cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of thickness of the waterproofing sheath on the calibration of photon and electron beams.

The TG-21 protocol recommends using a thin sheath for waterproofing an ion chamber used in the calibration of photon and electron beams. A thickness of 0.5 mm is suggested for a material having a composition and density close to that of water. This work investigates the effect on the calibration of photon beams ranging from Co/sup 60/ to 25 MV, and electron beams ranging from nominal energies of 7--18 MeV, for changes in the thickness of the waterproofing sheath from 0.5 to 5.5 mm. For photon beams, a maximum change of 1.2% was found for the 25-MV x-ray beam. For electron beams, a maximum change of 0.5% was found for 10-MeV electrons. It is concluded that the thickness of the waterproofing sheath is not a very sensitive variable, assuming the thickness is between 0.5 and 2.0 mm.
Cis-transcriptional variation in maize inbred lines B73 and Mo17 leads to additive expression patterns in the F1 hybrid.

Microarray analysis of gene expression patterns in immature ear, seedling, and embryo tissues from the maize inbred lines B73 and Mo17 identified numerous genes with variable expression. Some genes had detectable expression in only one of the two inbreds; most of these genes were detected in the genomic DNA of both inbreds, indicating that the expression differences are likely caused by differential regulation rather than by differences in gene content. Gene expression was also monitored in the reciprocal F1 hybrids B73 × Mo17 and Mo17 × B73. The reciprocal F1 hybrid lines did not display parental effects on gene expression levels. Approximately 80% of the differentially expressed genes displayed additive expression patterns in the hybrids relative to the inbred parents. The ∼20% of genes that display nonadditive expression patterns tend to be expressed at levels within the parental range, with minimal evidence for novel expression levels greater than the high parent or less than the low parent. Analysis of allele-specific expression patterns in the hybrid suggested that intraspecific variation in gene expression levels is largely attributable to cis-regulatory variation in maize. Collectively, our data suggest that allelic cis-regulatory variation between B73 and Mo17 dictates maintenance of inbred allelic expression levels in the F1 hybrid, resulting in additive expression patterns.
How factory physics helps simulation

Factory physics provides a systematic description, expressed as laws, of the underlying behavior of a system. These laws can provide important assistance in performing simulation studies. They help in deciding what performance measures to collect and what alternatives to evaluate as well as in interpreting simulation results. The laws help identify the properties of systems that may be important to include in models. They provide an analytic foundation that helps in understanding the behavior of systems as well as giving insight into the types of issues addressed in simulation studies. Verification and validation evidence can be collected based on these laws. This paper examines the application of specific factory physics laws to the activities of a simulation project. Examples showing the application of these principles in industrial projects, masters level student projects, and application studies used in undergraduate and graduate simulation classes are given.
Dynamic Role of Host Stress Responses in Modulating the Cutaneous Microbiome: Implications for Wound Healing and Infection.

Significance: Humans are under constant bombardment by various stressors, including psychological anxiety and physiologic injury. Understanding how these stress responses influence the innate immune system and the skin microbiome remains elusive due to the complexity of the neuroimmune and stress response pathways. Both animal and human studies have provided critical information upon which to further elucidate the mechanisms by which mammalian stressors impair normal wound healing and/or promote chronic wound progression. Recent Advances: Development of high-throughput genomic and bioinformatic approaches has led to the discovery of both an epidermal and dermal microbiome with distinct characteristics. This technology is now being used to identify statistical correlations between specific microbiota profiles and clinical outcomes related to cutaneous wound healing and the response to pathogenic infection. Studies have also identified more prominent roles for typical skin commensal organisms in maintaining...
Mechanisms and Consequences of Ebolavirus-Induced Lymphocyte Apoptosis

Ebolavirus (EBOV) is a member of the filovirus family and causes severe hemorrhagic fever, resulting in death in up to 90% of infected humans. EBOV infection induces massive bystander lymphocyte apoptosis; however, neither the cellular apoptotic pathway(s) nor the systemic implications of lymphocyte apoptosis in EBOV infection are known. In this study, we show data suggesting that EBOV-induced lymphocyte apoptosis in vivo occurs via both the death receptor (extrinsic) and mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathways, as both Fas-associated death domain dominant negative transgenic mice and mice overexpressing bcl-2 were resistant to EBOV-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. Surprisingly, inhibiting lymphocyte apoptosis during EBOV infection did not result in improved animal survival. Furthermore, we show for the first time that hepatocyte apoptosis likely occurs in EBOV infection, and that mice lacking the proapoptotic genes Bim and Bid had reduced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver enzyme levels postinfection. Collectively, these data suggest that EBOV induces multiple proapoptotic stimuli and that blocking lymphocyte apoptosis is not sufficient to improve survival in EBOV infection. These data suggest that hepatocyte apoptosis may play a role in the pathogenesis of EBOV infection, whereas lymphocyte apoptosis appears to be nonessential for EBOV disease progression.
Biasing materials for spin-valve read heads

In this paper, the performance of CoNiO, NiO, NiMn and IrMn as exchange biasing materials for use in spin-valve read heads is described. The significant material properties investigated were biasing fields, thermal stability, thickness effects and corrosion resistance. The oxide materials had excellent corrosion resistance, but NiO had poor exchange fields and CoNiO had a poor blocking temperature. NiMn had the best exchange field with an interfacial exchange coupling of 0.25 erg/cm/sup 2/, but it required high temperature annealing in order to realize this. It also had good thermal and corrosion resistance properties. The blocking temperature of the oxides and IrMn were found to diminish with decreasing thicknesses of the antiferromagnets. This effect was determined to be consistent with a finite-size-scaling phenomenon. IrMn was found to have a good combination of the properties investigated, the weakest being its corrosion resistance, which was nevertheless better than FeMn. Spin-valves fabricated with IrMn as the pinning material showed excellent magnetic and thermal properties with MR ratios as high as 10% and good spin-valve responses up to 209/spl deg/C IrMn pinned spin-valves had very good performance for narrow trackwidth elements, with MR ratios as high as 5% and pinning fields of >600 Oe for 0.5 /spl mu/m trackwidth devices.
The Influence of Pain Catastrophizing on Experimentally Induced Emotion and Emotional Modulation of Nociception

Abstract Pain catastrophizing is associated with enhanced pain and pain-related outcomes. Unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying the catastrophizing-pain relationship are poorly understood. Given evidence suggesting significant relationships among catastrophizing, emotion, and pain, it is possible that catastrophizing may alter nociception and pain through affective processes. Research has shown that emotionally charged pictures (erotica, neutral, threat/attack scenes) manipulate emotional valence (positive affect vs negative affect) and modulate physiological and subjective nociceptive reactions (pleasure-induced inhibition, displeasure-induced facilitation). Using this methodology, the present study addressed 2 questions: (1) Does pain catastrophizing moderate affective reactions to standard emotional stimuli (eg, augmented negative affect)? and (2) Does pain catastrophizing moderate the relationship between emotion and nociception (eg, augmented displeasure-induced facilitation)? Erotic, neutral, and attack pictures were presented to 53 participants who rated their emotional responses. During pictures, noxious electric stimulations were delivered to evoke nociceptive reactions (nociceptive flexion reflex, skin conductance response, heart rate acceleration, subjective pain). Results suggest that pain catastrophizing did not moderate emotional reactions to standardized picture stimuli, nor did catastrophizing moderate the influence of emotion on nociceptive reactions. This suggests that catastrophizing does not influence pain indirectly through emotional processes. Perspective Pain catastrophizing is commonly associated with negative emotions and maladaptive responses to pain. The current study provides evidence indicating catastrophizing does not alter pain and nociception indirectly via emotional processes.
Effect of Digital Rectal Examination and Needle Biopsy on Serum Total and Percentage of Free Prostate Specific Antigen Levels

ABSTRACTPurpose: We determined the effect of digital rectal examination and prostatic biopsy on serum total and free prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentrations in men undergoing screening for prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: In 93 men recruited from our PSA screening program we measured the serum concentrations of total and free PSA on 3 occasions during a 30-day interval before performing digital rectal examination. Total and free PSA measurements were repeated 1 and 24 hours after the rectal examination. Serum total and free PSA also was measured immediately before, and 1 hour, 24 hours and 1 week after prostatic biopsy in 30 men.Results: Biological variation for total and free PSA was 14.7 and 14.0%, respectively. At 1 hour after rectal examination total and free PSA increased by more than the biological variation in 31 and 48% of the men, respectively. Increases were significantly greater in men whose initial PSA concentrations were less than 4.0 ng./ml. There was a dramatic increase in tota...
Goodbye Androgen Hypothesis, Hello Saturation Model

It is worthy of remark that a belief constantly inculcated during the early years of life, while the brain is impressible, appears to acquire almost the nature of an instinct; and the very essence of an instinct is that it is followed independently of reason. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man In this issue of European Urology, Muller et al [1] provide the final nail in the coffin for what had been a guiding principle of uro-oncology for >70 yr: the androgen hypothesis of prostate cancer (PCa). The androgen hypothesis originated with the Nobel-winning work of Charles Huggins, who, together with coauthor Clarence Hodges, reported in 1941 that castration caused PCa regression in men with metastatic disease, and that testosterone (T) administration caused PCa progression [2]. They concluded that T activates PCa, producing an enhanced rate of growth. Over the years, the androgen hypothesis came to include the following features: PCa is an androgen-dependent cancer; high T levels contribute to the development of PCa; high T causes rapid growth of PCa; and low T is protective against development of PCa and causes PCa to regress. Medical trainees were taught that the relationship between T and PCa was like food for a hungry tumor or like pouring gasoline on a fire. Conversely, men who developed severely depressed T early in life (eg, eunuchs) never developed PCa. There was no reason to doubt the androgen hypothesis during my urology residency in the mid-1980s and in the period immediately afterward. Men who underwent castration for painful bony metastases experienced rapid relief, sometimes within hours. The newly available luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists produced similar results, confirmed by dramatic declines in the new marker, prostate-specific antigen (PSA). However, one drawback of the LHRH agonists was the initial T flare, associated in some cases with sudden death and vertebral collapse, attributed to the transient rise in serum T. The
Submarine Thermal Springs on the Galápagos Rift

The submarine hydrothermal activity on and near the Galapagos Rift has been explored with the aid of the deep submersible Alvin. Analyses of water samples from hydrothermal vents reveal that hydrothermal activity provides significant or dominant sources and sinks for several components of seawater; studies of conductive and convective heat transfer suggest that two-thirds of the heat lost from new oceanic lithosphere at the Galapagos Rift in the first million years may be vented from thermal springs, predominantly along the axial ridge within the rift valley. The vent areas are populated by animal communities. They appear to utilize chemosynthesis by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria to derive their entire energy supply from reactions between the seawater and the rocks at high temperatures, rather than photosynthesis.
Protons as Second Messenger Regulators of G Protein Signaling

In response to environmental stress, cells often generate pH signals that serve to protect vital cellular components and reprogram gene expression for survival. A major barrier to our understanding of this process has been the identification of signaling proteins that detect changes in intracellular pH. To identify candidate pH sensors, we developed a computer algorithm that searches proteins for networks of proton-binding sidechains. This analysis indicates that Gα subunits, the principal transducers of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signals, are pH sensors. Our structure-based calculations and biophysical investigations reveal that Gα subunits contain networks of pH-sensing sidechains buried between their Ras and helical domains. Further, we show that proton binding induces changes in conformation that promote Gα phosphorylation and suppress receptor-initiated signaling. Together, our computational, biophysical, and cellular analyses reveal an unexpected function for G proteins as mediators of stress-response signaling.
Aerodynamic excitation of the harmonium reed

An investigation of the mechanism responsible for the self-excited oscillations of a harmonium reed is presented. Experiments show that the amplitude of vibration of the reed grows exponentially, and measurements of the growth rate as a function of the flow past the reed are reported. Flow visualization studies lead to the conclusion that jet or wake instability is not important in exciting the reed vibration. An analysis of the flow around the reed as an unsteady potential flow results in the evaluation of the aerodynamic forces exciting the reed. The analysis shows that the pressure which excites the reed motion is of the order of is the reed velocity.
Three‐dimensional time‐of‐flight MR angiography with variable TE (VARIETE) for fat signal reduction

Uniform fat saturation over a large region of interest remains a problem in time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography applications. We demonstrate that a variable echo time with an opposed phase value at low spatial slice select frequencies can effectively reduce most of the fat signal in an otherwise standard three-dimensional TOF acquisition. We evaluated this method at 1.5 T using a short TE = 5.3 ms and a long TE = 6.75 ms for different values of the slice encoding gradient (i.e., different kz values). Shorter echo time (TE = 5.3 msec) was used at higher spatial slice select frequencies, but all echoes have the same gradient structures. By keeping the number of slice encoding steps with longer echoes to a minimum, field inhomogeneity effects on flow compensation remained small. A magnetization transfer saturation pulse was used to suppress signal of brain parenchyma. Overall, highly uniform and selective fat signal reduction was obtained while maintaining superior flow compensation in all volunteer studies.
Optical spectroscopic studies of the polymorphic forms of 1, 4-dihydroxyanthraquinone

Electronic, infrared and resonance Raman spectra of the two crystalline polymorphic forms of 1, 4-dihydroxyanthraquinone are reported. The differences in the spectral properties are explained on the basis of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds in one form compared with intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the other form. The intermolecular interaction leads to exciton splitting and strong hypochromic effects in the resonance Raman spectrum. The optical properties of the intramolecular hydrogen bonded form resemble that of the anthracycline drug adriamycin and serves as a useful model.
A fuzzy-based reconstruction algorithm for estimating metal fill profile in lost foam casting

Lost foam casting (LFC) process is one of the most energy efficient casting methods in the industry. The metal-fill profile is an important factor that affects casting quality. Hence the characterization and the control of the metal fill, if possible, are essential in LFC. Electrical capacitive tomography (ECT) sensors, based on measuring the change in the coupling capacitance with the presence of grounded metal in its proximity, provide a simple non-intrusive visualization technique of acquiring the metal profile. The principle of ECT is to use a rugged and noninvasive array of capacitive electrodes mounted around a target area and measure the changes in inter-electrode capacitance caused by variations of the grounded metal inside the target area. Cross-sectional images of the metal distribution are then reconstructed from the measured data. Deducing the metal fill distribution from the capacitance measurements is a difficult problem. A novel technique for solving the inverse problem in the electrical capacitance tomography is introduced. The new technique is based on Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS) to predict the molten metal profile from the capacitance measurements. The developed system is intended to be utilized on the foundry floor and hence a limited number of measurements are utilized. The proposed technique is able to detect the position of the metal by using just eight measurements from the sensors.
The Af gene regulates timing and direction of major developmental events during leaf morphogenesis in garden pea (Pisum sativum)

The wildtype leaf of the garden pea possesses proximal pairs of leaflets and distal pairs of tendrils in the blade region. The afila (af ) mutation causes leaflets to be replaced by compound (branched) tendrils. We characterized the morphological variation in leaf form along the plant axis and leaf development in early and late postembryonic leaves on afila plants to infer the role of the Af gene. Leaf forms are more diverse early in shoot ontogeny on afila plants. Af influences pinna length and pinna branching in addition to pinna type. Pinna initiation in the proximal region of afila leaf primordia is basipetal and delayed compared to wildtype plants. In addition, pinna development in the proximal region of afila leaves occurs for a longer period of time than on wildtype leaf primordia. Therefore, Af regulates the timing and direction of leaf developmental processes in the proximal region of the leaf, but has little eect on the distal region. These data support the heterochronic model of pea leaf morphogenesis proposed by Lu et al .( International Journal of Plant Science 157: 311‐355, 1996). # 1999 Annals of Botany Company
Why do ineffective treatments seem helpful? A brief review

After any therapy, when symptoms improve, healthcare providers (and patients) are tempted to award credit to treatment. Over time, a particular treatment can seem so undeniably helpful that scientific verification of efficacy is judged an inconvenient waste of time and resources. Unfortunately, practitioners' accumulated, day-to-day, informal impressions of diagnostic reliability and clinical efficacy are of limited value. To help clarify why even treatments entirely lacking in direct effect can seem helpful, I will explain why real signs and symptoms often improve, independent of treatment. Then, I will detail quirks of human perception, interpretation, and memory that often make symptoms seem improved, when they are not. I conclude that healthcare will grow to full potential only when judgments of clinical efficacy routinely are based in properly scientific, placebo-controlled, outcome analysis.
Transverse-Stress Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor With High Spatial Resolution and Temperature Stability

We demonstrate a new method for measuring transverse stress with 10.2-mum spatial resolution in a fiber Bragg grating sensor, without the use of polarization-maintaining fiber, by combining a four-state polarization analysis with a layer-peeling algorithm. Measurements of the externally induced birefringence agree well with predicted values. We also demonstrate that our measurement is insensitive to temperature changes and spatial gradients, making it ideal for nonisothermal applications.
Have Changing Palivizumab Administration Policies Led to More Respiratory Morbidity in Infants Born at 32-35 Weeks?

Objectives To determine differences in the incidence of respiratory morbidity during the first year of life among infants born 32 0/7 -34 6/7 weeks' gestational age (GA) before and after the administration policy for palivizumab, as written by the American Academy of Pediatrics, was updated in 2009. Study design Secondary analysis of the dataset collected for the Gastrointestinal Risk Factors for Wheezing in Premature Infants study, which enrolled preterm infants without bronchopulmonary dysplasia and followed them by parental questionnaires at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months adjusted age for prematurity. Participants were included if they were enrolled in Gastrointestinal Risk Factors for Wheezing in Premature Infants, born 32 0/7 -34 6/7 weeks' GA, and completed the 12-month questionnaire. We compared rates of recurrent wheezing, respiratory medication use, and health care use before (Epoch 1) and after (Epoch 2) the 2009 administration policy change. Results A total of 165 infants met inclusion criteria. There was a significant increase in recurrent wheezing in Epoch 2 (46.2%) vs Epoch 1 (28.8%) (OR 2.22 [95% CI 1.08-4.53], P = .03). There was a nonsignificant increase in visits to the emergency department in Epoch 2 (27.4%) vs Epoch 1 (15.3%) (OR 2.12 [95% CI 0.91-4.96], P = .08). There were no differences in hospital admissions or respiratory medication use. Conclusions Infants born 32 0/7 -34 6/7 weeks' GA treated after the American Academy of Pediatrics administration policy change in 2009 had a greater incidence of recurrent wheezing than those treated according to the previous policy. It will be important to track rates of recurrent wheezing after the 2014 administration policy, because it may be an important factor in future cost-effectiveness analyses.
The Administrator and Recreation

(1938). The Administrator and Recreation. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 339-399.
Inequity aversion strategies between marmosets are influenced by partner familiarity and sex but not by oxytocin

Cooperation among individuals depends, in large part, on a sense of fairness. Many cooperating non-human primates (NHPs) show inequity aversion, (i.e., negative responses to unequal outcomes), and these responses toward inequity likely evolved as a means to preserve the advantages of cooperative relationships. However, marmosets (Callithrix spp.) tend to show little or no inequity aversion, despite the high occurrence of prosociality and cooperative-breeding in callitrichid monkeys. Oxytocin [OXT] has been implicated in a wide variety of social processes, but little is known about whether OXT modulates inequity aversion toward others. We used a tray pulling task to evaluate whether marmosets would donate superior rewards to their long-term pairmate or an opposite-sex stranger following OXT, OXT antagonist, and saline treatments. We found that marmosets show inequity aversion, and this inequity aversion is socially- and sex-specific. Male marmosets show inequity aversion toward their pairmates but not strangers, and female marmosets do not show inequity aversion. OXT treatments did not significantly influence inequity aversion in marmosets. While OXT may modulate prosocial preferences, the motivations underlying cooperative relationships, such as inequity aversion, are multifaceted. More research is needed to evaluate the evolutionary origins, biological processes, and social contexts that influence complex phenotypes like inequity aversion. Inequity aversion can differ within species in important and distinct ways including between individuals who do and do not share a cooperative relationship. Overall, these findings support the view that inequity aversion is an important behavioural strategy for the maintenance of cooperative relationships.
A Multi-Resolution Approach with Sparseness Property for Input-Output Approximation

This paper presents a multi-resolution approach for the modeling of input-output data with a sparse basis function set. The two key tools of our approach are the sparse approximation method through l 1 norm regularization and a powerful averaging process which allows one to blend independent and arbitrary local models to obtain a global model without introducing discontinuities on the boundaries. The ability of choosing arbitrary local models makes using sparse approximation for obtaining local models possible. Local approximation selects a sparse solution from a larger number of basis functions, while the averaging process blends these sparse local models to obtain a global model, which is further rened by minimizing the l 2 norm of the global approximation error. The proposed approach is tested on two numerical simulation examples. The results show the proposed multi-resolution sparse approximation approach can provide accurate models with only the best available basis functions in the basis dictionary .
Charge-Transfer and Ligand-Localized Photophysics in Luminescent Cyclometalated Pyrazolate-Bridged Dinuclear Platinum(II) Complexes

We present the synthesis, photophysical characterization, and electrochemistry of three series of cyclometalated binuclear platinum(II) complexes, each bridged by two 3,5-disubstituted pyrazolate ligands (μ-R2pz). These neutral compounds have the general formula [C∧NPt(μ-R2pz)]2, where C∧N is a cyclometalating ligand corresponding to 2-(2′-thienyl)pyridine (thpy), 1-phenylisoquinoline (piq), or 7,8-benzoquinoline (bzq) with R = H, Me, iPr, Ph, corresponding to series I–III dimers, respectively. Systematic variation of the cyclometalating ligands in addition to the bridging pyrazolates renders colorful structures exhibiting a range of electrochemical and spectroscopic behavior with absorption and photoluminescence properties tuned over a wide portion of the visible spectrum. Steric bulk introduced into the 3,5-positions on the pz bridges readily modulates intramolecular d8–d8 metal–metal σ interactions strongly affecting the frontier orbitals’ electronic structure, manifested by changes in absorption and e...
Epode: The Grassroots Fight Against Obesity in the United States and France

No country has been spared from the epidemic of obesity. France, whose people were once thought to be paradoxically exempt from concerns about overweight, is seeing alarming increases in the rates of obesity among its children. Today in France, one in five children below the age of 11 are obese and, more troublingly, nearly two thirds of French children with obesity will continue to suffer from the condition throughout their life. Blame has been focused on the pervasiveness of junk food in schools and at home, on the lack of exercise, and on the growth of a sedentary work culture that has threatened France’s traditional mealtimes and modes of life.
Protesting and Policing Boundaries: the Role of Protest in Changing Ethnic Boundaries During the Civil Rights Movement

How are ethnic boundaries altered in the wake of challenges to ethnic hierarchy? While ethnic boundaries may evolve in the longterm, I argue that in moments of rupture boundaries can change quickly. Mass incarceration and police stop-and-frisk policies evidence the fact that the security apparatus of the state can institutionalize racial and ethnic boundaries through the threat of and use of violence. In this paper, I examine how the 1966 Campaign by the Chicago Freedom Movement by Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference altered the police behavior towards, and thus the racial boundary of, the black community in American cities. I use unique data, collected in 1966, on the details of nearly 20000 police-citizen interactions in Chicago, Boston, and DC. In the midst of this data collection, the SCLC began housing demonstrations in Chicago. I exploit this coincidence to test whether the protests led the policing of black communities and the application of state power at the racial boundary, to intensify or abate. By showing how the police responded to protest against the racial status quo, this paper furthers understanding of the intersection of race and criminal law. More generally, this paper employs a strong research design and unique data on ethnic practices at the micro-level to show that the content of ethnic boundaries change quickly during social upheaval.
Collective enhancement and suppression in dilute Bose-Einstein condensates

The coherent and collective nature of a Bose-Einstein condensate can enhance or suppress physical processes. Bosonic stimulation enhances scattering in already occupied states which leads to matter wave amplification, and the suppression of dissipation leads to superfluidity. In this summer school notes we present several experiments where enhancement and suppression have been observed and discuss the common roots of and differences between these phenomena.
Visualizing Directional Rab7 and TrkA Cotrafficking in Axons by pTIRF Microscopy

Rab7 GTPase is known to regulate protein degradation and intracellular signaling via endocytic sorting and is also known to be involved in peripheral neurodegeneration. Mutations in the GTP-binding pocket of Rab7 cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2B (CMT-2B) neuropathy. It has been suggested that the CMT-2B-associated Rab7 mutants may disrupt retrograde survival signaling by degrading the signaling endosomes carrying the nerve growth factor (NGF) and its TrkA receptor. Studying the cotrafficking of Rab7 and retrograde-TrkA endosomes in axons is therefore important to understand how Rab7 mutants affect the NGF signaling in neurons. However, tracking the axonal transport of Rab7 and TrkA with conventional microscopy and assigning the transport directionality in mass neuronal cultures pose some practical challenges. In this chapter, we describe the combination of a single-molecule imaging technique, pseudo-total internal reflection fluorescence (pTIRF) microscopy, with microfluidic neuron cultures that enables the simultaneous tracking of fluorescently labeled Rab7- and TrkA-containing endosomes in axons.
Hepatic Dysfunction in Patients Receiving Intravenous Amiodarone

Objectives Amiodarone is a commonly used antiarrhythmic drug. Hepatotoxicity following chronic oral administration occurs in 1% to 3% of patients. Hepatotoxicity following intravenous (IV) administration is infrequent but may be associated with dramatic increases in serum transaminases. We describe the incidence of liver toxicity among patients receiving IV amiodarone during a 5-year period. Methods This was a single-center retrospective review of patients receiving IV amiodarone for any cause. The outcome measures were development of elevated serum transaminases and the relation of transaminitis to all-cause 30-day mortality. Results A total of 1510 patients received amiodarone intravenously between 2005 and 2011; 77 (5%) developed elevated liver enzymes. Enzyme elevation was divided into mild (100-300 IU/L), moderate (300-1000 IU/L), and severe (>1000 IU/L). The median alanine aminotransferase was 189 (37-10,006) IU/L and aspartate aminotransferase was 253 (84-12,005) IU/L. The 30-day mortality among those with transaminitis was 22%; however, no patient died of amiodarone-related liver disease. Conclusions Amiodarone can cause severe elevation in liver enzymes. The incidence of severe transaminitis is low; deaths following IV amiodarone are rarely caused by drug-induced liver failure.
SR-BI is required for microvillar channel formation and the localization of HDL particles to the surface of adrenocortical cells in vivo

Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) mediates the selective uptake of HDL cholesteryl ester into liver and steroidogenic tissues. In steroidogenic cells, juxtaposed microvilli, or microvilli snuggled against the plasma membrane create microvillar channels that fill with HDL. Microvillar membranes contain SR-BI and are believed to be the site of HDL cholesteryl ester uptake. A recent study showed that SR-BI expression in insect cells elicits membrane structures that contain SR-BI, bind HDL, and closely resemble the ultrastructure of microvillar channels. In the present study we compared the ultrastructure of adrenal gland microvillar membranes in Srb1+/+ and Srb1-/- mice to test whether SR-BI is required for the formation of microvillar channels. The results show that SR-BI is absolutely required for microvillar channel formation and that the microvillar membranes of Srb1-/- mice are 17% thinner than in Srb1+/+ mice. We conclude that SR-BI has a major influence on plasma membrane ultrastructure and organization in vivo.
Opportunities for Application of Superconducting Magnet Technology to Large-Scale Magnetic Suspensions

This paper will discuss some future opportunities for engineering application of superconductivity in magnetic suspension and magnetic levitation systems. Particular emphasis is placed on high-Tc superconducting electromagnets and large-scale aerospace applications. Important practical difficulties and limitations are addressed.
Towards Autonomous Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Landing: A Vision-Aided Inertial Navigation under Sensor Reconfiguration Scenario

Abstract While autonomous landing of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) requires accurate position estimation, the standard inertial navigation unit (INU, the inertial measurement unit with a global positioning system (GPS)) provides relatively poor accuracy in altitude estimation. A common solution for this problem is to aid the INU with additional sensors and/or ground infrastructures, but the main hurdles to the approach are the limited payload of UAVs and extra cost involved. Dynamic sensor reconfiguration can be a good alternative by constructing a new sensor system utilizing available sensors around without adding new sensory equipment to UAVs. In this paper, a sensor reconfiguration scenario for autonomous fixed-wing UAV landing is considered and the resulting vision-aided inertial navigation system is investigated. This paper presents (i) a sensor fusion algorithm for a passive monocular camera and an INU based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), and (ii) an object-detection vision algorithm using optical flow. The EKF is chosen to take care of the nonlinearities in the vision system, and the optical flow is used to robustly detect the UAV from noisy background. Pilot-controlled landing experiments on a NASA UAV platform and the filter simulations were performed to validate the feasibility of the proposed approach. Promising results were obtained showing 50%-80% error reduction in altitude estimation.
Spatially Resolved Electronic Properties of Single-Layer WS2 on Transition Metal Oxides.

There is a substantial interest in the heterostructures of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) among each other or with arbitrary materials, through which the control of the chemical, structural, electronic, spintronic, and optical properties can lead to a change in device paradigms. A critical need is to understand the interface between TMDCs and insulating substrates, for example, high-κ dielectrics, which can strongly impact the electronic properties such as the optical gap. Here, we show that the chemical and electronic properties of the single-layer (SL) TMDC, WS2, can be transferred onto high-κ transition metal oxide substrates TiO2 and SrTiO3. The resulting samples are much more suitable for measuring their electronic and chemical structures with angle-resolved photoemission than their native-grown SiO2 substrates. We probe the WS2 on the micron scale across 100 μm flakes and find that the occupied electronic structure is exactly as predicted for free-standing SL WS2 with a stro...
A. G. P. A. News

(1963). A. G. P. A. News. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 507-509.
Analyzing the Applicability of IRC § 162 on the Pay-for-Play Model

Identifying the federal tax home of professional athletes has been a minimally examined area in academic scholarly works, but an important analysis for IRC § 162 business expense deduction purposes. However, due to the inconsistency among circuits in defining the term home from an IRC § 162 perspective, and because the U.S. Supreme Court has decidedly not clarified the definition of the term home for business expense deduction purposes, applying the conflicting interpretations could eventually pose an interesting federal tax issue for paid student-athletes. This article analyzes the realistic application of IRC § 162 on paid student-athletes, and proposes that interpreting the location of their federal tax home will require judicial guidance should the pay-for-play model be effectuated in the future.
Left–Right Patterning: Breaking Symmetry to Asymmetric Morphogenesis

Vertebrates exhibit striking left–right (L–R) asymmetries in the structure and position of the internal organs. Symmetry is broken by motile cilia-generated asymmetric fluid flow, resulting in a signaling cascade – the Nodal–Pitx2 pathway – being robustly established within mesodermal tissue on the left side only. This pathway impinges upon various organ primordia to instruct their side-specific development. Recently, progress has been made in understanding both the breaking of embryonic L–R symmetry and how the Nodal–Pitx2 pathway controls lateralized cell differentiation, migration, and other aspects of cell behavior, as well as tissue-level mechanisms, that drive asymmetries in organ formation. Proper execution of asymmetric organogenesis is critical to health, making furthering our understanding of L–R development an important concern.
Ultrathin high band gap solar cells with improved efficiencies from the world's oldest photovoltaic material.

Selenium was used in the first solid state solar cell in 1883 and gave early insights into the photoelectric effect that inspired Einstein’s Nobel Prize work; however, the latest efficiency milestone of 5.0% was more than 30 years ago. The recent surge of interest towards high-band gap absorbers for tandem applications led us to reconsider this attractive 1.95 eV material. Here, we show completely redesigned selenium devices with improved back and front interfaces optimized through combinatorial studies and demonstrate record open-circuit voltage (V OC) of 970 mV and efficiency of 6.5% under 1 Sun. In addition, Se devices are air-stable, non-toxic, and extremely simple to fabricate. The absorber layer is only 100 nm thick, and can be processed at 200 ˚C, allowing temperature compatibility with most bottom substrates or sub-cells. We analyze device limitations and find significant potential for further improvement making selenium an attractive high-band-gap absorber for multi-junction device applications. Wide band gap semiconductors are important for the development of tandem photovoltaics. By introducing buffer layers at the front and rear side of solar cells based on selenium; Todorov et al., reduce interface recombination losses to achieve photoconversion efficiencies of 6.5%.
AIM: accelerating computational genomics through scalable and noninvasive accelerator-interposed memory

Computational genomics plays an important role in health care, but is computationally challenging as most genomics applications use large data sets and are both computation-intensive and memory-intensive. Recent approaches with on-chip hardware accelerators can boost computing capability and energy efficiency, but are limited by the memory requirements of accelerators when processing workloads like computational genomics. In this paper we propose the accelerator-interposed memory (AIM) as a means of scalable and noninvasive near-memory acceleration. To avoid the high memory access latency and bandwidth limitation of CPU-side acceleration, we design accelerators as a separate package, called AIM module, and physically place an AIM module between each DRAM DIMM module and conventional memory bus network. Experimental results for genomics applications confirm the benefits of AIM. Due to the much lower memory access latency and scalable memory bandwidth, our noninvasive AIM achieves much better performance scalability than the CPU-side acceleration when the memory system scales up. When there are 16 instances of accelerators and DIMMs in the system, AIM achieves up to 3.7x better performance than the CPU-side acceleration.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SPATIAL VENTRICULAR GRADIENT DIRECTION AND REGIONAL MYOCARDIAL DEFORMATION IN THE GENERAL POPULATION: THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK IN COMMUNITIES (ARIC) STUDY

Measures of global electrical heterogeneity (GEH), such as spatial ventricular gradient (SVG) reflect cardiac electrophysiological substrate associated with sudden cardiac death. We hypothesized that SVG direction on ECG is associated with regional myocardial deformation, and that this association
Self-Subjectification and Simulating Exotic Dance: Women’s Experience in Pole Dance Fitness Classes

Twenty-five women enrolled in pole dance exercise classes were interviewed about their experience in class and how it has affected their lives. Using a grounded theory analysis, we identified emergent themes suggesting self-objectification in temporarily empowering yet perhaps ultimately limiting forms. Participants describe benefits including new found appreciation of their bodies and their sensuality, a supportive social environment, and a greater confidence in their lives outside of the pole dance studio. When queried about the origins of pole dancing in strip clubs, participants minimized this association, though at the same time, they appropriated elements of strip club culture that fit the rhetoric of the pole dance school. Further questions probed women’s thoughts about the benefits of the class, in particular, on the emancipatory possibilities and limitations of pole dancing as a path to empowered embodiment.
Modular Spider Silk Fibers: Defining New Modules and Optimizing Fiber Properties

Orb-web weaving spiders use multiple silk fibers to accomplish different tasks, combining repetitive peptide modules to produce different properties in each fiber. Each fiber is the product of a distinct gland, but is subject to a common spinning paradigm to produce an insoluble fiber from an aqueous-soluble protein dope. We start by presenting the cloning of the last of the six silks used by Nephila clavipes, the piriform silk spidroin. This piriform fiber presents a unique set of protein modules, which are used to attach other silk fibers to surfaces and to each other. Fiber spinning studies using major ampullate, minor ampullate, and flagelliform modules responsible for distinct secondary structures and therefore fiber properties will be presented. The properties of various synthetic fibers such as the initial (Young’s) modulus, tensile strength at break, strain at break, and toughness will be presented for a N. clavipes flagelliform/major ampullate hybrid synthetic fiber series, and an Argiope aurantia flagelliform/major ampullate hybrid synthetic fiber. Then, an N. clavipes major ampullate protein 1 synthetic fiber will be compared to itself in terms of how the fiber reacts to a post-spin draw in terms of properties and secondary structure. Finally, two flagelliform/major ampullate hybrid fibers made from slightly different elastic modules will be compared to show how minor changes in a single peptide module can change artificial spinning parameters substantially. Post-spin draw regimens on each fiber will demonstrate the importance of such procedures in optimizing fiber properties to take advantage of the modular protein sequences. Secondary structure studies at different stages of spinning will demonstrate the recruitment of secondary structures that greatly influence fiber properties.
GOLDILOCKS AND THE THREE FEDERAL DILUTION STANDARDS: AN EMPIRICAL REVIEW

Dilution law appears to have added little in the way of an independent tool for litigants. Empirical analysis reveals that the overwhelming majority of dilution actions brought under the "actual dilution" standard served primarily as subsidiary or backup claims to primary infringement and cybersquatting actions. This paper addresses whether the changes later implemented under the Trademark Dilution Revision Act (TDRA) including the move away from the "actual dilution" standard improved the usefulness of dilution law from a litigant perspective. Further, this paper provides preliminary empirical results (via case collection and analysis) that reveal, overall, plaintiffs seem to fare better under a likelihood of dilution standard than one of actual dilution. The results also indicate that some categories of dilution have become more plaintiff favorable under the TDRA than others. For instance, plaintiffs challenging a junior mark similar to the senior mark and used in the same industry enjoyed the highest increase in success rates in moving from an actual to a likelihood of dilution standard. This paper also addresses the conceptual muddying of dilution and infringement. Federal courts, under all of the various dilution standards, appear to have found it exceedingly difficult to keep the theory and legal functions of dilution and infringement distinct. This paper suggests that the compounding of dilution and infringement standards by courts has contributed to the difficulty plaintiffs have experienced in providing sufficient proof to establish dilution. A review of various actual and potential methods for proving dilution under all federal standards is provided.
The Caring Continuum: Evolved Hormonal and Proximal Mechanisms Explain Prosocial and Antisocial Extremes

Implicit in the long-standing disagreements about whether humans' fundamental nature is predominantly caring or callous is an assumption of uniformity. This article reviews evidence that instead supports inherent variation in caring motivation and behavior. The continuum between prosocial and antisocial extremes reflects variation in the structure and function of neurohormonal systems originally adapted to motivate parental care and since repurposed to support generalized forms of care. Extreme social behaviors such as extraordinary acts of altruism and aggression can often be best understood as reflecting variation in the neural systems that support care. A review of comparative, developmental, and neurobiological research finds consistent evidence that variations in caring motivations and behavior reflect individual differences in sensitivity to cues that signal vulnerability and distress and in the tendency to generalize care outward from socially close to distant others. The often complex relationships between caring motivation and various forms of altruism and aggression are discussed.