cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new model for low pressure chemical vapor deposition of SiO2 films by ozone augmented tetraethoxysilane

Abstract A simple model has been developed to analyze the low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of SiO 2 films from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and ozone. It is found that the model correlates well the experimental data taken at 30 to 90 Torr which is the range of the Applied Materials 5000 reactor. The model shows from correlations of experimental data that gas phase reaction reduces the deposition rate and that this effect becomes more significant at temperatures above about 365°C. The model also explains successfully the trend in experimental data on Arrhenius plots for pressures from 30 to 90 Torr. These data indicate that the temperature, T m , at which the deposition rate is a maximum, decreases as the pressure is increased. This occurs because the effect of parasitic gas phase reactions becomes more important at higher pressure. Furthermore, thetrends predicted buy our model are consistent with the experimental data taken under atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD), even though these conditions are outside the range of applicability of this model which assumes low pressure and therefore very high rates of diffusion.
The differential effects of unilateral lid closure upon the monocular and binocular segments of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat

One eyelid has been sutured in each of three seven-day old kittens. Three months later the brains were fixed and stained by the Nissl method. In the contralateral lateral geniculate nucleus the cells of the deprived lamina A were smaller, more closely packed and paler staining than those in the normally innervated, ipsilateral lamina A. However, these changes were seen in the medial parts of the contralateral lamina A only. The lateral parts, which extend beyond the border of lamina A1 and which project to the monocular parts of the visual cortex showed no change. These results show that some geniculate cells are not affected by deprivation. The observations are consistent with the view that during normal development geniculate cell axons from adjacent laminae compete with each other for synaptic surfaces upon binocular cortical neurons: that unilateral lid suture upsets the balance of this competition and that the reduced perikaryal growth in the lateral geniculate nucleus is secondary to the unbalanced axonal development, which occurs in the binocular portions of the geniculocortical projection but which cannot occur in the monocular portions, where there is no competition.
Benchtop methods for measuring the fraction of free liquid of biomass slurries

The free-liquid fraction of slurries is strongly correlated with other slurry properties, especially the rheological and transport properties. Measuring free-liquid fraction can be problematic with lignocellulosic materials, and many studies to-date have instead used the total mass-fraction of liquid as a surrogate measure. This study presents two bench-scale methods for determining the free-liquid content of lignocellulosic biomass slurries. One is based on centrifuge-filtration of biomass for increasing time intervals until an asymptote is observed. The other uses solute exclusion methods and includes a proper accounting for unavoidable adsorption of the tracer solute molecules on the biomass solids. Overall, we found both methods gave reasonable results for washed pretreated corn stover. Among our controls, the centrifuge dewatering method tends to enable better results for large, rigid particles, and can give unrealistic results for small, compressible particles. This tendency is also reflected in the results for different pretreated corn stover slurries, where the quality of the results varied with the particle size distribution of the slurries. The solute exclusion method gives physically realistic results for all of our control materials and for washed pretreated materials, but produced physically unrealistic results for one unwashed pretreated corn stover sample. Further, we show that blue dextran interacts chemically with lignocellulosic material via adsorption and suspected degradation reactions.
Spatio-Temporal Behavior of Y Junction Semiconductor Laser Arrays

Y junction semiconductor laser arrays have attracted attention because they tend to favor in-phase operation and therefore generate predominantly single lobe output beams [1,2]. Recent streak camera measurements, however, have indicated that these lasers exhibit sustained self-pulsations under CW pumping [4]. These pulsations have not yet been properly explained. In this paper we use a propagation model to examine the spatio-temporal dynamics of Y junction lasers and arrays. We find that even a single Y junction laser is capable of exhibiting sustained pulsations.
Iodipamide Kinetics: Capacity-Limited Biliary Excretion with Simultaneous Pseudo-First-Order Renal Excretion

Iodipamide was infused into three dogs with bile fistulas to achieve various steady-state blood levels. When using ultracentrifugation techniques, iodipamide was found to be highly bound to plasma protein. The total blood clearance was low relative to hepatic blood flow. For either the whole blood concentration or the unbound concentration of iodipamide, the biliary excretion was shown to be capacity limited with a transport maximum, Tm, of approximately 1.0 μmole/kg/min. The steady-state renal excretion rate, plotted against the whole blood concentration of iodipamide, resulted in a concave ascending curve, which could lead to the false conclusion that iodipamide was undergoing active renal tubular reabsorption. However, when corrected for plasma protein binding, a linear relationship was obtained, suggesting that the renal excretion of iodipamide is a pseudo-first-order process. The Miehaelis- Menten parameters for the extrarenal elimination, when calculated using the whole blood concentration of iodipamide, led to a similar discrepancy compared to the parameter estimates obtained from biliary excretion rate data. This discrepancy can be eliminated when one uses the unbound concentration of iodipamide in the parameter estimates.
Learning with Probabilistic Features for Improved Pipeline Models

We present a novel learning framework for pipeline models aimed at improving the communication between consecutive stages in a pipeline. Our method exploits the confidence scores associated with outputs at any given stage in a pipeline in order to compute probabilistic features used at other stages downstream. We describe a simple method of integrating probabilistic features into the linear scoring functions used by state of the art machine learning algorithms. Experimental evaluation on dependency parsing and named entity recognition demonstrate the superiority of our approach over the baseline pipeline models, especially when upstream stages in the pipeline exhibit low accuracy.
Attitudes inferred from non-immediacy of verbal communications

Nonimmediacy has been defined as the degree of attenuation of directness and intensity of interaction between a communicator and the object of his communication, in a verbal message. The present study tested the hypothesis that non-Immediacy of a communication about an object is a monotonically increasing function of the degree of negative communicator attitude towards the object. The hypothesis was generally supported, except in the case of communications about people reported as being liked very much.
Is the local density approximation exact for short wavelength fluctuations

A commonly cited reason for the success of the local spin density (LSD) approximation is that it correctly accounts for short wavelength contributions to the exchange-correlation energy. We show that this result, while true in several limits and for several approximations to these fluctuations, is not exact in general, with an analytic demonstration on a specific system (Hooke's atom). Nevertheless, we find that LSD is rather accurate for small separations.
The distribution of phosphorus and oxygen in the Atlantic Ocean, as observed during the I.G.Y., 1957–1958

The determination of advective transport . 1. The section at 24015 ' South latitude---Crawford cruise 22 2. The section at 8°15 , North latitude--Crawford cruise 10 3. The section at 40°15 ' North latitude--Crawford cruise 16 B. Determination of eddy diffusion coefficients and evaluation of the transfer by diffusion processes in the three ocean areas C. A general critique of the physical analysis for mass transport due to mixing processes . . . . . PART II. THE SIGNIFICANCI'; OF THE BIOLOGICAL FACTOR 1N THE DISTRIBUTION OF OXYGEN AND PHOSPHORUS A. Examination of the R vaiues obtained from evaluation of mixing processes in the equation of state . .
Developmental myosin heavy chain progression in avian type IIB muscle fibres

Myosin heavy chain species were investigated during development in avian pectoralis major muscle (type IIB fibres) by high resolution anion-exchange chromatography of the myosin head region, subfragment-1. At 15 daysin ovo four distinct fast-type heavy chain species, I, II, III and IV, in order of elution, were identified. By 19 daysin ovo, form IV had become predominant and remained the major species through 3-days post-hatch. This form has been named theperihatch form. Between 3 and 5 days post-hatch, a second massive change occurred such that by 5 days post-hatch a new species, V, apparent at 19 daysin ovo in small amounts, dominated and at 8 days post-hatch was the only heavy chain species present. Form V, which corresponds to that previously identified as theposthatch form, continued as the major species through 20 days post-hatch and was replaced slowly by the adult form. N-terminal sequencing of CNBr peptides from three subfragment-1 heavy chain species, the peri-hatch (form IV), the post-hatch (form V) and adult, revealed differences in amino acid sequence consistent with the three being products of different genes. These results confirm and extend recent reports of complexity in fast heavy chain expression prior to hatching in the chicken (Hofmannet al., 1988; Van Horn & Crow, 1989).
Causation of nervous system tumors in children: insights from traditional and genetically engineered animal models

Pediatric neurogenic tumors include primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), especially medulloblastoma; ependymomas and choroid plexus papillomas; astrocytomas; retinoblastoma; and sympathetic neuroblastoma. Meningiomas and nerve sheath tumors, although uncommon in childhood, are also significant because they can result from exposures of children to ionizing radiation. Specific chromosomal loci and specific genes are related to each of these tumor types. Virtually all these genes appear to act as tumor suppressor genes, which are inactivated in tumor cells by mutations or by chromosomal loss. In genetically engineered mice, some genes that are clearly associated with specific human tumors (e.g., RB1 in retinoblastoma and NF2 in meningiomas and schwannomas) have no such effect. Other genetic constructs in mice involving the genes p53, ptc1, and Nf1 have produced tumors remarkably similar to some of the human pediatric neoplasms. Some of these tumors become clinically apparent after only a few weeks, while the mice are still juveniles, especially when two or more tumor suppressor genes are inactivated in the same genetic construct. Conversely, at least one genetic pathway in rodents involving point mutation in the coding region of a transforming gene (neu in malignant schwannomas) does not appear to operate in any human tumors. The nervous system is markedly susceptible to experimental carcinogenesis during early life in rodents, dogs, primates, and other nonhuman species, and there is no obvious reason why this generalization should not also apply to humans. However, except for therapeutic ionizing radiation, no physical, chemical, or biological cause of human pediatric nervous system tumors is known. The failure of experimental transplacental carcinogenesis to mirror human pediatric experience more closely may reflect the need for multiple mutational events in target cells, and for experimental carcinogens that are capable of causing the full spectrum of mutations that occur in cancer-related genes in pediatric neurogenic tumors.
Interdigitating Dendritic Cell Sarcoma Presenting in the Skin: Diagnosis and the Role of Surgical Resection, Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Management:

We report the case of an interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma (IDCS) presenting in the skin. A 41-year old woman had a slowly enlarging mass on her right scapula that was excised multiple times under a presumptive diagnosis of a recurrent sebaceous cyst. However, the lesion was refractory to standard therapies. History and physical exam was unrevealing for any systemic signs or symptoms of disease. The patient's metastatic work-up was negative. The lesion was resected with wide margins and was found to be consistent with IDCS. Patients that present with IDCS on the skin may present concurrently with metastatic disease and may have increased risk of secondary malignancies. The use of adjuvant chemoradiation after primary resection is controversial. However, the use of chemoradiation likely has benefit for local regional control for primary tumors that are unamendable to complete primary resection.
Remediation of Elemental Mercury Using in Situ Thermal Desorption (ISTD)

In situ thermal desorption (ISTD) is a soil heating method that simultaneously applies heat and vacuum to the subsurface at temperatures up to 600 °C. As the soil is heated, the vapor pressure of the contaminant increases allowing mass transfer to the gas phase and extraction from the soil using vacuum wells. The overall goal of this research is to assess the feasibility of using ISTD to remove elemental mercury from soils. The initial phase of research included design of a laboratory soil column apparatus and preliminary soil column experiments with surrogate nonaqueous phase liquids (perfluorocarbons) to test the apparatus and investigate the effects of air flow rate and temperature on the ISTD process. Following the preliminary experiments, a mercury off-gas treatment system was added and mercury experiments were conducted. Experiments performed using elemental mercury showed greater than 99.8% removal of the mercury from Ottawa sand. These results show that ISTD can remove mercury from soil at tempera...
Basement faults and seismicity in the Appalachian Basin of New York State

Abstract Landsat lineaments identified by Earth Satellite Corporation (EARTHSAT, 1997) can be groundtruthed across the Appalachian Basin of New York State (NYS). Both fracture intensification domains (FIDs) and faults are observed in outcrop along the lineaments. Confirmation of deep structure associated with the surface structure is provided by both well log analyses and seismic reflection data (primarily proprietary). Additional faults are proposed by comparing the lineament locations with gravity and magnetic data. The result is a web of basement faults that crisscross New York State. By overlaying epicenter locations on the fault/lineament maps, it is possible to observe the spatial correlation between seismic events and the faults. Every seismic event in the Appalachian Basin portion of NYS lies on or near a known or suspected fault. It thus appears that not only are there more faults than previously suspected in NYS, but also, many of these faults are seismically active.
Women’s Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration During Pregnancy and Postpartum

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the prevalence of women’s psychological, minor physical, and severe physical intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration during the first 18 weeks of pregnancy and at 6 weeks postpartum and to compare women who used each type of IPV to those who did not. Women who increased their IPV perpetration over time were also compared to women who decreased or did not change their IPV perpetration over time. A sample of 180 women participated in a larger study of the well-being of pregnant women. Data were collected via self-report survey and 122 participants were retained at follow-up. At both time points, more women in the sample reported IPV perpetration (baseline n = 132; follow-up n = 73) than IPV victimization (baseline n = 114; follow-up n = 66). Women who perpetrated IPV reported higher levels of IPV victimization, reported partner alcohol misuse, stress, depression, and lower dyadic adjustment compared to women who did not. Women’s IPV perpetration was associated with several negative outcomes. Findings suggest that IPV screening during pregnancy and postpartum should include women’s IPV perpetration and should be conducted at multiple time points, since women’s IPV experiences may change over time.
Effect of ethanol on plasma amino acids and related compounds of stressed male rats

Abstract Plasma amino acid levels in rats are known to be affected by ethanol or by immobilization stress. This paper investigated the effect of ethanol on plasma amino acid levels of stressed rats. Rats received ethanol (2 g/kg, IP) 15 minutes prior to a 30-min immobilization period. Blood samples were obtained from individual rats before, during and after stress. Ethanol lowered the concentration of most plasma amino acids (AA) or related compounds in stressed rats(e.g., aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, valine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, trytophan). Some compounds remained unaffected (e.g., taurine, crystine, ethanolamine and methylhistidines) and one (phosphoethanolamine) increased initially. A comparison of the effects of ethanol on plasma AA and related compounds in resting and stressed rats shows similarities and differences. In general, ethanol tends to change the concentrations of these compounds away from normal levels in nonstressed rats, whereas in stressed rats, ethanol tends to antagonize stress-induced changes. This study shows that ethanol can affect individual AA and related compounds differently in nonstressed and stressed rats and that ethanol reduced stress-induced changes. The latter finding supports the “tension-reduction hypothesis” of ethanol.
MO‐D‐M100F‐05: Latest Clinical Development for H&N and CNS

Daily target localization is a critical step to ensure accurate delivery of 3‐D conformal radiation therapy and intensity‐modulated radiation therapy. Current in‐room localization technologies for HN and CNStreatment include 2D kilovoltage (kV) or megavoltage (MV) radiography,CT on‐the‐rail, cone beam CT(CBCT), megavoltage CT (MVCT), and optical guidance systems. This lecture will provide an overview of the current in‐room target localization technologies for HN/CNS treatment, including the system design and characteristics, patient alignment process, and their integrations in clinical workflow. The accuracies of these technique and consequently the margin considerations will be discussed. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the latest commercial available in‐room localization techniques for HN treatment. 2. Understand the accuracies of these localization systems. 3. Understand the margin considerations associated with using these systems.
The vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrum of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene

Abstract The vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrum of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene is reported. Two Rydberg progressions converging on an ionization potential of 9.69 ± 0.01 eV are described. The π* ← π (V ← N) transition energy (57471 cm −1 ) and ionization potential are discussed in terms of data for similar compounds.
Hydrogen bonding in 2-fluorophenol, and rotation about the CO bond: A molecular orbital study

Abstract Calculations were done at the 6–31G level on 2-fluorophenol for the HOCC dihedral angle φ = 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180°, assuming that the ring and the O- and F-atoms lie in the same plane, but otherwise with full geometry optimization. The parameters for the hydrogen bridge in the 0° ( cis ) rotamer, the five-membered hydrogen bonded ring, and the changes in converting the 180° ( trans ) into the 0° ( cis ) rotamer are compared with the corresponding data for the six-membered hydrogen bonded ring in salicylaldehyde. The concomitant changes in bond length and angle in the ring and the progressive decrease in ring area in going from phenol, to fluorobenzene, to the 180° rotamer, to the 0° rotamer show that the perturbation of the OH group as it becomes involved in hydrogen bond formation spreads throughout the entire molecule. The hydrogen bond energy, evaluated as the difference between the E T values for the cis and trans rotamers is 4.0 compared to 11.9 kcal mol −1 for salicylaldehyde, in keeping with the more stringent geometrical constraints imposed by the five-membered ring. Analysis of E T as a function of φ puts the barrier to rotation at 116° with a barrier height of 5.3 kcal mol −1 and gives the following values for the coefficients in the Fourier cosine series, V 1 = 1390, V 2 = 1013, V 3 = 26 and V 4 = 69 cm −1 . Comparison with data for the variation of the bond lengths, bond angles and atomic charges in phenol as a function of φ shows that while some are associated with the hydrogen bond formation, others are determined primarily by an interaction of the lone-pair electrons on the oxygen with the π-electron system of the ring.
Regionalizing food security? Imperatives, intersections and contestations in a post-9/11 world

Abstract In the early 21st century, food security has become an urgent public concern, arguably more entangled with social, political and environmental problems at multiple scales now than in the past. This paper examines approaches to food system change emphasizing regionalization, rather than either localization or globalization, to consider framings of food security. An enlarged food security risk frame—one that starts with food safety crises and the threat of agrifood terrorism but also recognizes new, more diffuse threats to food availability likely with global environmental change, provides common ground now for diverse institutional interest in regional food systems models. Combining discursive approaches to food security with territorial and relational conceptualizations of the region and regionalization, the paper develops a comparative analysis of three emerging regionalization initiatives in the United States: 1) work by the Northeast Sustainable Agriculture Working Group (a civil society organization); 2) the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Know Your Farmer, Know Your Food initiative; and 3) the Walmart Corporation's Heritage Agriculture initiative. It finds that institutions with markedly different histories, interests and power can align with a widening, ascendant food security risk frame. However, their approaches to regionalization reflect varying combinations of territorial and relational priorities, and suggest uneven implications for other food security concerns, such as community and food access.
Incidence of chocolate spot (Pseudomonas syringae), northern corn leaf blight (Helminthosporium turcicum), and lodging of corn as influenced by soil fertility

Abstract Applied N and soil test K were negatively correlated with the incidence of Chocolate Spot (CS). Applied N was also negatively correlated with Northern Corn Leaf Blight (NCLB), but no relationship existed between soil test K and this disease. Levels of exchangeable K above 170 lbs/acre essentially eliminated the CS infection. Lodging of corn was positively correlated with applied N and negatively correlated with soil test K. Levels of soil test K above 170 lbs/acre markedly reduced the amount of lodging. Six different hybrids were included in this study. The hybrids showed significant differences in the incidence of the CS disease. Multiple regression equations indicated that corn yield:, were maximized at a level of 160 lbs/acre of applied N and a soil test of approximately 280 lbs/acre of K.
Comparison of analytical and experimental studies of the HPDE MHD generator performance

The MHD generator performance of the High Performance Demonstration Experiment (HPDE) has been analyzed using the ANL quasi-three-dimensional computer model. Computations performed for the operating conditions of tests No. 10 and 14 indicate that, for both tests, the trends and magnitudes of the experimental data for various electrical and gasdynamic variables are in good agreement with the analytical predictions. The variation of the channel performance as a function of the channel wall temperature, surface roughness, load factor, and magnetic field strength is examined, and numerical examples are given. Performance maps, showing channel enthalpy extraction versus isentropic efficiency, are generated for range of magnetic field strengths, loading parameters, and electrode surface temperatures. A 'diagnostic data analysis' (DDA) procedure has been developed for further verification of the accuracy of the predictions of the quasi-three-dimensional model. In this procedure, the experimental data are used to compute the gasdynamic flow parameters and the boundary layer voltage drop characteristics in terms of average electrical conductivity and average electrical resistance. The results of this DDA procedure and those of the quasi-three-dimensional model are in good agreement.
Blood bank on-call physician's experiences at a large university medical center.

BACKGROUND: The responsibilities of the blood bank on-call physician (blood bank physician from here on) encompass many aspects of transfusion medicine and physician education. This physician is available 24 hours a day to address any issues concerning the collection and transfusion of blood and blood components. The purpose of this study was to identify and categorize the issues that may confront a blood bank physician. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Each call received over a 4-month period was logged and the resolution documented. The calls were grouped into five categories: donor issues, therapeutic procedure issues, patient issues, physician education issues, and requests for blood components not meeting previously defined transfusion guidelines. RESULTS: The blood bank physician received 224 calls during the study period. To resolve each issue, an additional 1 to 14 telephone calls were needed to gather further information. Number of calls by category were donor issues, 20 (8.9%); therapeutic procedure issues, 9 (4.0%); patient issues, 4 (1.8%); physician education issues, 33 (14.7%); and requests for blood components not meeting previously defined transfusion guidelines, 158 (70.6%). Requests for blood components were denied in 39.8 percent of the cases not meeting guidelines. Other forms of therapy were warranted in 20.9 percent of the cases. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that 85.3 percent of the calls referred to the blood bank physician related to physician education and the appropriateness of blood component orders. These results emphasize the need for ongoing education of medical staff in transfusion medicine issues.
Characterization of pore space by quantitative image analysis

A quantitative image analysis system has been configured for characterizing pore space of reservoir rocks. The technique can be applied to a magnified image of a rock thin-section or polished section. Using this system, numerous accurate measurements of porosity, pore size, shape, and internal rock surface area can be obtained and easily summarized as distributions of pores. This quantity and quality of information is not attainable using conventional thin-section point count techniques. Porosity values obtained by image analysis are in agreement with those obtained from core plug analysis.
Congenital Heart Disease Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease, although common (15%-30%) in all-comers with congenital heart disease, is variable in terms of clinical manifestations, severity of associated pulmonary arterial hypertension, and response to therapy and outcomes (depending on lesion anatomy, pulmonary circulation flows and pressures, and presence and timings of surgeries). Evaluation includes imaging and catheterization. Surgical or another anatomic correction may be desirable after rigorous preinterventional assessment. Patients who are not surgical candidates or who fail to improve early or late after surgery may have the potential to respond to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension therapies. Lung or heart/lung transplantation remains an option for selected recalcitrant patients.
Inductorless forward-flyback soft-switching converter with dual constant on-time modulation for photovoltaic applications

A family of inductorless forward-flyback converters utilizing dual constant on-time modulation is proposed, in order to maintain high efficiency over a wide load and input range. The main switch is turned on for the constant half resonant period to achieve zero-current-switching for the forward diode and to minimize the deadtime between the two output diodes. The auxiliary active switch is in the on-state with a very short constant interval to realize zero-voltage-switching for the main active switch, even if the magnetizing inductor operates in the continuous current mode. Experimental results for a 250 W hardware prototype verifies soft-switching operation from zero to full load over 25 to 45 V input range and the CEC weighted efficiency reaches 97%. The proposed converter is attractive for the tree-type PV system applications.
Object-sensitive activity reflects earlier perceptual and later cognitive processing of visual objects between 95 and 500ms.

Abstract Object-sensitive areas have been defined using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), but the time course of this cortical activation is largely unknown. In a high-density, event-related brain potential (ERP) version of a prior fMRI study of object-sensitive areas, people categorized intact grayscale pictures of known objects and discriminated them from scrambled versions created by randomizing the phases of the spatial frequency spectrum; no object or parts can be discerned in scrambled versions. Both indirect functional and direct anatomical approaches were taken to integrate ERP and fMRI results. The two-state interactive account of visual object cognition predicts object-sensitivity (intact vs. scrambled) both before and after 200 ms during early and later ERPs that index processes in posterior cortex critical to visual object perception and cognition. As predicted, findings from 57 participants revealed early object-sensitive activation during the P100 (95–140 ms) and VPP/N170 (145–175 ms), reflecting figure-ground segregation. After 200 ms, activity was object-sensitive during the frontocentral N3 complex (200–500 ms) implicated in cognitive decisions about visual objects, as well as a right occipitotemporal P200 (200–300 ms) implicated in perceptual grouping. All effects localized to extrastriate occipitotemporal cortex. Altogether, the findings demonstrate the time course of object-sensitive activity, which is in cortical regions defined using fMRI, and indicate that processes of figure-ground segregation (95–175 ms or longer), perceptual grouping (200–300 ms), and object model selection for a cognitive decision (200–530 ms) are achieved more for intact known objects than uncategorizable, phase scrambled versions.
The continuing search for the primary event in alzheimer's disease: a criticism

Abstract Hardy and colleagues propose a model of the pathogenesis and progression of the neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. In their model, these authors have created artificial dichotomies in characterising research in this area. Further, although they attempt to define the cortex as the primary locus of the lesion, their ultimate conclusions suggest a cyclical process involving both cortical and subcortical involvement. Their hypothesis, which focuses on disturbances in the blood-brain barrier that lead to selective neuronal loss, may provide some useful guides for new experimental and therapeutic approaches.
Risk factors for alcoholism in the Oklahoma Family Health Patterns project: impact of early life adversity and family history on affect regulation and personality.

Abstract Aim This study examined the impact of early lifetime adversity (ELA) on affect regulation and personality in persons with family history (FH+) and without (FH−) a family history of alcoholism. We examined the impact of early life adversity in healthy young adults, 18–30 years of age enrolled in a long-term study on risk for alcohol and other substance abuse. Methods ELA was assessed by a composite score of low socioeconomic status and personal experience of physical or sexual abuse and/or separation from parents before age 16, resulting in a score of 0, 1–2, or >3 adverse events. Unstable affect regulation and personality variables were obtained via self-report measures. Results Higher ELA scores were seen in FH+ (χ2 = 109.2, p Conclusions The present work shows that FH+ have poor mood regulation and antisocial characteristics. The greater prevalence of ELA in FH+ persons indicates that life experience and FH+ work in tandem to result in risky patterns of alcohol and drug experimentation to elevate risk for alcoholism. Further studies of genetic and environmental contributions to alcoholism are called for.
“Golden Age,” Quiescence, and Revival: How the Sociology of Professions Became the Study of Knowledge-Based Work

Both professional work and the sociological study of professional work experienced a “golden age” in the mid-20th century. When dramatic changes began to shake the professions in the 1970s and 1980s, however, old approaches no longer fit, and the research area became quiescent. Yet interest in professional work simply “went underground,” surfacing under other names in a variety of sociological and interdisciplinary fields. In the process, researchers’ focus expanded to include a broader range of “expert” or “knowledge-based” occupations as well as traditional professions. This essay brings these disparate research streams together and shows that they cohere around four central themes: expert knowledge, autonomy, a normative orientation grounded in community, and high status, income, and other rewards.
Virtual worlds and learning

Purpose – This brief introductory paper aims to outline seven key principles for educators thinking about life in a continuously partial virtual world.Design/methodology/approach – The seven educational design principles are based on observations of both successes and failures the authors have encountered in their work as the “Games, Learning and Society” (GLS) Initiative.Findings – The seven principles of virtual world cultures that educators should address (if not capitalize on) are: ubiquitous access to information, overlapping copresences, collective intelligence, learners as information producers and not just consumers, authentic participation, learners as designers of messages, and student autonomy.Practical implications – Already, inside and outside of classrooms, students participate in virtual worlds of their own choosing with genuine consequence for what and how they learn. As such virtual spaces/communities become increasingly ubiquitous to work and play, traditional power structures in schools...
Response persistence under ratio and interval reinforcement schedules.

In Experiment 1, rats were exposed to progressive-ratio schedules of food reinforcement while other rats were exposed simultaneously to yoked-interval schedules that arranged equivalent interreinforcer intervals but required only a single response at the end of the interval for food delivery. In Experiment 2, a within-subject yoked-control procedure was employed in which pigeons were exposed to alternating sessions (one per day) of progressive-ratio schedules and yoked-interval schedules as described above. In both experiments, responding under the yoked-interval schedule persisted beyond the point at which responding under the progressive-ratio schedule had ceased. The progressive-ratio schedules controlled break-and-run distributions, and the yoked-interval schedules controlled more even distributions of responses in time. Response rates decreased and postreinforcement pauses increased over time within individual sessions under both schedules. The results suggest that responding maintained by interval schedules is more persistent than that maintained by ratio schedules. The limitations and implications of this conclusion are discussed in the context of other investigations of response strength and behavioral momentum.
The Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) preliminary structural analysis for the vacuum vessel

The preliminary structural analyses performed in support of the design development of the CIT (Compact Ignition Tokamak) vacuum vessel are described. The analyses were used to determine the preliminary structural configuration of the vessel and to optimize the vessel support schemes. The analysis activities planned in support of the final design are summarized. >
The End of Mass Culture

The 1980s?the era of Reagan and Thatcher?produced a renaissance in the study of popular or mass culture in the universities of the United States and United Kingdom. Though this discovery by intellectuals of the "culture of the people" was by no means unprecedented (indeed, a key text in the recent renaissance ? Peter Burke's Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe [1978] ?opened with an account of the first modern discovery of popular culture), it stood both as a symptom of our political and cultural situation and as a distinctively new inter pretation of the terrain called variously popular, mass, commercial, or vernacular culture. This interpretation began from an impasse, a sense of an intractable antinomy in cultural criticism. Choosing one's term?mass culture or popular culture?was choosing a side. In the United Kingdom, the opposition was coded as one between structuralism and culturalism1; in the United States, between the Frankfurt critique of the culture industry and populism.2 The attempt to transcend these oppositions dominated theoretical, historical, and interpretative arguments. Perhaps the most influential formulations were two essays of 1979?Fredric Jameson's "Reification and Utopia in Mass Culture" and Stuart Hall's "Notes on deconstructing 'the popular'."3 Their central arguments ? that mass cultural artifacts are at one and same time ideological and Utopian, and that popular culture is neither simply a form of social control nor a form of class expression, but a contested terrain ?are by now commonplace, the opening moves in many recent discussions of popular culture.4 The fixed poles of the late 1970s have lost their magnetic force; few left cultural critics or historians are driven to denounce or celebrate mass culture. No longer are considerations of popular culture merely occasions for jeremiads on cultural degeneration or for self-conscious cultural slumming. Rather the study of popular culture?understood as that contested terrain structured by the culture industries, the state cultural apparatuses, and the symbolic forms and practices of the subaltern classes?has become the center of cultural studies generally. In this essay I want to consider the consequences of this shift. Is it simply the establishing of a new academic paradigm, a way of producing new research on formerly despised materials? Does it retain any connection to a wider critique of culture, let alone to a project of cultural reconstruction? Or is it, as skeptics and cynics put it, a way for left academics to find resistance and subversive moments in Dallas and Dynastyl5 What is the relation of this rethinking of mass culture to
Redefining the role of digoxin in the treatment of atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) encompasses a variety of discrete clinical syndromes, including paroxysmal, chronic, acute, and postoperative. Digoxin, long considered the mainstay of therapy for rate control in all types of AF, appears to have only modest electrophysiologic effects, which are mediated primarily by the autonomic nervous system. Digoxin has less potency than the calcium antagonists or beta-blocking drugs with respect to atrioventricular nodal blockade. Although less potent than calcium antagonists or beta-blocking drugs on the atrioventricular node, digoxin provides positive inotropic support, whereas the other 2 agents can suppress left ventricular function. Thus, digoxin is the agent of choice in patients with AF in the setting of significant left ventricular dysfunction. However, in the absence of left ventricular dysfunction, digoxin should be considered second-line therapy for the treatment of all AF syndromes.
Regulation of root apical meristem development.

AbstractThe establishment of the Angiosperm root apical meristem is dependent on the specification of a stem cell niche and the subsequent development of the quiescent center at the presumptive root pole. Distribution of auxin and the establishment of auxin maxima are early formative steps in niche specification that depend on the expression and distribution of auxin carriers. Auxin specifies stem cell niche formation by directly and indirectly affecting gene activities. Part of the indirect regulation by auxin may involve changes in redox, favoring local, oxidized microenvironments. Formation of a QC is required for root meristem development and elaboration. Many signals likely pass between the QC and the adjacent root meristem tissues. Disappearance of the QC is associated with roots becoming determinate. Given the many auxin feedback loops, we hypothesize that roots evolved as part of an auxin homeostasis mechanism.
Overview of the FGF23-Klotho axis

Recent studies have identified a novel bone−kidney endocrine axis that maintains phosphate homeostasis. When phosphate is in excess, fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is secreted from bone and acts on the kidney to promote phosphate excretion into urine and suppress vitamin D synthesis, thereby inducing negative phosphate balance. One critical feature of FGF23 is that it requires Klotho, a single-pass transmembrane protein expressed in renal tubules, as an obligate coreceptor to bind and activate FGF receptors. Several hereditary disorders that exhibit inappropriately high serum FGF23 levels are associated with phosphate wasting and impaired bone mineralization. In contrast, defects in either FGF23 or Klotho are associated with phosphate retention and a premature-aging syndrome. The aging-like phenotypes in Klotho-deficient or FGF23-deficient mice can be rescued by resolving hyperphosphatemia with dietary or genetic manipulation, suggesting a novel concept that phosphate retention accelerates aging. Phosphate retention is universally observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and identified as a potent risk of death in epidemiological studies. Thus, the bone−kidney endocrine axis mediated by FGF23 and Klotho has emerged as a novel target of therapeutic interventions in CKD.
Mild Bioconjugation Through the Oxidative Coupling of ortho‐Aminophenols and Anilines with Ferricyanide

Using a small-molecule-based screen, ferricyanide was identified as a mild and efficient oxidant for the coupling of anilines and o-aminophenols on protein substrates. This reaction is compatible with thiols and 1,2-diols, allowing its use in the creation of complex bioconjugates for use in biotechnology and materials applications.
How the Brain Works: The Next Great Scientific Revolution

In spite of the enormous complexity of the human brain, there are good reasons to believe that only a few basic principles will be needed to understand how it processes sensory input and controls motor output. In fact, the most important principles may be known already! These principles provide the basis for a definite mathematical theory of learning, memory, and behavior.
Fatty acid amide hydrolase, the degradative enzyme for anandamide and oleamide, has selective distribution in neurons within the rat central nervous system

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a membrane-bound enzyme activity that degrades neuromodulatory fatty acid amides, including oleamide and anandamide. A single 2.5-kb FAAH mRNA is distributed throughout the rat CNS and accumulates progressively between embryonic day 14 and postnatal day 10, remains high until postnatal day 30, then decreases into adulthood. FAAH enzymatic activity, as measured in dissected brain regions, was well correlated with the distribution of its messenger RNA. In situ hybridization revealed profound distribution of FAAH mRNA in neuronal cells throughout the CNS. The most prominent signals were detected in the neocortex, hippocampal formation, amygdala, and cerebellum. The FAAH distribution in the CNS suggests that degradation of neuromodulatory fatty acid amides at their sites of action influences their effects on sleep, euphoria, and analgesia.
Expression and Functional Significance of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 in Astrocytes

Astrocytes play a number of important physiological roles in CNS homeostasis. Inflammation stimulates astrocytes to secrete cytokines and chemokines that guide macrophages/microglia and T cells to sites of injury/inflammation. Herein, we describe how these processes are controlled by the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins, a family of proteins that negatively regulate adaptive and innate immune responses. In this study, we describe that the immunomodulatory cytokine IFN-beta induces SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 expression in primary astrocytes at the transcriptional level. SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 transcriptional activity is induced by IFN-beta through IFN-gamma activation site (GAS) elements within their promoters. Studies in STAT-1alpha-deficient astrocytes indicate that STAT-1alpha is required for IFN-beta-induced SOCS-1 expression, while STAT-3 small interfering RNA studies demonstrate that IFN-beta-induced SOCS-3 expression relies on STAT-3 activation. Specific small interfering RNA inhibition of IFN-beta-inducible SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 in astrocytes enhances their proinflammatory responses to IFN-beta stimulation, such as heightened expression of the chemokines CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL3 (MIP-1alpha), CCL4 (MIP-1beta), CCL5 (RANTES), and CXCL10 (IP-10), and promoting chemotaxis of macrophages and CD4(+) T cells. These results indicate that IFN-beta induces SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 in primary astrocytes to attenuate its own chemokine-related inflammation in the CNS.
Detonation Chemistry: A Review

Progress in developing detailed and reduced chemistry for applications in high-speed propulsion is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the high-temperature chemistry most relevant to detonations that occur in detonative propulsion. It is indicated that there is good understanding for the simpler fuels, such as hydrogen and methane, but for more complex fuels essential information is lacking. The extent of uncertainty is shown to increase in progressing from acetylene to ethylene to propane to higher hydrocarbons. For the most practical fuels, such as JP-10 and liquid hydrocarbon mixtures, there are significant unknowns that are currently being addressed in research programs. The status of understanding for such fuels is appraised, and the development of simplified chemicalkinetic descriptions suitable for use in computational fluid dynamics is described.