cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconciling noninterference and gradual typing

One of the standard correctness criteria for gradual typing is the dynamic gradual guarantee, which ensures that loosening type annotations in a program does not affect its behavior in arbitrary ways. Though natural, prior work has pointed out that the guarantee does not hold of any gradual type system for information-flow control. Toro et al.'s GSLRef language, for example, had to abandon it to validate noninterference. We show that we can solve this conflict by avoiding a feature of prior proposals: type-guided classification, or the use of type ascription to classify data. Gradual languages require run-time secrecy labels to enforce security dynamically; if type ascription merely checks these labels without modifying them (that is, without classifying data), it cannot violate the dynamic gradual guarantee. We demonstrate this idea with GLIO, a gradual type system based on the LIO library that enforces both the gradual guarantee and noninterference, featuring higher-order functions, general references, coarsegrained information-flow control, security subtyping and first-class labels. We give the language a domain-theoretic semantics, using Pitts' framework of relational structures to prove noninterference and the dynamic gradual guarantee.
Condition assessment of concrete and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebar after 18 years of service life

Abstract Concrete and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bar samples from an 18-year old repair project executed on an existing dry-dock were obtained by coring the dry dock in two regions. Several destructive and non-destructive tests were performed on both materials. Testing performed on the concrete showed substantial variability and clear evidence of damage occurring over the years. Further, there were significant differences in the concrete obtained from two different regions of the dock. The concrete was carbonated and chloride from seawater had penetrated significantly into its depth. The GFRP bars showed relatively lower variability in terms of test results. Electron microscopy and horizontal shear strength results suggest that the GFRP surface of the bars had suffered some damage, whereas the core had remained unaltered. These findings regarding limited damage to the GFRP, taken together with recent advances in GFRP production technology, support the notion that concrete reinforced with GFRP bars is an attractive alternative to conventional steel reinforced concrete for marine infrastructure applications.
Guido Weiss: From Immigrant Boy to Internationally Renowned Mathematician

A brief biographical account of Guido Weiss’ life; his accomplishments, mathematics, and diverse interests; and several anecdotes of his interactions with family, friends, colleagues, and students.
Is Dysphagia a Pre-Existing Condition in Individuals Undergoing Lung Transplantation? Radiographic Swallowing Safety Profiles before and after Lung Transplantation

Purpose Breathing and swallowing are basic survival functions that share a common anatomical conduit for the passage of air and food and are governed by shared neural networks and reciprocal peripheral musculature. Individuals with end-stage respiratory disease who are awaiting lung transplantation (LT) are therefore at high risk for dysphagia. Although dysphagia has been reported in high rates in post-operative LT patients, it is currently unclear if dysphagia is a pre-existing condition or rather a complication of surgical and intubation procedures performed. We therefore aimed to compare radiographic swallowing profiles in LT patients before and after LT. Methods A retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing LT from 2017 and 2020 at a single academic institution was performed. Pre- and post-operative videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) reports were identified and the validated Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) was retrieved. Frequencies, independent t-tests and Chi-Square analyses were conducted. Results 166 patients had viable pre- and post-operative VFSS reports that were included. Pre-Operative Dysphagia Status : 83% (PAS ≤2, n=137) demonstrated safe swallowing, 10% (PAS 3-5, n=17) exhibited penetration into the upper airway, and 7% (PAS ≥ 6, n=12) exhibited tracheal aspiration. Aspiration profiles, in rank order, included an ineffective cough response to remove aspirate in 50% (PAS 7, n=6), expulsion of tracheal aspirate 33% (PAS 6, n=4), while 17% demonstrated silent aspiration (PAS 8, n=2). No associations were noted for pre-operative dysphagia and gender, age, BMI, or race (p>0.05). Post-Operative Dysphagia Status: 20% (n=33) demonstrated safe swallowing, 41% (n=68) penetration, while 39% (n=65) exhibited tracheal aspiration. Swallowing safety distribution profiles differed across pre- versus post-operative profile (p=0.02). Conclusion Frequency of unsafe swallowing increased by 4.7 times across pre- and post-operative time points. Further, an ∼six-fold increase in radiographically confirmed tracheal aspiration was observed. Thus, a high rate of incident dysphagia cases was observed, highlighting the need for close post-operative monitoring and identification of contributing risk factors to optimize procedures, patient care and outcomes.
Regional warming exacerbates match/mismatch vulnerability for cod larvae in Alaska

Abstract The match-mismatch hypothesis predicts that variability in spring primary production will increase starvation risk for marine fish populations. However, it is often unclear whether the synergic effects of temperature, phytoplankton phenology and metabolic demands of fish support these prediction within and across regions. In this study, we combine experimentally-derived rates of larval survival in relation to water temperature with satellite remote-sensing estimates of chlorophyll a and sea surface temperature to predict habitat quality of first feeding Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) larvae in two adjacent large marine ecosystems; southeast Bering Sea (BS) and Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Predictions are made from 1998 to 2019, a period comprised of both warm and cool springs, followed by a series of extreme warming events (heatwaves) beginning in 2014. Model results indicate that the drivers of a mismatch between cod larvae and their food is fundamentally different between the two systems. In the GOA, larval habitat suitability is highly dependent on interannual fluctuations in sea surface temperature that regulate yolk reserves in embryos. In contrast, larval habitat suitability in the BS was more sensitive to the onset of the surface expression of Chl a production. The combined effects of changes in timing of Chl a and increased metabolic demands of larvae were captured by the model during the GOA marine heatwave (2014–16, 2019), which predicted significant loss of larval habitat across the entire region. These habitat models integrate important spatial, temporal and physiological components of match-mismatch theory that can be used to examine marine fish populations experiencing different rates of climate stress across regions.
Unsupervised Hyperspectral Unmixing via Nonlinear Autoencoders

This work derives a novel unsupervised neural network-based scheme for unmixing hyperspectral pixels. A novel autoencoder structure was combined with a kernelization layer, mapping the mixed pixels in a higher dimensional space for easier separability, along with a novel cross-product layer to account for nonlinear mixing mechanisms. K-means clustering is utilized to estimate endmembers, and radial basis functions (RBFs) are employed to measure distances in a kernelized space to estimate abundances that provide a preliminary pixel unmixing stage to be enhanced by an autoencoder structure. A novel layer is introduced, which accounts for nonlinear mixing terms by forming pertinent cross products across the abundances of each mixed pixel. This enables accurate reconstruction of the mixed pixel adhering to different nonlinear mixing models while using the abundances and endmembers' estimates obtained via the decoding stage weights. The novel network structure is flexible since not only can it accommodate higher degree cross products of abundances and the corresponding endmember weights but it can also consider other mixing models, such as the postpolynomial nonlinear mixing (PPNM) model. Extensive testing across semisynthetic and real-world datasets shows that the proposed method, while being highly versatile in structure, also outperforms recent state-of-the-art unmixing methods.
Corporate Liquidity and Monetary Union

We investigate cash holdings of firms from 15 European Union (EU) countries [12 European Monetary Union (EMU) countries that adopted a common currency, euro, and 3 non-EMU countries] from 1993 to 2002 using a dynamic panel data model. Unlike previous studies, we formally consider endogeneity of explanatory variables and show that it matters. Contrary to these studies, we find that firms with greater investment opportunities hold less cash. We show that compared to shareholder rights, creditor rights play a more important role in determining corporate liquidity and should be included in international corporate liquidity research. Adoption of a common currency affects corporate liquidity in a variety of ways. Cash and debt become better inter-temporal substitutes while cash and net working capital become better contemporaneous substitutes for EMU firms after the euro's adoption. The agency theory view of cash holdings has better explanatory power for these firms, probably because of an enhanced capital market integration that weakens the transaction and precautionary motives of holding cash. We also obtain evidence consistent with the tradeoff theory. In our whole test period during which the EMU countries underwent a transition to a monetary union, the adjustment speed of corporate liquidity for EMU firms appears to be slower than for non-EMU firms. This suggests that for firms in a common currency area, cash management becomes relatively less important probably due to more integrated capital markets and thus lower cost of deviating from target cash holdings. Further, we obtain evidence that the introduction of the euro reduces corporate liquidity in the EMU firms.
Constrictive Pericarditis and Atrial Septal Defect, Secundum Type With Special Reference to Left Ventricular Volumes and Related Hemodynamic Findings*

Abstract 1. 1. Two cases of secundum type atrial septal defect, complicated by constrictive pericarditis, in which the patients were surgically treated, are reported. 2. 2. The clinical features of atrial septal defect were preserved, but the degree of congestive heart failure in both and the age of onset of heart failure in the second patient were unusual. 3. 3. The clinical picture of constrictive pericarditis, particularly the severe, chronic right sided failure, was quite evident, but the characteristic Kussmaul sign and pulsus paradoxus were absent. 4. 4. The hemodynamic data represented a summation of both conditions. The oxygen saturation levels and equalization of atrial pressures were typical of atrial septal defect, whereas the pressure pulses were characteristic of constrictive pericarditis. 5. 5. The low resting systemic output and stroke volume were proved, by studies of left ventricular volume, to be due to a low enddiastolic volume and ejection fraction. This contrasts significantly with the increased enddiastolic volume seen in patients with myopathy. Marked reduction of ejection fraction, even with exercise, indicated impaired myocardial function. Postoperatively both the end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction rose to normal levels. 6. 6. Determination of ventricular volumes may offer a direct means of differentiating constrictive pericardial disease from primary myocardial disease.
The Accidental Republic: Crippled Workingmen, Destitute Widows, and the Remaking of American Law

John Fabian Witt argues that experiments in accident law at the turn of the twentieth century arose out of competing views of the loose network of ideas and institutions that historians call the ideology of free labour. These experiments a century ago shaped twentieth- and twenty-first-century American accident law; they laid the foundations of the American administrative state; and they occasioned a still hotly contested legal transformation from the principles of free labour to the categories of insurance and risk. In this eclectic moment at the beginnings of the modern state, Witt describes American accident law as a contingent set of institutions that might plausibly have developed along a number of historical paths. In turn, he suggests, the making of American accident law is the story of the equally contingent remaking of our accidental republic.
Physical and genetic mapping of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 genome: presence of two unique circular chromosomes.

Abstract A macrorestriction map representing the complete physical map of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 chromosomes has been constructed by ordering the chromosomal DNA fragments from total genomic DNA digested with the restriction endonucleases AseI, SpeI, DraI, and SnaBI. Junction fragments and multiple restriction endonuclease digestions of the chromosomal DNAs derived from wild-type and various mutant strains, in conjunction with Southern hybridization analysis, have been used to order all of the chromosomal DNA fragments. Our results indicate that R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 carries two different circular chromosomes of 3,046 +/- 95 and 914 +/- 17 kilobases (kb). Both chromosome I (3,046 kb) and chromosome II (914 kb) contain rRNA cistrons. It appears that only a single copy of the rRNA genes is contained on chromosome I (rrnA) and that two copies are present on chromosome II (rrnB, rrnC). Additionally, genes for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapB) and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (hemT) are found on chromosome II. In each instance, there appears to be a second copy of each of these genes on chromosome I, but the extent of the DNA homology is very low. Genes giving rise to enzymes involved in CO2 fixation and linked to the gene encoding the form I enzyme (i.e., the form I region) are on chromosome I, whereas those genes representing the form II region are on chromosome II. The complete physical and partial genetic maps for each chromosome are presented.
Prevalence of Congenital Cardiovascular Malformations in Children of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women: The Prospective P2C2 HIV Multicenter Study

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of maternal HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus) infection and vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection on the prevalence of congenital cardiovascular malformations in children. Background. In the United States, an estimated 7000 children are born to HIV-infected women annually. Previous limited reports have suggested an increase in the prevalence of congenital cardiovascular malformations in vertically transmitted HIV-infected children. Methods. In a prospective longitudinal multicenter study, diagnostic echocardiograms were performed at 4–6-month intervals on two cohorts of children exposed to maternal HIV-1 infection: 1) a Neonatal Cohort of 90 HIV-infected, 449 HIV-uninfected and 19 HIV-indeterminate children; and 2) an Older HIV-Infected Cohort of 201 children with vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection recruited after 28 days of age. Results. In the Neonatal Cohort, 36 lesions were seen in 36 patients, yielding an overall congenital cardiovascular malformation prevalence of 6.5% (36/558), with a 8.9% (8/90) prevalence in HIV-infected children and a 5.6% (25/449) prevalence in HIV-uninfected children. Two children (2/558, 0.4%) had cyanotic lesions. In the Older HIV-Infected Cohort, there was a congenital cardiovascular malformation prevalence of 7.5% (15/201). The distribution of lesions did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusions. There was no statistically significant difference in congenital cardiovascular malformation prevalence in HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected women. With the use of early screening echocardiography, rates of congenital cardiovascular malformations in both the HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children were five- to ten-fold higher than rates reported in population-based epidemiologic studies but not higher than in normal populations similarly screened. Potentially important subclinical congenital cardiovascular malformations were detected.
Modification by L-dopa of a case of progressive supranuclear palsy. With evidence of defective cerebral dopamine metabolism.

Abstract A patient with progressive supranu-clear palsy was found to have low cerebrospinal-fluid homovanillic-acid levels. His neurological state was improved by L-dopa, which also produced a striking rise in cerebrospinal-fluid homovanillic-acid levels. An unusual feature was the pronounced improvement in extraocular movements.
Regenerative pulmonary medicine: potential and promise, pitfalls and challenges.

Lung disease is an increasing public health problem worldwide. According to the American Lung Association, more than 400,000 people die of lung diseases in the United States each year, which accounts for one in every six deaths overall. These staggering figures translate into a cost of more than $100 billion per year [1]. Even more concerning is the fact that in many chronic lung diseases, we have no therapeutic interventions with which to arrest or reverse the pathobiology of these destructive processes, or to restore functional lung tissue. Thus, we treat patients’ symptoms, but the underlying diseases continue to progress. In these circumstances, our therapeutic options ultimately turn to lung transplantation once diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/emphysema, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) become end-stage. Lung transplantation is a life-prolonging procedure for many patients; however, there is a shortage of available donor lungs, and, even when transplanted, the average survival for adult lung recipients is approximately 5–6 years [2]. Recipients are vulnerable to transplant-related diseases, such as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, which limits long-term survival in many patients [2],[3]. Thus, there is a desperate need for new and innovative therapies for a number of chronic lung diseases, including diseases that develop after lung transplantation.
Non-thermal plasma applications in air sterilization

Summary form only given. In our present study, we are constructing a physiochemical model of the oxidizing effects of the active chemical species generated by non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma on the influenza A virus. The results of our model provides us with an estimate of the optimal dose of active species required to destroy varying concentrations of airborne influenza viruses. We are specifically investigating the sterilizing effects of hydroxyl radicals (OH) because they are the most aggressive of the active chemical species created by non-thermal plasma and have a much shorter lifetime than ozone (O/sub 3/). Ozone is a proven sterilizing agent, but it is known to have negative health effects and its longer lifetime can potentially lead to human exposure in shorter ventilation systems. Additionally, in order to achieve complete air sterilization, that is the complete oxidation of all organic matter including DNA, we experiment with plasmas that have a relatively high temperature and large power density that can work at atmospheric pressure, but are still as efficient as cold plasma in providing active species. An example of such transitional non-thermal plasma is Gliding Arc in Tornado (GAT), which uses a reverse vortex flow to provide high velocity to a gliding arc discharge resulting in rapid convective cooling of the arc, recirculation of active species, and longer residence time of the organic matter in the plasma discharge zone.
Perceptual Organization in Vision

The field of perceptual organization in vision is surveyed and analyzed from phenomenological, empirical, and theoretical perspectives. Structuralist, Gestaltist, and ecological principles are discussed as a historical backdrop for modern computational theories. A set of basic organizational processes—region segregation, border assignment (or figure-ground organization), grouping, and parsing—are presented as underlying the visual system's ability to construct a part-whole hierarchy of groups, objects, parts, and subparts from input images. Hypotheses about how these processes might be computed and interrelated in the stream of visual processing are also considered in light of both logical and empirical constraints. Further processes of visual interpolation and depth perception are required to account for the perception of amodal completion, illusory contours, translucency, and figural scission. Other organizational phenomena are also discussed, including global precedence, frames of reference, figural goodness, and multistability. Explanations in terms of structural simplicity and ecological likelihood are presented, and their interrelations are discussed. Keywords: figural goodness; figure-ground organization; frames of reference; multistability; perceptual grouping; visual interpolation
Affine stratifications from finite misère quotients

Given a morphism from an affine semigroup to an arbitrary commutative monoid, it is shown that every fiber possesses an affine stratification: a partition into a finite disjoint union of translates of normal affine semigroups. The proof rests on mesoprimary decomposition of monoid congruences and a novel list of equivalent conditions characterizing the existence of an affine stratification. The motivating consequence of the main result is a special case of a conjecture due to Guo and the author on the existence of affine stratifications for (the set of winning positions of) any lattice game. The special case proved here assumes that the lattice game has finite misere quotient, in the sense of Plambeck and Siegel.
REGULATION OF MOTILITY AND CYTOSKELETAL ORGANIZATION OF RAT BLADDER CARCINOMA CELLS BY CYCLIC AMP

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) has been implicated in the regulation of movement of certain cultured cell types. We have studied the effects of cAMP on epithelial cell motility using serum-free NBT-II cells, derived from a rat bladder carcinoma. The random movement of these cells on type I collagen was reduced upon elevation of intracellular cAMP by several means and this effect was reversible. Alterations in the organization of the cytoskeletal proteins F-actin and α-actinin occurred concurrently with the reduction in motility, and the arrangement of these proteins resembled that seen in non-motile cells on glass. In addition, pretreatment of cells with KT5720, a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-specific inhibitor, prevented the dibutyryl cAMP-induced reduction in cell movement as well as the associated cytoskeletal changes. These results suggest that elevation of PKA is responsible for the observed effects on cell motility and cytoskeletal reorganization and demonstrate a role for PKA in the regulation of cell motility in this system. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Spectral Characteristics of Acoustic Noise from Metallic Protrusions and Water Droplets in High Electric Fields

The spectral properties of acoustic noise generated by corona at imperfections and water droplets on high voltage transmission lines are studied by means of single site corona sources in a coaxial geometry. The steady state noise as generated by these metallic imperfections or spitters and by single, flow rate dependent, sites of water emission is recorded and analyzed by means of a high fidelity microphone and a recording wave analyzer. To insure isolation from ambient noise, the entire electrode structure used to generate the corona is contained in an anechoic chamber.
An algorithm for constructing diagrams of two-bridge knots and links with period two

Abstract In this paper we review the connections between two-bridge knots and links, continued fractions and generalized Euclidean algorit.hms. Then, using a generalized Euclidean algorithm in which each partial quotient is even, we provide a constructive method demonstrating that every two-bridge knot and link has period two. Using the algorithm we develop, we are also able to obtain an additional method for computing the linking number of two-bridge links.
Slab Mill Process Control

Today, the slab mill operator cannot do it alone. He needs the help that process control provides. When process control is mentioned, many people immediately think of a computer. But a computer is only one example of process control. A control that takes a number of actions performed by mill operators and simplifies them, or relieves an operator of continual attentiveness to the process may be considered process automation. This paper will describe process automation, or control, as it is applied to the various drives in the slab mill, indicated on Fig 1. The slab mill area includes the ingot buggy, main mill, scarfer, shear, weigh and stamp, and piler. The rolling mill itself will be described last since major emphasis will be placed on process control for this area.
Letter to the editor concerning Stavropoulos F, Katz J. Central giant cell granulomas: a systematic review of the radiographic characteristics with the addition of 20 new cases published in Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 2002; 31: 213–217

I was reviewing the above mentioned paper and I found that some numbers are not mentioned correctly in Table 4. The authors did not consider the lesions with corticated borders when they reported the lesions with well-defined borders from previously published papers. Horner. The author reported 18 (69%) well-defined lesions but did not consider 2 lesions (8%) with corticated borders. Kaffe et al. Out of the 18 new cases in this article, 7 (39%) had well-defined borders but the authors mentioned 10 (56%). Whitaker and Waldron stated in their paper that most cases were well delineated and only 13 (19%) had corticated borders, but in Table 4 the authors considered only these 13 cases (19%) as well defined, which made the majority of the lesions poorly defined. The above facts would have changed the results of their systematic review. In the discussion, the authors quote, “In most cases, the borders are rather ill-defined (66%). The results of the systematic review reveal inconsistencies between our 20 new cases and the 232 cases reviewed. The new sample includes more lesions with well-defined borders than the reviewed sample.”. If they consider the above facts, especially the 69 cases in the Whitaker and Waldron article where majority of the lesions were well defined, this conclusion would change. Thank you for giving me an opportunity to write.
Autoradiographic distribution of mu1 and mu2 opioid binding in the mouse central nervous system.

Several types of opioid binding sites have been differentiated using biochemical and pharmacological criteria. We have used quantitative in vitro autoradiography to compare the levels of mu1 and mu2 opiod binding in the mouse central nervous system. Mu1 sites have a high affinity for all labeled opioids studied to date and have been associated with their analgesic effects, whereas mu2 sites have a high affinity only for opiate alkaloids and have been associated with their respiratory depressant effects. We used [3H]dihydromorphine (DHM) to visualize total mu sites (mu1 and mu2) and [3H]DHM plus a low concentration of [d-Ala2-d-Leu5]enkephaline (DADL) to visualize mu2 sites. Levels of mu1 binding were determined by subtracting mu2 binding from total mu binding. This mu1 distribution was confirmed in selected regions by an alternate method using [3H]DADL. High ratios of mu1 to mu2 binding were noted in frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, rostral striatum, ventral pallidum, ventral periaqueductal gray matter, and laminae I and II of the spinal cord. The observation of high densities of mu1 binding in certain pain processing areas correlates with behavioral and pharmacological studies suggesting that analgesia from opiates and opioids is mediated primarily by mu1 sites. In other areas, such as the limbic system, dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve, and nucleus of the solitary tract, eihter a low ratio of mu1 to mu2 binding or no mu1 binding was observed. This differential regional localization of mu1 and mu2 binding provides further evidence for the distinctnessof these sites.
Improved ID-Based Proxy Re-signcryption Scheme

An identity-based proxy re-signcryption scheme proposed by Wang Huige[9], is a cryptographic technique which provides both confidentiality and authenticity. It is a dual signcryption technique. First, signcryption is done by originator of data and another signcryption performed by semi-trusted entity called &#x00E2;proxy&#x00E2; to convert signcryption addressed to a &#x00E2;delegator&#x00E2; (i.e., de-signcryptor) to those that can be de-signcrypted by a &#x00E2;delegatee&#x00E2; (i.e., de-re-signcryptor), by using special information given by the delegator, called the &#x00E2;rekey&#x00E2;. In this paper, we have proposed an improved identity based proxy re-signcryption scheme which improve the performance of scheme proposed by Wang Huige. In our scheme, we have designed and simulated the scheme proposed by Wang Huige using different secure hash functions such as MD5, SHA-1, or SHA-256, separately. Analyzing the scheme so that it gives the high performance.
Ab initio calculations on hydrogen bonding in alcohols: Dimers of CH3OH, CH3CH2OH, and CF3CH2OH

Ab initio calculations on a series of alcohol dimers including (CH3OH)2, (CH3CH2OH)2, and (CF3CH2OH)2 have been carried out to compare the effects of various substituents on the hydrogen bond energies and structures and to correlate the results with the wealth of new experimental data on them. Calculations were done with the minimal STO-3G basis set. The methanol and ethanol dimers both have nearly linear hydrogen bonds. The ethanol dimer is also similar in energy to the methanol dimer. Dimers involving both the g-staggered and t-staggered isomers of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol were considered. The g-staggcred isomer is more stable than the t-staggered isomer by 0.7 kcal/mol and has an intramolecular bond. The dimer of the t-staggered isomer was found to have a linear hydrogen bond as in the methanol and ethanol dimers with a similar hydrogen bond energy. In contrast, the dimer of the g-staggcred isomer has a cyclic structure which is more stable by about 0.5 kcal/mol. The results are consistent with experimental measurements of the gas phase enthalpies of association of alcohols.
The Effect of Group Size on Individual Achievement in Beginning Piano Classes

The purpose of this research was to determine if there are statistically significant differences in individual achievement within large and small beginning piano classes. Recent trends towards clas...
More than just a matter of time

A response to the editorial “On patenting time and other natural phenomenon” by Jacques Cohen.
Cytotoxic effect and apoptosis induction by silver nanoparticles in HeLa cells.

Abstract Nanosilver has well-known antibacterial properties, and is widely used in daily life as various medical and general products. In comparison with silver ion, there is serious lacking of information concerning the biological effects of nanoAg. In this study, we observed the cytotoxic effect of nanoAg in HeLa cells. The nanoAg-induced cytotoxicity was lower than that of AgNO 3 , used as a silver ion source. Apoptosis evaluated by flowcytometric analysis was associated with this cell death. Further, the expressions of ho-1 and mt-2A , well-known oxidative stress-related genes, were up-regulated by nanoAg treatment. Our results showed that nanoAg possesses the potential for cytotoxicity, therefore, in the case of exposure at high concentrations, we should consider to protect from nanoAg-induced toxicity.
The Detection of Acute Avian Leucosis as a Contagious Disease

Abstract THE detection of acute avian leucosis at an early age of the apparently healthy growing birds remains an unsolved problem. Several methods have been advanced in the laboratory; Resistance inducing factor (RIF test), Rubin (1960) Cofal test, Sarma (1964) and Neutralization Test, Burmester (1955), but inherent difficulties have occurred. The test problems in the laboratory have prevented field application. Therefore, they cannot be considered as a means of detection in large commercial poultry flocks. The acute nature and rapid spread of a leucosis epizootic in growing birds on the Eastern Seaboard of the United States prompted the evaluation of a susceptible chick test at the field level. A test could definitely demonstrate whether the leucosis of acute nature was a contagious disease under field conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Laboratory. An inbred line of T90 chicks, susceptible to the acute leucosis agent, was selected for laboratory and field trials. The incidence…
Late Quaternary marine sediment accumulation in fiord-shelf-deep-sea transects, Baffin Island to Baffin Bay

Abstract Piston cores from fiords, shelf troughs, and the deep-sea off eastern Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada, have been sampled for texture and detrital carbonate in the 2 ka) over the last ca. 10 ka. Three sets, of two cores each, lie on a fiord-shelf transect and thus define variations in sediment accumulation gradients. These continental margin data are compared with cruder estimates of Holocene sediment accumulation at three sites farther offshore in Baffin Bay, Davis Strait and the northern Labrador Sea. Minimum accumulation in a 2 ka interval was 200 kg/m 2 with a maximum estimate of 8,800 kg/m 2 . Detrital carbonate accumulation varies between 0 and 1,300 kg/m 2 . Median accumulation for a typical fiord-shelf-deep-sea transect over the last 10 ka have been 10,340, 3493 and 820 kg/m 2 . At DSDP Leg, site 645 in central Baffin Bay, the sedimentation rate ranged between 40 and 130 m/Ma (ca. 400 and 1200 kg/m 2 2ka); that is, comparable with the Late Quaternary input into Baffin Bay.
Form may be as important as function in orthotic acceptance: A case report

Orthotic prescription offers interesting insights into patient compliance with what a physician or therapist recommends. For example, when a deficit is severe, an orthotic device or gait aid as large and intrusive as a cane or ankle-foot orthosis is usually well accepted. However, an orthosis, even if beneficial, may be discarded if it is not essential to performing daily activities, is uncomfortable, or if the patient feels it highlights his/her disability. Nevertheless, it is sometimes possible to alter the appearance or form of an appliance from an orthosis that is appropriate but resisted by a patient to an orthosis that maintains its function but is embraced. This report presents the case of a patient who required a thumb orthosis to maintain her thumb interphalangeal joint in extension after a stroke but found that it interfered with her self-image and her ability to perform her job.
A turning point problem for a system of linear ordinary differential equations of the third order

I. Introduct ion 1. Turning Point Problem. Let us consider a system of linear ordinary differential equations of the first order of the following type: (t.1) s y ' = M ( z , e) y ( ' = d ] d z ) , where y is an n-dimensional vector valued function of a complex variable z and a complex parameter s, M (z, s) is an n by n matrix holomorphic in z and s for the domain (1.2) ~: {Id =<~o) and the sector (1.3) ~ : (O<l*[_--<Oo, ]args]_--<~l}, with (3 o, Q0, 91 being positive constants. The behavior of the solutions of (1.1) as e tends to zero in ~ has at tracted the interest of many authors in both pure and applied mathematics. A method frequently used to s tudy this behavior is to construct linearly independent solutions which possess asymptotic expansions as s tends to zero in ~. Let
Relationship between α1‐acid glycoprotein and lidocaine disposition in myocardial infarction

The effects of myocardial infarction (MI) on lidocaine disposition were investigated in eight patients during a constant infusion of 2 mg/min. Plasma lidocaine binding and total plasma and free lidocaine concentrations were measured 12, 24, 36, and 48 hr after beginning therapy and were related to α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) concentrations. By 48 hr total plasma lidocaine and AAG concentrations had risen, as had plasma lidocaine binding. Because of enhanced binding, free lidocaine concentrations did not change significantly over this time. There was a correlation between AAG and the binding ratio for lidocaine (r = 0.87) and between AAG and total plasma lidocaine concentrations (r = 0.81). The data suggest that the rise in AAG seen after MI is responsible for enhanced plasma lidocaine binding and may, at least in part, be related to lidocaine cumulation. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 30, 154–157; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.141
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Pediatric Care: Strategies and Future Directions

Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are an effective strategy for improving the quality and safety of antimicrobial prescribing for hospitalized patients. Pediatric ASPs are in their early stages of development, and there are unique issues relevant to children. The imperative to ensure that antimicrobials are prescribed judiciously is highlighted by the ongoing epidemic increase in antimicrobial-resistant infections and the simultaneous decline in the rate of new drug development. In this review we describe the process of ASP development for pediatrics, review existing data regarding the impact of pediatric ASPs, and describe the priorities and challenges for ASP research including study design and appropriate end points.
Probing Hot Electron Flow Generated on Pt Nanoparticles with Au/TiO2 Schottky Diodes during Catalytic CO Oxidation

Hot electron flow generated on colloid platinum nanoparticles during exothermic catalytic carbon monoxide oxidation was directly detected with Au/TiO{sub 2} diodes. Although Au/TiO{sub 2} diodes are not catalytically active, platinum nanoparticles on Au/TiO{sub 2} exhibit both chemicurrent and catalytic turnover rate. Hot electrons are generated on the surface of the metal nanoparticles and go over the Schottky energy barrier between Au and TiO{sub 2}. The continuous Au layer ensures that the metal nanoparticles are electrically connected to the device. The overall thickness of the metal assembly (nanoparticles and Au thin film) is comparable to the mean free path of hot electrons, resulting in ballistic transport through the metal. The chemicurrent and chemical reactivity of nanoparticles with citrate, hexadecylamine, hexadecylthiol, and TTAB (Tetradecyltrimethylammonium Bromide) capping agents were measured during catalytic CO oxidation at pressures of 100 Torr O{sub 2} and 40 Torr CO at 373-513 K. We found that chemicurrent yield varies with each capping agent, but always decreases with increasing temperature. We suggest that this inverse temperature dependence is associated with the influence of charging effects due to the organic capping layer during hot electron transport through the metal-oxide interface.
The Mammary Gland Carcinogens: The Role of Metal Compounds and Organic Solvents

The increased rate of breast cancer incidences especially among postmenopausal women has been reported in recent decades. Despite the fact that women who inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a high risk of developing breast cancer, studies have also shown that significant exposure to certain metal compounds and organic solvents also increases the risks of mammary gland carcinogenesis. While physiological properties govern the uptake, intracellular distribution, and binding of metal compounds, their interaction with proteins seems to be the most relevant process for metal carcinogenicity than biding to DNA. The four most predominant mechanisms for metal carcinogenicity include (1) interference with cellular redox regulation and induction of oxidative stress, (2) inhibition of major DNA repair, (3) deregulation of cell proliferation, and (4) epigenetic inactivation of genes by DNA hypermethylation. On the other hand, most organic solvents are highly lipophilic and are biotransformed mainly in the liver and the kidney through a series of oxidative and reductive reactions, some of which result in bioactivation. The breast physiology, notably the parenchyma, is embedded in a fat depot capable of storing lipophilic xenobiotics. This paper reviews the role of metal compounds and organic solvents in breast cancer development.
Contours of constant principal angle and constant principal azimuth in the complex ∊ plane

For light reflection at a planar interface between two homogeneous isotropic media with complex relative dielectric function ∊, we show that the constant-principal-angle contours are a family of semicircles, whereas the constant-principal-azimuth contours are a family of (segments of) hyperbolas in the complex ∊ plane. We also find the exact envelope curve of both families and hence determine the domain of the ∊ plane of multiple (three) principal angles that is bougded by the envelope curve and the real axis. A unique and peculiar interface with ∊ =(5-j2)/27 is shown to have three coincident principal angles of 30° and an associated curve of relative phase shift (Δ) versus angle of incidence that exhibits a distinct shoulder at the principal angle.
The synthesis and opiate activity of β-endorphin

Abstract The synthesis of the untriakontapeptide β-endorphin is described. The synthetic peptide is shown to possess opiate activity comparable with that of the natural product by the opiate receptor binding assay.
Direct growth of graphene on nitride and oxide substrates

We have directly grown monolayer and few layer graphene on h-BN(0001), MgO(111), and Co 3 O 4 (111) by a variety of methods, including chemical or physical vapor deposition (CVD, PVD), or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Such capability is critical to the development of graphene charge- and spin-based devices. In each case, the interactions of graphene with the substrate give rise to distinct graphene properties with significant device implications. These effects include substantial n-type doping (graphene/monolayer h-BN(0001)), formation of a 0.5–1eV band gap (graphene/MgO(111), and magnetic polarization of the graphene conduction electrons (graphene/Co 3 O 4 (111)). The results on BN and MgO have significant implications for the formation of field effect transistor (FET)-like devices, while the results on Co 3 O 4 (111) suggest the feasibility of room temperature spin valves with high magnetoresistance and very low power demands.
A guaninine nucleotide exchange factor is a component of the meiotic spindle pole body in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Spore morphogenesis in yeast is driven by the formation of membrane compartments that initiate growth at the spindle poles during meiosis II and grow to encapsulate daughter nuclei. Vesicle docking complexes, called meiosis II outer plaques (MOPs), form on each meiosis II spindle pole body (SPB) and serve as sites of membrane nucleation. How the MOP stimulates membrane assembly is not known. Here, we report that SpSpo13, a component of the MOP in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, shares homology with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sec2 protein. ScSec2 acts as a GEF for the small Rab GTPase ScSec4, which regulates vesicle trafficking from the late-Golgi to the plasma membrane. A chimeric protein in which the ScSec2-GEF domain is replaced with SpSpo13 is capable of supporting the growth of a sec2Δ mutant. SpSpo13 binds preferentially to the nucleotide-free form of ScSec4 and facilitates nucleotide exchange in vitro. In vivo, a Spspo13 mutant defective in GEF activity fails to support membrane assembly. In vitro specificity experiments suggest that SpYpt2 is the physiological substrate of SpSpo13. These results demonstrate that stimulation of Rab-GTPase activity is a property of the S. pombe MOP essential for the initiation of membrane formation.
Dichotomies in cancer research: some suggestions for a new synthesis

Continuing high cancer incidence and mortality raise concern about the prevailing overall approach to the control of this disease. The purpose of this article is to elaborate on fundamental dichotomies between traditional and revisionist viewpoints and then to attempt a synthesis of these contrasting perspectives. Topics considered include the importance of controlling carcinogenesis in its earliest stages; consideration of epigenetic, as well as genetic, factors in cancer; development of appropriate genetic animal models of carcinogenesis; the need for multifunctional agents to prevent and treat cancer; and the limits of reductionism. The need for development of new preventive and therapeutic measures that will maintain quality of life, not merely extend life, is stressed. Finally, the importance of context in cancer biology is emphasized, as epitomized in Walt Whitman's famous quotation that "Nothing out of its place is good and nothing in its place is bad."
Defoliation during vegetative growth of corn: the shoot: root ratio and yield implications☆

Abstract The objective of this field study was to measure the effect of defoliation during vegetative growth of corn ( Zea mays L.) on the shoot: root ratio. The yield from the various treatments would be used to validate a version of the crop-growth and yield model CERES-Maize that responds to defoliation. This field study was conducted near Mead, Nebraska in 1989 on a Sharpsburg silt loam (fine montmorillonitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll). The experiment was a randomized complete-block design with four blocks consisting of the factorial combination of 50 and 100% defoliation at the 7th and 12th visible leaf collar stages. A non-defoliation treatment was included for comparisons. The root, stem, sheath, leaf blade and ear dry weights were measured six times during the growing season. Corn plants defoliated during vegetative growth were able to reallocate dry matter such that within 7 days the shoot: root ration of the defoliated plants was similar to the control. Yields from the 100% defoliation treatments closely agreed with the predictions from a modified version of CERES-Maize.
Covering the Fermi surface with patches of quarkyonic chiral spirals

We argue that in cold, dense quark matter, in the limit of a large number of colors the ground state is unstable with respect to creation of a complicated quarkyonic chiral spiral state, in which both chiral and translational symmetries are spontaneously broken. The entire Fermi surface is covered with patches of quarkyonic chiral spirals, whose number increases as the quark density does. The low energy excitations are gapless, given by the Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten model plus transverse kinetic terms localized about different patches.
Protein design: novel metal-binding sites

In natural proteins, metal ions play a variety of roles, including nucleophilic catalysis, electron transfer and the stabilization of protein structure. The de novo design of metal-binding sites is therefore an attractive means by which to impart proteins with novel properties and activities.
Observation of frequency chirping and phase of a free-electron laser amplifier

We report observations of frequency chirping and phase of a free electron laser amplifier operating in the Raman regime. The FEL is driven by a mildly relativistic electron beam (750 kV, 25 ns) subjected to a combined axial magnetic field and a helical wiggler field. The input into the FEL amplifier is provided by a high power magnetron tuned to a frequency of 33.39 GHz. Phase and frequency shifts are measured both as a function of time and interaction length. It is found that in the Group I regime of FEL operation the output frequency is upshifted by approximately 100 MHz, but smaller upshifts are observed in the Group II or the reversed field configurations.