cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Wrist: Common Injuries and Management

Primary care physicians not only have an important role in the diagnosis and initial treatment of wrist injuries, but also play a key role in the education of families about prevention. Children and adolescents are often competitive in sports throughout the year. Periods of rest can be important in prevention of overuse injuries in the very active, developing athlete. Protective gear such as wrist guards, used during activities such as inline skating and snowboarding, has been shown to prevent acute injuries that often require surgery or lead to prolonged disability [84,85].A primary care physician will often be the first health care provider to assess most wrist complaints. The intent of this article is to familiarize the primary care physician with the most common wrist injuries in active people, and to demonstrate that many injuries can have poor outcomes if unrecognized. It is important to have good clinical knowledge of the functional anatomy of the wrist in order to maximize the information gathered on examination and to narrow one's differential diagnosis. The athlete's sport and desires regarding return to play, and the impact of the timing of injury management on his or her further participation in sport are important to consider. A highly active person may be referred to a musculoskeletal specialist for advanced testing or surgical repair earlier in the evaluation of certain injuries than a less active one. Armed with good clinical knowledge of anatomy and an understanding of common wrist injuries,primary care physicians can successfully manage many wrist complaints.
Effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone and associated hormonal responses on semen quality and sperm output of bulls.

The objective was to determine if semen quality and output could be affected by pharmacological doses of adrenocorticotropin. Three Holstein bulls, one 7 yr old and two yearlings, were treated with 200 IU adrenocorticotropic hormone every 8 h for 6 days. Effects of treatment on semen traits and peripheral concentrations of glucocorticoids, testosterone, and androstenedione were measured. Viability of spermatozoa (percentage motility and percentage intact acrosomes), ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, and weekly sperm output were unaffected by adrenocorticotropin treatment up to 8 wk posttreatment. The proportion of spermatozoa with cytoplasmic droplets and head abnormalities was elevated slightly from .8 +/- .1 and 4.2 +/- .3% to 1.3 +/- .2 and 5.8 +/- .4% during treatment. Total glucocorticoids increased from 11.9 +/- 2.7 ng/ml before treatment to 73.5 +/- 4.1 ng/ml during treatment. Testosterone decreased in the yearling bulls from 5.5 +/- .9 ng/ml plasma before treatment to .5 +/- .5 ng/ml afterward; the decrease began 8 h following the initial adrenocorticotropin injection and persisted until 24 h following last injection. The mature bull had normal testosterone concentrations for the first 4 days of injection, and decreased concentrations for the last 2 days of injection. Semen viability, concentration, and sperm output are unaffected by a pharmocological administration of adrenocorticotropin and subsequent marked increase of glucocorticoids and decrease of testosterone. Only a small increase of semen content of immature sperm or sperm with abnormal heads may be associated with these marked endocrine changes.
T-type Ca2+ channel inhibition induces p53-dependent cell growth arrest and apoptosis through activation of p38-MAPK in colon cancer cells.

Epithelial tumor cells express T-type Ca2+ channels, which are thought to promote cell proliferation. This study investigated the cellular response to T-type Ca2+ channel inhibition either by small-molecule antagonists or by RNAi-mediated knockdown. Selective T-type Ca2+ channel antagonists caused growth inhibition and apoptosis more effectively in HCT116 cells expressing wild-type p53 (p53wt), than in HCT116 mutant p53−/− cells. These antagonists increased p53-dependent gene expression and increased genomic occupancy of p53 at specific target sequences. The knockdown of a single T-type Ca2+ channel subunit (CACNA1G) reduced cell growth and induced caspase-3/7 activation in HCT116 p53wt cells as compared with HCT116 mutant p53−/− cells. Moreover, CaCo2 cells that do not express functional p53 were made more sensitive to CACNA1G knockdown when p53wt was stably expressed. Upon T-type Ca2+ channel inhibition, p38-MAPK promoted phosphorylation at Ser392 of p53wt. Cells treated with the inhibitor SB203580 or specific RNAi targeting p38-MAPKα/β (MAPK14/MAPK11) showed resistance to T-type Ca2+ channel inhibition. Finally, the decreased sensitivity to channel inhibition was associated with decreased accumulation of p53 and decreased expression of p53 target genes, p21Cip1 (CDKN1A) and BCL2-binding component 3 (BBC3/PUMA). Implications: A novel pathway involving p53 and p38-MAPK is revealed and provides a rationale for antitumor therapies that target T-type Ca2+ channels. Mol Cancer Res; 12(3); 348–58. ©2013 AACR.
Age-related telomere uncapping is associated with cellular senescence and inflammation independent of telomere shortening in human arteries

Arterial telomere dysfunction may contribute to chronic arterial inflammation by inducing cellular senescence and subsequent senescence-associated inflammation. Although telomere shortening has been associated with arterial aging in humans, age-related telomere uncapping has not been described in non-cultured human tissues and may have substantial prognostic value. In skeletal muscle feed arteries from 104 younger, middle-aged, and older adults, we assessed the potential role of age-related telomere uncapping in arterial inflammation. Telomere uncapping, measured by p-histone γ-H2A.X (ser139) localized to telomeres (chromatin immunoprecipitation; ChIP), and telomeric repeat binding factor 2 bound to telomeres (ChIP) was greater in arteries from older adults compared with those from younger adults. There was greater tumor suppressor protein p53 (P53)/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21)-induced senescence, measured by P53 bound to P21 gene promoter (ChIP), and greater expression of P21, interleukin 8, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 mRNA (RT-PCR) in arteries from older adults compared with younger adults. Telomere uncapping was a highly influential covariate for the age-group difference in P53/P21-induced senescence. Despite progressive age-related telomere shortening in human arteries, mean telomere length was not associated with telomere uncapping or P53/P21-induced senescence. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that advancing age is associated with greater telomere uncapping in arteries, which is linked to P53/P21-induced senescence independent of telomere shortening.
Samuel Johnson, the Ossian Fraud, and the Celtic Revival in Great Britain and Ireland: James Macpherson's violation of literary truth

Forgery is one of the most dangerous and extensive evils to which men are subjected by the combinations of society and the regulations of civil life. Sir Robert Chambers, A Course of Lectures on the English Law (1766–70) A biographical sketch is in order: the perpetrator of literary deception was an ambitious young author, large of frame and irritable in disposition, who was university educated but lacking a degree. Wanting to escape the obscurity of schoolteaching, he made his bid for literary fame in the metropolis by publishing some anonymous poetry. Notoriety, however, was difficult to come by, until he turned to the first major project of his writing career. This was a work of almost complete fabrication, composed rather quickly over several years and based on very meager original materials or, mostly, none at all. From slight cues he invented a whole cast of characters and imposed a monotone declamatory style of high drama on his literary creation for a pervasive nobility of sentiment. Initially he probably felt no serious qualms of conscience about a seemingly harmless manipulation of minimal sources, as the duped public responded well to his efforts. His virtual authorship, despite hints and suspicions, remained widely unknown until after his death, and burial in Westminster Abbey crowned his worldly successes. This is the true story of James Macpherson, creator of Ossian (1760–3), and this is the true story of Samuel Johnson, creator of the Parliamentary Debates ( ca . 1740–3).
Cancer in the transgender community.

The Lancet Oncology editorial “Cancer risk in the transgender community” provides a timely and important insight into a patient population that has long been neglected. Prostate cancer in transgender women deserves special emphasis. Although only four cases of prostate cancer have been reported in this group, the reported incidence is very likely to be a gross underestimate for several reasons. First, many patients, and some physicians, do not realise that the prostate is not removed during sex reassignment surgery. Second, some patients and caregivers erroneously assume that the oestrogen replacement that is routinely given to these patients p rotects them from prostate cancer. In all reported cases of prostate cancer in transgender women, the patients started hormone therapy aged 45 years or older, and one developed metastatic disease 31 years after starting hormone ablation. No published guidelines exist to recommend how frequently, how long, or in what manner transgender women should be followed up after surgery. I am not aware of any study that is designed to examine these issues; such a study is overdue, and these important questions need to be addressed. What is the proper monitoring of transgender women in terms of frequency of prostatespecific antigen (PSA) testing and digital rectal examination? Is earlieronset oestrogen therapy (for example, in patients aged 20–29 years) more protective against cancer development than when oestrogen therapy is commenced later, in middle-aged patients, when subclinical prostate cancer might already be present? Regular PSA testing and rectal exams in this group of patients would seem advisable until an analysis of larger cohorts followed for longer periods provide data for evidence-based recommendations. I declare no competing interests.
Continuous wavelet analysis of pavement profiles

Abstract Pavement roughness can be quantified by analyzing the response of vehicle suspensions to road geometry or by analyzing basic geometric measurements (e.g., crack width and depth). These analyses can be either summative or pointwise. In recent studies, wavelet transform has been used to quantify road roughness by correlating the energies of wavebands to summative IRI values rather than identifying localized features and their effect on vehicle suspension response (SR) using quarter-car (QC) simulations. Because pointwise SR analysis can identify localized features, the objective of this study is to investigate the applicability and advantages of analyzing asphaltic and Portland cement pavements with QC simulation and continuous wavelet transform (CWT). This approach provides spatial assessment of roughness as a function of both frequency band and position and allows statistical comparisons of SR at different frequency bands. An advantage of this method is analyzing relatively short segments which can support near real-time assessment.
Breaking Down Barriers, Rebuilding Walls: The Role of Community Development Loan Funds

Community Development Loan Funds (CDLFs) make up the largest sector of the community development finance industry, with more than 800 certified CDLFs. Ninety-eight percent of CDLFs are nonprofit, servicing mainly the small business sector, with the help of the CDFI Fund, the Small Business Administration, and, increasingly, mainstream banks. CDLFs venture into risky areas where others sometimes fear to go, yet they have high repayment figures and low loss rates.
Interaction between Atomic Lanthanide Impurities and Ultrashort Carbon Nanotubes of the Zigzag Type

Composites of two atomic lanthanide impurities (2Ln, where Ln = La, Ce, Sm, Gd) and a finite single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) are investigated by use of a plane-wave density functional theory method. A symmetrically truncated SWCNT of the zigzag type is chosen as host species. Endohedral and exohedral configurations of the 2Ln(n,0), system with n = 9, 10 are explored. A molecular dimer solution for Ln = Sm, Gd, involving an Ln2 subunit at the tube center, is found to be substantially less stable than alternative geometries with separated Ln atoms, each localized at a tube edge. Addition of the Ln impurities strongly affects the magnetism of the pure SWCNT host. For the most stable isomers identified, the magnetic structure of 2Ln(n,0) is entirely determined by the magnetic moments of the Ln(4f) shell. Analyzing 2Ln insertion into the host along the SWCNT axis yields the prediction of vanishing energy barrier for the special case of 2Gd(10,0).
Microfluidic cytometer for the characterization of cell lysis.

Blood cytometry and intercellular analysis typically requires lysis as a preparatory step, which can alter the results of downstream analyses. We fabricated a microfluidic cytometer to characterize erythrocyte lysis kinetics. Forward light scatter from erythrocytes was used for enumeration at specific locations on a microfluidic chip. Diffusive transport coupled with laminar flow was used to control the concentration and exposure time of the lysis reagent Zap-OGLOBIN II to erythrocytes. Standard clinical practice is to expose erythrocytes to lysis reagent for 10 min. Under optimum conditions, we achieved complete erythrocyte lysis of a blood sample in 0.7 s. A maximum lysis reaction rate of 1.55 s–1 was extrapolated from the data. Lysis began after 0.2 s and could be initiated with a lysis reagent concentration of 1.0% (68.5 mM). An equation that related lysis reagent concentration, [A], to erythrocyte lysis, [B], was determined to be [B] = −0.77[A]0.29t.
Drugs and the Four Cultures

whose interests lay mainly in the clinic and those who confined themselves chiefly or wholly to the laboratory. Realizing the many advantages to the members of such a society of close association with a larger organization following the more conventional procedure of communication, it was decided that the annual meeting should just precede the annual Interscience Conference. A formal proposal was submitted to a number of workers in the field. The re-
Parity Assignments from High Resolution Neutron Scattering and M1 Radiative Strength in 208Pb

Recently we have shown1–3 that the experimental determination of level parities by means of high resolution neutron scattering can be of extreme importance for the proper identification of ground-state electromagnetic radiations observed in the (γ,n) and (n,γ) reactions. In particular, our results for 207Pb(n,n) have established a firm basis for the identification of ground-state M1 radiation transitions from the unbound region of 208Pb, and an understanding of the distribution of M1 strength. Here we report preliminary results of high resolution neutron transmission and scattering measurements on 206Pb and their implications as regards the M1 radiative strength in 207Pb.
Study On The 'Special' Over-Criterion Harmonic Current

'Special' over-criterion harmonic current appears when harmonic current is over-criterion,but no prominent harmonic source in the system could be found in the testing.Through the analysis on testing result of typical cases of over-criterion harmonic current and taking simulation analysis into account to explain the cause of them,this paper puts forword solutions which would benefit the harmonic management and the revi- sing work of harmonic national standard.
Omission Survey of Infectious Infectious Diseases Reporting in Medical Institutions in Gaoxian,2004-2010

objective According to survey results of the omission of notifiable infectious disease in Gaoxian county in 2004-2010,the reasons for omission were analyzed to improve the quality of reporting and find out scientific strategies.Method Data about omission of the notifiable infectious diseases in Gaoxian in 2004-2010 was statistically analyzed.Results From 2004 to 2010,the average false negative rate in medical institutions of different level in Gaoxian was 0.95%.Omission of the top three diseases were viral hepatitis(2.03%),other infectious diarrhea(1.59%) dysentery(1.23%).The false negative rates of infectious diseases in medical institutions at all levels had no significant difference(χ2=0.025,P0.05).The false negative rates in each year from 2004 to 2010 had no significant difference(χ2=0.048,P0.05).The awareness rates of knowledge related to infectious diseases prevention and control among medical staff in different levels has statistical significance(χ2=87.103,P0.001).Conclusion The false negative rate of infectious diseases in Gaoxian is low.Only having a standardized reporting system network,epidemic information flow and feedback mechanisms,can reduce the omission of the infectious diseases in medical institutions and health institutions.
Robust i-vector based adaptation of DNN acoustic model for speech recognition.

In the past, conventional i-vectors based on a Universal Background Model (UBM) have been successfully used as input features to adapt a Deep Neural Network (DNN) Acoustic Model (AM) for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). In contrast, this paper introduces Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based ivectors that use HMM state alignment information from an ASR system for estimating i-vectors. Further, we propose passing these HMM based i-vectors though an explicit non-linear hidden layer of a DNN before combining them with standard acoustic features, such as log filter bank energies (LFBEs). To improve robustness to mismatched adaptation data, we also propose estimating i-vectors in a causal fashion for training the DNN, restricting the connectivity among hidden nodes in the DNN and applying a max-pool non-linearity at selected hidden nodes. In our experiments, these techniques yield about 5-7% relative word error rate (WER) improvement over the baseline speaker independent system in matched condition, and a substantial WER reduction for mismatched adaptation data.
Democratic Dilemmas of Election Monitoring

Monitored elections are often held as part of postconflict peacebuilding on the theory that democracy promotes peace.1 Though disputed elections are a frequent cause of violent conflict, alternative methods of choosing governments, including transitional ones, are not considered. For example, in January 2006, BBC Newshour host Owen Bennett-Jones asked, “It sounds like that the only option (regarding the civil war) in Ivory Coast is to hold elections, doesn’t it?”2 The international community insisted on elections, even though the 2000 elections inspired the North-South civil war in Ivory Coast. UN peacekeeping since the end of the Cold War has two new, complex mandates: human rights, including free elections, and the rule of law. This reflects a broader, post-Cold War trend that elections are “the only game in town” for states to resolve conflict nonviolently (if their rules are followed), gain respectability, and qualify for foreign aid or IGO membership like the EU or NATO.
Levels of retinoic acid and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase expression in eyes of the Mitf-vit mouse model of retinal degeneration.

PURPOSE Several reports have characterized the retinal degeneration observed in the Mitf(vit) mutant mouse. Despite these reports, the factor(s) that may cause or modulate the degeneration still are not well defined; however, it is known that the photoreceptors of Mitf(vit) mice die through an apoptotic mechanism. We reported previously that retinoid metabolism in the RPE of Mitf(vit)++ mice is perturbed. Retinoids regulate genes via the RAR and RXR nuclear receptor pathway that are involved in numerous cellular responses including apoptosis. It is possible that retinoic acid (RA) modulates the retinal degeneration observed in the Mitf(vit) mice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of RA in whole eyes, as well as its distribution between neural retina and RPE, of the Mitf(vit) mutant mouse model. An additional purpose was to examine the expression of the RA generating enzyme, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (AHD2), in the eyes of mutant and control mice. METHODS The distribution of AHD2 in eyes of pre- and postnatal Mitf(vit) and C57BL/6 wild-type mice was determined immunohistochemically. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of RA were performed using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS The distribution of AHD2 in ocular tissues was similar between pre- and postnatal Mitf(vit) and C57BL/6 control mice. At postnatal week 10, however, a marked increase in AHD2 immunoreactivity was noted in the central dorsal neural retina of Mitf(vit) mice. No differences in the level of total RA in whole eyes were noted between Mitf(vit) and control mice at early postnatal ages. By 10 weeks of age there was a significant elevation of RA that was localized to the neural retina. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show a high level of AHD2 and RA in the neural retina of Mitf(vit) mice relative to control mice. It is possible that this elevation of RAs contributes to the retinal degeneration observed in Mitf(vit) mice either by inducing apoptosis or by enhancing the effect of some other factor(s) involved in the apoptotic pathway.
Beyond LARC: Advancing Reproductive Health to Include Men.

The authors argue that men should be involved in the reproductive health discourse. They express concern over the lack of inclusion of men in the discussion about the long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) technology and discuss topics including enhancing the role of partners in reproduction, the potential benefits of men's participation in reproductive health education, and male investment in childbearing and rearing.
Sequential probability ratio test for the mode of M-Gaussian distribution

ABSTRACTScientific data, as a sequential or a simple random sample, often indicate a unimodal, right-skewed population. For such data, the ubiquitous symmetry assumption and the Gaussian model are inappropriate and in case of high skewness, even corrections using devices such as Box-Cox transformation are inadequate. In such cases, the recently introduced M-Gaussian distribution, which may be described as an R-symmetric Gaussian twin, with its mode as the centrality parameter, can be an appropriate model. In this article, the concept of R-symmetry, the basic properties of the M-Gaussian distribution and some analogies between Gaussian and M-Gaussian distributions are reviewed. Then the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) for simple a hypothesis about the mode of an M-Gaussian population assuming the dispersion parameter to be known is derived. The average sample number (ASN) and operating characteristic (OC) function are obtained and the robustness properties of the test with respect to the harmonic ...
Lord North, 1780–82

As the movement for economical reform erupted in the House of Commons and out of doors, Lord North, the erstwhile minister of low taxes, economical expenditure, and debt reduction, faced the daunting political and financial challenges of wartime spending that he knew was out of control.
Beverages and the Emergence of Tropical Nations

The beverages that civilized man consumes are of two kinds: alcoholic and nonalcoholic. Both have a social function; the nonalcoholic beverages are stimulants, whereas the alcoholic ones (contrary to much popular belief) are depressants. The stimulating effects of nonalcoholic beverages come from the alkaloids that they contain and which are extracted from the source materials, along with their flavors, by hot water. These alkaloids either are caffeine or are closely related to that substance. The most highly favored alkaloidcontaining beverage materials are tea, coffee, cocoa (or chocolate) and cola, and this is also the order of their consumption in the world today. Each one is a product of the tropics or the near-tropics.
Fungal biofilm composition and opportunities in drug discovery

Biofilm infections are exceptionally recalcitrant to antimicrobial treatment or clearance by host immune responses. Within biofilms, microbes form adherent multicellular communities that are embedded in an extracellular matrix. Many prescribed antifungal drugs are not effective against biofilm infections owing to several protective factors including poor diffusion of drugs through biofilms as well as specific drug-matrix interactions. Despite the key roles that biofilms play in infections, there is little quantitative information about their composition and structural complexity because of the analytical challenge of studying these dense networks using traditional techniques. Within this review, recent work to elucidate fungal biofilm composition is discussed, with particular attention given to the challenges of annotation and quantification of matrix composition.
Conditional survival of metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with high-dose interleukin-2.

Conditional survival (CS) is a clinically useful prediction measure which adjusts a patient’s prognosis based on their duration of survival since initiation of therapy. CS has been described in numerous malignancies, and recently described in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) who received vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGFTKI) therapy. However, CS has been not reported in the context of mRCC treated with high-dose interleukin-2 therapy (HDIL-2). A total of 176 patients with histologically confirmed metastatic clear cell RCC (mccRCC) treated with HDIL-2 at the University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute from 1988–2012 were evaluated. Using the Heng/IMDC model, they were stratified by performance status and prognostic risk groups. Two-year CS was defined as the probability of surviving an additional two years from initiation of HDIL-2 to 18 months after the start of HDIL-2 at three-month intervals. The median overall survival (OS) was 19.9 months. Stratifying patients into favourable (n = 35; 20%), intermediate (n = 110; 63%), and poor (n = 31; 18%) prognostic groups resulted in median OS of 47.5 (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.35–0.88, p = 0.0106 versus intermediate), 19.6 (HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.10–0.33, p < 0.0001 versus poor), and 8.8 (HR 5.34, 95% CI 3.00–9.62, p < 0.0001 versus favourable) months respectively. Two-year overall CS increased from 43% at therapy initiation to 100% at 18 months. These results have significant ramifications in prognostication. Furthermore, it is important when counseling patients with mccRCC who have completed treatment with HDIL-2 and are in active follow-up.
Calcium Intake and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

This systematic review of trials and observational studies examines conflicting evidence about potential cardiovascular risks associated with high levels of calcium intake.
Consumption of Lake Ontario sport fish and the incidence of colorectal cancer in the New York State Angler Cohort Study (NYSACS).

Fish consumption is hypothesized to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Nonetheless, consuming sport fish from the Great Lakes increases exposure to certain persistent organic pollutants, namely polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides, which may increase the risk of cancer. Evidence that exposure to persistent organic pollutants is associated with colorectal cancer is sparse. We examined colorectal cancer incidence in the New York State Angler Cohort Study (NYSACS), a prospective cohort of 17,110 anglers and spouses age 18–40 years at enrollment. In 1991, participants completed a mailed self-administered questionnaire that ascertained the number of years that fish from Lake Ontario were consumed, as well as potential confounders. Forty-one histologically confirmed first primary incident colorectal cancers diagnosed as of December 31, 2008 were identified via the New York State Cancer Registry. Vital status was ascertained by linkage with the Social Security Administration Death File. Rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated with Poisson regression, adjusting for age, pack-years of smoking, and sex. Compared with never consumers, colorectal cancer incidence was statistically non-significantly lower among consumers of Lake Ontario sport fish (RR=0.66; 95% CI: 0.35; 1.24). Incidence of colon cancer was lower among Lake Ontario sport fish consumers (RR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.20; 1.00). We did not observe any evidence of effect measure modification by sex or age. Although consumption of Lake Ontario sport fish may have an inverse association with colorectal cancer risk, inferences are complicated by a small number of cases and a lack of information regarding potential confounders including other dietary factors. However, our results do not provide support for the hypothesis that consumption of contaminated sport fish increases the risk of colorectal cancer.
Null and timelike geodesics of the Schwarzschild black hole with string cloud background

The trajectories of the time-like and null geodesics for radial and circular motion of the Schwarzschild black hole with string cloud background are investigated and compared with the Schwarzschild case without string clouds. It is found that in the presence of the string cloud parameter, the radius of the orbits is larger than the radius of the orbits in the case of the Schwarzschild black hole without string cloud parameter. Effective potential is calculated and it is observed that as the value of string cloud parameter increases the particle can more easily escape to infinity. Stability of the circular orbits is also discussed.
Effect of Oral Nonionic Polymeric Micelles Delivered Parathyroid Hormone cDNA on Bone Density and Microarchitecture.

INTRODUCTION Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is an effective therapeutic agent for osteoporosis, but the treatment requires long-term daily injections. Oral gene delivery is a less invasive alternative to daily injections. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of orally administered nonionic polymeric micelles of plasmid cDNA containing human cytomegalovirus promoter (PCMV)-PTH (1-34) plus EDTA on body mineral density and bone microstructure in ovariectomized rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 27 Spraque-Dawley female rats were subjected to a bilateral ovariectomy. One month following the ovariectomy, they were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) (PCMVPTH (1-34) cDNA in polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide (PEO-PPO-PEO) polymeric micelle formations plus EDTA); (2) PCMV-PTH (1-34) cDNA and (3) drinking water. The treatment was administered by oral gavage on day 1, 2, 7, 14, and 21 at 8-hour intervals. Body mineral density, bone volume fraction, and trabecular thickness of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were examined with peripheral quantitative computed tomography at pre- and post-intervention (3 months after the start of the intervention) and analyzed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Results showed that bone mineral density, bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness were significantly increased in Group 1 over time, compared with those in Group 2 and Group 3. CONCLUSION In conclusion, significantly improved bone mineral density and bone microstructure were observed in ovariectomized rats treated with PTH (1-34) cDNA delivered by nonionic polymeric micelles.
Review of Pertinent Literature

This chapter frames the main study described in this book in terms of the theoretical positions of Charles Sanders Peirce, Johann Friedrich Herbart, and Gina Del Campo and Ken Clements. Peirce’s tripartite position on semiotics (featuring signifiers, interpretants, and signifieds), Herbart’s theory of apperception, and Del Campo and Clements’s theory of complementary receptive and expressive modes of communication, were bundled together to form a hybrid theoretical position which gave direction to the study. The chapter closes with careful statements of six research questions which emerged not only from consideration of the various literatures, but also from a knowledge of practicalities associated with the research site, from our historical analysis of the purposes of school algebra, and from our review of the literature.
High fidelity MMI-based multi-spot excitation for optofluidic multiplexing

Producing high fidelity multi-spot patterns from a long ARROW-based multimode interference waveguide is important for optofluidic biosensors that rely on optical multiplexing. We have found that spot pattern fidelity is affected by input waveguide geometry and etching parameters.
Non-commutative association schemes of rank 6 with affine subschemes

Abstract When association schemes are viewed as a generalization of groups, it becomes natural to seek non-commutative examples. As with groups, non-commutative association schemes must have at least six elements, but unlike in group theory, there are numerous examples with exactly six elements. One method to try to classify such schemes is to attempt to construct extensions of schemes of rank 3, starting with those schemes of rank 3 which correspond to self-complementary strongly regular graphs with a vertex-transitive automorphism group. Recent work of Klin, Kriger, and Woldar provides new constructions for such graphs. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of constructing new non-commutative schemes with six elements from these graphs.
Optimum Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients Requiring Long-Term Anticoagulation and Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Management of patients on long-term anticoagulation requiring percutaneous coronary intervention is challenging. Triple therapy with oral anticoagulant and dual antiplatelet therapy is the standard of care. However, there is no strong evidence to support this strategy. There is emerging data regarding the safety and efficacy of dual therapy with oral anticoagulant and single antiplatelet therapy in these patients. In this comprehensive review we highlight available evidence regarding various antithrombotic regimens' efficacy and safety in patient with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with long-term anticoagulation therapy requirements.
Contamination profiles, mass loadings, and sewage epidemiology of neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs in wastewater and river waters from a community in the Midwestern United States.

Abstract In this study, residues of the neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs including stimulants, opioids, hallucinogens, antischizophrenics, sedatives, and antidepressants were determined in influent and effluent samples from a small wastewater treatment plant, a receiving creek, and river waters in the Four Rivers region of the Midwestern United States. Nineteen neuropsychiatric drugs, eight illicit drugs, and three metabolites of illicit drugs were detected and quantitated in the water samples using HPLC–MS/MS. Residual concentrations of the drugs varied from below the detection limit to sub-μg/L levels. The source of residual cocaine and benzoylecgonine in wastewater is primarily from human consumption of cocaine rather than direct disposal. Wastewater based epidemiology is utilized to estimate the community usage of drugs based on the concentration of drug residues in wastewater, wastewater inflow, and the population served by the centralized wastewater treatment plant. The per-capita consumption rate of methamphetamine (1740 mg/d/1000 people) and amphetamine (970 mg/d/1000 people) found in this study were the highest reported per-capita consumption rates in the USA. Antidepressant venlafaxine found to have the highest environmental emission from the WWTP (333 ± 160 mg/d/1000 people) followed by citalopram (132 ± 60.2 mg/d/1000 people), methamphetamine (111 ± 43.6 mg/d/1000 people), and hydrocodone (108 ± 90.1 mg/d/1000 people). Bee Creek, an immediate receiving water body, is found to be a source of several neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs including methamphetamine, methadone, alprazolam, oxazepam, temazepam, carbamazepine, venlafaxine, citalopram, sertraline, oxycodone, and hydrocodone (p
Thermodynamics of Finite Systems

The thermodynamic properties of nanometer-sized particles have been studied in a large variety of sample configurations, and by many different experimental techniques. Much of this work has focussed on the size dependence of the melting temperature, and has included studies of nearly free particles prepared in the form of discontinuous vapor deposited films, as well as confined particles in granular and porous materials. These studies have shown that the melting temperature is generally reduced with respect to the corresponding bulk value by an amount that is approximately proportional to the inverse particle size. Similar size dependent reductions in the latent heat of fusion have also been observed. In each case the experimentally observed behavior is in qualitative agreement with classical thermo- dynamic treatments of melting when surface effects are explicitly accounted for.
Storage and Translation of Ferritin Messenger RNA

Early in evolution, most life forms became dependent on iron proteins for such reactions as electron transfer, nitrogen reduction, and DNA synthesis (ribonucleotide reductase) because of the abundance and the redox properties of iron. When the use of H2O as a source of hydrogen for photosynthesis began 2.5 billion years ago, a profound change in the environment was wrought: dioxygen was released as a by-product. For the first approximately 200–300 million years thereafter, the oxygen content of the atmosphere changed little because oxygen was consumed in the conversion of ferrous to ferric.1 However, cellular metabolism changed dramatically. Iron was still abundant, but instead of the soluble ferrous iron, the cells had to accommodate to insoluble ferric with a solubility of 10−18 M.2 Ferritin maintains a soluble reservoir of ferric iron that in cells specialized for iron storage, can be equivalent to 10−5 M.3 While it is not known whether ferritin existed before oxygen-evolving photosynthesis, the need for ferritin increased dramatically at that time.
Generalized Search Trees for Database Systems

This paper introduces the Generalized Search Tree (GiST), an index structure supporting an extensible set of queries and data types. The GiST allows new data types to be indexed in a manner supporting queries natural to the types; this is in contrast to previous work on tree extensibility which only supported the traditional set of equality and range predicates. In a single data structure, the GiST provides all the basic search tree logic required by a database system, thereby unifying disparate structures such as B+-trees and R-trees in a single piece of code, and opening the application of search trees to general extensibility. To illustrate the flexibility of the GiST, we provide simple method implementations that allow it to behave like a B+-tree, an R-tree, and an RD-tree, a new index for data with set-valued attributes. We also present a preliminary performance analysis of RD-trees, which leads to discussion on the nature of tree indices and how they behave for various datasets.
Technical note: Analyzing the effect of alternative goals and model attributes on CAD model creation and alteration

CAD systems are proven tools which help reduce product development cycle times and improve product quality. To enhance the performance of CAD systems, engineers must be able to create CAD models of conceptual designs quickly; CAD models must also be easy to alter, so as to accommodate the rapid changes that the design undergoes through the lifecycle. In this work 3D CAD models created and altered by 30 practicing product development engineers are analyzed. The participants are experienced users of Pro|Engineer with an average of 5 years experience. The effects of modeling goals on CAD model attributes during creation are investigated; the effects of CAD model attributes on the alterability of the models are also analyzed. The results indicate that relatively simple features increase original model creation time, but increase feature reuse during alteration. Simpler features, the use of reference geometry, and the correct feature sequence improve the perception of the model during alteration by others. The retention and alteration of features (as opposed to deletion or new feature creation) is also shown to be positively correlated with model perception ratings.
On the naturalness of proofs

Proofs play a key role in reasoning about programs and verification of properties of systems. Mechanized proof assistants help users in developing and checking the consistency of proofs using the proof language developed by the systems; but even then writing proofs is tedious and could benefit from automated insight. In this paper, we analyze proofs in two different proof assistant systems (Coq and HOL Light) to investigate if there is evidence of "naturalness" in these proofs: viz., recurring linguistic patterns that are amenable to language models, in the way that programming languages are known to be. Such models could be used to find errors, rewrite proofs, help suggest dependencies, and perhaps even synthesize (steps of) proofs. We apply state-of-the-art language models to large corpora of proofs to show that this is indeed the case: proofs are remarkably predictable, much like other programming languages. Code completion tools for Coq proofs could save over 60% of typing effort. As proofs have become increasingly central to writing provably correct, large programs (such as the CompCert C compiler), our demonstration that they are amenable to general statistical models unlocks a range of linguistics-inspired tool support.
Intelligence and War Onset: A Theoretical Framework

Why do states go to war? War is costly, unpredictable, and risky — and yet it occurs. Scholars may posit different causal mechanisms, but what all of these explorations seem to agree on is that variances in information have a significant effect on war. War is, on some level, a product of uncertainty. In the past, this uncertainty, or variance in information about capabilities, intentions, or outcomes; has been included more as an immeasurable error term than an understandable part of war onset. I propose here that the “error term” can be both defined and captured in how we model war onset. In particular, I argue that we can understand variances in uncertainty by proxying uncertainty with intelligence (or the institutional collection, processing, analysis, distribution, and reception of private information) in crisis decision-making. By understanding the error term as a variable, we are able to explore not only how intelligence affects the onset of war, but also how intelligence can further explain existing theories about the causes of war. In this paper, I identify three main categories of causes of war: structural, behavioral, and domestic. I then construct a model that captures the multiplicative effects of intelligence on the three main categories of the causes of war. I utilize case studies of intelligence failures to illustrate how intelligence affects decisions for war as explained by structural, behavioral, and domestic theories. I conclude by introducing three possible avenues for future research: the empirical testing of the intelligence model using a cross-national data set of crises, psychological experiments of the role of intelligence in decision-making, and in-depth case studies of outliers identified within empirical tests. I believe that by adding intelligence as a measurable variable within the causes of war explanations, I will provide both formal modeling and empirical studies of the onset of war a way to more accurately explain past events and potentially predict future events.
Aplicación de los modelos de gestión territorial a través de las unidades de planificación territorial, “lecciones aprendidas”

This article is the result of scientific and technological research, where concepts and guidelines are identified as well as guidelines in planning and territorial management obeying what we call the lessons learned in the context of professional and teaching practice in the planning and management approaches territorial, where new paradigm changes in territorial planning are based critically and argumentatively. Finally, for these changes, the concepts and methodologies used to carry out the new territorial planning and management approach are strategically displayed, defining the operational management tools for decision-making in the departmental and municipal context for a new model of territorial and administrative management.
Liver transplantation: current and future

The aim of this paper is to summarize the allocation challenges facing the field of liver transplantation while providing examples of the expansion of indications for the procedure. UNOS allocation policy was reviewed as well as the recent literature describing expanded criteria for recipient candidate selection. Liver allocation policy changes for deceased-donor organs remain gridlocked in legal and bureaucratic red tape. Meanwhile, the indications for liver transplantation are being expanded to include acute alcoholic hepatitis, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and colorectal metastasis, previously viewed as absolute contraindications, but under strict selection criteria. Attempting to meet the demand for livers, transplant centers are increasingly turning to living donor liver transplantation, protocols such as HCV-positive to HCV-negative transplants, and machine perfusion of marginal organs.
Characterization of ascites-derived aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive ovarian cancer stem cells isolated from Leghorn chickens.

Abstract Leghorn chickens are used as a preclinical model of ovarian cancer as they develop epithelial ovarian adenocarcinoma spontaneously at a very high frequency. Ovarian cancer is the most lethal disease among all gynecological malignancies in women. A small proportion of ovarian cancer stem cells are responsible for drug resistance and relapse of ovarian cancer. The objectives of this study are to isolate ovarian cancer stem cells from ascites of Leghorn chickens that spontaneously developed ovarian cancer and to determine their invasiveness, spheroid formation in three-dimensional culture devoid of extracellular matrix over several months. Ovarian cancer cells obtained from ascites were subjected to ALDEFLOUR assay that measures aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity to separate ALDH1+ and ALDH1- cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The cells were cultured using serum-free media for up to 6 mo in ultra-low attachment plates. Invasiveness of ALDH1+ and ALDH1- cells was determined by Matrigel invasion assay. Cellular uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein was evaluated. A small proportion (
Regional Development and Planning: An Overview

This chapter reviews the changing nature of regional development and planning, with an emphasis on research between 1990 and 2018. Regional development and planning has emerged as a major interdisciplinary field with active researchers—regional scientists, planners, geographers, and economists at its frontier. The transition from pre-1990s to the early years of the present century has been characterized by a shift in approach from Keynesianism to neoliberalism. This shift also accompanies with a broadening of the traditional focus on the economic to encompass the social and the ecological. Nevertheless, regional development and planning has found its significance renewed as the global scenario comes to be influenced by rising inequality resulting in local economic insecurity compounded by new global threats through unregulated markets and climate change, not to forget the continuing impact of the financial crisis of 2007–08. Influenced by themes such as underdevelopment, uneven development, and globalization, regional development and planning is in the middle of changing and challenging context. The driver of regional development and planning now includes environmental sustainability, technological innovations, and the consequences of spatial restructuring. Regional development and planning is not only alive at multiple scales but remains popular in recent times for as long as economic growth will be unbalanced.