cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
28 GHz 5G-Based Phased-Arrays for UAV Detection and Automotive Traffic-Monitoring Radars

This paper presents a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) long-distance and high-resolution radar system using 28 GHz phased-arrays designed for 5G communications. Measurements show that this radar system can provide $>\pmb{250}\ \mathbf{m}$ detection range for a small UAV with a 0.15 m range resolution. It also shows that the phased-array can provide good angular tracking as well as range finding. This paper clearly demonstrates that 5G phased-arrays are capable of more than just communication and can be used for a multitude of functions.
Effects of bee density and sublethal imidacloprid exposure on cluster temperatures of caged honey bees

Survivorship, syrup consumption, and cluster temperatures of honey bees were kept in hoarding cages with different numbers of bees. Cages with either 50, 100, 150, or 200 bees each were monitored over 4–6 weeks in incubators with 12h/12h 30° C/15° C temperature cycles to induce clustering. Survivorship and syrup consumption rates per bee were not different among the bee density groups, but cluster temperatures were. Cluster temperatures ranged from 0.45°C above incubator temperature in the 50 bee cages to 4.05° C in the 200 bee cages over the 1st 7 days, with each additional bee adding on average 0.02° C to cluster temperature. In another set of experiments, cages were established with about 200 bees each, and imidacloprid added to the syrup at 0, 5, 20, and 100 ppb. Imidacloprid in the syrup did not affect bee survivorship but it did reduce syrup consumption per bee, with bees fed 100 ppb imidacloprid syrup consuming on average 631 mg per bee over 28 days while average consumption among the other groups ranged from 853 to 914 mg. Cluster temperature was affected by imidacloprid treatment: bees fed 5 ppb imidacloprid syrup had higher cluster temperatures over the 1st 10 days, 4.17° C above incubator temperature, than either bees fed 100 ppb syrup or control (2.35 and 3.19° C, respectively).
Guarder: a tunable secure allocator

Due to the on-going threats posed by heap vulnerabilities, we design a novel secure allocator -- GUARDER--to defeat these vulnerabilities. GUARDER is different from existing secure allocators in the following aspects. Existing allocators either have low/zero randomization entropy, or cannot provide stable security guarantees, where their entropies vary by object size classes, execution phases, inputs, or applications. GUARDER ensures the desired randomization entropy, and provides an unprecedented level of security guarantee by combining all security features of existing allocators, with overhead that is comparable to performance-oriented allocators. Compared to the default Linux allocator, GUARDER'S performance overhead is less than 3% on average. This overhead is similar to the previous state-of-the-art, Free-Guard, but comes with a much stronger security guarantee. GUARDER also provides an additional feature that allows users to customize security based on their performance budget, without changing code or even recompiling. The combination of high security and low overhead makes GUARDER a practical solution for the deployed environment.
A giant step for spinal cord injury research.

The combination of spinal epidural stimulation and physical therapy is restoring walking function to people with spinal cord injury. With intensive rehabilitation, some participants are able to walk in their communities during stimulation and even regain control over previously paralyzed movement in the absence of stimulation.
Change in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Associated With Magnitude of Weight Regain 3 Years After a 1‐Year Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Look AHEAD Trial

Background Weight regain after weight loss is common. The impact on cardiometabolic risk factors is not well established. Methods and Results Publicly available data were analyzed from participants...
Easy Knowledge, Circularity, and the Puzzle of Reliability Knowledge

According to externalist reliabilism and dogmatic foundationalism, it's possible to gain knowledge through a perceptual experience without being in a position to know that the experience is reliable. As a result, both of these views face the problem of making knowledge of perceptual reliability too easy, for they permit deducing perceptual reliability from particular perceptual experience without already knowing that these experiences are trustworthy. Ernest Sosa advocates a two-stage solution to the problem. At the first stage, a rich body of perceptual animal knowledge is acquired. At the second stage, perceptual knowledge becomes reflective after deducing perceptual reliability from the initial body of perceptual animal knowledge. I defend the alternative approach of rejecting both externalist reliabilism and dogmatic foundationalism. According to the alternative view, perceptual knowledge and knowledge of perceptual reliability require each other. Such a cognitive structure seems viciously circular. I propose that the appearance of vicious circularity dissipates when the relationship in question is viewed, not as one of temporal priority, but instead as synchronic mutual dependence. At a given time, one cannot have perceptual knowledge without knowledge of perceptual reliability, and vice versa. Such mutual dependence, I argue, is benign.
Civic Identity Development: A Critique of the Civic-Minded Graduate Rubric 2.0 Using a Critical Service-Learning Lens

Critical service-learning (CSL) enhances community-engaged service-learning and civic identity development, but are CSL principles congruent with assessments guided by the Civic-Minded Graduate Rubric 2.0? Using a CSL lens, I critique the rubric, noting areas of progress and recommendations to enhance its treatment of identity, power, and privilege. I suggest extending this work to foundational and emerging service-learning theories, pedagogies, and evaluation methodologies to fulfill the promise of social-justice-oriented civic learning.
The Double-Edged Sword of Automating Personalized Interventions in Makerspaces: An Exploratory Study of Potential Benefits and Drawbacks

While the affordance of a project-based and instructor-facilitated curriculum is a strength of makerspaces, they can be challenging learning environments for many students. This paper recognizes the need for instructors to personalize their approach in supporting students’ needs. While there are opportunities to create automated systems to help instructors personalize their interventions, much care must be taken to prevent the introduction of unintended outcomes. In this study, we designed a weekly personalized intervention cycle based on students’ self-reports. The effect of such personalized intervention was then evaluated using a repeated measure ANOVA. Findings suggest that students receiving personalized interventions were more time efficient in makerspaces and on assignments. Additionally, they reported a lower level of frustration. Students with personalized intervention, however, expressed a lower sense of community. This suggests that while additional data provided to instructors can support personalized assistance, a more nuanced approach may be needed to avoid unintended consequences.
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 161 discharged cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Shanghai, China.

In December 2019, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread to other regions. We aimed to further describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of discharged COVID-19 cases and evaluate the public health interventions. We collected epidemiological and clinical data of all discharged COVID-19 cases as of 17 February 2020 in Shanghai. The key epidemiological distributions were estimated and outcomes were also compared between patients whose illness were before 24 January and those whose illness were after 24 January. Of 161 discharged COVID-19 cases, the median age was 45 years, and 80 (49.7%) cases were male. All of the cases were categorized as clinical moderate type. The most common initial symptoms were fever (85.7%), cough (41.0%), fatigue (19.3%), muscle ache (17.4%), sputum production (14.9%), and there were six asymptomatic cases. 39 (24.2%) cases got infected in Shanghai, and three of them were second-generation cases of Shanghai native cases. The estimated median of the time from onset to first medical visit, admission, disease confirmation, and discharge for 161 cases was 1.0 day (95% CI, 0.6–1.2), 2.0 days (95% CI, 1.5–2.6), 5.2 days (95% CI, 4.6–5.7), 18.1 days (95% CI, 17.4–18.8), respectively. The estimated median of the time from admission to discharge was 14.0 days (95% CI, 13.3–14.6). The time from onset to first medical visit, admission and disease confirmation were all shortened after the Shanghai’s first-level public health emergency response. In Cox regression model, the significant independent covariates for the duration of hospitalization were age, the time from onset to admission and the first-level public health emergency response. Local transmission had occurred in Shanghai in late January 2020. The estimated median of the time from onset to discharge of moderate COVID-19 was 18.1 days in Shanghai. Time intervals from onset to first medical visit, admission and disease confirmation were all shortened after the Shanghai’s first-level public health emergency response. Age, the first-level public health emergency response and the time from onset to admission were the impact factors for the duration of hospitalization.
They’re Dying in the Suburbs: COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Geography in Louisiana (USA)

Abstract The national COVID-19 conversation in the US has mostly focused on urban areas, without sufficient examination of another geography with large vulnerable populations: the suburbs. While suburbs are often thought of as areas of uniform affluence and racial homogeneity, over the past 20 years, poverty and diversity have increased substantially in the suburbs. In this study, we compare geographic and temporal trends in COVID-19 cases and deaths in Louisiana, one of the few states with high rates of COVID-19 during both the spring and summer. We find that incidence and mortality rates were initially highest in New Orleans. By the second peak, trends reversed: suburban areas experienced higher rates than New Orleans and similar rates to other urban and rural areas. We also find that increased social vulnerability was associated with increased positivity and incidence during the first peak. During the second peak, these associations reversed in New Orleans while persisting in other urban, suburban, and rural areas. The work draws attention to the high rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths in suburban areas and the importance of metropolitan-wide actions to address COVID-19. Registration N/A Funding source NIH (DP5OD26429) and RWJF (77644) Code and data availability Code for replication along with data is available here: https://github.com/alinasmahl1/COVID_Louisiana_Suburban/.
Patients with Hepatorenal Syndrome Should Be Dialyzed? COMMENTARY

The rate of RRT for AKI in patients with decompensated cirrhosis (DC) is on the rise. In a study of 3,655,700 DC hospitalizations, the proportion of DC hospitalizations with AKI requiring RRT doubled between 2009 and 2012 (1). Of the many causes of AKI in patients with DC, hepatorenal syndrome type 1 (HRS-1) is perhaps the most vexing. Reasons for this include its complex pathophysiology involving splanchnic vasodilation and intrarenal vasoconstriction; its everchanging diagnostic criteria and nomenclature; and high short-term mortality leading to a widespread perception of clinical futility (2). Liver transplantation (LT) is the definitive therapy for HRS-1 and liver failure, but HRS-1 often progresses to advanced kidney failure before LT (2,3). In this context, nephrologists are faced with the dilemma of initiating RRT in patients with exceptionally poor short-term survival. In this issue of Kidney360 , Dr. Wadei and Dr. Velez were tasked with debating the use of RRT in patients with HRS-1. This commentary aims to provide background on HRS-1 and highlight this debate’s key issues. Prerenal azotemia, acute tubular necrosis (ATN), and HRS-1 are the primary causes of AKI in patients with DC (4). The initial approach to AKI in these patients is diagnostic and therapeutic. To correct prerenal azotemia, diuretics are withdrawn, and intravascular volume is expanded with intravenous albumin for 48 hours. If AKI persists and other causes of AKI are excluded, clinicians must then differentiate between …
Oral processing, sexual selection, and size variation in the circumorbital region of Colobus and Piliocolobus

Objectives The function of the browridge in primates is a subject of enduring debate. Early studies argued for a role in resisting masticatory stresses, but recent studies have suggested sexual signaling as a biological role. We tested associations between circumorbital form, diet, oral processing, and social behavior in two species of colobus monkey-the king colobus (Colobus polykomos) and western red or bay colobus (Piliocolobus badius). Materials and methods We quantified circumorbital size and dimorphism in a sample of 98 crania. Controlling for age and facial size, we tested whether variation in circumorbital morphology can be explained by variation in diet, oral processing behavior, masticatory muscle size, and mating system. To contextualize our results, we included a broader sample of facial dimorphism for 67 anthropoid species. Results Greater circumorbital thickness is unrelated to the stresses of food processing. King colobus engages in longer bouts of anterior tooth use, chews more per ingestive event, and processes a tougher diet, yet circumorbital thickness of C. polykomos is reduced compared to P. badius. Differences in circumorbital development do not vary with wear or facial size. Greater sexual dimorphism is present in P. badius; comparisons across anthropoids indicated patterns of circumorbital dimorphism were decoupled from overall size dimorphism. Conclusions The expanded circumorbits of male red colobus monkeys evolved in response to intense male-male competition. This hypothesis is consistent with the pattern across anthropoid primates and highlights the underappreciated role of sexual selection in shaping the primate face.
Leadership and Elizabethan Culture

1. Queen Elizabeth I of England: Monarchical Leadership in Action Susan Doran 2. Of Poetry and Politics: The Managerial Culture of Sixteenth-Century England Norman L. Jones 3. Alla Prudentissima Et Virtuosissima Reina Elisabetta: An Englishman's Italian Dedication to the Queen Charlotte Boland 4. Mary Queen of Scots and the Northern Rebellion of 1569 K.J. Kesselring 5. Queen Elizabeth's Leadership Abroad: The Netherlands in the 1570s Peter Iver Kaufman 6. Leadership in the 1590s Janet Dickinson 7. Imagination and Leadership in Elizabethan England Todd Butler 8. Henry Herbert, Second Earl of Pembroke and Noble Leadership in the Elizabethan Provinces Neil Younger 9. Swingebreeches and Scholers: Images of Pastoral Leadership in the Elizabethan Provinces Timothy Scott McGinnis 10. Commerce and Community: Emergent Forms of Economic Leadership in Elizabeth's England Ritchie D. Kendall 11. The Perils of Political Showmanship: Marlowe's Tamburlaine the Great Meg Pearson 12. Subject, Servant, and Sovereign: Servant Leadership in Elizabethan Government and Shakespeare's King John Kristin M.S. Bezio 13 'If Power Change Purpose': Defining Leadership in Measure for Measure Karen Bruhn
A subspace approach to blind estimation of ultra-wideband channels

In impulse radio based ultra-wideband (UWB) multiuser communication systems, each user's transmitted symbols are modulated by pulse position modulation (PPM), and corrupted by both intersymbol interference and multiple access interference at the receiver end. To construct low-complexity linear receivers for efficient symbol detection, channel information is needed. In this paper, following a particular input/output model that transforms a PPM system model into a sum of seemingly pulse amplitude modulation signals, a structure similar to a code-division multiple access system, we show that subspace technique can be applied to blindly estimate multipath channels. Performance of the proposed channel estimator is studied. To detect desired symbols, MMSE receivers are constructed. Simulation results demonstrate superiority of the proposed method to the existing maximum likelihood channel estimator.
Fabrication of microsurgical tools for single-cell intracytoplasmic injection

This paper presents the fabrication processes of microsurgical tools for single-cell intracytoplasmic injection. Two types of microsurgical tools, i) sharpened micro injectors and ii) single-cell trappers with a conical inner geometry, have been fabricated with a one-step etching process. Intracytoplasmic injection has been successfully demonstrated with the microsurgical tools on single brassica oleracea cells.
Stabilizing uncertain LTI systems using linear matrix inequalities: a relaxation algorithm

Although the problem of finding a stabilizing state feedback for an LTI system has been solved, it is still not easy to control an uncertain LTI system by a single state feedback gain which stabilizes a finite number of plant configurations, each representing a particular operating point. Researchers have focused on finding sufficient conditions in order to obtain convex problems which are readily solvable by standard convex optimization methods. One approach uses the quadratic stability condition, i.e. one looks for a single quadratic Lyapunov function which proves the stability of all closed loop models. Although this problem can be easily solved, the resulting sufficient condition is conservative and is more suitable for systems which (rapidly) switch among a family of linear systems. Another sufficient condition, proposed by El Ghaoui, is also a convex one and can be written in terms of LMIs (1993). This condition does not require quadratic stability. In this paper, the authors propose a relaxation algorithm for finding one stabilizing state feedback gain by recasting the whole problem into two LMIs. When all the states are not available, this algorithm can also handle output feedback. Since seeking a dynamic feedback compensator is equivalent to looking for an output feedback for an augmented system, the proposed method can be used for dynamic compensation as well. Due to the flexibility of convex optimization methods, several constraints on the closed loop system performance, such as H/sub 2/, H/sub /spl infin// etc, can be incorporated in the design process.
Performance of Barrows and Gilts in Hoop Structures and Confinement During Winter and Summer

and Implications A mixture of barrows and gilts as fed for four trials over two years in bedded hoop structures and a confinement building with slotted floors. When the central Iowa summer and winter feeding periods for two years were combined, the trials showed that as expected the barrows grew faster, had thicker backfat, smaller loin muscle areas, and lower percentage of lean than the gilts. The hoop-reared barrows and gilts grew 3% faster, but had thicker backfat (7.9% more for barrows and 6.5% for gilts) and 5% smaller loin muscle areas than their counterparts in confinement. The hoop barrows and gilts were 1.3 percentage units less lean than the confinement barrows and gilts. During the summer, the pigs in hoops grew faster than the pigs in confinement. During the winter the growth rate was similar. These trends were consistent for both barrows and gilts. However, during the summer, the barrows had 10.6% thicker backfat and the gilts had 11.1% thicker backfat than their counterparts in confinement. In winter, the hoop barrows had 5.2% thicker backfat than the confinement barrows, but the gilts’ backfat was similar. Also, during the summer, hoop barrows and gilts had 4.5–4.7% smaller loin muscle areas than their counterparts in confinement. During the winter, the hoop barrows and gilts had 5.7% smaller loin muscle areas than their counterparts in confinement. Therefore, during the summer, barrows and gilts had 1.6–1.7 percentage units less calculated lean than pigs in confinement. And during the winter, hoop gilts and barrows had 1.0–1.2 percentage units less lean than pigs in confinement.
Self-Study Through Personal History

The profession of teaching, historically, has struggled with the degree to which the personal experiences of the teacher can or should influence classroom practice. This chapter explores the benefits of including “the personal” both for the teacher and student. Personal history – the formative, contextualized experiences of our lives that influence how we think about and practice our teaching – provides a powerful mechanism for teachers wanting to discern how their lived lives impact their ability to teach or learn. In this chapter, the authors explore the historical evolution of personal history self-study and the multiple ways in which it can promote deeper learning. Specifically, this form of self-study can be used to: know and better understand one’s professional identity; model and test forms of reflection; and, finally, push the boundaries of what we know by creating alternative interpretations of reality. The benefits of this method are further illustrated through a case study of the lived experiences of a teacher educator surfacing her own struggle to “unpack” how her identity impacts her teaching and her quest for modeling self-study as she reshapes a preservice teacher education program.
Continuum approach for second-order shape design sensitivity of three-dimensional elastic solids

A second-order shape design sensitivity analysis method for three-dimensional linear elastic solids is derived, using a continuum approach with the material derivative. To compute the second-order shape design sensitivity, a shape design acceleration field is defined, which is similar to the shape design velocity field for the first-order shape design sensitivity. Both direct differentiation and hybrid methods are presented in this paper. The shape changes are assumed on the traction-free boundary only. A numerical method, which can be implemented using established finite element analysis codes, is developed to demonstrate feasibility and accuracy of the proposed second-order shape design sensitivity analysis method
Presence of circulating prostate cells in the bone marrow of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy is predictive of disease-free survival.

PURPOSETo determine whether the presence of circulating prostate cells in the bone marrow is associated with disease-free survival in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy.MATERIALS AND METHODSWe evaluated the bone marrow of 86 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy for the presence of circulating prostate cells using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA. Follow-up duration ranged from 1 to 43 months (mean, 15.4).RESULTSTwo of 47 patients (4%) with negative RT-PCR PSA results and 10 of 39 patients (26%) with positive RT-PCR PSA results have had disease recurrence. Patients whose RT-PCR PSA results were positive had a significantly shorter disease-free survival period than those patients with negative RT-PCR PSA results (P = .004). RT-PCR status correlated significantly with serum PSA level (P = .001) and pathologic stage (P = .003). Based on Cox's proportional hazards models, RT-PCR s...
Design of balanced power dividers using resistor CAD models

Modelling of single section to three-section 3 dB balanced power dividers has been performed taking into account recently developed chip resistor CAD models. Real resistors may significantly degrade the isolation of the divider's output ports and considerably affect the input reflection coefficients. Re-optimising of divider counteracts this effect, leading to circuit parameters close to those that would be obtained with perfect resistors. Practical example of a microstrip divider designed and optimised for high isolation in the GSM and DCS frequency bands supports the numerical results.
From puffery to penalties: a historical analysis of US masked marketing public policy concerns

Purpose – This article aims to examine the US history of practices that mask the marketing content of messages to consumers and of the public policy approaches taken towards such practices.Design/methodology/approach – This research examines both primary sources such as legal challenges and contemporary writings as well as secondary sources.Findings – The US legal/regulatory system has been examining practices that mask the marketing content of communications for over 125 years. Fully masked messages were initially regulated under postal service laws and publisher self‐regulatory codes. Partially masked messages, e.g. testimonials, were examined first by courts and later by regulatory and industry self‐regulatory agencies. These diverse sources of regulation led to diverse approaches and in part explain the modern preference for information disclosure over prohibiting the masking of marketing messages.Originality/value – Modern analysis of these practices ignores their history and the historical evolution...
The influence of trauma on experimental aortic atheromatosis

Summary The influence of blunt aortic trauma on the development of experimental atheromatosis has been observed in rabbits fed normal as well as high cholesterol diets. Trauma alone did not produce a significant degree of atheromatous change within the 65 day period of these experiments. Trauma did not accelerate the formation of atheromatous lesions at the site of injury. The earlier appearance of generalized abdominal aortic atheromatous lesions in the traumatized animals fed a high cholesterol diet is unexplained.
Restructuring of the U.S. Auto Industry in the 2008-2009 Recession:

After many years of declining fortunes, the Detroit Three carmakers were at risk of closure and liquidation during the severe recession of 2008-2009. Efforts by the Bush and Obama administrations to support the carmakers culminated in a government-managed reorganization of Chrysler and General Motors during 2009. As a result of the restructuring, the two carmakers emerged from bankruptcy protection with lower labor costs, higher capacity utilization, and a more concentrated geographic distribution of assembly plants.
Oxidative metabolism of chicken semen and washed spermatozoa in the presence of various steroid hormones

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of androstanediol, estradiol, progesterone and testosterone on the oxidative metabolism of chicken semen and washed spermatozoa were studied. 2. 2. Only concentrations above 40 μg/ml depressed endogenous respiration of both semen and washed spermatozoa. 3. 3. Testosterone and estradiol significantly reduced the oxidation of acetate-1- 14 C to CO 2 in both cell systems, whereas only androstanediol inhibited CO 2 formation in washed spermatozoa. 4. 4. All steroids decreased the oxidation of glucose-U- 14 C. 5. 5. Progesterone suppressed aerobic glycolysis of whole semen, while progesterone and estradiol inhibited glycolysis of washed spermatozoa.
Immune markers and differential signaling networks in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

Background: Cytokine signaling pathways play a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) have unique as well as overlapping phenotypes, susceptibility genes, and gene expression profiles. This study aimed to delineate patterns within cytokine signaling pathways in colonic mucosa of UC and CD patients, explore molecular diagnostic markers, and identify novel immune mediators in IBD pathogenesis. Methods: We quantified 70 selected immune genes that are important in IBD signaling from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) colon biopsy samples from normal control subjects and UC and CD patients having either severe colitis or quiescent disease (n = 98 subjects). We utilized and validated a new modified real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique for gene quantification. Results: Expression levels of signaling molecules including IL-6/10/12/13/17/23/33, STAT1/3/6, T-bet, GATA3, Foxp3, SOCS1/3, and downstream inflammatory mediators such as chemokines CCL-2/11/17/20, oxidative stress inducers, proteases, and mucosal genes were differentially regulated between UC and CD and between active and quiescent disease. We also document the possible role of novel genes in IBD, including SHP-1, IRF-1,TARC, Eotaxin, NOX2, arginase I, and ADAM 8. Conclusions: This comprehensive approach to quantifying gene expression provides insights into the pathogenesis of IBD by elucidating distinct immune signaling networks in CD and UC. Furthermore, this is the first study demonstrating that gene expression profiling in FFPE colon biopsies might be a practical and effective tool in the diagnosis and prognosis of IBD and may help identify molecular markers that can predict and monitor response to individualized therapeutic treatments. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;)
Hydrogen spillover on alumina—A study by infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Infrared spectroscopy has been used to monitor the exchange of D 2 (g) with OH groups chemisorbed on Al 2 O 3 . It has been shown that near 300 K, the rate of the exchange process is rapid in the presence of supported Rh particles on the Al 2 O 3 . A qualitative model for hydrogen “spillover” is presented in which dissociative adsorption of dihydrogen by the metal is a key step. It is shown that CO chemisorption on the supported Rh leads to a marked reduction in the “spillover” rate due to site blockage on the Rh. This is consistent with recent studes of behavior of the CO and H coadsorbed on Rh (111).
A Design Process for Robot Capabilities and Missions Applied to Microautonomous Platforms

As part of our research for the ARL MAST CTA (Collaborative Technology Alliance) [1], we present an integrated architecture that facilitates the design of microautonomous robot platforms and missions, starting from initial design conception to actual deployment. The framework consists of four major components: design tools, mission-specification system (MissionLab), case-based reasoning system (CBR Expert), and a simulation environment (USARSim). The designer begins by using design tools to generate a space of missions, taking broad mission-specific objectives into account. For example, in a multi-robot reconnaissance task, the parameters varied include the number of robots used, mobility capabilities (e.g. maximum speeds), and sensor capabilities. The design tools are used to intelligently carve out the space of all possible parameter combinations to produce a smaller set of mission configurations. Quantitative assessment of this design space is then performed in simulation to determine which particular configuration would yield an effective team before actual deployment. MissionLab, a mission-specification platform, is used to incorporate the input parameters, generate the underlying robot missions, and control the robots in simulation. It also provides logging mechanisms to measure a range of quantitative performance metrics, such as mission completion rates, resource utilization, and time to completion, which are then used to determine the best configuration for a particular mission. These metrics can also provide guidance for the refinement of the entire design process. Finally, a case-based reasoning system allows users to maximize successful deployment of the robots by retrieving proven configurations and determine the robot capabilities necessary for success in a particular mission.
Use of Iteration Procedures to Generate Scattering Approximations

Our subject is the class of iteration procedures which can be written as a functional $F(\ensuremath{\psi})$ used, via the rule ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n+1}=F({\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n})$, to generate a sequence ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{0}, {\ensuremath{\psi}}_{1}, {\ensuremath{\psi}}_{2}, \ensuremath{\cdots}$ desired to converge quickly to the wave function of a quantum-mechanical system. Given such a functional ${F}_{1}(\ensuremath{\psi})$, we seek methods of manipulating it to obtain an improvement ${F}_{2}(\ensuremath{\psi})$; the starting point is the functional which generates the Born expansion. Four such methods are developed which, if applied serially, are capable of generating many likely iteration procedures. Only simple potential scattering is considered, but our methods seem to promise extension to cases much more complex. In these methods a central role is played by matrix elements $J$ and $T$ which measure the behavior of a functional for small and large distances from the scattering center. The resulting $F(\ensuremath{\psi})$ are highly nonlinear; the ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n}$ they generate are rational functions of the coupling constant with coefficients given by various combinations of $J$- and $T$-matrix elements. Numerical results for the first two orders of approximations are presented for square-well and exponential potentials. One of the procedures $F(\ensuremath{\psi})$ gives the Fredholm determinantal expansion, and in a form more easily calculated than the expressions usually employed; this expansion is shown to be unitary, and a relation is obtained connecting the Fredholm determinant and a dispersion integral of the $T$ matrix off the energy shell. Another of the improvements generates the inverse $T$-matrix expansion; this is shown to converge for coupling constant less than the smallest value which puts the phase shift at \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. In all of the above, the iteration sequence was started with ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{0}$ being the free-wave solution corresponding to the scattering energy: An important advantage of iteration procedures is that, in constrast with the perturbation expansion, they are not pinned to this choice of ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{0}$. We go on to select as input the free-wave solution of a different energy which better represents the average wavelength in the scattering region. The above iteration procedures then become much more powerful. When applied to the square-well potential, they yield the exact solution on the first iteration.
Salicylic acid, active oxygen species and systemic acquired resistance in plants.

Abstract Infection of plants, particularly by a necrotizing pathogen, usually induces a long-lasting, broad-based, systemic resistance to secondary pathogen attack. Many studies implicate salicylic acid as an essential signal in the development of such systemic acquired resistance in several plant species. Salicylic acid appears to mediate plant defence by binding to and inhibiting catalase, thus increasing the concentration of H 2 O 2 and other active oxygen species. Active oxygen species may then act as second messengers that induce plant defence gene expression, analogous to their activation of gene expression in mammalian cells.
Social support and psychological trauma: A methodological review

This paper presents a methodological review of the associative relationship between social support and psychological trauma. Because of the paucity of such studies, this review begins with the findings on the nature of social support, and then the general outcomes of this association. Next, the relationship between support and human physiology is presented. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the research specific to psychological trauma and social support in the areas of combat, sexual abuse, and battering. Methodological issues and limitations are discussed in each section.
Advantages of Whole-liver Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy in Children With Wilms Tumor and Liver Metastasis

Purpose To demonstrate the dosimetric advantages of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in children with Wilms tumor (WT) undergoing whole-liver (WL) RT. Methods and Materials Computed tomography simulation scans of 10 children, either 3 (3D) or 4-dimensional (4D), were used for this study. The WL PTV was determined by the 3D or 4D liver volumes, with a margin of 1 cm. A total of 40 WL RT plans were performed: 10 each for left- and right-sided WT with IMRT and anteroposterior-posteroanterior (AP-PA) techniques. The radiation dose-volume coverage of the WL planning target volume (PTV), remaining kidney, and other organs were analyzed and compared. Results The 95% dose coverage to WL PTV for left and right WT were as follows: 97% ± 4% (IMRT), 83% ± 8% (AP-PA) ( P P P P P P Conclusions The use of IMRT and 4D treatment planning resulted in the delivery of a higher RT dose to the liver compared with the standard AP-PA technique. Whole-liver IMRT also delivered a significantly lower dose to the remaining kidney.
Stereoselective syntheses of optically active amino acids from menthyl esters of alpha-keto acids.

Stereoselective synthesis of optically active amino acids from menthyl esters and alpha-keto acids
Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus: New Serologic Findings

A child with neonatal lupus was evaluated and found to possess serum anti Ro(SSA) antibodies. The cutaneous lesions and anti Ro(SSA) antibodies disappeared during the next 5 mo. The infant's mother was asymptomatic but possessed anti Ro(SSA) and anti La(SSB) antibodies.
Complementary and alternative medicine: herbs, phytochemicals and vitamins and their immunologic effects.

Complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) are used in more than 80% of the world's population and are becoming an increasing component of the US health care system, with more than 70% of the population using CAM at least once and annual spending reaching as much as $34 billion. Since the inception of the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, there has been an enormous increase in the number of basic science and therapy-based clinical trials exploring CAM. The subspecialty of allergy and immunology represents a particularly fertile area with a large number of CAM therapies that have been shown to affect the immune system. Recent work has uncovered potential biochemical mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory pathway of many supplemental vitamins (A, D, and E) that appear to affect the differentiation of CD4 + cell T H 1 and T H 2 subsets. Other research has shown that herbs such as resveratrol, quercetin, and magnolol may affect transcription factors such as nuclear factor-κB and the signal transducer and activator of transcription/Janus kinase pathways with resultant changes in cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Clinically, there have been hundreds of trials looking at the effect of CAM on asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. This article reviews the history of CAM and its use among patients, paying special attention to new research focusing on herbals, phytochemicals, and vitamins and their potential interaction with the immune system.
Relation of Submarine Canyons to Continental Slope: ABSTRACT

Except in areas of gentle inclination, the continental slopes are cut by numerous submarine canyons. There is ample evidence that these canyons are loci of active erosion and represent the chutes down which sediments are transported to build the great fans that have End_Page 741------------------------------ formed along the base of the slopes. The numerous photographs of ripple-marked sand to depths of 3,500 m, and the observation from deep-diving vehicles of scoured hard rock walls at depths to 1,350 m provide evidence of this activity. The relative importance of turbidity currents and currents of unknown causes is still uncertain. Mass movements undoubtedly are an important contributing cause. Most submarine canyons are located off relatively large land valleys. In some places, the canyons apparently originated as submerged river valleys, but submarine erosion appears to have played a major role in developing their present configuration. Evidence of more than one cycle of excavation of canyons exists in various places. Apparently canyons have become filled and then reopened by some type of rejuvenation that is not well understood. End_of_Article - Last_Page 742------------
1337 Newborn and Adult Monocytes Show Different Inflammatory Responses to Bacterial Infection: Potential Role of MAPK Inhibition

Background and Aims The neonatal inflammatory response is associated with adverse outcomes like chronic lung disease. Recent studies suggested that newborn innate immune responses differ from adults. We aim to compare the expression of inflammatory cytokines between newborn and adult monocytes, and to investigate the mechanisms underlying the differential response. Methods Purified monocytes from 15 healthy term newborns (C-section, no labor or chorioamnionitis) and 15 healthy adults (no infection), were cultured (90min) and stimulated without or with 0.1ng/ml or 10ng/ml LPS for 4 or 24 hours. Cells were harvested and RNA extracted. mRNA expression was determined with real-time PCR and normalized to β2-microglobulin as housekeeping gene. Results were analyzed by ANOVA and Students t-test with p≤0.05 considered significant. Results Results are discussed in comparison to control values. Newborn monocytes showed increased IL6 (0.1ng/ml or 10ng/ml LPS) and TNFα (0.1ng/ml LPS) expression after 4h, whereas IL10mRNA was lower after 4h and 24h LPS compared to adults. LPS-stimulation increased NFKBp65 expression in adults but not in newborns at 24h. IKBα and Toll-interacting protein were comparable between groups. IRAK3 (TLR4-pathway regulator) was elevated in newborns at 4 and 24h with LPS-stimulation, but only at 24h in adults. Dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) was significantly lower in newborn monocytes compared to adults after 24h LPS at both concentrations. Conclusions Newborn compared to adult monocytes show increased expression of inflammatory cytokines. Diminished upregulation of DUSP1 (negative regulator of MAPK-pathway) might explain the enhanced pro-inflammatory profile of newborn compared to adult monocytes after microbial stimulation.
Low-power way-predicting cache based on intrablock access

The conventional way-predicting cache can effectively reduce power consumption, due to only speculatively selecting an MRU (most recently used) way before starting a normal cache access. However, for accessing the data within the same cache block, to fetch an MRU table and an MRU tag-subarray is unnecessary. Especially for executing a program with good locality, the probability to access the intrablock data in the cache is more significant. Focusing on the way-predicting cache based on intrablock data access, we propose a new cache scheme that can judge if the present cache access is an intrablock, and then only directly enable one data-subarray. By this approach the proposed scheme is a further improvement on average energy savings over the conventional way-predicting cache, especially for large block sizes and good program locality. Therefore, such a way-predicting cache based on intrablock access indeed provides another solution for the design of low-power caches.
Indicators for Evaluating the Influence of Diverted Mississippi River Water on Louisiana Coastal Marsh

ABSTRACT Mississippi River water containing elevated nitrate levels is being introduced into Louisiana coastal marsh to slow or reverse marsh deterioration due to salt water intrusion and subsidence. We evaluated the stable nitrogen isotope composition (&15N) of marsh vegetation and extractable sodium content in marsh soils as potential indicators for delta marsh area influenced by the diverted Mississippi River water. The 15N content of plant material was highest at marsh sites near freshwater input. The 15N content was positively correlated with reduction in soil extractable sodium. Results suggested that soil extractable sodium and “N content of marsh vegetation may serve as indicators for assessing area impacted by the freshwater input.
Long-term lifetests of c.w. (AlGa)As laser diodes at room temperature

Real-time lifetest data are given for a group of c.w. laser diodes operated continuously for periods as long as 4 years. Out of 24 lasers studied, four lasers have failed to date. This failure rate is compared with accelerated lifetests at 70°C; an estimated m.t.t.f. of ≈ 105 hours at room temperature is obtained.
Clinical Considerations in the Surgical Management of Strokes

Four hundred carotid endarterectomies were performed on 320 private patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency during an eight-year period. Patients are classified into four groups: frank stroke (135 patients), transient cerebral ischemia (151 patients), chronic cerebral ischemia (13 patients), and asymptomatic bruit (21 patients). Over-all operative procedure mortality was 3.5%. In frank strokes it was 7.4%; in transient ischemia, 1.02%; and in the other two groups was zero. As a safety factor during operation, the routine use of an inlying bypass shunt is advocated. Of 60 long-term deaths, six (10%) were due to strokes. Among frank stroke survivors, 42.8% are normal, and 48.4% are improved. One patient had a mild subsequent stroke. In transient ischemia survivors, 88.4% are normal, and 7% are improved. Three patients had strokes due to unoperated lesions. Surgery appears to have lowered the incidence of strokes in these groups. There were no strokes in the other two groups. Indications for and timing o...
The role of the gut in the development of multiple organ dysfunction in cardiothoracic patients

Abstract Interest in the importance of the gut after injury or operation has waxed and waned over this century. Recent studies implicate the gut in septic complications and multiple organ failure after trauma, operations including cardiothoracic procedures, starvation, and other serious illnesses. Changes in the gut in sick patients include stress ulceration, bacterial overgrowth from stress ulceration prophylaxis, mucosal atrophy, loss of barrier function, increased permeability, and bacterial translocation. Such changes in relation to multiorgan failure are reviewed, along with methods to support the gut and prevent gastrointestinal failure. Preventive measures include stress ulceration prophylaxis, selective gut decontamination, enteral feeding, and adjuvants to promote gut function such as glutamine, fiber, and growth hormone. In cardiothoracic operations, the gut may be altered by the "whole body" inflammatory processes of cardiopulmonary bypass. Gastrointestinal complications after cardiothoracic operations are related primarily to low flow states. In 5,924 patients having cardiothoracic operations at St. Louis University Hospital from 1985 to 1991. multiorgan failure developed in 128 patients, with a mortality of 78%. Significant gastrointestinal problems occurred and contributed to multiorgan failure in a number of these patients. Support of the gastrointestinal tract and the prevention of multiorgan failure are important for the cardiothoracic surgeon.