cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An empirical exploration of the relationship between manufacturing strategy and environmental management: Two complementary models

Explores the interrelationships between environmental issues and manufacturing strategy. Based on the theoretical underpinnings of previous work in the field of manufacturing strategy and insights from an open‐ended and exploratory survey of strategic decision makers in a wide variety of manufacturing settings, attempts to illustrate the potential synergies between environmental management and manufacturing strategy. Expands the models of Wheelwright and Hayes (1985) and Hill (1994) in order to suggest that operational excellence may provide leverage towards environmental excellence for manufacturers.
Electrical methods in exploration for oil and minerals

The electrical methods which can be applied in resource exploration are highly diverse in theory and practice. However, the bulk of exploration effort is carried out with four relatively standardized methodologies; direct-current resistivity sounding, induced polarization sectioning, magnetotelluric sounding and time-domain electromagnetic sounding. The direct-current and induced polarization methods are in a mature stage of development, although in recent years, the capabilities of these two methods have been markedly improved through the incorporation of digital data acquisition equipment and computer-based interpretation schemes. The magnetotelluric method may well be approaching maturity in development, but it has only been within the past few years that data acquisition and interpretation have progressed to the point where consistently reliable results can be obtained. The electromagnetic methods are in a very rapid state of development, and may well be among the most powerful of geophysical techniques when their capabilities are fully realized.
Native Knee Laxities at 0°, 45°, and 90° of Flexion and Their Relationship to the Goal of the Gap-Balancing Alignment Method of Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background Gap-balancing is an alignment method for total knee arthroplasty with the goal of creating uniform tension in the periarticular soft-tissue restraints and equal laxities throughout the arc of flexion. However, there is little evidence that achieving equal laxities prevents either overly tight or overly loose soft-tissue restraints after total knee arthroplasty. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether the laxities at 0°, 45°, and 90° of flexion are equal in the native knee. Methods Seven different laxities were measured at 0°, 45°, and 90° of flexion in ten fresh-frozen native cadaveric knees (with intact menisci, cartilage, and ligaments) by applying loads of ±5 Nm in varus-valgus rotation, ±3 Nm in internal-external rotation, 100 N in distraction, and ±45 N in anterior-posterior translation with use of a six-degrees-of-freedom load application system. Results The mean laxities (and standard deviations) at 45° of flexion were 1.7° ± 0.6° greater in varus, 0.9° ± 0.4° greater in valgus, 10.2° ± 2.7° greater in internal rotation, 10.1° ± 2.0° greater in external rotation, 1.7 ± 1.0 mm greater in distraction translation, and 3.3 ± 1.5 mm greater in anterior translation than those at 0° of flexion. The mean laxities at 90° of flexion were 2.5° ± 0.8° greater in varus, 1.0° ± 0.5° greater in valgus, 10.0° ± 4.6° greater in internal rotation, 10.1° ± 4.5° greater in external rotation, 1.8 ± 0.7 mm greater in distraction, and 1.6 ± 1.2 mm greater in anterior translation than those at 0° of flexion. The mean anterior translation at 90° of flexion was 1.7 ± 0.9 mm less than that at 45° of flexion. Conclusions Because five of the seven laxities were at least 1.7° or 1.6 mm greater at both 45° and 90° of flexion than those at 0° of flexion, the laxities of the native knee measured in this study are unequal at these flexion angles and therefore do not support the goal of gap-balancing in total knee arthroplasty. Clinical relevance One possible disadvantage of changing the native laxities at 45° and 90° of flexion to match those at 0° of flexion in a total knee arthroplasty is the overly tight soft-tissue restraints relative to those of the native knee, which patients may perceive as pain, stiffness, and/or limited flexion.
Sequestered glacial ice contribution to the global Martian water budget: Geometric constraints on the volume of remnant, midlatitude debris-covered glaciers

Glacial landforms on Mars, including concentric crater fill (CCF), lineated valley fill (LVF), and lobate debris aprons (LDA), were mapped between ~ ±30 and 50° latitude, and geometric constraints were placed on the volume of these deposits based on their topography and relationship with host topography (e.g., massifs, valleys, and craters). LDA deposits were found to have the largest volume (2.63 × 105 km3), followed by CCF deposits (8.75 × 104 km3) and LVF deposits (6.51 × 104 km3), for a total volume of 4.16 × 105 km3. The actual ice sequestered in these deposits is calculated depending on the estimated fraction of ice currently remaining in the deposits. We adopt end-member values of 30% (pore ice only) and 90% (relatively pure, debris-covered glacial ice). These volumes, 1.25 × 105 km3 and 3.74 × 105 km3 respectively, represent an equivalent global ice layer 0.9–2.6 m thick. On the basis of extensive recent local and regional analysis of these deposits indicating a debris-covered glacial origin, we favor the larger estimate. Taken together, these glacial landforms have an average thickness of ~450 m. The glacial deposition responsible for these features occurred or recurred during an extended period of the middle to late Amazonian, which implies that long-term climate conditions were sufficient to produce and preserve debris-covered glacial landforms on Mars.
Immunotherapy Prospects for Painful Small-fiber Sensory Neuropathies and Ganglionopathies

The best-known peripheral neuropathies are those affecting the large, myelinated motor and sensory fibers. These have well-established immunological causes and therapies. Far less is known about the somatic and autonomic "small fibers"; the unmyelinated C-fibers, thinly myelinated A-deltas, and postganglionic sympathetics. The small fibers sense pain and itch, innervate internal organs and tissues, and modulate the inflammatory and immune responses. Symptoms of small-fiber neuropathy include chronic pain and itch, sensory impairment, edema, and skin color, temperature, and sweating changes. Small-fiber polyneuropathy (SFPN) also causes cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and urological symptoms, the neurologic origin of which often remains unrecognized. Routine electrodiagnostic study does not detect SFPN, so skin biopsies immunolabeled to reveal axons are recommended for diagnostic confirmation. Preliminary evidence suggests that dysimmunity causes some cases of small-fiber neuropathy. Several autoimmune diseases, including Sjogren and celiac, are associated with painful small-fiber ganglionopathy and distal axonopathy, and some patients with "idiopathic" SFPN have evidence of organ-specific dysimmunity, including serological markers. Dysimmune SFPN first came into focus in children and teenagers as they lack other risk factors, for example diabetes or toxic exposures. In them, the rudimentary evidence suggests humoral rather than cellular mechanisms and complement consumption. Preliminary evidence supports efficacy of corticosteroids and immunoglobulins in carefully selected children and adult patients. This paper reviews the evidence of immune causality and the limited data regarding immunotherapy for small-fiber-predominant ganglionitis, regional neuropathy (complex regional pain syndrome), and distal SFPN. These demonstrate the need to develop case definitions and outcome metrics to improve diagnosis, enable prospective trials, and dissect the mechanisms of small-fiber neuropathy.
An Infestation of Leeches on Salmon Fry and Eggs

Hatchery of the Washington State Department of Fisheries, located at Hoodsport, Washington. This station is supplied with both fresh and sea water, which can be delivered to the troughs and ponds in any desired combination. The fresh-water supply is drawn from the adjacent Finch Creek, which err[pries into Hood Canal at the hatchery site. Sea water is pumped from Hood Canal at a depth of 70 feet. Appearance of the leeches was first noticed about November 1, 1953, in baskets and trays of pink salmon fry and eggs hatching in troughs supplied with fresh water. As trays were removed from the stacks, large numbers of very small leeches were observed, sometimes two or more on a single fry or egg. In an ungorged and relaxed condition, these parasites measured approximately 1-1/2 to 2 centimeters in length and less than 1 millimeter in breadth.
Clinical utility of 4D FDG-PET/CT scans in radiation treatment planning

Purpose The potential role of four-dimensional (4D) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in radiation treatment planning, relative to standard three-dimensional (3D) PET/CT, was examined. Methods and Materials Ten patients with non–small-cell lung cancer had sequential 3D and 4D [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT scans in the treatment position prior to radiation therapy. The gross tumor volume and involved lymph nodes were contoured on the PET scan by use of three different techniques: manual contouring by an experienced radiation oncologist using a predetermined protocol; a technique with a constant threshold of standardized uptake value (SUV) greater than 2.5; and an automatic segmentation technique. For each technique, the tumor volume was defined on the 3D scan (VOL3D) and on the 4D scan (VOL4D) by combining the volume defined on each of the five breathing phases individually. The range of tumor motion and the location of each lesion were also recorded, and their influence on the differences observed between VOL3D and VOL4D was investigated. Results We identified and analyzed 22 distinct lesions, including 9 primary tumors and 13 mediastinal lymph nodes. Mean VOL4D was larger than mean VOL3D with all three techniques, and the difference was statistically significant ( p Conclusions In comparison to 3D PET, 4D PET may better define the full physiologic extent of moving tumors and improve radiation treatment planning for lung tumors. In addition, reduction of blurring from free-breathing images may reveal additional information regarding regional disease.
Glucose-induced Toxicity in Insulin-producing Pituitary Cells That Coexpress GLUT2 and Glucokinase IMPLICATIONS FOR METABOLIC ENGINEERING

Abstract We have shown that intermediate lobe (IL) pituitary cells can be engineered to produce sufficient amounts of insulin (ins) to cure diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice but, unlike transplanted islets, ILins cells evade immune attack. To confer glucose-sensing capabilities into these cells, they were further modified with recombinant adenoviruses to express high levels of GLUT2 and the β-cell isoform of glucokinase (GK). Although expression of GLUT2 alone had negligible effects on glucose usage and lactate production, expression of GK alone resulted in ∼2-fold increase in glycolytic flux within the physiological (3–20 mm) glucose range. GLUT2/GK coexpression further increased glycolytic flux at 20 mm glucose but disproportionately increased flux at 3 mm glucose. Despite enhanced glycolytic fluxes, GLUT2/GK-coexpressing cells showed glucose dose-dependent accumulation of hexose phosphates, depletion of intracellular ATP, and severe apoptotic cell death. These studies demonstrate that glucose-sensing properties can be introduced into non-islet cells by the single expression of GK and that glucose responsiveness can be augmented by the coexpression of GLUT2. However, in the metabolic engineering of surrogate β cells, it is critical that the levels of the components be closely optimized to ensure their physiological function and to avoid the deleterious consequences of glucose-induced toxicity.
The Dynamic Plastic Large Deflections of Clamped Rectangular Plate

The finite-element method is a very versatile method especially when applied to structures with complicated geometric shape and boundary conditions. In this Note, application of the finite-element method is extended to a rectangular plate undergoing large deflection elastic-plastic dynamic responses. The present predicted responses show very good agreement with experimental results.
Two novel RNA binding proteins from Trypanosoma brucei are associated with 5S rRNA.

We have previously reported the identification of two closely related RNA binding proteins from Trypanosoma brucei which we have termed p34 and p37. The predicted primary structures of the two proteins are highly homologous with one major difference, an 18-amino-acid insert in the N-terminal region of p37. These two proteins have been localized to the nucleus based on immunofluorescence microscopy. To gain insight into their function, we have utilized UV crosslinking, coimmunoprecipitation, and sucrose density gradients to identify T. brucei RNA species that associate with p34 and p37. These experiments have demonstrated a specific interaction of both p34 and p37 with the 5S ribosomal RNA and indicate that other RNA species are unlikely to be specifically bound. This suggests a role for p34 and p37 in the import and/or assembly pathway of T. brucei 5S rRNA in ribosome biogenesis.
"Self-Awareness" in the Pigeon

Each of three pigeons used a mirror to locate a spot on its body which it could not see directly. Although similar behavior in primates has been attributed to a self-concept or other cognitive process, the present example suggests an account in terms of environmental events.
Mating systems in ascomycetes: a romp in the sac

The ascomycetous fungi choose between sexual and asexual reproduction; it is only when appropriately stressed that most resort to sexual development. Many of the proteins known to regulate development in animals (homeodomain proteins, HMG-box proteins) are also central to the control of sexual differentiation in the ascomycetes. Most ascomycete mating-type loci are structurally complex idiomorphs (large regions of nonhomologous DNA), in that they encode multiple products of probable independent evolutionary origin. The products of the mating-type genes are the master regulators of sexual development; we are just beginning our search for factors involved in the signal transduction pathway downstream from these master regulators.
Zero-field current-voltage characteristics in high-temperature superconductors

Abstract Zero-field current-voltage ( I - V ) data from a variety of samples of various high-temperature superconductors are re-analyzed to test the recently proposed current-temperature ( I - T ) phase diagram [S.W. Pierson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 (1995) 2359]. It is found that the I - V curves are well-described by this phase diagram. Furthermore, because the slopes of the various phase lines can be related to the effective interlayer coupling, it is shown that the I - T phase diagram provides a convenient framework in which to characterize samples. We discuss how the structure of the I - T phase diagram can be further tested and how more can be learned about these materials by probing parts of the I - T phase space which most experiments have neglected. Finally, further details of the I - T phase space are discussed.
Relationship of human-associated microbial source tracking markers with Enterococci in Gulf of Mexico waters

Human and ecosystem health can be damaged by fecal contamination of recreational waters. Microbial source tracking (MST) can be used to specifically detect domestic sewage containing human waste, thereby informing both risk assessment and remediation strategies. Previously, an inter-laboratory collaboration developed standardized PCR methods for a bacterial, an archaeal, and a viral indicator of human sewage. Here we present results for two subsequent years of field testing in fresh and salt water by five laboratories across the U.S. Gulf Coast (two in Florida and one each in Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas) using common standard operating procedures (SOPs) developed previously. Culturable enterococci were enumerated by membrane filtration, and PCR was used to detect three MST markers targeting domestic sewage: human-associated Bacteroides (HF183), Methanobrevibacter smithii and human polyomaviruses BK and JC (HPyVs). Detection of sewage markers in surface waters was significantly associated with higher enterococci levels and with exceedance of the recreational water quality standard in four or three regions, respectively. Sewage markers were frequently co-detected in single samples, e.g., M. smithii and HF183 were co-detected in 81% of Louisiana samples, and HPyVs and M. smithii were co-detected in over 40% of southwest Florida and Mississippi samples. This study demonstrates the robustness and inter-laboratory transferability of these three markers for the detection of pollution from domestic sewage in the waters impacting the Gulf of Mexico over a coastal range of over 1000 miles.
Anchorage of VEGF to the extracellular matrix conveys differential signaling responses to endothelial cells

VEGF can be secreted in multiple isoforms with variable affinity for extracellular proteins and different abilities to induce vascular morphogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms behind these effects remain unclear. Here, we show molecular distinctions between signaling initiated from soluble versus matrix-bound VEGF, which mediates a sustained level of VEGFR2 internalization and clustering. Exposure of endothelial cells to matrix-bound VEGF elicits prolonged activation of VEGFR2 with differential phosphorylation of Y1214, and extended activation kinetics of p38. These events require association of VEGFR2 with β1 integrins. Matrix-bound VEGF also promotes reciprocal responses on β1 integrin by inducing its association with focal adhesions; a response that is absent upon exposure to soluble VEGF. Inactivation of β1 integrin blocks the prolonged phosphorylation of Y1214 and consequent activation of p38. Combined, these results indicate that when in the context of extracellular matrix, activation of VEGFR2 is distinct from that of soluble VEGF in terms of recruitment of receptor partners, phosphorylation kinetics, and activation of downstream effectors.
Intuitionism and the poverty of the inference argument

Intuitionism is occasionally advanced on the grounds that a classical understanding of mathematical discourse could not be acquired, given limitations of the experience available to the language learner. In this note, focusing on the acquisition of the universal quantifier, I argue that this route of attack against a classical construal results, at best, in a Pyrrhic victory. The conditions under which it is successful are such as to redound upon the tenability of intuitionism itself. Adjudication will not follow merely from attending to the learner's experience. The nature of the agent's ability to engage in conceptual extrapolation from that experience must be considered as well. (And divergent views regarding this are likely to recapitulate the original disagreement.)
Teaching or Service? The Site-Based Realities of Teach for America Teachers in Poor, Urban Schools

Business Week and Fortune Magazine suggest that Teach for America (TFA) is a beneficial postgraduation option for corps members, who teach for a finite commitment in low—socioeconomic status urban school districts. This longitudinal qualitative study examines the complex issues that surround TFA through the voices of TFA corps members, mentors, and administrators. Insiders inform readers about the site-based realities, corporate-like model, affiliation with a high-profile national organization, and districts' hiring policies—all of which set TFA teachers apart from non-TFA teachers. Data integrate interviews and teacher researcher field notes, gathered during 8 years from more than 300 participants, who discuss their TFA teaching experiences candidly. Findings suggest that TFA corps members are learning the culture(s) of schools and the community on the job as well as other complexities of teaching. Questions persist with respect to TFA's current model, mission, and goals.
Interval and ratio reinforcement contingencies as determinants of methadone's effects

The effects of methadone hydrochloride on lever pressing rats maintained under multiple fixed-interval and fixed-ratio, or multiple variable-interval and variable-ratio reinforcement schedules equated for reinforcement density were examined. Under a multiple fixed-interval, fixed-ratio schedule overall response rate was decreased during both components but was most affected under the ratio schedule. Response rate decreases were due primarily to changes in running rate rather than pause time. Under a multiple variable-interval, variable-ratio schedule, overall response rate was also decreased by methadone, with the greatest decrease again occurring during the ratio schedule. These schedule-specific methadone effects are not due to differences in reinforcement frequency. Evidence for rate-dependency with methadone is not consistent across subjects.
A quantitative Dirichlet-Jordan type theorem for orthogonal polynomial expansions

In 1985, Bojanic estimated the rate at which the partial sums of the orthogonal expansion of a function of bounded variation converge to the function. We generalize and sharpen his estimates when the function being expanded is an iterated integral of a function of bounded variation. The class of orthogonal polynomials considered include the Jacobi polynomials orthogonal on $[ - 1,1]$ with respect to $(1 - x)^\alpha (1 + x)^\beta $, $\alpha ,\beta \geqq - \frac{1}{2}$. For the Jacobi series, our method gives an asymptotic expression for the difference between the function and its partial sums at points of discontinuity of a high order derivative of the function. In particular, discontinuities in an even order derivative are shown not to affect the rate of convergence.
Autoimmunity in 2013

The peer-reviewed publications in the field of autoimmunity published in 2013 represented a significant proportion of immunology articles and grew since the previous year to indicate that more immune-mediated phenomena may recognize an autoimmune mechanism and illustrated by osteoarthritis and atherosclerosis. As a result, our understanding of the mechanisms of autoimmunity is becoming the paradigm for translational research in which the progress in disease pathogenesis for both tolerance breakdown and inflammation perpetuation is rapidly followed by new treatment approaches and clinical management changes. The similarities across the autoimmune disease spectrum outnumber differences, particularly when treatments are compared. Indeed, the therapeutics of autoimmune diseases are based on a growing armamentarium that currently includes monoclonal antibodies and small molecules which act by targeting molecular markers or intracellular mediators with high specificity. Among the over 100 conditions considered as autoimmune, the common grounds are well illustrated by the data reported for systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis or by the plethora of studies on Th17 cells and biomarkers, particularly serum autoantibodies. Further, we are particularly intrigued by studies on the genomics, epigenetics, and microRNA at different stages of disease development or on the safe and effective use of abatacept acting on the costimulation of T and B cells in rheumatoid arthritis. We are convinced that the data published in 2013 represent a promising background for future developments that will exponentially impact the work of laboratory and clinical scientists over the next years.
INTERVALS OF RADIAL INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELDS AT 1 AU, THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH RAREFACTION REGIONS, AND THEIR APPARENT MAGNETIC FOOT POINTS AT THE SUN

We have examined 226 intervals of nearly radial interplanetary magnetic field orientations at 1 AU lasting in excess of 6 hr. They are found within rarefaction regions as are the previously reported high-latitude observations. We show that these rarefactions typically do not involve high-speed wind such as that seen by Ulysses at high latitudes during solar minimum. We have examined both the wind speeds and the thermal ion composition before, during and after the rarefaction in an effort to establish the source of the flow that leads to the formation of the rarefaction. We find that the bulk of the measurements, both fast- and slow-wind intervals, possess both wind speeds and thermal ion compositions that suggest they come from typical low-latitude sources that are nominally considered slow-wind sources. In other words, we find relatively little evidence of polar coronal hole sources even when we examine the faster wind ahead of the rarefaction regions. While this is in contrast to high-latitude observations, we argue that this is to be expected of low-latitude observations where polar coronal hole sources are less prevalent. As with the previous high-latitude observations, we contend that the best explanation for these periods of radial magnetic field is interchange reconnection between two sources of different wind speed.
Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type-1

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a rare but informative syndrome for endocrine tumorigenesis. Since its isolation, several groups have begun to determine the role of menin, the protein product of MEN1, in sporadic endocrine tumors as well as tumors of the MEN1 syndrome. Mutations of menin have been reported in more than 400 families and tumors, most of which are truncating mutations, thus supporting the function of menin as a tumor suppressor. The exact function of menin is unknown, but overexpression of menin inhibits proliferation of Ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells. Since menin interacts with proteins from both the TGFβ and AP-1 signaling pathways, perhaps its tumor suppressor function is related to these key cell growth pathways. In this review we will discuss the various clinical manifestations of MEN1 syndrome, potential mechanisms of MEN1 tumorigenesis, and mutations associated with MEN and sporadic endocrine tumors.
Youth Sexting: A Legislative and Constitutional Analysis

One central controversy with youth sexting is that adolescents may be prosecuted under child pornography and obscenity statutes that were originally created to protect children from sexual exploitation perpetrated by adults and do not adequately address consensual teen behavior. Due to this concern, many states have implemented laws specifically pertaining to youth sexting. This article examines the prevalence of youth sexting and criminal justice responses to this conduct. Youth sexting statutes in 23 states that currently have such legislation and laws regulating child pornography in all 50 states are analyzed. Results from a 50-state survey of legislation indicated a wide range of punishment options. This article also explores constitutional challenges to sexting statutes and prosecutions under obscenity or child pornography charges. The conclusion evaluates the implementation of sexting laws, recommends viable alternatives to criminal prosecution, and provides suggestions for future research.
Aberrations of ellipsoidal reflectors for unit magnification.

Ellipsoidal reflectors are useful for the 1:1 imaging of small objects without spherical and chromatic aberration. The magnitude of the off-axis aberrations of such reflectors is computed by application of Fermat’s principle to the Hamiltonian point characteristic. The limiting form of the mirror aperture for which these aberrations do not exceed a set tolerance is an ellipse whose semiaxes depend on object size and angle of incidence.
On building a cooperative communication system: testbed implementation and first results

We present the results from over-the-air experiments of a complete implementation of an amplify and forward cooperative communications link. Our custom OFDM-based physical layer uses a distributed version of the Alamouti block code, where the relay sends one of the branches of Alamouti-encoded symbols. First we show analytically and experimentally that amplify and forward protocols are unaffected by carrier frequency offsets at the relay. This result allows us to use a conventional Alamouti receiver without change for the distributed relay system, thereby allowing cooperative systems to reuse components of current (noncooperative) systems. Our full systemimplementation shows gains of up to 5.5 dB in peak power constrained networks. Thus, we can conclusively state that even the simplest form of relaying can lead to significant gains in practical implementations.
The histochemistry of mucosubstances in human minor salivary glands.

Abstract The mucins present in mixed seromucous/mucous and pure mucous minor salivary glands are comparable to those encountered in major sublingual and submandibular glands. Mucous cells of the mixed glands of the lips, buccal mucosa, and floor of the mouth synthesize neutral, carboxylated and sulphated glycans which are present in varying amounts. Seromucous demilune cells are PAS and alcian blue reactive and lose alcianophilia following neuraminidase pretreatment. Demilunes are encountered more often in association with neutral and carboxy-mucin laden acini whereas highly sulphated acinar clusters are often devoid of terminal demilunes. Variability in mucin heterogeneity was encountered from gland to gland and from different individual cases of the same type of gland. Pure mucous glands of the palate and retromolar regions elaborate greater proportions of sulphated glycans than mucous cells present within mixed gland acini.
Effects of home bleaching preparations on composite resin color

Abstract The lightening of teeth is done professionally by exposure to warm hydrogen peroxide solutions or at home with an active bleaching gel of perhydrol urea or carbamide peroxide. This study compared the effects of two commercial bleaching gels on the color of composite resin with those in a previous study using the dental office technique. Commercial composite resins test specimens were exposed to the bleaching gels or water (control) for 312 hours at 37 °C at 100% relative humidity. Color change value was calculated with before-and-after solution exposure L * a * b * color values. ANOVA (α = 0.01) revealed no differences in the color of the specimens after use of the test solutions. All color change values were less than 2 or the normal limit of visual acuity. No visual color change was evident for these composite resins. The at-home method recorded no shade-altering effects compared with the professional technique, which created a noticeable color change.
Aspects of strangeness

We review various aspects of strangeness production in relativistic heavy ion collisions from AGS to CERN energies. The experimental data are briefly summarized and various possible theoretical interpretations of these data are evaluated, such as quark-gluon- plasma (QGP), hadron gas (HG) thermal models, or event generators (cascade models). Some comments on the production of strange clusters are offered.
Pediatric grease burn injury.

Objectives: To evaluate the incidence and severity of grease and oil burns in children and to discuss prevention. Design: All pediatric patients admitted with hot grease burns were compared with the general pediatric burn population. Setting: All admissions to a regional burn center during a 20-year period were reviewed using a computerized database. Patients: Eight thousand three hundred sixteen patients with acute burn injuries were admitted. Children less than 15 years old accounted for 31.9% of this population (2651 patients). Two hundred fifteen children had burns caused by hot grease or oil. Interventions: Sixty-nine patients (32%) in the pediatric grease burn group were admitted to the intensive care unit. Thirteen patients (6%) required intubation, and six (46%) eventually required tracheostomy. Sixty-three pa tients (29.3%) required operative procedures for wound care. Main Outcome Measures: Grease burn patients had a significantly higher incidence of full-thickness burns, wound infection, and burns involving the face, neck, chest, and arms but lower mortality compared with the general pediatric burn population. Fifty percent of grease burns were caused by home deep fryers. Results: There was no difference between the groups regarding age, sex, or ethnic distribution, size of injury, length of hospitalization, number of intensive care unit admissions, pulmonary infections, operative procedures, or mechanical ventilator requirements. Conclusions: Grease burns often result in long-lasting, disfiguring, and debilitating injuries. Home deep fryers are frequently involved in these injuries. Careful use of these appliances is mandatory. Increased public awareness is vital to this effort. (Arch Surg. 1995;130:478-482)
Early Preterm Birth: Association Between In Utero Exposure to Acute Inflammation and Severe Neurodevelopmental Disability at 6 Years of Age

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the association between in utero exposure to acute inflammation and long-term major neurodevelopmental disability at age 6 years among children born prior to 32 weeks' gestation. Study Design This was a follow-up investigation of a cohort of maternal-infant dyads delivered between 23 and Results A total of 261 (70%) of the 375 maternal-infant dyads with surviving children were successfully recruited and evaluated at 6.8 ± 0.7 years. Mean delivery gestational age (GA) and birthweight were 28.8 ± 2.2 weeks and 1163 ± 382 g, respectively. Neither surrogate indicators for nor direct markers of in utero exposure to acute inflammation were significantly associated with severe adverse outcomes. Delivery GA was significantly associated with outcome. Logistic regression indicated that each increasing gestational week was associated with a significantly decreased risk of an IQ P = .016). Conclusion Among children born between 23 and 32 weeks' gestation, neonatal complications, GA at delivery, and caregiver IQ, but not in utero exposure to acute inflammation, were associated with increased risk of severe adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 6 years.
Effects of size, time of day and sequence of meal ingestion on carbohydrate tolerance in normal subjects

The effects of size, time of day and sequence of meal ingestion were determined in healthy subjects using a Latin square design. Plasma glucose, insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide, but not glucagon, were correlated with meal size. Plasma glucose, but not insulin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide or glucagon, were greater later in the day. The progressive decline in carbohydrate tolerance from 08.00 to 18.00 h was associated with impaired insulin secretion estimated by C-peptide, and with impaired insulin action.
Robust Corrective Topology Control for System Reliability

Corrective transmission switching schemes are an essential part of grid operations and are used to improve the reliability of the grid as well as the operational efficiency. Today, the transmission switching schemes are established based on the operator's past knowledge of the system as well as other ad-hoc methods. In this paper, three topology control (corrective transmission switching) methodologies are presented along with the detailed formulation of robust corrective switching. By incorporating robust optimization into the corrective switching framework, the switching solution is guaranteed to be feasible for a range of system operating states. The robust model can be solved offline to suggest switching actions that can be used in a dynamic security assessment tool in real-time. The proposed robust topology control algorithm can also generate multiple corrective switching actions for a particular contingency. The robust topology control formulation is tested on an IEEE 118-bus test case with different uncertainty sets.
Serum cortisol response to transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease.

Object. Transsphenoidal surgery remains the optimal treatment for Cushing disease, but the definitions of surgical cure and failure remain debatable. In this study the authors evaluated serum cortisol levels in patients before and after they underwent transsphenoidal surgery to elucidate the patterns of cortisol decrease and the optimal time and criteria for determining surgically induced remission. Methods. Twenty-seven patients were evaluated throughout an 8-month period. Serum cortisol levels were obtained before surgery and at 6-hour intervals postoperatively. No exogenous steroid medications were administered until after cortisol sampling was discontinued, following diagnosis of remission. Twenty-one (78%) of 27 cases were labeled initial surgically induced remissions. Twenty-two (81%) of 27 cases were deemed surgically induced remissions at follow-up examination. Following surgery, initial remissions and failures demonstrated divergent patterns of cortisol levels. No patient whose condition was deem...
Planetary science: Martian sand blowing in the wind

High-resolution spacecraft images show surprisingly large rates of sand transport on Mars. This finding suggests that the planet's surface is a more active environment than previously thought. See Letter p.339 There is clear evidence for wind erosion and dune formation on the surface of Mars, but the extent of these movements and whether the processes are current have remained unclear. Analysing data from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Bridges et al. measure the migration of sand ripples across the Nili Patera dune field in the Martian southern hemisphere. They find that the dunes have surprisingly large sand fluxes, equivalent to those seen in extreme desert conditions on Earth. One view of Mars has been that conditions since the end of the Hesperian period (between 1.8 billion and 3.5 billion years ago) have been fairly static, with very low erosion rates, but these findings suggest that in parts of Mars at least, there are strong gusts of sand and wind still making themselves felt.
Matching Students To Their Preferred Testing Conditions: Improving the Validity of Cognitive Assessment

The study was designed to investigate the extent to which college students of equivalent ability performed differentially on 3 x 3 fig- ural analogies administered under two elaborative testing condi tions : (a,) Examinee verbalization regarding intraitem solution strat egies ; and (a2) elaborated feedback given by the examiner regarding intraitem processes. As examinees who performed maximally under either internally structured mediation (a1) or externally sturctured elaboration (a2) had been identified, the study was designed to per mit evaluation of the changes in complex cognitive task perform ance which result from matching students to their preferred testing conditions. Ninety-six college undergraduates were given 12 items from the Advanced Progressive Matrices (Raven, 1962) under a1 condition and a second set of 12 items under a2 condition. Order of the testing conditions was counterbalanced. After an adjustment for differential ordering effects, examinees were identified who had per formed at a si...
Adolescents and drug abuse: Clinical use of urine drug screening

ABSTRACT Urine screening for clinical diagnostic purposes is used to answer the question of whether adolescents are continuing drug abuse. The purpose of this study is to examine the use of urine screening as a procedure to assess and monitor adolescents in an outpatient program who are suspected of continued drag abuse. To systematically evaluate the procedure, 296 adolescent urine screens were analyzed. A total of 36% of the adolescents tested positive for one or more drags of abuse, and 30% tested positive for caneabinoids (THC), with eight testing positive for other drag use. Among the total sample, five (2%) tested positive for opiates, and ten (3%) tested positive for multiple drug use. Of the total sample, twenty-seven (9%) had adulterated urine. In this study, urine screening, which was done for clinical purposes, appeared to be helpful in assessing continued drug use but provides little information regarding the diagnostic level and pattern of drag use.
The Painting of Modern Light: Local Color before Regionalism

Schroeder's essay works to draw critical attention to the aesthetic history of local color, and, more broadly, to the underrecognized relation between local color and realism. In returning local color to its long aesthetic history within painting, Schroeder argues that its primary purpose within realism was not the delineation of regions, but rather the production of an affective and aesthetic engagement with the cosmopolitan project of self-cultivation. The local-color detail was generally not used as a representative detail of a place, but rather, by the late-nineteenth century, as an indexical trace of the invisible truths of an object, and particularly the invisible processes that made human populations distinctive. By bringing this attention to local color's color, Schroeder aims to move critical debates away from considerations of place-based content of local-color stories and toward a recognition of how local color constituted an aesthetic that could be configured in radically antithetical ways by an archrealist like Mary Murfree and an impressionist like Hamlin Garland. Ultimately, local color helps us see realism not as an indiscriminate, antiliterary, transparent representation of the world, but rather as a highly discriminating, distinctive style that was consistently engaged with the twin principles of human self-cultivation and the neoclassical economy of representation. The example of Garland's Crumbling Idols has proven so illuminating for this essay precisely because of how it reacts against this formation, as well as how it suggests an alternative, unconscious receptivity to the detail that foreshadows American modernism and regionalism.
TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY IN THE RABBIT II. ETIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO HEREDITARY FACTORS

No definite conclusions relative to the etiology of toxemia of pregnancy in the rabbit can be drawn from the evidence obtained to date, but certain findings are suggestive and will be investigated further in future studies. These findings suggest that the disorder in the rabbit is a generic variation of eclampsia in man. The incidence, clinical manifestations and pathological lesions indicate that the disorder is of hypophyseal origin and that the association with pregnancy is due to altered activity of that gland in the terminal stages of gestation. Hereditary factors related to race and certain constitutional variations were associated with increased susceptibility, but their expression was apparently dependent upon environmental conditions. The association of widespread reproductive disturbances with the outbreak of toxemia suggests a causal relation, and it is assumed that the endocrine imbalance was a primary factor in their genesis and was induced by changed environmental conditions. The general response of the population was manifest in functional disturbances which were of minor severity in normal groups and were expressed as toxemia in inherently susceptible animals.
Infrared spectroscopy of thin organic films on metal surfaces

The principles of external reflection infrared spectroscopy for obtaining spectra of thin films on surfaces by reflecting infrared radiation from the surface at large, almost grazing angles, were reviewed and new applications were described. Infrared spectra of monomolecular films formed by myristic acid adsorbed from dilute solutions in nitrobenzene onto aluminum and chromium were obtained. Adsorption onto both substrates involved dissociation of the acid groups to form carboxylate species but undissociated monomer was retained in the films formed on aluminum. Myristic acid was adsorbed onto aluminum with a vertical conformation in which the twofold symmetry axes of the carboxylate groups were nearly perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. The twofold axes of the carboxylate groups were more inclined with respect to the normal to the surface for the chromium substrates. Terephthalic acid and terephthalic acid-d4 were adsorbed onto aluminum from dilute solutions in ethanol with a vertical conformation in which one acid group was dissociated to form a salt with a metal ion in the substrate while the other acid group may have formed hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules. When thin films of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers were applied to the aluminized back sides of silicon solar cells which were then immersed in boiling water for a few minutes, the hydrated oxide pseudoboehmite rapidly formed at the interface. A primer containing γ-methacryoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) inhibited the formation of pseudoboehmite from the rough aluminized back sides of crystalline silicon cells but not from the smooth aluminized back sides of amorphous cells.
Sustainable Engineering Education: Translating Myth to Mechanism

The path towards sustainable engineering education is evident, but not trivial. It requires that engineering professors recognize and be able to communicate the mythic nature of the sustainability discourse, and from there create mechanisms that can be understood by their students that translate the precatory language of sustainability into useful input. Continued expansion of industrial ecology methods to include cultural and social considerations, and practice in reducing complex states to quantitative inputs into engineering methodologies, offers one such route. But the engineering education community will also need to revisit its current structure with a view towards principled reform. In particular, the slow progress towards recognition of the masters as the professional level degree should be accelerated by those interested in being able to teach sustainable engineering, and courses which emphasize the quadruple bottom line context within which much modern engineering must be done will need to be developed. Beyond that, especially given the rapid rates of change of technology systems, and the social, economic and environmental systems coupled to them, explicit lifetime learning structures for engineers, and for engineering professors, need to be developed and institutionalized. Taken as a whole, this suggests that expectations of quick fixes through incremental improvements are too optimistic, and that achieving an educational structure that produces professionals skilled in sustainable engineering will require decades of hard work and continued intellectual exploration.
Sustainability as an emerging design criterion in nanoparticle synthesis and applications

The precepts of green chemistry have been spreading since the mid-1990s, concomitant with advances in nanomaterial synthesis. Recently these two communities have begun to significantly converge. Nanomaterial synthesis groups are developing greener, more sustainable production methods, while nanoparticle application groups are exploring sustainable energy sources and environmental remediation as end goals.
Interactions of pentamethylenetetrazole and tetrazole analogues with the picrotoxinin site of the benzodiazepine-gaba receptor-ionophore complex

The interactions of pentamethylenetetrazole and ten tetrazole analogues with the picrotoxinin site of the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor-ionophore complex was investigated. All the active tetrazole analogues potently inhibited the binding of [35S]t-butyl- bicyclophosphorothionate ( TBPT ), a ligand which binds to the picrotoxinin site. Tetrazole analogues appear to interact with the picrotoxinin site competitively. All the tetrazole analogues tested were more potent in inhibiting TBPT binding than diazepam binding. There is a reasonably good correlation between the tetrazole analogues to inhibit TBPT binding and the doses at which they produce convulsions. Pentamethylenetetrazole inhibited TBPT binding at concentrations which are similar to the in vivo concentrations present during convulsions produced by this drug. These results suggest that tetrazoles may produce convulsions by acting at the picrotoxin-sensitive site of the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor-ionophore complex.