cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High frequency components of bone strain in dogs measured during various activities

Abstract Rubin et al. [J. Biomechanics 23, 43–54 (1990)] proposed that high frequency bone strains in the 15–30 Hz range might have significant influence on the morphological adaptation of bone tissue. We sought to further their findings by determining the magnitude of high frequency strains during various activities. We measured strains in the forelimbs of dogs during walking, standing and with their limbs unweighted. As negative controls, we measured strains while the dogs were tranquilized and after sacrifice. Strains in the 15–30 Hz range were not significantly greater than controls for any activity except walking, in which they were less than 4% as large as in the 0–15 Hz range. The high frequency strains observed during walking seemed to occur prior to footfall, suggesting that they were not the result of foot strike. The biological significance of high frequency bone strains has yet to be determined, but may be less than originally proposed because of the relatively small magnitude of these strains.
Ultrastructural observations in the myocardium beyond the region of acute coagulation necrosis following radiofrequency catheter ablation.

Ultrastructural Findings After RF Ablation. Introduction: We hypothesized that myocardial injury following radiofrequency (KF) catheter ablation may extend beyond the region of acute coagulation necrosis as defined by histochemical staining. Methods and Results: Five RF lesions were created in vivo in the left ventricle of two dogs using a 4-inm tipped ablation electrode in which RF power was adjusted to maintain an electrode-tissue interface temperature of 85°C for 60 seconds. The lesions were bisected; one half of the lesions were stained with nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and the other half processed for electron microscopy. Three zones of interest were identified extending 0–3 mm, 3–6 mm, and > 6 mm from the visible pathologic lesion border. The degree of Ultrastructural injury to the myocardium was scored for each zone. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of significant abnormalities of the plasma membrane, mitochondria, sarcomeres, sarcoplasmic reticuluni, and gap junctions of myocytes, as well as damage to the microvasculature extending up to 6 mm beyond the pathologic lesion edge. The plasma membrane and gap junctions of myocytes and the microvasculalure appeared particularly sensitive to thermal injury, whereas the intercalated discs were relatively thermally resistant. Conclusion: RF catheter ablation results in Ultrastructural damage to the myocardium extending up to 6 mm beyond the acute pathologic RF lesion border as denned by NBT histochemical staining.
Cytokines and chemokines: disease models, mechanisms, and therapies.

The mechanistic insights gained through research into cytokine and chemokine pathways have progressed to the point where it has made possible the successful targeting of these factors in order to limit their role in orchestrating a variety of rheumatic, skin, vascular, and infectious diseases. While this has set the stage for a new generation of biological therapies, significant gaps still remain in our understanding of how these cytokines and chemokines actually work at the cellular and molecular level. This gap in knowledge demands that research continue to explore for novel insights into the existing mechanisms of established inflammatory mediators and for the discovery of the possible role of silent or new participants in the processes of acute or chronic inflammation. This special issue invited contributors to submit original research articles or reviews in order to further strengthen the efforts to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cytokine- and chemokine-mediated inflammation in disease pathogenesis. We were particularly interested in papers that provide novel understanding of the role of cytokines, chemokines, or their receptors in disease pathogenesis and testing of therapeutic strategies in cell/tissue culture systems, in animal models, or in the clinical evaluation of inflammatory diseases. We received overwhelming response to the call for papers that went beyond our expectation in terms of not only submission numbers, but also the variety of research that were accepted in this special issue. We would like to thank all the authors for their outstanding contributions and responsiveness to the reviewer's concerns. Our editorial board would also like to thank and warmly acknowledge the reviewers for their service in reviewing these interesting papers.
Effect of triplet repeat expansion on chromatin structure and expression of DMPK and neighboring genes, SIX5 and DMWD, in myotonic dystrophy.

Abstract Myotonic dystrophy (DM), an autosomal dominant neuromuscular disease, is associated with expansion of a polymorphic (CTG) n repeat in the 3′-untranslated region of the DM protein kinase ( DMPK ) gene. The repeat expansion results in decreased levels of DMPK mRNA and protein, but the mechanism for this decreased expression is unknown. Loss of a nuclease-hypersensitive site in the region of the repeat expansion has been observed in muscle and skin fibroblasts from DM patients, indicating a change in local chromatin structure. This change in chromatin structure has been proposed as a mechanism whereby the expression of DMPK and neighboring genes, sine oculis homeobox ( Drosophila ) homolog 5 ( SIX5 ) and dystrophia myotonica-containing WD repeat motif ( DMWD ), might be affected. We have developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method to assay the chromatin sensitivity of the region adjacent to the repeat expansion in somatic cell hybrids carrying either normal or affected DMPK alleles and show that hybrids carrying expanded alleles exhibit decreased sensitivity to Pvu II digestion in this region. Semiquantitative multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR (RT/PCR) assays of gene expression from the chromosomes carrying the expanded alleles showed marked reduction of DMPK mRNA, partial inhibition of SIX5 expression from a congenital DM chromosome, and no reduction of DMWD mRNA. Nested RT/PCR analysis of DMPK mRNA from somatic cell hybrids carrying the repeat expansions revealed that most of the DMPK transcripts expressed from the expanded alleles lacked exons 13 and 14, whereas full-length transcripts were expressed predominantly from the normal alleles. These results suggest that the CTG repeat expansion leads to a decrease in DMPK mRNA levels by affecting splicing at the 3′ end of the DMPK pre-mRNA transcript.
The Heat Is On: Control of Community-Acquired MRSA in a Burn Center

ISSUE: Over the past decade, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus has emerged as a cause of skin and soft tissue infections in the community. Most cases of community acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) take the form of pustules, furuncles or boils. Outbreaks of CA-MRSA infections in correctional institutions and in sports teams have been documented. In 2005, two CA-MRSA outbreaks occurred in the Burn Center at the University of Kansas Hospital. PROJECT: The first outbreak affected six inpatients and one employee, a hydrotherapy technician. PFGE analysis indicated that all isolates were the same strain of CA-MRSA. This outbreak occurred over a 2-month time frame, and ended after strict infection control measures were implemented. Infection control measures include placing all Burn Center patients in Contact Precautions, surveillance cultures for multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) on admission to the unit, limiting staff access to the unit, strict hand hygiene compliance, meticulous attention to environmental cleaning, and daily examination of all inpatient and outpatient Burn Center patients for evidence of CA-MRSA lesions. During the outbreak investigation it was noted that pillows used in the hospital were not fluid-proof, and when cut open, many were visibly contaminated with body fluids. Within 2 weeks all pillows were replaced with a fluid-proof style. RESULTS: The second outbreak occurred 5 months after the first, and affected six patients. Infection control measures were again implemented, and the outbreak ended. No new cases have been identified in the past 6 months. LESSONS LEARNED: Burn patients are highly susceptible to infections, including those caused by CA-MRSA. These infections are readily transmitted from one patient to another, and can be spread to healthcare workers. Adherence to basic infection control measures such as hand hygiene and environmental cleaning, as well as less common measures such as placing all patients in Contact Precautions and screening patients on admission for MDROs were effective in controlling two outbreaks of CA-MRSA. Download : Download full-size image
Change in parliamentary party systems and policy outcomes: Hunting the core:

This paper investigates whether changes of party affiliation carried out by parliamentarians can exert a substantial impact on policy outcomes. Few scholars have tackled this question: almost all of the rich literature on party systems and legislative decisive structures assumes that those systems and structures are static between any two successive parliamentary elections. Yet the new literature on legislative party switching has established that members of parliament (MPs) can and do change partisanship during a legislative term (e.g., Desposato and Scheiner 2008; Heller and Mershon 2005; Kato and Yamamoto 2009; Laver and Benoit 2003; Nokken and Poole 2004; Shabad and Slomczynski 2004; Thames 2007). Once we allow the possibility of legislative party switching, the pressing question arises: when incumbents jump party, what happens to policy outcomes? The magnitude of change in policy outcomes that might be wrought by MP inter-party mobility is of fundamental theoretical significance. Enacted policy is the product of bargaining in the legislature, bargaining that is constrained by a bundle of rules and procedures. Enacted policy also reflects the decisive structure of the legislature. In this light, a compelling issue is the maximal effect on policy that might ensue from minimal change—from a single switch. Here we demonstrate the power of legislators to move policy by changing party affiliation. We show that MPs can enhance their bargaining position by moving across legislative parties. Success in such efforts is not assured. Incumbents might face obstacles to extracting concessions in bargaining. The outcomes of bargaining might be unstable. And an incumbent’s capacity to move policy by changing party depends in part on the locations of her original party and her new one. Yet under some conditions incumbents who switch party to
Low-energy electron induced decomposition of Fe(CO)5 adsorbed on Ag(111)

Abstract The low-energy electron induced decomposition of monolayer and multilayer Fe(CO) 5 on a Ag(111) surface was examined with temperature programmed desorption (TPD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). In the absence of electron bombardment, Fe(CO) 5 thermally desorbs from Ag(111) in monolayer (181 K) and multilayer (170 K) desorption states with minimal decomposition. Low-energy (3–132 eV) electron bombardment converts adsorbed Fe(CO) 5 into Fe x (CO) y clusters. These new species are much less susceptible to electron induced decomposition than adsorbed molecular Fe(CO) 5 . Fe x (CO) y clusters thermally decompose near 330 K, liberating gas phase CO and depositing Fe x particles on the Ag(1 surface. Little C or O is present on these Fe x clusters. The Fe x species do not exhibit metallic character, based on their inability to subsequently adsorb CO. The total cross section for the electron induced decomposition of Fe(CO) 5 adsorbed on Ag(111) is (1–14) × 10 −16 cm 2 for electrons in the energy range 3–132 eV, comparable to the gas phase Fe(CO) 5 cross section for electron-induced processes.
Dynamo action and the nearly axisymmetric magnetic field of Saturn

We examine kinematic dynamo action in an electrically conducting spherical body of fluid with an overlying shell of differential rotation. It is thought that such flow types could explain the nearly axisymmetric magnetic field of Saturn. Although we find that an outer layer of differential rotation can ‘axisymmetrize’ the exterior magnetic field, surprisingly, sometimes it does not, giving magnetic fields that have no axisymmetric ingredients.
Prevalence and correlates of binge eating in seasonal affective disorder

Eating pathology in Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) may be more severe than hyperphagia during winter. Although research has documented elevated rates of subclinical binge eating in women with SAD, the prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder (BED) in SAD remain largely uncharacterized. We examined the prevalence and correlates of binge eating, weekly binge eating with distress, and BED as defined by the DSM-IV-TR in SAD. We also tested whether binge eating exhibits a seasonal pattern among individuals with BED. Two samples were combined to form a sample of individuals with SAD (N=112). A third sample included non-depressed adults with clinical (n=12) and subclinical (n=11) BED. All participants completed the Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised (QEWP-R) and modified Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (M-SPAQ). In the SAD sample, 26.5% reported binge eating, 11.6% met criteria for weekly binge eating with distress, and 8.9% met criteria for BED. Atypical symptom severity predicted binge eating and BED. In the BED sample, 30% endorsed seasonal worsening of mood, and 26% reported a winter pattern of binge eating. The spectrum of eating pathology in SAD includes symptoms of BED, which are associated with atypical depression symptoms, but typical depression symptoms.
Giant cell tumors of the temporal bone and infratemporal fossa: a case report and review of the literature

Objectives To report a giant cell tumor (GCT) of temporal bone and infratemporal fossa and to review the literature pertinent to the care of such patients. Study design Case report and review of the literature. Methods A review of the literature was conducted using Pubmed and the key words temporal bone, GCT, infratemporal fossa, and recurrent GCT. Medical records from an index case were analyzed and presented in the context of the available literature. Results Six case reports over 23 years illustrate that these benign locally destructive lesions may originate in the temporal bone with extension into the infratemporal fossa. More commonly, GCTs involve the distal ends of long bones. We present a 30 year-old male who developed a temporal bone GCT with infratemporal fossa extension 12 years after undergoing successful surgical treatment of a GCT of the femur. Our index case differs from prior reported cases by surgical approach and by the occurrence of an infratemporal fossa GCT as well as a previous GCT at a separate anatomical location. Complete removal was achieved but required resection of the zygomatic arch and dissection of all upper facial nerve branches. This was tolerated well with acceptable functional and cosmetic results. The patient is disease free after 24 months without facial nerve deficits. Conclusion Due to the risk for recurrence, complete resection of GCTs of the temporal bone and infratemporal fossa is advocated. Surgical techniques that allow for visualization of the facial nerve and increase surgical access can enhance overall clinical success with limited post-operative morbidity.
Effects of an Age-Specific Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Program on Lower Extremity Biomechanics in Children:

Background: Implementing an anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention program to athletes before the age at which the greatest injury risk occurs (15-17 years) is important from a prevention standpoint. However, it is unknown whether standard programs can modify lower extremity biomechanics in pediatric populations or if specialized training is required.Hypothesis/Purpose: To compare the effects of traditional and age-specific pediatric anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programs on lower extremity biomechanics during a cutting task in youth athletes. The authors hypothesized that the age-specific pediatric program would result in greater sagittal plane motion (ie, hip and knee flexion) and less motion in the transverse and frontal plane (ie, knee valgus, knee and hip rotation) as compared with the traditional program.Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.Methods: Sixty-five youth soccer athletes (38 boys, 27 girls) volunteered to participate. The mean age of partici...
PERSONALITY AND PERFORMANCE: AN EXAMINATION OF TYPE A AND B CONSTRUCTS

This study was designed to ascertain the effects of Type A behavior, as measured by Vickers' scale on performance and self-estimation of performance in completing two tasks simultaneously. The relations between Type A behavior and specific personality components that appear related to Type A as defined by Friedman and Rosenman (1974) were also examined. 100 male undergraduate subjects, divided into groups of 8 to 15 subjects each, completed Vickers' Type A Questionnaire, Berger's Expressed Acceptance of Self Scale, Stein Self-description Questionnaire, and a Self-estimate of Performance Questionnaire. In a second session, each subject was randomly assigned to three tasks involving visual checking, auditory arithmetic, or both tasks simultaneously. Type A persons' performance was significantly poorer than Type B subjects' on simultaneous arithmetic problem solving. In addition, Type A persons who believed they would perform more poorly actually did so compared to Type B subjects when solving arithmetic ite...
VIV Response Prediction for Long Risers With Variable Damping

This paper describes the Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV) response of long cylinders equipped with strakes and present damping measurements from Gulf Stream Experiments conducted in October 2006. The experiments used a 500.4 foot (152.4 m) long composite pipe with an outside diameter of 1.43 inches (3.63 cm). The strakes were a triple helix design with a pitch to diameter ratio of 17.5. The pipe was equipped with varying amounts of strake coverage and was towed in the Gulf Stream which had current profiles which varied from nearly uniform to highly sheared. The measured response showed the characteristic of traveling waves. Modeling such response using mode superposition and Green’s Function is presented.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The Puzzling Optical Light Curve of the Polar QQ Vulpeculae

About 10.5 yr of V-band photometry of QQ Vul allows the examination of systematic changes in orbital light curve features of the system. The photometry is generally limited to one or two data points each clear night at a random orbital phase; however, the orbital light curve and its slower changes can be studied when the data are grouped into intervals of 1 to 2 months. We have isolated four main distinguishing behaviors in the optical light curve of the system. In type 1 the phased light curve has a single broad primary dip. In type 2 the primary dip retains its shape but becomes dimmer and is accompanied by a secondary dip about 0.5 phase units away. As part of the type 2 behavior there is a decrease in the overall brightness level of the phased light curve by ~0.5 mag. This correlation between the morphology of the orbital light curve and the brightness of the system is shown to hold not only for our new data but also for light curves obtained during 1982–1986. Type 3 behavior is an unresolved mixture of types 1 and 2, whereas type 4 appears to be an extreme bright case of type 1. We find a highly significant correlation between the depth of the secondary dip and the system brightness. The implications of this correlation in the context of one- or two-pole accretion are discussed.
Risk factors for medical complication after spine surgery: a multivariate analysis of 1,591 patients.

Abstract Background context Several studies have examined the occurrence of medical complication after spine surgery. However, many of these studies have been done using large national databases. Although these allow for analysis of thousands of patients, potentially influential covariates are not accounted for in these retrospective studies. Furthermore, the accuracy of these retrospective data collection in these databases has been called into question. Purpose Using multivariate analysis on a prospectively collected data registry to determine significant risk factors for medical complication after spine surgery. Study design Retrospective multivariate analysis of prospectively collected registry data. The registry is a prospectively collected database of all patients who underwent spine surgery in our two institutions from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2004. Methods Extensive demographic and medical information were prospectively recorded as described previously by Mirza et al. Complications were defined in detail a priori, and they were prospectively recorded for at least 2 years after surgery. We analyzed risk factors for medical complication after spine surgery using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results We analyzed data from 1,591 patients who met out inclusion criteria. The cumulative incidences of complication after spine surgery per organ system are as follows: cardiac, 8.4%; pulmonary, 13%; gastrointestinal, 3.9%; neurological, 7.35%; hematological, 10.75%; and urological complications, 9.18%. The occurrence of cardiac or respiratory complication after spine surgery was significantly associated with death within 2 years (relative risk, 4.11 and 10.76, respectively). Surgical invasiveness and age were significant risk factors for complications in five of the six organ systems evaluated. Individual organ system-specific elative risk values with 95% confidence intervals and p values are listed in Tables 3 and 4. Conclusions Risk factors identified in this study can be beneficial to clinicians and patients alike when considering surgical treatment of the spine. Future analyses and models that predict the occurrence of medical complication after spine surgery may be of further benefit for surgical decision making.
Viremic relapse after HIV-1 remission in a perinatally infected child

Recently the “Mississippi Child” was reported as having a prolonged clearance of HIV viremia after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy shortly after birth. Further follow-up of this case is now reported.
Cast filling simulations of thin-walled cavities

Abstract Computer simulation models of casting processes which couple the velocity potential approach with a transient Bernoulli equation are developed. Instead of employing three primitive variables, displacement, velocity and pressure, only one variable-velocity potential is needed. When the thickness integrated equation is also employed, the method can provide practical results with very reasonable computing time and storage for the 3-D casting of an arbitrary shape thin-walled cavity. In this study, the flexibility of the finite element method in dealing with complex geometries and the efficient algorithm of volume of fluid (VOF) approach for tracking moving free surfaces are combined for solving casting filling problems. Multiple free surface contacts are developed when the stream finally turns back and impacts the original free surface. A double-node scheme is developed to treat these multiple free surface contacts. The movement of the interface is small and an inflexible wall across the separating surface is assumed. Because the casting process involves phase change, and the interface between the solid and liquid is generally an unknown curve, the enthalpy model with fixed mesh is used to determine the temperature distribution and the thickness of the filling. Numerical examples for prediction of filling patterns, effects of solidification on patterns and parametric studies are presented. Fairly good agreement between this method and experimental results and other numerical simulations have also been obtained. The computational techniques developed in this study can provide a powerful and flexible tool for analyzing the fluid flow and heat transfer in metal casting of thin-walled cavities and can help design engineers reduce the costly and time-consuming process of designing complex molds for the manufacture of casted parts.
Rapid induction of supersensitivity to muscarinic antagonists-induced motor excitation by continuous stimulation of cholinergic receptors.

Abstract Following single or repeated treatment with the irreversible anticholinesterase, DFP or, during infusion of the muscarinic receptor agonist, oxotremorine, and the reversible anticholinesterase physostigmine, effects of challenges with muscarinic antagonists were studied in rats. The antagonists, atropine, scopolamine, benztropine, orphenadrine and trihexyphenidyl induced, to a low degree, limb-shakes (myoclonus) and stereotyped behaviors in normal rats. However, within 24–72 hr after the above pretreatments, this myoclonus was significantly enhanced. The anticholinergic-stereotypies were also increased but only by severe cholinergic pretreatment and at a time later than that for the myoclonus. Myoclonus and stereotypies are known to be produced by treatments which directly enhance serotonergic and dopaminergic activities, respectively. It is suggested that during prolonged cholinergic stimulation, the cholinergic-monoaminergic balance in the brain can be altered depending upon the degree of stimulation. This could be responsible for the observed differential onset of changes in the anticholinergic-behavioral responses, which could, in turn, be mediated by different monoaminergic (serotonin and dopamine) systems.
Preadmission self‐instruction effects on postadmission and postoperative indicators in CABG patients: Partial replication and extension

Abstract Fifty adult coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients were randomly assigned to preadmission self-instruction or posthospital admission instruction of therapeutic exercises (e.g., coughing). Self-instructed subjects reported higher positive mood scores, performed correctly significantly more exercise behaviors, and required less teaching time following hospital admission. Postoperatively, no group differences were found on mood states, physical activity, analgesic use, or length of hospital stay. Both groups, however, tended to use less pain medication than that reported by other researchers and experience shorter hospital stays than that assigned under the Diagnostic Related Groups prescription.
An Analysis of Research on Metacognitive Teaching Strategies

Abstract Metacognition has been an area of interest to educational researchers for more than 40 years. A large body of literature exists on this topic, both theoretical and empirical. However, there are few studies that summarize specific instructional practices for improving students’ capacity for metacognitive thinking. Similarly, there is a dearth of evidence showing how specific practices are implemented to affect student achievement. This review addresses gaps in these areas by identifying instructional approaches in the empirical literature that promote metacognitive thinking in primary and secondary student populations using analytical literature review methods.
Crystallization Kinetics of Hard Spheres in Microgravity in the Coexistence Regime: Interactions between Growing Crystallites

The hard sphere disorder-order transition serves as the paradigm for crystallization. However, measurements of the crystallization kinetics for colloidal hard spheres in the coexistence regime are incomplete for early times and are affected by sedimentation. We use time resolved Bragg light scattering to characterize crystal nucleation and growth in a microgravity environment on the space shuttle. In contrast to the classical picture of the nucleation and growth of isolated crystallites, we find substantial coarsening of growing crystallites. We also observe dendritic growth and face-centered cubic as the stable structure.
Measurements of Peritoneal Surface Area in Man and Rat

ABSTRACT The peritoneal dialysis System is composed of unique membranes. To better understand the contribution of these membranes to peritoneal transport, the peritoneal surface areas were measured in human subjects and rats.
Release of protein A from the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) is anchored to the cell wall envelope of Staphylococcus aureus by sortase A, which links the threonyl (T) of its C-terminal LPXTG motif to peptidoglycan cross-bridges (i.e., Gly5). SpA binds the Fcγ domains of IgG and protects staphylococci from opsonophagocytic clearance. Moreover, SpA cross-links B-cell receptors to modify host adaptive immune responses. The mechanisms whereby SpA is released from the bacterial surface to access the host’s immune system are not known. Here we demonstrate that SpA is released with murein tetrapeptide-tetraglycyl [l-Ala-d-iGln-(SpA-Gly5)l-Lys-d-Ala-Gly4] linked to its C-terminal threonyl. LytN, a cross-wall murein hydrolase, contributes to the release of SpA by removing amino sugars [i.e., N-acetylmuramic acid-N-acetylglucosamine (MurNAc-GlcNAc)] from attached peptidoglycan, whereas LytM, a pentaglycyl-endopeptidase, triggers polypeptide release from the bacterial envelope. A model is proposed whereby murein hydrolases cleave the anchor structure of released SpA to modify host immune responses.
The Role of the Marketing Department in the Implementation and Maintenance of a Total Quality Management (TQM) System

The emphasis on quality in most organizations has called for an evaluation of the role of each department or functional area in creating a TQM system. This article discusses the basic TQM philosophy, principles, implementation steps and the specific role of marketing personnel in implementing a TQM system including: defining quality from a customer perspective, marketing quality internally to marketing and non-marketing personnel, aligning promotion and distribution systems to deliver quality, and assessing quality satisfaction among customers.
Possible pheromone mediated reproductive isolation in two species of cyprinid fishes of the genus, Brachydanio

A sex pheromone of the zebrafish, Bracliydanio rerio, previously shown to attract conspecifics is here shown to repel a closely related species, B. albolineatus. The repellent action is considered as a possible population isolating device in these geographically and taxonomically closely related cyprinid fishes.
Racial/Ethnic Intermarried Couples and Marital Interaction: Marital Issues and Problem Solving

Abstract Throughout history interracial/interethnic marriages have been considered an extreme deviation from the marital norm and thus inappropriate by the standards of mainstream society and minority communities. Even today, societal views of intermarried couples often remain negative in nature. This negative perception is frequently sustained by the assumption that intermarried couples experience race / ethnic-based differences in social, moral, and living standards that result in marriages that are fraught with conflict and instability. The mate selection literature however, would suggest that intermarried couples are not socially deficient, but are similar to those who marry within their racial / ethnic group. This research is intended to fill a gap in the literature by exploring the interpersonal, interactive aspects of interracial/interethnic marriages. In particular, this study evaluates intermarried couples as they interact during videotaped sessions of cooperative problem solving to determine if ...
Regulation of ENaCs by proteases: An increasingly complex story

Proteolytic processing of epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) subunits has an important role in the regulation of ENaC gating. This Commentary addresses the potential roles of specific proteases and protease inhibitors in the control of Na+ channel gating.
The Association of the Elevated Mixed Layer with Significant Severe Weather Events in the Northeastern United States

Abstract The occurrence of rare but significant severe weather events associated with elevated mixed-layer (EML) air in the northeastern United States is investigated herein. A total of 447 convective event days with one or more significant severe weather report [where significant is defined as hail 2 in. (5.1 cm) in diameter or greater, a convective gust of 65 kt (33 m s−1) or greater, and/or a tornado of F2 or greater intensity] were identified from 1970 through 2006 during the warm season (1 May–30 September). Of these, 34 event days (7.6%) were associated with identifiable EML air in regional rawinsondes preceding the event. Taken with two other noteworthy events in 1953 and 1969, a total of 36 significant severe weather events associated with EML air were studied via composite and trajectory analysis. Though a small percentage of the total, these 36 events compose a noteworthy list of historically significant derechos and tornadic events to affect the northeastern United States. It is demonstrated th...
Modelling water quality of a reregulated stream below a peaking hydropower dam

This paper describes CE-QUAL-R1V1, a dynamic, one-dimensional, stream water quality model capable of simulating branched riverine systems with multiple hydraulic control structures, such as weirs, reregulation dams, and navigation locks and dams. We provide examples of potential water quality impacts associated with operations alternatives for a reregulation dam proposed for construction downstream from Buford Dam on the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia, in the southeastern United States. Model calibration, confirmation, and application are examined. The model is calibrated for stage, transport, temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, ammonium-N, and nitrate-N. Results indicate that release operations which maintain cool temperatures in summer may cause undesirable decreases in dissolved oxygen and increases in dissolved iron in autumn. Flexibility in release scheduling is recommended to avoid unnecessary problems.
The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and the hormonal arousal of sexual behaviors in the female rat

Abstract Bilateral lesions of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus interfered with the estrogenic induction of sexual receptivity in the female rat, but seemingly did not affect the ability of female rats to show lordosis following combined stimulation with estrogen and progesterone. In addition, ventromedial hypothalamic lesions did not affect the ability of females to show male-like sexual activity in response to exogenous androgenic stimulation.
Erratum to: Effects of pigmentation on siloxane–polyurethane coatings and their performance as fouling-release marine coatings

Siloxane–polyurethane paints were formulated and characterized for coating properties and performance as fouling-release (FR) marine coatings. Paints were formulated at 20 and 30 pigment volume concentrations with titanium dioxide, and aminopropyl-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (APT-PDMS) loadings were varied from 0 to 30% based on binder mass. The coatings were characterized for water contact angle, surface energy (SE), gloss, and pseudobarnacle (PB) adhesion. The assessment of the FR performance compared with polyurethane (PU) and silicone standards through the use of laboratory biological assays was also performed. Biofilm retention and adhesion were conducted with the marine bacterium Cellulophaga lytica, and the microalgae diatom Navicula incerta. Live adult barnacle reattachment using Amphibalanus amphitrite was also performed. The pigmented coatings were found to have properties and FR performance similar to those prepared without pigment. However, a higher loading of PDMS was required, in some cases, to obtain the same properties as coatings prepared without pigment. These coatings rely on a self-stratification mechanism to bring the PDMS to the coating surface. The slight reduction in water contact angle (WCA) and increase in pseudobarnacle release force with pigmentation suggests that pigmentation slowed or interfered with the self-stratification mechanism. However, increasing the PDMS loading is an apparent method for overcoming this issue, allowing for coatings having similar properties as those of clear coatings and FR performance similar to those of silicone standard coatings.
Epidemiology of occupation and coronary heart disease: Research agenda

Little is known about occupational risks for coronary heart disease. A few specific toxins encountered occupationally are known to affect the heart, most prominently carbon disulfide, nitroglycerin, and carbon monoxide. Of these, carbon monoxide is the most common occupational exposure; it is also a common environmental exposure due to vehicle exhaust. Environmental tobacco smoke, noise, heat, and cold are suspected occupational risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In addition, stress at work may increase heart disease, although little is known conclusively with this regard. Unemployment may also increase risk of heart disease. Shift work, which disrupts circadian rhythms, has also been linked to heart disease, although there again, the data are far from conclusive. Physical activity at work, either too much or too little, can also be a risk factor for heart disease. While in general, more physical activity results in less heart disease, heavy lifting (in occupational and nonoccupational settings) has been associated with increased risk of heart attack. Further epidemiologic research into all these areas is warranted.
SOME MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS OF THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS

In this paper we give a skeletal outline of the foundations of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and some of its highlights. We also show that the principal eigenvector solution is essential for deriving the scale of priorities from the fundamental scale of judgments given in the matrix.
The Redesign of JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery and the JAMA Network Journals: Not Just Another Pretty Face!

The redesign of the JAMA Network journals has been performed to create continuity and consistency to all the issues. Thesize,pagedimensions, andarticle typesarenowall equivalent, providing not only a more modern appearance but also an improved ability to access articles of interest throughout the JAMA Network, both in print and online. Our cover had been based on photographs submitted by our readership, a practice begun by the prior editor, Michael Johns,MD.Wenowhave the tableof contentsupfront andevident formore efficient article recognition and locationwithin the journal. The consistency of form across the JAMA Network journals includes article order, type, anddomainnames. Theopinion submissions, bothEditorials andViewpoints,will introduce each issue. The shorter opinion pieces will continue to be associated with the appropriate article, and all research articles will now be designated as Original Investigations.Becauseabstracts stimulate further interestof the reader to peruse the entire article, a summary of individual articles is nowprovided in the new InThis Issue feature, appearing at thebeginningof every issue. The education section follows as before. Thedesign team inChicagohasprovidedgreat impetus for new ideas for this identity challengebut thebest is yet to come, as the publishing world changes as quickly as I write this editorial. As we progress and mature to attract the best informationof interest inour field,wewill continue toseek themostefficient and scholarly ways to share this with our readership in print, on theweb, or digitally. Letme knowhowwe are doing.
“The liveliest of corpses”: trends and challenges for the future in the book publishing industry

Reviews the perceived and actual threats to the book publishing industry arising from electronic storage, management and distribution of information. It argues that publishing has always been primarily a content‐management industry and if not entirely free from technological obsolescence, it has at least been relatively insulated from its worst effects by concentrating on the maintenance of quality and authority of the information it provides. Greater challenges may arise from other quarters, Including globalisation, threats to intellectual property regimes, and changes in retailing and distribution, and publishers must think about the impacts of these on their businesses.
Efficient algorithms for constructing (1+∊,β)-spanners in the distributed and streaming models

For an unweighted undirected graph G = (V,E), and a pair of positive integers α ≥ 1, β ≥ 0, a subgraph G′ = (V,H), H ⊂eqE, is called an (α,β)-spanner of G if for every pair of vertices u,v ∊ V, dist G′(u,v) ≤ α ⋅ dist G (u,v) + β. It was shown in [21] that for any ∊ > 0, κ = 1,2,…, there exists an integer β = β(∊,κ) such that for every n-vertex graph G there exists a (1+∊,β)-spanner G′ with O(n 1+1/κ) edges. An efficient distributed protocol for constructing (1+∊,β)-spanners was devised in [19]. The running time and the communication complexity of that protocol are O(n 1+ρ) and O(|E|n^ρ), respectively, where ρ is an additional control parameter of the protocol that affects only the additive term β. In this paper we devise a protocol with a drastically improved running time (O(n^ρ) as opposed to O(n 1+ρ)) for constructing (1+∊,β)-spanners. Our protocol has the same communication complexity as the protocol of [19], and it constructs spanners with essentially the same properties as the spanners that are constructed by the protocol of [19]. The protocol can be easily extended to a parallel implementation which runs in O(log n + (|E|⋅ n ρlog n)/p) time using p processors in the EREW PRAM model. In particular, when the number of processors, p, is at least |E|⋅ n ρ, the running time of the algorithm is O(log n). We also show that our protocol for constructing (1+∊,β)-spanners can be adapted to the streaming model, and devise a streaming algorithm that uses a constant number of passes and O(n 1+1/κ⋅ {log} n) bits of space for computing all-pairs-almost-shortest-paths of length at most by a multiplicative factor (1+∊) and an additive term of β greater than the shortest paths. Our algorithm processes each edge in time O(n^ρ), for an arbitrarily small ρ > 0. The only previously known algorithm for the problem [23] constructs paths of length κ times greater than the shortest paths, has the same space requirements as our algorithm, but requires O(n 1+1/κ) time for processing each edge of the input graph. However, the algorithm of [23] uses just one pass over the input, as opposed to the constant number of passes in our algorithm. We also show that any streaming algorithm for o(n)-approximate distance computation requires Ω(n) bits of space.
A reexamination of information theory-based methods for DNA-binding site identification

Searching for transcription factor binding sites in genome sequences is still an open problem in bioinformatics. Despite substantial progress, search methods based on information theory remain a standard in the field, even though the full validity of their underlying assumptions has only been tested in artificial settings. Here we use newly available data on transcription factors from different bacterial genomes to make a more thorough assessment of information theory-based search methods. Our results reveal that conventional benchmarking against artificial sequence data leads frequently to overestimation of search efficiency. In addition, we find that sequence information by itself is often inadequate and therefore must be complemented by other cues, such as curvature, in real genomes. Furthermore, results on skewed genomes show that methods integrating skew information, such as Relative Entropy, are not effective because their assumptions may not hold in real genomes. The evidence suggests that binding sites tend to evolve towards genomic skew, rather than against it, and to maintain their information content through increased conservation. Based on these results, we identify several misconceptions on information theory as applied to binding sites, such as negative entropy, and we propose a revised paradigm to explain the observed results. We conclude that, among information theory-based methods, the most unassuming search methods perform, on average, better than any other alternatives, since heuristic corrections to these methods are prone to fail when working on real data. A reexamination of information content in binding sites reveals that information content is a compound measure of search and binding affinity requirements, a fact that has important repercussions for our understanding of binding site evolution.
Purification and structural study of the voltage-sensor domain of the human KCNQ1 potassium ion channel.

KCNQ1 (also known as KV7.1 or KVLQT1) is a voltage-gated potassium channel modulated by members of the KCNE protein family. Among multiple functions, KCNQ1 plays a critical role in the cardiac acti...
Myofunctional therapy for tongue-thrusting: background and recommendations

Recommendations about patient selection for myofunctional therapy and treatment timing are made. Whether tongue thrust is a habit or an innate behavior pattern and whether it is related to open bite malocclusions and incisor protrusion are discussed. Tongue thrust may be a delayed transition stage in some children. Therapy is not indicated in the absence of speech or dental problems, or before puberty. The article reviews oral form and function interactions pertinent to tongue thrust and provides guidelines for patient selection for myofunctional therapy. Certain anatomic conditions predispose normal children to anterior tongue positioning, which disappears during puberty. In these children the tongue thrust is a normal, if delayed, transition stage. In other children, it is a necessary adaptation. Myofunctional therapy is not indicated in the absence of speech or dental problems and is not indicated, in our view, before puberty. If tongue thrust and an associated malocclusion persist to puberty, tongue therapy may be indicated. The therapy then is more effective when combined with orthodontic treatment to reposition teeth, rather than being done before orthodontics. Speech therapy can modify speech errors in tongue-thrusters and reposition the tongue tip posteriorly.
Object color categorization in surveillance videos

We address the problem of automatic color categorization of the objects in surveillance videos. This problem is challenging for realistic situations due to the large intra-class variations of the same color and the large portions of noisy areas including the backgrounds and the parts of the objects that do not contribute to color assignments. We develop an integrated color categorization system with algorithms that address these challenges. With the algorithms proposed in this paper, we can improve the average color categorization accuracy by 18% from our previous work [7].
Dissertations in the Electronic Age: Tapping into Emerging Musicology Research

Dissertations continue to be useful publications both for the information they present and for the formatting guidance they offer to dissertators in progress. The process of identifying and accessing dissertations has changed as they evolve from print to electronic as their primary format. This article examines the inclusion rates of musicology dissertations in four research tools (Music Index, RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, Doctoral Dissertations in Musicology, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses). It also investigates issues specific to the findability and accessibility of music dissertations as they move to electronic form.
Naturalism; Or, Living Within One's Means

L'A. developpe sa propre conception du naturalisme qui ne se reduit pas a l'experimentation empirique des hypotheses vraisemblables. Appliquant une methode de deduction fondee sur l'acceptation d'une theorie scientifique, et non pas sur la seule hypothese, l'A. conclut a la primaute de la structure theorique sur l'ontologie, et a la transcendance de la verite