cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrition and development of brooded embryos in the brittlestar Amphipholis squamata : do endosymbiotic bacteria play a role?

To identify sources of nutrition potentially available to the yolk-deficient embryos of the brooding brittlestar Amphipholis squamata Della Chiaje, (= Axiognathus squamata, Thomas 1966), specimens were collected intertidally at all seasons (1986 through 1987) from Odiorne Point, Rye, New Hampshire and from Appledore Island, Isles of Shoals, Maine, USA. Ultrastructural, autoradiographic and immunohistochemical studies were made of adults and brooded embryos. Adult and embryonic tissues have morphological adaptations which support healthy, symbiotic bacteria (5 to 9 x 106 colony forming units/adult brittlestar), while autoradiographic studies indicate direct uptake of labeled amino acids by eukaryotic host tissues and bacteria. Cell envelopes of subcuticular bacteria suggest that they are Gram negative and may belong in the genus Vibrio. Based on immunohistochemical localization, it appears that a single type of bacterium is present in large numbers under the cuticles of embryos and adults of A. squamata. This is the first study of the relationship between an echinoderm and a bacterium which includes isolation and immunohistochemical verification of the identity of the bacterial symbiont.
Imprinting in ducklings: variability among individuals and responses.

Abstract Duck embryos show a highly variable heart rate, which remains variable, though to a lesser degree, upon hatching. After hatching, behavioral responses of ducklings in an imprinting paradigm are also variable both between ducklings, and between particular responses (behavioral inter se and behavioral vs physiological). Nonetheless, responses, when viewed multi-dimensionally, do appear to cluster, suggesting that there exist a variety of discrete developmental ‘types’, even among an inbred strain of ducklings.
Evaluating a 16-bit YCbCr (6:5:5) color representation for low memory, embedded video processing

This work examines a 16-bit YCbCr (6:5:5) color representation for limited-memory, embedded video-processing applications. The 16-bit format, combined with YCbCr 4:2:0 video streams, reduces storage requirements by 29% over a 4:2:0 chroma format and 65% over a baseline 24-bit YCbCr format while providing satisfactory image quality and sufficient information for motion estimation.
Race, resource use, and survival in seriously III hospitalized adults

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between patient race and hospital resource use. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Five geographically diverse teaching hospitals. PATIENTS: Patients were 9,105 hospitalized adults with one of nine illnesses associated with an average 6-month mortality of 50%. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Measures of resource use included: a modified version of the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS); performance of any of any of five procedures (operation, dialysis, pulmonary artery catheterization, endoscopy, and bronchoscopy); and hospital charges, adjusted by the Medicare cost-to-charge ratio per cost center at each participating hospital. The median patient age was 65; 79% were white, 16% African-American, 3% Hispanic, and 2% other races; 47% died within 6 months. After adjusting for other sociodemographic factors, severity of illness, functional status, and study site, African-Americans were less likely to receive any of five procedures on study day 1 and 3 (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.60, 0.81). In addition, African-Americans had lower TISS scores on study day 1 and 3 (OR −1.8; 95% CI −1.3, −2.4) and lower estimated costs of hospitalization (OR −$2,805; 95% CI −$1,672, −$3,883). Results were similar after adjustment for patients’ preferences and physicians’ prognostic estimates. Differences in resource use were less marked after adjusting for the specialty of the attending physician but remained significant. In a subset analysis, cardiologists were less likely to care for African-Americans with congestive heart failure (p<.001), and cardiologists used more resources (p<.001). After adjustment for other sociodemographic factors, severity of illness, functional status, and study site, survival was slightly better for African-American patients (hazard ratio 0.91; 95% CI 0.84, 0.98) than for white or other race patients. CONCLUSIONS: Seriously ill African-Americans received less resource-intensive care than other patients after adjustment for other sociodemographic factors and for severity of illness. Some of these differences may be due to differential use of subspecialists. The observed differences in resource use were not associated with a survival advantage for white or other race patients.
Isolimonic acid interferes with Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilm and TTSS in QseBC and QseA dependent fashion

E. coli O157:H7 (EHEC) is an important human pathogen. The antibiotic treatment of EHEC reportedly results in release of Shiga toxin and is therefore discouraged. Consequently, alternative preventive or therapeutic strategies for EHEC are required. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of citrus limonoids on cell-cell signaling, biofilm formation and type III secretion system in EHEC. Isolimonic acid and ichangin were the most potent inhibitors of EHEC biofilm (IC25=19.7 and 28.3 μM, respectively) and adhesion to Caco-2 cells. The qPCR analysis revealed that isolimonic acid and ichangin repressed LEE encoded genes by ≈3 to 12 fold. In addition, flhDC was repressed by the two limonoids (≈3 to 7 fold). Further studies suggested that isolimonic acid interferes with AI-3/epinephrine activated cell-cell signaling pathway. Loss of biofilm inhibitory activity of isolimonic acid in ΔqseBC mutant, which could be restored upon complementation, suggested a dependence on functional QseBC. Additionally, overexpression of qseBC in wild type EHEC abated the inhibitory effect of isolimonic acid. Furthermore, the isolimonic acid failed to differentially regulate ler in ΔqseA mutant, while plasmid borne expression of qseA in ΔqseA background restored the repressive effect of isolimonic acid. Altogether, results of study seem to suggest that isolimonic acid and ichangin are potent inhibitors of EHEC biofilm and TTSS. Furthermore, isolimonic acid appears to interfere with AI-3/epinephrine pathway in QseBC and QseA dependent fashion.
Long-term blockade of the expression of cocaine sensitization by ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist

Abstract Intermittent cocaine administration induces sensitization (reverse tolerance) to its behavioral effects. The mechanism(s) mediating sensitization is not clear, however, previous research has implicated 5-HT3 receptors in the expression of sensitization. The present experiment evaluated the ability of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron, administered during withdrawal from chronic intermittent cocaine administration, to block the expression of sensitization. Rats were pretreated for 14 days by daily subcutaneous injections of either 40 mg/kg cocaine or 0.9% saline. During the first 5 days of withdrawal from this pretreatment regimen, all rats received a daily subcutaneous injection of 0–1.0 mg/kg ondansetron. On days 7, 14 or 28 of withdrawal from the cocaine pretreatment, the rats received a 15.0-mg/kg cocaine challenge. Ambulatory behavior was automatically recorded for 60 min. Ondansetron had no significant effect on the subsequent behavioral response to cocaine in the saline control subjects. In contrast, daily injections of ondansetron blocked the expression of sensitization at all withdrawal times. We thus report that it is possible to permanently block the expression of sensitization once it has developed by administering a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist.
Use of noninvasive bioelectric impedance to predict cardiac output in open heart recovery

Abstract Cardiac outputs (CO) measured by bioelectric impedance (Z) and thermodilution (TD) were compared in ten stable, non-ventilated male coronary artery bypass patients (mean age 59 ± 12 years) in an open heart recovery unit. The measurements were obtained blindly in three sequential body positions (supine, 45°, final supine) using either a calculated value for resistivity (p) (based upon hematocrit with blood sampled at the time of the study) to estimate CO(Z), or assumed values of p = 135.5 Ω cm and p = 150 Ω cm. The results indicate high correlations between the two measurement methods (range: r = 0.97 to 0.99) in the initial supine position for all resistivity conditions followed by a progressive decline when body position was changed to 45° and supine (range: r = 0.74 to 0.90). The highest overall correlations and closest absolute mean cardiac output values were obtained when p was calculated from actual hematocrit values obtained at the time of the study. Applying a two-way ANOVA to assess the simultaneous effects of method (TD vx. Z) and position change (supine, 45°, supine), no significant main effects or interactions were found when cardiac output values were estimated using the calculated measurement of p. However, significant main effects of method were found when p was assumed to be either 135.5 Ω cm (p ⩾ 0.005) or 150.0 Ω cm (p ⩾ 0.0001), with impedance showing a tendency to overestimate cardiac output. In conclusion, our findings suggest that impedance is a valid method to estimate cardiac output in this subpopulation of patients in open heart recovery provided that p is calculated at the time the study is performed.
Difference-of-exponential detector for extracting edges

In this paper, a generalized zero crossing (GZC) theorem is proposed. The GZC theorem has much less constraints on filters so that the design of filters can be flexible. Then, it is shown that ramp models can be effectively approximated by step models. Based on the GZC theorem, a difference-of-exponential (DoE) operator is proposed. It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that the new operator is computationally efficient, and its edge detection performance is higher than that of the Laplacian-of-Gaussian (LOG) operator.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hydrostatic locomotion in a limbless tetrapod

Caecilians are an ancient and enigmatic group of limbless, burrowing amphibians found throughout most of the humid tropics1,2. Over the past 100 million years, the majority of caecilian lineages seem to have retained a series of highly derived musculoskeletal traits from a common ancestor. Among these features are unusually oriented body wall muscles3 and a vertebral column that moves independently of the skin4–9. Until now, these strange characteristics have defied a satisfying functional explanation. Our data suggest that the unique morphology of caecilians enables them to power locomotion hydrostatically by applying force to a crossed-helical array of tendons that surrounds their body cavity. Using this system, the Central American Dermophis mexicanus can generate approximately twice the maximum forward force as similar-sized burrowing snakes that rely solely on longitudinally oriented musculature of the body wall and vertebral column for forward force production. Although many groups of invertebrates use hydrostatic systems to move10–13 and many vertebrates use hydrostatic systems in localized body parts13,14, caecilians are the first vetebrates known to use the entire body as a hydrostatic system for locomotion.
Hausdorff Dimension of Order Preserving Sets

Letg aC2 generic bimodal map of the circle. We prove that the closure of the union of the order preserving recurrent sets with irrational rotation number has Hausdorff dimension zero. This set contains order preserving periodic orbits with each rotation numberp/q in the rotation interval ofg.
Struggling for social justice in the capitalist world system: the cases of African Americans, Oromos, and Southern and Western Sudanese

This article identifies and examines the processes through which the social justice movements of African Americans in the US, Oromos in Ethiopia, and Southern and Western Sudanese in Sudan emerged, and the successes and failures of these movements in a global and comparative perspective. It specifically explores four interrelated issues. First, the paper deals with some theoretical and methodological insights. Second, the piece explains how the racialized capitalist world system and its political structures facilitated the creation of the states of the US, Ethiopia, and Sudan and legalized racial/ethnonational oppression, colonialism, exploitation, and continued subjugation. Third, it explains comparatively the processes, developments, objectives, and outcomes of these movements. Finally, the paper explores issues of social justice as the promotion of the principle of political self-determination and democratic and human rights under the rule of law.
Glucocorticoids Inhibit the Growth of Murine Fetal Liver Erythroid Burst-Forming Cells*

The effects of glucocorticoids on the formation of large colonies of erythroid cells, termed “bursts,” by erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) obtained from murine fetal liver were studied in plasma clot cultures. Fetal liver erythroid progenitor cells formed a reduced number of erythroid bursts when cultured for 9 days in the presence of dexamethasone. Similar results were obtained with other glucocorticoids, including corticosterone, cortisol, prednisone, prednisolone, and 9α-fluorocortisol; in contrast, neither llα-cortisol, tetrahydrocortisol, nor progesterone influenced erythroid burst formation. Erythroid burst formation was also decreased by the addition of dexamethasone on days 5, 7, and 9 to developing erythroid bursts, indicating that the growth of BFU-E-derived erythroid precursor cells was also reduced by the glucocorticoid. The formation of erythroid bursts by murine fetal liver cells was also reduced when the cells were incubated with dexamethasone (10-7 and 10-8 M) for 1 h, washed, and cul...
Ischemic, Hemodynamic, and Neurohormonal Responses to Mental and Exercise Stress Experience From the Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia Study (PIMI)

Background The pathophysiology of mental stress–induced myocardial ischemia, which occurs at lower heart rates than during physical stress, is not well understood. Methods and Results The Psychophy...
Pituitary response to growth hormone-releasing factor in rats with functional or anatomical lesions of the central nervous system that inhibit endogenous growth hormone secretion

Abstract The pituitary growth hormone (GH) response to the growth hormone-releasing factor, hpGRF-44, was evaluated in male rats with various lesions of the central nervous system. These included an electrical lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamus, a chemical lesion of the arcuate nucleus induced by neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate, a functional lesion of catecholamine synthesis with α-methyl-p-tyrosine or a functional lesion of catecholamine storage with reserpine. The first three lesions appear to partially inhibit normal somatostatin secretion since in every instance hpGRF-44 administration induced a significant increase in plasma GH concentrations. In contrast, reserpine blocked the GH response to hpGRF-44, presumably by stimulating somatostatin secretion. The pituitary GH response to hpGRF-44 in the above described models was enhanced by pretreatment of the rats with antibodies against somatostatin. The pituitary GH response to repeated injections of hpGRF-44 was also evaluated in rats with an anatomical lesion of the arcuate nucleus or a functional lesion of catecholamine synthesis. The maximum GH response did not vary over time to the repeated injections of hpGRF-44 in rats with lesions of the arcuate nucleus; however, interruption of catecholamine synthesis resulted in a significant decrease in the GH response to hpGRF-44 over time.
Closely spaced large volume sampling of sharp gradients

Abstract A field experiment demonstrated that sharp gradients in the ocean can be measured accurately from large volume samples taken at 2-m depth intervals.
Neural networks for computing invariant clustering of a large open set of DNA-PCR-primers generated by a feature-knowledge based system

A neural network computing model for image sorting by means of invariant clustering is described. Such image sorting by clustering belongs to the class of inverse problems of image processing. One of the biomedical applications is to diagnose AIDS virus-mutated DNA by a powerful recombinant DNA technology, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), based on judicious choice of oligonucleotide primers for the synthesis of an imprecisely known DNA sequence due to the unknown viral infections. Thus, a smaller set of primers among a larger open set, generated by a feature rule-based system, must be found. A neural network is needed to do nondestructive sorting and maintain the chemical bases (G, C, A, T) of the chosen primers. The problem is solved by an ART-1 neural network for feature extraction by clustering and an ART-4 (a hybrid ART-1) neural network for image sorting by clustering. The initial condition of ART-1 is precisely the complement of the initial condition of ART-4. The ART-1 whitens the cluster leader by the veto power of newcomers, while the ART-4 edifies and preserves the cluster leader by the consent of followers. A feature based expert system provides a powerful training environment for the ART-4 neural network to further discover new cluster rules
Early development of the kelp fly,Coelopa frigida (Diptera) ultrastructural changes within the polar granules during pole cell formation.

Changes in the fine structure of polar granules and distribution of these granules in the egg and pole cells during the earliest stages of embryonic development have been observed in the eggs ofCoelopa frigida. 1. Polar granules are composed of dense granules 25–35 A in diameter. These dense granules associate in different patterns during the cleavage stages of theCoelopa egg. 2. From early cleavage until shortly before blastema formation (preblastoderm stage) the dense granules form globular subunits, 200–250 A in diameter, within the polar granules. These subunits become more distinct in later cleavage stages. 3. With the formation of the blastema the globular subunits are transformed into electron dense rods of varying length and approximately the same diameter as the globular subunits. Groups of parallel rods are arranged in different directions within each polar granule. 4. When pole cells have been formed, all the polar granules within each cell associate to form a complex, shaped like a concave disc, on the distal side of the nucleus or on the side pointing toward neighboring pole cells. Those components contributed by individual polar granules can still be identified within the disc. 5. The possibility of a correlation between blastema formation (i.e., the arrival of nuclei in the pole plasm) and the structural change within polar granules as an indication of nucleocytoplasmic interaction is discussed.
Oxidative stability of lubricants for dry circuit sliding contacts

The thin film oxidation resistance of isoparaffin and two polyol esters synthetic lubricants was studied by high pressure differential scanning calorimetry. The oxidation induction time of each lubricant was measured by isothermally heating the sample in an oxygen environment. Arrhenius plots were constructed to predict the service life of the lubricant at low temperatures. The results indicate that polyol esters exhibit better oxidative stability than isoparaffins.
Free radicals generated by xanthine oxidase-hypoxanthine damage adenylate cyclase and ATPase in gerbil cerebral cortex.

The generation of superoxide radicals from xanthine oxidase-hypoxanthine in a particulate fraction of gerbil cerebral cortex influenced the activity of the synaptic enzyme adenylate cyclase, as well as Mn2+- and Na+,K+-sensitive forms of ATPase. Low concentrations of xanthine oxidase actually elevated the sensitivity of adenylate cyclase to GTP, GTP + norepinephrine (NE), and forskolin but not significantly to Mn2+. Higher levels of xanthine oxidase elicited a marked inhibition of these responses. The stimulation of adenylate cyclase mechanisms requiring GTP (GTP, forskolin, and NE) was more susceptible than was Mn2+, suggesting that the guanine nucleotide stimulatory protein was more vulnerable to free radical attack than the catalytic site of adenylate cyclase. superoxide dismutase (SOD), but not catalase, partially protected the forskolin-sensitive enzyme from the action of xanthine oxidase-hypoxanthine. A combination of SOD plus catalase preserved enzyme responses to forskolin. In comparison, additions of SOD plus mannitol or catalase plus flunarizine were less effective. The sensitivity of the particulate ATPase to Mn2+ was more labile to the consequence of superoxide formation than Na+, K+-ATPase. In this regard the Ca2+, Mg2+ sensitivity of the enzyme was reduced only to a marginal extent. The findings might be analogous toin vivo data in which cerebral adenylate cyclase and Na+, K+-ATPase are damaged following postischemic reperfusion in gerbils, a process thought to be mediated by free radicals.
Scintigraphic photopenia in sacrococcygeal chordoma

A case with a photon deficient or cold lesion on bone scintigraphy due to sacrococcygeal chordoma is presented. The proposed mechanism is also explained.
Plants and Leaf Characteristics Influencing the Predaceous Mite Kampimodromus aberrans (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Habitats Surrounding Vineyards

We sampled phytoseiid mites (densities, diversity, and age structure) on several plants located in four uncultivated areas surrounding vineyards over 3 yr to determine how leaf structure affects populations. The plant composition of these areas greatly influenced the numbers and species of phytoseiids present. The relationships between leaf structure (trichome, pollen densities, number, and structure of domatia, leaf surface) and Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans) densities also were studied. The frequency of occurrence and the abundance of K. aberrans per cm2 were correlated to high trichome densities. A complex phylloplane (many hairs and shelters or domatia) could confer a competitive advantage to K. aberrans over other phytoseiid mite species. The number and the rating of domatia were important to K aberrans development; high proportions of immatures were observed only on plants with these structures. Pollen densities were significantly correlated to trichome densities; domatia structure had only a somewhat lesser effect. Our study shows that dense trichome and pollen levels are favorable to the development of K. aberrans populations and add perspective on the influence of domatia on this important predaceous mite.
Enhancement of Fertilization and Hatching Using Micromanipulation

Over 50 babies have now been born following the application of micromanipulation to oocytes and embryos. The current proceedings deal almost uniquely with the genetic diagnosis of biopsied polar bodies, blastomeres and nuclei from blastomeres or trophoblastic cells, however, micromanipulation procedures in assisted reproductive technology are performed for a variety of other reasons. Although the purpose of preimplantation diagnosis may differ from that of other microsurgical technologies, these methods have in common that the zona pellucida is breached. When normal fertilization is absent due to abnormalities in the sperm or oocytes, micromanipulation has been used to promote sperm-egg fusion (Malter and Cohen, 1989a; Ng et al, 1990). When Polyspermic fertilization occurs, micromanipulation may be used to return the zygote to a genetically normal, viable state (Gordon et al, 1989; Malter and Cohen, 1989b). Also, micromanipulation has been used to promote implantation by assisting the hatching process (Cohen et al, 1990a). However, micromanipulation imposes artificial conditions on the gametes and embryos.
Redistribution of Metabolic Fluxes in Escherichia coli with Fermentative Lactate Dehydrogenase Overexpression and Deletion

Under anaerobic conditions, competition for pyruvate between the branch point enzymes pyruvate formate lyase (PFL, Km = 2 mM) and fermentative lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, Km = 7.2 mM) determines the partition of carbon flux. Two Escherichia coli mutant strains, one deficient in ackA, pta, and ldhA and the other overexpressing LDH, were constructed to systematically analyze the effects of these perturbations in the existing pathways on the redistribution of carbon fluxes. Deletion of the lactate and acetate synthesis pathways was detrimental to cell growth. Carbon flux is forced through ethanol and formate production pathways, resulting in a concomitant increase in those fluxes. In addition, overexpression of LDH simultaneously increases the common flux as well as the flux to the competing acetyl-CoA branch. Overexpression of lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA) in the parent strain increases the lactate synthesis rate from 0.19 to 0.40 mmol/g-biomass-h when the LDH activities increases from 1.3 to 15.3 units. Even an increase of more than 10 times in the LDH activity fails to divert a large fraction of the carbon flux to lactate; the majority of the flux still channels through the acetyl-CoA branch. Overexpression of LDH in the parent strain simultaneously increases the common flux as well as the flux through the acetyl-CoA branch. Subsequently, the flux amplification factors (or deviation indices which can be related to the flux control coefficients) are positive for all three fluxes occurring at the pyruvate node.
Surgeon and Safari: Producing Valuable Bodies in Johannesburg

Abstract This essay explores how concepts of value and cheapness circulate around the bodies of clients of the Johannesburg‐based cosmetic surgery tourism company Surgeon and Safari. I show how the production of a luxurious experience and the mitigation of risk take place within a transnational network enabled by the presence of medical tourism in multiple locales. By placing Surgeon and Safari’s activities within the context of the neoliberalization of health care in South Africa, I explore how the division between private versus public health spaces functions as both a technique of valuing clients’ bodies and as a process of racialization.
Synthesis and polymerization of 1‐(perfluoroacyl)aziridines

The preparation and polymerization of representative 1-(perfluoroacyl)aziridines were examined. Polymerization of the aziridines was induced by heat, by certain inorganic nucleophiles such as cyanide, fluoride, and chloride, and by organic bases. Certain other inorganic nucleophilic reagents such as KI and KBr effected the rearrangement of the 1-(perfluoroacyl)aziridines to the isomeric 2-perfluoroalkyl-2-oxazolines. A possible reaction mechanism involving anionic polymerization in competition with oxazoline formation was discussed.
Deep Sequencing Identifies Noncanonical Editing of Ebola and Marburg Virus RNAs in Infected Cells

ABSTRACT Deep sequencing of RNAs produced by Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) or the Angola strain of Marburgvirus (MARV-Ang) identified novel viral and cellular mechanisms that diversify the coding and noncoding sequences of viral mRNAs and genomic RNAs. We identified previously undescribed sites within the EBOV and MARV-Ang mRNAs where apparent cotranscriptional editing has resulted in the addition of non-template-encoded residues within the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) mRNA, the MARV-Ang nucleoprotein (NP) mRNA, and the MARV-Ang polymerase (L) mRNA, such that novel viral translation products could be produced. Further, we found that the well-characterized EBOV GP mRNA editing site is modified at a high frequency during viral genome RNA replication. Additionally, editing hot spots representing sites of apparent adenosine deaminase activity were found in the MARV-Ang NP 3′-untranslated region. These studies identify novel filovirus-host interactions and reveal production of a greater diversity of filoviral gene products than was previously appreciated. IMPORTANCE This study identifies novel mechanisms that alter the protein coding capacities of Ebola and Marburg virus mRNAs. Therefore, filovirus gene expression is more complex and diverse than previously recognized. These observations suggest new directions in understanding the regulation of filovirus gene expression.
Genetic Risks and ADHD Symptomatology: Exploring the Effects of Parental Antisocial Behaviors in an Adoption-Based Study

A great deal of research has examined the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD symptomatologies. Genetic factors are consistently shown to explain a significant proportion of variance in measures of ADHD. The current study adds to this body of research by examining whether genetic liabilities for criminality and alcoholism have effects on the development of ADHD symptomatologies. Analyses based on a sample of adoptees drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) revealed that ADHD symptomatologies were elevated among adoptees who had biological mothers and fathers who had been arrested or who were alcoholics. These results suggest that part of the covariation between ADHD and antisocial behaviors may be the result of genetic factors that have general effects across a range of maladaptive outcomes.
Jo Ann Ashley 30 Years Later: Legacy for Practice:

Jo Ann Ashley, nurse scholar, educator, and feminist activist died at age 41 in 1980. Ashley illuminated the historical foundations of modern medicine, nursing, and hospital care in her pivotal book published in 1976, Hospitals, Paternalism, and the Role of the Nurse. Ashley's innovative research uncovered a web of pervasive gender and class bias in the delivery of healthcare in the United States. This column commemorates the 30-year anniversary of that publication with a remembrance of her life and ideas. It examines Ashley's relevance for nursing theory and current practice through an analysis of her many scholarly works and through interviews with those who knew her.
Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy and Myringotomy With Tube Insertion

1. Eric D. Baum, MD* 1. *Clinical Instructor, Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize disease states associated with adenotonsillar hypertrophy and infection. 2. Understand the indications for, general surgical approach to, and complications of adenotonsillectomy. 3. Discuss the role of myringotomy and tube insertion in the management of middle ear disease. 4. Be familiar with common complications after myringotomy and tube insertion. A variety of head and neck problems are seen frequently in general pediatric practice, and issues related to adenotonsillar disease and middle ear disease are among the most common causes of these visits. Sleep-disordered breathing, a range of disorders that includes primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), is strongly related to adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Recurrent and chronic pharyngitis are addressed less commonly surgically than in past decades but still are important causes of morbidity in children. Myringotomy with tube insertion is one of the most common surgical procedures performed on Americans and is an important tool in the management of chronic middle ear disease in the pediatric population. The superior part of the pharynx contains a ring of lymphoid tissue roughly extending from the level of the skull base in the posterior portion of the nose down to the level of the larynx. Centered superiorly on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx are the pharyngeal tonsils, commonly known as the adenoids or adenoid pad. The two palatine tonsils (generally termed only “tonsils”) are situated on either side of the oropharynx. Inferiorly, near the base of the tongue and more inferior portions of the pharyngeal walls are the lingual tonsils. Disease states associated with these different aggregations of tissue often are affected by their precise anatomic location. …
CASE STUDY Psychogenic and Neurodevelopmental Factors in Autism

Abstract A case of Infantile Autism occurring in a 22-month-old girl during a brief separation from her parents is reported. The possibility of interaction between psychogenic and neurodevelopmental factors in the development of this child's autistic symptomatology is discussed.
A simulation system for coordinated manipulation

A special-purpose simulation system for constraint-based manipulation with robotic devices is described. This system is a computational tool for the study of task-directed programming of robotics. The architecture of the system is outlined, the module for controlling independent fingers cooperating for the task of part rotation is described in detail, and experiments are reported. This implementation contributes to a deeper understanding of the properties of algorithms for fine motion planning for dexterous manipulation. >
Prevention of sore heels: Evidence and outcomes: A review of evidence for the effectiveness of pressure relieving devices resulted in practice changes on a paediatric orthopaedic ward, as Brian Silverwood reports

The orthopaedic service at the Sheffield Children’s hospital is a regional, tertiary service providing complex surgical procedures often requiring several days of enforced bed rest. Staff on the orthopaedic ward had become increasingly concerned about the number of children who had developed sore heels postoperatively. Until a few years ago, our care, where surgery permitted, included a regular turning regime to relieve pressure, the use of pillows under the heels and the occasional use of water filled gloves. Clinical effectiveness (DoH 1996) is about ‘doing the right thing in the right way for the right patient at the right time’ (RCN 1998), which is underpinned by evidence-based practice (Le May 1999). With these requirements in mind we attempted to identify from the evidence a suitable heel pressure relieving device and planned to implement the device in practice.
[Reply] Ought, Can, and Presupposition: A Reply to Kurthy and Lawford- Smith

I report the results of a follow-up study, designed to address concerns raised by Kurthy and Lawford-Smith in response to my original study on intuitions about moral obligation (ought) and ability (can). Like the results of the original study, the results of the follow-up study do not support the hypothesis that OIC is intuitive. The results of both studies suggest that OIC is probably not a principle of ordinary moral cognition. As I have argued in my paper, I take this to mean that OIC can no longer be taken as axiomatic. It must be argued for without appealing to intuitions.
Comprehensive Planning for Sustainable Rural Development

Summary States now have an unprecedented opportunity to help rural communities help themselves by providing rural communities with data and technology, offering technical assistance, and encouraging them to develop comprehensive plans. The process starts with the rec-ognition that rural comprehensive planning need not simply imply containing urban growth, preserving unprofitable farming activity, or economic develop-ment in isolated small towns. References Audirac, Ivonne (ed.) 1997. Rural Sustainable Develop-ment in America. John Wiley and Sons. Browne, W.P., J.R. Skees, L.E. Swanson, P.B. Thomp-son, and L.J. Unnevehr. 1992. Sacred Cow and Hot Potatoes – Agrarian Myths in Agrarian Policy. West-view Press. Diamond, Henry L. and Patrick F. Noonan (eds). 1996. Implementation of a Spatial Decision Support System for Rural Land Use Planning: Integrating Geographic Information System and Environmental Models with Search and Land use in America. Washington, D.C. : Island Press. Feather, Peter, Daniel Hellerstein, LeRoy Hansen.
Spinal fusion augmented by luque-rod segmental instrumentation for neuromuscular scoliosis

Seventy-four patients who had deformity of the spine secondary to a neuromuscular disorder were treated using posterior fusion with Luque-rod segmental instrumentation. The mean curve was 73 degrees preoperatively and 38 degrees postoperatively. The mean loss of correction was 4 degrees at an average duration of follow-up of forty-two months (range, 2.0 to 7.3 years). Complications included one death, three deep wound infections, two pressure sores, six sets of broken rods, and one instance of distal rotation and migration of the rod. There were no major perioperative neurological complications. Failure of instrumentation occurred more frequently with 3/16-inch (4.8-millimeter) diameter than with 1/4-inch (6.4-millimeter) diameter stainless-steel rods. There was a tendency for cephalad progression of deformity when the fusion ended cephalad at or below the fourth thoracic vertebra. We concluded that Luque-rod segmental instrumentation with posterior spinal fusion is an effective treatment for patients who have neuromuscular scoliosis.
Filling the Delaware Basin: Hydrologic and Climatic Controls on the Upper Permian Castile Formation Varved Evaporite

The Upper Permian (Ochoan) Castile Formation in the Delaware basin of western Texas and southeastern New Mexico is recognized for three exceptional attributes: as the classic example of a “deep-water” marine evaporite (King 1947), for its remarkably clear and laterally persistent annual laminations (varves: Anderson et al. 1972), and for its continuous, 200 000-year annual record of climatic variability (Anderson 1982, 1984). This chapter examines the lateral and vertical distribution of beds of varved limestone, varved anhydrite, and varved halite and interprets these changes in terms of basin hydrology and the important role that climate played in creating the stratigraphy of an evaporite. Earlier studies of the Castile provided sedimentological evidence for subaqueous deposition of the laminated evaporite (Anderson and Kirkland 1966; Anderson et al. 1972; Dean et al. 1975). This chapter describes progressive changes in geochemistry, petrology, and stratification that were the result of the basin becoming filled with sediment and that indicate an initially “deep” evaporite basin.
Constraint-Based Modeling: From Cognitive Theory to Computer Tutoring – and Back Again

The ideas behind the constraint-based modeling (CBM) approach to the design of intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) grew out of attempts in the 1980’s to clarify how declarative and procedural knowledge interact during skill acquisition. The learning theory that underpins CBM was based on two conceptual innovations. The first innovation was to represent declarative knowledge as constraints rather than chunks, propositions, or schemas. The second innovation was a cognitive mechanism that uses the information in constraint violations to revise and improve a partially mastered skill. This learning theory implied that an ITS could be built around a set of constraints that encode correct domain knowledge, without an explicit or generative model of buggy versions of a skill. Tutoring systems based on CBM have proven effective in multiple educational settings. CBM is limited in its focus on learning from errors. A broader learning theory, the Multiple Modes Theory, is outlined, and its implications for the design of more powerful ITSs are discussed.
A laboratory combustion study of diesel particulates containing metal additives

Etude au laboratoire de la combustion de particules de moteur diesel contenant des additifs metalliques
MAP Kinase Modules in Signaling

All eukaryotic cells utilize multiple mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades to respond to a wide variety of external and internal stimuli to regulate proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, survival, stress, and development; with much published on epithelial, hematological, neurological, endocrinological, cardiovascular, muscle, bone and immune responses. MAPKs are targeted for inhibition by bacterial pathogens in humans, yeast and plants. MAPK cascades function upstream and downstream of oncoproteins and antioncoproteins and their status has profound effects on cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. This review will define the MAPK module in humans and model organisms, alternative MAPK signaling, pathway specificity within a MAPK module, substrates, scaffold proteins, localization, cell architecture, and signal strength. Finally, the review will discuss links between MAPK cascades and tumorigenesis and interrelationships with other diseases.
The Danger of Committing the Ecological Fallacy Persists: Comment on Gove and Hughes

Gove and Hughes claim to have used methods that permit valid inferences concerning individual level causation from aggregate data without committing the ecological fallacy. Aggregate data consistently show correlations between the percentage of people in a community who live alone and the rates of suicide and mortality related to alcoholism in the community. Gove and Hughes manipulate these data in an attempt to eliminate all individual level causal possibilities except that increased incidence of suicide which occurs among those who live alone.1 But as they acknowledge, their program of evaluating mathematical models and statistically controlling variables is inconclusive. The possibility remains that suicide is not caused by living alone, but rather by living in a social environment with others who live alone. These two possibilities are indistinguishable using aggregate data. Gove and Hughes recognize that this possibility remains after their statistical manipulations, but reject it summarily.
Application of Improved Injection Well Temperature Model to Cranfield Measurements

Abstract Injection-induced fractures in large-scale CO2 storage projects may not be permitted by regulators. Injection pressure is the first-order determinant of whether fractures are initiated, but another important factor is temperature difference between formation and injected fluid. This difference causes thermoelastic stress that reduces the fracturing pressure. Accurate prediction of bottomhole temperature is therefore important to predict injection-induced fractures. In this work, we improve the steady-state heat transfer model for a CO2 injector by accounting for dependency of heat transfer coefficient on injection rate. The improved model predicts bottomhole temperature much more accurately across a large range of dynamic injection rates measured at Cranfield.
Book reviews: Presidential rhetoric without qualifiers: Beyond the modern and rhetorical divide

Wayne Fields, UNION OF WORDS: A HISTORY OF PRESIDENTIAL ELOQUENCE. New York: The Free Press, 1996; pp. 406. $24.50. Martin J. Medhurst, ed. BEYOND THE RHETORICAL PRESIDENCY. College Station, TX: Texas AM pp. xxv + 270. $39.95. David K. Nichols, THE MYTH OF THE MODERN PRESIDENCY. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994; pp. 181. $32.50 cloth; $13.95 paper. Clayborne Carson (Senior Editor), THE PAPERS OF MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., VOLUME III: BIRTH OF A NEW AGE, DECEMBER 1955‐DECEMBER 1956. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997; pp. 566, $40.00. Swartz, Omar. (1997) CONDUCTING SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH: CRITICAL THEORY, NEOPRAGMATISM, AND RHETORICAL INQUIRY. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications; pp. 198, $41.95 hard cover, $19.95 soft cover.
Waiting for reform under Putin and Medvedev

Waiting for Reform Under Putin and Medvedev is the collective work of a team of authors, half of whom come from Moscow, and the rest from different parts of the world. The authors are united in the...
Drift of Water-Diluted and Undiluted Formulations of Malathion and Azinphosmethyl Applied by Airplane

Deposits of undiluted technical formulations and water diluted emulsifiable concentrates of malathion and azinphosmethyl applied by airplane were analyzed by chemical methods and by bioassay. The insecticides were detected under adverse conditions as far as 800 m (½ mile) downwind from the line of application. Estimated recoveries from the treated swaths and from the adjacent area into which the spray drifted ranged from 18 to 96% of the calculated amount applied. Total recoveries of the undiluted formulations were consistently lower than those of the water-diluted emulsifiable concentrates.
On 263 Type A Influenza Outbreak in A Middle School of Nanjiang County

Objective To analyze and explore the epidemiological characteristics,the prevention and treatment measures.Method The epidemiological investigation,pathogen test of 263 flu cases were conducted.Results ①Epidemiological survey: A total of 263 cases were diagnosed as influenza,with a morbidity of 12.88%.Male 136 cases,female 127 cases.The maximum age was 24 years(a teacher),and the minimum age was 10 years.11-15 years of age accounted for 98.86%.The cases increased 3 days after the first case diagnosed.twelve days later,no new cases were found again after a series of control measures were carried out by the county center for disease control and prevention.② Pathogen testing: Influenza virus rapid antigen tests were negative,RT-PCR detection of nucleic acid test of influenza virus hemagglutinin antigens H1 was positive in 3 samples and type A influenza was then confirmed.Conclusion The outbreak is caused by the type A influenza.The epidemic situation revealed characteristics of timely report,great attention paid by the relevant leaders,correct,quick in diagnosis,emergency control measures,etc.
Experimental study on excavated foundation of transmission line gravelly soils in gobi area of Northwest China

With regard to the transmission line gravelly soil foundation in the gobi area of Northwest China,the full-excavated foundation field prototype tests are carried out to measure the foundation deformations and load bearing capabilities under various working conditions.The feasible construction technology and procedure are discussed.Field mechanism and methods for calculating the uplift bearing capacity are suggested.The empirical calculation formulas and the reasonable design parameters are summarized.The economical benefits of excavated foundation and traditional large digged formation are compared.The environmental advantages of excavated foundation and rigid concrete foundation are analyzed.Based on the test results,the components of the uplift bearing capacity to excavated foundation in the gobi area of Northwest China are put forward: base weight,earth mass weight in the predicted failure plane,and vertical components of shear resistance above the predicted failure plane.The experimental results provide a basis for the design and application of 750 kV compact power transmission line with double circuits on the same tower in Northwest China.