cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
KAZAKHSTAN’S JURY EXPERIMENT AND BEYOND: LESSONS FROM EMERGENT SYSTEMS OF LAY PARTICIPATION

For the first time in its young history, the Republic of Kazakhstan decided in 2007 to introduce the jury trial.1 This introduction was based on its constitution, which states that “criminal procedure shall be carried out with participation of Venezuela, Bolivia, and Argentina in South America, also had popular discussions of the possible introduction of lay participation systems and their potential impacts on the administration of criminal procedures. In the end, many of them drastically transformed their courts and legal procedures by allowing varied degrees of citizen participation in the judgment of criminal and civil cases,9 by creating new criminal procedures to bring accusations of anti-government activities, as well as by raising compensatory issues involving egregious corporate and business practices and decisions. There is a commonality of these trans-formative changes in the legal landscape: societies first gravitate toward popular, democratic participation in governmental decision-making, at least in part, as an antidote to the socio-political ills manifested by governmental corruption, political upheaval, and significant deprivation of civil rights and civil liberties. In response to the successful removal of a despotic regime and liberation from a hierarchy of political domination and authority, the general population turns to popular discussions related to embracing various sorts of democratic institutions. These discussions often encompass the consideration of direct citizen participation in governmental affairs, including establishment of classical all-citizen jury trials or other varied forms of civic involvement in government decision-making processes. The following section examines recent experiments with democratic judicial reforms around the globe, critically investigating specific models of lay participation that have been adopted in these countries. Because lay participatory models introduced in these countries have been closely tied to the nature and extent of legal transformation and political reforms advocated in the formative years preceding their adoption, governmental and civic efforts undertaken in relation to the introduction of particular forms of lay participatory systems will also be analyzed, as will their connection to the varied forms of integration of citizen involvement into the justice system. Based on these analyses, this article provides suggestions for Kazakhstan’s efforts to transform and improve its system of direct citizen involvement in the justice system
Criminally Insane Corporations

In the common telling of the corporate criminal justice parable, the law punishes criminal corporations in order to induce them to fix whatever caused them to do wrong. But there are some criminal corporations whose deep or unpredictable disfunction presents a special challenge. These corporations are much less likely to respond constructively to criminal sanctions. Criminal law needs a different approach for them, one that emphasizes compulsory expert treatment rather than standard forms of punishment. Fortunately, criminal law already has a doctrine that is up to the task—the insanity defense.
Reading attitudes in Vietnam: Initial study of the early school years

Whereas cognitive and linguistic factors for learning to read have been extensively studied, less is known about affective factors including children’s attitudes toward reading. Studies primarily from English-speaking and Western countries show gradual declines in reading attitudes in elementary school (McKenna et al., Reading Research Quarterly 30:626–639, 1995) and a positive association between reading attitudes and achievement (Petscher, Journal of Research in Reading 33:335–355, 2010). Children from Asian and African countries are underrepresented in this literature; whether these patterns can be generalized across cultures needs further investigation. This longitudinal study examined the reading attitudes of 84 children in Vietnam from grades 1 to 2 and their relations to reading performance, as measured by translated and adapted versions of the Elementary Reading Attitude Survey and Early Grade Reading Assessment, respectively. This sample from Vietnam showed a small decline in reading attitudes over time, particularly in attitudes toward academic reading. However, children on average reported feeling happy about reading in both grades. Correlations revealed different patterns of association between reading attitudes and performance based on the reading measure employed, grade level, and type of reading in question (academic versus recreational). In grade 2, reading attitudes explained unique variance in reading comprehension even after text fluency and mother’s education were considered. We present a margins plot to visualize the role of reading attitudes on reading comprehension. We discuss educational implications and future directions.
Development of Canadian Arctic Offshore Oil and Gas Drilling: Lessons from the Gulf of Mexico

Canada's National Energy Board has undertaken a review of general safety and environmental protection requirements for Arctic offshore drilling within the country's jurisdiction. The review is focusing, among other things, on the requirement for same season relief well (SSRW) capacity for Arctic offshore operators, and whether proposed alternatives are sufficiently robust to allow removal of the SSRW requirement. Given the significant threat offshore drilling poses to the fragile Arctic ecosystem, safety requirements must be strengthened, not weakened. The SSRW capability requirement should be maintained, and other policies, regulations and requirements ought to be strengthened and improved.
The floating blueprint of hypothalamic feeding circuits

Early lesion studies and subsequent genetic findings identified the hypothalamus as an important regulator of appetite, food intake and energy expenditure. Over the past 10 years, increasing attention has been dedicated to delineating the hypothalamic blueprint of metabolism regulation, in the hope of developing successful strategies to combat metabolic disorders. However, recent developments indicate that the hypothalamic wiring of feeding circuits changes continuously in the face of varying metabolic parameters. These unexpected findings indicate that new therapeutic avenues might emerge from a complete understanding of synaptic plasticity in the hypothalamus.
An origami paper-based bacteria-powered battery with an air-cathod

In this work, we created a stackable, 3-D, paper-based, bacteria-powered battery for potentially powering on-chip paper-based biosensors. The battery generated power from microbial respiration with one drop of bacteria-containing liquid. An air-cathode was also created on paper with activated carbon on the Nickel electrode that was sprayed on the paper. By applying paper-folding techniques, the four on-chip batteries were connected in series to obtain a high operating voltage (0.1V) under a 470kΩ external resistor. Shewanella oneidensis were loaded on to the folded battery stack, through which the bacterial cells were transported into each battery. For operation, the battery stack was unfolded to expose all air-cathodes to the air, thereby maximizing their cathodic reactions.
Micro-Prudence, Macro-Risk: Where Financial Regulation Meets Bankruptcy

Since the financial crisis began in late 2007, there has been increasing recognition that micro-prudential financial regulation must be supplemented by macro-prudential supervision in order to maintain financial stability. This Article is the first effort to examine empirical evidence showing that capital constraints, as driven by concentration risk, can significantly increase the probability that a bank will pursue a course of action culminating in foreclosure. When many banks simultaneously choose this course of action, especially when encouraged by micro-prudential policy, this creates negative externalities through increases in systemic risk. Important policy conclusions emerge. First, this furthers the understanding of the subtle effects of bank capital regulation, the regulatory responses to a banking crisis, and how these can spill over to the way banks handle the distress resolution of their debtors. Next, this problem falls squarely within the purview of the Financial Stability Oversight Council established by the recent Dodd-Frank Act. However, the Dodd-Frank Act left in its wake too much ambiguity as to how the systemic risk regulator should regulate such issues. Finally, the findings in this Article have important implications for debtor-creditor scholarship and bankruptcy policy, showing that the behavior of secured creditors in bankruptcy cases is not simply explained by the economics in the case itself, and exogenous factors originating from the bank regulatory framework can, in fact, affect bankruptcy outcomes.
Critical Success Factors in Managing Virtual Teams

The corporate world is changing from the boardroom meetings and group gatherings to a virtual team world. Mobile employees who work from home or a remote office are becoming more common. More and more companies are adopting virtual teams because they bring many advantages to organizations and their employees. However, virtual teams carry additional complexity and increase risk of unsuccessful projects in terms of reaching their goals. This paper defines virtual teams, discusses their advantages and challenges, and identifies several success factors to manage virtual teams. These factors are aggregated using a four-dimensional framework. This paper discusses factors from the structural, cognitive, relational, and technological dimensions and the relationships between them. Finally, the relationships between some factors of the previous dimensions and the performance of the virtual team are analyzed.
Effectiveness of the Arani double-loop guiding catheters in angioplasty of aorto-coronary vein grafts.

Double-loop guiding catheters have been used for angioplasty of aorto-coronary vein grafts (VG) or grafted arteries through the VG in 31 cases. A catheter with a 90 degrees primary curve was usually the best choice for angioplasty of the VG to the right coronary artery (RCA). For angioplasty of the VG to the left coronary artery branches (LCA), a 90 degrees primary curve was used when the proximal segment of the VG was oriented horizontally and a 75 degrees (USCI, C.R. Bard, Inc., Billerica, MA) was used when the proximal segment was directed superiorly. Angioplasty of 32 lesions was attempted in 31 patients. These catheters provided good "back-up" in angioplasty of 30 lesions (94%). The lesions were crossed with balloon catheters in 29 cases (91%). There was one acute VG occlusion requiring coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, a complication not attributed to the guiding catheter. We conclude that Arani guiding catheters provide strong back-up, are helpful in angioplasty of the vein grafts, and could be used as the primary choice for VG angioplasties.
Violence and the Changing Universe of Disabilities.

The field of special education has primary responsibility for providing specialized services to young children with disabilities in the schools. Increasingly, it is recognized that many disabilities identified among young children may be attributable to environmental variables, such as violence, poverty, toxic materials exposure, and family dysfunction. Issues of violence hold particular relevance for special education professionals. Recent studies report that young children with disabilities are 1.7 times more likely to be victims of maltreatment than children without disabilities. For children with disabilities living with the effects of violence, the infrastructure of special education as it is now developing may be the most promising approach to individual and systems intervention. Comprehensive community-based initiatives are replacing fragmented practices. The new collaborations can multiply the results of intervention or support programs beyond those attainable through any single approach.
Structure and membrane actions of a marine worm protein cytolysin, Cerebratulus toxin A-III

Abstract Four homologous Cerebratulus lacteus A toxins are the first and as yet only protein cytolysins to be isolated from an ancient phylum of marine worms, the nemertines. The most abundant and toxic variant, toxin A-III, has been sequenced and its mechanisms of action studied in the most detail. It consists of a single basic polypeptide chain of 95 amino acid residues cross-linked by three disulfide bonds, and possesses a predominantly α-helical secondary structure. The C -terminal third of the toxin sequence is postulated to be a helical ‘hairpin’ structure involved in pore formation. Toxin A-III permeabilizes a variety of cells as well as liposomes made from a variety of phospholipids; apparently large pores are formed, as large proteins are released almost as rapidly as small organic molecules and inorganic ions. At sublytic concentrations, the toxin also inhibits protein kinase C and endogenous voltage-gated cation selective (sodium, calcium) channels occurring in the nervous and cardiovascular systems. A curious observation, also reported for colicins and some other protein cytolysins, was the conservation of toxin secondary structure upon insertion into phospholipid liposomes, despite the strong likelihood that significant changes in tertiary structure occur to provide a hydrophobic surface for interaction with membrane lipids. Because of its small size and presumed single helical hairpin secondary structure, C1 toxin A-III is an excellent molecular subject for investigating protein insertion into biological membranes and mechanisms of pore formation.
ASF/SF2-Regulated CaMKIIδ Alternative Splicing Temporally Reprograms Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Muscle

The transition from juvenile to adult life is accompanied by programmed remodeling in many tissues and organs, which is key for organisms to adapt to the demand of the environment. Here we report a novel regulated alternative splicing program that is crucial for postnatnal heart remodeling in the mouse. We identify the essential splicing factor ASF/SF2 as a key component of the program, regulating a restricted set of tissue-specific alternative splicing events during heart remodeling. Cardiomyocytes deficient in ASF/SF2 display an unexpected hypercontraction phenotype due to a defect in postnatal splicing switch of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase IIdelta (CaMKIIdelta) transcript. This failure results in mistargeting of the kinase to sarcolemmal membranes, causing severe excitation-contraction coupling defects. Our results validate ASF/SF2 as a fundamental splicing regulator in the reprogramming pathway and reveal the central contribution of ASF/SF2-regulated CaMKIIdelta alternative splicing to functional remodeling in developing heart.
Calculation of the pulse-height response of organic scintillators for neutron energies 28 < En < 492 MeV

An adaptation of the Monte Carlo code of Stanton has been used to calculate the pulse-height spectra for monoenergetic neutrons incident on organic scintillators at energies 28 < En < 492 MeV. Pulse-height distributions calculated with the code are compared to recent experimental results to determine the relative importance of various reaction channels and multiple scattering. The code has also been modified so that the effect of photon losses through attenuation and reflection is modeled for the first time. Changes in the reaction kinematics are discussed which might improve the code's predictive capabilities at neutron energies over 70 MeV.
Automatic analysis of syntactic complexity in second language writing

We describe a computational system for automatic analysis of syntactic complexity in second language writing using fourteen different measures that have been explored or proposed in studies of second language development. The system takes a written language sample as input and produces fourteen indices of syntactic complexity of the sample based on these measures. The system is designed with advanced second language proficiency research in mind, and is therefore developed and evaluated using college-level second language writing data from the Written English Corpus of Chinese Learners (Wen et al. 2005). Experimental results show that the system achieves very high reliability on unseen test data from the corpus. We illustrate how the system is used in an example application to investigate whether and to what extent each of these measures significantly differentiate between different proficiency levels
Current perspectives in therapeutic myocardial angiogenesis.

The complex mechanisms mediating the development of new blood vessels are now beginning to be unraveled. In conjunction with major biotechnology advances, this has facilitated the initiation of translational research related to a novel treatment strategy for patients with myocardial or leg ischemia due to obstructive arterial disease—therapeutic angiogenesis. At present, at least 17 clinical trials of myocardial angiogenesis have been presented involving over 900 patients. Uncertainty exists as to the optimal delivery route and angiogenic agent, and this uncertainty is reflected in the diverse methodology of the trials published thus far. The majority of patients received an angiogenic protein via the intracoronary route. Other delivery techniques—such as direct intramyocardial injection via transepicardial or transendocardial routes—and other angiogenic agents, including master genes, have also been studied. Most recently, interest has grown in the potential angiogenesis effects of cell therapy—such as autologous bone marrow cells or cultured stem cells—and there are now several groups initiating Phase I/II trials in this area. This review summarizes the current evidence pertaining to the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of various angiogenic techniques aimed at enhancing myocardial blood flow and alleviating angina. (J Interven Cardiol 2003;16:289–297)
Cryotherapy for cancer of the lip and oral cavity

Cryotherapy with modern apparatus utilizing liquid nitrogen was used to control malignant and benign lesions of the lip and oral cavity in 5 patients. The reasons for the choice of therapy included resistance to radiotherapy, lesions in areas not amenable to excision without disabling bone sacrifice (palate, mandible) and severe cardiac disease which made the risk of operation prohibitive. Usually local anesthesia was used. One patient died of acute myocardial infarction 4 months after treatment and at autopsy no residual tumor was found in the treated area. The other patients are free of local recurrence at this time and none have palpable regional lymph nodes. Additional clinical evaluation is required but the results suggest that cryotherapy merits more extensive trial in selected patients in whom the customary methods of treatment have failed or cannot be used without great risk.
Increased CSF IgM in multiple sclerosis.

C S F IgM levels have been measured by radioimmunoassay in 56 patients with MS, 62 patients with other neurologic diseases, and 31 normal controls. Forty-eight percent of the patients with MS had a raised CSF IgM level compared with 5 percent of the patients with other diseases. The IgM level did not correlate with the IgG level. Forty percent of the MS patients with normal IgG levels had high IgM levels. No relationship was found between the CSF IgM level and length or severity of the MS, relapses, or steroid therapy. Attempts to identify the IgM as being anti-measles were unsuccessful.
Housing: Has There Been a Downward Shift in Consumers' Preferences?

I. Residential housing since 1890, 85. — II. Implications for the future, 91. — III. The role of government, 94. — Appendix, 95.
Quantifying regional hypoxia in human tumors with positron emission tomography of [18F]fluoromisonidazole: A pretherapy study of 37 patients

*Departments of Radiation Oncology* and Radiology,’ University of Washington, Seattle. WA Purpose: To assess pretreatment hypoxia in a variety of tumors using positron emission tomography (PET) after injection of the hypoxia-binding radiopharmaceutical [“‘F]fluoromisonidazoIe ([‘sF]FMISO). Methods and Materials: Tumor fractional hypoxic volume (FHV) was determined in 21 nonsmail ceII hmg cancer patients, 7 head and neck cancer patients, 4 prostate cancer patients, and 5 patients with other by quantitative PET imaging after injection of [‘*F]FMISO (0.1 mCi/kg). The FHV was defined as the proportion of pixels in the imaged tumor volume with a tissue:biood [‘*F] activity ratio 2 1.4 at 120-160 min postinjection. A FHV > 0 was taken as evidence for tumor hypoxia. Results: Hypoxia was observed in 36 of 37 tumors studied with FMISO PET inaging; FHVs ranged from 0 to 94.7%. In nonsmall cell lung cancers (n = 21), the median FHV was 47.6% and the range, 1.3 to 94.7%. There was no correlation between tumor size and FHV. In the seven head and neck carcinomas, the m&Ian FHV was 8.8% , with a range from 0.2 to 18.9%. In the group of four prostate cancers, the median and range were 18.2% and 0 to 93.9%, while in a group of five tumors of different types the median FHV was 55.2% (range: 21.4 to 85.8%). Conclusions: Hypoxia was present in 97% of the tumors studied and the extent of hypoxia varied markedly between tumors in the same site or of the same histology. Hypoxia also was distributed heterogeneously between regions within a single tumor. These results are consistent with O2 electrode measures with other types afhuman tumors. The intra- and intertumor variability indicate the importance of makhg oxygenation measures in individual tumors and the necessity to sample as much of the tumor volume as possible. Copyright 0 1996 Elsevie!
Mechanisms of Interaction of a Hormone—Receptor Complex with the Genome of a Eukaryotic Target Cell

Acidic proteins associated with the DNA of oviduct cells seem to possess tissue specificity and to contain the binding sites for progesterone.
Combined genomic and gene expression microarray profiling identifies ECOP as an upregulated gene in squamous cell carcinomas independent of DNA amplification.

Combined genomic and gene expression microarray profiling identifies ECOP as an upregulated gene in squamous cell carcinomas independent of DNA amplification
Epistemic Brokering in the Interpreter-Mediated Medical Visit: Negotiating “Patient’s Side” and “Doctor’s Side” Knowledge

A significant dilemma involved in communication in medical care is the interactional negotiation of “doctor’s side” versus “patient’s side” knowledge—two divergent, yet indispensible, understandings of sickness. The present study examines the ways in which language interpreters, as active coparticipants in the clinical encounter, can engage with these emergent territories of knowledge by reformulating how information is presented in the ongoing talk. Although related to the strategies used in language and culture brokering, the practices described here for epistemic brokering are distinct in that they redesign action types and stances, as well as initiate sequences, in the service of aligning with and satisfying the social, communicative, and medical objectives that exist on each side of the mediated interaction. It is argued that epistemic brokering practices are one means through which interpreters can accomplish—on a turn-by-turn basis—their various roles of codiagnostician, gatekeeper, patient advocat...
On Teaching Graduate Teacher Education.

(1987). On Teaching Graduate Teacher Education. Teaching Education: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 60-63.
Differential Susceptibility of Nonmalignant Human Breast Epithelial Cells and Breast Cancer Cells to Thiol Antioxidant-Induced G1-Delay

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS signaling have been implicated in a variety of human pathophysiological conditions that involve aberrant cellular proliferation, particularly cancer. We hypothesize that intracellular redox state differentially affects cell-cycle progression in nonmalignant versus malignant cells. The thiol antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), was used to alter intracellular redox state in nonmalignant human breast epithelial (MCF-10A) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Treatment of cells with NAC resulted in significant augmentation of intracellular small-molecular-weight thiols, glutathione and cysteine. In addition, NAC treatment decreased oxidation of a prooxidant-sensitive dye in MCF-10A cells, but not in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. NAC-induced shifts in intracellular redox state toward a more reducing environment caused G(1) delays in MCF-10A cells without causing any significant changes in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell-cycle progression. NAC treatment of MCF-10A (but not MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) was accompanied by a decrease in cyclin D1 and an increase in p27 protein levels, which correlated with increased retinoblastoma protein hypophosphorylation. These results show differential redox control of progression from G(1) to S in nonmalignant versus malignant cells and support the hypothesis that loss of a redox control of the cell cycle could contribute to aberrant proliferation seen in cancer cells.
The effect of three hemostatic agents on early bone healing in an animal model

Resorbable bone hemostasis materials, oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) and microfibrillar collagen (MFC), remain at the site of application for up to 8 weeks and may impair osteogenesis. Our experimental study compared the effect of a water-soluble alkylene oxide copolymer (AOC) to ORC and MFC versus no hemostatic material on early bone healing. Two circular 2.7 mm non-critical defects were made in each tibia of 12 rabbits. Sufficient AOC, ORC or MFC was applied to achieve hemostasis, and effectiveness recorded. An autologous blood clot was applied to control defects. Rabbits were sacrificed at 17 days, tibiae excised and fixed. Bone healing was quantitatively measured by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) expressed as fractional bone volume, and qualitatively assessed by histological examination of decalcified sections. Hemostasis was immediate after application of MFC and AOC, after 1-2 minutes with ORC, and >5 minutes for control. At 17 days post-surgery, micro-CT analysis showed near-complete healing in control and AOC groups, partial healing in the ORC group and minimal healing in the MFC group. Fractional bone volume was 8 fold greater in the control and AOC groups than in the MFC group (0.42 ± 0.06, 0.40 ± 0.03 vs 0.05 ± 0.01, P < 0.001) and over 1.5-fold greater than in the ORC group (0.25 ± 0.03, P < 0.05). By histology, MFC remained at the application site with minimal healing at the defect margins and early fibrotic tissue within the defect. ORC-treated defects showed partial healing but with early fibrotic tissue in the marrow space. Conversely, control and AOC-treated defects demonstrated newly formed woven bone rich in cellular activity with no evidence of AOC remaining at the application site. Early healing appeared to be impaired by the presence of MFC and impeded by the presence of ORC. In contrast, AOC did not inhibit bone healing and suggest that AOC may be a better bone hemostatic material for procedures where bony fusion is critical and immediate hemostasis required.
The Learning Sciences and Liberal Education

Today we are engaged in a national debate about the extent to which liberal education, as currently conceived, leaves college graduates ready to find their place in the modern world. This debate in...
Using Student Response Systems (“Clickers”) to Combat Conformity and Shyness

This study addressed how trait levels of classroom shyness can influence conformity when students answer opinion questions in different ways. We recruited 128 introductory psychology students to indicate their opinion on 50 controversial questions by raising their hand or anonymously pressing a button on a keypad (“clicker”). Compared to hand-raising, keypad responses had greater variability, suggesting that students were less likely to conform to the group's opinion. Students who typically experience shame and anxiety in class did not conform any more than other students did, but they felt more uncomfortable raising their hands and indicated a stronger preference for using keypads when answering controversial questions.
Anisotropic compressibility and effects of pressure on the electronic structure and Tc for superconducting infinite layer compounds

Abstract Total energy local density determinations of the effects of pressure on the (Sr 1- x Ca x ) 1- y CuO 2 infinite layer (IL) T c =110 K superconductor show, that the compressibility is highly anisotropic. Surprisingly, the energy location of the van Hove singularity (vHs) moves towards E F with pressure, thereby showing a correspondence between the number of holes (from dopants) needed to shift E F down to the vHs and the pressure needed to be applied to a fixed dopant material to achieve the best T c . Some consequences for understanding the pressure effects on the T c of the Hg superconductors and possible experiments are suggested.
Motion Recognition Based on Spatial Temporal HMM and Improved KPCA

In order to solve the problem that traditional intelligent surveillance is easily influenced by blocking and the capture views is limited, this paper presents a new method with 3 Kinects. Kinects are used to capture the human skeleton data and extract motion features. Principle component of raw data is extracted by using improved KPCA. Classifier is generated by using spatial-temporal Hidden Markov Model. A set of specific motions is analyzed in monitoring area. Experimental results show that this method can efficiently solve the problems that blocking and skeleton data is incomplete. It can also improve the recognition accuracy. The improved KPCA can improve the cumulative contribution rate and reduce the motion recognition time.
Using Logistic Regression to Identify New “At-Risk” Freshmen

ABSTRACT Retention and graduation rates at institutions of higher education receive a great deal of attention from a wide range of constituents. The search to identify students who are attrition risks early in their collegiate careers often is elusive. More often, practitioners rely on the random initiation of program strategies aimed at improving retention and graduation rates without any viable research base. To address this issue, a logit model was developed using historical data to identify characteristics inherent in a student's decision to withdraw from college. Once the model was derived, predicted probabilities of retention for an incoming class were computed.
Dendritic growth in microgravity and forced convection

Abstract A unified treatment of natural and forced convection, based on solutions of Navier-Stokes and energy equations, is used to analyze the experimental data on dendritic crystal growth from undercooled succinonitrile melts. The melt velocities that have been induced in the experiments reported for, μ g , 1 g and forced convection differ by 10 5 , the order being 10 −5 , 10 −2 , 1 cm/s, respectively. Transport theory predicts quite well the growth Peclet number, P= VR /2α, as a function of the Stefan, St, Prandtl, Pr, and Grashof, Gr, or Reynolds, Re, numbers in thermal or forced convection. For μ g , the theoretical simulations and the experiments suggest a relation P − P IV = aP IV + bGr 1/4 , where P IV is the growth Peclet number given by Ivantsov's conduction theory with equal melt and solid densities, ϱ 1 = ϱ s , and a , b are constants. The microgravity (μ g ) data show systematic deviations above and below Ivantsov's conduction theory for an isothermal dendrite at low and high undercooling, respectively. We show here theoretically that convection in the melt, at low undercooling is partly responsible for the higher rates of growth. Conversely, advection, (ϱ 1 ≠ ϱ s ), solid phase conduction and the Gibbs-Thompson curvature at large undercoolings could account for most of the deviations below Ivantsov's solution in the μ g experiments. At 1 g , the convection theory of Ananth and Gill for an isothermal dendrite agrees well with the experiments over the entire range of undercoolings studied. The critical undercooling required to produce by convection a 1% change in P decreases with the level of gravity and is given approximately by the slowly varying function ΔT c ∼ (g/g 0 ) 0.15 . Thus a large change in g/g 0 produces a small change in ΔT c , and the critical undercooling needed to render convection negligible is rather insensitive to the strength of the gravitational field. Existing theories predict that the pattern selection parameter, σ*, is independent of undercooling. However, the thermal (10 −5 –10 −2 cm/s) and forced (10 −1 −1 cm/s) convection data show that σ* does depend on both the undercooling and the intensity of convection at larger values of Re and depends only on ΔT at small Re. In the forced convection experiments, Re is large, and σ* clearly increases with Reynolds number at fixed values of the undercooling. In the thermal convection experiments, σ* increases with decreasing ΔT and is independent of the intensity (up to 0.01 cm/s) of convection because Re is small. This dependence of σ* on ΔT and Re is not well understood and needs further study because of theoretical interest.
Effecr of light and temperature on the endocrine system of the golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus waterhouse)

Abstract 1. 1. Exposure of male hamster to short photoperiods or low temperatures for 2, 4 and 6 weeks inhibits normal increases in body weight, atrophy of the gonads characterized by increased cholesterol concentration, and by histological and histochemical appearance, and an increase in brown fat weight. 2. 2. Study of the pituitary basophils suggested abnormalities of morphology and function while massive build-up of neurosecretory material (Herring bodies) of the hypothalamus and stalk gave evidence of reduced release of this material or perhaps increased synthesis. 3. 3. The combination of short photoperiods and low temperature resulted in additive effects in terms of degree of change and rapidity of development. 4. 4. Consideration of these data in conjunction with the literature on the hamster indicates that this anima is normally a continous breeder under laboratory conditions, but a seasonal under field conditions.
Towards a theory of instruction in the 1980s

The purpose of this article is to provide a historical perspective on the contributions of learning and instruction to instructional theory and to discuss some of the major obstacles currently inhibiting the growth of “Instructional Theory.” Some suggestions for future development of this discipline are provided. In clarifying the impediments to instructional theories' development, heavy reliance is placed upon the process of theory construction as perceived by philosophers of the natural and social sciences. Some comments are made regarding the appropriate use of instructional theory in developing nations.
A Maternal Effect Mediates Rapid Population Divergence and Character Displacement in Spadefoot Toads

Despite long-standing interest in character displacement, little is known of its underlying proximate causes. Here, we explore the role of maternal effects in character displacement. We specifically investigated whether differences in maternal body condition mediate divergence in the expression of resource-use traits between populations of spadefoot toads (Spea multiplicata) that occur in sympatry with a heterospecific competitor and those that occur in allopatry. In sympatry, S. multiplicata is forced by its competitor onto a less profitable resource. As a result, sympatric females mature in poorer condition and invest less into offspring. Consequently, their offspring produce a resource-use phenotype that minimizes competition with the other species and that also differs from the phenotype produced in allopatry. These differences in trait expression between allopatry and sympatry disappear once mothers are equilibrated in body condition in the laboratory. Thus, a condition-dependent maternal effect mediates population divergence and character displacement. Such effects potentially buffer populations from extinction (via competitive exclusion) while genetic changes accumulate, which produce divergent traits in the absence of the maternal effect. Maternal effects may therefore often be important in determining the initial direction and rate of evolution during the early stages of character displacement.
Effects of steam environment on compressive creep behavior of Nextel™720/Alumina ceramic composite at 1200 °C

Abstract The compressive creep behavior of an oxide–oxide ceramic-matrix composite (CMC) was investigated at 1200 °C in laboratory air and in steam. The composite consists of a porous alumina matrix reinforced with laminated, woven mullite/alumina (Nextel™720) fibers, has no interface between the fiber and matrix, and relies on the porous-matrix for flaw tolerance. The compressive stress–strain behavior was investigated and the compressive properties measured. The influence of the loading rate on compressive stress–strain response and on compressive properties was also explored. A change in loading rate by four orders or magnitude had a profound effect on compressive properties in air and especially in steam. Compressive creep behavior was examined for creep stresses in the −40 to −100 MPa range. Minimum creep rate was reached in all tests. In air, compressive creep strain magnitudes remained −7 s −1 . Creep run-out defined as 100 h at creep stress was achieved in all tests conducted in air. The presence of steam accelerated creep rates and significantly reduced creep lifetimes. In steam, compressive creep strains approached −1.6%, and compressive creep strain rates, −1.9 × 10 −2 s −1 . In steam, maximum time to rupture was only 3.9 h. Composite microstructure, as well as damage and failure mechanisms were investigated.
Unattended Autonomous Mission and System Management of an Unmanned Seaplane

The Flying Fish autonomous solar-energy-harvesting seaplane was designed for persistent deployment on the open ocean as a combination aerial-observation and drifting-buoy platform. Two generations of eld-tested vehicles have demonstrated continuous sequences of self-initiated autonomous ight operations in marine and freshwater environments. The addition of solar energy collection in the second-generation vehicle brings extended-toperpetual system deployment within reach. This paper presents the implementation and preliminary results of the modeling and planning utilities meant to achieve energy-aware mission management for safe, long-term unattended, vehicle deployment. Results are presented from ight-test-derived simulations and models.
URINARY HYDROXYPROLINE DURING LATE PREGNANCY AND POSTPARTUM INVOLUTION.

Abstract Total urinary hydroxyproline was studied sequentially in each of 4 subjects during late pregnancy and postpartum involution. Three of the 4 subjects showed progressively increasing levels of urinary hydroxyproline during the last trimester. A maximal level was reached immediately postpartum and then fell rapidly during the early postpartum period. The fourth subject showed no change in urinary hydroxyproline during the study. The data indicate that most of the uterine collagen is not proteolytically destroyed during postpartum involution and suggests that a “physiological” osteomalacia exists during late pregnancy.
LIPS islet autoantibody assays in high-throughput format for DASP 2010

Background For cost-effective population-based diabetes prediction and confirmation, islet autoantibody assays must be made more economical. Methods We evaluated glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-Ruc (renilla luciferase) and IA2ic (also known as ICA512ic)-Ruc (renilla luciferase) fusion protein constructs in high-throughput islet antibody assay formats. Results Antigen production via transfection onto COS cells in 100 mm culture dishes yielded sufficient antigen to assay 375 and 535 serum samples for GAD and IA2ic per dish, respectively. Antigen was usably stable after − 80 °C storage for 40–80 days after which luciferase activity decreased. The mean signal-to-noise ratios for luciferase-based immunoprecitation system (LIPS) GAD and LIPS IA2ic were 88 ± 24 and 219 ± 89, respectively, comparing favourably to radio-binding assays (RBA) in the same format. However, the coefficient of variation among triplicate wells was higher for IA2ic than for GAD in LIPS, similar to findings in RBA format. Correlation coefficients between autoantibody indices determined from the RBA and LIPS methods were only R2 = 0.79 and R2 = 0.75 for GAD and IA2ic, respectively, raising the possibility that different epitopes were favoured in the two different assay formats. Nevertheless, overall concordance for the two assay types was high, at 228/240 = 95.0% for GAD and 494/521 = 94.8% for IA2ic. Using optimal cutoffs, Diabetes Autoantibody Standardization Program (DASP) 2010 sensitivity/specificity was 80/99% for GAD RBA, 80/99% for GAD LIPS, 70/98% for IA2 RBA, and 72/99% for IA2 LIPS. Conclusion The LIPS assays for islet autoantibodies to GAD and IA2ic performed as well as RBA in DASP 2010. With further refinements in expression and storage, these assays may be more economical than current methods to measure islet autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Least Squares and Grouping Method Estimators in the Errors in Variables Model

Abstract The probability density function of the least squares estimator of the slope coefficient in the errors in variables model is presented. It is shown how the bias and mean-square error of the least squares estimator b depend on the parameters of the model. In particular, for a given sample size, b converges to the true parameter as one of the distribution parameters increases indefinitely. The analysis is supplemented with numerical computations of the relative bias and mean-square error. The distribution function of the grouping method estimator has the same form as that of 6. The biases and mean-square errors of b and are compared. For the case of zero within-group variance, the use of always reduces the magnitude of the relative bias and generally reduces the mean-square error. For large values of the within-group variance, use of may result in an increase in mean-square error.
Dynamical domains of a nondegenerate nonlinear dimer

Abstract We analyze the self-trapping properties of a nonlinear nonresonant dimer. We show that there is a transition line that separates the localized from nonlocalized states. In contrast to the degenerate case, the self-trapped phase can be accessed without crossing the transition line.
Effects of nonius line and fusion lock parameters on fixation disparity.

PURPOSE Clinical devices for fixation disparity vary in the size and position of the nonius test-lines and in the location of the binocular fusion lock, and published results of studies comparing fixation disparity devices also vary. This study examined how varying stimulus parameters affects the magnitude of horizontal fixation disparity and the precision of nonius alignment in normal observers. METHODS Targets were bright vertical lines presented for 150 ms on an oscilloscope and viewed in the dark from 3.95 m through a mirror haploscope. The fusion stimulus was either central, peripheral, or central-plus-peripheral. Fixation disparity was measured for nonius lines with a fixed vertical separation and variable lengths, using the method of constant stimuli. In a second experiment, fixation disparity was assessed for vergence demands of 6delta base-in to 12delta base-out using nonius lines of fixed length and variable vertical separations. For comparison, binocular Vernier thresholds and constant errors were also assessed. RESULTS Mean values of fixation disparity are invariant with the length and separation of the nonius lines and proximity to the fusion lock, over the range of values tested. When measured with a central fusion lock, the precision of binocular nonius alignment (vergence variability) worsens if the separation between the nonius lines increases beyond approximately 20 min arc. Vergence variability is larger with a peripheral fusion lock for small nonius-line separations and approximately the same as with the central lock for large line separations. Fixation disparity and precision were smallest with a central-plus-peripheral fusion-lock combination. Similar effects of line length and separation were found for binocular Vernier. CONCLUSIONS The finding of invariance of fixation disparity with line length for nonius targets < 1degrees extends those of earlier findings for larger targets. Because the precision of binocular nonius alignment is poorer for large nonius-line separations or with a peripheral fusion lock, fixation disparity should be most repeatable when measured with a central fusion lock and nonius lines separated by 20 min arc or less. However, a peripheral fusion lock and small nonius-line separation may provide the most effective diagnostic combination for fixation disparity.
Thermographic observations in unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome: Report of 61 cases

This study was undertaken to assess the sensitivity and specificity of thermographic diagnosis of unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome in a patient population large enough to permit meaningful statistical analysis. Sixty-one persons with clinical diagnoses of unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome confirmed by electrodiagnostic examination and 40 symptom-free volunteers underwent standard thermographic examinations. The thermographic images were then randomly sorted and interpreted by an experienced physician thermographer. Fifty-seven of the 61 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome were found to have thermographic abnormalities, while only one of the control group was found to have such an abnormality. Individual area sensitivity was highest in the dorsal area, but addition of other regions increased this measure; specificity ranged between 98% and 100%. These findings would appear to confirm the value of thermography in the diagnosis of unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome.
Characterization of H+ efflux pathways in rat hepatocytes

A pH-stat method was used to characterize H+ efflux pathways in hepatocytes in order to determine if Na+/ H+ and Ca++/H+ exchange are involved in H+ efflux from hepatocytes under basal conditions and if cyclic AMP analogs affect Na+/H+ exchange. Total H+ efflux of freshly prepared hepatocytes ranged from 10 to 15 nmoles per min per mg protein. A part of total H+ efflux (35 to 50%) was dependent on extracellular Na+. This Na+-dependent H+ efflux was (i) inhibited by amiloride with a half-maximal effect at 0.3 mM, (ii) inhibited by ouabain, (iii) dependent on extracellular pH and (iv) characterized by a Km of 15 ± 3 mM Na+ and a Vmax of 9 ± 0.07 nmoles per min per mg protein. Amiloride, ouabain and replacement of Na+ by choline also decreased intracellular pH determined from equilibrium distribution of dimethyloxazolidinedione. Li+ could partially substitute for Na+ in Na+-dependent H+ efflux and in maintaining intracellular pH. Efflux of CO2 and lactic acid from hepatocytes represented 80% of Na+-independent H+ efflux. Efflux of H+ in the presence and absence of Na+ was not significantly altered by extracellular Ca++ (<10 μM and 1.0 mM). Thus, Ca++/H+ exchange is unlikely to contribute significantly to total H+ efflux from hepatocytes. Cyclic AMP analogs, dibutyryl cyclic AMP and 8-bromo cyclic AMP, inhibited amiloride-sensitive Na+-dependent H+ efflux, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP decreased intracellular pH. These results indicate that (i) both Na+-independent and Na+-dependent mechanisms are involved in H+ efflux from hepatocytes, (ii) Na+-dependent H+ efflux represents Na+/H+ exchange and is involved in maintaining intracellular pH and (iii) cyclic AMP analogs decrease intracellular pH by inhibiting Na+/H+ exchange.