cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current Psychopathology in Previously Assaulted Older Adults

Older adult women age 55+ years (N = 549) were interviewed as part of a population-based epidemiological research study of lifetime experiences with physical and sexual assault and current mental health problems. Although overall rates of psychopathology were low, producing very small cells for comparison, women who reported experiencing physical assault an average of 28 years previously were more likely to present with past year substance abuse, depression, and avoidance and reexperiencing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than those with no previous physical or sexual assault. Women who reported experiencing sexual assault an average of 50 years previously were more likely to present with autonomic arousal and avoidance symptoms of PTSD than those with no prior sexual assault. The aforementioned findings should be considered with caution, however, as sample cell sizes were minimal for all but the PTSD symptom subtypes. Mental health service implications for older adults are discussed.
Image compression using an efficient edge cartoon + texture model

Wavelet-based image coders optimally represent smooth regions and isolated point singularities. However, wavelet coders are less adept at representing perceptually important edge singularities, and coding performance suffers significantly as a result. We propose a novel two-stage image coder framework based on modeling images as edge cartoons + textures. In stage 1, we infer and efficiently code the edge information from the image using a multiscale wedgelet decomposition. In stage 2, we code the residual, "edgeless" texture image using a standard wavelet coder. Our preliminary coder improves significantly over standard wavelet coding techniques in terms of visual quality.
The Rise of People-Centric Sensing

Technological advances in sensing, computation, storage, and communications will turn the near-ubiquitous mobile phone into a global mobile sensing device. People-centric sensing will help drive this trend by enabling a different way to sense, learn, visualize, and share information about ourselves, friends, communities, the way we live, and the world we live in. It juxtaposes the traditional view of mesh sensor networks with one in which people, carrying mobile devices, enable opportunistic sensing coverage. In the MetroSense Project's vision of people-centric sensing, users are the key architectural system component, enabling a host of new application areas such as personal, public, and social sensing.
On the Spacetime Geometry of Galilean Cameras

In this paper, a projection model is presented for cameras moving at constant velocity (which we refer to as Galilean cameras). To that end, we introduce the concept of spacetime projection and show that perspective imaging and linear pushbroom imaging are specializations of the proposed model. The epipolar geometry between two such cameras is developed and we derive the Galilean fundamental matrix. We show how six different "fundamental" matrices can be directly recovered from the Galilean fundamental matrix including the classic fundamental matrix, the linear pushbroom (LP) fundamental matrix and a fundamental matrix relating epipolar plane images (EPIs). To estimate the parameters of this fundamental matrix and the mapping between videos in the case of planar scenes we describe linear algorithms and report experimental performance of these algorithms.
Stimulating Consumption: Yerba Mate Myths, Markets, and Meanings from Conquest to Present

Before Najla passes me the gourd brimming with yerba mate, she makes sure to wipe the end of the metal drinking straw with the fragrant leaves of a local herb—for the flavor and to clean it she explains in her Venezuela-accented Spanish. We sit under the welcome shade of a veranda, each taking our turn to drain the gourd and then returning it to Najla to fill once more with warm water from the teakettle. After splashing a pitcher of cold water on the concrete to cool it, her husband offers us a rare privilege: the liberty to ask any question we wish about the Druze religion. The Druze, an offshoot from eleventh-century Shi'a Islam, are endogamous and usually reveal the tenets of their faith only to those born within their community. Though we are speaking a mixture of English and Spanish, we are all guests at the Lebanese mountaintop home of Najla's deceased grandfather, an important Druze warlord during the civil war of the 1970s and 1980s. Najla and her husband are vacationing from their home in the Persian Gulf and staying with her unmarried female cousins, our hosts.
Pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin with an herbal extract from St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)

Objective Extracts of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) are widely used in the treatment of depression, often as an over-the-counter drug. In contrast to its frequent use, knowledge about the pharmacokinetics of ingredients and drug interactions of St John's wort is poor. We studied the interaction between hypericum extract LI160 and digoxin. Methods The pharmacokinetics of digoxin were investigated in a single-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study. After the achievement of steady state for digoxin on day 5, healthy volunteers received digoxin (0.25 mg/d) either with placebo (n = 12) or with 900 mg/d LI160 (n = 13) for another 10 days. Digoxin concentration profiles on day 5 were compared with day 6 (single-dose interaction) and day 15 (tenth day of co-medication). Results There was a highly significant combined-day-and-group effect for digoxin area under the plasma concentration–time curve [AUC(0–24); P = .0001], peak concentration in plasma (Cmax; P = .0001), and plasma drug concentration at the end of a dosing interval (P = .0003) by two-way ANOVA. No statistically significant change was observed after the first dose of hypericum extract [AUC(0–24) at day 6 of 18.1 ± 2.9 μg · h/L and 17.7 ± 3.0 μg · h/L, mean ± SD for placebo and hypericum group, respectively]. However, 10 days of treatment with hypericum extract resulted in a decrease of digoxin AUC(0–24) by 25% (day 15, 17.2 ± 4.0 μg · h/L and 12.9 ± 2.3 μg · h/L; P = .0035). Furthermore, comparison with the parallel placebo group after multiple dosing showed a reduction in trough concentrations and Cmax of 33% (P = .0023) and 26% (P = .0095), respectively. The effect became increasingly pronounced until the tenth day of co-medication. Conclusion As with grapefruit juice, a food product, physicians should also be aware of potential drug-herb interactions. The interaction of St John's wort extract with digoxin kinetics was time dependent. The mechanism involved may be induction of the P-glycoprotein drug transporter. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1999) 66, 338–345; doi: 10.1053/cp.1999.v66.a101944
Performance of Applied Biosystems ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System for Sequence-Based Analysis of Non-Subtype B Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from Uganda

The Applied Biosystems ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System is a commercially available, integrated system for sequence-based analysis of drug resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease and reverse transcriptase (RT). We evaluated the performance of this system for analysis of non-subtype B HIV-1 by analyzing plasma samples from Ugandan women and infants. Plasma samples were obtained from 105 women and 25 infants enrolled in a Ugandan clinical trial. HIV-1 analysis was performed with the ViroSeq system according to the manufacturer's instructions, except that the volume of plasma used for analysis was less than the recommended 0.5 ml for some samples. Viral loads ranged from 2,313 to 2,336,400 copies/ml. PCR products suitable for sequencing were amplified from all samples tested. Complete sequences for protease (amino acids 1 to 99) and RT (amino acids 1 to 320) were obtained for 102 of 105 (97%) of the maternal samples tested and all 25 of the infant samples tested. Complete double-stranded sequences were obtained for 90 of 105 (86%) of the maternal samples tested and 22 of 25 (88%) of the infant samples tested. The sequences obtained with this system were used for HIV-1 subtyping. The subtypes identified were A, C, D, and A/D recombinant HIV-1. The performances of the seven sequencing primers were similar for the subtypes examined. The ViroSeq system performs well for analysis of Ugandan plasma samples with subtypes A, C, D, and A/D recombinant HIV-1. The availability of this genotyping system should facilitate studies of HIV-1 drug resistance in countries where these subtypes are prevalent.
Forward Vaccinology: CTL Targeting Based upon Physical Detection of HLA-Bound Peptides

Vaccine-elicited cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) recognizing conserved fragments of a pathogen's proteome could greatly impact infectious diseases and cancers. Enabling this potential are recent advances in mass spectrometry that identify specific target peptides among the myriad HLA-bound peptides on altered cells. Ultrasensitivity of these physical detection methods allows for the direct assessment of peptide presentation on small numbers of tissue-derived cells. In addition, concurrent advances in immunobiology suggest ways to induce CTLs with requisite functional avidity and tissue deployment. Elicitation of high avidity resident memory T cells through vaccination may shift the vaccinology paradigm both for preventive and therapeutic approaches to human disease control.
The fate of former companions to hypervelocity stars originating at the Galactic Centre

The hypervelocity star SDSS J090745.0+024507 in the halo of the Milky Way galaxy most likely originated from the breakup of a binary star system by the central black hole, SgrA*. We examine the fate of former binary companions to similar hypervelocity stars (HVSs) by simulating 600 different binary orbits around SgrA* with a direct N-body integration code. For some orbital parameters, the binary breakup process leads to HVSs with ejection velocities that are almost an order of magnitude larger than the velocity observed for SDSS J090745.0+024507. The former companion stars populate highly eccentric orbits which resemble the observed orbits for some of the stars nearest to SgrA*.
The Structure of the MAP2K MEK6 Reveals an Autoinhibitory Dimer

Summary MAP2Ks are dual-specificity protein kinases functioning at the center of three-tiered MAP kinase modules. The structure of the kinase domain of the MAP2K MEK6 with phosphorylation site mimetic aspartic acid mutations (MEK6/ΔN/DD) has been solved at 2.3 A resolution. The structure reveals an autoinhibited elongated ellipsoidal dimer. The enzyme adopts an inactive conformation, based upon structural queues, despite the phosphomimetic mutations. Gel filtration and small-angle X-ray scattering analysis confirm that the crystallographically observed ellipsoidal dimer is a feature of MEK6/ΔN/DD and full-length unphosphorylated wild-type MEK6 in solution. The interface includes the phosphate binding ribbon of each subunit, part of the activation loop, and a rare "arginine stack" between symmetry-related arginine residues in the N-terminal lobe. The autoinhibited structure likely confers specificity on active MAP2Ks. The dimer may also serve the function in unphosphorylated MEK6 of preventing activation loop phosphorylation by inappropriate kinases.
Dynamics of Black Hole Pairs. I. Periodic Tables

Although the orbits of comparable-mass, spinning black holes seem to defy simple decoding, we find a means to decipher all such orbits--in the absence of radiation reaction. The conservative dynamics is complicated by extreme perihelion precession compounded by spin-induced precession. We are able to quantitatively define and describe the fully three-dimensional motion of comparable-mass binaries with one black hole spinning and expose an underlying simplicity. To do so, we untangle the dynamics by capturing the motion in the orbital plane and explicitly separate out the precession of the plane itself. Our system is defined by the conservative third-order post-Newtonian Hamiltonian plus spin-orbit coupling for one spinning black hole with a nonspinning companion. Our results are twofold: (1) We derive highly simplified equations of motion in a nonorthogonal orbital basis, and (2) we define a complete taxonomy for fully three-dimensional orbits. More than just a naming system, the taxonomy provides unambiguous and quantitative descriptions of the orbits, including a determination of the zoom-whirliness of any given orbit. Through a correspondence with the rationals, we are able to show that zoom-whirl behavior is prevalent in comparable-mass binaries in the strong-field regime, as it is for extreme-mass-ratio binaries in the strong field. Amore » first significant conclusion that can be drawn from this analysis is that all generic orbits in the final stages of inspiral under gravitational radiation losses are characterized by precessing clovers with few leaves, and that no orbit will behave like the tightly precessing ellipse of Mercury. The gravitational waveform produced by these low-leaf clovers will reflect the natural harmonics of the orbital basis - harmonics that, importantly, depend only on radius. The significance for gravitational wave astronomy will depend on the number of windings the pair executes in the strong-field regime. The third-order post-Newtonian system studied provides an example of a general method that can be applied to any effective description of black hole pairs.« less
Approximate nearest neighbor searching in multimedia databases

Develops a general framework for approximate nearest-neighbor queries. We categorize the current approaches for nearest-neighbor query processing based on either their ability to reduce the data set that needs to be examined, or their ability to reduce the representation size of each data object. We first propose modifications to well-known techniques to support the progressive processing of approximate nearest-neighbor queries. A user may therefore stop the retrieval process once enough information has been returned. We then develop a new technique based on clustering that merges the benefits of the two general classes of approaches. Our cluster-based approach allows a user to progressively explore the approximate results with increasing accuracy. We propose a new metric for evaluation of approximate nearest-neighbor searching techniques. Using both the proposed and the traditional metrics, we analyze and compare several techniques with a detailed performance evaluation. We demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of approximate nearest-neighbor searching. We perform experiments on several real data sets and establish the superiority of the proposed cluster-based technique over the existing techniques for approximate nearest-neighbor searching.
Signal detectors for deformable hydrophone arrays

Passive signal detection using a deformable hydrophone array, in which the position of each sensor deviates randomly from a nominal or estimated location, is examined. A general detector, which adds the power of R arbitrary linear combinations of all hydrophone outputs, is proposed. This configuration permits division of the array into arbitrary sections or partitions. When a single section is used, the detector reduces to the standard form used with no uncertainty. Linear filters in the processor are chosen to optimize the deflection criterion. Using the same criterion, performance of optimal and several suboptimal detectors is examined as a function of uncertainty variance. Numerical results presented for a large planar array confirm the existence of practical detectors that are nearly optimal and clearly superior to the standard detector in this application. >
Sensitivity to apomorphine-induced yawning and hypothermia in rats eating standard or high-fat chow

Feeding conditions modify sensitivity to indirect- and direct-acting dopamine receptor agonists as well as the development of sensitization to these drugs. This study examined whether feeding condition affects acute sensitivity to apomorphine-induced yawning or changes in sensitivity that occur over repeated drug administration. Quinpirole-induced yawning was also evaluated to see whether sensitization to apomorphine confers cross-sensitization to quinpirole. Drug-induced yawning was measured in different groups of male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6/group) eating high (34.3%) fat or standard (5.7% fat) chow. Five weeks of eating high-fat chow rendered otherwise drug-naive rats more sensitive to apomorphine- (0.01–1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and quinpirole- (0.0032–0.32 mg/kg, i.p.) induced yawning, compared with rats eating standard chow. In other rats, tested weekly with apomorphine, sensitivity to apomorphine-induced yawning increased (sensitization) similarly in rats with free access to standard or high-fat chow; conditioning to the testing environment appeared to contribute to increased yawning in both groups of rats. Food restriction decreased sensitivity to apomorphine-induced yawning across five weekly tests. Rats with free access to standard or high-fat chow and sensitized to apomorphine were cross-sensitized to quinpirole-induced yawning. The hypothermic effects of apomorphine and quinpirole were not different regardless of drug history or feeding condition. Eating high-fat chow or restricting access to food alters sensitivity to direct-acting dopamine receptor agonists (apomorphine, quinpirole), although the relative contribution of drug history and dietary conditions to sensitivity changes appears to vary among agonists.
Breeding Season Survival and Breeding Incidence of Female Mottled Ducks on the Upper Texas Gulf Coast

Abstract. Previous Mottled Duck (Anas fulvigula) studies suggested that high female breeding season survival may be caused by low nesting effort, but few breeding season estimates of survival associated with nesting effort exist on the western Gulf Coast. Here, breeding season survival (N = 40) and breeding incidence (N = 39) were estimated for female Mottled Ducks on the upper Texas coast, 2006–2008. Females were fitted with backpack radio transmitters and visually relocated every 3–4 days. Weekly survival was estimated using the Known Fate procedure of program MARK with breeding incidence estimated as the annual proportion of females observed nesting or with broods. The top-ranked survival model included a body mass covariate and held weekly female survival constant across weeks and years (SW = 0.986, SE = 0.006). When compared to survival across the entire year estimated from previous band recovery and age ratio analysis, survival rate during the breeding season did not differ. Breeding incidence was w...
Goodwill Impairment: A New Window For Earnings Management?

The Financial Accounting Standards Board promulgated standard No. 142 in an attempt to improve the understandability of accounting information. This new rule eliminated the practice of automatically amortizing goodwill. No. 142 requires public companies to test goodwill for possible impairment at least annually. An unintended consequence of this new standard is the opportunity for companies to use it in earnings management. To test the possibility that the rule is being used for this purpose, a sample of companies was chosen, all of which had amounts of goodwill on their balance sheet during the 2003-2005 interval. The results reveal that the number of companies experiencing losses or low rates of return on total assets who actually impaired goodwill was statistically insignificant during the period under consideration. Thus, the results strongly suggest that companies are using No. 142 in an attempt to manage the volatility of earnings.
Spatiotemporal Feature Extraction with Data-Driven Koopman Operators

We present a framework for feature extraction and mode decomposition of spatiotemporal data generated by ergodic dynamical systems. Unlike feature extraction techniques based on kernel operators, our approach is to construct feature maps using eigenfunctions of the Koopman group of unitary operators governing the dynamical evolution of observables and probability measures. We compute the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Koopman group through a Galerkin scheme applied to time-ordered data without requiring a priori knowledge of the dynamical evolution equations. This scheme employs a data-driven set of basis functions on the state space manifold, computed through the diusion maps algorithm and a variable-bandwidth kernel designed to enforce orthogonality with respect to the invariant measure of the dynamics. The features extracted via this approach have strong timescale separation, favorable predictability properties, and high smoothness on the state space manifold. The extracted features are also invariant under weakly restrictive changes of observation modality. We apply this scheme to a synthetic dataset featuring superimposed traveling waves in a one-dimensional periodic domain and satellite observations of organized convection in the tropical atmosphere.
An Exact Solution Procedure for Maximizing the Net Present Value of Cash Flows in a Network

Projects, as a method of organizing large endeavors, have been a part of the human experience for thousands of years. Ancient civilizations utilized the project approach to control grand undertakings. Most of humanity’s historic landmarks have been associated with projects, from Noah’s Ark and the Tower of Babel to the conquests of Alexander the Great and the Viking’s daring raids [Fangel (1988); Vila (1990)].
Injuries of the Small Bowel and Mesentery and Retroperitoneal Hematoma

Features of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of blunt injuries of the abdomen which apply specifically to injuries of the small intestine, exclusive of the duodenum, and to the problem of retroperitoneal hematoma.
Superfluid density in inhomogeneous4He

Abstract By generalizing an approach due to Leggett, we develop a new method of calculating the superfluid density in spatially inhomogeneous superfluid systems in two and three dimensions. In case of small non-uniformities in the density, the superfluid density is expressed in terms of the density response function for the homogeneous system and the strength of the external potential. The potential strength may be estimated from the effective mass. For real4He we use the Bogoliubov inequality relating the static structure factor to the density response function and Monte Carlo results for the static structure factor to give approximate upper bounds for the superfluid density. We apply our theory to4He films on solid hydrogen.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: comparative structure, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a novel class of antihypertensive and anticongestive heart failure agents with wide patient and physician acceptability. By blocking the formation of angiotensin II in blood and tissues, all ACE inhibitors significantly lower systemic vascular resistance, lower blood pressure, and improve cardiac function, while maintaining or enhancing perfusion of vital organs: kidneys, brain, and heart. Captopril is the first oral ACE inhibitor with an active sulfhydryl group. Enalapril and lisinopril are potent nonsulfhydryl inhibitors of ACE characterized by weak chelating properties. The side effects of skin rashes, pruritis, taste abnormalities, oral ulcers, pemphigus, and blood dyscrasias have been considered to be strongly characteristic of penicillaminelike drugs, including the sulfhydryl ACE inhibitors. The class effects of cough, angioedema, hyperkalemia, nonoliguric functional renal insufficiency, and hypotension can occur with equal frequency with all ACE inhibitors. It is unclear whether the many yet investigational ACE inhibitors would have distinct advantages over captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, and enalaprilat. This paper reviews the comparative structure and clinical pharmacology of the three commercially available but chemically different oral ACE inhibitors.
Acoustics Measurements of Scale Models of Military Style Supersonic Beveled Nozzle Jets with Interior Corrugations

Increasingly powerful and noisy military aircraft have generated the need for research leading to the development of supersonic jet noise reduction devices. The hot high speed supersonic jets exhausting from military aircraft during takeoff present a most challenging problem. The present study extends prior research on two methods of noise reduction of supersonic jet flows. The first is the internal nozzle corrugations pioneered by Seiner et al. and the second is the beveled exit plane nozzle concept explored most recently by Viswanathan. A novel research idea of creating fluidic corrugations similar to the nozzle corrugations has been started by Penn State. To further the understanding and analysis of the fluidic corrugations, the present study focuses on the flow field and acoustic field of nozzles with two, three, and six nozzle corrugations. Additionally, the effect of the combination of the internal corrugations with a beveled nozzle is explored. The results show that significant noise reductions of over 3 dB of both the mixing noise and the broad band shock associated noise can be achieved. The combination of the beveled nozzle and the internal nozzle corrugations showed that there is less azimuthal dependence of the acoustic field than for the purely beveled nozzle. Additionally, the combination nozzle was shown to reduce the noise over a wider range of polar angles and operating conditions than either the purely beveled nozzle or the nozzle with only hard walled nozzle corrugations.
Disaster alert plan for a hospital pharmacy

A disaster alert plan for the department of pharmacy of a large hospital is described. The plan is intended to effectively and efficiently alert and mobilize pharmacy personnel in the event that the hospital should re required to deal with mass casualties.
Metabolic Effects of Epinephrine in the Perfused Rat Heart: II. Control Steps of Glucose and Glycogen Metabolism

This paper describes the kinetics of the changes in the levels of the glycolytic intermediates, phosphorylase a, cyclic AMP, creatine phosphate, the adenine nucleotides, and inorganic phosphate in isolated perfused rat hearts following the administration of epinephrine. Cyclic AMP, ADP, AMP, creatine and inorganic phosphate, all increased monotonically from the onset of the contractile force increase. Cyclic AMP levels reached peak values after about 10 sec, and maximum values of ADP, AMP, creatine, and inorganic phosphate were observed after about 25 sec. The increases of ADP and AMP were stoichiometrically accounted for by a fall in ATP, and the increases of creatine and inorganic phosphate by a fall in creatine phosphate. Phosphorylase a activity increased by 60% and reached a broad peak after 20-30 seconds. This increase occurred a few seconds after the onset of the inotropic response. The tissue levels of all the glycolytic intermediates also increased transiently, there being a 10-15 sec delay relative to the inotropic response. These results demonstrate transient effect of cyclic AMP on the phosphorylase system, and the temporal separation of the inotropic and glycogenolytic effects of epinephrine. Control sites in the utilization of glucose and glycogen have been identified at the steps of glucose penetration into the cell, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and at an enzymic site between glyceraldehyde-3-P and 3-P glyceric acid. The rate of intracellular glucose and glycogen utilization appears to be controlled principally by the activities of phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase. Measurement of the complete pattern of glycolytic intermediates during the period of rapid glycogenolysis induced by epinephrine has permitted an analysis of the control exerted at the phosphofructokinase site due to changes in the tissue content of adenine nucleotides, inorganic phosphate, and cyclic AMP.
Introduction to Physics-Based Distributed Hydrology

The spatial and temporal distribution of the inputs and parameters controlling surface runoff can be managed efficiently within a GIS framework. Examples include maps describing slope and drainage direction, land use/cover, soil parameters such as porosity or hydraulic conductivity, rainfall, and meteorological variables controlling evapotranspiration. The subject of this book is how these maps of geospatial information can be harnessed to become model parameters or inputs defining the hydrologic processes of surface and subsurface runoff. As soon as we embark on the simulation of hydrologic processes using GIS, the issues that are the subject of this book must be addressed.
The New York Young Lords and the Struggle for Liberation

As a frequent reviewer of critical rhetorical analyses of race and ethnicity, I have noted a significant pattern, the lack of culturally nuanced criticism. I look for criticism that works to unders...
Human-machine Cooperative Manipulation with Vision-based Motion Constraints

This chapter discusses a class of control algorithms that provide enhanced physical dexterity by imposing passive motion constraints. Such motion constraints are often referred to as virtual fixtures. It is shown that algorithms originally designed for vision-based control of manipulators can be easily converted into control algorithms that provide virtual fixtures. As a result it is possible to create advanced human-machine cooperative manipulation systems that take complete advantage of information provided by vision, yet permit the user to retain control of essential aspects of a given task.
Implementing a Group Contingency Behavior-management System in Physical Education

Behavior management issues may impede learning in physical education (PE), yet there is a paucity of evidence-based behavior-management programs studied in the PE environment to assist PE teachers to be better prepared to handle these issues. Classwide-function intervention teams (CW-FIT) is a group contingency procedure for managing student behavior. This article provides guidelines for implementing CW-FIT in physical education, presenting the components of the procedure in five steps: (1) preparation, (2) introducing the game, (3) implementation, (4) closing the lesson, and (5) assessing CW-FIT. Step-by-step directions to support teachers are also included.
Methodology to evaluate the monetary benefit of Probabilistic Risk Assessment by modeling the net value of Risk-Informed Applications at nuclear power plants

Abstract Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) used in Nuclear Power Plants serves as a pillar of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Risk-Informed Regulatory framework, and is required for new reactor licenses to satisfy regulatory safety compliance. The benefits of PRA are not only experienced in terms of safety, but also from the monetary value derived from Risk-Informed Performance-Based Applications (RIPBAs), where risk estimated from PRA is utilized in decision making to expand the safe operational envelope of plants, leading to either an increase in profits or a reduction in costs. This paper introduces a methodology to evaluate this monetary value by the systematic causal modeling of the net value of RIPBAs and demonstrates the methodology for one of the RIPBAs, called Risk-Managed Technical Specifications (RMTS). The key steps of this methodology are: (i) Cost-Benefit Analysis to formulate the net value of PRA based on the net value of RIPBAs, (ii) Causal modeling to systematically model the operational scenarios leading to costs and benefits associated with RIPBAs, (iii) Uncertainty analysis, and (iv) Sensitivity analysis and validation. The results of this research could help decision makers with evaluating investment strategies in PRA that go ‘beyond-compliance’ to maximize industry profit while maintaining regulatory safety goals.
Metabolic phenotype is not associated with vulnerability to angling in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)

Prior work has described a link between an individual’s metabolic rate and a willingness to take risks. One context in which high metabolic rates and risk-prone behaviors may prove to be maladaptiv...
Trump's Corrupt Use of the Pardon Power

In no aspect of his presidency has Trump acted more immorally and done more damage to the rule of law and constitutional norms than in his exercise of the pardon power. He has granted only five pardons, far fewer than any modern president at a comparable stage. And the immediate practical consequences of these pardons have been modest relative to the havoc he has wreaked with other endeavors — for example, his all-out assault on federal law enforcement institutions. But his pardons violate core principles of justice and appear designed to settle scores with enemies and to encourage allies to resist cooperation with the Mueller investigation. At times, Trump appears almost gleeful about using the pardon power in a manner directly contrary to its purpose. Three of his pardons — the recent surprise grant to conservative political commentator Dinesh D’Souza; the April grant to Scooter Libby, former adviser to Vice President Dick Cheney; and the pardon of Sheriff Joe Arpaio last August — involve grave abuses of presidential power. Each of these pardons was a debasement of the pardon power and an egregious affront to constitutional norms and the rule of law.
Structuralist Capitalism and Inhumanity: B. S. Johnson’s Christie Malry’s Own Double-Entry

B. S. Johnson’s Christie Malry’s Own Double-Entry (1973) is the story of Christie Malry, who, while working for a bank, learns the practice of double-entry bookkeeping. Feeling oppressed by an inhu...
PERFECTING CORONARY PERFORATION MANAGEMENT: CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CORONARY PERFORATIONS IN THE CATHETERIZATION LAB

Coronary perforations are rare but life threatening complications during PCI. Management of this complication requires treatment considerations within the patient's individualized clinical context. An active 88-year-old male with a history of CAD s/p CABG with atretic LIMA to LAD, and a high-risk
ERBB4/4ICD a novel BH3-only protein and estrogen receptor coactivator regulates tamoxifen induced apoptosis of breast tumor cells

3630 ERBB4 is a unique member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases. In contrast to the other three members of the EGFR family (i.e., EGFR, ERBB2, and ERBB3), which are associated with aggressive forms of human cancers, ERBB4 expression seems to be selectively lost in tumors with aggressive phenotypes. Consistent with this observation, we have shown that ERBB4 induces apoptosis when reintroduced into breast cancer cell lines or when endogenous ERBB4 is activated by a ligand. Upon ligand activation, membrane ERBB4 undergoes proteolytic processing to release the ERBB4 intracellular domain (4ICD). We show that cleavage of endogenous ERBB4 is critical for ERBB4 apoptotic activity and results in mitochondrial accumulation of the 4ICD followed by cytochrome c efflux and activation of cellular caspases. We further show that 4ICD harbors a functional BH3 domain and ERBB4 functions as a unique proapoptotic member of BCL-2 family. Clinically, cytosolic but not membrane ERBB4/4ICD expression in primary human breast tumors was associated with tumor apoptosis, providing a mechanistic explanation for the loss of ERBB4 expression during tumor progression. Alternatively, we have shown that ERBB4/4ICD is a transcriptional coactivator and 4ICD directly interacts with estrogen receptor (ER) to selectively potentiate estrogen regulated gene expression. Furthermore ERBB4 itself is an estrogen regulated gene and 4ICD contributes to estrogen-induced proliferation of ER positive breast cancer cells. These observations are corroborated clinically where ERBB4 is significantly associated with ER expression in primary breast tumors. Strikingly, the vast majority of patients with tumors coexpressing ERBB4 and ER respond to endocrine therapy whereas 40% of patients expressing ER alone succumb to their disease. Based upon these clinical results we tested the hypothesis that ERBB4 regulates tumor response to endocrine therapy. In support of this hypothesis we found that in three independent preclinical cell models, tamoxifen resistance was associated with the suppression of ERBB4 expression. Furthermore, reintroduction of ERBB4 in a tamoxifen resistant cell line reestablished tamoxifen sensitivity. Tamoxifen treatment of breast cancer cells resulted in translocation of the 4ICD BH3-only protein to the mitochondria and activation of apoptosis. The molecualr mechanisms underlying this unique mode of action for tamoxifen will be described. We propose that ERBB4 represents an important tumor marker predicting therapeutic response of breast cancer patients undergoing endocrine therapy.
Taxonomically and metabolically distinct microbial communities with depth and across a hillslope to riparian zone transect

Abstract Watersheds are important for supplying fresh water, the quality of which depends on complex interplay involving physical, chemical and biological processes. As water percolates through the soil and underlying weathering rock en route to the river corridor, microorganisms mediate key geochemical transformations, yet the distribution and functional capacities of subsurface microbial communities remain little understood. Here, we used genome resolved metagenomics to study microbial communities during late summer along a 230 m hillslope meadow to floodplain transect within the mountainous East-River watershed, Colorado. We found very limited strain/species overlap at different depths below the ground surface and at different distances along the hillslope, possibly due to restricted hydraulic connectivity after early stages of snowmelt, and show that communities are largely distinct in their metabolic capacities. Both proximity to the river and to the underlying Mancos shale apparently control species distribution and metabolic potential. Functions such as carbon fixation and selenate reduction were prevalent at multiple sites, although the lineages of organisms responsible tend to be location-specific. For example, selenate reduction within the hillslope is linked to Candidate phyla Rokubacteria and Methylomirabillis, but only Deltaproteobacteria are predicted to have this capacity at the floodplain. Based on the abundance of genomically-encoded functions that utilize it as an electron donor or acceptor, sulfur is significantly more important for microbial metabolism at the floodplain compared to on the hillslope. Nitrification and methylamine oxidation are likely only occurring within the floodplain, with nitrification capacity in shallow soil and methylamine oxidation in deeper unsaturated sediment. The capacity for nitrogen fixation was mostly associated with Geobacteraceae and Myxococcales (phylum Deltaproteobacteria) at the floodplain. Thus, we conclude that metabolic potential and microbial community composition vary as a function of depth and distance along a mountainous watershed hillslope to floodplain transect, and that the microbiome of the floodplain compartment plays a significant role in nitrogen fixation and sulfur cycling at this site.
Reaction Pathways, Thermodynamics, and Kinetics of Cyclopentanone Oxidation Intermediates: A Theoretical Approach

Despite the promising role of cyclopentanone as a bioderived fuel, thermodynamic and kinetic data are lacking for low temperature oxidation regimes. In this study, ab initio calculations at the CBS-QB3 level explore the subsequent reactivity that results from O2-addition to 2- and 3-oxo cyclopentyl radicals, including expected reaction classes such as intra-H migration, HO2-elimination, cyclic ether formation, and β-scission along with their thermodynamic parameters. Some of the rates are similar to the analogous reactions of cyclopentane, but some other reactions of cyclopentanone are very different. The carbonyl group hinders H-migration from the α' position but promotes HO2-elimination. Enol peroxy formation from some hydroperoxy alkyl radicals of cyclopentanone is unexpectedly important, and so is HO2-elimination by β-scission. Our calculations also indicated that at engine relevant conditions the α-RO2 prefers to go back to the reactants 2-oxo cyclopentyl radical and O2. Therefore, the reactions resulting from HO2-addition to 2-oxo cyclopentyl are also provided. The lowest barrier channel identified on the singlet surface corresponds to an unexpected intra OH-migration path concerted with ring opening. This valuable information will advance the construction of improved kinetic models for the oxidation of cylopentanone.
Research-Based Instructional Strategies in a Flipped Principles of Microeconomics Classroom

Abstract Principles of economics students often struggle to move beyond memorization of key terms and simple application of concepts to higher order thinking, such as evaluation and concept transfer. This higher order thinking is necessary for students to answer fundamental questions in economics. The primary advantage of the blend and flip format is that students can achieve low levels of learning, memorization of terms, and mastery of simple applications of concepts on their own before meeting for a face-to-face class. Previous research confirms that students in flipped-blended classes show larger gains in learning than students in moderately-blended classes. However, the gains we find are modest compared to those reported in related research in the math and science disciplines, which use research-based teaching practices, proven in the cognitive science literature. We determine the effects of using research-based instructional strategies on student learning in principles of microeconomics courses. Specifically, after controlling for a number of key background variables, we test whether students in flipped-blended classes who learn with research-based strategies in face-to-face classes are capable of applying knowledge and skills better than their counterparts in flipped-blended classes who are assigned practice problems similar to those on exams during face-to-face classes. Our findings indicate that students exposed to RBIS show significantly greater learning gains than students in the control group, and that these gains are most prevalent in the later part of the semester.
Band-structure-engineered high-gain LWIR photodetector based on a type-II superlattice.

The LWIR and longer wavelength regions are of particular interest for new developments and new approaches to realizing long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) photodetectors with high detectivity and high responsivity. These photodetectors are highly desirable for applications such as infrared earth science and astronomy, remote sensing, optical communication, and thermal and medical imaging. Here, we report the design, growth, and characterization of a high-gain band-structure-engineered LWIR heterojunction phototransistor based on type-II superlattices. The 1/e cut-off wavelength of the device is 8.0 µm. At 77 K, unity optical gain occurs at a 90 mV applied bias with a dark current density of 3.2 × 10-7 A/cm2. The optical gain of the device at 77 K saturates at a value of 276 at an applied bias of 220 mV. This saturation corresponds to a responsivity of 1284 A/W and a specific detectivity of 2.34 × 1013 cm Hz1/2/W at a peak detection wavelength of ~6.8 µm. The type-II superlattice-based high-gain LWIR device shows the possibility of designing the high-performance gain-based LWIR photodetectors by implementing the band structure engineering approach.
Arizona’s Sex Offender Laws: Recommendations for Reform

In this Article, I consider ways in which Arizona’s laws regarding sex offenders should be reformed. I begin by focusing on laws that are designed to deal with the danger posed by convicted sex offenders: registration requirements, residence restrictions, and civil commitment. I contend that the state has overstated the risk posed by convicted sex offenders and that the laws meant to control them may do more harm than good. Next, I turn to police sexual violence. I argue that the state needs to go further in criminalizing this abhorrent conduct in order to promote the rule of law and protect vulnerable persons.
The Protective Effects of Perceived Control During Repeated Exposure to Aversive Stimuli

The ability to perceive and exercise control is a major contributor to our mental and physical wellbeing. When faced with uncontrollable aversive stimuli, organisms develop heightened anxiety and become unwilling to exert effort to avoid the stimuli. In contrast, when faced with controllable aversive stimuli, organisms demonstrate behavioral vigor via avoidance attempts toward trying to seek and exercise control over the environment. As such, controllability confers protective effects against reduced avoidance motivation trigged by aversive environments. These observations beg the question of whether controllability can be potent enough to reverse passivity following repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive stimuli and how this protective effect is encoded neurally. Human participants performed a Control in Aversive Domain (CAD) task where they were first subjected to a series of repeated uncontrollable aversive stimuli (i.e., aversive tones) across several contexts that were followed by a series of controllable aversive stimuli in a novel context. Faced with persistent uncontrollability, participants significantly reduced their avoidance attempts over time and biased toward giving up. However, the subsequent presence of controllability rescued participants' avoidance behavior. Strikingly, participants who responded more strongly to the protective effects of control also had greater ventromedial prefrontal cortical (vmPFC) activation-a region previously observed to be associated with encoding the subjective value of control. Taken together, these findings highlighted the protective effect conferred by perceived control against passivity and offered insights into the potential role of the vmPFC in controllable environments, with implications for understanding the beneficial influence of perceived control on adaptive behavior.