cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ontogeny of phototaxis by larvae of the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii

Phototaxis by each zoeal stage of the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) was quantitatively measured by means of a microscope closed-circuit television system. The megalopa stage is indifferent to light stimulation and was thus not tested. The action spectrum for positive phototaxis is similar at each zoeal stage, having the most pronounced maximum at about 500 nm and smaller maxima at 400 and 280 nm. Responsiveness to various intensities of 500 nm light is also similar at each stage. After dark-adaptation strongest positive phototaxis occurs at intensities between 1.0 and 3.0x10-4 W/m2, with no negative phototaxis to lower intensities. After light-adaptation, the positive response occurs to higher intensities between 20 and 0.01 W/m2, with a pronounced negative response to lower intensities. Generally, mean swimming speeds during positive phototaxis do not change with stimulation intensity, although during negative phototaxis mean speeds do vary with intensity. At the highest intensities which initiate a negative response, mean values are significantly greater than values for positive phototaxis. Based on the pattern of phototaxis at each developmental stage, a prediction of events during diurnal vertical migration is possible. The negative response after light-adaptation might also function as a shadow reflex.
Inherited risk factors for venous thromboembolism: Implications for clinical practice

Abstract Each year, thrombosis in the deep veins of the lower extremities occurs in 1 of every 1000 Americans (1). Although most cases of venous thrombosis are not fatal, death from pulmonary embolism can be expected in 1 % to 2% of all patients, and as many as 25% of patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) will suffer the chronic effects of postthrombotic syndrome. Thus, identification of high-risk patients with genetic predispositions to thrombosis is an important clinical goal, particularly among individuals with recurrent DVT.
Notorious Woman: The Celebrated Case of Myra Clark Gaines

Notorious Woman: The Celebrated Case of Myra Clark Gaines. By Elizabeth Urban Alexander. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001. Pp. xiv, 301. Illustrations. $34.95.) This book is proof that the litigious nature of American society is not a modern phenomenon. According to Notorious Woman's bibliography, the legal wranglings of Myra Clark Gaines account for sixteen United States Supreme Court cases, eight cases before the Louisiana Supreme Court, and eighty-eight cases at the district court level of both state and federal judicial systems. There were more: over 200 suits were filed in the Confederate courts of New Orleans during the brief year before Union occupation of the city. For fifty-seven years, from 1834 to 1891, Gaines and her advocates pressed her claims in state and federal courts at every level of appeal. Elizabeth Urban Alexander follows the complex and convoluted course of Gaines's saga, placing her court battles in the context of popular mores and nineteenth-century social values. Her goal is "to weave together an account of the emergence of domestic relations law, the popularity of sentimental fiction, and the transformation of judicial attitudes toward women with the twists and turns of the litigation that made Gaines famous" (xii). The legal cause that led to this prolonged litigation was Myra Gaines's claim to be the legitimate heir of wealthy New Orleans landowner Daniel Clark. Among the knotty legal questions that cried for answers were whether Gaines's mother, Zulime Carriere, had actually married Clark; whether Carriere's previous marriage had been legitimate; and whether a will that existed only through the testimony of dead witnesses could supercede a will that existed in fact. In Notorious Woman, the legal case becomes a point of departure for discussions of nineteenth-century attitudes, social customs, and judicial precedents. Among the digressions that this case leads to are, for example, the power of wealthy business interests to influence public decisions, the fundamental importance of property rights and titles, the fragility of business arrangements, the meaning of legitimacy and bastardy, the role of women in society, the uncertainties of marriage and divorce in the nineteenth century, and prevailing themes of popular fiction. In exploring the attempt to prove Gaines's legitimacy, Alexander takes the reader down tangential paths of social history that become as entertaining as the case itself. From concise descriptions of the United States Supreme Court setting and brief sketches of each justice to lengthier vignettes of Justices James Wayne and John Catron, Alexander recreates the milieu in which the cases played out and relates the justices' opinions to their personal and political backgrounds and their judicial philosophies. We are treated to the various meanings of bastardy through the centuries in English common law and according to the Louisiana Civil Code. …
Synaptic modulation of neuronal coupling.

Electrotonic coupling among neurons in the vertebrate, and more specifically the mammalian, brain has now been demonstrated to exist in all major brain subdivisions and in the spinal cord. For many of these brain areas, recent studies have investigated the possibilities of modulation of that coupling by synaptically released transmitters and/or neuromodulators. Reviewed here is the evidence for coupling, the synaptically related factors that play roles in up- or downregulation of this type of intercellular interaction and, to the extent that they have been investigated, the intracellular mechanisms operative in changing the extent of coupled networks in the brain. The functional significance of coupling and its modulation is discussed for some of these areas.
Gender differences in the reporting of physical and somatoform symptoms.

Objective Women have consistently been shown to report greater numbers of physical symptoms. Our aim in this study was to assess gender differences for specific symptoms and to assess how much of these differences were attributable to psychiatric comorbidity. Method Data from the PRIME-MD 1000 study (1000 patients from four primary case sites evaluated with the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders interview) were analyzed to determine gender differences in the reporting of 13 common physical symptoms. The effect of gender on symptom reporting was assessed by multivariate analysis, adjusting for depressive and anxiety disorders as well as age, race, education, and medical comorbidity. Results All symptoms except one were reported more commonly by women, with the adjusted odds ratios (typically in the 1.5-2.5 range) showing statistically significant differences for 10 of 13 symptoms. Somatoform (ie, physically unexplained) symptoms were also more frequent in women. Although depressive and anxiety disorders were the strongest correlate of symptom reporting, gender had an independent effect that persisted even after adjusting for psychiatric comorbidity. Gender was the most important demographic factor associated with symptom reporting, followed by education. Conclusions Most physical symptoms are typically reported at least 50% more often by women than by men. Although mental disorders are also more prevalent in women, gender influences symptom reporting in patients whether or not there is psychiatric comorbidity.
Ab initio study on the dissociation pathways of XSO2 (XCl, F) radicals

Abstract The dissociation dynamics of XSO 2 (XF, Cl) radicals has been investigated using an ab initio method. At the QCISD/6–31G ∗ + ΔZPE level theory, halogen extrusion from XSO 2 is predicted to be endothermic by 28.7 kcal mol −1 for XF and exothermic by 7.7 kcal mol −1 for XCl, respectively. The bond dissociation energies computed for FSO 2 using G2, G2(MP2), CBS-Q and CBS-4 theories are consistent with that calculated at the QCISD/6–31G ∗ +ΔZPE level of theory. The atmospheric implication of the computational results is discussed.
Time and the Moment in Victorian Literature and Society

1. A brief history of the moment 2. The economic mediation of time 3. Pie'd: the moment in mid-Victorian working-class fiction 4. Dickens' peripatetic novels 5. Adam Bede and the redemption of time 6. Daniel Deronda: Eliot's anti-epiphanic novel 7. Panic in Lord Jim Conclusion: lost duration.
Structure Factors and Elementary Excitations of Condensed Matter

Abstract An inelastic electron scattering experiment performed at Princeton on thin films of the quasi one-dimensional organic metal tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ) reveals an anomalous negative plasmon dispersion. On the other hand, a recent neutron scattering experiment on liquid 4 He at Chalk River shows that the structure factor of this liquid varies with temperature and momentum in an interesting. In particular, it is observed that at small momentum and above a certain temperature, the structure factor shows an anomalous dip before it starts increasing towards the first peak which is higher for higher temperatures. The structure factors in these completely different systems are related in an analogous way to their elementary excitations which determine the anomalous properties.
Anti-neoplastic activity of C205: A new topical anti-cancer formulation

Abstract C205, a topical ointment currently in clinical trial, was tested by a method developed to evaluate the topical activity of new drugs. Subcutaneous B-16 melanoma was used as the primary tumor model. Tumor size of treated animals as percentage of tumor size of control animals ( T C ratio) was found to be 14, with 50% of the animals tested free of viable and palpable tumor at 60 days post treatment. The anti-neoplastic activity of C205 was superior to 5-fluorouracil using the same method of evaluation. Only minimal loss of animal body weight occurred after C205. C205 also showed anti-tumor activity against subcutaneously implanted Lewis lung carcinoma.
The HBT-interferometry of expanding sources

Abstract The structure of the bosonic correlation function for expanding thermalized systems is obtained using the conception of the system's lengths of homogeneity. The analysis of the p t -behavior of the long -, out - and side -interferometry radii is performed for radiating sources with relativistic transversal and longitudinal flows. Simple analytical formulas for all interferometry radii are obtained for typical classes of transversal flows.
Effect of solid state impurities on the dissolution of Nickel oxide

The influence of two dopants: Li2O and Cr2O3 on the dissolution of NiO has been investigated using dilute sulfuric acid solutions at 60 °C. The dissolution rate is decreased by chromium additions of up to 1.0 mol pct Cr2O3, but the addition of 1 mol pct Li2O dramatically increases the dissolution rate. The results are interpreted in terms of the modification of the defect structure of NiO (p-type semiconductor with metal vacancies) by the dopants. It is proposed that Li+ doping increases the surface concentration of Ni3+ and that subsequent strong Ni3+-SO42− interaction enhances NiO dissolution. The NiO-SO42− surface interaction is confirmed with electrophoretic mobility measurements. A similar, though less pronounced, trend is observed when perchloric acid is used instead of sulfuric acid as the dissolution reagent. The difference in the behavior of the acids is attributed to differences in their affinities for the oxide surface.
Parasitism of diapausing pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) larvae by entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae)☆

Diapausing larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), were exposed to entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernematidae; Heterorhabditidae) at a dosage of 100 or 200 infective juveniles (IJ) per larva. No signi"cant di!erences between infection of Steinernema riobrave (strain 355) Cabanillas, Poinar and Raulston, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (strain Cruiser) (Poinar) were observed after either 6-d or 9-d of incubation. No signi"cant di!erence in infection levels occurred due to increasing dose. Greatest insect mortality occurred due to parasitism by S. riobrave (355). In a second assay, diapausing larvae of P. gossypiella were exposed to S. riobrave (355), Steinernema carpocapsae (strain Kapow) (Weiser), H. bacteriophora (strain Lawn Patrol), or H. bacteriophora (Cruiser) at dosages of 50, 100, 200, or 400 IJs per larva. S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora (Cruiser) infected larvae at signi"cantly higher rates compared with H. bacteriophora (Lawn Patrol) and S. riobrave. A signi"cant di!erence in infection levels occurred due to nematode dose. In a third assay cotton bolls infested with diapausing P. gossypiella were exposed to S. riobrave (355), or H. bacteriophora (Cruiser). Boxes were prepared with bolls buried 5 cm below the soil surface or bolls laid on the soil surface. Boxes also were incubated at constant temperature or exposed to ambient seasonal temperatures and light. H. bacteriophora (Cruiser) infected larvae at signi"cantly higher rates compared with S. riobrave (355). Signi"cant di!erences in infection levels occurred due to the location of the boll placement and the incubation temperature. ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
CMap 1.01

Summary:CMap is a web-based tool for displaying and comparing maps of any type and from any species. A user can compare an unlimited number of maps, view pair-wise comparisons of known correspondences, and search for maps or for features by name, species, type and accession. CMap is freely available, can run on a variety of database engines and uses only free and open software components. Availability: http://www.gmod.org/cmap Contact: kclark@cshl.edu
Safety climate research: taking stock and looking forward

Though long a subject of scholarly interest outside of healthcare,1 ,2 attention to safety climate within healthcare began in earnest following the report by the Institute of Medicine: To Err is Human . Accomplishments of the growing body of literature on safety climate in healthcare include developing and validating a number of comprehensive measures of safety climate3–5; linking safety climate to a wide range of patient outcomes, such as patient safety indicators,6 ,7 rates of hospital readmission,8 and medication and other errors9 ,10; and identifying leader and organisational practices that influence safety climate, such as Leadership WalkRounds11 and multifaceted interventions.12 This body of research has also impacted practice. For example, bolstered by a Joint Commission accreditation requirement, most hospitals now participate in regular efforts to survey and benchmark their safety climate.13 The two papers on safety climate in this issue represent additional contributions to this literature.14 ,15 At the same time, they provide an opportunity to reflect on the nature of safety climate research, what scholars have already accomplished, and what additional research is needed now, in light of the chasm yet to be crossed.16 ,17 In this commentary, we describe what we see as the key contributions of these papers and use them as an occasion to take stock of the state of safety climate research. We then identify lingering conceptual and empirical challenges and suggest several strategies for resolving them and advancing the field. The review of safety climate interventions by Morello and colleagues14 highlights that present enthusiasm for interventions outstrips the evidence supporting them. These authors found minimal effects from the interventions they studied. Moreover, very few studies examined interventions in comparison with a control group. These findings highlight …
The CAEME Center for Multimedia Education

Briefly reviews the activities of the CAEME Center for Multimedia Education. Emphases is placed on (1) the contents of the CAEME Software Book, Vol. II; (2) the interdisciplinary engineering software published in the journal, Computer Applications in Engineering Education (CAE); and (3) the multimedia science and math lessons published by CAEME. Besides a description of the CAEME activities, the developed software and multimedia products are demonstrated. >
Subsistence and Settlement Correlates of Treponemal Disease: Temporal Patterns in Pre‐Columbian East Tennessee

After ca 1000 BC, coinciding with the transition to sedentism, tertiary stage treponemal disease apparently becomes osteologically pervasive in pre-Columbian North America. However, varying interobserver treponemal disease diagnostic thresholds, sampling error and the possibly ecosensitive nature of the pre-Columbian nonvenereal treponemal disease variants (i.e. yaws and treponarid) prevents subsistence-settlement pattern from becoming a reliable predictor of treponemal disease prevalence. This is particularly true of later prehistory with the transition from horticulture to intensive, maize-based agriculture. To address whether treponemal disease visibility does vary across this specific subsistence-settlement threshold, subadults (4+ years of age) and adults from 11 late prehistoric sites (N = 997) from the same geographic area of East Tennessee were sampled for the presence of treponemal disease. Six sites (N = 279) primarily date to the Late Woodland period (AD 700–900) and culturally belong to what is referred to as the Hamilton mortuary complex. The sample is archaeologically characterised as horticulturalist with presumably a dispersed farmstead or hamlet settlement pattern. Six sites (N = 718) date to the Late Mississippian (AD 1300–1550, Dallas phase) and are maize-intensive agriculturalists with a large, aggregate village settlement pattern. The sites were examined using three different levels of treponemal disease diagnostic confidence. Treponemal disease raw frequency does indeed differ across the levels of diagnostic confidence between the total Late Woodland horticulturalist sample (4.3–5.5%) and total Late Mississippian maize agriculturalist sample (5.4–6.5%). The meaning is complex as the Dallas phase sample may have a socially segregated elite; the mound-interred (1.8%) relative to the village-interred (6.1–7.4%) exhibited significantly fewer cases of treponemal disease. Tentatively, treponemal disease visibility does appear to co-associate with sedentism and perhaps (if the mound-interred Dallas individuals are elites) also aggregated settlement. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixed-methods exploration of parents' health information understanding.

Health literacy—the ability to read, understand, and use health information to make health care decisions—affects health care outcomes, hospitalization costs, and readmission. The purpose of this exploratory mixed-methods study is to determine how two different parent groups (English speaking and Spanish speaking) understand medical care for their children and the procedural and research consent forms required by that care. Quantitative and qualitative data are gathered and compared concurrently. Differences between groups are found in age, grade completed, Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults scores, and ways of understanding health information. Identifying how parents understand health information is the first step in providing effective family-centered health care education.
A light and scanning electron microscopic study of the basilar papilla in the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum†

The basilar papilla and basilar recess of Ambystoma tigrinum have been investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. The recess is an evagination of the lagena, and is invested externally by dense periotic connective tissue, except over a thin area of one wall abutting against a periotic diverticulum communicating with the periotic sac. The surface and histological features of the non-sensory lining epithelium are described. The basilar papilla occupies both slopes of an elevation adjacent to the thin wall of the recess, and consists of 40 to 80 sensory cells interposed between sustentacular cells. The sensory cells are innervated by 30 to 40 nerve fibers exhibiting two ranges of diameter, and they are capped by typical ciliary bundles that are taller at the center of the receptor than at its periphery. Bundles in the proximal and distal halves of the papilla are polarized, respectively, toward the saccule and toward the thin wall in contact with the periotic diverticulum; this divergent pattern of polarization has not been reported previously in the basilar papilla of other vertebrates. A tectorial body overlies only the bundles in the distal half of the receptor, and is attached to both the neuroepithelium and the opposite wall of the recess. Functional considerations are discussed, and comparisons are made with conditions reported in frogs and toads. The findings suggest that the basilar papilla and recess in caudate and anuran amphibians arose from common precursors and probably function in a similar manner.
‘Fast track’ postoperative management protocol for patients with high co‐morbidity undergoing complex abdominal and pelvic colorectal surgery

Background: A combination of factors has emphasized the need to reduce postoperative stay after surgery. Multimodal care plans may shorten hospital stay, but have been associated with high readmission rates and are generally reserved for straightforward, non-complicated colonic (not rectal) resections. This study evaluated a ‘fast track’ protocol in patients undergoing major colonic and rectal surgery. Methods: Sixty consecutive patients (median age 44·5 (range 13–70) years) underwent major procedures over a 6-week period on one colorectal service. Nasogastric tubes and epidural anaesthesia were not used. Patients participated in a protocol of early diet and early ambulation, and were discharged after meeting defined criteria. Results: Fifty-eight patients (97 per cent) were deemed suitable for the ‘fast track’ approach at the time of surgery and stayed for a mean(s.d.) of 4·3(1·6) days after operation. Patients in diagnosis-related group (DRG) 148 (colorectal resection with co-morbidity; n = 40) stayed for 4·6(1·7) days, which was longer than those in DRG 149 (without co-morbidity; n = 18) who stayed 3·5(0·8) days (P = 0·01). Three patients (5 per cent) required a nasogastric tube for vomiting. There were no readmissions directly attributable to ‘fast track’ failure, although four patients (7 per cent) were readmitted within 30 days of operation for other reasons. Eight poorly compliant patients stayed for 5·1(1·1) days (P = 0·02 versus compliant patients). ‘Fast track’ patients had a shorter length of stay than patients receiving traditional care on other colorectal services during the same time period (compared by DRG 148, DRG 149 and for all patients) (P < 0·0001). Conclusion: The ‘fast track’ protocol allows patients with high levels of co-morbidity undergoing complex colorectal and reoperative pelvic surgery to benefit from a rapid recovery and early discharge from hospital. The approach is safe and has low readmission rates. © 2001 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd
Organizational ethics education and training: a review of best practices and their application

Ensuring that ethical action remains a vibrant aspect of an organization’s climate and culture is an ongoing challenge for those responsible for training and development. To better understand what best practices are being utilized today, eight organizations in the Silicon Valley region of the United States were studied. Findings suggest that ethics training is particularly intensive when an employee is first hired, when rules, regulations and corporate values are shared during the indoctrination period. Training continues, but is often limited to online activities. Face-to-face interaction, necessary for learning and development, is usually reserved for specialized functions and senior level managers. Most firms emphasize a compliance-based approach, with little attention directed toward developing moral competencies over time. In addition, assessment tools to measure ethical competencies are rarely used as performance criteria. Findings from this study reveal specific trends, which can inform, guide and improve practitioners’ efforts to further develop ethical decision-making and action within their organizations.
AT-RISK DRINKING AMONG PATIENTS IN AN OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE CLINIC

This study described the prevalence and characteristics of at-risk drinkers among adults receiving care at an urban occupational medicine clinic. Comparisons were also made between occupational medicine and primary care patients. Among occupational medicine patients, prevalences were: 11% at-risk drinking; 51% light-moderate drinking; 38% abstinence. Abstainers differed from alcohol users with regard to race (fewer Caucasian) and marijuana use (lower rates). Compared to light-moderate drinkers, at-risk drinkers were more likely to be smokers. Compared to a primary care sample, non-at-risk drinkers in occupational medicine reported poorer health, more activity limitations, higher rates of smoking and more stress and depressive symptoms. In contrast, at-risk drinkers in occupational medicine were quite similar to those in primary care. Occupational medicine clinics are viable settings in which to screen for at-risk drinking patterns and to implement primary and secondary prevention strategies.
Field distribution modeling and measurements of ferrite-loaded CBS antennas

When computing the permeability tensor of the ferrite material, it is often assumed that the internal magnetic field is uniform. In this paper we compare simulations and measurements of the input impedance of a ferrite-loaded CBS antenna based on the non-uniform field distribution with those based on the uniform field distribution.
Iterated relative recursive enumerability

A result of Soare and Stob asserts that for any non-recursive r.e. set C, there exists a r.e.(C) set A such that AC is not of r.e. degree. A set Y is called (of) m-REA (m-REA(C)) (degree) iff it is (Turing equivalent to) the result of applying m-many iterated 'hops' to the empty set (to C), where a hop is any function of the form X ~ X �9 W x . The cited result is the special case m = 0, n = 1 of our Theorem. For m = 0, 1, and any (m + 1)-REA set C, if C is not of m-REA degree, then for all n there exists a n-r.e.(C) set A such that A | C is not of (m + n)-REA degree. We conjecture that this holds also for m > 2.
Management of breakthrough seizures in the emergency department: continuity of patient care

ABSTRACTBackground: Epilepsy is a chronic disorder requiring long-term management. Communication between emergency physicians, neurologists, and primary care physicians (PCPs) is especially critical for the continuity of care for patients who present in an emergency department (ED) with a breakthrough seizure. Therefore, maximizing communication between the emergency physician and the PCP is of the utmost importance. The emergency physician, who is on the front line, must gather the information necessary to identify the underlying cause of the seizure and decide whether the pharmaceutical management must be changed.Scope: This paper provides a clinical commentary on issues to consider when managing breakthrough seizures in the ED, to inform and facilitate communication between emergency physicians, consulting neurologists, and PCPs.Conclusions: Clinical management decisions, especially when considering adjustment in an antiepileptic drug (AED) regimen, are often best made in coordination with a consulting...
Computed tomography of cortical desmoid

The diagnosis of cortical desmoid in the typical case is easily established using conventional radiography. In atypical cases, the use of computed tomography (CT) may be helpful in diagnosis. We report the use of computed tomography in two patients with cortical desmoids. In one case plain radiographic findings were not diagnostic and the use of CT obviated biopsy. The finding of a desmoid in an atypical location, the insertion site of the medial head of the gastrocnemius tendon, is discussed.
Simultaneous variation of inter-electrode potential and impedance

Measurements were made of the simultaneous variation of potential and impedance across pairs of Ag-AgCl electrodes, while step changes in pressure were directed at developing procedures for reducing movement artifacts from surface electrode biopotential recordings of ambulatory subjects. Electrodes were applied to the arm with electrode paste. Impedance was measured at 10 kHz. Bandwidth of potential and impedance signals was limited to 0.05 to 30 Hz. Pressure changes were produced by releasing and retrieving a weight (150, 300 or 450 g) attached to a plate into which electrodes were embedded. Computer control of the weight allowed signal averaging of successive trials. Variation of interelectrode potential on the order of 1-20 mV and interelectrode impedance changes on the order of 10-200 m Omega were typical. Variations from subject to subject and within one subject over time were evident. >
Increased mitochondrial fission and neuronal dysfunction in Huntington's disease: implications for molecular inhibitors of excessive mitochondrial fission.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal, progressive neurodegenerative disease with an autosomal dominant inheritance, characterized by chorea, involuntary movements of the limbs and cognitive impairments. Since identification of the HD gene in 1993, tremendous progress has been made in identifying underlying mechanisms involved in HD pathogenesis and progression, and in developing and testing molecular therapeutic targets, using cell and animal models of HD. Recent studies have found that mutant Huntingtin (mHtt) interacts with Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), causing excessive fragmentation of mitochondria, leading to abnormal mitochondrial dynamics and neuronal damage in HD-affected neurons. Some progress has been made in developing molecules that can reduce excessive mitochondrial fission while maintaining both the normal balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission, and normal mitochondrial function in diseases in which excessive mitochondrial fission has been implicated. In this article, we highlight investigations that are determining the involvement of excessive mitochondrial fission in HD pathogenesis, and that are developing inhibitors of excessive mitochondrial fission for potential therapeutic applications.
Potassium chloride-bearing ice VII and ice planet dynamics

Abstract Accurate modeling of planetary interiors requires that the pressure–volume–temperature ( PVT ) properties of phases present within the body be well understood. The high-pressure polymorphs of H 2 O have been studied extensively due to the abundance of ice phases in icy moons and, likely, vast number of extra-solar planetary bodies, with only select studies evaluating impurity-laden ices. In this study, ice formed from a 1.6 mol percent KCl-bearing aqueous solution was studied up to 32.89 ± 0.19 GPa and 625 K, and the incorporation of K + and Cl − ionic impurities into the ice VII structure was documented. The compression data at 295 K were fit with a third order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state and yielded a bulk modulus ( K T 0 ), its pressure derivative ( K T 0 ′ ), and zero pressure volume ( V 0 ) of 24.7 ± 0.9 GPa, 4.44 ± 0.09, and 39.2 ± 0.2 A 3 , respectively. The impurity-laden ice was found to be 6–8% denser than ice VII formed from pure H 2 O. Thermal expansion coefficients were also determined for several isothermal compression curves at elevated temperatures, and a PVT equation of state was obtained. The melting curve of ice VII with incorporated K + and Cl − was estimated by fitting experimental data up to 10.2 ± 0.4 GPa, where melting occurred at 625 K, to the Simon–Glatzel equation. The melting curve of this impurity-laden ice is systematically depressed relative to that of pure H 2 O by approximately 45 K and 80 K at 4 and 11 GPa, respectively. A portion of the K + and Cl − contained within the ice VII structure was observed to exsolve with increasing temperature. This suggests that an internal differentiating process could concentrate a K-rich phase deep within H 2 O-rich planets, and we speculate that this could supply an additional source of heat through the radioactive decay of 40 K. Our data illustrate ice VII can incorporate significant concentrations of K + and Cl − and increasing the possibility of deep-sourced and solute-rich plumes in moderate to large sized H 2 O-rich planetary bodies.
EFFECT OF TIME-DEPENDENT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON EPIDERMAL TISSUE DAMAGE DURING PORT WINE STAIN LASER SURGERY

Port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks are a congenital and progressive vascular malformation of the dermis, involving capillaries, which occurs in approximately 0.7% of children. The objective of laser surgery for this and similar conditions is to cause selective thermal damage, thrombosis, and, eventually, permanent photocoagulation in the PWS vessels. To achieve this, the radiated laser light is set at a specific wavelength, which is highly absorbed by the blood vessels’ hemoglobin (the major chromophore in blood). Unfortunately, the PWS vessels do not absorb all energy radiated—a significant amount is also absorbed by hemoglobin in the ectatic capillaries of the upper dermis. This unwanted absorption causes two problems: firstly, insufficient heat generation within the targeted vessels leads to poor clinical results, and, secondly, there is an increased risk of damage to the overlying epidermis. In current PWS laser therapy, cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used effectively to cool and protect selectively the epidermis (tens of micrometers thick) prior to the laser pulse, while minimally cooling the blood vessels. The thermal response of the system is characterized by time and/or temperature dependent boundary conditions. However, in many recent studies, the boundary conditions induced by CSC are regarded as constant. In the present work we study the effects of timedependent boundary conditions on the overall epidermal thermal damage after PWS laser therapy. We use computer models to simulate the laser light distribution, heat diffusion, and tissue damage, and introduce experimentally determined time-dependent boundary conditions measured for custom-made and commercial atomizing nozzles. We show that time-dependent boundary conditions have a significant effect in the optimal laser dose required to induce photocoagulation of PWS blood vessels while preserving the epidermis.
Lymphoid Hyperplasia of the Appendix: A Potential Pitfall in the Sonographic Diagnosis of Appendicitis

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that thickening of the lamina propria, a finding produced by lymphoid hyperplasia, is significantly associated with false-positive sonographic diagnoses of appendicitis in 6- to 8-mm noncompressible appendixes. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sonograms of 119 consecutive patients with suspected appendicitis and 6- to 8-mm noncompressible appendixes were retrospectively blindly evaluated for thickening of the lamina propria (short axis thickness ≥ 1 mm). The reference standard for appendicitis was pathologic analysis of resected specimens. Results were compared with the two-tailed Fisher exact test. RESULTS. Thirty-one patients (26.1%) had a thickened lamina propria and 88 (73.9%) did not. Of the 27 pediatric patients with a thickened lamina propria, five (18.5%) had true-positive and 22 (81.5%) had false-positive sonograms for appendicitis; among the 55 pediatric patients without a thickened lamina propria, 27 (49.1%) had true-positive and 28 (50.9%...
Determination of Pore Size Distributions in Nano-Porous Thin Films from Small Angle Scattering

Small angle neutron and x-ray scattering (SANS, SAXS) are powerful tools in determination of the pore size and content of nano-porous materials with low dielectric constants (low-k) that are being developed as interlevel dielectrics. Several models have been previously applied to fit the scattering data in order to extract information on the average pore and/or matrix size. A new method has been developed to provide information on the size distributions of the pore and matrix phases based on the “chord length distribution” introduced by Tchoubar and Mering. Examples are given of scattering from samples that have size distributions that are narrower and broader than the random distribution typical of scattering described by Debye, Anderson, and Brumberger. An example of fitting SANS data to a phase size distribution is given.
Potential for Production of Perennial Biofuel Feedstocks in Conservation Buffers on the Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA

With global increases in the production of cellulosic biomass for fuel, or “biofuel,” concerns over potential negative effects of using land for biofuel production have promoted attention to concepts of agricultural landscape design that sustainably balance tradeoffs between food, fuel, fiber, and conservation. The Energy Independence Security Act (EISA) of 2007 mandates an increase in advanced biofuels to 21 billion gallons in 2022. The southeastern region of the USA has been identified as a contributor to meeting half of this goal. We used a GIS-based approach to estimate the production and N-removal potential of three perennial biofeedstocks planted as conservation buffers (field borders associated with riparian buffers, and grassed waterways) on the Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA. Land cover, hydrology, elevation, and soils data were used to identify locations within agricultural landscapes that are most susceptible to runoff, erosion, and nutrient loss. We estimated potential annual biomass production from these areas to be: 2.5–3.5 Tg for giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus), 2–8.6 Tg for “Merkeron” napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), and 1.9–7.5 Tg for “Alamo” switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). When production strategies were taken into consideration, we estimated total biomass yield of perennial grasses for the Georgia Coastal Plain at 2.2–9.4 Tg year−1. Using published rates of N removal and ethanol conversion, we calculated the amount of potential N removal by these systems as 8100–51,000 Mg year−1 and ethanol fuel production as 778–3296 Ml year−1 (206 to 871 million gal. US).
SPECT/CT alters management by revealing hyperemia of inflammation as the cause of false-positive I-131 whole-body scans in post-thyroidectomy thyroid cancer patients

2080 Objectives To show that I-131 SPECT/CT will reveal that false positive results on whole-body scans (WBS) after thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer may be due to hyperemia unassociated with the cancer. Methods We perform WBS on women of child-bearing age while they are menstruating to be certain they are not in early pregnancy before HCG is positive. The increased uterine blood flow/inflammation leads to focal accumulation of I-131 in the uterus. Similar inflammatory-derived uptake in the pelvis may be seen at sites of an intrauterine device and also uterine fibroids (1). Other frequent sources of false-positive uptake on WBS include dental/gingival inflammation, local infection and joint inflammation. To better interpret 40 WBS of 38 thyroidectomized thyroid cancer patients, 40 I-131 SPECT/CT scans were performed (2). Since then, we performed 32 additional SPECT/CT for WBS that had cryptic focal radioactivity. Results 8/40 had uterine corpus and or cervical uptake, and 8/40 had gingival uptake. Other sites included the thymus, gall bladder, renal cyst, recto-sigmoid colon, urinary bladder, and soft tissue infection. The additional 38 expanded and confirmed our findings. Conclusions Physiologic hyperemia of inflammation may cause a false-positive WBS. I-131 SPECT/CT is powerful to differentiate hyperemia and thyroid cancer. By excluding metastatic disease, one can properly prognosticate outcome and avoid unnecessary harmful treatment
The Relationship Between Components of the Metabolic Syndrome and Bone Health

Childhood obesity has become a global epidemic in the past decade. It is now estimated that more than 17% of the US children and adolescents are obese. The effects of childhood obesity on overall health are multiple and involve various organ systems including the musculoskeletal system. Increased fat mass is associated with increased bone mineral density in adults; however, studies regarding obesity’s effects on bone mass in children have been conflicting. Some pediatric studies have demonstrated increased bone mass in overweight children compared to healthy weight peers, while others have shown that overweight youth have decreased bone mass relative to bone size and body weight and thus are at increased risk for fracture. Childhood obesity is associated with high fracture rates due to a combination of biologic and biomechanical factors. Childhood obesity has also been linked to multiple orthopedic complications. Reports indicate increased prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, lower extremity malalignment, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, genu valgum, Blount’s disease, and foot structure abnormalities in obese children compared to normal-weight counterparts. Increased physical activity is a cornerstone for treatment of childhood obesity; however, obese children often lead a more sedentary lifestyle than normal-weight peers, which in part results from musculoskeletal pain in the back, knees, and feet. In conclusion, while the full impact of obesity on the overall function and development of the growing child has not been studied completely, it is well established that obesity adversely affects the musculoskeletal system. More research is needed to better understand the full impact of obesity on bone accrual, fracture rates, and physical function in children.
Potential impacts of assimilating all‐sky infrared satellite radiances from GOES‐R on convection‐permitting analysis and prediction of tropical cyclones

The potential impacts of GOES-R satellite radiances on tropical cyclone analysis and prediction were examined through ensemble correlations between simulated infrared brightness temperatures and various model state variables. The impacts of assimilating GOES-R all-sky infrared brightness temperatures on tropical cyclone analysis and prediction were further demonstrated through a series of convection-permitting observing system simulation experiments using an ensemble Kalman filter under both perfect and imperfect model scenarios. Assimilation of the high temporal and spatial resolution infrared radiances not only constrained well the thermodynamic variables, including temperature, moisture, and hydrometeors, but also considerably reduced analysis and forecast errors in the wind fields. The potential of all-sky radiances is further demonstrated through an additional proof-of-concept experiment assimilating real-data infrared brightness temperatures from GOES 13 satellite which was operational in an enhanced scanning mode during Hurricane Karl (2010).
Buddy systems

Two algorithms are presented for implementing any of a class of buddy systems for dynamic storage allocation. Each buddy system corresponds to a set of recurrence relations which relate the block sizes provided to each other. Analyses of the internal fragmentation of the binary buddy system, the Fibonacci buddy system, and the weighted buddy system are given. Comparative simulation results are also presented for internal, external, and total fragmentation.
Case report: Subcutaneous elemental mercury injection-clinical observations and implications for tissue disposal from the histopathology laboratory

A 31-yr-old man presented to his general physician complaining of pain and swelling in the soft tissue of both hips. He initially denied knowledge of the etiology, but after elemental mercury droplets were expressed from the skin wounds by manual manipulation, he admitted that the source was self-administered sc injections. He did not provide a reason for this or give the time-frame of the injections. The areas of skin discoloration and soft tissue induration were completely excised and the wounds healed uneventfully. Blood levels of mercury declined gradually after excision. Examination of the resected skin and subcutis revealed subcutaneous abscesses containing droplets of elemental mercury, released easily when the abscesses were sectioned. Sections showed dark droplets of metallic mercury associated with necrosis and microabscess formation, with areas of foreign body giant cell reaction. Disposal of the residual tissues and mercury by incineration would release the volatile elemental mercury into the atmosphere, where it would subsequently be returned to earth in rain water, be converted to methyl mercury by microorganisms, and enter the food chain. The US Environmental Protection Agency has recommended caution in consuming foods containing methyl mercury and has provided guidelines for consuming foods believed to contain increased amounts of mercury. Mercury is readily available in the United States by over-the-counter sales to consumers, and in some cultures elemental mercury is used in ritualistic practices. Skin injection cases are infrequent, but histopathology laboratories should recognize this phenomenon and be prepared to dispose of Hg-contaminated tissues in an environmentally sound manner.
Fugitive Leverage: Commercial Banks, Sovereign Debt, and Cold War Crisis in Poland, 1980–1982

This article examines a familiar Cold War event, the Polish Crisis of the early 1980s, but from an unfamiliar perspective: international financial history. Historians have yet to examine how the growing international activity of Western commercial banks and the Eastern Bloc’s heavy borrowing on international capital markets during the 1970s influenced the course of the late Cold War. This article covers the history of the Eastern Bloc’s largest borrower—Poland—and its road to sovereign default in 1981. It examines how financial diplomacy among banks, communist countries, and the U.S. government catalyzed the formation of the labor union Solidarnośc (Solidarity). Ultimately, this article speaks to an important theme in the history of U.S. capitalism since World War II; namely, how the construction of global finance influenced U.S. foreign policy. The end of the Cold War in the fall of 1989 was the result not only of communism’s loss of legitimacy among the peoples of Eastern Europe, but also its loss of creditworthiness on global financial markets.
Theodore E. Woodward Award: Development of Novel, EBV-Targeted Therapies for EBV-Positive Tumors

The near universal presence of EBV in certain tumors suggests that new EBV-based therapies could be developed for these malignancies. We have explored one EBV-based therapy that involves the purposeful induction of lytic EBV infection in tumors. Induction of lytic EBV infection in tumors activates expression of EBV-encoded kinases that convert the prodrug, ganciclovir, to its active cytotoxic form. In mouse models for EBV-positive tumors, the combination of lytic-inducing chemotherapy and ganciclovir is much more effective than either agent alone for treating tumors. Another potential EBV-based target is the cellular protein, CD70. EBV-positive tumors commonly express CD70, while CD70 expression in normal cells is restricted to a few highly activated B cells and T cells. Anti-CD70 monoclonal antibody inhibits the growth of CD70-positive (but not CD70-negative) Burkitt’s lymphomas in SCID mice. Finally, while completely lytic EBV infection is clearly incompatible with tumor cell growth, we recently discovered that small numbers of lytically-infected cells actually promote the growth of EBV-immortalized lymphocytes in SCID mice, through the release of paracrine growth factors as well as angiogenic factors. Thus, agents that prevent the earliest stage of lytic EBV infection (such as fatty acid synthase inhibitors), rather than the later stage of viral replication, might also be useful in the treatment of early-stage EBV-positive tumors.