cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Millennial students in the college classroom: adjusting to academic entitlement

The field of communication is unique in that we develop and teach students something they have done with some success for most of their lives (Sprague, 1999). As such, we must assess and adapt our ...
EFFECT OF ROUGH SURFACE ASYMMETRY ON CONTACT ENERGY LOSS IN HIP IMPLANTS

Rough surface height distribution can be non-symmetric, depending on the process of surface preparation. The prevalent processes for implant surface involve turning and milling, both resulting in surface height distributions of nonsymmetric nature. Asymmetry in a surface height distribution is manifested through a parameter known as skewness. Unlike Gaussian distribution, Weibull distribution permits characteristics such as skewness and kurtosis in data to be included in the mathematical description of a height distribution. This paper develops hip implant contact model based on Weibull distribution of surface heights. The elastic–plastic interaction of implant surfaces are considered as macroscopically spherical surfaces containing micron-scale roughness. Symmetric and asymmetric roughness height distribution are compared. The total contact force is related to the minimum mean surface separation of the contacting rough surfaces. The force is obtained using statistical integral function of the asperity heights over the possible region of interaction of the roughness of surfaces. Approximate equations are obtained that relate the contact force to the minimum mean surface separation explicitly. The approximate equations are used to derive hysteretic energy loss per load–unload sequence, contact frequency, and damping. It is shown that energy loss per cycle, contact frequency, and damping are lower for asymmetric surface roughness distribution.
2-Cyanopyridines as novel VEGFR-2 / VEGFR-3 inhibitors. Part 2. Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis by a cyanopyridine

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 3769 Therapies aimed at inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are expected to deprive malignant tissues of their oxygen and nutrient supplies, and to also prevent tumors from eliminating metabolic wastes. This, in turn, would inhibit the tumor growth and metastatic progression that accompanies most advanced cancers. High throughput screening followed by lead optimization led to the development of a diaryl urea containing a distal 2-cyanopyridine as the program lead. This lead compound possesses potent activity against both VEGFR3 and VEGFR2 but no activity against c-ErbB1/2, FLT3, FGFR1, LCK and many other kinases. Several in vivo studies were carried out to determine the effect of the lead compound on tumor growth and metastasis. In an MDA-MB-231 breast tumor model, the cyanopyridine inhibited tumor growth by 85% when dosed once a day for 9 days at 10 mg/kg (mpk). In a separate study using the MDA-MB-231 model, dosing was stopped after 9 days and tumor growth was monitored for 55 days. A growth delay of 36 days was observed, along with 4 of 10 tumors achieving complete regression and 5 of 10 achieving partial regression. Moreover, several intermittent dosing-schedules were tested in the MDA-MB-231 model. When dosed orally at 30 mpk every other day (Q2Dx5), every third day (Q3Dx4) or every fourth day (Q4Dx3), the cyanopyridine inhibited tumor growth by 96%, 82% and 73%, respectively. The lead compound proved active in a variety of models of tumor growth. When dosed at 30 mpk, the cyanopyridine inhibited tumor growth by 78% in a LOX melanoma model, by 86% in a 22RV-1 prostate model, and by 78% in a Colo205 colon model. In an HCT-15 colon model (MDR) and an H460 NSCLC model, the lead compound inhibited tumor growth by 67% and 42%, respectively, when dosed daily at 10 mpk. CD-31 and α-smooth muscle actin levels in tumors from the MDA-MB-231 model were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, showing a strong decrease in tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, the effect of the compound on cancer cell metastasis was assessed in an MDA-MB-435 orthotopic model. Eight weeks after tumor implantation in the fat pad, the compound was dosed daily for 21 days. Lung examination by histology (H&E) revealed numerous foci in lungs of control groups, but no foci were observed in lungs of the compound-treated group. Similar results were obtained in a LOX melanoma model in which real-time PCR was used to detect lung and lymph node micro-metastases. Overall, these results show the ability of the lead compound to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis in multiple subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor models.
1 – Endocrinology of Reproduction in Bats: Central Control

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the physiology of bats, focusing on the endocrinology of reproduction. Wild-caught bats, sampled at different phases of their reproductive cycles, have provided the basis for most of the current knowledge. As a result, most studies have been descriptive in nature, documenting apparent changes in hypothalamic and pituitary activity that occur over the course of male and female reproductive cycles. However, efforts to maintain healthy captive bat colonies, in which individuals not only survive over the long term, but also reproduce, are becoming increasingly successful. These advances are creating new research environments in which investigators can conduct studies that are more experimental in design. This chapter reviews information derived from all these sources. The chapter places primary emphasis upon form and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary complex in bats within the broader context of their reproductive physiology. Immunocytochemical studies of GnRH neurons have revealed a characteristic distribution of perikarya that differs in potentially significant ways from that seen in other mammalian groups. Differences in GnRH transport routes are also suggested by abundant neuronal projections that extend into the pituitary neural lobe as well as by the architecture of the portal vasculature, which at least in M. lucifugus appears to be composed primarily of short portal vessels. Distributions of pituitary gonadotropes and lactotropes have been determined by immunocytochemistry. In combination with information derived from plasma gonadotropin assays, these studies have provided insight into the seasonal dynamics of LH-, FSH- and prolactin-secreting cells in species exhibiting varied reproductive patterns. Research has brought to light that delayed ovulation may result from long-loop negative feedback of steroids on the hypothalamic-pituitary complex. However, it is yet to be determined whether seasonal modifications in hypothalamic and pituitary sensitivity to steroids contribute to this mechanism.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Central nervous system involvement is reported in 61 of 68 infants and children with asymptomatic AIDS (13 with ARC-AIDS-related complex) followed for 1 to 48 months (average, 18 mos) in the Depts of Neurology and Pediatrics at SUNY, Stony Brook, NY.
Comparison of Polarizable Continuum & Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Models with Series of Tripeptides (AXA)

In biomolecule simulations solvation is a key factor in representing experimental conditions. Recent studies use models like Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) and Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) to attempt to simulate solvent effects on spectra. For proteins and peptides vibrational analyses primarily focuses on amide I (due to its isolation and strong dipole moment) to determine information about the secondary structure (α-helix, β-sheet, PPII). In this study we compare the QM/MM and PCM models with a focus on amide I at ∼1650 cm−1 (mainly amide C=O stretch) and also extended to lower energy amide II (∼ 1550 cm−1) in order to gain insight into the effectiveness of either method. We modeled a series of tripeptides (AXA: where X=A, E, S, W) and capped at N- and C- termini to yield Ac-Ala-Xxx-Ala-NH2. For QM/MM studies, we first sampled the conformations with an explicit solvent using Charmm 36 force field. The simulations were executed for 20 ns using periodic boundary conditions, with constant pressure and temperature (NPT ensemble) at 300 K and 1 atm. We then obtained the most preferable conformation (which is PPII-like) and extracted the geometry for both PCM and QM/MM level calculation to generate IR and VCD spectra. Furthermore, PCM Model was computed with an ideal PPII-like conformation (−78,149,180) to compare with preferable conformation obtained from MD simulation. The geometry was constrained (in terms of φ, ψ torsional angles) and prepared for optimization. With PCM model we use an implicit solvent while in QM/MM we use an explicit solvation shell of 10A. All calculations were fully optimized across all coordinates except (φ, ψ, ω, which were fixed) at the DFT BPW91/6-31G∗∗ level of theory. By observing amide I and amide II, accurate inferences about the different types of theory were made.
Association between baseline tumor dimensions and survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

8046 Background: It is not known to what extent radiographic tumor burden is associated with survival in patients with advanced NSCLC. The purpose of this study is to assess whether baseline tumor ...
Hierarchical Multiobjective Analysis for Large-Scale Systems: Current Status

Abstract Large-scale systems are often characterized by hierarchical structure, and they usually have multiple objectives that are noncommensurable. Two well-known approaches to the analysis of systems--hierarchical system theory and multiobjective optimization--have been developed to deal with these two aspects of large-scale systems. The past decade has seen an increasing concern with the integration of these two approaches into a unified framework for large scale systems, leading to the emergence of a new field known as hierarchical multiobjective analysis. This paper provides a systematic survey of the literature associated with the modeling and optimization of large scale systems, focusing on research based on the hierarchical multiobjective approach, the overlapping decomposition approach, and the multimodel approach. A large number of recently published papers that fall within these areas are reviewed.
Location Privacy Breach: Apps Are Watching You in Background

Smartphone users can conveniently install a set of apps that provide Location Based Service (LBS) from markets. These LBS-based apps facilitate users in many application scenarios, but they raise concerns on the breach of privacy related to location access. Smartphone users can hardly perceive location access, especially when it happens in background. In comparison to location access in foreground, location access in background could result in more serious privacy breach because it can continuously know a user's locations. In this paper, we study the problem of location access in background, and especially perform the first measurement of this background action on the Google app market. Our investigation demonstrates that many popular apps conduct location access in background within short intervals. This enables these apps to collect a user's location trace, from which the important personal information, Points of Interest (PoIs), can be recognized. We further extract a user's movement pattern from the PoIs, and utilize it to measure the extent of privacy breach. The measurement results also show that using the combination of movement pattern related metrics and the other PoI related metrics can help detect the privacy breach in an earlier manner than using either one of them alone.
Approach to the Patient with High-Risk Prostate Cancer

Men classified as having high-risk prostate cancer warrant treatment because durable outcomes can be achieved. Judicious use of imaging and considerations of risk factors are essential when caring for men with high-risk disease. Radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and androgen deprivation therapy all play pivotal roles in the management of men with high-risk disease, and potentially in men with metastatic disease. The optimal combinations of therapeutic regimens are an evolving area of study and future work looking into therapies for men with high-risk disease will remain critical.
Comprehensive Electromyography: With Clinical Correlations and Case Studies

Electromyography (EMG) is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by nerves and muscles. Interpreting EMG is a mandatory skill for neurologists and rehabilitation specialists. This textbook provides the reader with a detailed discussion of the concepts and principles underlying electrodiagnostic medicine. It is written for an audience without pre-existing knowledge in this discipline, including beginner technicians and physicians in training. It is an ideal review for seasoned practitioners and those preparing for board examinations. It begins with a review of the foundational sciences and works through the field in twenty chapters, including a large number of case studies demonstrating correct application and interpretation. Appendices of information frequently required in the EMG laboratory, such as Nerve Conduction Study techniques and their age-related normal values, anatomic regions assessed by each NCS and needle EMG studies, safety issues, and other important topics, are also included.
Determining mineralogical variations of aeolian deposits using thermal infrared emissivity and linear deconvolution methods

Abstract We apply linear deconvolution methods to derive mineral and glass proportions for eight field sample training sites at seven dune fields: (1) Algodones, California; (2) Big Dune, Nevada; (3) Bruneau, Idaho; (4) Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, Alaska; (5) Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Colorado; (6) Sunset Crater, Arizona; and (7) White Sands National Monument, New Mexico. These dune fields were chosen because they represent a wide range of mineral grain mixtures and allow us to gauge a better understanding of both compositional and sorting effects within terrestrial and extraterrestrial dune systems. We also use actual ASTER TIR emissivity imagery to map the spatial distribution of these minerals throughout the seven dune fields and evaluate the effects of degraded spectral resolution on the accuracy of mineral abundances retrieved. Our results show that hyperspectral data convolutions of our laboratory emissivity spectra outperformed multispectral data convolutions of the same data with respect to the mineral, glass and lithic abundances derived. Both the number and wavelength position of spectral bands greatly impacts the accuracy of linear deconvolution retrieval of feldspar proportions (e.g. K-feldspar vs. plagioclase) especially, as well as the detection of certain mafic and carbonate minerals. In particular, ASTER mapping results show that several of the dune sites display patterns such that less dense minerals typically have higher abundances near the center of the active and most evolved dunes in the field, while more dense minerals and glasses appear to be more abundant along the margins of the active dune fields.
The preregistration revolution.

Progress in science relies in part on generating hypotheses with existing observations and testing hypotheses with new observations. This distinction between postdiction and prediction is appreciated conceptually but is not respected in practice. Mistaking generation of postdictions with testing of predictions reduces the credibility of research findings. However, ordinary biases in human reasoning, such as hindsight bias, make it hard to avoid this mistake. An effective solution is to define the research questions and analysis plan before observing the research outcomes—a process called preregistration. Preregistration distinguishes analyses and outcomes that result from predictions from those that result from postdictions. A variety of practical strategies are available to make the best possible use of preregistration in circumstances that fall short of the ideal application, such as when the data are preexisting. Services are now available for preregistration across all disciplines, facilitating a rapid increase in the practice. Widespread adoption of preregistration will increase distinctiveness between hypothesis generation and hypothesis testing and will improve the credibility of research findings.
Edmund Husserl (1859–1938)

The founder of the phenomenological movement is not known as an aesthetician, but he exerted decisive influence on a number of important philosophers of art working within that tradition. Furthermore, posthumous texts reveal that Husserl himself had important and interesting things to say about art and aesthetic consciousness, which, while not amounting to a full-blown aesthetic theory, chart directions in which one might be developed.
Alpha waste production and proliferation hazard of different fuel cycles

There has been considerable controversy concerning the alpha waste and the proliferation hazards of breeder reactors and chemical reprocessing. To evaluate the waste and proliferation hazards of different fuel cycles, both with and without reprocessing, calculations are made of the production of actinides by different fuel cycles, both with and without fuel and waste actinide recycle. 13 refs.
Predicting Mathematics Learning Center Visits: An Examination of Correlating Variables.

This study, which explores factors that motivate developmental mathematics students to seek available assistance with their coursework, showed statistically significant correlations between the number of math learning center visits and various variables. An interaction effect was revealed between mathematics confidence and years of college enrollment. The data suggests that younger college students are less inclined to seek mathematics learning center assistance than returning adults and that students with high levels of mathematics confidence are less inclined to proactively seek academic assistance. The data suggests learning center coordinators might consider exploring ways reach out to these targeted areas to develop solid academic skills. In this era of increasing needs and diminishing resources in developmental education, finding ways to target our efforts to engage students in proactive learning processes is critical. The reality that many college students fail courses without ever seeking assistance through a learning center is frustrating indeed. Can learning center professionals predict which students are likely to visit learning centers? How do factors such as the age and prior college experiences of the student, confidence level and perceived importance of mathematics, current course enrollment and enrollment history correlate with use of a mathematics learning center? Are there interaction effects between any of these variables? This article aims to answer these questions using empirical data.
Rodent seed predators and a dominant grass competitor affect coexistence of co‐occurring forb species that vary in seed size

Propagule size and number often vary by several orders of magnitude among co‐occurring plant species. Explaining the maintenance of this variation and understanding how propagule size contributes to coexistence remain a central challenge for community ecologists. The dominant paradigm is that a competition–colonization trade‐off maintains interspecific variation in seed size, but empirical support is limited and other coexistence mechanisms, such as size‐dependent seed predation, have not been examined. We examined how seed size, fecundity, and other functional traits of 18 co‐occurring perennial forbs trade‐off with both vulnerability to rodent seed predation and competitive response to a community‐dominant perennial bunchgrass. We added seeds of these species to 1 m² plots at 10 sites where we factorially manipulated rodent seed predation and competition from the community dominant, Festuca campestris. For a given plot, seeds of each species were added at densities that reflected the fecundity (i.e., per capita seed production) for each species. Moreover, we varied total seed density among plots by adding seeds at one of five relative densities (0, 0.25. 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 times each species’ fecundity) to examine how fecundity affected overall recruitment for each species. There was a trade‐off between seed size and fecundity, as expected, but larger seed size was also associated with greater plant height, lower C/N ratios, and lower water use efficiency, suggesting that seed size represented a “resource acquisitive” trait syndrome (as quantified by trait principal component scores). In the field experiment, the suppressive effects of seed predation on seed recruitment rate increased with increasing seed size. In contrast, smaller seeded species with less resource‐acquisitive traits were more negatively affected by competition from F. campestris than were species with more resource acquisitive traits. Synthesis. While the competition–colonization trade‐off has been the predominant mechanism thought to maintain coexistence among species that vary in fecundity and seed size, our work suggests that susceptibility to rodent seed predation and competitive response to community dominants represent alternative mechanisms that can differentially influence plant recruitment of species based on their seed size and associated traits.
Teaching Third-Year Medical Students to Address Patients' Spiritual Needs in the Surgery/Anesthesiology Clerkship.

Introduction Despite many patients wanting physicians to inquire about their religious/spiritual beliefs, most physicians do not make such inquiries. Among physicians who do, surgeons are less like...
Listening for the Interior in Hip-Hop and R&B Music:

This article analyzes how four Black musical artists make “quiet,” or the inner life of African Americans, legible. Specifically, we consider ways that the quiet found within the lyrics of recent a...
Zoonotic disease awareness survey of backyard poultry and swine owners in southcentral Pennsylvania

Owners of small backyard poultry and swine operations may be at higher risk of zoonotic diseases due to husbandry inexperience and/or a lack of knowledge. Backyard poultry and swine owners in southcentral Pennsylvania were surveyed regarding their knowledge and attitudes towards zoonotic disease prevention. One hundred and six backyard poultry and/or swine owners completed the survey (74 poultry, 15 swine, 17 both), which included questions on demographics, flock/herd characteristics, recognition of selected zoonotic diseases and clinical signs in animals, and biosecurity practices for visitors and owners. Most responded that they were aware of avian (92.2%) and swine (84.4%) influenza, and were less aware of other zoonotic diseases such as salmonellosis and brucellosis. The majority of backyard poultry and swine owners combined (62.9%) reported allowing visitors freely around their animals and did not require any special precautions. Backyard poultry and swine owners most commonly reported rarely (32.7%) or never (28.9%) wearing work gloves and never (57.1%) wearing nose/mouth coverings, such as a respirator mask, while handling animals or manure. The study findings indicated that veterinarians (61.5%) and the Internet (50.0%) are the main sources where small-scale farm producers seek animal disease information. Approximately one-third (34.9%) of the respondents reported receiving seasonal influenza vaccine. The findings of this study will be utilized to provide targeted veterinary and public health education for the prevention of zoonotic diseases in backyard farm animal settings in Pennsylvania.
Toward a Taxonomy for Analyzing the Heart Rate as a Physiological Indicator of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Systematic Review and Development of a Framework.

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent psychiatric condition that is associated with symptoms such as hyperarousal and overreactions. Treatments for PTSD are limited to medications and in-session therapies. Assessing the way the heart responds to PTSD has shown promise in detecting and understanding the onset of symptoms. Objective: This study aimed to extract statistical and mathematical approaches that researchers can use to analyze heart rate (HR) data to understand PTSD. Methods: A scoping literature review was conducted to extract HR models. A total of 5 databases including Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline) OVID, Medline EBSCO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) EBSCO, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase) Ovid, and Google Scholar were searched. Non–English language studies, as well as studies that did not analyze human data, were excluded. A total of 54 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Results: We identified 4 categories of models: descriptive time-independent output, descriptive and time-dependent output, predictive and time-independent output, and predictive and time-dependent output. Descriptive and time-independent output models include analysis of variance and first-order exponential; the descriptive time-dependent output model includes a classical time series analysis and mixed regression. Predictive time-independent output models include machine learning methods and analysis of the HR-based fluctuation-dissipation method. Finally, predictive time-dependent output models include the time-variant method and nonlinear dynamic modeling. Conclusions: All of the identified modeling categories have relevance in PTSD, although the modeling selection is dependent on the specific goals of the study. Descriptive models are well-founded for the inference of PTSD. However, there is a need for additional studies in this area that explore a broader set of predictive models and other factors (eg, activity level) that have not been analyzed with descriptive models. Trial Registration:
Dynamics of Pyrene-Dimer Association and Ensuing Pyrene-Dimer Dissociation

To address the possible role of pyrene dimers in soot, chemical dynamics simulations are reported to provide atomistic details for the process of collisional association of pyrene dimers and ensuing decomposition of pyrene dimers. The simulations are performed at 600, 900, 1200, 1600, and 2000 K temperatures (T) with different collisional impact parameters (b; 0-18 A) using the all-atom optimized potentials for liquid simulations intermolecular force field. Corresponding to each b, ensembles of 1000 trajectories are computed up to a maximum time of 110 ps at each T. Microcanonical association rate constants for the pyrene-dimerization processes decrease with an increase in T. The ensuing dissociation of the pyrene dimers is statistical and could be well represented by the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus theory of unimolecular dissociation. Fits of the dissociation rate constants versus the harmonic Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel equation revealed that partial energy randomization occurs among the inter- and intramolecular vibrational modes during the dissociation of pyrene dimers, whereas rotational and translational modes play a significant role. Based on the low probability of association and short lifetime at 1600 (∼13.3 ps) and 2000 (∼12.8 ps) K, it is concluded that pyrene dimers are unlikely to play any major role in soot nucleation processes.
Differences in Opioid Overdose Mortality Rates Among Middle-Aged Adults by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, 1999-2018.

ObjectivesThe types of opioids abused in the United States have changed from prescription opioids to heroin to fentanyl. However, the types of opioids abused may differ by demographic factors, espe...
Combining radiomic phenotypes of non-small cell lung cancer with liquid biopsy data may improve prediction of response to EGFR inhibitors.

Among non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with therapeutically targetable tumor mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), not all patients respond to targeted therapy. Combining circulating-tumor DNA (ctDNA), clinical variables, and radiomic phenotypes may improve prediction of EGFR-targeted therapy outcomes for NSCLC. This single-center retrospective study included 40 EGFR-mutant advanced NSCLC patients treated with EGFR-targeted therapy. ctDNA data included number of mutations and detection of EGFR T790M. Clinical data included age, smoking status, and ECOG performance status. Baseline chest CT scans were analyzed to extract 429 radiomic features from each primary tumor. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering was used to group tumors into phenotypes. Kaplan–Meier (K–M) curves and Cox proportional hazards regression were modeled for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Likelihood ratio test (LRT) was used to compare fit between models. Among 40 patients (73% women, median age 62 years), consensus clustering identified two radiomic phenotypes. For PFS, the model combining radiomic phenotypes with ctDNA and clinical variables had c-statistic of 0.77 and a better fit (LRT p = 0.01) than the model with clinical and ctDNA variables alone with a c-statistic of 0.73. For OS, adding radiomic phenotypes resulted in c-statistic of 0.83 versus 0.80 when using clinical and ctDNA variables (LRT p = 0.08). Both models showed separation of K–M curves dichotomized by median prognostic score (p < 0.005). Combining radiomic phenotypes, ctDNA, and clinical variables may enhance precision oncology approaches to managing advanced non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR mutations.
T Cell Homeostatic Proliferation Promotes a Redox State That Drives Metabolic and Epigenetic Upregulation of Inflammatory Pathways in Lupus

Significance: Numerous abnormalities in T cells have been described in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including lymphopenia, DNA demethylation, expression of endogenous retroviru...
Extraordinary Circumstances and Extraordinary Writs: Equitable Tolling during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond (preprint)

When all other opportunities for relief have been exhausted, people convicted of crimes have one year to file a petition for habeas corpus in federal court before their chance to do so expires. But for the past 365 days, the COVID-19 crisis has fundamentally disrupted both the functioning of the criminal legal system and people’s daily lives inside and outside of prisons. COVID-19 has created delays, disruptions, and circumstances during which some incarcerated people have missed what may be their only opportunity to seek habeas review. Fortunately, those people may yet be heard in federal court, if their limitations period is equitably tolled. This paper addresses how courts have made equitable tolling available for habeas petitioners during the COVID-19 pandemic. It explores how courts evaluate whether “extraordinary circumstances” are present such that a petitioner is entitled to equitable tolling. It examines how district courts analyze the extraordinary circumstances requirement, arguing that district courts must adopt an approach that allows for the holistic consideration of all the circumstances accompanying a petitioner’s late filing when deciding whether to dismiss that petition as barred by AEDPA’s statute of limitations. It then summarizes the two competing approaches employed most frequently among district courts — one flexible, one strict — and argues that district courts, guided by extensive Supreme Court and circuit court precedent, must embrace flexibility. It concludes by explaining how district courts can adopt a flexible approach.
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Solid and physical modeling

The ACM Symposium on Solid and Physical Modeling and Applications is an annual international forum for the exchange of recent research results and applications of spatial modeling and computations in design, analysis and manufacturing, as well as in emerging biomedical, geophysical and other areas. Previous symposia in this series were held in Austin, Texas, 1991; Montreal, Canada, 1993; Salt Lake City, Utah, 1995; Atlanta, Georgia, 1997; Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1999 and 2001; Saarbrucken, Germany, 2002; Seattle, Washington, 2003; Genova, Italy, 2004, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2005; Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom, 2006; and Beijing, China, 2007. For additional information, please visit www.solidmodeling.org, the home page of The Solid Modeling Association that oversees this symposium series. The SPM symposium series started initially with the name "ACM Symposium on Solid Modeling and Applications." To emphasize the fact that solid modeling entails not only handling their geometric shapes, but also their physical properties, behaviors and simulations, the name of the symposium was expanded to The ACM Symposium on Solid and Physical Modeling and Applications (abbreviated as SPM) in 2005. SPM'08 was held at Suny, Stony Brook from June 2 to June 4, as part of Stony Brook Modeling Week that also featured international joint convention on shapes and solids. SPM'08 was held as a single track conference, which also included two mini-symposia. In response to SPM'08 call for papers, 79 technical papers were submitted and reviewed by an international program committee with 96 expert reviewers from around the world. At least three external reviewers and members of the program committee reviewed and discussed each submission. A total of 25 refereed papers have been selected for plenary presentation and publication in the proceedings as full papers. Moreover, a total of 18 refereed papers have been selected for poster presentation and publication in the proceedings as short papers. The symposium program also includes three invited presentations, by Helmut Pottmann (Vienna University of Technology), Hugues Hoppe (Microsoft Research) and Kokichi Sugihara (University of Tokyo), all leading researchers in their fields.
Effect of geometry modifications on effectiveness of slot injection in hypersonic flow

The study presents wind-tunnel measurements of surface static pressures, equilibrium temperatures, and skin friction downstream of tangential slot injection into a thick turbulent hypersonic boundary layer from two modified slot configurations. The data are compared with results obtained for baseline configurations reported by Cary and Hefner (1970, 1972) to determine whether simple modifications to the slot configuration can produce improved cooling effectiveness and skin friction reduction. The baseline slot configurations are simply modified by thickening the slot lip and by elevating the location of the slot exit above the flat plate. Although the results indicate that simple modifications of the baseline slot configurations can enhance the skin friction reductions obtained with tangential slot injection, slot base drag estimates show that neither of the modifications will lessen the impact of the systems penalties for collecting, ducting, and injecting the slot air.
Poverty and Population Density: Implications for Economic Development Policy.

Poverty measurements based on geopolitical boundariesmay not accurately reflect the concentration of poverty in agiven area. Building upon the findings of the Study onPersistent Poverty in the South that identified 91 persistentpoverty counties in Georgia, this article argues that a new unitof analysis is needed to understand the conditions associatedwith poverty. By using census block groups based onpopulation density, it is possible to perform analysis in waysthat transcend traditional geopolitical jurisdictions. The articleuses this new unit to present findings based on the 2000 U.S.Census results. Implications for economic development policyare also discussed.
Observation of spin flip in /sup 13/C+/sup 24/Mg inelastic scattering

Evidence for spin-dependent interactions in heavy-ion reactions has been found in the inelastic scattering of 35-MeV $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ from the 1.368-MeV, ${2}^{+}$ state in $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$. $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays emitted perpendicular to the reaction plane have been measured and $|m|$-substate populations deduced. At $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ scattering angles ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} \mathrm{and} 21\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, probabilities for the $|m|=1$ population (which is equivalent to spin flip) are found to be (1.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)% and less than 0.8%, respectively.
Advances in Laparoscopic Surgery

Recently, a new platform of abdominal access, called single-port surgery, has emerged in human and veterinary laparoscopy. The single-port platform enables all laparoscopic instruments, including the telescope, to pass individually through the same abdominal incision. Recently, there have been several published reports documenting the efficacy and safety of single-port procedures in veterinary patients. This article discusses the common single-port devices and instrumentation, as well as procedures now routinely offered in veterinary minimally invasive surgery.
Object‐Oriented Database for Radar Signature Analysis

The sections in this article are 1 Object-Oriented Database Development 2 Radar Signature Analysis 3 Discussions, Conclusions 4 Future Plan 5 Summary 6 Appendix A 7 Appendix B: Correlation Scheme 8 Appendix C: Complex Resonant Frequency Data for Targets Keywords: database; object-oriented database; C++ Objects; persistent objects; binary tree(B_Tree); B_Tree radar data structure; parody 2; borland database engine; radar signature analysis; least-square correlation scheme; radar target identification and classification
Histopathologic Differences Between Liver Tumors in Untreated (C57BL/6 × C3H)F1 (B6C3F1) Mice and Nitrofen-Fed Mice

A comparison was made of the histologic characteristics of naturally occurring and Nitrofen-induced liver tumors in (C57BL/6 X C3H)F1 (B6C3F1) mice. Whereas induced tumors generally consisted of solid sheets or nodules of frequently enlarged eosinophilic hepatocytes containing enlarged and/or hyperchromatic nuclei, the spontaneous neoplasms consisted predominantly of small basophilic cells containing oval or round nuclei and frequently arranged in trabeculae 1--2 cells wide. Within the livers of Nitrofen-treated animals, foci of hepatocytes resembling those within the tumor masses were also observed in the nonneoplastic areas. Metastases were not present in the lungs of any controls, whereas small emboli or large masses of neoplastic hepatocytes were present in incidences up to 29% in treated mice with tumors. This bioassay provides evidence that, in some cases, liver tumors in treated mice are morphologically different from those in controls and suggests that Nitrofen induces unique liver tumors rather than acts as a promoter of spontaneous neoplasms.
A Strain Model for Piezoelectric Materials Operating in Highly Hysteretic Regimes

Piezoelectric materials exhibit hysteresis in the field-strain relation at essentially all drive levels. Furthermore, this non-linear relation is dependent upon both prestresses and dynamic stresses generated during employment of the materials. The accurate characterization of this nonlinear and hysteretic material behavior is critical for material characterization, device design, and model-based control design. In this paper, we will discuss the characterization of hysteresis using the homogenized energy model (HEM) framework. At the mesoscale, energy relations characterizing field and stress-dependent 90 and 180 degree switching are used to develop fundamental kernels or hysterons. Material and field nonhomogeneities are subsequently incorporated by assuming that certain parameters are manifestations of underlying densities. This yields a macroscopic model that accurately characterizes the fundamental material behavior yet is sufficiently efficient for optimization and control implementation. Attributes of the model will be illustrated through comparison to experimental data.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Motor neuron pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: studies in THY1-YFP transgenic mice

Using adult male C57BL/6 mice that express a yellow fluorescent protein transgene in their motor neurons, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 (MOG peptide) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Control mice of the same transgenic strain received CFA without MOG peptide. Early in the course of their illness, the EAE mice showed lumbosacral spinal cord inflammation, demyelination and axonal fragmentation. By 14 weeks post-MOG peptide, these abnormalities were much less prominent, but the mice remained weak and, as in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis, spinal cord atrophy had developed. There was no significant loss of lumbar spinal cord motor neurons in the MOG peptide-EAE mice. However, early in the course of the illness, motor neuron dendrites were disrupted and motor neuron expression of hypophosphorylated neurofilament-H (hypoP-NF-H) immunoreactivity was diminished. By 14 weeks post-MOG peptide, hypoP-NF-H expression had returned to normal, but motor neuron dendritic abnormalities persisted and motor neuron perikaryal atrophy had appeared. We hypothesize that these motor neuron abnormalities contribute to weakness in this form of EAE and speculate that similar motor neuron abnormalities are present in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis.
Action of cytokinins and anticytokinins on cotyledonary bud growth ofLycopersicon esculentum MILL

The action of two anticytokinins, 3-methyl-7-n-pentyl-aminopyrazolo[4,3-d] pyrimidine and 4-cyclopentylamino-2-methylthiopyrrolo [2,3-d] pyrimidine on the zeatin and 6-benzylaminopurine induced lateral bud growth ofLycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Fireball seedlings was studied. Bud growth stimulation by 0.1 mM zeatin was not overcome by application of anticytokinin at concentrations of 0.01 to 1.0 μ 24-h after zeatin application. However, application of 0.1 μM of anticytokinin 24-h before 0.1 mM zeatin caused a significant enhancement of bud growth. A simultaneous application of 1 mM anticytokinin and 6-benzylaminopurine or concurrent with young leaves excision significantly reduced bud growth.
Austrian foreign policy during the Schleswig‐Holstein crisis of 1864: An exercise in reactive planning and negative formulations

(1991). Austrian foreign policy during the Schleswig‐Holstein crisis of 1864: An exercise in reactive planning and negative formulations. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 254-269.
Ionic flexogelectric effect in polymeric gels

Reported are a number of quantitative observations and analytical modeling of a new effect in ionic polymeric gels such as poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) or PAMPS, polyacrylic acid plus sodium acrylate cross-linked with bisacrylamide (PAAM) or various chemically-doped combinations of polyacrylic acid plus polyvinylalcohol(PAA-PVA). This new effect, hereafter, referred to as "Flexogelectric Effect" is basically the inverse of the effect originally reported in 1965 by three GE researchers, namely, Hamlen, Kent and Shafer in which the imposition of an electric field on an ionic polymeric gel fiber produced extension or contraction. Here, it is shown , both theoretically and experimentally, that mechanically induced nonhomogeneous deformations, and in particular bending of strips of such ionic gels can produce an electric field and the associated voltage. For typical samples of such gels (4x4x4Omm) with copper or platinum foil electrodes snugly contacting a pair of opposite sides (4x4Omm) of the strip, the difference in voltage measured between the electrodes for extreme bending configurations of the gel is typically in the 10's of milivolts range. This voltage difference which is quite significant for many engineering applications, such as large strain and deformation sensing, is still an order of magnitude smaller than the voltage necessary to induce similar deformations in the gel itself. A plausible explanation is also presented for such discrepancies.
HOW SUPERVISORS INFLUENCE PERFORMANCE: A MULTILEVEL STUDY OF COACHING AND GROUP MANAGEMENT IN TECHNOLOGY-MEDIATED SERVICES

This multilevel study examines the role of supervisors in improving employee performance through the use of coaching and group management practices. It examines the individual and synergistic effects of these management practices. The research subjects are call center agents in highly standardized jobs, and the organizational context is one in which calls, or task assignments, are randomly distributed via automated technology, providing a quasi-experimental approach in a real-world context. Results show that the amount of coaching that an employee received each month predicted objective performance improvements over time. Moreover, workers exhibited higher performance where their supervisor emphasized group assignments and group incentives and where technology was more automated. Finally, the positive relationship between coaching and performance was stronger where supervisors made greater use of group incentives, where technology was less automated, and where technological changes were less frequent. Implications and potential limitations of the present study are discussed.
The effect of protein concentration and heat treatment temperature on micellar casein–soy protein mixtures

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of concentration and temperature on the rheological properties of soy proteins (SP) and micellar casein (MCN) systems. Individual and mixed (1:1) protein systems of 2–15% concentration were prepared and heat treated for 5 min at 40–90 °C. After cooling to 20 °C, their rheological properties were determined using steady-shear rheology. Zeta potential and particle size measurements were also conducted. Both proteins were negatively charged under all experimental conditions, but the absolute values of zeta potential and thus the stability of the protein solutions decreased with temperature and concentration. For SP solutions, viscosity and apparent yield stress increased with concentration. Shear thinning behavior was prevalent, becoming more pronounced with increasing concentration. Heat treatments at T ≥ 80 °C induced glycinin denaturation, followed by aggregation and network formation when C ≥ 7.5%. Heat treatment did not significantly affect viscosity of MCN systems, while increasing concentration resulted in a significant increase in apparent viscosity and apparent yield stress. Most MCN systems exhibited Newtonian flow behavior, with the exception of systems with C ≥ 12.5% treated at T ≥ 80 °C, which became slightly shear thickening. Mixed SP–MCN systems mimicked the behavior of SP, with most values of rheological parameters intermediate between SP and MCN-only systems. Mixtures of 7.5–12.5% concentration treated at 90 °C displayed local phase separation, low viscosity and apparent yield stress, while 15% mixtures treated at 90 °C showed protein aggregation and incipient network formation. The data generated in this study can be used to develop a range of protein based products with unique flow characteristics and storage stability.
COGNITIVE DIAGNOSIS FOR NAEP PROFICIENCY DATA

More than a dozen statistical models have been developed for the purpose of cognitive diagnosis. These models are supposed to extract a much finer level of information from item responses than traditional unidimensional item response models. In this paper, a general diagnostic model (GDM) was used to analyze a set of simulated sparse data and real data from National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) assessments. The purpose of this study was to find out (a) whether the parameters can be recovered for a sparse data matrix in the framework of the GDM and (b) how to estimate group characteristics for large survey data, such as NAEP, in the framework of the GDM. The results of the simulation study show that GDM parameters can be recovered satisfactorily. The GDM under single group and multiple group assumptions were employed to fit NAEP assessment data. The results under these two assumptions and between the GDM and the statistics derived using the operational NAEP model were compared. The findings indicate that it is possible to conduct cognitive diagnosis for NAEP proficiency data.