cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new homogeneous polymer support based on syndiotactic polystyrene and its application in palladium-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions

Soluble syndiotactic polystyrene-supported triphenylphosphine (sPS–TPP) was synthesized by reacting borylated syndiotactic polystyrene with (4-bromophenyl)diphenylphosphine. A palladium catalyst, supported on sPS–TPP, effectively catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions of aryl halides under homogeneous conditions. The polymer-supported palladium complex was recovered quantitatively by adding an equal volume of poor solvent to the polymer, and coupling products could be easily isolated by evaporating the solvents. The recovered polymer complex was reused several times without significant loss of activity.
Experiments with a Diffuser-Augmented Model Wind Turbine

The initial stages of the experimental development of the diffuser-augmented wind turbine (DAWT) employed various screen meshes to simulate the energy extraction mechanisms of a wind turbine. In this investigation in a 2 × 3 m wind tunnel, a three-bladed constant chord, untwisted turbine model was incorporated into a DAWT model. The objectives were to add real turbine characteristics such as swirl, and centerbodies effects, to the flow. Although this turbine model was not well matched to the diffuser, the model DAWT system increased the power output by more than four times that of the model turbine operating as a conventional wind energy conversion system; more than 3.4 times the power potential of an ideal wind turbine was measured.
SYNTHETIC ENTRY INTO THE ENT-KAURENE FRAMEWORK. APPLICATION OF AN UNPRECEDENTED TRANSANNULAR CYCLIZATION FOR FORMING THE CENTRAL BOND COMMON TO THE B AND C RINGS

Abstract A stereocontrolled means for constructing the ent -kaurene framework is described. The key transformation involves transannular ring closure of an 8,9-seco precursor with migration of an interstitial methoxyl group.
Parallel imports, demand dispersion, and international price discrimination*

Parallel imports, goods imported by unauthorized resellers, are advocated worldwide for undermining international price discrimination. For a continuum of markets, we find that uniform pricing by a monopolist yields lower global welfare than third-degree discrimination if demand dispersion across markets is ‘large’: though uniform pricing avoids output misallocation, too many markets go unserved. Mixed systems, permitting discrimination across but not within designated groups of markets, yield significantly higher welfare than uniform pricing or unrestricted multimarket discrimination, and can Pareto dominate uniform pricing. Thus, while parallel imports might benefit some countries, our results weaken the (multilateral) case for allowing them.
Duality of orthogonal and Symplectic matrix integrals and quaternionic Feynman graphs

We present an asymptotic expansion for quaternionic self-adjoint matrix integrals. The Feynman diagrams appearing in the expansion are ordinary ribbon graphs and their non-orientable counterparts. We show that the 2N×2N Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble (GOE) and N×N Gaussian Symplectic Ensemble (GSE) have exactly the same expansion term by term, except that the contributions from graphs on a non-orientable surface with odd Euler characteristic carry the opposite sign. As an application, we give a new topological proof of the known duality for correlations of characteristic polynomials, demonstrating that this duality is equivalent to Poincare duality of graphs drawn on a compact surface. Another consequence of our graphical expansion formula is a simple and simultaneous (re)derivation of the Central Limit Theorem for GOE, GUE (Gaussian Unitary Ensemble) and GSE: The three cases have exactly the same graphical limiting formula except for an overall constant that represents the type of the ensemble.
Rare-earth halides as fluxes for the synthesis of tantalum and niobium carbide

While investigating the reported superconducting phase of Lu2Cl2C2-x, we discovered a novel synthetic route for making TaC and NbC. TaC and NbC are superconducting refractory carbides with a Tc of 10 and 12 K, respectively. TaC or NbC was initially found as impurity in reactions designed to produce Lu2Cl2C2-x. TaC and NbC can be prepared as single crystals by reacting Ta or Nb and C in a LnCl3 (Ln = Y, Lu) flux at as low of a temperature as 850 °C for 4 days. The products are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and magnetic susceptibility. The various conditions for the preparation of the refractory carbides in rare-earth fluxes and their properties will be presented and discussed.
Crystal Growth from Solutions in Low Gravity

An experiment performed during the Apollo-Soyuz flight investigated a novel process for growing single crystals from solutions. In zero gravity, reactant solutions were allowed to diffuse slowly toward each other through a region of pure solvent in which they underwent a chemical reaction to form crystals of an insoluble material. The process is analogous to the growth of crystals in gels in normal gravity. The experiment was successful and yielded crystals of about the expected size, number, and quality. The results indicate thai with further refinement the process should yield large, high-quality crystals of a variety of materials.
Boundary scattering of phonons: Specularity of a randomly rough surface in the small-perturbation limit

Scattering of normally incident longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves by a randomly rough surface of an elastically isotropic solid is analyzed within the small-perturbation approach. In the limiting case of a large correlation length $L$ compared with the acoustic wavelength, the specularity reduction is given by $4{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{2}{k}^{2}$, where $\ensuremath{\eta}$ is the rms roughness and $k$ is the acoustic wave vector, which is in agreement with the well-known Kirchhoff approximation result often referred to as Ziman's equation [J. M. Ziman, Electrons and Phonons (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1960)]. In the opposite limiting case of a small correlation length, the specularity reduction is found to be proportional to ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{2}{k}^{4}{L}^{2}$, with the fourth power dependence on frequency as in Rayleigh scattering. Numerical calculations for a Gaussian autocorrelation function of surface roughness connect these limiting cases and reveal a maximum of diffuse scattering at an intermediate value of $L$. This maximum becomes increasingly pronounced for the incident longitudinal wave as the Poisson's ratio of the medium approaches 1/2 as a result of increased scattering into transverse and Rayleigh surface waves. The results indicate that thermal transport models using Ziman's formula are likely to overestimate the heat flux dissipation due to boundary scattering, whereas modeling interface roughness as atomic disorder is likely to underestimate scattering.
Critical path acceleration and simulation in aircraft technology planning

Critical path methods have been in common use in the aircraft industry for a number of years, but most often after a program enters preliminary design. In aircraft technology development studies, critical path acceleration is shown to be a natural and, in fact, necessary method for planning. An implementation of a time-cost trade-off algorithm of Tufekci is discussed. Because of inherent time uncertainty, network simulation should also be performed to develop a confidence band on the traditional time-cost trade-off curve. The network simulation package VERT is available for this purpose. Two instances of applying these two methods to plans for advanced materials technology development are reported as case studies.
Efficient algorithms for protein sequence design and the analysis of certain evolutionary fitness landscapes

Protein sequence design is a natural inverse problem to protein structure prediction: given a target structure in three dimensions, we wish to design an amino acid sequence that is likely fold to i...
The Book-to-Market and Size Effects in a General Asset Pricing Model: Evidence from Seven National Markets

The positive relation of returns with Book-to-Market ratio (BE/ME) and their negative relation withMarket Value(MVE) remains strong under a general stochastic discount function (SDF) that does not depend on a specific asset pricing model and avoids potentially serious simultaneity biases inherent in the Fama and French three-factor model. However, we find that SDFs that include the equivalent of the HML portfolio do not span all asset sub-spaces, even with additional conditioning information. Finally, macro and financial variables we introduce to the pricing functions do not offer an alternative explanation of the BE/ME effect. JEL Classification codes: G10, G12, G15, G30.
The boundary supersymmetric sine-Gordon model revisited

Abstract We argue that, contrary to previous claims, the supersymmetric sine-Gordon model with boundary has a two-parameter family of boundary interactions which preserves both integrability and supersymmetry. We also propose the corresponding boundary S matrix for the first supermultiplet of breathers.
17O NMR investigation of cyclic aromatic ethers

A linear relationship between the C-O-C angle and the molecular dihedral angle in a series of phenoxathi-ins and azaphenoxathiins is reported. 17O nmr spectroscopic data (natural abundance in acetonitrile at 75°C) were obtained on eight cyclic aromatic ethers 1-8, including phenoxathiins, and two model compounds, acyclic aromatic ethers 9 and 10. The chemical shifts of the cyclic aromatic ethers were very sensitive to structural variations and were dependent upon electonic and conformational effects; however, no quantitative relationship between 17O chemical shift and geometric parameters was found.
A reconsideration of the problem of social cost: Free riders and monopolists

One version of the Coase Theorem is, If property rights are fully allocated, competition leads to efficient allocations. This version implies that the public goods problem can be solved by allocating property rights fully. We show that this mechanism is not likely to work well in economies with global externalities because the privatized economy is highly susceptible to strategic behavior: The free-rider problem manifests itself as a complementary monopoly problem in an associated private goods economy. Thus, our work relates the validity of the Coase Theorem to the literature on the incentives for strategic behavior in economies with complementarities.
Stability in asymptotically AdS spaces

We discuss two types of instabilities which may arise in string theory compactified to asymptotically AdS spaces: perturbative, due to discrete modes in the spectrum of the laplacian, and non-perturbative, due to brane nucleation. In the case of three dimensional Einstein manifolds, we completely characterize the presence of these instabilities, and in higher dimensions we provide a partial classification. The analysis may be viewed as an extension of the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound. One interesting result is that, apart from a very special class of exceptions, all euclidean asymptotically AdS spaces with more than one conformal boundary component are unstable, if the compactification admits BPS branes or scalars saturating the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound. As examples, we analyze quotients of AdS in any dimension and AdS Taub-NUT spaces, and show a space which was previously discussed in the context of AdS/CFT is unstable both perturbatively and non-perturbatively.
Pharmacologic reduction of mean arterial pressure does not adversely affect regional cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of mean arterial pressure (MAP) reduction on regional cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure (ICP) in intracerebral hemorrhage. We tested the hypothesis that there is ischemia in the perihematoma region after intracerebral hemorrhage, which can be exacerbated
Enhanced Images for Checked and Carry-on Baggage and Cargo Screening

The current X-ray systems used by airport security personnel for the detection of contraband, and objects such as knives and guns that can impact the security of a flight, have limited effect because of the limited display quality of the X-ray images. Since the displayed images do not possess optimal contrast and sharpness, it is possible for the security personnel to miss potentially hazardous objects. This problem is also common to other disciplines such as medical X-rays, and can be mitigated, to a large extent, by the use of state-of-the-art image processing techniques to enhance the contrast and sharpness of the displayed image. The NASA Langley Research Centers Visual Information Processing Group has developed an image enhancement technology that has direct applications to this problem of inadequate display quality. Airport security X-ray imaging systems would benefit considerably by using this novel technology, making the task of the personnel who have to interpret the X-ray images considerably easier, faster, and more reliable. This improvement would translate into more accurate screening as well as minimizing the screening time delays to airline passengers. This technology, Retinex, has been optimized for consumer applications but has been applied to medical X-rays on a very preliminary basis. The resultant technology could be incorporated into a new breed of commercial x-ray imaging systems which would be transparent to the screener yet allow them to see subtle detail much more easily, reducing the amount of time needed for screening while greatly increasing the effectiveness of contraband detection and thus public safety.
Stereocontrol of the metal-ammonia reduction: formation of either cis- or trans-fused decalones from a common intermediate

Abstract Octalone 2 is reduced by lithium-ammonia to the cis-fused decalone, whereas octalone 7 undergoes lithium-ammonia reduction to provide exclusively the trans-fused isomer.
Theory of convective, transient, multicomponent droplet vaporization

The vaporization of a multicomponent droplet in a strong convective gas stream is analyzed, with particular emphasis on the generation of internal circulation through the surface shear and its effects on the internal heat and mass transport processes. It is demonstrated that boundary layers exist in both the gas and liquid phases near the droplet surface over most of its lifetime, and that convection is an important transport mode within the droplet. An approximate analysis for the shoulder region then shows that: the more volatile compounds are always preferentially vaporized; in the liquid the more/less volatile compounds diffuse outward/inward respectively; and the relative rates with which the droplet heats up and conforms to the gas motion are expected to strongly influence the droplet behavior. A more general model, consisting of an exterior potential flow, an interior Hill's Vortex, and boundary layers near the interface, is outlined to study the transient behavior of the droplet.
Mechanism(s) of SWI/SNF-Induced Nucleosome Mobilization

Impediments to DNA access due to assembly of the eukaryotic genome into chromatin are in part overcome by the activity of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes. These complexes employ energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to destabilize histone—DNA interactions and alter nucleosome positions, thereby increasing the accessibility of DNA-binding factors to their targets. However, the mechanism by which theses complexes accomplish this task remains unresolved. We review aspects of nucleosome alteration by the SWI/SNF complex, the archetypal remodeling enzyme. We focus on experiments that provide insights into how SWI/SNF induces nucleosome movement along DNA. Numerous biochemical activities have been characterized for this complex, all likely providing clues as to the molecular mechanism of translocation.
Catalytic intermolecular amination of C-H bonds: method development and mechanistic insights.

Reaction methodology for intermolecular C−H amination of benzylic and 3° C−H bonds is described. This process uses the starting alkane as the limiting reagent, gives optically pure tetrasubstituted amines through stereospecific insertion into enantiomeric 3° centers, displays high chemoselectivity for benzylic oxidation, and enables the facile preparation of isotopically enriched 15N-labeled compounds. Access to substituted amines, amino alcohols, and diamines is thereby made possible in a single transformation. Important information relevant to understanding the initial steps in the catalytic cycle, reaction chemoselectivity, the nature of the active oxidant, and pathways for catalyst inactivation has been gained through mechanistic analysis; these studies are also presented.
Thermal ensemble of string gas in a magnetic field

Abstract We study the thermal ensemble of a gas of free strings in presence of a magnetic field. We find that the thermodynamical partition function diverges when the magnetic field exceeds some critical value B cr , which depends on the temperature. We argue that there is a first-order phase transition with a large latent heat. At the critical value an infinite number of states—all states in a Regge trajectory—seem to become massless, which may be an indication of recuperation of spontaneously broken symmetries.
CDMA soft handoff analysis in the presence of power control error and shadowing correlation

Soft handoff has a special importance to power controlled code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. We introduce a new analytical model for CDMA soft handoff with emphasis on interference statistics at a system level. The relationship between soft handoff and power control is further explored by integrating power control error and shadowing correlation into the model. A new forward link model is also devised to study the effects of soft handoff on forward link performance. It is observed that the performance degradation due to power control error increases with increase in soft handoff region and higher shadowing correlation lowers the interference contribution from nonhandoff mobile stations (MS). It is also found that, unlike the reverse link, the forward performance depends on both given soft handoff setting and system load.
Electronic structure of a metal-semiconductor interface

The electronic structure of a jellium-Si interface is calculated using a jellium density corresponding to Al and self-consistent Si pseudopotentials. Local densities of states and charge densities are used to study states near the interface. At the Si surface, a high density of extra states is found in the energy range of the Si fundamental gap. These states are bulklike in jellium and decay into Si with a high concentration of charge in the dangling-bond free-surface-like Si state. Truly localized interface states are also found but at lower energies. The calculated barrier height is in excellent agreement with recent experimental results.
Gibbs' States for Moser-Calogero Potentials

We present two independent approaches for computing the thermodynamics for classical particles interacting via the Moser-Calogero potential Combining the results we conjecture the form of equation of state or, what is equivalent, the asymptotics of the Jacobian between volume elements corresponding to two symplectic structures on the phase space.
The effects of economic news on commodity prices

Abstract We assess how commodity prices respond to macroeconomic news and show that commodities have been relatively insensitive to such news over daily frequencies between 1997 and 2009 compared to other financial assets and major exchange rates. Where commodity prices are influenced by news, there is a pro-cyclical bias and these sensitivities have risen as commodities have become increasingly financialized. However, models based on news still do a relatively poor job of forecasting commodity prices at daily frequencies. We also find some asymmetries in how commodity prices respond to news, most notably for gold, which alone among commodities acts as a safe-haven when “bad” economic news emerges.
ARC DISTANCE EQUALS LEVEL NUMBER

Let K be a knot in 1-bridge position with respect to a genus-g Heegaard surface that splits a 3-manifold M into two handlebodies V and W. One can move K by isotopy keeping K∩V in V and K∩W in W so that K lies in a union of n parallel genus-g surfaces tubed together by n ― 1 straight tubes, and K intersects each tube in two arcs connecting the ends. We prove that the minimum n for which this is possible is equal to a Hempel-type distance invariant defined using the arc complex of the two-holed genus-g surface.
Varying the intensity of competition in a multiple prize rent seeking experiment

We experimentally test a rent seeking model under five levels of competition. At one extreme, a subject’s probability of winning a prize is equal to her share of the total expenditures. At lower levels of competition, a subject’s probability of winning is affected more by her own expenditures than by the expenditures of others. Predicted expenditure levels are positively associated with higher levels of competition. Consistent with previous rent seeking experiments, we find that subjects spend significantly more than the Nash equilibrium prediction at all levels of competition. However, expenditure patterns generally follow the Nash prediction; expenditures decrease as the level of competition decreases. Our experimental design also includes a lottery choice experiment to control for subjects’ risk preference. We find that subjects who are more risk averse spend significantly less in the contest and this effect is particularly strong for female subjects.
Optomechanical zipper cavity lasers: theoretical analysis of tuning range and stability

The design of highly wavelength tunable semiconductor laser structures is presented. The system is based on a one dimensional photonic crystal cavity consisting of two patterned, doubly-clamped nanobeams, otherwise known as a “zipper” cavity. Zipper cavities are highly dispersive with respect to the gap between nanobeams in which extremely strong radiation pressure forces exist. Schemes for controlling the zipper cavity wavelength both optically and electrically are presented. Tuning ranges as high as 75 nm are achieved for a nominal design wavelength of λ = 1.3 μm. Sensitivity of the mechanically compliant laser structure to thermal noise is considered, and it is found that dynamic back-action of radiation pressure in the form of an optical or electrical spring can be used to stabilize the laser frequency. Fabrication of zipper cavity laser structures in GaAs material with embedded self-assembled InAs quantum dots is presented, along with measurements of photoluminescence spectroscopy of the zipper cavity modes.
Efficient and selective synthesis of 6,7-Dehydrostipiamide via Zr-catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination and Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of organozincs.

6,7-Dehydrostipiamide has been synthesized in 23% yield in 15 steps in the longest linear sequence through the application of the Zr-catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination and the Pd-catalyzed organozinc cross-coupling in addition to the Brown crotylboration, the Corey−Peterson olefination, and the Corey−Fuchs reaction for carbon−carbon bond formation.
Synthetic autocatalysts show organocatalysis of other reactions

A molecule capable of both autocatalysis and organocatalysis was synthesized. The autocatalytic activity results from the self-complementary recognition sites provided by hydrogen bonding between heterocyclic subunits and the organocatalysis resides in an embedded thiourea function. The behavior of the molecule suggests both replication and metabolism can be engineered into synthetic compounds.
The crystal structure of martensitic ZrIr and ZrRh

Abstract The crystal structures of the martensitic shape memory alloys ZrIr and ZrRh have been determined using neutron powder diffraction data. These materials belong to a new structure type, space group Cmcm, Z = 8, with a = 3.3686(4) A, b = 19.608(3) A, c = 4.3982(5) A for ZrIr and a = 3.3394(4) A, b = 19.590(3) A, c = 4.3940(5) A for ZrRh.
Inheritance of silicate differentiation during lunar origin by giant impact

It is pointed out that the implication of the popular giant impact model of lunar origin (e.g., Hartmann and Davis, 1975; Cameron and Ward, 1976; Stevenson, 1987) is that any depth-related silicate differentiation within the impactor (and/or the earth) at the time of the impact must be partly inherited by the preferentially peripheral matter that forms the moon. This paper presents calculations of the magnitude of the net differentiation of the protolunar matter for a variety of elements and scenarios, with different assumptions regarding the geometries of the 'sampled' peripheral zones, the relative proportions of the earth-derived to impactor-derived matter in the final moon, and the degree to which the impactor mantle had crystallized prior to the giant impact. It is shown that these differention effects constrain the overall plausibility of the giant impact hypothesis.
Are United States Consumers Tolerant of Genetically Modified Foods

Controversy surrounds the introduction of genetically modified foods. One key issue relates to tolerance levels—the impurity rate tolerated before a commodity must be labeled. Currently, the United States has not defined a tolerance level for genetically modified foods. This paper uses data from experimental auctions to test whether consumers prefer foods with 0, 1, or 5% tolerance levels for genetically modified material. We conclude consumers would pay less for food that tolerates genetically modified material, but find no evidence that consumers' place different values on foods with 1 and 5% genetically modified content.
Welfare Costs of Inflation in a Menu Cost Model

Recent years have seen substantial prog? ress in our understanding of pricing decisions at the micro level. Access to large-scale data sources on prices of individual products has given us rich information on how frequently prices change, by what magnitude, and how the aggregation of price changes in individual firms maps into aggregate inflation (see, among many others, Mark Bils and Peter J. Klenow 2005). These facts about price movements are a key input in recent quantitative models of the aggre? gate effects of nominal rigidities (e.g., Mikhail Golosov and Robert E. Lucas 2007). In this paper, we use both the new facts and the new quantitative models to revisit an old question, namely, that of quantifying the welfare benefits of low inflation. Our model includes two
Nucleophilic addition of N-lithioamides to π-arenechromium tricarbonyl complexes. Preparation of aniline derivatives

Abstract A simple procedure for the preparation of aniline derivatives by the nucleophilic addition of nitrogen anions to π-(arene)chromium tricarbonyl complexes is described.
A new distance mapping and its use for shape measurement on binary patterns

Abstract The paper describes a new class of distance mappings for binary images, which are based on a border-to-border distance rather than on the distance between an individual point and the border of an object. It is shown how these mappings can be used to calculate efficiently meaningful features like the “line-shapeness” or “compactness” of objects within binary images or to characterize binary images in a global sense. The algorithms involved are well suited for conventional sequential processors.
Phases and phase equilibria in cobalt-rich Pr–Co–In alloys for permanent magnets

Abstract The Pr–Co–In phase equilibria related to the indium-added PrCo 5 permanent magnets have been systematically studied. The 800 °C isotherm and the PrCo 5 –PrCo 2 In polythermal section reveal several compounds never reported for this system. One of them, the orthorhombic Pr 3 Co 9 In 2 , forms peritectically at 957 °C and it is believed to be responsible for the increased coercivity of Pr–Co–In sintered magnets subjected to a post-sintering annealing. The Pr 3 Co 9 In 2 compound forms a two-phase equilibrium with PrCo 5 ; it is paramagnetic at room temperature and exhibits an antiferromagnetic ordering at 198 K. Also observed were the hexagonal PrIn 2 compound possibly stabilized by a small amount of cobalt and an unidentified ternary phase with the approximate composition Pr 45 Co 15 In 40 . The work provides recommendations for the development and improvement of PrCo 5 permanent magnets via indium additions.
Identification of radio emission from the Io flux tube

The identification of a specific Jovian decametric emission with the particular flux tube near the orbit of Io giving rise to it would substantially improve theoretical understandings of the relation of the Io flux tubes with the arc-like structures seen on time vs. frequency plots of decametric emissions observed by the Voyager spacecraft. The present paper shows how the instantaneous Io flux tube may be identified with particular emission features. It is demonstrated that the emissions designated Io caused emission (ICE) may be interpreted as representing sections of arc structures emitted by the interaction of Io with successive flux tubes. The model is capable of accounting for the change of displacement angle of the ICE structures as the sub-observed Jovian longitude changes. The identification permits the mapping of emissions onto the causative flux tubes for Jovian longitudes from 240 to 360 deg.
Betatrons with Kiloampere Beams

Although the magnetic-induction method of acceleration used in the betatron is inherently capable of accelerating intense particle beams to high energy, many beam-instability questions arise when beams in the kilo-ampere range are considered. The intense electromagnetic fields produced by the beam, and by the image currents and charges induced in the surrounding walls, can produce very disruptive effects. Several unstable modes of collective oscillation are possible; the suppression of any one of them usually involves energy spread for "Landau damping" and careful design of the electrical character of the vacuum chamber. The various design criteria are often mutually incompatible. Space-charge detuning can be severe unless large beam apertures and high-energy injection are used. In order to have an acceptably low degree of space-charge detuning in the acceleration of a 10-kilo-ampere electron beam, for example, an injection energy on the order of 50 MeV seems necessary, in which case the forces due to nearby wall images can have a larger effect than the internal forces of the beam. A method of "image compensation" was invented for reducing the net image forces; it serves also to decrease the longitudinal beam impedance and thus helps alleviate the longitudinal instability as well. In order to avoid the ion-electron collective instability a vacuum in the range of 10-8 torr is required for an acceleration time of 1 millisecond. A multi-ring betatron system using the 50-MeV Advanced Test Accelerator at LLNL as an injector was conceptually designed.
An analytic orbit prediction program generator

An ephemeris program generator is designed to automatically construct compact efficient ephemeris programs tailored specifically for tasks encountered in online real-time computing environments. For portability the ephemeris programs are written in standard FORTRAN IV. The analytic theory underlying the ephemeris program is the theory developed by Alfriend and Coffey which solves the zonal satellite problem is closed form. The flexibility required by a diverse user community is built into a meta-program which automatically constructs the ephemeris programs according to a program template/The program template is dictated from a terminal according to the specifications of the particular application. Using the program template the meta-program transcribes the series representing the theory into FORTRAN-compilable code. The largest version of the current ephemeris program can be held in the memory of current microcomputers and could be adapted for use in multiprocessing or distributed processing environments.
Pd(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective C−H Olefination of Diphenylacetic Acids

Pd(II)-catalyzed enantioselective C−H olefination of diphenylacetic acid substrates has been achieved through the use of monoprotected chiral amino acid ligands. The absolute configuration of the resulting olefinated products is consistent with that of a proposed C−H insertion intermediate.
Organization Design for Dynamic Fit: A Review and Projection

The concept of fit is central to organization design. In the organizational literature, fit historically has been portrayed as a static concept. Both organizations and their environments, however, are continually changing, so a valid concept of fit needs to reflect organizational dynamics. In this article, I analyze various theoretical perspectives and studies that relate to organizational fit, differentiating those that employ an equilibrating or a fluxing approach. Four substantive themes emerge from this analysis: design orientation, design tension, designer/manager roles, and measurement and validation. Implications of each of these themes for dynamic fit are derived, and promising future research directions are discussed.
ASN Presidential Address 2014: Moving Past Nephrology’s Midlife Crisis

Building New Paths to Kidney Health represents the reality of what we must do to reinvigorate our specialty for the next generation. We need to work together to overcome many of the challenges we face as caregivers, scientists, and educators committed to people with kidney disease. We need to build new paths to kidney health. We need to diagnose early to develop preventive strategies so we can offer hope at screenings, not fear. We need to identify those at highest risk for progression to kidney failure so we target the right patients for clinical trials and ensure success of our innovative therapies. We need to understand how even mild episodes of AKI can accelerate progression. We need to recognize that dialysis, while lifesaving, does not confer a high quality of life. We need to determine how everyone can have a kidney transplant without an agonizing wait. We need to improve care delivery across the spectrum of our patients’ needs, with special attention at emotionally trying times, such as at dialysis initiation and a patient’s end of life. The challenges can seem overwhelming.
Criteria for virtual fibering

We prove that an irreducible 3-manifold with fundamental group that satisfies a certain group-theoretic property called RFRS is virtually fibered. As a corollary, we show that 3-dimensional reflection orbifolds and arithmetic hyperbolic orbifolds defined by a quadratic form virtually fiber. These include the Seifert Weber dodecahedral space and the Bianchi groups. Moreover, we show that a taut-sutured compression body has a finite-sheeted cover with a depth one taut-oriented foliation.
Thermal Conductivity and Gaseous Microscale Transport

Previously, many numerical and analytical investigations into gaseous microscale e ows have consisted of applying special boundary conditions to continuum-based formulations of the governing equations. These boundary conditions describe velocity slip and temperature jump conditions at solid/e uid interfaces for microscale e ows. Noncontinuum effects within the e owe eld interior are indirectly simulated by this approach, causing these formulations to become inaccurate with increasing rarefaction. A modie ed thermal conductivity relation has previously been shown to successfully model heat transfer through micronsized gaps in areas such as insulations and contact regions. This paper reports results from an investigation that used this modie ed thermal conductivity approach in conjunction with continuum-based formulations of the governing equations to simulate pressure-driven, gaseous microscale e ows. Comparisons against a traditional formulation for thermal conductivity in continuum-based governing equations indicate that use of modie ed thermal conductivity relations signie cantly affect the calculation of heat transport characteristics for gaseous microscale e ows within the transition regime. Momentum transport characteristics do not show a similar trend. It is concluded that the use of thermophysical property models that transition from continuum to free molecular-based behavior is a viable approach to simulating microscale e ows, and that further research in this area is needed.
Diagnostic discrepancies and their clinical impact in a neuropathology referral practice.

BACKGROUND During the course of their neuropathology practice, the authors received cases to review in consultation. In some cases, the patients came to the authors' hospital for therapy; in others, the primary pathologists requested a consultation. Because changes in diagnosis might significantly alter patient management, protocol entry, care costs, or the potential for physician liability, the authors determined the frequency and degrees of their disagreements with the original diagnoses submitted to them. METHODS The authors reviewed the first 500 brain or spinal cord biopsy cases that were submitted to their neuropathology consultation service for a second opinion in 1995. Disagreements were coded into 10 categories, but were grouped for this analysis as follows: serious (having immediate significance for therapy or intervention), less serious but potentially substantial (calling for a change in type or grade of glioma), minor (adding or deleting information), and those in which the authors made the first diagnosis themselves. RESULTS There was some degree of disagreement between the original and review diagnoses in 214 (42.8%) of the 500 cases. Disagreements were counted as serious in 44 cases (8.8%), less serious but substantial in 96 cases (19.2%), and minor in 50 cases (10.0%); the authors made the first diagnosis in 24 cases (4.8%). CONCLUSIONS Clinically important diagnostic errors that can affect immediate patient care decisions occur in a substantial number of brain and spinal cord biopsy cases. Thus, seeking expert neuropathology consultation is prudent and cost-effective for pathologists who are less experienced with these types of cases. Cost savings in case management might result from confirmation of diagnosis before definitive therapy is administered to the patients. The rates of discrepancy between original diagnoses and second opinions in other subspecialties of pathology should be examined. [See editorial on pages 665-7, this issue.] Cancer 1997; 79:796-803. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
The growth of galaxies in cosmological simulations of structure formation

We use hydrodynamic simulations to examine how the baryonic components of galaxies are assembled, focusing on the relative importance of mergers and smooth accretion in the formation of ~L* systems. In our primary simulation, which models a (50 h-1 Mpc)3 comoving volume of a Λ-dominated cold dark matter universe, the space density of objects at our (64 particle) baryon mass resolution threshold Mc = 5.4 × 1010 M☉ corresponds to that of observed galaxies with L ~ L*/4. Galaxies above this threshold gain most of their mass by accretion rather than by mergers. At the redshift of peak mass growth, z ≈ 2, accretion dominates over merging by about 4 : 1. The mean accretion rate per galaxy declines from ~40 M☉ yr-1 at z = 2 to ~10 M☉ yr-1 at z = 0, while the merging rate peaks later (z ≈ 1) and declines more slowly, so by z = 0 the ratio is about 2 : 1. We cannot distinguish truly smooth accretion from merging with objects below our mass resolution threshold, but extrapolating our measured mass spectrum of merging objects, dP/dM ∝ M-α with α ~ 1, implies that subresolution mergers would add relatively little mass. The global star formation history in these simulations tracks the mass accretion rate rather than the merger rate. At low redshift, destruction of galaxies by mergers is approximately balanced by the growth of new systems, so the comoving space density of resolved galaxies stays nearly constant despite significant mass evolution at the galaxy-by-galaxy level. The predicted merger rate at z 1 agrees with recent estimates from close pairs in the Canada-France Redshift Survey and Canadian Network for Observational Cosmology Redshift Survey.
FAMILY TIES AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

We establish an inverse relationship between family ties and political participation, such that the more individuals rely on the family as a provider of services, insurance, and transfer of resources, the lower is one’s civic engagement and political participation. We also show that strong family ties appear to be a substitute for generalized trust, rather than a complement to it. These three constructs—civic engagement, political participation, and trust—are part of what is known as social capital; therefore, in this paper, we contribute to the investigation of the origin and evolution of social capital. We establish these results using within-country evidence and looking at the behavior of immigrants from various countries in 32 different destination places (JEL: P16, Z10, Z13).
A Multicommunity Trial for Primary Prevention of Adolescent Drug Abuse: Effects on Drug Use Prevalence

The entire early adolescent population of the 15 communities that constitute the Kansas City (Kansas and Missouri) metropolitan area has participated in a community-based program for prevention of drug abuse since September 1984. The Kansas City area is the first of two major metropolitan sites being evaluated in the Midwestern Prevention Project, a longitudinal trial for primary prevention of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use in adolescents. The project includes mass media programming, a school-based educational program for youths, parent education and organization, community organization, and health policy components that are introduced sequentially into communities during a 6-year period. Effects of the program are determined through annual assessments of adolescent drug use in schools that are assigned to immediate intervention or delayed intervention control conditions. In the first 2 years of the project, 22 500 sixth- and seventh-grade adolescents received the school-based educational program component, with parental involvement in homework and mass media coverage. Analyses of 42 schools indicate that the prevalence rates of use for all three drugs are significantly lower at 1-year follow-up in the intervention condition relative to the delayed intervention condition, with or without controlling for race, grade, socioeconomic status, and urbanicity (17% vs 24% for cigarette smoking, 11% vs 16% for alcohol use, and 7% vs 10% for marijuana use in the last month), and the net increase in drug use prevalence among intervention schools is half that of delayed intervention schools. (JAMA. 1989;261:3259-3266)
Memory-assisted universal compression of network flows

Recently, the existence of considerable amount of redundancy in the Internet traffic has stimulated the deployment of several redundancy elimination techniques within the network. These techniques are often based on either packet-level Redundancy Elimination (RE) or Content-Centric Networking (CCN). However, these techniques cannot exploit sub-packet redundancies. Further, other alternative techniques such as the end-to-end universal compression solutions would not perform well either over the Internet traffic, as such techniques require infinite length traffic to effectively remove redundancy. This paper proposes a memory-assisted universal compression technique that holds a significant promise for reducing the amount of traffic in the networks. The proposed work is based on the observation that if a source is to be compressed and sent over a network, the associated universal code entails a substantial overhead in transmission due to finite length traffic. However, intermediate nodes can learn the source statistics and this can be used to reduce the cost of describing the source statistics, reducing the transmission overhead for such traffics. We present two algorithms (statistical and dictionary-based) for the memory-assisted universal lossless compression of information sources. These schemes are universal in the sense that they do not require any prior knowledge of the traffic's statistical distribution. We demonstrate the effectiveness of both algorithms and characterize the memorization gain using the real Internet traces. Furthermore, we apply these compression schemes to Internet-like power-law graphs and solve the routing problem for compressed flows. We characterize the network-wide gain of the memorization from the information theoretic point of view. In particular, through our analysis on power-law graphs, we show that non-vanishing network-wide gain of memorization is obtained even when the number of memory units is a tiny fraction of the total number of nodes in the network. Finally, we validate our predictions of the memorization gain by simulation on real traffic traces.
2,3; 6,7-Bis (2′,3′-quinolino)tcu: A rigid syn-orthocyclophane

Abstract A bis 2,3-quinoline fused derivative of tetracyclo[6.2.1.0.0]undecane is prepared by two sequential Friedlander condensations. An X-ray crystal structure indicates a dihedral angle of 50.5° between the two quinoline rings.
Infliximab for Crohn's disease in clinical practice at the Mayo Clinic: the first 100 patients.

Infliximab for Crohn's disease in clinical practice at the Mayo Clinic: the first 100 patients
Spending Seigniorage: Do Central Banks Have a Governance Problem?

This paper reviews how central banks allocate seigniorage, based on systematic cross-country comparisons of their financial accounts. Central banks are classified as weak or strong, depending on their structural profitability. Weak central banks typically (although not exclusively) operate in smaller and less wealthy countries, lack independence from their governments, and are burdened by large nonperforming assets, compulsory transfers, and low capital. Notwithstanding their weak finances, these central banks tend to overspend with regard to their operating expenditures. Governance also appears to be a potential concern in many strong central banks, however, with operating expenditures often adjusting upward for high profitability and capital accumulation and downward for low profitability. Main policy implications are briefly reviewed.
Palladium-catalyzed reactions of arylindium reagents prepared directly from aryl iodides and indium metal

Treatment of aryl iodides with indium metal in the presence of lithium chloride leads to the formation of an organoindium reagent capable of participating in cross-coupling reactions under transition-metal catalysis. Combination with aryl halides in the presence of 5 mol % Cl2Pd(dppf) furnishes biaryl compounds in good yields; similarly, reaction with acyl halides or allylic acetates/carbonates in the presence of 5-10 mol % palladium catalyst leads to arylketones and allylic substitution products, respectively, in moderate yields. The reactions are tolerant of the presence of protic solvents, and approximately 85% of the indium metal employed can be recovered by reduction of the residual indium salts with zinc(0).
Resonance in an exemplar-based lexicon: The emergence of social identity and phonology

Abstract Two sets of data are discussed in terms of an exemplar-resonance model of the lexicon. First, a cross-linguistic review of vowel formant measurements indicate that phonetic differences between male and female talkers are a function of language, dissociated to a certain extent from vocal tract length. Second, an auditory word recognition study [Strand (2000). Gender Stereotype Effects in Speech Processing. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio State University] indicates that listeners can process words faster when the talker has a stereotypical sounding voice. An exemplar-resonance model of perception derives these effects suggesting that reentrant pathways [Edelman (1987). Neural Darwinism: The theory of neuronal group selection. New York: Basic Books] between cognitive categories and detailed exemplars of them leads to the emergence of social and linguistic entities.