cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adipose Tissue Hypoxia Correlates with Adipokine Hypomethylation and Vascular Dysfunction

Obesity is characterized by the accumulation of dysfunctional adipose tissues, which predisposes to cardiometabolic diseases. Our previous in vitro studies demonstrated a role of hypoxia in inducing adipokine hypomethylation in adipocytes. We sought to examine this mechanism in visceral adipose tissues (VATs) from obese individuals and its correlation with cardiometabolic risk factors. We propose an involvement of the hypoxia-inducible factor, HIF1α, and the DNA hydroxymethylase, TET1. Blood samples and VAT biopsies were obtained from obese and non-obese subjects (n = 60 each) having bariatric and elective surgeries, respectively. The analyses of VAT showed lower vascularity, and higher levels of HIF1α and TET1 proteins in the obese subjects than controls. Global hypomethylation and hydroxymethylation were observed in VAT from obese subjects along with promoter hypomethylation of several pro-inflammatory adipokines. TET1 protein was enriched near the promotor of the hypomethylated adipokines. The average levels of adipokine methylation correlated positively with vascularity and arteriolar vasoreactivity and negatively with protein levels of HIF1α and TET1 in corresponding VAT samples, serum and tissue inflammatory markers, and other cardiometabolic risk factors. These findings suggest a role for adipose tissue hypoxia in causing epigenetic alterations, which could explain the increased production of adipocytokines and ultimately, vascular dysfunction in obesity.
“In These Times of Compassion When Conformity’s in Fashion”: How Therapeutic Jurisprudence Can Root out Bias, Limit Polarization and Support Vulnerable Persons in the Legal Process

In this paper, I consider the extent to which caselaw has – either explicitly or implicitly – incorporated the precepts of therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ), a school of legal thought that focuses on the law’s influence on emotional life and psychological well-being, and that asks us to assess the actual impact of the law on people’s lives. Two of the core tenets of TJ in practice are commitments to dignity and to compassion. I conclude ultimately that, with these principles as touchstones, TJ can be an effective tool – perhaps the most effective tool – in rooting out bias, limiting polarization, and supporting vulnerable persons in the legal process. But, this cannot and will not happen until more judges and practicing attorneys understand the potentially reformative (and transformative) role of TJ. My review of some relevant caselaw (both domestically and internationally) – a review that, to the best of my knowledge, has never previously been undertaken -- suggests that an incorporation of TJ principles is by no means a sure thing. This article will proceed in this manner: First, I will briefly consider the creation and dynamic growth of therapeutic jurisprudence over the past thirty years, looking specifically at the interplay between TJ and values of dignity and compassion. Then, I will assess the role of TJ in dealing with the questions most central to this paper: bias, polarization, and vulnerability. I next review court decisions – both domestic and from other nations -- in which TJ is explicitly mentioned (and in some cases, relied upon). Following this, I will look at some other relevant caselaw in which (1) TJ implicitly helped bring about a solution that minimized bias or polarization or offered support to vulnerable persons or classes, (2) the failure to employ TJ led to decisions that reinforced bias and ignored the needs of those who are vulnerable, or (3) a determination of one’s perspective is needed to determine if one sees the case as “pro-TJ” or “anti-TJ.” I then, in conclusion, offer some modest suggestions as to how TJ can best be employed to ensure decisions that are, optimally,-bias free via approaches that improve therapeutic functioning and do not sacrifice civil liberties.
Variable-Delay Polarization Modulators (Vpms) for Far-Infrared Through Millimeter Astronomy

This viewgraph presentation reviews the use of Variable-delay Polarization Modulators (VPMs) for Far-infrared through Millimeter Astronomy. The two science goals are to use polarized emission from the partially-aligned dust that provides a probe of the role of magnetic fields in star formation and to use the polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation CMB to test theories of the very early universe and provide a probe of fundamental physics.
Automating Hint Generation with Solution Space Path Construction

Developing intelligent tutoring systems from student solution data is a promising approach to facilitating more widespread application of tutors. In principle, tutor feedback can be generated by matching student solution attempts to stored intermediate solution states, and next-step hints can be generated by finding a path from a student's current state to a correct solution state. However, exact matching of states and paths does not work for many domains, like programming, where the number of solution states and paths is too large to cover with data. It has previously been demonstrated that the state space can be substantially reduced using canonicalizing operations that abstract states. In this paper, we show how solution paths can be constructed from these abstract states that go beyond the paths directly observed in the data. We describe a domain-independent algorithm that can automate hint generation through use of these paths. Through path construction, less data is needed for more complete hint generation. We provide examples of hints generated by this algorithm in the domain of programming.
UWB channel estimation with various sampling rate options

In this paper, channel estimation algorithms for multiuser ultrawideband (UWB) communication systems using symbol-spaced, frame-spaced, and chip-spaced sampling are proposed and analyzed. Assuming perfect synchronization to the desired multipath delays, symbol-spaced sampling allows both training-based, and semi-blind channel estimation. Increasing the sampling rate introduces more complexity, however, this allows additional signal processing capability, enabling improved receiver performance. By processing the frame-spaced samples, simple and low complexity pulse-discarding channel-estimators can be implemented to suppress multiuser interference effects. Chip-spaced sampling allows implementation of all-Rake (ARake) receivers using the least-squares channel estimation, and without the need for multiple analog matched filters
On the design of prioritized multiplexing systems

Systems in which many data sources are multiplexed over a single communication channel are considered. Data from all the sources are generated in fixed-length packets, and are stored in a common buffer with finite capacity. Packets overflowed or removed from the buffer prior to transmission are lost. The system performance measure is the set of packet loss probabilities associated with the sources. Queueing disciplines vary depending on the stringency of prioritization and the utilization of system resources. The set of all possible performances is characterized as the set of all queueing disciplines is spanned. Whether a given performance is possible can be deduced. Strategies that achieve the minimum overall loss probability are identified. The extreme disciplines are specified, and their performances are calculable by means of a given algorithm.
The Surprising Diversity of Lipid Antigens for CD1‐Restricted T Cells

Abstract CD1 proteins have been conserved throughout mammalian evolution and function to present lipid antigens to T cells. Crystal structures of CD1‐lipid complexes show that CD1 antigen‐binding grooves are composed of four pockets and two antigen entry portals. This structural information now provides a detailed understanding of how CD1‐binding grooves capture a surprisingly diverse array of lipid ligands. CD1‐expressing APCs are able to acquire lipid antigens from their own pool of lipids and from exogenous sources, including microbial pathogens, bystander cells, or even the systemic circulation. CD1 proteins bind to certain antigens using high stringency loading reactions within endosomes that involve low pH, glycosidases, and lipid transfer proteins. Other antigens can directly load onto CD1 proteins using low stringency mechanisms that are independent of cellular factors. New evidence from in vivo systems shows that CD1‐restricted T cells influence outcomes in infectious, autoimmune, and allergic diseases. These studies lead to a broader view of the natural function of αβ T cells, which involves recognition of both cellular proteins and lipids.
La Guerra por el espacio en Bogotá: La "recuperacion" del espacio público y su impacto sobre los vendedores ambulantes.

Este texto se ocupa de los factores subyacentes al cambio en el manejo del espacio publico del centro historico de Bogota, que de una politica negligente de parte de alcaldes nombrados por el ejecutivo nacional paso a otra, caracterizada por una agresiva campana orientada hacia su recuperacion liderada por alcaldes ejegidos popularmente desde 1988 hasta 2003, cuando se eligio a Luis Eduardo Garzon.
Super realistic and surrealistic visualizations in physics, math and computer science

In our internet-enabled classrooms, many tools are freely available to present students with interactive experiential learning opportunities. At Lyon College, we have spent time and energy studying techniques for constructing animations to enhance learning. Mathematics and Physics concepts are presented using surrealistic animations which demonstrate difficult ideas in short "concept clips" that can be accessed at appropriate times. We have found that this approach is greatly appreciated by students and indeed may serve to enable educators to present difficult concepts in a way that captures the students' imagination and facilitates comprehension. In our presentation, we will show several of these visualizations, discussing the particular algorithm, theorem or physical law which is applicable.
Numerical simulation of linear and nonlinear waves in hypoelastic solids by the CESE method

Abstract In this paper, we present a comprehensive model for the numerical simulation of linear and nonlinear elastic waves in slender rods. The mathematical model, based on conservation of mass, conservation of linear momentum, and a hypoelastic constitutive equation, consists of a set of three first-order, fully-coupled, nonlinear, hyperbolic partial differential equations. Three forms of the model equations are presented: the conservative form, the non-conservative form, and the diagonal form. The conservative form is solved numerically using the Conservation Element and Solution Element (CESE) method, a highly-accurate explicit space–time finite-volume scheme for solving nonlinear hyperbolic systems. To demonstrate this numerical approach, two elastic wave problems are directly calculated: (i) resonant standing waves arising from a time-harmonic external axial load and (ii) propagating compression waves arising from a bi-material collinear impact. Simulations of the resonance problem illustrate a linear-to-nonlinear evolution of the resonant vibrations, the emergence of super-harmonics of the forcing frequency, and the distribution of wave energy among multiple modes. For the bi-material impact problem, the CESE method successfully captures the sharp traveling wavefronts, wave reflection and transmission, and the different wave propagation speeds in each material.
Assessment of pubertal maturity in boys, using height and grip strength.

Abstract A method is described for the convenient, noninvasive assessment of pubertal maturity in boys, which is intended for use in studies of developmentally related sports injury. Ninety-eight boys were evaluated for Tanner stage, age, height, weight, body mass index, and maximum (right or left hand) and average grip strength. Height and average grip strength were selected by discriminate analysis as independent predictors of maturity. Immature boys (Tanner stages 1–3) fell below average grip strength of 25 kg and were less than 65 inches (165 cm) in height, whereas boys who exceeded both of these measurements were mature (Tanner stage 4 or 5). This method was validated in a second sample of 99 boys with 100% specificity and sensitivities of 93.55% (immature boys) and 81% (mature boys). A subset of mature boys met the height criterion but did not achieve the average grip strength criterion for maturity. We propose the use of height and grip strength as a practical, noninvasive method to classify physical maturity in boys. In addition, we speculate that the subset of boys who are tall, but weak, may be at increased risk for certain types of sports injuries.
Fatigue Prediction of Lightweight Thermoplastic Fiber-Metal Laminates

Lightweight thermoplastic-based fiber-metal laminates were developed based on a self-reinforced polypropylene and a glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene composite material with two sheets of aluminum alloy 2024-T3. The laminates were manufactured using a fast one step cold press manufacturing procedure. The mechanical behavior of the laminates was then investigated under tensile and fatigue loading conditions. The tensile properties of the plain aluminum, the composite materials, and the thermoplastic fiber-metal laminates (TFML) were investigated at quasi-static rates of loading. The fatigue tests were also conducted under load control based on the ASTM E 466 standard procedure. Various loading cycles were employed for the fatigue tests in order to minimize the possibility of heat generation on the composite materials. Three different load levels were applied for the fatigue specimens with zero to max loading. Results have shown that the glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene hybrid systems exhibited higher fatigue strength than the self-reinforced polypropylene based fiber-metal laminates. Following this, a simple prediction method for fatigue life of the TFMLs has been introduced. It is clearly indicated that the stress ranges calculated using the proposed method for the monolithic AL2024-T3 and the TFMLs are very similar at the same cycles to failure.
De novo structure-based design of bis-amidoxime uranophiles.

This paper presents a computational approach to the deliberate design of host architectures that recognize and bind specific guests. De novo molecule building software, HostDesigner, is interfaced ...
Dimensional Stability, Microstructure, and Cohesion Strength of Composite Solid Lubricant Coatings after Heat Treatment

PS304 is a plasma spray deposited coating composed of Ni-Cr, Cr 2 O 3 , Ag, and BaF 2 -CaF 2 that has been developed for reduction of friction and wear at high temperatures. Physical properties of the coating after varying heat treatments and using varying weight percentages of chromium in the Ni-Cr constituent have been investigated. Dimensional stability was reduced with increasing heat treatment temperature and the coating growth rate decreased with time. The dimensional stability was also reduced as the Cr content in the Ni-Cr constituent increased from 10 to 30 wt%. Coating growth was due to oxidation of the Ni-Cr constituent. The optimum cohesion strength for PS304 was essentially the same after heat treatment at 650 or 725°C for 100 h. Further investigation indicated that heat treatment at 725°C for 100 h increases the dimensional stability in a high temperature service environment.
Socioeconomic Context, Family Regimes, and Women's Early Labor Market Experience: The Case of Colombia and Venezuela

Abstract This paper compares the early labor market experience of mature and young cohorts of women in Bogota and Caracas. The cross-country, cross-cohort comparisons demonstrate the importance of both rising women's human capital and family regimes to women's labor market behavior. While divorce was a central stimulus of women's work in both contexts, the more stable, patriarchal family regime in Bogota more strongly conflicted with employment than the matrifocal and flexible pattern in Caracas. Results also show important changes in the dynamics of female employment, as younger cohorts exhibit more intermittent and unstable employment patterns.
Transition-State and Ground-State Structures and Their Interaction with the Active-Site Residues in Catechol O-Methyltransferase

The methylation of catecholate, catalyzed by catechol O-methyltransferase, has been studied by means of ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. The uncatalyzed reaction proceeds via a strongly i...
Facilitating Diverse Political Engagement with the Living Voters Guide

ABSTRACT Unlike 20th-century mass media, the Internet requires self-selection of content by its very nature. This has raised the normative concern that users may opt to encounter only political information and perspectives that accord with their pre-existing views. This study examines the different ways that voters appropriated a new, purpose-built online engagement platform to engage with a wide variety of political opinions and arguments. In a system aimed at helping Washington state citizens make their 2010 election decisions, we find that users take significant advantage of three key opportunities to engage with political diversity: accessing, considering, and producing arguments on both sides of various policy proposals. Notably, engagement with each of these forms of participation drops off as the required level of commitment increases. We conclude by discussing the implications of these results as well as directions for future research.
Approaches to dissecting mechanisms of adverse drug reactions in psychiatry: clozapine-binding sites in the bone marrow.

Approaches to dissecting mechanisms of adverse drug reactions in psychiatry: clozapine-binding sites in the bone marrow
Inhalant use in Florida youth.

Abstract Purpose: To determine (1) the prevalence of use, (2) risk and protective factors for use of inhalants in Florida youth. Methods: The Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey 2004 is a comprehensive assessment of youth substance abuse attitudes and practices obtained by sampling youth from sixty-five counties. Results: The sample consisted of 60,345 students from 6th to 12th grade; ages 10 to 19 + years (mean 14.5 years ±4), 53% were female with 59% White, 19% African-American, 16% Hispanic, 5% Native American, 2% Asian and 7% other. Lifetime use was highest among 14 year olds (16.5%), and current use among 13 year olds (16.7%). Females had significantly (p < .000) higher rates than males for lifetime (14.2% vs. 12.7%) and current use (5.1% vs. 4.1%). Native Americans had the highest rates of lifetime use (17%) followed by Whites (15%), mixed/other (15%), Hispanics (14%), Asians (13%), and Blacks (9%). The younger the age of first use of alcohol, cigarettes and marijuana, the higher the lifetime and c...
Effects of microstructure on oxygen transport in perovskite-type oxides

La0.1Sr0.9Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ (LSCF) particulates with different microstructures were prepared and oxygen sorption kinetics on these particulates was studied by a gravimetric method. The surface reaction on the crystallite surface is the rate-limiting step for oxygen sorption in loosely packed LSCF powders. In this case the sorption kinetics can be described by a linear driving force model with crystalline size independent sorption and desorption surface reaction rate constants. Oxygen sorption and transport rates are affected by the intercrystalline (grain boundary) resistance for LSCF particulates prepared with a press-sintering step, and in these cases both crystalline and particulate sizes determine the oxygen sorption rates. Sorption rate constant increases when increases the oxygen partial pressure of the atmosphere surrounding the LSCF samples.
Polyacrylamide sorption opportunity on interlayer and external pore surfaces of contaminant barrier clays.

Abstract Physico-chemical interactions among polymer molecules in aqueous solution and clay mineralogical/textural characteristics influence the sorption of polymer molecules on clay barrier minerals. Amendment of potentially unstable barrier clays with aqueous polymers can improve barrier material resistance to environmental stresses during service. In this research, the ability of molecular coils of polyacrylamide (PAM) to overlap in solution and to enter interlayer space in Na-montmorillonite (specific surface = 31.82 ± 0.22 m2 g−1) and kaolinite (specific surface = 18 ± 2 m2 g−1) were analyzed theoretically and experimentally, using solution viscosity measurements, and X-ray diffractometry. Experimental data on two theoretical indices: relative size ratio (RSR); and molecular availability (Ma) that are formulated to scale polymer molecular sorption on clay interlayer, indicate that the sorption of PAM A (Mw = 4 000 000) and PAM B (Mw = 7 000 000) does not produce any significant change in the d-spacing of both clay minerals. Although the negative Ma values of −3.51 g l−1 for PAM A and −3.88 g l−1 for PAM B indicate high levels of entanglement of polymer molecular coils in solution, sorption data confirm that the entangled coils are still able to sorb onto Na-montmorillonite highly and kaolinite to a lesser extent.
Immunologic NO synthase: elevation in severe AIDS dementia and induction by HIV-1 gp41.

Indirect mechanisms are implicated in the pathogenesis of the dementia associated with human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Proinflammatory molecules such as tumor necrosis factor α and eicosanoids are elevated in the central nervous system of patients with HIV-1-related dementia. Nitric oxide (NO) is a potential mediator of neuronal injury, because cytokines may activate the immunologic (type II) isoform of NO synthase (iNOS). The levels of iNOS in severe HIV-1-associated dementia coincided with increased expression of the HIV-1 coat protein gp41. Furthermore, gp41 induced iNOS in primary cultures of mixed rat neuronal and glial cells and killed neurons through a NO-dependent mechanism. Thus, gp41-induced NO formation may contribute to the severe cognitive dysfunction associated with HIV-1 infection.
Tonic-absence seizures: an underrecognized seizure type.

Summary: Purpose: The individual electroclinical patterns—tonic seizures with generalized paroxysmal fast activity (GPFA, activity >13 Hz), and absence seizures with generalized slow spike-and-wave activity (GSS&W, <3 Hz)—have been extensively described in the literature. However, only passing reference was made to the pattern of GPFA followed by GSS&W. In addition, these descriptions were formulated in the pre-EMU (Epilepsy Monitoring Unit) era, without benefit of video/clinical correlation. We now characterize this underrecognized seizure type. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data from eight patients with seizures that demonstrated this stereotyped EEG and clinical pattern. Results: We identified eight patients (six female patients; age 6–29 years; age at seizure onset, neonate to 10 years) who were evaluated at the Columbia University Epilepsy Monitoring Units between 1993 and 2002. All eight had an International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) diagnosis of symptomatic generalized epilepsy, with six of eight manifesting multiple seizure types, six of eight with mild static encephalopathy, and two with normal cognition. A total of 29 seizures of this pattern was recorded; 26 of 29 seizures demonstrated GPFA (frequency between 14 and 30 Hz, lasting 2–8 s) followed by GSS&W (frequency range between 1 and 2 Hz, lasting 3–50 s). The predominant clinical correlate was bilateral tonic activity followed by a period of inattentiveness. In general, these seizures were differentiated from the patient's typical tonic seizures by this protracted period of impaired attentiveness. Conclusions: We describe a heretofore underrecognized and poorly characterized seizure type in patients with symptomatic generalized epilepsy, which we have termed tonic–absence seizures. Clinically and electrographically, this consists of a tonic seizure with GPFA followed by an absence seizure with GSS&W.
IWGS 2010 workshop report: The First ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Geostreaming (San Jose, California - November 2, 2010)

The ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Geostreaming (IWGS) was held for the first time in conjunction with the 18th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (ACM SIGSPATIAL GIS 2010). The workshop has been a successful event that attracted participants from both academia and industry. The workshop addressed topics that are at the intersection of data streaming and geospatial systems. The workshop fostered an environment where geospatial researchers can benefit from the advances in geosensing technologies and data streaming systems.
Density-driven instabilities of miscible fluids in a capillary tube: linear stability analysis

A linear stability analysis is presented for the miscible interface formed by placing ah eavier fluid above a lighter one in a vertically oriented capillary tube. The analysis is based on the three-dimensional Stokes equations, coupled to a convection– diffusion equation for the concentration field, in cylindrical coordinates. A generalized eigenvalue problem is formulated, whose numerical solution yields both the growth rate and the two-dimensional eigenmodes as functions of the governing parameters in the form of a Rayleigh number and a dimensionless interfacial thickness. The dispersion relations show that for all values of the governing parameters the threedimensional mode with an azimuthal wavenumber of 1 represents the most unstable disturbance. The stability results also indicate the existence of a critical Rayleigh number of about 920, below which all perturbations are stable. The growth rates are seen to reach a plateau for Rayleigh numbers in excess of 10 6 .I n order to analyse the experimental observations by Kuang et al. (2002), which show that a small amount of net flow can stabilize the azimuthal instability mode and maintain an axisymmetric evolution, a base flow of Poiseuille type is included in the linear stability analysis. Results show that a weak base flow leads to a slight reduction of the growth rates of both axisymmetric and azimuthal modes. However, within the velocity interval that could be analysed in the present investigation, there is no indication that the axisymmetric mode overtakes its azimuthal counterpart.
Binary nanoparticle dispersed metamaterial implementation and characterization

Metamaterials exhibiting a negative index of refraction in the visible are of recent interest due to many possible applications including cloaking and perfect lensing. Nanoparticle dispersed metamaterials have been researched due to their flexibility in operating frequency, electronic tunability, ease of fabrication and low cost. We propose sputtered binary polaritronic-plasmonic nanoparticles as candidates for metamaterials. Specifically, we show that co-sputtered SiC and Ag nanoparticles are used to obtain a negative index in the visible. Experimental verification of the negative refractive index include the z-scan technique for measurement of the linear refractive index, phase and group velocity measurements using a double Michelson interferometer, and surface plasmon resonance measurements for s and p polarizations for finding the effective permeability and permittivity. Through numerical simulations, we show that our nanoparticle mixture can yield near-field super-resolution for both TE and TM polarizations.
Long-term changes of the diurnal temperature cycle: implications about mechanisms of global climate change

Abstract We use a global climate model to investigate the impact of a wide range of radiative forcing and feedback mechanisms on the diurnal cycle of surface air temperature. This allows us not only to rule out many potential explanations for observed diurnal changes, but to infer fundamental information concerning the nature and location of the principal global climate forcings of this century. We conclude that the observed changes of the diurnal cycle result neither from natural climate variability nor a globally-distributed forcing, but rather they require the combination of a (negative) radiative forcing located primarily over continental regions together with the known globally-distributed forcing due to anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Tropospheric aerosols can account for part of the continentally-located forcing, but alone they do not damp the diurnal cycle as observed. Only an increase of continental cloud cover, possibly a consequence of anthropogenic aerosols, can damp the diurnal cycle by an amount comparable to observations. A corollary of these results is quantitative confirmation of the widely held suspicion that anthropogenic greenhouse gas warming has been substantially counterbalanced by a forced cooling. Under the assumption that the cloud change is sulfate driven, a further implication is that the net rate of global warming is likely to increase substantially in coming years. We note that, on the long run, the daily maximum temperature will increase by an amount not much less than the increase of the mean temperature.
Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Molecular diffusion plays an important role in many biologic phenomena. The ability to study diffusion, therefore, is extremely useful in physiology and medicine. MRI offers a non-invasive window to diffusion, particularly water self-diffusion. MRI techniques, which provide diffusion sensitivity or quantitation (diffusion tensor MRI [DTI]), have found widespread application in neuroscience and medicine, including the evaluation of stroke, brain development, tumor imaging, and demyelinating disorders. We discuss the tensor nature of diffusion and provide an overview of how DTI offers unique information on tissue organization, water mobility, and disease states, particularly those of neuro-ophthalmologic interest.
Cost Overrun in Public-Private Partnerships: Toward Sustainable Highway Maintenance and Rehabilitation

AbstractTransportation agencies worldwide have been preparing themselves to face the growing demand for transportation infrastructure by forming public-private partnerships (PPP), contractual agree...
Correction: "Leukocytoblastic" for "Leukocytoclastic;" "Farmington" for "Hartford"

Excerpt To the editor: In the November 1982 issue, in the letter by Cordonnier and associates (1), the adjective "leukocytoclastic" is misprinted four times as "leukocytoblastic," a neologism. Both...
A comparison of CMAQ-based aerosol properties with IMPROVE, MODIS, and AERONET data

[1] Evaluation of concentrations predicted by air quality models is needed to ensure that model results are compatible with observations. In this study aerosol properties derived from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model-simulated aerosol mass concentrations are compared with routine data from NASA satellite-borne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor aboard the Sun-synchronous Terra satellite, NASA’s ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), and the ground-based Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environment (IMPROVE) network. The motivation for this analysis is to determine how best to use these parameters in evaluating model-predicted PM2.5 concentrations. CMAQ surface extinction estimates due to scattering at 550 nm wavelength are compared with the IMPROVE nephelometer data obtained from 25 sites within the United States. It is found that model-predicted surface extinctions bear high correlations with nephelometer measured data. Sulfate fractional aerosol optical depth (AOD) is found to dominate in the northeastern part of the United States; hence ground-based measurement of sulfate concentrations have been compared with time series of columnar AOD as observed by the MODIS instrument and also with the CMAQ-predicted tropospheric column values obtained during the June– August period of 2001. CMAQ surface extinctions are found to be relatively higher than the IMPROVE nephelometer observations; however, there is a good agreement between CMAQ AOD trends and AERONET and MODIS data, obtained at the seven AERONET sites located in the eastern United States. CMAQ is also found to capture the day-to-day variability in the spatial AOD patterns. Monthly average satellite AOD estimates are found to be higher than the AOD data obtained using the CMAQ-predicted aerosol concentrations. Seasonal variation of satellite-measured aerosol intensive property ‘‘Angstrom exponent’’ (a gross indicator of the aerosol size distribution) is presented for four selected sites: one each in the eastern and central parts, and two in the western part of the continental United States. Variability of Angstrom exponent at these four selected sites is analyzed in conjunction with the variation of summertime AOD (observed and modeled), mass concentration (observed and modeled) and modeled SO4 average concentrations during the summer (June–August) period of the year 2001. Annual time series of Angstrom exponent data at the four selected sites show a large east-west variation.
Six‐year Outcome of a Prospective Study Evaluating Tumor Bed Boost with Intra‐operative Electron Irradiation Followed by whole‐Breast Irradiation for Early‐Stage Breast Cancer

A prospective study was performed for patients with early-stage breast cancer in which a single fraction of intraoperative electron irradiation (IOERT) was given to the tumor bed, followed by conventional fractionated whole-breast irradiation (WBRT). Patients with T1/T2N0 breast cancer underwent lumpectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy. A tumor bed boost of 10 Gy of IOERT using 6-12 MeV electrons was administered by a dedicated mobile linear accelerator in the operating room. After adequate wound healing, 48 Gy WBRT was given to the whole breast in 24 fractions. Fifty-two patients were enrolled between February 2003 and January 2005. At a median follow-up of 79 months, there were two local relapses. The 6-year actuarial overall survival and distant control rates were 89% and 96%, respectively. At last follow-up, cosmesis was graded as excellent or good in 45 (87%), fair in five (10%), and poor in two patients (4%), respectively. Difficulty in wound healing occurred in two patients who had additional surgery later. One patient developed significant fibrosis after aspiration of a symptomatic seroma. The result of this pilot study shows the feasibility of using IOERT as the tumor bed boost in lieu of 6-8 days of standard electron beam treatment with good local control and cosmetic results. However, late surgical intervention of the lumpectomy bed may result in more pronounced tissue fibrosis and wound healing difficulty.
Manufacturing and Rural Economies in the United States: The Role of Nondurable Producers, Labor Costs and State Taxes

This paper investigates the preferences of manufacturers in deciding whether to locate in metropolitan or nonmetropolitan (rural) areas. Using 1997 state-level data and OLS regression estimation, it was determined that nondurable goods manufacturers prefer rural areas, while durable goods manufacturers are indifferent as to area. However, both sets of manufacturers prefer to locate in larger states. Wage rates are not significant in the regressions, while durable manufacturers appear sensitive to state taxes. Some policy conclusions for local economic developers are derived from these findings.
The effects of strength of competing responses during conflict

Sixty-four Ss were given training and test trials on a modified RT task to determine the effects of the relative and absolute strengths of competing responses on the speed of the response that occurs in a conflict situation. The results indicated that the response occurring in the conflict situation was significantly (p <. 01) faster than either of the competing responses in nonconflict situations, and also suggested that the speed of the response in the conflict situation increases as an exponential function of the absolute strengths of the compe ting responses.
The South Asian web: an emerging community information system in the South Asian diaspora

How can principles of participatory design help generate a community information system to serve the South Asian diasporic community of Los Angeles? While participatory design has taken root in the development of information systems for online communities, it has rarely been applied to systems that explore and enhance communication within diasporic communities. We seek to apply principles of participatory design in the creation of a digital media system designed to augment the interaction and cultural communication of the South Asian diaspora in Los Angeles. By integrating diverse community contributions according to community-created ontologies, we will build 'The South Asian Web': a living representation and an interactive means of articulating narratives, future visions, and community goals.
Scattering of Sound by Internal Wave Currents: The Relation to Vertical Momentum Flux

Internal waves scatter sound by two related perturbations: 1) those associated with vertical particle displacements ζ(x, y, z, t) in the presence of a vertical gradient of (potential) sound speed δc = ζ∂(_z)c(_p)); and 2) those associated with horizontal particle velocities u(x, y, z, t). The combined fractional perturbation in propagation velocity is δc/c + u/c. The second term, generally neglected, introduces a nonreciprocity when source and receiver are interchanged. Nonreciprocity is expected to be relatively small except for transmission along a deep downward loop. The principal internal wave contribution to nonreciprocity is from inertial frequencies. The sum and difference of reciprocal travel times are a measure of ζ and u, respectively, along the ray path; the quadrature spectrum of reciprocal travel times is related by an integral equation to the spectrum of the momentum flux 〉ζu〈. Precise measurements of nonreciprocity could provide an estimate of the vertical momentum flux in an internal wave field.
MV-optimal block designs for correlated errors

Abstract This paper presents M V -optimal block designs for three treatments having b = 3 n + 1 blocks each of size three when observations within each block are correlated. Two distinct covariance structures are considered, and the optimality problem is addressed using generalized least squares estimation of treatment contrasts in fixed-block effects model. In particular, it is shown that a design d ∗ having n copies of the blocks (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2) and one copy of (1, 3, 2) is M V -optimal within the class of all equally replicated connected designs. A class of unequally replicated designs is found to be M V -better than d ∗ in the unrestricted class of all connected designs for large positive correlations.
SLIT2-Mediated ROBO2 Signaling Restricts Kidney Induction to a Single Site

Kidney development occurs in a stereotypic position along the body axis. It begins when a single ureteric bud emerges from the nephric duct in response to GDNF secreted by the adjacent nephrogenic mesenchyme. Posterior restriction of Gdnf expression is considered critical for correct positioning of ureteric bud development. Here we show that mouse mutants lacking either SLIT2 or its receptor ROBO2, molecules known primarily for their function in axon guidance and cell migration, develop supernumerary ureteric buds that remain inappropriately connected to the nephric duct, and that the SLIT2/ROBO2 signal is transduced in the nephrogenic mesenchyme. Furthermore, we show that Gdnf expression is inappropriately maintained in anterior nephrogenic mesenchyme in these mutants. Thus our data identify an intercellular signaling system that restricts, directly or indirectly, the extent of the Gdnf expression domain, thereby precisely positioning the site of kidney induction.
Ulcerative colitis lesions in irradiated rats.

Crypt abscess lesions, such as occur in one type of human ulcerative colitis, were observed in 9% of a large series of irradiated parabiotic rats. Affected animals also showed following radiation injury a metaplastic granular abnormality of mucus-producing cells in salivary glands and gastrointestinal tract. Temporary hypofunction of the adrenal cortex in rats with a normal activity of ovarian corpus luteal or testicular interstitial cells was considered to encourage the development of intestinal crypt abscesses.
A Fast, Sigma–Delta $(\Sigma \Delta)$ Boost DC–DC Converter Tolerant to Wide LC Filter Variations

Power supplies in portable electronics must adapt to their highly integrated environments and, more intrinsically, respond quickly to fast load dumps. However, frequency compensation must cater to the worst case design LC combination, be it because of tolerance and/or variable design targets, limiting speed and regulation performance to the worst-case scenario, even under best case conditions. Sigma-delta (SigmaDelta) control, which addresses this issue in buck converters, has not been able to concurrently achieve both high speed and wide LC compliance in boost converters. This paper presents a dual-loop SigmaDelta boost converter whose prototype (5 plusmn5% V, 1A) was 20% faster and at least nine times more LC compliant than its leading current-mode PWM counterpart, and this without a compensation circuit. Light load efficiency, intrinsic for battery life, was also better (2% higher at 0.5 W, 600 kHz) because of lower switching losses. The tradeoffs for these benefits were higher output ripple voltage (5 V plusmn1.7%) and lower high load efficiency (less than 1.9% lower at 5 W, 300 kHz).
Integration of Mitigation, Intention, and Outcome Damage Information, by Students and Circuit Court Judges1

This article examines the problem of how undergraduate students and State Circuit Court Judges combine three specific components of information (pertaining to mitigation, intention, and seriousness of outcome damage) to make a net evaluative judgment of blame. The problem is considered within the framework and philosophy of Anderson's information integration and functional measurement theory. In three experiments, two levels each of the three information components identified were factorially crossed for two independent cases: self-defense under provocation, and altruistic defense of another. Target stimuli consisted of 100-word scenarios each embodying one factorial treatment combination. Experiment 1 used an independent group and Experiment 2 a repeated measures design. Experiment 3 replicated the second experiment using Judges as subjects. It was found that students integrated mitigation, intention, and outcome damage information by an adding process, and that the results concerning these three independent variables were essentially similar for both types of design. The most striking differences between Judges' and students' judgments centered on the differential use of mitigation information. Judges showed a far broader range of nonadditive, simple interaction effects between mitigation and both outcome damage and type of case. These results presumably reflect the primary concerns and responsibilities of the Judiciary. Questions of mitigation may thus complicate the otherwise straightforward additive integration of information in the intent-damage paradigm, and in judgments of seriousness.
The Influence of Peers on Competition-Driven Repositioning

I examine how firms undergoing repositioning exert peer influence on each other after a dominant firm drives them to abandon their product positions. I argue that information spillover from peers leads firms to engage in herd behavior. However, I expect competition cost to offset the information spillover benefit. Competition from stronger peers keeps weaker firms from repositioning very close to them, despite the potentially greater information spillover benefit. Furthermore, because the importance of information spillover benefit diminishes with time, competitive pressure causes the herd behavior pattern to dissipate. Evidence from the Chinese television industry supports the predictions. This study complements prior work on competition-driven repositioning, which typically emphasizes the antecedents of position abandonments and the interactions between a dominant firm and small firms.
Full-wave EM modeling of geophysical instruments in tilted planar-layered, generally anisotropic and lossy media

We propose a full-wave methodology to numerically model, using plane wave expansions (PWE), electromagnetic (EM) radiation by sources in planar-layered, generally anisotropic/lossy media possessing tilted interfaces. This method finds use in modeling responses of subsurface sensors near complex geological structures (e.g., angular unconformities), which ordinarily PWE cannot model due to requiring parallel interfaces. Previously, only “brute-force” methods (e.g., Finite Difference) could full-wave model these complex structures, but they can consume high compute resources/time and fail due to low-frequency instability. Our methodology leverages Transformation Optics, mapping the original (tilted-layer) geometry to a new one containing parallel interfaces coated by doubly-anisotropic slabs (PWE-solvable). This discontinuous mapping however, which physically implies reflective coating slabs, bounds the range of tilting our method can reliably model. Within these constraints, our results show interesting symmetry and differential sensitivity behavior to tilting, suggesting the tensorial measurements' exploitation for detecting more complex geological structures than previously practical.
A compact third-order 5 GHz bandpass filter with enhanced stopband characteristics in ultra thin organic substrate

A lumped-element bandpass filter based on new RXP ultra-thin organic technology with enhanced stopband rejections is proposed in this paper. The design is based on a third-order capacitively-coupled resonator circuit with unique resonator and ground inductor. For demonstration of the proposed circuit and RXP technology, a 5 GHz bandpass filter has been implemented in a four-metal layer 0.191 mm thin RXP substrate. The measured results have a good agreement with the simulation and show that insertion loss is less than 1.24 dB with larger than 1 GHz bandwidth and sharp rejections at both low and high stopband.
Filamentary Crystals grown from the Solid Metal

A theoretical analysis and experimental evidence show that a source of energy for spontaneous whisker growth is the elastic strain energy arising from the anisotropy of thermal expansion. Observation of whisker growth on a Bragg bubble raft suggests that the growth mechanism could be by cooperative repetitive movement of dislocations. The conditions for whisker growth from the solid are presented and by fulfilling them growths were produced on gold, silver, bismuth, lead, indium, and lead-indium alloys. The crystallographic orientations of a number of tin whiskers are reported, one of which had a transition between two orientations although it was straight. The tensile strengths of several tin whiskers were measured and observed to be lower than calculated from bending tests. The high elastic strain of 5% in bending was observed for an indium one.
On the Incorporation of Frictional Effects in the Tire/Ground Contact Area

Abstract This paper introduces a three‐dimensional finite element model of a tire with a detailed tread block structure to more accurately describe the stress distribution in the tire/ground contact area. Because of the importance of properly modeling the contact, several preliminary studies are detailed. First, the frictional contact between a rib and the ground is presented using a plane strain model. In particular, the edge effects are studied. Second, a combined experimental and numerical method for determining the coefficient of friction between a rubber block and a glass plate is described. A friction law is developed which includes the well‐known dependence of the coefficient of friction on the normal stress. Finally, the three‐dimensional tire model is discussed and results are given.