capsaicin pretreatment on nociception, mean systemic arterial blood pressure, and dose-response curves for depressor effects of substance P (SP) and pressor effects of angiotensin II (AII) and norepinephrine (NE) were examined in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Capsaicin pretreatment significantly elevated hot plate and tail flick latencies in SHR subjects but was without effect in WKY rats. Capsaicin pretreatment significantly reduced mean systemiic arterial blood pressure in rats of both strains. Both vehicle- and capsaicin-treated WKY subjects exhibited greater depressor responses than did subjects of the corresponding SHR groups after i.v. SP administration. Vehicle-treated SHR subjects exhibited greater pressor responses to both AII and NE than did rats of the vehicle-treated WKY group. Capsaicin treatment decreased the sensitivity of WKY rats to the pressor effects of both AII and NE. Strain differences involving nociception, cardiovascular regulation, and responses to capsaicin may underly results reported.