cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inventory, channel coordination and bargaining in a manufacturer-retailer system

Substantial research literature has been developed over the years on the subject of inventory. The more recent literature has examined the fundamental relationships between inventory control and price theory. A significant portion of this literature assumes the ultimate consumer demand as a constant and characterizes the relationship between a manufacturer and a retailer as a leader-follower problem. A primary assumption in these studies is that the manufacturer, as the leader, exerts almost complete control over the behavior of the retailer. However, in practice, the retailer does exert some control over the manufacturer. This paper develops a framework that integrates inventory control with constant demand and the economic relationship between consumer demand and retail price. Within this framework, the impact of order quantity, wholesale price and retail price on the behavior of both the manufacturer and the retailer is investigated. Furthermore, this paper explores the issues and conclusions that results from coordinating the relationship between the manufacturer and the retailer. Our analyses demonstrate that channel coordination can be achieved by utilizing well-known bargaining models. A numerical example is provided to illustrate our theoretical findings.
Radar polarimetric backscattering properties of conical Graupel

Abstract Conical graupel is modeled using sphere-cone-oblate spheroidal shapes for the purpose of computing their backscattering properties at a wavelength of 10 cm in terms of the radar polarimetric observables, reflectivity factors, differential reflectivities and circular depolarization ratios. A shape distribution based on in situ measurements is used together with gamma (m=0, 2) size distributions in the computations; both wet and dry graupel are considered. Significant differences in the radar observables between the wet and dry cases are noted and the effects of canting on the radar observables are considered. The implications of these results on the differentiation of hydrometeor phase with radar are discussed.
Flow and Thermal Structure of Burner-Wake Stabilized Elliptic Jet Flames in a Cross-Flow

This study was conducted to delineate the coupling effects of the elliptic geometry of the burner and a crossflow on the combustion of gas jets. This paper presents the flow and thermal structure of burner-wake stabilized turbulent propane jet flames from circular (diameter = 0.45 cm) and elliptic (major axis/minor axis = 3) burners of equivalent exit area in a crossflow of air. The elliptic burner was oriented with its major axis or minor axis aligned with the crossflow. Experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel provided with optical and probe access. Flame structure data including temperature profiles and concentration profiles of CO2 , O2 , CO, and NO were obtained in the single flame configuration (at jet to crossflow momentum flux ratio = 0.0067), where a planar recirculation zone exists completely stabilized in the wake of the burner tube. This study is complementary to our previous study with a two-zone structure flame at jet/crossflow momentum flux ratio of 0.11. Results show that in this flame configuration, the peak NO concentration in the circular burner is higher than that in the elliptic burner flames. Carbon monoxide concentration was approximately same in the flame with circular burner and the elliptic burner with its major axis aligned with cross-flow; the CO concentration in the elliptic flame with the minor axis of the burner aligned with cross-flow was slightly smaller.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Theories of Practice: Marxist History-Writing and Complexity

AbstractJairus Banaji’s collection of essays is a stimulating and provocative assessment of recent Marxist history-writing on issues of social theory and historical development in both ancient as well as modern societies. It challenges the overly simplistic application of Marx’s categories of analysis, arguing for both complexity and a clearer theorisation of fundamental terminology and analytical tropes, including labour-process and mode of production. This review article suggests that, while the basic arguments represent a welcome corrective to some Marxist historical work, and at the same time address in an accessible way non-Marxist historians, there remain some problematic issues, in particular in respect of the criteria for differentiating between different types of mode of production, the level at which this concept has heuristic application, and the distinction between the political/institutional and the modal instances of theorisations of social-economic relations. Some of these issues are exemplified by reference to particular historical cases.
Evolution of the Papillomaviridae

Viruses belonging to the Papillomaviridae family have been isolated from a variety of mammals, birds and non-avian reptiles. It is likely that most, if not all, amniotes carry a broad array of viral types. To date, the complete genomic sequence of more than 240 distinct viral types has been characterized at the nucleotide level. The analysis of this sequence information has begun to shed light on the evolutionary history of this important virus family. The available data suggests that many different evolutionary mechanisms have influenced the papillomavirus phylogenetic tree. Increasing evidence supports that the ancestral papillomavirus initially specialized to infect different ecological niches on the host. This episode of niche sorting was followed by extensive episodes of co-speciation with the host. This review attempts to summarize our current understanding of the papillomavirus evolution.
Crystal Structure of Two Crystal Forms of 9α-Fluorocortisol Acetate: Variation of the Conformation of the A Ring of Steroids Due to Crystal Packing

This paper reports the crystal structure of the propanol solvate of 9α-fluorocortisol acetate, which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 [a = 7.470 (6) b = 14.78 (1), c = 12.310 (9), β = 105.2°, Z = 2, R = 0.061, and the tetragonal unsolvated crystal form (a = b = 9.208 (2), c = 49.284 (9), P41212, Z = 8, R = 0.050)]. The molecular structure of fluorocortisol acetate in the two crystal forms differs primarily in the A ring and acetoxy orientation. The A ring of the steroid in the tetragonal crystal was found to be disordered, and exists in both a normal and inverted conformation. The A ring of the steroid in the monoclinic propanol solvate has the normal (1α, 2β half-chain) conformation. The differences in the conformation of the side chain and the A ring appear to reflect the conformational variability in 9α-fluorocortisol acetate.
Low-temperature low-dose neutron irradiation effects on beryllium

Abstract Mechanical property results are presented for high quality beryllium materials subjected to low-temperature, low-dose neutron irradiation in water-moderated reactors. Materials chosen were the S-65C ITER candidate material produced by Brush Wellman, Kawecki Berylco Industries P0 beryllium, and a high-purity zone refined beryllium. Mini-sheet tensile and thermal diffusivity specimens were irradiated in the temperature range of ∼100–300 °C with a fast ( E >0.1 MeV) neutron fluence of 0.05–1.0 × 10 25 n/m 2 in the high flux isotope reactor (HFIR) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the high flux beam reactor (HFBR) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. As expected from earlier work on beryllium, both materials underwent significant tensile embrittlement with corresponding reduction in ductility and increased strength. Both thermal diffusivity and volumetric expansion were measured and found to have negligible changes in this temperature and fluence range. Of significance from this work is that while both materials rapidly embrittle at these ITER relevant irradiation conditions, some ductility (1–2%) remains, which contrasts with a body of earlier work including recent work on the Brush-Wellman S-65C material irradiated to slightly higher neutron fluence.
Fiber Bragg grating array calibration

A three element, 15.3 cm, fiber Bragg grating array (FBGA) operating at 1550 nm wavelength is fabricated using a single mode photosensitive fiber. The FBGA is initially simulated using in-house developed software based on the Transfer Matrix Method, then fabricated using a double frequency Argon laser and a phase mask technique, and interrogated using Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry. A single fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is accurately strain calibrated using a Fabry-Perot interferometer and piezoelectric actuation. The piezoelectric is linearly ramped, and the shifts in the Bragg wavelength along with the fringe count from the Fabry-Perot interferometer are recorded. The fringe count is then used to determine the strain on the FBG and compared to changes in the Bragg wavelength in-order to calculate the strain gage factor. This result is used to calibrate the FBGA for strain measurements. The FBGA is then bonded to a cantilever beam with three electric strain gages attached next to each FBG in the array. The axial strain results obtained from the electric strain gages and FBGA are compared for various displacements of the cantilever beam. The Fabry-Perot interferometer and piezoelectric calibration method is a non-destructive process that eliminates the need to bond the FBG to an external support during the calibration process, and can also be used to calibrate electric strain gages.
Toward efficient crystal growth of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-3-acetamidonitrobenzene (DAN) in space: vapor pressure measurements and growth morphology studies

DAN, 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-3-acetamidonitrobenzene is an organic nonlinear optical material with particularly high polarizability of the molecule. In order to provide a sound base for the optimization of (flight) crystal growth experiments, we have performed vapor pressure measurements with DAN, and studied the growth morphology at various temperatures. Vapor pressure data were obtained between 50 and 140 degrees C, employing a specially designed, non- contaminating, and computer-controlled experimental set-up. Thermal decomposition of DAN was found to set in around 90 degrees C. Crystal growth morphologies were monitored by optical microscopy at various temperatures. Smoothly faceted growth, indicating adequate surface mobility of adatoms, was obtained at temperatures above 115 degrees C. As a consequence, for crystal growth at this high temperature, continuous removal of decomposition products is required to sustain practical growth rates.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Common complications and emergencies associated with cancer and its therapy.

BACKGROUND As the incidence of cancer rises and as physicians treat it more aggressively, more patients will experience complications of cancer or of its therapy. OBJECTIVE To review the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of the superior vena cava syndrome, malignant pericardial effusions, the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, hypercalcemia, the tumor lysis syndrome, seizures, spinal cord compression, obstructive uropathy, infections, febrile neutropenia, bleeding, thrombocytopenia, and coagulopathies in patients with cancer. SUMMARY In general, the best treatment for most of the complications of cancer is to successfully treat the cancer itself; if this is not feasible, palliative measures should be taken. The complications of treatment are well known and should be treated promptly when they arise if they cannot be prevented. CONCLUSIONS Although treating the complications associated with cancer cannot always prolong the patient’s life, it frequently can improve the quality of life remaining. Therefore, physicians who care for patients with cancer should anticipate these complications and treat them promptly when they occur.
4-Aminopyridine antagonizes saxitoxin-and tetrodotoxin-induced cardiorespiratory depression.

Antagonism of saxitoxin- and tetrodotoxin-induced lethality by 4-aminopyridine was studied in urethane-anesthetized guinea pigs instrumented for the concurrent recordings of medullary respiratory-related unit activities (Botzinger complex and Nu. para-Ambiguus), diaphragmatic electromyogram, electrocorticogram, Lead II electrocardiogram, blood pressure, end-tidal CO2 and arterial O2/CO2/pH. The toxin (either saxitoxin or tetrodotoxin) was infused at a dose rate of 0.3 μg/kg/min (i.v.) to produce a state of progressive cardiorespiratory depression. The animals were artificially ventilated when the magnitude of integrated diaphragm activities was reduced to 50% of control. Immediately after the disappearance of the diaphragm electromyogram, the toxin infusion was terminated, and 4-aminopyridine (2 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered. The therapeutic effect of 4-aminopyridine was striking in that the toxin-induced blockade of diaphragmatic neurotransmission, vascular hypotension, myocardial anomalies, bradycardia and aberrant discharge patterns of medullary respiratory-related neurons could all be promptly restored to a level comparable to that of control condition. The animals were typically able to breathe spontaneously within minutes after 4-aminopyridine. At the dose level used to achieve the desired therapeutic responses, 4-aminopyridine produced no sign of seizure and convulsion. Although less serious side-effects such as cortical excitant/arousal and transient periods of fascicular twitch could be observed, these events were of minor concern, in our opinion, particularly in view of the remarkable therapeutic effects of 4-aminopyridine.
Experimental Investigation of Liquid Water Formation and Transport in a Transparent Single-Serpentine PEM Fuel Cell

Liquid water formation and transport was investigated by direct experimental visualization in an operational transparent single-serpentine PEM fuel cell. We examined the effectiveness of various gas diffusion layer (GDL) materials in removing water away from the cathode and through the flow field over a range of operating conditions. Complete polarization curves as well as time evolution studies after step changes in current draw were obtained with simultaneous liquid water visualization within the transparent cell. At similar current density (i.e. water production rate), lower level of cathode flow field flooding indicated that liquid water had been trapped inside the GDL pores and catalyst layer, resulting in lower output voltage. No liquid water was observed in the anode flow field unless cathode GDLs had a microporous layer (MPL). MPL on the cathode side creates a pressure barrier for water produced at the catalyst layer. Water is pushed across the membrane to the anode side, resulting in anode flow field flooding close to the H2 exit.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Estimation of yield, maintenance, and product formation kinetic parameters in anaerobic fermentations.

In many anaerobic processes, high energy bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are produced when available electrons are converted from organic substrate into extracellular organic products such as ethanol. The true growth yield and maintenance parameters are directly related to the product formation kinetic parameters for these anaerobic processes. Methods are presented which allow all of the experimental measurements to be used simultaneously to estimate these parameters. Results are presented for several different anaerobic fermentations. 36 references.
Reaction enhancement in an unsteady obstacle wake: Implications for broadcast spawning and other mixing-limited processes in marine environments

Abstract Structured wakes behind flow obstacles are shown to be regions that enhance mixing and reactions between initially distant scalars, with implications for a wide range of mixing-limited biogeochemical processes in marine systems (e.g., broadcast spawning, phytoplankton-nutrient interactions). Reaction of initially distant reactive scalars in the structured laminar wake of a round obstacle is quantified using direct numerical simulations of the 2D Navier–Stokes and reactive transport equations with Reynolds number of 100 and Schmidt number of 1. Scalars are released upstream of the obstacle, initially separated by ambient fluid that acts as a barrier to mixing and reaction. Reaction is computed using second-order kinetics in the low-Damkholer limit. Reaction enhancement is quantified by comparing the obstacle-wake reactions to those in a similar flow but without the obstacle. Integrated reaction rates are shown to be orders of magnitude larger in the obstacle wake for cases with significant initial separation between the scalars. The role of unsteady processes in the reaction enhancement is also investigated by quantifying the scalar covariance in different regions of the wake.
Biphasic nature of propranolol's microelectrophysiologic effects.

The microelectrophysiologic effects of d,l-propranolol were observed to be biphasic when a wide range of concentrations was used in canine atrial tissue; therefore, the 2 isomers were used separately to test the hypothesis that the opposite effects of propranolol could be separated by isomeric isolation. Whole atria were detached from dog hearts and 3 by 0.5 cm strips were cut from the atria. Transmembrane action potentials were monitored from the atrial strips mounted in an isolation chamber containing Tyrode's solution. Concentrations of d-propranolol, l-propranolol, and the d,l-racemate ranging from 0.03 to 1.0 μg/ml were added to the bath and the effects observed for 60 minutes. In lower concentrations d,l-propranolol decreased the effective refractory period and activation time while increasing maximal rise velocity, action potential amplitude, and resting membrane potential. Higher concentrations produced the opposite effects. The l-isomer produced effects very similar to those of the lower concentrations of the racemate, whereas the d-form mimicked those effects of the higher concentrations of the racemic mixture. We conclude that d,l-propranolol is capable of exerting 2 opposite electropharmacologic actions, which may be demonstrated by varying the concentration of d,l-propranolol or by separating the isomers.
Women in Science Fellowships

The L'Oreal For Women in Science program is calling for women postdoctoral scientists to submit applications for the L'Oreal USA Women in Science Fellowship. Five women scientists in a variety of fields, including life and physical/material sciences, technology, engineering, and mathematics, will receive grants of up to $60,000 each. Since the program began in 1998, more than 2000 women scientists worldwide have been awarded fellowships. Application materials are available at https://lorealfwis.aaas.org/login/indexA.cfm; the deadline to apply is 19 May 2014.
ADVANCES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF WELL-DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCERS

The well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas include papillary and follicular thyroid cancers. Approximately 14,000 new cases of thyroid carcinoma are diagnosed in the United States annually, but there are only 1100 deaths annually from thyroid malignancies. This relatively good prognosis is attributed to the biology of thyroid carcinoma and the current methods of treatment. Current investigations are aimed at expanding our understanding of thyroid carcinoma biology and optimizing treatment in a cost-effective manner.
Pseudo-perfect and adaptive variants of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm with an independent candidate density

We describe and examine an imperfect variant of a perfect sampling algorithm based on the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm that appears to perform better than a more traditional approach in terms of speed and accuracy. We then describe and examine an ‘adaptive’ Metropolis–Hastings algorithm which generates and updates a self-target candidate density in such a way that there is no ‘wrong choice’ for an initial candidate density. Simulation examples are provided.
Osmotic and activity coefficients of monomethyl-dimethyl-, and trimethylammonium chlorides at 25°C

The osmotic and activity coefficients of monomethyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethylammonium chlorides in aqueous solution have been determined at 25°C by the gravimetric isopiestic method. The measurements extend from 0.1 molal (m) to 20, 17, and 15 mol-kg−1, respectively, for the three salts. In the region below 2m, the osmotic coefficients decrease in the order NH4Cl>MeH3NCl>Me2H2NCl>Me3HNCl>Me4NCl, and above 3m the order is reversed. The intermediate members of the series have identical osmotic coefficients at the crossover molality of 3.0. It is suggested that the behavior at low molalities reflects primarily ion-dipole interactions, decreasing as the cation size increases, whereas hydrophobic (structure-making) interactions, increasing in importance with the number of non-polar methyl substituents, are predominant in concentrated solutions of these salts.
Rotation of shear-wave components at nonnormal angles of incidence

Analysis of seismic shear waves is useful in characterizing properties of the media they travel through. Alford (1986) introduced a method of rotating combinations of observed seismic traces from orthogonal pairs of shear-source and shear-receiver components to identify the azimuthal orientations of symmetry axes of birefringence. This method has been widely applied to interpretation of subsurface fracture properties. This analysis, as currently applied, is limited to zero-offset reflections. which results because the normal incidence reflection response is identical for SV and SH reflectivity. For non-normal incidence angles, however, there is a pronounced difference in SV and SH reflectivity as source-receiver offsets increase, leading to significant distortion in the polarity of the reflected shear wave. Polarization distortion due to the reflection process in typical 3D acquisition geometry is demonstrated and a correction to the polarization distortion is proposed. The only information required for the corrections are the angles of SV and SH zero crossings, typically at angles near 20° for SV and 40° for SH for most sedimentary rocks. This correction can be applied to four-component direct shear data at non-zero source-receiver offsets, leading to an extension of the widely applied Alford rotation to non-zero angles of incidence.
Surface mobility fluctuations in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors.

We have calculated, from first principles, two-dimensional mobility fluctuations in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET's) due to scattering between the induced charge carriers and the interfacial traps. The results are used to evaluate the behavior of the 1/${f}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ noise in MOSFET's, particularly the gate-bias dependence of both the functional form and magnitude of the noise power spectrum. Similar to previous calculations that assumed the noise to be due to number fluctuations, the new model accurately accounts for the change of the spectral distribution of noise at different gate biases. However, when the surface mobility fluctuations are included in the noise computation, a much better fit to the experimentally measured noise power magnitude is obtained.
Impact significance determination--Basic considerations and a sequenced approach

Abstract Determination of the significance of anticipated impacts of proposed projects is a key component in the overall environmental impact assessment (EIA) process. Definitions of significance and/or significant impacts are now included in the EIA guidelines or regulations of many countries and international organizations. Where possible in an EIA study, it is desirable to identify and/or establish the significance determination criteria prior to actual study conduction. This paper summarizes some findings of a survey of such definitions resulting from American, European, and other international experiences; both generic definitions and substantive area definitions are highlighted. Traditional perspectives on significance determination have involved institutional (or governmental or regulatory), technical (or professional substantive area), and public interest considerations. A sequenced approach for impact significance determination is described, with this approach organized around ten groups of issues or questions. Examples of such issues include project type/size, project locations in areas with protected or critical resources, and environmental stresses resulting from waste residuals from the project. Examples of significance criteria pertinent to the issues are presented through the paper. Finally, the uses of significance criteria can be noted; included in such uses are: (1) determining if an environmental impact statement (EIS) will be required, or if an environmental assessment/finding of no significant impact (EA/FONSI) will surface; (2) identifying the impacts that should be mitigated; (3) planning a baseline and/or post-EIS environmental monitoring program; and (4) documenting the interpretive rationale used in the conduction of the environmental impact study.
Depression of myocardial contractility in acute iron toxicity in rabbits

Abstract The hemodynamic effects of acute iron toxicity were evaluated in rabbits. A lethal dose of iron (200 mg/kg as ferrous sulfate) was administered into the duodenum of seven rabbits as heart rate, right atrial pressure, arterial pressure, cardiac output, left ventricular pressure, right ventricular developed force, and arterial pH were monitored. Hemodynamic variables were compared to those in a control group of animals (n = 7; no iron) and to those in a group of animals (n = 7) receiving the same dose of iron but with the addition of an iv infusion of sodium bicarbonate to prevent iron-induced acidosis. Our results demonstrate that an acute lethal dose of iron in the rabbit: (1) increases systemic vascular resistance, (2) does not alter filling pressure of either the right or left ventricle, and (3) depresses stroke volume, cardiac output, right ventricular force, and left ventricular dP dt . Prevention of acidosis does not prevent the hemodynamic alterations induced by the administration of iron. We conclude that acute iron toxicity significantly depresses myocardial contractility. Diminished myocardial contractility appears to be important in the pathogenesis of iron-induced shock in the rabbit.
MOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF 14C WITHIN PETIOLES OF INTACT COLEUS BLUMEI (LABIATAE) AFTER APPLICATION OF INDOLE‐3‐(ACETIC ACID‐2‐14C) TO THE LEAF SURFACE

A B S T R A C T Auxin transport and immobilization were followed in the petioles of intact plants of Coleus blumei Benth. after application of IAA-2-'4C at a physiological concentration as droplets to the upper surface near the base of the blades of leaves #3 and #5. After 14 hr transportable and immobilized radiocarbon was found all along the petioles. Moreover, about half the total amount of I4C detected within the plant (= uptake) had moved beyond the petioles. This was true for leaves of both ages although the younger #3 petioles were only about half as long as the older #5 petioles. Because the uptake of radiocarbon by the #3 petioles was roughly half that of the #5 petioles, the absolute amounts immobilized per unit length of section were essentially uniform in the two petioles. On the contrary, the fractions remaining transportable within the #3 petiole sections averaged half those of the #5 petiole sections. The distribution of the transportable and the immobilized radioactive fractions along the petioles was characterized by high values near the apical application point, a decrease toward the middle of the petioles, and an increase to the level of the apical part toward the base of the petioles, which includes the abscission layer. The results have been discussed in connection with measurements of the cross sectional areas and the lengths of the epidermal and subepidermal cells along the petioles. An auxin transport and immobilization model, which assumes there are two different immobilization systems of different strength in the differently aged tissues, is outlined to explain the observations.
Acculturation and Risk Behavior among Pregnant Mexican American Females: A Structural Equation Model

The purpose of this study was to test a theoretical model designed to predict risk behavior (i.e., cigarette and/or alcohol use) in a sample of Mexican American females who were pregnant and ranged in age from adolescence to early adulthood. The model consisted of six hypothesized predictors-acculturation status, intergenerational family conflict, acculturative stress, educational attainment, household income, and age of respondent, which were proposed as antecedents of risk behavior. Structural equation modeling was used to test both the direct and indirect effects for a set of proposed antecedents to the tendency for Mexican American females to engage in risk behaviors. Several of the hypothesized relationships were supported, with the strongest predictors of risk behavior being acculturation status, intergenerational family conflict, and acculturative stress. An important conclusion was that risk behavior by Mexican American females increased as they became more acculturated to the social circumstances of the U.S.. Another notable result was that risk behavior increased among Mexican American females as they experienced higher levels of intergenerational conflict within their families.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE, LIGHT, AND SALINITY ON CELL DIVISION OF THE MARINE DIATOM, DETONULA CONFERVACEA (CLEVE) GRAN(2).

SUMMARY The influence of 116 combinations of temperature (2, 7, 12, 16 C), salinity (5–35‰ at 5‰ intervals) and light (5 levels) on the mean daily cell division rate (K) of the Narragansett Bay clone of Detonula confervacea was examined following appropriate preconditioning. Growth did not occur at 16 C, but was excellent (K = 1.2–1.5) under certain combinations of light and salinity at 2, 7, and 12 C, being somewhat better at the 2 highest temperature levels. At 32%, and 1100–1200 ft-c, K increased approximately 2.5 fold from 0.6 to 1.5 between 2 and 12 C. A light-temperature relationship was found which had the general trend of an increased optimal light intensity with increasing temperature. Within the optimal salinity range of 15–30‰, the optimal light intensity was 200–600 ft-c at 2 C, 600–1200 ft-c at 7 C, and 1200–1800 ft-c at 12 C. The light-temperature relationship was most pronounced at 2 and 12 C. At 2 C, K decreased with increasing light intensity, but was independent of this factor at higher temperatures. The optimal salinity range of 15–30‰ was independent of temperature negligible growth occurred at 5‰. In situ and in vitro responses of Detonula confervacea to salinity were in general agreement but its pronounced cryophilic preference in nature (usually reaching maximum abundance below 1 C) contrasts with its excellent growth at 12 C in culture. The experiments suggest that termination of the bloom of Detonula confervacea in Narragansett Bay and elsewhere is not solely temperature-dependent. Temperature does not satisfactorily account for its apparent exclusion from waters contiguous to Narragansett Bay and from other more northerly portions of the northeastern coast of the U.S, or, together with light, for its equally surprising apparent unimportance in Norwegian coastal waters.
A Study Of Moisture Vapor Transmission Through Closures

Moisture vapor transmission through closures is an important consideration when packaging pharmaceutical products. It is particularly important when packaging hygroscopic materials or materials that decompose in the presence of trace amounts of moisture. The cap as well as the cap liner must be considered in choosing a proper closure. The barrier efficiency of sixteen liners in metal caps, phenolic, melamine, and mineral filled plastic caps was studied. Of the liners investigated, polyethylene, aluminum foil, plastic-wax saturated pulpboard, and red rubber liners were found to be the most effective moisture vapor barriers, particularly when used in metal closures.
Atlantic and Pacific multidecadal oscillations and Northern Hemisphere temperatures

Which recent climate changes have been forced by greenhouse gas emissions, and which have been natural fluctuations of the climate system? Steinman et al. combined observational data and a large collection of climate models to assess the Northern Hemisphere climate over the past 150 years (see the Perspective by Booth). At various points in time, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation have played particularly large roles in producing temperature trends. Their effects have combined to cause the apparent pause in warming at the beginning of the 21st century, known as the warming “hiatus.” This pause is projected to end in the near future as temperatures resume their upward climb. Science , this issue p. [988][1]; see also p. [952][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1257856 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaa4840
Receptor mechanisms for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in isolated ovine umbilical vein

Abstract 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine (DOM) produced a concentration-dependent contraction in isolated umbilical veins obtained from fetal lambs within 2 weeks of term. Contractions to 5-HT were antagonized by ketanserin, mianserin and methiothepin with the dissociation constants (KB) being 2.17 ± 0.36, 1.37 ± 0.55 and 1.98 ± 0.48 nM, respectively. The order of potency of serotonergic agonists in this tissue was: DOM > 5-HT > α-methyl-5-HT > 1(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine (mCPP) . m-trifluoromethyl-phenylpiperazine (TFMPP) > 8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT) = 2-methyl-5-HT. α-Methyl-5-HT was a full agonist compared to 5-HT. DOM possesses greater affinity but less efficacy than that of 5-HT. The affinities and efficacies of the other agonists studied were lower than those of 5-HT. Variation in the sensitivity and potency of agonist is primarily due to variations in their affinity for 5-HT receptors. Assessment of receptor occupancy vs. functional response demonstrated very little, if any, receptor reserve for 5-HT receptors in this tissue. Contractile responses to DOM, 8-OH-DPAT, mCPP and 2-methyl-5-HT were effectively blocked by ketanserin. The dissociation constants (KB) of ketanserin against these agonists were as follows: DOM, 2.78 ± 0.85 nM; 8-OH-DPAT-, 3.47 ± 1.12 nM; mCPP, 1.45 ± 0.51 nM; 2-methyl-5-HT, 1.99 ± 0.74 nM. The dissociation constant of MDL 72222 (3-tropanyl-3,5-dichlorobenzoate) vs. 5-HT was 13833 nM. No antagonism by prazosin (10−7 M) or yohimbine (10−7 M) of the responses to 5-HT was observed. These results indicate that 5-HT2 receptors are present in the ovine umbilical vein. 5-HT3 receptors were not present in this tissue. Activation of α-adrenoceptors was not involved in the contractions to 5-HT.
The Electromagnetic Field in an EMP Simulator at a High Frequency

The electric field in the working volume of an EMP simulator has been determined experimentally in both amplitude and phase at a frequency that is high enough so that the simulator no longer behaves like a terminated-TEM-mode transmission line. Graphs of the field in the working volume are displayed and interpreted in terms of the TEM and higher parallel-plate modes. The actual field is shown to differ greatly from that characteristic of the TEM mode so that it must be expected that current and charges induced on an obstacle are also very different from those that would be observed if the excitation were an incident plane wave.
Power and temperature control of fluctuating biomass gas fueled solid oxide fuel cell and micro gas turbine hybrid system

Abstract This paper addresses how the power and temperature are controlled in a biomass gas fueled solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and micro gas turbine (MGT) hybrid system. A SOFC and MGT dynamic model are developed and used to simulate the hybrid system performance operating on biomass gas. The transient behavior of both the SOFC and MGT are discussed in detail. An unstable power output is observed when the system is fed biomass gas. This instability is due to the fluctuation of gas composition in the fuel. A specially designed fuel controller succeeded not only in allowing the hybrid system to follow a step change of power demand from 32 to 35 kW, but also stably maintained the system power output at 35 kW. In addition to power control, fuel cell temperature is controlled by introduction and use of a bypass valve around the recuperator. By releasing excess heat to the exhaust, the bypass valve provided the control means to avoid the self-exciting behavior of system temperature and stabilized the temperature of SOFC at 850 °C.
Valid Inference in Partially Unstable Generalized Method of Moments Models

This paper considers time series Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) models where a subset of the parameters are time varying. We focus on an empirically relevant case with moderately large instabilities, which are well approximated by a local asymptotic embedding that does not allow the instability to be detected with certainty, even in the limit. We show that for many forms of the instability and a large class of GMM models, usual GMM inference on the subset of stable parameters is asymptotically unaffected by the partial instability. In the empirical analysis of presumably stable parameters—such as structural parameters in Euler conditions—one can thus ignore moderate instabilities in other parts of the model and still obtain approximately correct inference.
Rotational invariance and magnetoelastic phenomena in paramagnets

We measured sound-velocity changes for various geometries in the model paramagnet TmSb and in high magnetic fields. By measuring the ${c}_{44}$ mode with propagation direction $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$ parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field one finds a field-dependent splitting between the two modes, which should be absent in noninvariant magnetoelastic theory. This is evidence for the presence of rotationally invariant magnetoelastic interactions. A recently developed theory by Dohm and Fulde is used to quantitatively account for this effect. All relevant material parameters are known for TmSb and we can therefore make for the first time a test for this theory without adjustable parameters. The result is a surprisingly good agreement between experiment and theory. The inclusion of other higher-order magnetoelastic terms is discussed. A similar effect is observed for the ${c}_{11}\ensuremath{-}{c}_{12}$ mode, where we can account for the mode splitting with opposite sign to the ${c}_{44}$ case and where we can account for the order of magnitude of the effect with a simplified calculation. We also present analogous experimental results for paramagnetic ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{4}$ in smaller fields, which we do not interpret quantitatively due to lack of knowledge of crystal electric field parameters for ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$.
Risk of seizure recurrence after achieving initial seizure freedom on the ketogenic diet.

Summary Objective Few studies have examined the long-term sustainability of complete seizure freedom on the ketogenic diet (KD). The purpose of this study was to describe the risk of seizure recurrence in children who achieved at least 1 month of seizure freedom on the KD, and to assess clinical features associated with sustained seizure freedom. Methods Records of patients initiated on the KD at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) from 1991 to 2009 were reviewed. Subjects who attained seizure freedom for at least 1 month within 2 years were included in the study. Seizure frequency was recorded based on caregiver-reported seizure diaries as unchanged, improved, or worse compared to baseline. Those patients with seizure freedom ≥1 year were compared to those with seizure freedom <1 year in terms of demographics, age of seizure onset, number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) prior to KD, and epilepsy classification. Results Of 276 patients initiated on the KD, 65 patients (24%) attained seizure freedom for a minimum of 1 month. The majority of these patients had daily seizures. The median time to seizure freedom after KD initiation was 1.5 months. Seizures recurred in 53 patients (82%), with a median time to seizure recurrence of 3 months. However, seizure frequency after initial recurrence remained far less than baseline. No clinical features were identified as risk factors for seizure recurrence. Significance Seizure recurrence on the KD after 1 month of seizure freedom most often occurred as occasional breakthrough seizures and not a return to baseline seizure frequency. This study provides evidence to support the continued use of the KD in patients with initial seizure freedom even after breakthrough seizures. A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
The far infrared spectra of IBr charge–transfer complexes

The IBr infrared band is examined as a function of temperature both in neat decane and in decane containing benzene or other complexing solutes. It is concluded that the spectra provide no evidence for a fast complexing reaction, contrary to previous reports.
Cultural considerations for evaluation consulting in the Egyptian context

Adapting the requirements for good evaluation to consulting in Egypt poses a cultural challenge that sometimes seems no less great than that of building the Suez Canal.
Cranial MR imaging with Gd-DTPA in neonates and young infants: preliminary experience.

Gadopentetate dimeglumine (gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid [DTPA]) was prospectively administered to 15 consecutive neonates and young infants (less than 6 weeks old) referred for routine cranial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The goals of the study were (a) to provide preliminary safety and efficacy data concerning the use of this drug in neonates and (b) to determine whether the patterns and time course of normal contrast material enhancement were similar to those seen in older children and adults. Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR images revealed significant abnormalities not seen on the MR images obtained before administration of contrast material in four (27%) of 15 patients. The adult dose (0.1 mmol/kg) provided bright enhancement of normal intracranial structures. Because of significantly reduced glomerular filtration and renal clearance rates in newborns, vivid contrast enhancement of normal structures was seen to persist for several hours after injection. A prolonged window of time for imaging ...
Algorithmic complexity in coding theory and the minimum distance problem

We start withan overviewof algorithmiccomplexity problemsin coding theory We then show that the problemof com- puting the minimumdiktanceof a binaryIinwr code is NP-hard,and the corresponding deci~"on problemis W-complete. This constitutes a proof of the conjecture Bedekamp, McEliece,vanTilborg, dating back to 1978. Extensionsand applications of this result to other problemsin codingtheqv are discussed. 1. Introduction. This paper is organized in a manner contrapositive to the talk. In the talk, we give a detailed overview of algorithmic complexity issueain codhg theory. Herein, westart with an overviewof the prominentrole that computational complexity plays in coding theory: we briefly surveythe numerousalgorithmic complexity issuesthat arise in code construction and decoding. Subsequently,we focus on one specific problem. Namely, we consider the problem of computing the minimum distance of a linear code, which is also equivalentto the problem of finding the shortest cycle in a linear matroid over a finite field (90). A long-standing conjecture (12) says that this problem is NP-hard, and we will settle this conjecture in the ai%rmative. We provide a detailed proof. We hope that our proof illustrates some of the elegant techniques used in coding theory today, such as the construction of MDS codes via Vandermonde matri- ces (15, 59, 72) and concatenated coding (23, 31), for instance. It is interesting that algebraic techniques of this kind cart be employed to answer an essentially combinatorial ques- tion. The complexity of computing the minimum distance and the proof of the conjecture of Berlekamp,McEliece, and vanTilborg (12) will be only briefly mentioned in the talk.
Chemosensitization of endometrial cancer cells through AKT inhibition involves FOXO1.

Abstract Objective. Endometrial cancer is the most common type of gynecologic cancer in the United States. In this study, we propose that inhibition of the AKT pathway sensitizes cells to chemotherapeutic agents by increasing FOXO1 expression. Methods. Ishikawa and RL95 cells were treated with the AKT inhibitor (API-59CJ-OMe) alone and in combination with carboplatin or paclitaxel. Cells were counted using a hemocytometer and cell cycle analysis done with flow cytometry. Apoptosis was measured with TUNEL and Annexin V/DAPI staining. FOXO1 protein expression and localization was done using immunofluorescent staining of cells. Finally, the adenovirus containing triple mutant FOXO1 was used to overexpress the constitutively active FOXO1 in Ishikawa cells and its effects on cell viability were studied. Results. Treatment with 6 μM API-59CJ-OME resulted in preferential cell death in Ishikawa and RL95 cells compared to another endometrial cancer cell line, ECC1 after 48 h of treatment. API-59CJ-OME treatment of Ishikawa cells resulted in cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. The addition of API-59CJ-OME to carboplatin resulted in a synergistic increase in cell death by apoptosis compared to the responses to each agent separately. Treatment with API-59CJ-OME, carboplatin, paclitaxel or the combinations for 24 h increased nuclear expression of FOXO1 in Ishikawa cells. Overexpression of FOXO1 caused 37% of the cells to die within 24 h. Addition of carboplatin to the AD-FOXO1 expressing cells further increased cell death to 71%. Conclusions. Inhibition of AKT signaling potentiates cell death in Ishikawa and RL95 cells when combined with carboplatin through mechanisms involving FOXO1 activation.
Design, fabrication, and testing of a novel planar Schottky barrier diode for millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths

A whiskerless diode has been developed for operation at 100 GHz. It uses an etched surface channel to minimize parasitic capacitance and simplify fabrication. The diode is mechanically rugged and suitable for high-vibration and cryogenic operation. DC I-V characteristics are comparable to the highest-quality whisker-contacted devices. An overview of device design, performance, and fabrication is presented. >
Towards provision of quality of service guarantees in job scheduling

Considerable research has focused on the problem of scheduling dynamically arriving independent parallel jobs on a given set of resources. There has also been some recent work in the direction of providing differentiated service to different classes of jobs using statically or dynamically calculated priorities assigned to the jobs. However, the potential and usability of a quality of service based scheme has not been much studied. In This work, we extend a previously proposed scheme (QoPS) to provide quality of service to submitted jobs; we propose extensions to the algorithm in multiple aspects: (i) studying the effect of user tolerance towards missed deadlines on the overall profit attainable by the supercomputer center, (it) providing artificial slack to some jobs to maximize the overall profit and (hi) utilizing a kill-and-restart mechanism to further improve the profit attainable.