cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclic operation of ceramic-matrix animal cell bioreactors for controlled secretion of an endocrine hormone. A comparison of single-pass and recycle modes of operation

Controlled secretion processes for the production of secretory proteins in monolayer culture have been described previously (Grampp et al. Adv. Biochem. Eng./ Biotechnol. 1992, 46, 35-62), but little is known about the feasibility of scaling such processes into high-density bioreactors. Two immobilized-cell, ceramic-matrix bioreactor configurations were tested using the beta TC-3 cell model system which, in monolayer culture, can be manipulated to secrete murine insulin in a highly controlled manner. One reactor was configured with an external recirculation reservoir for oxygen transfer and was operated as a conventional immobilized bed/recycle reactor. The other reactor was configured as a single-pass perfusion system with oxygen supplied by diffusion from silicone tubing positioned proximal to the porous walls of the ceramic matrix. After inoculation with beta TC-3 cells, both systems were perfused with serum-supplemented medium to stimulate cell growth, and they ultimately attained high densities (approximately 5 x 10(8) cells/mL of pore volume). To initiate controlled secretion operations, the reactor cores were washed with a serum-free basal medium, then exposed to a serum-free discharging medium containing secretory stimulants. Following several hours of discharging, the reactors were washed again, then switched to a serum-containing medium designed to quench the regulated secretion process. For the single-pass reactor these cycling operations were simple to implement and were effective in promoting the cyclic discharge and recharge of murine insulin. Because of the ability to reduce the perfusion rate in the single-pass reactor independent of oxygen transfer, the discharged insulin was captured in a relatively small volume (2 reactor core hold-up volumes), yielding a mean product concentration 10-fold greater than in the steady-state perfusate. Cyclic operation of the recirculating reactor was more difficult due to the complexity of switching between recirculation reservoirs, and the introduction of air bubbles during such operations resulted in the loss of biomass from the reactor after one cycle. Even in the first discharging cycle, the insulin yield was much lower than in the perfusate from the single-pass reactor, despite the comparable metabolic rates. The single-pass reactor was cycled successfully through four discharging and recharging episodes and maintained its ability to discharge insulin, albeit at a slower rate after the first discharge. Overall, 50-60% of the insulin secreted during the 48 h cycles was recovered during the brief discharging episodes. When insulin secretion rates and discharging yields were normalized to metabolic activity, neither high-density reactor system performed as well as did identically treated control T-flask cultures. It is hypothesized that the productivity and responsiveness of the high-density, pore-immobilized beta TC-3 cells are lower than in monolayer culture.
The effect of synthetic thymulin on cell surface marker expression by avian T-cell precursors

The effects of the in vitro exposure of avian bone marrow (BM) cells and thymocytes to synthetic thymulin were studied. Two T-cell differentiation markers, PNA binding site and CT-1a expression, were used to examine cell maturation. Enhanced PNA binding to both BM cells and thymocytes resulted following an in vitro thymulin exposure but cell proliferation was not affected. Scatchard analysis supported the conclusion that PNA binding affinity was significantly increased and thus responsible for the observed increase in PNA binding. Flow cytometric analysis suggested that the induced PNA+ thymocyte population may be a different population from the one exhibiting enhanced CT-1a expression following thymulin exposure. Taken together, the observations suggest that cells can express their further differentiation states without undergoing proliferation following in vitro thymulin stimulation.
MBE growth and properties of (100)- and (111)-oriented GaInP/AlInP quantum wells on GaAs substrates

Abstract GaInP/AlInP quantum well (QW) structures were successfully grown by molecular beam epitaxy on (100)- and (111)-oriented GaAs substrates and their optical properties were studied by using photoluminescence (PL). In particular, (111)-oriented GaInP/AlInP QWs were grown on (111)B-oriented GaAs substrates with various misorientation angles and directions for the first time. The surface morphologies and PL characteristics of these samples strongly depend on the tilted angle and direction. The optimal misorientation was found to be 1° toward (100).
Sphenopalatine Ganglion Neuralgia and Cluster Headache: Comparisons, Contrasts, and Treatment

SYNOPSIS Whether spheoplatatine ganglion neuralgia and cluster headache are two distinct entities or are one and the same disease has not been decided. We reviewed records of patients with these diagnoses at the Mayo Clinic. Sphenopalatine ganglion neuralgia and cluster headache are distinct entities because in sphenopalatine ganglion neuralgia (1) the pain is different, (2) duration of symptoms is longer, (3) an inflamed nasal mucosa is present on the involved side, (4) extended relief is obtained by cauterization of the sphenopalatine ganglion, and (5) the disorder is more frequent in women, in contrast to the male predominance in cluster headache. We recommend cauterization of the sphenopalatine ganglion in patients with sphenopalatine ganglion neuralgia.
Clinical Significance of Lead Content in Dietary Calcium Supplements

Calcium supplements are sold in a wide variety of formulations and preparations, and product labels indicate the number of milligrams (mg) of calcium contained within each dosage unit. Until recently, consumers were often unaware that lead may be found in calcium supplements; however, this issue has received a great deal of recent media attention. Healthcare professionals are likely to receive many questions from the lay public regarding this issue. This article reviews current knowledge about the lead content of calcium supplements as a guide for clinicians. Key Words: calcium, calcium supplements, lead, dietary lead
FTE tool, a practical tool for analyzing staffing levels and cost across missions

When investigating the validity of the basis of estimate for mission phases, it is important to understand how the labor basis of estimate compares with historical missions. As such, it can be very valuable to understand the historical Full Time Equivalent (FTE) labor loading for different historical missions and how the final, actual staffing levels in FTE compared with the initially planned FTEs for these missions at certain project milestones.
Time-related increase in urinary testosterone levels and stable semen analysis parameters after bariatric surgery in men

Abstract The aim of this prospective cohort study was to determine the time-course in androgen and semen parameters in men after weight loss associated with bariatric surgery. Six men aged 18–40 years, meeting National Institutes of Health bariatric surgery guidelines, were followed between 2005 and 2008. Study visits took place at baseline, then 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. All men underwent Roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB). At each visit, biometric, questionnaire, serum, and urinary specimens and seman analysis were collected. Urinary integrated total testosterone levels increased significantly ( P P P = 0.02). After RYGB surgery, no significant changes occurred in urinary oestrogen metabolites (oestrone 3-glucuronide), serum oestradiol levels, serial semen parameters or male sexual function by questionnaire. A threshold of weight loss is necessary to improve male reproductive function by reversing male hypogonadism, manifested as increased testosterone levels. Further serial semen analyses showed normal ranges for most parameters despite massive weight loss.
From the Officer’s Perspective: A Multilevel Examination of Citizens’ Demeanor during Traffic Stops

Over the past 60 years, a substantial body of research has considered the influence of citizens’ demeanor on police behavior; and more recently, the correlates of citizens’ demeanor. This study advances our understanding of the demeanor construct by measuring officers’ perceptions of citizens’ disrespect, non‐compliance, and resistance during traffic stops. Using multilevel statistical models, we examine the correlates of citizens’ demeanor and assess the racial differences in these perceptions. The findings demonstrate that officers’ perceptions of citizens’ demeanor vary across racial/ethnic groups, after controlling for other relevant factors. Although White officers were significantly more likely than Black officers to classify drivers as disrespectful, Black and White officers were equally likely to report drivers as displaying behaviors that were non‐compliant and/or verbally resistant. Black drivers were significantly more likely to be reported as disrespectful, non‐compliant, and/or resistant, reg...
Let Us Eat and Drink, for Tomorrow We Shall Die: Effects of Mortality Salience and Self-Esteem on Self-Regulation in Consumer Choice

We examine how making mortality salient affects consumer choices. We develop a new theoretical framework predicting when consumer behaviors will be more (less) indulgent when mortality is salient, arguing that individuals focus more of their limited self‐regulatory resources on domains that are important sources of self‐esteem and less on domains that are not important sources. In two domains, food choice and charitable donations/socially conscious consumer behaviors, high mortality salience led to less indulgent choices among participants for whom that domain was an important source of esteem and more indulgent choices for participants for whom the domain was not an important esteem source.
Fundamental Contribution of β-Oxidation to Polyketide Mycotoxin Production In Planta

Seed contamination with polyketide mycotoxins, including aflatoxin (AF) and sterigmatocystin (ST) produced by Aspergillus spp., is an agricultural, economic, and medical issue worldwide. Acetyl-CoA...
Redevelopment and Revitalization Along Urban Arterials: Case Study of San Pablo Avenue, California, from the Developers' Perspective

Urban arterials are both promising and problematic locations for infill development and urban revitalization. San Pablo Avenue, a multilane urban arterial traversing nine cities and two counties along the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay in California, is considered here. The road developed over a long period: first as a streetcar line, then as an intercity automobile route, and most recently as a subregional traffic and transit route. Land uses from each of these transportation eras are still present along the avenue and range from neighborhood retail to automobile-oriented strip development. Recent transit service improvements and a strong housing market are leading to new developer interest in San Pablo Avenue. Findings are reported from interviews with 11 developers who recently built infill housing and mixed-use projects on or near the arterial. Developers see San Pablo Avenue's accessibility as a major asset but view transit services as a bonus instead of a necessity; transit availability allows d...
The activity of CuO0.5 along the air isobars in the systems Cu-O-SiO2 and Cu-O-CaO at 1300 °C

The activities of Cu and CuO0.5 were measured in melts in the systems Cu-O, Cu-O-SiO2, and Cu-O-CaO at 1300 °C by establishing the equilibrium Cu(1) + l/4O2(g) = CuO0.5(l) between the melts, atmospheric air, and a small piece of platinum wire immersed in the melt. Chemical analysis of the equilibrium Pt-Cu alloy which was formed, with knowledge of the activity-composition relationship in the system Pt-Cu, allowed determination of the activity of copper in the melt. The activity of CuO0.5 along the air isobar in the system Cu-O-SiO2 decreases from unity to 0.64 at the solubility limit ofX SiO 2 = 0.13 and, in the system Cu-O-CaO, decreases to 0.7 at the solubility limit ofX CaO = 0.34. The activity of CuO0.5 is well represented by the regular solution model over the limited range of liquid composition in the system Cu-O-SiO2 and is reasonably well represented by the model in melts in the system Cu-O-CaO.
Isolation and properties of some molecular species of human brain esterases.

Abstract Preparations of the carboxylic ester hydrolases of human brain were obtained by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fractionation and DEAE-Sephadex chromatogrphy procedures. Organophosphate-sensitive esterases (B-type) were precipitated 40% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 saturation. Esterases resistant to organophosphate derivatives (A-type) and activated by p -chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) (C-type) were precipitated from the remaining supernatant by 65% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 2 saturation. The A- and C-type esterases were further fractionated by column chromatography into cathodic- and slow and fast anodic-migrating enzymes. 1. 1. The major anodic enzymes showed hydrolytic activity toward aryl esters of acetic, propionic and butyric acids and were devoid of peptides, amidase or cholinesterase activity. 2. 2. The faster-migrating anodic enzymes were shown by starch-gel electrophoresis to be inactivated by air oxidation and could be reactivated by reducing agents. Reducing agents also reverse the inactivation of the enzyme by 8 M urea. The C-type esterase remained active only in the presence of sulhydryl-reacting compounds or reducing agents capable of forming sulfhydryl derivatives. The esterases of intermediate mobility are inactivated by high concentration of reducing agents or sulfhydryl-reacting compounds and irreversibly inactivated by 8 M urea. 3. 3. It was concluded that the fast-moving esterases require either free SH groups or SH groups reacted with small reducing molecules, such as iodoacetamide or mercaptol derivatives, in order to maintain the conformation required for activity. In contrast, the intermediary anodic esterases appear to require both free SH and S-S groups for activity, since they are inhibited by PCMB and inactivated by high concentrations of reducing agents. It appears that the 3 esterase groups described are SH-enzymes, but differ from each other in the role of the SH group in the determination of enzyme activity.
Edwards Personal Needs: The Choice of Comparable Groups

Summary The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule was administered to a group of men seeking help with their marriages, as well as to a comparable group of men who reported having stable marriages. When the scores of men seeking help and those of men with stable marriages are compared to Edwards' Adult Males, the number and extent of the differences are quite similar. The comparison of the men with stable marriages versus those seeking help shows relatively few differences. This study highlights the need of having an appropriate group for comparison purposes before attributing differences found to selected group variables.
Ceric Sulfate as Permanganate Replacement in Pharmacopeial Assays

Standard 0.1 N potassium permanganate was replaced by standard 0.1 N ceric sulfate and orthophenanthrolene T. S. indicator in the official assay of ferrous sulfate U.S.P., hydrogen peroxide U.S.P., and sodium perborate N.F. Statistical analysis of the results using the t test shows no sufficient reason to doubt that the two methods yield the same mean value at the 10 per cent significance level.
Initial experience with the advanced breast biopsy instrumentation system.

Abstract Background: Advanced breast biopsy instrumentation is a recently designed alternative to large-core stereotactic and open needle localized breast biopsies. This minimally invasive technique uses digital stereotactic imaging to perform excisional biopsies of suspicious, nonpalpable mammographic lesions. The role of the ABBI system in the management of breast cancer has not yet been defined. Methods: A retrospective review to evaluate the safety, accuracy, and cost effectiveness of the ABBI system as performed by a single surgeon on 107 patients from February 1, 1997 to January 31, 1998. We also discuss the use of the ABBI system as a therapeutic breast cancer technique. All patients had nonpalpable mammographic lesions. The mammographic abnormalities were either architectural distortion, microcalcifications, or stellate and nodular densities. Results: Using the ABBI stereotactic unit, 110 breast biopsies were performed in 107 patients during a 12-month period. The mammographic abnormality was accurately localized and successfully biopsied in 99% (109 of 110) of the procedures as confirmed by specimen radiographs, stereotactic images, permanent pathologic sections, and 6-month follow-up mammograms. There were no intraoperative complications. Two patients developed postoperative wound hematomas and there was 1 postoperative wound infection. Six in situ cancers and 21 invasive cancers were diagnosed with the ABBI system. Two additional invasive cancers were diagnosed in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ at reexcision. Four patients with invasive ductal carcinoma and 1 patient with ductal carcinoma in situ had negative margins on their stereotactic biopsies and did not undergo reexcision by lumpectomy or mastectomy. Each of the 4 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma underwent axillary node dissections with postoperative radiation therapy and chemotherapy or tamoxifen. During the study period, the average hospital patient charge for a stereotactic breast biopsy was $2,377.75, and for an open excisional needle localized biopsy it was $3,028.00 ( P Conclusion: Advanced breast biopsy instrumentation is a safe, accurate, and cost-effective method for performing breast biopsies. In addition, the ABBI system may be able to excise small in situ or invasive breast cancers.
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) an IgE mediated disease

This case is about a 6-year-old boy with cystic fibrosis (CF), suffering from allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) with total atelectasis of the left lung. To prove the hypothesis that IgE mediated disease is the major pathomechanism of ABPA, a bronchial provocation with Aspergillus fumigatus was performed before and after treatment with omalizumab (OMA). We could demonstrate for the first time that OMA completely suppresses the early allergic reaction (EAR) after bronchial allergen challenge with Aspergillus. Moreover, as has been shown by others, our patient showed a marked improvement of FEV1 without a relapse after tapering systemic steroid treatment.
Dependence of Polyribosome Structure in Reticulocytes on Iron ; Implication on the Tape Theory of Haemoglobin Synthesis

Dependence of Polyribosome Structure in Reticulocytes on Iron ; Implication on the Tape Theory of Haemoglobin Synthesis
Particle size correlations and the effects of limited mixing on agglomerating particulate systems

Abstract Population balance equations for particulate systems are derived based on two basic but tacit assumptions. The first is that a local volume of thorough particle mixing exists over which a more detailed balance equation may be averaged to obtain the population balance equation. The second is that there is a large enough population in the mixing volume that particle correlation effects do not become important. Both the foregoing assumptions are investigated for Brownian agglomeration. The volume of mixing is estimated by scaling arguments. Monte Carlo simulation techniques have been used to show that particle populations in the local mixing volume may be sufficiently small to cause correlation effects implying that the population balance predictions can be in error.
Characterization Of Ca2+ Photo-release From DM-nitrophen Using Photothermal Beam Deflection

DM-nitrophen is a popular caged calcium compound that allows for a rapid increase in calcium concentration from hundred nanomolar to tens to hundred micromolar level on the microsecond timescale. To fully understand the mechanism of calcium photo-release from DM-nitrophen, we have used photothermal beam deflection technique to investigate time-profiles of volume and enthalpy changes associated with DM-nitrophen photodissociation. Our data show that the photodissociation of calcium loaded DM-nitrophen occurs as a two-step process. The first step takes place within ∼ 10 μs upon photolysis and is associated with a volume decrease of -7 mL mol−1 and enthalpy change of 66 kcal mol−1. On the longer timescale (τ = 200 μs), the second event with a positive volume change of 7 mL mol−1 and enthalpy change of 8 kcal mol−1 was detected. These data are in agreement with the previous fluorescence studies showing that calcium release from DM-nitrophen occurs as a two step process.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Phonation in stuttering: A review of current research

Abstract Current research including studies which implicate the phonatory mechanism in stuttering as well as physiological studies offering direct evidence of abnormal laryngeal activity in stuttering are reviewed. It is concluded that while present research does not support claims for laryngeal causation of stuttering, the evidence is strong that abnormal laryngeal behaviors are an important aspect of the disrupted peripheral speech physiology that characterizes stuttering. Since this is true, it follows that abnormal laryngeal behavior deserves consideration in the diagnosis and management of stuttering.
Ligand interactions of crustacean axonal membranes.

Abstract The relative abilities of a series of local anesthetics in which either or both the ester oxygens had been replaced with sulfur or selenium to block axonal or synaptic preparations are compared with their abilities to displace 3 H-nicotine from lobster axon plasma membrane fragments. The relative affinities of a series of cholinergic agonists and antagonists for synaptic and axonal membranes are discussed as is the salt sensitivity and reversibility of their interactions. The utility of a conjugate of α-bungarotoxin and horse-radish peroxidase for the histochemical visualization of binding sites of intact axons or axonal vesicles is discussed. Labelling of a peptide isolated from axon plasma fragments with MBTA is compared with labelling of peptides isolated from synaptic membranes.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for adult cardiac support: the Allegheny experience.

Abstract Background . A mix of cardiac assist options is necessary to meet the diverse indications for cardiac support in a comprehensive heart failure program. At our institution, an adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) system comprising a centrifugal pump and hollow fiber membrane oxygenator is used for short-term and temporary cardiac assist. Methods . Between December 1991 and August 1997, 82 adult cardiac patients were supported on ECMO. Indications for cardiac assist included postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock (PCCS, 55 patients), high-risk cardiology intervention (27 patients), perioperative cardiac graft failure (4 patients), and emergency cardiac resuscitation (6 patients). Data for analysis were collected by prospective completion of standardized ECMO report forms and retrospective review of hospital charts. Results . The ECMO system was inexpensive to operate, uncomplicated to implant, and adaptable for diverse indications. Survival in PCCS was 20 of 55 patients (36%), with an increased survival rate of 56% (18 of 32 patients) in patients with PCCS after isolated coronary bypass. Catheter-based revascularizations were successfully performed in 26 of 27 (96%) high-acuity patients temporarily supported by ECMO, and 23 of 27 patients (85%) survived to discharge. Survival in the cardiac graft failure group was 2 of 4 (50%). No patient supported on ECMO for cardiac resuscitation survived. Conclusions . ECMO provides good cardiopulmonary and end-organ support; survival rates are similar to or higher than those seen with centrifugal pump support in comparable patient populations.
Relating to Difference: Aliens and Alienness in Doctor Who and International Relations

In this paper, selected episodes of the 2005 series of the BBC science fiction television show Doctor Who are used to discuss self/other identity formulations, in terms of how “we” relate to those considered different. I shall examine how Doctor Who represents threats and dangers and relate this to how we can use such understandings to learn, discuss, and critique conventional understandings of security in International Relations (IR). Popular culture texts such as Doctor Who provide examples of how difference is often conceptualized as a threat to be eliminated. At the same time, Doctor Who also gives space to question and critique these understandings of “others” as threats, especially in its illustrations of the location of threats, its shifting perspective, and its centralization of a nonhuman as its protagonist. As such, Doctor Who points toward theorizing world politics in which the self = good/others = threats dichotomy can be questioned and opens up new ways of engaging with those considered different.
Steam Stripping and Batch Distillation for the Removal and/or Recovery of Volatile Organic Compounds from Industrial Wastes

One of the primary objectives of the 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) is to encourage waste minimization through source reduction as well as recycle and recovery of valuable materials from hazardous wastes. The U.S. EPA has conducted pilot-scale investigations on different physical/chemical treatment and recovery technologies. Two of the technologies are steam stripping and batch distillation for removal and recovery of volatile organics. Pilot-scale steam stripping tests of 2-nitropropane indicated that the concentration in the wastewater can be lowered from 1000 mg/L to 0.93 mg/L, a 99.9 percent reduction, while a concentrated overhead stream (5300 mg/L) can be obtained for recycling (after additional purification). Different models for organic compound property estimation were reviewed and various computer programs were written and/or modified for process design on personal computers.
Optimal sensor design for estimating local velocity in natural environments

Motion coding in the brain undoubtedly reflects the statistics of retinal image motion occurring in the natural environment. To characterize these statistics it is useful to measure motion in artificial movies derived from simulated environments where the "ground truth" is known precisely. Here we consider the problem of coding retinal image motion when an observer moves through an environment. Simulated environments were created by combining the range statistics of natural scenes with the spatial statistics of natural images. Artificial movies were then created by moving along a known trajectory at a constant speed through the simulated environments. We find that across a range of environments the optimal integration area of local motion sensors increases logarithmically with the speed to which the sensor is tuned. This result makes predictions for cortical neurons involved in heading perception and may find use in robotics applications.
Poison Domains Block Transit of Translocated Substrates via the Legionella pneumophila Icm/Dot System

ABSTRACT Legionella pneumophila uses the Icm/Dot type 4B secretion system (T4BSS) to deliver translocated protein substrates to the host cell, promoting replication vacuole formation. The conformational state of the translocated substrates within the bacterial cell is unknown, so we sought to determine if folded substrates could be translocated via this system. Fusions of L. pneumophila Icm/Dot-translocated substrates (IDTS) to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) or ubiquitin (Ub), small proteins known to fold rapidly, resulted in proteins with low translocation efficiencies. The folded moieties did not cause increased aggregation of the IDTS and did not impede interaction with the adaptor protein complex IcmS/IcmW, which is thought to form a soluble complex that promotes translocation. The translocation defect was alleviated with a Ub moiety harboring mutations known to destabilize its structure, indicating that unfolded proteins are preferred substrates. Real-time analysis of translocation, following movement during the first 30 min after bacterial contact with host cells, revealed that the folded moiety caused a kinetic defect in IDTS translocation. Expression of an IDTS fused to a folded moiety interfered with the translocation of other IDTS, consistent with it causing a blockage of the translocation channel. Furthermore, the folded protein fusions also interfered with intracellular growth, consistent with inefficient or impaired translocation of proteins critical for L. pneumophila intracellular growth. These studies indicate that substrates of the Icm/Dot T4SS are translocated to the host cytosol in an unfolded conformation and that folded proteins are stalled within the translocation channel, impairing the function of the secretion system.
Utilization of Ig heavy chain variable, diversity, and joining gene segments in children with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia: implications for the mechanisms of VDJ recombination and for pathogenesis

Sequence analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes (IgH) has demonstrated preferential usage of specific variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes at different stages of B-cell development and in B-cell malignancies, and this has provided insight into B-cell maturation and selection. Knowledge of the association between rearrangement patterns based on updated databases and clinical characteristics of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is limited. We analyzed 381 IgH sequences identified at presentation in 317 children with B-lineage ALL and assessed the V(H)D(H)J(H) gene utilization profiles. The D(H)J(H)-proximal V(H) segments and the D(H)2 gene family were significantly overrepresented. Only 21% of V(H)-J(H) joinings were potentially productive, a finding associated with a trend toward an increased risk of relapse. These results suggest that physical location at the V(H) locus is involved in preferential usage of D(H)J(H)-proximal V(H) segments whereas D(H) and J(H) segment usage is governed by position-independent molecular mechanisms. Molecular pathophysiology appears relevant to clinical outcome in patients who have only productive rearrangements, and specific rearrangement patterns are associated with differences in the tumor biology of childhood ALL.
The Overlap of Electron Core States for Very High Compressions

At normal density and for modest compressions, the electronic structure of a metal can be accurately described by treating the conduction electrons and their interactions with the usual methods of band theory. The core electrons remain essentially the same as for an isolated free atom and do not participate in the bonding forces responsible for creating a condensed phase. As the density increases, the core electrons begin to “see” one another as the overlap of the tails of wave functions can no longer be neglected. The electronic structure of the core electrons is responsible for an effective repulsive interaction that eventually becomes free-electron-like at very high compressions.
Environmentally benign vacuum deposition with air-to-vacuum-to-air technology

The deposition of thin films and coatings frequently results in the generation of toxic waste, volatile organic compounds, or large amounts of waste water and sludge. Vapor deposition in vacuum offers a more environmentally benign alternative, but is not prevalent outside of the microelectronics industry due to economic reasons. However, vacuum coating could be more widely accepted, and could potentially replace nonvacuum deposition methods, if either the cycle time or costs associated with vacuum coating were reduced. In order to reduce the cycle time for vacuum deposition, a robust system for continuous air-to-vacuum-to-air (AVA) transportation of discreet substrates has been developed and constructed in this study. This technology allows the insertion of discrete components into vacuum at high rates, without the need for venting the deposition chamber. Substrates have been repeatedly transported from atmosphere to 10−5 Torr in under a second. The capability of the AVA technology was studied through the deposition and characterization of CdS and CdTe films and photovoltaic devices. With the AVA technology, the need for venting the vacuum chamber to insert the substrates and subsequent pumping of the system for deposition is eliminated. The AVA technology could be applied to the processing of silicon wafers, compact disks, optical components, solar cells, cutting tools, and fasteners.
Using differentiated brands to deflect exclusion and protect inclusion: The moderating role of self-esteem on attachment to differentiated brands

While a substantial body of research suggests that belongingness needs motivate consumers to use brands to assimilate with a reference group, relatively less attention has been devoted to understanding when and why consumers use brands to differentiate themselves from the group. The current research fills this gap in the literature and identifies two ways individuals can differentiate themselves from the group through the use of brands: horizontal and vertical differentiation. Horizontal brands offer differentiation through the expression of personality, taste, traits, and so forth, whereas vertical brands offer differentiation by conferring status or demonstrating one's superiority to others in a group. The results reveal that under social exclusion (inclusion), low self-esteem consumers increase perceptions of group heterogeneity (seek to protect their future belongingness) and subsequently increase their attachment to horizontal (vertical) brands. Overall, the results suggest that the belongingness goals of low self-esteem individuals drive such seemingly contradictory behaviors.
Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes encoding subunits of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

Abstract Mutations in the SRA1 or SRA3 gene eliminate the requirement for either RAS gene (RAS1 or RAS2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We cloned SRA1 and SRA3 and determined their DNA sequences. SRA1 encodes the regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase and therefore is identical to REG1 and BCY1. This gene is not essential, but its deletion confers many traits: reduction of glycogen accumulation, temperature sensitivity, reduced growth rate on maltose and sucrose, inability to grow on galactose and nonfermentable carbon sources, and nitrogen starvation intolerance. SRA3 is homologous to protein kinases that phosphorylate serine and threonine and likely encodes the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The wild-type SRA3 gene either triplicated in the chromosome or on episomal, low-copy plasmids behaves like spontaneous dominant SRA3 mutations by suppressing ras2-530 (RAS2::LEU2 disruption), cdc25, and cdc35 mutations. These findings indicate that the yeast RAS genes are dispensable if there is constitutive cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.
The Temperance Movement in India: Politics and Social Reform

The temperance/prohibition agitation represents a fascinating chapter in the social and political history of India which has been largely ignored. If any notice is taken of this movement, it is generally dismissed (or elevated) as an example of the uniquely Indian process of ‘sanskritization’ or as an equally unique component of ‘Gandhianism’—in spite of the fact that the liquor question has not been without political importance in the history either of England or of the United States. And in spite of the fact that the temperance agitation in India in the late nineteenth century and well into the twentieth century was intimately connected with temperance agitation in England. Indeed the temperance movement in India was organized, patronized, and instructed by English temperance agitators.
Modeling biochemical networks and excitation-contraction coupling

Integrative computational models are being developed to couple biochemical networks with the physiological functions that they regulate. Models of interacting cell sub-systems including signal transduction, electrophysiology and metabolism are presented. These models allow us to explore hypotheses regarding physiological and pathophysiological function in the cardiac myocyte.
The generation of magnetic anomalies by combustion metamorphism of sedimentary rock, and its significance to hydrocarbon exploration

Low-temperature exothermic oxidation of fine pyrite in carbonaceous marine rocks can lead to spontaneous combustion. As a result, the organic material in the rocks is consumed as fuel, but unlike burnt coal seams and lignite beds, the host rock remains after combustion. Thermal metamorphism, and in some cases partial to complete melting of the rock, will result. Zones of combustion metamorphism are frequently associated with oil fields. These occurrences can be related to either surface outcrops of source rock or leakage from reservoirs. A study of the magnetic properties of a suite of combustion-metamorphosed specimens of the Monterey and Sisquoc Formations in southern California shows orders of magnitude increases in magnetic intensity and susceptibility for both thermally metamorphosed and fused samples. These changes reflect both the production of new magnetic minerals, derived mainly from oxidized iron sulfide, and their acquisition of thermal remanence. Ground magnetic surveys across combustion metamorphism zones in three southern California oil fields reveal anomalies of up to 2,000 gammas associated with the metamorphosed and melted rock. Large-scale aero-magnetic anomalies are also associated with extensive combustion metamorphism zones in the Marcelina Formation of Venezuela and the Ghareb and Taquiya Formations (the “Mottled Zone”) in Israel. The recognition of magnetic anomalies caused by combustion metamorphism in areas of oil production suggests that closely spaced low-altitude aeromagnetic surveying can be a useful petroleum-exploration tool.
Blood-CNS Barrier Impairment in ALS patients versus an animal model.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disease with a compli-cated and poorly understood pathogenesis. Recently, alterations in the blood-Central Nervous System barrier (B-CNS-B) have been recognized as a key factor possibly aggravating motor neuron damage. The majority of findings on ALS microvascular pathology have been deter-mined in mutant SOD1 rodent models, identifying barrier damage during disease develop-ment which might similarly occur in familial ALS patients carrying the SOD1 mutation. However, our knowledge of B-CNS-B competence in sporadic ALS (SALS) has been limited. We recently showed structural and functional impairment in postmortem gray and white mat-ter microvessels of medulla and spinal cord tissue from SALS patients, suggesting pervasive barrier damage. Although numerous signs of barrier impairment (endothelial cell degenera-tion, capillary leakage, perivascular edema, downregulation of tight junction proteins, and microhemorrhages) are indicated in both mutant SOD1 animal models of ALS and SALS pa-tients, other pathogenic barrier alterations have as yet only been identified in SALS patients. Pericyte degeneration, perivascular collagen IV expansion, and white matter capillary abnor-malities in SALS patients are significant barrier related pathologies yet to be noted in ALS SOD1 animal models. In the current review, these important differences in blood-CNS barrier damage between ALS patients and animal models, which may signify altered barrier transport mechanisms, are discussed. Understanding discrepancies in barrier condition between ALS patients and animal models may be crucial for developing effective therapies.
The Ethics of American Statecraft

Foreign Policy in the Early Republic: The Law of Nations and the Balance of Power. By Daniel G. Lang. (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1985. Pp. ix, 175. $20.00) Realist Thoughtfrom Weber to Kissinger. By Michael Joseph Smith. (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1986. Pp. xi, 256. $30.00) Bureaucracy and Statesmanship: Henry Kissinger and the Making of American Foreign Policy. By Robert J. Strong. (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1986. Pp. xiv, 109. $8.25) American Approaches to World Affairs. By Inis L. Claude. (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1986. Pp. xi, 67. $5.75) The American Approach to Foreign Policy: A Pragmatic Perspective. By Cecil V. Crabb, Jr. (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1985. Pp. xi, 86. $6.75)
Expression of Select Function Associated Antigens During Pregnancy

Pregnancy has long been associated with alterations in phenotypic and functional characteristics of the immune response. We studied a variety of T lymphocyte subsets defined by specific antigen expression during pregnancy using a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) and fluorescein conjugated monoclonal antibodies. Specifically, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 20 women in the first trimester, 20 women in the second trimester, 26 women in the third trimester and 20 women at the time of delivery. We analyzed for antibody staining of CD3, CD4, CD25 (IL-2 receptor), T cell receptor (beta chain), T cell receptor (delta chain) and two color staining for CD3/CD18 (LFA-1), CD3/CD56 and CD4/CD45R. There was little change in the numbers of cells staining for these antibodies through the three trimesters and at delivery with the exception of T lymphocytes bearing the LFA-1 antigen which were significantly less in the first trimester (P < 0.05). These data s...
Partial Functional Replacement of CymA by SirCD in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

The gammaproteobacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 utilizes a complex electron transfer network composed primarily of c-type cytochromes to respire under anoxic conditions a variety of compounds, including fumarate, nitrate, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), in addition to the minerals Fe(III) and Mn(IV). Central to several respiratory pathways is CymA, a cytoplasmic membrane-bound tetraheme c-type cytochrome that functions as the major hydroquinone dehydrogenase. To investigate functional redundancy and plasticity in S. oneidensis MR-1 electron transport, we isolated ΔcymA suppressor mutants and characterized one biochemically and genetically. Interestingly, in the characterized ΔcymA suppressor mutant, respiration of fumarate, ferric citrate, and DMSO was restored but that of nitrate was not. The suppression was found to be due to transcriptional activation of sirC and sirD, encoding a periplasmic iron sulfur protein and an integral membrane hydroquinone dehydrogenase, respectively. Biochemical in vitro reconstitution experiments confirmed electron transport between formate and fumarate via fumarate reductase by suppressor membrane fractions. The suppression was found to be caused by insertion of an ISSod1 element upstream of the sirCD transcriptional start site, generating a novel, constitutively active hybrid promoter. This work revealed that adaptation of an alternative electron transfer pathway from quinol to terminal oxidoreductases independent of CymA occurs rapidly in S. oneidensis MR-1.
Representational requirements for a plan based approach to automated camera control

Automated camera control has been an active area of research for a number of years. The problem has been addressed in the Graphics, AI and Game communities from different perspectives. The main focus of the research in the Graphics community has been frame composition and coherence. The AI community has focused on intelligent shot selection, and the Games community strives for realtime cinematic camera control. While the proposed solutions in each of these fields are promising, there has not been much effort spent on listing out the requirements of an intelligent camera control system and how these can be satisfied through a combination of approaches taken from these different fields. This paper attempts to list out the representational requirements with a view of finding a unifying representation for combining these disparate approaches. We show how a plan based approach can capture some of these requirements and it can be connected to a geometric constraint solver for camera placement.
How adolescents describe pain.

This study assesses how adolescents describe the experience of pain. We queried a convenience sample of 156 adolescents, 13-17 years of age, in two schools and four hospitals. Adolescents answered questions on a questionnaire developed by the investigators. Findings suggest that adolescents can clearly describe pain, their feelings when in pain, and the strategies that help when they experience pain. Pain appears to be associated with mental anguish as well as trauma and pathology. Language: en
"It's Difficult to Hide It": The Presentation of Self on Internet Home Pages

This paper explores identity and interaction with reference to Internet home pages. All home pages reveal identity, whether or not that is the intention of their authors. Identity statements can take categorical, relational, or narrative forms. A survey of home page owners reveals that some home pages are created to maintain relationships formed apart from the Internet (extrinsic pages) and some are created to contact the denizens of the Internet (intrinsic pages). The different motives for creation do not affect home page design and contents, but do relate to differences in overall Internet use and in authors' conceptualizations of the Internet. Both intrinsic and extrinsic pages are analyzed in light of charges that the Internet self is postmodern, transitory, deceptive, and fragmented. The charge of postmodernity is found to be overstated, however, because while the Internet shapes identity statements, it does not determine their form or usage.
Multimodality microscopy of cell dynamics in three-dimensional engineered and natural tissues

Our understanding of human disease is dependent on our ability to visualize and track the dynamic molecular and cellular changes that occur in tissue. Optical microscopy techniques provided the appropriate spatiotemporal scales for the non-destructive investigation into the complex three-dimensional (3-D) microenvironment of tissue. In tissue engineering, it has been recognized that 3-D scaffolds more closely recapitulate the natural microenvironment compared to standard planar substrates. Similarly, we are recognizing the importance that mechanical stimuli have on the dynamic behavior of cells and the formation of complex tissues. While 3-D scaffolds are favored, our microscopic imaging technologies to visualize these 3-D structures have been limited. Recent advances in microscopy, however, including optical coherence and multi-photon microscopy, have made high-resolution, deep-tissue imaging possible, even in highly-scattering engineered and natural tissues. Using a novel multimodal microscopy platform, we have imaged the dynamics of single cells and small populations of cells in a range of engineered tissues, as well as demonstrated in vivo imaging in human skin. Effects from mechanical stimulation are also observed, enabling future developments to track populations of cells through the growth of engineered tissues, under the application of mechanical stimuli, and following the grafting into living hosts. With advances in stem cell biology, labeling and tracking are also possible, helping to elucidate the migration and homing of stem cells to and from their niches. It is expected that these advanced microscopy techniques will reveal new insight and contribute experimental data to work in stem cell biology, complex systems biology, disease pathogenesis, and the optimization of engineered tissues for in vivo applications.