cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training Agricultural Economists for Public Careers

A I have tried to think my way through the subject of this discussion, I find myself digging into questions of methodology. My remarks, therefore, are not about courses, jobs, and the problems before the various agencies that support public careers for persons trained in agricultural economics. Instead I have attempted a presentation of some of the issues, the deeper issues as I understand them, which I have encountered as I have thought about training students in agricultural economics for public careers. Even if the outcome should be different from that which was originally anticipated when the program was projected-my only defense would be that methodology is all that can be taught students of economics anyhow. The over-all question in my mind is how do we assist or stimulate a student towork out a viewpoint of his own. To me this is the essence of graduate work. I notice that some professional workers in agricultural economics get along reasonably well with a minimum amount of advanced training. But most people seem to need 3 to 5 years of graduate work in economics and related fields. But the critical point, I judge, is not the time spent but the viewpoint developed. How comprehensive the viewpoint needs to be, depends upon the work to be done; evidently it should be sufficiently broad to embrace the main issues in the work undertaken-to give comprehensive references for dealing with whatever problems fall within the range of the job. My own observations of the work of graduate students has led me to attach increasingly greater importance to the programs of undergraduate study. It is here that students establish their main reference points for dealing with later issues. For most students the day is too late to take background courses after they have enrolled in graduate schools.
Subconstructs of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in a multi-ethnic inner-city population in the U.S.

The ten-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is one of the most widely used self-report measures of postpartum depression. Although originally described as a one-dimensional measure, the recognition that depressive symptoms may be differentially experienced across cultural and racial/ethnic groups has led to studies examining structural equivalence of the EPDS in different populations. Variation of the factor structure remains understudied across racial/ethnic groups of US women. We examined the factor structure of the EPDS assessed 6 months postpartum in 515 women (29% black, 53% Hispanic, 18% white) enrolled in an urban Boston longitudinal birth cohort. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified that a three-factor model, including depression, anxiety, and anhedonia subscales, was the most optimal fit in our sample as a whole and across race/ethnicity. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the fit of both the two- and three-factor models reported in prior research. CFA confirmed the best fit for a three-factor model, with minimal differences across race/ethnicity. “Things get on top of me” loaded on the anxiety factor among Hispanics, but loaded on the depression factor in whites and African Americans. These findings suggest that EPDS factor structure may need to be adjusted for diverse samples and warrants further study.
Beautiful Bugs, Bothersome Bugs, and FUN Bugs: Examining Human Interactions with Insects and Other Arthropods

ABSTRACTBecause the ostensible majority of incidental human–insect (and other arthropods) interactions are negative, any interest in non-pretty “bugs” appears to be inherently demotivated. Three complementary studies explored US college students’ perceptions, knowledge, and experiences of insects to better understand folk classifications and to identify potentially new ways to present them to motivate human interest. Study 1, an open-ended survey (n = 236), found that knowledge of insects is limited to a mean of 13 insects. Of these 13 insects, most were also dichotomized as liked (beautiful bugs) or disliked (bothersome bugs). The second study, using semi-structured interviews (n = 60), revealed similar categories as found in the first study, providing further details about positive and negative perceptions of, attitudes to, and types of experiences people have with, insects and other closely related arthropods. The last study (n = 200) used a paired forced-choice scale with 10 silhouettes of insects and...
Early Steps in the Exocytosis of Secretory Vesicles in Mast Cells

Under physiologic conditions, mast cells are stimulated to secrete (“degranulate”) when a multivalent antigen simultaneously binds two or more IgE antibodies that, in turn, are bound to IgE receptors in the mast cell membrane. The antigen-antibody binding apparently brings IgE-receptors into close proximity so that they form dimers or oligomers. Since the IgE receptor is a membrane-spanning protein, this oligomerization communicates itself to the cytoplasmic face of the membrane, and thereby initiates a chain of events that ultimately leads to degranulation (Ishizaka & Ishizaka, 1984). Any maneuver leading to oligomerization or clustering of IgE receptors induces degranulation. Probably the first effect of IgE-receptor oligomerization is to activate a phospholipase-C, probably via GTP binding to a G-protein (Gomperts, 1986).
Monoclonal Antibodies to Components of Rhizobium -Induced Pea Nodules

Monoclonal Antibodies (McAb) are being used as a tool to identify and characterise molecular components of Rhizobium-induced pea nodules.
Analysis of risk factors of postappendectomy intra-abdominal abscess.

BACKGROUND Postappendectomy intra-abdominal abscesses (PAIAA) complicate the recovery of a small but significant fraction of patients with advanced appendicitis. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective review of 1,184 patients with appendicitis was undertaken to define the clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with PAIAA. RESULTS Thirty-three patients with 36 PAIAAs were found, an incidence of 2.8 percent. The mean age of patients with PAIAA was less than the overall group (16.9 versus 23.1 years, p = 0.002), and the mean core temperature of the PAIAA group was significantly higher (38.5 versus 38.2 degrees C). The incidence of PAIAA increased as the degree of appendiceal pathology worsened. The incidence of PAIAA was six (3.2 percent) of 190 in patients with gangrenous appendicitis and was 27 (8.7 percent) of 309 among patients with perforated appendicitis. Logistic regression analysis showed that independent predictors for the occurrence of PAIAA were young age and perforation. Although children presented with a higher rate of perforated appendicitis, this did not account for the younger age of the patients with PAIAA. Children (less than ten years of age) with perforation had PAIAA in ten (14 percent) of 69 cases compared with the incidence in the older patients with perforation of 17 (7.1 percent) of 240. CONCLUSIONS These findings improve the surgeon's ability to identify patients at risk for PAIAA. Alterations in the perioperative management of perforated appendicitis, particularly in the pediatric patient, may reduce the occurrence of PAIAA.
Role of Complement in Ocular Immune Response

The complement system is an important part of innate immune system and plays an important role in the pathology of several diseases. In recent years, the study of the role of the complement system in various ocular diseases has been gaining importance. The complement system protects the eye from various insults but, if left unregulated, then it can cause various ocular diseases. Recombinant complement regulators offer alternative options for designing new therapies for the treatment of ocular diseases.
The Black Prince: England’s Greatest Medieval Warrior

This book makes a bold claim in its subtitle. After all, Edward of Woodstock, famously known as the “Black Prince,” has some pretty stiff competition for “England’s greatest medieval warrior,” incl...
Revealing the atomic ordering of binary intermetallics using in situ heating techniques at multilength scales.

Ordered intermetallic nanoparticles are promising electrocatalysts with enhanced activity and durability for the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The ordered phase is generally identified based on the existence of superlattice ordering peaks in powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). However, after employing a widely used postsynthesis annealing treatment, we have found that claims of “ordered” catalysts were possibly/likely mixed phases of ordered intermetallics and disordered solid solutions. Here, we employed in situ heating, synchrotron-based, X-ray diffraction to quantitatively investigate the impact of a variety of annealing conditions on the degree of ordering of large ensembles of Pt3Co nanoparticles. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that Pt3Co nanoparticles have a lower order–disorder phase transition (ODPT) temperature relative to the bulk counterpart. Furthermore, we employed microscopic-level in situ heating electron microscopy to directly visualize the morphological changes and the formation of both fully and partially ordered nanoparticles at the atomic scale. In general, a higher degree of ordering leads to more active and durable electrocatalysts. The annealed Pt3Co/C with an optimal degree of ordering exhibited significantly enhanced durability, relative to the disordered counterpart, in practical membrane electrode assembly (MEA) measurements. The results highlight the importance of understanding the annealing process to maximize the degree of ordering in intermetallics to optimize electrocatalytic activity.
Crowdfunding for lung cancer costs.

e18340Background: Online crowdfunding, where individuals create campaigns to solicit donations, has grown as an avenue to combat the financial toxicities of cancer. The online platform GoFundMe hos...
Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Solvers for the Generalized Finite Element Method

This paper focuses on preconditioners for the conjugate gradient method and their applications to the Generalized FEM with global-local enrichments (GFEMgl) and the Stable GFEMgl. The preconditioners take advantage of the hierarchical struture of the matrices in these methods and the fact that most of the matrix does not change when simulating for example, the evolution of interfaces and fractures. The performance of the conjugate gradient method with the proposed preconditioner is investigated. A 3-D fracture problem is adopted for the numerical experiments.
Pain management in palliative care: art or science

Abstract Pain management in palliative care is both an art and a science. Essential to good pain control is an understanding not only of the pathophysiology of the origin of the pain, but also the impact that the pain is having, as the palliative patient may have to live with the symptoms of disease for months or even years. Interventions can then be targeted and at various times, may include a range of pharmacological treatments, psychological or spiritual support and possibly the involvement of other specialties to alleviate a particular problem.
A SURVEY STUDY OF SIZE FACTOR IMPACT ON TQM SUCCESS AND SUSTAINABILITY

Total Quality Management (TQM) is a management approach to long–term success through customer satisfaction. There have been numerous studies devoted to TQM success and failures but relatively few took into account size factors. The objective of this study was to determine if size factors impacted TQM success and sustainability. In this study, the authors looked at three areas where size may impact TQM success: size of an organization, size of customer base, and size of the core TQM team. The authors developed a survey and measured the responses of 101 industry professionals with varying degrees of expertise in TQM to understand if size factors impacted the success and sustainability of TQM. The findings suggest that responses varied widely based on TQM expertise. General trends were evident with responses from select subgroups. The study concluded that size factors play a contributor role but are not root causes to success or failure. This research is unique because it looks at customer base size and core TQM team size to determine if these factors impact TQM implementation and sustainability.
An Evidence-based Protocol to Improve HPV Vaccine Initiation Rates at a County Immunization Clinic.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for 26,900 cancer cases yearly, including genital and oropharyngeal cancers. Despite providing nearly 100% protection against cancer-causing strains of HPV...
Taking a Chance in the Classroom: Setting the Stage for Data Science: Integration of Data Management Skills in Introductory and Second Courses in Statistics

Many have argued that statistics students need additional facility to express statistical computations. By introducing students to commonplace tools for data management, visualization, and reproduc...
Approximating Ground State Energies and Wave Functions of Physical Systems with Neural Networks

Quantum theory has been remarkably successful in providing an understanding of physical systems at foundational scales. Solving the Schrodinger equation provides full knowledge of all dynamical quantities of the physical system. However closed form solutions to this equation are only available for a few systems and approximation methods are typically used to find solutions. In this paper we address the problem of solving the time independent Schrodinger equation for the ground state solution of physical systems. We propose using end-to-end deep learning approach in a variational optimization scheme for approximating the ground state energies and wave functions of these systems. A neural network realizes a universal trial wave function and is trained in an unsupervised learning framework by optimizing the expectation value of the Hamiltonian of a physical system. The proposed approach is evaluated on physical systems consisting of a particle in a box with and without a perturbation. We demonstrate that our approach obtains approximations of ground state energies and wave functions that are highly accurate, which makes it a potentially plausible candidate for solving more complex physical systems for which analytical solutions are beyond reach.
Availability and assessment of microplastic ingestion by marsh birds in Mississippi Gulf Coast tidal marshes.

Millions of tons of plastic enter the environment every year, where much of it concentrates in environmental sinks such as tidal marshes. With prior studies documenting harm to marine fauna caused by this plastic pollution, the need to understand how this novel type of pollution affects estuarine fauna is great. Yet, research on the fate and uptake of plastic pollutants in estuarine ecosystems is sparse. Therefore, we quantified plastic prevalence and ingestion by two species of resident marsh bird, Clapper Rails (Rallus crepitans) and Seaside Sparrows (Ammospiza maritima), in coastal marsh ecosystems within Mississippi. We detected microplastics (plastics smaller than 5 mm) in 64% of marsh sediment samples, 83% of Clapper Rail and 69% of Seaside Sparrow proventriculus samples. Dominant types of microplastics detected in sediment and bird samples were fibers. This study provides the first evidence of microplastic ingestion by marsh birds and its distribution in coastal marshes within Mississippi.
Algorithms and Data Structures for New Models of Computation

In the early days of computer science, the community settled on a simple standard model of computing and a basic canon of general purpose algorithms and data structures suited to that model. With isochronous computing, heterogeneous multiprocessors, flash memory, energy-aware computing, cache and other anisotropic memory, distributed computing, streaming environments, functional languages, graphics coprocessors, etc., the basic canon of algorithms and data structures is not enough. Software developers know of real-world constraints and new models of computation and use them to design effective algorithms and data structures. These constraints motivate the development of elegant algorithms with broad utility. As examples, we present four algorithms that were motivated by specific hardware nuances, but are generally useful: reservoir sampling, majority of a stream, B-heap, and compacting an array in $\Theta (\log n)$Θ(logn) time.
Transdermal alcohol monitors: Research, applications, and future directions

Abstract A reliable alcohol biosensor has the potential to increase awareness of problematic drinking and so reduce alcohol-related morbidity and mortality. At the present time, transdermal alcohol monitors—which measure alcohol consumption by assessing the alcohol content of sweat and insensible perspiration—represent the technology that offers the greatest promise for a wearable alcohol biosensor. Transdermal alcohol sensors are currently used mainly as abstinence monitors, in which capacity they have proven useful within the criminal justice system, alcohol intervention programs, and also within some basic alcohol research. However, the relationship between transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC), as measured by these devices, and continuous blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is complex, likely varying based on individual and also contextual factors and also involving some degree of lag. We provide a brief review of the human subjects studies conducted to date examining the BAC-TAC relationship, provide directions for future research, and also consider future applications of transdermal alcohol monitors.
The new era of Liver Transplantation for Cholangiocarcinoma - no longer just a one man show.

Liver transplantation (LT) has emerged as a novel therapy for patients with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) who were previously deemed unresectable. While initial data showed poor survival after LT alone, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with LT showed great promise. This became the basis for the Mayo protocol which has rightfully been the standard of care for selecting and managing patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma (hCCA) for liver transplantation for the past two decades 1,2 .
Geschlecht, Generation und Modernisierung

In Gesellschaften mit einem hohen Niveau an Modernisierung steht die uberwiegende Mehrheit der mannlichen Mitglieder — und zwar sowohl in ihren relativ modernisierten als auch in den relativ nicht-modernisierten Bereichen — von der Geburt bis zur Reife im wesentlichen unter der direkten Kontrolle und Herrschaft der weiblichen Mitglieder. Niemals zuvor in der Geschichte der Menschheit ist dies fur mehr als eine kleine Minderheit der Manner der Fall gewesen1.
Predicting Financial Crisis in Developing Economies: Astronomy or Astrology?

In the aftermath of the European currency crisis of 1992-3, the Mexican financial crisis of 1994-5 and the Asian financial crisis of 1997-8, neoclassical economists in the academy and policy community have been engaged in a project to develop predictors or indicators of currency, banking and generalized financial crises in developing economies. This paper critically examines the efforts of the economics profession in this regard on both empirical and theoretical grounds. The paper argues that these predictors perform poorly on empirical grounds--indeed, the predictors developed after each of these crises failed to predict the next major crisis. These predictors are also rejected on theoretical grounds. From a post-Keynesian perspective, there is no reason to expect that the mere provision of information will prevent crises by changing agents' behaviors. The paper will also propose several indicators that are consonant with post-Keynesian economic theory, although it will be argued that these indicators do not represent a sufficient means to prevent financial crisis. Ironically, as agents develop confidence in the predictive capacity of crisis indicators, they may engage in actions that increase the economy's vulnerability to crisis. Far more important to the project of preventing financial crisis in developing economies is the implementation of constraints on those investor behaviors that render liberalized, internationally integrated financial systems inherently prone to instability and crisis. Hence, intellectual capital would be more productively expended on devising appropriate changes in the overall regime in which investors operate (such as measures that compel changes in financing strategies) rather than in searching for new predictors of crisis.
Chapter 14 School Resources

Abstract Although there is intense policy interest in improving educational outcomes around the world, there is much greater uncertainty about how to accomplish this. The primary governmental decisions often relate to the resources that are devoted to schooling, but the research indicates little consistent relationship between resources to schools and student achievement. Much of the research considers how resources affect student achievement as measured by standardized test scores. These scores are strongly related to individual incomes and to national economic performance, making them a good proxy for longer run economic impacts. But, the evidence – whether from aggregate school outcomes, econometric investigations, or a variety of experimental or quasiexperimental approaches – suggests that pure resource policies that do not change incentives are unlikely to be effective. Importantly, the results appear similar across both developed and developing countries.
Hairetes: A Search Engine for OCR Documents

In this paper, we report on the architecture and preliminary implementation of our search engine, Hairetes. This engine is based on an extended concept of Retrieval by General Logical Imaging (RbGLI). In this extension, word similarity measures are computed by EMIM and Bayes' theorem.
El escultor de su alma: el discurso escénico de Ángel Ganivet

Ganivet's achievement as a playwright have not been fully discussed. Although there have been some significant studies about El escultor de su alma, critics have generally studied this play from a literary perspective. They have related this work, in particular, to Ganivet´s life and personality, disregarding its specific theatrical objectives and techniques. This analysis proposes a critical evaluations of Ganivet's dramatic discourse in El escultor de su alma.
Bestimmung des wirksamen Widerstandes

Wenn kontinuierliche Gleichstrome durch einen Leiter fliesen, so ist der Ohmsche Widerstand ein Material- und Dimensionsgrose, wahrend im Bereich der schnellen Schwingungen die Stromverdrangung gegen die Oberflache des Leiters einen bedeutend hoheren Widerstand hervorrufen kann. Zuverlassige Werte konnen nur dann erhalten werden, wenn ihre Messung unter den tatsachlichen Arbeitsbedingungen angestellt wird1).
Current measurement in applied behavior analysis

The analysis of behavior began with a form of data, rate of responding, which allowed for efficient study and for the description of the basic principles of behavior. Especially important were the facts that rate of responding was a direct reflection of fundamental properties of behavior, and that rate of responding was measured continuously within an experimental session. As behavior analysts moved from purely experimental to applied settings, discontinuous, time-based methods of measurement evolved, which neither directly reflect fundamental properties of behavior nor continuously record behavior within an experimental session. This paper offers a critical discussion of current measurement practices, and discusses factors possibly related to the use of discontinuous, time-based observing/recording procedures. A theoretical basis for observing/recording procedures is presented which emphasizes continuous measurement of response dimensions directly related to fundamental properties of behavior.
A Smart Wirelessly Powered Homecage for Long-Term High-Throughput Behavioral Experiments

A wirelessly powered homecage system, called the EnerCage-HC, that is equipped with multicoil wireless power transfer, closed-loop power control, optical behavioral tracking, and a graphic user interface is presented for longitudinal electrophysiology and behavioral neuroscience experiments. The EnerCage-HC system can wirelessly power a mobile unit attached to a small animal subject and also track its behavior in real-time as it is housed inside a standard homecage. The EnerCage-HC system is equipped with one central and four overlapping slanted wire-wound coils with optimal geometries to form three- and four-coil power transmission links while operating at 13.56 MHz. Utilizing multicoil links increases the power transfer efficiency (PTE) compared with conventional two-coil links and also reduces the number of power amplifiers to only one, which significantly reduces the system complexity, cost, and heat dissipation. A Microsoft Kinect installed 90 cm above the homecage localizes the animal position and orientation with 1.6-cm accuracy. Moreover, a power management ASIC, including a high efficiency active rectifier and automatic coil resonance tuning, was fabricated in a 0.35- $\mu \text{m}$ 4M2P standard CMOS process for the mobile unit. The EnerCage-HC achieves a max/min PTE of 36.3%/16.1% at the nominal height of 7 cm. In vivo experiments were conducted on freely behaving rats by continuously delivering 24 mW to the mobile unit for >7 h inside a standard homecage.
Chemical Biophysics: Quantitative Analysis of Cellular Systems

Preface Introduction Part I. Background Material: 1. Concepts from physical chemistry 2. Conventions and calculations for biochemical systems 3. Chemical kinetics and transport processes Part II. Analysis and Modeling of Biochemical Systems: 4. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions 5. Biochemical signaling modules 6. Biochemical reaction networks 7. Coupled biochemical systems and membrane transport Part III. Special Topics: 8. Spatially distributed systems and reaction-diffusion modeling 9. Constraint-based analysis of biochemical systems 10. Biomacromolecular structure and molecular association 11. Stochastic biochemical systems and the chemical master equation 12. Appendix: the statistical basis of thermodynamics Bibliography Index.
Magnetism and structure at vacant lattice sites in graphene

Abstract The electronic structure, bonding and magnetism in graphene containing vacancies are studied using density-functional methods applied to finite- as well as periodic simulation cells. The single-vacancy graphene ground state is spin polarized and structurally flat. The unpolarized state is non-planar only for finite segments. Systems containing periodic arrays of vacancies display magnetic transitions and metal–insulator transitions.
Flow Visualization of the Penn State Pulsatile Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device Cannulae and Change in Outlet Valve Placement

Due to the lack of long-term mechanical circulatory support options for children, Penn State is developing a pneumatically driven 12 cc pulsatile pediatric ventricular assist device (PVAD). The reduction in volume, however, necessary to accommodate pediatric patients leads to changes in the functional fluid mechanics. One area that has not been previously observed is the flow upstream and downstream of the inlet and outlet valves. In particular an area of blockage, that includes a large area of stagnant flow, has been observed upstream of the outlet valve that could cause an increase in blood damage. In order to measure the flow upstream and downstream of the ports, we deploy a 50 mm acrylic valve extension. The outlet valve is moved downstream of the outlet port in an attempt to eliminate a flow blockage region upstream of the valve. We mount the PVAD to a mock circulatory loop that models the systemic circulation under normal physiological conditions, with a 40% hematocrit blood analog as the fluid. Two dimensional particle image velocimetry is used to measure the flow. As expected, the flow patterns in the body of the device remain similar to those without the extension, except near the outlet port. Non-uniform flow is observed upstream of both the inlet and outlet valves and regurgitation is observed upstream of the inlet valve. The relocation of the outlet valve leads to a more uniform outflow and the blockage region is eliminated. The observations of non-uniform flow upstream of the inlet valve are a new and important observation when considering computational models. Also, the new outlet flow pattern associated with the relocation of the outlet valve reduces the potential for blood damage. Studies with a relocated valve in a clinical model are being considered.
Rural adult education: Future directions

This chapter looks broadly at the preceding chapters, offering some thematic analysis as well as proposing possible areas for additional research.
Mediastinal growing teratoma syndrome

Background. The growing teratoma syndrome refers to the phenomenon whereby germ cell tumors enlarge after chemotherapy despite complete eradication of malignant cells and normalization of serum tumor markers. This clinical scenario must be differentiated from that in which germ cell tumors maintain their malignant characteristics with elevated levels of serum tumor markers. Methods. Hospital record review was conducted of 2 cases. Results. Two male patients are presented, 1 with a metastatic germ cell tumor of both the retroperitoneum and mediastinum (with elevated α-fetoprotein level) and 1 with a primary germ cell tumor of the mediastinum (with elevated α-fetoprotein and β-human chorionic gonadotropin levels). After completion of chemotherapy and normalization of tumor markers, both patients presented with pulmonary symptoms attributable to their massively enlarging mediastinal teratomas. The clinical and roentgenographic features of patients with thoracic manifestations of the growing teratoma syndrome, as well as its management, are reviewed. Conclusions. After chemotherapy in patients with primary or metastatic mediastinal germ cell tumors whose tumor markers normalize, a growing mass in the mediastinum may represent the growing teratoma syndrome.
Metal enrichment in bauxites by deposition of chemically mature aeolian dust

Mass-balance equations applied to chemical analyses of a bauxite weathering profile in Western Australia show quantitatively that the ore-grade enrichment of aluminium is due to accumulation of aeolian dust derived elsewhere from chemically mature soils. This finding challenges the prevalent view of bauxite genesis by simple in situ residual enrichment and suggests that regional dust trajectories may serve as a genetic link between laterites, bauxites, heavy mineral beach sands, and clay-enriched marine sediments.
Terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter in the chesapeake bay and the middle atlantic bight

Concentrations of lignin-phenols were analyzed in high molecular weight dissolved organic matter (0.2 μm > HMW DOM > 1 kDa) isolated from surface waters of the Chesapeake Bay (C. Bay), and surface and bottom waters of the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB). The abundance of lignin-phenols in HMW DOM was higher in the C. Bay (0.128 ± 0.06 μg L−1) compared to MAB surface waters (0.016 ± 0.004 μg L−1) and MAB bottom waters (0.005 ± 0.003 μg L−1). On an organic carbon-normalized basis, lignin-phenol abundances in the HMW DOM (i.e., Λ6), were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in bottom waters compared to sediments at some stations in the MAB. Ratios of syringyl to vanillyl phenols (S/V) in HMW DOM, indicative of angiosperm-derived lignin, ranged from 0.165 to 0.422 in C. Bay, 0.100 to 0.314 in MAB surface waters, and 0.076 to 0.357 in MAB bottom waters. Ratios of vanillic acid to vanillin (Ad/Al)V in HMW DOM, indicative of lignin decay, ranged from 0.611 to 1.37 in C. Bay, 0.534 to 2.62 in MAB surface waters, and 0.435 to 1.96 in MAB bottom water. Ratios of S/V and (Ad/Al)V showed no significant differences between each environment, providing no evidence of any compositionally distinct input of terrestrial organic matter into each environment. When considering depth profiles of suspended particulate matter in the MAB, with C:N ratios, and bulk radiocarbon ages and stable carbon isotopic values in HMW DOM isolated from these areas, two scenarios present themselves regarding the sources and transport of terrestrially derived HMW DOM in the MAB. Scenario #1 assumes that a low amount of refractory terrestrial organic matter and old DOC are uniformly distributed in the oceans, both in surface and bottom waters, and that primary production in surface waters increases DOC with low lignin and younger DOC which degrades easily. In this case, many of the trends in age and biomarker composition likely reflect general patterns of Atlantic Ocean surface and bottom water circulation in the area of the MAB. Scenario 2 assumes terrestrial organic matter in bottom waters of the MAB may have originated from weathered shelf and slope sediments in nearshore areas via a combination of mechanisms (e.g., diffusion, recent resuspension events, and/or desorption of DOM from riverine POM buried deep in these sites) and entered bottom waters offshore in the MAB by diffusion along isopycnal surfaces. These results complement recent work which proposes that transport of DOM across continental shelves may be a significant source of “old” organic matter to the deep ocean.
A Longitudinal Evaluation of a Social Support Model of Medication Adherence Among HIV-Positive Men and Women on Antiretroviral Therapy

Nonadherence in the management of chronic illness is a pervasive clinical challenge. Although researchers have identified multiple correlates of adherence, the field remains relatively atheoretical. The authors propose a cognitive–affective model of medication adherence based on social support theory and research. Structural equation modeling of longitudinal survey data from 136 mainly African American and Puerto Rican men and women with HIV/AIDS provided preliminary support for a modified model. Specifically, baseline data indicated social support was associated with less negative affect and greater spirituality, which, in turn, were associated with self-efficacy to adhere. Self-efficacy to adhere at baseline predicted self-reported adherence at 3 months, which predicted chart-extracted viral load at 6 months. The findings have relevance for theory building, intervention development, and clinical practice.
Utilizing channel coding information in CIVA-based blind sequence detectors

This paper presents a new approach for blind equalization of communication systems with channel coding. Based on the Channel Independent Viterbi Algorithm (CIVA), the new method performs blind sequence detections applying the information of channel coding. Specifically, the trellis searching can be simplified by considering the linear block channel encoder. The joint CIVA-based detector/decoder not only preserves the advantages of CIVA in blind equalizations, but also reduces its complexity. In addition, the integration of the traditionally separated equalizer and channel decoder into one component is also promising for system cost reduction.
Optimizing the use of remotely sensed atmospheric data through four-dimensional data assimilation

Results with the GLA interactive forecast-retrieval-assimilation system, which directly uses satellite radiance data in the assimilation cycle, are presented. Forecasts made from initial conditions derived with this system are shown to be more skillful than those whose initial conditions came from a comparable assimilation using statistically based temperature soundings, or ones using no sounding data at all. Examples are also given of additional parameters which are produced through the physical inversion of the satellite radiance data during the interactive assimilation cycle. These are potentially useful for analysis purposes.
Progeny Fitness of the Mealybug Parasitoid Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. Sinope (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as Affected by Brood Size, Sex Ratio, and Host Quality

Abstract Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope Noyes & Menezes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a gregarious, koinobiont parasitoid of the Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). We investigated effects of larval competition on development, survival, and progeny body size of the parasitoid over a range of brood sizes and sex ratios. We recorded the brood size, sex ratio, and fitness parameters of parasitoids developing from second instars and adult P. madeirensis. Adult mealybugs as hosts produce larger brood and progeny body sizes and more female progeny. Second instar P. madeirensis continued to develop after parasitism, and mummies achieved a more advanced developmental stage yielding parasitoid cohorts of larger brood and body sizes, female-biased sex ratio, and longer developmental time than mummies formed from younger host instars. Overall, the sexual composition within a brood had little or no effect on the development, survival and body size of the parasitoid progeny develo...
Resonant excitation study of ultrasharp emission lines in ordered Ga x In 1 − x P

Narrow-line photoluminescence in the below-gap spectral region of ordered ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{x}{\mathrm{In}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{P}$ is investigated with high-spatial and -spectral resolution photoluminescence excitation and time-resolved spectroscopy. Sharp absorption lines are found both correlated and uncorrelated with emission lines, indicating multiple coupled systems. Saturation and temporal measurements support a quantum dot model.
Simple equations for diffusion in response to heating

Abstract The diffusive closure temperature of minerals (TC) was originally conceived for application to systems undergoing cooling (Dodson, 1973) and is of limited use for cases of diffusive “opening” during heating or for complete heating–cooling cycles. Here we use a combination of numerical simulations and mathematics to arrive at general equations for progressive diffusive loss from a sphere when temperature increases linearly with time, and also for discrete thermal pulses. For linear heating (T ∝ time), and with constant surface concentration and no radiogenic in-growth, prograde “diffusive opening” is accurately described by T rt% = 0.457 ⋅ E a / R χ h + log E a ⋅ D 0 R ⋅ d T / d t ⋅ a 2 where D0 (m2/s) and Ea (J/mol) are the Arrhenius parameters for the diffusant of interest, dT/dt is the heating rate (°/s), a is the radius (in meters) of the spherical domain under consideration, R is the gas constant (J/°-mol), and χh is a constant. For a given heating trajectory, Trt% is the temperature (in kelvins) at which a specific fractional retention (or loss) is reached, and where the constant χh has a specific value. For retention levels of 50%, 99% and 99.9%, χh has values of − 0.785, 2.756 and 4.751, respectively. The equation is accurate to within 5° for the vast majority of measured diffusion laws, and to within ~ 2° for ~ 90% of them. For noble gases specifically it is accurate to within 1° in almost all cases. There are essentially no restrictions on the grain size or heating rate (up to 2000 °C/Myr) that can be assumed without loss of accuracy. For thermal pulses in which the temperature of the spherical grain of interest rises at a constant rate from 293 K to a maximum value and then falls back linearly to the starting temperature (i.e., a “steeple” T–t path), the diffusive response for the thermal cycle is given by log ζ = log D 0 τ a 2 + 195 T pk − 0.4416 E a R T pk − 1.35 , where ζ = a− 2 ∫ t = 0τD(t)dt, τ is the duration of the heating event (in seconds) and Tpk is the peak temperature in kelvins. The total fractional loss (F) is uniquely determined by the value of ζ; conversion of logζ to F is straightforward, as discussed in the text. Diffusive loss during parabolic T–t paths conforms to a similar relation: log ζ = log D 0 τ a 2 + 140 T pk − 0.437 E a R T pk − 0.8. Given knowledge of the Arrhenius law for the diffusant of interest, these equations provide accurate estimates of the total diffusive loss for a steeple- or parabola-shaped T–t path of any duration and intensity—including asymmetrical paths.
Mitigation of TSV-substrate noise coupling in 3-D CMOS SOI technology

Substrate noise coupling in 3-D CMOS SOI technology is characterized using hardware measurement. Couplings between device contacts and through-silicon vias (TSVs) are measured in frequency domain. Time domain simulations based on the measured S-parameters are performed to assess the impact of TSV-induced noise coupling on active circuit performance. Equivalent circuits are constructed with good model-to-hardware correlation. The characterization results demonstrate a dominant noise-coupling path through N+ epi layer in the SOI substrate. The data also successfully validates our proposed noise mitigation technique of using CMOS process compatible buried interface contacts, e.g., achieving over 20-dB reduction for TSV-induced substrate noise coupling at 1 GHz.
Southeast Saline Everglades vegetation, Florida, and its management.

The Southeast Saline Everglades is a distinct geographical area, lying entirely in Dade County, Florida, bounded on the north and northwest by pineland, on the east and south by the ocean and its mangroves, and on the west by aquatic vegetation on land permanently submerged. This is a low flat wet region, partaking collectively of certain characteristics of river, swamp, fen, marsh, tidal-marsh, lake, and even upland. By referring to this area as “saline” is it not implied that the region is continuously saline or that the marl was formed under saline conditions. The term is used to indicate that the vegetation is in adjustment with sporadic hurricane floods of ocean waters, which not only serve as dissemination agents for certain kinds of plants, but which affect the presence and distribution of other plants according to their tolerance to salinity. In respect to this sporadic saline factor, the region can be segregated from the rest of the Florida Everglades. (As a nomenclatural term, “Saline Everglades” is thus analogous to various “hurricane forests” and “fire types”, named with reference to historic events and not the continuing environment.) The vegetation of this area is an endless prairie, dotted with dense tree hammocks, developed on a thin layer of Recent freshwater marl, overlying a calcareous oolite, in a tropical climate. The present complex vegetation appears to be a “fossil” phenomenon, developed under past conditions of higher water tables and Indian fires, and now rapidly disappearing. This vegetation has supported large populations of wildlife, especially the larger birds. The bird-supporting plant communities however are to a certain extent no longer self-perpetuating, and the management of these lands will require some unprecedented manipulation of the water, fire and other factors. Construction of highways and railroads and agricultural practices have interfered with surface drainage, and directly changed large areas of the natural vegetation. Agricultural values have been in part nullified by encroaching subsoil salinity. Casuarina equisetifolia, a naturalized tree of increasing economic value, is producing a new self-perpetuating forest. The Saline Everglades and vicinity can be described in terms of seven belts, each with its own aggregate of past present and future communities, its own contemporary vegetation-change, and its own possibilities of management. Description of many of these communities is in terms of quadrat data and sample plots. These belts apparently represent a normal sequence for tropical vegetation passing from upland through winter-dry swamp, to shallow ocean shores. Lowered water tables appear to be effecting a mass seaward shift of Belts 1 and 2. Rising sea level would effect a landward shift of Belts 4, 5, 6 and 7, with the seaward side of Belt 7 possibly exhibiting a lag due to organic and inorganic deposition related to the mangrove. Belt 3, the major belt of the area, becomes narrower as a result of this encroachment from both sides.
Determination of aluminum in high fat content biological materials using emulsions and direct current plasma

A new sample dissolution method employing an emulsion has been developed and evaluated for the determination of aluminum (Al) in high fat content biological samples. An emulsion is used to disperse the residual fat left over from nitric acid digestion to form a stable homogeneous moiety before aspiration into the direct current plasma (DCP) source. The method eliminates the need to filter the fat or extract fat soluble Al species from the undigested fat before analysis. Comparisons were made between the present method and two conventional sample dissolution methods for the determination of Al present in spiked and certified biological samples. The results indicated that the emulsification procedure offers simplicity, speed and improved accuracy/precision for the DCP determination of Al, especially for biological materials containing high amounts of fat and fat soluble Al complex(es).
Interpretation of Precambrian K-Ar biotite dates in the bighorn mountains, wyoming

Abstract The K-Ar age distribution pattern for biotite in the Precambrian core of the Bighorn Range suggests that contours of equal K-Ar mineral age in small geographic areas may represent fossil contours of equal argon retention rather than fossil thermochrons.
An Experimental Comparison of Measurement Techniques to Extract Si-SiO2 Interface Trap Density

Abstract For the first time, five methods of measuring Si-SiO 2 interface trap densities were compared experimentally on three otherwise identical MOSFETs which were radiation-stressed so as to induce different levels of interface trap densities. The results show that when sources of error and limitations are taken into account, these methods are capable of yielding interface trap density estimates which are in good quantitative agreement. Furthermore, the change in measured interface trap densities with radiation is independent of the method used. A comprehensive review of the methods is presented.
Girl Power and Gender Mainstreaming: Looking for Peace in New Places Through a European Union Lens

For most EU members, Old Europe died as a consequence of processes linked to French–German reconciliation, detente with the Warsaw Pact states, the decline of ultranationalism, and the onset of nuclear disarmament. They have embraced a concept of peace implying much more than “the absence of war.” The United States still has much to learn about peace, as illustrated by women-driven policies in both the European Union and Germany. Adopted at the UN Beijing Conference as well as by the EU in 1995, gender mainstreaming is reshaping “sustainable peace” policies at the supranational and national levels. The author profiles German efforts to operationalize “Beijing norms” under a Red-Green coalition, driven by a critical mass of female ministers between 1998 and 2002; the activities of Heidi Wieczorek Zeul (Development and Economic Assistance) reveal that the application of gender mainstreaming, officially adopted by the European Union in 1995, creates new opportunities for advancing equality policies at the national level in heretofore impervious domains, for example, in relation to foreign policies, economic development, and immigration policies.