cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive analysis of amino acid and nucleotide composition in eukaryotic genomes, comparing genes and pseudogenes

Based on searches for disabled homologs to known proteins, we have identified a large population of pseudogenes in four sequenced eukaryotic genomes-the worm, yeast, fly and human (chromosomes 21 and 22 only). Each of our nearly 2500 pseudogenes is characterized by one or more disablements mid-domain, such as premature stops and frameshifts. Here, we perform a comprehensive survey of the amino acid and nucleotide composition of these pseudogenes in comparison to that of functional genes and intergenic DNA. We show that pseudogenes invariably have an amino acid composition intermediate between genes and translated intergenic DNA. Although the degree of intermediacy varies among the four organisms, in all cases, it is most evident for amino acid types that differ most in occurrence between genes and intergenic regions. The same intermediacy also applies to codon frequencies, especially in the worm and human. Moreover, the intermediate composition of pseudogenes applies even though the composition of the genes in the four organisms is markedly different, showing a strong correlation with the overall A/T content of the genomic sequence. Pseudogenes can be divided into 'ancient' and 'modern' subsets, based on the level of sequence identity with their closest matching homolog (within the same genome). Modern pseudogenes usually have a much closer sequence composition to genes than ancient pseudogenes. Collectively, our results indicate that the composition of pseudogenes that are under no selective constraints progressively drifts from that of coding DNA towards non-coding DNA. Therefore, we propose that the degree to which pseudogenes approach a random sequence composition may be useful in dating different sets of pseudogenes, as well as to assess the rate at which intergenic DNA accumulates mutations. Our compositional analyses with the interactive viewer are available over the web at http://genecensus.org/pseudogene.
Long-Duration Ventricular Fibrillation Exhibits 2 Distinct Organized States

Background— Previous studies showed that endocardial activation during long-duration ventricular fibrillation (VF) exhibits organized activity. We identified and quantified the different types of organized activity. Methods and Results— Two 64-electrode basket catheters were inserted, respectively, into the left ventricle and right ventricle of dogs to record endocardial activation from the endocardium during 7 minutes of VF (controls, n=6). The study was repeated with the KATP channel opener pinacidil (n=6) and the calcium channel blocker flunarizine (n=6). After 2 minutes of VF without drugs, 2 highly organized left ventricular endocardial activation patterns were observed: (1) ventricular electric synchrony pattern, in which endocardial activation arose focally and either had a propagation sequence similar to sinus rhythm or arose near papillary muscles, and (2) stable pattern, in which activation was regular and repeatable, sometimes forming a stable re-entrant circuit around the left ventricular apex. Between 3 and 7 minutes of VF, the percent of time ventricular electric synchrony was present was control=25%, flunarizine=24% ( P =0.44), and pinacidil=0.1% ( P <0.001) and the percent of time stable pattern was present was control=71%, flunarizine=48% ( P <0.001), and pinacidil=56% ( P <0.001). The remainder of the time, nonstable re-entrant activation with little repeatability was present. Conclusions— After 3 minutes, VF exhibits 2 highly organized endocardial activation patterns 96% of the time, one potentially arising focally in the Purkinje system that was prevented with a KATP channel opener but not a calcium channel blocker and the other potentially arising from a stable re-entrant circuit near the apical left ventricular endocardium.
Toggle Equivalence Preserving (TEP) Logic Optimization

We describe a procedure (called the TEP procedure) that, given a multi-output circuit M, builds another multi-output circuit M* that is toggle equivalent to M. The TEP procedure can be used in the following two scenarios. First, since for single- output circuits toggle equivalence means functional equivalence, the TEP procedure can be used in "regular" logic synthesis. Second, the TEP procedure enables a powerful synthesis method called LS_TE (Logic Synthesis preserving Toggle Equivalence). Given a circuit N and its partitioning into subcircuits Ni LS_TE builds an optimized circuit N* by replacing subcircuits Ni with their toggle equivalent counterparts Ni. The replacement of Ni with N*i is done by the TEP procedure. We give results of optimizing single-output circuits by the TEP procedure and some preliminary results of using the TEP procedure in LS_TE. These results show the promise of the TEP procedure and LS_TE.
Visualization of an Alphaherpesvirus Membrane Protein That Is Essential for Anterograde Axonal Spread of Infection in Neurons

Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alphaherpesvirus with a broad host range, replicates and spreads in chains of synapti- cally connected neurons. The PRV protein Us9 is a small membrane protein that is highly conserved among alphaherpesviruses and is essential for anterograde axonal spread in neurons. Specifically, the Us9 protein is required for the sorting of newly assem- bled PRV particles into axons. However, the molecular details underlying the function of Us9 are poorly understood. Here we constructed PRV strains that express functional greenfluorescent protein (GFP)-Us9 fusion proteins in order to visualize axonal transport of viral particles in infected rat superior cervical ganglion neurons. We show that GFP-Us9-labeled structures are transported exclusively in the anterograde direction within axons. Additionally, the vast majority of anterograde-directed cap- sids (labeled with VP26-monomeric redfluorescent protein) and a viral membrane protein (labeled with glycoprotein M fused to mCherry) are cotransported with GFP-Us9 in the anterograde direction. In contrast, during infection with PRV strains that ex- press nonfunctional mutant GFP-Us9 proteins, cotransport of mutant GFP-Us9 with capsids in axons is abolished. Thesefind- ings show that axonal sorting of progeny viral particles is dependent upon the association of viral structures with membranes that contain functional Us9 proteins. This association is required for anterograde spread of infection in neurons. IMPORTANCE Alphaherpesviruses, such as pseudorabies virus (PRV), are parasites of the mammalian nervous system. These vi- ruses spread over long distances in chains of synaptically connected neurons. PRV encodes several proteins that mediate directed virion transport and spread of infection. Us9 is a highly conserved viral membrane protein that is essential for anterograde neu- ronal spread of infection. In the absence of Us9, newly replicated viral particles are assembled in the cell body but are not sorted into or transported within axons. Here, we constructed and characterized novel PRV strains that express functional greenfluo- rescent protein (GFP)-Us9 fusion proteins in order to visualize its localization in living neurons during infection. This enabled us to better understand the function of Us9 in facilitating the spread of infection. We show that all viral particles moving in the anterograde direction are labeled with GFP-Us9, suggesting that the presence of Us9 determines the capacity for directed trans- port within axons.
A method to correlate optical properties and structures of metallic nanoparticles

The optical response of individual nanoparticles is strongly influenced by their structures. In this report, we present a quick and simple pattern-matching based approach in which optical images of nanoparticles from localized surface plasmon resonance and single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy were used in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy for correlation of optical responses and the nanostructures of exactly the same nanoparticles or clusters of nanoparticles.
The in vitro Production of Alpha-fetoprotein by Human Embryonic Brain

The presence of AFP in media of 8 central nervous system monolayer cultures and also in 11 liver and in 11 intestine cultures was detected while it was not detected in placental cultures. We consider these findings as an indirect evidence that AFP (or crossreacting substance) is produced by embryonic central nervous system. The production of AFP by embryonic central nervous system may provide new explanation of elevated AFP concentrations in amniotic fluids of conceptuses with neural tube malformations.
Expression of human O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in Chinese hamster ovary cells and restoration of cellular resistance to certain N-nitroso compounds.

We have constructed a plasmid in which the expression of human O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) cDNA is driven by the Rous sarcoma virus promoter sequence. Transfection of this plasmid into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells results in expression of MGMT and in cellular resistance to N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (CNU), but not to N-nitroso-N-ethylurea. The specific activity of MGMT in transfected CHO cells correlated well with their resistance to MNNG and CNU. Southern analysis showed that the plasmid had been integrated into the CHO cell genome. Western analysis of extracts from transfected CHO cells using an antibody against a peptide corresponding to the carboxyl-terminal end of the human MGMT protein demonstrated a single band with a molecular size of 24–25 kDa; no such band was observed in extracts from wild-type CHO cells. These transfected cells may therefore be used to study the role of MGMT in the repair of alkylating DNA lesions and to determine its importance in carcinogenesis as well as in chemotherapy.
A triangular three-dye DNA switch capable of reconfigurable molecular logic

Structural DNA nanotechnology has developed profoundly in the last several years allowing for the creation of increasingly sophisticated devices capable of discrete sensing, locomotion, and molecular logic. The latter research field is particularly attractive as it provides information processing capabilities that may eventually be applied in situ, for example in cells, with potential for even further coupling to an active response such as drug delivery. Rather than design a new DNA assembly for each intended logic application, it would be useful to have one generalized design that could provide multiple different logic gates or states for a targeted use. In pursuit of this goal, we demonstrate a switchable, triangular dye-labeled three-arm DNA scaffold where the individual arms can be assembled in different combinations and the linkage between each arm can be physically removed using toehold-mediated strand displacement and then replaced by a rapid anneal. Rearranging this core structure alters the rates of Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between each of the two or three pendant dyes giving rise to a rich library of unique spectral signatures that ultimately form the basis for molecular photonic logic gates. The DNA scaffold is designed such that different linker lengths joining each arm, and which are used as the inputs here, can also be used independently of one another thus enhancing the range of molecular gates. The functionality of this platform structure is highlighted by easily configuring it into a series of one-, two- and three-input photonic Boolean logic gates such as OR, AND, INHIBIT, etc., along with a photonic keypad lock. Different gates can be realized in the same structure by altering which dyes are interrogated and implementation of toehold-mediated strand displacement and/or annealing allows reconfigurable switching between input states within a single logic gate as well as between two different gating devices.
Coupled-cavity VCSEL with engineered modulation characteristics

Modulation characteristics of a coupled-cavity VCSEL can be engineered by modulating the carrier and photon densities in both cavities simultaneously. This allows us to make a tradeoff between modulation bandwidth and relaxation oscillation strength in order to achieve an optimal modulation response.
Increased Immunoglobulin (Ig) G4–Positive Plasma Cell Density and IgG4/IgG Ratio Are Not Specific for IgG4-Related Disease in the Skin

Objectives: Immunoglobulin (Ig) G4–related disease (IgG4RD), a fibroinflammatory condition that can affect multiple organs, is suggested by lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, fibrosis, phlebitis, and increased IgG4+ plasma cell (PC) tissue density. In patients with suspected IgG4-RD and skin changes, skin biopsy may serve as a diagnostic screen or to supplement nondiagnostic visceral biopsy specimens. We aimed to determine whether increased cutaneous IgG4+ PCs or IgG4/IgG ratio is specific for IgG4-RD. Methods: We examined 50 mucocutaneous specimens representing seven PC-rich dermatoses and reactive PC-rich infiltrates with IgG and IgG4 immunohistochemical stains. Results: IgG4+ density exceeded 10 cells per high-power field in 22 (44%) of 50 specimens, representing six of seven diagnoses and reactive infiltrates. In five specimens (10%), the IgG4/IgG ratio exceeded 0.40. Conclusions: Moderately elevated IgG4+ PC density or IgG4/IgG ratio is a nonspecific finding in the skin. In cutaneous biopsy specimens showing increased IgG4+ PCs, careful consideration should be given to clinical, serologic, and other histopathologic features before attributing clinical changes to IgG4-RD. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G4–related disease (IgG4-RD) is a fibroinflammatory process first described in the context of autoimmune (sclerosing) pancreatitis. 1 It has since been found to affect virtually every organ, including the gallbladder (chronic cholecystitis), lung (interstitial pneumonia), and salivary gland (chronic sclerosing sialadenitis). 2-4 Patients may present with mass lesions of the involved organ(s); often have elevated serum IgG, IgG4, and IgE; and generally improve with systemic corticosteroid treatment. 2,4,5
Relationships Among Propagule Numbers of Botryosphaeria dothidea, Latent Infections, and Severity of Panicle and Shoot Blight in Pistachio Orchards.

Experiments were conducted between 1999 and 2001 to monitor the presence of propagules of Botryosphaeria dothidea and frequencies of latent infections on pistachio leaves and fruit clusters and to determine their relationships to panicle and shoot blight severity in commercial orchards. Numbers of B. dothidea propagules recovered from washing leaves and fruit clusters varied among the growing seasons and sampling dates. Lower numbers of B. dothidea propagules were obtained in 1999 and 2001 than in 2000. For the orchard in Glenn County, up to 75 propagules per leaf and 21 propagules per fruit cluster were recorded in 1999, compared with 365 and 248 propagules per leaf and fruit cluster, respectively, in 2000. Although more propagules were detected per leaf, the infection levels were higher on fruit clusters, suggesting that pistachio fruit is more susceptible to B. dothidea infection than leaves. Latent infections were detected as soon as leaves or fruit clusters started to expand and more infections were obtained in 2000 than 1999 or 2001. Significant (P < 0.05) relationships between propagules on leaves or frequency of infections on leaves (independent variables) and propagules on fruit clusters or frequency of infected fruit clusters (dependent variables) with r values ≥ 0.50 provide support for the role of latent infection in panicle and shoot blight later in the season. Propagules on leaves and fruit clusters were not significantly correlated to disease severity, but frequencies of latent infection on leaves and fruit clusters were positively correlated (P ≥ 0.05) with leaf and fruit disease severity under field conditions with r2 ranging between 0.25 and 0.42. Quantitative relationships between latent infections and disease severity may be incorporated in a prediction model for disease development or be used to develop a risk assessment method to guide growers in their effort to control panicle and shoot blight of pistachio.
Archaeological perspectives on the origins of azuki (Vigna angularis)

Recent archaeological findings provide a hint on domestication of azuki (Vigna angularis var. angularis) in East Asia. This preliminary study investigates archaeological collections from various re...
Effect of Ordering Energy on Grain Boundary Structure in L12 Alloys

Atomic structures of grain boundaries in two L12 ordered alloys with very different ordering energies have been calculated. The interatomic forces are represented by many-body empirical potentials based on the second moment approximation to the tight-binding density of states. Grain boundaries in strongly ordered alloys show very little relaxation. This results in the presence of columns of cavities in the boundaries. On the other hand boundaries in weakly ordered alloys, and also in pure f.c.c. materials, show extensive relaxations leading to much more homogeneous structures. We suggest that these structural features may be responsible for the intrinsic brittleness of grain boundaries in compounds such as Ni3Al in contrast with boundaries in pure f.c.c. metals or ordered alloys such as Cu3Au which are only embrittled by segregation.
ALLOZYMIC GENETIC STRUCTURE AND NATURAL HABITAT FRAGMENTATION: DATA FOR FIVE SPECIES OF AMAZONIAN FOREST BIRDS

Abstract I studied allozymic variation in five species of Amazonian birds at two geographic scales. At a local scale (all sites within 200 km of one another), I included samples from six sites, three within continuous forest and three in natural forest fragments thought to be several thousand years old. I examined both genetic variation and differentiation to determine whether there were genetic effects related to forest fragmentation. At this local scale, I found little evidence in the allozymic data that clearly suggested genetic structure had been affected in any uniform pattern among species. However, there was genetic differentiation at this level and estimated gene flow (Nmest from private alleles) was low relative to what is reported in other avian studies. At the regional level, I compared samples from sites that were 500–1,500 km from one another from two Amazonian areas of endemism (Inambari and Rondonia). Four of the five species exhibited substantial differentiation between samples from the tw...
17 Sleeve Gastrectomy as a Revisional Procedure

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has been an acceptable revisional option for previously failed bariatric surgeries, especially gastric banding (GB). While feasibility of performing LSG as a revisional procedure for failed GB, a purely restrictive procedure, has been controversial, it has been demonstrated to have nonrestrictive benefits reported, such as hormonal level changes and rapid gastric emptying time. Revisional LSG has potential to gain popularity according to the increasing number of failed GB due to its level of technical ease and relative safety.
Learning the central events and participants in unlabeled text

The majority of information on the Internet is expressed in written text. Understanding and extracting this information is crucial to building intelligent systems that can organize this knowledge. Today, most algorithms focus on learning atomic facts and relations. For instance, we can reliably extract facts like "Annapolis is a City" by observing redundant word patterns across a corpus. However, these facts do not capture richer knowledge like the way detonating a bomb is related to destroying a building, or that the perpetrator who was convicted must have been arrested. A structured model of these events and entities is needed for a deeper understanding of language. This talk describes unsupervised approaches to learning such rich knowledge.
El procesamiento oral de lo que no se dice (pero se comunica)

El presente articulo es parte de una investigacion mas extensa en el area de la comprension del discurso oral. Partiendo de teorias fundacionales en psicologia cognitiva (e.g. Control Adaptativo del Comportamiento o ACT de Anderson); las teorias de procesamiento de texto (e.g. Van Dijk; 1994; Van Dijk & Kintsch; 1983) y las teorias pragmatico-cognitivas de la interpretacion de significados implicitos en enunciados no literales (e.g. Sperber & Wilson); elaboro un modelo teorico de procesamiento cognitivo que da cuenta de la manera como los hablantes logran entender el significado no literal en el discurso oral; y formar hipotesis acerca de este mediante procesos inferenciales. Los principios metodologicos que se derivan de dicho modelo sirven de base para una propuesta didactica tendiente a optimizar la competencia pragmatica (CPr) en aprendices de nivel intermedio de lenguas extranjeras (L2) quienes; pese a su dominio linguistico; aun evidencian deficiencias de interpretacion de orden pragmatico.
Setting a Higher Standard: Judicial Review of Federal Affirmative Action in the Wake of Adarand

In the present-day civil rights arena, no subject kindles more fundamental disagreement in legal or political debate than affirmative action. Not surprisingly, the tone and tenor of this national debate has intensified exponentially following the United States Supreme Court's June 1995 decision in Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena. Adarand holds that federal affirmative action programs utilizing racial classifications must be reviewed under the same standard - strict scrutiny - previously made applicable to state and local measures in City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. In other words, racial classifications imposed by any federal, state, or local affirmative action measure are constitutional only if "narrowly tailored" to serve a "compelling" governmental interest. This Article will provide an overview of the primary Supreme Court decisions affecting federal affirmative action, including a discussion of the two prior precedents overturned by the Adarand Court. An examination of the facts and holding of Adarand will follow, including an analysis of the vastly divergent views expressed by an extremely fractured Court. Finally, this Article will briefly address the questions left unanswered by the Adarand majority and the resulting uncertainty surrounding future application of strict scrutiny to federal affirmative action programs.
Chapter 12 – Diego blood group system

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Diego blood group system. The terminology, expression, database accession numbers, and the carrier molecule related to the Diego blood group system are also reviewed. The Diego blood group was named after the producer of the first anti-Dia, discovered during the investigation of a case of HDN in a Venezuelan family. The function and disease association of the Diego blood group system is also discussed. The N-terminus cytoplasmic domain (residues 1–359) is anchored to the membrane skeleton via ankyrin and protein 4.2 and contributes to maintaining the structural integrity of the red blood cell (RBC). The C-terminus membrane domain (residues 360–911) carries out anion exchange (HCO3/Cl) across the RBC membrane and contributes to the stability of the lipid bilayer through interaction with adjacent phospholipid molecules. Band 3 may be involved in the removal of aged or defective RBCs from the circulation (via the formation of senescent antigens) and sequestration of RBCs infected with Plasmodium falciparum.
An ecological risk assessment of pesticides and fish kills in the Sixaola watershed, Costa Rica

Along the southeastern coast of Costa Rica, a variety of pesticides are intensively applied to produce export-quality plantains and bananas. In this region, and in other agricultural areas, fish kills are often documented by local residents and/or in the national news. This study examines principal exposure pathways, measured environmental concentrations, and selected toxicity thresholds of the three most prevalent pesticides (chlorpyrifos, terbufos, and difenoconazole) to construct a deterministic risk assessment for fish mortality. Comparisons of observed pesticide concentrations, along with estimated biological effects and observations during actual fish kills, highlight gaps in knowledge in correlating pesticide environmental concentration and toxicity in tropical environments. Observations of fish kill events and measured pesticide concentrations in the field, along with other water quality indicators, suggest that a number of environmental conditions can interact to cause fish mortality and that current species toxicity datasets may not be applicable for estimating toxicological or other synergistic effects, especially in tropical environments.
Toxicity of Nicotiana and Petunia Species to Larvae of the Tobacco Hornworm

Nicotiana benthamiana Domin, N. repanda Willd., N. stocktonii Brandeg., N. nesophila Johnst., N. gossei Domin, Petunia inflata Lindl., and P. violacea Lindl. were highly toxic to larvae of Manduca sexta (Johannson). The toxicity in the Nicotiana species appears to result from the secretion of alkaloids by the trichomes of these plants. Topical applications of such secretions from N. gossei and N. benthamiana were highly toxic to first-instar larvae and resulted in nicotinelike poisoning symptoms.
Variable presence of the inverted repeat and plastome stability in Erodium.

Background and aims Several unrelated lineages such as plastids, viruses and plasmids, have converged on quadripartite genomes of similar size with large and small single copy regions and a large inverted repeat (IR). Except for Erodium (Geraniaceae), saguaro cactus and some legumes, the plastomes of all photosynthetic angiosperms display this structure. The functional significance of the IR is not understood and Erodium provides a system to examine the role of the IR in the long-term stability of these genomes. We compared the degree of genomic rearrangement in plastomes of Erodium that differ in the presence and absence of the IR. Methods We sequenced 17 new Erodium plastomes. Using 454, Illumina, PacBio and Sanger sequences, 16 genomes were assembled and categorized along with one incomplete and two previously published Erodium plastomes. We conducted phylogenetic analyses among these species using a dataset of 19 protein-coding genes and determined if significantly higher evolutionary rates had caused the long branch seen previously in phylogenetic reconstructions within the genus. Bioinformatic comparisons were also performed to evaluate plastome evolution across the genus. Key results Erodium plastomes fell into four types (Type 1-4) that differ in their substitution rates, short dispersed repeat content and degree of genomic rearrangement, gene and intron content and GC content. Type 4 plastomes had significantly higher rates of synonymous substitutions (dS) for all genes and for 14 of the 19 genes non-synonymous substitutions (dN) were significantly accelerated. We evaluated the evidence for a single IR loss in Erodium and in doing so discovered that Type 4 plastomes contain a novel IR. Conclusions The presence or absence of the IR does not affect plastome stability in Erodium. Rather, the overall repeat content shows a negative correlation with genome stability, a pattern in agreement with other angiosperm groups and recent findings on genome stability in bacterial endosymbionts.
On Basic Demands and Content of Cultural Development and Prosperity

Development,prosperity and culture should be helpful to more consciously emancipating the mind on a new historical starting point,more firmly uphold,promote the reform and opening up,and a focus on building vibrant,highly efficient,more open and conducive to scientific development of institutional mechanisms.Culture should be developed according to the basic condition of the country and its people,based on the reality,and with an aim to raise people's scientific and cultural qualities and improve national quality.The final placement and essence of cultural prosperity is to enhance national "taste"and social civilization,so as to pull the soft power of the state and to increase the penetration and impel of soft power.The purpose of cultural development is to enhance the country's comprehensive strength and competitiveness,enhance its image and global influence and to make its people happy and satisfied.
Treatment of high COD nickel-containing wastewater by oxidizing-sedimentating

A modified process for the traditional treatment of high-COD plating wastewater was introduced. In new process, the sequence of sedimentation and oxidization is changed. At first, COD is greatly reduced by using a Fenton- like reaction, in which some complexes and organics in the system are destroyed. Then, the heavy metals including nickel are sedimentated by adding alkali and a small amount of sulfo-organic compounds. The practical operations of the new process show that the sludge amount and the expenses are reduced, and the pass rate of one-time treatment is increased. The working environment now is also better than before.
Summary of Radiation Burn Wounds Treated with MEBO.

Objective:To investigate effective therapy for burn wounds caused by radiation treatment.Method:12 cases of burn wounds caused by radiation treatment in different position,different type of tumor and depth were treated with MEBO.Results:Except for 1 case terminated,another one with small residual deep wound healed with skin grafting,rest others were all healed physiologically Conclusion:MEBO has remarkable efficacy in treating hard to heal burn wound caused by radiation treatment.
Net nutrient flux in visceral tissues of lambs fed diets differing in supplemental nitrogen source.

Eight multicatheterized wethers (35.9 +/- .8 kg BW) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to measure N retention and net uptake and release of plasma metabolites across the portal-drained viscera (PDV), hepatic (HEP), and total splanchnic (TS) tissues in response to changes in supplemental N source. Treatments selected to provide different amounts of undegradable intake protein (UIP) were urea, soybean meal (SBM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), and bloodmeal:corn gluten meal (BMCGM; 50:50 CP basis). Diets (urea, SBM, PBM, and BMCGM) contained 12.9, 13.8, 13.6, and 13.2% CP, respectively. Periods were 10 d, with total feces and urine collected on d 7 to 10 and blood sampled on d 10. Wethers were fed at 2% of BW in 12 daily portions. Nitrogen retention was 2.2, 3.3, 4.1, and 4.4 g/d for urea, SBM, PBM, and BMCGM, respectively. Urea had less (P < .01) N retention than SBM, PBM, and BMCGM; SBM had less N retention (P < .01) than PBM and BMCGM. Arterial, portal, and hepatic plasma flows were greater (P < .09) for SBM than for PBM and BMCGM (21 vs 16, 17; 84 vs 72, 72; 105 vs 87, 88 L/h). Portal plasma flow was greater (P < .10) for urea than for SBM, PBM, and BMCGM (85 vs 84, 72, 72 L/h). Portal-drained viscera and TS alpha-amino N (AAN) fluxes were less (P < .05) for PBM than for BMCGM (20.5 vs 26.6 and 7.2 vs 15.1 mmol/h), but TS AAN flux was less (P < .05) for urea than for SBM, PBM, and BMCGM (6.9 vs 16.9, 7.2, 15.1 mmol/h). Portal-drained viscera flux and HEP removal of NH3 N were greater (P < .001) for SBM than for PBM and BMCGM (27.7 vs 19.4, 20.6; -28.1 vs -20.0, -21.4 mmol/h). Gut use was less (P = .07) and HEP and TS fluxes of urea N were greater (P < .01) for SBM than for PBM and BMCGM (-4.92 vs -8.32, -7.93; 25.87 vs 16.54, 20.00; 20.95 vs 8.22, 12.07 mmol/h). These data suggest that PBM and BMCGM improved efficiency of N use compared with urea and SBM by reducing urinary N loss.
Thermally-assisted ultrasonic separation of giant vesicles

We report on a newly-developed membrane stiffness-based separation of vesicles using a thermally-assisted acoustophoretic approach. By tuning the temperature, we achieved the separation of vesicles of the same size, shape, and charge but with different stiffness values. It was observed that at a specific transition point, the acoustic contrast factor of vesicles changed sign from positive to negative. This change was mainly due to the change in the acoustic compressibility of the vesicles, which is inversely proportional to stiffness. The acoustic contrast temperature, corresponding to the temperature at which the acoustic contrast factor switches sign, was determined to be unique to the composition of the vesicles. This unique temperature signature allowed us to develop a separation method of vesicles with distinct membrane stiffness with target outlet purities exceeding 95%. Our studies suggest that this method may be applied for the separation of cells affected by diseases that affect the cellular stiffness.
Conservation of a Scalar Extensive in a State-Flux, Space-Time, Finite-Volume Cell

For the elementary, SF network solution, an explicit in time, fully implicit in space scheme is developed first, followed by the solution for a four-dimensional, State-Flux, Space-Time (SFST) domain in which the unit Courant number condition is strictly satisfied. The linear SFST solution is expressed with a matrix operator, independent from the initial and boundary conditions.
Nicotine levels, withdrawal symptoms, and smoking reduction success in real world use: A comparison of cigarette smokers and dual users of both cigarettes and E-cigarettes

Abstract Introduction To evaluate how experienced dual users used cigarettes and e-cigarettes in real-world use and under different levels of cigarette availability. Methods Dual users (cigarettes + e-cigarettes; n = 74) and a smoke-only group (just cigarettes; n = 74) engaged in a 26-day study with two ad lib use intervals, a week of 75% cigarette reduction and three days of 100% cigarette reduction. After a week of ad lib use of products, all participants were asked to reduce smoking by 75% (dual users were free to use their e-cigarettes as they wished), followed by another week of ad lib use. All participants were then asked to reduce smoking by 100% (cessation) for three days. Primary outcomes were biological samples (carbon monoxide, urinary nicotine and cotinine). Participants also provided real-time reports of product use, craving, and withdrawal symptoms using a smartphone app. Results Dual users did not smoke fewer cigarettes than smoke-only participants during ad lib periods, but quadrupled their use of e-cigarettes during smoking reduction periods. Dual users were significantly more likely to maintain 100% reduction (97.1% vs. 81.2%). Amongst women, dual use was associated with higher nicotine levels and withdrawal suppression. Discussion Among a group of experienced dual users, e-cigarettes helped maintain smoking reduction and reduced some withdrawal symptoms, although both withdrawal symptoms and nicotine levels varied as a function of gender.
Preliminary Reports of Stereotaxic Stem Cell Transplants in Chronic Stroke Patients

Preclinical studies have suggested that stem cell–based therapies possess the potential to improve stroke outcomes. Recently, the results of two early-stage clinical trials of stem cell therapy for chronic stroke have been published: the United Kingdom–based ReNeuron phase I clinical trial, called “Pilot Investigation of Stem Cells in Stroke” (PISCES, NCT01151124),1 and the United States–based SanBio phase I/IIa clinical trial, called “A Study of Modified Stem Cells in Stable Ischemic Stroke” (NCT01287936).
A UHF RFID positioning system for use in warehouse navigation by employees with cognitive disability.

AbstractUnemployment among the almost 5 million working-age adults with cognitive disabilities in the USA is a costly problem in both tax dollars and quality of life. Job coaching is an effective tool to overcome this, but the cost of job coaching services sums with every new employee or change of employment roles. There is a need for a cost-effective, automated alternative to job coaching that incurs a one-time cost and can be reused for multiple employees or roles. An effective automated job coach must be aware of its location and the location of destinations within the job site. This project presents a design and prototype of a cart-mounted indoor positioning and navigation system with necessary original software using Ultra High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (UHF RFID). The system presented in this project for use within a warehouse setting is one component of an automated job coach to assist in the job of order filler. The system demonstrated accuracy to within 0.3 m under the correct cond...
Teach Global Impact: A Resource for CSP (or Any CS Class!) (Abstract Only)

One of the most innovative features of the new AP Computer Science Principles course framework is that it includes the Global Impact of Computing-not just as an occasional flourish, but as one of its foundational Big Ideas (#7). The real-world impact of computing-on society and on their own lives-is a great hook that can stimulate students' lasting interest in computer science, whether in CSP or any other CS class. Teach Global Impact is a collaborative effort among leading computer science educators that leverages seven excellent CSP curricula and PD programs. (BJC, CISS, Code.org CSP, CS Matters, CSP CS4HS, Mobile CSP, and UTeach CSP.) These curricula are contributing activities that highlight the potential impacts of big data, multimedia, artificial intelligence, and Internet connectivity, among other things. We are working to bring together all of these existing Global Impact lesson materials into a unified resource, and to fill in any gaps by creating new materials, along with classroom strategy guides for teaching about impact. This lightning talk will introduce teachers to the resources available on the Teach Global Impact website, including a database of existing materials, new activities and strategy guides, and a Computing in the News feed featuring student-curated stories aligned with CSP learning objectives. We'll also talk about new activities in the works, including classroom simulations around net neutrality and encryption ethics, a lesson plan on online research and writing for CS, and a series of videos illustrating key essential knowledge points.
Polarization ratio determination with two identical linearly polarized antennas

This paper describes a method for determining the complex polarization ratio using two identical, linearly polarized antennas. By Fourier transform analysis of S 21 measurements with one of the antennas rotating about its axis a circular polarization ratio is derived which can be transformed into an equivalent linear polarization ratio. A linearly polarized reference antenna is not required. The technique was verified by electromagnetic simulations and illustrated by measurements in an anechoic chamber with two 3.3 GHz square patch antennas.
The Development and Function of Nepotism

Each year since 1904, the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission has presented a medal and financial award to civilians who voluntarily risked their own lives to save another person’s. The Hero Fund came about because, according to its founder, Andrew Carnegie, “I do not expect to stimulate or create heroism by this fund, knowing well that heroic action is impulsive; but I do believe that, if the hero is injured in his bold attempt to serve or save his fellows, he and those dependent upon him should not suffer pecuniarily” ([Carnegie, 2000]). One type of hero who is ineligible for an award is the hero who saves a member of his or her own immediate family. Why would the Commission exclude from the list of deserving heroes those who save a close genetic relative? I suggest that the reason is quite straightforward: we humans take for granted that our kin will come to our aid in times of need; self-sacrifice for a relative like a child, a sibling, or a niece is part of our “nature” and thus does not merit pecuniary reward ([Burnstein, Crandall, & Kitayama, 1994]). Still, why should this be so? One of my aims in this chapter is to explain the ubiquitous and deeply ingrained nature of nepotism that permeates human and nonhuman social relationships. My analysis may help provide a deeper biological understanding of why saving a friend or stranger might merit financial reward, whereas saving a close relative is “natural” and therefore would not
Public Goods Transfers and National Unity: Evidence from Post-Soeharto Indonesia

There is little question whether politicians at times use public goods services for political gains. The driving political factors -- and the subsequent pattern of allocation -- of public goods distribution are less certain, however. This paper examines the factors that influenced the provision of public goods in post-Soeharto Indonesia (1999-2005). Using an original district-level dataset, I find that the practical effect of electoral competition on public goods allocation is at best miniscule. Instead, a district’s threat to separate from the country appears to determine its portion of public goods. Separatism increases a district’s public goods funds by 27%. Compared to the meager almost-zero percent increase in funds that electoral competition adds to a district, this effect is remarkably large. This finding suggests that in countries such as Indonesia where the imperative of holding the country together dominates government concerns and priorities, the central government focuses and distributes their resources primarily to ensure national unity.
How Minnesota wolf hunter and trapper attitudes and risk- and benefit-based beliefs predict wolf management preferences

ABSTRACTIn 2012, Minnesota’s first-ever regulated wolf hunting and trapping season occurred. Research has suggested that beliefs about risks and benefits associated with carnivores affect their acc...
Calcium Imaging of Store-Operated Calcium (Ca 2+) Entry (SOCE) in HEK293 Cells Using Fura-2

The store-operated calcium (Ca2+) entry (SOCE) pathway is an essential Ca2+ signaling pathway in non-excitable cells that serve many physiological functions. SOCE is mediated through the plasma membrane (PM) protein, Orai1, and the endoplasmic reticulum protein, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1). One of the most well-established methods to study SOCE is using the Ca2+-sensing dye, fura-2. Here we describe a detailed protocol on how to use fura-2 to study Ca2+ signaling from SOCE in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells.
“This Remarkable Piece of Antiquity”: Epic Conventions in Shelley’s Oedipus Tyrannus; or, Swellfoot the Tyrant

ABSTRACTShelley’s Swellfoot the Tyrant has recently begun to gain the concerted attention of critics, who have noted the play’s signature blend of low and high, of ephemeral, late Regency politics with the classic genres of Sophoclean tragedy, Aristophanic comedy, and mock epic. But Austin Warren’s famous and widely accepted definition of mock epic as “not mockery of the epic but elegantly affectionate homage, offered by a writer who finds [the serious epic] irrelevant to his age” does not describe Shelley’s earnest goal of immediate political reform in authoring Swellfoot. Instead, the play evinces Shelley’s unique, conscious reconfiguration of four conventions characteristic of the high, classical epic: the “prosperous breeze”; the epic simile; katabasis or descent into the underworld; and divine intervention. I argue that Shelley’s comic adaptation of these epic conventions reflects his serious aim of helping effect reform through Swellfoot and embodies his absorption of the concept of Shakespeare’s hi...
Acute portal vein thrombosis after liver transplant presenting with subtle ultrasound abnormalities: A case report and literature review.

Acute portal vein thrombosis after liver transplant presenting with subtle ultrasound abnormalities: A case report and literature review
Recommendations in a new drug application review for dose optimization to potentially improve gastrointestinal tolerability of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

2574 Background: On April 29 2014, the U.S. FDA approved ceritinib for the treatment of patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who hav...
Interpretation Biases and Childhood Anxiety: The Moderating Role of Parasympathetic Nervous System Reactivity

This investigation examined vagal modulation of arousal, as indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), as a moderator of the covariance between interpretation biases and anxiety disorder symptom severity in a diverse sample of clinically anxious youth. A sample of 105 children with anxiety disorders (Mage = 10.07 years, SD = 1.22; range = 8–12 years; 57.1% female; 61.9% ethnic minority) and their mothers completed a battery of measures assessing interpretation biases and anxiety disorder symptom severity. Children also completed a behaviorally-indexed assessment of interpretation biases and participated in an anxiety-provoking speech task. Physiological assessment of RSA was collected at baseline (i.e., baseline RSA) and during the speech task (i.e., challenge RSA). The interaction between challenge RSA and both self-reported and behaviorally-indexed interpretation biases (adjusting for baseline RSA) was significant (ΔR2 = .05 and .04 respectively) in relation to maternal report of child anxiety symptoms. Specifically, among children with low (vs. high) challenge RSA, greater self-reported interpretation biases were significantly associated with maternal report of more severe child anxiety symptoms, and greater behaviorally-indexed interpretation biases were marginally associated with maternal report of more severe child anxiety. Interactions predicting child self-report of anxiety symptoms were not significant. Greater child interpretation biases coupled with lower challenge RSA were associated with maternal report of more severe child anxiety symptoms. Future work should examine whether interventions targeting RSA weaken the association between interpretation biases and anxiety symptoms in youth.
iSeqL: interactive sequence learning

Exploratory analysis of unstructured text is a difficult task, particularly when defining and extracting domain-specific concepts. We present iSeqL, an interactive tool for the rapid construction of customized text mining models through sequence labeling. With iSeqL, analysts engage in an active learning loop, labeling text instances and iteratively assessing trained models by viewing model predictions in the context of both individual text instances and task-specific visualizations of the full dataset. To build suitable models with limited training data, iSeqL leverages transfer learning and pre-trained contextual word embeddings within a recurrent neural architecture. Through case studies and an online experiment, we demonstrate the use of iSeqL to quickly bootstrap models sufficiently accurate to perform in-depth exploratory analysis. With less than an hour of annotation effort, iSeqL users are able to generate stable outputs over custom extracted entities, including context-sensitive discovery of phrases that were never manually labeled.