cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognition and Depression Following Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus and Globus Pallidus Pars Internus in Parkinson’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common, degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Individuals experience predominantly extrapyramidal symptoms including resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, gait abnormalities, cognitive impairment, depression, and neurobehavioral concerns. Cognitive impairments associated with PD are diverse, including difficulty with attention, processing speed, executive functioning, memory recall, visuospatial functions, word-retrieval, and naming. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or globus pallidus internus (GPi) is FDA approved and has been shown to be effective in reducing motor symptoms of PD. Studies have found that stimulating STN and GPi are equally effective at improving motor symptoms and dyskinesias; however, there has been discrepancy as to whether the cognitive, behavioral, and mood symptoms are affected differently between the two targets. The present study used random-effects meta-analytic models along with a novel p-curve analytic procedure to compare the potential cognitive and emotional impairments associated with STN-DBS in the current literature to those associated with GPi-DBS. Forty-one articles were reviewed with an aggregated sample size of 1622 patients. Following STN-DBS, small declines were found in psychomotor speed, memory, attention, executive functions, and overall cognition; and moderate declines were found in both semantic and phonemic fluency. However, GPi-DBS resulted in fewer neurocognitive declines than STN-DBS (small declines in attention and small-moderate declines in verbal fluency). With regards to its effect on depression symptomatology, both GPi-DBS and STN-DBS resulted in lower levels of depressive symptoms post-surgery. From a neurocognitive standpoint, both GPi-DBS and STN-DBS produce subtle cognitive declines but appears to be relatively well tolerated.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE RESPIRATORY MUTANTS OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA

Filtration-enrichment and inositol-less death methods of mutant isolation, coupled with a screen for cyanide-insensitive respiration, proved to be highly efficient methods for isolating temperature-sensitive (ts) nuclear Neurospora mutants having defective respiration. Eighteen different ts respiratory mutants have been isolated. Most of them are pleiotropic and defective in one or more of the following phenotypes: cytochrome aa3, b, and c (individual or multiple defects); oligomycin inhibition of ATPase activity; respiration and its inhibition by KCN and salicyl hydroxamic acid; and growth rates in liquid and solid media at 25° and 38°. Among these mutants are the first cytochrome c mutant of Neurospora and an extranuclear ts ATPase mutant. An added bonus was the fact that over half of the mutants were affected either in ribosome assembly or in protein synthesis in the mitochondrion. We have yet to find any mutants completely lacking activities associated with the respiratory chain. However, the wide spectrum of mutants isolated here, along with those currently available, constitutes a considerable resource for investigating respiration in obligate aerobes.
A model of the kinetics of macrocyclic BPA carbonate formation

Cyclic oligocarbonates are synthesized by two-phase interfacial reactions of aryl bischloroformates in the presence of an amine phase transfer catalyst and an alkali: nClOCOArOCOCl + 4nNaOH → (OArOCO)n + 2nNaCl + nNa2CO3 + 2nH2O. The organocarbonate product may be a macrocyclic oligomer or a linear chain polymer. A qualitative mechanism for this behavior has been proposed by Brunelle, Boden, and co-workers. Four steps are identifiable: activation of the aryl bischloroformate by the amine catalyst, hydrolysis of a portion of this intermediate at the aqueous/organic phase interface, oligomerization between activated and hydrolyzed moieties also at the interface, and chain terminating carbamate formation that leads to polymer. An important modification is made within the framework of the Brunelle and Boden mechanism. While the intramolecular cyclization reaction is formally second-order overall, it behaves as a first-order process. The kinetic constants for both this pseudo-first-order cyclization step and the corresponding second-order linearization step are simply related. It is speculated that the above relationship can be generalized for a whole class of pseudo-first- and second-order rate constants for similar macrocyclic reactions.
Seiberg-Witten-Floer stable homotopy type of three-manifolds with b_1=0

Using Furuta's idea of finite dimensional approximation in Seiberg-Witten theory, we refine Seiberg-Witten Floer homology to obtain an invariant of homology 3-spheres which lives in the S^1-equivariant graded suspension category. In particular, this gives a construction of Seiberg-Witten Floer homology that avoids the delicate transversality problems in the standard approach. We also define a relative invariant of four-manifolds with boundary which generalizes the Bauer-Furuta stable homotopy invariant of closed four-manifolds.
HydroCoil for Endovascular Aneurysm Occlusion (HEAL) Study: Periprocedural Results

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The HydroCoil Embolic System (HES) was developed to improve the efficacy of endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. The purpose of this study is to study the periprocedural results in patients with cerebral aneurysms treated with HES. METHODS: We report the initial periprocedural results in 191 cerebral aneurysms treated with HES in the HydroCoil for Endovascular Aneurysm Occlusion, or HEAL, study. Initial aneurysm occlusion and periprocedural complication rates were evaluated and compared with historical control data regarding aneurysms treated with platinum coils. RESULTS: An initial occlusion result of “complete” or “near-complete” was achieved in 91.8% of aneurysms. Periprocedural thromboembolic events occurred in 8.1% of aneurysms treated with neurologic deficits related to thromboemboli occurring in 2.1% of aneurysms treated. Intraprocedural aneurysm perforations occurred in 2.8% of previously ruptured aneurysms, and in 0% of previously unruptured aneurysms. CLUSION: The initial occlusion success and complication rate when HES is used to treat cerebral aneurysms is not significantly different from platinum coils. Follow-up angiography is currently being collected and will be evaluated to determine if use of the HES reduces the rate of aneurysm recurrence.
BPS kinks in the Gross-Neveu model

We find the exact spectrum and degeneracies for the Gross-Neveu model in two dimensions. This model describes N interacting Majorana fermions; it is asymptotically free, and has dynamical mass generation and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking. We show here that the spectrum contains 2^{N/2} kinks for any $N$. The unusual \sqrt{2} in the number of kinks for odd $N$ comes from restrictions on the allowed multi-kink states. These kinks are the BPS states for a generalized supersymmetry where the conserved current is of dimension N/2; the N=3 case is the {\cal N}=1 supersymmetric sine-Gordon model, for which the spectrum consists of 2\sqrt{2} kinks. We find the exact S matrix for these kinks, and the exact free energy for the model.
Beyond clusters: How regional geographic signature affects firm value and risk

Existing studies examining how geography affects firm outcomes primarily consider how clusters affect performance. We examine how regional geographic signature—industry clusters, regional economic diversity, region size, and regional innovativeness—affects firm value and systematic and unsystematic risk using a sample of publicly traded American bank holding companies. After controlling for endogeneity of clusters, we find that locating in large and innovative regions enhances firm value, while locating in clusters and diversifying into many regions reduces value. Clusters reduce systematic risk and increase unsystematic risk, while economic diversity and innovativeness increase systematic risk. Thus, geographic locales exert multifaceted influences on value and risk, and we need to consider more than industry clusters and geographic diversification when considering geographic influence. Copyright © 2013 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Resume Les travaux courants sur l'influence que la geographie a sur la performance de l'entreprise examinent surtout l'impact des concentrations sur la performance. Cette etude s'appuie sur un echantillon de societes de portefeuille bancaire americaines cotees en bourse pour se pencher sur la maniere dont la signature geographique regionale-concentrations de l'industrie, diversite de l'economie regionale, taille de la region et capacite de la region a innover-influe sur la valeur de la firme et sur le risque systematique et non systematique. Apres avoir neutralise le caractere endogene des concentrations, l'etude revele que les firmes installees dans de grandes regions innovantes gagnent en valeur tandis que les firmes installees dans les concentrations et diversifiees par regions en perdent. Les concentrations reduisent le risque systematique et augmentent le risque systematique, tandis que la diversite de l'economie et l'innovativite augmente le risque non systematique. Il s'ensuit que les milieux geographiques exercent des influences multiples sur la valeur et le risque. Par consequent, dans l'etude de l'influence geographique, il faut aller au-dela des concentrations de l'industrie et de la diversification geographique.
Defining and classifying AKI: one set of criteria

Over the last several years there have been consistent calls for a consensus definition and classification system for the syndrome now known as acute kidney injury (AKI) [1,2]. The major aim of such a system, it was argued, would be to bring this major intensive care syndrome to a standard of definition and a level of classification similar to that achieved by other common ICU syndromes (e.g. sepsis and acute lung injury). Following such advocacy and through the persistent work of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) group, such a system was developed through a broad consensus of experts [3]. The classification system that resulted is the RIFLE criteria, an acronym for three levels of severity: risk, injury and failure, and two outcomes: persistent acute renal failure termed loss and end-stage kidney disease. RIFLE was initially greeted with skepticism by both the critical care and nephrology communities. Concern was raised over the use of very small alterations in the serum creatinine and urine output and some objected to the use of an acronym instead of the numerical stages used in chronic kidney disease. Interestingly, others were concerned that a 50% increase in serum creatinine was too conservative and sought to demonstrate that even smaller changes were important [4]. However, the original publication of the RIFLE criteria has now been accessed more than 100 000 times [5] and RIFLE has become the most widely used definition of acute renal failure in both the critical care and nephrology literature [6–10]. The total number of patients included in studies validating RIFLE now exceeds 200 000. Thus, the goal of standardizing a definition and classification system for one of the most common ICU syndromes would appear to have been realized. However, standards do
Sensitivity effects of void density and arrangement in a REBO high explosive

The shock response of two-dimensional model high explosive crystals with various arrangements of circular voids is explored. We simulate a piston impact using molecular dynamics simulations with a Reactive Empirical Bond Order (REBO) model potential for a sub-micron, sub-ns exothermic reaction in a diatomic molecular solid. In square lattices of voids all of one size, reducing that size or increasing the porosity while holding the other parameter fixed causes the hotspots to consume the material more quickly and detonation to occur sooner and at lower piston velocities. The early time behavior is seen to follow a very simple ignition and growth model. The hotspots are seen to collectively develop a broad pressure wave (a sonic, diffuse deflagration front) that, upon merging with the lead shock, transforms it into a detonation. The reaction yields produced by triangular lattices are not significantly different. With random void arrangements, the mean time to detonation is 15.5% larger than with the square lattice; the standard deviation of detonation delays is just 5.1%.
Heterotopic pregnancy: incidental finding at a term cesarean delivery.

The diagnosis of a heterotopic pregnancy, the simultaneous occurrence of an intrauterine and ectopic gestation, is challenging. An incidence of 1 in 30 000 pregnancies has previously been reported;...
Heparanase-1 expression is associated with the metastatic potential of breast cancer

Abstract Background. Metastasis of malignant breast cells is in part mediated through degradation of the extra-cellular matrix by proteolysis, enabling malignant cells to migrate through the surrounding stroma. Heparanase-1 (HPR1) is an endoglycosidase that specifically degrades the heparan sulfate (HS) moiety of proteoglycans, a component of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. Methods. Fifty-one primary breast tumors, 13 lymph node metastases, 4 ductal carcinoma in situ, 7 benign, and 5 normal specimens were examined for HPR1 expression using immunohistochemical staining. The functional role of HPR1 expression was determined by examining HS deposition using immunofluorescence staining. Results. Sixteen of 30 breast carcinomas (53%) with sentinel node metastasis expressed HPR1. In contrast, only 5 of 21 nonmetastatic primary breast carcinomas (23%) were HPR1 positive. Eighteen of 30 breast carcinomas between 1 and 5 cm expressed HPR1, compared with 3 of 21 HPR1-positive specimens in tumors ≤1 cm. Statistical analysis revealed that HPR1 expression was associated with breast tumor metastases ( P =.04) and primary tumors between 1 and 5 cm ( P =.002). Ninety percent of HPR1-positive tumors lacked HS deposition, suggesting an inverse correlation between HPR1 expression and HS deposition. Conclusions. HPR1 expression correlates with the lack of HS deposition and with the metastatic potential of breast cancers. The frequency of HPR1 is significantly higher in breast tumors between 1 and 5 cm than in tumors ≤1 cm. (Surgery 2002;132:·326-33.)
Epicardial Perivascular Adipose-Derived Leptin Exacerbates Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome via a Protein Kinase C-β Pathway

Objective— Factors released by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) disrupt coronary endothelial function via phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase by protein kinase C (PKC)-β. However, our understanding of how PVAT potentially contributes to coronary disease as a complication of obesity/metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains limited. The current study investigated whether PVAT-derived leptin impairs coronary vascular function via PKC-β in MetS. Methods and Results— Coronary arteries with and without PVAT were collected from lean or MetS Ossabaw miniature swine for isometric tension studies. Endothelial-dependent vasodilation to bradykinin was significantly reduced in MetS. PVAT did not affect bradykinin-mediated dilation in arteries from lean swine but significantly exacerbated endothelial dysfunction in arteries from MetS swine. PVAT-induced impairment was reversed by inhibition of either PKC-β with ruboxistaurin (Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Ind) or leptin receptor signaling with a recombinant, pegylated leptin antagonist. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated increased PVAT-derived leptin and coronary leptin receptor density with MetS. Coronary PKC-β activity was increased in both MetS arteries exposed to PVAT and lean arteries exposed to leptin. Finally, leptin-induced endothelial dysfunction was reversed by ruboxistaurin. Conclusion— Increases in epicardial PVAT leptin exacerbate coronary endothelial dysfunction in MetS via a PKC-β-dependent pathway. These findings implicate PVAT-derived leptin as a potential contributor to coronary atherogenesis in MetS.
Studies to unravel some underlying mechanisms in nanodielectrics

The intense interest in nanocomposites in the last few years results from the documented enhancements in mechanical, thermal and electrical properties that are possible when particulates of nanometric scale are embedded in a polymer matrix. It has become clear that the primary reason for these improvements is the dominance of the internal interfacial surfaces which characterizes nanodielectrics of this form. This contribution seeks to employ a plurality of experimental methods (dielectric spectroscopy, thermally-stimulated currents, divergent-field spectrally-resolved electroluminescence and absorption current measurements) to shed some light on the relevant mechanisms responsible for the electrical characteristics observed. A cross-linked polyethylene/SiO2 system is used, where material formulation has allowed alteration of both the interfacial area (through particle size adjustment) and the chemical nature of the interface. The conclusion is reached, after assessment of the interrelationships between these techniques, that the internal surfaces at the interfaces have a profound effect on both the injection of charge and its subsequent migration through the structure.
Stage Presentation, Care Patterns, and Treatment Outcomes for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis

Purpose Penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare entity, with few published series on outcomes. We evaluated the stage distributions and outcomes for surgery and radiation therapy in a U.S. population database. Methods and Materials Subjects with SCC of the penis were identified using the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program database between 1988 and 2006. Descriptive statistics were performed, and cause-specific survival (CSS) was estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Comparisons of treatment modalities were analyzed using multivariate Cox regression. Subjects were staged using American Joint Committee on Cancer, sixth edition, criteria. Results There were 2458 subjects identified. The median age was 66.8 years (range, 17-102 years). Grade 2 disease was present in 94.5% of cases. T1, T2, T3, T4, and Tx disease was present in 64.8%, 17.1%, 9.5%, 2.1%, and 6.5% of cases, respectively. N0, N1, N2, N3, and Nx disease was noted in 61.6%, 6.9%, 4.0%, 3.7%, and 23.8% of cases, respectively. M1 disease was noted in 2.5% of subjects. Individuals of white ethnicity accounted for 85.1% of cases. Lymphadenectomy was performed in 16.7% of cases. The CSS for all patients at 5 and 10 years was 80.8% and 78.6%. By multivariable analysis grades 2 and 3 disease, T3 stage, and positive lymph nodes were adverse prognostic factors for CSS. Conclusion SCC of the penis often presents as early-stage T1, N0, M0, grade 1, or grade 2 disease. The majority of patients identified were treated with surgery, and only a small fraction of patients received radiation therapy alone or as adjuvant therapy.
Mechanisms of Phragmites australis invasion: feedbacks among genetic diversity, nutrients, and sexual reproduction

Summary 1. A fundamental challenge to invasion ecology is to determine what factors cause an exotic species to spread rapidly long after the initial introduction. The increase of a resource (e.g. nitrogen) could trigger an expansion, but in other instances, species have overcome biological limitations (e.g. an Allee effect) like accumulating sufficient genetic diversity for successful reproduction. Understanding the ecological mechanisms governing plant invasions, such as nutrient enrichment or Allee effects, can be used to improve invasive plant management. 2. We used the invasive, introduced grass Phragmites australis as a model to evaluate the role of nutrient enrichment and Allee effects in invasion. Based on recent studies that demonstrated the importance of sexual reproduction in this plant’s spread, we chose to focus our efforts on reproductive output. We examined the effects of patch-level genetic diversity on viable seed production across watersheds of the Chesapeake Bay, USA, with differing levels of anthropogenic development (a proxy for nutrient enrichment). In an outdoor mesocosm experiment, we treated Phragmites plants originating from forested and developed watersheds with elevated vs. ambient nutrients and cross vs. self-pollination and determined the effects on viable seed, floret and inflorescence production. 3. The proportion of viable seeds produced at field sites varied widely and was not directly related to watershed development. Instead, seed viability was positively related to patch-level genetic diversity, and patches in more developed watersheds had higher genetic diversity. Also, plants in larger patches produced a higher proportion of viable seeds. In the mesocosm experiment, seed viability was substantially higher for out-crossed plants. Elevated nutrients resulted in greater floret and inflorescence production, particularly for plants originating from developed vs. forested watersheds. 4. These findings have important management implications: small populations should be controlled before they accumulate sufficient genetic variation for prolific viable seed production, and landscape-scale nutrient management could further limit reproductive output. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our research shows how nutrient enrichment and a weak Allee effect can interact across multiple scales to impact invasion success and how understanding the ecological mechanisms governing plant invasions can be used to better inform invasive plant management.
Mouse Prostate Proteomes Are Differentially Altered by Supranutritional Intake of Four Selenium Compounds

We have shown that, in contrast to selenomethionine (SeMet) or selenite, methylseleninic acid (MSeA) and Se-methylselenocysteine (MSeC) exert prostate cancer (PCa) inhibitory effect in preclinical models. Here we investigated the prostate proteome signatures of mice treated with each selenium (Se) form for hypothesis generation concerning their potential in vivo molecular targets and cancer risk modification. Nude mice bearing subcutaneous PC-3 xenografts were treated daily with each Se form (3 mg Se/kg) orally for 45 days. Five prostates were pooled from each group. Their proteomes were profiled by LC-MS/MS with iTRAQ labeling. Of the 1,088 proteins identified, 72 were significantly modulated by one or more Se forms. MSeA and MSeC each induced separate sets of tumor suppressor proteins and suppressed different onco-proteins. Proteins induced by selenite and shared with MSeC were related to energy metabolism (e.g., fatty-acid synthase), and those induced by SeMet included vimentin and heat-shock protein-70, favoring cancer growth. While proteome changes induced by MSeA were associated with PCa risk reduction, desirable risk-reducing signatures induced by MSeC were counterbalanced by risk-promoting patterns shared with selenite and SeMet. We propose that the balance of oncogenic vs. suppressor protein patterns in the prostate may impact the direction of PCa risk modification by a given selenium.
Spontaneous rhabdomyosarcoma in a young Sprague-Dawley rat.

I Day MJ, Penhale WJ: An immunohistochemical study of canine disseminated aspergillosis. Aust Vet J 68:383386, 1991 2 Day MJ, Penhale WJ, Eger CE, Shaw SE, Kabay MJ, Robinson WF, Huxtable CRR, Mills JN. Wyburn RS: Disseminated aspergillosis in dogs. Aust Vet J 68:55-59, 1986 3 Greene CE, Chandler FW: Candidiasis. In: Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, ed. Greene CE, p. 726. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1990 4 Heptinstall RH: Pathology of the Kidney. vol. 11. pp. 9 16-9 18. Little, Brown and Co, Boston, MA, 1974 5 Jensen HE, Schonheyder H: Immunofluorescence staining of hyphae in the histopathological diagnosis of mycoses in cattle. J Med Vet Mycol 27:33-44, 1989 6 Kabay MJ, Robinson WF, Huxtable CRR, McAleer R: The pathology of disseminated .4spergllus terreus infection in dogs. Vet Pathol 22:540-547, 1985 7 Kaufman L: Laboratory methods for the diagnosis and confirmation of systemic rnycoses. Clin Infect Dis 14: 523-529, 1992 8 Lorenz MD: Integumentary infections. In: Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, ed. Greene CE, p. 197. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1984 9 Maxie M: The urinary system: In: Pathology of Domestic Animals, ed. Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, and Palmer N, 3rd ed., pp. 379-383. Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1985 10 Medleau L, Barsanti JA: Cryptococcosis. In: Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, ed. Greene CE, p. 692. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1990
Surface barriers on layer semiconductors: GaS, GaSe, GaTe

Surface barriers formed on the gallium-chalcogenide layer semiconductors GaS, GaSe and GaTe are studied by the photoresponse technique. The observed behavior is qualitatively similar to that of non-layer compounds.
The perils and prospects for an engaged anthropology. A view from the United States

In this article I will argue for the vital importance and urgent need for an engaged anthropology. There are a host of critical social issues that anthropologists are currently researching where our qualitative methodologies, in-depth field research, and knowledge of local languages and cultures give us vital insights into the sources of social problems and also potential remedies for some very pressing societal dilemmas. In the United States we have come to realise that we need to do three things as we become increasingly engaged with the world: first, transform our relations with the public in order to overcome entrenched stereotypes and foster current images that accurately depict anthropology today; second, continue to change our relations with the communities we work with, by attending to their concerns in formulating research questions and by viewing them as equal partners in carrying out research and educational activities; and third, work out effective ways of doing research on critical social issues that will expand the influence of anthropology in political arenas and policy debates. Engaging with policy experts, the public and the press can have its perilous side since we have to communicate our research findings more effectively and to overcome public perceptions about who anthropologists are and what we do. The public holds stereotypes of cultural anthropology, condensed images that reduce our work to what Micaela di Leonardo has termed ‘Halloween costumes’ (Di Leonardo 1998: 31). Many of these are images that are based on anthropology’s occupation of what Rolph Trouillot calls the ‘savage slot’ (Trouillot 1991), in other words the niche that the discipline long ago carved out for itself as the scientists who study the ‘primitives’. In the past we have been complicit in constructing at least one of these costumes: the one di Leonardo labels as ‘noble savage/noble anthropologist’ (1988: 32‐6). In other words, American anthropologists in the past often preferred to portray themselves as studying primitive cultures for what they could learn about their own contrasting customs better to understand or even reform themselves. The prototype of this trope is Margaret Mead’s Coming of age in Samoa (1928), in which Mead used an analysis of Samoan adolescence to critique American ways of dealing with puberty. But there are other stereotypes that many of us would reject. For example, there is the charge that anthropologists are really ‘barbarians at the gate’ (Di Leonardo 1988: 40‐3). In this stereotype, anthropologists are viewed as those who over-value the practices of other cultures, hawking cultural relativism to naive undergraduates and by implication denigrating the classics and western civilisation. This is a perspective often promulgated
Analysis of cardiovascular responses to the H2S donors Na2S and NaHS in the rat

H2S is a gaseous mediator that produces decreases in arterial pressure, heart rate, and at higher doses cardiac output. Systemic vascular resistance was decreased, and responses were not blocked by...
History of Rubber Research

Abstract After the discovery of the tapping of Hevea rubber trees in the middle of the eighteenth century and early technological applications of Hevea rubber, efforts to discover the chemical nature of rubber started with the determination of its elemental composition in 1826. Later it was shown that rubber pyrolysis yields low molecular weight chemicals with the identical elemental composition. It was long believed that these add to each other by “secondary valence bonds.” However Staudinger's work starting in 1920 proved that Hevea (H.) rubber consists of chains linked by covalent bonds. The utility of rubber increased dramatically with the discovery of vulcanization by Goodyear in 1844. However the nature of this process remained for many years controversial due to the influence of the “colloid school” of chemistry. The first observations on the nature of rubber elasticity date back to 1805, but more than a century passed before it was shown that the retractive force of stretched rubber is entropic. X...
Retinal Vein Occlusions Preferred Practice Pattern(®) Guidelines.

Retinal Vein Occlusions Preferred Practice Pattern® Guidelines New evidence-based Retinal Vein Occlusions Preferred Practice Pattern® (PPP) guidelines, discussing the prognosis and risk factors of retinal vein occlusions and the treatment options.
Characteristics of the infant arousal response

Arousal is considered to be an important response to a life-threatening stimulus. Recently, it has been shown that the infant arousal response to an elevated inspired CO2 level occurs as a sequence...
PCR in Diagnosis of Lyme Neuroborreliosis

A prospective study of 57 hospitalized patients with active neuroborreliosis (NB) and proved CSF antibodies was conducted using PCR for the detection of specific DNA in plasma, CSF and urine, at Faculty Hospital Bulovka; Charles University, Prague; and Hospital Nymburk, Czech Republic.
Heating-frequency-dependent thermal conductivity: An analytical solution from diffusive to ballistic regime and its relevance to phonon scattering measurements

The heating-frequency dependence of the apparent thermal conductivity in a semi-infinite body with periodic planar surface heating is explained by an analytical solution to the Boltzmann transport equation. This solution is obtained using a two-flux model and gray mean free time approximation and verified numerically with a lattice Boltzmann method and numerical results from the literature. Extending the gray solution to the nongray regime leads to an integral transform and accumulation-function representation of the phonon scattering spectrum, where the natural variable is mean free time rather than mean free path, as often used in previous work. The derivation leads to an approximate cutoff conduction similar in spirit to that of Koh and Cahill [Phys. Rev. B 76, 075207 (2007)] except that the most appropriate criterion involves the heater frequency rather than thermal diffusion length. The nongray calculations are consistent with Koh and Cahill's experimental observation that the apparent thermal conductivity shows a stronger heater-frequency dependence in a SiGe alloy than in natural Si. Finally these results are demonstrated using a virtual experiment, which fits the phase lag between surface temperature and heat flux to obtain the apparent thermal conductivity and accumulation function.
336 MILK PROTEIN, FAT, AND ENERGY LEVELS ARE HIGHER DURING EARLY LACTATION IN EWES WITH PRETERM VERSUS TERM DELIVERY.

Background We have previously reported higher protein and zinc levels in the milk of ewes delivered prematurely when compared with reference data for term ewe milk. We did not know, however, whether these differences would still be evident when compared with milk obtained from a contemporary cohort of ewes delivered at term. Purpose To compare protein, lactose, fat, and total energy content of preterm (PT) to term (T) ewe milk. Design Daily milk samples were obtained between 0 and 21 days postpartum from healthy ewes delivered preterm (131-133 days9 gestation) by cesarean section (PT, n = 7) and ewes allowed to deliver naturally at term (≈145 days, T, n = 8). Aliquots were taken from 24-hour collections with fresh samples used to determine total lipid content by the crematocrit technique. The crematocrit was performed in triplicate and averaged. The remaining samples were frozen at −70°C until analysis. Total protein and lactose (g/dL) values were determined at days 1 to 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21 by colorimetric assay and spectometry, respectively. Total energy (kcal/dL) was estimated from the sum of protein and lactose (4 kcal/g) and fat (9 kcal/g). Differences between PT and T ewe milk were determined by ANOVA with p ≤ .05. Results Overall, PT ewe milk had higher mean values for protein, lactose, fat, and energy (Table 1). Total protein levels were 1.5 to 3.0 times greater in PT milk from days 1 to 21, with the largest differences observed from days 1 to 10 (p = .001). Lactose, fat, and energy levels were 16%, 55%, and 50% higher, respectively, in PT versus T milk from days 2 to 17 (p ≤ .01). Conclusions Our findings confirm that premature delivery alters the nutrient composition of ewe milk during early lactation as evidenced by up to a threefold increase in total protein, fat, and, subsequently, total energy. Future work to determine whether greater protein and fat benefit PT lamb growth and overall nutrition status is needed.
Protein Homeostasis and Aging

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates on the need for precise mechanisms to maintain protein homeostasis and reviews the main components of the quality control systems—chaperones and proteases—and how they change with age. Protein quality control and maintenance of proteome homeostasis are tightly interconnected to the cellular response to stress. Alterations in protein homeostasis underlie the basis of severe human diseases of very different characteristics for which aging is an aggravating factor. All these age-related diseases have in common the presence of deposits of toxic protein products in the respective affected tissue. There has been growing interest in trying to enhance the mechanisms that contribute to protein quality control as a possible antiaging intervention and as treatment for these age-related disorders. The potential of this intervention resides in its universal nature, because independent of the harmful agent or misbehaving protein all cells count on common mechanisms to respond to cellular stress and proteotoxicity. Keys to this protection are the components of the protein quality control—chaperones and the proteolytic systems. Better molecular characterization of each of these pathways and extensive genetic evidence supporting the idea that manipulations in essential components of these pathways result in changes in longevity and life span further support the applicability of modifications in the activity of these pathways to regulate aging. One of the most exciting outcomes of the various manipulations aimed at enhancing the activity of the quality control system is the fact that changes in the activity of only one of these mechanisms have a beneficial effect beyond that expected by correcting a single arm of this antistress response.
Elements of Industrial Organization

There is always the issue of organization of industry (rather, the issue of efficient organization), whether or not there exists a formal subject called ‘industrial organization’ (Stigler, 1968). According to a later assessment of the subject (Phillips and Stevenson, 1974, p. 324), the principal concerns of industrial organization relate to the application of microeconomics ‘to the problem of monopoly, restraints of trade, and the public regulation and ownership of enterprise’. However, as the theme lends itself to multiple ramifications, there have been several additions to the issues (such as firm hierarchies and decentralization) and analytical methods or approaches (such as incomplete contracts theory, and applications of the economics of asymmetric information; see Chapters 3 and 4 for some of the details) for their analyses. The theory and practice of industrial organization forms a significant foundation for the development of the economics of transaction costs (TC). Historically, some of the foundations were laid during the pre-Second World War era to explain the economics of organization of markets and firms, and the determinants of firm boundaries. It took a few decades for the economics profession to appreciate the arguments of some of the early foundations. Coase (1937) raised and provided an explanation for the simple question: Why do firms exist?
University-company partnerships key to resolving outsourcing of U.S. jobs

Many analysts believe that industry-university partnerships in the U.S. similar to those between the Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding Association and American universities could help the U.S. electrical manufacturing industry recover from the loss of jobs overseas through the development of new innovations. Unfortunately, media outlets often fail to provide a balanced view of the outsourcing issue for many industries including the electrical and electronics manufacturing industry, thus creating public uncertainty regarding the import and export of U.S. jobs. This paper summarizes some of the outsourcing issues in the industry today, provides insights into how the electrical and electronics manufacturing industry could re-establish itself through relationships with institutions of higher education, and attempts to decipher the real story of outsourcing that our national media fails to report
A Reunion of East and West: Reflections on the Roots of Creative Arts Therapy and Traditional Chinese Medicine

Creative Arts Educ Ther (2016) 2(1):29–39DOI: 10.15534/CAET/2016/1/25 A Reunion of East and West: Reflections on the Roots of Creative Arts Therapy and Traditional Chinese Medicine 东西方再相聚：创造性艺术治疗和中国传统医学的根源反思 Krystal Demaine Endicott College, USA Abstract This article shares a reflection from a workshop conducted by four Creative Arts Therapy colleagues who live both across American and Beijing, China. The workshop explored a relationship between western practices of creative arts therapy (CAT) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Participants of the workshop included undergraduate students and members from a private liberal arts college. The arts based components of the workshop included musical sounds, movement, color, and painting. The deeply ancient and richly artistic Chinese culture maintains its roots in wellness and healing through the practice of TCM. Through the workshop presentation the relationship between TCM and CAT were discussed within the context of current western literature. The role of collaborative and experiential learning as a method of pedagogy within this workshop highlighted the interdisciplinary nature and hands on learning that is most salient to the study of CAT as well as TCM. The challenges and positives that can emerge within collaborative pedagogy are considered and discussed. Keywords: Creative Arts Therapy, pedagogy, collaboration, undergraduate students, traditional Chinese medicine 摘要 本文反映了一个由四位创造性艺术治疗同事组织的工作坊。他们均生活在美国和中国北 京。工作坊探索了西方创造性艺术治疗实践（CAT）和中国传统医学（TCM）的关系。 工作坊的参与者包括来自一所私立大学文科专业的学生和成员。 工作坊中艺术为基础的因素包括音乐、动作、颜色和绘画。深厚和丰富的中国古代艺术 文化通过中国传统医学保持了其丰富性和疗愈性。通过工作坊的展示，中国传统医学 （TCM）和西方创造性艺术治疗实践（CAT）的关系在当今西方文学的背景下得以讨 论。合作性和体验性学习作为该工作坊的教育方法，强调创造性艺术治疗和中国传统医 学中最突出的跨学科属性和实用性学习。本文还考虑并讨论了合作性教育中能够出现的 挑战和正面效应。 关键词: 创造性艺术治疗，教学，协作，本科生，中国传统医学
Data-driven analytics for cyber-threat intelligence and information sharing

Efficient analysis of shared Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) information is crucial for network risk assessment and security hardening. There is a growing interest in implementing a proactive line of defense through threat profiling. However, determining the resiliency of a particular network with respect to relevant threats reported in CTI shared data remains a challenge, largely due to the lack of semantics and contextual information present in textual representations of the threat knowledge. To overcome the limitations of existing CTI frameworks, we devise a threat analytics framework based on Web Ontology Language (OWL) for formal specification, semantic reasoning, and contextual analysis, allowing the derivation of network associated threats from large volumes of shared threat feeds. Our ontology represents constructs of Structured Threat Information eXpression (STIX) with the additional concepts of Cyber Observable eXpression (CybOX), network configurations, and Common Vulnerabilities and Exposure (CVE) for risk analysis and threat actor profiling. The framework provides an automated mechanism to investigate cyber threats targeting the network under question by classifying the threat relevance, determining threat likelihood, identifying the affected and exposed assets through formulated rules and inferences. We perform a comprehensive structural and conceptual evaluation of critical advanced persistent threats (APTs) collected from credible sources and determine their relevance and risk posed to realistic network case studies. Finally we show that the proposed framework is novel in the type of analytics it provides and outperforms other competing approaches in terms of efficiency and effectiveness.
The political uses of sport by the United States

Artiklen giver historiske eksempler fra USA, som illustrerer idraet som et korrelat til diplomati, hvordan kroppen er blevet brugt som en praksis af social kontrol, en praksis til at assimilere indvandrergrupper eller en made at tvinge koloniserede folk ind i et foreskrevet vaerdisystem.
The effect of sleep duration on exhaled nitric oxide levels in U.S. adults.

Poor sleep quality and duration are associated with systemic endothelial dysfunction. However, an association between poor sleep and pulmonary endothelial dysfunction has not been elucidated. We sought to determine if there is a relationship between sleep duration and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) concentrations as a surrogate for pulmonary endothelial function. We used three National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles (2007–2012). Linear regression models were built with and without adjustment for age, sex, race, BMI, asthma/bronchitis, CRP, smoking, folate, renal function, respiratory infections, and steroid use. To examine a non-linear relationship, we introduced a spline, with single knot at mean sleep duration (7 h). Of 13,173 participants (50.8% male, 44.2% Caucasian), 78% slept 6–8 hours (h). FeNO was significantly higher in the group sleeping 6–8 h (17.3 ± 14.9 ppb) than in the other two groups (16.0 ± 13.0 ppb, 15.9 ± 12.7 ppb for 8 h respectively; P < 0.001). In unadjusted linear regression, FeNO increased by 1.1 ppb for each hour increase in sleep up to 7 h (P < 0.001). Increased sleep duration beyond 7 h saw a 0.96 ppb decrease in FeNO (P < 0.001). After adjustment for confounders, FeNO increased by 1.09 ppb for each hour of sleep up to 7 h (P = 0.001) and decreased by 0.71 ppb for each hour after (P = 0.02). Sleeping less or more than 7 h is associated with pulmonary endothelial dysfunction as measured by FeNO. Further study is needed to evaluate mechanism(s) of this association and validity of FeNO as a marker of endothelial function.
On-Orbit Modeling and Identification for MACE

Abstract The Middeck Active Control Experiment (MACE) is a space shuttle flight experiment which flew on STS-67 in March, 1995. The objective of the experiment was to explore advanced control techniques to achieve high precision pointing and vibration control of future spacecraft. Modeling and identification methodologies are presented whose end results are models useful for modern control design techniques. These methodologies are validated using on-orbit experimental data from two configurations of the MACE test article, with limitations discussed based on flight experience. Nonlinearities, which were not anticipated before flight, are investigated by exciting the structure with different excitation amplitudes.
The State of Surgical Axillary Management and Adjuvant Radiotherapy for Early-stage Invasive Breast Cancer in the Modern Era

Abstract Background For clinical T1-2N0 breast cancer, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has been shown in American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0011 to be sufficient for women with 1 to 2 positive sentinel lymph nodes with no added benefit for completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Z0011 specified whole breast radiotherapy (RT) using standard tangential fields; however, later analysis showed variation in field design. We assessed nationwide practice patterns and examined factors associated with patients undergoing completion ALND and subsequent radiation field design. Patients and Methods Women with clinical T1-2N0 breast cancer who underwent breast-conserving surgery, axillary staging, and whole breast RT in 2012 to 2013 were identified in the National Cancer Database. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to examine axillary management and RT, adjusting for demographic and clinicopathologic factors. Results Among 83,555 patients meeting criteria, 9.3% underwent upfront ALND, 75.8% underwent SLNB only, and 14.9% underwent SLNB with completion ALND. From 2012 to 2013, upfront SLNB increased from 90.1% to 91.4% (odds ratio, 1.14; P P Conclusions Nationwide practice patterns of axillary management vary. Despite an increasing rate of SLNB, many patients still receive upfront and completion ALND. Furthermore, there is significant variation in RT field design, and modern treatment guidelines are warranted for this patient population.
Psychiatrist's changing role in a reformed delivery system: Adding value in accountable care organizations

The introduction of accountable care organizations (ACOs) and recently enacted health care reform legislation have the potential to transform our fragmented health care system, with efforts to advance behavioral health parity. Meeting the ACO triple aim to improve care quality and population health, while lowering health care costs, is not possible without fully integrating mental health and substance use care. This chapter outlines how psychiatrists are uniquely positioned to lead efforts to ensure adequate integration of behavioral health care concerns throughout ACOs, at an individual as well as a population level. Elements within an ACO requiring such behavioral health integration are reviewed, including identifying target populations, and use of health information technology, measurement-based care aimed at mental health and substance use, care management teams, and protocols for monitoring care quality and encouraging cost savings. The many roles of psychiatrists within an integrated care system are also discussed, from developing guidelines for identifying and monitoring behavioral health needs for a defined population to establishing evidence-based practice protocols. Psychiatrists are important members of the health care team, providing supervision, training, and consultation, as well as direct patient care. Experiences from Montefiore Medical Center’s ACO initiatives are outlined to provide a model for integrative care procedures and ways in which psychiatry can facilitate collaborative care efforts. Strategies for expanding successful integrative care approaches throughout the health care system are also discussed.