cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autografts of bone marrow in dogs after lethal total-body radiation.

Twenty-two dogs (20 males and two females) were uniformly exposed over their entire surfaces to supralethal irradiation: 800 to 1,200 roentgens of 250 kv. x-rays measured in air at mid-body position. On the third day and after the last exposure, these irradiated animals were given infusions of normal bone marrow. The marrow for their infusions was taken from female litter-mates, from mothers or from unrelated dogs. Evidence for a return of marrow function and for a successful marrow graft was evaluated on the basis of: (1) the reappearance of formed elements: platelets, leukocytes, and reticulocytes, in the peripheral circulation; (2) the appearance in males of leukocytes bearing the sex-chromatin marker of the female donor; (3) prolonged survival, as compared to six irradiated control animals that were not given marrow; and (4) cellularity of marrow spaces and histologic evidence of marrow function at autopsy. It was found that marrow transplants usually succeeded after 800 to 1,200 roentgens of total-body irradiation when the infused marrow was taken from litter-mate sisters or from mothers (15 successes in 17 attempts). Marrow transplants between unrelated animals appeared more difficult but were not impossible. One success was obtained in five attempts, and this success was achieved with the coincidental use of splenectomy, ACTH and a large dose of marrow. Dogs with successful transplants lived longer than did control animals; in this series two to 10 times as long. When they died, they died of common canine infectious diseases and not of marrow failure. Distemper, hepatitis and leptospirosis, with or without superimposed bacterial respiratory disease, were the common causes of death. The lymph nodes and the splenic follicles of irradiated animals had, in most instances, not regained normal histologic appearance at the time of death from these infectious diseases. The working hypothesis is advanced that infusions of marrow repopulate marrow spaces in the canine after irradiation but are poor sources of the type of cell needed to restore lymphoid function and immunologic effectiveness in lymph nodes and spleen.
Transition of Care in Congenital Disease: Allaying Fears for Patients and Specialists

Abstract Advances in the care of infants and children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have resulted in significantly improved survival of this population into adulthood. Although the majority of patients with CHD have undergone surgical intervention or transcatheter intervention, patients are not “cured” and almost all require lifelong cardiac care. In many parts of the world, robust systems of care have been developed for infants and children with CHD. Although there has been progress in the development of programs for the care of adults with CHD, the time of transition and transfer of care remains a time of high risk for lapses in care and becoming lost to follow-up. Transition is a process of education and preparation for young patients to assume their own care as they enter adulthood, while transfer is the actual event of a patient moving their care from a pediatric to an adult environment. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known of best practices related to the transition and transfer of patients with CHD to adult services and to provide a practical approach to the sometimes daunting task of preparing patients for the transfer of care.
Evaluating Supervision Models in Functional Family Therapy: Does Adding Observation Enhance Outcomes?

This study examined the effects of observation-based supervision Building Outcomes with Observation-Based Supervision of Therapy (BOOST therapists = 26, families = 105), versus supervision as usual (SAU therapists = 21, families = 59) on (a) youth externalizing behavior problems and (b) the moderating effects of changes in family functioning on youth externalizing behaviors for adolescents receiving Functional Family Therapy (FFT). Exploratory analyses examined the impact of supervision conditions on youth internalizing problems. In 8 community agencies, experienced FFT therapists (M = 1.4 years) received either BOOST or SAU supervision in a quasi-experimental design. Male (59%) or female (41%) adolescents were referred for the treatment of behavior problems (e.g., delinquency, substance use). Clients were Hispanic (62%), African American (19%), Non-Hispanic White (12%), or Other (7%) ethnic/racial origins. Therapists (female, 77%) were Hispanic 45%, African American (19%), White Non-Hispanic (30%), or other (4%) ethnic/racial backgrounds. Analyses controlled for the presence or absence of clinically elevated symptoms on outcome variables. Clinical outcomes were measured at baseline, 5 months, and 12 months after treatment initiation. Clients with externalizing behavior above clinical thresholds had significantly greater reductions in problem behaviors in the BOOST versus the SAU conditions. Clients below thresholds did not respond differentially to conditions. Supervisors in BOOST had more experience with the FFT model; as such, the observed results may be a result of supervisor experience. The BOOST supervision was associated with improved outcomes on problem behaviors that were above clinical thresholds. The findings demonstrate the importance of addressing client case mix in implementation studies in natural environments.
The Importance of Psychoneuroimmunology for Social Workers

A wealth of information regarding how the immune system can influence the brain and result in changes in mood and behavior has accumulated. Inflammation is a causal factor in some cases of major de...
A national analysis of readmissions for wound healing complications following the repair of lower back, hip, and buttock pressure ulcers using the Nationwide Readmissions Database

Abstract Background Traditionally, a 30-day postoperative period is used to assess outcomes in surgery. However, it is not clear if this is sufficient. Our study assessed readmissions and their risk factors following the surgical repair of pressure ulcers in a 90-day postoperative period. Methods Patients with a pressure ulcer to the lower back, hip, and/or buttocks who underwent a pedicled or flap based wound operation were identified in the National Readmissions Database. We then analyzed risk factors for overall 0–90-day readmissions, early readmissions (0–30 days), and late-readmissions (31–90 days). Results 3329 patients were identified, of which 154 (4.66%) had surgical wound-related readmissions. A majority of these occurred after 30 days (53.89%). 90% of patients with a surgical-wound related readmission were readmitted within 63 days of index procedure. Conclusions The traditional 30-day outcome period is not enough to properly assess outcomes in pressure ulcer surgery such as readmission. We demonstrate that a period of at least 10 weeks and perhaps the entire global 90-day postoperative period would be more appropriate to evaluate readmissions after ulcer repair.
Effect of WMA additive on properties of PPA-modified asphalt binders containing anti-stripping agent

The current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Polyphosphoic Acid (PPA) on rheological properties of different grades of asphalt binders containing a chemical Warm-Mix Asphalt (WMA) add...
Regulation of T-Cell Proliferation by Interleukin-2 in Male Homosexuals with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

In 1981, a sudden increase in the incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and other opportunistic infections was recognized among highly promiscuous homosexual men (Centers for Disease Control, 1981). More recently, these diseases are being observed among heterosexual men who are intravenous drug users, the sexual partners of these heterosexuals, and Haitian refugees (Centers for Disease Control, 1982). The disease has been named the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
“Aid from the Indians Themselves”: Native Rivalries, Spanish Precedent, and French and English Colonialism

Accounts of the Spanish colonial conquests circulated widely throughout Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in their original forms, in translations, and in edited collections. Modern...
BONGARTZ τ-COMPLEMENTS OVER SPLIT-BY-NILPOTENT EXTENSIONS

Let C be a finite dimensional algebra with B a split extension by a nilpotent bimodule E , and let M be a τ C -rigid module with U its Bongartz τ C -complement. If the induced module, M ⊗ C B , is τ B -rigid, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for U ⊗ C B to be its Bongartz τ B -complement. If M is τ B -rigid, we again provide a necessary and sufficient condition for U ⊗ C B to be its Bongartz τ B -complement.
Time series analysis of wintertime O3 and NOx formation using vector autoregressions

Abstract Concentrations of 11 species are reported from continuous measurements taken during a wintertime field study in Utah. Time series data for measured species generally displayed strong diurnal patterns. Six species show a diurnal pattern of daytime maximums (NO, NOy, O3, H2O2, CH2O2, and Cl2), while five species show a diurnal pattern of night time maximums (NO2, HONO, ClNO2, HNO3, and N2O5). Vector autoregression analyses were completed to better understand important species influencing the formation of O3 and NOx. For the species studied, r2 values of predicted versus measured concentrations ranged from 0.82 to 0.99. Fitting parameters for the autoregressive matrix, Π, indicated the importance of species precursors. In addition, values of fitting parameters for Π were relatively insensitive to data size, with variations generally
INTERVENTIONS FOR LONELINESS AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN FACILITIES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Loneliness affects an estimated 1 in 3 older adults ages 65 and over in America. According to a 2017 report by AARP, a lack of meaningful social contact among older adults is associated with $6.7 billion dollars of federal healthcare spending. Research suggests that interventions such as social facilitation and skills development may decrease loneliness; however, the effectiveness of such interventions for older adults living in long-term care facilities is unclear. Articles matching search criteria were collected from PubMed, PsycInfo and Web of Science from 2009 to 2019. Inclusion criteria were: 1) intervention studies, 2) individuals age >= 65, 3) participants living in a long-term care facility such as a nursing home, assisted-living, or hospice facility. Randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental and single-group studies were included. Title and abstract screening, as well as full text extraction followed PRISMA guidelines. A total of 16 articles that met inclusion criteria were identified. The interventions included video chatting with family members, human-volunteer interaction, human-robot interaction, humor therapy, a reminiscent radio program, laughter therapy and gardening education. Fourteen studies demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in loneliness from baseline to post-intervention. Laughter therapy showed the greatest reduction in loneliness. Diversity of intervention types and loneliness measures meant we could not estimate a pooled measure of effectiveness. Results suggest that there are several effective interventions to reduce loneliness among older adults in facilities; however, lack of standardized measures and high-quality studies limits comparisons between intervention types and generalizability to different populations.
The Inpatient Discharge Lounge as a Potential Mechanism to Mitigate Emergency Department Boarding and Crowding

Delayed access to inpatient beds for admitted patients contributes significantly to emergency department (ED) boarding and crowding, which have been associated with deleterious patient safety effects. To expedite inpatient bed availability, some hospitals have implemented discharge lounges, allowing discharged patients to depart their inpatient rooms while awaiting completion of the discharge process or transportation. This conceptual article synthesizes the evidence related to discharge lounge implementation practices and outcomes. Using a conceptual synthesis approach, we reviewed the medical and gray literature related to discharge lounges by querying PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google and undertaking backward reference searching. We screened for articles either providing detailed accounts of discharge lounge implementations or offering conceptual analysis on the subject. Most of the evidence we identified was in the gray literature, with only 3 peer-reviewed articles focusing on discharge lounge implementations. Articles generally encompassed single-site descriptive case studies or expert opinions. Significant heterogeneity exists in discharge lounge objectives, features, and apparent influence on patient flow. Although common barriers to discharge lounge performance have been documented, including underuse and care team objections, limited generalizable solutions are offered. Overall, discharge lounges are widely endorsed as a mechanism to accelerate access to inpatient beds, yet the limited available evidence indicates wide variation in design and performance. Further rigorous investigation is required to identify the circumstances under which discharge lounges should be deployed, and how discharge lounges should be designed to maximize their effect on hospitalwide patient flow, ED boarding and crowding, and other targeted outcomes.
Suicidal ideation, behavior, and mortality in male and female US veterans with severe mental illness

Background We compared male and female American veterans with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder regarding clinical characteristics associated with lifetime suicidal ideation and behavior. Subsequent mortality, including death by suicide, was also assessed. Methods Data from questionnaires and face-to-face evaluations were collected during 2011-2014 from 8,049 male and 1,290 female veterans with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. In addition to comparing male-female characteristics, Cox regression models-adjusted for demographic information, medical-psychiatric comorbidities, and self-reported suicidal ideation and behavior-were used to examine gender differences in associations of putative risk factors with suicide-specific and all-cause mortality during up to six years of follow-up. Results Women overall were younger, more likely to report a history of suicidal behavior, less likely to be substance abusers, and had lower overall mortality during follow-up. Among women only, psychiatric comorbidity was paradoxically associated with lower all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR]=0.53, 95% CI, 0.29-0.96, p = 0.037 for 1 disorder vs. none; HR=0.44, 95% CI, 0.25-0.77, p = 0.004 for ≥2 disorders vs. none). Suicide-specific mortality involved relatively few events, but crude rates were an order of magnitude higher than in the U.S. general and overall veteran populations. Limitations Incomplete cause-of-death information and low statistical power for male-female comparisons regarding mortality. Conclusions Female veterans with SMI differed from females in the general population by having a higher risk of suicide attempts. They also had more lifetime suicide attempts than male veterans with same diagnoses. These differences should inform public policy and clinical planning.
Modified QuEChERS extraction for the analysis of young-of-year smallmouth bass using GC × GC-TOFMS

Signs of disease, such as external lesions, have been prevalent in smallmouth bass throughout the Susquehanna River Basin, USA. Previous targeted chemical studies in this system have identified known persistent organic pollutants, but a common explanatory link across multiple affected sites remains undetermined. A fast and robust extraction method that can be applied to young-of-year fish is needed to effectively screen for target and non-target compounds that may be impacting organism health. The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction methodology was optimized to perform both targeted and non-targeted chemical analyses from a single extraction of whole young-of-year fish. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) was used for extract analysis. Sample extraction was performed using the solvent ethyl acetate, followed by a two-step cleanup in which samples were frozen for lipid removal and subjected to dispersive solid phase extraction using Florisil. A sample of 21 young-of-year smallmouth bass collected from areas with disease and exhibiting different types of external lesions were evaluated for 233 target compounds. A total of 34 organic contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorinated pesticides, and personal care products, were detected. Data from this sample set was then analyzed for non-targets. Using the Fisher ratio method and multivariate analysis, an additional 10 significant features were identified specific to either fish with visible lesions or with no visible disease characteristics.
Digital Technology-Enabled Product Proliferation Strategy

We examine the impact of digital technology on product proliferation. We theorize that as firms digitize their products, they will increase the number of products in their existing product categori...
Silencing and Transcriptional Regulation of Endogenous Retroviruses: An Overview

Almost half of the human genome is made up of transposable elements (TEs), and about 8% consists of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). ERVs are remnants of ancient exogenous retrovirus infections of the germ line. Most TEs are inactive and not detrimental to the host. They are tightly regulated to ensure genomic stability of the host and avoid deregulation of nearby gene loci. Histone-based posttranslational modifications such as H3K9 trimethylation are one of the main silencing mechanisms. Trim28 is one of the identified master regulators of silencing, which recruits most prominently the H3K9 methyltransferase Setdb1, among other factors. Sumoylation and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors seem to contribute to proper localization of Trim28 to ERV sequences and promote Trim28 interaction with Setdb1. Additionally, DNA methylation as well as RNA-mediated targeting of TEs such as piRNA-based silencing play important roles in ERV regulation. Despite the involvement of ERV overexpression in several cancer types, autoimmune diseases, and viral pathologies, ERVs are now also appreciated for their potential positive role in evolution. ERVs can provide new regulatory gene elements or novel binding sites for transcription factors, and ERV gene products can even be repurposed for the benefit of the host.
Hanging by the thread: an empirical study of donations in open source

Open source plays a critical role in our software infrastructure. It is used in the creation of almost every product and makes it increasingly easy to create powerful software cheaply and quickly, which many companies benefit from. However, its importance and our dependence on it, are often not recognized [2] . Like all software projects, open source needs maintenance to fix bugs and adapt code to evolving technologies [12] . With increasing popularity, demands for maintenance and support work also rise, resulting in many requests and reported issues. How to supply all of the needed maintenance and development work is an open and sometimes controversial question.
New efficient algorithm for the isometric embedding of 2-surface metrics in three dimensional Euclidean space

We present a new numerical method for the isometric embedding of 2-geometries specified by their 2-metrics in three-dimensional Euclidean space. Our approach is to directly solve the fundamental embedding equation supplemented by six conditions that fix translations and rotations of the embedded surface. This set of equations is discretized by means of a pseudospectral collocation point method. The resulting nonlinear system of equations are then solved by a Newton–Raphson scheme. We explain our numerical algorithm in detail. By studying several examples we show that our method converges provided we start the Newton–Raphson scheme from a suitable initial guess. Our novel method is very efficient for smooth 2-metrics.
Surgical Management of Lower Extremity Wounds in the Solid Organ Transplant Patient Population: Surgeon Beware.

Objective: To evaluate our institutional outcomes of surgical management of lower extremity (LE) wounds in the solid organ transplant recipient population. Approach: An 8-year retrospective review ...
Double Effect Donation.

Double Effect Donation claims it is permissible for a person meeting brain death criteria to donate vital organs, even though such a person may be alive. The reason this act is permissible is that ...
Development and microbiology

On the basis of findings from developmental biology, some researchers have argued that evolutionary theory needs to be significantly updated. Advocates of such a “developmental update” have, among other things, suggested that we need to re-conceptualize units of selection, that we should expand our view of inheritance to include environmental as well as genetic and epigenetic factors, that we should think of organisms and their environment as involved in reciprocal causation, and that we should reevaluate the rates of evolutionary change. However, many of these same conclusions could be reached on the basis of other evidence, namely from microbiology. In this paper, I ask why microbiological evidence has not had a similarly large influence on calls to update biological theory, and argue that there is no principled reason to focus on developmental as opposed to microbiological evidence in support of these revisions to evolutionary theory. I suggest that the focus on developmental biology is more likely attributable to historical accident. I will also discuss some possible room for overlap between developmental and microbiology, despite the historical separation of these two subdisciplines.
Minimum Clinically Important Difference: A Metric That Matters in the Age of Patient-Reported Outcomes.

➤ As the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is increasingly utilized in orthopaedic research and clinical practice, there is not a consensus regarding the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) calculation. ➤ The varied MCID calculation methods can lead to a range of possible values, which limits the translatability of research efforts. ➤ The completion rate and follow-up period also influence MCID values and should be reported alongside study results.
Measuring the Contribution of Multiple Model Representations in Detecting Adversarial Instances.

Deep learning models have been used for a wide variety of tasks. They are prevalent in computer vision, natural language processing, speech recognition, and other areas. While these models have worked well under many scenarios, it has been shown that they are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. This has led to a proliferation of research into ways that such attacks could be identified and/or defended against. Our goal is to explore the contribution that can be attributed to using multiple underlying models for the purpose of adversarial instance detection. Our paper describes two approaches that incorporate representations from multiple models for detecting adversarial examples. We devise controlled experiments for measuring the detection impact of incrementally utilizing additional models. For many of the scenarios we consider, the results show that performance increases with the number of underlying models used for extracting representations.
La machinerie moléculaire de sécrétion des neurotransmetteurs

L’histoire scientifique des synapses est longue. La demonstration de leur fonction est due a Emil du Bois-Reymond (1816−1896), leur identification morphologique a des neuroanatomistes tels que Rudolf Kolliker (1817−1905) et Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852−1934), et leur denomination en 1897 a Michael Foster (1836−1907). Alors que la nature chimique de la transmission synaptique avait ete suggeree par du Bois-Reymond, elle fut longtemps controversee, en raison de la rapidite stupefiante avec laquelle elle se produit. Avec le temps toutefois, des preuves indiscutables etablirent que la plupart des synapses font appel a des messagers chimiques, les neurotransmetteurs. Les contributions les plus importantes a ce sujet sont celles de Otto Loewi (1873−1961), Henry Dale (1875−1968), Ulf von Euler (1905−1983) et Julius Axelrod (1912−2004). En parallele, le progres decisif pour comprendre le mode de fonctionnement des synapses fut apporte par Bernard Katz (1911−2003), qui en elucida les principaux mecanismes (Katz, 1969). La plupart des analyses initiales sur les synapses ont fait appel a la jonction neuromusculaire, les synapses centrales n’ayant accede au devant de la scene qu’au cours des decennies recentes. Les contributions les plus importantes de nombreux chercheurs, parmi lesquels George Palade, Rodolfo Llinas, Chuck Stevens, Bert Sackmann, Eric Kandel et Victor Whittaker, pour n’en citer que quelques-uns, non seulement confirmerent les resultats principaux etablis par Katz sur la jonction neuromusculaire mais revelerent que
Readings in Database Systems

Readings in Database Systems, 3rd Edition is a compilation of papers exploring DBMS applications. Coverage spans the entire field of database, including relational implementation, transaction management, distributed database, parallel database, objects and databases, data analysis, and benchmarking.
Class-D audio power amplifiers: an overview

The advances in semiconductor technology have renewed interest in class-D audio amplifiers, especially for portable devices, and consumer electronics. This paper gives an overview of where class-D amplifiers are being used today, and why.
Quantifying Uncertainty Through Global and Mesoscale Ensembles

Abstract : The long-term goal of this project is to develop robust global and mesoscale ensemble analysis and forecast systems that are able to provide probabilistic forecast guidance in an operational environment. Although current guidance relies primarily on single deterministic forecasts from numerical weather prediction models, recent advances in probabilistic prediction, or ensemble forecasting, have made this technique a very powerful tool for providing more complete input on environmental conditions, including a measure of the forecast confidence. Probabilistic prediction of Navy relevant high-impact weather will significantly benefit sea strike and sea shield functions if there are clearly identified user-relevant norms. Ensembles also allow for the covariance between relevant weather variables to be taken into account, for example, indicating that if the wind speed is high, then visibility will also be high.
Interrelation Among Double Layers, Parallel Electric Fields, and Density Depletions

Using numerical simulations of voltage- and current-driven plasmas, we demonstrate an intimate relationship between electric fields parallel to the ambient magnetic field and density depletions (cavities) in collisionless magnetized plasmas. Simulations of double layers (DLs) in plasmas driven by applied potential drops are reviewed, showing that a strong DLs form in density cavities. The dependence of scale length of the DL and the associated density structure on the potential drop and plasma density is discussed and compared with observations. Simulations of current-driven plasmas also show that a density cavity in current-carrying plasmas could charge to large potentials forming DLs. Simulations of plasmas in an auroral-type diverging flux tube show that the DLs form in the region of the lowest density in the form of a cavity extending over a few Debye lengths in the local plasma. We also review the formation of two-dimensional U-or V-shaped double layers with deep density depletions in which the parallel fields dominate. The transverse size of the narrow density depletions and the DL structures is also discussed. This review reveals that voltages, currents, and density cavities in collisionless plasmas are highly coupled; when the plasma is driven by either a voltage drop or a current, they all appear in the plasma and collectively affect the plasma electrodynamics.
Adaptation at specific loci. IV. Differential mating success among glycolytic allozyme genotypes of Colias butterflies.

Male mating success as a function of genotype is an important fitness component. It can be studied in wild populations, in species for which a given group of progeny has exactly one father, by determining genotypes of wild-caught mothers and of sufficient numbers of their progeny. Here, we study male mating success as a function of allozyme genotype at two glycolytic loci in Colias butterflies, in which sperm precedence is complete, so that the most recent male to mate fathers all of a female's subsequent progeny.—For the phosphoglucose isomerase, PGI, polymorphism, we predict mating advantage and disadvantage of male genotypes based on evaluation of their biochemical functional differences in the context of thermal-physiological-ecological constraints on the insects' flight activity. As predicted, we find major, significant advantage in mating success for kinetically favored genotypes, compared to the genotype distribution of males active with the sampled females in the wild. These effects are repeatable among samples and on different semispecies' genetic backgrounds.—Initial study of the phosphoglucomutase, PGM, polymorphism in the same samples reveals heterozygote advantage in male-mating success, compared to males active with the females sampled. This contrasts with a lack of correspondence between PGI and PGM genotypes in other fitness index or component differences.—Epistatic interactions in mating success between the two loci are absent.—There is no evidence for segregation distortion associated with the alleles of either primary locus studied, nor is there significant assortative mating.—These results extend our understanding of the specific variation studied and suggest that even loci closely related in function may have distinctive experience of evolutionary forces. Implications of the specificity of the effects seen are briefly discussed.
Case report 581

A propos d'un garcon de 17 ans atteint d'une rare forme mutilante de keratoderme palmo-plantaire familiale. Description clinique, radiologique et histologique. Modification de la structure des os sous-jacents
DAMAGE TYPE AND STRAIN MODE ASSOCIATIONS IN HUMAN COMPACT BONE BENDING FATIGUE

When compact bone is subjected to fatigue loading, it develops matrix microdamage, which reduces the tissue's ability to resist fracture. The relative influence of different strain modes on damage and strength in compact bone has not been characterized, to our knowledge. In this study, the nonuniform strain field produced by four-point bending was used to introduce fatigue damage into tibial bending beam specimens from men 40-49 years old. The specimens were then bulk-stained with basic fuchsin to mark damage surfaces and were examined histologically and with confocal microscopy to describe damage morphologies and position relative to tension and compression-strained regions of the specimen. Histomorphometric methods were used to quantify the amounts of different types of bone microdamage. Three major types were observed. In regions subjected to tensile strains, the bone had focal regions of diffusely increased basic fuchsin staining (i.e., diffuse microdamage). Confocal microscopy of these regions showed them to be composed of extensive networks of fine, ultrastructural-level cracks. In compressive strain regions, the tissue developed linear microcracks in interstitial areas similar to those originally described by Frost. Fine, tearing-type (wispyappearing) cracks were observed near and in the plane of the neutral axis. The paths of these fine cracks were not influenced by microstructural boundaries. Other minor damage morphologies (sector-stained osteons, delamination of regions of lamellae, and intraosteonal cracking) were observed, but their distribution was unrelated to local strain field. Thus, in fatigue of human compact bone, the principal mechanisms of matrix failure (i.e., linear microcrack, diffuse damage foci, and tearing-type damage) are strongly dependent on local strain type.
Advances in CSP Simulation Technology in the System Advisor Model

Abstract The System Advisor Model (SAM) is modeling software for renewable energy systems developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).SAM combines annual time series power production models with financial models to estimate the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and other metrics for renewable energy projects. To date, SAM has utilized the general purpose commercial TRNSYS transient systems modeling software package for CSP simulations and originally PV and wind. To achieve: (1) significantly faster model performance, (2) easy parallelization of concurrent simulations to take advantage of modern multi-core processor desktop computers, (3) to allow straightforward modification of CSP component models in the SAM environment, and (4) ability to include CSP technologies in the SAM Software Development Kit (SDK), NREL has undertaken to reformulate the CSP models into a new transient simulation framework written in C++, by NREL. This framework is tailored specifically for use in SAM and not for general purpose modeling like TRNSYS. Preliminary results show excellent matching with the accepted TRNSYS-based models, as well as an order of magnitude reduction in simulation time for certain models. These runtime reductions enable larger scale plant configuration analysis, as well as grid-integration studies that require many thousands of simulations.
Factors predicting 30-day mortality in the Warsaw stroke registry.

Poland has high mortality and morbidity due to stroke. Our prospective population-based study conducted in Warsaw in 1991–1992 showed a stroke incidence similar to other European countries. However, 30-day case mortality rates were much higher. Our aim was to explore factors predicting 30-day mortality in Warsaw. The study population consisted of all patients with first-ever-in-a-lifetime strokes admitted to the Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases during the 2-year prospective population-based stroke registry. Cases with uncertain stroke type were excluded from analysis. During the 2-year study period, 633 patients with stroke were registered (462 with first-ever-in-a-lifetime stroke); 351 of them completed full diagnostic procedures, and 297 were diagnosed with ischemic stroke (IS) and 54 with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). A logistic regression model for IS identified 7 independent variables predicting 30-day mortality: increasing age, decreased consciousness at the onset of stroke, extraocular movement disorder, severity of motor weakness, congestive heart failure, kidney diseases, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). A logistic regression model for ICH identified two independent predictor variables: extraocular movement disorders and decreased consciousness. Comparison of the Warsaw Stroke Registry with the Stroke Data Bank (SDB) revealed higher prevalences of heart disease (angina and atrial fibrillation) and COPD in the Warsaw population. Comorbidity of medical diseases with stroke probably contributed to higher mortality in the Warsaw as opposed to U.S. patient sample. Disorders of consciousness at the onset of stroke were more severe in Warsaw than in the U.S. sample. Stroke type, severity of weakness score, and severity of stroke scale were similar for the SDB and Warsaw populations. In Poland, high levels of medical comorbidity rather than stroke severity probably account for poor short-term prognosis in stroke.
Estimation of the maximum heat flux in the inverted meniscus type evaporator of a flat miniature heat pipe

Abstract A new flat miniature heat pipe configuration for application to cooling electronic components is proposed for high heat fluxes (over 100 W cm −2 ) on the evaporator wall. The heat pipe contains the inverted meniscus type evaporator and axial capillary grooves covered with a porous plate for the liquid transport. Numerical results for the capillary limit and maximum heat flux, which has been calculated with respect to the formation of the vapor blanket in the porous structure of the evaporator, are presented for a copper-water miniature heat pipe with the external dimensions 2 × 7 × 120 mm.
Advice and Dissent: ‘The Uniform Perspective’

I examine, and provide a rejoinder from the military (i.e., the ‘uniform’) perspective on, two controversial issues in this essay: (1) the so-called Revolt of the Generals (2006) focused on the res...
3D integration of sub-surface photonics with CMOS

The integration of photonics and electronics on a single silicon substrate requires technologies that can add optical functionalities without significantly sacrificing valuable wafer area. To this end, we have developed an innovative fabrication process, called SIMOX 3-D Sculpting, that enables monolithic optoelectronic integration in a manner that does not compromise the economics of CMOS manufacturing. In this technique, photonic devices are realized in subsurface silicon layers that are separated from the surface silicon layer by an intervening SiO2 layer. The surface silicon layer may then be utilized for electronic circuitry. SIMOX 3-D sculpting involves (1) the implantation of oxygen ions into a patterned silicon substrate followed by (2) high temperature anneal to create buried waveguide-based photonic devices. This process has produced subterranean microresonators with unloaded quality factors of 8000 and extinction ratios >20dB. On the surface silicon layers, MOS transistor structures have been fabricated. The small cross-sectional area of the waveguides lends itself to the realization of nonlinear optical devices. We have previously demonstrated spectral broadening and continuum generation in silicon waveguides utilizing Kerr optical nonlinearity. This may be combined with microresonator filters for on-chip supercontiuum generation and spectral carving. The monolithic integration of CMOS circuits and optical modulators with such multi-wavelength sources represent an exciting avenue for silicon photonics.
Burnout in child protective service workers: A longitudinal study

Child protective service (CPS) workers experience working conditions that lead to burnout. Although theorists describe burnout as a phenomenon that develops over time, few studies have taken a longitudinal approach to describe its course. To test the hypotheses that (a) burnout remains the same across time, and that (b) environmental conditions are related to change in burnout, 64 CPS workers were followed over an average 18-month period. All scales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory showed significantly increased burnout. Environmental factors measured by the Work Environment Scale and a Work Hassles scale significantly related to change in burnout with initial levels of burnout controlled (emotional exhaustion R2 = 0.465, depersonalization R2 = 0.432, personal accomplishment R2 = 0.431). Several methodological difficulties in previous longitudinal burnout studies were avoided: namely, only one type of job was used, all subjects remained in the same job across the follow-up, and subjects were new to the position at the beginning of the study. Developmental models of Leiter and Maslach (1988) and Golembiewski and Munzenrider (1988) were discussed given the methodological issues raised and the results of the current study. The relation of environmental factors to changes in burnout are consistent with previous, non-quantitative descriptions of the CPS job.
Zeolite and clay-mineral induced resistivity in simulated reservoir sand

Abstract Clay-minerals dispersed in reservoir sands affect electric log response and register reduced resistivity values. Natural zeolites however, with large microporosities and water content could have a greater affect on resistivity measurements. Resistivity values were measured on a series of artificial cores prepared by mixing and compacting various percentages each of clinoptilolite, smectite and illite, with a medium-grained, moderately sorted quartz sand. Various concentrations of NaCl solution mixed with 39 API crude oil were circulated through each core. Impedance measurements were taken, resistance values segregated, and resistivities determined for each core. Water saturation values were calculated from the empirical resistivity values and porosities using a modified Simandoux equation. These values appeared to be much higher for those cores which contained the zeolite clinoptilolite. Clinoptilolite, when dispersed in a simulated reservoir sand and treated as a dispersed smectite or illite, produced inflated saturation values. This inflation effect is thought to be due to the more extensive microporosity and larger micropore water content of the zeolite. Therefore, from the empirical aspect, resistivity measurements of reservoir sands containing a dispersed zeolite, rather than a clay-mineral, would probably yield misleading water saturation values.
Computation as a thermodynamic process applied to biological systems

Abstract A physical quantity, ‘information,’ can be defined and must be included in the second law of thermodynamics. This quantity is different from entropy, though closely related to it. Acquisition and use of information is characteristic of most systems, especially those of biological origin. Treatment of information as a physical quantity permits many types of machines (in the most general sense) to be understood in respect of a thermodynamic function, and as well an investigation of the extent to which the laws governing information are or may limit their behavior. This limitation is most important at the molecular level, such as in the process of DNA and RNA synthesis. However, it may ultimately have a significant impact on all areas of biology including the theory of evolution, which in light of the concept of information can now be addressed in an important new way.
Solvation of the excited states of chromophores in polarizable environment: orbital relaxation versus polarization.

A hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method for the electronic excited states has been developed. The equation-of-motion coupled cluster with single and double excitations method (EOM-CCSD) is used for the QM region, while the effective fragment potential (EFP) method describes a MM part. The EFP method overcomes the most significant limitation of QM/MM by replacing empirical MM interactions and QM/MM coupling by parameter-free first-principles-based ones, while retaining the computational efficiency of QM/MM. The developed QM/MM scheme involves quantum-mechanical coupling of the electrostatic and polarization terms in the QM/MM Hamiltonian and allows accurate calculation of the electronic excited states of chromophores in various environments. Applications to the water complexes of formaldehyde and p-nitroaniline show that the orbital relaxation of the solute in the electric field of the solvent provides the majority of the solvatochromic effect, and the response of the polarizable envi...
Oligoclonal expansion and CD1 recognition by human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes

A human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) T cell line was established from jejunum to characterize the structure and function of the alpha beta T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) expressed by this population. Single-sided polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification cloning and quantitative PCR amplification of the TCR chains from the cell line and from fresh IELs demonstrated that IELs were oligoclonal. The IEL T cell line exhibited CD1-specific cytotoxicity and a dominant IEL T cell clone was CD1c-specific. Thus, human jejunal intraepithelial lymphocytes are oligoclonal and recognize members of the CD1 gene family.
The molecular bases of restenosis

Studies on the fundamental mechanisms of restenosis after arterial intervention have undergone upheaval. The rat carotid artery has provided perhaps the most widely used experimental preparation for the study of the response to acute arterial injury and gave rise to the multiwave model of restenosis. However, simple arterial injury differs substantially from angioplasty to diseased human vessels. The human intimal lesion already contains abundant smooth muscle cells and leukocytes. Therefore, although the rat carotid injury preparation has provided keen insight into the biology of the response to injury, it mimics human restenosis poorly, if at all. The first wave and second wave of the response to arterial injury so well delineated in rats (medial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration from media into intima) may not apply to clinical angioplasty injury at all. Smooth muscle proliferation, a constant in injury to animal arteries, may be indolent in human restenosis. Accumulation of extracellular matrix probably explains in part the dissociation between intimal thickening and smooth muscle replication. Also, failure to "remodel" outwards to maintain the increased caliber produced by interventional arterial dilatation, may prove more important than intimal thickening in determining ultimate intimal caliber. Despite a rather disappointing decade of translation of laboratory findings to the clinic, some grounds for optimism in approaching the complications of arterial intervention have emerged. Our appreciation for the biological complexities underlying the restenosis problem have increased. In interventional cardiology we can now proceed, more experienced and wiser, to longer range solutions to help our patients based on mechanistic insights.
Super-diffusive behavior of mobile nodes from GPS traces

Mobility is the most important factor in mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) and delay-tolerant networks (DTNs). Mobility models that fail to capture real movement pattern of mobile nodes will result in misleading guidelines on the design of new protocols and their performance evaluations and thus prevent us from making judicious decisions.
Influence of acid aerosol droplet size on structural changes in the rat lung caused by acute exposure to sulfuric acid and ozone

To investigate whether aerosol droplet size influences structural changes in the lung produced by short-term, concomitant exposure to ozone and sulfuric acid, groups of 10 rats were exposed 4 hr/day for 2 days to filtered air, 0.6 ppm ozone, 0.5 mg/m3 fine (aerosol mass median diameter (MMD) = 0.3 microm) or ultrafine (MMD = 0.06 microm) sulfuric acid, or a mixture of ozone and 0.5 mg/m3 fine or ultrafine sulfuric acid. The volume percentage of total parenchyma containing markedly to severely injured alveolar septae was measured morphometrically. There were no differences between the ultrafine or fine acid exposure groups and the sham group for any of the morphologic endpoints. Volume percentage of markedly to severely injured tissue was increased in the ultrafine, but not fine, mixture animals when compared with the ozone-only group. In addition, a synergistic interaction between ozone and ultrafine, but not fine, sulfuric acid was found for this endpoint. The bromodeoxyuridine cell labeling index in the periacinar region was greater in the rats exposed to the fine sulfuric acid and ozone mixture than that in rats exposed to ozone alone, and a synergistic interaction between ozone and fine sulfuric acid was found for this end point. None of the exposures produced any changes in ventilatory parameters. Thus, acid aerosol droplet size was found to influence the effect of sulfuric acid in modifying ozone-induced structural changes in the rat lung.