cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of superparamagnetic nanocomposites from vapor phase condensation in a flame

Abstract Recent work on the magnetic characteristics of nanometer scale materials has suggested that magnetically isolated nanometer magnetic particles would show magnetic behavior different than those found in the bulk. Such behavior could be explored if such materials could be synthesized in sufficient quantities where the magnetic particles could be isolated from each other via encapsulation within a non-magnetic host. We have investigated application of flame technology for the synthesis of this class of materials. A premixed methane/oxygen flame diluted with nitrogen has been used as the reacting environment in which iron pentacarbonyl and hexamethyldisiloxane were added as the magnetic and non-magnetic precursor materials. The results, based on x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, Mossbauer effect, and magnetization data have shown that: (i) nanometer composite particles are formed containing 5–10 nm Fe2O3, encased in a silica particle whose diameter ranged from 30–100 nm, depending on loading and flame temperature, and (ii) the iron oxide clusters are magnetically isolated and in some cases show superparamagnetic behavior.
Beyond kappa distributions: Exploiting Tsallis statistical mechanics in space plasmas

[1] Empirically derived kappa distributions are becoming increasingly widespread in space physics as the power law nature of various suprathermal tails is melded with more classical quasi-Maxwellian cores. Two different mathematical definitions of kappa distributions are commonly used and various authors characterize the power law nature of suprathermal tails in different ways. In this study we examine how kappa distributions arise naturally from Tsallis statistical mechanics, which provides a solid theoretical basis for describing and analyzing complex systems out of equilibrium. This analysis exposes the possible values of kappa, which are strictly limited to certain ranges. We also develop the concept of temperature out of equilibrium, which differs significantly from the classical equilibrium temperature. This analysis clarifies which of the kappa distributions has primacy and, using this distribution, the kinetic and physical temperatures become one, both in and out of equilibrium. Finally, we extract the general relation between both types of kappa distributions and the spectral indices commonly used to parameterize space plasmas. With this relation, it is straightforward to compare both spectral indices from various space physics observations, models, and theoretical studies that use kappa distributions on a consistent footing that minimizes the chances for misinterpretation and error. Now that the connection is complete between empirically derived kappa distributions and Tsallis statistical mechanics, the full strength and capability of Tsallis statistical tools are available to the space physics community for analyzing and understanding the kappa-like properties of the various particle and energy distributions observed in space.
Changes in biochemical characteristics and pattern of lectin binding of alveolar type II cells with time in culture.

Abstract When cultured on plastic culture dishes for several days, alveolar type II cells gradually lose both their morphologic and biochemical identifying characteristics. Although type II cells cultured on a matrix derived from corneal endothelial cells have previously been reported to retain lamellar bodies for 7–10 days in culture, the ability of type II cells cultured on matrix to synthesize surfactant lipids has not been previously studied. We therefore measured the phospholipid content and the distribution of [14C]acetate into classes of lipids by type II cells maintained in culture. We found no differences between cells cultured on plastic or on matrix. We then studied the binding to type II cells in culture of Maclura pomifera and Ricinus communis I, lectins specific in vivo for type II and type I cells, respectively. We found that the cells progressively bind less M. pomifera and more R. communis I. The change in pattern of lectin binding occurs whether cells are cultured on plastic or matrix, whether lectins are conjugated with fluorescein, rhodamine or ferritin, or whether cells are cultured in the presence or absence of serum. We conclude that type II cells cultured on either tissue culture plastic or matrix derived from corneal endothelial cells lose the ability to synthesize and contain surfactant phospholipids, and, at least in their pattern of lectin binding, become similar to type I cells.
The Wage Bargaining Structure in Norway and Sweden and its Influence on Real Wage Developments

The paper investigates the determinants of wages in the tradables and service sectors in Norway and Sweden. Tradables wages are determined by their own productivity growth whereas service sector wages are influenced by wage growth in the tradables sector. The traditional strong sensitivity of the real wage to changes in the unemployment rate has been virtually eliminated since the recessionary period in the early 1990s in Sweden, and real wages have grown faster than macroeconomic factors alone would suggest. In contrast, real wages have become more sensitive to cyclical conditions in Norway and have grown less rapidly than macroeconomic factors indicate. These changes in the wage process have hindered the development of private sector employment in Sweden but have stimulated private sector employment in Norway.
A model of magnetic stimulation of neocortical neurons

Abstract Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been widely used in studies of human motor and cognitive functions as well as in clinical treatment. Biophysical mechanism underlying its effect is, however, largely unknown. Here, we develop a theory to calculate the effect of magnetic stimulation on arbitrary neuronal structure. Then, we employ a computer simulation which combines a realistic multicompartmental model of neocortical neurons and the calculation of the induced electric field. The simulation shows that a single magnetic pulse applied to model cortical neurons can induce brief burst firing followed by a silent period of duration comparable to experimental data of TMS. Our simulation offers a new clue to understand physiology of TMS by demonstrating that magnetic stimulation acts on biophysics of the dendrites in neocortical neurons.
Comparison of techniques for growing small bowel neomucosa.

Small bowel neomucosa has been grown on a variety of surfaces. The purpose of this study was to compare the rate of growth and function of neomucosa on colon serosa (CS) and abdominal wall muscle (AM) in New Zealand white rabbits. The terminal ileum was incised for 5 cm and patched with either adjacent CS (23 animals) or AM (19 animals) to create a 2 × 5-cm defect. Gross and histologic examinations of the specimens at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks revealed that the rate of growth was similar in both groups. There was minimal lateral ingrowth at 2 weeks, nearly complete coverage of the defects at 4 weeks, and complete coverage of the defect at 8 weeks in more than 85% of animals with mature villi and muscularis mucosae. The ileal diameter at the site of patching increased in both groups from 11.9 ± 2.6 to 16.3 ± 3.2 mm in the CS group and 11.3 ± 2.5 to 15.1 ± 1.8 mm in the AM group (P < 0.01). Glucose uptake was similar in both groups being 65.4 ± 24.1% of control in the CS group and 73.9 ± 29.8% in the AM group. Brush border enzyme activity of sucrase, maltase, and lactase was similar to controls in the AM group but in the CS group activity of sucrase and maltase were significantly less than controls (P < 0.01). Average body weight was increased postoperatively in both groups. There was one anastomotic leak in each group and two cases of partial intestinal obstruction in the abdominal wall group. Both colon serosa and abdominal wall musculature will support the growth of functioning neomucosa with a similar rate of growth and quality of the neomucosa. The use of either in clinical situations should be determined by availability and technical considerations.
Interactive Gel Networks for Organic Separations

WE wish to report a new and systematic basis for approaching the chemical separations of organic compounds. Interactive gel chromatography with a moving liquid phase is defined by three major factors: solvent absorption (imbibition), steric exclusion and the combined chemical interactions among gel, solvent and solute. The third involves the reversible process: illustration This can involve localized electron pair donation as in Lewis basicity, hydrogen bonds, or the more diffuse delocalized nature of pi electrons in unsaturated systems. Our preliminary findings with three different gel network structures are described in this report. Open image in new window
Sufficient conditions for optimal control with state and control constraints

A monotonicity result is utilized to derive sufficient optimality conditions of considerable generality for an individual trajectory in control theory. The sufficiency theorem embodying these conditions generalizes those of Boltyanskii and Leitmann and is applied to a simple control system to which their sufficiency theorems are not applicable. Conditions on the state equations and state space are completely relaxed. The set of admissible controls is extended to the set of measurable controls and the integrand of the performance index has its membership extended to the class of bounded Borel-measurable functions. The decomposition of the state space is required to be onlyplain denumerable.
Incremental Syntactic Language Models for Phrase-based Translation

This paper describes a novel technique for incorporating syntactic knowledge into phrase-based machine translation through incremental syntactic parsing. Bottom-up and top-down parsers typically require a completed string as input. This requirement makes it difficult to incorporate them into phrase-based translation, which generates partial hypothesized translations from left-to-right. Incremental syntactic language models score sentences in a similar left-to-right fashion, and are therefore a good mechanism for incorporating syntax into phrase-based translation. We give a formal definition of one such lineartime syntactic language model, detail its relation to phrase-based decoding, and integrate the model with the Moses phrase-based translation system. We present empirical results on a constrained Urdu-English translation task that demonstrate a significant BLEU score improvement and a large decrease in perplexity.
Diaphragmatic flutter in three babies with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis

Abnormalities of respiratory control, especially apnea, have been reported previously in infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. This is the first report of yet another abnormality of respiratory control, diaphragmatic flutter (DF), in infants with RSV infection. The presentation of these infants did not differ from the usual clinical presentation of RSV infection. While being monitored with respiratory inductive plethysmography for occurrences of apnea known to be common in RSV infection, DF was detected. This abnormality consisted of high frequency, diaphragmatic contractions which were intermittent in nature. They lasted no more than 4 days and were not associated with change in arterial oxygen saturation or heart rate. These infants were discharged free of DF and no further episodes have been observed over a 12-month period. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Automated test generation and test point selection for specification test of analog circuits

In this paper, a new automated test generation and concurrent test point selection algorithm for specification based testing of analog circuits is presented. The proposed approach co-optimizes the construction of a multi-tone sinusoidal test stimulus and the selection of the best set of test response observation points. The circuit specifications are predicted accurately from the test response using a prior algorithm. This prediction is based on a statistical regression based mapping of the test response waveform to the specifications of the circuit under test. The test generation and test point selection process tries to maximize the accuracy of specification prediction using the above mapping. Pass/fail test decisions are made using the predicted specifications. Simulation results show excellent performance of the proposed algorithms.
IFN-γ– and TNF-dependent bystander eradication of antigen-loss variants in established mouse cancers

Tumors elicit antitumor immune responses, but over time they evolve and can escape immune control through various mechanisms, including the loss of the antigen to which the response is directed. The escape of antigen-loss variants (ALVs) is a major obstacle to T cell–based immunotherapy for cancer. However, cancers can be cured if both the number of CTLs and the expression of antigen are high enough to allow targeting of not only tumor cells, but also the tumor stroma. Here, we showed that IFN-γ and TNF produced by CTLs were crucial for the elimination of established mouse tumors, including ALVs. In addition, both BM- and non-BM–derived stromal cells were required to express TNF receptors and IFN-γ receptors for the elimination of ALVs. Although IFN-γ and TNF were not required by CTLs for perforin-mediated killing of antigen-expressing tumor cells, the strong inference is that tumor antigen–specific CTLs must secrete IFN-γ and TNF for destruction of tumor stroma. Therefore, bystander killing of ALVs may result from IFN-γ and TNF acting on tumor stroma.
How to reliably detect ischemia in the intensive care unit and operating room.

Detection of myocardial ischemia in the perioperative period is important because it allows for intervention that may prevent progression of ischemia to myocardial infarction. Perioperative ischemia is also an important predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Patients should first be stratified according to their risk of having cardiovascular disease by identifying major, intermediate, and minor predictors of adverse cardiovascular outcome. Electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring for ischemia is inexpensive and noninvasive, but may not be applicable to all patients and is not perfectly sensitive or specific. Modern operating room monitors can automate ST segment monitoring and be set to alarm if changes occur. Increases in central venous pressure and pulmonary artery pressure can be caused by myocardial ischemia, but have been shown to be very insensitive compared to ECG. Also, detection of these hemodynamic changes requires insertion of invasive monitoring devices. Transesophageal echocardiography ca...
A reply to ‘the politics of representation’

(1990). A reply to ‘the politics of representation’. Anthropological Forum: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 158-165.
Production of Streptolysin S by Streptococci Before and After Mouse Passage.

Summary(1) Streptolysin S was produced by streptococci of Lancefield groups A, C and G. (2) Streptococci of group A produced considerably more streptolysin S than did groups C and G. (3) Strains of group C streptococci of human origin produced more streptolysin S than did animal strains of group C. (4) In general, the passage of beta hemolytic streptococci through mice enhanced the production of streptolysin S but did not enhance their virulence. Nonhemolytic strains were not affected by animal passage.
Universal laws and predictive theory in ecology and evolution

P 0 I I Opinion is intended to facilitate communication between reader and author and reader and reader. Comments, viewpoints or suggestions arising from published papers are welcome. Discussion and debate about important issues in ecology, e.g. theory or terminology, may I I also be included. Contributions should be as precise as possible and references should be 0 kept to a minimum. A summary is not required. o N
Differences in irradiated lung gene transcription between fibrosis-prone C57BL/6NHsd and fibrosis-resistant C3H/HeNHsd mice.

Background/aim We compared pulmonary irradiation-induced whole-lung, gene transcripts over 200 days after 20 Gy thoracic irradiation in female fibrosis-prone C57BL/6NHsd mice with fibrosis-resistant C3H/HeNHsd mice. Materials and methods Lung specimens were analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) and changes over time in representative gene transcript levels were correlated with protein levels using western blot. Results C3H/HeNHsd mice showed a significantly longer duration of elevation of gene transcripts for stress-response genes nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (Nfkb), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), transcription factor SP1 (SP1), activator protein 1 (AP1), radioprotection gene manganese superoxide dismutase (Sod2), and endothelial cell-associated genes von Willebrand factor (Vwf) and vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf). C57BL/6NHsd mice showed acute elevation then down-regulation and a second elevation in gene transcripts for Nfkb, connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (Igfbp7), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Tnfa) Ctgf, Igfbp7, Tnfa, collagen 1a, and toll like receptor 4 (Tlr4). There were reciprocal patterns of elevation and decrease in levels of transcripts for epigenetic reader proteins bromodomain coding protein 1 (Brd1)Brd2,-3, and -4 between mouse strains. Conclusion Regulatory pathways linked to radiation pulmonary fibrosis may identify new targets for mitigators of radiation-induced fibrosis.
What women think: cancer causal attributions in a diverse sample of women

Women hold diverse beliefs about cancer etiology, potentially affecting their use of cancer preventive behaviors. Research has primarily focused on cancer causal attributions survivors and participants from non-diverse backgrounds hold. Less is known about attributions held by women with and without a family history of cancer from a diverse community sample. Participants reported factors they believed cause cancer. Open-ended responses were coded and relations between the top causal attributions and key factors were explored. Findings suggest certain socio-cultural factors play a role in the causal attributions women make about cancer, which can, in turn, inform cancer awareness and prevention messages.
The protein metabolic response to HIV infection in young children

Background: Growth failure often precedes secondary infections in HIV-infected infants and children, suggesting that inadequate protein deposition may be an early manifestation of infection by the virus. However, the protein metabolic response elicited by the virus in young children is unknown. Objective: We compared children with HIV infection and agematched children without HIV infection with regard to wholebody and splanchnic protein kinetics and synthesis of acute phase proteins (APPs). Design: Whole-body and splanchnic leucine kinetics and fractional and absolute synthesis rates of 2 positive and 4 negative APPs were measured in 6 asymptomatic, HIV-infected children (4 males and 2 females) aged 6‐17 mo and 4 uninfected children (3 females and 1 male) aged 7‐9 mo who were in the fed state. Results: Compared with the control children, the HIV-infected children had significantly lower dietary energy and protein intakes and leucine balance and significantly faster leucine flux and fractional splanchnic leucine extraction; there was no significant difference between the groups in leucine oxidation rates. The HIVinfected children also had significantly higher plasma concentrations and absolute synthesis rates of the positive APPs and a significantly higher fractional synthesis rate of fibrinogen. The concentrations of 2 of the 4 negative APPs, albumin and HDL apolipoprotein A-I, were significantly lower in the HIV-infected children but were not associated with slower synthesis rates. Conclusions: Children with HIV infection but without secondary infection have reduced protein balance because of an inability to down-regulate protein catabolism. Furthermore, the acute phase protein response elicited by HIV infection is characterized by higher concentrations and synthesis rates of positive APPs without lower concentrations of some negative APPs. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:182‐9.
A Novel Low Voltage and Low Power 0.18-μm Inductor-less CMOS Even-Harmonic Mixer

A novel low voltage inductor-less CMOS even-harmonic mixer for 5 GHz industrial scientific medical (ISM) band direct conversion receiver in an 0.18-mum SiGe Bi-CMOS process is presented. A voltage bias offset transconductance linearization is used with the even-harmonic mixer to achieve high IIP2 of 43.6 dBm, IIP3 of 0 dBm, and voltage conversion gain of 8.05 dB with 0.5% gm mismatch, 0.5% load mismatch and 2deg LO I/Q phase error. The mixer consumes less than 2.6 mA from a single 1.8 V supply
Exchange rate sensitivity of the USA-Singapore trade flows: evidence from industry data

The Marshall-Lerner condition is a condition that is judged to assess the long-run effects of currency depreciation on the trade balance. It is obtained by estimating price elasticities of a country's demand for imports and rest of the world demand for its exports. When the analysis is extended to bilateral level between two countries using aggregate bilateral trade data or bilateral commodity data, due to lack of prices researchers directly relate inpayments and outpayments to the exchange rate in addition to scale variables. In this paper we try to determine the short-run and long-run effects of real depreciation of the dollar on inpayments of 141 US industries that export to Singapore and 59 US industries that import from Singapore. While we find that most industries are affected in the short-run. However, the short-run effects last into the long-run only in 45 exporting industries and 15 importing industries. Most of the affected industries are small.
The Theory of the Glass Electrode. IV . Temperature Studies of the Glass Electrode Error

The error of the glass electrode in lithium and sodium aqueous solutions over an extensive pH range was measured at 10 and 50° C. and compared with the data at 25° C. The alkaline error is greater at the higher temperature and less at the lower temperature, but the acid or water activity error scarcely changes with the temperature, depending, in agreement with the "water electrode" theory of Dole, only on the activity of the water at any particular pH. The alkaline error increases with the temperature in accord with the requirements of the statistical equation of Dole insofar as the order of magnitude is concerned; the "Q" quantities, however, instead of being strictly constant, change slightly with the pH, salt concentration and temperature. The data given here have the practical utility of being applicable as a correction factor to glass electrode measurements at temperatures other than 25° C., a pH correction table being included in the paper.
Tolerating the nervous system: a delicate balance.

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis that is induced by immunization with myelin antigens ([1][1]). The ability to generate EAE by activating myelin-specific T cells in the periphery of healthy animals demonstrates that central and peripheral
A needs assessment of musculoskeletal fellowship training: a survey of practicing musculoskeletal radiologists.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to conduct a needs assessment of musculo-skeletal radiologists regarding their musculoskeletal training experience and attitude toward a standardized musculoskeletal fellowship curriculum. MATERIALS AND METHODS. An anonymous survey was sent to the Society of Skeletal Radiology membership querying musculoskeletal radiologists’ practice patterns, fellowship program, curriculum, and modes of learning. RESULTS. Of 216 respondents (26% response rate), 87% were musculoskeletal fellowship trained. The majority performed MRI, CT, and radiography (99%); arthrography (95%); spine MRI (77%); pediatric musculoskeletal imaging (75%); musculoskeletal ultrasound (63%); and biopsies (62%). During fellowship, 72% read spine MRI; 74% pediatric musculo-skeletal imaging, and 49% musculoskeletal ultrasound (49%); 33% received no spine procedural training. Most felt comfortable performing arthrography, joint injections, and bone and soft-tissue biopsies but not spine biopsies. Of the to...
TEMPORAL VARIATION IN SU-4885 RESPONSIVENESS IN MAN: EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF CIRCADIAN VARIATION IN ACTH SECRETION.

To investigate the role of the pituitary-adrenal feedback mechanism in the regulation of the steroid circadian rhythm, a study was undertaken in the same group of normal subjects of the adrenocortical response to ACTH and Su-4885 (Metopirone) infused at different times in the 24 hr. The responses to ACTH as well as to Su-4885 demonstrated a circadian variation. The rise in 17-OHCS excretion induced by Su-4885 was greatest at the time of day when adrenocortical activity was maximal and least when adrenal secretory activity was minimal. Inhibition of 11β-hydroxylation was apparent from a fall in plasma cortisol concentration and the excretion of cortisol metabolites, irrespective of the time of drug administration. A modest decrease in adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH at night has been confirmed but can hardly account for the marked temporal variation in the response to Su-4885. Since the adrenal response to Su-4885 is dependent upon the functional integrity of a central nervous system-pituitary ACTH m...
On L/sup 2/ sufficient conditions for end-constrained optimal control problems with inputs in a polyhedron

An L/sup 2/-local optimality sufficiency theorem proved for constrained optimal control problems is described here. This theorem applies to a class of structured infinite-dimensional nonconvex programs with constraints of the form, u/spl isin//spl Omega/ and h(u)=0, where /spl Omega/ is a set of Lebesgue measurable essentially bounded vector-valued functions u(/spl middot/):[0, 1]/spl rarr/R/sup m/ with range in a polyhedron U, and h is a smooth map of the space of essentially bounded functions u(/spl middot/) into R/sup k/. The theorem is based on formal counterparts of the finite-dimensional Karush-Kuhn-Tucker sufficient conditions in a Cartesian product of polyhedra, a strengthened variant of Pontryagin's necessary condition, and structure/continuity conditions on the first and second differentials of the objective function and equality constraint functions. Its sufficient conditions are directly applicable to nonconvex continuous-time Bolza optimal control problems with control-quadratic Hamiltonians, affine inequality constraints on the control inputs, and equality constraints on the terminal state vector, or equivalent isoperimetric constraints.
Cost-Efficient Transmitter/Receiver Deployment for Proactive Fault Diagnosis in All-Optical Networks

A scalable fault management system, including fault detection and localization capability, is crucial for future all-optical networks. In our previous work [5-7], we have proposed adaptive fault diagnosis schemes that deploy proactive lightpath probes to identify network failures, and have developed an asymptotically optimal run-length probing scheme to minimize the diagnostic effort (i.e., the number of lightpath probes). In this research, we aim to investigate the diagnostic hardware cost, i.e., the cost resulted from transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pairs for probe transmission and detection. As a benchmark, we first show that, in order to identify all possible network failures, all the network nodes have to be equipped with diagnostic Tx/Rx pairs. We then develop a probabilistic analysis framework to characterize the trade-off between hardware cost (i.e., the number of nodes equipped with Tx/Rx pairs) and diagnosis capability (i.e., the probability of successful failure detection and localization). Our results suggest that, for practical situations, the hardware cost can be reduced significantly by accepting a small amount of uncertainty about the failure status.
Recent Developments in Parameter Estimation and Structure Identification of Biochemical and Genomic Systems

The organization, regulation and dynamical responses of biological systems are in many cases too complex to allow intuitive predictions and require the support of mathematical modeling for quantitative assessments and a reliable understanding of system functioning. All steps of constructing mathematical models for biological systems are challenging, but arguably the most difficult task among them is the estimation of model parameters and the identification of the structure and regulation of the underlying biological networks. Recent advancements in modern high-throughput techniques have been allowing the generation of time series data that characterize the dynamics of genomic, proteomic, metabolic, and physiological responses and enable us, at least in principle, to tackle estimation and identification tasks using 'top-down' or 'inverse' approaches. While the rewards of a successful inverse estimation or identification are great, the process of extracting structural and regulatory information is technically difficult. The challenges can generally be categorized into four areas, namely, issues related to the data, the model, the mathematical structure of the system, and the optimization and support algorithms. Many recent articles have addressed inverse problems within the modeling framework of Biochemical Systems Theory (BST). BST was chosen for these tasks because of its unique structural flexibility and the fact that the structure and regulation of a biological system are mapped essentially one-to-one onto the parameters of the describing model. The proposed methods mainly focused on various optimization algorithms, but also on support techniques, including methods for circumventing the time consuming numerical integration of systems of differential equations, smoothing overly noisy data, estimating slopes of time series, reducing the complexity of the inference task, and constraining the parameter search space. Other methods targeted issues of data preprocessing, detection and amelioration of model redundancy, and model-free or model-based structure identification. The total number of proposed methods and their applications has by now exceeded one hundred, which makes it difficult for the newcomer, as well as the expert, to gain a comprehensive overview of available algorithmic options and limitations. To facilitate the entry into the field of inverse modeling within BST and related modeling areas, the article presented here reviews the field and proposes an operational 'work-flow' that guides the user through the estimation process, identifies possibly problematic steps, and suggests corresponding solutions based on the specific characteristics of the various available algorithms. The article concludes with a discussion of the present state of the art and with a description of open questions.
The Church of Scotland and British Colonialism in Africa

The relationship between religion and imperialism or between church and state in a colonial situation has varied from place to place and from time to time, but has often been more intricate and ambiguous than is indicated by much that has been written on the subject. It is a relationship that needs to be examined not only from the perspective of imperial governments and colonial peoples but also from that of religious institutions. Moreover, it needs to be analyzed not only in abstract theoretical terms but also through investigations of the actual attitudes and behavior of churchmen in concrete circumstances.
Boomerang pattern correction of gynecomastia.

Background:After excess skin and fat are removed, a body-lift suture advances skin and suspends ptotic breasts, the mons pubis, and buttocks. For women, the lift includes sculpturing adiposity. While some excess fat may need removal, muscular men should receive a deliberate effort to achieve general
Bronchial Stenosis in Suppurative Pulmonary Lesions

Conclusions1. Attempted occlusion of bronchi draining a pyogenic lesion was attended by little success. 2. Pyogenic abscess cavities healed more slowly where stenosis was attempted than where it was not attempted. 3. Complete stenosis of a bronchus draining a tuberculous process was produced in 4 of 5 animals, and with fewer applications of the cautery than was necessary in pyogenic infections. 4. Tuberculous lesions healed more quickly in the collapsed lobes (without drainage), than in the inflated lobes.
A Wireless Multiagent Architecture for Structural Health Monitoring that Incorporates Web Services

This paper reports on a prototype architecture for structural health monitoring (SHM) systems and reviews the literature in the relevant areas. A wireless sensor network (WSN) infrastructure is generally assumed. A WSN can be extended to a sensor web either in the accessible sense (making resources available on the World Wide Web) or in the collaborative sense (where nodes collaborative in responding to events). Almost all sensor webs for SHM discussed in the literature are collaborative sensor webs and many are structured as multiagent systems (MASs), but the prototype described here is a sensor web fully in both senses whose application area is SHM. Besides discussing sensor webs and MASs for SHM and outlining the prototype architecture and the negotiation mechanism used therein, this paper discusses the formal verification of the prototype’s design and possible enhancements to the prototype.
Recovery of outer retina in acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement (AIBSE).

Abstract Purpose To report the anatomic and functional recovery of the ellipsoid zone in a case of acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement (AIBSE), which was documented by serial high-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging. Observations The patient's clinical presentation and follow up visits were documented via Humphrey's Visual Fields, fundus autofluorescence, and high resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). At presentation, Humphrey's Visual Field testing showed an enlarged blind spot in the right eye. Fundus autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography showed an increased peripapillary autofluorescence and loss of the outer retinal layers, respectively. At 3 months a modest improvement in the visual field was observed. This improvement was stable at both the 7 and the 15 month follow up visits. SD-OCT corresponding to the areas of visual field improvement demonstrated recovery of the outer retina. Conclusion and importance Serial OCT imaging demonstrated anatomic evidence of ellipsoid zone recovery in isolated AIBSE. Anatomic recovery was consistent with the functional gain detected by visual field improvement.
On the Choice of Batch or Fixed Bed Adsorption Processes for Wastewater Treatment

Newly emerged nanomaterials, such as graphene or carbon nanotubes, are of increasingly widespread importance in environmental remediation, especially in their ability to remove undesirable chemicals from hydrological systems. Despite recent advances, the high cost of these materials and the relative inability to regenerate them hinders their use at larger scales. Although it is commonly held that adsorption in fixed bed processes is more efficient than in batch processes, the definition of efficiency needs to be examined closely. In this paper, we show that there exists a critical effluent concentration above which batch processes are more efficient than fixed bed processes from this perspective. This work proposes a simple method to choose either batch or fixed bed processes when the goal is to minimize the quantity of adsorbent needed to remove contaminants to below a specified threshold level. It also provides a systematic set of self-consistency checks on experimental measurements that may be used for comparative studies of these methods.
Research and development of fermented sweet seedless-wampee rice wine

The Wampee Health Sweet Rice Wine was produced by fermentation with the addition of Yu'nan seedless wampee fruit (Clausena lansium 'Yu'nan seedless').The main fermentation processing techniques and the effects of different materials, the yellow wine brewing yeast (YWBY) inoculum, fermentation temperature and time, and material to water ratio on the products were studied. Results showed that the optimized conditions was adding 6.0% dry wampee fruit powder to saccharifying solution, regulating material to water ratio at 1:1.0,inoculating 0.08% YWBY, being fermented at 26℃ for 8 d during the mainly fermentation. Then, the rice wine was further brewed through later fermention, compression, clarifying and sterilization. Under above conditions, the wampee health sweet rice wine was produced in the color of orange yellow, liquor tasty, pretty sweet, and had special coordinated fragrant smell of wampee fruit and maintained the therapeutic values of the fruit.
Effects of diet and housing density on growth and stomach morphology in pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of housing density on the stomach morphology of growing pigs and determine whether there was an interaction between housing density and diet. All diets were corn-soybean meal based. In Exp. 1, 42 barrows (41.0+/-.95 kg BW) were allotted either individually or three pigs per pen to evaluate the effects of crowding on stomach lesions. Pen space per pig was 1.54 and .51 m2, respectively. All pigs were fed a finely ground and pelleted diet (610 microm) for 6 wk. The ADG decreased (P<.05) for the pigs housed three per pen during wk 4 to 6 only. There was no effect of housing density on feed intake or gain/feed ratio. Neither visual nor histological ulcer score differed between the two treatment groups. No stomachs were graded as normal. In Exp. 2, 80 barrows (39.8+/-.9 kg BW) were allotted either two or four pigs per pen. Pen space per pig was .77 and .39 m2, respectively. Half of the pigs in each housing situation were fed a coarse meal diet (1,050 microm), and half of the pigs were fed a finely ground and pelleted diet (577 microm) throughout the 49-d experimental period. Throughout the trial, pigs housed two per pen gained at a greater rate (P<.05) than pigs housed four per pen. From d 14 to the end of the trial, pigs consuming the finely ground and pelleted diet gained at a greater rate (P<.05) than pigs fed the coarse meal diet. The differences in ADG were reflected in final body weight. Stomach weight as a percentage of body weight was higher for animals on the coarse meal diet. Visual and histological ulcer scores were similar, and both were higher (P<.001) on the finely ground and pelleted diet, indicating greater damage. There was no effect of space restriction on stomach morphology. These data show the major effect of diet type on stomach lesions with no interaction with space restriction.
The subvastus approach for total knee arthroplasty resulted in better short-term outcomes than did the parapatellar approach.

Question: In patients having total knee arthroplasty, how do the medial patellar and subvastus approaches compare with regard to functional outcomes and postoperative recovery? Design: Randomized (unclear allocation concealment), blinded (patients and outcome assessors), controlled trial with 3-month follow-up. Setting: A district hospital in England. Patients: 89 patients (mean age, 70 years; 53% men) who had a primary total knee arthroplasty for treatment of osteoarthritis. Follow-up was complete. Intervention: Patients were allocated to total knee …
Interreligious Dialogue: Conversations That Enable Christian Witness

October 2011 F over thirty years now I have participated in a dialogue group in the United States called the Society for BuddhistChristian Studies (SBCS). The society, now with about 400 members, meets for two days prior to the annual American Academy of Religion meetings in late November. Meetings consist of two three-hour sessions where Buddhists and Christians present papers or lead discussions on topics of common interest.1 I have been an active participant. In addition to attending every year, I have presented papers, I served for a number of years as the chair of the nominating committee, I rewrote, revised, and edited the society’s by-laws, and for ten years I was the editor of Buddhist-Christian Studies, the society’s annual journal, published by the University of Hawai‘i Press. I have just begun a four-year term that will include serving successively as program chair, vice president, and president. I have participated as an evangelical Christian, a position shared by only a handful of the Christians in SBCS. Most of my fellow Christians are convinced that one must be a liberal Christian in order to properly dialogue. And although the Buddhists use different nomenclature, it is safe to say that Buddhist participants also come from a certain approach to Buddhism drawn from educated, globalized groups. Many of the Buddhist participants are Western converts from Christianity. My experience in this group has taught me many things about interreligious dialogue and Christian mission, in particular: (1) how interreligious dialogue is defined and the place it has visa-vis other modes of Christian interaction with Buddhists; (2) a realistic definition of dialogue; and (3) an outline of what I will call a missional theology of dialogue. Throughout this article I use Buddhist-Christian dialogue as my primary case, but I think the lessons I relate can be generalized to relationships with Hindus and Muslims as well.
LG-71MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF A PEDIATRIC SPINAL CORD LOW-GRADE GLIONEURONAL TUMOR WITH BRAF DUPLICATION: A CASE REPORT

LG-71. MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF A PEDIATRIC SPINAL CORD LOW-GRADE GLIONEURONAL TUMOR WITH BRAF DUPLICATION: A CASE REPORT Ana Aguilar-Bonilla, Emily Owens Pickle, Rachel Gray, and Amy Smith; Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA Pediatric low-grade glioma is the most common type brain tumor diagnosed in childhood. Low-grade tumors generally have a good prognosis and rarely undergo malignant transformation. We present the case of a patient with a low-grade glioneuronal tumor of the spinal cord with BRAF duplication that transformed into a high-grade poorly differentiated tumor 20 months after diagnosis. Recent studies have identified BRAF alterations in low-grade gliomas; two commonly described aberrations are KIAA1549-BRAF fusion and BRAFV600E mutation. BRAF fusion is more commonly seen in pilocytic astrocytomas and BRAF mutations in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas. Our patient was a 14 year old female with a spinal cord tumor that extended from C3-C4 to the conus medullaris. An aggressive sub-total resection was performed with residual tumor observed in the thoracic cord and conus medullaris. Pathology wasconsistentwith a low-grade tumor buthad local progression after an initial 3 month observation period. She received chemotherapy with Carboplatin and Vincristine. Fifteen months into treatment, imaging revealed disseminated leptomeningeal spread throughout the CNS. Repeat tumor biopsy was consistent with a high-grade tumor. Her tumor progressed rapidly despite chemotherapy and radiation. She developed abdominal seeding of her tumor and died of disease 22 months after initial diagnosis. Although it is still early to know the significance of these mutations, several studies have shown that BRAF fusion positive tumors have better outcome. Here we present an unusual case of a patient with BRAF fusion + low grade glioneuronal tumor with rapid progression into a highly malignant tumor with peritoneal dissemination. Neuro-Oncology 18:iii78–iii96, 2016. doi:10.1093/neuonc/now075.71 #The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Neuro-Oncology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
The Onsager Reciprocal Relations—Experimental Evidence; Discussion Paper

One good way to start a lively discussion is for the opening discussor to disagree sharply with the speaker. Unfortunately, I happen to agree with Dr. Miller’s point of view, so that I must adopt the alternative technique of arousing discussion by re-emphasising some of Dr. Miller’s points as sharply as possible.
Podocyte-specific knockout of cyclooxygenase 2 exacerbates diabetic kidney disease.

Enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in podocytes contributes to glomerular injury in diabetic kidney disease, but some basal level of podocyte COX2 expression might be required to promot...
Aggregation and Fouling Impacts in Determining Organic and Clay Removal by Electropositive Filtration

AbstractElectropositive filtration (EPF) uses a macroporous filter media with a strong positive charge to achieve high separation factors for substances many times smaller than its nominal pore siz...
VCaP, a cell-based model system of human prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES We report the isolation and characterization of a novel prostate cancer cell line derived from a vertebral metastatic lesion, Vertebral-Cancer of the Prostate (VCaP). METHODS Prostate cancer tissue was harvested at autopsy from a metastatic lesion to a lumbar vertebral body of a patient with hormone refractory prostate cancer. This tissue was aseptically xenografted into SCID mice and later harvested and plated on tissue culture dishes. For characterization, soft agar clonegenic assay, in vivo xenograft growth, in vitro doubling time, karyotype analysis, immunocytochemistry for cytokeratin-18 expression immunochemistry for PSA (prostate specific antigen), RT PCR for PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase) and northern blot and western blot analysis to determine expression of Rb and p53, were performed. Androgen receptor expression was measured by transient transfection with a luciferase reporter construct. RESULTS VCaP cells are immortal in vitro and can be passaged serially in vivo. They express large quantities of prostate specific antigen (PSA). This cell line also expresses prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), cytokeratin-18 and the androgen receptor, and is androgen sensitive in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This cell line was derived from a metastatic tumor to the vertebrae of a prostate cancer patient. It exhibits many of the characteristics of clinical prostate carcinoma, including expression of PSA, PAP, and AR. We believe that VCaP will be a useful addition to the existing models of prostate cancer, and enable more advanced study of the mechanisms of prostate cancer progression and metastasis.