cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of mitral valve area from regression analysis of the pressure gradient in mitral stenosis.

Abstract Estimation of mitral valve area (MVA) in the cardiac catheterization laboratory is prone to pitfalls because of the time required for calculations and inaccuracies in the measurement of cardiac output. Because the rate of decrease in the mitral gradient directly correlates with the severity of mitral stenosis, an on-line estimate of MVA at the time of catheterization may be possible with regression analysis of digitized pressure recordings. A total of 61 comparisons of mitral gradient measurements and MVA were obtained in 37 patients at diagnostic catheterization and in 24 patients after balloon mitral valvotomy. Linear and nonlinear regression parameters yielded pressure half-time values and empiric constants similar to those used in Doppler echocardiography for estimation of MVA. The correlations derived from linear analysis were as good as those obtained from nonlinear analysis: from linear analysis, MVAregression = 0.79 · MVAGrolin − 0.03; r2 = 0.64, p = 0.0001; and from double exponential analysis, MVAregression = 0.86 · MVAGorlin − 0.07; r2 = 0.74; p = 0.0001. The correlations were not significantly affected by the presence of mild to moderate mitral regurgitation or whether they were obtained after balloon valvotomy. In summary, linear regression analysis yields accurate estimates of MVA despite the theoretical superiority of nonlinear methods. On-line digital analysis of mitral gradient tracings may thus be useful at the time of diagnostic cardiac catheterization or balloon mitral valvotomy to assess the severity of mitral stenosis and the response to interventions.
Studies of lipid turnover in cells with stable isotope and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry

Phospholipids are major building blocks for biological membranes. In addition, metabolites derived from their degradation are important signals in major cellular events, such as proliferation and apoptosis. The concept of lipid signaling in cells is derived mainly from the measurement of change in the concentration of lipid molecules. However, these changes in concentration are only a small part of the underlying metabolic change induced by a perturbation in the cell. In contrast, metabolic kinetic studies documenting product-precursor relationships and turnover rates are useful in elucidating the responsible mechanisms. Historically, metabolic studies of phospholipids in cells have been carried out with pulse or pulse-chase methods using radioactive isotopes. While these studies provide valuable information, their scope is restricted by inherent limitations. In this paper we describe a method using [1,2,3,4-13C(4)]palmitate as the tracer for studying the metabolic kinetics of the molecular species of diacylglycerol, ceramide, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin. After growing cells in the presence of labeled palmitate complexed to serum albumin, the lipids are extracted and separated into lipid classes. After enzymatic hydrolysis, diacylglyerols and ceramides as bis-trimethylsilyl derivatives are determined quantitatively with capillary column gas chromatography. Internal standards for each lipid class are used in the procedure. In addition, the isotopic enrichments of the lipid molecular species are determined with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. We applied this method to the study of HL60 cells. Different turnover rates were found for various molecular species. In addition, the sn-1 and sn-2 acyl groups appear to be synthesized at different rates for different molecular species. Other information, such as chain elongation and desaturation, might also be derived through the use of this method.
RET rearrangements in lung adenocarcinoma and radiation.

Background: RET rearrangement, a hallmark of radiation-induced thyroid cancer, has been reported to occur in 1% of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Patients with this rearrangement tend to be younger and never smokers, raising a possibility of other causes, such as radiation. We hypothesized that RET chromosomal rearrangement may represent a genetic mechanism of radiation-induced lung cancer. Methods: Two hundred forty-five consecutive primary lung adenocarcinomas without history of radiation and 38 lung adenocarcinoma patients with a history of therapeutic radiation for breast carcinoma or mediastinal Hodkgin lymphoma were tested for RET rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Human lung adenocarcinoma cells (201T) were subjected to γ radiation and tested for RET gene fusions by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot hybridization. Results: We identified one case with RET rearrangement in the group without history of radiation (1 of 240; 0.4%) and two cases in the group with history of radiation (2 of 37; 5.4%; P =0.0436). Both these patients were women, who were former smokers with a history of breast carcinoma treated with surgery and radiation. Furthermore, we found that RET fusions could be directly induced in 201T human lung cells by exposure to 1 Gy of γ radiation. All fusions identified were between RET and KIF5B genes, and no RET fusions to CCDC6 or NCOA4 genes, characteristic for thyroid cancer, were identified in the irradiated lung cells. Conclusion: RET fusions may represent a genetic mechanism of radiation-induced lung adenocarcinoma.
Rhetoric of Doom and Redemption: Reverend Jermain Loguen's Jeremiadic Speech Against the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

In his monumental speech protesting the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, Rev. Jermain W. Loguen urges his fellow townsmen of Syracuse, NY, an “open city” to fugitives, to defy the new federal legislation by protecting the city's fugitives from federal marshals en route to apprehend them. My analysis of Loguen's speech examines his use of American and African American jeremiadic strategies to convince his audience of primarily white Christian abolitionists that their unified resistance against the new law was part of God's providential plan to redeem the nation of the sin of slavery. My study also reveals how Loguen's appeals to manhood, through associating divine punishment with the emasculation of American men, as well as his establishment of “identification” around shared religious and political values, proved effective in rallying Syracuse's citizens to defend their God-given freedom.
Characterization of the chemical interactions between 4-MET and enamel by Raman spectroscopy

Abstract Objectives. The goal of this investigation was to use Raman spectroscopy to study the chemical interactions between 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic acid (4-MET), a hydrolized form of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) and powdered substrates such as bovine enamel powder and synthetic carbonate-containing apatite. Methods. Powdered samples were prepared by immersing them in 4-MET/methyl methacrylate (MMA) solution for 15 min, 3 h and 24 h. They were then dried for spectroscopy. An experimental Raman microprobe equipped with a cryogenically-cooled camera was employed to acquire spectra of the samples. Results. Spectra of samples wetted for 24 h strongly indicate that there is strong ionic interaction between Ca2+ ions on the powdered sample surface and 4-MET. Spectra of the 15-min samples, however, suggest only some degree of hydrogen bonding. The spectrum of the 3-h 4-MET/enamel powder sample showed features intermediate between the two. Significance. Results presented in this paper show that salt formation between 4-MET and dental substrates is not likely to be instantaneous. On the contrary, the rate of such reaction is probably too slow relative to that of polymerization of the co-monomers to be important under clinical conditions. The function of the 4-MET in the 4-MET/MMA resin system appears, therefore, to be wetting the tooth surface through hydrogen bonding, which then allows MMA monomers to diffuse and penetrate deeper through the surfaces. The primary bonding mechanism of this system is more likely due to a micro-mechanical locking mechanism.
On the substrate specificity of enol ether formation in rat brain. Metabolism of O-alkyl ethaned iol phosphoryl-ethanolamine

Abstract 1- O -[1′-14C]Hexadecyl ethanediol 2-phosphorylethanolamine was administered to myelinating rat brain in order to establish general patterns of diol phospholipid metabolism and the specific substrate requirements of 1- O -alkyl 2-acyl sn -glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine desaturase. It was shown that alkyl ethanediol PE was slowly metabolized by oxidative ether bond cleavage. Dehydrogenation to diol plasmalogen did not occur, thus providing further evidence for the high degree of substrate specificity of the desaturase present in brain.
CAN SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ELEMENT SPECIFIC DETECTION THE D 2007-80 WITH ASPHALTENE PRECIPITATION (SARA)SEPARATION AND HYDROGEN DISTRIBUTION BY NMR HELP AT ALL IN PREDICTING RESIDUUM PROCESSABILITY?

ABSTRACT Over the years, several analytical methods have been applied to various heavy crude oil residua and their processed products to understand the chemistry behind residuum upgrading processes. The ultimate aim has been to predict prccessability of specific feeds. However, few, if any analytical methods have been found which adequately perform this task. This paper examines selected processing experiments by the following techniques – clusion chromatography with element specific detection, D 2007-80 with as-phaltene precipitation (SARA) separation, hydrogen distribution and incorporation by NMR – cusses whether the analytical technique has any potential to predict prccessability From the size exclusion chromatography with element specific detection studies, an intimate relationship appears between the catalyst pore size and molecule size based on examination of the size behavior of feeds and pilot-plant products. From the D 2007-80 and asphaltene separations, the quality of asphaltenes appears to be ...
Slicing concurrent Java programs using Indus and Kaveri

Program slicing is a program analysis and transformation technique that has been successfully used in a wide range of applications including program comprehension, debugging, maintenance, testing, and verification. However, there are only few fully featured implementations of program slicing that are available for industrial applications or academic research. In particular, very little tool support exists for slicing programs written in modern object-oriented languages such as Java, C#, or C++. In this paper, we present Indus—a robust framework for analyzing and slicing concurrent Java programs, and Kaveri—a feature-rich Eclipse-based GUI front end for Indus slicing. For Indus, we describe the underlying tool architecture, analysis components, and program dependence capabilities required for slicing. In addition, we present a collection of advanced features useful for effective slicing of Java programs including calling-context sensitive slicing, scoped slicing, control slicing, and chopping. For Kaveri, we discuss the design goals and basic capabilities of the graphical facilities integrated into a Java development environment to present the slicing information. This paper is an extended version of a tool demonstration paper presented at the International Conference on Fundamental Aspects of Software Engineering (FASE 2005). Thus, the paper highlights tool capabilities and engineering issues and refers the reader to other papers for technical details.
Perturbations of upper leaf surface structures by simulated acid rain

Abstract Lesions on leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris and Helianthus annuus subjected to simulated sulfate acid rain were initially localized near trichomes and stomata on adaxial leaf surfaces. Scanning electron micrographs showed that 75% of all lesions began at the bases of spiked and glandular trichomes while 20% originated at or near stomata. Very few (5%) lesions began in areas unassociated with these structures. These results may eventually help explain differential responses of plant taxa to acid rain.
Regulation of Oligodendrocyte Development and CNS Myelination by Growth Factors: Prospects for Therapy of Demyelinating Disease

Multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common neurological disorder diagnosed in young adults, is characterized by autoimmune demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). Promotion of remyelination in the brain and spinal cord is a potential strategy for therapeutic intervention in MS and other demyelinating diseases. Recent studies have shown that the development of oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells of the CNS, is extensively controlled by growth factors. These factors regulate the proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival and regeneration of oligodendroglial cells and the synthesis of myelin, and often interact in a complex manner. Moreover, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has proven effective for therapy of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of autoimmune demyelination. In this review we summarize recent findings on the regulation of oligodendrocyte development and CNS myelination by growth factors, and discuss these findings in the context of possible clinical application for the therapy of neurological disease in humans.
Whose Votes Count? Undervotes, Overvotes, and Ranking in San Francisco's Instant-Runoff Elections

We examine the first 3 years of San Francisco's instant-runoff voting (IRV) elections to determine whether some voters adapt more easily than others to the more complex ballot and decision task. We...
Effects of local anaesthetics on calcium transport by canine cardiac microsomes (fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum)

Local anaesthetics inhibit calcium transport by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. However, the concentrations of lidocaine and procaineamide needed to produce these effects are high. No significant differences were found between these agents that could account for reported differences in their electrophysiological effects.
Benign lymphoproliferative disorders

Objective: To provide a review of three benign lymph-oproliferative disorders commonly encountered in nursing practice: (1) infectious mononucleosis, (2) cat scratch disease, and (3) sarcoidosis. Data sources: Research studies, review articles, and book chapters pertaining to benign lymphoproliferative disorders. Conclusions: Benign lymphoproliferative disorders may be associated with infections, autoimmune disorders, hyper-sensitivity reactions, and unknown causes. Most of these disorders are self-limiting; however, some are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Implications for nursing practice: Benign as well as malignant lymphoproliferative disorders will be encountered with increasing frequency by nurses in ambulatory settings. Nurses need to have a basic knowledge of these disorders that present a diagnostic and management challenge.
Combined approaches using sex pheromone and pear ester for behavioural disruption of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Attractive properties of pear ester, ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate, and codlemone, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, the sex pheromone of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), were utilized in experiments on behavioural disruption of mating. Standard dispensers loaded with codlemone alone or in combination with pear ester (combo) were applied at 500–1000/ha. Larger (10-fold) combo dispensers (Meso) were evaluated at a rate of 80/ha. The addition of microencapsulated pear ester, PE-MEC, sprayed with insecticides at 30 ml/ha was also evaluated. Male moth catches in unmated female-baited traps were lower in standard combo dispenser than in codlemone dispenser–treated plots. Female moth catch in traps baited with the combination of pear ester, codlemone and acetic acid was lower in standard combo dispenser than in codlemone dispenser–treated plots. In 12 comparative experiments spanning from 2006 to 2012, male moth catch in unmated female-baited traps was consistently and significantly lower in combo than in codlemone dispenser–treated plots. Male catch in codlemone-baited traps did not differ between dispenser treatments in eight studies from 2006 to 2009. These results emphasize the benefit of alternatively using traps baited with unmated females over codlemone lures for the analysis of dispenser activity. Fruit injury was significantly reduced with the addition of PE-MEC to insecticide applications across untreated and dispenser treatments. Proportion of unmated females trapped was higher in standard combo dispenser than in codlemone dispenser–treated and untreated plots. Similarly, the proportion of unmated females caught was higher in the Meso combo dispenser than in nearby or distant codlemone dispenser–treated plots. These field studies conducted in apple over 3 years demonstrate that adding pear ester both to pheromone dispensers, either standard or Meso, and to supplementary insecticide sprays can provide a significant increase in the disruption of sexual communication, reductions in female mating and reductions in fruit injury.
Mo1522 Yield of Endoscopic Ultrasound in Screening for Pancreatic Cancer At a Tertiary Cancer Center

neoplastic resections. 272 (27%) of cases had preoperative evalution by EUS FNA. The overall accuracy of EUS-FNA in diagnosing malignancy was 84% (sensitivity of 82.4 %). 1.8% of resections were benign in the EUS group and 5.3% in the non-EUS group. There were significantly fewer benign lesions resected in the pre-operative EUS group than in the surgery only group (p 0.024). With regards to accuracy of staging, overall, EUS was able to differentiate T1/T2 from locally advanced disease (T3/T4) with an accuracy of 91.2%, sensitivity of 90.5% and a specificity of 91.5%. The accuracy of N-stage by EUS was 64.7%, sensitivity was 94.7%, and specificity was 53.1%. By univariate survival analysis there was no difference in overall survival among patients undergoing resection for pancreatic cancer with and without preoperative EUS FNA (Log rank p 0.1628). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, undergoing preoperative EUS-FNA was not a significant predictor of time to recurrence (p 0.16). Conclusions: Our study suggests that preoperative EUS-FNA of suspicious but resectable appearing pancreatic masses may reduce the number of resections of benign pancreatic lesions. EUS had a high diagnostic and T staging accuracy but a relatively low N stage accuracy among patients with confirmed malignancy. We found no association between EUS-FNA and recurrence or survival in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer.
Model for random packing of polydisperse frictionless spheres

We propose a statistical model for the random packing of frictionless polydisperse spheres in which the complexity of the global packing is distilled into a local stochastic process. We simplify the problem by considering the “granocentric” point of view of a single particle in the bulk, thereby reducing random packing to the assembly of nearest neighbours, followed by a random choice of contacts among them. The model is based on only two parameters, the available solid angle around each particle and the ratio of contacts to neighbors, which are both directly obtainable from experiments or simulations. As a result, the model analytically predicts the microscopic distributions of nearest neighbours and contacts, the local density fluctuations as well as the global density of the packing. We find that this granocentric view captures the essential properties of the polydisperse emulsion packing. This model suggests a general principle of organization for random packing and provides a statistical tool for quantifying the effect of the particle size distribution on the geometry of random packing in a variety of contexts of industrial relevance.
Identifying functional relationships within sets of co-expressed genes by combining upstream regulatory motif analysis and gene expression information.

Background Existing clustering approaches for microarray data do not adequately differentiate between subsets of co-expressed genes. We devised a novel approach that integrates expression and sequence data in order to generate functionally coherent and biologically meaningful subclusters of genes. Specifically, the approach clusters co-expressed genes on the basis of similar content and distributions of predicted statistically significant sequence motifs in their upstream regions.
Vibrational and electronic spectra of 9,10-dihydrobenzo(a)pyren-7(8H)-one and 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene: an experimental and computational study.

Abstract The molecular geometries, vibrational and UV–vis spectra of 9,10-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene-7(8H)-one (9,10-H2BaP) and 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (7,8,9,10-H4BaP) were investigated using density functional theory (DFT-B3LYP), with the triple-ζ 6–311 + G(d,p) and Dunning's cc-pVTZ basis sets. From the comparison of infrared experimental and calculated infrared, and Raman data comprehensive assignments are made. The calculated infrared frequencies below 1800 cm−1 are in good agreement with experimental data, with an average deviation of
Extension of the invariance group for dimensionally reduced Einstein equations

Abstract Using our new, simplified approach the infinite-dimensional invariance group (the Geroch group) for vacuum Einstein (or Einstein-Maxwell) equations with metrics depending on only two coordinates is enlarged with the number of generators doubled. Its Lie algebra is extended from the half Kac-Moody algebra SL(2, R) ⊗ R[ t ] to the full one SL(2, R) ⊗ R[ t , t −1 ] (without central charge), when the group is realized by nontrivial transformations on the metric tensor.
Serotonin syndrome associated with metaxalone overdose.

Introduction Serotonin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening entity associated with pro-serotonergic medications in therapeutic use, in overdose, or when co-administered with other drugs. A broad range of drugs and drug combinations have been associated with serotonin syndrome. Metaxalone overdose associated with serotonin syndrome has not been previously reported.
Psychometric properties of the Hurricane Coping Self-Efficacy measure following Hurricane Katrina

The Hurricane Coping Self-Efficacy (HCSE) measure is a validated tool for assessing self-efficacy appraisals after hurricanes. Data were collected 6 months after Hurricane Katrina from 1542 employed residents of New Orleans, and 181 participants randomly selected to complete a repeat survey to confirm the psychometric properties of the HCSE measure. Overall, coping self-efficacy was greater among men, the most educated and those with the highest income. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated a relatively good fit of the HCSE items into a single construct, with Bentler's comparative fit and McDonald's centrality index scores of 0.92 and 0.87, respectively. The repeatability of scores was high (Pearson's correlation = 0.70). Additionally, HCSE scores were highly correlated with validated scales of perceived stress and posttraumatic stress symptoms, and significantly lower scores were observed among participants who sought counseling after the storm. The HCSE measure exhibited excellent internal consistency, external validity and repeatability after Hurricane Katrina.
Economic burden of privately insured non-vertebral fracture patients with osteoporosis over a 2-year period in the US

Summary This study assesses the costs of non-vertebral osteoporosis-related fractures patients compared with osteoporosis patients without fractures, focusing on the second year following a fracture. Since fracture patients remained more costly in the second year, their economic burden extends beyond the year in which the fracture occurs.
Arby's image repair tactics as a public relations strategy

Abstract Arby's, a fast food restaurant, made a marketing appeal based on geography in its “Journey” television campaign, arguing that its meats sliced in its restaurants were fresher than Subway's meats sliced in Iowa. Although the target of the advertisement was Subway, some Iowans felt attacked. Iowans’ reactions and Arby's responses offer an instructive case of image attack and image defense in public relations.
Breaking individual chemical bonds via STM-induced excitations

We present experimental and theoretical results on the STM-induced SiH bond-breaking on the Si(100)-(2 × 1):H surface. First, we examine the character of the STM-induced excitations. Using density functional theory we show that the strength of chemical bonds and their excitation energies can be decreased or increased depending on the strength and direction of the field. By shifting the excitation energy of an adsorbate below the tip, energy transfer away from this excited site can be suppressed, and localized excited state chemistry can take place. Our experiments show that SiH bonds can be broken when the STM electrons have an energy >6 eV, i.e. above the onset of the σ→σ∗ transition of SiH. The desorption yield is ∼2.4 × 10−6 H-atoms/electron and is independent of the current. We also find that D-atom desorption is much less efficient than H-atom desorption. Using the isotope effect and wavepacket dynamics simulations we deduce that a very fast quenching process, ∼1015 s−1, competes with desorption. Most of the desorbing atoms originate from the “hot” ground state produced by the quenching process. Most interestingly, excitation at energies below the electronic excitation threshold can still lead to H atom desorption, albeit with a much lower yield. The yield in this energy range is a strong function of the tunneling current. We propose that desorption is now the result of the multiple-vibration excitation of the SiH bond. Such excitation becomes possible because of the very high current densities in the STM, and the long SiH stretch vibrational lifetime. The most important aspect of this mechanism is that it allows single atom resolution in the bond-breaking process — the ultimate lithographic resolution.
TH‐B‐217A‐01: Calculations for the Release of Radioactive Patients From Radiation Safety Restrictions

Radioactive patients may safely be released from radiation safety restrictions when the most exposed person is unlikely to receive more than 5 mSv (500 mrem) according to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NUREG 1556 Volume 9 Appendix U Revision 2 presents regulatory guidance that may be used to assure compliance with this limit. Although this risk‐based approach is a big step forward from the prior activity‐based release criteria, the methods in the regulatory guidance are arguably still quite conservative. Work such as that by the Radiation Dose Assessment Resource (RADAR) members shows that more realistic calculations may be used to release patients under the regulatory limit with less stringent restrictions. Learning Objectives: 1. Perform the calculations in the regulatory guidance 2. Characterize the conservatism in those calculations 3. Perform more realistic calculations
Development of a continuous soil moisture accounting procedure for curve number methodology and its behaviour with different evapotranspiration methods

The curve number (CN) method is widely used for rainfall–runoff modelling in continuous hydrologic simulation models. A sound continuous soil moisture accounting procedure is necessary for models using the CN method. For shallow soils and soils with low storage, the existing methods have limitations in their ability to reproduce the observed runoff. Therefore, a simple one-parameter model based on the Soil Conservation Society CN procedure is developed for use in continuous hydrologic simulation. The sensitivity of the model parameter to runoff predictions was also analysed. In addition, the behaviour of the procedure developed and the existing continuous soil moisture accounting procedure used in hydrologic models, in combination with Penman–Monteith and Hargreaves evapotranspiration (ET) methods was also analysed. The new CN methodology, its behaviour and the sensitivity of the depletion coefficient (model parameter) were tested in four United States Geological Survey defined eight-digit watersheds in different water resources regions of the USA using the SWAT model. In addition to easy parameterization for calibration, the one-parameter model developed performed adequately in predicting runoff. When tested for shallow soils, the parameter is found to be very sensitive to surface runoff and subsurface flow and less sensitive to ET. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angelman syndrome: review of clinical and molecular aspects

"Angelman syndrome" (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose main features are intellectual disability, lack of speech, seizures, and a characteristic behavioral profile. The behavioral features of AS include a happy demeanor, easily provoked laughter, short attention span, hypermotoric behavior, mouthing of objects, sleep disturbance, and an affinity for water. Microcephaly and subtle dysmorphic features, as well as ataxia and other movement disturbances, are additional features seen in most affected individuals. AS is due to deficient expression of the ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) gene, which displays paternal imprinting. There are four molecular classes of AS, and some genotype-phenotype correlations have emerged. Much remains to be understood regarding how insufficiency of E6-AP, the protein product of UBE3A, results in the observed neurodevelopmental deficits. Studies of mouse models of AS have implicated UBE3A in experience-dependent synaptic remodeling.
Studies in “Nervous” Movements: I. The Effect of Mental Arithmetic on the Frequency and Patterning of Movements

(1943). Studies in “Nervous” Movements: I. The Effect of Mental Arithmetic on the Frequency and Patterning of Movements. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 47-62.
Guided participation and development of care‐giving competencies for families of low birth‐weight infants

The concept of guided participation is central to theory for supporting families in developing competencies for care of their low birth-weight infants. Guided participation is a process through which an experienced person helps another person who has less experience to become competent in practices that are personally and socially meaningful practices of everyday life. A practice is made up of socially formed activities directed to accomplishing a recurring goal. For a parent, infant care-giving encompasses protecting, comforting and nurturing activities, including feeding. For premature infants, a mother's care-giving begins during the neonatal intensive care unit stay and continues, after the infant's discharge from hospital, in the home. Care-giving competencies are addressed through guided participation of a mother in her care-giving practice. In this process, her working model of herself as parent, her infant, and feeding is constructed and revised through the guided participation process. In this paper, a general theory of guided participation that could be used to promote care-giving competencies is described. Two cases from a pilot study are presented to illustrate the application of the theory to a mother's feeding practice with infants who were born prematurely and who developed problems with feeding during the first year of life. These cases indicate that guided participation offers a means of precisely tailoring support for care-giving to the mother's needs and goals for development of competencies. Further research on how guided participation is best introduced to families of varying resources and life circumstances, how it is best implemented across settings as the infant moves from hospital to home, and how nurses can apply its principles with available resources and opportunities is needed.
Improved speed and accuracy of automated measurements through lower noise signal analysis platforms

Spectrum measurements are essential to RF and microwave testing, and newer analyzers deliver better performance and speed. New “signal analyzers” also add vector capabilities such as precision demodulation and time domain analysis plus wideband waveform capture and playback. With built-in measurement applications the analyzers can streamline systems by making phase noise and noise figure measurements, plus full pulse analysis. In many cases their performance is high enough to replace power meters and modulation analyzers. This paper will show how to make the most of signal analyzers; how to optimize measurement quality and efficiency, how to take advantage of all the analyzer inputs and outputs and the wide array of automatic functions. It will detail how to use the higher dynamic range and lower noise floor of a high performance signal analyzer to greatly improve measurement accuracy and speed leading to improved system readiness.
Do Job Networks Disadvantage Women? Evidence from a Recruitment Experiment in Malawi

Using a eld experiment in Malawi where men and women apply for future surveyor positions with a local rm, we nd that highly skilled women are systematically disadvantaged through the use of referrals. This happens both because most men recommend other men, and because women refer fewer candidates who qualify for the position. We document that segregated networks do not cause this behavior. We develop a theoretical model of referral choice and exploit random variation in referral contract terms to nd that that both men’s and women’s biases result from social incentives rather than expectations of performance. We also document that the screening potential of networks is maximized when men refer men. This paper suggests that the use of social networks in hiring is an additional channel through which women are disadvantaged in the labor market.
The NMR solution structure of human glutaredoxin in the fully reduced form.

The determination of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) solution structure of fully reduced human glutaredoxin is described. A total of 1159 useful nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) upper distance constraints and 187 dihedral angle constraints were obtained as the input for the structure calculations for which the torsion angle dynamics program DYANA has been utilized followed by energy minimization in water with the AMBER force field as implemented in the program OPAL. The resulting 20 conformers have an average root-mean-square deviation
Invited discussion: Transfer of the second to the first metatarsal ray in a case of lawn mower injury: A case report

a redistribution of load across the foot after great toe harvest for hand reconstruction. Suggested refinement to the technique of great toe harvest included maintaining the base of the proximal phalanx and its associated insertions to decrease loss of arch height. This became the author’s rationale for second toe transposition onto the first ray. The studies of Mann and Poppen showed a common load shift from the first metatarsal head to the second and third metatarsal heads with more weight being distributed to the lateral aspects of the foot. Based on this lateral shift, if there were to be an area at risk for increased pressure and ulceration, it would be under the second or third metatarsal head. The first metatarsal head would be relatively protected. There were functional changes noted in some of the patients including weakness in push-off and cutting maneuvers related to sports. However, little morbidity was associated with the changes in load distribution. No patient experienced difficulty running long distances and no patient developed an ulceration of any kind. I am not sure that the situation described in this case (i.e., severe multilevel trauma of the soft tissue envelope around the metatarsal head) is analogous to great toe harvest. The ulceration in this case report could be related to the extent of the soft tissue trauma. Figure 1 in the case report illustrates an amputation of the great toe at the base of the proximal phalanx with a second level soft tissue injury described by the authors as, ‘‘circumferential avulsion of the soft tissue around the MP joint.’’ It is not difficult to imagine that the distal branches of the medial plantar nerve would be involved resulting in insensate native skin under the metatarsal head. Subsequent soft tissue reconstruction of the dorso-medial aspect of the foot was also insensate. The fact that the ulceration developed 10 years after the injury leads this reader to believe that an insensate, traumatized soft tissue envelope was more responsible than redistribution of the foot load. The authors do accomplish stable (5 year follow-up) reconstruction of the plantar aspect of this traumatized foot with what I presume was a sensate second toe transposition. This is an elegant and useful technique for treating chronic ulcerations of plantar surface of the foot. I look forward to utilizing it in my practice.
Traditional therapeutic agents

Significant advances have been achieved in the therapy of skin diseases since the Victorian era when a lecturer at Jefferson Medical College divided cutaneous maladies into those improved or cured by sulfur and those not affected. Although dermatologic therapeutics continue to make quantum leaps, several traditional modalities remain useful in current practice. Colloidal baths to reduce pruritus and acne lotions containing sulfur, still are efficacious agents, just to cite a few examples.1–12 In contrast, gmishes of methiolate and Maalox® for the treatment of decubitus ulcers or boric acid compresses for drying weeping eczemas are best relegated to historical discussions. Daikin’s solution (a buffered aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite) and hydrogen peroxide are too injurious to tissue to have a place in the modern dermatologic armamentarium.13 The advent of sophisticated antimicrobial therapy and the availability of potent immune-modulators also have not negated the therapeutic assistance offered by a number of older preparations. Thymol 4% in chloroform or absolute alcohol still is the recommended prescription for the treatment of monilial paronychia, whereas zinc oxide paste (Lassar’s paste) continues to be recommended for intervention when blanchable and nonblanchable decubitus dermatitis is diagnosed. The vehicles for dermatologic formulations have improved dramatically in the twentieth century. Because cosmetic technology has changed so significantly, more traditional definitions of dermatologics have blurred.
Hydromechanical effects of continental glaciation on groundwater systems

Hydromechanical effects of continental ice sheets may involve considerably more than the widely recognized direct compression of overridden terrains by ice load. Lithospheric flexure, which lags ice advance and retreat, appears capable of causing comparable or greater stress changes. Together, direct and flexural loading may increase fluid pressures by tens of MPa in geologic units unable to drain. If so, fluid pressures in low-permeability formations subject to glaciation may have increased and decreased repeatedly during cycles of Pleistocene glaciation and can again in the future. Being asynchronous and normally oriented, direct and flexural loading presumably cause normal and shear stresses to evolve in a complex fashion through much or all of a glacial cycle. Simulations of fractured rock predict permeability might vary by two to three orders of magnitude under similar stress changes as fractures at different orientations are subjected to changing normal and shear stresses and some become critically stressed. Uncertainties surrounding these processes and their interactions, and the confounding influences of surface hydrologic changes, make it challenging to delineate their effects on groundwater flow and pressure regimes with any specificity. To date, evidence for hydromechanical changes caused by the last glaciation is sparse and inconclusive, comprising a few pressure anomalies attributed to the removal of direct ice load. This may change as more data are gathered, and understanding of relevant processes is refined.
Determination of water conveyance loss in the ahmetli regulator irrigation system in the lower Gediz Basin Turkey

Determining the water conveyance loss in large-scale irrigation systems is important not only from the points of view of irrigation programming and optimum allocation of deficit resources but also for the sustainable operation of the system. The aim of this investigation is to determine the conveyance losses of the concrete-lined main secondary and tertiary canals in the Right Bank Irrigation System of the Ahmetli Regulator in the Gediz Basin Turkey. The investigation was carried out according to the inflow–outflow method. Average conveyance losses of the main (0.067 l s−1 m−2) secondary (0.119 l s−1 m−2) and tertiary canals (0.030 l s−1 m−2) were found to be higher than either the average conveyance loss of Turkey or the seepage standard of the Bureau of Reclamation. It may be suggested that associations responsible for maintenance repair and operation of the system can be supported financially to reduce conveyance loss. Apart from this application of new technologies with lower cost to the systems will reduce conveyance losses. In addition the participation of farmers in the maintenance of the network will ensure that the system is used more rationally. In this way most of the operational problems of the system can be solved. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Determiner les pertes liees au transport de l'eau dans les grands systemes d'irrigation est important non seulement du point de vue de la programmation de l'irrigation et de l'allocation optimale d'une ressource en deficit mais aussi pour le fonctionnement durable du systeme. L'objectif de ce travail est de determiner les pertes de transport les canaux betonnes primaires secondaires et tertiaires du systeme d'irrigation de la rive droite du regulateur d'Ahmetli dans le bassin du Gediz en Turquie. Le travail a ete realise selon la methode entrees-sorties et a montre des pertes par infiltration de 0.067 l s−1 m−2 0.119 l s−1 m−2 0.030 l s−1 m−2 dans les canaux primaires secondaires et tertiaires respectivement. Ces valeurs sont plus elevees que celles habituellement observees en Turquie ou que la norme d'infiltration de l'USBR. Des lors on ne peut que suggerer de financer les associations chargees du fonctionnement et de l'entretien ce qui n'exclut pas la participation des agriculteurs a ces operations. En dehors de cela l'application de nouvelles technologies a faible cout pour les systemes de reduire les pertes de transport. En outre la participation des agriculteurs a l'entretien est un gage d'utilisation rationnelle du systeme. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Game-theoretic learning algorithm for a spatial coverage problem

In this paper we consider a class of dynamic vehicle routing problems, in which a number of mobile agents in the plane must visit target points generated over time by a stochastic process. It is desired to design motion coordination strategies in order to minimize the expected time between the appearance of a target point and the time it is visited by one of the agents. We cast the problem as a spatial game in which each agent's objective is to maximize the expected value of the “time spent alone” at the next target location and show that the Nash equilibria of the game correspond to the desired agent configurations. We propose learning-based control strategies that, while making minimal or no assumptions on communications between agents as well as the underlying distribution, provide the same level of steady-state performance achieved by the best known decentralized strategies.
Immunotherapy with Autologous, Human Dendritic Cells Transfected with Carcinoembryonic Antigen mRNA

Immunizations with dendritic cells (DC) transfected with RNA encoding tumor antigens induce potent tumor antigen-specific immune responses in vitro and in murine models. We performed a phase I study of patients with advanced carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-expressing malignancies followed by a phase II study of patients with resected hepatic metastases of colon cancer to assess safety and feasibility of administering autologous DC loaded with CEA mRNA. The immunizations were well tolerated. Of the 24 evaluable patients in the dose-escalation phase, there was 1 complete response (by tumor marker), 2 minor responses, 3 with stable disease, and 18 with progressive disease. In the phase II study, 9 of 13 patients have relapsed at a median of 122 days. Evidence of an immunologic response was demonstrated in biopsies of DC injection sites and peripheral blood of selected patients. We conclude that it is feasible and safe to administer mRNA-loaded DC to patients with advanced malignancies.
Physiology and Mathematics of Myoelectric Signals

The myoelectric (ME) signal is the electrical manifestation of the neuromuscular activation associated with a contracting muscle. It is an exceedingly complicated signal which is affected by the anatomical and physiological properties of muscles, the control scheme of the peripheral nervous system, as well as the characteristics of the instrumentation that is used to detect and observe it. Most of the relationships between the ME signal and the properties of a contracting muscle which are presently employed have evolved serendipitously. The lack of a proper description of the ME signal is probably the greatest single factor which has hampered the development of electromyography (EMG) into a precise discipline.
Angular speckle correlations and speckle removal in multimode fiber laser delivery

Summary form only given. Laser beam delivery via relatively short lengths of multimode fiber is common in remote sensing, imaging, surgery, and plasma physics. If the bandwidth of the laser in use is narrower than the coherence bandwidth of the fiber, a speckle pattern will emerge from the end of the fiber. We describe here the long-range correlations between these speckle spots, and a method to remove this speckle by modulating the launch angle into the fiber in time.
National Educational Technology Standards and Technology Beliefs and Practices of Social Studies Faculty: Results From a Seven-Year Longitudinal Study

This paper presents the findings from the third survey administration of a longitudinal study that explores the beliefs, practices, and efficacy of social studies faculty members from across the United States in terms of instructional technology use. The findings of this study demonstrate that familiarity with the National Educational Technology Standards , as well as confidence with technology, are related to the frequency and type of technology that social studies faculty members utilize in their courses. This survey is particularly significant because it reports on the field’s beliefs and practices over time, and results can influence policy, funding, and future research.
Materiality Judgments and the Resolution of Detected Misstatements: The Role of Managers, Auditors, and Audit Committees

This study investigates how manager and auditor incentives, along with audit committee characteristics, are associated with materiality judgments about detected misstatements. Using data on detected misstatements that occurred between 2003 and 2006, we find auditors’ incentives to protect their reputations weaken the effect of managerial incentives associated with the pressure created by analyst following; auditors are less likely to allow managers to waive material misstatements as audit fees increase. Regarding audit committee characteristics, results reveal that audit committees with greater financial expertise are less likely to allow managers to waive material misstatements compared to audit committees with less expertise.