cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Special Report on Electrical Standards: New Internationally Adopted Reference Standards of Voltage and Resistance.

This report provides the background for and summarizes the main results of the 18th meeting of the Consultative Committee on Electricity (CCE) of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) held in September 1988. Also included are the most important implications of these results. The principal recommendations originating from the meeting, which were subsequently adopted by the CIPM, establish new international reference standards of voltage and resistance based on the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect, respectively. The new standards, which are to come into effect starting January 1, 1990, will result in improved uniformity of electrical measurements worldwide and their consistency with the International System of Units or SI. To implement the CIPM recommendations in the U.S. requires that, on January 1, 1990, the value of the U.S. representation of the volt be increased by about 9.26 parts per million (ppm) and the value of the U.S. representation of the ohm be increased by about 1.69 ppm. The resulting increases in the U.S. representations of the ampere and watt will be about 7.57 ppm and 16.84 ppm, respectively. The CCE also recommended a particular method, affirmed by the CIPM, of reporting calibration results obtained with the new reference standards that is to be used by all national standards laboratories.
Operative therapy for lesions in the trigone of the lateral ventricle with trans-sulcus approach(port of 35 cases)

Objective To probe into the significance of treating lesions in the trigone of the lateral ventricle with trans-sulcus approach. Methods The post-operative results of the 35 cases who were treated on with trans-sulcus approach were analyzed retrospectively. Results Among the 35 cases, 24 of meningiomas were totally removed, but the other 11 of gliomas were subtotally removed. Post-operative CT or MRI showed no obvious sign of contusion in para-sulcus region in 31 patients, only 4 cases show a little edema. Conclusion Trans-sulcus approach is helpful in reducing cerebral injury when treating lesions in the trigone of the lateral ventricle.
Evaluating Curriculum-Based Intervention Programs: An Examination of Preschool, Primary, and Elementary School Intervention Programs

Publisher Summary Schools have become the predominant forum for prevention and intervention programs aimed at reducing or ameliorating aggression and violence among children, nationwide as well as across the globe. There is a general consensus among mental health and education professionals that the development of pro-social attitudes and behaviors at an early age is critical. The evidence suggests that aggression in the early stages of a child's development tends to result in later acts of delinquency if not remedied. The importance of reviewing violence prevention programs from this developmental and contextual perspective lies in the fact that children are being exposed to and becoming victims of violence at increasingly earlier ages. Concerns about the effects of violence on the healthy growth and development of children have prompted the ever increasing number of prevention programs developed and implemented in schools. The programs with the greatest success appear to be those that made some attempt at changing school policies regarding antisocial behavior, violence, and bullying. In the absence of changes in school policies, the question that looms large is whether intervention programs affect change in the school climate in ways that effectively translate into the children's safety.
A Measure of Toxicity: The Challenge of Employee Fit in Organizational Change.

Principal Vanessa Sanchez assumed leadership of a high-need, high-poverty urban school with a mandate from the district superintendent to change the school culture and to build an instructional tea...
Magneto-Optical Response of Cobalt Interacting with Plasmonic Nanoparticle Superlattices.

The magneto-optical Kerr effect is a striking phenomenon whereby the optical properties of a material change under an applied magnetic field. Though promising for sensing and data storage technology, these properties are typically weak in magnitude and are inherently limited by the bulk properties of the active magnetic material. In this work, we theoretically demonstrate that plasmonic thin-film assemblies on a cobalt substrate can achieve tunable transverse magneto-optical (TMOKE) responses throughout the visible and near-infrared (300–900 nm). In addition to exhibiting wide spectral tunability, this response can be varied in sign and magnitude by changing the plasmonic volume fraction (1–20%), the composition and arrangement of the assembly, and the shape of the nanoparticle inclusions. Of particular interest is the newly discovered sensitivity of the sign and intensity of the TMOKE spectrum to collective metallic plasmonic behavior in silver, mixed silver–gold, and anisotropic superlattices.
Engaging Parents in Early Head Start Home-Based Programs: How Do Home Visitors Do This?

ABSTRACTParental engagement is considered elemental to successful outcomes for parents and their children in early childhood home visiting programs. Engagement is that piece of parental involvement that refers to the working relationship between the parent and the home visitor. Multiple papers have called for research to pinpoint the ways in which home visitors work with parents to form these working relationships, and form partnerships to achieve positive outcomes. Analysis revealed that in individualizing their efforts to each family, home visitors follow semi-sequential steps in implementing engagement. This article presents a model of the process home visitors describe that resulted from analysis. Grounded theory techniques were used to analyze 29 interviews with Early Head Start (EHS) home visitors and 11 supervisors across four EHS programs in one region of the United States. The process of engagement as described emerges in three phases: (1) learning the parent’s culture and style; (2) deepening th...
Pediatric Postmortem CT: Initial Experience at a Tertiary Care Children’s Hospital

Pediatric postmortem imaging is a new and rapidly growing discipline. A review of recent literature is discussed along with a brief overview of common imaging findings on postmortem CT that may simulate antemortem pathology. The authors describe their own experience in establishing a postmortem imaging program as well as a discussion of the unique challenges in developing a program and performing and interpreting postmortem CT. Postmortem CT may provide valuable information in understanding the cause of death and disease processes in children; however, collaboration and research are needed to confirm the reliability of postmortem imaging diagnoses and to differentiate postmortem processes and antemortem pathology.
Abstract 16562: Cardiac Device Implantation Post TAVR: Mortality and Rates of Pacemaker Dependency

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is often complicated by AV block requiring pacing, but whether patients recover AV conduction and whether the need for pacing affects outco...
Effect of Fusarium Head Blight Management Practices on Mycotoxin Contamination of Wheat Straw.

Management of Fusarium graminearum-associated mycotoxins in wheat grain has been extensively evaluated, but little is known about management of mycotoxins in straw. Two research trials were conduct...
Current Concepts in the Treatment of Resectable Pancreatic Cancer

The diagnosis of pancreatic cancer carries with it a high mortality rate. Despite advances in the field, this has remained relatively unchanged over the last few decades. Current options for the treatment of resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma will be reviewed here in conjunction with the historical data that support them. We will focus on updates in treatment guidelines and ongoing clinical trials of interest. For localized disease, standard of care includes resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy ± chemoradiation. Recently, a report was published supporting the use of doublet therapy with gemcitabine and capecitabine (as opposed to gemcitabine monotherapy), which prompted a practice-changing update to major treatment guidelines. Multiple trials using neoadjuvant treatment, novel therapies, and different forms of radiation are ongoing. Although pancreatic cancer is an active area of research, outcomes remain dismal. Clinical trials will need to be more robust and innovative to drastically improve survival statistics.
How Temperature, Pond-Drying, and Nutrients Influence Parasite Infection and Pathology

The rapid pace of environmental change is driving multi-faceted shifts in abiotic factors that influence parasite transmission. However, cumulative effects of these factors on wildlife diseases remain poorly understood. Here we used an information-theoretic approach to compare the relative influence of abiotic factors (temperature, diurnal temperature range, nutrients and pond-drying), on infection of snail and amphibian hosts by two trematode parasites (Ribeiroia ondatrae and Echinostoma spp.). A temperature shift from 20 to 25 °C was associated with an increase in infected snail prevalence of 10-20%, while overall snail densities declined by a factor of 6. Trematode infection abundance in frogs was best predicted by infected snail density, while Ribeiroia infection specifically also declined by half for each 10% reduction in pond perimeter, despite no effect of perimeter on the per snail release rate of cercariae. Both nutrient concentrations and Ribeiroia infection positively predicted amphibian deformities, potentially owing to reduced host tolerance or increased parasite virulence in more productive environments. For both parasites, temperature, pond-drying, and nutrients were influential at different points in the transmission cycle, highlighting the importance of detailed seasonal field studies that capture the importance of multiple drivers of infection dynamics and the mechanisms through which they operate.
Worldwide Residential Soil Guidance Values for Total Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Compounds

AbstractDioxins are well-known soil contaminants. Regulatory jurisdictions worldwide use regulatory guidance values (RGV) to help manage dioxin health risks. In the US, seven federal agencies, 41 s...
Remarks on the Nakano Vanishing Theorem

In this note we give a numerical version of k-ampleness for line bundles (Definition 1) and prove a vanishing theorem (Theorem 2) of Nakano type for these bundles. This vanishing theorem yields a Lefschetz-type theorem (Theorem 3). We begin by reviewing the Nakai-Moishezon-Kleiman criterion for ampleness on which our numerical condition is based.
CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS | Glycoproteins

Glycoprotein are one of the most complex biopolymer encountered in biological samples. This high complexity originates from the presence of possibly multiple glycosylation sites and their immense microheterogeneity, accounting for the difficulties associated with resolving fine structural differences in large biopolymers, and rendering their analysis very challenging. Capillary electrophoresis high resolving power has promted its numerous use for both at the intact glycoprotein and glycan levels. The utility of capillary electrophoresis, in its different modes, for the analysis of protein glycoforms and their glycan structures is highlighted here. Moreover, the ability to integrate multiple steps such as sample preparation, purification, separation and detection in to a small analytical unit, such as a microchip is invaluable to minimizing sample losses and, consequently enhancing sensitivity. This is very intriguing in the case of the analysis of glycoproteins since they commonly encountered at minute quantities. Therefore, chip-based approaches employed in glycoprotein analysis which involves devices allowing sample injection, preconcentration and separation are also discussed.
Radically Religious: Ecumenical Roots of the Critique of Technological Society

Jacques Ellul formulated his influential critique of technological society in the decade following the Second World War, as one of a group of theologians and church people concerned about technology and social justice in war-torn Europe. They are a group I will call the Technology and Social Justice Movement. Their work was sponsored by the World Council of Churches in Geneva, and Ellul was its most recognizable speaker. Ellul visualized a society founded neither on Marxist nor capitalist terms, by radically rejecting the concepts of planning inherent in both. This paper analyzes the speech that brought Ellul to international attention, at the first assembly of the World Council of Churches in Amsterdam in 1948, and draws on the correspondence and papers of Ellul held in the Geneva archives of the World Council of Churches. Ellul’s contributions required him to merge what he would later distinguish as his theological and sociological approaches. I argue that Ellul’s Amsterdam contributions illustrate how theologically grounded and truly radical his critique of technological society was.
Urban Sources of Water Pollutants

The period of 1880 to 1920 marked the beginning of major concerns about water quality. Most sewer systems built at this time carried a mixture of sewage and urban runoff. These systems are called combined sewers in contrast to newer and more expensive separate sewer systems, which employ dual sewers, one for sanitary sewage and the other for urban runoff. Even though the sewer systems were called combined, their capacity was designed to carry primarily sewage and industrial wastewater — so called dry weather flow. The typical design capacity of combined sewers was six to eight times the dry weather flow. Similarly, the treatment plants were designed mostly for the dry weather flow (the typical design capacity was about four times the dry weather flow). When, because of a rainfall event, the capacity of the sewers or of the treatment was exceeded untreated mixture of sewage and rain water was allowed to discharge into the nearest watercourse. Some communities, but not many, have added treatment plants at the end point of their sewer systems to purify the discharged sewage.
Wireless Technologies for Healthcare Applications

Wireless and mobile technologies are widely accepted, influencing many aspects of our daily life (Agrawal and Zeng, 2003; Bing 2000). Wireless systems are designed to provide “anytime, anywhere” service, enabling data entry and data access by medical personnel at the point of care, direct data acquisition from medical devices, patient and device identification, and remote patient management. Wireless technologies will spawn new applications and industries to address healthcare issues in the coming years. Wireless monitoring and communication allows patient mobility and efficient response in emergency situations. It is expected that wireless monitors will be commonly used in hospitals and for home monitoring in the next few years; it is estimated that at least 20% of practicing physicians in the US will use a wireless device other than cell phones and pagers for clinical purposes by the end of 2004 (Health Technology Center, 2003). Basic wireless technologies are now a commodity, widely available in pagers, cordless phones, cell phones, wireless computer networks, ham radio, etc. Increased support for data communications in the third-generation wireless systems outlines a current trend that will facilitate a whole range of new applications and systems. Wireless communication technologies represent one of the most critical factors for the acceptance of mobile personal monitoring in telemedical systems. We present a survey of existing and future wireless technologies and standards suitable for data transmission in mobile healthcare applications (Agrawal and Zeng, 2003). There are important issues to be considered when designing a wireless system, including range, bandwidth, power consumption, personal health risks, FCC regulation, interference, security, and applicability to different health applications. Case studies of wireless healthcare applications and in-depth coverage of security, issues are provided in later chapters of this book.
Using databases for data analysis in laser spectroscopy

Abstract: A brief review of existing atomic spectroscopy databases is given with an emphasis on databases relevant to laser-spectroscopy research. Key data elements in these databases are described. A strategy for building a specialized relational database for laser spectroscopy is outlined with references to key resources and tutorials. Recipes are given for solving several basic tasks related to data analysis in laser spectroscopy using a relational database.
Wiener’s Generalized Harmonic Analysis

The Fourier coefficients of statistical functions are usually rapidly oscillating functions. Integrals over the Fourier coefficients, therefore, stay finite. For instance, if u is a statistical function, its Fourier coefficient $$ \bar S\left( {x,T} \right) = \int\limits_{ - T}^T {u\left( x \right){e^{ - xx}}} dx $$ (1) diverges if T→∞. But the stochastic integral $$ \left[ {\bar{Z}\left( x \right)} \right]_{{x'}}^{{x}} = {\kern 1pt} \,\mathop{{\lim }}\limits_{{T \to \infty }} \smallint _{{x'}}^{{x}}\bar{S}\left( {x,T} \right)dx/2\pi $$ (2) exists1 as T→∞, \( \bar S\left( {x,T} \right) \) may become infinite for certain values of ϰ, but the ares \( \bar S\left( x \right)dx \) under the infinite peak stays finite. We thus have: $$ \left[ {\bar{Z}\left( x \right)} \right]_{{x'}}^{{x}} = \int\limits_{{ - \infty }}^{\infty } {u\left( x \right)} {\text{ }}\left( {\frac{{{{e}^{{ - jxx - }}}\,{{e}^{{ - jx'x}}}}}{{ - jx}}} \right)\,dx $$ (3) so that $$ d\bar Z\left( x \right) = \left[ {\bar Z\left( x \right)} \right]_x^{x + dx} = \int\limits_{ - \infty }^\infty {u\left( x \right)} {e^{ - jxx}}\frac{{\left( {{e^{ - jdxx}} - 1} \right)}}{{ - jx}}dx $$ (4) If \( \bar S\left( {x,T = \infty } \right) \) existed, we would have $$ d\bar Z\left( x \right) = \bar S\left( x \right)dx/2\pi $$ (5) However, \( \bar S\left( x \right) \) does not exist for a statistical function that does not vanish as T→∞, and the right-hand side is senseless.
Governance in the Long Emergency

The first evidence linking climate change and human emissions of carbon dioxide was painstakingly assembled in 1897 by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius. What began as an interesting but seemingly unimportant conjecture about the effect of rising carbon dioxide on temperature has turned into a flood of increasingly urgent and rigorous warnings about the rapid warming of Earth and the dire consequences of inaction. Nonetheless, the global dialogue on climate is floundering while the scientific and anecdotal evidence of rapid climate destabilization grows by the day.1
Partial harvesting effects on seedling growth and physiology of three hardwood species in mature pine (Pinus spp., Pinaceae)-hardwood mixtures1

Nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners own a substantial amount of acreage within the southern USA. The NIPF landowners are usually less financially motivated and implement relatively less-intensive management options, such as partial harvesting, to pursue a variety of multiuse objectives. Understanding how developmental processes are influenced by partial harvesting is vital to constructing viable silvicultural prescriptions. Liquidambar styraciflua L., Quercus alba L., and Ostrya virginia (Mill.) K. Koch seedling (10–105 cm tall) growth and physiology were investigated in relation to different gap sizes and within-gap positions in a mixed Pinus L.–hardwood forest. The levels of photosynthetically active radiation that penetrated the overstory conditions allowed shade-intolerant Liquidambar styraciflua to produce greater (mean ± SE) monthly height and groundline diameter growth (12 ± 0.94 cm and 0.2 ± 0.02 cm, respectively) than Ostrya virginia (8 ± 0.87 cm and 0.1 ± 0.02 cm, respectively) and Quercus alba (4 ± 0.51 cm and 0.1 ± 0.01 cm, respectively), which was facilitated, in part, by significantly higher photosynthetic rates (P < 0.01). Solely manipulating the overstory conditions within mature, Pinus-hardwood mixtures may not be adequate for Quercus regeneration in those mixtures and is conducive to Liquidambar styraciflua obtaining a more-dominant canopy position in the future.
RYR1 and CACNA1S genetic variants identified with statin-associated muscle symptoms.

AIM To examine the genetic differences between subjects with statin-associated muscle symptoms and statin-tolerant controls. MATERIALS & METHODS Next-generation sequencing was used to characterize the exomes of 76 subjects with severe statin-associated muscle symptoms and 50 statin-tolerant controls. RESULTS 12 probably pathogenic variants were found within the RYR1 and CACNA1S genes in 16% of cases with severe statin-induced myopathy representing a fourfold increase over variants found in statin-tolerant controls. Subjects with probably pathogenic RYR1 or CACNA1S variants had plasma CK 5X to more than 400X the upper limit of normal in addition to having muscle symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants within the RYR1 and CACNA1S genes are likely to be a major contributor to the susceptibility to statin-associated muscle symptoms.
The impact of exercise on asthma.

Purpose of review Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adults in developed countries around the world. Despite international treatment guidelines, poor asthma control remains a frequent problem leading to missed school and work, and emergency room visits and hospitalizations. Many patients with asthma report exercise as a trigger for their asthma, which likely leads to exercise avoidance as a means to control symptoms. Evolving research has suggested that routine exercise may actually help improve some aspects of asthma control. This review discusses the recent research addressing how routine exercise affects important asthma-related outcomes including symptoms, lung function and quality of life. Recent findings Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been conducted in recent years, which strongly support the safety of routine exercise in children and adults with asthma. Exercise appears to favor improvements in aerobic fitness, asthma symptoms and quality of life, but results so far are less consistent in demonstrating improvements to lung function and airway hyperresponsiveness. Summary In addition to routine management guidelines, clinicians should recommend for their patients with asthma routine exercise for its general health benefits and likely improvement in asthma symptoms and quality of life.
South Africa's Negotiated Settlement: Did Nelson Mandela Sell the Rainbow Nation Cheap?

This paper interrogates the debate regarding Mandela's legacy from the perspective of Nelson Mandela the Man. I divide Mandela’s life into three periods. First, I explore the ideology and demands of Mandela the Revolutionary (1940-1962). In this regard, I look at whom and what shaped his revolutionary activities. Second, I explore the ideological and character metamorphosis of Mandela the Prisoner (1962-1990). Mandela himself admits that the prison changed him. I look at how his transformation in prison influenced his willingness to negotiate. Finally, I explore the ideas and process of Mandela the Great Reconciler (1986-1994). In this regard, I will focus on the economic settlement, specifically at how the outcome of the negotiations compares to the demands of the Freedom Charter.
Re-Educating Residents About Non-Invasive Colorectal Cancer Screening: An Approach to Improving Colon Cancer Screening Compliance.

Background Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death; therefore early detection by screening is beneficial. Residents at a clinic in NJ, USA were not offering other forms of colon cancer screening when patients refused colonoscopy, which lead to the creation of the quality improvement project. Methods Residents practicing at the clinic were given an anonymous survey determining which method of colon cancer screening they used and which alternative method they offered when patients refused the original method. The residents were educated about all methods of colon cancer screening and the residents were resurveyed. Results A total of 64% of residents offered less invasive testing when colonoscopy was refused. Six months after education, 95% of residents offered less invasive testing when colonoscopy was refused. Conclusions Early detection and removal of polyps by colonoscopy reduce the risk of cancer development. Colonoscopy is the gold standard for colon cancer screening; however other less invasive modalities are approved. This quality improvement project lead to offering the fecal immunochemical test or fecal occult blood test once patients refused colonoscopy at the clinic, increasing the number of patients receiving colorectal cancer screening, and thus providing better medical care.
What Factors Define Limb Salvage or Amputation Surgery in Osteosarcoma of the Upper Extremities

Background/aim Controversy exists between performing limb salvage or amputation to treat osteosarcoma of the upper extremities. Our aim was to review the characteristics associated with limb amputation due to osteosarcoma of the upper extremities. Patients and methods A descriptive study was performed by querying the National Cancer Database from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2015. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-squared test and a multivariate logistic regression model. Results A total of 777 patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma of the upper extremities who underwent surgery met the inclusion criteria. Patients between 61 and 80 years were less likely to undergo limb amputation. Moreover, facilities located in the South Atlantic region, and stage IV of the disease were factors independently positively associated with amputation. Conclusion Patients in facilities located in the South Atlantic region and those with stage IV disease were more likely to undergo amputation.
Overfullness of critical class 2 graphs with a small core degree

Let $G$ be a simple graph, and let $n$, $\Delta(G)$ and $\chi' (G)$ be the order, the maximum degree and the chromatic index of $G$, respectively. We call $G$ overfull if $|E(G)|/\lfloor n/2\rfloor > \Delta(G)$, and critical if $\chi'(H) n/2 +1$. We show that for any critical class 2 graph $G$, if the minimum degree of $G_{\Delta}$ is at most two and $\Delta(G) > n/2 +1$, then $G$ is overfull.
Climate change disproportionately affects visual quality of cultural ecosystem services in a mountain region

Abstract Expansive vistas in mountain systems make scenic viewscapes – the visible portions of a landscape with which people form a connection – essential providers of cultural ecosystem services (CES). Like the dynamic systems they encapsulate, mountain viewscapes are subject to change, but the CES they provide are rarely considered from future or dynamic perspectives. Here we forecasted change in CES, using climatic shifts of a culturally valuable tree species, quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), along scenic byways as an example of how viewscapes change through time. We simulated future aspen distributions in the Colorado Rocky Mountains through 2120 under three climate change scenarios and computed change in aspen visibility in 32,949 viewscapes. Across each scenario, the total area of aspen and its visibility from byways declined, but visible declines were 1.5–3.1 fold greater than declines in the study area overall. Differences between visible and total aspen peaked in mid-elevations (2000–3000 m) where aspen is most abundant. In contrast, aspen is forecasted to increase and become disproportionately more visible from scenic byways at lower elevations. Mismatch between total and visible declines in aspen highlights opportunities for tighter connections between landscape planning and ecological research for more comprehensive understanding of future changes in CES.
Nietzsche: Looking right, reading left

The far right appropriates a Nietzsche invented out of its own fantasies, likewise the left in its critique of these appropriations, battles a projection cobbled in response to that of the far righ...
How European Markets Became Free: A Study of Institutional Drift

Over the past twenty years, Europe has deregulated many industries, protected consumer welfare, and created strongly independent regulators. These policies represent a stark departure from historical traditions in continental Europe. How and why did this turnaround happen? We build a political economy model of market regulation and we compare the design of national and supra-national regulators. We show that countries in a single market willingly promote a supranational regulator that enforces free markets beyond the preferences of any individual country. We test and confirm the predictions of the model. European institutions are indeed more independent and enforce competition more strongly than any individual country ever did. Countries with ex-ante weaker institutions benefit more from the delegation of competition policy to the EU level.
Corporate culture and incentives for meeting or just beating analysts’ forecasts

Stock ownership plans initiate stock ownership requirements for executives, but some plans do not require executives to increase their ownership to meet plan requirements. The initiation of ownership requirements, combined with differences between plans in the ownership requirements of executives, provides a novel setting to disentangle the risk and reward effects of managerial ownership on earnings management. Consistent with the risk effect, adoption firms that require an ownership increase exhibit a decrease in the propensity to meet or just beat analyst EPS forecasts following plan adoption. The evidence of a decrease is robust to using adoption firms that require no ownership increase as a control sample, and the results are also robust to using a propensity score matched control sample.
Dynamic metabolic network modeling of a mammalian cell cycle using time-course multi-omics data

Cell cycle is a fundamental process for cell growth and proliferation, and its dysregulation leads to many diseases. How metabolic networks are regulated and rewired during the cell cycle is unknown. Here we apply a dynamic genome-scale metabolic modeling framework (DFA) to simulate a cell cycle of cytokine-activated murine pro-B cells. Phase-specific reaction activity predicted by DFA using time-course metabolomics were validated using matched time-course proteomics and phospho-proteomics data. Our model correctly predicted changes in methionine metabolism at the G1/S transition and the activation of lysine metabolism, nucleotides synthesis, fatty acid elongation and heme biosynthesis at the critical G0/G1 transition into cell growth and proliferation. Metabolic fluxes predicted from proteomics and phosphoproteomics constrained metabolic models were highly consistent with DFA fluxes and revealed that most reaction fluxes are regulated indirectly. Our model can help predict the impact of changes in nutrients, enzymes, or regulators on this critical cellular process.
Involvement of interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme in apoptosis of bFGF-deprived murine aortic endothelial cells.

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is an essential physiological process that is genetically regulated and contributes to the balance between cell growth, differentiation, and the maintenance of normal cells. Recent studies show that deprivation of growth factor induces apoptosis in endothelial cells. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating apoptosis remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that deprivation of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) increased the expression of interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE) protein, and subsequently induced apoptosis in murine aortic endothelial (MAE) cells. In contrast, the proteins of the tumor suppressor p53 and c-myc were undetected during apoptosis. This apoptosis was suppressed by the tetrapeptide ICE inhibitor, Ac-YVAD-CMK. Overexpression of murine ICE, in addition, induced apoptosis in MAE cells using gene transfer techniques. These results strongly suggest that ICE may mediate apoptosis in bFGF-deprived endothelial cells, and the suppression of...
Achieving organizational IT goals through integrating the balanced scorecard and software measurement frameworks

Provided in this chapter is an integrated measurement system that links the organization's strategic goals with the operational and tactical directives for information technology (IT) projects. The measurement system consists of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC); Software Engineering Institute, Capability Maturity Model (SEI/ CMM); and the International Standard Organization (ISO/IEC- 9126) for information technology measurement of software quality. The integration of these measurement frameworks provides the necessary multitier granularity of measures to successfully predict and assess organizational performance relative to IT investments.
The “frog” test (Xenopus laevis) as a rapid diagnostic test for pregnancy

Abstract A series of 53 suspected cases of early pregnancy tested with Xenopus laevis ("frog" test) and checked with the Friedman (rabbit) test showed 100 per cent accuracy in the frog. It is suggested that the "frog" test, because of its high degree of accuracy and the rapidity of reaction, four to eighteen hours, may be used where speedy pregnancy diagnosis is imperative. Other advantages of the frog test are discussed.
5α-Cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol, a Possible Intermediate in the Biosynthesis of Cholesterol ENZYMATIC CONVERSION TO CHOLESTEROL AND ISOLATION FROM RAT SKIN

Abstract [3α-3H]-5α-Cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol has been prepared by chemical synthesis. The incorporation of the label of this compound into liver cholesterol by intact rats has been demonstrated. The convertibility of 5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol to 5α-cholest-7-en-3β-ol and cholesterol by rat liver homogenates has been established. Upon incubation of [3α-3H]-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol with a rat liver homogenate preparation under anaerobic conditions, the added substrate was recovered unchanged. The presence of a sterol with the expected properties of 5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol in rat skin has been demonstrated.
Imperialism, sovereignty, and the making of international law

Acknowledgements Table of cases Table of treaties Introduction 1. Francisco de Vitoria and the colonial origins of international law (i) Introduction (ii) Vitoria and the problem of universal law (iii) War, sovereignty and the transformation of the Indian (iv) Conclusion 2. Finding the peripheries: colonialism in nineteenth-century international law (i) Introduction (ii) Elements of positivist jurisprudence (iii) Defining and excluding the uncivilized (iv) Native personality and managing the colonial encounter (v) Reconceptualizing sovereignty 3. Colonialism and the birth of international institutions: the mandate of the League of Nations (i) Introduction (ii) Creation of the mandate system (iii) The league of nations and the new international law (iv) The mandate system and colonial problems (v) The mandate system and the construction of the non-European state (vi) Government, sovereignty, and economy (vii) The mandate and the discussion of sovereignty (viii) The legacies of the mandate system: toward the present (ix) Conclusion 4. Sovereignty and the post-colonial state (i) Introduction (ii) Decolonization and the universality of international law (iii) Development, nationalism and the post-colonial state (iv) Development and the reform of international law (v) Permanent sovereignty over natural resource and the new international economic order (vi) The 1962 resolution on PSNR (vii) The 1974 charter of rights and duties among states (viii) Colonialism and the emergence of transnational law (ix) Sources of law and international contracts (x) Overview and conclusions 5. Governance and globalization, civilization and commerce (i) Introduction (ii) Good governance and the third world (iii) Governance, human rights and the universal (iv) International financial institutions, human rights and good governance (v) International financial institutions and the mandate system (vi) Conclusions and overview 6. On making war on the terrorists: imperialism as self-defense (i) Introduction (ii) The war against terrorism (WAT) (iii) The United States and imperial democracy (iv) Historical origins: war, conquest and self-defense (v) Terrorism and the United Nations: a Victorian moment (vi) Terrorism, self-defense and third world sovereignty Conclusion.
Non-Constituent-Coordination ohne Funktionale Komposition und Typenanhebung

Eines der vordringlichsten Anliegen bei der Entwicklung eines naturlich-sprachlichen Systems ist es, die Komplexitat des Verarbeitungsprozesses so gering wie moglich zu halten. Grammatikregeln mussen so restriktiv formuliert sein, das sie bei spezifischen sprachlichen Strukturen — und nur bei diesen — greifen, um somit unerwunschte Mehrfachanalysen aufgrund von reinen Strukturambiguitaten zu vermeiden. Dieses war der motivierende Gedanke fur die Entwicklung des folgenden Ansatzes im Rahmen einer kategorialen Unifikationsgrammatik. Der Ansatz ist somit aus computerlinguistischen Uberlegungen begrundet. Da jedoch eine bestimmte Art grammatischer Regeln in einer Kategorial-Grammatik in Frage gestellt wird, hat dieser Ansatz auf der anderen Seite auch theoretisch-linguistische Tragweite.
Navigating Virtual Information Sources with Know-ME

In many application domains such as biological sciences, information integration faces a challenge usually not observed in simpler applications. Here, the tobe-integrated information sources come from very different sub-specialties (e.g., anatomy and behavioral neuroscience) and have widely diverse schema, often with little or no overlap in attributes. Yet, they can be conceptually integrated because they refer to different aspects of the same physical objects or phenomena. We have proposed model-based mediation (MBM) as an information integration paradigm where information sources with hard-to-correlate schemas may be integrated using auxiliary expert knowledge to hold together widely different data schemas. The expert knowledge is captured in a graph structure called the Knowledge Map. In MBM, we extend the global-as-view architecture by lifting exported source data to conceptual models (CMs) that represent more source specific knowledge than a logical schema. The mediator's IVDs are defined in terms of source CMs and make use of a semantically richer model involving class hierarchies, complex object structure, and rule-defined semantic integrity constraints. Additionally, sources specify object contexts, i.e., formulas that relate a source's conceptual schema with the global domain knowledge maintained at the mediator. In this paper, we introduce a tool called Knowledge Map Explorer (Know-ME) for a user to explore both the domain knowledge, and all data sources that have been integrated using it.
VENTRICULAR PREMATURE BEATS AND CORONARY RISK FACTORS

Of 10,119 men aged 35 to 57 years studied in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), ventricular premature beats (VPBs) were more frequent among the 112 men who reported having previously had a myocardial infarction (MI) (22.3%) as well as among the 143 men with a history of diabetes mellitus (13.3%) than among the remaining 9864 (7.6%). There was no demonstrable association between VPBs and cholesterol or blood pressure levels, either overall or in various age groups. There was, however, a strongly positive relationship between VPBs and age (p less than 0.001). A positive association between VPBs and smoking was present which was statistically significant overall (risk ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence limits from 1.03 to 1.43), as well as in the age groups 35 to 39 years (1.74, 1.13 to 2.68) and 55 to 57 years (1.50, 1.01 to 2.22). This association, if confirmed, raises the question of whether VPBs offer a mechanism for the increased morbidity and mortality from coronary heart diseases among cigarette smokers compared with nonsmokers.
The development of a destination through the image assessment of six geographic markets

The purposes of this study are to assess the image of a newly developed nature-based tourist destination and investigate the influence of distance on the image of the destination. The image was assessed on a seven-point Likert scale and the sampling comprised six dominant market areas (DMAs) that were various distances from the nature-based destination. The internet survey resulted in 610 respondents and a 45 per cent response rate of the log-in panelists. The analysis used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the information sources, positioning, and the 28 image attributes with the DMAs, and the image attributes were used in a discriminant analysis. The analysis indicated that not all nearby and long-distance geographic markets are uniform. On-site visitation apparently was a factor in creating complex perceptions of the image of the destination. A differentiated message that is cost-effective should be pursed with individual DMAs and clusters of DMAs.
The extent of racemization of some amino acids in dilute alkali-treated protein and soil humic and fulvic acid

Racemization of amino acids in dilute alkali treated protein and soil humic and fulvic acid
The Compositional and Institutional Sources of Union Dissolution for Married and Unmarried Parents in the United States

Unmarried parents have less stable unions than married parents, but there is considerable debate over the sources of this instability. Unmarried parents may be more likely than married parents to end their unions because of compositional differences, such as more disadvantaged personal and relationship characteristics, or because they lack the normative and institutional supports of marriage, thus rendering their relationships more sensitive to disadvantage. In this article, we evaluate these two sources of union instability among married, cohabiting, and dating parents following the birth of a shared child, using five waves of longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Using discrete-time event history models, we find that demographic, economic, and relationship differences explain more than two-thirds of the increased risk of dissolution for unmarried parents relative to married parents. We also find that differential responses to economic or relationship disadvantage do not explain why unmarried parents are more likely to end their unions than married parents.
Influence of Maternal Work Patterns and Socioeconomic Status on Gen Y Lifestyle Choice

This article examines the lifestyle balance between career and family desired by the next generation of workers and whether these desires have been influenced by socioeconomic variables and materna...
Monotonicity preserving bicubic interpolation: A progress report

A new algorithm for piecewise bicubic interpolation to bivariate data on a rectangular mesh is described. The Hermite form is used to represent the resulting surface. The Hermite derivatives are determined by a five-step procedure that guarantees a monotonic interpolant to monotonic data.
Spontaneous hypertension in the neonatal rat. A review.

'Prehypertensive stage' was originally used to designate the initial developmental stage of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The period covered the first 6-7 weeks of age, before the systolic pressure exceeded 150 mm Hg and many investigations have used this stage as a control period with which to compare later hypertensive changes. Significant hypertensive changes occur early in this period however, and numerous studies have revealed the extent to which cardiovascular alterations have already occurred by the weanling stage. This review summarizes much of the recent literature relating to the onset of the pressure rise, arterial and ventricular hypertrophy and increased sympathetic vasomotor effects in the early postnatal stage in SHR.
Patterns of failure and predictors of outcome in cutaneous malignant melanoma of the scalp.

Background Patients with melanoma of the scalp may have higher failure (recurrence) rates than melanoma of other body sites. Objective We sought to characterize survival and patterns of failure for patients with scalp melanoma. Methods Between 1998 and 2010, 250 nonmetastatic patients underwent wide local excision of a primary scalp melanoma. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to evaluate overall survival, scalp control, regional neck control, distant metastases–free survival, and disease-free survival. Results Five-year overall survival was 86%, 57%, and 45% for stages I, II, and III, respectively, and 5-year scalp control rates were 92%, 75%, and 63%, respectively. Five-year distant metastases–free survival for these stages were 92%, 65%, and 45%, respectively. Of the 74 patients who recurred, the site of first recurrence included distant disease in 47%, although 31% recurred in the scalp alone. Limitations This is a retrospective review. Conclusion Distant metastases–free survival and overall survival for stage II and III patients with scalp melanoma are poor, and stage III patients experience relatively high rates of scalp failure suggesting that these patients may benefit from additional adjuvant systemic and local therapy. Further research is needed to characterize the environmental, microenvironmental, and genetic causes of the increased aggressiveness of scalp melanoma and to identify more effective treatment and surveillance methods.
A reliable fluorometric method for total urinary estrogens

Abstract A fluorometric method to determine total urinary estrogens is presented. This procedure is based upon acid hydrolysis, solvent partition, reduction of estrone to estradiol, methylation and chromatography. The estrogens are measured by fluorometry of the Kober chromogens following chloroform extraction according to Ittrich. As estradiol- and estriol-3-methyl ether have a similar relative fluorescence intensity, estrone, estradiol and estriol are quantitated proportionally in a single fluorometric reading. All results are corrected for procedural loss by adding a 2:1:3 mixture of tritium-labeled estrone sulfate, estradiol-3-sulfate and estriol-16-glucosiduronate to the unhydrolyzed urine. The procedure provides for sufficient purification and thus virtually eliminates unspecific fluorescence as well as fluorescence-quenching impurities. This method proves to be accurate, precise and particularly applicable for lowtiter urines. One operator may complete 8 assays within one working day. Normal values for total estrogen excretion during the menstrual cycle, in amenorrhea, and after menopause are presented.
Toxicity of TFM Lampricide to Early Life Stages of Walleye

Abstract We studied the effects of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) on gametes, newly fertilized eggs, eyed eggs, larvae, and swim-up fry of the walleye Stizostedion vitreum. When gametes from sexually mature walleyes were stripped into solutions of TFM, no effects were observed during the fertilization process at concentrations up to 3.0 mg/L—three times the concentration lethal to 99.9% of larval sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus held 12 h (LC99.9) under the same test conditions. Newly fertilized eggs likewise were unaffected during water hardening by concentrations of TFM that were lethal to sea lamprey ammocoetes. Eyed eggs, sac fry, and swim-up fry yielded LC25 values that were 2.5 to 5 times greater than the 12-h LC99.9 for sea lamprey ammocoetes. The data thus indicated that all of the early life stages of walleyes tested were considerably more resistant than sea lamprey ammocoetes to TFM, and that it is unlikely they would be adversely affected by standard stream treatments to ki...
Zooming in on mouse vision

An examination of the micro-organization of visual cortex using two-photon calcium imaging provides a new level of insight into retinotopic maps, finding that retinotopy is scrambled on fine scales in mouse primary visual cortex.