cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Healthy Student with a Papule

developed a central crust, which the patient removed, thereby : .'. .:-.-'' . exposing wet tissue. The lesion continued to expand, became somewhat boggy, and oozed greenish-yellow material. A small satellite lesion developed adjacent to the first lesion. The patient :.... '-;' .. had no systemic symptoms. The patient had traveled to Costa Rica from 21 December 1998 through 2 January 1999. She "E~: .;." " : ' ? ' '.: . visited the rain forest and spent several days along a beach on the Pacific coast, where she slept in simple dwellings (e.g., -. '. I cabins). On 20 May 1999, she began receiving a 4-week course of oral ketoconazole (600 mg daily). After 2 weeks, she noted multiple small lumps beneath the skin near the primary lesion. After completion of the 4-week course of ketoconazole, the lesion showed no significant change. On physical examination, Figure 3. Appearance of the lesion on 14 October 2000 the only abnormal finding was an indurated skin lesion (figure 1) on the left upper arm. Three pea-sized, nontender nodules A previously healthy 18-year-old student first noted a papule were palpable above and lateral to the main lesion. No lymon her left upper arm in February 1999. It was slightly itchy phadenopathy was present. A new treatment was initiated in and expanded in size despite treatment with topical agents and late June 1999. Figures 2 and 3 show the appearance of the oral antibiotics. The lesion had a purulent center and then lesion in December 1999 and in October 2000, respectively. What is your diagnosis?
Phenotypic change and altered protein expression in X-ray and methylcholanthrene-transformed C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts.

The morphology, growth properties and cellular protein patterns from parent and two transformed C3H10T1/2 cell lines were analyzed to associated the phenotypic and protein differences with cell transformation. Transformed 10T1/2 cells were obtained by colony isolation after exposure of parent 10T1/2 cells to methylcholanthrene (MCA-1 cell line) or X-ray irradiation (XR-III cell line). Compared to parent 10T1/2 and MCA-1 cells, XR-III cells were much smaller in size and exhibited the highest growth rate, greatest cell saturation density, increased plating efficiency and greater expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. MCA-1 cells showed intermediate characteristics between parent and XR-III cells. Among the three cell lines, only XR-III cells showed anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. When [35S]methionine-labeled whole cell lysate proteins were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, computer comparison algorithms revealed a 97% similarity in protein profiles among almost 800 proteins detected from each cell line. However, comparison of proteins patterns of the transformed cell lines to that of parent 10T1/2 cells showed that 30 and 20 proteins were induced or repressed in XR-III cells and MCA-1 cells, respectively. Similarly, 81 and 24 proteins showed significant quantitative changes (threefold or greater) in XR-III and MCA-1 cells, respectively, as compared with parent 10T1/2 cell proteins. The ahchorage-independent growth and increased proliferation properties of XR-III cells suggest a later stage of transformation compared to MCA-1 cells. Overall, these data suggest that gradational morphologic and phenotypic aberrancy in MCA-1 and XR-III cell lines from parent cells is accompanied by an increased diversity in protein expression in a limited set of proteins, some of which may play important roles in the multistep transformation process.
Boundary surface extraction and rendering for volume datasets

Traditional iso-surface techniques focus on the extraction and rendering of contour surfaces. Boundary surfaces, however, are often more interesting and useful to the applications as they are more natural representations of the objects embedded in the dataset. This paper describes an efficient boundary surface extraction and rendering approach for volume datasets. A volume dataset is first filtered using a Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) filter to generate a zero-crossing field, from which boundary surface information is extracted. Two types of surfaces can be generated: (1) zero-crossing surface; and (2) iso-surface boundaries. The zero-crossing surface can be extracted directly from the zero-crossing field as an iso-surface with a zero iso-value. Original intensity values will then be attached to the vertices of the polygon mesh for flexible rendering. Iso-surface boundaries are the iso-surfaces from the original volume that best approximate the zero-crossing boundaries. The iso-values of these iso-surface boundaries are obtained through a histogram analysis of the zero-crossing boundaries in a multi-scale space. The new approach provides a more efficient and accurate surface navigation technique for volume data exploration.
Charge coupled devices (CCDs) in X-ray astronomy

The application of CCDs to X-ray imaging and spectroscopy for astronomy is described. The requirements which differ markedly from those of traditional optical applications are highlighted. Results of recent research programs to optimize CCD X-ray response are presented. It is shown that very high quantum efficiencies and Fano noise limited energy resolutions can be obtained. A number of issues related to the practical implementation of future instruments are reviewed.
Temporal targets of drug action

It has long been known that certain drug targets and many drug-metabolizing enzymes and cellular transporters are subject to variation in their abundance and activity during roughly 24-hour cycles. Indeed, variability in drug exposure and disposition following drug administration at different times of day has been appreciated for more than 40 years ( 1 ). However, this has had little impact on clinical practice, aside from some influence on cancer chemotherapy ( 2 ). A recent study by Zhang et al. ( 3 ) serves as a valuable corrective.
Strong Reduction of Thermal Conductivity in Nanostructured PbTe Prepared by Matrix Encapsulation

Experimental results are reported that demonstrate that nanostructuring in thermoelectric semiconductors enhances acoustic phonon scattering without the need to prepare solid solutions.
35C1 NQR spin-lattice relaxation study and phason gap determination in the incommensurate system Rb2ZnCl4

Abstract We measured the 35 Cl pure NQR spin-lattice relation time in Rb 2 ZnCl 4 over the temperature range (393K – 153K) and determined separately in the incommensurate (I) phase the phason- and amplitudon-induced components T 1A and T 1o . Furthermore, we extended the theory of Blinc to include contributions to the spin-lattice relaxation rate arising from terms both linear and quadratic in the modulation wave amplitude for the special case that the linear term is smaller than the quadratic term. The phason gap in the I-region was estimated from the NQR T 1 data. Our results agree with those using other experimental methods.
Bilateral ear canal stenosis from retained Goode T-tubes

A 14-year old white male presented with a 2-year history of bilateral otorrhea. Purulent otorrhea with very stenotic external auditory canals (EAC) were found, and the patient was treated with topical otic solutions. Bilateral conductive hearing loss was found on audiometric studies. Biopsies were taken after the patient failed medical treatment. The results were consistent with granulation tissue and chronic inflammation. A CT scan revealed complete bilateral EAC stenosis. At surgery the patient was found to have bilateral retained Goode T-tubes, which were placed at 2 years of age. After removal of the tubes, the patient made a good recovery with improved hearing. This case illustrates a severe complication of retained tympanostomy tubes. Patients with these tubes require close long-term follow-up with careful management of problems such as granulation tissue or otorrhea to prevent this type of complication.
Modular neural networks for medical prognosis : Quantifying the benefits of combining neural networks for survival prediction

This paper describes a medical application of modular neural networks (NNs) for temporal pattern recognition. In order to increase the reliability of prognostic indices for patients living with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), survival prediction was performed in a system composed of modular NNS that classified cases according to death in a certain year of follow-up. The output of each NN module corresponded to the probability of survival in a given year. Inputs were the values of demographic, clinical and laboratory variables. The results of the modules were combined to produce survival curves for individuals. The NNs were trained by backpropagation and the results were evaluated in test sets of previously unseen cases. We showed that, for certain combinations of NN modules, the performance of the prognostic index, measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, was significantly improved (p < 0.05). We also used calibration measurements to quantify the benefits of combining NN modules, and show why, when and how NNs should be combined for building prognostic models.
Genome sequencing: Three's company

Publication of the rat genome sequence will not only advance physiological studies in this paragon of laboratory animals, but also greatly enhance the power of comparative research into mammalian genomes.
A membrane for removing endotoxins from aqueous solutions

Abstract Membranes made from solutions of 18 wt.% cellulose acetate, 58 wt.% 1,4-dioxane and 24 wt.% water reject 98.5% of the endotoxins from aqueous solutions containing ppm levels of the contaminant in a single pass at operating pressures of 3.52 kg/cm 2 ( ∼ 50 psi). These membranes exhibited an average flux of 30.7 × 10 -2 cc/cm 2 -min (108.5 gal/ft 2 -day) under these conditions. The effects of the following variables at room temperature are examined: casting solution composition, temperature and composition of quenching medium, membrane thickness and percolating time.
Inferior oblique muscle palsy following maxillectomy for squamous cell carcinoma.

The patient is a 64-year-old male who presented for ophthalmologic consultation after a left maxillectomy and radiation therapy for squamous cell cancer. Immediately following the surgery, the patient noticed vertical and horizontal double vision. He then underwent reconstruction of his left inferior orbital rim with a Medpore implant and repair of left lower eyelid retraction. Ocular motility evaluation revealed a left inferior oblique muscle palsy, with sparing of the inferior rectus muscle function. CASE REPORT
Evaluation of the impacts of deep penetration of wind resources on transmission utilization and system stability

The quest for energy independence and the push towards sustainability coupled with the legislative initiatives and the recent advances in wind generation technology have made wind one of the fastest growing sources for electricity production. The effective integration of wind generation resources into the power grids requires the evaluation of the impacts of wind resources on the system performance. Of particular interest are the impacts on the utilization of the transmission assets and system stability. In this paper, we present techniques which provide a systematic quantification of the impacts of wind resource integration on the system. The evaluation of these impacts on the transmission usage is useful for planning purposes. Similarly, the stability analysis techniques have applications in the operations arena. We present some illustrative examples of the proposed techniques.
Exciton linewidths due to lo phonon coupling in semiconductor quantum wells in the presence of applied electric fields

The absorption linewidth of excitons due to coupling to LO phonons in GaAs quantum wells in the presence of perpendicular applied electric fields has been calculated. It is found that the linewidth has only a weak dependence on the strength of the applied field and remains close in magnitude to its zero field temperature dependent value. A summary of the calculations and of the results are presented here, and comparison is made with the linewidths due to field induced tunneling from the quantum well.
The Design and Implementation of Early Childhood Intervention Programs: Informing Efforts to Address Risk and Promote Resilience

With the goal of narrowing disparities in children's school success, a growing number of innovative early childhood interventions have been launched. As these interventions begin to show evidence of enhancing children's development, it is important that we understand the design of these interventions and their implementation. This themed issue of the Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community includes four articles that each highlight a different early childhood intervention program, and a fifth article that provides a commentary on the main set of articles, from a community perspective. The first article focuses on children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and a program that sought to integrate children with ASD into public schools. The next two articles center on children from low-income families, with a focus on preschool classrooms. The last article discusses a program that aimed to foster young children's school readiness as well as families' readiness for children's transition to sc...
Effect of sex and castration on nicotine-induced activity responses.

The nature of the short-term interactions between nicotine and sex hormones in affecting activity remain unclear. The present study was an investigation of these effects. Three levels of nicotine injection—0.0 (saline control), 0.2 mg/kg body weight, and 0.4 mg/kg body weight—were given to male, female, and castrated Sprague-Dawley albino rats. Activity was measured when the animals were 6 weeks and 12 weeks old. Nicotine produced an initial depression of activity relative to the saline control levels, and a later activation which peaked at 40 to 60 minutes. The biphasic effect was most striking in female animals, but the forms of the curves relating activity to time in all groups were quite similar.
Studies on toners for textile xerography

Abstract Textile printing systems are needed that will meet the requirements of time-driven, demand activated manufacturing. Xerography has the potential of meeting these requirements, but textile specific xerographic toners must be developed to gain acceptance of this technology by the textile industry. One thermoplastic and three thermoset-based toners were evaluated for xerographic printing on fabrics (cotton, silk, Dacron, nylon). The toners were successfully applied to the fabric using xerography, however, toner transfer efficiencies to fabrics were low. The textile print properties were compared with commercial rotary screen and hand screen printed fabrics. Color fastness to crocking (rubbing) varied with type of toner and fabric characteristics such as fiber type and fabric weight. Crosslinking of thermoset toners resulted in crockfastness that was superior to conventional screen print. Surface morphological studies were used to characterize the failure mechanisms occurring during the crocking tests. Wet and dry friction properties of the printed fabrics were studied in an effort to explain the crocking results. Fabric flexibility, a key component of fabric hand, depended significantly on fabric weight. The toner type significantly affected flexibility for the lighter weight fabric, but had little effect for the heavier weight fabric.
Systematic placement of the basidiomycetous yeast Cystofilobasidium lari-marini comb. nov. as predicted by rRNA nucleotide sequence analysis.

Based on similarities in basidial morphology and nucleotide sequences of the V3 variable region in the large sub-unit ribosomal RNA, the yeastLeucosporidium lari-marini is considered phylogenetically related to the genusCystofilobasidium. Therefore the new combinationCystofilobasidium lari-marini is proposed.
Cholinergic stimulation of polyphosphoinositide metabolism in brain in vivo

Abstract The effect of carbamylcholine (CARB) on phosphate and inositol incorporation into the polyphosphoinositides (PPI) in regions of rat brain in vivo were examined utilizing the techniques of intracisternal administration of radioisotopes and drugs and microwave irradiation fixation. These studies show that PPI incorporation of phosphate and inositol increases 50–100 per cent in response to CARB within 5 min of drug and label administration. These responses were greater in the cerebral cortex and brainstem-midbrain regions than in the cerebellum, and they were blocked by the previous intraperitoneal administration of atropine sulfate. These increases in substrate PPI were not accompanied by detectable increases in PPI concentration, suggesting that PPI turnover was stimulated. CARB also increased isotope incorporation into PPI precursors phosphatidic acid (PA) and monophosphoinoside (MPI) and there were no findings to suggest that the CARB effects on PA and MPI and those on the PPI represent different phenomena. These studies suggest that PPI, like PA and MPI. are associated with membrane events which result from neurotransmitter activation of cholinergic receptors in brain.
Psychiatric emergencies in children and adolescents.

The epidemiology, evaluation, and developmental issues of commonly encountered psychiatric emergencies in children and adolescents are described, as are new treatment strategies.
High temperature of forest fires under pines as a selective advantage over oaks

In many temperate ecosystems succession from pine forest to hardwoods is interrupted by fire, resulting in a fire climax dominated by pines1–3. As natural selection operates through both processes of succession and fire, early serai plants that are poor competitors may exhibit fire-facilitating characteristics whereas late serai plants that are superior competitors may show fire-retarding traits. Potential fire-retarding and fire-facilitating traits of plant foliage have been measured4–7, but then- effects on survival or reproduction have never been demonstrated in the field7,8. We report here that maximum temperatures, recorded during fires in a mixed oak-pine woodland, were sufficiently higher under pines than under oaks to ensure elimination of the competitively superior oaks in the vicinity of adult pines.
Fatty acids and hydrocarbons in surficial sediments of Lake Huron

Abstract Fatty acid and hydrocarbon distributions in surficial sediments from ten locations in southern Lake Huron indicate both aquatic and terrigenous recent biological sources of these geolipid materials. Normal alkanoic acids appear to be derived primarily from aquatic sources whereas normal alkanes are from multiple origins. Geolipid distributions are determined by the nature of the biogenic source and are modified during transport and deposition. Sediments receiving urban runoff in Saginaw Bay contain large amounts of non-biogenic hydrocarbons of a petroleum or industrial nature.
Comparison of Honor Code and Non-Honor Code Classrooms at a Non-Honor Code University

The present paper examines the effects of a classroom honor code at a non-honor code institution by comparing a class with an honor code (HC) to a non-honor code (NHC) class. The HC class had a peer-reporting requirement and unproctored quizzes and exams. The NHC class used traditional methods of enforcing academic honesty. Surveys were distributed to the students in both classes asking for self-reports of cheating and beliefs about the instructors’ attitudes toward academic dishonesty. Despite the increased ease and temptation of engaging in academic dishonesty in the HC classroom, results showed that there was no difference in number of students who reported cheating or in number of students who witnessed cheating in the two classes. A greater proportion of students in the HC classroom than in the NHC classroom perceived the instructor to be trusting and respecting of students, and to hold academic integrity as more important than other instructors. These results suggest a classroom honor code may be a ...
Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation

Together with the program committee, it is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 32nd ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation -- PLDI'11. This year's conference continues its tradition of being the premier forum for the exchange of ideas on programming languages and their implementations. This year's conference exhibits the growth of importance of programming language research and practice. We received a record 236 submissions, almost 15% more than last year's previous record. The program committee accepted a record 55 papers, and as a consequence, PLDI'11 will for the first-time have a dual-track program. These 55 papers were selected after a careful evaluation which involved almost 1000 reviews. Most of these reviews (62%) came from the 31 member Program Committee (PC). The fifty-five member External Review Committee (ERC) contributed with most of the other evaluations. One hundred twelve other reviewers also participated in the evaluation process helping with their expertise in some highly specialized areas. Papers submitted by Program Committee members were evaluated by the External Review Committee and the decision on these papers was made by consensus. The acceptance rate for PC papers was the same as the overall acceptance rate. Authors were given the opportunity to comment on the first evaluations during the January 15-19 rebuttal period. The identity of the authors was withheld from the reviewers until the evaluations from the PC and ERC were submitted. Unveiling the identity of the authors facilitated the rebuttal process and gave reviewers access to information on impact and research history that would nothave been available otherwise. The Program Committee met on January 29 and 30 in Chicago and made the final decision on each of the submissions except for those authored by PC members. Thanks to the introduction of the dual track schedule which removed constraints in the number of slots, acceptance was based exclusively on the quality of the submissions. No paper was rejected due to lack of space. In addition to the papers, PLDI'11 also includes several other key program components. New this year is a panel on education organized by Laurie Hendren, in light of the broadening of computer science curricula and the simultaneous broadening reach of programming language research. We also continue two traditions of recent PLDI conferences, a Fun and Interesting Thoughts session for discussing new ideas, and an ACM Student Research Competition. Prior to the conference, a program of five workshops and six tutorials informed our attendees on diverse topics ranging from parallel computing, memory systems, program analysis, security, experimental evaluation and adaptive self tuning.
Should mycophenolate mofetil replace cyclophosphamide as first-line therapy for severe lupus nephritis?

Available treatments for severe (class III, IV, and V) lupus nephritis (LN) have expanded greatly over the last 40 years. In the 1970s and 1980s, cyclphosphamide (CYC), in combination with glucocorticoids, gained favor as induction and maintenance therapy for severe LN. However, the adverse event profile of CYC led to the search for other medications for severe LN. Beginning in the late 1990s, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was introduced as induction and maintenance therapy for severe LN. This review discusses the clinical trial results, pharmacology, cost-effectiveness, and adverse effect profiles of CYC compared to MMF for induction and maintenance therapy for severe LN. The authors conclude that MMF should be considered first-line induction and maintenance treatment therapy for severe LN, although CYC may have a place under specific clinical and economic circumstances.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CHEMISTRY OF THE PLANT CELL WALL. VIII. THE CELLULOSE IN HAIR CAP MOSS

THE QUESTION of whether there is one cellulose or many different ones within the cell walls of plants has received considerable attention among botanists and chemists. Some of the latter have felt that each plant species or group of species had its own cellulose which differed in chemical constitution from that of other plants. Others have thought that analytical differences could be explained on the basis of varying amounts of extraneous materials.
Schottky barriers on InSb

Schottky barriers formed on air-cleaved InSb are found to be more reproducible and have less leakage than diodes fabricated by chemical processing. Etched surfaces yield diodes with large leakage currents and high series resistances whose values are correlated, i. e. , high series re-sistances have less leakage and vice versa. With air-cleaved surfaces the lowest leakage is observed when the surfaces adjoining the contact are covered with SiO2. From C-2 versus V data, barrier heights of 50 mV and 175 mV at 77K are measured for Au contacts to n- and p-type InSb, respectively. The current-voltage characteristics of Au contacts are consistent with these barriers, but the low-temperature field-emission behavior appears to be dom-inated by tunneling via traps. For Pb contacts, deep-level traps are in evidence that can lead to erroneous in-terpretations of C-2 versus V voltage intercepts. The I-V data for Pb contacts suggest VBn ≈0 and VBp ≈Eg/q. Diodes fabricated on vacuum-cleaved surfaces have large leakage currents which result from the etching procedures introduced to isolate individual diodes.
A robust data association for simultaneous localization and mapping in dynamic environments

JPDA (Joint Probabilistic Data Association) is vastly regarded as a more tractable and suboptimal method for solving ambiguity in data association problem in the presence of clutter for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). However, JPDA generally has problems for detecting moving objects and distinguishing the new landmarks from clutter, which cause false data associations in dynamic environments. We propose a semi-temporal algorithm using three-scan JPDA to accurately correlate the observation with its corresponding landmark, and initialize the new landmark. The existence of moving clutter in validation gates is alerted by a statistic motion detector that enhances data association in a dynamic environment. This method can be applied for real-time SLAM applications with less complexity comparing with other high-cost optimal Bayesian filter. Simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of method.
Contributing Factors for High Homicide Rate in Latin America: A Critical Test of Neapolitan’s Regional Subculture of Violence Thesis

The present study critically reviewed and tested Neapolitan’s proposition (1994) that the regional subculture of violence, which encompasses machismo, may explain the high homicide rates of Latin American nations. By using a more updated and larger international homicide data set, the current multiple regression analysis did not support Neapolitan’s argument. Instead, structural factors such as high level of poverty, income inequality, illiteracy, and alcohol consumption level, were shown to be more important predictors for the high homicide rates in Latin America. Thus, the research result weakened Neapolitan’s suggestion (1994) that there are unique components, like regional culture of violence, in Latin American for its high homicide rate. Thus, the current research overcame a biased cultural view by Neapolitan’s study (1994). Finally, the current paper discusses the weaknesses of Neapolitan’s subcultural perspective.
Repeated days of bodybuilding exercise do not enhance urinary nitrogen excretions from untrained young adult males.

Abstract Bodybuilding exercise is commonly thought by some athletes to "tear down" skeletal muscle protein leading to its catabolism, enhancing the daily loss of nitrogen. If losses are enhanced, then they can be observed in the urine. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the effect of repeated days of bodybuilding exercise on urinary nitrogen excretions. Eleven subjects (Age: 24.6±1.1 yr, Wt.: 73.2±4.3 kg, Ht.: 178±3 cm) (mean±SE) served in the 19-day study. The first seven days were designated as a noexercise, control period followed by a 12-day period including bodybuilding on each day. A weight maintenance diet was fed providing 0.80±0.02 g protein·kg −1 ·d −1 . Urinary total and urea nitrogen excretions fell during the control period reflecting subjects' adaptation to the apparently reduced protein intake of the study diet. Excretions did not increase during the experimental period to indicate any enhanced nitrogen loss due to bodybuilding exercise.
Adaptive remodeling of hypoplastic hemodialysis fistulas salvaged with angioplasty

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether immature hemodialysis fistulas undergo flow-induced adaptive remodeling after successful percutaneous angioplasty. Background: Approximately 50% of radiocephalic fistulas remain immature after surgery and cannot be used for hemodialysis. Small fistulas with anastomotic inflow stenoses may undergo salvage angioplasty, but the time course of outward remodeling after successful treatment has not been defined. Methods: Thirty-two of 39 patients (82%) with inaccessible, hypoplastic radiocephalic fistulas underwent attempted salvage angioplasty of inflow stenoses involving the arteriovenous anastomoses. Twenty patients experienced salvage of their fistulas and successfully underwent hemodialysis (51%). Results: Eleven patients had serial angiographic procedures, which allowed paired sequential quantitative angiographic measurements of the fistulas to be made during a median follow-up of 200 days (range 5–2,298 days). Fistula diameters increased from 4.5 ± 1.3 mm to 8.0 ± 2.5 mm (mean ± S.D.). The mean growth of the fistulas was 1.0 ± 0.9 mm per year. Conclusions: The mechanism of adaptive remodeling transforms nonmaturing hypoplastic autogenous fistulas into functioning accessible dialysis accesses after successful percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of inflow anastomotic stenoses. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sketch That Scene for Me and Meet Me in Cyberspace

This chapter discusses several interesting projects using sketching as an interface to create or interact in the 3D virtual environments.
Thyroid hormone increases type I adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase and casein kinase activities in rat liver cytosol: analysis of protein kinases by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis.

We investigated the action of thyroid hormone on each protein kinase in rat liver cytosol. Kinases were analyzed by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis separated cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I (Rf = 0.35), type II (Rf = 0.44), their catalytic subunit (Rf = 0.26), and cAMP-independent protein kinase (Rf = 0.50). Casein kinase was detected at Rf = 0.37. In addition to the catalytic subunit with Rf = 0.26, another catalytic subunit was found at Rf = 0.44 when the cytosol was preincubated with cAMP. The administration of T3 (20 μg/100 g BW for 3 days) to hypothyroid rats increased enzyme activities of type I holoenzyme and casein kinase by 48%. Free catalytic subunit, separated from holoenzyme, had the same level of enzyme activity in both groups, suggesting greater endogenous dissociation of type I holoenzyme in hypothyroid rats. When heat-inactivated rat liver cytosol was used as substrate in the assay of prote...
Letter by Daneshvar Regarding Article, “Outcome of Patients With Low-Gradient “Severe” Aortic Stenosis and Preserved Ejection Fraction”

To the Editor: I read with great interest the study by Jander et al,1 in which patients in the Simvastatin and Ezetimibe in Aortic Stenosis (SEAS) study with low-gradient severe aortic stenosis (AS) were compared with those with moderate AS and were found to have similar outcomes in terms of aortic valve events, cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular death. Earlier, Bahlmann et al …
Future directions for intergroup contact theory and research

Abstract Intergroup contact theory and research has received renewed interest in recent years. And this new work has led to rapid advances. This paper summarizes this progress and points to four future directions for further advances. (1) There is a continuing need to specify the processes of intergroup contact that explain its many effects. This is a call for continued efforts to determine the many mediators and moderators that are involved. (2) A greater focus upon negative contact is required. Cross-group interaction that leads to increased prejudice has not been studied systematically. (3) Rather than just a situational phenomenon, intergroup contact needs to be placed in a longitudinal, multilevel social context. (4) Finally, more direct applications to social policy are needed in which intergroup contact is viewed within specific institutional settings. Preliminary data analyses illustrate the points.
Wound-induced p38MAPK-dependent histone H3 phosphorylation correlates with increased COX-2 expression in enterocytes.

Gastrointestinal epithelial cell damage triggers an important biological response called restitution, a process aimed at re-epithelializing the wounded areas. Unfortunately, little is known about the intrinsic molecular signaling events implicated in this host response. We hypothesized that wounding intestinal epithelial cells activates signaling pathways leading to chromatin modification and COX-2 upregulation during restitution. Confluent rat IEC18 cells were mechanically wounded by multiple parallel scratches using a pipet tip. NF-κB(Ser536), p38, and histone H3(Ser10) (H3S10) phosphorylation were determined by Western blot using specific phospho-antibodies. COX-2 gene expression was evaluated by RT-PCR, Western Blot, and ELISA. Association of phosphorylated H3, RelA (NF-κB), and RNA polymerase II to the COX-2 gene promoter was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). The specific inhibitors Bay11-7082 and SB239063 as well as Ad5IκB-superrepressor (Ad5IκBAA) and Ad5dnp38 were used to block NF-κB- and p38-signaling pathways, respectively. Wounding induced a rapid and sustained (24 h) phosphorylation of RelAS536, H3S10, and p38MAPK in enterocytes. ChIP analysis of the COX-2 gene promoter demonstrated the presence of phospho-H3S10 and recruitment of RelA and RNA polymerase II, a process blocked by SB239063. Finally, molecular blockade of NF-κB (Ad5IκBAA) or p38MAPK (Ad5dnp38) signaling strongly inhibited enterocyte restitution. p38MAPK-dependent histone 3 phosphorylation is an important component of the intestinal wound-healing response. Targeting-signaling pathways selectively involved in healing/restitution may provide a novel means to maintain or re-establish host intestinal barrier integrity. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assimilation of Surface Current Measurements in a Coastal Ocean Model

An idealized, linear model of the coastal ocean is used to assess the domain of influence of surface type data, in particular how much information such data contain about the ocean state at depth and how such information may be retrieved. The ultimate objective is to assess the feasibility of assimilation of real surface current data, obtained from coastal radar measurements, into more realistic dynamical models. The linear model is used here with a variational inverse assimilation scheme, which is optimal in the sense that under appropriate assumptions about the errors, the maximum possible information is retrieved from the surface data. A comparison is made between strongly and weakly constrained variational formulations. The use of a linear model permits significant analytic progress. Analysis is presented for the solution of the inverse problem by expanding in terms of representer functions, greatly reducing the dimension of the solution space without compromising the optimization. The representer functions also provide important information about the domain of influence of each data point, about optimal location and resolution of the data points, about the error statistics of the inverse solution itself, and how that depends upon the error statistics of the data and of the model. Finally, twin experiments illustrate how well a known ocean state can be reconstructed from sampled data. Consideration of the statistics of an ensemble of such twin experiments provides insight into the dependence of the inverse solution on the choice of weights, on the data error, and on the sampling resolution.
Agrarian Capitalism, Property Rights, and Rural Class Behavior:

The research examines the relationship between class behavior and agrarian capitalism. Agrarian capitalism is a mode of production in which the forms of production vary according to the internal distribution of property rights and market involvement. Property rights are defined as appropriated advantages to dispose of valued goods for gain: land, labor, capital goods, the technology of husbandry and the enterprise produce. Bundles of these rights define enterprise types. Two general hypotheses are tested: the greater the engagement of the enterprise in the market, the greater the potential for political activity: the greater the alienation of property rights from the cultivator/worker, the more likely the commitment to redistributive politics. Additional hypotheses are tested by Latent Variable Path Analysis with data from Argentina between 1908 and 1946.
Many-Objective Design of Engineered Injection and Extraction Sequences for In Situ Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater

Although in situ treatment methods exist for groundwater contamination remediation, it is often difficult to increase the efficiency of the reactions under time constraints. During in-situ remediation, a treatment solution is injected into the contaminated region of the aquifer to react with and degrade the groundwater contaminant. Ideally, the treatment solution should be spread throughout the contaminated region to increase its contact with the contaminant, leading to more opportunities for degradation reactions. Engineered injection and extraction (EIE) is a promising technique for generating spreading, in which transient flow fields are induced using a sequence of injections and extractions of clean water at wells surrounding the contaminant plumes. While simulations of in situ remediation using a single unique sequence of EIE have shown that spreading due to EIE can enhance reaction, a new approach is needed to design high-quality EIE designs that consider multiple engineering performance objectives. This study uses a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) to determine a set of EIE designs that balance multiple objectives, such as maximizing the amount of reaction while minimizing the amounts of required treatment solution and extracted groundwater contaminant. Such tradeoff surfaces allow stakeholders to determine how EIE designs perform under various degrees of aquifer heterogeneity, types of contaminant (aqueous or sorbed), number of wells, and location of wells.
Employment Accessibility Among Housing Subsidy Recipients

This article estimates the extent to which different types of subsidized households live near employment, measuring the extent of spatial mismatch between these households and employment. Using census tract–level data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development on housing subsidy locations and employment data from the U.S. Census Bureau, this article uses a distance-decay function to estimate job-accessibility indices for census tracts in metropolitan statistical areas with 100,000 people or more. I use these data to create weighted job-accessibility indices for housing subsidy recipients (public housing, Low-Income Housing Tax Credit, Section 8 New Construction, and housing voucher households) and the total population and renter households earning below 50% of area median income as points of comparison. I find that of all these groups, by a large margin, public housing households live in census tracts with the greatest proximity to low-skilled jobs. However, they also live among the greates...
Generational Differences in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Use in the Context of Chronic Diseases and Pain: Baby Boomers versus the Silent Generation

Background: More people are supplementing conventional medicine with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), but studies have not compared CAM use between baby boomers (adults born from 1946 to 1964) and the so-called silent generation (born from 1925 to 1945). Methods: This study compares CAM usage between baby boomers (n = 7734) and the silent generation (n = 4682) through secondary analyses of the 2007 National Health Interview Survey data. The analysis also compares chronic disease and pain status. Multivariate logistic regression models were developed to identify generational differences. Results: Although the silent generation reported twice as many chronic disease (51.3% vs 26.1%; P Conclusions: Baby boomers reported significantly higher rates of CAM use than the silent generation for both chronic diseases and painful conditions. Family physicians caring for the aging population must use patient-centered communication about the risks/benefits of CAM, which is necessary to promote effective coping with chronic illnesses and pain.
Abstract TP77: Simple Morphological Parameters Associated With The Rupture Risk Of Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms.

Introduction: The contribution of morphological characteristics to the treatment decision of unruptured aneurysms has not been established in a systematic and location specific manner. We present a large sample of posterior communicating (PComm) aneurysms that were assessed using a diverse array of morphological variables to determine the parameters associated with aneurysm rupture. Methods: Demographic and clinical risk factors of aneurysm rupture were obtained viachart review. Pre-operative CT angiograms (CTA) were evaluated with 3D Slicer© to generate 3-D models of the aneurysms and surrounding vascular architecture. Morphological parameters examined in each model included aneurysm volume, aspect ratio, size ratio, distance to bifurcation and origin points, aneurysm angle, vessel angles, flow angles, and parent-daughter angles. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine statistical significance. Results: From 2005-2011, 141 PComm aneurysms were treated in a single institution, and preoperative CTAs from 48 patients (32 ruptured, 16 unruptured) were analyzed. Those that underwent reoperation, were associated with arteriovenous malformations, or lacked a preoperative CTA were excluded. Ruptured aneurysms were associated with smaller volume, greater aspect ratio, greater size ratio, smaller internal carotid artery (ICA) to aneurysm neck angle, larger PComm flow angle, larger ICA to PComm angle, and smaller PComm to daughter vessel angle. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that a larger neck diameter, greater aspect ratio, greater size ratio, and shorter ICA bifurcation to aneurysm distance were the most strongly associated with rupture after adjusting for all other variables. Interestingly, volume of the aneurysm had a smaller effect size than most other variables and rupture risk was associated with smaller volumes. Conclusion: We found that larger neck diameter, greater aspect ratio, greater size ratio, and smaller ICA bifurcation to aneurysm distance to be highly associated with PComm aneurysm rupture. These are easily measured and physically intuitive parameters. They are more strongly associated with PComm aneurysm rupture than size alone and can be readily applied in clinical practice.
Optimizing the initial choice and timing of therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

With 12 available US Food and Drug Administration approved medications for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS), choosing an initial therapy is no longer a straightforward task. Each disease-modifying therapy (DMT) has a distinct risk-benefit profile and each patient is an individual. Therefore, the development of a simple algorithm to apply in selecting initial therapy is not feasible. Instead, the prescribing physician must consider many factors related to the treatments themselves, such as efficacy, safety, and tolerability, while also taking into account a particular patient's disease characteristics, personal preferences, comorbid illnesses and reproductive plans. The efficacy of each drug may be assessed through clinical trial data, although these data are limited by scarcity of direct comparisons among the different agents and lack of availability of biomarkers to predict an individual patient's response. Differences in safety profiles help to distinguish the various DMTs and influence selection of agent; both the known safety concerns, which can be addressed with risk mitigation and monitoring strategies, and the potential for yet undiscovered safety issues must be assessed, and an individual patient's comfort level with the risks and ability to comply with monitoring must be determined. Potential issues related to tolerability, which largely relate to matters of patient personal preference and lifestyle, should also be factored into the decision-making process. With regard to the timing of therapy initiation, it must be acknowledged that long-term benefits of early DMT have not yet been definitively demonstrated. Nonetheless, starting DMT early in the MS disease course has been shown to have a beneficial effect on relapse prevention, and appears to curtail the atrophy and neurodegenerative changes that are now known to begin at disease onset. Although under certain circumstances there are acceptable reasons for deferring treatment, it is generally recommended that DMT is initiated early in the disease course.
Skin Signs of Rheumatoid Arthritis and its Therapy-Induced Cutaneous Side Effects

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disorder that primarily affects the joints, but may exhibit extra-articular, including cutaneous, manifestations such as rheumatoid nodules, rheumatoid vasculitis, granulomatous skin disorders, and neutrophilic dermatoses. A large burden of cutaneous disease may be an indication of RA disease activity and the need for more aggressive treatment. Many of the therapeutic agents used to treat RA can also result in cutaneous adverse effects, which pose their own diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Anti-TNFα agents, in particular, have a wide variety of adverse effects including psoraisiform eruptions, granulomatous conditions, and cutaneous connective tissue disorders. Herein we provide an update on the clinical presentations and management of RA-associated cutaneous findings as well as drug-induced cutaneous effects, with particular attention to the adverse effects of biologic disease-modifying agents.
Mechanistic Insights into Lewis Acid Metal Salt-Catalyzed Glucose Chemistry in Aqueous Solution

While the mechanisms of glucose transformation via heterogeneous metal-substituted BEA zeolites have recently been elucidated, understanding of the same chemistry in homogeneous metal salt catalysts in water is still limited. Here, we investigate the mechanisms of various Lewis acid metal(III) chlorides in glucose isomerization, epimerization, and other interconversions using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR and 1H NMR). We show that the metal chlorides isomerize glucose to fructose via a C2–C1 intramolecular hydride transfer, despite their wide range of catalytic activity. Glucose epimerization to mannose proceeds via two parallel mechanisms, a reverse C2–C1 hydride transfer, and a C1–C2 intramolecular carbon shift (the Bilik reaction), with the hydride transfer being predominant. We hypothesize that the relative activity for the Bilik reaction correlates with the ionic radius of the catalyzing metal aqua cation, with an optimum at ∼1 A for lanthanide cations. In addition, we show that th...