cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Capital and Service Learning

Trends in the political engagement of America's high school students present a paradox. At the same time that an unprecedented number of opportunities exist for American adolescents to get involved in activities with a political flavor like student governments, model United Nations, model Congress, Young Republicans and Young Democrats, and debate clubs, both interest and participation in political activities among high school students is low and declining. This is not unlike what has been observed among adults in the general population. A proliferation of advocacy groups has not resulted in more Americans getting involved in politics. Nor has a never-ending supply of political news on TV and radio, in print, and online led to an increase in the nation's attention to political matters.It would be too presumptuous for me to claim that there is a direct causal connection between an increasing supply of opportunities for extracurricular political activities among young people and their declining rates of civic engagement. A more modest claim does seem plausible, however: politics has increasingly become a niche activity, pursued by that relatively small slice of the population who are, as Robert Dahl (1961) famously put it, “homo politicus,” i.e., “political junkies.” Television channels provide a telling analogy. Whereas once, events like national political conventions and presidential press conferences would preempt all network programming, they are increasingly shunted off to all-news cable channels and C-SPAN. Ironically, a greater supply of political news has meant that it is easier for people who are not pre-disposed to seek out politically-oriented programming to avoid it.
Pancho Villa and the Multinationals: United States Mining Interests in Villista Mexico, 1913–1915

Pancho Villa is an intriguing figure of the Mexican Revolution. His popular movement dominated northern Mexico from 1913 to 1915, greatly influencing the revolution's course and the character of modern Mexican politics. As a revolutionary, Villa remains immortalised as a bold and charismatic military leader who rose from poverty to attack the wealthy and powerful while championing peasants' and workers' rights. He also stands as a prominent symbol of national pride, a leader who fought against foreign domination and dared to attack the United States directly. But how ‘revolutionary’ were Villa and the Villista movement? What did they actually accomplish? If Francisco Madero stands for political rights and democracy, Emiliano Zapata for land reform, and Venustiano Carranza for nationalism and the 1917 Constitution, whatdoes Villa represent?
Changes in structure and dynamics of the Fv fragment of a catalytic antibody upon binding of inhibitor.

Binding of the product inhibitor p-nitrophenol to the monoclonal esterolytic antibody NPN43C9 has been investigated by performing NMR spectroscopy of the heterodimeric variable-domain fragment (Fv) of the antibody in the presence and absence of inhibitor. Structural information from changes in chemical shift upon binding has been related to the changes in local dynamics in the active site of the catalytic antibody using NMR relaxation measurements. Significant changes in the chemical shifts of the backbone resonances upon binding extend beyond the immediate vicinity of the antigen binding site into the interface between the two associated polypeptides that form the Fv heterodimer, a possible indication that the binding of ligand causes a change in the relative orientations of the component light (VL) and heavy (VH) chain polypeptides. Significant differences in backbone dynamics were observed between the free Fv and the complex with p-nitrophenol. A number of resonances, including almost all of the third hypervariable loop of the light chain (L3), were greatly broadened in the free form of the protein. Other residues in the antigen-binding site showed less broadening of resonances, but still required exchange terms (Rex) in the model-free dynamics analysis, consistent with motion on a slow timescale in the active site region of the free Fv. Binding of p-nitrophenol caused these resonances to sharpen, but some Rex terms are still required in the analysis of the backbone dynamics. We conclude that the slow timescale motions in the antigen-binding site are very different in the bound and free forms of the Fv, presumably due to the damping of large-amplitude motions by the bound inhibitor.
CD8 Binding to MHC Class I Molecules Is Influenced by T Cell Maturation and Glycosylation

CD8 serves both as an adhesion molecule for class I MHC molecules and as a coreceptor with the TCR for T cell activation. Here we study the developmental regulation of CD8-mediated binding to noncognate peptide/MHC ligands (i.e., those not bound by the TCR). We show that CD8's ability to bind soluble class I MHC tetramers and to mediate T cell adhesion under shear flow conditions diminishes as double-positive thymocytes mature into CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, we provide evidence that this decreased CD8 binding results from increased T cell sialylation upon T cell maturation. These data suggest that CD8's ability to interact with class I MHC is not fixed and is developmentally regulated through the T cell's glycosylation state.
Phonocardiography in atrial septal defect: correlation between hemodynamics and phonocardiographic findings.

Abstract This study was carried out in order to estimate the value of phonocardiography in the diagnosis of atrial septal defect. Special attention was given to comparing pre- and postoperative changes.
Toward a Fuller Understanding of Nonresident Father Involvement: An Examination of Child Support, In-Kind Support, and Visitation

The majority of studies of nonresident father involvement focus on either child support payments or visitation. However, nearly 60% of custodial parents receive in-kind (i.e., noncash) support of some form. Using data from a nationally representative sample of children with nonresident fathers (the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics), we simulta- neously investigate via a trivariate probit model the relationships among three aspects of father involvement: child support, in-kind support, and visitation. We find that these dimensions of involvement are positively related and highly intertwined with the strongest positive relationship being between in-kind support and visitation. Additionally, these aspects of involvement have different sets of determinants. Economic characteristics of the resident household are more frequently associated with the receipt of child support, while demographic characteristics of the child, mother, father and resident household are related to all three aspects of nonresident father involvement. Generally speaking, when differences in impacts of determi- nants vary for lower and higher income resident families, the differences are related to the receipt of child support. Fewer differences are observed with regard to in-kind support receipt or with visitation. Our model also measures how unobserved factors are related to these facets of involvement. Most notable across income groups is that unobserved factors are positively related for child support and in-kind support
Delivery of lipid micelles into infarcted myocardium using a lipid-linked matrix metalloproteinase targeting peptide.

There is a great need for delivery strategies capable of efficiently localizing drugs to the damaged myocardium that do not require direct intramyocardial injection of therapeutic molecules. In the work discussed here, we exploited the myocardium-specific upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that occurs during myocardium remodeling by designing a micellar vehicle containing an MMP-targeting peptide (MMP-TP). The binding of MMP-TP to MMP was evaluated with purified MMP-2 protein and U-937 cells induced to overexpress MMP. Inhibition of MMP-2 activity was not observed in the presence of unmodified micelles but was pronounced at a 5 mol % MMP-TP ligand density. In a FACS analysis, MMP-TP micelles containing 5 mol % of the MMP-targeting peptide showed ∼10-fold higher binding to activated U937 cells than plain micelles and micelles containing a control peptide with two amino acid replacements. MMP-TP-micelles and plain micelles were injected intravenously into C57BL/6 mice 1, 3, and 7 days after th...
Ideas and Realities: Rebuilding in Postwar Mostar

Abstract Since 1994, architecture, preservation, and urban design students and faculty from the United States and abroad have participated in summer workshops addressing postwar reconstruction of Mostar, a city in Bosnia-Hercegovina. This is an account of five summers'experience of a project intended to continue until the historic center is rebuilt and the divided city restored to multicultural unity. This account examines academic approaches to a complex environment far from the university, the processes of learning within a multifaceted and ongoing project, and the frustrations, accomplishments, and educational benefits of an ambitious international collaboration.
Is It Time to “Bang The Shoe” on Preconception Care

When Greg Alexander suggested to Hani Atrash that I act as co-editor of this special issue, I was delighted for a number of reasons, not the least of which being the fact that it would give me the opportunity to learn something new about a subject that I had dealt with for more than 40 years, that is, the provision of prenatal care. As many readers might surmise, when I started as an intern at the Cook County Hospital in Chicago in 1960, there was no preconception care. Indeed many of the 20,000 infants we delivered in our 5 delivery rooms were born to multiparous women who had delivered 10 or more children previously.
Mitochondria, metabolism and cancer: a growing role in cancer cell differentiation and cancer cell dormancy

Background It is well known that physical or chemical agents can induce cell differentiation, or better pseudo-differentiation, in different human tumor cell lines. As an example, we cite the synthetic ligands of Peroxisome Proliferators Activated Receptors (PPARs), a very heterogeneous class of chemical with numerous biological activities which are mainly reported for their capacity to bind and activate this particular class of nuclear receptors. PPARs are involved in lipid and glucidic metabolism, immune regulation, cancer cell differentiation and, paradoxically, cancer induction. As a matter of fact, some synthetic PPARligands have been already employed in pharmacotherapy and all showed intriguing pharmacotoxicological profiles. A re-evaluation of the biological activities of PPARs synthetic ligands, in particular of the induced mitochondrial dysfunction based on a rotenone-like Complex I partial inhibition and of its consequent metabolic adaptations seems to shed new light on dedifferentiation/ differentiation processes in cancer and above all in cancer cell dormancy.
A Model for Quasi-periodic Oscillations in Cataclysmic VariablesBased on Boundary Layer Oscillations

We have performed a linearized perturbation analysis of the disk and boundary layer (BL) in a cataclysmic variable. In the BL, we find a triplet of large-scale, torsional oscillation modes consisting primarily of perturbations of the azimuthal velocity, together with a singlet mode consisting primarily of a pressure perturbation. Two of these, which we call the fast torsional modes, have rise times short enough to provide significant amplification of a perturbation carried inward through the BL with the local drift velocity. These are gravity modes, modified by the large shear and radial acceleration in the BL. The two fast torsional modes have frequencies close enough in magnitude to produce beating; the underlying oscillations have very short periods, ~1 s, which may be observable. The resulting beat frequency ranges from the local orbital rotation period, 2π/Ω, up to an order of magnitude larger than that, i.e., ~20 to (2-3)×100 s, through the region of the boundary layer in which the effective temperature reaches a maximum. The beat oscillations between the fast torsional modes have attributes similar to the quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) observed in some cataclysmic variables. We suggest that these beat oscillations represent a class of QPOs, and we suggest some tests of this hypothesis.
Identity of HeLa cell determinants acquired by vesicular stomatitis virus with a tumor antigen

Growth of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in HeLa cells results in progeny containing non-VSV antigens with a molecular weight around 75,000. The non-VSV antigens were detected by antiserums to HeLa cell determinants. These antiserums precipitate whole virions but do not neutralize them. Because one of the antiserums is directed to a tumor-specific surface antigen of HeLa cells, it appears that VSV specifically acquires such antigens during its passage through human tumor cells.
1048 RAPID VIRAL DIAGNOSIS IN AN OUTPATIENT LABORATORY

Making a specific viral diagnosis is limited by the time, expense and expertise required. Recent developments in the area of rapid viral diagnosis, Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA), have surmounted these difficulties. ELISA requires no expensive equipment and provides an answer in hours. In research laboratories the specificity and sensitivity of ELISA in identification of Rotavirus (RV) has been demonstrated. Studies have shown that over 50% of children hospitalized with dehydration from diarrhea in the winter excrete rotavirus while the prevalence of rotavirus in ambulatory patients with diarrhea is less than 15%. Therefore, an outpatient with diarrhea and excreting rotavirus is at high risk for dehydration. We are evaluating the applicability of ELISA in a pediatric outpatient (POP) lab which routinely performs limited office procedures. A laboratory technician (MLT) performed all procedures. To test the ability of an MLT to accurately perform ELISA for RV, stool samples known to be (+) or (-) for RV by EM and ELISA, were blindly submitted with other stool specimens to the laboratory. The ELISA procedure was performed on 87 specimens: 69 clinical specimens and 18 “unknown” specimens. There were 13 positive clinical samples and 16 of the 18 unknowns were correctly interpreted. The entire procedure requires 6 hr/45 min. Actual MLT time was 1 hr/45 min. Rapid Viral Diagnosis could become an inexpensive available technique for outpatient diagnosis. Rotavirus ELISA could be useful in identifying children at high risk for dehydration.
Drug-resistant tuberculosis: controversies and challenges in pediatrics

Tuberculosis remains one of the top two causes of death caused by a single infectious disease worldwide, despite curative therapy. Children with tuberculosis are especially difficult to detect, since acid fast bacilli smears and cultures are usually negative and clinical signs are nonspecific or lacking. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, or tuberculosis resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, has emerged in most areas of the world over the past 20 years. Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is more expensive and difficult. The second-line tuberculosis medications required for treatment are more toxic and less efficacious than standard treatment. These medications are not readily available in many areas of the world where drug resistance is most common. Fluoroquinolones are one of the most promising classes of second-line medications, but are not generally recommended for use in children. Ethambutol is recommended in the initial treatment of tuberculosis in children treated in areas where th...
Reading instruction: A reconceptualization

(1961). Reading instruction: A reconceptualization. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 20-23.
Low temperature superplasticity in a TiAl alloy with a metastable microstructure

The titanium aluminides TiAl ({gamma}) and Ti{sub 3}Al ({alpha}{sub 2}) have considerable potential for using in advanced structures because of their attractive elevated temperature strength and low density. Both intermetallic compounds, however, normally have low ductility at room temperature, which thus far has limited their application. Therefore, methods to improve their ductility, while retaining their strength, are major challenges. In the present paper, the authors demonstrate the occurrence of superplasticity in a technological TiAl alloy (Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb) with a metastable microstructure at relatively low temperatures ({approximately}750--800 C) in air.
Thick-film strain gauges and pressure transducers

Experiments have shown that thick-film strain gauges have gauge factors in excess of 7. The nominal resistance values of the gauges were between 300 and 700 Ω.
Localization of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase within the rat olfactory tubercle

Summary There are three histological layers within the rat olfactory tubercle: plexiform, pyramidal, and polymorphic. We have assayed dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in homogenates of frozen sections cut parallel to these layers. Consecutive sections (16 μm) were hooogenized in groups of 6. Every seventh section was stained with toluidine blue to monitor the depth and orientation of the plane of section. I report the laminar distribution of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase at two locations within the tubercle where the local topographies are quite different from one another. In the caudomedial tubercle where the parallel alignment of the neuronal layers is clearest, there is a marked gradient in the activity of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Its distribution corresponds very closely to the distribution of pyramidal cell bodies and their dendrites in this region of the olfactory tubercle.
A high-throughput screening protocol for fast evaluation of enantioselective catalysts.

A new high-throughput screening protocol that allows fast evaluation of enantioselective catalysts has been developed. The usefulness of norephedrine-derived β-amino alcohols as catalysts for the enantioselective alkylation of prochiral aldehydes has been determined by simultaneous screening of three representative substrates. GC analysis of the crude product mixture using a selectively modified cyclodextrin as the chiral stationary phase avoids time-consuming workup procedures. The chemical yield, enantioselectivity, substrate specificity, and catalytic activity of the chiral catalysts as well as the induced absolute configuration have been determined in a single screening experiment and two short GC runs.
Morphological Knowledge and Literacy Acquisition

The purpose of this special issue of the Journal of Learning Disabilities is to bring to the attention of researchers and educators studies on morphology and literacy that either involve students with learning difficulties or have educational implications for teaching such students. In our introduction, we first provide background information about morphological knowledge and consider the role of morphology in literacy, focusing on findings that are relevant for instruction of students who struggle with reading and writing. Next we present an overview of the studies included in this issue, organized by current issues concerning the role of morphological knowledge in literacy. Collectively, the articles in this issue suggest that students with weaker literacy skills tend to lag behind their peers in morphological knowledge but that all students are likely to benefit from morphological instruction. Morphological interventions hold promise, especially for students who face challenges in language learning and...
Food after Fukushima: Risk and Scientific Citizenship in Japan

In this article, I explore questions of food safety after the meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. In the aftermath of the disaster, people concerned about food safety were sometimes suspicious about the ability of the Japanese state to adequately monitor the food supply and introduce safety standards that they considered strict enough. I use the concept of scientific citizenship to explore the dynamics whereby people's relationship to state expertise was transformed as they learned about the science of radiation. Scientific citizenship was expressed in a desire to circumvent the state to protect the health and life of current and future generations. I focus on the language used to describe food safety to show the work of affective networks of trust in constituting a sense of safety in the postdisaster environment. Ethnographically, I focus on the work of mothers and food activists who banded together to share and disseminate knowledge about radiation so they could protect their own and each other's children. [risk, disaster, food safety, Japan, Fukushima]
MRI in experimental stroke

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of long-term disability in the United States. Brain imaging data from experimental stroke models and stroke patients have shown that there is often a gradual progression of potentially reversible ischemic injury toward infarction. A central core with severely compromised cerebral blood flow (CBF) is surrounded by a rim of moderately ischemic tissue with diminished CBF and impaired electrical activity but preserved cellular metabolism, often referred to as the "ischemic penumbra." Re-establishing tissue perfusion and/or treating with neuroprotective drugs in a timely fashion is expected to salvage some ischemic tissues. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in which contrast is based on water apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) can detect ischemic injury within minutes after onsets, whereas computed tomography and other imaging modalities fail to detect stroke injury for at least a few hours. Along with quantitative perfusion imaging, the perfusion-diffusion mismatch which approximates the ischemic penumbra could be defined non-invasively. This chapter describes stroke modeling, perfusion, diffusion, and some other MRI techniques commonly used to image acute stroke and, finally, image analysis pertaining to experimental stroke imaging.
Coordinating the ordinary: social information uses of Facebook by adults

Social network sites (SNSs) are bundles of information and communication tools that can be used to support collaboration, among other uses. In a qualitative study of adult Facebook users (N=18), we found that some users did turn to the site for information uses that are embedded in social activities, including organizing events, establishing online groups, and seeking information. We also discuss the features of Facebook that respondents discussed as being important to these uses.
Primary stucture of a cytosolic malate dehydrogenase of the amitochondriate eukaryote, Trichomonas vaginalis

The nucleotide sequence of a gene coding for a 37 kDa subunit of a cytosolic malate dehydrogenase of Trichomonas vaginalis was established. The sequences of a gDNA clone and a cDNA clone, which lacked seven amino-terminal codons, were identical, indicating an absence of introns from the gene. Cell fractionation combined with sequencing of peptide fragments of the purified enzyme showed that the gene codes for an expressed cytosolic enzyme. The derived amino acid sequence was closely related to cytosolic malate dehydrogenases from animals and plants and from the eubacteria Thermus aquaticus and Mycobacterium leprae and was more distant from the enzyme of mitochondria and from Escherichia coli and certain other eubacteria. In phylogenetic reconstructions this enzyme shared a most recent common ancestor with other cytosolic enzymes.
Activation of K current in the accessory radula closer muscle of Aplysia californica by neuromodulators that depress its contractions

The neural and cellular mechanisms of plasticity apparent in the feeding behavior of the mollusk Aplysia californica have been extensively studied in a simple neuromuscular circuit consisting of the accessory radula closer (ARC) muscle and its innervating motor and modulatory neurons. In this circuit, the plasticity is largely due to modulation of the amplitude and duration of the contractions of the muscle by a variety of modulatory neurotransmitters and peptide cotransmitters, among them the small cardioactive peptides (SCPs), myomodulins (MMs), and serotonin (5-HT). We have studied dissociated but functionally intact ARC muscle fibers to determine whether modulation of membrane ion currents in the muscle might underlie these effects. Using voltage-clamp techniques, we found that two currents were indeed modulated. In the preceding article, we proposed that enhancement of “L”-type Ca current is the mechanism by which the modulators potentiate the amplitude of ARC-muscle contractions. Here, we report that the modulators also activate a distinctive K current. Large K currents were activated, in particular, by MMA, while MMB, the SCPs, and 5-HT activated much smaller currents most likely of the same kind. Buccalins, modulators that do not act directly on the ARC muscle, were ineffective. The modulator-induced K current was strongly enhanced by depolarization, but relatively slowly so that its amplitude continued to increase for several hundred milliseconds following a depolarizing voltage step. The current was Ca2+ independent, not readily blocked by extracellular Cs+ or Ba2+ and only by high concentrations of tetraethylammonium. However, it was almost completely blocked by as little as 10 microM 4-aminopyridine. In contrast to the modulator-induced enhancement of Ca current, activation of the K current was not significantly mimicked by elevation of cAMP. In the intact as well as the dissociated ARC muscle, although low levels of all of the modulators potentiate contractions, even moderate levels of MMA strongly depress them, whereas the other modulators depress them weakly only at high concentrations. The modulator-induced K current appears well suited to counteract depolarization of the muscle and thus limit activation of the “L”-type Ca current that provides Ca2+ essential for contraction. We therefore propose that the modulators depress ARC-muscle contractions in large part by activating the K current. This occurs simultaneously with the enhancement of the Ca current; net potentiation or depression then depends on the balance between the relative strengths of the modulation of the two ion currents.
Modulation of cocaine- and methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization by inhibition of brain nitric oxide synthase

Evidence suggests the existence of multiple interactions between dopamine, glutamate and nitric oxide (NO) in brain structures associated with psychomotor stimulation. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the relatively selective inhibitor of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoform, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), on the development of sensitization to the locomotor stimulating effect of cocaine and methamphetamine (METH). Male Swiss Webster mice that received 15 mg/kg cocaine once a day for 5 days developed a marked locomotor sensitization to a challenge cocaine (15 mg/kg) or cross-sensitization to a challenge METH (0.5 mg/kg) injection given after a 10-day drug-free period. This treatment also produced a context-dependent sensitization as evident by the sensitized response to a challenge saline injection. Pretreatment with 7-NI (25 mg/kg) 30 min before cocaine administration (5 days) completely blocked the induction of sensitization to cocaine, the cross-sensitization to METH and the conditioned locomotion induced by cocaine. 7-NI when given alone, either acutely or for 5 days, had no significant effect on the locomotor activity of animals. Animals treated with METH (1.0 mg/kg) for 5 days developed marked sensitization to challenge METH (0.5 mg/kg), cross-sensitization to challenge cocaine (15 mg/kg) and context-dependent locomotion. Pretreatment with 7-NI (25 mg/kg) attenuated the sensitized response to METH and the cross-sensitization to cocaine as revealed after a 10-day drug-free period. However, the METH-induced conditioned locomotion was unaffected by the pretreatment with 7-NI. The present study supports the role of brain NO in the development of sensitization to both psychostimulants, cocaine and METH. However, it appears that the inability of 7-NI to completely abolish the sensitized responses induced after METH administration is the result of the resistible conditioned locomotion caused by METH, but not by cocaine.
Pancreatic Imaging Mimics: Part 1, Imaging Mimics of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to describe the imaging features of diseases that may closely simulate pancreatic adenocarcinoma, either radiologically or pathologically. CONCLUSION. Neoplastic and inflammatory diseases that can closely simulate pancreatic adenocarcinoma include neuroendocrine tumor, metastasis to the pancreas, lymphoma, groove pancreatitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, and focal chronic pancreatitis. Atypical imaging findings that should suggest diagnoses other than adenocarcinoma include the absence of significant duct dilatation, incidental detection, hypervascularity, large size (> 5 cm), IV tumor thrombus, and intralesional ducts or cysts.
Susceptibility of the Chesapeake Bay to Environmental Contamination with Cryptosporidium parvum

SummaryofTestingof Some PathogensCausing InfectiousDiseasesofthe OystersType of reactionDisease/parasite Pathogen stages Infection site AFS a IFA b MSX disease/ Plasmodia Alltissues 77Haplosopridiumnelsoni Spores Digestive tubule epithelium + 7SSO disease/ Plasmodia Alltissues 77Haplosporidiumcostale Spores Alltissues exceptthe epithelia + 7Dermo disease/ Zoospores Alltissues 77Perkinsus marinus Trophonts Alltissues 77Meronts Alltissues 77Juvenile osyter disease/unknown Unidenti¢ed Mantle 77MiscellaneousprotozoaNematopsisostrearum Spores Alltissues 77N. prytherchi Spores Alltissues 77Marteliaregringens Spores Alltissues 77Hexamitanelsoni Trophozoites Instestine 7 +Bonamiasp. Spores Alltissues 77Gregarine sp. Oocysts Intestinalepithelium 77Pseudoklossia sp. Oocysts Kidneyepithelium 77Trematodiasis/ Sporocysts Gonads, gills 77Bucephaluscuculus Cercariae Digestive glands 77Source. Modi¢ed from Graczyk et al.,1998b. a Acid-fast stain. b Combination direct immuno£urescent monoclonalantibodies of the MERIFLURTMCryptosporidium/Giardiatest kit.
Th17 Cells Coordinate with Th22 Cells in Maintaining Homeostasis of Intestinal Tissues and both are Depleted in SIV-Infected Macaques

Th17 and Th22 cells are thought to function as innate regulators of mucosal antimicrobial responses, tissue inflammation and mucosal integrity, yet their role in persistent SIV infection is still unclear. Here we compared Th17 and Th22 cells in their phenotype, effector/cytokine function, and frequency in blood and intestinal mucosal tissues, and correlate levels with mucosal damage in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. We found that Th17/Th22 cells share similar features in that both highly produce TNF-α and IL-2 and express CCR5 in intestinal tissues; yet very few show cytotoxic functions, as evidenced by lack of IFN-γ and granzyme B production. Further, Th17/Th22 cells display distinct tissue-specific distributions. Both Th17 and Th22 cells and cytokine secretion were significantly depleted in both blood and intestine in chronically SIV-infected macaques. The frequency of Th17 and Th22 cells in the intestine positively correlated with percentages of intestinal CD4+ T cells and negatively with damage to intestinal mucosa, and plasma viral loads in SIV infection. These findings indicate Th17 and Th22 cells share considerable functions, and may coordinate in innate mucosal immune responses, and their regional loss in the intestine may be associated with local mucosal immune dysfunction in persistent HIV/SIV infection.
Rational Samuelson maps are univalent

Abstract A differentiable self-mapping of n-space is Samuelson if the leading principal minors of its Jacobian matrix vanish nowhere. The principal result of this paper is that a continuously differentiable Samuelson map of real n-space to itself, with component functions that have algebraic graphs, is bijective and decomposable into n semialgebraic diffeomorphisms, each of which changes only a single different coordinate. In particular, everywhere defined real rational Samuelson maps are univalent.
CURE KINETICS OF NEAT AND NANOPHASED POLYURETHANE FOAMS

In this work, the isothermal cure behavior of a two part polyurethane foam system has been evaluated at temperatures between 25°C–80°C via a rheokinetic method. An ATD CSS 1000-Advanced Polymer Analyzer (APA) rheometer operating in torsion mode was used for this purpose. In the first phase of our work, neat polyurethane foams were investigated and the effects of cure temperature on the final cure modulus and density were documented. The testing procedure consisted of measuring G* as a function of time. The data obtained was fit to a generalized cure kinetics model to evaluate various parameters such as rate constants, reaction orders and activation energies. The rate constants as a function of temperature exhibited a straight line Arrhenius relationship. In the second phase of the work, 1% by weight of cloisite-15A nanoclay was used to manufacture nanocomposite foams. Isothermal cure tests were performed on the nanocomposite foam sample at 25°C. A preliminary investigation of the effect of nanoclay infusion on the final cure properties revealed no significant change. However the nanoclay foam sample exhibited higher reaction rates than its neat counterpart at the same temperature. The cell structures of these foams were studied using a JEOL 960 Scanning Electron Microscope. The micrographs supported the observations that neat foam samples showed an increased density and modulus at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. The nanoclay sample also showed a higher density relative to its neat counterpart.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Problems Associated with Assessing the Mutagenicity of Inhalable Particulate Matter

Release of airborne mutagens associated with inhalable particles may occur in various industrial, governmental, and public activities. These activities include transportation, manufacturing, mining, refining, processing of materials, agricultural procedures, electric power generation, and other processes involving combustion and vaporization. People may be exposed to mutagenic aerosols in occupational exposure to process or fugitive emissions, or during use of aerosolizable or volatile mutagenic materials. The general public may be exposed to environmental concentrations (released airborne materials) or in the course of using various product materials or other personal activities.
Girls in Business Meetings: Beta Phi Theta Rho Secretaries Take Charge, 1946-1950

In the not so distant past, girls were classified as “little women” and those who did not act in a manner considered becoming of women were thought to be difficult and often labeled “bad.” During the twentieth century, scholars and society as a whole became increasingly aware that girls, both children and adolescents, fit into a far different role than the women they would become. Much early twentieth-century scholarship, such as James Franklin Page’s 1918 book, Socializing for the New Order: or Educational Values of the Juvenile Organization and John M. Eddy’s 1928 article, “Unsupervised Club Life Among Girls Attending Secondary Schools,” revolves around both the anxiety that girls might not become proper women and around the need to supervise girls. As the century progressed, however, and certainly by the 1990s, scholars became increasingly interested in studying girls as a group separate and, in many ways, different from women. Scholars began to study the writings of girls to see how girls create and record themselves. Diaries have been an especially popular and easily accessible genre with which to work. This can be seen in the amount of scholarship pertaining to girls’ diaries.
Do Findings on Routine Preoperative Egd Alter Our Management of Bariatric Surgery Patients

was significant difference between baseline values of leptin, with higher levels in group B (p 1⁄4 0.02). Conclusions: The secretion profile of gastrointestinal hormones in patients with weight regain after RYGP is different from patients with satisfactory post-operative weight outcome. After meal stimulation, reduced levels of GIP and GLP-1 may indicate influence of intestinal hormonal secretion in the process of weigh regain. Profile secretion of ghrelin was similar, and leptin increased indicates a higher fat accumulation in the weight regained group.
Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions with Children

In view of the relatively large body of literature on cognitive-behavioral intervention for adult disorders, a few brief comments about these approaches are in order. Generally speaking, systematic rational restructuring (Goldfried, 1979), stress inoculation training (Meichenbaum, 1977; Novaco, 1979), cognitive therapy for depression (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979), and rational emotive therapy (Ellis & Grieger, 1977) are the most clearly delineated cases of adult cognitive-behavior therapy.
Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Characterization and Bioavailability in Wastewater Effluents

This project addresses the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) content in the effluents of different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this report, information is presented on the occurrence and levels of DON in WWTP effluents and its bioavailability. The information presented was generated by a survey of existing data from full scale plants achieving TN removal, direct sampling and monitoring of effluents from selected plants, and laboratory investigations on DON production in biological processes of WWTPs and its bioavailability to algae and bacteria. The results showed that there is a wide variation in effluent DON at different plants, ranging from non-detectable levels to as high as 2.5 mg N/L. The DON fraction of the effluent TN increases with decrease in effluent TN values, and could be as high as 85% of effluent TN. Size fractionation of effluent organic nitrogen (ON) fraction passing through a 1.2 μm filter showed that a significant colloidal fraction of ON exists between 0.1 and 1.2 μm particle size range in some plants. A fraction of the effluent DON is readily bioavailable to algae and bacteria in laboratory bioassays, and the presence of both algae and bacteria species in the bioassay increases the bioavailable DON fraction. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series . ISBN: 9781843393542 (eBook)
A novel SIV gag-specific CD4(+)T-cell clone suppresses SIVmac239 replication in CD4(+)T cells revealing the interplay between antiviral effector cells and their infected targets.

Abstract To study CD4 + T-cell suppression of AIDS virus replication, we isolated nine rhesus macaque SIVGag-specific CD4 + T-cell clones. One responding clone, Gag68, produced a typical cytotoxic CD8 + T-cell response: induction of intracellular IFN-γ, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and CD107a degranulation. Gag68 effectively suppressed the spread of SIV mac239 in CD4 + T cells with a corresponding reduction of infected Gag68 effector cells, suggesting that CD4 + effectors need to suppress their own infection in addition to their targets to be effective. Gag68 TCR cloning and gene transfer into CD4 + T cells enabled additional experiments with this unique specificity after the original clone senesced. Our data supports the idea that CD4 + T cells can directly limit AIDS virus spread in T cells. Furthermore, Gag68 TCR transfer into CD4 + T-cell clones with differing properties holds promise to better understand the suppressive effector mechanisms used by this important component of the antiviral response using the rhesus macaque model.
Aplysia ink release: central locus for selective sensitivity to long-duration stimuli

1. A behavioral and electrophysiological analysis of defensive ink release in Aplysia californica was performed to examine the response of this behavior and its underlying neural circuit to various...
Inelastic scattering of 40 MeV protons from /sup 2/4Mg. I. Natural parity transitions

Angular distribution for the inelastic scattering of protons from /sup 2/4Mg have been measured at a proton energy E/sub p/ = 40 MeV with a resolution of 16 keV. The results for the natural parity states in the excitation energy range from the ground state up to E/sub x/ approx. = 13.5 MeV are presented. The data have been analyzed using a macroscopic collective model. Coupled-channel calculations assuming the rigid-rotor model have been performed for the ground-state rotational band in /sup 2/4Mg. Previous conclusion on the smallness of the parameter of the hexadecapole deformation have been confirmed. The angular distribution for the 6/sup +/ member of the ground-state rotational band at 8.120 MeV made it possible to extract the sixth order deformation parameter. Negative values of ..beta../sub 6/ are suggested by the data. Collective model distorted-wave Born approximation calculations were performed to determine the deformation parameters ..beta../sub L/ and isoscalar transition rates B (IS, 0/sup +//sub 1/ ..-->.. L) for most of the observed states. Nearly half of the strength observed below E/sub x/ = 13.5 MeV for the transitions of multipolarities L = 2, 3, and 4 is contained in the high-energy region between E/sub x/ = 7.5 andmore » 13.5 MeV. Good agreement with the inelastic electron scattering data has been obtained for most of the low-energy transitions which were previously studied via (e,e'). Evidence is presented in favor of a particular spin value for a number of states for which only multiple spin assignments were previously made.« less
Approach to the patient with genital ulcer disease

The three major diseases characterized by genital ulcers--genital herpes, syphilis, and chancroid--are common, with genital herpes being most common in industrialized countries and chancroid being most common in developing countries. One fourth to one half of patients with genital ulcers have no diagnosed cause for their illness despite diagnostic efforts. The bulk of these cases is probably constituted by one of the three diseases for which diagnostic tests are falsely negative. There is accumulating evidence that genital ulcers facilitate the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and they may also be markers of high-risk behavior for acquisition of HIV. Appropriate therapy of patients with genital ulcers (as well as their sexual partners) depends on accurate diagnosis. Patients with genital ulcers, particularly those with syphilis or chancroid, should be encouraged to undergo testing for HIV infection.
The role of COX-2 inhibitors in the perioperative setting: efficacy and safety. A systematic review

A new class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) selective for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) offers new options for managing perioperative pain. However, new and conflicting data have emerged regarding all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including those selective for COX-2. The data highlight the potential for increased risks of adverse cardiovascular events associated with all NSAIDs and of potential serious skin reactions and gastrointestinal bleeding with specific agents. As of June 2005, the National Institutes of Health and Food and Drug Administration suspended all clinical trials involving NSAIDs. This article reviews 30 prospective studies on the role of COX-2 selective inhibitors in the perioperative setting. The studies examined a variety of variables, including efficacy, perioperative opioid reduction, and effects on platelet aggregation and renal function. The data reveal an overall reduction in postoperative opioid use and significant patient satisfaction with perioperative COX-2 use, no effect on platelet aggregation, and a minor negative effect on renal function. The literature suggests that perioperative use of selective COX-2 inhibitors can be well tolerated and efficacious in carefully selected patient groups. Further data are needed to fully examine the role of these drugs in the perioperative setting. Intensive research into cardiovascular issues surrounding all NSAIDs is warranted.
Patent and License Pearls and Pitfalls for Taking an Idea to the Marketplace

Technology transfer is the process by which novel ideas at academic institutions emanating from research supported by public and private funds are transferred to the private sector for developing marketable products for public use and benefit. Because the primary mission of universities is education and research, technology transfer in an academic environment introduces many challenges. This field is new to most faculty members and is seldom a core mission of their academic careers. The process is also new and unfamiliar to most university administrators. However, universities are increasingly challenged to demonstrate how their research with public funds translates into public benefit. Technology transfer by universities has taken on a new dimension with a focus first on protecting the intellectual property emanating from academic research, then finding means to develop and commercialize such intellectual property for launching new products in the market for public use and benefit. The Bayh-Dole Act enacted in 1980 (Public Law 96-517) allowed universities to elect to retain title to inventions arising from their federally funded research and to grant licenses to the patents, copyrights, or trademarks deriving from these inventions. Universities are allowed to retain the royalties and to share them with the inventors. This article presents the perspectives of technology transfer professionals, specifically, what technology transfer offices do or can do to assist researchers with commercialization of the novel ideas in biomedical research. It also provides a list of successful therapeutics that stemmed from academic research. In conclusion, reference is made to some of the challenges of technology transfer.
Attachment-Based Family Therapy for Suicidal Adolescents: A Case Study

Suicide is the primary cause of death in Australia for youth between the ages of 15 and 24. This is common worldwide as well. Unfortunately, very few treatments have been developed, tested, and successful for treating this difficult clinical problem. Attachment-Based Family Therapy (ABFT) is one of the therapies demonstrating a significant decrease in suicide ideation and attempts. The effectiveness of this model may rest on the fact that ABFT targets the clinical context (e.g., family, trauma, etc.) of this problem as well as intrapsychic processes. Based on attachment theory, the model aims to help adolescents recover a more secure attachment relationship with parents so that secure-based parenting can help protect the adolescent from future stress and self-harm. A case study is used to demonstrate how the model unfolds, systemically seeking to repair the attachment relationships while also keeping the adolescent safe from suicidal thoughts and behaviours.