cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Protein Phosphorylation in Activation of Phospholipase A2 by the Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixture Aroclor 1242

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) activate neutrophils to induce degranulation and undergo superoxide production through a mechanism that involves stimulation of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). Since the biochemical processes leading to the PCB-induced activation of this enzyme are unknown, the objective of this study was to determine whether protein phosphorylation has a role in this mechanism. Isolated rat neutrophils were labeled with [(3)H]-arachidonic acid ([(3)H]-AA), and activation of PLA(2) was determined from release of radioactivity into the medium. Exposure to the PCB mixture Aroclor 1242 induced release of [(3)H]-AA, and pretreatment with bromoenol lactone (BEL), an inhibitor of calcium-independent PLA(2), diminished release by 80%. Genistein, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases, caused a small but significant decrease in Aroclor 1242-stimulated release of [(3)H]-AA. Daidzein, a genistein analog with no activity to inhibit tyrosine kinases, had no effect on [(3)H]-AA release. An inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), SB203580, did not affect Aroclor 1242-induced PLA(2) activity at concentrations selective for p38 MAPK; however, PD 98059, which inhibits MAPK kinase (MEK), decreased [(3)H]-AA release to about the same extent as genistein. Treatment of neutrophils with Aroclor 1242 induced phosphorylation of p44 MAPK, and this phosphorylation was unaffected by BEL but was inhibited by PD 98059. Staurosporine, a nonselective inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), inhibited PCB-induced release of [(3)H]-AA. Ro 32-0432, a selective inhibitor of PKC(alpha) and PKC(beta1), produced the greatest degree of inhibition (40%) among the tested protein kinase inhibitors. These results suggest that tyrosine kinases, PKC, and the MEK/MAPK pathway are involved in a fraction of Aroclor 1242-induced activation of PLA(2).
Assessing adolescent health needs: a factor analytic approach.

Abstract Advances in technology are rapidly expanding health educators' resources for presenting information tailored to meet individual health needs and interests. A self-administered questionnaire was given to 510 youths in grades 6 through 9 to ascertain adolescents' health concerns and thus develop more appropriate educational programs. Smoking, diet and weight control, physical fitness, and general health items were included. Factor analysis methods identified ten concerns: smoking, weight control, exercise effects, peer approval of appearance, preparatory health behaviors, planning and maintaining a personal health program, feeling good about oneself, communication issues, comparisons with others, and resistance to negative peer influences. Sex and grade were significantly associated with particular responses. Recommendations include the value of addressing each area of the content domain as it relates to health lessons to ensure that information is relevant to the needs and interests of individual adolescents.
Insular cortex lesions alter baroreceptor sensitivity in the urethane-anesthetized rat

Cardiovascular representation has been demonstrated within the insular cortex and lateralization has been previously inferred. In this study, baroreceptor gain was investigated in response to the systemic injection of the pressor agent phenylephrine (PE) and the depressor agent sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in 57 urethane-anesthetized, male Sprague-Dawley rats before and after single lesion placement. Lesions mainly confined to the anterior insula (left or right) or the adjacent cortex were without significant effect on baroreceptor gain. Left posterior insular lesions, however, significantly increased baroreceptor gain (p<0.0001) whereas right posterior insular lesions had no effect on baroreceptor gain although heart rate and blood pressure were both significantly increased after lesion placement (p<0.05). These data suggest that: (1) the posterior insula (and not surrounding cortex or anterior insula) is primarily involved in cardiovascular control; (2) the left insular cortex may be chiefly concerned with parasympathetic cardiac regulation. Conversely, the right posterior insular cortex may regulate both cardiac and vasomotor sympathetic tone, as has been suggested in other species.
Reaktionsfähigkeit von Glaucin gegenüber einigen halogenierenden Reagenzien

Glaucin (1) wurde mit Chloramin T oder PCl5 in 3-Chlorglaucin (2) umgewandelt. Die Reaktion von Glaucin · HCl mit H2O2 fuhrt zu 2. Bei der Chlorierung von 1 mit AlCl3 und H2O2 erhalt man ein Gemisch aus 2, 3,8-Dichlorglaucin (3) und 3,8,11-Trichlorglaucin (4). 4 entsteht auch bei der Reaktion von 1 mit SO2Cl2. Beim Erwarmen von 1 mit PCl5 wird ein Gemisch aus 2, 4 und 3,7-Dichlordehydroglaucin (5) gebildet. 3-Bromglaucin (6) entsteht aus Glaucin · HBr und H2O2. Die Reaktion von 1 mit N-Bromsuccinimid verlauft unter Bildung eines Gemisches aus Dehydroglaucin (7) und 7-Bromdehydroglaucin (8). Reactivity of Glaucine Towards Some Halogenating Reagents 3-Chloroglaucine (2) was obtained when glaucine (1) was treated with chloramine T or PCl5. Glaucine · HCl reacted with H2O2 to give 2. The chlorination of 1 with AlCl3 and H2O2 yielded a mixture of 2, 3,8-dichloroglaucine (3) and 3,8,11-trichloroglaucine (4). Compound 4 was formed when 1 was treated with SO2Cl2. When heated with PCl5, 1 gave a mixture of 2, 4 and 3,7-dichlorodehydroglaucine (5). 3-Bromoglaucine (6) was obtained from glaucine · HBr and H2O2. Treatment of 1 with N-bromosuccinimide yielded a mixture of dehydroglaucine (7) and 7-bromodehydroglaucine (8).
Email Refresher: Defending against the Slow Slide toward Inefficiency

Email has become the dominant form of communication in the business world and far beyond. Yet, without conscious attention to how to use it effectively, this powerful tool can undermine efficiency and ultimately prove harmful to bottom-line needs.
PROPERTIES OF A LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AGENT ISOLATED FROM HA/ICR SWISS MICE.

SummaryAn agent has been isolated from Ha/ICR Swiss mice which induces lymphocytic leukemia in approximately 80% of Swiss mice injected at birth with cell-free filtrates. This agent retains its infectivity after storage at room temperature for 24 hours, at 4°C for 48 hours, at —20°C for 1 month, and in the CO2 deep freeze for 1 month. There is some loss of infectivity under all storage conditions, greatest at —20°C for 1 month. Storage in the CO2 deep freeze for 6 months reduces infectivity to about one-third. In all instances, latency is extended. The agent is inactivated at 56°C for 30 minutes, but is not destroyed by exposure to ether overnight. It can be neutralized by incubation with specific antiserum produced in rabbits. Sprague-Dawley rats and Rf strain mice are susceptible to infection when injected at birth; weanling Swiss mice are resistant to infection. Similarities and differences between this agent and other murine leukemia viruses are discussed.
APLOPARAKSIS BOREALIS SP. N. (CESTODA: HYMENOLEPIDIDAE) FROM PASSERIFORM AND CHARADRIIFORM BIRDS IN CHUKOTKA AND ALASKA

Aploparaksis borealis sp. n. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae), from the long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarisu longicaudus Vieillot, on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and from the red-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus (Pallas), and the Lapland longspur, Calcarius lapponicus (Linnaeus), in Chukotka, northestern Siberia, is described. This cestode is distinguished by the structure of the cirrus and other morphologic characters from other species of Aploparaksis Clerc 1903 in which there are 10 rostellar hooks and the vitelline gland is aporal to the ovary. A. borealis is the first species of Aploparaksis to be reported from birds representing 2 orders (Passeriformes and Charadriiformes).
Ultrastructure of prostatic benign hyperplasia and carcinoma.

Abstract Prostatic tissue from 39 patients was examined by light and electron microscopy, and adenocarcinoma was demonstrated in 25 patients, benign prostatic hyperplasia in 9, and prostatitis in 5. By utilizing ultrastructural features characteristic of each condition, carcinomatous cells and acini could be distinguished from benign prostatic hyperplasia even in well-differentiated cancers. In some sections, fine structural changes characteristic of carcinoma were noted even though histologic changes of carcinoma were not observed. These sections were cut from blocks adjacent to areas of histologic carcinoma and from benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Affective and somatic aspects of spontaneous and precipitated nicotine withdrawal in C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ mice

Abstract The aversive aspects of nicotine withdrawal are powerful motivational forces contributing to the tobacco smoking habit. We evaluated measures of affective and somatic aspects of nicotine withdrawal in C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ mice. Nicotine withdrawal was induced by termination of chronic nicotine delivery through osmotic minipumps or precipitated with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonists mecamylamine or dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE). A rate-independent discrete-trial intracranial self-stimulation threshold procedure was used to assess brain reward function. Anxiety-like behavior and sensorimotor gating were assessed in the light–dark box and prepulse inhibition (PPI) tests, respectively. Acoustic startle response and somatic signs of withdrawal were also evaluated. Spontaneous nicotine withdrawal after 14-day exposure to 10–40 mg/kg/day nicotine induced no alterations in anxiety-like behavior, startle reactivity, PPI, or somatic signs in either strain, and no changes in thresholds in C57BL/6J mice. Extended 28-day exposure to 40 mg/kg/day nicotine induced threshold elevations, increased somatic signs, and anxiety-like behavior 24 h post-nicotine in C57BL/6J mice; thresholds returned to baseline levels by day 4 in nicotine-exposed mice. Mecamylamine or DHβE administration induced threshold elevations in nicotine-exposed C57BL/6J mice compared with saline-exposed mice. In conclusion, administration of relatively high nicotine doses over prolonged periods of time induces both the affective and somatic aspects of spontaneous nicotine withdrawal in the mouse, while exposure to nicotine for shorter periods of time is sufficient for nAChR antagonist-precipitated nicotine withdrawal. The current study is one of the first to demonstrate reward deficits associated with both spontaneous and nAChR antagonist-precipitated nicotine withdrawal in C57BL/6J mice.
Effects of prolonged storage at freezing temperatures on starch and baking quality of frozen doughs

ABSTRACT The effects of prolonged frozen storage on the starch, rheological, and baking properties of doughs were investigated. Four hard red spring (HRS) wheat cultivars exhibiting consistently different gluten characteristics were used. Gelatinization properties of starches isolated from fresh and thawed frozen doughs over 16 weeks of frozen storage were examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Significance of results varied with cultivar, but all cultivars showed a significant increase in ΔH with increased frozen storage time, indicating water migration and ice crystallization. The amount of freezable water in frozen doughs increased for all cultivars with frozen storage, but the rate of increase varied. Glupro showed a consistent increase in freezable water during frozen storage (41.6%), which may be associated with its high protein content and strong gluten characteristics. Rheological strength of the frozen doughs which was determined by decreases in extensigraph resistance and storag...
Thirty-Month Follow-up of Maximal Treadmill Stress Test and Double Master's Test in Normal Subjects

One hundred normal subjects who had a double Master's test and a maximal treadmill stress test (MTST) were clinically evaluated 30 months later. Ninety-nine of these 100 subjects (99%) had a follow-up treadmill test at 30 months. One of four subjects (25%) with initially an abnormal double Master's test developed coronary heart disease within 30 months. Three of 96 subjects (3.1%) with initially a normal double Master's test developed coronary heart disease within 30 months. Three of 13 subjects (23.1%) with initially an abnormal MTST developed coronary heart disease within 30 months. One of 87 subjects (1.1%) with initially a normal MTST developed coronary heart disease within 30 months. The MTST correlated better than the double Master's test in predicting subsequent coronary heart disease.
Studies of particulate plume diffusion over laboratory wind-generated water waves

Abstract A numerical simulation of the turbulent mass diffusion process from an elevated, continuous point source over a wind-disturbed water surface is described. The diffusion equation, with models for turbulent diffusivities, in the boundary layer over water waves was solved with a successive-over-relaxation finite difference scheme. In the numerical computation, measured quantities of flow conditions such as mean velocities, turbulent intensities and boundary layer thickness were used. To improve computational efficiency, a variable grid system was used. The grid system was designed to expand with the spread of the diffusing plume. The water surface was viewed, in the mean, as a flat surface with influences of the wavy surface implicitly incorporated into the turbulent diffusivities. The diffusivities are functions of the turbulent intensities, the boundary layer thickness, and the scale of the phenomenon. The numerical solutions were compared with experimental results of particle concentration measurements obtained with an optical system ( Liu and Karaki , 1972a) in a wind-water tunnel at Colorado State University. With the net mean convection properly corrected for the effects of the particle fall velocity, streamline displacements in a developing boundary layer, and secondary flow (in the experimental facility), general agreements were observed between numerical solutions and corresponding experimental results.
Anticancer oncolytic activity of respiratory syncytial virus

Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging biotherapeutic platform for cancer treatment, which is based on selective infection/killing of cancer cells by viruses. Herein we identify the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as an oncolytic virus. Using prostate cancer models, we show dramatic enhancement of RSV infectivity in vitro in the androgen-independent, highly metastatic PC-3 human prostate cancer cells compared to the non-tumorigenic RWPE-1 human prostate cells. The oncolytic efficiency of RSV was established in vivo using human prostate tumor xenografts in nude mice. Intratumoral and intraperitoneal injections of RSV led to a significant regression of prostate tumors. Furthermore, enhanced viral burden in PC-3 cells led to selective destruction of PC-3 cancer cells in vitro and in xenograft tumors in vivo due to apoptosis triggered by the downregulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity (and the resulting loss of anti-apoptotic function of NF-kappaB) in RSV-infected PC-3 cells. The intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway constitutes the major apoptotic pathway; however, the death-receptor-dependent extrinsic pathway, mediated by the paracrine/autocrine action of tumor necrosis factor-alpha produced from infected cells, also partly contributed to apoptosis. Thus, the oncolytic property of RSV can potentially be exploited to develop targeted therapeutics for the clinical management of prostate tumors.
Validation of a laser-based system for ground measurement of backscatter surface reflectance

The recent deployment of on-orbit active sensors operating at optical wavelengths requires new calibration methods to be investigated. In response to this, a ground-based active radiometer for measuring backscattered surface reflectance has been developed by the Remote Sensing Group at the University of Arizona. This instrument, known as the reflectometer, was designed to match the illumination and detection geometry of spaceborne lidar systems. The reflectometer uses a Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm (with the capability of 532 nm), illuminates the target sample at normal incidence by use of a beam expander and fold mirror, then collects the reflected light at nadir through an aperture in the fold mirror. In order to reduce stray light, a 3 nm bandwidth filter centered on the laser wavelength is mounted in front of the silicon detector and a half cylinder shell encloses the optical system. Previous measurements at White Sands Missile Range, NM have produced results that are within 3% of coincident measurements using a field spectrometer. 1 The results of these measurements are presented, including further laboratory testing using tarpaulin witness samples and future improvements of the original system design. In addition, comparison of reflectometer measurements to MODIS derived reflectance as it relates to on-orbit lidar retroreflection will be discussed. The benefits of validating MODIS derived reflectance will become essential with the launch of CALIPSO and its incorporation into the A-train.
Optical polarization imaging

The temporal profiles of the parallel and perpendicular polarization components of a light pulse backscattered from a scattering medium are different. The depth of penetration into the tissue and depolarization of the backscattered light depend on the scattering and absorption characteristics of the tissue. Based on these facts, a novel technique is demonstrated for noninvasive surface and beneath-the-surface imaging of biological systems.
From the Renaissance to the Modern World—Introduction

On November 11 and 12, 2011, a symposium held at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill honored John M. Headley, Emeritus Professor of History. The organizers, Professor Melissa Bullard—Headley’s colleague in the department of history at that university—along with Professors Paul Grendler (University of Toronto) and James Weiss (Boston College), as well as Nancy Gray Schoonmaker, coordinator of the Program in Medieval and Early Modern Studies—assembled presenters, respondents, and dozens of other participants from Western Europe and North America to celebrate the career of their prolific, versatile, and influential colleague whose publications challenged and often changed the ways scholars think about Martin Luther, Thomas More, the Habsburg empire, early modern Catholicism, globalization, and multiculturalism. [...]
Increased phosphofructokinase concentration in hepatoma 3924-A: enzymic and immunological evidence.

Abstract 1. The phosphofructokinase concentration in rat liver and in rapidly growing hepatoma 3924-A was measured by two independent techniques. 2. A purification method was developed for phosphofructokinase and antiserum was prepared against the liver enzyme. 3. Kinetic studies showed that enzyme preparations from liver and hepatoma were indistinguishable on the basis of their behavior during purification and also on the basis of pH optima and kinetic properties for substrates, activators, and inhibitors. Neutralization and immunodiffusion studies indicated that the purified phosphofructokinases from liver and hepatoma were immunologically identical. The hepatoma phosphofructokinase activity was increased 3-fold and required approximately three times more antiserum for complete neutralization of the phosphofructokinase activity than normal liver. 4. The results of these studies obtained by employment of independent methods for measuring enzyme concentrations support an interpretation that the alteration in the biochemistry of tumor cells entails a reprogramming of the pattern of gene expression which is manifested, in part, in the increased amount of phosphofructokinase in the rapidly growing hepatoma.
Organization of actin filaments and immunocolocalization of alpha‐actinin in the connecting cilium of rat photoreceptors

A small discrete concentration of actin filaments in the connecting cilium of vertebrate photoreceptors appears to have a role in the morphogenesis of the phototransductive disk membranes (Williams et al., '88). We have visualized these actin filaments in rat rod photoreceptors by decorating them with myosin subfragment-1. At the site of disk morphogenesis, we observed a cluster of short filaments, with various orientations and their faster growing (barbed) ends at the ciliary plasma membrane. Their association with the liplike structure of an early nascent disk is consistent with their apparent involvement in the initiation of disk morphogenesis. A few longer decorated filaments extended along the core of the connecting cilium, away from the site of disk morphogenesis, implying that they might have some function other than the shaping of a new disk. Most of the antiactin label was found in the region of the short filaments. The alpha-actinin immunolabel coincided with that of actin, suggesting that the filaments may be crosslinked by alpha-actinin.
Grain rotation in thin films of gold

Abstract We present transmission electron microscope observations of microstructural development in thin, fine-grained, columnar, 〈111〉 textured films of gold. In a sequential annealing experiment, we find that individual grains constantly rotate about the film normal in apparently random, and randomly changing directions. This contributes to the rearrangement of grain boundaries by allowing their individual energies to vary, thus promoting triple-line motion. We perform an analysis of the kinetics of grain rotation: assuming that its rate is limited by grain boundary diffusion, we obtain very good agreement between the observed and predicted rates and the rotation rate is predicted to be very sensitive to the grain size. A simple computer model is developed to investigate the structural consequences of grain rotation, which include reduction in the total grain boundary energy in a specimen, and changes in the populations of the various CSL-related boundaries.
Cross‐cultural civility in global civil society: transnational cooperation in Chinese NGOs

Transnational networks and organizations are often hailed as embodiments and carriers of global civil society, yet these assessments remain incomplete due to a lack of empirical research on their internal dynamics. In this article, I investigate whether or not transnational NGOs embody the cooperation across multiple social, cultural and political cleavages central to definitions of global civil society by exploring how multiple memberships are negotiated in the context of their everyday tasks. Using organizational documents and interview data with staff of two Protestant Christian development NGOs in China, I analyse how actors within these transnational organizations successfully manage their multiple memberships in national polities, national cultures, religious communities and a world culture. While multiple memberships exhibit the potential both to enable and to constrain an NGO's organizational tasks, the key to making such ties enabling are staff who act as skilful cross-cultural brokers. Thus, the type of social capital required to render multiple memberships beneficial and not harmful to the organizations also makes these organizations true indicators of a developing global civil society.
Kinoform Viewed as a Random Number Generator

The generation of linear arrays with a kinoform is considered to be a stochastic process that produces intensity values drawn from some underlying population. Samples obtained by calculating the output of specific N-point kinoforms are subjected to various nonparametric statistical tests in order to determine some of the properties of this process.
Recoverability of Communication Protocols--Implications of a Theoretical Study

A study is presented which permits the formal analysis and synthesis of recoverable computer communication protocols. This study is based on a formal representation of processes by a model of computation, the Petri nets (PN's). The PN model is generalized to include a representation of the possible failures, and then, the concept of "recoverability" is formally defined. A set of necessary and sufficient conditions which a process must satisfy in order to be recoverable is derived. In the PN model, the processes that satisfy these conditions are shown to have some practical limitations. A new model, the time-Petri net (TPN), is introduced to remove these limitations. This new model allows the introduction of constraints in the execution times of its part. As shown in this paper, the TPN appears to be a suitable model for the study of practical recoverable processes. Several practical communication protocols are formally designed and analyzed using this new model, and some interesting properties of these protocols are formally derived.
Feeding mechanisms in bats: variation within the constraints of flight

By any standard, bats are a successful group of mammals and the evolution of flight and echolocation were certainly key innovations behind their success. That is only part of the story, however. Bats have diversified into trophic niches that range from insectivory to feeding on blood, fruit, or nectar. While flight places fundamental constraints on the shape of the postcranial skeleton, skull shape in bats is remarkably diverse. Morphological studies of individual families and sympatric assemblages demonstrate that variation in skull shape is clearly associated with trophic specialization. Field experiments demonstrate that species-specific biting behaviors during feeding are common and analyses indicate that the evolution of cranial morphology and feeding behavior are correlated. Modeling experiments further suggest that feeding (loading) behaviors and skull shape are functionally linked. If the skulls of bats are under selective pressure for minimal mass because of the energetic demands of flight, then they may be more "optimized" to meet mechanical demands than are the skulls of other mammals. This would make bats a unique model system for studying the evolution of diversity in skull shape and its functional implications for the evolution of feeding strategies in mammals.
Line strengths of H2O and N2O in the 1900 cm−1 region

Abstract Measurements of line strengths of water vapor and nitrous oxide in the 1900 cm−1 region have been made with moderate spectral resolution (∼0.15 cm−1). The H2O values are, on the average, 5.5 percent (standard deviation of ±10 percent) smaller than the calculated line strengths given by Benedict and Calfee. The N2O measurements were made of the Q-branch strength and the P- and R-branch line strengths of the ν 1 + ν 2 1 band. The N2O data were analyzed to obtain the vibrational band strength and the coefficient, ξ, of the F factor, from which the following constants were determined: ∑ P 1 Q,R S = 0.437±0.020 x` cm −2 atm −1 at 295 K , ξ = −0.0107±0.0022 . The Q-branch strengths of the ν 1 + 2ν 2 2 − ν 2 1 and the ν 1 + 2ν 2 0 − ν 2 1 bands of N2O were also measured and their values were found to be 0.0254 ± 0.0030 and 0.0033 ± 0.0007 cm−2 atm−1 at 295 K, respectively.
A graphic identification procedure for an expert authoring system

Abstract To reduce the cost of producing text-graphic materials, computer routines are used to generate illustrations and to automate page compositions. The present paper describes an on going contribution to this effort. Text-graphic material involved are from a narrative technical procedure description for the training of lower skilled mechanics of the U.S. Navy to operate and maintain complex technical equipment (e.g., an aircraft maintenance procedure). The procedure description text is written by the equipment designer and contains: (1) A description of the equipment, (2) a description of the procedures to be followed in using any part of that equipment. The graphic identification project is a module of the Expert Authoring System, which constructs a sementic network from the equipment and the procedure descriptions and then: (1) identify the relationships between the equipment and its components, between components and components, (2) identify the componeents needed for each task, (3) identify the results of each task, and (4) identify the relationships between the task steps. The paper describes the preliminary phases of the development of a graphic identification procedure from natural language processing of a technical text written in english. These phases involve the design of a semantic network from a given text, and the design of the support data base.
Nucleotide-Dependent Contractile Properties of Ca2+-Activated Fast and Slow Skeletal Muscle Fibers

The relation between single skinned skeletal fiber contractile mechanics and the myosin mechanoenzyme was examined by perturbing the actomyosin interaction with the ATP analog CTP in fibers from both rabbit psoas and rat soleus. Tension, instantaneous stiffness, and the rate of tension redevelopment (ktr), under software-based sarcomere length control, were examined at 15°C for a range of Ca2+ concentrations in both fiber types. CTP produced 94% of the maximum ATP-generated tension in psoas fibers and 77% in soleus fibers. In psoas, CTP also increased stiffness to 106% of the ATP stiffness, whereas in soleus stiffness decreased to 92%. Thus, part of the greater difference between maximum ATP- and CTP-generated tension in soleus fibers appears to be due to a decrease in strongly bound cross-bridge number. Interestingly, although the nucleotide exchange produced substantial increases in the steepness (nH) of the tension- and stiffness-pCa relationships in soleus fibers, only minor changes were seen in psoas fibers. At maximum Ca2+ and nominal Pi levels, ktr in psoas fibers increased from 11.7 s-1 with ATP to 16.6 s-1 with CTP and in soleus fibers from 4.9 to 8.4 s-1. Increased Pi levels decreased the maximum Ca2+-activated tension in both fiber types and increased the ktr of psoas fibers, but the ktr of soleus fibers was not significantly altered. Thus, although the nucleotide exchange generally produced similar changes in the mechanics, there were significant muscle lineage differences in the tension- and stiffness-pCa relations and in the effects of Pi on ktr, such that differences in contractile mechanics were lessened in the presence of CTP.
Microstructure and Room‐Temperature Mechanical Properties of Hot‐Pressed Magnesium Aluminate as Described by Quadratic Multivariable Analysis

Polycrystalline spinel (MgA12O4), hot-pressed in graphite dies, yielded densities ranging from ∼64 to ≊100% of theoretical. Average grain size of compacts varied from 4 to 125μ depending on hot-pressing conditions. Room-temperature mechanical properties also varied widely; average strengths for the 15 experimental combinations ranged from 3500 to 34,000 psi in bending and from 21,700 to 389,000 psi in compression, and Young's modulus ranged from 0.54 X lo7 to 3.5 X 107 psi. Variations in bulk density, average grain size, room-temperature transverse and compressive strengths, and Young's modulus of elasticity were separately expressed as multiple quadratic regressions in terms of 1/T (temperature), In t (time), and P(pressure) over the hot-pressing range 1227’to 1750°C, 5 to 320 min, and 1000 to 3000 psi. From these regressions, empirical equations expressing mechanical properties in terms of regression solutions of density and grain size were derived which statistically indicate a principal dependence on density and only a minor grain size dependence.
E-017 Treatment of a complicated ICA vein graft aneurysm using covered stent assisted coiling

Purpose To demonstrate the safety and efficacy of stent assisted, coil embolization for a large fusiform aneurysm that developed in a previously placed saphenous venous graft in the distal CCA and proximal ICA. Clinical Presentation A 44-year-old male presented with sudden onset of left hemiplegia, dysarthria and left hemianopia. An MRI brain revealed a large acute ischemic stroke the right temporo-parietal cortex and basal ganglia. A subsequent diagnostic angiogram revealed a large fusiform vein graft aneurysm measuring 3 cm by 2.5 cm engulfing the distal CCA and the origin of the ICA. A decision was made to perform covered stent assisted coiling of the aneurysm after vascular surgery deemed the procedure to carry too high a risk for intraoperative stroke. Treatment was delayed by 4 weeks due to the increased risk of hemorrhagic conversion of the large ischemic stroke. Technique Procedure was performed under conscious sedation. Two Precise stents were deployed across the aneurysm neck after jailing a Prowler 14 microcatheter inside the aneurysm sac to prevent coil herniation into the parent vessel. After filling the sac with coils, a covered Viabahn stent was successfully deployed across the aneurysm neck thereby achieving complete occlusion of the aneurysm while maintaining patency of the vessel lumen. Conclusion Covered stent assisted coiling for treatment of carotid artery vein graft aneurysms is a safe and effective treatment for a difficult vascular lesion. The patient was discharged home with complete resolution of the presenting symptoms and a NIH stroke scale of 0. This is the first reported case of successful endovascular treatment of an aneurysm developing in a vein graft in the carotid artery.
Scattered Photons as Useable Signal for Underwater Imaging

The orthodox approach to designing an underwater imaging system with artificial illumination has been to consider only the unscattered target photons as useable signal while looking at scattered photons as a nuisance to be mitigated. Photons scattered from the target towards the receiver cause blurring of fine target details in the collected imagery, while photons backscattered by the water column as the artificial source illuminates the target act as a veiling luminance that reduces overall image contrast. Typical performance for the Laser Line Scanner and Pulsed Range-Gated imagers can reach up to 6 attenuation lengths, which can still represent very short ranges in the turbid waters of coastal regions. In the early 1970's, with the goal of extending these performance ranges, the Visibility Laboratory explored an unconventional concept that was called imagery by means of Time Varying Intensity (TVI). TVI uses both scattered and unscattered photons from the laser-scanned target as useable signal. This novel approach enabled high-quality imagery to be collected over 20 attenuation lengths between the target and receiver. Although this system was eventually shelved, it has been resurrected by using a modulated laser illuminator to communicate critical information about the laser scan to a distant receiver via both the scattered and unscattered photons. With this knowledge, a high-fidelity image of target detail can then be recreated. In this paper, a real-time interactive simulation of TVI's expected imaging performance is presented and model predictions are compared with experimental imagery acquired when laser and receiver are both located underwater.
Use of Green Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Aspergillus fumigatus conidia to Validate Quantitative PCR Analysis of Air Samples Collected on Filters

This study used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Aspergillus fumigatus conidia to compare quantitative PCR (qPCR) enumeration with direct epifluorescent microscopic filter counts of conidia collected on filters in a test chamber. In separate experiments this study initially compared white versus fluorescent light microscopy for counting A. fumigatus conidia, then compared fluorescent microscopy counting of corresponding filter halves, and finally compared qPCR enumeration to counting by fluorescent light microscopy. The use of GFP-expressing conidia with epifluorescent microscopy yielded significantly higher conidia counts (p = 0.026, n = 41, mean of 4.1 conidia per counting field) and 40% faster counting times when compared to conventional counting using white light microscopy. GFP-expressing conidia were aerosolized in a test chamber and collected onto filters. Filters were divided in half and GFP-expressing conidia enumerated. There was no significant difference in the average conidia count p...
Expression of the egg-laying hormone gene family in the head ganglia ofAplysia

RNA blotting and cDNA cloning techniques were used to study expression of the egg-laying hormone (ELH) gene family in the head ganglia of Aplysia californica. All head ganglia were found to express a 1800 nucleotide (nt) mRNA homologous to the ELH gene family. The nucleotide sequence of a clone isolated from a ring ganglia cDNA library demonstrates that this message encodes the ELH precursor. Further studies demonstrate the presence of a smaller, 1500 nt, transcript which encodes the peptide A precursor. However, the level of this mRNA is at least 10-fold lower than the ELH encoding message.
Meritocratic and monopoly inequality: A computer simulation of income distribution

This paper explores the properties of a model of the distribution of income in which individual income is proportional to a multiplicative function of previous income, ability, chance, a ceiling factor determined by competition among members of an income class for resources held by members of other classes, and an additive factor summarizing effects of altruism and minimal subsistence. The behavior of the model is investigated by computer simulation for combinations of values of three model parameters representing the tendency of income to grow exponentially (the Monopoly effect), the weight of the ability factor (the meritocracy effect), and the weight of the ceiling factor resulting from competitive interactions. Steady state income distributions generated by the model are characterized by measures of income inequality, exchange mobility, elite stability, and meritocracy. Results suggest that for constant Monopoly effect, the effect of the meritocracy parameter on various aggregate outcomes is nonlinear...
Labeling of amino acids and peptides with isotopic oxygen as followed by 17O-N.M.R.

17O was introduced into the respective alpha- and gamma-COOH groups of Boc-Gly and Boc-Glu by saponification of the corresponding O-methyl esters with 1N NaOH in H2 17O. Other 17O enriched Boc-amino acids were prepared by acid catalyzed exchange into the amino acid alpha-COOH group followed by t-butyloxycarbonylation with t-butyl S-4, 6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-ylthio carbonate. Final enrichment, by approximately three orders of magnitude over natural abundance, was 60-100% of the possible maximum. The synthesis of [17O]-Gly-Ala, [17O]-Gly-Leu and [17O]-Gly-Glu by DCC/HBT mediated coupling of Boc-Gly-[17O]-alpha-COOH with amino acid-O-t-butyl esters followed by deprotection with HCl/EtOAc proceeded without undue loss of the isotope. Boc-[17O]-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 was prepared by a similar procedure. [Tyr2-17O]-, [Pro7-17O]- and [Gly4-17O]-oxytocin were synthesized using solid phase support. 17O-chemical shifts of synthetic intermediates and of the final products were as expected for each functional group. Linewidth data correlate with the molecular weights of the compounds prepared.
Effects of Egg Size Reductions on Development Time and Juvenile Size in Three Species of Echinoid Echinoderms: Implications for Life History Theory

Abstract Life-history models for marine invertebrate animals assume a strong correlation between the size of the egg and the time from fertilization until metamorphosis. This assumption is supported by comparative data across a wide range of phyla. However, the exact form of the relationship between egg size and development time has a strong effect on the predicted outcomes of life-history models and has been the subject of much debate. Comparative data suggest that as egg size increases the effect of egg size reductions on development time will decrease and the effects of size reductions on juvenile size will increase. I used blastomere separations to test the effects of a 50% reduction in egg volume on development time and juvenile size in three species of echinoid echinoderms (Arbacia punctulata, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and Dendraster excentricus) that develop from eggs of a range of sizes (80–124 μm). I also manipulated the food level given to developing embryos and larvae to investigate the potential interaction between the effects of egg size reductions and food availability. Larvae from halved zygotes took significantly longer to develop to metamorphosis than their whole size counterparts in all three species. In only one species was I able to detect a significant reduction in juvenile size for offspring developing from halved zygotes. When compared with similar manipulations in species with larger eggs (140–387 μm), egg size reductions have a stronger effect on development time in species with small eggs. As predicted, development time does not change linearly with egg size but instead increases exponentially as egg size is reduced. The relationship between egg size and juvenile size remains unclear. Further investigations into the factors, including egg size, that influence juvenile performance are warranted.
Response-time simulation of multivariate point process models for multiprogrammed jobstreams

We consider simulation methods for particular marked multivariate point processes, calledR-processes, which have recently been proposed as models for multiprogrammed jobstreams. Using “workload marks” on events, such models facilitate the incorporation of realistic workload characteristics into computer system performance predictions. We consider R-processes in which workload marks for an individual jobstream form a stationary sequence of discrete random variables having a (generally non-Markovian) mixed moving average-autoregressive dependency structure. For such models we provide a method for obtaining from a single simulation run point and interval estimates for general characteristics of job response times.
An eight-channel T/R head coil for parallel transmit MRI at 3T using ultra-low output impedance amplifiers

Parallel transmit is an emerging technology to address the technical challenges associated with MR imaging at high field strengths. When developing arrays for parallel transmit systems, one of the primary factors to be considered is the mechanism to manage coupling and create independently operating channels. Recent work has demonstrated the use of amplifiers to provide some or all of the channel-to-channel isolation, reducing the need for on-coil decoupling networks in a manner analogous to the use of isolation preamplifiers with receive coils. This paper discusses an eight-channel transmit/receive head array for use with an ultra-low output impedance (ULOI) parallel transmit system. The ULOI amplifiers eliminated the need for a complex lumped element network to decouple the eight-rung array. The design and construction details of the array are discussed in addition to the measurement considerations required for appropriately characterizing an array when using ULOI amplifiers. B1 maps and coupling matrices are used to verify the performance of the system.
Irreducible representations of magnetic groups

Abstract The general considerations of WIGNER concerning the irreducible representations of groups containing both linear and anti-linear unitary operators are used to obtain a criterion by which the representations of such groups may be obtained. The result found by Herring for space groups is derived and the properties of the fifty-eight magnetic point groups are determined.
Complications of orthopedic anesthesia

of complex problems infrequently encountered in other surgical specialties. This account describes a number of the specific complications in more detail rather than enumerating a list of more generic anesthetic problems. The article does not address all complications in orthopedic anesthesia and specifically omits problems with geriatric patients undergoing surgery for fractured hip, the multiple-injured trauma patient, or the care of the spinal cord-injured patient, because these are separate topics of their own.
In search of zapotec culture

Joseph W. Whitecotton. The Zapotecs: Princes, Priests and Peasants. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1977. xiv + 338 pp. Illustrations, maps, tables, appendix, bibliography, and index. $14.95.
Activation of membrane receptors by neurotransmitter released from temperature-sensitive hydrogels.

Abstract The present paper describes the design, construction and testing of a temperature-sensitive N -isopropylacrylamide hydrogel device for studying the controlled presentation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to GABA C membrane receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Upon temperature lowering, the GABA-loaded hydrogel positioned near the surface of the GABA C -expressing oocyte elicits a membrane current response resembling that induced by superfusion of the oocyte with free GABA. The response to cooling is not observed when GABA is omitted from the hydrogel loading solution. In addition, picrotoxin, a known GABA C receptor antagonist, inhibits the oocyte membrane current response associated with temperature lowering of GABA-loaded hydrogels. The data indicate that the present system affords a temperature-regulated release of GABA from the hydrogel and a resulting activation of the expressed GABA C receptors.
Gemtuzumab therapy for isolated extramedullary AML relapse following allogeneic stem-cell transplant.

Isolated extramedullary relapse of acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic transplantation is a rare phenomenon, which is not well understood. Owonikoko et al. describe the case of a patient with primary refractory acute myeloid leukemia who received chemotherapy treatment on protocol, salvage therapy, matched-unrelated-donor stem-cell transplants and donor-lymphocyte infusion. The patient received radiation therapy and gemtuzumab to treat numerous extramedullary sites of disease and remains disease free with no further cytotoxic therapy since gemtuzumab administration. The authors highlight the safety and efficacy of gemtuzumab in the treatment of patients with isolated extramedullary relapse. Background A 19-year-old male with primary refractory acute myeloid leukemia received salvage therapy with mitoxantrone and cytarabine combination. He received consolidation therapy 3 months later with a matched-unrelated-donor stem-cell transplant. The disease relapsed in the bone marrow (BM) 9 months after the initial stem-cell transplant, and was successfully treated by repeat transplant from the same donor. Ten months following repeat transplant, the patient presented with an increasing number of extramedullary sites of biopsy-proven disease relapse (i.e. cranial and peripheral nerves, tongue, abdominal wall and chest wall). Repeated biopsy of the BM and chimera study showed no morphologic evidence of leukemic infiltrate with 100% donor-cell population. Investigations Physical examination, complete blood count, BM biopsy, flow cytometry, cytogenetic analysis, chimera study, tongue biopsy, abdominal-wall biopsy, cytology and immunohistochemistry, CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, MRI of the brain, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Diagnosis Isolated extramedullary relapse of acute myeloid leukemia after stem-cell transplant. Management Primary leukemia treatment with idarubicin, cytarabine, etoposide, dexamethasone, tioguanine on protocol and salvage therapy with mitoxantrone and cytarabine combination for primary refractory disease. A matched-unrelated-donor stem-cell transplant for consolidation and donor-lymphocyte infusions were performed, followed by repeat unrelated-donor transplant for leukemia relapse in the marrow, radiation therapy and gemtuzumab ozogamicin for multiple sites of extramedullary leukemia relapse.