cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reference field specification and preliminary beam selection strategy for accelerator-based GCR simulation

The galactic cosmic ray (GCR) simulator at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) is intended to deliver the broad spectrum of particles and energies encountered in deep space to biological targets in a controlled laboratory setting. In this work, certain aspects of simulating the GCR environment in the laboratory are discussed. Reference field specification and beam selection strategies at NSRL are the main focus, but the analysis presented herein may be modified for other facilities and possible biological considerations. First, comparisons are made between direct simulation of the external, free space GCR field and simulation of the induced tissue field behind shielding. It is found that upper energy constraints at NSRL limit the ability to simulate the external, free space field directly (i.e. shielding placed in the beam line in front of a biological target and exposed to a free space spectrum). Second, variation in the induced tissue field associated with shielding configuration and solar activity is addressed. It is found that the observed variation is likely within the uncertainty associated with representing any GCR reference field with discrete ion beams in the laboratory, given current facility constraints. A single reference field for deep space missions is subsequently identified. Third, a preliminary approach for selecting beams at NSRL to simulate the designated reference field is presented. This approach is not a final design for the GCR simulator, but rather a single step within a broader design strategy. It is shown that the beam selection methodology is tied directly to the reference environment, allows facility constraints to be incorporated, and may be adjusted to account for additional constraints imposed by biological or animal care considerations. The major biology questions are not addressed herein but are discussed in a companion paper published in the present issue of this journal. Drawbacks of the proposed methodology are discussed and weighed against alternative simulation strategies.
Emotional duplex in the nation (de-)branding: a case study of China and Shen Yun Performing Arts

ABSTRACTThe intricate connection between nation branding efforts and the emotions they evoke has been inadequately addressed in existing branding and international relations literature. I propose a heuristic account that theorizes this relationship. By tracing the branding efforts made by China and the de-branding efforts made by Shen Yun Performing Arts (a troupe established by Falun Gong practitioners), I argue that these “authentic” Chinese cultural presentations elicit certain emotions. The emotional works are different for Chinese domestic audiences and for international audiences. I propose a duplex model to account for the emotional processes in these two groups of audiences. Four operating emotions—pride, guilt, admiration, and anger—solidify into various political attitudes toward China. Finally, I discuss the contributions of this duplex model and its further complications.
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty adjunct to thrombolysis for acute middle cerebral artery rethrombosis.

PURPOSE To report three patients, each of whom had acute rethrombosis of a reopened middle cerebral artery after urokinase treatment for proximal stenosis (percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the stenosis was performed adjunctive to the thrombolytic treatment to preserve the success of the thrombolysis), and a fourth patient who had percutaneous transluminal angioplasty right after the completion of thrombolysis and had no rethrombosis despite a partial dilatation of the severe stenosis. METHODS Thrombolytic treatment was carried out by a coaxial technique with a Tracker 18 catheter through a 5-F angiographic catheter; 80,000 U in 5 mL of urokinase were intermittently injected every 15 minutes after an initial dose of 250,000 U. All patients were given 3000 U of heparin with a booster dose of 1000 U every hour. Angioplasty was performed with a Stealth catheter balloon, 2 to 3 mm x 1.5 cm. RESULTS Three patients recovered without hemorrhage after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and thrombolytic treatment. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was unsuccessful in one patient because of the inability to pass a 2-mm Stealth balloon catheter, and the result was a second rethrombosis. This patient had a poor recovery. CONCLUSION Acute thrombosis of the middle cerebral artery may be associated with severe proximal stenosis. Rethrombosis may occur even after complete thrombolysis. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty may be safely performed to prevent rethrombosis.
On the Hui's Ethic Principles Featured with Dual Structures——Thinking about the Dual-structured Culture of the Hui Ethnic Minority

By stating the fact that the Hui's dual-structured culture acts as a contributive force to the development of the Islam culture,the paper would make an elaboration to the ethic principle by laying a stress on the perfect combination of the spiritual belief of the Islam religion with the Confucian ethics.In doing so,the paper makes an analysis to the inter-links of ethics and morality between both the Islam and the Confucians from three different perspectives,such as "internal practice and external practice","truth and ethics" and "thought and religion".And as a consequence,the paper elaborates the inspiring effect of the Hui's dual-structured culture in carrying out the concept of "the eight honours and disgraces" that are under implementation in the present-day society.
Detyrosinated Microtubules Bear Load and Transmit Mechanical Force in Cardiomyocytes

The cytoskeleton plays an integral role in mechanotransduction, the conversion of mechanical forces to intracellular signals. In striated muscle, mechanotransduction through the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton modulates redox signaling and calcium homeostasis through a pathway termed X-ROS signaling.But how do microtubules sense mechanical force, integrate and transmit that signal? Recent advances in imaging now provide the spatial and temporal resolution needed to characterize MT behavior during cardiomyocyte contraction, overcoming a major hurdle to understanding MT mechanics during the contractile cycle. These advances have allowed us to detect MTs deforming into short, sinusoidal buckles, indicating some ability to bear compressive force in contracting cardiac myocytes. Furthermore, we found that this load-bearing is highly regulated by a specific MT post-translational modification called detyrosination. Inhibiting detyrosination with pharmacological or genetic tools fundamentally alters how MTs sense and respond to mechanical force - interdigitated MTs appear to simply slide past each other in the contracting myocyte as opposed to deforming under load. Consistent with this impaired force-sensing, mechanotransduction through the network is significantly blunted when detyrosination is reduced.These findings raise a key mechanistic question- if MTs bear compressive load, how is that load applied to the MT? There are a wide variety of binding partners that could facilitate transmission of force between the contractile apparatus and the MT network. However, a complex that anchors MTs to the sarcomere has not been explicitly detailed. Here we examine potential cross-linking proteins, including the muscle intermediate filament Desmin and the microtubule motor kinesin, as candidate members of a MT anchoring complex capable of sensing the tyrosination state of a microtubule.
Effect of Intravenous Ethanol on Capsaicin-Induced Hyperalgesia in Human Subjects

Background The objective of this study was to assess ethanol's (EtOH's) effects on capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia in healthy participants. Specifically, we investigated the change in area of capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia following 3 interventions: intravenous EtOH at 2 targeted breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC), or placebo. Methods Eighteen participants participated in 3 test days in a randomized order. Each test day, participants received an intradermal capsaicin injection on the volar surface of the forearm, followed by either infusion of high concentration EtOH (targeted BrAC = 0.100 g/dl), low concentration EtOH (targeted BrAC = 0.040 g/dl), or placebo. The area of hyperalgesia was determined by von Frey technique at 2 time points, prior to EtOH infusion, and again when target BrAC was reached. The primary outcome was the percent change in the area of capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia. Additional outcome measures included the visual analogue scale of mood states (VAS), which was administered at each time point. Results There was a marked 30% reduction in the area of capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia with infusion of a high concentration of EtOH (p < 0.05). Low concentration EtOH produced a 10% reduction in hyperalgesia area, although this finding did not reach significance. Further, participants reported significant feelings of euphoria and drowsiness at high concentrations of EtOH (p < 0.05), as measured by the VAS. Conclusions In a human model examining pain phenomena related to central sensitization, this study is the first to demonstrate that capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia is markedly attenuated by EtOH. The capsaicin experimental pain paradigm employed provides a novel approach to evaluate EtOH's effects on pain processing. The antihyperalgesic effects of EtOH observed have important clinical implications for the converging fields of substance abuse and pain medicine and may inform why patients with chronic pain often report alcohol use as a form of self-medication.
Biochemical and Structural Studies of Paired Helical Filaments and Senile Plaque Amyloid in Alzheimer’s Disease

During aging of the human brain and particularly in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), abnormal fibers accumulate both inside neurons (in neurofibrillary tangles and the neurites of senile plaques) and extracellularly (as amyloid in senile plaque cores and in vessels). Both types of fibers show birefringence with Congo red, but their ultrastructures are distinct. The principal intraneuronal fibers are paired helical filaments (PHF) with maximal diameters of 20–24 nm in situ. However, we have recently observed in several cases of AD that both neuronal cell bodies and neurites can display a complex mixture of abnormal fibers including, in addition to an abundance of PHF, straight filaments varying from 10 to 20 nm in diameter, most commonly ∿15 nm. The extracellular fibers in the amyloid cores of senile plaque are generally approximately 10 nm in diameter. We have found that both PHF and amyloid core fibers are highly insoluble in a variety of detergents and denaturants including sodium dodecyl sulfate, reducing agents, urea, and guanidine HCl. The PHF are also resistant to a variety of specific and non-specific proteases; we have not yet fully determined the extent of resistance of senile plaque amyloid to these proteases. We have raised highly specific antibodies to PHF which decorate neurofibrillary tangles both in AD brain tissue sections and following the isolation and partial purification of the tangles. We have also raised a polyconal antiserum which immunolabels SDS-isolated senile plaque cores. Taking advantage of the dense spherical nature of the senile plaque core and its intactness following SDS-extraction, we have developed a novel method for purification of cores from postmortem brain using a combination of sucrose density centrifugation and fluorescence activated cell sorting. This flow cytometry technique produces highly purified, intact cores in quantities suitable for further biochemical and structural analyses. Results of initial analyses of the purified cores are provided. The evidence available to date suggests that although PHF and extracellular amyloid core fibers are morphologically distinct, they have similar amino acid compositions and share major antigenic determinants.
A Critical Analysis of Perioperative Outcomes in Morbidly Obese Patients Following Renal Mass Surgery.

Objective To evaluate if body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 is associated with risk of postoperative complications, receipt of perioperative blood transfusion (PBT), length of hospital stay (LOS), perioperative death, or hospital readmission rate following renal mass surgery. Materials and Methods After Institutional Review Board approval, comprehensive information was collected for patients treated with surgery for renal mass from 2000 to 2015 at one institution. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to evaluate the association of BMI ≥ 40 among other putative risk factors for perioperative outcomes. Results A total of 1048 patients were treated surgically, including 115 (11%) with BMI > 40. Minimally invasive and open surgical approaches were used for 480 (45.8%) and 568 (54.2%) patients, respectively. Morbid obesity was not associated with risk of major complications, overall complications, receipt of PBT, LOS, hospital readmission rate, or perioperative death. Charlson comorbidity index was the only independent predictor of major complications following renal mass surgery, P = .0006, per point odds ratio 1.2 (95%C.I. 1.08-1.32). Surgical site infections (SSIs) were more common in patients with BMI ≥ 40 vs BMI P = .01). Following multivariable analysis, BMI ≥ 40 was the only independent predictor of SSIs, odds ratio 2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.32-5.13; P = .006. Conclusion Morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40) is an independent predictor of developing SSIs following renal mass surgery. Morbid obesity is not predictive of risk for major complications, receipt of PBT, hospital readmission, perioperative death, or LOS.
Carlyle: The Scottish Dimension

There are many studies of Carlyle, especially attempts to get at the heart of what he himself called his ‘bewildered wrestlings’, what Froude called his ‘interpretation of human history’. That they have not wholly succeeded in helping us know fully the complex thoughts and ideas of this ‘teacher of mankind’ is not the fault of the authors; Carlyle escapes easy classification. ‘The chief elements of my little destiny’, he wrote in his Journal in 1848, ‘have all along lain deep below view or surmise, and never will or can be known to any son of Adam’ (Froude, iii, 1). However, since he was, in his biographer’s words, one who ‘claimed “to speak with authority and not as the Scribes,”’ it is important that we try to understand this ‘prophet’, one who ‘exerted for many years an almost unbounded influence on the mind of educated England’ (Froude, iii, 4). It is easy enough to dismiss him as fascist, theist, idealist, but to do so is of no help to one interested in locating the foundations of his ideas and his faith.
Artificial Intelligence and Computer Aided Design in Civil Engineering

The key to intelligent problem solving lies in reducing the random search for solution. To do so, intelligent computer programs tap the same underlying “source of power” as human beings do. Computer aided design is a well developed part of computer science. One can get powerful numerical and graphical capabilities for handling com¬plex tasks.
Proceedings of the 46th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture

The program includes 39 papers selected from 239 submissions. The program committee (PC) of 40 distinguished experts used a two-round review process. In the first round, all papers received 2 reviews from PC members and one review from an external expert. The 169 papers with at least one review with a positive score for overall merit were promoted to the second round. In the second round, papers received at least one review from a PC member and one review from an external expert, for a minimum total of 5 reviews per paper. Nevertheless, we solicited up to 7 reviews for some papers in order to provide additional expert opinions for the selection process. Overall, 363 reviewers submitted 1,105 paper reviews.
Characterization and comparison of the charge trapping in HfSiON and HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectrics

Charge trapping in HfSiON and HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectrics was studied using both DC and pulsed I/sub D/-V/sub G/ characterization techniques. The data shows a significant amount of hysteresis in HfO/sub 2/ but negligible instability in HfSiON. Constant voltage stress measurements of HfO/sub 2/ and HfSiON films show that the threshold voltage shift in HfO/sub 2/ films is as much as 10 times higher than that of HfSiON. Further, modeling of the time dependence of the threshold voltage shows that the trap capture cross section responsible for the instability of HfO/sub 2/ films is 10 times higher than the trap capture cross section of HfSiON. Our data indicate that amorphous HfSiON has better electrical stability than HfO/sub 2/.
Using Action Research Methodologies In Building a Frame for Practicing Research

I discuss action research methodologies and nuances to recount how my research with art educators using critical encounters with visual culture and senior artists, facilitated gaining a broader view of place. During the study, I recognized my first-person voice operating critically and analyzing paradoxes found in the dialogue and data, which was in conflict with my second-person relationships with participants, insofar as we shared a way of knowing that values multiple forms of participant learning. I used these disjunctures to challenge my outdated notions of what it means to “do” research and learned that action research practice offers multiple insights into working in relation to participants and to myself. I describe the variations of action research employed to frame and to facilitate the study within the events of the workshop which suggested insights into what direction the analysis of the research should take. I conclude with describing participants’ learning through the action of the research. My objectives were refocused by the events of learning in and through the action of the research.
Dynamic Measurement of Disease Activity in Acute Pancreatitis: The Pancreatitis Activity Scoring System.

Dynamic Measurement of Disease Activity in Acute Pancreatitis: The Pancreatitis Activity Scoring System
Cutaneous Disorders in the Intensive Care Unit

Cutaneous disorders in the intensive care unit (ICU) may develop as a consequence of life-threatening diseases or as complications from treatment regimens. Few studies report the prevalence of cutaneous conditions in ICUs. According to current data available, the most common dermatological disorders in this setting are: pathogen-related (35%), peripheral vascular disease-related (27%), and drug reaction-related (21%). The objective of this chapter is to provide a practical pathophysiological and clinical overview of the most common dermatological conditions observed in the ICU. Further research needs to be conducted to study the prevalence, manifestations, and complications of skin disorders in the ICU in a prospective manner, in a larger number of hospitals, and in different geographical locations.
Developmental ethanol exposure impairs locomotor movement in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) larvae targeting epigenome.

Abstract Evidence indicated ethanol exposure during development disrupts brain functions that induces fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) phenotypes with behavioral abnormalities. We aimed to investigate whether prenatal ethanol exposure has any potential impact on behavior of a FASD fish model. Fertilized Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) eggs were exposed to 100–300 mM ethanol or 2 mM 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), 0–2 day post fertilization (dpf), in embryo-rearing medium (ERM). Survived embryos were maintained in clean ERM and used either for gene expression analysis on 2- and 6-dpf or allowed to hatch for behavioral study. Photomotor response of 3–4 day post hatch larvae were tracked for 3 h with light-dark transitions. It was observed that larval swimming was phototactic; enhanced in presence of light, declined in dark. Phototactic response was also observed in larvae prenatally exposed to ethanol or 5-azaC; however, the total distance swum by these larvae compared to controls declined. Further analysis indicated that, in light phases, total swimming activity and average swimming speed were reduced in larvae prenatally exposed to ethanol (300 mM) or 5-azaC. Expression analysis of baz1a and baz2a in embryos indicated developmental regulation. Ethanol (100–300 mM) or 5-azaC (2 mM) were able to modulate downregulation of both baz1a and baz2a mRNAs only in 6 dpf embryos of 300 mM ethanol and 5-azaC (2 mM) groups. These studies indicated that prenatal exposure to ethanol or 5-azaC was able to disrupt movements and thus swimming behavior in FASD phenotypes probably due to delayed remodeling of genome and epigenome.
Critique of Pure Risk Assessment or, Kant Meets Tarasoff

This Article takes a critical approach to the assumptions underlying current practices of violence risk assessment. The Article first explicates a fundamental difference between how mental health researchers now interpret the phrase violence prediction and how they understood that phrase in the 1970s. Applying a critical approach, the Article then shows that courts and mental health professionals may need to abandon the hope that more accurate methods of predicting violence will help clinicians make better decisions about potential violence. Although this result may seem disappointing, it can liberate mental health professionals from regarding patients as statistical sources of risk and can encourage them to treat patients instead as sources of initiative and moral worth. The Article then provides a moral and legal framework for reformulating the Tarasoff rule. Taking the view that consequentialist, predictive approaches to formulating the duty to protect are ethically questionable (as well as scientifically impractical), the Article suggests that assigning therapists a duty to intervene in response to a patient's explicit, credible threat is consistent with the view that patients (along with other humans) ought to be treated not merely as means, but always as ends in themselves. This Article received the American Psychiatric Association's 2008 Manfred S. Guttmacher Award for outstanding contributions to the literature in forensic psychiatry.
European Regulatory Issues Related to Quality in Provision of Genetic Service

• Regulation on the quality of health care services in general and clinical genetic testing in Europe is carried out at national level.
Extending a recent result of Santos on partitions into odd parts.

In a recent note, Santos proved that the number of partitions of n using only odd parts equals the number of partitions of n of the form p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 + . . . such that p1 ≥ p2 ≥ p3 ≥ p4 ≥ · · · ≥ 0 and p1 ≥ 2p2 + p3 + p4 + . . . . Via partition analysis, we extend this result by replacing the last inequality with p1 ≥ k2p2+k3p3+k4p4+. . . , where k2, k3, k4, . . . are nonnegative integers. Several applications of this result are mentioned in closing.
A Case for the Evolution from Commensalism to Pathogenicity and Possibly Back Again: Lessons Learned from the Human-Adapted Neisseria Species

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis are human-specific pathogens and the etiologic agents for the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea and bacterial meningitis, respectively. Several closely related, human-restricted, commensal Neisseria spp. share an anatomical niche with N. meningitidis. These commensal Neisseria spp. rarely cause pathology since they are not seen as foreign and do not trigger the innate immune system. In this chapter, we discuss how the pathogenic Neisseria spp. may have evolved from a single commensal progenitor by gaining the ability to elicit inflammation. This ancestor then evolved into the present-day pathogens through the acquisition of several additional factors and mechanisms of interacting with host cells, tissues, and molecules and the possibility that the pathogenic ancestor may have also given rise to several commensal species. To help elucidate these evolutionary steps, we will define core colonization determinants shared between the commensal and pathogenic organisms and then, in contrast, define determinants and properties shared by or unique to each pathogenic species. Of note, the pathogenic Neisseria spp. possess a complex set of diversity generation systems, indicating an advantage of such systems in the pathogenic Neisseria spp. lifestyle, and we will focus on the pilin antigenic variation system, which provides some of the best clues about the evolutionary relationship between the species. These analyses will lead to our model for how some organisms that damage their host (e.g., organisms we call pathogens) can arise from organisms that do not damage their host and could also evolve to lose pathogenicity.
Idyll: A Markup Language for Authoring and Publishing Interactive Articles on the Web

The web has matured as a publishing platform: news outlets regularly publish rich, interactive stories while technical writers use animation and interaction to communicate complex ideas. This style of interactive media has the potential to engage a large audience and more clearly explain concepts, but is expensive and time consuming to produce. Drawing on industry experience and interviews with domain experts, we contribute design tools to make it easier to author and publish interactive articles. We introduce Idyll, a novel "compile-to-the-web" language for web-based interactive narratives. Idyll implements a flexible article model, allowing authors control over document style and layout, reader-driven events (such as button clicks and scroll triggers), and a structured interface to JavaScript components. Through both examples and first-use results from undergraduate computer science students, we show how Idyll reduces the amount of effort and custom code required to create interactive articles.
Predictors of visitors' climate-related coping behaviors in a nature-based tourism destination.

Abstract: Climate change affects the supply of nature-based tourism opportunities as well as the demand visitors place on those opportunities. Climate-induced changes in visitor demand, specifically climate-related coping behaviors (e.g., seeking safer recreation sites, changing trip timing, using weather forecasts to plan trips), are influenced by multiple factors such as season of visit, specific visitor attributes, and general climate change beliefs and concern. Understanding the relationships between visitor characteristics and coping behaviors within the context of a changing climate will help recreation managers and tourism providers anticipate shifts in demand and adapt strategically. In this study, we present results from a series of binary logistic regression models of summer and winter visitor survey data to examine climate-related coping behaviors within a regional nature-based tourism area (the North Shore region of Lake Superior in Minnesota). Findings reveal that winter recreationists, younger visitors, and visitors who are concerned about climate change, are most inclined to use behavioral coping in response to changing climate and environmental conditions. Specifically, we found that winter season recreationists are much more likely to report having experienced a past climate-related impact, and that weather information, alternative gear, and flexibility in timing their trips are important in overcoming these constraints. Further, younger visitors were more likely to use informational (weather forecast) coping, site substitution, and activity substitution to respond to climate-related impacts. This study expands upon climate-related recreation and tourism research by documenting how recreationists’ informational, spatial, and temporal coping behaviors vary across visitor characteristics. Further research is needed to determine if the behavioral coping preferences and patterns found in this study emerge across diverse contexts. However, our findings here can help managers begin to strategically plan and collaborate to maintain destination-level attractiveness to visitors despite changing environmental conditions. Management implications: Understanding how visitors respond to environmental changes is important in sustaining ‘weather-resistant’ visitor flows. In anticipation of on-site disruptions and future demand shifts, regional partnerships within nature-based destinations may mitigate reductions in visitor demand and accommodate shifting patterns in visitor flows. For example, recreation managers and tourism providers could identify and jointly market alternative recreation opportunities when conditions are not conducive to participating in desired activities, as well as develop a networked approach for communicating weather and site safety information.
Cluster introduction: Aleksei Fedorchenko’s Angels of Revolution

This introduction to a cluster of reviews of Aleksei Fedorchenko’s Angels of Revolution (2014) serves to contextualize the film within the filmmaker’s oeuvre and the recurrent feature of cultural a...
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for treatment of transformed Waldenström macroglobulinemia.

Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare disorder with approximately 1200 new cases diagnosed in the United States every year [1]. It is characterized by a monoclonal IgM gammopathy in the bloo...
Leadless Micra Pacemaker Use in the Pediatric Population: Device Implantation and Short-Term Outcomes.

The development of Leadless cardiac pacemakers avoids the inherent complications that may occur secondary to lead insertion. A large number of devices have been inserted in adult patients although data in pediatric patients are lacking. We aimed to assess our experience with the Leadless device in the pediatric population. We performed a retrospective study on all pediatric patients who underwent insertion of a Leadless pacemaker in our center. Data were collected for demographic, procedural, and outcome variables. Nine patients with a median (IQR) age and weight of 13 (12–14) years and 37 (31–50) kg, respectively, were enrolled. The median (IQR) procedural time was 62 (60–65) min with insertion thresholds of 0.5 (0.35–1) Volts at 0.24 ms. All devices were successfully inserted without complication. One device was replaced with a single-lead endocardial pacemaker at 1 year for increased thresholds. Leadless pacemaker device insertion is feasible in pediatric patients. Further studies and long-term follow-up are needed to ascertain device longevity and complication rates.
Central Asian Women’s contextual politics: the case of Muslim women in Uzbekistan

Working toward theorizing Central Asian women’s variegated and dynamic socio-political activism, in this article, I argue that the contextual nature of their activism remains the only viable analytical generalization we can make at this time. This activism emerges always in a particular existential and relational context presenting a range of problems local activists aim to address through the means available to them, including discourses on Islam, gender, and justice. I exemplify my approach by focusing on several Muslim women activists at different levels of Uzbek society, including an individual, communal, and a societal ones. Inspired by their interpretations of Islamic duties and responsibilities, these women fostered their individual moral transformation simultaneously extending it beyond themselves toward their local communities and the government.
Who will change the “baby?” Examining the power of gender in an experimental setting

We conduct an experiment designed to test the impact of a gender-loaded frame on the distribution of labor between care and market work. In an unframed treatment, one activity is labeled a “Multiplication Activity” and a second activity is labeled a “Monitoring Activity”. In a framed treatment, these same activities are labeled as an “Employment Activity” and a “Care Activity”. A difference between these treatments should come from the labeling of the activities, and not the nature of the activities. We find that men are more likely than women to fail at the monitoring/care activity in the framed treatment when both activities are done simultaneously by one individual for the first time. During paired rounds, we find that, in the framed treatment, women in mixed-gender pairs are more likely to specialize in monitoring/care and men are more likely to specialize in multiplication/employment. We do not find this in the unframed treatment. Our design controls for factors typically used to explain the gendered distribution of work, such as differences in earnings, income, or human capital.
Three Candidate Clusters Around High Redshift Radio-loud Sources: MG1 J04426+0202, 3C 068.2, and MS 1426.9+1052

We present near-infrared observations of the environments around three radio-loud sources (MG1 J0442+0202, 3C 068.2, and MS ) at redshifts z = 1.10, 1.57, and 1.83 (respectively) that are surrounded by near-infrared galaxy overdensities. Overdensities with respect to field counts were found to be significant up to 19σ, with 12 times the expected number of galaxies within the inner regions of the densest proto-cluster. Color–magnitude relations are constructed in Ks, J − Ks, with each candidate cluster exhibiting a feature consistent with the beginnings of a red sequence (RS). Galaxy models based on the redshift of the radio source are used to compare expected CMRs for a given formation epoch with the observed RS of each candidate, and are found to be consistent with an old () formation epoch for a few bright, red galaxies on the RS.
Exposure to artificial light at night accelerates but does not override latitude-dependent seasonal reproductive response in a North American songbird.

Abstract In the modern era of industrialization, illuminated nights have become a common defining feature of human-occupied environments, particularly cities. Artificial light at night (ALAN) imposes several known negative impacts on the neuroendocrine system, metabolism, and seasonal reproduction of species living in the wild. However, we know little about the impact of ALAN on populations of birds that either live year-round in the same location or move to different latitudes across seasons. To test whether ALAN has a differing impact on the reproductive timing of bird populations that winter in sympatry but breed at different latitudes, we monitored sedentary and migratory male dark-eyed juncos that were or were not exposed to low intensity (∼2.5 ± 0.5 lux) ALAN. All groups were held in common conditions and day length was gradually increased to mimic natural day length changes (NDL). We assessed seasonal reproductive response from initiation to termination of the breeding cycle. As expected based on earlier research, the sedentary birds exhibited earlier gonadal recrudescence and terminated breeding later than the migratory birds. In addition, resident and migrant birds exposed to ALAN initiated gonadal recrudescence earlier and terminated reproductive events sooner as compared to their conspecifics experiencing NDL. Importantly, the difference in the reproductive timing of sedentary and migratory populations was maintained even when exposed to ALAN. This variation in the seasonal reproductive timing may likely have a genetic basis or be the result of early developmental effects imposed due to different light regimes related to the latitude of origin. This study reveals first that ALAN accelerated reproductive development across both migrants and residents and second that latitude-dependent variation in reproductive timing is maintained despite exposure to ALAN. These results corroborate a relationship between latitude, population, and reproductive timing while also revealing ALAN’s impact on seasonal reproductive timing. This study reveals that, ALAN accelerated reproductive development but maintained latitude-dependent variation in reproductive timing across both migrant and resident bird populations.
A Hierarchical Microgrid Protection Scheme using Hybrid Breakers

Compared with the traditional power grid, the Microgrid with high penetration of converter-based renewable energy faces different protection challenges, e.g., different short-circuit levels in different operating modes, bidirectional fault coordination, ride-through capability, etc. Thus, the traditional mechanical circuit breaker with a relatively slow response time, requirements to operate at high fault currents and the single directional characteristic based protection system cannot satisfy the modern Microgrid demand. Accordingly, a new protection system to solve the new problems in Microgrid is essential. Fortunately, with the development of power electronics, circuit breakers (solid-state circuit breaker, hybrid circuit breaker) with fast response time and bidirectional characteristics gradually emerge. With these new breaker options, this paper proposes a novel hierarchical protection scheme based on the different response times among the solid-state circuit breaker, the hybrid circuit breaker, and the traditional mechanical breaker to better protect a campus Microgrid. The campus Microgrid is studied to verify the effectiveness of the proposed hierarchical Microgrid protection scheme.
Bis(2-naphthyl-meth-yl)diphenyl-silane.

The title compound, C34H28Si, was prepared as an inter­nal standard for diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. The four ligands are arranged tetra­hedrally around the Si atom. The two naphthalene systems are nearly perpendicular, making an angle of 86.42 (4)° with one another. A naphthalene system and a phenyl ring are also nearly perpendicular, making an angle of 86.18 (6)° with one another. In the crystal, the mol­ecules pack in columns parallel to the a axis, and exhibit arene C—H⋯π(arene) inter­actions both within and between columns.
Discovery Sharing in Texas: Litigant Confidentiality v. Litigation Costs

Texas courts have long allowed discovery sharing between similar cases. Discovery sharing has a multitude of systemic benefits — not the least of which is reducing pretrial litigation costs. Despite these advantages, some contend that the Supreme Court of Texas should forbid the practice in cases involving trade secrets. But the court should not limit discovery sharing — doing so runs contrary to Texas and federal efforts to reduce undue litigation expenses. This Article is the first significant piece of scholarship to evaluate these arguments in light of historic and recent efforts to make Texas and federal pretrial procedure more efficient. After evaluating both pro- and anti-sharing positions, the Article concludes that sharing furthers pretrial efficiency without unduly compromising trade secret and other proprietary information.The Article proceeds in four parts. First, it examines the development of discovery sharing as a routine practice in Texas courts. Second, the Article considers some common arguments against discovery sharing. Third, it briefly examines the relationship between sharing and efforts to reduce pretrial costs, both in the Texas and federal court systems. Finally, the Article concludes that sharing is a practice that both reduces costs and is compatible with litigants’ proprietary information interests, even in cases involving trade secrets.
The Surface Heat and Mass Balance

Formation of a sea ice cover produces profound changes in the state of the atmosphere and ocean, primarily by altering the surface heat exchange. The high albedo of the ice and its insulation of the atmosphere from the underlying water give rise to a climate over the polar oceans that is more characteristic of the continental ice sheets than of a marine environment. Unlike the ice sheets, however, sea ice is only a thin veneer whose thickness and areal extent are sensitive to small changes in heat input. Variations in sea ice extent have the potential to amplify small changes in climate through a variety of positive feedback mechanisms (Kellogg, 1975), leading to their central role in several ice age theories (Brooks, 1949; Ewing and Donn, 1956, 1958; Budyko, 1966).
AGNOSTIC MEDITATIONS ON BUDDHIST MEDITATION

. I first attempt a taxonomy of meditation in traditional Indian Buddhism. Based on the main psychological or somatic function at which the meditative effort is directed, the following classes can be distinguished: (1) emotion-centered meditation (coinciding with the traditional samatha approach); (2) consciousness-centered meditation (with two subclasses: consciousness reduction/elimination and ideation obliteration); (3) reflection-centered meditation (with two subtypes: morality-directed reflection and reality-directed observation, the latter corresponding to the vipassanā method); (4) visualization-centered meditation; and (5) physiology-centered meditation. In the second part of the essay I tackle the problem of the epistemic validity and happiness-engendering value of Buddhist meditation. In my highly conjectural view, the claim that meditation represents an infallible tool for realizing the (Supreme) Truth as well as a universally valid method for attaining the highest forms of happiness is largely based on the crēdō effect, that is, a placebolike process. I do not deny that meditation may have some positive effects on mental and physical health or that its practice may bring changes to the mind. Meditation may be a valuable alternative approach in life and clinical treatment, but it is far from being a must or a panacea.
Confirmation of an enhancement in the π−π+ system at M = 1.05 GeV☆

Abstract In analysis of 7733 events of the type π + N → N + π − + π + at 2.7 GeV/ c we have confirmed the existence of a ππ enhancement with a mass of 1.05 ± 0.01 GeV. The width is ⩽ 0.08 GeV and a production cross section of 40 ± 10 μ b is observed. I = 0 is preferred and l is consistent with 0 or 2.
The Synthesis and Purification of [γ-32P]-Adenosine Triphosphate with High Specific Activity

Abstract A method is described for the preparation of [γ-32P]ATP with specific activity of approximately 1 Ci per µmole. The procedure involves the substrate level phosphorylation of ADP during the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate by enzymes of the glycolytic pathway. A simplified procedure also is described which allows rapid purification of the labeled triphosphate.
Pharmacogenomics of Open-Angle Glaucoma

Pharmacogenomics is an evolving research discipline in medicine. Within ophthalmology, the earliest candidate gene investigations have studied primary and secondary open-angle glaucoma (OAG), as well as normal tension glaucoma (NTG). At this time, pharmacogenomics data are not generally used to make clinical decisions. However, as we collect data from clinical trials, the role of pharmacogenomics in the care of patients with glaucoma and allied diseases will become clearer. There are at least two potential future roles for applying pharmacogenomics in the treatment of OAG and allied disorders. First, more targeted therapy may lead to better treatment outcomes, with less exposure to medications in patients unlikely to respond to them. Second, pharmacogenomic research may lead to the development of novel therapies for these diseases.
Immunogenicity of Living and Heat-Killed Salmonella pullorum Vaccines

Specific pathogen-free CD-1 and C57Bl mice were infected in a hind footpad with 5 x 10(4) viable Salmonella enteritidis cells or 10(7) viable S. pullorum cells. The resulting bacterial growth within the footpad, the draining lymph nodes, and the liver and spleen was followed for 14 days. Mice vaccinated with live S. enteritidis rapidly developed an effective antibacterial resistance to both intravenous and intragastric challenge with S. enteritidis SM(R). The viable inoculum of S. pullorum was rapidly eliminated from the normal mouse tissues and failed to induce a detectable anti-Salmonella resistance to parenteral or oral challenge with S. enteritidis. Heat-killed saline suspensions (200 mug, dry wt) of S. enteritidis or S. pullorum were unable to induce an effective antimicrobial resistance against a subsequent virulent Salmonella challenge. However, when the organisms were suspended in Freund complete adjuvant, both vaccines induced an antibacterial resistance to intravenous and intragastric challenge. Reduction of the antigenic dose from 200 to 40 mug did not greatly affect the protective value of the two killed vaccines against an intravenous challenge, but the level of protection observed with two 40-mug doses of S. pullorum was considerably reduced when the animals were infected intragastrically, suggesting that some quantitative differences existed between the sensitizing antigenic contents of the two test organisms.
An Automated Trihydroxyindole Procedure for the Differential Analysis of Catecholamines

An automated trihydroxyindole procedure for the differential estimation of epinephrine and norepinephrine in tissues, urine, and blood is presented in detail. After an initial purification of the catecholamines by adsorption on aluminum oxide, the neutralized eluates are subjected to automatic analysis, in which potassium ferricyanide and an alkaline stabilizing agent are automatically mixed sequentially with the dialyzed catecholamines. The fluorescent trihydroxyindole derivatives formed are then delivered to a flow cell in a fluorometer and the fluorescence recorded. A differential estimation is obtained by running samples through the system, first with ascorbic acid stabilization to obtain the combined fluorescence of both amines and then with thioglycolic acid stabilization to obtain the fluorescence of norepinephrine alone.
Cell Cycle Progression and Chromosome Segregation in Mammalian Cells Cultured in the Presence of the Topoisomerase II Inhibitors ICRF-187 [(+)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazinyl-1-yl)propane; ADR-529] and ICRF-159 (Razoxane)

Abstract Certain bis(2,6-dioxopiperazine) derivatives, which include ICRF-187 [(+)-l,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazinyl-1-yl]propane; ADR-529) and its racemic compound ICRF 159 (Razoxane), have been investigated as antineoplastic agents. In addition, ICRF-187 is currently under intense study as an agent to ameliorate the cardiac toxicity of anthracycline therapy. These agents have recently been identified as inhibitors of topoisomerase II. We studied the effects of ICRF-187 and ICRF-159 on the progression of cultured epithelial cells through M phase. Beginning approximately 1.5 h after drug addition, chromosome condensation was significantly inhibited. Cells entered and progressed through M phase at near normal rates, but the lack of complete chromosome separation during anaphase resulted in catastrophic effects on normal chromosome distribution. Immunolabeling with Crest autoimmune sera, which recognizes centromere proteins, and with MPM-2 monoclonal antibody, which recognizes mitotic phosphopro-teins, indicated that the centromeres of the chromosomes assembled a normal metaphase array in the presence of ICRF-187 and ICRF-159. Centromere separation in anaphase was initiated normally but was not completed because the chromatid arms failed to disengage from each other. Massive chromosome bridges were formed, and the chromatin mass became trapped in the cleavage furrow leading to its unequal distribution to the daughter cells. In many cases, all the chromatin was pushed into one of the two dividing cells. It is likely that previous studies, based on flow cytometry, indicating that bis(2,6-dioxypiperazine) derivatives cause an accumulation of cells with a 4N DNA content, reflect the incomplete segregation of chromosomes in mitosis rather than a block in G 2 of the cell cycle as had been proposed. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.