cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A bideterminant proof of a product identity for plane partitions with symmetries

Abstract A multivariate generating function for a class of shifted plane partitions is expressed as a quotient of two determinants. This ‘bideterminant’ is the character of a representation of a symplectic Lie group. Elementary manipulations are used to show that the bideterminant satisfies a recursion. This recursion is a branching rule for symplectic groups. A product enumeration formula for transpose self-complementary plane partitions is found as a corollary.
Combustion synthesis and characterization of nickel aluminide–carbon nanotube composites

Abstract In this work the feasibility of synthesizing carbon nanotube reinforced nickel aluminides with combustion synthesis was studied. In situ combustion synthesis and densification was conducted with reactive mixtures of nanosized nickel and aluminum with added carbon nanotubes. The effect of carbon nanotube type (single or multi-walled) and content, as well as the mixing methodology used, on the relative density, resulting microhardness, phase composition, and morphology were investigated. Composites synthesized with 1.0 wt.% single walled carbon nanotubes showed an increase in microhardness, over monolithic, of 30% using the optimized mixing procedure. Optimized mixing resulted in good distribution of the nanotubes at low percent additions as observed with scanning electron microscopy. We also observed crack bridging indicating that added carbon nanotubes have the potential to serve as toughening agents in combustion synthesized materials. Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy of the synthesized composites confirmed that the carbon nanotubes retained their original structure after combustion synthesis though multilayer graphene nanoribbons were also observed.
THE NATURE OF THE DEFECTS IN IRRADIATED A-15 COMPOUNDS

From transmission electron microscopy and heat capacity measurements radiation induced da- mage in A-15 compounds was found to be inhomogeneous, consisting of samll disordered regions in an ordered matrix. Some consequences of this result are discussed.
Spectral interactions in horizontal and ganglion cells of the isolated and arterially-perfused rabbit retina.

Summary Intracellular and extracellular recordings in the arterially-perfused eye cup of pigmented and albino rabbits show the presence of blue cones, green and rods. Among the ganglion cells, a fraction shows spectral opponency. Two main types were found. In one, on-depolarizing responses and on-hyperpolarizing responses receive antagonistic input from different cone type (‘B/G’); in the other, on-depolarizing responses receive input from both blue and green cones whereas off-depolarizing responses receive input either from blue or from green cones (‘BG/G’, ‘BG/B’). Two types of horizontal cell responses have been found, both receiving mixed green cone and rod input; one type is cone-dominated while the other is rod-dominated. Neither type shows C-type responses or obvious input from blue cones, either synergistic or antagonistic, with intense selective chromatic adaptation of green cones and rods. Mass b-wave responses show a spectral sensitivity suggestive of antagonistic interactions between blue and green cones signals to inner nuclear layer neurones, which were not seen in action spectra based on a-wave or PII component responses. It is argued that although blue cone signals contribute to spectral interactions at the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layer cell levels, they do not seem to contribute significantly to such interactions at the receptor or horizontal cell levels.
Transcriptome, Proteome, and Metabolome in Dyssynchronous Heart Failure and CRT

Cardiac resynchronization therapy reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with symptomatic systolic heart failure (New York Heart Association class III or IV) and ventricular conduction delay. The current review focuses on how high-throughput technologies including gene expression profiling and proteomics have helped in our understanding of the pathophysiology of electromechanical dyssynchrony and the molecular mechanisms by which cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) exerts its beneficial effects. Comparing gene expression changes in early-activated anterior vs. late-activated lateral left ventricular myocardium in a large animal model of dyssynchronous heart failure, we demonstrated a profound effect of electromechanical dyssynchrony on the regional cardiac transcriptome, as changes in gene expression were primarily observed in the early-activated anterior left ventricular myocardium. This increase in regional heterogeneity of gene expression within the left ventricle was reversed by CRT. Specifically, CRT remodeled transcripts with metabolic and cell signaling function, which was corroborated by protein data. In addition, high-throughput or “omic” techniques also hold great promise to identify key pathways and biomarkers that are regulated differentially in CRT responders vs. nonresponders.
Design Quality Trade-Off Studies for 3-D ICs Built With Sub-Micron TSVs and Future Devices

Through-silicon vias (TSVs) have two negative effects in the design of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3-D ICs). First, TSV insertion leads to silicon area overhead. In addition, nonnegligible TSV capacitance causes delay overhead in 3-D signal paths. Therefore, obtaining all benefits such as wirelength reduction and performance improvement from 3-D ICs is highly dependent on TSV size and capacitance. Meanwhile, TSVs are downscaled to minimize their negative effects, and sub-micron TSVs are expected to be fabricated in the near future. At the same time, the devices are also downscaled beyond 32 nm and 22 nm, so future 3-D ICs will very likely be built with sub-micron TSVs and advanced device technologies. In this paper, we investigate the impact of sub-micron TSVs on the quality of today and future 3-D ICs. For future process technologies, we develop 22 nm and 16 nm libraries. Using these future process libraries and an existing 45 nm library, we generate 3-D IC layouts with different TSV sizes and capacitances and study the impact of sub-micron TSVs thoroughly.
Unwinding of Nucleosomal DNA by a DNA Helicase

We have asked whether a DNA helicase can unwind DNA contained within both isolated native chromatin and reconstituted chromatin containing regularly spaced arrays of nucleosome cores on a linear tandem repeat sequence. We find that Escherichia coli recBCD enzyme is capable of unwinding these DNA substrates and displacing the nucleosomes, although both the rate and the processivity of enzymatic unwinding are inhibited (a maximum of 3- and >25-fold, respectively) as the nucleosome density on the template is increased. The observed rate of unwinding is not affected if the histone octamer is chemically cross-linked; thus, dissociation, or splitting, of the histone octamer is not required for unwinding to occur. The unwinding of native chromatin isolated from HeLa cell nuclei occurs both in the absence and in the presence of linker histone H1. These results suggest that as helicases unwind DNA, they facilitate nuclear processes by acting to clear DNA of histones or DNA-binding proteins in general.
The hardness of cubic single crystals by spherical indentation

Abstract Spherical indenters have been used to study the effect of indentation diameter on the hardnesses of variously oriented surfaces of ductile and semi-brittle cubic single crystals. The results are discussed in terms of the elastic recovery, the initial yield, the strain hardening and the crack nucleation processes occurring around and beneath the indenter.
A rubber-base impression technique for fixed partial dentures

Abstract Mercaptan rubber is an impression material that can be used for making single or multiple restorations. A knowledge of the properties of the material and the use of a sound procedure aid in obtaining satisfactory and consistent results.
Growth conditions for entire functions with only bounded Fatou components

Let f be a transcendental entire function of order less than 1/2. Denote the maximum and minimum modulus of f by M(r, f) = max{|f(z)|: |z| = r} and m(r, f) = min{|f(z)|: |z| = r}. We obtain a minimum modulus condition satisfied by many f of order zero that implies all Fatou components are bounded. A special case of our result is that if $$ \log \log M(r,f) = O(\log r/(\log \log r)^K ) $$ for some K > 1, then there exist α > 1 and C > 0 such that for all large R, there exists r ∈ (R,Rα] with $$ \frac{{\log m(r,f)}} {{\log M(R,f)}} \geqslant \alpha \left( {1 - \frac{C} {{(\log \log R)^K }}} \right), $$ and this in turn implies boundedness of all Fatou components. The condition on m(r, f) is a refined form of a minimum modulus conjecture formulated by the first author. We also show that there are some functions of order zero, and there are functions of any positive order, for which even refined forms of the minimum modulus conjecture fail. Our results and counterexamples indicate rather precisely the limits of the method of using the minimum modulus to rule out the existence of unbounded Fatou components.
The dynamic analysis of a thin beam impacting against a stop of general three-dimensional geometry

Abstract The dynamic response of the thin cantilever beam impacting against an elastic stop of general three-dimensional geometry is studied by extending the analysis procedure developed in the authors' previous work [1]. For the impulse response functions of the beam and stop required by the analysis procedure, an analytic solution is used for the beam and a finite element method solution is used for the stop. The contact area between the beam and the stop is the only parameter that has to be assumed in the procedure. While changes to this parameter result in significant changes to the estimate of the contact force, it is shown that at a point relatively far from the contact center the dynamic response is influenced only slightly by the assumed area. This may be interpreted as a dynamic version of the Saint-Venant's principle. It should be noted that fatigue failures of thin beams usually occur near the free edge, relatively far from the contact point, where the stress wave is reflected. Therefore, impact analysis of the thin beam against a three-dimensional object can be performed in a self contained manner for most practical purposes. Characteristics of the dynamic response of systems with a stop of various geometry are discussed based on numerical results.
Kinesiology/Physical Education: Half-Full or Half-Empty?

We are responding to the challenge of Rokosz and Laptad (JOPERD, February 1997, p, 4) to show how kinesiology/physical education research has contributed to the effectiveness of teaching motor skills. Although the authors raise important issues, it is our position that their pessimistic view ignores previous scholarship and is not supported by the evidence. A careful survey of the literature suggests a more optimistic view. This response will show that kinesiology/physical education is an area of study in the early stages of development, with a body of literature and professional standards, but with a lot of potential growth ahead. In short, the application of kinesiology/physical education research is a glass that is half-full, rather than half-empty. As a field of study, kinesiology/ physical education is barely an adolescent compared to other areas like anatomy, philosophy, or mathematics. As a newcomer, kinesiology/ physical education has to ask itself difficult, but important questions. Like who am I, and what can I do? Rokosz and Laptad clearly do not see adequate answers to these questions. Let's begin with the first question. What is kinesiology/physical education? Rokosz and Laptad base their challenge on the belief that kinesiology/ physical education in higher education is primarily concerned with applied research to inform professional practice. Unfortunately, the young field of kinesiology/physical education has not come to terms with its mission. Rokosz and Laptad need to understand that kinesiology/physical
Restricted Specificity of Xenopus TFIIIA for Transcription of Somatic 5S rRNA Genes

Xenopus transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) is phosphorylated on serine-16 by CK2. Replacements with alanine or glutamic acid were made at this position in order to address the question of whether phosphorylation possibly influences the function of this factor. Neither substitution has an effect on the DNA or RNA binding activity of TFIIIA. The wild-type factor and the alanine variant activate transcription of somatic- and oocyte-type 5S rRNA genes in nuclear extract immunodepleted of endogenous TFIIIA. The glutamic acid variant (S16E) supports the transcription of somatic-type genes at levels comparable to those of wild-type TFIIIA; however, there is no transcription of the oocyte-type genes. This differential behavior of the phosphomimetic mutant protein is also observed in vivo when using early-stage embryos, where this mutant failed to activate transcription of the endogenous oocyte-type genes. Template exclusion assays establish that the S16E mutant binds to the oocyte-type 5S rRNA genes and recruits at least one other polymerase III transcription factor into an inactive complex. Phosphorylation of TFIIIA by CK2 may allow the factor to continue to act as a positive activator of the somatic-type genes and simultaneously as a repressor of the oocyte-type 5S rRNA genes, indicating that there is a mechanism that actively promotes repression of the oocyte-type genes at the end of oogenesis.
Determination of alkali metals in meteorites by a distillation process

Abstract The method of analysis described is based on the volatilization of chlorides from silicates in an induction-heated crucible within a water-cooled jacket. In this way potassium and other chlorides which would react with a heated furnace wall are quantitatively recovered as a volatile product in a form suitable for measurement by name-spectrophotometry without further chemical processing. The consistency of recovery of sodium and potassium from silicates initially containing less than 1 per cent and 0.1 per cent respectively is ±3 per cent. This article primarily describes the estimation of alkali metals in meteorites, but spectrographic evidence is included showing that zinc, lead, and silver for example are also concentrated in the volatile product and are absent in the residue, as would be expected from thermodynamical reasoning. The alkali metals in chondrites are shown to be much lower and less variable than suggested by brown and Patterson . Analyses of potassium in meteorites by wet-chemical analysis are shown to be unreliable. Our results compare favourably with those obtained spectrochemically by Ahrens , Pinson , and Kearns . Alkali measurements are reported for carbonaceous chondrites and some achondrites. In the chondrites (exclusive of the carbonaceous chondritee) which showed no distinctly visible signs of oxidation (14), the average sodium was 0.70 per cent with all values between 0.66 and 0.74 per cent, and the average potassium 0.088 per cent with all values between 0.084 and 0.095 per cent. For all chondrites examined (21) (again exclusive of the carbonaceous chondrites) the average sodium was 0.67 per cent with all values between 0.47 and 0.74 per cent, and the average potassium 0.085 per cent with all values between 0.058 and 0.102 per cent. The carbonaceous chondrites are more variable and generally have lower concentration of sodium and potassium. The achondrites examined (4) are highly variable in composition.
Bidimensional solution shifts in children and adults

Eight-, 10-, and 12-year-old children, and adults solved postshift problems based on both (intradimensional), one (partial-dimensional), or neither (interdimensional) of two dimensions relevant in a preshift problem. Performance in the intradimensional shift condition was superior to performance in the other two shift conditions for all age groups. Ss within each age group found the partial-dimensional and interdimensional shifts to be of equal difficulty.
Effects of mycotoxin pretreatment on aflatoxin B1 post-treatment toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera)

Two wild-type laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster were used in this study: strain Flordia-9, which is sensitive to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced toxicity, and strain Lausanne-S, which is resistant. Eggs of these strains were deposited on medium containing either low or high doses of dietary AFG1, AFB2, or sterigmatocystin (ST) and allowed to develop into second instar larvae. After this pretreatment, the larvae were transferred onto medium containing either high or low doses of dietary AFB1 (post-treatment) and allowed to complete development and eclose as adults. Viability and development data were analyzed to determine the effects of the various pretreatments on the level of AFB1-induced toxicity in the post-treatments. In no case did any of the pretreatments reduce the toxic effects of AFB1 post-treatment responses. However, for strain Florida-9, all high-dose pretreatments resulted in enhanced post-treatment toxicity, and all low-dose pretreatments also enhanced toxicity of high-dose post-treatments. For strain Lausanne-S, high-dose AFB2 pretreatment significantly enhanced toxicity of both high- and low-dose post-treatments. These results indicate that, in strain Florida-9, pretreatment with relatively less toxic mycotoxins (ST and AFB2) has an enhancing effect on AFB1-induced toxicity, whereas in strain Lausanne-S, a similar but smaller enhancing effect is seen only with AFB2 pretratment.
Political Theory and Ordinary Language: A Road Not Taken

This article argues that political theory could gain from a revival of the form of ordinary language analysis advocated by J. L. Austin. It distinguishes three objectionable forms of scholasticism widespread in contemporary political theory, and shows how Austinian methods might help to combat them. To illustrate the potential of Austinian analysis in political theory, the final third of the article considers, in the light of pertinent ordinary language, the widely canvassed claim that coercion can involve “disrespect for persons”; these considerations suggest that this claim is more complicated, less obviously sound, and more interesting, than political theorists often assume.
An organizational typology for self-help groups.

Several continuing obstacles have hindered the compilation of a research-based body of literature on self-help groups. Among them are the diversity of the groups and the need for appropriate research methodology. The validated typology described above was designed to address some of these problems. It provides a means of recognizing the diversity of the groups and sorting them into broad types without stating that one is better or more productive than another. It supplies a framework for examining the organizational features of a group in order to facilitate comparison with other groups. It recognizes the potential effects of time, change, and leadership on the small local units of self-help organizations. It has implications for making research more compatible with self-help groups. The use of this typology might eliminate some of the ambiguity and conflicts currently found in the literature and thereby help people — professionals and self-helpers — to more clearly understand the nature and functioning of self-help groups.
Salt-Mediated Electrostatics in the Association of TATA Binding Proteins to DNA: A Combined Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Study

The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is a key component of the archaea ternary preinitiation transcription assembly. The archaeon TBP, from the halophile/hyperthermophile organism Pyrococcus woesei, is adapted to high concentrations of salt and high-temperature environments. Although most eukaryotic TBPs are mesophilic and adapted to physiological conditions of temperature and salt, they are very similar to their halophilic counterparts in sequence and fold. However, whereas the binding affinity to DNA of halophilic TBPs increases with increasing salt concentration, the opposite is observed for mesophilic TBPs. We investigated these differences in nonspecific salt-dependent DNA-binding behavior of halophilic and mesophilic TBPs by using a combined molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann approach. Our results are qualitatively in good agreement with experimentally observed salt-dependent DNA-binding for mesophilic and halophilic TBPs, and suggest that the distribution and the total number of charged residues may be the main underlying contributor in the association process. Therefore, the difference in the salt-dependent binding behavior of mesophilic and halophilic TBPs to DNA may be due to the very unique charge and electrostatic potential distribution of these TBPs, which consequently alters the number of repulsive and attractive electrostatic interactions.
The Productive Value of Human Time in U.S. Agriculture

The quantity and marginal productivity of farm husband and wife labor services allocated to their own farm work are assessed. A behavioral model of the farm firm is developed and implemented empirically by fitting a production function to county average per farm data for 1964 for Iowa, North Carolina, and Oklahoma counties. A comparison of marginal products of husband's and wife's labor inputs with opportunity costs yields the implication that net rural‐to‐urban human migration and reallocation of working time between own‐farm and off‐farm work by the remaining farm population had succeeded in getting rid of excess labor services in U.S. agricultural production in 1964.
Anisotropic mesoscopic traffic simulation approach to support large-scale traffic and logistic modeling and analysis

Large-scale traffic and transportation logistics analysis requires a realistic depiction of network traffic condition in a dynamic manner. In the past decades, vehicular traffic simulation approaches have been increasingly developed and applied to describe time-varying traffic dynamics. Most of the existing approaches are so-called microscopic simulation in which complex driving behaviors such as car following and lane-changing are explicitly modeling in second or sub-second time resolution. These approaches are generally challenging to calibrate and validate and they demand a vast amount of computing resources. This paper discusses a new Anisotropic Mesoscopic Simulation (AMS) approach that carefully omits micro-scale details but nicely preserves critical traffic dynamics characteristics. The AMS model allows computational speed-ups in the order of magnitudes compared to the microscopic models, making it well-suited for large-scale applications. The underlying simulation rules and macroscopic dynamical characteristics are presented and discussed in this paper.
Integrated impact analysis for managing software changes

The paper presents an adaptive approach to perform impact analysis from a given change request to source code. Given a textual change request (e.g., a bug report), a single snapshot (release) of source code, indexed using Latent Semantic Indexing, is used to estimate the impact set. Should additional contextual information be available, the approach configures the best-fit combination to produce an improved impact set. Contextual information includes the execution trace and an initial source code entity verified for change. Combinations of information retrieval, dynamic analysis, and data mining of past source code commits are considered. The research hypothesis is that these combinations help counter the precision or recall deficit of individual techniques and improve the overall accuracy. The tandem operation of the three techniques sets it apart from other related solutions. Automation along with the effective utilization of two key sources of developer knowledge, which are often overlooked in impact analysis at the change request level, is achieved. To validate our approach, we conducted an empirical evaluation on four open source software systems. A benchmark consisting of a number of maintenance issues, such as feature requests and bug fixes, and their associated source code changes was established by manual examination of these systems and their change history. Our results indicate that there are combinations formed from the augmented developer contextual information that show statistically significant improvement over stand-alone approaches.
Software Evaluation for Special Needs: Preparing the Preservice Teacher from an Inservice Perspective

For most experienced educators, choosing software for children with disabilities is challenging as the number of programs in our technology rich marketplace increases dramatically. Purchasing titles for entertainment is much less complicated than selecting effective educational materials based upon sound instructional objectives through a systematic review of characteristics of learner and learning environment. This study was designed to investigate the software selection process engaged in by special education teachers. Questionnaires were completed by 144 respondents with a return rate of 69% to (a) identify characteristics perceived as important to consider when determining which programs to select for use by students with high incidence disabilities, and (b) ascertain a list of software titles used in special education classrooms currently. Based upon qualitative data analysis, results indicated ten themes inservice teachers consider when selecting software titles. Those themes include: (a) welcoming;...
Activation of EGF receptors mediates pulmonary vasoconstriction induced by residual oil fly ash.

Residual oil fly ash (ROFA)is a constituent of pollutant particles that can producelung injury and activate protein tyrosine phosphorylation cascade. In this study, we determined whether or not protein tyrosine phosphorylation caused lung injury, and if so, identified critical tyrosine phosphorylated proteins that mediated the injury. ROFA was instilled intratracheally into perfused rabbit lungs and injury responses, including increase in pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), lung weight gain, as well as release of interleukin (IL)-1 β, IL-6, IL-8, and nitrite/nitrate were measured. ROFA increased Ppa and IL-1 β, but inhibited nitrite/nitrate accumulation. Vanadyl sulfate at concentration equivalent to the amount of vanadium detected in the perfusate of ROFA-treated lungs induced similar changes. ROFAenhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of lung proteins, including a 170-kDa protein, likely the epidermal growth factor (EGF)receptor, as shown by immunoprecipitation. Pretreatment with genistein, a tyrosine kinase in...
From pirates to patriots: fair use for digital media

The dangers of current and proposed legislation to our freedom to research, develop, and publish about digital media technologies requires a fundamental shift in our research focus. We need to invent technologies that aren't designed to protect copyright in a way that makes the exercise of fair use rights impossible-for private, noncommercial purposes; educational and research purposes; and, in certain cases, public and commercial purposes. To navigate the potential minefield of copyright and fair use for digital media, I discuss three areas that help shape our discourse and practice-law and policy, technology, and media use.
Phrasetable Smoothing for Statistical Machine Translation

We discuss different strategies for smoothing the phrasetable in Statistical MT, and give results over a range of translation settings. We show that any type of smoothing is a better idea than the relative-frequency estimates that are often used. The best smoothing techniques yield consistent gains of approximately 1% (absolute) according to the BLEU metric.
Maximum power signal restoration

A new method of signal restoration is presented for applications where the signal is a sparse, positive series of delta functions. The method is defined by solving the constrained maximization problem maximize f^{T}f subject to f \geq 0 and \parallelg - Hf\parallel^{2} = \paralleln\parallel^{2} . An algorithm to obtain the solution to this problem is given. Results are shown that demonstrate the successful application of this method.
Applications of Runge’s Theorem

This chapter is devoted to various theorems which can be proved using Runge’s theorem : the existence of functions with prescribed zeros or poles, a “cohomological” version of Cauchy’s theorem, and related theorems. The last section concerns itself with ℋ. (Ω) as a ring (or ℂ-algebra).
Dilatometer for the in situ observation of high-temperature, high-pressure hydrogen attack.

A differential dilatometer capable of detecting volume changes of 1 part in 105 in specimens exposed to a hydrogen atmosphere at 6.2 MPa and 500°C is described. The swelling of an alloy under hydrogen‐attack conditions can be studied over a wide range of hydrogen pressures and temperatures by use of a single specimen.
THE WORK PERFORMANCE OF ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH CORTICOSTERONE AND CHEMICALLY RELATED COMPOUNDS

THE NORMAL rat is capable of continued work of the gastrocnemius muscle for several days. Following removal of the adrenal glands the capacity for sustained work is lost within a few hours but this can be prevented by the administration of cortin. In the present investigation corticosterone and compounds which are related to it in structure have been studied in respect to their effect on the capacity of the adrenalectomized rat to perform work. Male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain which weighed approximately 180 gm. were used in these experiments. The animals were anesthetized with phenobarbital sodium, and bilateral adrenalectomy was performed. Immediately following the operation one gastrocnemius muscle of each animal was weighted with ioo gm. and stimulated to contract 3 times per second. Each animal received 5 cc. of water by subcutaneous injection at the beginning of the experiment and again 6 hours later.
■ REVIEW : The Pathology of Pain

It has recently become recognized that neuropathic forms of chronic pain represent true neurologic disease. Current investigations are largely molecular, yet knowledge of the anatomy and cell biology of pain is also important for the development of more effective medications. Although acute pain is beneficial, neuropathic pain is pathological and creates devastating disability. It occurs when an abnormal somatosensory system chronically transmits pain signals despite the absence of acute injury. Any type of lesion anywhere in the peripheral or central spinothalamic pathway can cause it. The most common scenario involves interruption of peripheral sensory axons with distal Wallerian degeneration. Regenerating peripheral sensory axons can develop ongoing spontaneous action potentials or ectopic mechano- and chemosensitivity that contribute to pain. Axotomy also induces morphological and functional alterations proximally that can contribute to pain. Central axon terminals can degenerate or sprout aberrantly ...
Quasiconical Flowfield Structure of the Three-Dimensional Single Fin Interaction

A series of conical and three-dimensional computations have been performed for the swept oblique shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interaction generated by a 20-deg sharp fin at Mach 4 and freestream Reynolds number of 2.18 x 10 exp 5 based on the incoming boundary-layer thickness. The Reynolds-averaged compressible Navier-Stokes equations are employed with turbulence incorporated using the Baldwin-Lomax and Jones-Launder models. The computed results are basically similar for both turbulence models and display general agreement with experimental data for surface pressure and surface flow direction, although underestimating the size of the primary vortex. The computed three-dimensional flowfield displays quasiconical behavior of the surface pressure, surface flow direction, and flowfield contours of static pressure, density, and Mach number over the extent of the computational domain except for an inception region near the fin leading edge. Certain features of the flowfield model are not observed in the computations, namely, a 'normal' shock near the attachment line, transonic shocklets in the expansion region, and secondary separation. The absence of these features in the computation is believed to be indirectly attributable to limitations in the turbulence models.
Electrocardiographic Predictors of New-Onset Heart Failure in Men and in Women Free of Coronary Heart Disease (from the Atherosclerosis in Communities (ARIC) Study)

We compared the prognostic value of 12 electrocardiographic (ECG) variables in predicting risk of new-onset heart failure (HF) in a subgroup of 13,555 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study who were considered free of coronary heart disease at the onset of the study. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate risk of HF for the highest decile of the distribution of each ECG variable (lowest decile for ST and T amplitudes in lead V 5 ), with the remaining deciles as reference groups. Risk models were adjusted for demographic and clinical variables. In univariate Cox regression models, in men 11 and in women 8 of the 12 ECG variables were significant, strong predictors of risk of new-onset HF. Subsequently, 8 ECG variables with low mutual correlations were entered simultaneously into a multivariate Cox regression model. In men, large left ventricular mass by electrocardiogram, QT prolongation, and increased heart rate were the strongest independent predictors of new-onset HF, each with a twofold increased risk. Other independent predictors in men were ST depression in lead V 5 , wide QRS/T angle, and old (silent) myocardial infarction, each with a >50% increased risk of incident HF. In women, QRS nondipolar voltage was associated with an 87% increased risk of incident HF, and other independent predictors, as in men, were wide QRS/T angle and increased heart rate. In conclusion, several ECG abnormalities are manifestations of evolving HF in men and women considered free of coronary heart disease.
Physically Based Global Downscaling: Regional Evaluation

Abstract The climate simulated by a global atmosphere–land model with a physically based subgrid orography scheme is evaluated in 10 selected regions. Climate variables simulated for each of multiple elevation classes within each grid cell are mapped according to a high-resolution distribution of surface elevation in each region. Comparison of the simulated annual mean climate with gridded observations leads to the following conclusions. At low to moderate elevations the downscaling scheme correctly simulates increasing precipitation, decreasing temperature, and increasing snow with increasing elevation across distances smaller than 100 km. At high elevations the downscaling scheme correctly simulates decreasing precipitation with increasing elevation. The rain shadow of many mountain ranges is poorly resolved, with too little precipitation simulated on the windward side of mountain ranges and too much on the lee side. The simulated sensitivity of surface air temperature to surface elevation is too strong...
High benefits and low wages: Employees as monitor of management in SOEs

Employees do play a role in corporate governance as important stakeholders of modern enterprises. In the absence of financial and managerial labor markets in centrally planned economies (CPE), the owner of state enterprises (SOEs) has no effective mechanisms to discipline management. Therefore, the role of employees in corporate governance becomes much more important in SOEs than in the typical capitalist private firm. We posit that low wages and generous benefits in SOEs provide incentives for employees to monitor management. Other employment arrangements, especially lifetime job security and centralized wage scale, are also conducive to the monitoring of management by employees. A formal model shows that benefits tied to firm performance, designed properly, induce employees to monitor management. It also suggests that the existence of a market for managers tends to undermine this mechanism.
Probative aspects of the medical evaluation for child sexual abuse

The medical evaluation of a child for sex abuse has been viewed by some as an acid-test for the presence of abuse. This article examines the medical evaluation for child sexual abuse, evidence potentially revealed by the examination, and the probative value of such evidence. Language: en
Pex7p translocates in and out of peroxisomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Pex7p is the soluble receptor responsible for importing into peroxisomes newly synthesized proteins bearing a type 2 peroxisomal targeting sequence. We observe that appending GFP to Pex7p's COOH terminus shifts Pex7p's intracellular distribution from predominantly cytosolic to predominantly peroxisomal in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cleavage of the link between Pex7p and GFP within peroxisomes liberates GFP, which remains inside the organelle, and Pex7p, which exits to the cytosol. The reexported Pex7p is functional, resulting in import of thiolase into peroxisomes and improved growth of the yeast on oleic acid. These results support the "extended shuttle" model of peroxisome import receptor function and open the way to future studies of receptor export.
Phenotypic variation and selective mortality as major drivers of recruitment variability in fishes.

An individual's phenotype will usually influence its probability of survival. However, when evaluating the dynamics of populations, the role of selective mortality is not always clear. Not all mortality is selective, patterns of selective mortality may vary, and it is often unknown how selective mortality compares or interacts with other sources of mortality. As a result, there is seldom a clear expectation for how changes in the phenotypic composition of populations will translate into differences in average survival. We address these issues by evaluating how selective mortality affects recruitment of fish populations. First, we provide a quantitative review of selective mortality. Our results show that most of the mortality during early life is selective, and that variation in phenotypes can have large effects on survival. Next, we describe an analytical framework that accounts for variation in selection, while also describing the amount of selective mortality experienced by different cohorts recruiting to a single population. This framework is based on reconstructing fitness surfaces from phenotypic selection measurements, and can be employed for either single or multiple traits. Finally, we show how this framework can be integrated with models of density-dependent survival to improve our understanding of recruitment variability and population dynamics.
Multi-length scale modeling of chemical vapor deposition of titanium nitride coatings

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) of TiN coatings has been analyzed at three different length scales: (a) At chemical reactor length scale, by solving the appropriate reactive-gas, fluid-dynamics, heat-transfer boundary value problem; (b) At the atomic scale, by applying a kinetic Monte Carlo method to model the deposition process in a stochastic manner and (c) At the coating-grain scale, by employing an improved van der Drift-type model to simulate the evolution of surface morphology, grain size distribution, evolution of the morphological and crystallographic texture, etc. in polycrystalline TiN coatings. It has shown that by combining the three modeling schemes, one can establish a direct link between the processes parameters and the microstructure (and thus the properties) of as CVD-grown TiN coatings. This, in turn, enables optimization of both the coating deposition process, and the microstructure and properties of CVD-grown coatings.
Predicting percolation thresholds in networks

We consider different methods, which do not rely on numerical simulations of the percolation process, to approximate percolation thresholds in networks. We perform a systematic analysis on synthetic graphs and a collection of 109 real networks to quantify their effectiveness and reliability as prediction tools. Our study reveals that the inverse of the largest eigenvalue of the nonbacktracking matrix of the graph often provides a tight lower bound for true percolation threshold. However, in more than $40%$ of the cases, this indicator is less predictive than the naive expectation value based solely on the moments of the degree distribution. We find that the performance of all indicators becomes worse as the value of the true percolation threshold grows. Thus, none of them represents a good proxy for the robustness of extremely fragile networks.
Development and Lineage Relationships of the Mouse Inner Ear

The functions of the inner ear are intimately dependent on its intricate three-dimensional structure and the mechanisms underlying its formation have been an area of active research interest. Recent advances in gene expression analyses and fate-mapping studies have provided some insights into this developmental process. The six sensory organs within the mouse inner ear and the neurons that innervate them are derived from a neural–sensory competent region at the otic cup stage. Notably, the neurons of the cochleovestibular (CV) nerve share a common lineage with two sensory organs, the maculae of the utricle and saccule. Within the sensory organs, hair cells can share a common lineage with supporting cells and even with nonsensory cells. Genetic fate-mapping studies also demonstrate contribution of neural crest cells to the mouse inner ear and trajectories of the cochlear and vestibular nerves to the sensory organs.
Asymmetric division triggers cell-specific gene expression through coupled capture and stabilization of a phosphatase

An important question in biology is how genetically identical cells activate different sets of genes. This is particularly perplexing for cells that rely on random events to specify the genes they switch on. Normally, cells of a bacterium called Bacillus subtilis divide symmetrically to produce two identical cells that express identical sets of genes. However, B. subtilis cells can also undergo a developmental program to form a spore to help it survive periods of extreme conditions. To do this, first a B. subtilis cell divides asymmetrically by placing the site of division close to a randomly selected end of the cell. This creates a smaller cell that becomes the spore and a larger cell that nurtures the developing spore. Each cell must turn on different genes to play its role in spore development, but how asymmetry in the position of cell division leads to these differences in gene expression has been a longstanding mystery. Bradshaw and Losick studied a regulatory protein called SpoIIE, which is responsible for switching on genes in the small cell. SpoIIE is made before cells divide asymmetrically, but only accumulates in the small cell. The experiments revealed that an enzyme broke down the SpoIIE protein if it wasn’t in the small cell. This prevented SpoIIE from incorrectly switching on genes before division was completed or in the large cell. Protection of SpoIIE from being broken down in the small cells was then shown to be linked to the placement of cell division; SpoIIE first accumulates at the asymmetrically positioned cell division machinery and then is transferred to a secondary binding site at the nearby end of the cell. Capture of SpoIIE at the end of the cell was coupled to its stabilization as SpoIIE molecules interacted with one another to form large complexes. Together these findings provide a simple mechanism to link the asymmetric position of cell division to differences in gene expression. Future studies will focus on understanding how SpoIIE is captured at the end of the cell and how this prevents SpoIIE from being degraded.
A pharmacokinetic analysis of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in a patient with esophageal cancer on peritoneal dialysis

Very little is known about the pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutic agents in patients also being treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. We sought to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in plasma and peritoneal dialysate in a patient being treated for esophageal adenocarcinoma. A single patient with esophageal adenocarcinoma and on peritoneal dialysis for end-stage renal disease was treated with cisplatin 25 mg/m2 on day 1 of weeks 1 and 5 and continuous infusional 5-fluorouracil 1000 mg/m2/day on days 1–4 of weeks 1 and 5 along with daily radiation therapy. Intense plasma and dialysate sampling was performed during the week 5 administration, followed by quantitation of platinum by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and 5-fluorouracil by LC–MS/MS. Following systemic administration, clearance of ultrafilterable (active) platinum over the first 6 h was 20.8 L/h, which is lower than previously reported clearance levels of ultrafilterable platinum. Total platinum AUC was 131 μg h/mL, also higher than an AUC previously reported for total platinum in patients with normal renal function. Platinum-related material was detected in the peritoneal cavity, but this is likely inactive. 5-Fluorouracil penetrated the intraperitoneal cavity, but the contribution of peritoneal dialysis to drug clearance was negligible at 0.072 %. Administration of intravenous cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy to a patient treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is feasible, but clearance in dialysate is nominal, thus suggesting that dose reduction is indicated for cisplatin. Systemic drug administration results in limited intraperitoneal penetration of 5-fluorouracil and inactive platinum species.
A Successful Programme for Medical Auxiliaries Treating Childhood Diarrhoea and Pneumonia

Paraprofessionals or medical auxiliaries require in-service training as well as continual analysis of program effectiveness. In a project in Punjab India death surveys showed that diarrhea and pneumonia caused 66% of the deaths for children 3 years old and younger; therefore in-service training programs were implemented to develop criteria for recognizing serious cases. Procedures were set up for field health workers to follow in the event of life-threatening illness and responsibility for patient care was left to the medical auxiliaries whenever possible. In diarrhea cases mothers were taught how to properly care for their ill children since there were too many cases for field workers to handle adequately. To accomplish this children were visited by paramedicals in their homes so that signs of dehydration could be pointed out. In pneumonia cases single penicillin injections replaced daily procaine penicillin since mothers rarely returned their children for treatment. Since in-service training began there has been a 50% reduction in deaths due to diarrhea and a 45% reduction in pneumonia deaths despite a rise in both of the diseases.
Therapeutic equivalency of two lidocaine preparations

Twenty-five volunteers were studied as to the onset and duration of action of two commercial brands of lidocaine. One and two percent concentrations of the preparations were tested intradermally using a double-blind, cross-over protocol. Both needle-drop and electrical stimulation techniques were employed as the source of pain stimulus. Five additional subjects were studied in a dose-ranging study using a placebo and lidocaine concentrations of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.0%; this experiment was conduced to determine the sensitivity of the experimental methods. Both the needle-drop and electrical stimulation techniques were able to distinguish the 0.25% preparation from placebo and from the other concentrations of 1% and 2%. The two preparations were found to be statistically equivalent at concentrations of 1% and 2% and could be used interchangeably in clinical procedures.
Indirect Toxicity of Dimethoate to the Predaceous Mite Euseius hibisci (Chant) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Two indirect pathways of pesticide intoxication to the phytoseiid predator Euseius hibisci (Chant), via leaf feeding or consumption of contaminated citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), were experimentally evaluated. Significant mortality occurred for E. hibisci females confined on grapefruit leaves systemically treated with various concentrations of dimethoate. However, no food chain effects were discernible for adult predators feeding on 2nd-instar S. citri.