cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral properties of backward stimulated scattering in liquid carbon disulfide

The spectral structure of backward stimulated scattering from a 10 cm-long CS2-liquid cell is investigated by using Q-switched 10-ns and 532-nm laser pulses with different spectral linewidths. Under a narrow spectral line (∼0.1 cm−1) pump condition, very strong sharp lines near the pump wavelength (λ 0) position and the first-order stimulated Raman scattering (λ s1) position can be observed. However, under a wide line (≈1 cm−1) pump condition, only a strong and superbroadening spectral band can be observed mainly in the red-shift side of the pump wavelength. The different spectral features under these two conditions can be explained by a competition between stimulated Brillouin, Raman, and Rayleigh-Kerr scattering. Under both pump conditions, the broadening spectral distributions are not consistent with the predictions given by stimulated Rayleigh-wing scattering theories, but can be interpreted well utilizing the theoretical model of stimulated Rayleigh-Kerr scattering.
The “Country Life Movement” and the American Churches

The progressive movement in the United States was a complex set of reforms during the first decades of the twentieth century. Progressives like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson focused on the control of the new economic forces in American society by regulating railroad rates or by breaking up large monopolies. Slums, political corruption, and red-light districts troubled the consciences of other progressives such as Jane Addams and Walter Rauschenbusch. These urban progressives believed that an older, rural America produced a sense of community among rural people which mitigated such social problems, and thought that community-oriented settlement houses and churches in the cities could recreate the rural feeling that individuals were a part of their neighborhoods, and urban neighbors then could attack urban problems as a community. Other progressives, such as the anti-vice committees of New York City, wanted laws to recreate the moral standards which social pressures in the old rural communities had maintained informally. The Progressive Era also included a “country life movement” which shared many of its analyses and plans for reform with the urban progressives, but applied them to rural America.
Reaction between thiourea and alkaline solutions of sodium pentacyanonitrosylferrate(II)

Abstract The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between thiourea and basic solutions of sodium pentacyanonitrosylferrate(II) are reported. The product of the reaction is a violet powder having a molecular formula of Na 5 Fe 2 C 9 N 12 SH 8 O 5 .
An evaluation of dental stones after repeated exposure to spray disinfectants. Part I: Abrasion and compressive strength

This study investigated the effect of repeated applications of spray disinfectants on gypsum surfaces. Types III and IV gypsum products were evaluated in combination with iodophor, acid glutaraldehyde, phenol, and water spray. Results demonstrated greater resistance to abrasion with increasing numbers of water or disinfectant spray applications. Acid glutaraldehyde spray decreased the compressive strength of type III stone by 26%, phenol increased the compressive strength of type IV stone by 18%, and iodophor had no significant effect on either stone relative to compressive strength.
Protein folding kinetics and thermodynamics from atomistic simulation

Advances in simulation techniques and computing hardware have created a substantial overlap between the timescales accessible to atomic-level simulations and those on which the fastest-folding proteins fold. Here we demonstrate, using simulations of four variants of the human villin headpiece, how simulations of spontaneous folding and unfolding can provide direct access to thermodynamic and kinetic quantities such as folding rates, free energies, folding enthalpies, heat capacities, Φ-values, and temperature-jump relaxation profiles. The quantitative comparison of simulation results with various forms of experimental data probing different aspects of the folding process can facilitate robust assessment of the accuracy of the calculations while providing a detailed structural interpretation for the experimental observations. In the example studied here, the analysis of folding rates, Φ-values, and folding pathways provides support for the notion that a norleucine double mutant of villin folds five times faster than the wild-type sequence, but following a slightly different pathway. This work showcases how computer simulation has now developed into a mature tool for the quantitative computational study of protein folding and dynamics that can provide a valuable complement to experimental techniques.
Parents and teachers perceptions of personality characteristics of children selected for classes for the learning disabled.

Clinical observation of children in classes for learning disabled raises the suspicion that children are selected for such a class not only because of their learning problems but also because they are regarded as hard to manage. Evidence from this study of 43 disabled children suggests that their teachers (n = 8) and their parents focus not only on academic performance but also on activity level, impulse control, attention span, and freedom from distractibility in nominating children for such classes. Moreover, these teachers did discriminate emotionally disturbed children from learning disabled children.
Formation of an Amine-Water Cyclic Pentamer: A New Type of Water Cluster in a Polyazacryptand

Structural analysis of an adduct of a thiophene-based cryptand with tosylic acid shows the formation of a hybrid amine-water cyclic pentamer composed of four water molecules and one protonated amine in the charged hydrophobic cavity. The bulky tosylate groups remain outside the cavity, making the ligand favorable for hosting water molecules. Ab initio calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) confirm that the hybrid amine-water pentamer is stabilized inside the hydrophobic cavity of the cryptand.
Trends in GRE scores and graduate enrollments by gender and ethnicity

Abstract The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is a cognitive abilities test that predicts success in graduate training ( Kuncel and Hezlett, 2007 , Kuncel et al., 2001 , Kuncel et al., 2010 ). Because of its reliability, validity, and predictive utility, it is used by many graduate schools to inform admissions decisions. However, some critics describe the GRE as a gatekeeper that limits equitable access across groups to higher education ( Dutka, 1999 , Pruitt, 1998 , Toyama, 1999 ). We explored how scores on the GRE have fared over time as a function of test-taker gender and ethnicity, and we investigated whether enrollment patterns over time implicate the GRE as obstructing efforts toward increasing parity in higher education. First, we found that the gap between men's and women's GRE quantitative reasoning scores has changed little since the 1980s, although female representation in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) graduate programs has increased substantially. Second, ethnic gaps on the GRE persist, especially in quantitative reasoning, although representation of historically disadvantaged ethnic groups in graduate programs has increased. Enrollment gaps have narrowed despite ethnic and gender GRE gaps persisting, so it appears that continued use of the GRE for admissions decisions has not blocked efforts toward equalizing representation in higher education.
Incidence of cranial nerve dysfunction following carotid endarterectomy

An analysis of postoperative injuries to the recurrent laryngeal, hypoglossal, marginal mandibular, and superior laryngeal nerves was undertaken in 517 patients who underwent 535 carotid endarterectomies between April 1978 and March 1981 at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. A review of the literature is presented followed by the results of this analysis and a discussion of the findings. Suggestions for decreasing or avoiding such injuries are made. Conclusions are drawn to help the otolaryngologist identify the endarterectomized patient with an impaired upper aerodigestive tract.
Trait competitiveness as a composite variable: Linkages with facets of the big-five

We investigated the link between competitiveness and the facets of a comprehensive broad-bandwidth personality inventory. Conceptualizing trait competitiveness as a composite variable identified by two indicators, structural equation modeling was used to identify relationships between the 30 facets of the IPIP scales corresponding to the NEO-PI-R and trait competitiveness. Nine facets were related to trait competitiveness. Four of these nine (excitement-seeking, morality/straightforwardness, modesty, and sympathy/tender-mindedness) were uniquely related to trait competitiveness from a final model. Results suggest that facets within factors need not be related to a composite trait in the same direction, as two affiliative facets of extraversion were negatively related to trait competitiveness while two surgency facets of extraversion were positively associated with trait competitiveness.
A Search for Variation in the H2O Ortho-Para Ratio and Rotational Temperature in the Inner Coma of Comet C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)

We present spatially resolved measurements of the rotational temperature and ortho-para ratio for H_2O in the inner coma of the Oort Cloud comet C/2004 Q2 (Machholz). Our results are based on direct simultaneous detections of ortho-H_2O and para-H_2O via "hot-band" fluorescence near 2.9 μm. We find a well-defined decline in rotational temperature with increasing nucleocentric distance (up to ~1000 km). The ortho-para ratio remains constant (within stochastic uncertainty) with increasing nucleocentric distance and is close to the statistical equilibrium value of 3.0 (2.86 ± 0.06 [0.17], including, respectively, stochastic [systematic] uncertainty), resulting in spin temperature T_(spin) ≥ 34 K. We compare the present results with those reported for other comets and discuss the difficulties in interpreting spin temperatures deduced from measured ortho-para ratios. Improved understanding of the special conditions that enable nuclear spin conversion would test the extent to which derived spin temperatures reflect the formative history or the processing record of cometary ices.
Scanning tunneling microscopy studies of the growth of Cu clusters on a reconstructed TiO2()-(1×2) surface

Abstract Copper clusters grown on a reconstructed TiO 2 (1 1 0) surface were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The titania surface exhibited low energy diffraction patterns corresponding to the (1×2) reconstruction, but STM studies revealed that this surface was not fully reconstructed. Specifically, gaps in the characteristic (1×2) atomic row structure were observed, illustrating that this partially reconstructed surface is much more defective than the (1×1) surface. Copper clusters grown on the reconstructed TiO 2 (1 1 0) surface showed the same basic self-limiting growth characteristics as Cu on TiO 2 (1 1 0)-(1×1). For coverages between 0–0.5 ML, a fairly narrow size distribution was observed, and the island densities rather than cluster sizes increased with coverage. Annealing to 700 K resulted in increased cluster sizes, but the narrow size distribution was maintained. The main difference between growth on the (1×1) vs. reconstructed surface was in the cluster sizes, densities and spatial distributions. On the reconstructed surface, the cluster sizes were smaller while cluster densities were much higher (6.2×10 12 vs. 3.0×10 12 at 0.5 ML), and even the annealed Cu clusters displayed no preference for residing at the step edges. These characteristics are attributed to reduced mobility of the Cu atoms on the highly defective, reconstructed surface.
A silicon model of an auditory neural representation of spectral shape

An analog integrated circuit that implements an auditory neural representation of spectral shape is described. The circuit contains silicon models of the cochlea, inner hair cells, spiral ganglion cells, and the neurons that compute an amplitude-invariant representation of spectral shape. The chip uses the temporal information in each silicon auditory nerve fiber to compute this final representation. The chip was fabricated and fully tested. Data comparing the silicon auditory nerve representation and the final representation are presented. The 9000-transistor chip computes all outputs in real time using analog continuous-time processing. >
Emotions and their computations: Three computer models

Abstract Three computational models: a narrative reader (BORIS), an editorial reader (OpEd), and a stream of thought generator (DAYDREAMER), are presented and discussed, with specific focus on the emotion-related processing and representational elements of each. These models exhibit comprehension and/or generation of emotional behaviour through the interaction of cognitive processes (memory retrieval, planning, and reasoning) over intentional constructs (goals and beliefs).
Effects of nicotine on uterine blood flow and intrauterine oxygen tension in the rat

Subcutaneous injection of nicotine (0.5 or 5 mg/kg body wt) resulted in a marked and prolonged reduction in uterine blood flow and intrauterine oxygen tension in pseudopregnant rats. By 10 min after nicotine administration (5 mg/kg) uterine perfusion was reduced by 40%, remained suppressed for 90 min and returned to the pre-treatment level by 120 min. Rats receiving the 0.5 mg nicotine/kg also showed a marked reduction in uterine blood flow, although the response was slower in onset and longer in duration. Nicotine (5 mg/kg) also resulted in a sustained decrease in intrauterine oxygen tension from a control value of 48.9 +/- 3.6 to 22.2 +/- 2.6 mmHg at 45--60 min and 21.7 +/- 1.5 mmHg at 60--90 min. The frequency and amplitude of fluctuations in intrauterine oxygen tension were still reduced by 90 min after treatment.
Daphnia effects on microzooplankton: Comparisons of enclosure and whole-lake responses

The effects of the herbivorous zooplankter, Daphnia, on a natural community of microzooplankton (rotifers, ciliates, and nanoflagellates) were compared in enclosures of two sizes (15 and 10000 L) and in a eutrophic lake before and after a fish kill. The magnitude of Daphnia's effect on microzooplankton taxa varied quantitatively and quali- tatively between experiments. The rotifer Synchaeta pectinate and the ciliate, Didinium sp., showed extreme differences between experiments, exhibiting opposite responses in small vs. large enclosures. The relative rankings of responses for two rotifers (Polyarthra dolichoptera and Synchaeta pectinate) and two ciliates (Coleps sp. and Didinium sp.) were reversed in small vs. large enclosures. Polyarthra was depressed by Daphnia more than Synchaeta in small enclosures, while Synchaeta was depressed more than Polyarthra in the large enclosures. Didinium was depressed more than Coleps in the small enclosures, while the reverse occurred in large enclosures. Microzooplankton responses also changed over time in the large-enclosure experiment. Daphnia significantly suppressed total ciliate dry biomass, but not total rotifer biomass after 6 d, but suppressed dry biomass of both groups by the end of the 23-d experiment. This result may reflect changes in the relative importance of Daphnia's predatory and competitive effects over time. Daphnia's effects on the rotifers, Polyarthra and Hexarthra mira, took 3 wk to be expressed but were very strong by the end of the large-enclosure experiment, suggesting that short-term experiments may underestimate competitive effects. Polyarthra's delayed response was associated with a delayed response of cryptophytes to the Daphnia manipulation. Comparisons of enclosure results with temporal correlations in lake data and with microzooplankton abundances before and after a fish kill indicated better congruence be- tween lake data and the large-enclosure results. More importantly, large-enclosure results agreed more closely with whole-lake dynamics than with small-enclosure results. Conse- quently, large-scale enclosure experiments may provide reliable predictions of whole-lake phenomena, but small-scale (microcosm) experiments may not.
Single Degree-of-Freedom Exoskeleton Mechanism Design for Thumb Rehabilitation

This paper presents the kinematic design of a spatial, 1-degree-of-freedom closed linkage to be used as an exoskeleton for thumb motion. Together with an already-designed finger mechanism, it forms a robotic device for hand therapy. The goal for the exoskeleton is to generate the desired grasping and pinching path of the thumb with one degree of freedom, rather than using a system actuating all its joints independently. In addition to the path of the thumb, additional constraints are added in order to control the position and size of the exoskeleton, reducing physical and sensory interference with the user.
Nucleotide sequence of korB, a replication control gene of broad host-range plasmid RK2.

Abstract The korB gene is a major regulatory element in the replication and maintenance of broad host-range plasmid RK2. It negatively controls the replication gene rfA , the host-lethal determinants kilA and kilB , and the korA - korB operon. Here, we present the nucleotide sequence of an 1167 base-pair region that encodes korB . Using sequence data from korB mutants, we identified the korB structural gene. The predicted polypeptide product is negatively charged and has a molecular weight of 39,015, which is considerably less than that estimated by its electrophoretic mobility in SDS/polyacrylamide gels. Secondary-structure predictions of korB polypeptide revealed three closely spaced helix-turn-helix regions with significant homology to similar structures in known DNA-binding proteins. The korB gene, like all other sequenced RK2 genes, shows a strong preference for codons ending in a G or C residue. This is similar to codon usage by genes of Klebsiella and Pseudomonas , the original hosts for RK2 and some closely related plasmids. We also sequenced the site of transposon Tn76 insertion in the host-range mutant pRP761 and found it to be located immediately upstream from korB in the incC gene. Finally, we report the presence of sequences resembling a replication origin within the korB structural gene: a cluster of four 19 base-pair direct repeats and a nearby potential binding site for Escherichia coli dnaA replication protein.
AGU Hosts Amazon Hack-A-Thon at Fall Meeting

As part of the Amazon Web Services Hack-A-Thon, this year's AGU Fall Meeting attendees will be challenged to create an idea for a Web product based on climate change data for individual cities.
Measures for the Study of Maternal Teaching Strategies.

A technique to measure maternal teaching strat egies was developed for possible use in research and evaluation studies. Scores derived from the technique describe both quality and quantity of be haviors used by mothers to teach cognitive-percep tual tasks to their own young children. The mater nal teaching observation technique (MTOT) yields scores on the following teaching strategy dimen sions : inquiry, directive, praise, negative verbal feedback or disapproval, modeling, visual cue, physical affection, positive physical control, and negative physical control. English and Spanish ver sions of the technique were developed. The tech nique was administered to 83 different mother-child dyads of two sociocultural and language groups, Anglo-American and Chicano. The tasks and procedures were sufficiently engaging and ap pealing, in terms of difficulty level and ability to elicit and to maintain the subjects' attention, for mothers and their 5-year-old children in both groups. Interobserver reliabilities and p...
Brian Vickers on Alchemy and the Occult: A Response

Vickers on the "Apologetic" Character of the "New Historiography" of Alchemy From the publication of his 1984 Occult and Scientiac Mentalities in the Ren- aissance if not before, Brian Vickers has vigorously maintained that "the occult sciences," in which he includes alchemy, astrology, and natural magic along with several other aelds, were distinct from and at best or- thogonal to the advances in experiment and theory that characterized the birth of modern science in the seventeenth century. 1
Incremental Prognostic Value of Adenosine Stress Myocardial Perfusion Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography and Impact on Subsequent Management in Patients With or Suspected of Having Myocardial Ischemia

We examined 1,159 consecutive patients who underwent adenosine stress dual isotope single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and had follow-up performed at a mean of 27.5 ± 9.1 months (94% complete) for hard events (cardiac death and myocardial infarction) and referral to cardiac catheterization after nuclear testing. During follow-up, 120 hard events occurred (11.0% hard event rate; 72 cardiac deaths [6.7% cardiac death rate] and 57 myocardial infarctions [5.3% myocardial infarction rate]). Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that nuclear testing added incremental value after adjusting for clinical and historical variables (global chi-square increased 13 to 98 for cardiac death as the end point, global chi-square increased 19 to 105 for hard events as the end point; p <0.0001 for both). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that after clinical risk stratification of the patient population, the results of nuclear testing were further able to significantly stratify both low- and intermediate- to high-risk patients. Patients with both normal and mildly abnormal scans were at low risk of cardiac death (<1% cardiac death per year of follow-up) and the risk of events increased significantly with worsening scan result. Multivariable analysis revealed that the only predictor of referral to catheterization was the extent and severity of reversible defect present on the scan. Referral rates to early catheterization were very low in patients with normal scans and increased significantly as a function of worsening scan results. In patients who underwent myocardial perfusion SPECT using adenosine stress, the results of nuclear testing yielded incremental prognostic information and clinically relevant risk stratification. Referring physicians predominantly utilized nuclear information when referring patients to catheterization after nuclear testing and do so at rates comparable with those after exercise SPECT despite the higher risk of events in patients undergoing pharmacologic stress.
Esterification of all-trans-retinol in normal human epithelial cell strains and carcinoma lines from oral cavity, skin and breast: reduced expression of lecithin:retinol acyltransferase in carcinoma lines

When exogenous [(3)H]retinol (vitamin A) was added to culture medium, normal human epithelial cells from the oral cavity, skin, lung and breast took up and esterified essentially all of the [(3)H]retinol within a few hours. As shown by [(3)H]retinol pulse-chase experiments, normal epithelial cells then slowly hydrolyzed the [(3)H]retinyl esters to [(3)H]retinol, some of which was then oxidized to [(3)H]retinoic acid (RA) over a period of several days. In contrast, cultured normal human fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) did not esterify significant amounts of [(3)H]retinol; this lack of [(3)H]retinol esterification was correlated with a lack of expression of lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) transcripts in normal fibroblast and HUVEC strains. These results indicate that normal, differentiated cell types differ in their ability to esterify retinol. Human carcinoma cells (neoplastically transformed epithelial cells) of the oral cavity, skin and breast did not esterify much [(3)H]retinol and showed greatly reduced LRAT expression. Transcripts of the neutral, bile salt-independent retinyl ester hydrolase and the bile salt-dependent retinyl ester hydrolase were undetectable in all of the normal cell types, including the epithelial cells. These experiments suggest that retinoid-deficiency in the tumor cells could develop because of the lack of retinyl esters, a storage form of retinol.
A microcoil NMR probe for coupling microscale HPLC with on-line NMR spectroscopy.

An HPLC NMR system is presented that integrates a commercial microbore HPLC system using a 0.5-mm column with a 500-MHz proton NMR spectrometer using a custom NMR probe with an observe volume of 1.1 μL and a coil fill factor of 68%. Careful attention to capillary connections and NMR flow cell design allows on-line NMR detection with no significant loss in separation efficiency when compared with a UV chromatogram. HPLC NMR is performed on mixtures of amino acids and small peptides with analyte injection amounts as small as 750 ng; the separations are accomplished in less than 10 min and individual NMR spectra are acquired with 12 s time resolution. Stopped-flow NMR is achieved by diversion of the chromatographic flow after observation of the beginning of the analyte band within the NMR flow cell. Isolation of the compound of interest within the NMR detection cell allows multidimensional experiments to be performed. A stopped-flow COSY spectrum of the peptide Phe-Ala is acquired in 3.5 h with an injected a...
The solvent extraction of indium(III) with carboxylic acids

Abstract The extractions of l0 -5 –10 -7 M indium, from aqueous 0.1 M sodium perchlorate solutions into various organic media containing different concentrations of monocarboxylic acids and into pure monocarboxylic acids have been studied. Both saturated and unsaturated acids have been employed; the number of carbons in the acids was l–18. Detailed studies of one of the better systems, hexanoic acid in chloroform, have been carried out, the system has been described with a general overall equation, and identifications of the major species have been proposed.
The effect of boundary scattering on the diffusion thermopower

The effect of boundary scattering on the diffusion thermopower is treated in the relaxation time approximation using the Chambers path-integral method. It is assumed that both the electron mean free path 1 and the weighted mean Gaussian curvature χ of the Fermi surface in the direction of transport are energy dependent. It is shown that by comparing the limiting value of the thermopower obtained in the regime of intense size effect with the bulk value, the magnitude of both δχ1)/δ031-01 and δln 1) δ031-01 can be deduced, whether the specimen is a thin film or a thin wire, and that the limiting value of the diffusion thermopower in the regime of intense size effect is the same regardless of the cross-sectional shape of the specimen.
Induction of an Electronic Perturbation in Supported Metal Catalysts

The debate as to whether an electronic effect is responsible for perturbations in the normal behavior of supported metal catalysts has seized the attention of scientists for many years. Unfortunately, many of the proposed so-called electronic models can now be more satisfactorily explained in terms of either the surface concentration or the size of the ensembles present on the support surface. In this study the authors have used both ferroelectric and selected ceramic support media to demonstrate that at specific temperatures the catalytic activity of a supported metal particle can be enhanced to a significant degree. The observed improvement in the performances of these systems can be correlated with changes in the structure of the support media and to the different dielectric constants exhibited by these materials. A further aspect that must be taken into consideration is the finding from high-resolution TEM examinations that even after mild reduction at 350 C there was evidence that in the vicinity of metal particles the support underwent transformation to a lower oxide state.
Estimation and identification considerations for the multiconsequence intervention model

A General Multiconsequence Intervention Model class that describes the simultaneous occurrence of a change in the process mean and covariance structure is introduced. When the covariance change is negligible, this model class reduces to intervention models described by Box and Tiao (1975). Maximum Likelihood Estimators for the parameters of the multiconsequence model class are developed for various important modeling situations that result from different a priori information about the form of the mean shift function form and the model parameters. As a consequence of these estimation results, an identification procedure for determining an appropriate dynamic mean shift form is suggested. The necessary hypothesis tests and corresponding confidence intervals.
Her X-1: A Processing Binary Pulsar?

RECENT observations of the two pulsating binary X-ray sources Her X-1 (ref. 1) and Cen X-3 (ref. 2) have led to a great deal of speculation about the X-ray emission mechanism involved. Because orbital parameters have been derived from their respective Doppler curves implying orbital radii R0 of only 1011 to 1012 cm, it is natural to suppose that matter is accreted on one star from its companion. In the case of Cen X-3 with one binary member a massive star3 (∼15 M⊙), the low-mass companion (M≲0.1–1 M⊙) is presumably a collapsed object with high surface gravity (either a white dwarf, neutron star or black hole). So a large source of gravitational energy is tantalizingly available for radiation. If this were released during accretion of gas on the collapsed star (with mass M and radius R) at a rate dm/dt, the resulting steady state luminosity L≈(GM/R) (dm/dt). Even for a modest mass transfer rate, 2023 g yr−1, the maximum probable X-ray luminosity Lx≈1036 erg s−1 can be accommodated (assuming GM/Rc2∼10−1 as in a neutron star).
A note on cellular automata simulations

During the past several years, a number of papers have appeared on the subject of simulation in cellular automata systems. This paper describes a simulation of a two-dimensional system using a square neighborhood of n × n cells by one, using the generalized von Neumann neighborhood, which costs significantly less in terms of cell complexity than existing simulations. In addition, the equivalences between certain neighborhoods are demonstrated.
Effect of morphine tolerance and abstinence on the binding of [3H]naltrexone to discrete brain regions and spinal cord of the rat.

Abstract 1. The effect of morphine tolerance and abstinence on the binding of [ 3 H]naltrexone to discrete brain regions and spinal cord of the rat was determined. 2. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted s.c. under light ether anesthesia with six morphine pellets for a 7-day period. Each pellet contained 75 mg of morphine base. Rats implanted with six placebo pellets each served as controls. 3. This procedure resulted in the development of tolerance to morphine as evidenced by decreased analgesic response to various doses of morphine. 4. The binding characteristics ( B max or K d values) of [ 3 H]naltrexone, an opiate receptor antagonist, were determined in various tissues of morphine tolerant and abstinent rats. In the tolerant rats, the pellets were left in place at the time of sacrificing, whereas in the abstinent rats, the pellets were removed 18 hr prior to sacrificing. 5. The binding of [ 3 H]naltrexone to opiate receptors on membranes prepared from brain regions (hypothalamus, hippocampus, cortex, pons and medulla, midbrain, corpus striatum and amygdala) and spinal cord of rats from various treatment groups was determined. 6. [ 3 H]Naltrexone bound to tissue membranes at a single high affinity binding sites. The B max values of [ 3 H]naltrexone to bind to opiate receptors on the membranes of amygdala and striatum were increased significantly in morphine tolerant rats when compared to the placebo controls, but the K d values did not differ. 7. The B max and K d values of [ 3 H]naltrexone did not differ in any other brain region or spinal cord of morphine tolerant rats and their placebo controls. The binding constants of [ 3 H]naltrexone were unaffected in morphine abstinent rats. 8. Previously we had shown that the binding of [ 3 H] d -Ala 2 , MePhe 4 , Gly-ol 5 enkephalin (DAMGO), a highly specific agonist for μ-opiate receptors was decreased in cortex, pons and medulla and spinal cord of morphine tolerant but not in the abstinent rats. In addition, δ and k receptors are unaffected in morphine tolerant and abstinent rats. 9. The results suggest that direction of change, as well as, the brain areas for μ-agonist and -antagonist opiate binding sites are affected differentially in morphine tolerant rats.
Postharvest Disease Development on Southern Highbush Blueberry Fruit in Relation to Berry Flesh Type and Harvest Method

Mehra, L. K., MacLean, D. D., Savelle, A. T., and Scherm, H. 2013. Postharvest disease development on southern highbush blueberry fruit in relation to berry flesh type and harvest method. Plant Dis. 97:213-221. Postharvest decay, incited by various fungal pathogens, is a major concern in most blueberry production areas of the United States. Because the risk of infection is increased by fruit bruising, which in turn is increased by machine-harvesting, it has been difficult to harvest fruit from the early-maturing but soft-textured southern highbush blueberries (SHB) mechanically for the fresh market. This could change fundamentally with the recent development of SHB genotypes with crisp-textured (“crispy”) berries, i.e., fruit with qualitatively firmer flesh and/or more resistant skin. Four replicate row sections of two or three SHB genotypes having crispy fruit and three with conventional fruit were either hand- or machine-harvested at a commercial blueberry farm in northern Florida in April 2009 and May 2010. Harvested fruit were sorted, packed, and placed in cold storage (2°C) for up to 3 weeks. Average counts of aerobic bacteria, total yeasts and molds, coliforms, and Escherichia coli on fruit samples before the cold storage period were below commercial tolerance levels in most cases. In both years, natural disease incidence after cold storage was lowest for hand-harvested crispy fruit and highest for machine-harvested conventional fruit. Interestingly, machine-harvested crispy fruit had the same or lower disease incidence as hand-harvested conventional fruit. Across all treatments, natural postharvest disease incidence was inversely related to fruit firmness, with firmness values >220 g/mm associated with low disease. In separate experiments, samples from the 0-day cold storage period were inoculated at the stem end with Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, or Colletotrichum acutatum, and disease incidence was assessed after 7 days in a cold room followed by 60 to 72 h at room temperature. In response to artificial inoculation, less disease developed on crispy berries. No significant effect of harvest method was observed, except for A. alternata inoculation in 2009, when hand-harvested fruit developed a lower level of disease than machine-harvested fruit. Taken together, this study suggests that mechanical harvesting of SHB cultivars with crisp-textured berries is feasible from a postharvest pathology perspective.
Part II. The creep behavior of Ti-Al-Nb O+bcc orthorhombic alloys

The intermediate-temperature (650 °C to 760 °C) creep behavior of orthorhombic (O)+bcc alloys containing 50 at. pct Ti was studied. Ti-25A1-25Nb, Ti-23Al-27Nb, and Ti-12Al-38Nb ingots were processed and heat treated to obtain a wide variety of microstructures. Creep deformation mechanisms and the effects of grain size, phase volume fraction, tension vs compression and aging on creep rates were examined. Unaged microstructures, which transformed during the creep experiments, exhibited larger primary creep strains than transformed microstructures, which were crept after long-term aging. The deformation observations and calculated creep exponents and activation energies suggested that separate creep mechanisms, dependent on the applied stress level, were dominating the secondary creep behavior. Coble creep characteristics, including relatively low activation energies and dislocation densities as well as stress exponents close to unity, were exhibited at low applied stresses. Experiments on fiducially marked specimens indicated that grain-boundary sliding was occurring for intermediate applied stresses. In this regime, the minimum creep rates were proportional to the applied stress squared and inversely proportional to the grain size. Dislocation-controlled creep characteristics, including stress exponents of greater than or equal to 3.5 and relatively high activation energies and dislocation densities, were exhibited at high stresses. Overall, the minimum creep rates were dependent on microstructure and stress. Within the low-to-intermediate stress regimes, subtransus processed and heat-treated microstructures, which contained much finer grain sizes than supertransus microstructures, exhibited the poorest creep resistance. The influence of grain size was not as significant within the high-stress regime. It is shown that for low-to-intermediate stress levels, grain size is the dominant microstructural feature influencing the creep behavior of O+bcc alloys.
Overcoming unlearned response biases: delayed escape following errors facilitates acquisition of win—stay and win—shift working memory water-escape tasks in rats

Previous research has demonstrated that perseveration in escape situations is an unlearned response bias of rats and mice which is difficult to overcome. In Experiment I, Sprague—Dawley rats were trained to a criterion of nine correct choices in 10 consecutive trials in a win—stay working memory water-escape task wherein an escape platform was hidden in one of two compartments. Subjects were given a forced choice on an Information Trial followed by a free choice on a Test Trial 5 min later. Subjects who were given a 30-s forced swim in the incorrect section following errors on the Test Trial showed faster acquisition and less use of response perseveration than control subjects. In Experiment II, the delayed escape procedure was used to compare acquisition of win-stay and win—shift strategies. Contrary to previous research both groups learned the tasks, although the win—stay group showed better performance. It is concluded that unlearned response biases of perseverating and returning to previous escape sites can be overcome if experimental conditions are appropriately arranged.
Geostatistics for conflation and accuracy assessment of digital elevation models

A geostatistical methodology is proposed for integrating elevation estimates derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) and elevation measurements of higher accuracy, e.g., elevation spot heights. The sparse elevation measurements (hard data) and the abundant DEM-reported elevations (soft data) are employed for modeling the unknown higher accuracy (reference) elevation surface in a way that properly reflects the relative reliability of the two sources of information. Stochastic conditional simulation is performed for generating alternative, equiprobable images (numerical models) of the unknown reference elevation surface using both hard and soft data. These numerical models reproduce the hard elevation data at their measurement locations, and a set of auto and crosscovariance models quantifying spatial correlation between data of the two sources of information at various spatial scales. From this set of alternative representations of the reference elevation, the probability that the unknown reference va...
Calmodulin Suppresses Synaptotagmin-2 Transcription in Cortical Neurons

Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous Ca2+ sensor protein that plays a pivotal role in regulating innumerable neuronal functions, including synaptic transmission. In cortical neurons, most neurotransmitter release is triggered by Ca2+ binding to synaptotagmin-1; however, a second delayed phase of release, referred to as asynchronous release, is triggered by Ca2+ binding to an unidentified secondary Ca2+ sensor. To test whether CaM could be the enigmatic Ca2+ sensor for asynchronous release, we now use in cultured neurons short hairpin RNAs that suppress expression of ∼70% of all neuronal CaM isoforms. Surprisingly, we found that in synaptotagmin-1 knock-out neurons, the CaM knockdown caused a paradoxical rescue of synchronous release, instead of a block of asynchronous release. Gene and protein expression studies revealed that both in wild-type and in synaptotagmin-1 knock-out neurons, the CaM knockdown altered expression of >200 genes, including that encoding synaptotagmin-2. Synaptotagmin-2 expression was increased several-fold by the CaM knockdown, which accounted for the paradoxical rescue of synchronous release in synaptotagmin-1 knock-out neurons by the CaM knockdown. Interestingly, the CaM knockdown primarily activated genes that are preferentially expressed in caudal brain regions, whereas it repressed genes in rostral brain regions. Consistent with this correlation, quantifications of protein levels in adult mice uncovered an inverse relationship of CaM and synaptotagmin-2 levels in mouse forebrain, brain stem, and spinal cord. Finally, we employed molecular replacement experiments using a knockdown rescue approach to show that Ca2+ binding to the C-lobe but not the N-lobe of CaM is required for suppression of synaptotagmin-2 expression in cortical neurons. Our data describe a previously unknown, Ca2+/CaM-dependent regulatory pathway that controls the expression of synaptic proteins in the rostral-caudal neuraxis.
The palimpsest problem, hearth pattern analysis, and Middle Paleolithic site structure

Abstract A principal behavioral issue in paleoanthropology centers on the degree to which the behaviors of Neanderthals and modern humans may have differed. Efforts to address this problem have employed the analysis of living floors and site structure in which researchers have traditionally emphasized a dichotomy between the site structures thought to distinguish Modern Human and Neanderthal occupations. This thinking links “complex” site structures characterized by several discrete activity areas to Modern Humans, in contrast to the “simple” structure of Neanderthals as seen in single hearths associated with overlapping, generalized activities. Correlations between prehistoric behaviors and site structures, however, may be masked, distorted, and even destroyed by a variety of natural and cultural agencies. Natural post-depositional processes may be associated with bioturbation, cryo-turbation, and the degradation of sediments through wind and water erosion. Both post- and synch-deposition “disturbance” of artifact distributions and features by human activities may involve cleaning, scuffage, and other site alterations. Perhaps the most vexing of problems associated with post-depositional distortion is from subsequent overlapping occupations in which a smearing or blurring of artifact distributions occurs; i.e., the palimpsest problem. Using the results of a multi-year research program of stratified living floors at the Late Levantine Mousterian rockshelter site of Tor Faraj, southern Jordan, an introduction to a partial solution of addressing the palimpsest problem through hearth pattern and ring and sector analyses is described here.
Prostatic needle biopsy in patients after abdominoperineal resection

Abstract Following abdominoperineal resection, the prostate cannot be palpated rectally. A prostatic needle biopsy can be performed by relying on the IVU and sonogram as guides to localize the prostate and the area undergoing biopsy.
Negotiating Differences in Small Urban Schools Using Cogenerative Dialogue to Enhance Inclusivity

This study investigates the effects of widely advocated organizational reform for secondary schools, namely the small school model, on the collective efficacy of teachers and students who did not share the school’s common vision. Themes that emerged during the study linked the students’ academic engagement to faculty dispositions, the physical facilities of the school, and the socioeconomic context of the student body. Cogenerative dialogue (cogen) was used as a pathway to ameliorate such exclusionary policy. The results of the study indicate that the conversations during cogen meetings became resources to draw on in changing oppressive structural features.
Importance of nonlinear gain in semiconductor lasers

This paper reviews the importance of nonlinear gain and its impact on the performance of semiconductor lasers. The physical mechanisms which can lead to an intensity dependence of the optical gain in the above-threshold regime are described briefly. A specific nonlinear-gain mechanism, referred to as intraband gain saturation, is discussed in detail by considering its effect on the important laser characteristics such as the modulation bandwidth, intensity noise, and the laser linewidth. Particular attention is paid to the effects of cross saturation in nearly single-mode semiconductor lasers. Even a weak side mode can lead to saturation and rebroadening of the main-mode linewidth due to mode coupling induced by the nonlinear gain.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of Quercetin on Mushroom Tyrosinase and B16-F10 Melanoma Cells

In searching for tyrosinase inhibitors from plants using L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) as a substrate, quercetin was found to be partially oxidized to the corresponding o-quinone under catalysis by mushroom tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1). Simultaneously, L-DOPA was also oxidized to dopaquinone and both o-quinones were further oxidized, respectively. The remaining quercetin partially formed adducts with dopaquinone through a Michael type addition. In general, flavonols form adducts with dopaquinone as long as their 3-hydroxyl group is free. Quercetin enhanced melanin production per cell in cultured murine B16-F10 melanoma cells, but this effect may be due in part to melanocytotoxicity. The concentration leading to 50% viable cells lost was established as 20 microM and almost complete lethality was observed at 80 microM.
Experimental evidence that terrestrial carbon subsidies increase CO2 flux from lake ecosystems.

Subsidies are donor-controlled inputs of nutrients and energy that can affect ecosystem-level processes in a recipient environment. Lake ecosystems receive large inputs of terrestrial carbon (C) in the form of dissolved organic matter (DOM). DOM inputs may energetically subsidize heterotrophic bacteria and determine whether lakes function as sources or sinks of atmospheric CO2. I experimentally tested this hypothesis using a series of mesocosm experiments in New England lakes. In the first experiment, I observed that CO2 flux increased by 160% 4 days following a 1,000 μm C addition in the form of DOM. However, this response was relatively short lived, as there was no effect of DOM enrichment on CO2 flux beyond 8 days. In a second experiment, I demonstrated that peak CO2 flux from mesocosms in two lakes increased linearly over a broad DOM gradient (slope for both lakes=0.02±0.001 mm CO2·m−2 day−1 per μm DOC, mean±SE). Concomitant changes in bacterial productivity and dissolved oxygen strengthen the inference that increasing CO2 flux resulted from the metabolism of DOM. I conducted two additional studies to test whether DOM-correlated attributes were responsible for the observed change in plankton metabolism along the subsidy gradient. First, terrestrial DOM reduced light transmittance, but experimental shading revealed that this was not responsible for the observed patterns of CO2 flux. Second, organically bound nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accompanied DOM inputs, but experimental nutrient additions (without organic C) caused mesocosms to be satuated with CO2. Together, these results suggest that C content of terrestrial DOM may be an important subsidy for freshwater bacteria that can influence whether recipient aquatic ecosystems are sources or sinks of atmospheric CO2.