cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Stimulating Erythropoiesis in Frogs

1. Sublethal levels of hypoxia do not stimulate erythropoiesis in the frog as measured by the incorporation of thymidine-2-C 14 into peripheral erythrocytes, whereas bleeding of approximately one-third of the blood volume increases erythropoiesis 70-fold as judged by this criterion. This is taken as evidence that for the frog, the fundamental stimulus for erythropoiesis may not be hypoxia. 2. Cobaltous ion administration does not increase erythropoiesis in the frog. 3. The serum of bled frogs increases the incorporation of thymidine-2-C 14 into the erythrocytes of frogs into which it is injected. This serum does not stimulate erythropoiesis in the polycythemic mouse. Serum from an anemic patient which contains large amounts of erythropoietin as measured in the polycythemic mouse does not stimulate erythropoiesis in the frog.
How Many Bites of the Apple Under AEDPA's Second or Successive Clauses?

The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 provides that, except in narrow circumstances, "second or successive" petitions for writs of habeas corpus must be dismissed. Some valid constitutional claims, however, do not become ripe until after the prisoner has been convicted and sentenced, and perhaps after one habeas petition has been presented and denied on the merits. As a result, AEDPA's "gatekeeping" provisions - codified in 28 USC subsection 2244(b) - have the potential to foreclose review of meritorious constitutional claims, and a division in the circuit courts has developed over their interpretation. This comment analyzes the split in the wake of the Supreme Court's 1998 decision of Stewart v Martinez-Villareal, and proposes that a plain textual reading of subsection 2244(b) could, by foreclosing review entirely, violate the underlying right that a petitioner seeks to vindicate through a writ of habeas corpus. Courts presented with this question should invoke the canon of constitutional avoidance in order to allow claims that could not have been brought in the first petition without running afoul of the United States Constitution.
Crop and Midgut Filling and Emptying in Female Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Fed a Liver Diet

To study the role of the crop in protein storage, crop and midgut filling in female Phormia regina (Meigen) was measured volumetrically and the soluble protein content determined. During a 4-h feeding period on homogenized liver, nonligated females consumed and stored enough protein in the crop and midgut to develop a normal compliment of eggs. Within 26 h from the onset of feeding, 75% of the protein content of the crop and a similar amount from the midgut were emptied. Neck ligation or sham neck ligation 7 h after females fed to repletion slowed but still allowed delivery of sufficient protein for egg development.
The Internet as an Information Resource for Older Adults

Three developments or trends that exemplify modern, post-industrial societies are: the invention and proliferation of the Personal Computer, the emergence of the Internet as a technological and social force, and the inexorable aging of our and other populations. The principle focus of this article is an examination, analysis, and critique of current Web sites that are directed primarily at the interest and concerns of older adults. The article offers practical suggestions for improvement in Web sites that will promote their use by older adults, thus linking and integrating older users into an increasingly technological and communication-oriented society.
SPORANGIAL CADUCITY AND PEDICEL LENGTH OF PHYTOPHTHORA NICOTIANAE VARIETY PARASITICA

Seven-9% of the sporangia of Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica produced on clarified vegetable juice liquid medium were readily detached, but when produced on diseased Cordyline terminalis (ti) leaf surface, 21-27% were detachable. In contrast, P. palmivora, a species which is generally recognized to produce caducous sporangia, produced 76% detachable sporangia on clarified vegetable juice. Pedicels of detached sporangia of P. nicotianae var. parasitica produced on ti leaf were uniformly short, whereas those obtained from clarified vegetable juice were highly irregular in length. Despite the formation of moderate numbers of detachable sporangia with pedicels of uniform length, P. nicotianae var. parasitica is considered a species with non-deciduous sporangia, since special conditions are necessary for the production of caducous sporangia.
Appendix 1: About Washington State University Libraries' Holland reference services

Summary Holland Reference Services, the largest reference unit of Washington State University Libraries, dates from the merger of two divisional libraries, the Humanities Library and the Social Sciences Library in 1978. In this appendix, the author presents some of Holland's history and vital Statistics.
Neurological Deficits (ND) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Are Related to the Number of Episodes of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) in US Combat Veterans (S49.003)

Objective: To evaluate relationships among mTBI, PTSD and persisting NDs in veterans who served in Iraq or Afghanistan. We also considered whether NDs were likely to occur in combat mTBI. Background mTBI is a common injury among soldiers serving in Iraq or Afghanistan. PTSD is associated with combat mTBI. In civilian experience, residual NDs are associated with repeated episodes of mTBI. It is not known if the development of PTSD or NDs are related to repeated episodes of combat mTBI. Design/Methods: We examined the frequencies of neurological deficits (ND) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 126 OIF/OEF veterans who sustained mTBI in combat. Neurological examination included a quantitative test of olfaction (BSIT-12, Sensonics, Haddon Heights NJ). PTSD was determined by rigorous VA criteria. We also determined the frequency of NDs in 21 veterans who sustained mTBI as civilians. Results: Among combat veterans with mTBI associated with loss of consciousness (LOC), 52% had NDs and 66% had PTSD; 50% had both PTSD and a ND. The prevalence of a ND or PTSD was monotonically associated with the number of mTBIs with LOC. The prevalence of a ND was 93% for >5 episodes of LOC. All veterans with ≥5 episodes of LOC had PTSD. We compared the prevalence of having a ND between the 34 combat veterans with 1 episode of LOC (5/34=15%) to a group of 21 veterans of similar age and educational background who sustained civilian mTBI with 1 episode of LOC (2/21=10%). The prevalence of NDs with 1 LOC was not different between combat and non-combat mTBI with 1 episode of LOC. Conclusions: Repeated episodes of combat mTBI increase the likelihood PTSD and a ND. Altered cognition following mTBI may increase the likelihood that a traumatic event results in PTSD. Combat setting did not increase the likelihood of a ND. Supported by: Department of Veterans Affairs. Disclosure: Dr. Riechers has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ruff has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ruff has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Piero has nothing to disclose.
Induction, Recovery, and Hematological Responses of Pallid Sturgeon to Chemical and Electrical Sedation

AbstractCurrently, there are no sedatives approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration that are considered effective, safe to a broad range of fish species, practical to use, and allow sedated fish to be returned to public waters immediately upon recovery. Availability of such a sedative is critical for many field-based fisheries activities and research, particularly when working with federally listed threatened and endangered species such as Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus. Therefore, we conducted an experiment to quantitatively compare induction and recovery times of Pallid Sturgeon sedated using tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), eugenol, or electrosedation (pulsed DC) and assess the fish’s hematological profile following sedation. Induction times varied significantly among the sedatives evaluated, of which electrosedation yielded the fastest induction times (0.2 ± 0.04 min, mean ± SE) followed by MS-222 (1.8 ± 0.19 min) and eugenol (2.3 ± 0.26 min). Times to recovery of equilibrium and resp...
DEROGATION OF SOURCE: A MATTER OF DEFINITION

The frequent interchange of derogation of source with other terms hinders viable dissonance explanations of attitude data. For example, equating derogation of a source to low credibility of a sourc...
Missed Opportunities for Health Promotion Intervention in the Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize utilization of evidence-based health promotion practices not included in Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) guidelines, such as vaccinations and counseling services, hypothesizing that missed opportunities for health promotion intervention would abound. METHODS Retrospective medical record review of 99 patients presenting to a safety-net academic medical center with AWS between August 1, 2012 and March 31, 2013. RESULTS Thiamine replacement (70%), tobacco cessation counseling (28%), influenza or pneumonia vaccination (25% and 28% respectively), psychiatric counseling (70%), referral to alcohol support group or treatment center(40%), and screening for viral hepatitis and HIV (39% and 44%, respectively) were documented by healthcare providers at lower than optimal frequency. CONCLUSIONS Provision of health promotion interventions was not consistent with evidence-based practices. Integration of these measures into AWS protocols and guidelines could help clinicians provide consistent, cost-effective, evidence- based care.
Liquid Biopsies in the Screening of Oncogenic Mutations in NSCLC and its Application in Targeted Therapy

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) still dominates cancer-related deaths in America. Despite this, new discoveries and advancements in technology are helping with the detection and treatment of NSCLC. The discovery of circulating tumor DNA in blood and other biofluids is essential for the creation of a DNA biomarker. Limitations in technology and sequencing have stunted assay development, but with recent advancements in the next-generation sequencing, droplet digital PCR, and EFIRM, the detection of mutations in biofluids has become possible with reasonable sensitivity and specificity. These methods have been applied to the detection of mutations in NSCLC by measuring the levels of circulating tumor DNA. ALK fusion genes along with mutations in EGFR and KRAS have been shown to correlate to tumor size and metastasis. These methods allow for noninvasive, affordable, and efficient diagnoses of oncogenic mutations that overcome the issues of traditional biopsies. These issues include tumor heterogeneity and early detection of cancers with asymptomatic early stages. Early detection and treatment remain the best way to ensure survival. This review aims to describe these new technologies along with their application in mutation detection in NSCLC in order to proactively utilize targeted anticancer therapy.
New Public Transit System for Accra, Ghana

Cornelius Nuworsoo joined the CRP department in 2005 and specializes in transportation planning. He developed the full concept for a city-wide rapid transit system for Accra, capital city of Ghana. The s ystem was adopted by government offic ials and the World Bank has recently approved a loan to the Government of Ghana for a demonstration program as the fir st step in plan implementation.
Birds of a Feather Fight Together: Status-Enhancing Violence, Social Distance and the Emergence of Homogenous Gangs

This study proposes a theoretical framework for understanding two empirical findings from gang research: (1) gangs are generally racially homogenous, even in heterogeneous environments, and (2) gang violence tends to be intra-racial. We draw from the extensive literature on street gangs as well as from research on group formation and status-enhancing behavior to develop a theoretical model of gang formation. Using game theory, we model the simultaneous decisions of individuals to commit status-enhancing acts of violence and to seek protection by joining a gang. We then conduct computer simulations to examine the resulting patterns of violence and gang composition. We demonstrate that as long as some social distance exists between racial groups in a community, gang violence will be intra-racial and gangs will be homogenous. We find that our results are robust to a number of simple variations of the model and allow us to generate several hypotheses about the nature of gang formation and patterns of violence. When violence is motivated by socially constructed rewards, socially closer targets are likely to yield greater rewards. In such a system, individuals must reduce their likelihood of victimization by entering a social contract of non-violence (i.e. gang membership) with individuals who might view them as status-enhancing targets (i.e. socially close individuals). The result is that gangs are made up of socially close individuals interested in attacking other socially close individuals. Therefore, gangs tend to be racially homogenous and violence is overwhelmingly intra-racial.
A 3D approach to infrastructure-free localization in large scale warehouse environments

In this paper, we present a method for infrastructure-free localization of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) in a warehouse environment. To accomplish this, our approach leverages 3D data for both mapping and feature segmentation. First, a 3D reconstruction of the warehouse is created to extract salient natural features — in this case the shelving uprights — as landmarks. Next, the map-based localization approach leverages 3D LIDAR to enable 3D feature-to-landmark matching which minimizes the potential for data association errors. In our experiments in a representative warehouse environment, we demonstrated a localization accuracy of approximately 2cm without the use of retroreflector targets. Furthermore, 100% of visible landmarks were detected and there were no false positives.
Where do Women go for Revision Surgeries? Geographic Migration Patterns after Urethral Sling Placement in California

AbstractIntroduction: Although long-term rates of sling revision after urethral sling placement have been well studied, details of these revisions have not been addressed. In this study we explore the timing, location and migration of patients from one facility to another for revision procedures.Methods: Using data from the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) for the state of California (2005 to 2011), all females who underwent index outpatient urethral sling procedures at nonfederal facilities were identified (CPT 57288). Cases requiring eventual sling revision or urethrolysis were subsequently identified. Location, distance traveled and factors associated with seeking a new facility for revision were explored.Results: Of the 44,605 patients undergoing urethral sling surgery 842 (1.9%) underwent sling revision, with 178 (22.5%) at a new facility. Facilities in the top 10% of surgical volume placed 41% of the slings and performed more than 50% of revisions. Patient proximity to mul...
History of Colonoscopy

The current evaluation and treatment of a wide array of diseases of the colon and rectum center around the colonoscope. The roots of modern endoscopic instruments can be traced back to Philipp Bozzini and the Lichtleiter. Modifications of Bozzini’s design and advances in imaging technology improved the practical application of endoscopy. Breakthroughs in photography and video endoscopy allowed for documentation of various disease processes as well as improved ease of use by endoscopists. Various techniques utilizing the modern colonoscope have been developed for the endoscopic treatment of many disease processes, including select early-stage malignancies, lower gastrointestinal bleeding, and large bowel obstructions.
Large-Scale Robust Quantum Dot Microdisk Lasers with Controlled High Quality Cavity Modes

This study reports a facile on-chip fabrication of CdSe/Cd1−xZnxSe1−ySy quantum dot microdisk lasers and their large-area arrays via a pattern-assisted layer-by-layer assembly process. This approach combines the versatility of colloidal semiconducting nanoparticles (bright emission, solubility, and high stability) with the spatial precision of optical lithography to create robust large-area optical lasing arrays (up to a few thousand disks). Specifically, microdisk lasers with high quality factors (within 1000–2000) are fabricated with predefined size and shape (as controlled by master templates) with high consistency and throughput, essentially providing a new approach to fabricate difficult-to-control on-chip optical cavities in a low-cost and effective manner. Notably, the number of longitudinal cavity modes in the microdisk laser can be precisely controlled by varying the microdisks' diameter, allowing for either near-single mode or multimode operation while preserving high quality factors. Furthermore, the cross-linking of quantum dots imparts high chemical resistance and mechanical robustness that helps retain the structural integrity under harsh processing conditions (such as sonication or direct exposure to various solvents). As such, these quantum dot microdisk laser arrays are promising candidates for advancing the development of large-area, low-cost on-chip photonic structures with controlled lasing modes.
On the development and application of a droplet flamelet-generated manifold for use in two-phase turbulent combustion simulations

Abstract A droplet flamelet-generated manifold (DFGM) is developed to account for the effects of finite-rate chemistry of individual droplet combustion during simulations of a turbulent combustion environment. A spherically symmetric droplet model is developed for methanol using the hydrocarbon and nitrogen kinetic mechanisms developed at UC San Diego to account for chemical reaction rates. The inclusion of finite-rate chemistry allows for the capturing of the transition from diffusion to kinetically controlled combustion as the droplet diameter decreases. The droplet model is used to create a DFGM by successively solving the 1D flame equations at varying drop sizes, where the source terms for energy, mixture fraction (Z), and progress variable are cataloged as a function of Z and droplet diameter. A unique coupling of the spherical and planar FGMs is developed and is used to account for individual and group combustion processes simultaneously. Three combustion models are considered when modeling a methanol spray flame; (i) an evaporative model coupled with an unsteady planar flamelet-generated manifold (UFGM), (ii) using only the DFGM method, and (iii) the DFGM coupled with the planar UFGM. The models are compared against one another as well as experimental data for a methanol spray flame with an annular air jet. The DFGM model is shown to agree well with burn rates and normalized flame radii from individual droplet burning experiments. Good overall agreement is observed between the experimental data and the DFGM and coupled UFGM models for temperature, particle size distribution, and OH concentration.
Critique of content analysis

A review of Trends in Content Analysis (edited by I. de Sola Pool, 1959) led to the conclusion that content analysis has no theoretical basis, and the present critique suggests why this is so. Osgood’s contingency analysis, for example, merely sidetracks genuine communication problems, providing complications of facts which have no relevancy to such problems. A return to earlier formulations, and to real problems, would provide the necessary theoretical basis for sound theoretical use of content analysis. The critique is illustrated by an application to Goebbels’ Diary, to a Psychotherapy Case, and to Cameron’s Radio Talks.
An efficient multi-level boundary element method for the Helmholtz equation

A novel multi-level multi-grid boundary element method is presented for the solution of the Helmholtz equation that arises in computational aero-acoustics. The fast computational method proposed in this paper extends the multi-level multi-integration (MLMI) methodology outlined by Grigoriev and Dargush [1] for the solution of boundary integral equations involving oscillatory kernels. Due to the nature of the fundamental solutions, the corresponding boundary integral equation is split into real and imaginary parts, and then MLMI technique is separately applied to these parts. This facilitates smooth variations of both the solution vectors and kernel functions over the boundary patches. The computational complexity of the proposed method is proportional to only N ln N per patch, where N is the number of degrees of freedom on the finest level patch. The numerical examples presented in the paper demonstrate a preservation of the accuracy of the numerical solution for multi-level fine-to-coarse transfers provided that the coarsest level mesh involves at least a few nodal points to capture the kernel functions.
Differences in reporting of perceived acute effects of alcohol use, marijuana use, and simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use.

Abstract Background Although there are serious negative harms associated with simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use, little is known about the self-reported acute effects of SAM use and how they may be similar to or different than effects experienced when using alcohol or marijuana only. The current study examines the perceived acute effects of SAM use, compared to using alcohol or marijuana only, as well as demographic and substance use predictors of overall SAM effects. Methods Participants were a community sample of young adults ages 18–23 participating in a longitudinal study on social role transitions and substance use during young adulthood. Young adults who reported SAM use at least once in their lifetime were selected for the present analyses (N = 315; mean age = 21.42; 58% female) and reported the effects they experienced from typical alcohol use, marijuana use, and SAM use. Results There were significant differences in the extent to which young adults perceived the effects depending on the substances used. Most effects (i.e., clumsy, confused, dizzy, difficulty concentrating) were rated strongest when engaging in SAM use, compared to typical alcohol or marijuana use alone. Feeling high and feeling marijuana effects were rated strongest when engaging in marijuana use alone compared to SAM use, but feeling drunk was greater during SAM use compared to alcohol use alone. Greater alcohol use and increased time spent high during typical SAM use were associated with greater overall SAM effects. Conclusions When young adults engage in SAM use they report experiencing greater negative physiological and cognitive effects.
Disambiguation and Comparison of SOA, Microservices and Self-Contained Systems

There is an industrial shift from Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) into Microservices; however, a quick review of online resources on these topics reveals a range of different understandings of these two architectures. Individuals often mix terms, grant false advantages or expect different quality attributes and properties. The purpose of this paper is to provide readers a solid understanding of the differences between these two architectures and their features. We provide both research and industry perspectives to point out strengths and weaknesses of both architectural directions, and we point out many shortcomings in both approaches that are not addressed by the architecture. Finally, based on this we propose challenges for future research.
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of the porta hepatis

Follicular dendritic cell (FDC) sarcoma is a very rare neoplasm which commonly involves the lymph nodes and less commonly involves extranodal organs such as the liver. Most cases of FDC sarcoma are idiopathic, however some cases are associated with other disease states. Management of FDC sarcoma is primarily focused on surgical resection of the mass, and secondarily focused on radiotherapy, chemotherapy and/or biologic pharmacotherapy. We report the case of a patient who was found to have FDC sarcoma presenting as an obstructing mass of the porta hepatis, a manifestation which does not appear to be reported in the literature.
Hydroxypyridonecarboxylic Acids as Inhibitors of Human Cytomegalovirus pUL89 Endonuclease.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection poses a major health threat to immunocompromised individuals. Until recently, treatment of HCMV infection has relied solely on polymerase inhibitors that have safety and resistance issues. pUL89 provides the enzymatic functions for the HCMV terminase complex in viral DNA packaging and is an attractive target for developing a new class of HCMV drugs. However, inhibitors of the endonuclease activity of the C terminus of pUL89 (pUL89-C) were unknown before our recently characterized hydroxypyridonecarboxylic acid (HPCA) hit 7 r (1-(3-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid; numbered as 10 k in our previous publication: Y. Wang, L. Mao, J. Kankanala, Z. Wang, R. J. Geraghty, J. Virol. 2017, 91, e02152-16). Herein, we explored the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the HPCA chemotype mainly with regard to the N1 site through the synthesis of 35 analogues. The SAR studies, along with molecular modeling, identified a possible pharmacophore model minimally consisting of a chelating triad and a hydrophobic phenyl or biphenyl methyl substituent at N1. Lastly, our best compounds consistently inhibited pUL89-C in the low micromolar range in biochemical assays and exhibited strong antiviral activity without cytotoxicity, laying a solid medicinal chemistry foundation for further HCMV drug discovery efforts targeting pUL89-C.
Static sessional dataflow

Sessional dataflow provides a compositional semantics for dataflow computations that can be scheduled at compile-time. The interesting issues arise in enforcing static flow requirements in the composition of actors, ensuring that input and output rates of actors on related channels match, and that cycles in the composition of actors do not introduce deadlock. The former is ensured by flowstates, a form of behavior type that constrains the firing behavior of dataflow actors. The latter is ensured by causalities, a form of constraints that record dependencies in the firing behavior. This article considers an example variant of the sessional dataflow approach for dataflow applications, expressing known ideas from signal processing in a compositional fashion.
satool - A System Administrator's Cockpit, An Implementation

Monitoring a large number of machines in a distributed environment can be time consuming and inefficient. Often a system administrator discovers there is a problem with a machine or network link when a frustrated user calls. satool provides a way to efficiently monitor groups of machines and identify problems and potential problems quickly; it's sort of an early warning system for sysadmins. satool is composed of three independent parts: an SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) agent that runs on each machine being monitored, a database that collects data from each client machine, and a graphical user interface (GUI) that acts as the interface between the user and the database.
The Extracellular Matrix in Development

The extracellular matrix is required for embryogenesis and development in complex organisms. It provides a scaffolding for the organization of cells into tissues, a substrate for cell attachment and adhesion, a pathway for cell movement and migration, neuronal guidance, and maintenance of differentiated functions. The multitude of functions derives from the diverse nature of the chemical and physical properties of the constituent molecules that comprise the extracellular matrix, as well as their propensity to form macromolecular complexes with distinctive properties. The extracellular matrix is elaborated by the cooperative biosynthetic activities or one or more cell types. The biosynthesis of the molecules in the extracellular matrix is spatially and temporally regulated to fulfill the physiological requirements of the developing organism. Concomitant with the generation of the extracellular matrix, cells express plasma membrane integrin receptors which bind to cognate epitopes in the nascent matrix. The engagement of these receptors transmits signals to the cells which modify their behavior in the appropriate manner to promote migration, polarization, specific gene expression, adhesion, proliferation, or shape modulation.
Utilization of Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist (NAVA) Mode in Infants and Children Undergoing Congenital Heart Surgery: A Retrospective Review

We assessed the feasibility and the impact of NAVA compared to conventional modes of mechanical ventilation in ventilatory and gas exchange parameters in post-operative children with congenital heart disease. Infants and children (age < 18 years) that underwent congenital heart surgery were enrolled. Patients were ventilated with conventional synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation (SIMV) and subsequently transitioned to NAVA during their cardiovascular intensive care unit (CVICU) stay. The ventilatory and gas exchange parameters for the 24 h pre- and post-transition to NAVA were compared. Additional parameters assessed included pain scores and sedation requirements. Eighty-one patients met inclusion criteria with a median age of 21 days (interquartile range 13 days–2 months). The majority of patients enrolled (75.3%) had complex congenital heart disease with high surgical severity scores. The transition to NAVA was tolerated by all patients without complications. The mean peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) was 1.8 cm H2O lower (p < 0.001) and mean airway pressure (Paw) was 0.5 cm H2O lower (p = 0.009) on NAVA compared to conventional modes of mechanical ventilation. There was no significant difference in patients’ respiratory rate, tidal volume, arterial pH, pCO2, and lactate levels between the two modes of ventilation. There was a decreased sedation requirement during the time of NAVA ventilation. Comfort scores did not differ significantly with ventilator mode change. We concluded that NAVA is safe and well-tolerated mode of mechanical ventilation for our cohort of patients after congenital heart surgery. Compared to conventional ventilation there was a statistically significant decrease in PIP and Paw on NAVA.
Publishing and Scholarship in Economic Education: A Catalog and Assessment:

The American Economist (AEX) has a long history of publishing scholarship in economic education. In fact, a recent study by Lo, Wong, Mixon, and Asarta found AEX to rank third in terms of economic ...
Development of a Periodic 10 K Hydrogen Sorption Cryocooler

The design and fabrication of a small, closed-cycle, periodic 10 K sorption cryocooler laboratory system is described. The cooler is designed to provide cooldown from 60 to 10 years), low-vibration refrigeration technology into precision-pointing military surveillance, earth-observation, and astrophysics space satellite applications.
Hurricane damage detection on four major Caribbean islands

Abstract Tropical cyclones are natural events that transform into natural disasters as they approach and reach land. In 2017 alone, tropical cyclones caused an estimated $215 billion in damage. While MODIS data are regularly used in the analysis of hurricanes and typhoons, damage studies typically focus on just a few events without providing a comprehensive overview and comparison across events. The MODIS record is now sufficiently long to enable standardization in time, allowing us to extend previously developed disturbance methodology and to remove dependency on land cover datasets. We apply this new approach to detect the impact of both droughts and hurricanes on the four largest Caribbean islands since 2001. We find that the percentage of disturbed land on the four islands varies from approximately 0–50% between 2001 and 2017, with the highest percentages coinciding with major droughts in Cuba, and Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico. We demonstrate that (1) Hurricane Maria resulted in significant disturbance across 50% of Puerto Rico (4549 km2), and (2) gradual recovery started about 2.5 months after the hurricane hit. While our approach focuses on the identification of damage arising from hurricanes, it is also capable of identifying the damage from droughts. This approach ultimately enables a better understanding of the combined effects of these two natural hazards across island landscapes.
College student literacy of food animal slaughter in the United States.

Despite the growing influence of food justice and conscious consumption in Western society, Westerners exhibit limited knowledge of non-human animal oppression in the food system. This study asked students in seven classes of Introduction to Sociology offered in a private New Jersey university to estimate how many non-human animals are killed for food every year in the United States. Although students had been exposed to reading and lecture material covering speciesism and non-human animal oppression in the food system, results demonstrate major variation in student retention and awareness. Most students (66%) severely underestimated the magnitude of killing; the median response was just 65 million while the bottom 10% of responses averaged a guess of 24 667. Exam grade was slightly correlated with student responses, but gender was not. These findings support existing research on consumer ignorance and social psychological theories that predict cognitive barriers to understanding large-scale suffering, alerting educators and policymakers to the difficulties in raising food literacy.
Asymmetric issue evolution in the American gun rights debate.

Abstract Issue Evolution is a rare form of voter realignment where a single issue drives massive partisan shifts. These types of realignment occurred regarding race relations in post-war America, and regarding reproductive rights beginning in the mid-1980s. The current American gun rights debate meets the requisite conditions for issue evolution: longevity, salience, and ease of acquisition. Opposition to gun rights requires organization, attention, and political activity, whereas visible support for gun rights can be as simple as owning a firearm; the expression of advocacy for this issue is inherently asymmetric. This paper presents seven decades of persistent national polling (N = 79,608) alongside Congressional voting records that portray steady partisan divergence and asymmetric support slowly shifting towards gun rights, away from gun control. The gradual process by which new voters have joined the Republican Party on the merits of gun rights foreshadows an enduring association between gun rights and the Republican Party.
Both Sides Now: Both Height and Width of the Target Matter for Applying Fitts’ Law to Pointing Using a Mouse:

Research on target acquisition has focused on two features of the task environment – the distance moved and the size of the target in the direction of movement. The present research examined the ef...
Disparities in access to autologous breast reconstruction

Background and objectives: This study aimed to determine if age, race, region, insurance, and comorbidities affect the type of breast reconstruction that patients receive. Materials and methods: This analysis used the Florida Inpatient Discharge Dataset from 1 January 2013 to 30 September 2017, which contains deidentified patient-level administrative data from all acute care hospitals in the state of Florida. We included female patients, diagnosed with breast cancer, who underwent mastectomy and a subsequent breast reconstruction. We performed an χ2 test and logistic regression in this analysis. Results: On the multivariable analysis, we found that age, race, patient region, insurance payer, and Elixhauser score were all variables that significantly affected the type of reconstruction that patients received. Our results show that African American (odds ratio (OR): 0.68, 95%CI: 0.58-0.78, p < 0.001) and Hispanic or Latino (OR: 0.82, 95%CI: 0.72-0.93, p = 0.003) patients have significantly lower odds of receiving implant reconstruction when compared to white patients. Patients with Medicare (OR: 1.57, 95%CI: 1.33-1.86, p < 0.001) had significantly higher odds and patients with Medicaid (OR: 0.61, 95%CI: 0.51-0.74, p < 0.001) had significantly lower odds of getting autologous reconstruction when compared to patients with commercial insurance. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that, in the state of Florida over the past years, variables, such as race, region, insurance, and comorbidities, play an important role in choosing the reconstruction modality. More efforts are needed to eradicate disparities and give all patients, despite their race, insurance payer, or region, equal access to health care.
Examining the role of stigma and disability-related factors in suicide risk through the lens of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide.

Abstract Research has largely not identified processes contributing to the relationship between physical disability and suicide risk. This cross-sectional research is aimed at examining the associations among felt stigma, perceived burdensomeness, disability severity, and perceptions about future suicidal ideation and attempts. Adults (N = 127) with physical disabilities recruited through online and printed advertisements completed self-report measures and semi-structured interviews. We anticipated that felt stigma would be associated with individuals’ perceived likelihood of future suicidal ideation and attempts indirectly through perceived burdensomeness, and that these relationships would be moderated by the impact of disability on three important life domains. Results from a series of moderated mediation analyses partially supported study hypotheses and indicated indirect relationships of stigma to suicide-related perceptions. However, disability severity in the three examined domains did not moderate these indirect relationships. Felt stigma and perceived burdensomeness may contribute to self-perceptions of suicide risk among individuals with physical disabilities.
“I Can’t Operate, that Boy Is my Son!”: Gender Schemas and a Classic Riddle

To study the power of lived experiences and conscious attitudes in helping individuals to overcome nonconscious gender schemas, U.S. university students (n = 152) were administered a classic riddle requiring the gender schema-inconsistent realization that a surgeon could be a woman. Fewer than a third of participants (30%) responded that the surgeon in the riddle could be a woman. More participants (36%) responded to the riddle by noting that the surgeon could be a second father in a same-sex marriage. Regression analysis tested whether demographic, experiential, and attitudinal variables predicted the realization that the surgeon in the riddle could be a woman. Having an employed mother or female physicians, identifying as a feminist or a political liberal, and reporting low levels of sexism did not predict the realization that the surgeon in the riddle could be a woman. Only identifying as female predicted a greater likelihood of this response. In the present study, the historically newer role of father in a same-sex marriage was more accessible to research participants than the gender schema-inconsistent role of mother as surgeon. We conclude that the gender schema that impeded the realization that a surgeon could also be a mother lies so deep that it is largely unaffected by personal attitudes and experiences.
A New Channel Assignment Algorithm in Wireless Mesh Network

In a wireless mesh network, the purpose of channel assignment is to minimize the interference within the mesh network and to improve the network connectivity. This paper proposes a new algorithm which can predict the degree of busyness of a node according to the link traffic in the networks. So the algorithm can respond to the distribution of data traffic flexibly. In the algorithm, the protocol interference model is used to reduce the interference between the links in the wireless mesh network. Simulation results show that the algorithm can reduce the waiting time while a data frame is transmitting. And the network throughput and stability can be improved significantly.
SARS-CoV-2 expresses a microRNA-like small RNA able to selectively repress host genes

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), continues to be a pressing health concern. In this study, we investigated the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on host microRNA (miRNA) populations in three human lung-derived cell lines, as well as in nasopharyngeal swabs from SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. We did not detect any major and consistent differences in host miRNA levels after SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, we unexpectedly discovered a viral miRNA-like small RNA, named vmiR-5p (for viral miRNA), derived from the SARS-CoV-2 ORF7a transcript. Its abundance ranges from low to moderate as compared to host miRNAs. vmiR-5p functionally associates with Argonaute proteins — core components of the RNA interference pathway — leading to downregulation of host transcripts. One such host messenger RNA encodes Basic Leucine Zipper ATF-Like Transcription Factor 2 (BATF2), which is linked to interferon signaling. We demonstrate that vmiR-5p production relies on cellular machinery, yet is independent of Drosha protein, and is enhanced by the presence of a strong and evolutionarily conserved hairpin formed within the ORF7a sequence. Significance statement We discovered that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) expresses a small viral non-coding RNA, named vmiR-5p (for viral miRNA), derived from the ORF7a transcript. vmiR-5p associates with the cellular RNA interference machinery to regulate host transcripts likely via target silencing. The production of vmiR-5p relies on cellular machinery and the formation of a strong hairpin within ORF7a sequences. This newly-described vmiR-5p may contribute to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and could become a target for therapeutic intervention.
Coded Illumination for Improved Lensless Imaging

Mask-based lensless cameras can be flat, thin and light-weight, which makes them suitable for novel designs of computational imaging systems with large surface areas and arbitrary shapes. Despite recent progress in lensless cameras, the quality of images recovered from the lensless cameras is often poor due to the ill-conditioning of the underlying measurement system. In this paper, we propose to use coded illumination to improve the quality of images reconstructed with lensless cameras. In our imaging model, the scene/object is illuminated by multiple coded illumination patterns as the lensless camera records sensor measurements. We designed and tested a number of illumination patterns and observed that shifting dots (and related orthogonal) patterns provide the best overall performance. We propose a fast and low-complexity recovery algorithm that exploits the separability and block-diagonal structure in our system. We present simulation results and hardware experiment results to demonstrate that our proposed method can significantly improve the reconstruction quality.
Women and Family in Contemporary Japan: What Is a Wise Mother?

[Good mothers] are dynamic and busy but they are also kind. They don't express their kindness openly but they have an internal kindness, the real kind inside. (Chihiro, college educated, low self-efficacy mother of two) I don't know. Maybe [a good mother is] a person who can say, “It's right” when it is right and the person who doesn't do anything wrong, or who doesn't bother other people especially in a public place, so a person who can scold their children. (Junko, high school educated, low self-efficacy mother of two) Well, when the child has problems or has hit the wall, if I could be a source of security just by being next to him. It's not like I can say something or do something for him, but if I could provide a sense of security or be near him and if that could help him overcome the issue on his own. (Asako, high school educated, high self-efficacy mother of two) These comments by three of the focal mothers in our study introduce some of the key elements of being a “wise mother” that have characterized Japanese child rearing in the past as well as the present. In these excerpts, Chihiro, the frustrated industrial design engineer, ponders the affective side of parenting. Asako, the serene and confident athlete, focuses more on socialization, expressing her view that a mother should be a watchful presence but let children learn through experiencing the natural consequences of their actions rather than by being explicitly taught how to behave.
Outcomes Associated With Concurrent Iris-Sutured Intraocular Lens Placement and Subluxated Crystalline Lens Extraction.

Importance We have developed a novel surgical technique, to our knowledge, for the management of subluxated crystalline lenses involving preplacement of an iris-sutured posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL) before pars plana vitrectomy and lensectomy. Objective To investigate the outcomes of eyes with subluxated crystalline lenses, predominantly a result of Marfan syndrome (14 eyes [58%]) or trauma (5 eyes [21%]), that underwent pars plana vitrectomy and lensectomy with placement of an iris-sutured PCIOL. Design, Setting, and Participants We performed a retrospective, noncomparative case series of 24 eyes from 17 consecutive adult patients with surgically treated subluxated crystalline lenses presenting to the Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins Hospital from October 6, 2006, through May 1, 2013. The mean (SD) postoperative follow-up was 24.4 (20.5) months for eyes with at least 6 months of follow-up (last date, October 13, 2014). We performed the analysis from January 21, 2014, through January 3, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Improvement in best-corrected visual acuity using an automated Snellen chart and induction of astigmatism for eyes with at least 6 months of follow-up (n = 18) and IOL stability during follow-up for all eyes (n = 24). Results The mean (SD) age at surgery was 49.4 (10.7 [range, 29-67]) years. We found an improvement in mean (SD [95% CI]) best-corrected visual acuity from 0.66 (0.71 [0.30-1.02]) logMAR preoperatively (Snellen equivalent, approximately 20/90; range, 20/30 to hand motions) to 0.07 (0.11 [95% CI, 0.01-0.12]) logMAR postoperatively (Snellen equivalent, approximately 20/23; range, 20/15 to 20/50). We found little change in astigmatism postoperatively (mean change, −0.1 [95% CI, −0.5 to 0.13] diopters). Postoperative complications included retinal detachment (1 eye [4%]), retained cortical fragment (1 [4%]), cystoid macular edema (2 [8%]), and IOL subluxation (3 [13%]) owing to haptic slippage within 3 months of the procedure. The overall probability of successfully achieving placement of a centered iris-sutured PCIOL in patients with follow-up of longer than 6 months (n = 18) was 100% (95% CI, 81.5%-100%). Conclusions and Relevance Placement of iris-sutured PCIOLs at the time of subluxated lens extraction with a pars plana surgical approach yields favorable results in terms of postoperative visual outcomes and surgical complications. This technique offers an effective procedure for surgeons to use when treating clinically significant subluxated crystalline lenses.