cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parametric investigation of InGaAs/InAlAs HEMTs grown by CBE

The InAlAs/InGaAs high electron mobility transistor offers excellent high frequency, low noise operation for amplifiers. While this material system has been grown primarily by conventional MBE, other growth techniques have been examined for improved throughput. The flexibility of chemical beam epitaxy offers semi-infinite sources, good source stability, efficient phosphorus utilization, and extended uptime (more than 560 growth runs over 1.5 years). However, CBE has only recently been shown to produce excellent quality InAlAs suitable for the growth of InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs [1]. This is the first parametric investigation of the properties of InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs grown by CBE. A series of lattice matched, pulse doped HEMTs have been grown in which the dopant dose, spacer layer, and channel thickness were systematically varied. Low field 300 K Hall mobilities as high as 8700 cm2/V·s for a sheet carrier concentration of 3x1012 cm-2have been measured. This mobility is somewhat lower than uniformly doped HEMTs, which have shown mobilities over 10,000 cm 2/V·s at room temperature. A figure of merit, the low field conductivity, has been correlated among the device structure, gateless saturation currents, and DC and microwave device performance. Its applicability as a rough predictor of device performance will be discussed. For a given spacer thickness, the mobility improves as the pulse dose is decreased up to a mobility somewhat below that for uniformly doped structures. As the dopant to channel thickness is increased, this saturated mobility also increases. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy has shown no increase in carbon or oxygen levels at the dopant pulse. This has led to speculation that interface scattering at the top InAlAs/InGaAs interface may be important; however, initial SIMS results do not conclusively show intermixing of the Group III elements at this interface. It is possible that a reduction in the substrate temperature during growth may improve any interface roughness. Results of this modification in growth conditions shall be reported. Self-aligned 0.15 μm HEMTs fabricated from these layers have shown external DC transconductances over 1000mS/mm, unity current gain cutoff frequencies as high as 190 GHz and unity power gain frequencies above 300 GHz. These results and those of more conventional 0.1 μm gate length HEMTs demonstrate the potential of InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs grown by CBE.
A genetic approach to two-phase optimization of dynamic supply chain scheduling

In today's competitive environment, agility and leanness have become two crucial strategic concerns for many manufacturing firms in their efforts to broaden market share. Recently, the build-to-order (BTO) manufacturing strategy is becoming a popular operation strategy to achieve both in a mass-scale customization process. BTO system combines the characteristics of make-to-order strategy with a forecast driven make-to-stock strategy. As a means to improve customer responsiveness, customized products are assembled according to specific orders while standard components are pre-manufactured based on short-term forecasts. Planning of the two subsystems using a two-phase sequential approach offers both operational and modeling incentives. In this paper, we formulate a two-phase mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for material procurement, components fabrication, product assembly and distribution scheduling of a BTO supply chain system. In the proposed approach, the entire problem is first decomposed into two subsystems and evaluated sequentially. The first phase deals with assembling and distribution scheduling of customizable products, while the second phase addresses fabrication and procurement planning of components and raw-materials. The objective of both models is to minimize the aggregate costs associated with each subsystem, while meeting customer service requirements. The search space for the first phase problem involves a complex landscape with too many candidate solutions. A genetic algorithm based solution procedure is proposed to solve the sub-problem efficiently.
84. Targeting the kynurenine blood-to-brain transport system to treat inflammation-induced fatigue and depression

Inflammation is associated with activation of the tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism pathway. Circulating kynurenine is transported into the brain at the vascular blood–brain barrier (BBB) by the large neutral amino-acid transporter LAT-1. LAT-1 transports tryptophan and kynurenine. To determine how LAT-1 responds to inflammation, we used mouse microvascular endothelial cells that form tight junctions in vitro and constitutively express the tryptophan degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and LAT-1. We first showed that addition of lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ to the culture significantly increased endothelial cell IDO mRNA and the transport capacity of LAT-1 as measured with tryptophan from the luminal to the abluminal side of an in vitro model of the BBB. Before using leucine as a competitive inhibitor of LAT-1-mediated transport of kynurenine, we determined whether leucine can block the transport of tryptophan across BBB endothelial cells. Whereas leucine had no effect on tryptophan in the untreated BBB, it inhibited a portion of the enhanced transport of tryptophan conferred by pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ. Consistent with this ability to block LPS-mediated brain uptake of tryptophan, leucine (administered 500 mg/kg IP before and 6 h after lipopolysaccharide) was also effective in abrogating lipopolysaccharide-induced decreases in locomotor activity and sucrose preference. Experiments are under way to assess the effect of leucine on kynurenine transport into the brain both in vivo and in vitro .
Predictors of early mortality and sudden death in epilepsy: A multidisciplinary approach

Abstract In an attempt to identify any potential risk factors for early mortality in epilepsy, two retrospective studies were conducted utilizing data obtained at the Neuropsychology Laboratory at the University of Washington Epilepsy Center. The first study compared 60 patients with epilepsy who were known to have died with 60 patients who were known to be alive. The variables studied arose from seizure histories and from assessments of neuropsychological functioning, intelligence, emotional status, and psychosocial adjustment. Patients who died had convulsive seizures more frequently than patients who continued to live, and they also demonstrated more denial of problems. In the second study, the deceased patients were divided into groups with known and unknown causes of death. These groups were compared across all of the aforementioned variables, but no significant differences were discovered. Suggestions were offered for future research in this complex area.
A novel use of Twitter to provide feedback and evaluations.

Summary Background Inconsistencies in work schedules and faculty supervision are barriers to monthly emergency medicine (EM) resident doctor evaluations. Direct and contemporaneous feedback may be effective in providing specific details that determine a resident's evaluation. Objectives To determine whether Twitter, an easy to use application that is available on the Internet via smartphones and desktops, can provide direct and contemporaneous feedback that is easily accessible, and easy to store and refer back to. Methods First- to third-year EM residents were administered a survey to assess their thoughts on the current monthly evaluation system. Subsequently, residents obtained a Twitter account and were instructed to follow a single general faculty Twitter account for ease of data collection. Following completion of an 8–week study period, a second survey was administered to assess resident thoughts on contemporaneous feedback and evaluations versus the traditional form. Results Of the 24 EM residents, 13 were available for study. A total of 220 ‘tweets’ were provided by seven faculty members, with a mean of 11 tweets (range 8–17) per resident. The 13 residents received a total of eight formal evaluations from 19 faculty members. The second survey demonstrated that this method provided more detailed evaluations and increased the volume of feedback. Conclusion Contemporaneous feedback and evaluation provides a greater volume of feedback that is more detailed than end-of-course evaluations. Twitter is an effective and easy means to provide this feedback. Limitations included the length of study time and the inability to have all of the EM residents involved in the study.
Cardiac MRI and pulmonary hypertension-the pressure is on!

Methods Subjects were eligible for entry if they had documented PAH as defined by WHO Criteria and were referred for a clinically indicated CMR exam where routine 3D metrics and LGE were performed. All images were retrospectively reviewed. The data collected as follows: right and left ventricular RV/LV EDVI and ESVI; RVEF and LVEF; RV anterior and inferior hinge point angle measurements (systole and diastole); LV diameters to determine eccentricity index in diastole and systole; RV hinge point LGE and right heart catheterization: RV and pulmonary arterial (PA) pressures. The hinge point angles were measured at the level of the head of the papillary muscles in the short axis. LGE was determined on the SA LGE images as not present, mild, moderate or severe (zero, 1, 2 or 3). All were related to right heart derived pressures. All patients were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package, PASW, version 18 (Formally SPSS).
Modification of spastic gait through mechanical damping

The effect of dissipative mechanical loads on spastic gait has been studied, to evaluate the feasibility of using mechanically damped orthoses to effect functional improvements in the gait of spastic patients. This concept is based on a hypothesis citing uninhibited, velocity-dependent stretch reflexes as a possible causal factor in spastic gait abnormalities, such as equinus and back-kneeing. In order to screen potential experimental subjects and to quantify velocity-dependent reflex behaviour, ankle rotation experiments and filmed gait analysis were performed. The results supported the existence of a velocity threshold. Orthosis simulation experiments were performed with one spastic subject, using a wearable, computer-controlled, electromechanical, below-knee orthosis simulator to apply a variety of damping loads to the ankle as the subject walked. Results indicated that appropriate damping can improve local joint kinematics. The damping causes a reduction in muscle stretch velocity which apparently results in reduced spastic reflex activity.
Coffee (Café arabica var. Bourbon) fruit growth and development under varying shade levels in the Soconusco region of Chiapas, Mexico.

The belief that less shade cover will increase coffee production has encouraged farmers to reduce or eliminate shade trees from coffee agroforestry systems. However, this reduction in shade may alter environmental factors within coffee systems that may adversely affect fruit production in low-input systems. This will be especially detrimental in light of current climate change patterns in Southern Mexico. In this study, coffee fruit growth, fruit drop, and fruit weight were examined under two different levels of shade cover (high = 60% to 80% and medium = 30% to 50%) in low-input coffee farms of Chiapas, Mexico. Coffee berries were counted and measured throughout the 2005 growing season and weighed at harvest. Results showed that solar radiation, temperature, humidity, and soil moisture were correlated with fruit growth, all of which are environmental factors heavily controlled by shade cover. Fruit drop was highly correlated to both wind and soil moisture. Fruit weights were also highly correlated to soi...
Relay-based Multi-hop Access to Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks are emerging as a means to provide ubiquitous network connectivity using various radio technologies. In this paper we propose and evaluate a set of distributed algorithms to form a multi-hop relay network to access the backbone in wireless mesh networks. The proposed algorithms include path discovery, frequency allocation, path selection, and local tuning of the resulting relay network. Our results show that the performance of the relay network formed by our algorithms is very close to the optimal performance that the network can achieve.
Effect of warm and cold applications on the resolution of IV infiltrations

Differences in pain intensity, surface area measurements of induration and erythema, and interstitial fluid volume when warm versus cold applications were randomly made to an intentional intravenous infiltrate of 5 mL of a designated solution were examined. Three solutions were used: 1/2 saline (154 mOsm), normal saline (308 mOsm), and 3% saline (1027 mOsm). Differences in volume were determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at three intervals postinfiltration. The sample was 18 healthy adults between 20 and 45 years. There was no difference in remaining infiltrate when 1/2 saline or normal saline were used, but a significant (p < .001) difference was found with 3% saline. For all solutions there was a significant (p < .001) difference in the volume of infiltrate remaining when warmth was applied and this effect held across MRI readings and solutions. Pain intensity did not differ by treatment but a significant (p < .005) difference was found by solution, with 3% saline producing the greatest difference. Erythema was absent with all solutions. Surface induration was affected by solution and decreased over time (p = .001). There was no effect of warmth or cold on surface area induration.
Response to glucoprivic and hydrational challenges by normal and hypothalamic hyperphagic rats

Abstract Obese VMH-lesioned rats displayed normal, but delayed, increases in food intake to 350 mg/kg 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and were hyperresponsive to 4 and 8 U of insulin. Lesioned rats maintained at preoperative body weight responded normally to insulin, but did not increase food consumption to 350 mg/kg 2-DG. Both lean and obese lesioned rats decreased feeding following 750 mg/kg 2-DG. The lesioned animals displayed either no change or an increase in water/food ratios. Those with normal water/food ratios showed a loss in circadian control of water intake and drank less than controls during food deprivation. VMH-lesioned rats responded normally to polyethylene glycol and were hyperresponsive to hypertonic saline regardless of differences in body weight or water/food ratios. The possibility of ventromedial hypothalamic damage producing a general increase in responding, or numerous more specific effects, is discussed.
Development of a placebo effect model combined with a dropout model for bipolar disorder

The aim of this study was to develop a placebo model for bipolar disorder to help optimize clinical trial designs for studies targeting manic episodes in bipolar disorder. A bipolar disease database was built based on individual longitudinal data collected from over 3,000 patients in 11 clinical trials for 5 approved bipolar drugs. An empirical placebo effect model with an exponential decay process plus a linear progression process was developed to quantify the time course of the Young Mania Rating Scale total score based on only placebo data from the database. In order to describe the dropout pattern during the trials, a parametric survival model was developed and the Weibull distribution was identified to be the best distribution to describe the data. Based on the likelihood ratio test, it was found that patients with higher baseline score, slower disease improvement and more rapid disease progression tended to dropout earlier, and the trial features such as trial starting year and trial site were also significant covariates for dropout. A combination of the placebo effect model and the dropout model was applied to simulate new clinical trials through Monte-Carlo simulation. Both the placebo effect model and dropout model described the observed data reasonably well based on various diagnostic plots. The joint placebo response and dropout models can serve as a tool to simulate the most likely level of placebo response with the expected dropout pattern to help design a new clinical trial.
Digital Visual Literacy

Like other literacies (textual literacy, numeracy), digital visual literacy (DVL) is the ability both to create and to understand certain types of information, in this case visual materials created with a computer. DVL is now essential in many daily life and workplace tasks, from looking critically at newspaper images or TV evening news to using a digital camera, making a Web site, creating presentations, and modeling and visualizing data in virtually all of the sciences. DVL is, of course, also now essential in all visually oriented disciplines. Defining the underlying principles of DVL and integrating it into established curricula presents many challenges. This article describes some of these and the authors' responses, using experiences from an innovative course at Brown University and a larger-scale community-college-based project, Digital Visual Literacy.
The transition from spinning to radial solid flame waves

We describe computations of various propagating wave modes in a cylinder of radius R modeled by an array of interacting 1D rods in a reaction-diffusion model of solid flames. For sufficiently small and sufficiently large R, the model exhibits planar uniformly propagating combustion waves. Spin modes, characterized by hot spots spinning periodically around the cylinder, occur for small R, and radial modes, periodically oscillating solutions independent of the cylindrical angle occur for larger R. We describe the transition from spin to radial modes via a family of quasi-periodic modes.
Is Criminal Violence Normative Behavior? Hostile and Instrumental Aggression In Violent Incidents

Analyses of criminal violence often fail to draw the important distinction between angry and instrumental aggression. The former is directed mainly toward the injury of the intended target, whereas the latter is instrumental to attaining another goal such as social approval. Various conceptions, including the subculture of violence idea, assume that many violent acts are instrumental aggression, although they may actually be, in large part, angry outbursts in tended primarily to hurt rather than to gain approval. Interviews with sixty five white British violent offenders are used to document this thesis. The role of ego threats is also discussed.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS FOR JENNERIAN PROPHYLAXIS IN MAN.

A dermal strain of vaccine virus has been passed through 99 successive culture passages. This procedure led to a diminution in the pathogenicity of the active agent for the rabbit. By repeated testicular passages in rabbits, however, the virus regained its pathogenicity for that host. New cultures were initiated with the revived virus. A culture strain of virus that has been twice revived in this manner has remained fairly stable for the rabbit through 60 culture passages and it produces mild, yet effective vaccinal reactions in man. Virus in early cultures was not attenuated for man, but later cultures of the original strain and cultures of the 2nd and 3rd revived strains produced mild reactions without fever and discomfort to the patients. Intradermal vaccinations with the culture virus are safe and satisfactory. With the culture virus 118 infants and children have been inoculated and in 100 of them a positive reaction occurred. The culture virus produced a refractory state to a standard dermal strain of calf lymph and vice versa . Culture virus stored in 50 per cent neutral glycerol at –10°C. or at +3°C. maintained a considerable amount of its activity for at least 1 year. Desiccated culture virus sealed in tubes maintained some of its activity when stored at 37°C. for 5 weeks. Fresh cultures can be initiated without difficulty from desiccated virus or from virus that has been stored with or without glycerol.
Stereo under Sequential Optimal Sampling: A Statistical Analysis Framework for Search Space Reduction

We develop a sequential optimal sampling framework for stereo disparity estimation by adapting the Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) model. We operate over local image neighborhoods by iteratively estimating single pixel disparity values until sufficient evidence has been gathered to either validate or contradict the current hypothesis regarding local scene structure. The output of our sampling is a set of sampled pixel positions along with a robust and compact estimate of the set of disparities contained within a given region. We further propose an efficient plane propagation mechanism that leverages the pre-computed sampling positions and the local structure model described by the reduced local disparity set. Our sampling framework is a general pre-processing mechanism aimed at reducing computational complexity of disparity search algorithms by ascertaining a reduced set of disparity hypotheses for each pixel. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach when compared to state of the art methods.
Laboratory investigations of trichomycete prevalence, abundance and fecundity in a Smittium-simuliid model

Smittium, the most speciose genus of the "gut fungi" (Zygomycota: Trichomycetes), is found attached to the hindgut cuticle of larval aquatic Diptera. Smittium spp. colonize several host families (e.g., Smittium culisetae in Chironomidae, Culicidae and Simuliidae), but some species appear to be specific to a single host family (e.g., Smittium morbosum Sweeney in Culicidae). The specificity of Smittium spp. within a host family has been difficult to resolve. This research presents evidence that certain Smittium spp. differentially colonize particular species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) hosts as measured by differences in prevalence, abundance and fecundity. Reasons for this differential occurrence and fecundity in hosts are unclear but might include fungal responses to variations in host morphology, physiology, distribution or behavior. Variable fitness of Smittium spp., within a suite of available hosts, could be a factor in the diversity of this fungal group.
Analysis of Unsymmetrical Machines

By making use of suitably chosen components of current and voltage, the method of symmetrical components, which is so useful in the analysis of symmetrically wound polyphase a-c machines, can be extended readily to the analysis of unsymmetrical 2 phase induction machines, such as the capacitor or split phase motor in which the windings are not in space quadrature. Such extensions to this method, illustrated by a typical numerical example, are presented in this paper.
The swinging pendulum of the anemia of cancer: erythropoietin trumps hepcidin.

TO THEEDITOR: More thanfive decades ago, Cartwright 1 popularizedtheconceptthatinadequatereleaseofironfromthereticuloendothelialsystem(REblockade),despiteadequatebodyironstores,was responsiblefortheanemiaofchronicdisease(ACD;cancer,infection, andinflammation).Themorerecentfindingofhighhepcidinlevelsin patients with cancer has provided a pathophysiologic explanation for the diminished iron reuse in patients with cancer. 2 Hohaus et al 3 recently reported on the role of interleukin (IL) -6 induction of hepcidinintheanemiaofHodgkin’slymphoma.Inpatientswithanemia, plasma hepcidin levels were inversely correlated with the hemoglobin concentration in blood. Consistent with the role of hepcidin in interfering with ferroportin export of iron out of enterocytes and macrophages into the blood stream, plasma levels of hepcidin positively correlated with serum ferritin levels (r0.62; P.0001) and inversely correlatedwithserumironandiron-bindingcapacity.Contrarytoexpectations, Hohaus et al further demonstrated that plasma hepcidin levels increasedinpatientswithnonanemicHodgkin’slymphomacomparable with patients with anemia. Hohaus et al concluded that increased hepcidin levels do not appear sufficient to induce anemia and that hepcidinindependent mechanisms induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, in particular IL-6, are likely to be involved. 3
AMF-1/Gps2 Binds p300 and Enhances Its Interaction with Papillomavirus E2 Proteins

The cellular protein AMF-1 (Gps2) positively modulates gene expression by the papillomavirus E2 protein (D. E. Breiding et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:7208-7219, 1997). We show here that AMF-1 also binds the transcriptional coactivator p300 in vitro and in vivo. E2 interacted weakly with p300. These observations led to a model in which AMF-1 recruits p300 into a complex with E2. Cotransfection of AMF-1 or p300 stimulated levels of E2-dependent transcription, while cotransfection of both AMF-1 and p300 showed an additive effect. The functional significance of p300 recruitment for E2 transactivation was evidenced by repression of E2-activated transcription by adenovirus E1A, which inhibits both coactivator and acetylase activities of p300. Antibodies to AMF-1 or E2 immunoprecipitated histone acetylase activity from cell lysates. Western blotting using antibody against acetyl-lysine failed to detect acetylation of AMF-1 or E2 in complex with p300. These results suggest that AMF-1 facilitates the recruitment of p300 and its histone acetylase activity into complexes with E2 and represents a novel mechanism of transcriptional activation.
CDMA 1X EV-DO Revision a Enhanced Access Channel: Delay Analysis

This paper analyzes the delay for the messages sent on Enhanced Access Channel (EACH) in High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) Revision A system using both analytical and simulation means. Higher order delay statistics are important when end-to-end user experience such as call setup delay is analyzed. We derive the delay distribution and find that our analytical model closely matches simulation results. We observe that retransmitted messages are more likely to be involved in future collisions.
There are planar graphs almost as good as the complete graph

Abstract Given a set S of points in the plane, the complete graph on S (the graph with an edge connecting each pair of points) is the only graph with the property that for any points A and B of S there exists an A-to-B path along edges of the graph with path length equal to the straight-line distance between A and B. We show there is a planar graph G on S with a similar property: for any points A and B of S, there exists an A-to-B path along edges of G with path length at most 2 |AB|, where |AB| is the Euclidean straight-line distance between A and B. If S is of size n then, because G is planar, G has just O(n) edges instead of the O(n2) edges required for the complete graph. The graph G that has this property is a type of Delaunay triangulation. Applications include network design and motion planning.
Contribution of Alanine-76 and Serine Phosphorylation in α-Synuclein Membrane Association and Aggregation in Yeasts

In Parkinson's disease (PD), misfolded and aggregated α-synuclein protein accumulates in degenerating midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The amino acid alanine-76 in α-synuclein and phosphorylation at serine-87 and serine-129 are thought to regulate its aggregation and toxicity. However, their exact contributions to α-synuclein membrane association are less clear. We found that α-synuclein is indeed phosphorylated in fission yeast and budding yeast, the two models that we employed for assessing α-synuclein aggregation and membrane association properties, respectively. Surprisingly, blocking serine phosphorylation (S87A, S129A, and S87A/S129A) or mimicking it (S87D, S129D) altered α-synuclein aggregation in fission yeast. Either blocking or mimicking this phosphorylation increased endomembrane association in fission yeast, but only mimicking it decreased plasma membrane association in budding yeast. Polar substitution mutations of alanine-76 (A76E and A76R) decreased α-synuclein membrane association in budding yeast and decreased aggregation in fission yeast. These yeast studies extend our understanding of serine phosphorylation and alanine-76 contributions to α-synuclein aggregation and are the first to detail their impact on α-synuclein's plasma membrane and endomembrane association.
Seasonal Changes in Titan's Meteorology

The Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem has observed Titan for 1/4 Titan year, and we report here the first evidence of seasonal shifts in preferred locations of tropospheric methane clouds. South \polar convective cloud activity, common in late southern summer, has become rare. North \polar and northern mid \latitude clouds appeared during the approach to the northern spring equinox in August 2009. Recent observations have shown extensive cloud systems at low latitudes. In contrast, southern mid \latitude and subtropical clouds have appeared sporadically throughout the mission, exhibiting little seasonality to date. These differences in behavior suggest that Titan s clouds, and thus its general circulation, are influenced by both the rapid temperature response of a low \thermal \inertia surface and the much longer radiative timescale of Titan s cold thick troposphere. North \polar clouds are often seen near lakes and seas, suggesting that local increases in methane concentration and/or lifting generated by surface roughness gradients may promote cloud formation. Citation
A New Form of Flat Optics Enabled by Electrowetting Microprisms

An excellent candidate technology for next-generation beam steering and flat optics is electrowetting microprisms (EMP). EMPs with continuous beam steering through an angle of 14deg (plusmn7deg) have been demonstrated. Projections for EMPs are promising for good switching rate (~10's kHz), polarization independent operation, modulation of field of view, and wide angle steering (>30deg)
Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys

We present an overview of the cross-cultural quality of survey reports of substance use behaviors in the United States. Empirical data from 36 published studies (1977-2003) are examined to evaluate the reliability and validity of substance use reports across cultural groups. In these studies, race/ethnicity are used as proxy indicators of respondent culture. In general, the available research suggests that, with a few exceptions, the quality of survey data on racial and ethnic disparities in substance use is often limited by differential measurement error. A conceptual paradigm is presented to consider a wide range of potential causes for these differences in measurement error that includes two dimensions: emphasis on negative vs. positive behavior patterns, and emphasis on internal vs. external causal factors. These two dimensions yield four potential models that are useful in understanding variations in substance use measurement error: the cultural deficit model, the cultural conflict model, the mainstream conformity model, and the cultural distrust model. Future research should focus on the ability of each of these alternative models to account for cultural variability in the quality of substance use reporting.
Analysis of turbulent underexpanded jets. I - Parabolized Navier-Stokes model, SCIPVIS

A new computational model (SCIPVIS) is described which predicts the multiple-cell wave/shock structure in underexpanded or overexpanded turbulent jets. SCIPVIS solves the parabolized Navier-Stokes jet-mixing equations utilizing a shock-capturing approach in supersonic regions of the jet and a pressure-split approach in subsonic regions. Turbulence processes are represented by the solution of compressibility-corrected two-equation turbulence models. SCIPVIS presently analyzes jets exhausting into a quiescent or supersonic external stream for which a single-pass spatial-marching solution can be obtained. The features of SCIPVIS are reviewed, and calculations are described exhibiting the influence of turbulence modelling, jet temperature, and flight velocity on the jet shock structure.
Mitotic potential of adult rat oligodendrocytes in culture.

The proliferation of adult oligodendrocytes (OLGs) was examined in response to membrane bound and soluble mitogens. OLGs were isolated according to Vick, et al., J Neurosci Res 25:524–534, 1990, and co-cultured with dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Less than 5% of the total cells incorporated a 48 hr pulse of 3H thymidine during the first 4 days of co-culture. From day 4 to day 6 there was a dramatic increase in proliferation which reached a plateau at 40% and gradually decreased to 25% from days 10 to 20 of co-culture. Axolemma-enriched fractions (AEF) were weak mitogens for OLGs (less than 5% proliferation after 7 days of stimulation), however, heparin extracts of AEF were five-fold more mitogenic than the AEF from which they were derived. Basic and acidic fibroblast growth factor were effective mitogens for the adult OLGs (labelling indices of 28% and 12%, respectively) provided that the cells were treated for 7 days with the growth factor and that the cells had been in culture for at least 14 days. Other soluble growth factors (IL-2 and PDGF) gave no mitotic response. We conclude that adult OLGs are mitotically responsive to mitogens provided that (1) the adult OLG has been cultured for sufficient time (14 days, acidic or basic fibroblast growth factor); (2) the axonal mitogen is allowed to interact with the OLG for a sufficient time (neuritic mitogen); and (3) the axonal mitogen is presented to the OLG in an activated form (AEF-heparin extract). © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Image coding based on a morphological representation of wavelet data

An experimental study of the statistical properties of wavelet coefficients of image data is presented, as well as the design of two different morphology-based image coding algorithms that make use of these statistics. A salient feature of the proposed methods is that, by a simple change of quantizers, the same basic algorithm yields high performance embedded or fixed rate coders. Another important feature is that the shape information of morphological sets used in this coder is encoded implicitly by the values of wavelet coefficients, thus avoiding the use of explicit and rate expensive shape descriptors, these proposed algorithms, while achieving nearly the same objective performance of state-of-the-art zerotree based methods, are able to produce reconstructions of a somewhat superior perceptual quality, due to a property of joint compression and noise reduction they exhibit.
Analysis of Booth encoding efficiency in parallel multipliers using compressors for reduction of partial products

The Booth encoding method is evaluated. Although generally, used in parallel multipliers, the authors show this scheme to be obsolete due to the improvements in bit compression trees. The number of gate levels with and without Booth encoding is compared when 4:2 compressors are used. It was found that a single row of 4:2 compressors reduces the number of partial products to one half which is the essential function of the Booth encoding technique. the authors have found that a single row of 4:2 compressors achieves this reduction in less time and with fewer gates used. The case of 2's complement representation is discussed. >
Modification of the Sandwich Estimator in Generalized Estimating Equations with Correlated Binary Outcomes in Rare Event and Small Sample Settings

Regression models for correlated binary outcomes are commonly fit using a Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) methodology. GEE uses the Liang and Zeger sandwich estimator to produce unbiased standard error estimators for regression coefficients in large sample settings even when the covariance structure is misspecified. The sandwich estimator performs optimally in balanced designs when the number of participants is large, and there are few repeated measurements. The sandwich estimator is not without drawbacks; its asymptotic properties do not hold in small sample settings. In these situations, the sandwich estimator is biased downwards, underestimating the variances. In this project, a modified form for the sandwich estimator is proposed to correct this deficiency. The performance of this new sandwich estimator is compared to the traditional Liang and Zeger estimator as well as alternative forms proposed by Morel, Pan and Mancl and DeRouen. The performance of each estimator was assessed with 95% coverage probabilities for the regression coefficient estimators using simulated data under various combinations of sample sizes and outcome prevalence values with an Independence (IND), Autoregressive (AR) and Compound Symmetry (CS) correlation structure. This research is motivated by investigations involving rare-event outcomes in aviation data.
Using surface plasmons to enhance the speed and efficiency of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors

We report our design and fabrication of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors integrated with gold plasmonic nanostructures, which can enhance the absorption of TM-polarized light, and can enlarge the effective area without sacrificing detector speed.
Building a ladder to Hershey Heaven.

When Alfred Hershey, one of the founders of molecular biology, was asked to describe his idea of scientific happiness, he said that it would be “to have one experiment that works, and keep doing it all the time”. By this he meant that it would be ideal to be able to conduct every experiment using the same tools and methods, and yet always generate new and interesting data (see Creager, 2001). However, molecular geneticists have not yet reached this “Hershey Heaven”. Today, when researchers want to discover more about a protein in an animal – for example, which tissues and cell types express the protein – they usually have to rely on antibodies that bind to the protein of interest. Unfortunately, good antibodies do not exist for most proteins, and it is time-consuming and expensive to generate and characterize new antibodies.
Phyletic size increase, an important trend illustrated by fossil invertebrates.

One of the crowning achievements of paleontology, and of surpassing importance in the development of evolutionary theory, has been the discovery of innumerable graded morphological series of fossils showing progressive change as we ascend the geological scale of time. Many of the evolutionary modifications follow simple patterns, or trends, which recur again and again in related, or even unrelated stocks. One of the most prevalent, and perhaps the most important of all the trends among invertebrates-increase in mean size during evolution-is the subject. of the present discussion. Long ago Cope showed that there is a persistent and widespread tendency for body size in animals to increase during their phylogeny (Cope, 1885, 1896). Although the principle was illustrated mainly by examples from mammals and dinosaurs, Cope (op. cit.), Deperet (1907), and Rensch (1943, 1947, 1948), among others, have shown that there is' also a tendency for increase in size during the evolution of invertebrates. As a matter of fact Haldane andHuxley (1927, pp. 276-280) have concluded that there has been an increase in mean size accompanied by increased structural complexity in large sections of the animal kingdom. This trend was known to Deperet (op. cit.) as the "law of phyletic increase in size" and Rensch (1948) terms it "Cope's law." For the purpose of this discussion the expression "phyletic growth" or "phyletic size increase" will be used. In reviewing the history of any group of animals one is impressed by the fact that the largest known representatives are usually geologically younger than their smaller relatives. Furthermore, individual size commonly averages smaller when a group first appears than at any subsequent stage in its history. Among living forms are found the largest known representatives of the vertebrates, crustacea, echinoderms, pelecypods, gastropods, cephalopods, coelenterates, and annelids, and these are appreciably larger than the largest known fossil relatives. However, size increase is more characteristic of the evolution of some groups than of others, and is not, by any means, universal. In some groups of Foraminifera (e.g. fusulines, nummulites) maximum size was attained at an intermediate period in their history and was followed by decreasein mean body size, Likewise the largest known representatives of the brachiopods (Mississippian), eurypterids (Silurian),
Testing Blood Glucose at the Bedside in a Chronic Care Hospital

A prospective study was carried out in a chronic care hospital to determine the clinical indications for testing blood glucose (BG) levels at the bedside and to assess the degree of correlation between the clinical impression of the patients’ BG status and the results of these tests. Most (94%) BG tests performed on inpatients at the bedside were done to monitor routine treatment and did not require the rapid turnaround time afforded by this type of testing. Clinical estimation of BG status was highly inaccurate, which presents the argument for routine monitoring but not for the immediate turnaround provided by this method. The cost of BG testing at the bedside in low-volume settings is high, and the method is periodically unreliable. These disadvantages must be weighed against the undocumented advantages of the method: shorter hospital stays and more rapid stabilization of BG levels.
Migrant Farmworker Mothers Talk About the Meaning of Food

PURPOSE To describe the meaning of food in the family life of migrant farmworker mothers; specifically to describe their understanding of the relationship of dietary intake to health, the environmental contributors to their families' dietary intake, and the use of foods in the commemoration of family occasions. METHODS The PRECEDE-PROCEED self-management model guided the qualitative research study, which used short, guided interviews conducted at Midwest migrant camps. A sample of 43 Mexican mothers answered three interview questions, the answers to which were transcribed verbatim, read, sorted, and arranged into categories and then themes. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS The themes identified from the interviews were a) meal cost, b) lack of preparation time, c) distance to store locations, d) the importance of traditional ethnic foods, and e) limited knowledge of healthy food choices. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Pediatric nurses should remember that before they dispense nutritional anticipatory guidance, situational and cultural assessments are needed. Because vulnerable populations such as migrant farmworkers have limited resources to follow nurses' teachings, nurses need to become knowledgeable about what is available in the community to support these families. In addition, facility appointment times may need to be expanded to accommodate their long work hours, and modes of transportation need to be evaluated. Recommendations for anticipatory guidance, prescriptions, treatments, and over-the-counter items need to consider cost and ease in purchase, and cultural acceptability.
The USA Patriot Act: Promoting the Cooperation of Foreign Intelligence Gathering and Law Enforcement

The Patriot Act was in part intended to remove certain legal barriers to information sharing between the foreign intelligence and law enforcement communities. This Article considers changes to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) and to grand jury secrecy rules. The changes to the FISA enhanced the authority of intelligence officers to pool information with prosecutors in the Department of Justice. The changes to the grand jury secrecy rules enhanced the powers of prosecutors to share evidence with intelligence officers.Taken together, these provisions authorized greater collaboration among intelligence officers and law enforcement personnel, spawning litigation and public debate over the provisions' scope and constitutionality. Although the Patriot Act expanded the powers of government officials charged with responding to terrorist threats, this Article argues that those powers remain subject to meaningful controls. The Patriot Act shifted some of the duties of regulation from the judicial branch to the legislative and executive branches. Given that questions of national security and privacy rights, and their appropriate balance, are among the most important policy issues confronting the nation, it is appropriate, and even preferable, that such debates take place openly, and in our elected branches.
Reported and enacted actions: Moving beyond reported speech and related concepts

This article examines not only how events are verbally reported in everyday and institutional storytelling episodes, but also how the actions witnessed are enacted by participants. This is particularly important to not only the believability of what occurred and is being discussed (e.g. the US court of law), but also how ordinary audience members react to stories and how they believe the truthfulness of them. As is seen in data analyzed from multiple sources, the way in which something is both reported and (re)enacted has major implications for not only the telling of stories, but what we know about the world around us. Questions about the idea of ‘direct reported actions’ are also considered.
An Evaluation Report on Effect of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Health Education Project in Anhui Province

Objective To understand KAP situation of target population on highly pathogenic avian influenza prevention and evaluate intervention effect of the project.Methods Qualitative and quantitative study was used.Results The target population in the project regions had lower correct answer rate of the knowledge on avian influenza prevention.After the intervention,the rate was highly increased,but situation of behavior forming was not ideal.Conclusion The effect of this health communication was conspicuous,the core information was exact,and the strategy of communication intervention was operative.
Immunofluorescence for prostatic acid phosphatase: clinical applications.

AbstractAn indirect immunofluorescence technique to detect cells producing prostatic acid phosphatase was used to evaluate 12 biopsies of soft tissue masses of possible metastatic prostatic carcinoma. In 10 patients varying degrees of immunofluorescence were observed, confirming the origin of the primary tumor.Specimens from 34 patients with prostatic carcinoma were obtained either by radical prostatectomy or transurethral resection of the prostate. A comparison of histological grade (Gleason), semiquantitative immunofluorescence for prostatic acid phosphatase and hormonal responsiveness was done. There was a suggestion of higher hormonal responsiveness in the group with a low Gleason score and a high percentage of positive immunofluorescence that presently cannot be evaluated completely since some patients still are under therapy. This method may be used in the future in conjunction with other techniques, such as androgen receptors, to define a population of patients most likely to respond to hormonal ma...
6-P : FACTORS THAT AFFECT HLA EXPRESSION AND CROSSMATCH OUTCOME

Aim Flow cytometric crossmatches (FCXM) are used to detect low-level donor-specific antibody and determine transplantation eligibility. We measured HLA class I and II surface expression using different lymphocyte sources (peripheral blood (PBL), spleen, or nodes) to investigate the impact of HLA expression on detecting low-level donor specific antibody. Methods HLA expression was measured on a BD FACSCanto II using fluorescently conjugated antibodies specific for monomorphic determinants on HLA class I and II; measurements were converted to Molecules of Soluble Fluorescence (MESF) units. FCXM reactivity was determined using the ratio of test serum to negative control serum and MESF units. Results Compared to Live Donor (LD) PBLs (n=249), mean HLA class I expression on lymphocytes isolated from Deceased Donor (DD) (n=25) spleen and lymph nodes was lower (5.8% and 10.4%, respectively). The mean HLA class II expression was significantly lower on DD splenic (90.4%, p Conclusions HLA expression may not be routinely analyzed; however, it can substantially impact crossmatch reactivity. Laboratories using a single positive threshold for all FCXMs should consider that splenic lymphocytes may yield reactivity most comparable to that of PBLs from LDs.