cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Serum Alpha-Interferon and Ultrastructural Markers in HIV-Seropositive Individuals

Two inclusions of the endoplasmic reticulum, tubuloreticular inclusion (TRI) and cylindrical confronting cisternae (CCC), are common to lymphocytes from individuals with AIDS and AIDS-related conditions. Both inclusions can be induced in vitro with alpha-interferon (IFN). IFN may also be elevated in both populations. Circulating lymphocytes containing TRI are seen prior to the appearance of serum IFN. CCC appear in circulating lymphocytes after TRI, and both regularly antedate the diagnosis of AIDS. As in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), it can be hypothesized that lymphocytes exposed locally to IFN acquire TRI and then appear in the peripheral blood to be followed subsequently by IFN. The data strongly suggest that the appearance of these markers may predict the progression to AIDS.
Rainfall Characteristics of the Prescott, Arizona, Storm of 23–24 September 1983

Abstract On 23–24 September 1983 the vicinity of Prescott, Arizona, experienced a 36 h period of recurrent heavy rains. Measurement obtained from a supplemental precipitation survey of the storm-affected area are used to derive maximum 6 h and total storm (36 h) precipitation patterns. Rainfall depth-area-duration (DAD) data computed from the patterns are compared with three standards of precipitation severity: 1) documented extreme rainstorms in the southwestern United States, 2) precipitation-frequency values and 3) probable maximum precipitation (PMP) estimates. The comparisons show the Prescott storm to be an exceptional event that produced rainfall exceeding 100-yr amounts as well as some categories of PMP.
Health care improvement and cost reduction opportunities in hypertensive Medicaid beneficiaries.

Hypertension and its complications are more frequent and occur about a decade earlier in life among high-risk groups, especially in the Southeast. Moreover, socioeconomic status is inversely related to hypertension and cardiovascular complications. Low-income, young and middle-aged adults living in the Southeast may be at especially high risk. Data on inpatient admissions among hypertensive Medicaid beneficiaries living in this region may provide insights on the burden of hypertension-related disease and on opportunities for successful intervention. A study of hospitalization rates and costs among 44,440 hypertensive Medicaid beneficiaries in South Carolina from 1993–1996 showed that 16,883 (38%) were continuously enrolled in Medicaid. Of this group, 63% were African American and 74% were women. Among the continuously enrolled patients, 7637, or about 45%, were hospitalized during the 4-year period. These 7637 individuals accounted for 20,698 hospital admissions, i.e., 2.7 admissions per person, over the 4-year interval. Nearly two thirds of the hospitalizations included a cardiovascular or renal diagnosis. Hospital claims paid reached nearly $90 million for the 7637 hypertensive Medicaid recipients during the 4-year period. Among patients discharged from the hospital with congestive heart failure, 33% filled a prescription for an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor within 90 days; 13% of patients discharged with an acute myocardial infarction filled a prescription for a β blocker within 90 days. The data confirm that hypertensive Medicaid beneficiaries in the Southeast are hospitalized at high rates. Cardiovascular and renal morbidity account for the majority of the inpatient admissions. The findings suggest that the application of evidence-based guidelines would improve health, avoid cost, and reduce racial disparities in health outcomes.
Moving frames and singularities of prolonged group actions

The prolongation of a transformation group to jet bundles forms the geometric foundation underlying Lie's theory of symmetry groups of differential equations, the theory of differential invariants, and the Cartan theory of moving frames. Recent developments in the moving frame theory have necessitated a detailed understanding of the geometry of prolonged transformation groups. This paper begins with a basic review of moving frames, and then focuses on the study of both regular and singular prolonged group orbits. Highlights include a corrected version of the basic stabilization theorem, a discussion of "totally singular points," and geometric and algebraic characterizations of totally singular submanifolds, which are those that admit no moving frame. In addition to applications to the method of moving frames, the paper includes a generalized Wronskian lemma for vector-valued functions, and methods for the solution to Lie determinant equations.
40.3: Solution Processed OLED Displays: Advances in Performance, Resolution, Lifetime and Appearance

In this paper we review recent progress in development of a process for fabrication of active matrix OLED displays using low cost, scalable solution processing methods, including slot coating of continuous, unpatterned layers and nozzle printing of the emissive layer. Recent improvements in the performance of DuPont OLED solution process materials, in both spin coated and printed test coupon format, will be presented. All the data presented are from bottom emission devices.
Workshop: Transcript assembly through a d 2 -based MST approach

PEACE and EAST, together forming a pipeline for the clustering and assembly of EST transcript fragments, make use of a novel d2-based minimum spanning tree algorithm that results in quickly generated, high quality assemblies when applied to the results of Sanger sequencing. The tool is considerably more robust to sequencing error than competing assembly fragments, and has shown to be effective when applied to next generation technologies producing reads of moderate size (e.g. 454).
A time-dependent bioeconomic model of commercial beef breed choices☆

Abstract The breed choice decision requires simultaneous consideration of both economic and physical relationships in light of the multi-year, multi-product nature of commerical cow-calf production. To accomplish this a time-dependent bioeconomic model of cow-calf production was developed in which both physical output-input relationships and production decisions are expressed in terms of cow age and stage of production. The breed choice and optimal herd distribution (culling age and proportion by age) decisions are then cast within the economic framework of maximizing net returns per unit of nutrient resource derived from a fixed land area. The resulting bioeconomic model is easily solved, as illustrated by an empirical example evaluating 16 alternative breed choices for a representative West Texas ranch. Results indicate a marked economic preference for smaller, higher productivity animals, such as Sahiwal. Conversely, large, slow maturing breeds with marginal reproductive capacity, such as Charolais, are least profitable for the fixed resource area defined.
Human Papillomavirus in Non-Oropharyngeal Head and Neck Cancers: A Systematic Literature Review

Perhaps one of the most important developments in head and neck oncology of the past decade is the demonstration that patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated oropharyngeal cancers have significantly improved outcomes, compared to HPV-negative counterpart patients. This has become the basis for clinical trials investigating the impact on “treatment deintensification” for patients with HPV-mediated oropharyngeal cancers. Unfortunately, the significance of HPV in non-oropharyngeal head and neck cancers is much less certain. Our goal is to systematically review the published data regarding the role HPV in carcinomas of the oral cavity, larynx, sinonasal tract and nasopharynx with respect to HPV detection frequency, viral activity, and association with outcome. We also present preliminary data on HPV16/18 transcriptional status in oral cavity carcinomas, as well as salivary gland neoplasia, as determined by nested reverse transcription PCR for HPV E6/E7 RNA. The weighted prevalence (WP) of HPV DNA detection in 4,195 oral cavity cancer patients is 20.2 %, (95 % CI 16.0 %, 25.2 %). HPV16 is the most common type detected. Importantly, no data currently demonstrates a significant association between the presence of HPV DNA and improved outcome. The WP of HPV DNA in 1,712 laryngeal cancer patients is 23.6 %, (95 % CI 18.7 %, 29.3 %). Similarly, no association has yet been demonstrated between HPV DNA status and outcome. The WP of HPV DNA detection in 120 sinonasal cancer patients is 29.6 % (95 % CI 17.8 %, 44.9 %), and in 154 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients is 31.1 %, (95 % CI 20.3 %, 44.5 %). Recent preliminary data also suggests an association between HPV and certain salivary gland neoplasms. The clinical significance of these findings is unclear. The published data strongly support the need for studies on patients with oral and laryngeal carcinomas that will be powered to find any differences in clinical outcome with respect to HR-HPV and p16 overexpression.
Systemic hemophagocytosis masking the diagnosis of large cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

An 11-year-old female presented with clinical features suggestive of malignant histiocytosis : fever, weight loss, subcutaneous nodules, pulmonary infiltrates, adenopathy, and hepato-splenomegaly. On biopsy, lymph node and bone marrow demonstrated necrosis and extensive hemophagocytosis with no definitive evidence of malignancy; the subcutaneous nodules, however, demonstrated large-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This clinicopathologic picture has been reported in adults, but not in children. Although serum G-CSF, M-CSF, and TNF levels were not elevated in this child, it is possible that other cytokines induced either directly or indirectly by the subcutaneous lymphoma resulted in hemophagocytosis.
Global change in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere region: has it already arrived?

Abstract This tutorial review describes some possible future scenarios for changes in temperature and water vapor in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) region (50–100 km). The structure and dynamics of this region are controlled by physical processes, some of which are very different than in the lower atmosphere, such as gravity-wave breaking, radiative transfer in non-local thermodynamic equilibrium and airglow cooling. The couplings between the various atmospheric properties are illustrated by the use of a 2D zonally-symmetric model ranging from 16 to 120 km. The importance of temperature and water vapor for the occurrence and scattered brightness of mesospheric clouds (at a height of about 83 km) is described in terms of their influence on nucleation, growth and sedimentation of ice particles. At the cold mesopause at high latitude, IR effects would warm the region without dynamical feedbacks, which in the 2D model to be described, cause a net cooling at all latitudes and seasons. The effects of a future doubling of carbon dioxide and methane (and a past halving) are examined by means of the same 2D model. All models predict a future lowering of temperature throughout much, if not all of the MLT region, as a result of enhanced IR cooling and dynamical feedbacks. The rise of methane will lead to an enhancement of water vapor concentrations throughout the upper atmosphere. The cloud existence region , defined in terms of water-ice saturation, is predicted to extend to lower-latitude, high population areas in the future. In a glacial-era scenario, the existence region is found to be confined to a small region near the summertime polar mesopause. Over the past century, with a doubling of methane and a 30% increase in carbon dioxide, the mesospheric cloud existence region may, have advanced from near the pole to its current location inside the 50°–90° latitude zone. The uncertainties in current models and need for further studies are discussed.
Experimental aspects of supersymmetry

Abstract In this talk, I review the present status of the event generator ISAJET for simulating weak scale supersymmetry at collider experiments. I note especially the recent ISAJET 7.29 upgrade that allows the large tan β region of SUSY parameter space to be explored. I also discuss promising signatures for the minimal supergravity (mSUGRA) model at LEP2, the Tevatron and upgrades, the CERN LHC pp collider, and the NLC, a future e + e − linear collider. In addition, I comment upon recent work on restrictions on the mSUGRA model from i .) b → sγ decays, and ii .) the relic density of neutralinos. I finally point out how direct detection of SUSY dark matter can be very much complementary to collider searches: for large tan β, where collider searches are most difficult, direct detection experiments are most promising.
Efficient deep-hole drilling by a femtosecond, 400 nm second harmonic Ti:Sapphire laser for a fiber optic in-line/pico-liter spectrometer

Abstract A second harmonic 400-nm femtosecond laser has demonstrated efficient deep hole drilling for a pico-liter fiber optic spectrometer. A pulse train of 1 kHz with a pulse width of 350 fs and a pulse energy of 15 μJ was irradiated during 1.2 s onto an optical fiber to make a through hole that penetrates the fiber core and works to be a sample cell for a spectroscopic measurement. The spectroscopic measurement is shown using several liquids including dye of rhodamine 6G (R6G). Even with a single cell volume of approximately 20 pico-liter, the absorption spectrum is appeared in the visible range centered at 530 nm depending on the dye concentration. Discussions have also been made on the optimum arrangement of the through hole drilling to obtain sufficient performance of spectroscopic measurements.
Late recurrence of squamous cell cervical cancer in an episiotomy site after vaginal delivery.

Abstract Background Rarely is late recurrence from cervical cancer diagnosed at the episiotomy site. We report a case of a patient diagnosed with squamous cell cervical cancer at the time of delivery. Case Recurrence at the episiotomy site was noted more than 5 years after initial diagnosis of cervical cancer and was treated with surgery and radiotherapy. The patient has had no evidence of disease 54 months after treatment. Conclusion After review of the literature, it appears that surgery combined with radiotherapy is recommended over single modality treatments.
Abnormal human hemoglobins X. A study of hemoglobin leporeBoston

Abstract An abnormal hemoglobin has been isolated from two related individuals of Italian extraction. This abnormal hemoglobin has been identified with hemoglobin LeporeBoston on the basis of the fingerprinting pattern. Chemical studies have been performed on the “core” of this hemoglobin Lepore. Tryptic digestion after carboxy-methylation has been found to be the most suitable procedure for analyzing the “core” of the non-α chains. The fingerprinting analysis of the carboxymethylated hemoglobin has given sufficient information on the structure of this hemoglobin to pinpoint accurately the region along the amino acid sequence of the abnormal peptide chains, where the δ-like portion of these chains is joined to the β-like portion. Evidence has been obtained to show that the abnormal peptide chains of hemoglobin Lepore are equal in length to either β- or δ-chains (146 amino acids).
Other pharmacologic agents that may affect bronchial hyperreactivity.

Abstract Although most asthmatic athletes can be adequately controlled by β-adrenergic agents, sodium cromolyn, and/or theophylline, a few do not tolerate these medications or have suboptimal results. Cromolyn-like antiallergic drugs, newer antihistamine, antiserotonin, and antileukotriene agents as well as calcium channel blockers, antimuscarinics, α-adrenergic blockers, and new steroid preparations may be suitable for these individuals. Although efficacy has been demonstrated for a number of these new agents, much work remains to be done to evaluate thoroughly their potential pharmacologic effectiveness in exercise-induced asthma.
Low-Temperature and Photon-Induced Chemistry of Nitrogen on Pt(111)†

The saturation coverage of N2 on Pt(111) at surface temperatures below 40 K is θsat = 0.41 monolayer ± 10%. The N 1s binding energy of 403.8 eV measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggests...
Stratospheric microbiology at 20 km over the Pacific Ocean

An aerobiology sampling flight at 20 km was conducted on 28 April 2008 over the Pacific Ocean (36.5° N, 118–149° W), a period of time that coincided with the movement of Asian dust across the ocean. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of viable bacteria and fungi within a transoceanic, atmospheric bridge and to improve the resolution of flight hardware processing techniques. Isolates of the microbial strains recovered were analyzed with ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing to identify bacterial species Bacillus sp., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus endophyticus, and the fungal genus Penicillium. Satellite imagery and ground-based radiosonde observations were used to measure dust movement and characterize the high-altitude environment at the time of collection. Considering the atmospheric residency time (7–10 days), the extreme temperature regime of the environment (−75°C), and the absence of a mechanism that could sustain particulates at high altitude, it is unlikely that our samples indicate a permanent, stratospheric ecosystem. However, the presence of viable fungi and bacteria in transoceanic stratosphere remains relevant to understanding the distribution and extent of microbial life on Earth.
Girls Most of the Time, Boys Some of the Time: Gender Differences in Toddlers' Use of Maternal Proximity and Comfort Seeking

How children experience, express, and regulate distress has important implications for adjustment. Factors influencing individual differences in these aspects of affective behavior include temperament, context of situation, and parents, to name a few. Gender differences in the expression of affective behaviors have also been implicated in past research. However, differences are not always found, especially before preschool ages. This study examined the presence of gender differences and moderating influences of gender on the expression of distress and mother-oriented behaviors (e.g., comfort seeking and proximity to mother) in 24-month-old toddlers during a series of situations designed to elicit either fear or frustration. Girls were more likely to seek contact from mother and stay in closer proximity to her compared to boys even after controlling for distress. However, the association between distress and contact seeking or proximity was significant for boys but not for girls. The discussion focuses on ...
Doppler-limited spectra of the CH stretching fundamentals of formaldehyde

Abstract The Doppler-limited spectrum of H 2 CO in the 2700 to 3000 cm −1 region has been recorded using a tunable difference-frequency laser system. This region encompasses the ν 1 and ν 5 fundamental CH stretching bands of formaldehyde as well as a number of strongly interacting combination bands. The tunable laser spectrometer affords complete spectral coverage with a calibration precision better than 10 −3 cm −1 for the transition frequencies and with absolute absorption intensity measurements better than 2%. The band centers for the ν 1 and ν 5 vibrations are measured to be 2782.4572 ± 0.0010 cm −1 and 2843.3254 ± 0.0015 cm −1 respectively, independent of the upper-state rotational constants.
Using CaO- and MgO-rich industrial waste streams for carbon sequestration

To prevent rapid climate change, it will be necessary to reduce net anthropogenic CO2 emissions drastically. This likely will require imposition of a tax or tradable permit scheme that creates a subsidy for negative emissions. Here, we examine possible niche markets in the cement and steel industries where it is possible to generate a limited supply of negative emissions (carbon storage or sequestration) cost-effectively. Ca(OH)2 and CaO from steel slag or concrete waste can be dissolved in water and reacted with CO2 in ambient air to capture and store carbon safely and permanently in the form of stable carbonate minerals (CaCO3). The kinetics of Ca dissolution for various particle size fractions of ground steel slag and concrete were measured in batch experiments. The majority of available Ca was found to dissolve on a time scale of hours, which was taken to be sufficiently fast for use in an industrial process. An overview of the management options for steel slag and concrete waste is presented, which indicates how their use for carbon sequestration might be integrated into existing industrial processes. Use of the materials in a carbon sequestration scheme does not preclude subsequent use and is likely to add value by removing the undesirable qualities of water absorption and expansion from the products. Finally, an example scheme is presented which could be built and operated with current technology to sequester CO2 with steel slag or concrete waste. Numerical models and simple calculations are used to establish the feasibility and estimate the operating parameters of the scheme. The operating cost is estimated to be US$8/t-CO2 sequestered. The scheme would be important as an early application of technology for capturing CO2 directly from ambient air. � 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Soundness of Internalized Polarity Marking

This paper provides a foundation for the polarity marking technique introduced by David Dowty [3] in connection with monotonicity reasoning in natural language and in linguistic analyses of negative polarity items based on categorial grammar. Dowty's work is an alternative to the better-known algorithmic approach first proposed by Johan van Benthem [11], and elaborated by Victor Sanchez Valencia [10]. Dowty's system internalized the monotonicity/polarity markings by generating strings using a categorial grammar whose categories already contain the markings that the earlier system would obtain by separate steps working on an already-derived string. Despite the linguistic advantages of the internalized system, no soundness proof has yet been given for it. This paper offers an account. The leading mathematical idea is to interpret categorial types as preorders (in order to talk about monotonicity in the first place), and then to add a primitive operation to the type hierarchy of taking the opposite of a preorder (in order to capture monotone decreasing functions). At the same time, the use of internalized categories also raises issues. Although these will not be addressed in full, the paper points out possible approaches to them.
Path to Treat Rett Syndrome

Rett syndrome (RTT), a unique neurodevelopmental disorder seen almost exclusively in females, was first recognized about 50 years ago by Andreas Rett ( 1 ), a developmental pediatrician in Vienna, and virtually simultaneously by Bengt Hagberg, a Swedish neurologist. However, not until a chance meeting of the two in 1981 were these observations crystallized, yielding the first widely read English-language description of RTT ( 2 ). Thereafter, RTT received considerable attention throughout the world. Concerted effort led to the identification of mutations in the gene Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 ( MECP2 ) in 1999 ( 3 ), whereupon laboratory-oriented research exploded, including the development of numerous animal models. A key observation from an early mouse model indicated the possibility of substantial reversibility of the disease phenotype ( 4 ). Since then, translational research has been conducted in available mouse models to identify potential therapies including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) ( 5 ), disabling GABAergic neuron function ( 6 ), and stem cell transplantation ( 7 ). Recently, intriguing results showed that alterations in cholesterol metabolism in response to statin therapy ( 8 ) had a beneficial effect on RTT-associated symptoms in a mouse model of the disease. This has prompted interest in advancing this treatment to humans.
Oscillator strengths for some D -F transitions in the Mg sequence

Multi-configuration Hartree-Fock wave functions have been obtained for many atoms of the Mg sequence for 3p2 1D, 3s 3d1,3D, 3p 3d1,3F, and 3s 4f1,3F states. Theoretical ionization energies are reported. Oscillator strengths for allowed D -F transitions are presented and compared with experiment, when available. Agreement is better for the 3s 3d3D -3p 3d3F sequence than for 3s 3d3D -3s 4f3F. Smoother trends are observed when f values for the 1Dlowest-1Flowest transition, for example, are plotted than for the 3s 3d1D -3s 4f1F transition.
An in vivo cis-Regulatory Screen at the Type 2 Diabetes Associated TCF7L2 Locus Identifies Multiple Tissue-Specific Enhancers

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have repeatedly shown an association between non-coding variants in the TCF7L2 locus and risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D), implicating a role for cis-regulatory variation within this locus in disease etiology. Supporting this hypothesis, we previously localized complex regulatory activity to the TCF7L2 T2D-associated interval using an in vivo bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) enhancer-trapping reporter strategy. To follow-up on this broad initial survey of the TCF7L2 regulatory landscape, we performed a fine-mapping enhancer scan using in vivo mouse transgenic reporter assays. We functionally interrogated approximately 50% of the sequences within the T2D-associated interval, utilizing sequence conservation within this 92-kb interval to determine the regulatory potential of all evolutionary conserved sequences that exhibited conservation to the non-eutherian mammal opossum. Included in this study was a detailed functional interrogation of sequences spanning both protective and risk alleles of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7903146, which has exhibited allele-specific enhancer function in pancreatic beta cells. Using these assays, we identified nine segments regulating various aspects of the TCF7L2 expression profile and that constitute nearly 70% of the sequences tested. These results highlight the regulatory complexity of this interval and support the notion that a TCF7L2 cis-regulatory disruption leads to T2D predisposition.
Case report 836

We present a case of PLB found in the sacrum in an HIV-seropositive patient who had low back pain radiating to the lower extremities. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of this kind. Multiple imaging techniques, including MRI, could not reliably differentiate between neoplasm and infection. Both processes were considered since the patient was not only HIV-seropositive but also was an intravenous drug abuser and had a history of TB. The biopsy revealed diffuse large cell lymphoma typical of AIDS patients. The unusual location of PLB in our patient is a characteristic feature of lymphoma in patients with AIDS and our case should increase awareness among clinicians and radiologists of this possibility.
Design, synthesis, biological and structural evaluation of functionalized resveratrol analogues as inhibitors of quinone reductase 2.

Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxylstilbene) has been proposed to elicit a variety of positive health effects including protection against cancer and cardiovascular disease. The highest affinity target of resveratrol identified so far is the oxidoreductase enzyme quinone reductase 2 (QR2), which is believed to function in metabolic reduction and detoxification processes; however, evidence exists linking QR2 to the metabolic activation of quinones, which can lead to cell toxicity. Therefore, inhibition of QR2 by resveratrol may protect cells against reactive intermediates and eventually cancer. With the aim of identifying novel inhibitors of QR2, we designed, synthesized, and tested two generations of resveratrol analogue libraries for inhibition of QR2. In addition, X-ray crystal structures of six of the resveratrol analogues in the active site of QR2 were determined. Several novel inhibitors of QR2 were successfully identified as well as a compound that inhibits QR2 with a novel binding orientation.
Application of reconstruction plates to the mandible

Reconstruction plates are a viable repair option for a variety of clinical indications, including segmental and comminuted fractures, traumatic bone loss, bone loss secondary to infection, and repair of non-union, atrophic bone, and tumor defects. Because of their design as load-bearing plates, immediate restoration of function can be provided with the absence of postoperative intermaxillary fixation. Application of reconstruction plates requires careful adaptation of the plate to the contour of the mandible using proper bending instrumentation, templates, and pre-bent plates. Placement of sufficient screws is also a consideration. This article provides information concerning use of reconstruction plates and highlights critical application techniques for the clinical indications noted above.
Marketing Promotion of Texas Agricultural Products: The Rural Dimension of the GO TEXAN Program

The Texas Department of Agriculture launched the GO TEXAN marketing promotion pro-gram in 1999 to support Texas agricultural and food production. The underlying assumptionis that if successful, the program would support directly or indirectly the demand for Texasagricultural production and the well-being of the state’s rural population. This research an-alyzes responses to an official 2008 survey sent to the GO TEXAN program beneficiaries.Overall, this study suggests that not all activities in the program have a clearly positiveimpact. Participation in trade shows, retail promotion and media events, and reverse trademissions seem to have a significant effect on sales increase as well as the use of the programlogo on promotional items and web sites. The study also suggests that the relative impacts ofevent participation and uses of the program logo differ according to the group of member’sbelonging, particularly when comparing the ‘‘mostly rural’’ vs. ‘‘mostly urban’’ categories.Consequently, if a state’s agricultural marketing program specifically attempts to reachproducers from its ‘‘mainly rural’’ areas, an analysis may be needed to identify what specifictypes of promotion seem to generate the best results in those areas.Key Words: marketing promotion, rural developmentJEL Classifications: Q13, Q19
Regulation of PCP by the Fat signaling pathway

Planar cell polarity (PCP) in epithelia, orthogonal to the apical-basal axis, is essential for numerous developmental events and physiological functions. Drosophila model systems have been at the forefront of studies revealing insights into mechanisms regulating PCP and have revealed distinct signaling modules. One of these, involving the atypical cadherins Fat and Dachsous and the ectokinase Four-jointed, appears to link the direction of cell polarization to the tissue axes. We discuss models for the function of this signaling module as well as several unanswered questions that may guide future investigations.
Spanning the Microwave Infrared Gap

The basic problems encountered in both classical and quantum electronics when attempting to produce coherent radiation in the microwave-infrared gap region extending from roughly 100- to 1000-microns wavelength are reviewed. Brief historical accounts are given of past work leading up to the submillimeter wave frontier. Some selected examples of current work are described to indicate the direction research in this area is taking. While it is the conclusion that a real breakthrough in the microwave infrared problem is not imminent, it is felt that the new background knowledge and the increased applied physics experience now acquired by the ultramicrowave engineer will hasten the day when a solution to the problem will be obtained.
Minimal realization of continuous linear systems from input-output observations

In [1] a procedure was presented for obtaining the minimal realization of discrete, linear systems from input-output observations. The extension to the continuous case is presented here. Of particular importance is the fact that the extension presented avoids differentiation of the observed signals.
Predation and foraging costs of carrying eggsacs of different mass in the wolf spider Pardosa milvina

Summary Female Pardosa milvina wolf spiders carry large eggsacs. We quantified the effects of carrying eggsacs on foraging success and susceptibility to predation. In addition to monitoring individuals carrying natural eggsacs, we induced females to carry artificial eggsacs of varying mass. We determined the propensity of females to attach eggsacs or plastic beads of various sizes. We then quantified prey capture success and the avoidance of the predatory wolf spider, Hogna helluo ,f orPardosa with and without eggsacs or plastic beads attached. Females attached their own eggsacs significantly more than plastic beads of equal mass and attached artificial eggsacs 10 times larger than natural eggsacs significantly less often than smaller plastic beads (ones equal to or 2.7 times the size of natural eggsacs). Females carrying real or artificial eggsacs of any mass captured fewer prey, but prey capture success did not vary among females with different-sized eggsacs. Except females of the 10 × eggsac treatment, individuals carrying an eggsac suffered significantly greater predation compared to females without eggsacs. Eggsac transport carries significant predation and foraging costs, but we found little evidence that carrying heavier eggsacs incur incrementally greater increases in predation risk or decreased foraging efficiency than carrying lighter eggsacs.
Xanthophyll cycle pool size and composition in relation to the nitrogen content of apple leaves.

The objective of this study was to determine xanthophyll cycle pool size and composition in response to N status and their relationships to non-photochemical quenching in apple leaves. Bench-grafted Fuji/M.26 trees were fertilized with different N concentrations (0‐20 mM) in a modified Hoagland’s solution for 6 weeks to create a wide range of leaf N status (1‐4.4 g m ‐2 ). Chlorophyll content, xanthophyll cycle pool size, lutein, total carotene, and neoxanthin on a leaf area basis all increased linearly with increasing leaf N. However, only the ratios of the xanthophyll cycle pool and of lutein to chlorophyll were higher in low N leaves than in high N leaves. Under high light at midday, both zeaxanthin (Z), expressed on a chlorophyll basis, and the percentage of the xanthophyll cycle pool present as Z, increased as leaf N decreased. Thermal dissipation of excitation energy, measured as non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, was positively related to, whereas efficiency of excitation transfer and photosystem II quantum efficiency were negatively related to, Z, expressed on a chlorophyll basis or on a xanthophyll cycle pool basis. It is concluded that both xanthophyll cycle pool size (on a chlorophyll basis) and conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin are enhanced in response to N limitation to dissipate excessive absorbed light under high irradiance.
Explicit filtering to obtain grid-spacing-independent and discretization-order-independent large-eddy simulation of compressible single-phase flow

In large-eddy simulation (LES), it is often assumed that the filter width is equal to the grid spacing. Predictions from such LES are grid-spacing dependent since any subgrid-scale (SGS) model used in the LES equations is dependent on the resolved flow field which itself varies with grid spacing. Moreover, numerical errors affect the flow field, especially the smallest resolved scales. Thus, predictions using this approach are affected by both modelling and numerical choices. However, grid-spacing-independent LES predictions unaffected by numerical choices are necessary to validate LES models through comparison with a trusted template. First, such a template is created here through direct numerical simulation (DNS). Then, simulations are conducted using the conventional LES equations and also LES equations which are here reformulated so that the small-scale-producing nonlinear terms in these equations are explicitly filtered (EF) to remove scales smaller than a fixed filter width; this formulation is called EFLES. First, LES is conducted with four SGS models, then EFLES is performed with two of the SGS models used in LES; the results from all these simulations are compared to those from DNS and from the filtered DNS (FDNS). The conventional LES solution is both grid-spacing and spatial discretization-order dependent, thus showing that both of these numerical aspects affect the flow prediction. The solution from the EFLES equations is grid independent for a high-order spatial discretization on all meshes tested. However, low-order discretizations require a finer mesh to reach grid independence. With an eighth-order discretization, a filter-width to grid-spacing ratio of two is sufficient to reach grid independence, while a filter-width to grid-spacing ratio of four is needed to reach grid independence when a fourth- or a sixth-order discretization is employed. On a grid fine enough to be utilized in a DNS, the EFLES solution exhibits grid independence and does not converge to the DNS solution. The velocity-fluctuation spectra of EFLES follow those of FDNS independent of the grid spacing used, in concert with the original concept of LES. The reasons for the different predictions of conventional LES or EFLES according to the SGS model used, and the different characteristics of the EFLES predictions compared to those from conventional LES are analysed.
Comparison of alkylamide yield in ethanolic extracts prepared from fresh versus dry Echinacea purpurea utilizing HPLC-ESI-MS

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, a top selling botanical medicine, is currently of considerable interest due to immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) binding activities of its alkylamide constituents. The purpose of these studies was to comprehensively profile the alkylamide (alkamide) content of E. purpurea root, and to compare yields of alkylamide constituents resulting from various ethanolic extraction procedures commonly employed by the dietary supplements industry. To accomplish this goal, a high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-MS) method was validated for quantitative analysis of several E. purpurea alkylamides. Using this method, at least 15 alkylamides were identified and it was shown that fresh and dry E. purpurea extracts prepared from equivalent amounts (dry weight) of roots, with exceptions, exhibited similar yield of specific alkylamides. However, the amount of total dissolved solids in the dry extract was higher (by 38%) than the fresh extract. Two extracts prepared from dried roots at different ratios of root:solvent (1:5, w:v and 1:11, w:v) were similar in yield of total dissolved solids, but, there were differences in quantities of specific alkylamides extracted using these two root:solvent ratios. In addition, the important bioactive dodecatetraenoic acid isobutylamides are fully extracted from dry E. purpurea root in 2 days, suggesting that the manufacturing practice of macerating Echinacea extracts for weeks may be unnecessary for optimal alkylamide extraction. Finally, the identification of a new alkylamide has been proposed. These results demonstrate the differences of the described extractions and utility of the analytical methods used to determine the wide-ranging individual alkylamide content of commonly consumed Echinacea extracts.
In situ moisture measurements at the SGP ARM CART CF during the first and second Water Vapor Intensive Observation Periods

Describes the in situ moisture sensor measurements made in conjunction with the first and second Water Vapor Intensive Observation Periods (WVIOPs) that were conducted at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program Southern Great Plains (SGP) Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) site Central facility (CF) during the boreal fall of 1996 and 1997. Numerous remote sensing instruments were assembled at the CART site (e.g. Raman lidars, Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometers (AERI), microwave radiometers, etc.) during the two WVIOPs and the in situ measurements were used for calibration and verification. During both WVIOPs, additional sensors were mounted adjacent to the existing CART in situ sensors to verify operation and to detect sensor malfunctions. Results from the 1996 WVIOP are discussed briefly followed by more detailed findings on the 1997 WVIOP.
Incremental search algorithms for real-time decision making

We propose incremental, real-time search as a general approach to real-time decision making. We model real-time decision making as incremental tree search with a limited number of node expansions between decisions. We show that the decision policy of moving toward the best frontier node is not optimal, but nevertheless performs nearly as well as an expected-value-based decision policy. We also show that the real-time constraint causes difficulties for traditional best-first search algorithms. We then present a new approach that uses a separate heuristic function for choosing where to explore and which decision to make. Empirical results for random trees show that our new algorithm outperforms the traditional best-first search approach to real-time decision making, and that depth-first branch-and-bound performs nearly as well as the more complicated best-first variation.
Corporate Governance: Decades of Dialogue and Data

The field of corporate governance is at a crossroads. Our knowledge of what we know about the efficacy of corporate governance mechanisms is rivaled by what we do not know. This special topic forum is dedicated to continuing the rich tradition of research in this area, with the hope that the models and theories offered will propel corporate governance research to the next level, enhancing our understanding of those governance structures and mechanisms that best serve organizational functioning.
Suppression of sidelobes and noise in airborne SAR imagery using the Recursive Sidelobe Minimization technique

The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has recently developed the Recursive Side-lobe Minimization (RSM) technique (patent pending). The technique is integrated with a standard back-projection algorithm to form synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images with significant reduction in side-lobes and noise. We have achieved significant improvements in noise reduction by applying the RSM technique to our Ultrawideband (UWB) Synchronous Impulse Reconstruction (SIRE) forward-looking radar. This paper presents the application of the RSM technique using data from a side-looking airborne SAR system from SRI International. We describe the RSM technique, the SAR data processing, compare the baseline and RSM SAR images, and quantify the image quality in term of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the statistical distribution of the image pixels to show that significant improvement achieved using the RSM technique.
Getting started: the benefit of formulary decision support.

We concur that patients’ cost must be minimized tooptimize treatment adherence and outcomes. Our own re-search showed that patients who were electronically pre-scribed cholesterol-lowering medication via an electronichealth record with built-in formulary decision support were59% more likely than those who received a handwrittenprescription to reach a favorable clinical end point: achiev-ing their low-density lipoprotein goal.
A note on the degenerate discrete-delay system

The discrete-delay system x_{k+1}=Ax_{k} + Bx_{k-l}, l \geq 1, k= 0,1,2,3,... \infty ( A is invertible, l is the delay) is said to be degenerate with respect to the vector d if y_{k}=d^{T}x_{k}\equiv 0, k \geq l_{0} , for all choices of initial points (x_{0},x_{-1},x_{-2},... ,x_{-l}) . In this note we shall show that if the above system is degenerate, then the minmum value of l 0 is ( l+ 1 ). Given A,d,l , necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained such that the above system is degenerate at l_{0}=l+ 1 , and the construction of B is given in this case. These constructions are used to find delayed state-feedback controls for the linear discrete system to steer the output to zero in a minimum number of steps.
Out-of-pocket Prices of Opioid Analgesics in the United States, 1999-2004

Objective. To determine the out-of-pocket prices of common opioid analgesics by medication, drug coverage, region, and year. Design. Retrospective cohort study using 1999–2004 data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. Setting. U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population. Patients. Adults not enrolled in Medicaid who filled prescriptions for opioid analgesics between 1999 and 2004. Outcome Measures. Prices of prescribed analgesics were collected from receipts, medication containers, patient recall, and administrative records (N = 20,926 and 31,500, respectively). Results. Average out-of-pocket price of an opioid analgesic prescription was around $10, but the estimate is potentially misleading: A typical adult patient without drug coverage paid $12.86–$61.60 to fill his or her analgesic prescription, depending on medication. The extended-release formulations cost more than double the immediate release prices. For the analgesics studied, drug coverage lowered out-of-pocket prices by 50–85%, while market prices increased at a rate of 5.7–9% per year with little regional variation. Data did not include prices for medications not prescribed or prescribed, but not acquired. Conclusions. Independent of the diagnosis, patients' out-of-pocket price for prescribed analgesics fluctuated freely in the United States across time, region, and coverage status. These fluctuations potentially distort the delivery of effective pain management and further burden an already afflicted population.
Addiction and will.

ADDICTION AND WILL A hypothesis about the neurobiological bases of drive, drive reduction and will in addictive illness is presented. Drive reduction seems to require both SEEKING and gratification. Will is the everyday term for our experience of drives functioning within us. Addictive drugs take over the will by altering neurotransmission in the SEEKING system. As a result of this biological change, psychological defenses are arrayed that allow partial gratification and reduce anxiety about the consequences of drug use. Repeated partial gratification of the addictive drive creates a cathexis to the drug and the drug seller. It also keeps the addicted person in a permanent state of SEEKING. The cathexis to the drug and drug seller creates a difficult situation for psychoanalytic therapists. The actively addicted patient will have one set of feelings for the analyst, and a split off set of feelings for the drug dealer. Addictive neuroses, which feature a split transference, are contrasted with Freud’s concept of transference and narcissistic neuroses. For treatment of an actively addicted patient, the treater must negotiate the split transference. By analyzing the denial system the relationship with the drug dealer ends and the hostility involved in addictive behavior enters the transference where it can be interpreted. Selling drugs that take over the will is a lucrative enterprise. The addictive drug industry, about the size of the oil and gas industry worldwide, produces many patients in need of treatment. The marketers of addictive drugs understand the psychology of inducing initial ingestion of the drugs, and of managing their addicted populations. The neuropsychoanalytic understanding of addiction might be used to create more effective public health interventions to combat this morbid and mortal illness.