cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by either epinephrine or arachidonic acid.

Abstract Inhibitors of arachidonic acid and epinephrine induced human platelet aggregation are described. The metabolic inhibitors 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, sodium azide and sodium cyanide block arachidonic acid induced aggregation and the second phase of epinephrine induced aggregation but these agents do not block aggregation induced by exogenous ADP. Compounds acting at the alpha-receptor site, phentolamine and 6-hydroxydopamine, inhibit both the first and second phases of epinephrine induced aggregation but not arachidonic acid induced aggregation or aggregation induced by exogenous ADP. Dopamine also inhibits epinephrine induced aggregation without inhibiting either arachidonic acid or ADP induced aggregation. The dopaminergic blocking agent chlorpromazine behaves like 6-hydroxydopamine and dopamine in blocking epinephrine induced aggregation at lower concentrations but chlorpromazine at higher concentrations also blocks arachidonic acid and ADP induced aggregation.
Deformation, yield and fracture of polymers at high pressure

The effects of hydrostatic pressure on the shear, compressive, and tensile stress-strain behavior of both amorphous and crystalline polymers are reviewed and illustrated. For polymers with Tg near to but below ambient temperature, there is a steep increase of modulus with pressure and, above some critical pressure, there is a lower rate of increase. The critical pressure is a linear function of the test temperature and, from its slope, one can deduce the pressure coefficient of Tg. For many other polymers, there is a linear increase, over a wide pressure range, of elastic and shear moduli with pressure, and this is in accord, to a first approximation, with predictions of finite strain theory. Most all polymers investigated show a strong pressure coefficient of yield stress and in many cases this variation is linear over a wide pressure range, in accord with several pressure dependent yield criteria. To a considerable extent, the yield stress rise with pressure parallels that of the modulus, and this behavior is predicted by some yield theories. The effects of pressure on fracture stress and fracture strain are discussed. The results obtained depend on the polymer composition and structure and on the pressure medium. Consideration is also given to the effects of pressure on crazing and stress-whitening.
Synchrotron X-ray Topographic Study of Defects in High Quality, Flux Grown KTiOPO4 Single Crystals

Defect structures in large, high quality flux-grown KTP single crystals have been studied by using synchrotron white beam X-ray topography. Growth dislocations, inclusions, growth sector boundaries, growth bands and surface micro-scratches were imaged. A number of planar defects in the dislocation-free region are imaged and determined to be inversion twin lamellae (lamellar ferroelectric domains) which have never been previously reported in KTP crystals. These inversion twin lamellae were also studied by section topography. Detailed analysis of observed contrast revealed that the domain walls bounding the lamellae are faulted with a fault vector of 1/2[0±1±1]. This fault vector seems to be consistent with the atomic structure of KTP. A detailed analysis is presented and discussed.
Low-salinity surface water incursions across the Strait of Sicily during late Quaternary sapropel intervals

Abstract Sapropel layers (black, organic-rich sediments) in the deep Eastern Mediterranean Basin are indicators of anoxic conditions that occurred intermittently during the Pleistocene. During these times of deep-water stagnation, the surface waters were marked by changes in planktonic foraminiferal assemblages indicative of reduced salinity. Previous work has established a strong link between low-salinity surface waters and glacial meltwater inflow into the Eastern Mediterranean via the Black Sea. Discriminant analysis was applied to foraminiferal abundance data from the sapropelcontaining core, Lynch II-3, collected in 2400 m water depth approximately 80 km east of the Strait of Sicily. The function produced is 98% effective at distinguishing the faunal assemblages in non-sapropel sediments from those associated with four sapropel layers in this core. The most distinctive characteristic of the sapropel faunas is a high percentage of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei . The discriminant function has been applied to a suite of cores from the Strait of Sicily that lack sapropels because the strait (maximum depth of 1700 m) has remained continuously aerated. This analysis has distinguished planktonic foraminiferal assemblages and associated sediments coeval with sapropel formation in the deeper eastern basin. These correlations are supported by planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and a distinctive ash layer in core Lynch II-3 and two cores from the Strait. Existence of the sapropel assemblage in core TR171-11 from the western entrance of the strait indicates that low surface salinities extended through the strait, a condition requiring a surface water flow from east to west, a reversal of the present-day circulation pattern.
Reproductive cancer: female autonomy and border crossing in medical discourse and fiction

Using three contemporary Irish novels: Down By the River and The Light of Evening by Edna O'Brien and My Dream of You by Nuala O'Faolain as well as Irish Medical Journal, I suggest that representations of female cancers are images of female pathology that reify and question disease as limitation of autonomy. Tracing the image of reproductive cancers through parts of the Irish cultural artifacts displays how both the fiction and Irish medical discourse attend disproportionately to female reproductive cancers. The texts construct female bodies as sites of pathology through textual representations of reproductive cancer and build upon Irish metaphors of landscape as female, which conceptualize women's (immobile, permeable) bodies as the site of invasion. Thus, fiction and health genres construct (and restrict) gender autonomy through two versions of border control: movement across body borders and movement across spatial, especially geopolitical, borders.
Radial and axial losses in a multipole-mirror experiment

Plasma confinement is studied experimentally in the Berkeley Ten Meter Multiple-Mirror Device. Stability is achieved by a set of linked quadrupoles which produce an average minimum-B field configuration. The density decay is measured from the high-density regime (1013 < n < 1015 cm−3) dominated by radial loss through the multiple-mirror regime (1011 < n < 1013cm−3)for which either axial or radial loss may be more important. The effect of mirror ratio (2 ≤ M ≤ 4) and magnetic field strength (1.1 ≤ Bo ≤ 2.1 KG) on plasma loss is investigated. The observed confinement times are predicted reasonably well by an analytical estimate and by a numerical simulation. Each calculation accounts for axial and radial loss due to classical processes only, with the radial diffusion enhanced by the highly eccentric elliptical flux surfaces. A multiple-mirror normal mode is achieved with centre-cell density in the range n ≈ 1012cm−3 and with axial profiles in qualitative agreement with those predicted by the numerical simulation. The results indicate that the confinement in a stabilized multiple-mirror can be governed by classical collisions alone.
Cell-Autonomous Alterations in Dendritic Arbor Morphology and Connectivity Induced by Overexpression of MeCP2 in Xenopus Central Neurons In Vivo

Methyl CpG binding protein-2 (MeCP2) is an essential epigenetic regulator in human brain development. Mutations in the MeCP2 gene have been linked to Rett syndrome, a severe X-linked progressive neurodevelopmental disorder, and one of the most common causes of mental retardation in females. MeCP2 duplication and triplication have also been found to affect brain development, indicating that both loss of function and gain in MeCP2 dosage lead to similar neurological phenotypes. Here, we used the Xenopus laevis visual system as an in vivo model to examine the consequence of increased MeCP2 expression during the morphological maturation of individual central neurons in an otherwise intact brain. Single-cell overexpression of wild-type human MeCP2 was combined with time-lapse confocal microscopy imaging to study dynamic mechanisms by which MeCP2 influences tectal neuron dendritic arborization. Analysis of neurons co-expressing DsRed2 demonstrates that MeCP2 overexpression specifically interfered with dendritic elaboration, decreasing the rates of branch addition and elimination over a 48 hour observation period. Moreover, dynamic analysis of neurons co-expressing wt-hMeCP2 and PSD95-GFP revealed that even though neurons expressing wt-hMeCP2 possessed significantly fewer dendrites and simpler morphologies than control neurons at the same developmental stage, postsynaptic site density in wt-hMeCP2-expressing neurons was similar to controls and increased at a rate higher than controls. Together, our in vivo studies support an early, cell-autonomous role for MeCP2 during the morphological differentiation of neurons and indicate that perturbations in MeCP2 gene dosage result in deficits in dendritic arborization that can be compensated, at least in part, by synaptic connectivity changes.
The Role of Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disease

P S d a c t n p t s t t r n the United States, approximately 151,000 lumbar spine fusions are performed per year.1 he majority of these fusions are performed for a ariety of degenerative conditions ranging from pondylolisthesis to degenerative disk disease DDD). Lumbar degenerative disorders are typially divided between those that cause mechanial back pain (ie, DDD) and those that cause adiating leg pain (ie, disk herniation or spinal tenosis). Treatment decisions, particularly those egarding fusion, must recognize that each of hese conditions represents a point on a continum rather than a discrete pathophysiologic enity. This continuum spans from asymptomatic desccation of the lumbar disk, to painful disk deeneration associated with mechanical pain, to arious neurocompressive lesions, including heriation and spinal stenosis, to marked lumbar nstability with multiplanar spondylolisthesis or egenerative scoliosis. More importantly, similar adiographic changes may occur in asymptomatic atients and are nearly universal in the aging pine. Therefore, defining the point when a raiographic finding becomes a pathologic state emains controversial, particularly in patients ithout neurocompressive symptoms. The goals of fusion in this patient population nclude (1) stabilization of scoliosis and sponylolisthesis, (2) to decrease pain by limiting mehanical stimuli to free nerve endings within the uter annulus and posterior longitudinal ligaent (PLL), and (3) to decrease the occurrence f laminar regrowth or recurrent stenosis. Alhough the use of lumbar fusion is increasing, the
Fluid Shear Stress Synergizes with Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) on Osteoblast Proliferation through Integrin-dependent Activation of IGF-I Mitogenic Signaling Pathway

This study tested the hypothesis that shear stress interacts with the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) pathway to stimulate osteoblast proliferation. Human TE85 osteosarcoma cells were subjected to a steady shear stress of 20 dynes/cm2 for 30 min followed by 24-h incubation with IGF-I (0–50 ng/ml). IGF-I increased proliferation dose-dependently (1.5–2.5-fold). Shear stress alone increased proliferation by 70%. The combination of shear stress and IGF-I stimulated proliferation (3.5- to 5.5-fold) much greater than the additive effects of each treatment alone, indicating a synergistic interaction. IGF-I dose-dependently increased the phosphorylation level of Erk1/2 by 1.2–5.3-fold and that of IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) by 2–4-fold. Shear stress alone increased Erk1/2 and IGF-IR phosphorylation by 2-fold each. The combination treatment also resulted in synergistic enhancements in both Erk1/2 and IGF-IR phosphorylation (up to 12- and 8-fold, respectively). Shear stress altered IGF-IR binding only slightly, suggesting that the synergy occurred primarily at the post-ligand binding level. Recent studies have implicated a role for integrin in the regulation of IGF-IR phosphorylation and IGF-I signaling. To test whether the synergy involves integrin-dependent mechanisms, the effect of echistatin (a disintegrin) on proliferation in response to shear stress ± IGF-I was measured. Echistatin reduced basal proliferation by ∼60% and the shear stress-induced mitogenic response by ∼20%. It completely abolished the mitogenic effect of IGF-I and that of the combination treatment. Shear stress also significantly reduced the amounts of co-immunoprecipitated SHP-2 and -1 with IGF-IR, suggesting that the synergy between shear stress and IGF-I in osteoblast proliferation involves integrin-dependent recruitment of SHP-2 and -1 away from IGF-IR.
In vivo selection of phage for the optical imaging of PC-3 human prostate carcinoma in mice.

Abstract There is an increasing medical need to detect and spatially localize early and aggressive forms of prostate cancer. Affinity ligands derived from bacteriophage (phage) library screens can be developed to molecularly target prostate cancer with fluorochromes for optical imaging. Toward this goal, we used in vivo phage display and a newly described micropanning assay to select for phage that extravasate and bind human PC-3 prostate carcinoma xenografts in severe combined immune deficiency mice. One resulting phage clone (G1) displaying the peptide sequence IAGLATPGWSHWLAL was fluorescently labeled with the near-infrared fluorophore AlexaFluor 680 and was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo for its ability to bind and target PC-3 prostate carcinomas. The fluorescently labeled phage clone (G1) had a tumor-to-muscle ratio of ~30 in experiments. In addition, prostate tumors (PC-3) were readily detectable by optical-imaging methods. These results show proof of principle that diseasespecific library-derived fluorescent probes can be rapidly developed for use in the early detection of cancers by optical means.
Fall Meeting by the Numbers

The 2012 Fall Meeting achieved many new successes, from advances in technology to presentations of exciting science. Attendance has once again grown, with more than 24,000 scientists, researchers, students, teachers, exhibitors, media, and guests convening in San Francisco to experience the week-long activities and workshops, including 6894 oral and 13,790 poster presentations, 5 general sessions, an exhibit hall with more than 270 exhibitors, more than 50 section and focus group social events and committee meetings, and 55 town hall meetings.
Multilateral development banks, transparency and corporate clients: ‘public–private partnerships’ and public access to information

The multilateral development banks (MDB) recognise and promote transparency as a principle of good governance. Public release of information about policies and projects is a central aspect of this transparency, and the five MDBs studied here each adopted new policies during the 1990s to increase the accessibility of such information. The flow of information to local communities is important to the effectiveness of MDBs' social and environmental safeguards and to securing public support. But MDBs also embrace a second strategy, which sometimes conflicts with transparency: each MDB (or an affiliate) lends to private corporations as well as to member states and each bank modifies its information disclosure rules, giving corporate clients greater discretion than member governments. Environmental and social safeguards apply to corporate borrowers as well as to governments and there is a relatively high level of controversy over corporate projects' environmental and social impact. When subjected to a qualitative review of their disclosure standards, emphasising fullness of disclosure, accessibility of information, timeliness of information and availability of recourse, the disclosure policies of all five MDBs are clearly found to accommodate corporate confidentiality while compromising public demands for information. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Politics, Self, and Society: A Theme and Variations

How to deal with the relationship between the individual and society as it reveals itself through politics is the large theme of these erudite and stylish essays by a leading scholar whose lifelong concerns have included political behavior, decision-making by groups, and legislative deportment. Truly interdisciplinary in his approach, Heinz Eulau has drawn on all the social sciences in his thirty years of research into the political behavior of citizens in the mass and of legislative elites at the state and local levels of government.Utilizing a variety of social and political theories theories of reference group behavior, social role, organization, conflict, exchange functions and purposive action he enriches the methodology of political science while tackling substantive issues such as social class behavior in elections, public policies in American cities, the structures of city councils, and the convergence of politics and the legal system. Eulau is ranked among the few scholars who have shaped the agenda of political science, and his latest work should also prove valuable for sociologists, social psychologists, and theorists of the social sciences."
What makes a Public School Public? A Framework for Evaluating the Civic Substance of Schooling

The phrase ‘‘public school’’ tends to evoke too little passion or too much. In everyday use, it has a bland and bureaucratic meaning. It refers simply to a school that is funded by tax dollars, overseen by elected officials, operating with open admissions within its district, and so on. However, when we sense that public schooling is under siege, in debates over vouchers for example, we may become less nominalistic and more idealistic. The trouble is that when we rush to the defense of the public schools, we are immediately overtaken by pieties: the public schools ensure an educated electorate; safeguard against the balkanization of the republic into class, racial, and religious groups; guarantee economic opportunity to those whose families are not well off and well connected. There is nothing wrong with these statements, except for the fact that they are all probably, more or less, false. The electorate is not particularly well educated. The United States is severely balkanized. And the poor seem to be getting poorer. If friends of these public ideals — people who care deeply about such notions of civic life, multicultural awareness, and equal opportunity — sometimes hesitate to ask whether the public schools actually make good on these public missions, it may be because there are so many who seem ready to seize any pretext to call the whole project into question. Between the banality of the phrase in some contexts and its sacredness in others, it is hard even to ask the most basic question: what makes a public school public?
MANUFACTURE AND EVALUATION OF A SINGLE-PASS ROTARY COOLER FOR AQUATIC FEED PELLETS

Cooling is one of the most important post-processing operations in the production of extruded aquatic feed pellets. In this study, a rotary pellet cooler of simple design was manufactured, and the effect of different operating parameters on the final quality of extruded floating and sinking aquatic feed (low density 0.538 g/cm3, medium density 0.789 g/cm3 and high density 0.915 g/cm3) was investigated. The cooler parameters that were studied included air suction velocity (2.32, 3.76, 4.35 and 5.87 m/s), cooler horizontal angle (10, 15, 20 and 30°) and turning speed (5, 10, 15 and 20 rpm). Results indicated that the most effective operating range for these parameters was 3.76–4.35 m/s, 10–15 rpm and 10°, respectively, which led to a cooling efficiency of 72.8–74.5%, and good quality aquatic feed pellets with 8.3–9.1% output moisture content, 0.0% molding percentage after 2 months of storage, 0.1–0.8% losses and 0.8–1.7% unpelleted mash. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS An effective cooling system for extruded aquatic feed pellets can significantly reduce the energy costs involved in drying for long-term storage and also minimize product losses during postprocessing operations. Counterflow rotary coolers provide very efficient drying and separation of unpelleted mash. The counterflow rotary air cooler that was designed, manufactured and tested in this study will be very useful for small-scale industries involved in the production of both floating and sinking aquatic feeds, and can lead to greater efficiencies and cost-effectiveness. The cooler performance was systematically evaluated, and the results are relevant to all coolers of similar design.
Preparation of small Au-Pd particles on silica

Abstract Small Au-Pd particles 2.0 to 4.5 nm in diameter were prepared by ion exchange of [Au(en) 2 ] 3+ and [Pd(NH 3 ) 4 ] 2+ with surface protons of silica gel to form a precursor, which was subsequently reduced in dihydrogen. The Mossbauer effect of 197 Au yielded direct evidence of alloy formation and suggested that alloy particles were of a uniform composition close to the composition of the whole alloy sample. Further, selective chemisorption and X-ray line broadening showed that the surface composition of the alloy particles was similar to the overall composition.
Placing the pieces: Reconstructing the original property mosaic in a warrant and patent watershed

Recent research shows that land use history is an important determinant of current ecosystem function. In the United States, characterization of land use change following European settlement requires reconstruction of the original property mosaic. However, this task is difficult in unsystematically surveyed areas east of the Appalachian Mountains. The Gwynns Falls watershed (Baltimore, MD) was originally surveyed in the 1600-1700s under a system of warrants and patents (commonly known as ‘metes and bounds’). A method for the reconstruction and mapping of warrant and patent properties is presented and used to map the original property mosaic in the Gwynns Falls watershed. Using the mapped mosaic, the persistence of properties and property lines in the current Gwynns Falls landscape is considered. The results of this research indicate that as in agricultural areas, the original property lines in the Gwynns Falls watershed are persistent. At the same time, the results suggest that the property mosaic in heavily urbanized/suburbanized areas is generally ‘reset.’ Further, trends in surveying technique, parcel size, and settlement patterns cause property line density and property shape complexity to increase in the less urbanized upper watershed. The persistence of original patterns may be damping expression of heterogeneity gradients in this urban landscape. This spatial pattern of complexity in the original mosaic is directly opposite of hypothesized patterns of landscape heterogeneity arising from urbanization. The technique reported here and the resulting observations are important for landscape pattern studies in areas settled under unsystematic survey systems, especially the heavily urbanized areas of the eastern United States.
Standing acoustic waves in a confined, non-uniform gas

Standing longitudinal acoustic waves in a non-uniform gas within a chamber are studied. Frequencies and wave forms are calculated for various types (linear and exponential) and degrees of non-uniformity in the speed of sound. Little changes in wave forms but significant changes in frequencies are computed. It is also shown that the simple method of computing these frequencies using only the local speed of sound gives practically the same results. The study consists of linearizing the conservation equations for acoustic perturbations of the steady state, of imposing the periodicity condition, and of solving some ordinary differential equations mostly by the power series method. The original motivation for the study was provided by the problem of the high frequency combustion instability in rocket motors but other applications are indicated.
Establishment of a hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer registry

INTRODUCTION: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by early age of onset colorectal cancer, right-sided predominance, excess of synchronous and metachronous colonic neoplasms, and extracolonic cancers. The purpose of this study is to report clinical characteristics of HNPCC families in our registry. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of medical records of patients with a significant history of colorectal cancer and interviews with their families. RESULTS: Three hundred one people with cancer in 40 HNPCC families were identified. In 284 of 301 (94 percent) people, 363 cancers were identified. Colorectal cancer only was identified in 182 people (64 percent) and, in conjunction with extracolonic tumors, in another 31 people (11 percent). Extracolonic cancer alone was noted in 71 people (25 percent). Median age at diagnosis of colorectal cancer was 48 (range, 17–92) years. In patients with documented pathology, right-sided tumors predominated (55 percent), synchronous and metachronous tumors were noted in 33 percent, and synchronous or metachronous adenomas were documented in 51 percent of people. Generational anticipation was also noted. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates and confirms characteristics that have been described in HNPCC. Namely, early age of onset of colorectal cancer, right-sided predominance, multiple synchronous and metachronous neoplasms, increased extracolonic cancers, and generational anticipation.
Projection Pursuit Indices Based on the Empirical Distribution Function

Exploratory projection pursuit is a technique for finding interesting low-dimensional projections of multivariate data. To reach this goal, one optimizes an index, assigned to every projection, that characterizes the structure present in the projection. Most indices require the estimation of the marginal density of the projected data. Such estimations involve a tuning parameter that greatly influences the behavior of the index. However, the optimization is usually performed with an ad hoc, often fixed value for this parameter. This article proposes indices based on the empirical distribution function that do not require to be tuned. This allows users to use exploratory projection pursuit without having to predetermine an “esoteric” tuning parameter.
Recent skin friction techniques for compressible flows

A brief review is given of developments over the last decade in techniques for the measurement of skin friction in compressible airflows. Emphasis is placed on mean measurements beneath turbulent boundary layers in the supersonic and hypersonic flow regimes. Recent improvements in existing techniques such as the skin friction balance, Preston tube, sublayer fence, and heat transfer analogy are discussed. New or potential techniques including optical and acoustic measurements are also treated. Finally, new results are presented on the adaptation of the recently-developed laser interferometer skin friction meter for use in high-speed wind tunnels.
Contrast Effects in Sequential Decisions: Evidence from Speed Dating

Abstract We provide an empirical test of contrast effects—a bias where a decision maker perceives information in contrast to what preceded it—in the quasi-experimental context of speed dating decisions. We document that prior partner attractiveness reduces the subsequent likelihood of an affirmative dating decision. This relationship is confined to recent interactions, consistent with a perceptual error, but not learning or the presence of a quota in affirmative responses. The contrast effect is driven almost entirely by male evaluators. Additional evidence documents the effect's linearity with respect to prior partner attractiveness, its amplification for partners of moderate attractiveness, and its partial attenuation with accumulated experience.
Potential function model of the OH⋯halogen intramolecular hydrogen bond

Abstract The Schroeder-Lippincott potential function model for bent hydrogen bonds has been applied to OH⋯halogen intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The relative order of potential energies for the OH⋯halogen intrabond of the o-halophenols, 2-haloethanols, and 2-halocyclo-hexanols has been found according to the model. The potential model shows that there is no necessary relation between hydroxyl stretching frequency shift and the strength of the intramolecular hydrogen bond. The model also shows that the intramolecular iodo bond is stronger than the intramolecular fluoro bond in the o-halophenols and 2-haloethanols.
Maternal prolactin composition can permanently affect epidermal γδT cell function in the offspring

There have been few studies aimed at determining the effects of maternal peptide hormones on the developing fetus and even fewer aimed at determining the long-term consequences of abnormalities in maternal hormone exposure. In this study, we have examined the effect of maternal prolactin (PRL) on the production, seeding and long-term function of a T lymphocyte subset for which the precursors are only present during fetal life. Using this system, we can determine long-term consequences of maternal hormone exposure without concern for the subsequent influence of the offspring's endocrine milieu. Recombinant versions of the two major forms of the pituitary hormone, PRL, were administered to rats throughout pregnancy. Administration of a molecular mimic of phosphorylated PRL (PP-PRL) resulted in a marked increase in the level of apoptosis in the thymus of newborn pups, an effect that was not duplicated by administration of unmodified PRL. The increased thymic apoptosis in the animals exposed to PP-PRL resulted in decreased epidermal seeding of γδT cells and a markedly decreased γδT cell-modulated epidermal response in the offspring. This decreased γδT cell modulated response persisted to adulthood. We conclude that maternal PRL composition during pregnancy can have a permanent effect on at least one component of the developing immune system.
Aerothermodynamics of the Stardust Sample Return Capsule

The development of a new high- delity methodology for predicting entry  ows with coupled radiation and ablation is described. The prediction methodology consists of an axisymmetric, nonequilibrium, Navier–Stokes  ow solver loosely coupled to a radiation prediction code and a material thermal response code. The methodology is used to simulate the 12.6-km/s Earth atmospheric entry of the Stardust sample return capsule using ablating and nonablating boundary conditions. These  ow simulations are used to size and design the Stardust forebody and afterbody heatshields and develop arcjet test conditions and models. The  ow simulations indicate that the afterbody heating and pressure pro les in time are signi cantly different than the forebody heating and pressure pro les. This result is explained in terms of the pertinent aerothermodynamicsof the  ow eld and the vehicle’s geometry.When applied to the afterbody thermal protection system, these results show that the traditional afterbody heatshield design approach is nonconservative for the Stardust sample return capsule shape and entry conditions.
Characterization of Lecithin-Taurodeoxycholate Mixed Micelles Using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Static and Dynamic Light Scattering

We have used small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to probe the structure and interparticle interactions of lecithin-taurodeoxycholate mixed micelles. The data are fit to a core-shell model that provides the micelle composition and dimensions. The effects on the scattering spectra of electrostatic and excluded-volume interactions are explored in terms of the decoupling approximation and the random phase approximation. We found the TDC-lecithin micelles are cylindrical particles with an average cross-sectional radius of 26.7 [+-] 0.4 A. The core-shell structure is found to be an appropriate model for the highly hydrated micelles. The micelle length increases dramatically with an increase in added electrolyte, but not with decreasing concentration as previously reported. The SANS data analysis shows that particles in 0.05 M NaCl grow by less than 15% with a 3-fold decrease in the total surfactant concentration. This is in contrast to the simple interpretation of dynamic light scattering of the same samples that shows an apparent doubling of the micelle length with the same decrease in surfactant concentration. This discrepancy is attributed to neglect of the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic interactions in the analysis of the dynamic light scattering data. 59 refs., 5 figs., 5 tabs.
Mutagenicity of coolwhite fluorescent light for Salmonella.

Abstract The most common fluorescent lamps in use today in homes and businesses in the United States, ‘coolwhite’ fluorescent lamps, emit light that is mutagenic for Salmonella. Strains that carry both a uvrB mutation and plasmid pKM101 are extremely susceptible to this light-induced mutation. Both base substitution and frameshift mutations can be induced without substantial lethal effects on the bacteria. Induced mutations accumulate essentially as a linear function of the time bacteria are exposed to illumination. Of Salmonella histidine-requiring strains with known nucleotide target sequences (Hartman et al., 1986; Cebula and Koch, 1989, 1990), strains either carrying one of the base substitution mutations, hisG428 and hisG46, or one of the frameshifts, hisC3076 and hisD6610, are most highly mutagenized whereas frameshift strains with hisD6580 and hisD3052 exhibit lower rates of mutagenesis. Mutagenicity does not appear to require the presence of oxygen. A filter blocking wavelengths below 370 nm eliminates mutagenesis. Polystyrene, cellulose acetate and, especially, mylar and glass filters reduce mutagenesis, indicating that at least some of the mutagenic effects can be attributed to leakage of radiations below 290 nm (far-ultraviolet light) from ‘coolwhite’ lamps. The more recently introduced fluorescent ‘softwhite’ lamps are roughly 10-fold less mutagenic at approximately equal light intensity. Incandescent light bulbs are much less mutagenic than are these fluorescent lamps. Our mutational data correlate closely with previous results in eukaryotic cells (Jacobson and Krell, 1982). A uvrB recA Salmonella double mutant is hypersensitive to the lethal effects of coolwhite fluorescent light, even when illuminated through the lids of glass Petri dishes. Thus, appropriate Salmonella strains would appear to be simple and useful screens for both the mutagenic and the lethal activities of fluorescent lamps. These systems are amenable to classroom laboratory use as relatively safe and effective means of demonstrating environmental mutagenesis.
Transesophageal echocardiographic features of stenotic bioprosthetic valves in the mitral and tricuspid valve positions.

Abstract A frequent long-term complication of bioprosthetic valves is spontaneous degeneration of the cusps with clinical features of valve regurgitation or, less frequently, valve stenosis.1 Transthoracic echocardiography with cardiac Doppler is valuable in diagnosing stenosis of bioprosthetic valves.2 However, a major drawback of this approach is that all 3 bioprosthetic cusps are not consistently demonstrated owing to sound attenuation from the intervening chest wall and lungs, and to reverberation from the metal portion of the valve ring and stents. These problems are usually overcome by using a transesophageal ultrasound probe. We recently described our transesophageal echocardiographic investigations in predominantly regurgitant bioprosthetic valves.3 Those patients are not included in this study. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on stenotic bioprostheses studied by transesophageal echocardiography.
Addressing bioterrorist threats: where do we go from here?

Abstract : In discussing the threat of bioterrorism, planning, coordination, and preparedness are recurrent themes. State and local planning are of particular concern to me, having served as a local health officer and as health commissioner in New York City during the World Trade Center bombing. I have no doubts that the threat of terrorism within our borders is real. And several years later, when the sarin attack occurred in the Tokyo subway system, it was hard not to imagine what such an event would have meant in the New York subway system. A fundamental step toward addressing the threat of bioterrorism is comprehensive planning that focuses first and foremost on local preparedness and response capacity-integrating the role of state, regional, and federal governments, as well as state, regional, and national assets. To plan effectively, we have to think through the different types of scenarios that may confront us, including the announced release of a biological agent, the silent release of a biological agent, or some kind of hybrid event, such as having a bomb go off, that is followed by the release of a biological or chemical agent. In addition, we have to think about the scenarios where person-to-person transmission can occur or those with noncommunicable infectious diseases. Bioterrorism covers a very broad spectrum of concerns, from catastrophic terrorism with mass casualties, to microevents using low technology but producing civil unrest, disruption, disease, disabilities, and death. All these scenarios must be considered. We need to identify the assets and capabilities at all different levels and identify the gaps, critical players, policymakers, and stakeholders, and we must forge working relationships within the public health and health-care community as well as with outside partners.
An analysis of information overload with implications for survey design research

Abstract A laboratory‐type experiment was conducted to examine potential information overload causes and solutions. It was found that both information quantity and information complexity are potential causes of information overload. The experiment results also suggested that information overload problems may be reduced through carefully designed information display patterns. When designing survey questionnaires, attention must be given to potential causes of information overload. Methods of presenting information that ameliorate information overload must also be considered. As demonstrated in this study, survey designs can be tested in controlled, laboratory‐type experiments. The results of these experiments can then be used to improve the design of field survey questionnaires.
Potential In Vitro Interaction Between Tenecteplase and Unfractionated Heparin

Study Objective. To explore the potential of a direct drug interaction between unfractionated heparin (UFH) and tenecteplase that lowers the pharmacologic propensity of UFH to prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Design. In vitro experiment. Setting. Texas Tech University School of Pharmacy, with sample analysis performed at an independent, contract laboratory. Samples. Blood samples collected from healthy volunteers. Intervention. Three separate in vitro experiments were conducted to explore the relative influence of various thrombolytic agents with and without UFH on aPTT prolongation. In each experiment, blood from healthy volunteers (12 for each experiment) was treated with different concentrations and combinations of tenecteplase and UFH. Measurements and Main Results. When the effects of tenecteplase plus UFH versus UFH alone on aPTT prolongation were compared, each experiment demonstrated attenuation of aPTT with the combination versus UFH alone. In contrast, findings for other thrombolytic agents combined with UFH demonstrate elevation of the aPTT compared with UFH alone. Conclusion. The results indicate a possible drug interaction between tenecteplase and UFH, with tenecteplase attenuating the intensity of anticoagulation of UFH in vitro. Further investigation into this possible interaction is warranted in the clinical setting.
Pixel area variation in CCDs and implications for precise photometric calibration

Images with smooth and moderately flat illumination are commonly used to calibrate pixel to pixel sensitivity variation without consideration that some structure on short spatial scales may be due to reallocation of area between pixels. Errors in the position of pixel boundaries have the effect of repartitioning charge between pixels but do not affect the total charge collected. Since the resulting errors tend to cancel when combining signal from adjacent pixels, this effect has gone largely unnoticed. However, proposed astronomical surveys from space such as SNAP, which strive to achieve high photometric precision with coarse sampling of the point spread function, must take this pixel area variation into account. We present simple analysis techniques to identify how much flat field structure is due to variations in pixel area rather then sensitivity as a function of row/column direction and spatial frequency. We present results for CCDs made with radically different technologies and pixel sizes, which suggest that pixel size variation in the column direction may dominate QE variations on short spatial scales for all CCDs. We posit that a refinement to flat field calibration methods is required wherein large amplitude QE drop outs would be corrected at full spatial resolution, while the low amplitude structure would be spatially filtered along columns to allow mid frequency sensitivity variations to be well corrected without erroneously correcting for high spatial frequencies where pixel area variation exceeds sensitivity variation.
Endovascular graft repair of penetrating subclavian artery injuries.

Purpose:Penetrating subclavian arterial injuries are often difficult to treat. Standard surgical techniques require wide exposure and dissection in traumatized areas, which is often challenging. This report summarizes the early results of endovascularly placed stented grafts for the treatment of penetrating subclavian arterial trauma.Methods:Six patients with penetrating injuries of the subclavian artery had stented grafts inserted to repair five pseudoaneurysms and one arteriovenous fistula. The stented grafts consisted of a polytetrafluoroethylene graft sutured over a balloon-expandable Palmaz stent. The devices were inserted from an ipsilateral brachial arteriotomy and deployed using fluoroscopic guidance in the operating room.Results:Immediate success was obtained in all procedures (100%). All patients continue to have patent grafts with a follow-up ranging from 7 to 30 months (mean 19 months). The only procedure-related complication was the need for a brachial artery patch angioplasty at the site of ...
The initial stages of first-language acquisition begun in adolescence: when late looks early.

Children typically acquire their native language naturally and spontaneously at a very young age. The emergence of early grammar can be predicted from children's vocabulary size and composition (Bates et al., 1994; Bates, Bretherton & Snyder, 1998; Bates & Goodman, 1997). One central question in language research is understanding what causes the changes in early language acquisition. Some researchers argue that the qualitative and quantitative shifts in word learning simply reflect the changing character of the child's cognitive maturity (for example, Gentner, 1982), while others argue that the trajectory of early language acquisition is driven by the child's growing familiarity with the language (Gillette, Gleitman, Gleitman & Lederer, 1999; Snedeker & Gleitman, 2004). These hypotheses are difficult to adjudicate because language acquisition in virtually all hearing children begins from birth and occurs simultaneously with cognitive development and brain maturation. The acquisition of sign languages, in contrast, is frequently delayed until older ages. In the USA, over 90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents who do not use sign language (Schein, 1989). As a result, deaf children are often exposed to sign language as a first language at a range of ages well beyond infancy (Mayberry, 2007). In rare cases, some deaf individuals are isolated from all linguistic input until adolescence when they start receiving special services and begin to learn sign language through immersion (Morford, 2003). Case studies of language acquisition in such extreme late first-language (L1) learners provide a unique opportunity to investigate first-language learning. The current study investigates three cases of young teens who are in the early stages of acquiring American Sign Language (ASL) as a first language, to determine what first-language acquisition in adolescence looks like.
Restoring Congenitally Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisors Using Zirconia-Based Resin Bonded Prostheses.

Objective This clinical report describes an alternative treatment modality for the replacement of congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors in a 17-year-old patient. Clinical Considerations Zirconia-based resin-bonded fixed partial dentures (RBFPDs) were selected as a viable and conservative treatment option in a young individual with highly aesthetic expectations. Fabrication of all-ceramic RBFPDs followed specific preparation design and features to accommodate two retainers. The zirconia frameworks with bilateral wings were digitally designed and then milled by a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-controlled milling machine. Zirconia surface was treated with a two-step chairside tribochemical silica-coating/silane coupling surface treatment protocol, and adhesive resin luting cement was used to achieve micromechanical and chemical bonding. Completion of the treatment resulted in a functional and aesthetic successful outcome and a 17-month follow-up presented uneventful. Conclusion Contemporary adhesive techniques involving resin-bonded zirconia-based prostheses can be utilized successfully and predictably in young patients with single missing teeth when implant therapy is currently not a treatment of choice and a less invasive approach is desired. Clinical Significance The zirconia-based resin-bonded prosthesis constitutes a viable and conservative treatment modality for the replacement of missing teeth either congenitally or from another etiology in young patients in which implant therapy and a fixed partial denture are currently contraindicated.
Localizing single molecules in three dimensions - A brief review

Single molecule tracking in three dimensions (3D) in a live cell environment holds the promise of revealing important new biological insights. However, conventional microscopy based imaging techniques are not well suited for fast 3D tracking of single molecules in cells. Previously we developed an imaging modality multifocal plane microscopy (MUM) to image fast intracellular dynamics in 3D in live cells. Recently, we have reported an algorithm, the MUM localization algorithm (MUMLA), for the 3D localization of point sources that are imaged using MUM. Here, we present a review of our results on MUM and MUMLA. We have validated MUMLA through simulated and experimental data and have shown that the 3D-position of quantum dots (QDs) can be determined with high spatial accuracy over a wide spatial range. We have calculated the Cramer-Rao lower bound for the problem of determining the 3D location of point sources from MUM and from conventional microscopes. Our analyses shows that MUM overcomes the poor depth discrimination of the conventional microscope, and thereby paves the way for high accuracy tracking of nanoparticles in a live cell environment. We have also shown that the performance of MUMLA comes consistently close to the Cramer-Rao lower bound.