cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Politics of housing redevelopment in China: The rise and fall of the Ju'er Hutong project in inner-city Beijing

This paper explores how and why anaward-winning, government model ofrehabilitating dilapidated housing – the Ju'erHutong project – was suspended and notreplicated elsewhere in Beijing. Despite therhetoric of improving the living conditions forlocal residents, this paper finds that, underBeijing's Old and Dilapidated HousingRedevelopment (ODHR) program, local governmentsand local State-Owned-Enterprises (SOEs) builtgrowth coalitions to accumulate wealth(exchange value) at the expense of providinglocal residents with adequate places to liveand work (use value). As a result, housingmodels with a higher exchange value rather thana higher use value were favored in theenvironmental decision-making process. Thisstudy will offer insight into the politics ofhousing redevelopment in China's transitionaleconomy.
Distance Judgments to On- and Off-Ground Objects in Augmented Reality

Augmented reality (AR) technologies have the potential to provide individuals with unique training and visualizations, but the effectiveness of these applications may be influenced by users' perceptions of the distance to AR objects. Perceived distances to AR objects may be biased if these objects do not appear to make contact with the ground plane. The current work compared distance judgments of AR targets presented on the ground versus off the ground when no additional AR depth cues, such as shadows, were available to denote ground contact. We predicted that without additional information for height off the ground, observers would perceive the off-ground objects as placed on the ground, but at farther distances. Furthermore, this bias should be exaggerated when targets were viewed with one eye rather than two. In our experiment, participants judged the absolute egocentric distance to various cubes presented on or off the ground with an action-based measure, blind walking. We found that observers walked farther for off-ground AR objects and that this effect was exaggerated when participants viewed off-ground objects with monocular vision compared to binocular vision. However, we also found that the restriction of binocular cues influenced participants' distance judgments for on-ground AR objects. Our results suggest that distances to off-ground AR objects are perceived differently than on-ground AR objects and that the elimination of binocular cues further influences how users perceive these distances.
Safety and Efficacy of Direct Oral Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients With Cancer.

Background:Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the second leading cause of death in patients with malignancy. The currently available guidelines have shown greater support for utilization of low-molecu...
Analytical solution for partial heating on the exterior of the pipe with application to measuring fluid flow rate

Abstract An analytical model using Green's functions for partial external heating of a pipe is developed, which results in an exact mathematical solution for the radial and axial temperature distribution in the pipe wall. Partial heating consists of a constant heat flux function imposed over a small section of the exterior of a pipe and for a limited time duration. The solution comprises steady-state and transient parts, and an algebraic identity is used to decrease the number of summation terms in the slowly-converging steady-state part. Intrinsic verification principles are used to verify the solution. As an example application, this transient solution is applied toward the development of a simple, noninvasive method for in-field measurement of the flow rate in pipes. To simulate this application, a pulse of energy is imposed to the wall of the pipe, and the developed mathematical solution is used to find the flow rate of the fluid inside the pipe. An optimal experiment is designed to find the best measurement location and time.
Who Wants Peace? Predicting Civilian Preferences in Conflict Negotiations:

Efforts to end civil wars via negotiations often generate sharp divisions in public opinion. A large, quantitative literature has found evidence for numerous variables serving as potential drivers ...
Evolution in Long-Term Stationary-Phase Batch Culture: Emergence of Divergent Escherichia coli Lineages over 1,200 Days.

ABSTRACT In natural environments, bacteria survive conditions of starvation and stress. Long-term batch cultures are an excellent laboratory system to study adaptation during nutrient stress because cells can incubate for months to years without the addition of nutrients. During long-term batch culture, cells adapt to acquire energy from cellular detritus, creating a complex and dynamic environment for mutants of increased relative fitness to exploit. Here, we analyzed the genomes of 1,117 clones isolated from a single long-term batch culture incubated for 1,200 days. A total of 679 mutations included single nucleotide polymorphisms, indels, mobile genetic element movement, large deletions up to 64 kbp, and amplifications up to ∼500 kbp. During the 3.3-year incubation, two main lineages diverged, evolving continuously. At least twice, a previously fixed mutation reverted back to the wild-type allele, suggesting beneficial mutations may later become maladaptive due to the dynamic environment and changing selective pressures. Most of the mutated genes encode proteins involved in metabolism, transport, or transcriptional regulation. Clones from the two lineages are physiologically distinct, based on outgrowth in fresh medium and competition against the parental strain. Similar population dynamics and mutations in hfq, rpoS, paaX, lrp, sdhB, and dtpA were detected in three additional parallel populations sequenced through day 60, providing evidence for positive selection. These data provide new insight into the population structure and mutations that may be beneficial during periods of starvation in evolving bacterial communities. IMPORTANCE Bacteria have remarkable metabolic capabilities and adaptive plasticity, enabling them to survive in changing environments. In nature, bacteria spend a majority of their time in a state of slow growth or maintenance, scavenging nutrients for survival. Here, a population of Escherichia coli cells was incubated for 1,200 days in long-term batch culture, without the addition of new medium, requiring cells to continuously recycle nutrients. Whole-genome resequencing of cells from the evolving population identified two dominant subpopulations that coexisted while continuously acquiring and fixing new mutations. The population dynamics and alleles identified provide insight into adaptation to nutrient stress. Elucidating mechanisms that allow bacteria to adapt through cycles of feast and famine deepens our understanding of their survival mechanisms in nature.
Non-Accidental Trauma in Pediatric Elbow Fractures — Beware of Non-Ambulatory Elbow Fractures:

Background/Purpose: Non-accidental trauma (NAT) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in childhood, with fractures serving as the second most common presenting sign of abuse. Conventionally, elbow fractures are more frequently associated with accidental trauma than NAT. We hypothesized that elbow fractures in non-early ambulatory children are at risk of a NAT mechanism. Methods:Patients were identified using an institutional database of pediatric elbow fractures at a large, tertiary pediatric hospital between 2007 and 2017. A diagnosis of NAT was established if a physician specializing in Child Abuse Pediatrics confirmed that the trauma was the result of NAT by their clinical judgement, if custody of the child was altered as a result of the case, or if legal documentation of criminal investigation secondary to the case was found. Results:Of 4,608 elbow fractures in the database, 21 were confirmed to be caused by NAT. Fifteen (71%) of the patients were male with a median age of 0.7 years-old and a range between 0.1 and 10.4 years (Table 1). Of the 21 elbow fractures associated with NAT, there were 11 supracondylar (further subclassified as 3 Gartland I, 3 Gartland II, 1 Gartland IIIa, 1 Metaphyseal-Diaphyseal Junction fracture and 3 unspecified), 5 lateral condyle, 4 humeral shaft fractures involving the elbow and 1 radial head fracture. Of the 21 patients identified, 12 (57%) were found to have bruising inconsistent with the mechanism given or unrelated to the injury, while 11 (52%) had additional fractures or healing fractures identified. Seventeen (81%) injuries were determined to be inconsistent with mechanism of injury described or did not specify mechanism. Among all the patients presenting with an elbow fracture under the age of 1 over a 10-year span, 33% were determined to have suffered NAT (12/36). Patients between 1 and 2 and older than 2 presenting with elbow fractures had injuries caused by NAT 1% (3/221) and 0.1% (6/4350) of the time respectively. Conclusion:While elbow fractures are rarely considered a result of NAT in most age groups, a high degree of clinical suspicion should be maintained for elbow fractures in children under one. For comparison, in children under one year presenting with femur fractures, widely considered to be pathognomonic of child abuse, 16-35% are the result of NAT. An overwhelming majority of patients with elbow fractures resulting from NAT presented with additional bruising and injuries. However, a minority did not, and suspicion is only raised as a result of the mechanism provided. Thus, it is imperative that medical personal who encounter pediatric injuries understand the natural history of these injuries and vigilantly evaluate for their common signs in order to identify possible NAT.
Screening Through Coordination

In various screening environments agents have preferences that are independent of their type, making standard techniques infeasible. We show how a principal who faces multiple agents and whose preferences exhibit complementarities can benefit by coordinating her actions. Coordination delivers a payoff gain to the principal in states with many high-quality agents and accepts a payoff loss in states with many low-quality agents. Coordination sometimes results in strategic favoritism: the principal may favor agents who are unambiguously inferior. While this behavior is often attributed to biases, we show that a rational principal optimally pursues this strategy if complementarities are sufficiently high.
Moral leadership and investor attention: An empirical assessment of the potus’s tweets on firms’ market returns

Drawing upon investor attention and moral leadership theories, we examine the impact of President Trump’s tweets on firms’ market returns. In the first stage, we used event study methodology to measure market returns of public firms that were the subjects of the president’s tweets for the 30-month period starting with his election in November 2016. We found that total market returns increased by $50.03 billion at event window [0,0], $85.85 billion at window [0,1], and $145.54 billion at window [0,5]. In the second stage, using linguistic textual analysis, we ran multiple regression models to further examine the degree to which tweet sentiments explain variations in market returns. Sentiments associated with authenticity and self-praise were positively associated whereas emotional tone, insight, risk, and credibility deficit were negatively associated with market returns. The results suggest that moral leadership style influences the effect of presidential tweets on stock prices.
Here to Stay: The Role of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) represents 1% of all new cancer diagnosis made annually in the US and has a five-year survival of 30%. Traditional treatment includes aggressive induction therapy followed by consolidation therapy that may include a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Thus far, HSCT remains the only potentially curative therapy for many patients with AML owing to the graft-versus-leukemia effect elicited by this treatment. The use of novel therapies, specifically immunotherapy, in the treatment of AML has been limited by the lack of appropriate target antigens, therapy associated toxicities and variable success with treatment. Antigenic variability on leukemic cells and the sharing of antigens by malignant and non-malignant cells makes the identification of appropriate antigens problematic. While studies with immunotherapeutic agents are underway, prior investigations have demonstrated a mixed response with some studies prematurely discontinued due to associated toxicities. This review presents a discussion of the envisioned role of immunotherapy in the treatment of AML in the setting of prior mixed therapeutic success and potentially lethal toxicities.
Microscopic calculation of interacting boson model parameters by potential-energy surface mapping

A coherent state technique is used to generate an interacting boson model (IBM) Hamiltonian energy surface which is adjusted to match a mean-field energy surface. This technique allows the calculation of IBM Hamiltonian parameters, prediction of properties of low-lying collective states, as well as the generation of probability distributions of various shapes in the ground state of transitional nuclei, the last two of which are of astrophysical interest. The results for krypton, molybdenum, palladium, cadmium, gadolinium, dysprosium, and erbium nuclei are compared with experiment.
Physical-Chemical Studies on the Pyridoxal Phosphate Binding Site in Sodium Borohydride-reduced and Native Phosphorylase

Abstract NaBH4-reduced phosphorylase b is a catalytically active species which retains many of the properties of the native enzyme. One property that is strikingly different, however, is the spectral behavior of bound pyridoxal phosphate. At pH 7.0, the pyridoxal phosphate shows essentially no absorption at 333 nm, where pyridoxal phsophate in the native enzyme absorbs; absorption at 333 nm returns upon lowering the pH. The 333 nm band at low pH in the reduced enzyme was found to be optically active, (ΔA/A) 333 nm ≅ 0.7 x 10-3. Circular dichroism of the reduced phosphorylase b at pH 7.0 indicated that no new band was formed above 300 nm; the ultraviolet spectrum also provided no evidence for a band above 300 nm. Guanidine·HCl (4.25 m) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.3%) caused the appearance of a band near 330 nm at pH 6.8. Difference spectra of reduced phosphorylase b (±sodium dodecyl sulfate; pH 5 versus pH 7) indicated that the hidden band must be below 300 nm. AMP (0.01 m) was shown to cause partial reversal of the hidden band to 333 nm conversion at pH 6.0; ATP was also effective. Substrates and AMP had no effect on the spectrum of the reduced phosphorylase b at pH 6.8. Ultracentrifugal studies showed that native and NaBH4-reduced enzyme have different conformations. The data were interpreted to mean that the 333 nm and hidden band forms of NaBH4-reduced phosphorylase represent different enzyme conformations. The hidden band form is thought to represent a form of pyridoxal phosphate in which the pyridinium nitrogen is unprotonated and the 3-hydroxyl group undissociated or strongly hydrogen bonded; the 333 nm species is believed to be a dipolar form of pyridoxal phosphate which is exposed to solvent. Spectral properties of enzyme-bound pyridoxal phosphate in native phosphorylase were compared to NaBH4-reduced enzyme, and it was suggested that pyridoxal phosphate exists in these two forms at pH 7.0 in the same microscopic environment. Circular dichroism of native phosphorylase b at 422 nm was observed. The presence of phosphate (0.01 m) and AMP (0.001 m) did not perturb the observed long wave length circular dichroism. Solvent perturbation studies showed that enzyme-bound pyridoxal phosphate in native phosphorylase is not available to ethylene glycol. From our results, evaluation of model compound data, and fluorescence results, a new structure was proposed for the 333 nm form for native phosphorylase. This species is thought to be a neutral tautomeric imine of pyridoxal phosphate.
The Demeter System for Automated Harvesting

Automation of agricultural harvesting equipment in the near term appears both economically viable and technically feasible. This paper describes the Demeter system for automated harvesting. Demeter is a computer-controlled speedrowing machine, equipped with a pair of video cameras and a global positioning sensor for navigation. Demeter is capable of planning harvesting operations for an entire field, and then executing its plan by cutting crop rows, turning to cut successive rows, repositioning itself in the field, and detecting unexpected obstacles. In August of 1997, the Demeter system autonomously harvested 40 hectares (100 acres) of crop in a continuous run (excluding stops for refueling). During 1998, the Demeter system harvested in excess of 48.5 hectares (120 acres) of crop, cutting in a variety of fields.
Housing quality differentials in urban China 1988‐1995

Using two nationally representative samples from 1988 and 1995, this study demonstrates that housing quality in urban China differs across time, housing types, and socioeconomic variables. But some key variables such as Communist Party membership, education, and the total family income are consistent predictors of housing quality across time and housing types. This study indicates that housing quality situations are very complex at the national level. The author concludes that more research into the quality of urban housing is needed, so that the outcomes of housing reform can be better assessed.
Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors differentially affects two classes of hippocampal interneurons and potentiates excitatory synaptic transmission

Based on responses to metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation, we have characterized two distinct classes of interneuron in stratum (st.) oriens of the CA1 region of hippocampus. One type of interneuron was strongly excited by 1S,3R-aminocyclopentane dicarboxylic acid (ACPD), responding with a large inward current accompanied by increased baseline noise and prominent current oscillations. A second interneuron population responded with a modest inward current with no changes in baseline noise. These two classes of responses persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin and antagonists of ionotropic glutamate and GABA receptors, suggesting that the inward currents result from mGluRs on the interneurons themselves. The two physiologically defined cell types correspond to two distinct morphological cell types in st. oriens/alveus, distinguished by very different patterns of local axonal connections. Large oscillatory inward current responses were recorded predominantly from an interneuron type whose axons heavily innervated st. lacunosum. The more modest inward current response was generally found in interneurons whose axons innervated the somata and proximal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. These differences in physiology and local circuitry imply that activation of mGluRs in st. oriens will cause very strong excitation of interneurons synapsing in st. lacunosum, and weaker excitation of interneurons innervating pyramidal cells at the soma and proximal dendrites. These data suggest that each interneuron population has a specific role in hippocampal function, and that mGluR activation will affect the local circuit differently for each interneuron type. Metabotropic GluR activation also markedly enhanced the amplitudes of the evoked and spontaneous EPSCs received by all interneurons in the region, independent of changes in the postsynaptic holding current and with no change in the kinetics of the EPSC. In contrast to the enhancement of evoked and spontaneous EPSCs, miniature EPSCs recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin were not increased. These data suggest that ACPD acts at a presynaptic site to potentiate the EPSC. Taken together, these results highlight an important modulatory role for metabotropic receptors located at sites both pre- and postsynaptic to CA1 st. oriens interneurons.
Cell-mediated mutagenesis, an approach to studying organ specificity of chemical carcinogens.

We have been interested in developing in vitro systems in which the organ and species specificity of chemical carcinogens can be studied (1–6). The phenomena of species, organ, sex, and age specificity in response to chemical carcinogens pose an intriguing problem and may be important for the extrapolation of in vivo and in vitro carcinogenesis data to humans. Many carcinogens exist in the environment in nonreactive form and must be metabolically activated to manifest their biological activity (7,8).
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in a 40-Year-Old Man With Cystic Fibrosis: Coincidence or Not?

Objective To report a case of esophageal cancer in an adult patient with cystic fibrosis (CF) and review the relationship between these 2 diseases.
Acting on one's attitudes: Procedures for linking attitude and behavior

Abstract Two investigations examined the determinants of correspondence between attitudes and behaviors. The first investigation examined the relationship between previously measured attitudes toward affirmative action and subsequent behavioral verdicts in a sex discrimination court case. In this basic situation, correspondence between measured attitudes and judicial decision-making behavior was minimal, for both low-self-monitoring individuals and high-self-monitoring individuals. Increasing the availability of attitudes generated substantial correspondence between attitudes and behavior for low-self-monitoring individuals, but not for high-self-monitoring individuals. Increasing the relevance of attitudes generated substantial correspondence between attitudes and behavior for both low-self-monitoring individuals and high-self-monitoring individuals. The second investigation examined the decisions of individuals with favorable attitudes toward psychological research to volunteer to participate in extra sessions of a psychology experiment. Once again, increasing the relevance of attitudes was an effective procedure for inducing individuals to translate existing attitudes into corresponding behaviors. These empirical outcomes are interpreted within a theoretical framework that specifies the interactive contributions of availability, relevance, and self-monitoring to the creation of “action structures” that link attitudes and behavior. Practical implications of this viewpoint are discussed.
Prinicipal component analysis of myocardial strains to optimize cardiac resynchronization therapy patient selection

Background Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is effective for selected heart failure (HF) patients but improved methods for identification of mechanical dyssynchrony are needed. Cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) MRI can be used to obtain high quality strain data for LV dyssynchrony quantification. An ideal dyssynchrony parameter should be time-independent and require minimal user interaction. We hypothesize that the time-independent, data-driven quantification of dyssynchrony using principal component analysis (PCA) will help improve patient selection for CRT. Methods 2D cine DENSE MRI was performed in multiple shortaxis views to obtain LV circumferential strains (Ecc) for HF patients referred for CRT. In order to minimize confounding factors with an influence on CRT response, all patients in this analysis (N = 25) were required to have absence of scar as determined from late gadoliniumenhanced (LGE) MRI, as well as LV lead placement in a late-activated segment with time from QRS onset to the LV lead electrogram at the final lead position at least 50% of the QRS width. CRT response was defined as at least a 15% reduction in the LV end systolic volume 6 months after CRT implantation. Typical cine DENSE imaging parameters for HF patients include field of view = 340 - 400 mm 2 , matrix = 128 × 128, slice thickness = 8 mm, no. of spiral interleaves = 6, fat suppression, temporal resolution = 17 ms and displacement encoding frequency = 0.1 cycles/mm 1 .T he LV Ecc curves were
A new hypoglycemic syndrome: Fasting and reactive hypoglycemia, nomal growth and deficient plasma growth hormone (HGH)

A new hypoglycemic syndrome: Fasting and reactive hypoglycemia, nomal growth and deficient plasma growth hormone (HGH)
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the safety and efficacy of selegiline transdermal system without dietary restrictions in patients with major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: The monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor selegiline has demonstrated antidepressant efficacy superior to placebo. A selegiline transdermal system (STS) has been developed with unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that allow inhibition of central nervous system MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes while substantially avoiding inhibition of intestinal and liver MAO-A enzyme. This novel transdermal system provides targeted MAO inhibition without clinically significant increases in sensitivity to dietary tyramine. We investigated the safety and efficacy of STS in patients with major depressive disorder. METHOD: 365 outpatients 18 to 65 years old with a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depressive disorder were enrolled at 16 sites. A 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-17) score of > or = 20 was required for entry. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either STS, 20 mg/20 cm(2), daily or placebo patch for up to 8 weeks. A tyramine-restricted diet was neither required nor advised. Efficacy, safety, and vital sign measures were obtained regularly. RESULTS: 289 patients were randomly assigned to treatment and received at least 1 on-therapy evaluation (STS, N = 145; placebo, N = 144). Although the effect size was modest, at endpoint, STS was statistically superior to placebo on the MADRS (p =.001) and HAM-D-28 (p =.039) ratings and showed a nonsignificant superiority on the HAM-D-17 (p =.069) and Clinical Global Impressions-Severity ratings (p <.055). Side effect profiles were similar for STS and placebo with the exception of application-site reaction, which was observed in 31.5% of STS patients and 15.1% of placebo-treated patients (p =.001). No significant differences were observed in blood pressure measures between treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Results from this double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrate that STS may have a modest, but statistically significant, antidepressant benefit compared with placebo and a similar safety profile compared with placebo in the absence of a tyramine-restricted diet.
The superior colliculus and higher visual functions in the monkey.

Monkeys were tested on a battery of visual discrimination problems before and after aspiration lesions of the superior colliculi. Additional animals were given striate cortex ablations prior to or simultaneous with ablations of the colliculi, and tested before and after the combined lesions and interoperatively where possible. The results confirm earlier findings that collicular ablation produces no deficit in oculomotor function in alert monkeys, and further demonstrate that there are no impairements on formal tests of total flux, flicker, pattern, color, or visual movement detection discriminations. Collicular destruction does result in a reliable impairement of rate discrimination, however, which in the 7 animals studied was subject to considerable recovery. Prior and simultaneous partial striate cortex lesions potentiate these deficits severely and to the same degree. Complete striate ablations alone produce severe and well known visual impairments which do not, however, include significant impairment of flicker discrimination or CFF threshold. Addition of collicular ablation does abolish the capacity for a simple flicker discrimination, but even these severely impaired animals are capable of differential responses to changes in total luminous flux.
Some effects of Ash-Nerode and other decidability conditions on degree spectra

Abstract With every new recursive relation R on a recursive model A , we consider the images of R under all isomorphisms from A to other recursive models. We call the set of Turing degrees of these images the degree spectrum of R on A , and say that R is intrinsically r.e. if all the images are r.e. C. Ash and A. Nerode introduce an extra decidability condition on A , expressed in terms of R. Assuming this decidability condition, they prove that R is intrinsically r.e. if and only if a natural recursive-syntactic condition is satisfied. We show that, while a recursive non-intrinsically r.e. relation may have a two element degree spectrum, a non-intrinsically r.e. relation which satisfies the Ash–Nerode decidability condition has an infinite degree spectrum. We also study several related decidability conditions and their effects on the degree spectra, including some conditions which are sufficient to obtain every r.e. degree in a spectrum.
Effects of SR141716A on ethanol and sucrose self-administration.

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that administration of central cannabinoid receptor (CB 1 ) ligands can produce marked effects on ingestive behaviors. However, the possible relationship to ethanol self-administration has not been fully examined. The present series of experiments was designed to characterize further the role of CB 1 receptors in appetitive and consummatory behaviors related to sucrose and ethanol. Methods: To determine the relative contribution of CB 1 receptors to ethanol seeking and consumption, a series of experiments was designed using the sipper-tube model. In this paradigm, the appetitive and consummatory phases of ethanol and sucrose self-administration are separated. In the appetitive phase, animals are required to complete a response requirement (16 lever presses) within 20 min. If the requirement is successfully completed, access to a sipper tube containing either sucrose or ethanol (consummatory phase) is made available for 20 min. Results: In the ethanol condition, the CB 1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (0.3-3.0 mg/kg, ip) produced dose-related decreases in the probability of response requirement completion without significantly affecting latency to first lever press or overall lever press rate. In the sucrose condition, SR141716A (0.3-3.0 mg/kg, ip) increased first lever press latency without affecting lever press rate. In the consummatory phase, SR141716A (0.3-3.0 mg/kg, ip) administration markedly decreased total intake and the total number of licks for both ethanol and sucrose. Conclusions: These data indicate that CB 1 receptors are involved in mediating both appetitive and consummatory aspects of ingestive behaviors related to sucrose and ethanol.
Polyacetylenes from the rabbitbrush, Chrysothamnus nauseosus☆

Abstract Four new polyacetylenes, methyl Z,Z-10-acetoxymatricariate, methyl Z,Z-10-hydroxymatricariate, methyl 2(Z)-10-acetoxy-8,9-epoxydecen- 4,6-diynoate and methyl 2(Z)-10-hydroxy-8,9-epoxydecen-4,6-diynoate, were isolated from the composite Chrysothamnus nauseosus. These compounds are naturally-occurring antifeedants of the Colorado potato beetle. The assigned structures rest on their spectroscopic properties as well as chemical interconversions.
Habituation of the Response to Sensory Stimuli of Neurones in the Brain Stem of Rabbits

IN the course of an analysis of the activity of neurones in the brain stem of rabbits we have recorded the discharge of a number of units which respond in an interesting way to sensory stimulation.
Can Cooperation Be Mandated?: Implementing Intergovernmental Environmental Management in New South Wales and New Zealand

Various forces have led to new thinking about approaches to intergovernmental regulation, emphasizing a shift from the heavy hand of coercive mandates to more cooperative approaches. This research examines the implementation of cooperative policies addressing aspects of environmental management in New South Wales, Australia, and in New Zealand. Analyses are undertaken of the cooperativepolicy designs, government agencies' implementation efforts andstyles, and local government officials 'perceptions ofintergovernmental cooperation. Bringingabout intergovernmental cooperation is not automatic, nor does it appear to be easy. An empirical modeling shows that high levels ofagency commitment and capacity are required in order tofosterfacilitative implementation styles. The design of policy mandates is important in signaling cooperative desires and structuring implementation to foster appropriate agency implementation styles.
Neurogranin Targets Calmodulin and Lowers the Threshold for the Induction of Long-Term Potentiation

Calcium entry and the subsequent activation of CaMKII trigger synaptic plasticity in many brain regions. The induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus requires a relatively high amount of calcium-calmodulin. This requirement is usually explained, based on in vitro and theoretical studies, by the low affinity of CaMKII for calmodulin. An untested hypothesis, however, is that calmodulin is not randomly distributed within the spine and its targeting within the spine regulates LTP. We have previously shown that overexpression of neurogranin enhances synaptic strength in a calmodulin-dependent manner. Here, using post-embedding immunogold labeling, we show that calmodulin is not randomly distributed, but spatially organized in the spine. Moreover, neurogranin regulates calmodulin distribution such that its overexpression concentrates calmodulin closer to the plasma membrane, where a high level of CaMKII immunogold labeling is also found. Interestingly, the targeting of calmodulin by neurogranin results in lowering the threshold for LTP induction. These findings highlight the significance of calmodulin targeting within the spine in synaptic plasticity.
On the Existence of Infinitely Many Limit Points on the Solution Branch of Planar Shear Flow of Nematic Liquid Crystals

Abstract We use the Ericksen–Leslie equations to investigate the solution branch of simple planar shear flow between moving parallel plates for non-flow-orienting nematic liquid crystals. We show the existence of infinitely many limit points on the solution branch of simple planar shear flow. Hence the tumbling phenomena observed in experiments can be explained as the exchange of stability of the planar configuration by another planar configuration with a more distorted director field.
Persistent Contrails and Contrail Cirrus. Part I: Large-Eddy Simulations from Inception to Demise

AbstractLarge-eddy simulations with size-resolved microphysics are used to model persistent aircraft contrails and contrail-induced cirrus from a few wing spans behind the aircraft until their demise after many hours. Schemes for dynamic local ice binning and updating coupled radiation dynamically as needed in individual columns were developed for numerical efficiency, along with a scheme for maintaining realistic ambient turbulence over long times. These capabilities are used to study some of the critical dynamics involved in contrail evolution and to explore the simulation features required for adequate treatment of different components. A “quasi 3D” approach is identified as a useful approximation of the full dynamics, reducing the computation to allow a larger parameter space to be studied. Ice crystal number loss involving competition between different crystal sizes is found to be significant for both young contrails and aging contrail cirrus. As a consequence, the sensitivity to the initial number o...
Progress Report on an International Decade for Hydrology

As reported in the Transactions of March 1961 (p. 96), the ad hoc Panel on Hydrology convened to report on ways of stimulating research in scientific hydrology, recommended a program of international cooperation in hydrology—more specifically a plan for an ‘International Decade for Hydrology,’ as drawn for the Panel by R. L. Nace. The proposal for an international program in scientific hydrology was submitted to the Council of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology (IASH), meeting at Athens during October 1961, and was explained to them by Nace. The proposal was endorsed in principle by the country representatives who were present, and further endorsement is being requested of national committees not represented at Athens. The report of the ad hoc Panel on International Cooperation in Hydrology will be published in a forthcoming Bulletin of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology.
Strain selection of a fungal entomopathogen, Beauveria bassiana, for control of plant bugs (Lygus spp.) (Heteroptera: Miridae)

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) isolates from Lygus hesperus (Knight) and Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) are being evaluated as potential microbial control candidates for both Lygus species. Based on previous work with a large collection of isolates from both Lygus species, eight isolates were evaluated for characteristics relevant to mycoinsecticide development. These characteristics included pathogenicity to the two Lygus spp., in vitro conidia production, temperature growth optima, tolerance to solar radiation, and production of beauvericin. Comparisons were made with a commercial isolate (GHA). Isolates from L. hesperus and L. lineolaris were more pathogenic than GHA with many being more than an order of magnitude more pathogenic based on LC50 values. All isolates from L. hesperus and two from L. lineolaris grew faster at 32 °C than GHA. The isolates selected from L. hesperus were the most tolerant to exposure to simulated solar radiation. Isolates from L. lineolaris and L. hesperus were most closely related to other isolates from their same host species and all of these isolates were only distantly related to GHA. Interestingly, one isolate from L. lineolaris in Mississippi was more closely related to an isolate from L. lineolaris in Arkansas than to other isolates from L. lineolaris from the same county in Mississippi. Optimizing conidia production conditions for a select isolate may be necessary for practical development of a select isolate from Lygus spp. as a commercial mycoinsecticide.
A distance-based separator representation for pattern classification

In pattern classification, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminate Analysis (LDA) are commonly used to reduce the dimensionality of input feature space. However, there exist some problems such that how many eigen vectors are needed to be the most effective in the transformation map as well as the lack of optimal separability in low dimensional data. In this paper, we present a new distance-based separator representation to solve these problems. The representation frame structure keeps adjustment pertaining to the problem complexity, and its dimensionality corresponds to the number of classes. Experimental results show that the new representation outperforms the PCA and LDA representations in multi-class classification and low-dimensional classification.
Fluorescein Angiography in Microvascular Surgery: A Study Using the Rodent Artery

Fluorescein angiography was carried out on 45 Ostpon Mendelson rats with a view toward detecting injury areas following microvascular anastomoses. Decreased fluorescence was seen regardless if the injury occurred prior to or after the injection of fluorescein, and also if postin-jury angiography was filmed during direct arterial injection (mainly fluorescence from the blood stream) or one to five minutes later (mainly vessel wall fluorescence). The effects of injury paralleled the effects of positive direct current applied to the fluorescent vessel. Focal absence of fluorescence also occurred at sites of clotting or intraluminal adventitia deposition at anastomotic sites in spite of good vessel wall pulsations. The procedure may prove to be worthwhile and preferable to risky contrast x-ray angiography during intra-operative transcranial microvascular anastomoses for cerebrovascular insufficiency.
Estimating correlation by using a general linear mixed model: evaluation of the relationship between the concentration of HIV-1 RNA in blood and semen.

Estimating the correlation coefficient between two outcome variables is one of the most important aspects of epidemiological and clinical research. A simple Pearson's correlation coefficient method is usually employed when there are complete independent data points for both outcome variables. However, researchers often deal with correlated observations in a longitudinal setting with missing values where a simple Pearson's correlation coefficient method cannot be used. General linear mixed models (GLMM) techniques were used to estimate correlation coefficients in a longitudinal data set with missing values. A random regression mixed model with unstructured covariance matrix was employed to estimate correlation coefficients between concentrations of HIV-1 RNA in blood and seminal plasma. The effects of CD4 count and antiretroviral therapy were also examined. We used data sets from three different centres (650 samples from 238 patients) where blood and seminal plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations were collected from patients; 137 samples from 90 different patients without antiviral therapy and 513 samples from 148 patients receiving therapy were considered for analysis. We found no significant correlation between blood and semen HIV-1 RNA concentration in the absence of antiviral therapy. However, a moderate correlation between blood and semen HIV-1 RNA was observed among subjects with lower CD4 counts receiving therapy. Our findings confirm and extend the idea that the concentrations of HIV-1 in semen often differ from the HIV-1 concentration in blood. Antiretroviral therapy administered to subjects with low CD4 counts result in sufficient concomitant reduction of HIV-1 in blood and semen so as to improve the correlation between these compartments. These results have important implications for studies related to the sexual transmission of HIV, and development of HIV prevention strategies.
Evidence of Nuclear Structures from K − -Meson Absorption

The characteristics of the multinucleon capture of ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons in nuclei have been investigated in both normal and water-soaked $G5$ nuclear emulsion. It has been found that the emission of fast (⋝ 60 MeV) hyperons is more often associated with ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ captures in light (C,N,O) than in heavy (Ag,Br) nuclei. Further, considering the relative absorptions of $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ hyperons in the parent nucleus in which they are produced, we inferred that the rate of multinucleon ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ absorptions is approximately the same for all nuclei of nuclear emulsion and corresponds to \ensuremath{\sim}17% of all ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ absorptions at rest. From those events which can be definitely assigned to interactions in light nuclei, by virtue of energy and momentum conservation, it was found that the reaction ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}+(n, n)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+n$ is of comparable intensity with the reaction ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}+(n, p)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p$, and that in light nuclei, the major mode of multinucleon ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ absorption in C,N,O appears to be on a pair of nucleons in an $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle cluster. Comparison of the characteristics of the ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ multinucleon absorptions in light and heavy nuclei shows that $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle clusters are less likely to be involved in (Ag,Br) than in (C,N,O). An attempt to estimate the nuclear pair correlation function was also made.
The Return of Bedside Rounds: An Educational Intervention

Background Bedside rounds have decreased in frequency on teaching services. Perceived barriers toward bedside rounds are inefficiency and patient and house staff lack of preference for this mode of rounding.
Leachability of elements in alkaline and acidic coal fly ash samples during batch and column leaching tests

Abstract Three acidic (HA, HB, and MA) and one alkaline (PD) fly ash samples collected from four different power plants were subjected to batch and column leaching tests to evaluate the leachability of several elements. Jar leaching tests (up to 120 h), serial batch leaching tests (35 days), and long-term (up to 70 weeks) batch leaching tests were performed using doubly deionized (DDI) water, and column leaching tests (131–150 pore volumes) were conducted using a synthetic acid rain (SAR) solution. The results of batch and column leaching tests showed that different proportions of As, Cr, Mo, Sb, Se, and V were leached by DDI water and SAR from the four fly ash samples. The increasing leachate concentrations of As, Cr, Mo, Sb, Se (except PD fly ash), and V with time indicated that the long-term release of these elements was controlled by the dissolution of glassy fly ash particles. Mobilization of As from HA fly ash, Cr from PD fly ash, and Se from both HA and PD fly ash also showed a bimodal leaching pattern during column leaching tests, potentially indicating the association of these elements with different fly ash fractions. In general, Mo, Sb, and Se showed high mobilities, while only small amounts of Cr were released from the fly ash samples. Boron, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, and Na were released very rapidly during the initial phases of both serial and column leaching tests. These elements were likely enriched in surface-bound, highly soluble loose particles. During long-term batch leaching tests, HB and MA fly ash leachate concentrations of Ba, Co, Mn, Ni, and Zn decreased with time, indicating possible adsorption or co-precipitation with secondary minerals. Because many of the older fly ash disposal facilities are unlined, these sites are potential sources of hazardous elements to the environment. Therefore, development of effective and economic methods to contain trace elements within the disposal facility site is desirable to prevent contamination of groundwater and surface water resources.
Spontaneous Emission from Planar Microstructures

Abstract The alteration of spontaneous emission characteristics in terms of the spontaneous lifetime and spectral emission characteristics are discussed for dipoles in the presence of nearby planar reflecting interfaces and cavities, specifically for the case of semiconductors. For dipoles closely spaced to absorbing metal mirrors, significant lifetime change is possible. Analysis and experimental data are presented for light emitting diodes. For dielectric Fabry-Perot microcavities, the expected lifetime change is small, but significant modification in the radiation pattern of the emitted light occurs. It is shown that the spectral characteristics of emission have a sensitive dependence on the dipole location in the cavity. Comparison is made between a classical against a quantum treatment of the spontaneous emission modification due to the cavity.