cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Phosphorus Assimilative Capacity (PAC) in the Everglades

Wetlands have been shown to have some capacity to retain and store phosphorus, although it has been clearly demonstrated their efficiency is reduced as P loads increase (Qian and Richardson 1997b; Richardson and Qian 1999). Peatlands have a lower capacity to retain P than mineral-based wetlands (Richardson 1985, 1999). Nutrient storage capacity, often a design feature of constructed wetlands, is defined as the total mass per unit area that can be retained permanently by the system. However, high P-loading levels may result in significant ecosystem changes (e.g., altered community structure and diversity as well as increased productivity) and increases in downstream P and N output concentrations (Richardson et al. 1997a; Richardson and Qian 1999). One key question concerns the ability of wetlands like the Everglades to assimilate and store P without causing significant changes in the flora and fauna within the ecosystem. This chapter presents an updated version of our earlier P assimilative capacity analysis (Qian and Richardson 1997b; Richardson and Qian 1999) and relates our phosphorus assimilative capacity (PAC) concept with current Stormwater Treatment Area (STA) P loadings and release concentrations. Noe et al. (2001) have suggested that the Florida Everglades is extremely sensitive to small increases in P concentrations. However, this does not mean that the Everglades has no P assimilative capacity. Here, we define P assimilative capacity of a wetland as the long-term mass removal capacity per unit area that is transformed and absorbed into the system with no significant ecosystem changes in internal structure or function and no downstream output of the nutrient. This removal capacity is in addition to the nutrients received from rainfall. Thus, two hypotheses could be proposed regarding the additions of low levels of P to the Everglades. First, it could be postulated that continued P additions to the Everglades, even at low load levels (i.e., at concentrations just above background concentrations), will eventually result in significant changes in ecosystem structure and function. Alternatively, it could be postulated that the Everglades has the capacity to assimilate and store P at some elevated P threshold load (i.e., P concentrations above background) that will not result in a significant change in ecosystem structure and function. The first hypothesis suggests that
A narrative theory approach to understanding news and journalistic form

More than a hundred decontextualized, formalistic paradigms of the narrative process are in existence but little work has been done to apply the insights narrative theory yields to news and journal...
THREE ARGUMENTS FOR CONTINUAL EVOLUTION OF SIAL THROUGHOUT GEOLOGIC TIME

Many theories for the evolution of continental material envision segregation of most presently existing sial during the early stages of earth history, with later orogenic events largely reworking this initial material. The early formation of the continents simplifies the problem of explaining the apparent constancy of sea level relative to continental elevation throughout much of geologic time. There are, however, three observations that indicate that considerable new sial has segregated out of the mantle at virtually all times in earth history. First, some continental shield areas appear to have formed in Proterozoic time and do not show evidence of reworking of earlier Archean continental crust. Examples of these shields may be the Llano uplift of central Texas and the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Second, Phanerozoic orogenic belts now incorporated within continents can be shown to have evolved from initially oceanic areas. An example is the Cordilleran belt of western Nevada and eastern California, where volcanic and associated sedimentary features show westward growth of the North American continent through much of Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic time. Third, graywackes and associated sediments of geosynclines formed during all ages contain appreciable quantities of debris not derived by the erosion of well-formed cratons. The extremely low potassium feldspar/plagioclase ratio in these rocks indicates source materials similar to those now occurring in island arcs. These materials are not incorporated in continental cratons, which presumably attained their present composition after the geosynclinal sedimentation.
Hitchhiker: A Wireless Routing Protocol in a Delay Tolerant Network Using Density-Based Clustering

Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) routing protocols have been studied by many researchers for areas that are densely populated but have no Internet access. Many researchers have studied and proposed DTN protocols that rely on social metrics such as individual encountering frequency or centrality of a node. In this paper, we propose a DTN routing protocol, Hitchhiker, that utilizes the power of the dense crowd. Hitchhiker uses a distributed method of (i) self-clustering of mobile nodes, (ii) disseminating a packet within a local wireless subnetwork to find its intended destination, and (iii) relaying the message to the border nodes to reach the destination. We use real world human trace from two social media platforms, Twitter and Instagram, to emulate people's movement in the simulation. We find that Hitchhiker exhibits a success rate of delivery comparable to other popular DTN protocols, and also achieves sufficiently low network overhead.
Beyond accuracy: Heritage speakers’ performance on two kinds of acceptability judgment tasks

This article examines the performance of heritage speakers (HSs) on two types of acceptability judgment tasks (AJTs) as well as their corresponding confidence ratings. Data were collected from 75 native speakers of Spanish who were subsequently divided into three groups: Spanish monolinguals, Spanish-dominant HSs, and English-dominant HSs. An AJT targeting morphosyntax (Task 1) showed that all groups were affected by task stimulus, that is, they were significantly less accurate on the ungrammatical items. A lexically focused AJT (Task 2) revealed the tendency of HSs to accept complex words that are possible yet not attested. Confidence ratings on both tasks were very high overall, and there was a significant relationship between accuracy and confidence. Thus, the data question the assumption made in a number of previous studies that HSs suffer from a lack of certainty in their linguistic intuitions. Finally, between-group effects show that the Spanish-dominant HS group was not different from the monolingual group on Task 1, yet there were significant differences between all three groups on Task 2. By comparing morphosyntactic and lexical phenomena on two tasks administered in the same modality, this research contributes to the discussion of vulnerable domains in heritage language bilingualism.
Propentdyopents: Brief history of a family of dipyrrolic pigments

Propentdyopents are naturally occurring dipyrroles deriving from the metabolism of heme and characterized by a dipyrrin-1,9-dione motif. The unusual name propentdyopent is due to the first colorime...
Work-in-Progress: Reducing Response Time of Static Priority Task Sets by Varying Offsets

The goal of this research is to reduce the maximum response time of tasks within a task set by introducing offsets. In this research, we propose an iterative method to determine the best offset for a given task. This method iterates through a set of tasks starting with the task having the highest priority to determine which offset gives the shortest maximum response time. Reducing the maximum response time can lead to a more efficient system and avoids over-provisioning of hardware resources.
The "Tragedy of the Commons" in Plant Genetic Resources: The Need for a New International Regime Centered Around an International Biotechnology Patent Office

The last several centuries have seen a transformation in the ways in which wealth is generated. As society has transformed itself in the postindustrial era, “knowledge” and “information,” as opposed to land and physical property, have increasingly become the primary sources of wealth generation. For example, historically, it was ownership of the forest that was the principal channel for the derivation of riches. Today it is the possession of the patent in the pharmaceutical product derived from the leaves of the trees of the very same forest that is the fountain from which the greatest wealth springs. It is not surprising, therefore, that the strategy of wealth maximization has shifted from the desire to accumulate physical property to one in which the domination of intellectual property rights (“IPRs”) has become preeminent. As already alluded to, the products derived from plant genetic resources (“PGRs”) are major sources of wealth generation for developed
Cognitive function in men with non-motor features of Parkinson's disease.

Objective Subtle cognitive deficits can occur during the prodromal phase of Parkinson’s disease (PD), commonly in conjunction with hyposmia. However, little is known about the association between cognitive function and other features suggestive of prodromal PD. We evaluated the association of non-motor prodromal PD features, including hyposmia, constipation and probable REM sleep behaviour disorder (pRBD), with objective measures of cognitive function and self-reported cognitive decline. Methods The study population comprised 804 men who responded to a telephone cognitive interview in 2016–2017. Participants included 680 individuals with hyposmia, of whom 45 had confirmed PD, and 124 men without hyposmia. Among these men, we evaluated objective cognitive function and subjective cognitive decline to determine whether the presence of non-motor features of prodromal PD was associated with cognitive functioning. Analyses were adjusted for age, physical activity, body mass index, smoking status and coffee consumption. Results Individuals with non-motor features of prodromal PD had worse objective and subjective cognitive performance relative to men without non-motor features. Cognitive impairment was particularly prevalent among individuals with concurrent hyposmia, pRBD and constipation (multivariate-adjusted OR=3.80; 95% CI 1.52 to 9.47 for objective poor cognitive function; OR=8.71; 95% CI 3.18 to 23.83 for subjective cognitive decline). As expected, both objective (OR=7.91) and subjective (OR=17.42) cognitive impairment were also more common among men with confirmed PD. Conclusions Our study suggests that cognition is commonly affected in individuals with non-motor prodromal PD features, particularly when multiple of these features are present.
Circulating Reactive Power and Suppression Strategies in DC Power Electronics Networks

In DC electrical networks consisting of pulse-width-modulated converters, large circulating reactive power may be caused by parallel resonance among the passive filters and the parasitic elements of the interconnecting power-line cables. Such undesired circulating currents at switching frequencies and their harmonics lead to larger ripple in the network voltage, shorter component lifetime, and increased loss. In this work, the condition for such resonances is derived analytically and two suppression methods, namely, an inductor-capacitor (LC) trap filter and an L-termination filter, are proposed. Through analysis, we demonstrate that the proposed methods can guarantee resonance suppression in a generic DC network consisting of arbitrary N converters. Systematic design rules are developed. The analysis and suppression methods are validated through laboratory experiments.
Conceptual Frameworks for Evaluating Diversity and Inclusion in Collegiate Recreation

Persistent evidence of inequitable experiences within collegiate recreation exists. Within the same field are multiple articulations of diversity and inclusion's high significance. The intersection...
The Curtis Hand Injury Matrix Score: Determining the Need for Specialized Upper Extremity Care

Purpose Given the limited impact of transfer guidelines and the lack of comparative metrics for upper extremity trauma, we introduced the Curtis Hand Injury Matrix (CHIM) score to evaluate upper extremity injury acuity from the specialist perspective. Our goal was to evaluate the CHIM score as an indicator of complexity and specialist need by correlating the score with arrival mode, length of stay (LOS), discharge disposition, and procedure location. Methods We identified all hand and upper extremity emergency room visits at our institution in 2018 and 2019. On initial evaluation, our institution’s hand surgery team assigned each patient an alphanumeric score with a number (1–5) and letter (A–H) corresponding to injury severity and pathology, respectively. Patients were divided into 5 groups (1–5) with lower scores indicating greater severity. We compared age, LOS, discharge disposition, procedure location, transfer status, and arrival mode between groups and assessed the relationships between matrix scores and discharge disposition, procedure performed, and LOS. Results There were 3,822 patients that accounted for 4,026 upper extremity evaluations. There were significant differences in LOS, discharge dispositions, procedure locations, transfer status, and arrival modes between groups. Patients with more severe scores had higher rates of admission and more operating room procedures. Higher percentages of patients who arrived via helicopter, ambulance , or transfer had more severe scores. Patients with more severe scores were significantly more likely to have a procedure, hospital admission, and longer hospital stay. Conclusions The CHIM score provides a framework to catalog the care and resources required when covering specialized hand and upper extremity calls and accepting transfers. This clinical validation supports considering broader use. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic IV.
Abstract WP175: Health Literacy, Knowledge and Competency: Lessons from the SWIFT Community Study

INTRODUCTION: Racial disparities in stroke preparedness and prevention persist. Emerging research emphasizes the importance of stroke knowledge; however significant gaps remain. The aim of this wor...
The limbic system and behavioral reinforcement.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the limbic system and behavioral reinforcement. The chapter discusses the experiments in which patterns of neural activity were recorded from the brain during periods of “quiet waking” by means of implanted microelectrodes. Patterns that occurred rarely at the outset were “conditioned” to occur more frequently by methods of operant conditioning. Afterwards, these conditioned brain responses were brought under control of “discriminative” stimuli so that periods of operant neural behavior could be alternated with control periods at the will of the experimenter. This permitted observation of the neural and behavioral concomitants of these neural responses occurred as components of voluntary behaviors. Because the neurons involved in any particular pattern of voluntary behavior might be hard to find in the course of normal microelectrode explorations, a method was adopted to circumvent the difficulty. To assure that a neuron under study would be involved in the final voluntary pattern, a neural discharge pattern itself was chosen as the “behavior” to be reinforced in a conditioning experiment.
An Autoclave Expansion Test Method for Type N Hydrated Lime Intended for Use in Masonry Mortar

This paper reviews the attempts of ASTM Committee C-7 on Lime to develop an acceptable method of assessing the expansive potential of unhydrated MgO in Type N hydrated lime in masonry mortar. Autoclave expansion tests on bars of mortar containing hydrated lime, portland cement, and aggregate are rejected because of variable results. A new test method has been developed in which autoclave expansion values for pressed tablets are more consistent and are considered more realistic in terms of field performance.
The Macrophage and Endothelial Cell Scavenger Receptor

Highly lipid laden cells, foam cells have long been a characteristic feature of the athersclerotic lesion in man (1). A number of studies in animal models have established that at least a portion of the foam cells are derived from monocyte/macrophages which leave the circulation and enter the arterial wall (2–5). A mechanism whereby macrophages could be converted to foam cells in vitro was elucidated by Goldstein and coworkers. Acetylated low density lipoproteins were able to induce massive cholesteryl ester loading in macrophages as compared to unmodified low density lipoproteins, giving them the appearance of foam cells (6,7). Additional reactions which result in charge modification of lipoproteins have been identified and include malondialdehyde modification (8,9) and oxidation of lipoproteins (10,11). In addition, maeylation of albumin also produces a protein which interacts with the macrophage and competes with the charge modified lipoproteins (12,13). The protein to which these proteins bind has been termed the macrophage scavenger receptor (12). The receptor is demonstrable in foam cells isolated from arterial lesion of cholesterol fed rabbits (14). In vivo, the receptor rapidly clears injected charge modified lipoproteins, with the liver endothelial cells being the primary target cells for uptake (15,16).
INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION OF HPV-77 RUBELLA VACCINE GROWN IN WI-38: Lack of Infection by This Route

Abstract The HPV-77/WI 6 strain of rubella virus was administered intranasally to four susceptible adult males. There were no clinical reactions to the vaccine, and there was no virus excretion in the nasopharynx, stool, or urine. None of the four had a rise in haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titre.
Abstract T P179: Guideline Adherence in Testing for Drugs of Abuse in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Introduction: Sympathomimetic drugs have been associated with poorer outcomes in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The ICH guidelines recommend screening young and middle-aged patients for drugs of abuse but guideline adherence data are scarce, particularly outside of academic centers. We sought to characterize the pattern of testing for drugs of abuse in a cohort of primary ICH patients at a large academic referral center. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of primary ICH occurring in 2009. Cases were identified by ICD-9 code and verified by physician review. Demographic data, vascular risk factors, imaging characteristics, processes of care, and short-term outcomes were ascertained. We analyzed performance of urine drug screen (UDS) by race, sex, age, and hospital presentation (outside hospital [OSH] vs. academic center). Results: We identified 131 patients with primary ICH in 2009; 100 (76.3%) were initially evaluated at an OSH. Cohort characteristics are in the Table. Overall, 19 (14.5%) patients had UDS performed at either the OSH or the academic center, with no positive screens for either cocaine or amphetamine. There was no difference in testing between men and women (10/67 vs. 9/64, p=0.89). Of patients Conclusions: We found suboptimal guideline adherence for drugs of abuse testing in our ICH cohort. Systematic efforts to improve guideline adherence in a variety of acute care settings are warranted. Improved identification of sympathomimetic exposure may improve etiologic classification and could influence both therapeutic decision-making and prognosis counseling.
Turbulent Jets with Reversible Buoyancy

The results of the numerical analysis of turbulent warm water jets discharging into quiescent water at freezing temperature are summarized. Due to the peculiar variation of the density of water at low water temperatures, the behavior of a warm water jet is different from that of a buoyant jet in which the density can be assumed to be a linear function of the temperature. The problem is analyzed by employing the integral approach and assuming similarity conditions for velocity and temperature profiles. The nonlinear variation of density with temperature is included in the analysis. Results for the jet trajectory, width, and dilution are presented in graphical form. These solutions can be used to predict the behavior of warm submerged jets discharging into lakes during winter season when the ambient temperature of the lake is near the freezing mark.
ArchObjects: design codes as constraints in an object-oriented KBMS

Abstract This paper describes an intelligent architectural design assistant that integrates an object-oriented model of design objects and design codes modeled as constraints. The features of ArchObjects include an object-oriented knowledge representation that models geometric knowledge, tight integration of design constraints within the KBMS, and design evaluation at any level of granularity. The knowledge representation contains object types, instances, and associated methods organized in a specialization network. The initial prototype implements the portions of fire code concerned with means of egress and fire protection contained in the Life Safety Code Handbook published by the National Fire Protection Association(Lathrop, 1988). Fire code provisions are modeled as semantic constraints, permitting integration of rules into the data model. Integrating design requirements into the model means that the requirements can be enforced across design sessions and groups of designers. The system uses a trigger-based approach to run-time constraint management which allows specification of actions to be taken upon failure.
Stationary Crystal Diffraction with a Monochromatic Convergent X-ray Source and Application for Macromolecular Crystal Data Collection

A diffraction geometry utilizing convergent X-rays from a polycapillary optic incident on a stationary crystal is described. A mathematical simulation of the resulting diffraction pattern (in terms of spot shape, position and intensity) is presented along with preliminary experimental results recorded from a lysozyme crystal. The effective source coverage factor is introduced to bring the reflection intensities onto the same scale. The feasibility of its application to macromolecular crystal data collection is discussed.
Augmenting β receptors in the heart: Short-term gains offset by long-term pains?

The rate and strength of beating of the heart is under the reciprocal control of the adrenergic (sympathetic) and cholinergic (parasympathetic) systems. Increased strength (inotropy) in cardiac beating in response to blood-borne epinephrine or to neurally delivered norepinephrine is mediated by β-adrenergic receptors. These G protein-coupled receptors have served as a key model for defining the molecular events linking receptor occupancy to effector regulation via G proteins.
TRANSIENT PHENOMENA IN THE GASIFICATION OF GRAPHITE BY HIGH-PURITY CARBON DIOXIDE.

Abstract A study of the reaction of very pure graphite with thoroughly purified CO2 has emphasized the role which trace amounts of gaseous and surface impurities can play in the kinetics of carbon gasification. Under these conditions the gasification of well-outgassed graphite proceeds temporarily at rates exceeding by more than an order of magnitude the gasification rates observed in systems to which minute amounts of hydrogen-containing gases and CO have access. The kinetics of this transient gasification have been explained by a model involving two kinds of surface oxides differing in reactivity. One surface oxide is formed on sites exceedingly sensitive to contamination. It possesses a high reactivity, i.e. a relatively short average lifetime on the surface. This is the surface oxide associated with the high rate. The second surface oxide is the more stable species, which is the intermediate in steady-state gasification. The decay of the transient rate is associated with the transition, with time, of the more reactive surface oxide into the relatively stable type. The devised mechanism generates rate-time curves in agreement with the experimental data. The amount of oxides present on the surface after the decay of a transient gasification has been estimated and is satisfactorily accounted for in the proposed model.
Application of Free Energy Perturbation Calculations to the Enantioselective Binding of Peptides to C3-Symmetric Synthetic Receptors

Free energy perturbation (FEP) is applied to the calculation of the enantioselectivity in binding of three peptide guest molecules to certain C3-symmetric synthetic receptors. The calculations are ...
Growth of δ′ on dislocations in a dilute Al-Li alloy

The quantitative results of δ′ growth kinetics on dislocations in an Al-2.27 wt pct Li alloy demonstrate that at temperatures greater than 0.5 of the homologous melting temperature, T m , volume diffusion is the dominant mechanism. However, a small contribution, approximately one atom in 300, is made by pipe diffusion through the dislocation. This can be established by careful examination of dislocation climb associated with precipitate growth. An analysis based on the δ′ growth kinetics and diffusion equation gives an activation energy of 0.56 eV for Li pipe diffusion. At temperatures <0.5 T m , δ′ precipitate growth is faster when associated with dislocations, and here, pipe diffusion is necessary to account for the kinetics observed.
Investigating practices of highly successful mathematics teachers of traditionally underserved students

This article presents findings from an ongoing study focused on deconstructing pedagogical practices of successful mathematics teachers in classrooms with high populations of traditionally underserved students. Using grounded theory, the manuscript reports on general themes and specific practices of culturally responsive mathematics teaching (CRMT) that have been “unearthed” from data collected over several years in three diverse mathematics classrooms. The findings indicate that, regardless of cultural setting, relationships and trust are central to CRMT, while communication patterns and various forms of knowledge mediate these relationships. Ultimately, CRMT provides student access, which is mediated by culture and identity, to complex mathematical ideas. Common concrete practices, such as warm demander pedagogy and reflection, are discussed. These results speak to the complexity of the culturally responsive mathematics classroom and provide suggestions to educators, administrators, and teacher educators who aim to become more culturally responsive.
Proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan free chain expression in keratinocytes, endothelium, and mesenchymal cells.

Summary Cultured fibroblasts, bovine aortic endothelial cells, and human keratinocytes synthesize both proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycan free chains, the proportions varying between cell types. The major metabolic labeling is in proteoglycans, except for keratinocytes with ∼ 60% of product as free chains. The proteoglycans range from ∼ 50->1000 kDa, and the glycosaminoglycan side chains derived by alkaline elimination are ∼ 30->100 kDa. The glyxosaminoglycan free chains, in contrast, are smaller, from ∼ 7–40 kDa in mass. The proteoglycans are both medium and cell layer constituents, whereas the glycosaminoglycan free chains are essentially confined to cells. The cellular proteoglycans and a portion of the free chains are accessible to in situ digestion by Flavobacterial glycosaminoglycan lyases, presumably reflecting localization to the cell surface. Collectively, the data show the free chains to be a common feature of all cells studied and to be partly expressed on cell surfaces. We hypothesize that the processing that creates these free chains occurs on cell surfaces, in which location they could serve ligand receptor functions.
Initialization parameter sweep in ATHENA: optimizing neural networks for detecting gene-gene interactions in the presence of small main effects

Recent advances in genotyping technology have led to the generation of an enormous quantity of genetic data. Traditional methods of statistical analysis have proved insufficient in extracting all of the information about the genetic components of common, complex human diseases. A contributing factor to the problem of analysis is that amongst the small main effects of each single gene on disease susceptibility, there are non-linear, gene-gene interactions that can be difficult for traditional, parametric analyses to detect. In addition, exhaustively searching all multi-locus combinations has proved computationally impractical. Novel strategies for analysis have been developed to address these issues. The Analysis Tool for Heritable and Environmental Network Associations (ATHENA) is an analytical tool that incorporates grammatical evolution neural networks (GENN) to detect interactions among genetic factors. Initial parameters define how the evolutionary process will be implemented. This research addresses how different parameter settings affect detection of disease models involving interactions. In the current study, we iterate over multiple parameter values to determine which combinations appear optimal for detecting interactions in simulated data for multiple genetic models. Our results indicate that the factors that have the greatest influence on detection are: input variable encoding, population size, and parallel computation.
Gas-Concentration Measurements and Analysis for Gas-Loaded Thermosyphons

Using a miniature wet-bulb/dry-bulb probe, detailed measurements of noncondensable-gas-concentration profiles were made in a gas-loaded two-phase reflux thermosyphon to investigate the effects of orientation and gas/vapor molecular weight combinations. Natural convection and radial diffusion were found to have a large influence on the noncondensable-gas distribution, even when the gas and vapor molecular weights are equal. An axisymmetric two-dimensional diffusion model is presented to allow evaluation of the relative effects of natural convection versus diffusion. Gas recirculation, axial stratification, regions of unstable flow, and their effects on performance are discussed.
Determination of releasing hormones in subcellular fractions from porcine hypothalamic tissue.

Abstract In a study of possible biosynthesis of hypothalamic hormones in mitochondria, the activities of subcellular fractions from gradient Ficoll fractionation were assayed. Mitochondrial fractions identified by qualitative assays for oxygen uptake and phosphorylation, showed both respiratory activity and release of the luteinizing hormone. Purification of solvent extracts of mitochondrial fractions by Bio-Gel P-2 and Sephadex G-25 yielded fractions which released the luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones and somatotropin. Labeled pGlu-His-Pro-NH2 and the release of thyrotropin served as a control.
Simulation and Visualization of Few-Body Systems and the Differential Precession of Mercury

An approach investigates the applicability of a modified, symplectic leapfrog method with self-adjusted step-size control to the simulations of few-body Hamiltonian systems. The method is then applied to the direct calculation of the differential precession of Mercury due to general relativity and other planets.
The effect of dimethyl PGE2 on canine pancreatic autograft exocrine secretion.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of 16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dimethyl PGE2) on exocrine secretion in autografted animals with pancreaticocystostomies. The rates of secretion of urinary (autograft) amylase (units/min) and bicarbonate (mmole/min), over a 5-hr interval, were determined in the basal state (Group A, N = 5), after a bolus injection of 1 μg/kg of dimethyl PGE2 (Group B, N = 5), during an OP-CCK infusion at 125 ng/kg/hr (Group C, N = 5), and during an OP-CCK infusion plus a bolus injection of 1 μg/kg (Group D, N = 5) or 18 μg/kg (Group E, N = 5) of dimethyl PGE2 at the end of the second hour. Basal secretion of amylase and bicarbonate were decreased 1 hr after 1 μg/kg of dimethyl PGE2, with the bicarbonate inhibition being statistically significant (Group A = 0.073 ± 0.04 vs Group B = 0.001 ± 0.00; P < 0.05). When compared to Group C (128.3 ± 28.0), an immediate and significant inhibition of OP-CCK-stimulated amylase release was demonstrated in both Group D (36.3 ± 11.1; P < 0.02) and Group E (57.3 ± 13.4; P < 0.05). One and two hours post-dimethyl PGE2, amylase releases were 37.7 ± 8.6 and 64.7 ± 6.8 in Group D and 0.92 ± 0.3 and 8.28 ± 2.6 in Group E, compared to 140.3 ± 23.3 and 104.9 ± 31.8 in Group C, indicating a dose-related, prolonged inhibition of autograft amylase secretion. Bicarbonate secretions immediately and at 1 and 2 hr post-dimethyl PGE2 were 0.04 ± 0.01, 0.00 ± 0.00, and 0.03 ± 0.01 in Group D and 0.04 ± 0.01, 0.00 ± 0.00, and 0.01 ± 0.00 in Group E, compared to 0.05 ± 0.01, 0.07 ± 0.03, and 0.05 ± 0.02 in Group C. Significant inhibition was present, in both Groups D and E at 1 hr postinfusion only, indicating more transient inhibition of autograft bicarbonate secretion. These studies demonstrate that dimethyl PGE2 has an inhibitory effect on basal and OP-CCK-stimulated exocrine secretion in a denervated, autograft model. Although the mechanism of inhibition remains to be elucidated, the therapeutic potential of dimethyl PGE2 in reducing post-transplant exocrine complications warrants further evaluation.
Synthesis of messenger-like RNA in avian erythrocyte nuclei

Cell ghosts have been prepared from mature chicken erythrocytes using 0.05% saponin. Such preparations are capable of incorporating label from [3H]UTP and provide a system, where the nucleus is permeable to nucleotides and macromolecules, for studying the low-level RNA synthesis characteristic of these cells. RNase A (50 μg/ml) eliminated all radioactivity binding to DE-81 filters, indicating that the product was RNA; and DNase (10 μg/ml) and actinomycin D (10 μg/ml) each inhibited UMP incorporation by 70%, suggesting that the synthesis was DNA-dependent. Polymerization was inhibited 90% by 0.1 μg/ml α-amanitin, and maximum synthesis occurred in the presence of high salt (0.175 m KCl) and Mn2+ (0.5 mm). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the newly synthesized RNA was heterogeneous in size, having a distribution from 5 to 60 S with a significant fraction migrating as 8–12 S. Approximately 15% of the total RNA was bound by an oligo(dT)-cellulose column, suggesting that some RNA processing was occurring, although attempts to detect the incorporation of label from [α-32P]GTP into a 5′-cap structure were unsuccessful. In comparison to RNA synthesis in reticulocyte nuclei, both the rate and extent of transcription in erythrocyte nuclei were much reduced. Moreover, about 25–30% of the reticulocyte nascent RNA was released from the nuclei during a 60-min incubation, while no release was observed for the erythrocyte nuclei. Hybridization of radiolabeled RNA to excess chicken DNA indicated that the majority (80%) of the in vitro transcripts were complementary to unique sequence DNA (C0t12 = 4.5 × 103). When RNA synthesized by either erythrocyte or reticulocyte nuclei was hybridized to cDNA complementary to reticulocyte polysomal mRNA, about 8% of the reticulocyte nuclear RNA but less than 1% of the erythrocyte nuclear RNA were resistant to RNase A digestion. Taken together, these data suggest that nuclei prepared by saponin lysis of chicken erythrocytes synthesize messenger-like RNA via endogenous polymerase II activity. A fraction of this RNA is polyadenylated but contains few, if any, globin sequences or other transcripts found on reticulocyte polysomes.
Numerical simulation of a CT-scanned counter-current flow experiment

Counter-current flow occurs in many reservoir processes and it is important to understand and model these processes in order to operate them effectively. Both drainage and imbibition processes exist simultaneously during counter-current flow. It has thus proven difficult to model this type of flow using conventional techniques because of the impossibility of assigning a single capillary pressure curve applicable over the entire sample. In the current paper, a new saturation-history-dependent approach has been developed to simulate a counter-current flow experiment done with an X-ray CT scanner. Hysteresis in both capillary pressure and relative permeabilities is considered during simulation. Capillary hysteresis loop and relative permeabilities are extracted through history matching and a family of scanning curves is constructed connecting the two branches of the capillary hysteresis loop. Each gridblock of the sample is assigned a different scanning curve according to the local saturation history. History-dependent modeling of the experiment reproduced two-dimensional saturation distributions over time with good accuracy, which cannot be obtained with traditional simulation using only one capillary pressure curve.
Nonlinear plate equation analysis for the design of large stroke deformable mirror

Adaptive Optics (AO) improves the quality of astronomical imaging systems by using real time measurement of the turbulent medium in the optical path. The measurements are then taken and applied to a deformable mirror (DM) that is in the conjugate position of the aberrations in the optical path. The quality of the reconstructed wavefront directly affects the images obtained. One of the limiting factors in current DM technology is the amount of stroke available to correct the wavefront distortions which can be as high as 20 microns of optical path difference. We have developed a simulation analysis using Galerkin's method to solve the nonlinear plate equation. The analysis uses a set of orthogonal equations that satisfied the boundary condition to solve for the linear deformation on the mirror surface. This deformation is used to iteratively converge to the final solution by applying the nonlinear plate equation and the nonlinear actuator forces. This simulation was used to design a microelectromechanical DM with 10 μm of stroke.
Proximity and threats in highland ponies

Abstract Re-analysis of highland pony data of Clutton-Brock et al. [Clutton-Brock, T.H., Greenwood, P.J., Powell, R.P., 1976. Ranks and relationships in highland ponies and highland cows. Z. Tierpsychol. 41, 202–216.] suggests that rank- and age-like ponies tend to have similar patterns of physical spatial proximity to others. This may also be the case for patterns of threat involvement, but it is less clear. Beyond individuals' overall tendencies to be near others, proximity is greater for pairs with less difference in age and in which there is frequent grooming; effects of rank and height difference and kinship do not significantly improve fit. Beyond individuals' overall tendencies to be involved in threats, threats are more frequent in pairs with less difference in age, more difference in rank, and more grooming; effects of height difference or kinship do not significantly improve fit. Results illuminate the connection between demographic characteristics and social relations.
Prediction of the future versus an understanding of the past: A basic asymmetry.

Most of our knowledge in psychology and allied social sciences is based on observing consequences and seeking antecedents. The statistical analysis of such retrospective knowledge thus involves conditioning on consequences. This article demonstrates that given the common conditions of investigating «unusual» consequences, the degree of statistical contingency between a single consequence and a single antecedent is greater when conditioning on the consequence than when conditioning on the antecedent-which is, of course, necessary for prediction. Moreover, this asymmetry is exacerbated when the investigator is free to search for antecedents in a situation involving multiple potential antecedents. This asymmetry is exacerbated to an even greater extent when the investigator relies on memory rather than recorded observations in this search
Anti-Gluten Immune Response following Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice

Gluten sensitivity may affect disease pathogenesis in a subset of individuals who have schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or autism. Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii is a known risk factor for the development of schizophrenia, presumably through a direct pathological effect of the parasite on brain and behavior. A co-association of antibodies to wheat gluten and to T. gondii in individuals with schizophrenia was recently uncovered, suggesting a coordinated gastrointestinal means by which T. gondii and dietary gluten might generate an immune response. Here, we evaluated the connection between these infectious- and food-based antigens in mouse models. BALB/c mice receiving a standard wheat-based rodent chow were infected with T. gondii via intraperitoneal, peroral and prenatal exposure methods. Significant increases in the levels of anti-gluten IgG were documented in all infected mice and in offspring from chronically infected dams compared to uninfected controls (repetitive measures ANOVAs, two-tailed t-tests, all p≤0.00001). Activation of the complement system accompanied this immune response (p≤0.002–0.00001). Perorally-infected females showed higher levels of anti-gluten IgG than males (p≤0.009) indicating that T. gondii-generated gastrointestinal infection led to a significant anti-gluten immune response in a sex-dependent manner. These findings support a gastrointestinal basis by which two risk factors for schizophrenia, T. gondii infection and sensitivity to dietary gluten, might be connected to produce the immune activation that is becoming an increasingly recognized pathology of psychiatric disorders.
BARRIERS TO GOVERNMENT CLOUD ADOPTION

Besides the benefits are there possible challenges government agencies are likely to encounter should they decide to adopt cloud computing? What strategies should be deployed to overcome the inhibitors of cloud computing? These are but few questions this paper aims to investigate. Studies have shown that, cloud computing has become a strategic direction for many government agencies and is already being deployed in many critical areas of the government's cyber infrastructure. The benefits and the challenges of cloud adoption have heightened interest of academic research in recent times . We are however uncertain, per literature factors that hinder successful cloud adoption especially in the Ghanaian context. We posit that, understanding the challenges of cloud adoption and overcoming them must accompany the use of the technology in order to prevent unwanted technical consequences, and even greater problems from government information management. This study is based on unstructured interviews from selected government agencies in Ghana. The study is grounded on the theory of technology, organization and environment (TOE) framework. Major inhibiting factors identified include lack of basic infrastructure for cloud take-off, data security, unreliable internet connectivity, and general lack of institutional readiness.
Infants' Meaning-Making and the Development of Mental Health Problems.

We argue that infant meaning-making processes are a central mechanism governing both typical and pathological outcomes. Infants, as open dynamic systems, must constantly garner information to increase their complexity and coherence. They fulfill this demand by making nonverbal "meaning"-affects, movements, representations-about themselves in relation to the world and themselves into a "biopsychosocial state of consciousness," which shapes their ongoing engagement with the world. We focus on the operation of the infant-adult communication system, a dyadic, mutually regulated system that scaffolds infants' engagement with the world of people, things, and themselves, and consequently their meaning-making. We argue that infant mental health problems emerge when the meanings infants make in the moment, which increase their complexity and coherence and may be adaptive in the short run, selectively limit their subsequent engagement with the world and, in turn, the growth of their state of consciousness in the long run. When chronic and iterative, these altered meanings can interfere with infants' successful development and heighten their vulnerability to pathological outcomes. Cultural variations in meaning-making and implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Effect of kinetics on residue curve maps for reactive distillation

A class of models is derived for studying the effects of chemical kinetics on residue curve maps for reactive distillation. Activity-based rate and phase equilibrium expressions provide an accurate and thermodynamically consistent description of composition changes in nonideal, reacting vapor-liquid mixtures. For certain strategies of operation, which dictate the rate of product removal, the model equations are nonautonomous, leading to unusual dynamic behavior. However, for a certain special product removal policy, the effects of kinetics can be described by a single parameter, the Damkohler number, which measures the rate of reaction relative to product removal. For small values of the Damkohler number, the nonreactive simple distillation residue curve map is recovered and the singular points are the pure components and azeotropes in the nonreactive mixture. A bifurcation analysis shows the deformation and, in some cases, the disappearance of these singular points as the Damkohler number is increased until the equilibrium reactive residue curve map is recovered at large values. This bifurcation analysis reveals the limitations of the equilibrium analysis. A model problem for the reactive distillation of methyl tertbutyl ether from isobutene and methanol is solved.
Margin status and tumor recurrence after nephron-sparing surgery for bilateral Wilms tumor ☆

Abstract Purpose Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) has been advocated for patients with bilateral Wilms tumor (BWT). We sought to determine whether margin status impacted local tumor recurrence. Methods A retrospective review of patients undergoing NSS for BWT from November 1999 to March 2009 at our institution in which local recurrence rates based on margin status were compared. Results Of 21 patients, five (23.8%) had positive margins. These and 2 (9.5%) with focal anaplasia received flank XRT. Seven (33%) patients developed recurrent disease, a mean of 18.0 (range 1.3–39.9) months after NSS. Recurrence rates were similar in patients with positive and negative margins (1/5 [20%] vs 6/16 [37.5%]; p = 0.47). Hypertension occurred more frequently in patients who received XRT (57.1% vs 28.6%). At a median follow-up of 28.6 months (range 5.2–142.3), 19 patients are alive, without evidence of disease; one patient (with a positive margin at initial NSS) died of metastatic anaplastic WT and another died of a brain tumor. One patient, with multiple risk factors, developed renal failure. Conclusions In our experience, local recurrence rates after NSS were not affected by surgical margin status although all patients with positive margins received XRT. These results support the aggressive use of NSS for patients with BWT.