cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who Gives? Where, When, How, and Why Television Advertising Stimulates Campaign Contributions

Which campaign messages mobilize activists? Which messengers? In other work, I leverage the experimental deployment of a single advertisement in the 2006 Texas gubernatorial campaign in order to establish that campaign messages can mobilize donors. However, that study examined just one ad by a single messenger in a single contest, and as such it cannot provide insight into how varied messages and messengers affect activist behavior. The present investigation poses a theory that describes how the intersection of message and messenger may matter. To test that theory, I turn to the 2004 presidential general election, leveraging the strategic division by candidates of states into battleground and base regions in order to identify the effect of advertising on donation behavior and constructing a county-day time-series dataset of advertising and donation behavior, as observed in campaign finance records. I find that negative advertising mobilizes contributions to both the candidate supported and the candidate opposed by the advertisement. These “red meat” and “backlash” effects represent a behavioral response to advertising tone not observed in previous work focused on voter turnout. In doing so, these results present consequences for the increasingly negative tone of adverting not previously discussed in that extensive scholarly debate and our understanding of motivations underlying activist behavior.
C-band Inversion Of Leaf Inclination Angle Distribution

C-band backscattered radar returns from a plant canopy are used to obtain estimates of the distribution of leaf inclination angles. The canopy is modeled by replacing the leaves by thin circular dielectric discs and by neglecting the plant stems. The discs are randomly distributed in a layer over a flat lossy ground. The model contains the implicit assumption that the leaves are distributed uniformily in the azimuthal angular coordinate.
Reconfiguring Belonging in the Suburban US South: Diversity, ‘Merit’ and the Persistence of White Privilege

In the past few decades, a diverse body of scholarship has complicated the image of American suburbs as spaces of white, middle-class homogeneity. Revisionist suburban histories and accounts of African American and immigrant suburbanization have drawn attention to the longstanding presence of non-white others in US suburbs. Yet despite diversification, white privilege remains deeply entrenched in suburbia. This article explores the shifting character of white privilege in the US — especially in the US South — and asks how whites interpret diversity and identify those with whom they are, or are not, willing to share their privileges. This article uses the results of a pilot study in a subdivision near Columbia, South Carolina, to explore how white suburbanites articulate belonging in neighborhood space. This discussion highlights the ways in which respondents reject the pre-civil-rights order marked by overt racial discrimination, but also reveals the ways in which they evaluate the relative merit of minority groups and identify certain differences as unacceptable. While limited in scope, this study encourages scholars to further explore the ways in which shifting configurations of race become intertwined with processes of contemporary suburban change.
Unlocking the value of clinical information: what you need to do now to enjoy the benefits in the future

Electronic communication and connectivity are among the core functionalities of an Electronic Health Record (EHR) infrastructure with comprehensive life-long records. But clinical data is still mostly locked up in disjoint data silos, and often stored in non-standard formats. This paper elucidates the opportunities and drawbacks of using the HL7 Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) as a standard for storing clinical information for computer decision support and knowledge management. As EHR document standards are continually being improved, we argue that the ease in upgrading to new standards should be a significant factor in the design of an EHR infrastructure. To achieve this upgradeability, we need to decouple a document’s data from the standards used to represent the data. We argue that this separation between data and form can be achieved using a technique called compilable templates, which was recently developed by the authors in a Personal Health Record (PHR) project. Web services offer a compelling means of implementing such templates owing to their language and platform neutrality. Finally we show that some software that one would typically expect to find in a knowledge management context can be automatically generated from a compilable template, saving time and money while reducing the possibility of error.
TrkB Signaling Modulates Spine Density and Morphology Independent of Dendrite Structure in Cultured Neonatal Purkinje Cells

Neurotrophins cooperate with neural activity to modulate CNS neuronal survival and dendritic differentiation. In a previous study, we demonstrated that a critical balance of neurotrophin and neural activity is required for Purkinje cell survival in cocultures of purified granule and Purkinje cells (Morrison and Mason, 1998). Here we investigate whether TrkB signaling regulates dendrite and spine development of Purkinje cells. BDNF treatment of purified Purkinje cells cultured alone did not elicit formation of mature dendrites or spines. In cocultures of granule and Purkinje cells, however, continuous treatment with BDNF over a 2 week postnatal culture period increased the density of Purkinje cell dendritic spines relative to controls without causing a shift in the proportions of headed and filopodia-like spines. The increase in spine number was blocked by adding TrkB-IgG to the medium together with BDNF. Although BDNF alone did not consistently modify the morphology of dendritic spines, treatment with TrkB-IgG alone yielded spines with longer necks than those in control cultures. None of these treatments altered Purkinje cell dendritic complexity. These analyses reveal a role for TrkB signaling in modulating spine development, consistent with recently reported effects of neurotrophins on synaptic function. Moreover, spine development can be uncoupled from dendrite outgrowth in this reductionist system of purified presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
The Incompatibility of Free Speech and Funerals: A Grayned- Based Approach for Funeral Protest Statutes

Since June 2005, one small Kansas church has provoked an important First Amendment debate by trumpeting anti-gay messages during American military funerals. Not surprisingly, jittery politicians have sought to thwart the church's protests with dozens of statutes limiting speech near funerals and funeral processions. Free speech advocates, in turn, have challenged three of these funeral protest statutes. Courts have upheld two  in Missouri and Ohio  while enjoining the third in Kentucky. In these cases, the legal debate has centered on the privacy interest articulated by the Supreme Court in Frisby v. Schultz and Hill v. Colorado. But that foundation may prove infirm. Relying on the privacy interest in the funeral protest context creates several significant legal inconsistencies and policy problems. This Note argues that, instead of relying on the privacy interest, courts should evaluate funeral protest statutes using the compatibility rationale that the Supreme Court set forth in Grayned v. City of Rockford. Although the Court has not formally adopted the compatibility rationale, the notion appears periodically in its opinions. The impending legal crisis over funeral protest statutes presents an ideal opportunity for the formal establishment of this compatibility rationale, which would guide courts when evaluating statutes that favor one speech activity over another on the basis of the first activity's time, place, and manner requirements. In short, the compatibility rationale would recognize the distinctive value of time, place, and manner restrictions insulating constitutionally protected activities that can occur in only one particular time, place, and manner from other protected activities which may occur just as effectively elsewhere. This rationale would help courts evaluate the statutes in a more coherent manner. It would also assist advocates of funeral protest statutes who, by emphasizing the incompatible nature of political speech and funerals, could obtain several strategic advantages that they could not achieve by solely relying on privacy. In the process, they might also reinstate the traditional solemnity of memorials honoring fallen American soldiers.
STATISTICAL LEARNING WITH TIME-VARYING PARAMETERS

In their landmark paper, Bray and Savin note that the constant-parameters model used by their agents to form expectations is misspecified and that, using standard econometric techniques, agents may be able to determine the time-varying nature of the model's parameters. Here, we consider the same type of model as employed by Bray and Savin except that our agents form expectations using a perceived model with parameters that vary with time. We assume agents use the Kalman filter to form estimates of these time-varying parameters. We find that, under certain restrictions on the structure of the stochastic process and on the value of the stability parameter, the model will converge to its rational expectations equilibrium. Further, the restrictions on the stability parameter required for convergence are identical to those found by Bray and Savin.
An Atlas of the rat subpostremal nucleus tractus solitarius

The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the dorsal medulla is the principal visceral sensory relay nucleus in the brain. In the rat, numerous lines of evidence indicate that the caudal NTS at the level of the area postrema serves as a major integrating site for coordinating cardiorespiratory reflexes and viscerobehavioral responses. This region of the caudal NTS not only exhibits high densities of binding sites for an impressive array of transmitters and modulators but microinjections of many of these same neuroactive substances into the rat subpostremal NTS elicit pronounced cardiorespiratory and visceral response patterns. This report provides an abbreviated atlas of the rat subpostremal NTS consisting of a series of transverse, sagittal, and horizontal plates. Photomicrographs, together with their corresponding schematic drawings, are provided for the serial sections generated from each reference plane.
Instability of finance markets: Normal liquid markets vs. finance crashes

This lecture focuses on the economic crisis in the world today, and can be seen as a continuation of my Geilo 2007 lecture where I observed that we had a Dollar crisis based on the worldwide flood of Dollars (M3) that began after 1971 [1,2]. Here, I want to focus on why we have a finance crisis, which is essentially a Dollar crisis, and what I think will need to be done to get out of it. Toward that end, the instability of normal liquid finance markets is contrasted with the worse instability of a liquidity drought, so I'll begin by explaining the former. The current liquidity drought can be compared with the Great Depression and is the covered in the second part of this paper.
Liquid–liquid equilibrium tie-line compositions at elevated temperatures and pressures for the I2–H2O and HI–I2–H2O systems of the Sulfur–Iodine Cycle

Abstract Liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) tie-line compositions were measured for the binary system iodine–water and the ternary system hydrogen iodide–iodine–water (HI–I2–H2O) at 199.1 and 252.2 °C, at pressures of 60 bar, conditions of interest for the reactive distillation column of the Sulfur–Iodine Cycle. To keep the HI decomposition reaction negligible, a continuous-flow apparatus was used to minimize residence times at the elevated temperatures. Sixteen equilibrium tie lines were measured, using overall feed compositions ranging from 0.0 to 3.3 mol % HI, and the plait-point composition for 199.1 °C was estimated. Sample compositions for the lighter, water-rich phase and the heavier, I2-rich phase were both determined via titration of HI and I2, with water being obtained by difference. The phase behavior indicates that the selectivity of HI for the aqueous phase can be large, ranging from 10 to 100+ for tie lines removed from the critical region.
Transcriptional suppression of mir‐29b‐1/mir‐29a promoter by c‐Myc, hedgehog, and NF‐kappaB

MicroRNAs regulate pathways contributing to oncogenesis, and thus the mechanisms causing dysregulation of microRNA expression in cancer are of significant interest. Mature mir-29b levels are decreased in malignant cells, and this alteration promotes the malignant phenotype, including apoptosis resistance. However, the mechanism responsible for mir-29b suppression is unknown. Here, we examined mir-29 expression from chromosome 7q32 using cholangiocarcinoma cells as a model for mir-29b downregulation. Using 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends, the transcriptional start site was identified for this microRNA locus. Computational analysis revealed the presence of two putative E-box (Myc-binding) sites, a Gli-binding site, and four NF-kappaB-binding sites in the region flanking the transcriptional start site. Promoter activity in cholangiocarcinoma cells was repressed by transfection with c-Myc, consistent with reports in other cell types. Treatment with the hedgehog inhibitor cyclopamine, which blocks smoothened signaling, increased the activity of the promoter and expression of mature mir-29b. Mutagenesis analysis and gel shift data are consistent with a direct binding of Gli to the mir-29 promoter. Finally, activation of NF-kappaB signaling, via ligation of Toll-like receptors, also repressed mir-29b expression and promoter function. Of note, activation of hedgehog, Toll-like receptor, and c-Myc signaling protected cholangiocytes from TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Thus, in addition to c-Myc, mir-29 expression can be suppressed by hedgehog signaling and inflammatory pathways, both commonly activated in the genesis of human malignancies.
“Utter Failure” or Unity out of Diversity? Debating and Evaluating Policies of Multiculturalism

Across immigrant-receiving democracies, 'multiculturalism' has come under assault by political decision-makers and commentators. The academic debate, while less fiery, is also heated. We start by outlining the multiple meanings of 'multiculturalism': a term for demographic diversity; a political philosophy of equality or justice; a set of policies to recognize and accommodate ethno-racial and religious diversity; or a public discourse recognizing and valorizing pluralism. We then review the existing empirical literature and offer some new statistical analyses to assess what we know about the harm or benefits of multicultural policies, focusing on sociopolitical outcomes. We conclude that multicultural policies appear to have some modest positive effects on sociopolitical integration for first-generation immigrants and likely little direct effect, positive or negative, on those in the second generation. On the question of majority backlash, the limited scholarship is mixed; we speculate that multiculturalism works best in places where both minorities and majority residents see it as part of a common national project. We end by considering the conditions under which this happens and whether there are distinctions between 'Anglo-settler' and other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Use of siloxanes to increase dye fastness on leather

Amino-functionalised siloxanes have been used to increase the number of active sites in leather (and especially suede) available for dye fixation. The use of a second hydrophobic siloxane in conjunction with the amino-functionalised siloxane, further increases the fastness results. The best results are found for the use of reactive dyes on siloxane pre-treated leather samples, where washfastness and perspiration fastness results of 4–5 or 5 for all fibres on a multifibre staining material for a commercially acceptable black are obtained. Wet and dry crock fastness of 3 is reached.
Analysis of the DNA translocation and unwinding activities of T4 phage helicases

Helicases are an important class of enzymes involved in DNA and RNA metabolism that couple the energy of ATP hydrolysis to unwind duplex DNA and RNA structures. Understanding the mechanism of helicase action is vital due to their involvement in various biological processes such as DNA replication, repair and recombination. Furthermore, the duplex DNA unwinding property of this class of enzymes is closely related to their single-stranded DNA translocation. Hence the study of its translocation properties is essential to understanding helicase activity. Here we review the methods that are employed to analyze the DNA translocation and unwinding activities of the bacteriophage T4 UvsW and Dda helicases. These methods have been successfully employed to study the functions of helicases from large superfamilies.
Simulating rainbows and halos in color

Geometric optics rainbows and ice-crystal halos that include some effects of a Rayleigh-scattering atmosphere and a cloud of finite optical thickness are simulated in color by the use of a Monte Carlo approach.
Consistency, amplitudes, and probabilities in quantum theory

Quantum theory is formulated as the only consistent way to manipulate probability amplitudes. The crucial ingredient is a very natural consistency constraint: if there are two different ways to compute the amplitude for a given process, the two answers must agree. This constraint is expressed in the form of functional equations the solution of which leads to the usual sum and product rules for amplitudes. An immediate consequence is that the Schr\"odinger equation must be linear; i.e., nonlinear variants of quantum mechanics are inconsistent. The physical interpretation of the theory is given in terms of a single natural rule. This rule, which does not itself involve any probabilities, is used to obtain a proof of Born's statistical postulate: we show that the probability of a certain outcome in an experiment is given by the square of the modulus of the corresponding amplitude. Thus, consistency leads to indeterminism.
The INTOR workshop: a unique international collaboration in fusion

Abstract The history and technical accomplishments of the International Tokamak Reactor Workshop during its nine years of existence are reviewed.
The effects of monopolar radiofrequency energy on intact and lacerated ovine menisci.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effect of monopolar radiofrequency energy (RFE) on intact and lacerated meniscal tissue. Type of Study: In vitro study. Application of monopolar RFE to soft tissue for treatment of various musculoskeletal disorders has been explored recently, although its effect on meniscal tissue has not been critically evaluated. Monopolar RFE denatures and fuses collagen. Given that menisci are composed primarily of type I collagen, we proposed that RFE could be applied to meniscal tears with minimal effect on healthy meniscal tissue. Methods: Adult sheep menisci were given 1 of 2 treatments (65°C, 15 W or 75°C, 10 W) with a monopolar RFE generator. Specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), light microscopy, and confocal laser microscopy. A computer-based area-determination program was used to calculate the treated area in confocal laser images. Results: SEM changes in treated tissue consisted of surface smoothing with collagen fibril fusion. Changes apparent with TEM included tissue homogenization with loss of cross-striations and fusion of collagen fibrils. Histologic changes consisted of fusion and loss of collagen fiber individualization, pyknosis of fibrochondrocyte nuclei, and loss of lacunae surrounding fibrochondrocytes. There were clear demarcations between treated and untreated tissue with both treatments. There were no discernible differences between treatment groups on SEM, TEM, or histologic examination. Confocal laser microscopic evaluations showed distinct treatment areas. The mean area affected ranged from 6.6% for 65°C, 15 W to 8.8% for 75°C, 10 W. Conclusions: The primary effects of monopolar RFE treatment of menisci in this study were consistent with thermal tissue damage limited to the treatment area. Monopolar RFE treatment of a meniscal laceration may stabilize the tear by fusing collagenous tissue in the surrounding area and prevent propagation along tissue lines. This study presents preliminary in vitro results. Further studies are necessary before clinical applications can be recommended. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 6 (July-August), 2001: pp 613–619
Mobility, settlement, and resource patchiness in Upper Paleolithic Iberia

Abstract It has been argued that the resource patchiness and predictability which fostered the classic seasonal round and agriculture were a product of the Holocene, and that the more unpredictable environments characteristic of the Pleistocene made such cultural developments impossible. But what of refugium environments, such as those hypothesized for the Iberian Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum? This paper examines evidence for resource patchiness and predictability in the late Pleistocene Iberian Peninsula, and uses archaeological site location and subsistence data to explore human mobility in different bioclimatic zones in this region.
4-Hydroxynonenal mediates cyclosporine promoted EBV-induced B cell transformation

Abstract Introduction. We had previously shown that cyclosporine A (CsA) directly promoted Epstein--Barr virus (EBV) infected human B cell (EBV-B cell) immortalization via oxidative stress mechanism. 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a reactive end product of lipid peroxidation. We hypothesized that HNE mediates a direct oxidative stress promoting the effect of CsA on EBV-B cell transformation. Methods. Human B cells were purified from human spleen and incubated with EBV (B95-8) overnight for infection. To assay HNE production, EBV-B cells were treated with 0, 500, and 1000 ng/ml of CsA or with HNE (positive control) or DMSO (0.1%, vehicle control) for 10 min at 37°C. HNE--Protein adducts in the cell extract was assayed by slot-blot using polyclonal HNE antibody. For 3 H-thymidine uptake and LMP1 assay, EBV-B cells were treated with HNE (1 μM) for 0, 0.5, 1, and 4 h at 37°C and cultured for 2 and 4 weeks. Cells were then assayed for expression of EBV oncogene LMP1 by using PE-conjugated anti-LMP1 antibody in flow cytometry and for 3 H-thymidine uptake. Results. CsA at 500 and 1000 ng/ml significantly increased the level of HNE-protein adducts in EBV-B cells over the control (arbitrary units ± SE) of 251.3 ± 7.5 to 361.3 ± 9.7 and 342.7 ± 10.7, respectively ( P n = 3). EBV-B cells treated with physiological concentration of HNE (1 μM) for 0.5 h and 1 h and cultured for 2 weeks had significantly increased 3 H-thymidine incorporation (cpm ± SE) over a control of 839.2 ± 54 to 1192 ± 41.6 and 1998 ± 24.8, respectively ( P n = 6). EBV-B cells treated with HNE (1 μM) for 0.5 and 1 h and cultured for 4 weeks also had significantly increased 3 H-thymidine uptake over a control of 1035 ± 206 to 2022 ± 293 and 1941 ± 229, respectively ( P n = 6). HNE (1 μM) treated for 4 h did not have a significant effect on cell proliferation at 2 or 4 weeks. EBV-B cells treated with HNE (1 μM) for 1 h and subsequently cultured for 2 and 4 weeks had a significantly higher (>2.0 times ) LMP1 positive cell population over the control. Conclusion. This observation provides evidence for further understanding of CsA-induced oxidative stress and direct promotion of EBV related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD).
An analysis of the shapes of a cell during division with particular reference to the role of surface tension

An expression is given for the contribution to the relative elongation by any volume element or its surface. The case in which only a constant surface tension is acting is considered in greater detail. From measurements of an egg in several stages, the empirical variation of an expression proportional to the above function is obtained. In the constricting region and near the ends of the cells, the change of shape is opposite to that which would be due to a constant surface tension alone. The effect of streaming which may arise from a variable surface tension is considered. The effect of forces which arise in this manner may be sufficient to explain the discrepancy in the constricting region if the streaming is considered due largely to such a variable surface tension.
The Effect of Hydroxyethyl Starch on In Vitro Platelet and Granulocyte Function

The effect of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) on granulocyte and platelet functions was assessed. No alteration of granulocyte viability, morphology, phagocytic ability, or bactericidal capacity was detected after incubation with 6 per cent HES at 25 C for two hours. Platelet morphology, size distribution, aggregation, nucleotide and serotonin release, and platelet factor-3 availability were also unchanged after exposure to HES. It is concluded that HES has no adverse effect on cell function and appears to be a suitable adjuvant agent for blood cell component collection.
Novel InAs/GaSb/AlSb tunnel structures

The nearly lattice-matched InAs/GaSb/A1Sb system offers tremendous flexibility in designing novel heterostructures due to its wide range of band alignments. We have recently exploited this advantage to demonstrate a new class of negative differential resistance (NDR) devices based on interband tunneling. We have also studied "traditional" double barrier (resonant) and single barrier NDR tunnel structures in the InAs/GaSb/AlSb system. Several of the interband and resonant tunneling structures display excellent peak current densities (as high as 4 x 1O A/cm2 ) and/or peak-to-valley current ratios (as high as 20:1 and 88:1 at 300 K and 77 K, respectively), offering great promise for high frequency and logic applications.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Feature detection techniques for preprocessing proteomic data

Numerous gel-based and nongel-based technologies are used to detect protein changes potentially associated with disease. The raw data, however, are abundant with technical and structural complexities, making statistical analysis a difficult task. Low-level analysis issues (including normalization, background correction, gel and/or spectral alignment, feature detection, and image registration) are substantial problems that need to be addressed, because any large-level data analyses are contingent on appropriate and statistically sound low-level procedures. Feature detection approaches are particularly interesting due to the increased computational speed associated with subsequent calculations. Such summary data corresponding to image features provide a significant reduction in overall data size and structure while retaining key information. In this paper, we focus on recent advances in feature detection as a tool for preprocessing proteomic data. This work highlights existing and newly developed feature detection algorithms for proteomic datasets, particularly relating to time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Note, however, that the associated data structures (i.e., spectral data, and images containing spots) used as input for these methods are obtained via all gel-based and nongel-based methods discussed in this manuscript, and thus the discussed methods are likewise applicable.
Strontium and bone development under conditions of suboptimal vitamin D.

An investigation involving chicks fed diets with 0.5% Ca and 0.5% Sr supplemented with various levels of vitamin D3 suggests that one-half of the Ca requirement of body growth in the chick is met by Sr as long as the vitamin D3 level was maintained at 500 to 1000 ICU/kg foodstuff. The entire Ca requirement for bone growth could not, however, be met by Sr. Even though Sr was incorporated into the bone when low levels of vitamin D3 were fed in the diet, the total ash content, as well as Ca content, was reduced.
A single exposure to alcohol during brain development induces microencephaly and neuronal losses in genetically susceptible mice, but not in wild type mice

Maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy can damage the fetal brain and lead to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Despite public warnings discouraging alcohol use during pregnancy, many pregnant women continue to drink intermittently because they do not believe that occasional exposures to alcohol can be harmful to a fetus. However, because of genetic differences, some fetuses are much more susceptible than others to alcohol-induced brain injury. Thus, a relatively low quantity of alcohol that may be innocuous to most fetuses could damage a genetically susceptible fetus. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) can protect developing mouse neurons against alcohol toxicity by synthesizing neuroprotective nitric oxide. This study examined whether a single exposure to alcohol, which causes no evident injury in wild type mice, can damage the brains of mice genetically deficient for nNOS (nNOS-/- mice). Wild type and nNOS-/- mice received intraperitoneal injections of alcohol (0.0, 2.2, or 4.4mg/g body weight) either as a single dose on postnatal day (PD) 4 or as repeated daily doses over PD4-9. Brain volumes and neuronal numbers within the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were determined on PD10. Alcohol exposure on PD4-9 restricted brain growth and caused neuronal death in both strains of mice, but the severity of microencephaly and neuronal loss were more severe in the nNOS-/- mice than in wild type. The 4.4 mg/g alcohol dose administered on PD4 alone caused significant neuronal loss and microencephaly in the nNOS-/- mice, while this same dose caused no evident injury in the wild type mice. Thus, during development, a single exposure to alcohol can injure a genetically vulnerable brain, while it leaves a wild type brain unaffected. Since the genes that confer alcohol resistance and vulnerability in developing humans are unknown, any particular human fetus is potentially vulnerable. Thus, women should be counseled to consume no alcohol during pregnancy.
Cenozoic Calcium Carbonate Distribution and Calcite Compensation Depth in the Central Equatorial Pacific Ocean

Using an absolute time scale for the stratigraphic sections penetrated in 20 drill sites of the Deep Sea Drilling Project in the eastern equatorial Pacific, we have determined paleodepths, paleopositions, and average CaCO 3 content for each 1-m.y. interval for the past 50 m.y. The calcite compensation level (CCD) at the equator was very shallow (3,000 m) during Eocene time, dropped precipitously to a low at 5,000 m in Oligocene time, then rose to its present position. The CCD outside the equatorial zone was also shallow during Eocene time, but while the equatorial CCD remained depressed during the Oligocene, the extra-equatorial CCD gradually shoaled. This suggests an increase in carbonate dissolution in the Pacific, matched by an increase in carbonate supply at the equator. During Miocene time, both the equatorial CCD and the Pacific CCD rose together. Finally, near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary, the extra-equatorial CCD dropped from its Miocene high of at least 3,900 m to its present level.
Recognition of vertebral fracture in a clinical setting.

Osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures have important health consequences for older individuals, including disability and increased mortality. Because these fractures can be prevented with appropriate medications, recognition and treatment of high-risk patients is warranted. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in a large, regional hospital in New England to examine the frequency with which vertebral fractures are identified and treated by clinicians in a population of hospitalized older women who have radiographic evidence of fractures. The study population consisted of 934 women aged 60 years and older who were hospitalized between October 1, 1995 and March 31, 1997, and who had a chest radiograph obtained. Vertebral fractures in the thoracic region were identified by two radiologists. Discharge diagnoses, medical record notes and radiology reports were compared with the results of the radiologists’ readings to determine the frequency with which fractures were identified and appropriate, osteoporosis-preventing medications prescribed. Moderate or severe vertebral fractures were identified for 132 (14.1%) study subjects, but only 17 (1.8%) of the 934 participants had a discharge diagnosis of vertebral fracture. Of these 132, only 17% had fracture noted in the medical record or discharge summary; 50% of contemporaneous radiology reports identified a fracture as present; and 23% of the time it was found in the radiologist’s summary impression. Only 18% of medical records indicated that fracture patients had been prescribed calcium, vitamin D, estrogen replacement or an antiresorptive agent. Relatively few hospitalized older women with radiographically demonstrated vertebral fractures were thus identified or treated by clinicians, suggesting a need for improved recognition.
Let One Hundred Flowers Bloom, Let One Hundred Thoughts Contend: Political Science with Chinese Characteristics

Over the last decade, American political science has experienced a contentious battle over the primacy of quantitative versus qualitative methodology – a battle that, if appraised from afar, could be described as a fight that addresses the very nature and practice of political science as a discipline itself. Simply put, post-war American political science has dominated the discipline throughout the world and continues to have a disproportionate influence on both the scholarly and applied sides of the discipline. An overwhelming majority of top scholarly publications come from American and American-based political scientists. A majority of all doctoral degree-level political scientists hold the diplomas from American institutions (Easton et al. 1991). In short, borrowing from Mexican President Porfirio Diaz observation about Mexico being so far from God, and yet so close to the United States, what happens within American political science inevitably impacts the discipline worldwide.
Mapping memory systems in the human brain

Abstract Positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are non-invasive methods for localizing the anatomic systems involved in learning and memory. In this review, localization of both explicit and implicit forms of memory are examined. Localization studies of working and episodic memory underscore the importance of parietal and prefrontal associative areas and make a distinction between memory encoding and memory retrieval. Associative and procedural learning involve changes of brain activity in motor effector areas normally involved in task execution. Learning of sequential movements recruits several possible cortical systems, depending on the behavioral context in which learning takes place. Different forms of learning access different anatomic systems.
Hematopoietic tissue repair under chronic low daily dose irradiation

Abstract The capacity of the hematopoietic system to repair constantly accruing cellular damage under chronic, low daily dose gamma irradiation is essential for the maintenance of a functional hematopoietic system, and, in turn, long term survival. In certain individuals, however, such continuous cycles of damage and repair provide an essential inductive environment for selected types of hematopathologies, e.g., myeloid leukemia (ML). In our laboratory we have been studying temporal and causal relationships between hematopoietic capacity, associated repair functions, and propensities for hematologic disease in canines under variable levels of chronic radiation stress (0.3–26.3 cGy d−1). Results indicate that the maximum exposure rate tolerated by the hematopoietic system is highly individual-specific (three major responding subgroups identified) and is based largely on the degree to which repair capacity, and, in turn, hematopoietic restoration, is augmented under chronic exposure. In low-tolerance individuals (prone to aplastic anemia, subgroup 1), the failure to augment basic repair functions seemingly results in a progressive accumulation of genetic and cellular damage within vital progenitorial marrow compartments (particularly marked within erythroid compartments) that results in loss of reproductive capacity and ultimately in collapse of the hematopoietic system. The high-tolerance individuals (radioaccomodated and either prone- or not prone to ML, subgroup 2 & 3) appear to minimize the accumulating damage effect of daily exposures by extending repair functions, which preserves reproductive integrity and fosters regenerative hematopoietic responses. As the strength of the regenerative response manifests the extent of repair augmentation, the relatively strong response of high-tolerance individuals progressing to patent ML suggests an insufficiency of repair quality rather than repair quantity. The kinetics of these repair-mediated, regenerative hematopoietic responses within the major subgroups are under study and should provide useful insights into the nature of hematopoietic accommodation (or its failure) under greatly extended periods of chronic, low-daily-dose ionizing radiation exposure.
Effect of pH on the transport of Krebs cycle intermediates in renal brush border membranes

Lowering extravesicular pH stimulated Na+-dependent citrate transport in renal brush border membrane vesicles: e.g., at pHout = 5.5, the initial rate of citrate uptake was increased 10-fold compared to parallel control experiments at pH 7.5. The same experimental conditions had little effect on succinate uptake. The influence of pH on citrate transport is a product of the extravesicular H+ concentration; pH gradients did not potentiate the effects nor were proton gradients capable of driving transport in the absence of Na+. The effect of pH is adequately explained if only the mono- and divalent species of citrate (Cit1-, Cit2-) are considered acceptable substrates for transport. The stimulatory influence of pH on transport correlated quite well with pH-related increases in the concentrations of Cit1- and Cit2-, and over the same pH range [Cit3-] was inversely related to citrate uptake. A model of the Na+-dependent dicarboxylate transport system is discussed in which three sodium ions are translocated per molecule of dicarboxylic acid.
Mars in the solar wind

Recent spacecraft observations and model calculations of the solar wind interaction (SWI) at Mars have shown that the particle pressure is not large enough to stand off the solar wind unless the electron temperature is 4 times the ion temperature in the ionosphere, but the additional pressure is presumably magnetic, provided by a planetary magnetic field. In addition, a planetary field corresponding to a surface field of about 20 gammas, and a dipole moment of about 8 x 10 to the 21st gauss per cu cm are implied. Calculations indicate that 60-70% of the pressure is supplied by the magnetic field, and 30-40% by the ionosphere. Thus, the SWI at Mars is unique, being an interaction both with the atmosphere and with the planetary magnetic field.
Risk efficient juvenile haddock production systems: An ex‐ante recursive stochastic approach

Abstract The risk efficient live feed system for juvenile haddock production is derived through recursive ex‐ante stochastic cost estimation. Four alternative feeding technologies are simulated to capture the economic costs associated with live feed and juvenile production and scale economies are investigated by simulating three production levels. Using Monte Carlo simulation techniques, multivariate stochastic cost functions are derived in a time‐dependent recursive production model. With the current technologies and price levels, land‐based juvenile haddock production is viable. The marginal impact, in terms of cost‐savings, to additional research on optimal feeding periods will be minimal. On the other hand, the high opportunity cost of capital used in aquaculture production, due to numerous perceived risk premia, may pose a more immediate constraint for capital formation and industry development.
Summary discussion of the 2008 performance assessment for the proposed high-level radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Abstract A deep geologic repository at Yucca Mountain (YM), Nevada, for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste was proposed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). This paper summarizes the historical development of the 2008 YM performance assessment (PA), and explains how the methods and results of the 2008 PA address regulatory requirements specified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Topics covered include (i) screening of features, events and processes, (ii) development of scenario classes, (iii) descriptions of barrier capability, and (iv) compliance with applicable quantitative standards for individual protection, individual protection following human intrusion, and ground water protection. This article is part of a special issue of Reliability Engineering and System Safety devoted to the 2008 YM PA and provides a brief summary of information presented in detail in multiple articles in this issue and interprets the results in the context of applicable EPA and NRC regulations.
In situ electrochemical synthesis of lithiated silicon-carbon based composites anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Abstract Most composite anode systems research on lithium ion batteries to date focus on pristine unalloyed Si as the electrochemically active component combined with a suitable matrix component that is electrochemically inactive or relatively inactive to lithium ions. Herein, we report the generation of composites by electrochemical synthesis in situ, denoted as Li–Si/C based on Li–Si alloys synthesized as dispersoids in a carbon (C) matrix, as potential anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The electrochemical performance of the Li–Si/C composite of different compositions generated has been systematically studied in order to identify a suitable Li–Si–C composition that could be most effective as a lithium ion anode. The resultant alloy would also exhibit stable electrochemical capacities while expecting to deliver high energy density during discharge with suitable cathode systems. This study shows that the Li–Si/C composite of composition 64 at.% C–21.6 at.% Li–14.4 at.% Si, comprised of Li–Si alloy of compositions in the vicinity of Li–40 at.% Si dispersed in the C matrix cycled within the stable potential window of 0.02–0.5 V, has the potential characteristics of being a promising anode material displaying excellent capacity retention (∼0.13% loss per cycle) with high specific capacity (∼700 mA h g−1), and also expected to deliver high energy density during discharge in the full cell configuration employing a suitable cathode.
Homoclinic Connections of Unstable Plane Waves of the Long-Wave–Short-Wave Equations

A Backlund transformation is obtained for unstable plane wave solutions of the long-wave-short-wave resonance equations that appear in continuum mechanics. Explicit expressions for the periodic homoclinic connections that arise from the instabilities are constructed by evaluating the transform at double points of the Floquet spectral curve.
Unemployment Insurance and Experience Rating in a Simple Model of Involuntary Unemployment

Standard results in the area of unemployment insurance suggest that experience rating is beneficial because it confronts firms with layoff costs and reduces unem ployment. This article presents a different perspective, suggesting that experience rating may increase involuntary unemployment. A simple model that combines elements of efficiency wage and insider-outsider hypotheses is used to address the issues. Results show that experience rating causes significant wage and unemploy ment effects. Thus, standard conclusions in the experience-rating literature may not easily carry over to models of involuntary unemployment. From a policy perspective, this article suggests that costs and benefits of experience rating should be carefully evaluated, especially when unemployment is involuntary.
Electronic effects in a prototype push-pull ethylene: a study of rotational barriers in C4H4N4 isomers

Abstract Quantum mechanical calculations of the rotational barriers in the prototype push-pull ethylene 1,1-diamino-2,2-dicyanoethylene (DADCE) and its non-push-pull analogues diaminofumaronitrile (DAFN) and diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN) have been used quantitatively to assess the influence of the push-pull effect. Results for DADCE indicate an in vacuo barrier for CC rotation of ≈ 28 kcal mol−1 which decreases in solvents of increasing dielectric strength. The barrier for CN rotation in DADCE is found to be ≈ 8 kcal mol−1 and increases with solvent dielectric strength. The comparable CC barrier connecting DAMN and DAFN is calculated to be ∗> 20 kcal mol−1 higher than the DADCE barrier. Analysis of the conformational energies of DADCE, DAMN, and DAFN gives further evidence for the increased dipolar character and nitrogen lone pair conjugation in DADCE as compared with DAMN and DAFN.
The school neuropsychology of ADHD: Theory, assessment, and intervention

Although the five-part diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are behavioral and descriptive in nature, this condition has increasingly been defined as a disorder resulting from impaired behavioral inhibition leading to executive function deficits. Recent research, particularly involving the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, Successive (PASS) theory offers an understanding of the intellectual and neuropsychological processes implicated in ADHD. We provide an overview of ADHD as a neuropsychological condition; reviews of research on the PASS theory, which provide a process-based understanding of ADHD; and recommendations for assessment and intervention. The research base summarized here provides support that ADHD have a distinctive profile of PASS processes that is consistent with the cognitive nature of their disorder and that researchers have shown increased academic performance when children are taught to better use planning processes when completing academic tasks. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High-PSRR low-power single supply OTA

A CMOS single supply operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is reported. It has high power supply rejection capabilities over the entire gain bandwidth. The OTA is fabricated using the AMI 0.5 m CMOS process. Measurements show power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) of 120 dB to 10 kHz. At 10 MHz, PSRR is 40 dB. The high performance PSRR is achieved using a high impedance current source and two noise reduction techniques. The OTA offers very low current consumption of 25 A from a 3.3 V supply. It is suitable for applications such as low drop out voltage regulators.
Serotonergic and adrenergic receptors in alcohol-preferring and non-preferring rats.

Serotonergic and adrenergic receptors in brain areas of the alcohol-preferring P and alcohol-nonpreferring NP rats were compared by radioligand-binding assays. Binding of3H-serotonin (3H-5HT) to 5HT-1 receptors in membranes of cerebral cortex and hippocampus was significantly higher in density (B max values) and affinity (Kd values) in the P than in the NP rats, whereas B max values in membranes from the brain stem of the P rats were lower than those of the NP rats. No significant difference between the P and NP lines was observed when the binding of3H-ketanserin to 5HT-2 receptors and of3H-WB4101,3H-clonidine and3H-dihydoalprenolol to α-1, α-2 and β-adrenergic receptors was compared. The increase of3H-5HT binding probably indicates up-regulation or supersensitivity of 5HT-1 receptors as a compensatory mechanism to the lower levels of 5HT in brain areas of the P rats (Murphy, et al., 1982).