cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spin and the Honeycomb Lattice: Lessons from Graphene

A model of electrons hopping from atom to atom in graphene's honeycomb lattice gives low-energy electronic excitations that obey a relation formally identical to a $2+1$ dimensional Dirac equation. Graphene's spin equivalent, ``pseudospin,'' arises from the degeneracy introduced by the honeycomb lattice's two inequivalent atomic sites per unit cell. Previously it has been thought that the usual electron spin and the pseudospin indexing the graphene sublattice state are merely analogues. Here we show that the pseudospin is also a real angular momentum. This identification explains the suppression of electron backscattering in carbon nanotubes and the angular dependence of light absorption by graphene. Furthermore, it demonstrates that half-integer spin like that carried by the quarks and leptons can derive from hidden substructure, not of the particles themselves, but rather of the space in which these particles live.
Beyond HbA1c and Glucose: the Role of Nontraditional Glycemic Markers in Diabetes Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Management

Fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are the standard measures for diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes. There has been recent interest in nontraditional markers of hyperglycemia, including fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), as alternatives or adjuncts to standard measures. There is a growing literature linking these nontraditional markers with microvascular and macrovascular complications. Fructosamine and glycated albumin have also been shown to improve identification of persons with diabetes. However, long-term prospective studies with clinical outcomes are lacking. Some modern laboratory assays for fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-AG have excellent performance. Expanded use of these tests has the potential to improve diabetes care as these measures may overcome limitations of HbA1c in certain patients, complement traditional measures by providing additional information on shorter-term glycemic control, and improve risk stratification for diabetes and its complications. Nonetheless, studies are needed to demonstrate if their routine use will benefit patients and improve outcomes.
Towards “user-friendly” heavier primary pnictanes: Recent developments in the chemistry of primary phosphines, arsines and stibines

Abstract Primary pnictanes (phosphines, arsines and stibines) are valuable starting materials in many reactions. In this article, an account is given of recent developments in the chemistry of “user-friendly” primary pnictanes, with emphasis on the use of the bulky substituents for their stabilization. Available structural parameters, as well as several physico-chemical properties such as melting points and sensitivity towards air and moisture, are collected and discussed. Also included is a brief survey of 31P NMR data for primary phosphines and their organotransition metal complexes.
Root distribution of four Vitis cultivars

Root distribution of four Vitis cultivars at one location in Texas was asessed using trench profile and soil core sampling methods. Greater differences were obtained among cultivars utilizing the latter method when comparing root dry weights. Surface area of roots extracted from soil samples was estimated using a calcium nitrate slurry dip. This technique was found to be unreliable. Vitis champini cv. Dogridge maintained the greatest above-ground canopy and the most extensive root system. In measuring root numbers and dry weight, V. rotundifolia cv. Noble ranked at or near the bottom with V. vinifera cv. Barbera and V. labruscana cv. Concord being intermediate. Overall schematic root system patterns for each cultivar indicate that Noble is shallow rooted, having more than 35% of the total roots in the 0–15 cm depth. In contrast, ten percent of the total Dogridge roots were found at the 90–105 cm depth.
The evolution of methodologies for genomic prediction

Genomic prediction of genotyped individuals utilizes estimates of the effects of alleles at many loci to predict performance. Estimates of allele substitution effects are commonly obtained from multiple regression linear models. In those models, allele substitution effects tend to be treated as random effects, which shrinks their estimates compared to treating them as fixed effects. A number of alternative models that vary subtly can be used in these endeavors. Bayesian approaches that utilize Markov chain Monte Carlo methods that repeatedly sample allele substitution effects are widely used to fit these models. Genomic prediction of non-genotyped individuals utilizes predicted marker genotypes of non-genotyped individuals as well as covariance information based on pedigree relationships. Genomic prediction methodologies continue to evolve, representing a synthesis of approaches, and this paper documents that evolution.
Multimode strong-coupling quantum optomechanics

We study theoretically the dynamics of multiple mechanical oscillators coupled to a single cavity field mode via linear or quadratic optomechanical interactions. We focus specifically on the strong-coupling regime where the cavity decays much faster than the mechanical modes, and the optomechanical coupling is comparable to or larger than the mechanical frequency, so that both the optical and mechanical systems operate in the deep quantum regime. Using the examples of one and two mechanical oscillators, we show that the system can classically exhibit bistability and bifurcations, and we explore how these manifest themselves in interference, entanglement, and correlation in the quantum theory, while revealing the impact of decoherence of the mechanical system due to cavity fluctuations and coherent driving.
Isolation of the alkane inducible cytochrome P450 (P450alk) gene from the yeast Candida tropicalis.

Summary The gene for the alkane-inducible cytochrome P450, P450alk, has been isolated from the yeast Candida tropicalis by immunoscreening a λgt11 library. Isolation of the gene has been identified on the basis of its inducibility and partial DNA sequence. Transcripts of this gene were induced by alkane to levels 500 to 1000 fold over those detected in glucose-grown cells. The nucleotide sequence of the 3′ portion of this gene revealed a coding sequence for the heme binding segment characteristic of the P450 gene family.
Helical coordination polymers and cyclic dimers formed from heteroleptic thioether-dipyrrinato copper(II) complexes

Heteroleptic copper complexes containing an acetylacetonato ligand and a thioether derivatized dipyrrinato ligand are shown to form oligomers and polymers in the solid state.
On renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus and other so-called collagen diseases.

Microscopic studies of renal lesions in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and scleroderma have provided additional information concerning involvement of the kidney in these connective tissue diseases. A detailed description of the nephritis of systemic lupus erythematosiis has been made possible by a technic for serial renal biopsy. Studios microscopic de lesiones renal in patientes con systemic lupus erythematose, arthritis rheumatoide, purpura thrombocytopenic thrombotic, e scleroderma ha producite informationes additional in re le affection del ren in iste morbos del histos conjunctive. Un detaliate description del nephritis de systemic lupus erythematose ha devenite possibile gratias a un technica de biopsias renal in serie.
An analytical model for predicting load–deformation behavior of the FHWA GRS-IBS performance test

AbstractThe Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has recently developed a new bridge abutment system, known as Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil-Integrated Bridge System (GRS-IBS). The term “GRS” refers to a soil mass that is reinforced internally by closely spaced (reinforcement spacing not more than 0·3 m) horizontal layers of geosynthetic sheets. The design protocol of GRS-IBS recommends a “performance test” be conducted to estimate the load–deformation behavior of a GRS-IBS system. The performance test involves a cuboidal block-faced GRS mass that is subjected to increasing axial loads. More than 100 GRS-IBS have been constructed in the US since its introduction in 2011. In light of the rapid development of the new bridge abutment system, an analytical model is developed for predicting the load–deformation behavior of the performance test up to the ultimate load-carrying capacity that is determined from the “W-equation.” This paper presents the analytical model and validation of the analytical model. Vali...
Strategic choice of waiting and reaction times in bargaining

Abstract If two players first commit to waiting times in a Sakovics bargaining technology, and then bargain over the division of a known surplus, zero waiting times are not subgame perfect choices, and any division of the surplus is possible.
Local hyperthermia, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy in patients with local-regional recurrence of breast carcinoma

We retrospectively reviewed the response rate and the acute and long-term toxicity of combined treatment using radiation therapy, hyperthermia, and chemotherapy in 29 patients with locally or regionally recurrent or advanced adenocarcinoma of the breast who completed at least 4 of the 6 prescribed hyperthermia treatments as part of a Phase I-II trial. Thirty-nine separate hyperthermia treatment fields were evaluated. Cisplatin alone or cisplatin with etanidazole or bleomycin was delivered just prior to hyperthermia once weekly. Hyperthermia was delivered to a target minimum tumor temperature of 43 degrees C +/- 0.5 for 60 min. Following hyperthermia, a 400 cGy fraction of radiation was given. The radiation fraction size on other days was 200 cGy. Twenty-two fields had previously been irradiated and 17 fields had not. Prior chemotherapy had been given in 24 of 29 patients (83%) and hormonal therapy given in 21 (72%). The median follow-up time is 10 months; 16/29 patients (55%) have died of disease. The overall complete response rate for all fields was 53%. Response rate was not related to any clinical factor, radiation dose, microwave or ultrasound technique, type of chemotherapy, or tumor temperatures, but the number of patients in the study population was small. A statistically significant association between the likelihood of complications and the total radiation therapy dose (previous radiation and present radiation) was found. Persistent ulceration lasting greater than 1 month after completing treatment was seen in 67% of previously irradiated fields compared to 21% of fields that had not been previously treated (p = 0.015). Surgical wound repair was needed for 38% of fields with a history of prior irradiation versus 6% of those without prior treatment (p = 0.050). A statistically significant radiation therapy dose response was found for the likelihood of these complications. None of the hyperthermia temperature parameters studied correlated with an increased risk of complication. We conclude that the combination of radiation therapy, hyperthermia, and chemotherapy results in a high rate of complete response. However, in patients who have been treated with prior radiation therapy, this combination may be more locally toxic than treatment with hyperthermia and radiation therapy alone. The precise impact of chemotherapy on the therapeutic index of hyperthermia and radiation therapy remains to be determined in randomized clinical trials.
Difference inequalities and comparison theorems for stability of discrete systems

Comparison theorems, in which the stability properties of n-dimensional systems are deduced from those of associated one-dimensional systems, are well known in the case of systems described by differential and other equations. These are based on the use of Liapunov techniques and certain differential inequalities. In this paper this approach is applied to the case of n-dimensional difference equations (discrete systems). After first establishing the necessary difference inequalities, comparison theorems are proven for stability, uniform stability, asymptotic stability, and uniform asymptotic stability of discrete systems. These are more general than the standard Liapunov stability theorems for such systems.
Beginning German Textbooks for the High School Level (1969–1973): A Descriptive Evaluation

The textbooks published in the years surveyed have presented the foreign language teacher with few innovations and the general trend seems to be a not too well disguised return to pre-audio-lingual ways, a return to the traditional mode of presentation. The textbook content at both the elementary and intermediate levels is still preponderantly the dialogue or conversation, grammar, exercises and drills, a reading selection followed by a questionnaire and vocabulary. Of apparent secondary importance are pronunciation, vocabulary study, translation, composition, and culture. Several texts have accompanying teachers' manuals, tapes, and tests. A large number of varied but not emphasized activities are found throughout the many textbooks. Some authors seem to be out of touch with
A non-uniformly distributed parameter transmission line model

This paper discusses the development and derivation of a transmission line model that can account for non-uniform distribution of line parameters, specifically due to a temperature gradient along the line. This novel transmission line model was built upon standard voltage and current transmission line equations in conjunction with temperature dependency of line parameters. A solution to the resultant second order linear differential equation was determined, and for validation and demonstration purposes, the developed non-uniformly distributed parameter line model was compared to the uniformly distributed one using various temperature gradient scenarios.
The Geos Ozone Data Assimilation System: Specification of Error Statistics

A global three-dimensional ozone data assimilation system has been developed at the Data Assimilation Office of the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) total ozone and the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) or (SBUV/2) partial ozone profile observations are assimilated. The assimilation, into an off-line ozone transport model, is done using the global Physical-space Statistical Analysis Scheme (PSAS). This system became operational in December 1999. A detailed description of the statistical analysis scheme, and in particular, the forecast and observation error covariance models is given. A new global anisotropic horizontal forecast error correlation model accounts for a varying distribution of observations with latitude. Correlations are largest in the zonal direction in the tropics where data is sparse. Forecast error variance model is proportional to the ozone field. The forecast error covariance parameters were determined by maximum likelihood estimation. The error covariance models are validated using x squared statistics. The analyzed ozone fields in the winter 1992 are validated against independent observations from ozone sondes and HALOE. There is better than 10% agreement between mean Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and analysis fields between 70 and 0.2 hPa. The global root-mean-square (RMS) difference between TOMS observed and forecast values is less than 4%. The global RMS difference between SBUV observed and analyzed ozone between 50 and 3 hPa is less than 15%.
The effect of ultra-low-volume aerial applications of endosulfan applied against Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae) on populations of non-target organisms in savanna woodland in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia

During ultra-low-volume aerial applications of endosulfan at 14 g/ha for control of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. in savanna woodland in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, the effects on other organisms were monitored. The numbers and varieties of arthropods, mainly insects, were studied by catches in light-straps and open trays. Mortalities amongst exposed aquatic insects, fish, frogs, mice and stingless bees (Trigona spp.) were noted. No deleterious effect of the insecticide was demonstrated, Other than on fish (Tilapia spp.) in shallow water.
Observations on bottom currents and epibenthic populations in Hatteras submarine canyon

Abstract Bottom currents and populations of large epifauna were surveyed using bottom photography in the Pamlico axis of the Hatteras Submarine Canyon system. Most species known to be numerically dominant along the continental slope north and south of the canyon were absent or found in reduced densities, whereas other species were found only near or in the canyon and can be considered canyon ‘indicator’ species. The implication in previous studies ( Rowe and Menzies , 1969; Sanders and Hessler , 1969) that narrow faunal zonation is continuous along the margins of ocean basins must be modified to acknowledge the exceptional zonations found in canyons. The photographs and current meter data indicated that the bottom current was to the southwest along the lower continental rise, but turned to the west and northwest, or up the canyon, at lesser depths. Indurated sedimentary outcrops common to the canyon were probably a result of intermittent slumping and turbidity current flows.
A structural health monitoring system with ultrasonic MEMS transducers

In this paper, we will summarize our efforts on exploring guided acoustic waves generated by MEMS ultrasonic transducers enabling a non-destructive, ultra-low powered, wireless SHM system. State-of-the-art SHM systems employ bulk piezoelectric transducers. However, they are not environmentally benign (contain lead), not cost feasible for monitoring every bridge in the U.S., require significant power for operation, lack integration capability for wireless interrogation, need precise matching layers, and have only 25-50 percent fractional bandwidth, limiting the detection resolution. To alleviate most of these shortcomings, a low impedance MEMS transducer, called a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT), is explored.
Goals and scope of the Archimedes Palimpsest transcriptions

This article describes the editorial principles behind the transcriptions in both the digital and print components of the Archimedes Palimpsest publication. Care was taken in these transcriptions to record features of the text as written on the pages of the manuscript, such as scribal abbreviations, page layout, and diagrams. This approach was adopted with the understanding that the details about how a text is committed to physical form influence how it is read and interpreted over time. In this way it becomes possible for readers and scholars to access one further dimension of ancient mathematical thought and expression. The article is based on a talk given at a conference on ‘Editing Historical Mathematics’ in December 2011 in Oxford.
Comparison of cross-sectional and daily reports in studying the relationship between depression and use of alcohol in response to stress in college students.

Background: Alcohol use in response to stress in college students may be affected by the presence of symptoms of depression. However, this is a challenging issue to study due to the various methodologies used as well as the possible effect of depressed mood on the accuracy of self-report. This study focused on methodological issues as possible sources of equivocal findings regarding the relationship between depressed mood and alcohol use in response to stress in a college student population. Findings may differ when these variables are examined cross-sectionally versus longitudinally. Methods: Depressed mood and alcohol coping were assessed both cross-sectionally and repeatedly over time in 125 college students. Participants were assessed at baseline using a diagnostic self-report measure of depression as well as a measure of typical coping style. In addition, daily measures of stress, symptoms of depression, and coping were completed for 45 consecutive days. Results: Different relationships between depressed mood and alcohol coping were found when depressed individuals were analyzed separately from those who were not depressed. Although a significant correlation between daily use of alcohol coping and daily depressed mood was found, there were no differences between depressed and nondepressed participants (as assessed at baseline) on daily alcohol coping. Conclusions: These findings have implications for research design as well as clinical assessment regarding the relationships between mood and use of alcohol for coping; the findings suggest that cross-sectional measures of mood and alcohol use may obscure differences as assessed repeatedly over time. In addition, these findings support the utility of frequent assessment of depressive symptoms when implementing or evaluating programs that target coping skills in college students.
The role of prior knowledge in explaining hypothetical events

Having subjects explain a hypothetical future event biases their subjective likelihood estimates for that event. However, Sherman, Zehner, Johnson, and Hirt (1983, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1127–1143) found that the biasing effects of an explanation task were reduced when subjects formed an initial impression based on the information (prior to the explanation task). Nonetheless, there are no doubt many factors that may influence subjects' ability to form strong initial impressions. The present studies address two of these factors. Experiment 1 used both subjects who were knowledgeable and unknowledgeable (naive) about a stimulus domain (football). Experiment 2 used only knowledgeable subjects, but gave these subjects information about unfamiliar teams and players. Subjects first read information about teams in an upcoming game and were then asked to explain a hypothetical victory by one team. They then made judgments about the actual future game and recalled the information. Only knowledgeable subjects given an initial impression set and given information that was easily integrated with past knowledge were able to resist the explanation bias. All other subjects demonstrated judgments that were strongly biased in the direction of the outcome explained. An examination of the relation between judgment and recall implied that knowledgeable and naive individuals differed in the ways they made judgments.
Multiple memory systems: What and why

Evidence from a variety of domains converges on the view that there are multiple learning/memory systems, but there is no clear understanding of what these systems are, and why they should exist. I review an hypothesis about multiple memory systems postulated by O'Keefe and Nadel (The hippocampus ac a Cognitive map, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), in particular our assertions about the nature of two kinds of systems (the locale and taxon systems), and what differentiates them from each other. I concentrate on our assumption that systems differ in terms of the type of information they process, rather than in terms of the temporal duration over which they function. Our “content-driven” dichotomy is contrasted with several other current views, none of which appears to explain extant data, or provides clear predictions about when one or the other kind of system would be engaged. Finally, 1 briefly consider why such distinct systems might have evolved.
In vitro studies on the immune regulatory role of complement receptors (C3) present on human B lymphocytes.

The present studies were aimed at determining whether complement receptors (C3) present on human B lymphocytes had an immunoregulatory role. In these in Vitro studies, human B lymphocyte function was analyzed by quantitating their differentiation into plasmacytoid cells (development of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin) after polyclonal activation with pokeweed mitogen (PWM), an assay that is known to be T cell-dependent. Hence, a highly enriched population of B lymphocytes was cultured either alone or in the presence of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (a source of T cells and macrophages). Cultures contained fresh autologous sera and PWM and at day 8, the numbers of plasmacytoid cells was quantitated utilizing cytocentrifuge smears. C3 receptors were activated by incubating B cells with C3-containing immune complexes (EAC) and as controls, B cells were incubated with the same immune complexes, but lacking C3. The latter complexes failed to rosette with B cells. EAC were formed by sensitizing sheep erythrocytes with rabbit IgM antibody and using either mouse serum complement (EACmo) or isolated human complement components (EAC14b3b). The data from studies performed in 15 normal adults revealed that when EACmo, were interacted with B cells, there was an enhanced (78% ± 37 SD) production of plasmacytoid cells when compared to controls. Interaction of EACmo, with macrophages did not lead to enhanced production of plasma cells. Similar enhancement was observed in all 5 adults with EAC14b3b complexes. B cells depleted of T lymphocytes, when cultured with PWM, formed a few plasmacytoid cells and the number did not increase despite interaction with C3-containing immune complexes. This indicated that for an augmented response T cells are required. These data suggest that C3 receptors modulate the B lymphocyte function.
Investigation of Rocking Semicircular and Parabolic Disk Equilibria, Stability, and Natural Frequencies

This paper performs a theoretical and experimental investigation of the natural frequency and stability of rocking semicircular and parabolic disks. Horace Lamb’s method for deriving the natural frequency of an arbitrary rocking disk is applied to two shapes with semicircular and parabolic cross sections, respectively. For the case of the semicircular disk, the system’s equation of motion is derived to verify Lamb’s method. Additionally, the rocking semicircular disk is found to always have one stable equilibrium position. For the case of the parabolic disk, this investigation unveils a super-critical pitchfork bifurcation for changes in a single geometric parameter which reveals that the system can exhibit bistable behavior. Rapid prototyping technology was used to manufacture sample disks across a wide range of parameters, and a laser tachometer was used to experimentally determine the natural frequency of each disk. Comparisons between experiment and theory show good agreement.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Seaward Migration of Juvenile Chinook Salmon without Elevated Gill (Na+K)-ATPase Activities

Abstract The hypothesis that juvenile anadromous salmonids which are migrating to sea have higher levels of gill (sodium and potassium) adenosine triphosphatase ([Na+K]-ATPase) activity than nonmigrants was examined for wild and hatchery spring and fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Rogue River, Oregon. Although migrant juvenile chinook salmon captured at river km 173 had elevated gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity, migration from the more upstream portions of the Rogue River occurred without significant changes in gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity. High water flows stimulated migration without increasing gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity. Tributary-to-main-stem migration of juvenile fall chinook salmon did not result in elevated gill (Na+K)-ATPase activities. Juvenile spring chinook salmon released from Cole Rivers Hatchery (km 254) migrated rapidly to km 18 on the Rogue River without changes in gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity. We conclude that, although the relationship between seaward migration and eleva...
ICE preference maps: nonlinear generalizations of net benefit and acceptability

The Net Benefit (NB) approach to Incremental Cost-Effectiveness (ICE) statistical inference uses a linear function (map) to assign a real valued, numerical preference score to every point on the 2-dimensional ICE plane. We argue that coherent ICE preferences satisfy four intuitive axioms and propose a 2-parameter family of maps that satisfy these axioms and provide highly realistic generalizations of NB. For example, nonlinear maps do not require that returns-to-scale be linear (constant) or that willingness-to-pay (WTP) and willingness-to-accept (WTA) are both equal to the shadow price of health, λ. In fact, all of our maps have the property that $$ \lambda = {\sqrt {{\text{WTP}} \times {\text{WTA}}} }. $$ With λ held fixed, this geometric mean relationship shows that WTA must decrease when WTP increases and vice versa. This relationship thus provides not only a polar angular measure of the size of “Bernie’s Kink,” WTP < WTA, but also the theoretical basis for Buckingham’s ALICE curve generalization of acceptability. Finally, we argue that uncertainty about economic preferences expressed by varying λ can totally swamp the statistical uncertainty in patient level data expressed by a wedge-shaped, bootstrap ICE confidence region that does not depend upon λ in the sense that it is equivariant under changes in λ.
Female lizards discriminate between potential reproductive partners using multiple male traits when territory cues are absent

Female choice can powerfully influence the evolution of male phenotypes. In territorial species, it is challenging to determine the targets of female choice because male traits (e.g., behavior and morphology) are often correlated with territory. We sought to elucidate if and how females specifically evaluate male traits in a territorial species. In this study, we presented female fence lizards, Sceloporus undulatus, with two potential mates to examine mate choice in the absence of territory cues. Females associated more with males possessing better body condition, longer heads, and wider throat badges, and that performed more shudder behavior, which females responded to by approaching shuddering males and performing push-ups. A post hoc decision tree analysis suggests that the strongest predictor of female association was an overall quality index that incorporates all of these traits, rather than individual traits. Male snout–vent length, head width, abdominal badge width, and push-up behavior did not affect female association. Further research on why these traits, which are known to correlate with fitness, do not appear to be used by females when selecting mates would improve our understanding of the evolution of male traits. Our study reveals that females of this territorial species possess the ability to use multiple male traits interactively to make fitness-relevant mate choice decisions in the absence of direct territory cues.
Rate of Adsorption of Water Vapour by Degassed Arizona Bentonite

IT is perhaps well known that rate data for the rapid adsorption of gases are scarce1. What data have been published, moreover, are usually complicated by a varying adsorbent temperature. It would seem that this complication must always be present whenever the rate of adsorption is much greater than the possible dissipation rate of the heat of adsorption. This is the situation in virtually all determinations of very rapid adsorption rates. The only recourse, therefore, appears to be in finding a satisfactory method of analysing rate data for a fluctuating adsorbent temperature. (One must as a consequence in this case simply accept the fact that the temperature coefficient of the adsorption rates will always to some degree be uncertain.)
Spectrally-resolved imaging of dynamic turbid media

We present a rapid, noncontact imaging technique which can obtain the spectrally- and spatially-resolved scattering and absorption coefficients of a turbid medium. The measurement involves combining a spatially modulated illumination pattern with a snapshot imaging spectrometer for measurement. After capture of an (x, y, λ) datacube, an image demodulation scheme is applied in post-processing to obtain the spatial maps of diffuse reflectance, absorption coefficient, and reduced scattering coefficient. The resulting system is used to dynamic maps (in 1 s intervals) of the brain's intrinsic optical signal.
Convex control design for vibration induced by uncertain excitations

This paper presents an introduction to convex control methods suitable for suppressing vibrations induced in flexible structures by wind or other uncertain excitations. Results on controlling linear systems subject to uncertain inputs using deterministic methods are presented. The results are general, but are illustrated by application to a tuned-mass damper system as an example. Rather than using traditional probabilistic information, the approach presented here treats uncertain loads as members of a convex set defined by bounds on the maximum values of the load. A feedback control law is then defined over this set. In particular, this work addresses the control of flexible structures against transient wind loads of known, bounded magnitude. Results are compared to a standard linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) approach.
Correlations between in vivo31P NMR spectroscopy measurements, tumor size, hypoxic fraction and cell survival after radiotherapy

Phosphorus metabolite levels were measured non-invasively using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in SCCVII/SF tumors, subcutaneously transplanted into the legs of unanesthetized C3Hf/Sed mice. Shortly after MRS measurements, tumors were irradiated with a single dose of 20 Gy, and cell survival and radiobiologic hypoxic fraction were determined with an in vitro cloning assay. Significant correlations were found between tumor size and surviving fraction, hypoxic fraction, pH, and phosphorus metabolite ratios. With increase of tumor size, surviving fraction and hypoxic fraction both increased, the ratios of inorganic phosphate and phosphomonoesters to nucleoside triphosphates (Pi/NTP and PME/NTP, respectively) and inorganic phosphate to phosphocreatine (Pi/PCr) increased and pH decreased. However, considerable heterogeneity of MRS spectral parameters, even in tumors of similar size, precluded accurate prediction of hypoxic fraction and cell survival after radiotherapy.
Lingual and gastric lipases: species differences in the origin of prepancreatic digestive lipases and in the localization of gastric lipase

The source of the lipase(s) acting in the stomach was investigated in five animal species: rat, mouse (rodents), rabbit (lagomorphs), guinea pig (caviidae), baboon and human (primates). The activity of lingual and gastric lipases was quantitated in homogenates of lingual serous glands and of gastric mucosa, respectively, by the hydrolysis of tri[3H]oleylglycerol and is expressed in units/g (1 U = 1 mumol [3H]oleic acid released/min) per g tissue wet weight, mean +/- S.E. There were marked differences in the activity level of lingual and gastric lipases among species: mouse and rat had high levels of lingual lipase activity (250 +/- 20 and 824 +/- 224 U/g) and only traces of gastric lipase activity (4.5 +/- 0.9 and 0.04 U/g, respectively), whereas rabbit and guinea pig had no lingual lipase activity and only gastric lipase activity (78 +/- 48 and 27 +/- 7.4 U/g, respectively). In the baboon and human, gastric lipase was the predominant enzyme (109 +/- 20 U/g and 118 +/- 8.8 U/g, respectively), whereas lingual lipase activity was present in trace amounts only (0.04 U/g and 0.3 U/g, respectively). In addition to species differences in the origin of the preduodenal lipases, there were also species differences in the distribution of gastric lipase in the stomach. Thus, while in the rabbit, gastric lipase was localized exclusively in the cardia and body of the stomach, it was diffusely distributed in the entire stomach of the guinea pig and baboon. A comparison between the level of activity of lipase and pepsin (the two chief digestive enzymes secreted by the stomach), showed differences in their localization in the species studied. The difference in source (tongue vs. stomach) and site (cardia-body vs. entire stomach) of lipase secretion must be taken into account in future studies of these digestive enzymes. Although the exact contribution of lingual and gastric lipases individually to fat digestion in species which contain both enzymes cannot yet be evaluated, the markedly higher levels of gastric lipase activity in the baboon and human suggests that, in primates, gastric lipase is probably the major non-pancreatic digestive lipase.
Hotspots and sunspots: surface tracers of deep mantle convection in the Earth and Sun

The evolution of the hot-spot distribution on earth in time and space is investigated using available age data. The statistics of continental flood basalt eruptions suggests the formation of a total of about 40 hot spots worldwide during the Cenozoic and Mesozoic, with no true antipodal pairs found. It was found that hot spots tend to concentrate mainly in mid-latitudes, but the pattern of new appearances of hot spots may migrate from high to low latitudes in both hemispheres in long cycles, and may also drift in longitude, although much more slowly prograde.
Menstrual Irregularity in Female Military Cadets: Comparison of Data Utilizing Short-term and Long-term Recall

Abstract Study Objectives: (1) To assess menstrual function in freshman cadets at a structured, rigorous military college utilizing a weekly e-mail questionnaire, (2) to compare these results to longer-term recall results from written questionnaires completed at the start and end of the same year, and (3) to determine if a relationship exists between personality attributes and menstrual regularity in this setting. Design, Setting, Participants: A questionnaire developed by the investigators about menstrual function was distributed weekly via e-mail and completed satisfactorily by 116 female freshman at the United States Military Academy (USMA), class of 1995. These data were compared to questionnaires completed by this same cohort at the start and end of the year, as well as to personality questionnaires distributed to some of these cadets as part of a larger study. Pearson's chi-square and analysis of variance were performed to determine statistical significance. Results: Weekly e-mail data revealed that only 1.7% of cadets had regular menstrual periods throughout the whole year. The remaining 98.3% were irregular: 10.3% mildly, 35.3% moderately, 30.2% severely, and 22.4% extremely irregular. Only 0.8% of subjects did not menstruate at all during the year. In comparison, on long-term recall data, 90% reported some change in menstrual function, with 48% specifically reporting menstrual irregularity. Those with the greatest irregularity prior to USMA and those who expected greater irregularity at USMA reported the greatest irregularity during the year. Irregularity was associated with coping and with commitment to health on personality questionnaires. Conclusions: On data collected via weekly e-mail, almost all freshman females at USMA experienced menstrual irregularity. This data, utilizing short-term recall, yielded different, more dramatic results than the data utilizing long-term recall. A link between menstrual irregularity and both coping and commitment suggests that menstrual irregularity may be adaptive in this environment.
A single-ended fault location method for segmented HVDC transmission line

Abstract This paper presents a single-ended traveling wave-based fault location method for segmented high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission lines; an overhead line combined with an underground cable. DC transient voltage and current signals at the sending-end of the overhead line are assumed to be available. Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT) is then applied to the DC voltage and current signals. The wavelet energies of voltage and current transients over 16 ms (i.e. 1-cyle in 60-Hz frequency) are calculated and then normalized. The normalized energies are used as the input to a binary Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier for faulty section identification (underground cable or overhead line). Once the faulty section is identified, the faulty-half is determined by comparing polarity of the first two current traveling waves. Bewley diagrams are finally observed for the traveling wave pattern and the wavelet coefficients squared of DC voltage are used to locate the fault. The transient voltage and current for different fault locations are simulated using the ATP software. MATLAB is used to process the simulated transients and apply the proposed method. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated for different fault locations and fault resistances. The impacts of non-linear high impedance faults (NLHIF) and cable aging are also studied.
Simple waveguide reflection maser with broad tunability

The design and performance of a simple two-stage reflection maser for use between 9 and 10 GHz are described. The maser is used to improve the sensitivity of a transmission electron spin resonance spectrometer. A ruby-filled waveguide structure permits broad tunability and straightforward construction. All microwave components except the ruby section are at room temperature.
Similar effects of selective laser trabeculoplasty and prostaglandin analogs on the permeability of cultured Schlemm canal cells.

Purpose To evaluate whether selective laser trabeculoplasty and prostaglandin analogs regulate the permeability of cultured human Schlemm canal cells by inducing intercellular junction disassembly. Design Laboratory investigation. Methods Intercellular junctions were made visible in living cells by making them fluoresce after transfection with a plasmid expressing the zonula occludens 1 protein tagged with green fluorescent protein. Schlemm canal cells were treated by direct laser irradiation; by exposure to media conditioned by either lasered Schlemm canal cells or trabecular meshwork cells; by exposure to the prostaglandin analogs latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost; or by the addition of the nonprostaglandin agents brimonidine, timolol, and dorzolamide. Junction disassembly was monitored using fluorescence microscopy, and permeability alterations were measured as changes in conductivity using flow meters. Results The direct laser irradiation of Schlemm canal cells caused a 3-fold increase in conductivity. Exposure of the cells to media conditioned by lasered Schlemm canal cells or trabecular meshwork cells induced junction disassembly and a 2- to 4-fold increase in conductivity. Exposure to prostaglandin analogs also induced junction disassembly and a 4- to 16-fold increase in conductivity, whereas the 3 nonprostaglandin agents tested were ineffective in both regards. Conclusions Exposure to factors secreted by lasered Schlemm canal cells and lasered trabecular meshwork cells and the application of prostaglandin analogs induced junction disassembly while increasing the permeability of Schlemm canal cells. These findings support our hypothesis that selective laser trabeculoplasty and prostaglandin analogs share a common mechanism that likely mediates their pressure-lowering effects.
EUS-guided FNA of solid pancreatic masses: a prospective, randomized trial comparing 22-gauge and 25-gauge needles.

Background There is a lack of prospective, randomized studies comparing the diagnostic yield and complication rates of 22-gauge and 25-gauge needles during EUS-FNA of solid pancreatic masses. Objectives Our primary aim was to compare the diagnostic yield of 22-gauge and 25-gauge needles. Secondary aims included determining the number of needle passes performed, ease of needle passage, and complications. Design Prospective, randomized study. Setting Tertiary referral centers at Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, and Virginia Piper Cancer Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Patients Patients with a suspected solid pancreatic mass from February 2007 to June 2008 were enrolled. Interventions Patients were randomized to EUS-FNA with a 22-gauge or 25-gauge needle. Main Outcome Measurements A diagnostic result was defined as cytology findings positive for malignant cells. Results A total of 131 patients were enrolled: EUS-FNA was performed with a 22-gauge needle in 64 patients and with a 25-gauge needle in 67 patients. Cytology was diagnostic in 120 (91.6%) of 131 patients overall: 56 (87.5%) of 64 with 22-gauge needles and 64 (95.5%) of 67 with 25-gauge needles (no statistically significant difference was found between the 2 groups; P =.18). A similar number of passes was performed in both arms (mean [SD] 2.6 [1.2] each; P =.96). There were no complications in either group. Limitation A larger number of patients is needed to determine small differences in diagnostic yield. Conclusions This is the first prospective, randomized trial comparing 22-gauge and 25-gauge needles in EUS-FNA of solid pancreatic masses. We achieved equally high diagnostic yields by using a similar number of passes, showing that 25-gauge needles are an effective alternative to 22-gauge needles.
Vibratory response of a mirror support/positioning system for the Advanced Photon Source project at Argonne National Laboratory

The vibratory response of a typical mirror support/positioning system used at the experimental stations of the advanced photon source (APS) project at Argonne National Laboratory is investigated. Positioning precision and stability are especially critical when the supported mirror directs a high-intensity beam aimed at a distant target. Stability may be compromised by low level, low frequency seismic and facility-originated vibrations traveling through the ground and/or vibrations caused by flow-structure interactions in the mirror cooling system. The example case system has five positioning degrees of freedom through the use of precision actuators and rotary and linear bearings. These linkage devices results in complex, multi-dimensional vibratory behavior that is a function of the range of positioning configurations. A rigorous multibody dynamical approach is used for the development of the system equations. Initial results of the study, including estimates of natural frequencies and mode shapes, as well as limited parametric design studies, are presented. While the results reported here are for a particular system, the developed vibratory analysis approach is applicable to the wide range of high-precision optical positioning systems encountered at the APS and at other comparable facilities.
Abnormal Flow Volume Loops in Patients With Intrathoracic Hodgkin's Disease

Study objectives To study the incidence of upper airway obstruction, as measured on the flow volume loop (FVL), in patients with bulky mediastinal Hodgkin's disease; to correlate the FVL with CT of the chest; and to follow the changes in the FVL after treatment of the tumor. Design Retrospective study of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and chest CTs performed as part of a clinical trial for Hodgkin's disease. Setting Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, a comprehensive cancer care center. Patients Twenty-five patients (15 men and 10 women; age range, 20 to 57 years) with bulky mediastinal Hodgkin's disease enrolled in a clinical trial of chemotherapy followed by external beam radiation therapy. Measurements and results Fourteen of 25 patients (56%) had an abnormal FVL prior to therapy; after chemotherapy, only 7 of 25 patients (28%) had an abnormal FVL. The abnormal patterns seen were either those typical of fixed obstruction or variable extrathoracic obstruction. No patient had a pattern typical of variable intrathoracic obstruction. On chest CT scan, 16 patients had grade-I tracheal deformity; 6 had grade-II deformity, and 3 had grade-III deformity. All three patients with grade-III deformity had a fixed obstruction pattern, as did three patients with a grade-I pattern. Patients with a fixed pattern on FVL had significant decreases in inspiratory and expiratory flow rates. Conclusion FVL abnormalities suggesting upper airway obstruction occurred in > 50% of patients with bulky mediastinal Hodgkin's disease. A fixed pattern of obstruction was associated with the lower flow rates and severe tracheal distortion on CT; these patients may warrant special attention prior to general anesthesia or invasive procedures. Asymptomatic patients with abnormal FVLs but normal tracheal profiles need not undergo extensive evaluation. No patients showed the expected pattern typical of intrathoracic obstruction, but rather the major effect was on the inspiratory loop. The authors speculate on the mechanism for this unexpected finding.