cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ambulatory Care Systems

In the previous chapter, hospital information systems were discussed. The patients served by the HIS receive comprehensive treatment over a period of days or weeks. Each is suffering from an acute episode that requires some degree of continuous monitoring. The facility normally treats fewer than 500 patients at any one time and has a large staff to accommodate their needs. In addition to providing the care function, the hospital also supports a full range of hotel functions: food services, housekeeping, registration, etc. Thus, the hospital has a small number of patients, a great deal of information to manage for each patient, a large staff and overhead, and many ancillary functions to support. In this environment, it is not unrealistic to add $5.00 or more per patient day for a computer system to help manage the patient’s (and institution’s) data.
Genistein Affects ERβ- But Not ERα-Dependent Gene Expression in the Hypothalamus

Isoflavone phytoestrogens are growing increasingly popular because of their reported cardiovascular and anticarcinogenic properties, but the effects of these compounds in the brain are largely unknown. In a previous study, we found that an isoflavone supplement, containing a mixture of soy phytoestrogens, inhibited estrogen-dependent female sexual behavior and was antiestrogenic for both ERα- and ERβ-dependent gene expression in the hypothalamus. Here we examined the impact of the soy isoflavone genistein, a major component of the supplement, on estrogen-dependent female sexual behavior and ERα- and ERβ-dependent gene expression in the rat brain. Genistein, at a dietary concentration of 100 or 500 ppm had no effect on lordosis behavior in rats. However, at 500 ppm genistein had differential activity through ERα and ERβ in the hypothalamus. Genistein had no effect, in either the presence or absence of 17β-E2, on oxytocin receptor density in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, an estrogen-dependen...
CHANNEL STABILITY ON THE LOWER OHIO RIVER

The meander loop pattern of the lower Ohio River has changed very little over the last thousand years. Point bar complexes are deposited and destroyed quite rapidly in comparison.
Experimental Investigation of Dynamics and Bifurcations of an Impacting Spherical Pendulum

Since Newton first considered the motion of a spherical pendulum over 200 years ago, many researchers have studied its dynamic response under a variety of conditions. The characteristic of the problem that has invited so much investigation was that a spherical pendulum paradigms much more complex phenomena. Understanding the response of a paradigm gives an almost multiplicative effect in the understanding of other phenomena that can be modeled as a variant of the paradigm. The spherical pendulum has been used to damp irregular motion in helicopters and on space stations as well as for many other applications. In this study an inverted impacting spherical pendulum with large deflection was investigated. The model was designed to approximate an ideal pendulum, with the pendulum bob contributing the vast majority of the mass moment of inertia of the system. Two types of bearing mechanisms and tracking devices were designed for the system, one of which had low damping coefficient and the other with a relatively high damping coefficient. An experimental investigation was performed to determine the dynamics of an inverted, impacting spherical pendulum with large deflection and vertical parametric forcing. The pendulum system was studied with nine different bobs and two different base configurations. During the experiments, the frequency of the excitation remained between 24.6 and 24.9 Hz. It was found that sustained conical motions did not naturally occur. The spherical pendulum system was analyzed to determine under what conditions the onset of Type I response (a repetitive motion in which the pendulum bob does not traverse through the apex. The bob strikes the same general area of the restraint without striking the opposite side of the restraint.), sustainable Type II response (this is the repetitive motion in which the pendulum bob traverses through the apex. The bob strikes opposite sides of the restraint.), and mixed mode response (motion in which the pendulum bob randomly strikes either the same area of the restrain or the opposite side of the restraint) occurred.
Electro-Optical Processing Of Signal Transforms

New architectures are discussed for the implementation of signal transforms using new techniques in optical signal processing and computing. These architectures are based upon the factorization of any discrete trigonometric transform matrix into a simple preprocessing matrix followed by a matrix consisting of direct sum of circular convolutions.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evolution of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 1 and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 3

A key regulator of glucocorticoid action is 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 1 (11β-HSD1), which catalyzes the conversion of cortisone to cortisol, the biologically active glucocorticoid. 11β-HSD1 is a paralog of 11β-HSD3, whose physiological function remains unclear. As reported here, 11β-HSD3 has orthologs in sea urchin, amphioxus and Ciona, while 11β-HSD1 first appears in sharks. Thus, 11β-HSD3 arose before the evolution of glucocorticoid signaling, suggesting different ancestral function(s) for 11β-HSD3. Four perplexing findings arise from this evolutionary analysis: (1) 11β-HSD1 is not present in a ray-finned fish genome, (2) zebrafish and fathead minnow contain two isoforms of 11β-HSD3; (3) neither rat nor mouse contain 11β-HSD3 and (4) amphioxus contains 16 11β-HSD3 paralogs.
A study of JIT and firm performance in US manufacturing between 1990 and 2009: a re-examination of Swamidass (2007)

We investigated inventory reduction and firm performance in US manufacturing firms during the period 1990 to 2009. Our findings show that, the practice of JIT principles in US manufacturing has reduced the difference between the top 10% performers and the bottom 10% performers when they are compared on total inventory/sales ratio. We offer a few explanations for this empirical finding in the conclusions section. This study was motivated to investigate the counter-intuitive findings reported by Swamidass (2007. The effect of TPS on US manufacturing during 1981–1998: inventory increased or decreased as a function of plant performance. International Journal of Production Research 45 (16): 3763–3778) regarding the JIT effect on the relationship between inventory reduction and firm performance. We replicated Swamidass’s procedures by using Altman’s Z score and all firms in SIC 3400–3990 whose annual data were available from the Compustat database between 1990 and 2009. In contrast to Swamidass’s findings, we f...
Unexpected exome sequencing result: de novo TRPS1 mutation in an infant with infantile scoliosis, mild developmental delay, and history of consanguinity.

Unexpected Exome Sequencing Result: De Novo TRPS1 Mutation in an Infant With Infantile Scoliosis, Mild Developmental Delay, and History of Consanguinity Ian Casci, William Accousti, and Yves Lacassie* Department of Genetics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana Department of Orthopedics, LSU Health Sciences Center and Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, LSU Health Sciences Center and Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana
Auxin-regulated changes in protein phosphorylation in pea epicotyls

Summary Auxins regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. However, the mechanism by which these hormones elicit diverse physiological processess is not clear. We present evidence for the role of auxin in protein phosphorylation and the possible involvement of calmodulin in auxin-induced changes. In the presence of auxin, phosphorylation of 23,000, 82,000, 105,000 and 110,000 molecular weight polypeptides markedly decreased whereas phosphorylation of 19,000, 24,000 and 28,000 molecular weight polypeptides increased. These results open up a new experimental approach in understanding the molecular mechanism by which auxins regulate various physiological processes in plants.
Plasma wave observations near the plasmapause with the S³‐A satellite

Description of the electric field noise phenomena observed by the S3-A spacecraft near the plasmapause during the magnetic storm of Dec. 16, 17, 1971. The most striking and unusual feature of these storm time electric field observations is the occurrence of a region of intense low-frequency (20 to 500 Hz) electrostatic noise bursts just outside the plasmapause boundary. These noise bursts occurred concurrently with the rapid decrease in low-energy (E ranging from 20 to 50 keV) ring current protons mirroring near the equator during this storm and may be responsible for the loss of these particles. The characteristics of other phenomena, such as whistlers, ELF hiss, and banded chorus, observed near the plasmapause during this period are also discussed.
Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in 120 Archived Specimens of Lithobates catesbeianus (American Bullfrog) Collected in California, 1924–2007

The chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been identified as a major cause of the recent worldwide amphibian decline. Numerous species in North America alone are under threat or have succumbed to Bd-driven population extinctions. The American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) has been reported as a tolerant carrier of Bd. In this report, we used a qPCR assay to test 120 archived American bullfrog specimens collected between 1924 and 2007 in California, USA and Baja California, Mexico. The overall prevalence of Bd infection in this archived population of L. catesbeianus was 19.2%. The earliest positive specimen was collected in Sacramento County, California, USA in 1928 and is to date the earliest positive archived Bd specimen reported globally. These data demonstrate that Bd-infected wild amphibians have been present in California longer than previously known.
Risk-Reduction Strategy for Investing in Restaurant Stocks: A Portfolio Approach

Investors often use different assumptions when attempting to determine the value of a company, resulting in large discrepancies. Generating shareholder value in the stock market must be linked to some measure, and traditionally, this value was driven by the long-term cash flow generating ability of a company. One of the most important and influential economic theories dealing with finance and investment is the modern portfolio theory with a key consideration to maximizing discounted or expected returns. The proposed investment strategy estimates the equity value of 10 restaurant companies from the firm's discounted cash flow and weighted average cost of capital. The values were compared to the firm's current market value, and then two investment portfolios were created. The results indicated a 75% accurate prediction rate and a 5.6% return for one group of restaurants.
Amyloid-beta peptide Aβp3-42 affects early aggregation of full-length Aβ1-42

The major amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides found in the brain of familial and late onset Alzheimer's disease include the full-length Abeta1-42 and N-terminally truncated, pyroglutamylated peptides Abetap3-42 and Abetap11-42. The biophysical properties of Abeta1-42 have been extensively studied, yet little is known about the other modified peptides. We investigated the aggregation kinetics of brain-specific Abeta peptides to better understand their potential roles in plaque formation. Synthetic peptides were analyzed individually and in mixtures representing various ratios found in the brain. Spectrofluorometric analyses using Thioflavin-T showed that the aggregation of Abeta1-42 was faster compared to Abetap3-42; however, Abetap11-42 displayed similar kinetics. Surprisingly, mixtures of full-length Abeta1-42 and Abetap3-42 showed an initial delay in beta-sheet formation from both equimolar and non-equimolar samples. Electron microscopy of peptides individually and in mixtures further supported fluorescence data. These results indicate that Abeta-Abeta peptide interactions involving different forms may play a critical role in senile plaque formation and maintenance of the soluble Abeta pool in the brain.
Promoting Collaborative Learning Strategies in Aging and Public Policy Courses

Abstract Multidisciplinary collaboration is one of the hallmarks of gerontological education and led to the development of the current article. Using a case study approach based on the 2000 summer workshop, Getting Aging Public Policy into the Curriculum hosted by the Center for Policy Research at Syracuse University, the authors discuss some of the pedagogical implications for cooperative learning and collaboration among faculty teaching aging and public policy courses. Consistent with cooperative learning strategies, three modules have been developed on grandparents, public policy and the law; Social Security reform; and international aging policy and women. Each module includes class activities and flexible cooperative learning approaches to use in the development and implementation of courses that include aging and public policy content.
Galois scaffolding in one-dimensional elementary abelian extensions

A Galois scaffold is defined to be a variant of a normal basis that allows for an easy determination of valuation and thus has implications for the questions of the Galois module structure. We introduce a class of elementary abelian p-extensions of local function fields of characteristic p, which we call one-dimensional and which should be considered no more complicated than cyclic degree p extensions, and show that they, just as cyclic degree p extensions, possess a Galois scaffold.
Angular orientation of NH/sub 3/ on Ni(111) by low-energy photoelectron scattering

The azimuthal variations in the photoemission cross section for the $1e$ molecular orbital of N${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ adsorbed on Ni(111) are used to identify the angular orientation of the adsorbed molecules. From comparison of experiment and theory, it is possible to determine the NH-bond directions relative to the substrate. In addition, it is found that the observed strong azimuthal anisotropy comes mainly from direct interference of emissions from the $1e$ molecular orbital rather than from backscattering off the substrate.
Dual Pairs and Tensor Categories of Modules over Lie Algebrasgl̂∞and W1 + ∞

Abstract We introduce a tensor category O + (resp. O − ) of certain modules of gl ∞with nonnegative (resp. nonpositive) integral central charges with the usual tensor product. We also introduce a tensor category ( O f, ⊙ ) consisting of certain modules overGL(N) for allN. We show that the tensor categories O ± and O fare semisimple abelian and all equivalent to each other. We give a formula to decompose a tensor product of two modules and obtain a reciprocity law in each of these categories. We also introduce a tensor category O wof certain modules over W 1 + ∞with nonnegative integral central charges. We show that O wis semisimple abelian and give an explicit formula to decompose a tensor product of two modules in O w.
Informal Caregiving Networks and Use of Formal Services by Inner-City African American Elderly With Dementia

Informal caregiving networks are the primary source of support for elderly persons with Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia. The authors studied a group of 200 urban African American elderly persons with dementia, the characteristics of their informal caregiving networks, and patterns of formal service use to examine relationships between informal caregiving networks and formal service use. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that elderly persons were less likely to use formal services when caregivers in the informal networks were more capable of making care-related decisions. In addition, elderly person's functional status, annual income, and Medicaid eligibility were also significantly related to their use of formal services. Practice implications of these findings are discussed.
Turkish-German access to higher education: an historical and democratic theory analysis, 1960–2010

This article looks at access to higher education in Germany. For a number of reasons, explained in this article, higher education is presently an elite system that privileges ethnic Germans while preventing Turkish-Germans from gaining sufficient access into academe. If Germany is to become a fully functioning multicultural democracy with equal rights for all it will have to revamp its higher education system so that Turkish-Germans can gain better access to such institutions and consequently feel included into the German social and political system.
Parent talk at intensive care unit rounds.

Abstract We analyzed verbatim transcriptions of audiotaped rounds in a large pediatric intensive care unit to determine how physicians refer to families of critically ill children. In almost 4 hours of rounds recorded on 3 days in 1 week, the doctors mentioned the families of 11 of the 25 different patients discussed. There were 19 discreet references to parents or an average of 1 reference every 12 1 2 minutes. Nine references were made during the formal presentation of the patients' medical histories. Three references to parents involved discharge of chronically ill children. The 7 remaining references were about the families of 3 children with grim prognoses. Parental references which occurred in presentations and discharge plans had a ceremonial character. Other references to families were infrequent and only occurred when physicians believed medical measures were no longer efficacious. We conclude that doctors do not consider family matters in the systematic way they discuss technical concerns.
Calculation of delayed-neutron energy spectra in a quasiparticle random-phase approximation-Hauser-Feshbach model

Theoretical {beta}-delayed-neutron spectra are calculated based on the Quasiparticle Random-Phase Approximation (QRPA) and the Hauser-Feshbach statistical model. Neutron emissions from an excited daughter nucleus after {beta} decay to the granddaughter residual are more accurately calculated than in previous evaluations, including all the microscopic nuclear structure information, such as a Gamow-Teller strength distribution and discrete states in the granddaughter. The calculated delayed-neutron spectra agree reasonably well with those evaluations in the ENDF decay library, which are based on experimental data. The model was adopted to generate the delayed-neutron spectra for all 271 precursors.
Umbilical Cord and Maternal Serum Levels of Mezlocillin in Term and Preterm Deliveries in Mothers Diagnosed with Chorioamnionitis

Recent investigations have demonstrated decreased morbidity in the newborn following maternal administration of antibiotics to mothers with a diagnosis of chorioamnionitis. These benefits are based upon transplacental passage of antibiotics. Fifteen preterm and term women with the diagnosis of chorioamnionitis were given 3 or 4 g of mezlocillin intravenously every 4 to 6 h. Maternal serum and umbilical cord samples were collected at delivery and the concentrations of antibiotics were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Peak serum levels of mezlocillin in the cord and mother occurred within 60 min, but were eliminated more rapidly in the mother. Umbilical cord levels, while initially lower with the 3 g dose, were present longer than 4 hr for both regimens. Placental transfer of antibiotics appeared to be affected by the aging placenta with decreased initial levels and slower fetal clearance at term.
100-mK bolometric receiver for low-background astronomy

The design and construction of 100 mK composite bolometers for low background submillimeter and millimeter-wave astronomy are discussed. The bolometers are cooled to 100 mK using an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator. The bolometers consist of a silicon substrate suspended by nylon fibers, a bismuth film absorber, a neutron transmutation doped germanium thermometer with graphite fiber electrical leads, and a brass wire thermal strap. Heated JFET amplifiers located on the 1.5 K cold plate are used to read out the bolometer signals. Electrically measured noise equivalent powers as low as 2 X 10 -17 W/(root)Hz have been achieved.
The Relation between Folk and Scientific Classification of Plants and Animals

Methods are developed for decomposing agreement between classifications into two components: inclusiveness, or the extent to which groups in one classification strictly include groups in the other; and consistency, or the extent to which one classification subdivides the same groups that the other does. The methods are used to compare folk classifications with scientific classifications of plants and animals. Folk generics, which constitute the most salient taxonomic rank in folk classifications, are about as inclusive as scientific genera and definitely more inclusive than scientific species. Consistency between the classifications is substantial and independent of rank across the ranks of species, genus, and family.
Siegmund Warburg, the City of London and the financial roots of European integration

The process of European economic integration slackened in the 1960s. National markets for goods, most services and labour were not being integrated because they were not really being liberalised. The exception to this rule was financial services, one of which – the sale of long-term corporate and public sector bonds to relatively wealthy investors – became integrated in a quite novel way in the course of the 1960s. The rise of the so-called ‘Eurobond’ market was a major breakthrough in the history of European integration but it was a largely spontaneous result of innovation by private sector actors, led by Siegmund Warburg. In some measure, no doubt, the bankers’ primary motive was the profit motive. Yet there is also compelling evidence that Warburg and his associates also had a political agenda. They regarded it not only as a way of making money, but also as a potent device for advancing Europe's political integration. In particular, they appreciated that European capital market integration could reinfo...
Elastic Coefficients of Animal Bone

The elastic stiffness coefficients of dried bovine phalanx and femur and of fresh bovine phalanx were measured by an ultrasonic technique. An analysis of the crystallographic structure of the principal components of bone and its piezoelectric and pyroelectric behavior showed that bone is a texture that has the same elastic coeffcient matrix as a hexagonal single crystal. The five elastic stiffness coefficients of fresh phalanx are: C 1l, 1.97; C 12, 1.21; C 13, 1.26; C 33, 3.20; and C 44, 0.54 (all in units of 1011 dynes per square centimeter). Value of axial and transverse Young's and shear moduli, compressibility, and the three Poisson's ratios were calculated.
Martian dust devil electron avalanche process and associated electrochemistry

Mars' dynamic atmosphere displays localized dust devils and larger, global dust storms. Based on terrestrial analog studies, electrostatic modeling, and laboratory work these features will contain large electrostatic fields formed via triboelectric processes. In the low-pressure Martian atmosphere, these fields may create an electron avalanche and collisional plasma due to an increase in electron density driven by the internal electrical forces. To test the hypothesis that an electron avalanche is sustained under these conditions, a self-consistent atmospheric process model is created including electron impact ionization sources and electron losses via dust absorption, electron dissociation attachment, and electron/ion recombination. This new model is called the Dust Devil Electron Avalanche Model (DDEAM). This model solves simultaneously nine continuity equations describing the evolution of the primary gaseous chemical species involved in the electrochemistry. DDEAM monitors the evolution of the electrons and primary gas constituents, including electron/water interactions. We especially focus on electron dynamics and follow the electrons as they evolve in the E field driven collisional gas. When sources and losses are self-consistently included in the electron continuity equation, the electron density grows exponentially with increasing electric field, reaching an equilibrium that forms a sustained time-stable collisional plasma. However, the character of this plasma differs depending upon the assumed growth rate saturation process (chemical saturation versus space charge). DDEAM also shows the possibility of the loss of atmospheric methane as a function of electric field due to electron dissociative attachment of the hydrocarbon. The methane destruction rates are presented and can be included in other larger atmospheric models.
How Have Concepts of Informal Learning Developed Over Time

Although the current interest in informal learning seems recent, performance improvement professionals have long had an interest in informal learning-the ways that people learn outside of formal structures. The earliest forms of learning for work were informal, including de facto and formal apprenticeship programs and the “school of life.” Contemporary interest began in the 1960s and 1970s with the rise of self-directed learning. In the 1970s and 1980s, focus shifted to adult learning theory and human performance technology, both of which explore the roles of interventions other than classroom learning. The early 1990s brought two practical applications—electronic performance support systems and edutainment—followed by a third in the late 1990s—knowledge management. Discussions of informal learning arose in the 2000s. Each movement offers practical lessons for designing informal learning today.
Effects of physostigmine on brain acetylcholine content and release

Abstract The content and release of acetylcholine (ACh) from cat brain and ACh content of rat brain was measured using the frog rectus and leech muscle bioassays before and after physostigmine 100 μg kg i.v. or i.p. The drug elevates steady state levels of brain ACh of awake animals especially in the neocortex, caudate nucleus and hippocampus but much less so in the lateral geniculate and superior colliculus. Physostigmine was shown to produce neocortical release of ACh through a subcortical mechanism in brainstem transected cats and to decrease ACh neocortical content in pentobarbital anesthetized cats and rats. The neocortical release of ACh seems to be mediated primarily through a subcortical brain mechanism which is activated by physostigmine. It is postulated that the ascending reticular formation is involved. Local application of scopolamine (1 μg ml ) into the collecting cup did not antagonize the effects of 100 μg kg of physostigmine i.v. as much as l mg kg of scopolamine i.v. On the other hand, 2 mg kg of mecamylamine given i.v. not only did not antagonize physostigmine-induced neocortical release of ACh, but seemed to enhance it. The results indicate a complex action of physostigmine on the cholinergic system of the brain.
Dose-volume analysis of radiation-induced optic neuropathy after single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery.

Background The risk of radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RION) is the primary limitation of single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for many patients with parasellar lesions. Objective To define the normal tissue complication probability of the anterior visual pathways (AVPs) after single-fraction SRS. Methods Retrospective review comparing visual function before and after SRS in 133 patients (266 sides) with pituitary adenomas having SRS between October 2007 and July 2012. Patients with prior radiation therapy or SRS were excluded. The median follow-up after SRS was 32 months. Results The median maximum point dose to the AVP was 9.2 Gy (interquartile range [IQR], 6.9-10.8). One hundred seventy-four sides (65%) received >8 Gy: the median 8-Gy volume was 15.8 mm³ (IQR, 3.7-36.2). Ninety-four sides (35%) received >10 Gy; the median 10-Gy volume was 1.6 mm³ (IQR, 0.5-5.3). Twenty-nine sides (11%) received >12 Gy; the median 12-Gy volume was 0.1 mm³ (IQR, 0.1-0.6). No patient had a RION after SRS. The chances of developing a RION at the 8-Gy, 10-Gy, and 12-Gy volumes (95% confidence interval) in this series were 0% to 2.6%, 0% to 4.7%, and 0% to 13.9%, respectively. Conclusion The AVP in patients without prior radiation treatments can safely receive radiation doses up to 12 Gy with a low risk of RION. Although additional studies are needed to better delineate the normal tissue complication probability of the AVP, adherence to the AVP radiation tolerance guidelines developed 20 years ago (8 Gy) limits the applicability and potentially the effectiveness of single-fraction SRS for patients with lesions in the parasellar region.
Determinants of consumer engagement in electronic word-of-mouth in social networking sites

As more and more marketers incorporate social media as an integral part of the promotional mix, rigorous investigation of the determinants that impact consumers’ engagement in eWOM via social networks is becoming critical. Given the social and communal characteristics of social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, MySpace and Friendster, this study examines how social relationship factors relate to eWOM transmitted via online social websites. Specifically, a conceptual model that identifies tie strength, homophily, trust, normative and informational interpersonal influence as an important antecedent to eWOM behaviour in SNSs was developed and tested. The results confirm that tie strength, trust, normative and informational influence are positively associated with users’ overall eWOM behaviour, whereas a negative relationship was found with regard to homophily. This study suggests that product-focused eWOM in SNSs is a unique phenomenon with important social implications. The implications for research...
High-performance liquid chromatographic measurement of the novel anti-HIV agent 7,8-dihydrocostatolide (NSC 661123)

An HPLC assay was used to determine levels of a promising anti-HIV agent 7,8-dihydrocostatolide (DC; NSC 661123) in human and murine plasma. The structurally related compound costatolide (C) was found to be a suitable internal standard. Drug was extracted from human or murine plasma using a solid-phase C18 cartridge. The compound was eluted from an ODS analytical HPLC column using an acetonitrile-water mobile phase. Drug was quantified over the assay range of 19.5 to 625 ng/ml with excellent within- and between-day reproducibility. Data resulting from the use of the assay method for determination of dihydrocostatolide pharmacokinetics in mice are presented. This is the first report of a validated HPLC assay for determining DC levels in human and mouse plasma.
An Effective Training Program For Child Nutrition Staff: A Summer Training Institute

Abstract Fifty-five child nutrition state personnel, Parish directors, managers, or technicians (51 % black, 98% female) attended one of two identical 3-day summer training sessions. Session I (n=31) was predominantly supervisors/managers (77%); Session II (n=24) consisted of managers (43%) and technicians (46%). Sessions included an optional half-day cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) screening, which included: quantitation of serum lipids and lipoproteins, a multi-clinical laboratory assay, anthropometries, and assessment of lifestyles. Two and one-half days of didactic, "hands-on" multi-disciplinary presentations aimed at lowering the total fat, saturated fat, and sodium content of school meals followed. Presentations were made by representatives from 9 organizations; they ranged from theoretical material on cancer and cardiovascular disease prevention to practical aspects such as menu planning and food preparation. Presentations were evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale. Program impact was assessed using a 50-item knowledge questionnaire administered before and after training. Of the 42 participants who underwent CVRF screening, 57 % had serum total cholesterol levels ≥200mg/dl. Of these, 79% had a ponderal index ≥17; and 96% had LDL-C levels ≥130mg/dl. Program evaluations ranged from 3.9 (cancer prevention) to 4.8 (food marketing); with an overall program rating of 4.4. A mean 20% increase in knowledge scores was demonstrated by participants in combined sessions (p
Ketomethyldipeptides I. A new class of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.

Abstract The design rationale for a new series of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors which incorporate a ketone substituent into a peptide backbone is described. Molecular regions which were expected to mimic the binding of an N-acyl tripeptide substrate at secondary binding sites S 1 and S 1 ′ were systematically varied in order to study the specificity of inhibitor binding and optimize inhibition against ACE. The most effective ketomethyldipeptides inhibit ACE in the 10 −9 M range.
Improved cineangiographic evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by caudocranial left anterior oblique view

Seven patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and one with discrete subaortic stenosis were studied with axial left ventriculography (caudocranial left anterior oblique view). In addition to the angiographic findings described on conventional views, the mitral valve, ventricular septum, and posterior left ventricular wall were better profiled than with conventional views and thus better evaluated. Systolic anterior motion of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve was readily identifiable, which is usually not the case in nonangled views. From our experience, we strongly recommend that caudocranial left ventriculography be the procedure of cholce in patients suspected of left ventricular outflow tract abnormalities and that biventricular angiography be abandoned for diagnostic purposes.
Writing for Arts Education Policy Review

This article provides readers with suggestions as to how to prepare manuscripts for publication in Arts Education Policy Review. It is presented in a question-and-answer format and includes references to model policy articles.
The contribution of Irish urology to clinical practice.

Purpose Historically, Irish doctors have made significant contributions to Medicine and Surgery including Colles, Graves, and Corrigan. Herein, we detail the contribution of Irish people to Urology. Materials and Methods Internet, specific Medline database searches, and individual searches of medical history and urologic history texts and from individual institutions were performed. Results Sir Francis Cruise, in 1865, perfected the panendoscope using the principle of reflected light from a kerosene lamp, enabling high-quality cystoscopy for the first time. In 1901, Sir Peter Freyer described the suprapubic transvesical prostatectomy, dramatically reducing perioperative mortality for prostate surgery to 3% in 1912. Terence Millin developed a novel in situ rectus fascia pubovaginal sling for incontinence, and revolutionized open prostate surgery with one of the seminal articles in the history of urology. He reported the retropubic extravesical enucleation of the prostate in 20 cases in The Lancet in 1945. Future work on radical retropubic prostatectomy was based on his unique approach to the prostate. In 1956, the first dedicated urology unit was designed and opened in Ireland by Dr. Thomas JD Lane. He reported an overall mortality of 2.3%, in 1540 consecutive prostatectomies, thereby emphasizing the importance of a specialized unit. In the contemporary era, Ralph DeVere White, current president of the Society of Urological Oncology, and John M. Fitzpatrick the current editor of BJU International, the first Irish persons to hold these positions have contributed to the field of urology. Conclusion Irish urologists have made considerable contributions to urology throughout modern history, particularly in the areas of endoscopy and prostate surgery.
Relationship Marketing in Consumer Markets: Antecedents and Consequences:

Understanding the motivations of consumers to engage in relationships with marketers is important for both practitioners and marketing scholars. To develop an effective theory of relationship marketing, it is necessary to understand what motivates consumers to reduce their available market choices and engage in a relational market behavior by patronizing the same marketer in subsequent choice situations. This article draws on established consumer behavior literature to suggest that consumers engage in relational market behavior due to personal influences, social influences, and institutional influences. Consumers reduce their available choice and engage in relational market behavior because they want to simplify their buying and consuming tasks, simplify information processing, reduce perceived risks, and maintain cognitive consistency and a state of psychological comfort. They also engage in relational market behavior because of family and social norms, peer group pressures, government mandates, religious tenets, employer influences, and marketer policies. The willingness and ability of both consumers and marketers to engage in relational marketing will lead to greater marketing productivity, unless either consumers or marketers abuse the mutual interdependence and cooperation.
Variance of genetic distance and correlation of heterozygosity between populations under the pressure of stepwise mutation

Using the stepwise mutation model of Ohta and Kimura (1973), formulas are developed for the correlation of heterozygosity and the variance of genetic distance between two finite populations. Studied in detail is the case where the sizes of the two descendant populations are equal to that of the ancestral population and the mutation rate is the same for all loci. Numerical computations are carried out by using the present formulas and those of Li and Nei (1975 Genet. Res. 25) for the infinite-allele model. The results are as follows: The correlation of heterozygosity decreases with time faster for the stepwise mutation model than for the infinite-allele model. However, the relationships between the correlation of heterozygosity and the normalized genetic identity for the two models are very similar, if the average heterozygosities of the two populations are around 0.20 or less. On the other hand, the variance of genetic distance for the stepwise mutation model may become considerably smaller than that for the infinite-allele model, if the average heterozygosities of the two populations are larger than 0.05. The ratio of the standard deviation to the mean is, however, very large for the stepwise mutation model as well as the infinite-allele model.
Effect of Fluid Characterization on CVD Liquid Drop-out Predictions of Gas Condensate Fluids Using an Equations of State Model

Abstract This article presents a recent study carried out to evaluate the effect of fluid characterization on liquid drop-out predictions for constant volume depletion (CVD) of gas condensate fluids using the Peng-Robinson equations of state (EOS) model. The work is based on 11 different gas condensate fluids of widely varying overall fluid compositions and C7+ plus fraction properties. The accompanying experimental data on dew point pressures and liquid drop-out from CVD tests are employed to evaluate the effect of fluid characterization on predictions. Initially, all predictions were based on uncharacterized C7+ fraction. Subsequently, all C7+ fractions were characterized using the methods proposed by Katz and Pedersen, respectively, and predictions were carried out on the basis of characterized fluids. All predicted values reported in this work are purely predictive, i.e., C7+ data, and the characterized fluid data has been used as it is, without tuning the EOS models. The performance of the uncharacte...
Effects of grouping and fighting on the reproductive tracts of male white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus)

Adult, male white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were subjected to a variety of social situations ranging from isolation during the 20 day experimental period to constant contact with both females and other adult males. Contacts included grouping (three or four males per cage) and exposure to fighters (once daily for 20 minutes). The following measurements were recorded: weights of the body, testes, epididymides, vesicular glands, vesicular gland tissue (wet and dry), seminal fluid of the vesicular gland, adrenal glands, and baculum; spermatozoan reserves of the testes and epididymides. Grouping significantly affected both the weight and spermatozoan reserves of the testes and epididymides, as well as both the tissue and seminal fluid weight of the vesicular glands. The results suggested a graded effect of all treatments on the reproductive tract. In order of magnitude of the associated response, from none to greatest, the treatments may be ranked as follows: pairing with females, isolating, handling, fighting, and grouping. All reproductive parameters measured showed this general ranking, suggesting that the response to the various treatments was similar and differed only quantitatively. The results further suggested decreased secretion of LH and testosterone, although measurements of testosterone did not substantiate this conclusion. The lack of significant effects of grouping on adrenal gland weights strengthened the argument that adrenal involvement is not a necessary adjunct to the suppression of the reproductive tract in groupedPeromyscus, but the adrenal may be involved if contacts between males result in overt fighting.
The role of cyclic AMP in neoplastic cell growth and regression. II. Growth arrest and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isozyme shift by dibutyryl cyclic AMP.

Abstract N6,O2′-Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (DBcAMP) injected into rats bearing MTW9 mammary carcinoma resulted in an early disappearance of tumor microsomal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity while mitochondrial and supernatant isozyme activities were not affected. Prolonged DBcAMP treatment of rats bearing 5123 hepatoma significantly decreased all glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isozyme activities but did not alter host liver isozyme activities or liver regeneration. Since DBcAMP treatment arrested growth of these tumors, the loss of microsomal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase may be an early event in the inhibition of tumor growth in vivo .
Transvascular migration of L2C leukemic cells studied in the liver of the guinea pig

The possible routes of transvascular migration of leukemic cells in the liver were studied in guinea pigs with an L2C lymphoblastic cell-line inoculation leukemia. Invasion of the hepatic parenchyma theoretically can occur in three ways: In both portal and hepatic veins, leukemic cells transverse the endothelium through a cytoplasmic “pore”, adjacent to cell junctions, without obvious damage to the endothelium.
Biophysical Constraints to Potential Production Capacity of Potato across the U.S. Eastern Seaboard Region

The Eastern Seaboard region (ESR) of the United States is densely populated and depends on imported food. Agricultural systems are vulnerable to uncertainties such as environmental conditions, climate change, and transportation costs. Local populations could benefit from regional food systems as a way to provide security; however, the potential production capacity of the region would first need to be quantified. Potential production capacity for a specific crop, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), was explored in two ways: expansion of the harvested land area and closing the yield gap between observed and potential yield. Potato production was assessed from Maine to Virginia for current land use (land under potato cultivation) and potential land use (other cropland). Simulations were based on two water availability scenarios: limited and nonlimited. A geospatial model implementing the explanatory model SPUDSIM estimated crop production (crop yield, water use, and N uptake) based on spatially variable input data (weather, soil, and management). Potato production was simulated in 35 potato-producing counties and in 346 counties with cropland. Under water-limited conditions, the response surface of production showed greater yield in the northern ESR states (median 28.24 Mg ha–¹) than in the southern states (median 15.41 Mg ha–¹). Resource requirements (water and N) and biophysical constraints (climate and soil) to production were also evaluated. In general, potato yield was negatively correlated with higher average seasonal temperatures and denser soil profiles. The results from this study will be valuable for regional policy planners to assess the capacity of the regional ESR food system.
Influence of indomethacin on cation excretion after acute unilateral nephrectomy in dogs

Abstract Acute unilateral nephrectomy (AUN) causes functional changes in the remaining kidney. Since renal prostaglandins (PGs) may participate in this response, we investigated the effect of the PG synthetase inhibitor, indomethacin (INDO), on the function of the remaining kidney after AUN. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), filtration fraction (FF), sodium excretion, and potassium excretion were measured for 1 hr prior to and 3 hr after AUN in dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Group I and II animals under went AUN. A third group was sham-operated (Group III). Group I received INDO (2 mg/kg) before and 2 hr after AUN, while Groups II and III received a buffered saline vehicle. AUN alone (Group II) had no effect on GRF, ERPF, FF, or sodium excretion, while potassium excretion was increased. In animals administered INDO prior to AUN (Group I), the increase in potassium excretion was abolished, FF rose and sodium excretion was decreased. Results suggest that renal PGs participate in the compensatory response of the remaining kidney to AUN and may specifically play a role in increased cation excretion following AUN.
Association of myocardial fibrosis, electrocardiography and ventricular tachyarrhythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a delayed contrast enhanced MRI study.

Background Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are predisposed to ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT); likely due to myocardial fibrosis or disarray. Delayed hyperenhancement magnetic resonance imaging (DHE-MRI) accurately detects myocardial fibrosis (scar). We sought to determine the association between septal thickness, myocardial scar and VT. Methods Sixty-eight patients (mean age 44 years, 69% males) with documented HCM underwent cine MRI (Siemens Sonata or Avanto 1.5 T scanner, Erlangen, Germany) in short axis, 2, 3 and 4-chamber views and maximal interventricular septal thickness was recorded at end-diastole. Corresponding DHE-MR images (8–10 mm thick) were obtained, ∼20 min after injection of 0.2 mmol/kg of Gadolinium. Scar was determined semi-automatically (as % of total myocardium) using VPT software (Siemens) and defined as intensity >2 SD above viable myocardium in a 12 segment short-axis model at apex, mid LV and base. Presence of VT (documented on ambulatory ECG monitoring) and history of sudden death were recorded. Results One patient had a history of sudden death and 9 (13%) had VT on ambulatory ECG monitoring. On DHE-MRI, 39 (57%) patients had myocardial scar. Patients with VT had significantly higher scar %, compared to those without: 14% [6, 19] vs. 6% [0, 10], P = 0.01. On logistic regression, only the size of the scar was a significant predictor of VT (P = 0.03). Conclusions HCM subjects with VT have a higher % of myocardial scarring noted on DHE-MRI, independent of septal thickness or beta-blocker use.