cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of new 2,4-Diaminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine and 2,4-Diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine inhibitors of Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, and Mycobacterium avium dihydrofolate reductase.

A concise new route allowing easy access to five previously unreported 2,4-diamino-6-(substituted benzyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines (2a-e) was developed, involving condensation of 2,4-dipivaloylamino-5-bromopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (6) with an organozinc halide in the presence of a catalytic amount of [1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II).CH(2)Cl(2), followed by removal of the pivaloyl groups with base. Also prepared via a scheme based on the Taylor ring expansion/ring annulation synthesis were three heretofore undescribed 2,4-diamino-5-(substituted benzyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines (3b-c). Standard spectrophotometric assays were used to compare the ability of 2a-e and 3b-c to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, and Mycobacterium avium, three examples of opportunistic pathogens to which AIDS patients are highly vulnerable because of their immunocompromised state. For comparison, 13 previously untested 2,4-diamino-6-(substituted benzyl)quinazolines (17a-m) were also evaluated as inhibitors of these enzymes, as well as the enzyme from rat liver. None of the quinazolines or pyridopyrimidines tested was more potent against the P. carinii enzyme than the structurally related reference compound piritrexim (1), and none showed selectivity for the P. carinii enzyme over the rat enzyme. One of the pyridopyrimidines (2c) showed 10-fold selectivity for T. gondii versus rat DHFR, and two of them (2b, 2c) showed selectivity for the M. avium enzyme. However, this gain in species selectivity was achieved at the cost of decreased in potency, as has been noted with many other lipophilic DHFR inhibitors.
Psychopathology in Preadolescent Sons of Fathers With Substance Use Disorders

ABSTRACT Objective While preadolescent children of parents with substance use disorders (SUDs) are known to have more behavior problems, depression, and anxiety than expected, psychiatric disorders in these children and their relationships with parental disorders have not been systematically investigated. This study compares the psychiatric disorders of preadolescent boys of fathers with and without SUDs and examines the relationships between offspring and parental psychopathology. Method Fathers (i.e., probands) of boys 10 through 12 years old were recruited to represent families of boys with paternal SUD (high risk or HR: n = 113) and boys without paternal SUD (low average risk or LAR: n = 170). These boys (i.e., index cases) and their biological parents participated in structured diagnostic interviews, and diagnoses were determined by the best-estimate method. Results Disruptive behavior disorders and anxiety disorders were more prevalent in HR than in LAR index cases. Logistic regression analyses examining the relationships between parental and index case psychopathology indicated that parental childhood psychiatric disorders were more strongly predictive of index case psychiatric disorders than parental adulthood psychiatric disorders, including SUDs. Conclusions Inasmuch as HR boys had increased rates of disruptive behavior disorders and anxiety disorders, these disorders may be important targets for early intervention to prevent the development of SUD, as well as the morbidity associated with these disorders. Prevention efforts and studies of the transmission of liability for psychiatric disorders in children should carefully consider parental childhood characteristics.
WE-E-BRA-04: Brachytherapy Source Power Measurements Using a Liquid Helium Active Radiometric Calorimeter

Purpose: To characterize a liquid helium active radiometric calorimeter for contained power and emitted power measurements. The calorimeter has been used for direct measurement of low dose rate and beta emitting brachytherapy sources. Method and Materials: Measurements were performed by placing a brachytherapy source into a silver absorber whose temperature was actively controlled slightly above that of liquid helium. An electrical substitution method was used; so the difference in power required to maintain a set temperature with and without the source present was attributed to the source itself. Corrections for increased thermal mass of the system during measurement were determined empirically using nonradioactive “dummy” sources, and corrections for escaped energy were calculated using Monte Carlo MCNP5 models. Data were analyzed using a linear least squares approximation of values obtained while the source was in place and after the source was removed. The distance between the fit lines at the time the source was removed was taken as the source power. Individual 125 I , 103 Pd , and 90 Sr / 90 Y sources were investigated. Results: Classical variance for preliminary measurements was found to be 60nW. The correction factor for source thermal mass was 0.611μW; and for 125 I , 103 Pd , and 90 Sr / 90 Y , respectively, corrections for escaped energy were 1.0000, 1.0045, and 1.0182 for contained power measurements and 1.0081, 1.0101, and 1.0823 for emitted power measurements. Conclusion: Preliminary results reveal improved sensitivity of the instrument over the previous liquid nitrogen version (Rev. Sci. Instrum., 76, 2005). Small thermal drifts during measurement indicate that slight further modifications to the design may be required to anchor the absorbers fully to the actively controlled detector housing. Also, increasing the size and weight of the source insertion cap may also improve measurement repeatability. While preliminary data are promising, further measurements will improve dataset statistics for both radioactive sources and the measured correction factor.
Glacial-Age Man in South America? a Critical Review

This paper is an attempt to place the dispute about early man in South America in historical context and to review the most convincing and important evidence that has been put forward. Essentially no skeletal remains–either in North or South America–have survived recent scrutiny and direct dating by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and small CO2 counters. Only a handful of North American sites still are considered likely to be pre-Clovis, but the concept of an earlier, generalized hunting-and-gathering adaptation remains popular. In South America the pre-Paleoindian sites of the 1960s and 1970s are reevaluated and found to present only weak or negative indications of early occupation. Recently discovered sites in Brazil and Chile are examined critically, and the evidence is questioned. The results of this survey and evaluation suggest that we still lack the absolutely certain case that would be necessary to support the hypothesis of glacial-age occupation. Moreover, the probability of demonstration is seen to decrease, rather than increase, as the Paleoindian horizon increasingly is defined with more certainty while only equivocal cases are marshalled for an Archaic-like pre-Paleoindian stage. In summarizing prehistory, archaeologists should depend more on unambiguous and replicated cases, rather than on regional exceptions. More interpretive caution is needed, especially where there are possibilities of mixture and secondary deposition. Natural processes often mimic cultural patterns, confusing the positive identification of informal hearths and simple artifacts.
Functional significance of the apamin-sensitive conductance in rat locus coeruleus neurons

Abstract The effects of apamin on rat locus coeruleus (LC) neurons were studied in a brain slice preparation with intracellular recording. Bath application of apamin (2–500 nM) reduced the amplitude of an intermediate component of the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) following single spontaneous action potentials, but did not change the size or time-course of fast and slow components of the AHP, spike amplitude or duration. Apamin blocked the early component of the post-stimulus hyperpolarization (PSH) which follows a train of action potentials. The size of the late component of PSH was sometimes augmented by apamin. Apamin increased the number of spikes evoked by a depolarizing current pulse and increased the slope of the spike frequency-current intensity relation. Accommodation of firing during long depolarizing pulses showed a biexponential time-course indicating 2 distinct components. Apamin specifically reduced the contribution of the fast component of accommodation and increased its time constant. These data indicate that the apamin-sensitive conductance is functionally important in accommodation at faster firing rates such as those seen during evoked spike trains in the present experiments, and which may occur in vivo during behavioral arousal and in anxiety or drug withdrawal syndromes.
The response of the human newborn to visual movement.

Abstract The present study was concerned with responsiveness and habituation of responsiveness of the human newborn to an intermittent moving visual stimulus. The response measure was suppression of the rate of nonnutritive sucking. The relation of age and sex to these phenomena were also investigated. Forty-one infants, 3–5 days of age, were given 12 control and 12 experimental trials, 10 seconds in duration, in which time they were given an opportunity to suck on a pacifier. The trials differed only in that intermittent movement of a light occurred during the second 5-second interval of the experimental trials. The reduction in sucking rate was reliably greater on exeprimental than control trials. No habituation was found with repeated presentations of the stimulus. Neither sex nor age was related to these main effects. Stable individual differences in sucking rate were found.
Wave propagation in elasto-plastic granular systems

Due to the nonlinear nature of the inter-particle contact, granular chains made of elastic spheres are known to transmit solitary waves under impulse loading. However, the localized contact between spherical granules leads to stress concentration, resulting in plastic behavior even for small forces. In this work, we investigate the effects of plasticity in wave propagation in elasto-plastic granular systems. In the first part of this work, a force–displacement law between contacting elastic-perfectly plastic spheres is developed using a nonlinear finite element analysis. In the second part, this force–displacement law is used to simulate wave propagation in one-dimensional granular chains. In elasto-plastic chains, energy dissipation leads to the formation and merging of wave trains, which have characteristics very different from those of elastic chains. Scaling laws for peak force at each contact point along the chain, velocity of the leading wave, local contact and total dissipation are developed.
Contaminants from cretaceous black shale: II. Effect of geology, weathering, climate, and land use on salinity and selenium cycling, Mancos Shale landscapes, southwestern United States

Abstract The Cretaceous Mancos Shale (MS) is a known nonpoint source for a significant portion of the salinity and selenium (Se) loads in the Colorado River in the southwestern United States and northwestern corner of Mexico. These two contaminants pose a serious threat to rivers in these arid regions where water supplies are especially critical. Tuttle et al. (companion paper) investigates the cycling of contaminants in a Colorado River tributary watershed (Uncompahgre River, southwestern Colorado) where the MS weathers under natural conditions. This paper builds on those results and uses regional soil data in the same watershed to investigate the impact of MS geology, weathering intensity, land use, and climate on salt and Se storage in and flux from soils on the natural landscape, irrigated agriculture fields, areas undergoing urban development, and wetlands. The size of salinity and Se reservoirs in the MS soils is quantified. Flux calculations show that during modern weathering, natural landscapes cycle salt and Se; however, little of it is released for transport to the Uncompahgre River (10% of the annual salinity and 6% of the annual Se river loads). When irrigated, salinity and Se loads from the MS soil increase (26% and 57% of the river load, respectively), causing the river to be out of compliance with Federal and State Se standards. During 100 years of irrigation, seven times more Se has been removed from agricultural soil than what was lost from natural landscapes during the entire period of pedogenesis. Under more arid conditions, even less salt and Se are expected to be transported from the natural landscape. However, if wetter climates prevail, transport could increase dramatically due to storage of soluble phases in the non-irrigated soil. These results are critical input for water-resource and land-use managers who must decide whether or not the salinity and Se in a watershed can be managed, what sustainable mitigation strategies are possible, and what landscapes should be targeted. The broader implications include providing a reliable approach for quantifying nonpoint-source contamination from MS and other rock units elsewhere that weather under similar conditions and, together with results from our companion paper, address the complex interplay of geology, weathering, climate, and land use on contaminant cycling in the arid Southwest.
Two Versions of the Negative Compatibility Effect: Comment on Lleras and Enns (2004).

A. Lleras and J. T. Enns demonstrated a negative influence of a masked arrow that is attributable to the perceptual interaction between the arrow and the mask when these have properties in common (in this case diagonal lines). Although the present analysis is in agreement that this type of perceptual interaction can occur, it also demonstrates that this is not the only way a masked arrow can produce a negative influence. The most critical finding is that a negative influence occurred even when the arrow and mask did not share the common properties that would be needed for this type of perceptual interaction. This illustrates the version of the negative compatibility effect that was studied by S. T. Klapp and L. B. Hinkley (2002) and others.
Semidirect Products: x ↦ ax + b as a First Example

After precalculus, mathematics students often leave behind the familiar family of transformations, x Fax + b. We will show that this family, when examined in the right light, leads us to some interesting and important ideas in group theory. By building on this accessible example, it is possible to introduce the semidirect product (a topic usually first seen at the graduate level) in an undergraduate abstract algebra course. After being introduced to the semidirect product, students are able to better understand the structures of some of the groups of small order that are typically discussed in a first course in abstract algebra.
Impact of Competing Accountability Requirements on Perceived Work Performance

A number of qualitative studies have found that failure to accomplish missions can be attributed to competing accountability requirements. This article presents empirical evidence concerning the im...
Individual Differences In Experiment Participation: Structure, Autonomy, and the Time of the Semeste

This research investigated the association of two individual difference moderators of psychological phenomena with the time of semester students choose to participate in experiments. The Personal Need for Structure (PNS) scale and the Stein Self-Description Questionnaire were administered to the students in an introductory psychology class at the beginning of a university semester. Students' responses on these measures were related to their chosen dates of required participation in psychological research. Higher levels of PNS predicted earlier experiment participation and quicker completion of the experiment requirement once started. Personality types distinguished by the Stein Self-Description Questionnaire revealed that those indifferent or hostile to authority participate in experiments later in the semester than do the curious or more conforming types. Implications of these findings for external validity of social psychological research at different points in the semester are discussed
The uptake of yttrium and cerium144 by viable Entamoeba histolytica in culture

Abstract It has been shown that yttrium and cerium (Ce 144 ) will outline in visible light the nucleus of Entamoeba histolytica . This is believed to be due to combination of the rare earth with nucleic acid of the nucleus as well as to combination of the rare earth with the acid mucopolysaccharides of the cytoplasm and nucleus.
Experiences that motivate moral development: The role of cognitive dissonance

Abstract It has been found in previous research concerning Kohlberg's stages of moral development that engagement in a “real-life” moral dilemma sometimes leads to an advance in an individual's level of moral thought. It is argued in this study that such moral growth is often motivated by the need to reduce cognitive dissonance, which, it is suggested, frequently accompanies choice and commitment in moral contexts. Subjects in the present study delivered counterattitudinal messages that contained arguments that were either 1 stage higher or 1 stage lower than their characteristic level of moral reasoning. Half of the subjects freely chose to deliver these messages, and half did not. Afterwards, subjects' attitudes toward the issues discussed in their messages and their tendency to conceptualize moral issues in terms of the higher or lower levels of reasoning contained in their messages were assessed. The subjects who (a) had freely chosen to deliver the message, and (b) had delivered the message containing higher level arguments used significantly more advanced moral reasoning after their counterattitudinal advocacy than they had before it. These subjects showed greater change in their attitudes regarding the topic discussed in their message than other subject groups. These results suggest that moral behavior will be likely to promote moral growth (a) if it occurs under circumstances that promote cognitive dissonance (e.g., free choice) and (b) if advanced moral ideas are made salient during the dissonance reduction process.
On balanced moving mesh methods

Moving mesh methods are a widely used approach in the numerical solution of PDEs where the original PDEs are transformed from a physical domain to a computational domain. The objective is to utilize a uniform mesh in the computational domain to get a non-uniform physical mesh that better captures the behavior of the solution. The movement of the physical mesh points can be governed by a moving mesh PDE associated with a corresponding monitor function and both the original PDEs and the moving mesh PDEs must be solved simultaneously. The motivation for this paper is to study a balanced moving mesh method, where the aim is to strike a balance between the properties of the solution of the original PDE and that of the moving mesh PDE. We focus on particular choices of the monitor function that give both a well-behaved mesh transformation and a well-behaved solution in the computational domain. Both theoretical analysis and numerical experiments are presented as illustrations.
Genome-wide transcriptome analysis identifies novel gene signatures implicated in human chronic liver disease

The molecular mechanisms behind human liver disease progression to cirrhosis remain elusive. Nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP/Nr0b2) is a hepatic tumor suppressor and a critical regu...
Overexpression of human Bcl-2 in syngeneic rat donor lungs preserves posttransplant function and reduces intragraft caspase activity and interleukin-1β production

BACKGROUND A significant cause of primary graft failure in lung transplantation is ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). I/R injury generates proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, and activates the caspase-mediated pathways of alveolar epithelial apoptosis. The authors investigated whether gene transfer of the human antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 by means of intratracheal adenoviral administration would preserve posttransplant lung function and reduce intragraft activated caspase activity and IL-1beta production in syngeneic rat donor lung grafts. METHODS First, 1.0 x 10(9) plaque-forming units of AdvBcl-2 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), AdvNull empty vector in PBS, or PBS alone was administered intratracheally to ACI (RT1(a)) rats. Then, the left lungs were procured after 24 hr of in vivo incubation and orthotopically transplanted after 1 hr of cold ischemia into syngeneic recipients. After 2 hr of reperfusion, peak inspiratory pressures (PIP) and donor pulmonary vein PaO(2) was measured in all grafts; grafts were then excised and protein extracts were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and activated caspase-3 and caspase-9 assays. RESULTS Human Bcl-2 transgene overexpression in donor lung grafts was demonstrated by ELISA of tissue homogenates. Pretreatment of donor lungs with AdvBcl-2 resulted in reduced PIP and increased lung isograft pulmonary vein PaO(2) compared with AdvNull or PBS-alone treated controls. In addition, AdvBcl-2 pretreatment led to diminished cytochrome c release into cytosolic extracts and reduced intragraft IL-1beta production and inhibited intragraft caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity. CONCLUSIONS Adenoviral overexpression of human Bcl-2 protein limits I/R injury in rat lung isografts. These data suggest that the use of Bcl-2 gene transfer to human lung donors may reduce the oxidative stress of pulmonary grafts after transplantation in clinical lung transplantation.
Pharmacodynamic implications for use of antifungal agents

In the last decade, the relationship between drug dosing and treatment efficacy for life-threatening fungal infections has been clarified by application of pharmacodynamic principles to the study of antifungal agents. Similar to antibacterials, antifungal agents can display static or cidal patterns of activity against pathogenic fungi that can be broadly classified as either concentration-dependent or concentration-independent. The differences between these pharmacodynamic patterns can play an important role in the selection and dosing of antifungal therapy, especially in the treatment of uncommon or resistant mycoses. Knowledge of these pharmacodynamic characteristics may also guide an exploration of unconventional dosing strategies that could prove to be as effective, safe, and more convenient in critically ill or persistently immunosuppressed patients.
Synthesis of barium titanate powders by aerosol pyrolysis of a Pechini-type precursor solution

A Pechini-type precursor system, utilizing Ba-nitrate and Ti-isopropoxide with citric acid (CA) and ethylene glycol (EG), has been investigated for the synthesis of BaTiO3 powders using aerosol pyrolysis. Powder produced at 350 °C in the aerosol process had subsequent thermal decomposition (TGA/DTA) behavior that was similar to that reported for the barium titanyl citrate complex BaTi(C6H6O7)3·xH2O, indicating that the short process time and rapid droplet evaporation limit substantial polyester network development in the aerosol process. Crystalline phase development proceeded rapidly at reactor temperatures between 600 and 700 °C. Small amounts of the intermediate phases Ba2Ti2O5CO3, BaCO3 and Ba(NO3)2,were present as impurities in powder produced at 700 °C, and phase-pure BaTiO3 was produced at temperatures above 800 °C. In contrast, a precursor solution utilizing acetic acid as peptizing agent led to a significant amount of nonstoichiometric BaTi2O5, highlighting the importance of the multidentate complexation of citric acid. Dimpled or slightly collapsed hollow particles were typically produced using the Pechini-type precursor. It was demonstrated that the polymeric additives polyethylene glycol and methylcellulose could be used to alter particle morphology without impacting product phase-purity.
Character Sum Factorizations Yield Sequences With Ideal Two-Level Autocorrelation

We give a new existence criterion for $p$ -ary sequences which have ideal two-level autocorrelation; and we use it to obtain four general families of such sequences: one for $p=2$ , one for general odd primes $p$ and two special ones for $p=3$ . The binary family turns out to be equivalent to that discovered by Dillon and Dobbertin and published in 2004. The general $p$ -ary family is equivalent to that discovered by Gong and Helleseth, by Dillon and, when $p=3$ , by Helleseth, Kumar, and Martinsen. All of these $p$ -ary results were published in 2001 and 2002. The special ternary families are new and give as special cases the sequences conjectured by Alfred Lin in his 1998 Ph.D. thesis as well as most of those conjectured in 2001 by Ludkovski and Gong. Our sequences may also be used to construct (relative) difference sets, their corresponding block designs and generalized weighing matrices.
Is it logical to count on quantifiers? Dissociable neural networks underlying numerical and logical quantifiers

Abstract The present study examined the neural substrate of two classes of quantifiers: numerical quantifiers like “at least three” which require magnitude processing, and logical quantifiers like “some” which can be understood using a simple form of perceptual logic. We assessed these distinct classes of quantifiers with converging observations from two sources: functional imaging data from healthy adults, and behavioral and structural data from patients with corticobasal degeneration who have acalculia. Our findings are consistent with the claim that numerical quantifier comprehension depends on a lateral parietal-dorsolateral prefrontal network, but logical quantifier comprehension depends instead on a rostral medial prefrontal-posterior cingulate network. These observations emphasize the important contribution of abstract number knowledge to the meaning of numerical quantifiers in semantic memory and the potential role of a logic-based evaluation in the service of non-numerical quantifiers.
A diary study of task switching and interruptions

We report on a diary study of the activities of information workers aimed at characterizing how people interleave multiple tasks amidst interruptions. The week-long study revealed the type and complexity of activities performed, the nature of the interruptions experienced, and the difficulty of shifting among numerous tasks. We present key findings from the diary study and discuss implications of the findings. Finally, we describe promising directions in the design of software tools for task management, motivated by the findings.
The cDNA cloning and RNA distribution of bovine osteopontin.

We have isolated and sequenced the bovine cDNA (OPN) counterpart of osteopontin. The cDNA is 1356 nucleotides (nt) in length with an open reading frame of 834 nt, encoding a 278-amino acid (aa) protein. Cell-free transcription and translation of OPN RNA resulted in a major species of approx. 40 kDa in size, in agreement with the predicted size of the deduced aa sequence. Northern analysis of bovine OPN RNA indicated the presence of the message in mineralized, as well as soft tissues. A comparison of the deduced a sequence among various species indicates both regions of similarity and divergence. One prominent region of dissimilarity in bovine OPN compared to all other species is a 22-aa gap which may represent a loss of a potential Ca2+ -binding loop. Despite the variability among the species, several regions of conservation are apparent, including a hydrophobic leader sequence, a potential site for Asn-linked glycosylation, a stretch of polyaspartic acid residues, and the cell attachment Arg-Gly-Asp tripeptide. Whether bovine OPN enhances cell attachment is unknown. Furthermore, whether the loss of a potential Ca2+ -binding loop alters the function of OPN would be interesting to determine.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the First Step to Success Early Intervention: Demonstration of Program Efficacy Outcomes in a Diverse, Urban School District.

This article reports on a randomized controlled trial of the First Step to Success early intervention that was conducted over a 4-year period in Albuquerque Public Schools. First Step is a selected intervention for students in Grades 1 through 3 with externalizing behavior problems, and it addresses secondary prevention goals and objectives. It consists of three modular components (screening, school intervention, parent training); lasts approximately 3 months; and is initially set up, delivered, and coordinated by a behavioral coach (e.g., school counselor, behavior specialist, social worker). Project Year 1 of this efficacy trial was devoted to gearing-up activities (e.g., hiring, training, planning, logistical arrangements); Years 2 and 3 each involved implementing First Step with approximately 100 behaviorally at-risk students. Students, teachers, and classrooms were randomly assigned to either intervention or usual care comparison conditions. Year 4 activities focused on conducting long-term, follow-u...
Bilateral extraocular muscle epithelial inclusion cysts as a complication of strabismus surgery

This is a case report of bilateral extraocular muscle epithelial inclusion cysts found in the body of the muscle, not just involving the tendon or the new tendon–scleral interface, after strabismus surgery in a 3-year-old boy with consecutive exotropia. Histologic review of the cysts confirmed the presence of inclusion cysts originating from proliferating conjunctival epithelium occurring in the body of both medial rectus muscles. We postulated that the occurrence of bilateral inclusion cysts might have caused the persistent postoperative localized inflammatory response. Epithelial inclusion cysts are often noted in periocular locations such as the conjunctiva, caruncle, eyelids, and cornea. Rarely are they noted in the body of an extraocular muscle. 1 Histologically, epithelial inclusion cysts are nests of proliferating epithelial cells with a laminated keratinized center of sloughed cells. Etiology is attributed to viable epithelial cells being displaced into the subdermal, subconjunctival, or episcleral space as a complication of surgery, inflammation, or both. 1,2 We present what to our knowledge is the first reported case of bilateral extraocular muscle inclusion cysts after strabismus surgery. CASE REPORT A 3-year-old boy had consecutive exotropia that developed after bimedial rectus recession at 7 months of age to treat infantile esotropia. Postoperative inflammation was treated with 3 weeks’ administration of prednisolone acetate (Pred Forte; Allergan, Irvine, CA) 4 times per/d. Ten months after surgery, intermittent consecutive exotropia manifested when the patient was fatigued. A small inflammatory nodule existed in the right eye, and the patient was restarted on Pred Forte drops 3 times/d for 3 weeks. When we saw the patient, 28 months after bimedial rectus recession, our impression was exotropia (20 prism diopters) with right hypertropia (10 to 15 prism diopters), worse on right gaze (Fig 1). His visual acuity was 20/30 OD, 20/30 in the left eye OS, and 20/20 OU. A mass was noted in the right nasal area per both gross and slit lamp examination. This mass was in the area of his previous medial rectus insertion and appeared to present a mechanical obstruction to complete adduction of the right eye. Versions were otherwise normal in the right eye as well a the left eye. We performed the patient’s surgery when he was 3 years old, at which time we encountered a sub-Tenon’s cyst in the right eye. The cyst measured 5.0 mm in height, and it covered the tendon and muscle body of the recessed medial rectus (Figure 1, top). The cyst was dissected free
Two-dimensional critical behavior of rare gases adsorbed on graphitized carbon black☆

Abstract Heat capacities of one half layer of neon, argon, and kryptou adsorbed on graphitized carbon black have been measured as a function of temperature. Anomalies were found which are ascribed to changes in the adsorbed phases in their critical regions. The shapes of the anomalies were determined and the temperatures of the maxima in the heat capacity curves were identified with the two-dimensional critical temperatures. These results are compared with each other and with similar measurements made using a xenon-covered adsorbent; it is concluded that such data are quite sensitive to the nature of the mutual interactions of the adsorbed atoms and to the potential barriers to translation across the surface which modify the configurational properties of the interacting adsorbed atoms.
Effects of variable ration levels on direct and indirect measures of growth in juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

Relationships between somatic growth (length and weight) and two indirect measures of growth (otolith growth, RNA/DNA ratio) were assessed for red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) under different feeding rations [0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% body weight (BW)/day] for 30 days. Representative samples from each ration level were taken in 10-day intervals between Day 0 and Day 30 for evaluation of direct and indirect growth measures. Positive correlations were observed between ration levels, somatic growth, and otolith growth. Statistical differences in weight and length of red drum were observed among ration levels by Days 10 and 20, respectively. Statistical differences for measures of otolith growth among ration levels were evident by Days 20 and 30. In addition, RNA/DNA ratios showed clear separation between fish that were starved and fish that were fed but demonstrated minimal separation among ration levels. Overall, the combination of a measure of somatic growth (weight) and a measure of otolith growth (otolith weight) resulted in the most statistical separation among ration levels. Findings from this study suggest that somatic growth, otolith growth and RNA/DNA ratios are suitable measures of relative growth of red drum; however, due to differences in sensitivity, caution must be exercised when using indirect growth (otolith growth, RNA/DNA ratios) measures to estimate recent growth.
Persistent detection and recovery of state inconsistencies

Soft-state is a well established approach to designing robust network protocols and applications. However it is unclear how to apply soft-state approach to protocols that must maintain a large amount of state information in a scalable way. For example the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is used to maintain the global routing tables at core Internet routers, and the table size is typically above 180,000 entries and continues to grow over time. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, Persistent Detection and Recovery (PDR), to enable large-state protocols and applications to maintain state consistency using a soft-state approach. PDR uses state compression and receiver participation mechanisms to avoid per-state refresh overhead. We evaluate PDR's effectiveness and scalability by applying its mechanisms to maintain the consistency of BGP routing tables between routers. Our results show that the proposed PDR mechanisms are effective and efficient in detecting and correcting route insertion, modification, and removal errors. Moreover, they eliminate the need for routers to exchange full routing tables after a session reset, thus enabling routers to recover quickly from transient session failures.
The More Things Stay the Same: African American Literature and the Politics of Responsibility

Within the African American literary tradition, several writers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have expressed concerns about the methods through which their work is categorized and/or read as part of the American literary canon. This essay traces the discussions and debates between preeminent writers and “leaders” within the African American community at-large who have defined the practice of creative expression in diverse ways. By assessing the relationship between art and politics, the essay examines if the desire to create work that is inexcusably “political” is in direct opposition to intellectual and creative activity, or if both ideological frameworks can indeed exist simultaneously.
A new measure of overall potential influence in linear regression

Abstract In this article we introduce a new influence measure and a graphical display for the detection of influential observations in linear regression. We demonstrate the need for such a new influence measure by giving examples where existing influence measures, numerous as they may be, may fail to detect influential observations. The existing influence measures are procedures each of which is designed to detect the influence of observations on a specific regression result. The proposed diagnostic is a measure of overall potential influence. Fitting a regression model in practice can have many purposes and the user may prefer to begin with an overall measure. This diagnostic possesses several desirable properties that many of the frequently used diagnostics do not generally possess: (a) invariance to location and scale in the response variable. (b) invariance to nonsingular transformations of the explanatory variables, (c) it is an additive function of measures of leverage and of residual error, and (d) it is monotonically increasing in the leverage values and in the squared residuals. The new influence measure is also supplemented by a graphical display which shows the source of influence. This graph is suitable for both single- and multiple-case influence. Analytical and empirical comparisons between the proposed measure and the existing ones indicate that our measure is superior to existing influence measures.
Locus of Control and Reactions to Strangers

The behavior of male subjects with an internal or external locus of control orientation was studied in an unstructured dyadic situation. When confronted with one another as unfamiliar persons, externals talked more than internals, and looked at one another more. These results were interpreted to mean that externals were more socially dependent than internals, and that their behavior represented an attempt to clarify an ambiguous social situation. The responses of dyad members were highly correlated, with the result that effects for the personality dimension were generally evident at the level of the dyad, rather than at the subjects-withindyad level.
Use of computer-aided screening for detection of motility mutants in Zebrafish embryos

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an exquisite vertebrate model system for the study of developmental mechanisms. The unraveling of these developmental processes at the molecular level will allow design of new treatments for a myriad of diseases, including birth defects and other genetic disorders. This paper is centered on developing new techniques for screening genetic mutants in zebrafish, especially those affecting development of motility in this interesting vertebrate animal. Motility arises during development by the expression of genes encoding factors such as cytoskeletal proteins, ion channels and pumps, and neurotransmitter receptors. Use of computer-aided screening (CAS) provides objectivity and high-throughput which are major advantages compared to traditional phenotyping screens. In addition, CAS has the potential to be more sensitive than the traditional approach. For example, CAS analysis has revealed that embryonic motility defects are present in chordino and knypek, however, these defects were missed in previous traditional screens of these otherwise well-characterized mutants. Another important feature of this technology is the ability to provide a distributable library of image stacks, generated by NIH-image, of the embryonic development period for both new and previously characterized motility mutants. It is anticipated that these image stacks could be analyzed in the future as new image analysis programs are devised to take advantage of the vast amount of raw information in the longitudinal time arrays of mutant zebrafish development. The vertebrate zebrafish shares a basic body plan with other vertebrates, including man, and yet has many of the biological properties of invertebrate models such as rapid generation time, small size, cost-effective rearing, and optical clarity of embryos. Zebrafish has an important advantage over mammalian models such as the mouse, since in the zebrafish, development occurs outside the mother thus providing ready observation of embryonic formation. CAS, which couples modern digital imaging technology with a longitudinal temporal design, can be applied to identify a large number of motility mutations which will provide a research resource for workers in the fields of neuromuscular functioning and development in both normal and disease states. In addition, CAS may be useful to those working in the areas of toxicology and pharmacology, since CAS may be adapted to obtain quantitative data (i.e. LD50 or ED50 vs. time) on necrosis and death during embryonic development.
Unobtrusively Stretching Law: Legal Education, Activism, and Reclaiming Title IX

We often understate the work that activists put into crafting movement tools. This article examines the space between legal texts and movement resources in a study of early activism surrounding Title IX. Though often hailed as a feminist law, the Title IX statute and regulations lay out a narrow set of individual rights and incorporate several conservative principles. In an analysis of early social movement mobilization surrounding Title IX by the Connecticut Women's Educational and Legal Fund (CWEALF), we identify a distinctive legal framing technique tied to the often overlooked practice of lay legal education. In a legal education campaign that targeted schools, CWEALF placed Title IX's actual requirements alongside broader feminist ideas about gender socialization and civic responsibility to imply that the law mandated substantially greater reforms, a tactic we call unobtrusively stretching law. This article contributes to research on social movements and legal mobilization by illustrating how legal e...
American Library Association Conference 2009: Encounters with library Literati, Glitterati, Gelati, and Discipuli

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a flavor of the content of the American Library Association Annual Conference held in Chicago in July 2009.Design/methodology/approach – This is a first time conference attendee's description of the issues, content, networking, speakers and participants of this conference. The future and purpose of libraries are discussed.Findings – This major conference covered many topical issues and themes that are applicable to librarians, information professionals, and library students internationally. It facilitated many valuable networking opportunities.Originality/value – The paper is a conference report of value to librarians and information professionals, as the variety of themes apply to the various aspects of the library and information professions and education.
Right renal pelvis visualization in females: incidental detection in routine bone scanning.

A 22% incidence of renal pelvis or calyceal “hot spot” anomalies was found incidental to routine bone scanning. The majority of these anomalies were due to bilateral or right renal pelvis visualization, and statistical analysis determined there to be a significant female incidence, and persistence in repeat studies. This suggests an anatomical or functional basis for this finding.
Infant Mental Health: Making a Difference.

Practicing psychologists are increasingly identifying serious problems in behavior, emotional development, and regulation in infants and very young children that result in impaired family functioning and relationships. Often these child challenges are in combination with a range of parental concerns including addictions, homelessness, teen parenthood, and unresolved feelings from the past. Infant mental health (IMH) is a broad field encompassing theory, research, and interventions with very young children and their families. This article provides an overview of IMH concepts, with special focus on assessment and interventions that can be integrated into the psychologist's current practice.
Gender differences in self-evaluations of information about current affairs

This study examines how gender is related to self-evaluations of information to discuss current social and political issues. The sample is one of predominantly white (96%) college graduates. Using alumni samples, we look at how members of four classes that span 20 years evaluate their knowledge to hold conversations on a variety of public affairs issues ranging from the Strategic Defense Initiative to government funding of abortion. We find gender differences, with men perceiving themselves more knowledgeable in conversations and women less so. We raise the possibility that they are “doing gender.” The implications of these findings are explored.
Constitutive Equations for the Back Stress in Amorphous Glassy Polymers

Constitutive equations for the back stress in amorphous glassy polymers based on extended forms of the non-Gaussian James—Guth 3-chain and Arruda—Boyce 8-chain models of rubber elasticity are deriv...
Substitution of aromatic and nonaromatic amino acids for the Phe3 residue in the δ-selective opioid peptide deltorphin I: Effects on binding affinity and selectivity

Deltorphins I and II (Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Asp-Val-Val-Gly NH2 and Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Glu-Val-Val-Gly NH2) display a high degree of delta-opioid receptor selectivity. Since they lack the intervening Gly3 residue found between the Tyr and Phe aromatic moieties in pentapeptide enkephalins, deltorphins I and II resemble a previously described series of cyclic tetrapeptides based on Tyr-c[D-Cys-Phe-D-Pen] (JOM-13). With the goal of development of structure-activity relationships for deltorphins and comparison with that of the cyclic tetrapeptides, ten analogs of deltorphin I were synthesized in which Phe3 was replaced with specific aromatic and nonaromatic amino acids with varying physicochemical properties. Results indicated that analogs containing the bicyclic aromatic amino acids 3-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine [1-Nal; Ki(mu) = 767 nM, Ki(delta) = 7.70 nM], 3-(2-naphthyl)-L-alanine [2-Nal; Ki(mu) = 1910 nM, Ki(delta) = 49.2 nM], tryptophan [Ki(mu) = 1250 nM, Ki(delta) = 23.9 nM], and 3-(3-benzothienyl)-L-alanine [Bth; Ki(mu) = 112 nM, Ki(delta) = 3.36 nM] were fairly well tolerated at mu- and delta-receptors, though affinity was compromised to varying degrees relative to deltorphin I. Shortening the Phe side chain by incorporation of phenylglycine (Pgl) was detrimental to both mu (Ki = 4710 nM) and delta (Ki = 15.6 nM) binding, while extension of the side chain with homophenylalanine (Hfe) enhanced mu binding (Ki = 67.8 nM), leaving delta affinity unaffected (Ki = 2.64 nM). Substitution with nonaromatic amino acids valine and isoleucine led expectedly to poor opioid binding [Ki(mu) = > or = 10,000 nM for each, Ki(delta) = 160 and 94.7 nM, respectively], while peptides containing cyclohexylalanine (Cha) and leucine surprisingly retained affinity at both mu (Ki = 322 and 1240 nM, respectively) and delta (Ki = 10.5 and 12.4 nM, respectively) sites. In general, these trends mirror those observed for similar modification in Tyr-c[D-Cys-Phe-D-Pen].