cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Splits in the Rock: The Conflicting Interpretations of the Seminole Rock Deference Doctrine by the U.S. Courts of Appeals

The Seminole Rock deference doctrine instructs federal courts to defer to an administrative agency’s interpretation of its own regulation unless the interpretation “is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation.” This crucial administrative law doctrine has largely escaped judicial and scholarly examination for close to seventy years. And this is astonishing because, as Chief Justice Roberts recently observed, this deference doctrine goes “to the heart of administrative law” and Seminole Rock questions “arise as a matter of course on a regular basis.”But, at long last, a newfound skepticism and willingness to reconsider the Seminole Rock doctrine is gaining momentum in the U.S. Supreme Court. In the Court’s 2012-2013 Term, at least three members of the Court explicitly suggested that they were interested in re-evaluating this deference regime. Thus, further examination of the doctrine is both warranted and timely, especially given the Supreme Court’s likely review of the doctrine.With that in mind, this Article analyzes how the federal appellate courts have interpreted and applied the Seminole Rock doctrine, also referred to as “Auer deference.” This analysis reveals that there are inconsistencies — to the point of being characterized as widespread confusion — on many aspects of the Seminole Rock doctrine, including its scope, applicability, and the relevant factors to be weighed when applying the doctrine.The analysis further shows that the lack of consistency in the practical application of the Seminole Rock deference regime cannot be ignored any further, particularly because agency regulations rather than statutes are the principal way in which legal rights and obligations are established today. Consequently, the Article concludes that there are compelling pragmatic reasons why the Supreme Court should re-examine the doctrine to bring clarity to this important area of federal law.
Supramolecular Interactions in the Formation of Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers

This review will focus on recent developments that have occurred since 2000 on the utilization of specific supramolecular interactions to form polymeric aggregates which exhibit thermotropic liquid crystalline (LC) properties.
Abstract 3867: Robust Infiltration of Inflammatory Monocytes 12 Hours After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose: Inflammation is a key component of injury in the initial hours following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Neutrophils are thought to be the earliest cells infiltrating into b...
Practice‐Level Variation in Outpatient Cardiac Care and Association With Outcomes

Background Utilization of cardiac services varies across regions and hospitals, yet little is known regarding variation in the intensity of outpatient cardiac care across cardiology physician practices or the association with clinical endpoints, an area of potential importance to promote efficient care. Methods and Results We included 7 160 732 Medicare beneficiaries who received services from 5635 cardiology practices in 2012. Beneficiaries were assigned to practices providing the plurality of office visits, and practices were ranked and assigned to quartiles using the ratio of observed to predicted annual payments per beneficiary for common cardiac services (outpatient intensity index). The median (interquartile range) outpatient intensity index was 1.00 (0.81–1.24). Mean payments for beneficiaries attributed to practices in the highest (Q4) and lowest (Q1) quartile of outpatient intensity were: all cardiac payments (Q4 $1272 vs Q1 $581; ratio, 2.2); cardiac catheterization (Q4 $215 vs Q1 $64; ratio, 3.4); myocardial perfusion imaging (Q4 $253 vs Q1 $83; ratio, 3.0); and electrophysiology device procedures (Q4 $353 vs Q1 $142; ratio, 2.5). The adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for 1 incremental quartile of outpatient intensity for each outcome was: cardiac surgical/procedural hospitalization (1.09 [1.09, 1.10]); cardiac medical hospitalization (1.00 [0.99, 1.00]); noncardiac hospitalization (0.99 [0.99, 0.99]); and death at 1 year (1.00 [0.99, 1.00]). Conclusion Substantial variation in the intensity of outpatient care exists at the cardiology practice level, and higher intensity is not associated with reduced mortality or hospitalizations. Outpatient cardiac care is a potentially important target for efforts to improve efficiency in the Medicare population.
Electrolytes in Normal and Dystrophic Chickens as Influenced by Dietary Potassium

SummaryNormal and genetically dys-trophic chickens showed different responses in electrolyte balance when fed two different levels of potassium. Dystrophic chickens had significantly higher levels of sodium, potassium, and calcium in their pectoral muscle, significantly higher sodium and lower magnesium levels in their gastrocnemius muscle, and no significant differences in the electrolyte levels of their cardiac muscle compared with normal chicks. Electrolyte composition was greatly affected in the pectoral muscle, less affected in the gastrocnemius muscle, and unaffected in the cardiac muscle in the normal chicks when potassium was increased from 0.5 to 1%. In dystrophic chicks, however, only the gastrocnemius muscle was affected by an increase in dietary potassium.
A Comparison of Methods for Assessing Age Structure and Abundance in Populations of Nondiapausing Female Musca Autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae)

Samples of female face flies, Musca autumnalis , were simultaneously collected from a haltered steer, a blood-smeared board, and cylindrical white sticky traps. The 3 methods yielded samples equivalent in (1) gonadotrophic age of nonparasitized females, and in (2) the frequency of different life stages of the nematode Heterotylenchus autumnalis within parasitized flies. However, gravid nonparasitized flies were seriously undersampled with all methods, and a suspicious deficit of nulliparous flies suggested that this age group had also been undersampled. Within the same day, the age composition of samples did not vary significantly with time of collection from traps. The within-day efficiency of the sticky traps varied with air temperature. A method of correcting for this source of bias is presented. A comparison of face counts from cattle to concurrently derived catch rates (females/h) from traps revealed that the former were insensitive to large changes in abundance of the indexed populations. Flies on cattle and on traps were significantly aggregated. The degree of aggregation on traps varied with study site, whereas aggregation on faces did not vary with site.
Targeting hardware trojans in mixed-signal circuits for security

The proliferation of third-party silicon manufacturing has increased the vulnerability of integrated circuits to malicious insertion of hardware for the purpose of leaking secret information or even rendering the circuits useless while deployed in the field. A key goal is to detect the presence of such circuits before they are activated for subversive reasons. One way to achieve this is to detect the presence of parasitic loads on internal nodes of a victim circuit. However, such detection becomes difficult in the presence of normal process variations of the silicon manufacturing process itself. In this work, we show how high-resolution detection of parasitic loads on internal circuit nodes can be achieved using a combination of test stimulus design and design-for-Trojan detection techniques. We illustrate our ideas on digital as well as analog/mixed-signal circuits and point to directions for future research.
Markov Random Fields and Neural Networks with Applications to Early Vision Problems

Abstract The current resurgence of interest in Neural Networks has opened up several basic issues. In this chapter, we explore the connections between this area and Markov Random Fields. We are specifically concerned with early vision problems which have already benefited from a parallel and distributed computing perspective. We explore the relationships between the two fields at two different levels of a computational approach. Applications highlighting specific instances where ideas from the two approaches intertwine are discussed.
Engineering Outreach: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow [SP Education]

This article discusses the current landscape of outreach efforts in the United States to engage K-12 students in engineering. It then provides an overview of two programs run by the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and the Institute for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education at Stony Brook University (SBU) to promote student participation and interest in engineering. These efforts are aligned with the recently released Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), which emphasize incorporating engineering design principles in K-12 science education. We describe two models, one in the form of an on-campus summer camp and the other as a series of after-school activities with both on-and off-campus offerings. These experiences are rarely available in K-12 schools and have the added benefit of exposing students to engineering faculty and researchers. The programs are focused on electrical and computer engineering with emphasis on signal and information processing and analysis and have hosted more than 200 students for the past six years.
Property and Sovereignty, Information and Audience

Morris Cohen’s classic essay, Property and Sovereignty, correctly discerned that political sovereignty and private property are alternative forms of government. Where it failed was in suggesting that the choice between these modes of governance is a matter of dialing one up and the other down. The relationship between political sovereignty and property is complex, and varies depending on the audience of property we have in view. With respect to some audiences — strangers and transactors — those who favor a strong system of property wilwl want to enlist a generous measure of assistance from the political sovereign. With respect to other audiences — neighbors and sharers — those who want a robust property system are more likely to want the powers of the political sovereign to be held in check. Cohen was thus right that the political order and private property are both forms of power over people. But the exact mix of these two regimes is anything but simple or unidimensional.
Postoperative outcomes of intraocular lens implantation in the bag versus posterior optic capture in pediatric cataract surgery.

Purpose To compare complications in children up to 4 years old having cataract surgery with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation using 2 techniques: in-the-bag IOL with anterior vitrectomy or optic capture of IOL with no anterior vitrectomy. Setting Iladevi Cataract & IOL Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India. Design Prospective randomized control clinical trial. Methods The study included children having cataract surgery with IOL implantation. Patients were randomized to Group 1 (in-the-bag 3-piece hydrophobic acrylic IOL [Acrysof MA60AC] with anterior vitrectomy) or Group 2 (optic capture of the same IOL without anterior vitrectomy). Intraoperative complications were documented. Postoperative visual axis obscuration (VAO), glaucoma, cell deposits on the IOL, and posterior synechiae were compared at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Results The study comprised 61 children (61 eyes). The mean ages were 14.8 months ±11.47 (SD) in Group 1 (n = 30) and 18.2 ± 11.47 months in Group 2 (n = 31). Overall, only 1 eye in Group 1 developed a VAO requiring membranectomy 4 months postoperatively, and 2 eyes in Group 1 developed glaucoma over 12 months (P = .49). Intraocular lens cell deposits and posterior synechiae were comparable between groups. The IOL could not be captured in 5 eyes (16.1%); no complications occurred in these eyes. Conclusions Optic capture of 3-piece hydrophobic acrylic IOLs could be achieved in most eyes. The VAO, glaucoma, and inflammation were comparable 12 months postoperatively. Thus, optic capture of an IOL is an alternative surgical technique that can be used to avoid vitrectomy, even in children younger than 4 years.
Point Cloud Segmentation and Denoising via Constrained Nonlinear Least Squares Normal Estimates

We first introduce a surface normal estimation procedure for point clouds capable of handling geometric singularities in the data, such as edges and corners. Our formulation is based on recasting the popular Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method as a constrained nonlinear least squares (NLSQ) problem. In contrast to traditional PCA, the new formulation assigns appropriate weights to neighboring points automatically during the optimization process in order to minimize the contributions of points located across singularities. We extend this strategy to point cloud denoising by combining normal estimation, point projection, and declustering into one NLSQ formulation. Finally, we propose a point cloud segmentation technique based on surface normal estimates and local point connectivity. In addition to producing consistently oriented surface normals, the process segments the point cloud into disconnected components that can each be segmented further into piecewise smooth components as needed.
Factors that influence survival in high-grade serous ovarian cancer: A complex relationship between molecular subtype, disease dissemination, and operability.

Abstract Objective To investigate the relationship between molecular subtype, intraperitoneal (IP) disease dissemination patterns, resectability, and overall survival (OS) in advanced high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Methods Patients undergoing primary surgery for stage III-IV HGSOC at Mayo Clinic from 1994 to 2011 were categorized into three IP disease dissemination patterns: upper abdominal or miliary; lower abdominal; and pelvic. Residual disease was defined as 0 (RD0), 0.1–0.5, 0.6–1.0, or >1 cm. Molecular subtypes were derived from Agilent 4x44k tumor mRNA expression profiles and categorized as mesenchymal (MES) or non-mesenchymal (non-MES). Results Operative and molecular data was available for 334 patients. Median OS was shorter in patients with MES compared to non-MES subtypes (34.2 vs 44.6 months; P = 0.009). Patients with MES subtype were more likely to have upper abdominal/miliary disease compared to non-MES subtype (90% vs. 72%, P Conclusions Our results support a paradigm in which molecular subtype is an important driver of dissemination pattern; this in turn impacts resectability and ultimately survival. Consequently mesenchymal subtype is associated with much lower rates of complete resection, though RD0 remains the most important independent predictor of survival.
Incorporation of adenine nucleotide into ribonucleic acid by cytoplasmic enzyme preparations of chick embryos.

The incorporation of labeled precursors into ribonucleic acid with cell-free preparations of animal tissues has been observed in a number of laboratories (l-lo). Further studies with partially purified preparations indicate that the proximate precursors are nucleoside trirather than diphosphates (24). These enzyme preparations, unlike deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase (11-13) or polynucleotide phosphorylase (14)) incorporate adenine nucleotide into RNA almost exclusively at the terminal position of the polyribonucleotide chain adjacent to a cytosine monophosphate residue (2). The final product, adenosineCMP-CMP-RNA is the amino acid acceptor required for the transfer of aminoacyl residues to the site of their ultimate incorporation into proteins (15-18). Edmonds and Abrams (3), however, have provided some evidence for a separate enzyme, responsible for the incorporation of the adenine nucleotide moiety of ATP into internucleotide linkages in RNA. Herbert (10) has reported that this type of reaction is enhanced if cytoplasmic enzyme preparations are supplemented by nuclei.’ In the course of studies on the possible occurrence of polynucleotide phosphorylase in extracts of tissues of chick embryos, we investigated the exchange of labeled inorganic phosphate and pyrophosphate with ribonucleoside diand triphosphates. Although the rate of incorporation of phosphate into ribonucleoside diphosphates was rather low, that of inorganic pyrophosphate into ribonucleoside triphosphates appeared relatively high and independent of the presence of amino acids, but dependent on the presence of polynucleotide (19-21). The present communication examines the reactions involved in more detail. When the soluble fraction of homogenates of 14-day-old chick embryonic livers or hearts was purified by means of ammonium sulfate and calcium phosphate gel, an enzyme preparation was obtained which catalyzed the incorporation of the AMP moiety of ATP into RNA. The incorporated adenine nucleotide was found almost entirely at the terminal position of the polynucleotide chain. The reaction did not take place when ADP was substituted for ATP. The incorporation of adenine nucleotide into the interior of the polynucleotide chain could be shown to take place in the presence of a cruder enzyme preparation. This system required ATP as a substrate and was dependent on the presence of Mg++. Addi-
Eldercare and Personality Development in Middle Age

Social science research and theory has presented a rather bleak picture of the consequences of eldercare for middle-aged caregivers. In contrast, memoirs and autobiographical accounts of eldercare, like some fictional accounts, often portray midlife caregiving as rewarding, even transformative. In this chapter we adopt a lifespan developmental perspective and take both views seriously. We try to show how the stresses of eldercare might indeed pose challenges for middle-aged caregivers, while there might also be understudied potential for eldercare to enhance and promote their personality development.
The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning: Multimedia Learning of Chemistry

This chapter proposes the use of a “situative” theory to complement the cognitive theory of multimedia learning of chemistry. The chapter applies situative theory to examine the practices of chemists and to derive implications for the use of various kinds of representations in chemistry education. The two theories have implications for different but complementary educational goals—cognitive theory focusing on the learning of scientific concepts and situative theory on learning science as an investigative process. We go on to present and contrast several examples of multimedia in chemistry that address each goal. We critically review the current state of research on multimedia in chemistry and derive implications for theory development, instructional design and classroom practice, and future research in the area. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0125726. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
Unintended Consequences After Postoperative Ileus in Spinal Fusion Patients

Background Postoperative ileus is not uncommon after spinal surgery. Although previous research has focused on the frequency of ileus formation, little has been done to investigate the clinical sequelae after development. We investigated the effect of postoperative ileus on patients’ length of stay and rates of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) formation, myocardial infarction (MI), aspiration pneumonia, sepsis, and death. Methods The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample was queried to identify adult patients who underwent any spinal fusion procedure. Patient characteristics and outcomes for discharges involving spinal fusion surgery were compared between patients with and without postoperative ileus. The Rao-Scott χ2 test of association was used for categorical variables, and a t test for equality of means was used for continuous variables. Among discharges with postoperative ileus, a multivariate linear regression model was used to assess how fusion approach and fusion length were associated with length of hospital stay, controlling for sex, age, and race. Results A total of 250,221 patients were included. The mean length of stay was 3.75 days for patients without postoperative ileus and 9.40 days for patients with postoperative ileus. Patients with postoperative ileus are more likely to have DVT (4.1% vs. 20.8%, P Conclusions This study demonstrates that patients with postoperative ileus are significantly more likely to have DVT, experience MI, acquire aspiration pneumonia, develop sepsis, and die.
Long-term follow-up of the postoperative patient with congenital heart disease: general concerns

There are an estimated 400,000 adults with postoperative congenital heart disease (CHD) in the United States. The majority of these patients require long-term follow-up for management of persistent problems. These problems are related to electrophysiologic sequelae, myocardial changes, ventricular failure, prosthetic materials, and infective endocarditis. The goal for adults with postoperative CHD is to achieve not only long-term survival, but the best possible quality of life.
Organic Synthesis Using Environmentally Benign Acid Catalysis.

Recent advances in the application of environmentally benign acid catalysts in organic synthesis are reviewed. The work includes three main parts; (i) description of environmentally benign acid catalysts, (ii) synthesis with heterogeneous and (iii) homogeneous catalysts. The first part provides a brief overview of acid catalysts, both solid acids (metal oxides, zeolites, clays, ion-exchange resins, metal-organic framework based catalysts) and those that are soluble in green solvents (water, alcohols) and at the same time could be regenerated after reactions (metal triflates, heteropoly acids, acidic organocatalysts etc.). The synthesis sections review a broad array of the most common and practical reactions such as Friedel-Crafts and related reactions (acylation, alkylations, hydroxyalkylations, halogenations, nitrations etc.), multicomponent reactions, rearrangements and ring transformations (cyclizations, ring opening). Both the heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic synthesis parts include an overview of asymmetric acid catalysis with chiral Lewis and Bronsted acids. Although a broad array of catalytic processes are discussed, emphasis is placed on applications with commercially available catalysts as well as those of sustainable nature; thus individual examples are critically reviewed regarding their contribution to sustainable synthesis.
PyBSASeq: a novel, simple, and effective algorithm for BSA-Seq data analysis

Bulked segregant analysis (BSA), coupled with next generation sequencing (NGS), allows the rapid identification of both qualitative and quantitative trait loci (QTL), and this technique is referred to as BSA-Seq here. The current SNP index method and G-statistic method for BSA-Seq data analysis require relatively high sequencing coverage to detect major single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-trait associations, which leads to high sequencing cost. Here we developed a simple and effective algorithm for BSA-Seq data analysis and implemented it in Python, the program was named PyBSASeq. Using PyBSASeq, the likely trait-associated SNPs (ltaSNPs) were identified via Fisher9s exact test and then the ratio of the ltaSNPs to total SNPs in a chromosomal interval was used to identify the genomic regions that condition the trait of interest. The results obtained this way are similar to those generated by the current methods, but with more than five times higher sensitivity, which can reduce the sequencing cost by ~80% and makes BSA-Seq more applicable for the species with a large genome.
Yeast ATM and ATR use different mechanisms to spread histone H2A phosphorylation around a DNA double-strand break

One of the hallmarks of DNA damage is the rapid spreading of phosphorylated histone H2A ({gamma}-H2AX) around a DNA double-strand break (DSB). In the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, nearly all H2A isoforms can be phosphorylated, either by Mec1ATR or Tel1ATM checkpoint kinases. We induced a site-specific DSB with HO endonuclease at the MAT locus on chromosome III and monitored the formation of {gamma}-H2AX by ChIP-qPCR in order to uncover the mechanisms by which Mec1ATR and Tel1ATM propagate histone modifications across chromatin. With either kinase, {gamma}-H2AX spreads as far as [~]50 kb on both sides of the lesion within 1 h; but the kinetics and distribution of modification around the DSB are significantly different. The total accumulation of phosphorylation is reduced by about half when either of the two H2A genes is mutated to the nonphosphorylatable S129A allele. Mec1 activity is limited by the abundance of its ATRIP partner, Ddc2. Moreover, Mec1 is more efficient than Tel1 at phosphorylating chromatin in trans - at distant undamaged sites that are brought into physical proximity to the DSB. We compared experimental data to mathematical models of spreading mechanisms to determine whether the kinases search for target nucleosomes by primarily moving in three dimensions through the nucleoplasm or in one dimension along the chromatin. Bayesian model selection indicates that Mec1 primarily uses a 3D diffusive mechanism, whereas Tel1 undergoes directed motion along the chromatin.
Time-Sharing Duty Cycle-Based Concurrent Control for a Triple-Output Converter With Energy Storage

This paper presents a new concurrent control structure for a novel non-isolated triple-output converter with energy storage utilizing a time-sharing switching technique. The proposed structure and control feature single-stage power conversion for a DC input, energy storage, and three output ports while reducing the number of switching elements. To employ fewer switches and to have a continuous battery current, a new time-sharing switching method is proposed for two switches in the converter. Based on the proposed control method, the two switches can manage the main inductor current and a battery current concurrently, which in turn creates room to use fewer switching elements. Therefore, the proposed converter structure is compact but fully functional by integrating fundamental converters utilizing the new time-sharing control method. Various applications that have a single DC input and multiple DC outputs along with energy storage can benefit from the proposed structure and control strategies. The fundamentals of the proposed circuits and the concurrent control concept are explained in detail. Then, the feasibility of the proposed approach is validated both by experiments and by simulations.
Research on Seismic Optimization of Equipment Interconnection System on 1000 kV Converter Transformer-Firewall

The equipment interconnection system on converter transformer-firewall is one of the most important loop systems in the converter station. In order to ensure the seismic safety of the first ±1,100 kV DC project converter station in the world, the model of equipment interconnection system on 1,000 kV converter transformer-firewall in ±1,100 kV converter station was established, and the seismic analysis was carried out. As a result, the maximum shear force and axial force of the terminals of the RI capacitor, the insulator and the arrester on the firewall in the system, the maximum stress and the maximum displacement of the equipment and other seismic responses were obtained, and the potential seismic safety hazards in the system caused by interactions between structure and equipment and between individual pieces of equipment. By optimizing the equipment connection mode and applying the new type of hardware fittings, the degrees of freedom of equipment terminals were reasonably released, the forces on the equipment terminals were greatly reduced, and the maximum stress of arrester on the firewall was also reduced from 33.67 MPa to 21.86 MPa. The stress of equipment interconnection system on 1,000 kV converter transformer-firewall under seismic action was improved, and the potential seismic safety hazards in the system were eliminated.
Consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners during pregnancy.

In an effort to reduce sugar consumption to prevent diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, “sugar-free” or “no added sugar” products that substitute sugar with non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) (eg, Splenda, Sweet’N Low, and Stevia) have become increasingly popular. The use of these products during pregnancy has also increased, with approximately 30% of pregnant women reporting intentional NNS consumption. In clinical studies with nonpregnant participants and animal models, NNSs were shown to alter gut hormonal secretion, glucose absorption, appetite, kidney function, in vitro insulin secretion, adipogenesis, and microbiome dysbiosis of gut bacteria. In pregnant animal models, NNS consumption has been associated with altered sweet taste preference later in life and metabolic dysregulations in the offspring (eg, elevated body mass index, increased risk of obesity, microbiome dysbiosis, and abnormal liver function tests). Despite the accumulating evidence, no specific guidelines for NNS consumption are available for pregnant women. Furthermore, there are limited clinical studies on the effects of NNS consumption during pregnancy and postpartum and long-term outcomes in the offspring.
Reliability and correlations among quality measures for lung, breast, and colorectal cancer.

2073Background: Alternative payment models for oncology seek to improve quality and reduce spending. Yet the ability to measure high-quality care across oncology practices remains uncertain. We cha...
Destigmatization and Its Imbalanced Effects in Labor Markets

Destigmatization is an understudied social process in which the negative outcomes for a previously stigmatized group improve. We theorize that during a period of destigmatization the effects of stigma persist more strongly for those stigmatized by association than for people directly stigmatized. We propose that this occurs because, during periods of destigmatization, conscious prejudice has diminished but nonconscious prejudice remains, and so people correct for their explicit biases toward individuals with the stigmatizing trait but are unaware of their ongoing implicit prejudice toward those stigmatized by association. Our evidence comes from archival data on individual employment in film during the Cold War years in Hollywood. It shows that as the stigma of being on an anti-Communist blacklist weakened, the employment penalty for being a co-worker of a blacklisted artist was greater than the penalty for actually having been on the blacklist itself. A supplemental experiment, designed to address the limitations of archival data, shows the same imbalanced employment penalties in another stigma currently undergoing destigmatization (that of physical disability). Paradoxically, as stigmas recede, harmful effects persist more for associates of stigmatized individuals than for the stigmatized themselves.
Estimation of the rotor time constant of an induction machine at constant speed

Indirect field oriented control of an induction machine requires knowledge of the rotor time constant to estimate the rotor flux linkages. Here an online method is presented for estimating the rotor time constant and the stator resistance both of which vary during operation of the machine due to ohmic heating. With the additional assumption of collecting the data while the motor runs at constant speed under load, two different methods are presented to estimate the rotor time constant and stator resistance. The first method formulates the problem using a nonlinear least-squares criterion and shows that the parameters that minimize the least-squares error can be found in a finite number of steps. The resulting algorithm requires significantly less computation than a previously reported algorithm by the authors developed under varying-speed conditions. The second method shows the parameters can also be found using a linear least-squares criterion provided that the rotor flux magnitude is varied with the speed held constant.
Tremorgenic toxin from Penicillium palitans.

A strain of Penicillium palitans, implicated in the deaths of dairy cows, produces an intracellular tremorgenic mycotoxin.
Optimal Contracts for Central Bankers: Inflation versus Money Supply and Exchange Rate Targets

Some recent papers have shown how a simple contract can eliminate the inflationary bias of discretionary monetary policy. This paper shows that if the central banker is risk averse, a contract in terms of money is superior to one in terms of inflation. The paper also shows that, if the central banker cares about his reappointment, an exchange rate target might always leads to the implementation of the optimal policy.
An open systems profile for concurrent engineering

The paper is a summary of experience in applying the concurrent engineering (CE) enabling technology concepts of the Concurrent Engineering Research Center (CERC) to existing business processes and architectures as a member of an IBM Federal Systems Company (FSC) Quality Improvement Team (QIT). As follow-on to this effort, a role for profiles such as the Government's Open System Environment (OSE) Profile, the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) Application Portability Profile (APP), is proposed as the basis for a CE profile for integrated tool and information development architecture in support of CE. Use of a profile is stressed as a foundation for transition to an automated and integrated CE infrastructure in any enterprise. >
School Refusal Behavior

School refusal behavior refers to a child's refusal to attend school, as well as difficulties with remaining in classes for an entire day. The behavior refers to school-age youth who miss entire or partial school days, skip classes, or arrive late to school for unjustified reasons. School refusal behavior also includes youth who display morning behavior problems to stay home from school and youth who attend school under great duress that precipitates pleas for future nonattendance. The behavior is differentiated from parents who deliberately withdraw their child from school and from youths with significant exigent circumstances such as homelessness that prevent adequate school attendance. Keywords: school refusal behavior; youth; absenteeism
Saving Lives with Stem Cell Transplants

Blood stem cell transplants can be life-saving for some patients, but the chances of finding a matching donor are small unless a large number of potential donors are evaluated. Many nations maintain large registries of potential donors who have offered to donate stem cells if they are the best available match for a patient needing a transplant. An alternative source of stem cells, umbilical cord blood, is stored in banks. Everyone faces a small probability of needing a transplant which will increase their likelihood of survival. The registries and cord blood banks are thus an interesting example of a pure public good with widely dispersed benefits. This paper explores the gains in survival probability that arise from increased registry and bank sizes and uses value of statistical life methods to estimate benefits and compare them to costs. Our results suggest that for the United States and for the world as a whole, the sum of marginal benefits of an increase in either the adult registry or the cord blood bank exceeds marginal costs. However, marginal benefit-cost ratios for the adult registry are much greater than those for the cord blood banks, which suggests that to the extent that these two sources of life saving compete for public funds it may be preferable to prioritize expansion of the adult registry over cord blood banks.
Selective management of renal gunshot wounds.

Background Gunshot wounds to the kidney have been managed traditionally by surgical exploration. Concerns over increased nephrectomy rates and unnecessary explorations have placed this method under scrutiny. Selective renal exploration based on solid clinical and radiographic criteria may be a safer alternative and deserves evaluation. Methods The medical records of 52 consecutive patients with renal gunshot wounds, who were managed between September 1994 and August 1995 by a protocol of selective exploration, were reviewed. Renal injuries were explored only if they involved the hilum or were accompanied by signs of continued bleeding. Main outcome measures were the numbers of kidneys lost, as well as the morbidity and mortality related to the management of the renal injury. Results Three patients died from associated injuries shortly after admission. Fifteen patients suffered complications but only two had complications directly associated with the renal injury. Thirty-two patients underwent renal exploration and 17 of them required nephrectomy for major renovascular or parenchymal trauma (grade IV and V). Renal exploration was successfully avoided in the remaining 20 patients. No kidneys were lost unnecessarily as a result of this policy. Conclusion Mandatory exploration of all gunshot wounds to the kidney is not necessary. Injuries that produce stable peripheral haematomas do not require exploration. © 1998 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd
Selection, Generalized Transmission and the Evolution of Modifier Genes. I. The Reduction Principle

Modifier gene models are used to explore the evolution of features of organisms, such as the genetic system, that are not directly involved in the determination of fitness. Recent work has shown that a general "reduction principle" holds in models of selectively neutral modifiers of recombination, mutation, and migration. Here we present a framework for models of modifier genes that shows these reduction results to be part of a more general theory, for which recombination and mutation are special cases. The deterministic forces that affect the genetic composition of a population can be partitioned into two categories: selection and transmission. Selection includes differential viabilities, fertilities, and mating success. Imperfect transmission occurs as a result of such phenomena as recombination, mutation and migration, meiosis, gene conversion, and meiotic drive. Selectively neutral modifier genes affect transmission, and a neutral modifier gene can evolve only by generating association with selected genes whose transmission it affects. We show that, in randomly mating populations at equilibrium, imperfect transmission of selected genes allows a variance in their marginal fitnesses to be maintained. This variance in the marginal fitnesses of selected genes is what drives the evolution of neutral modifier genes. Populations with a variance in marginal fitnesses at equilibrium are always subject to invasion by modifier genes that bring about perfect transmission of the selected genes. It is also found, within certain constraints, that for modifier genes producing what we call "linear variation" in the transmission processes, a new modifier allele can invade a population at equilibrium if it reduces the level of imperfect transmission acting on the selected genes, and will be expelled if it increases the level of imperfect transmission. Moreover, the strength of the induced selection on the modifier gene is shown to range up to the order of the departure of the genetic system from perfect transmission.
Factors Affecting Suppressor Cell Activity in Tumor-Allosensitized Mice

Adult C57BL/6 mice inoculated with P-815 mastocytoma cells developed splenic suppressor cells. These suppressor cells were assayed in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Suppressor cells appeared earlier and became more active after sensitization with low doses of allogeneic tumor. After low doses of tumor cells, the suppressor cell activity developed before cytotoxic activity, whereas after higher doses of tumor cells, suppressor and cytotoxic activity appeared simultaneously. The suppressor cells were not H-2 restricted but did express their activity stronger in the presence of the specific (H-2d) alloantigen. Neonatally thymectomized adult C57BL/6 mice failed to develop splenic suppressor cell activity after tumor allosensitization. This suggested that the thymus is a source for suppressor precursor cells. These precursor cells remained active in the spleen up to 3 1/2 months after adult thymectomy. Suppressor factor was released in cultures of tumor-allosensitized spleen cells. The presence of a specific (H-2d) alloantigen improved the relase of suppressor factor (SF). Cultures of tumor-allosensitized spleen cells, enriched for T-cells, contained more SF. SF was not H-2 restricted or antigen-specific.
Facilitating Designs: for Inquiry with the Four-Question Strategy

Inquiry is a goal of science education reform. Middle school science teachers and their students can develop understanding of inquiry by using an experimental design format. Facilitating this format with the four-question strategy helps students to design their investigations. An example of varying concentrations of vinegar and water illustrates the strategy.
Tumor-Susceptibility Generated in Mice Treated with Subcarcinogenic Doses of 8-Methoxypsoralen and Long-wave Ultraviolet Light

Evidence is presented to show that mice treated with various regimens of 8-methoxypsoralen followed by exposure to long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA) are rendered tumor-susceptible when challenged with short-wave ultraviolet light (UVB) induced regressor tumors. These same tumors are readily rejected when implanted into normal syngeneic animals. Similar observations have been made in mice treated with subcarcinogenic doses of UVB, where it was shown that the tumor-susceptible state is mediated by suppressor T lymphocytes. These suppressor T-cells may be generated in response to antigens expressed by UVB damaged skin cells. It is now known that suppressor T-cells generated in mice treated with UVB are la-positive and have specificities for cross-reacting tumor antigens shared by all UVB- induced tumors, which have been tested to date. Our data suggest that, like UVB treated mice, treatment of mice with PUVA results in tumor-susceptibility mediated through the generation of Ia + suppressor cells. Since PUVA treatments appear to generate a suppressor cell response in mice, a possible mechanism by which these treatments act to manage autoimmune type skin diseases, such as vitiligo, is discussed.
The Malliavin calculus and stochastic delay equations

We consider stochastic delay systems dx(t) = g(x(t − r)) dW(t) driven by multi-dimensional Brownian motion W. The diffusion coefficient g is smooth with a possible degeneracy at 0. For a large class of deterministic initial paths we show that the solution x(t) admits a smooth density with respect to Lebesgue measure. The proof is based on Malliavin calculus together with new probabilistic lower bounds on the solution x.
Severe bilateral panlobular emphysema and pulmonary arterial hypoplasia: Unusual manifestations of Menkes disease

Menkes disease is an X-linked recessive disorder of copper transport characterized by neurological deterioration, connective tissue, and vascular defects, abnormal hair, and death in early childhood. We report on a patient with Menkes disease in whom severe diffuse emphysema caused respiratory failure and death at 14 months of age. He had severe growth and developmental delays and other typical clinical manifestations of Menkes disease. He developed respiratory problems requiring continuous supplemental oxygen and a progressively enlarging soft tissue mass appeared on the neck. Imaging studies revealed cystic spaces in multiple lobes of the lung consistent with bullous emphysema. The neck mass was determined to be an internal jugular venous aneurysm. At autopsy, extensive emphysematous change was evident. Post-mortem barium injections of the pulmonary arterial system revealed marked dilatation and tortuosity of the preacinar pulmonary arteries and reduced numbers of intra-acinar arteries. Severe emphysema, presumably caused by abnormal elastin due to deficiency of the copper-dependent enzyme lysyl oxidase, may represent an underestimated clinical complication of Menkes disease and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic respiratory disease in these patients.
Structural, Spectroscopic, and Electrochemical Characterization of Boron‐Doped Diamond Films from Different Provenances

Morphological, spectroscopic, and electrochemical aspects of boron-doped diamond (BDD) films grown on silicon surfaces originating from three different laboratories have been examined by atomic force microscopy (AF), Raman scattering, Auger electron spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry in polyethylene oxide LiClO{sub 4} electrolytes in ultrahigh vacuum. All specimens displayed AFM images characteristic of diamond and Raman spectra consistent with a wide range of boron concentrations (10{sup 19} to 10{sup 21} B atom/cm{sup 3}), with no evidence for the presence of gross graphitic impurities. The cyclic voltammetry of two of the specimens (denoted as GV2 and CWRU), however, showed features at potentials positive to lithium bulk deposition attributed to lithium-ion intercalation/deintercalation phenomena in non-diamond carbon present as a surface impurity, perhaps at the grain boundaries. This finding is consistent with earlier results for a specimen of type GV2 in aqueous electrolytes for which rates of heterogeneous electron transfer for certain redox couples were found higher than those for nominally clean BDD surfaces.
Research priorities for economic analyses of prevention: current issues and future directions.

In response to growing interest in economic analyses of prevention efforts, a diverse group of prevention researchers, economists, and policy analysts convened a scientific panel, on “Research Priorities in Economic Analysis of Prevention” at the 19th annual conference of the Society for Prevention Research. The panel articulated four priorities that, if followed in future research, would make economic analyses of prevention efforts easier to compare and more relevant to policymakers and community stakeholders. These priorities are: (1) increased standardization of evaluation methods, (2) improved economic valuation of common prevention outcomes, (3) expanded efforts to maximize evaluation generalizability and impact as well as (4) enhanced transparency and communicability of economic evaluations. In this paper, we define three types of economic analyses in prevention, provide context and rationale for these four priorities as well as related sub-priorities, and discuss the challenges inherent in meeting them.
What Can We Expect from Prophylactic Implantable Defibrillators

Death due to ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) remains an important public health problem; patients with prior myocardial infarction (MI) constitute the largest identifiable population for prophylactic interventions. Targeting of progressively higher-risk subgroups of post-MI survivors carries inevitable tradeoffs with respect to the global impact of interventions on overall mortality. Therapy with aspirin, beta blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors comprise the benchmark against which all additional interventions, including implantable defibrillators, must be measured. Initial enthusiasm for empiric amiodarone therapy has been tempered by the limited benefit demonstrated in recent randomized trials. Trials of other class III antiarrhythmic drugs, including both d,l-sotalol and d-sotalol, have also failed to demonstrate survival benefit. The Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT) demonstrated significantly improved survival associated with defibrillators in a small subgroup of post-MI survivors with a high short-term risk of death. The ultimate number and optimal criteria for selection of patients who may benefit from prophylactic defibrillator therapy after MI will undergo continued evolution as new data from current and ongoing trials become available.