cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complex Regulation of Telomerase Activity : Implications for Cancer Therapy

Telomerase activity is a marker of malignancy. The observation that its activity is present in 85 to 90% of all human tumors but not in normal nonneoplastic cells 1 has made telomerase a superb target not only for the diagnosis of malignancy, but also for the development of novel therapeutic agents. For neoplastic cells to maintain sustained proliferation beyond the cellular senescent phase, cells must either reactivate telomerase or inhibit repressors of telomerase activity. Thus, the mechanisms regulating telomerase activity are of great interest and are the focus of the work by Lin and colleagues, 2 in this issue of The American Journal of Pathology.
Stakeholder Theory: Stakeholder theory and business ethics

The distinctive focus of this chapter is on how stakeholder theory has been developed and discussed within the normative business ethics literature as we understand the main work in the discipline. Though it takes many forms, there are many reasons to see stakeholder theory as it has evolved as having a central place in business ethics (and vice versa). Within this literature, we can think of stakeholder theory as providing an effort to address the problem of the ethics of capitalism outlined in Chapter 1 and to integrate it into an understanding of value creation and trade. Partly because of their disciplinary background, and partly due to the momentum of the stakeholder concept, ethicists quickly latched onto stakeholder theory as a powerful way of thinking about the way in which we connect ethics and business. In order to think in more detail about stakeholder theory as an avenue for addressing the problem of the ethics of capitalism, we identify several themes that underscore the importance of stakeholder theory for business ethics. First, particularly due to its reach into the strategy literature and the wider management literature, stakeholder theory provides a way for ethicists to connect systematically with a wider conversation about business and organizations. No longer just focused on a set of isolated, idiosyncratic problems, the focus of stakeholder theory opens up connections to basic considerations about business, its underlying purposes, its core focus, and its everyday operations.
A predicted membrane protein, TRA-2A, directs hermaphrodite development in Caenorhabditis elegans

The nematode C. elegans naturally develops as either an XO male or XX hermaphrodite. The sex-determining gene, tra-2, promotes hermaphrodite development in XX animals. This gene encodes a predicted membrane protein, named TRA-2A, which has been proposed to provide the primary feminising activity of the tra-2 locus. Here, we show that transgenic TRA-2A driven from a heat shock promoter can fully feminise the somatic tissues of XX tra-2 loss-of-function mutants, which would otherwise develop as male. TRA-2A is thus likely to provide a component of the tra-2 locus that is both necessary and sufficient to promote female somatic development. Transgenic TRA-2A driven by the heat shock promoter can also transform XO animals from male to self-fertile hermaphrodite. This result establishes the role of tra-2 as a developmental switch that controls somatic sexual cell fate. We show that a carboxy-terminal region of TRA-2A, predicted to be intra-cellular, can partially feminise XX tra-2 loss-of-function mutants and XO tra-2(+) males. We suggest that this intra-cellular domain of TRA-2A promotes hermaphrodite development by negatively regulating the FEM proteins.
Controversies. Nancy L. Snyderman, MD, Editor. Cervical metastatic squamous carcinoma of unknown or occult primary source

Whether to accept the report of the referring physician is often a stumbling block for many otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeons, especially when management of the case is changing hands. Thus, it is no surprise that all the consultants would repeat the examination of the upper aerodigestive tract under anesthesia. Drs. Robbins and Fried objected to the term "blind" biopsies and preferred "random-guided" and "directed" biopsies is that order. Yet, all 3 specialists agree that multiple biopsies of Waldeyer's ring should be obtained. They emphasize that palpation is an integral part of the endoscopy and may guide the surgeon in deciding where to biopsy. The surgeons agree that the base of tongue has the highest yield in cases like this one. Dr. Robbins stands alone in his use of ipsilateral tonsillectomy as a screening biopsy technique. Dr. Robbins believes imaging studies have a role prior to the initial panendoscopy and prefers an MRI of the head and neck. Drs. Gluckman and Fried use imaging studies if the primary tumor is in a clinically difficult area to evaluate. Faced with a normal repeat endoscopy and no other cervical adenopathy, Drs. Fried and Robbins would treat Waldeyer's ring and both sides of the neck with radiotherapy; Dr. Fried suggests 60 to 65 Gy over 6 weeks and Dr. Robbins suggests 65 to 70 Gy over 6 to 7 weeks to Waldeyer's ring and the upper neck but would treat the remaining nodal areas of the neck with 50 Gy over 5 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Modeling of viscoelastic lid driven cavity flow using finite element simulations

Abstract In this study we have used a convergent and highly accurate mixed finite element technique to model the effect of fluid elasticity on the flow kinematics and the stress distribution in lid driven cavity flow. Our work is motivated by the desire to capture the important physical aspects of the basic flow and thus to better understand the purely elastic instability in recirculating flows which has been reported in the literature elsewhere [A.M. Grillet, E.S.G. Shaqfeh, Observations of viscoelastic instabilities in recirculation flows of Boger fluids, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 64 (1996) 141–155; P. Pakdel, G.H. McKinley, Cavity flows of elastic liquids: purely elastic instablities, Phys. Fluids 10 (5) (1998) 1058–1070]. In our numerical investigations we have treated the corner singularities by incorporating a controlled amount of leakage which allows the computation of fully elastic mesh converged solutions. We begin by validating our Newtonian cavity results against previous work to show that the introduction of leakage does not appreciably modify the cavity recirculation flow. Then we examine the polymer stresses to understand how elasticity changes the flow kinematics, slowing the primary recirculation vortex and causing the vortex center to shift opposite of the direction of lid motion. Variations of the cavity aspect ratio are also explored. Focusing on the corners we find that the leakage relieves the corner singularities and moreover, finite leakage helps explain the unusual behavior seen in the radial velocity in experiments. Finally, we have reexamined the previously proposed mechanisms for elastic instability in this flow and put forth a new instability mechanism. Together, these mechanisms may better explain the complex aspect ratio dependence of the onset of elastic instability in lid driven cavity flow.
Androgen Regulation of Avian Premigratory Hyperphagia and Fattening: From Eco-Physiology to Neuroendocrinology

In many high latitude-breeding avian species, reproductive and wintering seasons are separated by migratory periods that involve dramatic physiological and behavioral adjustments such as hyperphagia and fat deposition. The endocrine mechanisms responsible for these adjustments have been extensively studied, yet remain only partly understood. The currently available information indicates that food consumption and/or fattening can be experimentally modulated by multiple hormones including testosterone, prolactin, glucocorticoids, and opioids. These hormones may control migratory functions through mutual interactions rather than independently. Little is known, however, concerning the nature of these interactions and their relative importance in the control of annual cycles in natural conditions. This paper focuses on the role of gonadal androgens in the control of migratory functions, and it summarizes the information which is available on the physiological and behavioral interactions between these androgens and other hormones.
Quadriceps Strength and the Risk of Cartilage Loss and Symptom Progression in Knee Osteoarthritis

The influence of quadriceps strength on knee osteoarthritis (OA), one of the leading causes of disability among elderly persons (1), is unclear. In individuals with knee OA, decreased quadriceps strength is frequently observed (2–8) and has been associated in cross-sectional studies with both greater knee pain and impaired physical function (3,5,9). However, reports from longitudinal studies examining the effect of quadriceps strength on structural progression of knee OA have been conflicting (10–12). Decreased quadriceps strength was associated with increased incident radiographic knee OA in women, but not in men (10). In contrast, among women with established knee OA, quadriceps strength did not affect the risk of radiographic progression (11). Another study suggested that while quadriceps strength was not associated with radiographic progression in most persons, in those with malaligned or lax knees greater quadriceps strength was associated with accelerated radiographic progression (12). Most studies have evaluated the effect of quadriceps strength on the tibiofemoral joint of the knee. The quadriceps muscle also has important biomechanical effects at the patellofemoral joint (13,14), a site of frequent cartilage loss (15) in addition to pain and disability among persons with knee OA (16,17), yet few studies have examined this knee compartment specifically. Weakness of the vastus medialis obliquus component of the quadriceps muscle has been reported to contribute to lateral subluxation or partial dislocation of the patella (13,14). While a cross-sectional study demonstrated an association between decreased quadriceps strength and lateral patellofemoral radiographic joint space narrowing (18), a longitudinal study revealed no association (12). Studies to date have focused on the association between quadriceps strength and radiographic progression of joint space narrowing, which is an indirect measure of cartilage loss. Joint space narrowing at the tibiofemoral joint can be caused by meniscal extrusion, not necessarily by cartilage loss (19). Furthermore, radiography is insensitive to loss of cartilage (20); therefore, an effect on cartilage may actually be missed in radiographic studies. In contrast, studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluate loss of cartilage directly. In addition, assessment of quadriceps strength in knee OA necessitates an evaluation of pain and function, the clinically important features of the disease. To our knowledge, the relationship of quadriceps strength to cartilage loss in the knee has not previously been investigated longitudinally with both MRI studies and assessments of knee pain and physical function. In the present study, we examined how greater quadriceps strength affects loss of cartilage at both the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints of the knee, assessed using MRI, as well as how it affects knee pain and physical function, among men and women with established symptomatic knee OA followed up longitudinally. We also explored how knee alignment influences these results.
Kinetics of epoxy cure: 3. The systems bisphenol-A epoxides/dicy

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the cure of several bisphenol-A epoxide/dicy (dicyandiamide, cyanoguanidine) systems in the temperature range 170–220°C. It was found that, simultaneously with curing, the dicy decomposed into melamine, which was capable of further decomposition. With a higher molecular weight epoxide, reaction subsequent to cure resulted in a more rigid epoxy than expected. The addition of surfactant caused reaction to occur at lower temperatures, although the rate decreased and a change in mechanism appeared to have occurred.
Using Phase Diagrams to Predict the Performance of Cosolvent Floods for NAPL Remediation

Cosolvent flooding using water miscible solvents such as alcohols has been proposed as an in situ NAPL remediation technique. This process is conceptually similar to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) using alcohols and some surfactant formulations. As a result of interest in the EOR aspects of these systems, analytical and graphical methods based on fractional flow theory were developed in the petroleum engineering literature for modeling these floods. The existing fractional flow solutions have not been used previously in environmental applications of cosolvent flooding, but they are applicable and provide many useful insights into the process. These applications are discussed, with an emphasis on explaining the mechanisms which tend to mobilize trapped NAPL during a cosolvent flood. The theory provides a simple way to predict the general behavior of a cosolvent flood using the phase diagram. It is concluded that the one-dimensional performance of a cosolvent flood can be predicted largely by inspection of the ternary phase diagram. In particular, the nature of the cosolvent flood depends primarily on the position of the cosolvent injection concentration relative to a critical tie line extension which passes through the plait point, tangent to the binodal curve.
First-principles calculation of nonlinear optical susceptibilities in GaAs.

The frequency-dependent second- and third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities in GaAs are calculated using a first-principles approach based on the band structure obtained by the self-consistent orthogonalized linear combinations of atomic orbitals method. The results compare well with experimental data. It is shown that inclusion of accurate high-lying conduction-band states is absolutely essential for a well-converged result. Miller's rule is found to be obeyed in GaAs only for frequencies up to 2 eV.
LPE growth and characterization of magnetic garnets grown in BaO-based solvents

The solution growth of magnetic oxides in BaO-based binary and ternary solvents is reviewed, and results of LPE growth of mixed rare earth magnetic bubble garnets in the BaO−B 2 O 3 −BaF 2 ternary solvent are presented. The solvent is characterized, and a comparison is made between LPE garnet growth in the BaO-based ternary solvent and the commonly used PbO−B 2 O 3 binary solvent. Properties of Sm 0.3 Y 2.7 Ga 1.2 Fe 3.8 O 12 films grown in BaO−B 2 O 3 −BaF 2 are discussed.
Host cell reactivation in mammalian cells. V. Photoreactivation studies with herpes virus in marsupial and human cells.

— The survival of UV-irradiated herpes simplex virus was determined in cultured Potoroo (a marsupial) and human cells under lighting conditions which promote photoreactivation. Photoreactivation was readily demonstrated for herpes virus in two lines of Potoroo cells with dose reduction factors of 0.7-0.8 for ovan cells and 0.5-0.7 for kidney cells. Light from Blacklite (near UV) lamps was more effective than from Daylight (mostly visible) lamps, suggesting that near UV radiation was more efficient for photoreactivation in Potoroo cells. The quantitative and qualitative aspects of this photoreactivation were similar to those reported for a similar virus infecting chick embryo cells. UV-survhal curves for herpes virus in Potoroo cells indicated a high level of “dark” host cell reactivation. No photoreactivation was found for UV-irradiated vaccinia virus in Potoroo cells. A similar photoreactivation study was done using special control lighting (Λ > 600 nm) and human cells with normal repair and with ceils deficient in excision repair (XP). No photoreactivation was found for UV-irradiated herpes virus in either human cell with either Blacklite or Daylight lamps as the sources of photoreacti-vating light. This result contrasts with a report of photoreactivation for a herpes virus in the same XP cells using incandescent lamps.
Computation of phase and chemical equilibrium: Part II. Phase‐splitting

A phase-splitting algorithm is coupled with the Rand method to improve its efficiency and reliability when the phase distribution is unknown at equilibrium. The coupled algorithm works well to give phase-splits in the metastable region where most stability tests fail. Exhaustive tests show fine performance in the region near liquid-liquid phase envelopes for systems with at least one partially miscible binary pair.
Competence of thoracic duct cells in the transfer of adjuvant disease and delayed hypersensitivity. Evidence that mycobacterial components are required for the successful transfer of the disease.

Abstract Transfer of rat adjuvant disease into syngeneic recipients was achieved with lymph node and spleen cells from adjuvant injected donors, but not with washed thoracic duct (TD) cells, despite the fact that these were capable of transferring delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to PPD. Addition of mycobacteria enabled the TD cells to transfer disease. Injection of adjuvant caused accelerated development of disease in the recipients of sensitized TD cells. Since addition of mycobacterial components, probably already present in lymph node and spleen cell preparations, was necessary to transfer disease with sensitized TD cells, it appears unnecessary to invoke an autoimmune or viral etiology for the disease. It is concluded that adjuvant disease results from prolonged DH type reactions to mycobacterial components deposited in the sites of inflammation. TD cells drained late were more efficient than those drained early after cannulation in the transfer of DH to PPD. This was probably due to changes in the proportions of different cell populations present in the TD lymph.
Antigonadal and progonadal effects of testosterone in male House Sparrows

Abstract Testosterone-filled Silastic capsules, of various sizes, were placed in the peritoneal cavity of adult House Sparrows to determine the response of the testis to exogenous testosterone in (a) photostimulated birds with developed testes and (b) nonphotostimulated birds with regressed testes. In photostimulated sparrows, “low doses” of testosterone, administered via 5- or 10-mm Silastic capsules, induced complete gonadal atrophy, whereas “high-doses” of testosterone, administered via 40-, 80-, or 120-mm Silastic capsules, maintained paired testis weight and spermatogenic activity at values that were similar to those of control birds. Plasma LH levels declined twofold below control values in birds receiving testosterone capsules that inhibited and/or maintained spermatogenesis. Similar concentrations of total androgens were found in the plasma of control birds and those receiving “low doses” of testosterone that induced gonadal atrophy. However, the concentration of total androgens in plasma rose about tenfold above control values in birds exposed to “high doses” of testosterone that maintained spermatogenesis. In another study, testicular growth was initiated in birds exposed to nonstimulatory light cycles (LD 8:16) by implanting testosterone-filled Silastic capsules. The results support the hypothesis that “low doses” of testosterone induce testicular atrophy by suppressing pituitary gonadotropin secretion, whereas “high doses” of testosterone initiate and/or maintain spermatogenic activity via a direct action on the testis.
Ability of Clinical Pharmacists in a Community Pharmacy Setting to Manage Anticoagulation Therapy

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the ability of community pharmacists within an anticoagulation clinic to keep international normalized ratios (INRs) within therapeutic ranges and, secondarily, to determine the incidence of bleeding and thromboembolic events and patient satisfaction. Design Retrospective observational study. Setting Eckerd PatientCARE Network in Eckerd pharmacies in Tampa Bay area of Florida. Patients 50 patients taking warfarin and having INR determinations for 6 consecutive months. Interventions Clinical pharmacists monitored patients' anticoagulation status using point-of-care analyzers and making dosage changes as needed under a collaborative agreement. Extensive patient education was provided to patients regarding their anticoagulation. Data were collected from the initial visit through the 6 consecutive months. Patients were surveyed to assess their satisfaction with the clinic. Main Outcome Measures Percentage of INRs within therapeutic range and, secondarily, incidence of bleeding and thromboembolic events and patient satisfaction with the clinic. Results During the 6 months of initial therapy with warfarin, 243 of 435 (56%) INRs were in desired therapeutic ranges. A total of 15 bleeding episodes were reported, of which 10 were minor and 5 were significant. No thromboembolic events were reported. There was a 22% response rate to the survey, in which all statements were rated as above average to excellent. Conclusion Community pharmacists in an anticoagulation clinic effectively manage anticoagulation therapy, as the results of this clinic are similar to those of clinics managed by pharmacists in other settings.
The Generality of the Individual-Group Discontinuity Effect: Variations in Positivity-Negativity of Outcomes, Players' Relative Power, and Magnitude of Outcomes

In a series of previous studies the authors have shown that intergroup interactions are dramatically more competitive and less cooperative than individual interactions. This phenomenon has been termed a discontinuity effect. The basic paradigm in this research measures competition and cooperation by choices made in a prisoner's dilemma game (PDG). Although a discontinuity effect has been observed in six separate studies, these have typically used a standard format. The present three studies extend the reliability and generality of the discontinuity effect by varying, respectively, the positivity-negativity of the outcomes in the PDG matrix, the power position of the players, and the magnitude of the PDG payoff values. In each of the three studies a statistically significant discontinuity effect was observed. The meaning of these studies is discussed, along with an unexpected interaction effect among gender, matrix type, and item sequence in the second study.
Estimating river bathymetry from data assimilation of synthetic SWOT measurements

Summary This paper focuses on estimating river bathymetry for retrieving river discharge from the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission using a data assimilation algorithm coupled with a hydrodynamic model. The SWOT observations will include water surface elevation (WSE), its spatial and temporal derivatives, and inundated area. We assimilated synthetic SWOT observations into the LISFLOOD-FP hydrodynamic model using a local ensemble batch smoother (LEnBS), simultaneously estimating river bathymetry and flow depth. SWOT observations were obtained by sampling a “true” LISFLOOD-FP simulation based on the SWOT instrument design; the “true” discharge boundary condition was derived from USGS gages. The first-guess discharge boundary conditions were produced by the Variable Infiltration Capacity model, with discharge uncertainty controlled via precipitation uncertainty. First-guess estimates of bathymetry were derived from SWOT observations assuming a uniform spatial depth; bathymetric variability was modeled using an exponential correlation function. Thus, discharge and bathymetry errors were modeled realistically. The LEnBS recovered the bathymetry from SWOT observations with 0.52 m reach-average root mean square error (RMSE), which was 67.8% less than the first-guess RMSE. The RMSE of bathymetry estimates decreased sequentially as more SWOT observations were used in the estimate; we illustrate sequential processing of 6 months of SWOT observations. The better estimates of bathymetry lead to improved discharge estimates. The normalized RMSE of the river discharge estimates was 10.5%, 71.2% less than the first-guess error.
Effect of magnetic Gd adatoms on the transport properties of ultrathin gold films

Ultrathin two-dimensional gold films have been grown on an amorphous Ge underlayer by quench condensation at low temperature, followed by adsorption of magnetic Gd atoms and nonmagnetic Y atoms. The resulting electrical transport as a function of temperature and composition has been investigated in situ. Gold films of different sheet resistances $({R}_{◻})$ have been used for the Gd and Y adsorption platform. The temperature and thickness dependence of the conductance $G$ $(G=1/{R}_{◻})$ indicates that the Au films cross from a strongly localized regime, where conductivity is through hopping and where electron correlation effects are expected to be strong, to a weakly localized regime. The system is shown to be sensitive to different added electronic states, in that adding Gd or Y increases $G$, but much less than adding the same amount of Au for all initial $G$ values. No difference is observed (down to 5 K) between added Gd and Y, showing that there is no effect of the Gd magnetic moments on electrical transport. The absence of magnetic localization and dominance of adding electronic states over added electronic potential disorder in this quench-condensed ultrathin system is discussed and attributed to the intrinsically high electronic concentration of Au.
Faster and more accurate computation of the field of values boundary for n by n matrices

We revisit an earlier idea of Marcus and Pesce from 1987 for generating fields of values of by matrices via 2 by 2 matrix compressions and their easily constructed elliptical field of values. This approach is used to reduce the cost of finding the FOV boundary curve of a matrix and makes it more accurate at the same time. The new algorithm succeeds by using fewer eigenanalyses and constructing 2 by 2 matrix compression ellipses of for approximating instead of only eigenanalyses. An application to verify a counterexample to the Zemanek Conjecture for companion matrices of monic polynomials and their normalized derivatives in and , respectively, in dimension 4 is given.
Polymorphic Y Chromosomes Harbor Cryptic Variation with Manifold Functional Consequences

The paucity of polymorphisms in single-copy genes on the Y chromosome of Drosophila contrasts with data indicating that this chromosome has polymorphic phenotypic effects on sex ratio, temperature sensitivity, behavior, and fitness. We show that the Y chromosome of D. melanogaster harbors substantial genetic diversity in the form of polymorphisms for genetic elements that differentially affect the expression of hundreds of X-linked and autosomal genes. The affected genes are more highly expressed in males, more meagerly expressed in females, and more highly divergent between species. Functionally, they affect microtubule stability, lipid and mitochondrial metabolism, and the thermal sensitivity of spermatogenesis. Our findings provide a mechanism for adaptive phenotypic variation associated with the Y chromosome.
Heterogeneous fatty acylation of Src family kinases with polyunsaturated fatty acids regulates raft localization and signal transduction.

Fatty acylation of Src family kinases is essential for localization of the modified proteins to the plasma membrane and to plasma membrane rafts. It has been suggested that the presence of saturated fatty acyl chains on proteins is conducive for their insertion into liquid ordered lipid domains present in rafts. The ability of unsaturated dietary fatty acids to be attached to Src family kinases has not been investigated. Here we demonstrate that heterogeneous fatty acylation of Src family kinases occurs and that the nature of the attached fatty acid influences raft-mediated signal transduction. By using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we show that in addition to 14:0 (myristate), 14:1 and 14:2 fatty acids can be attached to the N-terminal glycine of the Src family kinase Fyn when the growth media are supplemented with these dietary fatty acids. Moreover, we synthesized novel iodinated analogs of oleate and stearate, and we showed that heterogeneous S-acylation can occur on cysteine residues within Fyn as well as Gα, GAP43, and Ras. Modification of Fyn with unsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids reduced its raft localization and resulted in decreased T cell signal transduction. These studies establish that heterogeneous fatty acylation is a widespread occurrence that serves to regulate signal transduction by membrane-bound proteins.
Using ambiguity measure feature selection algorithm for support vector machine classifier

With the ever-increasing number of documents on the web, digital libraries, news sources, etc., the need of a text classifier that can classify massive amount of data is becoming more critical and difficult. The major problem in text classification is the high dimensionality of feature space. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is shown to perform consistently better than other text classification algorithms. However, the time taken for training a SVM model is more than other algorithms. We explore the use of the Ambiguity Measure (AM) feature selection method that uses only the most unambiguous keywords to predict the category of a document. Our analysis shows that AM reduces the training time by more than 50% than the scenario when no feature selection is used, while maintaining the accuracy of the text classifier equivalent to or better than using the whole feature set. We empirically show the effectiveness of our approach in outperforming seven different feature selection methods using two standard benchmark datasets.
A model of brain arteriolar oxygen and carbon dioxide transport during anemia.

Existing experimental and theoretical evidence suggests that precapillary diffusion of O2 and CO2 occurs between arterioles and tissue under normal physiologic conditions. However, limited information is available on arteriolar gas transport during anemia. With use of a mathematical model of an arteriolar network in brain tissue, anemic hematocrits of 35, 25, and 15% were modeled to determine the effect of anemia on the exchange, the change in the equilibrium tissue O2 and CO2 tensions, and the increase in blood flow needed to restore tissue oxygenation. We found that the blood Po2 exiting the network fell from 66 mm Hg normally to 48 mm Hg during the severest anemia. Concurrently, the equilibrium tissue O2 tensions dropped from 44 to 23 mm Hg. For CO2 the exit blood Pco2 was 58 mm Hg for a 15% hematocrit, an increase of 4 mm Hg from the normal value, and equilibrium tissue Pco2 increased from 56 to 61 mm Hg. Blood flow increases from normal values necessary to offset the effects of the decreased O2 deliv...
Vehicle Black Box System

The main purpose of this paper is to develop a prototype of the vehicle black box system VBBS that can be installed into any vehicle all over the world. This prototype can be designed with minimum number of circuits. The VBBS can contribute to constructing safer vehicles, improving the treatment of crash victims, helping insurance companies with their vehicle crash investigations, and enhancing road status in order to decrease the death rate.
Arsenic trioxide inhibits human cancer cell growth and tumor development in mice by blocking Hedgehog/GLI pathway

The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is activated in some human cancers, including medulloblastoma. The glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) transcription factors are critical mediators of the activated Hh pathway, and their expression may be elevated in some tumors independent of upstream Hh signaling. Thus, therapies targeting GLI transcription factors may benefit a wide spectrum of patients with mutations at different nodal points of the Hh pathway. In this study, we present evidence that arsenic trioxide (ATO) suppresses human cancer cell growth and tumor development in mice by inhibiting GLI1. Mechanistically, ATO directly bound to GLI1 protein, inhibited its transcriptional activity, and decreased expression of endogenous GLI target genes. Consistent with this, ATO inhibited the growth of human cancer cell lines that depended on upregulated GLI expression in vitro and in vivo in a xenograft model of Ewing sarcoma. Furthermore, ATO improved survival of a clinically relevant spontaneous mouse model of medulloblastoma with activated Hh pathway signaling. Our results establish ATO as a Hh pathway inhibitor acting at the level of GLI1 both in vitro and in vivo. These results warrant the clinical investigation of ATO for tumors with activated Hh/GLI signaling, in particular patients who develop resistance to current therapies targeting the Hh pathway upstream of GLI.
Analysis of the secondary structure that negatively regulates inducible cat translation by use of chemical probing and mutagenesis

Abstract Induction of chloramphenicol (Cm) acetyltransferase-encoding genes (cat) by Cm has been proposed to result from the destabilization of a stem-loop that sequesters the ribosome-binding site for the cat coding sequence. Destabilization is caused by the stalling of a ribosome at a specific site in the leader of cat transcripts that immediately precedes the stem-loop. By use of in vivo dimethylsulfate probing of cat-86 leader mRNA, we demonstrate the existence of the stemloop structure in cat transcripts isolated from uninduced cells and its release during induction. Leader mutations chosen to provide the mRNA with an alternative folding pattern that destabilizes the stem-loop cause constitutive cat expression. Our results establish the occurrence in vivo of the stem-loop in cat-86 transcripts and its role as a negative regulator of cat expression.
Predation by Age-0 Bluefish on Age-0 Anadromous Fishes in the Hudson River Estuary

Abstract We examined the diets of 374 age-0 bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix collected in the Hudson River estuary from July to October 1989. Fish were the primary prey, accounting for 96–99% of the diet by weight. Anadromous fishes, including striped bass Morone saxatilis, blueback herring Alosa aestivalis, American shad Alosa sapidissima, and Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod, constituted a large portion of the diet of bluefish of all sizes. There was a positive linear relationship between prey size and predator size, Small and medium-sized bluefish consumed mostly bay anchovies Anchoa mitchilli, striped bass, and white perch Morone americana, whereas the largest bluefish primarily preyed on Atlantic tomcod. Bluefish fed opportunistically on the most abundant prey (bay anchovies, striped bass, and white perch) but larger bluefish exhibited a preference for Atlantic tomcod. We also detected an ontogenetic shift in prey type that may have been determined by changes in the size and relative abundance of prey t...
First-Order Controls of Extreme-Storm Impacts on the Mississippi–Alabama Barrier-Island Chain

Abstract Predicting the morphological impacts and associated hazards of extreme storms on barrier islands is facilitated by examining historical poststorm images and identifying the predominant alongshore and cross-shore patterns of erosion and deposition for different island segments. Morphological changes on the Mississippi–Alabama barrier-island chain produced by 12 Category 3 and stronger hurricanes since 1852 were analyzed to investigate whether barrier-island responses to extreme storms are controlled primarily by local geomorphic conditions or primarily by storm characteristics. Results of those analyses demonstrate that (1) antecedent topography and geomorphic conditions (island width, land elevations, nearshore bathymetry, subaqueous-boundary conditions) tend to exert greater control on local barrier-island impacts than storm parameters (path, intensity, wind speeds, water levels, shelf duration), and (2) types and alongshore patterns of storm overwash and island breaching are commonly repeated f...
Comparative Literature in Slovenia

In his article, "Comparative Literature in Slovenia," Kristof Jacek Kozak provides a historical overview of the practice of theory in the discipline of comparative literature in Slovenia. Despite its small size and relative low profile, Slovenia is taken as an exemplar within comparative literature scholarship. Kozak observes that the development of comparative literature in Slovenia may be characterized by an attempt to both arbitrate and mediate between distinct poles. On the one hand, Slovenian scholarship has felt the need to secure or determine itself in accordance with its own interests and concerns. On the other hand, it has recognized the need to be in accord with various movements and determinations across national borders. This situation is primarily mediated via the accounts of Janko Kos, a prominent scholar of the field. Via Kos, Kozak traces the origins of comparative literature to various theoretical movements and counter movements, as practiced by principle theoreticians. Whilst a methodological pluralism has emerged, there is resistance to an "anything goes" approach in Kos's thought as well as by Slovene comparatists in general. This situation is highlighted by the occurrence of recurrent issues, questions, and problems, and the article converges around movements between distinct legacies and poles. Kristof Jacek Kozak, "Comparative Literature in Slovenia" page 2 of 12 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 2.4 (2000):
Bi-functionalization of a patterned Prussian blue array for amperometric measurement of glucose via two integrated detection schemes

A novel amperometric sensor that integrates two independent measurement schemes into a single chip for detection of glucose is fabricated. The sensor uses micro-patterned Prussian blue (PB) and ferrocene modified glucose oxidase covered by a thin Nafion membrane. We have developed an amperometric sensor for the detection of glucose that integrates two measurement schemes into a single chip. For fabrication of the sensing interface, micro-contact printing was used to transfer a self-assembled monolayer template onto a gold substrate, allowing selective electrochemical deposition of a PB array. The protective layer of the PB array was subsequently removed and replaced with a layer of redox-functionalized glucose oxidase (GOx), while the entire surface was finally covered with a perm-selective GOx–Nafion membrane. A variety of surface analytical techniques, including atomic force microscopy, surface plasmon resonance imaging and spectroscopic ellipsometry were employed to characterize the composite PB array electrode. The hybrid sensing interface allowed amperometric measurements of glucose to be carried out with two independent schemes at different potentials. The cathodic current was obtained with the PB array functioning as the electrocatalyst, while the anodic current was measured at a higher potential via a mediation mechanism using the ferrocene-modified GOx. For the quantitative detection of glucose, flow-injection analysis was used, and both the operating conditions and the design parameters were optimized. Linear responses were obtained for both anodic and cathodic signals over a concentration range from 0.1 to 50 mM, with a detection limit of 75 µM. The specificity of the sensor was demonstrated with respect to ascorbic and lactic acid. The implementation of integrated detection mechanisms allows the independent measurement of amperometric signals at two separate potentials. This improves the information gathering and opens up new avenues for developing novel methods that potentially eliminate false signal readings.
Can Treg elimination enhance NK cell therapy for AML

In this issue of Blood, Bachanova et al describe how modulation of the inhibitory tumor environment may enhance natural killer (NK) cell clinical activity and produce encouraging results in the treatment of refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). NK cells are highly proliferative, early responders of the innate immune response that in preclinical models can exert potent activity against a wide range of malignancies, including AML, and across HLA barriers. Considerable efforts have been made to exploit this activity in clinical trials but with only modest success.
The in vitro regulation of human thyrocyte HLA-DR antigen expression.

The ability of endocrine organs to express human immune response-associated antigens (la), such as HLADR, is a subject of intense current interest. In this study, the effects of various potential modulators of thyroid follicular cell HLA-DR expression were examined using in vitro cultures. A culture supernatant containing T-cell-derived lymphokines caused DR antigen expression on 13–18% of thyroid cells; more consistent effects were produced by recombinant ³-interferon, which led to 46–100% of the thyroid cells becoming HLA-DR positive after 3 days in culture. This effect was both time and concentration dependent and occurred in thyroid cells derived from patients with Graves' disease (n = 7) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (n = 2) as well as from three subjects with no autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid cells stained with the monoclonal antibodies 4F2 and 5E9, which recognize cell activation antigens, regardless of whether they were treated with ³- interferon. The lectin phytohemagglutinin also induced HLAD...
Fabrication of two-dimensional photonic crystals with controlled defects by use of multiple exposures and direct write

We have developed an approach for relatively rapid and easy fabrication of large-area two-dimensional (2-D) photonic crystal structures with controlled defects in the lattice. The technique is based on the combination of two lithographic steps in UV-sensitive SU-8 photoresist. First, multiple exposures of interference fringes are used in combination with precise rotation of the sample to define a 2-D lattice of holes. Second, a strongly focused UV laser beam is used to define line-defect waveguides by localized exposure in the recorded but not yet developed lattice from the first step. After development, the mask is transferred into a GaAs substrate with dry etching in chemically assisted ion-beam etching.
On-Line Weather-Sensitive And Industrial Group Bus Load Forecasting For Microprocessor-Based Applications

Algorithms are presented for on-line development of a nominal non-weather-sensitive load sequence and a pure weather-sensitive load sequence constructed from a composite residential and commercial weather-sensitive load sequence. These algorithms are intended for microprocessor-based applications, and they obey the realistic requirements of microprocessors.
Divisions of Labor in Mexican Origin and Anglo Families: Structure and Culture

Using OLS regression we model predictors of housework hours for 393 Mexican origin and Anglo families from California and Arizona. Contradicting cultural theories, Mexican origin mothers performed less housework when they were employed more hours, had higher relative earnings, and when husbands had more education. Mexican origin fathers performed more housework when family income was lower, wives contributed a larger share of earnings, and fathers had more egalitarian gender ideals. Fathers’ employment hours, wives’ gender attitudes, and familism were not significantly associated with housework hours in Mexican origin families, but were significant in Anglo families. Unique features of the study include analysis of generational status, gatekeeping, and familism. Theoretical reasons for attitudes and socioeconomic status predicting housework are discussed.
Tervalent Conducting Polymers with Tailor-Made Work Functions: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications as Cathodes in Electroluminescent Devices

A series of conducting polymers have been prepared through thermal polymerization of transition-metal diimine complexes. The as-polymerized material is electrochemically converted into its formally zerovalent form. Due to the proximity of the half-wave potentials of the formal 1+/0 and 0/1- couples, there is substantial disproportionation of the redox sites at room temperature, resulting in a conductive tervalent mixed-valent material. The redox processes that give rise to this mixed-valent material are predominantly ligand-based, and therefore are highly sensitive to substitution on the ligand periphery. Solution redox chemistry of the monomer can be used to accurately predict the work function of the corresponding zerovalent conducting polymer, which has been verified by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Many of these materials have especially low work functions (<3.6 eV) making them appropriate materials to use as cathode materials in organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). Working examples of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum(III)-based OLEDs have been fabricated using one of these polymers as a cathode.
Mesodermal patterning by an inducer gradient depends on secondary cell-cell communication.

Abstract Background Gradients of inducing molecules, or morphogens, could impose pattern on early embryos. Although there are candidates for morphogens in several systems, it is not well understood how cells might translate differences in extracellular inducer concentration into an orderly arrangement of cell types. With this question in mind, we have re-examined mesodermal patterning in Xenopus in response to the secreted growth factor activin. Previous work has shown that activin can initiate the formation of a variety of mesodermal tissues in a concentration-dependent fashion. We have sought to disentangle the roles played by individual cell responses to activin and subsequent interactions among induced cells in producing this outcome. Results We find that the initial response of dispersed cells to activin concentration is unexpectedly simple, showing neither the thresholds of activin concentration nor the distinct domains of gene expression that characterize the later response. The eventual emergence of an ordered series of coherent differentiation steps requires the reaggregation of the induced cells, implying that secondary interactions occur. Furthermore, when cells induced at different doses of activin are mixed, the final response apparently represents a consensus, rather than a mosaic, of the mixed populations. Conclusion We conclude that communication among responding cells underlies much of the remarkable patterning influence of activin. Moreover, we suggest that these findings can inform thinking about how inducer gradients might act in other systems, shifting emphasis from the initial response of cells to inducer concentration toward the elaboration of complex pattern by secondary interactions.
Influence of Thermal History on the Glass Transition of Poly(Phenylene Sulfide)

1. New heat of fusion of 100% crystalline PPS is 26.7 ± 2.0 cal/gram. p]2. Systematic changes of RAP of semicrystalline PPS were observed to depend on the crystallization temperature for melt and cold crystallized samples and on the cooling rate for nonisothermal samples. p]3. A portion of RAP has been found to relax at higher temperature by the measurement of dielectric relaxation intensity.
The relation between the mechanical and piezo-electrical properties of a Rochelle salt crystal

Stress-strain curves for a Rochelle salt crystal for 16 to 36\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.---A crystal cut so as to give maximum piezo-electric response under compression, was mounted so that a known force was applied to the center of a brass block resting on the top, and the corresponding strain was measured to within ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$mm by means of an optical extensometer described by S. R. Williams. Variation with piezo-electric charge. When the load is applied, the initial strain is less than the final strain by an amount proportional to the initial piezo-electric charge, the difference varying with the temperature and reaching a maximum for 22.25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, the temperature of maximum piezo-electric response. For a stress of 2225 gm/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, the strain with the charge is less than the "no charge" strain by an amount 0.7 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{3}$ per coulomb per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$; for this stress the initial and final strains were 9.5 and 13.4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$, the corresponding moduli being 2.32 and 1.62, both times ${10}^{10}$ dynes. The final strain is independent of temperature; it is not proportional to stress, being 7.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ for 1 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and 12.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ for 2 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.