cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagenetic controls of phosphorus in outer continental-shelf sediments from the Gulf of Mexico

Filipek, L.H. and Owen, R.M., 1981. Diagenetic controls of phosphorus in outer continental.shelf sediments from the Gulf of Mexico. Chem. Geol., 33: 181--204. A sequential extraction scheme was used to isolate organic P and inorganic P associated with various forms of Fe, Mn and major cations in two low-carbonate cores from the outer Texas shelf, in which sulfate reduction is minor. Although total extractable P does not change significantly with depth, there is a strong shift in the phase associations. At the surface and the subsurface oxidation maximum of both cores, inorganic P is associated mainly with oxidized Fe. Oxidation of organic matter by reduction of the hydrous Feoxides causes a rapid decrease in both the hydrous-Fe-oxide-related P and organic P in the more reducing parts of the cores. The P released during these reactions becomes associated with Mg, Al, K and reduced Fe in one or more highly reactive [1 M acetic acid (HOAc)soluble] phases with an average Mg:K:Fe:P molar ratio of ~ 16:6:6:1. Although the exact nature of the HOAc-soluble P phase is unknown, it appears to control pore-water concentrations of P, precluding formation of struvite or vivianite. (C/P) org ratios in both cores tend to increase with depth in the sediment column, which suggests preferential breakdown of organic P. The shallower station 19 (32 m) has an average molar (C/P)or u ratio of 190, where as station 9 (112 m) has an average ratio of 253. Accumulation rates of hydrogenous P at station 19 are between 40 and 1,t0 ug P cm 2 yr. -3 , while rates at station 9 are 20 ug P cm -2 yr.-'. These rates are 5--35 times greater than average accumulation rates of P along ridge crests, where high concentrations of P are associated with hydrogenous Fe. Flux calculations indicate ~ 0.2 ug P cm -: yr. -~ of dissolved reactive P is released from sediments at the deeper station, while 6-55 ug P cm -2 yr.-' is released from the sediments at the shallower station.
The Prognostic significance of hyperextension of the fetal head detected antenatally with ultrasound

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of hyperextension of the fetal head detected by ultrasound prior to the onset of labour. Methods Over a 10-year period, we retrospectively identified all fetuses who had hyperextension of the fetal head reported on antenatal ultrasound. Hyperextension referred to persistence of the cervical spine in extreme extension, with an extension angle of at least 150 degrees persisting for the duration of the scan. Follow-up information was obtained from Hospital medical records and obstetrical care providers. Results Follow-up was obtained on 57 of the 65 fetuses (87.7%) identified over the study period. Ten of the 57 fetuses had normal structural fetal surveys and had sonographically identified resolution prior to delivery. All 10 patients delivered at term and had newborns with normal neonatal courses. Twenty-six of 57 fetuses had no sonographic findings other than persistent hyperextension, and 19 of these 26 fetuses (73%) had normal neonatal courses. Twenty-one of 57 fetuses (37%) had structural anomalies sonographically identified in addition to hyperextension of the fetal head. All 21 of these pregnancies ended in either termination or fetal or neonatal demize. Conclusions Although resolution of isolated hyperextension of the fetal head is associated with a normal neonatal outcome, persistent isolated hyperextension of the fetal head can be associated with either a normal or an abnormal neonatal outcome. Fetuses with hyperextended heads and antenatally diagnosed structural anomalies have dismal outcomes. The identification of a fetus with hyperextension of the fetal head should prompt a detailed search for structural abnormalities. Copyright © 2000 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Recalculation of the O(6) → rotor transition in the IBA for the Pt-Os nuclei

Abstract Earlier IBA calculations of the O(6) → rotor transition in the Pt-Os region have been repeated following correction of an error in the version of the computer code used. The previous calculations exhibited excellent agreement with experiment with the exception of five significant discrepancies for E2 branching ratios (four of these occurring in Kπ = 4+ bands in Os). The results of the new calculations are striking. The only changes compared to the older results are for E2 transitions between odd and even spin levels and remove most of the previous discrepancies between theory and experiment without introducing any additional discrepancies. Brief comments are included on the nature of some of the states involved.
Miscible porous media displacements in the quarter five-spot configuration. Part 1. The homogeneous case

A detailed two-part computational investigation is conducted into the dynamical evolution of two-dimensional miscible porous media flows in the quarter five-spot arrangement of injection and production wells. High-accuracy direct numerical simulations are performed that reproduce all dynamically relevant length scales in solving the vorticity–streamfunction formulation of Darcy's law. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by a comparison of simulation data with linear stability results for radial source flow.Within this part, Part 1 of the present investigation, a series of simulations is discussed that demonstrate how the mobility ratio and the dimensionless flow rate denoted by the Peclet number Pe affect both local and integral features of homogeneous displacement processes. Mobility ratios up to 150 and Pe-values up to 2000 are investigated. For sufficiently large Pe-values, the flow near the injection well gives rise to a vigorous viscous fingering instability. As the unstable concentration front approaches the central region of the domain, nonlinear interactions between the fingers similar to those known from unidirectional flows are observed, such as merging, partial merging, and shielding, along with secondary tip-splitting and side-branching instabilities. At large Pe-values, several of these fingers compete for long times, before one of them accelerates ahead of the others and leads to the breakthrough of the front.In contrast to unidirectional flows, the quarter five-spot geometry imposes both an external length scale and a time scale on the flow. The resulting spatial non-uniformity of the potential base flow is observed to lead to a clear separation in space and time of large and small scales in the flow. Small scales occur predominantly during the early stages near the injection well, and at late times near the production well. The central domain is dominated by larger scales.Taken together, the results of the simulations demonstrate that both the mobility ratio and Pe strongly affect the dynamics of the flow. While some integral measures, such as the recovery at breakthrough, may show only a weak dependence on Pe for large Pe-values, the local fingering dynamics continue to change with Pe.The increased susceptibility of the flow to perturbations during the early stages provides the motivation to formulate an optimization problem that attempts to maximize recovery, for a constant overall process time, by employing a time-dependent flow rate. Within the present framework, which accounts for molecular diffusion but not for velocity-dependent dispersion, simulation results indeed indicate the potential to increase recovery by reducing the flow rate at early times, and then increasing it during the later stages.
Interrogating the photogenerated Ir(iv) state of a water oxidation catalyst using ultrafast optical and X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Using sunlight to drive molecular water oxidation catalysts for fuel formation requires understanding the single electron transfer events involved in catalyst activation. In an effort to photogenerate and characterize the highly reactive Ir(IV) state of the Ir(III)-based water oxidation catalyst Cp*Ir(ppy)Cl (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine), we have incorporated the complex into a covalent electron acceptor–chromophore–Cp*Ir(ppy)Cl triad, in which naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) (NDI) is the electron acceptor and perylene-3,4-dicarboximide (PMI) is the chromophore. Photoexcitation of the PMI chromophore in dichloromethane results in two competitive reactions: NDI–1*PMI–Ir(III) → NDI–PMI˙−–Ir(IV) and NDI–1*PMI–Ir(III) → NDI˙−–PMI˙+–Ir(III) that each proceed with τ < 5 ps, as determined by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Both intermediate ion pairs undergo charge shift reactions to produce NDI˙−–PMI–Ir(IV). The fully charge-separated ion pair has a lifetime of 17.2 ± 0.1 ns, and its photophysical behavior is similar in the more polar solvent benzonitrile. Time-resolved X-ray absorption measurements on the triad at 100 ps following PMI photoexcitation show a new absorption feature at the LIII-edge of Ir and a blue-shifted white-line peak, which provides direct evidence of a change in the Ir oxidation state from Ir(III) to Ir(IV), consistent with the photophysical measurements. Our work underscores the utility of ultrafast spectroscopy performed on covalent assemblies of electron donor–acceptor systems with solar fuels catalysts to generate and probe their higher valence states in ways that complement chemical or electrochemical oxidation and establish the nature of key intermediates implicated in their catalytic mechanisms.
Drosophila neurocalcin, a fatty acylated, Ca2+-binding protein that associates with membranes and inhibits in vitro phosphorylation of bovine rhodopsin.

Abstract Neurocalcins belong to a family of neuronal specific EF hand Ca-binding proteins defined by recoverin. Previously, we reported the cloning and initial characterization of neurocalcin in Drosophila melanogaster (Teng, D. H.-F., Chen, C.-K., and Hurley, J. B.(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 31900-31907). We showed that the Drosophila neurocalcin protein (DrosNCa) is expressed in neurons and that bacterially expressed recombinant DrosNCa (rDrosNCa) can be myristoylated. Here, we present two lines of evidence that DrosNCa is fatty acylated in vivo. First, the mobility of affinity-purified native DrosNCa on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is identical to that of myristoylated rDrosNCa and distinct from that of nonacylated rDrosNCa. Second, the membrane binding properties of native DrosNCa are similar to those of myristoylated rDrosNCa; both of these proteins bind to membranes at 0.2 mM Ca, whereas nonacylated rDrosNCa always remains soluble. It has been shown that recoverin inhibits the phosphorylation of rhodopsin when Ca is present (Kawamura et al., 1993) and that a dependent recoverin/rhodopsin kinase interaction underlies the inhibitory effect of recoverin (Chen et al., 1995). Given the similarities between recoverin and neurocalcin, we examined the effect of DrosNCa on rhodopsin phosphorylation. We find that rDrosNCa is capable of inhibiting bovine rhodopsin phosphorylation in vitro in a Ca-dependent manner. The inhibitory activity of rDrosNCa is enhanced by myristoylation, and the potency of its effect is similar to that of recoverin. Two other related EF hand proteins, guanylate cyclase-activating protein-2 and calmodulin, are only poor inhibitors in these phosphorylation assays. in vitro inhibition of rhodopsin phosphorylation therefore appears to be an assayable property of a subset of recoverin-like proteins.
The Design and Synthesis of Highly Branched and Spherically Symmetric Fluorinated Oils and Amphiles.

Abstract A new surfactant design principle, based on concepts borrowed from protein science, is proposed. Using this principle, a class of highly branched and spherically symmetric fluorinated oils and amphiles has been designed and synthesized, for potential applications in the construction of fluorocarbon nanoparticles. The Mitsunobu reaction was employed as the key step for introducing three perfluoro-tert-butoxyl groups into pentaerythritol derivatives with excellent yields and extremely simple isolation procedures. Due to the symmetric arrangement of the fluorine atoms, each fluorinated oil or amphile molecule gives one sharp singlet 19F NMR signal.
Multiplet splittings in the photoelectron spectra of organic radicals: Trimethylenemethane

Abstract Open shell self-consistent-field theory has been applied to systems arising from the photoionization of organic radicals. Specifically, the multiplet splittings of the ... 1a′ 2 le″ 2 electron configuration of C(CH 2 ) 3 + have been investigated both analytically and numerically. These exchange splittings are found to be quite large and should definitely be considered in the interpretation of the photoelectron spectra of organic radicals.
Is “space” a concept? Kant, Durkheim, and French Neo‐Kantianism

According to Kant, all humans share a basic form of spatial representation—space is an “a priori intuition.” Durkheim felt that Kant's a priori stance blocked the kind of empirical inquiry that would show human spatial representation to be, on the contrary, quite diverse. Durkheim's claim raises the issues in intellectual history and philosophy addressed in this paper. First, the paper traces Durkheim's reading of Kant through the nineteenth-century French neo-Kantians Renouvier and Hamelin. Second, it argues that Kant's and Durkheim's projects are not, after all, genuine competitors. The result is to reassert the sharp distinction between epistemological and sociological approaches to spatial representation that Durkheim and others tried to collapse. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Could we 3D print an artificial mind

3D printing is allowing more complex three-dimensional structures to be manufactured than ever before. Could the convergence between this technology and nanotechnology eventually usher in a new era of artificial intelligence, asks Andrew D. Maynard.
Natural killer T cells regulate the development of asthma.

Atopic diseases, which include asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, are complex genetic traits caused by environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals. These disorders h...
Multiplicities in 100-GeV/ c π + p and pp Interactions Using a Tagged Beam

${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ and $\mathrm{pp}$ interactions at 100 GeV/c are studied in the National Accelerator Laboratory 30-in. bubble chamber with a tagged beam. Charged multiplicities in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ and $\mathrm{pp}$ interactions are compared. The average inelastic multiplicity of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ interactions is higher than for $\mathrm{pp}$ interactions (6.80 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.14 versus 6.49 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.10). However, negative particle multiplicities for events with more than six charged particles follow Poisson statistics with similar means, 2.56 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.09 and 2.61 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.08, for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ and $\mathrm{pp}$ interactions.
A microsomal fraction of cryptococcus neoformans induces lymphocyte blastogenesis in infected guinea pigs

Differential centrifugation of a homogenate from a mechanically disrupted, acapsular isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans resulted in a 105 000 X g supernatant (105 K) and a microsomalfraction (MS), both of which were capable of eliciting specific delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and in vitro blastogenesis in infected guinea pigs. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two major proteins in the MS and seven proteins in the 105 K fractions. Electron microscopy of the MSshowed both membranes and ribosomes. In vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis elicited by 1 to 10 μg/ml of antigens was maximal after 4 days of incubation; the reacting populations were peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and peritoneal exudate cells (PEC). Spleen cells of infected animals were unresponsive to in vitro antigenic stimulation. A simplified schedule of priming animals was infection with a single dose of virulent cryptococci. Under these conditions 3 of 6 animals' PBL responded with stimulation ratios of 6.55, 21.1, 35.42 to the MS and 1.41, 9.33, 17.39 to the 105 K antigens at l ug/ml. Four of six animals' PEC response were positive with stimulation ratios of 2.62, 2.72, 4.02 and 7.20 towards MS, and 2.62, 5.13, 5.71, 10.01 to the 105 Kantigens at 1 μg/ml. When small capsule and large capsule isolates were used for infection, the small capsule form was not isolated from the brain, in contrast to its isolation from 2 of 3 animals receiving large capsule forms. Two of three animals in each group responded with blastogenic indices more vigorous in the PBL, and the most potent antigen was MS. There was no obvious difference in lymphocyte reactivity between the two groups.
Circulating steroid hormones during rapid aggressive responses of territorial male mountain spiny lizards, Sceloporus jarrovi

Levels of aggression and circulating steroid hormones were monitored simultaneously in free-living male lizards following a staged territorial aggressive encounter with another male. In the first 15 min following the aggressive encounter, the frequency of territorial patroling and the frequency of agonistic and advertisement displays increased four- to fivefold in resident males. In most cases these increases persisted for at least 90 min after withdrawal of the intruder male and probably persisted for the entire day of the encounter. Blood samples collected at 15-min intervals revealed no changes in circulating levels of testosterone or corticosterone while this behavioral change was occurring. Thus, the increase in aggressive behavior that follows a male-male territorial encounter in this species does not appear to be mediated by simultaneous changes in circulating levels of these hormones. Interspecific comparisons suggest that interspecific variation in steroid hormone involvement in rapid aggressive responses may depend on the mating system and the extent of male parental care.
Evidence for Radiation Hormesis After In Vitro Exposure of Human Lymphocytes to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation

Previous research has demonstrated that adding a very small gamma-ray dose to a small alpha radiation dose can completely suppress lung cancer induction by alpha radiation (a gamma-ray hormetic eff...
Tic de Gilles de la Tourette: Survey of the literature, case study, and reinterpretation

Abstract Tic de Gilles de la Tourette, a rare but complex tic syndrome, has been recognized as such for over a century and a half. To date, neither psychological or organic explanations have been satisfactory. Psychotherapy at best has succeeded only modestly in altering symptoms, and has fared even less successfully in affecting complete recovery. Treatments combining psychotherapy and drugs have yielded promising results, but to separate the therapeutic agents from the superfluous in such ambiguous therapies is to propose a difficult procedure. Because chemotherapy with haloperidol is an almost consistently effective treatment, many researchers infer that Tic de Gilles de la Tourette is of strictly organic origin. However, other researchers with a psychiological bias do not dismiss the malignant effect that disturbed interpersonal relationships can have on the ticquer, and even go so far as to suggest that a pathological family environment may actually precipitate the tic in an individual who may have been constitutionally predisposed to the disorder. A profile describing the dynamics in a ticquer's family may be drawn from available case studies. Reviews of the literature and case studies suggest that no single etiological factor can be isolated. Thus, Tic de Gilles de La Tourette appears to be among those disorders which are born of a complex interplay of psychological and physiological dysfunctions.
Why we need to continue the "What are Photons?" conference: to re-vitalize classical and quantum optics

The origin of this conference series has started with the publication of a special issue, "The nature of light: What is a photon?" by Optics and Photonics News, OSA, October, 2003. This issue contained five articles by well-known main stream people from several countries. In 2005, SPIE allowed us to organizing an out-of-box conference series on the same topic; and we have just completed the 3rd biannual conference with great success and enthusiastic participation by many thinkers. Many of these participants believe that all successful theories must be periodically re-evaluated from its base to modify and correct, as necessary, based on newer and more advanced information. This particular article establishes the assertion of the last sentence by identifying paradoxes and contradictions existing in current text books on classical and quantum optics. We show that these can be resolved simply by adopting the hypothesis, Non-Interference of Light (NIL). NIL is derived by developing realism driven measurement epistemology, which also helps us to appreciate that time-frequency Fourier theorem should not be used as a principle of nature because of NIL principle. Further, Fourier "monochromatic components (modes)" do not represent reality as they violate the principle of conservation of energy. Consequent impacts in classical and quantum optics are summarized in this paper, which should help the readers to appreciate the vital importance as to why we should continue such an "out-of-box" conference with steadily increasing vigor.
Modeling Support Loss in SOI-Based Micromechanical Resonators

In light of recent efforts to quantitatively evaluate the quality factor (Q) of micromechanical resonators, this paper presents an analytical-numerical model for calculating support loss in micromechanical resonators made from Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) wafers. The time-harmonic stress due to the vibrations in a micromechanical resonator is obtained through numerical simulation, while the vibration displacement on substrate due to the stress from micromechanical resonators is analytically derived, with the assumption that the substrate is a semi-infinite medium. The combination of the time-harmonic stress from the resonator and the vibration displacement on substrate gives rise to a quantitative evaluation of support loss, which is further verified with the experimental data in the literature. This analytical-numerical combined model is general and applicable to SOI-based micromechanical resonators with different structural geometries.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Glucagon-enhanced ventricular automaticity in dogs. Its concealment by positive chronotropism.

Ventricular automaticity was studied in dogs with intact atrioventricular conduction systems and in dogs with surgically interrupted conduction systems before and after glucagon, 50 µ.g/kg. Results of these studies are in agreement with previous studies. When the influence of rate-dependent suppression of ventricular automaticity was nullified by comparing automaticity during periods of equal heart rates, highly significant increases in automaticity were observed in both preparations after glucagon administration. One index of automaticity, the number of ventricular beats occurring in a 30-second period following onset of vagal stimulation, increased from 8.7 ± 2.6 to 14.7 ± 3.1 after glucagon administration, an increase of 69%. The number of ventricular beats in a 30-second period following cessation of ventricular pacing increased from 8.6 ± 2.5 to 14.9 ± 2.1 after glucagon administration in dogs with heart block, an increase of 73%. Automaticity increases were also noted using other indexes. Beta-receptor blockade with propranolol failed to abolish automaticity changes effected by glucagon. This study demonstrated increases in ventricular automaticity produced by glucagon that heretofore had been overlooked, because a rate-dependent decrease in ventricular automaticity secondary to the positive chronotropic effect of this hormone masked the increases in automaticity.
Development of digestive secretions in white sturgeon juveniles (Acipenser transmontanus).

Abstract 1. 1. Development of the digestive enzyme complement corresponded with this species' carnivorous habits and a natural dietary shift at metamorphosis from larval pelagic zooplanktivory to benthic carnivory. 2. 2. During the first developmental stanza when the digestive tract was differentiating and the larvae were dependent on endogenous nutritional reserves, digestive enzyme concentrations were low. 3. 3. Initiation of gastric secretion (pepsin and acid) was concomitant with onset of exogenous feeding. 4. 4. Highest amylolytic and lipolytic activities were recorded from feeding larvae prior to their metamorphosis to juveniles.
Development and Efficacy of a Bycatch Reduction Device for Wisconsin-Type Fyke Nets Deployed in Freshwater Systems

Abstract Aquatic biologists throughout the United States use fyke nets to sample fish. Often, these nets have high turtle bycatch and mortality rates, especially when set in extreme environmental conditions. Because a previous study found increased turtle mortality using Wisconsin-type fyke nets, we designed and tested a bycatch reduction device (BRD) for this net type and investigated its ability to reduce turtle bycatch without affecting fish capture. Over 68 net-nights, the BRD significantly reduced turtle bycatch with no significant decrease in fish quantity or richness when compared to a control fyke net with no BRD. We argue that aquatic biologists and managers should consider turtle mortality when sampling fishes and other aquatic organisms. We also suggest that further studies be conducted to develop BRDs for all passive freshwater sampling nets. Further, BRDs that have already been designed and tested and appear effective at reducing turtle bycatch without significantly affecting fish catch, such...
Structural and phylogenetic analysis of the chicken ventricular myosin heavy chain rod.

We have isolated and characterized five overlapping clones that encompass 3.2 kb and encode a part of the short subfragment 2, the hinge, and the light meromyosin regions of the myosin heavy chain rod as well as 143 bp of the 3′ untranslated portion of the mRNA. Northern blot analysis showed expression of this mRNA mainly in ventricular muscle of the adult chicken heart, with trace levels detected in the atrium. Transient expression was seen in skeletal muscle during development and in regenerating skeletal muscle following freeze injury. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an avian ventricular myosin heavy chain sequence. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this isoform is a distant homolog of other ventricular and skeletal muscle myosin heavy chains and represents a distinct member of the multigene family of sarcomeric myosin heavy chains. The ventricular myosin heavy chain of the chicken is either paralogous to its counterpart in other vertebrates or has diverged at a significantly higher rate.
Cigarette smoking by women: interactions with alcohol use.

Cigarette smoking increased during alcohol self-administration in comparison to an alcohol-free baseline in 24 women given access to alcohol for 21 days. Heavy smokers (25 or more cigarettes per day) increased smoking significantly during drinking (P<0.05). Analysis of tobacco smoking by level of alcohol consumption showed that both heavy and moderate alcohol users increased smoking significantly during alcohol availability (P<0.05, 0.01). The heavy and moderate smokers smoked significantly more between noon and midnight (P<0.001) than at other times when alcohol was available. The rate of cigarette smoking (defined by inter-cigarette intervals) was faster during alcohol self-administration than during the alcohol-free baseline. Heavy smokers smoked most cigarettes at intervals of 11–20 min during heavy or moderate drinking. During the pre-alcohol baseline, these women smoked most cigarettes at intervals of 21–30 or 31–40 min. Most women (70–74%) also increased tobacco smoking at the premenstruum. Both heavy and occasional smokers increased smoking at the premenstruum significantly more than the moderate smokers (P<0.05). All women reported increased psychological discomfort at the premenstruum on the Premenstrual Assessment Form (PAF) but reports of physical discomfort were more marked in women who smoked less at the premenstruum. These data extend previous findings in men that alcohol consumption is associated with increased cigarette smoking to female social drinkers.
Engineering plastics from lignin. VII. Structure property relationships of poly(butadiene glycol)‐containing polyurethane networks

Hydroxypropyl lignin-based thermosetting polyurethanes containing polybutadiene (PBD) glycol soft segments (Mn of 2800 g M−1) were synthesized with excess hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) by solution casting. Miscibility of the glycol with the lignin derivative was found to be poor as expected, and phase separation between the two polyol components in polyurethanes was detected by thermal and mechanical analysis, and by electron microscopy. This study examines the effect of concentration of polybutadiene glycol on the thermal and mechanical properties of the polyurethanes. The two-phase network system displayed significantly different properties than either the poly(ethylene glycol)-containing polyurethanes or their soft segment-free counterparts described previously. Macrophase separation was observed at nearly all degrees of mixing and was found to affect thermal and mechanical properties. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the lignin phase in the TDI-based networks increased with poly(butadiene glycol) content rising from 3.6 to 71.4% of polyurethane, and this was attributed to the employment of a constant diisocyanate weight fraction which gave rise to a variable NCO/OH ratio and crosslink density. Distinct phase separation was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at above 3.6 and 7.1% glycol content for HDI- and TDI-based films, respectively. The polyurethane films behaved like rubber-toughened lignin networks when PBD was the discrete phase, and like lignin-reinforced rubber when the lignin derivative was discrete. This behavior was evidenced by the Young's modulus decreasing from 2000 to 50 MPa and ultimate strain rising from 6 to greater than 150%, with soft segment content increasing from 0 to 71.4%.
Homeless and Vulnerable Meal Program Users: A Comparison Study

Even though individuals generally become homeless after living in an impoverished but domiciled “vulnerable” state, few quantitative investigations consider determinants of the decline from vulnerability. This leaves in question the rather common claim that personal deficits are direct determinants of the lack of a domicile. Using data on a sample from Chicago, the study tests whether homeless and vulnerable domiciled individuals are differentiated by three sets of deficits: alienation, disabilities, and occupational deficiencies. It also assesses whether the loss of a domicile reflects a lack of access to support offered by social institutions. Variables representing lack of access are found to be the best predictors, but certain deficits have limited importance in specific subsamples. The generally limited role of deficits, in turn, seems to occur because the most problem ridden adults are protected from homelessness and from vulnerability. Differentials across gender as well as previous homeless history are also noted and explained.
A Topological Classification of D-Dimensional Cellular Automata

Kůrka proposed a topological classification for cellular automata (CAs) on the one-dimensional full shift space [D. Lind and B. Marcus. An Introduction to Symbolic Dynamics and Coding. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995]. and we extended part of this classification to higher dimensional subshift spaces in [R.H. Gilman. Periodic behaviour of linear automata, in Dynamical Systems: Proceedings of the Special Year Held at the University of Maryland, College Park, 1986–1987, J.C. Alexander, ed., Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 1342, Berlin: Springer, pp. 216–219, 1988]. Here, we focus on expansiveness, showing that there exist subshift spaces in all dimensions on which there expansive CAs. This counters a result of Shereshevsky that there are no expansive CAs on full shift spaces in dimension greater than one [J. Milnor. On the entropy geometry of cellular automata. Complex Syst. 2 : 357–386, 1988]. We also supplement portions of [R.H. Gilman. Periodic behaviour of linear automata, in Dynamical systems: ...
Evaluating the efficacy of a terrorism question/answer system

The TARA Project examined how a trio of modified chatterbots could be used to disseminate terrorism-related information to the general public.
Targeted disruption of C-type natriuretic peptide: a focused assault on cartilaginous bone

Abstract Body structure, locomotion, weight-bearing, internal organ protection and serum calcium balance all depend on proper bone development and remodeling. Targeted disruption or tissue-restricted overexpression of the genes encoding several growth factors, their receptors or certain regulators of gene transcription, can substantially influence the size, shape or the integrity of the skeleton. The recent deletion of Nppc , the gene encoding C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), reveals an essential role for CNP in the growth plates of long bones. Biochemical and molecular events associated with the loss of CNP remain uncertain. However, the significant dwarfing found in CNP-deficient mice, and clear rescue by targeted synthesis of CNP by chondrocytes, remind us of the complexity of skeletal growth and the importance of less ‘mainstream' osteogenic factors.
Melt infiltration and magma evolution

Surface-energy considerations can be used to show that a magma body in chemical and thermal equilibrium with its surroundings will tend to disperse by infiltrating the dry grain edges of the host material. This prediction was tested in a series of “melt infiltration” experiments on a simplified basalt-peridotite analog system (forsterite-albite-anorthite). At 1290 °C and 10 kb, a melt of ∼ Fo 23 Ab 38 An 39 composition penetrates the grain edges of poly-crystalline forsterite “rock” at a rate of 1 to 2 mm/day. The infiltration mechanism probably involves chemical solution of forsterite at grain edges and simultaneous precipitation of forsterite crystals within the melt reservoir. The term “chemical sloping” is proposed to describe the operation of this process in nature, and although it may have little influence on the major-element composition of magmas, it may be effective as a zone-refining mechanism. The intergranular “mobility” of magmatic liquid in near-solidus country rock implies that (1) silicate melts may be important metasomatizing fluids under some circumstances in the upper mantle, and (2) small dikes and veins are unstable in hot surroundings and will disperse by infiltrating their wall rocks.
The Way of the Ship: America's Maritime History Reenvisioned, 1600–2000 – By Alex Roland, W. Jeffrey Bolster, and Alexander Keyssar

The authors of this work not only offer the academic world a long‐overdue maritime history textbook, but also they offer the more general reading public an interesting and thorough history of Ameri...
Constructivist Epistemologies and Therapies.

Abstract Constructivists link their therapeutic approach to arguments against an objectivist epistemology. These anti-objectivist arguments are examined: it is concluded that none of them is cogent. The question of whether acceptance of a constructivist, non-objectivist epistemology is likely to affect constructivists' therapeutic practice is considered.
Utilization of α-ketoglutarate for growth by Lactobacillus arabinosus: Enhancement by γ-l-glutamylmethylamide

Abstract Quantitative aspects have been examined of the enhancing effect of small amounts of glutamine on the utilization of α-ketoglutarate for growth on low- and high-aspartate media in the presence and absence of γ- l -glutamylmethylamide. The greatly accelerated rate of growth in the presence of the latter substance was dependent on the presence of glutamine. The effects of both glutamine and γ- l -glutamylmethylamide were highly specific as evidenced by the failure of a large number of substances to replace them in suitable test systems. Several compounds were found to inhibit growth on α-ketoglutaric acid and glutamine.
Quantum interference effects in rubidium vapor on a chip

Harnessing the unique optical quantum interference effects associated with electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) on a chip promises new opportunities for linear and nonlinear optical devices. Here, we review the status of integrated atomic spectroscopy chips that could replace conventional rubidium spectroscopy cells. Both linear and nonlinear absorption spectroscopy with excellent performance are demonstrated on a chip using a self-contained Rb reservoir and exhibiting a footprint of only 1.5cm x 1cm. In addition, quantum interference effects including V-scheme and Λ-scheme EIT are observed in miniaturized rubidium glass cells whose fabrication is compatible with on-chip integration.
Genetic diversity vs geographic distribution of five congeneric caddisflies

We compared the genetic structure and diversity offive Cheumatopsyche (Trichoptera:Hydropsychidae) species from Upper Three Runs Creek inSouth Carolina to analyze the relationship betweengenetic variability and potential gene flow (i.e.,geographic distribution) in a group of loticmacroinvertebrates. Among these species is an endemicto the stream (Cheumatopsyche richardsoni), asoutheastern U.S.A. endemic (C. edista), andthree widely distributed species (C. pasella,C. pettiti, and C. pinaca). Usingcellulose acetate plates, we reliably scored 19presumptive allozyme loci for each species. C. richardsoni and C. pettiti were the leastgenetically variable taxa, C. pasella and C. pinaca the most, and C. edista fell inbetween. Therefore, unless this C. pettitipopulation is not representative of the species ingeneral, the genetic diversity of C. richardsoniand C. edista fall within the range exhibited byother congeners. In turn, each species’ geneticdiversity is evidently not correlated to its relativegeographic distribution. Four species (all but C. pettiti) had moderate to high proportions ofpolymorphic loci in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibria, thecause of which is likely one of three factors: (1) eachspecies experiences disruptive selection, (2) weinadvertently sampled adults from more than onegenetically distinct stream population, or (3) eachspecies is divided into partially reproductivelyisolated subpopulations within the stream.
LESIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN VITAMIN DEFICIENCY : I. RATS ON A DIET LOW IN VITAMIN A.

Under the conditions of these experiments, which consisted essentially of maintaining rats on a ration adequate in all dietary essentials as far as is known except vitamin A, the following changes were produced in the nervous system. 1. Degeneration of the medullary sheaths of the brachial plexuses and sciatic nerves, and less often of the vagus nerves. Such lesions were not found in the optic nerves. 2. Degeneration of the medullary sheaths of the sensory tracts on the periphery of the spinal cord and in the posterior columns. Much less frequently similar lesions were found in both the crossed and uncrossed pyramidal tracts. 3. Changes of the same nature in the posterior nerve roots and less frequently in the anterior nerve roots of the spinal cord. Evidence was adduced to indicate that the changes in the sensory tracts of the spinal cord followed those in the posterior nerve roots. With the onset of muscular weakness and incoordination in these animals anatomic changes like those just described were found at necropsy, but they were not present for any appreciable period preceding the onset of these clinical signs. For a short but undetermined period following clinical signs of recovery from the nervous disease, marked lesions were still present in the nervous system at necropsy. These lesions in the nervous system were produced by a ration containing no cereals which might have contributed a "toxic" substance to account for the degeneration of the myelin sheaths. Neither does a deficiency in unsaturated fatty acids appear to have played a role in their development.
Prediction of the native conformation of a polypeptide by a statistical-mechanical procedure. I. Backbone structure of enkephalin.

A new methodology for theoretically predicting the native, three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide is presented. Based on equilibrium statistical mechanics, an algorithm has been designed to determine the probable conformation of a polypeptide by calculating conditional free-energy maps for each residue of the macromolecule. The conditional free-energy map of each residue is computed from a set of probability integrals, obtained by summing over the interaction energies of all pairs of nonbonded atoms of the whole molecule. By locating the region(s) of lowest free energy for each map, the probable conformation for each residue can be identified. The native structure of the polypeptide is assumed to be the combination of the probable conformations of the individual residues. All multidimensional probability integrals are evaluated by an adaptive Monte Carlo algorithm (SMAPPS—Statistical-Mechanical Algorithm for Predicting Protein Structure). The Monte Carlo algorithm searches the entire conformational space, adjusting itself automatically to concentrate its sampling in regions where the magnitude of the integrand is largest (“importance sampling”). No assumptions are made about the native conformation. The only prior knowledge necessary for the prediction of the native conformation is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide. To test the effectiveness of the algorithm, SMAPPS was applied to the prediction of the native conformation of the backbone of Met-enkephalin, a pentapeptide. In the calculations, only the backbone dihedral angles (ϕ and ψ) were allowed to vary; all side-chain (χ) and peptide-bond (ω) dihedral angles were kept fixed at the values corresponding to the alleged global minimum energy previously determined by direct energy minimization. For each conformation generated randomly by the Monte Carlo algorithm, the total conformational energy of the polypeptide was obtained from established empirical potential energy functions. Solvent effects were not included in the computations. With this initial application of SMAPPS, three distinct low-free-energy β-bend structures of Met-enkephalin were found. In particular, one of the structures has a conformation remarkably similar to the one associated with the previously alleged global minimum energy. The two additional structures of the pentapeptide have conformational energies lower than the previously computed low-energy structure. However, the Monte Carlo results are in agreement with an improved energy-minimization procedure. These initial results on the backbone structure of Met-enkephalin indicate that an equilibrium statistical-mechanical procedure, coupled with an adaptive Monte Carlo algorithm, can overcome many of the problems associated with the standard methods of direct energy minimization.
One-stage robotically assisted laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch: analysis of 179 patients.

Abstract Background Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) has been reported to be the most effective procedure for weight loss and minimizing postoperative weight regain. However, because of its technical complexity and concerns for higher operative and metabolic complications, it has not obtained widespread acceptance among patients or bariatric surgeons. Nevertheless, the use of robotic systems has been increasing because of its ability to overcome technical challenges, such as torque, freedom of movement, and precision. The objective of this study was to review the efficacy and safety of robotic assistance in laparoscopic BPD-DS. Methods A prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent robotic-assisted laparoscopic BPD-DS between 2008 and 2013 was reviewed retrospectively. Results A total of 179 consecutive patients (137 female and 42 male) were included in the study. The mean age was 44 years (20–72 yr). Mean body mass index (BMI) was 50.3 kg/m2 (35–78.8 kg/m2), and the number of preoperative co-morbidities was 6.6 (2–14). Mean operative time for a typical BPD-DS with appendectomy was 249 minutes (162–413 min), which increased to 278 minutes (193–463 min) in adhesiolysis associated cases and increased to 272 minutes (186–431 min) if additional procedures, such as hiatal hernia repair, cholecystectomy, or Meckel's diverticulum resection, were included. All procedures were completed as a single-stage operation. There were no major intraoperative complications. Two patients had unexpected returns to the operating room during the same admission: one for an endoscopic release of an inadvertently sutured nasogastric tube and the other for port site infection. Median hospital stay was 2.7 days (1–13). Two patients had significantly longer stays for carpal tunnel syndrome exacerbation (9 d) and port site infection (13 d). Postoperatively, the median excess weight loss at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months with follow-up of 71% of patients at 1 year, 45% of patients at 2 years, and 15% of patients at 5 years, was 19%, 35.9%, 53.1%, 65.6%, 74.6%, 79.9%, and 75.8%, respectively. Diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia went into remission 95.5%, 92.1%, and 92% of the time, respectively. No mortality occurred. Conclusions Robotically assisted duodenoileal anastomosis during laparoscopic BPD-DS is a feasible, well-tolerated, and effective alternative to assist in the technically challenging part of the operation.
The genetic hazards of nuclear radiations.

Present concepts of the nature of mutations are reviewed. The role of radiation in inducing permanent alterations of hereditary material and the nature of these changes are discussed. (C.H.)
The influence of dispersion interactions on the hydrogen adsorption properties of expanded graphite

We demonstrate the importance of London dispersion forces in defining the adsorption capacity within expanded graphite, a simple model of the more complex experimental geometries of activated carbon, using a combination of the non-local correlation functional of Dion et al paired with a recent exchange functional of Cooper (vdW-DFC09x) and a classical continuum model. Our results indicate that longer ranged interactions due to dispersion forces increase the volume over which molecules interact with a porous medium. This significantly enhances the adsorption density within a material, and explains recent experimental work showing that the densification of H2 in carbon nanopores is sensitive to the pore size. Remarkably, our slit pore geometries give adsorption densities of up to 3 wt% at 298 K and 20 MPa which correlates well with experimental values for 9 Å pores—a value that could not be predicted using local density approximation (LDA) calculations. In its entirety, this work presents a powerful approach for assessing molecular uptake in porous media and may have serious impacts on efforts to optimize the properties of these materials.