cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lymphomas associated with HIV infection.

INCE the initial reports of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1982,‘,* it has become increasingly apparent that individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are at an increased risk of developing aggressive malignant lymphomas.3-5 indeed, a diagnosis of high-grade B-cell lymphoma or primary cranial lymphoma in an HIV-infected patient is now recognized as an indicator disease of AIDS.6 These lymphomas mostly affect young males and are predominantly high- and intermediate-grade histologic type, according to the working formulation.7 Patients often present with advanced disease in extranodal sites, particularly the central nervous system (CNS), bone marrow, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. 3-5 Response to chemotherapy is poor and the prognosis is dismal, with a median survival of less than 1 year.4 Although Hodgkin’s disease has also been described in association with HIV infection,*-‘* it is currently not included among the diagnostic criteria of AIDS. We review herein the incidence, clinical features, pathology, treatment, prognosis, and pathogenesis of lymphomas associated with HIV infection. [Nursing management of many of the problems associated with lymphomas is discussed by McMahon and Coyne elsewhere in this issue.]
Reaction of vinylcyclopropanes with butyllithium

Abstract Vinylcyclopropanes III and IV gave mainly allyl anions I, II, and XIII respectively under strong metalating conditions. Cyclopropyllithiums V and XV were also formed unexpectedly in significant quantities and were further explored.
Perspectives on challenges facing women in IS: the cognitive gender gap

The persistently low number of women in the information systems (IS) field has led to numerous inquiries about barriers women might face to entry and advancement in the profession. Because IS has t...
Electromigration of hydrogen and deuterium in vanadium and niobium by a resistance method

The electric mobility of hydrogen and deuterium has been measured at 30°C in niobium (Cb) and vanadium by a resistance method. The electric mobility was found to be 5.7 × 10−4 cm2/V-s for hydrogen and 2.8 × 10−4 for deuterium in niobium. In vanadium the electric mobilities were 2.3 × 10−3 and 1.3 × 10−3 cm2/V-s for hydrogen and deuterium respectively. The effective charges calculated using reported diffusion coefficients are positive and are slightly greater for deuterium than for hydrogen in both vanadium and niobium. The resistivity increase due to the hydrogen isotopes in vanadium and niobium was also measured. Hydrogen was found to contribute 0.65 μ ohm-cm/at, pct and deuter-ium 0.58 μ ohm−cm/at, pct to the resistivity of niobium. In vanadium, the solute resistivi-ties were found to be 0.98 μ. ohm-cm/at, pct and 0.90 μ ohm−cm/at, pct for hydrogen and deuterium respectively.
Chapter 7 Neoproterozoic glacial palaeolatitudes: a global update

Abstract New stratigraphic, geochronological and palaeomagnetic constraints allow updates to be made to a synthesis of Neoproterozoic glacial palaeolatitudes, including modifications to some reliability estimates. The overall pattern of a Neoproterozoic climatic paradox persists: there is an abundance of tropical palaeolatitudes and near to complete absence of glaciogenic deposits demonstrably laid down between latitudes of 60° and 90°. In addition to 12 units with palaeolatitude estimates that are somewhat reliable, estimates with moderate to high reliability now include Konnarock (less than 10° from the palaeo-equator), Elatina, Rapitan, Mechum River, Grand Conglomerat (10–20°), Upper Tindir, Puga (20–30°), Nantuo, Gaskiers (30–40°) and Walsh (40–50°). Among these, Elatina, Upper Tindir and Nantuo are considered to have the highest reliability, all with estimates of low to moderate palaeolatitude. The Elatina result stems from sedimentary rocks with quantitative correction of inclination-shallowing effects, and the Upper Tindir result stems from data collected from igneous rocks that are precisely coeval with the glacial deposits. Despite continuing debate on the global character of Neoproterozoic ice ages, their pan-glacial extent (ice extending to low latitude in a low-obliquity world) is well demonstrated.
Tomographic and analog 3-D simulations using NORA

The results of two computer simulations demonstrate the feasibility of using the nonoverlapping redundant array (NORA) to form three-dimensional images of objects with X-rays. Pinholes admit the X-rays to nonoverlapping points on a detector. The object is reconstructed in the analog mode by optical correlation and in the digital mode by tomographic computations. Trials were run with a stick-figure pyramid and extended objects with out-of-focus backgrounds. Substitution of spherical optical lenses for the pinholes increased the light transmission sufficiently that objects could be easily viewed in a dark room. Out-of-focus aberrations in tomographic reconstruction could be eliminated using Chang's (1976) algorithm.
Classification of Coulombic three-body systems in hyperspherical coordinates.

Hyperspherical coordinates are used to study properties of Coulombic three-body systems of arbitrary masses. Consider a system {ital ABA}, which consists of two identical particles {ital A} and a third particle {ital B}, each with one unit of charge. We examine the evolution of the approximate quantum numbers that are used for classifying bound and resonance states of the system as the mass ratio {lambda}={ital m}{sub {ital A}}/{ital m}{sub {ital B}} changes from the atomic limit ({lambda}{r arrow}0 as in H{sup {minus}}) to the diatomic molecular limit ({lambda}{much gt}1 as in H{sub 2}{sup +}). It is shown that for states which exhibit rovibrational behaviors in the atomic limit ({lambda}{r arrow}0), a single set of approximate quantum numbers can be used to describe three-body systems of any {lambda}'s. For states that display independent-particle behavior in the atomic limit, such as singly excited states, it is shown that these states display rovibrational behaviors only in the large-{lambda} limit. The evolution of the spectroscopy of the three-body systems from the shell model of atoms to the rovibrational model of molecules is thus analyzed. Calculations of potential curves in hyperspherical coordinates were carried out for Ps{sup {minus}} and {ital d}{sup +}{mu}{sup {minus}}{ital d}{sup +}more » that serve as the intermediate steps for the study of the evolution of the approximate quantum numbers from H{sup {minus}} to H{sub 2}{sup +}.« less
Index theory-based algorithm for the gradiometer inverse problem

We present an Index Theory based gravity gradiometer inverse problem algorithm. This algorithm relates changes in the index value computed on a closed curve containing a line field generated by the positive eigenvector of the gradiometer tensor to the closeness of fit of the proposed inverse solution to the mass and center of mass of the unknown. We then derive a method of determining bounds on the unknown’s center of mass and/or total mass and apply it as a function of gradiometer observables. Both observational errors and the varieties of possible mass distributions generating the gradients are taken into account for the bounds.
High-resolution structural analysis of the Sb-terminated GaAs(001)-(2×4) surface

The precise locations of Sb atoms for the $\mathrm{GaAs}(001):\mathrm{S}\mathrm{b}\ensuremath{-}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ surface were measured by the x-ray standing-wave (XSW) technique. The XSW results are consistent with symmetric Sb dimers, whose formation has recently been predicted by four competing models. The (004) and (022) XSW analysis determined the Sb dimer height and bond length to be 1.72 and 2.84 \AA{}, respectively. The Sb coverage of the $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ reconstruction was measured by Rutherford backscattering to be 0.48 monolayers. This coverage agrees with the two proposed structural models that have two Sb dimers per $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ unit cell and disagrees with the models that propose one or three Sb dimers. Finally, a (111) XSW measurement, which tested for lateral displacement of the Sb dimers in the [110] direction, was used to discriminate between the remaining two models.
K-Electron Capture Branch of Sr-87m

The existence of a (0.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25)% $K$-electron capture branch in the decay of 2.8-hr ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{87m}$ has been established by means of an "internal source" technique. The low $logft=4.25$ and small energy release of 115 kev make this $K$ branch especially interesting because it establishes ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ as a possible low-threshold detector for the inverse neutrino capture reaction, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}+\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{Sr}}^{87m}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, which could be identified by observing the characteristic decay of the ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{87m}$ isomer.
Voltage-dependent calcium and potassium ion conductances: a contingency mechanism for an associative learning model

Persistent light-induced depolarization results from Ca2+ influx across a photoreceptor membrane. The marked dependence on potential of this Ca2+ influx and a Ca+-dependent K+ efflux accounts for enhancement of the light-induced depolarization when light is paired with rotation. A positive feedback cycle between light-induced depolarization and synaptic depolarization due to stimulus pairing can explain long-lasting behavioral changes produced by associative training but not control paradigms. The sensitivity of this Ca2+ influx to intracellular levels of adenosine 3'-5'-monophosphate suggests biochemical steps for this model of associative learning.
Reorganization of endothelial cord-like structures on basement membrane complex (Matrigel): involvement of transforming growth factor beta 1.

The formation of capillary-like network structures by cultured vascular endothelial cells on reconstituted basement membrane matrix, Matrigel, models endothelial cell differentiation, the final step of angiogenesis (Kubota et al., 1988; Grant et al., 1989). When endothelial cells derived from bovine aorta and brain capillaries were plated on Matrigel, DNA synthesis was suppressed and a network of capillary-like structures rapidly formed in 8–12 h. With time, the network broke down, resulting in dense cellular cords radiating from multiple cellular clusters in 16–24 h. Finally, multicellular aggregates of cells were formed as the network underwent further retraction. Network regression was prevented when either dithiothreitol (DTT) or anti-TG F-β1 antibodies were added during the assay. The addition of exogenous TGF-β1 promoted the regression of endothelial cells into the clusters. This response to TGF-β1 was blocked by potent serine threonine protein kinase inhibitors, H-7 and HA 100. TGF-β1 was released from polymerized Matrigel by incubation with Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium (DMEM) in the absence of cells. The Matrigel-conditioned DMEM inhibited endothelial DNA synthesis even in the presence of anti-TGF-β1 antibodies. These results suggest that TGF-β1 and possibly other soluble factors from Matrigel may be important for differentitation and remodeling of endothelial cells in a capillary network with possible implications for wound healing and development. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1 .
Effects of x-ray dosages on development of Heterakis gallinarum.

Abstract Exposure of unsegmented eggs of Heterakis gallinarum to X-irradiation (4,000 to 120,000 R) revealed that dosages up to 64,000 R retarded embryogenesis and 120,000 R appeared lethal. At 64,000 R, the majority of eggs required 15 days longer incubation to develop to infective larvae than did the controls. Lethal effects of 64,000 R were manifested early (fertile to 5-cell) in embryogeny. The calculated dose (ED 50 ), which would result in 50% of the eggs failing to reach infective stage after 14 days incubation, was 39,120 R (uncorrected) or 49,550 R (corrected). Reproducibility of results was better for replications within an experiment than repeating experiments at different times. Morphological effects of X-rays on eggs were abnormal cleavage and differentiation as well as vacuolation.
ADIABATIC SHEAR BAND VELOCITIES

Nouvelle methode d'etude de la vitesse de propagation des bandes de cisaillement adiabatique sous pression hydrodynamique. On propose une relation quantitative entre la vitesse de la bande de cisaillement adiabatique et la pression
The effects of aspirin on gastric mucosal integrity, surface hydrophobicity, and prostaglandin metabolism in cyclooxygenase knockout mice.

Background & Aims: Insight into the role of the different cyclooxygenase isoforms in prostaglandin biosynthesis, surface hydrophobicity, and gastric mucosal barrier integrity can be gained by comparing the effects of luminal damaging agents in wild-type and cyclooxygenase knockout mice. Methods: Fasted wild-type, cyclooxygenase-1, and cyclooxygenase-2 knockout mice were intragastrically administered saline, 0.6N HCl, or aspirin (aspirin 20 mmol/L) in combination with 0.6N HCl and killed 1 hour later, at which time the gastric lesion score was assessed and biopsy samples were taken for surface, biochemical, and morphological analyses. Results: The gastric mucosa of cyclooxygenase-1 knockout mice was more severely injured by both HCl alone and aspirin/HCl than that of wild-type and cyclooxygenase-2 knockout mice. HCl alone and aspirin/HCl also induced a more profound decrease in surface hydrophobicity in cyclooxygenase-1 knockout mice than in wild-type mice, whereas this surface property was unaffected in cyclooxygenase-2 knockout mice. The gastric injury induced by aspirin/HCl in cyclooxygenase-1 knockout mice could be prevented if the animals were treated with phosphatidylcholine-associated aspirin. Aspirin/HCl, in comparison to saline or HCl alone, induced a 4 – 6-fold increase in gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2 concentration in the cyclooxygenase-1 knockout mice, whereas it decreased prostaglandin E2 levels in wild-type and cyclooxygenase-2 knockout mice. This paradoxical aspirin-induced increase in gastric prostaglandin E2 in cyclooxygenase-1 knockout mice seemed to correspond to an increase in cyclooxygenase-2 messenger RNA and protein expression. The gastric lesion score seemed to be significantly associated with alterations in surface hydrophobicity but not with mucosal prostaglandin E2 concentration. Conclusions: Our evidence on cyclooxygenase knockout mice suggests that aspirin predominantly causes gastric injury by a nonprostaglandin mechanism, perhaps by attenuating surface hydrophobicity, a possibility supported by the low gastric toxicity of phosphatidylcholine/aspirin. However, prostaglandins generated by cyclooxygenase-1 may play an important permissive role in maintaining gastric mucosal barrier integrity. Aspirin seems to paradoxically increase the gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2 concentration in cyclooxygenase-1 knockout mice, possibly by the induction of cyclooxygenase-2.
Emotion Regulation in Context: The Jealousy Complex between Young Siblings and Its Relations with Child and Family Characteristics.

Jealousy is a social emotion that has received little attention by developmental researchers. The current study examined sibling jealousy and its relations to child and family characteristics in 60 families with a 16-month-old toddler and an older preschool-age sibling. Sibling jealousy was elicited in social triads consisting of a parent (mother or father) and the two siblings. Positive marital relationship quality (i.e., love and relationship maintenance) was a particularly strong predictor of the older siblings' abilities to regulate jealousy reactions in the mother sessions. Younger siblings' jealous affect with mothers was linked to the child's temperament, whereas older siblings' jealous affect with mothers was related to the child's emotional understanding. Younger siblings displayed more behavioral dysregulation in the mother-sibling triads if there was greater sibling rivalry reported by mothers. Session order (i.e., which sibling was challenged first in the jealousy paradigm) had a strong effect on both the affect and behavioral dysregulation displayed by the older and younger siblings. Results are discussed with respect to the need for future research to consider social relationships as developmental contexts for young children's emotion regulation.
A note on compactifications and semi-normal spaces

Recently Orrin Frink (see [2]) gave a neat internal characterization of Tychonoff or completely regular T spaces. This characterization was given in terms of the notion of a normal base for the closed sets of a space X . A normal base for the closed sets of a space X is a base which is a disjunctive ring of sets, disjoint members of which may be separated by disjoint complements of members of . In a normal space the ring of closed sets is a normal base.
Evidence for a second interaction between the regulatory amino-terminal and central output domains of the response regulator NtrC (nitrogen regulator I) in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Nitrogen limitation in Escherichia coli activates about 100 genes. Their expression requires the response regulator NtrC (also called nitrogen regulator I or NRI). Phosphorylation of the amino-terminal domain (NTD) of NtrC activates the neighboring central domain and leads to transcriptional activation from promoters that require σ54-containing RNA polymerase. The NTD has five β strands alternating with five α helices. Phosphorylation of aspartate 54 has been shown to reposition α helix 3 to β strand 5 (the “3445 face”) within the NTD. To further study the interactions between the amino-terminal and central domains, we isolated strains with alterations in the NTD that were able to grow on a poor nitrogen source in the absence of phosphorylation by the cognate sensor kinase. We identified strains with alterations located in the 3445 face and α helix 5. Both types of alterations stimulated central domain activities. The α helix 5 alterations differed from those in the 3445 face. They did not cause a large scale conformational change in the NTD, which is not necessary for transcriptional activation in these mutants. Yeast two-hybrid analysis indicated that substitutions in both α helix 5 and the 3445 face diminish the interaction between the NTD and the central domain. Our results suggest that α helix 5 of the NTD, in addition to the 3445 face, interacts with the central domain. We present a model of interdomain signal transduction that proposes different functions for α helix 5 and the 3445 face.
Immunosuppression in vitro induced by leukemia virus-infected splenocytes (38544).

SummaryImmunization of dispersed spleen cells from normal mice in vitro with SRBC was suppressed by simultaneous incubation of the spleen cell cultures with spleno-cytes from mice previously infected with FLV. Cell-free virus preparations alone did not suppress the antibody response. In contrast, relatively small numbers of splenocytes from infected mice, even when present at a ratio of 1-500 normal spleen cells, significantly suppressed the in vitro immune response to SRBC. Viable leukemic splenocytes were necessary for immunosuppression although the leukemic cells did not have to be in direct contact with the normal spleen cells. Specific anti-FLV serum, when added to the leukemic splenocytes or to normal spleen cells separated from infected cells by cell-impermeable membranes, prevented im-munodepression.
Multicomponent space-charge transport model for ion-exchange membranes

A multicomponent space-charge transport model for ion-exchange membranes was developed, where the membrane structure was modeled as an array of cylindrical pores with a uniform distribution of fixed-charge sites on the pore walls. Ion/fixed-charge site electrostatic interactions, electric-field-induced water dipole orientation, ion-hydration free-energy changes during ion partitioning, and concentration-dependent transport parameters were considered in the analysis. The model predicted experimental concentration vs. time data accurately for Donnan dialysis separations with a DuPont Nafion 117 cation-exchange membrane, where the membrane separated a dilute H2SO4 solution from an aqueous mixture of either Cs2SO4 + Li2SO4 or Cs2SO4 + Na2SO4. Both computer predictions and experimental measurements showed that the alkali metal cation with the larger hard-sphere radius (lower surface charge density) was selectively absorbed in and transported across the membrane during a multicomponent separation. The cation/cation transport permselectivity was less than the selectivity for equilibrium uptake due to slow ion transport near the pore wall, where discrimination between like-charge cations was greatest.
A Bayesian framework for combining gene predictions.

Motivation: Gene identification and gene discovery in new genomic sequences is one of the most timely computational questions addressed by bioinformatics scientists. This computational research has resulted in several systems that have been used successfully in many whole-genome analysis projects. As the number of such systems grows the need for a rigorous way to combine the predictions becomes more essential. Results: In this paper we provide a Bayesian network framework for combining gene predictions from multiple systems. The framework allows us to treat the problem as combining the advice of multiple experts. Previous work in the area used relatively simple ideas such as majority voting. We introduce, for the first time, the use of hidden input/output Markov models for combining gene predictions. We apply the framework to the analysis of the Adh region in Drosophila that has been carefully studied in the context of gene finding and used as a basis for the GASP competition. The main challenge in combination of gene prediction programs is the fact that the systems are relying on similar features such as cod on usage and as a result the predictions are often correlated. We show that our approach is promising to improve the prediction accuracy and provides a systematic and flexible framework for incorporating multiple sources of evidence into gene prediction systems. Availability: Software can be made available on request from the authors.
Racial disparities in Medicaid patients after brain tumor surgery.

The presence of healthcare-related disparities is an ongoing, widespread, and well-documented societal and health policy issue. We investigated the presence of racial disparities among post-operative patients either with meningioma or malignant, benign, or metastatic brain tumors. We used the Medicaid component of the Thomson Reuter’s MarketScan database from 2000 to 2009. Univariate and multivariate analysis assessed death, 30-day post-operative risk of complications, length of stay, and total charges. We identified 2321 patients, 73.7% were Caucasian, 57.8% were women; with Charlson comorbidity scores of <3 (56.2%) and treated at low-volume centers (73.4%). Among all, 26.3% of patients were of African-American ethnicity and 22.1% had meningiomas. Mortality was 2.0%, mean length of stay (LOS) was 9 days, mean total charges were US$42,422, an adverse discharge occurred in 22.5% of patients, and overall 30-day complication rate was 23.4%. In a multivariate analysis, African-American patients with meningiomas had higher odds of developing a 30-day complication (p = 0.05) and were significantly more likely to have longer LOS (p < 0.001) and greater total charges (p < 0.001) relative to Caucasian counterparts. The presence of one post-operative complication doubled LOS and nearly doubled total charges, while the presence of two post-operative complications tripled these outcomes. Patients of African-American ethnicity had significantly higher post-operative complications than those of Caucasian ethnicity. This higher rate of complications seems to have driven greater healthcare utilization, including greater LOS and total charges, among African-American patients. Interventions aimed at reducing complications among African-American patients with brain tumor may help reduce post-operative disparities.
TNFα and IL-17 cooperatively stimulate glucose metabolism and growth factor production in human colorectal cancer cells

Background: Inflammation is a well-known etiological factor for colorectal cancer, but mechanisms underlying the linkage between inflammation and cancer are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that two pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα and IL-17, might play a role in promoting colorectal carcinogenesis. Aerobic glycolysis is a metabolic adaptation that promotes the survival/proliferation of cancer cells. Paracrine signaling between tumor cells and cancerassociated fibroblasts also plays a role in carcinogenesis. Methods: The effect of TNFα and IL-17 on aerobic glycolysis and growth factor production in cultured human colorectal cancer cells was investigated. Glucose utilization and lactate production were quantified by measuring the disappearance of glucose and appearance of lactate in the culture medium. Glucose transporter and glycolytic enzyme expression levels were measured by immunoblotting. Results: TNFα and IL-17 cooperatively stimulated glycolysis in HT-29, T84, Caco-2 and HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. Treatment of HT-29 cells with TNFα plus IL-17 also increased the expression of HIF-1α and c-myc, two factors know to induce the transcription of genes encoding components of the glycolytic pathway. To further investigate mechanisms for cytokine-stimulated glycolysis, the effects of TNFα and IL-17 on expression of six members and one regulator of the glycolytic pathway were investigated. TNFα and IL-17 cooperatively increased the expression of the glucose transporter SLC2A1 and hexokinase-2 but did not regulate expression of glucose transporter SLC2A3, enolase-1, pyruvate kinase M2, lactate dehydrogenase A, or 6-phoshofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3). Experiments with inhibitors indicated that HIF-1α played a role in induction of SLC2A1 and that the transcription factor NF-κ Bp layed a role in induction of hexokinase-2 by TNFα and IL-17. TNFα and IL-17 also synergistically stimulated production by HT-29 cells of a growth factor that simulated proliferation/survival of NIL8 fibroblastic cells. The activity of this factor was not specifically inhibited by the EGFR inhibitor AG1478, indicating that it is not an EGFR ligand. Conclusions: Chronic inflammation is known to promote colorectal tumorigenesis. The pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-17 may contribute to this effect by stimulating glycolysis and growth factor production in colorectal cancer cells.
Perceptions of Deception Perceived Expertise in Detecting Deception, Successfulness of Deception and Nonverbal Cues

A study was conducted to identify facial nonverbal behaviors and interactants' perceptions associated with deception. Forty males attempted to deceive both a perceived expert and nonexpert in detecting deception. Subjects were able to effectively, control their facial cues when they, were being deceptive, emitting similar cues when they were lying and telling the truth. However, they glanced more frequently and maintained more eye contact with the expert than the nonexpert. Interestingly, although subjects were confident in their ability to deceive interviewers, in reality they, overestimated their actual success. Interviewers were able to identify both their deceptive and truthful statements at a better than chance level.
Management and orphan drug development for acute myeloid leukemia

Introduction: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous disease with blocked differentiation of myeloid precursor cells. Genetic alterations have been identified in AML patients over the past several decades, which significantly improved the characterization and diagnosis of this disease. However, the therapeutic options for the treatment of AML are still limited. Areas covered: This review summarizes the diagnosis and prognosis of AML and current strategies for AML treatment. The new treatment agents that are in use and under development are focused on fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, heat shock protein 90 inhibitors, hypomethylating agents, immunotherapy of AML and other potential strategies. Expert opinion: Although the heterogeneity of AML significantly influences the outcomes in the treatment of AML patients, the application of high-throughput technology (such as next-generation sequencing), which helps to identify new genetic events and understand the molec...
Identifying genes involved in regulating differentiation of neuroblastoma cells

The genes regulating the induction of differentiation in neurons are not definitively known. Some neuronal tumors retain the ability to differentiate into mature, functional neurons in response to pharmacological agents, despite the presence of genetic anomalies. We hypothesized that some of the genes whose expression is altered between undifferentiated and differentiated states may be those responsible for inducing differentiation. To investigate this, we used a mouse neuroblastoma (NB) cell line, NBP2, in which ≥90% of the cells in the culture terminally differentiate upon elevation of intracellular adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels. Gene expression was analyzed using cDNA array blots containing 588 known genes. mRNA from cultures of undifferentiated and differentiated NB cells was used to make cDNA probes for blot hybridization. We identified several genes that are predominantly expressed in either undifferentiated or differentiated NB cells. In addition, numerous genes are moderately up- or down-regulated during differentiation of NB cells. We identified the N-myc protooncogene, cyclin B1, and protease nexin 1 as genes that are expressed in undifferentiated NB cells and whose levels are significantly down-regulated upon differentiation. In contrast, the c-fes and c-fos protooncogenes and the RAG-1 gene activator are genes whose expression is significantly up-regulated during differentiation of NB cells. These findings were confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. The transcript size and expression level of N-myc, cyclin B1, protease nexin 1, c-fes, and c-fos were verified by Northern blotting. These genes may represent key mediators involved in the regulation of NB cell differentiation. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:302–310, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of C60 fullerenes on the accumulation of weathered p,p'-DDE by plant and earthworm species under single and multispecies conditions.

The use of engineered nanomaterials has increased dramatically in recent years, but an understanding of nanomaterial fate and effects in the environment is lacking. In particular, the interaction of nanomaterials with coexisting organic contaminants and the subsequent implications for sensitive biota is almost completely unknown. Here, the effect of C60 fullerenes on the accumulation of weathered dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE; DDT metabolite) by Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin) and Eisenia fetida (earthworm) was determined under single and multispecies conditions. The plants, in the presence or absence of earthworms, were grown in soil containing weathered DDE (200 ng/g) and 0 or 1,670 mg/kg C60 fullerenes. Plants and earthworms were added either simultaneously or sequentially (earthworms after plants). Neither DDE nor C60 had an impact on survival or biomass of plants and earthworms, although fullerenes significantly decreased (29.6–39.0%) the relative root mass. Under single or multispecies conditions, C60 had little impact on DDE bioaccumulation by either species. The DDE concentrations in non–fullerene-exposed shoots, roots, and earthworms were 181, 7,400, and 8,230 ng/g, respectively. On fullerene exposure, the DDE content was nonsignificantly lower at 163, 7280, and 7540 ng/g, respectively. In the presence of the earthworms, C60 significantly decreased the shoot DDE content (28.6%), but no impact on root concentrations was observed. Root DDE content was unaffected by the presence of fullerenes and decreased by 21.6 to 37.5% during coexposure with earthworms. Earthworm DDE content was decreased by plant presence. Earthworms added to soils after plant harvest accumulated more DDE but were unaffected by the C60 exposure. Additional work is necessary, but these findings suggest that fullerenes may have minimal impact on the bioaccumulation of weathered cocontaminants in soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:1117–1123. © 2013 SETAC
Prenatal Cocaine Exposure: A Comparison of 2-Year-Old Children in Parental and Nonparental Care.

Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure and parental versus nonparental care on outcome at 2 years of age were examined. The sample included 83 cocaine-exposed and 63 nonexposed children and their caregivers; 49 and 34 of the cocaine-exposed children experienced parental and nonparental care, respectively. Prenatal drug exposure was not related directly to children's outcome at 2 years of age. However, compared with cocaine-exposed children in parental care, those in nonparental care experienced a more optimal environment and performed better in several developmental domains at 2 years of age in spite of being at greater neonatal risk. Further analyses suggested that this protective effect of nonparental care was in part due to nonkin rather than kin care.
Histology, imaging and new diagnostic work-flows in pathology.

Introduction Since their introduction in 1999, fully automated, high speed, high-resolution whole slide imaging devices have become increasing more reliable, fast and capable. While by no means perfect, these devices have evolved to a point where one can consider placing them in a pre-diagnostic role in a clinical histology lab.
New Strategies to Optimize Outcomes in Patients With T-Cell Lymphoma

clinical outcome compared with B-cell lymphomas, with the exception of ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Long-term survival at 5 years remains at 10%-30% for most histologies with current treatment strategies, as compared with 55% for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.4 Advanced disease stage, high International Prognostic Index at presentation, and inherent chemoresistance contribute to this dismal outcome.5,6 Most patients are treated with CHOP (cyclophosphamide/ doxorubicin/vincristine/prednisone)/CHOP-like regimens as the first line of therapy adopted from the management of aggressive B-cell lymphomas, but the outcome remains poor.7 Relapsed and chemorefractory disease remains a significant clinical dilemma in the care of these patients. The rarity and heterogeneity of these diseases makes it difficult to do well-conducted clinical trials; hence, there are no well-defined standards for the treatment of these diseases either in the first-line setting or for relapsed disease. There is a need to develop new targeted treatment options for these patients based on an understanding of the pathogenesis of these lymphomas. Emerging new therapeutic agents for the treatment of relapsed/refractory PTCL are described herein.
Applying biomarkers to clinical practice: a guide for utilizing procalcitonin assays

Prudent use of antimicrobial therapies is an important component in decreasing bacterial resistance. Procalcitonin (PCT) is a novel biomarker proposed as both a diagnostic and prognostic agent for use in various severe infections. Elevated PCT levels have a high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing infections. This biomarker has been studied as an aid to identify patients requiring antimicrobial initiation, stratify infections according to severity and guide therapy durations. Two commercially available tests are approved for use in the USA. Other biomarkers have been studied for similar indications, but are subject to elevation from chronic inflammatory conditions and medications. The advantage of PCT over other biomarkers is due to the limited disease states and drug therapies that may interfere with this assay. PCT has been studied extensively for use in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, as well as in lower respiratory tract infections. Decreased antimicrobial utilization without an increase in patient morbidity and mortality has been illustrated through numerous studies using PCT algorithms. Determining the utility of PCT in practice requires a comprehensive evaluation of the impact this biomarker has on outcomes to the patient and healthcare system, as well as examining convenience and cost factors. PCT can be used to assist clinicians in initiating and guiding antimicrobial therapies for specific patient populations, as an adjunct to other diagnostic tools. Further studies examining long-term outcomes of PCT are needed to determine the effect of this intervention on resistance patterns and overall prescribing trends.
Analysis of Protein Arginine Methylation and Protein Arginine-Methyltransferase Activity

Posttranslational modification of proteins allows cells to adapt and react quickly to their environment beyond the boundaries set forth by genetic code. Arginine methylation, a protein modification discovered almost 30 years ago, has recently experienced a renewed interest as several new arginine methyltransferases have been identified and numerous proteins were found to be regulated by methylation on arginine residues. Until recently, the detection of arginine methylation required the use of chromatography and mass-spectrometrical analysis. The following protocol provides guidelines for the straightforward identification of arginine-methylated proteins, made possible by the availability of novel, commercially available reagents.
The competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist CGS 19755 attenuates the rate-decreasing effects of NMDA in rhesus monkeys without producing ketamine-like discriminative stimulus effects

Abstract The purported competitive excitatory amino acid antagonist CGS 19755 was compared to the non-competitive antagonists ketamine and MK-801 in three rhesus monkeys discriminating between 1.78 mg/kg of ketamine and saline while responding under a fixed-ratio 100 schedule of food presentation. MK-801 substituted completely for the ketamine discriminative stimulus and was 32 times more potent than ketamine as a discriminative stimulus. CGS 19755 was studies using sinlge and cumulative dosing procedures up to a dose of 10.0 mg/kg; for all conditions, CGS 19755 produced responding exclusively on the saline lever and had only modest rate-decreasing effects. N-Methyl-D-aspartate administered alone also did not produce ketamine-appropriate responding but did decrease response rates in a dose-related manner. N-Methyl-D-aspartate eliminated responding in all monkeys at doses of 5.6–10.0 mg/kg. MK-801 and ketamine antagonized the rate-decreasing effects of N-methyl-D-asparate, however, ketamine was most effective as an antagonist at doses that decreased response effects of N-methyl-D-asparate, however, ketamine was most the rate-decreasing effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate and shifted the N-methyl-D-aspartate dose-effect curve more than 5-fold to the right. The magnitude of antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate appeared to be somewhat greater with CGS 19755 than with MK-801 or ketamine. Thus, a competitive (CGS 19755) and some non-competitive (MK-801 and ketamine) excitatory amino acid antagonists can attenuate the rate-decreasing effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate. Surprisingly, the results suggest that antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate is not sufficient to produce ketamine-like discriminative stimulus effects under these conditions in rhesus monkeys.
A system for selectable comparative appraisal of heart rate variability

Electrocardiographic signals are commonly recorded and analyzed for the purpose of identifying intermittently occurring disturbances in the heart rhythm [1,2], in addition to other diagnostic objectives. Specifically, presented studies focus on a developed method for analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) based on standard recordings of ECG signals and derived graphical and numerical characterization of HRV. In general, as there are no particular standards, the range of recommended sampling rates of electrocardiographic signals vary including recommendations for sampling rates of 1 KHz or higher [3] although in practice recording of lower frequency components in ECG recordings is sufficient and often implemented with recording of components limited to 100 – 150 Hz. Therefore, evaluation of HRV should note the frequency range as it will affect overall numerical accuracy.
Free water productivity measurements in leaky mariculture ponds

Abstract The rate of net organic productivity in experimental shrimp mariculture ponds was determined via free water methods for each hour over a two month period in late summer 1985. Automated measurements of pH and temperature served as the basis for development of a mass balance budget for dissolved inorganic carbon. Pond surface area and volume changed with depth in a complex but predictable fashion. The seepage rate, which is a quantitatively important term in the inorganic carbon budget, was determined with the salt mass balance. Seepage rates averaged 136–182 mm day −1 (23–37% of pond volume per day). Close agreement between evaporation rates, independently determined from water budgets for each of the four adiacent ponds, demonstrated that the calculated seepage rates were accurate. All four ponds were net producers of organic matter despite the fact that three of the four received additions of allochthonous organic matter. Net productivity averaged 14–65 mmol C m −2 day −1 .
Broad host range of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 demonstrated with an improved pseudotyping system.

Studies of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) have been hampered by the difficulty of achieving high cell-free and cell-associated infectious titers. Current retroviral pseudotyping systems using the HTLV-1 envelope generate titers of less than 200 infectious particles per ml. We describe here an improved system for pseudotyping using a defective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 genome in combination with HTLV-1 env in 293T producer cells. Introduction of additional copies of rev and treatment of cells with sodium butyrate resulted in a cell-associated titer of 10(5)/ml and cell-free titers of greater than 10(4)/ml . By using this system, we found that the host range of HTLV-1 is even greater than previously suspected. Earlier studies which assigned a chromosomal location for the HTLV-1 receptor may therefore reflect cell-to-cell variation in receptor number rather than the absolute presence or absence of a receptor. The generation of higher-titer HIV(HTLV-1) may facilitate identification of the cellular receptor and investigations of the pathophysiology of HTLV-1 infection.
Viscoelastic characterization of selected foods over an extended frequency range

Three disparate food systems (gummy candy, Mozzarella cheese, and cooked ham) were characterized for their viscoelastic behavior under isothermal conditions over an extended frequency range of 10−3 to 104 Hz using broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy (BVS). The materials were tested for any stress-induced fluid flow. However, no evidence of fluid flow was found under the tested frequency range. Validity of time–temperature superposition for the selected materials was also tested and compared with data from BVS.
Biochemical and Genetic Studies of Tourette’s Syndrome

Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome (TS) is a chronic, familial neuropsychiatric disorder of unknown etiology characterized by motor and phonic tics that vary in severity and form and a range of complex behavior problems, including some forms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Although its etiology remains unknown, the vertical transmission of TS within families follows a pattern consistent with an autosomal dominant form of inheritance.1 2 For nearly a century following its original description in 1885, TS was regarded as a rare medical curiosity. It received relatively little attention until the late 1960s, when interest was renewed largely as a result of the finding that approximately 80% of patients responded well clinically to treatment with haloperidol, a dopamine receptor blocking agent.3 4 Subsequent expanded research efforts have led to several notable interrelated advances: (1) a greater understanding of the range of phenotypic expression and the possible significance of comorbid conditions, (2) a realization that TS and related conditions are much more common than had previously been considered, (3) a better understanding of the familial transmission of the syndrome, and (4) an emerging body of neurobiologic and pharmacological data concerning the pathophysiology and neuropathological correlates of TS.
The Biceps Femoris Tendon and Its Functional Significance

Thirty-one knees were dissected to determine the detailed anatomy of the biceps tendon. Findings regarding the expansions of the superficial, middle, and deep layers of the tendon, and the insertions, differed from previous descriptions. The possible functional contributions of the biceps tendon to lateral knee stability were determined. The most important is the support furnished by the direct tibial attachment of the superficial and deep layers as the knee progresses in flexion.
On Weighted Bipartite Edge Coloring.

We study weighted bipartite edge coloring problem, which is a generalization of two classical problems: bin packing and edge coloring. This problem has been inspired from the study of Clos networks in multirate switching environment in communication networks. In weighted bipartite edge coloring problem, we are given an edge-weighted bipartite multi-graph G=(V,E) with weights w:E\rightarrow [0,1]. The goal is to find a proper weighted coloring of the edges with as few colors as possible. An edge coloring of the weighted graph is called a proper weighted coloring if the sum of the weights of the edges incident to a vertex of any color is at most one. Chung and Ross conjectured 2m-1 colors are sufficient for a proper weighted coloring, where m denotes the minimum number of unit sized bins needed to pack the weights of all edges incident at any vertex. We give an algorithm that returns a coloring with at most \lceil 2.2223m \rceil colors improving on the previous result of \frac{9m}{4} by Feige and Singh. Our algorithm is purely combinatorial and combines the Konig's theorem for edge coloring bipartite graphs and first-fit decreasing heuristic for bin packing. However, our analysis uses configuration linear program for the bin packing problem to give the improved result.
Differences in Perceived Parenting Style Between Mothers and Fathers: Implications for Child Outcomes and Marital Conflict

The current study focused on relations between maternal and paternal perceived parenting style, marital conflict, and child behavior outcomes. Child participants (N = 152) ranged in age from 3 to 9 years old. Reports from both parents on perceived parenting style, marital conflict, and child behavior problems were collected. Results indicated that (a) parenting styles of mothers and fathers were related, (b) mothers’ and fathers’ authoritarianism and permissiveness were associated with increased child internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, (c) marital conflict was significantly related to child behavior problems, (d) when mother and father reported parenting styles differed, increased marital conflict was reported, (e) increased differences between mothers and fathers in self- and spouse-perceived permissiveness were related to increased child externalizing behavior problems, and (f) the direction of the differences between parents (i.e. whether a particular parent reported being more permissive than the other) was linked with marital conflict and child behavior problems. Namely, marital and child outcomes were poorer when mothers saw themselves as more authoritative than fathers and when fathers were more authoritarian than mothers, and outcomes were better when fathers saw themselves as more permissive than mothers and when mothers were more authoritarian than fathers. Implications for marital and family therapy are discussed.