cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring progress towards sanitation and hygiene targets: a critical review of monitoring methodologies and technologies

The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target for access to safe sanitation and hygiene represents a marked improvement over the target used during the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) period. The SDG target attempts to: explicitly address hygiene; eliminate inequalities within populations; evaluate sanitation services beyond the household; account for the accessibility, safety, acceptability, and affordability of service delivery; and improve the sustainability of services (WHO/UNICEF, 2015). However, the proposed indicators for monitoring progress in sanitation and hygiene still rely primarily on infrequent household surveys and census data. This paper provides a critical review of the sanitation and hygiene target and explores the potential gaps between the expanded understanding of access, the proposed monitoring strategies, and the desired impacts. A variety of innovative methodologies and technologies are reviewed, with specific attention given to their suitability for measuring and monitoring progress towards the sanitation and hygiene target.
Two-drug regimens for treatment of naïve HIV-1 infection and as maintenance therapy

As people live longer with HIV infection, there has been a resurgence of interest in challenging the use of three-drug therapy, including two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a third drug, as initial treatment of HIV infection or for maintenance therapy in virologically suppressed individuals. Although initial studies showed poor efficacy and/or substantial toxicity, more recent regimens have held greater promise. The SWORD-1 and -2 studies were pivotal trials of dolutegravir plus rilpivirine as maintenance therapy in virologically suppressed patients with no history of drug resistance, leading to the US Food and Drug Administration's approval of the regimen as a small, single tablet. More recently, the GEMINI-1 and -2 studies demonstrated that dolutegravir plus lamivudine is as safe and effective as the same regimen when combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in treatment-naive individuals. Together, these and other studies of novel two-drug regimens offer the potential for improved tolerability and simplicity, as well as a reduction in cost. We will review historical and recent trials of two-drug therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Induction with Rabbit-Thymoglobulin (r-ATG) is Associated with Lower Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy (CAV)

Purpose CAV has an immunological component and continues to limit long term outcomes in heart transplantation (HT). Smaller single center studies have suggested that induction with r-ATG may reduce development of CAV. We evaluated the association of induction with r-ATG, Basiliximab (BxB), or ‘no induction’ and CAV in HT recipients, traditionally considered not highly sensitized [pre-transplant panel reactive antibody (PRA) class 1 and class 2 ≤ 10%]. Methods Between 6/2004 and 03/2015, we identified 4,654 adult HT recipients in UNOS who either had induction with r-ATG, BxB or ‘no induction’ at the time of HT, and had information on pre-HT PRA levels and CAV. Donor age above 55 years or structural abnormalities, multi-organ or repeat transplants were excluded. The 3 groups: r-ATG (n=644), BxB (n=991), no induction (n=3019) were compared for baseline donor/recipient characteristics and CAV. Results Overall, pre-transplant PRA 1 and 2 levels were 0.5±1.7% and 0.3±1.3% respectively. Compared to no induction or BxB, HT recipients in r-ATG group were slightly younger (53 vs 55 vs 56 yrs), more black race (23% vs 16% vs 22%), less Status 1A (49% vs 59 vs 62%). BxB group had more recipients with creatinine >1.5 (24% vs 23% in r-ARG vs 17% no-induction) (all p Conclusion Although rates of CAV were higher in our specific cohort than previously reported for the overall HT population, r-ATG was associated with lower CAV in HT recipients who are traditionally considered to be not highly sensitized.
Anti-proliferative targets of sulforaphane in ovarian cancer

1567 Epidemiological studies have shown that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables reduces the risk of ovarian cancer. However, the literature does not contain many reports on the use of dietary components as chemopreventive agents for ovarian cancer. Sulforaphane (SFN) is derived from the breakdown of glucoraphanin and is found in large amounts in cruciferous vegetables, particularly broccoli. We observed a strong anti-cancer effect of SFN on human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 by cell viability assays and determined the IC50 to be 10 μM. The loss of viability was due to induction of apoptosis where we observed a four fold increase in apoptosis at 10 μM going upto 20 fold at 100 μM. The apoptotic effect that results in the loss of viability is preceded by a significant effect on the regulator of cell cycle transition molecules specifically cdk4. The steady state level of cdk4 decreased in dose dependent manner with complete abrogation at 20 μM. In an effort to identify further upstream targets of SFN we examined the effect of SFN on signal transduction pathways that may be of significance in ovarian cancer. We observed that both total Akt protein and the active phosphorylated levels of Akt were significantly inhibited in SFN treated SKOV3 cells. We conclude that the pro-survival Akt pathway is a target of the chemopreventive SFN that may lead to cell cycle inhibition and induction of apoptosis and propose use of SFN with other chemotherapeutic agents that target phosphorylation mediated signal transduction pathways in ovarian cancer.
Resilience and psychological trauma among Filipino American women.

Abstract Aims To explore the types of traumatic exposure, prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and level of resilience in a community sample of Filipino American women (FAW), as well as to investigate the relationships between their PTSD symptoms, history of traumatic exposure, and resilience. Method A cross-sectional study with a total of 188 adult FAW. Results We observed high levels of resilience and low levels of PTSD symptom severity. The most common form of traumatic exposure was non-interpersonal trauma occurring after the age of 18 years old. We also found a significant correlation between history of traumatic exposure and PTSD and between resilience and PTSD. Resilience was found to have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between traumatic exposure and PTSD. Conclusions The results provide preliminary evidence on the buffering and protective properties of FAW's resilience to PTSD despite traumatic exposure.
An integrated broadband preprocessing method for towed-streamer seismic data

ABSTRACTBroadband preprocessing has become widely used for marine towed-streamer seismic data. In the standard workflow, far-field source designature, receiver and source-side deghosting, and redat...
Sirt2-associated transcriptome modifications in cisplatin-induced neuronal injury

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is not only one of the most common causes of dose reduction or discontinuation of cancer treatment, but it can also permanently decrease the quality of life of cancer patients and survivors. Notably, Sirt2 protects many organs from various injuries, including diabetic peripheral neuropathy. As demonstrated previously by our laboratory and others, the overexpression of Sirt2 can improve cisplatin-induced neuropathy, although the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the underlying mechanism by which Sirt2 protects neurons from cisplatin-induced injury was explored using the RNAseq technique in cultured rodent neurons. Sirt2 status was modified by genetic knockout (Sirt2/KO) and was then reconstituted in Sirt2/KO cells (Sirt2/Res). We observed 323 upregulated genes and 277 downregulated genes in Sirt2-expressing cells (Sirt2/Res) compared to Sirt2-deficient cells (Sirt2/KO). Pathway analysis suggested that Sirt2 may affect several pathways, such as MAPK, TNF, and cytokine–cytokine interaction. Furthermore, cisplatin-induced changes to the transcriptome are strongly associated with Sirt2 status. Cisplatin induced distinctive transcriptome changes for 227 genes in Sirt2-expressing cells and for 783 genes in Sirt2-deficient cells, while changes in only 138 of these genes were independent of Sirt2 status. Interestingly, changes in the p53 pathway, ECM–receptor interactions, and cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions were induced by cisplatin only in Sirt2-deficient cells. This study demonstrated that Sirt2 regulates the transcriptome in cultured rodent neuronal cells. Furthermore, Sirt2-associated transcriptome regulation may be an important mechanism underlying the role of Sirt2 in organ protection, such as in cisplatin-induced neuronal injury. Sirt2 may be a potential target for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy.
Impacts of Land-Based Recreation on Water Quality

The impact of land-based recreational activities on water quality in rivers and streams is an important topic for land stewardship. It is not a topic that has been yet systematically studied. This paper surveys the scientific literature on the topic and offers preliminary conclusions for ecologists, trail and park managers, and outdoor enthusiasts. The review examines three categories of recreational activity—hiking and jogging; horseback riding, dog-walking, picnicking and camping; and biking and off-road vehicle riding—in terms of three broad dynamics of ecological impact that directly affect water quality: (1) soil compaction and associated soil loss into waterways; (2) reduction of ground cover and runoff of organic litter with associated soil loss into waterways; and (3) fecal contamination and its impact on waterways. Preliminary conclusions suggest that the greatest impacts on water are a function of trail placement and design (siting, grading, contouring, surface composition, and immediate surroundings). Type of trail use is also highly salient, especially in the case of off-road vehicles when specified restrictions on trail use are absent or when certain behavioral attributes are present. There are important commonalities of water impact stemming from all types of recreation reviewed and relative impacts sometimes defy simple comparison (e.g., motorbikes appear to have greater impact uphill than hiking and horseback riding but less impact downhill). Frequency of trail use is also examined in connection with water quality as are the significant effects of fecal contamination associated with overnight camping, horseback riding, and dog-walking.
Influence of Water Transport Across Microscale Bipolar Interfaces on the Performance of Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells

Direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFCs) can operate at double the voltage of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) by employing an alkaline NaBH4 fuel feed and an acidic H2O2 oxidant feed. The...
Effectiveness of Restorative Justice in US K-12 Schools: a Review of Quantitative Research

This article provides an overview of restorative justice (RJ) in US K-12 schools, discusses implementation challenges, and summarizes the most recent two decades of quantitative studies regarding the effectiveness of RJ at achieving a range of outcomes. While RJ has become increasingly popular, there is still relatively little quantitative research regarding its effectiveness. Still, available evidence suggests that RJ programs can improve school climates and reduce student misbehavior and school discipline. Results are more mixed regarding RJ’s impact on bullying, student absenteeism, and academic performance.
Economic effectiveness on intestinal outpatient service in Tianjin

肠道门诊是针对夏秋季节腹泻病高发、医院开设的接诊腹泻患者的专科门诊.天津市每年5-10月在各区县部分综合医院和社区医院开设肠道门诊,各级政府财政给予经费支持,投入不足部分依赖医院自筹,维持运转.天津市自开展肠道门诊工作以来,从未对其成本效益进行评估.目前天津市已从20世纪80年代的霍乱高发区成为低发区,但肠道门诊工作未有相应变化.本研究对全市肠道门诊2009年现状做调查,旨在进行卫生经济学评价。
Neuroanatomic markers of post-traumatic epilepsy based on magnetic resonance imaging and machine learning

Although post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a common complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI), the relationship between these conditions is unclear, early PTE detection and prevention being major unmet clinical challenges. This study aims to identify imaging biomarkers that distinguish PTE and non-PTE subjects among TBI survivors based on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dataset. We performed tensor-based morphometry to analyze brain shape changes associated with TBI and to derive imaging features for statistical group comparison. Additionally, machine learning was used to identify structural anomalies associated with brain lesions. Automatically generated brain lesion maps were used to identify brain regions where lesion load may indicate an increased incidence of PTE. Statistical analysis suggests that lesions in the temporal lobes, cerebellum, and the right occipital lobe are associated with an increased PTE incidence.
The relation of nucleic acid and protein to pancreatic secretion in the Rana clamitans tadpole.

Abstract 1. 1) The cytochemical examination of frozen-dried preparations of the pancreas of the Rana clamitans tadpole leads to the following conclusions: 1.1. a) The zymogen granules contain a high concentration of protein, while no nucleic acid is detectable. 1.2. b) The mitochondria contain a higher concentration of protein than the surrounding cytoplasm, while the nucleic acid concentration appears to be lower. 1.3. c) The nucleolus-associated chromatin appears to show a higher ratio of PNA to DNA than other chromatic bodies of the nucleus. 2. 2) Volumetric study by the Chalkley technique indicates that the secretory process consists of the addition of the zymogen granules to an amount of ground cytoplasm that is not a function of the secretory cycle. The volumes of the nucleus and of the nucleolus are independent of the secretory stage. 3. 3) The amount per cell and concentration of cytoplasmic nucleic acid, as measured both by basic staining and ultraviolet absorption, is not correlated with the secretory cycle. 4. 4) The amount per cell and concentration of cytoplasmic protein, as measured by acid dye binding, is also independent of the secretory cycle. 5. 5) The stability of cytoplasmic nucleic acid in protein-producing gland cells of the apocrine type as contrasted with growing cells and other types of gland cells is considered to be associated with the presence of zymogen granules. These structures may function in removing synthesized protein from the site of the synthetic reaction.
Stable isotope records of nursing and weaning: A case study in elephants with implications for paleobiological investigations

Abstract Nursing and weaning are behaviors that are central to the growth of offspring and success of mammal populations. The duration of nursing and timing of weaning are essential elements of a species' life history, but they are also somewhat plastic; weaning age increases during intervals of drought or other dietary stress. Thus, weaning age provides a proxy for nutritional stress in an extinct population, provided there is a way to determine weaning age for long-dead individuals. In growth records of proboscidean tusks, stable isotope compositions have been used to investigate nursing and weaning, but a taxon-specific framework for interpreting isotope data has been lacking. Here, we present results of a longitudinal study of stable isotopes in a nursing dam-calf pair of captive African elephants. The data include behavioral observations and hair growth rates, as well as stable isotope ratios in elephant feed and drinking water, in plasma and milk from the dam, and in tail hair from both individuals. Serial changes in the stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ15N), carbon (δ13C), oxygen (δ18O), and hydrogen (δ2H) reflect the transitions from placental nutrition in utero to exclusive nursing immediately after birth, and then to final weaning when the calf was six years old. Three of the four isotope systems reveal enrichment in the calf with respect to the dam prior to parturition and all show this relative enrichment during early nursing. At the end of nursing, final weaning was marked by changes in two of the systems: the convergence of dam and calf δ13C records and the abrupt onset of relative depletion in calf 15N following a year of elevated δ15N in both individuals. These patterns provide criteria for recognizing records of nursing and weaning contained in fossil tusks, providing grounds for assessing stress in prehistoric populations.
Pheochromocytoma Leading to Multiorgan Failure in a Pregnant Patient: A Case Report.

Introduction Pheochromocytoma, a neuroendocrine tumor that secretes catecholamines, can present with episodic sweating, diaphoresis, headaches, and hypertension, as well as cardiac and pulmonary involvement. In a pregnant patient, it must be differentiated from preeclampsia, a leading cause of maternal mortality in the developed world, which can similarly present with hypertension and multiorgan involvement. Both conditions require early diagnosis and treatment to reduce maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Case report We discuss the case of a pregnant patient at approximately 24 weeks' gestation presenting with chest pain and shortness of breath who was found to have a left adrenal mass and hypertensive urgency. The patient acutely decompensated during the course of evaluation. She ultimately suffered pregnancy loss and multiorgan failure requiring percutaneous heart pump placement and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy for support before fully recovering. The adrenal mass was confirmed to be a pheochromocytoma after excision and contributed to the development of hypertensive emergency with multiorgan failure. Conclusion Pheochromocytoma during pregnancy is a rare condition but must remain on the differential until ruled out to improve patient outcomes as much as possible. Obtaining blood pressure control is imperative to reducing maternal and fetal mortality. Preeclampsia is similarly serious, and early diagnosis is essential for adequate management of the condition until delivery can occur.
Dyslipidemia in HIV

Dyslipidemia is a common problem affecting a large proportion of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly with certain implicated agents, may cause or considerably worsen pre-existing dyslipidemia. Improvements in ART have resulted in continual improvements in the long-term prognosis persons infected with HIV. There have been marked reductions in opportunistic infections and improved overall survival where ART is available. However, ultimately these individuals are at increased risk for other diseases that are associated with aging, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus, in addition to HIV-related and treatment-related issues. Evaluation and treatment of lipid disorders and management of other cardiovascular risk factors has become increasingly important during clinical care of patients living with HIV.
Special Considerations in the Pediatric Patient

Management of children presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms presents a unique challenge as their bladder function can be at any point along the spectrum of maturation; from immature infantile voiding physiology to that of an adult. Urodynamics (UDS) provides quantitative measurements of bladder function and can be of critical importance in identifying which of the myriad causes of pediatric voiding pathology may be affecting a particular patient. The most frequent use of UDS in pediatrics is in the management of children with chronic conditions, including neurogenic disorders and anatomic outlet anomalies that affect voiding physiology. These patients often require testing to define their baseline functioning and then later to assess treatment results and follow changes that occur with maturation. UDS in children also presents unique challenges such as emotional immaturity and a child’s varying ability to cooperate; additionally, with age comes changing physiology in the patient making study goals and parameters vary from adult UDS studies.
Light-induced single electron transfer reactions between chlorophyll a and quinones in solution: I. Some general features of kinetics and mechanism

Abstract Evidence has been presented which demonstrates the occurrence of light-induced single electron transfer reactions between electronically excited chlorophyll a molecules and various quinones, including Coenzyme Q 6 , dissolved in organic solvents. With very strong oxidizing agents, the reaction can proceed to some extent in the dark. Studies of the temperature-dependence of these reactions provide considerable insight into their kinetics and mechanism. The possible implications of the results for the primary quantum conversion process of photosynthesis are briefly discussed.
BIOEQUIVALENCE: PERFORMANCE OF SEVERAL MEASURES OF EXTENT OF ABSORPTION

The highest point of the plasma concentration-time profile, Cmax , is currently used by regulatory agencies to assess the rate of drug absorption after single dose administration of oral products. It is, however, quite insensitive, and a number of new measures of rate have been proposed. Using simulations, several approaches toward measuring rate were tested. A set of model scenarios for drugs with typical mean characteristics and statistical distributions was investigated. Using different kinetic models of disposition, the time course of the concentration in plasma was simulated. Intraindividual and interindividual variability and assay error were modeled using Monte Carlo techniques. The accuracy, precision, and ease of use of the various measures of rate were evaluated by simulating crossover design clinical trials and then determining the probability of declaring bioequivalence as a function of differences in rates of absorption between test and reference formulations. All of the rate measures tested showed a degree of insensitivity to changes in rate and no universally superior measure was found. Indeed, the main conclusion is that the choice of a measure should be based on simulations of the particular situation in a bioequivalence trials.
A time series analysis of the real exchange rate movement in Korea

The motivation of this study is to investigate the performance of purchasing power parity (PPP) in the Pacific Rim. The overall impression of the Unit Root and Cointegration Tests is that PPP does not hold in the Pacific Rim;Standard theory suggests that monetary shocks may induce temporary deviations from PPP; given the long-run neutrality of money, these deviations should eventually be eliminated. Real disturbances, on the other hand, are thought to have the ability to induce permanent changes in the real exchange rate. To ascertain the sources of PPP shocks, we have employed Sims' (1980a, 1980b) vector autoregression (VAR) framework;Using a VAR framework, we show that real shocks do not induce deviations from PPP. For the case of the U.S./Korean real exchange rate monetary shocks are associated with changes in the real exchange rate. Perhaps the most important result is that these money shocks cause temporary, but not permanent, changes in the real exchange rate; long-run neutrality cannot be rejected;References. (1) Sims, Christopher A. "Macroeconomic and Reality." Econometrica 48 (January 1980a): 1-48. (2) Sims, Christopher A. "Comparison of Interwar and Postwar Business Cycles: Monetarism Reconsidered." American Economic Review 70 (May 1980b): 250-57.
Efficacy of Endothelin Blockade in Adults with Fontan Physiology

Objective Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors have shown to improve cardiac output and functional capacity in Fontan patients. We sought to test the efficacy and safety of endothelin blockade with bosentan in adult patients with Fontan physiology. Design Ten patients were enrolled and seven patients completed this single-center open-label clinical trial. Patients were treated with bosentan for 4 months. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), brain natriuretic peptide, and New York Heart Association functional class were compared before and after treatment using paired t-test. Results The 6MWD improved by 73 m, from a mean of 435 m (standard deviation [SD] = 92, standard error [SE] = 35) to 508 m (SD = 93, SE = 35) (P = .03). MRI resting aortic flow increased from 3.3 L/minute (SD = 1.27, SE = 0.73) to 4.4 L/minute (SD = 0.9, SE = 0.54) (P = .03). New York Heart Association class was unchanged in three patients, improved in three patients and worsened in one patient. Brain natriuretic peptide, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase did not change significantly. Of the three patients with elevated baseline bilirubin, two normalized at the completion of the study, while the other was unchanged. Mean duration of therapy was 4.1 ± 0.51 months. Three adverse advents occurred. One patient complained of fatigue and chest pain after 87 days and withdrew from the study. After extensive workup, it was determined that her symptoms were not related to treatment. The second patient suffered palpitations and fatigue after 75 days; no concerning arrhythmias were identified and symptoms improved with increased antiarrhythmic dose. The third patient developed fatigue on therapy and decided to stop therapy; fatigue improved following drug discontinuation. There were no deaths or hospitalizations. Conclusions In this cohort of adult patients with Fontan physiology, endothelin blockade with bosentan resulted in improved 6MWD and MRI-derived resting cardiac output, suggesting a positive effect on pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary blood flow. Bosentan was well tolerated and hepatic function was not adversely affected.
Architectural Support for Mitigating Row Hammering in DRAM Memories

DRAM scaling has been the prime driver of increasing capacity of main memory systems. Unfortunately, lower technology nodes worsen the cell reliability as it increases the coupling between adjacent DRAM cells, thereby exacerbating different failure modes. This paper investigates the reliability problem due to Row Hammering , whereby frequent activations of a given row can cause data loss for its neighboring rows. As DRAM scales to lower technology nodes, the threshold for the number of row activations that causes data loss for the neighboring rows reduces, making Row Hammering a challenging problem for future DRAM chips. To overcome Row Hammering, we propose two architectural solutions: First, Counter-Based Row Activation (CRA) , which uses a counter with each row to count the number of row activations. If the count exceeds the row hammering threshold, a dummy activation is sent to neighboring rows proactively to refresh the data. Second, Probabilistic Row Activation (PRA) , which obviates storage overhead of tracking and simply allows the memory controller to proactively issue dummy activations to neighboring rows with a small probability for all memory access. Our evaluations show that these solutions are effective at mitigating Row hammering while causing negligible performance loss ( $ 1 percent).
Molecular recognition for stable organic radicals--2-(6-uradinyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-1-oxyl.

Stable radical 2-(6-uradinyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-1-oxyl shows antiferromagnetic spin pairing with 2J/k= −14 K, attributable to a close contact between unpaired spin density on the imidazole-type nitrogen atoms; hydrogen bonds aid dimer formation, but do not appear to play an eletronic role in the magnetic behaviour.
Family Conversation Style: Its Effect on the Deaf Child's Participation

This study investigated the conversations of 10 deaf children and their families at dinnertime and documented types of verbal exchanges, both spoken and signed, among family members. Results were compared with two other studies of deaf children's conversations--with teachers and with mothers during playtime. This study found that the deaf children responded more loquaciously to questions than they did to statements or expressions of ideas; and the children did not have success in continuing topics of conversation. Suggestions are presented to help families engage their deaf children in conversations in more depth.
Calibration of the Fermilab Booster ionization profile monitor

The booster ionization profile monitor (IPM) obtains transverse beam profiles by measuring the distribution of ions resulting from interaction of the proton beam with background gas in the beam chamber. The challenge of the IPM operation is that the measured ion distribution is not an exact representation of the beam distribution, since the ion trajectories are influenced by the electromagnetic field of the beam. We have developed a new model for the dependence of the IPM measurement on the beam parameters, assuming a Gaussian beam distribution. Our model of the ion dynamics in the detector was constrained by making independent measurements of the horizontal beamwidth at injection and extraction and comparing these to data taken from the IPM at the same time. Our calibration results in the formula ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{measured}}={\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{real}}+{C}_{1}N{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{real}}^{{p}_{1}}$, where $N$ is the number of protons in the machine, in units of ${10}^{12}$, ${C}_{1}=(1.13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$, in units of $(\mathrm{meters}{)}^{1\ensuremath{-}{p}_{1}}/{10}^{12}$, and ${p}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}0.615\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013$; the subscript ``measured'' indicates the raw IPM measurement, the subscript ``real'' the true beamwidth. This result is the first detailed calibration of the response of the booster IPM based on experimental data.
The subcellular distribution of enzymes in type II glycogenosis and the occurrence of an oligo-α-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase in human tissues

Summary Biochemical analyses of the tissues from a case (B.J.P.) of Type II glycogenosis revealed generalized storage of glycogen of normal structure, the lack of an α-glucosidase active at pH 4.5, and the presence of all other enzymes whose deficiencies have been implicated in other types of glycogenosis. Differential centrifugation of a sucrose homogenate of an unfrozen sample of liver taken by biopsy from this case showed that more than 50% of the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9), uridine diphosphoglucose—α-glucan transghico-sylase (EC 2.4.1.11), α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), and of an α-glucosidase active at neutral pH were recovered in the 100 000 × g pellet which also contained most of the glycogen of the tissue. Investigation of the substrate specificity of the α-glucosidase at pH 7.1 showed that it was a hitherto unrecognized type of oligo-α-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase. This enzyme formed no glucose from glycogen but acted rapidly on oligosaccharides (maltose and maltotriaose) to yield glucose. The enzyme has been found in biopsy and autopsy liver samples from ten individuals and in nineteen skeletal muscle samples representative of a vaiiety of types of glycogen storage disease.
Possible Role of Dopamine as Transmitter To Promote Discharge of LH-Releasing Factor

Recent evidence indicates the presence in the hypothalamus of neurons which contain dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT). These in vitro experiments were performed to determine if any of these agents, or epinephrine (E), might play a role in the regulation of LH release. Doses of 0.5, 2.5 or 5.0 μg/ml of DA, NE or 5-HT failed to alter LH released from pituitaries incubated alone, whereas 5.0 μg/ml E enhanced LH release to some extent. DA at a 25.0 μg/ml dose significantly decreased assayable LH by inactivating it. When pituitaries were incubated in the presence of stalkmedian eminence (SME) tissue (2 SME/gland), LH release was stimulated by an average of 20.7% (p < .05). If the combined SME and pituitary tissue was incubated with 0.5–5.0 μg/ml of either NE or 5-HT, this basal release of LH was unaffected. LH release was significantly enhanced (p < .01) when DA was added to the incubation medium in doses of 0.5–5.0 μg/ml, and a dose response could be obtained. These results can only be e...
Synthesis, Structure, and Stereochemistry of Double-Chain Surfactant Co(III) Complexes

Double-chain surfactant octahedral Co(III) complexes 1 and 2 (X = ClO4) (a, R = C6H13; b, R = C8H17; c, R = C10H21; d, R = C12H25; e, R = C14H29; f, R = C16H33) were synthesized in H2O and 20:1 (v/v) EtOH−H2O by the reaction of RNHCH2CH2NH2 (5) with Na3Co(NO2)6, followed by the addition of NaClO4. The cisoid 1/transoid 2 diastereomer ratio increased upon going from EtOH−H2O to H2O, in particular by a factor of ≈5 for the octyl and dodecyl systems and ≈8 for the hexadecyl system. The increase in the relative amount of cisoid 1 was attributed to the hydrophobic effect associated with the aggregation of ligand 5 in H2O. Surfactant complexes 3 and 4 (X = NO3) were also prepared in EtOH(MeOH)−H2O. The characterization of 1−4 included single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of 1e and 3a, measurement of their Krafft temperatures, and demonstration of the cleavable nature of 3a and 4a.
Performance of a Multi-disciplinary Emergency Department Observation Protocol for Acetaminophen Overdose

The availability of 20-h N-acetylcysteine (NAC) infusion for low-risk acetaminophen (APAP) overdose enabled our center to implement an Emergency Department observation unit (OU) protocol as an alternative to hospitalization. Our objective was to evaluate our early experience with this protocol. This retrospective cohort study included all patients treated for low-risk APAP overdose in our academic hospital between 2006 and 2011. Cases were identified using OU and pharmacy records. Successful OU discharge was defined as disposition with no inpatient admission. Differences in medians with 95 % confidence intervals were used for comparisons. One hundred ninety-six patients received NAC for APAP overdose with a mean age of 35 years (SD 14); 73 % were white, and 43 % were male. Twenty (10 %) received care in the OU; 3/20(15 %) met criteria for inclusion in the OU protocol and 13/20(65 %) were discharged successfully. Out of the 196 patients, 10 met criteria for inclusion in the OU protocol but instead received care in the inpatient setting. The median total length of stay from presentation to ED discharge was 41 h for all patients treated in the OU, compared to 68 h for ten patients who met criteria for inclusion in the OU protocol but who were admitted (difference 27 h, 95 % CI 18–72 h). ED observation for APAP overdose can be a viable alternative to inpatient admission. Most patients were successfully discharged from the OU. This evaluation identified both over- and under-utilization of the OU. OU treatment resulted in shorter median length of stay than inpatient admission.
Photon counting with photodiodes

Preliminary results concerning the use of silicon photodiodes designed to be used in the photon counting or Geiger mode are described. These Geiger photodiodes have higher detected quantum efficiency than photomultiplier tubes over the 5000–9000-A wavelength region and are especially superior at longer wavelengths, although they can only be used in the Geiger mode at relatively low flux rates (<104/sec). Diodes operating in this mode are probably the fastest photon counting detectors in existence. The limitations and properties of Geiger diodes currently available are discussed.
Mechanisms of regional ischemia and antianginal drug action during exercise

Abstract Several mechanisms involved in the production of regional exercise-induced ischemia are described. Each offers the potential for modification using different types of antianginal drugs operating to alter regional O 2 demands, improve regional perfusion, or both, leading to reduced ischemia and increased contractile function in the ischemic zone. Evidence is presented for matching of regional subendocardial myocardial blood flow and flow per beat with regional myocardial contraction at various levels of ischemia at rest, during steady-state exercise, and after antianginal drugs, signifying a particularly important role for heart rate control. In addition to reducing myocardial O 2 demand per minute, β-blockers and bradycardic drugs cause improvement of absolute subendocardial blood flow and particularly flow per beat by producing vasoconstriction in the epicardial region of the ischemic zone, with improvement of transmural blood flow distribution. Vasodilator drugs can act at several locations to increase regional blood flow and also to decrease O 2 demands. A recruitable vasodilator reserve has been shown to exist during exercise-induced ischemia either in native resistence vessels, collateral channels, or both, which appears to be due at least in part to reduction of increased α-adrenergic constrictor tone to the coronary vessels during exercise, even in the presence of severe ischemia. The potential for additive effects using combinations of bradycardic and vasodilating agents are described within a framework relating regional subendocardial blood flow to regional systolic contraction. The experimental findings described suggest some potential new directions for antianginal therapy and, along with recent clinical observations, support the use of combinations of antianginal agents that act by different mechanisms.
Daphnia growth on varying quality of Scenedesmus: Mineral limitation of zooplankton

Because the biochemical content of primary producers varies with their growth rate, herbivores feeding on foods of high growth rate have different diets than herbivores feeding on foods of low growth rate. Herbivores' food quality is thus related to their resource's growth rate. Here, the growth in body mass of individuals of the herbivore Daphnia obtusa was measured for a variety of foods, which consisted of the chlorophyte Scenedesmus acutus cultured under a suite of N- and P-limited growth rates. Food quantity (measured as carbon) was held constant at 0.5 mg/L. In general, low growth rate algae were poorer in quality than high growth rate algae. The logarithm of Daphnia mass was well predicted by the logarithm of algal growth rate. Algal growth rates at 1% P were high in quality, while foods lower than this exhibited reduced quality. These results are consistent with P limitation of Daph- nia growth when feeding on foods of low P content.
Isolation and partial characterization of a mercury-binding nonhistone protein component from rat kidney nuclei.

A nonhistone protein component (NHPIns) firmly bound to DNA of rat kidney nuclei has been isolated and partially characterized. In vivo studies show that this protein specifically incorporates 35 to 45 times more 203Hg than any other nuclear protein fractions. No difference in the ratio of NHPIns to DNA between normal and mercury-poisoned rat kidney nuclei was observed. NHPIns protein gives a single major band by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic pattern as well as amino acid composition of this protein isolated from both normal and mercurypoisoned rats are also found to be similar. Cysteine content is 1.3 to 1.4 mole per cent.
Ammonium release by zooplankton in suspensions of heat-killed algae and an evaluation of the flow-cell method

The maximum e:o.:nclion rate of ;o.,IH 4 tJQ nmnl mg dry wt "I h " I was Jircctly measured (01 DtlphnitJ pllll'x hy measuring NH4 ,1I,:l'umulalinn in bottles containing D, pU/I'X and dense, "atiating suspen sions was not ~jgniflCantly different from that obtained in the ~)(tles . lbe considerable experiment-to-experimelll variation in NH4 e:o.:cn: tion was in large part !.:nrrelated /,2 = 0.73) with the feeding rate on the algae . A large percentage of nitrogen excretion in zooplankton and other animals can result from immediate catabolism of ingested proteins (e .g. Brody. 1945; Warren and Davis. 1967: Corner el a[. , 1972: Lehman . 1980: Gardner and Scavia. 1981 : Bidigare. 1983: Roman, 1983), Thus nitrogen excretion should be measured as a function of ingestion rate of food . For herbivorous zooplankton, nitrogen excretion has never been directly measured correctly and unambiguously for zooplankton feeding in suspensions of their food . algae. because of immediate sequestering of excreted nitrogen by the algae (e.g. Takahashi and Ikeda. 1975: Lehman. 1980; Gardner and Scavia. 1981). Two promising approaches to circumvent this problem have been those of Lehman (1980) and Gardner and Scavia (1981). Potential difficulties of the Lehman (1980) method are the great labor and skill requisite for determining both algal and zooplankton nutrient kinetics and the assumptions implicit in Ihe model that describes interactions among nutrients, algae and zooplankton. In the Gardner and Seavia (1980) flow-cell method. a zooplankler is taken from its suspension of food and placed in a small (0.05 mI) flow cell, where nutrient accumulalion is measured at to-min intervals over time . Nutrient release rate in the food suspension is estimated by extrapolation back to time zero because it decreases with time after removal of the organism from food. This method would appear to be ideally suited for determining nitrogen excretion for individuals but not as useful for populations since many individuals' rates must be measured to get a population estimate. Potential artifacts in this method for some zooplankton could be (i) handling and containment effects and (ii) differing release pallerns in the presence and absence of food thai cannot be corrected by extrapolation back to time zero. As an alternative to these methods, we proposed that excretion rate could be directly determined by measuring nitrogen accumulation in bottles containing zooplankton and suspensions of heat-killed phytoplankton. In this paper we apply this approach to determine the rate of NH. excretion and its relation to feeding rate of Daphnia pulex in © IRL Press Limited . Oxford , England 341 ItA. Vanderploeg tI aI. dense. satiating conccntr:..Ilions of algae. In addition. we evaluate (he assumptions implicil in Ihe Gardner and Scavia (1'181) mClhod by comparing NH, cxerclion (If z(~>planklor in suspensions or heal-killed algae wilh Ihal of zooplanklon in Ihe flow cell afler Ihei, removal from the suspensions.
Using the Mystery of the Cyclopic Lamb to Teach Biotechnology

I present a learning cycle that explores different biotechnologies using the process of in situ hybridization as a platform. Students are presented with a cyclopic lamb and must use biotechnology to discover the mechanism behind the deformity. Through this activity, students learn about signal transduction and discover the processes of polymerase chain reaction, gel electrophoresis, restriction enzyme digests and ligations, cloning, and transformation. Students also discover the nature of scientific inquiry and practice hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
Compliance with international trade regime norms and the effects of regime change

Research on change in international regimes usually examines noncompliance with regime norms. In studies of international trade regimes, this means a focus on the imposition of trade barriers rather than liberalization. Developing a measure of compliant as well as noncompliant government intervention in trade for the Contracting Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade gives a fuller indication of regime strength. Regressing these measures against the rate of change in export volumes for the market economies allows an examination of the effects of changes in regime strength and system performance. At this level of the international system, the analysis points to a strong negative relationship between protectionist acts and the rate of growth in the export volume of the market economies; however, detrending and deserializing the independent variables results in a strong negative relationship between changes in export volume and the percentage of countries that both increase and decrease protec...
Therapeutic Work with Trauma, Revictimization, and Perpetration: Bearing Witness, Offering Hope, Embracing Despair

This paper offers a case study of a survivor of childhood incest who in adulthood has become a victim of violence in her relationships with chosen partners and is concerned that she herself may be a perpetrator of sexual abuse. It examines selected literature on attachment, dissociation, transference/countertransference, role responsiveness and sadomasochistic therapeutic enactments, the two-system superego model, and the triadic self. The paper focuses on long-term treatment dynamics with survivors of cumulative trauma and explores such psychodynamic psychotherapy issues as the therapist as a perpetrator of violence, the development of sacred space, authenticity, and the importance of both offering hope and embracing despair in this work.
Sa1449 Diagnostic Yield of Colonoscopy With Random Colonic Biopsies in the Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea

Sa1449 Diagnostic Yield of Colonoscopy With Random Colonic Biopsies in the Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea Laura Pestana*, Michael Camilleri, Sunanda V. Kane Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Background: In the evaluation of patients with chronic diarrhea, colonoscopy with random colonic biopsies is recommended for those individuals in whom initial laboratory studies fail to generate a diagnosis. However, in outpatient open access endoscopy practice, demand for colonoscopy may exceed availability. Several reports have documented that chronic unexplained diarrhea without rectal bleeding (or functional diarrhea) may be due to celiac disease (w4%), bile acid malabsorption (25-40%) or disaccharidase deficiency. These conditions are typically not identified by colonoscopy or biopsies. In an effort to identify possible inappropriate use of colonoscopy and optimize access to the procedure for other indications, we evaluated the diagnostic yield of colonoscopy with random biopsy for patients with chronic diarrhea in an open access endoscopy practice at a tertiary care center. Methods: We searched the electronic medical records and endoscopic database for outpatients undergoing colonoscopy with biopsy procurement for the indication “diarrhea” or “change in bowel habit” over 18 months October 1, 2012 to May 23, 2014. Clinical data included gender, specialty of the referring physician, documentation of potential alarm symptoms (anemia, weight loss or bleeding) and results of colonic mucosal biopsies. Results: Five hundred forty three patients were identified. Sixty nine percent were female. Two-thirds of patients (63.2%) were referred by a gastroenterologist. Anemia was present in 83 patients (15.3%); presence of weight loss was inconsistently documented. Histologic abnormalities were noted in 130 patients (23.9%); microscopic colitis or other abnormalities leading to change in management occurred in only 100 (18%) patients. The majority of in the latter patients had been referred by a gastroenterologist. Conclusion: Colonoscopy with random colonic biopsies for the evaluation of chronic diarrhea failed to yield a histologic diagnosis for the majority of patients in a tertiary care open access endoscopy practice. These data suggest the need for enhancing the work up of diarrhea prior to ordering colonoscopy in an open access system to enhance care, and reduce the number of inappropriate procedures thereby improving access for truly indicated procedures.