cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A dynamic programming approach to the seasonal staffing problem

Abstract The dynamic programming approach of decomposing a problem into smaller subproblems called stages, which are in turn solved sequentially, is illustrated with the aid of a firm which experiences a seasonal staffing problem. Although not a technique, the general approach can provide an intuitive aid to solving multi-stage problems.
Refining crude cottonseed oil dissolved in hexane

Measurements were made of the surface tensions of mixtures of cottonseed oil and hexane and of their interfacial tensions against water and caustic soda solutions. Attempts were made to study the reaction rate between the two phases. The results show that in caustic refining of hexane miscellas the caustic is readily dispersed into the oil-hexane phase.
Relationship of Adipokines with Insulin Sensitivity in African Americans

Abstract Introduction Cytokines produced by adipose tissue, including adiponectin, have been associated with metabolic abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of insulin sensitivity measured by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic insulin clamp with plasma adiponectin and other adipokines in young adult African Americans. Methods Participants were healthy African Americans. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, an oral glucose tolerance test and an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic insulin clamp were performed. Insulin sensitivity measurements were adjusted for percentage of fat mass. Plasma concentrations of adiponectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assayed on plasma from fasting blood samples. Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression models were fitted to assess the association between glucose sensitivity and cytokines. Results In univariate analysis, there were statistically significant correlations of plasma adiponectin level ( r = 0.19, P = 0.004), PAI-1 ( r = −0.19, P = 0.020) and IL-6 ( r = −0.24, P P = 0.007], PAI-1 (GMR 0.998, P = 0.021) and body mass index (GMR 0.95, P Conclusion These data show a significant and independent positive correlation of adiponectin with insulin sensitivity. The relationship of IL-6 with insulin sensitivity seems to be dependent on adiposity.
Molecular cloning and differential expression of somatic and testis-specific H2B histone genes during rat spermatogenesis

We have cloned cDNA of a testis-specific histone, TH2B (a variant of H2B), and rat somatic H2B gene to investigate regulation of testis-specific histone genes during rat spermatogenesis. The amino acid sequences deduced from DNA sequences show extensive sequence divergence in the N-terminal third of the two histones. The rest is highly conserved. One cysteine residue was found in TH2B. No cysteine is present in somatic histones except in H3 histone. We investigated the expression of TH2B and H2B genes using the regions of sequence divergence as hybridization probes. The TH2B gene is expressed only in the testis, and the expression of this gene is detected 14 days after birth, reaching a maximum at Day 20. The level of H2B mRNA shows a reciprocal pattern. This contrasting pattern can be explained by the gradually changing proportion of spermatogonia and spermatocytes with testicular maturation. In situ cytohybridization studies show that H2B gene is expressed primarily in proliferating spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes, whereas TH2B gene is expressed exclusively in pachytene spermatocytes which first appear in testis about 14 days after birth. H2B and TH2B genes appear to be ideal markers for the study of proliferation and differentiation events in spermatogenesis and their regulatory mechanisms.
Assessing the effectiveness of warnings and the phenomenological characteristics of false memories

The phenomenology of false memories was investigated in three experiments in which participants heard two experimenters read lists of items that were related to critical nonpresented items. In Experiments 1, following a recognition memory test, participants rated the phenomenological characteristics of their memories immediately and after a 48-hour delay. False recognition was prevalent and on several dimensions participants rated their true memories as more vivid than their false memories. In Experiments 2 and 3, following the study phase, participants were warned about the phenomenological differences between true and false memories and were instructed to use this information to avoid reporting nonpresented items. This type of warning was ineffective at reducing false recall (Experiment 2) and false recognition (Experiment 3) relative to unwarned participants. Importantly, the inability of explicit warnings to impact illusory recollections demonstrates that the false memories cannot be attributed simply to a criterion shift.
Task selection and locus of control in two ability groups' recall

Abstract This study intended to clarify the locus of control × academic achievement relationship by asking subjects to select structurally different instructional tasks under one condition and having these tasks assigned to them under another condition. These variables (task selection, locus of control, and task structure) were examined across a subject pool containing both high and average ability subjects. A random half of the subjects chose their own tasks (self-selection) and the remaining half were given tasks based on their scores on Rotter's [Psychological Monographs, 1966, 80 (1, Whole No. 609)] locus of control scale (prescriptive assignment). Tasks were defined as either “structure provided” (external control) or “self-structured” (internal control). Results of a regression analysis revealed that the factor of ability contributed the most significant portion of variance to the recall of the entire subject pool. When subjects were divided into high and average ability groups, the “high” group showed significance for locus of control and the interaction of locus of control and selection. No factor was significant in the low ability group.
Current management of uveal melanoma

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary malignancy of the eye and frequently leads to metastatic death. Until the mid-20th Century, the only treatment for uveal melanoma was enucleation. Since then, many new globe-sparing options have been developed, including plaque brachytherapy, charged particle radiotherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy, stereotactic radiotherapy and local resection. Despite these advances, it remains unclear what effect they are having on patient survival. Recent research has identified highly accurate molecular markers of metastasis and has provided new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of uveal melanoma. Based on these discoveries, a new treatment paradigm is emerging that combines prompt treatment of the primary tumor with molecular predictive testing and, eventually, prophylactic systemic treatment in patients at high risk of metastasis. Here, we present an update of the outcomes, indications and complications of the current treatment options for uveal melanoma and specu...
Use of 12 groups of foods in households differing in size, income and receipt of food stamps

Using data from the Nationwide Food Consumption Surrey, 1977–78, this study assessed the influence of household size and composition, household income, and eligibility/participation in the Food Stamp Programme (FSP) on the weekly money value of specified food groups used from the household food supply. Mean money values of foods by food groups were calculated for various sample partitions and proportions of total food value allocated to the 12 specified food groups were analysed using ordinary least squares regression. Results indicated that household size had a statistically significant impact on household food consumption patterns. As per capita household income increased, percentage allocations to high-cost meats and beverages generally increased while percentage allocations for the other 10 food groups decreased. The money value of food used per equivalent food energy need increased with decreasing household size and with increasing per capita household income. These relationships occurred for total food and for most of the specified food groups. Households that participated in the FSP used food with higher money value per-equivalent food energy need than did households who were eligible but did not participate in the FSP.
Ovariectomy has minimal effects on neuroadaptations associated with ethanol dependence in female rats.

Abstract We previously found gender selective alterations in gene expression for GABAA and NMDA receptors associated with the development of ethanol dependence. Males and females have a differing hormonal environment, including steroid hormone derivatives (neuroactive steroids) that exert effects at GABAA and NMDA receptors. Therefore, we explored whether the removal of ovarian steroids would alter gender differences in response to chronic ethanol exposure. We found that ovariectomy reduced ethanol drinking levels by 15%, comparable to earlier observations between intact female and male rats. However, investigation of the effects of chronic ethanol exposure on intact versus ovariectomized female rats uncovered few differences in chronic ethanol-induced alterations in selected GABAA or NMDA receptor subunit peptide levels. In general, findings for both groups of females were similar to previous observations. There was no reduction in GABAA receptor α1 subunit levels in cerebral cortex in either intact or ovariectomized female rats, in contrast to the significant reduction observed in male rats. In addition, both intact and ovariectomized female rats had increased levels of the NMDA NR1 subunit in cerebral cortex and hypothalamus, but not in hippocampus, whereas ethanol dependent male rats displayed significant increases in the NR1 subunit only in hippocampus. Radioligand binding analysis with [35S]TBPS found no differences in modulation of the GABAA receptor by neuroactive steroids between ethanol dependent male, intact female or ovariectomized female rats. Seizure susceptibility was not different between intact or ovariectomized female rats during ethanol withdrawal. We did observe differential effects on brain allopregnanolone and plasma corticosterone levels between ethanol dependent intact and ovariectomized female rats, suggesting that ovarian steroids influence HPA axis adaptations to prolonged ethanol exposure. Overall, these data suggest that ovarian steroids do not significantly impact the gender selective alterations of GABAA and NMDA receptors associated with ethanol dependence.
Human rights and the democratic proposition

Autocratization is expected to worsen human rights conditions; democratization is frequently heralded as a means for improving them. Unfortunately, neither relationship has been subjected to empirical investigation. The causal linkage between regime change and state repression is examined in the current study with a pooled cross-sectional time-series analysis of 137 countries from 1950 to 1982 (N=4,521). Four aspects of change are considered: (1) direction, (2) magnitude, (3) “smoothness” of the transition, and (4) duration of time at particular regime types. The results support the anticipated escalatory effect of autocratization for the magnitude variable, revealing influences that persist for 4 years. Additionally, there is support for the pacifying effect of democratization with regard to magnitude for the same 4-year time period. Direction, smoothness, and duration are found to be unimportant, but regime change does matter.
Central inhibition of nitric oxide synthase attenuates water intake but does not alter enhanced glucose utilization in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of dehydrated rats

Abstract I.c.v. administration of a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor ( N G -monomethyl- l -arginine , NMMA, 500 μg/5 μl) to conscious rats deprived of water for 24 h attenuated drinking and decreased glucose utilization in the subfornical organ and median preoptic nucleus. NMMA did not alter the enhanced glucose utilization in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) of dehydrated rats, although it has been shown to increase, selectively, oxytocin (OT) secretion [18]. This suggests that NO may act in the neural lobe to inhibit OT secretion and promote the preferential release of vasopressin during dehydration. This effect is similar to the blockade of endogenous opiate receptors by naloxone.
Impact of Dietary Fatty Acids on Cardiac Arrhythmogenesis

A recent headline on theHeart.org was “Western Diet Increases MI Risk Worldwide.” In the past 30 years, it has become apparent that dietary fatty acids have a profound impact on the composition of plasma and cardiovascular tissue lipid pools, and as a result, on the risks of cardiovascular disease. Although significant progress has been made to reduce the incidence of death caused by coronary heart disease, it still afflicts ≈450 000 patients per year in the United States, with many of these dying from cardiac arrhythmias.1 Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia, afflicts more than 2.2 million Americans. It has been estimated that more than 12 million Americans will have AF by 2050 because of the aging of the population as well as the increasing incidence of diabetes and obesity, both risk factors for AF.1 Reasons underlying the increased prevalence of these acquired diseases are complex, involving societal changes in diet, lifestyle, and physical activity. Efforts to address these risk factors seem likely to reduce the burden of cardiac arrhythmia and cardiovascular disease. Although all are important, this review focuses on the relationship between dietary fatty acids and mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmogenesis. ### What Fatty Acids Are Present in the Diet? As shown in Figure 1, fatty acids consist of a straight chain of carbon atoms with a carboxylic end (COOH) and a methyl (CH3) or omega end and are classified based on the saturation of the carbon chain. Common saturated fatty acids, those with no double bonds, include palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0). Foods high in saturated fatty acids include dairy products, red meats, and tropical oils.2 Unsaturated fatty acids are further classified based on the number and location of double bonds. Monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid (18:1n9), have a single double bond, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) …
Electrophysiological evidence for strategically orienting retrieval toward the specific age of a memory

For over a century, memory researchers have extensively studied the differences between retrieving memories that were encoded in the remote past as opposed to recently. Although this work has largely focused on the changes that these memory traces undergo over time, an unexplored issue is whether retrieval attempts and other strategic processes might be differentially oriented in order to effectively access memories of different ages. The current study addressed this issue by instructing participants to retrieve words that were encoded either one week (remote) or about 30 minutes earlier (recent). To maximize the possibility that participants adopted distinct retrieval orientations, separate blocks of the memory test employed exclusion task procedures in which the words from only one encoding period were targeted at a given time, in the face of distractors from the other period. Event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by correctly-rejected new items were contrasted to minimize confounding effects of retrieval success. The new-item ERPs revealed differences according to the targeted week, such that the ERPs over posterior scalp were more positive-going for the recent compared to remote blocks. Furthermore, using multiple methods, these ERP effects were dissociated from differences in difficulty across the two conditions. The findings provide novel evidence that knowledge about when a memory was initially encoded leads to differences in the adoption of retrieval processing strategies.
Simulating electronic and optical processes in multilayer organic light-emitting devices

A detailed investigation of the device operation of a blue-emitting multilayer organic light-emitting device (OLED) using an electronic device model is presented. In particular, a transient electroluminescence overshoot at turn-on is found to originate from charge and recombination confinement effects at internal interfaces. The location of the emission zone is obtained from the electronic model and its experimental determination exemplified by a sensing layer method. Moreover, the optimization of emission intensity and color is discussed for a red-emitting OLED. The thin-film interference effects are analyzed with help of an optical device model.
Perception and Analysis of the Difference Tone Phenomenon as an Environmental Event

A two-phase investigation was performed to gather descriptive data on difference tone perception and to determine whether the difference tone exists as a physical entity in the environment. Descriptive data were obtained from 40 music major and nonmusic major subjects who were presented with two simultaneously sounding pure tones of varying intervals. Results indicated that the difference tone is perceived at approximately 70 db and an average 30 db difference between the sounding primaries can be withstood prior to perceptual loss of the difference tone. Environmental data were obtained by spectral analysis of sound produced by two individually amplified pure tones. The data indicated that the difference tone exists within the environment at a level of 40 db below the two 70 db sounding primaries. The results suggest that the intensity criteria necessary for difference tone perception frequently occur in music performance and may have distinct effects on perceived tone quality.
In vitro degradation and cytocompatibility of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate cements prepared using the monocalcium phosphate monohydrate/hydroxyapatite system reveals rapid conversion to HA as a key mechanism.

We previously showed that dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) cements can be prepared using monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) and hydroxyapatite (HA). In this study, we have characterized the degradation properties and biocompatibility of these novel cements. To study the degradation properties, cements were prepared using MCPM:HA molar ratios of 4:1, 2:1, 2:3, and 2:5. Degradation was evaluated in vitro by static soaking in PBS, and changes in pH, mass, compressive strength, and composition were monitored. Conversion of DCPD to HA was noted in the 4:1 group, which initially consisted of pure DCPD. However, the 2:1 group, which initially consisted of DCPD and an intermediate amount of unreacted HA, underwent rapid conversion to HA associated with significantly greater pH drop and mass loss as well as a complete loss of mechanical integrity. On the basis of these results, we directly compared the cytocompatibility of 2:1 MCPM:HA cements to DCPD cements prepared with an equivalent percent molar excess of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) using an in vitro cell viability assay. Viability of cells co-cultured with 2:1 MCPM:HA cements was significantly reduced after just 48 h, while viability of cells cultured with the β-TCP-based cements was no different from control cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that conversion to HA plays an important role in the degradation of DCPD cements prepared with the MCPM/HA system, affecting both physical properties and cytocompatibility. These results could have important clinical implications for MCPM/HA cements. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
The hurdle of antiandrogen drug resistance: drug design strategies.

Introduction: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer death in men after lung cancer, due to distant metastases. While distant prostate cancer is typically castrate resistant, it is not necessarily androgen independent. For this reason, a review of the literature regarding the pathways involved in androgen signaling and therapeutic regimens to treat distant metastases is beneficial to increasing the survival rate of prostate cancer patients. Areas covered: In this article, the author reviews the literature from the past decade covering metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer with the aim to examine and identify pathways, therapeutic targets and current therapies for treating castrate-resistant disease. As this area is lacking, the author aims to provide the reader with knowledge of the molecular consequences of castrate resistant prostate cancer, the current treatment paradigms and future directions. Expert opinion: While there have been advances in the treatment of castrate resistant prost...
SIRC: An Extensible Reconfigurable Computing Communication API

Reconfigurable computing applications often need to divide computation between software running on a conventional desktop processor and hardware mapped to an FPGA. However, the reconfigurable computing development platforms available today either do not provide a sufficient mechanism for the communication and synchronization that is needed or else employ a complex & proprietary API specific to a given toolflow or device, limiting code portability. The Simple Interface for Reconfigurable Computing (SIRC) project provides a straightforward, portable and extensible open-source communication and synchronization API. It consists of both a software-side interface and a hardware-side interface that allows C++ code running on a host PC to communicate and synchronize with a Verilog-based circuit mapped to a FPGA. One key feature of this API is that both the hardware and software user interfaces can remain consistent across all platforms and future releases. This allows applications built for existing systems to migrate to different platforms without significant modification to user code.
Time development of fluorine-proton nuclear overhauser effects in 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonylchymotrypsin

Abstract The evolution of 19 F[ 1 H] nuclear Overhauser effects in the enzyme 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonylchymotrypsin was determined at several values for the frequency and intensity of the irradiating field. Consideration of a model system, parameterized to roughly match the conditions of the NOE experiments, suggest that such experiments should aid in the identification of those groups of protons of the protein which interact most strongly with the CF 3 group. The results obtained at 94 MHz are consistent with a simple structural model for the local environment of the trifluoromethyl reporter group and confirm earlier conclusions regarding the spin-spin relaxation rates off these protons.
Feeding behavior comparison of soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) biotypes on different soybean genotypes.

Soybean aphids have become a serious pest of soybean, Glycine max L. (Merrill), since they were first detected in North America in 2000. Three soybean aphid biotypes have been documented in the United States in the last 10 yr, but few studies have been done on their feeding behavior in the United States The Electrical Penetration Graph is a convenient and successful tool to study the feeding behavior of piercing and sucking insects. This is the first attempt to study the feeding behavior differences between biotype 1 and biotype 2 on soybean genotypes using the Electrical Penetration Graph technique, and includes both resistant and susceptible soybean genotypes from Kansas and Michigan. The experiments were run for 9 h each for each genotype with a total of eight channels at a time. Results indicated that aphids feeding on susceptible genotypes had a significantly greater duration of sieve element phase than when feeding on resistant genotypes. Furthermore, the time taken to reach the first sieve element phase in resistant genotypes was significantly greater than in susceptible genotypes. Most of the aphids reached sieve element phase (>90%) in susceptible genotypes, but only a few (<30%) reached sieve element phase in resistant genotypes during the 9-h recording period; however, we found no differences in any other probing phases between resistant and susceptible genotypes except the number of potential drops in biotype 2. Thus, the resistance was largely associated with phloem tissues. Therefore, some biochemical, physical, or morphological factors could affect stylet penetration of aphids.
Calibrating E-values for hidden Markov models using reverse-sequence null models

Motivation: Hidden Markov models (HMMs) calculate the probability that a sequence was generated by a given model. Log-odds scoring provides a context for evaluating this probability, by considering it in relation to a null hypothesis. We have found that using a reverse-sequence null model effectively removes biases owing to sequence length and composition and reduces the number of false positives in a database search. Any scoring system is an arbitrary measure of the quality of database matches. Significance estimates of scores are essential, because they eliminate model- and method-dependent scaling factors, and because they quantify the importance of each match. Accurate computation of the significance of reverse-sequence null model scores presents a problem, because the scores do not fit the extreme-value (Gumbel) distribution commonly used to estimate HMM scores' significance. Results: To get a better estimate of the significance of reverse-sequence null model scores, we derive a theoretical distribution based on the assumption of a Gumbel distribution for raw HMM scores and compare estimates based on this and other distribution families. We derive estimation methods for the parameters of the distributions based on maximum likelihood and on moment matching (least-squares fit for Student's t-distribution). We evaluate the modeled distributions of scores, based on how well they fit the tail of the observed distribution for data not used in the fitting and on the effects of the improved E-values on our HMM-based fold-recognition methods. The theoretical distribution provides some improvement in fitting the tail and in providing fewer false positives in the fold-recognition test. An ad hoc distribution based on assuming a stretched exponential tail does an even better job. The use of Student's t to model the distribution fits well in the middle of the distribution, but provides too heavy a tail. The moment-matching methods fit the tails better than maximum-likelihood methods. Availability: Information on obtaining the SAM program suite (free for academic use), as well as a server interface, is available at http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/research/compbio/sam.html and the open-source random sequence generator with varying compositional biases is available at http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/research/compbio/gen_sequence Contact: karplus@soe.ucsc.edu
Frege on Knowing the Foundation

The paper scrutinizes Frege’s Euclideanism—his view of arithmetic and geometry as resting on a small number of self-evident axioms from which nonself-evident theorems can be proved. Frege’s notions of self-evidence and axiom are discussed in some detail. Elements in Frege’s position that are in apparent tension with his Euclideanism are considered—his introduction of axioms in The Basic Laws of Arithmetic through argument, his fallibilism about mathematical understanding, and his view that understanding is closely associated with inferential abilities. The resolution of the tensions indicates that Frege maintained a sophisticated and challenging form of rationalism, one relevant to current epistemology and parts of the philosophy of mathematics. From the start of his career Frege motivated his logicism epistemologically. He saw arithmetical judgments as resting on a foundation of logical principles, and he saw the discovery of this foundation as a discovery of the nature and structure of the justification of arithmetical truths and judgments. Frege provides no focused and sustained account of the foundation, or of our epistemic relation to it. It is clear from numerous remarks, however, that he saw the foundation as consisting of primitive logical truths, which may be used as axioms and which are self-evident. He thought that they are in need of no justification from any other principles. Logical and arithmetical principles other than the self-evident ones are justified by being provable from self-evident axioms together with selfevident definitions and self-evident rules of inference. At first glance, Frege may seem to be a prototypical representative of the Euclidean, rationalist tradition in the epistemology of logic and mathematics. But further scrutiny reveals a more complex situation. Although Frege regards the axioms as self-evident, he expressed a sophisticated modern awareness of the fact that what can seem obvious may turn out not even to be true. (The distinction between self-evidence and obviousness will be discussed.) Ironically, this awareness led to at least dim anticipations of the problem with his fifth axiom, a problem that decimated his logicist project. Frege was aware that principles that he put forward as axiomatic—even some that, unlike Axiom V, have endured as basic principles of logic—were not found to be obvious by his peers. In arguing for his logic he made use of methods that were explicitly pragmatic and contextualist, in senses that will be discussed. The relations between these
Non-parametric Group Orthogonal Matching Pursuit for Sparse Learning with Multiple Kernels

We consider regularized risk minimization in a large dictionary of Reproducing kernel Hilbert Spaces (RKHSs) over which the target function has a sparse representation. This setting, commonly referred to as Sparse Multiple Kernel Learning (MKL), may be viewed as the non-parametric extension of group sparsity in linear models. While the two dominant algorithmic strands of sparse learning, namely convex relaxations using l1 norm (e.g., Lasso) and greedy methods (e.g., OMP), have both been rigorously extended for group sparsity, the sparse MKL literature has so far mainly adopted the former with mild empirical success. In this paper, we close this gap by proposing a Group-OMP based framework for sparse MKL. Unlike l1-MKL, our approach decouples the sparsity regularizer (via a direct l0 constraint) from the smoothness regularizer (via RKHS norms), which leads to better empirical performance and a simpler optimization procedure that only requires a black-box single-kernel solver. The algorithmic development and empirical studies are complemented by theoretical analyses in terms of Rademacher generalization bounds and sparse recovery conditions analogous to those for OMP [27] and Group-OMP [16].
Random clusterings for language modeling

We present an application of randomization techniques to class-based n-gram language models used in speech recognizers. The idea is to derive a language model from the combination of a set of random class-based models. Each of the constituent random class-based models is built using a separate clustering obtained via a different run of a randomized clustering algorithm. The random class-based model can compensate for some of the shortcomings of conventional class-based models by combining the different solutions obtained through random clusterings. Experimental results show that the combined random class-based model improves considerably in perplexity (PPL) and word error rate (WER) over both the n-gram and baseline class-based models.
NORTH CAROLINA'S 1992 APPELLATE DIVISION ELECTIONS: MIXED SIGNALS FOR THE FUTURE

During the course of the last several decades a national trend of more contested, costly, and acrimonious judicial campaigns has emerged. In this regard, these contests have begun to take on the characteristics of races for high profile offices. During the 1980s North Carolina's elections for its court of appeals and supreme court followed these trends. The Republican Party in the state, prior to the 1980s, had generally not contested these races. However, over the course of the last decade Republicans suddenly began to challenge the Democrats for seats on the two appellate division courts, and to do so quite competitively. Just as suddenly, in 1992 there was a reversal of Republican strategy as they contested only four out of ten seats in the appellate division. This article analyzes the 1992 election cycle and its significance in relation to the aforementioned statewide and national trends.
A similarity-based soft clustering algorithm for documents

Document clustering is an important tool for applications such as Web search engines. Clustering documents enables the user to have a good overall view of the information contained in the documents that he has. However, existing algorithms suffer from various aspects, hard clustering algorithms (where each document belongs to exactly one cluster) cannot detect the multiple themes of a document, while soft clustering algorithms (where each document can belong to multiple clusters) are usually inefficient. We propose SISC (similarity-based soft clustering), an efficient soft clustering algorithm based on a given similarity measure. SISC requires only a similarity measure for clustering and uses randomization to help make the clustering efficient. Comparison with existing hard clustering algorithms like K-means and its variants shows that SISC is both effective and efficient.
Should auditor rotation be mandatory

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) has brought many changes. But buried within SOX is a small, threeparagraph section that could change the face of auditing. The authors discuss mandatory rotation of auditors: the pros and cons, how it might work, and the changes it might bring. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Medicine and human rights. A proposal for international action.

An international medical tribunal should be established with power to impose criminal sanctions against physicians who are guilty of crimes against humanity.
The management of ankle fractures in the elderly

In recent years, the incidence and severity of ankle fractures in the elderly population have increased. Although surgical fixation has gained wide acceptance for younger ankle fracture patients, controversy exists within the orthopaedic community with respect to the optimal way to manage these fractures in the geriatric patient population. Although some authors categorise ankle fractures in the elderly as fragility fractures associated with osteoporosis, it appears that risk factors such as increased weight, poly-pharmacy and propensity for falls play larger roles than poor bone quality. The presence of osteoporosis may increase the level of difficulty involved with the surgical management of these patients, leading some authors to alter their standard operative technique. Early studies cited high complication rates and poor outcome following operative intervention, however, more recent investigations have demonstrated successful functional outcomes following surgical management and appropriate postoperative rehabilitation. Based on the current evidence, the literature appears to support surgical fixation of displaced ankle fractures in the elderly patient population.
Molecular Pathways: Targeting the Dependence of Mutant RAS Cancers on the DNA Damage Response

Of the genes mutated in cancer, RAS remains the most elusive to target. Recent technological advances and discoveries have greatly expanded our knowledge of the biology of oncogenic Ras and its role in cancer. As such, it has become apparent that a property that intimately accompanies RAS-driven tumorigenesis is the dependence of RAS mutant cells on a number of non-oncogenic signaling pathways. These dependencies arise as a means of adaptation to Ras-driven intracellular stresses and represent unique vulnerabilities of mutant RAS cancers. A number of studies have highlighted the dependence of mutant RAS cancers on the DNA damage response and identified the molecular pathways that mediate this process including signaling from wild-type Ras isoforms, ATR/Chk1, and DNA damage repair pathways. Here we review these findings, and discuss the combinatorial use of DNA damaging chemotherapy with blockade of wild-type H- and N-Ras signaling by farnesyltransferase inhibitors, Chk1 inhibitors, or small molecule targeting DNA damage repair as potential strategies through which the dependence of RAS cancers on the DNA damage response can be harnessed for therapeutic intervention.
Microresonators for Photonic Integrated Circuits

High-Q, low loss microdisks vertically coupled to buried bus waveguides were designed and fabricated using selective area deep etching with multi-level masks. The technology combines low loss waveguides with the ability to integrate active functionalities.
Health-system pharmacy's imperative for practice model change.

Redefining care models for pharmacists will not happen if we continue to simply do more of what we have been doing and deploying our scarce resources in the same way. It is time to be bold and forceful in our actions. This is a summary of a speech at the Summit. An audio recording of the full
Diurnal patterns of unpleasant mood: associations with neuroticism, depression, and anxiety.

The literature on symptoms of depression has included diurnal changes in mood. The morning-worse pattern is commonly mentioned. This pattern is often associated with endogenous or vegetative symptoms (e.g., weight and appetite loss, loss of pleasure, psychomotor retardation). However, depression researchers have also identified an evening-worse pattern of mood. This pattern is sometimes thought to be associated with milder depressive symptoms, and may characterize chronic dysthymia rather than clinical depression. The present study examines a nonclinical sample to test the hypothesis that an evening-worse diurnal pattern of mood would be associated with trait neuroticism, anxiety, and subclinical depressive symptoms. An experience sampling methodology was employed to assess mood three times a day for 60 consecutive days. This allowed us to calculate a reliable aggregate score for diurnal mood patterns. The evening-worse pattern was associated with many neurotic features, with scores on depression and anxiety measures, and with a cognitive style indicative of hopelessness. Discussion focuses on how an evening-worse diurnal pattern of mood may be indicative of mild subclinical depression, chronic dysthymia, or personality traits associated with negative affectivity.
Cocaine-conditioned odor cues without chronic exposure: Implications for the development of addiction vulnerability

Adolescents are highly vulnerable to addiction and are four times more likely to become addicted at first exposure than at any other age. The dopamine D1 receptor, which is typically overexpressed in the normal adolescent prefrontal cortex, is involved in drug cue responses and is associated with relapse in animal models. In human drug addicts, imaging methods have detected increased activation in response to drug cues in reward- and habit-associated brain regions. These same methods can be applied more quantitatively to rodent models. Here, changes in neuronal activation in response to cocaine-conditioned cues were observed using functional magnetic resonance imaging in juvenile rats that were made to over-express either D1 receptors or green fluorescent protein by viral-mediated transduction. Reduced activation was observed in the amygdala and dopamine cell body regions in the low cue-preferring/control juvenile rats in response to cocaine cues. In contrast, increased activation was observed in the dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and dopamine cell bodies in high cue-preferring/D1 juveniles. The increase in cue salience that is mediated by increased D1 receptor density, rather than excessive cocaine experience, appears to underlie the transition from aversion to reward in cue-induced neural response and may form the basis for habit-forming vulnerability.
IATROGENIC ILLNESS: An Overview with Particular Reference to Neurologic Complications

The concept of harm related to physician practices has been recognized for more than 3500 years. 46 In a given era, attitudes toward medically related harms have been conditioned by the existing medical epistemology, by the locus of medical practice, and by prevalent social attitudes. Use of the term iatrogenic, which is derived from the Greek words iatros (healer) and genic (origin), was initially used in reference to disorders induced through autosuggestion as a consequence of the physician interaction. 70 During the 1950s and 1960s, this term was modified to reflect physician-caused harms that were inevitable consequences of appropriate medical practice and therefore were viewed as the price to be paid for medical advances. 49 By the 1970s, however, the definition had been extended to include harms related to inappropriate or nonoptimal care. 33 More recently, the term iatrogenic has been broadened even further to reflect any adverse effect of medical or nursing care, including acts of omission. 41 Because of the different ways that iatrogenic has been used, the author has coined and proposed the term comiogenic illness to reflect the adverse consequences of health care delivery as broadly de fined. 59 Neurologic illness relating to health care delivery has been increasingly de scribed since the 1960s, primarily in the general medical literature. 22 Iatrogenic neurologic complications either have been defined generically in terms of consequences of particular therapeutic or diagnostic approaches, or have been delineated with reference to more specific and serious complications, such as intracerebral hemorrhage. In these reports, little attempt has been made to situate iatrogenic neurologic complications, either historically or conceptually, within the larger framework of medically related harms. Moreover, in this literature, few suggestions have been provided with regard to strategies to reduce such complications. This article places the problem of iatrogenic neurologic complications within a larger historical and conceptual framework as well as provides suggestions for limiting such injuries.
The Microscopic Hardness of Bone

1. In normal bone, microscopic hardness was found to be an accurate and reliable measure of the degree of mineralization. 2. The progression of mineralization that accompanies skeletal maturation was found to be reflected by an increase in the microscopic hardness. After the age of thirty, there was very little variability in the hardness of the diaphyseal cortex or of the ilium. 3. The hardness of cortical bone taken from selected sites within an individual varied widely, but there was very little variability in the hardness of the same bone taken from standard sites in different individuals. 4. The effect of osteoporosis, Paget's disease, rickets, and osteogenesis imperfecta on microhardness was tested on a small nunmber of individuals. 5. Microhardness testing is the only known technique for measuring the microscopic physical effects of variation in the composition of bone.
Contractile and biochemical properties of rat soleus and plantaris after hindlimb suspension

This study examined the relationship between contractile and isomyosin changes occurring in rat soleus (SOL) and plantaris (PLAN) muscles after 28 days of hindlimb suspension. SOL muscles from susp...
HyperPipelining of High-Speed Interface Logic

The throughput needs of networking designs on FPGAs are constantly growing -- from 40Gbps to 100Gbps, 400Gbps and beyond. A 400G Ethernet MAC needs to process wide data at high speeds to meet the throughput needs. Altera recently introduced HyperFlexTM [1][2][3], a change to the fabric architecture aimed to facilitate massive pipelining of FPGA designs -- allowing them to run faster and hence alleviate the congestion that is caused by widening datapaths beyond 512b or 1024b. Though it seems counterintuitive it can be easier to close timing at 781 MHz for a 640b datapath than at 390 MHz for a 1280b datapath when wire congestion is taken into account.This presentation will discuss some of the practical details in implementing high-throughput protocols such as Ethernet and Interlaken, how we address these traditionally and how the design of the cores is modified with HyperPipelining. We will discuss alternative development styles for control and datapath logic, strategies for wire planning to avoid congestion, the throughput limits of FPGA routing networks, common timing closure issues and how to alleviate them, and how to pipeline intelligently. This presentation is thus partly a tutorial in the issues of making a 400G FPGA design close timing, and partly a case study of using HyperFlex on an FPGA design.
Liquid–Liquid Equilibria for Ternary Systems of Water + Methoxycyclopentane + Alcohol (Methanol, Ethanol, 1-Propanol, or 2-Propanol)

Liquid–liquid equilibria data were determined for four ternary systems of water + alcohol + methoxycyclopentane (CPME); the alcohols used were methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol. All measurements were performed at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Binodal curves were experimentally determined using both the cloud-point method and tie lines. The reliability of the tie-line data were verified by the Hand and Othmer–Tobias plots. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were determined from the tie-line data. The universal quasichemical activity coefficient model was used to correlate the experimental data. Additionally, these water–alcohol–CPME systems were compared to the water–methanol–chloroform system as a green alternative for Bligh and Dyer lipid extraction.
Effect of nozzle exit conditions on subsonic jet noise

Significant differences in subsonic jet noise databases are reported in earlier review papers. Specifically, „University-type‟ facilities involving higher contraction ratios and possibly cleaner flows are noted to yield higher levels of noise relative to data from „Industrial-type‟ facilities. An experimental investigation is carried out in an attempt to understand the sources of the anomaly. It is inferred that differences in jet core turbulence may not be the source. An observation in a previous study is confirmed that shows that two nozzles of same exit diameter but different internal geometry can produce significant differences in noise. The present measurements demonstrate that the noisier nozzle involves a highly disturbed laminar, or „nominally laminar‟, boundary layer state as opposed to a turbulent state with the other. The former boundary layer state with the noisier nozzle is actually marked by larger turbulence intensities consistent with the higher radiated noise. While the boundary layer characteristics have not been reported with the earlier databases, the present results suggest that differences therein might explain the anomaly.
A communion of saints ... maybe.

Descriptively many Protestant perspectives on access to health care share much in common with secular accounts ... perhaps too much. A normative account of a Protestant perspective on access to health care must be perceptively qualified by the Christ story. A genuinely theocratic approach may not lead one to the conclusion that the faith commits us to the notion of equality; rather the faith commits us to the notion of care. What counts as care may not be the same in every instance (if this is indeed what equality means; in ordinary use, equality is tantamount to sameness). The Christ story reminds us who we are, beloved, sinful, redeemed. Acting out this story is to accept, to give, and to receive reconciliation. For many Christians this will mean that we are called to deny ourselves "equal" access to the system (as if equality actually existed!).