cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of Patient-Reported Health-Related Quality of Life Measures for Low Back Pain into Clinical Practice: An Overview of Validated, Frequently Utilized Instruments

Low back pain and disability secondary to lumbar spine pathology account for significant socioeconomic problems and health care expenditures in the industrialized world. Multiple medical treatment options are often available for spinal conditions, including therapeutic exercise, medications, spinal injections, and spinal surgery. The effectiveness of these procedures can be objectively measured through process measures (e.g., recorded complications), physiologic standards (e.g., biomarkers or radiographic criteria of fusion), or alternatively through patient-reported outcomes. This review outlines several of the most utilized patient-reported, health-related quality of life instruments available to assess low back pain treatment efficacy. Administering and capturing these outcome measures on a broad scale have become increasingly paramount for value-based clinical care and to answer research questions. A systematically collected registry or database will allow for comparative effectiveness of treatments, phenotyping, and cost–benefit analyses.
CASTORing New Light on Amino Acid Sensing

The activation state of mTORC1, a master regulator of cell growth, is particularly sensitive to changes in the intracellular levels of the amino acid arginine, but the sensing mechanisms are poorly understood. In this issue of Cell, Chantranupong et al. identify CASTOR1 as a direct arginine sensor that acts through the GATOR2 complex to regulate mTORC1.
Liposomal bortezomib nanoparticles via boronic ester prodrug formulation for improved therapeutic efficacy in vivo.

In this study, we describe the development of liposomal bortezomib nanoparticles, which was accomplished by synthesizing bortezomib prodrugs with reversible boronic ester bonds and then incorporating the resulting prodrugs into the nanoparticles via surface conjugation. Initially, several prodrug candidates were screened based upon boronic ester stability using isobutylboronic acid as a model boronic acid compound. The two most stable candidates were then selected to create surface conjugated bortezomib prodrugs on the liposomes. Our strategy yielded stable liposomal bortezomib nanoparticles with a narrow size range of 100 nm and with high reproducibility. These liposomal bortezomib nanoparticles demonstrated significant proteasome inhibition and cytotoxicity against multiple myeloma cell lines in vitro and remarkable tumor growth inhibition with reduced systemic toxicity compared to free bortezomib in vivo. Taken together, this study demonstrates the incorporation of bortezomib into liposomal nanoparticl...
Comparisons of Factors Affecting Preimaginal Production of Culiseta inornata (Williston) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Two Different Habitats of Central California

Preimaginal production of Culiseta inornata (Williston) was investigated in temporary fall-flooded breeding sources in the Suisun Marsh and Sierra Nevada foothills of central California. Sources sampled on Suisun Marsh supported significantly more abundant populations of mosquitoes and phytoplankton and associated macroinvertebrates, and fewer predators. Suisun Marsh sources were also characterized by having low dominant taxon diversity. Foothill sources supported fewer mosquitoes, but were trophically more diversified, less productive, and contained a significantly higher number of predator taxa. First-instar larvae of C. inornata comprised a significantly high proportion of the preimaginal population in foothill sources, few of which apparently survive to later instars. Experiments with larvae of C. inornata confined in screened buckets demonstrated that shorter development time and increased survival occurred in one source sampled on Suisun Marsh. Both C. inornata and Culex tarsalis Coquillett exhibited classical resurgence after the dredging of one source in the Sierra Nevada foothills.
Primary intra-articular sarcoma: a clinicopathological study of 15 cases.

Aims To assess the clinical and histopathological spectrum of primary intra-articular sarcomas. Methods and results Fifteen patients were identified as having primary intra-articular sarcomas and the clinical and pathological features were evaluated. There were nine males and six females who ranged in age from 16 to 84 (mean 44) years. All tumours originated in the knee joint. The pathological diagnoses included: five synovial sarcoma, three extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas, two high-grade myxofibrosarcoma (one conventional, one epithelioid), two undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (one with giant cells) and one each myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma, conventional hyaline chondrosarcoma, and high-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma. All tumours were treated by segmental resection or amputation. Adjuvant therapy was given in selected cases. Follow-up ranged from 11 to 150 months. Of patients with follow-up, two died of disease; one developed pulmonary metastases after 6 years and was then lost to follow-up. Nine patients were alive and free of disease 12-150 months after diagnosis. Conclusions Primary sarcomas of the joints are very rare and most frequently affect the knee. Our experience indicates that synovial sarcoma and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma are the most common intra-articular sarcomas.
Role of CD47 in CD4+ T cell Proliferation after TCR Stimulation

CD47 is involved in adaptive immune responses and leukocyte homeostasis. Han and colleagues (JEM 209:1325, 2012) have reported that CD47-/- mice are protected from (MOG)35-55 peptide induced experi...
Analysis of main organic acids in spoilage rice wine

The organic acids in rice wine has special flavor.An appropriate amount of acid in rice wine can improve the flavour and aroma of rice wine.However,high concentration will result in negative influence on quality of rice wine.In this paper,the main orgnic acids in dry rice wine were detected by a reverse phase HPLC.Results showed that the rice wine was spoilage as the concentration of lactic acid and acetic acid was about 9.4 g/L and 12.5g/L,respectively.
SU-F-J-162: Is Bulky Electron Density Assignment Appropriatefor MRI-Only Based Treatment Planning for Lung Cancer?

Purpose: To assess the appropriateness of bulky electron density assisment for MRI-only treatment planning for lung cancer via comparing dosimetric difference between MRI- and CT-based plans. Methods: Planning 4DCTs acquired for six representative lung cancer patients were used to generate CT-based IMRT plans. To avoid the effect of anatomic difference between CT and MRI, MRI-based plans were generated using CTs by forcing the relative electron density (rED) of organ specific values from ICRU report 46 and using the mean rED value of the internal target volume (ITV) of the patient for the ITV. Both CT and “MRI” plans were generated using a research planning system (Monaco, Elekta) employing Monte Carlo dose calculation the following dose-volume-parameters (DVPs): D99 – dose delivered to 99% of the ITV/PTV volume; D95; D5; D1; Vpd –volume receiving the prescription dose; V5 – volume of normal lung irradiated > 5 Gy; and V20. The percent point difference and dose difference was used for comparison for Vpd-V5-V20 and D99-D1, respectively. Four additional plans per patient were calculated with rEDITV = 0.6 and 1.0 and rEDlung = 0.1 and 0.5. Results: Noticeable differences in the ITV and PTV point doses and DVPs were observed. Variations in Vpd ranged from 0.0–6.4% and 0.32–18.3% for the ITV and PTV, respectively. The ITV and PTV variations in D99, D95, D5 and D1 were 0.15–3.2 Gy. The normal lung V5 & V20 variations were no larger than 1.9%. In some instances, varying the rEDITV between rEDmean, 0.6 and 1.0 resulted in D95 increases ranging from 3.9–6.3%. Uniform rED assignment on normal lung affected DVPs of ITV and PTV by 4.0–9.8% and 0.3–19.6%, respectively. Conclusion: The commonly-used uniform rED assignment in MRI-only based planning may not be appropriate for lung-cancer. A voxel based method, e.g. synthetic CT generated from MRI data, is required. This work was partially funded by Elekta, Inc.
Introduction to Hazards and Factors that Affect Impacts on Global Societies

Hazards are sources of danger for humans and other life forms, the ecosystems they inhabit, peoples’ homes and workplaces, and infrastructure that supports citizens daily activities.
NASA's Radioisotope Power Systems planning and potential future systems overview

The goal of NASA's Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS) Program is to make RPS ready and available to support the exploration of the solar system in environments where the use of conventional solar or chemical power generation is impractical or insufficient to meet the needs of the missions. To meet this goal, the RPS Program, working closely with the Department of Energy, performs mission and system studies (such as the recently released Nuclear Power Assessment Study), assesses the readiness of promising technologies to infuse in future generators, assesses the sustainment of key RPS capabilities and knowledge, forecasts and tracks the Program's budgetary needs, and disseminates current information about RPS to the community of potential users. This process has been refined and used to determine the current content of the RPS Program's portfolio. This portfolio currently includes an effort to mature advanced thermoelectric technology for possible integration into an enhanced MultiMission Radioisotope Generator (eMMRTG), sustainment and production of the currently deployed MMRTG, and technology investments that could lead to a future Stirling Radioisotope Generator (SRG). This paper describes the program planning processes that have been used, the currently available MMRTG, and one of the potential future systems, the eMMRTG.
Utilizing Collaborative Analysis of Student Learning in Educator Preparation Programs for Continuous Improvement.

In this results-oriented era of accountability, educator preparation programs are called upon to provide comprehensive data related to student and program outcomes while also providing evidence of ...
Racial Disparities After Stoma Construction Exist in Time to Closure After 1 Year but Not in Overall Stoma Reversal Rates

Conflicting data exist on racial disparities in stoma reversal (SR) rates. Our aim was to investigate the role of race in SR rates, and time to closure, in a longitudinal, racially diverse database. All adult patients (>18 years) who received an ileostomy or colostomy from 1999 to 2016 at a single institution were identified. Primary outcomes were SR rates and time to closure. Failure to reverse and time to closure was modeled using Cox regression. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, stratified by race, were generated for time to closure and hazard ratios (HRs) calculated. Of 770 patients with stomas, 65.6% of patients underwent SR; 76.6% were white and 23.4% were black. On adjusted analysis, race did not predict overall SR rates or time to closure if performed less than 1 year. Instead, significant predictors for failure in SR included age, insurance status, end colostomy/ileostomy, and loop colostomy (p < 0.05). Predictors of delay in time to closure included insurance, end colostomy/ileostomy, and loop colostomy (p < 0.05). In patients who underwent reversal after 1 year, black race was an independent predictor of time to closure (HR 0.21, 95% CI 0.07–0.63, p < 0.05). SR rates were equal between black and white patients. Disparities in time to closure existed only for black patients if reversed more than 1 year after index stoma construction. While equitable outcomes were achieved for most patients, further investigation is necessary to understand stoma disparities after 1 year.
Protecting Intellectual Property of Deep Neural Networks with Watermarking

Deep learning technologies, which are the key components of state-of-the-art Artificial Intelligence (AI) services, have shown great success in providing human-level capabilities for a variety of tasks, such as visual analysis, speech recognition, and natural language processing and etc. Building a production-level deep learning model is a non-trivial task, which requires a large amount of training data, powerful computing resources, and human expertises. Therefore, illegitimate reproducing, distribution, and the derivation of proprietary deep learning models can lead to copyright infringement and economic harm to model creators. Therefore, it is essential to devise a technique to protect the intellectual property of deep learning models and enable external verification of the model ownership. In this paper, we generalize the "digital watermarking'' concept from multimedia ownership verification to deep neural network (DNNs) models. We investigate three DNN-applicable watermark generation algorithms, propose a watermark implanting approach to infuse watermark into deep learning models, and design a remote verification mechanism to determine the model ownership. By extending the intrinsic generalization and memorization capabilities of deep neural networks, we enable the models to learn specially crafted watermarks at training and activate with pre-specified predictions when observing the watermark patterns at inference. We evaluate our approach with two image recognition benchmark datasets. Our framework accurately (100%) and quickly verifies the ownership of all the remotely deployed deep learning models without affecting the model accuracy for normal input data. In addition, the embedded watermarks in DNN models are robust and resilient to different counter-watermark mechanisms, such as fine-tuning, parameter pruning, and model inversion attacks.
Propagation of Nonresponse Weights for Censoring in Multi-Phase Screening in Complex Sample Designs

We explore an analogy between survival analysis and nonresponse analysis for complex sample designs that include multi-phase screening procedures to determine the eligibility of sampled units. Units excluded due to ineligibility are analogous to mortality; nonresponse that occurs at multiple phases of the screening procedure is analogous to censoring. Based on this analogy, we discuss methods for estimating the response rate, the nonresponse weights, the eligible population size and the eligibility rate. In particular, we propose a method that estimates nonresponse weights at each phase of screening, and propagates these weights forward as the analysis weights for units that screen eligible at each phase. The analysis weights are used in nonresponse analyses at later phases of screening and for the analyses on the final sample of eligible units. This method is analogous to using a life-table estimator to estimate the probability of eligibility; the sum of the analysis weights for the final sample estimates the total number of eligible units in the population.
Legal-Political Rhetoric, Human Rights, and the Constitution of Medina

The article demonstrates how the Constitution of Medina (622 ce) is a multidimensional rhetoric of justice that countered rampant violence in the nascent city-state known as Medina. To make this argument, the article first introduces this legal-political text and explicates the rhetorical exigence that mandated Medina9s inhabitants to articulate a framework for rights and obligations. Second, the article demonstrates how the constitution unified this citizenry by (1) recognizing everyone9s equal standing, equality, and rights—especially to religious freedom and justice—across their religious and tribal affiliations; and (2) establishing institutional measures that realize these rights. As rhetoric of possibility, the Constitution of Medina constituted a community and modeled rights discourse.
The formation of orthoquinones in the dimethyldioxirane oxidation of phenols

Abstract The dimethyldioxirane oxidation of selected phenols provides the corresponding orthoquinones. This conversion proceeds via the related arenediols, which are cleanly oxidized to the quinones by this oxidant.
Single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery for spindle cell oncocytoma: preliminary experience and systematic review of the literature

Spindle cell oncocytoma (SCO) is a rare benign pituitary tumor. No patient series regarding stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for SCO has been published. We report the clinical outcomes of SCO treated with single-fraction SRS, as well as a systematic review of the literature. Retrospective cohort series and systematic literature review. Five patients (four male, one female) having single-fraction SRS for persistent or recurrent SCO between 2002 and 2018. Median age was 56 (range 54–79) years. Pre-SRS treatments included transsphenoidal resection (TSR) (n = 3), multiple TSR (n = 1), and TSR, radiotherapy, and craniotomy (n = 1). Median target volume was 4.7 (range 1.8–8.4) cm3, with a median tumor margin dose of 17 (range 14–20) Gy. Median follow-up was 24 (range 10–69) months. All radiation-naive patients achieved tumor control after SRS; tumor progression was noted 24 months after SRS in one patient who failed prior radiotherapy. No radiation-induced complications were observed after SRS. Systematic literature review of 43 cases in addition to the five cases presented here showed that tumor progression/recurrence was more frequent after STR compared to GTR (P < 0.001). Ten previous cases of radiotherapy for SCO have been reported, but most did not detail radiation volumes, doses, or outcomes. SCO are uncommon sellar lesions with a propensity for progression or recurrence. Based on the clinically aggressive course of these tumors, adjuvant SRS after STR or at the time of tumor recurrence should be considered. Further case accumulation and follow-up is required to better understand the long-term treatment outcomes after single-fraction SRS for these rare tumors.
The role of microglia in ischemic preconditioning

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an experimental phenomenon in which a brief ischemic stimulus confers protection against a subsequent prolonged ischemic event. Initially thought to be due to mechanistic changes in neurons, our understanding of IPC has evolved to encompass a global reprogramming of the Central Nervous System (CNS) after transient ischemia/reperfusion that requires innate immune signaling pathways including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Type I interferons. Microglia are the CNS resident neuroimmune cells that express these key innate immune receptors. Studies suggest that microglia are required for IPC-mediated neuronal and axonal protection. Multiple paradigms targeting TLRs have converged on a distinctive Type I interferon response in microglia that is critical for preconditioning-mediated protection against ischemia. These pathways can be targeted through administration of TLR agonists, cytokines including interferon-β, and pharmaceutical agents that induce preconditioning through cross-tolerance mechanisms. Transcriptomic analyses and single cell RNA studies point to specific gene expression signatures in microglia that functionally shift these mutable cells to an immunomodulatory or protective phenotype. Although there are technological challenges and gaps in knowledge to overcome, the targeting of specific molecular signaling pathways in microglia is a promising direction for development of novel and effective pharmacotherapies for stroke. Studies on preconditioning in animal models, including nonhuman primates, show promise as prophylactic preconditioning treatments for selected at risk patient populations. In addition, our growing understanding of the mechanisms of IPC-mediated protection is identifying novel cellular and molecular targets for therapeutic interventions that could apply broadly to both acute stroke and chronic vascular cognitive impairment patients.
My three heavyweight bouts with behaviorism

Abstract I describe three squabbles with behaviorism and the reaction: Cognitive Theory of Avoidance Learning, Preparedness and Learned Helplessness.
Effect of phosphorus depletion on the renal transport of phosphate.

Because phosphorus depletion is a condition with many adverse clinical consequences, it would seem desirable to have available a compensatory facility serving to promote inorganic phosphate (Pi) conservation and repletion. One very effective compensatory mechanism resides within the kidney.
Association of retinal emboli with atheroembolic renal disease and stroke

Retinal emboli are associated with a higher risk of stroke and may be a manifestation of renal dysfunction.2017 They are thought to be an indicator of atheroembolic renal disease which occurs due t...
PRIVATE PROVISION OF PUBLIC PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE ACCESS WAYS: PUBLIC POLICY RATIONALE AND THE NATURE OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BENEFITS

The preparation and implementation of a system of access ways throughout the community will result in economic improvements that will benefit the entire community. Private property owners will benefit, especially for commercial property that allows access to nearby customer bases in residential areas and employment centers. At the same time, the provision of access ways will reduce the magnitude of the public's subsidies to and adverse externalities that result from automobile dependency. Separating pedestrian and bicycle traffic from streets and providing pedestrian and bicycle access ways will make travel easier for all who access such ways. Public benefits include reduced congestion, reduced air and noise pollution, reduced public costs associated with highway construction and maintenance, reduced energy consumption, improved pedestrian and bicyclist safety, and overall improvements in environmental and social quality of life factors. Private benefits include reduced driving costs, increased investment in downtowns, and increased private property values.
Formation Control of UAVs for Connectivity Maintenance and Collision Avoidance

In this paper, a formation control law for Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) is proposed. This model combines the control and communication constraints in a balanced fashion while the UAVs attain formation. Here, a leader-follower structure is implemented with consensus laws along-with social potential functions ensuring collision avoidance and connectivity maintenance.
Corticosteroid Treatment and Growth Patterns in Ambulatory Males with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (P5.082)

Objective/Background: To evaluate growth patterns of ambulatory, steroid-treated males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) compared to ambulatory, steroid-naive males with DMD and age-matched unaffected general population males, and to test associations between growth and steroid treatment patterns among steroid-treated males. Design/Methods: Using data from the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet), a total of 1,768 height, 2,246 weight and 1,755 BMI measurements between age 2-12 years for 324 ambulatory males, who were treated with steroids for at least 6 months, were identified. Growth curve comparisons and linear mixed-effects modeling, adjusted for race/ethnicity and birth year, were used to evaluate growth and steroid treatment patterns (age at initiation, dosing interval, duration, and cumulative dose). Results: Growth curves for ambulatory, steroid-treated males showed significantly shorter stature, heavier weight, and greater BMI compared to ambulatory, steroid-naive males with DMD and general population US males. Adjusted linear mixed-effects models for ambulatory steroid-treated males showed earlier initiation, daily dosing, longer duration, and greater doses predicted shorter stature for Prednisone. Longer duration and greater doses predicted shorter stature for Deflazacort. At least daily Prednisone dosing predicted lighter weight, but longer duration and greater doses predicted heavier weight. Early initiation, < daily dosing, longer duration and greater doses predicted greater BMIs. Deflazacort predicted shorter stature, but lighter weight, compared to Prednisone. Conclusions: Prolonged steroid use is significantly associated with short stature and heavier weight. Growth alterations associated with steroid treatment should be considered when making treatment decisions for males with DMD. Disclosure: Dr. Lamb has nothing to disclose. Dr. West has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ouyang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Weitzenkamp has nothing to disclose. Dr. James has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ciafaloni has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pandya has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fox has nothing to disclose. Dr. DiGuiseppi has nothing to disclose.
Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Stereotactic Navigation: Technical Note.

Study Design:Surgical technical note.Objectives:Describe the preoperative evaluation, approach, and technical considerations for an oblique lumbar interbody fusion using neuronavigation.Methods:A t...
Methods to quality assure, plot, summarize, interpolate, and extend groundwater-level information—examples for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer

Abstract Large-scale computational investigations of groundwater levels are proposed to accelerate science delivery through a workflow spanning database assembly, statistics, and information synthesis and packaging. A water-availability study of the Mississippi River alluvial plain, and particularly the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer (MRVA), is ongoing. Software (visGWDBmrva) has been released as part of the study that demonstrates groundwater informatics for the aquifer. Considerable water-level data collected by multiple agencies over a seven-state area exist (18,903 wells; 287,272 measurements [April 22, 2019]). Data and metadata quality assurance methods, basic statistics, hydrograph visualization, outlier identification, hypothesis testing, and time-series modeling are described. Two approaches (generalized additive models [GAMs] and support vector machines [SVMs]) are used for data interpolation and extension to monthly water-level estimates. Numerical congruence between GAM and SVM estimates will be useful to limit inclusion of monthly estimates from subsequent science activities.
Branches of Unschooling

As the unschooling movement has grown over the past two decades, different branches of unschooling have evolved. Worldschooling, or unschooling away from home (by traveling to different places) is discussed in this chapter. Hackschooling, freeschooling, unschooling cooperatives, and self-directed learning centers such as North Star and Princeton Learning Cooperative are also reviewed.
LITT Treatment of High-Grade Gliomas

Glioma is the most common primary malignancy of the brain and is associated with poor outcome, especially for high-grade tumors. Despite the diffuse nature of the disease typically warranting more comprehensive loco-regional treatment modalities such as radiation and systemic chemotherapy, focal treatments like surgery have been shown to have benefit in improving survival by reduction of tumor burden. Aggressive surgery, however, is not feasible in all locations, especially for deep-seated and difficult-to-access tumors, and minimally invasive treatment modalities such as laser ablation could be considered as an alternative to craniotomy for these tumors that traditionally would be candidates for biopsy alone. In this chapter, we review the literature regarding the clinical evidence of safety and efficacy of laser ablation as part of a multidisciplinary approach to glioma. Several studies will be reviewed including the most recent propensity-matched multicenter glioblastoma (GBM) study that showed that maximum ablation of newly diagnosed GBM improves disease-specific overall and progression-free survival compared with patients undergoing biopsy only. In addition to the cytoreductive effect of LITT we will also discuss additional benefits of laser ablation, including promising studies showing blood-brain barrier disruption and sensitization to radiation after laser ablation that may potentially enhance the effect of adjuvant treatment after glioma surgery.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Relationship Between Stressful Life Events and Quality of Life in Adolescents.

Abstract Purpose Stressful life events (SLEs) increase allostatic load and require adaptation. Experiencing SLEs has been associated with decreased health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among adolescents. This study examined racial/ethnic and developmental differences in the relationship between SLEs and HRQOL from preadolescence to midadolescence. Methods Data were from 4,824 participants in the Healthy Passages project, a population-based prospective longitudinal survey of fifth, seventh, and 10th grade adolescents in the U.S. HRQOL was measured with Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and SLEs with items addressing family-related SLEs (e.g., the parent's death, separation, and divorce; family member's injury/illness; residential change; new child in the household). Results Adolescents, regardless of race/ethnicity, reported the highest SLEs and the lowest HRQOL in early adolescence. Analysis of an autoregressive model with cross-lagged effects showed that the concurrent relationships between SLEs and HRQOL were significantly negative across preadolescence, early adolescence, and midadolescence in African-American, Latinx, and white groups. Furthermore, adolescents had a negative cross-lagged association from SLEs in early adolescence to HRQOL in pre adolescence, but this was not the case among the other racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions Because the negative relationship between family-related SLEs and HRQOL persisted throughout stages of adolescent development, health services targeting adolescents should provide comprehensive family-centered care to alleviate the impact of family-related life stress. Relationships between family life stress and HRQOL varied by racial/ethnic groups, which should be considered by health professionals, teachers, and parents, and in prevention efforts. Latinx adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to time-lagged effects of such family-related stress.
Redistributive Public Employment

Abstract Politicians may use “disguised” redistributive policies in order to circumvent opposition to explicit tax-transfer schemes. First, we present a theoretical model that formalizes this hypothesis. Next, we provide evidence consistent with the prediction of the model, namely that in U.S. cities, politicians use public employment as such a redistributive device. We find that city employment is significantly higher in cities where income inequality and ethnic fragmentation are higher.
Insider Trading Rights: Short-termism and Trading Constraints

I investigate the effect of trading restrictions on price efficiency in a model with short-term shareholders. I show that insider trading constraints set a floor on prices. More importantly, as trade is the mechanism that transfers information into the price, the market maker’s pricing function has nonconstant sensitivity to order flows, with selling orders impacting the price less than positive orders. These two effects decrease price volatility. Prices will be more efficient in good states of the world but lose their informativeness in bad states of the world. Trading constraints will emerge in equilibrium when shareholders have preferences for short-term market prices. In such a case, an increase in cash flow volatility can translate into more severe limitations, while the impact of noise variance depends on the short-term shareholder’s preferences.
Appendix for Moghtaderi, Pines, Zocchi, and Black, the Effect of ACA Medicaid Expansion on Hospital Revenue (2019)

This online appendix provides additional results for Moghtaderi, Pines, Zocchi, and Black, The Effect of ACA Medicaid Expansion on Hospital Revenue (working paper 2019), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=34127768.
Characterization of BCL-2 alternative proteins and outcome in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).

e19531Background: The outcome of patients with PTCL, NOS is generally very poor, and the identification of biologically rational targets, which may translate into effective and non-toxic treatment ...
Abstract 2914: Analyzing the tumor microbiome to predict cancer patient survival and drug response

We investigate whether, for some cancers and drugs, one may generate good predictors of survival and drug response from the tumors9 microbial abundances, while controlling for clinical covariates. The input data to our predictors are the normalized set of microbial abundances generated for all samples in the TCGA generated by Poore and colleagues (Poore et al., Nature 2020; 579:567-574). We focused on primary tumors from these data and applied additional filters to further reduce technical variation present in legacy TCGA. We built survival and drug response machine learning (ML) models using this microbial data, while adjusting for clinical covariates, as obtained from TCGA annotations. Survival models were built using Coxnet (Simon et al., J. Stat. Software. 2011; 39, 1-13), employing regularized Cox regression with elastic net penalties. Drug response models were built using a variant of the linear support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithm (Guyon, et aI., Machine Learning 2002; 46:389-422). For comparison, we also built corresponding models using TCGA gene expression data. We evaluated the predictive performance of our models using standard metrics, employing Harrell9s concordance index for measuring the accuracy of patient survival prediction and the area under the receiver operating characteristic for measuring the accuracy of drug response prediction. We find that in four cancer types, adrenocortical carcinoma, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, brain lower grade glioma, and subcutaneous skin melanoma, microbial features were better predictors of survival than clinical covariates alone. However, we found that gene expression is a more powerful predictor of survival, across a wider range of cancer types, than microbial abundances. We find seven cancer-drug pairs where microbiome features are more predictive of patients9 response than clinical covariates alone. These seven pairs included chemotherapy treatments for bladder urothelial carcinoma, docetaxel treatment for breast invasive carcinoma and sarcoma, and several treatments for stomach adenocarcinoma. Notably, here we find that microbial abundances are better predictors than expression-based ones, as only five cancer-drug gene expression models performed better than clinical covariates alone. Overall, we find that the tumor microbiome is considerably less predictive than the tumor transcriptome in predicting patient survival, but notably, better in predicting chemotherapy response. Our investigation lays the basis for future research, studying the role of the tumor microbiome (based on abundances derived from sequencing data) in predicting the response to targeted and immunotherapies. Citation Format: Leandro C. Hermida, Edward Michael Gertz, Eytan Ruppin. Analyzing the tumor microbiome to predict cancer patient survival and drug response [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2914.
Designing Recommender Systems to Depolarize.

Polarization is implicated in the erosion of democracy and the progression to violence, which makes the polarization properties of large algorithmic content selection systems (recommender systems) a matter of concern for peace and security. While algorithm-driven social media does not seem to be a primary driver of polarization at the country level, it could be a useful intervention point in polarized societies. This paper examines algorithmic depolarization interventions with the goal of conflict transformation: not suppressing or eliminating conflict but moving towards more constructive conflict. Algorithmic intervention is considered at three stages: which content is available (moderation), how content is selected and personalized (ranking), and content presentation and controls (user interface). Empirical studies of online conflict suggest that the exposure diversity intervention proposed as an antidote to "filter bubbles" can be improved and can even worsen polarization under some conditions. Using civility metrics in conjunction with diversity in content selection may be more effective. However, diversity-based interventions have not been tested at scale and may not work in the diverse and dynamic contexts of real platforms. Instead, intervening in platform polarization dynamics will likely require continuous monitoring of polarization metrics, such as the widely used "feeling thermometer." These metrics can be used to evaluate product features, and potentially engineered as algorithmic objectives. It may further prove necessary to include polarization measures in the objective functions of recommender algorithms to prevent optimization processes from creating conflict as a side effect.
Teacher Professional Development on Trauma-Informed Care: Tapping into Students’ Inner Emotional Worlds

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a multipronged, trauma-informed professional development for teachers at a K-8, Title I public school in an urban city. The instructional appr...
Mapping the Distant

iii An Empty Studio and A Beam of Light 4 See 8 Mapping the Distant 11 A Room for All Seasons 13 Imaginary Geography 15 On Translations or Words About Shapes 17 Bibliography 19 Vita 20
Stare Indecisis: The Alteration of Precedent on the Supreme Court, 1946–1992

Although the concept of precedent is basic to the operation of the legal system, there has not yet been a full-length empirical study of why US Supreme Court justices have chosen to alter precedent. This book attempts to fill this gap by analyzing those decisions of the Vinson, Warren, and Burgers courts, as well as the first six terms of the Rehnquist Court - a span of 47 years (1946–1992) - which formally altered precedent. The authors summarize previous studies of precedent and the Court, assess the conference voting of justices, and compile a list of overruling and overruled cases. Additionally, the authors draw a distinction between personal and instituional stare decisis. By using the attitudinal model of Supreme Court decision making, the authors find that it is the individual justices' ideologies which explain their voting behavior.
Expression of Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor, Its Receptor, c-met, and Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator during Development of the Murine Olfactory System

The expression of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) and its receptor, the c-met proto-oncogene product, was examined by in situ hybridization in the developing and adult murine olfactory system and compared with the expression of a known activator of HGF/SF, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). In the developing olfactory canal, expression of both c-met and tPA was observed in the olfactory neuroepithelium, whereas HGF/SF expression appeared to be confined to the mucosa adjacent to the neuroepithelium. During development of the olfactory bulb, HGF/SF and tPA were expressed within the rostral migratory pathway leading to the olfactory bulb, whereas c-met expression was observed in the mitral cell layer (MCL) of the olfactory bulb and in the anterior olfactory nucleus. In the adult olfactory bulb, expression of HGF/SF was restricted to the periglomerular region of the glomerular layer, whereas c-met was expressed in the MCL and olfactory nerve fiber layers (ONL). tPA expression in the adult olfactory bulb was observed in the ONL, MCL, and granule cell layers. Therefore, tPA expression was relatively coincident with the expression of HGF/SF and/or c-met in the appropriate projection patterns of the developing and adult olfactory system. In addition, antibodies against tPA inhibited the olfactory bulb extract-mediated cleavage of single-chain HGF/SF. These results suggest that tPA may play a regulatory role in the development and maintenance of the olfactory system by activating HGF/SF in the immediate vicinity of its receptor.
Significant long-term, but not short-term, hippocampal-dependent memory impairment in adult rats exposed to alcohol in early postnatal life

In rodents, ethanol exposure in early postnatal life is known to induce structural and functional impairments throughout the brain, including the hippocampus. Herein, rat pups were administered one of three ethanol doses over postnatal days (PD) 4–9, a period of brain development comparable to the third trimester of human pregnancy. As adults, control and ethanol rats were trained and tested in a variant of hippocampal-dependent one-trial context fear conditioning. In Experiment 1, subjects were placed into a novel context and presented with an immediate footshock (i.e., within ∼8 sec). When re-exposed to the same context 24 hr later low levels of conditioned freezing were observed. Context pre-exposure 24 hr prior to the immediate shock reversed the deficit in sham-intubated and unintubated control rats, enhancing freezing behavior during the context retention test. Even with context pre-exposure, however, significant dose-dependent reductions in contextual freezing were seen in ethanol rats. In Experiment 2, the interval between context pre-exposure and the immediate shock was shortened to 2 hr, in addition to the standard 24 hr. Ethanol rats trained with the 2 hr, but not 24 hr, interval displayed retention test freezing levels roughly equal to controls. Results suggest the ethanol rats can encode a short-term context memory and associate it with the aversive footshock 2 hr later. In the 24 hr ethanol rats the short-term context memory is poorly transferred or consolidated into long-term memory, we propose, impeding the memory's subsequent retrieval and association with shock. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1316–1326, 2014.
Alternative vs Polar Questions: the cornering effect

(1a) is perfectly fine as an initial marriage proposal. However, (1b) is perceived as odd in such a situation. The default interpretation of (1a) is that of a polar question (POLQ), whereas the default interpretation of (1b) is that of an alternative question in which two opposite alternatives are expressed (ALTQVN). The question addressed in this paper is whether the difference between the sentences in (1) is due to a component that is part of the conventional linguistic meaning or attributable to pragmatic inferences. The answer offered in this paper is yes, in both cases. I argue that intonation is crucial for the semantics of questions like (1), leading to a difference in the interpretation of the possible answers. This difference in the semantics shapes discourse structure and accounts for pragmatic effects. The paper is organized as follows: in §2 I illustrate the differences between the two kinds of questions by reviewing the data offered in Bolinger (1978). I offer new data illustrating what I call the cornering effect. I argue that this effect is at the core of the difference between POLQs and ALTQVNs, and look for an account in the rest of the paper. In §3 I review the semantics of POLQs and ALTQVNs, taking into account the meaning effects of their intonation. In order to do this I make use of Zimmermann’s (2000) insights on the semantics of lists and the role of intonation. In §4 I make use of Roberts’ (1996) and Buring’s (2003) theories of discourse to explain the different pragmatic effects of POLQs and ALTQVNs in view of their different semantics. In §5 I go back to Bolinger’s data and show how the proposal offered in this paper accounts for it.
A Myc-induced apoptosis pathway surfaces

Plants and animals actively cause some of their own cells to die when these cells are no longer needed or if they become damaged. In his Perspective, Green discusses one way in which this process is triggered--by binding of the cell surface protein Fas to Fas ligand. In some cells, this pathway "surfaces" and becomes active upon expression of the key oncogene myc, as reported in this issue on p. [1305][1] by Hueber et al . [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/278/5341/1305
Hermes-III positive polarity experiment

Hermes-III is a 22-MV, 730-kA, 40-ns electron beam linear induction accelerator with a magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL) adder used to produce bremsstrahlung radiation. Hermes-Ill has been operated in a reverse polarity mode to study possible applications of the Hermes-III technology to Sandia National Laboratories' Inertial Confinement Fusion Program. To accomplish the polarity reversal, the twenty induction cavities were rotated and the MITL was reinserted in the cavities. The Marx generators and the pulse forming networks were operated in negative polarity as before. The accelerator was operated at three levels: 50%, 80%, and 95% of full voltage and with two diode configurations. Data are presented on the operation of the positive polarity MITL adder, on the effects on the cavities, and on the operation of a pinched-beam, ion diode.
System design for workstation-based conferencing with digital audio and video

An investigation is conducted of the use of computer technology to support collaboration among scientists and professionals. One component of this research is the construction of a distributed, real-time, digital video conferencing system on a network of high-performance workstations. A discussion is presented of the motivation for the construction of the system, and the design of operating system and network support mechanisms for real-time communication of digital audio and video streams is outlined. The authors introduce a novel paradigm of inter-process communication called the real-time producer/consumer (RTP/C) paradigm. The RTP/C paradigm provides a framework both for expressing processor-time-dependent computations and for reasoning about the real-time behavior of programs. >
Words from the Senior Editor

Welcome to the first issue of IJAHP. Today’s economy, politics and social relations require that we consider interactions among all possible dimensions. The IJAHP is a journal dedicated to the study, development and dissemination of a way of making decisions that departs from traditional approaches based on normative principles that cannot consider interactions among the factors that shape decisions... http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v1i1.11
Taxes and giving: new findings

This paper surveys 24 studies, appearing since Clotfelter's (1985) book, which estimate the influence of tax incentives on personal donations in three countries. Studies employ new surveys, experimental data, and data corrected for tax evasion. Newly available panel data sets obtain conclusions which strongly challenge the traditional consensus that tax incentives are a powerful stimulus to giving. The paper also surveys theoretical developments. In particular, the traditional test for efficiency (price elasticity exceeding unity) is not generally appropriate.
Simulation of an Ethernet interface using micro PASSIM

Micro PASSIM, a GPSS-based simulation system, was transported from the Apple II to the HP 9836; this paper discusses the prob lems associated with moving a large program from one UCSD Pascal system to another. Micro PASSIM was transported to the HP system so that an Ethernet to HPIB interface board could be modeled. The model is described and the results obtained from the simulation are discussed. Discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of using micro PASSIM rather than a standard language, such as GPSS, is also included.
Noncommutative field theory and Lorentz violation.

The role of Lorentz symmetry in noncommutative field theory is considered. Any realistic noncommutative theory is found to be physically equivalent to a subset of a general Lorentz-violating standard-model extension involving ordinary fields. Some theoretical consequences are discussed. Existing experiments bound the scale of the noncommutativity parameter to (10 TeV){sup -2} .