cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental characterization and hyperelastic constitutive modeling of open-cell elastomeric foams

Abstract Open-cell elastomeric foams – materials consisting of an elastomeric matrix and a connected pore space – exhibit mechanical behavior marked by high compressibility and strong coupling between the volumetric and distortional responses. In this paper, we present a methodology for the experimental characterization and constitutive modeling of non-localizing, isotropic, open-cell elastomeric foam materials under quasi-static, equilibrium loading. We conduct large-deformation, homogeneous simple compression/tension experiments on three relative densities of a polyurethane-based elastomeric foam to inform a phenomenological, isotropic, hyperelastic constitutive model. The model is based on the invariants of the logarithmic strain and accounts for high compressibility and strong volumetric-distortional coupling. To validate the predictive capability of the model, we consider three types of validation experiments that involve inhomogeneous deformation: spherical and conical indentation, simple-shear-like deformation both without and with a fixed amount of pre-compression, and tension of a specimen with circular holes. We compare load-displacement responses as well as full displacement fields from the validation experiments against corresponding model predictions obtained using finite-element-based numerical simulations and demonstrate that the model is capable of accurately capturing the experimental response.
Introduction: Waismann’s Rocky Strata

Dejan Makovec suggests that the acquaintance with Gilbert Ryle and his conception of philosophy as cartography around 1945 breathed new life into Waismann’s idea of a multi-layered structure of language. A notebook on language strata from Waismann’s Nachlass shows that the metaphor is explicitly geological in analogy to sedimentary strata, adding depth to Ryle’s two-dimensional view of philosophy and language. Makovec concludes that “Language Strata” is a blueprint for Waismann’s projectionism, an alternative to the reductionist projects of his time.
The Interface Design of a Collaborative Computer Science Learning Environment for Elementary Aged Students

There is a currently a shortage of computer science professionals and this shortage is projected to continue into the foreseeable future as not enough students are selecting computer science majors...
Cancer Stem Cell Activity in Mantle Cell Lymphoma Is Inhibited by TLR9 Activation

Patients with Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) often respond to initial cytotoxic therapy, but invariably relapse. This clinical pattern suggests that standard therapies fail to eliminate a population of chemoresistant cells responsible for tumor regrowth and disease relapse. Studies in myeloid leukemias and multiple myeloma have suggested that cancer stem cells (CSC) are relatively quiescent and that this property promotes drug resistance. Therefore, the induction of CSC proliferation may increase their susceptibility to anti-cancer treatment. Unmethylated CpG DNA sequences induce the activation and differentiation of normal B cells through toll like receptor 9 (TLR9), and synthetic CpG oligonucleotides (ODN) are currently undergoing clinical trials in MCL and other B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. We initially examined the effects of TLR9 agonists on the clonogenic growth of the human MCL cell lines Granta 519, Jeko-1, and Rec-1 and found that the unmethylated CpG ODN 2006 (5ug/mL, 48 hours) significantly inhibited the ability of each of these cell lines to form colonies in methylcellulose (p
In defense of secular modernity: Politicizing the body and space in Malika Mokeddem’s Of Dreams and Assassins

This paper argues that Malika Mokeddem champions secular modernity through Kenza, the female protagonist in Of Dreams and Assassins. It examines the processes and practices that shape her as a secu...
Using a Modified Delphi Method to Reach Consensus on Best Practices for Medical Education Abstract Submissions to Multiple Conferences

Medical education researchers are often uncertain whether they should submit abstracts to certain conferences. Therefore, we aimed to elicit consensus among medical education conference organizers to answer the question: what are best practices for research abstract submissions to multiple conferences? Using a 44-question online survey, we conducted a modified Delphi process to identify best practices for abstract submissions to medical education conferences. Consistent with the Delphi process, we identified conference representatives from non-specialty medical education conferences and across four conference types (institutional, regional, national, and international) to serve as panelists. Eleven expert panelists, representing all four conference types—two institutional conferences, five regional conferences, two national conferences, and two international conferences—completed three rounds of the survey. After three rounds, panelists reached consensus on 39/44 survey items—26 items in round 1, 10 items in round 2, and three items in round 3. Panelists’ consensus and rationale indicated that it is most appropriate to resubmit abstracts to conferences with a larger or different audience, but not to more homogeneous audiences. Among the four conference types, abstract resubmission from institutional conferences to other conference types was the most widely accepted. Panelists agreed that abstracts using data and results submitted or accepted for publication could be submitted to any conference type. The results of this study provide best practices for presenting scholarship to medical education conferences. We recommend that guidelines for medical education conference abstract submissions provide consistent, clear instructions regarding the appropriate life cycle of an abstract.
Analysis of Passenger Car Side Impacts - Crash Location, Injuries, AIS and Contacts

NASS 80-88 passenger side impacts data were analyzed. Location of primary car damage using the CDC classification, the AIS for injury severity studies, and the interior contacts of the various body areas were studied. Drivers alone, or with passengers were studied separately in both left and right side crashes. Direct impacts of the passenger compartment only are less frequent than to other CDC side zones. Driver interior contacts vary by body region but also by side impacted in the crash. The presence of an unrestrained front passenger appears to enhance driver injury level in left side crashes but the presence of a passenger, in right side crashes appears to moderate driver injury severity.
Economics of Contract Law

This important volume presents a rich collection of ideas on and insights into the law and economics of contracts. It includes material relevant to a large number of legal fields. Many of the articles are classics that have, over the years, become focal points for continuing debate; others provide an easily accessible account of particular areas. The editor's comprehensive introduction provides an overview of law and economics scholarship in contracts over the past few decades and a portal into an evolving field. The topics include: the economics of contracting; efficient breach and renegotiation; expectation damages and its alternatives; and, default rules and mass markets.
Validation Approach for the Modular Attitude Determination Control Subsystem Implemented on Topex/Poseidon (T/P)

Abstract The Modular Attitude Control Subsystem (MACS) was developed as part of the Multimission Modular Spacecraft for NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in the late 1970s. This subsystem has demonstrated performance on multiple low earth orbit scientific missions. Application on T/P is derived from the flight proven LANDSAT-5 design and represents the first Fairchild development of the MACS. Design and development are complete with final ground verification underway to support a July 1992 T/P launch. The philosophy of the ground verification process is described in detail. The discussion will provide the approach of subsystem verification from component level testing through ever increasing levels of subsystem and satellite integration. The role of analyses will be described and some on-orbit subsystem performance issues are presented. This work was performed for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Close Encounters with the Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind

This is a short introduction to the theory of Stirling numbers of the second kind S(m, k) from the point of view of analysis. It is written as an historical survey centered on the representation of...
Swelling and Microstructural Changes in Irradiated Vanadium Alloys

Vanadium-base alloys, V--10 percent Cr, V--20 percent Ti, and VANSTAR-7, alloys with potential for fusion reactor application, have been irradiated in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II in the temperature range of 400 to 800/sup 0/C, mainly to a fluence of 1.5 x 10/sup 22/ n/cm/sup 2/ (greater than 0.1 MeV). Swelling determined both from immersion density measurements and void distribution data obtained by transmission electron microscopy showed that the V--20 percent Ti was completely resistant to void formation for these irradiation temperatures and for the highest fluence achieved, 6 x 10/sup 22/ n/cm/sup 2/. Voids formed in both the V--10 percent Cr and VANSTAR-7 alloys, but only the V--10 percent Cr, irradiated at 690 and 805/sup 0/C, showed technologically significant swelling, near 1 percent. Swelling in this alloy at lower temperatures and in VANSTAR-7 at all temperatures was below 0.1 percent. Dislocation structures were complex in all three alloys. In the V--20 percent Ti, the scale of the dislocation network coarsened with increasing irradiation temperature. In the other two alloys, the scale of the damage, both dislocation and void components, was similar for irradiation at 496 and 580/sup 0/C, but coarsened considerably to produce similar structures for irradiations at 690more » and 805/sup 0/C. In many cases, detail of the microstructure was obscured by strongly diffracting zones that are believed to be impurity related. Of the three alloys examined, V--20 percent Ti possesses the greatest swelling resistance for the irradiation temperatures and fluences achieved and thus is judged to have the greatest potential for use in fusion reactors.« less
Do hospital mergers reduce costs

Proponents of hospital consolidation claim that mergers lead to significant cost savings, but there is little systematic evidence backing these claims. For a large sample of hospital mergers between 2000 and 2010, I estimate difference-in-differences models that compare cost trends at acquired hospitals to cost trends at hospitals whose ownership did not change. I find evidence of economically and statistically significant cost reductions at acquired hospitals. On average, acquired hospitals realize cost savings between 4 and 7 percent in the years following the acquisition. These results are robust to a variety of different control strategies, and do not appear to be easily explained by post-merger changes in service and/or patient mix. I then explore several extensions of the results to examine (a) whether the acquiring hospital/system realizes cost savings post-merger and (b) if cost savings depend on the size of the acquirer and/or the geographic overlap of the merging hospitals.
A web service support to collaborative process with semantic information

Web services are introduced to deliver methods and technologies to help organizations link their software. However, existing web service standards based on WSDL limits web services’ usefulness in collaborative process management. In this paper, we present a framework, WSCPC, that enables web service based collaborative process management in heterogeneous software environment. To facilitate web service based collaboration, we propose semantic service models and a web service extension that overcome limitations in current frameworks, and, hence, support complex level of communications needed for intensive collaboration in heterogeneous Virtual Enterprises environment. Through our semantic service models, organizational functionalities and capabilities are encapsulated and published as services. Collaborating partners can schedule, control, and monitor the relevant functionalities through WSCPC web services interactions model and web service extensions.
Subsidising Europe’s industry: is Greece the exception?

Greek exceptionalism is a claim widely made in comparative politics. In this article I argue against the proposition that Greece differs from the EU norm regarding the disbursement of state aids to industry. Using data from the European Commission during the period 1992-2004, I subject the argument of Greek exceptionalism to a battery of empirical tests. I find that in the cases of total,horizontal, and manufacturing aids, Greece is not the exception. While Greece behaves differently in the cases of sectoral and regional subsidies, the “outlier” effect disappears in the case of sectoral subsidies once the impact of Simitis’ government and economic development are taken into account. Contrary to previous estimations of Greece as “the black sheep,” the country behaves quite normally by EU standards.
An ESE Event for PSR 0329+54

Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry observations of PSR 0329+54 which, by luck,occurred during an interstellar fringing event, are presented. Separate images of the pulsar werenot detected. However, the pulsar was observed to be extended. The size of PSR 0329+54 during thisevent is 1.88 x 1.67 mas with a position angle of 30° East of North. This could be due to two separateimages of the pulsar separated by Δθ ≲ 0.5 mas or angular broadening. The observed image sizeis larger than the expected angular broadening size of < 0.1 mas from the observations of Britton,Gwinn and Ojeda (1998).
Forecasting seasonals and trends by exponentially weighted moving averages

Abstract The paper provides a systematic development of the forecasting expressions for exponential weighted moving averages. Methods for series with no trend, or additive or multiplicative trend are examined. Similarly, the methods cover non-seasonal, and seasonal series with additive or multiplicative error structures. The paper is a reprinted version of the 1957 report to the Office of Naval Research (ONR 52) and is being published here to provide greater accessibility.
The CHIL RT07 Evaluation Data

This paper describes the CHIL 2007 evaluation data set provided for the Rich Transcription 2007 Meeting Recognition Evaluation (RT07) in terms of recording setup, scenario, speaker demagogic and transcription process. The corpus consists of 25 interactive seminars recorded at five different recording sites in Europe and the United States in multi-sensory smart rooms. We compare speakers' talk-time ratios in the interactive seminars with lecture data and multi-party meeting data. We show that the length of individual speaker's contributions helps to position interactive seminars between lectures and meetings in terms of speaker interactivity. We also study the differences between the manual transcription of narrow-field and far-field audio recording.
Energy-efficient sensing and communication of parallel Gaussian sources

Energy efficiency is a key requirement in the design of wireless sensor networks. While most theoretical studies only account for the energy requirements of communication, the sensing process, which includes measurements and compression, can also consume comparable energy. In this paper, the problem of sensing and communicating parallel sources is studied by accounting for the cost of both communication and sensing. In the first formulation of the problem, the sensor has a separate energy budget for sensing and a rate budget for communication, while, in the second, it has a single energy budget for both tasks. Furthermore, in the second problem, each source has its own associated channel. Assuming that sources with larger variances have lower sensing costs, the optimal allocation of sensing energy and rate that minimizes the overall distortion is derived for the first problem. Moreover, structural results on the solution of the second problem are derived under the assumption that the sources with larger variances are transmitted on channels with lower noise.
Scoping constructs in logic programming: Implementation problems and their solution

The inclusion of universal quantification and a form of implication in goals in logic programming is considered. These additions provide a logical basis for scoping, but they also raise new implementation problems. When universal and existential quantifiers are permitted to appear in mixed order in goals, the devices of logic variables and unification that are employed in solving existential goals must be modified to ensure that constraints arising out of the order of quantification are respected. Suitable modifications that are based on attaching numerical tags to constants and variables and on using these tags in unification are described. The resulting devices are amenable to an efficient implementation and can, in fact, be assimilated easily into the usual machinery of the Warren Abstract Machine (WAM). The provision of implications in goals results in the possibility of program clauses being added to the program for the purpose of solving specific subgoals. A naive scheme based on asserting and retracting program clauses does not suffice for implementing such additions for two reasons. First, it is necessary to also support the resurrection of an earlier existing program in the face of backtracking. Second, the possibility for implication goals to be surrounded by quantifiers requires a consideration of the parameterization of program clauses by bindings for their free variables. Devices for supporting these additional requirements are described as also is the integration of these devices into the WAM. Further extensions to the machine are outlined for handling higher-order additions to the language. The ideas presented here are relevant to the implementation of the higher-order logic programming language λProlog.
Characterizing Bridge Functional Obsolescence Using Congestion Performance Measures Determined from Anonymous Probe-Vehicle Data

AbstractIn the last few years, anonymous probe-vehicle data has become a reliable means to evaluate travel time reliability, as well as congestion conditions along highways and major arterials. The data is collected using telematics from commercial and private cellular phones, global positioning system (GPS) devices, and onboard vehicle computers. The probe-vehicle data is commercially available in 1 min increments along spatially defined roadway segments of varying lengths. This data is being incorporated into local and statewide reports to measure congestion conditions of highway and arterial systems. This paper uses crowd-sourced anonymous probe-vehicle data to evaluate congestion duration at functionally obsolete bridge structures. The bridges selected were functionally obsolete due to poor ratings in their deck geometry as defined by the National Bridge Inventory (NBI) rating system. These deficiencies are based on a bridge’s traffic capacity as a function of its geometry and the average daily traffi...
Metal-Catalyzed Oxidations of C–H to C–N Bonds

This chapter offers a general review of selective methods for the oxidative conversion of C-H to C-N bonds. Special focus has been given to the many disparate catalyst types that are capable of promoting this unique transformation.
Limits of residually irreducible p-adic Galois representations

In this paper we produce examples of converging sequences of Galois representations, and study some of their properties.
Roadmap query for sensor network assisted navigation in dynamic environments

Mobile entity navigation in dynamic environments is an essential part of many mission critical applications like search and rescue and fire fighting. The dynamism of the environment necessitates the mobile entity to constantly maintain a high degree of awareness of the changing environment. This criteria makes it difficult to achieve good navigation performance by using just on-board sensors and existing navigation methods and motivates the use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to aid navigation. In this paper, we present a novel approach that integrates a roadmap based navigation algorithm with a novel WSN query protocol called Roadmap Query (RQ). RQ enables collection of frequent, up-to-date information about the surrounding environment, thus allowing the mobile entity to make good navigation decisions. Simulation results under realistic fire scenarios show that in highly dynamic environments RQ outperforms existing approaches in both navigation performance and communication cost. We also present a mobile agent based implementation of RQ along with preliminary experimental results, on Mica2 motes.
Preoperative Plasma Club (Clara) Cell Secretory Protein Levels Are Associated With Primary Graft Dysfunction After Lung Transplantation

Inherent recipient factors, including pre-transplant diagnosis, obesity, and elevated pulmonary pressures are established PGD risks. We evaluated the relationship between pre-operative lung injury biomarkers and PGD to gain further mechanistic insight in recipients. We performed a prospective cohort study of recipients in the lung transplant outcomes group enrolled between 2002 and 2010. Our primary outcome was grade 3 PGD on day 2 or 3. We measured pre-operative plasma levels of 5 biomarkers (CC-16, sRAGE, ICAM-1, IL-8, and Protein C) that were previously associated with PGD when measured at the post-operative timepoint. We used multivariable logistic regression to adjust for potential confounders. Of 714 subjects, 130 (18%) developed PGD. Median CC-16 levels were elevated in subjects with PGD (10.1 vs. 6.0, p<0.001). CC-16 was associated with PGD in non-IPF subjects (OR for highest quartile of CC-16: 2.87, 95% CI: 1.37, 6.00, p=0.005) but not in subjects with IPF (OR 1.38, 95% CI: 0.43, 4.45, p=0.59). After adjustment, pre-operative CC-16 levels remained associated with PGD (OR: 3.03, 95% CI: 1.26, 7.30, p=0.013) in non-IPF subjects. Our study suggests the importance of pre-existing airway epithelial injury in PGD. Markers of airway epithelial injury may be helpful in pre-transplant risk stratification in specific recipients.
Income and Poverty Among Older Koreans: Relative Contributions of and Relationship Between Public and Family Transfers

We examine the economic well-being of the Korean elderly and their reliance on public and private transfers. Underdeveloped public transfer programmes are at the centre of heated political debates, and a better understanding of economic well-being and the relation between public and private transfers will provide further insights in evaluating policy reform proposals under consideration. Using data from the 2006 and 2008 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging organised by the Korea Labor Institute (KLI), we find that the elderly poverty rate between 2006 and 2008 decreased significantly but was still significantly higher than that of other OECD countries. This poverty reduction did not benefit individuals who were older, less educated, living alone, living in rural areas, or in poor health. We find that low-income elderly who co-reside depend almost completely on the income of their children or other household members. Public transfers account for no more than a third of income for low-income elderly, while private transfers account for half. Our analysis suggests that crowding-out is not a real concern in increasing welfare transfers for the low-income elderly.
Continuous time analysis of fleeting discrete price moves

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a novel model of financial prices where (i) prices are discrete; (ii) prices change in continuous time; (iii) a high proportion of price changes are reversed in a fraction of a second. Our model is analytically tractable and directly formulated in terms of the calendar time and price impact curve. The resulting cadlag price process is a piecewise constant semimartingale with finite activity, finite variation, and no Brownian motion component. We use moment-based estimations to fit four high-frequency futures datasets and demonstrate the descriptive power of our proposed model. This model is able to describe the observed dynamics of price changes over three different orders of magnitude of time intervals. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Criteria for sigma-ampleness

In the noncommutative geometry of Artin, Van den Bergh, and others, the twisted homogeneous coordinate ring is one of the basic constructions. Such a ring is defined by a $\sigma$-ample divisor, where $\sigma$ is an automorphism of a projective scheme X. Many open questions regarding $\sigma$-ample divisors have remained. We derive a relatively simple necessary and sufficient condition for a divisor on X to be $\sigma$-ample. As a consequence, we show right and left $\sigma$-ampleness are equivalent and any associated noncommutative homogeneous coordinate ring must be noetherian and have finite, integral GK-dimension. We also characterize which automorphisms $\sigma$ yield a $\sigma$-ample divisor.
Client-Based Entrepreneurship

Client relationships create value, which employees may try to wrest from their employers by establishing their own firms. If an employer and worker cannot contract on the output and profits of the worker’s prospective new firm, at the beginning of their relationship the employer induces the worker to sign a contract that prohibits him from competing or soliciting the current client in the event of termination of employment. The socially optimal level of entrepreneurship will nevertheless be achieved if clients, employers, and workers can renegotiate these restrictive employment contracts and make compensating transfers. If workers cannot finance transfers to employers, however, employers and workers will sign contracts that are too restrictive and produce too little entrepreneurship, and governments can increase welfare by limiting enforcement of these contracts. With or without liquidity constraints, locations where noncompete contracts are less enforced will attract more clients and have higher employment and output. (JEL K12, L26, R10)
Spatial and Distance Statistics of the Trucking and Warehousing Industries using GIS Tools

The changing pattern of urban logistics with the growth in supply chain management and the increased adoption of e-commerce has implications for the location of warehousing and trucking facilities. Intuitively, as the supply chain becomes more sophisticated then more localized depots and warehousing is to be anticipated. The nature of the resultant pattern is likely to vary according to specific function and the nature of the urban area under review. The aim of this paper is to look at the potential of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in describing the nature of potential clustering effects. Statistical analyses of trucking terminals and warehousing located in Washington Consolidated Metropolitan Standard Area and Detroit Consolidated Metropolitan Standard Area is carried out using GIS and spatial statistical tools. The results include both global and local level statistics for these Metro areas. Global spatial statistics are deployed to describe the overall spatial distribution of the trucking and warehousing industry in the regions while the local spatial statistics provide distance analyses in terms of clustering and nearest neighbor analyses. The global spatial statistics (also known as first-order statistics) describe the spatial orientation of logistics related industrial location patterns while the local statistics (also called second order or distance analyses) describes results of nearest neighbor analyses associated with the metro areas'' road networks. Hot-spot analyses is used to describe the local clustering of logistics industries either along road networks or across a metro region.
The Heat Coagulation of Milk

In the sterilizing process in the manufacture of evaporated milk, it is desirable to produce an incipient coagulation, in the nature of a tender jell or "fiver" as it is called by the practical men. Such a product will have a heavy creamy body after the "fiver" has been broken up by the shaking process. This is desirable because the product presents a richer appegrance to the consumer, and on account of the greater viscosity, there is little danger of fat separation from such a product. However, evaporated milk differs widely in the readiness with which it coagulates. At times the milk coagulates so readily that it would be unmarketable, on account of its curdy appearance, if it were heated long enough to preserve it. This constitutes the problem with which we are concerned in this paper. There is probably no condensery that is entirely free from this trouble throughout the year. I t is undoubtedly one of the biggest problems that confronts the industry.
Quantum computing and phase transitions in combinatorial search

We introduce an algorithm for combinatorial search on quantum computers that is capable of significantly concentrating amplitude into solutions for some NP search problems, on average. This is done by exploiting the same aspects of problem structure as used by classical backtrack methods to avoid unproductive search choices. This quantum algorithm is much more likely to find solutions than the simple direct use of quantum parallelism. Furthermore, empirical evaluation on small problems shows this quantum algorithm displays the same phase transition behavior, and at the same location, as seen in many previously studied classical search methods. Specifically, difficult problem instances are concentrated near the abrupt change from underconstrained to overconstrained problems.
Do cooperatives help the poor? Evidence from Ethiopia

This paper analyzes how producer cooperatives may bene t households in rural environments. In a multi-period model I characterize the conditions that must hold so that the always poor can exit poverty when participating in cooperatives. In particular, I explore whether cooperatives help poor households to exit poverty by increasing productivity and facilitating access to modern technologies that involve xed investments (soil conservation practices and irrigation systems). I test the implications of the model using the Ethiopian Rural Household Surveys (ERHS). Results indicate that cooperatives increased productivity for households that were not poor in 1994. Furthermore, while they had a negative e ect on adoption of xed cost technologies, the had a positive e ect on adoption of pesticides and participation in agricultural extension programs. Very preliminary, all comments welcome ∗I am extremely grateful to Professors Brad Barham and Laura Schechter for their advice and guidance, and to Professor Jennifer Alix-Garcia and the participants at various research meetings at the UW-Madison AAE Department for their helpful suggestions. I also thank Professor Camilo Garcia-Jimeno and Rebecca Cleary for their help at di erent stages of the project. I also gratefully acknowledge the nancial support of the AAE Department and the Penn Scholarship Fund at UW-Madison. Finally, I would like to thank Professors Jeremy Foltz and Belay Simane, the sta from Bacho Weliso Farmers Cooperative Union, Fanaye Tadesse, Gashaw Tadesse, Sileshi Bogale and Jemal Mahmud for their crucial support during eldwork. The data used in this paper have been made available by the Economics Department, Addis Ababa University, the Center for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford and the International Food Policy Research Institute. Funding for data collection was provided by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID); the preparation of the public release version of these data was supported, in part, by the World Bank. AAU, CSAE, IFPRI, ESRC, SIDA, USAID and the World Bank are not responsible for any errors in these data or for their use or interpretation. †University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics. 427 Lorch St, Madison WI 53706. rodrigo@wisc.edu.
Discrimination: the difference with AIDS.

Through medical health statistics and budget data this article illustrates that the distinctive element of the HIV/AIDS crisis is that, at least initially, it is a medical pandemic disproportionately affecting homosexual males, intravenous drug users, prostitutes, and evolving into areas inhabited predominantly by persons of color or a distinct ethnic majority other than Caucasian. As a result, the article argues, the discrimination that accompanied these groups parallels the patterns of funding for medical services, support services, and funding for a cure. HIV/AIDS did not alleviate discrimination, it exacerbated it. Statistics, cases, statutes, and budgetary allocations are provided in this article. The argument provided is that because the groups most affected by HIV/AIDS are the same groups that are repeatedly ignored by government programs and services. The medical emergency of HIV/AIDS should be the catalyst by which communities, governments and persons need to mobilize to meet the current needs of those affected and to become serious partners with science to find a cure. HIV/AIDS should not be a rationale for continuing past discriminatory treatment of disparaged groups, but HIV/AIDS should serve as a catalyst to mobilize.
Networks, Finance, and Development: Evidence from Hunter-Gatherers

This paper sheds light on the relationship between social networks and market incompleteness in an Amazonian hunter-gatherer society. In that economy, individuals enter informal contracts to finance, besides their foraging-farming activities, relatively risky human capital investments in pursuit of employment outside the villages. While the default financing contract can be characterized as debt, insurance in the form of equity-like financing is only available from fellow villagers. However, in order to maintain the stability of the village networks, human capital investments are underfunded with insurance. I show that this capital market imperfection potentially leads to substantial underinvestment in human capital, and calibrate the counterfactual efficiency gains from completing the market.
A Minsky Perspective on the Global Recession of 2009

On 18 August 2007, a front-page story in The Wall Street Journal highlighted the ideas of economist Hyman Minsky. With the US economy in the midst of a worsening credit crunch, reporter Justin Lahart observed that although Minsky died in 1996, his views were ‘reverberating from New York to Hong Kong as economists and traders are trying to understand what’s happening in the markets’ (Lahart, 2007: p. 1).
A framework for ontology evolution in collaborative environments

With the wider use of ontologies in the Semantic Web and as part of production systems, multiple scenarios for ontology maintenance and evolution are emerging. For example, successive ontology versions can be posted on the (Semantic) Web, with users discovering the new versions serendipitously; ontology-development in a collaborative environment can be synchronous or asynchronous; managers of projects may exercise quality control, examining changes from previous baseline versions and accepting or rejecting them before a new baseline is published, and so on. In this paper, we present different scenarios for ontology maintenance and evolution that we have encountered in our own projects and in those of our collaborators. We define several features that categorize these scenarios. For each scenario, we discuss the high-level tasks that an editing environment must support. We then present a unified comprehensive set of tools to support different scenarios in a single framework, allowing users to switch between different modes easily.
Method of Moments

This is a method for obtaining point estimators of parameters, by solving a set of equations that equate a number of sample moments to their expectations. The method is consistent but inefficient. Topics considered here include the extension to multivariate data, the generalized and least squares methods of moments, distribution theory, and various specific examples. Keywords: estimation; consistent; efficiency; multivariate; generalized; least squares; maximum likelihood; mixture models
Volume Visualization of Multiple Alignment of Large Genomic DNA

Genomes of hundreds of species have been sequenced to date, and many more are being sequenced. As more and more sequence data sets become available, and as the challenge of comparing these massive “billion basepair DNA sequences” becomes substan- tial, so does the need for more powerful tools supporting the exploration of these data sets. Similarity score data used to compare aligned DNA sequences is inherently one-dimensional. One-dimensional (1D) representations of these data sets do not effectively utilize screen real estate. As a result, tools using 1D representations are incapable of providing informatory overview for extremely large data sets. We present a technique to arrange 1D data in 3D space to allow us to apply state-of-the-art interactive volume visualization techniques for data exploration. We demonstrate our technique using multi-millions-basepair-long aligned DNA sequence data and compare it with traditional 1D line plots. The results show that our tech- nique is superior in providing an overview of entire data sets. Our technique, coupled with 1D line plots, results in effective multi-resolution visualization of very large aligned sequence data sets.
Effects of the Minimum Wage on Employment Dynamics

The voluminous literature on minimum wages offers little consensus on the extent to which a wage floor impacts employment. We argue that the minimum wage will impact employment over time through changes in growth rather than an immediate drop in relative employment levels. We show that commonly used specifications in this literature, especially those that include state-specific time trends, will not accurately capture these effects. Using three separate state panels of administrative employment data, we find that the minimum wage reduces job growth over a period of several years. This finding is supported using several empirical specifications.
You are what (and where) you eat : capturing food away from home in welfare measures

Consumption of food away from home is rapidly growing across the developing world. Surprisingly, the majority of household surveys around the world haven not kept up with its pace and still collect limited information on it. The implications for poverty and inequality measurement are far from clear, and the direction of the impact cannot be established a priori, since consumption of food away from home affects both food consumption and the poverty line. This paper exploits rich data on food away from home collected as part of the National Household Survey in Peru, shedding light to the extent to which welfare measures differ depending on whether they properly account for food away from home. Peru is a relevant context, with the average Peruvian household spending 28 percent of their food budget on food away from home by 2010. The analysis indicates that failure to account for the consumption of food away from home has important implications for poverty and inequality measures as well as the understanding of who the poor are. First, accounting for food away from home results in extreme poverty rates that are 18 percent higher and moderate poverty rates that are 16 percent lower. These results are also consistent, in fact more pronounced, with poverty gap and severity measures. Second, consumption inequality measured by the Gini coefficient decreases by 1.3 points when food away from home is included, a significant reduction. Finally, inclusion of food away from home results in a reclassification of households from poor to non-poor status and vice versa: 20 percent of the poor are different when the analysis includes consumption of food away from home. This effect is large enough that a standard poverty profile analysis results in significant differences between the poverty classification based on whether food away from home is included or not. The differences cover many dimensions, including demographics, education, and labor market characteristics. Taken together, the results indicate that a serious rethinking of how to deal with the consumption of food away from home in measuring well-being is urgently needed to properly estimate and understand poverty around the world.
Loans on sale: Credit market seasonality, borrower need, and lender rents

Abstract The market for corporate credit is characterized by significant seasonal variation, both in interest rates and the volume of new lending. Firms borrowing from banks during seasonal “sales” in late spring and fall issue at 19 basis points cheaper than winter and summer borrowers. Issuers during cheap seasons appear to have less immediate needs, but are enticed by low rates to engage in precautionary borrowing. High-interest-rate periods capture borrowers with unanticipated, non-deferrable investment needs. Consistent with models of intertemporal price discrimination, seasonality is strongly associated with market concentration among a few large banks with repeated interactions.
Turbulence Processes and Simple Closure Schemes

The origin of the closure problem in turbulence was discussed in some of the earlier papers in this volume. Herein we briefly review the closure problem and introduce simple closure schemes in order to obtain solutions for some simple flows. These solutions will be used to illustrate the processes occurring in turbulence. Closure by specification of initial conditions will then be considered. Finally, practical closure schemes for more complicated flows, such as boundary layers and pipe flows, will be discussed.
Somewhat Stochastic Matrices

The standard theorem for stochastic matrices with positive entries is generalized to matrices with no sign restriction on the entries. The condition that column sums be equal to 1 is kept, but the ...
An annotation based approach to support design communication

The aim of this paper is to propose an approach based on the concept of annotation for supporting design communication. In this paper, we describe a co-operative design case study where we analyse some annotation practices, mainly focused on design minutes recorded during project reviews. We point out specific requirements concerning annotation needs. Based on these requirements, we propose an annotation model, inspired from the Speech Act Theory (SAT) to support communication in a 3D digital environment. We define two types of annotations in the engineering design context, locutionary and illocutionary annotations. The annotations we describe in this paper are materialised by a set of digital artefacts, which have a semantic dimension allowing express/record elements of technical justifications, traces of contradictory debates, etc. In this paper, we first clarify the semantic annotation concept, and we define general properties of annotations in the engineering design context, and the role of annotations in different design project situations. After the description of the case study, where we observe and analyse annotations usage during the design reviews and minute making, the last section is dedicated to present our approach. We then describe the SAT concept, and define the concept of annotation acts. We conclude with a description of basic annotation functionalities that are actually implemented in a software, based on our approach.
Scattering by Non-Spherical Particles of Size Comparable to a Wavelength: A New Semi-Empirical Theory

We propose an approximate method for evaluating the interaction of randomly oriented, non-spherical particles with the total intensity component of electromagnetic radiation. When the particle size parameter, x, the ratio of particle circumference to wavelength, is less than some upper bound xo (~5), Mie theory is used. For x > xo, the interaction is divided into three components: diffraction, external reflection, and transmission. Physical optics theory is used to obtain the first of these components; geometrical optics theory is applied to the second; and a simple parameterization is employed for the third. The predictions of this theory are found to be in very good agreement with laboratory measurements for a wide variety of particle shapes, sizes, and refractive indexes. Limitations of the theory are also noted.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Galilean Satellites

One of the premier areas of scientific return from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of Solar System objects has been studies of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter. Because these objects are unresolvable in most ground-based observations, HST’s spatially resolved imaging and spectroscopy of their surfaces, atmospheres, and electrodynamic interactions with the Jovian magnetosphere have provided unique results. This talk will review highlights of the science results from HST observations of the Galilean satellites, including discovery of auroral emissions at the poles of Ganymede, the recent discovery of molecular sulfur in the Pele plume on Io, and the presence of SO 2 in the surface of Callisto.
Ballistic Mercury orbiter mission via Venus and Mercury gravity assists

It is shown that it is possible to deliver a payload of 600 to 2000 kg to a 300-km circular orbit at Mercury using presently available NASA Space Transportation Systems and a single-stage bipropellant chemical rocket. This superior payload performance is attained by swingbys of Venus, plus (more importantly), the use of the reverse Delta-V/EGA process. In contrast to the Delta-V/EGA process (used to boost the launch energy by returning to earth for a gravity assist), the reverse Delta-V/EGA process reduces the Mercury approach energy each time a spacecraft makes a near-resonant return to Mercury for a gravity assist and reduces the orbit-capture Delta-V requirement. The mission sequences for such high-performance missions are described, and example mission opportunities for the years 1990 to 2010 are presented.
Future Complete Vacuum Spacetimes

In this paper we prove a global existence theorem, in the direction of cosmological expansion, for sufficiently small perturbations of a family of spatially compact variants of the k = -1 Friedmann—Robertson—Walker vacuum spacetime. We use a special gauge defined by constant mean curvature slicing and a spatial harmonic coordinate condition, and develop energy estimates through the use of the Be-Robinson energy and its higher-order generalizations. In addition to the smallness condition on the data, we need a topological constraint on the spatial manifold to exclude the possibility of a non-trivial moduli space of flat spacetime perturbations, since the latter could not be controlled by curvature-based energies such as those of Bel—Robinson type. Our results also demonstrate causal geodesic completeness of the perturbed spacetimes (in the expanding direction) and establish precise rates of decay towards the background solution which serves as an attractor asymptotically.
Distant X-Ray Galaxies: Insights from the Local Population

A full understanding of the origin of the hard X-ray background requires a complete and accurate census of the distant galaxies that produce it. Unfortunately, distant X-ray galaxies tend to be very faint at all wavelengths, which hinders efforts to perform this census. This chapter discusses the insights that can be obtained through comparison of the distant population to local X-ray galaxies, whose properties are well characterized. Such comparisons will ultimately aid investigations into the cosmic evolution of supermassive black holes and their environments.