cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Barriers to Return to Work After Burn Injuries

Abstract Esselman PC, Wiechman Askay S, Carrougher GJ, Lezotte DC, Holavanahalli RK, Magyar-Russell G, Fauerbach JA, Engrav LH. Barriers to return to work after burn injuries. Objective To identify barriers to return to work after burn injury as identified by the patient. Design A cohort study with telephone interview up to 1 year. Setting Hospital-based burn centers at 3 national sites. Participants Hospitalized patients (N=154) meeting the American Burn Association criteria for major burn injury, employed at least 20 hours a week at the time of injury, and with access to a telephone after discharge. Intervention Patients were contacted via telephone every 2 weeks up to 4 months, then monthly up to 1 year after discharge. Main Outcome Measures A return to work survey was used to identify barriers that prevented patients from returning to work. A graphic rating scale determined the impact of each barrier. Results By 1 year, 79.7% of patients returned to work. Physical and wound issues were barriers early after discharge. Although physical abilities continued to be a significant barrier up to 1 year, working conditions (temperature, humidity, safety) and psychosocial factors (nightmares, flashbacks, appearance concerns) became important issues in those with long-term disability. Conclusions The majority of patients return to work after a burn injury. Although physical and work conditions are important barriers, psychosocial issues need to be evaluated and treated to optimize return to work.
Risk factors for dehydration among elderly nursing home residents.

Dehydration is the most common fluid and electrolyte disorder among the elderly, yet risk factors are not known. This study identifies risk factors for dehydration in acutely ill nursing home residents. All 339 elderly residents of two nursing homes who developed an acute illness requiring hospitalization during 1984 were included in the study. The 173 patients having a serum Na 150 mg/dL or a serum BUN:Cre > 25 were designated cases. Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals were calculated for age, sex, chronic conditions, acute illnesses, medications, functional status measures, and season. Acutely ill dehydrated patients were female (OR, 3.3); over 85 years old (OR, 2.2); had more than four chronic conditions (OR, 4.0); took more than four medications (OR, 2.8); and were bedridden (OR, 2.9). Among the most severely dehydrated (serum Na > 150 mg/dL and BUN:Cre > 25), the odds ratios for the above factors were strengthened and other factors, such as inability to feed oneself and type of acute diagnosis, emerged as risk factors. Among the variables unrelated to functional status, laxatives (OR, 3.2) and chronic infections (OR, 1.8) were risk factors. We conclude that a group at high risk for dehydration can be defined and that they are better characterized by the number of chronic diseases and debilitated functional status than by acute disease processes.
Normal Intelligence in Female and Male Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

We provide evidence regarding the nature, causes, and consequences of intelligence in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Intelligence and quality of life (psychological adjustment) were measured on multiple occasions from childhood to young adulthood in 104 patients with CAH (62 females, 42 males) and 88 unaffected relatives (31 females, 57 males). Information on disease severity (CAH type, age at diagnosis, genital virilization for girls) and salt-wasting crises was obtained from medical records. There was no evidence of intellectual deficit in either female or male patients with CAH. Intelligence was not significantly associated with psychological adjustment or disease characteristics. CAH itself does not appear to increase risk for poor intellectual function. In a sample of patients with generally good disease control, intelligence is not related to adjustment problems, disease severity, or salt-wasting crises.
"Combinatorial Complexity, Industry Dynamics, and Population-Level Learning: An Empirical Test"

This paper examines how interdependency among productive activities (IPA), a form of combinatorial complexity at the industry-level, affects industry dynamics—entry, exit, and turnover (entry + exi...
5′-Isothiocyanato- N -1-naphthylphthalamic acid: a chemically reactive site-directed irreversible ligand for phytotropin receptors

A chemically reactive analog of the phytotropin N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) was synthesized and evaluated as a site-directed irreversible ligand for the NPA receptor. The NPA analog (5′-isothiocyanato-N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid; NCS-NPA) was synthesized in two steps. Pretreatment of etiolated Helianthus hypocotyl segments with NCS-NPA at concentrations in excess of 1 μM resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of basipetal [14C]IAA transport. Net uptake of IAA by hypocotyl segments was stimulated by NCS-NPA at concentrations of 1 μM or greater. NCS-NPA inhibited the saturable binding of [3H]NPA in Helianthus microsomes in a dose-dependent fashion with 50% inhibition occurring at NCS-NPA concentrations of 3 to 10 nM. The binding affinity of [3H]NPA in microsomes pretreated with NCS-NPA followed by extensive washing was substantially reduced. These results demonstrate that NCS-NPA is a site-directed irreversible ligand for the NPA receptor and suggest that it may be of use in the purification and characterization of this biologically important receptor.
Improving the health and well-being of cancer survivors: past as prologue.

During the past two decades, there have been a number of unsuccessful replication attempts of our finding that group psychotherapy improves cancer survival. One explanation for this failure is that the wrong phenomenon has been studied. Rather than focusing on the effects of the psychotherapeutic relationship, perhaps, the focus should have been on the social support provided and networks developed by these groups. Since the late 1970s, a growing body of research indicates the importance of social networks and social support on reductions in not only all cause mortality, but also disease specific mortality including cancer. We have learned about how the health, well-being, and ultimate survival of cancer patients is improved by social support and social networks. The social milieu within which we live can provide resources that facilitate reintegration into society. These resources at the individual level, such as one's perception of social and emotional support, at the level of one's social ties with family and friends, and at the community level appear to improve survival across disease conditions including cancer. Even though, the mechanisms by which these endpoints are achieved remain elusive, there is much that can be done. The challenge of our time is to translate what we already know into programs to improve quality of life and to focus research toward increasing our understanding the mechanisms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
Assessing mitigation-adaptation scenarios for reducing catastrophic climate risk

Countries can use both mitigation and adaptation strategies to protect their citizens from catastrophic risk posed by climate change (e.g., shift in the jet stream). A nation can mitigate by reducing CO2 emissions, which reduces the probability of a catastrophic event; it can adapt by altering the infrastructure so that damages can be reduced in the event a catastrophe is realized. Herein we add to the current literature by extending the endogenous risk framework into a dynamic framework permitting analysis of both mitigation and adaptation while allowing for the dynamic process of global climate change. Our results suggest adaptation to catastrophe is a small fraction of the national climate protection budget relative to mitigation when nations cooperate fully, when damages are both continuous and catastrophic, and when nations have a short planning horizon. Adaptation becomes more important relative to mitigation when nations are unlikely to cooperate, when damages are mainly catastrophic, or when the nation’s planning horizon increases.
Significance of the polyglutamine tract polymorphism in the androgen receptor

T androgen receptor gene (AR) contains a polymorphic CAG repeat region encoding a series of glutamines. Since the discovery in 1991 that an expansion of this (CAG)n tract leads to a severe neurodegenerative syndrome (Kennedy’s disease), this region has been the target of increasing scientific interest. Subsequently, other diseases have been associated with the length of this (CAG)n tract, and several involve urologic abnormalities. In this review, we focus on the relationship between AR CAG repeat polymorphism and Kennedy’s disease, male infertility, prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and undermasculinized genitalia (Fig. 1).
Effects of orochemical stimulation on postnatal development of gustatory recipient zones within the nucleus of the solitary tract

Abstract Previous receptor damage studies and artificial rearing (AR) studies in rat have demonstrated that orochemical stimulation between the postnatal ages of P2 and P14 is necessary for development of primary gustatory axons and terminal endings in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). Objectives of the present experiment were to evaluate the qualitative nature of orochemical stimulation and amount of orochemical stimulation that is necessary to produce normal axonal and terminal development in gustatory recipient zones of the rostral and intermediate NST. To this end, ultra-pure water, 30,150, and 500 mM NaCl, 80 and 340 mM lactose, whole rat milk, and rat milk that had been subject to extensive dialysis (12–14 kD MWCO) was delivered to independent groups of rat pups during AR procedures. Unstimulated AR animals and matched mother-reared (MR) animals were used as controls. AR animals received experimental orochemical stimulation between the ages of P4 and P10, and were there-after returned to lactating dams until the time of weaning; MR animals received experimental orochemical stimulation during the course of normal nursing. Following maturation, anterograde fluorescent dual-labeling experiments were conducted to map the course and distribution of primary gustatory axons within the NST. Results show that experimental stimulation with water during AR procedures is not sufficient to produce normal development of primary gustatory axons and terminal endings in the gustatory NST. Stimulation with 30,150, and 500 mM NaCl produced normal axonal development in the NST, as did 80 and 340 mM lactose, whole rat milk, and hdialyzed rat milk. These results indicate that orochemical stimulation with qualitatively different tastants during critical periods of postnatal development is sufficient to produce normal development of primary gustatory axons within the rostral NST. In a second experiment, rat pups received either 1 day or 3 days of stimulation with 150 mM NaCl to determine the time-course of stimulation necessary to produce normal development of terminal fields in the rostral NST. Results indicated that 1 day of stimulation with NaCl was not sufficient to produce normal development of rostral NST axons, whereas 3 days stimulation with NaCl was effective in producing normal axonal development. Therefore, like other sensory systems, the gustatory system is susceptible to anatomical modification by taste stimulation during critical or sensitive periods of postnatal development.
Rupture of multiple catch-slip bonds: Two-state two-pathway catch-slip bonds

We performed Monte Carlo simulation of the detachment of a polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte immersed in a Newtonian fluid and adhered to a substrate by multiple catch-slip bonds. We found that at certain loading rates the interplay of multiple catch-slip bonds leads to a bimodal distribution of the bond rupture force. We also found that the low force peak in these bond rupture force distributions switches to a high force peak with a gradual increase in the loading rate. These trends in the bond rupture force distributions are characteristics of two-state systems. Consequently, though individual catch-slip bonds follow one-state two-pathway energy landscape, their interplay mimics a two-state two-pathway energy landscape.
Legal and Extralegal Factors Affecting Minority Overrepresentation in Virginia’s Juvenile Justice System: A Mixed-Method Study

This study examined legal and extralegal factors, specifically race, and their effects on processing and sanctions for 2,233 African American and Caucasian males in Virginia’s juvenile justice system. Qualitative findings from in-depth interviews with juvenile judges, Commonwealth’s attorneys, defense attorneys, police officers, juveniles and their families triangulate the quantitative findings. Crime severity was the only factor which affected the likelihood of diversion; whereas race, grade repeated, prior record, and crime severity increased the likelihood of incarceration through two logistic regression models. Stakeholders added discussion regarding family structure and education. As social work practice intersects with juvenile justice through multiple avenues, the implications of these findings are discussed.
Binary black hole mergers in gaseous environments: 'Binary Bondi' and 'binary Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton' accretion

Merging supermassive black hole-black hole binaries produced in galaxy mergers are promising sources of detectable gravitational waves. If such a merger takes place in a gaseous environment, there is a possibility of a simultaneous detection of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation, as the stirring, shock heating, and accretion of the gas may produce variability and enhancements in the electromagnetic flux. Such a simultaneous detection can provide a wealth of opportunities to study gravitational physics, accretion physics, and cosmology. We investigate this scenario by performing fully general-relativistic, hydrodynamic simulations of merging, equal-mass, nonspinning black hole-black hole binaries embedded in gas clouds. We evolve the metric using the Baumgarte-Shapiro-Shibata-Nakamura formulation with standard moving puncture gauge conditions and handle the hydrodynamics via a high-resolution shock-capturing scheme. We consider both 'binary Bondi accretion' in which the binary is at rest relative to the ambient gas cloud, as well as 'binary Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton accretion' in which the binary moves relative to the gas cloud. The gas cloud is assumed to be homogeneous far from the binary and governed by a {Gamma}-law equation of state. We vary {Gamma} between 4/3 and 5/3. For each simulation, we compute the gas flow and accretion rate and estimate the electromagnetic luminositymore » due to bremsstrahlung and synchrotron emission. We find evidence for significant enhancements in both the accretion rate and luminosity over values for a single black hole of the same mass as the binary. We estimate that this luminosity enhancement should be detectable by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope for a 10{sup 6}M{sub {center_dot}}binary in a hot gas cloud of density n{approx}10 cm{sup -3} and temperature T{approx}10{sup 6} K at z=1, reaching a maximum of L{approx}3x10{sup 43} erg s{sup -1}, with the emission peaking in the visible band, and lasting for {approx}1 hour.« less
Plant protoplasts for use in somatic cell hybridization.

Abstract : Somatic cell hybridization is a potentially useful technique for the introduction of genetic variability into plant species. One proposed method involves fusion of plant protoplasts (which is a cell lacking its wall--defined here on the basis of light microscope examination) to form a hybrid cell which can be induced to form a plant. Plant protoplasts produced by the use of crude commercial lytic enzymes are not always healthy (as defined by consideration of factors such as cytoplasmic streaming, presence of cytoplasmic strands and position of the nucleus within the cell, in relation to survival time). Peroxidase, basic proteins and ribonuclease have been implicated as possible deleterious agents. The use of purified enzymes offers a more rigorously defined system for obtaining healthy protoplasts. Purified preparations of cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4), pectate lyase (EC 4.2.99.3) and endopolygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) have been used to prepare protoplasts from a range of plant cell suspension cultures. Inducible streptomycete enzymes lytic towards plant cell walls have also been prepared. (Author)
Two (Very) Different Worlds: The Cultures of Policymaking and Qualitative Research

This article brackets assumptions embedded in the framing of this special issue on “problematizing methodological simplicity in qualitative research” in a effort to understand why policymakers put pressure on all types of researchers, including those who use qualitative methods, to provide relatively simple, even somewhat mechanistic portrayals of social life. The article employs an auto-ethnographic approach to demonstrate that simplified thinking is a virtual prerequisite for making policy. The article also demonstrates that qualitative researchers normally have a diametrically opposed view of simplification, but that this view is not necessarily shared by other academics. These other academics, consequently, are likely to have a greater impact on policymakers. The article concludes with an account of how the article’s author, who was attracted to qualitative methods because they promised to accommodate the complexity of social life, has attempted to influence policymakers and the policymaking process w...
Examining collaborative supply chain service technologies: a study of intensity, relationships, and resources

Technology has the ability to heavily influence marketing and supply chain theory and practice. This research incorporates a two-study approach to examine the impact of collaborative supply chain technologies on retailer logistics service and financial performance, and ultimately on the overall performance of the partnership. In this study we discover dynamic interactions between collaborative technology categories, relationship quality, resource complementarity, and performance. The results support the importance of collaborative technologies, the role of different degrees of partnering, and the need for a better understanding of firm and partner performance. Ultimately, this study creates a foundation for future research across the domains of marketing and supply chain management incorporating the resource based view of technology and service-dominant logic.
Photosynthetic acclimation of maize to growth under elevated levels of carbon dioxide

The effects of elevated CO(2) concentrations on the photochemistry, biochemistry and physiology of C(4) photosynthesis were studied in maize (Zea mays L.). Plants were grown at ambient (350 mL L(-1)) or ca. 3 times ambient (1100 mL L(-1)) CO(2) levels under high light conditions in a greenhouse for 30 d. Relative to plants grown at ambient CO(2) levels, plants grown under elevated CO(2) accumulated ca. 20% more biomass and 23% more leaf area. When measured at the CO(2) concentration of growth, mature leaves of high-CO(2)-grown plants had higher light-saturated rates of photosynthesis (ca. 15%), lower stomatal conductance (71%), higher water-use efficiency (225%) and higher dark respiration rates (100%). High-CO(2)-grown plants had lower carboxylation efficiencies (23%), measured under limiting CO(2), and lower leaf protein contents (22%). Activities of a number of C(3) and C(4) cycle enzymes decreased on a leaf-area basis in the high-CO(2)-grown plants by 5-30%, with NADP-malate dehydrogenase exhibiting the greatest decrease. In contrast, activities of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase increased significantly under elevated CO(2) condition (8% and 36%, respectively). These data show that the C(4) plant maize may benefit from elevated CO(2) through acclimation in the capacities of certain photosynthetic enzymes. The increased capacity to synthesize sucrose and starch, and to utilize these end-products of photosynthesis to produce extra energy by respiration, may contribute to the enhanced growth of maize under elevated CO(2).
Action pattern and specificity of an amylase from Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract The nature, amounts, and sequence of products formed from well-characterized substrates by the action of a crystalline α-type amylase from Bacillus subtilis were determined by qualitative and quantitative paper chromatography. The substrates studied were amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, β-amylase limit dextrins, pure individual maltodextrins, and the cyclic Schardinger dextrins. The amylase from B. subtilis showed a dual product specificity for the formation of maltotriose and maltohexaose. This dual specificity was quite pronounced when amylopectin was the substrate. The distributions of products from the interior segments of amylopectin and glycogen were completely different from the distribution of products obtained from amylose. The reactions of the maltodextrins were highly specific and dependent upon the molecular size of the dextrin. From these studies, a mechanism for the dual product specificity and action on branched substrates is proposed.
A method for modeling the impact of conductor surface roughness on waveguiding properties of interconnects

A methodology is proposed for accounting for the impact of random conductor surface roughness in the electromagnetic analysis of the propagation characteristics of high-speed interconnects. The proposed methodology replaces the rough-surface conductor cross-section with a compound one, where a thin outer layer, conforming to the conductor contour and of frequency-dependent thickness and conductivity is used in place of the surface roughness. The resulting compound conductor model facilitates extraction of the waveguiding properties of the interconnect using electromagnetic field solvers. The attributes of the method are demonstrated through the electromagnetic analysis of a microstrip transmission line structure and through correlations with measurement data.
Preferences and Barriers to Care Following Psychiatric Hospitalization at Two Veterans Affairs Medical Centers: A Mixed Methods Study

Patient preferences and barriers to care may impact receipt of adequate mental health treatment following psychiatric hospitalization and could inform quality improvement initiatives. This study assessed preferences for a broad range of post-hospital services and barriers to counseling by surveying 291 patients and interviewing 25 patients who had recently been discharged from an inpatient psychiatric stay at one of the two Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Individual counseling was the most frequently reported service that survey respondents preferred, but did not receive; whereas, open-ended survey responses and interviews also identified telephone follow-up “check-in” calls as a frequently preferred service. Difficulty with transportation was the most commonly cited barrier to counseling among survey respondents and in interviews; however, patients strongly preferred in-person counseling to telephone or internet-video alternatives. Increasing support from family and support from an individual Veteran peer were also perceived to be helpful in the majority of survey respondents.
Sums of Numbers with Small Partial Quotients II

Abstract For m∈ Z + let F(m) be the set of numbers with an infinite continued fraction expansion where all partial quotients, except possibly the first, do not exceed m. In 1975, James Hlavka conjectured that F(6)+F(2)≠ R . We shall disprove Hlavka's conjecture, showing that in fact F(5)±F(2)= R .
MeV Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (MeV-UED)

A MeV-UED facility with sub-100 fs time resolution is developed at BNL; single-shot electron diffraction is realized for a 100-nm Al film with 105 electrons, and super-lattice of TaSe2 was observed with SRN of 400.
Respiration of heart muscle as affected by oxygen tension.

Isolated cat papillary muscles were exposed to gas mixtures containing carbon dioxide and oxygen. In muscles exposed during the second of three periods to 25 percent oxygen, the volume of oxygen consumed (Qo2) was depressed by 50 percent, but returned to the control level during a third period at 98 percent oxygen. The work capacity was not significantly altered if the partial pressure of oxygen was low.
Implicit agency, communality, and perceptual congruence in couples: Implications for relationship health

Abstract Men and women are expected to exemplify the gendered traits of agency (masculinity) and communality (femininity). Research has yet to examine how the implicit adoption of these traits influences close relationships. To address these gaps, the current study used the Implicit Association Test (IAT) in a dyadic context to examine whether or not these implicit traits, and perceptual congruence (i.e., seeing one's partner as they see themselves) regarding these traits, relate to relationship health in mixed-sex couples. Results revealed that when both partners implicitly viewed themselves as the more agentic partner, relationship health suffered. Having one or both partners identify as more communal resulted in greater relationship health. Results were equally positive regardless of whether couples implicitly viewed their relationship traditionally (i.e., perceiving the male as the more agentic partner and the female as the more communal partner) or non-traditionally (i.e., perceiving the female as more agentic, and the male as more communal). Implications for interpersonal relationships are discussed.
A magnetic resonance imaging study of putamen nuclei in major depression

The basal ganglia are recognized as putative mediators of certain cognitive and behavioral symptoms of major depression. Moreover, patients with basal ganglia lesions have repeatedly exhibited significant affective symptomatology, including apathy, depressive mood, and psychosis. Using high resolution, axial T2 intermediate magnetic resonance images, and a systematic sampling stereologic method, we assessed putamen nuclei volumes in 41 patients with major depression (DSM-III) and 44 healthy volunteer controls of similar age. Depressed patients had significantly smaller putamen nuclei compared with controls. Age was negatively correlated with putamen size in both groups. These results are the first demonstration of diminished putamen volumes in depression and further support a role for basal ganglia structures in the etiopathogenesis of depression.
Transformation and synthesis of FSMs for low-power gated-clock implementation

We present a technique that automatically synthesizes nite state machines with gated clocks to reduce the power dissipation of the nal implementation. We describe a new transformation for general incompletely speci ed Mealy-type machines that makes them suitable for gated clock implementation. The transformation is probabilistic-driven, and leads to the synthesis of an optimized combinational logic block that stops the clock with
Free radicals in ischemic and reperfusion myocardial injury: is this the time for clinical trials?

Abstract An increasing number of studies in cell cultures, isolated perfused hearts, and intact animal preparations purport to show the significance of free radical production in the pathophysiolog...
Validity of contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis as a typing system for Candida albicans.

Summary. Instigated by an increase in serious human Candida infections and aided by advances in technology, there has been renewed interest in the study of the epidemiology of fungal infections. Among the newer techniques available, contourclamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) electrophoresis has shown great promise as a tool for typing strains of Candida albicans. However, few studies have addressed the reproducibility of the preparatory and electrophoretic methods. Through a series of analyses on clinical isolates of C. albicans, we were able to demonstrate that (a) sample preparation induced no appreciable artifacts in CHEF banding patterns; (b) the electrophoretic patterns were reproducible over time; (c) changes in colony morphology were not associated with changes in the electrophoretic pattern, and (d) the method was more sensitive than restriction enzyme analysis (REA) for demonstrating strain differences. CHEF electrophoresis is a sensitive and reproducible tool for the study of Candida epidemiology. Further use and study of this methodology is warranted. Zusammenfassung. Die Zunahme schwerer Candida-Infektionen sowie technologische Fortschritte haben das Interesse an der Epidemiologie von Pilzinfektionen neu belebt. Unter den neueren Techniken hat sich die CHEF-Pulsfeldelektrophorese als vielversprechendes Werkzeug zur Stammtypisierung von Candida albicans herausgestellt. Bisher sind jedoch nur wenige Studien zur Reproduzierbarkeit der praparativen und elektrophoretischen Methoden gemacht worden. Mittels einer Serie von Analysen klinischer C. albicans-Isolate waren wir in der Lage zu zeigen, das (a) die Probenpraparation keine wesentlichen Artefakte im CHEF-Bandenmuster hervorruft, das (b) die elektrophoretischen Muster wiederholt reproduzierbar waren, das (c) Veranderungen in der Koloniemorphologie nicht mit Veranderungen in den elektrophoretischen Mustern verbunden waren und das (d) die Methode empfindlicher war als die Restriktionsenzym-Analyse (REA) fur das Aufdecken von Stammunterschieden. Die CHEF-Pulsfeldelektrophorese ist ein empfindliches und reproduzierbares Verfahren fur Studien zur Candida-Epidemiologie. Der weitere Einsatz und weitere Untersuchungen mit dieser Methode bieten sich an.
Sodium 2-(N-morpholino)­ethane­sulfonate monohydrate

In this study, we report on the X-ray diffraction analysis of the common buffer salt sodium 2-(N-morpholino)­ethane­sulfonate (NaMES), Na·C6H12NO4S·H2O. MES is one of the `Good' buffers and is frequently used in biological and biochemical research. Following the method employed by Kunkel [(2000); Utilities for estimating the diffusion coefficients of weak electrolytes, URL: http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/kunkel/probe/buffers/], the Stokes radius for this compound is 4.18 A. This is significantly different from the value of 3.54 A previously estimated from a molecular model.
The analysis and control of hydraulic fracturing problems

Fracturing formations deeper than 10,000 feet at temperatures greater than 200/sup 0/F with cross-linked gels created a variety of special problems in South Texas and Anadarko Basin wells. Engineering analysis of these problems resulted in modifications of fluids systems, treatment design, and fracturing operations. These changes eliminated premature shut-downs of fracturing treatments and improved stimulation ratios.
The influence of physiologically active compounds and their inactive homologs on phase boundary potentials

Employing a “model cell,” as described by Beutner, the change produced in electromotive force by propadrine and three homologs and by choline and two homologs was determined. The results show that it is not yet possible to correlate change in E. M. F. with physiological activity in homologous series; there is an approximate parallelism between effect on E. M. F. and relative toxicity.
Fetal brain mapping

Advances in fast 2D MRI have led to its growing clinical use in un-sedated fetal brain studies, as a tool for challenging neurodevelopmental cases. The availability of this 2D data has motivated new engineering developments that combine fast multi-slice MRI scans with computer vision techniques to provide a route to full 3D fetal brain image formation in a significant fraction of imaging studies. Critically, this promises a route to studying early human brain development with realistic populations, rather than in a fraction of individuals where motion does not occur. This article will briefly review the problem of slice motion estimation, techniques for 3D image reconstruction and look at new methods that have been developed to model and segment early developing tissue zones within the human fetal brain. Finally, a brief review covering some of the early applications of these methods to study fetal brain growth is included.
Toward an Understanding of When Executives See Crisis as Opportunity

Whereas it has long been noted that crises may be sources of opportunity for organizations and their constituents, relatively little is known about the conditions under which executives come to per...
Instruction compression and encoding for low-power systems

Low-power system design is very important in battery-operated embedded systems. Since instruction memory constitutes a large portion of the system, it is one of the major energy contributors. In this paper, we propose two selective instruction compression methods for reducing instruction memory and instruction bus energy consumption. In these methods, both compressed and uncompressed instructions are stored in the instruction memory in a mixed fashion. The compressed instructions are decompressed on-the-fly by means of an instruction decode table placed between instruction memory and core. Our methods selectively compress instructions in the sense that while some instances of a given instruction are compressed, some other instances of the same instruction are not. Even though both of the proposed methods can reduce both dynamic and leakage energy consumption in the instruction memory, one of them is more oriented towards reducing dynamic energy, whereas the other one mainly targets leakage. To reduce the instruction bus energy consumption further, we also propose a heuristic method for coding compressed instructions to reduce bit switching on the bus.
Distinct gene expression in human Vδ1 and Vδ2 γδ T cells following non-TCR agonist stimulation

The two major human gammadelta T cell subsets, Vdelta1 and Vdelta2, display differences in tissue tropism and agonist responses, but we have little insight into global differences that may exist at the gene expression level. This is due to the small numbers of these cells that can be obtained from healthy donors, which limit comprehensive, comparative gene expression analyses. We established a culture method that expands Vdelta1 and Vdelta2 cells from the same PBL preparation to levels sufficient for sorting and microarray analysis. Although the subsets were expanded identically (anti-TCR mAb, plus IL-15), 392 and 614 genes were identified, which were differentially expressed in the two subsets, from two donors, respectively. Approximately 4500 genes changed in both subsets following PMA/ionomycin treatment; about 50% of these genes were subset-specific. Both subsets responded to a crude LPS preparation, but only 6% of the responsive genes were the same. The differentially expressed genes were consistent with Vdelta2 cells being more inflammatory and Vdelta1 cells having more of a regulatory phenotype. Both subsets expressed transcripts encoding an array of innate and NK cell receptors, supporting the relationship of gammadeltaT cells to the innate immune system. Our results indicate that circulating Vdelta1 and Vdelta2 subsets in humans have considerable inherent differences in gene expression following treatment with the same agonist. The patterns of differentially expressed genes are consistent with unique functional roles for these cells in vivo.
Cooking is Good to Think

The three books under review here represent the recent efflorescence of diverse approaches to a previously neglected topic: the anthropology of cooking. By examining cooking through the lens of biological anthropology and differing cultural anthropological approaches, the books together make a strong case for the centrality of in-depth analysis of cooking to issues of gender, and to social change and evolutionary change. As Levi-Strauss long ago recognized, this review reaffirms the notion that cooking is "good to think" about many of the topics that preoccupy our contemporary academic studies.
MICRON: a framework for connection establishment in optical networks

Traffic grooming in optical networks has gained significance due to the prevailing sub-wavelength requirement of end users. Optical networks get upgraded to the latest technology slowly with time with only a subset of nodes being upgraded to the latest technology. The networks are thus comprised of nodes employing heterogeneous switching architectures. In this paper, we develop a framework called Methodology for Information Collection and Routing in Optical Networks (MICRON) for connection establishment in optical grooming networks with heterogeneous switching architectures. We illustrate with examples the information that may be collected from the links, and operators that may be used to obtain information along a path. The information can be used to select a path dynamically depending on the network status. We complete the MICRON framework by providing a generic channel assignment procedure that could be employed to implement different channel assignment schemes. Various routing and channel assignment algorithms can be developed from the proposed framework. The framework may be easily implemented with simple traffic engineering extensions to the already existing routing protocols in the wide-area networks.
Age of Pre-late-Wisconsin Glacial-Estuarine Sedimentation, Bristol Bay, Alaska

Pleistocene glacial-estuarine sediment deposited in an intertidal environment of northeastern Bristol Bay, southwestern Alaska, was dated using a variety of approaches, including infrared stimulated and thermoluminescence (IRSL and TL) techniques. Analysis of modern and14C-dated Holocene tide-flat mud demonstrates that the bulk of sediment in this environment is reset by solar radiation, thereby lending confidence to ages obtained from similar Pleistocene deposits by luminescence techniques. IRSL seems to be especially well suited for dating, with resolution on time scales of <10,000 yr. The ages of tide-flat mud of the Nushagak Formation, derived from the Ahklun Mountains to the northwest of Bristol Bay, and of Halfmoon Bay drift, derived from the Alaska Peninsula to the southeast, suggest contemporaneous glacial-estuarine deposition related to independent glacial source areas about 75,000–80,000 yr ago. This age is consistent with other geochronological data that indicate a pre-late-Wisconsin and post-substage-5e age, including nonfinite14C ages, a lack of interglacial indicators, and Old Crow tephra (∼140,000 yr) atop the drift, normal paleomagnetic inclinations, and amino acid (isoleucine) epimerization ratios (aIle/Ile). AIle/Ile ratios inPortlandia arctica(0.052 ± 0.003) from a marine-lag horizon at South Naknek beach, which separates Halfmoon Bay drift above from older glacial-estuarine drift below, are only slightly higher than inMya truncata(0.041 ± 0.007) from last-interglacial Pelukian deposits at Nome. As laboratory heating experiments show that the two genera epimerize at similar rates, these data imply correlation of the marine lag at South Naknek beach with Pelukian deposits. Hence, glaciers on the Alaska Peninsula experienced major pre-late-Wisconsin advances both before and after the last interglaciation. Shells reworked into Halfmoon Bay drift yield aIle/Ile ratios of 0.028 ± 0.005 forPortlandiaat Second Point and 0.027 ± 0.001 forHiatella arcticaat Etolin Point. Together with assumptions about the postdepositional temperature history, these ratios indicate that the shells are at least 55,000 yr, and probably closer to ∼90,000 yr, although the uncertainty in this age estimate is broad. The amino acid and luminescence data converge on an age between about 75,000, and 90,000 yr, late during oxygen-isotope stage 5, for a major ice advance far beyond late-Wisconsin limits.
NONEMPIRICAL REALITY: TRANSCENDING THE PHYSICAL AND SPIRITUAL IN THE ORDER OF THE ONE

. I describe characteristic phenomena of quantum physics that suggest that reality appears to us in two domains: the open and well-known domain of empirical, material things—the realm of actuality—and a hidden and invisible domain of nonempirical, non-material forms—the realm of potentiality. The nonempirical forms are part of physical reality because they contain the empirical possibilities of the universe and can manifest themselves in the empirical world. Two classes of nonempirical states are discussed: the superposition states of microphysical entities, which are nonempirical because observation destroys them, and the virtual states of material systems, which are nonempirical because they are empty. The non-empirical part to physical reality represents a predetermined and hidden order that exists before it is empirical, and the visible world is an emanation out of it. I discuss consequences for our understanding of human nature, the origin of life, and human values. Reality is an indivisible wholeness that is aware of its processes, like a Cosmic Spirit, and it reveals its awareness in the mindlike properties of elementary processes as well as in the human consciousness. Thus, one is led to G. W. F. Hegel's thesis that the Cosmic Spirit is thinking in us.
Value of coronary artery calcium scanning by computed tomography for predicting coronary heart disease in diabetic subjects.

OBJECTIVE —The South Bay Heart Watch is a cohort study designed to determine the significance of coronary calcium in high-risk asymptomatic patients. This is a report of the relative risk (RR) for outcomes of coronary artery calcium in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —A total of 1,312 diabetic and nondiabetic subjects underwent risk factor screening and computed tomography testing for coronary calcium at baseline and were followed clinically for 6.3 ± 1.4 years. End points were either 1 ) hard events of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) or coronary death or 2 ) any cardiovascular event (nonfatal MI, coronary death, coronary revascularization, or stroke). RESULTS —The incidence rates of a hard event and any cardiovascular event for diabetic and nondiabetic subjects were 14.5 and 6.1% and 23.8 and 12.2%, respectively ( P 0.05). CONCLUSIONS —The risk of coronary heart disease increases with increasing calcium scores and diabetes status. Calcium scores have less prognostic value in diabetic subjects.
Ultrasonographic appearance of normal and injured lateral patellar ligaments in the equine stifle.

SummaryReasons for performing study Ultrasound is widely used in horses with stifle lameness, yet limited information is available regarding the appearance of normal and injured lateral patellar ligaments (LPL). Objectives To map the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the LPL. To describe the clinical and ultrasonographic features of LPL injuries. Study design Descriptive study of healthy horses and retrospective case series. Methods Twelve horses without stifle lameness underwent ultrasonographic examination of bilateral LPLs and ultrasonographic features were recorded. Eighteen horses with LPL injury were identified from 1999 to 2011. Results The normal LPL changes in appearance from origin to insertion. It shows ill-defined margins at the patella, becomes flattened and bilobed over the lateral trochlear ridge, is oval-triangular shaped with variable echogenicity and fibre pattern distal to the LTR, and becomes tapered with striations at the tibial insertion. LPL injury was identified in 18 horses of multiple breeds and uses. All injuries were acute, and 12 had wounds. Eleven horses were severely lame (grade 4–5/5). Ultrasonographic lesions were severe in 78% of cases. The mid to insertional portion of the LPL was most often affected. Radiography showed fractures of the tibial tuberosity (n = 6), patella (n = 4) and lateral trochlear ridge (n = 1). Fractures involved LPL attachments in 9 horses. Five were treated for osteomyelitis and one for synovial sepsis. Recheck ultrasound in 4 horses showed minimal to no change in the appearance of LPL injuries. Nine horses returned to riding, one continued as a broodmare, 2 were retired, one became a broodmare, 2 were lost to follow-up and 3 were subjected to euthanasia owing to concurrent injuries. Conclusion Normal variations in shape, echogenicity and fibre pattern of the LPL are important considerations to prevent false positive diagnoses during ultrasonography. LPL injuries were often severe and associated with craniolateral stifle trauma. Prognosis varied from good to guarded in horses without additional severe injuries.
Effect of rule choice in dynamic interactive spatial commons

This paper uses laboratory experiments to examine the effect of an endogenous rule change from open access to private property as a potential solution to overharvesting in commons dilemmas. A novel, spatial, real-time renewable resource environment was used to investigate whether participants were willing to invest in changing the rules from an open access situation to a private property system. We found that half of the participants invested in creating private property arrangements. Groups who had experienced private property in the second round of the experiment, made different decisions in the third round when open access was reinstituted in contrast to groups who experienced three rounds of open access. At the group level, earnings increased in Round 3, but this was at a cost of more inequality. No significant differences in outcomes occurred between experiments where rules were imposed by the experimental design or chosen by participants.
Alcohol Interventions Among Underage Drinkers in the ED: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the efficacy of emergency department (ED)-based brief interventions (BIs), delivered by a computer or therapist, with and without a post-ED session, on alcohol consumption and consequences over 12 months. METHODS: Patients (ages 14–20 years) screening positive for risky drinking were randomized to: BI (n = 277), therapist BI (n = 278), or control (n = 281). After the 3-month follow-up, participants were randomized to receive a post-ED BI session or control. Incorporating motivational interviewing, the BIs addressed alcohol consumption and consequences, including driving under the influence (DUI), and alcohol-related injury, as well as other concomitant drug use. The computer BI was an offline, Facebook-styled program. RESULTS: Among 4389 patients screened, 1054 patients reported risky drinking and 836 were enrolled in the randomized controlled trial. Regression models examined the main effects of the intervention conditions (versus control) and the interaction effects (ED condition × post-ED condition) on primary outcomes. The therapist and computer BIs significantly reduced consumption at 3 months, consequences at 3 and 12 months, and prescription drug use at 12 months; the computer BI reduced the frequency of DUI at 12 months; and the therapist BI reduced the frequency of alcohol-related injury at 12 months. The post-ED session reduced alcohol consequences at 6 months, benefiting those who had not received a BI in the ED. CONCLUSIONS: A single-session BI, delivered by a computer or therapist in the ED, shows promise for underage drinkers. Findings for the fully automated stand-alone computer BI are particularly appealing given the ease of future implementation.