cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research Questions in Ecology Relating to Community Ecology, Plant-Herbivore Interactions, and Insect Ecology in General

Major advances in community ecology could be made in the remainder of this decade by developing a strongly comparative approach. Some suggestions for emphasis include the following five questions: (1) What are the relative importances of the following types of interactions between organisms in natural systems: competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, amensalism, commensalism, and neutralism? Does relative importance differ in different kinds of organisms like bacteria, protozoa, annual and perennial plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, generalists, and specialists? (2) What are the organizing factors in communities? How do they differ between communities of different kinds of organisms? (3) How do members of the same food web interact directly and indirectly, particularly between trophic levels? (4) What roles do microorganisms play in natural systems, and what are their relative importances? (5) To what extent does the understanding of natural phenotypic and genotypic variation within and between populations contribute to our understanding of ecological systems?
Correlation between Barr body and overall chromatin decondensation in vitro

Geometric and densitometric properties of the Barr body of early and late phase II confluent human fibroblasts are analysed by the automated image analyser Quantimet 720 D. In cells with the same 2C DNA content, the state of condensation of the Barr body varies proportionally wih the state of condensation of the entire nucleus yielding a correlation between nuclear and Barr body area. In light of these results, indicating the participation of the Barr body in the overall process of chromatin condensation and decondensation, a definitive "'static" separation between dense ("heterochromatic") and dispersed ("euchromatic") regions of chromatin seems to be arbitrary. The implications of these results in terms of a possible attachment of interphase chromatin to the nuclear envelope are briefly discussed.
Bronchoscopic lavage with perfluorocarbon decreases postprocedure hypoxemia in an ovine model of smoke inhalation.

Objective: Bronchoscopy and lavage are used to confirm diagnosis and can be therapeutic in patients suffering inhalation injury. Lavage is traditionally performed using saline, which is unfortunately associated with profound transient hypoxemia. Perfluorocarbons, having a high gas solubility for oxygen and carbon dioxide, increase oxygenation when instilled into the airway. We hypothesized that the use of perfluorocarbons for bronchoscopic lavage would attenuate this transient hypoxemia. Methods: Sheep were prepared for chronic study. They were insufflated with cotton smoke and then randomized to receive a lavage with 200 mL of perfluorocarbon or saline at 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after injury. Results: All animals had a steady and significant decline in their pre- to post-Pao 2 FIo 2 (P/F) ratio. At 2, 6, and 12 hours, the saline lavage group had a significant decrease in their P/F ratio (485 ± 32 to 212 ± 37 mm Hg, 439 ± 22 to 170 ± 40 mm Hg, and 381 ± 48 to 184 ± 59 mm Hg). This decrease in P/F ratio was not observed in the perfluorocarbon group (474 ± 19 to 459 ± 29 mm Hg, 424 ± 32 to 387 ± 43 mm Hg, and 366 ± 50 to 357 ± 67 mm Hg). Conclusion: These findings indicate that perfluorocarbons attenuate the transient hypoxemia associated with saline bronchoscopic lavage and thus may be considered safer for patients with acute lung injury.
Superword-Level Parallelism in the Presence of Control Flow

In this paper, we describe how to extend the concept of superword-level parallelization (SLP), used for multimedia extension architectures, so that it can be applied in the presence of control flow constructs. Superword-level parallelization involves identifying scalar instructions in a large basic block that perform the same operation, and, if dependences do not prevent it, combining them into a superword operation on a multi-word object. A key insight is that we can use techniques related to optimizations for architectures supporting predicated execution, even for multimedia ISAs that do not provide hardware predication. We derive large basic blocks with predicated instructions to which SLP can be applied. We describe how to minimize overheads for superword predicates and re-introduce control flow for scalar operations. We discuss other extensions to SLP to address common features of real multimedia codes. We present automatically-generated performance results on 8 multimedia codes to demonstrate the power of this approach. We observe speedups ranging from 1.97X to 15.07X as compared to both sequential execution and SLP alone.
New Keynesian Explanations of Cyclical Movements in Aggregate Inflation and Regional Inflation Differentials

What determines the cyclical behavior of aggregate inflation and regional inflation differentials? The answer has strong implications for monetary policy and in Europe for the Stability and Growth Pact. In the United States, inflation rates move pro-cyclically, and across the Euro Area, inflation differentials are positively correlated with growth differentials. This suggests that demand shocks are the primary determinants of the cyclical behavior of aggregate inflation and regional inflation differentials. In this paper, we discuss New Keynesian explanations of these correlations, and we argue that demand shocks are either missing or inadequately modeled in the in typical New Keynesian model.
Consensual intraocular pressure changes resulting from unilateral extraocular muscle contraction.

Direct stimulation of one lateral rectus muscle produced not only an increase in ipsilateral intraocular pressure but also changes in the contralateral intraocular pressure. These consensual intraocular pressure changes were independent of changes in respiration and systemic arterial pressure. The magnitude and type of consensual response varied and were not correlated with either the increase in ipsilateral muscle tension or the increase in ipsilateral intraocular pressure. Evidence has been given to support the hypothesis that the consensual response is neurogenic. The adequate stimulus for this reflex appeared to be increased tension produced by contraction of an extraocular muscle with an attendant increase in ipsilateral intraocular pressure, suggesting that the receptors lie at or near the junction of the muscle and sclera and respond more readily to changes in tension than to changes in length. The afferent pathway appeared to be other than the sixth cranial nerve and the efferent pathway was not somatic.
Single well or double well: First-principles study of 8 H and 3 C inclusions in the 4 H SiC polytype

Using first-principles calculations with a hybrid functional, we examined several fundamental issues for heterojunction structures formed by the same material but in different polytypes including the precise location of the boundary and the polarization. Particularly, we demonstrate that the inclusion of 8$H$ in 4$H$ SiC generates a single quantum well (QW) structure, rather than a double well consisting of two 3$C$ regions separated by a single hexagonal layer barrier. The level of the QW states for 8$H$ and 3$C$ inclusions are calculated to be 0.42 and 0.68 eV, respectively, below the conduction band minimum of 4$H$ SiC, in good agreement with the experiments.
The Alzheimer’s Study Group’s Recommendations Five Years Later: Planning Has Advanced, But Agenda Remains Unfinished

Five years ago the Alzheimer’s Study Group released its assessment and recommendations in a final report to the 111th Congress. Sobered by the burden of Alzheimer’s and the anticipated trajectory of the disease, the Alzheimer’s Study Group recommended the development of a rigorous research plan to be fully funded by Congress. Congress acted on the first of these recommendations by passing the National Alzheimer’s Project Act, signed into law in 2011. The Department of Health and Human Services, in turn, released the National Plan to Address Alzheimer’s Disease in 2012. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) then followed in 2013 with a specific research program to achieve the national plan’s goal to “prevent and effectively treat Alzheimer’s disease by 2025.” With one of the Alzheimer’s Study Group’s recommendations fulfilled, the critical remaining questions are whether the NIH’s Alzheimer’s research program will be adequately funded and continue to be effectively executed so as to meet the 2025 goal.
Gametes and embryos of sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus, Lmk., 1816) reared in confined conditions: their use in toxicity bioassays

Sea urchins of the species Paracentrotus lividus, collected along the Southern Adriatic coast at the end of their reproductive season, were reared in a recirculating aquarium under controlled temperature and feeding conditions in order to induce off-season maturation of gametes to be used in toxicity bioassays. After 14 weeks of rearing, the gonad index was calculated, histological analyses of the gonads were performed, their fertilisation ability was measured and the EC50 for copper in embryotoxicity bioassays was evaluated. The sperm motility pattern (based on the percentages of total motile and rapid sperm, together with sperm velocity parameters) was assessed using a computerised analyser. All specimens showed a significant increase in gonad yield with respect to field-collected animals and were in pre-spawning or spawning stages. The motility parameters, fertilisation ability and EC50 level of the collected gametes were comparable to those of field-matured specimens. In conclusion, the sea urchins re...
A role for synaptic plasticity in the adolescent development of executive function

Adolescent brain maturation is characterized by the emergence of executive function mediated by the prefrontal cortex, e.g., goal planning, inhibition of impulsive behavior and set shifting. Synaptic pruning of excitatory contacts is the signature morphologic event of late brain maturation during adolescence. Mounting evidence suggests that glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity, in particular long term depression (LTD), is important for elimination of synaptic contacts in brain development. This review examines the possibility (1) that LTD mechanisms are enhanced in the prefrontal cortex during adolescence due to ongoing synaptic pruning in this late developing cortex and (2) that enhanced synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex represents a key molecular substrate underlying the critical period for maturation of executive function. Molecular sites of interaction between environmental factors, such as alcohol and stress, and glutamate receptor mediated plasticity are considered. The accentuated negative impact of these factors during adolescence may be due in part to interference with LTD mechanisms that refine prefrontal cortical circuitry and when disrupted derail normal maturation of executive function. Diminished prefrontal cortical control over risk-taking behavior could further exacerbate negative outcomes associated with these behaviors, as for example addiction and depression. Greater insight into the neurobiology of the adolescent brain is needed to fully understand the molecular basis for heightened vulnerability during adolescence to the injurious effects of substance abuse and stress.
Reply to “Letter to the editor: ‘Depolarization and repolarization alternans in an anesthetized canine ischemia model’”

reply: We thank Dr. J. E. Madias ([3][1]) for his perceptive comments on our article, “High-resolution electrical mapping of depolarization and repolarization alternans in an ischemic dog model” ([1][2]). Our response to his queries are as follows. The first query was, “Since electrical
The treatment of hyperandrogenism with oral contraceptives.

Oral contraceptives are usually effective simple and inexpensive for treatment of women with hyperandrogenism. Hyperandrogenism is usually caused by ovarian overproduction of testosterone androstenedione or dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate due to high LH overstimulating the thecal cells. Androgens can be elevated from adrenal hyperplasia Cushings disease or tumors. Failing that "idiopathic hirsutism" can be a result of overactive 5alpha-reductase in skin. Oral contraceptives work by suppressing LH and FSH in a dose-dependent manner reducing steroid release by ovaries; decreasing free testosterone by raising levels of sex-hormone-binding globulin; reducing adrenal androgen production by an unknown mechanism; and inhibiting skin 5alpha-reductase by competition with progestins. Improvement is reported in 60-100% of women usually within 2 cycles. The most dramatic improvement is cessation of new hair growth. Old hairs may become thinner but will need to be removed by electrolysis Orals regulate withdrawal bleeding and acne and oily skin usually improve. Auxiliary treatments are low dose tetracycline spironolactone low dose glucocorticoid and androgen antagonists such as cyproterone acetate.
A comparison of two microcomputer-based programs for bibliographic retrieval and formatting.

We evaluated two representative microcomputer-based programs for organizing a biomedical literature filing system. With a bibliography of 100 anesthetic references, a series of benchmark tests was developed to measure the speed and accuracy of typical searching, sorting, and formatting tasks. Each program performed the searching tasks accurately and at about the same speed. One program performed sorting without errors, provided the field order of the template used to enter references was unchanged. Both programs used “punctuation files,” that is, templates for controlling author presentation; punctuation to suit style requirements of individual journals; and order of particular fields, such as publisher and year of publication. Each program was able to format journal, book, and chapter references correctly, but the resulting output required some refining in a word processor. Both require a major time commitment to learn and to create custom punctuation files for journals not included in the predesigned punctuation files. Once mastered, both programs are quite competent at organizing reprints and formatting journal references.
Diurnal-period currents trapped above Fieberling Guyot: observed characteristics and model comparisons

Abstract Current measurements at depths of 19, 115, 264 and 464 m above the summit of Fieberling Guyot (32°28′N, 127°47′W) for 13 months in 1989 show that the diurnal tides are strongly amplified. The measured variances for K 1 , P 1 and O 1 at the 115 m depth were 810, 140 and 80 times larger than the variances of the respective estimated barotropic tides. The diurnal currents closer to the summit were also strongly amplified, through the variance ratios were 40–50% of the ratios observed at 115 m. The diurnal band currents were only amplified at the precise tidal frequencies; the bandwidth of the response was less than 0.0002 cph. The discrete character of the response suggests that only currents with large spatial scales will be amplified. The characteristics of the amplified diurnal currents are compared to those predicted by a model for Fieberling Guyot of seamount-trapped waves driven by the barotropic tide. The amplitudes of the responses at this one site on the seamount compare favourably to the predicted.
Ranges of posterior probability over a distribution band

Abstract The sensitivity of the posterior probability of a fixed set C to the choice of the prior F is considered. A general method is described for finding the ranges of posterior probabilities when the prior c.d.f. F lies in the distribution band ΓD = {F:FL ⩽ F ⩽ FU}. This method is further extended to the unimodality restricted band ΓDU = {F∈ΓD: F is unimodal at M}. Several examples illustrate applications of this method.
Collaboration at the federal, state, and local levels to build capacity in maternal and child health: the impact of the Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology Program.

Abstract This article provides a description of the Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology Program housed in the Division of Reproductive Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The article highlights programmatic efforts to build capacity and increase infrastructure within states, localities, and among tribes in the field of maternal and child health by leveraging partnerships with other federal, nonprofit, private, and academic agencies.
A cascaded silicon Raman laser

One of the major advantages of Raman lasers is their ability to generate coherent light in wavelength regions that are not easily accessible with other conventional types of lasers1. Recently, efficient Raman lasing in silicon in the near-infrared region has been demonstrated2,3,4, showing great potential for realizing low-cost, compact, room-temperature lasers in the mid-infrared region5,6,7. Such lasers are highly desirable for many applications, ranging from trace-gas sensing, environmental monitoring and biomedical analysis, to industrial process control, and free-space communications8,9. Here we report the first experimental demonstration of cascaded Raman lasing in silicon, opening the path to extending the lasing wavelength from the near- to mid-infrared region. Using a 1,550-nm pump source, we achieve stable, continuous-wave, second-order cascaded lasing at 1,848 nm with an output power exceeding 5 mW. The laser operates in single mode, and the laser linewidth is measured to be <2.5 MHz.
Rapid construction of right colon pouch: Initial clinical experience

Between December 1992 and July 1993, 7 patients who underwent urinary diversion after cystectomy or bladder augmentation had colon pouches constructed with an "absorbable" staple. Our "one-step" technique of colon pouch construction incorporates standard principles of bowel detubularization and refashioning using absorbable GIA staples. The technique is easily learned and decreases operative time and blood loss. Herein we report follow-up of the first 7 patients undergoing this modification.
New and emerging antiarrhythmic and anticoagulant agents for atrial fibrillation.

Purpose To compare and contrast the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of new, emerging, and established antiarrhythmic and anticoagulant medications and describe nonpharmacologic interventions for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Summary Shortcomings of established antiarrhythmic agents include a risk for proarrhythmias and intolerable adverse effects. Dronedarone is a recently introduced amiodarone congener for maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion in patients with AF that is better tolerated than amiodarone. Vernakalant is an emerging antiarrhythmic agent for conversion of AF to normal sinus rhythm with atrial-selective activity that appears to minimize the risk for proarrhythmia. An unpredictable dose-response relationship and the need for laboratory monitoring are among the many shortcomings of warfarin. Rivaroxaban, an emerging oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, and dabigatran, an emerging oral direct thrombin inhibitor, have predictable dose-response relationships and do not require laboratory monitoring. Additional data from comparative clinical trials will clarify the role of these emerging agents in the treatment of AF. Various nonpharmacologic interventions may be used for rhythm control, rate control, or cardioversion in patients whose AF cannot be managed with pharmacotherapy because of a lack of efficacy or intolerable adverse effects. Conclusion New and emerging antiarrhythmic and anticoagulant agents offer advantages over established agents and may improve outcomes in patients with AF.
Poly(aniline) nanowires in sol-gel coated ITO: a pH-responsive substrate for planar supported lipid bilayers.

Facilitated ion transport across an artificial lipid bilayer coupled to a solid substrate is a function common to several types of bioelectronic devices based on supported membranes, including biomimetic fuel cells and ion channel biosensors. Described here is fabrication of a pH-sensitive transducer composed of a porous sol–gel layer derivatized with poly(aniline) (PANI) nanowires grown from an underlying planar indium–tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The upper sol–gel surface is hydrophilic, smooth, and compatible with deposition of a planar supported lipid bilayer (PSLB) formed via vesicle fusion. Conducting tip AFM was used to show that the PANI wires are connected to the ITO, which convert this electrode into a potentiometric pH sensor. The response to changes in the pH of the buffer contacting the PANI nanowire/sol–gel/ITO electrode is blocked by the very low ion permeability of the overlying fluid PSLB. The feasibility of using this assembly to monitor facilitated proton transport across the PSLB was dem...
Inflammatory response and meningioma tumorigenesis and the effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors

✓In this article the authors discuss the rationale and research supporting the hypothesis that meningioma tumorigenesis may, in part, be driven by overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and that treatment with celecoxib, a selective Cox-2 inhibitor, may hold therapeutic promise. Because therapies for recurrent or aggressive meningiomas (atypical or malignant subtypes) such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy generally offer little therapeutic benefit, interest in targeting Cox-2 has grown. This rate-limiting enzyme of prostaglandin synthesis can be inhibited with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and celecoxib. Treatment with NSAIDs has been shown to curb the tumorigenic properties of prostaglandins in several cancer models via both Cox-2-dependent and -independent mechanisms. In addition, celecoxib is well tolerated in humans, making its use as a chronic therapy for meningiomas attractive.
Relational Ramifications of Honest but Hurtful Evaluative Messages in Close Relationships

Utilizing Bradbury and Fincham's (1988, 1990) distal-proximal contextual model, we report two studies examining the relational ramifications of honest but hurtful (HBH) evaluative messages in romantic and friend relationships. Findings indicate proximal factors played a prominent role in explaining the variance of relational ramifications beyond that contributed by distal factors. At the proximal level, perceived hurtfulness, intentionality, and honesty motives contributed to negative ramifications. Enhancement motives and honesty motives were associated with positive ramifications. At the distal level, self-esteem was associated with relational worries. Unexpectedly, one's beliefs concerning the role of honesty in close relationships were not associated with reported relational ramifications.
Temporal patterns, their distribution and redundancy in trains of spontaneous neuronal spike intervals of the feline hippocampus studied with a non-parametric technique.

Abstract A modification of the non-parametric technique for the analysis of temporal patterns in long trains of single neuronal spike intervals has been described and tested empirically. The technique is based on inequality testing of sequential pairs of intervals. If the second interval in a pair is longer or shorter than or equal to the first interval, a (+), a(-), and a (0) is recorded respectively in sequential bins of the computer memory. Subsequently, the long sequences of signs are arranged into transition frequency matrices which are then converted into transition probability matrices of various complexity. In this manner, the sign permutations composed of 4, 5, 6, etc. signs were studied. First of all, the theoretical distribution of various sign permutations was derived, assuming that the arrangement of intervals that generate the signs is totally independent. The theoretical distribution of signs permutations in tetragrams, pentagrams and hexagrams constitute the ‘controls’ with which the empirical data can be compared. In this manner, using the chi-square test, the total deviation of a studied neuronal output from an independent state can be quantified. The empirical data showed a consistent deviation from the theoretical distribution of sign permutations during REM sleep, as compared to slow wave sleep which was characterized by an almost perfect theoretical distribution of sign permutations. This indicates that slow wave sleep is associated with relaxation of constraints that are responsible for the emergence of specific patterns. In addition, redundancies in the occurrence of sign permutations, and the linear relationships between them, have been defined and tested empirically. The apparent discrepancies between the redundancies, based on theoretical symmetry in sign distribution and the linear redundancy that fits the empirical data, have been defined and discussed.
The economic impact and cost-effectiveness of monoclonal antibody therapy for sepsis

Monoclonal antibodies directed against the endotoxins produced by gram-negative organisms have been developed for the treatment of patients with sepsis. Phase 3 clinical trials in which two of these agents, ES and HA-1A, have been evaluated have suggested possible benefit in terms of improved survival and reversal of organ dysfunction for certain subgroups. Since monoclonal antibodies are expected to be expensive, cost-effectiveness analysis is necessary to assess the joint clinical and economic impact. Cost-effectiveness studies based on the clinical data from these phase 3 trials have suggested that monoclonal antibodies may represent a cost-effective approach to the treatment of sepsis
Inkjet metrology: high-accuracy mass measurements of microdroplets produced by a drop-on-demand dispenser.

We describe gravimetric methods for measuring the mass of droplets generated by a drop-on-demand (DOD) microdispenser. Droplets are deposited, either continuously at a known frequency or as a burst of known number, into a cylinder positioned on a submicrogram balance. Mass measurements are acquired precisely by computer, and results are corrected for evaporation. Capabilities are demonstrated using isobutyl alcohol droplets. For ejection rates greater than 100 Hz, the repeatability of droplet mass measurements was 0.2%, while the combined relative standard uncertainty (uc) was 0.9%. When bursts of droplets were dispensed, the limit of quantitation was 72 μg (1490 droplets) with uc = 1.0%. Individual droplet size in a burst was evaluated by high-speed videography. Diameters were consistent from the tenth droplet onward, and the mass of an individual droplet was best estimated by the average droplet mass with a combined uncertainty of about 1%. Diameters of the first several droplets were anomalous, but the...
Exopeptidase-high-performance liquid chromatography peptide mapping of small peptides

Abstract We report here a rapid and quantitative peptide mapping procedure based on a combination of immobilized exopeptide digestion and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation of enzymatic products. Immobilized amino-peptidase M (E.C. 3.4.11.2) and carboxypeptidase Y (E.C. 3.4.12.1) were chosen because of their broad specificity. Products of enzymatic degradation of proctolin, for example, were separated on C18 or C1 reversed-phase HPLC columns with a trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile gradient elution. Peaks corresponding to peptide fragments were collected, hydrolyzed in propionic acid-hydrochloric acid, and identified by amino acid analysis. This method is limited, of course, to peptides with free carboxyl or amino termini and by the sensitivity of the amino acid analysis method employed.
Impact of War on American Adolescents: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official position of the Department of the Navy, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. government.

PROBLEM The impact of the Persian Gulf war on adolescents in Columbia, Charleston, and Sumter, SC. METHODS Four semiannual surveys measured adolescents' exposure to and evaluations of the Persian Gulf war, and the relationship between this exposure and mental distress. FINDINGS Of the sample, 814 (65.9%) reported being distressed by the war and 849 (69%) reported feeling better after the war ended. More than half the sample had a friend or relative sent to the war (n = 725, 58.8%), and of these, 458 were African American. Nine percent (n = 111) of the sample had a mother, father, or both a mother and a father in the war. CONCLUSIONS There was a positive correlation between adolescents' ratings on the Negative Impact of War Scores and Mental Distress Scores despite the easy victory and public support for the war in the United States. Females and African Americans viewed the war more negatively than did Caucasian males.
The Importance of Physiological Limits in Determining Biogeographical Range Shifts due to Global Climate Change: The Heat‐Shock Response

Abstract Physiological processes that set an organism’s thermal limits are in part determining recent shifts in biogeographic distribution ranges due to global climate change. Several characteristics of the heat‐shock response (HSR), such as the onset, maximal, and upper limit of heat‐shock protein (Hsp) synthesis, contribute to setting the acute upper thermal limits of most organisms. Aquatic animals from stable, moderately variable, or highly variable thermal environments differ in their HSR. Some animals living in extremely stable thermal environments lack the response altogether. In contrast, rocky intertidal animals that experience highly variable thermal conditions start synthesizing Hsps, that is, the onset of synthesis, below the highest temperatures that they experience. Thus, these organisms experience thermal conditions in their environment that are close to the upper thermal limits in which they can defend themselves against cellular thermal insults by employing the HSR. Subtidal animals are c...
PASsing a Signal: Low Carbs, Less Protein

PAS kinases combine the sensor functions of PAS (Per-Arnt-Sim) domains with the regulatory phosphorylation activity of protein kinases. Complementary multidisciplinary reports reveal coordinated regulation of sugar storage and protein synthesis by PAS kinase and suggest structural coupling of ligand and kinase binding by the PAS domain.
The meaning of global environmental change

Abstract Culture is one of the most complex human dimensions of global environmental change; it is thus perhaps understandably the least well theorized. The objective of this paper is to sketch a conceptual framework for the role of culture in global environmental change in order to support the kinds of research necessary to shed light on this significant though elusive factor. I note limitations in how culture is conceptualized in current human dimensions research, and offer a retheorized notion of culture as a pervasive dimension of meaning in all social processes associated with environmental change, concluding with observations regarding research opportunities.
Energy, development and fitness in Drosophila melanogaster.

Perturbation of energy metabolism via NAD supplementation modifies the expression of larval development time, a genetically based trait relevant to development and whole-organism fitness in Drosophila melanogaster . The results suggest a link between energy metabolism and gene expression. Supplemental NAD significantly decreased larval development time for isofemale strains chosen on the basis of development time differences. This effect did not represent a trade-off with larval survival, and was not related to the effects of supplemental glucose. The isofemale strains were assayed by using a method derived from Warburg’s manometric procedures which measured changes in the proportions of ATP, ADP and AMP in larval homogenates. Supplemental NAD appeared to increase the proportion of ATP and the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio in vitro and during larval development. The decrease in larval development time mediated by NAD was attributed to supplemental NAD modifying the NAD pool beyond levels established during development, directly altering electron transport chain activity, ATP, ADP and AMP levels, and possibly gene expression.
Contemporary management of acute myocardial infarction

Acute myocardial infarction, the leading cause of death in western society, has been the focus of more randomized clinical trial effort over the past decade than any other area of medicine. As a result of this worldwide effort, involving hundreds of thousands of patients with myocardial infarction, data have accumulated showing substantially lower mortality of acute myocardial infarction with simple interventions such as IV thrombolytic therapy, aspirin, β-blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Emergency coronary angioplasty appears to be a suitable alternative to IV thrombolytic therapy in skilled centers. Several previously recommended therapies (routine IV lidocaine, calcium channel blockers, magnesium, nitrates) have not been proved to be life-saving. Whether routine coronary arteriography should be employed after myocardial infarction remains controversial, but it is generally accepted that patients with evidence of residual ischemia after infarction, either spontaneous or provoked by stress testing, should undergo prophylactic coronary revascularization.
Facilities and Methods: A New Initiative in Nuclear Theory: UNEDF

The U.S. Department of Energy announced in December 2006 the project on the physics of nuclei in its SciDAC (Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing) program. SciDAC brings together physical and computer scientists to solve important problems that require the most advanced computer resources for their computation [1]. The new project, called “Building a universal nuclear energy density functional” (UNEDF) is in theoretical nuclear physics. Its goal is to make a qualitative improvement in the accuracy and reliability of theoretical methods for calculating nuclear properties such as energies, spectra, and low-energy reactions.
The Effect of a Nonlinear Viscous Regularization on the Solution of a Cauchy–Riemann Equation

Abstract Here we consider a variant of the Cauchy–Riemann equation, in which the Cauchy–Riemann equation has been regularized with a nonlinear second-order viscous term [(ϵ+| u x | 2 ) u x ] x . The equation is degenerate of parabolic type when ϵ=0 and has a weak solution for all time. We use an embedding process to analyze the properties of the solution. We also show that the smallest scale of the solution is ϵ, the coefficient of the regularizing second-order term. We numerically confirm the result. We show that from the sequence of regularized solutions, we can extract a converging subsequence. A limit of the subsequence u belongs to H 1 ([0, 1]×[0, T ]). For each fixed t , the first-order spatial derivative of u also belongs to L ∞ ([0, 1]). Therefore u belongs to C 0 ([0, 1]×[0, T rsqb;) and, for fixed t , is Holder continuous with exponent α, α
Generalized critical-state model for hard superconductors.

A generalized model for hard superconductors has been developed to unify all previous forms of the critical-state model. The magnetization versus applied-field curves generated from this model are shown to be physically consistent with the original Bean model. Other expressions of the critical current density can all be derived from this generalized critical-state model.
Interferometric phase measurement of zerodur, aluminum and SXA mirrors at cryogenic temperatures

A research program was undertaken to determine the surface figure error of several different types of mirrors at cryogenic temperatures. Two-inch diameter parabolic, spherical and flat mirrors were fabricated from zerodur, aluminum and a metal matrix composite of silicon carbide reinforced aluminum (SXA). The ratio of silicon carbide to aluminum was selected so that the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the metal matrix matched electroless nickel. A liquuid helium dewar was modified to add an interferometric grade window, a cold electronic shutter and a strain-free copper mirror mount. Interferometric phase measurements on each mirror mounted in the dewar were made without the window, with the window, under vacuum, at around 80K and between 10K and 24K.
The game of life on a hyperbolic domain

Classic 2-D outer totalistic automata such as Conway's Game of Life can be generalized to any domain of cells where each cell has eight neighbors. A circular hyperbolic arrangement of cells is described where each cell has eight neighbors and the time evolution of these hyperbolic automata are visualized in three dimensions. Both random and symmetric initial conditions are investigated using these techniques leading to insight into typical long term behavior and examples of symmetry breaking.
The effect of the shape of the income distribution on two inequality measures

Abstract This letter describes the effect of skewness and kurtosis of the log-income distribution on two measures of income inequality. Positive skewness and leptokurtosis affect inequality positively.
Actinomyces species as a cause of abscesses in nine horses

The characteristics, history, clinical signs, treatment and outcome of nine horses with abscesses caused by Actinomyces species were reviewed. dna sequencing was used to determine the species of one of the isolates. The horses were one to 11 years of age, and the abscesses were most commonly located in the submandibular and retropharyngeal regions. The bacterium was usually cultured as the sole isolate and the horses were most often affected in the autumn. Most of the abscesses were treated with antimicrobials and drainage, but some of them recurred. The horses with submandibular abscesses had residual scar tissue that in some cases did not resolve.
Preschoolers' Perspective Taking in Word Learning: Do They Blindly Follow Eye Gaze?

When learning new words, do children use a speaker's eye gaze because it reveals referential intent? We conducted two experiments that addressed this question. In Experiment 1, the experimenter left while two novel objects were placed where the child could see both, but the experimenter would be able to see only one. The experimenter returned, looked directly at the mutually visible object, and said either, “There's the [novel word]!” or “Where's the [novel word]?” Two- through 4-year-olds selected the target of the speaker's gaze more often on there trials than on where trials, although only the older children identified the referent correctly at above-chance levels on trials of both types. In Experiment 2, the experimenter placed a novel object where only the child could see it and left while the second object was similarly hidden. When she returned and asked, “Where's the [novel word]?” 2- through 4-year-olds chose the second object at above-chance levels. Preschoolers do not blindly follow gaze, but c...
Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP-0 induces reactivation of pseudorabies virus from latently infected trigeminal ganglia explant cultures

Pseudorabies virus (PrV), like other alphaherpesviruses, is a neurotropic virus that can establish a latent infection in swine. Reactivation of PrV from latency may occur spontaneously or after induction with corticosteroids. The mechanisms involved in the establishment of latency and reactivation are currently unknown. Here, we examined gene-specific reactivation of PrV by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) immediate early protein, ICP-0. Primary neuronal cell cultures established from the trigeminal ganglia of latently infected swine were superinfected with recombinant adenoviruses expressing ICP-0. Reactivation of PrV occurred in cultures that were superinfected with two different ICP-0-expressing adenovirus recombinants, but not in cultures that were either mock-infected, or superinfected with wild-type adenovirus, or recombinant adenoviruses not expressing ICP-0. Infectious PrV was detected between 4 and 7 days postinfection, regardless of the promoter driving expression of ICP-0. Results from these experiments show that HSV-1 ICP-0, a homologue of PrV EP0, can induce PrV reactivation from explanted trigeminal ganglia of latently infected swine.
Analogs of disperse red 167 containing a built-in photostabiliser moiety

Abstract The effects of incorporating a benzophenone stabilizer into the structure of Disperse Red 167 have been investigated. In this study, four different substituents in the parent dye structure were substituted sequentially to build the desired stabilizer moiety into the backbone of the prototype dye. Although the lightfastness of the dyes prepared was not superior to that of the parent dye, each possessed better sublimation fastness than the prototype and served as a useful probe of the requirements for high light-fastness on polyester. The structure of each new compound was confirmed by [ 1 H] NMR, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. In addition, the detailed structure of one of the analogs was determined from X-ray diffractometer data.
Numerical solution of general Hartree-Fock equations for atoms

Abstract Two methods, M1 and ∼M2 , for improving numerical Hartree-Fock (HF) radial functions during an SCF iteration are considered. It is shown that when rotations are introduced into the SCF process, functions can be improved one at a time, without direct concern over orthonormality conditions. Convergence characteristics for various classes of HF problems are considered. Generally M1 has the faster rate of convergence but when no exchange is present ∼M2 is preferable becoming, in effect, inverse iteration with a difference correction. In all cases, except the hydrogenic one, the asymptotic rate of convergence of the SCF process is linear.
Study of hyperconjugation in trifluoramine oxide and related molecules using core and valence ionization potentials

Abstract The oxygen, nitrogen and fluorine core binding energies of ONF 3 have been redetermined. The data indicate strong hyperconjugation, with N-O π - bonding and weak N-F σ-bonding. The core and valence ionization potentials together indicate that the HOMO of ONF 3 (derived mainly from the O p π orbitals) is weakly antibonding. This result is consistent with other data if it is assumed that the latter orbital has considerable fluorine lone pair character and that the orbital derived mainly from the N-F σ orbitals (at lower energy) has considerable N-O π character. The core and valence ionization potentials of OPF 3 and OPCl 3 indicate that the oxygen “lone pair” orbitals of these molecules are at lower energies than the corresponding hypothetical nonbonding oxygen p orbitals. These results imply significant participation of phosphorus 3dπ orbitals in the P-O bonds.
In‐Situ Observation of Nucleation and Growth of PbSe Magic‐Sized Nanoclusters and Regular Nanocrystals

In-situ observation of the temporal evolution of the absorption of PbSe nanocrystals (NCs) via a low-temperature noninjection approach is presented. Based on a model reaction of lead oleate (Pb(OA)(2) ) and n-trioctylphosphine selenide (TOPSe) in 1-octadecene at 35-80 °C, the use of commercially available TOP (90 or 97%) in affecting the formation of the NCs is explored. TOPSe solutions made from TOP 90% exhibited higher reactivity than those made from TOP 97%. (31)P NMR spectroscopy detected no dioctylphosphine selenide (DOPSe) but some DOP in ≈1.0 M TOPSe/TOP solution (made from TOP 90%), as well as no diphenylphosphine selenide (DPPSe) when DPP was added to the ≈1.0 M solution. Hence, it is proposed that, for the formation of PbSe monomers, an indirect pathway dominates with the formation of a Pb-P complex/intermediate, which results from the activation of Pb(OA)(2) by a phosphine compound (such as DPP, DOP, or TOP) and in turn reacts with TOPSe. With the use of TOP 90% and the addition of secondary phosphine DPP, the formation of PbSe magic-sized nanoclusters (MSNCs) and regular NCs (RNCs) is investigated. With proper tuning of the synthesis conditions, the formation of various PbSe MSNCs versus RNCs is monitored in situ with versus without the addition of DPP, or at different reaction temperatures but otherwise identical synthetic formulation and reaction parameters. Accordingly, the degree of supersaturation (DS) of the PbSe monomer affecting the development of these PbSe MSNCs versus RNCs is proposed; the higher the DS, the more the MSNCs are favored. Also, surface-determined cluster-cluster aggregation is proposed to be the growth mechanism for both the RNCs and MSNCs. For the former, quantized growth is followed by continuous growth. For the latter, the sizes of the magic-sized families are calculated.
In vivo skin penetration studies of 2,4-toluenediamine, 2,4-diaminoanisole, 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, p-dioxane and N-nitrosodiethanolamine in cosmetics.

Skin penetration by five substances that have been reported to be present in cosmetics was measured in vivo in humans, monkeys and swine. The greatest skin penetration was recorded with 2,4-toluenediamine applied to the abdominal skin of monkeys and the least with 2,4-diaminoanisole on the monkey abdomen and human ventral forearm and with p-dioxane on the monkey ventral forearm: 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine and N-nitrosodiethanolamine showed intermediate degrees of skin penetration. On the basis of the findings on these compounds, crude estimates were made of the amounts that might be absorbed through human skin under appropriate conditions of cosmetics use.
A multiresolution representation scheme for multimedia databases

We present a compression scheme that is useful for interactive video applications such as browsing a multimedia database. The focus of our approach the development of a compression scheme (and a corresponding retrieval scheme) that is optimal for any data rate. To browse a multimedia database, such a compression scheme is essential. We use a multiresolution setting, but eliminate the need for wavelets. This results in much better compression. We show experimental results and explain in detail how to extend our approach to multidimensional data.
Searches for Fractionally Charged Particles: What Should Be Done Next?

Since the initial measurements of the electron charge a century ago, experimenters have faced the persistent question as to whether elementary particles exist that have charges that are fractional multiples of the electron charge. I concisely review the results of the last 50 years of searching for fractional charge particles with no confirmed positive results. I discuss the question of whether more searching is worthwhile?
Gender Dimensions of the U.S. Consumer Borrowing Expansion

The article calls attention to gender as a dimension of the expansion of U. S. consumer borrowing. The first section emphasizes that gender is not a dummy variable, but an evolution of habits of thought. The second section discusses how changing gender relations are connected to gendered product differentiation and market expansion. The final section connects gendered market expansion and changing gender habits of thought to the expansion of consumer borrowing. We argue that, in addition to the acknowledged role of credit, gender relations also mask the structural financial fragility of households.