cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization Of Sidewall Passivation Material Deposited During Trench Etch

Profile control is required when etching silicon for trench isolation or capacitor applications. Trench profile control is often obtained by using etch chemistries and conditions that result in deposition of passivation material on the newly exposed sidewalls of the trenches during etch. The sidewall passivation material must then be removed before further processing of the trench structures. An effective trench clean is critical to the quality of the interface between the monocrystalline silicon sidewall of the trench and subsequently grown / deposited layers. Current practice for trench clean often involves dilute BF wet etch. Inherent in this approach is the assumption that the sidewall passivation material is SiOx with x-2. The composition, thickness and etch rate of the sidewall passivation material are important variables to consider for development and optimization of any trench clean process. In this work, several analytical techniques (SEM, Auger, TEM) were applied to characterize the sidewall passivation material produced in a magnetically-enhanced single wafer trench etch tool. The results suggest that variation of etch conditions can affect not only the shape and thickness but also the composition of the passivation material deposited during trench etch.
Quantization loss in convolutional decoding

The loss in quantizing coded symbols in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) or quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation is discussed. A quantization scheme and branch metric calculation method are presented. For the uniformly quantized AWGN channel, cutoff rate is used to determine the step size and the smallest number of quantization bits needed for a given bit-signal-to-noise ratio (E/sub b//N/sub 0/) loss. A nine-level quantizer is presented, along with 3-b branch metrics for a rate-1/2 code, which causes an E/sub b//N/sub 0/ loss of only 0.14 dB. These results also apply to soft-decision decoding of block codes. A tight upper bound is derived for the range of path metrics in a Viterbi decoder. The calculations are verified by simulations of several convolutional codes, including the memory-14, rate-1/4 or -1/6 codes used by the big Viterbi decoders at JPL. >
Preparation and Characterization of Barium Titanate Suspensions for Stereolithography

Ferroelectric photoactive suspensions for stereolithography have been developed by dispersing a high volume fraction of barium titanate powder in hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) with the aid of effective photoinitiators and dispersants. Rheological properties showed a shear thinning behavior and a low viscosity at a shear rate adequate for the recoating process. The barium titanate–HDDA suspension showed poor curing behavior due to the large refractive index difference between the ceramic and the resin. The coarse barium titanate–HDDA suspension showed a smaller surface reflectance and a larger cure depth than the fine barium titanate–HDDA suspension.
Lagomorphs As Prey of Western Diamond-Backed Rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) In Arizona

Abstract The dietary breadth of the western diamond-backed rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) has been well documented; however, the relationship of species of prey and optimum energetic intake (e.g., size) is poorly understood. While lagomorphs have been documented as prey, their regularity in diets of C. atrox has not been examined. During several studies of C. atrox in Arizona, we collected dietary data through direct and indirect observation and analysis of scat. Lagomorphs were regularly included in the diet of adult C. atrox at all sites. Our observations suggest that C. atrox might select prey based on size to benefit from maximum energetic intake per feeding event.
Role of the CD19 and CD21/35 receptor complex in innate immunity, host defense and autoimmunity.

Humoral immune responses to foreign and self-antigens must be tightly regulated to facilitate protective immunity to pathogens while avoiding autoimmune responses. The outcome of these responses is determined in part by signals generated through the B lymphocyte antigen receptor (BCR). These signals are further supplemented and fine- tuned by other cell-surface molecules that modify and provide a context for BCR signal transduction. Such molecules, or “response regulators”, influence these events by positively or negatively biasing the context of BCR signaling, thus establishing appropriate signaling thresholds. Response regulators amplify or dampen BCR signaling by regulating the activity of intracellular kinases, phosphatases, and other effector proteins. Included among the list of BCR signal transduction response regulators is CD19, which integrates multiple intracellular signaling pathways. On the B cell surface, CD19 interacts directly with CD21 (complement receptor 2, CR2), a receptor for the C3d complement cleavage product that forms covalent bonds with foreign Ags or immune complexes to effectively link innate and acquired immunity. This review summarizes recent findings that have clarified how the CD19/CD21 receptor complex functions to regulate B cell responses in host defense and autoimmunity.
FICOM: a framework for incremental consistency maintenance in multi-representation, structural VLSI databases

This paper presents a framework for VLSI design databases which supports fine-grained incremental consistency maintenance between different views of a design. The framework provides for structural views of a design such as logic or circuit schematic, symbolic layout, and physical layout, and supports representation of geometric design rule constraints between design objects. A prototype interactive design system is presented which provides a user interface to three structural view types: gate and circuit schematics, and symbolic layouts. Features of the prototype system
MR imaging as the sole preoperative imaging modality for right hepatectomy: a prospective study of living adult-to-adult liver donor candidates.

OBJECTIVE. Our aim was to investigate the feasibility of MR imaging as a comprehensive preoperative imaging test for examination of liver donor candidates for adult-to-adult right lobe transplantation.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Twenty-five consecutive donor candidates were examined at 1.5 T using a torso phased array coil with breath-hold T1- and T2-weighted imaging of the abdomen, MR cholangiography using T2-weighted turbo spin-echo imaging, and MR angiography and venography of the liver using two interpolated three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo sequences (average dose of gadolinium contrast material, 0.17 mmol/kg). Images were interpreted for liver parenchymal and extrahepatic abnormalities; measurements of right and left lobe liver volumes; definition of hepatic arterial, portal venous, and hepatic venous anatomy; and definition of the biliary branching pattern. Findings were compared with those of conventional angiography in 13 patients, 11 of whom also had surgical findings for comparison.RESULTS. Nin...
Improving Shadow Price Information: Obtaining Relevant Shadow Prices from Problems with Decomposable Objectives

Mathematical programming models can incorporate multiple objectives. Shadow prices in such models reflect a mixture of all of the objectives. A procedure is implemented to develop decomposed shadow prices applicable to the individual objectives. The procedure is demonstrated in a GAMS implementation for multiple objective and risk-related models.
Effect of pressure on the superconducting transition temperature of doped and neutron-damaged MgB2

Abstract Measurements of the superconducting transition temperatures for Al-doped, C-doped and neutron-damaged–annealed MgB 2 samples under pressure up to ∼8 kbar are presented. The d T c /d P values change systematically with the decrease of the ambient pressure T c in a regular fashion. The evolution of the pressure derivatives can be understood assuming that the change in phonon spectrum is a dominant contribution to d T c /d P .
Response to Pneumococcal Vaccine in the Elderly: No Enhancement by Indomethacin

We investigated whether indomethacin administration would augment the antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine in a group of healthy elderly individuals. There was no significant difference in mean increases in antibody levels to 12 pneumococcal polysaccharide types between the 20 subjects who received indomethacin 25 mg q.i.d. for five days after immunization and the control subjects not receiving indomethacin. In addition, there was no correlation within this group of 40 individuals between three measures of immune function (absolute lymphocyte count, delayed hypersensitivity testing, and response to phytohemagglutinin) and the antibody response to the pneumococcal vaccine.
Haitian Picuristes/Injectionists as Alternatives to Conventional Health Care Providers in South Florida

Barriers in seeking access to conventional health care services continue to be a problem in the United States, especially among recent racial and ethnic immigrants who tend to be least able to afford adequate health insurance coverage. Ethnic immigrants sometimes seek out traditional healers as unconventional providers of health care services to overcome barriers in accessing the conventional health care delivery system. The purpose of this work is to provide insight into the practices of Picuristes or Haitian "lay injectionists" in their role as alternative, unconventional providers of health care services among Haitian immigrants in South Florida. Based on in-depth interviews with 10 picuristes who were identified through venue and snowball sampling and who volunteered to participate in a larger exploratory study that examined various aspects of picuriste practices, findings revealed benefits and risks of seeking health care services from these traditional practitioners. Among the benefits reported to their services were greater accessibility, affordability, convenience, and cultural compatibility. Risks observed from analysis of picuriste interviews included the lack of formal medical training for picuristes, their nonadherence to established standards for safe injections and their potential to expose clients and the community to contaminated needles, syringes, and other biohazardous waste materials. Insight was also gained into how picuristes learned to practice their trade and to incorporate Haitian cultural beliefs regarding the relationship between clients and healers. Given the continuation of barriers to health care among ethnic immigrants, implications for conventional heath care practice and social policy are also discussed.
An adhesion test method for spray-applied fire-resistive materials

Adhesion of spray-applied fire-resistive materials (SFRMs) to steel structures is critical in enabling a building to remain functional during a fire for a specific period of time for life safety and fire department access. Empirical tests such as ASTM E736 have been widely adopted by the industry in an effort to ensure sufficient bonding between SFRMs and steel structures. ASTM E736 assesses the adhesion of SFRMs by using tensile strength, a failure parameter that depends on the test geometry and has limited use for predicting failure in other geometries and conditions. These limitations have produced an urgent need for a scientifically based adhesion test method. In this paper, we propose a new test method that would provide more fundamental information that is independent of test geometry and has predictive capability. This paper utilizes a fracture energy-based failure criterion (GC) to characterize the adhesion between SFRMs and steel. The theoretical basis of this test method is validated by experimental compliance tests. The dependence of GC on various test variables such as specimen width, substrate type, SFRM formulation, and test rate are examined. A comparison between this new test method, and the current widely used strength-based test method is also presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New magnetostratigraphy for the Olduvai Subchron in the Koobi Fora Formation, northwest Kenya, with implications for early Homo

article i nfo A problematic magnetostratigraphy for the Koobi Fora Formation has contributed to debates on the evolutionary implications for early hominin fossils. To address this, 50 independent samples distributed over a nearly 63-m-thick interval were collected from the lower-middle KBS Member type section in fossil collection Area 102, northeast Turkana Basin. Characteristic directions obtained by thermal demagnetization define a coherent magnetostratigraphy that is supported by alternating-field studies on 28 sister specimens and the prior tephrochronological framework. Two long polarity intervals were recognized, each 30-40 m in thickness, and interpreted as the upper part of the normal polarity Olduvai Subchron and the overlying reverse polarity Matuyama Chron. The end Olduvai consists of a normal-reverse-normal polarity sequence occurring over a thickness of at least 1 m but perhaps up to 5 m, suggesting that this subchron has a short reverse interval in its uppermost part. Such a fine-scale structure also has been reported from several other sites, like the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary and point stratotype section at Vrica, Italy, which serves as a basis for formally delimiting three temporally discrete polarity subintervals for the Olduvai Subchron. These paleomagnetic results that place the upper boundary of the Olduvai at ∼48 m above the base of the KBS Member, coupled with published radioisotopic dates, firmly secure the age of partial cranium KNM-ER 3733 in the interval 1.78-1.48 Ma, with an interpolated age of ∼1.7 Ma, giving this fossil the most unambiguous numerical-age constraints, as compared to the oldest Homo cranial remains from Europe and Asia. Nonetheless, assured placement of the top of the Olduvai Subchron in the KBS Member is not sufficient in the face of other uncertainties to influence conventional interpretations of the timing and direction for the global dispersal of early Homo erectus.
ECOLOGICAL GENETICS OF ADAPTIVE COLOR POLYMORPHISM IN POCKET MICE: GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN SELECTED AND NEUTRAL GENES

Patterns of geographic variation in phenotype or genotype may provide evidence for natural selection. Here, we compare phenotypic variation in color, allele frequencies of a pigmentation gene (the melanocortin-1 receptor, Mc1r), and patterns of neutral mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in rock pocket mice (Chaetodipus intermedius) across a habitat gradient in southern Arizona. Pocket mice inhabiting volcanic lava have dark coats with unbanded, uniformly melanic hairs, whereas mice from nearby light-colored granitic rocks have light coats with banded hairs. This color polymorphism is a presumed adaptation to avoid predation. Previous work has demonstrated that two Mc1r alleles, D and d, differ by four amino acids, and are responsible for the color polymorphism: DD and Dd genotypes are melanic whereas dd genotypes are light colored. To determine the frequency of the two Mc1r allelic classes across the dark-colored lava and neighboring light-colored granite, we sequenced the Mc1r gene in 175 individuals from a 35-km transect in the Pinacate lava region. We also sequenced two neutral mtDNA genes, COIII and ND3, in the same individuals. We found a strong correlation between Mc1r allele frequency and habitat color and no correlation between mtDNA markers and habitat color. Using estimates of migration from mtDNA haplotypes between dark- and light-colored sampling sites and Mc1r allele frequencies at each site, we estimated selection coefficients against mismatched Mc1r alleles, assuming a simple model of migration-selection balance. Habitat-dependent selection appears strong but asymmetric: selection is stronger against light mice on dark rock than against melanic mice on light rock. Together these results suggest that natural selection acts to match pocket mouse coat color to substrate color, despite high levels of gene flow between light and melanic populations.
Anisothermal reaction synthesis of garnets, ferrites, and spinels in microwave field

The experimental achievement of reacting two phases that are held at two different temperatures—the anisothermal reaction condition—is a radical innovation in materials chemistry. Details on the synthesis of Yttrium Iron Garnet (Y3Fe5O12), Barium Ferrite (BaFe12O19), and Nickel Aluminate (NiAl2O4) in 1–10 min in a microwave field are provided. The starting precursor oxides were chosen such that they include a low and a high microwave absorbing phases. When these mixtures are exposed to a 2.45-GHz multimode microwave field the highly absorbing powder particles act as (micro)heat sources and the low absorbing powder particle act as (micro)heat sinks, and create the “anisothermal heat distribution,” a hitherto never attained phenomenon in materials science. A comparison study carried out comparing conventional reactions of the same phases suggested that the “anisothermal heating phenomenon” is also responsible for the very rapid reactions and product formations. Model experiments performed with an Y2O3/Fe3O4 diffusion couple showed a unidirectional diffusion of Fe species into Y2O3, forming a different sequence of intermediate phases.
The replicon revisited: an old model learns new tricks in metazoan chromosomes

The origins of DNA replication were proposed in the replicon model to be specified genetically by replicator elements that coordinate the initiation of DNA synthesis with gene expression and cell growth. Recent studies have identified DNA sequences in mammalian cells that fulfil the genetic criteria for replicators and are beginning to uncover the sequence requirements for the initiation of DNA replication. Mammalian replicators are composed of non-redundant modules that cooperate to direct initiation to specific chromosomal sites. Conversely, replicators do not show strong sequence similarity, and their ability to initiate replication depends on the chromosomal context and epigenetic factors, as well as their primary sequence. Here, we review the properties of metazoan replicators, and discuss the genetic and epigenetic factors that determine where and when DNA replication is initiated.
Language CoLLAGE: Grammatical Description with the LinGO Grammar Matrix

Language CoLLAGE is a collection of grammatical descriptions developed in the context of a grammar engineering graduate course with the LinGO Grammar Matrix. These grammatical descriptions include testsuites in well-formed interlinear glossed text (IGT) format, high-level grammatical characterizations called choices files, HPSG grammar fragments (capable of parsing and generation), and documentation. As of this writing, Language CoLLAGE includes resources for 52 typologically and areally diverse languages and this number is expected to grow over time. The resources for each language cover a similar range of core grammatical phenomena and are implemented in a uniform framework, compatible with the DELPH-IN suite of processing tools.
Technique for Studying Overcurrent Behavior in YBCO Coated Conductors Using a Localized Magnetic Field

Over current stabilization of YBa2Cu30x (YBCO) coated conductor high temperature superconductor tape is required in most applications. The conductor must carry currents in excess of the critical current, Ic, without damage during over current events. Conductor damage is the result of joule heating and excessive temperature rise in regions with low Ic. We have developed and applied a measurement technique using a locally applied magnetic field with a high spatial gradient to define a small area over which the Ic is depressed. By measuring the voltage and temperature as a function of current, power dissipation and temperature rise were determined. Unstabilized conductors experienced thermal runaway and are easily damaged. Copper stabilizers applied by electroplating decreased dramatically the temperature rise and increased the level of power dissipation compared with the unstabilized conductor.
How Can Pernicious Norms Be Changed? The Case of Investment Bankers

A ‘perfect storm’ of pathologies and (financial) technologies contributed to the financial crisis. Investment bankers became willing and able to expend significant energy chasing massive payoffs, where the conduct being rewarded was at best societally neutral but more likely harm-causing. To some, this may seem like "human nature," albeit not at its best. While this behavior is clearly something a fair number of people engage in, my view is that norms matter quite a bit. Many more people engage in this behavior when norms encourage it. This state of affairs is contingent: norms could be changed to at least not encourage, if not actively discourage, the behavior. What are the pathologies at issue? Consider Goldman Sachs’s behavior regarding Greece’s financial statements, or Enron’s. Bankers took enormous pride coming up with ways for Greece and Enron to present wildly more attractive financial appearances than the reality warranted. Bankers were extremely well rewarded for their efforts - apparently, a motivating force notwithstanding that many of them had sufficient assets beforehand that the marginal value of additional money qua money was quite small. That third parties would be adversely affected was either a matter of indifference, or in some cases (such as Enron’s manipulation of energy prices (remember "Grandma Millie"?)) a matter of pride. To get investment bankers to behave in a manner less destructive to society, these norms have to change. Law should change too, but, for reasons I will discuss (notably, resources available to find loopholes and "identity benefits" to doing so) law changes are not enough. I will discuss some preliminary suggestions for avenues and techniques for norms-changes.
Zwitteration: Coating Surfaces with Zwitterionic Functionality to Reduce Nonspecific Adsorption

Coating surfaces with thin or thick films of zwitterionic material is an effective way to reduce or eliminate nonspecific adsorption to the solid/liquid interface. This review tracks the various approaches to zwitteration, such as monolayer assemblies and polymeric brush coatings, on micro- to macroscopic surfaces. A critical summary of the mechanisms responsible for antifouling shows how zwitterions are ideally suited to this task.
Acute pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents

Abstract Timely diagnosis and early treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in the adolescent is essential, as it occurs with great frequency in this age group, and may result in severe long-term morbidity, including infertility. Study Objective: Previous reports have described that the onset of symptoms in this illness typically begins within the first week of the menstrual cycle. This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between timing of symptom onset and the bacterial etiology of acute PID in female adolescents. Design: A retrospective chart review was performed on 164 inpatients (mean age 19 years old) with the diagnosis of PID, and data were analyzed based on whether the patients were infected with gonorrhea, chlamydia, neither of these bacteria, or both. Results: Eighty-three percent of the patients with gonorrhea had onset of symptoms within the first menstrual week, which was significantly greater than those with chlamydia (31.7%) p = 0.004, or those with neither (29.7%) p = 0.001. Patients with concurrent gonorrhea and chlamydia developed symptoms on the average of menstrual cycle day 12. A greater proportion of those positive for gonorrhea had a leukocyte count > 10,000 than the other three groups ( p = 0.02), but 33–71% of patients in all groups had a normal leukocyte count. Temperature and sedimentation rate were not helpful in distinguishing the bacterial etiology of the PID. Conclusions: Among adolescents, only gonococcal PID results in onset of symptoms within the first week after onset of menses whereas nongonococcal disease occurs significantly later. Fever and leukocytosis are inconsistently present with PID. Their absence, therefore, should not discourage consideration of this diagnosis.
Respiratory syncytial virus in infants: is maternal vaccination a realistic strategy?

Purpose of reviewRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains an important cause of serious and sometimes fatal acute lower respiratory tract disease in infants, yet no effective antiviral treatment or vaccine for the prevention of RSV in early life is available. Vaccination of women during pregnancy i
Physics teachers' perspectives on factors that affect urban physics participation and accessibility

The accessibility of secondary physics in U.S. urban school districts is a complex issue. Many schools do not offer a physics option, and for those that do, access is often restricted by various school policies and priorities that do not promote physics participation for all. To analyze this problem in greater depth, I adopted a qualitative phenomenological methodology to explore urban physics teachers' views on school- and district-based conditions that may marginalize traditionally underrepresented students. Teachers from three large urban districts shared concerns and suggestions regarding administrative commitment, student preparedness for physics, reform initiatives and testing mandates, promoting physics enrollments, and implementing high quality instruction. Data from interviews and focus groups provided contextual insights into ways in which physics study may be improved and encouraged for urban youth. Teachers believed expanding access could be facilitated with differentiated levels of physics, incorporating mathematical applications with multiple representations, educating students and counselors on the ramifications of choosing or not choosing elective sciences, well-designed grant-funded initiatives, and flexibility with prerequisites and science course sequencing. Teachers experienced frustration with standardized testing, lack of curricular autonomy, shifting administrative directives, and top-down reforms that did not incorporate their feedback in the decision-making processes. Data from this study revealed that physics teacher networks, often housed at local universities, have been a key resource for establishing supportive professional communities to share best practices that may influence school-based reforms that promote physics participation in urban schools.
Intervention effects on spoken-language outcomes for children with autism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Although spoken-language deficits are not core to an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis, many children with ASD do present with delays in this area. Previous meta-analyses have assessed the effects of intervention on reducing autism symptomatology, but have not determined if intervention improves spoken language. This analysis examines the effects of early interventions on spoken-language in children with ASD. Method A systematic review of 1756 studies of children with ASD who participated in early intervention resulted in the inclusion of 26 studies in the current review. These studies included 1738 participants with ASD who were, on average, 3.3 years old (SD = 0.91). Results This random-effects meta-analysis of spoken-language outcomes for children with ASD who received early intervention as compared with usual treatments yielded a significant overall mean effect size of g = 0.26 (CI = 0.11 to 0.42). On average, children with ASD significantly increased their use of spoken-language following experimental early interventions. Treatments delivered simultaneously by a clinician and a parent resulted in greater gains in spoken-language than treatments delivered by a clinician or parent only. No other participant or study characteristics predicted individual-study effect sizes. Conclusions Early intervention improves spoken-language outcomes for children with ASD, and the largest effects are found when both parent and clinician implement the intervention. Recommendations for practice include adding systematic parent training to interventions for spoken language to potentially improve outcomes. Future research should report standard language measures as well as child (cognitive ability and socio-economic status) and intervention characteristics to improve evidence related to the effects of interventions on spoken communication in children with ASD.
Immunity Durability of Influenza A (H1N1) Vaccine 2 Years After Vaccination

Objective To evaluate the immunity durability of influenza A( H1N1) 2 years after vaccination in Chengdu. Methods Totally 170 people with HI antibodies no less than 1: 40 one year after immunization were selected for observation and micro-hemagglutination inhibition test was adopted to determine the antibodies,and to calculate the GMT and the protection rate. Results Two years after vaccination,the GMT was 1: 32. 60with a declination of 72. 34% compare with one year ago; the overall protection rate was 70. 0% and for the elderly group,the protection rate was 48. 49%. The antibody titer decreased in 7. 06% of the subjects two years after the vaccination. The estimated protection rate were 49. 23% two years after the vaccination. The estimated protective rates for 3-11 age group,12-17 age group,18-59 age group and no less than 60 years group were respectively 46. 96%,69. 38%,45. 63% and 12. 58%. Conclusion Two years after the influenza A( H1N1) vaccination,the antibody titers are greatly reduced and thus those with protective antibodies sharply reduced,especially in elderly group,indicating a necessity of re-vaccinated.
Abstract C24: An integrative review of psychosocial concerns among young African American breast cancer survivors

Background: African American women are more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer at an early age, more likely to experience morbidity after treatment, and disparities in survivorship. While psychosocial well-being is well known among breast cancer survivors, data are few regarding minorities such as African Americans, particularly those who are young. Objective: This integrative review examines psychosocial concerns in survivorship among young African American breast cancer survivors (YAABCS) using a holistic quality of life framework. Methods: Pubmed, CINHAL, and Scopus were searched for articles exploring psychological or social well-being in YAABCS. Results: The search yielded 264 articles. Thirty-six articles were retrieved and reviewed for relevance. Of these, 14 articles were selected based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Themes of YAABCS psychosocial concerns were sexuality, mood, social support, and spirituality. Conclusions: The review demonstrated need for further research in YAABCS quality of life to adapt a more fitting quality of life model and to develop culturally-appropriate survivorship interventions. Implications for Practice: Clinicians, researchers, and YAABCS must partner to increase knowledge of the multidimensional survivorship of YAABCS. With knowledge, we may be able to decrease health disparities among YAABCS. The project was funded by an American Cancer Society Doctoral Degree in Nursing Scholarship, Jonas Nurse Leadership Scholarship, and Gladys F. Colvin Doctoral fellowship. Additional support received from a Komen Graduate Training in Disparities Research Award. Citation Format: Timiya S. Nolan, Jennifer Frank, Silvia Gisiger-Camata, Karen Meneses. An integrative review of psychosocial concerns among young African American breast cancer survivors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr C24.
Improving access patency: pre-end-stage renal disease strategies.

Hemodialysis vascular access has emerged as a major cause of patient morbidity and cost in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) program. It is currently estimated that the maintenance and placement of ESRD vascular access may account for up to 25% of the ESRD budget and the responsible for up to 25% of all hospital stays. The National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative showed that arteriovenous (AV) fistulas have a patency and cost that are significantly better than native AV grafts. Conversely, new evidence suggests that a rigorous program of prospective screening for fibromuscular dysplasia combined with intervention significantly improves AV graft longevity to levels approaching AV fistulas but at significant cost. Nonetheless, native AV fistulas remain superior, despite these advances both in terms of patency and cost. Efforts to increase the number of AV fistulas in the prevalent U.S. population are needed. New and innovative pre-ESRD strategies that lead to increased percentage of AV fistula formation are the goal for rapid improvement in access patency and decrease in access morbidity. A primary barrier to native AV fistula formation is lack of timely referral. Strategies to increase AV fistula formation require early referral to nephrology and early placement of AV fistulas.
Norway, the United States and the Management of Bilateral Relations, 1954–60

Norwegian security policy in the Cold War has traditionally been described as a function of two sets of considerations. On the one hand, membership of NATO implied a policy of deterrence vis-a-vis the Soviet Union. The necessary corollary of this was a high degree of integration into the Western defence system. On the other hand, measures of deterrence and integration have been pursued alongside policies of reassurance vis-a-vis the Soviet Union and screening with respect to the Western alliance, above all to the United States.1 The overall aim of Norwegian policy has been to integrate these elements into a “composite security posture” geared towards sustaining a “pattern of restraint and mutual consideration in Northern Europe.”2 This chapter focuses on the reassurance element of Norwegian policy, with special reference to those developments in the maritime and intelligence sphere discussed in the preceding chapters. More specifically, it examines the degree of understanding shown by the US administration for Norway’s desire to keep its confrontation with the Soviet Union at a low level. This will be done by addressing three related questions. First, what were the American attitudes to Norwegian base policy and associated operational restrictions on US and allied military activity? Second, using the U-2 and RB-47 incidents of 1960 as a case study, how did the US manage its relations with Norway in the highly sensitive area of intelligence co-operation? Finally, which other broader policy considerations influenced the conduct of US policy with respect to Norway?
Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanoparticle Catalysts in Oxygen Reduction by Interfacial Engineering

Currently, the widespread integration of fuel cells into the energy market is limited by the large amounts of precious metal catalysts necessary for effective oxygen reduction (ORR) and sufficient energy output. To meet this challenge, many methods have been successfully adopted to improve the activity of fuel cell electrocatalysts and to provide a basis for controlled manipulation of particle properties, specifically, the interaction between the catalyst surface and ORR intermediates. Of these, interfacial engineering of the nanoparticle surface has proven an effective and facile method for enhancing catalytic activity and is the focus of this chapter. What follows is a review of electrocatalytic enhancement from the prospective of surface modifications for nanoparticle alloys, organically capped nanoparticles, and metal oxide nanoparticles. For alloy nanoparticles, the mixing of the metals will modify the d band structure of the surface atoms and result in different binding affinities for oxygenated intermediates. Organic functionalization will alter the kinetics of catalysis by imparting electronic effects on the surface atoms based on the nature of the ligand and nature of the interfacial bond. Surface oxygen vacancies and other stoichiometry modifications of metal oxide particles have also been shown to alter surface properties and thus alter the dynamics of oxygen electroreduction. In each case, we closely examine the connection between particle characteristics and activity as well present experimental methods used to control these properties and the prevailing theories detailing the basis for electrocatalytic enhancement.
Spaziergang auf die Wiesen

Es sollte doch heut’ auf die Wiesen gehen, aber der Grosvater kann gar nicht fertig werden. — Ei, ich freue mich auch darauf; da giebt es Blumen... — Ja, Ganseblumen, machtig grose, die sind bald so gros, wie ich. — O Ernst, was Du denkst! Du meinst gewis die grosen Wucherblumen, die sehen auch bald wie Ganseblumen aus. Wenn wir auf die Wiese kommen, so wollen wir den Grospapa fragen, wer Recht hat. — Nun, es kann schon sein, das Du Recht hast. Weist Du, Anna, auch Schmetterlinge und Kafer sind auf den Wiesen die Menge, da fange ich Dir die schonsten. — Die werden sich von Dir nicht kriegen lassen. Hast Du Dein Fruhstuck schon? — Langst; ich habe es schon wieder aufgegessen. Ich lasse mir von der Grosmutter ein anderes schneiden, das soll mir Hans mit in seine Botanisirtrommel nehmen. — Das wird nicht gehen. Dahinein thut Hans Pflanzen, die ihm gefallen, und die er dann trocknen und aufheben will. — D, bis dahin habe ich es langst wieder aufgezehrt. Wau, wau, wau! Bello du willst wol auch mit? Ia, du sollst mitkommen; wir beide wollen den Maulwurf fangen, Du bist doch dabei? Sieh, da kommt Hans! Ach, er spricht mit den Arbeitsleuten, der Grosvater ist gewis noch immer nicht fertig.
Cost information barriers and composite materials

Composites are facing increasing competition from traditional materials such as aluminium and metallic alloys in terms of both performance and cost effectiveness. However, composites represent a highly flexible means of meeting customer needs through almost endless combinations of material systems and manufacturing methods. A variety of reasons have been given for the decreasing lead of composites, in spite of their potential as 'materials–by–design' and for the current state of the composites industry. In this paper we review some of the trends and focus on the needs of specific reporting systems. The inability of composites to be a cost–effective substitute should be seen as a limitation not of the materials themselves but of the traditional accounting information system (AIS) in addition to other process and control related factors. The traditional AIS is a monitoring mechanism directed towards satisfvine the information reauirements of external users and is therefore inappropriate for meeting the internal needs of management. When accounting data are evaluated. the final test is whether that information is useful in making decisions. Since world–class companies must now compete not only on cost but also on quality and flexibility as well as the ability to adapt quickly to emerging technologies, it is imperative that an AIS provide cost information consistent with these strategic goals. Traditional cost–measurement practices, adapted from the AIS monitoring system, are also inappropriate for addressing the informational needs of world–class manufacturing. The paper describes some of the attributes of a relevant accounting system, whilst advocating the use of activity based costing as a system of strategic cost management pertinent for the fast developing technology. The appropriate cost–management model for composites manufacturing is highly integrated with the Total Quality Management (TQM) process and provides a concurrent cost information base on which to establish cost–effective designs.
Curative and palliative therapy of liver metastases.

There are a number of areas of clinical research relative to the management of metastases from colorectal carcinoma to the liver.
High-throughput mutation, selection, and phenotype screening of mutant methanogenic archaea

Bacterial and archaeal genomes can contain 30% or more hypothetical genes with no predicted function. Phylogenetically deep-branching microbes, such as methane-producing archaea (methanogens), contain up to 50% genes with unknown function. In order to formulate hypotheses about the function of hypothetical gene functions in the strict anaerobe, Methanosarcina acetivorans, we have developed high-throughput anaerobic techniques to UV mutagenize, screen, and select for mutant strains in 96-well plates. Using these approaches we have isolated 10 mutant strains that exhibit a variety of physiological changes including increased or decreased growth rate relative to the parent strain when cells use methanol and/or acetate as carbon and energy sources. This method provides an avenue for the first step in identifying new gene functions: associating a genetic mutation with a reproducible phenotype. Mutations in bona fide methanogenesis genes such as corrinoid methyltransferases and proton-translocating F420H2:methanophenazine oxidoreductase (Fpo) were also generated, opening the door to in vivo functional complementation experiments. Irradiation-based mutagenesis such as from ultraviolet (UV) light, combined with modern genome sequencing, is a useful procedure to discern systems-level gene function in prokaryote taxa that can be axenically cultured but which may be resistant to chemical mutagens.
Analysis on parameter error of satellite interference location

Some influencing factors on the parameter estimation of satellite interference location is discussed in this paper. For every factor, quantitative analysis was carried out to show the influence on the parameter estimation. The analyses concerning the parameter error are backed up with an estimation experiment using actual signals relayed by two satellites.
More-than-human families: Pets, people, and practices in multispecies households

Although humans have coexisted with dogs and cats for thousands of years, that coexistence has taken on various meanings over time. Only recently have people openly included their pets as members of the family. Yet, because of the cultural ambivalence toward animals, what it means for a pet to “be” a family member remains unsettled. Drawing from research on family practices including kinship, household routines, childhood socialization, and domestic violence, this paper considers how pets participate in “doing” family and what their presence means for this social arrangement long considered quintessentially human. Today's more-than-human families represent a hybrid of relations, human and animal and social and natural, rather than an entirely new kind of family. Becoming family has always been contingent on a cast of nonhuman characters, and recognition of the “more-than-human” can enhance sociological understanding, not only of the family but also of other aspects of social life.
ODE to...Digital Humility [Last Word]

Addresses issues dealing with online disinhibition effect, or ODE, and examines its impact on social behavior, human contact, and person-person communication. For years, researchers have purported that individuals often act out more frequently, impulsively, or intensely in online mediums compared to face-to-face mediums. This is the ODE effect. Yet, the toxic aspects of ODE, such as rudeness, aggression, animosity, and disrespect appear to be increasing in social networking sites (SNS); users express resignation and frustration over angry and disrespectful tone and content. As an antidote, we would be wise to consider a bedrock of the aforementioned Judeo-Christian tradition: humility. If we sift our behaviors in the digital realm through the filter of humility, our digital humility would open wide the sluices for respect to flow. Humility births civility. With digital humility, we contemplate our effect on others when we post, send, or click. We courageously self-reflect to assess if our online presence could be less boastful and more unpretentious. We think more about others, and less about ourselves.
Topic in Zulgo

The particle ka? in Zulgo is anomalous in terms of the traditional notions which would distinguish topicalization from subordination. Topicalization typically concerns phrasal categories while subordination typically concerns clausal categories. However, in Zulgo the particle ka?, which is clearly used to mark a topicalized phrasal element, can also be used to mark clausal elements which at first glance appear to be cases of subordination. Close consideration of these clausal cases suggests that in fact these are also cases of topicalization. This conclusion is based on the notion of what constitutes a "reasonable topic". Zulgo has extended the notion of topicalization across the syntactic categorial boundaries to include constructions which would in other languages be marked by subordinating markers. In fact, Zulgo is extremely free in the types of structures which it permits to serve as topics.
Standardization efforts for the preservation of electronic imagery

It has been the consistent pattern in the development of any new imaging system that permanence is not one of the initial properties to be considered by the manufacturer. This is very understandable behavior. Prime consideration during product development must be directed towards the successful operation of the new system. Ironing out flaws, improving reliability, determining means of production and obtaining sources of raw materials are all additional concerns that must be addressed. Another consideration is the reluctance of evaluation laboratories to be involved in long-time incubation testing on materials which are still undergoing change. The consequence, however, is that the ultimate life of the system is frequently not known even after it is on the market. This is reflected in the current status of standards and specifications on the preservation of magnetic media and optical disks.
Pros and cons of sperm DNA fragmentation testing: weighing the evidence.

Conventional semen parameters are poor predictors of reproductive outcomes, and do not reliably discriminate between fertile and infertile men (1,2). A growing body of evidence suggests that markers of sperm DNA integrity may help differentiate fertile from infertile men, but the clinical value of sperm DNA fragmentation testing remains a matter of debate (3). Although guidelines and best practice statements published by the American Urological Association (AUA), European Association of Urology (EAU) and the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) all acknowledge the potential contribution of sperm DNA fragmentation to male factor infertility, they do not recommend the routine use of sperm DNA integrity tests in the evaluation and treatment of infertile couples (4-6).