cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Value of Sports Profiling

Profiling studies the biophysical, biochemical, and biomechanical links of the body’s systems. The use and study of profiling data gathered from athletes of all ages can enhance performance, increase the athlete’s enjoyment, and prevent injury.
A GRAPH-BASED INVESTIGATION OF BITCOIN TRANSACTIONS

The Bitcoin global cryptocurrency system has been the subject of several criminal cases. The Bitcoin network is a peer-to-peer system that has participants from all over the Internet. The Bitcoin protocol requires participating nodes to retain and update all transaction records; this ensures that all Bitcoin activities are accessible from a consistent transaction history database. This chapter describes a graph-based method for analyzing the identity clustering and currency flow properties of Bitcoin transactions. The method, which is scalable to large Bitcoin graphs, focuses on transactions relevant to criminal cases such as Mt. Gox. The analysis, which is performed on two years of Bitcoin transaction data, provides insights into the nature of anonymity provided by Bitcoin and how currency flows between selected users and communities of users.
NWChem: Quantum Chemistry Simulations at Scale

In this chapter, we describe the excellent performance of NWChem’s CCSD(T) method running on a large-scale hybrid cluster of 460 dual-socket Xeon E5-2600 series nodes each of which is equipped with two Intel Xeon Phi 5110P coprocessor cards (a total of 62.5k hybrid cores). We describe how, without any low-level programming, offload transfers and compute kernels have been optimized. NWChem shows that high-level Fortran code can be brought to the machine at high productivity while maintaining high performance and scalability. This makes this work an Intel Xeon Phi Gem.
Conquering hepatitis C, step by step.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common chronic blood-borne infection in the United States.1 In most of the estimated 2.7 million people who have the infection it has not been diagnose...
Adaptive Hybrid Genetic Algorithm and It's Application in Ill-conditioned Linear Equation Groups Solving

Simple genetic algorithm(SGA)may be converge at local optimum solution because of rapid decrement of population individual's diversity in the period of later evolution,namely the occurrence of premature convergence.To point against this phenomenon,a adaptive genetic algorithm is designed from starting with three genetic operators of selection,crossover and mutation.Meanwhile for overcoming the shortcoming of local searchging inability of SGA,a adaptive hybrid genetic algorithm which combine conjugate gradient method(namely AGA-CG) is brought about. Taking the large scale,and ill-conditioned linear equation groups worked out on the logging data of nuclear magnetic resonance as the test case,the AGA-CG is verified.The experimental results show that the AGA-CG algorithm is an efficient way to working out the issue of large scale and ill-condition linear equation groups solving.
Events, interest, segmentation, binding and hierarchy

We advocate the position that unsupervised learning of rich representations requires careful consideration of an issue that usually receives only cursory attention: The definition of a statistical 'event', or 'sample'. Data sets are presumed to have been generated by sampling from some probability distribution that is to be estimated, but there is no general canonical way to select a model for a given data set and define the correspondence between the various components of its joint random variable and particular subsets, or more generally, features, of the data. Any attempt to automate this choice must confront the fact that without a definition of 'event', this exercise cannot be formulated as a statistical learning problem. We introduce two supplementary criteria, information at a distance and information contrast, in order to clear this impasse, and show anecdotal results from using each. We argue that this issue also arises (whether recognized or not) in automated learning of feature hierarchies to form a rich representations, because distinct events are selected at one level of the hierarchy and bound together to form joint events at the next level.
Beef Supernatant-Fraction-Based Studies of Heterocyclic Amine-Mutagen Generation

To characterize the reaction conditions that generate frameshift mutagens in cooked meats, we have concentrated on a supernatant fraction (S2) prepared from (1:1) aqueous homogenates of lean round steak. Soluble compounds <500 MW 1n S2 are the sources of the S-9 dependent Salmonella TA1538 mutagenic activity 1n these homogenates, Irrespective of how they are heated (100°C boiled, 200–300°C aqueous-pressure, or 200–300°C dry), as well as the outer surfaces (crust) of griddle-fried ground beef. Water is an important inhibitory reactant that influences not only the total TA1538 activity, but also the proportions of HPLC-polar, nitrite-resistant 2-amlno-3-methyl-imidazo-type mutagens, as opposed to HPLC-nonpolar, nitrite-sensitive mutagens. Dry-state heating beef S2 favors the former. It yields eight of the heterocylic amine-mutagens that have been identified in the surfaces of 100g beef patties fried at 250–300°C, including 2-amlno-3-methylimldazo [4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3-8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]qulnoxaline (NeIQx), and the predominant mutagen 2-amino-l-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridinea (PhIP). Oven-baking the amounts of L-phenylalanine (Phe) and creatine (Cr) present in 100g (raw beef) equivalents of S2 yields sufficient IQ and PhIP to accomodate the ppb quantities reported for high temperature fried beef patties. Dry-heating with heavy-isotope-labeled forms of Phe and Cr shows precisely how their C and N atoms are incorporated into PhIP. Our findings indicate that phIP and other 2-amino-3-methyl-imidazo-mutagens most likely arise in 250–300°C fried beef patties independent of Maillard reactions.
Beyond the Motherhood Penalty: Does Degree of Caregiving Responsibility Affect Job Discrimination?

Discrimination claims stemming from family or caregiving responsibilities have increased at an alarming rate in recent years. Unfortunately, little research has examined family responsibility discr...
The Return to Caring Skills: Gender, Class, and Occupational Wages in the US

ABSTRACTFeminist economics has contributed to the understanding of the economic importance of care work. Most studies find a wage penalty associated with caring occupations. This study extends the feminist research on care work beyond caring occupations by identifying specific caring skills and activities derived from the 2014 O*NET job-evaluation data. Four caring skills – (1) Assisting and Caring for Others, (2) Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships, (3) Service Orientation, and (4) Social Perceptiveness – were used in ordinary least-squares and quantile wage regressions for 623 occupations in the United States. Findings indicate that the return to caring and assisting skills results in a wage penalty for low-wage workers but a wage premium for workers in high-wage and male occupations. By identifying the impact of gender and class on the economic return to particular caring skills, the study broadens the understanding of care work, especially in relation to US wage inequality.
Transforming Illness and Visual Art

Throughout the centuries, visual artists of diverse backgrounds have used creativity to turn poor physical health into a transforming illness, an experience that can alter both their life and work. The transformation occurs through an interface between the illness and a person's creative response to the illness, with specific aspects of the physical condition influencing both the creative process and the art produced. Some individuals have become eminent artists after a major illness while practicing professionals have had their way of working altered and their art deepened and changed.
Prevalence of Genital Human Papillomavirus Among Sexually Experienced Males and Females Aged 14-59 Years, United States, 2013-2014.

Background Differences in human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence among males and females have been reported. Using the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we evaluated sex differences in prevalence overall and by demographic and sexual behavior characteristics. Methods Self-collected penile and cervicovaginal swabs from participants aged 14-59 were tested for HPV DNA. Prevalences of any HPV and high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) were estimated for sexually experienced males and females. Overall and in models stratified by demographic characteristics and behaviors, prevalence was compared in males and females using prevalence ratios (PR). Results Overall, males had higher prevalence than females of any HPV (PR, 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.27) and HR-HPV (PR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07-1.43). Prevalences were lower among males than females at ages 14-19 and higher at ages 40-49 and 50-59. Sex differences in models stratified by race/ethnicity, poverty, sexual behaviors, and smoking were observed. After adjusting for lifetime sex partners, most sex differences were attenuated, but males had lower prevalences at ages 14-19 and 20-24 and higher HR-HPV prevalence among non-Hispanic blacks. Conclusions Any HPV and HR-HPV prevalences were significantly higher in males; sex differences varied by age group and race/ethnicity. Lifetime partners explained many of the differences by sex.
The effects of public transit supply on the demand for automobile travel

Abstract Public transit is often advocated as a means to address traffic congestion within urban transportation networks. We estimate the effect of past public transit investment on the demand for automobile transportation by applying an instrumental variable approach that accounts for the potential endogeneity of public transit investment, and that distinguishes between the substitution effect and the equilibrium effect, to a panel dataset of 96 urban areas across the U.S. over the years 1991–2011. The results show that, owing to the countervailing effects of substitution and induced demand, the effects of increases in public transit supply on auto travel depend on the time horizon. In the short run, when accounting for the substitution effect only, we find that on average a 10% increase in transit capacity leads to a 0.7% reduction in auto travel. However, transit has no effect on auto travel in the medium run, as latent and induced demand offset the substitution effect. In the long run, when accounting for both substitution and induced demand, we find that on average a 10% increase in transit capacity is associated with a 0.4% increase in auto travel. We also find that public transit supply does not have a significant effect on auto travel when traffic congestion is below a threshold level. Additionally, we find that there is substantial heterogeneity across urban areas, with public transit having significantly different effects on auto travel demand in smaller, less densely populated regions with less-developed public transit networks than in larger, more densely populated regions with more extensive public transit networks.
Dynamics of Ocular Motion

A primary goal of this research is to develop tracking models (observers) for moving objects based on the model of human binocular vision. First, a simplified physical model of a single eye was built, and it was used to derive the mathematic model of the eye. Then computer simulations were performed to find a suitable controller for this model. Second, the model was extended to binocular vision and the controller found was improved for the binocular model.
Dynamical Effects on Dislocation Glide through Weak Obstacles

Underdamped dislocation motion through local pinning obstacles is studied computationally using a stochastic dislocation dynamics scheme. The global dislocation velocity is observed to be non-linearly stress dependent. Strongly non-Arrhenius dynamics are found at a higher stress range. The statistical analysis indicates that the correlation of the local dislocation kinetic energy is extended and exceeds the average obstacle spacing as temperature decreases, which can lead to the inertial dislocation bypass of the obstacles.
Does California's Low Carbon Fuel Standards reduce carbon dioxide emissions?

The Low Carbon Fuel Standards (LCFS) represents a new policy approach designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by applying standards to all stages of motor fuel production. We use the synthetic control and difference-in-differences econometric methods, and Lasso machine learning to analyze the effect of the LCFS on emissions in California’s transportation sector. The three different techniques provide robust evidence that the LCFS reduced carbon dioxide emissions in California’s transportation sector by around 10%. Furthermore, our calculations show that improved air quality, due to the application of the LCFS, may have benefited California in the magnitude of hundreds of millions of dollars through an increase in worker’s productivity.
Comparative Genomic Screen in Two Yeasts Reveals Conserved Pathways in the Response Network to Phenol Stress.

Living organisms encounter various perturbations, and response mechanisms to such perturbations are vital for species survival. Defective stress responses are implicated in many human diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Phenol derivatives, naturally occurring and synthetic, display beneficial as well as detrimental effects. The phenol derivatives in this study, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and bisphenol A (BPA), are widely used as food preservatives and industrial chemicals. Conflicting results have been reported regarding their biological activity and correlation with disease development; understanding the molecular basis of phenol action is a key step for addressing issues relevant to human health. This work presents the first comparative genomic analysis of the genetic networks for phenol stress response in an evolutionary context of two divergent yeasts, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genomic screening of deletion strain libraries of the two yeasts identified genes required for cellular response to phenol stress, which are enriched in human orthologs. Functional analysis of these genes uncovered the major signaling pathways involved. The results provide a global view of the biological events constituting the defense process, including cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, phenol detoxification by V-ATPases, reactive oxygen species alleviation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress relief through ergosterol and the unfolded protein response, revealing novel roles for these cellular pathways.
Do Recovery Apps Even Exist?: Why College Women with Eating Disorders Use (But Not Recommend) Diet and Fitness Apps Over Recovery Apps

Getting individuals to adopt condition-specific apps over general health apps remains an issue. Using eating disorders (EDs) as an example, we explored (1) if users recommend the general diet and fitness apps they repurpose for ED recovery and (2) if they use condition-specific apps intended for recovery. We used semi-structured interviews and four questionnaires to investigate use and perceptions of diet and fitness apps and recovery apps with 24 college women with self-identified and clinically-diagnosed EDs. Using inductive coding, we generated themes to address their lack of use of recovery apps. We found the majority (n = 13) would not recommend using general diet and fitness apps for recovery (compared to only 3 who would), yet most participants did not seek out a condition-specific app even when their objective was recovery. Four themes emerged around the non-use of recovery apps: lack of awareness, unpopularity or unfamiliarity, unwillingness, and lack of features or poor usability. In order to improve awareness as well as perceived popularity and familiarity of condition-specific apps, we suggest researchers and clinicians develop approved app lists, primary care clinicians become expert recommenders for evidence-based apps, and clinicians and educators leverage social media and college settings to reach these “hard to reach” populations.
La La Land Is a Hit, but Is It Good for Jazz?

The debates around La La Land (2016) tell us a great deal about the state of jazz today and perhaps even in the near future. Many critics have charged that the film has very little real jazz, while...
A Probabilistic Proof of Wallis's Formula for π

(2008). A Probabilistic Proof of Wallis's Formula for π. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 115, No. 8, pp. 740-745.
A Container-Based Framework to Facilitate Reproducibility in Employing Stochastic Process Algebra for Modeling Parallel Computing Systems

Scientific applications are increasingly complex and domain specific, and the underlying architectures of the parallel and distributed systems on which they are executed also continue to grow in complexity. As these high performance parallel and distributed computing applications and environments continue to grow both in complexity and computing power, there is an increasing financial cost associated with both the acquisition and maintenance of those systems. Therefore, the ability to model the performance of these applications and systems before and during their development and deployment to guide cost-effective decisions about their resources and configurations is highly important to the designers of those applications and systems. Performance Evaluation Process Algebra (PEPA) is a modeling language and framework for modeling parallel and distributed computing and communication applications and systems, and numerous examples are present in the literature where PEPA has been utilized to model these systems for evaluating or predicting their performance using various metrics, including throughput, utilization, and robustness. Since its development, the PEPA modeling framework has been expanded to model biological systems and networks (Bio-PEPA), and massive (on the order of ~10^129 components) homogeneous systems with Grouped PEPA (GPEPA). PEPA and its derivatives are implemented in a variety of ways, ranging from plug-ins integrated with the Eclipse integrated development environment to standalone command-line based interpreters, each with their own unique and often challenging installation and configuration requirements. To help enable other researchers to more easily utilize these frameworks and facilitate increased and robust reproducibility across end-user platforms, we present and make available containerized versions of a number of these PEPA frameworks. We have validated the functionality of these containers by testing them with models available from the research community that utilizes PEPA. These containers serve as a readily available resource for the community and can be executed on any environment capable of executing the underlying containerization framework.
Collocation: The Secret to Supply Chain Collaboration

A considerable literature documents the importance of collaboration in supply chain management and various means and factors that promote collaboration between suppliers and retailers such as contr...
(Book Review) Chew, Alexa Z., and Katie Rose Guest Pryal. The Complete Legal Writer.

The genre discovery approach to legal writing pedagogy rejects the concept of merely introducing unfamiliar document types in the first-year writing course as ineffective. Instead, borrowing crucial elements from rhetorical theory, the approach seeks to teach legal writers to identify genre types and document conventions. With that knowledge, the legal writer is equipped to guide themselves through the process of writing any genre that they encounter (in upper-level courses and inthe workplace), even genres that they have never seen before. The Complete Legal Writer not only covers fundamental concepts including legal logic and analysis, research methodology,the writing process, and citation literacy, it presents a pedagogy that has the potential to equip students with a method of evaluating all documents/genres using an approach that will prepare them to write and ultimately to practice more effectively.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori with nitazoxanide-containing regimens: a systematic review

AbstractBackground: Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common chronic infections and is a leading cause of gastric cancer. There are currently several short-course treatment options available f...
Council of Deans Chair Report, July 2019.

There has been a variety of activity taking place within the AACP Council of Deans (COD) during this academic year: ### Community Engagement Task Force Members: Dan Robinson, (Chair, Western University of Health Sciences); Alex Adams (invited guest); Gary Delander (Oregon State University);
Identification of Latent Classes of Motor Performance in a Heterogenous Population of Adults

Abstract Objective To determine classes of motor performance based on community deployable motor impairment and functional tests in a heterogeneous adult population. Design Sixteen tests of limb-specific and whole-body measures of motor impairment and function were obtained. Linear regression analysis was used to dichotomize performance on each test as falling within or outside the age- and sex-predicted values. Latent class analysis was used to determine 3 classes of motor performance. The chi-square test of association and the Fisher exact test were used for categorical variables, and analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for continuous variables to evaluate the relationship between demographic characteristics and latent classes. Setting General community. Participants Individuals (N=118; 50 men) participated in the study. Quota sampling was used to recruit individuals who self-identified as healthy (n=44) or currently living with a preexisting chronic health condition, including arthritis (n=19), multiple sclerosis (n=18), Parkinson disease (n=17), stroke (n=18), or low functioning (n=2). Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Latent classes of motor performance. Results Across the entire sample, 3 latent classes of motor performance were determined that clustered individuals with motor performance falling: (1) within predicted values on most of the tests (expected class), (2) outside predicted values on some of the tests (moderate class), and (3) outside predicted values on most of the tests (severe class).The ability to distinguish between the respective classes based on the percent chance of falling outside predicted values was achieved using the following community deployable motor performance tests: 10-meter walk test (22%, 80%, and 100%), 6-minute walk test (14.5%, 37.5%, and 100%), grooved pegboard test (23%, 38%, and 100%), and modified physical performance test (3%, 54%, and 96%). Conclusions In this heterogeneous group of adults, we found 3 distinct classes of motor performance, with the sample clustering into an expected test score group, a moderate test score deficiency group, and a severed test score deficiency group. Based on the motor performance tests, we established that community deployable, easily administered testing could accurately predict the established clusters of motor performance.
Negative feedback control of luteinizing hormone secretion in prepubertal beef heifers at 60 and 200 days of age.

Prepubertal beef heifers at 60 and 200 d of age, born in the fall or spring, were assigned randomly to one of three treatment groups: (1) intact = 1; (2) bilateral ovariectomy (OVX); or (3) OVX plus estradiol-17 beta(E2) administered in silastic implants (OVX + E2). Luteinizing hormone (LH) was measured in serum samples collected at 20-min intervals for 4 h from heifers on -1, +7, +21, +35 and +49 d after OVX. Luteinizing hormone concentrations increased in the serum by 7 d after OVX in heifers at both 60 and 200 d of age (P less than .001; time X treatment). Prior to OVX, the LH patterns were characterized by low levels and infrequent episodic pulses. By 49 d after OVX, the mean LH concentrations increased and the pattern changed to one of rhythmic LH pulses with a periodicity of 1 h (P less than .001; time X treatment). Estradiol-treated OVX heifers did not exhibit a postovariectomy rise in serum LH concentrations. Serum E2 concentration 49 d after OVX in OVX heifers was threefold greater than in 1 or OVX heifers, thus demonstrating that E2 exerted negative feedback on pituitary LH secretion in prepubertal heifers. There was no measurable difference in serum E2 concentrations between I and OVX heifers; however, the contrast in the concentration and pattern of serum LH between the two groups was dramatic and suggested gonadal factors in addition to E2 are involved in controlling LH secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Accurate denoising of single-cell RNA-Seq data using unbiased principal component analysis

Abstract Single-cell RNA-Seq measurements are commonly affected by high levels of technical noise, posing challenges for data analysis and visualization. A diverse array of methods has been proposed to computationally remove noise by sharing information across similar cells or genes, however their respective accuracies have been difficult to establish. Here, we propose a simple denoising strategy based on principal component analysis (PCA). We show that while PCA performed on raw data is biased towards highly expressed genes, this bias can be mitigated with a cell aggregation step, allowing the recovery of denoised expression values for both highly and lowly expressed genes. We benchmark our resulting ENHANCE algorithm and three previously described methods on simulated data that closely mimic real datasets, showing that ENHANCE provides the best overall denoising accuracy, recovering modules of co-expressed genes and cell subpopulations. Implementations of our algorithm are available at https://github.com/yanailab/enhance.
Mental Health and Recreation Opportunities

The environment has direct and indirect effects on mental health. Previous studies acknowledge that the poor design of communities and social environments leads to increased psychological distress, but methodological issues make it difficult to draw clear conclusions. Recent public health, leisure and recreation studies have tried to determine the relationship between recreation opportunities and mental health. However, previous studies have heavily focused on individual contexts rather than national or regional levels; this is a major limitation. It is difficult to reflect the characteristics of community environments effectively with such limited studies, because social environments and infrastructure should be analyzed using a spatial perspective that goes beyond an individual's behavioral patterns. Other limitations include lack of socioeconomic context and appropriate data to represent the characteristics of a local community and its environment. To date, very few studies have tested the spatial relationships between mental health and recreation opportunities on a national level, while controlling for a variety of competing explanations (e.g., the social determinants of mental health). To address these gaps, this study used multi-level spatial data combined with various sources to: (1) identify variables that contribute to spatial disparities of mental health; (2) examine how selected variables influence spatial mental health disparities using a generalized linear model (GLM); (3) specify the spatial variation of the relationships between recreation opportunities and mental health in the continental U.S. using geographically weighted regression (GWR). The findings suggest that multiple factors associated with poor mental health days, particularly walkable access to local parks, showed the strongest explanatory power in both the GLM and GWR models. In addition, negative relationships were found with educational attainment, racial/ethnic dynamics, and lower levels of urbanization, while positive relationships were found with poverty rate and unemployment in the GLM. Finally, the GWR model detected differences in the strength and direction of associations for 3109 counties. These results may address the gaps in previous studies that focused on individual-level scales and did not include a spatial context.
Employment disruption following diagnosis of gynecologic malignancies

Objectives: Financial toxicity is a significant challenge for cancer survivors, which may be compounded a decrease in work hours or cessation of work altogether after diagnosis. We evaluated the frequency of employment change in the year following diagnosis of a gynecologic cancer, and assessed factors associated with a disruption in employment. Methods: A cohort of patients 18-63 years old who were diagnosed with cervical, ovarian, endometrial or vulvar cancer (January 2009-December 2017) were identified in the Truven MarketScan database, an insurance claims database of commercially insured patients in the United States. All patients who were working full or part-time at diagnosis were included, and all employment changes during the year following diagnosis were followed monthly. Clinical information, including receipt of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, were identified using Common Procedural Terminology codes, and International Statistical Classification of Diseases codes. Cox proportional-hazards models incorporating measured covariates were used to evaluate the impact of covariates on change in employment status. Patients were censored when a change in employment was identified. Results: A total of 7,446 women diagnosed with a gynecologic cancer (12.6% cervical, 24.7% ovarian, 2.6% vulvar, and 60.1% endometrial cancer) were identified. All patients held a full-time or part-time job 12 months prior to diagnosis. While most patients continued working following diagnosis, 20.6% cervical, 20.8% ovarian, 15.7% vulvar, and 21.7% of endometrial cancer patients experienced a change in employment from full-or part-time to long-term disability, retirement, or cessation of work. Older age (58-63), presence of comorbidities, and metastatic disease were associated with an increased risk of change in employment (P Conclusions: A total of 16-22% women with a gynecologic malignancy and employer-subsidized health insurance experienced a change in employment status in the year following diagnosis. Adjuvant therapy, older age, presence of comorbidities and presence of metastatic disease.
Experiences of Transgender Identity in a Sample of Primarily White Binary Trans Masculine and Nonbinary Individuals

Purpose: This study investigated the differences between binary and nonbinary transgender individuals' experiences of transgender identity through the Transgender Identity Survey (TIS). Method: Bin...
WHO OWNS THE PAST

For many years, archaeologists did not consider or incorporate the perspectives of native peoples into their interpretations, nor did they think about the potential or inherent biases of their data. In the 1980s, a number of groups began to call for new codes of ethics and new laws to change the behavior of archaeology, making it less colonial in nature and more considerate of native perspectives. One result was a set of ethical principles drafted by the Society for American Archaeology. One principle is that of accountability, which includes an acknowledgement of general responsibility to the general public who is paying for research, and an obligation to make every effort to actively consult with affected groups and to develop working relationships with these parties. This has translated into a more engaged and productive archaeology around the world. Such work is difficult and time-consuming, but critically important. It may not be clear who owns the past, but we all have an obligation to and a responsibility for the past.
Kids & Cul-De-Sacs: Census 2000 and the Reproduction of Consumer Culture

Over the years, the census has provoked a number of social, political, and economic controversies. Little attention, however, has been given to the role of the census in fostering the creation and maintenance of markets for consumer goods. This Review takes an inquisitive tour through the 2000 Census on Population and Housing, focusing especially on its role as the statistical foundation of marketing efforts by retail firms. The underlying motivation for the project is a suspicion that, at least if the consumer product industry's own words before Congress are to be believed, the decennial census confers a significant positive externality (some might say a hidden subsidy) on retail and marketing firms. Combined with the multi-billion dollar "private sociology" of retail and marketing firms, the census data are transformed by marketers into nuanced descriptions of identifiable and predictable consumer lifestyles, motivations, and behaviors. These descriptions allow product manufacturers and retailers to define and access numerous consumer substrata within the population at large, providing an indispensable aid in the design of consumer goods and accompanying promotional materials. In addition to providing a descriptive account of the population census and its various uses by commercial entities, this Review also attempts to provide a framework for determining whether more serious normative consideration of the census marketing externality is merited. It does so by outlining models of consumer sovereignty and consumer susceptibility that have dominated legal and academic treatments of consumer behavior, and by arguing that neither model adequately accounts for the cultural implications of consumption. As a consequence, neither model provides a complete account of the impact of census-based marketing. In contrast, this Review argues that a more textured, cultural understanding of consumption and its accompaniments might help determine whether the marketers' use of census data is designed to be informative and responsive, invasive and exploitative, or something else altogether.
The acid stress response of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6308

The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6308 has been shown to exhibit predictable physiological responses to acid stress. Originally isolated from a Wisconsin lake, this cyanobacterium grows optimally under alkaline conditions in the laboratory. After acid stress at a pH of between 4.4 and 7.7, cells return to exponential growth following a lag phase. The organism's response to this tolerable acid stress involves cell concentration-dependent neutralization of the external medium to pH 6 or above within 5 min, maintenance of a transmembrane pH gradient, and maintenance of photosystem II efficiency. Lethal acid stress, at a pH below 4.4, results in the formation of aggregates of denatured proteins observed as granules near the cell periphery, the disruption of the transmembrane pH gradient, cell color change to blue, and damage to photosystem II.
Surface Design and Engineering Toward Wear-Resistant, Self-Lubricating Diamond Films and Coatings

The tribological properties of chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond films vary with the environment, possessing a Jekyll-and-Hyde character. CVD diamond has low coefficient of friction and high wear resistance in air but high coefficient of friction and low wear resistance in vacuum. Improving the tribological functionality of materials (such as achieving low friction and good wear resistance) was an aim of this investigation. Three studies on the surface design, surface engineering, and tribology of CVD diamond have shown that its friction and wear are significantly reduced in ultrahigh vacuum. The main criteria for judging whether diamond films are an effective wear-resistant, self-lubricating material were coefficient of friction and wear rate, which must be less than 0.1 and on the order of 10(exp 6) cu mm/N(dot)m, respectively. In the first study the presence of a thin film (less than 1 micron thick) of amorphous, nondiamond carbon (hydrogenated carbon, also called diamondlike carbon or DLC) on CVD diamond greatly decreased the coefficient of friction and the wear rate. Therefore, a thin DLC film on CVD diamond can be an effective wear-resistant, lubricating coating in ultrahigh vacuum. In the second study the presence of an amorphous, nondiamond carbon surface layer formed on CVD diamond by ion implantation significantly reduced the coefficient of friction and the wear rate in ultrahigh vacuum. Therefore, such surface layers are acceptable for effective self-lubricating, wear-resistant applications of CVD diamond. In the third study CVD diamond in contact with cubic boron nitride exhibited low coefficient of friction in ultra high vacuum. Therefore, this materials combination can provide an effective self-lubricating, wear-resistant couple in ultrahigh vacuum.
Producing Islands of Self-Mastery: The Biopolitics of Self-Determination in Special Education

INTRODUCTION Special education places a premium on teaching self-determination to special needs students. In this essay, I explore the philosophical history as to why selfdetermination carries such influence. I locate the genealogy of self-determination in John Locke’s conception of the body as property. In addition, as an explanation to why this happened, I turn to Michel Foucault’s conception of “governmentality” and its role in education with respect to self-determination as a mode of control. Next, I discuss the deleterious consequences of this idealization of self-determination that obscures the interdependent nature of all persons, putatively disabled or not. One chief consequence is the portrayal of dependence as a pejorative state of affairs that makes dependent individuals appear dangerous. I augment my reading of Foucault with Roberto Esposito’s “paradigm of immunization,” in which persons are “immunized” against obligation towards others beyond contractual arrangements. The paradigm for contractual relations arises from a neoliberal view of the market as the protector of freedom and self-sovereignty. Consequently, the driving force behind special education and self-determination, as a strategy of empowerment, is for special needs students to take their place in the market. Special educator Michael Wehmeyer’s attempt to clarify the meaning of self-determination in the context of a “causal agency theory” still promulgates a view of agency that underemphasizes its communal roots. In conclusion, I propose John Dewy as a needed corrective for valorizing agency as a function of community. Hence, a curriculum for selfdetermination for special needs students would no longer require an erasure of the reality of the interdependence of all persons.
Vehicle braking strategies based on regenerative braking boundaries of electric machines

Electric and hybrid-electric vehicles are capable of providing electrical braking to assist mechanical brakes during a braking event. Braking strategies can be formulated to dictate the manner in which the braking effort is shared between the electrical and mechanical brakes. Electrical braking capability is identified by regions in the braking quadrants of an electric machine's torque-speed plane, and these capability regions may be further subdivided into regenerative and non-regenerative braking regions. Regenerative electrical braking adds energy to the energy storage system, whereas non-regenerative electrical braking subtracts energy from the energy storage system. This paper uses the concept of regenerative braking boundaries to define braking strategies that avoid operation in non-regenerative braking regions so as to recover as much electrical energy as possible during braking events.
Genres of Digital Documents: Minitrack Introduction

The six papers in this year’s minitrack on Genres of Digital Documents demonstrate the impressive range of research dealing with genre theories and models as well as the genres themselves—their nature and their function in communication, society, and work, as well as our ability to exploit genre information for enhancing the representation and retrieval of digital documents. In “What are the Characteristics of Digital Genres? — Genre Theory from a Multimodal Perspective,” Inger Askehave and Anne Ellerup Nielsen start at the foundational level of genre studies and extend the Swalesian genre model to add Finneman’s concept of the navigating mode. By explicitly adding the aspect of movement and navigation, they thereby produce a two-dimensional genre model that does not isolate any given genre from its me
Evidence for single particle structure of high spin states in Pm-144 and Pm-145

Excited states of the Z=61 isotopes $^{144}\mathrm{Pm}_{83}$ and $^{154}\mathrm{Pm}_{84}$ have been studied in the $^{19}\mathrm{F}$${+}^{130}$Te reaction at a beam energy of 85 MeV. Gamma-ray and conversion electron spectroscopy were used to establish the high spin states of $^{144}\mathrm{Pm}$ up to spin 20\ensuremath{\Elzxh} and to extend the level spectrum of $^{145}\mathrm{Pm}$ up to a tentative spin of 33/2\ensuremath{\Elzxh}. Empirical shell model calculations in a configuration space truncated to the \ensuremath{\pi}1${\mathit{h}}_{11/2}$, \ensuremath{\pi}1${\mathit{g}}_{7/2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, and \ensuremath{\pi}2${\mathit{d}}_{5/2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ protons and the \ensuremath{\nu}2${\mathit{f}}_{7/2}$ neutron outside the $^{146}\mathrm{Gd}$ core reproduce the observed energy levels in good agreement with the experimental results. (\ensuremath{\pi}${\mathit{h}}_{11/2}$${)}^{2}$ configurations are suggested in an N=83 isotone for Z64.
Upper respiratory disease, sinusitis, and polyposis.

Chronic pansinusitis and nasal polyposis have long been recognized as an intregal part of cystic fibrosis (CF). These problems can severely affect the quality of life, causing nasal congestion, postnasal drainage, and headaches, as well as acting as a repository for chronic infection. Studies with asthmatics have shown a connection between sinusitis and a deterioration in pulmonary status, leading researchers to investigate whether this same connection exists with CF. Unfortunately, no solution has been discovered to cure the upper respiratory disease in CF; therefore, the goal has been adequate management to minimize the symptoms and secondary complications.
Founder Cell Differentiation and Acrasin Production in an Aggregateless Mutant of Polyspondylium violaceum. (aggregation/D factor/founder cell/glorin/Polysphondylium violaceum)

A specific class of aggregation-deficient mutants, aggA, of Polyshondylium violaceum are unable to aggregate unless supplied exogenously with a stimulating factor called D factor. The present study examines the effect of D factor on the induction of founder cells and on the production of the chemoattractant of aggregation, N-propionyl-γ-L-glutamyl-L-ornithine-δ-lactam ethyl ester (or glorin). Founder cells initiate aggregate formation and are morphologically distinct from the majority of the amoebae. Founder cell differentiation and oriented movement of attracted amoebae have been studied by time-lapse videotape analysis. In wild-type strains, on the average 90 min after the onset of starvation, a single, motile, irregularly shaped amoeba stops wandering and becomes round in shape. This founder cell has differentiated randomly from the pool of starved amoebae and within 2.5 min after the cessation of movement begins to attract and establish cellular contacts nighboring amoebae. The aggA mutants neither aggregate nor differentiate founder cells in the absence of D factor; whereas, aggregate formation and founder cell differentiation occur in the presence of physiological concentrations of purified, externally added D factor. However, in either the presence or absence of D factor, aggA amoebae produce and excrete glorin (measured using a bioassay) at levels comparable to their parental strain. These studies suggest that D factor is required for founder cell differentiation and organization of the aggregate, and that the ability to synthesize and excrete glorin is not sufficient to trigger aggregation.
Experimental evidence for the existence of an adrenochrome—adrenolutin complex

Horizontal linear paper chromatography was utilized to achieve the semiquantitative separation of adrenochrome-adrenolutin mixtures. Data obtained by the spectrophotofluorometric assay of bands eluted from these chromatograms show evidence of the formation of a 1:1 complex of the two components.
GPU computing and the road to extreme-scale parallel systems

While Moore's Law has continued to provide smaller semiconductor devices, the effective end of uniprocessor performance scaling has (finally) instigated mainstream computing to adopt parallel hardware and software. Based on their derivation from high-performance programmable graphics architectures, modern GPUs have emerged as the world's most successful parallel architecture. Today, a single GPU has a peak performance of over 650 GFlops and 175 GBytes/second of memory bandwidth. The combination of high compute density and energy efficiency (GFlops/Watt) has motivated the world's fastest supercomputers to employ GPUs, including 3 of the top 5 on the June 2011 Top 500 list. This presentation will first describe the fundamentals of contemporary GPU architectures and the high-performance systems that are built around them. I will then highlight three substantial challenges that face the design of future parallel computing systems on the road to Exascale: (1) the power wall, (2) the bandwidth wall, and (3) the programming wall. Finally, I will describe NVIDIA's Echelon research project that is developing architectures and programming systems that aim to address these challenges and drive continued performance scaling of parallel computing from embedded systems to supercomputers.
Overshooting in quenched aluminum crystals

Abstract Single crystals of 99.8 and 99.993% pure aluminum which were quenched from annealing treatments at 600°C and strained in tension exhibited marked effects in their deformation process. It was shown in this investigation that the stress axis “overshoots” the [100]-[111] symmetry line and that conjugate slip does not begin until “overshooting” reaches a maximum. Slip lines were found to be long, sharp, and straight with cross-slip in evidence. Stress-strain curves showed low rates of work hardening, and very little asterism was observed in Laue X-ray photograms as compared to those of furnace-cooled crystals, indicating that quenched crystals deform in a much less turbulent manner than do slowly cooled crystals. It is felt that the quenching operation involves the pinning of dislocations by quenched-in vacancies and that the “overshooting” behavior is due to latent hardening of the conjugate slip system as proposed for alpha-brass by Piercy, Cahn and Cottrell.(14)
Cleaning of carbon nanotubes near the π-plasmon resonance

Abstract The cleaning of bulk carbon single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) by use of a 248 nm excimer laser is verified with imaging, and quantitative evaluation of morphology and composition. A 5% change in responsivity of a pyroelectric detector coated with SWNTs is presented as a novel assessment of the change in SWNT coating topology. Changes in purity are shown by reduced full-width-at-half-maximum of the Raman D-band for 248 nm exposure up to 755 mW/cm2. The 248 nm (5 eV) photon–plasmon resonance is considered as a mechanism for the reduction of impurities and an intermediate stage of purification.
Purchasing decisions in non-traditional households: the case of lesbian couples

Extant research on family purchase behavior has focused almost exclusively on heterosexual couples. This exploratory study of non-traditional households shows that lesbian couples are strongly egalitarian in decision behavior for a wide range of products and services. Perceptions about relative influence of each partner in these dyads are increasingly congruent as the decision process progresses. Findings demonstrate the inapplicability of two concepts long associated with family research, that is, power and relative resource theory, in lesbian couples. Instead, gender dynamics and equity play dominant roles in these relationships. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.