cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of antinuclear antibodies in experimental and clinical liver transplantation.

Abstract Objective We recently reported that autoreactive antibodies (Abs) against nuclear histone H1 was transiently induced at an early phase after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in a tolerogenic rat OLT model and possessed immunosuppressive activity. It was also reported that nuclear antigen, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein was one of the initiators of the immune reaction. The present study sought to evaluate the role of antinuclear Abs in experimental and clinical liver transplantation. Materials and Methods We prepared 3 animal models: natural tolerance model (DA liver into PVG); acute rejection model (DA liver into LEW); and drug-induced tolerance model (acute rejection model + cyclosporine [CsA]). In addition, we examined clinical samples, including 1 drug-free patient, to measure the antihistone H1/HMGB1 titers at various times after OLT. Results In a natural tolerance model, antihistone H1 and HMGB1 Ab was induced during the rejection and the tolerance induction phases, respectively. Those Ab responses were also confirmed in a drug-induced tolerance model, whereas no such responses were shown in an acute rejection model. In our clinical drug-free patient, antihistone H1/HMGB1 titer was significantly higher after cessation of CsA than that in healthy volunteers. Conclusions Antinuclear Ab is actively expressed in accordance with overcoming rejection episodes with subsequent tolerance induction in both a natural tolerance model and a drug-induced tolerance model. We also observed a similar tendency in our clinical drug-free patient. These results suggested that antinuclear Abs may be useful markers to determine the timing to withdraw immunosuppressants.
Self-starting mode locking in a Cr:forsterite laser by use of non-epitaxially-grown semiconductor-doped silica films.

We demonstrate RF sputtered, non-epitaxially-grown semiconductor nanocrystallite-doped silica films for mode locking a Cr:forsterite laser. We controlled the size and the optical properties of the nanocrystallites by varying the ratio of InAs to SiO2 during fabrication. Femtosecond pump–probe measurements were performed to characterize the nonlinear optical properties of these films, revealing their lower saturation fluences. Using the InAs-doped silica films as saturable absorbers permitted self-starting Kerr-lens mode locking (KLM), generating pulses of 25-fs duration with 91-nm spectral bandwidth at 1.3 µm. We also describe saturable-absorber mode-locked operation without KLM and investigate its dependence on intracavity dispersion.
Rethinking dysfunctional employee behaviors

Abstract The failure of organizational research to make significant advances in understanding attitude-behavior relationships may be largely attributed to our penchant for examining one behavior at a time. This article presents an alternative approach to viewing dysfunctional employee behaviors, outlines the “escape” meta-construct, and proposes a theoretical framework for examining these behaviors.
An agenda for future debate on concepts of health and disease

The traditional contrast between naturalist and normativist disease concepts fails to capture the most salient features of the health concepts debate. By using health concepts as a window on background notions of medical science and ethics, I show how Christopher Boorse (an influential naturalist) and Lennart Nordenfelt (an influential normativist) actually share deep assumptions about the character of medicine. Their disease concepts attempt, in different ways, to shore up the same medical model. For both, health concepts function like demarcation criteria in the philosophy of science: they mark off the jurisdiction of medical science, and protect it from an inappropriate intrusion of socioeconomic factors, which threaten the integrity of modern medicine. These views are challenged by new developments in healthcare such as managed care and total quality review. To frame the health concepts debate in a way that better captures the issues integral to these new developments, I advance a new way of reading the distinction between weak and strong normativists. Strong normativists are skeptical of the demarcation project, think facts and values cannot be disentangled, and hold that socioeconomic conditions unavoidably influence how pathology is understood. The new health concepts debate should be framed as one between weak and strong normativists, and it concerns how we should respond to the current developments in health care.
General circulation model simulation of the δ18O content of continental precipitation in the middle Cretaceous: A model-proxy comparison

We use the GENESIS atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) with water isotopic transport and fractionation capabilities to quantify the influence of atmospheric CO 2 , sea level, and elevation of the Western Cordillera on the δ 18 O of middle Cretaceous precipitation. The model predicts a systematic increase of nearly 3‰ in the δ 18 O of North American precipitation due to warming associated with an increase in CO 2 from 2 to 12 times pre-industrial levels. In contrast, the specification of lowstand conditions and a high ancestral Western Cordillera reduces the δ 18 O of North American precipitation locally by as much as 6‰ and 8‰. We compare the simulated δ 18 O of precipitation with the δ 18 O of paleosol siderite spherules and find good agreement only when the model includes lowstand conditions and a high ancestral Western Cordillera. Our results imply either that Cretaceous high-latitude paleosol δ 18 O was influenced by orographic precipitation and the Western Interior Seaway, or that the GCM9s hydrological cycle is deficient at high p CO 2 . Additional paleosol data are needed to resolve this issue.
Senile plaques in cortex of aged normal monkeys.

Abstract The density, type, and distributions of cortical senile plaques were determined in 6 aged rhesus monkeys. Plaque densities were highest in prefrontal and temporal cortices and lowest in occipital cortex. Neurite plaques contained many argentophilic neurites and little amyloid, mixed plaques had both neurites and amyloid, and amyloid plaques showed significant amounts of amyloid and fewer numbers of neurites. As total plaque densiry increased, there was a linear increase in the density of amyloid plaques, suggesting that plaques evolve from neurite, to mixed, to amyloid types.
Is Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Capacity Decreased in Old Age

In humans, decreases in cardiac output play an important role in the age-related decrease in whole-body oxidative capacity. What remains less clear is whether a decline in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is also an inevitable consequence of aging, as a number of other factors that could affect oxidative capacity also change with age, including: physical activity, health status, fibre-type composition, rates of protein synthesis and muscle blood supply. Both in vitro studies using muscle biopsy tissue and in vivo studies using 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy are used to study muscular oxidative capacity. Using these methodologies, researchers have found age-associated reductions in the oxidative capacities of specific muscles. In most cases, however, the influence of physical activity has not been adequately controlled, making it difficult to evaluate the effects of age itself from those of lifestyle changes associated with aging. Upon critical evaluation of the existing literature, the following picture regarding the effect of age on muscle oxidative capacity appears: although the maximum level of muscular oxidative capacity attainable through training may decline with age, much of the age-associated decline in oxidative function is related to the reductions in fitness and/or habitual physical activity that typically occur in this population. Future studies in this area must account for the health and activity status of their study participants.
Further Studies of the Monthly egg Record of Birds Which die During the First Laying Year

Abstract In an earlier biometric investigation * of the monthly egg records of 3897 White Leghorn fowls which completed their first year of laying activity and of 452 birds which were comparable except for the fact that they died at some time during this period I showed that these two classes of birds are differentiated with respect to both mean production and to variability of egg production in the periods antecedent to the month of death. The purpose of the present paper is to test the conclusions thus drawn by the analysis of data for two other breeds—the Rhode Island Red and the White Wyandotte. The value of the present contribution lies in part in the generalization of the results heretofore noted for one breed only and in part in the somewhat different method of analysis here employed. In the preceding paper, the test of differentiation given was essentially graphic. In . . .
A study of the glass transition of polypropylene surfaces by sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy and scanning force microscopy

Abstract Sum-frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and scanning force microscopy (SFM) were used to probe structural changes of atactic polypropylene (APP) and isotactic polypropylene (IPP) surfaces in the glass transition. The results indicate that below the glass transition, the surface polymer chains are better oriented with the CH2 groups pointing outward and the surface elastic modulus is higher. The SFG and SFM results correlate well in the transition towards the glass phase. No discernible difference between the glass transition temperatures of the bulk and surface was observed.
Soluble model of a single component fermion interacting with a vector meson

Abstract A model is formulated in two dimensional spacetime in which a massive vector meson is coupled to only the upper or the lower component of the usual two component fermion field operator. This condition implies a unique (nonconserved) V ± A form for the current, a result which is equivalent to the statement that the current is either self-dual or anti-self-dual. The Green's functions of the model are computed using the device of the external source. A significant result which emerges is the fact that the renormalized meson mass is not a polynomial form in the coupling constant, a situation which has not previously occurred in any of the known soluble field theories. Although there is no limit of this model in which one can obtain the Thirring model, it is shown that a particular solution of the latter can be obtained provided that one considers only configurations in which all fermion excitations are moving to the left or all are moving to the right.
DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONTENT OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACIDS IN THE PRESENCE OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL BY A HYDROLYSIS METHOD.

Abstract The new concept in this method for total DNA-P was primarily the use of hydrolysis rather than combustion or digestion to release orthophosphate from DNA in order to avoid the necessity of oxidizing large amounts of ethylene glycol. Reaction conditions were established to eliminate the effect of ethylene glycol on the hydrolysis of DNA and on the yield of the phosphomolybdenum blue color. The method produces a quantitative color yield which is directly proportional to the total P content of DNA in either buffer or ethylene glycol.
On the Use of Autoregressive-Moving Average Processes to Model Meteorological Time Series

Abstract Statistical problems that may be encountered in fitting autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) processes to meteorological time series are described. Techniques that lead to an increased likelihood of choosing the most appropriate ARMA process to model the data at hand are emphasized. One specific meteorological application of ARMA processes, the modeling of Palmer Drought Index time series for climatic divisions of the United States is considered in detail. It is shown that low-order purely autoregressive processes adequately fit these data.
The ecology of bacteria in the alfresco atmosphere

This MiniReview is concerned with the sources, flux and the spacial and temporal distributions of culturable airborne bacteria; how meteorological conditions modulate these distributions; and how death, culture media, and experimental devices relate to measuring airborne bacteria. Solar radiation is thought to be the planetary driver of the annual (seasonal, where it occurs) and diurnal natural alfresco atmospheric bacterial population cycles. Long-term climatological and short-term meteorological events such as storms also ‘randomly’ modulate the populations. The annual cycle may be due largely to the seasonal events of vegetation growth, drying conditions, rainy season, and freezing winter temperatures. The diurnal cycle may also be influenced largely by solar radiation in that the sunrise peak that has been frequently observed may be due to convective updrafts entraining epiphytic and soil bacteria into the atmosphere. At this time they are initially concentrated in a slowly deepening mixed layer but then, as the layer deepens more rapidly in mid-morning, they become increasingly dilute. When the layer formation slows in the early afternoon, and forms an inversion cap, the bacteria slowly accumulate in the deeper mixed layer until sundown. At sundown atmospheric cleansing processes rid the atmosphere of the larger bacteria associated particles. These processes may include gravitational settling, death due to desiccation, and upward displacement of the warm, light air by clean, cold, heavier air.
Aqueous solvation of bihalide anions.

Second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) is used to perform geometry optimizations on XHX - ·(H 2 O) n for X = Br, I, with n = 1 to 6 water molecules. Of particular interest is the manner in which the solvent molecules orient themselves around the solute and which configurations are lowest in energy. Although for most values of n, water molecules may donate all of their hydrogen atoms for hydrogen bonding to the solute, this type of structure is the lowest in energy only for n = 0 to 2 and is only a local minimum for n = 3, 4, and 6. For n = 5, this type of structure is a saddle point. Coupled cluster single-point calculations at the MP2 geometries are used to obtain accurate relative energies for all stationary points.
THE CMB AND GALACTIC MICROWAVE ABSOLUTE SPECTRUM: SCIENCE AND MEASUREMENT WITH ARCADE 2

Beyond spatial anisotropy and polarization, a third type of structure in the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, that of deviations in the overall absolute intensity versus frequency spectrum from a blackbody form, encodes additional important cosmological and astrophysical information, and remains inconclusively studied. This article discusses the ARCADE 2 project, the current balloon-based experimental effort to measure the absolute radiometric temperature of the CMB and Galactic microwave emission in the range from 3 to 90 GHz.
Sociology, History, and Philosophy in the Research Quarterly.

The accounts of our subdiscipline’s contributions to The Research Quarterly are similar. Sociology, history, and philosophy operate at some distance from the biological sciences. The research methods used by scholars in each of our domains address distinctive issues related to objectivity and, thus, validity. Our contributions to The Research Quarterly have been modest, numbering about 240 articles, or slightly over 3 per volume. In short, we have enjoyed only a minority presence in The Research Quarterly during its 75 years of existence. Our stories, however, also diverge in important ways. Our research methods are different, and our relationships with our parent disciplines are not the same. In addition, our perceptions of The Research Quarterly as a potential repository for our respective publications vary considerably.
On telling and retelling a story: new books shed light on culture contact 60 years ago

Leahy, Michael J. Explorations in Highland New Guinea 1930–1935. Foreword by Jane C. Goodale. Edited, with afterword, by Douglas E. Jones. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991. xii + 254 pp. including photographs and index. $19.95 paper. Schieffelin, Edward L. and Robert Crittenden. With contributions by Bryant Allen and Stephen Frankel, Paul Sillitoe, and Lisette Josephides and Marc Schiltz. Like People You See in a Dream: First Contact in Six Papuan Societies. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991. ix 4‐ 325 pp. including maps, photographs, appendices, and index. $12.95 paper.
Deposition and clearance: unique problems in the proximal airways and oral cavity in the young and elderly

Prospective longitudinal studies measuring aerosol behavior in the respiratory tract as humans age have not been performed. The present paper reviews observations related to aging of the respiratory tract and other effects more likely due primarily to disease and iatrogenic causes. Upper airway deposition was found to approximate 50% in children during inhalation of drugs thought to be designed primarily for deposition in the lower respiratory tract. In older subjects, aging per se did not have a major impact on the deposition of aerosols. Disease processes that develop with age were shown to be the primary cause of deposition abnormalities. Flow-limitation in central airways was proposed as a major factor responsible for central airway deposition as well as abnormal clearance in common obstructive lung diseases. The oral cavity, a source of pathogenic organisms causing pneumonia, was also studied in the elderly. Salivary clearance, often abnormal in the aged, was related to colonization with pathogenic bacteria. Salivary clearance was not obviously reduced by aging per se but by iatrogenic sources such as drug therapy for other diseases.
Using longitudinal employer dynamics (LED) data for the analysis of Memphis Aerotropolis, Tennessee

Abstract We used Longitudinal Employer Dynamics (LED) data for the analysis of the local workforce and job markets in Shelby County, Tennessee, which includes the city of Memphis. Memphis has earned the unique reputation in the US as America's Aerotropolis. However, the model has not yet received full attention by the urban geography community. This study analyzes the Memphis Aerotropolis (MA) defined as an economic hub extending outward from the Memphis International Airport into a surrounding area that specializes in transportation and warehousing. Our findings reveal polycentric pattern of employment which we grouped into centers, subcenters, and clusters. To understand industrial specialization of job areas, we used location quotient analysis. The area around the airport is consistent with the “Aerotropolis” concept, and attracts both jobs (it is the largest job concentration in the region) and housing. The area also has a greater share of higher-paying jobs, however female and minority workers benefit less than white male workers. This study contributes to the body of research on the spatial aspects of racial, gender, and paying/earning characteristics of both jobs and workers of a current-day metropolis. Availability of the LED data enables easy replication of the analysis of the local job and labor structure elsewhere within the United States.
Inhibition of lymphoproliferation by dipyridamole

Abstract Dipyridamole (DP, Persantin) was examined for its effects on the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated murine splenocytes and L1210 leukemia cells. In keeping with its reported activity as an inhibitor of nucleoside transport, DP inhibited incorporation by lymphoid cells of labeled thymidine and uridine into macromolecules. That this inhibition resulted from activities in addition to suppression of nucleoside transport was verified by measured decreases of cellular DNA and viable cell numbers. In addition, protein synthesis was also decreased as indicated by labeled valine incorporation and total protein content of the cells. The rapid accumulation of cAMP in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated splenocytes in the presence of DP may provide an explanation for the anti-proliferative effect of DP on lymphoid cells.
Community placement in comprehensive mental health planning: issues and obstacles.

This paper examines theoretical and administrative aspects of mental health planning for persons who do not require hospitalization but who do need placement in special living arrangements in the community. The desirability of developing nonhospital affiliated group-placement facilities is highlighted and the necessity for cooperation with a number of agencies to establish standards and programs of rehabilitation is stressed. Selected issues centering on the question of continuity of care are discussed and beginning guidelines for defining a target population for possible placement are offered. A number of administrative alternatives currently in operation are presented with special focus on obstacles to sound planning.
Effect of Amphetamine and Catecholamines on Startle Response and General Motor Activity of Albino Rats

THE reactions of the mammalian organisms to external stimuli are affected, according to Hess1, by a subcortical system co-ordinating visceral, somatic and psychic functions. This system consists of two separate and antagonistic divisions: ergotrophic and trophotrophic. The former produces a generalized increase in sympathetic activity with increased skeletal muscle tone, arousal and increased response to external stimuli. This is contrasted with the trophotrophic system which serves a recuperative and protective role and is characterized by an increase in parasympathetic activity, decreased muscle tone, sleep and decreased response to external stimuli. Brodie2 has cited evidence that norepinephrine and serotonin may qualify as neurohormones for the two divisions respectively and claims that further evidence for norepinephrine as the ergotrophic hormone is that dopa (ammo-acid precursor of norepinephrine) induces typical ergotrophic effects. It is felt by Brodie and associates that many of the lipid soluble congeners of norepinephrine easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier to stimulate the central adrenergic receptors of Hess.
High-Order Fast Elliptic Equation Solvers

An algorithm for approximating certain classes of elliptic partial differential equations on a rectangle is presented. The algorithm uses high-order 9-point difference approximations to the Helmholtz-type (fourth-order) or Poisson (sixth-order) equations and the fast Fourier transform. Compared to efficient second-order fast direct, methods for smooth problems, the execution time is reduced by a large factor, typically 50 for the Helmholtz-type equations and over 100 for the Poisson problem. Comparisons with two high-order fast direct methods indicate the superiority of the algorithm.
The Effects of Lingual Intervention in a Patient With Inclusion Body Myositis and Sjögren's Syndrome: A Longitudinal Case Study

Abstract Malandraki GA, Kaufman A, Hind J, Ennis S, Gangnon R, Waclawik A, Robbins J. The effects of lingual intervention in a patient with inclusion body myositis and Sjogren's syndrome: a longitudinal case study. Objective To report the 5-year course of a patient's swallowing disorder in the context of progressive neuromuscular disease and the effectiveness of a lingual strengthening treatment program. Design This is a case report that describes a lingual treatment protocol that was repeated 3 times over a 5-year period with and without maintenance periods. Setting The study was completed in 2 settings—an outpatient swallowing clinic at an acute care hospital and the patient's home. Participant The subject was a 77-year-old woman who was diagnosed with inclusion body myositis and Sjogren's syndrome. Intervention The patient participated in an intensive 8-week lingual strengthening protocol 3 times (at years 1, 4, and 5) and a subsequent maintenance program twice (at years 4 and 5). Main Outcome Measures Three outcome measures were collected during the study: (1) lingual manometric pressures at the anterior and posterior tongue, measured by using a lingual manometric device, (2) airway invasion measured by using an 8-point Penetration-Aspiration Scale, and (3) clearance of the bolus measured by using a 3-point residue scale. Results Isometric lingual strengthening was effective in maintaining posterior tongue lingual pressure and Penetration-Aspiration Scale scores during the treatment periods. Residue scale scores did not significantly change during treatment. Conclusions We conclude that, in this patient, lingual strengthening slowed the progression of disease-related lingual strength loss and extended functional swallowing performance. Thus, this type of intervention may hold promise as an effective swallowing treatment option for patients with neurodegenerative inflammatory diseases such as inclusion body myositis and Sjogren's syndrome.
Remote attribute grammars

Describing the static semantics of programming languages with attribute grammars is eased when the formalism allows direct dependencies to be induced between rules for nodes arbitrarily far away in the tree. Such direct non-local dependencies cannot be analyzed using classical methods, which enable efficient evaluation.This article defines an attribute grammar extension (“remote attribute grammars”) to permit references to objects with fields to be passed through the attribute system. Fields may be read and written through these references. The extension has a declarative semantics in the spirit of classical attribute grammars. It is shown that determining circularity of remote attribute grammars is undecidable.The article then describes a family of conservative tests of noncircularity and shows how they can be used to “schedule” a remote attribute grammar using standard techniques. The article discusses practical batch and incremental evaluation of remote attribute grammars.
Fast separation of cadmium and lead ions from contaminated water using conjugates of magnetic nanoparticle-DTPA

Novel magnetic sorbent—conjugates of surface functionalized magnetic nanoparticle-chelator—has been developed for separation of heavy metal ions from aqueous systems, which offers a simple, fast, effective and environmentally benign technique in wastewater treatment compared to traditional methods. In this paper, we have coupled diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) to double coated magnetic nanoparticles (dMNPs). The results confirmed that it is an excellent sorbent for cadmium and lead sorption, which can be easily manipulated and separated from aqueous solution by applying a small external magnetic field. The metal sorption was fast, reaching the equilibrium in 30 min and strictly conforming to the pseudo-second-order-reaction mechanism. The sorption capacity calculated by Langmuir model was 8.06 mg/g for Cd and 12.09 mg/g for Pb. The suitable pH range for Cd adsorption was pH 2–7, which was wider than that for Pb which was pH 3–6
Storage, data management, and retrieval in bioinformatics

The evolution of biology into a large-scale quantitative molecular science has been paralleled by concomitant advances in computer storage systems, processing power, and data-analysis algorithms. The application of computer technologies to molecular biology data has given rise to a new system-based approach to biological research. Bioinformatics addresses problems related to the storage, retrieval and analysis of information about biological structure, sequence and function. Its goals include the development of integrated storage systems and analysis tools to interpret molecular biology data in a biologically meaningful manner in normal and disease processes and in efforts for drug discovery. This paper reviews recent developments in data management, storage, and retrieval that are central to the effective use of structural and functional genomics in fulfilling these goals.
Scattering of Spatial Optical Solitons by Subwavelength Air Holes

Using the finite-difference time-domain method, we model the propagation of spatial optical solitons having two orthogonal electric field vector components, and the scattering of such solitons by compact subwavelength air holes (i.e., abrupt dielectric discontinuities in the direct paths of the solitons). Our propagation and scattering studies assume a realistic glass characterized by a three-pole Sellmeier linear dispersion, an instantaneous Kerr nonlinearity, and a dispersive Raman nonlinearity. An unexpected spatial soliton scattering phenomenon is observed: the coalescence of the scattered electromagnetic field into a propagating lower-energy spatial soliton at a point many tens of wavelengths beyond the scattering air hole. Overall, our computational technique is general, and should permit future investigations and design of devices exploiting spatial soliton interactions in background media having submicrometer air holes and dielectric and metal inclusions.
Effects of nicotine on hippocampal and cingulate activity during smooth pursuit eye movement in schizophrenia.

Background Abnormal smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) in schizophrenic patients is a well known phenomenon, but the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the deficit are unknown. Nicotine temporarily improves SPEM and has been associated with reduced hippocampal hemodynamic activity in schizophrenics. Nicotine's effect on brain activity in control subjects performing SPEM has not been studied. The purpose of this work was to determine if nicotine differentially affects brain activity in schizophrenic and control subjects during pursuit eye tracking. Methods 16 subjects with schizophrenia and 16 control subjects underwent functional MR imaging during SPEM after receiving placebo or nicotine gum. Four brain regions were analyzed for main effects of group, drug, and interactions: hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, frontal eye fields, and area MT. Results Nicotine reduced hippocampal activity in both groups, but the effect was greater in control subjects. A group by drug interaction was observed in the anterior cingulate gyrus, where nicotine decreased activity in control subjects and increased activity in schizophrenic subjects. There were no significant effects of group, drug, or interactions in frontal eye fields or area MT. Conclusions Nicotine may improve SPEM performance in people with schizophrenia through cholinergic stimulation of the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus. Potential mechanisms include improved inhibitory function and attention.
Overview of radiation- and chemoradiation-induced diarrhea.

Abstract Objectives To describe the pathophysiology, incidence, and impact of radiation-induced diarrhea (RID), and to highlight the radiation oncology nurse’s role. Data sources Primary and tertiary literature, and clinical experience. Conclusion RID is a frequent complication of pelvic radiation, both when given alone and with chemotherapy. RID can significantly affect patient quality of life. Since diarrhea may be a difficult topic for patients to discuss, special care needs to be taken to avoid underdiagnosis of this problem. Implications for nursing practice The oncology nurse is uniquely situated to monitor patients for the development of RID, assess its severity and provide guidance to the health care team on the patient’s status.
Plastic surgery in Cutis laxa

Summary Cutis laxa is a genetically determined disorder of connective tissue, which is characterised by extreme cutaneous laxity. Cardio-respiratory involvement is sometimes a feature, and death may occur from these complications. The clinical features and operative treatment of an affected girl are described, to illustrate the important part that plastic surgery can play in the management of the disorder. The skin is not unduly fragile, excess bleeding does not occur, and incisions heal well. The instant results of cosmetic surgery are usually very good, but repeated operations may be necessary.
Late-phase reaction in topically induced ocular anaphylaxis in the rat

A cellular late-phase reaction is described in a rat model of topically induced ocular anaphylaxis. Rats were immunized with dinitrophenylated Ascaris suun extract and alum and were tested for active cutaneous anaphylaxis on day 13. Rats with a strong skin test response were selected for ocular challenge with di-DNP-lysine. Macroscopic observation and histologic evaluation were performed at 1, 6, and 24 h. In rats showing a moderate macroscopic ocular response at 1 h, mast cell degranulation was significantly increased at 1 h; no significant increase in eosinophils, neutrophils or lymnhocytes was found in the conjunctiva of these animals. In rats showing a marked macroscopic ocular response at 1 h, mast cell degranulation was significantly increased at 1 and 6 h; the number of eosinophils was significantly increased at 1 and 6 h, and of neutrophils at 6 h only. At 24 h, neutrophils and eosinophil numbers returned to baseline levels. There was no macroscopic evidence of a late-phase response in either grou...
N-Ethylmaleimide inhibition of silver-enhanced sodium transport across toad (Bufo macinus) skin

Abstract 1. 1. Silver stimulated short-circuit current and transepithelial potential difference. 2. 2. N -Ethylmaleimide inhibited the silver-induced short-circuit current. 3. 3. There was a biphasic inhibition of silver-induced short-circuit current by N -ethylmaleimide. 4. 4. There is a specific, maximal number of sulfhydryl groups associated with active sodium absorption. 5. 5. Stimulation of active sodium transport by antidiuretic hormone was blunted by the presence of silver. 6. 6. The silver-induced short-circuit current is carried by a net active sodium transfer from the outside to the inside bathing solution.
The personal and marital adjustment of parents as related to observed child deviance and parenting behaviors.

The purpose of this study was to document the relationship of parents' personal and marital adjustment to their own behavior as parents and the behavior of their children. A total of 31 families who had been referred for behavioral counseling regarding their male child's behavior problems were given a diagnostic battery which included home observations as well as administration to parents of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the LockeWallace Marital Adjustment Test. Results revealed consistent negative relationships between marital satisfaction and the observed level of child deviance. Similarly, there were consistent negative relationships between marital satisfaction and the level of observed “negativeness” to the child. Analyses using the MMPI indicated that a large number of the fathers ' MMPI scales were related to child deviance, but this finding was not replicated for mothers. Several MMPI scales were related to marital satisfaction for both parents. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the assessment and treatment of families with a problem child.
Harnessing ocean energy

The authors of an article in a recent issue of Oceanus (22, Winter, 1979/1980) say that …rivers flowing into the sea could provide enough salinity-gradient power to meet 10 percent of present global demands. There is fifty times more energy in the Florida Current than in all the rivers of the world. OTEC, the most publicized experiment in ocean energy (the acronym stands for ocean thermal energy conversion), is thought by its supporters capable ultimately of equalling something on the order of a third of present installed electric capacity in this country. The wave energy flux along a hundred kilometers of the most promising coasts translates into the output of a large generating plant. An all-out wind conversion program along our coasts could produce more than a billion kilowatt-hours annually within twenty years. If the long life of most tidal facilities is taken into account, tidal power probably is economically competitive with other forms of generation right now. Marine biomass may become an important source of fuel and food, and breakthroughs in our knowledge of chemosynthesis and other bacterial activity may open even wider horizons.
A statistical approach for shadow detection using spatio-temporal contexts

Background subtraction is an important step used to segment moving regions in surveillance videos. However, cast shadows are often falsely labeled as foreground objects, which may severely degrade the accuracy of object localization and detection. Effective shadow detection is necessary for accurate foreground segmentation, especially for outdoor scenes. Based on the characteristics of shadows, such as luminance reduction, chromaticity invariance and texture invariance, we introduce a nonparametric framework for modeling surface behavior under cast shadows. To each pixel, we assign a potential shadow value with a confidence weight, indicating the probability that the pixel location is an actual shadow point. Given an observed RGB value for a pixel in a new frame, we use its recent spatio-temporal context to compute an expected shadow RGB value. The similarity between the observed and the expected shadow RGB values determines whether a pixel position is a true shadow. Experimental results show the performance of the proposed method on a suite of standard indoor and outdoor video sequences.
A Dynamic-Test Procedure for Improving Seismic Qualification Guidelines

Essais dynamiques en appliquant une excitation forcee a l'objet d'essai en utilisant une table a secousse
Self-induced Penile Fracture Associated With Urethral Rupture

Fracture of the penis is a relatively uncommon condition that is most likely under-reported. It commonly results from excessive force applied to the long axis of the penis in the erect state causing rupture of the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum during masturbation, sexual intercourse, or penile manipulation. Immediate surgical exploration is the treatment of choice in most cases to maintain good erectile function. Concomitant total or incomplete urethral and corpus spongiosum ruptures are even rarer and are usually repaired surgically together with the penile fracture. When the penile fracture and urethral lesions are small, they may be treated conservatively. This is sufficient to preserve good erectile function. We report such a case in an adult who bent his erect penis while sleeping, presented with massive urethral bleeding, and was managed conservatively.
Oral glutamine protects against cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in experimental rats through increase of cardiac glutathione

Abstract Objective This study evaluated the effects of supplemental oral glutamine (GLN) on acute cardiotoxicity of cyclophosphamide (CPA) in experimental rats. The dose-related cardiotoxicity of CPA is associated with a rapid decrease in cardiac glutathione (GSH) and oxidative cardiac injury. GLN is a rate-limiting precursor for GSH synthesis during periods of oxidative and other types of stress when it becomes a conditionally essential amino acid. Methods Forty-four male Fischer 344 rats were randomized into two groups to receive 1 g · kg −1 · d −1 of GLN or glycine by gavage. After 2 d of prefeeding, each of these groups was further randomized into three subgroups to receive intraperitoneally a lethal dose of CPA (450 mg/kg), a sublethal dose of CPA (200 mg/kg), or saline (controls). Twenty-four hours later all six groups of rats were sacrificed and blood GLN was measured. Cardiac tissue was examined for histopathologic alterations: GSH and oxidized GSH concentrations. Results The results showed that dietary GLN decreased cardiac necrosis and maintained normal cardiac GSH levels. Elevated cardiac GSH levels in the GLN group correlated with increased arterial GLN levels. GLN protected against the acute cardiotoxic effects of CPA and significantly improved the short-term survival after lethal and sublethal doses of CPA. Conclusion These data suggest that GLN may protect against CPA-related cardiac injury through maintenance of cardiac GSH metabolism.
Weight Gain and Nutrient Intake of Holstein Heifers Fed 25- or 35-Day Alfalfa Pasture or Alfalfa Hay,

Abstract Three groups of eight 223 to 528-kg Holstein heifers were used to compare two maturities of alfalfa pasture (25- and 35-day regrowth following grazing and clipping) for 90 days with alfalfa hay fed in drylot for 105 days. Two rumen-fistulated forage-sampler animals were added to each of the grazing groups. Average daily gains were 25-day regrowth, 1.06 kg; 35-day regrowth, 1.03 kg; and alfalfa hay in drylot, .95 kg. Consumption of dry matter per 5-day period was 369 and 476 kg for 25- and 35-day regrowth. Intakes of dry matter per 100 kg of body weight were 1.6 and 2.1 kg for 25- and 35-day regrowth grazers. Differences possibly were due to the 35-day regrowth cattle having more dry matter available (1189 kg/period) than those on the 25-day regrowth forage (891 kg/period). Concentrations of total crude protein and insoluble protein were greater in the 25-day than in the 35-day regrowth alfalfa. Rumen samples from the cardial region from 35-day alfalfa regrowth contained more dry matter than the 25-day samples but were lower in ash and total crude protein. Consumption of dry matter was correlated with insoluble protein content in dry matter for the 25-day regrowth alfalfa herbage. That relation was dry matter consumption (kg) period = −649 + 77 (percent insoluble protein).
OA04.04. Changes in physiological and psychological markers of stress in hospital personnel after a low-dose mindfulness-based worksite intervention

Results Participants were representative of the SICU staff with 69% nurses, 88% females, age average of 44, and 11.8 (±10.1, SD) average years working in the SICU. Participant biological indices of stress, measured by the level of salivary a-amylase, was significantly reduced in the intervention group (t=2.562, p=0.026) only. Behaviorally, they rated their experience of stress using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and rated sleep over the past month using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). There was a significant decrease of the scores on the DASS-21 stress subscale (t=2.245, p=0.040) and a significant improvement in the overall quality of sleep (t=2.482, p=0.027) between pre and post assessments in the intervention group with no changes for the wait list group. Work satisfaction also increased significantly (t=-3.2020, p=0.006) for the intervention group only.
Efficient risk sharing, non-marketable labor income and fixed-wage contracts

Abstract This paper seeks to explain fixed-wage labor contracts. The traditional rationale that fixed wages represent an implicit sale of ‘wage insurance’ by risk-neutral firms to risk-averse workers is rejected as being incompatible with the fact that firms are owned by risk-averse investors. Instead, it is shown that fixed-wage contracts might arise from the non-marketability of labor income. When human capital is not marketable, it becomes optimal to shift all the risk in production onto the firm, since trading in equity markets enables efficient allocation of the uncertainty. The fixed-wage contract shifts the risk to equity owners and in fact replicates the first-best equilibrium that would emerge if individuals were paid their realized marginal product and allowed to trade shares in human capital.
Radiation testing of CCDs for space applications

This article reports the results of radiation resistance tests of fully depleted p-channel Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) developed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for imaging applications in space. Several such devices were irradiated by 12 MeV protons at the tandem accelerator at the Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory at Yale University by doses up to 8 x 10 10 protons/cm 2 . The equivalent dose at an orbit near L2 for a six year mission in space was estimated to be an equivalent 7.3 x 10 8 12.5 MeV protons/cm 2 . The performance of the CCDs was measured both before and after irradiation. The charge transfer efficiency CTE was degraded from 0.999999 before irradiation to 0.999996 after the expected six year dose. The dark current, which was 3 electrons/pixel/hour before irradiation, is degraded to an equilibrium rate of 15 electrons/pixel/hour in orbit. We conclude that the performance of these devices is quite acceptable for high precision imaging in a space mission.
Analysis of Phoenix anomalies and IV&V findings applied to the GRAIL mission

NASA IV&V was established in 1993 to improve safety and cost-effectiveness of mission critical software. Since its inception the tools and strategies employed by IV&V have evolved. This paper examines how lessons learned from the Phoenix project were developed and applied to the GRAIL project. Shortly after selection, the GRAIL project initiated a review of the issues documented by IV&V for Phoenix. The motivation was twofold: the learn as much as possible about the types of issues that arose from the flight software product line slated for use on GRAI L, and to identify opportunities for improving the effectiveness of IV&V on GRAIL. The IV&V Facility provided a data base dump containing 893 issues. The se were categorized into 16 bins, and then analyzed according to whether the project responded by changing the affected artifacts or using as-is. The results of this analysis were compared to a similar assessment of post-launch anomalies documented by the project. Results of the analysis were discussed with the IV& V team assigned to GRAIL. These discussions led to changes in the way both the project and IV&V approached the IV&V task, and improved the efficiency of the activity.
A Self-Organizing Virtual Environment for Agent-Based Simulations

In this paper we present a self-organizing model for open virtual environments in multi-agent based simulation systems. Open environments are inaccessible, non-deterministic, dynamic and continuous. A virtual environment is partitioned into areas called cells and is supported by an underlying autonomic software system consisting of specialized agents called controllers and coordinators. Controllers manage specific cells while coordinators monitor and guide controllers in the execution of their tasks. Controllers and coordinators continuously interact with one another and re-organize themselves and the environment structure to ensure that the simulation functional and performance requirements are met. During the execution of the simulation, virtual agents are unaware of the partitioned structure of the environment and the underlying self-organization activities. The experimental results show a significant improvement in the scalability and performance of the simulation system. Moreover, the emergence of undesired behavior is controlled.
Construct Validity of the Learning Behavior Scale with an Independent Sample of Students.

In this study, the factor structure of the Learning Behavior Scale (LBS; McDermott, Green, Francis, & Stott, 1999) was examined in an independent sample of 257 elementary school students. The LBS is a 29-item, four-factor scale on which teachers rate students' positive and negative learning behaviors. The results indicated that the internal consistency of the total LBS scores and the scores on two subscales (Competence Motivation and Attitude Toward Learning) were high enough for individual decision making, whereas the reliability estimates of scores on the Attention/Persistence and Strategy/Flexibility subscales were appropriate only for research or screening purposes. Factor analyses extracted factors similar to three of the factors on the LBS (Competence Motivation, Attitude Toward Learning, and Strategy/Flexibility), and suggested that the fourth factor (Attention/Persistence) may benefit from additional study. In general, the results indicate that the LBS may be a useful tool for examining students' learning behaviors. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.