cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid and uniform electromagnetic heating of aqueous cryoprotectant solutions from cryogenic temperatures

Devitrification (ice formation during warming) is one of the primary obstacles to successful organ vitrification (solidification without ice formation). The only feasible approach to overcoming either devitrification or its damaging effects in a large organ appears at present to be the use of some form of electromagnetic heating (EH) to achieve the required high heating rates. One complication of EH in this application is the need for warming within a steel pressure vessel. We have previously reported that resonant radiofrequency (RF) helical coils provide very uniform heating at ambient temperatures and low heating rates and can be modified for coaxial power transmission, which is necessary if only one cable is to penetrate through the wall of the pressure vessel. We now report our initial studies using a modified helical coil, high RF input power, and cryogenic aqueous cryoprotectant solutions [60% (wv) solution of 4.37 M dimethylsulfoxide and 4.37 M acetamide in water and 50% (ww) 1,2-propanediol]. We also describe the electronic equipment required for this type of research. Temperatures were monitored during high-power conditions with Luxtron fiberoptic probes. Thermometry was complicated by the use of catheters needed for probe insertion and guidance. The highest heating rates we observed using catheters occurred at temperatures ranging from about −70 to −40 °C, the temperature zone where devitrification usually appears in unstable solutions during slow warming. We find that in this range we can achieve measured heating rates of approximately 300 °C/min in 30- to 130-ml samples using 200 to 700 W of RF power without overheating the sample at any point. However, energy conservation calculations imply that our measured peak heating rates may be considerably higher than the true heating rates occurring in the bulk of our solutions. We were able to estimate the overall true heating rates, obtaining an average value of about 20 °C/min/100 W100 ml, which implies a heating efficiency close to 100%. It appears that it should be possible to warm vitrified rabbit kidneys rapidly enough under high-pressure conditions to protect them from devitrification.
Thermal analysis of cylindrical shells

Abstract An analysis of a cylindrical shell subjected to an axisymmetric temperature distribution which varies along the axis and linearly through the thickness is presented. The differential equation pertinent to the analysis is derived, and all of the stress components are set forth for a particular form of the temperature distribution. The analysis is of sufficient generality to be applicable to almost any axisymmetrically, thermally loaded cylindrical shell.
Removal of TCEP from aqueous solutions by adsorption with zeolites

Abstract Emerging contaminants (ECs) and micropollutants are becoming a global environmental problem as there is increasing information linking them to environmental and human health hazards. One micropollutant of interest is tris-2-chloroethyl phosphate (TCEP), an organo-phosphate ester used as a plasticizer and flame retardant. TCEP is of special interest not only due to its potential toxicity and prevalence in the environment but it presents a difficulty in removal through conventional wastewater treatment operations such as adsorption by activated carbons. This paper presents exploratory results of identifying appropriate zeolite materials and assessing the removal of TCEP using microporous synthetic zeolite adsorbents. Two zeolites (of type β denoted BEA) one with a low (25:1) and one with high silica:alumina (300:1) ratio were tested. Equilibrium concentrations in the TCEP–zeolite systems evaluated ranged from 5 μg/L to near 10,000 μg/L, of which several points were within the range of environmental interest 99%) of TCEP from solution. Adsorption was determined to be a function of both solution pH and adsorbent type. Adsorption at an acidic initial solution pH exhibited the highest adsorption capacity compared to neutral or alkaline pH values. Maximum adsorption capacities of 77,000 μg/g and 103,000 μg/g were obtained for the 25:1 and 300:1 materials, respectively. However, at very low equilibrium concentrations (e.g., ce
Prediction of interfacial areas during imbibition in simple porous media

Abstract The interfacial area between wetting (W-) and non-wetting (NW-) phases is one of the crucial parameters in several flow and transport processes in porous media. This paper gives predictions of such areas during imbibition (displacement of NW-phase by W) in simple porous media. The total interfacial area includes contributions from thin films of W-phase around soil particles, from trapped volumes of NW-phase, and from the meniscus between bulk NW- and W-phases. Imbibition was simulated with simple but physically representative pore-scale calculations in a geometrically predetermined random sphere packing. This approach allows the prediction of interfacial areas for different initial conditions (arising from different drainage endpoints, for example) and the investigation of the influence of phenomena such as “snap-off” of NW-phase due to coalescence of pendular rings. We find that the trend of interfacial area as a function of saturation is not sensitive to these considerations. These predictions were compared to different experimental data and were consistent with most of them. The predictions are also consistent with the conditions imposed by thermodynamics.
An improved incomplete Cholesky factorization

Incomplete factorization has been shown to be a good preconditioner for the conjugate gradient method on a wide variety of problems. It is well known that allowing some fill-in during the incomplete factorization can significantly reduce the number of iterations needed for convergence. Allowing fill-in, however, increases the time for the factorization and for the triangular system solutions. Additionally, it is difficult to predict a priori how much fill-in to allow and how to allow it. The unpredictability of the required storage/work and the unknown benefits of the additional fill-in make such strategies impractical to use in many situations. In this article we motivate, and then present, two “black-box” strategies that significantly increase the effectiveness of incomplete Cholesky factorization as a preconditioner. These strategies require no parameters from the user and do not increase the cost of the triangular system solutions. Efficient implementations for these algorithms are described. These algorithms are shown to be successful for a variety of problems from the Harwell-Boeing sparse matrix collection.
Lung mast cells increase in number and degranulate during pulmonary artery occlusion/reperfusion injury in dogs.

The role of mast cells in pulmonary artery occlusion/reperfusion injury was examined. Lung tissue was obtained from dogs after left pulmonary artery occlusion for 48 h (n = 5) or after similar occlusion followed by 4 h of reperfusion (n = 11). By light microscopy and morphometry, the percentage of mast cells increased 2.4-fold (p < 0.05) in nonoccluded right lungs and 2.9-fold (p < 0.05) in occluded left lungs without reperfusion compared with that in control lungs. After reperfusion, the occluded left lung contained 1.8-fold (p < 0.05) as many mast cells as the nonoccluded right lung and 4.2-fold (p < 0.05) more than that in control lungs. Hydroxyurea did not significantly affect the number of mast cells observed in the right and left lungs after ischemia/reperfusion; 39.8% and 54.4% of the mast cells were degranulated in nonoccluded right lung and occluded left lung preparations, respectively, after left pulmonary artery ischemia/reperfusion (each, p < 0.05 compared with control lungs). The release of e...
Bone marrow hypoplasia and aplasia complicating interferon therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia

In four patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph1) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), bone marrow hypoplasia (three patients) and aplasia (one patient) developed during or after therapy with either al-pha-interferon (IFN) or gamma-IFN. The predominant clinical characteristic of this complication was protracted pancytopenia, which required 2 to 5 months recovery time after treatment and did not resolve in one patient. Bone marrow cytogenetic analysis in two of the patients demonstrated 100% Ph1 metaphases despite the profound bone marrow suppression. Overall, this complication was uncommon, occurring in less than 2% of the patients with CML treated with various IFN. The possible underlying causes include previous therapy with alkylating agents, lack of “reservoir” or normal stem cells, or pronounced sensitivity of the malignant cell clone to the suppressive effect of IFN.
Soda slag system for hot metal dephosphorization

Phosphorus partition ratios between Na2O-SiO2-PO2.5 slags and carbon saturated iron have been measured as a function of slag composition at 1200 °C. To avoid excessive Na2O loss by reaction with carbon, the initial slag-metal interfacial area was increased by using a powder mixture of slag and metal to reduce the time for the equilibrium. The results indicate that phosphorus partition ratios, Lp, are relatively high, about 20 for an equimolar slag (XNa2O/XS1O2 = 1) and are independent of P level in the slag. The phosphate capacity and the activity coefficients of PO2.5 and FeO for these slags are calculated from the experimental results using available thermodynamic data. The oxygen potential at the slag-metal interface was found not to be controlled by Si in metal under an Ar atmosphere or by CO partial pressures in CO-Ar mixtures. Experimental results and thermodynamic calculations show thatPO2 at the interface between Na2O-SiO2 slags and carbon saturated iron is controlled by the C-CO equilibrium where the CO pressure is determined by C-Na2O equilibrium for which the CO pressure is close to 1 atmosphere in all cases.
F-actin buckling coordinates contractility and severing in a biomimetic actomyosin cortex

Here we develop a minimal model of the cell actomyosin cortex by forming a quasi-2D cross-linked filamentous actin (F-actin) network adhered to a model cell membrane and contracted by myosin thick filaments. Myosin motors generate both compressive and tensile stresses on F-actin and consequently induce large bending fluctuations, which reduces their effective persistence length to <1 μm. Over a large range of conditions, we show the extent of network contraction corresponds exactly to the extent of individual F-actin shortening via buckling. This demonstrates an essential role of buckling in breaking the symmetry between tensile and compressive stresses to facilitate mesoscale network contraction of up to 80% strain. Portions of buckled F-actin with a radius of curvature ~300 nm are prone to severing and thus compressive stresses mechanically coordinate contractility with F-actin severing, the initial step of F-actin turnover. Finally, the F-actin curvature acquired by myosin-induced stresses can be further constrained by adhesion of the network to a membrane, accelerating filament severing but inhibiting the long-range transmission of the stresses necessary for network contractility. Thus, the extent of membrane adhesion can regulate the coupling between network contraction and F-actin severing. These data demonstrate the essential role of the nonlinear response of F-actin to compressive stresses in potentiating both myosin-mediated contractility and filament severing. This may serve as a general mechanism to mechanically coordinate contractility and cortical dynamics across diverse actomyosin assemblies in smooth muscle and nonmuscle cells.
Ethylmercury in Vaccines

To the Editor .— In their article, Drs Shete and Daum criticize the AAP and USPHS for recommending suspension of the hepatitis B vaccine birth dose because these organizations “placed the theoretical risk of thimerosal toxicity above the real public health burden of failing to immunize children at risk of hepatitis B … beginning at birth.1” In defense of …
Participant selection as a conscious research method: thinking forward and the deliberation of ‘Emergent’ findings:

Participant selection is one of the most invisible and least critiqued methods in qualitative circles. Researchers do not just collect and analyze neutral data; they decide who matters as data. Each choice repositions inquiry, closing down some opportunities while creating others. After reviewing the selection literature, we present critical vignettes of our selection choices in three separate studies, examining how those choices directed meaning making within and beyond the studies. Our analysis across these vignettes uncovered a constant interface—and often a struggle—between our personal situations and social agendas as qualitative researchers. Four aspects of this Reporting In/Reporting Out tension are discussed: trusting qualitative research, building the story, dealing with powerful others, and accepting unintended consequences. We encourage qualitative researchers to critically think forward their selection choices before and during the research process, to be mindful that selection is a constituti...
Preparation and properties of radioactive rhenium glass microspheres intended for in vivo radioembolization therapy

Rhenium glass microspheres composed of metallic rhenium particles dispersed within a magnesium alumino borate glass matrix were produced by sintering ReO2 powder and glass frit at 1050 degrees C. The in vitro chemical durability of radioactive and nonradioactive microspheres was determined from chemical corrosion tests on microspheres immersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution at 37 degrees C. The dosimetric properties of these microspheres also were calculated. The rhenium glass microspheres are chemically durable in body fluids and release < 1.2% of radioactive rhenium after being immersed in PBS solution for 32 days at 37 degrees C. Therapeutic radioactive rhenium activities can be obtained in < 10 h by neutron activation of these microspheres in a thermal neutron flux of 8 x 10(13) cm(-2)s(-1). A 50 mg injection of radioactive rhenium glass microspheres containing 3.7 GBq of 186Re and 8.5 GBq of 188Re could deliver a 100 Gy dose to a cancerous liver while limiting the total body dose from rhenium dissolution in vivo to approximately 1 mGy.
Authorial irrelevance in Sábato’s El Túnel

This article tackles an under-explored aspect of Castel’s alienation in El Tunel: the conflict between the author and his work. Like many artists, Castel finds himself isolated from the pedestrian mainstream. However, in opposition to other misunderstood artists who discover in their works an aesthetic connection that compensates somewhat for their social alienation, Castel is distanced not only from the public with whom he attempts to communicate via his literary creations, but he is no less so from the works themselves. At war both with society and the higher imperatives of his artistic impulses, Castel struggles in vain to connect with his art and those it reaches. He remains aesthetically disenfranchised and socially marginalized throughout the work. As his narrative drifts off into an inconclusive silence, the reader comes to understand more fully the complex interweave that characterizes the aesthetic encounter. At the point where artistic consumers consider the quixotic work of a distant author, definitive conclusions matter less than the struggle to identify that elusive conjuncture between the explicit and the poetic, the accessible and the impenetrable, the chaotic and the coherent: bipolar tensions that endow the aesthetic enterprise with is enduring omnipotence.
Comparing selective eaters with and without developmental disabilities

Food selectivity has been a problem identified in children with and without disabilities. This study examined 178 children referred to a feeding program for the evaluation and treatment of food selectivity. This sample was divided into three groups; children with autism spectrum disorders, children with special needs without autism, and children without special needs. Children with autism spectrum disorders insisted on using the same utensil or dish and insisted on having food prepared in a certain way significantly more often than other children. Children with special needs had significantly more problems with spitting out food as well as oral motor delays than other children. Children without special needs had significantly more problems with anxiety or obsessive-compulsive behaviors than other children. Most caregivers reported their child’s feeding problems started prior to 18 months of age and persisted longer than 24 months, which is inconsistent with the hypothesis that food selectivity, at least for some children, is not a transient phase.
Vocal frequency and person perception: effects of perceptual salience and nonverbal sensitivity

Previous research has demonstrated that changes in vocal frequency (pitch) influence judgments made about a speaker, although there is some question as to the relative importance of frequency to message content in person perception. Moreover, these studies have failed to examine the possible joint effect of frequency and individual differences in nonverbal sensitivity on person perception. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the independent and joint effects of vocal frequency, perceptual salience, and nonverbal sensitivity (assessed by the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity) on person perception. Participants were assigned to one of nine experimental conditions and were asked to rate two male and two female speakers on seven unipolar adjective scales. The nine conditions were produced by factorially combining three levels each of salience (content, voice, control) and vocal frequency (decreased, increased, unmanipulated). The results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that variations in frequency did influence evaluative judgments of the speakers (competent, honest, persuasive), but that the magnitude of the influence varied as a function of the participants' levels of nonverbal sensitivity. The analyses, however, yielded no significant effects for participants' affective judgments, nor any significant effects involving perceptual salience.
Impression creep characterization of rapidly cooled Sn–3.5Ag solders

Abstract The creep behavior of solders crucially influences solder joint reliability in microelectronic packages. This, in conjunction with the ongoing industry-wide transition to lead-free solders, has resulted in significant current emphasis on developing approaches for expeditiously creep testing miniaturized samples of a wide range of solder compositions to determine their suitability for packaging applications. Here we characterize the creep response of Sn–3.5Ag solders via impression creep testing. The tested microstructures represent a rapidly cooled state, resembling the highly refined microstructures often found in tiny microelectronic solder joints. It is shown that in the as-reflowed state, the solder creeps by a viscous glide-controlled mechanism at low stresses due to the presence of a non-equilibrium amount of dissolved Ag in Sn, and a particle-limited climb mechanism at high stresses. Following slight aging, which allows the dissolved solute concentration to drop to near-equilibrium levels, the low stress mechanism changes to dislocation climb-control. Based on these observations, a unified view of creep of Sn–3.5Ag solders is presented, which is consistent with observations of a transition from low to high stress sensitivity with increasing stress, which has been reported in several studies.
The importance of books, free access, and libraries as places—and the dangerous inadequacy of the information science paradigm

Although libraries must continue to provide electronic resources, the distinctive strength of research libraries lies mainly in their ability to provide free access to preservable book collections that facilitate the understanding of lengthy textual works and that cannot be tapped into electronically from anywhere, at any time, by anyone.
Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides with Low Phosphate Diester Content: Greater than 99.9% Sulfurization Efficiency with “Aged” Solutions of Phenylacetyl Disulfide (PADS)

In this report, we describe the design of an efficient and robust sulfurization step in the production process of phosphorothioate (PS) oligonucleotides by solid-phase synthesis. Average stepwise s...
Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis: correlation of biochemical, physiological, and histological changes.

Abstract Rats (275–300 g) were intratracheally instilled with 0.38, 0.75, or 1.5 units of bleomycin sulfate. One, two, and three weeks later lung damage was evaluated using a variety of indices, including body weight, right apical lung lobe wet weight, protein- and collagen-synthesis rates by lung minces, lung hydroxyproline content, lung compliance, and lung histology. Several parameters in the high-dose bleomycin group also were evaluated 5 and 8 weeks after instillation. Most of the assays showed a dose-response effect. However, biochemical assays did not correlate with physiological changes 5 and 8 weeks after instillation.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolysis of catechol (ortho-dihydroxybenzene), a model fuel representative of entities in tobacco, coal, and lignin

Abstract In order to better understand the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from complex fuels, we have performed pyrolysis experiments in a laminar-flow reactor, using the model fuel catechol ( ortho -dihydroxybenzene), a phenol-type compound representative of structural entities in tobacco, coal, and wood. Employing high pressure liquid chromatography with diode-array ultraviolet–visible (UV) detection, we have unequivocally identified 59 individual species among the condensed-phase products of catechol pyrolysis at a temperature of 1000°C and a residence time of 0.4 s. Also identified are two oxygen-containing compounds that are produced only at pyrolysis temperatures lower than 900°C. Of the total 61 species, fifty have never before been identified as pyrolysis products of any pure phenol-type compound. Two of the catechol pyrolysis products, 5-ethynylacenaphthylene and 3-ethynylphenanthrene, have never before been identified as products of any fuel. Ranging in size from one to eight fused aromatic rings, the catechol pyrolysis products comprise several compound classes: bi-aryls, indene benzologues, benzenoid PAH, alkylated aromatics, fluoranthene benzologues, cyclopenta-fused PAH, ethynyl-substituted aromatics, polyacetylenes, and oxygen-containing aromatics. The catechol pyrolysis products bear remarkable compositional similarity to the products of bituminous coal volatiles pyrolyzed at the same temperature – demonstrating the relevance of these catechol model compound experiments to the study of complex fuels such as coal, wood, and tobacco. The UV spectra, establishing compound identity, are presented for several of the identified catechol product components.
Distinguishing between optical coherent states with imperfect detection

Several proposed techniques for distinguishing between optical coherent states are analyzed under a physically realistic model of photodetection. Quantum error probabilities are derived for the Kennedy receiver, the Dolinar receiver and the unitary rotation scheme proposed by Sasaki and Hirota for sub-unity detector efficiency. Monte carlo simulations are performed to assess the effects of detector dark counts, dead time, signal processing bandwidth and phase noise in the communication channel. The feedback strategy employed by the Dolinar receiver is found to achieve the Helstrom bound for sub-unity detection efficiency and to provide robustness to these other detector imperfections making it more attractive for laboratory implementation than previously believed.
Chin-on-chest deformity in patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. A case series.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a rare and disabling autosomal dominant disorder of joint malformations and progressive heterotopic ossification1-4 caused by a recurrent missense point mutation in activin receptor IA (ACVR1, also called ALK2), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type-I receptor2,3,5. Joints become permanently ankylosed in positions that drastically impair activities of daily living and even life itself6. Progressive heterotopic ossification usually begins in the first decade of life, typically appearing first in the dorsal, axial, cranial, and proximal regions of the body, and then later in the ventral, appendicular, caudal, and distal regions1-4,7. Lesions are characterized by the rapid appearance of painful, highly vascular fibroproliferative swellings that progress through an endochondral process to form mature ossicles of heterotopic bone3,8. Lesions may develop spontaneously, although falls9, soft-tissue injury2,3,10, mandibular blocks11, intramuscular immunizations12, viral illnesses13, and surgical trauma10 can precipitate new flare-ups resulting in heterotopic ossification. Although the classic clinical features of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva have been well described, manifestations of the disease affecting the cervical spine are less well known. Neck stiffness is an early finding in most patients and can precede the onset of heterotopic ossification2,4,10. Characteristic malformations of the cervical spine include large posterior elements; tall, narrow vertebral bodies; and fusion of the facet joints from C2 to C72,14,15. In the present report, we describe a rare, but potentially life-threatening, chin-on-chest deformity that may develop in patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and a surgical strategy that has been effective for achieving substantial correction of the deformity. The families were informed that …
Maternal sickle cell anemia and neonatal isoimmunization

Abstract Objective: To study the risk of alloimmunization in pregnant women with sickle cell disease (SCD) and of isoimmunization in their offspring. Method: Thirty mothers with SCD were studied and their 35 neonates (group 1) were compared with 538 infants of mothers without hemoglobinopathies (group 2). Result: Six mothers with SCD developed alloantibodies. There was no correlation with maternal age (P=0.6), parity (P=0.18) or blood transfusions (P=0.4). The risk of alloimmunization by transfusion was 20%. Six neonates were isoimmunized, a higher incidence than in group 2 (P=0.02; relative risk 3.07). Five had ABO incompatibility and only one had anti-c isoimmunization. All had reticulocytosis, jaundice and required phototherapy, one developed anemia but none required blood transfusion. Conclusion: Although alloimmunization was common in mothers with SCD and isoimmunization in their offspring, it was rarely due to non-ABO alloantibody. There was no significant neonatal morbidity.
Transitional labor: undocumented workers in the Los Angeles automobile industry.

Examines the employment of undocumented workers by Los Angeles manufacturers of automobile parts. This is part of a broad trend towards primary labor market erosion. The labor force is termed transitional because it is seen as facilitating firms during the current period of industrial change. (authors)
Developing a behavioral paradigm for the performance of public relations

Abstract The official Public Relations Society of America’s definition of public relations defines public relations in terms of professional activities, whereas most other definitions describe public relations in broad terms as to what public relations is professionally designed to achieve. The Grunig model, although providing the symbiotic relationship needs of organizations in sustaining excellent public relations, again defines the existing types of performance on the part of organizations or provides a progression of the way in which public relations has evolved in societies. Therefore, a serious omission exists in most public relations textbooks in not providing students with a paradigm or definition of public relations as the behaviors necessary for the achievement and maintenance of effective public relationships. Honesty and openness are frequently stressed as important to performance, but neither is identified as a part of the descriptive definitions of what public relations is. This may be a major factor in use of the term public relations as “whitewash” on the part of politicians, and the media, and contributes to the lack of understanding on the part of managements and the public. Drawing from the literature on ethics, rhetorical theory, public relations management, case studies, and from observation and experience, a definition of public relations as behavior is provided and supported with a model explaining the difficulty of achieving each behavior and the cost to organizations when the behavior is not achieved. Melvin L. Sharpe, APR, Fellow PRSA, is professor and coordinator of the Public Relations Sequence in the Department of Journalism at Ball State University.
Observation of OMNI scale of perceived exertion during fire suppression training.

Summary.-Ratings of perceived exertion in 66 firefighters before, during, and immediately after performing 20 min. of fire suppression training were self-reported by the participants using the OMNI Walk-Run Scale and also recorded by a trained observer. The observer used the same definition of perceived exertion, instructions, and high and low anchoring procedures as the participants. Self-reported and observed ratings of perceived exertion did not differ before or during fire suppression training. Significant differences were noted between the self-reported and observed ratings immediately after fire suppression training. These findings support the use of direct observation to provide estimates of ratings of perceived exertion during fire suppression training. Language: en
A generalization of dynamic programming for Pareto optimization in dynamic networks

The Algorithm in this paper is designed to find the shortest path in a network given time-dependent cost functions. It has the following features: it is recursive; it takes place bath in a backward dynamic programming phase and in a forward evaluation phase; it does not need a time-grid such as in Cook and Halsey and Kostreva and Wiecek's "Algorithm One”; it requires only boundedness (above and below) of the cost functions; it reduces to backward multi-objective dynamic programming if there are constant costs. This algorithm has been successfully applied to multi-stage decision problems where the costs are a function of the time when the decision is made. There are examples of further applications to tactical delay in production scheduling and to production control.
Simplifed bone marrow biopsy needle For staging of carcinoma of prostate

Abstract Bone marrow biopsy and bone marrow aspiration for acid phosphatase determination are simple adjuncts to the staging of carcinoma of the prostate. The Vim-Silverman needle has been modified to a double-sheath needle to obtain a bone marrow biopsy and bone marrow aspirate with a single puncture of the bone.
A physics-based drift-diffusion approach to model Li-air batteries with organic electrolyte

Drift diffusion models have been used extensively by the semiconductor device research community to provide a physics-based approach for the modeling and simulation of electronic devices under various bias conditions. In this article we develop a model based on the drift-diffusion equations for the simulation of Li-air batteries with organic electrolyte. The model is carefully calibrated and takes into consideration the lithium and oxygen diffusion inside the battery, the electron conductivity of the carbon cathode, the formation and deposition of the Li 2 O 2 reaction product, and the porosity change inside the cathode.
Aerial Remote Sensing of Carbonate Terranes in Shelby County, Alabamaa

Remotely-sensed data are being used by the Geological Survey of Alabama in the study of subsidence and collapse problems in several carbonate terranes. Active areas in Shelby County, Alabama, have been delineated by on-the-ground inspection and by use of airborne remote sensors. These active terranes present formidable problems to those who presently live in the area as well as to those who will be involved in the future development of this region; therefore, techniques must be found that can be used to predict subsidence and collapse. Study of a 70-square-mile test area in the county indicates that aerial infrared photography, thermography, and side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) imagery can be used for (1) locating, inventorying, and monitoring sinkholes; (2) predicting potential collapses; (3) mapping fracture traces, lineaments, regional geologic structure, and alignment of sinkholes; and (4) assisting general project planning. Tremendous time and effort can be saved by using remote-sensing techniques because large areas can be examined in a very short period of time.
Interpreting Berlin’s Liberalism

I argue that Isaiah Berlin’s pluralistic liberalism is best interpreted as a sophisticated form of liberal rationalism, as Berlin himself suggests. His value pluralism, even if it is viewed (as his critics typically view it, with considerable justification) as claiming that any choice between conflicting incommensurable values cannot be a rational choice, does not subvert his liberalism. Rather, this agonistic pluralism emanates from his liberal rationalism, which pictures reason as too weak to resolve conflicts of incommensurables. Yet, reason remains strong enough to discover that certain basic liberal values, including those associated with some minimum core of equal rights, are far more important than any competing values created by mankind. Berlin apparently sees his pluralistic liberal rationalism as a genuine rationalism that, in stark contrast to mainstream utopian rationalisms which wildly exaggerate the power of reason, makes suitable room for the valid insights provided by the romantics.
THE EFFECT OF STILBESTROL ON EXPERIMENTAL STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION IN MICE1

EARLY MEDICAL literature is replete with explanations of the causation of disease derived from long observation of the individual and his response to external environment. Lacking the tools of modern biological science, these early students by necessity devoted considerable attention to the idea of variations of the host in his reaction to a supposedly constant environment. Joseph Gallup, writing in Vermont in 1815, stated: “This state of the human body has been denominated a predisposition to disease; but we are not here to understand it as being actual disease; only a susceptibility or aptitude to particular diseased action in the system, when thrown into any state of commotion by exciting causes, which are very numerous. It may be a very curious question to determine, what actual change takes place in the system, that should render it so liable to the attack of fever from slight causes, which would not be noticed at another time.
THE LOCUS OF THE ACTION OF VERATRIN.

1. In Mnemiopsis veratrin shows two stages of veratrin poisoning. First, inhibition of the beats of the plates which disappears on cutting them away either singly or in small groups. Second, after half an hour mechanical stimulation excites the beat of the plates in the intact veratrinized animal. It is concluded that veratrin acts on nervous tissue and not on the substance of the swimming plates. 2. In Lumbricus , veratrin acts on the ventral nerve cord alone, and not on the muscles and peripheral nerves. 3. In Musca , veratrin first causes opisthotonos, then spasms and extreme flexion of the legs. Decapitation causes these effects to disappear hence veratrin acts on the cerebral ganglia of the fly. 4. Veratrin applied to the sciatic nerve of the frog causes, after a latent period of 20 minutes, irregular contractions of the gastrocnemius which persist for an hour or more. Veratrin is thus a neurophil alkaloid of the first class as well as second and in this way resembles tetraethyl ammonium chloride. 5. If the end of a sciatic nerve is dipped into veratrin solution, then direct stimulation of the gastrocnemius muscle results in contraction with delayed relaxation, although the muscle itself is not subject to the action of veratrin. 6. By means of preparations of the sartorius muscle of the frog it is shown that veratrin acts not on the muscle cells directly but on the nerve fibers. Hence veratrin produces the characteristic muscle curve showing delayed relaxation by its action on the nervous elements.
Analysis and design of a multi-effect desalination system with thermal vapor compression and harvested heat addition

The design and optimization of a concentrated solar power–desalination of seawater (CSP–DSW) plant is based on the accurate characterization and better integration of sub-components, such as the multiple effect distillation (MED). We set out to design and fabricate two pilot MED systems that consist of high performing components and involve a high degree of thermal integration with the rest of the system. An MED system with a series of thermal vapor compressors (TVCs) driven by heat harvested from the thermal storage subsystem of the CSP–DSW is proposed. An algorithm is presented which optimizes the gain output ratio (GOR) by varying of the number and entrainment ratio of TVCs. The use of modular parallel plate falling film heat exchangers and overall process thermal management increase the flexibility and overall efficiency of MED. Experience with the design and fabrication of a transparent single-effect experimental MED aimed to quantify the performance of the parallel plate falling film heat exchanger ...
An optical potential for heavy ion interactions

Abstract An optical potential for nucleus-nucleus interactions is evaluated using a density-dependent effective two body force. The resulting interaction potential is then used to discuss elastic scattering cross sections using a quarter-point recipe from Fresnel diffraction theory. Fits to quarter points of cross sectional data are obtained with parameters for the effective interaction which fit properties of nuclear matter and with parameters for target and projectile densities obtained from electron scattering.
What is Advanced in Generalist Practice? A Conceptual Discussion

Advanced generalist practice is the fastest growing area of concentration for Master of Social Work (MSW) programs in the United States, yet a definition remains elusive. This article proposes that three key elements should be included within a conceptual schema of advanced generalist practice. Multidimensional problem‐setting, self‐reflective leadership, and ethical advocacy form the basis of a model for advanced generalist practice. Discussion of the epistemology of advanced practice highlights the connection between advanced generalist practice and the experienced practitioner. Discussion regarding what makes practice advanced is presented and related to curriculum development.
Cognitive Processes and Technical Writing: Developmental Foundations

A brief overview of methods relating language education to psychological theories and models is provided. Strengths and weaknesses of behaviorist and mentalist approaches are surveyed, followed by ...
Fragmentation of asteroids and artificial satellites in orbit

Abstract In this paper we develop expressions for the probability density in the orbital elements resulting from a spherical explosion in orbit. The usual power law mass distribution is employed, and it is assumed that equipartition holds among velocity dispersions and masses. The asteroid families Themis, Eos, and Coronis (at least) show an envelope in the semimajor axis-diameter plane which is completely characteristic of equipartition in an explosion event. Equipartition is observed to break down when the imparted energy density exceeds about 10 8 ergs/g, and further fragmentation becomes the dominant mode of energy usage. The data for several satellite breakups in Earth orbit are then examined, providing further direct evidence of equipartition and checking the probability functions previously derived. The observation of similarities between satellite breakups and asteroid families leads to the conclusion that the asteroid families are also the result of catastrophic fragmentation events.
PLASMA WAVE ECHO.

It is shown that if a longitudinal wave is excited in a collision-free plasma and Landaudamps away, and a second wave is excited and also damps away, then a third wave (i.e., the echo) will spontaneously appear in the plasma.
Elevated prostaglandin production in culture cells from a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

Abstract Prostaglandin E production was measured in cells cultured from both a fibromatoid lesion and a normal area of skin in a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. The synthesis of prostaglandin E-like material (iPGE) was ten- to twenty-fold greater in cells cultured from the patient's fibromatoid lesion than in fibroblasts obtained from her normal skin. Addition of indomethacin in vitro resulted in a greater than 95% reduction in iPGE production in both cell cultures. These observations appear to warrant further investigation in additional patients, with this disease.
New productive systems in the automotive industry: the current situation of three innovative plants in Brazil

This article provides an overview of three innovative production systems established in Brazil by several major automakers over the last five years. During this period, significant investments have been made in Brazil's automotive industry and new managerial experiments and innovations have been implemented in plants established in the country. Some of these new plants have become a benchmark for several basic processes in the sector, such as inbound logistics, and have attracted the attention of most parts of the automotive industry. The first system studied is the modular consortium of VW's truck and bus chassis plant, in which several important points found five years after the plant opened deserve highlighting. The second system is the industrial condominium of VW-Audi which opened in March 1999, which has become a reference for the entire automotive industry, particularly due to its broader applications and the improved balance of risks and dependence among the partners. The third case consists of the dedicated supply systems built up by Dana and Chrysler at the Dakota plant since July 1998. This plant was recently closed as a result of several problems caused by low market demand. Despite the fact that these three new and inspiring productive systems have proven their superiority by dint of their high output and profits, they have been facing difficult and far-reaching market circumstances outside their sphere of influence.
The number of cell types, information content, and the evolution of complex multicellularity

The number of different cell types (NCT) characterizing an organism is often used to quantify organismic complexity. This method results in the tautology that more complex organisms have a larger number of different kinds of cells, and that organisms with more different kinds of cells are more complex. This circular reasoning can be avoided (and simultaneously tested) when NCT is plotted against different measures of organismic information content (e.g., genome or proteome size). This approach is illustrated by plotting the NCT of representative diatoms, green and brown algae, land plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates against data for genome size (number of base-pairs), proteome size (number of amino acids), and proteome functional versatility (number of intrinsically disordered protein domains or residues). Statistical analyses of these data indicate that increases in NCT fail to keep pace with increases in genome size, but exceed a one-to-one scaling relationship with increasing proteome size and with increasing numbers of intrinsically disordered protein residues. We interpret these trends to indicate that comparatively small increases in proteome (and not genome size) are associated with disproportionate increases in NCT, and that proteins with intrinsically disordered domains enhance cell type diversity and thus contribute to the evolution of complex multicellularity.
A Reduced Zinc Diet or Zinc Transporter 3 Knockout Attenuate Light Induced Zinc Accumulation and Retinal Degeneration

Abstract Our previous study on retinal light exposure suggests the involvement of zinc (Zn2+) toxicity in the death of RPE and photoreceptors (LD) which could be attenuated by pyruvate and nicotinamide, perhaps through restoration of NAD+ levels. In the present study, we examined Zn2+ toxicity, and the effects of NAD+ restoration in primary retinal cultures. We then reduced Zn2+ levels in rodents by reducing Zn2+ levels in the diet, or by genetics and measured LD. Sprague Dawley albino rats were fed 2, or 61 mg Zn2+/kg of diet for 3 weeks, and exposed to 18 kLux of white light for 4 h. We light exposed (70 kLux of white light for 50 h) Zn2+ transporter 3 knockout (ZnT3-KO, no synaptic Zn2+), or RPE65 knockout mice (RPE65-KO, lack rhodopsin cycling), or C57/BI6/J controls and determined light damage and Zn2+ staining. Retinal Zn2+ staining was examined at 1 h and 4 h after light exposure. Retinas were examined after 7 d by optical coherence tomography and histology. After LD, rats fed the reduced Zn2+ diet showed less photoreceptor Zn2+ staining and degeneration compared to a normal Zn2+ diet. Similarly, ZnT3-KO and RPE65-KO mice showed less Zn2+ staining, NAD+ loss, and RPE or photoreceptor death than C57/BI6/J control mice. Dietary or ZnT3-dependent Zn2+ stores, and intracellular Zn2+ release from rhodopsin recycling are suggested to be involved in light-induced retinal degeneration. These results implicate novel rhodopsin-mediated mechanisms and therapeutic targets for LD. Our companion manuscript demonstrates that pharmacologic, circadian, or genetic manipulations which maintain NAD+ levels reduce LD.
Endogenous growth and adverse selection in entrepreneurship

Abstract This paper proposes a model of Schumpeterian endogenous growth incorporating the role of market imperfections that exist due to adverse selection between investors that finance RD while an increase in the dispersion of the skill distribution dampens growth as it makes the adverse selection problem between investors and entrepreneurs more severe. The growth rate would double in the absence of adverse selection. The R&D investment of the average size firm must be subsidized threefold for the negative adverse selection effect to be nullified. We provide U.S. industry-level and European sector-level evidence in favor of the positive scale effect and negative adverse selection effect using the firm size distribution (FSD) to proxy for the entrepreneurial skill distribution.
Failure Mode Analysis of Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) for PEMFC under Low Humidity Operation

The degradation mechanisms and phenomena of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC under low humidity operation were investigated by means of several on-line electrochemical methods and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) of catalyst and hydrogen crossover of MEA were evaluated by cyclic voltagram (CV) and linear sweep voltagram (LSV), respectively. The decrease of catalytic active site and degradation of membrane were evident by ECSA loss and hydrogen crossover rate increase after long-term discharging test. Membrane degradation played the major role for MEAs failure under low humidity operation in this study. The Pt clusters were also observed in the membrane, formed by Pt ions migration and reduction in the membrane, which can react with the crossover gases to produce free radicals that attack membrane and ionomers in the catalyst layer.Those phenomena will drive membrane to rupture and cause a short circuit in MEA. By AST experiments and fluoride release rate results, the MEA with Pt-alloy/C catalyst can show better performance and durability due to its high selectivity on ORR to depress the free radicals formation.