cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a New Style Six Rotor-wings Aircraft

Design and integration structure of a new style six rotor-wings aircraft(SIX) are briefly introduced,and the method for controlling the flying attitude of SIX by adjusting the rotate speed of the motor.Relative to traditional aircrafts,the SIX shows the better performance.
Schroedinger eigenmaps with knowledge propagation for target detection

The applicability of Laplacian Eigenmaps (LE) and Schroedinger Eigenmaps (SE) has been widely shown in the processing of hyperspectral imagery. Speciﬁcally, we have previously shown that SE has a promising performance in spectral target detection. SE, unlike LE, could include prior information or labeled data points into a barrier potential term that steers the transformation in certain directions making the labeled points and the similar points pulled toward the origin in the new space. We have also noticed that the barrier potentials generated from a few labeled points may aﬀect in a brittle manner the dimensionality in the Schroedinger space and in turn, the target detection performance. In this paper, we show that the number of SE used in the detection could be increased without aﬀecting the detection performance by adding spatial and spectral constraints on the individual labeled points and propagating this knowledge to nearby points through a modiﬁed Schroedinger matrix. We apply our algorithm to hyperspectral data sets with several target panels and diﬀerent complexity in order to have a wide framework of assessment.
Clinical and laboratory evaluation of the antibody-coated bacteria test in children.

AbstractThe antibody-coated bacteria test can distinguish upper from lower urinary tract infection. In this study 67 bacteriuric children were selected from meningomyelocele and urology clinics. There was close correlation between radiological evidence of upper tract changes and the presence of antibody-coated bacteria. There was a distinct lack of correlation between serum antibody titers to the infecting organism and antibody-coated bacteria. In vitro laboratory studies indicated that 1) antibody coating in the urine occurred immediately upon exposure of the infecting isolate to the urine of the patient, 2) only the homologous isolate was coated and 3) the pH range for antibody coating was wide (pH 4.0 to 9.0).
Mystik und Religion — eine Einleitung

Der Ausdruck „Mystik“ kommt von einem griechischen Wort, das diejenigen bezeichnete, die in die esoterischen Riten der griechischen Religion eingeweiht worden waren. Gegenwartig hat er indessen mindestens zwei Bedeutungen. Die weitere und weniger bestimmte von ihnen bezeichnet alles irgendwie Wunderbare oder Unheimliche, alles was irgendwie uber den menschlichen Verstand hinauszureichen scheint. Wir werden den Ausdruck „mystisch“ in einem engeren Sinn gebrauchen; er bedeutet fur uns jegliche Erfahrung, die der Erfahrende fur einen Kontakt (nicht durch die Sinne, sondern „unmittelbar“, „intuitiv“) halt oder eine Vereinigung des Ich mit einem Uber-Ich, sei sein Name Weltgeist, Gott, das Absolute oder anders 1.
Tools for Analyzing and Repairing Complex Biological Systems

To enable the understanding and repair of complex biological systems such as the brain, we are creating tools that enable molecular-resolution maps of large scale systems, as well as technologies for observing and controlling high-speed physiological dynamics in such systems. First, we have developed a method for imaging large 3-D specimens with nanoscale precision, by embedding them in a swellable polymer, which upon exposure to water expands isotropically severalfold. This method, which we call expansion microscopy, enables conventional diffraction-limited microscopes to do large-volume nanoscopy. Second, we have collaboratively developed strategies to image fast physiological processes in 3-D with millisecond precision, and used them to acquire neural activity maps throughout small organisms. Third, we have collaboratively developed nanotechnological and robotic methods to record high-speed electrical events with single cell resolution in living mammalian brain. Finally, we have developed a set of genetically-encoded reagents, known as optogenetic tools, that when expressed in specific neurons, enable their electrical activities to be precisely driven or silenced in response to millisecond timescale pulses of light. In this way we aim to enable the systematic mapping, dynamical observation, and control of complex biological systems like the brain.
An On-Line Control Algorithm for Inelastic Structures

Active control has traditionally been applied to linear systems [1], and there is very little information on its extension to non-linear systems [2]. In this work, an algorithm for the control of large displacements in structures undergoing inelastic deformations has been developed using an active pulse system. The rationale for such a development comes from the field of earthquake engineering. During intense shaking, a structure develops inelastic deformations in an effort to dissipate the energy input from the earthquake. If these inelastic deformations are excessive, extensive repairs may be required, or it may even become necessary to demolish the structure. If, on the other hand, the structure is allowed to enter the non-linear range but we subsequently intervene with an active control mechanism to ascertain that the kind of deformations that would render the structure unserviceable do not materialize, then a rational and economical method of earthquake resistant design will result.
Desarrollo de un prototipo de vivienda sustentable y a bajo costo utilizando materiales de reciclaje en Tijuana, México

El articulo describe un prototipo de casa, de energia eficiente y bajo costo disenada para asentamientos informales de Tijuana construidos gracias a una variedad de materiales de desecho de fabricacion local. El prototipo de 35 m2 demuestra las tecnicas de construccion usando cauchos viejos para automoviles y las jaulas de gaviones de roca como un sistema de pared, paletas de madera como un sistema de vigas del techo, periodicos viejos mezclados con cemento Portland como un sistema de de pared de concreto de papel (papercrete), sacos viejos de arroz integrados en un sistema de techo de vegetacion, ventanas hechas de tubos de alcantarillado y platos para la cena, y un sencillo sistema de calefaccion que pasa por el suelo hecho de tubos de riego agricola. El prototipo fue construido por un equipo de estudiantes y profesores del Centro de Estudios Regenerativos Lyle, Cal Poly Pomona y es una continuacion del “Prototipo de Vivienda Sustentable a muy bajo costo de Tijuana, Mexico” de P. La Roche, el cual fue presentado en la Conferencia PLEA en el 2006. Mientras que el articulo presentado en el 2006 trataba sobre una actuacion simulada por computador de la vivienda, orientado a la necesidad de la vivienda sostenible a bajo costo para los residentes de los asentamientos informales de Tijuana, Mexico, el presente articulo describira la actuacion termica de la estructura como una integracion de sistemas de calefaccion pasivos y activos de baja tecnologia para la aplicacion en el invierno. Los resultados indican que el confort de la calefaccion puede lograrse pasivamente dentro de una estructura construida por una variedad de materiales de desecho disponibles en Tijuana. Este proyecto es extremadamente relevante, dado el aumento de habitantes en todo el mundo con viviendas inadecuadas, que agotan los recursos naturales para los materiales de construccion, y las contribuciones de gases de efecto invernadero asociados con la energia de materiales de construccion intensiva que viajan grandes distancias. Esperamos que el conocimiento obtenido a partir de este proyecto se difunda hacia otras comunidades con necesidades similares.
Two Steps Forward and One Step Back: Coverage of Women Journalists in Editor & Publisher 1978 through 1988

Abstract Despite securing many “firsts” in journalism and surpassing males in journalism school enrollment, women journalists in the 1970s were also filing complaints of sex discrimination. One of the harder-fought sex discrimination cases was settled out of court by The New York Times in 1978, signifying a message of change at one of America's most tradition-bound newspapers. This study examined the coverage of women journalists in Editor & Publisher magazine during the decade following the settlement of this case. Overall, the coverage indicated that despite the growth and struggles far women journalists in the 1970s, the next decade brought more battles.
New frontiers in molecular and imaging research on evaluation and diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction in women.

Diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) often presents a challenge in female patients. Traditional diagnostic elements such as symptom history and urodynamic data are rarely clear cut in women. Therefore, we sought to review the current literature on diagnosis of female BOO, focusing on new frontiers in the realm of molecular markers and imaging modalities. In addition to fluoroscopy in the setting of videourodynamics, ultrasound and MRI can augment the diagnosis and aid in therapeutic planning in certain etiologies of female BOO. Furthermore, multiple potential biomarkers (i.e., nerve growth factor, prostaglandins, ATP) that have been studied in correlation to BOO in animal models as well as human subjects hold promise for diagnostic applications. These novel techniques may augment standard clinical and urodynamic evaluation of BOO in females. Future directions include further studies of each of these biomarkers in female patients with BOO compared to normal controls to test their feasibility as potential screening tools.
Addressing Extensibility and Fault Tolerance in CAN-based Automotive Systems

The design of automotive electronic systems needs to address a variety of important objectives, including safety, performance, fault tolerance, reliability, security, extensibility, etc. To obtain a feasible design, timing constraints must be satisfied and latencies of certain functional paths should not exceed their deadlines. From functionality perspective, soft errors caused by transient or intermittent faults need to be detected and recovered with fault tolerance techniques. Moreover, during the lifetime of a vehicle design or even the same car, updates are often needed to add new features or fix bugs in existing ones. It is therefore critical to improve the design extensibility for accommodating such updates without incurring major redesign and re-verification cost. In this work, we discuss the metrics for measuring latency, fault tolerance and extensibility, and present a simulated annealing based algorithm to search the design space with respect to them. Experimental results on industrial and synthetic examples demonstrate clear trade-offs among these objectives, and hence the importance of quantitatively analyzing such trade-offs and exploring the design space with automation tools.
Constructing Legitimacy in Geoengineering Discourse: The Politics of Representation in Science Policy Literature

Geoengineering, the idea of addressing climate change through large-scale technological projects, is a unique example of a contested emerging technology. It stands out in the degree to which both i...
Factors Predictive of Postoperative Acute Respiratory Failure Following Inpatient Sinus Surgery.

OBJECTIVE The impact of perioperative risk factors on outcomes following outpatient sinus surgery is well defined; however, risk factors and outcomes following inpatient surgery remain poorly understood. We aimed to define risk factors of postoperative acute respiratory failure following inpatient sinus surgery. METHODS Utilizing data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database from the years 2010 to 2014, we identified patients (≥18 years of age) with an Internal Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) procedure code of sinus surgery. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors of postoperative acute respiratory failure. RESULTS We identified 4919 patients with a median age of 53 years. The rate of inpatient postoperative acute respiratory failure was 3.35%. Chronic sinusitis (57.7%) was the most common discharge diagnosis. The final multivariable logistic regression analysis suggested that pneumonia, bleeding disorder, alcohol dependence, nutritional deficiency, heart failure, paranasal fungal infections, and chronic kidney disease were associated with increased odds of acute respiratory failure (all P < .05). CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this represents the first study to evaluate potential risk factors of acute respiratory failure following inpatient sinus surgery. Knowledge of these risk factors may be used for risk stratification.
Movin' on Up: Strategies for Career Development

This concept presentation by seasoned administrators encourages textile, apparel and merchandising faculty members to consider administrative positions in higher education by addressing strategies to meet personal and professional goals, exploring administrative career options, and excelling in administrative roles. Career potential and satisfaction can be realized through thoughtful career planning, assessment of strengths, and an analysis of opportunities. Mentoring from experienced colleagues and administrators helps faculty to recognize opportunities and to guide the transition to advanced career roles and ultimately enhance the field of textiles, apparel and merchandising as a whole. The skills developed, knowledge acquired and experience gained by many faculty can easily "transfer" into a variety of administrative levels and positions. Some may recognize their greatest fulfillment as a continuing faculty member, while others may determine that their strengths align with new administrative opportunities.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychological Distress in Juvenile Offenders: The Protective Influence of Resilience and Youth Assets

Abstract Purpose To examine whether internal resiliency and external assets directly protect juvenile offenders exposed to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) from psychological distress and moderate the relationship between ACE exposure and psychological distress. Methods A total of 429 male and female adolescents involved with juvenile justice systems in a Western state completed an audio computer-assisted self-interview. Validated measures assessed ACEs, psychological distress, internal resiliency, and external youth assets. Hierarchical linear regression was used to assess the direct and moderating protective effects of internal resilience, family communication, school connectedness, peer role models, and nonparental role models on psychological distress. All models controlled for age, sex, race/ethnicity, free/reduced lunch qualification, current custody, supervision status, detention, and site. Results The mean ACE score among participants was 3.7 (standard deviation = 2.2) and 52.8% reported four or more ACEs. Participants with 4–5 ACEs (β = .37, p Conclusions Our findings suggest that programs and policies that promote internal resilience and protective factors across multiple levels of influence may protect juvenile offenders exposed to childhood trauma from psychological distress.
Containing the Third-Party Voter in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election:

Third-party candidates in the United States routinely see a decline in support in the final weeks of presidential campaigns. While political scientists attribute this partially to Duverger’s Law, m...
Templated vanadium tellurites: Identifying the effects of low density attractions on inorganic layer topology

Abstract Exploration of the NH4VO3/Na2TeO3/2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine/H2O system yielded the formation of two new phases, [C4H8N5][VO3] and [C4H8N5]2[V2Te2O10]. Phase selection in this system is largely dictated by the tellurium concentration during reaction. Differences in the [V2Te2O10]n2n− layer topologies in [C4H8N5]2[V2Te2O10] and two related phases, [C6H16N2][V2Te2O10] and [C5H14N2][V2Te2O10] were probed using noncovalent interaction energy ratios. These ratios allow for one to directly visualize and quantify differences in intermolecular interaction strengths between compounds. The presence or absence of π - π stacking interactions between organic ammonium cations in [C4H8N5]2[V2Te2O10] and two related phases, [C6H16N2][V2Te2O10] and [C5H14N2][V2Te2O10] is the source of layer connectivity differences. These π - π interactions between 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidinium cations in [C4H8N5]2[V2Te2O10] dictate their orientations between [V2Te2O10]n2n− layers, and direct the locations of hydrogen-bonding interactions. Effects associated with reactant concentrations, charge density matching and intermolecular interactions were probed using composition space analyses, Iterative Hirshfeld partial atomic charge, molecular surface area calculations and noncovalent interaction index calculations, respectively.
Decomposition of litter produced under elevated CO2: Dependence on plant species and nutrient supply

We investigated the effect of CO2 concentration and soilnutrient availability during growth on the subsequent decomposition andnitrogen (N) release from litter of four annual grasses that differ inresource requirements and native habitat. Vulpia microstachys isa native grass found on California serpentine soils, whereas Avenafatua, Bromus hordaceus, and Lolium multiflorum areintroduced grasses restricted to more fertile sandstone soils (Hobbs & Mooney 1991). Growth in elevated CO2 altered litter C:N ratio,decomposition, and N release, but the direction and magnitude of thechanges differed among plant species and nutrient treatments. ElevatedCO2 had relatively modest effects on C:N ratio of litter,increasing this ratio in Lolium roots (and shoots at high nutrients),but decreasing C:N ratio in Avena shoots. Growth of plants underelevated CO2 decreased the decomposition rate of Vulpialitter, but increased decomposition of Avena litter from the high-nutrient treatment. The impact of elevated CO2 on N loss fromlitter also differed among species, with Vulpia litter from high-CO2 plants releasing N more slowly than ambient-CO2litter, whereas growth under elevated CO2 caused increased Nloss from Avena litter. CO2 effects on N release in Lolium and Bromus depended on the nutrient regime in whichplants were grown. There was no overall relationship between litter C:Nratio and decomposition rate or N release across species and treatments.Based on our study and the literature, we conclude that the effects ofelevated CO2 on decomposition and N release from litter arehighly species-specific. These results do not support the hypothesis thatCO2 effects on litter quality consistently lead to decreasednutrient availability in nutrient-limited ecosystems exposed to elevatedCO2.
Neuroprotective roles of neurotrophic growth factors in mood disorders

Abstract Neurotrophic growth factors (neurotrophins), other growth factors, and their receptors and downstream signaling pathways have long been appreciated to play critical roles in the modulation of depressive behavior and the regulation of antidepressant efficacy. Mechanisms by which neurotrophin actions impact depression-like behavior and antidepressant responses in animal models include regulation in the CNS of neuroprotection, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and stability, and neuronal cytoarchitecture, including dendritic length and spine density, with correlative genetic association and big data studies in humans. Here, we review the role that neurotrophins in general and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in particular play in the modulation of mood disorders and antidepressant efficacy. We discuss the neurotrophin protein family and their receptors; review evidence that associates neurotrophin gene polymorphisms, transcript levels, and circulating protein levels with susceptibility or resilience to mood disorders; and finally focus on the specific mechanisms by which neurotrophins regulate depressive behavior and antidepressant actions.
Exploring an Anabolic Approach to Address Nonunion After Bone Fracture: Commentary on an article by Brian A. Tinsley, MD, et al.: "Systemic Administration of Sclerostin Antibody Enhances Bone Morphogenetic Protein-Induced Femoral Defect Repair in a Rat Model".

Nonunion is not uncommon across all fracture types, and in complex open or high-energy fractures, the rates of delayed union and nonunion increase dramatically. The tibia, in particular, is often involved in high-energy open fractures, and the tibia has a more tenuous blood supply than other long bones, resulting in a nonunion rate of nearly 30%1. In addition to prolonged pain and disability for the patient, the financial and resource costs to the health-care system are higher with delayed union and nonunion. There are three potential objectives of any new therapeutic approach to address delayed union or nonunion: (1) to stimulate fractures that would eventually heal so that they heal more quickly, (2) to stimulate fractures that would otherwise proceed to nonunion to heal initially (prevention), and (3) to stimulate fractures that have experienced nonunion to heal more completely and more quickly on subsequent treatment. Sclerostin, which is released by osteocytes, is an antagonist of Wnt ligand and inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling pathway that is instrumental in bone formation through the activation of osteoblasts. Sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) exhibits potent anabolic effects in bone by binding sclerostin2. Scl-Ab recently was shown to improve bone density significantly in women with low bone mass3 and also has …
The Cyclicality of Informal Care

This paper measures the cyclicality of an important input into elderly health: informal care. Using independent survey measures of informal caregiving and care receipt over the past two decades, we find that informal care from adult children to their elderly parents is countercyclical. By contrast, informal care from spouses is procyclical among individuals in their sixties. We find little corresponding change in the use of formal care, highlighting the potential for unmet care needs across the business cycle. These findings suggest that informal health inputs may play an important role in the interpretation of the cyclicality of elderly mortality.
A Sharp Convergence Rate for the Asynchronous Stochastic Gradient Descent

We give a sharp convergence rate for the asynchronous stochastic gradient descent (ASGD) algorithms when the loss function is a perturbed quadratic function based on the stochastic modified equations introduced in [An et al. Stochastic modified equations for the asynchronous stochastic gradient descent, arXiv:1805.08244]. We prove that when the number of local workers is larger than the expected staleness, then ASGD is more efficient than stochastic gradient descent. Our theoretical result also suggests that longer delays result in slower convergence rate. Besides, the learning rate cannot be smaller than a threshold inversely proportional to the expected staleness.
The Collective Action Problem but Not Numerical Superiority Explains Success in Intergroup Encounters in Verreaux’s Sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi): Implications for Individual Participation and Free-Riding

Socioecological theory predicts that larger groups are able to gain better access to resources because of their numerical advantage in intergroup contests. Nevertheless, the numerical superiority hypothesis has received mixed support, perhaps due to the collective action problem and sex differences in strategies and payoffs. We tested the numerical superiority and the collective action problem hypotheses using 141 intergroup encounters in a 7-year dataset on 5 groups of Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) at Ankoatsifaka Research Station in Kirindy Mitea National Park in western Madagascar. Contrary to the numerical superiority hypothesis, larger groups were not more likely to supplant smaller groups, nor was success determined by participation of a larger number of one sex. Consistent with a collective action problem, group size negatively affected participation. Notably, the sexes differed in which factors predicted individual participation. Male participation, which may serve to defend mating opportunities with resident females and signal competitive ability to neighboring groups, was greater than female participation, though we did not detect any strong predictor of male participation. Female participation was more likely during the lactation season, when food resources were scarce, than during the mating season. Contrary to previous studies, which argued that mothers with infants avoid intergroup conflicts because of the risk of infanticide, our study suggests that maternal energetic stress due to lactation and food scarcity increases the benefits of defending resources and instead drives mothers to participate in intergroup encounters. Thus, individual reproductive payoffs provide the private incentives needed to induce collective action.
The ‘A’ is the Weakest Link: What Local Health Departments are Doing to Improve Adolescent Health

Although adolescence is a critical developmental period, there has not been coordinated effort to comprehensively address adolescent health within the field of maternal and child health (MCH). In order to inform future adolescent health efforts, MCH leaders in local health departments were asked to reflect on the greatest health challenges facing adolescents in their communities, the causes of these health challenges, the interventions currently implemented to promote adolescent health, and additional intervention needs. 15 interviews were conducted in 2018 with 13 city and county health departments and two community-based agencies (N = 19). Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Mutually agreed upon themes were determined by the research team and these themes were used to code the transcripts. Mental and behavioral health and sexual and reproductive health issues were perceived to be the greatest health challenges facing adolescents. Participants attributed these health issues to the social determinants of health and adverse childhood experiences. Although all health departments offered sexual and reproductive health interventions, few implemented mental and behavioral health interventions. Insufficient funding and collaboration challenges were the major barriers impeding the implementation of additional coordinated adolescent health interventions. Coordinated funding and technical assistance will be needed to enable MCH professionals in local health to realize their potential to improve the health of adolescents. Specific observations and opportunities were addressed in efforts to create conversation that would lead to an improvement in adolescent health services within local health departments, as well as communities and the field of MCH.
Electron-Nucleus Hyperfine Coupling Calculated from Restricted Active Space Wavefunctions and an Exact Two-Component Hamiltonian.

Exact two-component (X2C) relativistic nuclear hyperfine magnetic field operators were incorporated in X2C ab initio wavefunction calculations at the multireference restricted active space (RAS) level for calculations of nuclear hyperfine magnetic properties. Spin-orbit coupling was treated via RAS state interaction (SO-RASSI). The method was tested by calculations of electron-nucleus hyperfine coupling constants. The approach, implemented in the OpenMolcas program, overcomes a major limitation of a previous SO-RASSI implementation for hyperfine coupling that relied on nonrelativistic hyperfine operators [J. Chem. Theor. Comput.2015, 11, 538-549] and therefore had limited applicability. Results from calculations on systems with light and heavy main group elements, transition metals, lanthanides, and one actinide complex demonstrate reasonably good agreement with experimental data, where available, as long as the active space can generate sufficient spin polarization.
Prone positioning in children with respiratory failure because of coronavirus disease 2019.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common manifestation of severe COVID-19. Prone positioning has been used successfully in adult patients with ARDS and has been shown to decrease mortality. The efficacy of prone positioning in pediatric ARDS is less clear. In this review, we discuss the physiologic principles and literature on prone positioning in adults and children relative to COVID-19. RECENT FINDINGS: There are limited published data on prone positioning in respiratory failure because of COVID-19. The use of proning in nonintubated patients with COVID-19 may improve oxygenation and dyspnea but has not been associated with improved outcomes. Initial adult cohort studies of intubated patients undergoing prone positioning in severe ARDS related to COVID-19 have shown an improvement in mortality. Although the use of proning in children with severe COVID-19 is recommended, data supporting its use is scarce. SUMMARY: Additional studies to evaluate the efficacy of prone positioning in pediatric ARDS are needed to provide evidence for or against this treatment strategy in children. Given the unknown evolution of this pandemic, collaborative research efforts across pediatric centers provides the greatest opportunity to develop a data driven-approach to make use of this potential therapy.
Consumer movements, brand activism, and the participatory politics of media: A conversation:

This is a scripted adaptation of a conversational podcast interview between Henry Jenkins and Robert Kozinets about contemporary consumer activism and its relationship to media studies. After the i...
Childhood-onset Craniopharyngioma

Craniopharyngiomas are rare embryonic malformational tumors of the sellar/parasellar region, classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as tumors with low-grade malignancy (WHO I). The childhood adamantinomatous subtype of craniopharyngioma is usually cystic with calcified areas. At the time of diagnosis, hypothalamic/pituitary deficits, visual disturbances, and increased intracranial pressure are major symptoms. The treatment of choice in case of favorable tumor location (without hypothalamic involvement) is complete resection. It is important to ensure that optical and hypothalamic functionality are preserved. In case of unfavorable tumor location, that is with hypothalamic involvement, a hypothalamus-sparing surgical strategy with subsequent local irradiation of residual tumor is recommended. In the further course of the disease, recurrences and progression often occur. Nevertheless, overall survival rates are high at 92%. Severe impairment of quality of life and comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome, hypothalamic obesity, and neurological consequences can be observed in patients with disease- and/or treatment-related lesions of hypothalamic structures. Childhood-onset craniopharyngioma frequently manifests as a chronic disease so that patients require lifelong, continuous care by experienced multidisciplinary teams to manage clinical and quality of life consequences. For this review, a search for original articles and reviews published between 1986 and 2020 was performed in Pubmed, Science Citation Index Expanded, EMBASE, and Scopus. The search terms used were "craniopharyngioma, hypothalamus, pituitary obesity, irradiation, neurosurgery.
Central retinal vein occlusion associated with creatine supplementation and dehydration

Abstract Purpose Central retinal vein occlusions (CRVO) are relatively common; however, they are rare in young, otherwise healthy individuals. We report a case of CRVO associated with creatine supplementation and dehydration in a 25-year-old man. Observations A 25-year-old man developed a non-ischemic CRVO in the right eye. Comprehensive thrombophilia screening was unrevealing. Further questioning revealed that the patient was an avid weightlifter and had been taking creatine as a nutrition supplement daily for the past 5 years at a higher than recommended dose. At the time of CRVO onset, he was also restricting water intake in order to lose weight. Conclusions and Importance We conclude that the CRVO occurred in the context of creatine use and water restriction, leading to increased risk for thrombosis. Given the increased popularity for nutritional supplements to enhance fitness, it is important for individuals to recognize the association between CRVO, creatine supplementation, and hydration status.
Potential Impact of Time Trend of Lifestyle Risk Factors on Burden of Major Gastrointestinal Cancers in China.

Background & Aims China has the largest number of incident liver, esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancer cases in 2020. Examining the time trend of relevant lifestyle risk factors would help project the trend of these gastrointestinal (GI) cancer incidence in China. Methods We estimated the time trend of the lifestyle factors based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991 to 2011. We applied the comparative risk assessment method to estimate the population attributable fraction of GI cancers attributable to each risk factor. We also projected the prevalence of lifestyle factors and the associated burden of GI cancer from 2011 to 2031. Results In 2011, 56.5% of colorectal, 59.8% of gastric, 48.5% of esophageal, and 35.2% of liver cancer in China were attributable to the lifestyle risk factors under study. Smoking, sodium intake, low vegetable intake, and low fruit intake have improved over time but remained far from optimal and are expected to be responsible for 170,000, 35,000, 22,000, and 50,000 GI cancer cases in 2031, respectively. High body mass index, red and processed meat consumption, and low physical activity are expected to contribute increasingly more GI cancer, accounting for 142,000, 185,000, 60,000, and 53,000 cases in 2031, respectively. The estimated population attributable fraction for all risk factors in 2031 is 52.1%. Conclusions Lifestyle risk factors have had an impact on the risk of GI cancer in China, and the impact is projected to increase. If everyone could adhere to the optimal lifestyle, half of all GI cancer events would be prevented by year 2031.
Small and medium-sized enterprises managers´ development support

The management quality, the quality of the products, service and prosperities of the firms is among others dependent on the erudition and competition of the managers. Managers are obligated to create the atmosphere for improvement and looking for way to the enterprises competitiveness. This is why the managers must be responsible for own education and self - development knowledge, learning and training. It is necessary for managers of the small and medium-sized enterprises and the method of the effective coaching can support them in that case.
Dust devil height and spacing with relation to the martian planetary boundary layer thickness

Abstract In most remote and unmonitored places, little is known about the characteristics of daytime turbulent activity. Few processes render the optically transparent atmospheres of Earth and Mars visible; put more plainly, without clever instruments it is difficult to “see the unseen”. To address this, we present a pilot study of images of martian dust devils (DDs) testing the hypothesis that DD height and spacing correlates with the thickness of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), h . The survey includes Context Camera (CTX) images from a 580 × 590 km 2 area (196–208°E, 30–40°N) in northern Amazonis Planitia, spanning ∼3.6 Mars Years (MY) from L s = 134.55°, MY 28 (13 November 2006) to L s = 358.5°, MY 31 (28 July 2013). DD activity follows a repeatable seasonal pattern similar to that found in previous surveys, with a distinct “on” season during local summer, beginning shortly before the northern spring equinox ( L s = 0°) and lasting until just after the northern fall equinox ( L s = 180°). DD heights measured from shadow lengths varied considerably, with median values peaking at local midsummer. Modeled PBL heights, constrained by those measured from radio occultation data, follow a similar seasonal trend, and correlation of the two suggests that the martian PBL thickness is approximately 5 times the median DD height. These results compare favorably to the limited terrestrial data available. DD spacing was measured using nearest neighbor statistics, following the assumption that because convection cell widths have been measured to be ∼1.2 ± 0.2 h (Willis, G.E., Deardorff, J.W. [1979]. J. Geophys. Res. 84(C1), 295–302), a preference for DD formation at vertices of convection cells intersections could be used to estimate the PBL height. During local spring and summer, the DD average nearest neighbor (ANN) ranged from ∼1 to 2 h , indicating that DD spacing does indeed correlate with PBL height. However, this result is complicated by two factors: (1) convection cell spacing estimates indicate that the observed DD distributions undersample the possible grid of cell vertices in each CTX image, and (2) comparison of the ANN with a random distribution shows that the most closely-spaced DD distributions exhibit some clustering; we propose that this clustering demonstrates that many of the observed DDs are located along convection cell walls, in addition to cell vertices.
The effects of a dedicated education savings account on children's college graduation

Abstract Emerging research in the asset-building field suggests economic resources in general are associated with positive educational outcomes. However, there is little empirical evidence specifically concerning the effects of parents holding a dedicated education savings account on their children's attainment of associate's and bachelor's degrees. There is a need for more replication studies to help confirm that the emerging evidence is accurate and applicable with different populations and under different situations. This study helps fill this research gap by using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 97. Data are analyzed using propensity score adjusted regression techniques. Results show if parents create a savings account earmarked for their children's education, the children are more likely to attain college degrees. These findings suggest that current asset-based policies and programs that encourage low- and moderate-income parents to create and hold education savings accounts can also serve as a policy strategy to help improve higher educational attainment of children from lower income households.
State of the art low power (42 mW per flip-flop) 150 GHz+ CML static divider implemented in scaled 0.2 m emitter-width InP DHBTs

Recent development efforts in scaling InP DHBT technologies have pushed transistor cutoff frequencies beyond 400 GHz and demonstrated static flip-flop circuits clocking in excess of 150 GHz. Despite the impressive clock rates, obtaining these operating speeds has required an increase in collector current densities that has largely offset the power reductions achieved to date in scaling the emitter area of the devices in these technologies. Further lateral scaling is required to manage thermal concerns and enable logic circuits of greater complexity. Measured results are shown of a static frequency divider realized in a 0.2 m InP/InGaAs/InP DHBT technology that lowers flip-flop power dissipation to 42 mW while clocking at 150 GHz rates. This represents a factor of two improvement in the state of the art power-delay product over previously reported logic circuits operating at >120 GHz clock rates.
Computable Exchangeable Sequences Have Computable de Finetti Measures

We prove a uniformly computable version of de Finetti's theorem on exchangeable sequences of real random variables. In the process, we develop machinery for computably recovering a distribution from its sequence of moments, which suffices to prove the theorem in the case of (almost surely) continuous directing random measures. In the general case, we give a proof inspired by a randomized algorithm which succeeds with probability one. Finally, we show how, as a consequence of the main theorem, exchangeable stochastic processes in probabilistic functional programming languages can be rewritten as procedures that do not use mutation.
Intermediate Filaments: Intracellular Diversities and Interspecies Homologies

At present five classes of intracellular filaments of roughly 10 nm diameter are known, differentiated in part by the types of cell in which they occur, and by the sizes of the subunit proteins or by their immunologic or chemical properties; but our knowledge is fragmentary, many species, and even special cells in well-studied species, have not been critically examined so any categorization is probably premature. However, as Steinert et al. (1978) and Krishnan et al. (1977) have pointed out, these filaments share many structural and chemical features despite their differences in subunit composition. If there was a common ancestral precursor, then divergence occurred at an early time and since then stable structures have been well preserved through many species. Thus, antisera which clearly distinguish vimentin (the fibroblast cytoskeletal protein), desmin (or skeletin, from muscle), prekeratin (from epidermal tonofilaments) and GFAP (the glial fibrillary acidic protein) in cells of one organism may react specifically with the homologous proteins in mammals, birds and amphibia.
Apical diastolic murmurs in congenital heart disease; the rarity of Lutembacher's syndrome.

Abstract 1. 1. Apical diastolic murmurs were found in 19 per cent of one hundred consecutive patients with noncyanotic congenital heart disease. 2. 2. Twenty patients with noncyanotic congenital heart disease and apical diastolic murmurs were studied extensively to determine the accurate anatomic diagnosis. Atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus were the most common lesions found in this series. There was no example of Lutembacher's syndrome in this group of patients. 3. 3. Twenty-five thousand consecutive autopsies studied contained only five cases of Lutembacher's syndrome—representing 6 per cent of all atrial septal defects. 4. 4. Physiologic mechanisms, explaining the origin of these “functional mitral murmurs” in congenital heart disease, are suggested. 5. 5. Diagnostic criteria differentiating the “organic” mitral murmur from the “functional” ones are pointed out. 6. 6. The probability of the development of mitral stenosis in patients with atrial defect is so small that an operation aimed at closure of the defect is highly desirable.
A Statistical Framework for Presenting Developmental Neuroanatomy

ABSTRACT Close analysis of the developing structure of mammalian brains can generate understanding and amazement. It is worthwhile to communicate this to a larger audience and to pursue it in greater depth. To do so we need dramatically more capable tools for coordinating and presenting the existing and incoming knowledge of neuroscience. Neuroscientists have created a wide variety of methods for analyzing brain organization. This has resulted in vast amounts of highly detailed information, gleaned from many studies and expressed in many formats. At the same time, collective scientific efforts are deducing a growing number of principles that govern brain structure and development. Increasingly, these guidelines are capable of interrelating the great profusion of published findings. These experimental and theoretical advances bring the opportunity and need for synthetic methods to systematically manage this consolidating knowledge, to make it more vivid and widely accessible. The technologies of simulation and computer graphics also are maturing, and are now at a level capable of animating and displaying biological principles and their anatomical consequences with high resolution and fidelity. With these trends in mind, I have been designing an interactive computer-based framework for depicting neural organization and ontogeny. It incorporates a set of developmental rules, along with specific and statistical neuroanatomical information, to visualize brain development with network and synaptic detail. This tool is intended ultimately to facilitate study of any brain region. Its current features are illustrated for some simple aspects of cerebral cortex development.
The Economic Impact of the Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Industry on Chicot County, Arkansas

Abstract This study analyzed the contribution of the catfish industry to the economy of Chicot County, Arkansas, using an input-output model. The objective was to quantify the economic contribution of the industry in terms of creating new dollars, jobs, and income to the local community. Mail surveys and personal interviews were used to collect data from catfish farmers, processors and other businesses related to the catfish industry. For farmers, the information solicited included production and marketing costs, sales and employment. Out of approximately 85 questionnaires administered to catfish farms, 44 usable questionnaires were obtained for a response rate of 52%. Businesses directly related to the catfish industry provided information on employment and sales and included: processors, seiners and haulers, pond builders, tractor and equipment dealers, and feed bin manufacturers. Other businesses with indirect ties to the catfish industry included: input supply companies, banks, fertilizer and chemical...
Towards high performance inverted polymer solar cells through interfacial reengineering

Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs) that can be fabricated by solution processing techniques are under intense investigation in both academic institutions and industrial companies because of their potential to enable mass production of flexible and cost-effective alternative to silicon-based solar cells. A combination of novel polymer development, nanoscale morphology control and processing optimization has led to over 8% of power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) for BHJ PSCs with a conventional device structure. Attempts to develop PSCs with an inverted device structure as required for achieving high PECs and good stability have, however, met with limited success. Here, we report that (1) solution-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film as an electron extraction layer for inverted polymer solar cells. Operated at room temperature, no obviously degradation was observed from the PSCs with ZnO layer after continuously illuminating the devices for 4 hours. However, a significantly degradation was observed from the PSCs without ZnO buffer layer after illuminating the devices only for 1 hour. Furthermore, PSCs with ZnO buffer layer also show very good shelf stability; only 10 % degradation observed in PCEs after 6 months; (2) a high PCE of 8.4% under AM1.5G irradiation was achieved for BHJ PSCs with an inverted device structure. This high efficiency was obtained through interfacial engineering of solution-processed electron extraction layer, ZnO, leading to facilitate electron transport and suppress bimolecular recombination. All these results provided an important progress for solution-processed PSCs, and demonstrated that PSCs with an inverted device structure are comparable with PSCs with the conventional device structure.