cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coupled heat and mass transport in unsteady sublimation drying

Sublimation drying is analyzed by considering coupled heat and mass transport at the ice-vapor interface. Since, the typical model of sublimation drying assumes a pseudo steady state heat transport limited process, these assumptions are critically analyzed to determine whether they are the cause of some of the limitations of the simplified model. It is shown that although total drying times can be substantially increased if there is heat leakage into the ice core and coupled heat and mass transport, this is not a problem in the conventional sublimation drying of foods. However, the results indicate that consideration of both coupled transport and heat leakage into the core result in time-varying ice temperatures which could exceed the triple point. In addition, the application of this analysis to the analogous heterogeneous chemical reaction problem is pointed out and appropriate conclusions can be drawn by inference.
Inverse gas chromatographic characterization of poly(ethylene oxide)

Abstract The inverse gas chromatography method was utilized to obtain the thermodynamic properties and the surface energy of a semicrystalline polymer, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). PEO was used as a stationary phase in the chromatographic column and 16 solutes with a different chemical nature were used as eluents such as alkanes, acetates and alcohols. Each family has provided information on the type and strength of the PEO–solute interactions. Alkanes showed endothermic interaction parameters χ 12 and the molar heat of mixing in a temperature range of 70–130°C. Acetates and alcohols showed better interactions with the PEO layer and butanol was found to be the best solvent for PEO among all solutes used. The variation in molecular weight of PEO above 4000 g mol −1 showed no apparent effect on the interaction coefficients. The dispersive contribution of the surface energy of PEO was measured as a function of temperature, which ranged between 8.00 and 13.00 mJ m −2 , indicating a poor surface energy of PEO.
Circumferential ultrasound ablation for pulmonary vein isolation: Analysis of acute and chronic failures

Circumferential Ultrasound Ablation for PV Isolation.Introduction: In patients undergoing circumferential isolation of the pulmonary veins with an ultrasound ablation system, we analyzed the temperatures achieved while delivering circumferential ostial lesions in the pulmonary veins. We also reviewed the angiograms obtained during the procedure and identified anatomic variants that could be responsible for ineffective lesion formation. Methods and Results: During the early clinical use in 33 patients, a total of 85 veins were ablated. A mean of 16.9 ± 12.3 ablations were delivered per patient, and a mean of 6.7 ablations per vein were applied. Entry block was assessed by placing a deflectable octapolar or a circular catheter in the vein. The following anatomic characteristics and technical limitations were identified as possible reasons for ineffective energy delivery: (1) funnel-shaped ostium; (2) ostial diameter larger than the balloon diameter; (3) inability to deliver the catheter to the right inferior or other vein ostia; (4) ostial instability; (5) early branching of the vein; and (6) eccentric position of the ultrasound transducer in the vein. In patients with recurrence of atrial fibrillation, 40% of the ostial lesions reached a temperature > 60°C. However, in patients cured by the ablation, 64% of the ostial lesions reached a temperature > 60°C (P < 0.06). At least 12 of the 20 chronic recurrences could have been related to technical limitations of the first system. Duration of atrial fibrillation and eccentric deployment of the ultrasound transducer were more frequent in patients with recurrence of arrhythmias at follow-up. Conclusion: Ostial anatomy of the veins may affect delivery of ultrasound energy to achieve circumferential lesions. Energy delivery at the ostium with a temperature > 60°C may be important to maximize success. Reconfiguration of the system to overcome the shortcomings identified in the initial experience could increase its performance.
Biological near-field scanning optical microscopy: instrumentation and sample issues for shear-force feedback

Abstract The current technology of near-field microscopy is limited in two important aspects: photon throughput and scan rate. In this paper we will consider the second limitation only. Furthermore, we will consider it as a function of probe-sample feedback response time and not one of low light level imaging; i.e. scan times are not limited by any need to integrate the optical signal. Our considerations will focus on shear-force feedback response times and how it places a limit on the type of biological investigations that can be accomplished.
Earlier age of smoking initiation may not predict heavier cigarette consumption in later adolescence.

Previous studies suggest that earlier cigarette smoking initiation in adolescence predicts greater cigarette consumption later in adolescence or adulthood. Results from these studies have been used to inform interventions for adolescent smoking. However, previous studies suffer from several important methodological limitations. The objective of the present study was to address these limitations by longitudinally and prospectively examining whether and how age of initiation of smoking among adolescents predicts cigarette consumption by age 16 or 17. Participants completed an in-class survey every 6 months for 2–3 school years. Participants included 395 adolescents (Mean age = 14 years at baseline; 53.2% female) from two public high schools in Northern California (Schools A and B) who completed self-report measures of smoking initiation, number of friends who smoke, and number of whole cigarettes smoked by the final survey time point. Adolescents who were older when they first smoked one whole cigarette were 5.3 to 14.6 times more likely in School A and 2.9 to 4.3 times more likely in School B to have smoked a greater number of cigarettes by age 16 or 17. Results suggested that earlier smoking initiation may not lead to heavier cigarette consumption later in time, as has been previously shown. There may be a period of heightened vulnerability in mid- or late adolescence where smoking experimentation is more likely to lead to greater cigarette consumption. Targeting prevention efforts to adolescents aged 14 to 17 years may further reduce smoking initiation among youth, thus limiting subsequent smoking-related morbidity and mortality in adulthood.
Fungal pathogenicity and morphological switches

The virulence of Candida albicans, a major human fungal pathogen, has been considered dependent on the ability to transition between different morphologies. A new study reports a screen of C. albicans mutants that demonstrates that pathogenesis can be dissociated from morphological switching and in vitro growth rate.
Regulation of rat gastric H+/K+-ATPase α-subunit mRNA by omeprazole

The H+/K(+)-ATPase is the dimeric enzyme responsible for H+ secretion by the gastric parietal cells. The present study examined the response of rat fundic mRNA levels of H+/K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit and somatostatin to the inhibition of H+/K(+)-ATPase enzyme activity and gastric pH elevation by oral omeprazole administration. Omeprazole inhibits the alpha-subunit of H+/K(+)-ATPase covalently and stabilizes stimulated morphology of the parietal cell. After a single administration of omeprazole (100 mg/kg), H+/K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit mRNA levels increased significantly by 57% at 3 h and remained elevated for 6 h, returning to the basal level by 24 h. After multiple administrations of omeprazole (100 mg/kg per day, every 24 h for 3 days), H+/K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit mRNA levels were already elevated at the time of the last dose, reached maximum at 6 h (95% increase above control), and returned to the pre-treatment level after 36 h. Nuclear run-on assay indicated H+/K(+)-ATPase gene transcription was significantly increased by omeprazole pretreatment in vivo. In contrast, a significant decrease in fundic somatostatin mRNA occurred at 12 h after a single dose, and the inhibition was more pronounced and lasted longer after multiple doses of omeprazole. These data indicate that omeprazole, while effectively inhibiting H+/K(+)-ATPase activity, induces H+/K(+)-ATPase gene expression in the parietal cells. An inverse relationship exists between the regulation of somatostatin gene expression in fundic D-cells and H+/K(+)-ATPase gene expression. The increase in H+/K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit mRNA could be due to alterations in extracellular gastrin/somatostatin ratios or could be induced by intracellular effects of omeprazole.
Hydroxylapatite with substituted magnesium, zinc, cadmium, and yttrium. I. Structure and microstructure.

Hydroxylapatite (HA) was made containing magnesium, zinc, cadmium, and yttrium. Salts of these cations were added to precipitating HA; the precipitates were dried and sintered at 1100 degrees C for 1 h. Lattice parameters from X-ray diffraction spectra showed that these elements were incorporated into the apatite structure at a level of 2% added fraction of calcium in HA and up to 7% for yttrium. The densities of different substituted apatites were close to theoretical for pressed and sintered samples, which is evidence for low bulk porosity. The grain sizes of substituted apatites were smaller than those of pure HA except for cadmium-containing apatite. Surfaces of etched samples showed no second phases, whereas surfaces of unetched samples showed second phases and higher porosity than etched surfaces.
Gynecologic and reproductive health concerns of adolescents using selected psychotropic medications.

Psychiatric disorders are common in adolescent girls and may require chronic therapies with psychotropic medications. Antipsychotic medications and mood stabilizers have been increasingly prescribed to and widely used by adolescents for a variety of both “on” an “off” label indications. Studies on the safety and monitoring of these medications in adolescent girls have shown important potential for gynecologic and reproductive adverse effects. The objective of this article is to review the mechanisms for and management of menstrual disorders mediated by hyperprolactinemia associated with antipsychotic medications, hypothyroidism associated with lithium and quetiapine, and the independent association of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in girls using valproic acid. Beyond their susceptibility to these disruptions in the menstrual cycle, adolescent girls with psychiatric illness also have increased sexual risk behaviors. These behaviors makes it all the more important to review teratogenicity and clinically relevant contraceptive drug interactions in adolescent girls using these psychotropic medications.
Neighbors and acts of silent kindness

I want to take one paragraph from the second chapter (Social debt, silent gift) from Clara Han’s compelling account of the braiding of care and violence in postPinochet neoliberal Chile and work out its implications for anthropology with regard to questions of social suffering, poverty, and how we may understand the pursuit of the good. The paragraph that occurs on page seventy-nine goes as follows: Later, when I asked Paloma who her friends were in the poblacion, she said to me, “Friends? I don’t have any friends. Susana is my friend. We share our intimacies. Friends are few, neighbors are many.” Indeed, such a sentiment was echoed to me by many women in La Pincoya. Only upon meditation upon the boundary between neighbors and friends did I begin to realize that the crucial difference between inhabiting friendship and neighborliness lay not in the perceptive ability of catching those signs of critical moments, such as the cry of Paloma’s hungry child, but in how that catching would be or could be addressed. To follow Han’s thought here it is necessary to step into the streets and houses that she describes in such depth and ask, what does she mean by “critical moments”? Understanding the critical moments in the life of a family requires that we shift scales and ask how economic precariousness is produced in the lives of the poor through the transformations in economic policy. As Han argues, the successive democratic governments in Chile continued with the “growth with equity” model of the Pinochet regime that was consistent with a neoliberal vision. This economic model had particularly perilous effects on the poor with its flexible labor regimes, shifts from permanent to temporary labor contracts, and easy availability of credit cards with high interest rates and punishing schedules of repayment. Though various successive governments recognized a social debt to the poor, welfare programs were decentralized with technologies of verification by social workers
DRILL HOLES PRODUCED BY THE PREDATORY GASTROPOD NUCELLA LAMELLOSA (MURICIDAE): PALAEOBIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

Drill holes, used widely by biologists and palaeontologists to study predator-prey interactions, provide rich quantifiable data on drilling carnivores and their victims. A laboratory experiment, involving over 50 individuals of the drilling gastropod Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) and several hundred individuals of its natural prey, the mussel Mytilus trossulus (Gould), was employed to test the informative value and validity of several drill-hole parameters. The majority of attacks (∼88%) were accomplished by drilling, providing a record of predation intensity that is only slightly underestimated. In three out of nine cases, prey killed without drilling exhibited an incomplete drill hole, so that incomplete muricid drill holes need not record failed predatory attacks. Drill-hole dimensions correlate with predator size, but the size and thickness ofprey shell do not affect drill-hole size. The spatial distribution of drill holes on prey shells does not suggest any obvious site-selective stereotypy in drilling behaviour. The drill-hole morphology is relatively invariant in terms of vertical profile, but highly variable in outline. Although none of the holes produced in the experiment could readily be mistaken for a naticid drilling, the high variability in outline could be misinterpreted (especially if data came from the fossil record) as evidence for presence of multiple types of predators.
Root properties and convergence rates of median filters

Median filters are a special class of ranked order filters used for smoothing signals. Repeated application of the filter on a quantized signal of finite length ultimately results in a sequence, termed a root signal, which is invariant to additional passes of the median filter. In this paper, the theory is developed both for determining the cardinality of the root signal space of arbitrary window width filters applied to signals with any number of quantization levels and for counting or estimating the number of passes required to produce a root for binary signals.
The optimization of yield in cluster synthesis. The preparation of [η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)]4

Abstract Yields of nearly 80% of the tetrameric cluster, [CpFe(CO)] 4 can be obtained from the dimer, [CpFe(CO) 2 ] 2 , through the catalytic action of triphenylphosphine combined with uv irradiation. Conduction of the reaction in m -xylene proved critical to obtain high yields. In halocarbon solvents, triphenylphosphine was catalytically ineffective, and the tetramer was obtained as its radical cation.
The pathogenesis of transaldolase deficiency

The signaling networks that mediate cell growth, differentiation, and survival are dependent on complex metabolic and redox pathways. Metabolism of glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) fulfills two unique functions: formation of ribose 5-phosphate for the synthesis of nucleotides, RNA, and DNA in support cell growth and formation of NADPH for biosynthetic reactions and neutralization of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). Balancing of NADPH and ROI levels by the PPP enzyme transaldolase (TAL) regulates the mitochondrial trans-membrane potential (Δψm), a critical checkpoint of ATP synthesis and cell survival. While complete deficiency of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) or transketolase (TK) is lethal, TAL-deficient mice developed normally with the exception of male sterility due to structural and functional damage of sperm cell mitochondria. Recently, two cases of complete TAL deficiency have been reported in patients with liver cirrhosis which results from increased cell death of hepatocytes. Delineation of the cell type-specific role that TAL plays in the PPP and cell death signal processing will be critical for understanding the pathogenesis of TAL deficiency. iubmb Life, 59: 1-9, 2007
Multiple use of dialyzers: safety and efficacy

Multiple use of dialyzers: Safety and efficacy. The practice of multiple use of dialyzers was examined over a 15-month period on all 104 patients in a chronic maintenance hemodialysis facility. A computerized medical information system permitted analysis of the incidence of events in over 10,000 successive hemodialyses. It also allowed analysis of the events in 27 patients dialyzed for a total of 655 months successively in two units practicing single and multiple dialyzer use. The incidence of complications during dialysis, of complications that might be related to infection, and the rate of hospitalization was not greater when the 27 patients were dialyzed in the unit practicing multiple use as compared with the rates in the unit practicing single use. Events possibly associated with infection did not occur more frequently during dialyses in which the dialyzer had been used between 2 and 20 times than they did with the initial use of the dialyzer. With successive dialyzer use, there was no significant change in the ability to remove fluid or in the dialysance of urea and creatinine. The neutropenia that characteristically occurs early in dialysis was substantially less with reused dialyzers than with their initial use. Under the operating conditions described, we conclude that multiple dialyzer use over a 15-month period is safe, efficacious, and is not associated with an increased rate of infection, of morbidity from any cause, or of mortality. Utilisation multiple des dialyseurs: Securite et efficacite. L'utilisation multiple des dialyseurs a ete etudiee sur une periode de 15 mois chez l'ensemble des 104 malades d'un centre d'hemodialyse. Un systeme de dossier medical informatise a permis l'analyse de la frequence d'evenements au cours de plus de 10.000 hemodialyses. Il a aussi permis l'analyse des evenements chez 27 malades dialyses pendant un total de 655 mois successivement dans deux centres dont l'un utilisait les dialyseurs de facon unique et l'autre de facon multiple. La frequence des complications au cours de la dialyse, ou des complications qui peuvent etre en rapport avec l'infection, et la frequence des hospitalisations n'a pas ete plus grande quand les 27 malades ont ete dialyses dans le centre utilisant a plusieurs reprises les dialyseurs que dans l'autre. Les evenements en rapport possible avec l'infection ne sont pas survenus plus souvent au cours des dialyses pour lesquelles le dialyseur avait deja servi de 2 a 20 fois qu'au cours de celles ou le dialyseur etait utilise pour la premiere fois. Il n'a pas ete observe de modification de la possibilite de soustraire de l'eau ou de la dialysance de l'uree et de la creatinine. La neutropenie qui survient tot au cours de la dialyse etait tres attenuee quand les dialyseurs etaient reemployes. Dans les conditions decrites nous concluons que l'utilisation multiple des dialyseurs offre des garanties de securite et d'efficacite et n'est pas associee a une augmentation de frequence de l'infection, d'etats morbides ou de la mortalite.
Content and Organization of Teacher's Manuals: An Analysis of Japanese Elementary Mathematics Teacher's Manuals.

In this paper, results from a study that analyzed the content and organization of teacher's manuals for elementary school mathematics from Japan and the United States are presented. Studies have shown that the nature of mathematics instruction in Japan is different from instruction commonly observed in the United States. Moreover, other scholars have noted that elementary school teachers, both in the United States and Japan, rely heavily on textbooks to teach mathematics. Thus, teacher's manuals accompanying textbook series may be a contributing factor to this difference. The results of the analysis showed that there are some significant differences in the way Japanese teachers' manuals are prepared from those of the US series. The findings suggest that curriculum developers should critically reflect on how to prepare teacher's manuals so that they become useful resources for teachers.
INTRAVESICAL POTASSIUM CHLORIDE SENSITIVITY TEST IN MEN WITH CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME

ABSTRACT Purpose: Intravesical potassium chloride has been reported to cause pain in patients with interstitial cystitis and male chronic prostatitis (CP)/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS). We performed the potassium chloride sensitivity test (PST) in subjects with CP/CPPS and healthy men without pelvic pain. Materials and Methods: We recruited 40 men with CP/CPPS and 63 healthy men. The National Institutes of Health CPPS symptom index was used to measure the severity of symptoms. We instilled 100 ml physiological saline (NaCl 0.9%) intravesically. The bladder was emptied and 100 ml potassium chloride solution (KCl 40 mEq) were instilled. The subjects were asked to score urgency (0 to 10) and pain (0 to 10) sensations after each instillation. A positive PST was defined by 5 different cut-off points as the difference in score between KCl and NaCl instillations. Logistic regression analyses and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve were used to determine the predictive power of PST in CP/CPPS. Results: There was no difference in pain and urgency scores between the men with CP/CPPS and controls (p >0.05 for each). Men with CP/CPPS had higher pain and urgency scores with KCl than with NaCl (p = 0.011 and 0.033, respectively). The rates of positive PST were 50% and 36.5% in the CP/CPPS and control groups, respectively (p = 0.160). There was no significant correlation of potassium chloride sensitivity scores with National Institutes of Health symptom scores (p >0.05 for each). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive and negative predictive values of PST were 50%, 63.5%, 46.5% and 66.7%, respectively. Conclusions: Although there was a significant increase in pain and urgency scores following KCl instillation in patients with CP/CPPS, these scores and the rate of positive PST were not statistically different from those of healthy subjects. Thus, PST does not have a good predictive value in the diagnosis of CP/CPPS.
A New Multiple Objective Evolutionary Algorithm for Reliability Optimization of Series-Parallel Systems

A new multiple objective evolutionary algorithm is proposed for reliability optimization of series-parallel systems. This algorithm uses a genetic algorithm based on rank selection and elitist reinsertion and a modified constraint handling method. Because genetic algorithms are appropriate for high-dimensional stochastic problems with many nonlinearities or discontinuities, they are suited for solving reliability design problems. The developed algorithm mainly differs from other multiple objective evolutionary algorithms in the crossover operation performed and in the fitness assignment. In the crossover step, several offspring are created through multi-parent recombination. Thus, the mating pool contains a great amount of diverse solutions. The disruptive nature of the proposed type of crossover, called subsystem rotation crossover, encourages the exploration of the search space. The paper presents a multiple objective formulation of the redundancy allocation problem. The three objective functions that are simultaneously optimized are the maximization of system reliability, the minimization of system cost, and the minimization of system weight. The proposed algorithm was thoroughly tested and a performance comparison of the proposed algorithm against one well-known multiple objective evolutionary algorithms that currently exists shows that the algorithm has a better performance when solving multiple objective redundant allocation problems.
A vector-sensor based approach to noise monitoring in Galway Bay

The goal of this analysis is the separation of artificial sound from the ambient or background soundscape in real-time via singular value decomposition of a 3×3 covariance matrix obtained from the set of vector measurements sourced from a particle velocity sensor. The summary noise power is then computed for each octave band, and this is used to detect the presence of artificial, polluting sound sources.
Group treatment of preorgasmic women

Abstract The preorgasmic women's group treatment program for the treatment of primary anorgasmic dysfunction relates to a combination of physiological and psychological components of orgasm. At home, the women explore their physical responses through masturbation. In the group they share their experiences with the homeplay assignments, the difficulties and fears that accompany them, and other issues of personal importance affecting their ability to experience orgasm. At the end of the five-week treatment program, 91.6 percent of 83 women were experiencing orgasm consistently through masturbation. Transfer of orgasmic capability to the partner relationship usually occurs in women who are in satisfactory emotional relationships, within eight months after the group treatment has ended.
Preschool children's use of cues to generic meaning

Sentences that refer to categories - generic sentences (e.g., "Dogs are friendly") - are frequent in speech addressed to young children and constitute an important means of knowledge transmission. However, detecting generic meaning may be challenging for young children, since it requires attention to a multitude of morphosyntactic, semantic, and pragmatic cues. The first three experiments tested whether 3- and 4-year-olds use (a) the immediate linguistic context, (b) their previous knowledge, and (c) the social context to determine whether an utterance with ambiguous scope (e.g., "They are afraid of mice", spoken while pointing to 2 birds) is generic. Four-year-olds were able to take advantage of all the cues provided, but 3-year-olds were sensitive only to the first two. In Experiment 4, we tested the relative strength of linguistic-context cues and previous-knowledge cues by putting them in conflict; in this task, 4-year-olds, but not 3-year-olds, preferred to base their interpretations on the explicit noun phrase cues from the linguistic context. These studies indicate that, from early on, children can use contextual and semantic information to construe sentences as generic, thus taking advantage of the category knowledge conveyed in these sentences.
Banded structures in collagen vitrigels for corneal injury repair

There is a growing interest in using collagen vitrigels for corneal injury repair. We recently reported the synthesis and thermal denaturation behavior of these gels. In this paper, the banded structure in these vitrified gels is studied by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) one-dimensional (1-D) correlation function analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results demonstrate that the collagen vitrigel possess banded structures similar to those of the starting type I collagen, with an average D-spacing of 64nm (by SAXS) or 57nm (by TEM). A combination of SAXS 1-D correlation function analyses and TEM show that overlap and gap distances ranged from 30 to 33nm and from 23 to 25nm, respectively. Changing the vitrification condition does not impact on the banded structure significantly.
The Scientific Study of Campus Diversity and Students’ Educational Outcomes

This essay evaluates the scientific quality of two studies of campus diversity. Both gained prominence prior to the Supreme Court's 2003 Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger decisions. Using differ? ent data and different research designs, the studies reached contrary con- clusions about the efficacy of campus diversity. The evaluation centers on conception formation, the reliability of measures, nested data and level of analysis, the demonstration of cause and effect, and the appropriateness of certain types of survey questions. One study generally fares better than the other in terms of these scientific considerations, although many interest- ing and formidable challenges to the study of campus diversity remain.
Measuring gross motor recovery in young children with early brain injury

Motor outcome measures may be used in both research and clinical practice. Although many motor outcome measures exist, only a small subset are suitable for use in children, and an even smaller subset is suitable for use in children under the age of 5 years who are undergoing rapid motor development. In this article, the issues involved in choosing an outcome measure are reviewed, and four of the most common gross motor outcomes measures used in young children are discussed.
Hydrogen Atom Attack on Fluorotoluenes: Rates of Fluorine Displacement

Rates of hydrogen atom attack on o-fluorotoluene (o-FTOL) and m-fluorotoluene (m-FTOL) at temperatures of 988–1144 K and pressures of 2–2.5 bar have been determined in a single-pulse shock tube study. Hydrogen atoms, generated from the decomposition of hexamethylethane, were allowed to react with the substrates and the characteristic products observed. Rate constants for two reaction channels, displacement of fluorine or methyl, were determined relative to displacement of methyl from 1, 3,5-trimethylbenzene (135TMB). Evidence is presented that abstraction of F is unimportant over the studied temperature range. With k(H + 135TMB m-xylene + CH3) = 6.7 × 1013 exp(–3255/T) cm3 mol−1s−1, the following rate expressions have been derived: k(H + o-FTOL C6H5CH3 + F) = 8.38 × 1013 exp(–6041/T) cm3 mol−1s−1; (1012–1142 K) k(H + o-FTOL C6H5F + CH3) = 2.37 × 1013 exp(–2938/T) cm3 mol−1s−1; (988–1142 K) k(H + m-FTOL C6H5CH3 + F) = 1.33 × 1014 exp(–6810/T) cm3 mol−1s−1; (1046–1144 K) k(H + m-FTOL C6H5F + CH3) = 2.04 × 1013 exp(–3104/T) cm3 mol−1s−1; (1008–1144 K) Uncertainties in the relative rate constants are estimated to be factors of about 1.1, while the above absolute values have estimated expanded uncertainties of about a factor of 1.4 in rate, 10 kJ mol−1 in the activation energy, and a factor of 3 in the A-factor. The present data are compared with relevant literature data. From our data and the thermochemistry, a model of the elementary steps comprising displacement of F is developed. On the basis of the model fit to our data, rate constants for the addition of atomic fluorine to toluene at 1100 K are derived. Rate expressions for fluorination reactions of toluene are also determined. The significance of the present results is discussed in the context of the formation of fluorinated byproducts in high-temperature systems.
THE ROLES OF AUXIN, ETHYLENE, AND ACID GROWTH IN FILAMENT ELONGATION IN GAILLARDIA GRANDIFLORA (ASTERACEAE)

Filament elongation and the role of auxin in this process in Gaillardia grandiflora was investigated. Filament elongation in vivo occurred just prior to anthesis and was accompanied by cell elongation and fresh weight increase. Filaments isolated and exposed to auxin in vitro grew more rapidly than controls and their growth was comparable to that of filaments in vivo. Furthermore, the natural auxin content of disc flowers (determined by double-standard isotope dilution analyses) increased just prior to anthesis and filament elongation. These results imply that auxin cont-rols filament elongation. Applied ethylene slightly promoted filament elongation in vitro, and ethylene production of the flowers (determined by gas chromatography) slightly increased prior to filament growth. Fusicoccin and acidic buffers also stimulated elongation of isolated filaments. Thus, the role of auxin in controlling filament elongation in Gaillardia may involve stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis and acid growth. THE REGULATION of the flowering process of plants has been studied in several phases of flower development. The induction of flowering (Tompsett and Schwabe, 1974; Zeevaart, 1976; Chailakhyan, 1979) and the development of flower primordia (Heslop-Harrison, 1959; Bose and Nitsch, 1970; Bilderback, 1972; Berghoef and Bruinsma, 1979) seem to be environmentally and hormonally influenced. After the differentiation of the primordia, the flower buds develop slowly until the time when the flower opens. During flower opening, several rapid growth responses occur in an organized sequence. The corolla opens by means of rapid elongation and expansion of the petals and subsequently the filaments and style rapidly elongate. The role of auxin in filament elongation has been studied in several plants (Lang, 1961). The results of recent studies show that filaments of some plants respond to cytokinins (Pool, 1975; Raman and Greyson, 1978), others to gibberellins (Schaeverbeke, 1960; Grey
Nicotine, Cigarette Smoking, and Body Weight

Summary A century of studies indicate that cigarette smokers weigh less than comparably aged nonsmokers and that many smokers who give up cigarettes gain weight. Behavioural, psychological, and biological explanations have been offered to account for these relationships but most of these explanations have limited empirical support. A recent series of animal and human studies suggest that changes in specific food consumption contribute to the inverse relationship between nicotine and body weight and between cigarette smoking and body weight. This paper reviews and discusses the smoking/body weight relationship, the possible explanations for this relationship, relevant recent studies, and the implications of the findings regarding nicotine and specific food consumption. It is commonly believed that cigarette smoking keeps body weight down and that cessation of smoking results in excessive weight gains. In fact, some smokers continue to smoke in order to avoid gaining weight [1]. Because an inverse relationship between cigarette smoking and body weight may deter smoking cessation and may even encourage some people (e.g., young women who are concerned about their appearance) to begin smoking, it is important to determine whether the relationship exists and what causes it. This paper first discusses research establishing the inverse relationship between smoking and body weight and then examines possible explanations for the relationship.
The social world of semiprofessional bluegrass musicians

(1998). The social world of semiprofessional bluegrass musicians. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 55-77.
Dynamic Time Allocation and Wavelength Assignment in Next Generation Multi-Rate Multi-Wavelength Passive Optical Networks

Driven by emerging bandwidth-hungry applications, next generation passive optical networks (NG-PONs) provide higher bandwidth to users by using more wavelengths and increasing data rates of optical network units (ONUs). On the other hand, for smooth upgrading, NG-PON is desired to be backward compatible with the current TDM PONs where data rates of ONUs remain unchanged. Thus, both high-rate ONUs and low-rate ONUs may coexist in NG-PON. The key parameters of bandwidth allocation in this multi-rate multi-wavelength network include achieving fairness among all ONUs, encouraging low-rate ONUs to increase their data rates, and utilizing wavelength resources efficiently. This paper illustrates contributions in three main aspects. First, we define rate-dependent utilities for ONUs, which serve as the basis for bandwidth arbitration among low-rate and high-rate ONUs. Second, to achieve fairness among ONUs, we employ water-filling idea and formulate a utility max-min fair bandwidth allocation scheme. Third, to efficiently utilize the wavelengths, we map the resource allocation problem in multi-wavelength PON into a multi-processor scheduling problem and employ a heuristic algorithm to address the NP-hard wavelength assignment problem.
Multistep collisionally activated decomposition in an ion trap for the determination of the amino-acid sequence and gas-phase ion chemistry of lithium-coordinated valinomycin

Abstract Evidence from collisionally activated decomposition (CAD) of electrospray-produced ions in an ion trap shows that lithium ion binds to the backbone ester oxygen atoms of valinomycin to open the cyclodepsipeptide ring at the D-α-hydroxyvaleric acid and L-lactic acid residues. The two resulting ring-opened, linear acylium ions are sequenced by multiple stages (up to MS10) of CAD. Amino-acid residues are sequentially cleaved from the acylium terminus of the peptides, one amino-acid residue at each stage of the CAD experiment, until each acylium ion is converted to a tripeptide species at MS10. This method builds upon a previously published strategy for determining the amino-acid sequences of cyclic peptides and is used here for the valinomycin-based class of ionophore antibiotics. This entirely instrumental approach overcomes ambiguities encountered in assigning amino-acid sequences of cyclic peptides by other tandem mass spectrometric methods. These ambiguities arise from indiscriminate and multiple ring-opening reactions that occur during collisional activation of cyclic peptides, resulting in tandem mass spectra that are superpositions of random fragment ions. Multiple stages of CAD in an ion trap also facilitate more accurate interpretation of the tandem mass spectra of valinomycin [M + Li]+ by unambiguously revealing the genealogies of the fragment ions. Furthermore, it reveals new gas-phase aldehyde elimination, proton transfer, and intramolecular ion rearrangement reactions that occur upon collisional activation of valinomycin [M + Li]+. Cyclic peptides produce bn ions upon ring opening and fragmentation. Therefore, they may serve as models for understanding the mechanisms of linear peptide fragmentation.
Dendritic cells: a family portrait at mid‐gestation

Recent advances in our understanding of dendritic cells (DCs) and their role in tolerance and immunity has fuelled study of their normal development and function within the reproductive tract. The common hypothesis that pregnancy is a state of immune suppression or deviation now includes the idea that alterations in DC phenotype and function are critical for maternal tolerance. We chose to study DCs in the uterus and lymphoid tissue in non-pregnant and pregnant mice at mid-gestation to understand what DC-related factors may be involved in premature birth. We used a mouse model where the mother’s immune system has been shown to respond to the male antigen H-Y. Observed differences among DCs in the uterus, uterine draining nodes and spleen, even in non-pregnant mice, suggest the existence of a specialized uterus-specific subset of DCs. We further found that, amongst CD45+ CD11c+ cells in the uterus and peripheral lymphoid tissue of pregnant mice, expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) and costimulatory molecules (i.e. CD80) was similar to that in the non-pregnant state. Moreover, there was no pregnancy-related decrease in the proportion of CD11c+ cells in the uterus or in the uterine node that were CD11b− CD8+. Pregnancy increased the CD11b+ subsets and the expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6) in DCs of the uterine draining nodes. Finally, DC subsets showed variable expression, with respect to tissue and pregnancy, of the cytokine interleukin-15, which is important in lymphoid cell homeostasis. For DCs, pregnancy is not a state of immune paralysis, but of dynamic developmental change.
Sustaining the Utilization and High Quality Implementation of Tested and Effective Prevention Programs Using the Communities That Care Prevention System

This paper describes the extent to which communities implementing the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system adopt, replicate with fidelity, and sustain programs shown to be effective in reducing adolescent drug use, delinquency, and other problem behaviors. Data were collected from directors of community-based agencies and coalitions, school principals, service providers, and teachers, all of whom participated in a randomized, controlled evaluation of CTC in 24 communities. The results indicated significantly increased use and sustainability of tested, effective prevention programs in the 12 CTC intervention communities compared to the 12 control communities, during the active phase of the research project when training, technical assistance, and funding were provided to intervention sites, and 2 years following provision of such resources. At both time points, intervention communities also delivered prevention services to a significantly greater number of children and parents. The quality of implementation was high in both conditions, with only one significant difference: CTC sites were significantly more likely than control sites to monitor the quality of implementation during the sustainability phase of the project.
The use of relaxation-mental imagery (self-hypnosis) in the management of 505 pediatric behavioral encounters.

ABSTRACTThis report assessed outcomes of hypnotherapeutic interventions for 505 children and adolescents seen by four pediatricians over a period of one year and followed from four months to two years. Presenting problems included enuresis, acute pain, chronic pain, asthma, habit disorders, obesity,
Energy curves for multi-layer flow through obstructions

One method for obtaining solutions for single- and multi-layer flow over bottom humps and through sidewall contractions is to consider the variation in mechanical energy with layer thickness at key cross-sections. However, previous models of gradually-varying multi-layer flow have been restricted to flows which remain subcritical with respect to all but the slowest internal wave speed. This paper shows how the energy extrema method can be used over the full range of flow conditions; from subcritical with respect to all internal wave speeds to supercritical with respect to the free surface wave. The complete energy curves for three-layer flow are found to have up to seven different energy extrema at a given cross-section. The energy extrema are classified according to whether the flow is critical with respect to the first- or second-mode internal wave or the free-surface wave, whether the energy is a local maximum or minimum, and which layers are active. Froude numbers based on the actual wave speeds are u...
Effect of vitamin C deficiency on hydroxylation of trimethylaminobutyrate to carnitine in the guinea pig

The effect of ascorbate deficiency on carnitine biosynthesis was investigated in young male guinea pigs. Liver and skeletal muscle carnitine levels were reduced in scorbutic animals. Heart and kidney concentrations remained unchanged. 14C-labeled 4-N-trimethylaminobutyrate was administered to control, pair-fed and scorbutic animals and distribution of isotope in compound present in the liver after 30 min was determined. Control and pair-fed animals converted trimethylaminobutyrate to carnitine faster than scorbutic animals. Injection of ascorbate with the [14C]trimethylaminobutyrate reversed the decline in trimethylaminobutyrate hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.1) activity in scorbutic animals.
Ionization dynamics within the high pressure electron capture mass spectrometer; the unusual spectra of derivatized polycyclic aromatic amines and perchlorinated unsaturated hydrocarbons

A kinetic model for chemical events occurring within the high pressure electron capture mass spectrometer (HPECMS) ion source is developed which includes four different pathways by which unconventional negative ions can be produced. These routes to unusual ions include reactions of gas phase free radicals, surface-assisted reactions, ion-electron and ion-ion recombination reactions, and ion-wall neutralization. The model developed here provides a diagnostic tool useful for the elucidation of unusual HPEC spectra. Such spectra for two environmentally important classes of compounds are explained by use of the model. These compound classes include the trifluoroacetic derivatives of polycyclic aromatic amines, which have been shown to be present in materials derived from liquified coal, and the derivatives of hexachlorocyclopentadiene, which are used as pesticides. It is shown in this study that several processes, in addition to electron capture, can be operative in the typical HPECMS ion source, and that these processes can be used advantageously for the generation of informative and sensitive mass spectral signals.
Tracking Jet Stream Winds from Ground Level Pressure Signals

Abstract A major portion of atmospheric pressure fluctuations in the 30–90 min period range was observed to move across a small array of microbarographs with speeds and directions that correlate with jet stream winds. Measured speeds (10–50 m sec−1) and periods, with plane wave assumptions, yield wavelengths of the order of 100 km. The pressure fluctuations were observed, however, to decorrelate in much less than one wavelength, implying that they are not free waves, but more likely are disturbances dragged along by the tropopause winds.
A parallel algorithm for solving the linear complementarity problem

The concept of multitasking mathematical programs is discussed, and an application of multitasking to the multiple-cost-row linear programming problem is considered. Based on this, an algorithm for solving the Linear Complementarity Problem (LCP) in parallel is presented. A variety of computational results are presented using this multitasking approach on the CRAY X-MP/48. These results were obtained for randomly generated LCP's where thenxn dense matrixM has no special properties (hence, the problem is NP-hard). based on these results, an average time performance ofO(n4) is observed.
Design and Uncertainty Analysis of a Series of Atomization Experiments in Seven Variables

Atomization of liquids is a phenomenon that involves many variables. In order to find correlations for the effects of an extended set of variables, dimensional analysis and experimental design are used, resulting in experimental plans with very reduced number of necessary data points
A reassessment of the soil sink for atmospheric carbon tetrachloride based upon static flux chamber measurements

Static flux chamber measurements of CCl4 uptake by soils in boreal, subtropical and tropical forests have been used to reassess the sink strength for this ozone depleting chemical. Happell and Roche (Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(2), 1088–1091, 2003) used flux estimates from soil concentration gradients to calculate a partial CCl4 atmospheric lifetime (τsoil) of 90 years. More recently, it is has been assumed that a better estimate of τsoil is 195 years (Montzka et al. 2011). In the work here, the rate of CCl4 uptake was calculated from 453 flux chamber measurements using an exponential fit to the chamber CCl4 concentration change with time. This analysis indicated that the flux rate estimate in Happell and Roche (Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(2) 1088–1091, 2003) was overestimated by 2.75, yielding a new estimate of τsoil for CCl4 of 245 years. Significant correlations of CCl4 uptake to temperature, soil moisture, or time of year were not observed. This work provides additional evidence that CCl4 uptake by soils is a common process and needs to be considered when developing an atmospheric budget for this compound.