cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Factors Affecting Information Literacy Student Learning Outcomes Fails to Undercover Significant Findings

Objective – To ascertain the factors influencing student learning during information literacy instruction (ILI) and create a theoretical model based on those factors. Design – Mixed methodology consisting of interviews and an assessment test. Setting – Three Canadian business schools. Subjects – Seven librarians, 4 library administrators, 16 business faculty, and 52 undergraduate business students were interviewed, and the Standardized Assessment of Information Literacy Skills (SAILS) test was administered to 1,087 undergraduate business students across three different business schools. Methods – The authors used an interview script to conduct interviews with librarians, library administrators, business school faculty, and undergraduate business school students at three business schools in Canada. The authors also administered the SAILS test to undergraduate business students at the same three Canadian business schools. Main Results – ILI works best when it is related to an assignment, part of the curriculum, periodically evaluated, adequately funded, timely, mandatory, interactive, uses handouts, provides the proper amount of information, and favourably viewed within the school. ILI student learning outcomes are affected by whether the students find the ILI beneficial and relevant, their year in the program, gender, status as international or domestic student, and overall academic achievement. Conclusion – Creation of theoretical model consisting of the three main factors influencing student learning outcomes in information literacy instruction: learning environment, information literacy components, and student demographics.
Methamphetamine and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Psychostimulants such as methamphetamine (MA) induce significant alterations in the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. These changes in HPA axis function are associated with altered stress-related behaviors and might contribute to addictive processes such as relapse. In this mini-review we discuss acute and chronic effects of MA (adult and developmental exposure) on the HPA axis, including effects on HPA axis associated genes/proteins, brain regions, and behaviors such as anxiety and depression. A better understanding of the mechanisms through which MA affects the HPA axis may lead to more effective treatment strategies for MA addiction.
Equality, religion, and nihilism

Equality is the master political concept of our age, and a concept that more and more seems to be the master of our age. This essay, given as a lecture at the University of Catanzaro and at the University of Adelaide, explores various dimensions of equality by considering the complex and conflicted relationship between equality and religion. The essay suggests that beyond the positive contributions equality has made to our society, under current conditions equality also has the potential to be an engine of nihilism.
Localization of ABCG5 and ABCG8 proteins in human liver, gall bladder and intestine

The molecular mechanisms that regulate the entry of dietary sterols into the body and their removal via hepatobiliary secretion are now beginning to be defined. These processes are specifically disrupted in the rare autosomal recessive disease, Sitosterolemia (MIM 210250). Mutations in either, but not both, of two genes ABCG5 or ABCG8, comprising the STSL locus, are now known to cause this disease and their protein products are proposed to function as heterodimers. Under normal circumstances cholesterol, but not non-cholesterol sterols, is preferentially absorbed from the diet. Additionally, any small amounts of non-cholesterol sterols that are absorbed are rapidly taken up by the liver and preferentially excreted into bile. Based upon the defects in sitosterolemia, ABCG5 and ABCG8 serve specifically to exclude non-cholesterol sterol entry at the intestinal level and are involved in sterol excretion at the hepatobiliary level. Here we report the biochemical and immuno-localization of ABCG5 and ABCG8 in human liver, gallbladder and intestine using cell fractionation and immunohistochemical analyses. We raised peptide antibodies against ABCG5 and ABCG8 proteins. Using human liver samples, cell fractionation studies showed both proteins are found in membrane fractions, but they did not co-localize with caveolin-rafts, ER, Golgi or mitochondrial markers. Although their distribution in the sub-fractions was similar, they were not completely contiguous. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that while both proteins were readily detectable in the liver, ABCG5 was found predominately lining canalicular membranes, whereas ABCG8 was found in association with bile duct epithelia. At the cellular level, ABCG5 appeared to be apically expressed, whereas ABCG8 had a more diffuse expression pattern. Both ABCG5 and ABCG8 appeared to localize apically as shown by co-localization with MRP2. The distribution patterns of ABCG5 and ABCG8 in the gallbladder were very similar to each other. In the small intestine both ABCG5 and ABCG8 appear to line the brush border. However, at the level of the enterocyte, the cellular distribution patterns of ABCG5 and ABCG8 differed, such that ABCG5 was more diffuse, but ABCG8 was principally apical. Using standard deglycosylation methods, ABCG5 and ABCG8 do not appear to be glycosylated, suggesting a difference between human and mouse proteins. We report the distribution patterns of ABCG5 and ABCG8 in human tissues. Cell fractionation studies showed that both proteins co-fractionated in general, but could also be found independent of each other. As predicted, they are expressed apically in both intestine and liver, although their intracellular expression patterns are not completely congruent. These studies support the concept of heterodimerization of ABCG5 and ABCG8, but also support the notion that these proteins may have an independent function.
Elasto-plastic stress and strain concentration tensors for damaged fibrous composites

Publisher Summary The stress and strain concentration tensors derived in this chapter are for fibrous composites with continuous fibers that undergo damage in both the constituents and the interfacial damage. The damage in the matrix includes the nucleation and growth of voids and micro-fracture while in the fibers include micro-fracture. In addition, interfacial damage between the matrix and fiber is described as debonding damage. The damage stress and strain concentration tensors are obtained for the elasto-plastic states of the material and are based on the Mori–Tanaka method in the undamaged configuration of the material. The derived concentration tensors are functions of the damage effect tensors and undamaged concentration tensors. As a consequence of damage, the volume fractions in the effective undamaged configuration differ from the initial volume fractions.
Tobramycin-Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 Enhances Streptococcus constellatus 7155 Biofilm Formation in a Cystic Fibrosis Model System

ABSTRACT Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a human genetic disorder which results in a lung environment that is highly conducive to chronic microbial infection. Over the past decade, deep-sequencing studies have demonstrated that the CF lung can harbor a highly diverse polymicrobial community. We expanded our existing in vitro model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation on CF-derived airway cells to include this broader set of CF airway colonizers to investigate their contributions to CF lung disease, particularly as they relate to the antibiotic response of the population. Using this system, we identified an interspecies interaction between P. aeruginosa, a bacterium associated with declining lung function and worsening disease, and Streptococcus constellatus, a bacterium correlated with the onset of pulmonary exacerbations in CF patients. The growth rate and cytotoxicity of S. constellatus 7155 and P. aeruginosa PA14 were unchanged when grown together as mixed biofilms in the absence of antibiotics. However, the addition of tobramycin, the frontline maintenance therapy antibiotic for individuals with CF, to a mixed biofilm of S. constellatus 7155 and P. aeruginosa PA14 resulted in enhanced S. constellatus biofilm formation. Through a candidate genetic approach, we showed that P. aeruginosa rhamnolipids were reduced upon tobramycin exposure, allowing for S. constellatus 7155 biofilm enhancement, and monorhamnolipids were sufficient to reduce S. constellatus 7155 biofilm viability in the absence of tobramycin. While the findings presented here are specific to a biofilm of S. constellatus 7155 and P. aeruginosa PA14, they highlight the potential of polymicrobial interactions to impact antibiotic tolerance in unanticipated ways. IMPORTANCE Deep-sequencing studies have demonstrated that the CF lung can harbor a diverse polymicrobial community. By recapitulating the polymicrobial communities observed in the CF lung and identifying mechanisms of interspecies interactions, we have the potential to select the best therapy for a given bacterial community and reveal potential opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions. Using an in vitro model of bacterial infection on CF airway cells, we tested how a particular polymicrobial community grows, damages human cells, and responds to antibiotics in single and mixed infections. We describe here the mechanism of an interspecies interaction between two pathogens in the CF lung, P. aeruginosa and S. constellatus, which is potentiated by a commonly prescribed antibiotic, tobramycin.
Fatness‐dependence and utility of the subscapular/triceps ratio

As shown in 1257 children (aged 6–10 years) and in 4065 adults (aged 20–50 years), the subscapular/triceps ratio is fatness dependent. Over a 20 mm range of the iliac skinfold (20–40 mm) the subscapular/triceps ratio increases by approximately 0.01 per mm of iliac fat in women and in children of both sexes and at a slightly lower rate in males. Over the entire range of iliac fatness (through 65 mm) fatness‐related differences in the subscapular/triceps ratio may be as much as 0.60. Though the subscapular/triceps ratio is also an individual characteristic, the fatness‐dependence of the ratio must be taken into consideration when comparing populations or in following individuals who are not fatness‐stable.
Analysis of Two-Phase Air/Water Bubbly Flow Experiment

Two different techniques, the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and the Shadow-Image Velocimetry (SIV) techniques have been used to capture detailed two-phase bubbly flow experimental data. The PIV has provided a two-dimensional velocity field of the liquid phase for analysis of the continuous phase. The SIV has utilized to reconstruct the bubble shape and velocity of the dispersed phase in three-dimensions.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Components of Genetic Variation for Descriptive Type Traits of Holsteins

Abstract Data consisted of first available classification scores for 12 descriptive type traits on 298,875 registered Holstein cows and their dams. Traits were final score, stature, head, front end, back, rump, hind legs, feet, fore udder, rear udder, udder support, and teats. Covariances among cow-dam pairs, full-sisters, paternal half-sisters, and maternal half-sisters were used to estimate four components of genetic variation for the 12 type traits. Genetic components of variance produced by additive direct, dominance direct, additive maternal, and covariance between additive direct and additive maternal effects were estimated. Heritabilities from sire components of variance ranged from .39 for final score to .06 for hind legs with all traits except final score and stature less than .25. Dominance effects ranged from 2 to 6 times as great as additive variation whereas additive maternal effects were similar to additive direct effects. Effects due to additive direct by additive maternal covariance effects were small but consistently negative.
Dispersion in capillary electrophoresis with external flow control methods

Abstract Recently, methods for controlling the bulk flow of the buffer which are independent of the electrophoretic migration have been demonstrated in capillary electrophoresis (CE) systems. These methods include controlling the electroosmosis by radially directed electric fields, and controlling the bulk flow by siphoning. This paper investigates basic dispersion mechanisms at work by examining the dispersion of dimethyl sulfoxide under various external control methods. It is found that the electroosmotic flow control methods exhibit the same dispersive behavior as the conventional CE system. In particular, the results for pH 7 buffers obey the theoretical expression for the plate height in all configurations. However, in all configurations, pH 2.7 buffers do not follow the theory, and counter to intuition, additional pressure can improve the plate height at pH 2.7. Taking all these methods together, one can develop a technique to appropriately adjust the electrophoretic and bulk flow to optimize resolution.
EFFECT OF DELIVERY ROOM CARE ON SURVIVAL AND OUTCOME OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS

Neonatal survival of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (600-999 grams) and long-term outcome of low birth weight (LBW) infants (600-1499 grams) are correlated with optimal delivery room (DR) management. Over a 4-year period, 335 LBW infants were born alive at UCHSC. Of these, 108 were VLBW. Intrapartum and resuscitation management were reviewed and rated. "Optimal delivery care" was defined as appropriate intrapartum care and a controlled, uncomplicated delivery. "Optimal resuscitation" required that a team be present at delivery and encounter no technical problems. Optimal delivery room (DR) management occurred when both obstetric and pediatric care were appropriate. Adequate information was available to rate 80% of cases. Survival of VLBW infants was significantly improved with optimal DR care (p < 0.05). DR care had the greatest impact on 700-999 grams infants. In this group, 68% of survivors had "optimal care" while only 31% of the neonatal deaths (ND) had "optimal care" (p < 0.01). Neonatal deaths also occurred later with optimal DR care (p < 0.02). Unavoidable obstetrical complications occurred in 14 deliveries of VLBW infants (11 ND and 3 survivors) (p < 0.05). All of the survivors had optimal resuscitation. Only 1 of the 3 survivors was normal at follow-up. Vaginal breech delivery of LBW infants had a significant neonatal mortality compared to vertex vaginal delivery (p < 0.01) or breech C-section delivery (p < 0.02). Optimal DR management was also associated with normal long-term outcome for LBW infants. Fifty percent with optimal DR care and 30% without were normal at follow-up (p < 0.05). With improvement in Newborn Intensive Care, the effects of intrapartum and delivery room management can now be measured in both neonatal survival and long-term outcome. These findings have special significance for level I hospitals who transport LBW infants after delivery and stabilization.
Experience of life hassles and psychological adjustment among adolescents: Does it make a difference if one is optimistic or pessimistic?

Abstract This study examined optimism–pessimism as a moderator of the link between recent hassles and psychological maladjustment (viz. depressive symptoms and hopelessness) in a sample of adolescents (N=263). Results indicated that optimism–pessimism and hassles significantly predicted scores on each adjustment measure. Moreover, a significant Optimism–Pessimism×Hassles interaction was found in predicting depressive symptoms and hopelessness. Consistent with the proposed interaction model, a plot of the significant interactions indicated that the link between hassles and poor psychological adjustment was significantly more exacerbated for pessimistic compared to optimistic adolescents. Implications of the present findings are discussed.
Symmetrical distribution of phospholipids in the membrane of Bacillus megaterium

The transbilayer distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacillus megaterium has been determined. Phosphatidylethanolamine, the principal lipid, is arranged in a markedly asymmetric manner, with the cytoplasmic monolayer containing twice as much as the outer monolayer. This conclusion is based on the availability of the amino group of phosphatidylethanolamine to two reagents, trinitrobenzenesulfonate and isethionyl acetimidate. At 3°C, neither reagent can cross the membrane; at this temperature, 31(±3)% and 35(±3)% of the phosphatidylethanolamine can be trinitrophenylated or amidinated, respectively. In inverted, subcellular membrane vesicles, whose external surface apparently corresponds topologically to the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane in the intact cell, 68(±2)% of the phosphatidylethanolamine is accessible to trinitrobenzenesulfonate at 3°C. This finding is consistent with the conclusion that the phosphatidylethanolamine which is not available to external reagents in whole cells resides in the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. At 15°C, trinitrobenzenesulfonate slowly enters the cell, causing the phosphatidylethanolamine to react in a biphasic manner. The outer monolayer lipid reacts with the kinetics of an homogeneous component with a half-time of two minutes while the cytoplasmic monolayer reacts more slowly, with a half-time of about 40 minutes, limited by the rate at which the reagent crosses the membrane. The external phosphatidylethanolamine pool (reacting rapidly at 15°C) contains 35(±3)% of the total. From the preponderance of phosphatidylethanolamine in the inner monolayer, it can be inferred that the outer monolayer is constituted primarily of the other major bacterial lipid, phosphatidylglycerol. The existence of asymmetry in this bacterial membrane supports the view that lipid asymmetry is a general characteristic of biological membranes.
A 18F-labeled saxitoxin derivative for in vivo PET-MR imaging of voltage-gated sodium channel expression following nerve injury.

Both chronic and neuropathic pain conditions are associated with increased expression of certain voltage-gated sodium ion channel (NaV) isoforms in peripheral sensory neurons. A method for noninvasive imaging of these channels could represent a powerful tool for investigating aberrant expression of NaV and its role in pain pathogenesis. Herein, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer targeting NaVs, the design of which is based on the potent, NaV-selective inhibitor saxitoxin. Both autoradiography analysis of sciatic nerves excised from injured rats as well as whole animal PET-MR imaging demonstrate that a systemically administered [18F]-labeled saxitoxin derivative concentrates at the site of nerve injury, consistent with upregulated sodium channel expression following axotomy. This type of PET agent has potential use for serial monitoring of channel expression levels at injured nerves throughout wound healing and/or following drug treatment. Such info...
Simulation of curvature in a straight model waveguide

A technique for simulating curvature of the Earth?ionosphere waveguide is proposed. Basically, the idea is to employ a planar structure which is loaded by an inhomogeneous dielectric. The transverse variation of the permittivity is chosen in such a way as to establish the equivalence with the curved guide.
Transition to Ohmic conduction in ultrasmall tunnel junctions

The effective dc conductance of an ultrasmall tunnel junction is calculated from the functional-integral description beyond the weak-coupling limit by employing the self-consistent harmonic approximation. With increase in the normal conductance ${R}_{N}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, the effective conductance exhibits a crossover from the weak-coupling regime, dominated by thermal activation over the Coulomb gap to the Ohmic behavior in the strong-coupling limit. As the temperature and capacitance approach zero, the results indicate a possibility of a precipitous transition for ${R}_{N}$ of the order of $\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{{e}^{2}}$.
13. Theory and Evidence in Internal Labor Markets

A number of branches of the literature on internal labor markets have matured to the point that there is now a healthy two-way interaction between theory and empirical work. In this survey I consider two of these branches: i) wage and promotion dynamics; and ii) human-resource practices. For each case I describe the empirical and theoretical literatures and also discuss what we can learn by paying careful attention to how theoretical and empirical findings are related. In addition to surveying the literatures on these two topics, my goal is to show how a deeper understanding of internal-labor-market phenomena can be derived from a close partnering of empirical and theoretical research.
Response variability of an SSI system with uncertain structural and soil properties

Abstract A non-classical modal-analysis-based formulation including an additional random vector to represent the system uncertainties is used to quantify the effect of uncertain soil–foundation and superstructure properties on structural response for seismically excited soil–structure interacting (SSI) systems. It is shown that the pertinent equations are essentially the same as those for only soil parameter uncertainty and very similar to those for only structural parameter uncertainty. The method is implemented here by using an effective Gaussian quadrature method to find accurate frequency-domain stochastic response properties of the SSI systems. Numerical examples of multiple-degree-of-freedom SSI systems with quite large parameter uncertainty illustrate that the unconditional spectral density of the structural response is often very similar to that in the absence of uncertainty. However, deterministic variations of parameters may cause large changes in the response spectral density. In particular, when the parameter uncertainty is not negligible, there may be significant uncertainty about the spectral density of structural response near the system's resonant frequencies. It is shown that the effects of uncertainty about multiple parameters can generally be adequately and efficiently approximated by applying a simple first-order second-moment approximation to the results for single-parameter uncertainty.
Radar tomography assisted three-dimensional localization via the noisy stepped frequency waveform

Radar tomography has been an active area of investigation at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) for many years. Building upon this knowledge base, recent efforts have begun to focus on developing synergistic combinations between noise based waveforms and radar tomographic imaging techniques. More specifically, an emphasis has been placed on extending the traditional dimensionality from two to three, while condensing the familiar overall required instantaneous bandwidth for noise based radar systems. Through the inclusion of a Direction of Arrival (DOA) capability into the radar RF architecture, and through back projection processing, a target is capable of being located both in its azimuthal and elevation position between multiple towers. The previously developed Noisy Stepped Frequency (NSF) waveform is utilized as the excitation source from each radar towers thereby reducing the necessary instantaneous bandwidth. The thumb-tack-like response of the NSF waveform provides a sharpened" image of the target and better assists in the localization of the target in its appropriate elevation. The DOA is implemented through the Generalized Cross Correlation (GCC) method. Through the processing combination of back projection and DOA, imaging and localization of both single, and multiple targets is realizable for a three dimensional geometry. Simulated and experimental validations shall be provided and compared.
The symptomatic os vesalianum as an uncommon cause of lateral foot pain: a case report.

The os vesalianum is an uncommon pedal accessory bone located lateral to the fifth metatarsal base. It may occasionally become symptomatic and require surgical excision, as in the case reported here in a 24-year-old woman. Simple excision of the ossicle, while effective in the present case, can be complicated by the attachment of fibers of the peroneus brevis tendon into the ossicle, thus requiring careful tenorraphy and sometimes tenodesis. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 101(4): 356–359, 2011)
The specificity of a mouse monoclonal antibody to human aorta proteoglycans.

Mouse monoclonal antibodies to human aorta proteoglycans have been raised. A sensitive radioimmunoassay which can be employed to measure binding of proteoglycans to these antibodies is described. It offers advantages of simplicity and speed over other immunoassays currently employed for proteoglycan determination. One of the monoclonal antibodies, 6D2/B5, recognizes keratan sulfate-bound antigens (e.g. cartilage proteoglycans). Further work has indicated that this antibody is not specific for keratan sulfate, as brain sulfatide and the seaweed polysaccharide, fucoidan, also possess its epitope. The 6D2/B5 antibody can be of value in localizing and estimating keratan sulfate if additional biochemical criteria for keratan sulfate recognition are utilized.
A retrospective, comparative study on the frequency of abuse in migraine and chronic daily headache.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and contrast the relative frequency of a past history of physical and/or sexual abuse in patients with chronic daily headache (CDH) versus migraine. BACKGROUND: A number of risk factors have been identified as risk factors for chronification of headache disorders. Limited data exist regarding the influence of physical and/or sexual abuse on primary headache disorders. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of 183 consecutive new headache patients seen from December 2004 through August 2005 at an outpatient tertiary-care center. Patients were included in the study if they had chronic daily headache (with criteria for medication over-use headache or chronic migraine), or migraine with or without aura. A history of physical and/or sexual abuse was systematically asked of all headache patients at their first visit in the clinic. This information was then transferred to a semi-standardized form and the relative frequency of abuse in both groups contrasted. RESULTS: Of the 161 patients included in the study, 90.1% were female with a mean age of 36.4 +/- 12.0. A total of 59.0% of the patients were diagnosed with CDH and 41.0% were diagnosed with migraine. Overall, 34.8% of all patients, 40.0% of CDH patients, and 27.3% of migraine patients had a history of physical and/or sexual abuse. The relative frequency of a history of physical and/or sexual abuse was higher in the CDH group as compared to the migraine group (P = .048). CONCLUSION: The relative frequency of abuse is higher in CDH sufferers than migraineurs, suggesting that physical and sexual abuse may be risk factors for chronification. Language: en
Prostaglandin-induced changes in calcium uptake and cAMP production in osteoblast-like cells: role of protein kinase C.

Phorbol esters were used to evaluate the putative effect of protein kinase C (PKC) activation on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced increases in calcium uptake and cAMP production in the human osteoblastic osteosarcoma cell line, Saos-2. The cells were pretreated for 15 min with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) followed by a 5 min incubation with PGE2. Calcium uptake was measured with45Ca and cAMP by radioimmunoassay. A significant increase in calcium uptake was noted in the PGE-treated cells compared with controls and preincubation with the PMA caused a significant decrease in this response. Preincubation with PMA also inhibited the PGE2-induced increase in cAMP under identical conditions. The effect of PMA on the cAMP response was not influenced by the addition of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. PMA had no effect on the basal levels of either calcium uptake or cAMP production. Likewise, the inactive phorbol esters, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (PDD) and 4 α-phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (4alpha), had no effect on either basal levels of these parameters or on the PGE2-induced increases. These results suggest that PKC is involved in the down-regulation of PGE2-induced increases in calcium uptake and cAMP production in the Saos-2 osteoblastic cell line.
A possible basis for periodic arousals during hibernation: Accumulation of ketone bodies

Marmot ketone bodies concentration during activity, deep hibernation and early arousal, discussing increased oxidative metabolism effects
Depression and Sense of Humor

This research note provides partial confirmation of a negative relationship between depression and sense of humor previously reported by Deaner and McConatha in 1993. Here, for 213 women and 134 me...
Signaling by synaptogenic molecules.

Multiple signaling pathways initiate and specify the formation of synapses in the central nervous system. General principles that organize nascent synapses have emerged from the studies in multiple model organisms. These include the synapse-organizing roles of dedicated synaptic adhesion molecules, synaptic signaling following receptor–ligand interactions, and the regulation of synapse formation by secreted molecules. Intracellularly, a range of effectors subsequently regulates signaling steps and cytoskeletal changes. Together, a blueprint of synapse formation is emerging into which these distinct signaling steps will need to be integrated temporally and spatially.
Purin-6-yl 6-deoxy-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside. Enzymology, chemistry, and cytotoxicity

Abstract Purin-6-yl 6-deoxy-1-thio-β- d -glucopyranoside (4) is a substrate for almond β-glucosidase and a weak competitive inhibitor of bovine liver β- d -glucuronidase (Ki ∼20m m ). Both 4 and purine-protonated 4 undergo hydrolysis catalyzed by dilute acid in the pH range 0.17–2.59. These results are compared with those previously obtained with ammonium (purin-6-yl 1-thio-β- d -glucopyranosid)uronate, (purin-6-yl 1-thio-β- d -glucopyranosid)uronamide, purin-6-yl 1-thio-β- d -glucopyranoside, and purin-6-yl 2-deoxy-1-thio-β- d -glucopyranoside, and it is concluded that the data support an involvement of substituents at C-5 in producing productive Michaelis-complex conformers. The 6-deoxyglucoside is more active than the d -glucosiduronic acid in an L1210 mouse screen.
Lateral masking as a function of spacing.

It is argued that lateral masking is a composite of several processes. These processes include response competition, distribution of attention, perceptual grouping, and feature (contour) interaction. Three experiments were carried out in an attempt to isolate some of the components. In the first two experiments, it was shown that feature interaction dominates at close spacing but other processes dominate at wider spacing. The third experiment showed that at least part of the effect of perceptual grouping appears to be information provided about target location.
Real-time imaging and characterization of human breast tissue by reflectance confocal microscopy

Real-time technologies can increase the efficiency of obtaining informative biopsies and accelerate interpretation of biopsy pathological review. Cellular aberrations inherent to cancer cells, including nuclear size, can currently be detected, but few technologies are available to evaluate adequacy of specimens in real time. The aims of this study are: 1. to determine if near-infrared reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) can be used to assess epithelial/stromal content of core needle breast biopsy samples in real time, 2. to determine if epithelial cell nuclear size can be measured on RCM images, and 3. to test if RCM images can be accurately read for presence/absence of histologically relevant features of malignancy. Breast biopsies are obtained following a medically indicated breast core needle diagnostic biopsy for RCM examination. Acetic acid is used as a contrast agent to visualize structures within breast tissue. Structures are identified and optically serially sectioned, and digital images are cataloged. Relative amounts of epithelial, fatty, and collagenous tissue are determined. RCM biopsies are formalin-fixed and stained for hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) comparison with RCM images. RCM data are comparable to data from H and E sections. Epithelial cell nuclear size is measured on stored digital RCM images. We compare RCM and H and E images from 16 patients and 25 core needle biopsy samples.
Vibrational analyses, vibronic coupling and identification of electronic origins in the lower 1nπ* and 1ππ* states of phenazine and acrid

Abstract The spectra of the lowest 1 nπ† and 1 ππ† singlets of phenazine and acridine were studied in a biphenyl matrix at 2 K. The major findings are: (1) The lowest ππ† singlets L a and L b in phenazine and acridine are clearly located and the vibrational analysis of these states support their assignments. (2) Good evidence is presented that a 1 nπ† state is the lowest excited singlet in acridine. The 1 nπ† origin. The fact that the 1 L a spectrum of acridine is twenty times broder than the 1 L a spectrum of antharacone which is otherwise very similar, is additional evidence that the nπ† is the lowest excited singlet. (3) Three b 2g and three b 1g out-of-plane modes act as false origins for the long- and short-axis nπ† spectra of phenazine. (4)Sharp lines in the region of phenazine's second singlet are shown to come from the lower 1 B 3u state and appear to be the same type of vibration interference as described by Wessel. (5) The vibrational analysis of the pure crystal spectra of phenazine published previously has been resigned.
Tunable Diode Laser Heterodyne Spectrometer For Remote Observations Near 8 µm

An ultra-high resolution diode laser heterodyne spectrometer for observational and laboratory use has been developed for operation between 7.5 and 8.5 microns. The local oscillator is a PbSe tuneable diode laser kept continuously at operating temperatures of 12-60 K using a closed-cycle cooler. The laser output frequency is controlled and stabilized using a high-precision diode current supply, constant temperature controller, and a shock isolator mounted between the refrigerator cold tip and the diode mount. Reflecting optics are used whenever possible to minimize losses from internal reflection and absorption, and to eliminate chromatic effects. The spectrometer is used with a 64-channel RF spectral line receiver for a resolving power of 1.5 X 10° and an IF coverage of 1600 MHz. Heterodyne observations of the sunspot spectrum near 1200 cm1 have revealed fully resolved absorption features in the v = 1-0 and v = 2-1 rotation-vibration bands of silicon monoxide. The instrument has also been used for continuum observations of the infrared object IRC+10-216 as well as for measurements of terrestrial N2O, 03 and CH4.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cerebrovascular Carbon Dioxide Reactivity and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objective To determine the predictors of impaired cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and the value of CVR in predicting delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Design Prospective observational study. We evaluated CVR during the following intervals: period 1, SAH days 0 to 3; period 2, SAH days 4 to 7; and period 3, SAH days 8 to 10. Normal CVR was defined as an increase in mean blood flow velocity of at least 2% per 1–mm Hg increase in PCO2. Setting Neurointensive care unit of the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. Patients Thirty-four consecutive patients with acute SAH who underwent measurement of changes in the middle cerebral artery mean blood flow velocity after carbon dioxide challenge. Main Outcome Measure Occurrence of DCI. Results Delayed cerebral ischemia occurred in 10 patients (29%). Impaired CVR was more frequent in patients with a poor clinical grade on admission and at the time of examination. During period 1, there was only a trend toward lower CVR in patients who later developed DCI (1.1% vs 1.9% per 1–mm Hg increase in PCO2;P = .07). However, those who developed DCI had progressively lower CVR during periods 2 (0.7%/mm Hg vs 2.1%/mm Hg;P Conclusions Impaired CVR in response to carbon dioxide challenge is frequent after SAH, particularly in patients with a poor clinical grade. Progressive loss of normal CVR identifies patients at high risk for DCI, and persistently normal reactivity implies a low risk.
An editorial update: Annus horribilis for vitamin E.

In January 2005, we published a dose–response meta-analysis showing that high-dosage (≥400 IU/d) vitamin E supplementation was associated with a small but statistically significant increased risk f...
Transcriptional analysis of two simian varicella virus glycoprotein genes which are homologous to varicella-zoster virus gpI (gE) and gpIV (gI).

Abstract Simian varicella virus (SVV) causes a natural, varicella-like disease in nonhuman primates. The unique short region of the SVV genome contains four open reading frames (ORFs), two of which encode glycoproteins that exhibit extensive homology with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) gpIV (gI) and gpI (gE). Northern hybridization, primer extension, and RNase protection analyses were employed to define precisely the transcripts mapping to the SVV gpIV and gpI genes. A total of five transcripts composing two coterminal families of RNAs were mapped to the SVV gpIV end gpI ORF region. Based on transcriptional mapping and previous DNA sequence analysis, two transcripts 1.3 and 2.2 kb in size were assigned to the SVV gpIV and gpI genes, respectively. The transcriptional patterns described in this study for the SVV gpIV and gpl ORFs are analogous to those previously reported for the homologous glycoproteins genes encoding the herpes simplex virus type 1 Us7 (gI) and Us8 (gE) and VZV gpIV and gpI genes. In addition, the transcriptional start site for the VZV gpl RNA was determined. DNA alignments of the promoter regions for the SVV and VZV gpIV and gpl genes revealed a number of cis-acting elements which are conserved between the two viruses. The characterization of SVV glycoprotein genes will facilitate future studies to define their role in SVV pathogenesis and immunity and assist in the construction of recombinant vaccines which could be evaluated in the simian varicella model.
Internal tissue heat during in vivo transillumination with fused quartz and borosilicate glass rods.

Abstract A modified fused quartz-rod transilluminator was used to quantitatively evaluate the efficacy of fused quartz and borosilicate glass as light conductors. Internal tissue temperatures were measured during transmission of light from each conductor and with use of two different light sources. Both tungsten filament and mercury vapor lamps were used for sources of illumination. Comparisons were made between the internal tissue heat produced by the fused quartz rod and borosilicate glass rod with the same light source, at equal light intensities, and in the same type of tissue. Tissue temperatures were measured in skeletal muscles and livers of adult rats. With the fused quartz rod, the tissue temperatures (recorded at minimal light intensities of the tungsten lamps) were incompatible with the structure and function of both liver and skeletal-muscle tissues. Conduction of light with the borosilicate glass rod produced minimal tissue heating at maximum tungsten-lamp light intensities. Minimal tissue temperature changes were noted with both rods conducting light from the mercury vapor lamp. The use of an in vivo transilluminating apparatus, which includes borosilicate glass as a light conductor, tungsten or mercury as a light source, and incorporation of an indirect tissue surface thermoregulatory system, has been proposed.
Behavioral Economics Holds Potential To Deliver Better Results For Patients, Insurers, And Employers

Many programs being implemented by US employers, insurers, and health care providers use incentives to encourage patients to take better care of themselves. We critically review a range of these efforts and show that many programs, although well-meaning, are unlikely to have much impact because they require information, expertise, and self-control that few patients possess. As a result, benefits are likely to accrue disproportionately to patients who already are taking adequate care of their health. We show how these programs could be made more effective through the use of insights from behavioral economics. For example, incentive programs that offer patients small and frequent payments for behavior that would benefit the patients, such as medication adherence, can be more effective than programs with incentives that are far less visible because they are folded into a paycheck or used to reduce a monthly premium. Deploying more-nuanced insights from behavioral economics can lead to policies with the poten...
Are short women with multiple gestation at risk for preterm labor

Abstract Objective: Preterm labor (PTL) in singleton and multiple gestations has been studied extensively, with no cause or causes clearly elucidated. As multiple gestations are invariably associated with uterine and thereby, abdominal distension, we hypothesized that a smaller symphysio-xyphoid distance may be a compromising factor for this physiologic distension and therefore be a cause of PTL. The purpose of our study was to determine the relationship between maternal height and PTL in multiple gestations. Methods: Retrospective analysis of all multiple gestations delivered between January 1993 to June 1998. Records reviewed for maternal height and other select maternal and infant characteristics. Women were grouped as short (less than 63 inches) and tall (greater than 63 inches). Incidence of spontaneous PTL was compared between the two groups, after eliminating other known risk factors for PTL. P Results: Of the 272 records reviewed, the majority were twin gestations (95%), and the remainder were triplets and quadruplets. There were 103 women in the short and 169 women in the tall groups, respectively. Mean gestational age at which PTL occurred in short women (32.1 ± 3.7 weeks) was similar to tall women (32.7 ± 3.7 weeks). In fact, the mean gestational age at delivery for the two groups, short (37.2 weeks) and tall (36.5 weeks), was not statistically different. Conclusions: This study was unable to demonstrate that short women with multiple gestation are more at risk for PTL, compared with their taller counterparts. Future studies with larger sample size and greater diversity are required to further evaluate our hypothesis.
The importance of double diffusion to the settling of suspended material

The vertical fingering motions which can occur when warm, salty water overlies colder, fresher water are important to the vertical flux of salt in the ocean. An analogous and not uncommon situation is that where turbid water overlies clearer and denser water. For the case of an originally sharp horizontal interface between the two water layers (associated, as an example with an interflow due to a warm, muddy river entering a stratified lake), the resulting downward sediment flux is compared with that occurring by way of gravitational settling. Rules are proposed to ascertain when the fingering effect could be important to sedimentation. For example, it seems that fingering could be of consequence in the situation where the sediment has a diameter of 2 μm and the upper layer is about 1°C warmer than the (clear) lower layer, when the upper-layer concentration is 1 ppm. The effect of fingering on the residence time of a gravitationally stable turbid layer is calculated. Such layers may be more short-lived than commonly thought.
CYANIDIA (CYANIDIALES) POPULATION DIVERSITY AND DYNAMICS IN AN ACID-SULFATE-CHLORIDE SPRING IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK†

The unicellular eukaryotic algae Cyanidium, Galdieria, and Cyanidioschyzon (herein referred to as “cyanidia”) are the only photoautotrophs occurring in acidic (pH<4.0) geothermal environments at temperatures above 40°C. In Yellowstone National Park (YNP), we examined an annual event we refer to as “mat decline,” where cyanidial mats undergo a seasonably defined color fading. Monthly sampling of chemical, physical, and biological features revealed that spring aqueous chemistry was essentially invariant over the 1-year sampling period. However, multiple regression analysis suggested that a significant proportion of algal most probable number (MPN) count variation could be explained by water temperature and UV–visible (VIS) light exposure. Irradiance manipulations (filtering) were then coupled with 14CO2 incorporation experiments to directly demonstrate UV inhibition of photosynthesis. Population dynamics were also evident in 18S rDNA PCR clone libraries, which were different in composition at MPN maxima and minima, and again evident in PCR-amplified chloroplast genomic short sequence repeat (SSR) analysis. PCR-cloned SSRs of the YNP isolates and mats were very similar to Cyanidioschyzon merolae Luca, Taddei et Varano, although distance analysis could distinguish the YNP cyanidia from the genome sequenced C. merolae that was isolated in Italy. Unexpectedly, while phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequences and SSR sequences derived from YNP cyanidial mats and pure cultures suggested these algae are most closely related to C. merolae (99.7% identity), cell morphology was consistent with the genera Galdieria and Cyanidium.
Nonmechanical beam steering for passive sensors

By using resets of multiple wavelengths to limit dispersion, we show conceptually that we will be able to steer passive, broadband, electro-optical sensors over wide angles using optical phased array technology. The dispersion associated with optical phased array beam steering can be limited to values of 20 to 80 times the diffraction limit for very large angle beam steering. Much of the remaining factor of 20 - 80 may be correctable using digital techniques. A significant obstacle associated with widespread implementation of optical phased array beam steering is wavelength dispersion associated with resets. We discuss optical phased array beam steering using resets of greater than one wavelength. By using larger resets the unfolded phase front for wavelengths other than the design wavelength can be maintained closer to a prism, thus limiting dispersion. This technique can be implemented with the variable period beam steering approach or the variable blaze beam steering approach. One way to implement the variable blaze beam steering approach is using moveable lenslets. This method of implementation is amenable to large value resets, so it is an attractive method of implementation for this multiple wavelength reset, limited dispersion, beam steering technique.
Water Adsorption in Carbon-Slit Nanopores

With the use of the grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation, water adsorption isotherms were determined for SPC/E water in slit-shaped graphitic nanopores at 298 K. The pore widths considered were 0.6, 0.625, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.6, and 2.0 nm. The resulting adsorption isotherms indicated negligible adsorption at low pressures, pore-filling by a capillary-condensation-like mechanism, and adsorption/desorption hysteresis loops. For pore widths equal to or larger than 0.7 nm, the relative pressure at which pore filling occurs and the size of the hysteresis loop decrease with decreasing pore width. For 0.6-nm pores, pore filling occurs at pressures approaching saturation. Upon decreasing the pore width from 2.0 to 0.7 nm, the zero-coverage isosteric heat of adsorption increases from 6 to 14 kJ/mol. The limit at high coverage converges to the enthalpy of condensation for SPC/E water as the pore width increases. From the simulated adsorbed-water densities and distributions across the pores and the use of a mean-fie...