cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3961: Chemotherapy treatment induces an Interleukin-6 deficit in the bone marrow microenvironment

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) are a critical component of the microenvironment that supports hematopoiesis, and hematopoietic recovery following bone marrow transplantation. Aggressive chemotherapy not only affects tumor cells, but also influences structural and functional components of the microenvironment, including BMSC and osteoblasts. Successful stem cell or bone marrow transplantation following immuno-suppressive or myeloablative chemotherapy is dependent on the ability of BMSC, and other cellular components of the microenvironment, to maintain their functionality. This includes secretion of soluble factors and expression of cellular adhesion molecules that are critical for the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of immature progenitor cells. In the current study, we have investigated the effects of chemotherapy treatment on BMSC and human osteoblast (HOB) expression of Interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 is a pleiotrophic cytokine which has diverse effects on hematopoietic cell development. The treatment of BMSC or HOB with Melphalan or VP-16, which are clinically relevant drugs used in pre-transplant regimens, led to decreased IL-6 protein expression. This decrease in IL-6 protein is unique to Melphalan, as treatment with other chemotherapeutic agents does not result in a similar decrease in IL-6 protein. We have also observed a decrease in gp130, the transmembrane protein necessary for IL-6 signaling, in response to Melphalan treatment, but not VP-16 treatment. Additionally, pre-treatment of BMSC and HOB with Z-VAD-FMK or Leupeptin, a broad range caspase inhibitor and lysosomal inhibitor respectively, prior to chemotherapy treatment was not able to blunt the decrease in IL-6 protein detected in cell supernatants. These data suggest chemotherapy is not enhancing the degradation of IL-6 protein through caspase or lysosomal mediated mechanisms, but rather blunting the overall expression of IL-6. Melphalan treatment is also able to decrease IL-6 mRNA and further investigation is necessary to determine the mechanism by which chemotherapy affects transcription of IL-6. Collectively, these observations suggest that chemotherapy treatment induced alteration of bone marrow microenvironment function, which results in decreased or defective hematopoietic support of human embryonic stem cells and early progenitor cells may result, in part, from an IL-6 deficit. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3961.
Alterations in cellular enzymes and tissue metabolism in the oxygen toxic primate lung

Abstract Exposure of the primate to 95% oxygen, at 1 atm for 96–120 hr results in: 1. (1) No evidence of superoxide dismutase induction; SOD activity decreased. 2. (2) No change in lung catalase activity. 3. (3) Increased lung glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase suggesting augmented hexose monophosphate shunt activity. 4. (4) Shift toward anaerobic metabolism suggested by: 4.1. a. Increased pulmonary lactic acid. 4.2. b. Decreased lung oxygen consumption. 4.3. c. Decreased cytochrome oxidase activity. Values seen revert to preoxygen exposure levels with gradual reduction of inspired oxygen concentration to room air levels over 72 hr.
Conformational Heterogeneity of Arylamine-Modified DNA: 19F NMR Evidence

One- and two-dimensional 19F NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the conformational heterogeneity of two arylamine-modified DNA duplexes, d[CTTCTTG*ACCTC]·d[GAGGTCAAGAAG], in which G* is eithe...
The MAPP research network: a novel study of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndromes

Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS) may be defined to include interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). The hallmark symptom of UCPPS is chronic pain in the pelvis, urogenital floor, or external genitalia often accompanied by lower urinary tract symptoms. Despite numerous past basic and clinical research studies there is no broadly identifiable organ-specific pathology or understanding of etiology or risk factors for UCPPS, and diagnosis relies primarily on patient reported symptoms. In addition, there are no generally effective therapies. Recent findings have, however, revealed associations between UCPPS and “centralized” chronic pain disorders, suggesting UCPPS may represent a local manifestation of more widespread pathology in some patients. Here, we describe a new and novel effort initiated by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) to address the many long standing questions regarding UCPPS, the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) Research Network. The MAPP Network approaches UCPPS in a systemic manner, in which the interplay between the genitourinary system and other physiological systems is emphasized. The network’s study design expands beyond previous research, which has primarily focused on urologic organs and tissues, to utilize integrated approaches to define patient phenotypes, identify clinically-relevant subgroups, and better understand treated natural history and pathophysiology. Thus, the MAPP Network provides an unprecedented, multi-layered characterization of UCPPS. Knowledge gained is expected to provide important insights into underlying pathophysiology, a foundation for better segmenting patients for future clinical trials, and ultimately translation into improved clinical management. In addition, the MAPP Network’s integrated multi-disciplinary research approach may serve as a model for studies of urologic and non-urologic disorders that have proven refractory to past basic and clinical study.
XXVII. Preliminary note on the electron atmospheres of metals

(1912). XXVII. Preliminary note on the electron atmospheres of metals. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 24, No. 140, pp. 316-322.
An autopsy study of endocrine organ changes in diabetes mellitus

Abstract A retrospective autopsy study of several endocrine organs in a diabetic and control population revealed statistically significant changes in that the diabetic population had more endocrine abnormalities per person than the controls. Histologic abnormalities in the exocrine pancreas, pituitary, parathyroid, thyroid and adrenal were significantly more common in the diabetic population. Because of the difficulties with statistics and the problems inherent in a retrospective study, other observations remain speculative.
Variable Factor Proportions and Interindustry Flows in the Theory of International Trade

I. Introduction, 129. — II. The production possibility with interindustry flows and substitutable primary factors, 130. — III. A two-product diagrammatic illustration, 132. — IV. The marginal rate of transformation along the input-output opportunity cost curve, 133. — V. The generalized theory of factor-price equalization, 135. — VI. Real wage, income distribution and the terms of trade, 138. — VII. The generalized factor-proportions theory of international trade, 139. — Appendix, 141.
Production and use of silver-coated radioactive gold colloids

Abstract The use of silver-coated radioactive gold colloids as adjuvant therapy to pneumonectomy as well as in the palliative treatment of pleural effusions is described. The method of production of these colloids from ordinary gold colloids is discussed.
Palliative surgery for bowel obstruction in recurrent ovarian cancer:an updated series

Abstract Objective Intestinal obstruction is a frequent sequela of recurrent ovarian cancer. Previous series report median survivals of 3–6 months in patients undergoing surgery for obstruction due to recurrent disease. We analyze a contemporary series of patients to determine if outcomes have changed in patients undergoing palliative surgery. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing surgery for intestinal obstruction due to recurrent ovarian cancer from 1994 to 1999. Results During the study period, 68 operations were performed on 64 patients. Mean age at the time of obstruction was 57.3 years. Mean time from original diagnosis of ovarian cancer to obstruction was 2.8 years. Surgical correction (intestinal surgery performed for relief of obstruction) was attained in 57 of 68 (84%) cases. Successful palliation (the ability to tolerate a regular or low-residue diet at least 60 days postoperatively) was achieved in 71% of cases where surgical correction was possible. The rate of major surgical morbidity was 22%. There was one death from pulmonary embolus and one from peritonitis. Two other deaths occurred due to progression of disease, for an overall perioperative mortality rate of 6%. Postoperative chemotherapy was administered in 45 of 57 (79%) cases where surgical correction was possible. The median survival of the entire cohort was 8 months. If surgery resulted in successful palliation, median survival was 11.6 months, versus 3.9 months for all other patients ( P Conclusions The majority of our patients undergoing surgery had successful palliation, and were able to receive further chemotherapy. They were discharged home, and could tolerate solid food.
The spatial and temporal variability of aerosol optical depths in the Mojave Desert of southern California

Abstract The Mojave Desert of southern California is under constant pressure from anthropogenic influences on atmospheric pollutants and land management. Previously, the spatial, temporal, and source characteristics of aerosols over the Mojave Desert have been examined using in situ observations; however, in situ observations lack spatial coverage, and the only long-term measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) needed for aerosol impact studies on the local climate and biota is the AERONET site at Rogers Dry Lake. In this study, we provide the first moderately high spatial resolution (17.6 × 17.6 km 2 ) study of AOD over the Mojave Desert of southern California using satellite data from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) for the period of March 2000 to October 2005. We have demonstrated the seasonality of AOD over the entire Mojave Desert, and the spatial and temporal variability of AOD from the average AOD at national parks, military installations, and dry lakes and playas. Statistically significant differences from the Mojave Desert mean AOD can be attributed to proximity to urban sources (e.g., Rogers Dry Lake is near the Los Angeles metropolitan area) and local sources (e.g., mineral extraction at Bristol Dry Lake). The western Mojave, generally around Rogers Dry Lake and Harper Dry Lake exhibited the most sustained pattern of seasonally high aerosol optical depths throughout the year. As a result, the AERONET site at Rogers Dry Lake should not be used as a site representative of the aerosol conditions over the entire Mojave Desert of southern California.
‘Strong cultures’ and distinctive religions: The influence of imperialism upon British communities of South Asian origin

Abstract The article begins with a discussion of contrasts drawn between ‘weak’ Afro‐Caribbean and ‘strong’ South Asian cultures in Britain and the association frequently pointed to in such contrasts between ‘strong’ South Asian cultures and the persistence of distinctive religious behaviour. It is argued that the mere fact of distinctiveness does not in itself explain the prominent role taken by religion in the creation of formal associations by South Asian groupings, especially when the religious diversity of South Asians is recognised. The article proceeds to argue that an examination of British policy in India during the period of empire can disclose reasons for the reliance by a variety of South Asian groups upon religion as a source of social cohesion. It is suggested in conclusion that the contrast between ‘weak’ Afro‐Caribbean and ‘strong’ South Asian cultures is doubly misleading due to its negative valuation of Afro‐Caribbean cultures and the uncritical view it encourages of the elements upon wh...
Talent LPS AAA stent graft: results of a pivotal clinical trial.

Abstract Purpose: We report results of a pivotal prospective clinical trial that compared standard surgical repair with endovascular exclusion of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) with the Talent LPS stent graft system. Methods: Between March 24, 1999, and September 19, 2000, 240 patients with AAA who underwent stent graft placement and 126 patients who concurrently underwent surgery to treat AAA were enrolled at 17 centers in the United States. All patients were considered to be at low risk from aortic surgery. Patients who underwent endovascular repair received a bifurcated Talent LPS stent graft; surgical control subjects underwent standard operative techniques. Inclusion criteria were AAA larger than 4.0 cm in diameter, with proximal neck > 5 mm long and 14 to 32 mm in diameter, and a 15 mm landing zone in at least one common iliac artery. Access requirements included one external iliac artery of 7 mm caliber or larger. Preoperative anatomic evaluation included computed tomography and angiography. After stent-graft placement, evaluation involved plain radiography and computed tomography performed before discharge and at 1, 6, and 12 months and yearly thereafter. Results: There was no significant difference in early ( Conclusions: Compared with surgical control subjects, patients with AAA treated with the Talent LPS stent graft had fewer complications and the same low operative mortality. Likewise, endovascular repair performed better than surgery in the perioperative period, as measured with several key procedural indicators. Long-term follow-up of patients with the stent graft will be essential to assess durability of these early results. (J Vasc Surg 2003;37:709-15.)
Evolution of preprofessional pharmacy curricula.

Objectives. To examine changes in preprofessional pharmacy curricular requirements and trends, and determine rationales for and implications of modifications. Methods. Prerequisite curricular requi...
A comparison of context-dependent hippocampal place codes in 1-layer and 2-layer recurrent networks

Abstract Recently, it has been suggested that attractor networks may provide a mechanism for context-dependence in hippocampal place codes. We have proposed that context may be coded by “latent attractors” — mutually competitive and internally cooperative cell groups which channel the system's response to afferent stimuli. We have also argued that it is the disynaptically recurrent dentate gyrus–hilus (DGH) system which embodies these latent attractors in the hippocampus. Others have suggested the CA3 network — with its monosynaptic recurrence — is the site. While latent attractors (and, thus, context-dependent coding) can be implemented by a 1-layer or 2-layer recurrent network, we show that a 2-layer recurrent network can implement a sparse context-dependent place-code using latent attractors much more flexibly than a 1-layer network.
Optimality of expectation propagation based distributed estimation for wireless sensor network initialization

We establish that expectation propagation (EP), under some mild requirements and when properly organized, provides sensors with optimal Bayes estimators during the initialization phase of a large randomly deployed wireless sensor network, regardless of the cost function chosen. We are considering the initialization phase to be the period during which the sensors do not yet know their locations and channel/interference strengths, and thus must use random sleep schedules until they have estimated them. During this initialization phase, any other scheme for distributed Bayesian estimation utilizing communication among the same nodes must have equal or worse performance to EP. We discuss the sub-optimality of some other proposed schemes for distributed estimation in sensor networks: consensus propagation and distributed adaptive filtering, arguing that these techniques may presently be seen as seeking suboptimal performance among particular cost functions and with a goal of reduced computation and complexity relative to EP.
Determination of human erythrocyte membrane hydraulic conductivity

Abstract A method of determining the osmotic water permeability of red cell membranes is described. This method is based on the rate of cell volume change induced by the perturbation of the osmotic environment of the cells and the paralleling change in light scattering by the cells. The method requires as little as 0.3 ml of blood and utilizes commercially available equipment. The value for the hydraulic conductivity of the human red cell membrane determined by this new technique is 1.56 ± 0.04 x 10-11 cm3/dyne sec, in good agreement with other techniques. These studies show that the hydraulic conductivity of the human erythrocyte membrane does not depend on the degree cell volume change when the cells are shrunk from their isotonic volume by 15, 20, or 25%. However, the Lp increases 50% when the cells are swollen 25%. The small amounts of blood required and the ready availability of the equipment necessary for the technique makes it now possible for many laboratories to make Lp determinations on normal or abnormal erythrocyte membrane as a means of more fully describing the permeability properties of the cell membrane.
Attractors, Universality and Inflation

Studies of the initial conditions for inflation have conflicting predictions from exponential suppression to inevitability. At the level of phase space, this conflict arises from the competing intuitions of $CPT$ invariance and thermodynamics. After reviewing this conflict, we enlarge the ensemble beyond phase space to include scalar potential data. We show how this leads to an important contribution from inflection point inflation, enhancing the likelihood of inflation to a power law, $1/{N}_{e}^{3}$. In the process, we emphasize the attractor dynamics of the gravity-scalar system and the existence of universality classes from inflection point inflation. Finally, we comment on the predictivity of inflation in light of these results.
Genetic manipulation of tall fescue

Genetic manipulation of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) has not been altered by the discovery of the Acremonium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams)/grass interaction. However, tall fescue breeding programs have been affected greatly. The basic methods for genetically manipulating the grass have remained static. Tall fescue is an obligate out-crossing species, and most improvements are, therefore, captured in the form of an improved population developed through some form of mass or recurrent selection. What has changed is the breeder's ability to recognize genetic differences in the grass because of the confounding effect of A. coenophialum on plant phenotype. It is, therefore, critical that breeders recognize A. coenophialum status in their plants prior to selection. The other major change in tall fescue breeding since the discovery of the A. coenophialum/grass interaction is a tremendous increase in breeding activity.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Hydrocarbon Flame and Rocket Engine Simulator Plume

Laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy (LIBS) ofmetal-seeded aerosols and a hydrocarbon flame werestudied t o determine the pmper experimental condition for rocket motor application. LIBS and atomic emission spectroscop y (AES) were also performed in the rocket motor simulator to evaluate both technologies for the health monitorir g of the rocket engine. The LIBS signal of the seeded element goes down drastically in the presence of the flame i n comparison to the signal obtained from the aemsols of the elements. Similarly the LIBS signal of the trace elemen is was very weak in the luminous flame and the simulator plume in comparison to the messurement outside iL Tlre intensity of the LIBS signal from the trace elements pr€s€nt in the plume/flame was iound to be dependent on tlc process of seeding, the transition probabilitS and the decay time of the background emission. Ultimately LIBS wrs found to be more sensitive than AES in detecting the trace elements in the simulator plume. This study establish,s LIBS as an improved health-monitoring system over AES for the plume studied.
Na+/H+ exchange activity and NHE-3 expression in renal tubules from the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Na + /H + exchange activity and NHE-3 expression in renal tubules from the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Background The NHE-3 isoform of the Na + /H + antiporter, in the apical membrane of renal proximal tubule, is responsible for the bulk transport of Na + and fluid reabsorption. Studies have reported that apical NHE-3 translocates to internal pools, thereby facilitating natriuresis when blood pressure increases abruptly. Methods The present study examined Na + /H + exchange activity and NHE-3 expression in renal cortical tubules from the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and WKY rats before and after the development of hypertension. SHR 4 to 6 weeks of age were pre-hypertensive, 6 to 7 weeks old had mild hypertension, and 8 to 13 weeks old had severe hypertension. Renal proximal tubules (PTs) were isolated and purified by Percoll gradient centrifugation. NHE-3 protein and mRNA levels were determined by Western and Northern blots, respectively. Apical brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were prepared using the MgSO 4 aggregation method and Na + /H + exchange activity assessed using the acridine orange method. Results Na + /H + exchange activity, determined as the rate of Na + -dependent intracellular pH (pH i ) recovery assessed using BCECF after an acute acid load, was significantly greater in PTs from SHR than in WKY rats at all age groups (4 to 6 weeks, 0.30 ± 0.04 vs. 0.24 ± 0.02 pH U/30 sec, P P P + -dependent recovery in BBMV was also greater in SHR than WKY rats (1464 ± 62 vs. 1042 ± 79 fluorescence. U/5 sec, P P Conclusions Na + /H + exchange activity and NHE-3 protein abundance in renal proximal tubules from the SHR are increased while NHE-3 mRNA is not. A post-transcriptional event(s) best explains the increase in NHE-3 protein expression since mRNA levels were not increased. The alterations in the SHR antedate the development of hypertension and fail to decrease as blood pressure increases with age in the SHR, which likely results in inappropriate renal sodium retention in the face of a chronic rise in blood pressure.
Regulation of nuclear PKA revealed by spatiotemporal manipulation of cyclic AMP

Understanding how specific cyclic AMP (cAMP) signals are organized and relayed to their effectors in different compartments of the cell to achieve functional specificity requires molecular tools that allow precise manipulation of cAMP in these compartments. Here we characterize a new method using bicarbonate-activatable and genetically targetable soluble adenylyl cyclase to control the location, kinetics and magnitude of the cAMP signal. Using this live-cell cAMP manipulation in conjunction with fluorescence imaging and mechanistic modeling, we uncovered the activation of a resident pool of protein kinase A (PKA) holoenzyme in the nuclei of HEK-293 cells, modifying the existing dogma of cAMP-PKA signaling in the nucleus. Furthermore, we show that phosphodiesterases and A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are critical in shaping nuclear PKA responses. Collectively, our data suggest a new model in which AKAP-localized phosphodiesterases tune an activation threshold for nuclear PKA holoenzyme, thereby converting spatially distinct second messenger signals to temporally controlled nuclear kinase activity.
Pareto optimality and systems governed by partial differential equations

Based on a set of necessary conditions for Pareto optimality in multicriteria optimization problems derived by Leitmann and Schmitendorf, systems governed by partial differential equations are investigated.
Individual Differences in Coping with Stressful Mass Media An Activation-Arousal View

In this article, we summarize recent advances in the study of behavioral dispositions by detailing the activation-arousal framework. This approach locates the origin of behavioral traits in the activation and arousal systems and, consequently, it offers a more fundamental explanation of personality traits than is typically seen in the mass communication literature. In the interest of applying this view, we propose the Miller Behavioral Style Scale (MBSS) as a measure of an individual's tendency toward activation or arousal. Study I was conducted to test the prediction that scores on the MBSS would be related to the intensity of negative affect during a film segment from Nightmare on Elm Street. The results were encouraging in that the predicted relationship emerged between the MBSS and skin conductance responses. Study U was conducted to test the prediction that scores on the MBSS would be related to information-seeking of highly negative emotional information transmitted by the media when the space shuttle, Challenger, exploded. The results indicated support for this prediction. Implications for future research in mass communication are discussed.
A fast random number generator for stochastic simulations

Abstract A discrete random number (DRN) generator for stochastic differential equations is proposed. The generator has exactly 8 states and thus 10 DRN's can be obtained from a single 32-bit random variable. This is advantageous when large numbers of DRN's are needed, as for example in fluctuating lattice-Boltzmann models. The moments of the discrete distribution match those of a Gaussian distribution (zero mean and unit variance) up to 5th order. Numerical tests show that satisfactory statistical properties can be obtained with several 32-bit pseudo random number (PRN) generators.
Validation of a Simple, Colorimetric, Microplate Assay using Amplex Red for the Determination of Glucose and Sucrose in Potato Tubers and other Vegetables

Accurate quantification of tuber glucose and sucrose content is important for scientific as well as commercial purposes. High pressure liquid chromatography and enzyme coupled assays are accepted methods for determining sugar concentrations. A method is presented here for a reliable, cost-effective, 96-well microplate enzymatic assay that allows one to determine quickly sugar concentrations in tuber samples and in other vegetables. Sample size can be less than 1 g of fresh material. This colorometric assay utilizes coupled reactions of glucose oxidase and peroxidase to accurately measure glucose concentrations. Sucrose content is determined by using invertase in an additional enzyme mediated step. Data from this improved enzymatic assay compare favorably with other methods, with the added benefits of lower capital outlay and fast sample turn around times.
A Local Time-Dependent Sverdrup Balance in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean

Direct observations of the dynamic balance between time-dependent winds and deep ocean currents are described for the eastern North Pacific Ocean at 42°N, 152°W. Currents from 150 to 4000 meters below the surface at frequencies from 0.01 to 0.1 cycle per day are significantly correlated with the wind stress curl derived from U.S. Navy operational wind fields. The horizontal currents are depth-independent below 300 meters, and they flow parallel to the potential vorticity gradient derived from the earth9s rotation and the large-scale bottom topography. These characteristics are expected for such periodic motions with horizontal scales larger than 500 kilometers and represent a generalized Sverdrup balance between the atmospheric forcing and the oceanic response.
Topical Lidocaine for Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Pulsed Dye Laser Treatment for Vascular Malformations

Pulsed dye laser treatment of vascular malformations is moderately painful. Twenty-five percent lidocaine in 70% dimethyl sulfoxide-ethanol was used to achieve anesthesia in patients undergoing the procedure. Thirteen of 14 patients had some degree of anesthesia (average of 51%) ranging from 10% to 100%, with 8 of them experiencing good results (> 50% anesthesia). Diminishment of pain was assessed by comparison of laser therapy on lidocaine-treated versus untreated sites within the vascular malformation using verbal and visual analog scales. In vitro permeation demonstrated good absorption of lidocaine, peaking at one hour. Permeation of lidocaine was significantly greater then that observed from acid mantle cream or EMLA. Topical lidocaine at 25% concentration in dimethyl sulfoxide 70% was well tolerated and had no side effects except transient mild erythema.
The benzene-sensitized cycloreversion of 9,10-peroxy,9,10-dimethylanthracene in solution

Abstract Rates of 9,10-dimethylanthracene (DMA) formation have been determined for N 2 -purged solutions of 9,10-peroxy-9, 10-dimethylanthracene (DMAPO) and benzene ( B ) in dichloromethane at 254 nm as a function of concentration of DMAPO and of B. The rate equation is integrated to accommodate time-dependent absorption of the actinic radiation by DMA, necessary even for cycloreversions of 1%. The data are quantitatively consistent with triplet benzene sensitized adiabatic cycloreversion from the endoperoxide triplet (T π ) state with an estimated efficiency of 0.16 ± 0.06.
Entropy reduction by motional sideband excitation

EVERYONE is intuitively familiar with the second law of thermodynamics: the disorder in any closed system can only increase with time. A familiar example is the spreading of a scent through a room. It is also well known that the spreading greatly accelerates when exterior agents are at work, for example, a stirrer. The reverse task of ‘bottling up’ the diffused scent back in the flask from which it expanded is much more difficult. So if one had somehow succeeded in collecting a cloud of particles in a vacuum at the bottom of a suitable potential well, as would be desirable in removing Doppler shifts in coherent spectroscopy or even in nuclear fusion machines, there will be all sorts of effects at work to spread the particles out again. The principle of entropy reduction by motional sideband excitation1 could be effective in re-collecting the spread out cloud at the bottom of the well.
Periodic solutions of singularly perturbed delay equations

We consider a general class of singularly perturbed delay differential systems depending on a singular parameter e and another parameter λ. For e=0, the equation defines a mapTλ which undergoes a generic period doubling at λ=0. If the bifurcation is supercritical (subcritical), these period two points define a stable period two square wave (unstable period two pulse wave). We give conditions on the vector field such that there is a sectorS in the e, λ plane such that there is a unique periodic orbit if the parameters are inS, the orbit is stable (unstable) if the period doubling bifurcation is supercritical (subcritical) and approaches the square (pulse) wave as e → 0.
Pattern analysis of stem cell growth dynamics in the shoot apex of arabidopsis

The Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM) is made of stem cells that are responsible for all above ground plant structures. Differentiating cells in the development of SAM form primordia. Primordia develop to become various plant organs. Understanding the growth dynamics of primordia is critical to understanding the developmental dynamics of the entire SAM. We present a method for performing quantitative analysis of primordia development in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. A contour based approach is used to detect and isolate individual primordia from 3D live imaging data. Regions of growth are detected by analyzing eigenvalues of curvature covariance matrices. After primordia detection and isolation, a Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) Algorithm is applied to compute the rate of growth. Results show the successful use of our method to quantitatively analyze primordial growth.
The Mediating Role of Sexual and Nonsexual Communication Between Relationship and Sexual Satisfaction in a Sample of College-Age Heterosexual Couples

This study aimed to examine in a sample of college-age heterosexual couples the relations between (a) relationship and sexual satisfaction and (b) sexual and nonsexual communication. The authors tested a mediation model whereby couples' relationship satisfaction was hypothesized to predict couples' sexual satisfaction by way of sexual and nonsexual communication levels. Participants were 266 individuals (133 couples) who completed measures of satisfaction and communication independently of their partner. A mediation model, tested with structural equation modeling, showed the degree to which couples were relationally satisfied was positively related to their level of sexual and nonsexual communication, which, in turn, was positively associated with their degree of sexual satisfaction. Results indicate that levels of sexual and nonsexual communication among couples affect the link between relationship and sexual satisfaction. Such findings may have important implications for college-age couples in committed relationships who are looking to improve satisfaction as well as for therapists, counselors, and educators who work with these couples to improve relationship and/or sexual satisfaction.
Implementation of preventive services in an HMO practice

Practice does not conform to guidelines unless the guidelines are specifically implemented and performance is monitored. Several examples of implementation in one health maintenance organization (HMO) are given. These include immunization for influenza and follow up of positive screening tests for colorectal and cervical cancer. Each implementation effort has required the development of systems, which in this HMO are automated. Several issues influencing implementation are discussed, including resource constraints and priorities for the allocation of new resources. Developers cannot expect that their guidelines will be incorporated into clinical practice. They must foster specific implementation plans.
The next trial will be conflicting! Effects of explicit congruency pre-cues on cognitive control

The dual mechanisms of control account proposed a role for proactive and reactive mechanisms in minimizing or resolving interference in conflict tasks. Proactive mechanisms are activated in advance of stimulus onset and lead to preparatory biasing of attention in a goal-directed fashion. Reactive mechanisms are triggered post-stimulus onset. Using an explicit, trial-by-trial pre-cueing procedure in a 4-choice color-word Stroop task, we investigated effects of congruency pre-cues on cognitive control. Under conditions of stimulus uncertainty (i.e., each word was associated with multiple, equally probable responses), pre-cue benefits were observed on incongruent trials when cues were 100 % valid but not when they were 75 % valid. These benefits were selectively found at the longest cue-to-stimulus interval (2,000 ms), consistent with a preparation-dependent proactive control mechanism. By contrast, when a reactive strategy of switching attention to the irrelevant dimension to predict the single correlated response was viable, pre-cue benefits were observed on incongruent trials for all cue-to-stimulus intervals including the shortest that afforded only 500 ms to prepare. The findings (a) suggest a restricted role for the preparation-dependent biasing of attention via proactive control in response to explicit, trial-by-trial pre-cues while (b) highlighting strategies that lead to pre-cue benefits but which appear to reflect primarily reactive use of the information afforded by the pre-cues. We conclude that pre-cues, though available in advance of stimulus onset, may stimulate proactive or reactive minimization of interference.
Characterization of bacteriocins from Enterococcus faecium with activity against Listeria monocytogenes.

Abstract Laboratory cultures and environmental isolates of bacteria were screened for antagonism towards Listeria monocytogenes using an agar spot test. Seven of the 163 strains that were tested, one Streptococcus bovis , one Enterococcus casseliflavus , two E. avium and three E. faecium , consistently displayed antilisterial activity. Cell-free, pH-neutralized supernatants prepared from the three E. faecium strains (JBL1061, JBL1083 and JBL1351) exhibited strong antilisterial activity against L. monocytogenes , and were subjected to more detailed analyses. The antagonistic factors produced by these three strains were sensitive to chloroform and several proteolytic enzymes, resistant to heat (121°C, 20 min), and stable over a wide pH range (3.0–10.0). Moreover, they were listericidal without causing cell lysis. These data suggest that a bacteriocin(s) is involved in the inhibition of L. monocytogenes by E. faecium JBL1061, JBL1083 and JBL1351.
Death certificate reports of cardiovascular disorders in children: comparison with diagnoses in a pediatric cardiology registry.

Abstract The diagnosis of cardiovascular disease listed in a registry of a Pediatric Cardiology practice were compared with conditions listed upon the death certificate of 301 individuals. Over 130 separate physicians had signed the death certificates. Of 227 children who had some disease of the cardiovascular system, some notation of this appeared on the certificates of 187 (82.4%). For the 206 in whom the cardiovascular disorder was judged as probably contributing significantly to death, the frequency was 186 (90.3%). In only 81 of those 206 (39.3%) however, was the major cardiac defect present specifically noted on the certificate. An erroneous diagnosis of a specific cardiovascular disorder was noted on the certificate of nine (who had another congenital heart defect). The data suggest that while death certificate reports may be useful for following total trends in deaths attributable to cardiovascular disease in children, they are unlikely, because of their incompleteness, to be useful for to provide data on the mortality resulting from specific cardiovascular disorders.
Advanced radiologic imaging for pediatric appendicitis, 2005-2009: trends and outcomes.

Objectives To examine the variability in the use of computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) for children with appendicitis and identify associations with clinical outcomes, and to demonstrate any trends in diagnostic imaging between 2005 and 2009. Study design This was a retrospective review of children evaluated for appendicitis in an emergency department between 2005 and 2009 using an administrative database of 40 pediatric institutions in the United States. Imaging utilization by institutions was studied for association with 3 clinical outcomes. Results A total of 55 238 children with appendicitis were studied. Utilization of CT and US varied widely across institutions, with medians of 34% (IQR, 21%-49%) for CT and 6% (IQR, 2%-26%) for US. Increased use of US or a combination of CT and US (but not of CT use alone) was associated with a lower negative appendectomy rate. Imaging was not associated with other clinical outcomes. In children with appendicitis, the use of US has increased since 2007, whereas that of CT has decreased. Conclusion There is considerable variation in the use of CT and US for children with appendicitis at major pediatric institutions. At the institutional level, increased use of US or combined US and CT is associated with a lower negative appendectomy rate. Despite the better diagnostic accuracy of CT compared with US, the use of CT is decreasing.
Medicaid prenatal care: a comparison of use and outcomes in fee-for-service and managed care.

BACKGROUND. To control rising costs, state Medicaid agencies are enrolling recipients in managed care health plans (MCPs). We performed this study to assess this policy's impact on accessibility and outcomes of Medicaid-funded prenatal care. METHODS. We performed a retrospective, controlled study with three cohorts: a study group of 1106 Medicaid recipients enrolled in three MCPs, a matched comparison group of 4830 recipients receiving care in the fee-for-service (FFS) system, and a second matched comparison group of 4434 non-Medicaid enrollees of the same MCPs. Data on prenatal care use and birth outcomes were obtained through linkage of claims and discharge files with birth certificate files. RESULTS. Medicaid recipients enrolled in MCPs used prenatal care similarly to those in the FFS system and showed equal or modestly improved birth-weight distributions. However, Medicaid MCP enrollees showed poorer use of prenatal care and birth outcomes compared with non-Medicaid enrollees of the same plans. CONCLU...
Correlations between purkinje cell single-unit activity and simultaneously recorded field potentials in the immediately underlying granule cell layer.

Evidence from both anatomical and physiological studies suggests that the ascending segment of the granule cell axon provides a large, driving input to overlying Purkinje cells. In the current expe...
Growth of single crystals of pure and Ce-doped Nd2CuO4

Abstract Single crystals of Nd 2 CuO 4 have been grown from excess CuO by a top seeded solution growth technique. Ce-doped Nd 2 CuO 4 platelet-like single crystals have also been grown by slow cooling of the melt with nucleation sites provided by a platinum wire.
Channelised receiver. A viable solution for EW and ESM systems

The requirements of EW and ESM receivers continue to become more and more demanding. The channelised receiver is one receiver type that can often meet, or exceed, these demanding requirements. The paper presents discussion suggesting that he recent success of the channelised receiver is largely due to technology advances in areas such as surface-acoustic-wave filters, microprocessors and microwave integrated circuits. The paper presents a brief description of two recently developed systems, both of which make extensive practical use of surface-wave components. A brief discussion on the recurring concern of how to optimally multiplex filters is also presented.
Effect of Pb on the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Al

Nanocrystalline (nc) Al–Pb two phase mixtures of different Pb concentrations were made by two different routes using high energy ball milling. The microhardness measurements show a softening in nc Al–Pb composites with the increase in Pb content, contradicting the previous results reported in the literature. We conclude that interaction of Pb atoms with nanocrystalline Al grain boundaries is responsible for the softening of the nc Al matrix observed in the current study.
Detection of Hydrophobic End Groups on Polymer Surfaces by Sum-Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

We report the successful application of SFG to detect segregation of end groups on polymer surfaces. Two groups of polymer samples are studied: one is polyurethane with different surface-modified end groups, the other is poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with different end groups. For each group of polymers, both hydrophobic and hydrophilic end groups are chosen. With the surface sensitivity of SFG, we have found that hydrophobic end groups [e.g., methoxy on PEG or poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) on polyurethane] tend to segregate to the polymer surface in air. However, the hydrophilic end groups (e.g., hydroxyl group on PEG or PEG on polyurethane) remain in the bulk so that the surfaces that are exposed to air are covered by the polymer backbones. Although contact-angle measurements and XPS results can demonstrate that polymer surfaces indeed have been modified by different end groups, only SFG can show the surface structure at the molecular level.
Irreversibility and Reversible Heat Transfer: The Quest and Nature of Energy and Entropy

This paper focuses on philosophical and practical aspects of energy and entropy, with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility, and a goal to establish the concept of “reversible heat transfer,” regardless that heat transfer is a typical irreversible process. Heat transfer, like any other energy transfer, may be achieved from any-to-any temperature level, and in limit be reversible, if temperature of an intermediary cyclic substance is adjusted as needed, using isentropic compression and expansion. The reversible heat transfer limits are the most efficient and demonstrate limiting potentials for practical heat transfer processes.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The realization of consistent input-output sequences by Finite State Machines

The problem of synthesizing a system to realize a specified, input-output behavior is of great interest in system theory. In this paper, the realizability of a finite set of input-output sequences by a finite state machine (FSM) is studied. Realizable input-output sequences of length l are characterized by a property called “consistency.” An algorithm for constructing an FSM to realize a consistent set of input-output sequences is developed. The above characterization and the construction algorithm are related to and motivated by an earlier work by Gill. It is shown that the construction procedure presented here can lead to simpler realizations.
Occasioning possibilities, not certainties: professional learning and peer‐led book clubs

How might four teachers working together in a book group utilize their learning to better ensure students’ academic success? In what ways might this collective’s learning emerge as the group worked together? Questions such as these prompted the author to investigate the professional learning that occurred during book club sessions with one group of teachers enrolled in a graduate course. Her intention in presenting this case study of four elementary teachers and the complex learning associated with the book club process is two‐fold: to describe how the teachers participated in peer‐led book clubs and made use of the book club experience as a practice field in which they rehearsed instruction they would conduct with students; and to conclude this discussion by focusing on how book clubs are potential communities of practice that exemplify complex professional learning.
Some properties of radical reactions important in synthesis

Abstract Properties of radical chain reactions are reviewed including propagating steps, lifetimes of chains, and choices of initiators. Structure and reactivity relations in chain-propagation steps and their effects on regio- and stereochemistry are discussed. The utility of redox chains involving transition metal ions is considered along with the importance of radical ions as reaction intermediates.
Increasing Use of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation During Out-of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation Arrest Survival Implications of Guideline Changes

Background— The most recent resuscitation guidelines have sought to improve the interface between defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation; the survival impact of these changes is unknown, ...
Rheological Properties and Frictional Pressure Loss of Drilling, Completion, and Stimulation Fluids in Coiled Tubing

The rheological properties and friction pressure losses of several common well-drilling, completion, and stimulation fluids have been investigated experimentally. These fluids include polymeric fluids-Xanthan gum, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA), guar gum, and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), bentonite drilling mud, oil-based drilling mud, and guar-based fracturing slurries. Rheological measurements using a Bohlin CS 50 rheometer and a model 35 Fann viscometer showed that these fluids exhibit shear thinning and thermal thinning behavior except the bentonite drilling mud whose viscosity increased as the temperature was raised. Flow experiments using a full-scale coiled tubing test facility showed that the friction pressure loss in coiled tubing is significantly higher than in straight tubing. Since the polymeric fluids displayed drag reducing property, their drag reduction behavior in straight and coiled tubings was analyzed and compared. Plots of drag reduction vs. generalized Reynolds number indicate that the drag reduction in coiled tubing was not affected by polymer concentration as much as in straight tubing. The onsets of turbulence and drag reduction in coiled tubing were significantly delayed as compared with straight tubing. The effect of solids content on the friction pressure losses in coiled tubing is also briefly discussed.