cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature dependence of ferromagnetic anisotropy energy in cubic crystals

Abstract The magnetic anisotropy constant K1 for cubic ferromagnetic crystals has been discussed based on the general expressions derived by Yang for hexagon crystals. By matching the experimental data, we obtained K 1 (T,H) K 1 (0,0) =−6.14 I 5 2 (T,H) + 3.36 I 9 2 (T,H) + 4.88m 2 (T,H) −1.10[ I 5 2 (T,H)] 2 for nickel, and K 1 (T,H)/K 1 (0,0)=I 9 2 for iron, where I 5 2 and I 9 2 are the hyperbolic bessel functions of order 2 and 4 respectively and m is the reduced magnetization. Both expressions have a theoretical basis.
Nanoengineered surfaces for microfluidic-based thermal management devices

Microfluidic systems offer compact and efficient thermal management strategies. In this work, we investigate novel nanostructured surfaces to control fluidic behavior and enhance heat dissipation in microfluidic systems. We fabricated silicon nanopillars ranging from 200 nm to 800 nm in diameter and heights of approximately 5 μm. In the presence of notches on the pillars, the liquid separates into multiple layers of liquid films. The thicknesses of the liquid layers subsequently increase as the film propagates, which is determined by the specific position and geometry of the notches. In the presence of asymmetric nanopillars, where the pillars have deflection angles ranging from 0-50 degrees, directional spreading of water droplets can be achieved. The liquid spreads only in the direction of the pillar deflection and becomes pinned on the opposite interface. We performed detailed measurements and developed models to predict the behavior based on pillar geometries. These studies provide insight into the complex liquid-nanostructure interactions, which show great potential to design nanostructures to achieve high flux thermal management solutions.
Response to exogenous kisspeptin varies according to sex and reproductive condition in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)

Most animals experience marked changes in reproductive status across development that are regulated by changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The upstream mechanisms regulating this axis, however, remain less well understood. The neuropeptide kisspeptin serves as a positive regulator of reproduction; the precise actions of kisspeptin on the HPG axis in animals of differing developmental and seasonal reproductive states, however, remain unresolved. Further, sex differences in response to kisspeptin have not been fully explored. In Experiment 1, we investigated whether sensitivity to a broad range of kisspeptin doses differed in adult male and female Siberian hamsters held on reproductively inhibitory or stimulatory photoperiods. In Experiment 2, we asked whether the response to kisspeptin differed across different stages of reproductive development. Males and females displayed elevated luteinizing hormone LH) in response to kisspeptin; however, the sexes differed in this response, with males showing greater LH responses to kisspeptin than females. Hamsters responded to kisspeptin across all stages of reproductive development, although the magnitude of this response differed between animals of different ages and between the sexes. Males showed significant increases in LH at an earlier development age than females; females also showed blunted LH responses during early adulthood whereas males remained relatively constant in their response to kisspeptin. These findings suggest that reproductively active and inactive hamsters are responsive to kisspeptin, but that the sexes differ in their responsiveness. Collectively, these data provide further insight into the basic actions of kisspeptin in the regulation of reproduction, and provide a potential mechanism for the regulation of differential reproductive responses between the sexes.
Receptor-Mediated Uptake of Antigen/Heat Shock Protein Complexes Results in Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Antigen Presentation via Two Distinct Processing Pathways

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) derived from tumors or virally infected cells can stimulate antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Although this antigenicity is known to arise from HSP-associated peptides presented to the immune system by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, the cell biology underlying this presentation process remains poorly understood. Here we show that HSP 70 binds to the surface of antigen presenting cells by a mechanism with the characteristics of a saturable receptor system. After this membrane interaction, processing and MHC class I presentation of the HSP-associated antigen can occur via either a cytosolic (transporter associated with antigen processing [TAP] and proteasome–dependent) or an endosomal (TAP and proteasome–independent) route, with the preferred pathway determined by the sequence context of the optimal antigenic peptide within the HSP-associated material. These findings not only characterize two highly efficient, specific pathways leading to the conversion of HSP-associated antigens into ligands for CD8+ T cells, they also imply the existence of a mechanism for receptor-facilitated transmembrane transport of HSP or HSP-associated ligands from the plasma membrane or lumen of endosomes into the cytosol.
MEMS MODULATED RETROREFLECTORS FOR SECURE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

Design, modeling, fabrication, and testing of a new type of optical communication node enabled by micromachined mirror is described. The micromirror device is capable of switching within 1μs between two states — one planar and reflective in the substrate surface normal direction and one corrugated and diffractive. It is used as one facet in a corner-cube retroreflector that can communicate by returning a temporally modulated beam to an interrogating laser transceiver. Design of a very low-cost device suitable for use as a communication node at ranges of several hundred meters is detailed. In particular, fabrication approaches are described for the micromirror that minimize the number of layers and process steps while employing scalable, high-volume thin film manufacturing. Ultimately, a process comprised of three thin film depositions, on lithographic patterning step, and one timed etch produces a robust and easily mass produced device. The devices that were tested featured up to 10:1 modulation of an incident beam in some configurations, and allow robust, secure optical switching through free space. Processes for combining the modulator with two orthogonal facets to comprise a retroreflector are described, and adequate orthogonality is demonstrated for communication over the intended range. Intrinsic stress behavior of tensile thin films are exploited to achieve nanometer scale flatness in the unactuated device, and a compact electronics driver is used to encode data and frequency modulate the active device. Electromechanical models that predict device behavior during electrostatic actuation are detailed. A functional prototype communication system using the modulated retroreflector and a telescope containing a 1.5μm wavelength laser and photodetector decoder is described, and secure communication is demonstrated over a free space path.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Design and Fabrication of an Automatic Nanoscale Tool-Tip Exchanger for Scanning Probe Microscopy

The scanning probe microscope (SPM), in particular the atomic force microscope (AFM), is widely used as a metrology tool at the nanoscale. Recently, the instrument has shown tremendous potential to perform various nanoscale fabrication processes (e.g. nanolithography, atomic deposition, nanomachining, etc.) with high resolution (< 10 nm). However, use of SPMs for fabrication have a low throughput and require frequent manual replacement of the SPM tips due to damage or wear. Manual switching of tips for multiple operations, is relatively time consuming. Thus these issues hinder the throughput, quality, reliability, and scalability of SPM as a practical tool for nanofabrication. To address these issues, this paper presents the design, analysis, and fabrication of a novel nano tool-tip exchanger that automatically loads and unloads SPM tool-tips. The ability to provide fully automated on-demand tool-tip exchange would enable SPM as a scalable tool for nanomanufacturing. In this work, an active SPM cantilever is designed with an electrothermally actuated microgripper capable of locating, loading, and unloading tool-tips automatically. The microgripper has been designed to provide adequate range of actuation, gripping force, stiffness, and dynamic response required for securely holding the tool-tip and for functioning within existing SPM-based systems. The design has been validated by finite element analysis. Experiments have been conducted to establish the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication processes for successful fabrication of the prototype.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Development of an in vivo method to investigate biomechanical and neurophysiological properties of spine facet joint capsules

Facet joint capsules (FJC) may experience large mechanical deformation under spine motion. There has been no previous quantitative study of the relationship between capsular strain and sensory nerve activation in spine FJC in vivo. Space limitation in the cervical spine makes such a study difficult, as the facet joint must be loaded while simultaneously monitoring nerve discharge from nerve roots immediately adjacent to the loaded tissue. A new methodology was developed to investigate biomechanical and neurophysiological properties of spine facet joint capsules in vivo. The method incorporated a custom-fabricated testing frame for facet joint loading, a stereoimaging system, and a template-matching technique to obtain single afferent response. It was tested by loading goat C5–C6 FJC in vivo with simultaneous nerve root recordings and 3D strain tracking of the capsules. Preliminary data showed that 18 of 23 afferents (78.3%) were found to be mechanosensitive to tensile stretch, and five were not responsive, even under tensile load as high as 27.5 N. Mechanosensitive afferents in goat capsules had tensile strain thresholds of 0.119±0.080. Neural responses of all mechanosensitive units showed statistically significant correlations (all P<<0.05) with both capsular load (r2=0.744±0.109) and local strain (r2=0.868±0.088). This method enables the investigation of the correlation between tissue load, deformation and neural responses of mechanoreceptors in spine facet joint capsules, and can be adapted to investigate tissue loading and neural response of other soft tissues.
Fines, Frames, and Images: Examining Formulation Effects on Punishment Decisions

Two laboratory experiments examine how punishment decisions are influenced by formulation effects. Results indicate the fines levied by disciplinary agents for deceptive advertising practices were significantly biased by objectively equivalent information framed in a positive or negative way. Specifically, negative framing produced fines that were 44 to 120% larger, depending on whether the offending party was listed as an individual or an organization. Results also indicate framing influenced perceptions of image compatibility, a measure derived from Beach and Mitchell's Image Theory (1990, 1996), and that differences in image compatibility correlated with differences in fines. The more incompatible a decision maker's image of the offending party, the higher the fine. Image theory is then discussed as a potential instrument for enhancing our understanding of framing and formulation effects.
Purification of human monocyte-macrophages by a cell suspension culture technique.

Abstract Human monocytes transform after 6 days of culture into large monocyte-macrophages without adherence. They are then easily separated from other types of mononuclear cells on a Hypaque-Ficoll gradient. These cells can be obtained in suspension at greater than 90% purity. The method is simple, highly reproducible, and does not require complex fractionation equipment. This method can be utilized to obtain large numbers of highly purified viable monocytes without introducing the potential artifacts resulting from adherence of cells to surfaces and subsequent dislodgment procedures.
Lattice Boltzmann modeling of 2D gas transport in a solid oxide fuel cell anode

Modeling of multi-component gas transport (H2, N2, H2O) in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode has been carried out using a recently developed two-dimensional (2D) lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) model. The LBM can simulate gas diffusion in complex porous media between species having different molecular weights. The porous anode structure through which gas transport occurs is obtained from micrograph images of an existing SOFC, converted to digital form and used as an input for the LBM model. Effect of medium geometry, mainly the porosity, and dimensionless flux on the fuel (H2) delivery to the active sites and product (H2O) removal is examined. The relationship between mass transfer and concentration polarization in the anode has been clarified. Predicted concentration polarization plots using the LBM model are validated against prior studies and show good agreement. Because of its ability to incorporate detailed geometry information, the LBM model can be used for design and optimization of SOFC electrodes without empirical modification of diffusion coefficients using medium porosity and tortuosity. As more advanced three-dimensional anode imaging techniques are developed, the LBM model can be adapted to model current flow through the anode material in addition to mass transport through the anode pores.
A self-similar premixed turbulent flame model

This paper is devoted to premixed combustion modelling in turbulent flow. First, we derive a model for the turbulent flame velocity based on the observed self-similarity of the turbulent flame. The model uses the local flame brush width as a fundamental parameter and, therefore, we show how it can be retrieved for numerical implementation. The diffusive property of the brush width is treated in such a way as to theoretically let the brush have a clearly defined boundary propagating at finite velocity. The model, implemented in Star-CD CFD software through user programming, is then numerically tested on three configurations for which another model, the Turbulent Flame Closure model, is known to give very good agreement. Some effects of numerics are commented and results for both models are compared. While based on very different approaches the two models lead to substantially similar results. In this way, we have shown that the local brush width can effectively be used, giving an additional degree of freedom for premixed turbulent combustion modelling.
Nitric oxide-releasing silica nanoparticles with varied surface hydrophobicity

Abstract Hydrocarbon- and fluorocarbon-based silanes were grafted onto the surface of amine-containing silica nanoparticles to achieve materials of varied surface hydrophobicity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and direct polarization solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to confirm the presence of surface-grafted functionalities. Changes in hydrophobicity were illustrated by assessing the stability of aqueous particle suspensions using dynamic light scattering. Following surface modification, the amines were converted to N -diazeniumdiolate nitric oxide (NO) donors to yield nanoparticles with tunable nitric oxide (NO) release kinetics dependent on the rate of water uptake into the silica structures. Moreover, modification of the particle surface hydrophobicity allowed for the preparation of NO-releasing electrospun polymer fibers with improved particle incorporation and decreased particle leaching compared to fibers doped with unmodified particles. Methods for tuning particle surface chemistry (e.g., hydrophobicity) while maintaining control over size and structure will enable the optimization of such NO-release vehicles for specific therapeutic applications.
Conservation genetics of American Dipper (Cinclus mexicanus): the genetic status of a population in severe decline

American Dippers (Cinclus mexicanus) were once known to occur in streams throughout the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming, but now dippers number about 50–75 individuals and reside almost exclusively in a single stream. The recent decline of the American Dipper in the Black Hills of South Dakota is thought to be due to local stream degradation. As a result of the decline of C. mexicanus in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming, the Black Hills population of American Dippers is a candidate for designation as a distinct population segement (DPS) and might warrant protection and special management. One criterion for DPS designation is genetic uniqueness. Here we present the results of a genetic assessment of the Black Hills population of C. mexicanus. Data presented here indicate that the dipper population in the Black Hills is genetically distinct from other sampled populations. Further population sampling will be needed to understand the genetic population structure of C. mexicanus throughout its range. Furthermore, the recent decline in the Black Hills dipper population should be a warning that other populations (and other species) may be experiencing similar declines and that such montane habitats are worthy of special management.
Parallel Synthesis and Antimalarial Screening of a 4- Aminoquinoline Library

Due to growing problems with drug resistance, there is an outstanding need for new, cost-effective drugs for the treatment of malaria. The 4-aminoquinolines have provided a number of useful antimalarials, and Plasmodium falciparum, the causative organism for the most deadly form of human malaria, is generally slow to develop resistance to these drugs. Therefore, diverse screening libraries of quinolines continue to be useful for antimalarial drug discovery. We report herein the development of an efficient method for producing libraries of 4-aminoquinolines variant in the side chain portion of the molecule. The effects of these substitutions were evaluated by screening this library for activity against P. falciparum, revealing four potent compounds active against drug-resistant strains.
Isolation and structural elucidation of a new saponin (‘Soyasaponin V’) from haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

A new triterpenoid saponin has been isolated from haricot beans and its structure shown to be 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-galacto-pyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-glucuronopyranasyl] olean-12-en-3β, 22β, 24-triol. The dietary intakes of saponins are discussed and the possible physiological consequences are identified.
Applications of photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) in magnetism research

Abstract This paper reviews the application of X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM) to problems in modern magnetism. In particular, the ability to determine the magnetic domain structure of antiferromagnetic thin films will be discussed.
Measurement of particulate matter emissions from in-use locomotives

Abstract Particulate matter emissions from a large sample (N = 88) of in-use line-haul freight locomotives were measured in the Alameda Corridor, located near the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. Emission factors for black carbon (BC), particle number (PN), fine particulate mass (PM2.5), and lung-deposited particle surface area (LDSA) were computed based on 1 Hz measurements of the rise and fall of particulate matter and CO2 concentrations as the locomotives passed the sampling location. We include LDSA emission factors as relevant for near-source human exposures. Mean emission factors ± standard deviations were 0.9 ± 0.5 g kg−1 fuel consumed for BC, (2.1 ± 1.5) × 1016 # kg−1 for PN, 1.6 ± 1.3 g kg−1 for PM2.5, and (2.2 ± 1.7) × 1013 μm2 kg−1 for LDSA. Emission factors for individual trains were slightly skewed, with the dirtiest 10% of trains responsible for 20%, 24%, 28%, and 27% of total BC, PN, PM2.5, and LDSA emissions, respectively. The relative importance of high-emitters is therefore lower for these locomotives relative to previously reported diesel truck emissions. BC versus PN emissions from individual locomotives were found to be anti-correlated, suggesting that the highest emitters of particle numbers are the lowest emitters of black carbon. Using results presented here along with previous measurements, we compared for freight trains versus diesel trucks the amount of BC emissions associated with pulling an intermodal freight container over a given distance. This assumption-dependent comparison showed that in most cases locomotives emit less BC per container hauled than diesel trucks. However, continual decreases in diesel truck BC means that unless emissions from locomotives are decreased in the near future, emissions associated with hauling a container could become lower for diesel trucks than locomotives.
Applications of microsugery to mammalian embryos

Abstract Microsurgical techniques currently applied to embryos include removing embryonic cells from or transferring them into the zona pellucida, biopsy, cutting embryos in half, aggregating them, injecting nuclei, cytoplasm, or molecules into embryonic cytoplasm or nuclei, and removing material or structures such as pronuclei from embryos. Imminent applications include chromosomal analysis, for example for sex determination, and production of identical twins or multiplets. Accomplishments in the laboratory which probably will have eventual applications in livestock production include making chimeras and homozygous diploid females, cloning by nuclear transplantation, and introducing foreign genes into pronuclei. Imminent research accomplishments will include use of these techniques for gynogenesis, androgenesis and exchanging whole chromosomes among embryos.
Interferometric microscopy of silicon photonic devices

Silicon photonics provides the ability to construct complex photonic circuits that act on the amplitude and phase of multiple optical channels. Many applications of silicon photonics depend on maintenance of optical coherence among the various waveguides and structures on the chip. Other applications can depend on the modal structures of the waveguides. All these application require the ability to characterize the amplitude and phase of individual optical channels. Fourier imaging with high numerical aperture microscope objectives has been used to image the intensity of individual channels of photonic structures in both real and Fourier space. In other work, holographic imaging of multimode fibers has allowed modal decomposition. In this work we use interferometric microscopy to image the amplitude and phase of a variety of silicon photonic structures. These include a multimode interference splitter and a multimode waveguide under various excitation conditions.
Outcomes after implementing a tailored endoscopic step-up approach to walled-off necrosis in acute pancreatitis

Background:The aim of the study was to compare the outcomes of patients with pancreatic or peripancreatic walled-off necrosis by endoscopy using the conventional approachversusan algorithmic approach based on the collection size, location and stepwise response to intervention. Methods:This was an observational before‐after study of consecutive patients managed over two time intervals. In the initial period (2004‐2009) symptomatic patients with walled-off necrosis underwent conventional single transmural drainage with placement of two stents and a nasocystic catheter, followed by direct endoscopic necrosectomy, if required. In the later period (2010‐2013) an algorithmic approach was adopted based on size and extent of the walled-off necrosis and stepwise response to intervention. The main outcome was treatment success, de�耀ned as a reduction in walled-off necrosis size to 2cm or less on CT after 8weeks. Results:Forty-seven patients were treated in the�耀rst interval and 53 in the second. There was no difference in patient demographics, clinical or walled-off necrosis characteristics and laboratory parameters between the groups, apart from a higher proportion of women and Caucasians in the later period. The treatment success rate was higher for the algorithmic approach compared with conventional treatment (91versus60 per cent respectively;P<0⋅001). On multivariable logistic regression, management based on the algorithm was the only predictor of treatment success (odds ratio 6⋅51, 95 per cent c.i. 2⋅19 to 19⋅37;P=0⋅001). Conclusion:An algorithmic approach to pancreatic and peripancreatic walled-off necrosis, based on the collection size, location and stepwise response to intervention, resulted in an improved rate of treatment success compared with conventional endoscopic management.
The patient with Turner syndrome: puberty and medical management concerns

Turner syndrome (TS), which affects approximately 1 in 2,500 live-born females, is characterized by loss or structural anomalies of an X chromosome. Clinical features vary among patients; multiple organ systems can be affected. Endocrinologists are involved in the management of short stature, delayed puberty, and infertility. Endocrine therapies can include growth hormone, estrogen, and progestogen to promote linear growth and pubertal development. The duration of estrogen and progestogen treatment hormone treatment (HT) is generally more than 40 years. No one standard HT is suitable for all women, so general guidelines are provided to induce pubertal development. Additional considerations regarding HT choice include thrombotic risk and disorders associated with thrombophilia. Involvement of cardiologists is important because approximately 50% of patients with TS have congenital structural cardiac anomalies linked to an increased risk for aortic dissection and rupture. Oocyte donation offers the chance to carry a pregnancy, but accumulating information has highlighted the potential dangers associated with pregnancy. Advances in the care of infants, girls, and women with TS have been achieved; management involves coordinated care from a multidisciplinary team including endocrinologists, cardiologists, geneticists, otolaryngologists, behavioral health experts, nurse educators, and social workers.
Mechanical and Optical Characterization of Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride

Mechanical and birefringent properties of plasticized polyvinyl ehloride in the glass transition region were determined by means of quasistatic tests at different temperatures and sinusoidal oscillation tests at room temperature. In the former method, mechanical creep and photocreep tests were conducted at temperatures ranging from −80 to 115°F. The method of reduced variables (temperature‐time equivalence principle) was used to obtain continuous curves for relaxation modulus and stress fringe value corresponding to room temperature and extending up to 24 decades of time. The resulting curves show a broad transition region for the material. The shift function was plotted versus temperature and was found to be about the same for both mechanical and optical properties. Short‐time (dynamic) properties obtained by the temperature‐time equivalence principle were compared with those obtained at room temperature by direct sinusoidal oscillation tests at different frequencies. The complex modulus and complex stress fringe value were determined as functions of frequency and converted to a relaxation modulus and stress fringe value as functions of time by means of an approximate interrelationship. The validity of the temperature‐time equivalence principle in this case was proven by the good agreement between these results and those obtained from creep tests at different temperatures.
IN VITRO STUDIES OF THE CHROMOGENIC REACTIONS BETWEEN SELECTED CARBOHYDRATE DERIVATIVES AND THE AMINO ACIDS COMMON TO HUMAN ENAMEL AND DENTINE.

Abstract The chromogenicity of amino acid-carbohydrate derivative combinations has been investigated in an effort to further localize the source of the yellow-brown pigmentation of human dental caries. Colour development was studied in test systems comprised of the eighteen amino acids common to human enamel and dentine and four fermentation or decomposition products of carbohydrates. Each of the eighteen amino acids entered into chromogenic reactions with glyceric aldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, furfural and/or 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in degrees which varied with the pH, time, temperature and/or concentration of the reactants. With but few exceptions the pigments resulting from the interaction of the amino acids and carbohydrate derivatives had properties consistent with melanoidins, the pigment complexes which have been isolated from human carious teeth.
Echocardiographic Assessment of Prosthetic Heart Valves

Valvular heart disease is a global health problem. It is estimated that more than 280,000 prosthetic heart valves are implanted worldwide each year. As the world's population is aging, the incidence of prosthetic heart valve implantation and the prevalence of prosthetic heart valves continue to increase. Assessing heart valve prosthesis function remains challenging, as prosthesis malfunction is unpredictable but not uncommon. Transthoracic two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography is the preferred method for assessing prosthetic valve function. Clinically useful Doppler-derived measures for assessing prosthetic valve hemodynamic profiles have been reported for aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valve prostheses, but echocardiographic data regarding pulmonary valve prostheses remain limited. Complete prosthetic valve evaluation by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is sometimes challenging due to acoustic shadowing and artifacts. In these cases, further imaging with transesophageal echocardiography, fluoroscopy and/or gated CT may be warranted, particularly if prosthetic valve dysfunction is suspected. Being able to differentiate pathologic versus functional obstruction of an individual prosthesis is extremely important, as this distinction affects management decisions. Transprosthetic and periprosthetic regurgitation may be difficult to visualize on TTE, so careful review of Doppler-derived data combined with a high index of suspicion is warranted, particularly in symptomatic patients. A baseline TTE soon after valve implantation is indicated in order to "fingerprint" the prosthesis hemodynamic profile. It remains unclear how frequently serial imaging should be performed in order to assess prosthetic valve function, as this issue has not been systematically studied.
Patron Expectations about Collocation: Measuring the Difference between the Psychologically Real and the Really Real

Library patrons have innate expectations about how documents should be arranged. Useful classification schemes are those which conform to these expectations and are thereby psychologically comfortable. All schemes necessarily deviate from these expectations, but not to the same degree. The greater the divergence from this mental standard with a scheme, the greater the psychological discomfort the patron will experience and the less useful the patron will find it. Using as an example the discipline of anthropology, this article develops a measure of the deviation of library classifications from collocation in mental space.
A comparison of lac repressor binding to operator and to nonoperator DNA.

Abstract We have compared the operator and nonoperator DNA binding activities of the lac repressor with respect to inactivation or inhibition by trypsin, heat, actinomycin, and isopropylthiogal-actoside. The two DNA binding activities were found to differ only in their sensitivity to the inducing ligand isopropylthiogal-actoside. Repressor binding to poly(dT-dT-dG)·poly(dC-dA-dA) was shown not to be affected by isopropylthiogalactoside.
Osteogenic protein-1 is most effective in stimulating nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus cells to repair their matrix after chondroitinase ABC-induced in vitro chemonucleolysis.

Abstract Background context Chondroitinase ABC (C-ABC) is used in chemonucleolysis to degrade, with great specificity, the chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate chains of proteoglycans (PGs). A recent study showed that osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) is very effective in stimulating the production and formation of the extracellular matrix by rabbit intervertebral disc cells. Purpose To test the hypothesis that the repair of the extracellular matrix of the intervertebral disc after chemonucleolysis by C-ABC can be stimulated by exposure to a low dose of a growth factor, OP-1. Study design An alginate bead cell culture system was used to monitor the effects of OP-1 on the repair of damaged matrices after in vitro chemonucleolysis with C-ABC. Methods Rabbit nucleus pulposus (NP) or annulus fibrosus (AF) cells cultured for 2 weeks in alginate gel were briefly exposed to low concentrations of C-ABC and then cultured in the presence or absence of OP-1. The control group was cultured without enzyme treatment for the same period in the absence of OP-1. At each time point, the contents of DNA and proteoglycan accumulation and proteoglycan synthesis were measured. Results NP or AF cells cultured in alginate beads, which were digested with C-ABC and then treated with OP-1, recover PG content more rapidly than those cultured in the absence of OP-1. The major contributor to the superior matrix repair in the cells treated with OP-1 was an up-regulation of proteoglycan synthesis. Conclusions OP-1 was effective in stimulating matrix repair by NP and AF cells after their matrices were nearly totally depleted of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The use of OP-1 after chemonucleolysis might help the disc to regain biomechanical strength, weakened by enzyme digestion, by stimulating matrix metabolism.
Bifunctional reagents and protein structure determination. The reaction of phenolic disulfonyl chlorides with lysozyme

It was established that phenol-2,4-disulfonyl chloride and α-naphthol-2, 4-disulfonyl chloride introduce new intramolecular or tertiary bonds into lysozyme. The phenolic hydroxyl group seems to make the cross linking reagents soluble in aqueous media; it was established that a sulfonylating; species does dissolve prior to hydrolysis but that the chlorosulfonyl groups are hydrolyzed within seconds of dissolution. New covalently linked residues were shown to be introduced by different, spectra. Peptide maps of the lysozyme treated with phenol-2,4-disulfonyl chloride. peroxidized, and digested with trypsin showed definite deletions and additions when compared with the control. Partial analysis of the peptides showed that cross linking between e-amino groups of lysine residues had occurred. A certain degree of stabilization of lysozyme to inactivation by certain inactivating conditions was noted after treatment with the two reagents. Ultra-centrifugal analysis of the lysozyme treated with phenol-2,4-disulfonyl chloride showed that there was no detectable fraction having a higher molecular weight than native lysozyme. Tentative assignments of positions of cross linking were made.
Activation of a PGC-1-related Coactivator (PRC)-dependent Inflammatory Stress Program Linked to Apoptosis and Premature Senescence

PGC-1-related coactivator (PRC), a growth-regulated member of the PGC-1 coactivator family, contributes to the expression of the mitochondrial respiratory apparatus. PRC also orchestrates a robust response to metabolic stress by promoting the expression of multiple genes specifying inflammation, proliferation, and metabolic reprogramming. Here, we demonstrate that this PRC-dependent stress program is activated during apoptosis and senescence, two major protective mechanisms against cellular dysfunction. Both PRC and its targets (IL1α, SPRR2D, and SPRR2F) were rapidly induced by menadione, an agent that promotes apoptosis through the generation of intracellular oxidants. Menadione-induced apoptosis and the PRC stress program were blocked by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. The PRC stress response was also activated by the topoisomerase I inhibitor 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), an inducer of premature senescence in tumor cells. Cells treated with SN-38 displayed morphological characteristics of senescence and express senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. In contrast to menadione, the SN-38 induction of the PRC program occurred over an extended time course and was antioxidant-insensitive. The potential adaptive function of the PRC stress response was investigated by treating cells with meclizine, a drug that promotes glycolytic energy metabolism and has been linked to cardio- and neuroprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Meclizine increased lactate production and was a potent inducer of the PRC stress program, suggesting that PRC may contribute to the protective effects of meclizine. Finally, c-MYC and PRC were coordinately induced under all conditions tested, implicating c-MYC in the biological response to metabolic stress. The results suggest a general role for PRC in the adaptive response to cellular dysfunction.
Neurocognitive Outcomes of Off-Pump Versus On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Preliminary reports have documented the safety of off-pump coronary artery bypass graft compared with conventional coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Whereas off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery may be associated with improvement in some short-term outcomes, longer-term outcomes and influence on neurocognitive function have not been fully assessed. We examined short-term and intermediate-term neurocognitive and index admission morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery performed with and without the use of extracorporeal circulation. Methods We prospectively randomly assigned 201 patients undergoing nonemergent isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery to conventional coronary artery bypass graft surgery (n = 102) or off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (n = 99). The primary end points of the study were neurocognitive function assessed using a 19-test neurocognitive battery at baseline, discharge, and 6 months. Neurocognitive deficit was defined as a 20% or greater reduction from baseline in at least 20% of the tests. Secondary end points included index admission mortality, stroke, low-output cardiac failure, return to the operating room for bleeding, and postoperative troponin release. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated based on intention-to-treat analysis. Results There was no difference in neurocognitive deficit at discharge (discharge versus preoperative: risk ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.65 to 1.07) or at 6 months (6 months versus preoperative: risk ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.70 to 1.28). There was no significant difference in mortality or morbidity between the two groups. The off-pump coronary artery bypass graft group had fewer patients with troponin release than the conventional coronary artery bypass graft group. Conclusions Off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery did not result in decreased frequency of neurocognitive deficit. Off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery was associated with substantially lower levels of troponin release after surgery.
A note on water movement in the Greenland-Norwegian Sea

Abstract The oceanography of the Greenland-Norwegian Sea which was described by Norwegian oceanographers in the early part of the present century is reviewed in the light of recent winter data. The dynamic topography and two-hundred metre temperatures indicate a circulation generally similar to that given in the earlier descriptions except that the cyclonic movement in the Norwegian Sea appears to be further west and the Norwegian Current appears to be much broader than it was previously considered to be. Deep water identical to that of the Norwegian Sea and appreciably warmer than that of the Greenland gyral core lies on at least three sides of that gyral, and it is suggested that this is the major source of Polar Basin deep-water. It is probably formed within the Norwegian gyral. Deep-water in the Greenland-Norwegian Sea may not be formed each winter but only during particularly cold seasons. Deep-water which is formed within the Greenland gyral eventually loses its cold identity through gradual mixing with the surrounding water from the Norwegian gyral. A temperature-depth diagram demonstrates two distinct types of intermediate and deep-water as well as two groups of stations showing some of the characteristics of each type within a single water column. Bottom topography is believed to play a significant role in the distribution of this type of station. Further field studies, especially in the western part of the Greenland Sea, are needed to fill the large gaps in our knowledge of the circulation pattern.
NASIGLAS: a new vitreous electrolyte

Abstract A reduced ZrO 2 composition of NASICON has been prepared for the first time in vitreous form. We call these new solid electrolytes NASIGLAS. Homogeneous, vitreous specimens have been obtained. They are good, glassy Na-ion conductors with present values of σ ranging from 1 to 2×10 -3 ohm −1 cm −1 at300°C and E σ =0.55to0.61eV. Glass transition temperatures are typically ∼700°C and crystallization temperatures ∼850°C. Thermal activation parameters have been used to monitor the glass transformation, nucleation and crystal growth. NASIGLAS is resistant to immersion in molten sodium and sodium polysulfide at 300°C.
Mechanisms of drift-feeding behavior in juvenile Chinook salmon and the role of inedible debris in a clear-water Alaskan stream

Drift-feeding fish are challenged to discriminate between prey and similar-sized particles of debris, which are ubiquitous even in clear-water streams. Spending time and energy pursuing debris mistaken as prey could affect fish growth and the fitness potential of different foraging strategies. Our goal was to determine the extent to which debris influences drift-feeding fish in clear water under low-flow conditions when the distracting effect of debris should be at a minimum. We used high-definition video to measure the reactions of drift-feeding juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to natural debris and prey in situ in the Chena River, Alaska. Among all potential food items fish pursued, 52 % were captured and quickly expelled from the mouth, 39 % were visually inspected but not captured, and only 9 % were ingested. Foraging attempt rate was only moderately correlated with ingestion rate (Kendall's τ=0.55), raising concerns about the common use of foraging attempts as a presumed index of foraging success. The total time fish spent handling debris increased linearly with foraging attempt rate and ranged between 4 and 25 % of total foraging time among observed groups. Our results help motivate a revised theo- retical view of drift feeding that emphasizes prey detection and discrimination, incorporating ideas from signal detec- tion theory and the study of visual attention in cognitive ecology. We discuss how these ideas could lead to better explanations and predictions of the spatial behavior, prey selection, and energy intake of drift-feeding fish.
Spherical Nanoporous LiCoPO4/C Composites as High Per-formance Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Bat-teries

Spherical nanoporous LiCoPO4/C composite microparticles were synthesized from soluble precursors by spray pyrolysis. They consisted of ∼70 nm primary particles agglomerated into micron-sized spheres with an average pore size of 68 nm and a 3–5 nm thick conformal carbon coating comprising 2.4% carbon by weight. The material delivered a reversible capacity of 123 mAh g−1 at C/10 rate, and showed excellent cycling behavior and rate capability. The good electrochemical performance is due to the presence of three-dimensional networks for both electronic and ionic transport.
P26.14 Aortic aneurysm and sternal cleft: A variant of the PHACES syndrome?

Case: We report a case and associated images of an infant prenatally diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm and chest wall deformity. Postnatally, echocardiogram and MRI revealed a large aneurysm of the proximal descending aorta measuring 1.1 × 1.8 cm. The aneurysm began just distal to the origin of the left carotid artery, and a moderate pre-aneurysmal coarctation was noted. The origin of the left subclavian artery was distal to the aneurysm. In addition, partial sternal cleft with agenesis of the manubrium was noted. The intracranial anatomy was normal, and U/S and MRI revealed no hemangiomas of the head and neck vessels. Dermatologic evaluation revealed no evidence of cutaneous hemangiomas. Bronchoscopy revealed no hemangiomas of the respiratory tract. Ophthalmologic exam revealed normal ocular anatomy. Conclusion: Hemangiomas are the hallmark of both the sternal malformation/vascular dysplasia association and PHACES syndrome. We have, however, identified a case of sternal cleft with aortic aneurysm in the absence of cutaneous or visceral hemangiomas. Although these malformations may be unrelated, this case may also represent a variant of the PHACES syndrome.
A study of the prevalence and clinical significance of venom-specific IgE☆

Abstract The prevalence of unrecognized Hymenoptera-venom sensitization, assessed by venom skin tests (VSTs) in adults with no history of adverse reactions to sting, has been as high as 12% in previous epidemiologic studies. To assess further the clinical importance of positive VSTs in such individuals, we skin tested 33 subjects stung in the field during the preceding 12 months without reaction, and 33 persons who denied being stung in the preceding 3 years. Among the recently stung gruop, 1233 had at least one positive VST (⩾2 +) at 1.0 μg/ml, whereas 533 had positive VST at 0.1 μg/ml. In contrast, only 233 nonstung subjects had positive VST at 1.0 μg/ml, and none were positive at 0.1 μg/ml. To estimate, prospectively, the sensitization rate after insect stings, we studied a third group of 11 nonsensitive patients with negative skin tests to Hymenoptera. After a deliberate in-hospital honeybee sting, only 111 developed a persistently positive honeybee VST. From among the three groups, we then performed nine sting challenges in eight patients with positive VSTs, and all stings were tolerated without significant reaction. We also measured IgE antibodies to Hymenoptera venoms in random blood bank donors. During April to May, 2216 sera contained elevated venom-specific IgE antibodies, whereas 14201 sera collected from October to November contained elevated venom-specific IgE antibodies. We conclude that a small but appreciable portion of the population has venom-specific IgE antibodies and that the prevalence is seasonably variable. Our data indicate that persons recently stung without significant reaction contribute to this group but that only a small portion of this group is at risk for a systemic reaction with a future sting.
Will the Real Instructional Leader Please Stand Up

The people most responsible for defining the school's vision and articulating its ideological stance are the principals and headmasters of their schools. ... [A principal] is said to be the person who must inspire the commitment ... of his or her faculty, the respect ... of his or her students and the trust of the parents. He or she sits on the boundaries between school and community; must negotiate with the superintendent and school board; must protect teachers from external intrusions and harassment; and must be the public imagemaker and spokesman for the school.... Somehow he or she stands alone, unencumbered by the normal human frailities. He and she is bigger than life. (p. 323)
The Center for Organizational Development and Leadership at Rutgers University: A Case Study:

The problem and the solution. Although colleges and universities are highly regarded for academics, they are also broadly criticized for inefficiency, indifference to external constituencies, and resistance to change. Helping institutions address the underlying causes of these problems while maintaining the commitment to academic excellence is the fundamental challenge facing organizational development programs in higher education. This article provides a brief case study of one such effort: the Rutgers University Program for Organizational Development and Leadership.
804 DEFECTIVE POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE C3b RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN A PATIENT WITH RECURRENT INFECTION

804 DEFECTIVE POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE C3b RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN A PATIENT WITH RECURRENT INFECTION