cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Top Two Primary System: The California Example

This paper discusses California's experience with the "Top Two" primary system, which has been used since 2012. The paper concludes that the move to the system has had, at best, a minimal impact on increasing the number of moderates getting elected. It has not had an effect on voter turnout nor on the election of independents, and has also not led to a decrease in campaign spending. For those wishing to increase moderation in politics, there are far better ways (such as reforms to eliminate partisan gerrymandering or to increase voter turnout) that would help to achieve these goals.
Surgical management of vagal paraganglioma

Vagal paragangliomas are nonchromaffin tumors that originate from paraganglionic chemoreceptor cell bodies associated with the vagus nerve. Although both surgical excision and radiation therapy have been reported to be effective treatment modalities, the effectiveness of one over the other remains unclear. There are several surgical approaches that have been described. As with any surgical disease, the utility of a technique over another has been justified at some point in time. Clearly, there has been a shift away from the more radical approaches with the primary goal of surgery being complete extirpation of the tumor along with avoidance of iatrogenic cranial neuropathies and preservation and restoration of cranial nerve function. In addition, early rehabilitation of speech and swallowing dysfunction results in improved functional outcomes and reduced hospital stay and morbidity.
SCN1A and Susceptibility to MTL Epilepsy, Hippocampal Sclerosis and Febrile Seizures

Investigators at the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, and other centers in the UK and Europe conducted a genome-wide association study in 1018 people with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with hippocampal sclerosis and 7552 control subjects, with (n=757) and without (n=803) a history of febrile seizures.
Area dependence of chirped-pulse stimulated Brillouin scattering

We show that chirped pulses can enhance the formation of Brillouin dynamic gratings as well as the storage and retrieval of information. The process is analogous to adiabatic rapid passage in two-level systems.
Local structural distortions, orbital ordering, and ferromagnetism in underdoped La 1 -x Sr x MnO 3

In order to elucidate the origin of the ferromagnetism found in underdoped $\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{a}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}_{x}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, we have grown a series of single crystals with a fine step of doping and characterized them with a structural study and measurements of magnetization, resistivity, thermoelectric power, and thermal conductivity. The paramagnetic phase of the underdoped $\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{a}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}_{x}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is a small-polaron conductor. However, the Weiss constant extracted from the paramagnetic susceptibility shows a ferromagnetic coupling and tracks the Curie temperature. Given that the double exchange interaction cannot be delivered by the hopping motion of small polarons, we have made a systematic analysis of the structural changes with $x$ and studied whether the superexchange interaction can account for the ferromagnetic coupling found in the paramagnetic phase. Intrinsic local site distortions in $\mathrm{LaMn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ change as $x$ increases in $\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{a}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}_{x}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The influence of the local structural distortion and the cooperative orbital ordering on lattice parameters have been demonstrated by a comparison between the measured change of lattice parameters versus hole doping and a simulation with the software SPuDs, in which rigid octahedra are assumed. Changes with $x$ of the bond length splitting in $\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ octahedra induces an orbital mixing of $(3{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{r}^{2})+({y}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{z}^{2})\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{or}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}(3{y}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{r}^{2})+({z}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{x}^{2})$, which progressively converts two-dimensional ferromagnetism in the parent perovskite $\mathrm{LaMn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ into three-dimensional ferromagnetism. The correlation between the particular lattice distortions and the cooperative orbital ordering and orbital mixing can in turn be used to test the superexchange model by measuring the change of transition temperatures under uniaxial stress. Nearly identical uniaxial stress effects found in crystals of the mixed-valent $\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{a}}_{0.875}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}_{.125}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and single-valent $\mathrm{LaM}{\mathrm{n}}_{0.5}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{a}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ confirm unambiguously that superexchange interactions play the dominant role in the ferromagnetic coupling of underdoped $\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{a}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}_{x}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
Alongshore momentum balance over shoreface-connected ridges, Fire Island, NY,

Abstract Hydrodynamic and hydrographic data collected on the inner shelf of Fire Island, NY, over a region of shoreface-connected ridges (SFCRs), are used to describe wind-driven circulation over uneven topographies along relatively straight coastlines. The data reveal a predominantly alongshore flow, under westward wind forcing, with localized offshore current veering over the SFCR crests and an onshore veering over the adjacent troughs. Alongshore momentum balance analysis of the observations reveals that total acceleration (i.e., local and advective) and bottom stress are balanced by wind stress and pressure gradient. A numerical model is used to verify the experimentally derived results and to analyze the cross-shore momentum balance which is not resolved by the experimental data. Analysis of the numerical and field data reveal that the total alongshore pressure gradient force can be considered as the sum of a local and a regional component. The former is correlated with the alongshore advective acceleration that develops over the crest of the ridges resembling a Bernoulli-like pressure-flow relationship. The regional alongshore pressure gradient is related to wind stress with which it maintains a strong, negative relationship. Over the ridge crests the cross-shore veering of the flow is due to mass conservation, associated with a balance between cross-shore advective acceleration and local cross-shore pressure gradient. Under variable wind conditions the regional pressure gradients are more important, as compared to quasi steady-state conditions which increase the influence of the local scale pressure gradient. A time scale of 6 h is found as the temporal scale required for the local pressure gradients to make a significant contribution to the momentum balance.
Rubella Virus and Its Effects on the Central Nervous System

Rubella virus appears to have few rivals in the variety of its pathologic expressions in man. The authors explore some of these, address the virus's ability to establish persistent infections, discuss the introduction of an effective vaccine for rubella, and touch on future research into rubella virus.
Online Precoding for Energy Harvesting Transmitter With Finite-Alphabet Inputs and Statistical CSI

This paper considers an online multiantenna precoder design for energy harvesting transmitter based on finite-alphabet inputs and statistical channel state information (CSI). It formulates the problem by maximizing the sum of average mutual information (AMI) of multiple time slots in one channel frame with causal energy constraint. The formulated problem is a $\mbox{2}N_{t}^{2}$ - dimensional stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) problem with a nonconcave objective function, where $N_{t}$ is the number of transmit antennas. The $\mbox{2}N_{t}^{2}$ - dimensional SDP problem is prohibitively complex and prevents the development of online algorithm for multiantenna systems. We provide equivalence between the multidimensional SDP problem and a one-dimensional power choice problem. Solving the one-dimensional equivalence decreases the computational burden extraordinarily without loss of optimality. We separate the one-dimensional problem into two cases: 1) the discrete-battery-state–discrete-power-choice (DBDP) problem and 2) the continuous-battery-state–continuous-power-choice (CBCP) problem. We also develop numerical algorithms to solve them, respectively. We further analyze the computational complexity of the developed algorithms and demonstrate the significant performance gains offered by the proposed method when compared with other methods.
Cat-Scratch Encephalopathy

A 9-year-old girl with cat-scratch disease complicated by encephalopathy and seizures is reported from the Kaiser Foundation Hospital, Los Angeles, CA.
Clinical and Laboratory Correlates of Albuminuria in Sickle Cell Disease

Introduction: Albuminuria is a common and sensitive marker of glomerular injury in SCD, and typically precedes the development of renal insufficiency. We have previously observed that clinical measures of renal function (including serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen) are significantly associated with SCD-associated pulmonary hypertension (PHT), a complication associated with increased hemolysis. However, the pathogenesis of albuminuria in SCD patients remains uncertain. The purpose of this exploratory study was to evaluate the association of albuminuria with laboratory measures of hemolysis and hemolysis-related complications in SCD. Methods: Consecutive adult patients followed at the Sickle Cell Clinic at UNC-Chapel Hill were selected onto this ongoing study. Spot urine for microalbumin/creatinine ratio (to assess albumin excretion rate [AER]), serum measures of renal function, markers of hemolysis and other laboratory studies were obtained at the time of evaluation. Doppler echocardiography was used to determine the pulmonary artery systolic pressure, and PHT was subsequently defined using an age-, sex- and BMI-adjusted reference range. We evaluated for associations between microalbumin/creatinine ratio and 25 clinical and laboratory covariates using Spearman’s correlation coefficient for continuous covariates, and the rank sum test for categorical covariates. Reported p-values are for individual tests, unadjusted for multiple comparisons. Results: Spot urine samples were available in 73 of the 74 evaluated subjects (SS = 62, SC = 8, Sb 0 = 3, Sb + = 1), mean age, 39.4 years (range 18–71 years). Normoalbuminuria (AER Conclusion: In this exploratory study, we found that albuminuria is common in patients with SCD, and is associated with PHT, leg ulcers, systolic blood pressure and laboratory measures of hemolysis. This finding suggests that hemolysis may contribute to the pathogenesis of albuminuria in SCD. The correlation between microalbumin/creatinine ratio and other measures of renal function suggests that microalbuminuria may predict for SCD-associated glomerulopathy. Longitudinal studies evaluating the relationship between microalbuminuria and progressive renal failure in SCD patients are warranted.
SELECTIVE BREEDING OF RATS FOR DIFFERENCES IN REACTIVITY TO ALCOHOL: AN APPROACH TO AN ANIMAL MODEL OF ALCOHOLISM: IV. SOME BEHAVIORAL AND CHEMICAL MEASURES*

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses selective breeding of rats for differences in reactivity to alcohol. LA (“least affected”) and MA (“most affected”) rat strains have been selectively outbred for 13 generations on a phenotype of disparate impairment of motor activity after a dose of 1.5 g ethanol per kg. On a quite different task of motor activity they show similar impairment after alcohol; however, the strains do not differ on this task after 12.5 mg pentobarbital per kg. Whole brain analyses of 5-HT and 5-HIAA are the same in these strains. Liver ADH is about 18% higher in LA rats and also higher (36%) in LA males than in MA males; there are no differences between females. The in vivo rate of alcohol clearance is the same for the strains and somewhat more (12%) in females than in males. Thus, the observed difference in motor activity are unrelated to ADH levels.
Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Malignant and Microenvironmental Cells in Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia by Gene Expression Profiling.

Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia (WM) is an incurable B-cell malignancy characterized by bone marrow (BM) infiltration with a spectrum of clonally related cells, including small lymphocytes and lymphoplasmacytic cells (CD19 + ) as well as mature plasma cells (CD138 + ). The molecular pathogenesis of the disease remains to be defined. We therefore analyzed the gene expression profiles of CD19 + and CD138 + BM mononuclear cells from 30 untreated patients with WM and compared their gene expression profile to their normal counterparts from 10 healthy donors using Affymetrix microarrays (U133 plus 2.0). Since the microenvironment plays an important role in the pathogenesis of WM, we also profiled and compared gene expression profiling for CD19 and CD138 depleted BM mononuclear cells from the same patients and healthy donors. Gene expression analysis was performed using dChip software. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis demonstrated distinct gene expression patterns between WM cells versus their normal counterparts. In supervised hierarchical cluster analysis selecting for genes with > 2 fold change in expression and a False discovery Rate (FDR) + compartment in WM patients were: BCL2, TNFRSF13B, TNFRSF17, IGLL1, CCR2, CLLU1, whilst the AP1 family genes JUND and FOSB were among the most significantly down-regulated genes in both CD19 + and CD138 + cells in WM patients. Other interesting transcripts which were over-expressed in CD138 + cells from WM patients included those from genes involved in transcription regulation (ZKSCAN1, ZMYM1, ZNF189, ZNF19, and ZNF559) and interferon response (IFI16 and IFIH1). Of considerable interest was our observation that microenvironmental cells in WM patients demonstrated an overactive transcriptional profile composed of genes which are associated with immune and inflammatory responses including the Toll like receptors (TLR 1,5,7,8), interferon and cytokines (IFI16, IFNAR1, IL-10R, IL-8R), genes encoding extracellular matrix components (Fibronectin and Hepatocyte Growth Factor) as well as genes involved in apoptotic signaling (TNFSF10, TRAF4). These studies provide the first comprehensive molecular characterization of WM, dissecting the molecular features of the two immunophenotypically distinct populations of malignant cells, and providing for the first time evidence for a distinct molecular profile in BM microenviromental cells.
Redox-Sensitive MarR Homologue BifR from Burkholderia thailandensis Regulates Biofilm Formation

Biofilm formation by pathogenic Burkholderia species is a serious complication as it renders the bacteria resistant to antibiotics and host defenses. Using B. thailandensis, we report here a novel redox-sensitive member of the multiple antibiotic resistance regulator (MarR) protein family, BifR, which represses biofilm formation. BifR is encoded as part of the emrB-bifR operon; emrB-bifR is divergent to ecsC, which encodes a putative LasA protease. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, LasA has been implicated in virulence by contributing to cleavage of elastase. BifR repressed the expression of ecsC and emrB-bifR, and expression was further repressed under oxidizing conditions. BifR bound two sites in the intergenic region between ecsC and emrB-bifR with nanomolar affinity under both reducing and oxidizing conditions; however, oxidized BifR formed a disulfide-linked dimer-of-dimers, a covalent linkage that was absent in BifR-C104A in which the redox-active cysteine was replaced with alanine. BifR also repressed an ...
A Switched Systems Approach Based on Changing Muscle Geometry of the Biceps Brachii During Functional Electrical Stimulation

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is commonly used for people with neurological conditions. As the muscle geometry changes (i.e., muscle lengthening/shortening), the force induced by static electrode placement may also change. Experimental results indicate that muscle forces can be increased by spatially switching stimulation as the muscle geometry changes with joint angle. In this letter, an electric field is switched between multiple electrodes placed across the biceps brachii to track a desired trajectory. A switched systems approach is used to develop a position-based switching law, including a switched robust sliding mode controller that successfully tracks the desired angular trajectory about the elbow, despite changes in muscle geometry. Lyapunov-based methods for switched systems are used to prove global exponential tracking. Experimental results from nine able-bodied subjects are presented and the developed control system achieves an average position and velocity error of −0.21 ± 1.17 deg and −0.43 ± 5.38 deg/s, respectively, and, on average, reduces fatigue by 13.6%, as compared to traditional single-electrode methods, demonstrating the performance of the uncertain nonlinear switched control system.
From wake steering to flow control

In this paper, we investigate the role of flow structures generated in wind farm control through yaw misalignment. A pair of counter-rotating vortices are shown to be important in deforming the shape of the wake and in explaining the asymmetry of wake steering in oppositely signed yaw angles. We motivate the development of new physics for control-oriented engineering models of wind farm control, which include the effects of these large-scale flow structures. Such a new model would improve the predictability of control-oriented models. Results presented in this paper indicate that wind farm control strategies, based on new control-oriented models with new physics, that target total flow control over wake redirection may be different, and perhaps more effective, than current approaches. We propose that wind farm control and wake steering should be thought of as the generation of large-scale flow structures, which will aid in the improved performance of wind farms.
Preoperative dementia is associated with increased cost and complications after vascular surgery.

Abstract Objective Dementia represents a major risk factor for medical complications and has been linked to higher rates of complication after surgery. Given the systemic nature of vascular disease, medical comorbidities significantly increase cost and complications after vascular surgery. We hypothesize that the presence of dementia is an independent predictor of increased postoperative complications and higher health care costs after vascular surgery. Methods The Vascular Quality Initiative database was queried for all patients undergoing vascular surgery at a single academic medical center from 2012 to 2017. All modules were included (open abdominal aortic aneurysm, suprainguinal bypass, lower extremity bypass, amputation, carotid endarterectomy, endovascular aortic aneurysm repair, thoracic endovascular aortic aneurysm repair, and peripheral endovascular intervention). An institutional clinical data repository was queried to identify patients with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis codes for dementia as well as total hospital cost and long-term survival using Social Security records from the Virginia Department of Health. Hierarchical logistic and linear regression models were fit to assess risk-adjusted predictors of any complication and inflation-adjusted cost. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used for survival analysis. Results A total of 2318 patients underwent vascular surgery and were captured by the Vascular Quality Initiative during the past 5 years, with 88 (3.8%) having a diagnosis of dementia. Patients with dementia were older and had higher rates of medical comorbidities, and the most common procedure was major amputation. In addition, dementia patients had a significantly higher rate of any complication (52% vs 16%; P P = .0002). Furthermore, dementia was associated with significant resource utilization, including preoperative length of stay (LOS), postoperative LOS, intensive care unit LOS, and inflation-adjusted total hospital cost (all P P P P = .018). Conclusions This study demonstrated that dementia is one of the strongest predictors of any complication and increased hospital cost after vascular surgery. Given the high risk of clinical and financial maladies, patients with dementia should be carefully considered and counseled before undergoing vascular surgery.
Racial disparity in breast cancer immune microenvironment.

1081Background: Racial disparity in breast cancer (BC) goes beyond access to care. Biology of HER2- and Triple Negative (TNBC) tumors has been shown to differ between African Americans (AF) and Cau...
Can the Internet help to meet the challenges in ADME and e-ADME?

The high-throughput screening (HTS) of large proprietary compound collections and combinatorial libraries has put an increased pressure on getting pharmacokinetic and drug metabolism data as early as possible. Properties related to absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) can be estimated by a range of in vivo and in vitro methods. Most are now available or under development in high(er) throughput modus. In addition progress has been made in in silico methods using various QSAR and modeling techniques using a range of recently introduced descriptors tailored to e-ADME. These approaches are promising as a filter for virtual libraries to decide on synthesis as well as in the selection of compounds for acquisition and screening. This paper will discuss a number of Internet resources relevant to ADME studies and predictions. We have focused on areas related to metabolism including metabolic pathways and P450 metabolism, transporters, bioavailability and absorption, pharmacokinetics and pharma...
Study and treatment of gestational trophoblastic diseases at the John I. Brewer Trophoblastic Disease Center, 1962-1990

From 1962 through 1989, 5063 patients were referred to the John I. Brewer Trophoblastic Disease Center of the Northwestern University Medical School. Among these were 564 patients treated with chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumors (choriocarcinoma and invasive mole). The overall cure rate was 94%, 100% for 323 patients without evidence of metastases and 85% for 241 patients with metastatic disease. Four factors were determined to significantly influence treatment response: (1) clinicopathologic diagnosis of choriocarcinoma, (2) metastases to sites other than the lung or vagina, (3) number of metastases, and (4) previous failed chemotherapy.
Vitamin-Regulated Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Gene Expression in Leukemic Cells

Vitamins A and D are well known to perform important functions in growth and development. The mechanisms by which they act at the cellular level to control proliferation and differentiation thus become of importance in understanding how these dietary factors work. Using tissue culture, it has been found that a variety of cultured cells respond in particular to the metabolites, retinoic acid, and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3. These cells have formed convenient experimental systems in which to study the mechanism of action of these metabolites at the molecular level. At this level, it is known that vitamins A and D have receptors that are related as members of the family of steroid-thyroid hormone receptors.1,2 Ligand receptor binding and receptor complex translocation to the nucleus thus regulate gene expression. The ultimate result of a lengthy metabolic cascade initiated this way can be control of cell proliferation or differentiation. The identity and roles of the genes that mediate this metabolic cascade are of obvious interest in understanding the mechanism by which these vitamins or their metabolites act in growth and development.
O Movimento de Arte Pornô: a Aventura de uma Vanguarda nos Anos 80.

The Porn Art Movement (Movimento de Arte Porno) was an experimental art movement I launched in Rio de Janeiro that lasted, as a sustained interventionist effort, for two years, from February 1980 to February 1982. It was the last organized avant-garde movement in Brazilian art and poetry. It was also known as Pornpoetry (Poesia Porno) or Pornism and in what follows I will alternately use any of the movement’s three names. The movement carried out numerous public interventions, published three zines, two anthologies, several opuscules and varied publications, and developed a broad audience1. Pornism began as a poetry movement and quickly expanded into many other areas, upending aesthetic norms across many different media, upsetting the accepted parameters of everyday experience, and modeling new modes of being.
NETWORK META-ANALYSIS OF TREATMENTS PREVENTING CARDIOTOXICITY IN PATIENT WITH BREAST CANCER UNDERGOING CHEMOTHERAPY

Heart failure is a known complication of currently employed breast cancer chemotherapy treatments with multiple regimens tested to prevent its occurrence. The optimal regimen to prevent cardiotoxicity in these patients remains unknown. Comprehensive review of medical literature was performed for
Artificial intelligence analysis of newborn leucocyte epigenomic markers for the prediction of autism.

Abstract A great diversity of factors contribute to the pathogenesis of autism and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Early detection is known to correlate with improved long term outcomes. There is therefore intense scientific interest in the pathogenesis of and early prediction of autism. Recent reports suggest that epigenetic alterations may play a vital role in disease pathophysiology. We conducted an epigenome-wide analysis of newborn leucocyte (blood spot) DNA in autism as defined at the time of sample collection. Our goal was to investigate the epigenetic basis of autism and identification of early biomarkers for disease prediction. Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip assay was performed to measure DNA methylation level in 14 autism cases and 10 controls. The accuracy of cytosine methylation for autism detection using six different Machine Learning/Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches including Deep-Learning (DL) was determined. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was further used to interrogate autism pathogenesis by identifying over-represented biological pathways. We found highly significant dysregulation of CpG methylation in 230 loci (249 genes). DL yielded an AUC (95% CI) = 1.00 (0.80–1.00) with 97.5% sensitivity and 100.0% specificity for autism detection. Epigenetic dysregulation was identified in several important candidate genes including some previously linked to autism development e.g.: EIF4E, FYN, SHANK1, VIM, LMX1B, GABRB1, SDHAP3 and PACS2. We observed significant enrichment of molecular pathways involved in neuroinflammation signaling, synaptic long term potentiation, serotonin degradation, mTOR signaling and signaling by Rho-Family GTPases. Our findings suggest significant epigenetic role in autism development and epigenetic markers appeared highly accurate for newborn prediction.
A machine learning algorithm for predicting maternal readmission for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Background Maternal postpartum hypertensive emergency is a major cause of maternal mortality and maternal readmission, yet prediction of women who require readmission is limited with false negatives and false positives. Objective This study aimed to develop and validate a predictive algorithm for maternal postpartum readmission from complications of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy using machine learning. Study Design We performed a cohort study of pregnant women delivering at a single institution using prospectively collected clinical information available from the electronic medical record at the time of discharge. Our primary outcome was readmission within 42 days of delivery for complications of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The data set was divided into a derivation and a separate validation cohort. In the derivation cohort, 10 independent data sets were created by randomly suppressing 10% of the population, and then clinical features predictive of complications of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were analyzed using machine learning to optimize the area under the curve. Once an optimal model was determined, this model was then validated using a second independent validation cohort. Results A total of 20,032 delivering women with 238 readmissions for complications of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (1.2%) were included in the derivation cohort. The validation cohort consisted of 5823 women with 82 readmissions for complications of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (1.4%). The demographics were similar between the 2 populations as was the test performance characteristics (area under the curve, 0.85 in the derivation cohort vs 0.81 in the validation cohort). Both the derivation and validation algorithms used 31 clinical features that were found to be comparably predictive in both models. Conclusion In this evaluation of a machine learning algorithm, readmission for complications of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy can be predicted with reasonable accuracy using clinical data at the time of discharge. Validation of this model in other care settings is necessary to validate its utility.
Diversion of Medical Marijuana to Unintended Users Among U.S. Adults Age 35 and 55, 2013-2018.

Objective:This study estimated the percentage of age 35 and 55 adults reporting using medical marijuana intended for someone else (diverted use) and compared demographics and health status of such ...
Two Kings of Kings: Iran-Ethiopia Relations Under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Haile Selassie

Iran’s engagement with the African continent increased significantly throughout the 1960s and into the 1970s, driven by economic, political and strategic interests. The first country Iran reached o...
A CTDNEP1-lipin 1-mTOR regulatory network restricts ER membrane biogenesis to enable chromosome motions necessary for mitotic fidelity

Summary The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dramatically restructures in open mitosis to become excluded from the mitotic spindle; however, the significance of ER reorganization to mitotic progression is not known. Here, we demonstrate that limiting ER membrane biogenesis enables mitotic chromosome movements necessary for chromosome biorientation and prevention of micronuclei formation. Aberrantly expanded ER membranes increase the effective viscosity of the mitotic cytoplasm to physically restrict chromosome dynamics – slowed chromosome motions impede correction of mitotic errors induced by transient spindle disassembly, leading to severe micronucleation. We define the mechanistic link between regulation of ER membrane biogenesis and mitotic fidelity by demonstrating that a CTDNEP1-lipin 1-mTOR regulatory network limits ER lipid synthesis to prevent chromosome missegregation. Together, this work shows that ER membranes reorganize in mitosis to enable chromosome movements necessary for mitotic error correction and reveal dysregulated lipid metabolism as a potential source of aneuploidy in cancer cells.
The Politics of Privatization, Quality of Governance, and Financial Development in Eastern Europe

This paper provides theoretical justification and empirical evidence linking the mode of privatization of state assets in banks and industries to the quality of institutions of legal and financial ...
Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma with Molecular Types

Invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a highly aggressive disease characterized by rapid progression and metastasis, requiring significantly different treatment from that of noninvasive UC. Bladder UC invasion is initiated by infiltrative growth through the urothelial basement membrane into the lamina propria (LP). Invasive UC demonstrates a constellation of characteristic morphologic features, which help the recognition of minimal, superficial invasion into the LP in small transurethral biopsy specimens. Cancer invasion also induces fibrosis, inflammation, reaction artifact, and myxoid changes in the adjacent stroma. The muscularis propria (MP) is the major landmark in bladder cancer stage, which divides invasive UC into superficially and deeply invasive diseases; however, MP invasion should be differentiated from muscularis mucosae invasion because of their significant difference in cancer stage and treatment. Lymphovascular invasion is another significant prognostic factor in bladder cancer, but its diagnosis should be strictly based on a set of histologic criteria because of its therapeutic implication. Involvement of the prostate by UC may arise from the bladder or prostatic urethra, which should be staged differently according to cancer origin. Recent genomic studies of invasive bladder UC have revealed several distinct molecular subtypes, which demonstrate not only specific molecular signatures but also different clinicopathologic features. Accurate pathologic and molecular analyses of invasive bladder UC provide crucial guidance in the treatment and prognosis of this aggressive disease.
Axotomy Induces Drp1-Dependent Fragmentation of Axonal Mitochondria

It is well established that CNS axons fail to regenerate, undergo retrograde dieback, and form dystrophic growth cones due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. We sought to investigate the role of axonal mitochondria in the axonal response to injury. A viral vector (AAV) containing a mitochondrially targeted fluorescent protein (mitoDsRed) as well as fluorescently tagged LC3 (GFP-LC3), an autophagosomal marker, was injected into the primary motor cortex, to label the corticospinal tract (CST), of adult rats. The axons of the CST were then injured by dorsal column lesion at C4-C5. We found that mitochondria in injured CST axons near the injury site are fragmented and fragmentation of mitochondria persists for 2 weeks before returning to pre-injury lengths. Fragmented mitochondria have consistently been shown to be dysfunctional and detrimental to cellular health. Inhibition of Drp1, the GTPase responsible for mitochondrial fission, using a specific pharmacological inhibitor (mDivi-1) blocked fragmentation. Additionally, it was determined that there is increased mitophagy in CST axons following Spinal cord injury (SCI) based on increased colocalization of mitochondria and LC3. In vitro models revealed that mitochondrial divalent ion uptake is necessary for injury-induced mitochondrial fission, as inhibiting the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) using RU360 prevented injury-induced fission. This phenomenon was also observed in vivo. These studies indicate that following the injury, both in vivo and in vitro, axonal mitochondria undergo increased fission, which may contribute to the lack of regeneration seen in CNS neurons.
Pharmacogenomics insights into precision pediatric oncology.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pharmacogenomic insights provide an opportunity to optimize medication dosing regimens and patient outcomes. However, the potential for interindividual genomic variability to guide medication dosing and toxicity monitoring is not yet standard of care. In this review, we present advances for the thiopurines, anthracyclines and vincristine and provide perspectives on the actionability of pharmacogenomic guidance in the future. RECENT FINDINGS The current guideline on thiopurines recommends that those with normal predicted thiopurine methyltransferase and NUDT15 expression receive standard-of-care dosing, while 'poor metabolizer' haplotypes receive a decreased 6-mercaptopurine starting dose to avoid bone marrow toxicity. Emerging evidence established significant polygenic contributions that predispose to anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and suggest this knowledge be used to identify those at higher risk of complications. In the case of vincristine, children who express CYP3A5 have a significantly reduced risk of peripheral neuropathy compared with those expressing an inactive form or the CYP3A4 isoform. SUMMARY The need for adequately powered pediatric clinical trials, coupled with the study of epigenetic mechanisms and their influence on phenotypic variation and the integration of precision survivorship into precision approaches are featured as important areas for focused investments in the future.
Observations of Interstellar Lyman- α with the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory

The equivalent width of the blended line at Lyman α is given for 48 stars measured with the OAO-A2 scanning spectrometer. This provides an upper limit to the neutral hydrogen column density. In the Orion association these upper limits are significantly lower than the column densities determined from 21-cm emission line measurements. The determination of the Lyman α equivalent width for θ Ori by Carruthers is rediscussed and agreement between 21-cm absorption measures and Lyman α absorption is obtained for a spin temperature in the range of 40–70 K. It is suggested that the most likely explanation for the discrepancies found for the other Orion stars is that the 21-cm emission primarily occurs beyond the Belt stars.
Handbook of Children, Culture, and Violence

Introduction - Nancy E. Dowd Prologue: Developmental Variations Among Children and Adolescents: An Overview of the Research and Policy Implications - Dorothy G. Singer Part I. Children as Victims 1. Child Witnessing of Domestic Violence - Naomi Cahn 2. Domestic Violence and Child Protection: Confronting the Dilemmas in Moving From Family Court to Dependency Court - Thomas D. Lyon and Mindy B. Mechanic 3. Sexually Predatory Parents and the Children in Their Care: Remove the Threat, Not the Child - Robin Fretwell Wilson 4. Exposure to Pornography as a Cause of Child Sexual Victimization - Diana E.H. Russell and Natalie Purcell 5. Statutory Rape: An Empirical Examination of Claims of "Overreaction" - Ross E. Cheit and Laura Braslow 6. Mitigating the Impact of Publicity on Child Crime Victims and Witnesses - Charles Putnam and David Finkelhor Part II. Children as Consumers of Violence 7. The Violent Shadows of Children's Culture - John Cech 8. A Preliminary Demography of Television Violence - Nancy Signorielli 9. Protecting Children's Welfare in an Anxiety-Provoking Media Environment - Joanne Cantor 10. The Impact of Violent Music on Youth - Barbara J. Wilson and Nicole Martins 11. How Real Is the Problem of TV Violence? Research and Policy Perspectives - Dale Kunkel and Lara Zwarun 12. Violent Video Games: Effects on Youth and Public Policy Implications - Douglas A. Gentile and Craig A. Anderson 13. Positive Features of Video Games - Laurie N. Taylor 14. Children, Adolescents, and the Culture of Online Hate - Brendesha Tynes 15. Constitutional Obstacles to Regulating Violence in the Media - Catherine J. Ross Part III. Children as Perpetrators of Violence 16. Peer Victimization: The Nature and Prevalence of Bullying Among Children and Youth - Susan P. Limber 17. Bullying and Violence in American Schools - Ellen de Lara 18. Judging Juvenile Responsibility: A Social Ecological Perspective - Mark R. Fondacaro and Lauren G. Fasig 19. Adult Punishment for Juvenile Offenders: Does It Reduce Crime? - Richard E. Redding 20. Psychopathy Assessment and Juvenile Justice Mental Health Evaluations - Matthew Owen Howard, Michael K. Dayton, Kirk A. Foster, Michael G. Vaughn and John L. Zelner 21. Cleaning Up Toxic Violence: An EcoGenerist Paradigm - Barbara Bennett Woodhouse
Stimulated Jitter Analysis (Stim-JA) for Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) Disorders in Children (P3.165)

OBJECTIVE: To study the diagnostic sensitivity and feasibility of stimulated jitter analysis (stim-JA) in infants and children with suspected neuromuscular junction (NMJ) defects. BACKGROUND: Repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) is painful and not sensitive to diagnose NMJ disorders. Voluntary single-fiber electromyography is sensitive but needs patient cooperation. In infants, young children, or patients having difficulty in making controlled activation stim-JA using a concentric needle is preferable. There is a paucity of literature on the utility of stim-JA technique in children with suspected NMJ disorders. DESIGN/METHODS: Seven girls and 3 boys (age 4 months to 17 years) with suspected NMJ defects were evaluated using stim-JA. Local anesthetic was applied to the side of the face. A 13mm monopolar needle was inserted above the zygomatic arch to stimulate a distal branch of the facial nerve. The action potentials were recorded from the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle using a 25mm concentric needle electrode. Stimulations were given at 10Hz, and a minimum of 30 action potentials were obtained and analyzed. A mean MCD of >26µs or >10[percnt] action potentials with increased jitter or blocking was abnormal. RESULTS: Mean jitter was 69.0+36.4µs with 38[percnt] (range 13-73[percnt]) blocking in six patients. Laboratory testing confirmed five had myasthenia (3 AChR Ab+, 1 MUSK Ab+, 1 CHRNE mutation), and one infant had botulism (stool toxin A+). Four patients with a mean jitter 21.3+4.2µs and no blocking had negative workup for NMJ disorders. All patients tolerated the study without complications. CONCLUSIONS: Stim-JA is a sensitive diagnostic test for NMJ disorders in infants and young children. Stim-JA results precede assay results for serum antibodies (myasthenia) and stool toxin analysis (botulism) and may guide early treatment. We emphasize that although stim-JA is a sensitive measure for eliciting abnormal NMJ testing, it is nonspecific to pre- or post-synaptic disorders. Disclosure: Dr. Lin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Verma has nothing to disclose.
Enhanced Rate Capability of Oxide Coated Lithium Titanate within Extended Voltage Ranges

Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12 or LTO) is a promising negative electrode material of high power lithium-ion batteries, due to its superior rate capability and excellent capacity retention. However, the specific capacity of LTO is less than one half of that of graphite electrode. In this work, we applied ultrathin oxide coating on LTO by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique, aiming for increasing the energy density by extending the cell voltage window and specific capacity of LTO. We demonstrated that a few nanometer thick Al2O3 coating can suppress the mechanical distortion of LTO cycled at low potential, which enable the higher specific capacity and excellent capacity retentio. Furthermore, the surface coating can facilitate the charge transfer, leading to significantly improved rate capabilities, comparing with the uncoated LTO.
Towards generation of efficient transformations

In this paper we discuss efficiency related constructs of a graph rewriting language, called Graph Rewriting and Transformation (GReAT), and introduce a code generator tool, which together provide a programming framework for the specification and efficient realization of graph rewriting systems. We argue that the performance problems frequently associated with the implementation of the transformation can be significantly reduced by partial evaluation and adopting language constructs that allow algorithmic optimizations.
Identification and stimulation by serotonin of intrinsic sensory neurons of the submucosal plexus of the guinea pig gut: activity- induced expression of Fos immunoreactivity

The bowel is the only organ of the body in which neural reflexes can be elicited in the absence of input from the brain or spinal cord. This activity is mediated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), which contains primary afferent neurons. Experiments were carried out to locate the primary afferent neurons of the ENS. Two types of stimulation were used to activate neurons in the wall of the gut in vitro: exposure of the mucosa to cholera toxin or delivery of pressure to the mucosal surface with puffs of N2 from a micropipette. Neurons that became active in response to these stimuli were identified by demonstrating the intranuclear immunoreactivity of Fos, the product of the c-fos protooncogene. No Fos immunoreactivity could be detected in the absence of stimulation; however, application of cholera toxin and puffs of N2 each induced the appearance of Fos immunoreactivity in neurons in both the submucosal and myenteric plexuses. With either stimulus, the induction of Fos immunoreactivity was antagonized by TTX and therefore depended on neuronal activity. The appearance of Fos immunoreactivity could also be prevented by the 5-HT1P receptor antagonist N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptophyl-5-hydroxytryptophan amide. In contrast, the stimulus-induced expression of Fos immunoreactivity was inhibited, but not abolished, by hexamethonium, which limited the spread of activation within the submucosal plexus and completely prevented expression of Fos immunoreactivity by myenteric neurons in response to mucosal puffs of N2. FluoroGold was injected into single ganglia of the myenteric plexus in order to identify submucosal neurons with myenteric projections. Submucosal neurons in which Fos immunoreactivity was induced by the stimuli were doubly labeled by FluoroGold. A subset of the submucosal, but not myenteric, neurons that expressed Fos immunoreactivity was doubly labeled by antibodies to calbindin. Submucosal calbindin-immunoreactive neurons were found to contain substance P immunoreactivity and could also be immunostained by anti-idiotypic antibodies that react with 5-HT1P receptors. A subset of dynorphin1-8-immunoreactive submucosal neurons (which are known to costore vasoactive intestinal peptide and to be secretomotor in function) expressed nuclear Fos immunoreactivity in response to cholera toxin, but not puffs of N2. These data suggest that intrinsic primary afferent neurons are located in the submucosal plexus, project to the myenteric plexus, and are activated by 5-HT acting on the 5-HT1P receptor subtype. These neurons are probably cholinergic and costore calbindin and substance P.
Lead Toxicity as Related to Glutathione Metabolism

The effect of lead poisoning on glutathione metabolism was studied in rat pups born of dams receiving a commercial laboratory diet supplemented with 0.5% lead acetate. Results showed that the body weight gain of the first 3 weeks of life and at the age of 6 weeks was significantly less in both male and female pups nourished by lead-fed dams than those raised by dams receiving the lab diet. Lead ingestion decreased hematocrit levels and hemoglobin values and increased the weights of liver, kidney, spleen and brain. Concentrations of plasma free histidine, glutamic acid and serine were decreased in lead-poisoned rats but glycine levels were markedly increased. After 4 weeks of lead feeding, both sexes had an increased glutathione concentration in erythrocytes, liver and kidney. Isotope studies further indicated that the incorporation of cystine-35S was significantly increased in glutathione but decreased in protein of liver and kidney of lead-fed rats. Similarly, lead ingestion significantly increased glycine-1-14C incorporation into renal glutathione. However, the activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase were unaffected by lead poisoning. The data suggest a compensatory mechanism operates to overcome the toxicity of ingested lead by maintaining a high concentration of glutathione in the liver and kidney.
Skin Creases on the Sole of the Foot as a Physical Index of Maturity: Comparison Between Caucasian and Negro Infants

It has been known that the development of skin creases on the sole of the foot occurs in late intrauterine life and that after birth this is a helpful clinical sign to determine gestational age. Until 36 weeks of gestation there are only one or two transverse skin creases on the anterior part of the sole. The posterior two-thirds of the sole are smooth. By 37 to 38 weeks of gestation more creases have appeared and in the full-term infant there is a complex series of criss-crossed creases covering the entire sole. Since no racial differences in the presence or absence of this sign have ever been published a study was designed to compare the development of skin creases on the sole of the foot between Caucasian and Negro newborn infants.