cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Werner protein stimulates topoisomerase I DNA relaxation activity.

Werner syndrome (WS) is a human premature aging disorder characterized by the early onset of age-related clinical features and an elevated incidence of cancer. The Werner protein (WRN) belongs to the RecQ family of DNA helicases and is required for the maintenance of genomic stability in human cells. Potential cooperation between RecQ helicases and topoisomerases in many aspects of DNA metabolism, such as the progression of replication forks, transcription, recombination, and repair, has been reported. Here, we show a physical and functional interaction between WRN and topoisomerase I (topo I). WRN colocalizes and interacts directly with topo I. WRN stimulates the ability of topo I to relax negatively supercoiled DNA and specifically stimulates the religation step of the relaxation reaction. Moreover, cell extracts from WS fibroblasts exhibit a decrease in the relaxation activity of negatively supercoiled DNA. We have identified two regions of WRN that mediate functional interaction with topo I, and they are located at the NH 2 and COOH termini of the WRN protein. In a reciprocal functional interaction, topo I inhibits the ATPase activity of WRN. Our data provide new insight into the interrelationship between RecQ helicases and topoisomerases in the maintenance of genomic integrity and prevention of tumorigenesis.
Catholicism in YA Literature: A Theological Perspective

Though modern children’s literature owes a clear debt to religious tradition, the majority of literature written for young readers today avoids discussion of religion. Texts invested in explicitly religious exploration are often a product of religious or non-mainstream presses—and are quite often proselytic, resulting in a binary distinction of children’s and young adult literature as either secular (religiously neutral) or religious (overtly proselytizing). What results in mainstream children’s and young adult literature is a noticeable dearth of texts in which the religious experience is handled as a serious and significant element of the child’s life.
Asthma deaths in Washington State, 1980-1989: geographic and demographic distributions.

Background Asthma prevalence and mortality rates have been increasing for the past two decades for reasons that are not definitively known. Few studies of asthma mortality rates have concentrated on subnational regions, such as individual states. Objective To determine geographic and demographic patterns of asthma mortality in Washington State during 1980 through 1989 and to compare aggregated data with patterns of chronic bronchitis mortality. Methods Age-adjusted mortality rates for asthma and chronic bronchitis were calculated from 1980 through 1989 for all age groups. Rates were then disaggregated by county, gender, age, and race. Rates were calculated from death certificates listed by the Washington State Center for Health Statistics as either asthma (ICD9-493) or chronic bronchitis (ICD9-490 and 491) and census data. Results During the period 1980-1989, age-adjusted mortality rates for asthma increased by 15% while those for bronchitis decreased by 43%. There was no consistent geographic pattern in the increase, though one county with a very small population had the highest rate of increase. Female asthma mortality rates increased during the decade, while male asthma mortality rates and both male and female bronchitis rates decreased. Two populations demonstrated pronounced increases in asthma mortality rates: females between ages 40 and 69 years and non-whites. Conclusions While increased asthma mortality rates have been noted elsewhere for non-whites, this is the first study to demonstrate elevated mortality rates for middle aged women. The explanation for this remains a mystery.
Meta-analysis of first metatarsophalangeal joint implant arthroplasty.

Management of late-stage degenerative joint disease of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) is a complex topic that is frequently the source of debate among foot and ankle surgeons. Several surgical interventions have been described to treat this condition. One of the most contested of these treatments is implant arthroplasty of the first MPJ. The primary aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the clinical benefit of first MPJ implant arthroplasty in regard to patient satisfaction. Reviewers formally trained in meta-analysis abstraction techniques searched databases and indices using medical subject heading terms and other methods to identify all relevant studies published since 1990. Initially, 3874 citations were identified and evaluated for relevance. Abstract screening produced 112 articles to be read in entirety, of which 47 articles studying 3049 procedures with a mean 61.48 (SD 45.03) month follow-up met all prospective inclusion criteria necessary for analysis. Overall crude patient satisfaction following first MPJ implant arthroplasty was 85.7% (95% confidence interval: 82.5%–88.3%). When adjusting for lower quality studies (retrospective, less than 5 years of follow-up, higher percent of patients lost to follow-up), the overall patient satisfaction increased to 94.5% (89.6%–97.2%) in the highest-quality studies. This adjustment also significantly decreased heterogeneity across studies (crude Q=184.6, high-quality studies Q=2.053). Additional a priori sources of heterogeneity were evaluated by subgroup analysis and meta-regression. In regards to patient satisfaction, this comprehensive analysis provides supportive evidence to the clinical benefit of first MPJ implant arthroplasties. Level of Clinical Evidence: 1
Do climate models reproduce observed solar dimming and brightening over China and Japan

[1] Previous research indicates that clear-sky downward solar radiation measured at the surface over China significantly decreased by about −8.6 W m−2 per decade during 1961–1989 and insignificantly increased during 1990–1999. Furthermore, solar radiation over Japan remained relatively constant during 1971–1989 and significantly increased by +5.3 W m−2 per decade during 1990–1999. The present study compares observed trends with those from twentieth century simulations by 14 global climate models in the CMIP3/IPCC-AR4. Since radiative forcing by aerosols is the primary contributor to long-term variations in surface solar radiation, the simulations are expected to resemble the observed trends if the input aerosol histories are realistic. To minimize the confounding impact of different cloud realizations in the observations and models, the radiative effects of cloud cover anomalies are removed from the surface solar radiation anomalies via linear regression. Although all of the models exhibit significant dimming trends over China before 1990, the largest model trend is −3.4 W m−2 per decade, less than half the magnitude and significantly different from the observed trend. Models including black carbon aerosol produce stronger decreasing trends than those that do not. The models also fail to reproduce the trend during 1990–1999 over Japan, and the largest model trend is +2.3 W m−2 per decade, only about half of the observed trend. These results suggest that global climate models uniformly underestimate the increase in aerosol radiative forcing over China prior to 1990 and uniformly underestimate the decrease in aerosol radiative forcing over Japan after 1990.
Aldehyde‐Amine Condensation Reaction: A Possible Fate of Carbonyls in Foods

SUMMARY The reaction rate of L-tyrosine ethyl ester with π-heptanal was determined at 10, 20, 30, and 40°C by following the change in optical rotation. The reaction-rate data indicate that two consecutive first-order reactions occur. The apparent energies of activation for the first and second reactions were calculated to be 5.8 and 6.4 kcal, respectively. Infrared spectral data suggest the presence of the imine linkage in the product. Colored pigments of the reaction of glycine with n-heptanal were fractionated, but the fractions were not pure enough for further study. Alk-2-enals were the only class of carbonyls noted in the nitrogen-free pigments. A mechanism consistent with the available experimental information is proposed for the removal of carbonyls with simultaneous formation of unsaturated-polymeric pigments in foods.
Sp1 Binds to the Rat Luteinizing Hormone β (LHβ) Gene Promoter and Mediates Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone-stimulated Expression of the LHβ Subunit Gene

Abstract The hypothalamic hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays a critical role in reproductive function by regulating the biosynthesis and secretion of the pituitary gonadotropins. Although it is known that GnRH induces luteinizing hormone β (LHβ) gene transcription, the mechanisms by which this occurs remain to be elucidated. We have shown previously that GH3 cells transfected with the rat GnRH receptor cDNA (GGH3-1′ cells) support the expression of a cotransfected fusion gene composed of 797 base pairs of rat LHβ gene 5′-flanking sequence and the first 5 base pairs of the 5′-untranslated region fused to a luciferase reporter (−797/+5LHβLUC) and respond to a GnRH agonist with a 10-fold stimulation of activity. Furthermore, we have shown that DNA sequences at −490/−352 confer GnRH responsiveness to the rat LHβ gene. We have now identified two putative binding sites for Sp1, a three-zinc-finger transcription factor, within this region. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay, DNase I footprinting, and methylation interference assays, we demonstrate that Sp1 can bind to these sites and that Sp1 is responsible for DNA-protein complexes formed using GGH3-1′ and αT3–1 nuclear extracts. Mutations of the Sp1 binding sites, which block binding of Sp1, blunt the stimulation of the LHβ gene promoter by GnRH. These data define GnRH-responsive elements in the LHβ 5′-flanking sequence and suggest that Sp1 plays an important role in conferring GnRH responsiveness to the LHβ subunit gene.
State Foreign Export Patterns

The pattern of U.S. state exports to foreign destinations—which states export which goods to which destinations—has not been studied in detail despite the high profile of exports in the public consciousness. Currently there is not a unified description of facts characterizing exports for all states, destinations, and manufacturing subsectors. I combine research methods from plant- or firm-level and country-level empirical international trade on a cross section of state export data to list nine stylized facts. I also compare some of these facts to those in Eaton, Kortum, and Kramarz (2004, 2010) to show what differs.
Structural effects on understory attributes in second-growth forests of northern Wisconsin, USA

I sampled the understory and associated structural features in forty-four second growth forests of north-central Wisconsin, USA, to assess the influence of forest structure on four understory attributes: cover, richness, composition and evenness (variant of Simpson’s index). Eight structural features (overstory basal area and crown cover, percent conifer overstory, midstory basal area, shrub frequency, snag basal area, coarse woody debris volume, and maple seedling density) were measured. An additional derived variable, coefficient of variation (CV) for cover, was also tested. The objectives of the study were to determine the significance and impact (increase or decrease) of each structural feature on understory attributes. These were addressed with regression, canonical correspondence analysis, and two-sample tests. Ordination was used to assess differences in composition among forest types. The analyses indicated that structure had no effect on richness or cover, a modest influence on composition, and strong effect on evenness. An important revelation was the over-riding influence of understory structure, but a small role for the overstory. The severity and type(s) of historical disturbance interacted with species pools to strongly constrain richness in the early 20th century. Small changes related to succession have occurred since then. The amount of understory cover is still changing but appears to be succession-related. In contrast, more than 40% of the variation in evenness was explained by maple seedling density, and two interaction variables: maple density∗shrub frequency and overstory∗midstory basal area. Higher maple seedling density decreased evenness, probably by competitive effects. As the interaction variables increased, evenness was reduced. The regression analysis and CCA point to the shrub layer as having a direct, mechanistic effect on which species are present and their abundance; whereas the presence of shrubs is relatively benign. It is hypothesized that the abundance of upper strata resulted in varying levels of resource limitations, and influenced other environmental features to the extent that niche heterogeneity was affected. The proportion of conifer in the overstory had an important influence on understory composition, but hemlock assemblages did not differ from broadleaved forests in richness or cover. These results suggest that excess emphasis has been placed on the influence of the upper strata, but too little on the shrub and understory layers. Thus, the management of understory assemblages should carefully evaluate the sub-ordinate strata because they may be more important than upper layers.
Beverages contribute extra calories to meals and daily energy intake in overweight and obese women

Caloric beverages may promote obesity by yielding energy without producing satiety, but prior laboratory and intervention studies are inconclusive. This study examined whether the diets of free-living overweight and obese women show evidence that calories from beverages are offset by reductions in solid food within individual eating occasions and across entire days. Eighty-two women weighed and recorded all consumed foods and beverages for seven days. Beverages were coded as high-calorie (≥ 0.165 kcal/g) or low-calorie (<0.165 kcal/g), and total energy intake and energy intake from solid food were calculated for each eating occasion and day. In covariate-adjusted models, energy intake from solid food did not differ between eating occasions that included high-calorie or low-calorie beverages and those with no reported beverage. Energy intake from solid food was also unrelated to the number of high-calorie or low-calorie beverages consumed per day. On average, eating occasions that included a high-calorie beverage were 169 kcal higher in total energy than those with no reported beverage, and 195 kcal higher in total energy than those that included a low-calorie beverage. Each high-calorie beverage consumed per day contributed an additional 147 kcal to women's daily energy intake, whereas low-calorie beverage intake was unrelated to daily energy intake. Beverages contributed to total energy intake in a near-additive fashion among free-living overweight and obese women, suggesting a need to develop more effective interventions to reduce caloric beverage intake in the context of weight management, and to potentially reexamine dietary guidelines.
Steric factors for bimolecular reactions

Abstract A simple model for the steric factor in bimolecular reactions is developed. The assumptions are identified which underlie an earlier result of Pelzer and Wigner and of Johnston, when one of the reagents is an atom. The treatment is then extended to reactions between two molecules. In each case it is found that, as extraneous material is added to the molecular reagents, the steric factor will decrease but the pre-exponential factor will tend to remain constant. Contact is then made with analogous results from the statistical adiabatic model.
Functional alteration in the prothrombin molecule.

PROTHROMBIN is the central protein involved in the blood-clotting mechanisms, and is of great importance in normal physiological functions. From the point of view of health ordeals, reduced activity is associated with haemorrhagic diseases and excess with thrombosis. As a consequence knowledge about this molecule is of special importance. Prothrombin has been isolated from plasma1, and is the source of two enzymes ; namely, thrombin, which clots fibrinogen, and autoprothrombin C, which catalyses the activation of prothrombin2. In addition to these two enzymes at least three intermediates of prothrombin activation are known and have been called autoprothrombin I (ref. 3), autoprothrombin II (ref. 4) and prothrombin-R (ref. 5).
Challenging the Norm of Self-Interest: Minority Influence and Transitions to Helping Norms in Work Units

Although helping behaviors can increase the effectiveness of work units, when task interdependence is low, units often develop norms of self-interest that inhibit helping. Little research has explained how these norms can be changed by a work unit member. We present a minority influence framework that specifies how norms can shift in response to a challenger's consistent modeling, advocating, or inquiring about helping behavior, contingent on prosocial impact, status, similarity, work unit agreeableness and openness, and timing. We also examine how normative conflict motivates efforts to initiate and sustain challenges, depending on identification, status, and small wins. Our model provides a novel theoretical account of how helping norms emerge in work units to support caring and compassion.
Hydrogasification of Coke in Heptane Reforming over Pt−Re/Al2O3

We reported previously that coke can indiscriminately deposit on the metal, acid, and already-coked sites on a Pt−Re/Al2O3 reforming catalyst. Here we show that the thus-deposited coke, when still in a freshly formed state, can be indiscriminately gasified by hydrogen at temperatures as low as 477 °C. Once the freshly formed coke transforms into a more refractory form, it cannot be gasified by hydrogen. The kinetics of coke hydrogasification is first order with respect to both the concentration of the freshly formed coke and hydrogen partial pressure, with an apparent activation energy of 9.2 kcal/mol. A random coke deposition model offers a theoretical basis for correlating the decoking data.
IS5 increases recombination in adjacent regions as shown for the repressor gene of coliphage lambda

Abstract KH100 is a mutation in phage λ gene c I caused by the IS5 element inserted in an A-T rich sequence 602–610 bp from the promoter-proximal end of the coding sequence. When KH100 is crossed with neighboring c I point mutations, c I + recombinants appear at a higher frequency than expected if KH100 were a point mutation. The stimulatory effect on recombination is localized to a short distance (50–150 bp) adjacent to each end of IS5.
Guest molecule entrapment by both capsule and hydrocarbon sidechains in self-assembled pyrogallol[4]arenes

The self-assembly of pyrogallol[4]arenes resulted in the formation of hexameric capsules that trapped guest molecules present in solution, either within the capsule or within the pendant hydrocarbon chains. The results of analytical studies using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, TEM, TGA and HPLC are presented, along with the solid state structures of three hexameric capsules. Each of the capsules described has a large interior and includes various guest molecules.
Construal-level mind-sets and the perceived validity of marketing claims

Prior research shows that the repetition of unfamiliar statements increases their subjective truthfulness. The present research shows that truth ratings can also be increased without repetition. Several different manipulations of low-construal-level mind-sets increased the perceived validity of a wide variety of marketing claims across a broad spectrum of products and industries. Mismatched construals reduced this effect. The results suggest that concrete construals enhance truth ratings when consumers focus on their intuitive feelings and impressions but not when they process marketing claims analytically.
Direct Democracy or Organized Futility? Action Groups in the Netherlands

Dutch action groups are related to the single-issue groups and citizens' movements of other advanced industrial societies. They are characterized by concentration on a single issue, the use of direct action to mobilize public opinion, and relatively intense but brief lives as organized political forces. Action groups are among the few channels of direct political participation available in a highly institutionalized representative democracy. This article uses survey evidence from the mass public and from local and national elites to see if Dutch action groups are an effective channel of direct participation. For several reasons, it turns out that they are not: (1) Although action group participation is one of the more common forms of Dutch political activity, it is a channel used mainly by young middle-class leftists. (2) There is considerable mistrust of action groups by both mass and elite. This is due primarily to disapproval of demonstrations and direct action tactics. (3) As a result, political elite...
Using cooperative learning for a drug information assignment.

Objectives. To implement a cooperative learning activity to engage students in analyzing tertiary drug information resources in a literature evaluation course. Design. The class was divided into 4 ...
Charge and force on a conductive sphere between two parallel electrodes: A Stokesian dynamics approach

We present an accurate and efficient method to compute the electrostatic charge and force on a conductive sphere between two parallel electrodes. The method relies on a Stokesian dynamics-like approach, in which the capacitance tensor is divided into two contributions: (1) a far field contribution that captures the long range, many body interactions between the sphere and the two electrodes and (2) a near field contribution that captures the pairwise interactions between nearly contacting surfaces. The accuracy of this approach is confirmed by comparison to “exact” numerical results obtained by finite element modeling. From the capacitance tensor, we derive the charge and dipole moment on the sphere, the electrostatic free energy of the system, and the electrostatic force on the sphere. These quantities are used to describe the dynamics of micron-scale particles oscillating within a viscous dielectric liquid between two parallel electrodes subject to constant voltage. Simulated particle trajectories agree quantitatively with those captured experimentally by high speed imaging.
Sensitivity of Fast-Reactor Economics to Uncertainties in Nuclear Data

The uncertainties in physics parameters and in fuel cost of fast power reactors due to current nuclear data uncertainties are considered for two sodium-cooled, oxide-fueled, 1000 MW(e) reactors. On...
The Effects Of Sleep Disruption On The Treatment Of A Feeding Disorder

We evaluated the effects of sleep disruption on the mealtime behavior of a young boy with developmental disabilities. Results showed that bite acceptance was less likely to persist during meals following disrupted sleep, but only when escape extinction was not implemented. Findings are discussed in terms of establishing operations and the effects of sleep disruption on the assessment and treatment of feeding problems.
Lean, leaner, too lean? The inventory‐performance link revisited

Abstract While firms increasingly adopt lean inventory practices, there is limited evidence that inventory leanness leads to improved firm performance. This study reexamines this relationship in an attempt to overcome some shortcomings of previous research. To that end, a theory-based measure of inventory leanness, which takes into account industry-specific inventory management characteristics, is proposed. The analysis of a large panel data set of U.S. manufacturing companies reveals that the significance and shape of the inventory–performance relationship varies substantially across industries. This relationship is significant in two-thirds of the 54 industries studied. In most of these instances, the relationship is concave, suggesting that there is an optimum level of inventory leanness beyond which firm performance deteriorates. A post-hoc analysis is conducted to identify industry-level characteristics that may determine the nature the inventory–performance relationship. Managerial implications are discussed and several opportunities for future research are outlined.
Equine Eyelid Disease

The most common eyelid disorders of horses include traumatic insults, anatomic malalignment problems, inflammatory lesions, and neoplasms. These eyelid conditions are discussed in this article with particular attention paid to practical diagnostic and therapeutic options. Surgical treatment for eyelid lacerations, entropion, ectropion, and temporary tarsorrhaphies are described. Causes and treatments for blepharitis and neoplastic diseases, especially sarcoids, are included.
Latency of the dopa reaction in mast cells.

Light microscopic observations of normal rat peritoneal mast cells and ultrastructural observations of human mast cells from lesions of nodular mastocytosis indicated that structural damage results in a pronounced increase in percentage of cells with a positive dopa reaction. Recent studies have indicated that the dopa reaction in mast cells is peroxidase-dependent. Enhancement of the dopa reaction by structural damage (latency) is probably related to increased substrate-enzyme interaction. Ultrastructural localization of dopa melanin to mast cell granules and the high percentage of mast cells showing a positive dopa reaction after structural damage is evidence against the possibility that dopa melanin is formed in mast cells by phagocytized enzyme.
Transformation of Epimeric Δ5-Pregnene-3β,17,20-triols in Man

The C-20 α and β epimers of Δ5-pregnene-3β,17,20-triol-7α-3H were injected intravenously in human subjects, and radioactive steroids in urine were isolated and measured. The results obtained were compared with previous studies of the fate of 3β, 17-dihydroxy-Δ5-pregnene-20-one. All 3 compounds were shown to be interconverted, and all 3, to varying extents, served as precursors for 5β-pregnane-3α,17,20α-triol and Δ5-pregnene-3β,17,20α-triol. The results obtained were compatible with the formation of 5β-pregnane-3α,17,20α-triol from 3β,17-dihydroxy-Δ5-pregnene-20-one both by initial reduction of the C-20 ketone (route A) and by initial oxidation of the 3β-hydroxyl group (route B). The findings contribute to an understanding of the precursors of pregneneand pregnanetriols in adrenal dysfunction and are in conformity with a previously reported peripheral locus of action of the drug, 2,2-bis (2-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl) 1,1-dichloroethane, trivial designation o,p′DDD.
Using molecular dynamics simulations with a ReaxFF reactive force field to develop a kinetic mechanism for ammonia borane oxidation

Abstract Ammonia borane is a hydrogen rich compound recently studied as a means for high density hydrogen storage. Ammonia borane also has the potential for increasing performance in a propulsion system when introduced as a fuel. The chemical kinetics of ammonia borane oxidation have been studied using molecular dynamics simulations performed with a ReaxFF reactive force field, which in turn, is based on ab initio data. This approach allows for the development of a continuum model of ammonia borane oxidation, which after refinement can be used to model fundamental experiments, without any prior experimental data. The results of molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the pertinent chemical pathways and intermediate species needed to define the elementary reactions of a simple chemical kinetic mechanism. These simulations show that the gas phase ammonia borane molecule first undergoes two hydrogen elimination steps. Subsequently, the H2 reacts with the O2 in the system, while the boron side of the remaining HNBH molecule is attacked by oxygen, eventually leading to the cleavage of the B–N bond and the formation of the equilibrium products H2O, HOBO, and N2. Density functional theory calculations were used to calculate unknown thermochemical properties, and simple collision theory was used to estimate reaction rate constants. The resulting continuum kinetic model was used to perform simple closed reactor, constant pressure and energy calculations in CHEMKIN, the results of which are consistent with the observations made at the atomistic level in the molecular dynamics simulations. This work demonstrates how a combination between ab initio calculations, molecular dynamics and thermodynamics equilibrium calculations can be employed to elucidate complex combustion reaction kinetics.
Motility cues in the tumor microenvironment.

It is now increasingly recognized that the microenvironment plays a critical role in the progression of tumors. Perhaps less obvious is the concept that the microenvironment may share responsibility in determining the “malignant” traits of tumor cells, i.e. invasiveness and metastasis. If tumors are tissues, however unbalanced, rather than a collection of “malignant” cells recruiting local resources for the purpose of growth, then it is inevitable that tumor cells will respond to local stimuli. These stimuli include cues for motility and migration, which normally appear in tissues undergoing formation, remodeling or healing. Carcinoma cells are likely to be sensitive to the motility cues that normally regulate epithelial morphogenetic movements such as ingression, delamination, invagination, and tube or sheet migration. “Malignant” tumors, then, can be redefined as those in which these cues arise more frequently or act more effectively. Here, we expand on this view and propose that invasion and metastasis may be the outcome of tumor cell responses to microenvironmental motility cues. Understanding how such motility cues arise and act, both in normal and tumor tissue, should be a high priority in cancer research.
Forced modes of dilute binary gas mixtures

Anomalous forced sound dispersion in dilute binary gas mixtures is studied as a function of the mass ratio of the two components, using one- and two-temperature theories as well as different interparticle potentials. For a disparatemass mixture, such as He-Xe, the results are compared with previous work due to Johnson et al. It is suggested that even for nondisparate-mass mixtures, a one-temperature treatment is not appropriate.
The evaluation of two references for restoring proximal femoral anatomy during total hip arthroplasty.

The morphologic features of the proximal femur are used in preoperative planning prior to total hip arthroplasty (THA). In this study we evaluated two references that have been widely used during THA to restore the normal anatomy of the proximal femur: (1) the distance from the lesser trochanter to the center of femoral head and (2) the anatomic relationship between the greater trochanter and the center of femoral head. We used digital photographs to compare 200 cadaveric femora in individuals who died prior to 40 years of age. Preoperative measurement of the distance from lesser trochanter to the center of femoral head from the contralateral hip is accurate to predict the measurement on the operated hip with correlation coefficients (r 2 ) of 0.87. The ratio between femoral head diameter and distance from the lesser trochanter to the center of femoral head was consistent and reliable between genders and sides with an average value of 1.01 6 0.12. Thus, when the distance from the lesser trochanter to the center of femoral head is not discernible, this ratio can be used as a guide to determine proximal femoral geometry. Conversely, only 59% of the specimens had femoral head centers within 5 mm of the tip of greater trochanter. The correlation between sides of the relationship between the greater trochanter and the center of femoral head was moderate (r 2 ¼ 0.46). Therefore, this relationship should not be used as the sole method to determine the normal anatomy of proximal femur. Clin. Anat. 23:312–318, 2010. V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
AGE AND THE ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

AGE AND THE ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE. Maria del Pilar Garcia Mayo and Maria Luisa Garcia Lecumberri (Eds.). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2003. Pp. xii + 209. $29.95 paper.There have been a number of recent books devoted to the effects of age on language acquisition; this volume is different. It is the first book to examine the relationship of age to ultimate attainment in foreign language learning. One might wonder whether there is, in fact, any relationship between the age of onset and ultimate attainment in classroom learning where the language being taught is not spoken within the community. However, if one exists, then what is the optimal age to begin foreign language instruction?
Iron, Transferrin, and Ferritin in the Rat Brain During Development and Aging

: Iron is a universal cofactor for mitochondrial energy generation and supports the growth and differentiation of all cell types. In the CNS, iron is a key component of systems responsible for myelination and the synthesis of several neurotransmitters. In this study the spatial and temporal pattern of iron and its regulatory proteins transferrin and ferritin are quantitatively examined in the rat CNS during the first 3 weeks of postnatal life and in adults and aged animals. The midbrain, the cerebral cortex, and the cerebellum-pons are examined independently. Iron, transferrin, and ferritin concentrations are highest in all three brain regions at birth and decrease in each region to minimum levels during the third postnatal week. The decrease in levels of iron, transferrin, and ferritin is most pronounced in the cerebellum-pons and cortex and least in the midbrain. From postnatal day 17, iron (total iron content) and ferritin levels increase throughout the lifetime of the rat. In contrast, transferrin levels remain fairly constant in each brain region after postnatal day 24. The midbrain region, which includes the iron-rich regions such as the globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and red nucleus, has the least change in iron with development, has the highest level of ferritin during development, and consistently has the highest level of transferrin at all ages. These observations are consistent with reports that iron is important for normal motor function. Transferrin did not increase after postnatal day 24 in the three brain regions examined despite increasing amounts of iron, which implies a decrease in iron mobility in the aged rats, a finding that is consistent with observations of human brain tissue. The data reported in this study demonstrate that iron acquisition and mobilization systems in the CNS are established early in development and that the overall pattern of acquisition among brain regions is similar. These data offer support and insight into established concepts that a sufficient iron supply is critical for normal neurological development.
Laboratory and clinical study on a permanent type base for transferring interocclusal records.

Recording correct jaw relations and using proper bases for making these records is one of the most important steps in complete denture construction. Various techniques have been suggested in constructing accurate baseplates.l-s In most instances, the jaw relation records are obtained on temporary bases which are discarded in the processing stage. However, when a difference exists between the temporary base and the complete denture, the result will not be satisfactory. A more ideal approach would be to construct a permanent denture base upon which the jaw relations could be recorded and to use the same base in the complete denture. The advantages of this technique would be the ability to test the denture ba:se for retention and stability and to recognize and correct errors before proceeding toward completion. The value of making records on a base representing the finished denture has been recognized and practiced by some dentistsBy However, the problem of developing the right materials and adequate laboratory procedures has prevented this technique from assuming its rightful place as the procedure of choice in denture prosthetics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dimensional stability of Unibaset as a permanent base material in laboratory and clinical service. “Unibase” means a single base upon which the entire denture is developed and completed. A Unibase denture is a combination of two resins. The base resin is a thermoplastic styrene copolymer and is formed by air pressure utilizing the microform process. The attachment portion is any resin belonging to the methyl methacrylate family used to relate the denture teeth to the base resin.
A Comparative Study of Interface Schemes in the Immersed Boundary Method for a Moving Solid Boundary Problem Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method

For moving boundary problems, previous body-conformal grid methods require frequent re-meshing as the boundary moves, thus increasing computational cost. An immersed boundary method (IBM) is an attractive method to resolve the problem since it is based on the fixed, non-body-conformal grids. In the IBM, force density terms are used so that no-slip boundary condition is satisfied on the boundary. On the other hand, lattice Boltzmann methods (LBMs) have been used as an alternative of Navier-Stokes equation method due to their efficiency to parallelize and simplicity to implement. The common feature of the IBM and the LBM of using non-body-conformal grids motivated the use of the IBM in the lattice Boltzmann method frame, which is usually called an immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM). Besides, a split-forcing property in the LBM, due to its kinetic nature, facilitates the use of direct-forcing IBM. For the evaluation of boundary force density term, we need to adopt an interpolation scheme because the boundary, in general, does not match computational nodes. The interpolation schemes can be classified into diffuse and sharp interface schemes. The former usually uses the discrete delta function to evaluate the boundary force on the prescribed boundary points, while the latter uses interpolation from neighboring fluid nodes to evaluate the boundary force on the computation node either inside or outside closest to the boundary. In the diffuse scheme, the boundary force density terms evaluated on the boundary points should be distributed onto neighboring computational nodes using the discrete delta functions so that the boundary effect may exert on computational process. The objective of this study is to compare two interface schemes simultaneously for a moving boundary problem under the IB-LBM and to understand advantages and disadvantages of each scheme. We considered a problem of flow induced by inline oscillation of a circular cylinder since both experimental and body-conformal grid method results are available for this problem. Velocity results from both schemes showed overall good agreement with experimental data. However, the sharp interface scheme showed spurious oscillations in the surface force coefficient and pressure fields, although after filtering or smoothing, the force coefficients showed good agreement with the body-fitted results. In contrast, the diffuse interface scheme produced smooth variations in the surface force coefficient but over-predicted the absolute values especially at phase angles with the high magnitude of accelerations. These results can be attributed to the use of discrete delta functions. We could reduce the over-prediction by considering the effect of the diffuse area.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A locational analysis of growth and change in American metropolitan areas

Abstract. This article examines the process of growth and change within the American constellation of metropolitan areas. It begins with the premise that regional development happens in two interconnected ways: via demand-induced growth, which is driven by economic opportunity, and supply-induced growth, which is driven by personal preference. The nature and spatial outcome of these mechanisms are investigated by estimating a series of three-equation regional adjustment models wherein changes in population density, employment density, and the average annual wage are endogenously determined. In order to account for spatial dependence in the development process, each model is specified with spatial lags of its three dependent variables and is estimated using a spatial two-stage least squares technique. The results of the analysis illustrate the evolving nature of metropolitan growth and yield insight into the land use patterns that it produces. Resumen. Este articulo examina el proceso de crecimiento y cambio en la constelacion norteamericana de areas metropolitanas. Comienza bajo la premisa de que el desarrollo regional ocurre de dos maneras interconectadas: por un crecimiento inducido por la demanda, el cual esta impulsado por la oportunidad economica, y por un crecimiento inducido por la oferta, el cual esta impulsado por las preferencias personales. La naturaleza y resultado espacial de esos mecanismos son investigados mediante la estimacion de una serie de modelos de ajuste regional de tres ecuaciones donde los cambios en la densidad de poblacion, la densidad de empleo y el salario promedio anual estan determinados endogenamente. Para poder tener en cuenta la dependencia espacial en el proceso de desarrollo, cada modelo especifica intervalos espaciales de sus tres variables dependientes y es estimado mediante un procedimiento espacial de minimos cuadrados en dos etapas. Los resultados del analisis muestran la naturaleza evolutiva del crecimiento metropolitano y aportan conocimiento sobre los modelos de uso del suelo que produce.
Knörr Lattices and the Brauer Feit Bound on Irreducible Character Heights

Brauer and Feit proved that if χ is an irreducible character of a finite group in a p-block of defect d≥2, then the height of χ is at most d−2. Assuming the ramification index of \(\mathbb {Q}_{p}(\chi )/\mathbb {Q}_{p}\) is not divisible by p for p≥5, not divisible by 9 for p=3, and arbitrary for p=2, we will establish this bound using Knorr lattices. Three questions of independent interest will arise along the way.
The significance of physiological [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] for in vitro experiments on synaptic transmission.

Abstract Since 1932 in vitro physiological and pharmacological studies on neuromuscular and other types of synaptic transmission have been carried out usually in Krebs' of similar balanced electrolyte solutions. It has been disregarded, however, that although the total calcium [Cat] (2.5 mM) and [Mgt] (1.2 mM), are about the same in human plasma and in Krebs' solution, the physiologically important [Ca2+] and [Mg2+], primarily because of binding to plasma proteins, are much lower in plasma (1.1 and 0.6 mM) than in Krebs' solution (2.0 and 1.1 mM). We observed that in a modified Krebs' solution in which the [Cat] and [Mgt] are 1.4 and 0.9 mM respectively and the [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] are about the same as in human plasma, the Ca2+ dependent volley output of acetylcholine is less and the inhibition of the electrically induced isometric twitch tension of the rat phrenic nerve - hemidiaphragm preparation by nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents and certain antibiotics is greater than in conventional Krebs' solution, in which the [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] are higher than in vivo . Similarly, during electrical field stimulation of the guinea-pig myenteric plexus - longitudinal muscle preparation volley output of acetylcholine is lower and the inhibition of the isometric contraction of the muscle by normophine is greater in modified than in conventional Krebs' solution. It is suggested that for greater relevance to in vivo conditions the [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] of balanced electrolyte solutions used in in vitro experiments on synaptic transmission should be the same as in human plasma or in the plasma of the species of the experimental animal.
Nonlinear optical field cross-correlation techniques for imaging through a strong scattering medium

We describe a class of nonlinear optical field cross-correlation processes capable of producing a high contrast subpicosecond optical gate with long broadband laser pulses. Two of the techniques, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and coherently amplified Raman polarization gating, were used to produce an image of an object hidden behind a strong scattering media. We also demonstrate the capability of three-dimensional imaging using optical gating with the reflected light. The temporal resolution of these techniques is on the order of the inverse bandwidth of the laser.
Representation Of Geometric Features, Tolerances, And Attributes Using Mathematical Morphology

The integration of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) for modeling the geometry of rigid solid objects is becoming increasingly important in mechanical and civil engineering, architecture, computer graphics, computer vision, and other fields that deal with spatial phenomena. At the heart of such systems are symbolic structures (representations) designating "abstract solids" (subsets of Euclidean space) that model physical solids. The mathematical framework for modeling solids is Mathematical Morphology, which is based on set-theoretic operations. Using mathematical morphology as a tool, our theoretical research aims at studying the representation schemes for the dimension and tolerance of the geometric structure. The paper is divided into three major parts. The first part defines a mathematical framework, mathematical morphology, for characterizing solid objects dimension and tolerance. The second part then adopts the framework to represent some illustrated two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects. The third part describes the added tolerance information to control the quality of the parts and the interchangeability of the parts among assemblies. With the help of variational information, we know how to manufacture, how to setup, and how to inspect to ensure the products within the required tolerance range.