cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract B52: HIF-ZMYND8-BRD4 axis mediates breast cancer progression and metastasis

Metastatic breast cancer is lethal and incurable. The major obstacle to ending this aggressive disease is the absence of definitive prognostic biomarker and effective therapeutic target. Epigenetic dysregulation plays a crucial role in breast cancer metastasis. However, how epigenetic dysregulation under tumor hypoxia stimulates breast cancer progression and metastasis remains unknown. We recently identified the epigenetic reader ZMYND8 as a novel HIF target gene by analyzing expression changes of 720 epigenetic genes in three microarray gene expression and mRNA sequencing datasets. Analysis of a human breast cancer tissue microarray revealed that ZMYND8 is highly expressed in invasive breast tumors and high levels of ZMYND8 are significantly correlated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with breast cancer. ZMYND8 depletion significantly suppresses colony formation, invasion, and migration of breast cancer cells in vitro, and inhibits breast tumor growth and metastasis in mice. To figure out the underlying mechanism, we performed co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and quantitative PCR assays and found that ZMYND8 interacts with HIF complex and acetyl lysine 16 of histone H3 at the hypoxia response elements (HREs) to stimulate the expression of HIF target genes LOX, AGR2, AQP1, and VEGFA. HIF is required for ZMYND8-mediated breast cancer growth and metastasis in mice. We further found that p300 binds and acetylates ZMYND8 in breast cancer cells. Acetylated ZMYND8 interacts with the bromodomains of BRD4 and recruits BRD4 to the HREs to stimulate RNA polymerase II phosphorylation and subsequent transcriptional elongation of HIF target genes. ZMYND8 acetylation is necessary and sufficient for breast tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in mice. Together, these findings indicate that p300-acetylated ZMYND8 mediates breast cancer progression and metastasis by BRD4-dependent activation of HIF. In summary, ZMYND8 represents a positive-feedback mechanism that amplifies HIF-mediated breast cancer progression and metastasis, and may be a potential epigenetic target for the prognosis and treatment of breast cancer. Citation Format: Yan Chen, Bo Zhang, Lei Bao, Lai Jin, Mingming Yang, Yan Peng, Jennifer Wang, Chenliang Wang, Xuan Zou, Yingfei Wang, Weibo Luo. HIF-ZMYND8-BRD4 axis mediates breast cancer progression and metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2017 Oct 7-10; Hollywood, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2018;16(8_Suppl):Abstract nr B52.
Reproducibility of brain MRS in older healthy adults at 7T

To date, the majority of MRS reproducibility studies have been conducted in healthy younger adults, with only a few conducted in older adults at 3 T. With the growing interest in applying MRS methods to study the longitudinal course and effects of treatments in neurodegenerative disease, it is important to establish reproducibility in age-matched controls, especially in older individuals. In this study, spectroscopic data were acquired using a stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) localization technique in two regions (anterior and posterior cingulate cortices-ACC, PCC, respectively) in 10 healthy, cognitively normal older adults (64 ± 8.1 years). Reproducibility was assessed via mean coefficients of variation (CVs) and relative differences (RDs) calculated across two visits performed 2-3 months apart. Metabolites with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) such as NAA, tCho, and Glu had mean CVs of 10% or less and mean RDs of 15% or less across both regions. Metabolites with lower SNR such as GABA and Gln had slightly higher mean CVs of 22% or less and mean RDs of 27% or less across both regions. These results demonstrate the feasibility of acquiring MRS data at 7 T in older subjects, and establish that the spectroscopic data are reproducible in both the ACC and PCC in older, healthy subjects to the same extent as in previous studies in young subjects.
Correlates of sun protection behaviors in racially and ethnically diverse U.S. adults

Abstract Although skin cancer incidence is highest among non-Hispanic Whites, minority populations are often diagnosed with more advanced stage disease and are more likely to experience poor outcomes. Fewer people of color do not practice primary prevention of skin cancer according to recommendations, but public health education and interventions to promote sun protection behaviors have consistently targeted non-Hispanic Whites. This study examines performance of sun protection behaviors in a multiethnic sample and whether demographic, lifestyle and psychosocial predictors of these behaviors differ by race and ethnicity. In this study, a probability-based sample of 1742 adults completed an online survey in 2015. Main outcomes of interest included sunscreen use, wearing a sleeved shirt, and seeking shade. We stratified the sample into racial/ethnic groups (White, Black, Hispanic, Asian) and investigated demographic, lifestyle and psychosocial correlates of these behaviors in each group. Differences in adjusted estimates from each behavior-specific model were tested across strata. Racial/ethnic groups were significantly different in regards to sunscreen use and wearing a sleeved shirt, but similarly engaged in seeking shade. Results from multivariate ordered logistic regression models for each behavior revealed important demographic, lifestyle and psychosocial predictors and the importance of some demographic correlates varied between racial/ethnic groups. This study provides insight into the practice and correlates of skin cancer prevention among a multiethnic sample. Our findings suggest that targeting public health education efforts and interventions to promote sun protection in minority populations may be a beneficial approach to addressing heightened skin cancer morbidity and mortality in these groups.
Ideological Think Tanks and the Politics of College Affordability in the States

Americans are increasingly divided in their views on higher education, often in alignment with their political affiliations. This study examines how perspectives on one of the most pressing issues ...
Long run agricultural land expansion, booms and busts

Abstract Agricultural land expansion is a prominent feature in today’s developing countries. It is associated with a structural pattern of land use in many remote land-abundant regions where large-scale commercial primary product activities coexist with increased concentration of smallholders in more marginal areas. The result may be boom-bust cycles of development. If these phenomena are widespread across developing countries, then long-run expansion of agricultural land could be associated with lower levels of real income per capita, which may also fluctuate with prolonged expansion. A panel analysis conducted over 1961–2015 for 98 developing economies fails to reject this hypothesis. Policies should aim to decouple socio-economic gains through agricultural development from continued land expansion, and greater investments are needed to support smallholder agriculture, land distribution and livelihoods in these areas.
A Novel Configuration of DC Link EMI Filter Capacitors in Variable Frequency Drives

Direct Current (DC) link electro-magnetic interference (EMI) suppression filter capacitors are normally connected between the DC bus positive and negative nodes to the Earth node in variable frequency drives (VFDs) to minimize voltage overshoots from power device switching action as well as to suppress the electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by the drive. With long motor leads, the switching of the inverter power devices generates high-frequency common-mode (CM) currents and overshoots in the DC bus to ground voltage. The DC link EMI filter capacitors not only provide a low impedance path for the high-frequency CM currents to return to the inverter, which significantly reduces conducted emissions of the VFD, but also reduce the peak DC bus to ground voltage.In this paper, a novel DC link EMI filter capacitor configuration is proposed for VFDs. This configuration can meet regulatory agency requirements for safety capacitors in VFDs with commercially available safety rated metallized polypropylene film (MPPF) capacitors. The configuration is shown to have similar suppression of EMI as prior art configurations but with reduced number of parts.
Thiophene-derivatized pyridine-biscarboxamide as a sensitizer for LnIII luminescence and 1O2 generation

Abstract Lanthanide ion (LnIII = GdIII, EuIII, NdIII, ErIII, and YbIII) complexes of 4-thiophen-3-yl-pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide (1Tcbx) were isolated and their photophysical properties explored. In acetonitrile, 1Tcbx sensitizes the visible and NIR-emitting LnIII (LnIII = EuIII, YbIII, NdIII, and ErIII) ions. Quantum yields of LnIII sensitization are φEu = 25%, φYb = 0.42%, φNd = 0.19%, and φEr = 0.01%. These luminescent complexes generate singlet oxygen (1O2) as well, which is monitored through its phosphorescence at 1270 nm. For the NdIII complex, the formation of 1O2 was masked by the intense 4F3/2 → 4I13/2 transition. The efficiency of 1O2 generation (φ1O2) was quantified for [Gd(1Tcbx)3]3+ at 12%.
Green Infrastructure Planning as a Climate Change and Risk Adaptation Tool in Coastal Urban Areas

Monteiro, R. and Ferreira, J.C., 2020. Green infrastructure planning as a climate change and risk adaptation tool in coastal urban areas. In: Malvarez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 889–893. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The green infrastructure of Setubal is an environmental and land management planning tool that recognizes the territorial ecological systems and guides in a sustainable way the occupation and transformation of the territory, and it was developed based on three main elements – georeferenced-based information, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the territory, and technical meetings. The green infrastructure of Setubal covers about 90% of the municipality – including urban areas –, 30% more than the land covered by other protected areas restrictions owned by the municipality – Arrabida Natural Park, Natural Reserve of Sado Estuary and Natura 2000 Network. As a climate change adaptation tool, this instrument promotes the development of measures that encourages citizens to adopt actions that contribute to the municipality's resilience.
Field Considerations for Deploying Additive Construction

While the additive construction printing systems and applications have grown in size, number and types, they represent and benefit specific needs of individual programs or business interests. Work of start-up companies, construction firms, and research institutions has focused on applications for the commercial construction industry. The development of printing systems are directly connected to the application. Each application requires a different range of mobility, from stationary machines to machines capable of being setup in minutes instead of hours. These printers are based on pre-existing equipment types including gantry, robotic arm, cable bot, and jib crane. Alternatively, this technology has clear applications for Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response (HADR) and military deployed operations. Unique requirements of these operations include the necessity for using highly deployable mobile printers with local or indigenous materials. The US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) has developed collapsible deployable printing systems, trained military personnel to independently operate these systems, and performed demonstrations using locally available materials with applicable reinforcing methods. The results of this work not only applies to military construction, but to the construction industry. Through larger demonstrations, CERL has started to confront the struggles that the industry faces. These challenges include continuous equipment operation and maintenance cycles, the development of printable mixes with variable local materials, the development of printing systems that can accommodate variations in materials, and applicable construction methods.
Linking Service Innovation to Technology Orientation in Govcon Firms

There is a limited research examining the drivers of service innovation in government contracting (GovCon) firms. This study investigates the role of technology orientation as an antecedent to inno...
Metallosupramolecular helices constructed from nickel(II) and multidentate “click” triazole ligands

Abstract A series of binuclear metallosupramolecular helices [Ni2L3]4+ has been synthesized from Ni(II) salts and bis(bidentate) pyridyltriazole or aminomethyltriazole ligands, separated by ortho- (o-xpt and o-xamt, respectively), meta- (m-xpt, m-xamt), and para-xylylene (p-xpt, p-xamt) spacers. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, ESI-MS, and in four cases, the structures confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The xpt and xamt ligands, derived by “click” reactions, exhibit similar bonding behavior regardless of modifications in their coordination pockets and spacer groups, forming triple-helical binuclear complexes with pseudo-octahedral geometry at Ni. The crystallographically characterized complexes show shorter Ni···Ni separations with the ortho spacer ([Ni2(o-xpt)3]4+, 9.332(2); [Ni2(o-xamt)3]4+, 8.9718(10) A) than with the para spacer ([Ni2(p-xpt)3]4+, 11.574(2); [Ni2(p-xamt)3]4+, 11.899(2), 11.924(2) A).
Discrete Dislocation Dynamics for Crystal RVEs. Part 1: Periodic Loop Kinematics

A novel implementation of the dislocation flux boundary condition is presented. In this implementation, the line continuity of the individual dislocation loops in a periodic representative crystal volume (RVE) is enforced as they encounter the boundary of the RVE. A dual topological description has been utilized for representing dislocation line kinematics in two equivalent spaces of the deforming crystal, namely, the RVE and the unbounded bulk crystal spaces. The former describes the motion of the dislocations in the simulated crystal volume whereas the latter represents the motion of dislocations in an infinite space containing all replicas of the RVE. A mapping between the two spaces forms the basis of the implementation of flux boundary condition. The implementation has been carried out in a state-of-art dislocation dynamics research tool called the Mechanics of Defect Evolution Library (MoDELib). The implementation details are discussed in the context of statistical homogeneity of bulk crystals undergoing macroscopically homogeneous plastic deformation. Some test cases are presented and discussed to establish the accuracy of the proposed approach. By using this approach, it has been observed that the boundary nodes associated with dislocation segments bear no relevance in the motion of the dislocation segments from the standpoint of bulk crystal plasticity modeling throughout the deformation history of the crystal.
Patterns of Care and Outcomes of Primary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Trachea.

Objective:Primary tracheal malignancies are relatively rare cancers, representing 0.1% to 0.4% of all malignancies. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is the second most common histology of primary tra...
The Present and Future of Performing Media Activism

Digital platforms are evolutionary, as can be seen in the ways social media platforms have changed over the years, considering that, for example, the Facebook of 2021 looks and acts nothing like it did in 2004. At the same time older platforms continue to evolve, newer platforms have come to the marketplace connecting people and helping them to spread ideas. As the technology changes so do the ways in which people use digital media as they adapt to these new tools, including rules regarding misinformation or disinformation. This chapter looks at the current state of affairs regarding social media platforms and other digital media, such as games, that are utilized to support social movements. The chapter looks at the roles of TikTok and K-Pop fans in furthering social and political causes. It also looks at the role of gaming in supporting Hong Kong democracy protesters. Alternative platforms and messaging apps are considered as right-wing political groups shift their conversations to echo systems supported by like-minded people, often under the guise of free speech. The chapter concludes with a description of the social media analysis tools utilized throughout this book.
Efficient Data Management with a Flexible Address Space

Data management applications store their data using structured files in which data are usually sorted to serve indexing and queries. However, in-place insertions and removals of data are not naturally supported in a file's address space. To avoid repeatedly rewriting existing data in a sorted file to admit changes in place, applications usually employ extra layers of indirections, such as mapping tables and logs, to admit changes out of place. However, this approach leads to increased access cost and excessive complexity. This paper presents a novel storage engine that provides a flexible address space, where in-place updates of arbitrary-sized data, such as insertions and removals, can be performed efficiently. With this mechanism, applications can manage sorted data in a linear address space with minimal complexity. Extensive evaluations show that a key-value store built on top of it can achieve high performance and efficiency with a simple implementation.
Carbon fate in lowland rivers

The fate of sedimentary carbon in rivers is determined by a combination of mineral protection and transit time. Along the fluvial journey from headwaters to sea, biogeochemical transformations control whether carbon is buried or returned to the atmosphere as CO2.
Optimal control of resource allocation in e-business environments with strict quality-of-service performance guarantees

The control and optimization of performance or profit measures in e-business environments is fundamental to the continued growth and success of such IT-based systems. We consider the problem of optimizing profits in these environments under a general cost model with strict QoS guarantees. Numerous experiments are used to illustrate and quantify the benefits of our hierarchical solution approach.
Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Two pathways through the mononuclear phagocyte

Publisher Summary The life cycles in humans of Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium tuberculosis provide instructive examples of convergent evolution. Both intracellular pathogens target mononuclear phagocytes as their host cells and both reside in a phagosome within these host cells. Moreover, these phagosomes share several important biologic features such as a capacity to avoid fusion with lysosomes and to resist acidification. However, closer inspection using technology that allows an understanding of these phagosomes at the molecular level reveals that they are indeed distinct and quite strikingly so. Whereas M. tuberculosis readily interacts with the endocytic pathway, L. pneumophila avoids this pathway altogether. Hence, the intraphagosomal compartment that is home to a variety of intracellular pathogens that inhibit phagosome–lysosome fusion is more heterogeneous than previously appreciated. Each pathogen has solved the challenge of intracellular parasitism in its own unique way.
Implementation and external validation of Preoperative Aspects and Dimensions Used for an Anatomical (PADUA) score for predicting complications in 74 consecutive partial nephrectomies.

Study Type – Prognosis (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Partial nephrectomy (PN) is the gold standard operation for small renal tumours. The decision for or against a PN has been based mostly on preoperative radiological evaluation of the tumour. Three nephrometry scoring systems have been recently proposed for prediction of postoperative complications of PN (RENAL, C-index and PADUA). We validate externally the accuracy of the PADUA system and suggest for the first time a novel scoring system, based on the original PADUA system, which implements three other significant factors for the postoperative course of a partial. OBJECTIVE • To externally validate the Preoperative Aspects and Dimensions Used for an Anatomical (PADUA) classification of renal tumours managed by partial nephrectomy (PN). PATIENTS AND METHODS • Seventy-four consecutive patients in a single academic tertiary institution underwent open PN. • Incidence of 90-day complications was stratified by several clinicopathological variables, such as gender, age of the patient, hospital stay, pathology report, tumour characteristics and positive surgical margins. PADUA scores were given to each case. • The severity of complications was also categorized with the Clavien system. RESULTS • The optimal threshold of PADUA for the prediction of complications was 8 with a sensitivity equal to 90.9% and a specificity equal to 77.8% (area under the curve [AUC], 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73–1.00). • Multivariate analysis revealed that that PADUA is an independent predictor for the risk of complications. • Also, PADUA score ≥8 identified a group of patients with almost 20-fold higher risk of complications (hazard ratio [HR]= 19.82; 95% CI, 1.79–28.35; P= 0.015). • Patients with papillary histology had greater risk for complications than those with clear-cell tumours (HR = 4.88; 95% CI, 1.34–17.76; P= 0.016). CONCLUSIONS • The PADUA score is a simple anatomical system that predicts the risk of postoperative complications. This is the first external validation of this system for open PN from a single centre. • The authors believe that PADUA is an efficient tool, since the only variable of the present study that predicted a higher incidence of complications was the histology type, which is determined after surgery. • However, it should be applied to laparoscopic and robot-assisted series and it could also include the ischaemia time and surgeon experience in the overall scoring to be complete.
Black Studies Scholarly Communication

Abstract Because there is a rift among Black Studies thinkers concerning whether the field should both embrace scholarship and activism, the present work considers whether information transfer between the different intellectual camps exists. Using citation analysis and ideas such as “boundary crossing” and “borrowing” to describe relations relevant to interdisciplinary information transfer, it is argued that there are reciprocal patterns of communication between the two intellectual camps. However, because writings of an activist nature by Black Studies thinkers in traditional disciplines are repressed, these elements of their writings are forced to resurface outside the academic mainstream.
Electrical Stimulation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Conductive Nanofibers Enhances their Differentiation toward Osteogenic Outcomes.

Tissue scaffolds allowing the behaviour of the cells that reside within them to be controlled are of particular interest for tissue engineering. Herein we describe the preparation of conductive fiber-based bone tissue scaffolds (nonwoven mats of electrospun polycaprolactone with an interpenetrating network of polypyrrole and polystyrenesulfonate) that enable the electrical stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells to enhance their differentiation towards osteogenic outcomes.
Thermophysical properties of UF6−He mixtures relevant to circulating gas core reactor systems

Thermodynamic and transport property predictions for UF/sub 6/-He (gas mixtures) are presented covering the operating range of conceptual, circulating gas core nuclear systems. The gas mixtures of interest contain 10 to 20% helium by mass, which corresponds to helium mole fractions of 0.9 and higher. For UF/sub 6/ partial pressure <10 atm and temperatures in the range of 500 to 2000 K, mixture density can be determined from the ideal gas equation of state with an uncertainty of < 10%. Compared to pure UF/sub 6/, the thermal conductivity of the mixtures is an order of magnitude greater; specific heat is doubled while viscosity is changed very little. For identical systems, it is shown that heat transfer rates for UF/sub 6/-He mixtures are five to six times greater than for pure UF/sub 6/.
Where Money Mattered: Organizational and Economic Consequences of State Public School Expenditures in the United States: 1880-1940

This study uses historical state-level schooling data, a direct measure of manufacturing productivity, and quantitative methods to examine the relationship between changes in the rate and distribution of public school expenditures, the organization of public schooling, and economic growth at state-level in the United States from 1880 to 1940. The determinants of public school expenditures at the state-level are examined and interstate differences in the growth and distribution of public school funds are detailed. The paper then explores if state differences in the growth of per student expenditures on teachers salaries and school infrastructure were related to later changes in manufacturing productivity. Significant and substantial effects for per student spending on school infrastructure are found.
Identification and activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in normal human osteoblastic and bone marrow stromal cells: Attenuation of MAP kinase activation by cAMP, parathyroid hormone and forskolin

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (p44mapk and p42mapk), also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1 and ERK2), are activated in response to a variety of extracellular signals, including growth factors, hormones and, neurotransmitters. We have investigated MAP kinase signal transduction pathways in normal human osteoblastic cells. Normal human bone marrow stromal (HBMS), osteoblastic (HOB), and human (TE85, MG-63, SaOS-2), rat (ROS 17/2.8, UMR-106) and mouse (MC3T3-E1) osteoblastic cell lines contained immunodetectable p44mapk/ERK1 and p42mapk/ERK2. MAP kinase activity was measured by 'in-gel' assay myelin basic protein as the substrate. Mainly ERK2 was rapidly activated (within 10 min) by bFGF, IGF-I and PDGF-BB in normal HOB, HBMS and human osteosarcoma cells, whereas both ERK1 and ERK2 were activated by growth factors in rat osteoblast-like cell lines, ROS 17/2.8 and UMR-106. The ERK1 activation was greater than the ERK2 in ROS 17/2.8 cells. Furthermore, ERK2 was also activated by bFGF and PDGF-BB in the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1. This is the first demonstration of inter-species differences in the activation of MAP kinases in osteoblastic cells. Cyclic AMP derivatives or cAMP generating agents such as PTH and forskolin inhibited ERK2 activation by bFGF and PDGF-BB suggesting a 'cross-talk' between the two different signalling pathways activated by receptor tyrosine kinases and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The accumulated results also suggest that the MAP kinases may be involved in mediating mitogenic and other biological actions of bFGF, IGF-I and PDGF-BB in normal human osteoblastic and bone marrow stromal cells.
Synthesis of Fatty Acids by Yeast Particles

Abstract Klein, Harold P. (Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.). Synthesis of fatty acids by yeast particles. J. Bacteriol. 92:130–135. 1966.—When a mitochondria-free homogenate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was centrifuged at 100,000 × g for 60 min, the sedimented crude particles incorporated acetate into fatty acids, but not into nonsaponifiable lipids. Degradation of the fatty acids formed indicated this to be de novo synthesis rather than chain elongation. Subfractions of the crude particles were obtained. The “ribosomal” fraction was unable to synthesize fatty acids, but had properties indicating the presence of acetokinase, fatty acid desaturase, and, probably, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. A “light” particle fraction with a high specific activity of fatty acid synthetase was also obtained. Fatty acid synthesis by the “soluble” supernatant fluid appeared to be the result of contamination by the “light” particles. The data suggested the presence of several particulate entities in mitochondria-free homogenates.
CRH and the immune system

Inflammatory cytokines released during immune system activation can stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and cause increased secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropin and glucocorticoids. Identification of CRH peptide and mRNA, as well as its receptors in immune tissues, suggested a role for this peptide as a mediator of the neuroendocrine-immune interactions. Experimental evidence suggests that CRH may modulate the immune and inflammatory responses via two pathways: an antiinflammatory one operated by centrally released CRH, most likely through stimulation of glucocorticoid and catecholamine release, and one proinflammatory, through direct action of peripherally released CRH. This review highlights these concepts. In addition preliminary data on immune activation and inflammatory response in CRH-deficient mice created in our laboratory are discussed.
Influence of phytoestrogen diets on estradiol action in the rat uterus

The influence of coumestrol on the action of estradiol was examined in oral and parenteral tests. Coumestrol did not antagonize the uterotrophic action of estradiol when administered either prior to, or jointly with, E2 treatment, or when administered orally or parenterally. Additive effects on estradiol stimulation of uterine weight and reduction of cytosolic estrogen receptor binding were observed following oral, but not parenteral, administration of coumestrol. On the other hand, coumestrol pretreatment did appear to dampen estradiol's induction of progestin receptors, uterine protein, and nuclear estrogen receptor binding. However, even at those endpoints where coumestrol pretreatment did dampen estradiol action, coumestrol itself produced an estrogenic response. These findings contradict the assumption that all phytoestrogens are necessarily antiproliferative agents and argue for specific identification of the actions of each chemical.
A Mixed-Layer Model of the Diurnal Dryline

Abstract This study examines the diurnal behavior of the dryline system using a mixed-layer model to represent the cool moist air capped by an inversion to the east of the line. This inversion is referred to as the dry front, and the intersection of this dry front with the terrain is the dryline. The results indicate that boundary layer heating is sufficient to drive the dryline and explain its diurnal variation. The daytime eastward propagation of the model dryline of 200 km agrees well with other numerical studies and is in approximate agreement with dryline observations. The present model results also indicate a nearly vertical inversion slope up to a height of 2 km in the early afternoon. Model simulations with sloping terrain consistently yield a nocturnal low-level jet between 0000 local time (LT) and 0100 LT, with a speed of 20–25 m s−1, located below the inversion. The effect of each mixed-layer process, such as entrainment, surface heat flux, and nighttime cooling, is examined. Entrainment tends ...
The Microbe Electric: Conversion of Organic Matter to Electricity

Broad application of microbial fuel cells will require substantial increases in current density. A better understanding of the microbiology of these systems may help. Recent studies have greatly expanded the range of microorganisms known to function either as electrode-reducing microorganisms at the anode or as electrode-oxidizing microorganisms at the cathode. Microorganisms that can completely oxidize organic compounds with an electrode serving as the sole electron acceptor are expected to be the primary contributors to power production. Several mechanisms for electron transfer to anodes have been proposed including: direct electron transfer via outer-surface c-type cytochromes, long-range electron transfer via microbial nanowires, electron flow through a conductive biofilm matrix containing cytochromes, and soluble electron shuttles. Which mechanisms are most important depend on the microorganisms and the thickness of the anode biofilm. Emerging systems biology approaches to the study, design, and evolution of microorganisms interacting with electrodes are expected to contribute to improved microbial fuel cells.
Atomic species identification in STM using an imaging atom-probe technique

Abstract In this paper we report new experimental results with the scanning tunneling atom probe (STAP), a new instrument that combines the functions of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and a time-of-flight atom probe. In STM-mode, clusters of atoms are transferred from regions of interest to the tip, from which they are ejected into a time-of-flight spectrometer for species identification. Improvements to the instrument and experimental results with in situ grown germanium layers on Si(111)-(7 × 7) are shown. Problems with the atom transfer and possible remedies are discussed.
The physical-chemical basis for sex-related differences in uptake of fatty acids by the liver.

The uptake of fatty acids by the liver was shown previously to be a non-catalyzed process, and rates of uptake were correlated to the affinity of the plasma membranes of liver cells for fatty acids. The experiments in this paper were designed to test whether the known differences in uptake and metabolism of free fatty acids by the livers of male and female rats could be understood based on differences in the affinities of the corresponding plasma membranes for these substrates. The relative affinities for palmitate and oleate of ‘male’ plasma membranes were found to be lower versus ‘female’ membranes. Measurements of uptake of palmitate from albumin-palmitate complexes by ‘male’ and ‘female’ perfused livers showed higher uptake rates by the latter when correlated with the concentration of the complex. However, the rates of uptake were identical when the concentrations of the fatty acid in the plasma membranes of male and female liver cells were the same.
Aerodynamics of Finned Missiles at High Angle of Attack

A theoretical and experimental investigation of the aerodynamics of finned missiles at high angle-of-attack is presented. The interaction of the body vortex wake region with the missile fins aiid the resulting effect on the forces and moments produced by the fins is studied. An aerodynamic flow model is derived for a circular cylinder body at high angle-of-attack in subsonic or supersonic flow. The forces and moments produced by the fins in subsonic flow are calculated by utilizing the present flow model and present lifting theory. The experimental investigation consists primarily of strain gage measurements on a finned body in subsonic flow. The present aerodynamic flow model is compared with experimental crossflow data and good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained. Extensive comparison is made between the present force and moment predictions and available experimental data. Generally good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment for all of the forces and moments. Results given particular attention are nonlinear rolling phenomena, induced side force, and fin Magnus.
Collagen Metabolism in Skin and Periodontal Ligament of Rats: Effect of Aging and Irradiation

Sixty rats were sacrificed 2, 7, and 21 days after 3H-proline injection; 30 were irradiated with fast neutrons. Half of the rats were sacrificed 30 to 49 days after time of irradiation, the remaining 30 one year later. The3H-activity per mg dry weight as well as the3H-hydroxyproline activity in the skin was assayed. Furthermore, the autoradiographic grain count per unit area periodontal ligament was estimated. The irradiated rats lost weight during the first days but started to gain weight 14 days after irradiation. In the young irradiated rats, the3H-HP activity in skin was depressed at 2 and 7 days after injection but reached the same level as the controls after 21 days, indicating a delay in the hydroxylation of Proline. The old controls had a lower3H-HP level than the young controls, whereas no activity was found in the skin of the old irradiated rats. In periodontal ligament, grain counts revealed a decrease in the uptake of labeled amino acid in the young irradiated animals; the rats had, however, r...
The relative magnitude of the diffusion constants of cadmium vacancies and indium-cadmium vacancy pairs in CdS and CdTe

It is shown that the diffusion coefficient of indium–cadmium vacancy pairs in CdS and CdTe must be expected to be smaller than that of free vacancies. Experimental results of indium diffusion in CdS and CdTe support this view, Dpairs/DV ≈ 2 × 10−3 at 900°C. Indium diffusion into CdS at 810°C showed an abnormal S-shaped penetration profile which is so far unexplained.
Multivariate Exponential Tilting and Pricing Implications for Mortality Securitization

Normalized exponential tilting is an extension of classical theories, including the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the Black-Merton-Scholes model, to price risks with general-shaped distributions. The need for changing multivariate probability measures arises in pricing contingent claims on multiple underlying assets or liabilities. In this article, we apply it to valuation of mortality-based securities written on mortality indices of several countries. We show how to use multivariate exponential tilting to price the first pure mortality security, the Swiss Re bond. The same technique can be applied in other mortality securitization pricing.
Peritraumatic Dissociation and Peritraumatic Emotional Predictors of PTSD in Latino Youth: Results from the Hispanic Family Study

This is the 1st study to examine peritraumatic dissociation and peritraumatic emotions as they predict symptoms and diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Latino youth. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that the degree of peritraumatic dissociation would predict the number of PTSD symptoms and PTSD clinical diagnosis when the influences of other salient factors were statistically controlled. We also explored the possible contributions of peritraumatic emotional responses to PTSD symptomatology and PTSD diagnosis. We expected that peritraumatic dissociation would emerge as a significant predictor of PTSD. A total of 204 Latino youth (mean age = 12.37 years) completed semistructured individual clinical interviews with bilingual research assistants. These interviews assessed trauma exposure, peritraumatic responses, and current psychopathology. A linear regression analysis demonstrated significant relationships between lifetime number of traumatic events, peritraumatic dissociation, shame, and number of PTSD symptoms endorsed. Significant inverse (protective) relationships were demonstrated between anger and guilt and current PTSD symptomatology. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated significant relationships between peritraumatic dissociation, shame, lifetime number of traumatic events experienced, and PTSD diagnosis. The analyses examined both the number of PTSD symptoms as well as diagnosis of PTSD while simultaneously controlling for age, lifetime exposure to traumatic events, time residing in the United States, and gender. These results support an increasingly robust body of empirical literature suggesting that the peritraumatic dissociative and emotional responses to trauma are important predictors of future PTSD diagnosis. Possible cultural factors contributing to the dissociative responses in Latino youth and clinical implications are discussed.
Column Chromatography of Dyes: Microanalysis with a Thin Layer Chromatography Scanner Works to Beat the Bands

Abstract Quantitative analysis students have performed the following experiment in our laboratories for 15 yr with generally disappointing results: column chromatographic separation of a dye mixture on alumina followed by spectrophotometric analysis of the eluates and quantification of the dyes using Beer's law. Previous workers claimed that these dyes, Victoria Blue R, methylene blue, and fluorescein, are separable under the chromatography conditions, but we have always had loss of dye on the column or poor separation or both. We have formulated a replacement dye mixture (Oil Red O, Victoria Blue R, fluorescein) that separates cleanly with inexpensive solvents. For preliminary studies we used TLC plates with novel sample application discs and a TLC scanner to measure λmaxvalues for microgram quantities of the dyes. The dyes mentioned can be recovered nearly quantitatively from alumina columns. The mud-colored dye mixture becomes aesthetically pleasing as the dyes move down the column and separate into brightly colored bands, making this experiment useful for classroom demonstrations of the column chromatographic technique.
The Effect of Antibrowning Agents on Inhibition of Potato Browning, Volatile Organic Compound Profile, and Microbial Inhibition

Abstract: Burbank and Norkotah potato slices were dipped into 3% sodium acid sulfate (SAS), citric acid (CA), sodium erythorbate (SE), malic acid (MA), sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), or a combination of SAS-CA-SE. Browning by polyphenol oxidase (PPO) obtained from potato extract with 0.04 to 0.016 g/mL of antibrowning solutions at pH 2.0 to 6.9 were measured by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The color of slices dipped in antibrowning solutions at pHs 2 to 7 and stored at 4 °C for 15 d was measured every 5 d by colorimeter. Headspace analysis of volatiles in raw and cooked potato samples was performed by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometer (SIFT-MS) and soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA) analysis of the calculated odor activity values (OAV) determined interclass distances. Microbial growth was measured at 15 d. At unadjusted pHs (1.1 to 7.1), the PPO browning of the control and samples with SAPP was not significantly different, SAS, CA, and MA produced some inhibition and SE and SAS-CA-SE prevented browning. At pH 5 to 7, only SE and SAS-CA-SE were effective browning inhibitors. Based on the color of potato slices, SE was the most effective at pH 2 to 7, but SAS was most effective at unadjusted pH. Cooking increased volatile levels in the treated potatoes and decreased differences between volatile profiles. Differences between cooked samples may not be noticeable by the consumer because volatiles with high discriminating powers have low OAVs. SAS, CA, and SAS-CA-SE treatments inhibited microbial growth but SAPP, control, and SE did not, most likely due to pH. Practical Application: Antibrowning agents inhibit polyphenol oxidase, increasing shelf life and consumer acceptability of processed raw potato products by preserving the color. Their effectiveness was shown to be mainly due to a pH effect, except SE, which was not pH dependent. MA, CA, and SAS-CA-SE are better acidulants for inhibition of color change as well as growth of spoilage bacteria, yeast, and mold than SAPP, the industry standard.
Evolution of the electronic structure of alkali metal-doped copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) on different metal substrates

Abstract The evolutions of the electronic structure in Cs-doped copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) on different metal substrates have been investigated with photoemission spectroscopy. As the Cs doping ratio increases, the Fermi level of the system starts to shift towards the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of CuPc, and then becomes saturated, as it aligns with the LUMO. The shift of all the energy levels has a linear dependence on the logarithm of the Cs doping ratio, with a slope of about 0.13 eV. By comparing the results of the samples deposited on different metal substrates, we found out that this slope indicates the broadening of the LUMO induced by alkali metal doping and is independent of the workfunction of the metal substrate.
Modulation of Ornithine Decarboxylase mRNA following Transient Ischemia in the Gerbil Brain

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polyamines from ornithine and is thought to be involved in the cellular response to growth, differentiation, and stress. Previous studies have demonstrated that transient cerebral ischemia results in an increase in ODC activity and polyamine synthesis. We have used the Mongolian gerbil as a model system to test the hypothesis that the cellular response to ischemia induces a distinct pattern of ODC gene expression. Our results indicate that transient ischemia, induced by bilateral carotid occlusion, elevates ODC mRNA within 1-4 h after reperfusion, which correlates with increased ODC activity and polyamine synthesis. Increased ODC mRNA can be detected in the forebrain, striatum, hippocampus, and midbrain but not the cerebellum, which is not subject to ischemic injury. In contrast, c-fos mRNA increased by 15 min after reperfusion and actin mRNA did not demonstrate alterations in level after ischemia. Pentobarbital prevented the increase in ODC mRNA, whereas the glutamate antagonist MK-801 had no effect on the elevation of ODC gene expression after ischemia. We conclude that the ischemia-induced increase in ODC enzyme activity may be attributed in part to transcriptional activation of the ODC gene.
Vocabulary navigation made easier

It is challenging to search a dictionary consisting of thousands of entries in order to select appropriate words for building written communication. This is true both for people trying to communicate in a foreign language who have not developed a full vocabulary, for school children learning to write, for authors who wish to be more precise and expressive, and especially for people with lexical access disorders. We make vocabulary navigation and word finding easier by augmenting a basic vocabulary with links between words based on human judgments of semantic similarity. In this paper, we report the results from a user study evaluating how our system named ViVA performs compared to a widely used assistive vocabulary in which words are organized hierarchically into common categories.
Language rights versus speakers’ rights: on the applicability of Western language rights approaches in Eastern European contexts

The main purpose of the present paper is to draw attention to contexts where two conceptions of linguistic rights—the rights of languages and the rights of speakers—come into conflict. To illustrate such conflict, I will examine justifications of language laws adopted in two post-Soviet countries, Latvia and Ukraine. I will begin with an overview of Soviet language policies and their impact in the two countries. Then I will discuss similarities and differences in language management dilemmas faced by Latvia and Ukraine after the dissolution of the USSR. Next, I will discuss how Latvian and Ukrainian language policy makers and their Western supporters justified the transition from official bilingualism to official monolingualism and point to problems with the discourses adopted in these justifications.