cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ISOLATED WETLANDS AND WATER QUALITY

Isolated wetlands occur in many hydrogeomorphic settings, and while the appear to be physically isolated from other water bodies, they are almost never completely decoupled from surface-water or ground-water systems. In this paper, we examine water-quality data for isolated wetlands in three hydrogeomorphic classes (depressions, slopes, flats). Some isolated wetlands are dominated by atmospheric exchanges and have little ground-water or surface-water connections with adjacent systems. Other isolated wetlands are dominated by ground-water inputs and have intermittent or continuous hydrologic connections to adjacent systems. Water-quality characteristics of isolated wetlands are highly variable and depend primarily on the sources of water, substrate characteristics, and land uses associated with the wetland watershed. We were unable to identify any general pattern of water-quality characteristics within or between isolated wetlands in the three hydrogeomorphic classes. Alteration of hydrologic conditions (e.g., ditching, filling), however, usually results in increased nutrient export to downstream systems. From a water-quality perspective, we conclude that so-called isolated wetlands are rarely isolated, and isolation is a term that is not very useful from an ecosystem perspective. Isolated wetlands are nutrient sinks and, because most are hydrologically connected to other waters and wetlands, the loss of isolated wetlands would potentially have negative impacts on the water quality of downstream systems.
Fetal nanosomia and bone athrepsia in the newborn of a woman with a severe cyanotic cardiovascular anomaly.

Abstract 1. The case history and autopsy findings of a term infant weighing 1,400 grams, the child of a lifelong cyanotic woman suffering a cardiovascular anomaly, are presented. 2. A histologically nonspecific lesion, athrepsia of rib and femur, is described. 3. The nanosomia, as well as intrauterine osseous change, is ascribed to fetal hypoxemia. 4. Among 86 fetuses, stillborns and newborns, no qualitative difference in bone formation could be detected between the smallest and largest individuals of a given age group between five and nine month's gestation.
Nonlinear absorption in ultraviolet window materials

Recent advances in high-brightness UV lasers have generated interest in the nonlinear optical properties of UV window materials. Such high-brightness laser systems, based on the amplification of picosecond or subpicosecond pulses in excimer laser media, are routinely delivering peak optical powers of 10-50 GW to a 1-2-cm2 output window1,2 with as much as 100 GW/cm2 expected in future systems.
Individual vs. Collective Approaches to Fisheries Management

This article presents an economic model of the efficiency and industry impacts of individual vs. collective approaches to rights-based management in fisheries. Key features of the model are the inclusion of uncertainty and an optimally designed mechanism for paying penalties or buying additional quota when harvests exceed allowances. Contrary to what might be expected, we find that a risk pooling mechanism (through either collective quotas or ITQs) does not necessarily reduce the probability of quota overages. We also show that for arbitrary penalties, the incentive effects faced by harvesters differ under the various approaches. The ability of regulators to optimally adjust the enforcement mechanism (here the quota price) plays a critical role in determining the efficiency of the different approaches. Finally, the optimal quota prices and the conditions that trigger them differ across the approaches; hence the impacts on expected profits differ as well.
One-Pot Synthesis of Hierarchically Macro- and Mesoporous Carbon Materials with Graded Porosity

Hierarchically porous materials are becoming increasingly important in catalysis, separation, and energy applications due to their advantageous diffusion and flux properties. Here we present the synthesis of hierarchically macro- and mesoporous carbon materials with graded porosity from a one-pot fabrication route. Organic–polymeric hybrids of a carbon precursor and poly(isoprene)-block-poly(styrene)-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) with graded porosity are obtained via coassembly and nonsolvent-induced phase separation. The membranes were carbonized at temperatures as high as 1100 °C with simultaneous decomposition of the block copolymer. The carbon materials show an open nanoporous top surface with narrow pore-size distribution that opens up into a graded macroporous support with increasing macropore size along the film normal and mesoporous walls, providing for highly accessible porosity with a large surface area of over 500 m2 g–1. Further, we expand the direct synthesis process to form well-dispersed meta...
Assay of plasma antihemophilic activity in normal heterozygous (hemophilia) and prothrombinopenic dogs.

Summary1. A method is described for the assay of antihemophilic factor; results may be expressed in per cent of a control plasma or in units. Hemophilic blood, canine or human, is used as substrate. 2. In normal dogs, regardless of sex, and in females heterozygous for hemophilia, a steady state of plasma AHF appears to exist. The antihemophilic activity of heterozygotes is approximately the same as that of normal dogs. 3. The antihemophilic activity of plasma is maintained at normal levels following acute liver injury, as well as after dicumarol administration.
Kinetic Ion Thermometers for Electron Transfer Dissociation

Peptide fragment ions of the z-type were used as kinetic ion thermometers to gauge the internal energy of peptide cation-radicals produced by electron transfer in the gas-phase. Electron transfer dissociation (ETD)-produced z2 ions containing the leucine residue, z2(Leu-Lys) and z2(Leu-Arg), were found to undergo spontaneous dissociation by loss of C3H7 that was monitored by time-resolved kinetic measurements on the time scale of the linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Kinetic modeling of the dissociations, including collisional cooling and product loss by neutralization, provided unimolecular rate constants for dissociation that were converted to the z ion internal energies using RRKM theory. The internal energy of z2(Leu-Lys) and z2(Leu-Arg) fragment ions was found to decrease with the increasing size of the precursor peptide ion, indicating vibrational energy partitioning between the ion and neutral fragments and ergodic behavior. The experimentally determined excitation in the peptide cation-radicals u...
Does Prescribed Burning Have a Place in Regenerating Uneven-Aged Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands?

Before the 1981 growing season, a study was installed in southeastern Arkansas to examine the eflects of three dormant-season burn intervals (low, moderate, and highfrequency) and an unburned treatment on natural regeneration in uneven-aged stands of loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda and P. echinata, respectively). Merchantable pine basal areas were maintained by harvesting on a 5 or 6yr cutting cycle. When the study began, hardwoods greater than I in. dbh were injected with herbicide on all plots. During the next 19 yr, there were eight high frequency, four moderate frequency, and three low frequency prescribed burns. In 1991, the unburned plots received a single, broadcast-herbicide treatment. Single-tree selection harvests were conducted in 1982,1987,1992, and 1997. Through I999 (I 9yr), herbicides applied at IO yr intervals were more eflective than dormant-season burns for enhancing the growth of submerchantab le pines. Although recurring winter burns tended to stop the progression of both pines and hardwoods from seedling to sapling size classes, the data suggest that properly timed dormant-season burns might be used to secure natural pine regeneration in selection management. South. J. Appl. For. 26(3): 117-123.
Clinical Analysis of Patients Suffering from Advanced Malignancy with Survival Time Less Than 3 Months by DC-CIK Cells

Objective To investigate whether the patients suffering from advanced malignancy with expected survival time less than 3 months will benefit from DC-CIK immunotherapeutic treatments. Methods Thirteen eligible patients with ECOG performance greater than 3 and expected survival time less than 3 months, were treated with DC-CIK immunotherapy. The level of peripheral blood T lymphocytes subsets were measured before and after DC-CIK infusions. The primary observations were the changes in ECOG performance, overall survival and adverse reactions. Results The levels of CD3+T cells were increased and CD8+CD28- T cells were reduced in two months after the last DC-CIK treatment, with statistical significance. Through the DC-DIK treatment, the ECOG performance improved in 11 patients and overall survival of the 11 patients was prolonged for 3 months. And there were 7 patients still alive at the end of follow-up(already more than 6 months). No severe adverse reactions occurred. Conclusion DC-CIK immunotherapy is effective and safe for advanced cancer patients with expected survival less than 3 months.
Discogenic Lower Back Pain

The intervertebral disc is the most common source of chronic lower back pain accounting for approximately 40 % of all cases [1]. It is important to emphasize from the outset that discogenic lower back pain is not the same thing as a herniated disc. A herniated disc may (and then again may not) irritate a nerve root and cause radicular symptoms [2]. However, a herniated disc in and of itself will not cause isolated lower back pain. If a tear in the disc is also present, then it may cause back pain whether or not a herniation is present.
Tissue factor mRNA expression in the endothelium of an intact umbilical vein

Tissue factor (TF) mRNA expression was measured by in situ hybridization in the endothelium of the intact human umbilical vein after infection with Rickettsia rickettsii. At 4 hours, R rickettsii organisms were clearly visible within approximately 70% of endothelial cells by immunocytochemical staining. Quantitation of TF mRNA expression revealed that the level within endothelial cells of the infected vein was significantly greater (3.7-fold, P < .0001) than that detected in uninfected endothelial cells. Serial sections of the umbilical cord vein were processed for in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemical staining and showed TF expression in those endothelial cells that contained R rickettsii organisms. Immunocytochemical staining for TF antigen at 6 hours was negative, but TF was clearly demonstrated within macrophages and fibroblasts of both control and infected umbilical cords. These studies demonstrate that the vascular endothelial cell, ex vivo, can be directly induced to express TF mRNA. This observation has not heretofore been clearly demonstrated except for in cultured endothelial cells. Since R rickettsii infection induces thrombotic vascular occlusions in patients with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, the results imply a potential role for endothelial cell TF in the pathogenesis of thrombotic disease.
Restructuring an undergraduate mechatronic systems curriculum around the flipped classroom, projects, LabVIEW, and the myRIO

Two courses in the undergraduate systems, measurements, and controls (SMAC) curriculum in mechanical engineering at Purdue University were redesigned to better engage with students and to provide for greater hands-on learning opportunities. A flipped lecture structure was adopted and the course topics were restructured to better facilitate an intuitive grasp of systems and controls. The laboratory activities for the course were restructured around the National Instruments myRIO device and the LabVIEW programming language. Projects were incorporated in the class to give students the opportunity to apply knowledge to open-ended automation and control problems. A comparison of the new and old curricula using course surveys as well as interviews with students from both curricula currently engaged in senior design projects was performed to better understand the impact that the redesign has had on undergraduate SMAC education at Purdue University.
Intrarenal Adrenocortical Adenoma Treated by Robotic Partial Nephrectomy with Adrenalectomy

Abstract Background: We present an intrarenal adrenocortical adenoma discovered incidentally after robot-assisted partial nephrectomy and total adrenalectomy for a suspicious renal mass. Current literature describes the rare occurrence of an adrenocortical adenoma arising from a renal–adrenal fusion. This case represents an uncommon, benign pathology that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an enhancing renal mass. Case Presentation: The patient is a 62-year-old female found to have an enhancing mass at the anterolateral aspect of the upper pole of the right kidney concerning for renal-cell carcinoma. CT imaging was performed to work up a cause for hyperparathyroidism. During robot-assisted partial nephrectomy, the lesion was found to be partially adherent to the lateral limb of the right adrenal gland. Microscopic evaluation with Melan-A staining showed the mass to be of adrenal origin with benign features and lack of capsulation, indicating an adrenal adenoma arising from intrarenal ec...
From fringe to core? The integration of environmental sociology

The extent to which environmental sociology remains a fringe specialty or a leading area of research and practice within the larger discipline is frequently commented on, but rarely examined systematically. This paper assesses environmental sociology’s integration with the core of the discipline with an analysis of environmental publications in the US sociology’s most prestigious mainstream journals between 1970 and 2014. We draw on the theory of scientific intellectual movements (SIMs) to develop a coherent narrative of this integration process and develop testable hypotheses about its extent and timing. Findings indicate that environmental sociology has a growing presence in the top-tier US journals, especially after 1990, and that a unique core of knowledge, focused on the relationship between society and the physical environment has increasingly come to characterize the literature in environmental sociology. A key finding is that growing acceptance of the field by the sociological mainstream was criti...
The Gap Within the Gap: Using Longitudinal Data to Understand Income Differences in Educational Outcomes

Gaps in educational achievement between high- and low-income children are growing. Administrative data sets maintained by states and districts lack information about income but do indicate whether ...
Comparison of breast DCE-MRI contrast time points for predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy using deep convolutional neural network features with transfer learning

DCE-MRI datasets have a temporal aspect to them, resulting in multiple regions of interest (ROIs) per subject, based on contrast time points. It is unclear how the different contrast time points vary in terms of usefulness for computer-aided diagnosis tasks in conjunction with deep learning methods. We thus sought to compare the different DCE-MRI contrast time points with regard to how well their extracted features predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy within a deep convolutional neural network. Our dataset consisted of 561 ROIs from 64 subjects. Each subject was categorized as a non-responder or responder, determined by recurrence-free survival. First, features were extracted from each ROI using a convolutional neural network (CNN) pre-trained on non-medical images. Linear discriminant analysis classifiers were then trained on varying subsets of these features, based on their contrast time points of origin. Leave-one-out cross validation (by subject) was used to assess performance in the task of estimating probability of response to therapy, with area under the ROC curve (AUC) as the metric. The classifier trained on features from strictly the pre-contrast time point performed the best, with an AUC of 0.85 (SD = 0.033). The remaining classifiers resulted in AUCs ranging from 0.71 (SD = 0.028) to 0.82 (SD = 0.027). Overall, we found the pre-contrast time point to be the most effective at predicting response to therapy and that including additional contrast time points moderately reduces variance.
Immune Functions of Epithelial Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Epithelial cells, which line organs such as the intestine, are uniquely positioned to serve as a direct conduit of communication between the immune system and the external environment. While carrying out nutrient absorption functions, mucosal surfaces of the alimentary tract are constantly exposed on the luminal surface to microbes and foreign antigens. For years, the sole role ascribed to the epithelium was acting as a highly selective barrier. Dynamic cross talk between the epithelium and the immune system, via the intimately associated subepithelial lymphoid tissue, has more recently been appreciated [1]. For these reasons, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) lie at the heart of innate immunity. IEC rely on a diverse set of pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) to recognize and respond to this diverse set of microbial antigens. A common feature of patients with active ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease (collectively termed inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) is disruption of the intestinal epithelial lining [2, 3]. Ongoing studies have identified multiple genetic mutations associated with the innate immune response that could contribute to abnormal epithelial responses to microbial antigens. Here, we discuss the contribution of IEC to immune responses in health and during ongoing mucosal inflammation.
Emerging Scientific and Engineering Opportunities within the Water-Energy Nexus

Summary Energy and water resources are deeply interconnected. In the United States, the water sector consumes ∼4% of primary energy, and energy generation is the sector where the most water is withdrawn. These competing water-energy demands are global and not unique to the U.S.; this highlights an urgent role for first-principles scientific innovation. The goal of this perspective is to define the scientific context of the water-energy nexus and examine ways in which developing technologies could have an impact on the future of deriving energy from water and, in turn, water from energy. Scientists, perched upon the steep slopes of demand curves for water and energy, are charged with developing enhanced techniques to enable a sustainable water and energy future. Inevitably though, for sustainability to be achieved, there must be a pairing of these innovative new technologies with a more cognizant public perception surrounding water use and reuse.
Effects of endogenous sex hormones on lung function and symptom control in adolescents with asthma

Although pre-puberty asthma is more prevalent in males, after puberty through middle-age, asthma is more prevalent in females. The surge of sex hormones with puberty might explain this gender switch. To examine the effects of sex hormones on lung function and symptoms with puberty, Tanner stage was assessed in 187 children 6–18 years of age (59% severe) enrolled in the NIH/NHLBI Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP). The effects of circulating sex hormones (n = 68; testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), estrogen, and progesterone) on lung function and 4 week symptom control (ACQ6) in cross-section were tested by linear regression. From pre−/early to late puberty, lung function did not change significantly but ACQ6 scores improved in males with severe asthma. By contrast females had lower post-BD FEV1% and FVC% and worse ACQ6 scores with late puberty assessed by breast development. In males log DHEA-S levels, which increased by Tanner stage, associated positively with pre- and post-BD FEV1%, pre-BD FVC %, and negatively (improved) with ACQ6. Patients treated with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids had similar levels of circulating DHEA-S. In females, estradiol levels increased by Tanner stage, and associated negatively with pre-BD FEV1% and FVC %. These results support beneficial effects of androgens on lung function and symptom control and weak deleterious effects of estradiol on lung function in children with asthma. Longitudinal data are necessary to confirm these cross-sectional findings and to further elucidate hormonal mechanisms informing sex differences in asthma features with puberty. ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT01748175 .
A Cell Model for Microstructural Evolution during Sintering

A rigorous description of the geometric evolution of microstructure during sintering is presented, based upon two alternate spacefilling constructs: cells associated with the grains in the system, and bipyramids associated with the cell faces. Relations are derived between the rate of densification and the rate of annihilation of vacancies and also appropriate average concentration gradients in the solid phase at its surface. An efficiency factor is defined which describes the conversion of the volume of vacancies annihilated to the global volume shrinkage of the system. These relationships are free from simplifying geometric assumptions, and have potential application to all stages of powder processing.
The Role of Dorsal Root Reflexes in Neurogenic Inflammation and Pain

Intradermal injection of capsaicin into the rat hindpaw causes flare and paw swelling. Both are dramatically reduced by sectioning the peripheral nerves that supply the distal hindlimb or by dorsal rhizotomy. Thus, flare and paw swelling do not depend on axon reflexes. Both flare and paw swelling are diminished by intrathecal injection of CNQX, bicuculline or AP7, but not by phaclofen, indicating that these depend largely on a central nervous system mechanism involving non-NMDA and NMDA glutamate receptors and GABAA receptors. Intradermal injection of capsaicin results in an increase in dorsal root reflexes evoked by stimulation of the skin, suggesting that dorsal root reflexes may contribute to neurogenic inflammation in the skin. Dorsal root reflexes could be recorded from individual AS and C fibers in the proximal stumps of cut dorsal rootlets, suggesting that fine, possibly peptidergic, afferent fibers can conduct these antidromic action potentials and contribute to neurogenic inflammation
Class I and II Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Differentially Regulate Thermogenic Gene Expression in Brown Adipocytes

Class I histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) enhance whole body energy expenditure and attenuate high fat diet-induced insulin resistance. However, it is not clear whether this is exerted directly through activating brown fat thermogenesis. Here, we find that pan-HDACi TSA exerts paradoxical effects on brown fat gene expression, as it inhibits the expression of Ucp1, Pparγ and Prdm16 in brown adipocytes, while promoting the expression of other brown fat-specific genes such as Pgc1α, Pgc1β, Acox1 and Cidea. Further studies indicate that class I HDACi MS-275 significantly increases; whereas class II HDACi MC-1568 markedly reduces, the expression of Ucp1 and other brown fat-specific genes in treated brown adipocytes. ChIP assay reveals an enhanced H3 acetylation at the Pgc1α promoter in MS-275-treated brown adipocytes; whereas the effect of MC-1568 is associated with up-regulation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and an enhanced acetylation of H3K27 at the Rb promoter. Loss of function studies indicate that Pgc1α up-regulation largely mediates the stimulatory effect of class I HDACis on the thermogenic program, whereas up-regulation of Rb may be responsible for the inhibitory effect of class II HDACis. Thus, our data suggest that class I and II HDACis have differential effects on brown fat thermogenic gene expression.
Incidence of mesorectal node metastasis in locally advanced cervical cancer: its therapeutic implications

Objective To evaluate the incidence and risk factors for mesorectal node metastasis (MRNM) in locally advanced cervical cancer. Methods/Materials We performed an observational retrospective cohort study of 122 patients with cervical cancer who received definitive chemo-radiation treatment between December 2013 and June 2017 to evaluate the incidence of MRNM. Three diagnostic radiologists assessed all available pre-treatment images. In this study, the pelvic node metastasis was defined as ≥ 1.0 cm and MRNM as ≥ 0.5 cm for CT and MRI scans and as a maximum standardized uptake value of > 2.5 for PET/CT. The relationship of MRNM with FIGO stage, pelvic node metastasis, and mesorectal fascia involvement was evaluated. Results The incidence of MRNM in all 122 patients was 8 (6.6%). However, in advanced stage (III– IV) patients, MRNM occurred in 4 of 39 (10.3%) compared with 4 of 83 (4.8%) in early stage (IB1–IIB) patients (p = 0.27). In patients with a positive pelvic node, MRNM occurred in 7 of 55 (12.7%) and 1 of 67 (1.5%) in those with negative pelvic node (p = 0.02). In addition, the incidence of MRNM was 3 of 9 (33.3%) in the presence of mesorectal fascia involvement and 5 of 113 (4.4%) among those without mesorectal fascia involvement (p = 0.013). Conclusion This study indicates that pelvic node metastasis and mesorectal fascia involvement are high-risk factors for MRNM. Therefore, vigilance of reviewing images in the mesorectum for MRNM is necessary for high-risk patients.
48) The epidemiology and outcomes of hospitalized children with acute pancreatitis in the United States during 2012

TITLE: The epidemiology and outcomes of hospitalized children with acute pancreatitis in the United States during 2012 Alejandro Martinez Herrada, Bassam Albassam, Paul Madera, Balagangadhar Totapally Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis is a serious condition in hospitalized children. There are few studies addressing the epidemiology of this condition at a multicenter level. OBJECTIVE: To characterize pediatric inpatient admissions with acute pancreatitis in the United States and identify variables …
Neural markers of vulnerability to anxiety outcomes following traumatic brain injury

Anxiety outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) are complex, and the underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we developed a multidimensional behavioral profiling approach to investigate anxiety-like outcomes in mice that takes into account individual variability. Departing from the tradition of comparing outcomes in TBI versus sham groups, we identified animals within the TBI group that are vulnerable to anxiety dysfunction by applying dimensionality reduction, clustering and post-hoc validation to behavioral data obtained from multiple assays for anxiety at several post-injury timepoints. These vulnerable animals expressed distinct molecular profiles in the corticolimbic network, with downregulation in GABA and glutamate, and upregulation in NPY markers. Indeed, among vulnerable animals, not resilient or sham controls, severity of anxiety outcomes correlated strongly with expression of molecular markers. Our results establish a foundational approach, with predictive power, for reliably identifying maladaptive anxiety outcomes following TBI and uncovering neural signatures of vulnerability to anxiety.
Application of nursing intervention for treating vltiligo vulgaris by Anti-Vitiligo Decoction associated with NB-UVB irradiation

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of nursing intervention for treating vitiligo vulgaris by Anti-Vitiligo Decoction associated with NB-UVB irradiation.Methods 178 patients with vitiligo vulgaris were divided into two groups according to the treatment sequence balloting with odd and even numbers.89 patients in treating group and 89 patients in control group took Anti-Vitiligo Decoction associated with NB-UVB irradiation, besides that patients in treating group received the appropriated nursing intervention.The effectiveness and safety were appreciated by the standard of PASI.Results The effect ratio of the two groups were 75.28% and 60.67% respectively, and there was statistically significant difference between the two groups (x2 = 4.361 6,P ＜ 0.05).In treating group, the effect of treating limited vitiligo vulgaris was significantly better than treating the scattered vitiligo vulgaris (85.42% vs 63.41%, x2 = 5.752 3, P ＜ 0.05).The incidence of side effects was similar in the two groups (x2 = 0.046 5, P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions It is a effective method to treat vitiligo vulgaris by using Anti-Vitiligo Decoction associated with NB-UVB irradiation and appropriated nursing intervention. Key words: Vitiligo vulgaris; NB-UVB; Anti-Vitiligo Decoction; Nursing intervention
Mutant Evolution in Spatially Structured and Fragmented Expanding Populations.

Mutant evolution in spatially structured systems is important for a range of biological systems, but aspects of it still require further elucidation. Adding to previous work, we provide a simple derivation of growth laws that characterize the number of mutants of different relative fitness in expanding populations in spatial models of different dimensionalities. These laws are universal and independent of “microscopic” modeling details. We further study the accumulation of mutants and find that, with advantageous and neutral mutants, more of them are present in spatially structured, compared to well-mixed colonies of the same size. The behavior of disadvantageous mutants is subtle: if they are disadvantageous through a reduction in division rates, the result is the same, and it is the opposite if the disadvantage is due to a death rate increase. Finally, we show that in all cases, the same results are observed in fragmented, nonspatial patch models. This suggests that the patterns observed are the consequence of population fragmentation, and not spatial restrictions per se. We provide an intuitive explanation for the complex dependence of disadvantageous mutant evolution on spatial restriction, which relies on desynchronized dynamics in different locations/patches, and plays out differently depending on whether the disadvantage is due to a lower division rate or a higher death rate. Implications for specific biological systems, such as the evolution of drug-resistant cell mutants in cancer or bacterial biofilms, are discussed.
Killing EM Side-Channel Leakage at its Source

Side-channel analysis (SCA) is a big threat to the security of connected embedded devices. Over the last few years, physical non-invasive SCA attacks utilizing the electromagnetic (EM) radiation (EM side-channel ‘leakage’) from a crypto IC has gained huge momentum owing to the availability of the low-cost EM probes and development of the deep-learning (DL) based profiling attacks. In this paper, our goal is to understand the source of the EM leakage by analyzing a white-box modeling of the EM leakage from the crypto IC, leading towards a low-overhead generic countermeasure. To kill this EM leakage from its source, the solution utilizes a signature attenuation hardware (SAH) encapsulating the crypto core locally within the lower metal layers such that the critical correlated crypto current signature is significantly attenuated before it passes through the higher metal layers to connect to the external pin. The protection circuit utilizing AES256 as the crypto core is fabricated in 65nm process and shows for the first time the effects of metal routing on the EM leakage. The > 350× signature attenuation of the SAH together with the local lower metal routing ensured that the protected AES remains secure even after 1B measurements for both EM and power SCA, which is an 100× improvement over the state-of-the-art with comparable overheads. Overall, with the combination of the 2 techniques - signature suppression and local lower metal routing, we are able to kill the EM side-channel leakage at its source such that the correlated signature is not passed through the top-level metals, MIM capacitors, or on-board inductors, which are the primary sources of EM leakage, thereby preventing EM SCA attacks.
Clinical Significance of Superficial Endometriosis Implants on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Study Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the symptomatology and treatment outcomes for patients with superficial endometriosis lesions found on MRI using novel detection methods. Design A retrospective chart review over a 10-year period of patients referred for MRI with keyword of “endometriosis” within the report. MRIs were performed by an expert team of radiologists trained for detection of superficial endometriosis lesions. Setting N/A Patients or Participants 161 charts were reviewed of patients referred for MRI over a 10-year period with 100 meeting criteria for MRI evidence of endometriosis and 50 with detectable superficial endometriosis implants. Interventions N/A Measurements and Main Results Of the 100 patients with MRI evidence of endometriosis, 18 patients had superficial implants alone without endometriomas or deep infiltrating endometriosis. Patients who only had superficial implants were significantly more likely to report symptoms of sexual dysfunction (2(1, N=100)= 7.454, p Conclusion MRI capabilities have expanded to include detection of superficial endometriosis lesions but the clinical relevance of these findings is still being elucidated. This study suggests that these superficial implants are clinically significant for patients’ quality of life but may potentially differ regarding symptom profile including increased sexual dysfunction complaints and overall management pursued, medical as opposed to surgical.
Challenges in Managing Pericardial Disease Related to Post Viral Syndrome After COVID-19 Infection

Although primarily a respiratory illness, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with cardiac involvement with reported cases of myocardial ischemia, arrhythmia, myocarditis, pericarditis, and pericardial effusion leading to cardiac tamponade. Most cases of pericardial disease in this setting have been during the acute infection. Here, we present a patient who developed pericarditis leading to cardiac tamponade after the resolution of the acute COVID-19 infection. Her course of illness was further complicated by poor response to initial medical therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and colchicine which could possibly be related to early exposure to steroids. It is often difficult to establish an underlying etiology for acute pericarditis. Similarly, in our case, although there is no definitive test to prove the causal relationship, this effusion is highly suspicious of being secondary to post viral sequelae after COVID-19 infection when considering the clinical course. It is important to consider pericardial disease as a late complication of COVID-19 even after apparent resolution of the acute infection and be mindful of the therapeutic challenges that we might face while managing such patients.
In ovo administration of Bacillus subtilis serotypes effect hatchability, 21-day performance, and intestinal microflora.

Recent research has tried to maximize broiler chick health and performance by utilizing commercial in-feed probiotics to inoculate fertile hatching eggs, and thus expose birds earlier to beneficial bacteria. However, the in ovo inoculation of a specific serotype of Bacillus subtilis was detrimental for broiler hatchability. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if other B. subtilis serotypes negatively affect hatchability or if it is associated with a specific serotype. It was also of interest to determine if the B. subtilis serotype influence chick performance and intestinal microflora. On d18 of incubation, 1886 fertile broiler eggs were in ovo inoculated with the following treatments (T): T1 = Marek's vaccine (MV), T2 = MV + B. subtilis (ATCC 6051), T3 = MV + B. subtilis (ATCC 8473), and T4 = MV + B. subtilis (ATCC 9466). It should be noted that in a previous study, T2 was detrimental to hatchability. Inoculated eggs were transferred to 3 hatchers/T. At hatch, chicks were weighed, feather sexed, and hatch residue analysis was conducted. Male chicks were randomly assigned to 40 raised wire cage so that there were 10 birds/cage. On d 0, 7, 14, and 21 of the grow-out, chicks and feed were weighed to calculate performance data. On these days, the ileum and ceca were aseptically collected to enumerate total aerobes and coliforms. No differences were observed for percentage of mid dead embryos, cracked eggs, and cull chicks (P > 0.05). However, hatch of transfer was significantly reduced by T2 compared to T1, T3, and T4 (P 0.05). For bacterial enumeration, the ileum had equal or fewer bacterial counts for T3 and T4 when compared to T1 on most sampling days, except on d21 where T4 had higher aerobic and coliform counts (P ≤ 0.0001). For the ceca, T3 and T4 had equal or fewer bacterial counts than T1 on every sampling day (P ≤ 0.0001). These data demonstrate that not all B. subtilis evaluated are detrimental to hatchability, but rather, serotype dependent. In addition, different B. subtilis serotypes can modify the intestinal microflora with potential to reduce pathogenic bacteria present in young broiler, without impacting overall performance.
Recent advances in the ontogeny of drug disposition

Developmental changes that occur throughout childhood have long been known to impact drug disposition. However, pharmacokinetic studies in the paediatric population have historically been limited due to ethical concerns arising from incorporating children into clinical trials. As such, much of the early work in the field of developmental pharmacology was reliant on difficult-to-interpret in vitro and in vivo animal studies. Over the last 2 decades, our understanding of the mechanistic processes underlying age-related changes in drug disposition has advanced considerably. Progress has largely been driven by technological advances in mass spectrometry-based methods for quantifying proteins implicated in drug disposition, and in silico tools that leverage these data to predict age-related changes in pharmacokinetics. This review summarizes our current understanding of the impact of childhood development on drug disposition, particularly focusing on research of the past 20 years, but also highlighting select examples of earlier foundational research. Equally important to the studies reviewed herein are the areas that we cannot currently describe due to the lack of research evidence; these gaps provide a map of drug disposition pathways for which developmental trends still need to be characterized.
Human Cloning: Stereotypes, Public Policy, and the Law, in Handbook on Philosophy and Public Policy, Palgrave Macmillan (David Boonin ed.)

Dolly the sheep was born twenty years ago. Since then, animals of many species have been cloned. These clones often do not look or act like their DNA donors. Thus, if human cloning is ever perfected, it will not create human copies. However, it may help some couples have genetic offspring in the only way possible for them. Cloning bans will not stop human cloning. They will only drive would-be parents to nations or states with more tolerant laws. When these wanderers return home pregnant or with babies in their arms, they may be prosecuted, imprisoned, and fined. But even if they are not, the bans will stigmatize their children as copies who are unworthy to exist. Foreigners born through cloning who travel to the United States will bear a similar stigma. Thus, cloning bans will erode egalitarianism and harm society. In light of these costs, policymakers should reject bans in favor of education about cloning. Once the public realizes that human clones are just as unique and human as everyone else, pressure to ban cloning should recede.
“The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret”: George Washington, Slavery, and the Enslaved Community at Mount Vernon: edited by Mary V. Thompson, Charlottesville, Virginia, University Press of Virginia, 2019, pp. XV, 502. $29.95, ISBN:9780813941844

In her 2013 web series, ‘Ask a Slave,’ Azie Mira Dungey answered some of the questions posed to her while reenacting the part of an enslaved housemaid at Mount Vernon, George Washington’s plantatio...
Rethinking Criminal Justice Education: Applying Experience Credits towards CJ Degree Completion – Generates Dollars, but Does It Make Sense?

This article addresses a deceptively simple two-part question: what are the desired core skills obtained by completing the requirements for an undergraduate degree in criminal justice? And is it po...
A Guide for Medical Students and Residents Preparing for Formative, Summative, and Virtual Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE): Twenty Tips and Pointers

The most important core competencies for medical learners to master are reviewing history, performing physical examination, communication skills and clinical reasoning. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) provides a consistent, reliable, and valid assessment of these integrated skills and is considered to be the gold standard. OSCEs are advantageous because they provide opportunities in evaluating skills that written tests cannot do (stage 3 of Miller's Pyramid of Learning). In this article, we have provided tips and helpful pointers to medical students and residents, based on available literature and authors' expertise in managing formative, summative, and virtual OSCE experiences. In virtual OSCEs, in-person learning objectives need to be modified to the virtual milieu and new competencies such as "webside manner" need to be introduced. Harmonizing the process and content of the OSCEs create operational challenges, thus learning the various moving parts of the OSCEs such as psychometrics, tasks of the standardized patients and checklists will ease optimal performance.
System-level management of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

Battery management systems are essential not only to protect lithium-ion batteries from violating operational constraints, but also to maximize utilization or efficiency. This chapter reviews basic system-level management strategies to estimate and control the electrical and thermal dynamics of Li-ion batteries in large banks of series-connected battery cells.
Patients with Stroke and Dysphagia: Demographics and Trends in Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrotomy Tube Use in Stroke Patients in the United States from 1988-2010 (P01.219)

OBJECTIVE: To explore the utilization of Percutanous Endoscopic Gastrotomy (PEG) tubes for patients with acute stroke admitted to US hospitals. BACKGROUND: Dysphagia is present in 25-50% of stroke patients and increases risk of aspiration pneumonia and malnutrition. Early use of supplemental feedings improves functional, but not cognitive outcome in stroke survivors. There is little data on the utilization of PEG for acute stroke patients in the US. DESIGN/METHODS: Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a 20% stratified sample of all US hospitalizations, from 1988 – 2010 we identified all admissions for stroke and analyzed the utilization of PEG. The Charlson-Deyo index was used to control for co-morbidities, age was dichotomized at median age, and trend in utilization was examined by dividing the admissions in five epochs. Logistic regression was used to control for confounders. With the large number of records anticipated, p was set a priori at RESULTS: Of 2.7 million stroke admissions identified, PEG was used in 3.68%. Over time the rate of PEG placement significantly increased from 2.64% to 4.05%. Discharge to LTCF was twice as common with PEG (75 vs 32%). The difference in mortality was not significant 8.48% (PEG) vs 8.78%. In final regression model aspiration pneumonia was strongly associated with PEG placement (OR 4.655; 95% CI: 4.560-4.752), followed by epoch 2006-2010 vs 1988-1990 (2.372; 2.317–2.429); Charlson index > 4 compared to 0 (1.862; 1.817–1.909), UTI (1.733; 1.703-1.763), age > median (74) (1.656; 1.631–1.681), urban-teaching hospital vs rural (1.250; 1.219–1.282), urban non-teaching vs rural (1.281; 1.250–1.312), and for length of stay (1.159; 1.158-1.160 for each day). CONCLUSIONS: The use of PEG tubes has increased over time in US hospital admissions for acute stroke, and was associated with multiple comorbidities, greater length of stay and age > 74. This shows the increasing awareness of post-stroke dysphagia. Disclosure: Dr. Johnson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dubinsky has received personal compensation for activities with Allergan, Inc. Dr. Dubinsky has received research support from Allergan Pharmaceuticals, Medivation Pharmaceuticals, and from the National Institutes of Health.
Refractory Status Epilepticus (RSE) in Powassan Virus (POWV) Encephalitis (S37.009)

OBJECTIVE: To report outcomes of 2 patients with Powassan virus encephalitis presenting with Refractory Status Epilepticus (RSE). BACKGROUND: Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne Flavivirus with human pathogenicity in North America. POWV infection can lead to encephalitis and varied neurologic presentations including headache, dizziness, hemiplegia, intraparenchymal hemorrhage and seizures. However, there are no known reports of status epilepticus secondary to POWV infection. DESIGN/METHODS: A report of 2 patient with refractory status epilepticus secondary to POWV encephalitis. RESULTS: Case 1 was a 78 year old man who was presented with altered mental status and a 30 second generalized tonic-clonic seizure. He had no prior history of seizures. He was started on leviteracetam but continued to have multiple frequent generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Continuous video EEG revealed convulsive and non-convulsive status epilepticus. Status epilepticus remained refractory to treatment with intravenous lorazepam and increasing doses of leviteracetam, lacosamide and phenytion. He required admission to intensive care unit and pentobarbital coma was induced. Seizures did not recur on withdrawal of pentobarbital after two days. CT head was normal. CSF proteins were 57 mg/dL.CSF testing for autoimmune and other viral etiologies were normal. Powasson E polyvalent microsphere immunofluorescence assay was reactive.Patient had a prolonged ICU stay and was discharged to skilled nursing facility.Case 2 is an 87 year old female who presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures which were treated with intravenous lorazepam, phenytoin and propofol anesthesia in the ER. Withdrawal of propofol anesthetic resulted in clinical and electrographic seizures. Status Epileptics was aborted after treatment with leviteractam, lacosamide, topamax and midazolam anesthesia. Investigation results and outcomes were similar to case 1. CONCLUSIONS: POWS infection can result in refractory status epilepticus without typical features of viral encephalitis including fever, leukocytosis, CSF pleocytosis and imaging abnormalities. Disclosure: Dr. Pervez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Afzal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jubelt has received personal compensation for activities with EMD Serono, Novartis, and Biogen Idec.
Qualitative kinematics: a framework

Qualitative spatial reasoning has seen little progress This paper attempts to explain why We provide a framework for qualitative kinematics (QK), qualitative spatial reasoning about motion We propose that no general-purpose, purely qualitative kinematics exists. We propose instead the MD/PV model of spatial reasoning, which combines the power of diagrams with qualitative representations Next we propose connectivity as the organizing principle for kinematic state, and describe a set of basic inferences which every QK system must make. The framework's utility is illustrated by considering two programs, one finished and one in progress We end by discussing the research questions this framework raises.