cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of an advanced rocket propellant handler's suit

Most launch vehicles and satellites in the US inventory rely upon the use of hypergolic rocket propellants, many of which are toxic to humans. These fuels and oxidizers, such as hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide have threshold limit values as low as 0.01 PPM. It is essential to provide space workers handling these agents whole body protection as they are universally hazardous not only to the respiratory system, but the skin as well. This paper describes a new method for powering a whole body protective garment to assure the safety of ground servicing crews. A new technology has been developed through the small business innovative research program at the Kennedy Space Center. Currently, liquid air is used in the environmental control unit (ECU) that powers the propellant handlers suit (PHE). However, liquid air exhibits problems with attitude dependence, oxygen enrichment, and difficulty with reliable quantity measurement. The new technology employs the storage of the supply air as a supercritical gas. This method of air storage overcomes all of three problems above while maintaining high density storage at relatively low vessel pressures (<7000 kPa or approximately 1000 psi). A one hour prototype ECU was developed and tested to prove the feasibility of this concept. This was upgraded by the design of a larger supercritical dewar capable of holding 7 Kg of air, a supply which provides a 2 hour duration to the PHE. A third version is being developed to test the feasibility of replacing existing air cooling methodology with a liquid cooled garment for relief of heat stress in this warm Florida environment. Testing of the first one hour prototype yielded data comparable to the liquid air powered predecessor, but enjoyed advantages of attitude independence and oxygen level stability. Thermal data revealed heat stress relief at least as good as liquid air supplied units. The application of supercritical air technology to this whole body protective ensemble marked an advancement in the state-of-the-art in personal protective equipment. Not only was long duration environmental control provided, but it was done without a high pressure vessel. The unit met human performance needs for attitude independence, oxygen stability and relief of heat stress. This supercritical air (and oxygen) technology is suggested for microgravity applications in life support such as the Extravehicular Mobility Unit. c 2001. Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
gamma/delta T cell/endothelial cell interactions.

Abstract Ruminant γ δ T cells exhibit unique patterns of tissue- and inflammation-specific recruitment. Studies of other cells, such as α β T cells and even neutrophils, have clearly shown that interactions with the vascular endothelium regulate the entry of these cells into tissues. The leukocyte/endothelial cell interaction is a dynamic event that occurs under considerable shear force associated with blood flow, and it involves a variety of adhesion molecules expressed by both the leukocyte and endothelium. We have begun a systematic analysis of γ δ T cell interactions with endothelial and other cells in novel in vitro assays that reflect blood flow to gain insight into the molecular basis of the selective recruitment of these lymphocytes to epithelial-associated tissues and sites of inflammation. We have found that bovine γ δ T cells in newborns predominantly use the selectin family of leukocyte and vascular adhesion proteins to interact with endothelial cells. This is in direct contrast to other lymphocytes, such as α β T cells, which predominantly interact with selectins only after conversion to a memory cell phenotype. Our analyses of γ δ T cell-selectin interactions will be summarized.
Toward overcoming problems in evaluation research: A beginning perspective on power☆

Abstract An information feedback model and an ideology of evaluation is posed. The authors' experiences in actually doing evaluation research are then contrasted with the model and ideology. Suggestions are made for closing the gap between reality and the model, primarily by altering the structural constraints that present obstacles to achieving the model. The authors assume that impact on policy is the appropriate criterion for the success of an evlauation, and they conclude that political constraints are primary in preventing evaluation research from having this impact. It is proposed that evaluators need to develop more explicitly political ways of acquiring power of their own in order to maximize such impact. Some ways social researchers might conceptualize and construct an appropriate base of power are considered.
Solitary wave-based strain measurements in one-dimensional granular crystals

We investigate the transmission and backscattering of solitary waves in granular crystals to assess their initial strains under various levels of compression. We assemble a one-dimensional granular chain that includes a pair of heavy impurities to scatter incident solitary waves. Using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer and an instrumented sensor particle, we experimentally show that the speed of solitary waves backscattered in the region of impurities is highly sensitive to the applied strains. Based on this pulse-echo mechanism of solitary waves, we briefly demonstrate the feasibility of localized strain sensing via multiple scatterers distributed in a granular chain. We find that numerical results obtained from a discrete element model are in excellent agreement with experimental results. This study forms a foundation for constructing a solitary wave-based sensor system to measure distributed strains in ordered granular systems.
Resonance Paramagnetic Relaxation and Alignment of Small Grains.

We show that the energy-level splitting that arises from grain rotation ensures that paramagnetic dissipation acts at its maximum rate, i.e., the conditions for paramagnetic resonance are automatically fulfilled. We refer to this process as "resonance relaxation." The differences between the predictions of classical Davis-Greenstein relaxation and resonance relaxation are most pronounced for grains rotating faster than 1 GHz, i.e., in the domain in which classical paramagnetic relaxation is suppressed. This mechanism can partially align even very small grains, resulting in linearly polarized microwave emission that could interfere with efforts to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background.
Colonization of pea (Pisum sativum L.) taproots by Pseudomonas fluorescens: effect of soil temperature and bacterial motility.

Abstract Root colonization by introduced strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens was examined to determine if temperature and bacterial motility affect the distribution of bacteria along the taproot of peas. Seeds coated with strain PRA25rif were sown in soil held at a constant soil-water matric potential of −6 kPa and temperatures of 16, 20, 24 and 28°C. After 7 days, 1 cm segments of the epicotyl (0–1 cm above the seed) and taproot (0–5 cm below the seed) and the seed were assayed for bacterial populations by dilution plating. A significant ( P P = 0.68). Of the temperatures tested, the temperature optimal for root colonization was 16°C, whereas root growth was most rapid at 24°C. The bacterium was never recovered from taproot segments > 3 cm below the seed, indicating that transport of this strain with the growing root, even when roots grew slowly, was not a major means of dispersal in the pea rhizosphere. The effect of bacterial motility on root colonization was assessed with P. fluorescens strains WCS374(Tn5) (motile) and LWM74-30 (non-flagellated, non-motile mutant) at 24°C with both a constant soil-water matric potential of −6kPa and with 27.2 mm of water added 4 days after planting. Seven days after planting the epicotyl, seed and 1 cm taproot segments 0–18 cm below the seed were assayed as above for bacterial populations. Neither the motile nor the non-motile strain was recovered > 3 cm below the seed under tatic conditions. However, both strains were recovered 14–16 cm below the seed 3 days after water was added, indicating that passive movement with water flow, and not motility, played a large role in bacterial dispersal in this system.
Unusual aspects of cervical cancer

Abstract The natural history of cervical cancer has been widely studied in the past. Significant advances in early diagnosis and treatment have led to a 50% reduction in death due to this disease. Clinicians frequently encounter problem cases for which the natural history of the disease does not seem to apply. Four case summaries are presented that represent some unusual clinical aspects of cervical cancer. Current investigation in the areas of etiology and immunology may well answer some of the perplexing problems encountered by the clinician.
Activational effects of social stress on IV cocaine self-administration in rats

The objective of the current studies was to investigate how social stress modulates IV cocaine self-administration. Specifically, an experimental protocol was developed in rats that assessed the impact of recurrent non-injurious social confrontations with an aggressive opponent on subsequent rate of cocaine self-administration behavior, maintained across a range of doses. Initially, the cocaine dose-effect function for intravenous self-administration was determined, reinforcing every fifth lever press (fixed ratio or FR 5), with each dose (0.031, 0.063, 0.125, 0.25 mg/infusion and saline) being assessed for at least 3 days. Subsequently, the rats were assigned to two groups, one group being exposed as intruders to the threats of an aggressive resident rat for 60 min, while being protected by a screen, immediately before a session for IV self-administration with maximally 15 cocaine infusions. A second group served as control, being determined for a second cocaine dose-effect function without any social stress exposure. Additional rats performed conditioned lever pressing that was reinforced by food at a rate and pattern closely similar to that characteristic for cocaine IV self-administration (joint FI 3 min FR 5). Recurrent episodes of mild social stress increased the rate of responding on the cocaine-reinforced lever. This increase is seen after rats have been exposed to the threats of an aggressive opponent, but not after social or single housing. These behaviorally activating effects of social stress (1) are long-lasting, (2) are not subject to habituation, (3) are selective to responding that is reinforced by IV cocaine, do not extend to non-reinforced lever pressing, or to food-reinforced lever pressing, (4) are most prominent in the time-out period during and after the cocaine infusion, (5) do not shorten the intervals between consecutive cocaine infusions, and (6) are most evident at lower to intermediate cocaine doses. These results suggest that social stress effectively activates the motor routines that are involved in cocaine-seeking rather than increasing the drug's reinforcing efficacy.
A preliminary study of wear of porcelain when subjected to functional movements of retentive clasp arms

Porcelain-metal crowns simulating abutment retainers for removable partial denture clasping were studied to determine the effects of wear to the porcelain surface and possibilities of fracture. Surface profile recordings at x 1,000 were made on the porcelain surfaces before and after subjecting samples to wear that was equivalent to 2 years of patient use. Little or no change was recorded in these surface profiles, indicating that little or no wear had occurred. None of the samples failed due to porcelain fracture. It appears that well-fabricated, glazed porcelain surfaces can withstand the wear forces of removable partial retentive clasp arms.
Apfim study of impurities in nanocrystalline Fe-Al alloy

Abstract A nanocrystalline Fe-5.1 at.%Al alloy is characterized by atom probe field ion microscopy. The measurements show that there is a significant inhomogeneity in the distribution of Al within grains, and an accumulation of oxides and nitrides and high concentrations of Al at the grain boundaries. It is suggested that these grain boundary impurities are responsible for the previously found good thermal stability of grain size in this alloy.
Durability of poly(methyl methacrylate) lenses used in concentrating photovoltaic modules

Concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) technology has recently gained interest based on their expected low levelized cost of electricity, high efficiency, and scalability. Many CPV systems use Fresnel lenses made of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to obtain a high optical flux density. The optical and mechanical durability of such components, however, are not well established relative to the desired service life of 30 years. Specific reliability issues may include: reduced optical transmittance, discoloration, hazing, surface erosion, embrittlement, crack growth, physical aging, shape setting (warpage), and soiling. The initial results for contemporary lens- and material-specimens aged cumulatively to 6 months are presented. The study here uses an environmental chamber equipped with a xenon-arc lamp to age specimens at least 8x the nominal field rate. A broad range in the affected characteristics (including optical transmittance, yellowness index, mass loss, and contact angle) has been observed to date, depending on the formulation of PMMA used. The most affected specimens are further examined in terms of their visual appearance, surface roughness (examined via atomic force microscopy), and molecular structure (via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy).
Tribological properties of metal matrix composite coatings produced by electrodeposition of copper

Porous templates of graphite and silicon carbide–carbon fibres were fabricated on a copper-110 alloy plate using indirect laser sintering. Copper was deposited electrochemically into the pore network to achieve metal matrix composite coatings using a redox flow battery apparatus. Densities of 89 and 96% were achieved on the copper–graphite composite and copper–SiC composites, respectively. The coefficient of friction and volumetric rate of material loss was determined under a load of 5 N for the coatings and three different sliding speeds of 1200, 1800 and 2400 mm min−1 in sliding wear test. The copper–SiC coatings exhibited a higher wear resistance compared to the copper-110 alloy, while the copper–graphite coatings exhibited a very low coefficient of friction.
Chemical inhibition of CaaX protease activity disrupts yeast Ras localization

Proteins possessing a C-terminal CaaX motif, such as the Ras GTPases, undergo extensive post-translational modification that includes attachment of an isoprenoid lipid, proteolytic processing and carboxylmethylation. Inhibition of the enzymes involved in these processes is considered a cancer-therapeutic strategy. We previously identified nine in vitro inhibitors of the yeast CaaX protease Rce1p in a chemical library screen (Manandhar et al., 2007). Here, we demonstrate that these agents disrupt the normal plasma membrane distribution of yeast GFP-Ras reporters in a manner that pharmacologically phenocopies effects observed upon genetic loss of CaaX protease function. Consistent with Rce1p being the in vivo target of the inhibitors, we observe that compound-induced delocalization is suppressed by increasing the gene dosage of RCE1. Moreover, we observe that Rce1p biochemical activity associated with inhibitor-treated cells is inversely correlated with compound dose. Genetic loss of CaaX proteolysis results in mistargeting of GFP-Ras2p to subcellular foci that are positive for the endoplasmic reticulum marker Sec63p. Pharmacological inhibition of CaaX protease activity also delocalizes GFP-Ras2p to foci, but these foci are not as strongly positive for Sec63p. Lastly, we demonstrate that heterologously expressed human Rce1p can mediate proper targeting of yeast Ras and that its activity can also be perturbed by some of the above inhibitors. Together, these results indicate that disrupting the proteolytic modification of Ras GTPases impacts their in vivo trafficking.
Vascular adaptations to low-load resistance training with and without blood flow restriction

To examine the effects of low-load knee extensor training to fatigue with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) on calf vascular conductance, calf venous compliance, and peripheral arterial stiffness in middle-aged individuals. Eleven men (55 ± 8 years) and five post-menopausal women (57 ± 5 years) completed 6 weeks of unilateral knee extensor training with one limb exercising with BFR (BFR limb) and the contralateral limb exercising without BFR (free flow, FF limb). Before and after the training, femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), calf blood flow (normalized as conductance), and calf venous compliance were measured in each limb. PWV increased following training in both limbs (main effect of time, p = 0.036; BFR limb 8.9 ± 0.8 vs. 9.5 ± 0.9 m/s, FF limb 9.0 ± 1.2 vs. 9.0 ± 1.1; Pre vs. Post). Calf blood flow increased (p = 0.026) in the FF limb (25.0 ± 7.0 vs. 31.8 ± 12.0 flow/mmHg; Pre vs. Post) but did not change (p = 0.831) in the BFR limb (29.1 ± 11.3 vs. 28.7 ± 11.5 flow/mmHg; Pre vs. Post). Calf venous compliance did not change in either limb following training. These results suggest low-load BFR resistance training to fatigue elicits small increases in peripheral arterial stiffness without eliciting concomitant changes in venous compliance. In addition, unlike low-load knee extensor training without BFR, training with BFR did not enhance calf blood flow.
Androgen-Regulated Genes in the Murine Epididymis

The epididymis is an androgen-responsive tissue where spermatozoa mature and gain motility. The three major regions of the epididymis, caput, corpus, and cauda, are known to have different functions and exhibit varied gene expression. Specific genes within the different regions of the epididymis have been identified to be under the influence of androgens. The goal of this study was to begin to elucidate the profile of androgen-responsive genes that may be important for sperm maturation using the Affymetrix MGU74Av2 GeneChip oligonucleotide microarray platform. Adult mice (B6/129 strain) were castrated and treated 6 days after castration with two injections of 5 mg of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or oil over a 48-h period. The mice were killed 48 h later and total RNA was purified from the caput, corpus, and cauda regions of the epididymis. Using GeneSpring 5.0 (Silicon Genetics) software, transcripts were identified that were upregulated 2-fold or more by DHT in the caput (33 transcripts), the corpus (8 transcripts), and the cauda (9 transcripts).
Enterokinase and Trypsin Activities in Pancreatic Insufficiency and Diseases of the Small Intestine

The interrelationship of enterokinase and trypsin activities were investigated in 133 infants and children with a variety of gastrointestinal and pancreatic disorders. Fourteen patients with diarrhea and grade II mucosal injury revealed a significant (P
Heat sensitivity of bleomycin-sensitive CHO derivatives is not due to improper initialization of heat shock response.

We have investigated whether differences in the heat shock response exist between CHO and three bleomycin-sensitive, heat-sensitive CHO derivatives. The binding of heat shock factor (HSF) in response to heat and varying concentrations of bleomycin in the four cell lines was examined using a gel shift assay and a synthetic heat shock element (HSE). Heat (45°C, 10 min) and exposure to 1 μg/ml bleomycin for 1 h at 37°C induced similar levels of HSF binding in all four cell lines. We also examined if bleomycin dose and the length of recovery from bleomycin treatment affected the induction of HSF binding. The level of activated HSF binding to HSE was higher in cells treated with low doses (1 ng/ml) of bleomycin than in cells treated with 1 or 25 μg/ml bleomycin. The amount of activated HSF was directly proportional to the time elapsed since bleomycin treatment. Our results therefore indicate no difference between CHO and its bleomycin-sensitive derivatives in the ability to initiate the heat shock response as ...
Considerations for Returning Research Results to Culturally Diverse Participants and Families of Decedents

There has been considerable debate on which genomic research results to return to participants and when those results should be returned, but little attention to how those results should be returned, especially to minority and culturally diverse participants. This paper explores the cultural and ethical considerations around returning research results to participants and families of culturally diverse backgrounds, with a special focus on considerations when the research participant is deceased, and raises points for further discussion.
Efficient offloading of collective communications in large-scale systems

In parallel applications communication overheads generally increase as the processor count increases and in particular, collective communication operations can become a critical limiting factor in achieving high performance. In this paper we explore a novel technique to boost application performance by dedicating some processors in the system to collective operations. We demonstrate the viability and efficiency of this approach for the allreduce collective operation on a state-of-the-art cluster. Experimental results show that the collective latency can be reduced by 30% and that the communication overhead per processor is also very low, at 1.6 mus, which represents one order of magnitude higher performance than with conventional implementations. Moreover, results on a large-scale scientific application (POP) show that this approach achieves 15% higher performance on 640 processors than when using the default collective implementation.
Procedures for identifying untestable and redundant transition faults in synchronous sequential circuits

Due to their simplicity transition faults are often used as targets for test generation to detect delay defects. However, one concern documented in the literature is that of overtesting. One of the reasons for overtesting is that DFT approaches, such as scan, change sequentially untestable faults into testable faults. One approach to reducing overtesting is to identify sequentially untestable and redundant faults and not target them during test generation for the circuit with scan. Another application of identifying untestable transition faults is its use in logic optimization. We investigate efficient procedures to identify untestable and redundant transition faults in nonscan synchronous sequential circuits. Experimental results for ISCAS-89 benchmark circuits are presented.
The derivation of parent electron spectra from bremsstrahlung hard X-ray spectra

A numerical method is formulated to derive the spectrum of the parent electrons from the hard X-ray spectrum produced in optically thin bremsstrahlung. The method can utilize any form for the bremsstrahlung cross sections, and it provides accurate estimates of uncertainties in the derived electron spectrum based on uncertainties in the photon measurements. This method is applied to test photon spectra, as well as to hard X-ray spectra of the June 27, 1980 solar flare which was observed by high spectral resolution detectors. Future measurements with much more sensitive detectors will enable this method to be used to derive detailed, accurate flare electron spectra.
Rapid strand-plain accretion in the northeastern Nile Delta in the 9th century A.D. and the demise of the port of Pelusium

An unusually large (∼1 km 3 ) and rapid influx of Nile River sediment in the early 800s (a.d.) resulted in accretion of an extensive strand plain (6 to 15 m thick, 35 km long, and as much as 12 km wide) on the subsiding northeastern Nile Delta margin, Egypt. This event is related to blockage of the Pelusiac branch and breaking through of a new distributary to the west of present-day Port Said, probably representing initiation of the Damietta branch. The sand is of analytically identical age throughout the area and was deposited within less than ∼60 yr, as indicated by 14 C and amino acid racemization analyses of Donax shells from a series of cores. Radiocarbon dates, in combination with historical accounts by Al-Jakubi, who found the strand plain already in existence when he visited the area in the late 800s, place this event in the early 800s. Nilometer flood records suggest that the sequence of great floods of 813, 816, and 820 may have been the triggering events. This sudden displacement of sand caused Pelusium, then the principal port and fortified city of the northeastern Nile Delta located at the mouth of the Pelusiac branch, to be cut off from both the Nile and the Mediterranean, and led to its decline and eventual abandonment by the 12th century, when the Crusaders arrived.
On the relation between stock prices and exchange rates: a review article

Purpose – While changes in stock prices are said to affect exchange rates, exchange rate changes are also said to affect stock prices. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, the authors review all empirical literature by dividing them into two groups of univariate and multivariate studies. Second, a table which summarizes the main features of each study is provided to help future researchers to have easy access to summary of each study. Finally, a new direction for future research is proposed. This new direction relies upon non-linear ARDL approach and shows how to investigate symmetric vs asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes on stock prices. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews existing published work and provides suggestions for future research. Findings – The paper reviews existing published work and provides suggestions for future research. An application reveals that exchange rate changes have asymmetric effect on stock prices. Originality/value – This is the first review pa...
Association of intratumoral vascular endothelial growth factor expression and clinical outcome for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated with imatinib mesylate.

Purpose: Imatinib mesylate (imatinib) has revolutionized clinical outcomes of patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). However, the degree of individual benefit varies, and little is known about prognostic factors for these patients. Importantly, selected patients may be treated with an approach to target both Kit and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) expression. Experimental Design: Using tissue microarray technology, we analyzed 53 imatinib-naive GISTs for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression from patients who then received imatinib. In multivariate analyses, we evaluated overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of these patients based on putative prognostic factors, including VEGF expression. In a separate study, 12 matched pre-imatinib and post-imatinib GIST patient specimens and two human GIST cell lines were assessed for VEGF production in response to imatinib. Results: Independent of kit genotype, patients with GIST expressing high VEGF had inferior median PFS (7.1 months versus 29 months, P = 0.42) and median OS (20 months versus not reached at >50 months; P = 0.02) compared with weak or nonexpressers of VEGF. Non–exon 11 kit mutation predicted inferior PFS but not OS. High mitotic rate was marginally predictive of improved OS. Imatinib resulted in decreased production of VEGF in only a subset of GIST patients (2 of 12) and both cell lines. Conclusions: We present a study to address the prognostic factors for patients with GIST in the imatinib era. We present a rationale to consider exploration of a front-line therapy of GIST with a regimen targeting both Kit and VEGFR based on the presence of tumor VEGF levels.
Can succinylcholine be abandoned

The elective use of succinylcholine in anesthesia has largely been abandoned because of unwanted side effects. Alternatives now exist for short, intermediate, or long elective surgical procedures. NMBDs are frequently used only to facilitate tracheal intubation; rapacuronium fills an important niche particularly for a short elective case (e.g., same-day surgery). However, an equally critical issue is whether there is a reliable replacement for succinylcholine for the treatment of laryngospasm or for rapid sequence induction in patients with "full stomachs." Succinylcholine produces more intense block in a shorter time at the laryngeal muscles, compared with the adductor pollicis, compared with vecuronium, rocuronium, mivacurium, and rapacuronium (30). Although most intubations can be facilitated with 80%-90% neuromuscular block, the ideal relaxant for a rapid sequence induction should produce uniformly complete neuromuscular blockade in 1 min. Variability in the degree of neuromuscular blockade and onset time can be compared for various relaxants by using the standard deviation (Table 1), the coefficient of variation (Table 2), or a plot of the degree of maximum neuromuscular block and the time to maximum block. Figure 1 shows such a plot for mivacurium (13). There is less variability in the maximum block at the larger dose of rapacuronium but still variability in onset time. Further studies will be important in defining the role of rapacuronium for rapid sequence induction in various clinical settings.
A Review of: “White Teachers/Diverse Classrooms: A Guide to Building Inclusive Schools, Promoting High Expectations, and Eliminating Racism”

In “Poem” by Langston Hughes, published in 1932, he writes, “The night is beautiful,/So the faces of my people…. Beautiful, also, are the souls of my people.” These phrases eloquently capture the b...
Ownership of patient care: a behavioural definition and stepwise approach to diagnosing problems in trainees.

In medical education, behavioural definitions allow for more effective evaluation and supervision. Ownership of patient care is a complex area of trainee development that crosses multiple areas of evaluation and may lack clear behavioural definitions. In an effort to define ownership for educational purposes, the authors surveyed psychiatry teaching faculty and trainees about behaviours that would indicate that a physician is demonstrating ownership of patient care. Emerging themes were identified through analysis of narrative responses in this qualitative descriptive study. Forty-one faculty (54 %) and 29 trainees (52 %) responded. Both faculty and trainees identified seven core elements of ownership: advocacy, autonomy, commitment, communication, follow-through, knowledge and teamwork. These seven elements provide a consensus-derived behavioural definition that can be used to determine competency or identify deficits. The proposed two-step process enables supervisors to identify problematic ownership behaviours and determine whether there is a deficit of knowledge, skill or attitude. Further, the theory of planned behaviour is applied to better understand the relationship between attitudes, intentions and subsequent behaviour. By structuring the diagnosis of problems with ownership of patient care, supervisors are able to provide actionable feedback and intervention in a naturalistic setting. Three examples are presented to illustrate this stepwise process.
A comparison of the enforcement of access restrictions between Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve (China) and Khao Yai National Park (Thailand)

Given limited budgets to enforce access restrictions, protected area (PA) managers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in developing countries employ a range of policy instruments to conserve the area's natural resources. Natural characteristics of the PA combine with the managers' enforcement activities and other policy instruments to create a set of incentives to which local people respond in making decisions about extracting resources from the PA. The different management approaches employed in the Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve (XNR; China) and the Khao Yai National Park (KYNP; Thailand) and the reaction to the incentives which they create are compared. KYNP managers use policing and punishment mechanisms, in conjunction with limited NGO-supported income-generation projects, to deter resource use. In contrast, XNR managers rely on extensive cooperation with local people and trade-offs between current resource degradation and increased rural incomes.As predicted by the economic enforcement literature, rural people respond to the threat of punishment, and its reduction of the expected benefit of an illegal activity, by reducing that activity, but may undertake socially-costly avoidance activities to avoid punishment. This literature also correctly predicts that XNR managers will concentrate less on pure enforcement than KYNP managers because, as a result of a difference in government mandates, the XNR managers consider the value of the extracted products and the non-PA productivity in their decisions while the KYNP managers do not. In both PAs, rural people's actions affect the quality of resource conservation. In KYNP, natural characteristics and the policing activities deter resource extraction and encroachment in the central core of the Park. Even NGO projects, however, have not controlled extraction, and even agricultural encroachment, in the outer third of the Park, which has caused over-extraction of some resources and has left a ring of highly-degraded land. In contrast, XNR's cooperative management approach has generated more control over the amount and the spatial configuration of resource degradation. XNR's control, however, comes at the cost of reduced area and level of current conservation.
A hybrid voltage-variable capacitor

A new voltage-variable tuning capacitor is described. Using conventional fabrication techniques, metal-insulator-semiconductor and p-n junction structures are combined to obtain the high voltage sensitivity and low capacitance tolerances required to tune the AM broadcast band. Other potential applications are cited. A simple theory of operation based on nonequilibrium conditions is given together with experimental verification. Devices fabricated with a 530-A-thick SiO 2 insulator on n/n+epitaxial silicon exhibit capacitance ratios of 15:1 in 14 V with a minimum Q of 170. The reverse current is two orders of magnitude higher than expected. This is attributed to growth defects in the epitaxial layer which give rise to a low minority carrier lifetime τ 0 ∼0.1 µs and a high surface recombination velocity S 0 ∼500 cm/s.
Recent Research Trends in Hatchability—Related Problems of The Domestic Fowl

(1964). Recent Research Trends in Hatchability—Related Problems of The Domestic Fowl. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 254-268.
Sports Build Character

Participation in sports continues to be a major part of our society. Individuals participate in sports for health and fitness reasons, but also for "other" reasons; such as character building and socialization. Whether sports builds character is an ongoing debate. This paper adds to the discussion by providing insights into what character is and what it looks like in sports, and reviews some of the literature and research on whether sports does build character.
Texture and transport in spray pyrolyzed TlBa 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 9 thick films

©1995 Materials Research Society. The original publication is available at: http://www.mrs.org/
Phylogenetic reconstruction with disk-covering and Bayesian approaches

The DCM approach is commonly used to divide the dataset into smaller subproblems, analyze each subproblem using a base method to obtain subtrees, then recombine these subtrees to build the final phylogeny over the whole dataset. In recent years, the new and improved method MrBayes, a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach is widely used for phylogeny analysis. In this paper, a new method for large scale Bayesian phylogeny analysis is proposed. This new method (DCM3-MrBayes) is an improved version of Rec-I-DCM3 (recursive iterative disk-covering method), which uses a divide-and-conquer approach and is designed for large dataset analysis. To integrate MrBayes with Rec-I-DCM3, we have to deal with some unique problems and proposed several methods to tackle these problems. Our improvements include a cache system that can avoid unnecessary computations and a method to eliminate weak branches indicated by the Bayesian analysis to filter out potential bad branches. Our experiments on simulated datasets shows promising improvement over the original DCM. One of the most important advantages of using Bayesian method for phylogeny reconstruction is being able to calculate the posterior probabilities. A divide-and-conquer Bayesian method looses its ability to calculate the posterior probabilities due to the fact that each subproblem generates its own posterior probabilities, which posts some difficulties for obtaining the posterior probability for the whole problem. In order to preserve the advantage of Bayesian approach, we also introduce an algorithm that calculates the posterior probabilities of the whole phylogeny from the subproblemspsila posterior probabilities.
Post-apartheid perceptions of the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, South Africa.

SUMMARY In the wake of apartheid, South African protected areas have come under increasing pressure to reconcile a wealth of natural resources with the acute social and economic needs of the black rural majority. Demands for land reform, poverty alleviation and job creation have all had profound implications for the conservation and management of the nation’s protected areas. An attitudinal study was conducted within three diverse South African communities, and among employees of the Kwa Zulu-Natal Nature Conservation Service (KZN Wildlife) to assess how the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park (GSWP) and the authorities charged with its management are perceived in the context of post-apartheid South Africa. Despite significant revisions to South Africa’s conservation policies in the post-apartheid era, attitudinal research has continued to focus on rural black communities, leaving white residents, urban black populations and the conservation authorities themselves largely underrepresented. As a result, the relationships between local communities, protected areas and conservation authorities remain largely unknown and outdated. Qualitative analysis of 90 semi-structured interviews indicated limited support (5%) for the abolition of the GSWP. The potential loss of the GSWP was associated with negative economic (88%) and environmental (66%) impacts by all respondents, regardless of race, gender, age or residency. Contrary to previous research conducted during the apartheid era, an overwhelming majority of Zulu respondents perceived a positive association between nature conservation, tourism and improved local economic welfare. Thus, local attitudes towards protected areas appeared to be improving. There remained however a discrepancy between support for the GSWP and the management authorities, particularly among respondents with limited contact with conservation staff. This is consistent with previous surveys where residents expressed support for the concept of conservation, but significant hostility towards local conservation authorities. The distinction is critical, as negative attitudes towards conservation authorities are often misinterpreted as a lack of support for conservation in general. Local residents (regardless of race or socioeconomic status) also expressed high expectations of KZN Wildlife to address issues of unemployment, poverty and tourism in the region. If these expectations are not met, support for the GSWP, as well as the conservation authorities, is likely to decline dramatically.
Tetracycline and its derivatives strongly bind to and are released from the tooth surface in active form

Several antibiotics were found to adsorb to saliva-coated enamel and to inhibit in vitro plaque formation by pure cultures of oral bacteria: Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces naeslundii and Streptococcus mutans. Tetracycline, minocycline and oxytetracycline adsorbed to the greatest degree, showing 100-fold higher adsorption than spiramycin, the test antibiotic with least adsorption. Inhibition of in vitro plaque formation was found to require both drug substantivity (capacity for adsorption) and antimicrobial activity. Inhibition of plaque formation in the in vitro assay employed correlated well with clinical efficacy.
The standard man in relation to internal radiation dose concepts.

Abstract The extension of the Standard Man concept, insofar as radiation protection is concerned, is considered to provide a basis for estimation of dose when exposure of a population is in question. Discussion is organized around three main considerations: (1) data of a physical and chemical nature concerning the principal organs and tissues; (2) data of metabolic nature concerning bodily intake and excretions; and (3) ranges of individual variation that are not uncommon and means of allowing for these differences.
Anna Freud and the evolution of psychoanalytic technique.

(2001). Anna Freud and the Evolution of Psychoanalytic Technique. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 76-95.
Utility-Based VM Assignment in Cloud Scenarios

The problem of Virtual Machine (VM) assignment in cloud computing is getting more and more attention each year. In this paper, we introduce the utility cost model, which combines both job time cost and the VM rent cost in the Cloud Scenarios. We investigate the interrelationship between the time cost and the VM rent cost, and formalize it as the parallel speedup pattern. We firstly propose the time first algorithm only considering the time cost, with the objective of minimizing the average completion time of all jobs. Additionally, we propose the price first algorithm, which focus on minimizing the rent cost. Based on that two algorithms, we introduce the policy shifting scheduling algorithm, which combines both time cost and rent price at the same time. We then formulate three group-based algorithms by adopting the idea of minimizing the utility cost. There are also time complexity and performance tradeoffs among the three group-based algorithms. Our experimental results demonstrate that our algorithms can achieve very good average utility gains in the real setting.
Implementation and Results of a Percutaneous Renal Allograft Biopsy Protocol to Reduce Complication Rate.

Abstract Percutaneous renal transplant biopsy (PRTB) is the gold standard for evaluating allograft rejection after renal transplant. Hemorrhage is the predominant complication. We describe the implementation of a standardized protocol for PRTB at a single institution, with the aim of reducing bleeding complications. Utilizing the plan-do-study-act model for quality improvement, we created and deployed a protocol centered on controlling patient's hypertension, platelet function, and anticoagulation status. The 4-year study encompassed a total of 880 PRTBs, before and after implementation of the protocol. Total complication rate, which was 5.8% in the 2 years leading up to implementation of the protocol, was reduced to 2.9% after the protocol was introduced ( P = .04). A standardized approach to PRTB can potentially lower complication rates; we present a framework for implementating a quality improvement protocol at other institutions.
Influence of liquor ratio and amount of dyestuff in producing ultradeep black dyeing using mercerised and cationised cotton

Cationised cotton allows the dyeing of cotton fabrics without salt and up to 100% anionic dye utilisation. The employment of cationised cotton in the dyeing of high depths of shades with reactive dyes holds marked potential for sustainable improvements through less dye consumption, decreased water usage, and zero salt utilisation, all while obtaining shade depths darker than possible with conventional reactive dyeings. This work builds upon previous work in obtaining ultradeep dyeings of cotton utilising cationised and mercerised cotton by investigating the effects of liquor ratio in dyeing and amount of dye applied. Surprisingly, for mercerised only cotton fabric, it was found that nearly equivalent depths of shade, as indicated by L*, were obtained, irrespective of the liquor ratio and the amount of CI Reactive Black 5 applied from 7% to 10% owf. However, the strengths of the dyeings, indicated by the K/S sum, show slight increases with increasing amounts of dye, but not when the liquor ratio is lowered. Similarly, for mercerised-cationised cotton, the liquor ratio had a negligible effect on the depth of shade obtained, but increasing the amount of CI Reactive Black 5 resulted in an increase in shade depth and colour strength. Very deep shades with high colour strength were obtained with mercerised-cationised cotton that were not obtainable with uncationised cotton, even at a very low liquor ratio and with a drastic increase in the amount of CI Reactive Black 5.
Structural Dynamics Model Identification Using Heuristic Search

An application of artificial intelligence methodology, such as object-oriented programming and knowledge organization, to the problem of identifying time-varying structural dynamic systems has been presented in this paper. Possible changes in boundary conditions or configurations of a structure are organized into a taxonomy of models, and a variation of best-first, heuristic search is used to find the model whose simulated response best matches that of the current physical structure by using an output error approach in a discontinuous model space and an equation-error approach in parameter space. The unique advantages of some A1 methods for implementing k nowledge structuring a nd inheritance are discussed. An example problem is implemented in which both the time-varying model and its new parameters are identified when changes occur.
Rearing the Decapitating Fly Pseudacteon tricuspis (Diptera: Phoridae) in Imported Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the United States

The South American phorid fly Pseudacteon tricupis Borgmeier was imported into quarantine facilities in Gainesville, FL, to study its life history and determine if it could be reared on imported fire ant workers from North America. We found that this fly developed successfully on Solenopsis invicta Buren workers from Florida and hybrid Solenopsis richteri Fire × S. invicta fire ants from Mississippi. It also was reared on S. richteri and S. invicta fire ants from Argentina. This fly, like its congener Pseudacteon litoralis Borgmeier, had the peculiar habit of decapitating its living host and using the ant’s empty head capsule as its pupal case. We were able to rear this fly through 1 complete generation in the laboratory, indicating that mass rearing for inoculative releases in the United States may be possible.
Foraging Behavior of American Redstarts in Breeding and Wintering Habitats: Implications for Relative Food Availability

We investigated food availability for a long-distance migrant species, the American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla), in both its summer breeding habitat in New Hampshire and in its winter habitat in Jamaica. We used four components of foraging behavior (prey attack rate, foraging speed, time spent foraging, and foraging maneuver use) as indicators of the relative availability of prey in the two seasons. Redstarts attacked prey at a significantly greater rate in summer than in winter, indicating that foraging birds encountered prey more frequently in summer. The winter prey-encounter rate was low even though redstarts moved almost twice as fast while foraging in winter as in summer. Male redstarts also spent more time foraging in winter (85%) than in summer (43-65%), possibly to balance the low rate at which they encountered prey. In winter, redstarts used more foraging maneuvers that were directed towards small flying prey, whereas in summer they used maneuvers that resulted in the capture of relatively large and presumably energy-rich prey such as lepidopteran larvae. That wintering redstarts foraged faster, attacked prey less often, and spent more time foraging than those in summer indicates that the winter is a period of relative food scarcity for this species, whereas the breeding season is a period of greater resource abundance.