cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
#MentalHealthArt: How Instagram artists promote mental health awareness online.

Abstract Objectives Instagram artwork about mental illness was examined to learn how artists promote awareness about mental health and mental illness. Study design Mixed methods predictive and descriptive analyses were conducted on a public dataset of artwork posts from Instagram. Methods One thousand art images were classified by media (painting, drawing, collage, photograph, digital art, printmaking, sculpture, jewelry, or other) and style (representational, nonrepresentational, and functional). Text captions were clustered using latent semantic analysis. Predictive modeling was used to determine whether the frequency of online community response to posts (likes and comments) varied by artwork features or tagged mental health condition. Results Results suggest that artists using mental health art hashtags most often posted two-dimensional, representational art with text descriptions about emotions and personal experience. However, the minority of images of functional art objects received the most frequent number of community responses. Conclusions Findings suggest that artists may use informational and commercial strategies to engage online communities and promote mental health awareness.
E-Approximate Coded Matrix Multiplication is Nearly Twice as Efficient as Exact Multiplication

We study coded distributed matrix multiplication from an approximate recovery viewpoint. We consider a system of $P$ computation nodes where each node stores 1/m of each multiplicand via linear encoding. Our main result shows that the matrix product can be recovered with ∊ relative error from any $m$ of the $P$ nodes for any ∊ >0. We obtain this result through a careful specialization of MatDot codes-a class of matrix multiplication code previously developed in the context of exact recovery (∊ = 0). Since previous results showed that the MatDot code is tight for a class of linear coding schemes for exact recovery, our result shows that allowing for mild approximations leads to a system that is nearly twice as efficient as exact reconstruction. Moreover, we develop an optimization framework based on alternating minimization that enables the discovery of new codes for approximate matrix multiplication.
The Adsorption of Methane on Silica Gel at Low Temperatures

An important step in the large scale purification of hydrogen gas is the removal of small concentrations of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, or methane by low temperature adsorption, The operating temperature selected for an adsorptive unit is usually in the boiling point range of liquid nitrogen; while the operating pressure, often as high as 140 atm, is determined by the position of this unit in the cycle.
Space and time in eco-ontologies

In this paper, we elaborate on the fundamental characteristics of ecological ontologies, and draw attention to the importance of space and time in the structure of these ontologies. First, we argue that a key to the specification of eco-ontologies is the notion of teleological organization grounded in a notion of recursion. Second, we introduce the notion of roles to characterize the generalized and interactive teleological aspects of ecological systems. Third, we also introduce a preliminary set of temporal and spatial concepts intended to represent ecological space and time in the formalization of eco-ontologies. Fourth, we show how some important epistemological constraints on cognition are fundamentally ecological in nature. This work is informed by Kant's investigations into the foundations of biology, by the hermeneutic investigations of Heidegger and Gadamer, and by mathematical investigations into recursive logic and their application to biology by Spencer-Brown, Maturana, Varela, and Kauffman.
Long-term changes in sleep duration, energy balance and risk of type 2 diabetes

Baseline sleep duration has a U-shaped relationship with type 2 diabetes, but little research examines the associated changes. We examined long-term changes in sleep duration and concomitant changes in diet, physical activity, weight and subsequent diabetes. The cohort includes 59,031 women aged 55–83 years in the Nurses' Health Study without diabetes in 2000. Change in sleep duration is the difference between self-reported 24 h sleep duration in 1986 and 2000. Diet, physical activity and covariates were updated every 2–4 years. Self-reported diabetes was confirmed via validated questionnaires. Cox regression models were adjusted for 1986 sleep duration and 1986 values of diabetes risk factors, including BMI, and subsequently for change in covariates from 1986 to 2000. We documented 3,513 incident diabetes cases through to 2012. Compared with no change, decreases in sleep duration were adversely associated with changes in diet quality and physical activity, while increases were associated with greater weight gain. After adjustment for 1986 covariates, HRs (95% CI) for ≤−2, >−2 to 0 to <2 and ≥2 h/day changes in sleep duration (vs no change) were 1.09 (0.93, 1.28), 1.10 (1.001, 1.12), 1.09 (1.00, 1.18) and 1.30 (1.14, 1.46), respectively. Additional adjustment for diet and physical activity did not appreciably alter the results. Increases in sleep duration ≥2 h/day remained adversely associated with diabetes (HR [95% CI]: 1.15 [1.01, 1.30]) after adjustment for change in covariates, including BMI. Increases in sleep duration among middle-aged and older women were modestly associated with risk of diabetes; changes in diet, physical activity and BMI did not explain associations.
Clock duty cycle adjuster circuit for switched capacitor circuits

A pulse width locked loop, which can be used to generate an output clock with a wide range of duty cycle (25 to 75%) precisely, from a single-ended input clock with any duty cycle (25 to 75%) is explained. Measurement results of an application of this loop, in pipelined data converters, are reported.
Molecular and Evolutionary Analysis of NEAr-Iron Transporter (NEAT) Domains

Iron is essential for bacterial survival, being required for numerous biological processes. NEAr-iron Transporter (NEAT) domains have been studied in pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria to understand how their proteins obtain heme as an iron source during infection. While a 2002 study initially discovered and annotated the NEAT domain encoded by the genomes of several Gram-positive bacteria, there remains a scarcity of information regarding the conservation and distribution of NEAT domains throughout the bacterial kingdom, and whether these domains are restricted to pathogenic bacteria. This study aims to expand upon initial bioinformatics analysis of predicted NEAT domains, by exploring their evolution and conserved function. This information was used to identify new candidate domains in both pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms. We also searched metagenomic datasets, specifically sequence from the Human Microbiome Project. Here, we report a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of 343 NEAT domains, encoded by Gram-positive bacteria, mostly within the phylum Firmicutes, with the exception of Eggerthella sp. (Actinobacteria) and an unclassified Mollicutes bacterium (Tenericutes). No new NEAT sequences were identified in the HMP dataset. We detected specific groups of NEAT domains based on phylogeny of protein sequences, including a cluster of novel clostridial NEAT domains. We also identified environmental and soil organisms that encode putative NEAT proteins. Biochemical analysis of heme binding by a NEAT domain from a protein encoded by the soil-dwelling organism Paenibacillus polymyxa demonstrated that the domain is homologous in function to NEAT domains encoded by pathogenic bacteria. Together, this study provides the first global bioinformatics analysis and phylogenetic evidence that NEAT domains have a strong conservation of function, despite group-specific differences at the amino acid level. These findings will provide information useful for future projects concerning the structure and function of NEAT domains, particularly in pathogens where they have yet to be studied.
Prolonged cold-preservation of nerve allografts.

The goal of this study was to determine the effect of varying durations of cold-preservation on the immunogenicity of nerve allografts and their subsequent ability to facilitate neuroregeneration across a short nerve gap. Allografts preserved for 1, 4, and 7 weeks were compared to untreated allografts and isografts. There was a shift from an interferon-γ–producing cellular response (untreated allografts) to an absence of response (7-week cold-preserved allografts and isografts). There were no detectable alloantibodies by flow cytometry. Histomorphometry distal to the graft showed robust regeneration in the isograft and 7-week cold-preserved groups when compared to the untreated allograft group. Increasing duration of cold-preservation diminished the cellular immune response. This cold-preservation does not preclude subsequent nerve regeneration across a short nerve graft. Prolonged cold-preservation of nerve allograft tissue could serve as a means to produce unlimited graft material for use in peripheral nerve reconstruction. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Space nuclear reactor power system concepts with static and dynamic energy conversion

Abstract Nuclear reactor power systems could revolutionize space exploration and support human outpost on the Moon and Mars. This paper reviews current static and dynamic energy conversion technologies for use in space reactor power systems and provides estimates of the system’s net efficiency and specific power, and the specific area of the radiator. The suitable combinations of the energy conversion technologies and the nuclear reactors, classified based on the coolant type and cooling method, for best system performance and highest specific power, are also discussed. In addition, four space reactor power system concepts with both static and dynamic energy conversion are presented. These systems concepts are for nominal electrical powers up to 110 kW e and have no single point failures in reactor cooling, energy conversion and heat rejection. Two power systems employ liquid metal heat pipes cooled reactors, thermoelectric (TE) and alkali-metal thermal-to-electric conversion (AMTEC) units for converting the reactor power to electricity, and potassium heat pipes radiators. The third power system employs SiGe TE converters and a liquid metal cooled reactor, with a core divided into six identical sectors. Each sector has a separate energy conversion loop, a heat rejection loop, and a rubidium heat pipes radiator panel. The fourth power system has a gas cooled reactor, with a sectored core. Each of the three sectors in the core is coupled to a separate closed Brayton cycle (CBC) loop with He–Xe (40 g/mol) working fluid and a NaK-78 secondary loop, and two separate water heat pipes radiator panels.
Plasma membrane "rosettes" in carrot and sycamore suspension culture cells.

Abstract Suspension culture cells of carrot, Daucus carota L., and sycamore, Acer pseudoplatanus L., were freeze-fractured after ultrarapid freezing without fixation or cryoprotection in a propane-jet freezer. Infrequently, rosettes (ca. 24 nm diameter) of six (occasionally five) subunits (ca. 8 nm diameter) were observed in P-face views of the plasma membrane of both taxa. When present, rosette density was approximately 1/μm 2 . Generally, rosettes were less frequently seen on plasma membranes exhibiting numerous vesicle fusion figures. Due to the high quality of the freezing, cellulose microfibril impressions were rarely seen on either PF or EF views of the plasma membrane, thus precluding correlations between microfibrils on the one hand and rosettes (and terminal globules) on the other. The presence of rosettes in suspension culture cells of these two species supports the putative role of rosettes in cellulose biosynthesis in higher plants.
Authoring systems reassessed

A study of authoring system technology was done to update a previous study done in 1985. While the earlier study focused on software selection methods, the current one emphasizes trends in authoring tool characteristics, vendor approaches to the market-place, and evaluation methods. It also raises questions about some of the often tacit assumptions underlying the technology's development and use.
Research Note: Effects of Several Selected Odorants on the Sodium- and Potassium-Dependent Adenosine Triphosphatase Activities of Two Different Chicken Olfactory Turbinals

The NaK-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)-rich nerve-ending particle preparations (B fractions) of the epithelial tissue of chicken olfactory tubercle and the olfactory main concha were isolated by differential centrifugation. These tissues were exposed to the following odorants: 2-nonanone, 1-nonanol, 1-octanol, (+)2-octanol, and (-)2-octanol. There was a significant stimulation of NaK-ATPase by 2-nonanone (1 x 10(-3) M) in the B fraction of the olfactory tubercle and olfactory main concha. The NaK-ATPase increased significantly in the B fraction response of the olfactory main concha with 1 x 10(-3) M of 1-octanol but NaK-ATPase declined significantly in the presence of 1 x 10(-3) M of 1-nonanol. Both optical and structural isomers of odorants were shown to elicit different responses in NaK-ATPase activity. It is proposed that interactions between the odorant molecules and the membrane bound NaK-ATPase complex lead to recognition of odor by chickens.
Weerstandstraining voor mensen met hart- en vaatziekten

Weerstandstraining biedt meervoudige gezondheidsvoordelen voor de primaire en secundaire ziektepreventie, verhoogt de kwaliteit van leven en helpt de functionele zelfstandigheid onderhouden. Weerstandstraining is een veilige, goed te verdragen vorm van lichaamsbeweging voor patienten met hart- en vaatziekten en kan zelfs al snel na een invasieve cardiovasculaire behandeling worden gestart, op voorwaarde dat specifieke richtlijnen in acht worden genomen. De arts moet het voorschrijven van WT overwegen voor alle geschikte kandidaten op alle niveaus van cardiovasculaire gezondheid, mits de veiligheidsvoorschriften worden gevolgd en de programma’s op de behoeften van de individuele patient worden afgestemd.
The structural basis for kainoid selectivity at AMPA receptors revealed by low-mode docking calculations.

Abstract The kainoids are a class of excitatory and excitotoxic pyrrolidine dicarboxylates that act at ionotropic glutamate receptors. The kainoids bind kainate receptors with high affinity and, while binding affinity is lower at AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors, they are active in functional assays at this receptor subtype as well. However, kainoids are only partial agonists at AMPA receptors. Currents evoked by kainoids have been described as either slowly desensitizing, partially desensitizing, or non-desensitizing. Recently acquired X-ray crystal structures of the ligand binding domain of the iGluR2, AMPA sensitive receptor suggest that differences in ligand–receptor interactions may influence functional properties of an agonist. In an effort to identify important ligand–receptor interactions of various kainoids, we have conducted a series of low-mode docking searches of AMPA agonists in the iGluR2 binding domain. Kainic acid exhibited alternate low-lying geometries, with loss of hydrogen bonds to domain 2, which may represent a dissociation route not available to other kainoids. The most potent of the kainoids are capable of forming hydrogen bonding interactions that span the two domains of the receptor. In particular, a hydrogen bond between the domoic acid C6′ carboxylic acid and Ser652 may prevent a peptide bond rotation that is associated with the desensitized state of the receptor.
Therapeutic applications of non-myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in malignant disease

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) currently provides the only chance of curative therapy for many patients with hematological malignancies. Owing to the excess morbidity and mortality observed in less robust patients, this approach has traditionally been limited to younger patients without significant medical co-morbidities. Given the age profiles of patients with candidate hematological malignancies, a majority of patients are therefore ineligible for myeloablative therapy. Over the past few years the ability to achieve hematopoietic stem cell engraftment using immunosuppressive but non-myeloablative conditioning regimens has made it possible to consider a much broader group of patients for allogeneic HSCT. The discovery that the hematopoietic graft itself can contribute to the eradication of malignant cells through a graft-versus-malignancy (GVM) effect, independent of the conditioning regimen, has led to investigation of reduced intensity conditioning regimens for a variety of malignant diseases. Over the past few years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of patients undergoing reduced intensity conditioning for both malignant and nonmalignant conditions. This review will focus only on the use of such therapy for malignant disease.
Depression of order parameter and effect on grain boundary critical current density

Abstract The depression of the order parameter at grain boundaries in high critical temperature superconducting oxides is determined using two formulations. First, we use the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer formulation and assume formation of Cooper pairs by an attractive interaction potential. The spatial variation of the density of energy states at the Fermi level near the boundary, estimated as a function of hydrostatic stress field, is used to determine the depression of the order parameter. Second, the proximity-effect formulation is used in the form of a boundary condition on the order parameter at the interface. The boundary conditions are solved taking into account the spatial variation of the density of energy states. The depression of the order parameter from the two formulations is used in conjunction with atomic modeling to determine the critical current density associated with the grain boundaries. The model correctly predicts dependence of the critical current density across grain boundaries on the misorientation angle and temperature, in good agreement with experimental observations.
ACTH and glucocorticoid responses under two conditions of stress in macaques

Female macaques were tested under two different psychologically stressful situations in which plasma ACTH and glucocorticoid concentrations were measured. In the first, animals were operantly trained to enter a small transport cage over a four-week period, and plasma ACTH and glucocorticoids were measured in response to brief confinement in the cage before and after training. ACTH values were significantly lower in the pre-test (stress) condition when compared to those for the post-test, whereas the opposite result was found for glucocorticoid values. In the second experiment, blood samples were collected before and one hour after exposure to more acute and severe stress (restraint, venipuncture, handcapture, transport). Both ACTH and glucocorticoid values were significantly elevated from baseline at the post-test sample. The differential relationship between the two hormones among the two experiments was likely the result of the specific timing and magnitude of the stress imposed by each test situation.
Metaphoric optical computing for fluid dynamics

We show that an optical pulse inherently computes three-dimensional classical fluid dynamics. Taking optical diffraction, dispersion and nonlinearity into account, one can define the metaphoric fluid density, velocity and vorticity in the optical pulse. We propose the use of the group-velocity-delayed time to represent the third dimension of the fluid, and the "split-step" method to combine optical devices as a configurable system that simulates fluid flow. Optical systems, with the inherent speed, parallelism and configurability, may one day be utilized to assist the study of fluid dynamics.
Magnetically asymmetric interfaces in a LaMnO 3 / SrMnO 3 superlattice due to structural asymmetries

Polarized neutron reflectivity measurements of a ferromagnetic ${[{({\text{LaMnO}}_{3})}_{11.8}/{({\text{SrMnO}}_{3})}_{4.4}]}_{6}$ superlattice reveal a modulated magnetic structure with an enhanced magnetization at the interfaces where ${\text{LaMnO}}_{3}$ was deposited on ${\text{SrMnO}}_{3}$ (LMO/SMO). However, the opposite interfaces (SMO/LMO) are found to have a reduced ferromagnetic moment. The magnetic asymmetry is accompanied by a corresponding asymmetry in the lateral structural roughness of the two interfaces observed via electron microscopy, with enhanced ferromagnetism present at the interfaces that are atomically smooth over tens of nanometers. This result demonstrates that atomic-scale roughness can destabilize interfacial phases in complex oxide heterostructures.
Differential effect of growth- and differentiation-inducing factors on the release of eicosanoids and phospholipids from ML-1 human myeloblastic leukemia cells.

Abstract In the absence of serum, growth of ML-1 human myeloblastic leukemia cells is induced by the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF 1 ) together with transferrin (Tf), whereas monocytic differentiation is initiated by the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in combination with Tf. Initiation of growth was followed by the rapid release of arachidonic acid (AA), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and phospholipids into the culture medium. In contrast, induction of differentiation occurred without the release of these lipids beyond the level present in control. Inhibitors of enzymes involved in the formation of AA and of HETEs, including phospholipase A 2 and lipoxygenases, caused interference with growth but not with differentiation, and an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase path affected neither growth nor differentiation. These results indicate that the initiation of ML-1 cell growth but not of cell differentiation is dependent upon the increased formation of AA and its derivatives formed primarily via the lipoxygenase path.
Correlations in the Spatial Power Spectra Inferred from Angular Clustering: Methods and Application to the Automated Plate Measuring Survey

We reconsider the inference of spatial power spectra from angular clustering data and show how to include correlations in both the angular correlation function and the spatial power spectrum. Inclusion of the full covariance matrices loosens the constraints on large-scale structure inferred from the Automated Plate Measuring (APM) survey by over a factor of 2. We present a new inversion technique based on singular-value decomposition that allows one to propagate the covariance matrix on the angular correlation function through to that of the spatial power spectrum and to reconstruct smooth power spectra without underestimating the errors. Within a parameter space of the cold dark matter (CDM) shape Γ and the amplitude σ8, we find that the angular correlations in the APM survey constrain Γ to be 0.19-0.37 at 68% confidence when fitted to scales larger than k = 0.2 h Mpc-1. A downturn in power at k < 0.04 h Mpc-1 is significant at only 1 σ. These results are optimistic, since we include only Gaussian statistical errors and neglect any boundary effects.
Multiscale analysis of composite material reinforced by randomly-dispersed particles

A multiscale analysis method is presented in which detailed information on the microscopic level is incorporated into macroscopic models capable of simulating damage evolution and ultimate failure. The composite considered is reinforced by randomly-dispersed particles, which reflects the statistical characteristics of real materials, such as cement-based materials. Specifically, a three-dimensional material body is decomposed into many unit cells. Each unit cell is reinforced by a cylindrical particle, the orientation of which is characterized by three Euler angles generated by the random number generator. Based on a detailed finite element analysis, the material properties of the representative volume element are obtained. As verification, the properties of the cylindrical particles are set equal to those of the matrix and the computed ‘composite’ properties reduce exactly to those of the ‘isotropic’ material, as expected. Through coordinate transformation, the effective material properties of each unit ...
Singaporean Kindergartners' Phonological Awareness and English Writing Skills.

This article describes the phonological awareness and English writing skills among a sample of 297 Singaporean kindergarten children, stratified by ethnicity (Chinese, Malay, and Indian), and examines the relationship between oral language and writing skills in this multilingual population. Overall, Singaporean kindergartners, nearly all of whom were bilingual, scored higher on English writing but lower on English oral language skills than U.S. norms. Despite literacy instruction that emphasized whole-word memorization, phonological awareness statistically significantly predicted English writing scores, controlling for English vocabulary, ethnicity, sex, and an interaction between English vocabulary and sex. The current study's findings highlight the possibility of developing high literacy skills among bilingual learners with low oral language skills. In addition, the study demonstrates children's development of phonological awareness in the absence of phonological awareness or phonics instruction and supports the theory that both alphabetic (phonological) processes and logographic (whole-word) processes contribute to successful English literacy achievement.
Amelogenin as a promoter of nucleation and crystal growth of apatite

Human dental enamel forms over a period of 2 - 4 years by substituting the enamel matrix, a protein gel mostly composed of a single protein, amelogenin with fibrous apatite nanocrystals. Self-assembly of amelogenin and the products of its selective proteolytic digestion are presumed to direct the growth of apatite fibers and their organization into bundles that eventually comprise the mature enamel, the hardest tissue in the mammalian body. This work aimed to establish the physicochemical and biochemical conditions for the growth of apatite crystals under the control of a recombinant amelogenin matrix (rH174) in combination with a programmable titration system. The growth of apatite substrates was initiated in the presence of self-assembling amelogenin particles. A series of constant titration rate experiments was performed that allowed for a gradual increase of the calcium and/or phosphate concentrations in the protein suspensions. We observed a significant amount of apatite crystals formed on the substrates following the titration of rH174 sols that comprised the initial supersaturation ratio equal to zero. The protein layers adsorbed onto the substrate apatite crystals were shown to act as promoters of nucleation and growth of calcium phosphates subsequently grown on the substrate surface. Nucleation lag time experiments have showed that rH174 tends to accelerate precipitation from metastable calcium phosphate solutions in proportion to its concentration. Despite their mainly hydrophobic nature, amelogenin nanospheres, the size and surface charge properties of which were analyzed using dynamic light scattering, acted as a nucleating agent for the crystallization of apatite. The biomimetic experimental setting applied in this study proves as convenient for gaining insight into the fundamental nature of the process of amelogenesis.
The dermatopathology of drug eruptions

Abstract Cutaneous drug eruptions are among the most common adverse reactions to drug therapy, the etiology of which reflects immunologic and/or nonimmunologic mechanisms, the former encompassing all of the classic immune mechanisms of Gell and Combs. The latter reflect cumulative and synergistic effects of drugs including interactions of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors such as the alteration by one agent of the effective serum concentration of another and the molecular interactions of drugs and their metabolites. It has recently been observed that concurrent infection with lymphotropic viruses may enhance drug effects by promoting lymphoid blast transformation and lymphocyte survival. Drug reactions may also be dramatically affected by intercurrent systemic connective tissue disease syndromes that promote enhanced lymphocyte longevity and the acquisition of progressively broadening autoantibody specificities, a phenomenon that is also of import in drug-induced lupus erythematosus. To confirm the relationship between drug intake and the provocation of a cutaneous eruption in any given patient, ideally one should establish that (1) the onset of the eruption correlates temporally with drug ingestion, resolves with discontinuation of the suspect agent, and recurs following rechallenge; (2) the suspect drug is established to provoke the adverse effect seen in the patient; and (3) an alternate explanation is unlikely. (Curr Probl Dermatol 2002;14:117-146)
Direct creation of quantum well excitons by electron resonant tunneling.

We have demonstrated a new tunneling process: the direct creation of GaAs quantum well excitons through electron resonant tunneling. The two-particle nature of such a tunneling process makes it different from the ordinary one-particle (electron, hole, or exciton) tunneling process in resonant tunneling conditions and results in different $I$- $V$ characteristics. This resonant tunneling process may open a door toward electrically pumped excitonic cavity quantum electrodynamics and optoelectronic devices.
The role of cue validity in stimulus compounding

Abstract Several alternative models for cue selection and responding in stimulus compounding situations are discussed. All models assume that the previous validities of the component cues of a compound are the principal determiners of cue selection and transfer, where the validity of a cue may be defined as the accuracy of the predictions which can be made on the basis of that cue alone. In an experiment designed to test the models, fifty human subjects received orobablistic reinforcement training on a set of five component cues. They were then tested on novel two-element compounds of the training cues. Two variants of a “scanning model” were found to give a good account of cue selection on the compounding tests.
Differential Atmospheric Refraction and Limitations on the Relative Astrometric Accuracy of Large Telescopes

Recent advances have made ground-based relative astrometry accurate to 100 microarcseconds (μas) or better a possibility. An important systematic effect on such measurements is the refraction induced by the atmosphere, which tends to alter the apparent separation of two stars. For stars separated by 30'' and observed in the K band at a zenith angle of 45°, this change in observed separation can amount to as much as 12,000 μas, or some 120 times the desired accuracy. Given a model of the atmosphere, the magnitude of this effect on observations made with large telescopes can be calculated and corrected. We have demonstrated that the differential refraction can effectively be divided into two independent components: one that is determined by the separation of the stars on the sky, and another that depends on the difference in their colors, the former component dominating in most cases. According to the atmospheric model we have adopted, there are seven quantities that must be measured in order to perform a calculation of the differential refraction ΔR. These are the zenith angle of the first star, the observed separation of the stars along the zenith direction, the ground-level atmospheric parameters of temperature, pressure, and relative humidity, as well as the effective surface temperatures of the two stars. We discuss how accurately these must be measured to limit the error in the ΔR correction to 10 μas or less per input parameter. The most stringent of these requirements is that the stellar surface temperature should be known accurately (≈100 K) if the star is cool.
Lying and deception detection in television families

This study explores the use of lying and lie‐detection among television families in situation comedies. The findings indicate that (a) lying was prevalent on these television shows; (b) lies to spare others were told most frequently; (c) the majority of lies went undetected; (d) the husband/father character told the most lies; (e) children were the most honest characters in situation comedies and (f) peripheral characters were the recipients of many lies. Two conclusions were drawn from these findings. First, this study gives insight into the content of family communication as presented on television. Secondly', the study suggests television families mirror real families with respect to family structure and the ability to detect deception.
Analysis of anamnestic immune responses in adult horses and priming in neonates induced by a DNA vaccine expressing the vapA gene of Rhodococcus equi.

Rhodococcus equi remains one of the most important pathogens of early life in horses, yet conventional vaccines to prevent rhodococcal pneumonia have not been successful. DNA vaccination offers an alternative to conventional vaccines with specific advantages for immunization of neonates. We developed a DNA vaccine expressing the vapA gene (pVR1055vapA) that induced an anamnestic response characterized by virulence associated protein A (VapA)-specific IgG antibodies in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as well as VapA-specific proliferation of pulmonary lymphocytes when tested in adult ponies. In contrast, none of the adults receiving the control plasmid responded. To determine if pVR1055vapA induced VapA-specific responses in the foal, the targeted age group for vaccination against R. equi, 10 naive foals were randomly assigned at birth to two groups of five. At 8-15 days of age (day 1), foals were vaccinated by intranasal and intradermal (i.d.) routes with either pVR1055vapA or the negative control pVR1055vapA_rev. All foals were DNA boosted at day 14 and protein boosted at day 30 with either recombinant VapA or recombinant CAT (control group). Prior to the protein boost, neither group developed VapA-specific immune responses. However, at day 45, two of the VR1055vapA-vaccinated foals had increased titers of VapA-specific IgGb, IgM and IgGa in the sera, and IgG in the BALF. The induction of the opsonizing isotypes IgGa and IgGb has been previously shown to be associated with protection against R. equi. No VapA-specific immune responses were detected in the control group. This study indicates that the DNA vaccine effectively stimulates anamnestic systemic and pulmonary immune responses in adult horses. The results in foals suggest that the DNA vaccine also primed a subset of immunized neonates. These data support further development and modification to produce a DNA vaccine to more effectively prime neonatal foals.
Noma in an Afghani child: A case report

We present a case of Cancrum Oris, also known as Noma, in a child treated by an Otorhinolaryngologist at a United States-led Joint Forces hospital in Afghanistan. Noma is a deadly, necrotizing infection of the face that is rarely seen in wealthy nations but can cause significant morbidity in third world countries. Through a literature review, we report the incidence, risk factors, clinical features, and proposed treatment for this disease.
A metal-mediated dimerization of the ligand bis(N,N-diethylamino)carbeniumdithiocarboxylate.

The title compound, methylene bis[bis(N,N-diethylamino)-carbeniumdithiocarboxylate] pentachlorooxorhenium, (C 21 -H 42 N 4 S 4 )[ReCl 5 O], is the result of an unusual dimerization of the ligand bis(N,N-diethylamino)carbeniumdithiocarboxyl-ate [(Et 2 N) 2 C 2 S 2 ] upon reaction with [ReOCl 3 (PPh 3 ) 2 ] in chloroform under reflux conditions. The compound was obtained as a dicationic moiety, with the molecular [ReOCl 5 ] 2- anion providing the charge compensation. The planes of the carbenium and thiocarboxylate moieties are nearly perpendicular to one another and the backbone C-C bond length in the N 2 CCS 2 group is the same as a normal C-C single-bond length.
Human intestinal epithelial cells exhibit a cellular response indicating a potential toxicity upon exposure to hematite nanoparticles.

This study examined the effects of different-sized nanoparticles on potential cytotoxicity in intestinal epithelia. Three sizes of hematite nanoparticles were used for the study at a 10 ppm concentration: 17, 53, and, 100 nm. Results indicate that, of the hematite nanoparticles tested, 17 nm was more toxic to the epithelial integrity than 53 or 100 nm. In addition, the epithelial integrity was affected by disruption of epithelial structures such as apical microvilli, and by disruption of the cell–cell junctions leading to reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance measurements (TEER). The drop in TEER was caused by disruption of the adhering junctions not by cell death, as determined by immunocytochemistry, and by using a cell viability assay. Epithelial integrity was also affected at the molecular level as shown by differential expression of genes related to cell junction maintenance, which was assessed by microarray analysis. In conclusion, the 17- and 100-nm hematite nanoparticles caused significant structural changes in the epithelium but not the 53 nm nanoparticles. Also, different-sized hematite nanoparticles each had different effects both at the cellular level and genetic level.
Financial burden for families of children with special health care needs.

Objectives: We describe family finance-related burden experienced by families with children with special health care needs (CSHCN). The paper further seeks to describe correlates of family financial burden. Methods: We examined correlates of family finance-related burden using multivariate methods and the National Survey of CSHCN, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of CSHCN. We also examined state-level correlations. Results: Fully 40% of families with CSHCN, or 3,746,000 families nation-wide, experience financial burden related to their child’s condition. Experiencing a finance-related problem is negatively associated with Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB) indicators and positively associated with poor-child health status. States that better meet MCHB indicators generally have lower levels of family finance-related problems. Conclusions: Families with CSHCN have high levels of finance-related family problems. Development of appropriate systems of care appears to offer a mechanism for alleviating the financial burdens of these families.
High temperature effects on water loss and survival examining the hardiness of female adults of the spider beetles, Mezium affine and Gibbium aequinoctiale.

A remarkable ability to tolerate temperatures as high as 52°C for Mezium affine Boieldieu and 56°C for Gibbium aequinoctiale Boieldieu (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) was discovered as part of a water balance study that was conducted to determine whether desiccation-resistance (xerophilic water balance classification) is linked to survival at high temperature. Characteristics of the heat shock response were an intermediate, reversible level of injury, appearing as though dead; greater recovery from heat shock by G. aequinoctiale (57%) than M. affine (30%) that supplemented higher temperature survival by G. aequinoctiale; and lack of protection generated by conditioning at sublethal temperature. Heatinduced mortality is attributed to an abrupt, accelerated water loss at 50°C for M. affine and 54°C for G. aequinoctiale, not to the species (M. affine) that loses water the slowest and has the lower activation energy, Ea as a measure of cuticular boundary effectiveness. These temperatures where water loss increases sharply are not critical transition temperatures because Arrhenius analysis causes them to be erased (uninterrupted Boltzmann function) and Ea fails to change when cuticular lipid from these beetles is removed. Our conclusion is that the temperature thresholds for survival and accelerated water loss closely match, and the key survival element in hot and dry environments contributing to wide distribution of G. aequinoctiale and M. affine derives from rising temperature prompting entry into quiescence and a resistance in cuticular lipid fluidity.
Polymorphic Rewriting Conserves Algebraic Confluence

We study combinations of many-sorted algebraic term rewriting systems and polymorphic lambda term rewriting. Algebraic and lambda terms are mixed by adding the symbols of the algebraic signature to the polymorphic lambda calculus as higher-order constants. We show that if a many-sorted algebraic rewrite system R has the Church-Rosser property (is confluent), then R + s + type-s + type-? rewriting of mixed terms has the Church-Rosser property too. ? reduction does not commute with algebraic reduction, in general. However, using long normal forms, we show that if R is canonical (confluent and strongly normalizing) then equational provability from R + s + ? type-s + type-? is still decidable.
The Role of Climate Change Litigation in Establishing the Scale of Energy Regulation

This article argues that U.S. litigation over climate change shapes the scale at which energy regulation takes place and, in so doing, influences the sustainability of energy production and consump...
Stimulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion by Dibutyryl Cyclic-AMP1

Carotid arterial infusion of N6-2″-O-dibutyryl cyclic 3″,5″-AMP (dbcAMP) (50 mg) in dogs whose thyroid had been prelabeled with 131I led to enhanced secretion of hormonal 131I from the ipsilateral thyroid lobe as judged by sequential analysis of thyroid venoarterial 131I-BEI concentration differences and thyroid venous blood flow measurement. The stimulating effect of dbcAMP was detectable 20–30 min after start of infusion and increased release of inorganic as well as hormonal radioiodine was observed. This response to dbcAMP was consistently observed in dogs pretreated with l-thyroxine (200 μg) and TSH (1 U) given im 18 hr before infusion; the mean secretion rate for 131I-BEI 1 hr after infusion was 10-fold greater than in the control period. A similar response was observed in 2 of 3 dogs given TSH alone 18 hr earlier. The increase in thyroid venous blood flow generally observed after dbcAMP infusion could not explain the enhanced secretion of 131I-BEI induced by this substance. In untreated dogs, the re...
Low-type submanifolds of real space forms via the immersions by projectors

Abstract We undertake a comprehensive study of submanifolds of low Chen-type (1, 2, or 3) in non-flat real space forms, immersed into a suitable (pseudo) Euclidean space of symmetric matrices by projection operators. Some previous results for submanifolds of the unit sphere (obtained in [A. Ros, Eigenvalue inequalities for minimal submanifolds and P-manifolds, Math. Z. 187 (1984) 393–404; M. Barros, B.Y. Chen, Spherical submanifolds which are of 2-type via the second standard immersion of the sphere, Nagoya Math. J. 108 (1987) 77–91; I. Dimitric, Spherical hypersurfaces with low type quadric representation, Tokyo J. Math. 13 (1990) 469–492; J.T. Lu, Hypersurfaces of a sphere with 3-type quadric representation, Kodai Math. J. 17 (1994) 290–298]) are generalized and extended to real projective and hyperbolic spaces as well as to the sphere. In particular, we give a characterization of 2-type submanifolds of these space forms with parallel mean curvature vector. We classify 2-type hypersurfaces in these spaces and give two sets of necessary conditions for a minimal hypersurface to be of 3-type and for a hypersurface with constant mean curvature to be mass-symmetric and of 3-type. These conditions are then used to classify such hypersurfaces of dimension n ⩽ 5 . For example, the complete minimal hypersurfaces of the unit sphere S n + 1 which are of 3-type via the immersion by projectors are exactly the 3-dimensional Cartan minimal hypersurface SO ( 3 ) / ( Z 2 × Z 2 ) and the Clifford minimal hypersurfaces M k , n − k for n ≠ 2 k . An interesting characterization of horospheres in R H n + 1 is also obtained.
Remarks on the radiative transfer approach to scattering of electromagnetic waves in layered random media

The radiative transfer (RT) approach is widely used in applications involving scattering from layered random media with rough interfaces. Although it has been successful in several applications in various disciplines it is well known that this approach involves certain approximations. In this paper these assumptions and approximations are reexamined. To enable this a statistical wave approach is employed to this problem and the governing equations for the first and second moments of the wave functions are derived. A transition is hence made to arrive at a system of equations corresponding to that of the RT approach. It is hence found that more conditions are implicitly involved in the RT approach than generally believed to be sufficient.
Probabilistic Representation of Structural Integrity of Urban Buildings in Remotely Sensed Images

We present a method to represent structural integrity of urban buildings using remotely sensed satellite images. The method involves extracting structural damage indices of individual urban buildings by comparing pre-and post-disaster satellite images, considering image distortions irrelevant to damage. To accomplish this, a probabilistic approach using mixture-of-Gaussians models (MoG), which is based on the extraction of affine-invariant features of structural integrity, is proposed. The Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence is used to measure the change of structural integrity (degree of structural damage). The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated by conducting damage segmentation and damage index extraction for a single urban building and a group of buildings, respectively, which are destructed by a natural disaster.
Potential role of FcγR in early development of murine lymphoid cells: evidence for functional interaction between FcγR on pre-thymocytes and an alternative, non-Ig ligand on thymic stromal cells

During early development of the murine fetal thymus a fraction of Thy+ thymocytes express Fc gamma receptors. Concurrently, a small fraction of Thy- CD44- thymocytes bind recombinant soluble Fc gamma R. These findings suggested the possibility that Fc gamma R+ pre-T cells interact with a non-Ig ligand present on fetal thymic stromal cells. Evidence in support of this concept was the finding that experimental manipulation of this putative receptor-ligand pair by anti-receptor antibody or recombinant soluble Fc gamma R influenced the developmental pattern of alpha/beta-TCR+ T cells. The restricted expression of CD16 on some pre-B cells raises the possibility that an Fc gamma R-dependent step may play a similar role in B-cell development.
Engineering System Fault Detection Using Particle Filters

This paper presents an approach to machinery fault detection using particle filters (PF). The machine vibration signals are processed using morphological signal processing (MSP) to extract a novel entropy based health index (HI) characterizing the signal shape-size complexity. The evolution of HI is approximated as a nonlinear state space model using a computational intelligence (CI) technique. PF is used to estimate the progression of HI in presence of observation and process noise. The PF based approach is illustrated for estimation of state and parameters of a chaotic system. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated through vibration dataset of a helicopter drive-train system gearbox. The results help understand the relationship of the system condition, the corresponding HI, the level of degradation and its progression in a stochastic environment using Bayesian learning.Copyright © 2009 by ASME