cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preoperative Assessment in Older Adults: A Comprehensive Approach

Surgical outcomes are significantly influenced by patients' overall health, function, and life expectancy. A comprehensive geriatric preoperative assessment of older adults requires expanding beyond an organ-based or disease-based assessment. At a preoperative visit, it is important to establish the patient's goals and preferences, and to determine whether the risks and benefits of surgery match these goals and preferences. These discussions should cover the possibility of resuscitation and ventilator support, prolonged rehabilitation, and loss of independence. The assessment should include evaluation of medical comorbidities, cognitive function, decision-making capacity, functional status, fall risk, frailty, nutritional status, and potentially inappropriate medication use. Problems identified in any of these key areas are associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications, institutionalization, functional decline, and, in some cases, mortality. If a patient elects to proceed with surgery, the risks should be communicated to surgical teams to allow for inpatient interventions that lower the risk of postoperative complications and functional decline, such as early mobilization and limiting medications that can cause delirium. Alcohol abuse and smoking are associated with increased rates of postoperative complications, and physicians should discuss cessation with patients before surgery. Physicians should also assess patients' social support systems because they are a critical component of discharge planning in this population and have been shown to predict 30-day postoperative morbidity.
The historical ecology of central California coast fishing: Perspectives from Point Reyes National Seashore

Abstract Archaeological sites represent long-term biological repositories, relevant for understanding ancient economies and ways of life that can provide historical baseline data for contemporary conservation biology, restoration ecology, and fisheries management. Small-scale excavations at nine archaeological sites within Point Reyes National Seashore, on the central California coast, led to the recovery of a large assemblage of fish remains from deposits dated from 800 to 770 cal BC to the historical era. These assemblages contained over 9000 fish remains identified to at least a family. Applying quantitative analysis and morphometric studies, these data suggest the indigenous fishery of Point Reyes in the homeland of the Coast Miwok people was directed toward the acquisition of mass-captured forage fish from the families Clupeidae, Atherinopsidae, and Engraulidae in addition to Embiotocidae. Perceived declines in contemporary forage fish populations within Point Reyes National Seashore, specifically Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), an important keystone, indicator, and umbrella species, suggest further protections are needed to ensure continued ecosystem services and prevent ecological extinction.
A compact multi‐frequency GNSS scintillation model

We present a scintillation model that generates complex scintillation realizations using two-dimensional phase-screen calculations. A compact parameter set simplifies the model. The parameters can be adjusted to reproduce statistically equivalent realizations of target multi-frequency GNSS intensity and phase scintillation time series or defaulted to representative values. Geometric range and TEC inputs can be incorporated to generate realizations of baseband GNSS signals for processor performance evaluation. Selecting model parameters is guided by an efficient encapsulation of the two-dimensional phase-screen theory. Motion of the propagation path through ionospheric structure generates temporal variation. The phase-screen theory incorporates space-to-time conversion via a ratio of the Fresnel scale to an effective scan velocity. A universal strength parameter adjusts the strength of the scintillation. The model is an encapsulation of results that have been used for GPS performance analysis work that is cited in the paper. A MATLAB implementation of the model with examples has been made available.
A 1-GS/s 20 MHz-BW Capacitive-Input Continuous-Time $\Delta\Sigma$ ADC Using a Novel Parasitic Pole-Mitigated Fully Differential VCO

This letter presents a high-speed closed-loop capacitive-input voltage controlled oscillators (VCO)-based continuous-time delta sigma modulator (CTDSM) using a novel fully differential VCO topology whose parasitic pole is inherently located at a very high frequency, regardless of the number of inverters in the ring VCO. The mitigation of the parasitic pole is achieved by splitting the VCO’s input transconductor into a set of distributed input transistors. Capacitive input and capacitive DAC result in a very low thermal noise front end, besides ensuring that there is no additional pole caused due to the VCO’s input capacitance. A single pair of pseudo-resistors is used for providing dc negative feedback in the CTDSM. The prototype first-order 63-stage VCO-based CTDSM is fabricated in 40-nm CMOS and occupies a core area of 0.02 mm2 while achieving 63.1-dB dynamic range in 480 kHz–20.48 MHz bandwidth at 1 GS/s. This is the first work to mitigate the parasitic pole in a fully differential VCO, without relying on any additional active circuits. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is also the first work to demonstrate the capacitive input in a high-speed CTDSM, without using chopping.
The Necessary Nine: Design Principles for Embodied VR and Active Stem Education.

This chapter explores the two profound affordances of VR for learning; namely (1) the sense of presence attendant with immersive VR, and (2) the active learning associated with movement/gestures in a three-dimensional virtual world. The chapter highlights several theories supporting embodied education and two examples of mediated STEM lessons which have been designed to maximize active learning. The first example explores the journey of redesign when a 2D tablet game is transformed into a 3D immersive VR lesson. The second example optimizes the new generation of hand controllers in VR and uses constructivism as the primary design foundation. The chapter ends with a set of optimal design principles for immersive VR in STEM education. The most important are called the Necessary Nine.
Two's company, three (or more) is a simplex

The language of graph theory, or network science, has proven to be an exceptional tool for addressing myriad problems in neuroscience. Yet, the use of networks is predicated on a critical simplifying assumption: that the quintessential unit of interest in a brain is a dyad --- two nodes (neurons or brain regions) connected by an edge. While rarely mentioned, this fundamental assumption inherently limits the types of neural structure and function that graphs can be used to model. Here, we describe a generalization of graphs that overcomes these limitations, thereby offering a broad range of new possibilities in terms of modeling and measuring neural phenomena. Specifically, we explore the use of simplicial complexes: a structure developed in the field of mathematics known as algebraic topology, of increasing applicability to real data due to a rapidly growing computational toolset. We review the underlying mathematical formalism as well as the budding literature applying simplicial complexes to neural data, from electrophysiological recordings in animal models to hemodynamic fluctuations in humans. Based on the exceptional flexibility of the tools and recent ground-breaking insights into neural function, we posit that this framework has the potential to eclipse graph theory in unraveling the fundamental mysteries of cognition.
Career Construction Counselling with Women Through a Feminist Lens

The purpose of this chapter is to consider the use of career construction counselling with women through a feminist counselling lens. To gain a clearer understanding of the significance of the topic, the first part of the chapter begins with an overview of the global gender gap, especially in relation to work. Additionally, the authors provide a case study to offer context and facilitate application of concepts throughout the chapter. The second part of the chapter provides information regarding various career barriers faced by women, and applies that information to the case study in an effort to sensitize readers to potential issues. The third part of the chapter attends to feminist counselling and the imperative to understand and honor intersectionality, and again applies this information to the case study. The fourth part integrates a feminist counselling lens with career construction for women and helps the reader consider implications regarding the case study, after which the chapter is concluded.
Virtual path assignment in atm networks

In this thesis, we address the problem of assigning virtual paths in Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks. Virtual Path (VP) Assignment is an important resource and traffic management activity in ATM networks. By using the VP concept, the logical layout of the network can be administered to minimize the total network cost to the provider and to achieve specified quality of service (QoS) for users. We formulate the VP Assignment problem as a constrained optimization problem; the objective function to be minimized reflects processing/control costs at nodes and transmission costs between nodes. The blocking probability quality of service (QoS) requirements and overall throughput of the network are taken into consideration in the solution process as constraints. Since the solution space is complex, we first develop a deterministic, iterative heuristic algorithm (VPA-F) to reach a “near-optimal” VP configuration for a given physical network and traffic demand with fixed-routes. The VPA-F algorithm assumes that connection routes in the physical network are given. The Multi-Rate Loss Network model is used in the calculation of connection-level blocking probabilities. An innovative VP capacity allocation procedure is designed based on max-min fairness principle in order to meet the accuracy and computation-time goals. The heuristic algorithm is expanded to include the assignment of variable connection routes. The connection routing is incorporated into the optimization algorithm (VPA) by applying a rerouting heuristic for traffic streams. Results of runs of the VPA-F algorithm are presented, for various forms of the objective function and constraints. The minimum number of VP hops objective is found to be the most suitable for a fixed capacity network. The VPA algorithm (with variable connection routing) is tested with this objective function, and its performance is compared to VPA-F.
Persistent Mixed Donor Chimerism following Double Umbilical Cord Transplantation in a Patient with T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia.

T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare and aggressive postthymic T-cell neoplasm with an associated survival time of 1 year when left untreated. Current standard of care for T-PLL is with alemtuzumab, followed by allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplant. Little is found in the literature about alternative donor transplantation in T-PLL. Here, we present the case of a patient treated with double umbilical cord blood transplantation, which resulted in initial complete remission. An unusual outcome of this case is that coengraftment of both cords was established. After 16 months, the patient had relapse of the disease, unfortunately, prompting treatment with alemtuzumab and pentostatin, which resulted in remission once again. Here, we report a unique phenomenon whereby single-cord dominance occurred after treatment with these agents, suggesting that anti-T-cell therapy after transplant may help achieve single-unit dominance. A second relapse of the disease occurred six months thereafter, ultimately resulting in the patient’s death, highlighting the aggressive nature of this disease.
Galen's Wounds: Dissolutions and the Theoretical Structure of Galen's Disease Taxonomy

Galen conceives of wounds, fractures, and similar conditions as belonging to one of the highest genera in his taxonomy of disease. This classification is puzzling, as much from an ancient Greco-Roman perspective as from a contemporary one. In what sense are wounds and other injuries diseases? The classification appears more perplexing in light of Galen9s method of conceptual analysis, which takes ordinary language use as a starting point. What, then, motivated Galen9s departure from common Greek conceptions of disease? This article examines the class of disease that Galen called “dissolutions of continuity” in the broader context of his system of nosological definition and classification. It concludes that Galen9s analysis of wounds is driven by his theory of causation, and by his localization of disease and its mechanism inside the body, a conceptualization typical of Greco-Roman medical writing. This conclusion sheds further light on Galen9s method of disease classification and the role of dissolutions within it.
Proactive interference apraxic agraphia: a writing and drawing disorder associated with corticobasal syndrome.

Proactive interference is when a previously performed task impairs performance on a current task. It is often associated with memory tasks and has not been reported to interfere with writing or dra...
Traffic and granular flow: the role of data and technology in the understanding of particle dynamics

From individual Connected and Automated vehicles (CAVs) to system-level Smart City applications, technology is playing a more dominant role in research associated with traffic and granular flow mod...
Logistic Regression: A Step by Step Solution Using Microsoft Excel

While knowledge of statistical and predictive analytical software is valued by the business community, it is assumed that business students have had extensive hands-on experience with Microsoft Excel and can be immediately productive with spreadsheets when walking in for their first day of work! This tutorial provides additional Microsoft Excels skills by showing how to create a logistic regression classification model, used in many business fields, from an intuitive perspective. The Solver nonlinear optimization Microsoft Excel add-in is used to derive the maximum likelihood estimates of the model coefficients. Model validation and performance are also completed with Microsoft Excel. Students are exposed to a wider view of optimization, and why it is at the heart of most machine learning algorithms. Student learning assessments from undergraduate and graduate classes are included to support our findings.
What lifestyle factors predict depressive symptoms? A longitudinal assessment among permanent supportive housing residents

The first aim was to determine if four lifestyle behaviors (i.e., vegetable/fruit intake, physical activity, tobacco use, and alcohol use) predicted depressive symptoms among permanent supportive housing (PSH) residents. The second aim was to determine if the effect of lifestyle factors on depressive symptoms depended on the participants’ level of social support. Participants were 420 adults enrolled in a technology-assisted health coaching program for PSH residents with symptoms of a mental health condition. A longitudinal analysis was conducted utilizing the screening/baseline, six-month, and twelve-month visit timepoints. The four lifestyle behaviors were included as predictors, and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9] scores) was the outcome variable. Potential confounding variables included social support and satisfaction with leisure activities. Additional covariates included age, sex, race, and visit timepoint. Social support was also evaluated as a potential effect modifier. In the adjusted analysis, moderate alcohol consumption predicted lower depressive symptoms compared with heavy alcohol consumption (b = −1.54, p = .01). However, the difference in depressive symptoms between non-consumption and heavy consumption of alcohol was not statistically significant (b = −0.76, p = .07). Vegetable and fruit intake, physical activity, and tobacco use were not statistically significant predictors of depressive symptoms. Social support was not a statistically significant effect modifier. Moderate alcohol consumption may reduce the risk of having depressive symptoms among PSH residents. Interventions among PSH residents should consider approaches to reduce heavy alcohol consumption to moderate alcohol consumption to lower depressive symptoms in this population.
Organic electrochemical transistors – from device models to a targeted design of materials

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are highly versatile in terms of their form factor, fabrication approach that can be applied, and freedom in the choice of substrate material. Their ability to transduce ionic into electric signals and the use of bio-compatible organic materials makes them ideally suited for a wide range of applications, in particular in areas where electronic circuits are interfaced with biologic matter. OECT technology has attracted widespread interest in recent years, which has been accompanied by a steady increase in its performance. However, this progress was mainly driven by device optimization and less by targeting the design of new device geometries and OECT materials. To narrow this gap, this review provides an overview on the different device models that are used to explain the underlying physics governing the steady and transient behavior of OECTs. We show how the models can be used to identify synthetic targets to produce higher performing OECT materials and summarize recently reported materials classes. Overall, a road-map of future research in new device models and material design is presented summarizing the most pressing open questions in the understanding of OECTs.
Long-term vascular access for infants with moderate to severe osteogenesis imperfecta.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder that causes skeletal fragility. For the most fragile infants and young children with OI, intravenous (IV) bisphosphonate administration is essential, but IV access attempts often cause fractures. Port-a-caths help prevent these events, but some surgeons are hesitant to insert these devices in these infants due to lack of data on their safety. Retrospective study of pediatric patients with OI who underwent port-a-cath placement from 1999 to 2018; incidence of complications such as infection and thrombosis and need for reoperation or replacement are described. Port-a-caths were placed in 17 patients with OI (median age, 8 mos [5–23 mos]; median weight, 5.8 kg [3.96–9.08 kg]) and remained in place for a median of 53.5 mos (10–127 mos). One port-a-cath was replaced because of thrombosis. Two port-a-caths were removed because of malfunction, one for skin erosion, and one for infection. In these five cases, replacement was not needed because patients could safely tolerate IV access. Two patients have their port-a-cath in place and the remaining ten patients had theirs removed electively as it was no longer needed. Port-a-cath placement in pediatric patients with OI is safe and efficacious for durable central access, enabling reliable IV bisphosphonate delivery and reducing iatrogenic trauma.
Cross-sectional and prospective associations of drinking characteristics with scores from the Self-Report of the Effects of Alcohol questionnaire and findings from alcohol challenges.

Author(s): Schuckit, Marc A; Smith, Tom L; Clarke, Dennis F | Abstract: BackgroundData from 2ngenerations of participants in the San Diego Prospective Study (SDPS) were used to compare cross-sectional and prospective relationships of 5nmeasures of the low level of response (low LR) to alcohol to 2nkey alcohol-related outcomes.MethodsThe analyses used data from 373 SDPS male probands and 158nmale and female offspring of these individuals to evaluate relationships of 5 LR measures to the prior 5-year maximum drinks per occasion and the number of 11 DSM-IV alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria experienced. Probands' LR measures included responses to alcohol challenges administered 15nyears previously, and ratings for both generations included measures of the number of standard drinks during four periods: the first five times of drinking (SRE-5), the prior three drinking months (SRE-3), the period of heaviest drinking (SRE-H), and a total average across all time frames (SRE-T). Analyses included zero-order correlations, correlations using covariates, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses.ResultsAll 5 LR measures were correlated with aspects of maximum drinks and the number of AUD criteria, but the most robust results were seen for SRE-3 and maximum drinks. Correlations were less consistent for SRE-5, a measure more closely related to outcomes in the offspring. Hierarchical regression analyses supported most of these conclusions and showed that alcohol challenge-based LRs added significant information regarding maximum drinks even when evaluated with SRE values. The close correlation between SRE-H and SRE-T argues against the need for studies to include both measures. The patterns of results were similar irrespective of whether covariates were included.ConclusionsThere were significant correlations of maximum drinks and the number of AUD criteria with findings from prior alcohol challenges and all SRE scores. Challenges and SRE reports are related but not identical LR measures. All SRE scores, including SRE-5, offered useful information regarding subsequent drinking behavior.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 1971 to 1979

This chapter provides a review of the work on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli that was undertaken in Stanley’s lab in the 1970s. Stanley's interest in the extrachromosomal nature of enterotoxin genes was undoubtedly a result of the interplay between his clinical microbiology background and his episome work in a lab studying bacterial gastroenteritis (at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research). Working on enterotoxin plasmids was therefore a natural extension of these interests. The classic approach was to isolate plasmid mutations and then correlate a particular protein with an LT phenotype (the expression or absence of LT in cells harboring a mutated plasmid). The approach was analogous in a way to the one Maggie had used to identify Ent plasmids in mating experiments when a number of plasmids were present. Nature actually did the first cloning experiment by placing the toxin genes on plasmids, and the authors used the knowledge of plasmids gained by previous students to study these virulence determinants; eventually, they did their own recombinant DNA experiments and cloned the genes to smaller plasmids. The transposon work with Tni led to the development of a plasmid to clone the ST gene, and later, the ST gene was shown to be part of a transposon.
Articular Cartilage: Structural and Developmental Intricacies and Questions

Articular cartilage has obvious and fundamental roles in joint function and body movement. Much is known about its organization, extracellular matrix, and phenotypic properties of its cells, but less is known about its developmental biology. Incipient articular cartilage in late embryos and neonates is a thin tissue with scanty matrix and small cells, while adult tissue is thick and zonal and contains large cells and abundant matrix. What remains unclear is not only how incipient articular cartilage forms, but how it then grows and matures into a functional, complex, and multifaceted structure. This review focuses on recent and exciting discoveries on the developmental biology and growth of articular cartilage, frames them within the context of classic studies, and points to lingering questions and research goals. Advances in this research area will have significant relevance to basic science, and also considerable translational value to design superior cartilage repair and regeneration strategies.
Hedge Fund Investment Through Piecewise Linear Regression and Optimization

It is conjectured that the size of a hedge fund has some impact on its return. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between them and apply the results to construct an investment model. We first implement a learning algorithm to construct a piecewise linear regression model which shows that a fund's AUM (Asset Under Management) has different effects in different situations on its return. Then, with consideration of the various scenarios, we propose a robust optimization model to maximize the expected profit. Finally, we present the computational results that illustrate the strength of our two-stage procedure.
Research to Policy for Guiding Educational Reform

McCombs illustrates how research in educational psychology is often translated to educational practice and policy, with a particular reference to how teachers can be informed by research to modify and enhance their classroom and instructional procedures. She describes the Learner-Centered Psychological Principles compiled by the APA Board of Educational Affairs (1997), a set of practice principles for educational policy and restructuring. These principles are used to provide an overview of practices based on critical and credible psychological research and theory that are applicable to learning in educational contexts. Also outlined are significant contributions of educational psychologists to the development of local and national education policies and current educational reforms. Keywords: educational policy; educational psychology; educational reform; educational research; learning principles
Migrating Application Integrations

The internal functionality of middleware is highly variable and thus, well-constructed integrations are difficult to perform without understanding the architectural style of the middleware and the adaptive connections needed make components in an application integration “middleware-aware.” In this paper, we use IBM’s WebSphere® MQ to implement two different architectural styles of integration: request/reply and publish/subscribe. The middleware supports both approaches by using different configurations of controlling, routing, and translating functionality within the connectors. By explicitly describing the component connectors attached to the middleware, we discuss the trade-offs that exist between centralized solutions in which the middleware is responsible for the majority of the integration functionality and localized solutions, in which application connectors are responsible for integration to the largest extent possible.
The Cosmological Many-Body Problem and Some of Its Observational Implications

Some basic physical properties of the cosmological many-body problem are discussed and the successes and limitations of its applicability to galaxy clustering are reviewed, especially regarding recent observations of high redshift clustering.
The Touro University-Nevada Virtual Library Experience

Most established academic medical libraries across North America employ some electronic resources to complement their massive book collections. Touro University-Nevada, a new medical university in Henderson with a College of Osteopathic Medicine and Physician Assistant program, opened its doors with a virtual library fully outfitted with electronic resources and a tiny reserve book collection. This paper describes the process of building the virtual library in seven weeks and opening it just in time for the arriving students.
The Theory of Taxation and Public Economics

Preface xvii CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 PART I: FRAMEWORK CHAPTER 2: An Integrated View 13 CHAPTER 3: The Social Objective 35 PART II: OPTIMAL TAXATION CHAPTER 4: Optimal Income Taxation 53 CHAPTER 5: Elaboration and Extensions 80 CHAPTER 6: Income and Commodity Taxation 122 PART III: GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES CHAPTER 7: Transfer Payments 151 CHAPTER 8: Goods and Services 179 PART IV: ADDITIONAL ASPECTS OF TAXATION CHAPTER 9: Taxation of Capital 221 CHAPTER 10: Taxation of Transfers 249 CHAPTER 11: Taxation and Social Security 275 CHAPTER 12: Taxation of Families 315 PART V: DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE AND SOCIAL WELFARE CHAPTER 13: Welfare 347 CHAPTER 14: Social Welfare Function 370 CHAPTER 15: Other Normative Criteria 391 CHAPTER 16: Conclusion 407 References 417 Index 455
AGENT-BASED MODELING OF MULTILEVEL SELECTION: THE EVOLUTION OF FEEDING RESTRAINT AS A CASE STUDY

Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1109, Email:bsmuts@umich.eduAbstract. Evolutionary biologists are increasinglyinterested in the dynamics of multilevel selection,or selection acting simultaneously at more thanone level in a hierarchy of reproducing entities(e.g., gene, chromosome, organelle, cell,organism, social group, multi-species community).Systems of linear equations are the usual tool forstudying evolution, but are limited in their abilityto capture important dynamics of multilevelselection. Here we use an agent-based model tostudy the evolution of cooperation in spatiallystructured populations. This work addresses thelong-standing controversy over the role of “groupselection”, or natural selection between versuswithin groups of interacting individuals. In anecologically plausible setting, cooperativeindividuals with lower rates of food consumptioncompete reproductively against selfish individualswith higher rates of consumption. The resultsshow that changing the spatial distribution of food,and thus the distribution of the individuals seekingit, can determine whether or not cooperationevolves. In this model cooperation evolved undera fairly wide range of parameter values, evenwithout the kinship effects and discrete mixingphase that are sometimes thought to be necessary.We suggest that integrating equation-basedanalysis tools into agent-based models is apowerful way to study selection in systems withcomplex dynamics.I
Finite strain elastoplasticity considering the Eshelby stress for materials undergoing plastic volume change

Abstract In consideration of materials capable of undergoing significant plastic changes in volume, an alternative finite strain hyper-elastoplastic constitutive framework is proposed in terms of the Eshelby stress. Taking a phenomenological point of view, a thermodynamically-consistent approach to developing the constitutive equations is presented and discussed. Various Eshelby-like stresses are defined and shown to be energy-conjugate to the plastic velocity gradient, and a general framework is formulated in the stress-free/plastically-deformed intermediate configuration associated with the multiplicative split of the deformation gradient, as well as the current configuration. A novel Eshelby-like stress measure is proposed, which is scaled by the elastic Jacobian, and is shown to be energy-conjugate to the plastic velocity gradient in the spatial representation. Modified Cam–Clay and Drucker–Prager cap plasticity constitutive equations are introduced, and large strain isotropic compression simulations are performed and compared with experimental measurements. The model results are compared with standard approaches formulated in terms of the Mandel and Kirchhoff stresses, which are shown to require the assumption of isochoric plasticity to satisfy the Clausius Planck inequality (Mandel) and preserve that the intermediate configuration remains stress-free (Kirchhoff). The simulations show that both the material and spatial Eshelby-like stress measures presented here produce the same mean Cauchy stress results; whereas, standard formulations, which make use of isochoric plasticity assumptions, diverge from each other at significant plastic volume strains. Standard formulations are further shown to violate the second law of thermodynamics under certain loading conditions. Calibration of model parameters to high pressure isotropic compression of Boulder clay is used to compare the various models.
Changes in teacher-student relationships

Background. Although teacher–student relationships lie at the heart of students’ schooling experience, fundamental questions regarding these relationships remain unanswered. Aims. This study investigates three related questions about these relationships: To what extent do they change from the beginning to the end of a school year? Are any emergent changes associated with shifts in students’ academic or motivational outcomes? Are certain ‘upstream’ factors associated with improvements or declines in teacher–student relationships? Sample. We investigate these questions with a sample of middle school students (N = 119) and their teachers (N = 30). Methods. Through a novel approach which accounts for both perspectives within teacher–student relationships, we assess these relationships at the beginning and end of the school year. Using multi-level models, we examine how changes in these relationships are associated with changes in students’ grades, homework completion rates, self-efficacy, and effort. In addition, we examine associations with two potential precursors to teacher–student relationships: students’ accuracy in taking their teachers’ perspective and their perceptions of similarity to their teachers. Results. We find that substantial changes occur in these relationships from the beginning to the end of the year; these changes are associated with shifts in important student outcomes; and changes in students’ social perspective taking accuracy and perceived similarity to their teachers correspond with changes in teacher–student relationships. Conclusions. Given the malleability of teacher–student relationships and their importance for key achievement and motivational outcomes, we advocate for researchers to conduct field experiments to inform how to improve these critical relationships.
SU‐FF‐J‐36: Efficient 4D Treatment Planning Using CT Datasets Synthesized Via Deformable Image Registration

Purpose: 4D treatment planning is often a time‐intensive process, requiring a series of procedures on multiple (up to 10) CT‐datasets. We hypothesize that more efficient strategies exist for lungcancer, 4D planning, and that dosimetrically, these methods are equivalent to plans based on the typical 4D process. Method and Materials: Three strategies were tested: (a) Exhale and Inhale CT‐datasets were registered using deformable image registration (ITK “demons”) and the resulting displacement vector field (DVF) was used to “synthesize” 8 additional CT datasets, at equally spaced phases between inhale and exhale. A single dataset, based on average CT‐number of the 10 datasets was then generated for planning purposes, CTAVE_SYN . (b) Ten CT‐datasets were retrospectively reconstructed during a patient 4D scan, and an average dataset was generated for planning purposes, CTAVE_4D . (c) Dose is computed on each of the ten datasets independently, dose accumulation is performed (trilinear interpolation), to yield a “warped” 4D, benchmark dataset, CTWARPED_4D . A step‐and‐shoot IMRT plan was developed and applied to the CTAVE_SYN , CTAVE_4D , and CTWARPED_4D datasets. Dose calculations were performed using Monte Carlo (BEAMnrc/DOSXYZnrc) integrated with Pinnacle. Doses were mapped to the reference image dataset (end‐exhale) for dosimetric comparison. Results: PTV and ITV mean doses generated using the CTAVE_SYN and CTAVE_4D datasets agreed within 0.5% of each other. Mean doses generated using CTWARPED_4D agreed with the CTAVE_SYN and CTAVE_4D datasets within 1% and 1.5% for the ITV and PTV, respectively. Biological dose indices, including EUD (ITV and PTV), and NTCP and mean lung dose (normal lungtissue) were within 1% agreement for treatment plans using all 3 datasets. Conclusion: Results are suggestive that 2 CT‐datasets used to synthesize an average 4D dataset (via a DVF and CT‐number averaging) may be a feasible approach, offering the potential for improved efficiency in the lungcancer 4D planning process. Acknowledgement_NIH‐R01CA106770
Physical characteristics of mitochondrial membrane protein dissolved in chloroform-methanol.

Abstract Polystyrene fractions of known narrow molecular weight ranges have been used to characterise methylated Sephadex G-75 and G-100, which have previously been shown to separate the protein components of mitochondrial membranes dissolved in chloroform-methanol. The membrane proteins behave as compact globular macromolecules on gel filtration in chloroform-methanol. Optical rotatory dispersion studies show the protein components have 50% α-helicity which agrees well with recent estimates of the α-helix content of whole membranes. However, viscosity studies indicate that the membrane proteins cannot exist as impermeable spheres which is the form of water-soluble globular proteins.
Ferromagnetic resonance of precipitated phases in natural glasses

Abstract This paper describes the practical application of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in characterizing the iron-rich precipitates commonly occurring in natural glasses. Following a capsule introduction to the principles of FMR powder pattern analysis, some new results for obsidians and Mount St Helens ash are briefly presented. Attention is later drawn to the critical influences of gas-phase equilibria in determining the natures of the precipitated phases in fine particulate glasses, and it is demonstrated that synthetic “natural glass analogues” can be important aids in interpreting the FMR spectra of natural samples. An extensive discussion of the ferromagnetic phases in lunar glasses of both volcanic and micrometeoroid-impact origins is built largerly upon elements of the author's previously published and unpublished work, and suggestions are offered for future FMR studies of these materials. Finally, an appendix compares two methods of thermomagnetic analysis based on FMR and contrasts these with the results of more classical techniques.
EFFECT OF THE GONADOTROPIC SUBSTANCE OF PREGNANT MARE’S SERUM ON THE BLOOD PLASMA-ASCORBIC ACID OF THE BOVINE

THE FINDINGS OF Biskind and Glick (1), Ley (2), Phillips et al (3, 4), Winkler and Binder (5) and Israel and Meranze (6) during the past decade have presented evidence which is strongly suggestive of the importance of ascorbic acid in reproduction. Erb and Andrews (7), reported that the subcutaneous injection of equine gonadotropin in the male and female bovine resulted in a decrease of blood plasma-ascorbic acid of 20 to 67 per cent within 24 hours. The recovery of pre-injection ascorbic acid levels required 8 to 10 days in the cow and longer in the bull unless vitamin C was subcutaneously injected. Erb and Andrews suggested that this drop in plasma-ascorbic acid might be responsible for the frequent failure of gonadotropins to produce satisfactory gonad stimulation. Di Cio and Schteingart (8) simultaneously reported that the injection of ascorbic acid in conjunction with gonadotropin caused a greater effect on the genitalia of both the male and female rat than did the gonadotropic hormone alone.
Mandates, Powers, and Policies

Elections provide a mandate to pursue a set of policies. Party label provides a concise ideological cue for voters to choose among candidates, and research on industrial democracies verifies a link between the parties voters elect and subsequent policy outcomes. The combination of inchoate party systems and economic vulnerability elsewhere may weaken the link between voter choice and policy. When examining economic policies in Latin America, there is some controversy as to whether governments carried out “reform by surprise”—promising one thing during a campaign while implementing another in office. We test whether the ideological reputations of executives’ and legislators’ parties explain whether they adopt market-oriented policies. We find that the future behavior of presidential candidates is difficult for voters to predict. However, the ideological reputation of legislators is a reliable predictor of policy outcomes, and the relationship is clarified by the prospects of collective action by legislative delegations.
Calculation of surface wave motions due to a subsurface point force: An application of elastodynamic reciprocity

The elastodynamic reciprocity theorem for two time-harmonic elastodynamic states of the same body is used to determine the surface wave motions generated by a subsurface point load of arbitrary direction in an isotropic, homogeneous, elastic half-space. The actual surface wave motions due to the point load expressed in a suitably general form represent one of the states, while the other one is an appropriately selected auxiliary solution consisting of incoming and outgoing surface waves. A direct application of the reciprocity theorem yields the desired information on the generated surface wave motion.
Coherent radio emission from pulsars

Our knowledge of radio pulsars is reviewed with particular emphasis on properties of radio emission that are relevant to an understanding of the emission mechanism. We discuss the tendency for emission to occur in two orthogonal modes of polarization, observational limits on the location of the emission region, and the issue of whether coherence is established by a broadband or a narrowband mechanism.
Finite-amplitude acoustic-gravity waves: exact solutions

We consider strongly nonlinear waves in fluids in a uniform gravity field, and demonstrate that an incompressible wave motion, in which pressure remains constant in each fluid parcel, is supported by compressible fluids with free and rigid boundaries. We present exact analytic solutions of nonlinear hydrodynamics equations which describe the incompressible wave motion. The solutions provide an extension of the Gerstner wave in an incompressible fluid with a free boundary to waves in compressible three-dimensionally inhomogeneous moving fluids such as oceans and planetary atmospheres.
The phase relationship among compounds Ba1+xFe2S4

Abstract The dependence of composition of the phases Ba1+xFe2S4 on sulfur vapor pressure and starting composition was investigated at 650, 747, and 800°C. The infinitely adaptive series Ba1+xFe2S4 spans the compositions 0.072 ≤ x ≤ 0.142. The value of x decreases as the sulfur vapor pressure increases at a given temperature. Varying the ratio of Ba Fe in the starting mixture has no effect on the Ba1+xFe2S4-sulfur fugacity relationship. The phase BaFe2S4 is not part of the infinitely adaptive series.
Is it possible to record the retinal after-image on a hologram?

Abstract Assuming that the reflection properties of the retina vary somewhat during or shortly after the projection of an image onto the retina, it might be possible to get an objective record of the after-image by means of double-exposure holography.
THE CONSUMER INFORMATION OVERLOAD CONTROVERSY AND PUBLIC POLICY

It is widely believed that providing consumers with more product information produces “overload” and leads to confusion and poorer quality consumer decisions. The existence of a consumer information overload phenomenon has been used by marketers and others to argue against regulations and legislation mandating additional consumer information provision. The belief that a consumer information overload phenomenon exists is based largely on misinterpretations of research findings. The present paper reviews the consumer information overload research literature and concludes that existing research data support the contention that provision of more information, rather than producing overload, actually improves consumer decision making. Implications of the information overload research controversy for consumer policy makers are discussed.
Age-related changes in the periodontium of pigtail monkeys.

Age-related changes in the periodontia of maxillary lateral incisors were studied in the pigtail monkey (Macaca nemestrina). Transverse sections were obtained from the crestal and apical middle third of the roots from specimens of ages 3 and 4 years (N = 2), 10 years (N = 3), and 20 years (N=3). With increasing age, the roots migrated toward the labial cortical plate, resulting in the development of a bony root prominence on the labial periosteal surface. Quantitative histomorphometric measurements in conjunction with analysis of variance were used to isolate the effects of age and section level on the parameters of interest. The areas of the alveolar socket and cementum increased significantly with age, as did cemental thickness. The width of cementum on the lingual surface was significantly greater than the width on the other surfaces, probably as a response to the labial migration of the tooth. The width and relative area of the periodontal ligament space decreased significantly with age, suggesting that the deposition of cementum proceeded at a rate slightly greater than that at which the socket was enlarging. The number of blood vessels in each quadrant of the periodontal ligament were counted, and no significant difference was found among the different age groups. There were, however, significantly more blood vessels in sections from the crestal third than in those from the apical third of the roots.
The Irrational Nature of Choice: A New Model for Advising Undecided Students?

This article examines advising undecided students in today's information age. Long established cultural paradigms associated with decision making are presented and challenged. A new model which adv...
Stability of urine creatinine.

The measurement of urinary creatinine is important in many situations, but perhaps most important when measuring the urinary content of substances other than creatinine. Because urine flow changes unpredictably during the day, but total creatinine output is generally constant, many investigators normalize their results to creatinine content (i.e. mg chromium/mg creatinine). Because the widespread use of creatinine levels make the reliability of their measurement important, we decided to test this by studying the effects of storage time and temperature on urine specimens obtained from 10 healthy adults. Our results showed that only prolonged storage time at high temperatures (30 days, 55 degrees C) could cause significant decreases in urine creatinine levels. When stored for 2 days at 55 degrees C the decrease in urine creatinine levels was < 3%. We conclude that in all but extreme cases urine creatinine is virtually unaffected by storage time and temperature.
Using NMR to measure fractal dimensions.

A Comment on the Letter by Frank Stallmach et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 105505 (2002). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
A theoretical model for nuclepore filters including hydrodynamic and molecular wall interaction effects

A new theoretical model for a nuclepore filter is proposed whose basic streamline pattern corresponds to I.L. Manton's (Atmos. Environ. 12, 1669 (1978)) solutions to the low Re flow equations for a periodic array of pores with fully developed Poiseuille entrance velocity profiles. The analysis differs fundamentally from previous theoretical models in that the hydrodhynamic interaction of the particle with the entrance geometry of the pores and that effect of molecular level electrostatic and electrodynamic forces on the collection efficiency of the pores are considered in addiion to particle inertial effects. The influences of the pore porosity and the ratio of particle-pore radius on the collection efficiency on the filter are also examined. This study, which complements our previous analysis for an isolated single pore (Y. Wang, J. Kao, S. Weinbaum, and R. Pfeffer, Chem. Eng. Sci. 41, 2845 (1986)), provides a rational explanation for the capture of particles along the walls of the filter when the infinite viscous forces required to drain the fluid between the particle and wall is considered. The theory also predicts that particles with finite inertia have low and high angle trajectories that cross one another and thus a multiple range of solutions for particle capture by the wall is obtained.