cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Computer Simulation Model for Population Studies of Woodland Pool Aedes Mosquitoes

A system model for woodland pool Aedes was constructed and a computer simulation implementing the system model was constructed and refined for populations of A. stimulans-fitchii mosquitoes. Information and data utilized in the model construction were obtained from surveys conducted in Michigan state parks and an extensive literature review. Dynamics of the mosquito's life cycle and of the woodland pool ecosystem were modeled and the resultant equations are described. Assumptions used in the modeling process are briefly discussed in order to show the reasoning process underlying the use of these equations in the simulation. A description of computer program structure and data files utilized by the program is given. Research on and refinement of the physical components consisted of measurements during 1973 on aquatic parameters chosen as key factors in immature mosquito dynamics and meteorological features oriented as stimuli to these parameters. The resultant data were statistically analyzed to obtain the best available model for maximum water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and water depth.
Olfactometer Studies of Host Seeking by the Parasitoid Spalangia endius Walker (Acari: Macrochelidae)

An olfactometer was used to examine cues by which females of the parasitoid Spalangia endius Walker locate pupae of the house fly, Musca domestica L. The parasitoid was attracted to various larval house fly media. Medium containing or having contained house fly larvae was more attractive than host-free medium. House fly pupae were not attractive. A larval density of 25 house fly larvae per 100 g of medium was required to elicit a significant response by parasitoids in the olfactometer.
Resilience in Community College Students with Adverse Childhood Experiences

Community college students who experience childhood trauma may have difficulty with academic success and completion. Several authors have defined adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) as nine specif...
Establishment and application analysis for prediction model of boilover fire time

The boilover fire of crude oil storage tank is evolved by pool fire,which is a great danger accident.It is one of the complicated topics in the boilover mechanism to predict the boilover fire time accurately.The common model of boilover time has not considered the impact of the oil viscous,so the calculation error is larger.Boilover fire was treated as non-steady-state heat transfer without internal heat source in the paper.Based on the analysis of heat transfer,a computational model of boilover fire time was built.There were six groups of different sizes and filling levels of crude oil storage tanks set fire,and the derived model to calculate the time of boilover accidents.Comparing with the experimental results,the derived model was more accuracy than common,because its error was s relatively small and reasonable.The conclusion of this study is important for firefighting and rescuing of boilover fire.
An Optimization Model for Stochastic Wind Power Capacity Allocation

The randomness of wind power output makes a challenge to secure and stable operation of power grid, meanwhile, the grid-connection and the accommodation of wind power are restricted by topology of transmission network, capacity proportion of power sources and load characteristics. For this reason an optimization model of wind power capacity allocation is established where the maximal installed capacity of wind power units is taken as the objective and the constraints of transmission capacity of power grid is taken into account and typical load scenarios are utilized to reflect the load demand in power grid and the capability of conventional power units to cope with the fluctuation of wind power output is considered. In the established model, the robust linear optimization theory is represented to consider the randomness of wind power output, and the box set is used to describe the deviation extent of the wind power output from its average value, the adjustable robust parameters are led in to control the robustness of the solution. Through the transition from original problem with stochastic variables to deterministic form, the optimized results of allocated locations for wind farms and the corresponding installed capacities are obtained. Finally, taking the modified Graver 6 system as example, the feasibility and the validity of the proposed model are confirmed.
Chloride is required for fluid transport by the rabbit corneal endothelium.

The role of chloride in fluid transport of the rabbit corneal endothelium was examined by measuring changes in corneal thickness following ion substitutions or addition of ion transport inhibitors ...
Lifting of the Au(100) surface reconstruction by Pt, Cr, Fe, and Cu adsorption

Abstract The adsorption and growth of metals on the surfaces of other metals is an important topic for studies of heterogeneous catalysis and bimetallic nanoparticles. The surface structure of these systems impacts nanoparticle growth, catalytic activity, and reaction selectivity. In these experiments, platinum, chromium, iron, or copper were vapor deposited on the reconstructed Au(100) surface. The initial growth of each metal was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Each of the four metals forms anisotropic rectangular islands oriented in the direction of the gold reconstruction rows. The gradual lifting of the surface reconstruction by increased metal coverage is observed, and the reconstruction is fully lifted after 0.5 ML of Pt, Cr, or Fe, or by 3.3 ML of Cu. After the reconstruction is lifted, the island shape changes from rectangular to square, illustrating the effect of surface structure on growth. Second layer islands begin to form before the completion of the first full layer.
Common Peroneal Nerve

The common peroneal (fibular) nerve innervates the proximal lateral leg. Compression of this nerve is relatively common due to its anatomic location around the fibular neck. This chapter discusses relevant anatomy, common mechanisms of injury, and therapeutic interventions.
In situ curing of liquid epoxy via gold-nanoparticle mediated photothermal heating

Metal nanoparticles incorporated at low concentration into epoxy systems enable in situ curing via photothermal heating. In the process of nanoparticle-mediated photothermal heating, light interacts specifically with particles embedded within a liquid or solid material and this energy is transformed into heat, resulting in significant temperature increase local to each particle with minimal warming of surroundings. The ability to use such internal heating to transform the mechanical properties of a material (e.g., from liquid to rigid solid) without application of damaging heat to the surrounding environment represents a powerful tool for a variety of scientific applications, particularly within the biomedical sector. Uniform particle dispersion is achieved by placing the nanoparticles within solvent miscible with the desired epoxy resin, demonstrating a strategy utilizable for a wide range of materials without requiring chemical modification of the particles or epoxy. Mechanical and thermal properties (storage modulus, T g, and degradation behavior) of the cured epoxy are equivalent to those obtained under traditional heating methods. Selective curing of a shape is demonstrated within a liquid bath of epoxy, where the solid form is generated by rastering a spatially confined, photothermal-driving light beam. The non-irradiated regions are largely unaffected and the solid part is easily removed from the remaining liquid. Temperature profiles showing minimal heating outside the irradiated zone are presented and discussed.
Injuries in the competitive paediatric motocross athlete.

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study is to report the spectrum of injuries sustained by competitive paediatric motocross athletes at a level I trauma centre.Patients and MethodsA retrospective study of paediatric competitive motocross injuries treated at a level I trauma centre between 2004 and 2014 was performed. Athletes were included if aged less than 18 years and injured while practising or competing on a competitive motocross track. Medical records were reviewed for age, gender, race, location of accident, use of safety equipment, mechanism of injury, injury type and severity, Glasgow Coma Score at hospital presentation and Injury Severity Score (ISS).ResultsIn total, 35 athletes were studied. The average age was 14 years. One athlete died. Thirty athletes were injured during competition; five were injured during practice. Twenty-four athletes (69%) suffered an orthopaedic injury with a total of 32 fractures and two dislocations. Two fractures were open (6.3%). Lower extremity fractures were twic...
Putting It Together

Around 1885, French painters Georges Seurat (1859–1891) and Paul Signac (1863–1935) developed a style of painting variously known as pointillism, divisionism, or neo-impressionism. Instead of brush strokes, small dots of pure color are placed on the canvas. The dots fuse at normal viewing distance and create the illusion of regions having color and texture. Seurat’s A Sunday on La Grande Jatte —1884 is among the best-known examples of pointillist painting; it is reproduced on the cover of this text.
Abstract 17956: Stratification of Cardiac Electrophysiologic Phenotypes via Systematic Auditory Electrophysiology Evaluation

It is well appreciated that overlap exists between cardiac and auditory electrophysiology, notably the classic example of Jervell Lange Neilson syndrome. We aimed to investigate if further insights into cardiac electrophysiology could be derived via auditory electrophysiology evaluation. We performed a retrospective chart review in the Partners Healthcare system from January 2001- May 2015 for patients who underwent at least 23 hours of a Holter recording as well as an auditory hearing evaluation. 55 patients were identified. Indications for auditory evaluation included patient complaint of hearing loss, symptomatic tinnitus and pre-neurosurgical evaluation. Indications for Holter recordings included complaint of palpitations and heart rate monitoring. Of the 55 patients, 26 (47%) had at least mild sensorineural defect in at least one ear while 28 (51%) had at least mild conductive defect in at least one ear. All auditory evaluations were interpreted by a clinical audiologist. Patients with sensorineural hearing defects had an increased percentage of total (summed atrial and ventricular) ectopic beats when compared to those without any hearing defects as well as those with conductive hearing defects (3.7% versus 0.3% versus 0.5% respectively, p
New Approaches in the Detoxification of CWAs

In this subsection, the results reported in Ref [1] and [2] are included, with permission from Elsevier.
Working with Couples and Spouses

This chapter focuses on the psychotherapy for couples and spouses. One of the main purposes of couple therapy is to help a couple resolve their differences in terms of the way they view or feel about things. If the couple is from different social or cultural backgrounds, then the differences that may exist between them are potentially greater and their marital problems are more complicated. In intercultural-marriage therapy, even though the therapist shares the same cultural background with one of the couple, dealing with the cultural differences that exist between the partners is often the main thrust of the therapy. Conventional couple therapy ordinarily refers to therapy for heterosexual partners or spouses, but it may include therapy for homosexual partners as well. Homosexually bound partners have different relationship issues in terms of commitment, role division, function, and goals of the relationship than heterosexual partners, so that such homosexual partner couple therapy will require a different focus, skill, and approach. In order to carry out culturally geared marital therapy, it is very important for the therapist to have a basic knowledge of the cultural aspects of marriage, including how cultural factors influence the martial system and marital relations. Furthermore, the therapist should be aware of how cultural factors, in addition to many other factors, contribute to marital problems. Based on this basic knowledge, issues can then be discussed to determine how to conduct marital therapy in a culturally relevant way.
Measuring Teachers’ Perceptions of Student Behavior Using the Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders in Middle School Students:

Universal screening serves to identify students at risk for emotional and behavioral difficulties while their behavior is still amenable to treatment. However, there are few universal screeners ava...
Connecting Trace Properties

The study of commutative integral domains often involves the interplay between special collections of ideals and overrings. Structural properties are identified, analyzed, and classified by using the techniques and results of ideal theory. Gilmer’s 1972 book, Multiplicative Ideal Theory, serves as an excellent introduction and foundation to this perspective [G], and the recent book of Fontana, Huckaba, and Papick, Prufer Domains, continues in this spirit [FHP].
Modular Multivariable Control of the Shell Heavy Oil Fractionator

We use Modular Multivariable Control (MMC) to solve the Heavy Oil Fractionator Problem proposed by Shell Oil. A MMC system is an interconnection of coordinated controllers which are multiple control effort, single process variable controllers. The MMC solution is compared with Shell’s Multivariable Control solution for the test cases proposed by Shell Oil as well as for set point changes. Comparisons include the quality of control, the ease of tuning, the ability to treat output constraints, coding complexity, computational load and the implications of the foregoing for control system implementation and maintenance.
Russian Foreign Policy, 2000-2011: From Nation-State to Global Risk Sharing

Russian foreign policy thinking has evolved significantly in recent years. Defined throughout the 1990s by a notable lack of any clearly defined strategic course, there is now a clear vision of the type of global order that Russia wants. Russian foreign policy thinking is reaching far beyond traditional realism to embrace global risk sharing, although the extent to which the country ought to embrace a truly global security agenda is still hotly debated. Too little attention has been paid in the West to this intellectual evolution, and to what it says about Russia's long term foreign policy goals.
Iterated Turán Inequalities and a Conjecture of P. Brändén

The purpose of this note is two-fold: (1) to revisit some open problems and call attention to questions involving log-concavity and properties of functions in the Laguerre-Polya class (Section 2) and (2) to establish some results pertaining to a conjecture of Branden (Section 3).
Chapter 28 – BGA Cleaning

After the memory has been removed from a mobile device, it will need to be cleaned and read. This chapter outlines the process involved in preparing the chip for reading. Most of the techniques within this chapter will apply to the thermal process. Regardless of if thermal or nonthermal removal was used, there will also be times when specific chips will require reballing. Reballing is a process of reapplying solder to each of the Ball Grid Array (BGA) contacts. Reballing allows the reader pins to make contact with the required communication points, thus allowing the contents of the memory to be downloaded. Cleaning the chip will require specific tools, magnification, and chemicals. BGA cleaning can be more time-consuming than the actual process of removing the chip. There will be times when the only thing necessary is to retin the chip instead of reballing. Retinning, unlike reballing, is the process of applying a thin layer of solder over each BGA, which can aid in reading the memory with specific readers.
Prisms of Whiteness: A Critical Analysis of the Multicultural Competence of Pre-Service Teachers

This study endeavored to assess the cultural competency of pre-service teachers in a region of the United States with limited ethnic or linguistic diversity.Â To do this, the prior work of Dâ€™Andrea, Daniels, and Noonan (2003) was used to develop an updated survey instrument.Â Students at a small university in the Midwest were surveyed at multiple intervals during the course of their teacher education program, and their total responses (n=190) are analyzed here.Â Findings for reliability and validity of the instrument are discussed, as well as general trends when comparing students by course enrollment, major, and degree status.Â Further discussion centers on the potential discovery of a partial measure of white fragility and how the results of the study may be enhanced by applying a lens of critical whiteness.Â Finally, implications are presented regarding how white fragility might be directly and deliberately incorporated into future efforts to measure and develop cultural competency in pre-service teachers. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.18.4.8
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (and Chronic Fatigue)

Most individuals complaining of chronic fatigue feel a lack of ability to function at a desirable level. Most feel that this represents a change, in that they did not used to be tired and were able to function at a desirable level. Chronicity can simply be defined as being longer than the person thought reasonable following an acute illness. Many physicians equate chronic fatigue with the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), but I prefer to differentiate the two and will expand on this differentiation in this chapter.
Psychoanalyzing the Grasshopper: Society, Work and Repressed Play in Suits’ Riddle

In this article, I draw on psychoanalysis to provide a novel understanding of Suits’ theory of games by analyzing the riddle in the Grasshopper’s recurring dream, which Suits presents in his semina...
Diffusion of Knots along DNA Confined in Nanochannels

We study the diffusion of knots along relaxed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in nanochannels using a nanofluidic “knot factory” device for knot generation. The apparent scaling exponent for the growth...
Head-to-Head Comparison of Two SARS-CoV-2 Serology Assays.

BACKGROUND: While molecular techniques remain the gold standard for diagnosis of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, serological tests have the unique potential to ascertain how much of the population has been exposed to the COVID-19 pathogen. There have been limited published studies to date documenting the performance of SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays. METHODS: We compared the DiaSorin Liaison SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG and Roche Diagnostics Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays using 228 samples spanning patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2, patients with compatible symptoms but negative PCR, pre-COVID specimens, and potential cross-reactives. RESULTS: Both assays detected antibodies in 18/19 samples collected at least one week after a positive PCR result. Neither method consistently detected antibodies in specimens collected within one week of a positive PCR result (sensitivity < 50%), but antibodies were detected by only Roche in four samples in this time frame. Using 139 pre-COVID and 35 PCR-negative samples, the Roche and DiaSorin assays demonstrated specificities of 100.0% and 98.9%, respectively. Neither assay demonstrated cross-reactivity from other coronaviruses (229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43), respiratory pathogens (adenovirus, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus/enterovirus), or antibodies to other viruses (HIV, EBV, CMV, HBV, HCV, HAV). DISCUSSION: Overall, the qualitative interpretations afforded by the Roche and DiaSorin assays agreed for 97% of samples evaluated. Minor discrepancies in sensitivity and specificity were observed between methods, with the differences in specificity more clinically significant for our low-prevalence population. For the DiaSorin assay, all disagreements with the Roche assay occurred in samples with quantitative signals near the cut-off determining positivity.
A Complex Stiffness Human Impedance Model With Customizable Exoskeleton Control

The natural impedance, or dynamic relationship between force and motion, of a human operator can determine the stability of exoskeletons that use interaction-torque feedback to amplify human strength. While human impedance is typically modelled as a linear system, our experiments on a single-joint exoskeleton testbed involving 10 human subjects show evidence of nonlinear behavior: a low-frequency asymptotic phase for the dynamic stiffness of the human that is different than the expected zero, and an unexpectedly consistent damping ratio as the stiffness and inertia vary. To explain these observations, this article considers a new frequency-domain model of the human joint dynamics featuring complex value stiffness comprising a real stiffness term and a hysteretic damping term. Using a statistical F-test we show that the hysteretic damping term is not only significant but is even more significant than the linear damping term. Further analysis reveals a linear trend linking hysteretic damping and the real part of the stiffness, which allows us to simplify the complex stiffness model down to a 1-parameter system. Then, we introduce and demonstrate a customizable fractional-order controller that exploits this hysteretic damping behavior to improve strength amplification bandwidth while maintaining stability, and explore a tuning approach which ensures that this stability property is robust to muscle co-contraction for each individual.
Impacts of COVID-19 on access to transportation for people with disabilities

Abstract People with disabilities may be particularly vulnerable to the direct health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the wider impacts of the pandemic response. People with disabilities experience numerous barriers to using transportation to access essential goods, like fresh food, and services, like medical care, that are necessary for maintaining health. The pandemic and the pandemic response threaten to exacerbate persistent health disparities and add to transportation barriers that disadvantage people with disabilities. To better understand difficulties that individuals with disabilities are facing using transportation and meeting their needs during the pandemic, I conducted in-depth interviews with 21 San Francisco Bay Area residents with disabilities between March 20 and April 6, 2020, immediately following adoption of the first shelter-in-place orders in the region. Analyzing these interviews, I find that the pandemic is aggravating many difficulties accessing transportation and other essentials that people with disabilities regularly encounter. These include challenges accessing reliable and safe transportation as well as up-to-date communications about transportation and public health, and difficulties getting needed assistance using transportation and completing activities of daily living ranging from personal care to getting groceries. I recommend that those involved in the pandemic response make a concerted and intentional effort to address barriers to accessing needed transportation, communications, and assistance that people with disabilities are facing during the pandemic, paving the way for a more inclusive pandemic response.
Food Safety Factors Determining Shelf Life

Extending the shelf life of refrigerated food products is important from both a quality and economic perspective. New and novel technologies are constantly being developed to increase the shelf life of these products. This chapter will examine the food safety risks associated with refrigerated foods with an extended shelf life and the major pathogens of concern that are capable of growth at refrigeration temperatures. In addition, the use of shelf life studies and challenge studies will be discussed when assessing the risk associated with bacterial pathogens that are capable of growth at refrigeration temperatures.
Uncertainty analysis of 3D potential-field deterministic inversion using mixed Lp normsUncertainty analysis of inversions

ABSTRACTThe nonuniqueness problem in geophysical inversion, especially potential-field inversion, is widely recognized. It is argued that uncertainty analysis of a recovered model should be as impo...
Impact of Concussion History on Heart Rate Variability during Bouts of Acute Stress.

CONTEXT Following a sports-related concussion, many athletes experience persisting neurophysiological alterations. These alterations may be absent at rest but emerge during moments of physiological stress. Unnoticed and untreated neurophysiological dysfunction may negatively impact long-term neurological health in adolescent athletes as they are at a critical point in development. OBJECTIVE To assess cardio-autonomic functioning in athletes with and without a history of concussion by quantifying measures of heart rate variability (HRV) during times of physical and mental exertion. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Research laboratory Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-four male midget-AAA hockey players were separated into those with (n = 16, age = 16.1 ± 1 years, BMI = 23.3 ± 1.8) and those without (n = 18, age = 16.0 ±1 years, BMI = 23.6 ± 2.5) a history of concussion. INTERVENTION(S) All athletes completed a series of HRV recording sessions: 1) at rest; 2) while completing a cognitive task at rest; and 3) while completing a cognitive task after a bout of submaximal aerobic exercise. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Time-domain measures of HRV; mean NN interval (NN), standard deviation of NN interval (SDNN), and root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) were quantified for each assessment. RESULTS Analyses revealed no demographic differences between groups. No between-group differences in HRV at rest, were observed. However, during completion of the cognitive task at rest and following aerobic exercise, athletes with a history of concussion demonstrated significantly higher SDNN (63.2 ± 4.1 vs. 78.1 ± 4.3; 65.2 ± 3.8 vs 71.2 ± 4.3, p = 0.046) and RMSSD (59.0 ± 5.6 vs. 75.8 ± 6.0; 59.0 ± 5.2 vs. 74.0 ± 5.5, p = 0.035). CONCLUSION The results suggest concussive injuries may result in long-term cardio-autonomic dysfunction. Furthermore, these deficits may not be present at rest but may be triggered by physiological stress.
Incorporating Mobile App Technology in Voice Modification Protocol for Transgender Women.

Summary Purpose Motivated by practice and feedback principles of motor learning, a hybrid clinic-home protocol for voice feminization was developed to minimize the role of SLPs to 1 of supervision and professional guidance and to maximize learning during independent practice apart from intervention sessions. The purpose was to explore the effectiveness and acceptability of the innovative service delivery. Method This single-subject changing criterion design included four transgender women who completed a 10–week hybrid clinic-home voice intervention program delivered via 30 –minute weekly in-clinic sessions and a technology-supported home program. The program was client-centered and capitalized on principles of motor learning in that it incorporated frequent practice with intermittent, knowledge-of-result feedback. Participants’ desired outcomes were measured using acoustics, self and listener ratings of audio samples, and a program evaluation questionnaire. Results Average speaking fundamental frequency of phrases and picture descriptions gradually increased into the 170–220 Hz range for all except one participant. All four transgender women were perceived to sound more feminine following treatment compared to baseline. Participants found the in-clinic sessions useful, the app easy to use, and noted limited fatigue or discomfort. Conclusion Four transwomen met their goals using this hybrid clinic-home service delivery format. Further investigations may elucidate key factors of the success achieved in the current study by designing comparison delivery models and including people from other populations.
Leisure-time physical activity, anthropometrics, and body composition as predictors of quality of life domains after spinal cord injury: an exploratory cross-sectional study

The objective of the current work was to examine the relationships between quality of life (QOL) domains in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) and their levels of weekly leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), anthropometric variables, and body composition variables. This exploratory cross-sectional study consisted of baseline data collected as part of a randomized clinical trial at a VA Medical Center and SCI center. A convenience sample of 36 community-dwelling persons with SCI participated in the current study. Outcome measures included the World Health Organization Quality of Life Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF), Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with Spinal Cord Injury (LTPAQ-SCI), anthropomorphic measures (waist, hip, and abdominal circumference), and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to quantify regional and total body composition. Multiple regression models suggested that engagement in LTPA accounted for 35.7% of the variance in physical health QOL, 33.5% in psychological QOL, 14.2% in social relationships QOL, and 38.2% in environmental QOL. Anthropometric measures accounted for 11.3%, 3.1%, 12.0%, and 6.7% of the variance in these QOL indices, respectively, and DXA indices accounted for 18.7%, 17.5%, 27.4%, and 21.9%. Within these models, the number of minutes of heavy LTPA per day uniquely predicted physical health QOL, the number of mild LTPA days per week uniquely predicted psychological QOL, and the amount of mild LTPA per day uniquely predicted environmental QOL. Bivariate analyses also suggested that android and trunk fat, as well as supine waist and abdominal circumferences, were positively associated with social relationships QOL. Encouraging individuals with SCI to engage in LTPA may robustly enhance multiple aspects of QOL while reducing the risk for cardiovascular and metabolic morbidities associated with SCI. Moreover, this may lead to a further understanding of how QOL may impact longitudinal intervention trials. The study protocol and procedures were reviewed and approved by the McGuire VA Research Institutional Review Board (IRB# 02152, approval date August 9, 2015; IRB# 02375, approval date May 2, 2018).
La movilidad del capital y la eficacia de la politica con una corrida de credito. La economia mexicana en los ochenta

extensamente analizada en los pasados anos. Los aspectos conceptua les y teoricos de la cesacion de los prestamos internacionales han sido objeto de muchas contribuciones importantes, y se han revisado a fondo las cuestiones relacionadas: la solvencia, la liquidez y el cumplimiento de pagos en el contexto de la deuda soberana.1 De igual manera, se han examinado ampliamente las consecuencias de la crisis de la deuda en terminos de la transferencia de recursos por parte de los paises en desarrollo afectados, una reforzada condicionalidad impuesta a la po litica interna por las instituciones financieras internacionales, y el desempeno economico y social nacional. Otros investigadores han examinado el efecto de los problemas de solvencia en la politica fiscal desde el punto de vista de la acumulacion optima de deuda. Por ejemplo, Sachs (1984) modela el pago de la deuda como una restriccion al presupuesto gubernamental, para sostener que si apremiara la restriccion de la recaudacion en el periodo de pago el gobierno deberia endeudarse menos que lo indicado por meras consi deraciones del mercado. Sin embargo, como han senalado Eaton y otros (1986), este argumento opera en ambos sentidos: si el gobierno estu viera constrenido en el periodo inicial mas bien que en el periodo de pago, las condiciones de optimacion sugeririan un endeudamiento mayor que el que iguale la tasa de interes mundial al producto marginal interno del capital.
Modeling and mitigating noise in graph and manifold representations of hyperspectral imagery

Over the past decade, manifold and graph representations of hyperspectral imagery (HSI) have been explored widely in HSI applications. There are a large number of data-driven approaches to deriving manifold coordinate representations including Isometric Mapping (ISOMAP)1, Local Linear Embedding (LLE)2, Laplacian Eigenmaps (LE)3, Diffusion Kernels (DK)4, and many related methods. Improvements to specific algorithms have been developed to ease computational burden or otherwise improve algorithm performance. For example, the best way to estimate the size of the locally linear neighborhoods used in graph construction have been addressed6 as well as the best method of linking the manifold representation with classifiers in applications. However, the problem of how to model and mitigate noise in manifold representations of hyperspectral imagery has not been well studied and remains a challenge for graph and manifold representations of hyperspectral imagery and their application. It is relatively easy to apply standard linear methods to remove noise from the data in advance of further processing, however, these approaches by and large treat the noise model in a global sense, using statistics derived from the entire data set and applying the results globally over the data set. Graph and manifold representations by their nature attempt to find an intrinsic representation of the local data structure, so it is natural to ask how can one best represent the noise model in a local sense. In this paper, we explore the approaches to modeling and mitigating noise at a local level, using manifold coordinates of local spectral subsets. The issue of landmark selection of the current landmark ISOMAP algorithm5 is addressed and a workflow is proposed to make use of manifold coordinates of local spectral subsets to make optimal landmark selection and minimize the effect of local noise.
Jon Williamson, Bayesian Nets and Causality: Philosophical and Computational Foundations

Jon Williamson is currently located at the Department of Philosophy, Logic, and Scientific Method, London School of Economics, London. Within this volume, Williamson seeks to address the age-old question of how we reason about causal relationships. From a philosophical perspective, this book explores the ontology and epistemology of probability and causality, whereas from a computational point of view, it investigates the relationship between Bayesian nets and maximum entropy methods. Williamson’s positions argued within this book, including objective Bayesianism and epistemic causality, are part of a coherent scientific framework in which entities are neither physical, mind-independent features of the world, nor arbitrary and subjective entities varying according to the individual. The aim of this book is to present coherent foundations to recent work hypothesizing that Bayesian nets provide a calculus for causal reasoning, and that one can learn actual causal relationships by the automated learning of Bayesian nets from observational data (i.e. inductively). The predictive features of Bayesian Systems’ products are based on a fundamental principal of logic known as Bayes’ theorem. This principle was discovered in 1761 by the Englishman Thomas Bayes, and brought into its modern form shortly thereafter by the great French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace. Properly understood, the theorem is the fundamental mathematical law governing the process of logical inference determining what degree of confidence we may have in various possible conclusions, based on the body of evidence available. Chapter one gives a coherent and concise overview of the entirety of the book. Chapter two gives one a foundational understanding of probability and its interpretations. Chapter three introduces the reader to Bayesian nets, and thereafter gives an erudite summary of them as well. Chapter four relates the problems that are accompanied by the attempt to apply Bayesian nets to causal reasoning, which leads
What of the Right to Practice a Profession

Regents of the University of Calfornia v. Bakke' is a case running over with political tensions, and it is not surprising that the result should be variously represented by members of the Supreme Court. Four Justices-Brennan, White, Marshall, and Blackmun--deemed it important to highlight one constitutional doctrine as "the central meaning of today's opinions."2 Four other Justices-Stevens, Burger, Stewart, and Rehnquist-deemed it important to question that characterization.3 Observers of the Court will doubtless also differ in
Scapegoat: John Dewey and the Character Education Crisis.

Many conservatives, including some conservative scholars, blame the ideas and influence of John Dewey for what has frequently been called a crisis of character, a catastrophic decline in moral behavior in the schools and society of North America. Dewey’s critics claim that he is responsible for the undermining of the kinds of instruction that could lead to the development of character and the strengthening of the will, and that his educational philosophy and example exert a ubiquitous and disastrous influence on students’ conceptions of moral behavior. This article sets forth the views of some of these critics and juxtaposes them with what Dewey actually believed and wrote regarding character education. The juxtaposition demonstrates that Dewey neither called for nor exemplified the kinds of character-eroding pedagogy his critics accuse him of championing; in addition, this paper highlights the ways in which Dewey argued consistently and convincingly that the pedagogical approaches advocated by his critic...
The Right to Treatment: An Enchanting Legal Fiction?

The involuntary confinement of the "mentally ill" creates disquieting tensions for a society which in other ways of life values the liberty of the individual. Opposing wishes to neglect and to care, to protect and to abandon can be identified in involuntary commitment proceedings; therefore, no conflict-free resolution of the problems inherent in such deprivations of liberty is possible. Recently, in order to mitigate the deprivations suffered, the District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals in Rouse v. Cameron' has invoked the principle that individuals so confined have an enforceable "right to treatment." Some of the possible consequences of this "right," however, bring into sharper focus the uneasiness about current practices of involuntary commitment.2 To the extent to which deprivations of liberty for "mental illness" are increasingly justified on the basis of "being in need of treatment," the danger is very real that the right to treatment not only will serve the purpose of improving therapeutic opportunities but also will further support, or even aggravate, existing indiscriminate practices of incarceration on therapeutic grounds. If a right to treatment is to escape this fate, its ambit must be carefully defined, especially once treatment is elevated to a constitutional right.3
Designing a collaborative cross-campus airport (or other transit) simulation project: panel discussion

In this workshop participants will design a cross-campus collaborative project built around an airport (or other transit) simulation. Computer scientists and software engineers create simulations both to understand how processes work, and to avoid catastrophes in the actual implementations of those processes. At the last CCSC-NW, an airport simulation was proposed as a promising collaborative project because it is a large, real-world problem whose implementation potentially encompasses many disciplines. It makes use of multiple data structures, the potential for a nice graphical interface, and large data flows to process. The idea is an expansion of an assignment called the Airport Problem, which has been used as an intense culminating project in a Data Structures course both at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and at Clark College in Vancouver, WA. The premise of the Airport Problem is to complete a single project with multiple data structures so that students gain an understanding of the reasoning behind using different data structures. The Airport Problem uses three data structures: an incoming queue for airplanes arriving at the airport (a DEAP or Min-Max Heap), an outgoing queue for airplanes which have landed and are ready to take off (a Red-Black Tree), and a lobby for passengers who arrive and whose airplanes have not yet landed (a 2-3 tree or a linked list). The project proposed in this workshop would expand the Airport Problem to include additional components such as graphics and networking. Depending on participants' interests as well as availability of data, the transit mode could also be changed from Airport to either Shipping or Trucking.
Accumulation, exports, and growth in the high performing Asian economies: A comment

Potential sources of the very rapid growth in per capita income in a number of Asian countries are considered using cross-country regressions. While unusual investment ratios and initial levels of education both play a role, the superior performance is not totally explained by these variables. A growing body of microeconomic evidence suggests that the growth of manufactured exports may have allowed the industrial sector in these countries to increase its productivity. The cross-country regressions show that part of the rapid growth of per capita income in these countries is attributable to their unusual export performance. Even after incorporating this effect, their per capita income growth remains somewhat greater than predicted
Calibration of an automated high resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy system for in-situ real-time monitoring of a processed waste effluent stream

A pilot plant is being designed at the U. S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS) to demonstrate the removal of 90Sr, 137Cs, and transuranics from a high-level liquid waste stream prior to encapsulation in a Saltstone Facility. In-line monitors are required to determine the concentration of all radionuclides on this processed waste stream. Calibration standards containing 60Co, 137Cs, and 90Sr were prepared and counted. Efficiency curves were generated. Strontium-90 is readily observable above the system background in the calibration standard count, and is observable at less than 3 nCi/ml in a mixed solution having the maximum allowable concentration of all other activities present in the proposed SRS effluent stream.
Two signaling molecules share a phosphotyrosine-containing binding site in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor.

Abstract Autophosphorylation sites of growth factor receptors with tyrosine kinase activity function as specific binding sites for Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of signaling molecules. This interaction appears to be a crucial step in a mechanism by which receptor tyrosine kinases relay signals to downstream signaling pathways. Nck is a widely expressed protein consisting exclusively of SH2 and SH3 domains, the overexpression of which causes cell transformation. It has been shown that various growth factors stimulate the phosphorylation of Nck and its association with autophosphorylated growth factor receptors. A panel of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor mutations at tyrosine residues has been used to identify the Nck binding site. Here we show that mutation at Tyr-751 of the PDGF beta-receptor eliminates Nck binding both in vitro and in living cells. Moreover, the Y751F PDGF receptor mutant failed to mediate PDGF-stimulated phosphorylation of Nck in intact cells. A phosphorylated Tyr-751 is also required for binding of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase to the PDGF receptor. Hence, the SH2 domains of p85 and Nck share a binding site in the PDGF receptor. Competition experiments with different phosphopeptides derived from the PDGF receptor suggest that binding of Nck and p85 is influenced by different residues around Tyr-751. Thus, a single tyrosine autophosphorylation site is able to link the PDGF receptor to two distinct SH2 domain-containing signaling molecules.
Hydrophobic Surfactant Proteins Strongly Induce Negative Curvature

The hydrophobic surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C greatly accelerate the adsorption of vesicles containing the surfactant lipids to form a film that lowers the surface tension of the air/water interface in the lungs. Pulmonary surfactant enters the interface by a process analogous to the fusion of two vesicles. As with fusion, several factors affect adsorption according to how they alter the curvature of lipid leaflets, suggesting that adsorption proceeds via a rate-limiting structure with negative curvature, in which the hydrophilic face of the phospholipid leaflets is concave. In the studies reported here, we tested whether the surfactant proteins might promote adsorption by inducing lipids to adopt a more negative curvature, closer to the configuration of the hypothetical intermediate. Our experiments used x-ray diffraction to determine how the proteins in their physiological ratio affect the radius of cylindrical monolayers in the negatively curved, inverse hexagonal phase. With binary mixtures of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), the proteins produced a dose-related effect on curvature that depended on the phospholipid composition. With DOPE alone, the proteins produced no change. With an increasing mol fraction of DOPC, the response to the proteins increased, reaching a maximum 50% reduction in cylindrical radius at 5% (w/w) protein. This change represented a doubling of curvature at the outer cylindrical surface. The change in spontaneous curvature, defined at approximately the level of the glycerol group, would be greater. Analysis of the results in terms of a Langmuir model for binding to a surface suggests that the effect of the lipids is consistent with a change in the maximum binding capacity. Our findings show that surfactant proteins can promote negative curvature, and support the possibility that they facilitate adsorption by that mechanism.
ViewBox: integrating local file systems with cloud storage services

Cloud-based file synchronization services have become enormously popular in recent years, both for their ability to synchronize files across multiple clients and for the automatic cloud backups they provide. However, despite the excellent reliability that the cloud back-end provides, the loose coupling of these services and the local file system makes synchronized data more vulnerable than users might believe. Local corruption may be propagated to the cloud, polluting all copies on other devices, and a crash or untimely shutdown may lead to inconsistency between a local file and its cloud copy. Even without these failures, these services cannot provide causal consistency.To address these problems, we present ViewBox, an integrated synchronization service and local file system that provides freedom from data corruption and inconsistency. ViewBox detects these problems using ext4-cksum, a modified version of ext4, and recovers from them using a user-level daemon, cloud helper, to fetch correct data from the cloud. To provide a stable basis for recovery, ViewBox employs the view manager on top of ext4-cksum. The view manager creates and exposes views, consistent in-memory snapshots of the file system, which the synchronization client then uploads. Our experiments show that ViewBox detects and recovers from both corruption and inconsistency, while incurring minimal overhead.