cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrative monitoring of marine and freshwater harmful algae in Washington State for public health protection.

The more frequent occurrence of both marine and freshwater toxic algal blooms and recent problems with new toxic events have increased the risk for illness and negatively impacted sustainable public access to safe shellfish and recreational waters in Washington State. Marine toxins that affect safe shellfish harvest in the state are the saxitoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), domoic acid that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) and the first ever US closure in 2011 due to diarrhetic shellfish toxins that cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Likewise, the freshwater toxins microcystins, anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsins, and saxitoxins have been measured in state lakes, although cylindrospermopsins have not yet been measured above state regulatory guidance levels. This increased incidence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) has necessitated the partnering of state regulatory programs with citizen and user-fee sponsored monitoring efforts such as SoundToxins, the Olympic Region Harmful Algal Bloom (ORHAB) partnership and the state’s freshwater harmful algal bloom passive (opportunistic) surveillance program that allow citizens to share their observations with scientists. Through such integrated programs that provide an effective interface between formalized state and federal programs and observations by the general public, county staff and trained citizen volunteers, the best possible early warning systems can be instituted for surveillance of known HABs, as well as for the reporting and diagnosis of unusual events that may impact the future health of oceans, lakes, wildlife, and humans.
Modeling and Analysis of the Molecular Basis of Pain in Sensory Neurons

Intracellular calcium dynamics are critical to cellular functions like pain transmission. Extracellular ATP plays an important role in modulating intracellular calcium levels by interacting with the P2 family of surface receptors. In this study, we developed a mechanistic mathematical model of ATP-induced P2 mediated calcium signaling in archetype sensory neurons. The model architecture, which described 90 species connected by 162 interactions, was formulated by aggregating disparate molecular modules from literature. Unlike previous models, only mass action kinetics were used to describe the rate of molecular interactions. Thus, the majority of the 252 unknown model parameters were either association, dissociation or catalytic rate constants. Model parameters were estimated from nine independent data sets taken from multiple laboratories. The training data consisted of both dynamic and steady-state measurements. However, because of the complexity of the calcium network, we were unable to estimate unique model parameters. Instead, we estimated a family or ensemble of probable parameter sets using a multi-objective thermal ensemble method. Each member of the ensemble met an error criterion and was located along or near the optimal trade-off surface between the individual training data sets. The model quantitatively reproduced experimental measurements from dorsal root ganglion neurons as a function of extracellular ATP forcing. Hypothesized architecture linking phosphoinositide regulation with P2X receptor activity explained the inhibition of P2X-mediated current flow by activated metabotropic P2Y receptors. Sensitivity analysis using individual and the whole system outputs suggested which molecular subsystems were most important following P2 activation. Taken together, modeling and analysis of ATP-induced P2 mediated calcium signaling generated qualitative insight into the critical interactions controlling ATP induced calcium dynamics. Understanding these critical interactions may prove useful for the design of the next generation of molecular pain management strategies.
Darwin-SW: Darwin Core-based terms for expressing biodiversity data as RDF

Darwin-SW (DSW) is an RDF vocabulary designed to complement the Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) Darwin Core Standard. DSW is based on a model derived from a community discussion about the relationships among the main Darwin Core classes. DSW creates a new class to accommodate an important aspect of its model that is not currently part of Darwin Core: a class of Tokens, which are forms of evidence. DSW uses Web Ontology Language (OWL) to make assertions about the classes in its model and to define object properties that are used to link instances of those classes. A goal in the creation of DSW was to facilitate consistent markup of biodiversity data so that RDF graphs created by different providers could be easily merged. Accordingly, DSW provides a mechanism for testing whether its terms are being used in a manner consistent with its model. Two transitive object properties enable the creation of simple SPARQL queries that can be used to discover new information about linked resources whose metadata are generated by different providers. The Organism class enables semantic linking of biodiversity resources to vocabularies outside of TDWG that deal with observations and ecological phenomena.
The Blithedale Bromance: A Queer Reading of Nathaniel Hawthorne

Though the word “homosexual” did not yet exist in 1852 when The Blithedale Romance was published, its author portrayed both characters and relationships in it which clearly indicate distinctive aspects of queerness. In this romance, Hawthorne sets up a sort of “love square” in which the four main characters, Coverdale, Hollingsworth, Zenobia, and Priscilla, operate. Though the romance seems to discuss the heterosexual relationships between these men and women, there is strong evidence that erotic homosocial relationships are also at the core of the story. By reexamining some overlooked aspects of the work, we learn that the true heart of this tale of love and loss is found in the relationship between Coverdale and Hollingsworth. This tragic pair were doomed from the start because of nineteenth-century social repercussions of homosexuality, their opposing archetypes, the ways in which they act out and also repress their homosocial desire, and their relationships with Zenobia and Priscilla, particularly how they interpose these women as functional vessels of their love.
Optimization Techniques and Results for the Operating Modes of a Camless Engine

Electronic control of valve timing and event duration in a camless engine enables the optimization of fuel economy, performance, and emissions at each engine operating condition. This flexible engine technology can offer significant benefits to each of these areas, but optimization techniques become crucial to achieving these benefits and understanding the principles behind them. Optimization techniques for an 14 - 2.0L camless ZETEC dynamometer engine have been developed for a variety of areas including: Cold Starts Cylinder Deactivation Full Load Idle Transient A/F control The procedure for the optimization of each of these areas will be presented in detail, utilizing both steady state and transient dynamometer testing. Experimental data will be discussed and the principles governing the response of the engine will be explained. Selection criteria for determining an optimum strategy for the different modes will be presented and recommendations Will be discussed. Conclusions will show that a camless engine improves performance, offers significant fuel consumption benefits, improves transient control, and is beneficial in reducing emissions during the cold start and warmed up conditions.
Reanalysis of the Aqueous Spectrum of the Neptunyl(V) [NpO2+] Ion

The actinyl ions, consisting of the dioxoactinde(VI) and dioxoactinide(V) ions, are unique in the periodic table. However, very few quantitative studies of the spectra of these ions have been performed. In this paper the analysis of the optical spectrum of the aqueous neptunyl(V) [NpO2(+)] ion in 1 M HClO4 is reexamined. The species in solution is assumed to be the linear NpO2(+) ion surrounded in the equatorial plane by five oxygen atoms from five H2O molecules. The neptunyl(V) ion has the 5f(2) open-shell configuration, and the low-lying optical transitions (up to ∼20 000 cm(-1)) observed are primarily from the two 5f electrons occupying the 5fφ and 5fδ orbitals. The conventional parametric theory used for f(n) systems is applied to these low-lying transitions utilizing the intensity calculations that Matiska et al.1 have performed for this ion and the data reported by Eisenstein and Pryce.2 Possible ratios for the Slater electrostatic repulsion parameters are obtained from the data for the isoelectronic ion U(4+) (5f(2)) in various host crystals. The results are consistent with earlier crystal field analyses of the 5f(1) neptunyl(VI) [NpO2(2+)] ion.
Ca(2+)-dependent amylase secretion from SLO-permeabilized rat pancreatic acini requires diffusible cytosolic proteins

Streptolysin O (SLO)-permeabilized pancreatic acini are now frequently used to study regulated exocytosis in the exocrine pancreas. In this paper we introduce alpha-toxin as a possible alternative ...
Inversion exercises inspired by mechanics

An elementary calculus transform, inspired by the centroid and gyration radius, is introduced as a prelude to the study of more advanced transforms. Analysis of the transform, including its inversion, makes use of several key concepts from basic calculus and exercises in the application and inversion of the transform provide practice in the use of technology in calculus.
Fast Neutron Spectroscopy by Proton-Recoil Proportional Counting

Small proportional counters containing hydrogen and without collimation have measured reactor neutron spectra with resolution adequate for comparison with existing energy-group methods of calculation over the energy range from 1 keV to 1 MeV. The counters are efficient and operate satisfactorily at low (105/cm2 sec) flux levels. Experimental methods currently in use for in-core measurements using proportional counters vary; the one described here makes use of an electronic pulse-shape discrimination to eliminate the background of gamma radiation. The nature of the numerical procedure required to extract neutron spectra from measured energy distributions of recoil protons bears upon the resolution and statistical precision of the result. Examples of measured neutron spectra are given where they illustrate the various points of experimental technique.
Stabilizing the Interface in the Rayleigh–Taylor and the Saffman–Taylor Problems by Heating

We can stabilize the Rayleigh–Taylor instability to perturbations of any wavelength by heating from above. The same is true for the Saffman–Taylor instability. We present formulas for estimating th...
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) lands provide ecosystem service benefits that exceed land rental payment costs

Abstract Global demand for commodities prompted the expansion of row crop agriculture in the Upper Midwest, USA with unknown consequences for multiple ecosystem services. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) was designed to protect these services by paying farmers to retire environmentally sensitive land. Here we assessed whether the benefits provided by CRP's targeted retirement of agricultural land are equal to or greater in value than the cost of rental payments to farmers. We quantified the benefits of CRP lands for reducing flood damages, improving water quality and air-quality, and contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation in the Indian Creek watershed in Iowa. We found that for all assessed scenarios of CRP implementation, the ecosystem service benefits provided by CRP lands exceed the cost of payments to farmers. Expanding CRP implementation under one of three potential scenarios would require an average per-acre payment of $1311 over the life of a 10-year contract but would generate benefits with a net present value of between $1710 and $6401. This analysis suggests that investment in CRP in Indian Creek, and likely in other watersheds in the Upper Midwest, is justified based upon the value of public and private benefits provided by CRP lands.
The results of ligation of the pulmonary and cutaneous arteries in the frog

The frog possesses, in the lungs and the skin, two organs for the purpose of respiratory exchange, and it has long been established that the skin respiration suffices for his needs at low temperature.I have attempted to produce asphyxia in frogs by ligating the vessels which carry blood to the lungs and to the skin. It may be well to mention here certain anatomical data. The truncus arteriosus rises from the heart of the frog and divides into a right and left branch which each give off three branches, the carotid, the aorta and the pulmocutaneous. The last divides into two, one of which goes to the lungs and the other, the cutaneous, supplies the skin of the entire trunk. A large branch from the carotid makes a free anastomosis with the cutaneous artery.At temperatures below 20° C. the frog requires very little gas exchange and I found that ligation of the pulmocutaneous and anastomosis was not sufficient to produce asphyxia, although it deprives the frog of the lungs and most of the skin, leaving only th...
Factor VIII Binding Ability of von Willebrand Factor in Several Fractions of Normal Plasma and Plasma from Several Types of von Willebrand Disease

Binding ability of plasma von Willebrand factor (vWF) to purified factor VIII (F. VIII) in normal subjects and patients with von Willebrand disease (vWD Type IIA, IIB, IIC) was analysed in a solid phase assay. A vWF fraction, mainly containing large multimer-vWF, was obtained from gel filtration of cryoprecipitate, whereas another vWF fraction, containing small multimer-vWF, as cryo-supernatant. Binding ability of vWF in small and large multimer-vWF fractions was identical. Binding ability of vWF in the plasmas from vWD Type IIA, IIB and IIC was found to be within normal range. These results suggested that the vWF binding to F. VIII was independent from multimeric structure.
Vitamin C from Foods, but Not Supplements, Is Associated with Increased Cognitive Function in Older Adults

As adults age there is an increased risk for developing dementia or cognitive impairment. Evidence suggests that there may be a relationship between a healthful diet high in antioxidants and preser...
TASI Lectures on Jet Substructure

Jet physics is a rich and rapidly evolving field, with many applications to physics in and beyond the Standard Model. These notes, based on lectures delivered at the June 2012 Theoretical Advanced Study Institute, provide an introduction to jets at the Large Hadron Collider. Topics covered include sequential jet algorithms, jet shapes, jet grooming, and boosted Higgs and top tagging.
Phase separation, crystallinity and monomer-aggregate population control in solution processed small molecule solar cells

Abstract Small conjugated molecules are of great interest as promising alternatives to semiconducting polymers in organic photovoltaics (OPV). In this work, we introduce a more accurate assignment of the excited state of a promising squaraine (SQ) targeted for OPV application. From this assignment, we conclude that a mixed population of monomers and aggregates exists in spin-cast SQ:PC 61 BM bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films, where monomers indicate the presence of amorphous regions that could act as traps. Since crystallinity is critically important for efficient charge transport and exciton diffusion in the BHJ, we thermally anneal the as-cast films to reduce the amorphous regions. Our analysis of annealed films demonstrates a delicate trade-off between increased crystallinity and larger domain sizes. Crystallinity improves but often at the expense of larger crystal size, as supported by XRD and TEM study. Therefore, to achieve optimal OPV efficiency, we controlled the tradeoff to improve the crystallinity while maintaining a small, highly mixed BHJ morphology. We thus highlight the importance of chemical compatibility when designing small molecules for use in high efficiency BHJ devices. Significantly, we have connected theoretically validated spectroscopic assignment with the first full study of morphology and domain size control as they affect small molecule OPV active layers.
Approach to supraglottitis.

SUMMARY In my experience, steroids have no use in the management of ACSOL once the airway is secured, and may actually prolong and complicate the infectious process. The main use of antibiotics is probably for preventing systemic complications such as pneumonia and meningitis. It is possible, however, that neither drug can alter the natural course of this disease and may just hasten its expected inconsequential resolution.5-9 The key to succesful management of acute supraglottitis is early recognition and prompt provision of airway assistance when indicated. This potentially fatal disease occurs in adults as well as children. To my knowledge, most deaths occur after the patient arrives at the hospital, when there is hesitation and indecision about the need for airway intervention. Whenever signs of UAO appear, artificial airway should be provided promptly, regardless of the eventual diagnosis. Those physicians who try all means to avoid intubation or tracheotomy early in the process may be cautioned that complications from either procedures are just a risk, while airway obstruction in most cases of ACSOL is a certainty. Finally, the examiner assessing patients with possible obstructive laryngitis, supraglottic, or subglottic, should first and foremost decide whether an airway is needed and should defer all diagnostic guesswork and laboratory data processing until the airway is secured. 1. Benjamin B, O'Reilly B: Acute epiglottitis in infants and children. Laryngoscope 85:565-572, 1986 2. Cantrell RW, Bell BA, Morioka WT: Acute epiglottitis intubation versus tracheotomy. Laryngoscope 88:994-1004, 1978 3. Cohen SR, Chai J: Epiglotittis: Twenty-year study with tracheotomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 88:461-467, 1978 4. Davison FW: Inflammatory diseases of the larynx of infants and small children. Ann Otol hinol Laryngol 76:53-761, 1967 5. Deeb ZE, deFries HO, Yenson CY: Acute epiglottitis in the adult. Laryngoscope 95:289-291, 1985 6. Fearon B, Cinnamond M: Tracheotomy in acute supraglottitis (epiglottitis): The treatment of choice. Laryngoscope 87:879-883, 1977 7. Holinger PH, Schild JA, Weprin L: Pediatric laryngology. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 3:625-637, 1970 8. Johnson GK, Sullivan JL, Bishop LA: Acute epiglottitis—review of 55 cases and suggested protocol. Arch Otolaryngol 100:333-337, 1974 9. MayoSmith MF, Hirsch PJ, Wodzinski SF, et al: Acute epiglottitis in adults—an eightyear experience in the state of Rhode Island. N Engl J Med 314:1133-1139, 1986 10. Mellez SM: Functional anatomy of the larynx. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 17:3-12, 1984 11. Pracy R: The infant larynx. J Laryngol Otol 97:933-947, 1983 12. Rowe LS: Advances and controversies in the management of supraglottitis and laryngotracheobronchitis. Am J Otolaryngol 1:235-244, 1979 13. Scheidemandel HE, Page RS: Special considerations of epiglottitis in children. Laryngo scope 85:1738-1745, 1975 14. Stair TO, Hirsch BE: Adult supraglottitis. Am J Emerg Med 3:512-518, 1985 15. Stankiewicz JA, Bowes AK: Croup and epiglottitis: A radiologic study. Laryngoscope 95:1159-1160, 1985
Heteronormative bodies, queer futures: toward a theory of interpersonal panopticism

This essay examines the policing of sexual bodies via interactive online technologies. We draw from scholarly discourses regarding surveillance, queer theory, and affect to construct what we call i...
Parity-time symmetry analogs in coherently coupled vertical cavity laser arrays

Coherently coupled vertical cavity laser arrays are modeled using dynamic coupled mode theory. Beam steering, mode evolution and hopping are predicted using parity-time symmetry considerations. Mode evolution and hopping with hysteresis is reported and compared with theory and shows quantitative agreement.
Sexual relationships between patient and therapist: Boundary violation or collapse of the therapeutic space?

The thesis is that sexual relations between patient and therapist are not best described by the concept of boundary violations. In fact, boundary violations typically do not result in the pain and trauma that is so characteristic of sexual relationships between patient and therapist. It is argued th
Reduction of Costs of Logistics for Chains of Pharmaceutical Products through the Variation of the Minimum Value per Order

Objectives: The Company under study is a leader in the mass consumer market, specifically in the production of pharmaceutical products based in France. It has developed all the organization necessary to get its products from the factories to the consumer, through the establishment of alliances with providers of logistics and sales services. Likewise, it uses a system of contracts with pharmacies, which establishes the commercial conditions and discounts that both parties must comply with. The company considers that this strategy presents a great complexity and difficulty given the differences between the categories. Therefore, the objective of this article is the design of strategies for the reduction of logistics costs of the company under study. Methods/Statistical analysis: The process was divided into four (4) phases Diagnosis, analyse, proposals e implementation. Findings: As a result, the minimum value per order (MOV) is diagnosed and the implications of the current commercial strategy are evaluated. Then the proposal to increase the MOV is developed, allowing a reduction in administrative costs and the reinvestment of these resources in the search for new clients. Application/Improvements: This drives customers to make higher-value orders and therefore less orders a year, generating savings in the administrative expenses of the company studied. These proposals are evaluated and validated using historical sales records.
Erratum to: Holographic software for quantum networks

The article Holographic software for quantum networks, written by Arthur Jaffe, Zhengwei Liu & Alex Wozniakowski, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 14/02/2018 without open access. With the author(s)’ decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed in March 2018 to © The Author(s) 2018 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The original article has been corrected.
Nietzsche’s Jewish problem: between anti-Semitism and anti-Judaism, by Robert Holub

I have not met a German yet who is well disposed toward Jews … The Jews, however, are beyond any doubt the strongest, toughest, and purest race now living in Europe.1Robert Holub’s Nietzsche’s Jewi...
Case 45: Blood in the Endotracheal Tube

Today you are doing a repair of an aortic stenosis in a 58-year-old man (84 kg and 5 ft 11 in.) under cardiopulmonary bypass. You are going off bypass when you notice bright red blood filling your endotracheal tube (ETT). You suction the ETT, but the fresh blood keeps coming. In a period of 2–3 min, 100 mL of blood is ­collected in your suction canister. The patient’s oxygen saturation falls and both the end-tidal CO2 and the airway pressure rise. It is now impossible to ventilate the patient.
The Relation Between Purkinje Cell Simple Spike Responses and the Action of the Climbing Fibre System in Unconditioned and Conditioned Responses of the Forelimb to Perturbed Locomotion

One of the best documented anatomical principles of cerebellar organisation is the sagittal zonation of the cerebellar cortex and the relationship of these zones to the cerebellar nuclei and inferior olive (Courville and Diakiw, 1976; Brodal and Kawamura, 1980; Voogd and Bigare, 1980; Dietrichs, 1981; Dietrichs and Walberg, 1980; Haines et al., 1982). It is now well documented that both the corticonuclear projection from the cerebellar cortex to the cerebellar nuclei and the olivocerebellar projection are organized in this way. The corticonuclear projection originates in sagittal strips of Purkinje cells whose axons terminate in discrete non-overlapping regions in the cerebellar nuclei. Similarly olivary neurons localized within specific regions of the inferior olive terminate in sagittal strips across the cerebellar cortex. Furthermore the mediolateral dimensions of the sagittal zones characterizing these two projection systems are comparable.
The Status of Safety Management Systems at Collegiate Flight Training Institutions

The purpose of this study was to determine the current status of SMS development and implementation at Collegiate Flight Training Organizations across the United States. Research questions address the following: What are the SMS demographics of collegiate flight schools? What level of organizational support is reported for SMS by collegiate flight schools? What progress is being made toward the development or implementation of the components of SMS at collegiate flight schools? The majority of the collegiate flight training provider’s responses indicated some level of SMS implementation and overall indicate more engagement with SMS than other areas of the aviation industry.
Session details: Evolutionary computation and multi-agent systems and simulation (ECoMASS)

Welcome to the Sixth Annual Workshop on Evolutionary Computation and Multi-Agent Systems and Simulation (ECoMASS 2012)! Evolutionary computation (EC) and multi-agent systems and simulation (MASS) both involve populations of agents. EC is a learning technique by which a population of individual agents adapt according to the selection pressures exerted by an environment; MASS seeks to understand how to coordinate the actions of a population of (possibly selfish) autonomous agents that share an environment so that some outcome is achieved. Both EC and MASS have top-down and bottom up features. For example, some aspects of multi-agent system engineering (e.g., mechanism design) are concerned with how top-down structure can constrain or influence individual decisions. Similarly, most work in EC is concerned with how to engineer selective pressures to drive the evolution of individual behavior towards some desired goal. Multi-agent simulation (also called agent-based modeling) addresses the bottom-up issue of how collective behavior emerges from individual action. Likewise, the study of evolutionary dynamics within EC (for example in coevolution) often considers how population-level phenomena emerge from individual-level interactions. Thus, at a high level, we may view EC and MASS as examining and utilizing analogous processes. Therefore it is natural to consider how knowledge gained within EC may be relevant to MASS, and vice versa; indeed, applications and techniques from one field have often made use of technologies and algorithms from the other field. The intentional study of the intersection between EC and MASS is warranted and has the potential to contribute to both fields.The ECoMASS Workshop at GECCO has a successful history as a forum for exploring precisely this intersection, and we are looking forward to another year of stimulating discussion, bringing together experts as well as novices in both areas, to engage in dialogue about their work. This year's participants bring a variety of research topics for discussion, including particle swarm optimization, simulated water distribution systems, evolution of technologies in market environments, dynamic scheduling problems, automated algorithm discovery for MASS, and evolutionary tags/signaling. In previous years we have been fortunate to have, in addition to the authors themselves, a diverse audience coming from a variety of backgrounds and bringing unique perspectives with them. In this, the sixth year of ECoMASS, we anticipate that similarly lively conversations will ensue, and we hope that you will join us to be a part of them!
TrustSAS: A Trustworthy Spectrum Access System for the 3.5 GHz CBRS Band

As part of its ongoing efforts to meet the increased spectrum demand, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has recently opened up 150 MHz in the 3.5 GHz band for shared wireless broadband use. Access and operations in this band, aka Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS), will be managed by a dynamic spectrum access system (SAS) to enable seamless spectrum sharing between secondary users (SUs) and incumbent users. Despite its benefits, SAS’s design requirements, as set by FCC, present privacy risks to SUs, merely because SUs are required to share sensitive operational information (e.g., location, identity, spectrum usage) with SAS to be able to learn about spectrum availability in their vicinity. In this paper, we propose TrustSAS, a trustworthy framework for SAS that synergizes state-of-the-art cryptographic techniques with blockchain technology in an innovative way to address these privacy issues while complying with FCC’s regulatory design requirements. We analyze the security of our framework and evaluate its performance through analysis, simulation and experimentation. We show that TrustSAS can offer high security guarantees with reasonable overhead, making it an ideal solution for addressing SUs’ privacy issues in an operational SAS environment.
What Does Innovation Mean to Nonprofit Practitioners? International Insights From Development and Peace-Building Nonprofits:

Charitable nonprofits strive to meet their organization’s goals, address external demands, and secure resources to pursue their missions. Management scholars have recommended that nonprofits promot...
Detect Language of Transliterated Texts.

Informal transliteration from other languages to English is prevalent in social media threads, instant messaging, and discussion forums. Without identifying the language of such transliterated text, users who do not speak that language cannot understand its content using translation tools. We propose a Language Identification (LID) system, with an approach for feature extraction, which can detect the language of transliterated texts reasonably well even with limited training data and computational resources. We tokenize the words into phonetic syllables and use a simple Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) network architecture to detect the language of transliterated texts. With intensive experiments, we show that the tokenization of transliterated words as phonetic syllables effectively represents their causal sound patterns. Phonetic syllable tokenization, therefore, makes it easier for even simpler model architectures to learn the characteristic patterns to identify any language.
The International Scene—Summer, 1949

(1949). The International Scene—Summer, 1949. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 20, No. 9, pp. 573-629.
Characteristics of Combat-Related Spine Injuries: A Review of Recent Literature

ABSTRACT Injuries to the spinal column in combat casualties sustained during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan are common, and the highest in reported wartime history. High-energy blast mechanisms from improved explosive devices have resulted in complex polytrauma and injury patterns, which are often markedly different from those injuries encountered in civilian trauma. Herein, we review the most current literature with regard to the distinct types of combat-related spine injuries/concomitant comorbidities sustained in Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom and New Dawn.
Sexual citizenship and lifetime sexual assault: exploring the risks for sexual minority women with a physical limitation

This exploratory study examines how the intersection of physical impairment, sexual minority status, and gender affects lifetime sexual assault. Persons with a physical disability, sexual minoritie...
Ultrasound Imaging of Abscesses Before and During Histotripsy Treatment

Abscesses are walled-off collections of infected fluids most often treated with percutaneous drains placed under CT guidance. Complications such as clogged drains or secondary infections require rehospitalization and wound management. Histotripsy treatment has the potential to eliminate the need for long term catheterization and antibiotics. The progression of abscess development has yet to be fully described. The objective of this study was to use the latest advances in non-contrast ultrasound technologies to characterize abscess development in a porcine animal model. Intramuscular or subcutaneous injections of bacteria plus dextran particles as an irritant led to identifiable abscesses over a 2- to 3-week period. Ultrasound imaging was performed at least weekly, in some cases with a 3D tracking device that provided quantifiable size and shape measurements. Abscess progression was also measured with a plane-wave Doppler mode providing increased sensitivity to low-velocity flows, while abscess stiffness was quantified using shear wave elastography. Most of the mature abscesses were characterized by a rounded core of varying echogenicity surrounded by a hypoechoic capsule that was highly vascularized on Doppler imaging. A treatable abscess was defined by its hypervascular rim and avascular core. Stiffness varied within the abscess but generally decreased over time. Abscess echogenicity, shape, stiffness and vascularity potentially provide features to identify lesions suitable for treatment.
Activatable Nanoparticles: Recent Advances in Redox-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agent Candidates Capable of Detecting Inflammation

The emergence of activatable magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents has prompted significant interest in the detection of functional markers of diseases, resulting in the creation of a plethora of nanoprobes capable of detecting these biomarkers. These markers are commonly dysregulated in several chronic diseases, specifically select cancers and inflammatory diseases. Recently, the development of redox-sensitive nanoparticle-based contrast agents has gained momentum given advances in medicine linking several inflammatory diseases to redox imbalance. Researchers have pinpointed redox dysregulation as an opportunity to use activatable MR contrast agents to detect and stage several diseases as well as monitor the treatment of inflammatory diseases or conditions. These new classes of agents represent an advancement in the field of MR imaging as they elicit a response to stimuli, creating contrast while providing evidence of biomarker changes and commensurate disease state. Most redox-sensitive nanoparticle-based contrast agents are sensitive to reductive glutathione or oxidative reactive oxygen species. In this review, we will explore recent investigations into redox-activatable, nanoparticle-based MR contrast agent candidates.
The Clinical Impact of Ambient Operating Room Temperature and Other Perioperative Factors on Patient Comfort during Wide-awake Hand Surgery Using Local Anesthesia

Background: The prevalence of wide-awake hand surgery using local anesthesia has increased substantially. The fullinfluence of perioperative factors, namely operating room temperature, on patient comfort during these procedures ispresently underreported.Methods: One hundred and fifty-eight patients undergoing wide-awake hand surgery using local anesthesia wereprospectively enrolled. Surveys with visual analog scale (VAS) were administered after surgery to assess overallpatient comfort (OPC) and patient comfort with temperature (TPC). Operating room temperature at the initiation of theprocedure, surgery type, duration of surgery, tourniquet use and local anesthetic use were all recorded and their impacton patient comfort analyzed. The VAS used ranged from 1 (least comfortable) to 5 (most comfortable).Results: Across all patients, the mean OPC was 4.7 (Range: 2 – 5, SD=0.6) and the mean TPC score was 4.7 (Range2 – 5, SD=0.6). There were weakly negative correlations between room temperature and VAS score for OPC (rs =-0.2,P=.038) and TPC (rs=-0.2, P=.051). The mean OPC score was lower with tourniquet use [4.6 (SD=0.7) versus 4.9(SD=0.4), P=.002].Conclusion: Patient comfort during surgery using local anesthesia is not substantially affected by operating roomtemperature. Tourniquet use negatively impacts patient-reported comfort. Continued studies into the optimization ofpatient comfort during wide-awake hand surgery are warranted.Level of evidence: IV
Closing Pandora's Box: The Growing Abuse of the National Security Rationale for Restricting Trade

Over its first two years, the Trump administration has aggressively reshaped U.S. trade policy. One of its most controversial initiatives is the expansive use of national security to justify imposing tariffs and quotas. Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 gives the president authority to restrict imports on this basis after an investigation by the Department of Commerce. The administration has already done so for steel and aluminum and is now threatening similar actions on automobiles. The World Trade Organization (WTO) has a special exception for such measures, so there is at least an argument that they are permitted under international law. However, the administration has taken what was previously considered a narrow and exceptional remedy and broadened it to serve as a more general tool to protect domestic industries. In the domestic arena, there have been court challenges against the tariffs imposed under Section 232 and against the constitutionality of Section 232 itself. In addition, legislation has been introduced in Congress to rein in the president’s authority by requiring congressional approval of tariffs or other import restrictions before they can go into effect. Internationally, many U.S. trading partners responded immediately to the steel and aluminum tariffs with tariffs of their own, and both the U.S. tariffs and the retaliatory tariffs are the subject of litigation that will test the limits of the WTO’s dispute settlement process and the trading system itself. This study argues that WTO dispute settlement cannot easily resolve disputes of this kind and suggests an alternative mechanism to handle these issues. Instead of litigation, a rebalancing process like the one used in the context of safeguard tariffs and quotas should be utilized for national security measures. Safeguards are a political safety valve that allows the trading system to pursue broad-based liberalization by providing the flexibility to protect domestic industries under certain conditions (ideally, by offering compensatory liberalization elsewhere). By adopting a similar political arrangement for national security trade restrictions, the overall balance in the system can be preserved, permanent damage to the WTO dispute system avoided, and a potentially destructive loophole kept closed.
Bee-inspired metaheuristics for global optimization: a performance comparison

Metaheuristics are widely applied to solve optimization problems. Numerous metaheuristic algorithms inspired by natural processes have been introduced in the past years. Studying and comparing the convergence of metaheuristics is helpful in future algorithmic development and applications. This study focuses on bee-inspired metaheuristics and identifies seven basic or root algorithms applied to solve continuous optimization problems. They are the bee system, mating bee optimization (MBO), bee colony optimization, bee evolution for genetic algorithms (BEGA), bee algorithm, artificial bee colony (ABC), and bee swarm optimization. The algorithms’ performances are evaluated with several benchmark problems. This study’s results rank the cited algorithms according to their convergence efficiency. The strengths and shortcomings of each algorithm are discussed. The ABC, BEGA, and MBO are the most efficient algorithms. This study’s results show the convergence rate among different algorithms varies, and evaluates the causes of such variation.
Touchjacking attacks on web in android, iOS, and windows phone

To make it easy for applications to interact with the Web, most mobile platforms, including Android, iOS, and Windows Phone, provide a mechanism that allows applications to embed a small but powerful browser component inside. This mechanism is called WebView in Android (it is called different names in other platforms). WebView implements a number of APIs that can be used by applications to interact with the web contents inside WebView. It has been pointed out by the previous work that malicious applications can use these APIs to attack the web contents inside WebView. Proposals are made by the previous work to fix the problems of those APIs. We have discovered that by fixing those APIs, WebView is still not secure. This is because the previous work only focuses on the APIs specifically designed for WebView; they have overlooked the APIs that WebView inherits from its super classes. These APIs are designed for the general-purposed user interface (UI) components, and they seem to pose no risk to those components; however, the combination of these APIs with the Web has led to new risks. We have identified several attacks based on these APIs. Our attacks are called Touchjacking attacks. They treat WebView as a blackbox, i.e., they do not use the APIs that are designed specifically for WebView; instead, they only use the inherited APIs. Through these APIs, malicious applications can attack the web contents inside WebView. The impact of the attacks is quite significant, as all the platforms that we have studied, including Android, iOS, and Windows Phone, are vulnerable to these attacks.
Long-Term Interest Rates, the Yield Curve, and Hyperinflation

This chapter introduces the role of intertemporal expectations into our analysis. Effects of current and expected inflation on long-term interest rates will be the focus of the first half of this chapter. This will be followed by a discussion of the ultimate macroeconomic meltdown—hyperinflation.
Transmission Rates and Performance of a Network of Computers

Transmission rates for two communication schemes: ping/pong and ring transfer have been measured on multiprocessors and clusters of workstations. Performance of a network of computers as a tool for numerically intensive computing has been evaluated on the basis of SLALOM and EP-NAS parallel benchmarks.
Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage: 10-year single center experience.

Aim A subset of patients with acute cholecystitis is severely ill and extremely high-risk to undergo cholecystectomy. Data on the use of endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) in the treatment of acute cholecystitis are limited. This article reviews the 10-year experience of ETGBD at Mayo Clinic and evaluated patient and procedure characteristics. Methods A retrospective review of the endoscopy database from 1998-2007 was performed to identify patients who had undergone ETGBD. Clinical information and procedure details were abstracted from the electronic medical record. Results Fifty one patients underwent ETGBD for acute cholecystitis between 1998 to July 2007. The mean age was 62+/-19 years and 67% of patients were males. The median number of comorbid medical conditions was two (range 0-5) and 27% had underlying diabetes mellitus. Acute calculous cholecystitis was the predominant indication for ETGBD (78%). A gallbladder stent was used in 33 (65%) patients, nasocholecystic drain in 14 (27%) patients, and both in four patients (8%). Bleeding (4%) and sedation-related complications (4%) were the most common complications noted. Among patients who underwent cholecystectomy, the majority (76%) needed an open procedure. The median time to cholecystectomy was 15 days (range 1-352 days). Four patients (8%) succumbed to septic shock during their hospitalization. Conclusions ETGBD is a valuable alternative therapeutic modality for the treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis who are at high-risk for early cholecystectomy, and/or those who have contraindications to percutaneous gallbladder drainage.
Preliminary indication of survival benefit from ERCC1 and RRM1-tailored chemotherapy in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer: Evidence from an individual patient analysis

BACKGROUND: Excision repair cross complementing 1 (ERCC1) and ribonucleotide reductase M1 (RRM1) are molecular determinants that predict sensitivity or resistance to platinum agents and gemcitabine, respectively. Tailored therapy using these molecular determinants suggested patient benefit in a previously reported phase 2 trial. Here, we report an individual patient analysis of prospectively accrued patients who were treated with the “personalized therapy” approach versus other “standard,” noncustomized approaches. METHODS: Patients who had nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with extranodal metastatic disease and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0/1 were accrued to 4 phase 2 clinical trials conducted at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center: Trial A (first-line carboplatin/gemcitabine followed by docetaxel), Trial B (docetaxel and gefitinib in patients aged ≥70 years), Trial C (combination therapy with carboplatin/paclitaxel/atrasentan), and Trial D (personalized therapy based on ERCC1 and RRM1 expression). Patients with low RRM1/low ERCC1 expression received gemcitabine/carboplatin, patients with low RRM1/high ERCC1 expression received gemcitabine/docetaxel, patients with high RRM1/low ERCC1 expression received docetaxel/carboplatin, and patients with high RRM1/high ERCC1 expression received vinorelbine/docetaxel. Patients who were treated on Trials A, B, and C were pooled together and analyzed as the “standard therapy” group. Patients accrued to Trial D were called the “personalized therapy” group. Individual patient data were updated as of February 8, 2011. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: There were statistically significant improvements between the personalized therapy group versus the standard therapy group in response (44% vs 22%; P = .002), OS (median: 13.3 months vs 8.9 months; P = .016), and PFS (median: 7.0 months vs 4.3 months; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: The results from individual patient analyses suggest that ERCC1 and RRM1/tailored selection of first-line therapy improved survival over standard treatment-selection approaches. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Conceptualizing smartphone use in outpatient wound assessment: patients' and caregivers' willingness to use technology.

Abstract Background Information technology is transforming health care communication. Using smartphones to remotely monitor incisional wounds via digital photos as well as collect postoperative symptom information has the potential to improve patient outcomes and transitional care. We surveyed a vulnerable patient population to evaluate smartphone capability and willingness to adopt this technology. Methods We surveyed 53 patients over a 9-mo period on the vascular surgery service at a tertiary care institution. Descriptive statistics were calculated to describe survey item response. Results A total of 94% of recruited patients (50 of 53) participated. The cohort was 50% female, and the mean age was age 70 y (range: 41–87). The majority of patients owned cell phones (80%) and 23% of these cell phones were smartphones. Ninety percent of patients had a friend or family member that could help take and send photos with a smartphone. Ninety-two percent of patients reported they would be willing to take a digital photo of their wound via a smartphone (68% daily, 22% every other day, 2% less than every other day, and 8% not at all). All patients reported they would be willing to answer questions related to their health via a smartphone. Patients identified several potential difficulties with regard to adopting a smartphone wound-monitoring protocol including logistics related to taking photos, health-related questions, and coordination with caretakers. Conclusions Our survey demonstrates that an older patient cohort with significant comorbidity is able and willing to adopt a smartphone-based postoperative monitoring program. Patient training and caregiver participation will be essential to the success of this intervention.