cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Magnesium—Coming of age

M ost physicians are comfortable with their diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the recognition and treatment of patients with hypokalemia and potassium deficiency. The most compelling case for the replenishment of potassium in cardiac patients has been the association of hypokalemia with ventricular ectopic activity in the spectrum of sudden cardiac death. The usual clinical setting involves the use of oral diuretic drugs in the treatment of hypertension or their use as natriuretic agents in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure. Hypomagnesemia and magnesium depletion are now commanding attention in clinical situations in which potassium depletion often coexists. Clinical and research evidence continues to accumulate that magnesium deficiency likewise contributes to triggering ventricular ectopic activity and sudden cardiac death.‘,2 The magnesium ion is emerging as a premier cardiovascular cation. Physicians have long been interested in this abundant intracellular cation, but have been frustrated by the lack of a suitable automated laboratory procedure for the routine measurement of serum magnesium levels and by the lack of appropriate oral formulations for the ambulatory replenishment of magnesium. Physicians demand precision in the clinical laboratory measurement of serum potassium levels; however, for many years, the precise measurement of serum and tissue magnesium levels has involved atomic emission spectroscopy, a method that was generally limited to university teaching hospitals and major research centers. During this time span, community hospital laboratories often used a titan yellow colorimetric method for magnesium measurements; however, the method proved to be unreliable. In recent years, newer methods of magnesium measurement have become available, which have an excellent correlation in most clinical circumstances with atomic absorption spectroscopy and, for the first time, physicians in most community hospitals can now routinely order a highly reliable automated serum magnesium level.3 This new availability of laboratory access to this largely intracellular cation has generated intense activity in the research laboratories, culminating in an avalanche of clini-
A Time-Domain Oscillator Envelope Tracking Algorithm Employing Dual Phase Conditions

Envelope-following methods face special challenges when applied to oscillators because of their fundamental property of dynamically changing frequencies. In this paper, we present a novel and robust approach for oscillator envelope following. Our method combines, unifies, and extends ideas from two prior oscillator envelope-following approaches, namely, Petzold's method and the warped multitime partial differential equation. Our technique uses two extra system unknowns, as well as two extra ldquophase conditionrdquo equations, to track quantities related to dynamical frequency/time-period changes. These advances confer significant robustness, without appreciable computational overhead. We validate our method on LC, ring, and crystal oscillators, accurately predicting frequency and amplitude modulations, as well as transient startup envelopes. Speedups of one to two orders of magnitude are obtained over traditional alternatives.
Regioselective oxidations of benzocarbaporphyrins with ferric chloride: A facile synthesis of bridged [18]annulene ketals with strong absorptions in the far red and an unexpected halogenation reaction at the interior carbon atom

Benzocarbaporphyrins 4 were found to undergo regioselective oxidations with ferric chloride in methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or ethylene glycol to give bridged benzo[18]annulene ketal derivatives 5 in excellent yields. These polar derivatives were generally isolated in a monoprotonated form and the corresponding free bases appeared to be relatively unstable. Addition of TFA resulted in the formation of spectroscopically distinct dications. The ketals 5 were highly diatropic in nature, showing the internal alkoxy substituents upfield beyond −1 ppm in their proton NMR spectra. The external meso-protons resonated near 10 ppm, confirming the presence of a strong aromatic ring current. The UV−vis spectra for 5 showed a Soret band at 422 nm, and two strong absorptions in the far red at 751 and 832 nm. A carbaporphyrin with a fused acenaphthylene ring was also oxidized with ferric chloride and this produced a ketal derivative with still further bathochromically shifted absorptions particularly for the So...
Chromosome Damage and Micronucleus Formation in Human Blood Lymphocytes Exposed In Vitro to Radiofrequency Radiation at a Cellular Telephone Frequency (847.74 MHz, CDMA)

Abstract Vijayalaxmi, Bisht, K. S., Pickard, W. F., Meltz, M. L., Roti Roti, J. L. and Moros, E. G. Chromosome Damage and Micronucleus Formation in Human Blood Lymphocytes Exposed In Vitro to Radiofrequency Radiation at a Cellular Telephone Frequency (847.74 MHz, CDMA). Radiat. Res. 156, 430–432 (2001). Peripheral blood samples collected from four healthy nonsmoking human volunteers were diluted with tissue culture medium and exposed in vitro for 24 h to 847.74 MHz radiofrequency (RF) radiation (continuous wave), a frequency employed for cellular telephone communications. A code division multiple access (CDMA) technology was used with a nominal net forward power of 75 W and a nominal power density of 950 W/m2 (95 mW/cm2). The mean specific absorption rate (SAR) was 4.9 or 5.5 W/kg. Blood aliquots that were sham-exposed or exposed in vitro to an acute dose of 1.5 Gy of γ radiation were included in the study as controls. The temperatures of the medium during RF-radiation and sham exposures in the Radial Tra...
Sun glint requirement for the remote detection of surface oil films

Natural oil slicks in the western Gulf of Mexico are used to determine the sun glint threshold required for optical remote sensing of oil films. The threshold is determined using the same-day image pairs collected by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra (MODIST), MODIS Aqua (MODISA), and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) (N = 2297 images) over the same oil slick locations where at least one of the sensors captures the oil slicks. For each sensor, statistics of sun glint strengths, represented by the normalized glint reflectance (LGN, sr−1), when oil slicks can and cannot be observed are generated. The LGN threshold for oil film detections is determined to be 10−5–10−6 sr−1 for MODIST and MODISA, and 10−6–10−7 sr−1 for VIIRS. Below these thresholds, no oil films can be detected, while above these thresholds, oil films can always be detected except near the critical-angle zone where oil slicks reverse their contrast against the background water.
Between Victors and Vanquished: Wehrmacht Prisoners of War in Yugoslavia

ABSTRACTWhen Yugoslav strongman Josip Broz Tito secured power at the end of World War II, he used violence as a key mechanism in that quest. Owing to the contested nature of politics in Yugoslav territories, these acts of violence were diverse and focused on a number of different peoples, including prisoners of war. While scholarship has covered Tito’s use of viciousness at places such as Bleiburg, this article would like to suggest that violence was not ubiquitous. Documents at the Archive of Yugoslavia tell a story of how a small group of German prisoners of war fared under Tito’s regime, which I argue show that ideology trumped other aspects of early postwar politics. Various documents focus on Wehrmacht Battalion 999 and how this episode should inform our broader understanding of violence, ideology, and political control in the aftermath of World War II.
Growth Inhibition and Photooxidative Toxicity in the House Fly, Musca domestica L., Caused by Xanthene Dye in Larval Growth Medium and After Injection

House fly larvae reared on an artificial agar medium containing the xanthene dyes, rose bengal or erythrosin B, showed inhibition of pupation and decreased pupal weight, depending on the concentration of dye. The adults which had consumed a nonlethal quantity of dye during the larval stage exhibited a high light-catalyzed toxicity. Adult flies, injected with rose bengal at the pupal stage, showed a higher photooxidative toxicity than those injected at the adult stage. The LC50 value from the latter experiment was similar to that from the dye-fed experiment, suggesting the target tissue for dye-sensitized photooxidation reaction may not be the alimentary canal.
Cabbage Looper Control on Collards in Florida

The cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), is one of the most damaging insect pests on cruciferous crops in Florida. When larvae become half grown and numerous (from 2 to 15/plant) control is nearly impossible. Tests have been conducted on control of loopers on cabbage in Florida (Greene et al. 1969, Workman and Greene 1970), and Chalfant (1969) reported on control of insects on collards in Georgia. Results obtained on control of cabbage loopers on collards during 1969 and 1970 at Hastings and 1970 at Sanford, Fla., are reported here.
Effect of Alterations in Serum Electrolytes on Production of Endogenous Pyrogen.

SummaryRabbits acutely depleted of serum potassium or made chronically potassium deficient released more endogenous pyrogen following a constant pyrogenic stimulus than normokalemic controls. Increase of serum potassium to levels of 8.8 meq/1 did not alter the animals' ability to release endogenous pyrogen, and production of hypercalcemia also had no effect. These observations confirm the inhibitory effect of potassium on release of pyrogen from leukocytes in vitro.
The Professional Identity of Three Innovative Teachers Engaging in Sustained Knowledge Building Using Technology

Diffusing inquiry-based pedagogy in schools for deep and lasting change requires teacher transformation and capacity building. This study characterizes the professional identity of three elementary school teachers who have productively engaged in inquiry-based classroom practice using knowledge building pedagogy and Knowledge Forum, a collaborative online environment. Grounded theory analysis of teacher interviews, supplemented with field observations, highlights five distinctive features of the teachers’ identity: (a) Teachers as professional knowledge builders to explore new visions of teaching for continual improvement of knowledge building; (b) Teachers as co-learners to form symmetrical relationships with students so they can take on the highest level of responsibility; (c) Teachers as problem-solvers and barrier-breakers holding a proactive stance toward the contexts of practice; (d) Teachers as members of a professional community that encourages collaboration, innovation, and continual improvement; and (e) An empowering relationship with the Principal who supports teacher innovation and collaboration.
Enhancing the Communication of Suddenly Speechless Critical Care Patients

BACKGROUND Sudden speechlessness is common in critically ill patients who are intubated or have had surgery for head and neck cancer. Sudden inability to speak poses challenges for hospitalized patients because strategies to facilitate communication are often limited and unreliable. OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of a technology-based communication intervention on patients' perception of communication difficulty, satisfaction with communication methods, and frustration with communication. METHODS A quasi-experimental, 4-cohort (control and intervention) repeated-measures design was used. Data were collected daily for up to 10 days. Patients in adult critical care units were followed up as they were transferred to other units within the institutions selected for the study. The impact of a technology-based communication system (intervention) was compared with usual care (control). Patients' communication outcomes pertinent to communication with nursing staff that were evaluated included perception of communication ease, satisfaction with methods used for communication, and frustration with communication. RESULTS Compared with participants in the control group, participants in the intervention group reported lower mean frustration levels (-2.68; SE, 0.17; 95% CI, -3.02 to -2.34; P < .001) and higher mean satisfaction levels (0.59; SE, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.91; P < .001) with use of the communication intervention. Participants in the intervention group reported a consistent increase in perception of communication ease during the hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS The results facilitated evaluation of a bedside technology-based communication intervention tailored to the needs of suddenly speechless critically ill patients.
Gastric irradiation in the treatment of peptic ulcer patients who are poor surgical risks. Report of 10 cases.

Ten patients with intractable peptic ulcers were treated with gastric irradiation because associated medical conditions made the risk of surgical operations prohibitive. Seven patients were considered therapeutic successes despite the fact that only 4 of these 7 developed achlorhydria. Even the failures became easier to manage with conventional antacid therapy. There were no significant side effects in any patient. Gastric irradiation should be utilized in the definitive management of problem ulcer patients who are poor candidates for surgery. There was no mortality or significant morbidity and the results of such X-ray therapy are surprisingly good.
Spectrophotometric determination of germanium in biological materials.

Abstract A simple, reliable, and sensitive method for the determination of from 2 to 500 μg germanium in biological materials is presented. The germanium is distilled as GeCl 4 from a sample digested with nitric and sulfuric acids. The addition of ammonium molybdate and ferrous ammonium sulfate to the buffered distillate yields a blue color, the intensity of which is a linear function of the concentration from 2 to 50 μg. Amounts up to 500 μg can be determined with the use of a proper diluent. The effect of time, pH, reagent concentrations, and possible interfering substances on the colorimetric reaction is described. The analytical procedure was applied to studies of the normal occurrence of germanium in the rat and its distribution among various organs after parenteral administration.
N-Hydroxylation and Vascular Relaxation: An Alternate EDRF Hypothesis

The concept of endothelium-dependent relaxation is now ten years old, but there is still controversy as to the chemical nature of the endothelium dependent relaxing factor (EDRF) or factors. The similarities in the pharmacological properties of EDRF with nitrovasodilator drugs and the demonstration that endothelial cells release nitric oxide (NO) has lead to the suggestion that EDRF is an endogenous nitrovasodilator (Furchgott, 1988; Palmer et al, 1988).
YIVO and the making of modern Jewish culture: scholarship for the Yiddish nation

Cecile Kuznitz's work is an important book on an important subject. YIVO, known today as the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, shaped the study of East European Jewish affairs (though not necessa...
Characterization of Lipid A Variants by Energy-Resolved Mass Spectrometry: Impact of Acyl Chains

Lipid A molecules consist of a diglucosamine sugar core with a number of appended acyl chains that vary in their length and connectivity. Because of the challenging nature of characterizing these molecules and differentiating between isomeric species, an energy-resolved MS/MS strategy was undertaken to track the fragmentation trends and map genealogies of product ions originating from consecutive cleavages of acyl chains. Generalizations were developed based on the number and locations of the primary and secondary acyl chains as well as variations in preferential cleavages arising from the location of the phosphate groups. Secondary acyl chain cleavage occurs most readily for lipid A species at the 3' position, followed by primary acyl chain fragmentation at both the 3' and 3 positions. In the instances of bisphosphorylated lipid A variants, phosphate loss occurs readily in conjunction with the most favorable primary and secondary acyl chain cleavages. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Development of arc fault interrupter laboratory testing for low voltage DC electricity

Arc faults are a fire-safety risk in both AC (alternating current) and DC wiring, but reliable detection of arc faults and determining the appropriate response is particularly difficult in DC plug-load circuits. This paper presents the development of AFCI testing for DC circuits operating at 24–80 volts. Protecting these circuits from arcing is more difficult than the more prevalent Photovoltaic circuits because of the diversity of loads that may be present. The AFCI testing described in this paper will allow us to identify an effective method to determine DC arcing occurrence. Once identified, an interrupter may then be designed to adequately eliminate the arc. Laboratory test setup and equipment for identifying DC arc will be detailed in this paper. Different scenarios for DC arcing occurrences in the development of the lab test setup will be explained. Several test results of the developed testing tool will also be presented.
Intraoperative Management of Adult Lumbar Scoliosis

The operative correction of adult lumbar scoliosis encompasses complex procedures with significant risk of complications. The population most afflicted by lumbar scoliosis is frequently more fragile with comorbid conditions making them less resilient to those complications. For these reasons, it is essential that the patient is carefully managed intraoperatively with the goal to reduce rates of preventable complications such as excessive blood loss, reduce intraoperative time, and improve patient outcomes overall. This chapter will explore several strategies used to manage patients during the perioperative period including, for example, with the use of specialized operative teams, dual surgeon procedures, neurophysiologic monitoring, antifibrinolytics, and other methods to improve patient safety.
Functional Roles of the Edited Isoform of GluA2 in GluA2-Containing AMPA Receptor Channels.

GluA2R is the edited isoform at the Q/R site of the AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit. In vivo, GluA2R assembles with other AMPA receptor subunits into a high-conductance, tetrameric complex. Here we study the functional role of GluA2R in the context of GluA1/2R and GluA2Q/2R heteromeric receptors, using whole-cell recording and a laser-pulse photolysis technique. We find the incorporation of GluA2R with GluA1 or GluA2Q slows the channel-opening and channel-closing rates; for GluA2Q/2R, it further lowers EC50, compared to the value of the GluA2Q homomeric channels. When a conserved leucine-to-tyrosine (L → Y) mutation is “placed” in each of these subunits, the L → Y mutation exhibits a greater effect in GluA2R than in GluA1. Together, our results show GluA2R is the dominating isoform that shapes the overall functional properties of the GluA2R-containing channels. Our results further suggest that glutamate most likely binds to GluA2R with an EC50 of ∼0.5 mM, rather than a non-GluA2R subunit in a heteromeric AMPA...
Creating a Taxonomy of Outcomes in a Comprehensive Nonprofit Human Services Organization

As human service organizations seek to modify their program-centric mindset in the direction of a mission-centered approach that emphasizes measurable outcomes, a major paradigm shift is needed wit...
With apologies to the future: environmental human rights and the politics of communal responsibility

ABSTRACTAs political tools to further human rights, formal state apologies function partly as promises to the future generations of both parties to carry forward the respectful relationship the apology (re)establishes. In this sense, apologies logically resemble rights as well, since all rights, and especially environmental rights, are very future-oriented things. This article explores the value of viewing environmental human rights essentially as formal apologies to future generations, thereby granting legal recognition (including standing) and political clout to the environmental rights of future generations.
Microfluidic Surface Titrations of Electroactive Thin Films

We report the use of microfluidic surface titrations (MSTs) for studying electroactive self-assembled monolayers (eSAMs) and other thin films. The technique of MST utilizes a microfluidic generation-collection dual channel electrode (DCE) configuration to quantify the charge associated with electroactive thin films that might or might not be in direct contact with an electrode surface. This technique allows for quantitative measurement of surface coverages, Γ, as low as 30 pmol cm–2 for electrodeposited Cu thin films. Additionally, we show that it is possible to quantify Γ for ferrocene (Fc)-terminated alkylthiols in mixed-monolayer eSAMs. Interestingly, MSTs sometimes reveal a two-fold higher eSAM concentration compared to direct electrochemical measurements. This finding suggests that in these instances not all the constituent Fc-moieties of the eSAM are in sufficiently close proximity to the surface to be addressable via direct electrochemistry.
Expanding Conversations About Cultural Responsiveness in Supervision

Understanding the dynamic nature of therapists’ and clients’ lives and their cultural realities is important to the supervision process. As a systemic clinical supervisor, I aim to use clinical tools that support and overtly address clients and supervisees’ complex and diverse contexts to enhance cultural responsiveness in supervision. In this chapter, I will illustrate the common factors lens (Sprenkle et al., New York: Guilford Press, 2009) combined with foundational couple and family therapy techniques such as the genogram and cultural genogram (Hardy & Laszloffy, Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 21, 227-237, 1995) and the MECA model (Falicov, Family Process, 34, 373-388, 1995; Family Process, 46, 157-171, 2007) as a framework for cultivating and expanding the conversation on cultural responsiveness in supervision.
Dalí: A Periodically Persistent Hash Map.

Technology trends suggest that byte-addressable nonvolatile memory (NVM) will supplant many uses of DRAM over the coming decade, raising the prospect of inexpensive recovery from power failures and similar faults. Ensuring the consistency of persistent state remains nontrivial, however, in the presence of volatile caches; cached values can "leak" back to persistent memory in arbitrary order. To ensure consistency, existing persistent memory algorithms use expensive, explicit write-back instructions to force each value back to memory before performing a dependent write, thereby incurring significant run-time overhead. To reduce this overhead, we present a new design paradigm that we call periodic persistence. In a periodically persistent data structure, updates are made "in place," but can safely leak back to memory in any order, because only those updates that are known to be valid will be heeded during recovery. To guarantee forward progress, we periodically force a write-back of all dirty data in the cache, ensuring that all "sufficiently old" updates have indeed become persistent, at which point they become semantically visible to the recovery process. As an example of periodic persistence, we present a transactional hash map, Dali, together with an informal proof of safety (buffered durable linearizability). Experiments with a prototype implementation suggest that periodic persistence can offer substantially better performance than either file-based or incrementally persistent (per-access write-back) alternatives.
The role of response force on the persistence and structure of behavior during extinction

Behavior Momentum Theory has emerged as a prominent account of resistance to change in both basic and applied research. Although laboratory studies often define precise, repeatable responses, application research often deals with response classes that may vary widely along a number of dimensions. In general, Behavior Momentum Theory has not addressed how response dimensions impact resistance to change, providing an opportunity to expand the model in new directions. Four rats pressed a force transducer under a multiple variable interval (VI) 60-s VI 60-s schedule of reinforcement. In one component, responses satisfied the schedule only if the response force fell within a "low" force band requirement; responses in the other schedule were required to satisfy a "high" force band. Once responding stabilized, extinction was programmed for three sessions. Then, the procedures were replicated. The results showed that response force came under discriminative control, but force requirements had no impact on resistance to extinction. In a follow-up condition, the schedule was changed to a multiple VI 30-s VI 120-s schedule and the low-force band operated in both components. The results showed that behavior maintained by the VI 30-s schedule was generally more resistant to extinction. A secondary analysis showed that force distributions created under baseline maintained during extinction. Overall, the results suggest that differential response force requirements prevailing in steady state do not affect the course of extinction.
Ionically Paired Layer-by-Layer Hydrogels: Water and Polyelectrolyte Uptake Controlled by Deposition Time

Despite intense recent interest in weakly bound nonlinear ("exponential") multilayers, the underlying structure-property relationships of these films are still poorly understood. This study explores the effect of time used for deposition of individual layers of nonlinearly growing layer-by-layer (LbL) films composed of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) and quaternized poly-2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (QPC) on film internal structure, swelling, and stability in salt solution, as well as the rate of penetration of invading polyelectrolyte chains. Thicknesses of dry and swollen films were measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry, film internal structure-by neutron reflectometry (NR), and degree of PMAA ionization-by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results suggest that longer deposition times resulted in thicker films with higher degrees of swelling (up to swelling ratio as high as 4 compared to dry film thickness) and stronger film intermixing. The stronger intermixed films were more swollen in water, exhibited lower stability in salt solutions, and supported a faster penetration rate of invading polyelectrolyte chains. These results can be useful in designing polyelectrolyte nanoassemblies for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery coatings for medical implants or tissue engineering matrices.
A Wearable Robotic Forearm for Human-Robot Collaboration

We describe a novel wearable robotic arm intended for close-range collaborative activities. Results from a user-centered iterative design procedure were applied to the development of a prototype, which was then evaluated in terms of workspace volume and loads on the user. Ongoing and future work involves evaluating the human-robot interaction with an autonomous version of the robot in specific scenarios of collaborative assembly and sorting.
Designing a survivorship and supportive care center at a comprehensive cancer center.

159Background: Unmet physical, psychosocial, and other support needs of cancer survivors may lead to increased distress, anxiety, and decreased quality of life. Survivorship Clinics may be tailored...
Isolation of Pure Populations of Helicobacter heilmannii-like Bacteria

Large spiral bacteria similar in morphology to Helicobacter felis are common in the stomachs of many animal species including cats, dogs, pigs, non-human primates, and a variety of wild carnivores.1, 3–5, 8 These bacteria, first referred to as spirilla,5, 10 and later as Gastrospirillum sp,6 are most likely members of the helicobacter genus. Several isolates have been given the provisional name, H. heilmannii. 9 They are not culturable in vitro, however, and speciation has been limited to PCR amplification and sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes in infected gastric scrapings.9 Thus, study of these bacteria is hindered by the lack of pure populations free from contaminating bacteria and other debris.
Generation and Use of Site-Specific Antibodies Against SAA.

Polyclonal antibodies against purified mouse AA and a synthetic peptide of the SAA2 C-terminal 20 amino acids were made in rabbits. The anti-AA serum reacted with both AA and SAA, but the anti-peptide serum reacted with SAA only. Interestingly, anti -peptide serum stained AA deposits, indicating the presence of either intact SAA or partially degraded SAA. Moreover, it stained predominantly the rims of AA deposits. In contrast, homogeneous stainings of AA deposits were obtained with anti-AA serum. Our results provided visual evidence that AA deposits contain both SAA and AA and that these SAA molecules are processed, in situ, into AA as the maturation of AA fibril progresses.
The Process of Sentencing Adult Felons

If there is one conclusion about the United States criminal justice system with which most knowledgeable observers of the system would agree, it is that the sentencing of convicted felons is blatantly unfair. Not only does the average length of prison sentences given to offenders convicted of virtually identical crimes vary from one locale to another (see, e.g., Bottomley, 1973; Green, 1961; Hogarth, 1971; O’Donnell, Churgin, & Curtis, 1977), but different judges seem to give completely different sentences to the same offender. For example, in one instance (reported in O’Donnell et al., 1977), after reading the same file describing characteristics of an offender and the nature of his criminal activity (transporting stolen securities across state lines), one federal judge imposed a three-year prison term while another released the offender with only one year of probation.
A Low-Power Parallel Architecture for Linear Feedback Shift Registers

Linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) are used to implement BCH encoders and cyclic redundancy check (CRC), which are broadly used in digital communication systems. Previous parallel LFSR designs adopt a state-space transformation that shortens the feedback data path and reduces the gate count. Transformations have been designed to minimize the total gate count of the three involved matrix multiplications. However, the transformation matrix multiplication is only active for one clock cycle at the end. In this brief, we propose an alternative transformation matrix construction that effectively shifts the complexity from the other two matrices, which are active in every clock cycle, to the transformation matrix without increasing the critical path or the total gate count. For an example CRC-32, the proposed design achieves 33% power and 8% gate count reductions without compromising the achievable clock frequency.
Inspecting geothermal prospects in an integrated approach within the West Azarbaijan Province of Iran

Abstract West Azarbaijan Province is the richest geothermal region in Iran and its potentials are evaluated through geological, geochemical and geophysical data. Eleven areas hosting 30 warm springs are analyzed here. Scenes colored by Fe-oxides, alteration minerals and travertine confirm existence of the geothermal reservoirs. Analyzing the geochemistry of samples revealed all hot fluids fall into bicarbonate group (high HCO 3 content) and suffered severe mixing (high Mg content). Silica and cation geothermometers proposed a rage of 50–150 °C as the reservoir temperature. Major and minor faults are also deciphered using geophysical data in 6 regions.
Approaches to Left Atrial Appendage Closure: Device Design, Performance, and Limitations

Up to 6.1 million people in the United States have atrial fibrillation (AF), which is associated with an increased risk of stroke. Oral anticoagulants are the mainstay of stroke prevention in AF. For decades, warfarin was the only available drug, fraught with compliance limitations, a narrow therapeutic window, and a high risk of hemorrhage. Pharmacologic developments have produced new anticoagulants that have improved the rates of stroke related to AF; however, they still confer a high risk of bleeding, making them unsuitable for some patients. Studies have shown that roughly 90% of strokes in patients with AF occur in the left atrial appendage (LAA). This understanding has prompted the development and testing of novel percutaneous strategies for LAA closure as an alternative to anticoagulation therapy. The following review examines the relative merits and shortcomings of these strategies and explores future prospects in the prevention of AF-related stroke.
Disparities in Compliance With National Guidelines for the Treatment of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Background Current guidelines support cancer-directed surgery, chemotherapy, or active surveillance for clinical stages 1 to 3 of epithelial malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Definitive chemotherapy is recommended for sarcomatoid/biphasic histologies. Our objective is to assess compliance with recommendations, measuring their impact on overall survival. Methods The National Cancer Database participant user file (2004 to 2014) was queried for patients diagnosed with MPM clinical stages 1 to 3. Multivariable logistic regression model identified factors independently associated with guideline compliance. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards were used for overall survival comparison with histologic subgroup analysis. Results A total of 3419 patients with clinical stages 1 to 3 met criteria for analysis and comprised epithelial (68.5%), sarcomatoid (17.2%), and biphasic subtypes (14.3%). Cancer-directed surgery was significantly underutilized in epithelial MPM, with 29.3% having no treatment. On multivariable analysis, insurance status and facility type were the strongest predictors of guideline compliance. High-volume hospitals were the most compliant with guidelines (odds ratio 3.58, 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.34 to 5.49, P Conclusions There is a suboptimal compliance with national guidelines for the treatment of MPM, particularly in low-volume nonacademic settings. Adherence to recommended surgery-based multimodal therapy is associated with an overall survival improvement.
Middle school engagement profiles: Implications for motivation and achievement in science

Abstract This study identified engagement profiles among middle school students (N = 1125) in science, based on a global, behavioral, cognitive, and affective dimensions of engagement. The relationships between engagement profiles and key motivation predictors (science achievement goal orientations and self-efficacy) and student achievement in science were also examined. Latent profile analysis revealed five distinct science engagement profiles, including Moderately Engaged, Moderately Disengaged, Disengaged, Behaviorally Engaged, and Behaviorally Disengaged. Controlling for grade, gender, and minority status, results showed that mastery orientation and self-efficacy significantly predicted the likelihood of membership in profiles characterized by higher engagement in science. As expected, the Moderately Engaged and Behaviorally Engaged profiles were associated with higher achievement in science, and the reverse pattern was found for the Moderately Disengaged and Disengaged profiles. Our results support the utility of examining multidimensional engagement profiles, and the implications of these profiles for students' motivation and learning in science are discussed.
Therapeutically Exploring Persister Metabolism in Bacteria

ABSTRACT Bacterial persisters are rare phenotypic variants that are temporarily tolerant to high concentrations of antibiotics. We have previously discovered that persisters are mostly derived from stationary-phase cells with high redox activities that are maintained by endogenous protein and RNA degradation. This intracellular degradation resulted in self-inflicted damage that transiently repressed the cellular functions targeted by antibiotics. Our continuous effort to map the molecular mechanism underlying this interesting phenomenon shows that persistence is facilitated by a Crp/cAMP-mediated metabolic futile cycle in stationary phase, and targeting any key component in the proposed metabolic model holds great potential for eradicating these dangerous phenotypes. Using a degradable fluorescent protein system and a small library, containing FDA-approved drugs and antibiotics, we identified several chemicals, including anti-psychotic drugs, that inhibit persister metabolism in Escherichia coli cells. These chemical inhibitors also reduce Pseudomonas aeruginosa persistence, potentially verifying the existence of similar mechanisms in a medically relevant organism.
Tour guides’ perceptions of below-cost tours and managerial implications:

Below-cost tours (BCTs) have long been considered a serious issue in the travel industry, yet they have rarely been discussed from a tour guides’ perspective. Today’s tour guides are mostly freelan...
Branded mobile application adoption and customer engagement behavior

Abstract In recent years, firms launch interactive technologies to engage and communicate with their customers. Branded mobile applications (apps) are one example. In light of this trend, understanding mobile adopters' cross-platform and engagement behavior is essential in managing customer relationships. This research proposes the context complementarity hypothesis and shows that a branded app is complementary to a firm's other engagement platforms such as PC and mobile websites. PC and app users are also more likely to respond to e-mail promotional offers and have higher spending than non-users. These influences differ by customer segment and brand relationship. Specifically, low-tier customers show a more significant increase in cross-platform engagement than customers who are already loyal. On the other hand, high-spending customers that are relatively new to the firm show a higher increase in spending and promotional responses than low-tier customers. In addition to substantive insights, we conclude with managerial implications and future directions regarding branded apps, mobile and digital platforms, and customer relationship management.
Understanding online civic engagement: a multi-neighborhood study of SeeClickFix

The relationship between local governments and the general public is being redefined by the increasing use of online platforms that enable participatory reporting of non-emergency urban issues, such as potholes and illegal graffiti by concerned citizens to their local authorities. In this work, we study, for the first time, participatory reporting data together with neighborhood-level demographics, socioeconomic indicators, and pedestrian friendliness and transit and bike scores, across multiple neighborhoods in the Capital District of the New York State. Our data-driven approach offers a large-scale, low-cost alternative to traditional survey methods, and provides insights on citizen participation and satisfaction, and public value creation on such platforms. Our findings can be used to guide government service departments to work more closely with each neighborhood to improve the offline and online communication channels through which citizens can report urban issues.
Environments, resources, and health

Abstract In this chapter planetary health is considered using the definition that it covers the health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends. Specific section deal on problems of increased utilization of earths resources, generation of green-house gases, climate change and implications for human and animal health. Also considered are extensive ongoing projects to expand types of renewable energy sources and utilization of these resources. Aspects of impact on human populations of ongoing ecosystem changes are presented. Aspects of sustainable development and problem solving approaches are also covered. A few contributions to well-being by writers and musicians are discussed.
How Can Randomized Routing Protocols Hide Flow Information in Wireless Networks

Preventing the source-destination network flow information from being disclosed is pivotal for anonymous wireless network applications. However, the advance of network inference, which is able to obtain the flow information without directly measuring it, poses severe challenges towards this goal. Randomized routing is capable of hiding the flow information by injecting substantial errors to the network inference process. In this paper, we systematically study the behavior of randomized routing protocols, and categorize them into three templates, $k$ -random-relay, $k$ -random-neighbor and $k$ -random-path based on their routing behaviors. We propose technical models to characterize these templates in terms of their induced inference errors and their delay costs. We also use simulations to validate the theoretical results. Our work provides the first systematic study on understanding both the benefit and the cost of using randomized routing to hide the flow information in wireless networks.
Cytotoxic effects of manganese oxide nanoparticles in combination with microbial components on intestinal epithelial cells

Background: Manganese oxide has been shown to cause toxicity and is associated with occupational-related disease (e.g., welders). With the goal to improve several biomedical areas, manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO NP) are being considered for use in drug delivery and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to obtain high resolution anatomical images of tumors and gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation. Regardless of whether it is intentional or unintentional ingestion, the GI tract has been shown to be the primary route of entry for metal nanoparticles including MnO NP. However, studies assessing toxicity of MnO NP for intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are virtually nonexistent. Methods: Given the proximity to the GI lumen, assessing the effects of nanoparticles on IECs in the presence of bacterial components presents a more holistic model of exposure. Therefore, we examined the effects of MnO NP alone and MnO NP in combination with Escherichia coli LF82 bacterial lysate on selected functions of MODE-K cells, a murine intestinal epithelial cell line . Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Differences with p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Results showed MnO NP plus E. coli LF82 lysate added to MODE-K cells severely inhibited monolayer scratch wound healing, enhanced the secretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6), and induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Conclusions: Overall, our findings show that toxicity of MnO NP deleteriously affected MODE-K cells and demonstrated the necessity to integrate other environmental factors, such as microbial components and/or inflammatory cytokines, into studies assessing effects of nanoparticles on mucosal epithelia.
Corporate Law and the Theory of the Firm: Reconstructing Corporations, Directors, Owners, and Investors

Dozens of judicial opinions have held that shareholders own corporations, that directors are agents of shareholders, and even that directors are trustees of shareholders’ property. Yet, until now, it has never been proven. These doctrines rest on unsubstantiated assumptions. In this book the author performs a rigorous, systematic analysis of common law, contract law, property law, agency law, partnership law, trust law, and corporate statutory law using judicial rulings that proves shareholders do not own corporations, that there is no separation of ownership and control, directors are not agents of shareholders, and shareholders are not investors in corporations. Furthermore, the author proves the theory of the firm, which is founded on the separation of ownership and control and directors as agents of shareholders, promotes an agenda that wilfully ignores fundamental property law and agency law. However, since shareholders do not own the corporation, and directors are not agents of shareholders, the theory of the firm collapses. The book corrects decades of confusion and misguided research in corporate law and the economic theory of the firm and will allow readers to understand how property law, agency law, and economics contradict each other when applied to corporate law. It will appeal to researchers and upper level and graduate students in economics, finance, accounting, law, and sociology, as well as attorneys and, accountants.
Obesity in women: anaesthetic implications for peri‐operative and peripartum management

The prevalence, healthcare and socio-economic impact of obesity (defined as having a body mass index of ≥ 30 kg.m-2 ) are disproportionately higher in women than men. A combination of biological and social factors, including the adaptation of energy homeostasis to the increased demands of pregnancy and lactation and poor access to healthy foods or exercise facilities, contribute to the increasing prevalence of obesity in women. Obesity-related physiological changes stem from mass loading and increased metabolism of adipose tissue, as well as secretion of bioactive substances from adipocytes leading to chronic low-grade inflammation. As a result, obesity is associated with increased risks of: infertility; malignancy; sleep-disordered breathing; cardiovascular disease; diabetes; and thromboembolism. Hence, obese women are at markedly increased risk of peri-operative morbidity and mortality and require comprehensive evaluation and targeted comorbidity optimisation by a multidisciplinary team. In addition to routine obstetric challenges, pregnancy in women with obesity further exacerbates the above risks, making multidisciplinary management starting at pre-conception even more important. Weight loss, lifestyle management and optimisation of comorbidity are the cornerstone of reducing obesity-related risks. The anaesthetist plays a vital role within the multidisciplinary team by emphasising weight loss as part of pre-operative comorbidity optimisation, formulation of individualised peri-operative management plans, supervising postoperative care in the high dependency or intensive care settings and providing safe labour analgesia and careful peripartum management for obese parturients.
Content Analysis of Dissertations for Examination of Priority Areas of Nursing Science.

Abstract Background Based on current and future research priorities to inform Ph.D. education, emerging and priority areas were developed through the Idea Festival Advisory Committee of the Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science. Purpose The Purpose of this study was to examine the bibliographic, methodologic, study topic characteristics, and emerging and priority areas of two randomly selected samples of nursing doctoral dissertations from the Proquest Digital Dissertations and Theses database between January 2017 and September 2018. Methods Using human- (N = 101) and computer-coding (N = 242), we analyzed text data using descriptive statistics and data visualization. Findings Health behavior (32.7%) and quantitative sciences (17.8%) were the most common emerging and priority areas, and translation science and –omics/microbiome were absent. Health, practice, education, and leadership were four study topic themes. Discussion This approach may serve as a metric for the state of Ph.D. nursing education. A replication study is recommended in three to five years.
History, Regulation, and Process

To effect an IPO in modern times the private company must seek permission from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In administering the Securities Act of 1933, the SEC requires the selling company to publicly disclose pertinent facts about the firm’s business, current operations, management, primary shareholders, and financial condition. Before the regulation and process of a current-day IPO is considered, a brief review of early IPOs may be appropriate.
Measurements in the ionosphere of the aspect dependence of antenna reactance—I: Variations arising from the inhomogeneous plasma distribution about the vehicle

Variations in monopole and dipole antenna reactance related to ionospheric sounding rocket spin period and plasma flow distribution