cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbiota of Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome are Distinct from Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome

ABSTRACT Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome patients include men chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and patients, mainly women, with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS or IC). CP/CPPS is marked by severe chronic pelvic pain of unknown etiology that is differentially associated with prostatic inflammation. Microbes are known to modulate sensory responses, and microbiota are increasingly understood to drive normal biological processes and pathogenesis, including inflammation. Recent studies have linked fecal dysbiosis with chronic pelvic pain in IC/BPS, suggesting a role for microbiota in modulating UCPPS pain. Similarly, dysbiosis has been reported in CP/CPPS patients, but the relationship between with the dysbiosis of IC/BPS patients is unclear. Here, we characterized the fecal microbiota of men with CP/CPPS and women and men with IC/BPS. Similar to recent reports, we identified fecal dysbiosis in men with CP/CPPS relative to healthy controls among specific phyla and overall differences in diversity and richness. Interestingly, we also observed differences between CP/CPPS microbiota and IC/BPS microbiota that were not likely due to sex differences. These findings suggest that CP/CPPS is marked by changes in the gut microbiome, but these changes differ from IC/BPS. Taken together, UCPPS appears associated with distinct dybioses among CP/CPPS and IC/BPS, raising the possibility of distinct contributions to underlying pelvic pain mechanisms and/or etiologies.
Forearm flexor injury is associated with medial ulnar collateral ligament injury in throwing athletes.

Background Elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries have become increasingly common in throwing athletes. The forearm flexors (FF) have been studied as biomechanical stabilizers for the medial elbow. However, there are no studies investigating the association of concomitant UCL injuries and FF injuries in throwing athletes. Objective To determine if throwing athletes with a complete UCL injury had a greater likelihood of concomitant FF injury than those with a partial UCL injury. Design Descriptive retrospective epidemiological study. Setting Academic, tertiary care medical center. Patients Throwing related UCL injuries in patients aged 12-24 years. Interventions/methods Electronic medical records and key word searches identified all patients from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019. A board certified and fellowship trained musculoskeletal radiologist reviewed all advanced imaging studies. Results Fifty-four patients (46 male, 8 female, mean age 17.1 years, SD 2.3) were included. Fifty-four UCL injuries (21 complete ruptures, 16 proximal partial injuries, 17 distal partial injuries) were confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Twenty-eight FF injuries (22 strains, 6 tears) were diagnosed with MRI and/or MRI-arthrogram. There was a significant association between sustaining a FF injury and UCL reconstruction (UCL-R) (X2 = [1, N = 54], = 3.97, P = .046) (15/22, 68.2%), as well as FF injury and UCL injury location (X2 = [1, N = 33], = 3.86, P = .049) (10/17, distal partial UCL injury, 58.8%). Analysis of FF injury and complete UCL tear is not significant (X2 = [1, N = 54], = 3.02, P = .08) (14/21, 66.7%). Conclusions The data indicate that FF injury is associated with UCL injury in throwing athletes. Future prospective studies should investigate causation versus correlation of FF and UCL injury in throwing athletes. The results of this study have applications to multiple sports medicine areas that include but are not limited to surgical, nonsurgical, prehabilitation, rehabilitation, and sports performance. This study reveals a strongly significant association between FF injury and concomitant UCL injury in throwing athletes.
In the Face of My Own Fear

A fter seeing many murderers and reading about others, I sometimes worry that I have become desensitized. At one time, I frequently attended a weekly conference on the treatment of mentally ill murderers that soon began to take on a predictable course. The clinician presenting the patient’s case would discuss the patient’s childhood, school history, and relationships. Frequently, there was violence, alcohol, or drugs in the home. Slowly, as the clinician discussed the patient’s adolescence and young adulthood, a girlfriend or mother or father’s story would be woven in more and more, until it became clear that this person was the victim. At a point of tension, the clinician would pause, sigh, and say, “And then he killed her (or him).” This pattern became ingrained in my mind. One evening, although not in a sociable mood, I attended a dinner party. I was lost in my own thoughts and only half-listening to a young man animatedly telling a story. I later learned that he was telling how he had obtained a job working under a man that he idolized.
Rescripting Shakespeare: Conclusion: what's not here

“Let every eye negotiate for itself” Much Ado About Nothing , 2.1.178 By this point readers will be well aware of the many items and issues not pursued in this book, but, at the risk of belaboring the obvious, I will conclude with a brief explanation of my rationale for inclusion and exclusion. First and most important, this study has not been intended as a comprehensive approach to the performance history of Shakespeare's plays over the last twenty-five years, a daunting task far beyond my reach. A host of pertinent studies already exist and have been cited along the way, many of them devoted to productions of a single script. Rather, I have concentrated on stage productions I was able to see and for which I have reliable notes. Based in the United States I have managed to see a large number of United Kingdom shows starting in 1978 but have been limited to RSC, RNT, Globe, Almeida, and other productions available during my annual two or three weeks in London and Stratford, as has also been true for my encounters with productions in Oregon (between 1974 and 1993), Ontario, and other venues. I do not claim to have noted everything of significance in these productions, but especially over the last fifteen years I have sought to keep track of directors' choices – and have taken much flak from theatrical professionals, academic colleagues, and fellow playgoers for my note-taking habits at intervals or after shows.
Deep brain stimulation for tremor associated with underlying ataxia syndromes: a case series and discussion of issues.

Background : Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been utilized to treat various symptoms in patients suffering from movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, dystonia, and essential tremor. Though ataxia syndromes have not been formally or frequently addressed with DBS, there are patients with ataxia and associated medication refractory tremor or dystonia who may potentially benefit from therapy. Methods : A retrospective database review was performed, searching for cases of ataxia where tremor and/or dystonia were addressed by utilizing DBS at the University of Florida Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration between 2008 and 2011. Five patients were found who had DBS implantation to address either medication refractory tremor or dystonia. The patient's underlying diagnoses included spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), fragile X associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a case of idiopathic ataxia (ataxia not otherwise specified [NOS]), spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17), and a senataxin mutation (SETX). Results : DBS improved medication refractory tremor in the SCA2 and the ataxia NOS patients. The outcome for the FXTAS patient was poor. DBS improved dystonia in the SCA17 and SETX patients, although dystonia did not improve in the lower extremities of the SCA17 patient. All patients reported a transient gait dysfunction postoperatively, and there were no reports of improvement in ataxia‐related symptoms. Discussion : DBS may be an option to treat tremor, inclusive of dystonic tremor in patients with underlying ataxia; however, gait and other symptoms may possibly be worsened. Erratum published on July 27, 2016
Mutation analysis of the 5' untranslated region of the cold shock cspA mRNA of Escherichia coli

The mRNA for CspA, a major cold shock protein in Escherichia coli, contains an unusually long (159 bases) 5′ untranslated region (5′-UTR), and its stability has been shown to play a major role in cold shock induction of CspA. The 5′-UTR of the cspA mRNA has a negative effect on its expression at 37°C but has a positive effect upon cold shock. In this report, a series of cspA-lacZ fusions having a 26- to 32-base deletion in the 5′-UTR were constructed to examine the roles of specific regions within the 5′-UTR in cspA expression. It was found that none of the deletion mutations had significant effects on the stability of mRNA at both 37 and 15°C. However, two mutations (Δ56-86 and Δ86-117) caused a substantial increase of β-galactosidase activity at 37°C, indicating that the deleted regions contain a negative cis element(s) for translation. A mutation (Δ2-27) deleting the highly conserved cold box sequence had little effect on cold shock induction of β-galactosidase. Interestingly, three mutations (Δ28-55, Δ86-117, and Δ118-143) caused poor cold shock induction of β-galactosidase. In particular, the Δ118-143 mutation reduced the translation efficiency of the cspA mRNA to less than 10% of that of the wild-type construct. The deleted region contains a 13-base sequence named upstream box (bases 123 to 135), which is highly conserved in cspA, cspB, cspG, and cspI, and is located 11 bases upstream of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence. The upstream box might be another cis element involved in translation efficiency of the cspA mRNA in addition to the SD sequence and the downstream box sequence. The relationship between the mRNA secondary structure and translation efficiency is discussed.
Lumpen Abuse: The Human Cost of Righteous Neoliberalism

I thank the Society for Urban Anthropology for the Anthony Leeds Book Prize. The award gives me special pleasure because I think of myself primarily as an urban anthropologist. I was trained in "peasant studies" as a student of Eric Wolf's in the late 1970s and early 1980s eager to conduct participant-observation fieldwork on the revolutionary movements taking place in Central America in those decades. It was a hopeful - even inspiring - moment in history at my doctoral fieldwork theme/sites: the agrarian reform in the Amerindian Moskitia territory of Sandinista Nicaragua (1979-80, 1984), guerrilla warfare in an FMLN-controlled territory in El Salvador (1981), and farmworker organizing on a United Fruit Company plantation enclave spanning the Costa Rica/Panama Caribbean border (1982-1984). During these exciting years of fieldwork, however, I found myself longing to return to my hometown to conduct ethnography on the same themes that I was witnessing in the countryside of Central America: the political mobilization/demobilization of class struggle in the context of racialized ethnicity and extreme social inequality. Consequently, while writing up my dissertation (Bourgois 1989), I moved to East Harlem two dozen blocks from where I had grown up in New York City to document what I came to call "US inner-city apartheid." That was in March of 1985 and ever since, my work has been primarily dedicated to understanding urban social inequality.
Artefactual responses of mesophyll conductance to CO2 and irradiance estimated with the variable J and online isotope discrimination methods

Studies with the variable J method have reported that mesophyll conductance (gm ) rapidly decreases with increasing intercellular CO2 partial pressures (Ci ) or decreasing irradiance. Similar responses have been suggested with the online isotope discrimination method, although with less consistency. Here we show that even when the true gm is constant, the variable J method can produce an artefactual dependence of gm on Ci or irradiance similar to those reported in previous studies for any of the following factors: day respiration and chloroplastic CO2 photocompensation point are estimated with Laisk method; Ci or electron transport rate is positively biased; net photosynthetic rate is negatively biased; insufficient NADPH is assumed while insufficient ATP limits RuBP regeneration. The isotopic method produces similar artefacts if fractionation of carboxylation or Ci is positively biased or Δ(13) negatively biased. A non-zero chloroplastic resistance to CO2 movement results in a qualitatively different dependence of gm on Ci or irradiance and this dependence is only sensitive at low Ci . We thus cannot rule out the possibility that previously reported dependence of gm on Ci or irradiance is a methodological artefact. Recommendations are made to take advantage of sensitivities of the variable J and isotopic methods for estimating gm .
Estimation of impervious surfaces of Beijing, China, with spectral normalized images using linear spectral mixture analysis and artificial neural network

The objective of this article is to evaluate the effectiveness of various algorithms for estimating impervious surfaces. Linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) network using original and spectral normalized images were applied to two ASTER images acquired on 31 August and 9 April 2004, respectively. Accuracy assessment was performed with a Quickbird image. Root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) were calculated and compared. Results indicated that LSMA with original images provided the poorest results. RMSE was 14.8% for the August image and 22.4% for the April image. Results from LSMA with normalized images improved significantly with RMSE of 12.6% for the August image and 18.9% for the April image. The MLP modelling with original images generated slightly better results with RMSE of 12.2% and 18.4% for each image. The MLP modelling of normalized images provided the best estimation, yielding a RMSE of 12.1% for the August image and 18.2% for the April image.
Photography on Copper

DURING a metallographic examination of some copper alloys it was observed that certain etching reagents produced a surface which was light sensitive, to such a degree that the illuminated area of the specimen turned black during a few seconds' examination under the microscope. The phenomenon has been investigated, and found to depend upon the well-known light-sensitivity of cuprous chloride. The process affords a simple and rapid method of obtaining a sharp photographic image on the surface of plates of copper and copper alloys, including white alloys like German silver. It appears, however, to have escaped observation, and a brief description may therefore be of interest. It seems possible that the process may have some technical application, although I do not know of any, and I should be glad to give further information to anyone interested.
An 11-year-old boy with immediate allergic reaction to articaine but not to lidocaine.

Case report An 11 years old boy had history of lip swelling and itching after dental procedure with injection of local anesthetic drug, Articaine (Ubistesin). There was no any skin rash or hives on any parts of the body and no other systemic symptoms. Lip swelling lasted for 2 hours and then spontaneously resolved. The patient was consulted for suspicious allergy to articaine. After thoroughly history taking, he also has allergic rhinitis and previous history of asthma, but no any allergy to latex or drugs including sulfonamide. Skin prick test and intradermal test were done with undiluted and 1/10 dilution of the following amide local anesthetics in a single-use dental cartridge of: articaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine and levobupivacaine; but not to procaine, the ester local anesthetics, since it was unavailable. The results revealed markedly positive to intradermally testing of undiluted and 1/10 dilution of articaine and mepivacaine, but negative to lidocaine and levobupivacaine. We did not perform provocative dose challenge to lidocaine or levobupivacaine, however, subsequently; the patient was undergone dental procedure using lidocaine as the local anesthetics with no any local or systemic reaction.
Guest Editorial Introduction to the Special Issue on Megagauss Magnetic Fields: Production & Application

This Special Issue on Megagauss Magnetic Fields serves as a focal point for the documentation of recent research achievements and advances from around the world in high magnetic field generation and utilization to produce extreme states of matter. The Megagauss Conferences began in 1965 and have provided an international venue for communication of scientific advances related to the production and use of very high magnetic fields. The most recent Megagauss Conference was held in October 2012, in Maui, Hawaii, and this Special Issue represents a selection of the topics presented. We hope you will find this Special Issue both interesting and informative.
Effects of turbulence and flame instability on flame front evolution

The effects of turbulence and flame instabilities on the flame front evolution at Lewis number (Le) 1.0 and 0.7 were computationally investigated using a sixth-order central difference scheme and nonreflective boundary conditions. The turbulence intensity varies from 1% to 50% and the resulting turbulent flames are in the thin wrinkled flame region. It is shown that when the turbulence intensity is weak (u′=1%–5%), hydrodynamic instability dominates the growth of the flame cells. However, when the turbulent intensity is large (u′=50%), the turbulent motion wrinkles the flame front and dominates the evolution process. It is also demonstrated that curvature stretch dominates the total stretch rate for flames with either weak or large turbulent intensities, and therefore plays a significant role in turbulent flame modeling.
Misunderstanding the Myth in the Gorgias

Revision du mythe final du «Gorgias» de Platon concernant le role de a vertu dans la philosophie morale. Soulevant le probleme de la complexite de la theorie de la valeur dans la conclusion du dialogue, l'A. entreprend une demythologisation de la conception de la vertu comme recompense chez Socrate.
The Impact of a Wish: Caregiver Perceptions of the Benefits of Granted Wishes for Children with Life-Threatening Illnesses and their Families

Wish-granting organizations have provided wishes to families of children with serious illnesses for years, yet scant research has examined their benefits. This mixed-method investigation of 682 households explored the benefits of granted wishes to children who are ill, their siblings, and caregivers. MANOVAs indicated the type of wish and diagnosis significantly impacted the emotional and social benefits of the wish. Content analysis further supported wish benefits. Participants stated the wish provided something to look forward to, stress escape, and feelings of normalcy. Results support the utility of wish fulfillment in palliative care.
Labor Studies: Redefining a College Education

Labor studies can play a unique role in today's increasingly corporatized higher education.
Activation and Molecular Targets of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Ligands in Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, and five-year survival remains poor, raising the urgency for new treatment strategies. Activation of PPAR represents a potential target for both the treatment and prevention of lung cancer. Numerous studies have examined the effect of thiazolidinediones such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone on lung cancer cells in vitro and in xenograft models. These studies indicate that activation of PPAR inhibits cancer cell proliferation as well as invasiveness and metastasis. While activation of PPAR can occur by direct binding of pharmacological ligands to the molecule, emerging data indicate that PPAR activation can occur through engagement of other signal transduction pathways, including Wnt signaling and prostaglandin production. Data, both from preclinical models and retrospective clinical studies, indicate that activation of PPAR may represent an attractive chemopreventive strategy. This article reviews the existing biological and mechanistic experiments focusing on the role of PPAR in lung cancer, focusing specifically on nonsmall cell lung cancer.
Operating line analysis of pump and filtration systems

Abstract There are several ways in which pumps can be sized to operate a particular chemical process. For many engineers, experience and intuition can be used to determine the approximate pump size that is needed. For the inexperienced or uninitiated, however, sizing a pump can be dismaying. Furthermore, simply buying pumps to try them is an expensive proposition. In the paper an operating line approach for determining the performance of a centrifugal pump, filter cake and pipe network is described. Criteria such as filtration time can be used to select the proper pump sizes. This approach can supplement experience, and it can serve as a starting point when faced with a new process or when experience is lacking.
The impact of self-protection and self-insurance on individual response to risk

We develop four experimental markets to examine how individuals respond to risk: self-protection and self-insurance in both private and collective auctions. First, we find evidence that the mechanism used to reduce risk is important. Results indicate that the upper and lower bounds on value were elicited by the private self-protection and the collective self-insurance markets, respectively. Second, the robustness of these results declined with low-probability lotteries. We find further evidence that individuals overestimate the impact of low-probability events. Overestimation decreased, however, with repeated market exposure. Third, the four markets induced rapid value formation. Usually only one or two additional market trials were necessary before an individual's perception and valuation of reduced risk stabilized.
Exact Enumeration of the Phase Space of an Ising Model of Ni $_{2}$ MnGa

Exact evaluations of partition functions are generally prohibitively expensive due to exponential growth of phase space with the number of degrees of freedom. For an 'sing model with sites the number of possible states is requiring the use of better scaling methods such as importance sampling Monte-Carlo calculations for all but the smallest systems. Yet the ability to obtain exact solutions for as large as possible systems can provide important benchmark results and opportunities for unobscured insight into the underlying physics of the system. Here we present an 'sing model for the magnetic sublattices of the important magneto-caloric material Ni2MnGa and use an exact enumeration algorithm to calculate the number of states for each energy and sublattice magnetizations MNi and MMn. This allows the efficient calculation of the partition function and derived thermodynamic quantities such as specific heat and susceptibility. Utilizing the jaguarpf system at Oak Ridge we are able to calculate for systems of up to 48 sites, which provides important insight into the mechanism for the large magnet-caloric effect in Ni2MnGa as well as an important benchmark for Monte-Carlo (esp. Wang-Landau method).
Arginine, arginine analogs and nitric oxide production in chronic kidney disease

Production of nitric oxide (NO) is reduced in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Data support the conclusion that low NO levels, probably a function of perturbed endothelial synthesis, contribute to progressive kidney dysfunction. Chris Baylis outlines the mechanisms by which NO deficiency can develop in renal disease states, and discusses the potential for developing new treatments by manipulating NO biosynthetic pathways. Nitric oxide (NO) production is reduced in renal disease, partially due to decreased endothelial NO production. Evidence indicates that NO deficiency contributes to cardiovascular events and progression of kidney damage. Two possible causes of NO deficiency are substrate (L-arginine) limitation and increased levels of circulating endogenous inhibitors of NO synthase (particularly asymmetric dimethylarginine [ADMA]). Decreased L-arginine availability in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is due to perturbed renal biosynthesis of this amino acid. In addition, inhibition of transport of L-arginine into endothelial cells and shunting of L-arginine into other metabolic pathways (e.g. those involving arginase) might also decrease availability. Elevated plasma and tissue levels of ADMA in CKD are functions of both reduced renal excretion and reduced catabolism by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). The latter might be associated with loss-of-function polymorphisms of a DDAH gene, functional inhibition of the enzyme by oxidative stress in CKD and end-stage renal disease, or both. These findings provide the rationale for novel therapies, including supplementation of dietary L-arginine or its precursor L-citrulline, inhibition of non-NO-producing pathways of L-arginine utilization, or both. Because an increase in ADMA has emerged as a major independent risk factor in end-stage renal disease (and probably also in CKD), lowering ADMA concentration is a major therapeutic goal; interventions that enhance the activity of the ADMA-hydrolyzing enzyme DDAH are under investigation.
23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spin echo decay spectroscopy of sodium silicate glasses and crystalline model compounds.

Abstract The possibility of using Hahn spin echo decay spectroscopy for measuring 23Na-23Na dipole-dipole couplings in crystalline solids and glasses is investigated. Although the presence of nuclear electric quadrupolar splittings complicates the situation compared to the case of dipole-dipole couplings among spin- 1 2 nuclei, experimentally measured second moments lie within approximately 10–20% of the calculated values, if the following conditions are fulfilled: (1) selective excitation of the central 1 2 → − 1 2 transition, and (2) restriction of the analysis to short evolution times (2t1 ≤ 200 μs). At longer evolution times, partial suppression of the spin-exchange term in the dipolar Hamiltonian due to magnetic inequivalencies between the interacting nuclei produces substantial differences between experimental and calculated spin echo decays, the extent of which depends on the compound considered. These results signify the potential utility of 23Na spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance for testing the distribution of Na-Na distances in structurally disordered solids and glasses. The method is shown to be applicable to sodium silicate glasses, where it reproduces anticipated compositional trends in 23Na-23Na couplings. Details and inherent limitations of this methodology are discussed.
Relationships among systemic blood pressure, intraocular pressure, and open-angle glaucoma

Several vascular factors, including systemic hypertension (or high blood pressure [HBP]), ocular perfusion pressure, and nocturnal hypotension, have been identified as risk factors for the development and progression of glaucoma. The results of epidemiologic studies of these factors and their relationships to intraocular pressure (IOP) and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) have been contradictory. Inconsistent definitions of HBP and OAG, inconsistent design, and differing population characteristics within these studies have obfuscated definitive conclusions. Here, we review the relationships among blood pressure, IOP, and OAG.
Documentation of the temporal and spatial patterns of pimelodidae catfish spawning and larvae dispersion in the madre de Dios River (Peru): Insights for conservation in the Andean-Amazon headwaters

Catfishes (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in the Amazon River Basin serve important ecological and economic roles in structuring foodwebs, transferring nutrients and providing food resources for human populations. Large-scale developments such as construction of the Interoceanic Highway and associated proposed hydroelectric facilities could lead to alterations in river hydrology and aquatic ecosystems within Amazon headwater regions. We assessed temporal and spatial distribution patterns of catfish larvae to determine spawning location (highlands or lowlands) and larval drift patterns associated with rainfall events in the Andean-Amazon headwaters. We found significant differences in larval fish catch between transects with highest catches occurring in the Madre de Dios River, suggesting that the primary spawning habitats for these catfishes were in regions upstream of our sampling region within the Peruvian Andes. Highest larval catfish catches generally occurred near shore and in association with seasonal pulses in river flow. Based on our observations, we propose that this section of the Madre de Dios River is near the first identified spawning area for Pimelodidae species in the Peruvian Andes, and from this river reach larvae are transported downstream with each seasonal flood event with peak transport generally occurring in October, November and December. This research documents the important role the Madre de Dios Basin plays as spawning habitat for a key fish family in the Amazon River by serving as a corridor both for adult catfish spawning migrations and downstream larval fish transport. Given the critical role these catfishes play in structuring aquatic ecosystems in the Andean-Amazon region, their importance as a food resource for local people, and increasing threats to this riverine ecosystem associated with dam construction and channel modification, it is important to maintain and protect natural hydrologic conditions in the Madre de Dios to minimize losses of these ecosystem goods and services. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social rank and vulnerability to drug abuse.

Social housing increases dopamine D2 receptor binding only in monkeys that become dominant. A new study shows such monkeys also self-administer cocaine less than subordinates.
Detecting Hoaxes, Frauds, and Deception in Writing Style Online

In digital forensics, questions often arise about the authors of documents: their identity, demographic background, and whether they can be linked to other documents. The field of stylometry uses linguistic features and machine learning techniques to answer these questions. While stylometry techniques can identify authors with high accuracy in non-adversarial scenarios, their accuracy is reduced to random guessing when faced with authors who intentionally obfuscate their writing style or attempt to imitate that of another author. While these results are good for privacy, they raise concerns about fraud. We argue that some linguistic features change when people hide their writing style and by identifying those features, stylistic deception can be recognized. The major contribution of this work is a method for detecting stylistic deception in written documents. We show that using a large feature set, it is possible to distinguish regular documents from deceptive documents with 96.6% accuracy (F-measure). We also present an analysis of linguistic features that can be modified to hide writing style.
Measurement of Activity Coefficients from Unsteady State Evaporation and Growth of Microdroplets

Abstract Techniques are presented for determination of activity coefficients of binary systems from unsteady state evaporation and growth of single microdroplets in controlled environments. A high-precision light scattering method based on resonances observed in light scattering by microdroplets was used to determine the size and composition of a microdroplet as functions of time. The techniques were validated through data on growth of glycerol microdroplets in slowly developing water vapor concentration fields and evaporation of microdroplets, containing volatile dimethylphthalate (DMP) and nonvolatile dioctylphthalate (DOP), in vapor-free atmospheres. When the water vapor concentration in the surrounding gas changes slowly a glycerol droplet maintains a dynamic equilibrium with the water vapor; thus the activity coefficient of water was determined from knowledge of the droplet composition and the water vapor saturation ratio in the gas phase. The activity coefficients of DMP were determined on the basis...
Ablation of vagal preganglionic neurons innervating the extra-thoracic trachea affects ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that during hypercapnia or hypoxia, airway-related vagal preganglionic neurons (AVPNs) of the nucleus ambiguus (NA) release acetylcholine (ACh), which in a paracrine fashion, activates ACh receptors expressed by inspiratory rhythm generating cells. AVPNs in the NA were ablated by injecting a saporin- (SA) cholera toxin b subunit (CTb-SA) conjugate into the extra-thoracic trachea (n = 6). Control animals were injected with free CTb (n = 6). In CTb treated rats, baseline ventilation and ventilatory responses to hypercapnia (5 and 12% CO2 in O2) or hypoxia (8% O2 in N2) were similar (p > 0.05) prior to and 5 days after injection. CTb-SA injected rats maintained rhythmic breathing patterns 5 days post injection, however, tachypneic responses to hypercapnia or hypoxia were significantly reduced. The number of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactive cells in the NA was much lower (p
The convergence of factory and service operations in the 21st century: directions for research and education

There has been interest in the development of 'Services Sciences' as a unique subset of Operations and Technology Management leading to unnecessary complexity and confusion. Traditional 'factory' style operations have sought to eliminate inventory and to become more flexible. Services have sought to industrialise their operations to achieve economies of scale and predictability of traditional factory operations. This paper offers an Organisation Theory based-definition of 'services' vs. 'factory' operations and conceptual arguments for their convergence. This leads to a more unified model of Operations Management where the degree of service vs. product output is a key variable.
Cytomegalovirus thrombophlebitis after successful DHPG therapy.

Excerpt To the editor: Cytomegalovirus is a frequent cause of opportunistic infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (1). 9-[1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine ...
Using cine phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging to non-invasively study in vivo knee dynamics.

Abstract We tested the accuracy and feasibility of using cine phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (cine-PC MRI) to non-invasively measure three-dimensional, in vivo, skeletal velocity. Bone displacement was estimated by integrating the velocity measurements. Cine-PC MRI was originally developed to directly and non-invasively measure in vivo blood and heart velocity. Since no standard of reference exists for in vivo measurement of trabecular bone motion, a motion phantom (consisting of a series of paired gears that moved a sample box containing a human femoral bone sample) was built to assess the accuracy of tracking trabecular bone with cine-PC MRI. The in-plane, average absolute displacement errors were 0.55±0.38 and 0.36±0.27 mm in the x- and y-direction, respectively. Thus, estimates of bone position based on the integration of bone velocity measurements are affected little by the magnetic properties of bone [ Majumdar and Genant (1995) Osteoporos International 5, 79–92]. The velocity profiles of the patella, femur and tibia were measured in five healthy subjects during leg extensions. Extension was resisted by a 34 N weight. Subjects maintained a consistent motion rate (35±0.5 cycles min-1) and motion artifacts were minimal. Our results indicate that patellar flexion lags knee flexion and the patella tilts laterally and then medially as the knee extends. We conclude cine-PC MRI is a promising technique for the non-invasive measurement of in vivo skeletal dynamics and, based on our previous work, muscular dynamics as well.
The rise and fall of highbrow snobbery as a status marker

Abstract At any given point in time the markers of high status appear “natural”and self-evident, ancient and everlasting. In the following brief historical reading, this article suggests the temporal frailty of such “everlasting” status markers. It is not just that fashions change, which they surely do, but beyond such ephemeral changes, the whole intellectual basis on which status markers are established shifts over time, harbingers of changing power relationships in society. This article shows the dynamics of such changes in the United States by tracing the rise and fall of highbrow snobbery as the standard of status honor over the last hundred years, and by setting this system in the context of the systems of status honor which preceded it and the system of cosmopolitan omnivorousness that has followed.
Population Treatment for Addictions

Addictive behaviors are major causes of chronic disease, premature death, and high health care costs. Such behaviors have not been treated seriously by health care systems, and this is a major reason why such systems face an unhealthy future. Treating addictions seriously requires complementing a traditional individual-patient paradigm with a population paradigm, an action paradigm with a stage paradigm, clinic practices with home-based practices, a clinician paradigm with a computer paradigm, and programs that focus on changing single behaviors with programs that focus on changing multiple behaviors.
Power spectrum sensitivity of raster-scanned CMB experiments in the presence of 1 / f noise

We investigate the effects of 1/f noise on the ability of a particular class of cosmic microwave background experiments to measure the angular power spectrum of temperature anisotropy. We concentrate on experiments that operate primarily in raster-scan mode and develop formalism that allows us to calculate analytically the effect of 1/f noise on power-spectrum sensitivity for this class of experiments and determine the benefits of raster-scanning at different angles relative to the sky field versus scanning at only a single angle (cross-linking versus not cross-linking). We find that the sensitivity of such experiments in the presence of 1/f noise is not significantly degraded at moderate spatial scales (l{approx}100) for reasonable values of scan speed and 1/f knee. We further find that the difference between cross-linked and non-cross-linked experiments is small in all cases and that the non-cross-linked experiments are preferred from a raw sensitivity standpoint in the noise-dominated regime - i.e., in experiments in which the instrument noise is greater than the sample variance of the target power spectrum at the scales of interest. This analysis does not take into account systematic effects.
Effects of subgrid‐scale heterogeneity of soil wetness and temperature on grid‐scale evaporation and its parameterization

An analytical approach is presented to study the effects of spatial heterogeneity of land surface parameters in climate models. This approach does not use any parametric probability density functions for land surface parameters and attempts to account for the effects of subgrid heterogeneity by using grid-level parameters and correlation between parameters. The adequacy of the approach is illustrated by using the influence of spatial variability in soil wetness and temperature on evaporation. It is shown that both the stability of the lower atmosphere and the surface soil wetness conditions could introduce non-linearity in the estimation of grid-scale evaporation. For stable and near neutral conditions, the heterogeneity in surface temperature plays an important role in the estimation of grid-level latent heat flux. The heterogeneous effect of soil wetness is found to be important when the soil is under moisture constraint. With increasing soil wetness, heterogeneous effects of soil wetness diminish and become negligible as we approach saturation. It appears that effects of temperature and soil moisture heterogeneity effects are an order of magnitude larger compared with correlative effects of temperature and soil moisture for a range of soil wetness and temperature conditions. The subtle difficulties associated with non-linear and coupled influence of soil wetness and atmospheric stability on evaporation preclude the use of any simple aggregation procedure to represent subgrid-scale effects in climate models. © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society.
All-optical switching using three-wave-interaction solitons

The property of three-wave-interaction solitons to preserve their shape upon nonlinear interaction with an arbitrary-shaped radiation is proposed for the creation of all-optical switching devices. It is shown that three-wave-interaction solitons can be used for optical switching in a polarization-gate geometry. This new all-optical logic gate combines the advantages of soliton switching devices with the short length of a second-order nonlinear interaction. Feasibility of an all-optical logic gate based on two 1.5-cm-long β-barium borate crystals and with the intensity of the control pulse 190 MW/cm2 is demonstrated.
Libra and the Subject of History

(1994). Libra and the Subject of History. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 131-145.
Hydrodynamics and Water Quality: Modeling Rivers, Lakes, and Estuaries

The modeling of lakes, rivers, and estuaries is a fascinating subject that combines interesting facets of mathematics, statistics, physics, chemistry, and biology. Because of the complexity of natural systems, such modeling is always an approximation of the real world—and sometimes not a very good one. It is for this reason that modeling is not just science but also art. It is also for this reason that there are few good texts offering practical advice on modeling.
Interpreting the H/D Isotope Fractionation of Liquid Water during Evaporation without Condensation

A theoretical model of liquid water evaporation has been developed to interpret results from a recent experimental investigation of isotope fractionation during free evaporation [Cappa et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109 (51), 24391]. It is established that the free evaporation isotope fractionation factors (αevap) are primarily influenced by the nature of the intermolecular interactions between water molecules, namely, the condensed phase hindered translational and librational frequencies at the surface. The dependence of αevap on the isotopic composition of the liquid can be understood in terms of small variations in these frequencies with isotopic composition. This result suggests that the explicit nature of the solvation environment directly influences evaporation rates from liquids. The sensitivity of the calculated evaporation coefficient for liquid water to both temperature and isotope composition is also explored.
Late Quaternary vegetational change in the central Peruvian Andes

Abstract New fossil pollen records from the central Peruvian Andes at elevations above 4000 m including pollen-concentration data and additional radiocarbon dates, provide information on late Quaternary vegetation change for the region. A pollen assemblage typical of superpuna plus low pollen concentrations, and % organics in the late glacial section of Laguna Tuctua indicate a cold/dry climate, but strong evidence for a late glacial climate reversal, i.e., the Younger Dryas, is not presently confirmed. An abrupt increase in Urticales pollen as Compositae and Polylepis-Acaena type pollen decline signals the beginning of the Holocene. Subsequent increases in Urticales and Plantago rigida type pollen point to increased moisture as well as higher temperatures from about 11,000 to 7000 yr B.P. A possible correlation exists between the rapid expansion of puna and closed continuous forest and the rise in importance of camelids in the early Holocene. In the mid-Holocene Plantago rigida cushion bogs and continuous montane forest elements decline, suggesting a drier climate. Grasses and Cheno-Ams then increase, reaching maxima about 4000 yr B.P. Pastoralism and agriculture are thought to have developed at this time, according to ethnobotanical studies from this area, and pollen evidence seems to support these findings. Between 3000 and 2000 yr B.P. pollen percentages of Poaceae, Plantago rigida type, and other local taxa decline as glacial activity was renewed in the higher mountains. Zea mays is present by 2000 yr B.P., and pollen of weeds and secondary successional plants associated with increasing agricultural disturbance are evident.
On Griffith's theory of fracture

Based on the observation that the strength of the stress singularity in the vicinity of a sharp crack,i. e., the stress intensity factor, is independent of stresses applied parallel to the crack, it is sometimes supposed that Griffith's criterion is also independent of transverse loading. Because the strain energy density is a quadratic function of the superposed stress fields, more than one singular term will occur, and an energetic criterion such as Griffith's must reflect the biaxiality of loads. Computations reported in this paper support this statement and give detailed brittle fracture criteria for several combinations of in-plane loadings.
Edge-face chromatic number and edge chromatic number of simple plane graphs

Given a simple plane graph G, an edge-face k-coloring of G is a function φ : E(G) ∪ F(G) ➝ {1,…,k} such that, for any two adjacent or incident elements a, b e E(G) ∪ F(G), φ(a) ≠ φ(b). Let χe(G), χef(G), and Δ(G) denote the edge chromatic number, the edge-face chromatic number, and the maximum degree of G, respectively. In this paper, we prove that χef(G) = χe(G) = Δ(G) for any 2-connected simple plane graph G with Δ (G) ≥ 24. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
The business case for software reuse

To remain competitive, software development organizations must reduce cycle time and cost, while at the same time adding function and improving quality. One potential solution lies in software reuse. Because software reuse is not free, we must weigh the potential benefits against the expenditures of time and resources required to identify and integrate reusable software into products. We first introduce software reuse concepts and examine the cost-benefit trade-offs of software reuse investments. We then provide a set of metrics used by IBM to accurately reflect the effort saved by reuse. We define reuse metrics that distinguish the savings and benefits from those already gained through accepted software engineering techniques. When used with the return-on-investment (ROI) model described in this paper, these metrics can effectively establish a sound business justification for reuse and can help assess the success of organizational reuse programs.
Environmental factors associated with physical activity in childcare centers

Child care centers influence physical activity levels among children, yet little is known about the specific aspects of the environment that support generous amounts of activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the practices, and environmental aspects of the child care center that are associated with children’s moderate and vigorous physical activity. Thirty-five child care centers serving 389 3 to 5 year old children were assessed for: 1) environmental characteristics of the center; and 2) staff practices related to child physical activity. Children’s physical activity was measured using accelerometers over a single day in child care. Fourteen percent (an average of 9 minutes per waking hour) were spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The strongest environmental predictors of MVPA were: time spent in outdoor play, suitability of indoor play space, and teacher encouragement of (but not participation in) indoor play. In order to reach the U.S. recommended 120 minutes of physical activity per day, significant changes will need to occur in the child care setting, including increased time outdoors and more opportunities for indoor physical activity.