cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optokinetic afternystagmus in the monkey.

Abstract Optokinetic nystagmus and its afternystagmus was studied by recording of corneo-retinal potential with the electroencephalograph. This technique registers eye movements in light and dark, binocularly and uniocularly, with the eyes opened or closed, and does not interfere with the field of vision or the range of eye movement. Optokinetic afternystagmus is readily elicited from the monkey provided it is examined in darkness. The direction of these eye movements is determined by the antecedent optokinetic stimulus. The frequency and duration are only partially determined by this stimulus. Optokinetic afternystagmus is diminished and in time obliterated by light, but it may be brought out again by returning the animal to darkness thereby demonstrating that light merely makes the phenomenon latent and does not abolish it. This after response is suppressed by eyelid closure and sleep and can be reestablished by waking the animal. These observations may be analyzed in many ways, e.g. figure-ground relationships of the stimulus, the effect of sleep on eye movements, proprioceptive mechanisms, internuncial neuronal pools of reciprocating forces, but a definitive mechanism has yet to be worked out.
Radionuclide Transport Behavior in a Generic Geological Radioactive Waste Repository

We performed numerical simulations of groundwater flow and radionuclide transport to study the influence of several factors, including the ambient hydraulic gradient, groundwater pressure anomalies, and the properties of the excavation damaged zone (EDZ), on the prevailing transport mechanism (i.e., advection or molecular diffusion) in a generic nuclear waste repository within a clay-rich geological formation. By comparing simulation results, we show that the EDZ plays a major role as a preferential flowpath for radionuclide transport. When the EDZ is not taken into account, transport is dominated by molecular diffusion in almost the totality of the simulated domain, and transport velocity is about 40% slower. Modeling results also show that a reduction in hydraulic gradient leads to a greater predominance of diffusive transport, slowing down radionuclide transport by about 30% with respect to a scenario assuming a unit gradient. In addition, inward flow caused by negative pressure anomalies in the clay-rich formation further reduces transport velocity, enhancing the ability of the geological barrier to contain the radioactive waste. On the other hand, local high gradients associated with positive pressure anomalies can speed up radionuclide transport with respect to steady-state flow systems having the same regional hydraulic gradients. Transport behavior was also found to be sensitive to both geometrical and hydrogeological parameters of the EDZ. Results from this work can provide useful knowledge toward correctly assessing the post-closure safety of a geological disposal system.
Human Way-Finding in an Urban Environment: A Performance Analysis of a Computational Process Model

In this paper the characteristics and performance are described of a computational process model (CPM) of human way-finding that is based on psychological models of cognition and experimental data on human way-finding. The model comprises two modules, one for representing objectively a suburban environment and the other for representing the cognitive processes involved in navigation. The CPM is employed to simulate and investigate how spatial knowledge that has been acquired and stored is retrieved and processed in order to plan a path to a given goal. The results of the experiments carried out with NAVIGATOR are compared with the results of experiments involving young adults in real environments. We analyze the performance of NAVIGATOR in terms of its ability to find the goal, the amount of time taken to reach a given goal, the differences in performance during way-finding, and the errors in navigation, as a function of several parameters. The parameters are intended to represent key psychological compon...
5-Hydroxytryptamine2-Family Receptors (5-Hydroxytryptamine2A, 5-Hydroxytryptamine2B, 5-Hydroxytryptamine2C): Where Structure Meets Function

5-Hydroxytryptamine2 (serotonin2, 5-HT2)-family receptors are important for mediating many physiological functions, including vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, modulation of perception, mood, anxiety, and feeding behavior. A large number of psychopharmaceuticals, including atypical antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and hallucinogens, mediate their actions, at least in part, via interactions with various 5-HT2-family receptors. This review article summarizes information about structure-function aspects of 5-HT2-family receptors. Evidence is presented that implies that conserved aromatic and charged residues are essential for ligand binding to 5-HT2A receptors. Additionally, findings are reviewed that are consistent with the hypothesis that residues located in intracellular loops 2 and 3 (i2 and i3) mediate coupling to specific G(alpha)-subunits such as G(alpha q). Studies are reviewed that suggest that 5-HT2-family receptors may be down-regulated by both agonists and antagonists, and usually this down-regulation is due to post-transcriptional mechanisms. Finally, a model for regulation of 5-HT2-family receptors by receptor-mediated endocytosis is advanced, and the particular structural features responsible for the various endocytotic pathways are emphasized. Taken together, these results suggest that discrete domains of the receptor structure are important for ligand binding, G-protein coupling, and internalization.
Marine and Freshwater Skaters: Differences in Surface Fine Structures

TRACHAETE arthropods, notably insects, are almost totally absent from the open ocean for various reasons which are still largely speculative1–3. Halobates (Heteroptera) is an exceptional insect genus which is exclusively marine, with several open-ocean species that spend their entire lives thousands of miles away from land. It is a member of the family Gerridae, which includes the common pond-skaters or water-striders. Although species of Halobates have been known for more than 150 yr, there is little information about their biology and about specific adaptations which might enable them to live in the oceans where all other insects have failed4.
Evaluating the thresholds of abnormal second trimester multiple marker screening tests associated with intra-uterine growth restriction.

Our objective was to evaluate the optimal thresholds for unexplained abnormal multiple marker screening (MMS) results that are associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). This was a case-control study from our perinatal database. MMS analyte levels (multiples of median [MoM]) of cases with IUGR (birthweight 2.0 MoM (odds ratio [OR] = 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 3.7), hCG > 2.5 MoM (OR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.2) and uE3 2.0 MoM and hCG > 2.5 MoM were the most specific markers for MMS, with specificity of 94 and 95%, respectively. When all three analytes were abnormal, the specificity for predicting IUGR increased to 99%. Abnormal MMS results are associated with IUGR. As a screening tool for IUGR, the biochemical markers were associated with poor sensitivity. Elevated AFP and hCG, however, were highly specific in predicting IUGR. The provided thresholds could be useful in designing policies regarding women who would benefit most from sonographic screening for IUGR.
Depth profiling using intense untuned UV laser ionization of sputtered neutrals

Abstract Surface analysis by laser ionization (SALI) in a versatile technique that combines photoionization with various desorption tools, especially ion beam sputtering. In this method, neutral atoms and molecules removed from a surface under ultrahigh vacuum are multiphoton-ionized by an intense focused untuned UV laser beam, and the photoions are then analyzed by reflecting time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This paper describes several features of the instrument including mass resolution, which was measured to be 1000, and depth profiling capabilities. Depth profiles are presented of a B implant in Si, and unannealed and annealed three-layer, fluorine-implanted, electronic test devices showing F migration.
Data base design for infectious disease control.

This paper presents an overview of a problem requiring the design of a decision support system (DSS) to be used for infectious disease control at a Veterans Administration hospital. An overview of the DSS selected for this application is presented. The major design question design technique is presented along with a description of its use in actually designing a data base required for monitoring infectious disease control. This technique can generate data bases containing large numbers of data items and set relationships, while maintaining several useful properties within the data structure.
Prevention of ECS-induced amnesia by reestablishing continuity with the training situation

Abstract Retrograde amnesia for a passive avoidance task was produced in rats by electroconvulsive shock (ECS). However, if rats were left to recover for 15 min in the training apparatus after receiving a foot shock-ECS combination, they showed no sign of amnesia at testing 24-hr later. ECS alone without training had no effect on the step-out latencies. Amnesia did occur when the place of training was different from the place of recovery. The results suggest that a core memory survives ECS treatment and that this surviving trace is retrievable at the retest trial if continuity with the preceding experimental events is established upon recovery from the black-out produced by ECS.
Properties of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde 3-phosphate.

Abstract Several modifications to the synthesis of the diethyl acetal of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde-3-P (HPAP) are described. HPAP is liberated from its acetal by treatment with Dowex 50-H + at 40 °C for 4 min, and longer time or higher temperature lower yields. Breakdown of the dianion of HPAP (p K 6.7) is self-catalyzed, with the phosphate acting as a general base to remove a proton from carbon 2 and allow elimination of phosphate to give acrolein. Monoanion breakdown is at least 400-fold slower. At 25 °C the dianion breaks down with k = 0.025 min −1 , and the activation energy for the process is 24 kcal/mol. Buffers have little effect on breakdown of HPAP, except for those containing primary or secondary amines. Thus morpholine enhances breakdown by forming a Schiff's base with a positively charged nitrogen, and Tris inhibits breakdown by forming one with an uncharged nitrogen. The aldehyde group of HPAP is 60% hydrated in water.
Neck masses in children: current imaging guidelines and imaging findings.

t o p n v The optimal evaluation and management of pediatric neck masses relies on a clear understanding of neck anatomy and the pathogenesis of specific disorders. Neck masses in children arise from a variety of underlying conditions, such as congenital, neoplastic, inflammatory, or infectious conditions. Although a thorough history and physical examination may narrow differential diagnostic considerations, imaging evaluation plays an important role, particularly for the pediatric neck masses that do not respond to therapy and require surgical resection. In this article, considerations for optimal use of various currently available imaging modalities, fundamental imaging techniques, and imaging characteristics of the commonly encountered pediatric neck masses are reviewed.
Cytochrome p450 and glutathione transferase expression in human breast cancer.

Purpose: The cytochrome P-450 (CYP) and glutathione S -transferase (GST) enzyme systems may influence the biological effects of carcinogens, including estrogens. As such, these enzymes may predict the developmental risk of breast cancer, as well as be potential targets for chemoprevention. The purpose of this study was to compare the expression of GST-Pi and CYPs 1A1, 2B6, 2E1, and 3A4 in paired samples of normal and malignant breast tissue from patients with breast cancer and women undergoing reduction mammoplasty. Experimental design: Expression of CYPs 1A1, 2B6, 2E1, 3A4, and GST-Pi was quantified in breast tissue from 33 patients with breast cancer and in 17 women without history of cancer who underwent reduction mammoplasty. The expression of CYP 1A1, 2B6, 2E1, 3A4, and GST-Pi was quantified by immunoblotting. Results: CYP 1A1, 2E1, and 3A4 expression was significantly lower ( P P = 0.08). No significant difference in enzyme expression was seen between the tissue from reduction mammoplasty and normal tissue from breast cancer patients. There was a trend for higher expression of CYP 2B6 and GST-Pi in the estrogen receptor expressing tumors than those tumors without expression ( P > 0.28). Conclusion: The expression of these enzymes was similar in morphologically normal breast tissue from patients with or without breast cancer. The expression of CYPs was down-regulated in the tumor tissue. The clinical significance of CYP alterations in breast cancer will need further characterization.
On multi-mode test sequencing problem

Test sequencing is a binary identification problem wherein one needs to develop a minimal expected cost test procedure to determine which one of a finite number of possible failure states, if any, is present. In this paper, we consider a multi-mode test sequencing (MMTS) problem, in which tests are distributed among multiple modes and additional transition costs will be incurred if a test sequence involves mode changes. The multi-mode test sequencing problem can be solved optimally via dynamic programming or AND/OR graph search methods. However, for large systems, the associated computation with dynamic programming or AND/OR graph search methods is substantial due to the rapidly increasing number of OR nodes (denoting ambiguity states) and AND nodes (denoting tests and modes) in the search graph. In order to overcome the computational explosion, we propose to apply three heuristic algorithms based on information gain: information gain heuristic (IG), mode capability evaluation (MC), and mode capability evaluation with limited exploration of depth and degree of mode isolation (MCLEI). We also propose to apply rollout strategies, which are guaranteed to improve the performance, as long as the underlying information heuristics are sequentially improving. We show computational results, which suggest that the information-heuristic based rollout policies are significantly better than traditional information gain heuristic. We also show that among the three information heuristics proposed, MCLEI achieves the best tradeoff between optimality and computational complexity.
Internet-Based Error Reporting Systems: Usability is Power

Error reporting systems have been around for many decades, in domains such as aerospace, with great success. In contrast, domains such as health care have resisted broad-based systems, due in part to cultural issues and fear of litigation. A recurring issue in the development of all of these systems is usability. Usability affects the development, growth, usage, and sustainability of error-reporting systems in many ways. As these systems migrate to the Internet and become more broadly accessible, usability will become a dominant factor in system success. Whether the system is publicly accessible, Intranet-based behind a company firewall, or semi-private and managed through a government agency or non-governmental organization, some usability issues will apply to all systems and others will shift in importance. This paper applies an existing knowledge management model to the analysis of error reporting systems, highlighting the significant impact and necessity of usability on the success of error-reporting ...
Tensile Strengths of Se, As2S3, As2Se3, and Ge30As15Se55 Glass Fibers

The strengths of as-drawn, abraded, and pristine Se, As2Se3, As2S3, and Ge30As15Se55 fibers are reported. Pristine strength values range from an average of 80 MPa for Se and Ge30As15Se55 to 100 and 180 MPa for As2Se3 and As2S3, respectively. Although these values are considerably higher than those reported previously for bulk samples, in no case does the maximum observed strength reach more than about 6% of that expected from simple theoretial calculations. Several factors that can control the strength are discussed. The overall behavior is interpreted in terms of the glass structures which permit localized stress relaxation effects in regions of weak, nondirectional bonds. These effects occur at temperatures well below the glass-transition region.
Inhaled oxytocin amplifies both vicarious reinforcement and self reinforcement in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

People attend not only to their own experiences, but also to the experiences of those around them. Such social awareness profoundly influences human behavior by enabling observational learning, as well as by motivating cooperation, charity, empathy, and spite. Oxytocin (OT), a neurosecretory hormone synthesized by hypothalamic neurons in the mammalian brain, can enhance affiliation or boost exclusion in different species in distinct contexts, belying any simple mechanistic neural model. Here we show that inhaled OT penetrates the CNS and subsequently enhances the sensitivity of rhesus macaques to rewards occurring to others as well as themselves. Roughly 2 h after inhaling OT, monkeys increased the frequency of prosocial choices associated with reward to another monkey when the alternative was to reward no one. OT also increased attention to the recipient monkey as well as the time it took to render such a decision. In contrast, within the first 2 h following inhalation, OT increased selfish choices associated with delivery of reward to self over a reward to the other monkey, without affecting attention or decision latency. Despite the differences in species typical social behavior, exogenous, inhaled OT causally promotes social donation behavior in rhesus monkeys, as it does in more egalitarian and monogamous ones, like prairie voles and humans, when there is no perceived cost to self. These findings potentially implicate shared neural mechanisms.
Lagrangian transposition identities and reciprocal pairs of constrained optimization problems

Abstract A simple but rigorous proof of the Lagrangian Transposition Identities is given, and symmetric and semidefinite comparative statics matrices are derived, thereby providing a comprehensive qualitative characterization of any sufficiently smooth reciprocal pair of constrained optimization problems.
High activity magnesium chloride supported catalysts for olefin polymerization. XXIX. Molecular basis of hydrogen activation of magnesium chloride supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts

L'etude cinetique et par spectrometrie RPE de la polymerisation catalysee par le systeme benzoate d'ethyle/p-creSd/AlEt 3 /TiCl 4 -AlEt 3 /p-toluate de methyle/MgCl 2 montre que l'activation par l'hydrogene est due surtout a la conversion des ions Ti 2+ en ions Ti 3+ probablement via une addition oxydante
Developing information literacy skills in freshmen engineering technology students

With the rapid growth of the information society the ability of technology graduates to be information literate has become critically important. Through the collaboration of a Mechanical Engineering Technology professor and an academic librarian, a project was designed which increased students' information research skills, their awareness of other sources of technical information, and their communication and team building skills. One problem faced by the authors was to develop strategies to integrate these skills into a curriculum that is already very demanding without deleting any of the elements in the current curriculum. A pre-test, post-test, and student comments supported the usefulness of the assignment. This paper will discuss the methods used, desired outcomes, students' experiences and the research results.
Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) Species Composition and Size Across Latitude in Atlantic Coast Salt Marshes

Although grasshoppers are common salt marsh herbivores, we know little about geographic variation in their species composition. We documented latitudinal variation in species composition of the tettigoniid grasshopper fauna of Atlantic Coast salt marshes. Tettigoniids (N = 740 adults) were collected from the Spartina alterniflora zone of 31 salt marsh sites across a latitudinal range of 13.19° (Florida to Maine), with an additional 52 individuals collected from the Juncus roemerianus zone of low-latitude marshes for comparative purposes. Eight species were collected, but some were common only at a few sites or rare throughout the entire collection range. The tettigoniid community was dominated by Orchelimum fidicinium at low latitudes and Conocephalus spartinae at high latitudes. Several factors might explain this shift, including changes in climate, plant phenology, and plant zonation patterns. O. fidicinium and C. spartinae increased in body size toward low latitudes. In laboratory feeding assays, O. fidicinium readily ate S. alterniflora and J. roemerianus leaves, Orchelimum concinnum, which is largely restricted to the J. roemerianus zone, ate only J. roemerianus leaves, and Conocephalus spp. ate neither, consistent with literature suggestions that they mainly consume seeds and flowers. Geographic variation in species composition and body size of grasshoppers may help explain documented patterns of geographic variation in plant palatability and plant–herbivore interactions in Atlantic Coast salt marshes. Because it can be difficult to identify tettigoniids to species, we present a guide to aid future workers in identifying the tettigoniid species common in these marshes.
WWAN/WLAN two-hop-relay architecture for capacity enhancement

The integration of 3rd generation (3G) cellular networks and the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks has drawn considerable attention from the research and commercial communities. Emerging dual-mode mobile terminals could provide flexibility and system performance enhancement by providing seamless roaming between 3G WWANs and 802.11 WLANs. In this paper, we proposed a novel integrated WWAN/WLAN two-hop-relay architecture that both enhances the system capacity of 3G cellular systems and extends the system coverage area of 802.11 terminals. The proposed two-hop-relay architecture utilizes temporal channel quality variation to achieve increased system capacity. Typically, the system throughput is increased by 200-400% in a HDR system.
FIELD MEASURES OF STRENGTH AND FITNESS PREDICT FIREFIGHTER PERFORMANCE ON PHYSICALLY DEMANDING TASKS

Recruits from 9 consecutive fire academy classes were assessed on a battery of strength and endurance measures at Weeks 1, 7, and 14 of training. Regression analyses using Week 1 measures indicated that strength variables were the primary predictors of performance on physically demanding firefighting tasks assessed at the completion of training. Incremental validity was obtained with the addition of aerobic capacity, which produced more accurate performance distinctions among recruits with high strength levels. Results showed predictive validity and linearity throughout the upper range of strength and endurance levels, but evidence of an increased drop-off in performance for recruits with strength levels below the male 25th percentile. Structural equation modeling, a more powerful and comprehensive approach to validation than traditional regression, provided strong support for the construct validity of general strength and endurance as predictors of firefighter performance on physically demanding fire suppression and rescue tasks. Physical ability selection tests for municipal firefighters rapidly shifted away from the use of measures of strength and endurance based on criterion or construct validation models, following an initially successful legal challenge to this approach (Berkman v. the City of New York, 1982). The federal trial court ruled that although the test was professionally developed, the research on which it was based measured general human ability rather than firefighting skills in particular. Assessments of muscular strength and general fitness were largely replaced by tests based on a content validity strategy using simulated fire suppression and rescue tasks. This change was probably due in part to the perception that such tasks would be more readily accepted as “job related” by courts than field tests derived from
Secrecy and Integrity in Clinical Trials

From the Division of Pediatrics, Chil-dren’s Cancer Hospital at The Univer-sity of Texas M.D. Anderson CancerCenter, Houston, TX.Submitted November 26, 2007;accepted December 3, 2007.Author’s disclosures of potential con-ﬂicts of interest and author contribu-tions are found at the end of thisarticle.Corresponding author: Robert J. Wells,MD, Pediatrics, The University of TexasM.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 87,1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX77030; e-mail: rjwells@mdanderson.org.© 2008 by American Society of ClinicalOncology0732-183X/08/2604-680/$20.00DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.5234
A capstone design experience for electrical engineers

A senior-year sequence in design required of all electrical engineering students at the Milwaukee School of Engineering is described. Commencing in the fall quarter, students form groups of either three or four and formulate a problem having multiple possible solutions which must be approved by their instructor. They must then conduct a feasibility study and present their approach to solving the problem by the end of the fall quarter. During the winter quarter, they perform the paper design and analysis and begin prototyping. Spring quarter consists of prototyping, testing, modifying, retesting, and final documentation. All projects are displayed in a trade-show-type format during the day before spring commencement. Four senior classes have completed the nine-credit sequence to date. >
Modulation of Arteriolar Sympathetic Constriction by Local Nitric Oxide: Onset during Rapid Juvenile Growth☆

The goal of this study was to determine if the endogenous activity of nitric oxide (NO) and/or prostanoids can limit arteriolar responses to increased sympathetic nerve activity in striated muscle, and to explore possible changes in these influences during rapid juvenile growth. Using intravital microscopy, arteriolar responses to 2-16 Hz sympathetic nerve stimulation were studied in the superfused spinotrapezius muscle of weanling (4-5 weeks old) and juvenile (7-8 weeks old) rats. Nerve stimulation elicited frequency-dependent arteriolar constrictions that were abolished in both age groups by the fast Na+-channel blocker tetrodotoxin or the alpha-antagonist phentolamine. Diameter and flow responses to 2-8 Hz stimulation were greater in juvenile rats than in weanling rats. In juvenile rats but not in weanling rats, the NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) reduced arteriolar diameters and blood flow at rest and enhanced the arteriolar diameter and flow responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor meclofenamate reduced resting arteriolar diameters in both age groups, but had no effect on responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in either group. These results suggest that juvenile growth is accompanied by an overall increase in arteriolar responsiveness to sympathetic nerve activity, and by the onset of local NO activity that limits this increased responsiveness.
The Byzantine CEO Problem

The CEO problem is considered when a subset of the agents are under Byzantine attack; that is, they have been taken over and reprogrammed by a malicious intruder. Inner and outer bounds are given for the error exponent with respect to the sum rate, as a function of the fraction of reprogrammed, or traitor, agents. The inner bound is proved by introducing a coding scheme that takes advantage of the fact that the set of honest (non-traitor) agents will report jointly typical information. The CEO looks for a group with the same size as the set of honest agents that appear to do so. Even if not all the agents in this group are honest, the fact that they all agree keeps the probability of error in check. The outer bound is given in two parts, based on two different possible attacks by the traitors. The first is a black hole attack, in which the traitors simply transmit no information at all. The second is one in which they fabricate false data such that the CEO cannot determine which of two possibilities is the truth.
Metastability and plasticity in some conceptual models of neurons

For a new class of neuron models we demonstrate here that typical membrane action potentials and spike-bursts are only transient states but appear to be asymptotically stable; and yet such metastable states are plastic — being able to dynamically change from one action potential to another with different pulse frequencies and from one spike-burst to another with different spike-per-burst numbers. The pulse and spike-burst frequencies change with individual ions' pump currents while their corresponding metastable-plastic states maintain the same transmembrane voltage and current profiles in range. It is also demonstrated that the plasticity requires two one-way ion pumps operating in opposite transmembrane directions to materialize, and if only one ion pump is left to operate, the plastic states will be lost to a rigid asymptotically stable state either as a resting potential, or a limit cycle with a fixed pulse frequency, or a spike-burst with a fixed spike-per-burst number.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation: for the Multinomial Distribution

Summary In a first course in mathematical statistics or categorical data analysis, the maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters of the multinomial distribution are often “derived” using calculus. However, the important step of verifying that the resulting estimators indeed maximize the likelihood is omitted or done incorrectly. In this paper, two simple methods of obtaining the maximum likelihood estimates are presented.
Measurement of Silver−π Interactions in Solution Using Molecular Torsion Balances

A new series of molecular torsion balances were designed to measure the strength of individual Ag−π interactions in solution for an Ag(I) coordinated to a pyridine nitrogen. The formation of a well-defined intramolecular Ag−π interaction in these model systems was verified by X-ray crystallography and 1H NMR. The strength of the intramolecular Ag−π interaction in solution was found to be stabilizing in nature and quantified to be −1.34 to −2.63 kcal/mol using a double mutant cycle analysis. The Ag−π interaction was also found to be very sensitive to changes in geometry or solvent environment.
Ultrafast Room-Temperature Single Photon Emission from Quantum Dots Coupled to Plasmonic Nanocavities

Efficient and bright single photon sources at room temperature are critical components for quantum information systems such as quantum key distribution, quantum state teleportation, and quantum computation. However, the intrinsic radiative lifetime of quantum emitters is typically ∼10 ns, which severely limits the maximum single photon emission rate and thus entanglement rates. Here, we demonstrate the regime of ultrafast spontaneous emission (∼10 ps) from a single quantum emitter coupled to a plasmonic nanocavity at room temperature. The nanocavity integrated with a single colloidal semiconductor quantum dot produces a 540-fold decrease in the emission lifetime and a simultaneous 1900-fold increase in the total emission intensity. At the same time, the nanocavity acts as a highly efficient optical antenna directing the emission into a single lobe normal to the surface. This plasmonic platform is a versatile geometry into which a variety of other quantum emitters, such as crystal color centers, can be int...
Narrow growth window for stoichiometric, layer-by-layer growth of LaAlO3 thin films using pulsed laser deposition

Abstract We study the structure and surface morphology of the 100 nm homoepitaxial LaAlO 3 films grown by pulsed laser deposition in a broad range of growth parameters. We show that there is a narrow window of growth conditions in which the stoichiometric, bulk-like structure is obtained while maintaining a 2-dimensional (2D) layer-by-layer growth mode. In our system, these optimum growth conditions are 100 mTorr background pressure with laser energy density 1.5–2 J/cm 2 . The sensitivity to growth conditions of the stoichiometry and structure of LaAlO 3 films can have a crucial role in the 2-D electron gas formed at the LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 interface.
Estimating the Benefits of Human Factors Engineering in NextGen Development: Towards a Formal Definition of Pilot Proficiency

The concepts-of-operation proposed for the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) implicitly require a significant improvement over existing standards for flightdeck human-computer interaction. Whereas in today’s airspace operations there is no routing penalty for delayed response to a required ATC maneuver, flights in high density NextGen airspace that are unable to respond to off-nominal situations in a timely manner, will lose their slot and be shifted to a downgraded level of airspace resulting in flight delays and/or increased route distance. Current design and certification processes for avionics, aircraft, and pilots prove the reliability of the “deterministic” automated functions in a comprehensive manner. The design and certification requirements for ensuring and testing the reliability of the inherently “non-deterministic” operator interaction with the automation are not rigorous and are the source of operational inefficiencies and reduced safety margins. Unless the design and certification process are radically modified and refocused, pilots will find themselves with the same types of issues that researchers documented with the introduction of the “glass cockpit” in the 1980s and 1990’s. This paper provides a quantifiable definition of Human Computer Interaction performance and explicit measures of individual and crew proficiency. A method for estimating revenue-service cost savings generated by improved proficiency is described along with an example of the cost savings benefits accrued by a hypothetical large U.S. domestic carrier experiencing improved proficiency in response to FMS error messages ($45M per year). A discussion of the implications and limitations of the definition of proficiency and the cost savings model is provided.
Effect of forced swimming on body temperatures and eosinophil levels in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus).

Cotton rats, Sigmodon hispidus, were forced to swim in water at 2 and 10° C. Body temperatures (TB) declined most rapidly during the first 6 minutes of the swim and the rate of fall was nearly halved during the remainder of the swim. the rate of decline in TB was more rapid in the 2 than in the 10° C bath, but the per cent change in TB at the end of the swimming was about the same at both bath temperatures (about 43 per cent). the mean TB of the 26 cotton rats tested was 21.4 ± 0.6° C at the end of swimming, and there was no significant difference in the total decline in TB at the two bath temperatures. the eosinophil count declined by 52.5 and 63.0 per cent in cotton rats swimming at 2 and 10° C, respectively, and there was no evident correlation between the magnitude of the eosinophil response and body weight, swimming time or percentage decrease in TB.
Lecithotrophic Development of the Golden King Crab Lithodes Aequispinus (Anomura: Lithodidae)

ABSTRACT Larvae of the golden king crab Lithodes aequispinus were reared in individual chambers in the laboratory from hatching to the first crab stage (C1). The experiment included 2 treatments: 1 group was fed live nauplii of Artemia daily, while the other group was unfed. A total of 4 molts were observed for all larvae from hatching to Cl. One larval stage, either zoea III or zoea IV, was skipped by all larvae. No significant difference existed for the duration of development of each stage between fed and unfed treatments. The mean durations were ZI (ZI = zoeal stage I, ZII = zoeal stage II, etc.) = 6.6 days (±0.71 SD), ZIIa (molted to ZIII) = 7.0 d (±0.65 SD), ZIIb (molted to ZIV) = 8.8 d (±0.95 SD), ZIII (skipped ZIV) = 12.0 d (±1.33 SD), ZIV (skipped ZIII) = 9.3 d (± 1.63 SD), and glaucothoe = 41.3 d (±2.65 SD). The total larval duration was approximately 67 d. The survival rate of the fed group was significantly lower than that of the unfed group. Seventeen percent of unfed larvae developed to Cl, but only 0.7% of fed larvae did so. The longest duration of survival from hatching was 191 d for an unfed crab. The dry weights of unfed larvae decreased 10% from hatching to Cl. Our results indicate that the larval development of the golden king crab is fully lecithotrophic, i.e., larvae can successfully develop to juvenile crabs without eating.
Photoresistive Response of Superconducting Thin Films

When photons having energies greater than the superconducting energy gap are incident on a superconducting film that is cooled to temperatures near the superconducting transition temperature Tc, there will be a change in the resistivity of the film. This effect can be the basis for an optical detector, such as the superconducting bolometer. High Tc superconductors offer an opportunity for a competitive infrared bolometer which is operated near its relatively high transition edge temperature. Operation in this mode generally precludes a combination of very fast (ns time scale) and very sensitive operation. The bolometric mechanism assumes that the resistance of the film is increased by increasing the temperature of the film, relatively uniformly over the irradiated area. For above gap light this bolometric process will always be present. However, other processes can induce a resistive change which will compete with the bolometric response. The relative importance of the bolometric mechanism relative to other types of processes will depend on the materials parameters and the time scale on which the film is heated and the resistive change is observed.
Epigenetics and Genome Evolution

On the mechanistic level, epigenetic modifications include two major components: DNA methylation and histone tail modifications. Explicit evolutionary models of how epigenetic modifications evolve are currently lacking. Nevertheless, there are several examples of epigenetics having a significant evolutionary impact. A classic example is the impact of DNA methylation on mutational processes and genome sequence composition. More recently, evolution of mammalian recombination hotspots and transposable element methylation and gene expression in plants provide two solid examples where evolutionary theories incorporating epigenetic effects can be tested. The era of comparative epigenomics has already arrived.
Conclusion: Archipelagic Experiments

A book such as this one edges toward precarity as it approaches the present. It becomes less possible to survey the field as the historical distance closes on the surveyor. One's choices about what to cover become increasingly contingent, and one's speculations occur on ever-shakier ground. New volumes of poetry appear constantly and in seemingly ever-larger numbers, although large commercial publishers bring out fewer and fewer of them. Seeking to comprehensively review and evaluate the past decade or so of British poetry seems an act of hubris or folly, inevitably devolving into a partisan or scatter-shot review-essay or a very long list. Any judgment is premature, and every name mentioned is a name dropped. If as formidable a critic as F.R. Leavis could get things so splendidly wrong in New Bearings in English Poetry (1932) by naming Ronald Bottrall as the great hope of English poetry in the 1930s, then perhaps prognostication is not the best path forward. Focusing on the prize-winning volumes from the past ten or fifteen years does not produce a capacious enough picture of twenty-first-century British poetry, but simply railing against the whole machinery of literary awards, the mainstream publishing establishment, and its tight reviewing network is equally limited. Thrilling, perhaps, and necessary, but less useful in this context. So, in this conclusion, I will attempt neither a full summary of recent poetry nor a tendentious essay highlighting the poems that I like best. Rather, I will focus on two topics in order to shed some light on recent practice. First, I will consider the ways in which poets have extended and compounded linguistic registers in order to accommodate the baggy capacity of contemporary English(es), routing this consideration through a look at the work of Daljit Nagra, Jen Hadfield, and Caroline Bergvall. I will then examine several ways that poets have stretched lyric form, absorbing disparate genres and mediums in order to register the hypermottled modes of contemporary social and cultural life. This final section will feature texts by Alice Oswald and Keston Sutherland. To be sure, there is significant overlap between these two issues, and my separation of them here is merely an analytical gambit. Much of the most intriguing poetry of the new century is profoundly heterogeneous.
Un)ambiguous optimal control

The phenomenon of using control actions to communicate is called signaling. Signaling is often beneficial in decentralized control problems with imperfect communication between agents. Seemingly simple control problems with signaling are often mathematically challenging. Humans, however, lack high-speed communication channels and routinely employ signaling strategies during cooperative movements. This paper presents a computationally tractable two-player problem that models several salient features of signaling problems arising in both decentralized control and human experiments. The problem consists of a signaler that reaches towards one of two possible targets, and an observer that decides on the target location based on noisy measurements of the movement. The signaler trades off control costs, such as energy, with informativeness for the observer. Two variants, the unambiguous case and the ambiguous case, are presented. In the unambiguous case, the signaler makes movements that are easy to distinguish, while in the ambiguous case, the signaler maximizes similarity of the movements. An approximation method for nonlinear systems is presented. When applied to a three-link arm model, the control scheme reproduces qualitative signaling phenomena observed in human reaching experiments.
TCAD development of ESD protection for IPD technology

This paper reports design and optimization of low capacitance, dual direction ESD device for new generation of IPD (Integrated Passive Devices) technology by use of TCAD simulator. Two types of ESD protection (B2B diode and Dual SCR) have been designed and their properties are discussed in respect to RF application.
Andrij Makuch and Frank E. Sysyn, editors. Contextualizing the Holodomor: The Impact of Thirty Years of Ukrainian Famine Studies

Book review of Andrij Makuch and Frank E. Sysyn, editors. Contextualizing the Holodomor: The Impact of Thirty Years of Ukrainian Famine Studies. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies P, 2015. viii, 128 pp. $24.95, paper. Conference papers first published in East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies , editor-in-chief, Oleh S. Ilnytzkyj, guest editors, Frank Sysyn and Andrij Makuch, vol. 2, no. 1, 2015, pp. 3-132.
The SFR Efficiency of HI Gas in the Outskirts of Star Forming Galaxies

In order to understand the origin of the decreased star formation rate (SFR) efficiency of neutral atomic hydrogen gas measured in Damped Lyα Systems (DLAs) at z ~ 3, we measure the SFR efficiency of atomic gas at z ~ 1, z ~ 2, and z ~ 3 around star-forming galaxies. We create galaxy stacks in these three redshift bins, and measure the SFR efficiency by combining DLA absorber statistics with the observed rest-frame UV emission in the galaxies’ outskirts. We find that the SFR efficiency of Hi gas is ~ 3% of that predicted by the KS relation. We find no significant evolution in the SFR efficiency with redshift, although simulations and models predict a decreasing SFR efficiency with decreasing metallicity and thus with increasing redshift. We discuss possible explanations for this decreased efficiency without an evolution with redshift.
Automatically Determining Versions of Scholarly Articles

Background: Repositories of scholarly articles should provide authoritative information about the materials they distribute and should distribute those materials in keeping with pertinent laws. To do so, it is important to have accurate information about the versions of articles in a collection. Analysis: This article presents a simple statistical model to classify articles as author manuscripts or versions of record, with parameters trained on a collection of articles that have been hand-annotated for version. The algorithm achieves about 94 percent accuracy on average (cross-validated). Conclusion and implications: The average pairwise annotator agreement among a group of experts was 94 percent, showing that the method developed in this article displays performance competitive with human experts.
Single Center Experience with Gastrostomy Insertion in Pediatric Patients: A 10-Year Review

PURPOSE This study was performed to review the outcomes of gastrostomy insertion in children at our institute during 10 years. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on 236 patients who underwent gastrostomy insertion from October 2005 to March 2015. We used our algorithm to select the least invasive method for gastrostomy insertion for each patient. Long-term follow-up was performed to analyze complications related to the method of gastrostomy insertion. RESULTS Out of 236 patients, 120 underwent endoscopic gastrostomy, 79 had laparoscopic gastrostomy, and 37 had open gastrostomy procedures. The total major complication rates for endoscopic gastrostomy insertion, laparoscopic gastrostomy insertion, and open gastrostomy were 9.2%, 8.9%, and 8.1%, respectively. The most common major complication was gastroesophageal reflux requiring Nissen fundoplication (3.8%), and other complications included peritonitis (1.3%), hiatal hernia (1.3%), and bowel perforation (0.8%). Gastrostomy removal was successful in 8.6% and 5.0% of patients in the endoscopic and surgical gastrostomy groups, respectively. Gastrocutaneous fistula occurred in 60% of surgically inserted cases, requiring a second operation. CONCLUSION This retrospective study was performed to review the outcome of gastrostomy insertion, as well as to introduce an algorithm that can be used for future cases. Further studies should be conducted to make a consensus on choosing the most appropriate method for gastrostomy insertion.
Impact of pretreatment variables on overall survival of patients with stage IV NSCLC: An analysis of the Veterans Affairs Central Cancer Registry.

6635 Background: The aim of this study was to utilize a large database of patients treated in the VA to identify prognostic factors that influence survival in patients with stage IV NSCLC. Methods:...