cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flavoprotein imaging in the cerebellar cortex in vivo: cellular and metabolic basis and insights into cerebellar function

ABSTRACT Flavoprotein autofluorescence is an activity dependent intrinsic signal. Flavoproteins are involved in the electron transport chain and change their fluorescence according to the cellular redox state. We have been using flavoprotein autofluorescence in the cerebellum to examine properties of cerebellar circuits. Studies have also focused on understanding the cellular and metabolic origins of this intrin sic optical signal. Parallel fiber stimulation evokes a beam-like response intersected by bands of decreased fluorescence. The beam response is biphasic, with an early fluorescence increase (light phase) followed by a slower decrease (dark phase). We show this si gnal originates from flavoproteins as determined by its wavelength selectivity and sensitivity to bl ockers of the electron transport chain. Selectively blocking glutamate receptors abolished the on-beam light phase with the dark phase remaini ng intact. This demonstrates that the light phase is due to postsynaptic neuronal activation and suggests the dark phase is primarily due to glial activation. The bands of reduced fluorescence intersecting the beam are primarily neuronal in origin, mediated by GABAergic transmission, and due to the inhibitory action of molecular layer interneurons on Purkinje cells and the interneurons themselves. This parasagittally organized molecular layer inhibition differentially modulates the spatial pattern of cerebellar cortical activity. Flavoprotein imaging also reveals the functional architectures underlying the responses to inferior olive and peripheral whisker pad stimulation. Theref ore, flavoprotein autofluores cence imaging is providing new insights into cerebellar cortical function and neurometabolic coupling. Keywords: autofluorescence, flavoprotein, imagi ng, cerebellum, neurometabolic coupling *gaoxx016@umn.edu, phone 612-626-2205, fax 612-626-9201
Doxorubicin plus tumor necrosis factor α combination treatments in EL4- lymphoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice

The therapeutic efficacy of a total of 42 single-agent or combination protocols involving doxorubicin (Adriamycin, ADM) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were evaluated in the syngeneic murine lymphoma model, C57BL/6-EL4. Combination treatments were the most effective and the therapeutic effects were schedule-dependent; e.g. it was generally advantageous for ADM to precede TNFα administration. Two protocols selected for further study were 4 mg/kg ADM i.v. on days 1 and 8 plus TNFα, i.v., at either 16 000 U (7 μg)/injection, on days 1 and 8 or 4000 U (1.7 μg)/injection, on days 11–15. Survival of mice bearing one of four EL4 sublines having different in vitro drug sensitivities was assessed. These sublines were E10 (ADM-sensitive/TNFα-resistant), E16 (sensitive/sensitive), ER2 (ADM-resistant/TNFα-sensitive) and ER13 (resistant/resistant). Between 80% and 100% long-term survivors (i.e. tumor free on day 60) were obtained with the two treatments in mice bearing ADM-sensitive sublines, even though one of these sublines, E10, was resistant to TNFα in vitro. Induction of long-term survival appeared, therefore, to correlate with in vitro defined sensitivity/resistance to ADM, but not to TNFα. Treatment-induced modulations of tumoricidal immune effector functions were also examined. Taken together, the results indicated that induction of long-term survival involved complex interactions of: (1) ADM-induced tumor modifications, including, but not limited to, tumor debulking, (2) combination-treatment-induced modifications of splenic cytolytic T cell and macrophage activities, and (3) the restoration of thymus cellularity. Finally, when long-term survivors resulting from treatment of E10- or E16-bearing mice were implanted with ER2 on day 120, the majority survived, indicating that long-term immune memory, capable of recognizing drug resistant variants, had been established.
Metabolic rearrangement of fluorenone oxime by rat liver homogenates

Abstract Fluorenone oxime is enzymatically converted to phenanthridinone by liver homogenates. The reaction is identical to the chemical Beckman rearrangement, occurring with oximes in the presence of an acid catalyst. The oxime-amide rearrangement (OAR) enzymes are located in the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of liver. A substance present in the nuclear sediment appears to inhibit the reaction. These enzymes do not require oxygen for activity, but the reactions are greatly facilitated by the presence of an NADPH cofactor. The reaction is not affected by a CO atmosphere, indicating that cytochrome P-450 is not involved in the reaction. Microsomal enzyme activity can be stimulated 3-fold by prior administration of phenobarbital to animals.
Dopaminergic inhibition of adenylate cyclase correlates with high affinity agonist binding to anterior pituitary D2 dopamine receptors

Dopamine (DA) and the dopaminergic agonists n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA), 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxytetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN) and apomorphine (APO) inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in a dose-dependent fashion by more than 40% in membrane preparations of the porcine anterior pituitary gland. These agonists exhibit apparent dissociation constants that follow an expected dopaminergic order of potency (NPA > ADTN ⩾ APO > DA). The inhibition is dependent on guanine nucleotides and is reversible by dopaminergic antagonists (spiroperidol > (+)-butaclamol ⪢ (−)-butaclamol). The potencies of these agonists in inhibiting forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity correlate with the agonist dissociation constants (KH) for binding to the high affinity receptor state (RH) in porcine anterior pituitary membranes (De Lean et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 1982, 22, 290–297) and the EC50 for inhibition of prolactin release from rat anterior pituitary cells in culture (Caron et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1978, 253, 2244–2253). Furthermore, the intrinsic activities of dopamine and the other agonists for inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase are similar and correlate well with the ability of these agents to induce a comparable proportion (50%) of the receptor in a high affinity state. Together these data provide additional support for the physiological relevance of the high affinity agonist binding state of the D2 receptor in mediating the decrease in prolactin secretion via attenuation of adenylate cyclase.
Regional Impacts of Rising Energy Prices

The basic argument of this paper is that the regional impact of the rise in energy costs has been less than was widely expected. Energy surplus states have benefited from an income transfer from the energy-deficit states, but the transfer has been much less than the growth in value added by energy producers. The shift away from energy-intensive goods has probably retarded growth in the energy-rich states, and locational patterns had adjusted to regional differences in energy prices long before the energy crisis of 1973-74. Unless these regional differences widen, the rise in the levels of energy prices is not likely to have much impact on industrial location patterns. 12 references, 5 tables
Recent advances in single-cell MALDI mass spectrometry imaging and potential clinical impact

Single-cell analysis is gaining popularity in the field of mass spectrometry as a method for analyzing protein and peptide content in cells. The spatial resolution of MALDI mass spectrometry (MS) imaging is by a large extent limited by the laser focal diameter and the displacement of analytes during matrix deposition. Owing to recent advancements in both laser optics and matrix deposition methods, spatial resolution on the order of a single eukaryotic cell is now achievable by MALDI MS imaging. Provided adequate instrument sensitivity, a lateral resolution of approximately 10 µm is currently attainable with commercial instruments. As a result of these advances, MALDI MS imaging is poised to become a transformative clinical technology. In this article, the crucial steps needed to obtain single-cell resolution are discussed, as well as potential applications to disease research.
Biotransformation of 1-nitrobenzo[e]pyrene by the fungus Cunninghamella elegans

Biotransformation of 1-nitrobenzo[e]pyrene (1-nitro-BeP), an environmental pollutant derived from the nitration of a non-carcinogen, benzo[e]pyrene, was studied using the fungus Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 36112. After 72 h incubation, 89% of 1-nitro-[3H]BeP added had been metabolized to two major metabolites. These metabolites were separated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and identified by 1H NMR, UV-visible, and mass spectral techniques as 1-nitro-6-benzo[e]pyrenylsulfate and 1-nitrobenzo[e]pyrene 6-O-β-glucopyranoside. Comparison of the fungal metabolism patterns of 1-nitro-BeP and BeP indicates that the nitro group at the C-1 position of BeP altered the regioselectivity of metabolism.
A note on algebra automorphisms of triangular matrices over commutative rings

Abstract It is shown that if R is a commutative ring with unity, then every R -algebra, automorphism of the algebra of upper triangular n × n matrices over R is inner.
Cooperative Learning: Context and Opportunities for Acquiring Academic English

This article explores how the Learning Together form of cooperative learning influenced opportunities for acquiring academic English by L2 learners in a 6th-grade social studies classroom. Our findings present a complex picture. Cooperative learning gave L2 learners a wide range of opportunities to acquire academic English. They gave and received help with academic terms, difficult academic concepts, and para-academic knowledge. They were exposed to and produced lexical and conceptual explorations and homonymic word associations. They received help with conventions of written English. They used language for self-help and were invited by their peers to contribute more to the group. Many of these categories included both input and output opportunities, with L2 learners helping others as much as they were helped. However, except for help with decoding academic terms, the various kinds of opportunities occurred relatively infrequently. Moreover, there were some missed opportunities and some negative input. Several local contextual features (e.g., students' definitions of the task, features of the task, and participant structures) helped us understand the complex picture we found. Our findings suggest that (a) developers and disseminators need to take context into account, and (b) teachers who want to maximize the benefits of cooperative learning in support of second language acquisition (SLA) need to have a broad understanding of academic language, include SLA in their instructional goals, structure classroom tasks to support the desired opportunities for L2 learners, monitor what is happening in the groups, and fine tune their implementation if they are not getting what they want.
Sulfate Metabolism and Taurine Synthesis in the Chick

Abstract Sulfate has been suggested as an essential nutrient in the diet of chickens. One-day-old cockerels were fed a purified diet supplemented with varying levels of methionine and at each methionine level four levels of sulfate were added. In a second experiment methionine, sulfate and taurine were supplemented to the diet. A significant growth response was observed with supplemental methionine and sulfate. A portion of the dietary sulfate was used in the synthesis of phosphoadenosinephosphosulfate (PAPS) which is required for the synthesis of taurine by this pathway. Methionine was shown to enhance the synthesis of taurine in the liver while supplemental sulfate enhanced the activity of the sulfate activating enzymes and the in vitro synthesis of PAP35 S. The data of these experiments support the theory that in the chick at least a part of the growth response obtained by sulfate supplementation is due to the reactions whereby activated sulfate is converted to taurine.
Calcium response of helper T lymphocytes to antigen-presenting cells in a single-cell assay

We developed a dynamic, single-cell assay involving alternating differential interference contrast and fluorescence microscopy, together with digital imaging, for both viewing the physical interaction of live helper T lymphocytes (Th cells) with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and monitoring the increases in the intracellular free calcium concentration of the Th cell, an early event in Th cell activation. We obtained Th-APC conjugates by allowing the Th cells to migrate toward and interact with APCs that either settled nearby or had been micromanipulated in close proximity to the Th cells. Th cell motility played an important role in initiating Th-APC contacts but not in determining the Th cell calcium response. We found that the intracellular calcium responses of individual Th cells are heterogeneous and an all-or-none phenomenon, independent of antigen concentration. However, the fraction of Th-APC conjugates involving responding Th cells is an increasing function of the antigen concentration. Finally, we measured some characteristics of the developing Th-APC contact area. We used all of these data together with previously developed mathematical models to estimate that only 1 to 20 major histocompatibility class II-antigen complexes are required in the initial Th-APC contact area to elicit a Th cell calcium response.
Identification of the alkalide, Na−, in Na/NH3 matrices using MCD

Abstract Codeposition of Na and NH3 at ≈ 35 K gives rise to an absorption band at ≈ 16950 cm−1 with a positive MCD a term. This band is assigned to the 1S → 1P transition of Na− marking the first direct evidence for the existence of an alkalide in NH3. The absorption and MCD of the solvated electron band are also observed in the near infrared at ≈ 8000 cm−1.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF CALCITE AND DOLOMITE IN SOILS

Summary Soil carbonates were differentiated into calcite and dolomite and determined quantitatively by a method based on their differential solubilities in 0.30 M Na citrate—0.14 M Na dithionite. Calcite dissolution was favoured by the acidic and chelating nature of the citrate. Prior destruction of iron-oxide coatings on soil carbonates and/or iron oxide-carbonate complexes by the citrate-dithionite iron-removal process was necessary for complete calcite dissolution. This method consisted of a total carbonate determination, selective dissolution of calcite with a citrate-dithionite extraction, and determination of dolomite by difference. Citrate-dithionite soluble calcite and dolomite are calculated from the quantities of extracted Ca and Mg. Soil exchangeable Ca and Mg may interfere and should be removed prior to citrate-dithionite extraction on soils of high exchange capacity and/or low carbonate content. Interferences arising from dissolution of non-carbonate Ca- and Mg-containing soil minerals were considered negligible. Replicate analyses of a broad spectrum of samples suggest that the method is highly satisfactory for the determination of calcite and dolomite contents of soils and sediments of very variable composition. The occurrence of dolomite appears to be related to dolomitic source areas and is detritial whereas calcite is primarily reprecipitated (secondary) carbonates, although some calcite may be of detritial nature, e.g. shell materials or calcitic limestone drift.
The influence of magnesium ion on the kinetics of crystal growth and dissolution of strontium fluoride

Abstract The influence of magnesium ion on the growth and dissolution of strontium fluoride crystals has been studied over an ionic strength range, 0.071–0.150 mol dm −3 , in aqueous solutions at constant super- and under-saturation using a constant composition method. The rates of reaction, expressed in terms of the relative super- and under-saturations show an effective order, n , of 3.7±0.1 at relative super-saturations 0.95 to 1.86 and 1.1±0.1 at relative under-saturations of 0.06 to 0.2. However, under conditions close to equilibrium, both growth and dissolution approach a parabolic rate law probably reflecting surface controlled reactions. The addition of magnesium ions, even at relatively low concentration (10 −6 mol dm −3 ), reduced the rates of both growth and dissolution. Moreover, the effect was enhanced in the regions of parabolic kinetics. The influence of magnesium ions on the strontium fluoride reactions may be interpreted in terms of a Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm.
Influence of deprivation on the frustration effect

Groups of male albino rats under 0-h food deprivation were compared to groups under 22-h food deprivation running to sucrose-pellet reward in the double alley. In addition to experimental groups switched from continuous to 50% reinforcement in the first goalbox (GB1), control groups never receiving reward in GB1 were used under both deprivation conditions. A substantial frustration effect (FE) was found for the 22-h-deprived groups; however, no reliable evidence of the FE was found with 0-h-deprived groups.
Geographic patterns of genetic variation in native pecans

A structured collection of 80 seedling pecan trees [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch], representing 19 putatively native pecan populations across the species range, was evaluated at three plastid and 14 nuclear microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) loci. Data were analyzed using a priori population designations and also within a Bayesian framework, in which individuals were assigned to clusters regardless of population of origin. Population genetic analyses using a priori populations, clusters based on chloroplast microsatellite data (cpSSR), and clusters based on nuclear microsatellite data (nSSR) yielded consistent results. For all groupings, cpSSR variation exhibited more geographic structure than the nSSR data. Furthermore, cpSSR microsatellite diversity decreased with increasing latitude, but this pattern was not observed with the nuclear data. Contrasting patterns in plastid and nuclear genetic diversity demonstrate unique aspects of postglacial recolonization reflected in the movement of seeds versus pollen. These data suggest that plastid SSRs are useful tools for identifying population structure in pecan and hold promise for ongoing efforts to identify and conserve representative germplasm in ex situ collections.
Explaining Federal Bureaucratic Compliance with Supreme Court Opinions

Past research on bureaucratic compliance with Supreme Court opin ions offers few comprehensive theoretical frameworks and even fewer rigorous empirical tests. I argue that bureaucracies comply based on the costs or benefits of alternative ways of responding to the Court. Agencies develop these expectations from the environments within which they implement opinions, which I conceptualize as attributes of Court opin ions, agency characteristics, and external actors. I show that federal bu reaucracies generally comply with the Court, though they sometimes respond to the Court in self-interested ways. Using a probit model of agency implementation of Court opinions from the 1953 through 1990 terms, I also demonstrate that several factors explain whether agencies comply, including the nature of the Court's opinions, the characteristics of the responding agency, and support by societal interests. I further il lustrate that the absence of defiance or evasion most likely results from the interdependencies between ...
Social Character and Differential Preference for Mass Communication

The basic hypothesis of this study is that a meaningful typology of consumer behavior may be segmented along the lines of social character delineated by David Riesman. Under experimental conditions...
Initiation sites for human DNA replication at a putative ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase gene.

Abstract Replication of the human genome requires the activation of thousands of replicons distributed along each one of the chromosomes. Each replicon contains an initiation, or origin, site, at which DNA synthesis begins. However, very little information is known about the nature and positioning of these initiation sites along human chromosomes. We have recently focused our attention to a 1.1 kb region of human chromosome 2 which functioned as an episomal origin in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This region corresponded to the largest exon of a putative ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase gene (RPE). In the present study we have used a real-time PCR-based nascent strand DNA abundance assay to map initiation sites for DNA replication in in vivo human chromosomes around a 13.4 kb region encompassing the putative RPE gene. By applying this analysis to a 1–1.4 kb nascent strand DNA fraction isolated from both normal skin fibroblasts, and the breast cell line MCF10; we have identified five initiation sites within the 13.4 kb region of chromosome 2. The initiation sites appear to map to similar positions in both cell lines and occur outside the coding regions of the putative RPE gene.
French agriculture: Trends and policies

“Elite specialized interviewing” was used to analyze the socioeconomic and political forces that shape French agricultural policy. France has been the dominant influence in the formation and evolution of the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Much of the delay in completing the Uruguay Round of GATT has been caused by agriculture, in particular France's opposition. Agriculture is an affair of state in France. The farmers' organizations, despite the decreasing number of farmers, remain powerful. French farming has undergone dramatic structural and social change. Two contradictory but powerful policies are driving French agriculture: the task of maintaining farm population and improving the standard of living of the farmers (rural vocation); and the task of modernizing farms and reducing farm population (export vocation). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Monitoring deployed agent teams

Recent years are seeing an increasing need for on-line monitoring of deployed distributed teams of cooperating agents, e.g., for visualization, or performance tracking. However, in deployed systems, we often cannot rely on the agents to communicate their state to the monitoring system: (a) we rarely can change the behavior of already-deployed agents to communicate the required information (e.g., in legacy or proprietary systems); (b) different monitoring goals require different information to be communicated (e.g., agents' beliefs vs. plans); and (c) communications may be expensive, unreliable, or insecure. This paper presents a non-intrusive approach based on plan-recognition, in which the monitored agents' state is inferred from observations of their routine actions. In particular, we focus on inference of the team state based on its observed \emph{routine} communications, exchanged as part of coordinated task execution. The paper includes the following key novel contributions: (i) a \emph{linear time} probabilistic plan-recognition algorithm, well-suited for processing communications as observations; (ii) an approach to exploiting general knowledge of teamwork to predict agent responses during normal execution, to reduce monitoring uncertainty; and (iii) a monitoring algorithm that trades expressivity for scalability, representing only certain useful monitoring hypotheses, but allowing for any number of agents and their different activities, to be represented in a single coherent entity. Our empirical evaluation illustrates that monitoring based on observed routine communications enables significant monitoring accuracy, while not being intrusive. The results also demonstrate a key lesson: A combination of complementary low-quality techniques is cheaper, and better, than a single, highly-optimized monitoring approach.
A streamline upwind control volume finite element method for modeling fluid flow and heat transfer problems

Abstract Galerkin and control volume finite element approximations are compared and contrasted. Streamline upwinding and pressure stabilizing Petrov-Galerkin formulations for the numerical modeling of fluid flow problems are discussed. These formulations are then adapted to a control volume finite element discretization. The resulting control volume finite element scheme permits an equal order interpolation for velocity and pressure, is readily implemented and retains the property of local conservation, normally associated with control volume schemes.
Kymograph Action Current Recording

(1939). Kymograph Action Current Recording. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 511-517.
Water vapor measurements by Raman lidar and balloon sonde at Mauna Loa Observatory

Water vapor measurements have been added to the aerosol/temperature lidar operated by the NOAA/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory at Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO). The 532 nm light from an Nd:YAG laser is used and two channels measure the raman shifted light at 607 nm (nitrogen) and 660 nm (water vapor). The receiver is a 74 cm diameter parabolic mirror with the two detectors at the prime focus. An interference filter and two high pass filters achieve a rejection of the 532 nm light of about 1E9, which is needed for measurements of water in the upper troposphere where the water mixing ration can be a few parts per million. Radiosonde flights from the observatory were used for both the calibration constant and the low altitude overlap corrections. The sonde flights used both Vaiasala humidity sensors and chilled mirror hygrometers. The Vaiasala sensors were accurate to about 11 km (-50°C). The chilled mirror hygrometer detection limit is determined by the temperature depression attainable by the cooler. The lidar system has been used for validation of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the NASA/Aqua satellite launched in May, 2002.
In vivo autoradiographic demonstration of β-adrenergic binding sites in adult rat type II alveolar epithelial cells

Abstract Adult male rats were injected intravenously with the muscarinic binding probe 3H-Quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) or the β-adrenergic probe 3H-dihydroalprenolol (DHA). Other rats were pre-treated with an intraperitoneal injection of a 500-fold excess of L-isoproterenol prior to the DHA. Light microscopic autoradiography of 0.5 μm sections of lung from the QNB group demonstrated very little labelling even after 6 months of exposure. In contrast, trachealis smooth muscle from these animals contained substantial labelling. Autoradiographs of lung from rats injected with DHA demonstrated labelling which was well localized over alveolar septa and concentrated over the cytoplasm of type II cells. Quantitative analysis of labelling in the DHA groups indicated a significant reduction of labelling in animals treated with L-isoproterenol prior to DHA, in both the alveolar parenchyma in general and over type II cells. The results of this study provide morphologic evidence for the uptake and specific binding of β-adrenergic antagonists by the adult lung in vivo , while failing to demonstrate similar binding of a muscarinic probe. In addition, the results demonstrate specific β-adrenergic receptors on type II cells in vivo and substantiate the view of a direct effect of β-adrenergic agonists on alveolar type II cells.
A computer compatible conversion for printing multichannel analyzers

Abstract A simple and inexpensive conversion to allow older style printing multichannel analyzers to output data in ASCII Keyboard compatible form is described.
Future planetary television cameras

The evolution of planetary slow-scan vidicon cameras started with the exploratory flyby mission to Mars in 1965, and has continued through the planned launch of the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 Mission. To date, the camera performance has been constrained by limited spacecraft capabilities rather than driven by desires of experimenters. The paper traces this evolution for a generation of camera using charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors, which have greater capability within spacecraft weight and power constraints. Projections are given of scientific objectives for the CCD cameras, and it is shown how these objectives will drive the camera performance, data rates, on-board processing, pointing accuracy, and other spacecraft system parameters.
Formative literary visions and prewar politics

tory of Franco-Brazilian intellectual and artistic collaborations. Starting in 1934 several promising French scholars began teaching at this new academic institution. Among the most prestigious were the cultural anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, the historian Fernand Braudel, the geographer Pierre Monbeig, the classicist Michel Berveiller, and the Portuguese-literatures specialist Pierre Hourcade (Riedinger 443). In 1936 Berveiller and Hourcade discovered with great enthusiasm Jubi abay a novel published the previous year by the precocious Brazilian novelist Jorge Amado.1 Praised as a "Negro Iliad" by Oswald de Andrade (Amado and Raillard 95)t2Jubiabd tells the story of Antonio Baldumo, an abandoned black child who must learn to grow up in the streets of Salvador, the capital city of the state of Bahia. Baldumo eventually succeeds while adopting a variety of occupations (boxer, composer and singer of sambas, dockworker). Berveiller and Hourcade immediately translated the text into French and soon published its sixteenth chapter, "Fuite" ("Flight"), in Les cahiers du sud, a highly respected journal dedicated to foreign literature in France. Less than two years later, while hiding in Sergipe from the dictatorial regime of Getulio Vargas, Amado was startled to find in his mailbox a letter from the prestigious French publishing house Gallimard offering to publish Jubiabd in a translation entitled Bahia de tous les saints ("Bahia of All Saints"). Amado's satisfaction was even greater when he learned in the letter that it was Andre Malraux who had recommended the novel for publication (Interview). If Amado owes his introduction to French readers to Berveiller, Hour cade, and Malraux, his first critical praise in France came from another lit erary figure. At the time, Albert Camus was a virtual unknown working for Pascal Pia's fledgling daily Alger republicain, where Camus was responsible for literary reviews, among other things (Quilliot 10).3 One can speculate
Orthopaedic issues in the musculoskeletal care of adults with cerebral palsy.

AIMS Orthopaedic care of adults with cerebral palsy (CP) has not been well documented in orthopaedic literature. This paper focuses on some of the common problems which present themselves when adults with CP seek orthopaedic intervention. In particular, we review the most common orthopaedic issues which present to the Penn Neuro-Orthopaedics Program. METHOD A formal review of consecutive surgeries performed by the senior author on adults with CP was previously conducted. This paper focuses on the health delivery care for the adult with orthopaedic problems related to cerebral palsy. Ninety-two percent of these patients required lower extremity surgery. Forty percent had procedures performed on the upper extremities. RESULTS The majority of problems seen in the Penn Neuro-Orthopaedics Program are associated with the residuals of childhood issues, particularly deformities associated with contractures. Patients are also referred for treatment of acquired musculoskeletal problems such as degenerative arthritis of the hip or knee. A combination of problems contribute most frequently to foot deformities and pain with weight-bearing, shoewear or both, most often due to equinovarus. The surgical correction of this is most often facilitated through a split anterior tibial tendon transfer. Posterior tibial transfers are rarely indicated. Residual equinus deformities contribute to a pes planus deformity. The split anterior tibial tendon transfer is usually combined with gastrocnemius-soleus recession and plantar release. Transfer of the flexor digitorum longus to the os calcis is done to augment the plantar flexor power. Rigid pes planus deformity is treated with a triple arthrodesis. Resolution of deformity allows for a good base for standing, improved ability to tolerate shoewear, and/or braces. Other recurrent or unresolved issues involve hip and knee contractures. Issues of lever arm dysfunction create problems with mechanical inefficiency. Upper extremity intervention is principally to correct contractures. Internal rotation and adductor tightness at the shoulder makes for difficult underarm hygiene and predispose a patient to a spiral fracture of the humerus. A tight flexor, pronation pattern is frequently noted through the elbow and forearm with further flexion contractures through the wrist and fingers. Lengthenings are more frequently performed than tendon transfers in the upper extremity. Arthrodesis of the wrist or on rare occasions of the metacarpal-phalangeal joints supplement the lengthenings when needed. CONCLUSIONS The Penn Neuro-Orthopaedics Program has successfully treated adults with both residual and acquired musculoskeletal deformities. These deformities become more critical when combined with degenerative changes, a relative increase in body mass, fatigue, and weakness associated with the aging process.
Reducing false-positive prediction of minimotifs with a genetic interaction filter.

Background Minimotifs are short contiguous peptide sequences in proteins that have known functions. At its simplest level, the minimotif sequence is present in a source protein and has an activity relationship with a target, most of which are proteins. While many scientists routinely investigate new minimotif functions in proteins, the major web-based discovery tools have a high rate of false-positive prediction. Any new approach that reduces false-positives will be of great help to biologists. Methods and Findings We have built three filters that use genetic interactions to reduce false-positive minimotif predictions. The basic filter identifies those minimotifs where the source/target protein pairs have a known genetic interaction. The HomoloGene genetic interaction filter extends these predictions to predicted genetic interactions of orthologous proteins and the node-based filter identifies those minimotifs where proteins that have a genetic interaction with the source or target have a genetic interaction. Each filter was evaluated with a test data set containing thousands of true and false-positives. Based on sensitivity and selectivity performance metrics, the basic filter had the best discrimination for true positives, whereas the node-based filter had the highest sensitivity. We have implemented these genetic interaction filters on the Minimotif Miner 2.3 website. The genetic interaction filter is particularly useful for improving predictions of posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and proteolytic cleavage sites. Conclusions Genetic interaction data sets can be used to reduce false-positive minimotif predictions. Minimotif prediction in known genetic interactions can help to refine the mechanisms behind the functional connection between genes revealed by genetic experimentation and screens.
Elizabeth I as Stepmother

AbstractAs a number of scholars have shown, Tudor male subjects were able to arrogate to themselves unprecedented powers by playing gender against class hierarchies. This essay considers how tropes of surrogacy furthered this process of political enfranchisement. As Victor Turner suggests, recurrent tropes are dynamic phenomena, which change meaning over time in a way that reveals the “emotional and volitional dimensions” present in social contexts. The prevalence of surrogate mothers in Elizabethan political and literary discourses reflects such a volitional dimension: writers (e.g. Lyly and Shakespeare), courtiers (e.g., Sir Philip Sidney), and politicians (e.g. members of Parliament) used images of stepmothers in consciously manipulative ways. Because of the ambiguous nature of figurative language, these men posited innovative ideas indirectly long before it became possible to articulate them directly. The evil stepdames of Tudor lore form an important precedent for John Locke's enlightened “foster fat...
Racial Identity and Depressive Symptoms among Black Emerging Adults: The Moderating Effects of Neighborhood Racial Composition

In the current study, we explored patterns of change in Black emerging adults' racial identity beliefs during the transition to adulthood, assessed neighborhood racial composition effects on Black emerging adults' racial identity beliefs, and tested the moderating effects of neighborhood racial composition on the associations between Black emerging adults' racial identity beliefs and depressive symptoms over time. Participants in the current study included 570 Black adolescents (52% female) who were transitioning into adulthood (senior year of high school through 5 years post- high school). We did not find average patterns of change in Black emerging adults' racial identity beliefs over time. Further, neighborhood racial composition did not predict participants' beginning status or growth in racial identity beliefs over time. We, however, found evidence that neighborhood racial composition may moderate the associations between Black emerging adults' racial identity beliefs and symptoms of depression over time. Findings from the current study underscore the importance of considering how the larger social context may interact with individuals' racial identity beliefs to influence Black emerging adults' psychological health.
A Comparison of Salary Structures Between Economics and Agricultural Economics Departments

We examine whether differences exist in the prevailing salary structures for doctorate-granting economics and agricultural economics departments at public, land-grant universities in the United States. Within a sample of 440 economists and 375 agricultural economists, we find that economics departments exhibit greater variation in annual salaries, higher estimated negative returns to seniority, and larger estimated returns to career publishing success than do agricultural economics departments. These difference manifest themselves in a hierarchical salary distribution in which members of elite economics departments earn the highest predicted annual salaries, members of elite agricultural economics and middle-ranked economics departments earn middle predicted annual salaries, and members of middle- and lower-ranked agricultural economics and lower-ranked economics departments earn the lowest predicted annual salaries. In 16 out of 22 universities studied, we predict that economists would face salary declines if they moved across campus (or in some cases down the hall) to their respective agricultural economics departments.
A patch-clamp device with integrated actuators for cell selection and positioning

A patch-clamp (PC) microchip with integrated air-bubble actuators (AB actuators) for cell positioning is demonstrated, showing the promise for an automated PC microsystem. AB actuators are pneumatic actuators. The air pressure is generated by PDMS membrane mechanical deformation. By integrating with microfluidic channels and PC electrodes, AB actuators can potentially help avoid drawbacks of random cell selection or positioning for a PC microchip, paving the way for an automated PC microsystem. In this effort, the lateral electrode-pipette, located opposite to the outlet of an AB actuator, is designed for trapping a cell. The positioning and capturing of 3T3 cells were demonstrated successfully. Measurements found that the electrode impedance is 1MΩ the seal resistance is 5MΩ with a captured cell. Optimization of the size and shape of the pipette is underway to enhance the seal resistance.
Design, Implementation, and Force Modeling of Quadrupole Magnetic Tweezers

This paper presents the design, implementation, and force modeling of quadrupole magnetic tweezers, which are capable of exerting magnetic forces in arbitrary 2-D directions on magnetic particles in the workspace. A lumped-parameter model based on magnetic monopole approximation is employed to describe the magnetic field generated by the quadrupole magnetic tweezers in the workspace. In this model, the magnetic field generated by each magnetic pole is approximated by the field of a point magnetic charge associated with the magnetic pole, and the total magnetic field produced by the system is obtained by applying the principle of superposition. An analytical force model considering the interaction between a magnetic particle and the magnetic field is then developed. The derived force model accurately characterizes the nonlinearity of the magnetic force exerting on the magnetic particle with respect to the applied currents to the coils and the position dependency of the magnetic force in the workspace. The directionality as well as the force generation anisotropy of the designed system is then explored using the force model. The model also facilitates the implementation of a feedback control law to stabilize and control the motion of a magnetic particle. Experimental results in terms of the magnetic force in relation to stable motion control of a magnetic particle are used to validate the force model.
Revisiting the Sequential Programming Model for Multi-Core

Single-threaded programming is already considered a complicated task. The move to multi-threaded programming only increases the complexity and cost involved in software development due to rewriting legacy code, training of the programmer, increased debugging of the program, and ef- forts to avoid race conditions, deadlocks, and other prob- lems associated with parallel programming. To address these costs, other approaches, such as automatic thread ex- traction, have been explored. Unfortunately, the amount of parallelism that has been automatically extracted is gener- ally insufficient to keep many cores busy. This paper argues that this lack of parallelism is not an intrinsic limitation of the sequential programming model, but rather occurs for two reasons. First, there exists no framework for automatic thread extraction that brings to- gether key existing state-of-the-art compiler and hardware techniques. This paper shows that such a framework can yield scalable parallelization on several SPEC CINT2000 benchmarks. Second, existing sequential programming lan- guages force programmers to define a single legal program outcome, rather than allowing for a range of legal out- comes. This paper shows that natural extensions to the se- quential programming model enable parallelization for the remainder of the SPEC CINT2000 suite. Our experience demonstrates that, by changing only 60 source code lines, all of the C benchmarks in the SPEC CINT2000 suite were parallelizable by automatic thread extraction. This process, constrained by the limits of modern optimizing compilers, yielded a speedup of 454% on these applications.
Assessing Teacher Performance Using an Observation Instrument Based on Research Findings

Not all the skills considered essential for effective teaching can be part of a single instrument, say these authors, but the instru ment described here includes what their study found to be the generic practices that teachers need to perform successfully in the classroom. It is especially useful for helping beginning teachers, they write.
Existence of traveling wave solutions of a high-order nonlinear acoustic wave equation

In this Letter, we present an analytical study of a high-order acoustic wave equation in one dimension, and reformulate a previously given equation in terms of an expansion of the acoustic Mach number. We search for non-trivial traveling wave solutions to this equation, and also discuss the accuracy of acoustic wave equations in terms of the range of Mach numbers for which they are valid.
Effects of Milk Powders in Milk Chocolate

Abstract The physical characteristics of milk powders used in chocolate can have significant impact on the processing conditions needed to make that chocolate and the physical and organoleptic properties of the finished product. Four milk powders with different particle characteristics (size, shape, density) and “free” milk fat levels (easily extracted with organic solvent) were evaluated for their effect on the processing conditions and characteristics of chocolates in which they were used. Many aspects of chocolate manufacture and storage (tempering conditions, melt rheology, hardness, bloom stability) were dependent on the level of free milk fat in the milk powder. However, particle characteristics of the milk powder also influenced the physical and sensory properties of the final products.
Direct PCR of Cryptococcus neoformans MATα and MATa Pheromones To Determine Mating Type, Ploidy, and Variety: a Tool for Epidemiological and Molecular Pathogenesis Studies

Cryptococcus neoformans MATalpha and MATa pheromones were amplified by direct PCR. Nucleotide sequence analyses revealed unique restriction enzyme sites. Sixty strains were used to devise a restriction fragment length polymorphism typing scheme that yielded three variety-specific patterns. Additionally, pheromone-specific PCR allowed easier identification of diploid C. neoformans strains than flow cytometry.
Democracy and Democratization among Tibetans in Exile

This paper analyzes how democracy is conceptualized and operationalized among Tibetan exiles based on fieldwork conducted among Tibetans in Dharamsala during 1994 and in two settlements in Nepal throughout 1995. The Tibetan exiles are in a democratic transition, yet their transition resembles much more of a “muddling through” than a linear progression, as they struggle to interpret democratic values in the context of their own worldview and political circumstances. The Tibetan exiles' case can be interpreted as a new variation on the Asian democracy debate, with a focus on how authoritarian and popular choice interrelate in an actually existing democratic system. For the Tibetans, the issue is the place of the “enlightened mind” in modern forms of governance. The author finds that the exile context has both facilitated and limited the Tibetans' reform efforts.
Marijuana Use in Post-Collegiate Cohorts: Correlates of Use, Prevalence Patterns, and Factors Associated With Cessation

Questionnaire data from random samples of recent post-collegiate cohorts are examined with respect to several behavioral dimensions of marijuana use. The data indicate (1) that both incidence and prevalence are increasing, despite the aging of the cohorts; (2) that selected social correlates of initiation are poor predictors of the extent of use; and (3) that the significant status changes of marriage and entry into parenthood, and not aging per se , account for the frequently observed cessation of use occurring in the mid- to late-20's.
MIND: An inside Look at an Expert System for Electronic Diagnosis

Because of its intended purpose, it is very complicated to diagnose faults in VLSI test system hardware. When this problem is considered in the hardware design phase, it is apparent that VLSI test systems need to have built-in self-test features. For a self-test to be of any value, the circuit check program should minimize the hardware involved in each test. MIND is an expert system for VLSI test system diagnosis that integrates the principles of their hierarchical design and experts' heuristics to achieve a practical approach to reducing test system downtime.
A Multivariate Evaluation of Ex ante Risks Associated with Fed Cattle Production

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate production risks faced by fed cattle producers. We do this by jointly modeling a group of cattle production yield risk factors using a multivariate dynamic regression model. The proposed econometric model estimates parameters that influence the mean and variance of production yield factors, as well as the covariance between variables, while accounting for a high degree of censoring through the use of a dynamic multivariate Tobit model. The model provides insights into the relationship between production yield factors in fed cattle production. Copyright 2007, Oxford University Press.
Tailor-Apl: An Interactive Computer Program for Individual Tailored Testing:

The APL version of TAILOR allows administration of individual tailored tests without the usual need for extensive pretesting to establish item characteristics. Information gathered from each examinee is added to a cumulative file to determine reliable order relations among persons and items. Given adequately discriminating items, substantial tailoring can occur after as few as a half-dozen tests.