cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Language Development Over the Lifespan

Language Development over the Lifespan, compiled by Kees de Bot and Robert W. Schrauf, is a collection of articles that explore language development—both language acquisition and language attrition—from a lifespan perspective. This volume of articles was, first of all, intended as a reference resource for research on language development and the aging process and as a text for MA courses in applied linguistics/bilingualism programs. More importantly, this book establishes a new and exciting perspective on language acquisition by considering developmental language phenomena, that is, “developmental” changes in language that occur over the span of a lifetime. This volume thus opens up new windows to research language acquisition from a developmental perspective.
Abstract 3992: Modes of metastasis evolution in human and murine cancer revealed by whole exome sequencing

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Despite that fact that 90% of cancer deaths are due to metastasis, relatively little is known about how metastases evolve from primary cancers. We subjected 101 trios consisting of primary tumor, brain metastasis, and normal reference tissue to whole exome sequencing (WES). To analyze the data, we developed novel computational tools to derive high quality allelic copy-number profiles directly from the WES data. These were used to perform an integrative analysis of somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs) and somatic single nucleotide variants (SSNVs). This analysis allowed us to estimate the clonal architecture of the primary and metastatic samples from each patient, and to reconstruct a single phylogenetic tree relating all of the subclones detected in both samples. We determined that all of the matched metastases analyzed likely formed from a single clone. In all cases, we observed a sibling relationship between the metastasis and primary tumor samples, indicating that they share a common ancestor, but ongoing evolution in the primary tumor resulted in fully clonal mutations in the primary biopsy that were not present in the metastasis sample. An important corollary of this is that in no case was a metastasis-founding subclone detected in a primary tumor sample. Using mutational spectra associated with tobacco exposure in lung cancers, we determined that most of the evolution leading up to the brain metastasis like occurred within the lung. In contrast with these findings, analysis of related primary tumor and metastasis families in a mouse model of small cell lung cancer using identical methodology revealed evidence of more variable patterns of metastatic spread. Analysis of draining lymph nodes revealed that multiple subclones of the primary contributed to these metastases. In addition, we uncovered evidence for the sequential spread of metastases, consistent with multiregion sequencing of primary and metastatic human pancreatic cancer. The extension of this finding to a mouse cancer model suggests this may be a more frequent feature of cancer metastasis, and raises the possibility of genetically dissecting these processes in this experimental system. Citation Format: Scott L. Carter, Priscilla K. Brastianos, David G. McFadden, Thales Papagiannakopoulos, Amaro Taylor-Weiner, Kristian Cibulskis, Tyler Jacks, William Hahn, Gad Getz. Modes of metastasis evolution in human and murine cancer revealed by whole exome sequencing. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3992. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3992
Potentiostatic Intermittent Titration Technique for Electrodes Governed by Diffusion and Interfacial Reaction

The potentiostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT) is one of the widely used methods for determining the diffusion coefficient in electrochemical materials, such as lithium diffusion in lithium-ion battery electrodes. The conventional PITT analysis neglects interfacial resistance and assumes the system is diffusion-controlled. For real electrode systems, however, surface reaction as well as diffusion may be rate-limiting. In this Article, we analyze PITT measurements for material systems with finite surface reaction rates. For small amplitude potential steps, we derive analytic solutions for the measured transient current associated with PITT, taking into account the effects of finite surface reaction rates. Using the analytic solutions, the diffusion coefficient, surface reaction rate, and the exchange current density can be determined simultaneously. An example of lithium diffusion in amorphous silicon thin-film electrodes is used to demonstrate the enhanced PITT approach.
Cloning and Characterization of RGS9-2: A Striatal-Enriched Alternatively Spliced Product of the RGS9 Gene

Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins act as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins. Previous in situ hybridization analysis of mRNAs encoding RGS3-RGS11 revealed region-specific expression patterns in rat brain. RGS9 showed a particularly striking pattern of almost exclusive enrichment in striatum. In a parallel study, RGS9 cDNA, here referred to as RGS9-1, was cloned from retinal cDNA libraries, and the encoded protein was identified as a GAP for transducin (Galphat) in rod outer segments. In the present study we identify a novel splice variant of RGS9, RGS9-2, cloned from a mouse forebrain cDNA library, which encodes a striatal-specific isoform of the protein. RGS9-2 is 191 amino acids longer than the retinal isoform, has a unique 3' untranslated region, and is highly enriched in striatum, with much lower levels seen in other brain regions and no expression detectable in retina. Immunohistochemistry showed that RGS9-2 protein is restricted to striatal neuropil and absent in striatal terminal fields. The functional activity of RGS9-2 is supported by the finding that it, but not RGS9-1, dampens the Gi/o-coupled mu-opioid receptor response in vitro. Characterization of a bacterial artificial chromosome genomic clone of approximately 200 kb indicates that these isoforms represent alternatively spliced mRNAs from a single gene and that the RGS domain, conserved among all known RGS members, is encoded over three distinct exons. The distinct C-terminal domains of RGS9-2 and RGS9-1 presumably contribute to unique regulatory properties in the neural and retinal cells in which these proteins are selectively expressed.
A density functional for strong correlation in atoms

In this work, a strong-correlation model is developed for use with the Becke-Roussel exchange and dynamical correlation functionals. The model is free of empirical parameters and is exact for the hydrogen atom. It significantly improves on results from conventional functionals for the relative energies of spin-polarized and spin-averaged atoms through the first three rows of the periodic table, giving a mean absolute error of only 4 kcal/mol. The dissociation curve for the H2 molecule is also considered.
Work in progress — Calculus placement modeling for engineering student potentially contributes to appropriate advising

The appropriate placement for mathematics courses for first-year engineering students is an important factor in ensuring the success of engineering students in terms of retention and graduation rates. However, often the advisors only are able to look at the cutoffs of a few factors when making their recommendations. We propose that modeling offers advisors a more effective method to integrate multiple factors in order to make the most appropriate recommendation for first year math courses to entering students and help ensure student success. Results to be reported in this study are effectiveness of predicting engineering students' success in Calculus I courses using regression models, significant predictors to Calculus I grades, the actual recommendations that students received from advisors for appropriate calculus placement, whether students took the advisors recommendations in choosing a calculus placement, and the relationship between the model and what advisors are actually advising. The results of this study will provide information that helps to find the most effective means of advising to help ensure student success.
Large thalamic mass due to neuro-Behçet disease

A 39-year-old Caribbean man was transferred for biopsy of a “brain tumor.” He had subacutely developed a mild right sensorimotor hemiparesis with hyperreflexia, severe right-sided dysmetria and dysdiadochokinesis, and an ataxic gait. Further questioning revealed a 5-year history of Behcet disease with oral and …
Applications of chiral allenylzinc additions and Noyori asymmetric reductions to an enantioselective synthesis of a C3–C13 precursor of the polyketide phosphatase inhibitor cytostatin

Abstract A 12-step synthesis of a C3–C13 precursor of the protein phosphatase inhibitor cytostatin is described. Key stereocenters were introduced by a chiral allenylzinc addition and Noyori asymmetric-transfer hydrogenation.
Ferromagnetic anti‐resonance in non‐saturated magnetic metals

We have developed a theoretical formulation for calculating electromagnetic reflection and transmission coefficients in magnetically non‐saturated metals foils. For in plane magnetic fields two ferromagnetic anti‐resonance (FMAR) transmission peaks are calculated in the non‐saturated region for both bubbles and stripes domain structures. One anti‐resonance occurs at frequencies higher than the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) frequencies for non‐saturated media and the other occurs between the two FMR resonances. The latter anti‐resonance displays structure which is due to the presence of electromagnetic standing modes coinciding with a rapid variation in propagation constant near FMR. For perpendicular magnetic fields the FMAR peaks split in two reflecting the differences in permeability for alternate domain regions.
Dose equations for tube current modulation in CT scanning and the interpretation of the associated CTDIvol.

Purpose: The scanner-reported CTDI vol for automatic tube current modulation (TCM) has a different physical meaning from the traditional CTDI vol at constant mA, resulting in the dichotomy “CTDIvol of the first and second kinds” for which a physical interpretation is sought in hopes of establishing some commonality between the two. Methods: Rigorous equations are derived to describe the accumulated dose distributions for TCM. A comparison with formulae for scanner-reported CTDI vol clearly identifies the source of their differences. Graphical dose simulations are also provided for a variety of TCM tube current distributions (including constant mA), all having the same scanner-reported CTDI vol. Results: These convolution equations and simulations show that the local dose at z depends only weakly on the local tube currenti(z) due to the strong influence of scatter from all other locations along z, and that the “local CTDI vol(z)” does not represent a local dose but rather only a relative i(z) ≡ mA(z). TCM is a shift-variant technique to which the CTDI-paradigm does not apply and its application to TCM leads to a CTDI vol of the second kind which lacks relevance. Conclusions: While the traditional CTDI vol at constant mA conveys useful information (the peak dose at the center of the scan length), CTDI vol of the second kind conveys no useful information about the associated TCM dose distribution it purportedly represents and its physical interpretation remains elusive. On the other hand, the total energy absorbed E (“integral dose”) as well as its surrogate DLP remain robust between variable i(z) TCM and constant current i 0 techniques, both depending only on the total mAs = ⟨i⟩t 0 = i 0 t 0 during the beam-on time t 0.
White cell ornithine transcarbamylase activity cannot detect the liver enzyme deficiency.

Letter to the Editor: White Cell Ornithine Transcarbamylase Activity Cannot Detect the Liver Enzyme Deficiency
Computerized Dynamic Platform Posturography

Computerized dynamic platform posturography is defined in this technology assessment. The review discusses what computerized dynamic platform posturography measures, what the reliability and validity of the information are, and the uniqueness of the information provided. The clinical contribution and indications for testing are discussed. There are comments on future directions for research on computerized dynamic platform posturography and a summary and conclusion.
Hemorrhagic pericarditis, pleurisy, and pneumonia complicating recent myocardial infarction

Abstract Three cases of acute myocardial infarction are reported which were complicated by hemorrhagic pericarditis, pleurisy, and pneumonia, respectively. Anticoagulant therapy was not used in the instance of hemorrhagic pericarditis, and was employed for only a few days in the other cases, the prothrombin time never exceeding therapeutic levels. The cases of this report, and similar instances reported in the literature under the heading of hemopericardium complicating myocardial infarction, present features such as were described recently as characteristic of a postmyocardial-infarction syndrome. The inflammations constituting this syndrome may be of hemorrhagic character. It is suggested that the postmyocardial-infarction syndrome is due to sensitization.
Circular dichroism and DNA secondary structure

The change in average rotation of the DNA helix has been determined for the transfer from 0.05 M NaCl to 3.0 M CsCl, 6.2 M LiCl and 5.4 M NH4Cl. This work, combined with data at lower salt from other laboratories, allows us to relate the intensity of the CD of DNA at 275 nm directly to the change in the number of base pairs per turn. The change in secondary structure for the transfer of DNA from 0.05 M NaCl (where it is presumably in the B-form) to high salt (where the characteristic CD has been interpreted as corresponding to C-form geometry) is found to be -0.22 (+/- 0.02) base pairs per turn. In the case of mononucleosomes, where the CD indicates the "C-form", the change in secondary structure (including temperature effects) would add -0.31 (+/- 0.03) turns about the histone core to the -1.25 turns estimated from work on SV40 chromatin. Accurate winding angles and molar extinction coefficients were determined for ethidium.
Decline of life’s energy theory of ageing 2. Restoration of anabolic and regulatory processes

The precipitous decline of anabolic hormone levels that occurs as humans and animals age results in a decline of cellular energy production throughout the whole body. It is this decline that allows the deterioration of the body and leads us to pose the obvious questions: should we attempt to re-establish the hormonal synchrony and mid-life hormonal levels? And, if we restore both the hormone regulation and the hormone levels will the body be revitalised to a stable mid-life metabolic status? The answers to these questions have significant social, economic and personal implications. The body and mind fail progressively, after mid-life, in the absence of any hormonal restoration. The failure is due to a decline in the energy producing capacity of individual cells as an effect of declining stimulation by anabolic hormones. The lower levels, particularly of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and growth hormone (GH), precede the dysfunctional changes that occur in bodily tissues. A wealth of literature and multiple...
Strain localization at dislocation channel–grain boundary intersections in irradiated stainless steel

Abstract The interaction of dislocation channels with grain boundaries in irradiated stainless steel was observed on multiple length scales using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) digital image correlation (DIC) and confocal microscopy (micro-scale), in situ straining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (nano-scale), and atomistic modeling (atomic scale). Interactions were divided into three classifications; slip transmission, discontinuous slip, and discontinuous slip that induced grain boundary slip. DIC and confocal microscopy were used to quantify the plastic strain at dislocation channel–GB intersections. In situ TEM was used to image dislocations inside of channels as they interacted with the grain boundary. Slip in the dislocation channels, as observed by TEM, was found to involve cross slip between different slip planes, as well as the possibility of different slip systems activated on parallel slip planes. Atomistic simulations agreed well with experiments on the nature of channel-grain boundary interactions and also showed elevated levels of elastic stress at DC–GB intersections where slip was discontinuous with no slip transmission. The two distinct classifications of discontinuous slip are significant, suggesting two possible cracking mechanisms that both lead to the rupture of the oxide over the grain boundary.
Conducting routine fatigue assessments for use in clinical oncology practice: patient and provider perspectives

Fatigue is the most common symptom associated with cancer and its treatment. The present study measured patient and provider perceptions of the feasibility and acceptability of conducting computerized fatigue assessments during routine follow-up outpatient clinic visits. A subset of 64 patients from a larger study, testing items for inclusion in a fatigue item bank, completed two computerized fatigue assessments at 2- to 3-month intervals. After the second assessment, patients completed a questionnaire about the usefulness of the assessments and the understandability of graphic reports depicting the fatigue scores. They were also asked about the optimal frequency for conducting fatigue assessments. Providers were asked similar feasibility questions. Providers thought displays of fatigue scores would be more useful than patients did. Patients and providers also differed on the frequency with which fatigue assessments should be conducted. Interestingly, of the 37% of patients who reported that assessments should be conducted at a different frequency than the choices that were offered, 50% reported that the assessments should be conducted according to their treatment schedule. The majority of providers thought fatigue assessments should be administered at each MD visit. Patients and providers differed about the perceived usefulness of displaying fatigue scores and the frequency with which routine assessments should be conducted. However, both patients and providers appeared to endorse the notion that routine assessments would be beneficial. Integration of routine assessments of commonly experienced symptoms such as fatigue may have important implications for improving symptom management in the future, ultimately resulting in better overall patient care.
The isolation and the mode of action of a fungal transglucosylase

Abstract The transglucosylase of Aspergillus niger has been separated from the other carbohydrases of this mold by chromatography and adsorption on DEAE-cellulose, starch, and carboxymethylcellulose. The purified enzyme effected the hydrolysis and transglucosylation of maltose, maltotriose, isomaltose, methyl α- d -maltoside, methyl α- d -glucoside, and starch. Differences were noted in the rates of action of the enzyme on these compounds. Evidence from experiments on pH optimum, paper electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation of the purified enzyme preparation indicates that one enzyme is responsible for the action on the various substrates tested.
Procarbazine Induced Oxidative Haemolysis: Relationship to in Vivo Red Cell Survival

Summary. A new hydrazinc derivative, N-isopropyl-α-(2-methyl-hydrazino)-p-toluarnide hydrochloride (MIH, Procarbazine, Natulan), has been used widely in the treatment of neoplastic disease. When in vitro incubations of normal and C6PD-deficient red cells with procarbazine were performed, oxidative changes in red cells were detected similar to those found with other hydrazine derivatives. These changes consisted of an increased osmotic fragility, decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), increased percentages of methaemoglobin, and the generation of intracellular hydrogen peroxide. G6PD-deficient red cells appeared more susceptible to these effects. When the known degradation products of procarbazinc metabolism were studied, the hydrazone was found to be the most potent oxidant while the other metabolites exhibited only minimal activity. Since the potential for in vivo haemolysis in patients receiving large doses of parenteral procarbazinc was suggested, the 51Cr survival of G6PD deficient red cells was performed in two patients receiving procarbazinc (1.5 g/m2, intravenously). No decrease in the red-cell survival was detected.
More visible effects of the hidden sector

There is a growing appreciation that hidden sector dynamics may affect the supersymmetry breaking parameters in the visible sector (supersymmetric standard model), especially when the dynamics is strong and superconformal. We point out that there are effects that have not been previously discussed in the literature. For example, the gaugino masses are suppressed relative to the gravitino mass. We discuss their implications in the context of various mediation mechanisms. The issues discussed include anomaly mediation with singlets, the mu (B mu) problem in gauge and gaugino mediation, and distinct mass spectra for the superparticles that have not been previously considered.
The cardiac pendulum: blunt rupture of the pericardium with strangulation of the heart.

BACKGROUND: Blunt injury of the pericardium with strangulation of the heart is a rare clinical injury. METHODS: We conducted a review of clinical records and performed prospective collection of forensic data from a large urban medical examiner's office. RESULTS: Ten cases of blunt injury to the pericardium were identified. All were secondary to blunt trauma. Nine of the 10 cases had associated chest wall injuries and 5 of the 10 cases had cardiac strangulation. CONCLUSION: Pericardial lacerations are common findings at autopsy. Clinically, those that survive to the hospital have a confusing presentation. They are often diagnosed during emergent thoracotomy for hemodynamic instability. Hemodynamic deterioration associated with change in patient position may be a clue to cardiac strangulation. Language: en
Distinguishing between Two Aerosol Size Distributions

A technique is presented to quantitatively determine the similarity or dissimilarity between aerosol size distributions measured with cascade impactors. The method is useful regardless of the mass loading as long as an accurate size distribution can be obtained from the data. The technique uses lognormal best fits of the data and an augmented Student's t-test to quantitatively determine the difference between the two particle size distributions.
The Hidden Thermodynamics of a Zinc Finger

The Zn finger provides a model for studies of protein structure and stability. Its core contains a conserved phenylalanine residue adjoining three architectural elements: a beta-hairpin, an alpha-helix and a tetrahedral Zn(2+)-binding site. Here, we demonstrate that the consensus Phe is not required for high-affinity Zn(2+) binding but contributes to the specification of a precise DNA-binding surface. Substitution of Phe by leucine in a ZFY peptide permits Zn(2+)-dependent folding. Although a native-like structure is retained, structural fluctuations lead to attenuation of selected nuclear Overhauser enhancements and accelerated amide proton exchange. Surprisingly, wild-type Zn affinity is maintained by entropy-enthalpy compensation (EEC): a hidden entropy penalty (TDeltaDeltaS 7kcal/mol) is balanced by enhanced enthalpy of association (DeltaDeltaH -7kcal/mol) at 25 degrees C. Because the variant is less well ordered than the Phe-anchored domain, the net change in entropy is opposite to the apparent change in configurational entropy. By analogy to the thermodynamics of organometallic complexation, we propose that EEC arises from differences in solvent reorganization. Exclusion of Leu among biological sequences suggests an evolutionary constraint on the dynamics of a Zn finger.
Reply to Piper et al.: Drosophila dietary restriction—Does it hold water?

We have shown that ad libitum water abolishes life-span extension in classical paradigms of Drosophila dietary restriction (DR) (1). These findings were replicated in both genders, on multiple diets, genotypes, and enclosures, making our studies generally relevant to the fly community (1). Using different conditions, Piper et al. (2) fail to reproduce one of our experiments. The authors correctly point out that one of our regimes inadvertently contained more sucrose than their proposed diet (2, 3). However, for unclear reasons, Piper et al. also used a different setup, in which water surface is limited (as opposed to our unrestricted source). The authors attempt to validate … 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: wja{at}scripps.edu.
Agreeing on more than chicken soup: Intra-household decision-making and treatment for child psychopathology

Using a large, U.S. dataset it is shown that children are more likely to receive needed mental health specialty treatment when women have greater decision-making power, as measured by an index of wife-favorable divorce laws and by the sex ratio at the time of marriage. Stratified analyses show that this effect is modified by the degree of marital conflict. Marriages characterized by high conflict conform more closely to the unified household model. The paper then presents a model of household decision-making consistent with these results that incorporates both objective determinants of bargaining power as well as the role of violent coercion in maintaining otherwise unsustainable equilibria. Implications for improving children’s access to mental health treatment are offered.
Mosaic Focal Plane Evaluation Technique

Abstract This paper discusses mosaic focal plane evaluation techniques useful in module end-to- end performance evaluation, i.e., responsivity, NEP and in detector channel parameter characterization. A selected detector channel block diagram configuration is used as a model for parameter characterization. The channel performance is expressed in terms of a transfer function which is evaluated by a series of radiometric and electrical signal injec­ tion tests. Time and frequency domain solutions are used as computer algorithms to solve for channel parameters. Data is presented in a histogram format for several parameters.IntroductionThe advent of the mosaic array has pushed the electro-optic test facilities away from analog processing and into digital processing in an effort to meet the demand for data necessary to support design, development and manufacturing activities. Grumman Aerospace Corporation has developed a computer-aided test (CAT) facility that functions to control, acquire, process and display the large data base associated with mosaic arrays. This test facility is used for mosaic module performance evaluation and detector channel parameter characterization. These two topics are discussed in this paper. Module performance data is presented and substantiated by comparative results from the Infrared Devices Branch at the Naval Ocean System Center in San Diego, California1.Module Performance EvaluationA block diagram of a detector chan­ nel from a Grumman Aerospace Corporation VB A(GAC) developed mosaic module is illus- ^ f||J BPF SAMPLER AMPLIFIER MULTIPLEXER trated in Figure l(a). The detector photoresponse is divided by the resis­ tive load, shaped by the bandpass filter (BPF), sampled, amplified and multiplexed to the module output. The signal waveform is shown for the block diagram in Figure l(b). The input blackbody irradiance is symmetrically chopped by a shutter at a specific period and the BPF output is sampled just prior to the shutter transition. Successive samples are acquired and processed by the computer signal algorithm presented in Figure l(c). This time correlated sampling techni­ que improves the mean value__of the peak-to-peak amplitude by ax//n/2, the standard deviation of the mean divided by the square root of the number of samples. Module noise is measured under the same conditions as signal except in absence of blackbody irradiance. The computer algorithm for noise calculation is also shown in Figure l(c).
Sea Lamprey Control Techniques: Past, Present, and Future

Early attempts at controlling the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes in the 1950s centered on a variety of mechanical and electrical devices to prevent migration of adults into tributary streams to reproduce. Although some of the devices were effective, it became obvious that barriers alone were not an adequate solution to the lamprey predation problem. Researchers screened over 6,000 chemicals before they found 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), a toxicant to which sea lamprey larvae and adults are particularly sensitive. Bayer 73 enhances lampricidal activity when used in combination with TFM. In 1970, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) required additional studies to support continued use and registration of TFM. Most of these studies have been completed, but the EPA could cancel the existing registration in the event of unforeseen problems or hazards associated with its use. Therefore, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission continues to support research on lamprey control techniques, such as new formulations of TFM and Bayer 73, sterile male techniques, and attractants and repellents. Development of an integrated management program to combat the sea lamprey is being planned. This concept involves the systematic application of multiple techniques in a way that will exert maximum impact on the sea lamprey. Possible programs may involve chemical, biological, and physical control techniques, each of which would be subject to its own registration or regulatory requirements.
Low Charge Density Electrostatic Atomization

A detailed analysis of the conditions required for low charge density spray development is presented. It is shown that in addition to the requirement that spray droplet size exceed 10 ?m, it is also necessary that a criterion which relates fluid viscosity to density and surface tension be satisfied. For typical hydrocarbon liquids, this criterion is met when the viscosity is less than about 250 mPa·s. The basic descriptive equations for low charge density spraying are derived and their implications discussed. A characteristic voltage for spray development is defined. This permits the establishment of general limits for all electrostatic spray device terminal behavior. The analysis reveals that when an electrostatic spray system enters the low charge density regime, it exhibits a behavioral pattern that is similar to a first-order phase transition. The nature and basis of this behavior are not understood and should be the subject of a future theoretical study.
Rotational dependence of the superconvergent patch recovery and its remedy for 4-node isoparametric quadrilateral elements

The superconvergent patch recovery (SPR) with bilinear interpolation functions usually gives good values of recovered stresses in an element patch. However, when 4-node quadrilateral elements meeting at a node are rigidly rotated with the essential and natural boundary conditions unchanged, the recovered stresses obtained by the SPR change and depend upon the local rotation of the patch. This can be remedied either by including higher-order terms in the polynomials for the assumed stress distribution in an element patch, or by using linear interpolation functions, which gives inferior accuracy of the recovered stresses near the boundaries of the domain. Additional sampling points are suggested to compute the higher-order terms.
Medical student and senior participants' perceptions of a mentoring program designed to enhance geriatric medical education.

Abstract In 2000, the Senior Mentor Program was implemented as an innovative, instructional method in the University of South Carolina's medical school curriculum designed to enhance and strengthen student training in geriatrics. This study qualitatively analyzed second-year medical students' and senior participants' perceptions of and attitudes towards the Senior Mentor Program as an effective learning modality. A total of 36 second-year students from two consecutive classes (2002–2003) and 42 senior mentors at USC's School of Medicine participated in five and seven separate focus group interviews, respectively. The group discussions were transcribed and a content analysis performed using NVivo(r). The coding scheme and analyses were driven by the data collected and recurrent themes were examined across all focus groups. Overall, student and senior mentor participants viewed the program positively. Thematic comparisons by participant type indicate a shared view that the mentoring relationship has a far-r...
Mutation and Activation of Gαs Similarly Alters Pre- and Postsynaptic Mechanisms Modulating Neurotransmission

Constitutive activation of Gαs in the Drosophilabrain abolishes associative learning, a behavioral disruption far worse than that observed in any single cAMP metabolic mutant, suggesting that Gαs i...
Foot and mouth disease virus vaccines

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious and economically devastating disease of livestock. Although vaccines, available since the early 1900s, have been instrumental in eradicating FMD from parts of the world, the disease still affects millions of animals around the globe and remains the main sanitary barrier to the commerce of animals and animal products. Currently available inactivated antigen vaccines applied intramuscularly to individual animals, confer serotype and subtype specific protection in 1-2 weeks but fail to induce long-term protective immunity. Among the limitations of this vaccine are potential virus escape from the production facility, short shelf life of formulated product, short duration of immunity and requirement of dozens of antigens to address viral antigenic diversity. Here we review novel vaccine approaches that address some of these limitations. Basic research and the combination of reliable animal inoculation models, reverse genetics and computational biology tools will allow the rational design of safe and effective FMD vaccines. These vaccines should address not only the needs of FMD-free countries but also allow the progressive global control and eradication of this devastating disease.
Determination of sulfhydryl groups with 2,2′- or 4,4′-dithiodipyridine☆

Abstract A procedure is described that permits determination of SH groups in simple compounds and in biological materials. The procedure utilizes the reaction of 2,2′-dithiodipyridine or of 4,4′-dithiodipyridine with thiols, which gives the corresponding 2- or 4-thiopyridone. The ultraviolet absorption of the thiopyridone formed is measured. The method permits determination of less than 1.5 μg SH when 2,2′-dithiodipyridine is used, and of less than 0.5 μg SH when 4,4′-dithiodipyridine is used. The proposed method is compared with known methods for the determination of sulfhydryl groups.
An inositol tetrakisphosphate-containing phospholipid in activated neutrophils

Inositol (1,4,5)triphosphate (InsP3) and tetrakisphosphate (InsP4) have been observed in a variety of cell types and have been proposed to play roles in the receptor-mediated rise in intracellular Ca2+ (refs 2, 3). Recently, they have been shown to act synergistically in the activation of a Ca2+-dependent K+ channel in lacrimal acinar cells. InsP3 is the product of phospholipase C (PLC) action on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP2) whereas InsP4 is believed to arise from phosphorylation of InsP3 by a cytosolic kinase. Although sought as a source for InsP4, PtdInsP3 has not been identified in any specific cell type. There were early reports of InsP4-containing phospholipids in crude extract from bovine brain, but this finding was later withdrawn. Recently, however, a membrane-bound enzyme (Type 1 PI kinase) which adds phosphate onto the 3 position of inositol phospholipids has been identified and the phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) product characterized. This suggests that several forms of phosphoinositides may exist and could be precursors for some of the variety of soluble inositol phosphate products which have been reported in recent years. Here we report the appearance of another novel phosphoinositide containing four phosphates, phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate (PtdInsP3) which we find only in activated but not in unstimulated neutrophils from human donors.
The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation's First Railroad, 1828-1853

This masterful, richly illustrated account of the planning and building of the most important and influential early American railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio, is an essential contribution not only to railyway history but also to the broader history of the development of the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century. There was no precedent for the building of the BO the Johns Hopkins University was founded on B&O Railroad stock. The B&O also contributed by aiding in the growth of the state's iron and coal industries. The B&O came to be called "the Railroad University of the United States." Its civil engineers formed the core of the railroad engineering profession in America. The company's annual reports during the building of the line were, according to the American Railroad Journal in 1835, "a textbook and their road and workshops have been as a lecture room to thousands." Throughout, the author highlights the many types of men who were involved in that history: promoters, financiers, politicians, lawyers, newspaper editors, fixers and bagmen, civil engineers, inventors and mechanics, foremen, contractors, and feuding Irish laborers, who together built the first long-distance, general-purpose railroad in the United States. The book is illustrated with 80 photographs and drawings and 5 maps.
A PERIMETRIC CORRELATION

THE PEARSON product-moment correlation co efficient has been the most commonly used index of linear association between two variables, and it has served as the basic model for t?any forms of uni variate and multivariate statistics. Several compu tational schemes and approaches have been devel oped for arriving at, or approximating, the product moment correlation, such as those by Hs? [3], Jen kins [ 4], and Leigh-Dugmore [ 5]. Even in this age of computers, these methods have proved valuable for didactic purposes as well as easy, rapid checks on more extensive calculations. The purpose of the present paper is to present an areal approach to the correlation problem, show its relationship to the usual product-moment correlation, and to indicate some of its advantages and disadvantages and pos sible extensions. The principle of the perimetric correlation was shown graphically by Anderson [ l]. Basically, it involves the definition of a polygon (preferably con vex) about the perimeter of the points in the bivari ate distribution, the computation of the area of the polygon from the coordinates, X?, Y?, of its ver texes, and the use of this area as a ratio, with suit able constants, to the rectangular joint-range area of the two variables. The area, Ap,of such a poly gon with k vertexes numbered sequentially in order of occurrence along the perimeter, such as in the scattergram in Figure 1, is computed as the abso lute (positive) value of
Isolation of overexpressed yeast genes which prevent aminoglycoside toxicity

Abstract Aminoglycoside antibiotics at non-toxic levels can cause sensorineural hearing loss in genetically predisposed individuals. The major aminoglycoside hypersensitivity mutation that has been described in humans is at position 1555 in the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene. In order to identify additional candidate genes for genetic susceptibility mutations in humans and possibly develop therapeutic interventions, we are using yeast as a model organism to identify genes whose products interact with aminoglycosides or bypass the effects of aminoglycoside poisoning. We have selected yeast genomic DNAs that, when cloned into a high copy number plasmid, confer neomycin resistance. We have previously described the first gene identified through this approach [Prezant, Chaltraw and Fischel-Ghodsian, Microbiology 142 (1996) 3407–3414] and have now completed this search by the exhaustive screening of 35 yeast genome equivalents. This has resulted in the identification of seven additional chromosomal regions. All seven chromosomal regions have been characterized and the most likely gene responsible for aminoglycoside resistance has been identified for each of them. While the mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance can be inferred for some of the gene products, it remains to be determined for others.
Conjunctive explanations: Accounting for events that differ from several norms

Abstract The present research examines people's preferences for conjunctive explanations in light of recent research on the role of the causal background in the selection of causal explanations. Previous research indicates that people select causal explanations by comparing the target episode to a contrasting causal background and that distinctive features between the target episode and the contrasting background instances form the bases for causal explanations. Two experiments are presented that test the hypothesis that people will construct conjunctive explanations to the extent that they have in mind more than one causal backgrouns. People are proposed to add reasons to their explanations to account for each additional background. Results indicate that people provide more complex explanations the greater the number of backgrounds presented and that these explanations consist of distinctive features between the target episode and contrasting background cases.
Thermomechanical Analysis of Solder Joints Under Thermal and Vibrational Loading

Due to the coefﬁcient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the bonded layers,the solder joint experiences cycling shear strain, which leads to short cycle fatigue. Whensemiconductor devices are used in a vibrating environment, additional strains shorten thefatigue life of a solder joint. Reliability of these joints in new packages is determined bylaboratory tests. In order to use the FEM to replace these expensive reliability tests auniﬁed constitutive model for Pb40/Sn60 solder joints has been developed and imple-mented in a thermo-viscoplastic-dynamic ﬁnite element procedure. The model incorpo-rates thermal-elastic-viscoplastic and damage capabilities in a uniﬁed manner. The con-stitutive model has been veriﬁed extensively against laboratory test data. The ﬁniteelement procedure was used for coupled thermo-viscoplastic-dynamic analyses for fatiguelife predictions. The results indicate that using Miner’s rule to calculate accumulativedamage by means of two separate analyses, namely dynamic and thermo-mechanical,signiﬁcantly underestimates the accumulative total damage. It is also shown that a simul-taneous application of thermal and dynamic loads signiﬁcantly shortens the fatigue life ofthe solder joint. In the microelectronic packaging industry it is common practice to ignorethe contribution of vibrations to short cycle fatigue life predictions. The results of thisstudy indicate that damage induced in the solder joints by vibrations have to be includedin fatigue life predictions to accurately estimate their reliability.@DOI: 10.1115/1.1400752#
Experimental search for the electron Electric Dipole Moment using solid state techniques

We report results of an experimental search for the permanent Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) of the electron using a solid state system. The experiment uses a paramagnetic insulator (gadolinium gallium garnet) with a large magnetic response at low temperatures. The presence of the electron EDM leads to a finite magnetization when the garnet sample is subjected to a strong electric field. The resulting magnetization can be measured using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) as a magnetometer. With considerable efforts made towards controlling various sources of systematic effects, the experiment is currently free of spurious signals larger than the SQUID noise. We report the value of electron EDM of (−5.57 ± 7.98 ± 0.12) × 10−25e-cm with 120 hours of data.
An NMR study of 4-pyrone oriented in two different lyotropic mesophases

Abstract Proton magnetic resonance spectra have been obtained for γ-pyrone oriented in two different nematic mesophases, over a range of temperatures. Structural results in each mesophase are in good agreement with each other and with recent microwave results, while changes in orientation seem to take place on changing the liquid crystal system.
Adsorption and reaction of maleic anhydride on Mo(110), monolayer Pd(111)/Mo(110), and multilayer Pd(111)/Mo(110)

The adsorption and reaction of maleic anhydride and deuterated maleic anhydride on Mo(110), monolayer Pd/Mo(110), and multilayer Pd(111)/Mo(110) surfaces have been studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Maleic anhydride adsorbs irreversibly on the Mo(110) surface at 100 K. Heating to 1200 K yields adsorbed carbon (Cads) and gas-phase CO and H 2 . In contrast, the adsorption of maleic anhydride on monolayer Pd(111)/Mo(110) and multilayer Pd(111)/Mo(110) surfaces is largely reversible with the chemisorbed maleic anhydride desorbing at 365 and 375 K, respectively. Approximately 15% of the chemisorbed maleic anhydride decomposes upon heating to 400 K, forming CO, CO 2 , and C 2 H 2 ; C 2 H 2 further dehydrogenates upon heating to Cads and gas-phase H 2 . The HREELS measurements indicate that maleic anhydride is bonded to multilayer Pd(111)/Mo(110) through the olefin bond in a di-a configuration, while on monolayer Pd(111)/Mo(110), the maleic anhydride is bonded to the surface through the olefin via a π-bond. On the Mo(110) surface, maleic anhydride is bonded to the surface through the ring oxygen with the molecular plane perpendicular to the surface. As a result of this modified adsorption geometry, the carbonyl stretching mode is red-shifted ∼150 cm -1 on the monolayer Pd(111)/Mo(110) surface, unshifted on the multilayer Pd(111)/Mo(110) surface, and blue-shifted by ∼100 cm -1 on the Mo(110) surface.
COMPLEXITY-DRIVEN RELIABILITY MODEL

A model of software complexity and reliability is developed that uses an evolutionary process to transition from one software system to the next while complexity metrics are used to predict the reliability for each system. Systems are tested until the software passes defect presence criteria and is released. Testing criteria are based on defect count, defect density, and testing efficiency predictions exceeding specified thresholds. In addition, another type of testing efficiency — a directed graph representing the complexity of the software and defects embedded in the code — is used to evaluate the efficiency of defect detection in NASA satellite system software. Complexity metrics were found to be good predictors of defects and testing efficiency in this evolutionary process.
Repatriating knowledge: variables influencing the “transfer” process

Because of the strategic importance of organizational learning in a global economy, the knowledge that repatriates acquire during international assignments is a valuable resource. Few multinational enterprises, however, actively harvest this knowledge, and little quantitative empirical research on this topic exists to date. We propose an original model and propositions that delineate the facilitative and inhibiting factors affecting repatriate knowledge transfer to work units. We conclude with suggestions for future research and practical implications.
Relation of left ventricular ejectional flow velocity to volume ejection rate.

Abstract Ejection rate is blood volume discharged by the ventricle per unit time. The left ventricular ejection rate has been used to reflect ventricular function.1–4 Intuitively, stronger ventricles eject more rapidly; thus, ventricles with higher velocity fiber shortening generate more rapid ejection flow.1,4,5 We postulated that the velocity of blood leaving the left ventricle would relate closely to the volume ejection flow.