cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Against Leadership Odds: A Township School Principal’s Crusade for Social Justice

The aim of this qualitative case-study was to explore one Soweto secondary school principal’s social justice leadership strategies which account for the school being perceived as democratically transformed and socially just. This was a follow-up to two bigger qualitative studies of five and three schools, respectively. Data were collected through a series of in-depth semi-structured interviews and observations. Data analysis followed Teschs steps for open coding. Findings suggest that the principal’s personal values and commitment to social justice principles account for his resilience in the face of resistance and systemic barriers. Social justice leadership strategies employed by the principal and the barriers he encounters are outlined. The paper concludes that, notwithstanding barriers, the negative effect of the marginalising conditions that are prevalent in impoverished communities and schools can be minimised through the principal’s social justice leadership. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n4p239
Pollen morphology of the subtribe Cuspariinae (Rutaceae)

The neotropical subtribe Cuspariinae (Rutaceae) comprises as many as 26 genera and over 125 species. Pollen grains from 111 collections representing 71 species and 24 genera were examined by LM, SEM, and TEM. The pollen morphology of this subtribe is very diverse. Grains are mostly 3–6-aperturate and colporate, rarely porate (Spiranthera) or pantocolporate (Almeidea). Exine sculpturing is most commonly reticulate, sometimes perforate, foveolate-perforate, foveolate, foveolate-reticulate, reticulate, striate-reticulate, echinate, clavate, or baculate. The exine structure is columellate and tectate-perforate, columellate and semitectate, or intectate and is stratified into ektexine and endexine. The exine ofLeptothyrsa is distinctive in that the ektexine of the mesocolpium is longitudinally deeply ridged. The pollen ofHortia, characterized by a psilate exine with rare perforations, a very thick foot-layer, and reduced columellae, is unlike that of any member of the Cuspariinae and offers no support for the transfer of this genus from the Toddalioideae. The pollen data correlate with macromorphological characters and are taxonomically useful.
A User-Friendly Method to Isolate and Single Spore the Fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Magnaporthe grisea Obtained from Diseased Field Samples

Although M. oryzae has been studied under extensively for several decades worldwide, descriptions of methods for efficient single spore isolation from diseased leaves from the field are not availab...
Energy efficiency of photosynthesis by Chlorella.

The quantum efficiency of photosynthesis by Chlorella pyrenoidosa was determined by following the gas exchanges between oxygen and carbon dioxide, using a magnetic oxygen meter and an infrared carbon dioxide gas analyzer. It was found that on the average, 8.9 ± 1.0 photons are required to fix one molecule of oxygen or carbon dioxide. Cultures from different laboratories showed no appreciable difference in yields.
WE-SAM-304A-02: SPECT/CT: Technology Updates, Quality Assurance and Applications

Hybrid SPECT/CT is rapidly becoming a mainstream imaging modality and creating a new paradigm for SPECTimaging. The ability to contemporaneously acquire electromechanically registered dual‐modality SPECT and CT scans improves the SPECTimage quality due to CT‐based attenuation correction, and enhances the diagnostic confidence of SPECT by providing an anatomical overlay. The first generation SPECT/CT systems used single‐slice CTscanners and produced CTimages of limited quality for anatomical overlay. The CTsystems integrated into the latest generation of SPECT/CT systems are fully‐functional diagnostic scanner (scan parameters includes tube current, tube voltage, rotation speed, collimation, pitch, slice thickness, FOV, etc.). In addition to generating high‐quality attenuation maps these CTsystems can produce CT scans with diagnostic image quality, capable of greatly improving both the localization and specificity of abnormalities detected on the corresponding SPECT scan. In some cases, these systems are also capable of performing diagnostic CT scans with contrast enhancement. The widest use of SPECT/CT is currently in oncology, with applications including: tumor localization, staging and response to treatment; pre‐surgical mapping (e.g., parathyroid adenomas, sentinel lymph nodes); differentiation of skeletal metastases from other disease processes; functional image‐based radiation therapy treatment planning (e.g., lung perfusion); and quantitative SPECT/CT‐based internal radionuclide therapy dosimetry/treatment planning. Cardiac SPECT/CT is currently focused primarily on improved attenuation correction of SPECT myocardial perfusion images. SPECT/CT is also being utilized for imaging bone and other non‐malignant diseases. This lecture will review the physics principles underlying SPECT/CT imaging, present several examples of the clinical application of SPECT/CT, and provide an overview of the currently available SPECT/CT scanner types and models. Learning Objectives: 1. To understand the physical principles underlying SPECT/CT image acquisition, processing, and reconstruction. 2. To understand current and future clinical applications of SPECT/CT imaging. 3. To become familiar with the various commercially‐available SPECT/CT product offerings.
Morphological and physiological response of five California native grass species to moderate salt spray: Implications for landscape irrigation with reclaimed water

Abstract Five California native perennial grass species including Melica californica (California melic), Nasella pulchra (purple needlegrass), Sporobolus airoides (alkali sacaton), Muhlenbergia rigens (deergrass), and Deschampsia caespitosa (California hairgrass) were examined for their response to salt spray. Vegetatively propagated plants were sprinkler irrigated with deionized water, 500 mg L− 1 and 1500 mg L− 1 sodium chloride (NaCl) under greenhouse conditions for 20 weeks. Percent leaf chlorosis, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and inflorescence dry weight were measured to determine response of the plants to salt stress in regard to their relative tolerance to salt, biomass partitioning, sexual reproduction, and the relationship between root thickness and root dry weight distribution. Physiological responses including changes in expressed leaf sap osmolality and tissue Na+, Cl−, and K+ concentrations were also measured. In terms of plant shoot tissue biomass, no significant salt stress response w...
Optimally scaled H-infinity full information control synthesis with real uncertainty

An algorithm to synthesize optimal controllers for the scaled Tioo full information problem with real and complex uncertainty is presented. The control problem is reduced to a linear matrix inequality, which can be solved via a finite dimensional convex optimization. This technique is compared with the optimal scaled 1-C^ full information with only complex uncertainty and D-K iteration control design to synthesize controllers for a missile autopilot. Directly including real parametric uncertainty into the control design results in improved robust performance of the missile autopilot. The controller synthesized via D-K iteration achieves results similar to the optimal designs.
Graph similarity and distance in graphs

For connected graphs G1 and G2 of order n and a one-to-one mapping \( \phi : V (G_1) \to V (G_2) \), the \( \phi \)-distance between G1 and G2 is ¶¶ $ d_ \phi (G_1, G_2) = \sum \bigl| d_{G_1} (u,v) - d_{G_2} (\phi u, \phi v)\bigr|, $¶¶ where the sum is taken over all \( {n \choose 2} \) unordered pairs u,v of vertices of G1. The distance between G1 and G2 is defined by \( d (G_1, G_2) = \min \{ d_\phi(G_1, G_2)\} \), where the minimum is taken over all one-to-one mappings \( \phi \) from V (G1) to V (G2). It is shown that this distance is a metric on the space of connected graphs of a fixed order. The maximum distance \( D (G_1, G_2) = \max \{ d_\phi(G_1, G_2)\} \) for connected graphs G1 and G2 of the same order is also explored. The total distance of a connected graph G is \( \Sigma d(u,v) \), where the sum is taken over all unordered pairs u, v of vertices of G. Bounds for d (G1, G2) are presented both in terms of the total distances of G1 and G2 and also in terms of the sizes of G1, G2, and a greatest common subgraph of G1 and G2. For a set \( \cal {S} \) of connected graphs having fixed order, the distance graph \( \cal {D} (\cal {S}) \) of \( \cal {S} \) is that graph whose vertex set is \( \cal {S} \) and such that two vertices G1 and G2 of \( \cal {D}( \cal {S}) \) are adjacent if and only if d (G1, G2) = 1. Furthermore, a graph G is a distance graph if there exists a set \( \cal {S} \) of graphs having fixed order such that \( \cal {D} (\cal {S}) \cong G \). It is shown that every distance graph is bipartite and, moreover, that all even cycles and all forests are distance graphs. Other bipartite graphs are shown to be distance graphs and it is conjectured that all bipartite graphs are distance graphs.
Tensor products in generalized measure theory

Klay, Randall, and Foulis established that the signed weight space of the tensor product of two quasimanuals each having a positive, finite-dimensional state space is isomorphic to the algebraic tensor product of the signed-weight spaces of the factors. We obtain a generalization of this result for arbitrary quasimanuals. A compactness condition due to Cook—here calleddiscreteness—is discussed and shown to be preserved under the formation of tensor products. It is shown that the predual of the signed weight space of a tensor product of discrete manuals is the projective (ordered) tensor product of the preduals of the signed weight spaces of the factors.
Quality of Life Issues for Families who Make the Decision to Use a Feeding Tube for Their Child with Disabilities

Qualitative research methods were used to study families who had made or were in the process of making the decision to use a feeding tube to meet the nutrition needs of their child with a disability. Data were gathered over a 2-year period through interviews with eight families. Family decision making in the context of quality of life was examined using a theoretical family systems model. Descriptive themes and issues emerged from the data that led to a greater understanding of what families face in making this decision for their child. The data can help families and professionals work in partnership before a child becomes severely malnourished or medically compromised as a result of inadequate nutrition. The themes and issues are discussed and implications for future interventions and research are presented.
Independence and Interaction of Regions of the INNER NO OUTER Protein in Growth Control during Ovule Development

The outer integument of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ovule develops asymmetrically, with growth and cell division occurring primarily along the region of the ovule facing the base of the gynoecium (gynobasal). This process is altered in the mutants inner no outer (ino) and superman (sup), which lead to absent or symmetrical growth of the outer integument, respectively. INO encodes a member of the YABBY family of putative transcription factors, and its expression is restricted to the gynobasal side of developing ovules via negative regulation by the transcription factor SUP. Other YABBY proteins (e.g. CRABS CLAW [CRC] and YABBY3 [YAB3]) can substitute for INO in promotion of integument growth, but do not respond to SUP regulation. In contrast, YAB5 fails to promote integument growth. To separately investigate the growth-promotive effects of INO and its inhibition by SUP, domain swaps between INO and YAB3, YAB5, or CRC were assembled. The ability of chimeric YABBY proteins to respond to SUP restriction showed a quantitative response proportional to the amount of INO protein and was more dependent on C-terminal regions of INO. A different response was seen when examining growth promotion where the number and identity of regions of INO in chimeric YABBY proteins were not the primary influence on promotion of outer integument growth. Instead, promotion of growth required a coordination of features along the entire length of the INO protein, suggesting that intramolecular interactions between regions of INO may coordinately facilitate the intermolecular interactions necessary to promote formation of the outer integument.
Genetic variability of transpiration response to vapor pressure deficit among soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) genotypes selected from a recombinant inbred line population

Limited observations of soybean plant response of transpiration rate (TR) to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) have indicated the existence of genotypes with nearly constant TR at high VPD. The range of expression of this trait in a given population within a species has not been explored. To initiate study of this possibility, 22 genotypes from a RIL population derived from a cross of PI 416937 and Benning were characterized for their VPD response. Genotype PI 416937 has been shown to reach a maximum TR at a VPD as low as 2 kPa. Surprisingly, Benning was not found to have a continually increasing TR with VPD, but rather it had a two-segment TR response very similar to PI 416937. Unexpectedly, only one of the studied RILs had a TR response similar to the parents. Thirteen RILs had a continually increasing TR with increasing VPD. Eight RILs reached a maximum TR occurring at VPD of about 1.3 kPa, significantly lower value than that of the parents. While the inheritance of the maximum TR trait is clearly complex, these results offer encouragement that the VPD at which plants limit TR might vary so that the trait can be tailored to maximize potential yield increase in different water-deficit environments.
Sex Differences in Reading and Mathematics Achievement for Middle School Students

This paper reports a comparison between the performances of boys and girls on reading and mathematics objectives on a standardized achievement test, with each objective tested by a set of items. Differences in achievement between boys and girls from grades five through eight are discussed.
Regulation of chemotactic and proadhesive responses to chemoattractant receptors by RGS (regulator of G-protein signaling) family members

Serpentine Galphai-linked receptors support rapid adhesion and directed migration of leukocytes and other cell types. The intracellular mechanisms mediating and regulating chemoattractant-directed adhesion and locomotion are only now beginning to be explored. RGS (for regulator of G-protein signaling) proteins are a recently described family that regulate Galphai-stimulated pathways by acting as GTPase-activating proteins. Little is known about the GTPase activity of the Galphai proteins involved in adhesion and chemotaxis, or the significance of their regulation to these responses. Using transiently transfected lymphoid cells as a model system, we show that expression of RGS1, RGS3, and RGS4 inhibits chemoattractant-induced migration. In contrast, RGS2, a regulator of Galphaq activity, had no effect on cell migration to any chemoattractant. RGS1, RGS3, and RGS4 also reduced rapid chemoattractant-triggered adhesion, although the proadhesive response appears quantitatively less sensitive to RGS action than chemotaxis. The results suggest that the duration of the Galphai signal may be a particularly important parameter in the chemotactic responses of leukocytes, and demonstrate the potential for RGS family members to regulate cellular adhesive and migratory behaviors.
Enzymes of uridine 5′-monophosphate biosynthesis in Schistosoma mansoni

In Schistosoma mansoni, the major product of in vitro orotate metabolism was orotidine 5′-monophosphate (OMP), whereas in mouse liver it was UMP. In contrast to mammalian cells, OMP appeared not to be ‘channeled’ from orotate phosphoribosyltransferase to OMP decarboxylase in S. mansoni, resulting in substantial degradation of OMP to orotidine. Significant differences were observed in the inhibitor specificity of phosphoribosyltransferase between S. mansoni and mouse liver, indicating that this enzyme may be a potential chemotherapeutic target in S. mansoni. Two distinct phosphoribosyltransferases were found in S. mansoni. One enzyme, having the higher molecular weight, utilized orotate, 5-fluorouracil and uracil as substrates, while the other only orotate. Both enzymes were inhibited by 5-azaorotic acid (oxonic acid) but only the ‘orotate-specific’ enzyme was inhibited by 4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine. OMP decarboxylase activity co-eluted with both phosphoribosyltransferases from Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography. We suggest that phosphoribosyltransferase in S. mansoni plays a role in both de novo UMP biosynthesis as well as in the salvage of uracil and uridine.
Effect of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride on Plasmodium lophurae infection in the duck

Abstract White Pekin ducks infected with P. lophurae and treated with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride have a lower parasitaemia than untreated ducks. The mechanism by which this effect occurs is discussed. The nuclei of parasitized erythrocytes swell and degenerate following the liberation of the parasites. These degenerating nuclei are phagocytized. However, some may remain in the circulation and form “smudges” in blood smears.
Ages of very large impact basins on Mars: Implications for the late heavy bombardment in the inner solar system

[1] A sharp peak in both relative crater retention ages and inferred model absolute ages for the largest impact basins on Mars may be a Martian equivalent of a late heavy bombardment (LHB) terminal lunar cataclysm (TLC). If so, it supports a NICE-type LHB, provides an important temporal connection between lunar and Martian chronologies, and suggests the current Martian chronology overestimates the age of large basins and perhaps other events in early Martian history.
Further insight into the potential role of shear wave caustics in NDE of rods and pipes

Abstract After reflection from the inner wall a diverging beam of shear waves inside a rod or pipe converges to form a caustic. This surface of high sound intensity forms a well defined structure within the sample under test which can be used as a probe for internal defects. The width of the energy concentration at the caustic has been measured and used to calculate the resolution of such a testing system. The use of shear wave caustics to determine the size of internal cracks, in a manner independent of flaw geometry, is demonstrated.
Anaerobic/aerobic biodegradation of pentachlorophenol using GAC fluidized bed reactors: optimization of the empty bed contact time

An integrated reactor system has been developed to remediate pentachlorophenol (PCP) containing wastes using sequential anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation. Anaerobically, PCP was degraded to predominately equimolar concentrations (>99%) of monochlorophenol (MCP) in two GAC fluidized bed reactors at Empty Bed Contact Times (EBCTs) ranging from 18.6 to 1.15 hours. However, at lower EBCTs, MCP concentrations decreased to less than 10% of the influent PCP concentration suggesting mineralization. The optimal EBCT was determined to be 2.3 hours based on PCP conversion to MCPs and stable reactor operation. Decreasing the EBCT fourfold did not inhibit degradation of PCP and its intermediates, thus allowing removal of PCP at much lower detention time and resulting in a significant cost advantage. Analytical grade PCP was fed via syringe pumps into two fluidized bed reactors at influent concentrations of 100 mg/l and 200 mg/l, respectively. Acting as the primary substrate, ethanol was also fed into the reactors at concentrations of 697 and 1388 mg/l. Effluent PCP and chlorinated phenolic compounds were analyzed weekly to evaluate reactor performance. Biodegradation pathways were also identified. 3-chlorophenol (CP) was the predominant MCP and varied simultaneously with 3,5-dichlorophenol (DCP) concentrations. Likewise, 4-CP concentrations varied simultaneously with 3,4-DCP concentrations. A second stage aerobic GAC fluidized bed reactor was added after the anaerobic reactor to completely mineralize the remaining MCP and phenols. Data show no presence of phenol and MCP in the effluent or on the GAC. Overall, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) fed to the system was reduced from 75 g/d in the influent to less than 1.5 g/d in the effluent.
Radiative transfer with internal reflection via the converged discrete ordinates method

Abstract In response to the challenge of establishing highly accurate solutions to the plane layer radiative transfer equation with the simplest of methods, the converged discrete ordinates method is presented. With this algorithm of only finite difference, quadrature and acceleration, we show how to obtain highly accurate intensities for radiative transfer in a finite layer with internal surface reflection. The method features angular smoothing and angular interpolation through “faux” quadrature. In addition, a manufactured solution demonstrates the high accuracy of the method for forward peaked scattering. We consider scattering in a heterogeneous medium as a final demonstration.
Apprenticeship pilgrims and the acquisition of legitimacy

This research explores strategies used by non-Brazilian capoeiristas (practitioners of an Afro-Brazilian martial art) to claim legitimacy on the home turf of Brazilian capoeiristas. These individuals travel to Brazil because of their extreme commitment to the art and because travel is one way they can combat charges of illegitimacy stemming from their foreign status. Apprenticeship pilgrimage is the practice of traveling to the source to become an apprentice to a local master. Apprenticeship pilgrimage is seen in a variety of arts and sports that are now consumable on the global market. In the case of non-Brazilian capoeiristas who rely upon local practitioners to validate their legitimacy, apprenticeship pilgrimage often involves the translation of cultural capital into opportunities for apprenticeship.
Lumpability and commutativity of markov processes

We introduce the concepts of lumpability and commutativity of a continuous time discrete state space Markov process, and provide a necessary and sufficient condition for a lumpable Markov process to be commutative. Under suitable conditions we recover some of the basic quantities of the original Markov process from the jump chain of the lumped Markov process.
Effects of naloxone and diprenorphine on spontaneous activity in rats and mice

Abstract The narcotic antagonist naloxone has been reported to decrease locomotor activity in the rat, presumably by blocking endogenous opiate systems. Naloxone has a greater affinity for receptors which preferentially bind morphine and other opiate alkaloids as compared to receptors that bind endogenous opioid peptides. Diprenorphine, another pure opiate antagonist, binds with equal affinity to both receptor subtypes. Therefore, the effects of the narcotic antagonists naloxone and diprenorphine on spontaneous activity were compared in rats and mice, tested individually and in pairs. Only naloxone (10 mg/kg) affected spontaneous activity in rats tested individually, decreasing both gross and fine activity. In rats tested in pairs, naloxone (1.0 and 10 mg/kg) decreased both fine and gross activity, while diprenorphine (10 mg/kg) produced significant decreases only in fine activity. In mice tested individually, naloxone produced modest (nonsignificant) decreases in activity while diprenorphine (10 mg/kg) significantly enhanced activity. Neither opiate antagonist produced consistent effects on activity in paired mice. These results illustrate the species and situation dependence of the effects of opiate antagonists and point out the need for testing more than one narcotic antagonist in research designed to provide inferential information concerning possible physiological functions of endogenous opioid peptides.
Teratoid parasites of the mouth (episphenoids, epipalati [epurani], epignathi)

Abstract The teratoid parasites of the mouth show all transitions from dermoids (hairy polyps) through teratomas (unorganized derivatives of all three germinal layers) to incompletely developed twins (sometimes affixed to the autosite by an umbilical cord). Most oral parasites are attached to the sphenoid bone (episphenoids) ; some are affixed to the palate (epipalati or epurani) ; a few are bound to the jaw (epignathi). The episphenoids mostly grow into the pharynx and mouth; in a considerable number of cases they develop into the cranium (encranii) ; in rare cases they extend into both directions. A case of the latter variety has been described in this paper. It has been shown that the intraoral and intracranial portions of these parasites are connected with one another through the area of the craniopharyngeal canal. Since many encranii spring from the region of the pituitary gland, and most oral parasites arise at or near the sphenoid bone, and since almost all encranii, episphenoids, epipalati, and epignathi develop at or near the midline, it appears that all these parasites have a common pathogenesis. As the higher-developed parasites, like the one reported here, show the same axial orientation as their autosites, it suggests itself that they are asymmetrical double monsters rather than teratomas due to dislocation of germ tissue.
Asymmetric and symmetric long bone bowing in two sibs: An apparently new bone dysplasia

We describe 2 sibs, one with congenital asymmetric long bone bowing and one with congenital symmetric long bone bowing. Other bony abnormalities in these sibs include beaten metal appearance of the skull, dolichomacrocephaly, ocular hypertelorism, and anterior beaking and bone-within-bone appearance of vertebrae. A differential diagnosis including campomelic dysplasia, kyphomelic dysplasia, hypophosphatasia, Grant syndrome, and osteogenesis imperfecta, and a discussion of potential mechanisms of long bone bowing are presented. The condition that these sibs have shares some characteristics of the above bone disorders, but appears to be a separate entity which to our knowledge has not been described previously. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Infant Smiling Dynamics and Perceived Positive Emotion

To better understand early positive emotional expression, automated software measurements of facial action were supplemented with anatomically based manual coding. These convergent measurements were used to describe the dynamics of infant smiling and predict perceived positive emotional intensity. Over the course of infant smiles, degree of smile strength varied with degree of eye constriction (cheek raising, the Duchenne marker), which varied with degree of mouth opening. In a series of three rating studies, automated measurements of smile strength and mouth opening predicted naive (undergraduate) observers' continuous ratings of video clips of smile sequences, as well as naive and experienced (parent) ratings of positive emotion in still images from the sequences. An a priori measure of smile intensity combining anatomically based manual coding of both smile strength and mouth opening predicted positive emotion ratings of the still images. The findings indicate the potential of automated and fine-grained manual measurements of facial actions to describe the course of emotional expressions over time and to predict perceptions of emotional intensity.
Molecular dynamics simulations to explore the effect of chemical bonding in the keV bombardment of Si with C60, Ne60 and 12Ne60 projectiles

Depth profiling experiments using secondary ion spectrometry (SIMS) have shown effects that are characteristic to the pairing of the C þ 60 projectile with a Si target. Previous molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that this unusual behavior is due to the fact that strong covalent bonds are formed between the C atoms in the projectile and the Si atoms in the target, which result in the implantation of carbon into the solid. The focus of this paper is to understand how the formation of chemical bonds affects the net sputtered yield. The results of molecular dynamics simulations of the keV bombardment of Si with C60 ,N e 60 and 12 Ne60 at normal incidence are compared over a range of incident kinetic energies from 5 to 20 keV. The net yields with Ne60 and 12 Ne60 are significantly greater than with C60 at all incident kinetic energies, with 12 Ne60 having the largest values. Application of the mesoscale energy deposition footprint (MEDF) model shows that the initial deposition of energy into the substrate is similar with all three projectiles. Snapshots of the initial pathway of the projectile atoms through the substrate show a similar lateral and vertical distribution that is centered in the region of the energy footprint. Therefore, the reason for the reduced yield with C60 is that the C atoms form bonds with the Si atoms, which causes them to remain in the substrate instead of being sputtered. Published by Elsevier B.V.
A large solid angle Cerenkov counter for the DELCO experiment at spear

We describe the design, construction and performance of a 70% of 4π atmospheric pressure gas Cerenkov detector built in twelve sectors. Economical methods to achieve the necessary light gathering performance of the mirrors and other optical components are presented. One full scale sector of the detector was built and operated in an electron/pion beam at SLAC to secure data on the photoelectron yield as a function of beam electron direction and origin. A one meter radiator length of ethane yielded ≈10.5 photoelectrons in an RCA 8854 photomultiplier tube coated with a p-terphenyl wavelength shifter. The efficiency of the counter, obtained using energetic electrons from Bhabha events and averaged over the twelve counter sectors and the initial running period at SPEAR, is (97±1)%. Assuming that there are no real single prompt electrons that result from ψ-decay, the counter trigger rate of 0.35% per hadron event establishes a trigger rate of <0.1% per incident pion. The counter was found to have a momentum cut off for P<0.2 GeV/c at which value the efficiency falls to 50%.
Data of the Night

Gunshot detection systems are a form of geographical information system, a technology that has expanded rapidly in the past two decades and has substantially altered how we deal with the physical landscape. For the past decade, our beloved city has confronted the problems of nightly gunfire with a shot detection network, a web of sensors and computers that identifies a shot's location before the sounds have finished echoing off buildings and hills. The local police were quite proud of the system, one of the first deployed in the country, because it captured a detailed abstraction of all gunfire.
The devil is in the details: A comment on "What might this be? Rediscovering the Rorschach as a tool for personnel selection in organizations" (Del Giudice, 2010).

Although we find ourselves in agreement with Del Giudice (2010) on a number of concepts presented in his article, as industrial-organizational psychologists with extensive knowledge and experience ...
Can ACTH analogs support discriminative learning in rats

Abstract Ten rats were trained to discriminate between the stimulus properties of subcutaneously (SC) administered MSH/ACTH4–10 and saline in a two-lever, food-motivated operant task. After 12 weeks of discriminative training with 100 μg/kg MSH/ACTH4–10, half the rats received 200 μg/kg MSH/ATCH4–10, whereas the other half were administered 400 μg/kg, for 6 additional weeks. Subsequently, all rats continued training on 50 μg/kg ORG 2766 (SC) and, after 12 weeks of training, were randomly assigned to receive either 100 or 200 μg/kg ORG 2766. The results of this extensive 36 week training schedule indicate that only 1 of the 10 rats learned to discriminate the interoceptive cues produced by the ACTH analogs. However, this rat's performance was so sustained and errorless that the possibility exists that it was relatively more sensitive to the effects of MSH/ACTH4–10 and its analogs and that these substances may support discriminative learning in the rat.
"Window shade" tympanoplasty for anterior marginal perforations.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Anterior marginal perforations of the tympanic membrane often present a reconstructive challenge to the otolaryngologist. Poor surgical outcomes are often due to inadequate exposure, a lack of residual tympanic membrane, impaired vascular supply, and delayed healing. This study reports on the success of the “window shade” technique, combining aspects of both the traditional underlay and overlay tympanoplasty techniques, for the management of anterior marginal tympanic membrane perforations. Study Design: Retrospective review of patients undergoing window shade tympanoplasty from July 1, 1994, to July 1, 2003, at a tertiary care referral center. Methods: Only patients found to have anterior tympanic membrane perforations and who underwent a window shade tympanoplasty were included in the study. Tympanoplasty success rate was studied by examining postoperative complications of recurrent perforation, tympanic membrane lateralization, or anterior blunting. Results: The authors identified 164 patients who underwent window shade tympanoplasty during the study period. The overall success rate for tympanic membrane repair was 94.5%. There were no cases of tympanic membrane lateralization or significant blunting. The average healing time was 4 weeks. The surgical technique is described in detail. Conclusion: The window shade tympanoplasty is an excellent surgical option for repair of anterior marginal perforations of the tympanic membrane.
Structure and Isomerization in Alkali Halide Clusters

Theoretical electronic structure calculations on the geometry and stability of M 4 Cl 3 - (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs) have been carried out within a gradient corrected density functional theory. It is shown that all the clusters possess three energetically close structures in the form of a defected cuboid, ladder, and a ring. The three isomers have different electron affinities and can be identified through negative ion photodetachment experiments. It is shown that all the clusters are marked by low energy vibrational modes which can permit interconversion between the structures at high temperatures. The transition (minimum) temperature for observing thermal isomerization increases as one goes from Cs to Li. Further experiments to probe this interesting phenomenon are suggested.
Magnetization of an electron plasma by microwave pulses: Experiment to detect the longitudinal vacuum fieldB(3)

By solving the relativistic Hamilton-Jacobi equation of one electron in classical, circularly polarized, electromagnetic radiation, it is shown that the orbital electronic angular momentum is induced and governed entirely by the novel longitudinal vacuum fieldB(3). The presence of this field in the vacuum is detectible easily in principle by measuring its characteristicsquare root power density dependence using megawatt microwave pulses to magnetize an electron plasma set up in an inert gas such as helium.
Relative cerebral glucose uptake of neuronal perikarya and neuropil determined with 2-deoxyglucose in resting and swimming rat.

Summary An autoradiographic method using tracer amounts of [ 14 C]-2-deoxy- d -glucose (2-DG) was used to detect areas of the brain in which glucose consumption was altered in swimming as compared to resting rats. Areas in which changes occurred in the swimming rat were widespread in gray matter, being greatest in the cerebellar vermis and least in portions of the cerebellar hemispheres and the inferior colliculi. Improved resolution was obtained with an autoradiographic method for [ 3 H]-2-DG. The number of grains per unit area over neuronal perikarya was either slightly greater or equal to that over the immediately surrounding neuropil in both resting and swimming rats. This indicated that the glucose consumption of neuronal perikarya and the immediately surrounding neuropil per unit volume were similar. Since gray matter is composed predominantly of neuropil, the present results indicate that the bulk of the total brain gray matter glucose consumption is accounted for by neuropil in both the resting and swimming states.
Supercritical fluid extraction of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene and 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene from soil

Abstract Optimization of a methanol‐modified supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique using carbon dioxide has resulted in the effective recovery of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene (TNB) from spiked and native soils. Several parameters, including modifier concentration, temperature, density, and static and dynamic extraction time were varied independently to determine the effect of each on anaiyte recovery. The optimal SFE conditions are: 5% methanol, 150°C, 7500 PSI, 5 minutes static extraction and 15 minutes dynamic extraction. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography using electron‐capture detection (ECD). SFE quantitatively recovered both TNT and TNB from the soil matrix in considerably less time than conventional Soxhlet extraction with ethyl acetate and sonication with acetonitrile.
Staircase rate-adaptive LDPC-coded modulation for high-speed intelligent optical transmission

We propose staircase rate-adaptive LDPC-coded modulation that is suitable for high-speed intelligent optical transmission. Compared with shortening of LDPC codes, larger coding gain can be obtained and error floor can also be effectively mitigated.
Particle Size and Density of a Slurry from Ultrasonic Backscattering Measurements at a Solid Interface

The pivotal experiment was performed with a setup in which a plastic cylinder was mounted on the top of a horizontal Rexolite plate and a transducer mounted directly below the cylinder; a single layer of stationary 1588-μm acrylic spheres was placed in the cylinder filled with water. Two well-separated signals were received by the transducer operating in the pulse-echo mode: (1) a signal due to the reflection from water at the interface and (2) a time-delayed signal resulting from the backscattering from the spheres of diameter D. The important observation was that the time delay was equal to 2 D/c using standard notation. A method was developed to use the FFT phase difference between the incident and scattered signals at the interface to determine the time-delay as a function of frequency, the backscattering coefficient M versus frequency, a particle size distribution, and an average value of the diameter. Experimental average diameter results are shown in the square brackets for nominal particle sizes: (1) 1588-μm acrylic spheres [1564 μm], (2) polystyrene spheres for diameters from 200 μm to 500 μm [260 μm–536 μm], (3) suspended slurry of 250–300 μm polystyrene spheres at 2.25 MHz [253 μm], (4) 794 μm [759 μm] and 1588-μm [1623 μm] Teflon spheres, (5) 1588-μm stainless steel spheres [1674 μm], and (6) suspended slurry of 250–300 μm polystyrene spheres [275 μm] at 3.5 MHz for seven volume fractions. Density and particle size measurements were obtained for the latter. For the density measurement, the FFT amplitude of the scattered signal was summed from 2 to 4 MHz for each slurry. A plot of the square root of the FFT-amplitude-sum versus the volume fraction yields a straight line, passing through the origin. A calibration of the experimental setup is obtained by fitting a straight line through the data with error bars. Thus, the volume fraction for a slurry of unknown concentration can be determined by measuring the FFT-amplitude-sum. The density of the slurry is obtained from the volume fraction. These results make it feasible to develop an online and real-time pipeline sensor to measure particle size and slurry density.
Interferometer-induced wavefront errors when testing in a nonnull configuration

Sub-Nyquist interferometry and other extended range techniques have the potential to allow measurement of aspheric surfaces with large departures from a reference sphere. The optic is tested in a non-null configuration, and aberrations are introduced into the wavefront by the interferometer optics. Consequently, the wavefront measured at the sensor is different from the wavefront initially produced by the test surface, and the interferometer must be calibrated if useful measurements of aspheres are to be made. The aberrations produced by a Twyman- Green interferometer for this application were examined. To study the severity of these interferometer induced errors, a defocused spherical surface was used to generate a non-null configuration. With wavefront departures up to 400 waves, errors up to 12 waves rms were found to be introduced by the non-null test setup.
A Review of the Current State of Negotiated Order Theory: an Appreciation and a Critique*

It is argued that the theory of negotiated order, which has remained largely submerged within a series of fairly specific “grounded” case studies of occupations, professions, and complex organizati...
The Democratic Contribution of Weakly Tied Political Networks: Moderate Political Blogs as Bridges to Heterogeneous Information Pools

Given the dearth of research on nonpartisan political blog networks, this article conducted an exploratory analysis of the network ties of elite, moderate blogs in relation to and in comparison with elite, partisan blogs. Sampling 18 ideologically diverse blogs (left-leaning, moderate, and right-leaning) across three public affairs issues in 2007, it was found that weak-tie connections enabled moderate blogs to bridge all ideological blog networks more comprehensibly and expansively than partisan blog networks. Unfortunately, the bridging effect of weak-tie connections provided less internal and external cohesion within the moderate blog network when compared to both partisan blog networks. Moderate blogs had low intragroup (within group) and intergroup (between group) cohesion: moderate blogs not only linked less internally but received fewer, reciprocal linkages from partisan blog networks. Findings highlight the trade-off that moderate blogs make as they sacrifice the visibility benefits of cohesive community for the informational benefits of heterogeneous, weak-tie connections.
Icosahedral aluminum-transition-metal alloys.

We have used x-ray and electron diffraction to study the icosahedral phase in rapidly quenched alloys of Al with Mn, Re, Cr, Ru, V, Mo, and W. We also find negative results in searches for the icosahedral phase in various other transition-metal alloys. Addition of small amounts of Si and Ru to Al-Mn and Al-Cr alloys appears to enhance stability of the icosahedral phase. We discuss the role of atomic packing, electronegativity differences, and electronic band structure in stabilizing this phase.
A Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Analysis of Spatiotemporal Patterns of Terrorist Incidents in Iraq 2004–2009

As terrorism on all scales continues, it is necessary to improve understanding of terrorist and insurgent activities. This article takes a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) approach to advance the understanding of spatial, social, political, and cultural triggers that influence terrorism incidents. Spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal patterns of terrorist attacks are examined to improve knowledge about terrorist systems of training, planning, and actions. The results of this study aim to provide a foundation for understanding attack patterns and tactics in emerging havens as well as inform the creation and implementation of various counterterrorism measures.
Aristotle on Corrective Justice

This paper argues against the view favored by many contemporary scholars that corrective justice in the Nicomachean Ethics is essentially compensatory and in favor of a bifunctional account according to which corrective justice aims at equalizing inequalities of both goods and evils resulting from various interactions between persons. Not only does the account defended in this paper better explain the broad array of examples Aristotle provides than does the standard interpretation, it also better fits Aristotle’s general definition of what is just. In the last section, the paper argues, again against the standard interpretation, that proportional reciprocity, the kind of justice discussed in Nicomachean Ethics V.5, has two forms and is closely linked to corrective justice. Although corrective justice and proportional reciprocity are conceptually distinct and do different work in Aristotle’s political philosophy, instances of proportional reciprocity are instantiated by instances of corrective justice. This linkage, the paper concludes, helps to explain why Aristotle would assign corrective justice such a prominent place in his theory of justice.
The generation of weakly integrable semigroups

Abstract A characterization of the generators of a class of weakly integrable semigroups on a locally convex space is proved. It bears a resemblance to the Hille-Yosida-Phillips theorem on the generators of strongly continuous semigroups on a Banach Space.
Clq Binding Activity in Lupus Erythematosus: Correlation with “Lupus Band Test”

A 131 Clq binding assay was employed to estimate Clq binding activity (Clq BA), presumably due to the presence of circulating immune complexes, in lupus erythematosus sera. Thirteen of 16 sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had elevated Clq BA. Only 1 of 17 sera from patients with generalized discoid LE (GDLE) and none of 5 localized DLE patient's sera had elevated Clq BA. A correlation between a positive LE band test and the level of Clq BA was apparent. A positive LE band test tended to occur in patients with higher levels of Clq BA, whereas a negative LE band test tended to occur in patients with low levels of Clq BA.
Motivation and Self-Regulation as Predictors of Achievement in Economically Disadvantaged Young Children

Abstract The primary purpose of the present study was to better understand the roles of motivation and self-regulated task behavior for early school achievement differences among young, economically at-risk and not-at-risk children. Of the at-risk participants, 43 were 5-6-year-olds and 42 were 7-8-year-olds. Of the not-at-risk participants, 21 were 6-year-olds, and 21 were 8-year-olds. Results of the study showed that child-and-teacher-reported motivation levels were comparable among the at-risk and the not-at-risk children. However, the at-risk children showed poorer abilities to regulate their task attention than the not-at-risk children did. In addition, younger at-risk children's achievement scores were predicted by their levels of attention-regulation abilities. Results are discussed in relation to the importance of at-risk children's attention-regulation skills.
Equations for the Cabrera–Mott kinetics of oxidation for spherical nanoparticles

Abstract Equations describing formation of a spherical oxide shell according to the Cabrera–Mott mechanism are presented. Two different configurations of metal and oxidizer are considered: oxidation of a spherical metal particle in surrounding oxidizer, and reduction of a spherical oxide inclusion in a metal matrix. Equations for the former configuration were reported earlier but did not explicitly account for volume changes in the growing oxide shell and shrinking central core. For aluminum oxidation, the correction for these volume changes is significant for spherical particles with diameters less than 10 nm.
Reversible–irreversible plasticity transition in twinned copper nanopillars

Abstract Through computer simulations, we show that plasticity in twinned copper nanopillars can be either reversible or irreversible depending on the applied stress state. Copper nanopillars, containing twinned crystals, are subjected to both compression and tension, and the ratio of the resolved shear ( σ R ) to the normal stress ( σ N ) , R, is adjusted through variation of the orientation of the twin boundary plane with respect to the loading axis. It is found that the yield locus on the σ R – σ N plane for twinned nanopillars is asymmetric with respect to the sign of R. For a 9 nm diameter copper nanopillar under compression, plastic deformation can be totally reversed when σ R is in the range 0.5 ⩽ σ R ⩽ 1 GPa , with a corresponding increase in the compressive normal stress, up to ≈2.5 GPa. It is shown that these conditions are achieved for axial strains