cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internal Alkyne Regio‐ and Chemoselectivity using a Zwitterionic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Gold Catalyst in a Silver‐Free Alkyne Hydration Reaction

An alkyne hydration of terminal and internal alkynes is reported using a zwitterionic N-heterocyclic carbene gold catalyst [(BNHC)Au(SMe2)] in the absence of silver and Bronsted acid additives. The hydration demonstrates good regioselectivity in alkyne hydration and chemoselectivity for internal alkynes vs. terminal. In addition, (BNHC)Au(SMe2) performs a propargyl alcohol hydration to predominantly form α-hydroxymethyl ketone over the more common Meyer–Schuster rearrangement product. While complex (BNHC)Au(SMe2) is active without silver additives, addition of silver hexafluoroantimonate (AgSbF6) increases reaction rate and decreases selectivity for internal alkyne hydration over terminal substrates. To the best of our knowledge, the rate enhancement of (BNHC)Au(SMe2) by AgSbF6 is the first such demonstration of a silver effect for a “halide-free” Au catalyst.
Microgravity protein crystallization

Over the past 20 years a variety of technological advances in X-ray crystallography have shortened the time required to determine the structures of large macromolecules (i.e., proteins and nucleic acids) from several years to several weeks or days. However, one of the remaining challenges is the ability to produce diffraction-quality crystals suitable for a detailed structural analysis. Although the development of automated crystallization systems combined with protein engineering (site-directed mutagenesis to enhance protein solubility and crystallization) have improved crystallization success rates, there remain hundreds of proteins that either cannot be crystallized or yield crystals of insufficient quality to support X-ray structure determination. In an attempt to address this bottleneck, an international group of scientists has explored use of a microgravity environment to crystallize macromolecules. This paper summarizes the history of this international initiative along with a description of some of the flight hardware systems and crystallization results.
An REA Ontology-Based Model for Mapping Big Data to Accounting Information Systems Elements

ABSTRACT The term “Big Data” refers to massive volumes of data that grow at an increasing rate and encompass complex data types such as audio and video. While the applications of Big Data and analytic techniques for business purposes have received considerable attention, it is less clear how external sources of Big Data relate to the transaction processing-oriented world of accounting information systems. This paper uses the Resource-Event-Agent Enterprise Ontology (REA) (McCarthy 1982; International Standards Organization [ISO] 2007) to model the implications of external Big Data sources on business transactions. The five-phase REA-based specification of a business transaction as defined in ISO (2007) is used to formally define associations between specific Big Data elements and business transactions. Using Big Data technologies such as Apache Hadoop and MapReduce, a number of information extraction patterns are specified for extracting business transaction-related information from Big Data. We also pres...
Abstract 2903: 1-Methoxyphaseollidin: Novel gamma secretase inhibitor targeting notch-1 signaling in breast cancer stem cells

We recently showed that two different ALDH+ and CD44+/CD24-/low breast cancer stem cells (BSCSs) exhibited stem cell characteristics that include self-renewal, extensive proliferation, the ability to form non-adherent spherical clusters, chemotherapy resistance and high Notch1 expression. We have identified a compound compound: 6-(3-methylbut-2-enyl) coumestrol (Pso) and treatment with Pso resulted in growth inhibition and an EMT phenotype in both BCSCs and BC cells. Oral Pso administration at physiologically achievable doses (25 mg/kg/BW) suppressed the growth of BCSCs and BC xenografts without toxicity. In the current studies, we identified several novel Pso-derived analogs that may be more potent than the parent compound. One such compound, 1-methoxyphaseollidin (1MP), obtained via three main functional group changes: (i) translocation of the isoprenyl moiety from the phenyl ring fused to the pyran ring (as in Pso) to the phenyl ring adjacent to the furan ring, (ii) removal of the carbonyl group from the pyran ring, and (iii) introduction of a methoxy group at the 1-position, inhibited Notch1 activity and growth of both BSCS and BC cells at nM concentration (IC50: 300nM), which is 100 times more potently than Pso in cell culture models. Molecular studies suggest that 1MP inhibits Notch signaling pathways (Hes1, Hey1 and Presenilin) in both BCSC and BC cells. Further, downregulation of AKT signaling (pAKT (S473), p65 and BCl-2 were seen in 1MP treated cells. Docking studies suggest that 1MP binds outside of the catalytic unit of γ-secretase and induces a conformational change, resulting in Notch1 inhibition in both BCSCs and BC cells. More importantly, administration of 1MP significantly inhibited the growth of BCSC and BC tumors without causing gastrointestinal toxicity in tumor-bearing mice. HE 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2903. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2903
Dielectric signatures and evolution of glacier ice

We analyzed the dielectric spectra (0.1 Hz–1 MHz) of 49 firn and ice samples from ice sheets and glaciers to better understand how differing ice formation and evolution affect electrical properties. The dielectric relaxation of ice is well known and its characteristic frequency increases with the concentration of soluble impurities in the ice lattice. We found that meteoric ice and firn generally possess two such relaxations, indicating distinct crystal populations or zonation. Typically, one population is consistent with that of relatively pure ice, and the other is significantly more impure. However, high temperatures (e.g. temperate ice), long residence times (e.g. ancient ice from Mullins Glacier, Antarctica) or anomalously high impurity concentrations favor the development of a single relaxation. These relationships suggest that annealing causes two dielectrically distinct populations to merge into one population. The dielectric response of temperate ice samples indicates increasing purity with increasing depth, suggesting ongoing rejection of impurities from the lattice. Separately, subglacially (lake) frozen samples from the Vostok (Antarctica) 5G ice core possess a single relaxation whose variable characteristic frequency likely reflects the composition of the source water. We conclude that multi-frequency methods are essential to dielectric discrimination between different types of glacier ice.
Bengt-jonsellia (Brassicaceae), a New Genus from Madagascar

Abstract. Bengt-jonsellia Al-Shehbaz is described as a new genus endemic to Madagascar, and the new combinations B. laurentii (Jonsell) Al-Shehbaz and B. tsaratananae (Jonsell) Al-Shehbaz are proposed. The characters distinguishing Bengt-jonsellia from Nasturtium and Rorippa are discussed, and detailed descriptions of the genus and a key to its two species are provided.
Privileged to Worry: Social Class, Cultural Knowledge, and Strategies toward the Future among Young Adults

How do differences in cultural capital operate in conditions of uncertainty? Interviews with 106 young adults of different social class backgrounds demonstrate significantly different knowledge of ...
What can physicians learn from social forums: Insights from an on-line self help and support group

In this study we try to understand how physicians can benefit from a social healthcare forum for a chronic digestive disease like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Based on over half a million posts over 16 years, we compared the frequencies of selected keywords and their concurrent and time-lagged concordance with publication trends in the scientific medical literature. We found reciprocal associations between publication and patient positing trends in most of the keywords considered, and some instances where online users' interest in particular keywords may be lagging or leading the publication trends in the medical literature. Results from this study suggest that online forums provide an alternative, personalized platform for patients to express and address person-specific concerns (e.g., interest in alternative treatments, life stress), which may in turn improve patient/physician relationship and management of this poorly understood condition. In addition, previously unrecognized associations of symptoms as described by a large number of patients may offer insights into pathophysiologic processes that may not be recognized during the management of individual patients.
Laparoscopic Appendicostomy Low-Profile Balloon Button for Antegrade Enemas in Children.

Abstract Introduction: The Malone appendicostomy is a continent channel used for antegrade enemas. It requires daily cannulation and is susceptible to stenosis. We use an indwelling low-profile balloon button tube inserted through the appendix into the cecum for antegrade enemas. We hypothesized that this method is effective at managing constipation or fecal incontinence and is associated with a low rate of stenosis. Methods: Children who underwent laparoscopic appendicostomy balloon button placement at our institution from January 2011 to April 2017 were identified. The primary outcome was success in managing constipation or fecal continence as measured by the Malone continence scale. Postoperative complications were analyzed. Results: Thirty-six children underwent the procedure, 35 of which met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-one patients (88.5%) underwent the operation for idiopathic constipation, 3 patients (8.6%) for anorectal malformation, and 1 patient (2.9%) for hypermobility. Rate of open conversi...
Fully Polarimetric Bistatic Radar Calibration With Modified Dihedral Objects

We introduce the design of dihedral reflectors that are used to calibrate an instrumented, dual-linearly polarized, wide-bistatic compact radar range operating at 160 GHz. The polarization scattering matrix of this bistatic calibration object may be tailored to rotate the incident linear polarization state to a slant polarization state in a fashion that is similar to the 90° dihedral that is used for calibrating monostatic polarimeters. The bistatic calibration object that we describe here is capable of introducing this polarization rotation while simultaneously steering the mainlobe of its specular reflection to the receiver. As we demonstrate, this characteristic of the mainlobe-steered dihedral (MSD) object can be achieved over a wide range of bistatic angles. The MSD object possesses a variety of desirable qualities for the calibration of bistatic polarimeters, but they are particularly useful for those systems that do not possess the capability to rotate their feed arrangement (e.g., millimeter-/ submillimeter-wave waveguide-based systems). Through both computational and experimental results, we demonstrate the capability of the MSD object to calibrate and characterize the accuracy (better than 0.5 dB) and polarization purity (~50 dB) of a 160 GHz dual-linearly polarized, bistatic compact radar range at 15°, 45°, and 75° bistatic angles.
A Course in Functional Analysis. By John B. Conway

(1986). A Course in Functional Analysis. By John B. Conway. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 93, No. 9, pp. 754-756.
Learning and control using gaussian processes: towards bridging machine learning and controls for physical systems

Building physics-based models of complex physical systems like buildings and chemical plants is extremely cost and time prohibitive for applications such as real-time optimal control, production planning and supply chain logistics. Machine learning algorithms can reduce this cost and time complexity, and are, consequently, more scalable for large-scale physical systems. However, there are many practical challenges that must be addressed before employing machine learning for closed-loop control. This paper proposes the use of Gaussian Processes (GP) for learning control-oriented models: (1) We develop methods for the optimal experiment design (OED) of functional tests to learn models of a physical system, subject to stringent operational constraints and limited availability of the system. Using a Bayesian approach with GP, our methods seek to select the most informative data for optimally updating an existing model. (2) We also show that black-box GP models can be used for receding horizon optimal control with probabilistic guarantees on constraint satisfaction through chance constraints. (3) We further propose an online method for continuously improving the GP model in closed-loop with a real-time controller. Our methods are demonstrated and validated in a case study of building energy control and Demand Response.
The complete replicons of 16 Ensifer meliloti strains offer insights into intra- and inter-replicon gene transfer, transposon-associated loci, and repeat elements

Ensifer meliloti (formerly Rhizobium meliloti and Sinorhizobium meliloti) is a model bacterium for understanding legume–rhizobial symbioses. The tripartite genome of E. meliloti consists of a chromosome, pSymA and pSymB, and in some instances strain-specific accessory plasmids. The majority of previous sequencing studies have relied on the use of assemblies generated from short read sequencing, which leads to gaps and assembly errors. Here we used PacBio-based, long-read assemblies and were able to assemble, de novo, complete circular replicons. In this study, we sequenced, de novo-assembled and analysed 10 E. meliloti strains. Sequence comparisons were also done with data from six previously published genomes. We identified genome differences between the replicons, including mol% G+C and gene content, nucleotide repeats, and transposon-associated loci. Additionally, genomic rearrangements both within and between replicons were identified, providing insight into evolutionary processes at the structural level. There were few cases of inter-replicon gene transfer of core genes between the main replicons. Accessory plasmids were more similar to pSymA than to either pSymB or the chromosome, with respect to gene content, transposon content and G+C content. In our population, the accessory plasmids appeared to share an open genome with pSymA, which contains many nodulation- and nitrogen fixation-related genes. This may explain previous observations that horizontal gene transfer has a greater effect on the content of pSymA than pSymB, or the chromosome, and why some rhizobia show unstable nodulation phenotypes on legume hosts.
Marketing, Culture, and Conservation Value of NTFPs: Case Study of Afro-Ecuadorian Use of Piquigua, Heteropsis ecuadorensis (Araceae)

This chapter explores the pros and cons of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in relation to three major aspects: (1) economics, (2) culture, and (3) conservation, through a case study of the Afro-Ecuadorian use of a fiber plant, piquigua, Heteropsis ecuadorensis (Araceae) Kunth, in the Mache-Chindul Ecological Reserve. The reserve is located in northwestern Ecuador, in the province of Esmeraldas. This chapter addresses the collection, management, use, and marketing of the plant, with particular emphasis on basketry. For these particular forest residents, the plant has minimum economic value and high cultural value, both of which lend themselves to the importance of this plant in terms of conservation. Afro-Ecuadorians, although a minority in the reserve, represent a significant group actively using and managing the forest. The role that piquigua plays in their lives and for the forest can help inform the NTFP discussion involving rural areas in the developing world.
Applications of epsilon radial networks in neuroimage analyses

“Is the brain 'wiring' different between groups of populations?” is an increasingly important question with advances in diffusion MRI and abundance of network analytic tools. Recently, automatic, data-driven and computationally efficient framework for extracting brain networks using tractography and epsilon neighborhoods were proposed in the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) literature [1]. In this paper we propose new extensions to that framework and show potential applications of such epsilon radial networks (ERN) in performing various types of neuroimage analyses. These extensions allow us to use ERNs not only to mine for topo-physical properties of the structural brain networks but also to perform classical region-of-interest (ROI) analyses in a very efficient way. Thus we demonstrate the use of ERNs as a novel image processing lens for statistical and machine learning based analyses. We demonstrate its application in an autism study for identifying topological and quantitative group differences, as well as performing classification. Finally, these views are not restricted to ERNs but can be effective for population studies using any computationally efficient network-extraction procedures.
The Emerging Field of Endoluminal and Transgastric Bariatric Surgery

Gastrointestinal endoluminal technology is emerging as the next major revolution in minimally invasive surgery. A similar trend is already well underway in vascular surgery with the widespread endoluminal vascular therapy. The endoluminal approach to bariatric surgery will have numerous advantages. These techniques will potentially be performed as outpatient procedures without the need for skin incisions or general anesthesia and they may reduce the risk, discomfort, and cost of bariatric procedures. Innovative devices have been developed and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and they may be adapted as, or lead to, new devices that can be used for weight loss procedures. This chapter reviews endoluminal technologies currently in development, preliminary clinical and preclinical data describing their use in bariatric applications, and the future of endoluminal bariatric surgery.
The History of the Countermajoritarian Difficulty, Part One: The Road to Judicial Supremacy

Despite the fact that the countermajoritarian difficulty has been the preeminent preoccupation of constitutional theory for several decades, precious little work has been done to understand why this problem became so pressing for scholars in the latter half of the twentieth century. This paper is the first in a series of three to answer two sets of questions: when and why are courts criticized as countermajoritarian? When and why did the countermajoritarian difficulty become the problem for scholars that it did? This first paper offers a theory to explain why countermajoritarian criticism of the courts will emerge. It identifies four pertinent factors: the extent to which courts are interfering with popular will, the extent to which the public favors a relatively direct or popular form of democracy, the extent to which the public perceives the Constitution as having a fixed meaning, and -- most important to this first paper -- the extent of judicial supremacy. The paper argues that generally speaking there cannot be a countermajoritarian problem without judicial supremacy. The remainder of the paper examines criticism of the courts and the rise of judicial supremacy throughout the nation's first century, focusing on the Jeffersonian attack on the courts, the Era of Good Feeling and Jacksonian Democracy, and the aftermath of the Dred Scott decision. The second paper in the series will detail attempts to curtail judicial power (such as court-packing and jurisdiction-stripping) in the face of growing judicial supremacy. Part Three will be devoted entirely to the academic obsession with the countermajoritarian difficulty, explaining, in somewhat novel terms, why it became the problem it did when it did.
The Heavy Transition Metals

We group together under the above title both the 4d and 5d transition metal ions. The reasons for this are several: the similarities among these elements, at least for our purposes, are much greater than their differences. They also behave distinctly differently from the 3d or iron series ions. Finally, because of expense, synthetic problems and a general lack of an interesting variety of materials to study, there simply has been much less recent research on the magnetochemistry of these elements compared to that on the iron series compounds. Yet, as we shall discuss below, the work at Oxford on the IrX 6 2- ions, for example, has had a profound influence on the subject.
Quantitative Genetics of the Maize Leaf Microbiome

The degree to which the genotype of an organism can affect the composition of its associated microbial communities (“microbiome”) varies by organism and habitat, and in many cases is unknown. We an...
Interpreting the Truth: How People Make Sense of New Information about Abortion.

Abstract Introduction In July 2015, the antiabortion Center for Medical Progress released a covertly filmed video of a Planned Parenthood official discussing the dispensation of postabortion remains for research, a practice the general public was not familiar with. Research shows that people use preexisting frameworks (such as support for or opposition to abortion rights) to make sense of new information. We examine the presence and use of abortion-related movement heuristics, language, and framing in the lay public's engagement with this video and their response to it. Methods Using modified grounded theory, we analyzed user comments on five online news articles about the video, drawn from sources representing different segments of the spectrum of support for abortion rights, to serve as a proxy for the public conversation. Results Commenters used language and framing consistent with the abortion rights and antiabortion social movements to debate basic information about this practice (i.e., the language of “fetal tissue” vs “baby parts” and whether the abortion provider profited from the exchange). Discussion of the abortion provider's casual demeanor, however, did not always use movement language and association consistently, with some commenters demonstrating inconsistency between their support for abortion and response to the video. Conclusions Online commenters largely used language consistent with the contemporary abortion movements’ ideological frames in their engagement about the video. The presence of this language suggests that people may draw on existing frameworks about abortion when they engage with abortion-related information, which could have implications for efforts to address abortion misinformation.
Transient Dimming of the Bright Fe xiv Emission Region in the Solar Corona of the 21 August 2017 Total Solar Eclipse

During the 21 August 2017 total solar eclipse the corona was observed through a narrowband filter centered at the Fe xiv green emission line at a cadence of 30 frames/s. A bright region on the east limb was observed to dim during the 2 m 35 s totality. Details of the temporal behavior of this region are reported. The likely association of the dimming with a coronal mass ejection (CME) in progress during the eclipse or the small sunspot group with coronal loops near the east limb is discussed.
Innovations in Practice: An Examination of Technological Impacts in the Field

Abstract Technological innovation is sweeping the world into an unimaginable future. These forces are affecting all aspects of how people live and work. What will be the role of museums and museum educators in this future? This article surveys some of the technologies that have profoundly affected museums and museum education and poses some questions: what trends in technology do museum professionals need to watch? Will museums remain relevant? Do museum collections matter?
Effect of Prescribed Fire on Timber Volume and Grade in the Hoosier National Forest

Low-intensity surface fire is prescribed in eastern North American hardwood stands prior to overstory harvest in order to improve regeneration and recruitment of oak and other fire-tolerant and fire-adapted species. However, this use of prescribed fire potentially can reduce timber value. We inventoried overstory trees (>10 in. diameter at breast height) in 54 oak-dominated stands with varied prescribed fire histories and aspects in southern Indiana. We then documented the extent of prescribed fire damage (i.e., wounds) to overstory trees and quantified both the relative stand volume of timber loss and the proportion of trees that had tree grade reductions because of prescribed fire. Generally, as a stand received more prescribed fires, more trees were scarred, the relative volume lost increased, and a higher proportion of trees declined in grade. Overall, burned stands experienced less than 10 percent sawtimber volume loss, regardless of the number of prescribed fires and aspect. Less than 3 percent of trees, studywide, had reduced grade because of prescribed fire. Grade and volume reductions varied by species, however. Our results suggest that prescribed fire has a minor economic impact on standing timber, particularly when timber is harvested within two decades of the first fire.
Timing and the transition between modes in the defensive behavior system.

Antipredator defense is organized in a way that mirrors Timberlake's feeding behavior system because the goal of defense is to thwart predatory behavior. Each predatory mode has a corresponding antipredator mode. Like appetitive behavior systems, the defensive behavior system is organized around distinct modes along a spatiotemporal continuum we call the predatory imminence continuum. Behavior systems theory directs investigation toward the factors that lead to transitions between modes. In the feeding and sex systems the time between Conditional Stimulus (CS) and Unconditional Stimulus (US; e.g., CS-US interval or CS duration) is an important factor. Short CSs elicit conditional responses (CR) characteristic of more terminal modes and long CSs provoke CRs belonging to initial modes. Therefore, we asked if short CSs (10 s) would provoke CRs like the vigorous activity bursts and escape-like responses characteristic of the terminal mode of the predatory imminence continuum (Circa-Strike Behavior). Also, via analogy to appetitive systems, long CSs (3 min) were predicted to favor the intermediate mode, post-encounter behavior, which is characterized by freezing. Instead we found that both CSs produced freezing but not activity burst CRs and that freezing was actually greater with the short CS. We suggest that this difference between behavior systems flows from selection pressure that favors moving toward terminal modes in appetitive systems but away from terminal modes in the antipredator system. In addition, since appetitive reinforcers are more likely to be repeatedly experienced than predators, the learning of timing may be less relevant to defense. We also found that shock produced activity bursts and argue that when you are in the post-encounter mode (freezing) a sudden change in stimulation causes an immediate transition to circa-strike (terminal) behavior.
Translating mesothelioma molecular genomics and dependencies into precision oncology-based therapies.

Abstract Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare, yet lethal asbestos-induced cancer and despite marked efforts to reduce occupational exposure, the incidence has not yet significantly declined. Since 2003, combined treatment with a platinum-based agent and pemetrexed has been the first-line therapy and no effective or approved second-line treatments have emerged. The seemingly slow advance in developing new MPM treatments does not appear to be related to a low level of clinical and pre-clinical research activity. Rather, we suggest that a key hurdle in successfully translating basic discovery into novel MPM therapeutics is the underlying assumption that as a rare cancer, it will also be molecularly and genetically homogeneous. In fact, lung adenocarcinoma and melanoma only benefitted from precision oncology upon full appreciation of the high degree of molecular heterogeneity inherent in these cancers, especially regarding the diversity of oncogenic drivers. Herein, we consider the recent explosion of molecular and genetic information that has become available regarding MPM and suggest ways in which the unfolding landscape may guide identification of novel therapeutic vulnerabilities within subsets of MPM that can be targeted in a manner consistent with the tenets of precision oncology.
Individual listener differences in azimuthal front-back reversals.

Thirty-two listeners participated in experiments involving five filtered noises when listeners kept their eyes open or closed, for stimuli of short or long duration, and for stimuli that were presented at random locations or in a largely rotational procession. Individual differences in the proportion of front–back reversals (FBRs) were measured. There were strong positive correlations between the proportion of FBRs for any one filtered noise, but not when FBRs were compared across different filtered-noise conditions. The results suggest that, for each individual listener, the rate of FBRs is stable for any one filtered noise, but not across filtered noises.Thirty-two listeners participated in experiments involving five filtered noises when listeners kept their eyes open or closed, for stimuli of short or long duration, and for stimuli that were presented at random locations or in a largely rotational procession. Individual differences in the proportion of front–back reversals (FBRs) were measured. There were strong positive correlations between the proportion of FBRs for any one filtered noise, but not when FBRs were compared across different filtered-noise conditions. The results suggest that, for each individual listener, the rate of FBRs is stable for any one filtered noise, but not across filtered noises.
Scan-Specific Residual Convolutional Neural Networks for Fast MRI Using Residual RAKI

Parallel imaging is a widely-used acceleration technique for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Conventional linear reconstruction approaches in parallel imaging suffer from noise amplification. Recently, a non-linear method that utilizes subject- specific convolutional neural networks for k-space reconstruction, Robust Artificial-neural-networks for k-space Interpolation (RAKI) was proposed and shown to improve noise resilience over linear methods. However, the linear convolutions still provide a sufficient baseline image quality and interpretability. In this paper, we sought to utilize a residual network architecture to combine the benefits of both the linear and non-linear RAKI reconstructions. This hybrid method, called residual RAKI (rRAKI) offers significant improvement in image quality compared to linear method, and improves upon RAKI in highly- accelerated simultaneous multi-slice imaging. Furthermore, it establishes an interpretable view for the use of CNNs in parallel imaging, as the CNN component in the residual network removes the noise amplification arising from the linear part.
Supersonic Cavity Flow Subjected to Continuous and Transient Leading-Edge Blowing

A rectangular cavity (L/D=5.67) with Mach 1.5 freestream was subjected to a large temporal variation in leading-edge blowing in order to experimentally investigate the effect on aerodynamic and aer...
The Geometry of Limb Motor Innervation is Controlled by the Dorsal-Ventral Compartment Boundary in the Chick Limbless Mutant.

Abstract Precise control of limb muscles, and ultimately of limb movement, requires accurate motor innervation. Motor innervation of the vertebrate limb is established by sequential selection of trajectories at successive decision points. Motor axons of the lateral motor column (LMC) segregate at the base of the limb into two groups that execute a choice between dorsal and ventral tissue: medial LMC axons innervate the ventral limb, whereas lateral LMC axons innervate the dorsal limb. We investigated how LMC axons are targeted to the limb using the chick mutant limbless (ll), which has a dorsal transformation of the ventral limb mesenchyme. In ll the spatial pattern of motor projections to the limb is abnormal while their targeting is normal. While extensive, the dorsal transformation of the ll ventral limb mesenchyme is incomplete whereas the generation, specification and targeting of spinal motor neurons are apparently unaffected. Thus, the dorsal–ventral motor axon segregation is an active choice that is independent of the ratio between dorsal and ventral tissue but dependent on the presence of both tissues. Therefore, the fidelity of the motor projections to the limb depends on the presence of both dorsal and ventral compartments, while the geometry of motor projections is controlled by the position of limb dorsal–ventral compartment boundary.
Maternal DOT1L is dispensable for mouse development.

A battery of chromatin modifying enzymes play essential roles in remodeling the epigenome in the zygote and cleavage stage embryos, when the maternal genome is the sole contributor. Here we identify an exemption. DOT1L methylates lysine 79 in the globular domain of histone H3 (H3K79). Dot1l is an essential gene, as homozygous null mutant mouse embryos exhibit multiple developmental abnormalities and die before 11.5 days of gestation. To test if maternally deposited DOT1L is required for embryo development, we carried out a conditional Dot1l knockout in growing oocytes using the Zona pellucida 3-Cre (Zp3-Cre) transgenic mice. We found that the resulting maternal mutant Dot1lmat-/+ offspring displayed normal development and fertility, suggesting that the expression of the paternally inherited copy of Dot1l in the embryo is sufficient to support development. In addition, Dot1l maternal deletion did not affect the parental allele-specific expression of imprinted genes, indicating that DOT1L is not needed for imprint establishment in the oocyte or imprint protection in the zygote. In summary, uniquely and as opposed to other histone methyltransferases and histone marks, maternal DOT1L deposition and H3K79 methylation in the zygote and in the preimplantation stage embryo is dispensable for mouse development.
The impact of financial reporting quality on debt contracting: Evidence from internal control weakness reports

We examine the effect of financial reporting quality on the trade-off between monitoring mechanisms used by lenders. We rely on Sarbanes-Oxley internal control reports to measure financial reporting quality. We find that when a firm experiences a material internal control weakness, lenders decrease their use of financial covenants and financial-ratio-based performance pricing provisions and substitute them with alternatives, such as price and security protections and credit-rating-based performance pricing provisions. We also find that changes in debt contract design following internal control weaknesses are substantially different from those following restatements, where lenders impose tighter monitoring on managers’ actions, but do not decrease their use of financial statement numbers.
Infertility, Perceived Certainty of Pregnancy, and Contraceptive Use in Malawi.

Infertility and unintended pregnancy are dual burdens in Malawi, where 41% of pregnancies are unintended and approximately 20% of people report infertility. Although preventing unintended pregnancy has been a focus in public health, infertility has rarely been explored as a factor that may be associated with contraceptive use. Using cross-sectional survey data (2017-2018; N = 749), we report on the prevalence of and sociodemographic characteristics associated with infertility and certainty of becoming pregnant among women in Malawi. We conducted multivariable logistic regressions examining the relationship between infertility, certainty of becoming pregnant, and contraceptive use. Approximately 16% of women experienced infertility, and three-quarters (78%) were certain they could become pregnant within one year. Women who experienced infertility had lower odds of contraceptive use than women who did not (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 0.56; 95% Conficence Interval [CI]: 0.39-0.83). Women who said there was "no chance" or they were "unlikely" to become pregnant also had lower odds of contraceptive use compared to women who were certain they would become pregnant (AOR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.10-0.92). Our findings indicate that experiences and perceptions surrounding fertility are associated with contraceptive use, underscoring their importance in understanding how people manage their fertility to reach their reproductive goals.
Uniqueness of Fourier coefficients of eigenforms

Given a complex number a, we prove that there is at most one normalized Hecke eigenform of level one whose third Fourier coefficient is given by a, assuming that the characteristic polynomials of the Hecke operators $$T_3$$ are irreducible. This generalizes a result of Vilardi and Xue on the second Fourier coefficients. Under the assumption on irreducibility of characteristic polynomials of $$T_2$$ and $$T_3$$ , we further show that there is at most one normalized eigenform of level one whose second or third Fourier coefficient is given by a.
Sub-50 cm/s surface recombination velocity in InGaAsP/InP ridges

The III–V InP/InGaAsP/InGaAs material family is important for photonic devices due to its optical emission and absorption in the 1.55 and 1.3 μm telecommunication bands for optical interconnects. However, InGaAsP/InGaAs generally suffer from relatively high surface recombination velocity—compared to Si [Das et al., in 2020 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) (IEEE, Calgary, AB, 2020), pp. 1167–1170] and InP [Joyce et al., Nano Lett. 12, 5325–5330 (2012)], which reduces the efficiency and can increase the noise in nanophotonic devices. Here, we demonstrate an efficient method to passivate the surface using a combination of sulfur-saturated ammonium sulfide and atomic layer deposition. After annealing, the surface passivation led to a surface recombination velocity as low as 45 cm/s, corresponding to a > 180× increase in the photoluminesence of a nanoscale light-emitting device with 200 nm width.
Socially excessive dissemination of patent licences

Compared with the social optimum, a monopolist usually sells too little. This result seemingly includes the case of a lab that licences its patented cost innovation: Katz and Shapiro (1986) find ‘conditions under which [the lab] will issue fewer than the socially optimal number of licences.’ However, I find instead that its incentives can be socially too high; the monopoly seller may sell too much. For example, it can be profit maximizing to sell several licences, while it is socially optimal that none is sold. En comparaison avec l'optimum social, un monopoleur habituellement vend trop peu. Voila qui semble tenir pour le cas d'un laboratoire qui vend des licences pour une innovation brevetee qui reduit les couts: Katz & Shapiro (1986) ont montre dans quelles conditions le laboratoire va emettre moins que le nombre optimal de licences. Cependant, l'auteur decouvre que les incitations peuvent plutot l'amener a en emettre trop, plus que l'optimum social. Par exemple, il se peut que la maximisation du profit amene a vendre plusieurs licences alors qu'il serait socialement optimal de n'en vendre aucune.
Lateral-Torsion Buckling of Parabolic Arches

Equations were derived which govern the lateral-torsional buckling of parabolic arches. Buckling loads were obtained for a uniform applied loading. Both free-standing and crown restrained arches with fixed and hinged end support were considered. A comparison was made, wherever possible, between some of the buckling loads calculated and existing theoretical and experimental loads. Good agreement was evidenced.
'Render Unto Caesar . . .': Religion/Ethics, Expertise, and the Historical Underpinnings of the Modern American Tax System

A variety of scholars and commentators have been recently exploring the connections between religion and current U.S. tax policy. The relationship between religion and American taxation, however, runs much deeper than our present period. Indeed, it is no coincidence that roughly a century ago the foundations of our current tax system were taking shape at the height of the religious and ethical fervor known as the Social Gospel movement. At that time, religious and ethical sentiments played a central, though ambivalent, role in fiscal reform. This Article investigates the influence of religious and ethical values on the tax reform struggles of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By examining the writings and actions of leading Progressive Era political economists, ministers, and moral leaders, this essay contends that a group of ethically inclined academic professionals, operating as pivotal intermediaries between state and society, ambivalently undermined the religious support for a new fiscal order by secularizing and domesticating tax reform. Though many of the key political economists behind tax reform were imbued with moral and ethical sentiments, they ultimately privileged science over religion. Consequently, these professional social scientists reoriented religious and ethical approaches toward tax reform, and in the process they set the boundaries of acceptable social analysis. In their cautious application of religiously-motivated ideas about public finance, they ultimately did as much to temper-as to advance-fiscal reform. This article was part of a conference on "Tax Law in a Liberal Democracy: Exploring the Relation between Taxation and Good Governance" sponsored by the Loyola University Chicago Law Journal.
Levodopa: Effect on cell death and the natural history of Parkinson's disease

This review article considers the question of whether or not levodopa is toxic in Parkinson's disease (PD). l-dopa is the most effective symptomatic treatment for PD and has provided benefit for millions of patients. However, there has been a longstanding concern that l-dopa might be toxic and accelerate neuronal degeneration and clinical progression as a consequence of reactive oxygen species generated by the drug's oxidative metabolism. In vitro, l-dopa can induce degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, but it is not clear that the effects of the drug on cultured dopamine neurons reflect what happens in the PD brain. In vivo, l-dopa has not been demonstrated to have toxic effects on dopamine neurons in normal, dopamine-lesioned, or oxidatively stressed animal models, but none of these models precisely replicates the PD condition. Clinical trials have tested the effect of l-dopa on clinical progression and have not demonstrated any findings indicative of toxicity. However, the symptomatic and long-duration effects of the drug could mask ongoing neuronal degeneration. Furthermore, l-dopa induces a greater decline in imaging measures of dopaminergic function than placebo or dopamine agonists, consistent with toxicity. Pathological studies have not demonstrated evidence of accelerated loss of dopamine neurons, but prospective and properly controlled studies with stereological unbiased counting have not been performed. Thus, although there is no hard evidence to suggest that l-dopa is toxic in PD patients, the issue has not been fully resolved. It is generally recommended that physicians continue to use l-dopa, but in the lowest dose that provides satisfactory clinical control.
Magnetic performance of a fast excitation wiggler for inverse free-electron lasers

With the objective of performing an inverse free-electron laser accelerator experiment, an iron dominated (Vanadium Permendur), fast excitation, high K planar wiggler has been guilt and measured. We present in this report an analysis of a constant period wiggler and several tapering configurations (gap=4 mm; 3.0 cm < {lambda}{sub {omega}} < 5.0 cm) when we drive it to a peak field of B{sub max} {approx} 1.4T.
A tough SiAlON ceramic based on α-Si 3 N 4 with a whisker-like microstructure

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is a light, hard and strong engineering ceramic1,2. It can withstand harsh environments and support heavy loads at temperatures beyond those at which metals and polymers fail. It can also be manufactured reliably at a reasonable cost and in large quantities. There are two forms of silicon nitride3: α-Si3N4 and β-Si3N4. The former is harder, but only the latter is currently used in engineering applications, because only this form can be given a microstructure resembling a whisker-reinforced composite1,2,4, which gives it the necessary toughness and strength. Here we report the synthesis of a tough α-Si3N4 solid solution with this kind of microstructure. This material is 40% harder than β-Si3N4 and is equally strong and tough. Its hardness (22 GPa) is exceeded only by boron carbide and diamond (which are both brittle). These properties mean that this form of α-Si3N4 should be preferred over β-Si3N4 for all engineering applications, and it should open up new potential areas in which the ceramic can be applied.
Evaluation of water cooled supersonic temperature and pressure probes for application to 1366 K flows

Water cooled supersonic probes are developed to investigate total pressure, static pressure, and total temperature in high-temperature jet plumes and thereby determine the mean flow properties. Two probe concepts, designed for operation at up to 1366 K in a Mach 2 flow, are tested on a water cooled nozzle. The two probe designs - the unsymmetric four-tube cooling configuration and the symmetric annular cooling design - take measurements at 755, 1089, and 1366 K of the three parameters. The cooled total and static pressure readings are found to agree with previous test results with uncooled configurations. The total-temperature probe, however, is affected by the introduction of water coolant, and effect which is explained by the increased heat transfer across the thermocouple-bead surface. Further investigation of the effect of coolant on the temperature probe is proposed to mitigate the effect and calculate more accurate temperatures in jet plumes.
Forecast-informed low-flow frequency analysis in a Bayesian framework for the northeastern United States

[1] Structured variation in the frequency spectrum of critical hydrologic variables can have important implications for the design and management of water resources infrastructure, yet traditional hydrologic frequency analysis often ignores the influence of exogenous factors that can both precede and exert control over hydrologic responses. Moreover, emerging literature that has addressed predictable low-frequency oscillations in the probabilistic nature of hydrologic variables has focused almost exclusively on flood flows. This study explores a new approach for conditioning the frequency spectrum of hydrologic extremes on seasonal predictors and applies the method to annual minimum 7 day low flows, a critical low-flow statistic often utilized in water quality management and planning. A semiparametric local likelihood method is used to condition quantile estimates of the 7 day low flow on year-to-year hydroclimatic forecasts for two major rivers in the northeast United States. The local likelihood approach is employed in a Bayesian framework in which regional information is used to inform prior distributions of model parameters. The method is compared against a baseline approach that applies a static Bayesian inference with noninformative priors to derive unconditional parameter and quantile estimates. The implications of the approach for the efficacy of water quality regulations and as an adaptation to climate change are discussed.
Translation of Evidence into Nursing and Health Care Practice by Kathleen M. White and Sharon Dudley-Brown

Translation of evidence refers to the process by which knowledge gleaned from research is put into practice. There are three stages to this process: awareness, acceptance, and adoption. Unfortunate...