cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydroxyl Radical Self-Recombination Reaction and Absorption Spectrum in Water Up to 350 °C

The rate constant for the self-recombination of hydroxyl radicals (*OH) in aqueous solution giving H2O2 product has been measured from 150 to 350 degrees C by direct measurement of the *OH radical transient optical absorption at 250 nm. The values of the rate constant are smaller than previously predicted by extrapolation to the 200-350 degrees C range and show virtually no change in this range. In combining these measurements with previous results, the non-Arrhenius behavior can be well described in terms of the Noyes equation kobs-1 = kact-1+ kdiff-1, using the diffusion-limited rate constant kdiff estimated from the Smoluchowski equation and an activated barrier rate kact nearly equal to the gas-phase high-pressure limiting rate constant for this reaction. The aqueous *OH radical spectrum between 230 and 320 nm is reported up to 350 degrees C. A weak band at 310 nm grows in at higher temperature, while the stronger band at 230 nm decreases. An isosbestic point appears near 305 nm. We assign the 230 nm band to hydrogen-bonded *OH radical, and the 310 nm band is assigned to "free" *OH. On the basis of the spectrum change relative to room temperature, over half of the *OH radicals are in the latter form at 350 degrees C.
The effects of continuous and pulsed exposures of suspended clay on the survival, growth, and reproduction of Daphnia magna

Suspended sediments are a natural component of aquatic ecosystems, but anthropogenic activity such as land development can result in significant increases, especially after rain events. Continuous exposures of suspended clay and silt have been shown to affect growth and reproduction of Cladocera, leading to a decrease in population growth rate. The mechanism of clay toxicity in these filter-feeding organisms is clogging of the gut tract, resulting in decreased food uptake and assimilation. When placed in clean water, daphnids can purge clay from their gut and recover. In many surface waters, aquatic organisms experience episodic exposures of high concentrations of suspended solids driven by rain events. However, little is known about the consequences of pulsed exposures on individuals and populations. The objective of the present study was to characterize the effects of continuous and pulsed exposures of natural and defined clays on survival, growth, and reproduction of Daphnia magna. Two defined clays, montmorillonite and kaolinite, as well as clay isolated from the Piedmont region of South Carolina, USA, were used. Continuous exposures of clays elicited a dose dependent decrease in survival. Toxicity varied depending on clay source with montmorillonite > natural clay > kaolinite. Pulsed exposures caused a decrease in survival in a 24 h exposure of 734 mg/L kaolinite. Exposure to 73.9 mg/L also caused an increase in the time to gravidity, although there was not a corresponding decrease in neonate production over 21 d. No significant effects resulted from 12 h exposures even at 730 mg/L, almost 10 times the 24-h reproductive effects concentration. This suggests that exposure duration impacted toxicity more than exposure concentration in these pulsed exposures. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:168–175. © 2009 SETAC
Sunshine and rash: testing the role of sunscreen to prevent epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-induced rash.

Abstract Most patients who receive epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors develop a rash. To date, no effective palliative therapy has been developed for these rashes. This review describes the rationale behind N05C4, a placebo-controlled trial of sunscreen as an intervention to prevent EGFR inhibitor–related rash.
Added Stability Lobes in Machining Processes That Exhibit Periodic Time Variation, Part 2: Experimental Validation

Physical experimentation using a kinematically simple straight-edged orthogonal tube-end turning process both verifies the existence of added stability lobes as well as shows good agreement with the analytical solution and numerical simulations of Part 1. The experimental results also verify the added-lobe chatter frequency to be one-half the tooth frequency. Given validation of the analysis and simulation, they are then used to show the effects of variables not easily explored through experimental means, such as overlap factor, multi-tooth cutting, general periodicity and damping. The added-lobes are shown to exist with a zero overlap factor (i.e., no regeneration) and to scale in magnitude (limiting width of cut) relative to overlap factor Furthermore, the added lobes are shown to exist for multi-tooth machining even when there are no periods of full cutter disengagement (i.e., no free vibration) as well as nonintermittent machining where periodic time variation exists for other reasons, such as spatially dependent stiffness. Finally, it is shown that damping primarily affects the bottom of the added lobes with minimal effect on the higher regions of the boundaries, indicating that structural damping becomes less important at ultrahigh speeds in cases for which the added lobes are the limitation.
Fuzzy localized subrings

We characterize local rings in terms of certain fuzzy ideals. We also characterize rings of fractions at a prime ideal in terms of fuzzy ideals. We apply our results to fuzzy intersection equations. In particular, we show that the fuzzy ideal which represents a system of fuzzy intersection equations in a polynomial ring is such that its extension in a ring of fractions represents the same system of fuzzy intersection equations.
Characterization of dolomitic rocks from the coastal mixing zone of the Floridan aquifer, Florida, U.S.A.

Abstract Petrographic, XRD, SEM, cathodoluminescence, and microprobe analyses were conducted to characterize dolomitic strata from a core penetrating the coastal mixing zone of the Floridan aquifer. Lithologic, geochemical, and water chemistry data were used to identify diagenetic trends, including modern water/rock interaction. The depositional environment of these middle Eocene carbonate sediments of the Avon Park Formation was intertidal to supratidal. Sabkha conditions caused penecontemporaneous deposition of evaporites and accessory minerals. Present water chemistry indicates undersaturation for gypsum and its survival is attributed to sluggish groundwater circulation. Dolomite crystals were commonly found to be compositionally zoned with crystal centers generally calcium-rich and less stable than the more stoichiometric crystal rims. Three stages of dissolution were recognized from SEM studies of these crystals: (1) initial development of dissolution pits; (2) partial dissolution of the unstable crystal center; and (3) complete dissolution of the unstable crystal center leaving hollow dolomite. Present-day mixing zone water is saturated with respect to stoichiometric dolomite. Near-stoichiometric dolomite cement may be filling pores in this zone and non-stoichiometric dolomite may be dissolving. The instability of calcian dolomite in the mixing zone may be related to compositionally modulated crystal lattice defects. Pervasive dissolved crystal centers in the saline zone are believed to have been highly disordered penecontemporaneous dolomite. Stoichiometric dolomite does not appear to be precipitating in this zone because of the presence of competing ions. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic values for dolomite are comparable to those reported for Plio-Pleistocene dolomites. 14 C activity implies some relatively young dolomite exists, probably as rims on older crystals.
Selenium and sulfur relationships in alfalfa and soil under field conditions, San Joaquin Valley, California

Relationships between total Se and S or soluble SeO 4 and SO 4 7 in soils and tissue concentrations in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), under field conditions in the San Joaquin Valley of California, suggest that the rate of accumulation of Se in alfalfa may be reduced in areas where high Se and S concentrations in soils were measured. These data suggest that the balance between carbonate and sulfate minerals in soil may have a greater influence on uptake of Se by alfalfa than does the balance of SeO 4 and SO 4 in soil solution (...)
A preliminary report on the Ohio earthquakes of March 2 and 9, 1937

Both of the shocks of March 2 and 9, 1937, were felt over a wide area, the one of March 9 being notably stronger and reported as felt over an area of more than 100,000 square miles. The original estimate from the Xavier seismograms of an epicentral distance of 90 miles from Cincinnati was confirmed by the field-evidence, which showed the greatest damage at the town of Anna, Ohio, though slight damage was reported from many places. The character of the damage done was described and attention called to the apparently systematic direction of rotation of tombstones in various cemeteries near Anna. On account of the thickness of the overlying glacial till, little is known of the geological structure beyond the general folding associated with the Cincinnati anticline. Well-logs indicate an old, narrow pre-glacial channel as underlying the town of Anna. The flow of artesian wells as well as in oil- and gas-wells in various localities was affected by the shocks. From five observers about ten miles west of the epicenter came reports in regard to the interesting but unexplained phenomenon of a reddish illumination of the sky at the time of the earthquake. This was in connection with the second shock, which took place at 12:45 A.M.
A pilot study of audio-visual stimulation as a self-care treatment for insomnia in adults with insomnia and chronic pain.

This pilot study tested the efficacy of an audio–visual stimulation (AVS) program for the promotion of sleep in individuals with chronic pain. Insomnia and chronic pain are common comorbid conditions and their relationship has been viewed as bidirectional. Recent studies suggest a relatively dominant role of sleep in this dyad. The premise of this pilot study was that AVS enhances low frequency while reducing high frequency brain activity resulting in decreased hyperarousal and improved sleep with potential consequent reduction in pain. We conducted a pilot intervention study of AVS using a pre–post design. Participants self-administered a 30-min AVS program nightly at bedtime for 1 month. Sleep and pain were assessed at baseline and at the conclusion of the 4-week intervention phase. Nine adults (mean age 33 ± 15.8 years; female, 89 %) completed the study. After using the AVS device for 4 weeks, significant improvement was seen in reported insomnia (ISI, p = 0.003), pain severity (BPI, p = 0.005), and pain interference with functioning (BPI, p = 0.001). Large effect sizes (Partial η2 0.20–0.94) (Cohen’s d 0.44–1.45) were observed. The results of this pilot study suggest that the AVS program may be efficacious in decreasing both insomnia and pain symptoms. In order to better assess the efficacy of AVS for sleep promotion and possible pain reduction, more definitive randomized controlled trials will be needed. These should include appropriate sample sizes, objective measures of sleep and pain, and longitudinal follow-up.
DEVELOPMENT OF RF LINAC FOR HIGH-CURRENT APPLICATIONS

Abstract High-current proton linacs are promising sources of neutrons for material processing and research applications. Recently, a linac design that makes use of a combination of normal-conducting (NC) and superconducting (SC) linac technologies has been proposed for the US Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) Project. As a result, a multi-year engineering development and demonstration (ED&D) program is underway. In this paper, we will describe the design and merits of the NC/SC hybrid approach. The scope, technology issues, and present status of the ED&D Program, and the participation of industry will also be described.
Issues in Culturally Competent Mental Health Services for People of Color

Abstract America is in the midst of a cultural transition. It was predicted that by the 21st century people of color would be the new majority. The impact upon the future work force has been recognized by the corporate world, and businesses are beginning to address the issues of managing a multicultural workplace. Addressing cultural diversity and differences is relatively new in the mental health arena. This paper will attempt to point up some of the challenges faced, the barriers to be addressed, and historical problems that exist. Also, some suggestions will be put forth to help mental health professionals and organizations work toward becoming more culturally competent. This paper will not deal with any particular culture in depth, but will attempt to identify and highlight the common cultural barriers that exist with Asians, Hispanics/Latinos, Native Americans, and African Americans that must be addressed by the mental health system to achieve cultural competency.
Plasma dialysates from sleep-deprived rabbits and their effect on the electrocorticogram of rats.

Plasma dialysates from 72-hour sleep-deprived and control rabbits were studied for their effects on sleep-related brain electrical activity in rats and rabbits and on ambulatory activity in mice. Heparinized plasma samples separated from blood obtained by cardiac puncture were separately dialyzed against distilled water. The dialysates were lyophilized and quantitatively reconstituted in small volumes of distilled water for intravenous injections. Our results failed to show any sleep-promoting effects for the reconstituted plasma dialysates from sleep-deprived rabbits.
910-18-Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Aortic Stenosis and Low Transvalvular Gradient

It has been suggested that patients (pts) with aortic stenosis (AS), LV dysfunction, and mean gradient (MG) l 30 mmHg, do not benefit from aortic valve replacement (AVR) and hence should not be offered surgery. Since prognosis without operation is dismal, we reviewed our experience and describe the outcome of 29 consecutive pts with MG l 30 mmHg and EF ≤ 35% who underwent AVR between 1985 and 1992; (20 M:9 F, mean age 70 ± 12 yrs). Ninety percent (26/29) of pts were severely symptomatic (NYHA Class III or IV). Preoperative hemodynamics demonstrated the following mean values: EF 24 ± 7%, MG 23 ± 4 mmHg, aortic valve area 0.7 ± 0.2 cm2, cardiac output 3.4 ± 1.1 L/min, and peak Doppler aortic velocity 3.3 ± 0.4 m/sec. Coronary artery disease (CAD) (≥ 2 vessel CAD or left main) was present in 16 pts (55%), 13/29 (45%) had prior MI (2 prior CABG). Coronary bypass at the time of AVR was performed in 17 pts. The in-hospital mortality was 24% (7/29). One and 5-year survival was 63% and 40% respectively, at a median follow-up of 1 yr, (up to 7 yrs). The presence of substantial CAD was similar among pts who survived or died perioperatively. Mean age of surgical survivors was 68 ± 13 yrs vs 78 ± 5 yrs for pts who died in the perioperative period (p = 0.059). Clinical follow-up was available in 19/22 survivors, 15 of whom improved ≥ 1 NYHA Class. Eleven pts were asymptomatic (NYHA Class I) and 5 were Class II at follow-up. Postop EF in 19 survivors had improved, mean postop EF 35 ± 14%. Conclusion (1) Pts with AS, LV systolic dysfunction and MG l 30 mmHg represent a high risk subset; (2) these pts have an increased operative mortality (24%); (3) however, EF and symptomatic improvement occurs in the majority of survivors. Based on this experience we conclude that pts with AS, reduced LVEF and low MG should not be denied AVR.
Hubbard parameters for metallic Ce.

We have obtained a phase diagram of the \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma} transition (moment formation) as a function of the U and J Kanamori Hubbard parameters. Overlap and hybridization terms are obtained by a tight-binding fit to first-principles band calculations. At the one-electron level we obtain no fundamental change in the interaction energies in going through the \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma} transition region. This is the first model to obtain self-consistent values for the Hubbard parameters in the solid state and they are in reasonable agreement with the experimentally derived values.
Magnetic field effects in the dynamics of alternating or anisotropic quantum spin chains

Abstract This is a study of magnetic-field effects on various zero-temperature properties of the one-dimensional S = 1 2 XY model with exchange alternation or anisotropy. Alternation and anisotropy in the interaction cause different types of spin ordering in the ground state, which in turn are responsible for characteristic effects in various physical properties. The presence of an external magnetic field perpendicular to the XY-plane has the tendency to counteract these orderings. The latter are suppressed when the field reaches a critical strength. Various ground state properties of the two models are calculated, with emphasis on dynamic correlation functions. In some respects the alternating and the anisotropic models exhibit suprisingly similar properties, particularly in zero magnetic field. Important differences arise in other respects due to the different symmetry properties of the two models. Our calculations are exact and most results are presented as closed-form expressions.
Air trapping causes a Ca2(+)-channel-mediated increase in pulmonary vascular resistance in neonatal lambs.

Air trapping and alveolar hyperinflation may occur during mechanical ventilation in the presence of severe airway obstruction, during fast ventilator rates, and when expiratory time is compromised. Inadvertent positive end-expiratory pressure may occur with air trapping and increased mean airway pressure. The pulmonary artery pressure response to air trapping, produced during volume-regulated time-cycled ventilation, was studied in neonatal lamb lungs, isolated in situ, and perfused at a constant flow rate (50-75 ml.kg-1.min-1), both before and after Ca2(+)-channel blockade with verapamil (5 mg). The hub of the endotracheal tube was narrowed to a 1.5-mm orifice to produce fixed proximal airway obstruction. Air trapping was then produced by lengthening inspiratory time from 25 to 80%, at zero end-expiratory pressure. The magnitude of inadvertent positive end-expiratory pressure due to air trapping was estimated by end-expiratory occlusion pressure. End-expiratory occlusion pressure was 0.20 +/- 0.03 kPa (1.7 +/- 0.2 mm Hg) and 1.60 +/- 0.01 kPa (11.8 +/- 1.0 mm Hg), at 25 and 80% inspiratory times, respectively. On lengthening inspiratory time, mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPpa) increased briskly within 30 s followed by a gradual increase over the next 4 min. Verapamil blunted both the brisk and the gradual increase in mPpa on lengthening inspiratory time. Lengthening inspiratory time increased the mPpa by 2.0 +/- 0.1 kPa (14.7 +/- 0.8 mm Hg) from baseline, and verapamil reduced this increase to 1.3 +/- 0.1 kPa (10.1 +/- 0.6 mm Hg; p less than 0.05 by analysis of variance).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of focus position on informational properties of acoustic emission generated by laser–material interactions

Abstract To achieve desired accuracy, precision and surface roughness during laser–material removal process, monitoring and control of the process parameters related to laser, optics, workpiece material and its motion are required. Focus position, defined as a gap between the focusing lens and the surface of the sample workpiece, is one of the most critical process parameters, which determines the projection of the intensity of the laser beam on the surface to be ablated and therefore directly affects volume and geometry of the material removed and there by machining quality. In this paper, acoustic emission (AE) generated by laser–material interactions was statistically analyzed with respect to the variations in the focus position. The study involved on-line measurements of the AE signal from the laser–material interaction zone as a function of the focus position and the width of the machined trenches. Several basic statistical parameters, e.g. average amplitude, variance and power spectrum density were analyzed to select distinct informational parameters. Pattern recognition analysis of three informational parameters based on variances within frequency diapasons of 20–180, 180–300, and 300–500 kHz was used for reliable classification of the focus position and width of the machined trenches. The results provide important information for future development of on-line monitoring and control systems for laser–material removal process.
Disclosing the gray areas of mammography: should women with dense breast tissue remain in the dark about breast cancer screening alternatives?

What usually is done may be evidence of what ought to be done, but what ought to be done is fixed by a standard of reasonable prudence, whether it usually is complied with or not. 1 Helling v. Care...
Abrasive wear and craze breakdown in polystyrene

The role of craze breakdown during the fracture process of abrasive wear in glassy polystyrene was investigated. At first, the wear resistance, γw, was compared with the craze breakdown strain as a function of molecular weight and diluent concentration. It was found that γw increases with molecular weight and decreases with the diluent concentration. Although craze breakdown strain also increases with molecular weight and decreases with the diluent concentration, the wear data do not converge into a single curve in a plot against the craze breakdown strain. Selected specimens were then studied by micro-indentation and micro-scratching experiments. An analysis of the scratch patterns and contact load at the polymer surface indicated that a critical stress criterion, rather than a critical strain criterion, may be suitable for the onset of the failure process in brittle polymer wear. With this criterion, the critical load for crack opening, τc, can be related to the craze breakdown strain and Young's modulus, and the observed deviation between the craze breakdown strain and γw can be explained.
The Method of Fundamental Solutions and the Quasi-Monte Carlo Method for Poisson’s Equation

A multivariate integration method based on the quasi-Monte Carlo method which alleviates the problem of domain discretization has been implemented for computing particular solutions of Poisson’s equation. Coupled with the method of fundamental solutions, a simpler and versatile technique, we have demonstrated a simple computational method which provides means of shifting the effort from analyst to computer. For illustration, we give three numerical examples for a set of standard problems and compare results of different methods.
Much ado about nothing—some reflections on the wider and wilder implications of social carrying capacity

Abstract The excellent review of social carrying capacity literature by Graefe, Vaske, and Kuss clearly demonstrates the shared deceptions that occur when research problems are defined by resource managers rather than by established theory. This central tendency has meant that two decades of social carrying capacity research has produced few valid generalizations, little cumulation of findings, and a series of correct solutions for the wrong management problems. Some didactic suggestions are made for gaining better alignment between problems and solutions.
Elevated MED28 expression predicts poor outcome in women with breast cancer

MED28 (also known as EG-1 and magicin) has been implicated in transcriptional control, signal regulation, and cell proliferation. MED28 has also been associated with tumor progression in in vitro and in vivo models. Here we examined the association of MED28 expression with human breast cancer progression. Expression of MED28 protein was determined on a population basis using a high-density tissue microarray consisting of 210 breast cancer patients. The association and validation of MED28 expression with histopathological subtypes, clinicopathological variables, and disease outcome was assessed. MED28 protein expression levels were increased in ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast compared to non-malignant glandular and ductal epithelium. Moreover, MED28 was a predictor of disease outcome in both univariate and multivariate analyses with higher expression predicting a greater risk of disease-related death. We have demonstrated that MED28 expression is increased in breast cancer. In addition, although the patient size was limited (88 individuals with survival information) MED28 is a novel and strong independent prognostic indicator of survival for breast cancer.
Spatial and temporal dynamics of insect outbreaks in a complex multitrophic system: tussock moths, ghost moths, and their natural enemies on bush lupines

To understand the spatial and temporal behavior of outbreaks, it may be necessary to go beyond simple plant–herbivore dynamics and consider trophic complexity, environmental heterogeneity, limited dispersal, and their possible interactions. We examine many of these factors in a system consisting of one plant, two insect herbivores, and multiple natural enemies. Bush lupines (Lupinus arboreus) in coastal California support intense but spatially localized outbreaks of the tussock moth (Orgyia vetusta), a flightless defoliator. Bush lupines are also attacked by the stem-boring larvae of the ghost moth (Hepialis californicus), which may cause periodic mass dieoffs of lupine stands. Here we extend previous models of the tussock moth and its natural enemies to include changes in the carrying capacity (i.e., lupine abundance) caused by the ghost moth and its primary natural enemy. By superimposing these two strongly interactive subsystems, we generate new questions and predictions.
Synchrony levels during evoked seizure-like bursts in mouse neocortical slices.

Slices (n = 45) from the somatosensory cortex of mouse (P8-13) generated spontaneous bursts of activity (0.10 ± 0.05 Hz) that were recorded extracellularly. Multiunit action potential (AP) activity...
Continental vs. Analytic Philosophy and the Irrationality of this Division

There are two main approaches to philosophy that make up philosophical discourse: continental and analytic. Analytic philosophy is concerned with true/false premises, and continental philosophy is concerned with how things came to be, without relying specifically on logic. Although philosophy started out uniformly, over time the analytic school of philosophy and the continental school of philosophy started to regard itself as being separate. This led to animosity and outright disrespect for each other. Because of this, continental and analytic philosophy have become separate playing fields where each team is trying to beat the other. But what happens when both are required? This paper focuses on the philosophy of language, particularly that of A.J. Ayer, an analytic philosopher, and Ferdinand de Saussure, a continental philosopher. It shows how Ayer's argument is defeated by its own logic, and Saussure’s argument is reduced to chaos because there is no reference to ground it. The focus then shifts to Edmund Husserl, who bridges Ayer's and Saussure’s philosophies of language, and thus a philosophy of language is constructed using both analytic and continental philosophy. From this, it is argued that both continental and analytic philosophy are necessary to make Philosophy relevant today and the arguments within Philosophy sound.
On a generalized factorization problem for structurally passive synthesis of digital filters

The problem of structurally passive synthesis of multidimensional digital filters of the quarter-plane causal type as an interconnection of more elementary building blocks directly in the discrete domain is addressed by means of the factorization of the chain matrix, the hybrid matrix and the transfer function matrix associated with a prescribed multidimensional lossless two-port. By using recent results on the discrete domain representation of such matrices, a generalized lossless two-port matrix is introduced to present all three factorizations in a unified setting. Necessary and sufficient conditions for factorability as well as an algorithm for computing these factors when they exist are obtained. In particular, it is shown that, in one dimension the factorizations can always be performed. Thus, in one dimension, a discrete domain algorithm for synthesizing previously unpublished internally passive structures and alternative methods of synthesis for more conventional structures such as the cascade structure are also obtained. >
The public health implications of combined exposure to multiple sources of 131I released during the Cold War Era: Extension of dose reconstruction to risk analysis and beyond

During the past 15 years, doses have been reconstructed to members of the public who were exposed to radiation released from Cold War Era government facilities that supported the development and testing of nuclear weapons. A major component of these exposures resulted from releases of 131 I to the atmosphere. This paper addresses the public health implications of the combined exposures from the production of radioactive lanthanum at Oak Ridge which released 131 I, and 131 I deposited in the regions around Oak Ridge resulting from atmospheric weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site. Full application of uncertainty analysis is used to quantify estimates of thyroid dose, the excess lifetime risk of thyroid neoplasms, the risk of non-neoplastic disease at high exposures, and the probability that past exposure could be responsible for present thyroid disease. The results show that fallout 131 I is a substantial contributing factor to the total exposure and excess risk of thyroid cancer for those exposed as children residing downwind of local government installations. For many persons exposed in childhood, the upper confidence limit of the estimate of PC may exceed 50 %, regardless of the location where milk was produced.
Utility of Emergency, Telephone-Based National Surveillance for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

On May 27,1993, in response to the outbreak investigation of newly recognizedHantaviruspulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the Four Corners states (New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established a national surveillance case definition for severe, unexplained respiratory disease to determine the extent of HPS throughout the United States. A toll-free telephone hotline number was instituted to provide updated information about unexplained respiratory illness and to serve as a passive mechanism for reporting suspected cases. Clinical information was obtained from callers reporting suspected cases, and diagnostic specimens and medical record reviews were requested from health care providers. From June 3 through December 31, 1993, the hotline received 21 443 telephone inquiries; callers identified 280 suspected cases living outside the Four Corners states with at least one specimen available for diagnostic testing. By December 31, 1993, 21 confirmed cases (age range, 14 to 58 years) residing in 11 states outside the Four Corners region had been identified. This passive surveillance system was successful in rapidly identifying the widespread sporadic geographic distribution for HPS cases throughout the United States and could serve as a model for similar emergencies. Expanding and coordinating surveillance systems for the early detection, tracking, and evaluation of emerging infections is a critical component of disease prevention. (JAMA. 1996;275:398-400)
In situ polymerization and nano‐templating phenomenon in nylon fiber/PMMA composite laminates

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC CO2) is used as a reaction/processing medium in the fabrication of fiber-reinforced composite materials. SC CO2 allows resin (reactive monomer), to penetrate inside the fibers themselves, partitioning into the amorphous regions of the fiber. The crystal structure then templates polymerization of matrix within the fiber. This process produces a composite that exhibits ultralong-range order from the nanoscale reinforcement of crystals to the macroscale fiber reinforcement of matrix. In addition, SC CO2 lowers resin viscosity and aids in wetting out Nylon 6,6 fiber reinforcement in a process similar to reaction injection molding (RIM) or resin transfer molding (RTM). This article will discuss the fabrication technique in detail, including process parameters and the structure of resulting composites and morphology of modified fibers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1600–1607, 2003
AT-05TARGETING mTOR DOWNSTREAM OF LIN28 IN ATYPICAL TERATOID RHABDOID TUMORS PROMOTES APOPTOSIS AND SUPPRESSES TUMORIGENICITY.

LIN28A and LIN28B are stem cell factors that regulate thousands of RNAs and are expressed in aggressive cancers. One of the canonical downstream targets of LIN28 is the mTOR pathway. We have previously shown that overexpression of LIN28 in Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumors (AT/RT) contributes to the aggressive nature of the tumor. We hypothesized that AT/RT would have increased expression of mTOR signaling due to high-level expression of LIN28. We found that primary human AT/RT samples do have high levels of P-S6 and P-AKT expression by immunohistochemistry staining (mean H-score for P-S6 36.3; p-AKT 150.4). The dual TORC1/2 inhibitor MLN0128 has good brain penetration and is currently being tested in phase I clinical trials in children. Treatment of AT/RT cell lines with MLN0128 inhibits TORC1/2 targets in vitro and suppresses cell proliferation at 10nM concentration (MTS assay for BT12 p = 0.0034 vs DMSO control; BT37 p = 0.0064 vs DMSO control; and CHLA-06 p = 0.002 vs DMSO control by t-test). MLN0128 also slows cell proliferation via BrdU assay (BT-37 p = 0.0241 10nM vs DMSO control; CHLA-06 p = 0.045 10nM vs DMSO control by t-test) and induces apoptosis measured by Western blot for PARP and cleaved caspase 3 assay (BT-37 p = 0.001 100nM vs DMSO; CHLA-06 p = 0.007 10nM vs DMSO by t-test). MLN0128 treatment of AT/RT xenograft mouse models leads to rapid reduction in tumor volume compared to controls treated with vector alone (61.9% average reduction in tumor volume with MLN0128 treatment vs 272.1% average increase in tumor volume in vector control; p = 0.006 by t-test). Targeting the overexpressed mTOR pathway with the TORC1/TORC2 inhibitor MLN0128 leads to potent in vitro and in vivo activity against AT/RT. MLN0128 may be a candidate for future clinical trials to treat this aggressive tumor.
Solvent-induced configuration mixing and triplet excited-state inversion: insights from transient absorption and transient dc photoconductivity measurements

Solvent-induced excited-state configuration mixing in a Pt(II) diimine chromophore with phenylene ethynylene containing acetylide ligands, [Pt(tBu2bpy)(PE3)2] (1), was characterized by nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and transient dc photoconductivity (TDCP). The mixing is a result of closely spaced triplet charge transfer (3CT) and intraligand-localized (3IL) triplet energy levels that are finely tuned with solvent polarity as ascertained by their parent model chromophores [Pt(tBu2bpy)(PE1)2] (2) and [Pt(P2)(PE3)2] (3), respectively. The absorption difference spectrum of the mixed triplet state is dramatically different from those of the 3CT and 3IL state model chromophores. The 3CT, 3IL and configuration-mixed triplet states led to distinct TDCP signals. The TDCP response is of negative polarity for 3CT excited states but of positive polarity for 3IL excited states. TDCP transients for 1 in mixed solvents are a combination of signals from the 3IL and 3CT states, with the signal magnitude depending on the polarity of solvent composition. The fraction of 3CT state character in the configurationally mixed excited state was quantified by TDCP to be ∼0.24 in pure benzene, while it decreased to ∼0.05 in 20 : 80 (v : v) benzene–CH2Cl2. The charge transfer fraction appears to increase slightly to ∼0.11 in the lower polarity 20 : 80 n-hexane–CH2Cl2 medium. TDCP is shown to be a useful tool for the identification of the lowest excited state in electrically neutral metal–organic chromophores.
A Framework for Knowledge-Based Crisis Management in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry:

Crisis management, disaster recovery, and organizational continuity are critical areas of competence for managers of individual businesses and entire destinations. For large-scale problems, crisis ...
History of Costume: Theory and Instruction:

History of costume courses were part of the clothing and textiles curriculum in developing home economics programs early in the twentieth century. Since that time nineteenth-century theories of social evolution have been a continuing influence on history of costume courses, sometimes introducing misconceptions regarding origins and an elitism featuring Westerners as those who are privileged to know civilized rules for dress. Teachers can improve learning outcomes of courses by emphasizing a global view of dress, weeding out misleading carry-overs from evolutionary theory, and working out instructional strategies for utilizing newer theories regarding changes in form and meaning of dress. Using a tri-part conceptual scheme outlining the processes of cultural, temporal, and temporo-cultural authentication of dress is one step toward helping students comprehend how the art of borrowing elements of dress from a previous era across cultural lines leads to cultural conversion of the elements into forms unique t...
Helper locks for fork-join parallel programming

Helper locks allow programs with large parallel critical sections, called parallel regions, to execute more efficiently by enlisting processors that might otherwise be waiting on the helper lock to aid in the execution of the parallel region. Suppose that a processor p is executing a parallel region A after having acquired the lock L protecting A. If another processor p′ tries to acquire L, then instead of blocking and waiting for p to complete A, processor p′ joins p to help it complete A. Additional processors not blocked on L may also help to execute A.The HELPER runtime system can execute fork-join computations augmented with helper locks and parallel regions. HELPER supports the unbounded nesting of parallel regions. We provide theoretical completion-time and space-usage bounds for a design of HELPER based on work stealing. Specifically, let V be the number of parallel regions in a computation, let T1 be its work, and let T∞ be its "aggregate span" --- the sum of the spans (critical-path lengths) of all its parallel regions. We prove that HELPER completes the computation in expected time O(T1/PP + T∞+ PV on P processors. This bound indicates that programs with a small number of highly parallel critical sections can attain linear speedup. For the space bound, we prove that HELPER completes a program using only O(PS1 stack space, where S1 is the sum, over all regions, of the stack space used by each region in a serial execution. Finally, we describe a prototype of HELPER implemented by modifying the Cilk multithreaded runtime system. We used this prototype to implement a concurrent hash table with a resize operation protected by a helper lock.
Finite-element analysis of valence band structure and optical properties of quantum-wire arrays on vicinal substrates

The valence subband dispersion of quantum-wire arrays grown on vicinal substrates in GaAs-Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As material system is calculated using a finite-element method with periodic boundary conditions. The variational functional for the Luttinger-Kohn Hamiltonian is derived using the integration by parts with proper boundary conditions. The validity of this method is confirmed by calculating subband structure of quantum wells and rectangular quantum wires. Along with the electronic band structure, a detailed study of gain in the quantum-wire arrays with rectangular and serpentine shapes is presented, including the effect of coupling between wires and polarization dependence of the momentum matrix element. Finally, these results are compared to those of quantum wells. >
Sex-specific variation in conspecific-acquired marking prevalence among dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus)

Despite logistical challenges that limit direct observations of behavior for some species, physical scars can provide indirect evidence of aggression. Dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus (Gray,...
Novel immune regulatory pathways and their role in immune reconstitution syndrome in organ transplant recipients with invasive mycoses

Immune regulatory pathways involving the newly discovered T regulatory (Treg) and Th17 cells are amongst the principal targets of immunosuppressive agents employed in transplant recipients and key mediators of host inflammatory responses in fungal infections. These novel signaling pathways, in concert with or independent of Th1/Th2 responses, have potentially important implications for yielding valuable insights into the pathogenesis of immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS) in transplant recipients, for aiding the diagnosis of this entity, and for achieving a balance of immune responses that enhance host immunity while curbing unfettered inflammation in IRS.
Uterine Catecholamines in Normal and Hypertensive Human Pregnancy

The uterine tissue content of the adrenergic transmitter norepinephrine decreases during normal gestation, as part of a functional uterine denervation. Uterine tissue catecholamines were measured in normal and hypertensive human pregnancy. Myometrial samples were obtained at hysterectomy in nonpregnant patients, or by wedge biopsy at the time of cesarean section, in normal and preeclamptic pregnant patients. Biopsies were taken of both placental and non-placental bed tissue in the pregnant patients. All samples were analyzed for catecholamines by a radioenzymatic assay. There was a significant decrease in uterine norepinephrine and dopamine, but no change in epinephrine in normal pregnant patients when compared with non-pregnant patients. The decrease in dopamine and norepinephrine was greater in the placental bed, suggesting a local augmentation of this process by the placenta. There was an increase in uterine dopamine and norepinephrine in patients with preeclampsia, but no change in epinephrine, when c...
Exploring the Nexus Between Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease

This editorial refers to ‘Renal function is associated with long-term outcomes independent of degree of atherosclerosis: 6-year data from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry’, by R. Edfors et al., on page 91. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem, affecting 10–20% of general population in the USA and Europe.1,2 CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are often present as co-morbidities, with CKD prevalence as high as 30–35% among those with CVD.3 It is well recognized that CKD and CVD influence outcomes related to the other, but their co-management remains challenging.4 Heart disease is the leading cause of death for patients with CKD, and patients with moderate CKD are more likely to die of CVD than to progress to kidney failure. Despite high risk, renal dysfunction often complicates investigation and treatment, including angiography and revascularization procedures in this population. Symptoms from progressive renal failure and heart disease are often intertwined. Mechanisms behind the poor prognosis in concomitant CKD and CVD are being studied, yet the nexus between the two is still not entirely understood. In this edition of the journal, Edfors et al . nicely demonstrate the independent role of CKD on CVD outcomes.5 Using a regional registry, the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR), they report on 3-year CVD outcomes by CKD stage in over 45 000 patients undergoing coronary angiography for suspected coronary artery disease. Patients undergoing angiography due to acute coronary syndromes, evaluation of arrhythmias, heart failure (HF) or heart valves were excluded. In this … [↵][1]*Corresponding author. Tel: +919 668 8646, Fax: +919 668 7056, Email: chiara.melloni{at}duke.edu [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
High fitness costs of climate change‐induced camouflage mismatch

Anthropogenic climate change has created myriad stressors that threaten to cause local extinctions if wild populations fail to adapt to novel conditions. We studied individual and population-level fitness costs of a climate change-induced stressor: camouflage mismatch in seasonally colour molting species confronting decreasing snow cover duration. Based on field measurements of radiocollared snowshoe hares, we found strong selection on coat colour molt phenology, such that animals mismatched with the colour of their background experienced weekly survival decreases up to 7%. In the absence of adaptive response, we show that these mortality costs would result in strong population-level declines by the end of the century. However, natural selection acting on wide individual variation in molt phenology might enable evolutionary adaptation to camouflage mismatch. We conclude that evolutionary rescue will be critical for hares and other colour molting species to keep up with climate change.
Leadership Succession Tactics for Change

Leaders frequently attempt to implement changes when they enter an ongoing organization. Subordinates react to these attempts, either by facilitating implementation or by resisting it. This researc...
Dynamic Assessment and Prediction Model of MTBF of Aviation Equipment

Based on inherent laws of reliability growth of aviation equipment, failures of aviation equipment were classified into two categories: nascent failures and old failures. Two functions, probability density function of nascent failures and attenuation function of failures, were developed firstly. Then, a probability density function of old failures was deduced. At last, a dynamic assessment and prediction model of mean time between failures of aviation equipment was constructed. At the same time, the basic algorithm of determining the model parameters, the method of processing censored data and the discriminant formula of fitting effect were presented. In order to verify the dynamic assessment and prediction model, it was used to analyze an engineering case. The prediction results indicate that: the reliability growth trend of aviation equipment can be described objectively by the model; the predictions of the assessment of MTBF( mean time between failures) are acceptable;the predictions errors in seemly time spans are less than 10%.
Thermal Management Using MEMS Bimorph Cantilever Beams

This paper examines a passive cooling technique using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for localized thermal management of electronic devices. The prototype was designed using analytic equations, simulated using finite element methods (FEM), and fabricated using the commercial PolyMUMPs™ process. The system consisted of an electronic device simulator (EDS) and MEMS bimorph cantilever beams (MBCB) array with beams lengths of 200, 250, and 300 μm that were tested to characterize deflection and thermal behavior. The specific beam lengths were chosen to actuate in response to heating associated with the EDS (i.e. the longest beams actuated first corresponding to the hottest portion of the EDS). The results show that the beams deflected as designed when thermally actuated and effectively transferred heat away via thermal conduction. The temperature when the beams reached “net-zero” deflection (i.e. uncurled and flat) was related to the initial deflection distance while the contact deflection temperature and rate of actuation was related to beam length. Initial beam deflections, after release, and contact temperatures, when fully actuated, were approximately 5.05, 9.45, 14.05 μm, and 231, 222, 216 °C, respectively with the longer beams making contact first. This innovative passive thermal management system enables selective device cooling without requiring active control or forced convection to maintain steady-state operating temperatures for sensitive microelectronic devices.