cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free-Electron Laser Amplifier Driven by an Induction Linac

A free-electron laser (FEL) directly converts the kinetic energy of a high-brightness, relativistic electron beam into coherent radiation. It is a classical device, much like a traveling wave tube. In an FEL amplifier the conversion takes place in a single pass through a wiggler magnet, therefore, the fraction of kinetic energy converted must be high if the device is to be efficient. Since the conversion is a rapidly increasing function of the electron beam current, a current of 1 kA or greater is desired. The particle energy required depends on the wavelength of coherent radiation. For a given wiggler wavelength, λW, wiggler magnetic field B, and radiation wavelength, λS, there is a resonance condition that determines the proper electron energy. This condition will be derived later in this paper and is $$ {\lambda_S} = \frac{{{\lambda_W}}}{{2{\gamma^2}}}\left[ {1 + \frac{1}{2}{{\left( {\frac{{eB{\lambda_W}}}{{2\pi m{c^2}}}} \right)}^2}} \right] $$ (1) in which γ is the electron energy in units of the rest energy, mc2. If B and λW do not vary with position as the particle’s energy is converted and γ decreases, the condition is no longer satisfied at some position and saturation results. However, if B or λW or some combination varies with axial position, the resonance condition can be maintained. The conversion efficiency (also called extraction efficiency) is greatly enhanced and the output radiation energy increased.
Recovery of Copper and Cyanide through Emulsion Liquid Membrane with Quaternary Amine Salt as the Mobile Carrier

A fundamental study on using emulsion liquid membranes(ELMs) with modified quaternary amine salt to extract copper and cyanide from waste cyanide solutions has been conducted. Both copper and cyani...
Adult Survivorship: Considerations Following CAR T-Cell Therapy.

Background Significant improvement in overall survival observed in patients on clinical trials and U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of two chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have resulted in an increasing population of survivors who have undergone this therapy. Although adult survivors may experience similar physiologic and psychosocial sequelae to traditional cancer therapies, unique late effects and considerations are related to CAR T-cell therapy. Objectives This article reviews survivorship considerations, with particular attention paid to the physical, psychosocial, and financial effects for adults who have undergone CAR T-cell therapy. Methods A review of the physiologic and psychosocial sequelae resulting from CAR T-cell therapy is presented, with a focus on late effects and financial toxicities of treatment. Physiologic concerns include B-cell aplasia and resulting hypogammaglobulinemia, as well as prolonged cytopenias and associated risk for infection. Findings To date, adult CAR T-cell therapy survivorship data are limited. However, data from clinical trials suggest expected late effects from treatment. As this survivor population grows, research can identify physiologic and psychosocial needs unique to adult survivors and evaluate evidence-based interventions.
Senescence cell–associated extracellular vesicles serve as osteoarthritis disease and therapeutic markers

Senescent cells (SnCs) are increasingly recognized as central effector cells in age-related pathologies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potential cellular communication tools through which SnCs exert central effector functions in the local tissue environment. To test this hypothesis in a medical indication that could be validated clinically, we evaluated EV production from SnCs enriched from chondrocytes isolated from human arthritic cartilage. EV production increased in a dose-responsive manner as the concentration of SnCs increased. The EVs were capable of transferring senescence to nonsenescent chondrocytes and inhibited cartilage formation by non-SnCs. microRNA (miR) profiles of EVs isolated from human arthritic synovial fluid did not fully overlap with the senescent chondrocyte EV profiles. The effect of SnC clearance was tested in a murine model of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. miR and protein profiles changed after senolytic treatment but varied depending on age. In young animals, senolytic treatment altered expression of miR-34a, -30c, -125a, -24, -92a, -150, and -186, and this expression correlated with cartilage production. The primary changes in EV contents in aged mice after senolytic treatment, which only reduced pain and degeneration, were immune related. In sum, EV contents found in synovial fluid may serve as a diagnostic for arthritic disease and indicator for therapeutic efficacy of senolytic treatment.
Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Amination of Unactivated C(sp3)—H Bonds.

The Pd-catalyzed intermolecular amination of sterically bulky o-tert-butylaryl bromides proceeds regioselectively at the C(sp3)—H bond of o-tert-butyl group if the other substituents are bulky enough to suppress direct C(sp2)—N coupling reaction.
Crystal plasticity assessment of inclusion- and matrix-driven competing failure modes in a nickel-base superalloy

Abstract Two competing failure modes, namely inclusion- and matrix-driven failures, are studied in a Ni-base superalloy, RR1000, subjected to fatigue loading using crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) simulations. Each individual factor related to the inclusion, which may contribute to crack initiation, is isolated and systematically investigated. Specifically, the role of the inclusion stiffness, loading regime, loading direction, a debonded region in the inclusion-matrix interface, microstructural variability around the inclusion, inclusion size, dissimilar coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), temperature, residual stress, and distance of the inclusion from the free surface are studied in the emergence of two failure modes. The CPFE analysis indicates that the emergence of a failure mode is an outcome of the complex interaction between aforementioned factors. We observe the possibility of a higher probability of failure due to inclusions with increasing temperature, if the CTE of the inclusion is higher than the matrix, and vice versa. We do not find any overall correlation between the inclusion size and its propensity for damage, based on an inclusion that is of the order of the mean grain size. Finally, the CPFE simulations indicate that the surface inclusions are more damaging than the interior inclusions for similar surrounding microstructures.
The Crime of “Revenge Porn”

Clear and effective laws against “revenge porn” are necessary to protect the values of privacy, autonomy, and equality. The unauthorized disclosure of private, sexually explicit images harms not only individuals but society as a whole. The wave of legislative reform since 2013 is a welcome development, but the majority of state criminal laws mischaracterize the social harm as harassment rather than a privacy violation. State and federal laws that accurately articulate the social harm of nonconsensual pornography are necessary for deterrence as well as to provide just and effective remedies for victims. While non-criminal remedies are also important and necessary, the immediate and often irreparable nature of the harm of “revenge porn” requires the maximum deterrence potential and moral force of criminal law.
An analysis of the incidence of hypothermia in casualties presenting to emergency departments in Iraq and Afghanistan

Abstract Introduction Hypothermia on the battlefield has been shown to be associated with severe injury and higher mortality. The incidence of battlefield casualties presenting with hypothermia are described. Methods The Department of Defense Trauma Registry (DoDTR) was queried from January 2007 to August 2016. We identified casualties with a documented temperature of Results There were 25,484 records with at least one documented temperature and 2501 (9.8%) casualties with hypothermia within our range. Nineteen (0.75%) casualties presented with severe hypothermia, 225 (9%) with moderate, and 2257 (90%) with mild. The mean injury severity score (ISS) for non-hypothermic, mild, moderate, and severe hypothermic casualties was 8 [4–14], 14 [6–24], 21 [13–29], and 21 [9–25], (p Conclusions Though the number of casualties that presented hypothermic was small, their injuries were more severe, and were more likely to receive massive blood transfusions. This cohort also had a higher mortality rate, a finding which held when adjusting for confounders. There appears to be an opportunity to improve hypothermia prevention for combat.
Metrics for Detecting Undeclared Materials and Activities

The State-level approach to safeguards aims to draw safeguards conclusions about the State as a whole in contrast to facility-specific classical safeguards. To do so, the integrated safeguards approach aims to integrate all safeguards-relevant information about each State. To achieve this goal procedures and metrics are needed for generating standardized and measurable results on the basis of the available data. While the information pertaining to the declared nuclear fuel cycle is quantitative and measurable, activities outside the declared nuclear fuel cycle may either not be well defined or quantifiable. Some of that information may be quantitative while other may be descriptive and qualitative. Also information about possible clandestine undeclared activities, by its nature, includes uncertainties about its validity and accuracy. The uncertainties inherent in the information available for evaluating the State as a whole present a challenge to the development of a safeguards system that is objective and transparent. This chapter examines the challenges associated with the development of such a system and specifies the necessary attributes and metrics of the information used in the development of such a system. It associates a set of metrics for the attributes of correctness, completeness, transparency and timeliness that can be used to measure the relevance of the information to the evaluation of the State as a whole.
Aztreonam for Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Ceftriaxone is the only consistently active antimicrobial agent recommended for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Although some new antimicrobials are in development, the necessity to expand treatment options in the near term may require using older drugs that have not been widely used to treat gonorrhoea. Methods We conducted a literature review of clinical trials and case series, published from 1983 to 2017, reporting treatment efficacy results following administration of 1 g aztreonam intramuscularly or IV for uncomplicated gonococcal infections. We summed trial data, stratified by anatomical site of infection, and calculated summary efficacy estimates and 95% CI for each site of infection. Results The 10 identified clinical trials enrolled 678, 38 and 16 individuals with urogenital, rectal and pharyngeal gonorrhoea, respectively. Aztreonam had an efficacy of 98.6% (95% CI: 97.5%-99.4%) for urogenital, 94.7% (95% CI: 82.3%-99.4%) for rectal and 81.3% (95% CI: 54.4%-96.0%) for pharyngeal gonococcal infections. Conclusions Although most clinical trials included in this meta-analysis were conducted >30 years ago, aztreonam appears to have excellent efficacy for urogenital gonorrhoea; its efficacy at extragenital sites remains uncertain.
Finite Deformation Fracture of Tires

The recent well publicized failures of the Firestone ATX tire has brought to light the poor state of research into the basic physical causes of such failures and the poor state of research into analytic methods suitable for analyzing such failures. The essence of problems of this nature lies in the finite deformation fatigue fracture of elastomers at large strains. The definition of failure criteria is further complicated by the issue of material aging. The computational problem itself is rather demanding due to the truly 3-D nature of the tire system under load. In particular, the computation of the failure forces (the singular energy momentum tractions) is rather challenging due to the spinning reference state normally utilized in tire analysis. In this paper we present a suitable numerical formulation for computing energy release rates in cracked tires and apply this to the question of the effect of varying inter-belt ply gauges. It is found that the energy release rates increase in the example tire for an increasing inter-belt gauge which seems to be in contradiction to the typical field experience of longer life for larger gauges. The contradiction however can be explained through a size effect argument related to the process zone around the crack-tip which causes the critical energy release rate to increase with gauge at a rate faster than the available energy release rate.
TarPan: an easily adaptable targeted sequencing panel viewer for research and clinical use

The study of cancer genomics continually matures as the number of patient samples sequenced increases. As more data is generated, oncogenic drivers for specific cancer types are discovered along with their associated risks. This in turn leads to potential treatment strategies that pave the way to precision medicine. However, significant financial and analytical barriers make it infeasible to sequence the entire genome of every patient. In contrast, targeted sequencing panels give reliable information on relevant portions of the genome at a fiscally responsible cost. Therefore, we have created the Targeted Panel (TarPan) Viewer, a software tool, to investigate this type of data. TarPan Viewer helps investigators understand data from targeted sequencing data by displaying the information through a web browser interface. Through this interface, investigators can easily observe copy number changes, mutations, and structural events in cancer samples. The viewer runs in R Shiny with a robust SQLite backend and its input is generated from bioinformatic algorithms reliably described in the literature. Here we show the results from using TarPan Viewer on publicly available follicular lymphoma, breast cancer, and multiple myeloma data. In addition, we have tested and utilized the viewer internally, and this data has been used in high-impact peer-reviewed publications. We have designed a flexible, simple to setup viewer that is easily adaptable to any type of cancer targeted sequencing, and has already proven its use in a research laboratory environment. Further, we believe with deeper sequencing and/or more targeted application it could be of use in the clinic in conjunction with an appropriate targeted sequencing panel as a cost-effective diagnostic test, especially in cancers such as acute leukemia or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that require rapid interventions.
Large Scale Fabrication of Graphene Nanostructures

Patterning graphene into nanostructures enables the coupling of free space radiation to plasmons in graphene. Here, we demonstrate block copolymer based fabrication can create sub 20 nm nanostructures in a scalable, efficient, and repeatable manner.
Acute and Chronic Pain Management in Children

Pediatric acute and chronic pain are significant issues with short- and long-term consequences across a range of domains (e.g., family, social, academic, physical) with a complex interplay of physiological, psychological, and social factors. The authors describe how treatment for pain is especially critical given mounting evidence that even brief routine acute pain can have a range of immediate and lasting repercussions. Given poor or mixed results from pharmaceutical approaches and mounting concerns of opioid addiction, the chapter surveys the field of behavioral pain management approaches. Evidence-based psychological interventions are reviewed aimed at minimizing or eliminating children’s acute pain, and improving children’s functioning in the context of chronic pain. Preparation, distraction, relaxation, hypnosis, and physical approaches are typical treatments for managing children’s acute pain. The most common therapeutic approaches in the pediatric chronic pain literature are individual components or packages grounded in cognitive behavioral or acceptance and commitment therapy frameworks. An evidence-based practice perspective highlights the importance of clinician expertise in applying the available empirical findings to the unique context of the patient (e.g., coping, developmental level), setting, and situation.
Molecular simulation of osmometry in aqueous solutions of the BMIMCl ionic liquid: a potential route to force field parameterization of liquid mixtures

Despite widespread development and use of ionic liquids (ILs) in both academic and industrial research, computational force fields (FFs) for most of those are not available for a precise description of inter-species interactions in aqueous environments. In the scope of this study, by means of molecular simulations, the osmotic coefficient of an aqueous solution of an IL is calculated and used as a basis to reparameterize popular IL-FFs existing in the literature. We first calculate the osmotic coefficients (at 298.15 K and 1 atm pressure) of aqueous solutions of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl), a generic IL, popularly used in biomass processing and the subsequent conversion to value-added intermediates. The performance of two popular atomic, nonpolarizable FFs developed for BMIMCl, one by Lopes, Padua, and coworkers (FF-LP) and the other by Sambasivarao, Acevedo, and coworkers (FF-SA), when mixed with the SPC/E water model, is tested with respect to their ability to reproduce the experimental osmotic coefficient data. Interestingly, the osmotic coefficient is found to be increasing with a gradual increase in IL molality within the concentration range of our investigation, which is contrary to the experimental trend reported in the literature for the same IL-water mixture. Henceforth, necessary corrections to the nonbonded ion-ion and ion-water interactions are made to match the experimental osmotic coefficient. To further assess the reliability of the new FF, we extensively explore the thermodynamic (density, isothermal compressibility, and thermal expansion coefficient), dynamic (diffusivity and viscosity), and association/dissociation properties (rationalized with the help of radial distribution functions) with both the original and reparameterized FF for a wider range of concentrations up to a molality of 18.50 mol kg-1. The calculated quantities are compared against experimental data wherever available. The modified FF parameters exhibit significant improvements in terms of its ability to match experimental solution properties, such as density, viscosity, association/dissociation, etc. We report that excessive dissociation of BMIMCl in water is responsible for the shortcomings observed in the original FFs and improved prediction of physicochemical properties could be achieved using the modified FFs.
Huntington’s Disease

The major clinical features of Huntington’s disease (HD) were first eloquently described by George Huntington, a Long Island physician, in a concise report to a medical society (Huntington, 1872). Huntington reported on three notable features that distinguish this disease from “common” (Sydenham’s) chorea: (1) It tended to be passed from generation to generation within families; (2) the disease usually was not evident until adulthood; and (3) of special note for psychologists and psychiatrists, those suffering from the disease tended to also display symptoms of “insanity,” usually depression and suicidal tendencies. Huntington, describing the dementia of HD, observed that “the mind becomes more or less impaired” as the disease progresses. For most patients “mind and body both gradually fail until death.” He noted that no treatment was available at that time and relegated the disease into the class of the “incurables.”
Looking out whilst considering what lies within: engaging in further thought about one’s own relationship with diversity and difference

This paper consists of a collection of individual learning and developmental experiences in the area of diversity and difference, based on the author’s participation in the ‘difference; identity; d...
Evolution of salients in a fold- and-thrust belt: the effects of sedimentary basin geometry, strain distribution and critical taper

Fold-and-thrust belts (FTBs) typically show along-strike variations in geometry in the form of salients and recesses. Assuming that critical taper theory broadly defines the evolution of FTBs, it is possible to infer the behaviour of the orogenic wedge in different segments of an FTB by using a symptomatic approach. In this pproach, the time-space distribution of deformation, erosion and synorogenic sedimentation are used to determine the state of the wedge (critical, subcritical or supercritical) at different times during its tectonic evolution. Examination of adjoining segments of the Cretaceous Sevier FTB in Utah shows both similarities and differences in the evolutionary behaviour of the segments. The factors controlling deformation within individual segments (or salients) include original taper of the sedimentary prism, the nature of variation of taper from the miogeocline to the shelf, lithotectonic stratigraphy of the sedimentary package, and deformation conditions (determined mainly by variations in the geothermal gradient). The differences in structural geometry and tectonic evolution between adjoining segments of the FTB result from broad variations in original taper, lithotectonic stratigraphy and the geometry of shelf-miogeocline transition zones in the Cordilleran sedimentary basin. Within each segment, it is ultimately the structural evolution of the highly deformed, internal portion of the belt that appears to control the evolution of the FTB as a whole.
Failure and acoustic-emission response of plasma-sprayed ZrO2-8 wt% Y2O3 coatings

An acoustic emission (AE) examination was conducted for the failure of ZrO2-8 wt% Y2O3 plasma-sprayed coatings incorporated in a tensile-adhesion test arrangement. The AE generated during failure is related to the cracking process, and both are in turn related to fracture morphology. The production of AE count rate distribution changes by heat treatment of the coating may be interpreted in terms of the morphological features of the coating. Insight into the adhesion mechanism of plasma-sprayed coatings is gained through the study of the relationship of the bond strength test results to AE and fracture behavior.
An Evolutionary Perspective on Eukaryotic Membrane Trafficking

The eukaryotic cell is defined by a complex set of sub-cellular compartments that include endomembrane systems making up the exocytic and endocytic trafficking pathways. Current evidence suggests that both the function and communication between these compartments are regulated by distinct families of proteins that direct membrane fission, targeting and fusion. These families include coat protein complexes (CPCs) involved in vesicle formation/fission, Rab GTPases involved in vesicle targeting, and soluble Af-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) involved in vesicle fusion. The origins of these gene families and their individual contributions to the evolutionary specialization of the membrane architectures of lower and higher eukaryotes are now better understood with the advent of powerful phylogenetic, structural and systems biology tools. Herein, we provide a perspective that suggests that while the core CPC and SNARE machineries have diversified modestly in the course of eukaryotic evolution, the Rab GTPase family expanded substantially to emerge as a key driving force in endomembrane specialization. The Rab GTPases appear to have provided the foundation for the intricate membrane architectures ranging from those requisite for the distinct amoebic life cycle stage of uni-cellular organisms such as the parasitic protozoa to the highly specialized tissue and cell type-specific endomembranes of multi-cellular eukaryotes. We propose that Rab-centric interaction networks orchestrate the divergent activities of fission and fusion through their capacity to cntrol the sequential assembly of protein complexes that mediate endomembrane structure and communication.
Above the Law: Research Methods, Ethics, and the Law of Privilege

In Anticipating Law: Research Methods, Ethics and the Law of Privilege, -- J. Sociological Methodology -- (2002), Ted Palys and John Lowman set forth the rationale for a "researcher-participant privilege" and advise scholars how best to preserve the confidentiality of their research in the face of a legal system that has not looked kindly on such a privilege. Although recognition of a researcher-participant privilege would, on balance, be beneficial, the case for the privilege is hardly self-evident. This paper reviews some of the reasons why courts and legislatures have not embraced such a privilege. The paper also explores the advice Palys and Lowman offer researchers in the absence of such a privilege (to promise research-participants absolute confidentiality, even if the researcher will have to defy a court order to satisfy the promise) and concludes that their advice is unwise and, arguably, unethical.
Synchronization of enteric neuronal firing during the murine colonic MMC.

DiI (1,1′didodecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbecyanine perchlorate) retrograde labelling and intracellular electrophysiological techniques were used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the generation of spontaneously occurring colonic migrating myoelectric complexes (colonic MMCs) in mice. In isolated, intact, whole colonic preparations, simultaneous intracellular electrical recordings were made from pairs of circular muscle (CM) cells during colonic MMC activity in the presence of nifedipine (1–2 μm). During the intervals between colonic MMCs, spontaneous inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs) were always present. The amplitudes of spontaneous IJPs were highly variable (range 1–20 mV) and occurred asynchronously in the two CM cells, when separated by 1 mm in the longitudinal axis. Colonic MMCs occurred every 151 ± 7 s in the CM and consisted of a repetitive discharge of cholinergic rapid oscillations in membrane potential (range: 1–20 mV) that were superimposed on a slow membrane depolarization (mean amplitude: 9.6 ± 0.5 mV; half-duration: 25.9 ± 0.7 s). During the rising (depolarizing) phase of each colonic MMC, cholinergic rapid oscillations occurred simultaneously in both CM cells, even when the two electrodes were separated by up to 15 mm along the longitudinal axis of the colon. Smaller amplitude oscillations (< 5 mV) showed poor temporal correlation between two CM cells, even at short electrode separation distances (i.e. < 1 mm in the longitudinal axis). When the two electrodes were separated by 20 mm, all cholinergic rapid oscillations and IJPs in the CM (regardless of amplitude) were rarely, if ever, coordinated in time during the colonic MMC. Cholinergic rapid oscillations were blocked by atropine (1 μm) or tetrodotoxin (1 μm). Slow waves were never recorded from any CM cells. DiI labelling showed that the maximum projection length of CM motor neurones and interneurones along the bowel was 2.8 mm and 13 mm, respectively. When recordings were made adjacent to either oral or anal cut ends of the colon, the inhibitory or excitatory phases of the colonic MMC were absent, respectively. In summary, during the colonic MMC, cholinergic rapid oscillations of similar amplitudes occur simultaneously in two CM cells separated by large distances (up to 15 mm). As this distance was found to be far greater than the projection length of any single CM motor neurone, we suggest that the generation of each discrete cholinergic rapid oscillation represents a discreet cholinergic excitatory junction potential (EJP) that involves the synaptic activation of many cholinergic motor neurones simultaneously, by synchronous firing in many myenteric interneurones. Our data also suggest that ascending excitatory and descending inhibitory nerve pathways interact and reinforce each other.
Labor requirements and HR practice in Innovation: Implications for Local-Regional Workforces

This paper proposes a way to measure the internal organizational capacity as an important element for innovation in the context of the creative industry at regional scale. In particular, this paper pays attention to the commitment-based HR practices as critical factors in shaping organizational competency and innovation. Existing studies on innovation at regional scale have identified a set of factors external to organizations, such as knowledge spillover, local or global collaboration, and proximity to research universities and institutions, as the main mechanisms of innovation. Presently, however, there is increasing evidence showing that the exclusive emphasis on external factors of innovation may in fact only capture one side of a continuum in which creativity and innovation are strongly influenced by internal organizational factors – i.e. internal skill pools and workplace culture (Lampel, Lant, and Shamsie, 2000; Collins and Smith, 2006). Building on this problem orientation, this paper investigates the labor requirement of the digital content industry, corresponding organizational strategies (human resource practices) and their contribution to innovation. The connection between the HR practice and its role on technological innovation has not been made clear in the existing economic geography or planning literature. Therefore, theories from human resource management (high performance human resource management) have been adapted to form the theoretic background and inform the measurement and quantitative modeling. The result of the logistic regression on 323 digital content industry firms cluster in Seoul, Korea indicates that the additive effect of various commitment-based HR practices including rigorous hiring of workers with high skills and educational attainments and worker retention is positively related to innovation, whereas the evidence for the contribution of local or international collaborations is vague at best. The public policy implication of this finding is that micro level organizational human resource strategies are, in fact, an integral part of regional workforce development and long term economic growth, which may seem trivially obvious but is something that too often we seem to overlook. These research findings lend support to policy programs targeting new employment and longer retention (such as wage subsidies), as these programs help firms exercise commitment-based HR practices.
Qualitative modeling and simulation: promise or illusion (basic definitions)

Some basic definitions that serve as a basis for the discussion of qualitative modeling and simulation are presented. The author begins by stating the types of mathematical models that exist i.e. continuous time models (lumped parameter, linear and distributed parameter models), discrete time models and discrete event models. The author distinguishes between quantitative and qualitative models. He defines qualitative variables as having either nominal measures, ordinal measures, interval measures or ratio measures. He then considers four main types of qualitative models: naive physics models, inductive reasoning models, symbolic discrete event models and neural net models. Finally he points to the need to investigate combined quantitative and qualitative models. >
Development and Persuasion Understanding: Predicting Knowledge of Persuasion/Selling Intent From Children's Theory of Mind

Determining the approximate age that children are able to understand the purpose of advertising messages has been a concern of children and media researchers for over 40 years. However, other theorists have suggested that age is not the necessary determinant of persuasion understanding but that cognitive development is (via theory of mind). In addition, Kunkel (2010) has suggested that advertising knowledge represents a number of competencies. Working with elementary school children, this study tested whether children's theory of mind (ToM) capabilities predicted advertising knowledge. Results indicate that children's understanding of selling intent is significantly linked to ToM development beyond the influence of age and linguistic competence and that children showed stronger knowledge of selling intent than knowledge of persuasive intent.
Simultaneous Determination of Lidocaine (Lignocaine) and Thiopental in Plasma Using High Pressure-Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A sensitive and precise high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous quantitation of lidocaine (lignocaine) and thiopental in 0.5 ml samples of plasma is described. Extraction was conducted at pH 7.0 using ethyl acetate, and bupivicaine was employed as an internal standard. The drugs were eluted from a reversed-phase column using a mobile phase consisting of aceton-itrile/0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 4.0 (1:9) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The drugs were detected and quantified by their UV absorption at 205 nm. The sensitivity limits of detection for lidocaine and thiopental were 1 ug/ml and 5 ug/ml, respectively. Atropine, caffeine and meperidine were found to have interfering retention times.
Polyethylene glycol protects primary hepatocytes during supercooling preservation

Abstract Cold storage (at 4 °C) offers a compromise between the benefits and disadvantages of cooling. It allows storage of organs or cells for later use that would otherwise quickly succumb to warm ischemia, but comprises cold ischemia that, when not controlled properly, can result in severe damage as well by both similar and unique mechanisms. We hypothesized that polyethylene glycol (PEG) 35 kDa would ameliorate these injury pathways and improve cold primary hepatocyte preservation. We show that reduction of the storage temperature to below zero by means of supercooling, or subzero non-freezing, together with PEG supplementation increases the viable storage time of primary rat hepatocytes in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution from 1 day to 4 days. We find that the addition of 5% PEG 35 kDa to the storage medium prevents cold-induced lipid peroxidation and maintains hepatocyte viability and functionality during storage. These results suggest that PEG supplementation in combination with supercooling may enable a more optimized cell and organ preservation.
Interaction of dichloromethane (methylene chloride) with the nitrous oxide reductase from Wolinella succinogenes.

Nitrous oxide reductase from Wolinella succinogenes was tested for benzyl viologen cation (BV+)-chlorinated methane oxidoreductase activity, using di-, tri- and tetra-chloromethanes, and for the inhibition of BV+-N2O oxidoreductase activity by these chloromethanes. No BV+-chlorinated methane oxidoreductase activity was detected. Any such activity, if it exists, must be less than 0.1% of the BV+-N2O oxidoreductase activity of the enzyme. Inhibition of the BV+-N2O oxidoreductase activity by dichloromethane was detected and was apparently reversible and non-competitive, as is the case with the small metal-ligand type inhibitors of the enzyme (e.g. acettlene, azide, cyanide and carbon monoxide). Trichloromethane was a weaker inhibitor and inhibition was not detected with tetrachloromethane.
Kappa coefficients in epidemiology: An appraisal of a reappraisal

While we agree with the general message of the Thompson and Walter paper on the use and value of kappa, the mathematical bases of these conclusions, their equations, tables, and figures are based on mathematical assumptions so limiting that their application to real data is questionable. As a result, several of their specific conclusions are misleading. Some of the same results are here obtained without the limiting restrictions. From these results, the value of kappa as a measure of reliability, validity and (possibly) of general 2 x 2 association is demonstrated.
The role of ecologic diversification in sibling speciation of Empidonax flycatchers (Tyrannidae): multigene evidence from mtDNA.

Avian genera characterized by sibling species with distinctive habitat preferences present an evolutionary enigma in view of the more commonplace occurrence of syntopic congeners that differ strikingly in colour and pattern. No existing theory has explained the evolutionary background that led to these differences. Here we propose that great phenotypic similarity among some groups of sibling species limits their coexistence and that clues to their radiation can be seen in patterns of geographical occurrence. To illustrate our thesis we focused on the New World flycatcher genus Empidonax , a group of 15 species notorious for their great phenotypic similarity. Using 3069 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA from four genes, we produced a complete molecular phylogeny that identified four clades, three of which represent close relatives. The fourth clade includes only E. virescens , which apparently has no close living relatives. The majority of species, including many distant relatives, are completely (58.1%) or essentially (6.7%) allopatric in breeding distribution and exhibit striking ecological segregation into distinctive climate–vegetation zones. Even where ranges overlap, occupancy of the same habitat by different species is rare. Phylogenetic and distributional patterns in Empidonax suggest a peripatric model of stepwise colonization and then range expansion of small groups of pioneers during glacial periods into initially enlarging, distinctive habitats destined to be widespread during interglacials. Vicariance is not indicated in the absence of barriers of appropriate age and geographical position. Rapoport’s rule that northern species have larger ranges than southern species is strongly supported.
EMPHASES OF THE MAJOR FAMILY THERAPY MODELS: A FAMILY FIRO ANALYSIS

This paper analyzes 13 models of family therapy according to their special emphases on the Family FIRO model's dimensions of inclusion, control and intimacy. We first examined chapters on each model in Gurman and Kniskern's Handbook of Family Therapy; we then sent our preliminary ratings to the authors of the chapters for comment. The final conceptual analysis of the models indicated that 4 family therapy models emphasize inclusion as a primary focus, 4 emphasize control, and 5 emphasize intimacy. We also rated the secondary and tertiary emphases of the models. This analysis provides a possible guide for therapists who wish to be eclectic or integrative in their work, specifically, by suggesting a way to match therapy techniques from different family therapy models to the presenting family issues that each model emphasizes most strongly.
Closed-Loop Feedback Control of a Continuous Pharmaceutical Tablet Manufacturing Process via Wet Granulation

The wet granulation route of tablet manufacturing in a pharmaceutical manufacturing process is very common due to its numerous processing advantages such as enhanced powder flow and decreased segregation. However, this route is still operated in batch mode with little (if any) usage of an automatic control system. Tablet manufacturing via wet granulation, integrated with online/inline real time sensors and coupled with an automatic feedback control system, is highly desired for the transition of the pharmaceutical industry toward quality by design as opposed to quality by testing. In this manuscript, an efficient, plant-wide control strategy for an integrated continuous pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing process via wet granulation has been designed in silico. An effective controller parameter tuning strategy involving an integral of time absolute error method coupled with an optimization strategy has been used. The designed control system has been implemented in a flowsheet model that was simulated in gPROMS (Process System Enterprise) to evaluate its performance. The ability of the control system to reject the unknown disturbances and track the set point has been analyzed. Advanced techniques such as anti-windup and scale-up factor have been used to improve controller performance. Results demonstrate enhanced achievement of critical quality attributes under closed-loop operation, thus illustrating the potential of closed-loop feedback control in improving pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing operations.
Role of paraventricular nucleus (PVH) in baroreflex-mediated changes in lumbar sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate.

Abstract Electrophysiological and neuronanatomical studies indicate that reciprocal connections between the paraventricular nucleus (PVH) and medullary sites are involved in cardiovascular regulation. To determine whether the PVH is involved in the regulation of baroreflex responses, lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (LSNA) and heart rate (HR) changes were recorded in response to increases in arterial pressure (produced by bolus doses of phenylephrine i.v.) prior to, during, and 60 min following the injection of lidocaine (2% lidocaine, 200 nl) bilaterally in the PVH of chloralose-anesthetized rabbits. Baseline blood pressure, HR, and LSNA did not change in response to the administration of lidocaine in the PVH. The magnitude of ‘baroreflex responses’ in HR and LSNA were expressed as the ratios of maximal changes in these parameters divided by the corresponding maximal changes in blood pressure. Application of lidocaine to the PVH produced a significantly greater decrease in LSNA (> 50%) compared to prelidocaine responses to baroreceptor stimulation. This increase in baroreflex response returned to the normal level during the recovery phase. In contrast, there was no significant change in the response of the HR to baroreceptor stimulation. Administration of norepinephrine into the PVH, intended to simulate possible changes in noradrenergic function, did not affect either LSNA or HR responses to baroreceptor stimulation. Interruption of neural activity in the PVH, augmented the inhibitory response of LSNA but not HR to baroreceptor stimulation. These results indicate that changes in peripheral sympathetic nerve activity and HR in response to baroreceptor activation may be affected differentially by specific forebrain structures such as PVH.
Selective effects of proteases and phospholipase A2 on monoamine oxidases A and B of human brain and liver.

: Human brain and liver mitochondria contain membrane-bound monoamine oxidase of both A and B types. Monamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), either membrane- bound or in detergent-solubilized extracts from these tissues, was selectively inhibited during incubations with trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin, or papain. MAO-A in solubilized, but not in membrane-bound, preparations was also very sensitive to the action of phospholipase A2, while MAO-B was unaffected. Membrane-bound MAO- A of rat brain mitochondria was more sensitive to phospholipases and less sensitive to proteases than was human brain enzyme, indicating that these agents may reveal species differences in MAO properties. Human brain and liver MAO-A, either solubilized or bound in mitochondrial membranes, apparently contains basic and aromatic peptide moieties that are available to proteases. Hydrolysis of these peptide bonds leads to rapid denaturation unless substrate molecules stabilize the activesite. Phospholipase A2 may disrupt the phospholipid microenvironment of MAO-A, the integrity of which is essential for MAO-A activity, but not for MAO-B. No in- terconversion of the two activities was observed. After phospholipase A2 treatment, remaining MAO-A activity was recovered in low-molecular-weight regions of a gel filtration gradient, suggesting that MAO-A subunits were released. Although these experiments argue against the proposal that phospholipids may regulate the ratio of A/ B activities of a single enzyme molecule, it is conceivable that endogenous phospholipases or proteases in mitochondrial membranes may influence MAO-A activity independently of MAO-B activity.
Defects in Irradiated Silicon: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of the Divacancy

Two electron paramagnetic resonance spectra produced in silicon by 1.5-MeV electron irradiation are described. Labeled Si-G6 and Si-G7, they are identified as arising from the singly positive and singly negative charged states of the divacancy, respectively. The observed hyperfine interactions with neighboring ${\mathrm{Si}}^{29}$ nuclei and $g$ tensors are discussed in terms of a simple molecular-orbital treatment of the defect by the method of linear combination of atomic orbitals. In addition to the anisotropy associated with the vacancy-vacancy direction in the lattice, an additional distortion occurs which is identified as a manifestation of the Jahn-Teller effect. Thermally activated reorientation from one Jahn-Teller distortion direction to another causes motional broadening and narrowing effects upon both spectra in the temperature region 40-110\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The motion is also studied by stress-induced alignment at lower temperatures, and the activation energy for the process is found to be \ensuremath{\sim}0.06 eV for each charge state. Alignment of the vacancy-vacancy axis direction in the lattice is also achieved by stressing at elevated temperatures. The activation energy for this reorientation process is \ensuremath{\sim}1.3 eV. The magnitude and sense of the alignment in both kinds of stress experiments are consistent with the microscopic model of the defect. It is pointed out that when the divacancy reorients its vacancy-vacancy axis, it is also diffusing through the lattice. The 1.3 eV is therefore also its activation energy for diffusion. Analysis of higher temperature annealing studies allow a lower limit estimate for the binding energy of the two vacancies as $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1.6$ eV. The electrical level structure is deduced and it is concluded that the divacancy introduces one donor and two acceptor levels in the forbidden gap.
A hybrid query scheme to speed up queries in unstructured peer-to-peer networks

Unstructured peer-to-peer networks have gained a lot of popularity due to their resilience to network dynamics. The core operation in such networks is to efficiently locate resources. However, existing query schemes, for example, flooding, random walks, and interest-based shortcut suffer various problems in reducing communication overhead and in shortening response time. In this paper, we study the possible problems in the existing approaches and propose a new hybrid query scheme, which mixes inter-cluster queries and intracluster queries. Specifically, the proposed scheme works by efficiently locating the clusters, sharing similar interests with intercluster queries, and then exhaustively searching the nodes in the found clusters with intracluster queries. To facilitate the scheme, we propose a clustering algorithm to cluster nodes that share similar interests, and a labeling algorithm to explicitly capture the clusters in the underlying overlays. As demonstrated by extensive simulations, our new query scheme can improve the system performance significantly by achieving a better tradeoff among communication overhead, response time, and ability to locate more resources.
Accelerated convergence to the steady-state solution of closed-loop regulated switching-mode systems as obtained through simulation

Accelerated convergence to the steady-state solution of closed-loop regulated switching-mode systems is achieved by more accurately computing the sensitivity matrices involved through a new matrix-based algorithm. By taking into consideration the variation of the timing of the intracycle intervals of a switching-mode system with respect to changes in the state vector, the new algorithm is able to predict system sensitivity with considerably greater accuracy but only slight penalty in computation time over existing algorithms. Newton-Raphson iteration is then applied to compute the steady state, substantially speeding up convergence to the solution as compared to brute-force simulation methods.