cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional distance shear-coupled PL propagation within the northern Altiplano, central Andes

SUMMARY Properties of the shear-coupled P wavetrain (SPL ) from regional earthquakes provide important information about the structure of the crust and upper mantle. We investigate broad-band seismic data from intermediate-depth earthquakes and develop a grid search technique using synthetic seismograms to study the sensitivity of SPL and to model the crustal structure of the northern Altiplano, central Andes. Waveforms from an earthquake that occurred on 1994 December 12 within the Nazca slab beneath the Altiplano display a clear SPL wavetrain at the temporary stations deployed during the BANJO and SEDA experiments. We relocate this event and determine the moment tensor by inverting the complete long-period waveforms. With these source parameters fixed, we perform sensitivity analyses using a reflectivity technique to compute synthetic seismograms at a distance of 313 km (BANJO station 2, SALI). We find that, at this distance, the long-period SPL wavetrain is sensitive to the following model parameters, in order of decreasing sensitivity: crustal V P /V S , mantle V P /V S , average crustal velocity, crustal thickness, focal depth, distance (location), crustal Q a and Q b , and mantle velocity. We develop a grid search method to investigate the four parameters of the crust/upper mantle model to which the synthetic seismograms are most sensitive at SALI (crustal V P /V S , mantle V P /V S , average crustal velocity, crustal thickness). Trade-oVs exist among all four of the model parameters, resulting in a range of acceptable crustal models that provide excellent fits between the data and synthetic seismograms in the passband of 15‐100 s at a single station. However, by using data at a range of distances (150‐450 km) we find that the model that provides the best overall fit between the data and synthetic seismograms, and thus best approximates the average characteristics of the crust and upper mantle structure of the northern Altiplano, is characterized by an average crustal velocity of 6.0 km s’1, a crustal Poisson’s ratio (s crust ) of 0.25 and a mantle Poisson’s ratio (s mantle ) of 0.27. The resulting models confirm previous estimates of low Poisson’s ratios, low average crustal velocity and thick crust in the Altiplano.
Selective etching of N-type silicon using pulsed potential anodization

A novel dopant selective etching technique, which uses pulsed anodizing voltages applied to silicon samples immersed in KOH:H/sub 2/O solutions, has been developed. The use of pulsed anodization causes passivation of p-type silicon while n-type silicon continues to etch, making it possible to selectively etch-stop on p-type material. These results are consistent with a process which is rate-limiting by holes in the semiconductor. To demonstrate this technique, a 12 mu m-thick p-type membrane was formed. This method differs from the conventional p-n junction etch-stop in that a diode is not required to accomplish selective anodization and etch-stop. In this way, the performance of the etch-stop does not depend on the presence or quality of the diode. >
Method for collection and determination of 14CO2 for in vitro metabolic studies

A metabolic flask is described which allows for the rapid and periodic collection of 14CO2 in a liquid scintillation counting vial.
Design and the Economy of Choice

Abstract This article argues that we are in a transition from an economy of scale to an economy of choice. It presents the historical context of how design relates to the economy of scale, and why underlying forces of that economy reduced the relevance of user experience and focused design practice on appearance. It discusses why manufacturers now meet the desire for more consumer choice through over-production. It explains how this leads to an “innovation gap” in which companies know how to make anything without knowing what to make. This article presents a model of the core capabilities of design, showing how they relate to economically viable ways of providing choice. The model involves a closer fit with emerging production processes related to platforms, the maker movement, and open innovation. In this model, such capabilities provide more exploratory and responsive ways to create innovation than a reliance on the predictive methods inherent in the economy of scale. This leads to a “whole view” model of innovation. The model proposes a way of “sketching” innovation initiatives that involves fundamental questions: What is the offering? Who is it for? Why will it create value? How will organizations make it a reality?
ENDOMETRIAL ADENOCARCINOMA: A Primer for the Generalist

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States. The mean and median age of women with endometrial adenocarcinoma is 61 years. Most endometrial cancers are type I estrogen-dependent endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Most women with endometrial adenocarcinoma have stage I disease. Patients with stage I disease endometrial adenocarcinoma can be treated with a simple hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, peritoneal lavage, and periaortic node dissection in selected cases. The probability of survival according to international statistics is as follows: stage IA, 91%; stage IB, 88%; stage IC, 81%; stage IIA, 77%; stage IIB, 67%; stage IIA, 60%; stage IIIB, 41%; stage IIC, 32%; stage IVA, 20%; stage IVB, 5%.
Examining the Mystery of Zero Leverage Firms with a Sample of Smaller Firms

In this paper, we re-examine the findings of Strebulaev and Yang (2014) related to zero leverage firms when applied to bottom quintile of small firms. For this paper, we eliminate the 10 million in Total Assets minimum to be included in the Strebulaev and Yang (2014) sample. This change would have increased the Strebulaev and Yang total sample size from about 157,000 observations to about 195,000 observations. We then analyze the bottom quintile based on firm market value. Essentially, Strebulaev and Yang analyze the top four quintiles, while we analyze the bottom quintile. We find many notable differences from Strebulaev and Yang. Our out of sample firms are of course smaller, but also younger and more likely to be technology firms. We find that small firms are roughly twice likely to have zero leverage than larger firms. Our results, vis a vis, dividend payments are also different than Strebulaev and Yang.
Mental Illness, Stigma, and the Person in the Office Next Door

Recently I wrote a review for the Louisville Courier-Journal newspaper of Professor Elyn Saks' memoir of life while secretly suffering from schizophrenia. I did not mention the parallels between my life and Professor Saks'. I also have a successful career as a law professor. I accomplished it while harboring the secret I have the severe mental illness bipolar disorder (formerly known as "manic-depressive illness"). Why did I hide my condition for so long? Mainly I kept quiet due to the fear of stigma. Sadly, people today stigmatize more than they did fifty years ago. They need to realize that a history of mental illness is not a moral failing, and that it is a chronic condition like any "physical" disease. Although most with severe mental illness pose no threat to anyone, stereotypes unduly link violence with mental illness. The vast majority of those with mental illness like Professor Saks and me are not violent; a very small portion of the level of violence in society is attributable to people with mental disorders. Why have I now chosen to tell my story? I write, as did Professor Saks, to show people can be effective members of society in high-level and often stressful jobs despite their psychiatric conditions. I wish to be accepted for who I am, a person with a full and satisfying professional and personal life, and not have to endure stigma or doubt as to my ability to perform. While not all with mental disorders flourish as Professor Saks and I have done, we show what is possible. How many other successful individuals with mental illness who for now remain silent, probably due to stigma concerns, are out there? Perhaps each of us should look at those in the offices next to us, or our friends and neighbors, and wonder which of these people secretly live with a severe mental condition.
Quality Systems and Risk Management for Contract Research Organizations

In clinical research, contract research organizations (CROs) may be hired by trial sponsors to complete outsourced tasks such as monitoring, auditing, or data management for clinical trials, and contract budgets may comprise a large portion of an overall trial’s costs. CROs have a significant
Deterioration of Air Quality in Firing Ranges: A Review of Airborne Lead Exposures

Exposure to airborne lead in indoor (Fischbein et al., 1979; Novotny et al., 1987; Landrigan et al., 1975; Smith, 1976; NIOSH, 1975; Anderson et al., 1977; Olmez et al., 1984;) and outdoor firing ranges (Tripathi et al., 1989a, b) is a documented occupational health hazard. Deterioration of air quality in firing ranges poses a serious health threat to personnel who work in shooting ranges, both commercial and private. Airborne lead, dust, and fumes generated by the firing guns, cause an accumulation of lead in the blood of firearm instructors, maintenance workers, and shooters. A study conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (Anania and Seta, 1975) reported an average airborne lead concentration from nine indoor firing ranges of 2,700 μg/m3, almost 54 times the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard of 50 μg/m3 (OSHA, 1978). Another recent study conducted by Tripathi et al., (1989a) from an outdoor firing range reported an average airborne lead concentration of 129 μg/m3.
A SNaPshot of potentially personalized care: Molecular diagnostics in gynecologic cancer.

Abstract Background Genetic abnormalities underlie the development and progression of cancer, and represent potential opportunities for personalized cancer therapy in Gyn malignancies. Methods We identified Gyn oncology patients at the MGH Cancer Center with tumors genotyped for a panel of mutations by SNaPshot, a CLIA approved assay, validated in lung cancer, that uses SNP genotyping in degraded DNA from FFPE tissue to identify 160 described mutations across 15 cancer genes ( AKT1 , APC , BRAF , CTNNB1 , EGFR , ERBB2 , IDH1 , KIT , KRAS , MAP2KI , NOTCH1 , NRAS , PIK3CA , PTEN , TP53 ). Results Between 5/17/10 and 8/8/13, 249 pts consented to SNaPshot analysis. Median age 60 (29–84) yrs. Tumors were ovarian 123 (49%), uterine 74(30%), cervical 14(6%), fallopian 9(4%), primary peritoneal 13(5%), or rare 16(6%) with the incidence of testing high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) halving over time. SNaPshot was positive in 75 (30%), with 18 of these (24%) having 2 or 3 ( n =5) mutations identified. TP53 mutations are most common in high-grade serous cancers yet a low detection rate (17%) was likely related to the assay. However, 4 of the 7 purely endometrioid ovarian tumors (57%) harbored a p53 mutation. Of the 38 endometrioid uterine tumors, 18 mutations (47%) in the PI3Kinase pathway were identified. Only 9 of 122 purely serous (7%) tumors across all tumor types harbored a ‘drugable' mutation, compared with 20 of 45 (44%) of endometrioid tumors ( p Conclusion Although SNaPshot can identify potentially important therapeutic targets, the incidence of ‘drugable' targets in ovarian cancer is low. In this cohort, only 7% of subjects eventually were treated on a relevant clinical trial. Geneotyping should be used judiciously and reflect histologic subtype and available platform.
Age-Related Differences in Formal Thought Disorder in Chronically Hospitalized Schizophrenic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study Across Nine Decades

Objective: This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the frequency of occurrence and severity of 10 different signs of thought disorder in schizophrenic patients across the lifespan. Method: Schizophrenic patients, who ranged in age from 19 to 96 years (N=392), were examined with the Scale for Assessment of Thought, Language, and Communication. The cognitive functioning of the geriatric patients (patients over the age of 64, N=120) was also assessed. Results: Poverty of speech was more common and more severe in geriatric patients, while four different signs of thought disorder that reflect disconnected speech were less common and less severe in geriatric patients. Analysis of covariance found that the lower severity of disconnection thought disorders in the older patients was not attributable to differences in the amount of speech produced. Conclusions: Aspects of disconnected speech were less severe in older patients, while the severity and frequency of poverty of speech were greater. These findings suggest that the two previously identified separate dimensions of communication disorder in schizophrenia vary differently with age and possibly in their cognitive and biological underpinnings. (Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:205‐210)
Rapid Transit to Salvation: American Protestants and the Bicycle in the Era of the Cycling Craze

In the late nineteenth century, cycling posed numerous problems for Protestant churches and other religious organizations that sought to reform the behavior of athletes and the tone of sporting events. A wide range of improper behavior, including desecration of the Sabbath, was attributed to the “cycling craze” of the 1890s, the danger of which was heightened by the privacy and anonymity that the bicycle offered as well as it popularity among women. While censuring it on the one hand, moral crusaders also adopted the bicycle for their own evangelistic purposes, recognizing its potential as a means of transport as well as its appeal to young audiences. Some argued that it would restore the health of church congregations. Others saw it as an agent of temperance reform. Missionary organizations, including the Salvation Army, used bicycles to distribute religious and social reform literature in rural areas. A symbol of the Good Roads movement, the bicycle also promised to create a mutually beneficial moral bond between town and country.
Logic Versus Pedagogy

(1970). Logic Versus Pedagogy. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 264-282.
Framing Food and Diabetes Exploring the Perspectives of Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Through Photography

To better elucidate the experiences and perspectives of youth and families living with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), we conducted survey research with 40 youth and their parents/caregivers. Youth were provided with disposable cameras and prompted to take 5 pictures that captured what diabetes meant to them accompanied by narratives explaining their photo choices. Demographic data were collected to examine possible variations in photos/representations, including gender, age, disease duration, socioeconomic status, race, and glycemic control (measured with glycated hemoglobin). Qualitative content analysis was conducted for photos and open-ended survey responses. Quantitative analysis included a comparison of means through Mann-Whitney U tests for statistical significance. In all, 68% of youth took at least 1 photograph of food, and 90% of parents/caregivers addressed food-specific issues, demonstrating 3 broad categories of representation: food as off limits, food as laborious, and food as exclusionary. ...
Digging in: lawn dissidents, performing sustainability, and landscapes of privilege

Abstract‘Lawn dissidents’ are people who violate norms of turfgrass yards often found in North American suburbs. This paper uses qualitative methods and engages a performance view of landscape to examine how these subjects’ sustainability-oriented lawn alternatives work unintentionally to create exclusionary landscapes. As capitalism adopts environmentalism as a ‘sustainability fix’, niche ‘green’ capitalist markets allow lawn dissidents to cultivate subject positions within sustainability that ignore social justice concerns. Alongside their environmentalist concerns, lawn dissidents continue to approach land through frames that treat it as a commodity and as a signifier of cultural distinction, particularly within an elite cosmopolitan subcategory of whiteness. Nonetheless, inasmuch as lawn dissidents enact social scripts and cultivate landscapes that perform white bourgeois sensibilities around urban sustainability, the exclusionary effect of this practice is neither inevitable nor necessary. By viewing...
Too Much of a Good Thing: Fatal Attraction in Intimate Relationships

Can a mate possess “too much of a good thing?” Here we test hypotheses concerning the propensity of individuals to view their spouse or partner as exhibiting too much of otherwise desirable characteristics. In a sample of 208 adults, we find that approximately three-fourths of respondents report that their mate exhibits “too much” of at least one appealing quality. Over two-thirds report a “fatal attraction,” in which they recount initially being attracted to the same quality in a partner that is now perceived to be exhibited in excess. Furthermore, we find that fatal attractions occur across a wide range of ages and personality dimensions, and in both dating and married relationships. We demonstrate these patterns using both quantitative and qualitative data.
Hounsfield, Godfrey N

English electrical engineer Godfrey N. Hounsfield (1919–2004) invented the computed tomographic scanner and later shared the 1979 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with South African-born American physicist Allan McLeod Cormack for his part in developing X-ray computed tomography.
Frequency-based similarity detection of structures in human brain

Advancements in 3D scanning and volumetric imaging methods have motivated researchers to tackle new challenges related to storing, retrieving and comparing 3D models, especially in medical domain. Comparing natural rigid shapes and detecting subtle changes in 3D models of brain structures is of great importance. Precision in capturing surface details and insensitivity to shape orientation are highly desirable properties of good shape descriptors. In this paper, we propose a new method, Spherical Harmonics Distance (SHD), which leverages the power of spherical harmonics to provide more accurate representation of surface details. At the same time, the proposed method incorporates the features of a shape distribution method (D2) and inherits its insensitivity to shape orientation. Comparing SHD to a spherical harmonics based method (SPHARM) shows that the performance of the proposed method is less sensitive to rotation. Also, comparing SHD to D2 shows that the proposed method is more accurate in detecting subtle changes. The performance of the proposed method is verified by calculating the Fisher measure (FM) of extracted feature vectors. The FM of the vectors generated by SHD on average shows 27 times higher values than that of D2. Our preliminary results show that SHD successfully combines desired features from two different methods and paves the way towards better detection of subtle dissimilarities among natural rigid shapes (e.g. structures of interest in human brain). Detecting these subtle changes can be instrumental in more accurate diagnosis, prognosis and treatment planning.
Economic interest or security concerns? Which affected how individuals in five Asian countries—Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and South Korea—viewed China in 2013?

ABSTRACTWith rapid economic growth, China has become its neighbours’ largest trade partner in the twenty-first century. At the same time, the growth of China’s military and its assertiveness are raising concerns among its neighbours that China’s rise will pose a threat to them. In this context, will China’s neighbours—Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and South Korea—view China positively or negatively? By using statistical analysis, this paper aims to explore whether individuals are more affected by their economic position or national security concerns when they view China. The findings in this article suggest that individuals’ security concerns have stronger associations with their attitudes toward China than economic conditions. Specifically, individuals’ views on China’s military growth and territorial disputes had negative effects on their attitudes toward China. On the other hand, economic interests had weaker associations with individuals’ views of China than security concerns.
Stabilization of highly-loaded boron carbide aqueous suspensions

Abstract Injection molding of boron carbide (B4C) slurries affords the production of complex-shaped personal armor. To injection mold, however, requires preparation of a well dispersed, flowable suspension with >45 vol% B4C loadings to reduce porosity that must be removed during sintering. In the present study, the preparation of highly-loaded B4C suspensions is investigated using zeta potential and rheological measurements, varying dispersant type, molecular weight, and amount. Of those dispersants investigated, polyethylenimine (PEI) with a molecular weight of 25,000 g/mol was found to produce suspensions with up to 56 vol% B4C and the requisite rheological properties suitable for injection molding. A PEI concentration of 1.83 mg/m2 was established as the appropriate to produce highly-loaded B4C suspensions. The effect of a prior B4C powder treatment (ethanol washed or attrition milled) on rheological properties of the suspensions was also investigated. The PEI was completely burned out in argon, nitrogen, and air at 450 °C.
Un-masking the latent immunogenicity of neoepitopes by checkpoint blockade (TUM2P.1031)

Comparison of transcriptome sequences of the BALB/c mouse fibrosarcoma Meth A with the normal BALB/c genome led to identification of 1528 heterozygous tumor-specific point mutations, which, using the NetMHC algorithm, generated 203 Kd-restricted potential neoepitopes1. BALB/c mice were immunized with each of 11 candidate-neoepitopes which had a high binding affinity to Kd (IC50 <500 nM), and were challenged with live Meth A cells. Not a single candidate-neoepitope elicited tumor rejection. Mice were then immunized with the same candidate-neoepitopes in combination with 9D9, an antagonistic antibody to CTLA-4 (mouse anti-mouse IgG2b). In preliminary results, a small number of candidate-neoepitopes that did not elicit tumor rejection on their own appear to be active in tumor rejection, when combined with checkpoint blockade of CTLA-4. These results as well as a mechanistic dissection of this un-covering of latent immunogenicity by checkpoint blockade shall be presented. 1Duan F, Duitama J, Al Seesi S, Ayres CM, Corcelli SA, Pawashe AP, Blanchard T, McMahon D, Sidney J, Sette A, Baker BM, Mandoiu II, Srivastava PK. Genomic and Bioinformatic Profiling of Mutational Neoepitopes Reveals New Rules to Predict Anticancer Immunogenicity." J Exp Med. 211 (2014): 2231-248. PMID: 25245761
Activated Protein C Attenuates Severe Inflammation by Targeting VLA-3high Neutrophil Subpopulation in Mice.

The host injury involved in multiorgan system failure during severe inflammation is mediated, in part, by massive infiltration and sequestration of hyperactive neutrophils in the visceral organ. A recombinant form of human activated protein C (rhAPC) has shown cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory functions in some clinical and animal studies, but the direct mechanism is not fully understood. Recently, we reported that, during endotoxemia and severe polymicrobial peritonitis, integrin VLA-3 (CD49c/CD29) is specifically upregulated on hyperinflammatory neutrophils and that targeting the VLA-3 high neutrophil subpopulation improved survival in mice. In this article, we report that rhAPC binds to human neutrophils via integrin VLA-3 (CD49c/CD29) with a higher affinity compared with other Arg-Gly-Asp binding integrins. Similarly, there is preferential binding of activated protein C (PC) to Gr1 high CD11b high VLA-3 high cells isolated from the bone marrow of septic mice. Furthermore, specific binding of rhAPC to human neutrophils via VLA-3 was inhibited by an antagonistic peptide (LXY2). In addition, genetically modified mutant activated PC, with a high affinity for VLA-3, shows significantly improved binding to neutrophils compared with wild-type activated PC and significantly reduced neutrophil infiltration into the lungs of septic mice. These data indicate that variants of activated PC have a stronger affinity for integrin VLA-3, which reveals novel therapeutic possibilities.
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin and natriuretic peptide with risk of lower-extremity peripheral artery disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Aims: Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is suggested as a predictor of amputation in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, cTnT-PAD association has not been systematically studied in a large study. This study evaluated the association of high-sensitivity cTnT (hs-cTnT) with PAD incidence and also explored whether natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), another representative cardiac marker, predicts PAD risk. Methods and results: Among 12 288 middle-aged adults, the associations of hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP with incident PAD (hospitalizations with PAD diagnosis or leg revascularization [cases with rest pain or tissue loss considered as critical limb ischaemia (CLI)]) were quantified with multivariable Cox regression models. The risk discrimination was assessed by c-statistic. During a follow-up over 22 years, 454 participants developed PAD (164 CLI cases). In demographically adjusted models, the highest category of hs-cTnT (≥14 vs. <3 ng/L) and NT-proBNP (≥258.3 vs. <51.5 pg/mL) showed ∼8- and 10-20-fold higher risk of PAD and CLI, respectively. Even after adjusting for potential confounders and each other, hazard ratios were greater for CLI than for PAD (7.74 95% confidence interval [95% CI 4.43-13.55] vs. 2.84 [2.02-4.00] for the highest vs. reference hs-cTnT category and 4.63 [2.61-8.23] vs. 3.16 [2.23-4.49] for the highest vs. reference NT-proBNP category). The addition of these cardiac markers improved c-statistics for CLI. Conclusion: High-sensitivity cTnT and NT-proBNP were independently associated with incident PAD, particularly its severe form, CLI. Although future studies are warranted to investigate pathophysiological mechanisms behind these associations, our study suggests the usefulness of cardiac markers to identify individuals at high risk of CLI.
6 – Classification of Solids

–that to you differences mean little, while to me they are the most important things. Mine is the nature of a scholar, and my branch of scholarship is science. And science, to quote your own words, is nothing than a “strange hankering after differences.” Her essence could not be better defined. For men of science nothing is so important as the clear definition of differences.
On the Convergence of Newton-Like Methods Based on M-Fréchet Differentiable Operators and Applications in Radiative Transfer

In this study we approximate a locally unique solution of a nonlinear operator equation in Banach space using Newton-like methods. A complete error analysis of our method is also given. Our new theorem uses Lipschitz or Holder continuity assumptions on m-Frechet-differentiable operators where m ≥ 2 is a positive integer. A numerical example is given to show that our results provide a better information on the location of the solution as well as finer error bounds on the distances involved than earlier results. A second numerical example shows how to solve a nonlinear integral equation appearing in radiative transfer.
Neural Mechanisms Involved in Mental Imagery of Slip-Perturbation While Walking: A Preliminary fMRI Study

Background: Behavioral evidence for cortical involvement in reactive balance control in response to environmental perturbation is established, however, the neural correlates are not known. This study aimed to examine the neural mechanisms involved in reactive balance control for recovery from slip-like perturbations using mental imagery and to evaluate the difference in activation patterns between imagined and observed slipping. Methods: Ten healthy young participants after an exposure to regular walking and slip-perturbation trial on a treadmill, performed mental imagery and observation tasks in the MR scanner. Participants received verbal instructions to imagine walking (IW), observe walking (OW), imagine slipping (IS) and observe slipping (OS) while walking. Results: Analysis using general linear model showed increased activation during IS versus IW condition in precentral gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, superior, middle and transverse temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, insula, pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, pons, anterior and posterior cerebellar lobes. During IS versus OS condition, there was additional activation in parahippocampus, cingulate gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, superior temporal, middle and inferior frontal gyrus. Conclusion: The findings of the current study support involvement of higher cortical and subcortical structures in reactive balance control. Greater activation during slipping could be attributed to the complexity of the sensorimotor task and increased demands to maintain postural stability during slipping as compared with regular walking. Furthermore, our findings suggest that mental imagery of slipping recruited greater neural substrates rather than observation of slipping, possibly due to increased sensory, cognitive and perceptual processing demands. New and Noteworthy: The behavioral factors contributing to falls from external perturbations while walking are better understood than neural mechanisms underlying the behavioral response. This study examines the neural activation pattern associated with reactive balance control during slip-like perturbations while walking through an fMRI paradigm. This study identified specific neural mechanisms involved in complex postural movements during sudden perturbations, to particularly determine the role of cortical structures in reactive balance control. It further highlights the specific differences in neural structures involved in regular unperturbed versus perturbed walking.
Sexual Desire in Women According to Reproductive Milestones

This was a selective review of the recent (i.e., past 5 years) literature on female sexual desire according to reproductive milestones (adolescence, puerperium, and menopause), framed within a biopsychosocial model. Scant recent research has focused on adolescence, though evidence suggests cognitive capacities for motivation for sexual behavior similar to adults. Research on the puerperium provides further evidence of temporary declines in desire and tested differences according to characteristics of delivery. Most recent research has focused on menopause including identification of biological mechanisms behind desire and demonstration of short-term efficacy of hormonal therapies for decreased desire. Conclusions about desire according to reproductive milestones continue to be limited by variations in methodology and sample characteristics. Future studies using preclinical animal models, novel imaging techniques, and genetics-based studies to better understand the biologic underpinnings of inhibitory and excitatory processes driving (low) sexual desire are warranted. Studies should also further consider psychosocial variables (e.g., sexual fluidity, partner’s desire, and perceptions of role transitions) in understanding (low) desire during these milestones.
Esophageal peristaltic force in man. Response to mechanical and pharmacological alterations.

The purposes of this study were: (1) to quantify human esophageal peristaltic force, (2) to determine the factors which alter this force, and (3) to evaluate the relationship between force and intraluminal pressure. Force was measured in normals by using a mercury-in-Silastic strain gauge. Simultaneous pressures were obtained through constantly infused open-tipped catheters. On separate days a sphere of either 6.0-, 9.0-, or 13.0-mm diameter was attached to the strain gauge and measurements were obtained at three esophageal levels. Studies were done (1) with the subject at rest, (2) while performing a Valsalva maneuver, (3) during the administration of bethanechol, and (4) after intravenous atropine. Peristaltic force increased directly with sphere size but inversely with distance from the lower esophageal sphincter. Intraluminal pressure did not change significantly with sphere size or at different levels of the esophagus. A Valsalva maneuver increased force and pressure significantly only in the distal esophagus. Bethanechol (0.1 mg/kg) had no significant effect on force at any esophageal level, but atropine (0.01 mg/kg) decreased force at each esophageal level and with each sphere size. The distal esophageal response to a Valsalva maneuver was lost following atropine. Intraluminal pressure was a good index of peristaltic force, providing sphere size and esophageal level remained unaltered. These studies suggest that esophageal peristaltic force may be altered by: (1) bolus size, (2) extrinsic maneuvers which alter intraluminal pressure (Valsalva maneuver), and (3) certain pharmacological agents.
Standardized care protocol and modifications to electronic medical records to facilitate venous ulcer healing.

Abstract Background Venous ulcers are painful, recurrent, and difficult to heal. Electronic medical records (EMRs) are often not optimized to track wounds. Specialized wound care programs may not interface with office-based records, creating a need to standardize the process of venous ulcer measurement and dressing documentation within existing systems. This work describes the creation of an EMR protocol to track venous ulcer size, to standardize dressings, to address related health issues, and to improve education of the patient. We hypothesized that the institution of an EMR protocol to track clinical features of venous ulcer patients, including wound size and health status, would facilitate wound healing. Methods We performed a retrospective review of a prospective database from September 2014 to May 2017. Modifications to the EMR included the formation of a venous ulcer patient list, a dressing tracker, calculation of total ulcer area, graphing of ulcer size over time, and images of the wound area. Patient education materials were created through the EMR and loaded into an automatic end-visit printout that emphasized smoking cessation, weight loss, and consultation with specialty services as necessary. Quarterly meetings with the supervising physician were established to review each patient's wound progress and to target areas of improvement. Results During the study period, 204 patients with chronic C5 and C6 disease were observed. Before the start of the project, the healing rate was 53.3%. Wound healing rates improved from 59.5% (quarter 1) to 77.94% (quarter 8). In the quarter before the project started, there were no patients who had quit or cut down on smoking or smokeless tobacco, no patients who were referred for weight loss consultation, and nine who were already patients of bariatric surgery. During the study period, 29% of patients quit smoking, 19% decreased smoking, and 20% cut down smokeless tobacco use. There were 54 patients who underwent advanced arterial evaluation; 175 patients underwent sclerotherapy and 137 patients had endovenous thermal ablation to treat axial reflux in the affected limb. The EMR modification project took 13 months to craft and to implement, with approximately 8 hours of meeting time from the surgical team. Conclusions A comprehensive care model for venous ulcer patients through EMR modification improved overall patient care, increased communication between providers, and facilitated ulcer healing. EMR modification can be introduced with an acceptable time investment on the part of both the provider and the institutional information technology team.
Electronic States of Iron

The description of the electronic states of iron in hemoglobin has been approached through crystal field theory and molecular orbital theory, and by a combination of the two, which is known as ligand field theory. Each approach provides certain insights, though none is entirely satisfactory. In all cases, however, symmetry is of paramount importance. We shall therefore devote this chapter to a summary of the results pertaining to Fe2+ and Fe3+ which are largely consequences of the symmetry of the environment in which the ion is immersed. A natural starting point is the free ion whose symmetry is that of the full rotation group.
Theories of oppositional defiant disorder

Abstract There are three major theories of conduct problems. Attachment theory suggests that environmental stressors negatively impact parental responsiveness, or parents’ ability to respond sensitivity to their child. This can, in turn, lead to disruptions in children’s ability to generate a warm bond with parents and other caregivers, called child attachment. Coercive cycles focus on more microlevel interactions by which caregivers can inadvertently reinforce children’s negative behaviors, which in turn increases caregiver negativity in a vicious cycle until the child “wins” by becoming excessively negative. Social information processing theory suggests that children with disruptive behavior problems perceive, interpret, and make decisions about social information in ways that increase their likelihood to engage in aggressive behaviors. Treatment in younger children typically emphasizes attachment theories, while work in adolescents typically focuses on social information processing. Yet, such theories suggest that environmental stressors will negatively impact parents’ and adolescents’ ability to engage in treatment and also lead to difficulty in handling negative emotions.
An improved synthesis of hemichrysophaentin-AB fragment of chrysophaentin A

Abstract Synthetic fragments of chrysophaentin A, a rare antimicrobial marine natural product, were required to support structure-activity and mechanism of action studies. Hemichrysophaentin, a synthetic fragment of chrysophaentin A showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, presumably acting through the inhibition of the microbial tubulin-like protein FtsZ. Here in, we report a concise and scalable 11-step synthesis of hemichrysophaentin featuring a stereo- and regiocontrolled installation of an E-chloroalkene followed by a Lewis acid promoted O to C migration.
Negative affect, deep acting, and customer compensation as responses to customer mistreatment: The effect of customer-based perspective-taking

Abstract Customer service employees often deal with customer mistreatment, eliciting negative affect, which subsequently influences service performance. Using affective events theory (Weiss & Cropanzano, 1996) as the theoretical framework, perspective taking was examined as an intervention to influence negative affect elicited from customer mistreatment in two experiments. Study 1 examined and found that customer perspective taking led to less negative affect, and subsequently more customer compensation and more deep acting through serial mediation effects. Study 2 tested the moderating effect of the service failure locus of causality (i.e., hotel or customer). The most important theoretical contribution is understanding how having employees shift the focus away from their own emotions, towards why a customer is being rude or difficult, influences deep acting and customer compensation via reduced negative affect. This paper provides a promising intervention and training tool that hospitality organizations can use to influence employee service recovery strategies and customer service.
Apixaban and rivaroxaban anti-Xa level utilization and associated bleeding events within an academic health system

Abstract Background Oral factor Xa inhibitors (FXaI) can be administered in fixed doses without the need for routine laboratory monitoring. Anti-Xa assays can estimate anticoagulant effect for specific FXaI's. The aim of this study was to characterize anti-Xa levels in patients taking apixaban or rivaroxaban with major bleeding events. Methods Apixaban and rivaroxaban anti-Xa assays ordered within our hospital system from May 2016 to September 2019 were evaluated. The primary outcome was major bleeding events defined by International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis criteria. Median anti-Xa levels for each FXaI were calculated for those with and without major bleeding, as well as those who did and did not receive reversal agents. Results A total of 606 anti-Xa levels were analyzed. There were 146 major bleeding events documented, with the most common site being intracranial (63%). Median anti-Xa levels in patients with and without major bleeding were similar, whereas those on apixaban therapy who received reversal agents typically had higher anti-Xa levels (73 ng/mL vs. 153 ng/mL, p = 0.0019). Factors significantly associated with increased odds of bleeding were an age > 80 years, inappropriately high dosing regimens, and modest anti-Xa levels (100–300 ng/mL) for rivaroxaban specifically. Conclusions Older age and inappropriately high dosing regimens were associated with major bleeding in patients taking apixaban and rivaroxaban. Further investigation into the utility of anti-Xa levels for FXaI is warranted.
Subcortical and Limbic Attentional Influences

Situated below the cerebral cortex are the brain stem, midbrain, cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and limbic nuclei. Collectively these areas are referred to as “subcortical” based on anatomic location, and because they have different phylogenic origins, cytoarchitecture, and biobehavioral function than the cerebral cortex. Whereas the cerebral cortex has been traditionally viewed as the site of higher cognitive functioning, the subcortex was thought to be primarily involved in the control of more primitive systemic appetitive and biological functions. Yet, it is now recognized that many subcortical brain areas have important roles in cognitive functioning, as well, as exemplified by the involvement of the thalamus and basal ganglia to language [1, 2]. Subcortical systems also influence attention.
Unobservable heterogeneity and rational learning: Pool-specific versus generic mortgage-backed security prices

Previous mortgage prepayment and valuation models assume that two mortgage pools with the same observable characteristics should behave indistinguishably. However, even pools with apparently identical characteristics often exhibit markedly different prepayment behavior. The sources of this heterogeneity may be unobservable, but we can infer information about a pool from its prepayment behavior over time. This article develops a methodology for using this information to calculate pool-specific mortgage-backed security prices. Knowledge of these prices is important both for portfolio valuation and for determining the cheapest pool to deliver when selling mortgagebacked securities. We find that unobservable heterogeneity between mortgage pools is statistically significant, and that pool-specific prices, calculated for a sample of outwardly identical mortgage pools between 1983 and 1989, may differ greatly from any single representative price.
The Impact of State Farm to School Procurement Incentives on School Purchasing Decisions.

BACKGROUND The most recent Farm to School (FTS) Census reported that of the 42% of US schools that participate in FTS, 77% procure food locally. In 2019, Colorado joined many other states in passing legislation that provides per-meal incentives for purchasing local foods. However, little is known about how these incentives impact procurement decisions of school Food Service Directors (FSDs), and purported benefits of FTS cannot accrue without additional local purchases by school FSDs. METHODS We constructed a unique, primary dataset of fresh fruit and vegetable purchases from 18 months of school invoices in 3 Northern Colorado school districts and parameterized an optimization model that mimics FSD decisions. Subsequently, we simulated how procurement is impacted by local food reimbursements. RESULTS Assuming 2017 and 2018 purchasing behavior, at $0.05 per meal reimbursement, FSDs would increase fresh fruit and vegetable purchasing by 11-12% in August-October, but by only 0-1% in November-December, likely due to seasonality constraints. CONCLUSIONS While an increase in FTS procurement was expected, the magnitude of the potential increase when aligned with the Colorado growing season is notable. This work underscores that adequately funded reimbursement-based FTS policies can increase FTS procurement without disrupting normal cost-minimizing purchasing behavior.
Suicidal shotgun wound of the head with personal defence ammunition: A report of a case and review of literature

Highlights This manuscript reports the autopsy and radiologic findings associated with a unique type of shotgun/revolver ammunition (Winchester PDX-1 Defender). A review of literature was conducted which revealed only one other report of wounding with this ammunition, but that report was not of a suicidal gunshot wound as in this case. We discuss the unique characteristics of the ammunition and why it can lead to confusion for forensic pathologists, law enforcement and forensic radiologists as it is an atypical, mixed type of ammunition with subsequent unique physical and radiologic features.
Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug overdose in dogs presented to an emergency room.

Objective To describe case presentations, clinical signs, and outcomes following nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) overdose in a clinical population of dogs and to identify factors associated with various outcomes including death or euthanasia, acute kidney injury, and suspected gastrointestinal ulceration (GIU). Design Retrospective study. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals One hundred twenty-five client-owned dogs presenting to an emergency room for NSAID overdose between January 2006 and December 2017. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Vomiting was the most common clinical sign, seen in 46 of 125 dogs (36.8%). Acute kidney injury and suspected GIU were seen in 17 (13.6%) and 16 dogs (12.8%), respectively. Thirty-two dogs (25.6%) ingested veterinary-formulated NSAIDs and 93 (74.4%) ingested human-formulated NSAIDs. No difference in any outcomes was seen between these two groups. One hundred twenty dogs (96%) survived to discharge. In multivariable analysis, the only significant finding was of the number of days of anorexia increased the risk of death or euthanasia with an odds ratio of 2.7 (95% confidence interval [1.14-6.5], P = 0.02). Conclusions Acute kidney injury and suspected GIU were seen less frequently than vomiting. Similar outcomes were seen for dogs ingesting veterinary- versus human-formulated NSAIDs. Owners presenting dogs with a longer duration of anorexia may be more apt to euthanize. As this was a clinical population of dogs presenting to an emergency room, findings may be more broadly applicable to the general population than prior studies utilizing poison control center data.