cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making a case for distributed file systems at Exascale

Exascale computers will enable the unraveling of significant scientific mysteries. Predictions are that 2019 will be the year of exascale, with millions of compute nodes and billions of threads of execution. The current architecture of high-end computing systems is decades-old and has persisted as we scaled from gigascales to petascales. In this architecture, storage is completely segregated from the compute resources and are connected via a network interconnect. This approach will not scale several orders of magnitude in terms of concurrency and throughput, and will thus prevent the move from petascale to exascale. At exascale, basic functionality at high concurrency levels will suffer poor performance, and combined with system mean-time-to-failure in hours, will lead to a performance collapse for large-scale heroic applications. Storage has the potential to be the Achilles heel of exascale systems. We propose that future high-end computing systems be designed with non-volatile memory on every compute node, allowing every compute node to actively participate in the metadata and data management and leveraging many-core processors high bisection bandwidth in torus networks. This position paper discusses this revolutionary new distributed storage architecture that will make exascale computing more tractable, touching virtually all disciplines in high-end computing and fueling scientific discovery.
Clotho: an elastic MapReduce workload/runtime co-design

The resource management of a multi-tenant MapReduce cluster can be hard given unpredictable user demands. Conventional resource management scheme would inevitably create a fair amount of spare resource fragments in the system. On the other hand, MapReduce workloads are prone to have a bottleneck stage in the execution pipeline.To address these two issues under a coherent framework, this paper presents Clotho, a MapReduce workload and runtime co-design that can opportunistically utilize the spare resource fragments in the system to alleviate the bottleneck stage of MapReduce workloads while honoring the SLAs of existing systems. We describe the design and the implementation of Clotho, evaluate it with benchmarks drawn from real MapReduce applications, and demonstrate that it can effectively utilize the spare CPU resource fragments and meanwhile improve the performance of user programs if there is potential to speed up the bottleneck stage of the entire MapReduce execution pipeline.
Nisin depletes ATP and proton motive force in mycobacteria.

H.-J. C HUNG, T .J. M ONTVILLE A ND M .L. C HIKINDAS. 2000. This study examined the inhibitory effect of nisin and its mode of action against Mycobacterium smegmatis, a non-pathogenic species of mycobacteria, and M. bovis-Bacill Carmette Guerin (BCG), a vaccine strain of pathogenic M. bovis. In agar diffusion assays, 2 5m g ml ˇ 1 nisin was required to inhibit M. bovis-BCG. Nisin caused a slow, gradual, time- and concentration-dependent decrease in internal ATP levels in M. bovis-BCG, but no ATP efflux was detected. In mycobacteria, nisin decreased both components of proton motive force (membrane potential, DC and DpH) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. However, mycobacteria maintained their intracellular ATP levels during the initial time period of DC and DpH dissipation. These data suggest that the mechanism of nisin in mycobacteria is similar to that in foodborne pathogens.
Differentiation of DNA and RNA on filter paper discs

Abstract Differentiation of radioactive DNA and RNA deposited on filter paper discs can be accomplished by a relatively simple procedure. RNA can be efficiently removed by incubating the dises, impaled on pins, with 0.2 ml of 0.5 n NaOH for 90 min at 37°C. DNA can be removed after NaOH hydrolysis by treating the discs with 5% TCA for 30 min at 90°C. A correction is necessary to determine the actual amounts of DNA and RNA in order to account for the loss of DNA (13.8%) during the NaOH hydrolysis procedure.
Generalized proper inverse of polynomial matrices and the existence of infinite decoupling zeros

A necessary and sufficient condition is presented for the existence of a generalized proper rational inverse for nonsquare polynomial matrices. The condition is then proved to be equivalent to the absence of infinite decoupling zeros. This condition provides a simple test for the absence of infinite decoupling zeros in the polynomial fraction form. It can also be used to remove the infinite decoupling zeros in order to achieve a strongly irreducible system, and to provide a new look of the unimodular matrix operation effect at infinity, for the left and right polynomial fraction forms. >
Model-based characterization of statistically optimal design for morphological shape recognition algorithms via the hit-or-miss transform

Shape and character recognition via the morphological hit-ormiss transform is studied in a nondeterministic setting and the basic paradigm is thereby extended. A shape is viewed as a random process satisfying various model constraints and the recognition process is analyzed relative to the process. In particular, expectations of various types of recognition errors are analyzed. Rather than demand sufficient conditions for perfect recognition, the classical statistical approach is taken and the paradigm is one of measuring recognition efficiency and drawing from the probability model a criterion of optimality. In the framework of hit-ormiss shape recognition, optimization results from finding a class of hit-or-miss structuring element pairs that results in minimal error, as measured by expectation relative to the shape-process model.
Pars plana vitrectomy in eyes containing a treated posterior uveal melanoma.

Abstract Purpose To determine the safety of pars plana vitrectomy in eyes containing a treated posterior uveal melanoma. Design Interventional case series. Methods Retrospective case series of patients with posterior uveal melanoma who underwent pars plana vitrectomy. Complications, vitreous cytology, local tumor control, and metastasis were assessed. Results Nine patients met study criteria. Tumors were treated with 125 I plaque radiotherapy (seven patients) or transpupillary thermotherapy (two patients). Vitrectomy was performed for vitreous hemorrhage (five patients), macular pucker (two patients), macular hole (one patient), and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (one patient). Vitrectomy was performed at a mean of 24.7 months (range, 7–47 months) after melanoma treatment. Dispersion of tumor cells at vitrectomy was not observed in any patients. Melanoma cells were detected in the vitreous aspirate in one of seven cases examined cytologically. This patient had intratumoral and vitreous hemorrhage before plaque radiotherapy, underwent combined vitrectomy/cataract extraction, and developed intraocular tumor dissemination 56 months after vitrectomy. No other patients developed intraocular tumor dissemination. At mean follow-up of 24 months (range, 3–63 months) after vitrectomy, none of the nine patients developed systemic metastasis. Conclusions Pars plana vitrectomy rarely may lead to intraocular tumor dissemination, although the risk of this complication is probably low if the tumor has been treated and has responded to therapy before vitrectomy. Vitrectomy should be approached with caution if a vitreous hemorrhage is present, especially if the hemorrhage occurred before tumor treatment, as this may seed tumor cells into the vitreous cavity.
Effect of hyperglycemia on fructose biosynthesis in mouse seminal vesicles.

SummaryMale C57BL/6J mice were castrated and their sex accessory organs were allowed to regress for 30 to 35 days. At this time one-half of the castrate animals were made diabetic with alloxan. Bot...
Analysis of rapid multi-focal-zone ARFI imaging

Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging has shown promise for visualizing structure and pathology within multiple organs; however, because the contrast depends on the push beam excitation width, image quality suffers outside of the region of excitation. Multi-focal-zone ARFI imaging has previously been used to extend the region of excitation (ROE), but the increased acquisition duration and acoustic exposure have limited its utility. Supersonic shear wave imaging has previously demonstrated that through technological improvements in ultrasound scanners and power supplies, it is possible to rapidly push at multiple locations before tracking displacements, facilitating extended depth of field shear wave sources. Similarly, ARFI imaging can utilize these same radiation force excitations to achieve tight pushing beams with a large depth of field. Finite element method simulations and experimental data are presented, demonstrating that single- and rapid multi-focal-zone ARFI have comparable image quality (less than 20% loss in contrast), but the multi-focal-zone approach has an extended axial region of excitation. Additionally, as compared with single-push sequences, the rapid multi-focalzone acquisitions improve the contrast-to-noise ratio by up to 40% in an example 4-mm-diameter lesion.
What can be done with a good crystal and an accurate beamline

X-ray single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) data from a crystal of proteinase K were collected using synchrotron radiation of 0.98 A wavelength at SER-CAT 22-ID beamline, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. At this wavelength, the expected Bijvoet ratio resulting from the presence of one calcium, one chloride and ten S atoms in the 279-residue protein is extremely small at approximately 0.46%. The direct-methods program SHELXD located 11 anomalous sites using data truncated to 2 A resolution. SHELXE was used to produce an easily interpretable electron-density map. This study shows that an accurate beamline and a good-quality crystal provide the possibility of successfully using a very weak anomalous signal of sulfur measured at a short wavelength for phasing a protein structure, even if a small degree of radiation damage is present.
Impact of County Rurality and Urologist Density on Urological Cancer Mortality in Illinois

Purpose: The urology work force is contracting at a time when service demand is increasing due to demographic changes, especially in rural areas. We investigated the impact of rural status and urologist density on kidney and renal pelvis, bladder and prostate cancer mortality at the county level in Illinois.Materials and Methods: We stratified the 102 Illinois counties by 2003 RUCCs as urban (36, RUCCs 1 to 3) and rural (66, RUCCs 4 to 9). Area Health Resource Files were used for county demographic data and urologist density. County level age adjusted mortality rates from 1990 to 2010 were derived from National Center for Health Statistics data using SEER*Stat. We examined the associations of urological cancer mortality rates with rural status and urologist density.Results: Average urologist density significantly differed between rural and urban counties (1.9 vs 3.4/100,000 population, p <0.01). The kidney and renal pelvis cancer mortality rate in rural counties was higher than in urban counties while tha...
Five early milestones in premature infants.

The onset of five early milestones was studied in premature and full-term infants. The milestones are: recognition of mother's voice and face, 3-month smile, following through 180°, and two hand-eye coordination. It was hypothesized that premature infants would show delay in acquiring milestones related to time separated from mother. Compared to full-term infants, the prematures had a significant difference in the means only for the onset of smiling, and no effect related to maternal separation.
Freedman's 'Clinical Equipoise' and Sliding-Scale All-Dimensions-Considered Equipoise'

It is often claimed that a clinical investigator may ethically participate (e.g., enroll patients) in a trial only if she is in equipoise (if she has no way to ground a preference for one arm of the study). But this is a serious problem, for as data accumulate, it can be expected that there will be a discernible trend favoring one of the treatments prior to the point where we achieve the trial's objective. In this paper, I critically evaluate Benjamin Freedman's 'clinical equipoise' solution to this dilemma. I argue that Freedman actually puts forth at least two distinct contrasts - one in terms of community vs. individual equipoise, and another concerning clinical vs. theoretical equipoise - and that neither of them resolves the dilemma. I then make a proposal for a more adequate account of how to think about the circumstances under which entering subjects in trials would be justified - a 'sliding-scale equipoise' that arises out of a discussion of patients' values.
The dilemma of primary prevention in mental health services: Rationalize the status quo or bite the hand that feeds you

That primary prevention has been ‘inappropriately marginalised’ is seen to be an inevitable outcome of reliance on government support. Policy makers and service providers can never be expected to give prevention a higher priority than direct service. Preventionists have developed two strategies for doing their work. One, based on the logical positivist ideal, seeks specific causal models for specific disorders. This sort of prevention research, while it will always remain less well funded than direct services, tends not to challenge the status quo belief in individual responsibility, or the acceptable methods of mainstream science, and thus will tend to be more acceptable than other forms of prevention research and services. An alternative, based on a social constructivist paradigm engages in social action research through collaboration with a variety of grass roots organizations and people outside the mainstream of power. This latter approach, brings to preventionists ideas from feminists, ethnic minority leaders, neighborhood organizers, and self and mutual help group leaders. It is a sensible way to use the resources available to those professionals interested in social change oriented prevention.
Estimation of ultrafilter performance based on characterization data

Because of limited availability of test data with actual Hanford tank waste samples, a method was developed to estimate expected filtration performance based on physical characterization data for the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant in Richland, Washington. A test with simulated waste was analyzed to demonstrate that filtration of this class of waste is consistent with a concentration polarization model. Subsequently, filtration data from actual waste samples were analyzed to demonstrate that centrifuged solids concentrations provide a reasonable estimate of the limiting concentration for filtration.
Performance and robustness of probabilistic river forecasts computed with quantile regression based on multiple independent variables

This study applies quantile regression (QR) to predict exceedance probabilities of various water levels, including flood stages, with combinations of deterministic forecasts, past forecast errors and rates of water level rise as independent variables. A computationally cheap technique to estimate forecast uncertainty is valuable, because many national flood forecasting services, such as the National Weather Service (NWS), only publish deterministic single-valued forecasts. The study uses data from the 82 river gauges, for which the NWS' North Central River Forecast Center issues forecasts daily. Archived forecasts for lead times of up to 6 days from 2001 to 2013 were analyzed. Besides the forecast itself, this study uses the rate of rise of the river stage in the last 24 and 48 h and the forecast error 24 and 48 h ago as predictors in QR configurations. When compared to just using the forecast as an independent variable, adding the latter four predictors significantly improved the forecasts, as measured by the Brier skill score and the continuous ranked probability score. Mainly, the resolution increases, as the forecast-only QR configuration already delivered high reliability. Combining the forecast with the other four predictors results in a much less favorable performance. Lastly, the forecast performance does not strongly depend on the size of the training data set but on the year, the river gauge, lead time and event threshold that are being forecast. We find that each event threshold requires a separate configuration or at least calibration.
What's on the mind of a jellyfish? A review of behavioural observations on Aurelia sp. jellyfish

Aurelia sp. (scyphozoa; Moon Jellies) are one of the most common and widely distributed species of jellyfish. Their behaviours include swimming up in response to somatosensory stimulation, swimming down in response to low salinity, diving in response to turbulence, avoiding rock walls, forming aggregations, and horizontal directional swimming. These are not simple reflexes. They are species typical behaviours involving sequences of movements that are adjusted in response to the requirements of the situation and that require sensory feedback during their execution. They require the existence of specialized sensory receptors. The central nervous system of Aurelia sp. coordinates motor responses with sensory feedback, maintains a response long after the eliciting stimulus has disappeared, changes behaviour in response to sensory input from specialized receptors or from patterns of sensory input, organizes somatosensory input in a way that allows stimulus input from many parts of the body to elicit a similar response, and coordinates responding when stimuli are tending to elicit more than one response. While entirely different from that of most animals, the nervous system of Aurelia sp. includes a brain that creates numerous adaptive behaviours that are critical to the survival of these phylogenetically ancient species.
Diaphragm Method Contraceptors: Implications for Service Organization and Delivery

Despite dissemination of modem contraceptive techniques among college women, unplanned pregnancy and pregnancy termination rates remain a major health issue.1 An investigation of 495 college women who use the diaphragm method of contraception was conducted in order to estimate pregnancy occurrence, to better understand factors related to successful use, and to profile service utilization patterns. Data were collected by medical record audit and client survey. Fifteen percent of the diaphragm clients reported a diaphragm-related pregnancy: clinical ef fectiveness was estimated to be 88% with a rate of 9.75 pregnancies per 100 woman years of diaphragm use. A variety of demographic, personal history, and behavioral variables were found to be related to three dependent variables: pregnancy, consistent diaphragm use, and accurate diaphragm use. Review of clinic service utilization for this group of patients demonstrated considerable resource use, including frequent switching of prescription contraception metho...
The relationship between sand size and beach‐face slope

A series of diagrams is presented which illustrates the variability of sand size and beach-face slope and the relationship between the two as observed on Pacific Coast beaches of the United States. As a means of standardizing sampling procedures, a “reference point” (the part of the beach face subject to wave action at mid-tide level) was adopted, which permitted satisfactory comparisons of beach characteristics. Distribution of sand sizes along and across beaches is described, and slope changes with beach growth and erosion are illustrated. It is shown that beach-face slope is principally controlled by two factors: (1) the size of the sand and (2) the intensity of wave action.
Physical activity interventions among adults with arthritis: meta-analysis of outcomes

Objective Due to reduced physical activity, adults with arthritis experience significant disability and comorbidities including cardiovascular disease. This meta-analytic review integrates results from primary research studies testing interventions to increase physical activity in arthritis patients. Methods Extensive literature searching strategies were employed to locate published and unpublished empirical studies testing physical activity interventions. Results were coded for studies that had at least 5 participants. Effect sizes (ESs) were calculated for measures of physical activity, pain, and objective and subjective measures of functional ability. Results Twenty-eight research studies with 4111 subjects were synthesized. The mean ES for 2-group comparisons (treatment versus control) was 0.69 for physical activity, 0.21 for pain, 0.49 for objectively measured function, and 0.14 for subjectively measured function. This average effect on subjective function is consistent with a Health Assessment Questionnaire mean of 0.64 for treatment subjects as compared with 0.70 for control subjects. For pain assessed using the 0 to 10 visual analog scale, the average effect amounts to a mean of 3.78 for treatment subjects versus 4.33 for control subjects. Control group subjects experienced statistically significant improvements in pain and, to a lesser extent, objectively measured functional ability during study participation. Conclusions Physical activity interventions resulted in moderate positive effects on physical activity behavior and small positive effects on pain and physical function outcomes. Future research should examine specific intervention characteristics that result in optimal results, such as frequency, type, and intensity of exercise.
Time course of sensitivity of golden hamsters to melatonin injections throughout the day.

Twenty-four groups of adult male golden hamsters, housed on 14 h of light, 14L:10D, received daily injections of melatonin, each at a different hour of the day. Injections (15 micrograms melatonin/0.1 ml ethanol:saline, 1:10, s.c.) persisted for 27 weeks. At the beginning of this investigation and every 2-4 weeks thereafter, laparotomies were performed on a few animals of each group and the testes measured to assess the efficacy of the melatonin injections in causing testicular regression. Two periods of melatonin sensitivity were identified. The first was brief, of 1-h duration, immediately prior to lights on (0500-0600 h). The second period extended for 6 h throughout late afternoon and early evening (1500-2100 h; lights out 2000 h). Regression was complete in all these groups except that injected at 1500 h in which the testes regressed to only 950 mg before recrudescence occurred. In all other affected groups, testes regressed to less than 400 mg. In those groups where melatonin did not cause full testicular regression, daily injections resulted in partial regression, usually to approximately 2000 mg prior to regrowth.
Optical associative processor for general linear transformations

A new technique for the realization of general linear transformations using associative memories is described. An optical architecture for its implementation is also presented. A low-level feature space processor using this architecture is proposed. The processor is capable of recognizing and locating objects of various shapes and uses certain linear transformations in the feature space for distortion invariance.
Effects of the Fe3 + spin transition on the properties of aluminous perovskite—New insights for lower-mantle seismic heterogeneities

Abstract We have measured the effects of the coupled substitution of Fe3 + and Al on the density and compressibility of mantle silicate perovskite (Pv) up to 95 GPa. X-ray emission spectroscopy and synchrotron Mossbauer spectroscopy reveal a rapid increase in the population of low-spin Fe3 + in Fe3 +, Al-bearing Pv over a narrow pressure range near 70 GPa, which is in sharp contrast with Al-free Fe3 +-bearing Pv, where Fe3 + undergoes a gradual spin transition, and with Al-free Fe2 +-bearing Pv, where Fe2 + does not become low spin. At low pressure, Fe3 + and Al expand the perovskite lattice. However, near the pressure range of the abrupt increase in the low-spin population, the unit-cell volume of Fe3 +, Al-bearing Pv becomes similar to that of Mg-endmember Pv, while those of Al-free Fe3 +-bearing Pv and Al-free Fe2 +-bearing Pv remain larger throughout the lower mantle. Consequently, Pv in Al-rich systems should have lower density in the shallow lower mantle but similar or greater density than Pv in pyrolite in the deep lower mantle, affecting the buoyancy and mechanical stability of heterogeneities. Although the Fe3 + spin transition in Pv is unlikely to cause a seismic discontinuity at mantle temperatures, it may result in a large change in bulk sound speed at 1200–1800 km depth, such that a vertically extending structure with an elevated amount of Fe3 + would generate slower and faster anomalies above and below the depth of the spin transition, respectively, relative to the surrounding mantle. This may have important implications for bulk sound speed anomalies observed at similar depths in seismic tomography studies.
Rapamycin improves lymphoproliferative disease in murine autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a disorder of abnormal lymphocyte survival caused by defective Fas-mediated apoptosis, leading to lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and an increased number of double-negative T cells (DNTs). Treatment options for patients with ALPS are limited. Rapamycin has been shown to induce apoptosis in normal and malignant lymphocytes. Since ALPS is caused by defective lymphocyte apoptosis, we hypothesized that rapamycin would be effective in treating ALPS. We tested this hypothesis using rapamycin in murine models of ALPS. We followed treatment response with serial assessment of DNTs by flow cytometry in blood and lymphoid tissue, by serial monitoring of lymph node and spleen size with ultrasonography, and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies. Three-dimensional ultrasound measurements in the mice correlated to actual tissue measurements at death (r = .9648). We found a dramatic and statistically significant decrease in DNTs, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and autoantibodies after only 4 weeks when comparing rapamycin-treated mice with controls. Rapamycin induced apoptosis through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. We compared rapamycin to mycophenolate mofetil, a second-line agent used to treat ALPS, and found rapamycin's control of lymphoproliferation was superior. We conclude that rapamycin is an effective treatment for murine ALPS and should be explored as treatment for affected humans.
Improvement Plan of Recycling rate of the Electronic & Electrical Equipment with Considering of Economics; Case study of Vacuum Cleaner

Many electrical and electronic manufacturing companies have started to look more intensively at the recycling rate and cost. The main purpose of this research is to ensure the products competitiveness by recycling cost reduction, to meet the international recycling regulation related with product recycling. The focus of this paper is evaluated the recycling /recovery rate and recycling cost of vacuum cleaner according to treatment process of general recycling center and guiding principle in EU WEEE Annex II. Additionally, we compared with competitive company's same capacity product. With these results, we tried to find a weak point and an improvement point
Chaperonin Containing T-Complex Polypeptide Subunit Eta (CCT-eta) Is a Specific Regulator of Fibroblast Motility and Contractility

Integumentary wounds in mammalian fetuses heal without scar; this scarless wound healing is intrinsic to fetal tissues and is notable for absence of the contraction seen in postnatal (adult) wounds. The precise molecular signals determining the scarless phenotype remain unclear. We have previously reported that the eta subunit of the chaperonin containing T-complex polypeptide (CCT-eta) is specifically reduced in healing fetal wounds in a rabbit model. In this study, we examine the role of CCT-eta in fibroblast motility and contractility, properties essential to wound healing and scar formation. We demonstrate that CCT-eta (but not CCT-beta) is underexpressed in fetal fibroblasts compared to adult fibroblasts. An in vitro wound healing assay demonstrated that adult fibroblasts showed increased cell migration in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation, whereas fetal fibroblasts were unresponsive. Downregulation of CCT-eta in adult fibroblasts with short inhibitory RNA (siRNA) reduced cellular motility, both basal and growth factor-induced; in contrast, siRNA against CCT-beta had no such effect. Adult fibroblasts were more inherently contractile than fetal fibroblasts by cellular traction force microscopy; this contractility was increased by treatment with EGF and PDGF. CCT-eta siRNA inhibited the PDGF-induction of adult fibroblast contractility, whereas CCT-beta siRNA had no such effect. In each of these instances, the effect of downregulating CCT-eta was to modulate the behavior of adult fibroblasts so as to more closely approximate the characteristics of fetal fibroblasts. We next examined the effect of CCT-eta modulation on alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, a gene product well known to play a critical role in adult wound healing. Fetal fibroblasts were found to constitutively express less α-SMA than adult cells. Reduction of CCT-eta with siRNA had minimal effect on cellular beta-actin but markedly decreased α-SMA; in contrast, reduction of CCT-beta had minimal effect on either actin isoform. Direct inhibition of α-SMA with siRNA reduced both basal and growth factor-induced fibroblast motility. These results indicate that CCT-eta is a specific regulator of fibroblast motility and contractility and may be a key determinant of the scarless wound healing phenotype by means of its specific regulation of α-SMA expression.
Detection and Isolation of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus on a Broiler Farm After a Disease Outbreak

SUMMARY A broiler farm in North Alabama suffered a mild infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) outbreak, as determined by clinical disease and PCR. The poultry integrator sought help to control further outbreaks in subsequent flocks. Samples were collected from various areas of the poultry houses on the farm over an 8-wk period. The first sampling was conducted 8 days after the infected farm was depopulated; the second was conducted 2 days prior to subsequent flock placement; and the third was conducted when the new flock was 5 wk of age. Samples were examined for ILT virus (ILTV) DNA by real-time PCR and virus isolation in embryos. The infected houses were cleaned, disinfected, heated, litter composted, and curtains replaced after the first sampling and prior to placement of the next flock. Samples from all periods were positive for ILTV DNA. However, the number of positive samples and crossing point values indicated a decrease in the amount of viral DNA, while virus isolation in embryos was successful only ...
Exploration of Operational Concepts of Interoperability for Robust Interregional Transportation System Operations

Regional transportation operations centers (TOCs) are at the core of managing and operating a complex surface transportation system. To ensure reliable transportation services, particularly during emergency situations when transportation is vital, uninterrupted operations of TOCs should be guaranteed. Achieving TOC interoperability is of great importance. Interoperability of TOCs can be understood as the ability of one TOC to access and manage some set of the resources of another (remote) TOC. TOC interoperability can allow each metropolitan area or in some cases each state to achieve more robust and seamless interregional operations. In addition, interoperability may provide each region with a better understanding of each partner's practices and thus promote more consistent and coordinated transportation systems operations. Although these benefits are compelling, TOC interoperability cannot be easily established because of the complex technical and institutional situations of existing centers. Given this...
Protective and Vulnerability Factors Contributing to Resilience in Post-9/11 Veterans With Service-Related Injuries in Postsecondary Education.

OBJECTIVE: To examine differences in psychosocial protective factors (social support, meaningful occupation, and academic self-efficacy) and health-related vulnerability factors (posttraumatic stress, depression, and somatic symptoms) contributing to resilience in post-9/11 veterans with service-related injuries and nonveterans in postsecondary education. METHOD: A cross-sectional, matched-participants design using propensity score matching was used to test differences in mean levels of protective and vulnerability factors between injured veterans (n = 26) and nonveterans (n = 19); zero-order correlations explored relationships among study variables. RESULTS: The veteran sample demonstrated lower levels of psychosocial protective factors and higher levels of health-related vulnerability factors compared with nonveterans (|0.49| to |1.56|). Psychosocial protective factors were consistently negatively associated with health-related vulnerability factors (-.27 to -.63). CONCLUSION: Post-9/11 veterans with service-related injuries are at a substantial disadvantage in terms of resilience; lower protective factors and elevated vulnerability factors may increase their risk for poor campus integration and impede academic achievement. Language: en
Estimability and Optimality in Sample Survey Models II

Classical results about population totals are extended to arbitrary parametric functions, emphasizing optimal properties and characterizations of generalized Horvitz-Thompson estimators.
Chapter Three - Magnetic Exchange Phenomena Probed by Neutron Scattering

Neutron scattering techniques are powerful tools for investigation of magnetic materials and magnetic exchange interactions on the nanoscale. Owing to the weak interaction of the neutron, results are representative of the bulk and not only comprised of surface properties. Nevertheless, due to the high atomic and magnetic contrast, high interface sensitivity is easily achieved. This chapter will review the applicability of neutron scattering techniques to the investigation magnetic exchange interactions based on two examples, interlayer exchange coupling and exchange bias in metallic multilayers. PNR will be employed to study the magnetic state of a Cu0.94Mn0.06/Co multilayer showing a temperature-dependent coupling originating from the dilute magnetic impurities. Exchange bias within mono-stoichiometric FePt3 thin films based on chemical order modulation will be investigated with PNR and diffraction techniques to elucidate the magnetic ordering on nanometer and atomic length scales. During the individual discussion of the phenomena, both interlayer exchange coupling and exchange bias will be reviewed.
THE ORR TREATMENT OF OSTEOMYELITIS AND ALLIED SUPPURATIVE PROCESSES

The Orr method is recommended as a routine procedure in the treatment of osteomyelitis and allied conditions because: 1. It is based on the principle of adequate drainage and adequate immobilization. 2. It is a painless, economic, universal method, applicable in any stage of osteomyelitis. 3. The period of hospitalization is greatly decreased. 4. Transportation of the patient is simplified. 5. It prevents sequestration. 6. The general condition of the patient is improved. 7. A good functional end result is obtained. 8. It minimizes loss of limb by amputation. 9. The death rate is insignificant. 10. It is the only treatment that satisfies all the tenets of orthopaedic surgery. 11. It is a procedure suitable for the rank and file of the profession. 12. It shortens the postoperative course of a condition which, previous to the advent of the Orr method, was, in many cases, intractable.
A Synopsis of the Psocids of the Tribe Psyllipsocini, including the Description of an Unusual New Genus from Arizona (Corrodentia: Empheriidae: Empheriinae)

This paper was prompted by the discovery, in the Tucson Mountains of Arizona, of a new psocid which apparently has as its closest relative a cave-inhabiting species of western Europe. The Arizona species represents a new genus which is a noteworthy addition to our Nearctic fauna, and, because of a lack of published revisionary work, a synopsis of the tribe to which the genus belongs has been prepared. One of the more interesting species of Psyllipsocini is Psyllipsocus ramburii Selys, which occurs in houses both in Europe and the United States, and which is dimorphic, both short-winged and long-winged individuals being found in the same colony. The European genus Prionoglaris Enderlein, which is closely related to the new Arizona genus, is unusual among pscoids in the lack of a lacinia in the adult, and a section devoted to mouth parts, especially those of these two genera, follows the main taxonomic part of the paper.
DIGITAL HEALTH INTERVENTION DURING CARDIAC REHABILITATION ENHANCES WEIGHT LOSS

Digital health interventions (DHI) - including internet portals and email communications - have been shown to improve some intermediates of cardiovascular health; however their efficacy for weight loss in secondary prevention in clinical trials is less clear. The current study was designed to
Light Quality Influences on Carbon Dioxide Output and Mating of Cabbage Looper Moths

Activity spectra were determined for adult cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), maintained under ultraviolet, filtered blue, green, or red fluorescent lighting with 0, 1, 10, or 100% of the diurnal intensity retained during the scotophase. CO2 production and the occurrence of mating were inversely correlated with nocturnal light intensity for UV and green, whereas cyclic red and blue actually enhanced these activities. Considering all light regimes, CO2 output was greatest in response to green, intermediate for red and blue, and least with UV. However, UV illumination resulted in the highest level of mating.
When is a Funeral Not a Funeral

Change is an ever-present aspect of social life. Change can be swift and highly disruptive or slow and less unsettling. The changing structure of body disposition is an example of the latter. The traditional funeral is slowly losing the broad support it once enjoyed. This work explores three of the new methods of body disposition: (1) cremation; (2) secular, life-centered funerals; and (3) celebratory, “fun” funerals. The study opens with a review of the historical changes that have led to what most would consider traditional funerals. The reader will find a discussion of what many would say are deviant methods of body disposition. Cremation is quickly becoming less deviant. To be sure, of the three evolving types of funerals, none are as contentious as the fun funeral. The life-centered, celebratory funeral is growing in popularity in other parts of the world (especially Australia) yet is relatively unheard of in America.
Modeling Sexual Assault Risk Perception Among Heterosexual College Females The Impact of Previous Victimization, Alcohol Use, and Coping Style

This investigation utilizes structural equation modeling (SEM) to build and test a comprehensive model of specific and global risk perception. A sample of 325 undergraduate females responded to measures of previous victimization, problematic alcohol use, and maladaptive coping. They also rated perceived risk in multiple hypothetical dating vignettes. The results revealed strong relationships between problematic alcohol use and both decreased specific and increased global risk perception. In addition, previous victimization and maladaptive coping were related to increased global risk perception and specific risk perception, respectively. These findings carry implications for theories of risk perception and point to new approaches for research.
Surfactant effect on cloud condensation nuclei for two-component internally mixed aerosols

This work presents experimental data on the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of two-component mixtures containing surfactants. Nine binary systems were tested combining strong ionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and nonionic surfactants (Zonyl FS-300 and Triton X-100) with nonsurfactant compounds (glucose, ammonium sulfate, or sodium chloride). Control tests were performed for systems combining organic (glucose) and inorganic compounds (ammonium sulfate or sodium chloride). Results show that CCN activity deviates strongly relative to predictions made from measurements of bulk surface tension. Kohler theory accounting for surface tension reduction and surface partitioning underpredicts the CCN activity of particles containing Zonyl FS-300 and Triton X-100. Partitioning theory better describes data for Zonyl FS-300 and Triton X-100 when limiting surface adsorption to 1.5 monolayers of the growing drop. Deviations from predictions were observed. Likely explanations include solute-solute interactions and nonspherical particle shape. The findings presented here examine in detail the perturbation of CCN activity by surfactants and may offer insight into both the success and limitations of physical models describing CCN activity of surface active molecules.
Preparation and characterization of surface modification of non-woven fabric by PVA

The surface modification of polypropylene non-woven fabric(NWF) by PVA(polyvinyl alcohol) was researched by dip-coating of PVA to immobilize PVA on the NWF surface.Chemical structures and morphological changes of the NWF samples surface were characterized in detail by attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared(FTIR/ATR) spectroscopy,scanning electron micrograph(SEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).Water contact angles were measured before and after surface modification.PVA concentration impact on surface hydrophilic was researched.Results reveal that hydrophilic groups such as-C-O-,-C-O-C-are introduced to the NWF surface by cross-linking between PVA and GA,and hydrophilic is improved greatly.With increasing PAV concentration,surface hydrophilic is increased.When PVA concentration is 0.8wt%,hydrophilic of surface modification is the highest.
A Pilot Test of a Graduate Course in Suicide Theory, Risk Assessment, and Management.

The present discussion outlines the design and initial implementation of a semester-long graduate course in suicide theory, risk assessment, and management. While the structure of the course is adaptable in light of various considerations (e.g., targeted group of students and availability of resources), we review suicide risk assessment core competencies and course structure and provide sample evidence-based applied and interactive assignments. An initial empirical test of the course yielded a number of encouraging findings, including increased factual knowledge concerning suicide risk assessment and management, and improved objectively assessed student accuracy in estimating chronic and acute suicide risk in response to a mock case vignette. We offer suggested next steps for modification and testing of the course in undergraduate and graduate training contexts.
Research on the Media Literacy Education Model under Network Environment

According to the statistics,with the rapid development of internet,the growth rate of chinese internet-user in the 3 years reached 58.2%,network has become an important means for chinese audiences to exchange information.For facing to the generalization of the media information,how to structure safe,green network ecosystem,and guide the audience scientific,rational use of the media has become a real problem in today's society.This paper aim to study and analysis the theory and practice of media literacy education in developed countries,to think and demonstrate the necessity of building network ecological balance system and taking the media literacy education into national education system and puts forward the prospect of the media literacy education in China.
internationalising the curriculum: assessing faculty, departments, and schools on their efforts

In 2005 the American Council on Education asked the American Political Science Association (APSA) to work towards internationalising undergraduate education. Since almost a decade has passed since these initial efforts, it is crucial to examine how far the discipline has come in internationalising the curriculum. This article will discuss and evaluate how to assess and understand what faculty, departments, and schools have done in pursuing the internationalisation of the undergraduate curriculum through the use of an online survey. It will examine the process of creating the survey instrument and the issues around doing so. The results of the survey, while not the focus here, will inform this discussion in the article. Competing definitions of internationalisation, differences in conceptualisation from American and other, mostly European, perspectives, and questions about how to internationalise at the course, department, or programme level were issues that the survey revealed needed more discussion. Moreover, the article seeks to discuss how to move forward in the assessment of internationalisation efforts.
Frequency of Mammary Artery Coiling in Single-Ventricle Patients and Future Coronary Artery Grafting

Pre-Fontan coil closure of aorto-pulmonary collaterals decreases single-ventricle volume load and improves outcome. Coiling of right and left internal mammary arteries may present a challenge to cardiothoracic surgery teams caring for these patients when future coronary artery bypass grafting is needed for SV patients. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency of internal mammary artery coil closure in SV patients in a single tertiary care center. A retrospective review of all pediatric single-ventricle patients who underwent cardiac catheterization between March 2009 and October 2015 at Rush Center for Congenital Heart Disease was performed. Fifty-one patients' charts were reviewed. Twenty-five patients received coil closure of one or more internal mammary artery (coil group) and 26 received no coil closure (no-coil group). In the coil group, 21 (84 %) had their collateral vessels coiled in the pre-Fontan period and 4 (16 %) had their vessels coiled in the post-Fontan period. In the coil group, 18 (72 %) had their right internal mammary artery coiled and 7 (28 %) had both right and left internal mammary arteries coiled. None of the coil group had isolated coil closure of the left internal mammary artery. This study is the first to verify the frequency of right and/or left internal mammary artery coil closure in SV patients and the potential impact on future coronary artery bypass grafting. Extensive peri-Fontan coiling of the internal mammary arteries presents a significant potential challenge for subsequent management of SV patients as older adults.
The Association between Sleep Disturbances and Depression among Firefighters: Emotion Dysregulation as an Explanatory Factor.

Study Objectives:To investigate emotion regulation difficulties in association with self-reported insomnia symptoms, nightmares, and depression symptoms in a sample of current and retired firefight...
Justice in Asia and the Pacific Region, 1945–1952: Allied War Crimes Prosecutions

This book explores a cross-section of war crimes trials that the Allied powers held against the Japanese in the aftermath of World War II. More than 2,240 trials against some 5,700 suspected war criminals were carried out at 51 separate locations across the Asia Pacific region. This book analyzes fourteen high-profile American, Australian, British, and Philippine trials, including the two subsequent proceedings at Tokyo and the Yamashita trial. By delving into a large body of hitherto underutilized oral and documentary history of the war as contained in the trial records, Yuma Totani illuminates diverse firsthand accounts of the war that were offered by former Japanese and Allied combatants, prisoners of war, and the civilian population. Furthermore, the author makes a systematic inquiry into select trials to shed light on a highly complex - and at times contradictory - legal and jurisprudential legacy of Allied war crimes prosecutions.