cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative preclinical evaluation of a novel PDE10A PET tracer using MRI template-based volume-of-interest analysis

1809 Objectives Inhibitors of PDE10A, a phosphodiesterase expressed in the GABAergic neurons of the striatum, are efficacious in rodent models of schizophrenia and have potential benefit in multiple neurological disorders. A novel PET tracer was used to determine target coverage and binding characteristics of a PDE10A inhibitor in the rat brain. Methods SD rats were administered the PDE10A inhibitor MP-10 or vehicle 110 min prior to PDE10A tracer injection, followed by 120 min dynamic PET scans. T2-weighted MRI was performed on one animal to generate an anatomic brain template that was registered to the PDE10A tracer PET scan of the same animal. A volume of interest (VOI) set of brain regions was defined on the MRI template scan. Tracer uptake was quantified using template-based VOI analysis: the PDE10A PET scan of the template animal was affine-registered to individual PDE10A PET tracer scans, and the VOI set was mapped to FDG PET images to determine regional uptakes. Standardized uptake value (SUV) and binding potential (BP) were calculated for each region. Results In vehicle-treated animals, pronounced tracer uptake was observed in the PDE10A-abundant striatum (SUV=3.0±0.4; BP=3.4±0.4) while uptake in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum was similar to background (SUV≈0.6; BP≈0). In animals treated with the PDE10A inhibitor MP-10, tracer uptake was significantly reduced in the striatum (SUV=1.9±0.1, 36% decrease; BP=1.4±0.1, 59% decrease) while SUV and BP in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum were comparable to vehicle-treated animals. Conclusions The PDE10A PET tracer distributed to brain regions consistent with PDE10A expression and exhibited on-target binding as measured by competitive inhibition with MP-10. This novel PDE10A tracer provides a noninvasive method to measure target coverage and could provide utility in lead optimization and human dose selection.
Urinary metabolites of chlorpropamide in dogs, rabbits, and man.

SummaryMetabolism of 1-(p-chlorobenzenesulfonyl)-3-n-propylurea was investigated in dog, rabbit and man. The rabbit excreted more than three-fourths of the drug without chemical alteration. Less than half of orally ingested drug was excreted unchanged by the dog, most of the remainder appeared as p-chlorobenzenesulfonylurea and p-chlorobenzenesulfonamide. As the result of a limited investigation in man, unchanged chlorpropamide and p-chlorobenzenesulfonamide were found in the urine. One other possible metabolite was indicated by paper chromatograms.
Do later wake times and increased sleep duration of 12th graders result in more studying, higher grades, and improved SAT/ACT test scores?

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep duration, wake time, and hours studying on high school grades and performance on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)/ American College Testing (ACT) college entrance exams.
Why Ted Cruz Is Not a Natural Born Citizen Eligible to Be President and Why the Issue Is Not a Political Question

This amicus brief explains why Ted Cruz fails to satisfy the "natural born citizen" requirement that the U.S. Constitution makes necessary to be eligible to be President. It also explains why the issue is not a political question.
Digestion in the newborn.

This article discusses the enzymes active in the digestion of the major nutrients. Activity levels of digestive enzymes are compared between infant and adult. Emphasis is placed on specific compensatory mechanisms that operate during the physiologic pancreatic insufficiency of the newborn (such as fat digestion in the stomach by gastric lipase, and the role of milk bile salt dependent lipase and amylase in the digestion of fat and carbohydrate).
Improved understanding of ventricular Tachycardia in patients with tetralogy of Fallot.

This editorial refers to ‘Arrhythmogenic anatomical isthmuses identified by electroanatomical mapping are the substrate for ventricular tachycardia in repaired tetralogy of Fallot’, by G.F.L. Kapel et al ., doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw202 In 1980, Horowitz et al .1 performed the first detailed electrophysiological studies of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Despite the limitations in mapping technology of that era, they were able to prove conclusively that the mechanism involved macroreentry related to tissue in the right ventricular (RV) outflow tract. Successful surgical ablation soon followed,2 and reports of successful transcatheter ablation for this condition began to appear by 1993.3 Since then, extensive clinical research has concentrated on improved identification of TOF patients at highest risk for VT,4 as well as refinements in ablative technology for this unusual anatomy.5 The RV outflow tract in repaired TOF is a complex region involving incisional scars, surgical patches, and several protected corridors of thick and fibrotic ventricular myocardium that constitute an ideal environment for monomorphic macroreentrant circuits. In a landmark 2007 paper, Zeppenfeld and colleagues6 described several discrete anatomical isthmuses as the potential routes for macroreentry, and proved these sites were clinically relevant by eliminating VT with catheter ablation at strategic points that interrupted conduction through each isthmus. Importantly, ablation was accomplished effectively even when formal propagation mapping was not possible …
The Hormonal Maintenance and Restoration of Guinea Pig Seminal Vesicle Fibromuscular Stroma

Using the separated epithelium and muscle preparation of the guinea pig seminal vesicle, we designed studies to investigate the hormonal control of epithelial collagen, muscle collagen and muscle cells. All hormone treatment regimens involved a comparison of the effects of hormone maintenance (homrone treatments initiated on the day of castration) versus hormone restoration (hormone treatments initiated after a castration-induced regression) on these 3 components of the fibromuscular stroma. In the epithelium, castration induced a 35 per cent decline in collagen content, which was either returned to normal by androgen restoration of prevented by androgen maintenance. In all androgen treatment regimens, changes in epithelial collagen correlated with changes in epithelial wet weight, cell number, RNA content and cell size. In contrast, growth of the epithelium was not stimulated by estrogen maintenance or restoration. Castration reduced muscle wet and dry weight, as well as cell size and RNA content, but there was no effect on cell number and collagen content. Androgen maintenance or restoration reversed the castration-induced regression in all parameters and also caused collagen content to increase 35 percent above normal. Estrogen maintenance of castrates sustained wet weight, dry weight and RNA content at normal and stimulated supranormal increases in both collagen content and cell number. Similarly, estrogen restoration induced supranormal increases in collagen content and returned RNA content to normal. However, estrogen's ability to stimulate supranormal increases in cell number and restore wet and dry weight to normal was lost after a castration-induced muscle regression. In summary, components of the guinea pig seminal vesicle fibromuscular stroma have been shown to be sensitive to androgens and/or estrogens. The action of androgen on these tissue components was independent of the state of tissue regression, whereas with the exception of RNA and collagen content all the effects of estrogen were significantly reduced with castration-induced regression of the tissue.
ADVANCES IN MR IMAGING OF PEDIATRIC MUSCULOSKELETAL NEOPLASMS

MR imaging has evolved as the most important diagnostic test for local staging of primary bone and soft tissue tumors, for monitoring response to chemotherapy, and for detecting postoperative tumor recurrence. MR imaging provides accurate preoperative staging of local tumor extent and helps to obtain adequate safety margins, prerequisites for successful limb-salvage surgery. Postcontrast MR imaging studies are helpful for evaluating the presence or absence of tumor necrosis during chemotherapy. Dynamic MR imaging after intravenous bolus administration of Gd-DTPA or other paramagnetic contrast media is particularly useful for assessing response to chemotherapy. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging is a new technique that is potentially capable of detecting and quantitating the amount of tumor necrosis after chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Lidar Measurements of Wind Flow through a Rotor-swept Area in Tehachapi Pass

Retrieval of wind fields from a single-Doppler lidar with small azimuthal sectors is challenging. Both simpler retrieval algorithms such as Velocity Azimuth Display (VAD) or Volume Velocity Processing (VVP), and more sophisticated techniques such as Four Dimensional Variational Analysis (4DVAR) using VAD for mean velocities have limitations on small sectors of data. Narrow datasets may result in non-orthogonality and collinearity of basis functions, which causes numerical instability. Although careful inspection of data can reduce the instability, large conditional number computations which use data over small sectors may make results unacceptable [1]. Since estimates of wind velocities retrieved from single Doppler lidar over limited sectors may be of interest (i.e., winds through a single wind turbine or wakes behind buildings), a method to retrieve wind velocity in these situations would be valuable. In this work, we experiment with an algorithm which is able to provide these velocity estimates under the assumption that the wind direction is relatively unchanging or varies linearly over a larger sector, and quasi-2D ridge can have a tendency to homogenize wind direction. The wind direction of the larger neighborhood is obtained from a sectorVAD-like method while magnitudes are allowed to vary fully locally.
The mediating role of metacognition in the relationship between executive function and self-regulated learning.

Background Researchers have demonstrated significant relations among executive function, metacognition, and self-regulated learning. However, prior research emphasized the use of indirect measures of executive function and did not evaluate how specific executive functions are related to participants’ self-regulated learning. Aims The primary goals of the current study were to examine and test the relations among executive function, metacognition, and self-regulated learning as well as to examine how self-regulated learning is informed by executive function. Sample The sample comprised 117 undergraduate students attending a large, Mid-Atlantic research university in the United States. Methods Participants were individually administered direct and indirect measures of executive function, metacognition, and self-regulated learning. A mediation model specifying the relations among the regulatory constructs was proposed. Results In multiple linear regression analyses, executive function predicted metacognition and self-regulated learning. Direct measures of inhibition and shifting accounted for a significant amount of the variance in metacognition and self-regulated learning beyond an indirect measure of executive functioning. Separate mediation analyses indicated that metacognition mediated the relationship between executive functioning and self-regulated learning as well as between specific executive functions and self-regulated learning. Conclusions The findings of this study are supported by previous research documenting the relations between executive function and self-regulated learning, and extend prior research by examining the manner in which executive function and self-regulated learning are linked. The findings provide initial support for executive functions as key processes, mediated by metacognition, that predict self-regulated learning. Implications for the contribution of executive functions to self-regulated learning are discussed.
A New Framework for Understanding Parental Involvement: Setting the Stage for Academic Success

The Coleman Report posited that the inequality of educational opportunity appears to stem from the home itself and the cultural influences immediately surrounding the home. However, this line of inquiry assumes that school and home processes operate in isolation, which is often not the case. An example of how families and schools can reinforce one another is through parental involvement. Whereas some studies suggest that children have better achievement outcomes when their parents are involved in their education, other studies challenge the link between parental involvement and academic outcomes. One major reason for this lack of consensus among scholars is that parents’ involvement has been measured differently across studies. Thus, scholars’ disagreements about how parents should be involved and about which aspects of parental involvement are associated with improvements in children’s academic outcomes have contributed to inconsistent findings. We argue that the mixed results observed in previous studies indicate that parental involvement does not operate through the typical channels posited by researchers, educators, and policymakers and that traditional measures of parental involvement fail to capture the fundamental ways in which parents help their children academically. We propose a framework of parental involvement that might provide some clarity on how parental involvement operates.
Abstract B29: Socioeconomic status in early life and its contribution to common adult cancers: A systematic review

Purpose: Consistent with the life-course theory, socioeconomic circumstances in early life have been linked to a wide range of health outcomes in adulthood. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine the quality and strength of evidence relating socioeconomic status in early life with adult cancers. Methods: Five electronic databases were searched to identify observational studies that evaluated the impact of at least one early life socioeconomic indicator on the incidence and/or mortality from at least one type of cancer in adulthood. Our definition of socioeconomic status included household income, household crowding, parental occupation, parental education and the number of siblings. Results: Twenty studies met inclusion criteria, including 14 cohort and 6 case-control studies, all of which were conducted in developed countries. The most commonly evaluated disease type was lung cancer (n=11), followed by stomach cancer (n=5), lymphoma (n=5), breast cancer (n=4), colorectal cancer (n=3), prostate cancer (n=2), melanoma (n=2), testicular cancer (n=1), basal cell carcinoma (n=1), leukemia (n=1), brain cancer (n=1), and cervical cancer (n=1). In addition, three studies evaluated smoking-related versus non smoking-related cancers as the outcome, and further two examined all cancers. Adverse socioeconomic conditions in early life were most strongly associated with mortality from the following cancers: stomach, colorectal, cervical and non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma. There was no consistent positive association of socioeconomic status in early life with lung cancer, smoking related cancers, breast cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, brain cancer and leukemia. Higher socioeconomic status was associated with Hodgkin9s lymphoma, testicular cancer and basal cell carcinoma. Conclusions: The relationship between socioeconomic status and adult cancer is heterogeneous and varies by specific types of cancer, the socioeconomic measure, and age. It is essential to differentiate between early life and adult socioeconomic conditions, as temporal patterns of socioeconomic exposures affect cancer outcomes. We urge further investigation of pathways by which socioeconomic conditions affect cancer incidence and mortality.
CO2 time series patterns in contrasting headwater streams of North America

We explored the underlying patterns of temporal stream CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) variability using high-frequency sensors in seven disparate headwater streams distributed across the northern hemisphere. We also compared this dataset of >40,000 pCO2 records with other published records from lotic systems. Individual stream sites exhibited relatively distinct pCO2 patterns over time with few consistent traits across sites. Some sites showed strong diel variability, some exhibited increasing pCO2 with increasing discharge, whereas other streams had reduced pCO2 with increasing discharge or no clear response to changes in flow. The only “universal” signature observed in headwater streams was a late summer pCO2 maxima that was likely driven by greatest rates of organic matter respiration due to highest annual temperatures. However, we did not observe this seasonal pattern in a southern hardwood forest site, likely because the region was transitioning from a severe drought. This work clearly illustrates the heterogeneous nature of headwater streams, and highlights the idiosyncratic nature of a non-conservative solute that is jointly influenced by physics, hydrology, and biology. We suggest that future researchers carefully select sensor locations (within and among streams) and provide additional contextual information when attempting to explain pCO2 patterns.
Making Noise: Using Sound-Art to Explore Technological Fluency

We describe our experience designing and delivering a general education technological fluency course that frames the discussion of computer science and engineering technology (electronics and programming) in the context of sound-art: art that uses sound as its medium. This course is aimed at undergraduate students from a wide variety of backgrounds and is designed to fit into the ``Intellectual Explorations'' area of a general undergraduate program. The goal is to introduce computer engineering and computational principles to non-CS students through an exploration of sound-art, experimental and electronic music, noise-making circuits, hardware hacking, and circuit bending.
Full cycle rapid scan EPR deconvolution algorithm

Rapid scan electron paramagnetic resonance (RS EPR) is a continuous-wave (CW) method that combines narrowband excitation and broadband detection. Sinusoidal magnetic field scans that span the entire EPR spectrum cause electron spin excitations twice during the scan period. Periodic transient RS signals are digitized and time-averaged. Deconvolution of absorption spectrum from the measured full-cycle signal is an ill-posed problem that does not have a stable solution because the magnetic field passes the same EPR line twice per sinusoidal scan during up- and down-field passages. As a result, RS signals consist of two contributions that need to be separated and postprocessed individually. Deconvolution of either of the contributions is a well-posed problem that has a stable solution. The current version of the RS EPR algorithm solves the separation problem by cutting the full-scan signal into two half-period pieces. This imposes a constraint on the experiment; the EPR signal must completely decay by the end of each half-scan in order to not be truncated. The constraint limits the maximum scan frequency and, therefore, the RS signal-to-noise gain. Faster scans permit the use of higher excitation powers without saturating the spin system, translating into a higher EPR sensitivity. A stable, full-scan algorithm is described in this paper that does not require truncation of the periodic response. This algorithm utilizes the additive property of linear systems: the response to a sum of two inputs is equal the sum of responses to each of the inputs separately. Based on this property, the mathematical model for CW RS EPR can be replaced by that of a sum of two independent full-cycle pulsed field-modulated experiments. In each of these experiments, the excitation power equals to zero during either up- or down-field scan. The full-cycle algorithm permits approaching the upper theoretical scan frequency limit; the transient spin system response must decay within the scan period. Separation of the interfering up- and down-field scan responses remains a challenge for reaching the full potential of this new method. For this reason, only a factor of two increase in the scan rate was achieved, in comparison with the standard half-scan RS EPR algorithm. It is important for practical use that faster scans not necessarily increase the signal bandwidth because acceleration of the Larmor frequency driven by the changing magnetic field changes its sign after passing the inflection points on the scan. The half-scan and full-scan algorithms are compared using a LiNC-BuO spin probe of known line-shape, demonstrating that the new method produces stable solutions when RS signals do not completely decay by the end of each half-scan.
On the Politics of Coalition

In the wake of continued structural asymmetries between women of color and white feminisms, this essay revisits intersectional tensions in Catharine MacKinnon’s Toward a Feminist Theory of the State while exploring productive spaces of coalition. To explore such spaces, we reframe Toward a Feminist Theory of the State in terms of its epistemological project and highlight possible synchronicities with liberational features in women-of-color feminisms. This is done, in part, through an analysis of the philosophical role “method” plays in MacKinnon’s argument, and by reframing her critique of juridical neutrality and objectivity as epistemic harms. In the second section, we sketch out a provisional coalitional theory of liberation that builds on MacKinnon’s feminist epistemological insights and aligns them with decolonizing projects in women-of-color feminisms, suggesting new directions and conceptual revisions that are on the way to coalition.
Castros’ Cuba, Franco’s Spain and Pinochet’s Chile: Some Indicators of Performance

In this article I compare the performance of three Hispanic dictatorships: Franco’s Spain, Castro’s Cuba and Pinochet’s Chile. This trio consists of the most famous and infamous autocrats of the modern Hispanic world. In broad strokes I assess a number of indicators — economic growth, life expectancy, infant mortality, literacy, democide, and transition process and outcome — which allow an evaluation of how Spaniards, Cubans, and Chileans fared under their rule. Previewing my findings: Fidel Castro’s regime outperformed its peers on one indicator and one indicator only — unlike the other two, it survived its founder.
Apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of AA and starch in hybrid rye, barley, wheat, and corn fed to growing pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA and starch and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in three varieties of hybrid rye and in one source of barley, wheat, and corn. Seven growing barrows (initial BW = 26.1 ± 2.4 kg) were randomly allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin square design with seven periods and seven experimental diets. Six diets included one of the grains as the sole source of AA, and an N-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. In each period, ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on days 6 and 7 following a 5-d adaptation period. At the conclusion of the experiment, all ingredients, diets, and ileal digesta samples were analyzed for starch, CP, and AA. The AID of starch was greater (P < 0.05) in wheat and corn than in barley or hybrid rye, but all grains had AID values for starch that were above 95%. Wheat and barley contained more CP and indispensable AA than hybrid rye, but hybrid rye contained more indispensable AA compared with corn. The SID of CP and all indispensable AA was greater (P < 0.05) in barley, wheat, and corn than in the three varieties of rye. However, because of the greater concentration of AA in hybrid rye than in corn, the quantities of standardized ileal digestible CP and AA were not different between corn and hybrid rye. In conclusion, hybrid rye has greater concentrations of most AA than corn, but the digestibility of AA in rye is less than in other cereal grains. It is likely that the reason for the reduced SID of AA in rye is that rye contains more fructans and soluble dietary fiber than other cereal grains, which may increase viscosity and reduce the efficiency of endogenous peptidases.
Iatrogenic Models of Ischemic Heart Disease

Ischemic heart disease is the most common cause of heart failure in humans. Ventricular dilation, hypertrophy, biochemical alterations, and edema formation are all consequences of the poor pumping capacity of the damaged myocardium. Two very different types of ischemia are studied. Global ischemia is associated with cardiac arrest usually iatrogenic during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery or from ventricular fibrillation although during the initial period of fibrillation coronary flow increases. Regional ischemia is associated with a localized myocardial infarction. The two types of ischemia differ significantly in their biochemical and electrophysiological characteristics.1
A Theoretical Framework

The primary goal of this book is to develop the foundations of a social psychology of creativity. In order to accomplish this goal, however, it is necessary to meet a second goal of equal importance: to integrate the social— psychological approach within a more general theoretical framework for a comprehensive psychology of creativity. In the past, the psychological study of creativity has been hampered by the tendency of individual investigators to narrow their theoretical focus to a single concern— the distinctive personality characteristics of outstandingly creative persons, or the special cognitive abilities of creative artists and scientists, or (less frequently) the social environments that hinder or foster creativity. However sound the empirical research directed toward those single issues, this approach has led to a theoretical fragmentation within the psychology of creativity.
How intermittent breaks in interaction improve collective intelligence.

People influence each other when they interact to solve problems. Such social influence introduces both benefits (higher average solution quality due to exploitation of existing answers through social learning) and costs (lower maximum solution quality due to a reduction in individual exploration for novel answers) relative to independent problem solving. In contrast to prior work, which has focused on how the presence and network structure of social influence affect performance, here we investigate the effects of time. We show that when social influence is intermittent it provides the benefits of constant social influence without the costs. Human subjects solved the canonical traveling salesperson problem in groups of three, randomized into treatments with constant social influence, intermittent social influence, or no social influence. Groups in the intermittent social-influence treatment found the optimum solution frequently (like groups without influence) but had a high mean performance (like groups with constant influence); they learned from each other, while maintaining a high level of exploration. Solutions improved most on rounds with social influence after a period of separation. We also show that storing subjects’ best solutions so that they could be reloaded and possibly modified in subsequent rounds—a ubiquitous feature of personal productivity software—is similar to constant social influence: It increases mean performance but decreases exploration.
Introduction to collection of papers on the response of the southern California Current Ecosystem to the Warm Anomaly and El Niño, 2014–16

Author(s): Ohman, MD | Abstract: This contribution provides an introduction to a sequence of five papers (CCE I- CCE V) that describe the impact of the Warm Anomaly of 2014–15 and El Nino 2015–16 on the pelagic food web of the southern California Current Ecosystem. These contributions analyze the influence of these two warm water perturbations on satellite-based measures of ocean fronts, export efficiency out of the euphotic zone, copepod egg production, mesozooplankton community structure, and a synthesis of primary production, mesozooplankton grazing, and gravitational fluxes of organic carbon.
Impacts of Shallow Lake Restoration on Vegetation and Breeding Birds in Iowa

The Shallow Lakes Restoration Project aims to restore eutrophic shallow lakes throughout the Iowa Prairie Pothole Region (PPR). We compared the vegetation taxa richness and frequency of taxa in three vegetation groups surveyed in 2016 and 2017 across non-restored sites, younger restorations, and older restorations. We also assessed the impact of these groups on numbers of breeding marsh birds. Restored wetlands had between 2.7 (95% CI 2.3, 3.2) and 4.7 (95% CI 3.9, 5.5) more species than non-restored sites among the three vegetation groups. Typha sp. was the most abundant emergent species. Lemna minor and Ceratophyllum demersum were the most abundant floating-leaved and submersed species, respectively. The frequency of submersed aquatic vegetation increased with years since restoration, while floating-leaved vegetation and Typha sp. peaked at 7 years post-restoration. The frequency of Typha sp. positively influenced Marsh Wrens and Yellow-headed Blackbirds. Water depth negatively affected Marsh Wrens, but water depth positively influenced Yellow-headed Blackbirds. Floating-leaved vegetation positively affected Virginia Rails, while water depth had a negative effect on this species. Our results indicate that after about 7 years further management of the vegetation and water levels may need to occur and should include maintaining appropriate conditions for breeding marsh birds.
Cosmic time slip: Testing gravity on supergalactic scales with strong-lensing time delays

We devise a test of nonlinear departures from general relativity (GR) using time delays in strong gravitational lenses. We use a phenomenological model of gravitational screening as a step discontinuity in the measure of curvature per unit mass at a radius $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$. The resulting slip between two scalar gravitational potentials leads to shifts in the apparent positions and time delays of lensed sources, relative to the GR predictions, of size ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{PN}}\ensuremath{-}1$. As a proof of principle, we use measurements of two lenses, $\mathrm{RXJ}1121\ensuremath{-}1231$ and $\mathrm{B}1608+656$, to constrain deviations from GR to be below $|{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{PN}}\ensuremath{-}1|\ensuremath{\le}0.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}/100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kpc})$. These constraints are complementary to other current probes and are the tightest in the range $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}=10--200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kpc}$, showing that future measurements of strong-lensing time delays have great promise to seek departures from general relativity on kpc-Mpc scales.
Fused Quartz Dual Shell Resonator

In this paper, for the first time, we present a dual-shell architecture for fabrication of 3D Fused Quartz resonators. The architecture is realized by defining two encapsulated and concentric cavities using plasma-activated wafer bonding followed by the high-temperature glassblowing. A finite element model is presented to simulate the fabrication process and predict the final geometry of the dual-shell device from process parameters. We developed the fabrication process and demonstrated manufactured micro-structures. The dual-shell architecture provides a protective shield as well as a fixed-fixed anchor for the sensing element of the resonators. The proposed structure can be instrumented to operate as a resonator, a gyroscope, or other vibratory sensor and anticipated to have advantages for precision operation in a harsh environment.
Localization and tracking of fish sounds with a 4-element underwater passive acoustic array

Localization and tracking are parameter estimation problems. As such, estimates are evaluated by their statistical distribution, in particular, their bias (equal to the mean of estimated positions minus the true position) and variance (variability in the measured positions about their mean). A variety of methods are used to localize sounds recorded by acoustic arrays. Here, we quantitatively compare the performance of four algorithms: (1) plane-wave-front frequency-domain beamforming; (2) curved-wave-front frequency domain beamforming; (3) time-difference-of-arrivals (TDOAs) using waveform cross-correlation; and (4) TDOAs using spectrogram cross-correlation, for fish sounds generated with a controlled underwater source at various GPS-located positions around a 4-element array. The array consisted of a SoundTrap ST4300 (Ocean Instruments, Auckland, NZ) four-channel acoustic recorder, equipped with four HTI-96-MIN hydrophones (High Tech, Inc., Long Beach, MS). The hydrophones were arranged in a tetrahedral-shaped configuration with a 20-m inter-element spacing. The objective is to optimize the localization and tracking of individual soniferous fish to better understand their small-scale spawning movements and reproductive behavior. Research supported by the Office of Naval Research, the Scripps graduate department, and a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Postgraduate Scholarship-Doctoral (PGS D-3).
Bias or Empathy in Universal Screening? The Effect of Teacher–Student Racial Matching on Teacher Perceptions of Student Behavior:

This study uses linear probability models with student and teacher fixed effects to assess whether the racial match between teachers and students affects “at-risk” ratings on a teacher-completed un...
Nutrimetabolomics reveals food-specific compounds in urine of adults consuming a DASH-style diet

Although health benefits of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet are established, it is not understood which food compounds result in these benefits. We used metabolomics to identify unique compounds from individual foods of a DASH-style diet and determined if these Food-Specific Compounds (FSC) are detectable in urine from participants in a DASH-style dietary study. We also examined relationships between urinary compounds and blood pressure (BP). Nineteen subjects were randomized into 6-week controlled DASH-style diet interventions. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was performed on 24-hour urine samples collected before and after each intervention and on 12 representative DASH-style foods. Between 66–969 compounds were catalogued as FSC; for example, 4-hydroxydiphenylamine was found to be unique to apple. Overall, 13–190 of these FSC were detected in urine, demonstrating that these unmetabolized food compounds can be discovered in urine using metabolomics. Although linear mixed effects models showed no FSC from the 12 profiled foods were significantly associated with BP, other endogenous and food-related compounds were associated with BP (N = 16) and changes in BP over time (N = 6). Overall, this proof of principle study demonstrates that metabolomics can be used to catalog FSC, which can be detected in participant urine following a dietary intervention.
Veterans Justice Programs: Assessing Population Risks for Suicide Deaths and Attempts

OBJECTIVES Understanding suicide risks among Veteran subpopulations is a national priority. This study assessed risks of suicide, suicide attempts, and other-cause mortality among recipients of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Veterans Justice Program services as compared to other Veteran VHA users. METHODS Per VHA records, the cohort included 5,401,192 Veterans alive as of January 1, 2013 and with VHA utilization in 2012. Receipt of Veterans Justice Outreach (VJO) or Health Care for Reentry Veterans (HCRV) services in 2012 was assessed using encounter codes. Multivariable proportional hazards regression assessed risks of suicide (per National Death Index search results from the VA/DoD Mortality Data Repository) and attempts (per diagnoses and site reports) in 2013-2016, adjusting for demographic and clinical indicators. RESULTS Compared to other patients, Veterans with VJO encounters had greater risk of suicide (unadjusted HR = 2.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.30-3.40; adjusted HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.02-1.53) and attempts (unadjusted HR = 8.88, 95% CI = 8.45-9.35; adjusted HR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.00-1.11). Veterans with HCRV encounters had elevated risk of suicide attempts (unadjusted HR = 4.56, 95% CI = 4.00-5.20; adjusted HR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.24-1.62). Risks were also elevated for other external causes of mortality. CONCLUSIONS Findings document increased risk of suicidal behavior among Veterans Justice Program recipients. These results have informed VHA suicide prevention activities.
The Palliative Care of Patients with Brain Metastases

Metastases to the central nervous system (CNS) are a common and disabling complication of cancer. Most often occurring in the setting of advanced cancer, metastases to the brain or spinal cord impart a unique constellation of symptoms and challenges for patients and their caregivers. Cognitive dysfunction, sensorimotor impairment, seizures, and fatigue may all contribute to the disability this population experiences. Palliative care tending to the medical and psychosocial well-being of cancer patients should play a central role in their care. Both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions can reduce the symptom burden and improve the quality of life in this population. An awareness and understanding of the palliative care needs and interventions by clinicians are central to improving our care of patients with CNS metastases.
Self-determination, dissent, and the problem of populations

Many of the major self-determination movements of the 20th and early 21st Centuries did not go smoothly, but resulted in forced or semi-forced transfers of groups of people from one country to another. Forced population transfers are not, of course, supported by major theorists of self-determination and secession. However, the problems that make population transfers extremely common in actual cases of self-determination and secession, are not squarely faced in many theories of self-determination. And, I shall argue, certain leading theories of self-determination and secession would make population transfers almost inevitable in practice, even if not called for or sanctioned in theory. This is a major stumbling block for any attempt to move from an abstract account of self-determination towards a working theory. In this paper I take a first step towards addressing this problem. I shall show how any approach to dealing with secession, including “primary rights” accounts, “remedial rights only” accounts, and even “consensual” accounts, must be able to deal with the inevitable problem of population transfers, if it is to be a complete and plausible theory. I shall also show how population transfers, to the extent that we can always expect them to take place, can be made as just as possible, in light of any approach to the problem of secession. I will not here attempt to adjudicate between different approaches to secession and self-determination. To that extent, my argument may be seen as a friendly addition to all of the above approaches, showing how they may try to meet an objection which they have not yet faced.
Simulation of the Magnetization Dynamics of a Single-Domain BiFeO₃ Nanoisland

The switching dynamics of a single-domain BiFeO3 nanoscale nanoisland is investigated by studying the dynamics of polarization and Neel vector. We use the Landau–Khalatnikov (LK) equation to describe the evolution of the ferroelectric polarization, and we implement the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert (LLG) equations to model the dynamics of spins in two sublattices and the time evolution of the antiferromagnetic order (Neel vector) in a G-type antiferromagnet. Our model can calculate the weak magnetization more accurately compared to previous works on the antiferromagnet using the Neel vector as the order parameter and weak magnetization are often neglected. This work also theoretically demonstrates that the rotation of the magnetic hard-axis, which follows the polarization reversal, can reverse the Neel vector while the weak magnetization remains unchanged. The simulation results are consistent with the ab initio calculations, where the Neel vector rotates during polarization rotation, and also match our calculation of the dynamics of the order parameter using Landau–Ginzburg theory. We also find that the switching time of the Neel vector is a strong function of the polarization switching time and can be as short as 30ps if the polarization can switch faster. However, the Neel vector does not reverse if the polarization switches in less than 30ps.
Complications: Surgical Site Infections

It is estimated that surgical site infections (SSI) are one of the most common complications in colorectal surgery. As Medicare and Medicaid policies increase to regulate reimbursement based on these complications, many health care institutions have begun to institute bundled care plans in an attempt to decrease SSIs. In order to optimize patient outcomes, it is critical to identify the proper components necessary for these bundled plans. Here, we will review the factors associated with preventing surgical site infections in colorectal surgery.
Rethinking the Secular Origins of the Novel: The Bible in English Fiction 1678–1767

Literary histories of the novel tend to assume that religion naturally gives way to secularism, with the novel usurping the Bible after the Enlightenment. This book challenges that teleological conception of literary history by focusing on scenes in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century fiction where the Bible appears as a physical object. Situating those scenes in wider circuits of biblical criticism, Bible printing, and devotional reading, Seidel cogently demonstrates that such scenes reveal a great deal about the artistic ambitions of the novels themselves and point to the different ways those novels reconfigured their readers' relationships to the secular world. With insightful readings of the appearance of the Bible as a physical object in fiction by John Bunyan, Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Sarah Scott, Frances Sheridan, and Laurence Sterne, this book contends that the English novel rises with the English Bible, not after it.
Can eating help treat malaria

The identification of metabolic control of the Plasmodium life cycle may open novel avenues for malaria treatment.
Crossover of Charge Fluctuations across the Strange Metal Phase Diagram

In contrast to conventional metals, so-called strange metals lack well-defined plasmons, exhibiting instead a featureless continuum that is a key test of theories aimed at describing this phase of matter.
A group structure on the golden triples

Some favourite topics of both mathematics teachers and mathematics students are the golden ratio, Fibonacci numbers, groups, and Pythagorean triples. The material of this paper involves the first three, and there are some analogies with the fourth.
The Acute Psychiatric Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Older Adults

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has presented significant public health challenges worldwide, resulting in over a million deaths worldwide and major changes in social processes. Older adults are disproportionately represented among those experiencing severe illness and death. Older adults, particularly those with pre-existing psychiatric conditions, may also be more vulnerable to the psychiatric impacts of the pandemic and its resulting social sequelae. During peak months of the pandemic, our inpatient geriatric psychiatry service has cared for patients who presented with severe psychiatric states related to the pandemic. In this study, we examine four cases to illustrate differing mechanisms by which the pandemic causes acute psychiatric distress in older adults and describe targeted interventions to address each mechanism. Methods Cases seen in the Geriatric Psychiatry/Neuropsychiatry inpatient service at Johns Hopkins Hospital late in the first wave of the pandemic (June 2020) are analyzed to identify the psychological and social mechanisms for acute psychiatric distress, using a timeline representation approach. Results The timeline analysis of the cases indicated four mechanisms for acute psychiatric distress during the pandemic: incitement of fear, social isolation, loss of routine and purpose, and disruption of medical services. These factors have been shown in other work to have adverse effects on the psychological well-being of older adults. Conclusions While the older adult population as a whole may be heterogeneous in their psychological reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic, those with fewer social resources, lower resilience, or pre-existing mental illness are likely to experience disproportionate distress in the face of these changes. Interventions should be tailored to promote flourishing in individuals; including assistance in navigating changes in the healthcare system, developing technological skills, and leveraging connections and resources in the individual's social circle and community. Funding None
What is vicarious trauma

Vicarious resilience (VR) occurs through a process by which clinicians experience positive transformation and empowerment through their empathic engagement with clients. This happens despite the specific nature of the trauma material, and is more centrally related to self-efficacy and demonstrated competence with achieving desired treatment outcomes. Vicarious resilience (VR), often used synonymously with posttraumatic growth, occurs through a process by which clinicians additionally experience positive transformation and empowerment through their empathic engagement with clients. Mental health professionals who work with victims of trauma may also find that they are better equipped to address negative experiences in a resourceful manner as a result of their work experiences. Mental health professionals and others who provide services to victims of trauma may find motivation to continue engaging in their trauma work as a result of their professional experiences. Perhaps one of the most important outcomes of providing services to victims of trauma is that of hope for future.
Physics in One Dimension

We present two introductory lectures. In the first, the case of weak electron-electron interactions in one-dimension is discussed in both the insulating and metallic phases, with emphasis on Peierls distortions and fluctuations, the Kohn anomaly, the contrasts between one and three dimensions and between commensurate and incommensurate distortions. The case of strong electron-electron repulsions is also considered with emphasis on the U→∞ limit in the Hubbard model and the charge- and spin-density waves that can form. The two cases are contrasted. In the second lecture, the Ginzburg-Landau formalism is developed and applied to the study of fluctuations, commensurability, phasons, solitons and the interplay of one and three dimensions.
Factors Affecting Patient Radiation Exposure During Prone and Supine Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy.

Purpose Radiation exposure from fluoroscopy poses risks to patients and surgeons. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has traditionally required fluoroscopy, however the use of ultrasound (US) has ...
Linking Models of Theory of Mind and Measures of Human Brain Activity

Humans employ a richly structured intuitive theory of psychology to reason about others’ unobserved mental states, a faculty called “Theory of Mind”. Advances in behavioral modeling have begun to capture aspects of the flexible and nuanced reasoning people exhibit when inferring the contents of others’ minds. In parallel, advances in neuroimaging have begun to illuminate the structure of neural responses evoked when representing others’ minds. Bringing these lines of work together will require precise and testable linking hypotheses about how computations over a causal generative model are implemented by the brain, and how these models are acquired during development. We consider how computational modeling and neuroimaging of Theory of Mind can mutually constrain the space of linking hypotheses.