cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pearl Harbor Reaction

The United States entered the first phase of the cold war with a reputation that both friends and adversaries probably regarded with some degree of puzzlement. One aspect of American foreign policy in the past three decades must have given considerable encouragement to Joseph Stalin and excited great anxiety among all those who hoped to resist him and the totalitarian system he embodied. In 1919, after intervening in Europe militarily for the first time, the Americans had repudiated the commitment urged on them by President Wilson and retreated into their traditional isolation. In the following years, at a time when ‘the world depended on the United States’ they acted, in the harsh words of one historian, like ‘a nation of Tom Sawyers turning a shrewd nickel, thumbing noses at the effete lords of the universe, protected by their oceans and their canny know-how from the consequences of their sassiness.’1 The effects of this abdication of responsibility were felt long afterwards. To cite only one example, when the Czechoslovaks deliberated in the summer of 1947 on whether to accept Marshall Plan assistance, one member of the parliament asked his colleagues ‘Is it worthwhile to [undermine] the certainty of the Soviet-Czechoslovak alliance, which we need against Germany, for such an uncertainty as is a proposition by Mr. Marshall, made at some American university which, similar to Wilson’s League, may not even be approved by the Senate?’2
LARGE-SCALE ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL HABITAT TO RESTORE ELK TO NEW YORK STATE

Recent public interest in restoring elk (Cervus elaphus) to eastern states has created the need to assess habitat suitability over large landscapes. Our objectives were to identify the areas in New York, a landscape of 126,000 km2, with the highest potential to support elk and to determine whether restoration to these areas was biologically feasible. We assessed habitat suitability for elk in 2 stages. Stage 1 used lowresolution data to eliminate approximately 98,800 km2 (78%) of the state's land area that was predominantly agricultural, urban, near a major roadway, or did not historically support native elk. Stage 2 used a habitat suitability model to evaluate remaining areas. We used food, cover, and habitat diversity relationships to evaluate suitability based on 7 land-cover classes from satellite imagery classified by the New York Gap Analysis Project. We used a road-density relationship to explore the influence of human access and potential exploitation (i.e., hunting or poaching) on habitat suitability. We evaluated accuracy and resolution of the satellite imagery to determine whether it was appropriate to use in our habitat model and determined suitabilities at 4 scales (16.0 km2, 38.5 km2, 63.0 km2, and 102 km2), representing potential annual home-range sizes for individual elk and elk herds. Evaluations of suitability were sensitive to scale of analysis; however, we were able to identify areas that had high suitability independent of scale. No areas in New York were identified as optimal. If human exploitation of elk is not substantial, a large amount of the habitat in peripheral Adirondack and Catskill regions is highly suitable for restoration (>4,100 km2 across both regions). If human exploitation is substantial, portions of these 2 regions are moderately suitable, but little high suitability habitat exists (3 km2).
From the Inside Out and the Outside In

This self-study is an ongoing four year project that began with an exploration of the use of autobiography with students in our undergraduate courses, progressed through the formation of a teachers’ autobiography group, and continues with the use of co/autoethnographic methods in the study of our own practice. The chapter centrally addresses how we have come to understand self-study as an important process for us as teacher educators, for our students as they prepare to be teachers, for the teachers with whom we work, and for the teacher education programs within which we work.
Head movements during visual exploration of natural images in virtual reality

During natural visual exploration, both head and eye movements can be used to redirect gaze to new points of interest. In order to better understand the role of head movements in this process, we recorded subjects' head orientations while they explored a set of natural images from five different categories using virtual reality head-mounted displays. While head movements are likely influenced by image content or image saliency, here we focus on their stereotyped patterns, which have a consistent relationship between the amplitude, duration, and peak velocity of movements. We find that most head movements occur along the cardinal directions, and furthermore, the head position and head velocity distributions are similar across image categories. Our results provide greater insight into the kinematics of head movements during visual exploration in virtual reality environments.
Verbal Stimuli And Paired-Associate Learning

College Ss were asked to select their most and least preferred word from a group of 7 words commonly used as reinforcers in learning experiments. One group of Ss learned a paired-associate task with their preferred word introduced by E following each correct pairing, and another group of Ss had their least preferred word introduced following each correct pairing. Ss in the preferred word group learned the task significantly faster than Ss in the least preferred word group. All Ss in the preferred word group attained the criterion, but 4 Ss in the least preferred group failed to attain the criterion within the limiting number of trials. There was considerable variability in the word selected as least preferred, but all Ss selected “excellent” as their most preferred word.
Preliminary studies on the use of pertussis toxin for the modulation of intravaginal SIV transmission in rhesus macaques

Background Pertussis toxin (PTX) blocks GPCR signaling resulting in the inhibition of chemotaxis/cell adhesion. It was reasoned that inhibition of cell trafficking may be an approach to prevent HIV/SIV transmission. Methods In this study, PTX in HEC gel was applied to the vaginal wall of monkeys that were then challenged intravaginally with SIVmac251. Results Results of these studies showed that 2 of 4 animals were resistant to infection. Furthermore, infection was correlated with a marked increase in the plasma and cervicovaginal lavage levels of select chemokines and cytokines. Conclusions Results from this preliminary feasibility study dictate that further studies that include a larger number of animals are required to optimize this protocol and establish the efficacy of this approach. In addition, such future studies will provide important information on the role of specific chemokines that play a role in lymphocyte trafficking within the genital tract and serve as additional therapeutic targets.
Structure and Function of the CBP/p300 TAZ Domains

The TAZ (transcriptional adapter zinc binding) domains in the transcriptional coactivators CBP/p300 are zinc-binding motifs that are primarily involved in protein-protein recognition. The activation domains of more than 30 transcription factors have been reported to bind to the TAZ domains, and each TAZ domain generally binds a different subset of transcription factors. Structurally, the TAZ domains contain three zinc binding sites and four alpha helices that are packed against each other to form a hydrophobic core. Each zinc atom is bound to one histidine and three cysteine residues that are located at the end of one helix, in the interconnecting loop, and at the beginning of a second helix, forming a characteristic HCCC-type zinc binding motif. In the absence of zinc, the proteins are unfolded. The role of the zinc atoms is to organize and stabilize the four amphipathic helices into a global fold, which then serves as the site of protein-protein interaction. The TAZ1 domains of CBP and p300 binds other proteins mostly by hydrophobic interactions in the grooves and canyons created by the helical interfaces. The first three helices of TAZ1 and TAZ2 are structurally homologous; the fourth helix, however, is in a different relative orientation. This major structural difference between the two domains appears to play an important role in determining the protein-binding specificity of the TAZ domain.
Implications of forest type and land tenure diversity for the sustainability of ecosystem services provided by northern Amazonia’s multiple-use tree species

As global landscapes continue to change, the sustainability of the ecosystem services they support are increasingly coming into question. In the rapidly changing neotropics, multiple-use plants epitomize sources of ecosystem services. To sustain the relationship that exists between such plants and human populations, a sound understanding of their well-being is required. Density data on multiple-use plants were compared across forest types and land tenure classes to understand the implications of these two spatial frames of reference for landscape sustainability. The density of an aggregate sample of seventeen multiple-use and a sub-sample of five species were examined relative to forest type and land tenure class across fourteen Rupununi, Southern Guyana, study sites. The examination of plant density based on the two sample sizes was used to make inferences on how the two frames of reference may impact landscape sustainability. The mean density of the aggregate sample was highest in three of six forest types, but showed no statistical difference across land tenure classes. When individual species were considered mean densities showed no statistical difference across land tenure classes, but differences were observed for three species across forest types. Mean densities were highest in forest types within which swidden agriculture occurs and in the protected area where logging is prohibited. Our findings suggested that in changing tropical landscapes plant species distribution can be predicted by forest types, but land tenure classes may provide clearer signals as to where a species well-being and hence ecosystem services may be compromised.
Irradiation for Quarantine Control of Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Coffee and a Proposed Generic Dose for Snout Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea).

Coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is the most serious insect pest of coffee worldwide. Green coffee used in blending and roasting is traded between countries and may be subjected to fumigation for disinfestation of CBB. For example, green coffee shipped to Hawaii from the U.S. mainland must be treated with methyl bromide. Irradiation is an alternative disinfestation treatment option. Dose-response tests were conducted with adult beetles to identify a sterilizing dose, followed by large-scale confirmatory tests with adults infesting coffee berries at 100 Gy (measured doses 84–102 Gy). In total, 6,598 adult CBBs naturally infesting dried coffee berries were irradiated at 100 Gy and produced no viable offspring, whereas 1,033 unirradiated controls produced 327 eggs, 411 larvae, and 58 pupae at 3 wk post treatment. This is the first study to develop a postharvest irradiation treatment for a scolytine bark beetle and supports other studies suggesting 150 Gy is sufficient to prevent reproduction in snout beetles in the superfamily Curculionoidea.
Improving Patient Safety and Clinician Workflow in the General Care Setting With Enhanced Surveillance Monitoring

Clinical monitoring systems have been implemented in the inpatient hospital setting for decades, with little attention given to systems analysis or assessment of impact on clinician workflow or patient care. This study provides an example of how system-level design and analysis can be applied in this domain, with specific focus on early detection of patient deterioration to mitigate failure to rescue events. Wireless patient sensors and pulse oximetry-based surveillance system monitors with advanced display and information systems capabilities were introduced to 71 general care beds in two units. Nursing workflow was redesigned to integrate use of the new system and its features into patient assessment activities. Patient characteristics, vital sign documentation, monitor alarm, workflow, and system utilization data were collected and analyzed for the period five months before and five months after implementation. Comparison unit data were also collected and analyzed for the same periods. A survey pertaining to staff satisfaction and system performance was administered after implementation. Statistical analysis was performed to examine differences in the before and after data for the target and control units. The enhanced monitoring system received high staff satisfaction ratings and significantly improved key clinical elements related to early recognition of changes in patient state, including reducing average vital signs data collection time by 28%, increasing patient monitoring time (rate ratio 1.22), and availability and accuracy of patient information. Impact on clinical alarms was mixed, with no significant increase in clinical alarms per monitored hour.
Asymptotic deformation and stress fields at the tip of a sharp notch in an elastic-plastic material

The singular elastic-plastic stress, strain and the displacement fields at the tip of a sharp notch for both plane stress and plane strain conditions are investigated analytically. The material is assumed to be governed by the deformation theory of plasticity with linear strain hardening characteristic. Since the elastic strain is retained in the analysis, the final strain and displacement fields can be separated into the elastic and the plastic parts. In the case with zero notch angle, the results reduce to the classical crack problem. The relationship of the amplitude of the near crack tip elastic-plastic field to the elastic far field is obtained. Both mode I and mode II cases are investigated. The mixed mode case is also discussed.
Cefaclor--summary of clinical experience.

Cefaclor, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic for oral use, was studied by 62 clinical investigators in six countries in 1493 adult and paediatric patients. The pooled data reveal that satisfactory clinical responses were obtained in 80% of urinary tract infections, 87% of upper respiratory tract infections, 90% of cases of otitis media, 99% of lower respiratory tract infections, and 96% of skin and skin structure infections. Administration of this antibiotic was associated with a low incidence of adverse reactions including gastrointestinal (2.6%) and hypersensitivity (1.5%). Of particular clinical interest were the outstanding results obtained in the treatment of otitis media and lower respiratory tract infections.
Plane Stress Crack Tip Field Around a Rapidly Growing Ductile/Rigid Interface Crack

Plane stress dynamic crack growth along a ductile/rigid interface is investigated. The ductile material is taken to be ideally plastic and obey the J2 flow theory of plasticity. Under steady-state conditions, the asymptotic structure of the crack-tip stress, velocity and strain fields has been obtained. The study reveals that two types of crack-tip sectors exist, namely uniform and nonuniform plastic sectors and that the stress, strain and velocity fields are bounded (nonsingular) in all sectors. In a uniform sector, the rectangular Cartesian components of the stress, strain and velocity fields are constant, and there is no plastic strain accumulation. In a nonuniform sector, the stress, strain and velocity components at a point depend on the angular position of the point in the crack-tip polar coordinate system and are governed by a system of simultaneous ordinary differential equations. This is a sector plastic strains can accumulate. A general crack-tip sector assembly is obtained for a practical range of crack growth speeds. Several nontrivial families of admissible solutions of the crack-tip fields based on this general assembly of uniform and nonuniform crack-tip sectors are presented and discussed.
TULA-family proteins: Jacks of many trades and then some

UBASH3/STS/TULA is a novel two-member family, which exerts several key regulatory effects in multiple cell types. UBASH3B/STS-1/TULA-2 is a highly active protein tyrosine phosphatase; its major target appears to be a specific regulatory site of protein tyrosine kinases of the Syk family, dephosphorylation of which inhibits Syk and Zap-70 kinases and suppresses receptor signaling mediated by these kinases. UBASH3A/STS-2/TULA exhibits substantial homology to UBASH3B/STS-1/TULA-2, but possesses only a small fraction of phosphatase activity of UBASH3B/STS-1/TULA-2, and thus, its regulatory effect may be based also on the phosphatase-independent mechanisms. Critical physiologic effects of these proteins have been demonstrated in T lymphocytes, platelets, stem cells, and other important cell types. These proteins have also been shown to play a key role in such pathologic conditions as autoimmunity, cancer, and thrombosis. The review focuses on the recent studies of this important family of cellular regulators.
Capacitor transient effects in a high-dose-rate environment

At the National Ignition Facility, new designs for x-ray diagnostics and ICF targets place high energy density capacitors in the harsh radiation environment of the target chamber. In these applications, dielectric breakdown would be catastrophic. This study considers the behavior of three dielectric types in a prompt-dose radiation environment; aluminum electrolytic, multilayer ceramic, and metalized polypropylene. The experiments exposed the capacitors with a flash x-ray machine and measured the internal discharge from shot-to-shot for a range of doses. From the results, the thinner aluminum electrolytic dielectrics internally discharged less than the thicker ones. The results from the flash x-ray source were compared to a limited set of data taken in NIF’s neutron test-well. The aluminum electrolytic and metalized polypropylene capacitors did not fail while biased at their rated voltage during eight shots in NIF, mostly between 1e9 n/cm 2 and 4e9 n/cm 2 .
Predicting antibody penetration in a first-in-human clinical trial of head and neck cancers (Conference Presentation)

Low response rates in solid tumors including head and neck cancers (HNCs) have been attributed to failure of the drug to reach its intended target. However, investigation of drug delivery has been limited due to difficulties in measuring concentrations in the tumor and the ability to localizing drugs in human tissues. Factors determining intratumoral antibody distribution in primary tumor and metastatic lymph nodes have not been well-studied in human patients. To address this challenge, we propose to leverage fluorescently labeled antibodies to investigate antibody delivery into HNCs. To this end, we have conducted a first-in-human clinical trial to assess the delivery of panitumumab-IRDye800 in HNCs. Twenty-two patients enrolled in this study received intravenous administration of panitumumab-IRDye800 at multiple subtherapeutic doses: (1) 0.06mg/kg, (2) 0.5 mg/kg, (3) 1 mg/kg, (4) 50 mg flat dose, (5) 25 mg flat dose. To quantify the antibody delivery, fresh tumor samples were procured and the amount of antibody in the tumor was quantified as ng/mg of tissue, which was then correlated with tumor characteristics. Immunohistochemistry of multiple protein markers, including EGFR, ERG, cytokeratin, Ki67, alpha-smooth muscle actin, etc., have been implemented in serial sections of primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes. A quantitative image analysis pipeline was developed to analyze these IHC images and score the staining on both global and local scale. A predictive model was built to identify the most important predictors for antibody penetration from pharmacological factors, tumor pathophysiological factors, and tumor microenvironmental factors.
WEAK INTERACTIONS — Workshop P

The study of the weak interactions involving pions, muons, and nuclei can clarify the laws of weak interactions. The present theoretical interest in muon-electron universality, nonconservation of muon number, and second-class currents is discussed.
Multiband Acoustic-Wave-Lumped-Element Resonator-Based Bandpass-to-Bandstop Filters

A new class of multiband acoustic-wave resonator-based RF filters with reconfigurable bandpass-to-bandstop (BP-to-BS) transfer function characteristics is reported. They are based on a hybrid integration scheme in which multiresonant acoustic-wave-lumped-element-resonators (AWLRs) are combined with five static and one switched impedance inverters. Each multiresonant AWLR controls the number of bands and their center frequencies. Switching between the bandpass and bandstop modes of operation is achieved by changing the coupling path between its input/output ports through an RF-switched impedance inverter. For practical validation purposes, two prototypes were designed, manufactured, and tested. They include a single-band BP-to-BS filter at 418 MHz and a dual-band BP-to-BS filter with bands centered at 418 and 433.9 MHz.
Presence of conspecifics reduces between-individual variation and increases avoidance of multiple stressors in bluegill

Individual animals differ in their responses to external stressors, and sociability has been shown to impact whether or not an individual will avoid a stressor. However, the effect of collective group behaviour on individual avoidance in response to a stressor has not been elucidated. In this study, we sought to determine whether stressor avoidance behaviour in individuals is affected by the behaviour of a familiar shoal, and if social personality is a driver of avoidance behaviour. Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, were exposed to either carbon dioxide or rising temperatures in a shuttle box choice tank. All bluegill were exposed to a stressor in isolation, then their social personalities were quantified using a social network assay. Bluegill were then exposed to the same stressor in the presence of a familiar shoal, with the entire shoal being able to respond to the stressor. We found that being in a shoal significantly decreased individual avoidance thresholds to both carbon dioxide and temperature, but neither avoidance behaviour in isolation nor individual social personality type was predictive of this response. The presence of the shoal was the primary driver of the difference in avoidance behaviour when bluegill were in isolation versus when they were in groups. Potential mechanisms, both behavioural and physiological, for the relationship between group behaviour and stressor avoidance are discussed. Our results provide evidence that group movements impact individual avoidance of stressors, which may have implications for the behaviour of animals in response to decreasing habitat quality.
Extended Release of Doxorubicin-Loaded 3DNA Nanocarriers from In-Situ Forming, Self-Assembled Hydrogels.

Purpose: Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness worldwide, resulting in over 30 million surgeries each year. These cases are expected to double within the next 10 years. About 25% of all patients develop secondary cataracts or posterior capsule opacification (PCO) postsurgery. PCO is a vision impairment disorder that develops from myofibroblasts migration and contraction that deforms the capsule surrounding the lens. Currently, Nd:YAG laser therapy is used to treat PCO; however, laser is not available worldwide and adverse side effects may arise. Thus, there is a considerable unmet need for more efficacious and convenient preventive treatments for PCO. Our work focuses on engineering an innovative, prophylactic sustained release platform for DNA-based nanocarriers to further reduce the incidence of PCO. Methods: Novel, optically clear, self-assembled poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG) triblock copolymer hydrogels were used for the sustained release of the DNA-based nanocarriers (3DNA®) loaded with cytotoxic doxorubicin (DOX) and targeted with a monoclonal antibody called G8 (3DNA:DOX:G8), which is specific to cells responsible for PCO. Results: The 29 (w/v)% polymer hydrogels with the 3DNA nanocarriers presented over 80% of light transmittance, soft mechanical properties (<350 Pa), and sustained release for 1 month. Conclusions: In this work, we show for the first time that the hydrophobic PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogels can be used as platforms for sustained delivery of nucleic acid-based nanocarriers. This work demonstrates that polymeric formulations can be used for the extended delivery of ocular therapeutics and other macromolecules to treat a variety of ocular conditions.
Preoperative Surgical Planning

Once the examination of the patient is complete, several decisions must be made in a systematic fashion.
The role of neck muscle co-contraction and postural changes in head kinematics after safe head impacts: Investigation of head/neck injury reduction.

Abstract Concerns surrounding concussions from impacts to the head necessitate research to generate new knowledge about ways to prevent them and reduce risk. In this paper, we report the relative temporal characteristics of the head resulting from neck muscle co-contraction and postural changes following a sudden force applied to the head in four different directions. In the two “prepared” conditions (i.e., co-contraction and postural), participants experienced impulsive forces to the head after hearing a warning. The warning given for the postural condition informed both the direction and timing of the impulsive force. Participants responded to the postural warning by altering their head posture, whereas in the co-contraction warning, the force direction was unknown to them, and they were asked to isometrically co-contract their neck muscles after the warning. Peak angular velocity reduced by 29% in sagittal extension, 18% in sagittal flexion, and 23% in coronal lateral flexion in prepared vs. unwarned conditions. Peak linear acceleration was attenuated by 15% in sagittal extension, 8% in sagittal flexion, and 18% in coronal lateral flexion in prepared vs. unwarned conditions. Changes in peak angular acceleration were not uniform. We also measured a significant delay in the peak angular velocity (22 vs. 44.8 ms) and peak angular acceleration (7 vs. 20 ms) after peak linear acceleration in prepared compared to unwarned conditions. An increase in muscle activation significantly reduced the peak angular velocity and linear acceleration. Gross head movement was significantly decreased with preparation. These findings suggest that a warning prior to impact can reduce head kinematics associated with injury.
Development and characterization of monoglyceride oleogels prepared with crude and refined walnut oil

Abstract Gelation of different walnut oils by monoglycerides (MG) and effects of oil minor components on the characteristics of oleogels were studied. Walnut oil with different physicochemical properties was prepared using different extraction methods and refining processes. Structural properties of MG-based oleogels including texture properties, oil binding capacity (OBC) and rheological properties were characterized. Besides, their microscopic properties were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy. The results showed that the extraction methods and refining processes could change the physicochemical properties of walnut oil and affect the properties and structures of oleogels. Comparing all oleogels, oleogel prepared using hot-pressed oil had lower hardness and OBC, whereas oleogels prepared from refined oil had denser microstructures, which may be attributed to the reduction of oxidation degree. Correlation analysis indicated that the hardness of oleogel was negatively correlated with peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV) and total oxidation value of oil (P
Diagnosing Water Variations Within The Amazon Basin Using Satellite Data

[1] The components of the Amazon water budget and their spatiotemporal variability are diagnosed using monthly averaged remote sensing-based data products for the period September 2002-December 2006. The large Amazon basin is divided into 14 smaller watersheds, and for each of these sub-basins, fresh water discharge is estimated from the water balance equation using satellite data products. The purpose of this study is to learn how to apply satellite data with global coverage over the large tropical regions; therefore several combinations of remote sensing estimates including total water storage changes, precipitation and evapotranspiration. The results are compared to gauge-based measurements and the best spatiotemporal agreement between estimated and observed runoff is within 1 mm/d for the combination of precipitation from the GPCP and the Montana evapotranspiration product. Mean annual precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff for the whole basin are estimated to be 6.3, 2.27 and 3.02 mm/d respectively but also show large spatial and temporal variations at sub-basin scale. Using the most consistent data combination, the seasonal dynamics of the water budget within the Amazon system are examined. Agreement between satellite based and in situ runoff is improved when lag-times between sub-basins are included (RMSE from 0.98 to 0.61 mm/d). We estimate these lag times based on satellite-inferred inundation extents. The results reveal not only variations of the basin forcing but also the complex response of the inter-connected sub-basin (SB) water budgets. Inter-annual and inter-SB variation of the water components are investigated and show large anomalies in northwestern and eastern downstream SBs; aggregate behavior of the whole Amazon is more complex than can be represented by a simple integral of the forcing over the whole river system.
Catastrophe Futures and Options

Catastrophe futures and options are derivative securities whose payoffs depend on insurers' underwriting losses arising from natural catastrophes (e.g., hurricanes). Keywords: Catastrophe Futures and Options
Intrarectal vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing carcinoembronic antigen induces mucosal and systemic immunity and prevents progression of colorectal cancer.

The gastrointestinal mucosa contains an intact immune system that protects the host from pathogens and communicates with the systemic immune system. Absorptive epithelial cells in the mucosa give rise to malignant tumors although the interaction between tumor cells and the mucosal immune system is not well defined. The pathophysiology of colorectal cancer has been elucidated through studies of hereditary syndromes, such as familial adenomatous polyposis, a cancer predisposition syndrome caused by germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene. Patients with FAP develop adenomas and inevitably progress to invasive carcinomas by the age of 40. To better delineate the role of mucosal immunity in colorectal cancer, we evaluated the efficacy of intrarectal recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the human carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA) in a murine FAP model in which mice are predisposed to colorectal cancer and also express human CEA in the gut. Mucosal vaccination reduced the incidence of spontaneous adenomas and completely prevented progression to invasive carcinoma. The therapeutic effects were associated with induction of mucosal CEA-specific IgA Ab titers and CD8 + CTLs. Mucosal vaccination was also associated with an increase in systemic CEA-specific IgG Ab titers, CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses and resulted in growth inhibition of s.c. implanted CEA-expressing tumors suggesting communication between mucosal and systemic immune compartments. Thus, intrarectal vaccination induces mucosal and systemic antitumor immunity and prevents progression of spontaneous colorectal cancer. These results have implications for the prevention of colorectal cancer in high-risk individuals.
The Importance of Institutional Design: Evidence from the New York Stock Exchange IPO and Reg. NMS

For more than two hundred years, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) provided the dominant national platform upon which firms could list, and investors could trade, securities. Until 2006, the NYSE was organized as a private mutual non-profit firm whose membership, dominated by investment banks, maintained tight control over floor brokers, specialists and issuing firms. Even when over-the-counter markets such as the NASDAQ and alternative platforms such as “electronic communications networks” (ECN’s) offered faster execution of trades, NYSE floor quotes were protected against “trading through” to such competing venues (the so-called “trade-through” rule). The NYSE long argued that this framework provided highly liquid and continuous markets that lowered the cost of capital for, and incentivized good quality governance of, issuing firms. As a private monopoly the NYSE’s self-regulation periodically generated controversy, and the NYSE was finally subjected to serious government oversight in the 1930’s. In part based on that original Congressional mandate, in 2005, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began a two-year process of implementing Regulation NMS (for “national market system”). Most significantly, Reg. NMS, among other features, eliminated the protective “trade-through” rule thus enabling customers to trade off price quality for faster trade execution of trades on ECN’s. In 2006, in order to defend its place in the new post-“trade-through” world enabled by Reg. NMS, the NYSE demutualized and went public via a merger with Archipelago Holdings Inc., a large publicly listed ECN. We examine stock market data around the implementation of Reg. NMS and the NYSE IPO to show that eviscerating the “trade-through” rule triggered an explosion of new trading on alternative venues but also increased volatility in the pricing for formerly staid NYSE-listed shares. The end of the NYSE’s monopoly reduces choices for issuing firms as the NYSE no longer offers an “orderly market” for their listed shares. This increases the cost of capital for stable, well-managed firms and contributes to the reluctance of promising firms to go public thus eliminating a source of high-end customers for underwriters and undermining liquidity for investors. Reg. NMS and the NYSE IPO also likely encourage the formation of “dark pools” (transactions that take place outside of the regulated markets) and the spread of risky “high frequency” trading.
Metrics for ontologies

The success of the semantic Web has been linked with the use of ontologies on the semantic Web. Given the important role of ontologies on the semantic Web, the need for domain ontology development and management are increasingly more and more important to most kinds of knowledge-driven applications. More and more these ontologies are being used for information exchange. Information exchange technology should foster knowledge exchange by providing tools to automatically assess the characteristics and quality of an ontology. The scarcity of theoretically and empirically validated measures for ontologies has motivated our investigation. From this investigation a suite of quality metrics have been developed and implemented as a plug-in to the ontology editor Protege so that any ontology specified in a standard Web ontology language such as RDFS or OWL may have a quality assessment analysis performed.
Effect of preservatives on the accuracy of mid-infrared milk component testing.

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effect of commonly used milk preservatives on the accuracy of fat, protein, and lactose content determination in milk by mid-infrared (mid-IR) milk analysis. Two producer raw milks (Holstein and Jersey) and 2 pasteurized modified milks, 1 similar to Holstein milk and 1 similar to Jersey milk were used as the 4 different milk sources. Seven different milk preservative approaches (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 and 6 different bronopol-based preservatives) and a portion of unpreserved milk for each of the 4 different milks sources were tested for fat B, lactose, protein, and fat A. The experiment was replicated 3 times (28 d each) for a total of 84 d. Two mid-infrared (mid-IR) transmittance milk analyzers (an optical and a virtual filter instrument) were used. A large batch of pilot milk was prepared from pasteurized, homogenized, unpreserved whole milk, split into vials, quick frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen, and transferred into a −80°C freezer. Pilots were thawed and analyzed on each testing day during the study. Significant increases were observed in all uncorrected readings on the pilot milks over the 84 d of the study, but the increases were gradual and small on each instrument for all components. Results from the study were corrected for these changes. A significant difference in mid-IR fat A readings was observed, whereas no differences were detected for fat B, lactose, or protein between unpreserved and preserved milks containing 0.02% K 2 Cr 2 O 7. Therefore, K 2 Cr 2 O 7 has little or no effect on mid-IR test results. All bronopol-based preservative approaches in this study differed in mid-IR test results compared with K 2 Cr 2 O 7 -preserved and unpreserved milks, with the largest effect on protein results. Mid-IR uncorrected readings increased with time of refrigerated storage at 4°C for all preservative approaches, with the largest increase for protein. The rate of increase in uncorrected readings with time of storage was always higher for raw milks than for pasteurized milks, and the stability of instrument zero was lower for raw milks than for pasteurized milks. The largest economic effect of a systematic bias caused by a preservative occurs when the milks used for calibration and routine testing for payment do not contain the same preservative or when calibration milks are preserved and milks for routine testing are unpreserved. These effects can create errors in payment for large dairy processing plants ranging from several hundred thousand to over a million dollars annually.
CdZnTe arrays for nuclear medicine imaging

In nuclear medicine, a gamma-ray-emitting radiotracer is injected into the body, and the resulting biodistribution is imaged using a gamma camera. Current gamma cameras use a design developed by Anger '. An Anger camera makes use of a slab of scintillation detector that is viewed by an array of photomultiplier tubes and uses an analog position estimation technique to determine the position ofthe gamma ray's interaction. The image-forming optics is usually a multi-bore collimator made of lead. Such cameras are characterized by poor, system spatial resolution (-1 cm) due to poor detector resolution (-0.4 cm) and poor collimator performance. The energy resolution ofcurrent gamma cameras is also limited (-11% FWHM @ 140 keV). Energy resolution is useful for suppressing the effects ofCompton scattering in tissue. In single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), a number of images are taken ofthe patient from different viewing directions and these images are used to reconstruct a representation ofthe three-dimensional source distribution. Another technique, positron emission tomography (PET), images the annihilation radiation from a positron emitter, but it is more costly than SPECT and less widely available.
Robust face recognition using locally adaptive sparse representation

This paper presents a block-based face-recognition algorithm based on a sparse linear-regression subspace model via locally adaptive dictionary constructed from past observable data (training samples). The local features of the algorithm provide an immediate benefit — the increase in robustness level to various registration errors. Our proposed approach is inspired by the way human beings often compare faces when presented with a tough decision: we analyze a series of local discriminative features (do the eyes match? how about the nose? what about the chin?…) and then make the final classification decision based on the fusion of local recognition results. In other words, our algorithm attempts to represent a block in an incoming test image as a linear combination of only a few atoms in a dictionary consisting of neighboring blocks in the same region across all training samples. The results of a series of these sparse local representations are used directly for recognition via either maximum likelihood fusion or a simple democratic majority voting scheme. Simulation results on standard face databases demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in the presence of multiple mis-registration errors such as translation, rotation, and scaling.
VAPOR PRESSURE GRADIENTS, WATER DISTRIBUTION IN FRUITS, AND SO-CALLED INFRA-RED INJURY

IT HAS long been recognized that plant tissues exposed to strong sunlight or to light from artificial sources may become so heated by the absorbed radiation as to become severely injured or killed. It has also been recognized that ultra-violet light, at intensities greater or at wave lengths shorter than those received at the earth's surface, is likely to be distinctly injurious. Arthur (1932) suggested that some of his experiments with apples indicate specific infrared injury which seems independent of any heating effect. Later (1936), referring to these same experiments, he gave much the same interpretation but stated that possibly an equal amount of energy in the visible region may have produced similar injury. His conclusions were based chiefly on the following observations. Apples in a cold storage room if exposed to radiation from a General Electric S-1 lamp for 5 days or more developed a wrinkled necrotic area on that side of each apple exposed to the lamp. This was first thought to be due to ultra-violet injury but, since apples placed in a cold box with air temperature of 2?C. and exposed to light from an ordinary 500 watt incandescent lamp filtered through window glass showed similar injury, it was obviously not due to ultra-violet radiation. Repeating the experiment, using heat-transmitting black glass, the same type of injury resulted. Since the injured side of the fruit reached a temperature of only about 220C., Arthur concluded that this was not sufficiently high to have caused the injury, but that, "The injury was probably due to the direct action of infra-red on a tissue which absorbs it freely." In a recent paper (Curtis, 1936) the great importance of temperature gradients in their effects on vapor pressure gradients and the movement of water in vapor form has been emphasized. The fruits Arthur worked with were in a cold chamber with an air temperature of 2?C. He reported an internal fruit temperature of 220C. but did not specify where this temperature was taken. Presumably it was taken near the upper irradiated surface. The irradiated side of the fruit, therefore, was probably at a temperature nearly 200C. above that of the shaded side. With such a temperature gradient and resulting steep vapor-pressure gradient, one wouldexpect a distillation of water from the warm side to the cool side. In order to test this hypothesis-that is, to determine if the withering and necrosis could be due to internal distillation of water from one side to the other and not to any specific infra-red injury-we carried out two types of experiments, one somewhat similar to that of Arthur in which the fruits were in
Use of routine quality assurance procedures to detect the loss of a linear accelerator primary scattering foil

The effects of the mechanical loss of a stainless steel primary scattering foil on a 12‐MeV electron beam from a dedicated intraoperative electron accelerator are discussed. Routine quality assurance tests, including dose output constancy, energy constancy, and beam uniformity (flatness and symmetry), were used to determine the nature of the malfunction when it occurred. It is concluded that these quality assurance checks, if done with the frequencies recommended by the AAPM Task Group 40 Report [Med. Phys. 21, 581–619 (1994)] and repeated at the time of occurrence, are sufficient to detect loss of an electron scattering foil.
Branchial Cleft Anomalies and Thymic Cysts

Branchial cleft anomalies are a common cause of congenital neck masses and can present as a cyst, sinus, or fistula. A comprehensive understanding of the embryologic basis of these anomalies aids in diagnosis and surgical excision. Fistulas tend to present at an earlier age than sinuses or cysts, with most lesions presenting as either a neck mass, draining sinus, or recurrent infections. The eventual management of each is complete surgical excision, which is curative. A history of recurrent preoperative infections leads to a higher rate of recurrence.
Variation of ictal electroencephalographic regularity with low-, moderate-, and high-dose stimuli during right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy.

Abstract Background: Previous work has demonstrated changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) ictal morphology during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as stimulus intensity is increased from barely suprathreshold to moderately suprathreshold. Our study reports on the reactivity of seizure regularity ratings in 11 subjects receiving right unilateral (RUL) ECT as the stimulus is varied over a wider range of intensities from low to medium, then high dose. Methods: The stimulus intensity of all 11 subjects was first increased from barely suprathreshold to moderately suprathreshold, and then randomized to either stay at a moderately suprathreshold dose or increase to a high dose. The regularity of the EEG ictal discharge was visually measured on a seven-point scale. Results: We found that seizure regularity increases as the stimulus intensity moves from the barely suprathreshold to the moderately suprathreshold dosage, but did not increase further when the stimulus increased to a high dose. Conclusions: These results suggest that EEG regularity is unlikely to distinguish moderately suprathreshold from markedly suprathreshold stimuli during RUL ECT.
Neural Network Classifiers Estimate Bayesian a posteriori Probabilities.

Many neural network classifiers provide outputs which estimate Bayesian a posteriori probabilities. When the estimation is accurate, network outputs can be treated as probabilities and sum to one. Simple proofs show that Bayesian probabilities are estimated when desired network outputs are 1 of M (one output unity, all others zero) and a squared-error or cross-entropy cost function is used. Results of Monte Carlo simulations performed using multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks trained with backpropagation, radial basis function (RBF) networks, and high-order polynomial networks graphically demonstrate that network outputs provide good estimates of Bayesian probabilities. Estimation accuracy depends on network complexity, the amount of training data, and the degree to which training data reflect true likelihood distributions and a priori class probabilities. Interpretation of network outputs as Bayesian probabilities allows outputs from multiple networks to be combined for higher level decision making, sim...
Cervical Cancer: Development of Targeted Therapies Beyond Molecular Pathogenesis

It is well-known that the human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of cervical cancer. The integration of HPV genes into the host genome causes the upregulation of E6 and E7 oncogenes. E6 and E7 proteins inactivate and degrade tumor suppressors p53 and retinoblastoma, respectively, leading to malignant progression. HPV E6 and E7 antigens are ideal targets for the development of therapies for cervical cancer and precursor lesions because they are constitutively expressed in infected cells and malignant tumors, but not in normal cells, and they are essential for cell immortalization and transformation. Immunotherapies are being developed to target E6/E7 by eliciting antigen-specific immune responses. siRNA technologies target E6/E7 by modulating the expression of the oncoproteins. Proteasome inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors are being developed to indirectly target E6/E7 by interfering with their oncogenic activities. The ultimate goal for HPV-targeted therapies is the progression through clinical trials to commercialization.