cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurocognitive and Quality of Life Improvements Associated With Aerobic Training for Individuals With Persistent Symptoms After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Secondary Outcome Analysis of a Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To report secondary neurocognitive and quality of life outcomes for a pilot randomized clinical trial (RCT) of aerobic training for management of prolonged symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in adolescents. SETTING: Outpatient research setting. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 years who sustained a mTBI and had between 4 and 16 weeks of persistent post concussive symptoms. DESIGN: Secondary outcome analysis of a partially masked RCT of sub-symptom exacerbation aerobic training compared with a full-body stretching program highlighting cognitive and quality of life outcomes MAIN MEASURES: The secondary outcomes assessed included neurocognitive changes in fluid and crystalized age-adjusted cognition using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) toolbox and self and parent-reported total quality of life using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. RESULTS: Twenty-two percent of eligible participants enrolled in the trial. General linear models did not reveal statistically significant differences between groups. Within group analyses using paired t-tests demonstrated improvement in age-adjusted fluid cognition (t(13)=3.39, p=0.005, Cohen’s d=0.61) and crystalized cognition (t(13)=2.63, p=0.02, Cohen’s d=0.70) within the aerobic training group but no significant improvement within the stretching group. Paired t-tests demonstrated significant improvement in both self-reported and parent-reported total quality of life measures in the aerobic training group (self-report t(13)=3.51, p=0.004, Cohen’s d=0.94; parent-report t(13)=6.5, p<0.0001, Cohen’s d=1.80) and the stretching group (self-report t(14)=4.20, p=0.0009, Cohen’s d=1.08; parent-report t(14)=4.06, p=0.0012, Cohen’s d=1.045). CONCLUSION: Quality of life improved significantly in both the aerobic exercise and stretching groups; however, this study suggests that only sub-symptom exacerbation aerobic training was potentially beneficial for neurocognitive recovery, particularly the fluid cognition subset in the NIH Toolbox. Limited sample size and variation in outcomes measures limited ability to detect between group differences. Future research should focus on developing larger studies to determine optimal timing post injury and intensity of active rehabilitation to facilitate neurocognitive recovery and improve quality of life after mTBI. Trial Registration: NCT02035579
When 'Material' Loses Meaning: Matter of A-C-M- and the Material Support Bar to Asylum

The United States asylum system offers the possibility of a safe haven to many individuals who have fled persecution in their home country. Yet, often the complex system of immigration statutes and its multiple grounds for inadmissibility block the path of deserving asylum seekers. Under one of these grounds for exclusion, the “material support bar,” victims of terrorism are barred from asylum because they have provided “material support” to the very groups whose persecution they have escaped. In 2018, the Board of Immigration Appeals issued a precedential decision in Matter of A-C-M-, holding that a woman forced to cook and clean for Salvadoran guerrillas under threat of death was ineligible for asylum in the United States because her actions constituted material support to a terrorist organization. This decision represents the culmination of a series of cases since the statute’s enactment that have broadened the definition of “material support”. This Note argues that the current interpretation of the material support bar is both untenable from a statutory interpretation perspective and unjust in light of asylum law’s purposes, and that the present system of discretionary waivers is inadequate to mitigate this problem. In order to ensure that deserving victims of persecution remain eligible for asylum in the United States, this Note recommends that Congress and the courts take action. It proposes and evaluates two potential solutions: first, a legislative amendment to the relevant statute in order to clarify the meaning of “material support,” and second, judicial review of the Matter of A-C-M- decision.
Urban Interiority in the Anthropocene

This paper explores how interior design could amplify the current discourse on sustainability within urban public space. The consideration of a number of contemporary authors that are questioning the traditional notion of interiority situates this paper within an expansive understanding of interiority in the context of the Anthropocene. Interiority is considered as a transferable condition based on modes of interior occupation, that can take place on the outdoors, and is often found in public spaces within dense urban areas. In the face of an upcoming biodiversity crisis, this text advocates for a necessary disciplinary shift away from traditional anthropocentric views, towards a multispecies conception of the built environment. Both the ideas and the case studies in this article seek to expand the role of interior elements, both semiotics and performance, to foster inclusivity of non-human species, in particular insects, in city environments. Two design proposals illustrate how interior design tactics might positively contribute to raising awareness about this underacknowledged population, and at the same time, help cultivate a sense of intimacy between us and the multiple life forms that inhabit our public urban spaces.
The metabolic response to an immune challenge in a viviparous snake, Sistrurus miliarius.

Mounting an immune response may be energetically costly and require the diversion of resources away from other physiological processes. Yet, both the metabolic cost of immune responses and the factors that impact investment priorities remain poorly described in many vertebrate groups. For example, although viviparity has evolved many times in vertebrates, the relationship between immune function and pregnancy has been disproportionately studied in placental mammals. To examine the energetic costs of immune activation and the modulation of immune function during pregnancy in a non-mammalian vertebrate, we elicited an immune response in pregnant and non-pregnant pygmy rattlesnakes, Sistrurus miliarius, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured using flow-through respirometry. Immune function was examined using bactericidal assays and leukocyte counts. The RMR of pygmy rattlesnakes increased significantly in response to LPS injection. There was no statistically significant difference in the metabolic response of non-reproductive and pregnant snakes to LPS. Mean metabolic increments for pregnant females, non-reproductive females, and males were 13%, 18%, and 26%, respectively. The ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes was elevated in response to LPS across reproductive categories; however, LPS did not impact plasma bactericidal ability in non-reproductive snakes. Although pregnant females had significantly higher plasma bactericidal ability compared to non-reproductive snakes prior to manipulation, their bactericidal ability declined in response to LPS. LPS administration also significantly reduced several litter characteristics, particularly when administrated relatively early in pregnancy. Our results indicate that immune performance is energetically costly, altered during pregnancy, and that immune activation during pregnancy may result in tradeoffs that affect offspring in a viviparous reptile.
Sub-Doppler resolution laser-induced nuclear orientation of 85m Rb (f 1/2 = 1.0 µs)

We are currently attempting to measure the nuclear electric quadrupole moment Q of the 1.0-μs lifetime isomer 85mRb using the laser-induced nuclear orientation (LINO) technique. In this technique, laser light is used to optically pump atoms which have very short-lived unstable nuclei. This aligns the nuclear spins and produces anisotropy in the angular distribution of γ rays emitted in their subsequent decay. This technique can yield precise measurements of nuclear structure parameters, such as magnetic dipole moments and isomer shifts, as demonstrated by our recent successful work on this nucleus.1
The 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic: Front Line Perspectives through Different Lenses

Factual news and information surrounding the 2020 SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic are plentiful, but the perspectives of doctors on the front lines illuminate the impact of the disease. Confronting the same threat, this “Perspectives” series reveals the motivations, inner fears, and insights across the spectrum of academic Emergency Medicine physicians including a medical student, resident, faculty educator, chair, and emeritus faculty. While the individual challenges may appear to be very different, there is a consistency in the underlying message, one that underscores the unrelenting commitment of emergency physicians to serve their communities, innovate, and support one another.
The Curriculum Dilemma

This article describes four patterns for implementing a differentiated curriculum. The differentiation patterns include after completion of the basic curriculum, before the basic curriculum, with o...
Special Issue: Race and Mental Health Among Older Adults: Do Depressive Symptoms Shape Blacks' Perceptions of Stress Over Time?

Background and Objectives Previous studies have linked stress to multiple negative mental health outcomes, including depression. This established stress-depression association is typically examined in one direction and cross-sectionally. This study examined the bidirectional relationships between depressive symptoms and changes in perceived stress over time in Blacks. Research Design and Methods The present study uses a community-dwelling sample of 450 Black adults, aged 51-96 years old, who participated in the Baltimore Study of Black Aging-Patterns of Cognitive Aging. Perceived stress-measured by the Perceived Stress Scale-and depressive symptoms-measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale-were both assessed at baseline and follow-up 33 months later. Ordinary least squares regression was used to examine 2 bidirectional longitudinal relationships between (1) stress-depression and (2) depression-stress, and whether these associations are modified by age. Results Initial analyses testing the typical stress-depression relationship showed an effect in the expected direction, that is stress leading to more depressive symptoms over time, adjusting for model covariates, but the effect was not statistically significant (b = 0.014, p = .642). After accounting for baseline perceived stress level, age, sex, education, and chronic health conditions, depressive symptoms were positively associated with follow-up stress (b = 0.210, p < .000). The depression-stress association further varied by age group such that the impact of baseline depression on changes in perceived stress was greatest in Blacks in their 60s versus those in their 50s (b = 0.267, p = .001), controlling for model covariates. Discussion and Implications Contrary to previous work, the results suggest that an individual's mental health shapes his/her perception of stressful events and this relationship varies by age group. While the typical finding (stress impacting depression) was not significant, the findings reported here highlight the importance of considering the possible bidirectional nature of the relationships between psychosocial measures of stress and mental health in later life among Blacks.
Effect of Major Design Parameters on the Seismic Performance of Bridges with Hybrid Sliding–Rocking Columns

Abstract This paper explores the effects of major design variables on the seismic performance of the so-called hybrid sliding–rocking (HSR) bridge columns. The HSR bridge columns are precast concre...
Heterogeneous electrocatalysis goes chemical

Despite over a century of research to understand heterogeneous electrocatalysis, the precise mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Now, it is proposed that the oxygen evolution reaction on IrOx is driven by changes in the redox state of the Ir–O active sites, rather than by changes in the interfacial electric field.
Possible Periodic Windowed Behavior in SGR1935+2154 SGR Bursts

Two repeating FRB sources, FRB180916 (CHIME/FRB Collaboration, 2020a) and FRB121102 (Rajwade, et al., 2020, Cruces, et al., 2021) display periodic windowed behavior (PWB) in the times of FRB detections. In PWB, events only occur within a periodic window spanning some fraction of the period, but no events may occur during many of the periods. During UT 2020 April 28, two peaks of a soft gamma burst (Li, et al., 2021) were identified with two FRB peaks (CHIME/FRB Collaboration, et al., 2020b) from soft gamma repeater (SGR) 1935+2154. As SGRs are a type of magnetar, these observations establish a link between at least some FRBs and magnetars. The analysis herein, which selects the period giving the minimum window fraction, shows PWB in this source's soft gamma-ray emission. For 161 bursts from 2014 through 2020 from IPN (Interplanetary Network) instruments, a clearly resolved minimum in window fraction vs. period occurs at a 231 +/- 9 day period, and 55 \% window fraction. The data cover only 6 bursting episodes, however, the periodicity result appears relatively robust: First, the IPN has excellent time coverage and is unlikely to miss bursts outside of these windows. Second, for various data subsets (with significantly less bursts), either the best or second best measured period was consistent with 231 days, even in the sub-sample with the richest bursting episode removed. In addition, simulations show that even small numbers of uniform random bursts do not show PWB, and that the results are not due to limited sampling. The apparent PWB could have alternative explanations; a firm conclusion of PWB would be evident, however, after the observation of more consistent episodes. If the periodicity of this SGR's bursts can be verified, and if similar behavior were observed in other repeating FRB sources, it might suggest a linkage between FRB and SGR burst mechanisms or emission conditions.
Cell-intrinsic effects of TorsinA(ΔE) disrupt dopamine release in a mouse model of TOR1A dystonia

TOR1A-associated dystonia, otherwise known as DYT1 dystonia, is an inherited dystonia caused by a three base-pair deletion in the TOR1A gene (TOR1AΔE). Although the mechanisms underlying the dystonic movements are largely unknown, abnormalities in striatal dopamine and acetylcholine neurotransmission are consistently implicated whereby dopamine release is reduced while cholinergic tone is increased. Because striatal cholinergic neurotransmission mediates dopamine release, it is not known if the dopamine release deficit is mediated indirectly by abnormal acetylcholine neurotransmission or if Tor1a(ΔE) acts directly within dopaminergic neurons to attenuate release. To dissect the microcircuit that governs the deficit in dopamine release, we conditionally expressed Tor1a(ΔE) in either dopamine neurons or cholinergic interneurons in mice and assessed striatal dopamine release using ex vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry or dopamine efflux using in vivo microdialysis. Conditional expression of Tor1a(ΔE) in cholinergic neurons did not affect striatal dopamine release. In contrast, conditional expression of Tor1a(ΔE) in dopamine neurons reduced dopamine release to 50% of normal, which is comparable to the deficit in Tor1a+/ΔE knockin mice that express the mutation ubiquitously. Despite the deficit in dopamine release, we found that the Tor1a(ΔE) mutation does not cause obvious nerve terminal dysfunction as other presynaptic mechanisms, including electrical excitability, vesicle recycling/refilling, Ca2+ signaling, D2 dopamine autoreceptor function and GABAB receptor function, are intact. Although the mechanistic link between Tor1a(ΔE) and dopamine release is unclear, these results clearly demonstrate that the defect in dopamine release is caused by the action of the Tor1a(ΔE) mutation within dopamine neurons.
Modeling and Control of a Tetrahedron-Shaped Inverted Pendulum with Torque-Actuation

Abstract This paper provides a methodical procedure for the modeling and control of a tetrahedron-shaped inverted pendulum, balancing on one of its corners. The presented implementation realizes actuation by four motorized reaction wheels with high rotary inertia on the tetrahedron’s internal sides. By applying a controlled torque on the tetrahedron’s center of mass, the system can be rotated in its environment. The considered system is implemented as a real prototype, which is briefly introduced. The modeling of the tetrahedron-shaped pendulum leads to a non-linear state space model that can be used for a much greater class of inverted pendulums with arbitrary number of reaction wheels, only by changing the parameterization. Further, the non-linear model is linearized and an appropriate control concept stabilizes the system in one of its instable equilibrium positions: standing on a corner.
Intermediaries in Internet Offerings: The Future is Here

Despite an overwhelming demand for the internet sale of stock by small businesses, the United States lags behind the rest of the developed world in authorizing such a market. The losers are the small and emerging market companies that cannot otherwise afford the high costs of raising equity capital in the public trading markets. The paper is a short history of the reluctance of the Securities and Exchange Commission to approve a workable system of public internet offerings. There is a snap shot of the current internet offering market and a projection of where we will eventually have to go. The article recommends that the current polyglot of historical exemptions, many of which are eighty years old, be scrapped in favor of a new comprehensive package of internet rules.
A Room of Your Own: What Do We Learn about Support of Teamwork from Assessing Teams in Dedicated Project Rooms?

To inform the design of groupware technologies such as those for cooperative buildings, we investigated the work habits of teams that collaborate in dedicated project rooms. We conducted field work that included interviews of teams in 9 U.S. companies who had dedicated project rooms and a 6 week observation of one site. In our study, team members using dedicated project rooms reported clear advantages: increased learning, motivation, and coordination. Our findings suggest that cooperative buildings need to support important features of collocated teamwork such as flexible shared visual displays and awareness of team members' activities.
Business Management in Pre-Industrial Europe

This paper examines the management issues faced by a businessman in pre-industrial Europe and how he addressed those issues. Management focused on four main areas - managing agents (personnel); financial management; risk management; and information management (communications and accounting).
Robust performance of cross-directional basis-weight control in paper manufacturing

The cross-machine-direction (CD) control problem in paper manufacturing is analyzed from the viewpoint of robust performance. The objective of robust performance is to maintain control system stability and to satisfy a bound on the maximum singular value of the closed-loop sensitivity function despite modelling error. Characteristics common to all CD response control problems including paper basis-weight control are identified. The response of an important actuator for basis-weight control, the paper machine slice, is described by a single, dimensionless, design parameter that provides cosiderable insight about the CD response control problem. Sufficient conditions allowing design of the robust diagonal and banded controllers are developed. Stability, performance, and failure tolerance properties of the controllers are proven.
Purification and kinetic mechanism of S-adenosylmethionine: myelin basic protein methyltransferase from bovine brain.

The enzyme S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet): myelin basic protein (MBP) methyltransferase was purified 250-fold from bovine brain with an overall yield of 130%, relative to crude supernatant. The purification involves acid-base and (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, chromatography over Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose, followed by preparative isoelectric focusing. The enzyme has a pI of 5.60 +/- 0.05, and the Mr is estimated to be between 71,000 (from SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis) and 74,500 (from gel filtration). The enzyme is stable at 37 degrees C for over 2 h, is stable frozen and does not require metal ions or reductants. The enzyme shows a high specificity for MBP and does not accept polyarginine as a substrate; F1 histone is methylated at 37% of the rate of MBP. Methylation occurs on an arginine residue in a single h.p.l.c.-resolvable peptide from the tryptic cleavage of MBP. Simple saturation kinetics are observed with respect to both substrates, with Km values of 18 microM and 32 microM for MBP and AdoMet respectively. The simplest kinetic mechanism that is consistent with the data requires ordered rapid-equilibrium binding, with AdoMet as the first substrate. The enzyme isolated in this work is different, both physically and kinetically, from the histone-specific arginine methyltransferases described by other workers. A new, simple, assay system for the methylation of MBP is described.
Technical Report Summary: The Neurodiagnostic Evaluation of the Child With a First Simple Febrile Seizure

Febrile seizures are a common problem in clinical practice, occurring in 2.7% of children in the British Birth Cohort Study.1 The subcommittee9s efforts were focused on the large subgroup of children (88%)1 who have simple febrile seizures, because in the view of most clinicians and on the basis of the epidemiologic evidence, this is a relatively homogeneous clinical grouping2 in terms of age, clinical presentation, course, and outcome.1-3 DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM Children younger than 5 years who have their first seizure in association with a fever are commonly divided into three groups. Children with simple febrile seizures make up the largest group. The second group includes children whose seizures are secondary to central nervous system (CNS) infection (symptomatic febrile seizures). In the third group, children whose seizures are neither simple nor secondary to CNS infection are classified as having complex febrile seizures. The definition of a simple febrile seizure in this practice parameter corresponds to that in usual clinical practice and is also supported by the analysis of data from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke.4 In that project, Nelson and Ellenberg4 analyzed the data of 1706 children 7 years of age who had had one or more febrile seizures. The risk of epilepsy (afebrile seizures) was significantly higher for children whose neurological development was not normal before the seizures, whose seizures occurred before 6 months of age, whose seizure lasted longer than 15 minutes, or who had more than one febrile seizure per day.
Temporal Associations Among Chronic PTSD Symptoms in U.S. Combat Veterans

The present study examined fluctuation over time in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 34 combat veterans (28 with diagnosed PTSD, 6 with subclinical symptoms) assessed every 2 weeks for up to 2 years (range of assessments = 13-52). Temporal relationships were examined among four PTSD symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal) with particular attention to the influence of hyperarousal. Multilevel cross-lagged random coefficients autoregression for intensive time series data analyses were used to model symptom fluctuation decades after combat experiences. As anticipated, hyperarousal predicted subsequent fluctuations in the 3 other PTSD symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing) at subsequent 2-week intervals (rs = .45, .36, and .40, respectively). Additionally, emotional numbing influenced later reexperiencing and avoidance, and reexperiencing influenced later hyperarousal (rs = .44, .40, and .34, respectively). These findings underscore the important influence of hyperarousal. Furthermore, results indicate a bidirectional relationship between hyperarousal and reexperiencing as well as a possible chaining of symptoms (hyperarousal → emotional numbing → reexperiencing → hyperarousal) and establish potential internal, intrapersonal mechanisms for the maintenance of persistent PTSD symptoms. Results suggested that clinical interventions targeting hyperarousal and emotional numbing symptoms may hold promise for PTSD of long duration.
Dual Atrioventricular Nodal Nonreentrant Tachycardia: A Systematic Review

Background: Dual atrioventricular nodal nonreentrant tachycardia (DAVNNT) is a relatively uncommon supraventricular tachycardia. The clinical characteristics and optimal management strategies are not well described. Methods: A systematic review of all reported cases of DAVNNT was performed. Articles were included if they described spontaneous tachycardias resulting from 1:2 atrioventricular (AV) conduction as a result of two AV nodal pathways. Data sources included PubMed from 1950 to January 2011, article bibliographies, and the Google internet search engine. Results: Ultimately, 44 citations that reported 49 cases met inclusion criteria. DAVNNT is being reported with increasing frequency. Clinical characteristics were assessed using the 44 cases reported in the English language. Palpitations were the most common presenting symptom (89%). The majority of patients had a significant delay until the correct diagnosis was made (77%). The most common specific mistaken diagnosis was atrial fibrillation (32%) and five patients were diagnosed after referral for pulmonary vein isolation. Nine reports described association with a tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy. Catheter ablation has successfully treated all reported cases since 1994. Conclusions: DAVNNT is an uncommon arrhythmia being reported with increasing frequency. It is commonly mistaken for atrial fibrillation and is associated with a reversible tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy. Catheter ablation of the slow AV nodal pathway is curative and appears to be the therapy of choice, although more systematic study is required. (PACE 2011; 34:1671–1681)
An ICR study of ion-molecule reactions of PH(n)+ ions

The reactions of PH(n)+ ions (n = 0-3) were examined with a number of neutrals using ion-cyclotron-resonance techniques. The reactions examined have significance for the distribution of phosphorus in interstellar molecules. The results indicate that interstellar molecules containing the P-O bond are likely to be more abundant than those containing the P-H bond.
Substance Abuse Among U.S. Latinos: A Review of the Literature

SUMMARY Latinos have recently become the largest minority in the United States. High fertility and high immigration rates suggest continued high rate of growth. Alcohol and illicit drug use within this population give reason for concern. Beginning in early adolescence, Latinos and Native Americans lead the nation in alcohol and illicit drug use. They also have a high need for alcohol and illicit drug treatment compared to Whites and African-Americans. Research concerning ethnic differences is reviewed in order to gain an understanding of the patterns and trajectories of substance use within the Latino community. Prevention and treatment interventions specific to Latinos are described, and gaps in the literature are noted. Finally, implications of the current research findings for social workers and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Proline analogue removes fibroblasts from cultured mixed cell populations

PRIMARY cultures of cells from various tissues have become important tools for many experimental studies, but attempts to prepare primary cultures of specialised cell types are frequently frustrated by the tendency of fibroblasts to grow more rapidly than other cells. During studies on procollagen biosynthesis by fibroblasts, it has been found that if the cells are incubated with any one of four proline analogues, the analogues are incorporated into protein and the incorporation of the analogues into procollagen polypeptides prevents the chains from folding into a triple helicial conformation1–7. We report here that if fibroblasts are grown in the presence of the proline analogue cis-hydroxyproline, their rate of growth is markedly limited. This may provide a simple technique for removing fibroblasts from cultures of mixed cell populations.
Babies, bottles, and bisphenol A: the story of a scientist-mother.

My 11-month-old daughter loves her baby bottles and sippy cups (first-person narrative is from the viewpoint of Rebecca Roberts). But as I sit and watch her drink from them, I cringe, because I happen to be a scientist who studies a chemical found in those bottles and cups. I also know that some scientific research suggests that exposure to that compound, called bisphenol A (BPA), is detrimental to good health—something I can't help but think about as I watch my daughter use her sippy cup as a teething ring.
Ethnic Families and Mental Health: Application of the ABC-X Model of Family Stress

Mental health and well-being has become an increasingly important social concern today, and the manner in which families perceive and respond to mentally ill family members is often directly linked...
Brainwashing, Lsd, and Cia: Historical and Ethical Perspective

The history of various attempts at thought control and chemical warfare is briefly reviewed. Brainwashing, thought control, industrial and national espionage, and covert activities are becoming more sophisticated. These issues have been revived and accentuated by the Vietnam war, the Middle East Crisis, Watergate, the CIA investigations and the Patty Hearst trial. Historical perspective and the ethical implications of these activities are explored. It is suggested that there is a growing level of individual and international mistrust amounting to paranoia and complicating the issues of individual freedom, civil rights and human experimentation.
MIS Development in American Industry

The business environment for the past quarter‐century has been characterized by increasing competition, decreasing product life cycles, and growth of industrial organizations in terms of both human and physical assets. Coupled with these challenges are increased societal pressures for greater corporate accountability. In order to survive and eventually achieve myriad diverse objectives, decisionmakers are forced to extend planning horizons, introducing even greater levels of uncertainty. Moreover, the typical decision‐maker is further removed from action points, increasing the communications problem and rendering decisive management more difficult.
Enzymatic and electron microscopic analysis of isolated osteoclasts.

A new method is described by which osteoclasts can be isolated for biochemical and electron microscopic analyses. As a source of cells for isolation by microdissection, imprints of metaphyseal bone were used. The use of imprints provides important advantages over bone sections, including a higher degree of cytologic and enzymatic preservation, and the delivery of whole cells which are more readily manipulated and which yield data that are more readily reproduced. By planimetric analysis of the histochemically-stained isolated cell samples, it was shown that osteoclasts represent over 90% of the sample mass. The levels of several of the pyridine nucleotide-linked enzymes involved in citric acid metabolism, as well as acid phosphatase, were determined in osteoclast samples weighing 0.2 to 2.0 μg isolated from normal and parathyroid-treated rats. Aconitase activity measured in the direction of citrate to isocitrate was 0.5–0.8 M/Kd/H, the lowest of the activities studied. The activities of GDH and NADP-ICDH were 5 to 10 times higher than that of aconitase but only a tenth to a third that of acid phosphatase, lactic or malic dehydrogenase.
Site-specific effect of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase inhibition in isolated lamb lungs.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of combining inhaled nitric oxide (NO) with an inhibitor of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase on total and segmental lung resistances. STUDY DESIGN A controlled laboratory study in isolated blood-perfused lungs prepared from lambs. SETTING Animal research facility affiliated with a university teaching hospital. SUBJECTS Five newborn lambs at <48 hrs of life. INTERVENTIONS Isolated blood-perfused lungs were prepared and treated with indomethacin (40 microg/mL) to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. After a baseline period of normoxia (28% oxygen), pulmonary hypertension was induced with the thromboxane mimetic U46619 (0.1-0.4 microg/kg/min). During pulmonary hypertension, lungs were studied with inhaled NO only, with infusion of zaprinast only (0.25 mg/kg bolus and 0.05 mg/kg/min infusion), and with a combination of the two. For each study condition, the total pressure decrease across the lung was measured, and the inflow-outflow occlusion technique was used to partition the total pressure gradient measured at constant flow (100 mL/kg/min) into gradients across relatively noncompliant large arteries and veins and more compliant small arteries and veins. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS U46619 infusion produced significant pulmonary vasoconstriction. The combination of inhaled NO and zaprinast decreased the total pressure decrease across the lung significantly more than NO alone. This effect was primarily attributable to a significantly greater decrease in gradient across the small artery segment after inhaled NO and zaprinast compared with NO alone. CONCLUSIONS Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase inhibition with zaprinast enhances the effect of inhaled NO, particularly in conditions in which small arteries represent the site of resistance. Phosphodiesterase inhibition may be a promising adjunct to inhaled NO for the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension.
Extending Mindfulness to Everyday Life

The great spiritual traditions agree that the cultivation of mindfulness is central. Without mindfulness we live in a state of distorted perceptions and fantasies, acting inappropriately with reference to our own true nature and the reality of the immediate situation, and consequently creating stupid and useless suffering. This article is oriented toward those readers already convinced of the value of cultivating increased mindfulness, so I shall not attempt to prove its value here: I have discussed this elsewhere (Tart, 1986), as well as the way modern psychological knowledge supports it. Although the traditions advocate developing mindfulness in all situations of life, advocacy, skillful training, and emphasis are not the same thing. Much traditional Buddhist practice, in particular, effectively puts its emphasis on formal sitting without engaging in extensive and specific training for mindfulness in everyday life. Because traditional Buddhist practice is a major influence on people interested in medita...
THE ZIRCONIUM-TUNGSTEN-TANTALUM SYSTEM

The ternary phase diagram for the zirconium--tungsten-tantalum system contains two planes of four-phase equilibrium and no ternary intermediate phases not in the component binary diagrams. One four-phase plane lies in the solidus surface at 1760 deg C and the other lies at 812 deg C corresponding to the alpha-- beta zirconium ternary solid solution transformation. The W/sub 2/Zr compound extends into the system along a constant zirconium content line up to 12 at.% tantalum. Solid solution regions are of very limited extent. Experimental techniques employed included metallography, x-ray diffraction, incipient melting, electrical resistance measurements, electron microprobe analysis, and high-speed computer data reduction. (auth)
Transformations of anisic acid and methylanisate by the mold Polystictus versicolor.

Abstract The transformations of anisic acid and methyl anisate by Polystictus versicolor were studied. When anisic acid was added to the culture medium, it was rapidly reduced to anisaldehyde and anisyl alcohol under aerobic condition. In the presence of methyl anisate in the medium, methyl anisate was accumulated and demethylation and hydroxylation of methyl anisate to methyl p -hydroxybenzoate and methyl isovanillate were observed.
Local cerebral metabolism during enflurane anesthesia: identification of epileptogenic foci

Electrocorticographic (ECoG) and depth recordings have previously demonstrated the epileptogenic nature of surgical concentrations of the volatile anesthetic enflurane. We contrasted ECoG activity with local cerebral glucose uptake [( 14C]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography) in 23 brain structures in order to identify the epileptogenic foci. Autoradiograms were obtained from sectioned rat brain following a 30 min period of steady-state anesthesia at 1, 1.5, or 2 MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) enflurane. Pseudo-epileptiform ECoGs were obtained at 1 MAC where bursts of slow waves and sharp waves were evoked by peripheral sensory stimulation. At 1.5 MAC, the ECoG displayed frank, spontaneous epileptiform activity with large amplitude spike-wave complexes; repetitive auditory stimulation occasionally precipitated grand-mal seizures. At 2 MAC, spike complexes were less frequent and could not be repetitively driven. At 1 MAC enflurane, regional cerebral metabolism was generally depressed approximately 14% from the awake controls. However, metabolism in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and other subcortical structures in the limbic brain was increased. At 1.5 MAC this dichotomy in local cerebral metabolic rate was maximal; we observed increased metabolism in the hippocampus, habenula, habenulo-interpeduncular tract and interpeduncular nucleus and pineal. Metabolism in all other structures was significantly depressed (P less than 0.05) compared to awake values. At 2 MAC, metabolism was decreased in all structures. We conclude that the low seizure threshold hippocampus and related structures associated with the limbic system and its pathways are the epileptogenic foci for seizures induced with enflurane in the rat. At 1.5 MAC, epileptiform activity spreads throughout the visceral brain when seizure threshold is at a minimum.
Five Proposals for Reforming Article Publishing in the Social Scientific Study of Religion (Especially Quantitative): Improving the Quality, Value, and Cumulativeness of Our Scholarship

How might the social scientific study of religion (SSSR) benefit from adjusting some of its journal article publishing standards and practices ? This article builds onfive presuppositions about the purpose and nature of good sociology in order to advance five specific proposals for changes in how we write, review, and make use of journal articles in the field. Those proposals concern the publishing of descriptive empirical research notes, meta-analysis review essays, detailed methodological information, arguments about causation, and analytical emphases on the substantive power of variables rather than mere statistical significance. The purpose and expected result of these proposed publishing adjustments is to increase the quality, value, and cumulative nature of the scholarship produced in the SSSR.
Gaining control: Family members relate to persons with severe mental illness

Decades of empirical research regarding families of persons with serious mental illnesses has documented the stress and burden associated with the caregiving role. Recent changes in health care delivery have increased responsibilities of family caregivers without appreciably alleviating their stress. The complexities of the caregiving role need to be investigated if effective interventions are to be realized. To date, a critical but understudied area of investigation is the meaning of this experience for family caregivers and how that meaning affects their responses to the caregiving role. The purpose of this interpretive study was to increase understanding of the meaning of caregiving that caregivers derived from ongoing interactions with the ill relative. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 family caregivers of psychiatric inpatients. Thematic analysis of the textual data revealed that the meaning of caregiving was constituted by the following concerns: finding the essence of the person obscured by the illness, finding a place for self in influencing the illness, and helping the relative to move forward.
Conversion of progesterone to 16 ∝-hydroxyprogesterone in normal human corpus luteum tissue (1)

Abstract Although the conversion of progesterone to 16 ∝-hydroxyprogesterone has been reported in human endocrine target organs (2–7), information of 16-hydroxylase activity on the ovarian tissue is quite limited. Warren and Salhanick (8) observed formation of 16 ∝-hydroxyprogesterone on incubation studies with minced tissues from both normal and Stein-Leventhal ovaries; however, the normal ovaries used in their experiments contained no corpus luteum. Evidence is presented, in this manuscript, that progesterone-7H 3 was converted to radioactive 16 ∝-hydroxyprogesterone by a human corpus luteum removed on the 26th day of the menstrual cycle.
Photoionization dynamics of glycine: The first 10 picoseconds

Single photon ionization dynamics of glycine is studied by classical trajectory simulations using the semiempirical PM3 potential surface in “on the fly” calculations. The glycine conformer is assu...
The Mayo Clinic experience with Morel-Lavallée lesions: establishment of a practice management guideline.

BACKGROUNDAlthough uncommon, Morel-Lavallee lesions (also called closed degloving injuries) are associated with considerable morbidity in trauma patients. There is lack of consensus regarding proper management of these lesions. Management options include nonoperative therapies, along with percutaneo
Determination of substituted indole derivatives by ion suppression-reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A method for the separation of substituted indole derivatives has been developed by the use of ion suppression-reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (IS-HPLC). Signal response, selectivity (alpha), retention times (tR), and capacity factors (k') were monitored by varying the mobile phase with respect to methanol composition and pH. Chromatographic parameters including tR, k', K (distribution coefficients), alpha, number of theoretical plates, height equivalent to theoretical plates, and column resolution were calculated and assessed in regard to the suitability of four stationary phases in the analysis of 20 substituted indole derivatives. This work has established the chromatographic foundation needed to analyze over 10 specific enzyme reactions involved in the microbial and plant metabolism of auxins. Quantitative studies on the stability of auxins were possible by employing IS chromatography (ISC). The application of the developed IS chromatographic technique was employed to detect indole-3-acetic acid derived from L-tryptophan in a fluorescent pseudomonad culture.
Stimulation of interferon regulatory factor-1 by prolactin.

Prolactin (PRL), a pituitary peptide hormone, is known to regulate diverse cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and protection against apoptosis and inflammatio...
SIMULATION OF PLASMONIC CRYSTAL ENHANCEMENT OF THIN FILM SOLAR CELL ABSORPTION

Light management and enhanced photon harvesting is a critical area for improving efficiency of thin film solar cells. Red and near infrared photons with energies just above the band edge have large absorption lengths in amorphous silicon and can not be efficiently collected. We previously demonstrated that a photonic crystal back reflector involving a periodically patterned ZnO layer can enhance absorption of band edge photons. We propose and design alternative new plasmonic crystal structures that enhance absorption in thin film solar cell structures. These plasmonic crystals consist of a periodically patterned metal back reflector with a periodic array of holes An amorphous/nanocrystalline silicon layer resides on top of this plasmonic crystal followed by a standard anti-reflecting coating. We have found plasmonic crystal structures enhance average photon absorption by more than 10%, and by more than a factor of 10 at wavelengths just above the band edge, and should lead to improved cell efficiency. The plasmonic crystal diffracts band edge photons within the absorber layer, increasing their path length and dwell time. In addition there is concentration of light within the plasmonic crystal. Design simulations are performed with rigorous scattering matrix simulations where both polarizations of light are accounted for.
Shading as an index of anxiety in figure drawings.

Summary This study tests the hypothesis that the amount of shading in a figure drawing is an index of anxiety. Twenty-three employed male subjects saw four films in sessions at one week intervals, as part of a study of the relation between pre-sleep experiences and dream content. Independent measures indicated that the two films designated as stressful aroused anxiety whereas the two neutral films did not. The findings in the figure drawings supported the hypothesis that amount of shading is an index of anxiety but only for the self-sex figure (p < .025).
Marital characteristics in relation to the rural-urban continuum in taiwan

Relatively little is known about the relation of type and size of community to the marital characteristics of the population of non-Western countries. In an effort to throw further light on this subject, this paper examines the relation of selected marital characteristics to a rural-urban continuum for Taiwan. The continuum was constructed on the basis of both the population sizes and the administrative types of communities, and the main findings of this study are contrasted with these variations in the United States. The results indicate that the continuum has high predictive or discriminative power for certain marital characteristics.
Severe plastic deformation: simple shear versus pure shear

The paper analyzes an effect of deformation mode on structure evolution under severe plastic deformation. From a continuum standpoint, all possible strain states range from pure shear to simple shear and can be described by a single parameter. The microstructure evolution at large strains is linked with successive steps of continuous flow and flow localization. It is shown that simple shear conforms to the optimal deformation mode for development of spatial networks of high angle boundaries and fine grains during flow localization both for monotonic loading and cross loading. Using this approach, different deformation techniques for simple shear processing are considered with the emphasis on equal channel angular extrusion.
A Numerical Study of the Response of an Idealized Ocean to Large-Scale Surface Heat and Momentum Flux

Abstract A numerical model of a 6-level, baroclinic ocean with a flat bottom and a regular coast line extending from 51.25S to 48.75N is integrated over 125 years of simulated time using a finite-difference analog of the primitive equations. The surface atmospheric conditions which drive the circulation, both mechanically and thermally, are prescribed and depend on latitude only. The numerical integration is done in two phases. In the first phase (100 years), the temperature is predicted from the complete thermal energy equation, while the equations of horizontal motion are linear and the vertical mean current is constant in time. In the second phase (25 years), the complete primitive equations are used, and the coefficients of eddy viscosity and eddy conductivity are reduced. Integration of the first phase produces western boundary currents in both hemispheres, a surface counter-current at 7N, an eastward undercurrent at the equator, and a narrow band of cold surface water along the equator which is main...