cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contagion as a Wealth Effect

Financial contagion is described as a wealth effect in a continuous-time model with two risky assets and three types of traders. Noise traders trade randomly in one market. Long-term investors provide liquidity using a linear rule based on fundamentals. Convergence traders with logarithmic utility trade optimally in both markets. Asset price dynamics are endogenously determined ~numerically! as functions of endogenous wealth and exogenous noise. When convergence traders lose money, they liquidate positions in both markets. This creates contagion, in that returns become more volatile and more correlated. Contagion reduces benefits from portfolio diversification and raises issues for risk management. DURING THE F INANCIAL PANIC ASSOCIATED with the default of the Russian government in August 1998 and the subsequent collapse of the hedge fund Long Term Capital Management, numerous hedge funds, banks, and securities firms tried simultaneously to reduce exposures to a variety of financial instruments, such as Russian bonds, Brazilian stocks, U.S. mortgages, spreads between on-therun and off-the-run government securities, and spreads between swaps and U.S. Treasuries. Although the fundamental values of these positions would appear to have little correlation, during this financial crisis, the asset prices in these markets exhibited the following common empirical pattern: 1. Financial intermediaries suffered losses as prices moved against their positions; 2. Market depth and liquidity decreased simultaneously in several markets; 3. The volatility of prices increased simultaneously in several markets; and,
Anti-DNA autoantibodies initiate experimental lupus nephritis by binding directly to the glomerular basement membrane in mice

The strongest serological correlate for lupus nephritis is antibody to double-stranded DNA, although the mechanism by which anti-DNA antibodies initiate lupus nephritis is unresolved. Most recent reports indicate that anti-DNA must bind chromatin in the glomerular basement membrane or mesangial matrix to form glomerular deposits. Here we determined whether direct binding of anti-DNA antibody to glomerular basement membrane is critical to initiate glomerular binding of anti-DNA in experimental lupus nephritis. Mice were co-injected with IgG monoclonal antibodies or hybridomas with similar specificity for DNA and chromatin but different IgG subclass and different relative affinity for basement membrane. Only anti-DNA antibodies that bound basement membrane bound to glomeruli, activated complement, and induced proteinuria whether injected alone or co-injected with a non-basement-membrane–binding anti-DNA antibody. Basement membrane–binding anti-DNA antibodies co-localized with heparan sulfate proteoglycan in glomerular basement membrane and mesangial matrix but not with chromatin. Thus, direct binding of anti-DNA antibody to antigens in the glomerular basement membrane or mesangial matrix may be critical to initiate glomerular inflammation. This may accelerate and exacerbate glomerular immune complex formation in human and murine lupus nephritis.
Interactive Control and Visualization of Difficulty Inferences from User-Interface Commands

Recently, there has been research on inferring user emotions. Like other inference research, it requires an iterative process in which what-if scenarios are played with different features and algorithms. Traditional, general-purpose data mining tools such as Weka have played an important part in promoting this process. We have augmented this toolset with an additional interactive test-bed designed for prediction and communication of programmer difficulties from user-interface commands. It provides end-user interfaces for communicating, correcting, and reacting to the predictions. In addition, it offers researchers user-interfaces for interacting with the prediction process as it is executed rather than, as in traditional mining tools, after it has generated data for a set of experimental subjects. These user-interfaces can be used to determine key elements of the prediction process, why certain wrong or right predictions have been made, and change parameters of the process. A video demonstration this work is available at http://youtu.be/09LpDIPG5h8.
Determining exemptions from foreign language requirements: Use of the modern language aptitude test

Abstract The question is raised as to whether students who petition for exemption from foreign language requirements should meet a criterion simply of low aptitude or—in keeping with the learning disability field—manifest a discrepancy between general and specific abilities. If discrepancy is the selected standard, there are issues of establishing test validity, a common normative base for the general aptitude and specific ability tests and determining significant differences in scores. At the University of Pennsylvania, we gave the short form of the Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) to 586 students and validated the scores against final first and second semester grades in introductory foreign language classes. In addition, to determine significant discrepancies, we transformed the students' scores from the Scholastic Aptitude Test and MLAT to a common z scale. There turned out to be little relationship between the MLAT and grades as determined by regression and ANOVA analyses. Nor were good and poor students distinguished by the discrepancy analysis. Results are discussed in terms of exemption policies.
Early effects of smoke inhalation on alveolar macrophage functions

Alveolar macrophage (AM) dysfunctions have been implicated in the pathogenesis of smoke inhalation lung injury. We investigated the early (within 70 min) effects of smoke inhalation on AM. The cells were recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage from rabbits ventilated with cotton smoke for 5 min followed by O2/room air for 60 min (smoke-exposed) or with room air in place of smoke (control). Smoke injury caused arterial blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels to increase 11-fold and reduced arterial blood PO2 (measured approximately 1 h postinjury) by 25 per cent. Scanning electron micrographs revealed denudation of plasmalemmal pseudopods in smoke-exposed AM. Smoke exposure suppressed both AM adherence to plastic and phagocytosis of opsonized bacteria. Basal superoxide (O2-) production was elevated in smoke-exposed AM, compared with controls, whereas PMA-stimulated O2- production was unaffected. Smoke-exposed AM had reduced basal secretion of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), but displayed a greater TNF response to stimulation with LPS than did control cells. LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha releases from control and smoke-exposed AM were suppressed by phosphodiesterase inhibitors pentoxifylline and theophylline, and were enhanced by the lipoxygenase inhibitor, MK886. The early responses of AM to smoke inhalation lung injury are consistent with activation of O2- production and priming of TNF-alpha release, concurrent with a functional down regulation of phagocytosis.
Efficiency gains within firms under voluntary environmental initiatives

This paper focuses on efficiency gains that voluntary environmental initiatives may achieve within the firm. Current debate concerning the extent and significance of inefficiencies within firms is critically important to the progress of energy and environmental policies. Several recent lines of inquiry in microeconomics help explain the persistence of inefficiencies within firms. In addition, two of the most prominent new approaches in the field of business strategy — resource-based strategy and the “capabilities perspective” — focus on the heterogeneity among firms and the resulting pockets of inefficiency within firms. They suggest at least three generic strategies for voluntary environmental initiatives — challenging outdated organizational routines, creating opportunities for differentiation, or complementing firms' resource investment trajectories. These generic approaches suggest that there is considerable scope for further experimentation with voluntary environmental initiatives.
Minimum duration orthonormal wavelets

The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is becoming increasingly popular as a powerful tool for signal decomposition techniques, which are important for analyzing nonstationary signals. Recently much emphasis has been placed on the time-frequency resolution properties of wavelets, which involves designing wavelets with good localization in both time and frequency via minimization of the time duration/frequency bandwidth product of the wavelet function. But certain practical applications, such as detection of edges in an image, require good time resolution only, which suggests minimizing only the time duration of the wavelet function. The results of minimization of the time duration of wavelets is described. As in Morris, Akunuri, and Xie (1995), the time duration of a wavelet function is expressed as a function of the wavelet-defining filter of length N. For a given N, the minimization is done over all possible orthonormal wavelets. The minimum duration wavelets (MDW) designed will be best suited for applications requiring good time resolution. Some examples along with comparisons with other wavelets are presented.
A Paradigm for the Robust Design of Algorithms for Geometric Modeling

Geometric modelers are becoming faster and more powerful, but they still suffer from reliability problems because of floating point errors. Previous work in the field of robust geometric modeling tends to be problem specific and has proven hard to generalize. The approach described here is a general paradigm for handling the accuracy problem for a large set of geometric algorithms. This approach brings together ideas and techniques from interval arithmetic, constraint management, randomization, and algebraic geometry. It acknowledges that input values have tolerances, that objects within tolerance are equivalent, and that certain geometric singularities must be maintained because they reflect design intent or the laws of geometry. Our approach is systematic, and can be applied almost mechanically to the large domain of problems that can be solved by algorithms using the operations +, −, * and /. The required theory and algorithms have been developed, and the viability of the concepts has been demonstrated by an experimental implementation involving linear half-spaces in Euclidean 2-dimensional space. The implementation focuses on algorithms for computing the boundaries of objects defined by Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) trees.
Low-multipolarity magnetic transitions in 40Ca excited by 180 degrees electron scattering.

Low-multipolarity magnetic transitions in [sup 40]Ca were excited by 180[degree] inelastic electron scattering. Measurements were made in the excitation energy range of 9 to 14 MeV, at low momentum transfers corresponding to [ital q] values of 0.3 to 0.5 fm[sup [minus]1]. Multipolarities and transition strengths were determined in a model-independent analysis for all the observed transitions and compared with previous published and unpublished electron scattering data. The experimental [ital M]1 strength distributions are compared with configuration-mixing shell-model calculations.
Enzyme therapy for the lysosomal storage disorders: principles, patents, practice and prospects

The lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) are a clinically heterogeneous group of inherited disorders associated with the accumulation of incompletely degraded macromolecules within membrane-bound bodies, usually as a consequence of a deficiency in the activity of a specific enzyme/hydrolase. Individual subtypes are characterised by a broad spectrum of disease manifestations, which reflect the cellular sites of substrate storage and resultant organ dysfunction. Until recently, most of the advances made in this field revolved around improved understanding of the biochemical and molecular basis of disease. With the introduction of enzyme therapy for Gaucher disease, proof of concept was established for this therapeutic approach in the management of LSDs. These developments have promoted a shift in the mindset of clinical investigators away from therapeutic nihilism and directed the focus of research from the bench to the bedside. These changes have also fostered collaborations between academia and industry, acce...
Exploring key-level analytics for computational modeling of typing behavior

Typing is a human activity that can be affected by a number of situational and task-specific factors. Changes in typing behavior resulting from the manipulation of such factors can be predictably observed through key-level input analytics. Here we present a study designed to explore these relationships. Participants play a typing game in which letter composition, word length and number of words appearing together are varied across levels. Inter-keystroke timings and other higher order statistics (such as bursts and pauses), as well as typing strategies, are analyzed from game logs to find the best set of metrics that quantify the effect that different experimental factors have on observable metrics.Beyond task-specific factors, we also study the effects of habituation by recording changes in performance with practice. Currently a work in progress, this research aims at developing a predictive model of human typing. We believe this insight can lead to the development of novel security proofs for interactive systems that can be deployed on existing infrastructure with minimal overhead. Possible applications of such predictive capabilities include anomalous behavior detection, authentication using typing signatures, bot detection using word challenges etc.
Effects on rats of CSF from sleep-deprived rabbits.

Rabbits were sleep-deprived for 72 hours in revolving drum sleep deprivation cages. Cerebrospinal fluid samples obtained from these sleep-deprived and from control rabbits were infused intraventricularly into rats to assay for the presence of a sleep-promoting material in the sleep-deprived rabbit CSF. Effects on ECoG patterns, ambulatory activity and behavior of the assay rats failed to show sleep-promoting properties for the CSF from sleep-deprived rabbits.
Spatial frequency threshold and contrast sensitivity of an optomotor behavior are impaired in the Ins2Akita mouse model of diabetes

Abstract Diabetic retinopathy can lead to progressive loss of vision and is a leading cause of blindness. The Ins2 Akita mouse model of diabetes develops significant retinal and systemic pathology, but how these affect visual behavior is unknown. Here, we show that Ins2 Akita mice have progressive, quantifiable vision deficits in an optomotor behavior. This mouse line is a promising model in which to understand the contribution of retinal neuronal injury during the chronic hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia of diabetes to deficits in vision.
Antimicrobial activity of E-1040, a novel thiadiazolyl cephalosporin compared with other parenteral cephems.

Abstract E-1040, a new parenteral fourth-generation cephalosporin, was tested against > 600 bacteremic pathogens and compared with cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and cefpirome. E-1040 activity against Staphylococcus aureus was comparable (MIC 90 , 8 μg/ml) to ceftazidime, but inferior to cefotaxime (MIC 90 , 2 μg/ml) and cefpirome (MIC 90 , 0.5 μg/ml). β-Hemolytic streptococci and most Gram-positive anaerobes were also susceptible to E-1040. Some strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci, all oxacillin-resistant Staphylcoccus spp., enterococci, and Bacteroides fragilis group strains were resistant to E-1040 (MIC 90 , >64 μ g/ml). Comparative tests for E-1040 and the three other cephalosporins against pseudomonads and nonenteric Gramnegative bacilli showed E-1040 to be generally most active. The E-1040 MIC 90 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 1 μg/ml and for ceftazidime it was 4 μg/ml. Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis , and Neisseria spp. has E-1040 MIC 90 s ranging from 0.12 to 2 μg/ml. Neisseria gonorrhoeae , strains resistant to penicillin, did not have markedly elevated E-1040 MICs compared with penicillin-susceptible strains. Enterobacteriaceae species had all MICs of ≤8 μ g/ml for E-1040 and cefpirome, indicating activity against strains producing stably derepressed β-lactamases. E-1040 appeared to be β-lactamase stable, little influenced by testing systems or media, and was bactericidal. E-1040 seems to have promise as a parenteral β-lactam for use on strains resistant to "third-generation" cephalosporins and other families of drugs such as aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones.
Surface stress effects on the bending properties of fcc metal nanowires

The major purpose of this work is to investigate surface stress effects on the bending behavior and properties of $⟨100⟩/{100}$ gold nanowires with both fixed/fixed and fixed/free boundary conditions. The results are obtained through utilization of the recently developed surface Cauchy-Born model, which captures surface stress effects on the elastic properties of nanostructures through a three-dimensional, nonlinear finite element formulation. There are several interesting findings in the present work. First, we quantify the stress and displacement fields that result in the nanowires due to bending deformation. In doing so, we find that regardless of boundary condition, the stresses that are present in the nanowires due to deformation induced by surface stresses prior to any applied bending deformation dominate any stresses that are generated by the bending deformation unless very large $(\ensuremath{\approx}5%)$ bending strains are applied. In contrast, when the stresses and displacements induced by surface stresses prior to bending are subtracted from the stress and displacement fields of the bent nanowires, we find that the bending stresses and displacements do match the solutions expected from bulk continuum beam theory, but only within the nanowire bulk, and not at the nanowire surfaces. Second, we find that the deformation induced by surface stresses also has a significant impact on the nanowire Young's modulus that is extracted from the bending simulations, where a strong boundary-condition dependence is also found. By comparing all results to those that would be obtained using various linear surface-elastic theories, we demonstrate that a nonlinear, finite deformation formulation that captures changes in both bulk- and surface-elastic properties resulting from surface stress-induced deformation is critical to reproducing the experimentally observed boundary-condition dependence in Young's modulus of metal nanowires. Furthermore, we demonstrate that linear surface-elastic theories based solely on the surface energy erroneously predict an increase in Young's modulus with decreasing nanowire size regardless of boundary condition. In contrast, while the linear surface-elastic theories based upon the Gurtin and Murdoch formalism can theoretically predict elastic softening with decreasing size, we demonstrate that, regardless of boundary condition, the stiffening due to the surface stress dominates the softening due to the surface stiffness for the range of nanowire geometries considered in the present work. Finally, we determine that the nanowire Young's modulus is essentially identical when calculated via either bending or resonance for both boundary conditions, indicating that surface effects have a similar impact on the elastic properties of nanowires for both loading conditions.
Blood group antigens in normal and neoplastic urothelium.

The ABO and Lewis blood group antigens are cell surface carbohydrate determinants formed by the sequential addition of saccharides to precursor backbone structures of membrane lipids and proteins. Suppression of normally active glycosyltransferases results in the absence of antigens that are normally expressed. ABH antigen deletion in malignant and premalignant urothelium has been extensively evaluated; it appears to correlate with significantly higher rates of tumor recurrence and disease progression. However, we have recently shown that the ABH blood group system is differentially expressed in the normal urothelium of secretors in contrast to nonsecretor individuals. The normal urothelium of nonsecretors does not express A, B or H determinants; therefore, deletion of ABH antigens can only be ascertained in secretor individuals. Although nonsecretors only comprise 22–24% of the population, this observation mandates a reevaluation of earlier studies. Deletion of A, B or H antigens is noted in carcinoma in situ (CIS), and in invasive and metastatic transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of secretor individuals. Increased synthesis or activation of normally quiescent glycosyltransferases in bladder tumors can result in the expression of aberrant tumor-associated blood group antigens. Immunohistochemical analysis has demonstrated that Lewis X (Lex) is not detected in normal adult urothelium except for occasional umbrella cells. However, papillomas, CIS and TCC expressed Lex in 84% of cases, regardless of grade, stage, blood type or secretor status of the individual. The presence of Lex positive cells in bladder lavage specimens enhanced the detection of urothelial tumor cells, correctly identifying bladder tumors in 253/293 (86%) cases compared to a 63% sensitivity for cytology alone. The specificity of Lex immunocytology was 87%; 57 of 65 control subjects were negative for the Lex antigen. Furthermore, the detection of the Lex antigen in exfoliated bladder cells is a useful marker for predicting bladder tumor relapse in high risk, disease-free patients. All 17 Lex-positive patients recurred with clinical evidence of disease between 2 and 33 months (mean 8.4 month), while only 8 of 39 Lex-negative patients recurred; 31 patients remain NED (2–40 months, mean 16.2 months). © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of cutaneous contact hypersensitivity in the mouse with systemic or topical spiperone: topical application of spiperone produces local immunosuppression without inducing systemic neuroleptic effects.

We tested the ability of the neuroleptic agent spiperone (8-[3-(p-fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro-[4.5] decan-4- one) to influence the tissue swelling and leukocyte infiltration associated with T-cell--dependent immune responses, i.e., contact hypersensitivity reactions, in mice. Contact hypersensitivity reactions were elicited by applying the haptens oxazolone or dinitrofluorobenzene topically to one or both ears 5-8 d after epicutaneous sensitization. When spiperone was given subcutaneously at a dose of 30 or 150 mg/kg, 1 h after challenge with oxazolone, cutaneous contact hypersensitivity to this hapten was significantly diminished. When applied topically in concentrations as low as 0.08% (w/w), preparations of spiperone significantly suppressed both the tissue swelling and the leukocyte infiltration associated with the elicitation phase of contact hypersensitivity. Topical treatment with spiperone also suppressed the sensitization phase of contact sensitivity. However, mice treated topically with spiperone, unlike those treated systemically, exhibited no drowsiness or other evidence of central nervous system effects. Spiperone expresses both serotonin and dopamine receptor antagonist activity. However, unlike spiperone, the chemically unrelated serotonin antagonists, trazadone and mianserin, and the dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, were not effective in suppressing contact hypersensitivity. Our results indicate that spiperone can have immunosuppressive effects on contact hypersensitivity reactions in the mouse, even when applied topically in doses that lack neuroleptic effects, and that the mechanism of action of spiperone on the immune response may be independent of its serotonin or dopamine receptor blocking properties.
Standardization of electrode placement for continuous patient monitoring: introduction of an assessment tool to compare proposed electrocardiogram lead configurations

Numerous modified electrocardiogram (ECG) lead configurations are used for continuous patient monitoring, and they often produce waveforms substantially different from the standard 12-lead ECG. Serial comparisons between modified and standard lead configurations can lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate therapy. To address this problem, an international Lead Summit was convened in June 2010 to discuss standardizing lead configurations for patient monitoring. The present article summarizes an invited presentation at the Lead Summit where the author proposed an assessment tool to compare the clinical utility of various lead configurations to provide a framework for ongoing and future discussions. The tool (0-20 points, with 20 being the perfect score) weighs 5 factors that are clinically important including equivalency to the standard ECG (6 points), patient comfort (4 points), noise immunity (4 points), noninterference with clinical interventions (3 points), and identifiable anatomical landmarks for accurate electrode placement (3 points). Because research is lacking for some of these factors (eg, patient comfort and noise immunity), studies conducted in patients in actual clinical environments are needed to reach consensus about ideal lead configurations for patient monitoring.
Fear of Career Development Success among Women: Implications for Community College Educators.

Identification of the factors that contribute to the fear of success in women's career development is important for community college educators and counselors wanting to assist women in their professional goals. In this article the factors associated with fear of success in women are categorized as follows: familial socialization, psychological influences, and cultural norms. It is generally conceded that any one or combination of these factors can precipitate a fear of success which becomes manifest in the woman's defeatist behaviors, and in turn, undermines her career development. It is imperative that professionals recognize the factors causing the fear of success orientation in women so that they may develop coping strategies with the client.
Artificial intelligence algorithm for heart disease diagnosis using Phonocardiogram signals

An artificial intelligence system has been developed using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) algorithms to diagnose heart disease from Phonocardiogram (PCG) signals. Four new featured characteristics of the signals, namely activity, complexity, mobility and the spectral peaks from the power spectral density plots are used as input to the neural network. Ninety-four PCG signals for three heart diseases were used in this study to test the accuracy of the neural networks. After the signals are filtered and the feature characteristics are extracted, the features are fed to the neural networks. Classification is carried using the Radial Basis Function (RBF) network and the Back Propagation Network (BPN) techniques. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) is calculated to measure the accuracy for both structures. The results show that RBF provided 98% accuracy in predicting the disease compared with 90.8% for BPN. The developed artificial intelligence algorithm has been shown to be a powerful technique in automatic diagnosis of heart diseases using PCG signals.
Chemical Sputtering of Deuterated Carbon Surfaces at Various Surface Temperatures

Abstract The chemical sputtering of deuterated amorphous carbon (a-C:D) surfaces irradiated by 1–50 eV deuterium atoms at surface temperatures between 300 and 1000 K was studied using classical molecular dynamics. A quasi-stationary state was reached by cumulative bombardment for each energy and temperature. Results were compared with available experimental data and previous modeling results and the applicability of molecular dynamics for thermally generated processes was discussed. An attempt is made to correct the absence of the thermally stimulated desorption/degassing of hydrogen from the MD simulations, which evolve at the longer time scales.
Seasonality in the Consumer Response to Milk Advertising with Implications for Milk Promotion Policy

Permitting seasonal variation in the goodwill effect in measuring the impact of fluid milk advertising on milk sales in New York City improved the statistical significance of the estimating equation. The allocation of generic advertising dollars according to optimization rules during the period 1979–81 would have resulted in a 9 percent increase in returns to dairymen supplying the New York City market. Harmonic variables are used to account for seasonality, a Pascal distribution is used to account for the decay structure, and goodwill elasticities are estimated to indicate the impact of generic advertising on sales.
Isolated calf muscular vein thrombosis is associated with pulmonary embolism and a high incidence of additional ipsilateral and contralateral deep venous thrombosis.

Objective Little is known about the natural history of isolated gastrocnemial and soleal vein thrombosis (IGSVT), and recommendations for treatment and follow-up are therefore anecdotal. This study sought to determine the rates of venous thromboembolism (VTE) progression and resolution and the effect of antithrombotic therapy in patients with IGSVT. Methods A vascular laboratory database was queried from January 2002 to December 2006 to identify patients with duplex-diagnosed IGSVT and follow-up duplex scan studies. Duplex scan examinations were reviewed to determine rates of resolution and development of new ipsilateral and contralateral VTE. Records were reviewed for comorbid conditions, VTE risk factors, anticoagulation therapy, the effect of anticoagulation on resolution of IGSVT, and diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) confirmed by computed tomographic angiography. Results Patients with at least one follow-up duplex scan study were included in our analysis. Sixty-five limbs with isolated IGSVT were identified in 57 patients with follow-up duplex scans (mean, 2.75 studies per patient; mean follow-up, 113 days). Twenty patients (35%) received therapeutic anticoagulation after the IGSVT diagnosis. There were seven PEs, two on the same day as initial IGSVT diagnosis, and two within 1 week of diagnosis. IGSVT resolution rates by Kaplan-Meier analysis at 1 and 3 months were 20% and 41%, respectively. Eleven patients (19%) developed additional ipsilateral deep venous thrombosis (DVT; three axial calf vein thromboses and five proximal DVT) or contralateral DVT (one axial calf vein thrombosis [CVT], one IGSVT, and one proximal DVT) during follow-up. Of the eight patients who developed additional ipsilateral DVT, five also developed concurrent contralateral DVT. Overall, 14% of patients developed contralateral DVT. Median time to development of additional DVT was 10 days. Therapeutic anticoagulation was associated with DVT resolution. However, VTE recurrence was not significantly affected by age, gender, anticoagulation, oral contraceptives, known hypercoagulable states, or comorbidities (smoking, cancer, trauma, postsurgical status, renal failure, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, or cardiopulmonary abnormalities; P > .05). Conclusions Isolated calf muscular vein thrombosis is associated with PE and a significant incidence of VTE progression. Therapeutic anticoagulation is associated with DVT resolution, but its effect on VTE recurrence was not demonstrated. Untreated patients with IGSVT should receive follow-up bilateral lower extremity venous duplex scans within 10 days of diagnosis.
Boron‐Nitrogen Compounds. 88 [1]. Boron Derivatives of Pyridylalkylamines

2-Aminomethylpyridine and 2-aminoethylpyridine, when reacted in a 1:2 molar ratio with trialkylboranes, form intermediates which on pyrolysis yield (2-pyridylalkylamino)dialkylboranes, C5H4N2-(CH2)nNHBR2 (n = 1 or 2; R = C2H5, n-C3H7). Nuclear magnetic resonance data show that if R = C2H5 the compounds exist in an intramolecular coordinated bicyclic structure containing four-coordinate boron. If R = C3H7, the species with n = 1 exists in both the noncoordinated (with trigonal boron) as well as the bicyclic coordinated form, but with n = 2 the compound exists exclusively in the open form with trigonal boron. — The two cited bases are similar in their reactivity with tetracoordinated boron derivatives. With trimethylamine-borane, both amines undergo identical simultaneous base displacement and condensation to yield amine-aminoboranes, 2-[H2BNH(CH2)n]C5H4NBH3, while in the case of trimethylamine-iodoborane base displacement and iodide ion displacement occurs with either pyridine derivative to yield a boronium(1+) salt. Bor-Stickstoff-Verbindungen. 88. Borderivate von pyridylalkylaminen Die Umsetzung von 2-Aminomethylpyridin oder 2-Aminoathylpyridin mit Trialkylboranen im Molverhaltnis 1:2 fuhrt zu Zwischenprodukten, deren Thermolyse (2-Pyridylalkylamino)dialkylborane C5H4N2-(CH2)nNHBR2 (n = 1, 2; R C2H5, n-C3H7) ergibt. Kernresonanzspektroskopische Untersuchungen an diesen Verbindungen zeigen, das im Falle von R C2H5 ein intramolekularer bicyclischer Komplex mit vierbindigem Bor vorliegt. Ist R C3H7, so liegt fur n = 1 eine entsprechende Struktur neben der nicht koordinierten Verbindung mit dreibindigem Bor vor, wahrend fur n = 2 ausschlieslich letztere Struktur existiert. Das Verhalten der beiden Basen bei Umsetzungen mit vierfach koordiniertem Bor ist dagegen gleichartig. So findet mit Trimethylamin-Boran in beiden Fallen gleichzeitige Basenverdrangung und Kondensation statt, was zu Amin-Aminoboranen H2BNH(CH2)nC5H4NBH3 fuhrt, wahrend die Reaktion mit Trimethylamin-Iodboran unter Verdrangung von Base und Iodidion zu Boronium(1+)-Salzen fuhrt.
Teaching Students to Enhance the Ecology of Small Group Meetings

Students need to understand how the interplay of ideas, personalities, and environment-the ecology-of a meeting contributes to productivity and satis faction in group process. Only when the ecology is right can the meeting work. To address that ecology explicitly, instructors should help students assess their prior experience in small groups. In a classroom exercise, student teams answer one of a set of questions about meetings: 1. How participants know when a meeting is productive (or not); 2. How they know when warm hospi tality has been extended (or not); 3. What happens before, during, and after meetings that generates broad enthusiasm—or produces apathy. A class period spent on such discussion helps convince students of the need to proactively apply effective meeting management principles in their own workplace. Key words: Group process, meetings, participation, hospitality, enthusiasm
Dynamical modes associated with the Antarctic ozone hole

Abstract. Generalized Maximum Covariance Analysis (GMCA) has been developed and applied to diagnosing the dynamical modes associated with variations in the Antarctic spring ozone hole. GMCA is used to identify the most important patterns of co-variability between interannual ozone mixing ratio variations in the Antarctic region and temperature, zonal, meridional and vertical velocities between 100 and 10 hPa in the same region. The most important two pairs of GMCA time coefficients show large year-to-year variations and trends, which are connected with the growth of the Antarctic Ozone Hole and the increase of ozone depleting substances. The associated spatial patterns of ozone variations may be characterized as being quasi-symmetric and asymmetric about the pole. These patterns of ozone variations are associated with comparable patterns of variations of temperature and winds through most of the vertical domain. The year 2000 is shown to be dominated by the asymmetric mode, whereas the adjacent year 2001 is dominated by the quasi-symmetric mode. A case study, focusing on the asymmetric differences between these two years, shows the magnitude of the ozone mixing ratio, temperature and zonal wind differences to be in the range of 2 e–6 kg/kg, 10°C and 10 m/s, respectively. Budget calculations show that transport processes contribute substantially to the ozone and temperature changes in the middle stratosphere over the Antarctic continent. However, both radiative and chemical processes also play important roles in the changes.
A dual-DSP microprocessor system for real-time digital correlation

Abstract The design of a dual TMS320C25 DSP microprocessor system with dual-port common memory and its application for real-time correlation are explained. System design details, brief explanations for design decisions and timing analysis, theory of digital correlation, a software flowchart and a description of hardware-software debugging using the XDS 320 simulator and a software simulator are presented.
Tradeoffs in the complexity of backdoors to satisfiability: dynamic sub-solvers and learning during search

There has been considerable interest in the identification of structural properties of combinatorial problems that lead to efficient algorithms for solving them. Some forms of structure, such as properties of the underlying constraint graph, are "easily" identifiable. Others, such as backdoor sets, are of interest because they capture key aspects of state-of-the-art constraint solvers as well as of many real-world problem instances. While backdoors were originally introduced to capture propagation based simplification mechanisms of solvers, they have recently been studied also in the context of tractable syntactic classes such as 2CNF and Horn. These syntactic classes, however, do not capture key aspects of solvers such as empty clause (i.e., violated constraint) detection. We show that incorporating inconsequential sounding features such as empty clause detection has a dramatic impact on both the complexity of finding a backdoor of size k (which becomes harder in the worst case) and on the size of the resulting backdoor (which can become arbitrarily smaller). Empirically, we show that commonly employed polynomial-time "dynamic" constraint propagation mechanisms, such as unit propagation, pure literal elimination, and probing, often lead to much smaller backdoor sets in real-world domains than "statically" defined classes such as Horn and RHorn, thereby capturing structure much more succinctly. We also reveal the inherent limits of the simpler concept of deletion backdoors, specifically by looking at renamable Horn sub-formulas. Finally, we extend the notion of backdoors to incorporate learning during search--a key aspect of nearly all state-of-the-art systematic SAT solvers--and show, both theoretically and empirically, that this drastically reduces the size of the resulting backdoor set. Our results suggest that structural notions explored for designing efficient algorithms for combinatorial problems should capture both statically and dynamically identifiable properties of the combinatorial problem being solved.
Standards: Principles, experience, and prospects

This symposium deals with the current status of efforts to promulgate standards for extensions of programming languages, data bases, and hardware. The symposium deals with three aspects of standards as they affect psychologists and others attempting to do research and teach using realtime computers. The general tone of the presentations includes evaluations of current efforts, examples of actual problems encountered in practice, and alternatives to the development of standards. Standards, when applied to such products as real-time software and hardware, can become a two-edged sword. On the one hand, standards provide such benefits as clarity, efficiency, and accuracy in the utilization and dissemination of software and hardware systems. On the other hand, strict adherence to standards can potentially restrict one's concern to only the most trivial problems. The symposium explores both the positive and negative aspects of standards balanced by specific examples of experiences with the transportability of computer-based materials from one system to many others.
Women, Memory, Nation: Writing Identities in Three Latin American Novels

This essay examines how Latin American women writers Griselda Gambaro (Argentina), Ana Maria Machado (Brazil), and Magali Garcia Ramis (Puerto Rico) represent the nation and address questions of national and self-identity through the intersection of fiction, history, memory, and autobiography. The novels examined here offer alternative representations of the nation and of national history grounded not on official historiography, but rather on microhistories, or the life stories of marginalized and displaced individuals. The representation of nation and national identity thus presented problematizes an understanding of these concepts as fixed and unchangeable, rather showing them as ambivalent and affective constructs that dialectically shape and are shaped by individuals’ own sense of self-identity. The comparative examination of Latin American novels from three different countries points to a common literary project of rewriting the nation, as it foregrounds the novels’ thematic and formal coincidences a...
Big cells, little cells, stem cells: agents of cardiac plasticity.

See related article, pages 536–544 As of August 2003, the prevailing dogma posited that the heart is a terminally-differentiated organ, that the myocytes we have now are those we were born with (only bigger), and that the best hope for treating cardiac injury is to limit the insult (eg, by prompt reperfusion) or to block secondary maladaptive pathways. Because of pioneering work from various laboratories,1–3 the concept of cardiac plasticity has come to replace the old static-organ dogma. We now believe that the normal adult heart is the net result of a slow rate of cell loss balanced by ongoing cell replacement. The predominant mode of cell loss is via apoptosis, reflecting the normal processes of wear and tear. Cell replacement, on the other hand, taps into a reservoir of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs). Such CSCs lurk in niches distributed inhomogeneously throughout the heart,4 and, when activated, enter the mitotic cycle to eventually become cardiomyocytes and vascular cells. Back-of-the-envelope calculations, based on the observed frequencies of apoptotic events and mitotic figure …
Decision markets with good incentives

Decision markets both predict and decide the future. They allow experts to predict the effects of each of a set of possible actions, and after reviewing these predictions a decision maker selects an action to perform. When the future is independent of the market, strictly proper scoring rules myopically incentivize experts to predict consistent with their beliefs, but this is not generally true when a decision is to be made. When deciding, only predictions for the chosen action can be evaluated for their accuracy since the other predictions become counterfactuals. This limitation can make some actions more valuable than others for an expert, incentivizing the expert to mislead the decision maker. We construct and characterize decision markets that are --- like prediction markets using strictly proper scoring rules --- myopic incentive compatible. These markets require the decision maker always risk taking every available action, and reducing this risk increases the decision maker's worst-case loss. We also show a correspondence between strictly proper decision markets and strictly proper sets of prediction markets, creating a formal connection between the incentives of prediction and decision markets.
Kidney of elephants

Background: Elephants are an important and isolated order. Their kidneys need substantial investigation and hitherto have not been portrayed even by a pyelogram. Methods: Pyelograms and injection of vessels with colored acrylic emulsions were done initially. Dissection was under fiberoptics using a dissecting microscope with frequent measurements. Special areas were cut for microscopy (light and electron) and photography. Glomerular counts were done by macerating weighed pieces of cortex and later finding the cortical fraction of the renal parenchyma. Results: The elephant kidney is devoid of dorsoventral symmetry. It is composed of 8 ± 2 lobes separated by fine interlobar septa. There is no reduction of lobes with maturity. The pelvis bifurcates at the sinus into primary branches or infundibula which dispatch a secondary branch or infundibulum into every lobe. Interlobar arteries and veins, nerves, fat, and connective tissue generally accompany every secondary infundibulum into its lobe. A major branch of the renal artery may perforate the renal capsule and course to the cortico-medullary (C-M) border independently of the secondary infundibulum to that lobe. The number of glomeruli per kidney is approximately 15 × 106. In adults the glomerular mass is 4.9 ± 0.5% of the renal parenchyma and 6.7 ± 0.3% of the cortex. Areae cribrosae occur generally at low papillae. They are the outlets of numerous terminal collecting ducts which may be accompanied by a tubus maximus (T.M.) A T.M. of diameter 1.6 mm and length 10 mm may act as the only substitute for an area cribrosa. Wide anastomoses between the two main renal veins occur within the renal sinus. Intralobar arteries and veins often course right through the outer medulla to and from, respectively, the C-M border. Conclusions: Anatomically, an elephant's kidneys appear to be able to concentrate urine only moderately. Their kidneys tend to resemble those of the manatee but not of the dugong. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Distribution of suspended bacteria in neritic waters south of Long Island during stratified conditions1

Ahstruct Bacteria (direct counts) averaged 1.85 x 10” cells * ml-’ in highly stratified waters south of Long Island during September 1976. The vertical distribution of bacteria was related to the location of the thermocline and the bottom, the horizontal distribution to distance from shore indicating longshore continuity. The average numbers of bacteria (X 10” cells * ml-l) in neritic water were 2.14 nearshore, 1.96 midshelf, and 0.67 near the shelf break. Overall the number of bacteria was positively correlated with chlorophyll and ammonium concentrations but not with mcasurcments of heterotrophic activity. The location of a large, relatively inactive population of bacterial cells near the surface of the highly stratified midshelf water corresoonds to the approximate location of unusually persistent phytoplankton blooms observed during March-f&e 1976. The importance of suspended heterotrophic bacteria in seawater has been recognized for many years. Their role includes decomposition of both particulate (Waksman 1934) and dissolved (ZoBell and Grant 1943) organic matter and transformation of such substances into bacterial biomass. Krizcncky and Podhradsky in 1927 (cited in ZoBell 1954) stressed the potential importance of bacteria as a food source for aquatic animals. Necessary steps in evaluating the role of bacteria in the overall productivity of marine ecosystems are determination of their biomass, in situ rates of decomposition of organic matter, and secondary productivity. We discuss here the’ distribution of bacteria and their activity relative to concurrent (September 1976) and historical data on the distribution of chlorophyll in neritic waters south of Long Island, New York.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of film condensation with noncondensable gas

Abstract Experimental and theoretical investigations were conducted for the film condensation with noncondensable gas in a vertical tube. Condensation experiments were performed for a steam–air mixture in a vertical tube submerged in a water pool where the heat from the condenser tube was removed through a boiling heat transfer. Degradation of the condensation with noncondensable gas was investigated. A heat and mass analogy model for the annular filmwise condensation with noncondensable gas was developed. In the steam–air mixture region, general momentum, heat and mass transport relations derived by analytic method were used with the consideration of surface suction effect. The predictions from the model were compared with the experimental data and the agreement was satisfactory.