cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of effector mechanisms in murine cardiac allograft rejection

Abstract Multiple effector cells have been implicated in transplant rejection, including cytotoxic T cells, B cells, macrophages and NK cells.1 The purpose of this study was to examine the effector pathways which are critical to murine cardiac allograft rejection. RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) analysis of syngeneic and allogeneic vascularized heterotopic cardiac grafts at 5, 8 and 12 days following transplantation demonstrate constitutive expression of Fas in both the syngeneic and allogeneic grafts as well as in normal heart. However, FasL, granzyme, and perforin expression were shown to be up-regulated on days 5–12 in the allograft with no expression in syngeneic grafts or in normal hearts. We have recently analyzed the functional significance of T cell cytotoxic pathways and found that neither the Fas nor CD8+ cytotoxic pathways are required for murine cardiac allograft rejection.2 In light of these results, we investigated the functional significance of other effector cells in the rejection process. B cell deficient C57BL/10-IgHtm1Cgn mice rejected cardiac allografts from normal donors at control rate. Finally, RT-PCR was used to analyze the expression of macrophage effector transcripts in allograft rejection. Transcripts for iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and TNFα (tumor necrosis factor-α) were up-regulated on days 5–12 in untreated allografts with undetectable expression in normal heart or syngeneic grafts. These results demonstrate that effective allograft rejection can occur in the absence of B cells and T cell cytotoxicity pathways suggesting that other effector pathways, such as delayed-type hypersensitivity responses by macrophages, may be critical for allograft rejection.
H2 oxidation on doped yttrium chromites/yttrium stabilized zirconia anode of solid oxide fuel cell

Abstract Co and Ni doped yttrium chromites as potential anodes for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) are studied with respect to the electrode performance and anode reaction mechanisms. Both electrical conductivity and electrode performance of yttrium chromites have been enhanced after Co and Ni doping. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results indicate that charge transfer process at high frequency and surface adsorption/diffusion processes at low frequency domain can be the dominant anode reaction steps. Ni doping accelerates the surface processes by reducing the related activation energy from 1.2 to 0.5 eV. It also substantially improves the charge transfer process probably by increasing the amount of adsorbed H on electrode surface. The resistance of high frequency is found to be dependent on H 2 content. The observed reaction order is 1/4 for Co doped and 1/3–1/2 for Ni doped yttrium chromites. A model of H 2 oxidation reaction is proposed, revealing this dependence stems from the reaction between adsorbed H and the lattice oxygen.
Imagining Ulysses S. Grant: Sifting through the shifting sands of conventional wisdom

Abstract Recent biographies have described Ulysses S. Grant much more favorably than the conventional wisdom of the 1980s. This paper explores why earlier assessments may have misunderstood Grant in a negative direction. Reasons include the writings of historians sympathetic to the “Lost Cause” of the Confederacy, Grant's unimpressive appearance and manner, and common social perception biases. It is argued that Grant's capacities for strategic thinking, clear expression, and courageous imperturbability enabled him to lead the Union to victory in the Civil War, achieve notable but overlooked successes as President, and write highly acclaimed military memoirs.
Occurrence of butyltin compounds in human blood

Residues of butyltin compounds, including mono- (MBT), di- (DBT) and tributyltins (TBT), were measured in human blood collected from central Michigan, U.S.A. MBT, DBT, and TBT were detected in 53, 81, and 70% of the 32 blood samples examined. Concentrations of butyltins were in the order of MBT > DBT ≥ TBT, with total butyltin concentrations ranging from less than the limit of detection to 101 ng/mL. Exposure of humans to butyltin compounds used as stabilizers or as biocides in household articles has been regarded as a source in addition to the ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs. There was no significant difference in concentrations of butyltin compounds between sexes. Concentrations of butyltin compounds did not exhibit pronounced age-dependency, which is different from those observed for persistent pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In general, concentrations of butyltins measured in blood were less than that affected human natural killer lymphocytes (a primary immune defense against...
Dynamics of the juncture vortex

Detailed characteristics of the horseshoe vortex system formed at the juncture of a wing and flat plate have been studied using flow visualization and image analysis techniques. With increasing Reynolds number the flowfield exhibited three distinct modes consisting of 1) steady vortex system, 2) oscillatory vortex motion, and 3) vortex shedding. Vortex splitting and subsequent reconnection phenomena were also observed. Different trends in the variation of characteristic frequency were observed when the flow switched from second mode to the third mode.
Effects of urea and curing catalysts added to the strand board core‐layer binder phenol–formaldehyde resin

Effects of adding urea to the strand board core-layer phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin were investigated in conjunction with cure-accelerating catalysts. Ten percent urea based on the liquid resin weight was added at the beginning, at three different middle stages of polymerization, and at the end of PF resin synthesis. No significant cocondensation between the urea and PF resin components occurred as identified by 13C NMR analyses, which corroborated well with the curing and strand board bonding performance test results. The various urea addition methods resulted in resins that slightly differ in the various tests due to the urea's temporary holding capacity of formaldehyde. The preferred method of urea addition was found to do it in the later part of PF resin synthesis for convenience, consistency, and slightly better overall performance. Some cure-accelerating catalysts were shown to reduce the thickness swelling of strand boards. This study showed the usefulness of adding some urea to strand board core-layer binder PF resins of replacing higher cost phenolic components with lower cost urea. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Attitude and risk: Exploring the relationship

The attitude and risk constructs each enjoy prominence in marketing research. Attitude is conceptualized and widely accepted as a construct predicated on beliefs. Risk shares the same conceptual underpinning, for risk is predicated on expectations, itself a beliefbased concept. The idea of two constructs predicated on beliefs presents a possible conceptual overlap between the two constructs depending upon the nature of these beliefs. No research, however, has investigated the two constructs in such a beliefs similarity context. Thus, this research explored the proposition that in situation-specific instances risk may share a number of beliefs in common with attitude and, as such, is not to be viewed as a construct separate from attitude, but as an integral, inherent component of attitude formation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The role of breast self-examination in breast cancer screening

The efficacy of breast self-examination (BSE) behavior cannot be adequately evaluated until BSE proficiency is considered. Previous research supports the role of attitudinal and teaching interventions in increasing skills and frequency for BSE behavior, but more research using age-appropriate women and adequate outcome measures is needed. A preliminary analysis of data from 301 randomly selected women who were followed for 1 year after an initial teaching and/or attitudinal intervention is reported. Significant differences were obtained for attitudes toward breast cancer screening between scores before and after intervention using paired t test. Significant changes in proficiency and frequency also occurred after intervention, as well as percentage increases in nine individual BSE steps. Return demonstration scores and nodule detection are reported. Perceived barriers and confidence were significantly related to both frequency and proficiency 1 year postintervention using regression analysis. Knowledge was related to proficiency measures. Preliminary data suggest that BSE practice can be significantly improved through individually tailored attitudinal and teaching interventions.
Effects of the stefan-nusselt flow on the apparent kinetics of heterogeneous chemical reactions in forced convection systems

Abstract The effect of the interfacial mass velocity normal to surfaces undergoing heterogeneous reaction on the apparent kinetics of such reactions is quantitatively investigated. A simple algebraic model is developed which enables all pertinent non-dimensional reaction-rate coefficients to be obtained over the entire range from reaction rate (“chemical”) control to diffusion control for one-step irreversible heterogeneous reactions of arbitrary kinetic order. Illustrative results are presented for the case of turbulent boundary layers on flat surfaces undergoing first-order reaction. The effect of this interfacial flow (the Stefan-Nusselt flow) is found to be significant whenever the reaction rate is not completely chemically controlled and the quantity [In (1 + Bdiff)]/Bdiff departs appreciably from unity, where Bdiff is a diffusion-controlled dimensionless mass-transfer parameter obtainable a priori in terms of the reactant mass fraction in the feed and the reaction stoichiometry. The Stefan-Nusselt flow is found to 1. (i) destroy the time-honored notion that diffusional limitations ultimately cause all surface reactions to masquerade as first order reactions 2. (ii) introduce a connection between the profile drag on reacting surfaces and the true kinetics of the reaction 3. (iii) leave unaltered the form of a potentially useful relation between the power required to maintain a reacting surface at a prescribed temperature and the true kinetics of the chemical reaction at that temperature. Applications of the theory to specific heterogeneous reactions (e.g. oxidation, chlorination, chemical vapor plating) are facilitated by the compilation of representative values of the mass-transfer parameter Bdiff The errors committed by neglecting the Stefan-Nusselt flow are discussed for two cases of current interest, viz. the high temperature oxidation of graphite and molybdenum in air. The results of the theory are presented and discussed in such a way as to emphasize their generality as well as the physicochemical conditions under which simple computational procedures are likely to be acceptable.
Experimental Study of Three Journal Bearings with a Flexible Rotor

The unbalance response and stability of a simple flexible rotor was tested over a speed range with three different types of journal bearings: axial groove, pressure dam and tilting pad. Measurements were made of total rotor response, synchronous response and frequency spectrums at various running speeds and at selected locations along the shaft. Axial groove bearings were better for low-speed use and near the critical speed but oil whip occurred at approximately twice the first rotor critical speed. Two sets of pressure dam bearings with different geometries were tested and both controlled vibrations at the critical speed. Whip occurred at twice and thrice the critical speed for the two pressure dam bearings. Tilting-pad beatings exhibited large vibration amplitudes near the critical speed, but did not go into oil whip at speeds up to three times the first rotor critical speed. Presented at the 34th Annual Meeting in St. Louis, Missouri, April 30-May 3, 1979
Fluid-coupled hollow metallic micromachined needle arrays

In this paper, fluid coupled metallic micromachined needle arrays are designed, fabricated, and characterized. The described hollow metallic needle arrays include design features such as dual structural supports and needle coupling channels. The supports and needle walls are formed by micro-electroformed metal to provide increased structural integrity. The needle coupling channels are used to fluidically interconnect the needles and allow pressure equalization and balance of fluid flow between needles. In addition, the needle coupling channels minimize the effects of restricted needle passages by providing a redistribution point for fluid flow between them. The optimum design for the needle coupling channels is investigated using an ANSYS finite element numerical model. The significance of this work includes the development of hollow, metallic micromachined needle arrays for biomedical applications, as well as, a discussion of structural, fluidic, and biological design considerations.
Decision Analysis in Transfusion Medicine – Practical Considerations

SUMMARY Cost and cost-effectiveness analyses have sometimes been regarded as inappropriate endeavors for a physician dedicated to the welfare of patients. While cost considerations alone should not be used as the decision-making criterion in managing individual patients, the transfusion medicine physician nevertheless needs to appreciate the value of these analyses when making policy decisions for his or her laboratory and hospital. This article highlights the practical applications of decision analyses as decision-making tools and recommends that they be regarded as useful adjuncts in the practice of transfusion medicine.
Intracellular Transport: The Causes for Pauses

Intracellular transport of motor-driven cargo faces the navigational challenges of a dense, intersecting cytoskeleton and obstacles including organelles. A new study investigates why directed early endosome trafficking is so frequently interrupted, and how pauses play a role in cargo sorting.
Consensus and single leader decision-making in teams using structured design methods

Abstract Decision-making in teams can be accomplished by including varying levels of team member opinion. This study considers two styles of group decision-making, consensus building and single leader decision-making with input from the team, in structured design selection tasks. The role of decision-making style in the speed of decision-making, team member satisfaction, and decision quality are examined. In this study, single leader was found to be faster than consensus. However, single leader was not rated by teams as faster, suggesting that perception of speed may be more important than actual speed. It was also found that when there was more ambiguity in a decision, as represented by a smaller point spread between choices, teams tended to rate speed and process quality lower.
Patterns of assertiveness and responsiveness in parental interactions with stuttering and fluent children

Abstract To investigate the conversational environments provided by parents to their own young children who stutter, measures of conversational assertiveness and responsiveness were gleaned from 16 parent-child dyads, in which eight of the children were stutterers and eight were normally fluent. Instead of investigating the specific syntactic structures produced, the measures used focused on whether or not there was a dominant conversational participant (assertiveness) and the extent to which conversational participants responded to the requests made by their co-conversationalists (responsiveness). Results indicated that the parents in the two groups did not differ significantly in terms of their assertiveness or responsiveness ratios. Assertiveness ratios were not significantly correlated with the child's age for either parent group. The responsiveness ratios for the nonstutterers' parents were significantly correlated with the child's age but this was not the case for the parents of the stutterers. Further, for both groups of parents, the request was the most frequently produced utterance type. These results demonstrated that the parents of stutterers and nonstutterers were not significantly different in two important characteristics of conversational interaction with their children.
Photocrosslinking of calmodulin and/or actin to chicken gizzard caldesmon.

The two sulfhydryl groups of chicken gizzard caldesmon were specifically labeled with a photoreactive crosslinker, benzophenone-maleimide, to study its interactions with calmodulin and/or actin. When incubated with F-actin caldesmon crosslinks to a single actin monomer; it can, however, crosslink to up to two calmodulin molecules in the presence, but not in the absence, of Ca 2+ . Thus caldesmon may have two calmodulin-binding sites, each containing, or being near, one of the two thiol residues. One of these two sites may also be adjacent to the actin-binding site. A calmodulin-binding fragment of caldesmon resulting from cyanogen bromide digestion crosslinks to a single calmodulin molecule, also in a Ca 2+ -dependent manner. Crosslinking of calmodulin to caldesmon does not prevent the latter from binding Factin, suggesting that calmodulin and actin do not compete with each other for the same binding site(s) on the caldesmon molecule.
Making the Pain Connection

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons include multiple types of sensory neurons with well-appreciated anatomical and physiological distinctions. In this issue of Neuron, Chen et al. adds to our molecular understanding of these differences by reporting that DRG11, a paired homeodomain transcription factor, is specifically required for the proper development of pain-sensing nociceptive neurons.
Ceramic Grinding Temperatures

Workpiece and abrasive-tip temperatures are measured during the grinding of silicon nitride, zirconia, sapphire, and Ni-Zn ferrite with diamond abrasives. The measurements are carried out using a multiple-element infrared sensor having a time constant of ∼7 μs and a spot size as small as 30 μm in diameter; the temperature measurements were made for both single-point and full-wheel grinding. A simple analytical model is used to predict the abrasive-tip and work-surface temperatures, the subsurface temperature of the workpiece, and the cooling of the abrasive grains between cutting. The predictions of the model agree reasonably well with experiments. The model requires as inputs only the grinding forces, grinding process variables, and the physical properties of the abrasive and workpiece materials. It is shown that, in view of the excellent thermal properties of the diamond abrasive, the surface temperature of the ceramic workpieces is essentially independent of the thermal properties of the ceramics.
Initiation of the process of adult role entry

Among the most significant events marking the transition to adulthood are role changes involving the assumption of adult responsibilities. These include entry into the adult roles of worker, spouse, and parent. Because entry into one adult role tends to have implications for entry into other adult roles, the ages at which these role changes occur are related. It is therefore instructive to view the process of adult role entry as a process that is initiated when the first of several role changes occurs. The purpose of this paper is to examine initiation of the process of adult role entry. Data from a fifteen-year followup study of high school students originally surveyed in 1957–58 and resurveyed in 1973–74 are analyzed to determine which of several role changes initiated the process of adult role entry and the age at which the process was initiated for cohorts born during the early 1940s. A model predicting the age at initiation of the process is estimated, and the parameters of that model are compared with the parameters of comparable models predicting educational attainment and the timing of exit from the student role.
Special considerations in the use of blue tetrazolium for the measurement of alpha-ketols in mixtures with other steroids.

INTRODUCTION AVARIETY of chemical methods has been proposed for the quantitative estimation of adrenocortical steroids (1–9). Several of these depend on the presence of the alpha-ketol side-chain, a grouping on the molecule characteristic of the active adrenocortical steroids. Selective reduction of tetrazolium salts by this grouping has been shown to occur under mild conditions (10). Chen and Tewell (8, 9) and later Mader and Buck (11) used blue tetrazolium (3,3′-dianisole-bis-4,4′-3,4 diphenyltetrazolium chloride) for the quantitative estimation of these steroids. These investigators have defined many of the essentials of the procedure, such as the absorption maximum of the chromogen, the adherence to Beer's law, and the advantages of tetramethyl-ammonium hydroxide as base over choline or sodium hydroxide. There is, however, disturbing uncertainty in regard to several factors which may imperil the applicability of the procedure to certain biologic mixtures. Although all investigators agree that ketols r...
FEASIBILITY OF COLLECTING PERIPHERAL BLOOD STEM CELLS (PBSC) IN AN AMBULATORY FACILITY FROM CHILDREN WEIGHING 915

FEASIBILITY OF COLLECTING PERIPHERAL BLOOD STEM CELLS (PBSC) IN AN AMBULATORY FACILITY FROM CHILDREN WEIGHING 915
A Review of “Spiritual Abuse Recovery: Dynamic Research on Finding a Place of Wholeness”

Barbara Orlowski, in her now-published doctoral research from her time as a student in the Associated Canadian Theological Schools, the Graduate School of Trinity Western University (Langley, BC, C...
SOME EFFECTS OF ANISOTROPY ON SPIRAL SPIN-CONFIGURATIONS WITH APPLICATION TO RARE-EARTH METALS

This is a theoretical study of effects of anisotropy on spiral spin-configurations, emphasizing the problem of the magnetic ordering in rare-earth metals. The principal results are as follows: It is shown that the ferromagnetic spiral observed at low temperatures by Wilkinson, Koehler, Wollan, and Cable in erbium can be the classical ground state of a spin Hamiltonian containing exchange and anisotropy terms, provided the latter includes terms of at least the fourth power in the spin variables. Furthermore, the observed cone angles (which imply large deviations from configurations possible with exchange forces alone) can be obtained with anisotropy forces much smaller than the exchange forces. The spin-wave spectrum and susceptibility for ferromagnetic spirals were also considered. The former has the interesting properties that $\ensuremath{\omega}(\mathrm{k})$ is linear in k for small k (even though the net moment is not zero), and there are two distinct branches, as contrasted with the case of simple antiferromagnetic spirals. For high temperatures, calculations are made on the basis of the molecular field approximation. It is shown that a small easy-axis anisotropy implies that at the highest transition temperature, ${T}_{c}$, the ordered spin configuration is a static longitudinal spin wave; the average spins are collinear, their lengths varying sinusoidally through the crystal. As $T$ decreases below ${T}_{c}$, the amplitude of the wave grows in order ${({T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, other Fourier components entering in higher order. The perpendicular components remain zero until a second transition temperature is reached, below which they begin to order. Since this complex type of behavior, which has been observed in erbium, can also occur with the same exchange and anisotropy constants needed to give the observed ground state, the possibility exists of describing erbium through the whole temperature range by this type of theory.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF CANOPY LEAVES

(1975). PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF CANOPY LEAVES. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 105-108.
Bundles from Britain

Abstract Ciborra, Claudio U., ed., Groupware and Teamwork: Invisible Aid or Technical Hindrance? (Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, 1996), 240 pp. Galliers, Robert D. and Walter J. Bates, eds., Information Technology and Organizational Transformation: Innovation for the 21st Century (Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, 1996), 240 pp. Klepper, Robert and Wendell O. Jones, Outsourcing Information Technology, Systems, and Services (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall PTR, 1998), 392 pp. Remenyi, Dan, Michael Sherwood-Smith, with Terry White, Achieving Maximum Value from Information Systems: A Process Approach (Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, 1997). 262 pp. Wigand, Rolf, Arnold Picot, and Ralf Reichwald, Information, Organization, and Management: Expanding Markets and Corporate Boundaries (Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 458 pp. Willcocks, Leslie P. and Mary C. Lacity, eds., Strategic Sourcing of Information Systems: Perspectives and Practices (Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, 1997)...
Current Concepts in Female Neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction

Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) encompasses a wide spectrum of abnormal voiding patterns ranging from detrusor overactivity and urgency to detrusor–external sphincter dyssynergia and urinary retention. NLUTD results from injury to the central or peripheral nervous system or some primary neurological disease that disrupts the normal neurological regulation of the lower urinary tract. Female patients with neurogenic voiding dysfunction deal with special challenges that make management of incontinence and lower urinary tract storage more problematic than in their male counterparts. Over the past 30 years, technological advancements have improved the care of these patients and reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with NLUTD. More recent developments, including intravesical botulinum toxin injection and neuromodulation (not US Food and Drug Administration approved for this indication), have provided further treatment options, resulting in improved quality of life. Still, management of the neurogenic bladder patient can be exceptionally complex, and attentive, specialized care is critical.
LPS induces secretion of chemokines by human syncytiotrophoblast cells in a MAPK-dependent manner

The maintenance of pregnancy depends on the nature and magnitude of the immune responses induced within the placenta. An elevated proinflammatory response in the intervillous space (IVS) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. It is becoming more apparent that the syncytiotrophoblast (ST) cells, which are in direct contact with maternal blood, are capable of contributing to the local immune environment in response to maternal hematogenous infections or exposure to proinflammatory stimuli. In this study, we investigated mechanisms by which ST might recruit maternal immune effectors to the IVS in response to bacterial infections. To assess this, primary trophoblasts were isolated from fresh term placentas and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS induced time-dependent expression and secretion of IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta from ST cells and an upregulation of ICAM-1. The stimulation also resulted in the activation of ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) but not p38 or JNK1/2. Inhibition of ERK1/2 lead to a reduction in the secretion of MIP-1beta and IL-8 suggesting that their production is at least partly dependent on ERK1/2 activation. Results from this study reveal a potential mechanism by which differentiated ST cells modulate the local maternal immune responses during an intrauterine bacterial infection. Such responses could contribute to the clearance of the infection but also pathological features observed in intrauterine infections of the placenta.
The effect of dissolved water on the viscosities of hydrophobic room-temperature ionic liquids

Data for viscosity vs. water content for three hydrophobic room-temperature ionic liquids show that their viscosities are strongly dependent on the amount of dissolved water.
HYDROLOGIC IMPACTS OF A LARGE-SCALE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE (DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS) EPIDEMIC

: The Jack Creek watershed, a 133 km2 (51.5 mi2) drainage in southwestern Montana, was impacted by a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) epidemic in 1975–1977 which killed an estimated 35 percent of its total timber. Analyses of USGS streamflow data for four years prior to and five years after mortality suggest a 15 percent post-epidemic increase in annual water yield, a two-to three-week advance in the annual hydrograph, a 10 percent increase in low flows and little increase of peak runoff.
Joseph Hooker takes a "fixed post": Transmutation and the "present unsatisfactory state of systematic botany", 1844-1860

Joseph Hooker first learned that Charles Darwin believed in the transmutation of species in 1844. For the next 14 years, Hooker remained a “nonconsenter” to Darwin’s views, resolving to keep the question of species origin “subservient to Botany instead of Botany to it, as must be the true relation”. Hooker placed particular emphasis on the need for any theory of species origin to support the broad taxonomic delimitation of species, a highly contentious issue. His always provisional support for special creation waned during the 1850s as he lost faith in its expediency for coordinating the study of plant geography, systematics and physiology. In 1858, Hooker embraced Darwin’s “considerable revolution in natural history,” but only after Darwin had carefully molded his transmutationism to meet Hooker’s exacting specifications.
Hepatitis B Virus Infection in US Correctional Facilities: A Review of Diagnosis, Management, and Public Health Implications

Among the blood-borne chronic viral infections, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one that is not only treatable but also preventable by provision of vaccination. Despite the availability of HBV vaccine for the last 15 years, more than 1.25 million individuals in the USA have chronic HBV infection, and about 5,000 die each year from HBV-related complications. From a societal perspective, access to treatment of chronic viral infections, like HIV and viral hepatitis, is highly cost-effective and has lasting benefits by reducing risk behaviors, morbidity, mortality, as well as disease transmission in the community. Individuals in correctional facilities are specially predisposed to such chronic viral infections because of their high-risk behaviors. The explosion of incarceration in the USA over the last few decades and the disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality from chronic infections among the incarcerated have put incredible strains on an overcrowded system that was not originally designed to provide comprehensive medical care for chronic illnesses. Recently, there has been a call to address medical care for individuals with chronic medical conditions in correctional settings, including those with infectious diseases. The economic and public health burden of chronic hepatitis B and its sequelae, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is felt most prominently in managed care settings with limited budgets, like correctional facilities. Prevalence of HBV infection among the incarcerated in the USA is fivefold that of the general population. We present a review of diagnosis, prevention, and the recently streamlined treatment guidelines for management of HBV infection in correctional settings, and discuss the implications and public health impact of these measures.
Effects of quantization noise in digital filters

If a discrete time linear system, hereafter called a digital filter, is programmed on a digital computer or realized with digital elements, computational errors due to finite word length are unavoidable. These errors may be subdivided into three classes, namely, the error caused by discretization of the system parameters, the error caused by analog to digital conversion of the input analog signal, and the error caused by roundoff of the results which are needed in further computations. The first type of error results in a fixed deviation in system parameters and is akin to a slightly wrong value of (say) an inductance in an analog filter. We shall not treat this problem here; it has been treated in some detail by Kaiser. The other two sources of error are more complicated but if reasonable simplifying assumptions are made they can be treated by the techniques of linear system noise theory. It is our aim to set up a model of a digital filter which includes these two latter sources of error and, through analysis of the model, to relate the desired system performance to the required length of computer registers.
Controls on soil organic matter content within a northern hardwood forest

Abstract Forest soils can act as both sinks and sources for atmospheric CO 2 and therefore have an important role in the global carbon cycle. Yet the controls on forest soil organic matter content (SOM) distribution at the scale of operational land management scales within forest types are rarely quantified in detail. To identify factors that influence the spatial distribution and accumulation of SOM in forests, soils and stand composition data from 42 even-aged northern hardwood forest plots were analyzed using multiple linear regression and non-parametric statistical approaches. The analysis included three layers of SOM pools (forest floor, 0–20 cm mineral soil, and 20+ cm mineral soil) over three spatial scales (point, plot and regional). The largest amounts of total SOM (mean = 289, std dev = 70 Mg ha − 1 ) occurred in deep and well drained soils located on gently grading slopes. When soil layers were analyzed separately, the following relationships were observed: 1) highest forest floor SOM occurred under mixed species composition as opposed to stands dominated by sugar maple, 2) highest 0–20 cm mineral SOM occurred at high elevations (greater than 450 m) in moderately well drained soils, and 3) highest 20+ cm mineral SOM also occurred at high elevations and when soils were deeper. Further analysis of 0–20 cm mineral layer revealed that lower rock volume and finer soil texture resulted in higher SOM at a single point. When SOM that was predicted from models based on plot-specific attributes (soils series, slope and aspect) were compared to soil survey SOM estimates, the mean SOM values for both approaches were similar (253 and 269 Mg ha − 1 respectively). Easily identifiable characteristics such as mixed stand composition, the presence of forest floor and E horizon thickness may be used as field indicators of SOM storage. The variety of controls identified in this study should be considered when assessing soil carbon response to management options and future changes in climate.
Statistical precision of dimension estimators.

We address the issue of statistical error in the estimation of the correlation dimension of a (possibly fractal) set from a finite sample of N points on the set. Although both numerical and analytical investigations show that this error generically scales with the number of points as O(1/ \ensuremath{\surd}N ) for N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}, it is also shown that this is not always the case. The exceptions exhibit anomalously precise O(1/N) scaling, and can be characterized by their extreme uniformity. The existence of these exceptions points out that the central limit theorem is not directly applicable. The exceptions are not generic, but it is common for a fractal to exhibit 1/N scaling that crosses over to 1/ \ensuremath{\surd}N scaling only after N becomes very large. The coefficients of both the 1/ \ensuremath{\surd}N term and the 1/N term are derived, and the results are applied to practical problems in dimension estimation. In particular, the practice of computing dimension with only a few reference points is discussed. The choice of optimal scaling region and the overall scaling of error (systematic and statistical) with N are also considered in light of these results.
Biodiversity loss and the rise of zoonotic pathogens

The unprecedented loss of biological diversity from anthropogenic causes has profound impacts on human health. One way that biodiversity loss threatens human health is by exacerbating risk and incidence of infectious diseases. This paper briefly reviews two zoonotic diseases – West Nile virus (WNV) illness and Lyme disease (LD) – in which high diversity in the community of vertebrate hosts for arthropod vectors strongly reduces human risk. In both cases, the primary reservoirs for the pathogen are species that dominate in human-impacted, low-diversity communities. As a result, the generalist vectors responsible for transmitting the pathogens to humans have relatively high feeding rates on these reservoirs, leading to high infection prevalence in mosquito (for WNV) and tick (for LD) vectors. In contrast, where native vertebrate diversity is high, mosquito and tick vectors evidently feed from a wider variety of hosts, most of which are poor reservoirs for the pathogens, resulting in lower infection prevalence. Protection of humans against exposure to zoonotic pathogens should be added to the list of utilitarian functions provided by high biodiversity.
Dynamic responses of a kinetic energy projectile under transverse loadings

Summary--We report on the effects of launch tube nonstraightness and asymmetric loading on the accura.cy performance of a kinetic energy projectile. Modeling the projectile as a rigid body within the launch tube, we obtain and solve the equations of rotary motion to calculate the orientation of the projectile relative to the tube as a function of time. Three launch tube geometries are modeled; curiously, the most severe environment does not produce the most deviant projectile orientations during in-bore travel or at muzzle exit. To determine the effects of asymmetric loading, we model the rod as a nonuniform two-dimensional beam, subject to a transverse blast load. Determined experimentally, the sabot equivalent stiffness is bounded between 106 and 10 7 N/m. These bounds are used in an elastic boundary condition to the rod finite element model. The ANSYS transient vibration analyses predict a peak transverse displacement of 20 mm and a peak transverse velocity of 75mm/s at muzzle exit. We conclude that: (1) base pressures asymmetry induces transverse vibrations in the projectile, and these vibrations are affected by sabot stiffness; and (2) launch tube profile nonstraightness induces rigid body rotations in the projectile, and these rotations may or may not increase with launch tube severity.
Subdivision volume splatting

Volumetric Subdivision (VS) is a powerful paradigm that enables volumetric sculpting and realistic volume deformations that give rise to the concept of "virtual clay". In VS, volumes are commonly represented as a space-filling set of deformed polyhedra, which can be further decomposed into a mesh of tetrahedra for rendering. Images can then be generated via tetrahedral projection or raycasting. A current shortcoming in VS-based operations is the need for a very high level of subdivision to represent fine detail in the mesh and to obtain a high-fidelity visualization. However, we have discovered that the subdivision process itself can be closely simulated with radial basis functions (RBFs), making it possible to replace the finer subdivision levels by a coarser aggregation of RBF kernels. This reduction to a simplified assembly of RBFs subsequently enables interactive rendering of volumetric subdivision shapes within a GPU-based volume splatting framework.
Expanding the Model-Tracing Architecture: A 3rd Generation Intelligent Tutor for Algebra Symbolization

Following Computer Aided Instruction systems, 2nd generation tutors are Model-Tracing Tutors (MTTs) (Anderson & Pelletier, 1991) which are intelligent tutoring systems that have been very successful at aiding student learning, but have not reached the level of performance of experienced human tutors (Anderson et al., 1995). To that end, this paper presents a new architecture called ATM ("Adding a Tutorial Model"), which is an extension to model-tracing, that allows these tutors to engage in a dialog that is more like those in which experienced human tutors engage. Specifically, while MTTs provide hints toward doing the next problemsolving step, this 3rd generation of tutors, the ATM architecture, adds the capability to ask questions towards thinking about the knowledge behind the next problem-solving step. We present a new tutor built in ATM, called Ms. Lindquist, which is designed to carry on a tutorial dialog about algebra symbolization. The difference between ATM and MTT is the separate tutorial model that encodes pedagogical content knowledge in the form of different tutorial strategies, which were partially developed by observing an experienced human tutor. Ms. Lindquist has tutored thousands of students at www.AlgebraTutor.org. Future work will reveal if Ms. Lindquist is a better tutor because of the addition of the tutorial model.
From Synapse to Nucleus: Calcium-Dependent Gene Transcription in the Control of Synapse Development and Function

One of the unique characteristics of higher organisms is their ability to learn and adapt to changes in their environment. This plasticity is largely a result of the brain's ability to convert transient stimuli into long-lasting alterations in neuronal structure and function. This process is complex and involves changes in receptor trafficking, local mRNA translation, protein turnover, and new gene synthesis. Here, we review how neuronal activity triggers calcium-dependent gene expression to regulate synapse development, maturation, and refinement. Interestingly, many components of the activity-dependent gene expression program are mutated in human cognitive disorders, which suggest that this program is essential for proper brain development and function.
Acute and long-term response of dopamine nigrostriatal synapses to a single, low-dose episode of 3-nitropropionic acid-mediated chemical hypoxia.

The goal of the present investigation was to determine the persistence of striatal dopaminergic dysfunction after a mild chemically-induced hypoxic event in Fisher 344 rats. To this end, we gave a single injection of the mitochondrial complex II inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP; 16.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to 2 month old male F344 rats and measured various indices of striatal dopaminergic functioning and lipid peroxidation over a 3 month span. Separate groups of rats were used to measure rod walking, evoked dopamine (DA) release, DA content, MDA accumulation, DA receptor binding, and tyrosine hydroxylase activity. The results showed that 3-NP exposure reduced most measures of DA functioning including motoric ability, DA release, and D2 receptor densities for 1 to 3 months post drug administration. Interestingly, DA content was reduced 1 week after 3-NP exposure, but rose to 147% of control values 1 month after 3-NP treatment. MDA accumulation, a measure of lipid peroxidation activity, was increased 24 hr and 1 month after 3-NP treatment. 3-NP did not affect tyrosine hydroxylase activity, suggesting that alterations in DA functioning were not the result of nigrostriatal terminal loss. These data demonstrate that a brief mild hypoxic episode caused by 3-NP exposure has long-term detrimental effects on the functioning of the nigrostriatal DA system.
How to Open a File and Not Get Hacked

Careless attention to opening files, often caused by problems with path traversal or shared directories, can expose applications to attacks on the file names that they use. In this paper we present criteria to determine if a path is safe from attack and how previous algorithms are not sufficient to protect against such attacks. We then describe an algorithm to safely open a file when in the presence of an attack (and how to detect the presence of such an attack), and provide a new library of file open routines that embodies our algorithm. These routines can be used as one-for-one substitutes for conventional POSIX open and fopen calls.
Nature of the transport ATPase-digitalis complex. VI. Purification of and ouabain binding to a highly active cardiac Na+, K+-ATPase.

Abstract A Na+,K+-ATPase has been isolated from canine heart with a specific activity as high as 200 μmoles of inorganic phosphate/mg protein/hour. Activity is not due to simple detergent activation since specific ouabain binding (i.e., [Mg++,Na+,ATP] or [Mg++,Pi]-ligand dependent) ranged from 200–450 pmoles/mg protein. Specific ouabain binding activities are up to ten times greater than heretofore reported.
p-channel germanium MOSFETs with high channel mobility

The fabrication and performance of p-channel germanium MOSFETs having a nitrided native oxide gate insulator are reported. A self-aligned dummy-gate process suitable for circuit integration is utilized. Common-source characteristics exhibit no looping and indicate a peak room-temperature channel mobility of 770 cm/sup 2//V-s. These results provide further evidence that a high-performance germanium CMOS technology is possible. >
George W. Bush, the Party System, and American Federalism

As William Riker argued more than four decades ago, the behavior of political parties has critical consequences for the integrity of federal systems (Riker 1964). It is widely recognized that George W. Bush’s presidency has profoundly shaped the development of the American federal system—primarily by centralizing political power in the federal government and the executive branch. Cast against the Republican Party’s support for limited government and states rights—a ‘‘new federalism’’—for much of the past three decades, the Bush administration’s embrace of ‘‘big government conservatism’’ is potentially a highly significant development in American politics. Much less understood is how Bush’s approach to federalism has been shaped by his relationship to and leadership of the Republican Party. Bush’s relative inattention to federalism must be seen against the larger changes in the American party system, a transformation in which the decentralized parties that shaped American politics and government well into the twentieth century have given way to more national and programmatic organizations that subordinate local self government to national administration. Ambitious conservative presidents such as Ronald Reagan have been critical agents in the development of this ‘‘new party system,’’ yet George W. Bush has
Gas-Phase Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Labeling of Select Peptide Ion Conformer Types: a Per-Residue Kinetics Analysis

The per-residue, gas-phase hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX) kinetics for individual amino acid residues on selected ion conformer types of the model peptide KKDDDDDIIKIIK have been examined using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and HDX-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques. The [M + 4H]4+ ions exhibit two major conformer types with collision cross sections of 418 A2 and 446 A2; the [M + 3H]3+ ions also yield two different conformer types having collision cross sections of 340 A2 and 367 A2. Kinetics plots of HDX for individual amino acid residues reveal fast- and slow-exchanging hydrogens. The contributions of each amino acid residue to the overall conformer type rate constant have been estimated. For this peptide, N- and C-terminal K residues exhibit the greatest contributions for all ion conformer types. Interior D and I residues show decreased contributions. Several charge state trends are observed. On average, the D residues of the [M + 3H]3+ ions show faster HDX rate contributions compared with [M + 4H]4+ ions. In contrast the interior I8 and I9 residues show increased accessibility to exchange for the more elongated [M + 4H]4+ ion conformer type. The contribution of each residue to the overall uptake rate showed a good correlation with a residue hydrogen accessibility score model calculated using a distance from charge site and initial incorporation site for nominal structures obtained from molecular dynamic simulations (MDS).