cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leadership and Innovation: The Needed Role for the Engineer and Scientist in Our Society

The proliferation of new technologies, one of the primary keys to modern societal growth, relies on the development of two individual but highly interrelated competencies: leadership and innovation. These two are the basis for the successful development of most of the major technologies in production today and, at their best, they are also the genesis behind most of the large commercial and industrial organizations currently operating in the global marketplace. It is the state of health of these two linked competencies that often determine the longevity and profitability of these organizations. The question should then be what role does, and will, the engineer and scientist play in this leadership driven innovation play and how will we be the architects of our own future. Have we done enough and what will scientist and engineers need to do in the future to continue a growth-based legacy?
On optimal zeroth-order bounds with application to Hashin–Shtrikman bounds and anisotropy parameters

Abstract A new result presented in this paper is the evaluation of the Hashin–Shtrikman bounds for composites composed of arbitrarily anisotropic constituents. To date, evaluation of the Hashin–Shtrikman bounds are limited to composites with isotropic constituents or to polycrystalline composites with specific crystal symmetries. The generality of the exact result presented herein is achieved through a reinterpretation of Kroner's (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 25 (1977) 137) recursive relations for n th-order bounds and the optimal zeroth-order ( n =0) bound. The definitions of optimal zeroth-order bounds are extended to all even-ordered tensors and procedures are presented to evaluate these bounds for all second- and fourth-order tensors. While optimal zeroth-order bounds are not new, the ability to calculate them for fourth-order tensors of arbitrary symmetry is new. Utilizing the zeroth-order bounds, material anisotropy parameters are defined which quantify the extent of anisotropy for even-ordered tensors.
Strategies for Treatment and Prevention of Acute Renal Failure

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a potentially life-threatening medical condition that often complicates the hospitalization of critically ill patients. A variety of therapeutic strategies has been stu...
Cholinergic enzyme activity in neurons of the developing anuran spinal cord.

Abstract Cholinergic enzyme activity was investigated over the course of spinal cord development from early larval (tadpole) stages to adult life in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was examined histochemically in spinal neurons and AChE and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities were measured biochemically in axons of developing hindlimb motoneurons. At early larval stages, only spinal neurons born during embryonic life (primary neurons) showed histochemical evidence of AChE activity. Hindlimb motoneuron somata did not show AChE activity until mid-larval stages. AChE and ChAT activities were found in hindlimb motoneuron axons at the earliest stages examined, when the hindlimb consists of a small bud of undifferentiated mesenchyme. Activities of both enzymes show steady increases over the course of development until climax, when activities maintain a plateau until metamorphosis is complete. Total activities of both enzymes increase as the adult frog grows, although ChAT activity shows a much greater proportional increase than AChE activity.
Real-Time Monitoring and Early Warning Techniques of Water Inrush through Coal Floor

Abstract Water inrush through coal floor is a common hazard in the coal mining process of coal fields in northern China. Monitoring and early warning of water inrushes is a new topic of the disaster prevention and reduction work. Some basic questions, concerning the monitoring conditions, the monitoring and early warning index and technology system, and the selection basis for monitoring points and layers were discussed. An early warning criterion system which includes stress, water temperature and water pressure was established. The rationality of the monitoring and early warning technique was verified preliminarily by an engineering practice which was applied on the 2113 coal face in Chengjiao coal mine. This study can be referenced by further study to monitor and provide early warning of water inrushes through coal floors.
“Over There and Over Here”: Some Observations on Recent Reader Services Developments at four Academic Legal Researh Libraries

Every night for ten nights last May, I returned to room 128 in the Westside YMCA (West 63 rd Street, New York City – just off Central Park) armed with more behind the scenes insights, professional secrets and first hand accounts of US law library operation and management than one slim A5 notebook could hope to hold. I was fortunate to be in the United States on a two-week placement at Columbia University, visiting some of America's great law libraries – the law school libraries of Columbia itself, New York University and Yale University. Each morning, after orange juice, coffee and a toasted cream cheese bagel, I would head out with the commuters to join the subway at Columbus Circle – uptown for Columbia or downtown for NYU. Every evening I would admire the energy of the mostly silver-haired athletes in brightly coloured lycra returning to the Westside “Y” after numerous circuits of the Jackie “O” reservoir on the upper east side of Central Park. The park is 843 acres of creative space bounded by impressive hotels, apartment blocks and the streets of Harlem. In May it is in perpetual motion from dawn to dusk with joggers, roller-bladers and cyclists weaving their way around the trees, fountains and numerous statues. Indeed it appears to be a huge magic garden, complete with beautiful street lamps that seem to come from C.S. Lewis's Narnia – another world, like the City itself, at once familiar and fascinatingly different.
Photosynthesis of individual field-grown cotton leaves during ontogeny.

Photosynthetic characteristics of field-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves were determined at several insertion levels within the canopy during the growing season. Single-leaf measurements of net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance to CO2 (gs·CO2), substomatal CO2, leaf area expansion, leaf nitrogen, and light intensity (PPFD) were recorded for undisturbed leaves within the crop canopy at 3–4 day intervals during the development of all leaves at main-stem nodes 8, 10, and 12. Patterns of Pn during leaf ontogeny exhibited three distinct phases; a rapid increase to maximum at 16–20 days after leaf unfolding, a relatively short plateau, and a period of linear decline to negligible Pn at 60–65 days. Analysis of the parameters which contributed to the rise and fall pattern of Pn with leaf age indicated the primary involvement of leaf area expansion, leaf nitrogen, PPFD, and gs·CO2 in this process. The response of Pn and gs·CO2 to incident PPFD conditions during canopy development was highly age dependent. For leaves less than 16 days old, the patterns of Pn and gs·CO2 were largely controlled by non-PPFD factors, while for older leaves Pn and gs·CO2 were more closely coupled to PPFD-mediated processes. Maximum values of Pn were not significantly different for any of the leaves monitored in this study, however, those leaves at main-stem node 8 did possess a significantly diminished photosynthetic capacity with age compared to upper canopy leaves. This accelerated decline in Pn could not be explained by age-related variations in gs·CO2 since all leaves showed similar changes in gs·CO2 with leaf age.
Age changes in density of endometrial stromal cells of the rat

Abstract Stromal cells were counted in the endometrium of the rat during aging. Cell counts were made in the subepithelial, middle and deep regions of the endometrium in the left uterine horn of virgin Sprague-Dawley rats at 36 days of age and at 4, 10, and 20–24 months. In all regions of the endometrium the density of stromal cells decreased with aging. Decrease in cell numbers per unit area was greatest in the middle and deep endometrium. In 20 to 24-month-old rats, the mean number of cell profiles within 0.085 mm 2 of the middle endometrium had decreased to less than one-third the number that was present within the same area in the 36-day animal. In the deep endometrium of these oldest rats, the mean number of cells had decreased to less than one-fourth. An age-associated decrease in density of stromal cells may contribute to alterations that have been observed in hormone-dependent uterine synthetic activities during aging.
Design, Development and Characterization of a Micro-Reactor for Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Feedstocks

This paper presents the latest results in the design, development and performance characterization of a novel prototype micro-reactor system that is uniquely capable of capturing the transient product evolution history of the fast pyrolysis of biomass products. With strong demand driving the technological development of sustainable energy solutions, the consideration of optimal conversion methodologies for biomass energy feedstocks has received a great deal of attention recent years. [1, 2] The pyrolysis of soft woods, in particular spruce and pine, has emerged as a credible alternative to bio-digestive strategies that are reliant on fermentation processes, typically of corn feedstocks. The design objectives for the micro-reactor system are reviewed, highlighting the multi-physics and multi-disciplinary complexity in designing for transient characterization of the pyrolized products by the micro-reactor system. One of the dominant challenges in the design of the micro-reactor for fast pyrolysis reactions is the requirement of very high heating rates for the feedstock, on the order of 100°C/s. A 1D transient thermal model of the reactor is developed that considers the average particle size and morphology, the initial surface temperature of the reaction surface within the micro-reactor, the heat loss to the ambient atmosphere in the reactor, the heat loss through the contact resistance between the sample and the reaction surface and the thermal capacitance of the reaction surface. A parametric evaluation of the design space was performed using the 1D model in order to identify a preferred range of particle size, reactor surface area and thermal input power. Based on the results for the domain reduction study, multi-physics thermo-mechanical 3D FEA was used to undertake a brute-force optimization process of the final design. The key metric considered in the FEA study was the maximum thermal gradient in the reaction surface and was driven to a minimum value. The thermal response of the prototype micro-reactor has been evaluated using infra-red thermography measurement techniques. Thermographical analysis of the results has demonstrated negligible thermal gradients in the reaction plane up to the maximum reaction setpoint of 450°C. Based on the results of the thermal testing of the micro-reactor, the achieved peak heating rates of the sample have been estimated to be on the order of 400°C/s, meeting and exceeding the design requirement.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
On the Trade off Between Deficit and Inefficiency and the Double Auction with a Fixed Transaction Fee

In many trading environments, any incentive compatible and individually rational market mechanism will be either inefficient or will run a deficit. We prove that as the market size m gets large, for any fixed surplus (or deficit) x, m times the minimal absolute inefficiency converges to c(x) where c(⋅) is essentially a quadratic function of textitx. We introduce a new mechanism, the double auction with a fixed transaction fee. By choosing the size of the fee appropriately, any level of deficit or surplus can be implemented and the resulting mechanisms achieve the above bound. Corollaries include: an asymptotic version of the Myerson–Satterthwaite Impossibility Theorem; a description of the minimal subsidy required to implement the efficient trading rule; a characterization of the minimal inefficiency obtainable with budget-balanced market mechanisms; recommendations on the optimal organization of trade; and insights on the effects of taxation.
Environmental scanning: an essential tool for twenty‐first century librarianship

Purpose – This article aims to highlight important aspects of environmental scanning (ES). As a managerial tool of high utility, ES may assist library professionals – at all levels – proactively assess and respond to change in the technological, demographic, economic and social environments that may have a future impact on the library profession and stakeholder services.Design/methodology/approach – This article deepens the library literature related to the methodology of ES with concepts and ideas derived from the relevant management literature.Findings – Based on an in‐depth review of the library literature, the evidence suggests that librarians have not the used ES techniques consistently or systematically to manage change.Research limitations/implications – While the results of this literature review imply that ES is underutilized as a tool to manage change in the library environment, it is entirely possible that practicing librarians actually utilize ES far more frequently than a review of the librar...
A Parameter Property of Classical Solutions of Cauchy Problems

This work is concerned with the abstract Cauchy problems that depend on parameters. The goal is to study continuity in the parameters of the classical solutions of the Cauchy problems. The situation considered in this work is when the operator of the Cauchy problem is not densely defined. By applying integrated semigroup theory and the results on continuity in the parameters of C0-semigroup and integrated semigroup, we obtain the results on the existence and continuity in parameters of the classical solutions of the Cauchy problems. The application of the obtained abstract results in a parabolic partial differential equation is discussed in the last section of the paper.
On Beam Blowup in a Racetrack Microtron

This paper reports on a preliminary theoretical study of the interaction of electromagnetic fields in the accelerating structure of a racetrack microtron with the transverse motion of electrons circulating through the structure. Basic equations of the transverse beam dynamics and of buildup of the deflecting modes are derived with the help of idealized models of a microtron as well as of the beam-structure interaction process. The dependence of the starting current for beam blowup -(BBU) on the parameters of the accelerator has been studied and some features of the Microtron Using a Superconducting Electron Linac (MUSL-2) of the University of Illinois were taken into account to make numerical calculations. It was shown that the starting current is extremely sensitive to the phase correlation between the returning beams and under some conditions can be much lower than that for a linac. The use of the thin magnetic lenses on each orbit helps to achieve higher values of the starting current.
Eruptive timing and 200 year episodicity at 92°W on the hot spot-influenced Galapagos Spreading Center derived from geomagnetic paleointensity

Eruptive timing in mid-ocean ridge systems is relatively poorly constrained, despite being an important variable in our understanding of many mid-ocean ridge processes, including volcanic construction; magma recharge, flux, and storage; and the stability of hydrothermal systems and biological communities. Only a handful of absolute eruption chronologies exist, yet they are essential in understanding how eruptive timing varies with important controlling variables. To construct an eruptive history at one location on the Galapagos Spreading Center, we present age determinations derived from geomagnetic paleointensity. To aid interpretation of the paleointensity data, we also present results from on-bottom magnetic anomaly measurements and forward modeling of topographic-induced magnetic anomalies. Anomalies may lead to a 1–2 µT bias in flow-mean paleointensities, which does not significantly affect the overall interpretation. Paleointensity results for the three youngest sampled units are indistinguishable, consistent with the flows being emplaced in relatively rapid succession. Comparisons with models of geomagnetic field behavior suggest these flows were erupted sometime in the past 100–200 years. The fourth sampled unit has a significantly higher paleointensity, consistent with an age of roughly 400 years. The possible bias in paleointensity data allows for ages as young as ∼50 years for the youngest three flows and 200–400 years for the oldest flow. This age distribution demonstrates an episodicity in the emplacement of the largest flows at this location, with a 200–300 year period of relative quiescence between emplacement of the oldest unit and the three youngest units.
Data-Driven Decisions for Library Liaisons: Exploring Strategies for Effectively Managing Diminishing Monograph Collections

Many academic libraries have liaison programs as a means of building relevant and useful library collections and to promote library resources to campus users. Librarians have long served as liaisons without the benefit of much data to guide decisions. In this age of library budget cuts, librarians need to make every dollar count. What collection and use data help liaisons build a quality monograph collection that better meets the needs of library users? This article offers some ideas for providing the data needed by liaisons for more informed decision making and collection management and, ultimately, for ensuring that library materials purchased are needed and used.
Requirements Analysis and Implementation: Converting a Student Survey of Faculty Teaching System from Paper-Based to Web-Based

This case deals with issues related to conversion of a mostly manual information system to an electronic information system where the new system significantly changes the way users interact with the system. The case focuses on the elements of analysis and design, followed by implementation and results. This case provides scenarios and settings that may be used for role plays and group discussions to highlight the importance and the need for following the accepted systems analysis and design steps in the analysis, design, and implementation of IT systems.
Hippocampal morphometry in schizophrenia by high dimensional brain mapping

Theories of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia have implicated the hippocampus, but controversy remains regarding hippocampal abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. In vivo studies of hippocampal anatomy using high resolution magnetic resonance scanning and manual methods for volumetric measurement have yielded inconclusive results, perhaps because of the normal variability in hippocampal volume and the error involved in manual measurement techniques. To resolve this controversy, high dimensional transformations of a computerized brain template were used to compare hippocampal volumes and shape characteristics in 15 matched pairs of schizophrenia and control subjects. The transformations were derived from principles of general pattern matching and were constrained according to the physical properties of fluids. The analysis and comparison of hippocampal shapes based on these transformations were far superior to the comparison of hippocampal volumes or other global indices of hippocampal anatomy in showing a statistically significant difference between the two groups. In the schizophrenia subjects, hippocampal shape deformations were found to be localized to subregions of the structure that send projections to prefrontal cortex. The results of this study demonstrate that abnormalities of hippocampal anatomy occur in schizophrenia and support current hypotheses that schizophrenia involves a disturbance of hippocampal-prefrontal connections. These results also show that comparisons of neuroanatomical shapes can be more informative than volume comparisons for identifying individuals with neuropsychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia.
ROLE OF COFACTORS IN BREAKDOWN OF TMAO IN FROZEN RED HAKE MUSCLE

Previously indicated results that cofactor concentrations were the rate-limiting factor in the production of DMA in frozen red hake muscle were confirmed. Both the Fe-reducing agent (ascorbate, cysteine) and the flavin-NADH systems which had been previously shown to be effective in vitro, were demonstrated to also function in minced muscle and in reconstituted muscle, i.e., muscle from which the low molecular weight fraction had been removed. The evidence implies that an oxidation-reduction cycle of Fe is involved in the breakdown of TMAO to DMA. Activity with the flavin system is greatly increased in the presence of glucose oxidase and glucose which would remove O2 from the system. Fe was effective in increasing DMA production under all conditions, whereas Fe+3 was effective only in the presence of reducing agents and/or anaerobic conditions. Enzymes capable of destroying cofactors when added to minced muscle tissue before frozen storage inhibited the rate of formation of DMA. The percentage of formaldehyde produced which was bound (unreactive to the Nash reagent) was much higher in minced muscle than in reconstituted muscle, indicating that a large fraction of the formaldehyde produced reacts with the low molecular weight fraction.
A tree-like continuum admitting fixed point free maps with arbitrarily small trajectories

Abstract In this paper an example of a tree-like continuum X is constructed such that for each positive number e and each positive integer j there is a map ƒ:X→X with the diameter of each of its trajectories less than e, and with ƒ i (x)≠x for each xϵX and i=1,2,…,j.
Ovarian cyclic AMP and response to a brain hormone from the mosquito Aedes aegypti

Abstract Cyclic AMP was studied as a potential second messenger in hormone-stimulated ecdysone secretion by isolated mosquito ( Aedes aegypti ) ovaries. Saline extracts of whole mosquito heads stimulated increased cyclic AMP content of ovaries and medium only if extracts were heat-treated and/or contained the phosphodiesterase inhibitor methylisobutyl xanthine (MIX). Most of the increase was found in ovaries rather than medium. Saline containing MIX alone stimulated only a slight increase in ecdysone secretion and cyclic AMP content. Cyclic AMP began to accumulate within 30 sec of stimulation by heat-treated head extract containing 0.1 mM MIX, and reached maximum levels within 2 min. Levels declined after 5 min of incubation, but remained high for at least 1 hr. Cyclic AMP increased significantly above background when ovaries were incubated for 2 min with an extract concentration of 0.14 head-eqs/50 μl, but ecdysone secretion increased above background only at or above 0.56 head-eqs/50 μl during 6 hr incubations. An ecdysone-stimulating factor partially purified from extracts by high performance liquid chromatography also stimulated increases in ovarian cyclic AMP. Increasing concentrations of 8-bromo-cyclic AMP stimulated increased ecdysone secretion by isolated ovaries during 18 hr incubations, although the highest concentration stimulated secretion only to about half the maximal level stimulated by head extracts.
Brain CCK receptors are structurally distinct from pancreas CCK receptors

Brain and pancreas cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors differ markedly in their selectivity for CCK analogs. To determine the size and subunit structure of the brain CCK receptor and compare it to that of the pancreas, 125I-CCK33 was covalently cross-linked with ultraviolet light to its receptor on mouse brain particles and purified pancreatic plasma membranes. When CCK was crosslinked to brain membranes, a single consistent major labeled protein band of Mr = 55,000 was observed in both the presence and the absence of DTT. These data with brain receptors contrast to results with pancreatic receptors where two bands of Mr = 120,000 and 80,000 are labeled in the absence and presence of DTT, respectively. These studies indicate, therefore, that the brain and pancreas CCK receptors are structurally and functionally distinct.
Sr diffusion and reaction within Fe oxides: Evaluation of the rate-limiting mechanism for sorption

Abstract Sorption studies were conducted to study intraparticle diffusion of strontium in amorphous iron oxide. Oxides of manganese and especially iron often control contaminant sorption in the subsurface environment. In the two-step sorption of inorganics by oxide minerals, the first step is a fast, reversible reaction between the bulk aqueous phase and the adsorbent external surface sites. The second step is a slow process wherein the contaminant at the surface slowly diffuses into the interior of the oxide particle. During intraparticle transport, the contaminant diffuses through micropores along interior surface sites. This configurational surface diffusion is the rate-controlling mechanism in the sorption process. Experimental studies were used to determine adsorbent and sorption characteristics. Ferrihydrite characteristics evaluated were porosity, pore size distribution, site density, size, and shape. Isotherm and constant boundary condition studies were used to observe the sorption process at the external and internal surface sites, respectively. By fitting the diffusion model to experimental data, a value of 4 × 10-13 cm2/s was found for Sr surface diffusivity.
Comparative analysis of the heterogeneity of mononuclear cells present in adult and cord blood by simultaneous examination of multiple phenotypic characteristics.

Abstract In an attempt to better relate specific membrane characteristics of human adult and cord blood lymphocytes to specific functional activities, the phenotypic differences that exist in these two populations have been examined. Cord blood cells have considerably more spontaneous suppressor cell activity than adult cells. A technique that allows cells to be examined simultaneously for their ability to ingest latex beads, react with specific monoclonal antisera, bind sheep erythrocytes, or react with the Fc portion of IgG was used. As well as assessing fresh populations, phenotypic changes that occur when such cells are held in culture or stimulated with phytohemagglutinin for 3 days were sought. Many differences were found when comparing these mononuclear populations. These included the observations that 12% of adult and 9% of cord blood E-rosette-forming cells ingest latex beads and that 9% of OKT3 reactive cells in both populations did not form E rosettes. In cord blood 58% of the T cells that bind OKT8 do not form E rosettes. A similar percentage of cord blood T8-positive cells express a receptor for Fc γ , such cells being very uncommon in adult blood. Four “monocyte” subpopulations were identified in both samples. One such population (an OKM1- and Fc γ -positive, nonphagocytic cell) was three times more common in cord blood. In cord blood some OKM1-positive cells also appeared to be simultaneously OKT8 positive. These phenotypic variations forward populations that may be candidates responsible for the functional differences noted in vitro .
Neighborhood poverty and self-reported health among low-income, rural women, 50 years and older

Abstract We examined the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic context and self-reported health among low-income, rural women aged 50+ years, without a history of breast cancer. Tract-level census data were linked to individual level data from the baseline survey of a community trial to increase breast cancer screening rates. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze data for 1988 women and 56 census tracts. Neighborhood poverty was associated with a greater likelihood of poor self-reported health, adjusted for age, race and socioeconomic status (OR=1.35, 95% CI=1.08–1.68). This effect was greatest for individuals with incomes below the median neighborhood income.
The illicit acquisition of firearms by youth and juveniles

Abstract Youth and juvenile gun violence has been linked to the availability of firearms. Scholars have suggested that, in order to reduce youth and juvenile gun violence, the illicit gun markets serving youth and juveniles must be disrupted. The question of whether illegal firearms markets serving youth and juveniles can be disrupted has been vigorously debated in the academic literature on firearms and firearms crime. One view is that illegal gun market disruption strategies are ineffective because virtually all crime guns are stolen or obtained from non-retail sources. Another view is that such strategies could be effective because illicit firearms markets involving the improper diversion of firearms from retail sources are an important source of guns for youth and juveniles. In partnership with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, the authors review recent firearms trafficking investigations involving youth and juveniles. This research demonstrates that firearms are illegally diverted to youth and juveniles through a multitude of firearms trafficking pathways including unlicensed dealers, corrupt licensed dealers, and “straw” purchasers.
Ion selective electrode estimation of avidin and biotin using a lysozyme label

Abstract A method for the homogeneous estimation of the biotin binding protein, avidin, by use of an enzyme label is described. As in homogeneous enzyme immunoassay, where no separation step is employed, the activity of a biotin-lysozyme conjugate is inhibited by the binding of avidin, instead of an immunoagent. Biotin concentration can also be related to conjugate activity after sequential saturation of a known amount of avidin by the biotin sample and the biotin-lysozyme conjugate. Conjugate activity is followed potentiometrically by the release of trimethylphenylammonium ion from loaded Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells or turbidimetrically using a M. lysodeikticus cell suspension.
William E. Simon's capacities' approach to liberty: An essay in economic citizenship

This paper discusses the philosophical underpinnings of William E. Simon's productive public service and his championing of liberty in economic citizenship and the furtherance of entrepreneurial capitalism in America. The discussion suggests that his understanding and advocacy of the instrumental role of liberty made him distinctive among policymakers and unique among political and social conservatives. Two central themes are highlighted: the principle of liberty and private initiatives to further the cause of liberty. Secretary Simon was a passionate advocate for individual liberty being ascribed the highest value in American political life and called for vigilance against the unnecessary intervention of the state in people's lives. He committed his intellectual and financial resources to the promotion of these ideals through significant initiatives in support of institutions including universities and colleges, foundations and community organizations, and groups that exhibited a strong belief in, and support of, the cause of liberty. This, Secretary Simon believed, would “strengthen the free enterprise system and the spiritual values on which it rests.”
Notes toward a Rhetoric of E-Mail.

Abstract This article explores the differences between e-mail and paper mail. The author focuses on audience, interface, and rhythm of response. Among the primary arguments made in this article are that technological change triggers other changes in a system, creating discomfort; and that this discomfort should not prevent English and writing teachers from studying and accepting e-mail as a legitimate site for writing.
On axisymmetric solutions for compressible nonlinearly elastic solids

Analytic solutions to a wide variety of boundary-value problems in nonlinear elastostatics for incompressible materials have been obtained in the literature. Comparable results for compressible materials have not been obtained. Of course, the main difficulty is the-absence of the simplified kinematics arising from the incompressibility constraint. Some progress in the analytic solution of boundary-value problems for certain classes of compressible materials has taken place in recent years (see e.g. the references listed below). The present paper is concerned with further developments in this direction.
In-situ observation of HB GaAs crystal growth

In-situ monitoring of horizontal Bridgman (HB) growth of GaAs crystals through the furnace window can reveal whether the growth condition is good or not. Good growth conditions are characterized by straight melt/crystal interface and (111) facet growth striations on the grown crystal surface. Abnormal growth conditions including twinning, lineaging and polycrystallizing in the growing crystals usually show curved or irregular-shaped melt/crystal interface and various slanted lines distributed over the crystal surfaces. The monitoring process can spot these defective conditions in the early stage of their formations, and growth parameters thus can be adjusted in real time for correction. It provides a convenient way to help understand the relations between growth parameters and defects formation. The yield and quality of the M2T-HB grown crystals are both increased by this method.
Relation of Natural Copper in Milk to Incidence of Spontaneous Oxidized Flavor

Summary Milk as it is produced by the cow contains a low but variable concentration of copper (natural copper). Results are presented that show a relatively high concentration ( ca. 0.2 p.p.m.) of natural copper in early lactation milk, and a level of about 0.02–0.04 p.p.m. for most cows during the remainder of a lactation period. These results are similar to others reported recently. No difference was observed between pasture and dry feed in the natural copper concentration in the resulting milk. When cows on dry feed were drenched with large (10-g.) doses of copper sulfate, there was an increase in the natural copper content of their milk and in the incidence and intensity of spontaneous oxidized flavor. For cows on an alfalfa hay-grain concentrate ration, and not in early lactation, a highly significant correlation was observed between the concentration of natural copper in milk and the incidence and intensity of spontaneous oxidized flavor.It is concluded that the copper present in milk as it comes from the cow is an important catalyst of oxidized flavor.
Changes in Diastolic Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus Over Time

Several studies have demonstrated evidence for preclinical left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) independent of coronary disease or hypertension. The objectives of our study were to determine if LV diastolic dysfunction determined by tissue Doppler indexes worsens with duration of DM and to quantify severity of dysfunction as a function of DM duration. From 1996 to 2007, all Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents with DM free of heart failure who had a subsequent measurement of diastolic function using tissue Doppler echocardiography were identified. We identified a validated group of 486 patients with incident DM with a subsequent tissue Doppler echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function. There was a significant association between the ratio of early mitral velocity (E) to medial mitral annulus velocity (e') and time from diabetes diagnosis to echocardiogram using simple linear regression; for every 1 year after the onset of diabetes, E/e' increased by 0.23 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.16 to 0.30, p = 0.007) after adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, previous coronary disease, previous hypertension, and ejection fraction. A duration of diabetes >/=4 years was independently associated with LV diastolic dysfunction (E/e' >15) in multivariable logistic regression modeling after adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, previous coronary disease, previous hypertension, and ejection fraction (odds ratio 1.91, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.07, p = 0.007). There were 48 deaths in the validated cohort (6 cardiac deaths). In multivariable proportional hazard modeling, E/e' ratio was predictive of all-cause mortality after adjustment for age, gender, coronary disease, hypertension, ejection fraction, left atrial volume, and time from DM to echocardiogram (risk ratio 1.11, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.20, p = 0.005). In conclusion, duration of DM of > or =4 years is correlated with significant LV diastolic dysfunction. LV diastolic dysfunction is predictive of all-cause mortality in patients with DM independent of hypertension and coronary disease.
Advances in Uroradiologic Imaging in Children

Diagnostic imaging of pediatric urologic disorders is continuously changing as technologic advances are made. Although the backbone of pediatric urologic imaging has been ultrasound, voiding cystourethrography, and radionuclide scintigraphy, newer and advanced modalities are becoming increasingly important. This article discusses the techniques and clinical applications of three such imaging modalities as they pertain to pediatric urologic disorders: (1) MR urography; (2) advanced ultrasound (harmonic imaging, three-dimensional, and voiding urosonography); and (3) CT angiography.
Pediatric Obesity Management: Variation by Specialty and Awareness of Guidelines

A survey of 2727 pediatric clinicians evaluated pediatric overweight management and awareness of Expert Committee recommendations (ECR) on obesity. Adjusted response rate was 45%. ECR awareness was reported by 24.6%. Family practice specialists (FPS) were less likely than pediatric specialists (PS) to be aware of ECR (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.30-0.71). Body mass index (BMI) was never used by 25.6% to identify overweight; 35.4% did not obtain laboratory tests. Among PS but not FPS, ECR awareness was associated with BMI use (OR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.56-4.65) and frequent follow-up (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.58-3.90). FPS were more likely than PS to use BMI (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.15-2.75) and obtain thyroid function tests (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.53-4.37), but less likely to obtain fasting lipids (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.30-0.73). Specialty differences in dietary recommendations, referrals, and barriers to treatment were identified. Pediatric overweight management guidelines should consider specialty differences and be accessible to all pediatric care providers.
Spotting Foolbirds Literacies Hiding in Plain Sight in an Urban English Language Arts Classroom

Many of the literacies students possess go unnoticed or untapped in schools. In some cases, these hidden literacies are not seen or valued because they are not viewed as appropriate or relevant in ...
Capturing parameter uncertainty in simulations with correlated inputs

We consider a stochastic simulation with correlated inputs represented by a multivariate normal distribution. The objectives are to (i) account for parameter uncertainty (i.e., the uncertainty around the multivariate normal distribution parameters estimated from finite historical input data) in the mean performance estimate and the confidence interval of the simulation; and (ii) decompose the total variation of the simulation output into distinct terms representing stochastic and parameter uncertainties. We describe how to achieve these objectives using the Bayesian model of Biller and Gunes (2010) for capturing parameter uncertainty and the Bayesian simulation replication algorithm of Zouaoui and Wilson (2003) for output variance decomposition. We conclude with the extension of this study to arbitrary marginal distributions and dependence measures with positive tail dependencies.
Fiber-optic gyroscopes with depolarized light

Experimental observations of pi -bias phase shifts causing an inverted interference fringe have been made in fiber gyros using depolarized light and ordinary fiber. These observations are accounted for by a four-parameter birefringence model representing the gyro coil which explicitly accounts for polarization mode mixing in the interior of the coil. The addition of a Lyot depolarizer to the coil is shown to remove all birefringence-induced effects and to provide a constant scale factor. >
The Vice in Vice President: House of Cards and the Morality Tradition

Abstract:The purpose of this essay is to trace within the Netflix series House of Cards a tradition that predates Shakespeare, one that eventually evolved into the villains of the early modern stage. I refer here to the character known as “the vice” of medieval morality plays.
Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Dependent Inhibition of Dendritic Cell Interleukin-12 Production by Giardia lamblia

Dendritic cell interactions with pathogenic microbes initiate and direct the development of subsequent adaptive responses. The protozoan pathogen Giardia lamblia infects the mammalian small intestine, leading to nutrient malabsorption and diarrhea but rarely causing inflammation. In order to begin to understand how the innate immune system responds to this parasite and shapes the eventual adaptive response, we examined the interaction between parasites and murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs). DCs incubated with live parasites or parasite extracts displayed enhanced levels of CD40. The expression of CD80 and CD86 also increased, but less than was seen with lipopolysaccharide-activated DCs. Small amounts of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha were secreted by these DCs, whereas no IL-10 or IL-12 could be detected. Coincubation of DCs with parasite extracts along with known Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands resulted in enhanced secretion of IL-10 and reduced secretion of IL-12. The levels of major histocompatibility complex class II, CD80, and CD86 were also reduced compared to DCs stimulated with TLR ligands alone. Finally, studies with an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway inhibitor, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, and anti-IL-10 receptor antibody revealed that the PI3K pathway is the dominant mechanism of inhibition in DCs incubated with both lipopolysaccharide and Giardia. These data suggest that this parasite actively interferes with host innate immunity, resulting in an immune response able to control the infection but devoid of strong inflammatory signals.
Electric-field-driven insulating-to-conducting transition in a mesoscopic quantum dot lattice

We investigate electron transport through a finite two dimensional mesoscopic periodic potential, consisting of an array of lateral quantum dots with electron density controlled by a global top gate. We observe a transition from an insulating state at low-bias voltages to a conducting state at high-bias voltages. The insulating state shows simply activated temperature dependence, with strongly gate voltage dependent activation energy. At low temperatures the transition between the insulating and conducting states becomes very abrupt and shows strong hysteresis. The high-bias behavior suggests underdamped transport through a periodic washboard potential resulting from collective motion.
The Implications of RTI and EBP for SLPs: Commentary on L. M. Justice

Purpose This commentary responds to Justice’s article on response to intervention (RTI) and evidence-based practice (EBP) for reading instruction. The educational changes brought about by RTI and EBP provide an opportunity as well as a challenge for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to make fundamental changes in service delivery. Method In this article, I discuss how RTI will change who qualifies as reading disabled and who receives special reading instruction. I examine how RTI might change who qualifies and how they qualify for speech-language services. Finally, I consider what can be taken from EPB and RTI to improve speech-language service delivery. Conclusion RTI has the potential to fundamentally change regular education and its interface with special education. If SLP clinicians, researchers, and policymakers recognize the possibilities, RTI could also significantly and positively impact educational speech-language pathology.
Application of a map Bayesian method for CYP2E1 phenotyping

Purpose The CYP2E1 probe drug chlorzoxazone (CZ) is extensively metabolized to 6-OHchlorzoxazone (HCZ). The HCZ/CZ ratio is used as an index of CYP2E1 activity, but it is not valid in patients with kidney disease. Individual estimates of HCZ formation clearance (CLf) obtained via MAP Bayesian estimation (MBE) could be an alternative to full profile (FP) PK studies. Methods: A population PK model incorporating covariate effects, creatinine clearance (CLcr) on CL and weight on V, was developed based on FP data from 21 subjects (CLcr 9 to 100 ml/min). MBE of HCZ CLf were determined for several single-point (HCZ and CZ) sampling times using the FP model as a prior. The bias (%MPE = mean % prediction error) and precision (%MAPE = mean % absolute PE) of single-point CLf estimates vs. FP were determined. Results (See Table) Conclusion The HCZ/CZ ratio is highly dependent on renal function, but MBE of HCZ CLf were reasonably precise and accurate and estimation performance was independent of CLcr. These results suggest that MBE can provide reliable estimation of HCZ CLf (CYP2E1 phenotype). Prospective validation is warranted. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P41–P41; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.156 Table 1. Time (hr) 0.5 1 2 4 6 8 %MPE 6.6 3.2 −0.86 −0.21 3.5 4.0 %MAPE 16.4 14.3 11.7 11.3 18.4 15.1
Three-dimensional ultrasonic sensing of underwater animals

A three-dimensional sonar imaging system whose goal is to track small animals in the water column is under development. The system uses an array of stacked transmit (8) and receive (8) transducers operating at 430 kHz. This permits an 8-beam by 8-beam view of a 16 degrees by 16 degrees wedge at frame rates of 1 frame/s to a range of approximately 10 m. Over this field of view, the system produces calibrated target strengths of the objects that are being imaged. Data from test targets and small fish in a test tank have been used to create animated films of rendered three-dimensional images. These preliminary data indicate that 3-D ultrasonic imaging is a viable technique for tracking small animals. >
4,9‐Dihydro‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene‐4,9‐dione functionalized copolymers for organic photovoltaic devices

The synthesis of conjugated polymers 1–5 functionalized with 4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene-4,9-dione in the backbone is reported and their use in the construction of organic solar cells is demonstrated. Increasing the molar ratio of 2,7-dibromo-3,8-dihexyl-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene-4,9-dione, relative to 4,4′-dihexyl-5,5′-dibromo-2,2′-bithiophene, in the copolymer synthesis significantly lowers the solubility of these polymers. The incorporation of highly conjugated 3,8-dihexyl-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene-4,9-dione unit into the polymer backbone has been confirmed by UV–vis absorption. The observation of decreasing quantum yield for the emission in the order of 1, 2, 3 is consistent with copolymers with different comonomer content. The power conversion efficiencies of solar cells using blends of these polymers with PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester) were determined to be 0.11% for polymer 1, 0.33% for 2, and 0.26% for 3, respectively. Under identical white light illumination, the power conversion efficiency of the device based on polymer 2/PCBM as the active layer was three times higher compared to that of device based on polymer 1/PCBM. Owing to the limited solubility and poor film-forming ability of polymer 3, the power conversion efficiency of solar cell based on 3/PCBM blend is lower than that of 2/PCBM blend, but is still larger than that of 1/PCBM blend. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2680–2688, 2008