cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coordinate transformations and calculation of the angular and depth parameters for a stereotactic system.

Stereotactic systems have been used to assist in the precise implantation of radioactive sources in selected braintumors. Use of such systems requires an algorithm that transforms spatial points in computed tomography coordinates into stereotactic frame coordinates. A simple algorithm performing the coordinate transformations, intended for inclusion in treatment‐planning software packages for interstitial brain implants, has been developed. This algorithm was formulated using the geometrical configurations of the Brown–Roberts–Wells (BRW) stereotactic system. After the transformations, the BRW angular coordinates and depth specifying the probe direction, defined from the entry point to the target point, are determined from their respective cartesian coordinates. These angular coordinates and depth on the BRW stereotactic system allow accurate neurosurgical implantations of catheters into the brain, and thereafter the insertion of radioactive sources.
Effect of 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine on the Replication of Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Meristematic Tissue

Effect of 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine on the Replication of Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Meristematic Tissue
The vascular effect of cold injury

Abstract The data are presented in a summarized form in Fig. 2. It can be seen that there may exist a size versus time relationship concerning vascular stagnation. Blood flow of capillaries and small vessels ( 0.3 1.0 mm It therefore seems theoretically possible to permanently stop acute hemorrhages from lesions supplied by capillary and small vascular channels, but the resultant reactive hyperemia, local antihemostatic effect, and possible tissue necrosis, preclude this technique as being practical or useful, especially within the gastrointestinal tract. The use of this technique on vessels of medium (>0.33 mm
Analyzing Compatibility of BPEL Processes

The Business Process Execution Language for Web Services provides a powerful technology to aggregate encapsulated functionalities and define high-value Web services - backed by various development and runtime environments of major software companies. Nevertheless, modeling and composing BPEL processes is still a complicated, time and money consuming, and errorprone activity. Formal methods like Petri nets enable the effective analysis of one single BPEL process as well as the comparison of multiple given BPEL models, and the generation of a BPEL model out of another. The current paper presents an prototypically implemented analysis framework that integrates those methods into IBMs business integration tools. The value of such a framework is illustrated by analyzing behavioral compatibility between BPEL processes, one of the most crucial properties in real-world B2B scenarios.
Epicardial and endocardial localized 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy : evidence for metabolic heterogeneity during regional ischemia

Previous studies have noted that myocardial blood flow and high energy phosphates are heterogeneous across the myocardial wall during ischemia. In order to determine whether differences in metabolites between the subendocardium and subepicardium could be detected using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the Fourier series window (FSW) experiment was implemented on a porcine model of graded regional ischemia. FSW experiments using a planar phantom showed a 46% improvement in localization to the subendocardium compared to a one-pulse experiment. Animal studies of graded ischemia demonstrated a gradient in the phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate ratio in the myocardium that paralleled the gradient in blood flow. These studies demonstrate the ability of spatially localized 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy to detect regional changes in myocardial high energy phosphates localized to the subepicardium and subendocardium.
Forgoing medical care because of cost: assessing disparities in healthcare access among cancer survivors living in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Many US cancer survivors live years after diagnosis, which emphasizes the importance of healthcare access for survivors. It is not known whether having cancer has an impact on disparities in healthcare access that are present in the general population. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of forgoing care because of financial concerns in a representative sample of US adults to determine whether cancer history and race/ethnicity are associated with the likelihood of forgoing medical care. METHODS: Data from the US National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) from 2003 to 2006 were used to identify 6602 adult cancer survivors and 104,364 individuals who had no history of cancer. Self-reports of forgoing medical care services because of cost were analyzed according to cancer history and race/ethnicity using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of forgoing care because of cost among cancer survivors was 7.8% for medical care, 9.9% for prescription medications, 11.3% for dental care, and 2.7% for mental healthcare. Cancer survivors aged <65 years were more likely to delay or forgo all types of medical care compared with adults who did not have a history of cancer. Hispanic and black cancer survivors were more likely to forgo prescription medications and dental care than white survivors. Disparities among cancer survivors largely were reflective of those in the general adult population. CONCLUSIONS: More than 2 million US cancer survivors did not get 1 or more needed medical services because of financial concerns during the studied period. Future research needs to examine the impact of forgoing care on survivors' quality of life and survival. Cancer 2010. Published 2010 by the American Cancer Society.
Cultural Competence in Infant/Toddler Caregivers: Application of a Tri-Dimensional Model

Abstract The early childhood literature has acknowledged the need for culturally competent child care professionals. Based on Sue's (1981) tri-dimensional model, the Infant and Toddler Caregiver Cultural Rating Scale (ITCCRS) was created to assess 109 child care providers' cultural competence and the demographic correlates of that competence. Scores fell in mid-range, with an average score of 4.39 (SD = .57) on a 6-point scale. This average score indicates most caregivers have begun the process of developing cultural competence, but have room for growth. Qualitative responses specified areas of conflict between caregivers and families. The most predictive demographic correlate of cultural competence scores was the number of child development units. Years of formal education, hours of diversity training, and number of books/articles read about diversity were found to be significantly correlated with cultural competence. Ethnicity, ethnic match, having one's own children, and years of experience had no sign...
Tableau machine: an alien presence in the home

We present Tableau Machine, a non-human social actor for the home. The machine senses, interprets and reports abstract qualities of human activity through the language of visual art. The goal of the machine is to serve as a strange mirror of everyday life, open unusual viewpoints and generate engaging and long lasting conversations and reflections. We introduce new models for sensing, interpreting, and reporting human activity and we describe results of our formative evaluation which suggest reflection and social engagement among participants.
The overtraining reversal effect under two types of discrimination

The effects of overtraining were examined under both simultaneous and successive discrimination training. A significant overtraining reversal effect (ORE) was found. Further examination revealed a trend toward an ORE in the simultaneous condition which failed to reach significance and a significant ORE in the successive condition. Ss were 40, six to seven year old children. The ORE is examined in light of Lovejoy’s (1966) mathematical model.
Modified Electrodes with Synthetic Biocatalytic Membranes

A biocatalytic membrane based on an immobilized enzyme molecule has been prepared. Oxidative electropolymerization of 8-hydroxyquinaldine (8-OHQ) monomers in 0.2 M, pH 7 phosphate buffer containing glucose oxidase (GOx) has been carried out to modify the surfaces of GC, Au, and Pt rotating disk electrodes. The biocatalytic properties of the synthesized membrane were characterized by studying the catalytic activities of the immobilized GOx. Signals obtained from modified GC electrodes with this biomembrane were mainly attributed to the immobilized GOx. Signals obtained from modified Pt or Au electrodes were due to the combined contribution of the enzyme and the native electrode's material. The potential analytical applications of these modified electrodes as bioelectrochemical sensors were also investigated.
Inactivation of some animal viruses with gamma radiation from cobalt-60.

Summary1. Gamma radiation from cobalt-60 proves to be an effective method for inactivation of Lansing poliomyelitis, St. Louis encephalitis. Western equine encephalomyelitis and vaccinia viruses. 2. Partially purified suspensions of viruses tested were more vulnerable to lethal effects of gamma radiation than were crude suspensions. 3. In crude and partially purified suspensions the smaller viruses required larger doses of gamma radiation for inactivation than did the larger viruses. 4. The rate of inactivation for viruses tested, within error of experiment, is an exponential function of the dosage of gamma radiation.
TFPACD, a Novel Bifunctional Reagent for Reacting with DCCD Sites in Proteins: Studies Using Escherichia coli ATP Synthase

Abstract A novel cross-linker, 1-[6-(4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzamido)hexyl]-3-cyclohexylcarbodiimide (TFPACD), has been synthesized and tested by reaction with the Escherichia coli ATP Synthase (ECF 1 F 0 ). The reagent has a carbodiimide as one reactive group, which is shown to read with ECF 1 F 0 in a similar way to 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) and modify the β subunit of the ECF 1 part and the c subunit of the F 0 part. Reaction with both the ECF 1 and F 0 parts of the complex inhibited ATPase activity. The second reactive group in the reagent is the photoactivatable tetrafluorophenylazide moiety. Subsequent UV photolysis of TFPACD - modified ECF 1 and ECF 1 F 0 led to generation of cross-linked products in significant yields, one between β and α subunits; the second, dimers of the c subunit of the F 0 part.
The role of reactive oxygen species in arsenite and monomethylarsonous acid-induced signal transduction in human bladder cells: acute studies.

Arsenicals are known to induce ROS, which can lead to DNA damage, oxidative stress, and carcinogenesis. A human urothelial cell line, UROtsa, was used to study the effects of arsenicals on the human bladder. Arsenite [As(III)] and monomethylarsonous acid [MMA(III)] induce oxidative stress in UROtsa cells after exposure to concentrations as low as 1 μM and 50 nM, respectively. Previous research has implicated ROS as signaling molecules in the MAPK signaling pathway. As(III) and MMA(III) have been shown to increase phosphorylation of key proteins in the MAPK signaling cascade downstream of ErbB2. Both Src phosphorylation (p-Src) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are induced after exposure to 50 nM MMA(III) and 1 μM As(III). These data suggest that ROS production is a plausible mechanism for the signaling alterations seen in UROtsa cells after acute arsenical exposure. To determine importance of ROS in the MAPK cascade and its downstream induction of p-Src and COX-2, specific ROS antioxidants (both enzymatic and non-enzymatic) were used concomitantly with arsenicals. COX-2 protein and mRNA was shown to be much more influenced by altering the levels of ROS in cells, particularly after MMA(III) treatment. The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) effectively blocked both As(III)-and MMA(III)- associated COX-2 induction. The generation of ROS and subsequent altered signaling did lead to changes in protein levels of SOD, which were detected after treatment with either 1 μM As(III) or 50 nM MMA(III). These data suggest that the generation of ROS by arsenicals may be a mechanism leading to the altered cellular signaling seen after low-level arsenical exposure.
The atrioventricular conduction system in persistent common atrioventricular canal defect: correlations with electrocardiogram.

Serial histologic sections of the atrioventricular (A-V) conduction system were studied in four hearts with persistent common A-V canal, and the anatomic findings were related to the abnormal ECG patterns. Two hearts were examples of the partial form and two of the complete form of A-V canal. The major anatomic abnormalities were: (1) postero-inferior displacement of the A-V node; (2) relatively short distances between the A-V node and the origin of the left bundle branching; (3) marked posteroinferior displacement of the left bundle branching system; and (4) relative hypoplasia of the anterior (superior) left bundle branches. The anatomic configuration of the A-V conduction system in A-V canal could result in relatively early impulse propagation to the posterior aspect of the ventricular septum as suggested by reported electrophysiologica studies. The anatomic findings are considered to be related closely to the known ECG patterns of A-V canal.
Comparison of two HPLC techniques for monitoring enantioselective reactions for the resolution of (R,S)-ibuprofen: chiral HPLC vs achiral HPLC linked to an optical rotation detector

Two approaches have been used to monitor the enantioselective esterification of (R,S)-ibuprofen with 1-dodecanol catalyzed by Novozym 435. The first approach involves the use of a chiral column (Chiralcel OD) connected to a UV detector. The second approach involves using a C-18 reversed-phase column connected in series to a RI detector and to an Optical Rotation detector. The two methods yield the same results.
Single-Molecule Snapshots of Three-Dimensional Distribution of Transient Interactions in the Nuclear Pore Complex

Translocation of macromolecules through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is hindered by the phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeats barrier unless they are chaperoned by transport receptors in eukaryotic cells. However, challenged by measuring a series of transient interactions between the transport receptor and the FG repeats, the precise mechanism of the facilitated translocation remains unclear. We applied single-point edge-excitation sub-diffraction (SPEED) microscopy to obtain a three-dimensional density map of the transient interactions with a spatiotemporal resolution of 9 nm and 400 μs. We observed novel features under real-time trafficking conditions that escape detection by conventional electron microscopy: the actual pathway of facilitated translocation through the NPC is not completely restricted by the NPC architecture; the primary interaction sites between Importin β1 (Imp β1, a major transport receptor) and the FG repeats locate symmetrically on the cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic sides of the nuclear pore; Imp β1 only rarely occupies a central channel of approximate 10-20 nm diameter along the NPC axis, but the Imp β1-assisted cargo molecules expand their pathways into the central channel.
New approaches in counselling: Healthy diversity or anti-therapeutic?

Abstract Concern is expressed about the proliferation of new or ‘innovative’ approaches in counselling or psychotherapy. Most of these approaches appear to be regressive in that they ignore what we have learned about the importance of certain conditions for the therapeutic relationship. They place the counsellor or therapist in the position of a charismatic expert controlling and directing the lives of his clients. The potential dangers of these methods are noted. Yet there seems to be no good way to protect clients either from well-intentioned but misguided professionals or from the untrained non-professional. If professionals are not successful in policing the field, injured consumers and an aroused public may succeed in imposing unnecessarily rigid restrictions on all practice of counselling and psychotherapy.
Frustration : the study of behavior without a goal

This book describes a new type of behavior that occurs under conditions of frustration. It presents the experimental evidence for new behavior principles, integrates them with other known principles of frustration, shows the impact of the combined principles of frustration on psychological theory, and tests the theory by indicating how it affects our practical approach to problems of behavior.
Diffraction by an Anisotropic Impedance Half-Plane at Skew Incidence

ABSTRACT The problem of scattering from an anisotropic impedance half-plane at skew incidence is considered. Application of Maliuzhinets’ technique in combination with an approximation leads to a solution for the scattered field expressed in terms of Maliuzhinets functions. Even though the approximation is not based on the assumption that the obliquity of the incident wave is small, the exact solution is identically recovered in the cases of perpendicular incidence and skew incidence on an isotropic half-plane.
DNA repair and replication in human fibroblasts treated with (+/-)-r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene .

DNA repair and replication were examined in diploid human fibroblasts after treatment with (+/-)-r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE-I). Unscheduled DNA synthesis exhibited a linear response to BPDE-I concentrations up to 1.5 microM and a saturation plateau after higher concentrations. Maximal unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed in the first hour after treatment with synthesis diminishing progressively thereafter. Half-maximal unscheduled DNA synthesis was seen within 4-6 h after treatment with 0.7 microM BPDE-I. DNA replication was inhibited by BPDE-I in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. The mechanisms of this inhibition were characterized by velocity sedimentation of pulse-labeled nascent DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients. Very low concentrations of BPDE-I (0.03 and 0.07 microM) were found to inhibit replicon initiation by up to 50% within 30-60 min after treatment. Recovery of initiation following these low concentrations was evident within 3 h after treatment. Higher concentrations of carcinogen inhibited DNA synthesis in active replicons. This effect was manifested by a reduction in incorporation of precursor into replication intermediates of greater than 1 X 10(7) Da with the concurrent production of abnormally small nascent DNA. When viewed 45 min after treatment with 0.17 microM BPDE-I the combination of these two effects partially masked the inhibition of replicon initiation. However, even after treatment with 0.33 microM BPDE-I an effect on initiation was evident. These results reveal a pattern of response to BPDE-I that is quite similar to that produced by 254 nm radiation.
Effect of wide field irradiation on unirradiated tumors in the same host.

Abstract The immune system is believed to influence tumor growth; and, ionizing radiation has an immunosuppressive potential. However, investigators have come to conflicting conclusions regarding the effect of localized radiation therapy on both the immune system and on distant tumor growth. This report describes two murine models. In the first, B-16 malignant melanoma was implanted simultaneously into the left groin and right axilla. In the second model, in order to immunize the mouse, B-16 melanoma was implanted into the left groin 1 week before implanting melanoma into the right axilla. In both models, 600 rad caudal hemibody irradiation was given in a single fraction with a 4 MeV linear accelerator. Significant decrease in the growth of irradiated groin tumors occurred. Unirradiated axillary tumors did not demonstrate increased growth. We conclude that, at least in these models, high dose, wide-field irradiation does not augment the growth of unirradiated tumors in the same host.
Critical thickness for ferromagnetism and the range of spin-polarized electrons tunneling into Co

Abstract An electron spin-polarized tunneling measurement shows that for an average film thickness of four atomic layers, Co has essentially bulk ferromagnetism, and implies significant ferromagnetism at less than two atomic layers. The results are consistent with a range of the tunneling electrons in Co of less than two atomic layers, which makes the technique well suited to the study of magnetic surface properties.
Pulse distortion on multilayer coupled microstrip lines

The distortion of pulses due to dispersion and coupling on generalized planar microstrip is investigated. A simple, general form for the Green's function is obtained by solving the boundary value problem separately for the TE and TM modes. The mechanism of even/odd-mode distortion is discussed and numerical results are presented illustrating its effect. The design of structures with low even/odd-mode distortion is considered. Results for pulse distortion on this type of microstrip are also included. >
Experimental and analytical progressive collapse assessment of a steel frame building

Abstract A field experiment and numerical simulations were performed to investigate the progressive collapse potential of an existing steel frame building. Four first-story columns were physically removed from the building to understand the subsequent load redistribution within the building. Experimental data from the field tests were used to compare and verify the computational models and simulations. Due to the scarcity of data from full-scale tests, the experimental data produced during this research is a valuable addition to the state of knowledge on progressive collapse of buildings. The progressive collapse design guidelines typically recommend simplified analysis procedures involving instantaneous removal of specified critical columns in a building. This paper investigates the effectiveness of such commonly used progressive collapse evaluation and design methodologies through numerical simulation and experimental data.
Characterization of noncovalent complexes formed between minor groove binding molecules and duplex DNA by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.

The noncovalent complex formed in solution between minor groove binding molecules and an oligonucleotide duplex was investigated by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The oligonucleotide duplex formed between two sequence-specific 14-base pair oligonucleotides was observed intact by ESI-MS and in relatively high abundance compared to the individual single-stranded components. Only sequence-specific A:B duplexes were observed, with no evidence of random nonspecific aggregation (i.e., A:A or B:B) occurring under the conditions utilized. Due to the different molecular weights of the two 14-base pair oligonucleotides, unambiguous determination of each oligonucleotide and the sequence-specific duplex was confirmed through their detection at unique mass-to-charge ratios. The noncovalent complexes formed between the self-complementary 5′-dCGCAAATTTGCG-3′ oligonucleotide and three minor groove binding molecules (distamycin A, pentamidine, and Hoechst 33258) were also observed. Variation of several electrospray ionization interface parameters as well as collision-induced dissociation methods were utilized to characterize the nature and stability of the noncovalent complexes. The noncovalent complexes upon collisional activation dissociated into single-stranded oligonucleotides and single-stranded oligonucleotides associated with a minor groove binding molecule. ESI-MS shows potential for the study of small molecule-oligonucleotide duplex interactions and determination of small molecule binding stoichiometry.
How does small-scale convection manifest in surface heat flux?

Abstract Small-scale convection in the suboceanic mantle, if present, is commonly thought to manifest in surface heat flux, and the steady-state scaling of sublithospheric convection has often been used to interpret heat flow data from old ocean basins. Relations among small-scale convection, surface heat flux, and the steady-state scaling, however, have been vague. A series of transient cooling modeling are conducted here to quantify such relations. Given the strong temperature-dependency of mantle viscosity, results suggest that small-scale convection could take place without noticeably disturbing surface heat flux, and that the use of steady-state scaling may not be warranted for the present-day suboceanic mantle.
Hepatic detoxification of endotoxin after adrenalectomy.

SummaryBilateral adrenalectomy of 300±20 g male Holtzman rats resulted in extreme sensitization to endotoxin shock produced by iv Salmonella enteritidis Boivin lipopolysaccharide. Within 60 min after adrenalectomy, resistance to endotoxin as reflected in LD50 values decreased from 800 μg/100 g to 0.59 μg/100 g and by 168 hr after adrenalectomy the LD50 had diminished to 0.25 μg/100 g. Within 15 minutes after adrenalectomy endotoxin resistance had diminished to a LD50 of 50 μg/100 g. Liver homogenates from either acute (60 min) or chronic (168 hr) adrenalectomized and sham-operated control rats were assessed for endotoxin inactivating ability using a lead-sensitized rat bioassay. The ability of liver to detoxify endotoxin was not significantly altered by either acute or chronic adrenalectomy. Endotoxin inactivating ability also was measured in livers removed from either control or chronic adrenalectomized rats in the terminal phase of endotoxin shock; no appreciable loss of hepatic endotoxin inactivating a...
Hormonal specificity and activation of sexual behavior in male zebra finches

Abstract Castrated zebra finches receiving one of six hormone treatments were given three weekly tests with different females and their sexual behavior was contrasted with that of two control groups consisting of intact or castrated males given implants of cholesterol. The six hormone treatments were: two aromatizable androgens, testosterone (T) and androstenedione (AE); two nonaromatizable androgens, androsterone (AN) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT); an estrogen, estradiol (E); or a combination of E + DHT. Half the males receiving DHT received the 5α-isomer, half received the 5β-isomer. Castration significantly reduced the proportion of males which courted females, total courtship displays, high-intensity courtship displays, beak wiping activity, and significantly increased the latencies to show these behaviors compared to intact males. Castrated males never attempted to mount a female. All of these measures of courtship and copulatory behavior were restored to normal levels only by treatments providing both estrogenic and α-androgenic metabolites (i.e., T, AE, E + αDHT). AE was clearly the most effective of these, raising behavior significantly above normal on several measures. AN treatment was more effective than αDHT on all measures and not significantly different from intact birds on some. Treatment with E, αDHT, βDHT, or E + βDHT was totally ineffective. Surprisingly, females only solicited males whose hormone treatments provided estrogenic metabolites. Not only did they solicit males given aromatizable androgens, which showed high rates of courtship activity, they also solicited males given E or E + βDHT, some of which never even courted. Castration and hormone treatment also affected body and syringeal weight, but in opposite directions. Castration increased body weight while decreasing syringeal weight. Hormone treatments providing α-androgenic metabolites decreased body weight and increased syrinx weight. Treatments supplying estrogen as well were slightly more effective.
Paraphrased and parodied, extracted and inserted: the changing meaning of Folquet de Marseille’s “Amors, Merce!”

The transmission of verses extracted from troubadour poems and inserted into new works has been recognized and studied since scholars began to examine the corpus using modern philological methods. Most previous studies focus on the transmission process rather than the effect extraction, rewriting, and insertion has on the meanings of the excerpts in their new contexts. In this paper, I compare the meanings of the extracted parts of Folquet de Marseille’s “Amors, merce!” in their new contexts with their meanings in the original poem. The first line and parts or all of the second and fifth stanzas were extracted and inserted into ten new works, ranging from collections of abbreviated poems to quotations in longer works. Most later writers revise the excerpts to better suit their purposes through idiosyncratic readings of key passages or outright paraphrases. These revisions, in conjunction with the juxtaposition of the “Amors, merce!” quotations with quotations from other poems, usually produce new meaning contradictory to that in the original poem. Even in manuscripts of abbreviated poems, which purport to maintain the original meaning, the abbreviation alters the logical structure of the song and meaning to the point of contradicting the meaning in the original poem.
Catecholamines inhibit microglial nitric oxide production.

Abstract Viral infection in the central nervous system can induce nitric oxide production, which serves as a major host defense against viral infection. Under stress, catecholamine secretion is enhanced and immune responses are diminished in animals. Using N9 microglial cells, this study tested the effect of catecholamines on microglial nitric oxide production. Results indicated that each member of the catecholamine family (dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine) was a potent inhibitor of the microglial nitric oxide production. In contrast, dopa, the immediate precursor of the catecholamine biosynthesis pathway, was a weak inhibitor, except at very high concentrations. The inhibitory effect of catecholamines was mimicked by an α-adrenergic receptor agonist (phenylephrine) and by a β-adrenergic receptor agonist (isoproterenol), but not by forskolin or analogs of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Western blot analysis indicated that catecholamines caused a slight decrease in the formation of inducible nitric oxide synthase. These results suggest that catecholamines have the ability to block nitric oxide production by microglia, which could partially explain the impaired immune protection against viral infection in the central nervous system in stressed animals.
Tracer-Desorption 1H NMR Measurement of Diffusion Coefficients in Polyphosphazene Ion-Exchange Membranes

The growth of an NMR signal due to diffusion of solute out of a thin membrane has been investigated for the measurement of diffusion rates under conditions that are not suitable for accurate application of pulsed field gradient methods. Such conditions include those where the internal solute signal is either too small or too broad to be utilized or where the diffusion rate is too slow to yield observable attenuation of the NMR signal with commonly available gradient strengths or possible gradient application times. The method was used to measure the mutual diffusion coefficient of methanol in a series of polyphosphazene-based cation-exchange membranes, which are currently being examined for possible use in direct liquid methanol fuel cells. Diffusion coefficients at 25 °C were in the range of 8.0 × 10-8 to 4.0 × 10-7 cm2/s for methanol concentrations of 1.0−5.0 M and were significantly smaller than those reported for a Nafion perfluorosulfonic acid membrane. Successful application of the tracer-desorption...
Axonemes paralyzed by the presence of dyneins unable to use ribose-modified ATP

Substrate analogs are useful for studying the structures of active sites and for distinguishing between similar enzyme activities. Fluorescent ribose-modified ATP analogs were used to investigate the functional differences between dynein ATPases. These analogs reactivate (support the movement of) sea urchin sperm axonemes, yet they do not reactivate wild-type Chalmydomonas axonemes. Surprisingly, the analogs reactivate the axonemes of mutants completely missing the outer arm dyneins. Competition experiments using ATP and these analogs provide strong evidence that the analogs bind to all dynein active sites but fail to release a subset of dyneins from rigor. We suggest that this subset of Chlamydomonas outer arm dyneins unable to use the analogs remains in rigor in the presence of the analogs and paralyzes the axoneme. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Philaster hiatti 1 n. sp., a Holotrichous Ciliate from Hawaii2

SYNOPSIS. Philaster hiatti n. sp., a marine holotrichous ciliate is described from Hawaii. Anatomic studies were made on specimens treated with the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technic. Particular attention was given to the buccal infraciliature. Anatomic data, especially of the buccal infraciliature, differ from those of Philaster digitiformis, the only species in the genus; a new species, Philaster hiatti, is therefore proposed for this ciliate.
Energy harvesting active networked tags (EnHANTs) for ubiquitous object networking

This article presents the design challenges posed by a new class of ultra-low-power devices referred to as Energy-Harvesting Active Networked Tags (EnHANTs). EnHANTs are small, flexible, and self-reliant (in terms of energy) devices that can be attached to objects that are traditionally not networked (e.g., books, furniture, walls, doors, toys, keys, produce, and clothing). EnHANTs will enable the Internet of Things by providing the infrastructure for various novel tracking applications. Examples of these applications include locating misplaced items, continuous monitoring of objects, and determining locations of disaster survivors. Recent advances in ultra-low-power circuit design, ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communications, and organic energy harvesting techniques will enable the realization of EnHANTs in the near future. The harvesting components and the ultra-low-power physical layer have special characteristics whose implications on the higher layers have yet to be studied (e.g., when using UWB communications, the energy required to receive a bit is significantly higher than the energy required to transmit a bit). In this article, we describe paradigm shifts associated with technologies that enable EnHANTs and demonstrate their implications on higher-layer protocols. Moreover, we describe some of the components we have designed for EnHANTs. Finally, we briefly discuss our indoor light measurements and their implications on the design of higher-layer protocols.
Running from features: Optimized evaluation of inflationary power spectra

In models like axion monodromy, temporal features during inflation which are not associated with its ending can produce scalar, and to a lesser extent, tensor power spectra where deviations from scale-free power law spectra can be as large as the deviations from scale invariance itself. Here the standard slow-roll approach breaks down since its parameters evolve on an $e$-folding scale $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}N$ much smaller than the $e$-folds to the end of inflation. Using the generalized slow-roll approach, we show that the expansion of observables in a hierarchy of potential or Hubble evolution parameters comes from a Taylor expansion of the features around an evaluation point that can be optimized. Optimization of the leading-order expression provides a sufficiently accurate approximation for current data as long as the power spectrum can be described over the well-observed few $e$-folds by the local tilt and running. Standard second-order approaches, often used in the literature, ironically are worse than leading-order approaches due to inconsistent evaluation of observables. We develop a new optimized next-order approach which predicts observables to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ even for $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}N\ensuremath{\sim}1$ where all parameters in the infinite hierarchy are of comparable magnitude. For models with $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}N\ensuremath{\ll}1$, the generalized slow-roll approach provides integral expressions that are accurate to second order in the deviation from scale invariance. Their evaluation in the monodromy model provides highly accurate explicit relations between the running oscillation amplitude, frequency, and phase in the curvature spectrum and parameters of the potential.
Drag reduction in capillary tubes as a function of polymer concentration and molecular weight

Abstract An equation derived from Virk's universal drag reduction relation has been shown to adequately describe the drag reduction of aqueous solutions of polyethylene oxide condensates over a wide range of molecular weight and concentration. Virk's intrinsic concentration was found to be an inverse function of polymer molecular weight. The limit of usefulness of polymer critical concentration as a normalizing aid in the treatment of drag reduction is indicated and the polymer aggregation hypothesis for drag reduction is briefly discussed.
An arithmetic characterization of algebraic number fields with a given class group

Let R be the ring of integers of a number field K with class group G . It is classical that R is a unique factorization domain if and only if G is the trivial group; and the finite abelian group G is generally considered as a measure of the failure of unique factorization in R . The first arithmetic description of rings of integers with non-trivial class groups was given in 1960 by L. Carlitz (1). He proved that G is a group of order ≤ two if and only if any two factorizations of an element of R into irreducible elements have the same number of factors. In ((6), p. 469, problem 32) W. Narkiewicz asked for an arithmetic characterization of algebraic number fields K with class numbers ≠ 1, 2. This problem was solved for certain class groups with orders ≤ 9 in (2), and for the case that G is cyclic or a product of k copies of a group of prime order in (5). In this note we solve Narkiewicz's problem in general by giving arithmetical characterizations of a ring of integers whose class group G is any given finite abelian group.
Neonatal Genistein Treatment Alters Ovarian Differentiation in the Mouse: Inhibition of Oocyte Nest Breakdown and Increased Oocyte Survival

Early in ovarian differentiation, female mouse germ cells develop in clusters called oocyte nests or germline cysts. After birth, mouse germ cell nests break down into individual oocytes that are surrounded by somatic pregranulosa cells to form primordial follicles. Previously, we have shown that mice treated neonatally with genistein, the primary soy phytoestrogen, have multi-oocyte follicles (MOFs), an effect apparently mediated by estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2, more commonly known as ERbeta). To determine if genistein treatment leads to MOFs by inhibiting breakdown of oocyte nests, mice were treated neonatally with genistein (50 mg/kg per day) on Days 1-5, and the differentiation of the ovary was compared with untreated controls. Mice treated with genistein had fewer single oocytes and a higher percentage of oocytes not enclosed in follicles. Oocytes from genistein-treated mice exhibited intercellular bridges at 4 days of age, long after disappearing in controls by 2 days of age. There was also an increase in the number of oocytes that survived during the nest breakdown period and fewer oocytes undergoing apoptosis on Neonatal Day 3 in genistein-treated mice as determined by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1) and deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL). These data taken together suggest that genistein exposure during development alters ovarian differentiation by inhibiting oocyte nest breakdown and attenuating oocyte cell death.
Feedback control of an enriching column

The transient behavior of a 24-in. diameter, 10-tray enriching column was investigated experimentally while the column was operated under closed-loop, feedback control. This behavior was compared with that of a perturbated linear model with the column open-loop behavior being represented with simple transfer functions in the frequency domain. Comparisons showed that control parameters determined with the predictive linear model were conservative and permitted stable and smooth responses of the experimental column.
Proteins from an Unevolved Library of de novo Designed Sequences Bind a Range of Small Molecules

The availability of large collections of de novo designed proteins presents new opportunities to harness novel macromolecules for synthetic biological functions. Many of these new functions will require binding to small molecules. Is the ability to bind small molecules a property that arises only in response to biological selection or computational design? Or alternatively, is small molecule binding a property of folded proteins that occurs readily amidst collections of unevolved sequences? These questions can be addressed by assessing the binding potential of de novo proteins that are designed to fold into stable structures, but are "nai ve" in the sense that they (i) share no significant sequence similarity with natural proteins and (ii) were neither selected nor designed to bind small molecules. We chose three nai ve proteins from a library of sequences designed to fold into 4-helix bundles and screened for binding to 10,000 compounds displayed on small molecule microarrays. Several binders were identified, and binding was characterized by a series of biophysical assays. Surprisingly, despite the similarity of the three de novo proteins to one another, they exhibit selective ligand binding. These findings demonstrate the potential of novel proteins for molecular recognition and have significant implications for a range of applications in synthetic biology.
Uptake and Clearance of Inhalation Anesthetics in Man

The uptake, distribution, and clearance of inhaled vapors is governed by rules of partial pressure equilibration in a multicompartmental system. Since halogenated anesthetic agents are not soluble in water, biotransformation is their only clearance pathway during anesthesia. When apparent steady state is reached, the rate of overall metabolism can be determined from the pulmonary uptake rate. As a result of metabolism, pulmonary uptake increases but the concentration of inhaled vapor in blood and tissues decreases, and only a fraction of uptake is exhaled following anesthesia. Uptake and pulmonary clearance of five halogenated anesthetic agents were studied in 45 surgical patients. The susceptibility to biotransformation increases in the following order: isoflurane, enflurane, halothane, fluroxene, methoxyflurane.
Effects of Hurricane Isabel on a maturing hardwood forest in the Virginia Coastal Plain1

Abstract When Hurricane Isabel reached the Virginia Coastal Plain on September 18, 2003, it was still a Category 2 hurricane, the strongest hurricane to hit Virginia for more than 70 years, and it inflicted much damage on forests. Permanent hardwood forest plots sampled just months before the storm were re-sampled after the event, revealing an overall damage rate of 14.9% of stems ≥ 2.5 cm dbh, with 7.3% of stems uprooted or secondarily crushed. Larger trees suffered more damage than smaller trees, ranging from 9.7% stems damaged for stems below 10 cm dbh (all by secondary damage) to 32.4% of stems over 60 cm dbh. In the larger size classes, red oaks (predominantly Quercus rubra, but including, Q. falcata, Q. coccinea, Q. velutina) suffered more damage than white oak (Quercus alba). Liriodendron tulipifera and Fagus grandifolia suffered even less damage, but both species lost many branches in an ice storm in 1998, and may have had smaller crowns with less wind resistance than the canopy oaks. There was no...
Communication link improvement through antenna optimization for satellite, space, and radio astronomy systems

This paper studies the concept of improving the satellite link quality by optimizing the pattern of the receive antenna on board the satellite and at the ground terminal to reduce the antenna temperature. Accurate antenna temperature is calculated by accounting for the temperature difference between land and water bodies in the antenna coverage. The optimization process works on the antenna aperture distribution taking into account the temperature distribution in the antenna pattern. Similar concepts can be used for space and radio astronomy applications.
General Theory of Prime-Power Lattice Designs

Abstract The construction of lattice rectangle designs by means of cyclic collineations for v = sm treatments in sr rows and sc columns for r ≠ c and r + c = m, is described for v < 1000 treatments and for replicates or confounding arrangements. The lattice rectangle design described above is denoted by the symbol sm = sr[mdot]sc. When replicates, a balanced arrangement in rows and in columns is possible wherein each pair of treatments occurs together times in columns and times in rows. Since this number of replicates is too large for many situations a procedure is described for obtaining replicates and is illustrated for the complete sets for 23 = 22[mdot]2 and 33 = 33[mdot]3 and for the partial set 3≤q≤6 for 25 = 23[mdot]22. A numerical example for v = 25 treatments in 8 rows and 4 columns in q = 6 replicates is presented to illustrate the procedure for computing the sums of squares in the analysis of variance, the average variance of a difference between two adjusted means, and the adjusted treatment m...
Effects of lead on the secretion and disappearance of renin in rabbits

disappearance rate of renin from plasma was evaluated in both acutely and chronically leadexposed rabbits. In addition, the effects of lead (Pb) on in vitro renin secretion were determined with rabbit renal cortical slices. Rabbits acutely exposed to Pb (0.3 to 2.0 mg/kg, iv) demonstrated no increase in plasma renin activity (PRA), but a markedly prolonged disappearance of renin following nephrectomy. Together, these observations suggest that renin secretion must have been inhibited; consistent with this hypothesis was the finding that rabbit renal cortical slices exposed to Pb ( 10e5 or 10e6 M) in vitro secreted significantly less renin than did controls. Thus, the effects of large acute doses of Pb in the rabbit are simultaneous inhibition of both renin secretion and clearance. Chronically Pb-exposed rabbits (500 or 1000 ppm in drinking water) had renin halflives that were not different from controls (6 to 8 mitt). PRA was also not significantly different in the three groups. Renal slices from both groups of Pb-exposed rabbits secreted significantly more renin in vitro compared to controls, despite the fact that renal renin concentrations were similar in the three groups. However, the responsiveness to a beta adrenergic stimulus was significantly lower in the slices from rabbits treated with 1000 ppm Pb. Taken together these data suggest that PRA in the chronically Pb-exposed rabbit reflects a tendency for increased basal renin secretion, but a counteracting suppression of renin release secondary to adrenergically mediated stimuli; thus, PRA might be reduced, unchanged, or elevated depending upon experimental conditions. Clearance of renin does not seem to be altered in the chronically Pb-exposed rabbit.
Engagement through microblogging: educator professional development via Twitter

Traditional, top-down professional development (PD) can render teachers mere implementers of the ideas of others, but there is some hope that the participatory nature of social media such as Twitter might support more grassroots PD. To better understand Twitter’s role in education, we conducted a survey of K–16 educators regarding their use of the microblogging service for professional purposes. Respondents described multifaceted and intense use, with PD activities more common than use with students and families. This paper delves into qualitative data from 494 respondents who described their perspectives on Twitter PD. Educators praised the platform as efficient, accessible and interactive. Twitter was credited with providing opportunities to access novel ideas and stay abreast of education advances and trends, particularly regarding educational technology. Numerous respondents compared Twitter favorably with other PD available to them. Members of our sample also appreciated how Twitter connected them to...