cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of caloric restriction on the metabolic activation of xenobiotics

The effect of caloric restriction (CR) on xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities results in alterations in the metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens, with a resultant impact on DNA-carcinogen adduct formation and DNA repair. Using aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and benzo[a]pyrene (BP) as model carcinogens, we studied the effect of CR on the metabolic activation of these carcinogens and carcinogen-induced DNA damage and repair in terms of AFB1-DNA and BP-DNA adduct formation and removal. Male Fischer 344 rats fed calorie restricted diets (60% of the food consumption for ad libitum-fed rats) showed a reduction in the metabolic activation of AFB1 and decrease in both the in vitro and in vivo AFB1-DNA adduct formation. However, CR increased the activity of BP metabolizing enzymes resulting in an enhancement of BP-DNA adduct formation. Our results indicate that the effect of CR on metabolic activation of xenobiotics is dependent upon the selected xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes whose activities may be significantly altered by CR, and upon the nature of the chemical carcinogens which exert different structure-activity relationships during the process of chemically induced carcinogenesis.
Histamine and immune reactions. 3. Inhibition of early events of human lymphocyte activation by histamine

Histamine inhibits the chemiluminescence response of human lymphocytes to Concanavalin A by interfering with early triggering events. The inhibition seems to be mediated via H2 receptors, acts immediately, and is reversible by washing. A longer incubation in a histamine-containing medium induces a refractory state of the cells. The inhibitory effect described here is compared with the inhibitory action of histamine in the lymphocyte transformation test.
Accuracy of Urinary Urea Nitrogen for Predicting Total Urinary Nitrogen in Thermally Injured Patients

Estimations of total urinary nitrogen from measured urinary urea nitrogen are commonly used in calculating nitrogen balance. Recently published studies suggest the urinary urea nitrogen/total urinary nitrogen relationship is inconstant and total urinary nitrogen must be directly measured in burned patients. This study addresses the relationship of urinary urea nitrogen to total urinary nitrogen after thermal injury. Two hundred random 24-hour urine collections obtained from 45 thermally injured patients (mean burn size 59 ± 28%, mean age 40.5 ± 17.2 years) between 1 and 354 days postburn were analyzed for total urinary nitrogen and urinary urea nitrogen. Regression analysis relating total urinary nitrogen to estimated total urinary nitrogen (urinary urea nitrogen x 1.25) revealed a linear relationship (r = .936, p < .001). The mean urinary urea nitrogen/total urinary nitrogen ratio was 0.77 ± 0.10 and was not significantly correlated with percent burn, age, or postburn day. Mean nitrogen balance calculate...
An empirical comparison of a hypertext-based systems analysis case with conventional cases and role playing

Systems analysis and design is a practical discipline, difficult to teach realistically with conventional methods. HyperCase is an interactive program that presents an organization called Maple Ridge Engineering in a highly graphical environment for use on a microcomputer. Use of hypertext allows students to navigate through the organization, doing interviews, and examining diagrams in the order they prefer, rather than in the prescribed, linear fashion found in conventional cases.The effectiveness of HyperCase versus conventional cases and role playing in helping students reach six different levels of educational objectives was assessed in an experiment with 22 students. Those using HyperCase performed as well or better on the examination questions than those using standard approaches. In the second part of the study, results from an affective student questionnaire completed by the original 22 students, plus 97 others, revealed that they were overwhelmingly positive in their reaction to this new approach. Little difference in the reactions among experienced and inexperienced computer users was found. Based on our empirical findings, we conclude that students felt their experience with HyperCase was an important departure from the traditional systems analysis and design class.
Nucleic Acid Content of Chloroplasts of Spinach isolated by a Non-aqueous Technique

THERE is strong evidence for cytoplasmic inheritance of chloroplasts in higher plants. This genetic autonomy, together with the demonstration of protein synthesis1,2 and the presence of ribosomes3–5 in chloroplasts, has generated considerable interest in the nucleic acids associated with chloroplasts.
Using quantitative functional models to develop product architectures

Abstract Developing product architectures is a key phase in design and development processes. It encompasses the transformation from functional model to alternative product layouts. In this paper, we introduce a methodology for representing a functional model of a product in a quantitative manner. In addition to describing product functionality, the quantitative functional model also incorporates customer need ratings. Product design knowledge can be archived and transmitted in databases using this novel representation. Numerical manipulations of such a database assist in developing product architectures. In particular, product families and customer need ratings for modules are easily computed. Prior to the methodology, a review of customer needs gathering techniques and module identification methods is given. Results from a database of 70 consumer products are presented to illustrate the utility of the quantitative functional model.
Teaching Students to Design and Implement Social Networks Using MVC as a Capstone Experience

Undergraduate CS courses involve a range of design and development experiences which are often brought together in a comprehensive way as a capstone project in a student's senior year. The goal of a capstone experience is to help students demonstrate that they can integrate various CS skills they have been taught in a practical way. The importance of being able to apply what a student has learned in a practical way as a student prepares to graduate and enter the workforce cannot be overstated. We have developed a Capstone Course project where students build a social networking application using ASP.NET MVC to integrate skills learned in Programming Principles, Software Engineering, Database Design and Web Design courses. And we believe this type of project can serve as a model that can be applied in many different schools and contexts. Because the MVC pattern is used, each part of the system is modular, with the model, the view and the controller requiring different sets of skills. Students can apply their skills to implementing the entire framework themselves as it is presented to them, or they can redesign portions of the framework and integrate their redesign into the original architecture. Either way, students experience the integration of a wide variety of skills in a compelling way since they are doing so while building a social networking application that they can test on their friends.
Defects in B Lymphocyte Maturation and T Lymphocyte Activation in Mice Lacking Jak3

Biochemical studies of signaling mediated by many cytokine and growth factor receptors have implicated members of the Jak family of tyrosine kinases in these pathways. Specifically, Jak3 has been shown to be associated with the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor γ chain, a component of the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15. Mice lacking Jak3 showed a severe block in B cell development at the pre-B stage in the bone marrow. In contrast, although the thymuses of these mice were small, T cell maturation progressed relatively normally. In response to mitogenic signals, peripheral T cells in Jak3-deficient mice did not proliferate and secreted small amounts of IL-2. These data demonstrate that Jak3 is critical for the progression of B cell development in the bone marrow and for the functional competence of mature T cells.
Correlation of Hyperprolactinemia with Altered Plasma Insulin and Glucagon: Similarity to Effects of Late Human Pregnancy*

Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured during oral glucose and iv tolbutamide tolerance tests in nine women with hyperprolactinemia and the amenorrheagalactorrhea syndrome (AGS). Glucose tolerance curves, basal insulin levels, and postchallenge plasma insulin responses were significantly higher in AGS women compared to those in an ageand weight-matched control group. Fasting plasma glucagon concentrations were unaltered in AGS, but suppression of the hormone after oral glucose was greater and more prolonged relative to the control response. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on nine normal women during late pregnancy who had physiological hyperprolactinemia comparable to that in the AGS group. Glucose tolerance curves, exaggerated plasma insulin responses, and glucagon suppression resembled those observed in the AGS women. These results suggest that elevated plasma PRL concentrations may contribute to the development of hyperinsulinemia and accentuated glucagon suppression in res...
Foxl1 Controls the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway by Modulating the Expression of Proteoglycans in the Gut

Foxl1 is a winged helix transcription factor expressed in the mesenchyme of the gastrointestinal tract.Foxl1 null mice display severe structural defects in the epithelia of the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum. Here we addressed the molecular mechanisms by which Foxl1 controls gastrointestinal differentiation. First we showed that the abnormalities found in the epithelia of the null mice are the result of an increase in the number of proliferating cells and not a change in the rate of cell migration. Next we investigated the regulatory circuits affected by Foxl1. We focused on theWnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as a possible target ofFoxl1 as it has been shown to play a central role in gastrointestinal proliferation. We demonstrated that Foxl1activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by increasing extracellular proteoglycans, which act as co-receptors forWnt. Thus we establish that Foxl1 is involved in the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, providing a novel link in mesenchymal/epithelial cross-talk in the gut. Moreover, we provide the first example implicating proteoglycans in the regulation of cellular proliferation in the gastrointestinal tract.
Evidence for ligand exchange in iron pentacarbonyl adsorbed on Ni(100) surfaces

Abstract The chemistry of iron pentacarbonyl on clean and carbon monoxide predosed Ni(100) surfaces was studied by using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies. The thermal activation of adsorbed Fe(CO) 5 below 25% of a monolayer results in total decomposition to Fe and CO, but at higher coverages the probability for decomposition is reduced at the expense of both the desorption of some molecular Fe(CO) 5 below 200 K and the development of a new desorption peak in the CO TPD around 290 K. Based on the results from our TPD and XPS experiments, the new CO TPD peak is proposed to be associated with the formation of one or more iron carbonyl surface intermediates. The data from additional coadsorption experiments indicate that those intermediates are capable of undergoing ligand exchange reactions with isotopically labeled 13 CO but not of reversing all the way to Fe(CO) 5 as on Pt(111). The energetics of the surface reactions involved is discussed.
A pilot study of two supervision approaches for peer-led alcohol interventions with mandated college students.

Objective:Despite the increasing need to identify and implement effective interventions to reduce drinking with mandated college students, peer-led brief alcohol interventions have received minimal research attention. The current pilot study tested whether enhanced supervision (evidence-based application approach [EAA; group plus individual]) would improve peer counseling skills beyond those acquired by a common practice approach (CPA; group only).Method:Following initial peer counselor skill evaluation, drinking outcomes after intervention were compared between supervision groups with a mandated college student sample (N = 82; 65 men). The relationship between acquired motivational interviewing skills and subsequent drinking behaviors was also assessed.Results:EAA peer counselors showed higher motivational interviewing skill acquisition than CPA peer counselors. Despite differences in counselor skill demonstration, mandated clients in both intervention groups significantly reduced drinking behaviors. Fur...
Pharmacokinetics and the drugs used in pediatric regional anesthesia

The pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, anatomical, and physiological features of children make this population different from adults. An understanding of the drugs used in pediatric practice must also include an appropriate size model to differentiate agerelated factors from size-related factors. For example, clearance is a nonlinear function of size, resulting in higher local anesthetic infusion rates in children than predicted by using a per kilogram model. The more rapid onset of blockade in children has made the use of carbonation, which speeds up onset time, redundant. Anatomical differences in the epidural space allow greater and a more even spread of local anesthetic in small children compared with adults. Body composition undergoes extensive change in the first few years of life, affecting the volumes of distribution. Neonatal myocardium calcium fluxes are altered, increasing the potential for cardiotoxicity with the potent long-acting local anesthetics. The amide group of local anesthetic agents remains the mainstay of our pharmacopoeia. However, ketamine, clonidine, tramadol, neostigmine, and opioids have been investigated in children for regional blockade. These drugs are finding roles for specific treatment regimes and as adjunct therapy. Investigation of iontophoresis, stereoisomerism, and slow-release formulations offer exciting new possibilities.
Effects of texture and microstructure on the propagation of iodine stress corrosion cracks in Zircaloy

An investigation of stress corrosion crack propagation in Zircaloy is performed at 300 °C in four Pa flowing iodine environment. By varying the orientation of fracture mechanics specimens, the effect of crystallographic texture, heat treatment, and microstructure onK ISCC is studied. Texture is found to have a strong effect on bothK ISCC and the fracture path. As the resolved fraction of basal poles parallel to the direction of crack opening decreases,K ISCC in stress-relieved material increases from 4 MPa√m atf = 0.70 to 17 MPa√m atf = 0.19. The same trend is observed in recrystallized material. However, theK ISCC values are somewhat greater. Transgranular cleavage is the preferred mode of crack propagation. Several ductile modes of separation complement the cleavage process. At high crack velocity, tearing between facets is promoted. At lowK, nearK ISCC, very little tearing is observed and cleavage zones larger than the grain size are common. Fluting is preferred in the low regime. In recrystallized material a transition to completely intergranular failure is observed nearK ISCC.
Telithromycin‐associated hepatotoxicity: Clinical spectrum and causality assessment of 42 cases

Telithromycin is the first of a new class of ketolide antibiotics with increased activity against penicillin-resistant and erythromycin-resistant pneumococci. This agent received approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2004 for treatment of upper and lower respiratory infections. Following market introduction, spontaneous reports of telithromycin-associated hepatotoxicity, including frank liver failure, were received. To address these reports, an ad hoc group with expertise in spontaneous adverse events reporting and experience in evaluating drug-induced liver injury was formed, including members of the FDA, other federal agencies, and academia. The primary objective of this group was to adjudicate case reports of hepatic toxicity for causal attribution to telithromycin. After an initial screening of all cases of liver injury associated with telithromycin reported to FDA as of April 2006 by one of the authors, 42 cases were comprehensively reviewed and adjudicated. Five cases included a severe outcome of either death (n = 4) or liver transplantation (n = 1); more than half were considered highly likely or probable in their causal association with telithromycin. Typical clinical features were: short latency (median, 10 days) and abrupt onset of fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice, sometimes with the presence of ascites even in cases that resolved. Concurrence in assignment of causality increased after agreement on definitions of categories and interactive discussions. Conclusion: Telithromycin is a rare cause of drug-induced liver injury that may have a distinctive clinical signature and associated high mortality rate. Consensus for attribution of liver injury to a selected drug exposure by individual experts can be aided by careful definition of terminology and discussion. (HEPATOLOGY 2009;49:250-257.)
Global analysis of siRNA‐mediated transcriptional gene silencing

The RNAi machinery is not only involved with post-transcriptional degradation of messenger RNAs, but also used for targeting of chromatin changes associated with transcriptional silencing. Two recent papers determine the global patterns of gene expression and chromatin modifications produced by the RNAi machinery in fission yeast.(9, 10) The major sites include the outer centromere repeats, the mating-type locus and subtelomeric regions. By comparison, studies of Arabidopsis heterochromatin also implicate transposons as a major target for silencing. Analyses of siRNA libraries from Drosophila, nematodes and Arabidopsis indicate that major repeats at centromeres, telomeres and transposable elements are likely targets of RNAi. Also, intergenic regions are implicated as targets in Arabidopsis.
Cross-Cultural Validation of Measures of Social Support

Summary.-To examine the applicability of social support scales in a cross-cultura1 context measures of supervisory support, coworkers' support, and support from family members and close friends were obtained from retail sales personnel, 262 from che United States, 195 from Japan, and 183 from Colombia. Reliability and the factorial validity suggest thar these measures may be applied across dif€erent cultures or nations.
Flow cytometric analysis of the molecular mechanisms of immunosuppressive action of the active metabolite of leflunomide and its malononitrilamide analogues in a novel whole blood assay

Malononitrilamides (MNAs) are a new class of immunomodulatory drug highly effective in in vivo models of allo- and xenotransplantation. Knowledge of their effects on immune cells, however, is limited and has been derived solely from investigations using isolated mononuclear cells. This use of purified cells to investigate drug activity is not ideal, so we have combined the analytical power of flow cytometry with our mitogen-driven, whole blood lymphocyte activation and proliferation assays to investigate the in vitro mechanism of action of MNAs. We first show that MNAs (A77 1726, HMR1279, and HMR1715), as well as brequinar (BQR) and cyclosporine (CsA), effectively inhibit cell activation antigen expression and lymphocyte proliferation. We next show that the inhibitory effects of MNAs and BQR, but not CsA, are reversed by the addition of uridine to the culture. These results suggest that inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis may be a mechanism by which MNAs suppress both lymphocyte activation and proliferation since these effects were reversed when uridine nucleotide pools were replenished. This novel finding of suppression of activation antigen expression by MNAs in whole blood expands our understanding of the effects of this new class of drug.
Sparse matrix implicit numerical integration of the Stiff differential/algebraic equations: Implementation

The finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) is often used in modeling very flexible bodies in multibody system (MBS) applications. This formulation leads to a constant mass matrix, allowing for an efficient sparse matrix implementation. Nonetheless, the use of the ANCF finite elements to model stiff structures can lead to high frequencies associated with ANCF coupled deformation modes, as discussed in the literature. Implicit numerical integration methods can be effectively used to develop efficient procedures for the solution of MBS differential/algebraic equations. Most existing implicit integration algorithms, however, require numerical differentiation of the equations of motion, and some of these integration methods do not ensure that the kinematic algebraic constraint equations are satisfied at all levels (position, velocity, and acceleration). Because of these limitations, existing implicit integration methods can be less accurate and less efficient when used to solve large scale MBS applications. In order to circumvent this problem, the two-loop implicit sparse matrix numerical integration (TLISMNI) method was proposed for the solution of MBS differential/algebraic equations. The TLISMNI method does not require numerical differentiation of the forces and allows for an efficient sparse matrix implementation. This paper discusses TLISMNI implementation issues including the step size selection, the error control, and the effect of the numerical damping. The relation between the step size selection and the structure stiffness is also discussed. The use of the computer implementation described in this paper is demonstrated by solving very stiff structure problems using the Hilber–Hughes–Taylor (HHT) method, which includes numerical damping. An eigenvalue analysis and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) are performed in order to identify the fundamental modes of deformation and demonstrate that the contributions of these fundamental modes can be erroneously damped out when some other implicit integration methods are used. The TLISMNI method, on the other hand, captures the contributions of these fundamental modes. The results, obtained using the TLISMNI method, are compared with the results obtained using other methods including the implicit HHT-I3 and the explicit Adams integration methods. The results obtained show that the TLISMNI method can be five times faster than the other two methods when no numerical damping is considered.
A partial encryption scheme for AVC video

In this paper, we present a scheme to partially encrypt Advanced Video Codec (AVC) encoded video. Content owners and distributors rely on Digital Rights Management (DRM) to protect the content against piracy while delivering the content to the end user. Encrypting the content with a symmetric key is a core technical protection mechanism used by DRM systems. Decrypting video takes up precious computing cycles in devices. This may hamper smooth playback in constrained devices. To address this, we outline a scheme where samples (e.g., video or audio frames) are selectively chosen for encryption. This selection is made at a sample and not at a sub-sample level, i.e., when a sample is chosen for encryption it is encrypted in its entirety. Therefore, the required changes to the decryption process in the player to implement this partial encryption scheme is minimal. In the selection process for encryption, samples are weighted heavily based on the entropy and the sensitivity of the sample. The distribution of high entropy samples vary considerably. Moreover, to cover for cases where the frequency of high entropy samples is low, we introduce checks to ensure a baseline encryption for any sequence within the video. Lastly, we present the results after running this scheme through a set of test AVC content.
Down-regulation of Ia expression on macrophages by sea star factor.

Sea star factor (SSF), a protein of 39,000 Da isolated from the coelomocytes of Asterias forbesi, was found to inhibit the induction of la expression on murine macrophages by concanavalin A supernatants. Addition of SSF to cultured macrophages at the same time as the lymphokine preparation significantly reduced the percentage Ia+ cells after 5 days culture, compared to cultures given lymphokine only. Intraperitoneal injection of SSF also reduced the percentage Ia+ peritoneal exudate macrophages by three-fourths in Listeria-infected mice. Addition of the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, to macrophage cultures reversed this Ia-suppressive effect of SSF. Since macrophages from endotoxin-unresponsive and endotoxin-responsive mice were both sensitive to the Ia-inhibitory effect of SSF, the induction of arachidonic acid metabolism and the inhibition of Ia appear to be independent of the action of endotoxin. The SSF-induced down regulation of la expression may be a major factor in the suppression of primary immune responses to T-dependent antigens previously noted in studies with SSF.
A General Pattern for American Public Higher Education

(1962). A General Pattern for American Public Higher Education. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 33, No. 9, pp. 507-508.
Organization and distribution of the rat subdiaphragmatic vagus and associated paraganglia

This experiment analyzed the organization of the rat abdominal vagus. To spare delicate tissues and preserve positional information, untrimmed blocks of the subdiaphragmatic viscera (N = 22) were fixed, impregnated by using a pyridine-silver protocol, and double embedded. Each block was sectioned transversely at 7 micron, and a section every 70 micron from the diaphragm to the cardia was analyzed. The features of the section were traced and digitized for computer reconstruction. Included in the measurements were sizes and locations of bundles, fascicles, and paraganglia. The anterior and posterior vagi were consistently distinctive in size, distribution, cross-sectional shape, and paraganglionic content. In the most common pattern (41% of animals), the anterior trunk coursed longitudinally on the ventral surface of the esophagus, giving off at successively more distal levels the hepatic branch, the accessory coeliac branch and then the bundles of the anterior gastric branch. The posterior trunk separated into a coeliac branch and a posterior gastric branch, each consisting of numerous bundles, in the most distal quarter of the esophagus. Fifty-nine percent of all animals exhibited one or more significant variations in vagal organization (e.g., double primary trunks--41%, supernumerary branches--18%, or atypical branching sequences--9%). Four to 14 vagal paraganglia (mean = 8 +/- 1; equivalent to 32/rat, corrected for sampling) were found in each animal, and no branch was consistently devoid of paraganglia. Ninety-four percent of the paraganglia were located at nerve branch points. Some of the larger paraganglia contained at their central poles one to six neurons with soma diameters ranging from 14 to 22 micron.
Aerosol particle deposition in an obstructed turbulent duct flow

Abstract A computational scheme for simulating aerosol particle dispersion and deposition in turbulent flows in passages with complex geometry is developed. A thermodynamically consistent rate-dependent algebraic stress model is used to simulate the mean turbulent flow fields. The instantaneous turbulence fluctuation is simulated as a continuous Gaussian random field. The Brownian motion is modeled as a white noise process. The particle equation of motion including the Stokes drag, Brownian and Saffman forces is used. The computational model predictions for particle deposition velocity in a turbulent channel flow are compared with the experimental data and earlier simulation results. Several digital simulations for aerosol particle transport and deposition in a duct with an obstructing block are performed. The corresponding capture efficiencies of rectangular and trapezoidal blocks for different particle Stokes number are evaluated and discussed. It is shown that the deposition rate decreases significantly as the shape of the obstruction becomes more streamlined.
Local metamorphic action of thyroxine analogues in Rana pipiens larvae.

To determine whether or not various thyroxine analogues accelerate metamorphosis by acting directly upon target organs, analogue-cholesterol pellets were prepared and implanted into the dorsal tail fins of Rana pipiens larvae. Many analogue implants caused localized fin resorption, a response attributed to the direct action of the analogue upon the fin. Analogues with acetic or propionic acid side chains or with an isopropyl group but no iodine atoms in the β ring were effective in lower concentrations than was thyroxine; on this basis, the most active compounds were triiodothyropropionic acid and isopropyldiiodothyronine. Fin resorption was not induced by implants of diiodophenoxyacetic acids or of dihalogenated methoxythyranilines. Yet, intraorbital implants of these compounds did stimulate glandular development in the skin dorsal to the eye (a region with a lower threshold of response to thyroxine than the tail fin). The causation of local metamorphic responses, either in the tail fin or in the orbital region, by various thyroxine analogues indicates the direct action of such compounds upon peripheral tissues of the tadpole.
A study of chain addition polymerization with temperature variations: I. Thermal drift and its effect on polymer properties

Models of chain addition polymerizations have been analyzed for effects of reaction parameters on thermal behavior during reaction and, consequently, on properties of the polymer formed. Emphasis was placed on the investigation of thermal drift phenomena in particular. Several dimensionless parameters were identified and their role in predicting thermal behavior was established.
Thermal stability and intermixing of ultrathin Fe films on a Au(001) surface

Abstract Thermal stabilities and atomic intermixing of ultrathin ferromagnetic Fe films grown on a Au(001) surface have been studied using high-resolution low-energy electron diffraction (HRLEED). Both the average terrace size and the average inhomogeneity length can be quantitatively determined as a function of temperature by properly decomposing the energy dependent angular profiles of the (00) beam measured from Fe/Au(001) films at various temperatures. Atomic place exchange between Au and Fe is processed in Fe films up to ~ 2.5 ML thick at room temperature. For higher coverage Fe films (3.5–5.0 ML), the Fe adatoms bury the intermixed interface (⩽ 2.5 ML thick) formed at room temperature. For all the films studied (1.5–5.0 ML), the occurrence of intermixing — i.e., intermixed Fe and Au patches due to interdiffusion of Fe adatoms into Au bulk and exchanges of Au atoms to the surface — is observed clearly in different elevated temperature ranges. This conclusion is supported by the results that dominant surface steps for the thicker Fe films change from Fe/Fe steps to Au/Fe steps, and eventually, to Au/Au steps as the annealing temperature is increased. The average inhomogeneity length as a result of intermixing is extracted and is in the order of 20 A over a wide range of temperatures.
Non-infectivity of cattle Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Abstract Streptococcus agalactiae is classified as a Lancefield's group B Streptococcus . It is one causative bacterium of streptococcosis that is responsible for severe economic losses in wild and cultured fish worldwide. S. agalactiae also causes bovine mastitis. No information is available on infectivity of cattle S. agalactiae isolates in fish. In the present study, the results showed that 10 cattle isolates from 8 different dairy farms were not infectious in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) or channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) at greater than 10 8 colony forming units per fish. S. agalactiae was not re-isolated from the brain or head kidney of the fish at 24 and 48 h post-injection .
Compressive Sensing in the Quantum Domain

An introduction to compressive sensing and quantum imaging will be given. I will then show that compressive sensing can solve important problems in some applications of quantum imaging.
INTUITIVE STATISTICAL INFERENCE : CATEGORIZATION OF BINOMIAL SAMPLES DEPENDS ON SAMPLING CONTEXT

Pigeons categorized binomial samples. One of two “coins” was tossed on each trial, and birds learned to infer from observing the outcomes which of the two equally likely coins had been tossed. Outcomes (“heads” or “tails”) appeared as successively presented red or green center keys. Coin R was biased in favor of red, and coin G was similarly biased in favor of green. A categorization consisted of a choice of a left or right side key and was reinforced with food if it was to the key (left for coin R and right for coin G) corresponding to the coin that produced that trial’s sample. Coin bias and minimum sample size required for reinforcement were experimentally manipulated. When sample size was greatest (n=8), categorizing a sample as having been produced by coin R tended to undermatch the probability that the sample was produced by coin R. When sample size was smallest (n=1), categorizing a sample overmatched, provided that the context did not include other trials with large samples. This context effect reconciles an otherwise inconsistent literature on intuitive statistical inference in pigeons but suggests a new and difficult goal for research-the general clarification of the effects of sampling context on inference.
Der alte psychisch kranke Mensch

Pflegediagnose Orientierungsstorung — Es gibt immer mehr alte Menschen in unserer Gesellschaft. Damit steigt die Moglichkeit, im Alter psychisch zu erkranken. Das Institut fur Gesundheits-System-Forschung Kiel prognostiziert eine Steigerung von an Demenz erkrankten Personen in den Jahren 2000 bis 2050 von 149,4%.
Sound of distance drums

Molecules and Morphology in Evolution: Conflict or Compromise ? Edited by Colin Patterson. Cambridge University Press: 1987. Pp.229. Hbk£25, $49.50;pbk £9.95, $15.95.
Differential effects of retroviral long terminal repeats on interleukin-3 gene expression and autocrine transformation.

Previously we documented the transposition of an intracisternal A particle (IAP) provirus to the interleukin 3 (IL-3) locus which resulted in autocrine transformation. In the present study, the effects of different long terminal repeats (LTRs) on IL-3 gene expression and autocrine transformation were investigated. LTRs from defective IAPs, and replication competent Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV), human T cell leukemia (HTLV), and immunodeficiency (HIV) viruses, were inserted 5′ of the IL-3 promoter region, and their transforming abilities determined. Addition of the lymphocyte specific (LS) IAP-LTR to the germline IL-3 (gIL3) gene, the IAP-LTR present in the previously described transposition, resulted in a modified IL-3 gene that only infrequently transformed IL-3-dependent cells. In contrast, addition of plasmacytoma (PC) IAP-LTRs to the gIL3 gene, which were isolated from IAPs expressed in plasmacytomas, resulted in modified IL-3 genes that transformed IL-3-dependent cells more readily. The MoMuLV-LTR and the TCRδ enhancer also stimulated high levels of IL-3 expression and autocrine transformation. In contrast, the HTLV-I, HTLV-II and HIV LTRs did not induce significant IL-3 synthesis or autocrine transformation. Consistent with these results, higher levels of CAT expression were observed in cells transiently transfected with PC-IAP-LTR or a TCR enhancer compared with LS-IAP and HTLV LTRs. In summary, the rank order for the effects of different LTRs on IL-3 expression and cell transformation is: TCRδ-enhancer ≈ MoMuLV-LTR > PC-IAP-LTRs ≫ LS-IAP-LTR ≫ HTLV-LTRs ≈ HIV-LTR. These results indicate that the LS-IAP-LTR is very weak at inducing IL-3 gene transcription and additional genetic mutations may be necessary for LS-IAPs to induce autocrine transformation of hematopoietic cells. In contrast, the enhancers contained in PC-IAP-LTRs and TCR enhancers may be more effective in inducing abnormal gene expression and malignant transformation.
Interconnection Scheme for Networks of Online Modules

In this paper we propose an interconnection scheme to compute any unfactored arithmetic expression as a network of online modules. This is accomplished through mapping the expression to a doubly-linked hypercube network of online units. The mapping algorithm guarantees a maximum dilation of 2, with unit load, and conjectures that any arbitrary unfactored expression can be mapped to the proposed architecture with a small delay overhead. The proposed architecture requires no form of reconfiguration to accomplish the mapping, providing us with an efficient way to compute any network of online operations.
Magnesium diboride superconducting RF resonant cavities for high energy particle acceleration

Arguments in support of any particular superconducting coating must be framed in terms of its fundamental thermodynamic properties. The superconducting transition temperature, Tc, determines the surface resistance, and thus the Q of the cavity. This must remain sufficiently high that the system can be driven at the required field gradients and frequencies without leading to excessive power loss. In this regard the 39?K Tc of MgB2 is advantageous. With an anticipated maximum accelerating field, EaccMAX, of 77?MV?m?1 and a BCS surface resistance, RsBCS (4?K, 500?MHz), of 2.5?n ? as discussed later, MgB2 represents an interesting possibility as a coating for SRF cavities. In addition, the higher Hc2 of MgB2 than Nb results in a slightly lower estimated trapped flux sensitivity. Recent measurements of an MgB2 film at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) have shown an RF surface resistance lower than that of Nb at 4?K, which is proof-of-principle evidence of the attractiveness of MgB2. Our calculations are based conservatively on 4?K operation at 500?MHz. However, with a Tc of 39?K, MgB2-coated cavities should be less susceptible to thermal breakdown than low-Tc ones. Superconducting materials for use at GHz frequencies at voltage gradients >40?MV?m?1, a recently cited target, will require both low Rs (high Tc) and high Hsh values. With a Tc of 39?K, MgB2 clearly has the potential to reduce RsBCS if the films are well prepared and free from defects and particles. Additionally, while the Hc1 for MgB2 is relatively low, the superheating critical field, Hsh, is higher than that of Nb. Currently, there is some debate about the exact roles of Hc1 and Hsh in the determination of Eacc limits. However, the higher values of Hsh for MgB2 do suggest the possibility of enhanced Eacc values. The exact roles of Hc1 and Hsh should be further investigated. Techniques exist that may enable cavity-like structures to be internally coated with a MgB2 film.
Optimization of coupling from a sub-wavelength nanoaperture to the fundamental Gaussian mode

We minimize scattering losses and maximize coupling to a given free-space mode from a sub-wavelength metal aperture surrounded by periodic and aperiodic corrugations via optimum choice of the parameters of the structure. We show that introduction of aperiodicity into the corrugations enables coupling to a Gaussian mode , which is twice as high as that obtainable from the best periodic-corrugation design. These results indicate the possibility of using such metal nanostructures for quantum- and nonlinear-optical applications.
Physical Organic Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbene Complexes. 26.† Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reactions of [Phenyl(thiomethyl)carbene]pentacarbonylchromium(0) with Amines in Aqueous Acetonitrile

The kinetics of the reactions of (CO)5CrC(SMe)Ph (4-Cr) with five primary aliphatic and four secondary alicyclic amines have been investigated in 50% MeCN−50% water (v/v) at 25 °C. With n-butylamine, 2-methoxyethylamine, 2-chloroethylamine, glycinamide, piperidine, piperazine, and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, the reaction is strictly second order, i.e., first order in 4-Cr and first order in the amine. With morpholine, base catalysis by the amine and by OH- was observed while with aminoacetonitrile, OH- catalysis but no amine catalysis was detected. These results are interpreted in terms of a three-step reaction mechanism (Scheme 1): the first step is nucleophilic attachment of the amine to the carbene complex, to form a zwitterionic intermediate, ; the second step is a fast equilibrium deprotonation of to generate the anionic intermediate ; the third step is MeS- expulsion by two concurrent pathways, one being spontaneous (solvent catalyzed) expulsion of MeS-, the other being RR‘NH2+ catalyzed loss of ...
Differences in Extinction of Cue-Maintained Conditioned Responses Associated with Self-Administration: Alcohol Versus a Nonalcoholic Reinforcer

Background: Stimuli paired with alcohol may evoke conditioned responses that influence consumption and relapse. Understanding extinction of conditioned responses for both alcohol and nonalcoholic reinforcers, and their relation to subsequent consumption, may be useful in identifying methods to maintain abstinence. Methods: Nine baboons self-administered alcohol (n = 4) or a nonalcoholic reinforcer (orange-flavored Tang, n = 5) under a 3-component chained schedule of reinforcement (CSR). Each component was associated with distinct stimuli and response requirements, which modeled periods of anticipation (Component 1), seeking (Component 2), and consumption (Component 3). No behavioral contingencies were in effect during Component 1. Responses in Component 2, required to gain access to Component 3, provided indices of seeking behavior. Alcohol or Tang was available only in Component 3. Initial conditions parametrically manipulated the concentration of alcohol (2 to 6% w/v) or Tang (25 to 100%) that was available for self-administration. The breaking point (BP) of alcohol- and Tangseeking responses at each of the concentrations was determined by adding a progressive ratio schedule to Component 2. Extinction of responding under stimulus conditions identical to those during baseline, but with no access to alcohol or Tang, was examined using across- and within-session extinction procedures. Results: The BP for 2% w/v alcohol was lower than that for 4 and 6%, which were closely similar. For Tang, BPs increased as the concentration increased. When concentrations of alcohol and Tang were adjusted to produce comparable BPs, self-administration of Tang was higher when compared to alcohol; however, alcohol-related cues maintained higher BPs than Tang-related cues when only water was available for self-administration. Alcohol seeking and self-administration responses were more resistant to extinction than those for Tang. Conclusions: Stimuli paired with alcohol or nonalcoholic reinforcers will gain different motivational properties. Alcohol-related stimuli produced persistent responding that was highly resistant to change,
Fractional quantum Hall effect in two-layered systems.

The ground-state wave function is investigated at strong magnetic field for a system that consists of two parallel two-dimensional electron systems, which are coupled by the Coulomb interaction. Ground-state wave functions for finite-size systems on a sphere are obtained numerically and compared with Jastrow-type wave functions at Landau-level filling factors \ensuremath{\nu}=1, (1/2, (2/5, and (1/3. It is shown that the layer separations at which Jastrow-type wave functions give a good approximation to the ground state are filling-factor dependent.
Electronic and vibrational excitation of single molecules with a scanning tunneling microscope

Abstract The electronic and vibrational excitations of single acetylene, pyridine, and benzene molecules on Cu(001) were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy at 9 K. Electrons of 0–5 eV were used to induce dissociation, desorption, diffusion, rotation, and vibrational excitation of these molecules. The dissociation products were characterized by imaging, single molecule vibrational spectroscopy, and rotational excitation. The STM is shown to be a very versatile tool for inducing a molecule to explore its excited state potential energy surface and describing the possible results.
Performance of true potato seed families. 1. Effect of level of inbreeding

Successive generations of open pollinated (OP) true potato seed (TPS) families represent a low-cost planting material. This study was conducted to determine whether inbreeding occurred during two successive OP generations and, if so, whether it adversely affected the performance of transplant families from true seed. Potato seedling transplants from 4x×2x hybrid, OP1, OP2, S1 and S2 families were compared for plant vigour, flowering, pollen stainability, OP fruit set, tuber yield and specific gravity. Hybrids were consistently superior, while S2 families were inferior. The performance of OP1, OP2 and S1 families did not differ significantly for most traits. The accumulation of inbreeding in successive OP generations was limited by reduced OP seed production on selfed plants; thus, a synthetic TPS variety propagated by open pollination may be feasible.
Sudden Death and Cardiovascular Collapse in Children With Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Background—Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is rare in children, and the prognosis is poor. In the present study, we evaluated all pediatric patients with RCM who were at our institution during a 31-year period to determine the clinical outcome and cause of death. Those who sustained sudden, unanticipated cardiac arrests were evaluated for risk factors that are predictive of sudden death. Methods and Results—Eighteen consecutive patients were reviewed. Presentation, clinical course, laboratory data, and histopathological evidence of ischemia were compared between patients with and without sudden death events. The results demonstrated that patients who were at risk for sudden death were girls with chest pain, syncope, or both at presentation and without congestive heart failure. Although not statistically significant for sudden death, Holter monitor evidence of ischemia predicted death within months. Histopathological evidence of acute or chronic ischemia was found in the majority of patients, with acute i...
Global Warming and Social Justice

This article investigates considerations of distributive and corrective justice in the context of climate change policy. The authors accept that there is good reason for greenhouse gas emissions restrictions, but those reasons do not include concerns about distributive and corrective justice. It is unclear that those restrictions are the best way to help the most disadvantaged people in the world, and climate change does not fit the standard conception of tort.
Histologic Evidence of the Ability of Dermal Allograft to Function as a Barrier During Guided Bone Regeneration: A Case Report.

Introduction: Clinical reports have been published using acellular dermal matrix (ADM) as a barrier for guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first known case report that demonstrates histologically in humans that it can successfully function in this capacity.Case Presentation: GBR, using tenting screws, bovine bone xenograft, cancellous allograft, and acellular dermal allograft as a membrane, was performed to augment a significant horizontal and vertical ridge deficiency in the area of teeth #7 and #8 of a 47-year-old female. At the time of reentry, a bone-like material was evident to the top of the screw heads. Before the placement of an implant in tooth site #8, a sample of the calcified material was removed from the edentulous ridge over tooth site #7 and was sent for histologic analysis.Conclusions: The histologic results confirmed that formation of new bone was evident, indicating that ADM likely functioned as a barrier and allowed for GBR duri...