cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metacognitive model of ambivalence: The role of multiple beliefs and metacognitions in creating attitude ambivalence

Although research suggests political ambivalence prevails in the American public, little attention has been paid to the mechanisms through which a person's attitude structure and relevant antecedents interact to create ambivalence. This article aims to summarize and synthesize the results of existing studies on ambivalence in order to construct a coherent theoretical framework to explain various ambivalence phenomena identified across the social sciences. First, relevant studies and conceptualizations of ambivalence are reviewed. Next, drawing from the metacognitive model and belief accessibility, potential relations and mechanisms are presented wherein multiple beliefs and metacognitions are related to the attitude object to create ambivalence. Last, the theoretical contributions and implications of the proposed model are discussed.
Forbidden fruit (Citrus sp., Rutaceae) rediscovered in Saint Lucia

Two kinds ofCitrus (Rutaceae) known as “forbidden fruit” have been found growing in Saint Lucia, West Indies. These trees correspond closely with descriptions in the Caribbean literature of the early 19th century for kinds ofCitrus called “forbidden fruit.” The forbidden fruit was thought to be long extinct. The close relationship of the forbidden fruit to the grapefruit and the high degree of monoembryony observed among some of the selections may make them important genetic resources for sweet orange, grapefruit, and rootstock breeding programs.
Borrowing, becoming and the question of the self in Sob Choritro Kalponik

Bengali film director Rituparno Ghosh’s Sob Choritro Kalponik (Afterword, 2009) introduces from the outset questions of plagiarism and simulation. In this essay, I argue that Ghosh structures key sequences around the idea of ‘stealing’ or ‘lifting’ in a poet’s life to show how such ‘piracy’ is also a way of deconstructing class lines, opening up to alternate kinds of desire and breaking boundaries between the normative and the ‘deviant’. Ghosh prepares his audience for such crossings and merging by introducing the notion of the dispersal of the name or self. The essay substantially engages Ghosh’s situating of non-normative forms of sexualized desire in the film, specifically gay and transsexual desire. In an intertextual reading of Sob Choritro and Ghosh’s Chitrangada (The Crowning Wish, 2012), I address how the films offer commentary on how forms of ‘becoming’ are received or rejected in an aestheticized art world or ‘dream’ world and in a day-to-day lived reality. In this regard, this essay draws on a ...
Use of the Enterprise™ Intracranial Stent for Revascularization of Large Vessel Occlusions in Acute Stroke

Background and Purpose: Major cerebral thromboembolism often resists recanalization with currently available techniques. The authors present their initial experience with a self-expanding stent for use in intracranial vascular reconstruction, permitting immediate recanalization of acute thromboembolic occlusions of the anterior circulation.
Soft X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy in Analysis of Surfaces

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is widely used to measure the composition and chemical states of species in the near-surface region of a solid material in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). In XPS, the core-level, or inner-shell, electrons that are emitted via the photoelectric effect are measured. The spectra provide information related to the electronic structure and chemical composition of the near-surface region and to the bonding of adsorbates onto the surface. Because the mean free path for electrons traveling in solids is small, the spectra reflect the composition of the outermost few atomic layers. When synchrotron light is used as the excitation source, the technique is known as soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SXPS). There are many advantages of synchrotron radiation over conventional XPS. For example, the photon energy is tunable over a wide range, which allows for the enhancement of particular spectral features and for unique types of spectroscopy in which the photon energy is continuously varied. The spectral resolution is also greatly enhanced, which allows for the observation of features not otherwise discernible. Also, the brightness of the beam is much greater than that of conventional X-ray sources, thereby allowing for the detection of very small photoelectron signals. SXPS has been applied to a wide variety of materials, including metals, semiconductors, adsorbates on surfaces and nanoparticles. The information obtained from SXPS includes determining the core-level binding energies of individual surface atoms, the position of the Fermi level within the gap of a semiconductor, and the surface work function. Shifts of the core-level binding energy are observed for the outermost atoms on clean surfaces because they are in a different chemical environment than the atoms in the bulk. When an adsorbate attaches to a surface atom, there is a shift in binding energy that is related to the degree of charge transfer during bonding, i.e. the oxidation state. Analysis of the intensity of the shifted components provides the coverage and chemical state distribution of each adsorbate. Novel uses of SXPS include ultrahigh-resolution spectroscopy, SXPS microscopy, photoelectron diffraction and spin-polarized photoemission. The equipment utilized for SXPS includes an electron storage ring, an X-ray monochromator, and an electron spectrometer.
Tratamiento antimicótico combinado: ¿para todos los pacientes y para cualquier micosis?

• To be of value, a combination must be more effective, show reduced toxicity, or cost significantly less than each component. • Statistical significance should support biological significance, i.e. a 10% reduction of morbidity/mortality, even if significant statistically, may not be worth routinely raising the cost of treatment form $100/day to thousands of dollars/day. Alternatively, a marked reduction of mortality/morbidity (e.g. 50%) may be well worth additive costs.
Biochemistry of Meiotic Recombination: Formation, Processing, and Resolution of Recombination Intermediates

Meiotic recombination ensures accurate chromosome segregation during the first meiotic division and provides a mechanism to increase genetic heterogeneity among the meiotic products. Unlike homologous recombination in somatic (vegetative) cells, where sister chromatid interactions prevail and crossover formation is avoided, meiotic recombination is targeted to involve homologs, resulting in crossovers to connect the homologs before anaphase of the first meiotic division. The mechanisms responsible for homolog choice and crossover control are poorly understood, but likely involve meiosis-specific recombination proteins, as well as meiosis-specific chromosome organization and architecture. Much progress has been made to identify and biochemically characterize many of the proteins acting during meiotic recombination. This review will focus on the proteins that generate and process heteroduplex DNA, as well as those that process DNA junctions during meiotic recombination, with particular attention to how recombination activities promote crossover resolution between homologs.
Evaluation of the rapid CORYNE identification system for Corynebacterium species and other coryneforms

The Rapid CORYNE system for identification of aerobic, nonsporeforming, gram-positive rods was evaluated according to the manufacturer's instructions with 177 organisms. After inoculation with a heavy suspension of growth, strips containing 20 cupules were incubated for 24 h, reagents were added, and the results of 21 biochemical reactions were recorded as numerical profiles. The strains consisted of pathogenic species of the genus Corynebacterium, primarily C. diphtheriae (n = 29), opportunistic species of Corynebacterium including C. jeikeium (n = 75), recognized species of non-corynebacteria such as Gardnerella and Arcanobacterium (n = 51), and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) coryneform groups (n = 22). Results from single tests read after 24 h yielded correct identifications to species level with no additional tests for 26 (89.7%) of the pathogenic species; 64 (85.3%) of the opportunistic organisms; 51 (100%) of the non-corynebacteria, and 8 (36.4%) of the CDC coryneform groups. Supplemental tests produced the correct identification for three additional pathogenic isolates (100% total) and four additional isolates from the opportunistic species (90.6% total). Twelve of the 15 isolates not identified by the system were in the CDC coryneform groups. Four of the six misidentified and one of the unidentified isolates were C. matruchotii, which was not included in the data base. The system is an excellent rapid alternative to conventional biochemical tests.
Lower extremity mechanics of females with and without patellofemoral pain across activities with progressively greater task demands

Abstract Background Patellofemoral pain is commonly associated with lower extremity joint rotations that decrease retropatellar contact area and subsequently increase retropatellar stress during weightbearing activities. People with patellofemoral pain are thought to be capable of avoiding such harmful mechanics during activities with low external demands. However, this may not be possible during more demanding activities. The purpose of this study was to analyze lower extremity mechanics in females with and without patellofemoral pain during three different activities. Specifically, we sought to determine if differences between groups increase with increasingly demanding activities. Methods 20 females with patellofemoral pain and 20 healthy female controls performed single leg squats, running, and repetitive single leg jumps as their three-dimensional lower extremity mechanics were recorded. Transverse and frontal plane hip and knee kinematics were compared between groups for all activities. Findings Differences in the variables of interest between groups did not generally depend on the nature of the activity. The patellofemoral pain group performed all three activities with 4.3° greater knee external rotation (P = 0.06), 3.5° greater hip adduction (P = 0.012), and 3.9° decreased hip internal rotation with respect to the control group (P = 0.01). Interpretation These results suggest that females with patellofemoral pain do not employ different mechanics as demand of the activity increases. Rather, females with patellofemoral pain seem to demonstrate similar abnormal lower extremity mechanics across a variety of activities.
Teaching about health disparities using a social determinants framework.

The intersection of two trends in health intervention has the potential to fundamentally change the practice of medicine. First, research into the social determinants of health is revealing the mechanisms by which living conditions cause disease. Second, the restructuring of primary care around preventive interventions represents the convergence point of medicine and public health. These trends have profound implications for medical education. Whereas traditional educational paradigms favor a “bottom-up” approach to disease—focusing on molecular origins or organ systems—new paradigms must emphasize the entire causal chain of ill health to facilitate the understanding of novel interventions available to tomorrow’s clinician.
Synthesis and study of the light absorbing, redox and photophysical properties of Ru(II) and Os(II) complexes of 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline containing the polyazine bridging ligand 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine

Abstract Monometallic light absorbing complexes of the form [(Ph2phen)2M(dpp)]2+ (M = Os(II) or Ru(II), Ph2phen = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine) have been synthesized. The coupling of Ph2phen to Ru and Os complexes with polyazine bridging ligands will allow for the incorporation of these chromophores into supramolecular assemblies. The spectroscopic, redox and photochemical properties were studied. The complexes exhibit overlapping 1MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) transitions in their electronic absorbance spectroscopy with lowest energy peaks at 444 nm and 494 nm for [(Ph2phen)2Ru(dpp)]2+ and [(Ph2phen)2Os(dpp)]2+, respectively. An intense 3MLCT absorption for the Os complex centered at ca. 650 nm is also observed. The redox properties show significantly different reversible one electron metal oxidations, E 1 / 2 ox = 1.39 V and 1.02 V vs. Ag/AgCl for the Ru and Os complexes, respectively. Each complex displays three reversible reductions based on each polyazine ligand. The photophysical properties show strong 3MLCT emissions centered at 697 and 800 nm for the Ru and Os complexes, respectively.
An analysis of the decline in California traffic fatalities during the energy crisis

Abstract This study attempts to assess the impact on California traffic fatalities of changes brought about by the 1974 energy crisis. Traffic fatalities are caused by a multitude of factors, but historically California fatalities have been closely related statistically to two factors. One is driving risk as measured by average fatalities per vehicle mile. The second is the amount of exposure to risk as measured by the volume of vehicle miles traveled. Based on these considerations, a projection is made of the number of fatalities that would have occurred under non-energy-crisis conditions. Estimates are then made of the impact of (1) the reduction in driving, (2) permanent daylight saving time, and (3) the reduction in speed and speed dispersion. The findings suggest that 2303 fatalities would have occurred during the first half of 1974, assuming normal conditions. The actual number for this period is 1726. Reduced travel is estimated to account for 29%, permanent daylight saving time for 8%, and slower driving speed for 39% of the 577 total fatality reduction that is estimated to have taken place.
Further analysis of the responses of LGN cells.

A previous report delineated the response characteristics of single cells in the macaque lateral geniculate nucleus to diffuse flashes of monochromatic light. This paper presents a further analysis of the response patterns from the four types of spectrally opponent cells. At least two of the macaque’s cone photopigments are associated with a spectrally opponent cell in such a way that activation of one cone type increases the cell’s response rate and the other decreases it. By equating stimuli for absorption by various combinations of cone types, a given opponent cell can be shown to receive inputs from only two of the three cone types; the various pairings of cone types determine the differences between the cells’ response patterns; +R−G and +G−R cells are associated with cone pigments having their respective absorption maxima at 535 and 570 nm; the 570 cones excite the +R−G cells but inhibit the +G−R cells. +Y−B and +B−Y cells are associated with 445 and 570 cone types. Some observations are made on the process by which the two antagonistic inputs are summed to give the recorded responses; stimuli are equated for absorption by one of the cone types, thus ensuring a constant input from one of the two inputs, while at the same time the energy absorbed by the other subsystem is varied. Among other things there is a threshold-like phenomenon in the summation process, whereby excitation must exceed inhibition by some amount before the cell’s responses are affected.
Interstellar H I and H2 in the Magellanic Clouds: An expanded sample based on ultraviolet absorption-line data

We have determined column densities of H I and/or H{sub 2} for sight lines in the Magellanic Clouds from archival Hubble Space Telescope and Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer spectra of H I Ly{alpha} and H{sub 2} Lyman-band absorption. Together with some similar data from the literature, we now have absorption-based N(H I) and/or N(H{sub 2}) for 285 Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) sight lines (114 with a detection or limit for both species)-enabling more extensive, direct, and accurate determinations of molecular fractions, gas-to-dust ratios, and elemental depletions in these two nearby, low-metallicity galaxies. For sight lines where the N(H I) estimated from 21 cm emission is significantly higher than the value derived from Ly{alpha} absorption (presumably due to emission from gas beyond the target stars), integration of the 21 cm profile only over the velocity range seen in Na I or H{sub 2} absorption generally yields much better agreement. Conversely, N(21 cm) can be lower than N(Ly{alpha}) by factors of 2-3 in some LMC sight lines-suggestive of small-scale structure within the 21 cm beam(s) and/or some saturation in the emission. The mean gas-to-dust ratios obtained from N(H{sub tot})/E(B - V) are larger than in our Galaxy, bymore » factors of 2.8-2.9 in the LMC and 4.1-5.2 in the SMC-i.e., factors similar to the differences in metallicity. The N(H{sub 2})/E(B - V) ratios are more similar in the three galaxies, but with considerable scatter within each galaxy. These data may be used to test models of the atomic-to-molecular transition at low metallicities and predictions of N(H{sub 2}) based on comparisons of 21 cm emission and the IR emission from dust.« less
Cardiac size and VO2max do not decrease after short-term exercise cessation.

CULLINANE, E. M., S. P. SADY, L. VADEBONCOEUR, M, BURKE, AND P. D. THOMPSON. Cardiac size and VO2max do not decrease after short-term exercise cessation. Mad. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 420–424, 1986. We measured maximum oxygen uptake, estimated changes in plasma volume, and the cardiac dimensions of 15 male competitive distance runners (28.2 ± 5.6 yr of age, mean ± SD) before and after 10 days of exercise cessation. Subjects were habitually active but adjusted their training to run 16 km daily for 2 wk before the study. Subjects were maintained on defined diets for the week before and during the detraining period. Average body weight decreased 1.0 ± 0.5 kg (P < 0.001) within 2 days of exercise cessation and was accompanied by a 5.0 ± 5.9% (P < 0.01) decrease in estimated plasma volume. No additional changes in body weight and plasma volume occurred during the study, and estimated percent body fat did not change. Resting heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac dimensions were also unchanged with physical inactivity. In addition, maximum oxygen uptake was not altered although peak exercise heart rate was an average of 9 ± 5 beats -min-1 (P < 0.01) or 5% higher after detraining. We conclude that short periods of exercise cessation decrease estimated plasma volume and increase the maximum exercise heart rate of endurance athletes but do not alter their cardiac dimensions or maximum oxygen uptake.
A Hydrogen‐Bonded [(Mercuracarborand–Water)2–Benzene] π‐Sandwich Complex

Two cyclic Lewis acidic receptors, namely B-hexamethyl-9-mecuracarborand-3, [9,12-(CH3 )2 -C2 B10 H8 Hg]3 , each host a single water molecule. A benzene molecule is situated between the two complexed water molecules in a sandwich fashion that suggests there is O-H⋅⋅⋅π hydrogen bonding.
Size effects in models for mechanically-stressed protein crystals and aggregates

As protein aggregates increase in size, they become easier to disrupt mechanically. Using the scaling properties of models proposed to govern protein aggregation, the effect of thermal vibrations and gravity are investigated as deforming forces. For typical protein assemblies made of 30 A proteins, the assembled diameter must remain less than 100-10,000 times the molecular radius to survive in finite thermal and gravity fields. The analysis predicts the following experimental outcomes: (1) reductions in gravitational strain should favor larger protein aggregates; (2) in comparing the aggregate stability of different proteins, the addition of peptide chains should stabilize against thermal strain, but should not affect gravitational strain; (3) critical aggregate sizes should show significant (exponential) sensitivity to cluster geometry, solution preparation and growth conditions. The analysis is extended to consider qualitative size effects in crystal damage during X-ray exposure.
Grief and bereavement in mental retardation: A need for a new understanding

Abstract Without question, persons with mental retardation experience grief and bereavement in response to loss. However, it is unclear how persons with mental retardation comprehend such loss or express their feelings about loss. Understanding how expressions of loss manifest themselves in persons who have difficulty learning, following social norms, and communicating emotions are important because these persons are at greater risk for suffering additional mental health problems as a result of loss. A review of the literature indicates that the issues surrounding loss and bereavement have not been well documented among persons with mental retardation, and it is unclear if there are effective strategies to assist the bereaved person with mental retardation.
Siloxide and triflate gallium(III) complexes supported by the BDI ligand.

Metathetic reactions involving (BDI)GaCl2 and KOSiMe3 or AgOSO2CF3 have allowed the isolation of (BDI)GaCl(X), where X = OSiMe3 and OSO2CF3.
A sensing-based cognitive coexistence method for interfering infrastructure and ad hoc systems

The rapid proliferation of wireless systems makes interference management more and more important. This paper presents a novel cognitive coexistence framework, which enables an infrastructure system to reduce interference to ad hoc or peer-to-peer communication links in close proximity. Motivated by the superior resources of the infrastructure system, we study how its centralized resource allocation can accommodate the ad hoc links based on sensing and predicting their interference patterns. Based on an ON-OFF continuous-time Markov chain model, the optimal allocation of power and transmission time is formulated as a convex optimization problem and structured solutions are derived. The optimal scheduling is extended to the case where the infrastructure channel is random and rate constraints need only be met in the long-term average. Finally, the multi-terminal case is addressed and the problem of optimal sub-channel allocation is discussed. Numerical performance analysis illustrates that utilizing the superior flexibility of the infrastructure links can effectively mitigate interference. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This paper presents a novel cognitive coexistence framework, which enables an infrastructure system to reduce interference to ad-hoc or peer-to-peer communication links in close proximity. Motivated by the superior resources of the infrastructure system, we study how its centralized resource allocation can accommodate the ad-hoc links based on sensing and predicting their interference patterns.
Relationship between aflatoxin production and mold growth as measured by ergosterol and plate count

Samples of sterile long grain white rice were inoculated with different inoculum levels of Aspergillus flavus subsp parasiticus spores and incubated at 25°C. Ergosterol content, mold count and aflatoxin production were determined. Ergosterol was determined using a method that consisted of methanol-hexane extraction, saponification and quantification using HPLC with UV-detection. At low inoculum levels mold spores and ergosterol were not detected until the third day of incubation. Generally aflatoxin B1 followed the same trend as ergosterol. At high inoculum levels ergosterol and mold spore counts were detectable before aflatoxin B1. There was no clear pattern between aflatoxin G1 production and ergosterol content. Ergosterol appears to be a sensitive early indicator of low levels of fungal activity and aflatoxin production in rice.
Cellular and Clinical Electrophysiology of Verapamil-Sensitive Ventricular Tachycardias

Verapamil-Sensitive Ventricular Tachycardias. Ventricular tachycardia (VT) due to reentry is often associated with organic structural heart disease, such as coronary artery disease with previous myocardiai infarction, and primary or secondary cardiomyopathy. Treatment of this form of VT generally requires the use of potent antiarrhythmic drugs such as procainamide, quinidine, and amiodarone, or nonpharmacologic interventions such as endocardial resection and implantation of cardioverter defibrillators. Some forms of VT, typically occurring in younger patients and not associated with structural heart disease, may be due to a mechanism other than reentry and may be terminated or prevented by Ca2+ channel or beta blockers. Because these tachycardias are often so effectively treated with these rather benign agents, all patients with sustained VT undergoing an electrophysiologic study should be carefully evaluated to rule out the possibility of having these forms of VT. These tachycardias may be induced by treadmill exercise testing, programmed electrical stimulation, and/or catecbolamine infusion. While it appears that the mechanisms of these tachycardias may be caused by triggered activity related to afterdepolarizations or enhanced automaticity, there is evidence that some may in fact be due to reentry involving Ca2+-dependent slow conduction. The cellular mechanisms of triggered activity and enbanced automaticity, and their relation to clinical ventricular arrhythmias, are discussed. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 3. pp. 500–514 October 1992)
Optimization of an RSD x-ray backscatter system for detecting defects in the space shuttle external tank thermal foam insulation

A new Compton x-ray backscatter imaging technique, backscatter radiography by selective detection (RSD), has been used for inspection of the spray-on-foam-insulation (SOFI) on the space shuttle external tank. RSD employs detection of selected backscatter field components, by using specially designed detectors with movable detector collimators, to achieve high image contrast. The optimization study utilized test panels with simulated and natural defects in the spray-on foam insulation. Some of the test panels include structural features, stiffener-stringers and connection flanges, which were bolted to an aluminum base plate representative of the external tank. The SOFI was then layed down over the base plate and structural components with thicknesses varying from a few tens of mm up to a few hundred mm. The simulated defects range in cross-sectional size from 6 × 6 mm to 50 × 50 mm. Natural defects including roll-over voids and knit-line delaminations have a wide range of sizes, geometries, and orientations with a minimum critical cross-sectional size of 6 mm. Imaging registration is currently obtained at 0.05 seconds per 2 mm pixel, or about 19 minutes per 0.093 m 2 (1 ft 2 ). The current system is being evaluated to enhance the detection of natural defects of a minimal critical size. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations with MCNP5 are being used to determine the history and corresponding spectrum of the detected photons that are responsible for improving defect image contrast. The simulation results are used in combination with experimental data to select optimal detector configurations. Detector configurations are sensitive not only to the type of defect being detected, but also the defect's depth in SOFI, distance from aluminum substrate, and defect orientation. Additional parameters including detector type, detection mode, and x-ray illumination beam size were also evaluated. Both NaI and plastic (BC404) scintillation detectors in pulse and integral mode were used to determine their effect on image quality and defect detection sensitivity. The x-ray illumination beam geometry (round versus square) and beam spot size were varied to determine resolution and the effect on defect contrast. The current system using pulse mode NaI detectors, and a 2 mm round x-ray illumination beam can detect the presence of the smallest critical size defects at a scan rate of 0.05 seconds per 2 mm pixel.
Three-dimensional fusion of Shear Wave Imaging and electro-anatomical mapping for intracardiac radiofrequency ablation monitoring

Electroanatomical Mapping (EAM) provides electrophysiologists with a three-dimensional visualization of endocardial geometry and electrical activity, used to guide transcatheter ablation (TCA) treatment of arrhythmia. Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) and Shear Wave Imaging (SWI) are ultrasonic methods of imaging the mechanical properties of the myocardium that may allow direct visualization of ablation lesion formation, and can be acquired with Intracardiac Echocardiography (ICE) imaging catheters, which are commonly used to guide TCA. The mechanical substrate mapping holds promise to complement the electrical data to improve the safety and efficacy of the procedure. This work demonstrates the use of an image fusion system to stitch a series of in vivo planar ARFI or SWI images together into a 3-D volume of substrate elasticity.
TAL1/SCL is expressed in endothelial progenitor cells/angioblasts and defines a dorsal-to-ventral gradient of vasculogenesis.

Abstract In this study we establish that TAL1/SCL, a member of the helix–loop–helix family of transcription factors, and an important regulator of the hematopoietic lineage in mice, is expressed in the endothelial lineage of avians. The earliest events of vascular development were examined using antibodies to TAL1/SCL, and the QH1 antibody, an established marker of quail endothelial cells. Analyses using double immunofluorescence confocal microscopy show that: (i) TAL1/SCL is expressed by both quail and chicken endothelial cells; (ii) TAL1/SCL expression precedes that of the QH1 epitope; and (iii) TAL1/SCL, but not QH1, expression defines a subpopulation of primordial cells within the splanchnic mesoderm. Collectively these data suggest that TAL1/SCL-positive/QH1-negative cells are angioblasts. Further, using TAL1/SCL expression as a marker of the endothelial lineage, we demonstrate that in addition to the previously described cranial-to-caudal gradient, there is a dorsal-to-ventral progression of vasculogenesis.
Identifying Crash Propensity Using Specific Traffic Speed Conditions

Abstract Introduction : In spite of recent advances in traffic surveillance technology and ever-growing concern over traffic safety, there have been very few research efforts establishing links between real-time traffic flow parameters and crash occurrence. This study aims at identifying patterns in the freeway loop detector data that potentially precede traffic crashes. Method : The proposed solution essentially involves classification of traffic speed patterns emerging from the loop detector data. Historical crash and loop detector data from the Interstate-4 corridor in the Orlando metropolitan area were used for this study. Traffic speed data from sensors embedded in the pavement (i.e., loop detector stations) to measure characteristics of the traffic flow were collected for both crash and non-crash conditions. Bayesian classifier based methodology, probabilistic neural network (PNN), was then used to classify these data as belonging to either crashes or non-crashes. PNN is a neural network implementation of well-known Bayesian-Parzen classifier. With its superb mathematical credentials, the PNN trains much faster than multilayer feed forward networks. The inputs to final classification model, selected from various candidate models, were logarithms of the coefficient of variation in speed obtained from three stations, namely, station of the crash (i.e., station nearest to the crash location) and two stations immediately preceding it in the upstream direction (measured in 5 minute time slices of 10–15 minutes prior to the crash time). Results : The results showed that at least 70% of the crashes on the evaluation dataset could be identified using the classifiers developed in this paper.
How good are our best models? Jackknifing, bootstrapping, and earthquake depth

Many techniques have been developed to extract a model from data. In general, these techniques are based on minimization of the misfit between measured data and predicted “data.” The model is connected to the predicted “data” by a physical theory. To know how good the model is, one must evaluate model variance. Since the data variance, or alternatively the misfit, is generally nonzero, model variance is generally nonzero. In many cases, the model is a linear function of the data, and model variance can be estimated by formally mapping the data variance to model space [e.g., Menke, 1984].
Abstract A91: Epigenetic deregulation ofIGF2and cervical cancer precursors in HIV+ and HIV-patients

Introduction: Early detection and aggressive treatment programs to prevent cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS) and invasive uterine cervical cancer (ICC) have been available for more than 30 years with more than 80% population coverage. Despite this, 11,000 cases of ICC and 40,000 cases of CIS continue to be diagnosed in the United States annually. Women of African descent are at >2-fold higher risk of invasive cervical cancer death compared to other ethnic groups. Objective: The overarching goal is to develop epigenetic biomarkers that can be used for early identification of aggressive cases likely to result in invasive cervical cancer and death. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based, case-control study comprising 26 women with ICC, 18 with CIN2/3/HSIL, and 41 with normal cytology, at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center in Moshi, Tanzania. We analyzed methylation of three regions in the IGF2/H19 imprinted domain known to regulate the expression of imprinted IGF2. Aberrant methylation is associated with IGF2 deregulation, including changes in expression, loss of imprinting, and neoplasia. Results: At the IGF2/H19 imprint center upstream of H19, methylation profiles for all women with no evidence of cervical abnormality or those with CIN2-CIN3 were within normal ranges (40%-60%), while 23% with invasive cancer had hypermethylation. In contrast, 25% of the CIN2/3 cases were abnormally hypomethylated at the IGF2 DMR in IGF2 intron 2, and the methylation profile worsened in the invasive cervical cancer cases with 64% having an abnormal methylation profile. A similar trend was found for the regulatory region in IGF2 intron 6. Stratifying these analyses by HIV status in ICC revealed that aberrant intragenic IGF2 hypomethylation was observed only among women without HIV. These associations persisted after adjusting for HPV genotype. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that regulation of IGF2 is substantially altered in CIN2 or worse via epigenetic alterations. DNA methylation profiles of these regions may be markers of risk of progression especially in HIV-women. The findings support our hypothesis that epigenetic deregulation of this imprinted gene could be useful in discriminating women with dysplasia likely to progress. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):A91.
Increased angiogenic response in aortic explants of collagen XVIII/endostatin-null mice

Endostatin, a proteolytic fragment of basement membrane-associated collagen XVIII, has been shown to be a potent angiogenesis inhibitor both in vivo and in vitro when given at high concentrations. The precise molecular mechanisms by which it functions and whether or not it plays a role in physiological regulation of angiogenesis are not clear. In mice with targeted null alleles of Col18a1, there appears to be no major abnormality in vascular patterns or capillary density in most organs. Furthermore, the growth of experimental tumors is not increased. However, a detailed analysis of induced angiogenesis in these mice has not been performed. Therefore, we compared the angiogenic responses induced by in vitro culture of aortic explants from collagen XVIII/endostatin-null mice (ko) to wild-type (wt) littermates. We found a twofold increase in microvessel outgrowth in explants from ko mice, relative to wt explants. This increased angiogenesis was reduced to the wt level by the addition of low levels (0.1 μg/ml) of recombinant mouse or human endostatin during the culture period. To address cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying this difference in angiogenic response between ko and wt mice, we isolated endothelial cells from both strains and compared their biological behavior. Proliferation assays showed no difference between the two types of endothelial cells. In contrast, adhesion assays showed a striking difference in their ability to adhere to fibronectin suggesting that collagen XVIII/endostatin may regulate interactions between endothelial cells and underlying basement membrane-associated components, including fibronectin, such that in the absence of collagen XVIII/endostatin, endothelial cells are more adhesive to fibronectin. In the aortic explant assay, characterized by dynamic processes of microvessel elongation and regression, this may result in stabilization of newly formed vessels, reduced regression, and a net increase in microvessel outgrowth in explants from ko mice compared to the wt littermates.
A 55 kDa protein of transitional endoplasmic reticulum from rat liver binds retinol

Abstract A transitional endoplasmic reticulum fraction from rat liver that responds to retinol by increased formation of 50–70 nm diameter transition vesicles bound retinol. Separation on SDS-PAGE with analysis by fluorography indicated the dominant binding component at 55 kDa. Binding was found with transitional vesicles formed from the transitional endoplasmic reticulum, and the endoplasmic reticulum fractions from which vesicles are derived but not with Golgi apparatus, plasma membranes or cytosol.
Vertical coordination in the US pork industry: Status, motivations, and expectations

In addition to horizontal consolidation at the input, production, and processing subsectors, the US pork industry is becoming more vertically aligned. The largest hog producers and pork processors were surveyed regarding their involvement in vertical coordination arrangements and their plans for future involvement in such programs. Motivation for entering these vertical agreements was examined as was the rate of adoption. Structural and regional implications of these results for the pork industry are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gamma-ray tracking detectors

Abstract A gamma-ray tracking detector is a new concept for a detector array composed of about 100 highly segmented Ge detector elements. The detector would give the energy and the position of all the interaction points and by using the angle–energy relation of the Compton scattering, the scattering sequence of the gamma rays can be reconstructed. Such a detector will have a high efficiency and a good peak-to-background ratio. Research and development are being carried in the production of highly segmented Ge detectors, understanding the signal, and development of tracking algorithms. Recent progress indicated that this type of detector system appears to be feasible and would have a large impact on a wide variety of physics.
Conformity to gender norms among female student-athletes: Implications for body image.

Fort Lewis CollegeSport exposes athletes to attributes that are typically associated with traditional mas-culine traits (e.g., individualism, competitiveness, aggressiveness, power). Femaleathletes often participate in sport using standards of traditional male athleticism, yet atthe same time attempt to manage societal expectations of conforming to traditionalfemininity. By exploring conformity to gender norms in sport, we examined therelationship between gender norms, sport participation, and perceptions of body imageamong 143 female student-athletes and nonathletes. Results indicated that femalestudent-athletes and nonathlete female college students did not differ in level ofconformity to feminine norms; however, female student-athletes reported higher levelsof conformity to masculine norms, particularly traditional masculine norms associatedwith sport participation (i.e., winning, risk taking). Additionally, participation inathletics did not signiÞcantly predict body esteem for women. Instead, conformity tothree traditional gender normsÐalong with self-perceptions of being overweightÐaccounted for 53% of the variance in body esteem. Results are discussed in regard topast research and clinical applications.Keywords: Conformity to Masculine Norms (CMNI), Conformity to Feminine Norms(CFNI), body esteem, female college student-athletes, gender socialization in sport
Providing initial transthoracic echocardiography training for anesthesiologists: simulator training is not inferior to live training.

Objective Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is finding increased use in anesthesia and critical care. Efficient options for training anesthesiologists should be explored. Simulator mannequins allow for training of manual acquisition and image recognition skills and may be suitable due to ease of scheduling. The authors tested the hypothesis that training with a simulator would not be inferior to training using a live volunteer. Design Prospective, randomized trial. Setting University hospital. Participants Forty-six anesthesia residents, fellows, and faculty. Interventions After preparation with a written and video tutorial, study subjects received 80 minutes of TTE training using either a simulator or live volunteer. Practical and written tests were completed before and after training to assess improvement in manual image acquisition skills and theoretic knowledge. The written test was repeated 4 weeks later. Measurements and Main Results Performance in the practical image-acquisition test improved significantly after training using both the live volunteer and the simulator, improving by 4.0 and 4.3 points out of 15, respectively. Simulator training was found not to be inferior to live training, with a mean difference of –0.30 points and 95% confidence intervals that did not cross the predefined non-inferiority margin. Performance in the written retention test also improved significantly immediately after training for both groups but declined similarly upon repeat testing 4 weeks later. Conclusions When providing initial TTE training to anesthesiologists, training using a simulator was not inferior to using live volunteers.
Forecasting pickleworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larval infestations using sex pheromone traps.

Forecasting infestations of pickleworm, Diaphania nitida/is (Stoll), using a pheromone trapping system was studied in 42 cucumber fields during a 2-yr period. In all plantings (24) where moths and larvae were found, adult males were trapped before or during the same week that larvae were first detected in the crop. Thus, pheromone-baited traps provided advance warning of impending pickleworm damage. Pickleworm damage to cucumber fruit in plots that were not sprayed until moths were trapped was not significantly different from plots that were sprayed weekly. With holding of spray treatment until moths were caught saved an average of one treatment per field with no loss of control. A modified box trap was developed that is more efficient than the original trap design.
Transfer of the pharyngeal portion of a speech aid prosthesis

Abstract The indications and methods for transfer of the pharyngeal part of a speech aid prosthesis to a new maxillary part have been presented. Since these are laboratory procedures, patient time can be saved by not having to remake the impression for the pharyngeal part. Methods 1, 3, and 4 have been used by one of the authors (N. S.) for approximately 15 years with excellent results. For those who feel that a more exacting method of transfer is needed, method 2 uses a jig to exactly relate the pharyngeal part to the teeth.
Molecular Insights into Species Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Morphological Stasis in the Ancient Spider Genus Hypochilus (Araneae: Hypochilidae)

Abstract The spider genus Hypochilus is currently restricted to cool, moist microhabitats in three widely separated montane regions of North America, providing an opportunity to study both deep (i.e., continental level) and shallow (within montane region) biogeographic history. Members of the genus also retain many plesiomorphic morphological characteristics, inviting the study of comparative rates of morphological evolution. In this paper, Hypochilus phylogeny and associated evolutionary problems are addressed using both new molecular (28S nDNA and CO1 mtDNA) and previously published (K. M. Catley, 1994, Am. Mus. Nov. 3088, 1–27) morphological data. Although the molecular data provide limited resolution of root placement within Hypochilus, most analyses are at least consistent with morphology-supported montane relationships of (Rockies (California, Appalachian)). The monophyly of Hypochilus species distributed in the California mountains is ambiguous, with several analyses indicating that this fauna may be paraphyletic with respect to a monophyletic Appalachian lineage. The montane regions differ in consistent ways in depths of both mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenetic divergence. Molecular clock analyses, in combination with arthropod-based mtDNA rate calibrations, suggest that the regional faunas are of different ages and that speciation in all faunas likely occurred prior to the Pleistocene. Limited intraspecific sampling reveals extraordinarily high levels of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase sequence divergence. These extreme divergences are most consistent with morphological stasis at the species level, despite preliminary evidence that Hypochilus taxa are characterized by fragmented population structures.
Predicting creatinine clearance and renal drug clearance in obese patients from estimated fat-free body mass

Existing methods for predicting creatinine clearance provide accurate estimates for normal-weight patients but not for patients who are obese. Studies into this problem began with an animal model of obesity, the obese overfed rat. Mean creatinine clearance was found to vary in direct proportion to fat-free body mass, determined in both obese and normal animals. The relevance of this observation to renal function in humans was evaluated by analyzing published studies reporting creatinine clearance and creatinine excretion rates in obese and normal persons. Measured creatinine clearance correlated well with estimated fat-free body mass (r = 0.772, p less than 0.02), and urinary excretion of creatinine normalized to fat-free mass correlated impressively with age (r = 0.960). Formulas derived from these observations allow for the prediction of creatinine clearance at steady state: (formula; see text) In initial tests of these formulas, their predictions appeared to be as accurate as existing methods for the normal-weight population and far superior to these methods when applied to the obese population. Therefore, when creatinine clearance is not measured in obese patients, the estimation of this parameter with the proposed formulas should improve the ability to select the appropriate dose for drugs that are cleared principally by renal filtration.