cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in the prevalence of nonnutritive sucking patterns in the first 8 years of life.

Introduction: The purposes of the study were to determine prospectively the duration of nonnutritive sucking behaviors of children between 1 and 8 years of age and the effect of persistent habits on selected occlusal characteristics in the late deciduous dentition. Methods: Sucking behavior data were initially collected from 797 children who were followed longitudinally from birth; the data came from periodic questionnaires completed by the parents. In addition, study models were obtained for 372 children at 4 to 5 years of age and assessed for posterior crossbite, anterior open bite, and overjet. The subjects were grouped according to the duration and type of habit (pacifier or digit, for less than 12 months or more than 48 months). Children with nonnutritive sucking of less than 12 months were further grouped according to the duration of breast-feeding. The McNemar nonparametric test was used to compare the changes in the incidence and effect of the habits with time. Results: There was a significant ( P = .001) decrease in the incidence of pacifier habits between 1 and 5 years of age, from 40% to 1%. There was a significant ( P = .01) decrease in the incidence of digit habits between 1 and 4 years of age, from 31% to 12%. Between 4 and 7 years of age, the decrease in the incidence reached a plateau—ie, the decrease continued but at a slower rate. Between 7 and 8 years of age, there was an additional significant ( P = .008) decrease in the incidence of digit habits, but 4% of the children were, to various extents, still sucking fingers. Children who had pacifier or digit habits lasting less than 12 months did not have significantly different occlusal characteristics than children who were breast-fed for 6 to 12 months. Prolonged pacifier and digit habits caused significant changes in the occlusal characteristics in the late deciduous dentition, and the effects of pacifier habits were different from those of digit sucking. Conclusions: To intercept the development of crossbites and functional shifts, the developing occlusion should be observed in the deciduous dentition in children with prolonged digit or pacifier habits. The transverse occlusal relationship, particularly in pacifier-sucking children, should be evaluated between 2 and 3 years of age. If there are interfering contacts of the deciduous canines, the parents should be instructed to reduce pacifier-sucking time, and appropriate treatment should be rendered, if required.
Leptonic D+ and $D_s^+$ Decays at CLEO-c

We report measurements of the branching fractions for the leptonic decays D+ → μ+νμ and $D_s^+\to \mu^+\nu_{\mu}$ from the CLEO-c experiment. From these measurements we extract the decay constants $f_D=222.6\pm 16.7^{+2.8}_{-3.4}~{\rm MeV}$ and fDs = 280.1 ± 11.6 ± 6.0 MeV.
Self-broadening and exciton line shifts in gases: Beyond the local-field approximation.

The dielectric function and the absorption line shape of a gas of polarizable atoms are calculated using numerical simulations and analytical approximations. The theory of self-broadening is recast in the framework of disordered excitons. The shift, width, and asymmetry of the absorption line shape are calculated and compared with recent experiments on potassium gas.
Sizing and separation of liposomes, biological vesicles, and viruses by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract The ability of an HPLC gel exclusion column (TSK G6000PW) to separate lipid vesicles, viruses, and biological vesicles according to size was tested and compared with separations on Sephacryl S1000. The columns were calibrated using vesicular Stokes radii determined by quasielastic light scattering. The vesicles separated according to size on both types of column and remained intact during elution. Viruses of known diameters and clathrin-coated vesicles were also eluted as a function of size. The TSK G6000PW column was able to separate larger particles (>500 nm) than the Sephacryl S1000, and, when used in combination with the TSK G5000PW column, gave more discrete separations of smaller particles (10 to 30 nm diameter). Moreover, the HPLC columns can be run significantly faster (10–20 min vs several hours) and give more precise results than Sephacryl S1000. Therefore, HPLC using a G6000PW column alone, or in combination with a G5000PW column, provides a rapid and accurate means of sizing and selecting specifically sized biological and artificial vesicles.
Tight Binding Hamiltonians and Quantum Turing Machines

This paper extends work done to date on quantum computation by association of potentials with different types of steps. Quantum Turing machine Hamiltonians, generalized to include potentials, correspond to sums over tight binding Hamiltonians each with a different potential distribution. Which distribution applies is determined by the initial state. An example, which enumerates the integers in succession as binary strings, is analyzed. It is seen that for some initial states, the potential distributions have quasicrystalline properties and are similar to a substitution sequence. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Synthesis, resolution and structure of axially chiral atropisomeric N -arylimides

Abstract Reported is the synthesis and structures of a new series of axially chiral molecules based on restricted rotation. The ortho-substituted N-arylimides have enantiomeric atropisomers that are stable and separable at room temperature. The compounds are notable for their ease of synthesis as well as positioning of functionality (a carboxylic acid and an amine) in a highly asymmetric configuration.
Rapid development of a balloon-borne CDH system using COTS electronics and open source software

Open source tools and readily available consumer hardware offer many advantages over the typical, custom designs used for control and data handling (CDH) and electronic power systems (EPS), especially in applications where the development time is measured in months, not years. This paper highlights the development of the CDH and EPS systems for the UV-Visible optics bench onboard the Balloon Rapid Response to Comet ISON (BRRISON) balloon gondola, a 5 month effort from conception to flight. The system was designed to power, operate, and collect data from an optical bench which included a fine-steering mirror motion compensation system, one high speed scientific CMOS camera, a science-grade CCD, a fold mirror mechanism, a filter wheel, and an active thermal heating element. To enable rapid development of a system with such complex and diverse requirements, a strategy was employed to use open source and consumer products. SwRI constructed a flight-ready power system designed around an Arduino microcontroller board, and a data collection system which includes a desktop motherboard running Ubuntu Linux onboard a recent Intel processor. The result is a highly portable, modular system which is efficient and inexpensive to reproduce for future high altitude balloon missions. This paper discusses the benefits and challenges SwRI faced using COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) hardware and open source software for rapid development.
Neuropathological features of mitochondrial disorders.

Genetic defects affecting the mitochondrial respiratory chain comprise an important cause of encephalomyopathies. Considering the structural complexity of the respiratory chain, its dual genetic control, and the numerous nuclear genes required for proper assembly of the enzyme complexes, the phenotypic heterogeneity is not surprising. From a neuropathological view point, application of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to study the choroid plexus and brain-blood barrier in "prototypes" of mitochondrial encephalopathies have revealed alterations that we think are important in the pathogenesis of central nervous system dysfunction in these disorders. As the role of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain-blood barriers in mitochondrial encephalopathies is better understood, manipulation of their functions offers promises for therapeutic interventions.
Fluidity theory and neuropsychological impairment in alcoholism

Abstract In order to determine whether the “classic” alcoholic WAIS pattern is the result of right hemisphere damage or the loss of fluid intelligence abilities, right-hemisphere damaged, left-hemisphere damaged, alcoholic, and control groups of 40 subjects each were matched on the variables of age and education. They were administered the WAIS-Revised (WAIS-R) and four sensory and motor measures that were sensitive to lateralized damage but not to fluidity. The alcoholic group showed the “classic” pattern of a lower performance than verbal WAIS IQ. Although the left hand scores on the sensory and motor tests were significantly more impaired than the right hand scores for the right-hemisphere damaged group they were not for the alcoholic group. These results did not support the right hemisphere theory. Rather, as indicated by further analysis, the pattern is most adequately explained by the fluidity theory.
FEM-Analysis of the One-Dimensional Coupled Thermomechanical Problem of TiNi SMA

In problem solving regarding SMA materials thermomechanical coupling has to be taken into account due to latent heat of martensitic transformation and heat production resulting from the SMA material internal dissipation processes. Recently there has been developed thermodynamic three dimensional R L model of SMA behaviour in pseudoelastic range taking into account relevant transformation kinetic laws of thermoelastic martensitic transformations. In the present paper finite element code with implemented R L model constitutive equations has been applied to one-dimensional model of SMA wire sample placed in testing machine. The heat exchange conditions in the form of heat conduction along the wire and heat convection into the surrounding air have been considered The performed coupled thermomechanical calculations allowed for quantitative evaluation of the influence of the strain rate on the stress-strain curves. The obtained numerical results have been compared with available in the literature experimental data to show sufficiently good quantitative agreement.
Pathology of the effect of the laser beam on the skin

THE effect of the laser on the eye has been known since the work of Zaret1,2. The effect on the skin is not well known3,4. Previously, some physicists have reported subjectively no effects at all or only a slight pricking sensation of the skin2.
Phonological coding in word reading: evidence from hearing and deaf readers.

The ability of prelingually, profoundly deaf readers to access phonological information during reading was investigated in three experiments. The experiments employed a task, developed by Meyer, Schvaneveldt, and Ruddy (1974), in which lexical decision response times (RTs) to orthographically similar rhyming (e.g., WAVE-SAVE) and nortrhyming (e.g., HAVE-CAVE) word pairs were compared with RTs to orthographically and phonologically dissimilar control word pairs. The subjects of the study were deaf college students and hearing college students. In Experiments 1 and 2, in which the nonwords were pronounceable, the deaf subjects, like the hearing subjects, were facilitated in their RTs to rhyming pairs, but not to nonrhyming pairs. In Experiment 3, in which the nonwords were unpronounceable, both deaf and hearing subjects were facilitated in their RTs to both rhyming and nonrhyming pairs, with the facilitation being significantly greater for the rhyming pairs. These results indicate that access to phonological information is possible despite prelingual and profound hearing impairment. As such, they run counter to claims that deaf individuals are limited to the use of visual strategies in reading. Given the impoverished auditory, experience of such readers, these results suggest that the use of phonological information need not be tied to the auditory modality.
Damage Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures Using Fractal Analysis of Residual Crack Patterns

Currently, assessing the performance and safety of reinforced concrete structures relies on routine-based visual inspection (VI). Cracks width measurements are commonly used as a convenient indicator of damage; however other factors, such as distribution and pattern of the cracks should be considered equally important in measuring the extent of damage present in the structure. As a result, condition assessed by VI is subjective in nature and depends on the experience, knowledge, expertise, and judgment of the inspector carrying out the assessment. A new approach based on the fractal analysis of residual crack patterns is proposed in this paper to assess the structural integrity of reinforced concrete elements. A new damage index is presented to quantitatively perform a damage classification. The methodology is validated through experimental studies on two large-scale reinforced concrete shear walls subjected to a displacement controlled reversed cyclic loading. Damage grades are also identified based on width of cracks and proposed damage index (DI). The results demonstrate a more accurate estimation of damage grades using DI. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the DI can estimate the relative stiffness loss of the specimens with acceptable accuracy.
Lack of hormonal stimulation of pyridoxine metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes

Isolated hepatocytes obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats (145-175 g) were incubated for 15 min at 30 degrees C in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.5 mM concentration of each of the 20 natural amino acids and either 4.5 or 23 microM [U-14C]pyridoxine. Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxal phosphate, and pyridoxic acid separated by an anion-exchange chromatographic technique were quantified using a phosphate analyzer and a liquid scintillation counter. The conversion of [U-14C]pyridoxine to its metabolites was more than doubled by increasing the amount of pyridoxine (4.5 to 23 microM) in the incubation medium. Insulin (10 mU/ml), glucagon (1 nM), or epinephrine (10 microM) did not have any significant effect on the conversion of [14C]-pyridoxine to pyridoxal, pyridoxal phosphate, or pyridoxic acid. Our earlier observations of a large decrease in serum pyridoxal phosphate in the diabetic rat cannot be explained by any direct hormonal effects on pyridoxine metabolism.
Measuring 3D shape similarity by graph-based matching of the medial scaffolds

We propose to measure 3D shape similarity by matching a medial axis (MA) based representation-the medial scaffold(MS). Shape similarity is measured as the minimum extent of deformation necessary for one shape to match another, guided by representing the shapes using the MS. This approach is an extension of an approach to match 2D shapes by matching their shock graphs, whereas here in 3D the MS is in an extended form of a hypergraph. The MS representation is both hierarchical and complete. Our approach approximates the theoretical optimal deformation path between two shapes by modeling shape deformations as discrete topological changes (the transitions) of the MS hypergraphs, where each graphical transition is associated with a cost measurement defined by the transition. Our algorithm first regularizes the MS hypergraphs and uses the graduated assignment graph-matching scheme to match the hypergraphs. A set of compatibility functions is defined to measure the pairwise similarity between the MS nodes, curves (graph links), and sheets (hyperlinks). Results on matching carpal bones and shapes from the SHREC'10 non-rigid dataset promise its potential in a range of applications.
Mediators of depression among low-income, adolescent mothers of infants: A longitudinal perspective.

The purpose of this study was to identify, using a life events perspective, Stressors and resources that mediate depression for adolescent mothers at the time of the birth of their child and at one year postpartum. The data for this study consisted of interviews with 157 low-income adolescent mothers age 12–18 at the birth of their child. They were selected from a larger prospective study of mothers of infants and stress. Multiple regression analyses revealed two key results that were consistent for the data obtained at birth and at one year postpartum. Predictors of depressive symptomatology and of a clinical syndrome of depression were similar. Also, Stressors generally were more important as mediators of depression than resources.
Metamouse: improving multi-user sharing of existing educational applications

Many children, especially in the developing world, must share a computer at school. Often, more advanced or aggressive students dominate, leaving others frustrated and disengaged. One promising approach is to provide each student with their own input device, usually a mouse, while sharing a common computer and display. Previous multiple mouse sharing efforts for education have relied on developing custom applications that encourage collaboration --- for example, by requiring that all users click on an icon or option to proceed. Implementing this requires access to application source code, which is unlikely to be available, and would require significant engineering effort to adapt even if it was. To address these limitations, we developed Metamouse. Metamouse only conveys clicks to the application when users have already agreed on a screen location, within a pre-defined tolerance (a novel sharing technique that we call "location-voting") and requires no access to the application source code. We have implemented two versions of location-voting --- one that requires all users to agree ("Consensus"), and another where only a majority is required ("Majority"). To evaluate Metamouse, we conducted a user study with 24 fifth-grade students in a low-income school in Bangalore, India. Our results demonstrate that Metamouse is intuitive, usable and has the potential to outperform other sharing strategies in terms of user engagement, generating discussion, and overall satisfaction. We also show that the Majority approach provides all of these benefits as effectively as Consensus with less frustration for faster users and less embarrassment for slower ones.
Quantification of the three point receptor hypothesis of Cheng and Zee-Cheng

Abstract The placement of three heteroatoms at the corners of an acute angle triangle was found to correlate roughly with the antineoplastic activity of a wide range of compounds by Cheng & Zee-Cheng (1972,J. Pharm. Sci.61,485). Since then the synthetic routes to compounds having a large number of degrees of freedom, as in the 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis{[2-(2-hydroethyl)amino]ethyl}amino-9,10-anthracenedione (DHAQ, mitoxantrone) have been discovered. The subsequent high activity of DHAQ vs. numerous cancers has partially verified the worth of the original hypothesis. Quantitative verification of pharmacophoric hypotheses as theories necessitates the use of Popper’s risky experiments. These experiences give rise to verification because, unenlightened by the theory undergoing testing, they would predict a result that would refute the theory. Computational chemistry allows such a confirmation through molecular modeling. The molecular force field, MMX, gives confirmation of the theory by showing the riskiness of the synthetic production of DHAQ for the gas phase. The MM+ forcefield in an aqueous medium computation (132 water molecules) shows that the confirmations of DHAQ does not change appreciably from the gas phase. This computation adds a considerable risk. Aquation could significantly change the favorable conformations of the very conformationally free DHAQ molecule. The fact that it does not confirm that the Zee-Cheng and Cheng hypothesis is a strong one. Additionally, a quantitative relationship arises from the new model for the N-O-O atomic placement. This new quantitative relationship further predicts quantitative risky experiments for further verification (falsification).
Immunological and Ultrastructural studies of the nuclear coiled body with autoimmune antibodies

Abstract Studies with human autoimmune sera identified autoantibodies reacting with a novel antigen of 80 kDa. In interphase mammalian cells, the 80-kDa antigen was enriched in nuclear coiled bodies and was used as a marker for this nuclear structure. This antigen was subsequently named p80-coilin. By light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, a number of other antigens were also localized to the coiled body, including components of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins which are involved in the processing of nucleolar and extranucleolar RNA. Although the function of the coiled body is unknown, the presence of these subcellular particles might indicate an involvement in RNA metabolism. The identification of a protein highly enriched in this structure and the availability of specific antibodies might help in its isolation and the study of its function.
Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Sensitizes Androgen-Independent Human Prostate Cancer Cells to Docetaxel-Induced Apoptosis In Vitro and In Vivo

Purpose The present study was undertaken to determine efficacy of phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) for sensitization of androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells (AIPC) to Docetaxel-induced apoptosis using cellular and xenograft models.
Inhibition of DNA Replication in Cell-Free Extracts of Xenopus laevis Eggs by Extracts of Xenopus laevis Oocytes

Abstract Cell-free extracts of Xenopus laevis eggs support replication of Xenopus sperm nuclei and purified double-stranded plasmid DNA templates. In contrast, cell-free extracts of Xenopus ocytes do not support replication of these templates. In this study, we show that extracts prepared from Xenopus oocytes, when added to extracts of Xenopus eggs, inhibited replication of Xenopus sperm nuclei and double-stranded plasmid DNA templates. This inhibition did not result from degradation of template DNA by oocyte extracts, nor from inhibition of chain elongation. Nuclei formed in egg extracts in the presence of oocyte extracts were much smaller compared with nuclei formed in egg extracts. Extracts prepared from Xenopus germinal vesicles (oocyte nuclei) also inhibited replication of Xenopus sperm nuclei, but not synthesis of the complementary strand of single-stranded DNA templates in egg extracts. In contrast to extracts prepared from immature oocytes, extracts prepared from Xenopus oocytes matured in vitro effect much less, if any, inhibition of DNA replication. Taken together, these results suggest that molecules that negatively regulate chromosomal DNA replication may be present in Xenopus immature oocytes. The level of these factors may decrease during oocyte maturation, concurrent with the breakdown of oocyte germinal vesicles and manifestation of the capacity of matured oocytes to initiate DNA replication. To our knowledge, this is the first biochemical identification of negative factors that may be involved in the regulation of eukaryotic chromosomal DNA replication.
The Distributive Justice of Income Inequality

The dominant trend of political and social ideology in the twentieth century is such as to make many of us uncomfortable, as a matter of principle, with the acceptance of any form of inequality. Since inequality of wealth or income is one of the most permanent and salient features of the human condition, there is little question of not accepting inequality in practice. A discrepancy of such evident magnitude between principle and practice is cause for philosophical uneasiness.
Automated platform for high-resolution tissue imaging using nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

An automated platform has been developed for acquisition and visualization of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) data using nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI). The new system enables robust operation of the nano-DESI imaging source over many hours by precisely controlling the distance between the sample and the nano-DESI probe. This is achieved by mounting the sample holder onto an automated XYZ stage, defining the tilt of the sample plane, and recalculating the vertical position of the stage at each point. This approach is useful for imaging of relatively flat samples such as thin tissue sections. Custom software called MSI QuickView was developed for visualization of large data sets generated in imaging experiments. MSI QuickView enables fast visualization of the imaging data during data acquisition and detailed processing after the entire image is acquired. The performance of the system is demonstrated by imaging rat brain tissue sections. Low background noise enables simultaneous de...
Formation and vibrational spectrum of trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride, CF3SF5, a new greenhouse gas. Gaussian-2 and gaussian-3 calculations

Abstract Trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride was recently detected in the atmosphere, and measurements of its IR spectrum suggest that it is one of the most greenhouse-active gases detected to date. Though the anthropogenic source of CF 3 SF 5 is not known for certain, its presence in the atmosphere parallels that of SF 6 , another greenhouse gas. Given the new interest in this molecule, we performed G2 and G3 calculations to determine a structure, vibrational frequency, and energetics of formation for CF 3 SF 5 .
Borderline personality disorder features in adolescent girls: P300 evidence of altered brain maturation.

Abstract Objective To examine brain maturation in adolescent girls with borderline personality disorder (BPD) features using the P300 event-related potential. Methods One hundred twenty-three girls, aged 14–19 yrs, were assigned to one of 4 groups formed by the crossing of BPD features ( 16.5 yrs). P300 responses were measured while subjects performed a complex visual oddball task. Results ANCOVAs of P300 amplitude—adjusting for variability associated with comorbid conduct disorder and depression symptoms—revealed a significant interaction. Among subjects without BPD features, aging was associated with the normal reduction in visual P300 amplitude. Among subjects with BPD features, there were no age-related changes. Additional analyses, which tested the effects of BPD features across the full age range, supported these findings. Conclusions The present findings suggest abnormal brain maturation among adolescent girls exhibiting features of BPD. Significance These results support a hypothesis of altered brain maturation in adolescents exhibiting BPD features at an early age. It is suggested that measures of brain maturation obtained during adolescence may improve our ability to predict BPD and comorbid disorders in adulthood.
Physiological assembly and activity of human telomerase complexes

Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase conserved throughout almost all eukaryotic life. It plays a fundamental role in genome maintenance, adding back the telomeric DNA repeats lost from chromosome ends due to incomplete replication or damage. The protein and RNA subunits of telomerase fold and function in a co-dependent manner to establish a high fidelity of telomeric repeat synthesis. Over the past two decades, studies of telomerase have uncovered previously unanticipated levels of complexity in its assembly, activity and regulation. This review describes the current understanding of telomerase in humans, with particular focus on telomerase biogenesis and regulation in its cellular context.
Multilayer Laue lenses as high-resolution x-ray optics

Using Fresnel zone plates, a spatial resolution between 20 nm for soft x-rays and 70 nm for hard x-rays has been achieved. Improvement of the spatial resolution without loss of efficiency is difficult and incremental due to the fabrication challenges posed by the combination of small outermost zone width and high aspect ratios. We describe a novel approach for high-resolution x-ray focusing, a multilayer Laue lens (MLL). The MLL concept is a system of two crossed linear zone plates, manufactured by deposition techniques. The approach involves deposition of a multilayer with a graded period, sectioning it to the appropriate thickness, assembling the sections at the optimum angle, and using it in Laue geometry for focusing. The approach is particularly well suited for high-resolution focusing optics for use at high photon energy. We present a theory of the MLL using dynamic diffraction theory and Fourier optics.
Once upon an asteroid

When the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft landed on the asteroid Eros earlier this year, it provided an unprecedented view of these battered relics from the early Solar System. The next step is to find out what's inside.
Optimal Resource Allocation for Multimedia Applications over Multiaccess Fading Channels

We study the problem of optimal resource allocation for multi-user multiaccess wireless video communication from an information-theoretic point of view. We derive the optimal resource allocation policies by directly maximizing at the application layer the weighted sum of video qualities of all users, subject to information-theoretic multiaccess capacity region constraints in the MAC-PHY layers. We solve this problem for three multiaccess capacity regions: (1) non-fading channel, (2) fading channel with a given power control policy, and (3) fading channel with dynamic power control policies. The optimal resource allocation policy is referred as largest quality improvement highest possible rate (LQIHPR). We propose simple greedy algorithms to implement this policy. Since the capacity region is the fundamental characterization of achievable rates, the solutions developed in this paper provide the operational upper bound of achievable video quality in a multiaccess fading channel.
Response of the Mars ionosphere to solar flares: Analysis of MGS radio occultation data

Increased soft X-ray irradiance during solar flares produces increased electron densities in the lower ionosphere of Mars, and the relative changes in electron density during a flare are greater for lower altitudes and larger flares. However this relationship has not been quantified. This has impeded the validation of simulations of the ionospheric response to flares, which are necessary for developing accurate descriptions of the physical processes governing ionospheric behavior under extreme conditions. Here we develop a response function, a mathematical expression for the change in electron density during a solar flare as a function of the change in solar flux and an optical depth proxy. This function is based on analysis of 20 Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) radio occultation electron density profiles measured during solar flares. We find that characterizing the response as a function of optical depth, rather than altitude, provides the best description of ionospheric variability during a flare. A separate response function, determined from analysis of a numerical simulation of the response to a solar flare, was found to be grossly similar to the observationally-based response function, though with a weaker dependence on optical depth. We identify 15 MGS profiles with an apparent solar flare response, but no coincident detected solar flare. We suggest that the observed response function can be used to detect flares not visible from Earth and to give an approximation of their strength. Additionally, it can estimate ionospheric electron densities during a flare; however precision is limited by a small number of observations.
Childhood sexual abuse as a precursor to depression and self-destructive behavior in adulthood

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) as a predictor of depression and self-destructive behaviors in adulthood was examined relative to other traumatic stressors in childhood and adulthood with special attention to sex differences. In a college sample of 173 men and 265 women, 16% of male (n=28) and 24% of female respondents (n=63) reported having been sexually abused as children. CSA, ranging from unwanted kissing and fondling to unwanted sexual intercourse, predicted depression, chronic self-destructiveness, self-harm ideation, acts of self-harm, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts, for both men and women. The more frequent and severe the sexual abuse and the longer its duration, the more depression and self-destructiveness reported in adulthood. Other stressors predicted these effects less consistently but their occurrence in combination with CSA contributed to the negativity of long-term outcomes. Study results affirm previous findings of a relationshop between CSA and depression and self-destructiveness in adult females and extend them to males.
ELECTROSTATIC EFFECTS IN THE PHOTOREDUCTION OF FLAVINS BY EDTA

— The anaerobic photoreduction of riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide, N(3)-carboxymethylriboflavin, N(3)-methyl-lumiflavin, and lumiflavin by EDTA was studied in aqueous solution over the pH range 2.5–10. The electrostatic effects of the electron donor-acceptor pair produce a secondary effect on the reactivity, and this effect can be predicted from the product of the charges (ZD x ZA). The trianonic and tetraanonic species of EDTA have nitrogens which are free from intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and these species are potentially the most reactive. However, in some pH regions the electrostatic effect can become the dominant factor when both the electron donor and acceptor become negatively charged. The excited states of flavins are susceptible to charge effects whether the charge is localized on the side chain or involves the isoalloxazine ring system.
Identification of Free Oscillation Spectral Peaks for 1970 July 31, Colombian Deep Shock using the Excitation Criterion

Summary The excitation criterion was applied to identify spectral peaks of free oscillations excited by the Colombian deep shock of 1970 July 31. About 160 new overtones were identified. They range from 1T to 3T torsional modes and from 1S to 6S spheroidal modes. Some of the modes identified have periods below 90 s. The standard deviation of the measured eigen- periods is in general smaller than 0.1%. Comparison of 0S and 0T eigenperiods measured for the Alaskan (1964) and Colombian shocks shows a systematic difference. The difference is larger than the error of the measurement, and this indicates that the average eigenfrequencies measured for each event are biased by the epicentre location. The effect of lateral heterogeneities of the Earth, aftershocks, and the choice of source and Earth model when using the excitation criterion are discussed in detail.
Reflection Revisited: The Class Collage

Through the regular use of what Donald Schon has termed reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action, students can learn to improve their "reflection-in-presentation," in Kathleen Blake Yancey's term. Students are often asked to do this type of reflection-in- presentation as a capstone to first-year or basic writing courses. However, a number of crit- ics have articulated reservations about reflective writing assignments that ask students to assess their progress in writing and, in essence, their cognitive development as they complete a composition or BW course. Laurel Bower (JBW 22.2, 2003), in particular, notes that such end-of-term written work is frequently superficial. This essay focuses on an alternative ap- p roach to reflective writing, one that asks students to examine their own beliefs about writing as well as those of their classmates rather than examining their cognitive development. This shift to reflecting on the epistemological grounding of their experiences as writers, coupled with a semester-long practice in reflection, seems to produce rich, fully developed reflection- in-presentation that offers some anecdotal evidence of knowledge transfer by the students as well as providing an informal outcomes assessment of course objectives for the professor. KE YWORDS: reflection; epistemology; beliefs; outcomes assessment; knowledge transfer
Raman spectral study of NbCl5 in chloroaluminate melts

The Raman spectra of NbCl5 dissolved in AlCl3–NaCl and AlCl3–KCl melten and molten Al2Cl6 have been examined as a function of melt composition, temperature, and NbCl5 concentration. The results are compared with previously published data. The binary AlCl3–NbCl5 system at ∼200°C contains noninteracting NbCl5, Nb2Cl10 and Al2Cl6 molecules. The complexes formed when NbCl5 is dissolved in AlCl3–MCl (MNa and K) melts depend on acidity and temperature: NbCl is present only in very basic melts; NbCl5 is stable in basic and acidic melts; Nb2Cl10 is found only in acidic melts. High temperature favors formation of NbCl5 while low temperature stabilizes Nb2Cl10.
A symbolic representation for 3D object feature detection

We define a spatial symbolic model that can be used to describe classes of 3D objects (anatomical and man-made) and a method for finding correspondences between the features of the symbolic models and point sets of 3D mesh data. An abstract symbolic model is used to describe spatial object classes in terms of parts, boundaries, and spatial associations. A working model is a mechanism to link the symbolic model to geometric information found in a sensed instance of the class, represented by a 3D mesh data set. Matching is performed in a three-step procedure that first finds working sets of points in the mesh, then fits constructed features to these sets, and finally selects a subset of these constructed features that best correspond to the features of the working model.
Vergleich der beiden Theorien unter dem Aspekt ihrer Verhältnisbestimmung von Determination und Freiheit

Nicht nur Adornos Stellungnahmen fur die herzustellende Freiheit der Subjekte, sondern auch vielfaltige Auserungen Bourdieus geben Anlass zu der Annahme, es bestehe eine grundsatzliche Ubereinstimmung zwischen den beiden verglichenen Theorien in der Zuruckweisung von machtigen System- bzw. Strukturtheorien. Tatsachlich zeigt die Darstellung des metatheoretischen Selbstverstandnisses von Adorno und Bourdieu, dass beide Autoren versuchten, sich von starken Strukturtheorien zu emanzipieren. Doch es gelang ihnen auf unterschiedliche Weise, sich vom geradezu ubermachtigen Einfluss Hegels bzw. Levi-Strauss´ zu losen. Wahrend Adorno das Systemdenken Hegels bekampfte und seine Negative Dialektik als einen entschiedenen Einspruch gegen den von Hegel behaupteten allwaltenden Strukturzwang entwickelte – von einem metaphysischen Materialismus marxistisch-leninistischer Machart lies er sich ohnehin nie beeindrucken – versuchte Bourdieu, sich mithilfe der Habitustheorie vom einflussreichen Strukturalismus zu befreien, der vor allem durch Levi-Strauss gepragt worden war.
Schizogony and Gametocyte Development of Leucocytozoon berestneffi in the Yellow‐Billed Magpie, Pica nuttalli*

SYNOPSIS. Histological examination of organs from 72 infected birds exhibited schizogonic stages in hepatic, spleen and, to a lesser extent, kidney cells; little or no distortion of the host cell was noted. Feulgen-positive schizonts were small and occurred abundantly in scattered sections of the infected organs. No megaloschizonts were found. Evidence is presented that gametocytes found in the circulating blood develop exclusively in lymphocytes.
Does vitamin D deficiency contribute to increased rates of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in African Americans

African Americans have higher rates of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and some forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than do European Americans. African Americans also have much higher rates of vitamin D deficiency. There is emerging evidence that vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for hypertension, T2D, and CVD, but the extent to which racial disparities in disease rates are explained by racial differences in vitamin D status is uncertain. Despite a large number of observational studies and a limited number of clinical trials that examined 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations as a potential determinant of CVD and T2D or its precursors, it remains uncertain whether improving vitamin D status would reduce risk of these conditions in the general US population or in African Americans specifically. However, if the associations reported from the observational studies are of the estimated magnitudes and causal, vitamin D supplementation could potentially have a strong preventive effect on some of these conditions and could reduce race-related disparities in their prevalence. Because of the low 25(OH)D concentrations of many, if not most, African Americans, and the low risk associated with vitamin D supplementation, it is important to obtain more definitive answers to these questions.
Biomechanical evaluation of augmentation of suture-bridge supraspinatus repair with additional anterior fixation

Background Studies have recently focused on evaluating the ability of the supraspinatus repair to withstand rotational loads. Other studies have focused on the importance of minimizing gap formation to avoid decreased healing and failure of repair. The objective of this study was to use a loading model that incorporates external rotation to biomechanically evaluate augmenting a suture-bridge technique for supraspinatus repair with an additional anterior fixation. Methods Eight matched cadaveric shoulder pairs were randomized to 2 different types of repairs after a simulated supraspinatus tear. One group received a standard suture-bridge technique, and the other underwent a suture-bridge repair with an additional anterior fixation consisting of a 4.5-mm suture anchor. A custom apparatus was used to test all specimens, allowing for dynamic external rotation from 0° to 30° during loading. Cyclic loading was performed for 30 cycles from 0 to 90 N, followed by load to failure using a materials-testing machine. Results No differences were found in linear stiffness, yield load, ultimate load, and energy absorbed for load to failure between the 2 groups ( P > .05). There was a reduction in anterior gapping at ultimate load between the anterior augmentation repair group (6.4 ± 3.1 mm) and the standard suture bridge (9.4 ± 2.8 mm; P = .037). Conclusion There does not appear to be a biomechanical advantage with the addition of an anterior suture augmentation of a suture bridge for a supraspinatus repair. However, using an anterior augmentation for a suture bridge prevents gap formation at ultimate load in a biomechanical, dynamic external rotation model.
Separation of pedogenic and lithogenic components of magnetic susceptibility in the Chinese loess/palaeosol sequence as determined by the CBD procedure and a mixing analysis

SUMMARY Magnetic susceptibility variations in the Chinese loess/palaeosol sequences have been used extensively for palaeoclimatic interpretations. The magnetic signal of these sequences must be divided into lithogenic and pedogenic components because the palaeoclimatic record is primarily reflected in the pedogenic component. In this paper we compare two methods for separating the pedogenic and lithogenic components of the magnetic susceptibility signal: the citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD) extraction procedure, and a mixing analysis. Both methods yield good estimates of the pedogenic component, especially for the palaeosols. The CBD procedure underestimates the lithogenic component and overestimates the pedogenic component. The magnitude of this eect is moderately high in loess layers but almost negligible in palaeosols. The mixing model overestimates the lithogenic component and underestimates the pedogenic component. Both methods can be adjusted to yield better estimates of both components. The lithogenic susceptibility, as determined by either method, suggests that palaeoclimatic interpretations based only on total susceptibility will be in error and that a single estimate of the average lithogenic susceptibility is not an accurate basis for adjusting the total susceptibility. A long-term decline in lithogenic susceptibility with depth in the section suggests more intense or prolonged periods of weathering associated with the formation of the older palaeosols. The CBD procedure provides the most comprehensive information on the magnitude of the components and magnetic mineralogy of loess and palaeosols. However, the mixing analysis provides a sensitive, rapid, and easily applied alternative to the CBD procedure. A combination of the two approaches provides the most powerful and perhaps the most accurate way of separating the magnetic susceptibility components.
Reading the Catsuit Serena Williams and the Production of Blackness at the 2002 U.S. Open

During the 2002 U.S. Open, Serena Williams received a great deal of attention for wearing an outfit described as ”a body-clinging, faux leather, black cat-suit.” It was not necessarily the catsuit itself that the popular media found especially controversial but rather the visibility of her physique the outfit provided. The ways in which Serena Williams, the outfit, and her body were discussed offers a particular site at which to interrogate the production of blackness in 21st-century, U.S. society. This article argues that the processes of differentiation the popular media used to characterize her are located within racialized discourse. By representing Williams through oppositional rhetorics, that is, setting her multiple identities in contradistinction to other women on the tour, accounts concerning her appearance in the catsuit reproduce the hegemonic racialized order in women’s tennis.
Responses to Social Exclusion: Social Anxiety, Jealousy, Loneliness, Depression, and Low Self-Esteem

Baumeister and Tice's (this issue) social exclusion theory of anxiety proposes that a primary source of anxiety is perceived exclusion from important social groups. This article elaborates the basic propositions of social exclusion theory, then applies the theory to a broader analysis of affective reactions to exclusion. Specifically, the article examines the relationship between perceived social exclusion and social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, and depression. The function of self-esteem and its role in moderating reactions to perceived exclusion are also discussed.
Mathematical model of echoes in laser-based aerial bathymetric surveying

A mathematical model is proposed in which the effects of light propagation are represented geometrically by a cone of propagation. The cone is described by the position of its axis as a function of depth, an effective angle of dispersion and an effective power distribution inside the cone. The analytical model is used to obtain ocean bottom echo-pulse shapes. These results are compared to existing experimental waveforms and existing simulation models which are more accurate but also more computationally intensive than the model presented. This model is shown to depict qualitatively well the effects exhibited by experimental data and by more accurate models. At shallow depths, when most of the photons are not scattered by water, the echo-pulse shape is dependent mainly on the geometry of transmission (nadir angle), and straightline propagation can be assumed. For larger depths, when multiple scattering becomes the dominant source of dispersion, traveling of the optical pulse in water is better modeled by including a dispersion angle that increases with depth and the bending effect of the geometric cone of propagation. >