cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laudato Si’ and the Tragedy of the “Throwaway Culture.”

Throughout Laudato Si’, Pope Francis decries what he calls the “throwaway culture.” At first blush, given the over-arching ecological theme of Laudato Si, this may seem to be solely a critique of wasteful consumerism. However, it is far more than that. It is a critique of a mindset and world view that discards people, promises, values and community bonds when they seem to lack immediately obvious or quantifiable value in the eyes of the world. Although this is a profoundly personal moral critique, it also provides a lens through which all laws and public policies might be viewed. Laudato Si’ asks readers to contemplate whether public attitudes toward utilitarianism shape laws and public policies in dangerous, even tragic, ways, as treasure may be blithely discarded. This essay begins by addressing Pope Francis’ explication of the many facets of the “throwaway” culture – both in and beyond Laudato Si’ – as he sees this problem as a pervasive one. It also explores what it may mean for law and policy-making if the “throwaway” culture is rejected – and what might replace it.
Towards energy sovereignty: biomass as sustainability in interior Alaska

As the price of oil and gas fluctuates in the world economy, and the consequences of a global reliance on fossil fuels resonate in the Anthropocene, Indigenous communities in Alaska are making sustainable choices away from these enterprises. The overall economic effect of high fuel costs and varying land tenure status has put stress on remote Alaska’s mixed subsistence and commercial resource economy. These communities in Alaska pay at least two times as much for diesel fuel on average when compared to prices in the lower 48 states. As a result, Gwichyaa Zhee Corporation, a local Alaska Native owned company, is actively pursuing woody biomass as an alternative energy source in pursuit of energy sovereignty for the village of Fort Yukon, Alaska. This research was interested in what influenced the corporation to pursue biomass. To explore the central themes that promoted energy sovereignty, the authors interviewed biomass personnel and examined archival materials to inductively develop themes during the summer of 2015. These findings indicate that remote, rural Indigenous communities, like Fort Yukon, are not solely motivated by government policies that encourage decreased dependence and a transition away from nonrenewable energies. Rather, rural Indigenous communities implement alternative energy projects like this as a course of action towards their sustainable future development.
“Wearing My Spiritual Jacket”: The Role of Spirituality as a Coping Mechanism Among African American Youth

There is growing evidence in the theoretical literature regarding the importance of religion and religiosity in people's lives, particularly concerning their health and well-being. Spirituality, a related but different concept, has been less well studied, especially empirically, but shows promise as a mechanism for coping with deleterious social and health circumstances. This article details a qualitative exploration of the role of spiritual coping in the lives of urban African American youth. Data were gathered through in-depth, semistructured interviews with 20 African American youth, ages 12 to 20 years. The findings indicate that urban African American youth have multifaceted dimensions of their spirituality, including the role of prayer in their lives, an unwavering faith in a higher power, and the importance of giving back to their communities. Such findings offer counterstories, generated through ethnographic research, to the dominant discourses regarding urban African American youth. Ultimately, this study's findings have implications for research and practice related to the mechanisms of both ill-health and wellness among youth.
Personal names in the samaria papyri

This paper records and analyzes the personal names found in the Samaria Papyri and papyrus fragments found in the Wâdī ed-Dâliyeh. The mixture of names of men and women, many belonging to a slave-owning elite, many belonging to slaves being bought and sold, together with names of Samaritan officials, gives a cross section of the onomasticon of the populace of Samaria, the city and the province. The largest single category of names consists of Yahwistic names, names compounded with yhw or yh. This characteristic belongs both to the names of owners and, surprisingly, of slaves. There are foreign (or pagan) names in the papyri, but no more than are found in Judaea in this late Persian period. The character of the personal names in the Samaria Papyri, and their heavy Yahwistic and Hebrew count, has direct bearing on questions of the historical accuracy of the Jewish polemic against the Samaritans, found both in the Bible and in even harsher terms in subsequent times.
Effect of nephrectomy for retroperitoneal sarcoma on post-operative renal function.

Background and Objectives Surgical resection of retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) often involves removal of the ipsilateral kidney. We evaluated the long-term post-operative renal function in patients who underwent a nephrectomy as part of their en-bloc resection of RPS. Methods Retrospective review of an institutional database identified RPS patients who underwent nephrectomy for curative intent from 1990 to 2014. The primary outcome measured was chronic kidney disease (CKD) calculated by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Results Of the 47 patients in our study, 19 (40%), 18 (38%), and 10 (21%) patients had a preoperative CKD stage 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The GFR decreased by an average of 33.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 with 66% of patients demonstrating mild progression of their renal impairment. Only three (6%) patients progressed to CKD stage 4 or 5, one of which required life-long dialysis. Conclusion Nephrectomy as part of an en-bloc resection is associated with a decrease in GFR that is not clinically significant. Fear of kidney failure should not prevent a surgeon from performing a nephrectomy in the treatment of RPS.
Pharmacologic Interventions for Intractable and Persistent Hiccups: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Background Chlorpromazine is the only drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hiccups; however, many other pharmacologic treatments have been proposed for intractable and persistent hiccups. Currently, there is little evidence to support the use of one agent over another. Objective This review aims to identify literature concerning the use of pharmacologic treatments for intractable and persistent hiccups with the goal of evaluating therapies in terms of their level of evidence, mechanism of action, efficacy, dosing, onset of action, and adverse effects. Methods A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and the New York Academy of Medicine was performed to find articles where a pharmacologic agent was used to treat intractable or persistent hiccups between the years 1966 and 2016. The GRADE method was used to assess the level of evidence for the studies included in this review. Results This review identified 26 articles involving 10 pharmacologic treatment options that met our inclusion criteria. Amitriptyline, baclofen, gabapentin, haloperidol, metoclopramide, midazolam, nifedipine, nimodipine, orphenadrine, and valproic acid were found in the literature to be successful in treating hiccups. Conclusion Baclofen, gabapentin, and metoclopramide were the only agents that were studied in a prospective manner, while only baclofen and metoclopramide were studied in randomized controlled trials. No specific recommendations can be made for treating intractable and persistent hiccups with the evidence currently available in the literature. Therapy selection should be specific to individual patients, their underlying comorbidities, etiology of hiccups, and take into account the individual properties of the drugs.
Toward a More Expansive Understanding of Family Communication: Considerations for Inclusion of Ethnic-Racial and Global Diversity

AbstractBuilding off essays by Gudykunst and Lee (2001) and Turner and West (2003), the purpose of this essay is to emphasize the need to be more inclusive in family communication research in terms of ethnic-racial and global diversity. After discussing the current state of scholarship, we outline important considerations for the field of family communication to achieve this goal.
Pentoxifylline, dexamethasone and azithromycin demonstrate distinct age-dependent and synergistic inhibition of TLR- and inflammasome-mediated cytokine production in human newborn and adult blood in vitro.

Introduction Neonatal inflammation, mediated in part through Toll-like receptor (TLR) and inflammasome signaling, contributes to adverse outcomes including organ injury. Pentoxifylline (PTX), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor which potently suppresses cytokine production in newborn cord blood, is a candidate neonatal anti-inflammatory agent. We hypothesized that combinations of PTX with other anti-inflammatory agents, the steroid dexamethasone (DEX) or the macrolide azithromycin (AZI), may exert broader, more profound and/or synergistic anti-inflammatory activity towards neonatal TLR- and inflammasome-mediated cytokine production. Methods Whole newborn and adult blood was treated with PTX (50–200 μM), DEX (10−10–10−7 M), or AZI (2.5–20 μM), alone or combined, and cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (TLR4 agonist), R848 (TLR7/8 agonist) or LPS/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (inflammasome induction). Supernatant and intracellular cytokines, signaling molecules and mRNA were measured by multiplex assay, flow cytometry and real-time PCR. Drug interactions were assessed based on Loewe's additivity. Results PTX, DEX and AZI inhibited TLR- and/or inflammasome-mediated cytokine production in newborn and adult blood, whether added before, simultaneously or after TLR stimulation. PTX preferentially inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines especially TNF. DEX inhibited IL-10 in newborn, and TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 and interferon-α in newborn and adult blood. AZI inhibited R848-induced TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10, and LPS-induced IL-1β and IL-10. (PTX+DEX) synergistically decreased LPS- and LPS/ATP-induced TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6, and R848-induced IL-1β and interferon-α, while (PTX+AZI) synergistically decreased induction of TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6. Synergistic inhibition of TNF production by (PTX+DEX) was especially pronounced in newborn vs. adult blood and was accompanied by reduction of TNF mRNA and enhancement of IL10 mRNA. Conclusions Age, agent, and specific drug-drug combinations exert distinct anti-inflammatory effects towards TLR- and/or inflammasome-mediated cytokine production in human newborn blood in vitro. Synergistic combinations of PTX, DEX and AZI may offer benefit for prevention and/or treatment of neonatal inflammatory conditions while potentially limiting drug exposure and toxicity.
Principled Practice in Teacher Education

The Mills College Teachers for Tomorrow’s Schools Credential Program (TTS) is the teacher education program to be discussed in this chapter. Mills is a small liberal arts college for women located in Oakland, California. Oakland is a large urban community situated in the Bay Area of Northern California that is considered to be one of the most diverse cities racially, ethnically, and socioeconomic ally in the United States. This location exerts a powerful influence on our program both in terms of its philosophy and focus and on the kind of student who attends. We give emphasis to the goals of equity and social justice and the credential candidates who come to us do so, in large part, for that reason. They are interested in learning to teach in urban schools in ways that will promote equitable and excellent outcomes for all learners; they want to become agents of change in their future classrooms, schools, districts, and beyond. Another significant influence on TTS is the fact that the undergraduate program at Mills is for women only. Although the graduate programs, of which TTS is one, are for women and men, being situated in an institution designed for and dedicated to the education of women has a recognizable impact on the nature and tenor of the program. A related aspect of the context is its intimacy; small in numbers students and faculty form close relationships that often persist long after graduation. Each year there are approximately sixty students enrolled in the Mills credential program, fifteen in each of four subgroups: secondary mathematics and science, secondary English and social studies, elementary, and elementary with an emphasis on early childhood education. The regulation of teacher education in the United States has been relegated in the main to the states. Although there are moves afoot in the current national administration to gain more control over this process, the policies and monitoring systems that affect us most directly at present have been designed and operated by the state of California. For the last several years teacher education in California has been a postgraduate enterprise. Indeed undergraduates have
Who Controls Low-Level Radioactive Wastes

The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the utility industry have committed major national resources to the development of nuclear energy. Supporters of this policy view nuclear power as a source of cheap, clean, and inexhaustible energy, and assert that scientists have reduced the risk of a serious nuclear accident to a tolerable level. Critics argue that the AEC has exaggerated the benefits of nuclear power and understated the risks without informing the public of the dangers involved. The major concern of both proponents and critics has been high-level radioactive wastes which remain intensely radioactive for thousands of years. Low-level wastes, in contrast, have a relatively short life span, and can be dispersed into the air and water with less danger. Yet, the introduction of low-level wastes into the environment also poses potentially serious problems. Proponents of nuclear power have decided that some exposure to low-level radioactive wastes is warranted for the development of nuclear energy, even though scientists do not know the long-term effects of low-level radiation exposure and have not established the threshold for harmful radiation. The lack of evidence on the effects of low-level dosages renders this decision a value judgment. Therefore, it becomes important who has themore » responsibility for formulating the standards for exposure to the public health and environment.« less
Eschewing Constructivism-­‐as-­‐Panacea: What it Can (and Cannot) Tell Us About IR

Can constructivism inform an ethical international policy? The question of the relationship between constructivist approaches to the study of international relations and the political morality that underlies the practice of international politics has been the topic of growing discussion in the IR literature over the past decade and a half. The claim is increasingly being made that constructivism is well-suited, perhaps uniquely suited, to the creation of an ethically and normatively informed international politics. This claim has not gone unchallenged, but it appears for the moment to predominate the IR literature, particularly in the United States, both within and outside of the constructivist community. To the extent that constructivism has not yet provided a normative guide to politics, scholars have argued that the development of such an approach should be a priority for constructivism and constructivists. This article makes the argument that there are no constructivist political ethics per se, and that speaking of a constructivist politics, or of scholars’ politics as constructivists, is misleading. In other words, it is not that constructivism should be a guide to the normative in IR but has not yet been developed sufficiently for that role. Rather, it is that seeing constructivism as uniquely suited to (or even appropriate for) providing a guide to the ethical in global politics is theoretically and ethically problematic.
Hemophilia A Complicated by Ulcerative Colitis.

Background. Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by defective synthesis of Factor VIII protein. Depending on the level of FVIII activity, patients may present with easy bruising, inadequate clotting of traumatic or mild injury, or in severe hemophilia, spontaneous hemorrhage. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that is reported to have a decreased frequency of occurrence in subjects with coagulation disorders. Case. A 26-year-old white male with Hemophilia A was admitted for one month of rectal bleeding. The bleeding continued despite Factor VIII replacement and colonoscopy and biopsy were performed confirming the presence of active UC. Conclusion. Ulcerative colitis with underlying F VIII deficiency can result in serious, prolonged, and possibly fatal bleeding if left unrecognized and untreated. Treatment of both conditions concurrently utilizing tertiary facilities and consultations appears to be the safest strategy for management.
Removal of selenium from gold heap leachate by activated alumina adsorption

Leachates from gold heap-leaching mines may contain selenium concentrations as high as 2 mg/L. Previous studies report satisfactory selenium adsorption by activated alumina from relatively “clean” drinking waters. However, the findings of these studies cannot be directly applied to the treatment of mine leachate where other ions compete for the alumina adsorption sites. This study evaluated the adsorption of selenium from a mine leachate to develop design parameters for a full-scale activated alumina process. The study revealed that 68% of the selenium in the leachate could be removed by alumina at pH levels greater than 5.0. At pH levels less than 4, silica was poorly adsorbed by alumina, and selenium adsorption was improved. Silica adversely affected the selenium adsorption capacity.
A comparison of the ecology of shallow subtidal gastropods between western Indian Ocean and Caribbean coral reefs

I studied the ecology of snails inhabiting shallow wave-protected subtidal coral reef seascapes on the down-welling eastern edge of the American (Florida Keys and Belize) and African (Kenya and Madagascar) continents. Snail population abundance (CPUE), body sizes, modes of feeding, numbers of species, and species diversity were compared between regions and ocean basins. The Caribbean region had a third the number of species above 50 h or 5,000 individuals of sampling and higher dominance. When analyzed as numbers of individuals, the Caribbean community had a greater abundance of herbivorous and detritivorous individuals compared to the western Indian Ocean region. When analyzed as a percentage of species, there were no trophic differences, with two thirds of the species being carnivorous and one third herbivorous or detritivorous in both ocean basins. Body sizes were also not different in analyses based on either species or population abundance, but the Caribbean sites had higher variation in body size than the western Indian Ocean. The trophic, dominance, and species richness data suggest that the Caribbean assemblage has been influenced by environmental stress, but body-size data do not reflect this pattern unless stress increases variation rather than decreases body size. Recent environmental conditions may account for differences in the population dominance of trophic categories, but differences in species richness has required many millions of years of differential species origination and extinction.
Increase in Utilization of Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy for Breast Cancer: Indications, Complications, and Oncologic Outcomes

Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is increasingly performed for invasive breast cancer. Growing evidence supporting the oncologic safety of NSM has led to its widespread use and broadened indications. In this study, we examine the indications, complications, and long-term outcomes of therapeutic NSM. From 2003 to 2016, women undergoing NSM for invasive cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Patient and disease characteristics were compared by procedure year, while complications were compared by procedure year using generalized mixed-effects models accounting for a random surgeon effect. Overall survival and time to recurrence were examined. Of the 467 therapeutic NSMs, 337 (72%) were invasive cancer, 126 (27%) were DCIS, and 4 (1%) were phyllodes tumors. Median age was 45 years (range 24–75) and median follow-up among survivors was 39.4 months. Three hundred and fifty-seven (76.4%) cases were performed in 2011 or after. When comparing NSMs performed before and after 2011, there was a significant increase in NSMs performed for invasive tumors (58% vs. 77%; p < 0.001). There was no difference in family history, genetic mutations, smoking status, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, prior radiation, nodal involvement, or tumor subtype. Twenty-one (4.5%) nipple excisions were performed, of which 14 were performed for cancer at the nipple margin. Forty-four breasts (9.4%) had complications that required re-operation. Fifteen patients had locoregional recurrence or distant metastasis. NSM use for invasive carcinoma has doubled at our institution since 2011, while postoperative complications and recurrence rates remain low. Our experience supports the selective use of NSM in the malignant setting with careful patient selection.
Computational modeling of organoid development

Abstract Organoid developmental processes encompass the coordination of multicellular communication to achieve physiological functionality. Questions regarding the hierarchy of communication mechanisms and unknown contributions to variability in successful growth and maturation makes the organoid systems ideal for computational analysis and optimization. Until recently, progress has been hampered by the limitations of computational tools to handle highly complex networks. Advances in experimental tools for characterization, live-cell monitoring, and environmental manipulation are timely for enhancing spatiotemporal predictions of organoid properties. We discuss recent approaches to address these challenges with novel computational methods and biophysical principles that have yielded insights into the emergence of structure and spatial organization. Computational organoid modeling across multiple levels of emergence offers promising potential for understanding, improving, and designing ab initio multicellular engineered systems.
Study on the Improvement of Commutation Failure by Synchronous Condenser

Large capacity synchronous condenser has excellent reactive power and voltage regulation capability. And it is one of the most important measures to improve the commutation failure characteristics of LCC-HVDC by deploying large capacity synchronous condensers in HVDC inverter stations. In this paper, the principle of configuring synchronous in condenser of reducing the risk of commutation failure, is discussed preliminarily, based on short-circuit current calculation of synchronous condenser. On this basis, combined with the actual power system simulation results, some factors which affect the effect of the synchronous condenser, such as fault location and multi-HVDC interaction, are studied.
Penetrating cardiac trauma: A plea for a multi-disciplinary team approach

After head trauma, thoracic trauma is the most common cause of trauma-related death. Although only a fraction of thoracic trauma cases require operative exploration, these have high mortality risk. We advocate a multi-disciplinary approach to these complex patients, with early consideration of formal cardiothoracic surgical involvement. Some argue that many of the most severe penetrating cardiac injuries will not survive to hospital presentation and of those that survive, clearly a multi-disciplinary approach to each patient's unique problem is justified. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Patient care, professionalism, interpersonal and communication skills, systems-based practice.
Challenges and Solutions for Cellular Based V2X Communications

A wide variety of works have been conducted in vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications to enable a variety of applications for road safety, traffic efficiency and passenger infotainment. Although dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) based V2X is already in the deployment phase, cellular based V2X is gaining more interest in academia and industry most recently. This article surveys the existing work and challenges on LTE and 5G to support efficient V2X communications. First, we present the motivations for cellular based V2X communications. Second, we summarize the LTE V2X architecture and operating scenarios being considered. Third, we discuss the challenges in existing LTE for supporting V2X communications such as physical layer structure, synchronization, multimedia broadcast multicast services (MBMS), resource allocation, security and survey the recent solutions to these challenges. We further discuss the challenges and possible solutions for 5G based vehicular communications. Finally, we discuss the open research issues and possible research directions in cellular based vehicular communications.
Model credibility revisited: Concepts and considerations for appropriate trust

The increasing reliance of modern science in computer simulation demands appropriate trust in simulation models for credible results. Because of its foundations in operations research, model credib...
Immigration E-Carceration: A Faustian Bargain

Immigration detainees and their advocates have a Faustian Bargain: they may trade the physical walls of jail for the virtual walls of electronic monitoring. But they are merely begging for a different form of punishment and control, since electronic monitoring imposes pain, shame, arbitrary rules, and limitation of freedom on persons, causing many to experience it as punitive. Its use also facilitates replacing a regime of over-detention with one of over-supervision, and becomes the means by which immigration enforcement authorities surveil immigrant communities. The Supreme Court’s immigration detention doctrine has set up this bargain by succumbing to the plenary power’s defenders. Instead of outright freedom, the Court has offered release under restrictive supervision policies utilized by the immigration authorities. Supervision through electronic monitoring has come to reside doctrinally in the middle ground between absolute freedom and incarceration. Yet as we have learned from electronic monitoring’s use in the criminal justice system, this “middle ground” ceded too much ground. This article explains, for the first time, how the Court’s immigration detention doctrine and perverse pull of the plenary power has carved out a doctrinal space where electronic monitoring now resides.
The Ethical Obligation of Transactional Lawyers to Act as Gatekeepers

Rules of professional conduct obligate transactional lawyers to act as gatekeepers in the interests of their corporate clients. Model Rule 1.13(b) obligates a lawyer for the corporation to take remedial action if the lawyer knows that corporate managers are engaged in actions that amount to a "violation of a legal obligation" to the corporation or are unlawful and likely to result in substantial injury to the corporation. Model Rule 1.2(d) forbids a lawyer to lend assistance to an action by a corporate client "that the lawyer knows is criminal or fraudulent." While these rules work well in some settings, in other instances - including situations such as Enron - these professional rules offer insufficient guidance for lawyers and set inappropriately low standards for the lawyers' professional duties. In corporate transactions that affect the relative wealth of corporate constituencies, we believe the lawyer for the corporation must evaluate the propriety of his actions by reference to the best interests of shareholders. This, we believe, provides a sensible and clarifying gloss to the traditional entity theory, which defines the corporate lawyer's client as the corporation as a whole and is unworkable in transactions that pit the interests of one corporate constituency against another. We also argue that the knowledge standard, found both in Rule 1.13(b) and 1.2(d), is overly lax and should be replaced by a more demanding and objective "reasonably should know" standard. The knowledge standard leads to inappropriate outcomes and is inconsistent with the high standards that should be placed on the profession. Finally, we argue that corporate lawyers operate in a material, structural conflict, since they are obligated to act in the best interests of shareholders but are typically hired and paid by senior management. We believe this conflict is most effectively ameliorated if corporate lawyers, like corporate auditors, are hired, monitored and compensated by the company's independent audit committee.
OpenNotes: Anticipatory Guidance and Ethical Considerations for Pediatric Psychologists in Interprofessional Settings.

OBJECTIVES The 21st Century Cures Act included an "OpenNotes" mandate to foster transparent communication among patients, families, and clinicians by offering rapid electronic access to clinical notes. This article seeks to address concerns about increased documentation burden, vulnerability to patient complaints, and other unforeseen consequences of patients having near-real-time access to their records. METHODS This topical review explores both extant literature, and case examples from the authors' direct experience, about potential responses/reactions to OpenNotes. RESULTS The ethics of disclosing medical information calls for nuanced approaches: Although too little access can undermine a patient's autonomy and the capacity for truly egalitarian shared decision-making, unfettered access to all medical information has significant potential to harm them. Suggested strategies for mitigating risks in premature disclosure include patient and provider education and "modularizing" sensitive information in notes. CONCLUSION The OpenNotes era has ushered in the possibilities of greater patient and family collaboration in shared decision-making and reduced barriers to documentation sharing. However, it has raised new ethical and clinician documentation considerations. In addition to clinician education, patients and families could benefit from education around the purpose of clinical documentation, how to utilize OpenNotes, and the benefits of engaging in dialogue regarding the content and tone of documentation.
DOAS: a drought online analysis system with constraint databases

The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) [5] is a common and simple measure of the intensity and duration of drought at certain measured point locations. We interpolate this original point-based SPI data using a shape function-based interpolation [3], which is the most accurate among a number of alternatives [2], and represent the result in a constraint database [1, 6].
High‐Frequency Lighting Supplies

The sections in this article are 1 Types of Ballasts 2 Starting Methods 3 Performance Characteristics 4 Ballast Life and Reliability 5 Dimming Electronic Ballasts
Coronal Mass Ejections and Magnetic Flux Ropes in Interplanetary Space

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are formed in the solar corona by the ejection of material from closed field regions that were not previously participating in the solar wind expansion. CMEs commonly exhibit a signature consisting of a counterstreaming flux of suprathermal electrons with energies above about 80 eV, indicating closed field structures that are either rooted at both ends in the sun or entirely disconnected from it. About 30 percent of all CME events at 1 AU exhibit large, coherent internal field rotations typical of magnetic flux ropes. It is suggested that interplanetary magnetic flux ropes form as a result of reconnection within rising, previously sheared coronal magnetic loops.
Intelligent Vehicle Power Management: An Overview

This chapter overviews the progress of vehicle power management technologies that shape the modern automobile. Some of these technologies are still in the research stage. Four in-depth case studies provide readers with different perspectives on the vehicle power management problem and the possibilities that intelligent systems research community can contribute towards this important and challenging problem.
POLICY AS THE TRANSFORMATION OF INTENTIONS: Producing Program From Statute

The sociological investigation of public policy continues to be plagued by scholarly adherence to a conventional framework that reifies the policy process as a set of segmented and sequential stages. To overcome this problem, policy is presented as the processual, ongoing practical accomplishment of the transformation of intentions. Within this framework, the realization of intentions is shown as both constrained and enabled by (1) organizational context and conventions, (2) linkages between multiple sites and phases of the policy process, (3) the mobilization of resources, and (4) a dynamic and multifaceted conceprualization of power.
2-D nonlinear image reconstruction for objects buried in layered media

In this paper, a contrast source inversion (CSI)-based nonlinear inversion method is developed for imaging reconstruction of buried objects in 2D layered media. First, the CSI method and relevant integral equation formulation is briefly described. Then some examples of the 2D inversion for objects buried in a multilayered medium are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
High Gain Antenna array feed candidate for NASA's Europa Clipper

A candidate High Gain Antenna (HGA) architecture for NASA's Europa Clipper mission is presented. The HGA is a dual reflector antenna system composed of an Axially Displaced Ellipse (ADE) geometry with an X/Ka-band feed. In this investigation an array feed composed of four X-band horns surrounding a Ka-band feed is investigated as a low-cost feed option.
A new root-based direction-finding algorithm

[1] Polynomial rooting direction-finding (DF) algorithms are a computationally efficient alternative to search-based DF algorithms and are particularly suitable for uniform linear arrays of physically identical elements provided that mutual interaction among the array elements can be either neglected or compensated for. A popular algorithm in such situations is Root Multiple Signal Classification (Root MUSIC (RM)), wherein the estimation of the directions of arrivals (DOA) requires the computation of the roots of a( 2N � 2) -order polynomial, where N represents number of array elements. The DOA are estimated from the L pairs of roots closest to the unit circle, where L represents number of sources. In this paper we derive a modified root polynomial (MRP) algorithm requiring the calculation of only L roots in order to estimate the L DOA. We evaluate the performance of the MRP algorithm numerically and show that it is as accurate as the RM algorithm but with a significantly simpler algebraic structure. In order to demonstrate that the theoretically predicted performance can be achieved in an experimental setting, a decoupled array is emulated in hardware using phase shifters. The results are in excellent agreement with theory.
Sport and Society in the Middle East: An Alternate Narrative of Middle Eastern History for the American College Classroom

On February 10, 2008, Egypt won its record sixth African Soccer Championship. In cities and villages large and small, Egyptians poured into the streets to celebrate their victory, with their cheers...
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory‐2 restructured form (MMPI‐2‐RF) scale score differences in bariatric surgery candidates diagnosed with binge eating disorder versus BMI‐matched controls

Objective Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is among the most common psychiatric disorders in bariatric surgery candidates. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) is a broadband, psychological test that includes measures of emotional and behavioral dysfunction, which have been associated with BED behaviors in bariatric surgery candidates; however these studies have lacked appropriate controls. In the current study, we compared MMPI-2-RF scale scores of bariatric surgery patients diagnosed with BED (BED+) with BMI-matched controls without BED (BED–). Method Three-hundred and seven BED+ participants (72.64% female and 67.87% Caucasian; mean BMI of 51.36 kg/m2 [SD = 11.94]) were drawn from a large, database (N = 1304). Three-hundred and seven BED– participants were matched on BMI and demographics (72.64% female, 68.63% Caucasian, and mean BMI of 51.30 kg/m2 [SD = 11.70]). Results The BED+ group scored significantly higher on measures of Demoralization, Low Positive Emotions, and Dysfunctional Negative Emotions and scored lower on measures of Antisocial Behaviors, reflecting behavioral constraint. Optimal T-Score cutoffs were below the traditional 65 T score for several MMPI-2-RF scales. MMPI-2-RF externalizing measures also added incrementally to differentiating between the groups beyond the Binge Eating Scale (BES). Discussion BED+ individuals produced greater elevations on a number of MMPI-2-RF internalizing scales and externalizing scales. Use of the test in conjunction with a clinical interview and other self-report data can further aid the clinician in guiding patients to appropriate treatment to optimize outcome. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:315–319)
Anticompetitive use of excess capacity in international telecommunications

Abstract Excess capacity in underseas cables and communications satellites may be used by their owners to deter entry by potential competitors. Because investment in capacity is an irreversible commitment, it enhances the credibility of the threat to cut prices to below cost as a ‘predatory’ tactic to render entry by others unprofitable. Although anticompetitive behaviour is hard to prove, issues of predatory use of excess capacity will persist into the 1990s. While excess capacity on transoceanic facilities imposes a cost on society, this cost may be less than the efficiency losses that result from monopoly. The cost of excess capacity, especially in the hands of new entrants, may be worth paying if it helps to break through monopoly bottlenecks held by many telecommunications carriers to their domestic markets.
Managed great power relations: Do we see ‘One-Up and One-Down’?

Abstract In addressing whether the much debated global implications of the rise of China represent an opportunity or a threat, this article presents a model of managed great power relations (MGPR), paying special attention to the relationship between a rising power and a dominant power in world politics, China and the United States. The inevitable question is whether there is now a ‘one up and one down’ beginning to happen – namely, is China ‘up’ and the United States ‘down’? Three categories of criteria are needed to approach this question: the shift of power distribution, perceptions toward major powers, and the recognition of differing approaches and mentalities. Clearly, this question is linked to the perception of whether the rise of China is a threat or an opportunity. This article analyzes the implications of China's rapid economic growth to the ongoing dynamics of international relations and the possible reconfiguration of major power relations in the twenty-first century.
Transcription of vaccinia virus mRNA coupled to translation in vitro.

Abstract A cell-free system has been developed to study the coupled transcription and translation of vaccinia virus mRNA. Cores, prepared from virions by treatment with dithiotreitol and N-P40 detergent, synthesize RNA and stimulate protein synthesis when incubated in a messenger-dependent reticulocyte lysate. When 1.2 × 10 9 cores/ml, 2 m M ATP, and 0.2 m M each of GTP, CTP, and UTP were used, protein synthesis was optimal at 120 m M K acetate and 2.0 m M Mg acetate and continued for over 2 hr. Under these ionic conditions, a heat-labile macromolecular component of the reticulocyte lysate stimulated transcription approximately 10- to 20-fold. Adding actinomycin D showed that protein synthesis is completely dependent on RNA synthesis, but only RNA synthesized in the first 30 min of incubation is necessary for maximum translation. Concentrations of cores above 1.2 × 10 10 particles/ml inhibit protein synthesis even though the amount of RNA synthesized is increased. At 200 m M K acetate, adding S -adenosylhomocysteine inhibited protein synthesis, indicating that under these conditions methylation of mRNA is required for translation. High resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that at least 23 “early” virus proteins had mobilities similar to those synthesized in vitro, suggesting that these polypeptides are virus coded. Seven representative polypeptides synthesized in vitro were also mapped by partial proteolysis and shown to be identical with “early” proteins.
Acetaminophen-sensitive prostaglandin production in rat cerebral endothelial cells

Acetaminophen is a widely used antipyretic and analgesic drug whose mechanism of action has recently been suggested to involve inhibitory effects on prostaglandin synthesis via a newly discovered cyclooxygenase variant (COX-3). Because COX-3 expression is high in cerebral endothelium, we investigated the effect of acetaminophen on the prostaglandin production of cultured rat cerebral endothelial cells (CECs). Acetaminophen dose-dependently inhibited both basal and LPS-induced PGE 2 production in CECs with IC 50 values of 15.5 and 6.9 μM, respectively. Acetaminophen also similarly inhibited the synthesis of 6-keto-PGF 1α and thromboxane B 2 . LPS stimulation increased the expression of COX-2 but not COX-1 or COX-3. In addition, the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS398 (1 μM) was equally as effective as acetaminophen in blocking LPS-induced PGE 2 production. Acetaminophen did not influence the expression of the three COX isoforms and the inducible nitric oxide synthase. In LPS-stimulated isolated cerebral microvessels, acetaminophen also significantly inhibited PGE 2 production. Our results show that prostaglandin production in CECs during basal and stimulated conditions is very sensitive to inhibition by acetaminophen and suggest that acetaminophen acts against COX-2 and not COX-1 or COX-3. Furthermore, our findings support a critical role for cerebral endothelium in the therapeutic actions of acetaminophen in the central nervous system.
Demonstration of a non-contact x-ray source using an inductively heated pyroelectric accelerator

Abstract X-ray emission from pyroelectric sources can be produced through non-contact thermal cycling using induction heating. In this study, we demonstrated a proof of concept non-contact x-ray source powered via induction heating. An induction heater operating at 62.5 kHz provided a total of 6.5 W of delivered peak thermal power with 140 V DC of driving voltage. The heat was applied to a ferrous substrate mechanically coupled to a cubic 1 cm 3 Lithium Niobate (LiNbO 3 ) pyroelectric crystal maintained in a 3–12 mTorr vacuum. The maximum temperature reached was 175 °C in 86 s of heating. The cooling cycle began immediately after heating and was provided by passive radiative cooling. The total combined cycle time was 250 s. x-ray photons were produced and analyzed in both heating and cooling phases. Maximum photon energies of 59 keV and 55 keV were observed during heating and cooling, respectively. Non-contact devices such as this, may find applications in cancer therapy (brachytherapy), non-destructive testing, medical imaging, and physics education fields.
High-affinity homologous peptide nucleic acid probes for targeting a quadruplex-forming sequence from a MYC promoter element

Guanine-rich DNA and RNA sequences are known to fold into secondary structures known as G-quadruplexes. Recent biochemical evidence along with the discovery of an increasing number of sequences in functionally important regions of the genome capable of forming G-quadruplexes strongly indicates important biological roles for these structures. Thus, molecular probes that can selectively target quadruplex-forming sequences (QFSs) are envisioned as tools to delineate biological functions of quadruplexes as well as potential therapeutic agents. Guanine-rich peptide nucleic acids have been previously shown to hybridize to homologous DNA or RNA sequences forming PNA-DNA (or RNA) quadruplexes. For this paper we studied the hybridization of an eight-mer G-rich PNA to a quadruplex-forming sequence derived from the promoter region of the MYC proto-oncogene. UV melting analysis, fluorescence assays, and surface plasmon resonance experiments reveal that this PNA binds to the MYC QFS in a 2:1 stoichiometry and with an average binding constant Ka = (2.0 +/- 0.2) x 10(8) M(-1) or Kd = 5.0 nM. In addition, experiments carried out with short DNA targets revealed a dependence of the affinity on the sequence of bases in the loop region of the DNA. A structural model for the hybrid quadruplex is proposed, and implications for gene targeting by G-rich PNAs are discussed.
Evidence for the convergence of β-adrenergic and muscarinic signalling systems at a post-receptor site

The β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol stimulates inositol trisphosphate (IP3) formation and cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) mobilization in rat parotid acini via a cAMP-dependent process. Atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, inhibited these isoproterenol responses without affecting isoproterenol-induced amylase secretion or peak [Ca2+]i and IP3 responses elicited by α1-adrenergic stimulation with epinephrine. Atropine had no effect on isoproterenol-induced [Ca2+]i responses in a cell line which lacked muscarinic receptors and did not alter β-adrenoreceptor ligand binding. These results suggest that the inhibition by atropine results from a post-receptor effect on cAMP-mediated stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis.
TRISOMY 12/MONOSOMY X/NORMAL FEMALE MOSAICISM: PRENATAL DETECTION AND CONFIRMATION IN A LIVEBORN

We report a case of mosaicism for three cell lines: 45,X, 46,XX, and 47,XX, + 12, diagnosed prenatally by amniocentesis done for advanced maternal age. Cord blood from the baby showed mosaicism for 45,X and 46,XX; cultures derived from multiple placental sites, villi, cord, membrane, and skin had varying proportions of all three cell lines. The patient at 18 months of age has mild physical dysmorphisms, hypotonia, delay in gross motor development, and age-appropriate cognitive development. The literature reveals variable outcomes for individuals with either mosaic trisomy 12 or mosaic Turner syndrome. Parental origin of the chromosome involved in a proposed corrected trisomy and/or the percentage of cell types in affected organs might account for the variability in outcomes seen.
I Support School Integration, But…: Sheff v. O'Neill More than Ten Years Later and No End in Sight

On July 9, 1996, the Connecticut Supreme Court issued its landmark school desegregation decision, Sheff v. O'Neill. More than a decade later, Hartford's schoolchildren are as segregated as they were when the case was first filed in 1989. Based on data from a statewide survey and data collected from two focus groups of white parents collected shortly after the State's High Court ruling, this investigation reveals that the racial attitudes of white parents were, from the beginning, a major obstacle to a successful resolution of the Sheff impasse.