cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Re‐examining Caribbean English Creole Continua

This paper re-examines the history and contemporary structure of Caribbean English creole continua, with illustration from the varied sociolinguistic situations in Belize, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad. It argues for the view that continua existed in these situations from the earliest period of contact, and challenges the claim that they evolve solely via ‘decreolization’ of basilects under influence from acrolects. It also argues for a co-existent systems approach to the contemporary structure of these continua. The evidence of sociolinguistic studies supports the idea that they result from interaction between relatively stable grammars, conditioned by social and situational factors. The variation produced by this interaction provides insight into the kinds of shift and contact-induced change that have always operated in these situations.
Temperature, strain rate and fibre orientation effects in the compressive fracture of SiC fibre-reinforced glass-matrix composites

Abstract Continuous SiC fibre-reinforced glass-matrix composites have been tested in compression over a wide range of temperatures and loading rates. Both uniaxial and cross-plied fibre orientations were studied. Strength is found to depend sensitively on orientation and loading rate, while temperatures up to 800°C have less effect. Orientation effects are explained in terms of matrix microfracture and fibre buckling. The latter are also shown to control strengthening at very high strain rates, where it is hypothesized that strength is enhanced by inertial effects which inhibit the development of the localized pockets of intense matrix microfracture and general buckling required for the nucleation of fibre kinks.
Changes in the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of parts of living cells following irradiation with an ultraviolet microbeam

Abstract The effects of ultraviolet irradiation of small areas of chromosomes and interphase nuclei on the ultraviolet absorption characteristics of these components have been studied. When irradiation is confined to an area of 50 μ 2 or less, heterochromatic ultraviolet radiation of the order of 2 ergs/μ 2 causes an appreciable decrease in the absorbance at the site of irradiation. The relation of this absorbance decrease to a change in the chromosomal DNA is discussed. As the irradiation area is increased beyond 50 μ 2 , energy per unit area being held constant, the observed decrease in chromosomal absorbance is considerably lessened. The percentage decrease in absorbance is essentially the same at 240, 260, and 280 mμ, measurements being to an accuracy of about 10 per cent.
Construction and evaluation of embedding functions

Abstract Non-self-consistent density functional theories require specification of the embedding energy for an atom in a reference system. We combine the embedding energies determined from linear muffin tin orbital (LMTO) calculations of the bulk cohesive energy curves with those determined from the experimental diatomic binding curve. These new embedding functions contain information about the variation of binding with both coordination and separation between atomic centers. These are shown to be superior to embedding functions determined solely from bulk cohesive energy curves through tests on structures and energies of small metal clusters, self-diffusion of adatoms on metal surfaces, and scattering of metal atoms from metal surfaces.
Alternative RNA splicing of the hyaluronic acid receptor CD44 in the normal human brain and in brain tumors

The cell-surface receptor for hyaluronic acid, CD44, is expressed by both normal and malignant cells. Numerous CD44 isoforms have recently been identified that are derived by alternative ribonucleic acid splicing. The expression of some CD44 isoforms has been shown to be involved in tumor progression and metastatic spread in a rat carcinoma model and in human carcinomas. In the present study, CD44 isoform expression was evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis in frozen sections derived from three samples of normal brain tissue and from 40 brain tumors, including samples of glioblastoma multiforme, anaplastic astrocytoma, low-grade astrocytoma, cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, medulloblastoma, metastatic colon carcinoma, and metastatic melanoma. Normal brain tissue adjacent to the tumors was also examined in 14 of 18 glioblastomas. In all normal brain and tumor samples, with the exception of metastases from colon carcinoma, PCR analysis demonstrated one prominent product that corresponded to the CD44H hematopoietic form of CD44. Metastases from colon carcinoma demonstrated two prominent PCR amplification products corresponding to CD44H and CD44R1. These results suggest that CD44H is the predominant isoform of this protein in normal human brain tissue and in human neuroectodermal tumors of varying degrees of malignancy. The ability of CD44H to mediate tumor cell motility and invasiveness (in contrast to CD44R1) suggests that the CD44 alternative splicing pattern of neuroectoderm-derived tumors may enhance their local biological aggressiveness and intracerebral spread. The lack of expression of larger molecular weight CD44 variants by primary brain tumors may also partially explain why these tumors rarely metastasize to distant sites.
Afterloaded radiation carrier for carcinoma of the palate. A clinical report

Although every brachytherapy procedure is individualized, similar factors must be considered for each patient. Dental prostheses with modification may be useful in brachytherapy for managing selected patients with malignancies of the oral cavity. The prosthesis described in this article allowed an irregular surface to be treated with a relatively uniform radiation dose, while minimizing radiation exposure to uninvolved tissues and medical personnel. Whereas uniformity of dose is usually desirable in brachytherapy, it assumed even greater importance for this patient because of previous RT.
Growth and yield response of calendula (Calendula officinalis) to sowing date in the northern U.S.

Abstract Calendula ( Calendula officinalis L.) seed is a rich source of the conjugated C18:3 fatty acid calendic acid and can serve as a replacement for volatile organic compounds in many industrial chemicals such as paints, coatings and adhesives. Calendula is widely adapted to temperate climates and may be a beneficial rotational crop for the northern U.S. where crop diversity is lacking, while potentially providing producers with a new economic opportunity. However, very little is known about its agronomic potential for the U.S. or best management practices for its production. Therefore, a two-year study was conducted in west central Minnesota to evaluate the growth and yield response of calendula to sowing date. One open pollinated calendula cultivar, Carola, and two hybrids, 1557 and 99276, were sown at two-week intervals between early-May and mid-June. Final plant population density was greatest for the early-June sowing (139 plants m −2 ) and declined with earlier or later sowing. Based on the combined analysis of both years, mean seed yield ranged from 1166 to 1839 kg ha −1 and was greatest for the early-May sowing and declined thereafter. Hybrid 99276 gave the greatest seed yield, which was as high as 2380 kg ha −1 for the early-May sowing in 2009. Seed oil content averaged 19.4% and did not vary with sowing date, although Carola had slightly greater oil content at 20.5% than hybrids 99276 and 1557, which were 19 and 18.6%, respectively. The number of days from planting to 50% flowering ranged from 52 to 59 d and from planting to harvest about 103 to 115 d. Results indicate that calendula flourishes well in the northern Corn Belt and can be planted and harvested as early as most cold tolerant small grains making it a potentially attractive rotational crop for this region.
Uranium-series dating of carbonate (tufa) deposits associated with quaternary fluctuations of Pyramid Lake, Nevada

Abstract Uranium-series dating of dense tufa deposited in a small cave, at former lake margins, and in large tufa mounds clarifies the timing of lake-level variation during the past 400,000 yr in the Pyramid Lake basin. A moderate-sized lake occasionally overflowed the Emerson Pass sill at elevation of ∼1207 m between ca. 400,000 and 170,000 and from ca. 60,000 to 20,000 yr B.P., as shown by230Th/234U ages of the cave samples,230Th-excess ages of tubular tufas, and average isochron-plot ages of shoreline-deposited tufas. (By comparison, modern Pyramid Lake is ∼50 m below this sill). There is a lack of tufa record during the intervening period from ca. 170,000 to 60,000 yr B.P. After ca. 20,000 yr, Pyramid Lake underwent abrupt changes in level and, based on previous14C ages, reached its highest elevation (ca 1335 m) at ca. 14,000 yr B.P. The youngest uranium-series ages are comparable with previously reported14C ages.
Beyond educational psychology: Steps toward an educational semiotic

In this paper, I argue that educational psychology is deeply embedded in an objectivist epistemology, the consequences of which seriously undermine our ability to inform educational practice. In the remainder of the paper, I provide an introduction to semiotics, the doctrine of signs, and offer four global concepts (the sign, semiosis, inference, and reflexivity) that I believe set semiotics apart from other, more or less related, approaches within psychology and educational psychology (e.g., constructivism). I conclude the paper by responding to some of the more frequently asked questions I have encountered in attempting to define an educational semiotic.
Combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium in branchio-otic syndrome

A 15-month-old boy with established branchio-otic syndrome was evaluated for decreased red reflex in the left eye. Fundus examination of left eye revealed a gray epiretinal membrane with retinal traction and ill-defined macular thickening, found on ultrasonography as a dense flat region 1.7 mm in thickness. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography revealed an epiretinal membrane with macular thickening, retinal folding, and full-thickness retinal disorganization, consistent with combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Over 5 years of follow-up, the branchio-otic syndrome was unchanged and the combined hamartoma remained stable.
Coherent Doppler lidar for measurements of wind fields

The signal-processing techniques for obtaining the velocity estimates and the fundamental factors that influence coherent lidar performance are considered. The similarities and distinctions between Doppler lidar and Doppler radars are discussed. The capability of coherent Doppler lidars for mapping wind fields over selected regions in the lower atmosphere and greatly enhancing the capability to visualize flow patterns in real time is discussed, and examples are given. Salient features of a concept for an Earth-orbiting Doppler lidar to be launched in the late 1990s are examined. >
Procedural guidance using advance imaging techniques for percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair.

The complexity of structural heart disease interventions such as edge-to edge mitral valve repair requires integration of multiple highly technical imaging modalities. Real time imaging with 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography is a relatively new technique that first, allows clear volumetric imaging of target structures such as the mitral valve for both pre-procedural diagnosis and planning in patients with degenerative or functional mitral valve regurgitation. Secondly it provides intra-procedural, real-time panoramic volumetric 3D view of structural heart disease targets that facilitates eye-hand coordination while manipulating devices within the heart. X-ray fluoroscopy and RT 3D TEE images are used in combination to display specific targets and movement of catheter based technologies in 3D space. This integration requires at least two different image display monitors and mentally fusing the individual datasets by the operator. Combined display technology such as this, allow rotation and orientation of both dataset perspectives necessary to define targets and guidance of structural disease device procedures. The inherently easy concept of direct visual feedback and eye-hand coordination allows safe and efficient completion of MitraClip procedures. This technology is now merged into a single structural heart disease guidance mode called EchoNavigatorTM (Philips Medical Imaging Andover, MA). These advanced imaging techniques have revolutionized the field of structural heart disease interventions and this experience is exemplified by a cooperative imaging approach used for guidance of edge-to-edge mitral valve repair procedures.
Statistics for discovery

The question is discussed of why investigators in engineering and the physical sciences rarely use statistical methods. It is argued that statistics has in the past been overly influenced by the needs of mathematics rather than those of scientific learning and discovery. Remedies are suggested.
Psychobiology and psychopharmacology: issues in clinical research training.

Abstract Although the scope of basic studies in psychopharmacology and psychobiology has been expanding steadily for about 30 years, relatively few clinical psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychopharmacologists now choose to become researchers or teachers in these disciplines. Such training is crucial to the future vitality of both academic and private-practice psychiatry, and in view of increasing constraints on training funds, student researchers may well be an endangered species. With these concerns in mind, at its 1984 meeting, the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology's Education and Training Committee organized a symposium of investigators, administrators, and former trainees to explore aspects of effective clinical research training in psychobiology and psychopharmacology. Aspects discussed included mentoring, settings and content of training, depth versus breadth of curriculum, and the effect of a critical mass of colleagues at various stages of professional development. Following a brief overview, selected panelists addressed the issues from their individual perspectives.
Implementing generic, object-oriented models in biology

Abstract This paper describes object-oriented programming (OOP) in terms relevant to the modeling of biological systems. Object-oriented programming is not a new technique but remains mostly unexploited in biosystems modeling. For biological scientists, the ideas of object-oriented design, based on the notions of taxonomy, discrete structures, behavior, and scale, make the approach intrinsically familiar and thus inherently compelling. We present a new OOP framework that may serve as a generic foundation for the production of plant models. This OOP framework represents a first step towards the development of generic model architectures and provides modularity, mechanistic richness, and advantages in process evaluation previously unavailable.
A Parametric Numerical Study of the Effects of Freestream Turbulence Intensity and Length Scale on Anti-Vortex Film Cooling Design at High Blowing Ratio

An advanced, high-effectiveness film-cooling design, the anti-vortex hole (AVH) has been investigated by several research groups and shown to mitigate or counter the vorticity generated by conventional holes and increase film effectiveness at high blowing ratios and low freestream turbulence levels. [1, 2] The effects of increased turbulence on the AVH geometry were previously investigated and presented by researchers at West Virginia University (WVU), in collaboration with NASA, in a preliminary CFD study [3] on the film effectiveness and net heat flux reduction (NHFR) at high blowing ratio and elevated freestream turbulence levels for the adjacent AVH. The current paper presents the results of an extended numerical parametric study, which attempts to separate the effects of turbulence intensity and length-scale on film cooling effectiveness of the AVH. In the extended study, higher freestream turbulence intensity and larger scale cases were investigated with turbulence intensities of 5, 10 and 20% and length scales based on cooling hole diameter of Λx/dm = 1, 3 and 6. Increasing turbulence intensity was shown to increase the centerline, span-averaged and area-averaged adiabatic film cooling effectiveness. Larger turbulent length scales were shown to have little to no effect on the centerline, span-averaged and area-averaged adiabatic film-cooling effectiveness at lower turbulence levels, but slightly increased effect at the highest turbulence levels investigated.© 2013 ASME
Synthetic vision systems: operational considerations simulation experiment

Synthetic vision is a computer-generated image of the external scene topography that is generated from aircraft attitude, high-precision navigation information, and data of the terrain, obstacles, cultural features, and other required flight information. A synthetic vision system (SVS) enhances this basic functionality with real-time integrity to ensure the validity of the databases, perform obstacle detection and independent navigation accuracy verification, and provide traffic surveillance. Over the last five years, NASA and its industry partners have developed and deployed SVS technologies for commercial, business, and general aviation aircraft which have been shown to provide significant improvements in terrain awareness and reductions in the potential for Controlled-Flight-Into-Terrain incidents/accidents compared to current generation cockpit technologies. It has been hypothesized that SVS displays can greatly improve the safety and operational flexibility of flight in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) to a level comparable to clear-day Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), regardless of actual weather conditions or time of day. An experiment was conducted to evaluate SVS and SVS-related technologies as well as the influence of where the information is provided to the pilot (e.g., on a Head-Up or Head-Down Display) for consideration in defining landing minima based upon aircraft and airport equipage. The "operational considerations" evaluated under this effort included reduced visibility, decision altitudes, and airport equipage requirements, such as approach lighting systems, for SVS-equipped aircraft. Subjective results from the present study suggest that synthetic vision imagery on both head-up and head-down displays may offer benefits in situation awareness; workload; and approach and landing performance in the visibility levels, approach lighting systems, and decision altitudes tested.
The fine structure of the rat prostatic complex

Abstract The fine structure of epithelial cells from lobes of the rat prostate has been investigated with the electron microscope. The most distinguishing characteristic of these cells is the appearance of the endoplasmic reticulum. The cavities of this system in the coagulating gland epithelia are greatly dilated and occupy a very large proportion of the cytosome. The cytoplasmic matrix is reduced to narrow interlacing bands and isolated profiles. In ventral lobe epithelial cells the endoplasmic reticulum accounts for a lesser proportion of each cell than in the coagulating gland, and the cavities are oriented in the long axis of the cells. In the dorsal lobe, two different cell types have been observed: In one type the cytoplasmic matrix appears as small separate profiles suspended within a lighter phase, the endoplasmic reticulum. In the other type the cytoplasmic matrix consists of narrow interlacing bands, almost isolated in dilated cavities. No formed elements have been detected within the cavities of the endoplasmic reticulum. The possible functional significance of these highly dilated cavities has been discussed in connection with their postulated role in secretory protein synthesis. A comparative description of the rat prostate, the mouse prostate, and other organs containing secretory cells with highly dilated cavities of endoplasmic reticulum has been presented.
Optimizing SQL Queries over Text Databases

Text documents often embed data that is structured in nature, and we can expose this structured data using information extraction technology. By processing a text database with information extraction systems, we can materialize a variety of structured "relations," over which we can then issue regular SQL queries. A key challenge to process SQL queries in this text-based scenario is efficiency: information extraction is time-consuming, so query processing strategies should minimize the number of documents that they process. Another key challenge is result quality: in the traditional relational world, all correct execution strategies for a SQL query produce the same (correct) result; in contrast, a SQL query execution over a text database might produce answers that are not fully accurate or complete, for a number of reasons. To address these challenges, we study a family of select-project-join SQL queries over text databases, and characterize query processing strategies on their efficiency and - critically - on their result quality as well. We optimize the execution of SQL queries over text databases in a principled, cost-based manner, incorporating this tradeoff between efficiency and result quality in a user-specific fashion. Our large-scale experiments- over real data sets and multiple information extraction systems - show that our SQL query processing approach consistently picks appropriate execution strategies for the desired balance between efficiency and result quality.
Trigeminal projections to the peribrachial region in the muskrat.

The anterograde and retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase was used to study the trigeminoperibrachial pathway in the muskrat after injections of tracer into either the medullary dorsal horn or the dorsolateral pons. After injections into the medullary dorsal horn, labeled fibers ascended into the ipsilateral dorsolateral pons via the spinal trigeminal tract, within the neuropil of the trigeminal sensory complex and within the reticular formation adjacent to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. At caudal levels of the ipsilateral peribrachial area, dense terminal-like label distributed in the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus continued into the lateral parabrachial nucleus. At intermediate levels ipsilaterally, the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus again was labeled densely, as were areas analogous to the external lateral and external medial subnuclei of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. A thin band of label along the ventral spinocerebellar tract outlined an unlabeled area in the central portion of the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Rostrally near the pontomesencephalic junction, the area designated the superior lateral subnucleus in the hamster was labeled, while sparser label was present more dorsally. Contralateral to the injections, caudal and intermediate levels of the peribrachial area contained only scant reaction product. However, the rostral area of the superior lateral subnucleus was labeled densely via fibers ascending in the trigeminothalamic tract. Injections made just rostral to the obex and either centered in or including the dorsal or ventral paratrigeminal nuclei produced similar labeling at caudal and intermediate levels of the peribrachial area. An exception, however, was that the caudal medial parabrachial nucleus was also labeled after the dorsal paratrigeminal injection. Also, only scant label was found in the rostral third of the dorsolateral pons on either side after these injections. Both trigeminothalamic and trigeminolemniscal pathways were labeled contralaterally after these injections. These trigeminal projections to the dorsolateral pons were compared to the projections from the nucleus tractus solitarii and the ventrolateral medulla. Numerous trigeminal neurons were labeled retrogradely after injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the dorsolateral pons. In the medullary dorsal horn, they were found almost exclusively in laminae I and V. Labeled neurons in lamina I were especially prominent in rostral ventral levels of the medullary dorsal horn. Labeled cells in lamina I were continuous with others found in the displaced band of substantia gelatinosa at the interface of the subnucleus caudalis and subnucleus interpolaris, as well as with those found in the ventral and dorsal paratrigeminal nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Prevalence and Predictors of a Positive Repeat Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Needle Biopsy of the Prostate

AbstractPurpose: We determined the prevalence of and risk factors for carcinoma in patients with 1 previously negative prostate biopsy.Materials and Methods: Transrectal ultrasound guided prostate needle biopsies were repeated in 130 men. Risk factors analyzed included age, pathological result of initial biopsy, inter-biopsy interval, prostate specific antigen (PSA), PSA density, PSA velocity, digital rectal examination, abnormal transrectal ultrasound and family history of prostate cancer.Results: A total of 39 patients (30%) had positive biopsies for cancer. Univariate analysis revealed that PSA more than 20 ng./ml. and abnormal transrectal ultrasound were more frequent in men with positive second biopsies. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis only PSA more than 20 ng./ml. was a significant risk factor (adjusted odds ratio 4.48, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 20.1). We determined the incidence of carcinoma in patients who represent the lowest risk group as defined by PSA less than 10 ng./ml....
Longitudinal Research on the Behavioral Characteristics of Children with Learning Disabilities

This paper summarizes a program of research on the behavioral characteristics of children with learning disabilities (LD) compared to average achievers. Longitudinal studies over a 3-year period beginning in the first and second grades showed that children with LD, as a heterogeneous group, displayed a persistent pattern of maladaptive classroom behavior that distinguished them from average achieving peers and that was associated with continued underachievement over time. Subsequently, children with LD in the longitudinal sample were clustered into seven different subtypes that represented attention problems, conduct and classroom management problems, withdrawn-dependent behavior, and normal behavior. Although no differences in achievement were found initially between behavioral subtypes, children in the attention and conduct problem subtypes had poorer academic outcomes 3 years later compared to those in the withdrawn subtype and those who had no significant behavior problems. The collective findings fro...
Angular-momentum cranking applied to multiphonon anharmonic collective vibrations: Cranked bifurcation theory.

It is shown that the self-consistent angular-momentum cranking technique can be used to generate certain types of collective vibrational solutions of time-dependent mean-field equations. The method is suitable for systems having an equilibrium mean field with an axis of symmetry and is founded on a theorem (cranking bifurcation theorem) proposed in this paper, according to which cranking about an equilibrium axis of symmetry leads to new symmetry-breaking solutions that bifurcate from the axially symmetric solution at the critical cranking frequencies given by \ensuremath{\Omega}=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}$/${\mathit{K}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}$, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}$ is a random-phase-approximation (RPA) frequency for any mode carrying ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}$\ensuremath{\ne}0 units of angular momentum along the symmetry axis. The bifurcating solutions correspond to aligned multiphonon excitations including possible large-amplitude anharmonicities. A general heuristic proof of the method is provided, as well as a perturbative demonstration within the framework of the cranked Hartree-Fock (CHF) approximation, which includes a derivation of the RPA. The static CHF approach is then compared to a perturbative treatment of the time-dependent Hartree-Fock equations using the Lindstedt method. It is also shown that the cranking approach may be applied to phenomenological mean-field models to obtain anharmonic corrections to the vibrating potential model. Finally, the calculation of transition matrix elements is briefly discussed. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Activation of Potassium Channels in Chick Skeletal Muscle by Extracellular ATP

In developing chick skeletal muscle, micromolar concentrations of extracellular ATP elicit an early excitatory response followed by a late potassium conductance increase.' The potassium conductance activates with a delay of approximately one second and is greatly reduced at low temperature, suggesting that a second messenger may be involved. To examine the mechanism of activation of the potassium channels, we recorded from myoballs using the whole-cell and single-channel patch-clamp configurations. When whole-cell recordings were made from myoballs held at the reversal potential for the early excitatory current, ATP elicited an outward potassium current. Noise analysis yielded spectral estimates for the single-channel conductance of approximately 20 pS. To determine whether these channels are activated by a second messenger, recordings were made from cell-attached patches while ATP was applied outside the pipette. It seemed unlikely that a highly charged molecule like ATP could cross the membrane-pipette seal, so we expected that channels within the patch should only be activated if this system used a second messenger. We observed the opening of potassium channels in response to ATP application outside of the pipette (FIG. 1) in about 60% of the cell-attached patches. To be sure that ATP was not gaining direct access to the pipette interior, some of these experiments were performed in the presence of the ATP receptor antagonist DIDS. When both DIDS and ATP were added to the solution outside of the pipette there was no activation of channels in the patch. However, when DIDS was present inside of the patch pipette, but not in the bathing solution (so as to selectively block the response to any ATP that managed to get across the seal), ATP applied outside of the pipette was still able to evoke potassium channel opening. These experiments indicated that the potassium channels must be activated by a second messenger. The opening of potassium channels in response to ATP could also be observed in outside-out patches (FIG. 2). This result strongly suggests that the second messenger is restricted to the plasma membrane. In excised patch recordings the cytoplasmic face of the membrane is bathed by a huge volume of solution, and it seems unlikely that the concentration of a cytoplasmic second messenger could rise enough to elicit a response. A membranous second messenger would not be diluted by the solution inside the patch pipette.
Design for Quality Using Response Surface Methods: An Alternative to Taguchi's Parameter Design Approach

ABSTRACTThis article presents the response surface methodology as an alternative approach to Taguchi's parameter design methods for optimizing designs for quality. The method is briefly explained, and its application is illustrated by an example of a preliminary design study of an advanced space transportation vehicle. The results indicate that the response surface methodology is a systematic and efficient approach that can help engineering managers design for quality, performance, and cost.
A multilocus test of simultaneous divergence across the Isthmus of Panama using snapping shrimp in the genus Alpheus.

The completion of the Panamanian Isthmus is one of the greatest natural experiments in evolution, sending multiple species pairs from a broad range of taxonomic groups on independent evolutionary trajectories. The resulting transisthmian sister species have been used as model systems for examining consequences that accompany cessation of gene flow in formerly panmictic populations. However, variance in pairwise genetic distances of these “geminates” often exceeds expectations, seemingly conflicting with the assumption that separation of populations was contemporaneous with the final closure of the Isthmus. Multilocus datasets and coalescent-based analytical methods can be used to estimate divergence times while accounting for variance in gene divergence that predates isolation, thus removing the need to invoke unequal divergence times. Here we present results from Bayesian analyses of sequence data from seven nuclear and one mitochondrial marker in eight transisthmian species pairs in the snapping shrimp genus Alpheus. Divergence times in two species pairs were shown to occur much earlier than the Isthmus final closure, but much of the variance in pairwise genetic distances from cytochrome oxidase I (COI) was explained when ancestral polymorphisms were accounted for. Results illustrate how coalescent approaches may be more appropriate for dating recent divergences than for estimating ancient speciation events.
Anomeric structure of ceramide digalactoside isolated from the kidney of a patient with Fabry's disease

Abstract Fig α - galactosidase liberates the terminal galactose from the ceramide digalactoside which accumulates in Fabry kidney. Jack bean β - galactosidase has no activity towards ceramide digalactoside but will liberate the penultimate galactose residue after prior incubation with α - galactosidase . This suggests the structure galactosyl α (1 → 4)-galactosyl-β(1 → 1)-ceramide for ceramide digalactoside; thus both the glycolipids which accumulate in Fabry's disease have a terminal α - galactosyl residue.
Psychophysics and neurophysiology of repetition noise processing in a vertebrate auditory system.

Abstract The psychophysics and neurophysiology of repetition noise (RN) processing was studied in the goldfish. RN is the sum of a noise waveform with its delayed (by T s) repetition, which may be attenuated (by A dB), and inverted relative to the undelayed signal. Such a signal has a periodic spectrum with peaks separated by 1 T Hz, and a prominence in its autocorrelation function at Ts. In usual environments, RN contains information about sound-reflecting surfaces. Delays in the range of 0.5–20 ms create pitch sensations in man. Psychophysical experiments using classical respiratory conditioning investigated the masking effectiveness of RN on tones, the detection of changes in delay (T) at various values of T, A and overall noise level, and the values of A required to bring a 20% delay discrimination to threshold. While the masking data define detection filters quite broadly tuned compared with man, various measures of delay discrimination are comparable to those for man. Unit responses from the auditory nerve are consistent with broadly tuned psychophysical filters, but in all cells studied show prominent inter-spike-interval (ISI) peaks which predict the delay values used to generate the RN. We conclude that the qualitative features of RN are coded in ISIs, and are processed by the CNS in the time domain. Similar mechanisms may be used by other vertebrate species in processing repetition noise.
Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac malposition

Abstract Isolated dextrocardia or isolated levocardia almost invariably indicates the presence of a complex cardiac anomaly. An accurate anatomic diagnosis in patients with these malformations requires knowledge of the atrial position, the relative position of the ventricles (atrioventricular concordancy or discordancy) and the presence or absence of a ventricular septum. Fifteen patients were studied to demonstrate that diagnostic ultrasound, in conjunction with the plain chest roentgenogram, provides a noninvasive method for accurately assessing atrioventricular relations and arrangement of the great vessels, in the presence of isolated discordancy of the cardiac apex. The patients studied were aged 10 months to 17 years; seven had isolated dextrocardia, five had situs inversus totalis, two had isolated levocardia and one had levocardia with abdominal heterotaxy. Thirteen of the 15 patients evaluated by echocardiography underwent cardiac catheterization and angiography. The correct diagnosis was made from the echograms and plain chest roentgenograms alone in 11 of the 13 patients. We conclude that with echocardiography and the knowledge of atrial situs, it is possible to define accurately important anatomic relations before cardiac catheterization in patients with cardiac malposition.
Amphetamine and D1 Dopamine Receptor Agonists Produce Biphasic Effects on Glutamate Efflux in Rat Ventral Tegmental Area: Modification by Repeated Amphetamine Administration

Amphetamine or selective D1 and D2 dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists were administered to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) through a microdialysis probe to determine their effects on glutamate and aspartate efflux in rats pretreated for 5 days with vehicle or 5 mg/kg (+)-amphetamine sulfate. In vehicle rats, glutamate efflux declined during 2 h of perfusion with the D1 receptor agonist SKF-82958 (10 and 100 microM). After SKF-82958 perfusion ended, glutamate efflux rebounded to basal levels and continued to increase gradually over the next 2 h. A similar biphasic pattern was observed with intra-VTA amphetamine (10 and 100 microM) and with another D1 agonist (100 microM SKF-38393). The biphasic effects of SKF-82958 were prevented by coperfusion with a D1 antagonist (SCH-23390; 30 microM). Glutamate efflux was unaffected by a D2 agonist (100 microM quinpirole) and by D1 or D2 antagonists administered alone (SCH 23390 and eticlopride; 30 microM). In amphetamine-pretreated rats tested 2 days after the last injection, both the decrease during SKF-82958 perfusion and the delayed increase in glutamate efflux were attenuated. In rats tested 12-14 days after the last amphetamine injection, only the decrease during SKF-82958 perfusion was attenuated. None of these drug treatments produced consistent effects on aspartate efflux. We showed previously that systemic amphetamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) has no immediate effect on VTA glutamate efflux but produces a delayed increase in glutamate efflux that reaches statistical significance 2-3 h after injection. Because behavioral sensitization can be elicited either by repeated systemic or repeated intra-VTA administration, neurochemical effects common to both routes (such as the delayed increase in glutamate efflux) are most likely to contribute to its induction.
Introduction to Orthonormal Wavelet Analysis with Shift Invariance: Application to Observed Atmospheric Blocking Spatial Structure

Abstract Orthonormal wavelet analysis (OWA) is a special form of wavelet analysis, especially suitable for analyzing spatial structures, such as atmospheric fields. For this purpose, OWA is much more efficient and accurate than the nonorthogonal wavelet transform (WT), which was introduced to the meteorological community recently and which is more suitable for time series analysis. Whereas the continuous WT is strictly correct only for infinite domains, OWA is derived from periodizing and discretizing the infinite-domain case and so is correct for periodic boundary conditions. Unlike Fourier spectra, OWA is not shift invariant. Nor is it equivariant like the WT; that is, the OWA output does not shift as its input shifts. Two remedies are to combine all possible shifts, known as the overcomplete, nonorthogonal shift equivariant WT, or else to use a “best shift,” known as best shift wavelet analysis. Although shift invariant and orthonormal w.r.t. arbitrary inputs, the latter’s optimization generally depend...
Laminar Separation, Transition, and Turbulent Reattachment near the Leading Edge of Airfoils

The laminar separation, transition, and turbulent reattachment near the leading edge of a cylindrical noseconstant thickness airfoil model were investigated using a low-turbulence, low-speed smoke wind tunnel. The locations of separation, transition, and reattachment were obtained from smoke flow photographs and surface oil flow techniques for chord Reynolds numbers from about 150,000 to 470,000. These visual data combined with static pressure distributions delineate the effects of angle of attack, flap deflection angle, and chord Reynolds number on the separation bubble characteristics. The data concerning the length of the laminar and turbulent portions of the bubble agree with the empirical prediction methods for short bubbles.
Risk and Financial Impacts of Prevention through Design Solutions

AbstractFalls from roofs are a significant risk for both construction and maintenance workers. A roof anchor system is the common design solution to eliminate the falling hazard. This paper presents the findings of a case study to serve as a preliminary investigation of the financial impact and risk of roof fall protection solutions. The research began with the selection of a project that featured a roof anchor system and a parapet that does not meet Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guardrail height requirements. The intent of the research was to compare the cost of design and installation of the roof anchors and parapet with that of two other design options on the same project: only a parapet that meets the OSHA guardrail requirements; and no anchors or parapet. Data used for the study were collected through interviews of project personnel and reviews of project documentation. The parapet system was found be an expensive, but safer, alternative compared with the roof anchor system. Th...
SO-02ADULT SPINAL CORD ASTROCYTOMAS: CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS

BACKGROUND: Intramedullary spinal cord astrocytomas are a rare form of glioma making evaluation of clinical and prognostic factors difficult. The clinical and molecular characteristics, prognosis, and propensity toward leptomeningeal dissemination of this disease in adults has not been determined with precision. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of adult patients at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center with histologically proven spinal cord astrocytoma diagnosed and treated between 1997 and 2013. We assessed gender, age at diagnosis, clinical presentation, MRI characteristics including presence of enhancement and longitudinal extent of disease, treatment, and occurrence of leptomeningeal metastasis. RESULTS: Eleven patients (6 men, 5 women) were identified with histologically proven astrocytoma with complete clinical information. The histologies were of varying grades (grade II - 3, grade III - 5, grade IV - 3). Median age was 45 (range 23 to 74 years). Presenting symptoms included weakness (9/11), sensory changes (9/11), urinary symptoms (5/11), and back pain (5/11). Four out of 11 patients underwent subtotal resection, with the remaining 7/11 undergoing biopsy. Eight out of 11 patients underwent RT as initial treatment, of whom 7 received concurrent temozolomide. In total, 6/11 received bevacizumab as salvage therapy. Five out of 11 patients developed leptomeningeal metastases, of whom 2 had previously undergone subtotal resection. Median survival time was 37 months. One out of 11 patients was molecularly profiled: and was found to be unmethylated at the MGMT promoter, EGF-R VIII mutation negative, and IDH1 mutation negative. CONCLUSION: Our cohort of adult spinal cord astrocytomas were frequently complicated by leptomeningeal metastases. Molecular characteristics in this group are poorly defined, and we plan to further characterize these tumors molecularly.
The Tintah-Campbell gap and implications for glacial Lake Agassiz drainage during the Younger Dryas cold interval

Abstract Reconstructions of glacial Lake Agassiz paleogeography and drainage have been an important contribution to formulating a hypothesis in which glacial Lake Agassiz drainage to the Atlantic Ocean initiated the Younger Dryas cold interval. This study evaluates the lake level and outlet history of Lake Agassiz as recorded by strandlines visible on lidar digital elevation models from North Dakota and Minnesota. The former lake levels are warped due to glacial isostatic adjustment. Older levels have experienced more uplift and therefore have more curvature. The strandline data establish that the Moorhead lowstand of Lake Agassiz was bracketed by the strongly diverging Campbell and Tintah lake levels, which creates a vertical gap between the former lake levels. This gap exists due to a lake level drop of ∼90 m when the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreat opened a lower outlet, which must have been a northwest outlet to the Arctic Ocean. By applying an exponential decay rebound model, this event dates to 12,180 ± 480 cal yr BP, post-dating the beginning of the Younger Dryas at 12,900 cal yr BP. Eastern drainage outlets to the Atlantic Ocean through the Laurentian Great Lakes that were contemporaneous with the onset of the Younger Dryas cannot be ruled out, but if these outlets existed, their duration of occupation was short-lived and not characterized by significant drawdown events within glacial Lake Agassiz.
Fabricating composite materials-a comprehensive problem-solving architecture based on generic tasks

A problem-solving architecture that addresses the entire life cycle of composite-materials fabrication from a generic-task viewpoint is presented. Prototype systems that capture the experience-based static design of fabrication plans and the progress-control knowledge of cavity tuning for the microwave curing of composites are described. The capturing of compiled process planning in the plan design phase, the routine-design system, and monitoring, global replanning, and local reactive planning of the fabrication plan are discussed. >
Implementing Deployment Policies in the National Youth Service Corps of Nigeria: Goals and Constraints

The Nigerian government established the National Youth Service Corps in 1973 as a means for furthering national unity. The program deploys Nigerian university and polytechnic graduates for a one-ye...
Anaesthetic breathing systems

Abstract Breathing systems connect the patient's airway to the anaesthetic machine and function to deliver oxygen and volatile gases to that patient. Gas analysers are incorporated within the system to improve accuracy of gas delivery, but we describe how the commonly used breathing systems function without them; other systems available are mentioned for completeness. We also describe the role of carbon dioxide absorbers and how they function.
Design and physical features of sequencing batch reactors

Abstract Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) systems have proven to offer substantial benefits to alternative conventional flow systems for the biological treatment of both domestic and industrial wastewaters. The SBR is a wastewater treatment system anomaly, because operationally it is extremely flexible in its ability to meet many different treatment objectives while physically it is very simple. This paper describes the SBR physical system and explains approaches used to develop the bases of design needed to meet many different treatment objectives.
Serien im komplexen Spektrum des einfach ionisierten Quecksilbers Hg II

Das erste Funkenspektrum des Quecksilbers wurde weiter untersucht und eine Anzahl neuer Terme gefunden, die die fur die Konfiguration 5 d9 6s 6p zu erwartende Gruppe vollstandig macht. Auch werden einige der Konfiguration 5 d9 6s 6d angehorige Terme gegeben. Ferner wird eine Anzahl von Serien des modifizierten Ritzschen Typs, wie sie Paschen zuerst im Neon entdeckt hat, identifiziert, die zu einem Hinweis auf die Lage des1S0-Terms des Hg III fuhren. Aus diesen Serienbeziehungen scheint hervorzugehen, das eine Reihe von Termen, die McLennan, McLay und Crawford bei dem Versuch einer Neuzuordnung des Hg II-Spektrums auf Grund engerj-j-Koppelung deuten, in Wirklichkeit hohere Glieder solcher Serien sind.
Bilingual Education: A Current Survey of Reference Sources

The practice of bilingual education in the United States has been discussed since the 1920s. During the 1920s and early 1930s several states taught in the native language or developed curriculum materials based on the cultural background of the students. Some school districts provided partial instruction in English, and partial instruction in the native tongue. However, little research can be found in the literature during this time frame.