cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metal-organic frameworks based on iron oxide octahedral chains connected by benzenedicarboxylate dianions

Abstract Three new iron benzenedicarboxylates have been synthesized by solvothermal techniques, and their structures determined from single crystal X-ray data: Fe(OH)(BDC)(py)0.85 (1), Fe(BDC)(DMF) (2), and Fe(BDC)(py)0.42(DMF)0.25 (3) (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate, py = pyridine, DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide). Compounds 1 and 2 are the Fe(III)- and Fe(II)-structural analogs of the known Cr benzenedicarboxylate compound (MIL-53). Both contain trans corner-sharing FeO6 octahedral chains connected by benzenedicarboxylate dianions. Compound 3 contains chains of iron oxygen octahedra that share both corners and edges. Each chain is linked by BDC to six other chains to form a three-dimensional framework. Crystal data: 1, space group I 2 / a , a = 6.889 ( 2 ) , b = 11.073 ( 3 ) , c = 18.280 ( 6 ) A , β = 92.6 ( 1 ) ° ; 2, space group P n 2 1 a , a = 19.422 ( 2 ) , b = 7.3022 ( 5 ) , c = 8.8468 ( 7 ) A ; 3, space group P 2 1 / n , a = 9.234 ( 2 ) , b = 17.243 ( 3 ) , c = 9.978 ( 2 ) A , β = 93.9 ( 1 ) ° .
Phosphorylation regulation of the interaction between Smad7 and activin type I receptor.

Signal transduction of activin, one of the members in the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, is initiated by ligand binding with two distinct membrane receptors (type II and type I) followed by activation of Smad2 or Smad3. We report here that activin-induced signaling is negatively regulated by another Smad molecule, Smad7. When expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, Smad7 inhibited the transcriptional response induced by either activin treatment or a constitutively active activin type I receptor (ALK-4). In addition, Smad7 also inhibited mouse FAST-2-mediated transactivation of the Xenopus Mix.2 promoter stimulated by the constitutively active ALK-4. Smad7 was able to directly associate with ALK-4 and this association was dependent on the phosphorylation of the type I receptor in its GS domain by activin type II receptors. Expression of kinase defective activin type II receptors decreased the association of Smad7 with ALK-4. Correspondingly, Smad7 bound poorly to a mutant ALK-4 bearing serine to alanine substitutions in four putative phosphorylation sites in its GS domain. These studies not only illustrated the counter regulatory function of Smad7 on activin signaling, but also indicated the involvement of phosphorylation at activin type I receptor in the inhibitory action of Smad7.
Iridovirus in the root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus

Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6) was evaluated for mode of transmission and ability to cause infection in the root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.). This is the first evidence of IIV6 infection in D. abbreviatus, which caused both patent and sub-lethal covert infections in both larvae and adults. Adults and larvae were successfully infected with IIV6 by puncture, injection and per os. Transmission of IIV6 was demonstrated between infected and healthy individuals regardless of gender. Virus was detected in egg masses produced by virus-infected females suggesting IIV6 is transmitted transovarially. Virus particles were observed in the cytoplasm of weevil cells, and were shown to infect fat bodies, muscle, and nerve tissues, as visualized using transmission electron microscopy. Patent infections resulted in death of individuals within 3 to 4 days post infection. Individuals with covert infections tested positive for virus infection on day 7 by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Sequencing of PCR amplicons confirmed virus infection. Discovery of new pathogens against root weevils may provide new management tools for development of control strategies based on induced epizootics. This is the first report of a virus infecting D. abbreviatus.
Joint synthetic battlespace for decision support (JSB-DS)

Joint Synthetic Battlespace for Decision Support (JSB-DS) is a developing set of concepts and an affiliated prototype environment with a goal of investigating the nature of decision support within a Command and Control (C2) context. To date, this investigation has focused on processing raw operational data into decision quality information and then presenting that information in a format that is useful and intuitive to a decision maker. The JSB-DS prototype was developed to support experimentation involving visual representation of, and interaction with, operational information. JSB-DS's prototype environment utilizes mission level battlefield simulations as a means to investigate decision and visualization aids with respect to situation awareness and reduction in decision timelines. These distributed simulations support dynamic re-tasking of Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) and airborne strike assets within a Time Critical Target (TCT) prosecution vignette. The JSB-DS environment can serve as a basis for testing C2/TCT processes, procedures and training.
Viscosity of Monomolecular Films

ALTHOUGH the viscosity relations of films are of fundamental importance for an understanding of their structure, it has not in the past been possible, with the surface viscosimeters used, to determine the viscosity of a true film, that is of a monolayer. Two viscosimeters which are sufficiently sensitive are described below, and others are in process of development.
Ultrasonic attenuation and pore microstructure in a liquid-4He-filled ceramic.

We have measured the attenuation of transverse ultrasonic waves in a liquid-$^{4}\mathrm{He}$---filled porous ceramic, both above and below the superfluid transition temperature ${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$. We observed the attenuation due to motion of the viscous normal fluid component and determined its dependence on viscosity $\ensuremath{\eta}$, fluid density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{f}$, and sound frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$. Our results are well described by an attenuation proportional to ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{f}\ensuremath{\omega}$, and independent of $\ensuremath{\eta}$. This does not correspond to the expected behavior in either the low- or high-frequency regimes, and we interpret it to mean that the pore surface of our sample has features with a range of length scales comparable to the viscous penetration depth $\ensuremath{\delta}$ (200-600 \AA{}). Although we only probe this narrow range of length scales, our results are consistent with a fractal dimension of 3 for the pore surface.
Feature saliency and feedback information interactively impact visual category learning.

Visual category learning (VCL) involves detecting which features are most relevant for categorization. This requires attentional learning, which allows effectively redirecting attention to object’s features most relevant for categorization while also filtering out irrelevant features. When features relevant for categorization are not salient VCL relies also on perceptual learning, which enable becoming more sensitive to subtle yet important differences between objects. Little is known about how attentional learning and perceptual learning interact when VCL relies on both processes at the same time. Here we tested this interaction. Participants performed VCL tasks that varied in feature-saliency (low-saliency tasks that required perceptual learning vs. high-saliency tasks), and in feedback-information (tasks with mid-information, moderately ambiguous feedback that increased attentional load vs. tasks with high-information non-ambiguous feedback). Participants were required learning to categorize novel stimuli by detecting the feature-dimension relevant for categorization. We found that mid-information and high-information feedback were similarly effective for VCL in high-saliency tasks. This suggests that an increased attentional load associated with the processing of moderately ambiguous feedback does not compromise VCL when both the task relevant feature and irrelevant features are salient. In low-saliency VCL tasks performance improvement relied on slower perceptual learning, but when the feedback was highly-informative participants were ultimately capable reaching performances matching those observed in high-saliency VCL tasks. However, VCL was much compromised when features were with low-saliency and the feedback was ambiguous. We suggest that this later learning scenario is characterized by a ‘cognitive loop paradox’ where two interdependent learning processes have to take place simultaneously.
Vibrational relaxation of N2(A3Σu+,υ = 1, 2,3) by CH4 and CF4

Abstract N 2 (A, υ = 0-3) produced by the Ar( 3 P 0,2 ) + N 2 reaction and detected by laser-induced fluorescence undergoes rapid, stepwise vibrational relaxation but slow electronic quenching with added CH 4 or CF 4 . Rate constants, k Q υ , of 1.5, 3.1, and 5.0 × 10 −12 cm 3 s −1 are measured for Q = CH 4 , υ = 1-3, and 0.47, 1.8, and 5.5 × 10 −12 cm 3 s −1 for Q = CF 4 , υ = 1-3, with ≈±20% accuracy (1σ). Information is also obtained for the unrelaxed, relative υ populations.
Mössbauer Studies of Spin Flop in Antiferromagnetic Hematite

The antiferromagnetic sublattice magnetizations below the Morin transition temperature TM≈260°K, are parallel and antiparallel to the trigonal axis of rhombohedral α‐Fe2O3. Experiments at 80°K, using the Mossbauer technique together with high external magnetic fields on both polycrystalline and single‐crystal samples, show that the directions of the sublattice magnetizations flop from along the trigonal axis for the applied field H0 Hc; Hc is found to be 67.5±3 kOe. In the polycrystalline sample this behavior is exhibited through the occurrence of a maximum in the width of the outer lines of the Mossbauer spectrum plotted as a function of H0. In the single crystal, which is oriented so that the gamma rays propagate along the [111] direction, the magnetic transition is clearly observed as a sudden qualitative as well as quantitative change in the appearance of the Mossbauer hyperfine spectrum; below the critical field the Δm=0 lines are the strongest componen...
Presence of phosphorus in Nephila clavipes dragline silk

Solid-state 31P-NMR of Nephila clavipes dragline silk indicates the presence of phosphorus in at least two chemically distinct environments. Amino acid analyses of acid-hydrolyzed silk confirm the presence of phosphotyrosine as one of the phosphorus-containing components. The unusual chemical shift (18.9 ppm downfield from 85% H3PO4), proton chemical shift, and acid lability of a second component suggest that it is part of a strained five-membered cyclic phosphate that might be found on a beta-D-ribose. The five-membered cyclic phosphate is not removed from the silk fibers by exhaustive aqueous extraction. It is absent in nascent silk fibroin from the glands, suggesting that its formation is part of the fiber processing that occurs in the ducts leading to the spinnerets. High-resolution NMR spectra of silk dissolved in propionic acid/12 N HCl (50:50 v/v) show five phosphorus sites assigned to phosphorylated tyrosine residues, phosphorylated serine residues, inorganic phosphate, and two hydrolysis products of the cyclic phosphate compound. The observed posttranslational phosphorylation may be important in the processing and modulation of the physical properties of dragline silk.
Energy harvesting from low frequency applications using piezoelectric materials

In an effort to eliminate the replacement of the batteries of electronic devices that are difficult or impractical to service once deployed, harvesting energy from mechanical vibrations or impacts using piezoelectric materials has been researched over the last several decades. However, a majority of these applications have very low input frequencies. This presents a challenge for the researchers to optimize the energy output of piezoelectric energy harvesters, due to the relatively high elastic moduli of piezoelectric materials used to date. This paper reviews the current state of research on piezoelectric energy harvesting devices for low frequency (0–100 Hz) applications and the methods that have been developed to improve the power outputs of the piezoelectric energy harvesters. Various key aspects that contribute to the overall performance of a piezoelectric energy harvester are discussed, including geometries of the piezoelectric element, types of piezoelectric material used, techniques employed to match the resonance frequency of the piezoelectric element to input frequency of the host structure, and electronic circuits specifically designed for energy harvesters.
Management for electroconvulsive therapy of a patient with inoperable coronary artery disease and ankylosing spondylitis

A 69-year-old male with severe coronary artery disease, ankylosing spondylitis, and severe major depression was scheduled for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The patient had previously failed or proved intolerant of antidepressant drug therapy. The nature and severity of the patient's diseases and complexity of potential interactions with ECT and anesthesia required sequential assessment of hemodynamic and airway tolerances with successive treatments. Despite substantial risks for particular patients, ECT may provide the only treatment option for life-threatening psychiatric illness and warrants innovative approaches to anesthetic management.
Central effects of tachykinin peptide on tracheal secretion

Tachykinin peptides acting on structures located on the ventral surface of the medulla can increase cholinergic outflow to the tracheal smooth muscles and augment respiratory motor output. In the experiments reported here (performed in anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated dogs), we examined the effects of tachykinin peptides substance P on secretion from submucosal glands. Changes in secretion were measured in an exposed section of tantalum-coated tracheal epithelium. Substances P was administered intracisternally or applied topically on the intermediate area of the ventral surface of medulla (VMS). Intracisternal infusion and the local medullary administration of tachykinin peptide caused a significant increase in tracheal submucosal gland secretion. Atropine given intravenously prevented the secretory changes induced by central action of tachykinins. In addition, prior application of 2% lidocaine to the medullary surface blocked the responses caused by substance P locally applied on the VMS. These findings suggest that substances P acting centrally can tracheal fluid secretion mainly via cholinergic mechanisms, and that the ventral surface of the medulla is one of the site of these action.
Transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of the effects of age, gender, and hypertension on thoracic aortic wall size, thickness, and stiffness

Aging is associated with progressive arterial stiffening and widening of the pulse pressure, resulting in a high prevalence of systolic hypertension. The contribution of increased aortic thickness to this process and to essential hypertension has been poorly characterized. With transesophageal echocardiography, aortic thickness and diameter can be measured. Thus, the influence of aging, gender, and hypertension on the geometry and stiffness of the descending thoracic aorta in humans can be determined in vivo. In 83 patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography for clinical indications, recordings of the descending thoracic aorta were made. There were 53 normotensive subjects (33 men and 20 women, mean age 46 years, range 14 to 79 years) and 25 hypertensive subjects (8 men and 17 women, mean age 67 years, range 50 to 80 years). Measurements of diastolic and systolic aortic thickness and aortic diameter were made, and three measures of the elastic properties of the aorta were calculated: (1) Peterson's elastic modulus, (2) Young's modulus, and (3) the stiffness index (beta). Aortic thickness averaged 1.1 +/- 0.1 mm in both normotensive men and women. Normotensive women had a significantly greater thickness/diameter ratio than men (0.06 +/- 0.01 vs 0.05 +/- 0.01, p < 0.01), but there were no differences in stiffness between men and women. Age was highly positively correlated with thickness (r = 0.74, p < 0.001), diameter (r = 0.67, p < 0.001), beta (r = 0.79, p < 0.001), Peterson's modulus (r = 0.78, p < 0.001), and Young's modulus (r = 0.81, p < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Systemic antifungal agents. What is in the pipeline

With the increase in serious and often life-threatening fungal infections over the last 2 decades, there has been an enhanced effort to bring new antifungal agents into the therapeutic armamentarium. The introduction of new agents into the clinical setting has been slow, in part because several drugs which appeared promising in vitro and in short term animal studies later proved to be toxic. Toxicity has been a major hurdle in the development of antifungal agents because mammalian cells, in contrast to bacterial cells, share with fungal cells many structures and metabolic pathways. For example, the 2 most common classes of antifungal agents, polyenes and azoles, target the synthesis of the cell membrane, a structure shared by both mammalian and fungal cells, and thus these drugs have inherent toxicity. Antifungal agents that act on protein synthesis are also inherently toxic to mammalian as well as fungal cells. New agents that target the fungal cell wall, a structure with no homology in mammalian cells, may prove to be less toxic and are currently of great interest.
Attack resilient state estimation for autonomous robotic systems

In this paper we present a methodology to control ground robots under malicious attack on sensors. Within the term attack we intend any malicious disturbance injection on sensors, actuators, and controller that would compromise the safety of a robot. In order to guarantee resilience against attacks, we use a control-level technique implemented within a recursive algorithm that takes advantage of redundancy in the information received by the controller. We use the case study of a vehicle cruise-control, however, the strategy we present in this work is general for several applications. Our methodology relays on redundancy in the sensor measurements: specifically we consider N velocity measurements and use a recursive filtering technique that estimates the state of the system while being resilient against sensor attacks by acting on the variance of the measurements noise. Finally, we move our focus on hardware validation demonstrating our algorithm through extensive outdoor experiments conducted on two unmanned ground robots.
Crack propagation under creep and fatigue

Abstract Crack growth under cyclic, static and combined loads in several high temperature alloys is presented from both material and fracture mechanics aspects. Parametric representation of high temperature crack growth in terms of linear and non-linear elastic fracture mechanics is discussed along with the experimental determination of these parameters for several specimen geometries. Crack growth is characterized as cycle-dependent, time-dependent or combined cycle- and time-dependent processes depending on material, temperature, load frequency and environment. While the cycle-dependent process is due to fatigue damage, the time-dependent process could be due to creep or environmental effects or both. It is shown that the applicability of a particular fracture mechanics parameter to characterize high temperature crack growth depends on micromechanics of the growth.
Multi-frequency-synthesis and wide-field imaging with the EVLA

Broad-band receivers are used on radio interferometers to increase their continuum-imaging sensitivity. However, the interferometer sampling function, the sky brightness distribution, and the array-element response functions change with frequency. Imaging algorithms need to account for all these effects to reconstruct both the spatial and spectral structure of the sky brightness distribution over the wide fields-of-view allowed by the element response functions, while also achieving the full sensitivity offered by the large instantaneous bandwidths. In this talk, we will describe the algorithms used for wide-field wide-band imaging with the EVLA (Expanded Very Large Array), and show imaging results that demonstrate our current capabilities.
Three-dimensional structure of a recombinant gap junction membrane channel

Gap junction membrane channels mediate electrical and metabolic coupling between adjacent cells. The structure of a recombinant cardiac gap junction channel was determined by electron crystallography at resolutions of 7.5 angstroms in the membrane plane and 21 angstroms in the vertical direction. The dodecameric channel was formed by the end-to-end docking of two hexamers, each of which displayed 24 rods of density in the membrane interior, which is consistent with an α-helical conformation for the four transmembrane domains of each connexin subunit. The transmembrane α-helical rods contrasted with the double-layered appearance of the extracellular domains. Although not indicative for a particular type of secondary structure, the protein density that formed the extracellular vestibule provided a tight seal to exclude the exchange of substances with the extracellular milieu.
Development of a New Practical High-Tc Superconducting Conductor Material

Conductor material based on the high - Tc beta tungsten superconductor Nb3Al has been developed. The available configurations are relatively convenient and low in cost, and the production method allows long lengths to be reliably produced. Transition temperatures are 18.5 - 18.9° K, and the resistive critical field at 12° K was about 130 kG.
Esterification Catalysis by Pyridinium p-Toluenesulfonate Revisited—Modification with a Lipid Chain for Improved Activities and Selectivities

Abstract The lipid analogs of pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) were examined for catalysis of the condensation of an equimolar mixture of carboxylic acids and alcohols under mild conditions without removal of water. Although PPTS is a poor catalyst, the introduction of a lipid chain and nitro group significantly improved the activity of PPTS and led to selectivity at suppressing the elimination side reactions of alcohols. 2-Oleamido-5-nitro-pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (6) is a lead catalyst that promoted various esterification reactions with yields up to 99%. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® for the following free supplemental resource: Full experimental and spectral details.]
Effects of third trimester-equivalent ethanol exposure on Cl− co-transporter expression, network activity, and GABAergic transmission in the CA3 hippocampal region of neonatal rats

Abstract Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are often associated with structural and functional hippocampal abnormalities, leading to long-lasting learning and memory deficits. The mechanisms underlying these abnormalities are not fully understood. Here, we investigated whether ethanol exposure during the 3rd trimester-equivalent period alters spontaneous network activity that is involved in neuronal circuit development in the CA3 hippocampal region. This activity is driven by GABA A receptors, which can have excitatory actions in developing neurons as a consequence of greater expression of the Cl − importer, NKCC1, with respect to expression of the Cl − exporter, KCC2, resulting in high [Cl − ] i . Rat pups were exposed to ethanol vapor from postnatal day (P) 2–16 (4 h/day). Weight gain was significantly reduced in pups exposed to ethanol compared to control at P15 and 16. Brain slices were prepared immediately after the end of the 4-h exposure on P4-16 and experiments were also performed under ethanol-free conditions at the end of the exposure paradigm (P17-22). Ethanol exposure did not significantly affect expression of KCC2 or NKCC1, nor did it affect network activity in the CA3 hippocampal region. Ethanol exposure significantly decreased the frequency (at P9-11) and increased the amplitude (at P5-8 and P17-21) of GABA A receptor-mediated miniature postsynaptic currents. These data suggest that repeated in vivo exposure to ethanol during the 3rd trimester-equivalent period alters GABAergic transmission in the CA3 hippocampal region, an effect that could lead to abnormal circuit maturation and perhaps contribute to the pathophysiology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
A γ-ray burst with a high-energy spectral component inconsistent with the synchrotron shock model

Gamma-ray bursts are among the most powerful events in nature. These events release most of their energy as photons with energies in the range from 30 keV to a few MeV, with a smaller fraction of the energy radiated in radio, optical, and soft X-ray afterglows. The data are in general agreement with a relativistic shock model, where the prompt and afterglow emissions correspond to synchrotron radiation from shock-accelerated electrons. Here we report an observation of a high-energy (multi-MeV) spectral component in the burst of 17 October 1994 that is distinct from the previously observed lower-energy gamma-ray component. The flux of the high-energy component decays more slowly and its fluence is greater than the lower-energy component; it is described by a power law of differential photon number index approximately -1 up to about 200 MeV. This observation is difficult to explain with the standard synchrotron shock model, suggesting the presence of new phenomena such as a different non-thermal electron process, or the interaction of relativistic protons with photons at the source.
Infants' attention to synthesised baby music and original acoustic music

The distinct music genre known as baby music is based on the premise that infants benefit from music ‘re-orchestrated for their little ears’ (‘Baby Einstein Takealong Tunes’. (2012). Retrieved December 11, 2012, from http://www.babyeinstein.com/en/products/product_explorer/theme/music/62350/Takealong_Tunes.html). We completed a study with 12- and 13-month-olds (n = 24) to explore infants' preferential attention to music engineered specifically for them and the original acoustic music upon which the baby versions were created. The results of an infant-controlled preference procedure showed that infants were equally attentive to both types of music. However, infants who listened to relatives playing instruments at home (n = 10) attended longer to the baby music version than to the original acoustic version, whereas the opposite was true for infants who did not have such opportunity. The results of the study raise questions regarding the need to re-orchestrate music intended for babies and alter the original...
Smart meter based non-intrusive appliance detection algorithm for local real time feedback purposes

Smart meters and related technologies are becoming a noteworthy aspect of residential electrical power systems as proper energy feedback can result in significant energy savings. Smart meters also facilitate implementation of “time of use” (TOU) pricing for the residential sector. Results of Advanced Meter Infrastructure (AMI) pilot studies reveal that it is possible to save 12–15 % of energy saving and maximum demand shifting to low peak time when appliance specific disintegrated real-time energy feedback is provided to consumers or controllers. With current technology, appliance level detection requires costly hardware installation and is quite impossible to deploy in large scale AMIs. It would be much more cost effective to predict appliance level consumption using smart meters already installed in premises. However, smart meter has only one current transducer per phase, rendering appliance usage detection challenging. This paper proposes an algorithm which can be performed on the data collected by the smart meter and a real-world example of its application.
Subsurface structure of tissues investigated by noninvasive optical second harmonic tomography

Second harmonic imaging was used to evaluate the subsurface layer structure of hamster cheek pouch mucosal tissues using femtosecond laser technology. Two dimensional images of hamster cheek pouch mucosa were obtained by scanning the second harmonic signal at various lateral and axial positions. The spatial mapping of the second harmonic signals showed depth differentiation between different tissue layers.
Antidiarrheal efficacy and cellular mechanisms of a Thai herbal remedy.

Screening of herbal remedies for Cl− channel inhibition identified Krisanaklan, a herbal extract used in Thailand for treatment of diarrhea, as an effective antidiarrheal in mouse models of secretory diarrheas with inhibition activity against three Cl− channel targets. Krisanaklan fully inhibited cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion in a closed-loop mouse model with ∼50% inhibition at a 1∶50 dilution of the extract. Orally administered Krisanaklan (5 µL/g) prevented rotavirus-induced diarrhea in neonatal mice. Short-circuit current measurements showed full inhibition of cAMP and Ca2+ agonist-induced Cl− conductance in human colonic epithelial T84 cells, with ∼50% inhibition at a 1∶5,000 dilution of the extract. Krisanaklan also strongly inhibited intestinal smooth muscle contraction in an ex vivo preparation. Together with measurements using specific inhibitors, we conclude that the antidiarrheal actions of Krisanaklan include inhibition of luminal CFTR and Ca2+-activated Cl− channels in enterocytes. HPLC fractionation indicated that the three Cl− inhibition actions of Krisanaklan are produced by different components in the herbal extract. Testing of individual herbs comprising Krisanaklan indicated that agarwood and clove extracts as primarily responsible for Cl− channel inhibition. The low cost, broad antidiarrheal efficacy, and defined cellular mechanisms of Krisanaklan suggests its potential application for antisecretory therapy of cholera and other enterotoxin-mediated secretory diarrheas in developing countries.
Astringency of Organic Acids is Related to pH

Astringency and sourness of lactic, acetic and citric acids, each adjusted to pH 3, 5 and 7, were evaluated in two experiments, one starting at equal concentrations in wt/vol before neutralization and the second starting at equal molarity. Astringency and sourness decreased with increasing pH. However, acids were differentially sour at equal pH, consistent with previous findings. In contrast, the tactile attributes associated with astringency (drying, roughing of oral tissues and puckery/tightening sensations) were similar across acids; pH was the major influence on astringency. Strong dependence on pH suggests that astringency of these acids is a direct result of their acidic properties, and not solely due to the hydrogen bonding mechanisms previously suggested as an explanation of astringency in tannin interactions with salivary proteins.
Some Considerations on Sexuality and Gender in the Context of AIDS

AbstractGender has become a major conceptual tool for understanding the evolving HIV pandemic globally. As such, it has provided a powerful way to see the structure of relations between men and women as central to various epidemics, and added weight to our understanding of HIV infection as not simply an individual experience of disease. Yet, as a concept, gender has its blind spots. This paper argues that there are four issues central to our understanding of how the HIV pandemic moves and develops that are not necessarily best understood through an analysis that uses gender alone, namely: women's vulnerability, men's culpability, young people's sexual interests and marginalised sexual cultures. The paper proposes using sexuality as a framework for analysing these issues and seeks to utilise developments in critical sexuality research to add to gender as a way to increase the capacity to respond to the HIV/AIDS crisis.
Frisky business: race, gender and police activity during traffic stops

Since the United States Supreme Court laid the foundation for “stop-and-frisk” activity by police departments, a substantial amount of research has explored the behavior of police departments, particularly with respect to race. But previous work rarely focuses on the individual’s probability of receiving a frisk. By exploiting a traffic stop-level dataset from the Pittsburgh Police Department, the marginal effects of assorted driver characteristics are estimated. While the broad characterization of African-American drivers being more likely to receive a frisk remains accurate, several related factors are identified that create a more nuanced picture of a driver’s probability of being frisked. The interaction of the gender of the driver, the time of day of the traffic stop, and the existence of passengers in the stopped vehicle with the race of the driver all impact the probability of receiving a frisk.
Building An Open-source Robotic Stereotaxic Instrument

This protocol includes the designs and software necessary to upgrade an existing stereotaxic instrument to a robotic (CNC) stereotaxic instrument for around $1,000 (excluding a drill), using industry standard stepper motors and CNC controlling software. Each axis has variable speed control and may be operated simultaneously or independently. The robot's flexibility and open coding system (g-code) make it capable of performing custom tasks that are not supported by commercial systems. Its applications include, but are not limited to, drilling holes, sharp edge craniotomies, skull thinning, and lowering electrodes or cannula. In order to expedite the writing of g-coding for simple surgeries, we have developed custom scripts that allow individuals to design a surgery with no knowledge of programming. However, for users to get the most out of the motorized stereotax, it would be beneficial to be knowledgeable in mathematical programming and G-Coding (simple programming for CNC machining). The recommended drill speed is greater than 40,000 rpm. The stepper motor resolution is 1.8°/Step, geared to 0.346°/Step. A standard stereotax has a resolution of 2.88 μm/step. The maximum recommended cutting speed is 500 μm/sec. The maximum recommended jogging speed is 3,500 μm/sec. The maximum recommended drill bit size is HP 2.
Chemical lesion of the inferior olive reduces [125I]Sarcosine1–Angiotensin II binding to AT2 receptors in the cerebellar cortex of young rats

Abstract In young rats, AT 2 receptors and AT 2 receptor mRNA are discretely localized in neurons of the inferior olive, with highest expression in the medial nucleus. We previously detected AT 2 receptor binding, but not AT 2 receptor mRNA, in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. To determine whether AT 2 receptors are expressed in climbing fiber terminals which arise to the molecular layer from the inferior olive and innervate Purkinje cells, we chemically destroyed olivary neurons of 2-week-old rats by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin 3-acetylpyridine. Lesions of the inferior olive reduced [ 125 I]Sar 1 –Ang II binding to AT 2 receptors and AT 2 receptor mRNA levels in this area by 50%, and produced a similar decrease in AT 2 receptor binding in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. The extent of binding reduction was similar 3 days and 7 days after the lesion. 3-Acetylpyridine lesions did not change [ 125 I]Sar 1 –Ang II binding to AT 1 receptors in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex or AT 1 receptor mRNA levels in Purkinje cells. AT 2 receptor binding and AT 2 receptor mRNA levels in the deep cerebellar nuclei were also not affected by 3-acetylpyridine. Our results support the hypothesis that AT 2 receptors are produced by inferior olivary neurons and transported through climbing fibers to the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. The high expression of AT 2 receptors in the inferior olivary–cerebellar pathway during a crucial time in postnatal development of climbing fiber-Purkinje cell connectivity suggest a role of AT 2 receptors in the development of this pathway.
Resonant few-photon excitation of a single-ion oscillator

We study the motion of an undamped single-ion harmonic oscillator, resonantly driven with a pulsed radiation pressure force. We demonstrate that a barium ion, initially cooled to the Doppler limit, quickly phase locks to the drive and builds up coherent oscillations above the thermal distribution after scattering of order 100 photons. In our experiment, this seeded motion is subsequently amplified and then analyzed by Doppler velocimetry. Since the coherent oscillation is conditional upon the internal quantum state of the ion, this motional excitation technique could be useful in atomic or molecular single-ion spectroscopy experiments, providing a simple protocol for state readout of nonfluorescing ions with partially closed-cycle transitions.
Response of nonsensitized and sensitized lactating mice to infection with Trichinella spiralis

Abstract The effect of lactation on the expulsion of adult Trichinella spiralis were studied in: (1) lactating, (2) induced agalactic post-parturient, (3) previously sensitized, and (4) mice sensitized during lactation. The results indicated that lactation was associated with an altered pattern of worm expulsion; i.e. more adult worms were recovered from nonsensitized and sensitized lactating mice than from control mice. Furthermore, neither mice sensitized before nor during lactation demonstrated an immunity to challenge infection.
A hypothetical fixation system capable of extending foveation in congenital nystagmus.

The model was designed and implemented using the Simulink component of MATLAB (T he Math Works, Natick, MA). The model is of modular, hierarchical de­ sign. The SP subsystem is based on Robinson,2 chosen for its relative simplicity and ability to be induced into instability, yielding a sinusoidal oscillation characteristic of pendular nystagmus. The saccadic system was based around a resettable neural integrator 3,4 (RNI) with pulse-height and -width nonlinearities. The RNI is part of the circuit that determines saccade duration; when the RNI resets, the saccade ends. The 1M, which is the "brains" of the model, has a long history in ocular motor models. 3-8 The 1M makes use of visual signals from the retina, as well as position and velocity efference signals available in the brainstem, to reconstruct and properly respond to changes in target position and velocity. It can then use this information to coordinate interaction between the SP and saccadic and fixation subsystems, despite
Visual inspection reliability of transport aircraft

The Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center has sponsored a visual inspection reliability program at its airworthiness assurance nondestructive inspection validation center (AANC). We report on the results of the benchmark phase of that program in which 12 inspectors were observed in two days of inspections on a Boeing 737 aircraft. All of the inspectors were currently employed with major airlines and all had experience inspecting the Boeing 737 aircraft. Each inspector spent 2 days at the AANC facility where they inspected to the same ten job cards. Each inspector was videotaped and all nonroutine repair actions were recorded for each inspector. Background information on each of the inspectors, including vision test results, was also gathered. The inspection results were correlated with the background variables. Aviation experience and a test time reflecting visual acuity were significantly correlated with performance factors. An analysis of the video tapes was performed to separate decision errors from search errors. Probability of detection curves were fit to the results of inspecting for cracks from beneath rivet heads in a task using prepared samples with known cracks.
Manganese Oxide Catalysts Supported on TiO2, Al2O3, and SiO2: A Comparison for Low-Temperature SCR of NO with NH3

A series of TiO2-, Al2O3-, and SiO2-supported manganese oxide catalysts were prepared, characterized, and catalytically tested for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3 in the presence of excess oxygen at low temperatures (373−523 K). Various commercial supports were used in this study to find out the influence of surface area, support nature (acidic, basic), and crystalline phase on SCR activity. XRD studies reveal the presence of anatase and rutile phases for titania supports and the existence of γ-alumina in the case of alumina support. Silica support was amorphous. No independent lines corresponding to the crystalline MnO2 were observed on pure anatase and rutile samples. However, the presence of MnO2 was confirmed on other supports by XRD. BET surface area values suggest that specific surface area of the supports was decreased after impregnating with MnO2. The FT-IR and ammonia TPD studies indicate the presence of two types of acid sites on these catalysts, and the acidic strength of the...
Classification and learning of distributed stimulus sets

One compact and four different types of distributed stimulus representations varying in three attributes and two values per attribute were generated. Eighty-four students partitioned a set of stimuli in any way they wished. Representations using different attributes to convey stimulus information were grouped similarly as distinct from a Morse code type of representation that varied values of the same attribute. In a second experiment, 27 students were required to learn one of three classification rules employing one of three different types of distributed stimulus sets. Performance was best when the imposed rule corresponded to previous sorting preferences. However, the three types of distributed stimulus sets were classified and learned more like compact stimuli than like the Morse code type of stimulus set.
Prevalence of familial hyper- and hypolipoproteinemias in blacks: The Princeton School District Family Study

Abstract Using black subjects from the Princeton School Family Study cohort, our specific aim was to estimate the prevalence of suspected familial hyper- and hypolipoproteinemias, and to provide empirical risk estimates for the proportion of probands' first-degree relatives who were similarly affected. Suspected familial hyper- and hypolipoproteinemias were arbitrarily identified in those kindreds having at least two first-degree relatives in the same decile as the proband, top or bottom, respectively, for low- or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC, HDLC). Some cutpoint for identification of elevated LDLC must be arbitrarily selected, and the level chosen here, the top decile, will affect ascertainment of the familial disorder. One hundred and seven probands, 52 randomly recalled, 55 from a hyperlipidemic recall group, and their relatives were assessed. Of the 52 randomly recalled black probands, 2 of whom had top decile LDLC, 1 had suspected familial hyperchlosterolemia (FHA). Of the 55 hyperlipidemic recall probands, 25 of whom had top decile LDLC, 4 had apparent FH: one kindred had three-generation vertical and horizontal transmission of top decile LDLC. In the five kindreds with suspected FH, overt disease, drugs, and dietary excess did not appear to cause the elevated LDLC. After adjustment for Quetelet index, there was a significant positive partial correlation between LDLC and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in top decile LDLC probands and their first-degree relatives. Of the 52 randomly recalled probands, 8 had top decile HDLC, and 2 had suspected familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia (FHA). Of the 55 hyperlipidemic recall group probands, 10 had top decile HDLC, 1 had suspected FHA. In the three kindreds with suspected FHA, the elevated HDLC could not be accounted for by disease, drugs, or alcohol intake known to elevate HDLC. Whatever definition of FH or FHA is used, the high prevalence of suspected FH and FHA underlines the importance of sampling all first-degree relatives of top decile LDLC and HDLC probands; clustering of CHD (or its absence) in families may be related in part to familial aggregation of LDLC and/or HDLC.
Inhbition of camp mediated relaxation in rat coronary vessels by block of Ca++ activated K+ channels

Abstract The hypothesis for this study is that block of calcium activated potassium (k Ca ) channels inhibits cAMP induced relaxation in pressurized rat coronary resistance arteries. Pressure-diameter experiments with septal arteries (200–270 μm internal diameter at 60 mmHg and maximum dilation) showed significant basal tone over a range of pressure from 40–120 mmHg. The level of tone was increased with the thromboxane A 2 analogue 9,11-dideoxy-11α, 9α-epoxy-methanoprostaglandin F 2α (U46619) in all experiments. Receptor activation of the cAMP pathway was done with adenosine (ADO) and isoproterenol (ISO). Tetraethylammonium ion (TEA + ), 1mM, significantly inhibited relaxation to ADO (10 −6 –10 −3 M) with a maximal inhibition of 75 ± 7% (as a % of maximum diameter change with the vasodilator alone) at 10 −3 M ADO. TEA + inhibited ISO (10 −6 M) relaxation by 63 ± 9%. Direct activation of the cAMP pathway was done with forskolin and 8-bromo-cAMP. TEA + significantly inhibited forskolin (10 −6 –10 −4 M) induced relaxation with a maximal inhibition of 81.3 ± 1.2% at 10 −4 M forskolin. TEA + and iberiotoxin (10 −7 M) significantly inhibited 8 bromo-cAMP (10 −3 M) induced relaxation by 72 ± 5% and 56 ± 3% respectively. The effect of TEA + on relaxation induced by nitroprusside (a cGMP dependent vasodilator) was not significant. The results show that rat coronary resistance arteries possess significant myogenic tone and modulation of k ca channels plays a major role in cAMP mediated relaxation.
Transport and handling of National Ignition Facility beamline optic modules

Installing the thousands of optics that make up the laser for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a complex operation. This paper introduces the Optical Transport and Material Handling designs that will be used to deliver the optics. The transport and handling hardware is being designed to allow autonomous, semiautonomous, and manual operations.
The Metamathematics of Model Theory: Discovering Language in Action

We discuss the problem of defining the collection of first-order elementary classes in terms of the natural topological space of countable models.
Design of hysteresis-compensating iterative learning control for piezo-positioners: Application to atomic force microscopes

Abstract This article addresses hysteresis-caused positioning error in piezo-based systems, such as atomic force microscopes. First, we present the design of an iterative learning control algorithm based on the Preisach hysteresis model. For a given output bound, we determine the algorithm’s rate of convergence. Second, we compensate for creep in the piezo system to determine a hysteresis model, and then the parameters of the model are used to find an appropriate value of the iteration gain such that convergence of the control algorithm is guaranteed. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of the approach, to achieve high-precision positioning, by applying the control algorithm to an experimental atomic force microscope system. Results show that iterative learning control can achieve substantial reduction of hysteresis-caused error, e.g., the tracking error is reduced to 0.24% of the total displacement range, which is approximately the noise level of the sensor measurement.