cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the complexity of loading shallow neural networks

Abstract We formalize a notion of loading information into connectionist networks that characterizes the training of feed-forward neural networks. This problem is NP -complete, so we look for tractable subcases of the problem by placing constraints on the network architecture. The focus of these constraints is on various families of “shallow” architectures which are defined to have bounded depth and un-bounded width. We introduce a perspective on shallow networks, called the Support Cone Interaction (SCI) graph, which is helpful in distinguishing tractable from intractable subcases: When the SCI graph is a tree or is of limited bandwidth, loading can be accomplished in polynomial time; when its bandwidth is not limited we find the problem NP -complete even if the SCI graph is a simple 2-dimensional planar grid.
Modeling of stress relaxation associated with an electrically-induced phase transformation

Stress relaxation due to an electrically-induced phase transformation in a ferroelectric crystal bar stretched by a hard-loading device is studied in the one-dimensional setting of electromechanics. According to the proposed model, the stress relaxation rate is governed by a nonlinear ordinary differential equation which resulted from the kinetic relation that controls the evolution of the phase transformation. A numerical analysis basing on simplifying approximation indicates that the stress starts to decrease when the intensity of the applied electric field reaches a critical value and that a stronger electric field results in a quicker stress reduction.
Evidence for an imino intermediate in the T4 endonuclease V reaction

Reductive methylation and site-directed mutagenesis experiments have implicated the N-terminal alpha-amino group of T4 endonuclease V in the glycosylase and abasic lyase activities of the enzyme. NMR studies have confirmed the involvement of the N-terminal alpha-amino group in the inhibition of enzyme activity by reductive methylation. A mechanism accounting for these results predicts that a (imino) covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate is formed between the protein N-terminal alpha-amino group and C1' of the 5'-deoxyribose of the pyrimidine dimer substrate subsequent to (or concomitantly with) the glycosylase step. Experiments to verify the existence of this intermediate indicated that enzyme inhibition by cyanide was substrate-dependent, a result classically interpreted to imply an imino reaction intermediate. In addition, sodium borohydride reduction of the intermediate formed a stable dead-end enzyme-substrate product. This product was formed whether ultraviolet light-irradiated high molecular weight DNA or duplex oligonucleotides containing a defined thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer were used as substrate. The duplex oligonucleotide substrates demonstrated a well-defined gel shift. This will facilitate high-resolution footprinting of the enzyme on the DNA substrate.
Sodium Bisulfite-Induced Changes in the Physicochemical, Surface and Adhesive Properties of Soy β-Conglycinin

The effects of sodium bisulfite on the electrophoresis profile; turbidity; and thermal, surface, and adhesive properties of soy β-conglycinin protein were studied. Sodium bisulfite dissociated high-molecular-weight aggregates in the protein, and the aggregate percentage decreased with increasing sodium bisulfite concentration. Denaturation temperature of sodium-bisulfite-treated β-conglycinin increased as sodium bisulfite increased. However, at high sodium bisulfite concentration (i.e. 36 g/L), denaturation enthalpy decreased significantly. Sodium bisulfite caused changes in the β-conglycinin secondary structure and promoted ionization of lysine residues as indicated by FT-IR results. A sudden drop in turbidity at pH 4.8 was observed at the same salt level. The contact angle of β-conglycinin on cherry wood reached its minimum at 6 g/L sodium bisulfite and 24 g/L on glass. Water resistance of β-conglycinin was improved but not significantly by 6 g/L sodium bisulfite at pH 9.5. An obvious increase in adhesion strength of the protein occurred at 3 and 6 g/L sodium bisulfite at pH 4.8. A high sodium bisulfite concentration at 36 g/L sharply reduced the adhesive performance of β-conglycinin.
Gabor wavelet transform contours for the detection of uniaxial tensile damage in woven fiberglass/epoxy composites

Abstract Evaluating damage progression in fiber-reinforced polymeric composite structures is critical for effective condition-based monitoring techniques of these structures. In this study, three sets of woven fiberglass/epoxy specimens were investigated under axial loading and unloading conditions using embedded and surface-mounted piezoelectric wafers. The noisy ultrasonic waveforms were denoised and analyzed with Gabor wavelet transforms and their contour plots, in particular normalized contour perimeters. It was found that the trend of the selected contour parameters captures the specimens’ strain reasonably well in some samples, replicating loading, unloading and residual strain. This technique shows promise for tracking damage progression, residual strains, and pending failure in fiber-reinforced polymeric composites.
In vivo neuroreceptor imaging in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a focus on the dopamine transporter.

There is converging evidence of the role of catecholamine dysregulation in the underlying pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The dopamine transporter (DAT) is known to be a key regulator of dopamine, and recent genetic, treatment, and imaging studies have highlighted the role of DAT in ADHD. There is an emerging literature on in vivo neuroreceptor imaging of DAT in ADHD and control subjects reported by a number of groups internationally. A comprehensive review of existing imaging studies of DAT binding in ADHD shows that six of eight independent studies by six different groups have reported increased DAT binding in (mostly) treatment-naive children and adults with ADHD. Although there is fair agreement regarding the presence and direction of abnormal DAT binding, there remains disagreement as to the magnitude of the finding and the importance of many potentially confounding variables, including clinical characteristics and imaging methodology. Three studies by three different groups have reported decreased DAT binding after methylphenidate treatment. Interpretation of the latter finding awaits clarification of the issue of timing of drug administration and imaging to disentangle receptor occupancy from downregulation.
The sentence-verification paradigm: A case study of two conflicting aproaches to individual differences

Abstract The contrasting approaches of differential psychology and cognitive psychology to the same individual differences data are outlined. Using illustrative data from the Clark and Chase (1972) sentence-picture verification task, four loci of conflict between these two disciplines are identified. These areas of conflict center around issues of (1) theory versus measurement, (2) meaningfulness versus reliability, (3) linearity of relationships, and (4) discontinuities in performance. We conclude on the basis of observed incompatibilities that a simple derivation of differential psychology from cognitive psychology is not likely, but separate development of complementary theories may be possible.
Is Population Decentralization Lengthening Commuting Distances

This study questions the conventional wisdom about how commuting distances change when workers migrate from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas. It does not appear that decentralization yields a more energy-intensive configuration of residences and job locations: we find no indication that this migration lengthens the aggregate distance that workers commute. Some migrants do commute long distances, but their numbers are offset by many more who end up closer to their jobs. Our findings relate to two contrasting views ("sprawl" and "nucleation") of how workers are becoming repositioned in relation to their jobs as settlement patterns change; the latter view appears more realistic. We briefly discuss policy implications pertaining to alternative transportation modes for commuting, setting priority travel needs in an energy emergency, and telecommunications as a substitute for commuting.
Structural and functional correlation of the human complement receptor type 1.

Human CR1 is widely distributed in the circulation as a surface receptor as well as in soluble form in the plasma. It mediates a variety of functions that include phagocytosis and regulation of the complement cascade. This receptor has been cloned and the primary structure reveals that the cell-bound molecule is an integral membrane protein with typical transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Its extracellular portion is composed entirely of 30 short consensus repeats (SCR) each having 60 to 70 amino acids. This type of motif is the common structural element of the superfamily of complement regulatory and receptor proteins on chromosome 1. The amino-terminal 28 SCR of CR1 is uniquely organized into four tandem long homologous repeats (LHR) with sequence homologies among corresponding SCR as high as 99%. Each LHR encodes ∼ 45 kD and each except the one that is proximal to the cell surface contains a separate binding site for C3b or C4b. Analysis of the genomic structure of CR1 reveals that these LHR are results of intragenic duplication of 20- to 30-kb segments of DNA. The structural alto-types of CR1,that vary in the lengths of the polypeptides are encoded by alleles that contain different numbers of LHR. Their predicted structures would have different numbers of C3b binding sites, perhaps resulting in molecules with different capacities to bind immune complexes.
Pulmonary tumors induced in mice by vinyl chloride monomer

Abstract Neoplastic effects of vinyl chloride were studied in lungs of 27 mice exposed to vinyl chloride monomer at 2500 and 6000 ppm for 5 and 6 months. Pulmonary tumors were observed in 26 of 27 experimental animals. By light microscopy, the tumors were multiple and arranged in either tubulo-papillary or adenomatous formations. Although occasional mitotic divisions and invaginations into the bronchiolar lumen were observed, no metastases were found. By electron microscopy, short microvilli, tight junctions between two adjacent cells, appearance of osmiophilic lamellar bodies, large mitochondria of irregular shape, well-developed Golgi complexes, continuous or discontinuous basement membranes, occasional appearance of “sequestration” and of crystalloids, and lack of both cilia and mucous secretory granules were observed as characteristic features of the neoplastic cells. Some of the cells were poorly differentiated and were equipped with poorly developed organoids, without formation of osmiophilic lamellar bodies. The pulmonary tumors corresponded to “alveologenic tumors or alveologenic cancer.” It is suggested that the neoplastic cells were transformed from type II alveolar epithelium via its hyperplastic form. It is concluded that mouse lung is an extremely sensitive indicator of the oncogenicity of vinyl chloride.
Effect of cathode binder IEC on kinetic and transport losses in all-SPEEK MEAs

Abstract The effect of ion exchange capacity (IEC) and loading of sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) binder on PEFC cathode performance was studied. MEAs were prepared by decal transfer onto a SPEEK membrane (IEC-1.75 mequiv./g). The IEC of SPEEK binder in the MEA cathode was varied between 1.3 and 2.1 mequiv./g. Cathodes prepared with 30 wt.% SPEEK loading had an electrochemically active surface area (ECA) that was 25% lower than a Nafion ® bonded electrode with similar loading. Polarization curves were obtained at 80 °C and 75% RH with hydrogen as fuel and air and oxygen (O 2 ) as oxidants. Polarization data was analyzed to determine the relative contributions of different sources of polarization, namely membrane ohmic losses, electrode ohmic losses, and mass transport losses in the gas diffusion layer, binder film and electrodes. The electrode ohmic and mass transport losses decreased with increase in SPEEK IEC. However, even for the highest SPEEK IEC, these losses were higher than those obtained in a Nafion ® bonded electrode. This was attributed to the lower proton activity and O 2 permeability in SPEEK. The loading of SPEEK in the electrode was found to influence performance in the activation controlled region, with a loading of 7.5 wt.% giving the highest performance. However, gains in this region were negated at higher current densities due to enhanced ohmic and transport losses and MEAs with all binder loadings between 7.5 and 30 wt.% had similar limiting currents.
Motion planning and collision avoidance using navigation vector fields

This paper presents a novel method on the motion and path planning for unicycle robots in environments with static circular obstacles. The method employs a family of 2dimensional analytic vector fields, which have singular points of high-order type and whose integral curves exhibit various patterns depending on the value of a parameter λ. More specifically, for a known value of λ the vector field has a unique singular point of dipole type and its integral curves are suitable for steering the unicycle to a goal configuration. Furthermore, for the value of λ that the vector field has a continuum of singular points, the integral curves can be used to define flows around circular obstacles. An almost global feedback motion plan is then constructed by suitably blending attractive and repulsive vector fields in a static obstacle environment. The proposed motion planning and control design is also extended to the multi-agent case, where each agent needs to converge to a desired configuration while avoiding collisions with other agents. The efficacy of the approach is demonstrated via simulation results.
Medicine, Masculinity, and the Disappearance of Male Menopause in the 1950s

Summary. In an earlier article, I described how the topic of male menopause lived on in the popular press from the mid-1950s through the mid-1990s in spite of its contemporary absence from the medical literature. The present article addresses the question of why male menopause vanished from medical discourse in the 1950s. This disappearance offers an interesting case study of how and why diagnoses and therapies fall in and out of favour. For this particular set of symptoms, psychiatry replaced endocrinology as the explanatory framework, and tranquilisers replaced hormones as the preferred therapy. But medical fashion was not the only factor determining diagnosis and treatment. In the 1950s, when the dominant model of masculinity clearly differentiated men from women, male patients and their male physicians alike balked at the idea that men could suffer from what seemed like a woman’s problem, namely, menopause. The diagnosis of a stress-induced condition fitted better with the image of the hardworking breadwinning male, especially among middle-aged men who might also have worried about becoming superannuated. Cultural conceptions of masculinity and ageing figured significantly in the framing of this condition.
Air Entrapment as a Cause of Transient Cardiac Pacemaker Malfunction

Air within a pacemaker pocket may cause transient malfunction of a replacement unipolar cardiac pacemaker. This was noted in a patient in whom entrapped air prevented tissue contact of the anode, resulting in complete cessation of myocardial stimulation and absence of an electrocardiographic pacemaker artifact. Methods for avoiding this complication are proposed.
Physical Attractiveness and Exchange Theory in Interracial Dating

Abstract Twenty interracial couples (13 pairs of a Black man and a White woman; 7 pairs of a Black woman and a White man) were observed and rated by judges for physical attractiveness. The couples also rated themselves and their partners on this dimension. Because physical attractiveness is an important variable in interpersonal attraction, it was argued, in accordance with exchange theory, that in a racially prejudiced society Blacks would have to offer more to Whites than vice versa to participate in an interracial romantic relationship. It was hypothesized, therefore, that Blacks would exceed their White partners in physical attractiveness. The hypothesis was confirmed for the judges' ratings but not for self-concepts or perceptions of the partners. The reasons for the differences among the attractiveness measures and the implications of the findings as a barometer of racial status are discussed.
An integrated model for statistical and vision monitoring in manufacturing transitions

Manufacturing transitions have been increasing due to higher pressures for product variety. One dimension of this variety is color. A major quality control challenge is to regulate the color by capturing data on color in real-time during the operation and to use it to assess the opportunities for good parts. Control charting, when applied to a stable state process, is an effective monitoring tool to continuously check for process shifts or upsets. However, the presence of transition events can impede the normal performance of a traditional control chart. In this paper, we present an integrated model for statistical and vision monitoring using a tracking signal to determine the start of the transition and a confirmation signal to ensure that any process oscillation has concluded. We also developed an automated color analysis and forecasting system (ACAFS) that we can adjust and calibrate to implement this methodology in different production processes. We use a color transition process in plastic extrusion to illustrate a transition event and demonstrate our proposed methodology. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preferential accumulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX in breast cancer: a comprehensive study on six breast cell lines with varying phenotypes

We describe the potential of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence as a source of contrast for margin detection in commonly diagnosed breast cancer subtypes. Fluorescence intensity of PpIX in untreated and ALA-treated normal mammary epithelial and breast cancer cell lines of varying estrogen receptor expression were quantitatively imaged with confocal microscopy. Percentage change in fluorescence intensity integrated over 610-700 nm (attributed to PpIX) of posttreated compared to pretreated cells showed statistically significant differences between four breast cancer and two normal mammary epithelial cell lines. However, a direct comparison of post-treatment PpIX fluorescence intensities showed no differences between breast cancer and normal mammary epithelial cell lines due to confounding effects by endogenous fluorescence from flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Clinically, it is impractical to obtain pre- and post-treatment images. Thus, spectral imaging was demonstrated as a means to remove the effects of endogenous FAD fluorescence allowing for discrimination between post-treatment PpIX fluorescence of four breast cancer and two normal mammary epithelial cell lines. Fluorescence spectral imaging of ALA-treated breast cancer cells showed preferential PpIX accumulation regardless of malignant phenotype and suggests a useful contrast mechanism for discrimination of residual cancer at the surface of breast tumor margins.
A stochastic model describing bacterial aerosol concentrations in enclosed spaces.

Abstract A mathematical model to describe the population of airborne bacteria in an enclosed space has been derived. The derivation is based on a stochastic immigration and death process with two assumptions: (a) The population is relatively uniform throughout the enclosed space, and (b) the population at a given point varies in a random manner primarily owing to air turbulence. Three distinct situations are considered in the presentation. The first is a region of finite time where the mean concentration in the space is increasing owing to generation within the space. A second situation involves a region with constant mean concentration as time approaches infinity. The third situation is one in which generation within the space has stopped and the mean concentration decreases to zero. The mathematical model has been verified by generating a population of airborne bacteria within an enclosed space and continuous monitoring of the concentration by air sampling. Parameters such as aerosol generation rate, ve...
Offset caldera and crater collapse on Juan de Fuca ridge-flank volcanoes

Forty-three volcanoes located along the flanks of the Juan de Fuca Ridge were selected to study relationships between their morphologies and off-axis magmatic processes. The volcanoes occur both in chains consisting of up to seven distinct cones and isolated edifices. Nearly all of the volcanoes are circular, truncated cones with steep flanks and large, relatively flat summit plateaus. In addition, most of these volcanoes also have prominent and distinctly offset calderas or craters. The most striking characteristic of the volcanoes' morphology is that nearly all of their collapse structures are located on the sides of the volcanoes which face the Juan de Fuca Ridge and many are breached with openings toward the ridge. A simple model based on these observations accounts for these ridge-facing features. As plate motion transports a volcano away from its magma source beneath the lithosphere, the volcano's magma supply conduits tend to lag behind. Eventually these conduits are abandoned and ridgeward collapse structures are formed. It can be inferred from the model that, on average, individual volcanoes were active for approximately 50 000 years and that most eruptions took place early in this interval. If most of the cone-building eruptions occurred during the first thousand years or so, associated hydrothermal activity may have temporarily rivaled the present-day yearly time-averaged hydrothermal output along the entire Juan de Fuca ridge axis.
Dual developmental role of transcriptional regulator Ets1 in Xenopus cardiac neural crest vs. heart mesoderm

Aims: Ets1 is an important transcription factor that is expressed in both the cardiac neural crest (NC) and heart mesoderm of vertebrate embryos. Moreover, Ets1 deletion in humans results in congenital heart abnormalities. To clarify the functional contributions of Ets1 in cardiac NC vs. heart mesoderm, we performed tissue-targeted loss-of-function analysis to compare the relative roles of Ets1 in these two tissues during heart formation using Xenopus embryos as a model system. Methods and results: We confirmed by in situ hybridization analysis that Ets1 is expressed in NC and heart mesoderm during embryogenesis. Using a translation-blocking antisense morpholino to knockdown Ets1 protein selectively in the NC, we observed defects in NC delamination from the neural tube, collective cell migration, as well as segregation of NC streams in the cranial and cardiac regions. Many cardiac NC cells failed to reach their destination in the heart, resulting in defective aortic arch artery formation. A different set of defects was noted when Ets1 knockdown was targeted to heart mesoderm. The formation of the primitive heart tube was dramatically delayed and the endocardial tissue appeared depleted. As a result, the conformation of the heart was severely disrupted. In addition, the outflow tract septum was missing, and trabeculae formation in the ventricle was abolished. Conclusion: Our study shows that Ets1 is required in both the cardiac NC and heart mesoderm, albeit for different aspects of heart formation. Our results reinforce the suggestion that proper interaction between these tissues is critical for normal heart development.
Aerodynamic and Performance Studies of a Three-Stage High Pressure Research Turbine With 3-D - Blades, Design Point and Off-Design Experimental Investigations

This paper deals with the aerodynamic and performance behavior of a three-stage high pressure research turbine with 3-D curved blades at its design and off-design operating points. The research turbine configuration incorporates six rows beginning with a stator row. Interstage aerodynamic measurements were performed at three stations, namely downstream of the first rotor row, the second stator row, and the second rotor row. Interstage radial and circumferential traversing presented a detailed flow picture of the middle stage. Performance measurements were carried out within a rotational speed range of 75% to 116% of the design speed. The experimental investigations have been carried out on the recently established multi-stage turbine research facility at the Turbomachinery Performance and Flow Research Laboratory, TPFL, of the Texas A&M University.© 2000 ASME
Percutaneous excisional breast biopsy.

Abstract Background The utility of the vacuum-assisted breast biopsy device (VABB) under stereotactic guidance is well established. We hypothesized that the complete removal of small benign lesions under ultrasonography guidance in an outpatient setting could be obtained with minimal morbidity with the multidirectional hand held vacuum-assisted biopsy. Methods Patients enrolled in this study underwent an ultrasound-guided minimally invasive excisional breast biopsy through a 3-mm incision. Removal of the abnormality was accomplished with a handheld 8- or 11-gauge Mammotome. Results Eighty-one patients had 101 lesions excised. The average (± SD) age of the participants was 46.8 ± 15.4 years. The average size of the lesions was 1.15 ± 0.43 cm (range 0.5 cm to 2.0 cm). Ninety-four lesions (93%) had benign pathology, five lesions (5%) were malignant, and two (2%) lesions had atypical hyperplasia. Six-month baseline mammogram performed in 71% of patients more than 40 years old documented resolution of percutaneously removed lesions. Conclusions Vacuum-assisted excisional breast biopsy under ultrasound guidance is an effective technique for the therapeutic management of benign lesions.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) evidence and criminal trials: An exploratory survey of factors associated with the use of “genetic fingerprinting” in felony prosecutions

Abstract In the United States, the use of genetic or DNA “fingerprint” evidence in felony criminal trials, consisting of presenting the trier-of-fact with irrefutable evidence of an accused person's guilt or innocence, occurred approximately 200 times between 1987 and the end of 1990. This article presents an analysis of 55 cases in 13 states in which the prosecutor introduced or threatened to introduce DNA evidence at trial. It focuses on (1) whether, in the opinion of the prosecutor, a conviction could have been obtained without the DNA evidence, (2) the eventual outcome of the case, and (3) the severity of the sentences pronounced on those found guilty. These outcomes were analyzed along with selected sociolegal offense characteristics, including type of offense, indications of possible racial prejudice, and victim-perpetrator relationship; the analysis also took into account the influence of personal-biographical features, including the defendant's age and employment history.
Synthesis of Tin Oxide Precursors and Related Germanium and Lead Compounds

The goals of this study were to synthesize volatile tin(II) hexafluoroisopropoxide complexes for use as precursors to tin oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide and to prepare related germanium(II) and lead(II) compounds. M(N(SiMe3)2)2 reacts with 2 equiv of RfOH (Rf = CH(CF3)2) and 1 equiv of added amine, L, to give M(ORf)2L (M = Ge, L = py or H2NPh; M = Sn, L = HNMe2 or py; M = Pb, L = p-pyNMe2) in high yield. Alternatively, Sn(ORf)2(HNMe2) can be prepared by reacting Sn(NMe2)2 with RfOH. X-ray crystallographic studies of Ge(ORf)2(H2NPh) and Sn(ORf)2(HNMe2) show they are monomers with trigonal pyramidal geometries. An X-ray structure of the Pb compound shows it is the dimer [Pb(μ-ORf)(ORf)(p-pyNMe2)]2. Pb(NMe2)2 reacts with 3 equiv of RfOH to give [Me2NH2][Pb(ORf)3], which an X-ray structure shows is the dimer {[Me2NH2][Pb(μ-ORf)(ORf)2]}2. Both Pb dimers are held together by weak dative Pb−O interactions. Sn(N(SiMe3)2)2 reacts with 2 equiv of RfOH in the absence of added amine to give amine-free Sn(ORf)2. By...
Measurement of residual stress by phase shift shearography

This paper presents a method for evaluating residual stresses. The approach is based on measuring the deformation due to the relief of stress produced by a drilled-hole or a ball indentation, and the deformation is rapidly measured by digital shearography. This method does not require mounting strain gages/transducers. Unlike holography, shearography does not require special vibration isolation. These features make the method practical for evaluation of residual stresses in a production/field environment.
I'm Not Crazy, They Are Coming Around with Guns!

SUMMARY This experience strikingly demonstrated to me how my mind (and minds in general) can distort information, especially when strong emotions are involved. Interviewing people about unusual experiences made me more sensitive to distinguishing what happened to people from their feelings about it.
Palmitic Acid on Salt Subphases and in Mixed Monolayers of Cerebrosides: Application to Atmospheric Aerosol Chemistry

Palmitic acid (PA) has been found to be a major constituent in marine aerosols, and is commonly used to investigate organic containing atmospheric aerosols, and is therefore used here as a proxy system. Surface pressure-area isotherms (π-A), Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), and vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) were used to observe a PA monolayer during film compression on subphases of ultrapure water, CaCl2 and MgCl2 aqueous solutions, and artificial seawater (ASW). π-A isotherms indicate that salt subphases alter the phase behavior of PA, and BAM further reveals that a condensation of the monolayer occurs when compared to pure water. VSFG spectra and BAM images show that Mg2+ and Ca2+ induce ordering of the PA acyl chains, and it was determined that the interaction of Mg2+ with the monolayer is weaker than Ca2+. π-A isotherms and BAM were also used to monitor mixed monolayers of PA and cerebroside, a simple glycolipid. Results reveal that PA also has a condensing effect on the cerebroside monolayer. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that attractive interactions between the two components exist; this may be due to hydrogen bonding of the galactose and carbonyl headgroups. BAM images of the collapse structures show that mixed monolayers of PA and cerebroside are miscible at all surface pressures. These results suggest that the surface morphology of organic-coated aerosols is influenced by the chemical composition of the aqueous core and the organic film itself.
The Relationship Between Racism and Racial Identity Among White Americans: A Replication and Extension

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the influence of White racial identity attitudes on racism. A total of 234 White undergraduate students participated in this investigation. The students completed the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (Helms & Carter, 1990) and the New Racism Scale (Jacobson, 1985). Consistent with findings in previous research, White racial identity attitudes were predictive of racism. We also found gender and age differences in White racial identity attitudes. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the role of counselors in addressing racial awareness on college campuses.
Functional neuroimaging abnormalities in youth with psychosis spectrum symptoms.

Importance The continuum view of the psychosis spectrum (PS) implies that, in population-based samples, PS symptoms should be associated with neural abnormalities similar to those found in help-seeking clinical risk individuals and in schizophrenia. To our knowledge, functional neuroimaging has not previously been applied in large population-based PS samples and can help us understand the neural architecture of psychosis more broadly and identify brain phenotypes beyond symptoms that are associated with the extended psychosis phenotype. Objective To examine the categorical and dimensional relationships of PS symptoms to prefrontal hypoactivation during working memory and to amygdala hyperactivation during threat emotion processing. Design, Setting, and Participants The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort is a genotyped, prospectively accrued, population-based sample of almost 10 000 youths who received a structured psychiatric evaluation and a computerized neurocognitive battery. The study was conducted at an academic and children's hospital health care network, between November 1, 2009 to November 30, 2011. A subsample of 1445 youths underwent neuroimaging, including functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks examined herein. Participants were youth aged 11 to 22 years old identified through structured interview as having PS features (PS group) (n = 260) and typically developing (TD) comparison youth without significant psychopathology (TD group) (n = 220). Main Outcomes and Measures Two functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigms were used: a fractal n -back working memory task probing executive system function and an emotion identification task probing amygdala responses to threatening faces. Results In the n -back task, working memory evoked lower activation in the PS group than the TD group throughout the executive control circuitry, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (cluster-corrected P r = .32, P P r = .16, P = .01) but not with cognitive deficits. Conclusions and Relevance The pattern of functional abnormalities observed in the PS group is similar to that previously found in schizophrenia and help-seeking risk samples. Specific circuit dysfunction during cognitive and emotion-processing tasks is present early in the development of psychopathology and herein could not be attributed to chronic illness or medication confounds. Hypoactivation in executive circuitry and limbic hyperactivation to threat could reflect partly independent risk factors for PS symptoms, with the former relating to cognitive deficits that increase the risk for developing psychotic symptoms and the latter contributing directly to positive psychotic symptoms.
Effects of Collision Avoidance System on Driving Patterns in Curve Road Conflicts

Studies of collision avoidance system (CAS) are usually implemented by applying driving simulator or observing normal car following procedure. In order to understand its effect on drivers’ driving patterns under real world curve road conflict condition, this study carried out more than 500 tests with 55 drivers on a test road curve. By comparing the test results from CAS and non-CAS datasets, it was found that drivers drove slower and decelerate lighter after CAS was turned on. In addition, this study identified three types of driver in terms of safety performance of their brake and deceleration behaviors before encountering a road obstacle. It was found that many drivers became drivers with better driving patterns by the assistance of the CAS. These findings provided a quantitative understanding of the safety benefit from the application of CAS.
Some applications of pq-groups in graph theory

We describe some new applications of nonabelian pq-groups to construction problems in Graph Theory. The constructions include the smallest known trivalent graph of girth 17, the smallest known regular graphs of girth five for several degrees, along with four edge colorings of complete graphs that improve lower bounds on classical Ramsey numbers. For primes p and q such that p < q and q ≡ 1 (mod p), there exists a nonabelian group of order pq, which is a semidirect product of Zq by Zp [3]. In this note, we use these groups to construct several graphs and graph colorings. Let G be a nonabelian pq-group and let a and b be elements of orders p and q, respectively. The subgroup generated by b is normal in G and a−1ba = b where r ≡ 1 (mod q). So the elements of G can be represented in the form ab , for 0 ≤ i < p and 0 ≤ j < q. Group multiplication can be defined by ab ∗ ab = ab s+t. In what follows, it will be convenient to refer to elements of a pq-group using the notation (i, j) instead of ab . 1 Ramsey Graphs Recall that an (s, t)-coloring of the complete graph Kn is a 2-coloring of its edges such that there is neither a complete subgraph of order s, all of whose edges are color 1, nor a complete subgraph of order t, all of whose edges are color 2. The Ramsey number R(s, t) is the minimum n such that no (s, t) coloring on Kn exists. Our first application of pq-groups gives us a new lower bound for R(4, 8). For this we use a Cayley coloring on the nonabelian group G of order 55, where we take p = 5, q = 11, and r = 3. Note that in a Cayley coloring, we assign
Utility of Retrievable Vena Cava Filters and Mechanical Thrombectomy in the Endovascular Management of Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis

Endovascular interventions of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) using various therapeutic modalities, such as thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, and inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement, have received increased focus owing in part to advances in catheter-based interventional technologies. Although systemic anticoagulation remains the primary treatment modality in DVT, catheter-based interventions can provide rapid removal of large thrombus burden and possibly preserve venous valvular function in patients with symptomatic DVT. This article reviews current endovascular treatment strategies for acute DVT. Specifically, the utility of mechanical thrombectomy along with various temporary IVC filters in the setting of DVT is examined. Lastly, an illustrative case of acute DVT that was treated with endovascular intervention with IVC filter placement is presented.
Using the Five-Step Strategy to Teach Motor Skills to Older Adults

(2000). Using the Five-Step Strategy to Teach Motor Skills to Older Adults. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 71, No. 5, pp. 40-41.
Importance of the ATP-Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway in the Degradation of Soluble and Myofibrillar Proteins in Rabbit Muscle Extracts *

Recent studies have suggested that activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is primarily responsible for the rapid loss of muscle proteins in various types of atrophy. The present studies were undertaken to test if different classes of muscle proteins are degraded by this pathway. In extracts of rabbit psoas muscle, the complete degradation of soluble proteins to amino acids was stimulated up to 6-fold by ATP. Peptide aldehyde inhibitors of the proteasome or the removal of proteasomes markedly inhibited only the ATP-dependent process. Addition of purified myosin, actin, troponin, or tropomyosin to these extracts showed that these proteins served as substrates for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. By contrast, degradation of myoglobin did not require ATP, proteasomes, or any known proteases in muscles. When myosin, actin, and troponin were added as actomyosin complexes or as intact myofibrils to these extracts, they were not hydrolyzed at a significant rate, probably because in these multicomponent complexes, these proteins are protected from degradation. Accordingly, actin (but not albumin or troponin) inhibited the degradation of 125I-myosin, and actin was found to selectively inhibit ubiquitin conjugation to 125I-myosin. Also, the presence of tropomyosin inhibited the degradation of 125I-troponin. However, neither actin nor tropomyosin inhibited the degradation of 125I-lysozyme or soluble muscle proteins. Thus, specific interactions between the myofibrillar proteins appear to protect them from ubiquitin-dependent degradation, and the rate-limiting step in their degradation is probably their dissociation from the myofibril.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the small intestine.

Inflammatory pseudotumor, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, and plasma cell granuloma are terms that have been used interchangeably for a variety of lesions ranging from some that are inflammatory in nature, to those that are clearly neoplastic. Although neoplastic lesions generally pursue a benign clinical course, intraabdominal and retroperitoneal lesions of this type have typically shown higher local recurrence rates and even distant metastases. Lesions have been reported in a variety of intraabdominal organs, but small bowel tumors are particularly rare. The authors report a small bowel inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMFT). The literature is reviewed; the clinical and pathologic features of this tumor and controversies in nomenclature are discussed.
History of quark-gluon plasma evolution from photon interferometry

Two-photon intensity interferometry is used to probe the dynamics of quarks and gluons in a high-energy nucleus-nucleus collision. A (1+1)-dimensional expansion of the plasma according to Bjorken hydrodynamics as well as a (3+1)-dimensional expansion, both with a first-order phase transition, are considered. The correlation of high transverse-momentum photons is sensitive to the details of the space-time evolution of the high density QCD plasma. The so-called ``longitudinal'' and ``outward'' correlations are found to be dramatically affected by the transverse expansion of the system.
Political Scientists as Color Commentators Framing and Expert Commentary in Media Campaign Coverage

The prevalence of the “game frame” in media coverage of politics is well known. We seek to broaden our understanding of the media’s use of this frame by examining expert commentary on political campaigns quoted in stories in major U.S. newspapers. Content analysis of quotations from the experts in question, political scientists, establishes that the game frame pervades their statements. Thus, political science commentary reinforces the dominant frame within media campaign coverage, rather than providing alternative perspectives on campaigns. The predominance of the game frame in political scientists’ quoted comments in newspaper stories appears to be a result of two sets of forces: selection biases and a preoccupation with the game among scholars themselves.
The development of low voltage room temperature continuous wave laser diodes

Abstract A brief review of the current status of blue/green laser diodes is presented. Use of the Zn(Se,Te) contact has enabled room temperature continuous wave (CW) operation at voltages in the 5 to 6 V range, although lifetime is limited by degradation associated with the formation of dark line defects. The paper emphasizes doping issues, particularly the recent observation of a DX-center behavior (AX centers) for nitrogen in ZnMgSSe.
The parallel sum of nonlinear monotone operators

On definit la somme parallele d'operateurs non lineaires dans un espace de Hilbert a l'aide de leurs graphes
Strings in noncompact spacetimes: Boundary terms and conserved charges

We study some of the novel properties of conformal field theories with noncompact target spaces as applied to string theory. Standard CFT results get corrected by boundary terms in the target space in a way consistent with the expected spacetime physics. For instance, one-point functions of general operators on the sphere and boundary operators on the disk need not vanish; we show that they are instead equal to boundary terms in spacetime. By applying this result to vertex operators for spacetime gauge transformations with support at infinity, we derive formulas for conserved gauge charges in string theory. This approach provides a direct CFT definition of ADM energy-momentum in string theory.
Noninvasive assessment of chorioretinal oxygenation changes in experimental carotid occlusion.

Purpose: To demonstrate the capability of our optical imaging system to assess oxygenation changes in chorioretinal vasculatures due to experimentally induced carotid occlusion. Methods: Chorioretinal oxygenation was assessed by projecting a narrow laser line at an angle on the retina after intravenous injection of an oxygen sensitive probe and imaging phosphorescence emission. Optical section phosphorescence imaging was performed in rats, under steady-state conditions and during unilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery. Phosphorescence intensity was measured in the retinal vein, artery, capillaries, and choroid vascular areas. Oxygenation was defined as the inverse of phosphorescence intensity. Oxygenation changes in the four vascular areas were determined relative to initial preocclusion oxygenation values and compared to measured changes under steady-state conditions. Results: Under steady-state conditions, phosphorescence intensity in chorioretinal vasculatures remained constant, displaying a...
Progressive nonfluent aphasia: Language, cognitive, and pet measures contrasted with probable alzheimer's disease

The purpose of this study was to compare the language and cognitive profiles of four progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA) patients with 25 probable Alzheimer's disease (pAD) patients, and to identify the distinct cortical defects associated with cognitive deficits in PNFA using positron emission tomography (PET). Longitudinal observations of PNFA patients revealed progressively telegraphic speech and writing and a gradual deterioration of sentence comprehension, but memory and visual functioning were relatively preserved. Direct contrast with PAD patients revealed that PNFA patients are significantly impaired on grammatical phrase structure aspects of sentence comprehension and expression, phonemic judgments, repetition, and digit span, but not on other cognitive measures. PET studies of PNFA revealed reduced cortical activity throughout the left hemisphere. In addition, there was a prominent defect in left superior and middle temporal and inferior frontal regions of PNFA patients that differed significantly from the distribution of regional cerebral dysfunction in pAD. We conclude that PNFA is associated with a distinct profile of language and cognitive difficulty, and that this pattern of impairment is related to cortical dysfunction in a specific distribution of the left hemisphere.
Hemodynamic actions of prenalterol in severe congestive heart failure due to chronic coronary disease.

Abstract To provide improved inotropic agents for enhanced therapy of severe congestive heart failure (CHF), the hemodynamic efficacy of prenalterol (PN), a recently developed cardioselective beta-1 receptor agonist, was evaluated by cardiac catheterization in nine patients with refractory CHF due to chronic coronary disease. PN (4.8 mg intravenously) markedly augmented the cardiac index from 1.9 to 2.6 L/min/m 2 ( p 2 ( p 2 ( p −5 ( p p > 0.05). Importantly, the heart rate-systolic blood pressure product was unchanged ( p > 0.05), and precipitation of cardiac dysrhythmias or myocardial ischemia was not observed. Thus PN produced considerable improvement of depressed cardiocirculatory periormance without untoward effects and thereby appears a valuable new cardiotonic in the clinical management of severe low output ventricular dysfunction.
Mr. right versus Mr. right now: A discounting-based approach to promiscuity.

Research has begun to examine how individuals discount delayed sex. However, these tasks have not evaluated the dimension of sexual behavior associated with promiscuity (i.e., choices between partners). The current study assessed choices between hypothetical sexual partners within a delay discounting paradigm. Participants first completed a preference assessment featuring pictures of hypothetical sexual partners. These rankings were then used to present hypothetical choices between immediate sex with a less preferred partner or sex with the most-preferred partner after a series of delays. These choices titrated through the partner rankings from the preference assessment. Data were well fit by the hyperboloid model of discounting. Area under the curve (AUC) measures were calculated for all participants’ discounting of sex. AUC was higher for those with more sexual partners and was correlated with measures of sexual risk behavior.