cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attenuation of coda waves in New England

Abstract Seismic wave attenuation was measured in New England from the time domain decay of coda wave amplitudes on narrow bandpass-filtered seismograms of local earthquakes. The frequency band of interest was 0.75 to 10 Hz. Q c ( f ) was found to increase with frequency across this band, but there was also a difference between the Q c ( f ) values for short ( t t > 100 sec) lapse times of coda wave propagation. For the short-lapse time data, corresponding to wave paths primarily in the upper crust, Q c ( f ) increases from 400 at 3 Hz to 1300 at 10 Hz. For the large-lapse time data, corresponding to wave paths in the lower crust and upper mantle, Q c ( f ) was found to vary from 660 at 1 Hz to 1500 at 10 Hz. If we interpret this dataset in terms of a model incorporating both scattering and anelastic attenuation, we find that the mean free path of seismic waves over this frequency band is 80 km for short-lapse times, and 400 km for long-lapse times. If we assume that scattering is entirely responsible for the observed attenuation, we find that the minimum mean free path for short-lapse times is about 75 km over all frequencies, whereas for long-lapse times, the minimum mean free path decreases from 400 km at 0.75 Hz to 90 km at 10 Hz.
Energy Cost Aware Scheduling of MapReduce Jobs across Geographically Distributed Nodes

MapReduce framework is designed to distribute computations among a large set of nodes. MapReduce implementation is typically designed to operate on nodes within a single cluster or data center, like Amazon’s Elastic MapReduce. However, there are benefits if one can choose a set of cloud providers, and use geographically distributed private and public clouds to execute a MapReduce job in a geo-distributed environment. In this poster, we present a technique to choose geographically distributed nodes for executing a MapReduce job with the objective of minimizing the total energy cost of completing the job while satisfying Quality of Service (QoS). We consider the MapReduce system in a geographically distributed environment that consists of Nd data nodes, Nm mapper nodes, and Nr reducer nodes. Each data node Di (1 ≤ i ≤ Nd) has an amount of input data di. Each data node is connected to every mapper node Mj (1 ≤ j ≤ Nd). Each mapper node j is connected to each reducer node Rk (1 ≤ k ≤ Nr). The compute rate of each mapper node Mj and each reducer node Rk are different. The electricity prices vary according to the location of MapReduce nodes [1]. The push, map, shuffle, and reduce phases are executed sequentially to complete a MapReduce job. We assume that there is a global barrier between the phases, which requires all nodes in one phase to complete execution before the execution at any node in the next phase can proceed. In our design, when a MapReduce job is submitted, we schedule all the necessary MapReduce nodes assuming that the regional electricity prices, the compute rates of MapReduce nodes, the bandwidth of links are known. The MapReduce user specifies the deadline constraint T that satisfies
Descriptions and Notes of New and Little Known Species of Trichoptera

During a study of the Trichoptera in the University of Minnesota collection several hitherto undescribed species have been encountered. Descriptions of these new species are here presented. I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Nathan Banks, Dr. Cornelius Betten and Dr. H. H. Ross, for checking these and many other species in the Minnesota collection. I am also greatly indebted to Dr. C. E. Mickel for his many helpful suggestions and advice.
THE AARDVARK AIS-R MANAGER'S AIDE: KNOWLEDGE BASED SUPPORT FOR AIR FORCE PROGRAM MANAGERS

The Aardvark AIS-R Manager's Aide is being built to help U.S. Air Force acquisition program managers in program monitoring and control. It's goal is to provide an active guide for program managers, by supplementing and reinforcing knowledge and guidance on sound program management, typically provided by formal training, printed guidelines, and on-the-job experience, with computer based tools which can
Liquid-Vapor Oscillating Flow and Heat Transfer in a U-Shaped Minichannel With Internal Wick Structure

Liquid-vapor oscillating flow and heat transfer in a vertically placed oscillating heat pipe (OHP) with a sintered particle wick structure inside are analyzed in this paper. The evaporation and condensation heat transfer coefficients are obtained by solving the microfilm evaporation and condensation on the sintered particles. The sensible heat transfer between the liquid slug and the channel wall are obtained by analytical solution or empirical correlations, depending on whether the liquid flow is laminar or turbulent. The effects of the maximum evaporation and condensation angles on the oscillatory flow, as well as sensible and latent heat transfer are analyzed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Strategy of Modified pH-stat and Unilateral vs Bilateral Antegrade Selective Cerebral Perfusion in Total Aortic Arch Replacement

OBJECTIVE The aims of this study are as follows: firstly, to observe the correlation between partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO_2) and the jugular bulb venous oxygen tension (PjvO_2); secondly, to evaluate the outcome of patients with strategy of modified pH-stat combined with alpha-stat, who suffered from Debakey type I aortic dissection and underwent the total aortic arch replacement.METHODS From June 2003 to March 2004, 16 patients who underwent total arch replacement were randomly allocated to one of two methods of brain protection: unilateral (unilateral group, n=8) or bilateral antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (bilateral group,n=8). During the operation, the strategy of modified pH-stat combined with alpha-stat was employed, and blood gas samples were drawn from membrane oxygenator as well as from jugular venous bulb. Preoperative and postoperative neurological examinations, such as cognitive function tests were performed.RESULTS A positive linear relationship between PaCO_2 and PjvO_2 was observed during deep hypothermia (unilateral: r=0.558, P=0.030; bilateral: r=0.560, P=0.046). All patients survived the operations and were discharged from hospital. No new brain infarction occurred. Transient neurologic dysfunction occurred in 1 patient of each group. There were no intergroup differences in the scores of cognitive function decline (unilateral group 5.525±5.6195; bilateral group 8.137±7.4396, P=0.441).CONCLUSION There is a positive relationship between PaCO_2 and PjvO_2. The strategy of pH-stat combined with alpha-stat is practical, feasible, and effective in the surgery of total aortic arch replacement.
The effect of foot landing position on biomechanical risk factors associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury

Identification of biomechanical risk factors associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury can facilitate injury prevention. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of three foot landing positions, “toe-in”, “toe-out” and “neutral”, on biomechanical risk factors for ACL injury in males and females. The authors hypothesize that 1) relative to neutral, the toe-in position increases the biomechanical risk factors for ACL injury, 2) the toe-out position decreases these biomechanical risk factors, and 3) compared to males, females demonstrate greater changes in lower extremity biomechanics with changes in foot landing position. Motion capture data on ten male and ten female volunteers aged 20–30 years (26.4 ± 2.50) were collected during double-leg jump landing activities. Subjects were asked to land on force plates and target one of three pre-templated foot landing positions: 0° (“neutral”), 30° internal rotation (“toe-in”), and 30° external rotation (“toe-out”) along the axis of the anatomical sagittal plane. A mixed-effects ANOVA and pairwise Tukey post-hoc comparison were used to detect differences in kinematic and kinetic variables associated with biomechanical risk factors of ACL injury between the three foot landing positions. Relative to neutral, landing in the toe-in position increased peak hip adduction, knee internal rotation angles and moments (p < 0.01), and peak knee abduction angle (p < 0.001). Landing in the toe-in position also decreased peak hip flexion angle (p < 0.001) and knee flexion angle (p = 0.023). Landing in the toe-out position decreased peak hip adduction, knee abduction, and knee internal rotation angles (all p < 0.001). Male sex was associated with a smaller increase in hip adduction moment (p = 0.043) and knee internal rotation moment (p = 0.032) with toe-in landing position compared with female sex. Toe-in landing position exacerbates biomechanical risk factors associated with ACL injury, while toe-out landing position decreases these factors.
Critical assessment of regression-based machine learning methods for polymer dielectrics

Abstract The design of new and improved materials for different applications of interest is boosted by combining computations or experiments with machine learning techniques. Materials scientists seek to use learning algorithms that can easily and efficiently be applied to their data in order to obtain quantitative property prediction models. Here, we utilize a first principles generated dataset of the electronic and dielectric properties of a chemical space of polymers to test different kinds of regression algorithms used by the machine learning community today. We explore several possibilities for the hyper-parameters that go into such learning schemes, and establish optimal strategies and parameters for high-fidelity polymer dielectrics property prediction models.
“People Just Don’t Understand”: Challenges Communicating Home Hospice Volunteer Role Experiences to Organizational Outsiders

Volunteers play a central part in the delivery of end-of-life care. Unlike other interdisciplinary team members, however, home hospice volunteers may face unique communication challenges when expla...
Photochemically assisted fast abiotic oxidation of manganese and formation of δ-MnO2 nanosheets in nitrate solution

This study introduces a new and previously unconsidered fast abiotic formation of Mn(iv) oxides. We report photochemically assisted fast abiotic oxidation of Mn2+ (aq) to Mn(iv) (s) by superoxide radicals generated from nitrate photolysis. This photochemical pathway generates randomly stacked layered birnessite (δ-MnO2) nanosheets.
When Neighboring States Disagree: Teaching Statutory Interpretation Through Client Letter Writing

This article discusses the use of statutes from two neighboring jurisdictions in teaching statutory interpretation. It explains how to teach students that the same statutory term may be interpreted differently, depending on the jurisdiction. It also explains how to use the exercise to teach tools of statutory construction.
Cognitive Dysfunction Is Associated with Greater Imbalance and Falls in Essential Tremor.

Background: Essential tremor (ET) is not exclusively a tremor disorder; it is also associated with cognitive and gait dysfunction. However, a gap in knowledge is that the relationship between cognitive and gait dysfunction has not been studied in detail in ET. We examined the relationship between cognition and balance and falls in ET, and hypothesized that cognitive dysfunction in ET patients would be associated with greater problems with balance and more falls. Methods: ET cases were recruited into the Clinical-pathological Study of Cognition in Essential Tremor. A comprehensive cognitive assessment was performed. This included the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to measure global cognition, multiple motor-free tests comprehensively assessing performance in each cognitive domain, and an assignment of Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scores. We collected data on the number of reported falls in the past year, and balance confidence was assessed using the six-item Activities of Balance Confidence Scale. These cross-sectional analyses utilized baseline data. Results: There were 199 ET cases (mean age 78.6 years). In linear regression models that considered the effects of numerous confounding variables, lower global cognition (poorer cognition) was associated with greater number of falls and reduced balance confidence (p<0.05). In similar adjusted linear regression models, higher CDR score (poorer functional cognition) was associated with greater number of falls and reduced balance confidence (p<0.05). We also assessed whether number of falls and balance confidence was associated with performance in specific cognitive domains. Number of falls was most closely linked with performance on tests of executive function, and balance confidence, with executive function, attention and memory. Conclusions: These data indicate that a correlate of poorer cognition in ET is greater number of falls and lower balance confidence. Cognition should enter the dialog with ET patients as an issue of clinical significance.
How does a Grand Challenge Become Displaced? Explaining the Duality of Field Mobilization

“Grand challenges” are complex problems with far-reaching societal implications that lack a clear solution. To make progress, diverse communities often coalesce around an ambitious field goal. However, many field initiatives fall short of their initial objectives. When fields mobilize for a grand challenge, what inhibits them from realizing their intended ambitions? This is a critical question not only for grand challenges, but also for institutional theory, which tends to focus on field mobilization rather than on how goals are pursued over time. Field scholars often assume stable participants with goals that easily translate into actions, but fields are dynamic and unlikely to comply with these assumptions. With a longitudinal, multimethod study of the nanotechnology field, we examined how five communities mobilized and pursued the grand challenge of creating molecular manufacturing from 1986 to 2005. We identify a key duality of mobilization: the very strategies employed to successfully mobilize divers...
Pig model mimicking chronic hepatitis E virus infection in immunocompromised patients to assess immune correlates during chronicity

Chronic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a significant clinical problem in immunocompromised individuals such as organ transplant recipients, although the mechanism remains unknown because of the lack of an animal model. We successfully developed a pig model of chronic HEV infection and examined immune correlates leading to chronicity. The conditions of immunocompromised patients were mimicked by treating pigs with an immunosuppressive regimen including cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisolone. Immunocompromised pigs infected with HEV progressed to chronicity, because 8/10 drug-treated HEV-infected pigs continued fecal virus shedding beyond the acute phase of infection, whereas the majority (7/10) of mock-treated HEV-infected pigs cleared fecal viral shedding at 8 wk postinfection. During chronic infection, serum levels of the liver enzyme γ-glutamyl transferase and fecal virus shedding were significantly higher in immunocompromised HEV-infected pigs. To identify potential immune correlates of chronic infection, we determined serum levels of cytokines and cell-mediated immune responses in pigs. Results showed that HEV infection of immunocompromised pigs reduced the serum levels of Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IL-12, and Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, particularly during the acute phase of infection. Furthermore IFN-γ–specific CD4+ T-cell responses were reduced in immunocompromised pigs during the acute phase of infection, but TNF-α–specific CD8+ T-cell responses increased during the chronic phase of infection. Thus, active suppression of cell-mediated immune responses under immunocompromised conditions may facilitate the establishment of chronic HEV infection. This pig model will aid in delineating the mechanisms of chronic HEV infection and in developing effective therapeutics against chronic hepatitis E.
Magnetic Extraction of Acinetobacter baumannii Using Colistin-Functionalized γ-Fe2O3/Au Core/Shell Composite Nanoclusters

Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative bacterium of increasing concern due to its virulence and persistence in combat and healthcare environments. The incidence of both community-acquired and nosocomial A. baumannii infections is on the rise in foreign and domestic healthcare facilities. Treatment options are limited due to the acquisition of multidrug resistance to the few effective antibiotics. Currently, the most effective pharmaceutically based treatment for multidrug-resistant A. baumannii infections is the antibiotic colistin (polymyxin E). To minimize side effects associated with administration of colistin or other toxic antimicrobial agents, we propose the development of a nanotechnology-mediated treatment strategy. In this design-based effort, colistin-functionalized multilayered, inorganic, magnetoplasmonic nanoconstructs were fabricated to bind to the surface of A. baumannii. This result, for the first time, demonstrates a robust, pharmaceutical-based motif for high affinity, composite nano...
Modeling the marvel everyfan: Agent coulson and/as transmedia fan culture

This article contends that the transmedia franchising model pioneered by the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) has worked to structurally produce an industry-approved conception of an everyfan. This transmedia everyfan, modeled as an avid consumer, collector and completist, importantly privileges stereotypically male-dominated modes of fan engagement, and works to contain or circumvent the transformative textual work performed predominantly by female fans. Though a close (para)textual analysis, this article uses the character of S.H.I.E.L.D Agent Phil Coulson as an allegorical lens to consider how transmedia fan participation is constructed, valued, and gendered in our current franchise-heavy mediascape.
Nature and origins of the lexicon in 6-mo-olds

Recent research reported the surprising finding that even 6-mo-olds understand common nouns [Bergelson E, Swingley D (2012) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:3253–3258]. However, is their early lexicon structured and acquired like older learners? We test 6-mo-olds for a hallmark of the mature lexicon: cross-word relations. We also examine whether properties of the home environment that have been linked with lexical knowledge in older children are detectable in the initial stage of comprehension. We use a new dataset, which includes in-lab comprehension and home measures from the same infants. We find evidence for cross-word structure: On seeing two images of common nouns, infants looked significantly more at named target images when the competitor images were semantically unrelated (e.g., milk and foot) than when they were related (e.g., milk and juice), just as older learners do. We further find initial evidence for home-lab links: common noun “copresence” (i.e., whether words’ referents were present and attended to in home recordings) correlated with in-lab comprehension. These findings suggest that, even in neophyte word learners, cross-word relations are formed early and the home learning environment measurably helps shape the lexicon from the outset.
Using a multi-state Learning Community as an implementation strategy for immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception

Implementation strategies are imperative for the successful adoption and sustainability of complex evidence-based public health practices. Creating a learning collaborative is one strategy that was part of a recently published compilation of implementation strategy terms and definitions. In partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other partner agencies, the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials recently convened a multi-state Learning Community to support cross-state collaboration and provide technical assistance for improving state capacity to increase access to long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) in the immediate postpartum period, an evidence-based practice with the potential for reducing unintended pregnancy and improving maternal and child health outcomes. During 2015–2016, the Learning Community included multi-disciplinary, multi-agency teams of state health officials, payers, clinicians, and health department staff from 13 states. This qualitative study was conducted to better understand the successes, challenges, and strategies that the 13 US states in the Learning Community used for increasing access to immediate postpartum LARC. We conducted telephone interviews with each team in the Learning Community. Interviews were semi-structured and organized by the eight domains of the Learning Community. We coded transcribed interviews for facilitators, barriers, and implementation strategies, using a recent compilation of expert-defined implementation strategies as a foundation for coding the latter. Data analysis showed three ways that the activities of the Learning Community helped in policy implementation work: structure and accountability, validity, and preparing for potential challenges and opportunities. Further, the qualitative data demonstrated that the Learning Community integrated six other implementation strategies from the literature: organize clinician implementation team meetings, conduct educational meetings, facilitation, promote network weaving, provide ongoing consultation, and distribute educational materials. Convening a multi-state learning collaborative is a promising approach for facilitating the implementation of new reimbursement policies for evidence-based practices complicated by systems challenges. By integrating several implementation strategies, the Learning Community serves as a meta-strategy for supporting implementation.
Neuropsychiatric Significance of Subcortical Encephalomalacia: Implications for Mood Disorders

Subcortical hyperintensity (foci of increased signal on T2-weighted MR imaging) is associated with aging, vascular disease, and overall medical burden. Pathological data suggest that subcortical hyperintensity reflects the effects of brain hypoperfusion to subcortical regions. In otherwise healthy aging adults, the severity of subcortical hyperintensity is associated with dysequilibrium, cognitive dysfunction, and changes in brain function (decreased coherence, regional cerebral blood flow, and cerebral metabolism). Subcortical hyperintensity is also associated with mood disorders, particularly major depression in the elderly (especially of late-age onset) and possibly also major depression and bipolar disorder in nonelderly populations. In these patients, subcortical hyperintensity is predictive of cognitive dysfunction and possibly also treatment outcomes.
Kinetics of Gas Formation from Cellulose and Wood Pyrolysis

The rates for decomposition of both cellulose and wood (Douglas fir sawdust) have been examined by monitoring the transient formation of gaseous species. Since no significant difference was detected in the rate constants as determined by monitoring separately all major gaseous products,1 recent work has concentrated on measurement of only carbon monoxide, which is one of the principal gaseous reaction products over the temperature range studied. The rates obtained for cellulose decomposition by measuring carbon monoxide compare favorably with those determined by Min2 when measuring total volatile formation. Weight loss data, obtained by Bradbury et al.3 under vacuum conditions, showed faster reaction rates, indicating that pressure (in this case atmospheric) may suppress the volatiles forming reaction.
Mini Symposium: High Performance Data Mining

The current decade has seen an explosive growth in database technology and the amount of data collected. This has created an unprecedented opportunity for ”data mining,” which is a process of efficient supervised or unsupervised discovery of interesting information hidden in the data. The focus of this symposium is to bring together experts from the academia and the industry, including reseachers and practitioners, to discuss issues in this important area. Owing to the huge size of data and computation involved in data mining algorithms, parallel processing is often considered an essential component for a successful data mining solution - which will be a special emphasis of the symposium. Talks in this mini-symposium will cover both the current state-of the-practice as well as state-of-the-research in data mining. A highlight of the symposium is a panel discussion on the theory and practice of data mining.
Comparing vasopressin and oxytocin fiber and receptor density patterns in the social behavior neural network: Implications for cross-system signaling

Vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) regulate social behavior by binding to their canonical receptors, the vasopressin V1a receptor (V1aR) and oxytocin receptor (OTR), respectively. Recent studies suggest that these neuropeptides may also signal via each other's receptors. The extent to which such cross-system signaling occurs likely depends on anatomical overlap between AVP/OXT fibers and V1aR/OTR expression. By comparing AVP/OXT fiber densities with V1aR/OTR binding densities throughout the rat social behavior neural network (SBNN), we propose the potential for cross-system signaling in four regions: the medial amygdala (MeA), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTp), medial preoptic area, and periaqueductal grey. We also discuss possible implications of corresponding sex (higher in males versus females) and age (higher in adults versus juveniles) differences in AVP fiber and OTR binding densities in the MeA and BNSTp. Overall, this review reveals the need to unravel the consequences of potential cross-system signaling between AVP and OXT systems in the SBNN for the regulation of social behavior.
Patient preferences on the use of technology in cancer surveillance after curative surgery: A cross-sectional analysis.

Abstract Background Advances in communication technology have enabled new methods of delivering test results to cancer survivors. We sought to determine patient preferences regarding the use of newer technology in delivering test results during cancer surveillance. Methods A single institutional, cross-sectional analysis of the preferences of adult cancer survivors regarding the means (secure digital communication versus phone call or office visit) to receive surveillance test results was undertaken. Results Among 257 respondents, the average age was 59.1 years (SD 13.5) and 61.8% were female. Common malignancies included melanoma/sarcoma (29.5%), thyroid (25.7%), breast (22.8%), and gastrointestinal (22.0%) cancer. Although patients expressed a relative preference to receive normal surveillance results via MyChart or secure e-mail, the majority preferred abnormal imaging (87.2%) or blood results (85.9%) to be communicated by in-office appointments or phone calls irrespective of age or cancer type. Patients with a college degree or higher were more likely to prefer electronic means of communication of abnormal blood results compared with a telephone call or in-person visit (odds ratio 2.18, 95% confidence interval: 1.01–4.73, P 65 years were more likely to express a preference for telephone or in-person communication of normal imaging results (odds ratio: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.16–3.56, P Conclusion Although many cancer patients preferred to receive “normal” surveillance results electronically, the majority preferred receiving abnormal results via direct conversation with their provider. Shifting routine communication of normal surveillance results to technology-based applications may improve patient satisfaction and decrease health care system costs.
A practical guide to test blueprinting

A test blueprint describes the key elements of a test, including the content to be covered, the amount of emphasis allocated to each content area, and other important features. This article offers practical guidelines for developing test blueprints. We first discuss the role of learning outcomes and behavioral objectives in test blueprinting, and then describe a four-stage process for creating test blueprints. The steps include identifying the major knowledge and skill domains (i.e. competencies); delineating the specific assessment objectives; determining the method of assessment to address those objectives; and establishing the amount of emphasis to allocate to each knowledge or skill domain. The article refers to and provides examples of numerous test blueprints for a wide variety of knowledge and skill domains. We conclude by discussing the role of test blueprinting in test score validation, and by summarizing some of the other ways that test blueprints support instruction and assessment.
On the Summarization of Consumer Health Questions

Question understanding is one of the main challenges in question answering. In real world applications, users often submit natural language questions that are longer than needed and include peripheral information that increases the complexity of the question, leading to substantially more false positives in answer retrieval. In this paper, we study neural abstractive models for medical question summarization. We introduce the MeQSum corpus of 1,000 summarized consumer health questions. We explore data augmentation methods and evaluate state-of-the-art neural abstractive models on this new task. In particular, we show that semantic augmentation from question datasets improves the overall performance, and that pointer-generator networks outperform sequence-to-sequence attentional models on this task, with a ROUGE-1 score of 44.16%. We also present a detailed error analysis and discuss directions for improvement that are specific to question summarization.
Obesity and the Critically Ill Cirrhotic Patient

The presence of obesity raises challenges in the care of critically ill patients with cirrhosis. Although body mass index (BMI) has long been used to define obesity in the clinical setting, BMI calculation is an imperfect technique that does not capture excess ascitic volume, fat distribution, and muscle depletion (identified as sarcopenia), especially among patients with end-stage liver disease. Through physiology of upregulated, systemic inflammation and the secretion of cytokines and adipokines into circulation, excess adiposity directly affects functions of multiple organ systems and adds insult to critical illness. Obesity and mortality outcomes display a “U”- or “J”-shaped curve that has been termed the “obesity paradox” and suggests that higher classes of obesity grant survival advantage to patients in the intensive care unit. However, increased BMI has also been shown to be an independent predictor for liver decompensation and its complications, including infection, sepsis, and organ failure. Management of critical illness in the obese patient requires consideration of medication dosing, fluid resuscitation, and mechanical ventilation. Given complications in cirrhosis, a growing body of literature has evaluated the impact of obesity on liver transplantation as well. The assessment of nutrition status and strategy in therapy also must account for the complex interaction among obesity, critical illness, and liver disease.
Active Learning Strategies and Competency-Based Design in Research Education: A Longitudinal Review.

This paper describes the long-term re-development of an introductory graduate research methods course. The initial design is presented, followed by the two re-design phases. Phase 2 introduced additional inquiry-based strategies such as concept mapping and multiple levels of peer collaboration. Phase 3 incorporated competency-based techniques as well as additional technical, social, and instructional support. Assessment results, student feedback, moderate to strong relationships between scores on key assessments, and design principles support the assertion that the Phase 3 course is an improvement over the Phase 1 version. Limitations and further research are presented.
Embrace it, accept it, or fight like hell: understanding diverse responses to extractive industrial development

This article considers why some people welcome externally imposed resource extractive development projects while seemingly similar others vehemently reject them. Informed by an understanding of human cultural and political undertakings as components of complex and conjoined systems that are simultaneously social and ecological, I identify economic, political, environmental, and cultural experiences and values that guide individuals’ decisions to embrace, accept, or oppose extractive industry. Drawing on recent ethnographic research in northeastern British Columbia—where First Nations and Euro-Canadian citizens concurrently confront ongoing logging, extensive oil and gas extraction, construction of a third massive hydroelectric dam, and renewed metallurgical coal mining—I suggest that diverse responses are significantly influenced by whether or not individuals perceive extractive industry as having adverse economic effects, the level of trust they place in governmental decision making, and whether or not they connect extractive industry to injustice and violations of citizens’ rights. In an era of unprecedented human impact, I ultimately argue, local outcomes of global resource extraction debates have an important role to play in shaping the future of our societies and our world.
What is the most ``non-point'' gravitating or electrically charged object?

In this paper we search the shape of an aspherical body and the direction in space, for which the greatest deviations from the point mass field (the difference from the inverse-square law) take place for large distances from the field source. It turns out to be a system of two equal point-like masses at the poles of a fixed sphere (giving the greatest positive deviations from the point mass field) and uniform distribution of point-like masses (discrete or continuous) around the sphere equator (giving the greatest negative deviations from the point mass field). In these cases the extremal direction of the field measurement respectively passes through point-like particles and coincides with the axis of symmetry of a ring, which is perpendicular to its plane. Our numerical estimations show that any body can be considered with reasonable accuracy (the relative error in the determination of the field strength is less than $5 \%$ ) as point-like mass if the distance to the observation point is more than an order of magnitude larger than its characteristic sizes. The problem considered in this paper can help readers to probe the limits of applicability of the field point source model.
Robust Pricing in Non-Clairvoyant Dynamic Mechanism Design

Dynamic mechanisms offer powerful techniques to improve on both revenue and efficiency by linking sequential auctions using state information, but these techniques rely on exact distributional information of the buyers’ valuations (present and future), which limits their use in learning settings. In this paper, we consider the problem of contextual auctions where the seller gradually learns a model of the buyer's valuation as a function of the context (e.g., item features) and seeks a pricing policy that optimizes revenue. Building on the concept of a bank account mechanism – a special class of dynamic mechanisms that is known to be revenue-optimal – we develop a non-clairvoyant dynamic mechanism that is robust to both estimation errors in the buyer's value distribution and strategic behavior on the part of the buyer. We then tailor its structure to achieve a policy with provably low regret against a constant approximation of the optimal dynamic mechanism in contextual auctions. Our result substantially improves on previous results that only provide revenue guarantees against static benchmarks.
Telemedicine for the Spine Surgeon in the Age of COVID-19: Multicenter Experiences of Feasibility and Implementation Strategies.

Study design:Multicenter study.Objectives:The COVID-19 pandemic has obligated physicians to recur to additional resources and make drastic changes regarding the standard physician-patient encounter...
Prosecutors and their Legislatures, Legislatures and their Prosecutors

This chapter explores the often-pathological relationship between prosecutors and legislatures and considers fiscal pressure as an important antidote to the pathology. Institutional incentives between prosecutors and legislatures align in a way quite different than the classic separation-of-powers story. Rather, legislatures are well served to empower prosecutors as much as possible by making criminal law broad and deep. And with respect to substantive criminal law, prosecutors have been enormously empowered. Prosecutors are not merely passive recipients of such power but indeed actively lobby for it — often quite successfully. But fiscal pressures can provide a cross-cutting pressure for legislatures, particularly at the state level where many governments must balance their budgets. Thus, sentencing law sometimes finds legislatures refusing prosecutors’ requests for ever longer or mandatory minimum sentences because longer sentences are expensive; this is especially true where sentencing commissions provide legislatures with meaningful data on costs of particular proposals. Criminal procedure has recently found progressive prosecutors leading the way toward defendant-friendly reforms such as using unaffordable cash bail less frequently and providing defendants with more discovery than is required by law. In these spaces, county prosecutors have provided laboratories of experimentation that led the way toward broader statewide reforms.
De bosques, sueños, galaxias y mares: poemas y narrativas para niños y adolescentes

Hablar de literatura infantil y juvenil en Latinoamerica es hablar de la historia del mestizaje, la geografia y la cultura de nuestras naciones. Las fronteras culturales latinoamericanas, con distintivos rasgos geograficos, han dado pie a la creacion de una literatura para ninos y una literatura juvenil permeada por la riqueza linguistica e historica de nuestras naciones; la que, inclusive, ha llegado hasta la creacion de espacios siderales en los cuales los ninos puedan sonar. Latinoamerica no puede ni debe ser vista como un conglomerado homogeneo de naciones, puesto que la diversidad linguistica y cultural de los paises que la conforman va mucho mas alla de la idea generalizadora que se ha creado de estas naciones. Todo este conjunto de naciones heterogeneas ha creado una literatura infantil que, si bien se ha arraigado en las culturas regionales latinoamericanas, tambien se ha universalizado. Por ende, no es de extranar que en la literatura infantil se destaquen una serie de temas, que no solo se adhieren a distintos aspectos regionales, sino que asimismo se mezclan con elementos tematicos que son tambien parte de literaturas infantiles y juveniles mundiales. Todos estos temas son parte fundamental de los poemas y cuentos que se estudian en este trabajo, cuyas tematicas giran en torno a las imagenes de la fauna y la flora latinoamericana y viajes intergalacticos. Asimismo, los temas se interrelacionan con topicos contemporaneos, como la sexualidad, la marginacion, la destruccion del ambiente y el acoso personal; temas no muy tratados en la literatura para ninos latinoamericana.
Foreign bodies of body orifices: A pictorial review.

Abstract Introduction Ingestion, inhalation, and insertion of foreign bodies (FB) are commonly encountered problems in the emergency departments (ED). Radiologists pay a key role in their diagnosis and management. Selecting an appropriate imaging modality is important depending on the route of entry and reported type of FB. Diagnosing FB is time sensitive and requires radiologists to be astute and familiar with varied imaging appearances of FB. In this article, we review imaging features of most common FB seen in clinical practice and their complications. Teaching points • Clinical presentation of FB ingestion, insertion, or aspiration. • Imaging features of common FB encountered in emergency departments. • Management of common FB and role of radiologists in such scenarios. • Complications of frequently encountered FB. Summary FB in body orifices are frequently seen in the ED. Imaging plays a pivotal role in the management in majority of the cases. In this article, we present several cases of commonly encountered FB.
Detrimental Effects of the “Business Case for Diversity” for Underrepresented Groups’ Belonging

Many organizations provide explanations for why diversity matters. How do these affect underrepresented groups? We investigated the content, prevalence, and consequences of two organizational justi...
Sodium-dependent amino acid transport in preimplantation mouse embryos. III. Na+-k+-atpase-linked mechanism in blastocysts.

Abstract Mouse blastocysts collapse in cytochalasin B (CB), reexpand (accumulate fluid) in control medium, but cannot reexpand in ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+K+-ATPases. These ATPases, then, seem to be necessary for fluid accumulation in blastocysts. Since intact blastocysts are relatively insensitive to ouabain, CB seems to make it possible for ouabain to reach the Na+K+-ATPases localized on the blastocoelic surface. CB-Collapsed blastocysts were found to transport alanine and lysine at the same rate as intact blastocysts, indicating that, in 1 hr, amino acids are transported into the cells of the intact blastocyst, and not into the fluid-filled blastocoel. Transport rates in CB-collapsed blastocysts do not exceed those in intact blastocysts, suggesting that hypothetical amino acid carriers are located only on the external blastocyst surface. Most important, ouabain strongly inhibits sodium-dependent alanine transport in CB-collapsed blastocysts, but not in intact blastocysts, providing strong evidence that Na+K+-ATPases, localized on the blastocoelic surface, are necessary for this transport. Ouabain does not inhibit sodium-independent lysine transport in CB-collapsed blastocysts. Thus, the dependency of both sodium-dependent amino acid transport and fluid accumulation upon Na+K+-ATPases, and the separate localization of amino acid carriers and these ATPases, provides functional evidence for an epithelial tissue type of mechanism for sodium-dependent amino acid transport in mouse blastocysts.
Screening Gender on Children's Television: The Views of Producers around the World

@contents: Selected Contents: List of figures Acknowledgements The Journey: A Preface Chapter 1. Gender representations and their socializing role: What do we already know? Chapter 2. Studying producers of quality television around the globe: Methodological issues Chapter 3. What does gender mean? Understanding gender in cultural context Chapter 4. The big no-no: Sex and sexualities Chapter 5. The segregated workplace and the implied audience Chapter 6. Gender representations in children's television: Eight working principles for change Chapter 7. Beyond the principles: Concluding notes on changing gender representations References Annotated program and film index Author index Topic index
Real-time two-photon fluorescence microscopy of blood flow dynamics following photothrombotic stroke in rat neocortex

We use two-photon microscopy to observe changes in blood flow after localized photothrombotic clotting of individual blood vessels in rat neocortex. We find that flow reverses direction downstream from clotted arterioles, thereby maintaining tissue perfusion.
Which Prospective Immigrants are Political Communities Morally Obliged to Include

This paper begins by applying two “adverse impact theories of inclusion” in the literature in democratic theory to the situation of members of communities that have been shaped by U.S. intervention that later decide to immigrate to the United States. Both theories can be applied to respond to adverse impact claims arising from the solicitation of migrant laborers to serve the public interests of wartime production and infrastructure development. But they do not adequately address positive claims to inclusion by non-citizens who are already contributing to the welfare of the community they wish to join by supporting U.S. interests abroad or participating in civic initiatives as unauthorized residents. I argue that the contributions of both groups should be recognized as the basis for a priority claim to inclusion as legal permanent residents and eventual citizens of the United States.
Athletics and the Student Body

(1929). Athletics and the Student Body. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 147-150.
Nitrosamine-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli K12 (343/113): 1. mutagenic properties of certain aliphatic nitrosamines

Abstract The Escherichia coli K12 (343/113) test system developed by G. Mohn was used to detect the mutagenic activity induced by a group of aliphatic nitresamines. Metabolic activation was incorporated into the assay by the addition of liver homogenates induced in either Sprague—Dawley rats or C 3 H mice with the addition of 0.1% phenobarbital to the drinking water. Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) was mutagenic upon metabolic activation and exhibited a preference to revert the missense mutation at the arginine locus. NDEA was also capable of inducing the forward mutation, selected as an ability to utilize galactose. NDEA was converted effectively into a mutagen in a time period of 30 min to 2 h. Metabolic activation with the mouse and rat liver preparations did not result in quantitative differences. Aliphatic nitrosamines that gave unexpected results with the Salmonella assay [4–10] were examined in the E. coli system. Nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA) and nitrosodiallylamine (NDAA) were mutagenic in both E. coli and Salmonella. Nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA) was not mutagenic in Salmonella but was mutagenic in E. coli , and a strong carcino.
Retaining Staff Employees: The Relationship Between Human Resources Management Strategies and Organizational Commitment

Organizational behavior studies suggest that employee retention is dependent upon levels of organizational commitment. This study focused on the potential influence that human resources management (HRM) strategies have on organizational commitment levels among staff employees. The study collected data on human resources practices at thirty-four public institutions of higher education. In addition, staff employees from six of these institutions completed a survey measuring affective, continuance, and normative organizational commitment levels. Statistical analysis procedures found significant relationships between the HRM strategies and two of the commitment constructs, indicating that certain HRM strategies can affect organizational commitment and potentially influence turnover.
Teachers' Link to Electronic Resources in the Media Center: A Local Study of Awareness, Knowledge and Influence

High school students often use online databases and the Internet in the school library media center (SLMC) to complete teachers' assignments. This case study used a survey to assess teachers' awareness of electronic resources, and to determine whether their directions influence student use of these resources in the SLMC. Participants were teachers from an Indiana high school. Findings revealed that teachers encourage student Internet use in the SLMC, but most do not direct students to use databases. Teachers consider information from electronic databases to be more reliable and focused, but they say the Internet is faster, easier to use, and has a greater scope of information. Findings, conclusions, and recommendations reported should not be generalized beyond the local environment for this exploratory study. Over the past decade, high school library media centers have expanded their collections beyond traditional print resources to include those of an electronic nature, such as subscription databases and the Internet. Levin and Arafeh (2002) found that almost 80 percent of children between the ages of twelve and seventeen go online, and students view the Internet as a reference library. While it has been suggested that teachers do not understand the difference between subscription databases and Web sites (Pennavaria 2003), how much is known about teachers' opinions of electronic resources and whether teachers influence student use of these resources in the high school library media center?