cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Filtering spam with behavioral blacklisting

Spam filters often use the reputation of an IP address (or IP address range) to classify email senders. This approach worked well when most spam originated from senders with fixed IP addresses, but spam today is also sent from IP addresses for which blacklist maintainers have outdated or inaccurate information (or no information at all). Spam campaigns also involve many senders, reducing the amount of spam any particular IP address sends to a single domain; this method allows spammers to stay "under the radar". The dynamism of any particular IP address begs for blacklisting techniques that automatically adapt as the senders of spam change.This paper presents SpamTracker, a spam filtering system that uses a new technique called behavioral blacklisting to classify email senders based on their sending behavior rather than their identity. Spammers cannot evade SpamTracker merely by using "fresh" IP addresses because blacklisting decisions are based on sending patterns, which tend to remain more invariant. SpamTracker uses fast clustering algorithms that react quickly to changes in sending patterns. We evaluate SpamTracker's ability to classify spammers using email logs for over 115 email domains; we find that SpamTracker can correctly classify many spammers missed by current filtering techniques. Although our current datasets prevent us from confirming SpamTracker's ability to completely distinguish spammers from legitimate senders, our evaluation shows that SpamTracker can identify a significant fraction of spammers that current IP-based blacklists miss. SpamTracker's ability to identify spammers before existing blacklists suggests that it can be used in conjunction with existing techniques (e.g., as an input to greylisting). SpamTracker is inherently distributed and can be easily replicated; incorporating it into existing email filtering infrastructures requires only small modifications to mail server configurations.
HPV E6 Proteins Target Ubc9, the SUMO Conjugating Enzyme

The human papillomavirus oncogenic protein, E6, interacts with a number of cellular proteins, and for some targets, E6 directs their degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Post-translational modification with ubiquitin-like modifiers, such as SUMO, also influences protein activities, protein–protein interactions, and protein stability. We report that the high risk HPVE6 proteins reduce the intracellular quantity of the sole SUMO conjugation enzyme, Ubc9, concomitant with decreased host sumoylation. E6 did not significantly influence transcription of Ubc9, indicating that the effects were likely at the protein level. Consistent with typical E6-mediated proteasomal degradation, E6 bound to Ubc9 in vitro, and required E6AP for reduction of Ubc9 levels. Under stable E6 expression conditions in differentiating keratinocytes there was a decrease in Ubc9 and a loss of numerous sumoylated targets indicating a significant perturbation of the normal sumoylation profile. While E6 is known to inhibit PIASy, a SUMO ligase, our results suggest that HPV E6 also targets the Ubc9 protein to modulate host cell sumoylation, suggesting that the sumoylation system may be an important target during viral reproduction and possibly the subsequent development of cervical cancer.
First satellite tracks of neonate sea turtles redefine the ‘lost years’ oceanic niche

Few at-sea behavioural data exist for oceanic-stage neonate sea turtles, a life-stage commonly referred to as the sea turtle ‘lost years’. Historically, the long-term tracking of small, fast-growing organisms in the open ocean was logistically or technologically impossible. Here, we provide the first long-term satellite tracks of neonate sea turtles. Loggerheads (Caretta caretta) were remotely tracked in the Atlantic Ocean using small solar-powered satellite transmitters. We show that oceanic-stage turtles (i) rarely travel in Continental Shelf waters, (ii) frequently depart the currents associated with the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, (iii) travel quickly when in Gyre currents, and (iv) select sea surface habitats that are likely to provide a thermal benefit or refuge to young sea turtles, supporting growth, foraging and survival. Our satellite tracks help define Atlantic loggerhead nursery grounds and early loggerhead habitat use, allowing us to re-examine sea turtle ‘lost years’ paradigms.
Epigenetics and imprint resetting in cloned animals

Mammalian somatic cell cloning is extremely inefficient, with most clones failing to develop past implantation. This is presumably caused by epigenetic errors as a result of inadequate reprogramming of a somatic cell nucleus to a zygotic role. Imprinted genes have been implicated in the demise of somatic cell clones. This review discusses the pros and cons of this assumption and considers aspects of imprinted gene expression and DNA methylation in somatic cell clones. In summary, imprinted genes may be most relevant as an indicator for reprogramming but are probably not more vulnerable to reprogramming errors than nonimprinted genes. In contrast, changes in the methylation state indicate that failure of clones is often associated with abnormal methylation of individual sequences as well as the genome as a whole. Keywords: somatic cell nuclear transfer; cloning; reprogramming; epigenetic reprogramming; imprinting; allele-specific expression
Kinetics and mechanism of isobutene formation from T-butanol in hot liquid water

Isobutene is the only product of the uncatalyzed and acid-catalyzed dehydration of tert-butanol in compressed liquid water at 250 C. The uncatalyzed dehydration reaction is fast: equilibrium is established after about 30 s. Only one of many chemically-motivated kinetic models is able to fit all the experimental data. This model presumes a heterolytic dehydration mechanism that involves protonated alcohol, carbocation, di-tert-butyl ether, and protonated ether as intermediates. The model permits tert-butanol to dissociated as both an Arrhenius acid and a Bronsted acid while catalyzing its dehydration to isobutene. The pK[sub a] of tert-butanol at 250 C is predicted to be about 9, whereas its value at normal temperature and pressure is 18. This 10[sup 9] increase in the K[sub a] value of tert-butanol hints of the promising new world of reaction chemistry in near- and supercritical water.
Role of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Cleavage in Apoptosis CASPASE 3-RESISTANT PARP MUTANT INCREASES RATES OF APOPTOSIS IN TRANSFECTED CELLS

An early transient burst of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins was recently shown to be required for apoptosis to proceed in various cell lines (Simbulan-Rosenthal, C., Rosenthal, D., Iyer, S., Boulares, H., and Smulson, M. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 13703–13712) followed by cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), catalyzed by caspase-3. This inactivation of PARP has been proposed to prevent depletion of NAD (a PARP substrate) and ATP, which are thought to be required for later events in apoptosis. The role of PARP cleavage in apoptosis has now been investigated in human osteosarcoma cells and PARP −/− fibroblasts stably transfected with a vector encoding a caspase-3-resistant PARP mutant. Expression of this mutant PARP increased the rate of staurosporine and tumor necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis, at least in part by reducing the time interval required for the onset of caspase-3 activation and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, as well as the generation of 50-kilobase pair DNA breaks, thought to be associated with early chromatin unfolding. Overexpression of wild-type PARP in osteosarcoma cells also accelerated the apoptotic process, although not to the same extent as that apparent in cells expressing the mutant PARP. These effects of the mutant and wild-type enzymes might be due to the early and transient poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in response to DNA breaks, and the accompanying depletion of NAD apparent in the transfected cells. The accelerated NAD depletion did not seem to interfere with the later stages of apoptosis. These results indicate that PARP activation and subsequent cleavage have active and complex roles in apoptosis.
Toward Understanding Violence in Islam

In the context of reduced violence world-wide, as documented by Pinker (2011), Islam is an exception; i.e., it is more violent than other cultures. Can contemporary cultural psychology explain aspects of this difference? It is hypothesized that violence is more frequent in cultures that are vertical collectivist than in cultures that are horizontal individualist. The paper reviews data that are generally consistent with this hypothesis. Furthermore, most Muslims are not violent, but perhaps 1 percent do engage in jihad. What personality aspects might explain this difference? It is argued that self-deception is very common among humans and the jihadists are especially susceptible to selfdeception. Religion provides important benefits but it is also often related to violence. One way to reduce aspects of Islamic violence is for the West to ridicule Islam less. The paper also provides Islam with a more realistic model of its religion.
Transfection of the genes for interleukin-12 into the K1735 melanoma and the EMT6 mammary sarcoma murine cell lines reveals distinct mechanisms of antitumor activity.

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple effects on the immune system. The antitumor effects of locally produced IL-12 were examined in 2 tumor model systems. IL-12 expressing EMT6 mammary sarcomas (EMT6/IL-12) grew temporarily and then regressed resulting in mice that were immune to a further challenge of EMT6 cells. Interestingly, the IL-12 expressing K1735 melanomas (K1735/IL-12) maintained a lag phase of nonmeasurable growth for several weeks, followed by tumor outgrowth that was associated with a loss of IL-12 production. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) isolated from EMT6/IL-12 tumors effectively lysed EMT6 target cells, whereas K1735/IL-12 TILs lacked lytic activity. Both IL-12 expressing tumors, however, grew progressively in nude mice indicating an important role for T cells in each case. Recombinant murine interferon gamma (rmIFN-gamma) inhibited the growth of EMT6 cells, but not K1735 cells in vitro, and strongly induced the expression of the antiangiogenic chemokine interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) by both cell lines. Of interest, only the EMT6 cell line was able to secrete the proangiogenic molecule, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in response to low oxygen conditions. Fluorescent staining of the vascular endothelium at the tumor injection site provided images depicting early stages of angiogenesis prior to K1735/IL-12 tumor outgrowth. These results indicate that locally produced IL-12 likely mediates the rejection of EMT6 tumors through tumor cell lysis by host immune cells, whereas its antiangiogenic potential may be counterbalanced by the strong induction of VEGF by hypoxic tumor cells. In contrast, IL-12 does not induce protective immunity to K1735 tumors. However, an antiangiogenic mechanism may be responsible for controlling tumor growth.
Pathogenicity of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes to some major stored-product insect pests

Entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) are commonly used biological control agents of insects in cryptic habitats, but their potential for suppressing stored-product insects in these habitats has not been explored previously. Here, we provide data from the first step in a program to evaluate entomopathogenic nematodes in the genus Steinernema as biological control agents of stored-product pests by determining their pathogenicity to some of the major stored-product pest species. When evaluated against larvae, pupae and adults of six pest species (Plodia interpunctella, Ephestia kuehniella, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tenebrio molitor, Tribolium castaneum, and Trogoderma variabile), and the adults of two additional pest species (Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica), Steinernema riobrave was either the most pathogenic or of similar pathogenicity compared to S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae. A dose of 10 infective juveniles of S. riobrave caused 80% or higher mortality against larvae of P. interpunctella, E. kuehniella, T. castaneum, and O. surinamensis, pupae of T. castaneum and T. molitor, and adults of T. molitor and the two moth species. All stages of Trogoderma variabile exhibited 70% or higher mortality. Adults of S. oryzae and R. dominica exhibited low susceptibility with 15% and 35% mortality, respectively. On the basis of these results, S. riobrave was selected for further evaluation under more field-like conditions.
Exploring Sources of Punitiveness Among German Citizens

Prior research examining punitive attitudes has typically focused on the United States and citizens’ support for the death penalty or American “gettough” criminal policies. Yet, little is known as to how punitive attitudes and their sources vary internationally. Using Germany as a case study, this article expands the scope of punitiveness research by examining how factors typically examined in American studies, such as cynicism, institutional trust, law and order culture, and antiminority attitudes, relate to citizen beliefs about punishment in a different cultural context. Findings suggest that distrust of the judicial system, political prioritization of law and order, and antiminority attitudes predict citizens’ support for severe punishment as an effective crime-reduction technique. Implications and directions for future research are highlighted.
Neighborhood Immigration and Native Out-Migration

This study combines data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics with data from four censuses to examine the effects of foreign-born populations in the immediate neighborhood of residence and surrounding neighborhoods on the residential mobility decisions of native-born black and white householders. We find that the likelihood of out-mobility for native householders is significantly and positively associated with the relative size of, and increases in, the immigrant population in the neighborhood. Consistent with theoretical arguments related to the distance dependence of mobility, large concentrations of immigrants in surrounding areas reduce native out-mobility, presumably by reducing the attractiveness of the most likely mobility destinations. A sizable share of local immigration effects can be explained by the mobility-related characteristics of native-born individuals living in immigrant-populated areas, but the racial composition of the neighborhood (for native whites) and local housing market conditions (for native blacks) also are important mediating factors. The implications of these patterns for processes of neighborhood change and broader patterns of residential segregation are discussed.
Beyond Blueprints and Basics: A Service Design Conference Report

On October 29, 2010, the Service Design Network1 held a one-day intensive Service Design Conference in Cambridge, MA. The conference was hosted by Microsoft at the New England Research and Development Center and organized by Shelley Evenson, Jamin Hegeman, Mark Jones, and Birgit Mager. One goal of the conference was to formally extend into the United States the conversation around service design that has been developing in Europe.2 Another goal of the conference was to develop a community around service design by providing an opportunity for those practicing and interested in the subject to come together. The roughly 110 participants included practicing professionals from a variety of fields—healthcare, hospitality, government, public services, software development, and design consultancies—as well as academics from design and management schools. The participants also came from all over the United States, Canada, Germany, and South Korea. Some identified themselves as service designers in their line of work or inquiry; others have only recently become interested in service design. The participants embraced this diversity and sought new ways to find connections and common ground during the gathering. Although the conference did not have a specific title or theme, the nature of its content and speakers provides some insight into the issues that are of current importance, as well as the emergent issues in service design. The six presentation topics were “Service Design: An Organizational Challenge” by Oliver King, “The Behavior Chain: Linking the Tools and Methods of Service Design to Meaningful and Measurable Behavior Change” by Robert Fabricant, “Service Meets Social” by Shelley Evenson, “The Digital Service Experience” by Monica Bueno, “Architecting for Mass Collaboration: How Civic Hackers are Building Better City Services with Government” by Peter Corbett, and “Finding the Soul of Service Design” by Mark Jones. King emphasized the capability of service designers through the illustration of a successful project, Bueno provided heuristics for successful service design outcomes in the form of lessons, Corbett shared the experiences of civic hackers and the design of social technologies, and the other three presentations contained substance about the application of service design to social issues. In addition, a panel led by Lew McCreary had Chris McCarthy and Lorna Ross engage in a focused dialogue around services in healthcare innovation.
Pesticide has asymmetric effects on two tadpole species across density gradient.

Northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) have been disappearing throughout their range. The causes for extirpations have been elusive, although habitat alteration appears to be a major factor. Pesticides have been implicated in declines in western amphibians, but no mechanism has been identified. We tested the hypothesis that leopard frog tadpoles would be eliminated from insecticide-exposed ponds when they were less abundant than a competitor (American toads, Bufo americanus) by manipulating toad and leopard frog density (16, 50, or 150 of each species) with or without the insecticide carbaryl. Insecticide exposure did not interact with density on either species, indicating that contaminant effects were similar despite drastic differences in competition. The survival of both species decreased with increasing conspecific density, but not heterospecific density. Leopard frogs produced more metamorphs at intermediate densities, whereas toads produced more metamorphs at high density. Leopard frog mass at and time to metamorphosis responded negatively to density. Carbaryl did not affect leopard frog survival but positively affected mass at and time to metamorphosis. In contrast, toad survival was reduced after exposure, but mass at metamorphosis was greater. Pesticide-induced survival reductions may not affect population size if reductions are slight (as in toads, whose fitness may be compensated by increased mass). Management strategies aimed at ameliorating the effects of carbaryl in systems with these two species may not need to consider density. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:650–658. © 2011 SETAC
OBSERVATIONS ON LICHENIZED AND FREE‐LIVING PHYSOLINUM (CHLOROPHYTA, TRENTEPOHLIACEAE)1

Lichenized Physolinum Printz and free-living Physolinum from a dimly lit cave were studied from fresh collections and cultures, preserved specimens fixed in situ, and cultures that had persisted for 5 years in an environmental chamber. The branched filamentous association consists of a phycobiont and a characteristic ascomycetous mycobiont of one layer that completely ensheathes the algal partner. Epiphytic blue-green algae commonly occur attached to the mycobiont. The phycobiont, Physolinum monilia (De Wildem.) Printz, produces thick-walled, green spiny cells, some of which enlarge and contact the sheathing mycobiont cells; the phycobiont and mycobiont may then develop into new lichenized filaments. The hyaline mycobiont cells extend haustoria bound by the fungus wall deeply into the phycobiont chloroplasts. The epiphytes, Synechocystis-like colonies, are firmly attached to the outer walls of the mycobiont and are associated with several-celled extensions of the fungus beyond the apical phycobiont cells. Free-living Physolinum monilia filaments are branched and moniliform; the search-containing uninucleate cells are spherical to pyriform and have walls of cellulose. Each cell has a single massive chloroplast with plastoglobuli among tightly packed thylakoids. Except for their larger cells, P. monilia filaments appear to be identical to the phycobiont of lichenized Physolinum.
Graded Effects of Proteinuria on HDL Structure in Nephrotic Rats

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by increased triglycerides resulting from decreased clearance of VLDL and chylomicrons. These triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are structurally altered by interaction with HDL derived from animals with proteinuria and not as a consequence of hypoalbuminemia. HDL isolated from rats with massive proteinuria is depleted in apolipoprotein E (apoE). It is unknown at what threshold of urinary albumin loss HDL structure is altered, and it is unknown what effects proteinuria has on apolipoproteins other than apoE. Two models of albuminuria were used in Sprague-Dawley rats: Adriamycin and passive Heymann nephritis (HN). The adriamycin group was divided into minimal albumin excretion (MAE) and intermediate albumin excretion (MAE, 1 to 40; intermediate albumin excretion, 60 to 210 mg/d per 100 g body wt). Urinary albumin excretion exceeded 300 mg/d per 100 g body wt in the HN rats. HDL apolipoprotein composition was analyzed with SDS-PAGE densitometry and liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometer mass spectrometry. HDL apoA-IV content relative to apoA-I was reduced at all levels of albuminuria (P < 0.0001). ApoE was not reduced in MAE but was significantly reduced in IAE (72%; P < 0.001). By contrast, apoA-II and apoC-III were each significantly increased with increasing UAE. ApoA-IV and apoE were decreased to approximately 10% of control in HDL isolated from rats with HN, whereas apoA-II, apoC-II, and apoC-III were each significantly increased relative to apoA-I. HDL is structurally altered by levels of albuminuria that are insufficient to change serum albumin levels and is progressively altered as albuminuria increases.
Fast Algorithms for Blind Calibration in Time-Interleaved Analog-to-Digital Converters

We present a digital background technique for correcting the time and gain mismatches in a time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter (ADC) system. The proposed blind calibration is applicable to any number of time-interleaved ADCs and requires only modest oversampling. Simulation results show fast convergence and desirable detection accuracy. After the mismatch errors detection, the resulting signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the output signal is shown to be higher than the SNR of the input signal in a 16-ADC system.
Observing single nanoparticle collisions by electrogenerated chemiluminescence amplification.

We demonstrate a novel method of observing single particle collision events with electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). A single event is characterized by the enhancement of ECL intensity during the collision of an individual platinum nanoparticle (Pt NP) on an indium tin oxide electrode, which catalyzes the oxidation of Ru(bpy)32+ and a coreactant, for example, tri-n-propylamine (TPrA), present in the solution. Every collision produces a unique photon spike whose amplitude and frequency can be correlated with the size and concentration of the Pt NPs. A large amplification of ECL intensity can occur by choosing an appropriate measuring electrode and using high concentrations of Ru(bpy)32+ and the coreactant.
Light-matter temporal and frequency coherence and interference

Abstract The effects of coherence and interference in light-matter systems are treated using a novel causality preserving density matrix formulation that operates in a mixed time-frequency domain and applies to quantum as well as classical systems. Within the limits of the classical weak field and the rotating wave approximations, this formulation can be applied to arbitrary light fields, including incoherent light, transform limited ultrashort light pulses, chirped pulses, and phase-locked pulses. The light field function and the response function of the material system can be separately evaluated, and then convoluted in time and frequency to give the optical signal.
The Effect of Processing on the Nutritive Value of Feedstuffs for Beef Cattle

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the effect of processing on the nutritive value of feedstuffs for beef cattle. Cattle feeders currently practice a wide variety of feed grain processing and roughage processing techniques. Feed grain processing techniques, in common practice today, include extrusion, gelatinization, grinding, micronizing, moisturizing, popping, roasting, and steam flaking. These techniques are explained in this chapter. Basic research into this discrepancy indicates that the starch of dry sorghum grain is less available and the protein is not utilized as well as that of dry corn or dry barley. Popping is primarily restricted to sorghum grain and is accomplished by the use of gas-fired infrared generators. As the moisture content of the grain increases, the percentage of popping increases. Pelleting has shown no benefit on either high-quality hay or high-concentrate diets. The two processes of steam flaking and steam rolling are somewhat similar except the former technique is more specific and a longer time is given to the cooking or steaming process. The processing of roughage has been conducted for beef cattle which result in nutrient value of roughage and often is attributed to improved consumption on lower quality. Grinding of hay has little nutritive value for beef cattle except as a prerequisite to pelleting or complete mixing of diets and is not practical for dairy cattle because it results in lowered butterfat content of the milk produced. The process dehydration is restricted almost entirely to high-quality roughages such as alfalfa.
Cardiac Tumors and Masses

Intracardiac masses are not common. Thrombi in the left ventricle or left atrium are most common. Benign tumors can be found in any cardiac chamber. Myxomas are the most common, with the left atrium the most common location, and are noninvasive. Fibroelastomas are benign growths on the valves. Benign tumors can embolize, which is their greatest risk. Malignant, metastatic, or tumor extensions are usually not well demarcated, are irregular and invasive, and often have pericardial involvement. From diagnosis to removal, echocardiography plays a major role.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of 5-Hydroxycytosine Damaged DNA

Oxidation of cytosine is a leading cause of mutations and can lead to cancer. Here we report molecular dynamics simulations that characterized the structure and flexibility of 5-hydroxycytosine damaged DNA. A total of four systems were studied: undamaged DNA, damaged DNA base paired to a matching guanine, damaged DNA base paired to a mismatching adenine, and the corresponding undamaged mismatched strand. The simulations showed high spatial similarity between undamaged and damaged DNA; however, the matched damaged strand had greater overtwisting flexibility, and for both the matched and unmatched strands sugar puckering was much more flexible at the damaged site. The mismatch introduced larger changes, notably a loss in hydrogen bonding and a gain in stacking interactions, as well as effects on base pair and step geometry and solvation. Implications for damage recognition are discussed.
Standard Reduction Potentials for Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Couples in Acetonitrile and N,N-Dimethylformamide.

A variety of next-generation energy processes utilize the electrochemical interconversions of dioxygen and water as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Reported here are the first estimates of the standard reduction potential of the O2 + 4e– + 4H+ ⇋ 2H2O couple in organic solvents. The values are +1.21 V in acetonitrile (MeCN) and +0.60 V in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), each versus the ferrocenium/ferrocene couple (Fc+/0) in the respective solvent (as are all of the potentials reported here). The potentials have been determined using a thermochemical cycle that combines the free energy for transferring water from aqueous solution to organic solvent, −0.43 kcal mol–1 for MeCN and −1.47 kcal mol–1 for DMF, and the potential of the H+/H2 couple, – 0.028 V in MeCN and −0.662 V in DMF. The H+/H2 couple in DMF has been directly measured electrochemically using the previously reported procedure for the MeCN value. The thermochemical approach used for the O2/H2O couple has...
Facebook, Youth and Privacy in Networked Publics

Media accounts would have us believe that today’s youth are a particularly narcissistic generation. Young adults are often portrayed as exhibitionists who share personal information excessively and only react if “burned” by experience. This paper reports results from 450 surveys of young adults on social network site usage and privacy and surveillance experiences--as well as from a historical archive dating back to 2006. The findings show a complex picture of a generation actively engaging visibility and social boundaries online through privacy and visibility practices. A striking increase in privacy protective activities is documented. I examine whether these changes are in response to personal negative experiences from online disclosure or if they derive from general awareness. I find that students are reacting pro-actively and adjusting their privacy settings above and beyond the impact of negative personal experiences. Contrary to media reports, young adults do not appear uncaring about privacy and are not waiting until they get burned. Significant racial and gender differences remain in privacy behaviors. Strikingly, about 20% report having deactivated their profile at least once.
Structure of ReO/sub 3/ above the ''compressibility collapse'' transition

We have determined the crystal structure of ReO/sub 3/ at approx.15 kbar and 300 K well above the ''compressibility collapse'' transition (5.2 kbar, 300 K) with the use of the single-crystal diffractometer at the Los Alamos Pulsed Neutron Facility. Our data are consistent with space group Im3 and a = 7.41 (2) A. A model was refined to an R(F) value of 0.12. The octahedra are slightly rotated moving the oxygen atoms so as to form a 165/sup 0/ Re--O--Re angle. This structural model is consistent with a large body of recent physical data.
Longitudinal changes in stream invertebrate assemblages of Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming

High elevation ecosystems are predicted to be strongly impacted by climate change; however, little is known of extant biodiversity in mountain streams. For this study, five streams in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming were sampled along a longitudinal gradient to establish a baseline of invertebrate assemblages and environmental conditions. Five Surber samples were collected from low, middle and high elevation sites along each stream. Nearly 10 000 ind m−2 lived in these streams on average, but the density (mixed effects model, P = 0.54) and richness (P = 0.18) of invertebrates did not vary significantly by elevation. Total density of invertebrates was positively related to the amount of visible biofilm (anova, P = 0.03) and oxidation-reduction potential (P = 0.05) and taxa richness was negatively related to specific conductivity (P = 0.009). Invertebrate assemblages and environmental conditions were more similar at low versus high sites when compared using non-metric multidimensional scaling and tests of multivariate dispersion indicating that higher elevation sites harboured more environmental and species diversity. These results can help target which aquatic invertebrates to monitor as stream temperatures rise, and highlight the biotic and abiotic factors that structure aquatic ecosystems in the Teton Range of Grand Teton National Park.
Large Eddy Simulations and Direct Numerical Simulations using Equilibrium Similarity Methods for Turbulent Boundary Layers

Bohr et al. [1] carried out Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) and Large Eddy Simulations (LES) on a at plate turbulent boundary layer, considering an ino w condition for mean velocity and its uctuations on nonperiodic domains. The solution was rescaled from an internal downstream position using similarity tools in order to nd the velocity and temporal scalings. The downstream position was chosen such that the uctuations between this position and the ino w were decorrelated. The scaling laws based on the theory by George and Castillo, 1997 (GC-97) for at plate turbulent boundary layer were used and compared to the rescaling proposed by Lund, Wu and Squires [12]. Two simulations were performed for Reynolds number of R 1700 at the inlet. In the rst one, the scaling used was based on the classical theory of turbulent boundary layers while the second was based on the proposed scaling via similarity of the Navier-Stokes equations. However, they were not able to perform DNS at R > 2000. In this investigation we seek to carry out DNS for R 2500 and zero pressure gradient, by using the multiscale approach proposed by Bohr et al. and GC-97.
Dual-Isotope Myocardial Perfusion Spect with Rest Thallium-201 and Stress Tc-99m Sestamibi

The commercial availability of Tc-99m- labeled myocardial perfusion agents had added choices in the noninvasive clinical assessment of coronar artery disease. Preferential use of Tc-99m sestamibi has been advocated principally due to improved image quality, which results from the combined physical and biological characteristics of this agent. This article reports upon the investigation of another approach for Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT-dual-isotope rest-stress myocardial perfusion SPECT, which takes advantage of the Anger camera's ability to collect date in different energy windows. For the dual-isotope approach, separate radiopharmaceuticals are employed for the rest injection and the stress injection.
Influence of Marker Heterozygosity and Genetic Heterogeneity on Fine Mapping

The purpose of the current study was to utilize the Genetic Analysis Workshop 12 simulated data to evaluate fine-mapping strategies for quantitative traits. We approached the analysis as if it was a follow-up to a genome scan that had identified two regions of interest and used the provided 1-cM density microsatellite typing data to mimic fine mapping of these regions. As these investigators knew the true locations of the putative genes under study, we explored the effects of the informativeness of microsatellite markers (marker heterozygosity) and the effects of genetic heterogeneity across families for ten replicates of the data. These results shed a cautionary light on the reliability of fine-mapping efforts on refining mapping locations as the position and the strength of the lod score can be markedly affected by the sampling of the population, the amount of variation accounted for by the gene, and the informativeness of the marker. Our studies did not reveal a large effect of unlinked families on the shape of the lod score peak.
Predicting wins and spread in the Premier League using a sentiment analysis of twitter

Can the sentiment contained in tweets serve as a meaningful proxy to predict match outcomes and if so, can the magnitude of outcomes be predicted based on a degree of sentiment?To answer these questions we constructed the CentralSport system to gather tweets related to the twenty clubs of the English Premier League and analyze their sentiment content, not only to predict match outcomes, but also to use as a wagering decision system. From our analysis, tweet sentiment outperformed wagering on odds-favorites, with higher payout returns (best $2704.63 versus odds-only $1887.88) but lower accuracy, a trade-off from non-favorite wagering. This result may suggest a performance degradation that arises from conservatism in the odds-setting process, especially when three match results are possible outcomes. We found that leveraging a positive tweet sentiment surge over club average could net a payout of $3011.20. Lastly, we found that as the magnitude of positive sentiment between two clubs increased, so too did the point spread; 0.42 goal difference for clubs with a slight positive edge versus 0.90 goal difference for an overwhelming difference in positive sentiment. In both these cases, the cultural expectancy of positive tweet dominance within the twitter-base may be realistic. These outcomes may suggest that professional odds-making excessively predicts non-positive match outcomes and tighter goal spreads. These results demonstrate the power of hidden information contained within tweet sentiment and has predictive implications on the design of automated wagering systems. Gathered soccer tweet sentiment to predict outcomes and wagering decisionsHad higher payout returns ($2704.63) but lower accuracyLeveraging a surge over average netted $3011.20 by identifying longshot opportunityAs magnitude of sentiment increased so did the point spread, 0.42 goal difference
Acyanotic Lesions with Normal Pulmonary Blood Flow

Points useful to the general pediatrician in the differential diagnosis and management are emphasized. The need for exercise limitation, prophylaxis for infective endocarditis, and the urgency for referral are also discussed.
Reply: To PMID 24881821.

We thank Umans and Lindheimer for their interest in our meeting summary (1) and welcome the opportunity to respond to their concerns. We agree with the authors about the need for more data to inform various aspects of medication treatment during pregnancy; this was evident to all the subject matter experts who attended the CDC meeting and is likely appreciated by the journal’s readership.
The Culture of Addiction

Individuals are both created by and give rise to their cultures. Not only does no one become an addict in. vacuum, but also, in addition to one’s physical environment and immediate social interactions, human addiction takes place within. larger culture. As sociologist James Barber puts it, “[w]e learn to drink, smoke, and take drugs because others show us not only how to do it but also how to enjoy it.”1 The relation of addiction to culture is, like all the other levels of analysis that we have considered, dynamic and complex, and different in every case. In many of these cases, specifically within the past few hundred years, psychoac-tive substances and addicted populations have been, and continue to be, both the cause of and the cure for many of society’s problems. Without addicted laborers, some of whom were paid in kind for producing the very substance to which they were addicted, the global markets in tobacco and caffeine products, such as coffee and tea, could not have arisen, not to mention the smaller but significant opium, cannabis, and coca markets.2 The use of these substances played. large role in keeping laborers laboring, and markets growing. Today, given the DSM-V’s inclusion of food addiction among its listed disorders, we might add the fast-food market to the list. Low wage-earning fast-food workers often take advantage of readily available cheap and fast food, saturated with fat and salt, because it suits both their schedules and their incomes.
Current Control of Stepper Motors Using Position Measurements Only

In the previous chapters, voltage level controllers for stepper motors were presented which utilized full state feedback, i.e., position, velocity, and phase currents. Often, it is desirable to eliminate velocity sensors and thus reduce the cost and complexity of the overall system. Furthermore, the current dynamics are fast compared to the mechanical dynamics which permits us to neglect them in control design. In this chapter, current-level controllers for stepper motors are derived that utilize only the rotor position (i.e., the output) for feedback and maintain robustness to uncertainties and unmeasurable disturbances occurring in the mechanical dynamics [148]. The control design methodology is based on the results in Chap. 6.
The Effects of the Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions on Teenage Obesity

Little evidence exists on the association between driving and obesity among teenagers. In this paper, I estimate the effects of Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) restrictions on obesity prevalence among adolescents aged 14 to 17 in the U.S. My findings suggest that a mandatory holding period, nighttime restriction, or passenger restriction significantly raises adolescents’ probability of being obese by 1.57, 1.04, and 0.94 percentage points respectively, corresponding to increases in obesity rate of 12.6%, 8.3%, and 7.5%. These effects are generally stronger among male or white teenagers. Overall, I estimate that nearly 24% of the rise in obesity among teenagers aged 14 to 17 in the U.S from 1999 to 2015 can be explained by less driving due to the GDL restrictions. In addition, I find that the restrictions reduce teenagers’ exercise frequency while increasing their time spent watching TV, which may help to explain the adverse effects on obesity.
Low Recombination Proficiency Score (RPS) predicts heightened sensitivity to DNA-damaging chemotherapy in breast cancer

Purpose: Molecular-based cancer tests have been developed to augment the standard clinical and pathologic features used to tailor treatments to individual breast cancer patients. Homologous recombination (HR) repairs double-stranded DNA breaks and promotes tolerance to lesions that disrupt DNA replication. Recombination Proficiency Score (RPS) quantifies HR efficiency based on the expression of four genes involved in DNA damage repair. We hypothesized low RPS values can identify HR-deficient breast cancers most sensitive to DNA-damaging chemotherapy. Experimental Design: We collected pathologic tumor responses and tumor gene expression values for breast cancer patients that were prospectively enrolled on clinical trials involving preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgery (N = 513). We developed an algorithm to calculate breast cancer–specific RPS (RPSb) values on an individual sample basis. Results: Low RPSb tumors are approximately twice as likely to exhibit a complete pathologic response or minimal residual disease to preoperative anthracycline-based chemotherapy as compared with high RPSb tumors. Basal, HER2-enriched, and luminal B breast cancer subtypes exhibit low RPSb values. In addition, RPSb predicts treatment responsiveness after controlling for clinical and pathologic features, as well as intrinsic breast subtype. Conclusions: Overall, our findings indicate that low RPS breast cancers exhibit aggressive features at baseline, but they have heightened sensitivity to DNA-damaging chemotherapy. Low RPSb values in basal, HER2-enriched, and luminal B subtypes provide a mechanistic explanation for their clinical behaviors and genomic instability. RPSb augments standard clinical and pathologic features used to tailor treatments, thereby enabling more personalized treatment strategies for individual breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res; 23(15); 4493–500. ©2017 AACR.
Nobel celebrates the neurosciences. Modulatory signaling in the brain.

An error in this essay (Cell, 103[6], 829–833) is corrected here: Due to an error that occurred after submission of the original text, the department in which Arvid Carlsson worked in Goteborg was inadvertently called Clinical Pharmacology rather than Pharmacology. The correct wording of the sentence should be: “In 1959, Carlsson moved to the University of Goteborg in Sweden where he served as Professor of Pharmacology.”
Genetic Incorporation of Unnatural Amino Acids into Proteins

Co-opting endogenous protein translational machinery and introducing an orthogonal tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair that recognizes a unique codon enables the site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in live cells with high efficiency and fidelity. Over 40 unnatural amino acids have been genetically encoded in Escherichia coli, yeast, and mammalian cells using this approach. Many of these amino acids have novel chemical or physical properties that are beyond those of the 20 common amino acids, providing new means for probing and manipulating proteins. The general requirements and methodology for genetic encoding of unnatural amino acids are discussed, as well as considerations for further expansion of the method. Experimental applications of genetically encoded unnatural amino acids are highlighted with key reports illustrating their potential in addressing challenging biological questions. These topics include the use of unnatural amino acids as bio-orthogonal chemical handles, biophysical probes, photochemical reactive agents, mimics for posttranslational modifications, and generators of novel function. Genetic incorporation of unnatural amino acids provides a powerful tool for exploring protein structure and function, generating new or enhanced protein properties, and investigating a wide variety of biological processes both in vitro and in live cells.
Treatment of Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

In this chapter, we review current treatments of female sexual interest/arousal disorder. We distinguish between biological treatments, which include hormonal replacement options, nonhormonal centrally acting agents, and other forms of pharmacotherapy, and psychosocial treatments, such as sensate focus, cognitive-behavioral techniques, and mindfulness-based approaches. Attention is paid to the dearth of FDA-approved pharmacological treatments for sexual desire and arousal problems in women. Given the variability in symptom profiles associated with this disorder, the importance of individualized treatment approaches is briefly discussed.
The Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke in African-American Elders.

To assess the magnitude of the problem of heart disease and stroke in African-American elders, data were reviewed from several national surveys conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. With the exception of persons aged 75 and over, blacks had higher death rates than whites. Since 1979, heart disease death rates have continued the long term decline in each age, sex, and race group; however, stroke death rates have nearly ceased declining after 1992. In 1990 through 1992 there were probably over 2 million black persons with self-reported heart disease and 400,000 with self-reported stroke in the civilian noninstitutionalized population in the U.S. In 1993, 354,000 black persons were discharged from short stay hospitals with a principal diagnosis of heart disease and 97,000 with stroke. Vigorous efforts are needed toward primary prevention of heart disease and stroke to reduce the burden of illness.
Clutter Suppression via Hankel Rank Reduction for DFrFT-Based Vibrometry Applied to SAR

Hankel rank reduction (HRR) is a method that, by prearranging the data in a Hankel matrix and performing rank reduction via singular value decomposition, suppresses the noise of a time-history vector comprised of the superposition of a finite number of sinusoids. In this letter, the HRR method is studied for performing clutter suppression in synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-based vibrometry. Specifically, three different applications of the HRR method are presented. First, resembling the SAR slow-time signal model, the HRR method is utilized for separating a chirp signal immersed in a sinusoidal clutter. Second, using simulated airborne SAR data with 10 dB of signal-to-clutter ratio, the HRR method is applied to perform target isolation and to improve the results of an SAR-based vibration estimation algorithm. Finally, the vibrometry approach combined with the HRR method is validated using actual airborne SAR data.
Interaction-free All-optical Modulation on Chip

We report the observation of quantum Zeno blockade on chip, where a lightwave is modulated by another in a distinct “interaction-free” manner. For quantum applications, we also verify its operations on single photons.