cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract P117: Oxidant Injury Occurs Early After Traumatic Brain Injury in Humans: Cerebrospinal Fluid Isofuran and F2-Isoprostane Are Sensitive Markers of Oxidant Injury

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes 50,000 deaths/year. Although recent studies indicate that oxidant injury may be deleterious, progress in this area has been hampered by lack of adequate biomarkers for oxidant injury. F2-isoprostane (IsoP) and Isofuran (IsoF) are stable peroxidation products of cell membrane phospholipids that increase dramatically during oxidant injury. Formation of IsoF is favored in the presence of oxygen while IsoP is an indicator of a low oxygen tension environment as occurs during ischemia. We showed previously in an animal model that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IsoP increases significantly within 30 minutes of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Objective: To determine CSF IsoP and IsoF levels in patients with TBI. Methods: This study was approved by our IRB. Patients who suffered severe TBI, had a GCS of 3– 8, and a clinically-indicated ventriculostomy were enrolled (N=10). Serial CSF was collected for measurements beginning as early as 8 hours after TBI. IsoP and IsoF levels were measured using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Results: IsoP and IsoF levels were 3- to 5-times higher than normal ( Conclusion: CSF IsoP and IsoF levels were much higher than normal within 8 hours in patients suffering severe TBI indicating that oxidant injury occurs rapidly after TBI. In addition, IsoF to IsoP ratios may have prognostic value.
Implementation of the Hydrographic Data Acquisition and Processing System (HDAPS) in the NOAA Fleet

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has developed an automated system for acquiring and processing hydrographic field data in support of its charting mission. The Hydrographic Data Acquisition and Processing System (HDAPS) addresses NOAA’s broad requirement to conduct hydrographic surveys in the coastal waters of the U.S. Systems have been successfully deployed on ships, launches, and small boats. Two types of HDAPS data acquisition systems (DAS) are presented. The first system, based on Hewlett-Packard (HP) hardware, is deployed on ships and launches. The second type is a small boat, 24-volt system, based on 1BM-PC compatible hardware. Both types of DAS are capable of conducting echo sounding and side scan sonar surveys. Data acquired by both systems are processed on an HP-based data processing system.
A Randomized Controlled Trial Provides Evidence to Support Aromatherapy to Minimize Anxiety in Women Undergoing Breast Biopsy.

Background Aromatherapy has been used to reduce anxiety in a variety of settings, but usefulness associated with breast biopsies has not been documented. Aims This study was conducted in women undergoing image-guided breast biopsy. We explored the use of two different aromatherapy scents, compared to placebo, aimed at reducing anxiety with the intent of generating new knowledge. Methods This was a randomized, placebo-controlled study of two different types of external aromatherapy tabs (lavender-sandalwood and orange-peppermint) compared with a matched placebo-control delivery system. Anxiety was self-reported before and after undergoing a breast biopsy using the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory Scale. Results and Findings Eighty-seven women participated in this study. There was a statistically significant reduction in self-reported anxiety with the use of the lavender-sandalwood aromatherapy tab compared with the placebo group (p = .032). Aromatherapy tabs reduced anxiety during image-guided breast biopsy. Linking Evidence to Action The completion of the biopsy provided some relief from anxiety in all groups. The use of aromatherapy tabs offers an evidence-based nursing intervention to improve adaptation and reduce anxiety for women undergoing breast biopsy. Lavender-sandalwood aromatherapy reduced anxiety and promoted adaptation more than orange-peppermint aromatherapy or placebo.
Perioperative Management of Neurological Conditions

Perioperative care of the patients with neurological diseases can be challenging. Most important consideration is the management and understanding of pathophysiology of these disorders and evaluation of new neurological changes that occur perioperatively. Perioperative generally refers to 3 phases of surgery: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative. We have tried to address few commonly encountered neurological conditions in clinical practice, such as delirium, stroke, epilepsy, myasthenia gravis, and Parkinson disease. In this article, we emphasize on early diagnosis and management strategies of neurological disorders in the perioperative period to minimize morbidity and mortality of patients.
Molecular characterization of water and surfactant AOT at nanoemulsion surfaces

Nanoemulsions and microemulsions are environments where oil and water can be solubilized in one another to provide a unique platform for many different biological and industrial applications. Nanoemulsions, unlike microemulsions, have seen little work done to characterize molecular interactions at their surfaces. This study provides a detailed investigation of the near-surface molecular structure of regular (oil in water) and reverse (water in oil) nanoemulsions stabilized with the surfactant dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT). Vibrational sum-frequency scattering spectroscopy (VSFSS) is used to measure the vibrational spectroscopy of these AOT stabilized regular and reverse nanoemulsions. Complementary studies of AOT adsorbed at the planar oil–water interface are conducted with vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy (VSFS). Jointly, these give comparative insights into the orientation of interfacial water and the molecular characterization of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of AOT at the different oil–water interfaces. Whereas the polar region of AOT and surrounding interfacial water molecules display nearly identical behavior at both the planar and droplet interface, there is a clear difference in hydrophobic chain ordering even when possible surface concentration differences are taken into account. This chain ordering is found to be invariant as the nanodroplets grow by Ostwald ripening and also with substitution of different counterions (Na:AOT, K:AOT, and Mg:AOT) that consequently also result in different sized nanoparticles. The results paint a compelling picture of surfactant assembly at these relatively large nanoemulsion surfaces and allow for an important comparison of AOT at smaller micellar (curved) and planar oil–water interfaces.
Activation Analysis for the Aqueous Self-Cooled Blanket and Shield of ITER

Activation analysis was performed for the outboard (o/b) and inboard (i/b) blanket and shield of ITER. The options of using PCA or Tenelon were assessed. The o/b blanket and shield qualify as class...
Projects of Reform: Indian Classical Dance and Frictions of Generation and Genre

Abstract: The twentieth-century “reconstruction” of Indian classical dance forms can be regarded as part of a larger nationalist push to assert a sense of enduring cultural lineage in the wake of colonization. In this paper, I examine the different ways in which the reformist logic central to this project is reproduced outside its immediate historical and social context in the work of contemporary dancers in the UK. As I demonstrate, the British multicultural context becomes an extension of the colonial encounter as the generational frictions that exist between dancers and their predecessors speak to the tensions between temporal categories that shaped, and were shaped by, coloniality.
A regularized boundary element formulation with weighted-collocation and higher-order projection for 3D time-domain elastodynamics

Abstract To advance Time-Domain Boundary Element Methods (TD-BEMs), a generalized direct time-integration solution method for three-dimensional elastodynamics is presented in this paper. On the basis of a general decomposition of time-dependent point-load Green's functions into a singular and regular part, a regularized boundary integral equation for the time domain is formulated and implemented via a variable-weight multi-step collocation scheme that allows for different orders of time projection for the boundary displacements and tractions. The benefits and possibilities of improved performance by suitable collocation weights and the solution projection choices are illustrated via two benchmark finite-domain and infinite-domain problems.
Three-dimensional asymmetric reconstruction of tailed bacteriophage.

A universal goal in studying the structures of macromolecules and macromolecular complexes by means of electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-TEM) and three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction is the derivation of a reliable atomic or pseudoatomic model. Such a model provides the foundation for exploring in detail the mechanisms by which biomolecules function. Though a variety of highly ordered, symmetric specimens such as 2D crystals, helices, and icosahedral virus capsids have been studied by these methods at near-atomic resolution, until recently, numerous challenges have made it difficult to achieve sub-nanometer resolution with large (≥~500A), asymmetric molecules such as the tailed bacteriophages. After briefly reviewing some of the history behind the development of asymmetric virus reconstructions, we use recent structural studies of the prolate phage ϕ29 as an example to illustrate the step-by-step procedures used to compute an asymmetric reconstruction at sub-nanometer resolution. In contrast to methods that have been employed to study other asymmetric complexes, we demonstrate how symmetries in the head and tail components of the phage can be exploited to obtain the structure of the entire phage in an expedited, stepwise process. Prospects for future enhancements to the procedures currently employed are noted in the concluding section.
From Closed to Open Innovation: The Evolving Nature of Teams and the Use of Information Technology

Innovation is both rewarding and risky. However, external environmental pressures resulting from increasing globalization, rapid technological advancements, increasing competitive pressure, and a fluctuating marketplace force firms to continually rethink their innovation models. Newer models suggest more open collaboration, increased interdependence between firms, shared resources, and network-centric practices. As firms adapt to more openness, boundaries blur between intra- and inter-organizational teams. Challenges surface regarding how to manage new relationships within the firm as well as those with customers, suppliers, and even competitors. Firms must now reassess their capabilities and the associated risks and rewards of moving to more open forms of innovation. In this chapter, we characterize closed and more open innovation models and compare and contrast factors facilitating the use of each one. We explore the role of the team, a pivotal force spearheading innovation, and the role of information technology (IT) in supporting both teams and teamwork. While IT makes it possible to structure, facilitate, and manage open innovation, increasing demand for alternative and more adaptive innovation models will spur an increased demand for new forms of technology that can make it all possible. We provide in-depth case study analysis with several large multinational firms and an extensive review of the literature to enhance our understanding of innovation success. The chapter concludes with several suggestions for future research on this topic.
Institutional Supports and Life Satisfaction: The Case of Cross-border Marriage Migrants in South Korea:

The positive influence of institutional supports from social networks on psychological well-being of immigrants is extensively acknowledged in the literature. However, immigration experiences outsi...
The Yin and Yang of Streptococcus Lung Infections in Cystic Fibrosis: a Model for Studying Polymicrobial Interactions.

ABSTRACT The streptococci are increasingly recognized as a core component of the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung microbiome, yet the role that they play in CF lung disease is unclear. The presence of the Streptococcus milleri group (SMG; also known as the anginosus group streptococci [AGS]) correlates with exacerbation when these microbes are the predominant species in the lung. In contrast, microbiome studies have indicated that an increased relative abundance of streptococci in the lung, including members of the oral microflora, correlates with impacts on lung disease less severe than those caused by other CF-associated microflora, indicating a complex role for this genus in the context of CF. Recent findings suggest that streptococci in the CF lung microenvironment may influence the growth and/or virulence of other CF pathogens, as evidenced by increased virulence factor production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa when grown in coculture with oral streptococci. Conversely, the presence of P. aeruginosa can enhance the growth of streptococci, including members of the SMG, a phenomenon that could be exacerbated by the fact that streptococci are not susceptible to some of the frontline antibiotics used to treat P. aeruginosa infections. Collectively, these studies indicate the necessity for further investigation into the role of streptococci in the CF airway to determine how these microbes, alone or via interactions with other CF-associated pathogens, might influence CF lung disease, for better or for worse. We also propose that the interactions of streptococci with other CF pathogens is an ideal model to study clinically relevant microbial interactions.
Bayesian inference using stochastic logic: A study of buffering schemes for mitigating autocorrelation

Abstract Bayesian inference has become near ubiquitous in the design of algorithms for machine learning and autonomous robotic systems as this method provides a rigorous mathematical framework for the probabilistically handling of data with elements of uncertainty. As conventional computer architectures are inefficient in their implementation of probabilistic approaches to inference, stochastic computation has recently emerged as a viable alternative. Recent research has demonstrated that Bayes' rule can be directly implemented with a Muller C-element using stochastic computing. However, the switching inertia at the output due to the inherent memory effect in the C-element limits the accuracy of this approach. Previous methods for reducing this autocorrelation effect have ranged in complexity from counter-based regeneration to bit-reshuffling with memory buffers. Simplified buffering techniques that function independently of the state of C-element are proposed in this work and the effectiveness of the autocorrelation mitigation is evaluated. In addition, the use of multi-input C-elements are shown to add design flexibility for implementing Bayesian inference. Detailed numerical simulations and analysis of configurations that range from a simple cascade of gates to tree structures with large multi-input C-elements demonstrate the viability and limitations of the proposed simplified buffering approaches. These results are significant for their potential for enabling compact implementations of stochastic Bayesian approaches as control lines and random number generators can be shared across multiple C-elements.
Adolescents, Sexual Reproductive Health (SRH) and Equity

In this chapter we see how the different aspects of adolescents’ lives affect their health and wellbeing. They face comparatively high levels of unprotected sexual activity, suicide, substance abuse, road traffic accidents and malnutrition, and in some regions, violence through homicide and armed conflict are major problems. It is of concern that data from national surveys of many low- and middle-income countries demonstrate that the unmet need of adolescents is over two times higher than that of the general population in these countries. By strengthening national strategies and programmes to address sexual and reproductive health in adolescents, will directly and indirectly enhance the achievement of development goals. Since many of the public health issues affecting adolescents are further exacerbated by cultural, ethnic, religious, socioeconomic and educational inequalities already operating in many low- and middle-income countries, we need to make the case for both male and female adolescents as a public health strategy by opening the dialogue and reaching a consensus rather than impose what we believe and know from a medical perspective.
Developing a System for the Prediction and Management of Aircraft Deicing/Anti-icing Fluids Concentrations in Airport Effluents

Applications of aircraft deicing/anti-icing fluids (AD/AF’s) are necessary for safe flight operations during winter storms. However, these compounds have been detected in both ground and surface waters, and field observations have demonstrated the detrimental effects of introducing such substances into the environment. Those who manage the application of these compounds are subject to contradictory, sometimes mutually exclusive, regulations. At approximately 50% of those airports where deicing/antiicing operations occur, the only means of limiting AD/AF contamination of surface and ground waters while ensuring adequate safety is the cancellation of flights. Decisions made in this dichotomous regulatory environment are often predicated on the costs associated with limiting contaminated effluent discharges. The purpose of this paper is to propose the means to facilitate the decision making process with respect to AD/AF applications and subsequent stormwater discharges by suggesting an initial design paradigm for the development of a spatial decision support system (SDSS) with which managers can model the mechanisms by which aircraft deicing/anti-icing fluids enter surface waters as pollutants. Using the proposed SDSS to model AD/AF effluents, decision makers could better estimate those costs associated with exceeding regulatory guidelines. Further, the ability to generate outcomes within the context of this economic/environmental quid pro quo will provide the manager a range of options with which to make determinations regarding the costs and corresponding implications of the application of AD/AF’s. Thus, the SDSS would provide the means with which to explore mitigation opportunities and to reduce the costs of discharging wastewaters containing deicing/anti-icing chemicals.
U.S. Trends in Breastfeeding-Related Maternity Care Practices, mPINC survey, 2007-2015

Background: Evidence-based maternity care practices play a significant role in improving short- and long-term breastfeeding outcomes. In 2007, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention began monitoring breastfeeding-related maternity care practices with the Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) survey to determine trends in these practices and policies in the United States (U.S.). Methods: The mPINC survey obtained information on breastfeeding-related practices and policies from all maternity care facilities in the U.S. Surveys were completed by the person(s) most …
The use of opioids in low acuity pediatric trauma patients.

OBJECTIVE To describe temporal trends and factors associated with opioid administration among children discharged from the emergency department (ED) after a trauma visit. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of ED visits for children <19 years old who received a trauma-related diagnosis and were discharged from the ED. Data were obtained from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 2006-2015. OUTCOME MEASURES Administration of an opioid medication either during the ED visit or as a discharge prescription. Survey-adjusted regression analyses were used to determine the probability of a patient receiving an opioid medication. RESULTS During the study period, there were 19,241 pediatric trauma visits discharged from the ED, of which 14% were associated with an opioid. Opioid administration decreased by nearly 30% during the study period (p<0.001 for trend). In multivariable analysis, patient factors associated with opioid administration were adolescent age, evening visit, region of the country, and severe pain score. The diagnosis associated with the most opioids was ankle sprain and the diagnosis with the highest rate of opioid administration was radius fracture. The most common opioid administered to children under 12 years of age was acetaminophen-codeine. CONCLUSIONS Opioid administration appears to be decreasing among pediatric patients presenting to the ED with trauma, but a high number of children continue to be exposed to opioids every year. Further education on opioid sparing pain management strategies may be warranted to decrease opioid exposure, including the inappropriate use of codeine, in this low risk trauma population.
Coworkers’ Perceptions of, and Communication With, Workplace Romance Participants: Proposing and Testing a Model:

This study’s purpose was to propose and test a model of workplace romance’s influence on coworkers’ perceptions of, and communication with, workplace romance participants. In testing hypotheses der...
Pleiotropy facilitates local adaptation to distant optima in common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)

Pleiotropy, the control of multiple phenotypes by a single locus, is expected to slow the rate of adaptation by increasing the chance that beneficial alleles also have deleterious effects. However, a prediction arising from classical theory of quantitative trait evolution states that pleiotropic alleles may have a selective advantage when phenotypes are distant from their selective optima. We examine the role of pleiotropy in regulating adaptive differentiation among populations of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia); a species that has recently expanded its North American range due to human-mediated habitat change. We employ a phenotype-free approach by using connectivity in gene networks as a proxy for pleiotropy. First, we identify loci bearing footprints of local adaptation, and then use genotype-expression mapping and co-expression networks to infer the connectivity of the genes. Our results indicate that the putatively adaptive loci are highly pleiotropic, as they are more likely than expected to affect the expression of other genes, and they reside in central positions within the gene networks. We propose that the conditionally advantageous alleles at these loci avoid the cost of pleiotropy by having large phenotypic effects that are beneficial when populations are far from their selective optima. We further use evolutionary simulations to show that these patterns are in agreement with a model where populations face novel selective pressures, as expected during a range expansion. Overall, our results suggest that highly connected genes may be targets of positive selection during environmental change, even though they likely experience strong purifying selection in stable selective environments.
Evolving Spiking Neural Networks for Robot Sensory-motor Decision Tasks of Varying Difficulty

While there is considerable enthusiasm for the potential of spiking neural network (SNN) computing, there remains the fundamental issue of designing the topologies and parameters for these networks. We say the topology IS the algorithm. Here, we describe experiments using evolutionary computation (genetic algorithms, GAs) on a simple robotic sensory-motor decision task using a gene driven topology growth algorithm and letting the GA set all the SNN's parameters. We highlight lessons learned from early experiments where evolution failed to produce designs beyond what we called "cheap-tricksters". These were simple topologies implementing decision strategies that could not satisfactorily solve tasks beyond the simplest, but were nonetheless able to outcompete more complex designs in the course of evolution. The solution involved alterations to the fitness function so as to reduce the inherent noise in the assessment of performance, adding gene driven control of the symmetry of the topology, and improving the robot sensors to provide more detailed information about its environment. We show how some subtle variations in the topology and parameters can affect behaviors. We discuss an approach to gradually increasing the complexity of the task that can induce evolution to discover more complex designs. We conjecture that this type of approach will be important as a way to discover cognitive design principles.
StoCast : Stochastic Disease Forecasting With Progression Uncertainty

Forecasting patients’ disease progressions with rich longitudinal clinical data has drawn much attention in recent years due to its impactful application in healthcare and the medical field. Researchers have tackled this problem by leveraging traditional machine learning, statistical techniques and deep learning based models. However, existing methods suffer from either deterministic internal structures or over-simplified stochastic components, failing to deal with complex uncertain scenarios such as progression uncertainty (i.e., multiple possible trajectories) and data uncertainty (i.e., imprecise observations and misdiagnosis). To overcome these major uncertainty issues, we propose a novel deep generative model, Stochastic Disease Forecasting Model ( StoCast ), along with an associated neural network architecture StoCastNet , that can be trained efficiently via stochastic optimization techniques. Our StoCast model uses internal stochastic components to deal with departures of observed data from patients’ true health states, and more importantly, is able to produce a comprehensive estimate of future disease progression trajectories. Based on two public datasets related to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, we demonstrate how our StoCast model achieves robust and superior performance than deterministic baseline approaches, and conveys richer information that can potentially assist doctors to make decisions with greater confidence in a complex uncertain scenario.
Bariatric Procedure Selection in Diabetics

Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for obesity and improving obesity related comorbidities, including Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Several procedural options exist, and thoughtful selection based on patient factors and preferences is important to maximize desired outcomes, while minimizing risk of harm. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) are the most commonly performed procedures and have moderate, but important differences in metabolic outcomes. RYGB is superior for diabetes remission in patients with moderate diabetes compared to SG. The distinction is less clear when considering patients with mild or severe diabetes. More data are needed to assess the risk to benefit ratio of more aggressive operations such as duodenal switch (DS). Diabetes recidivism occurs in 30–50% of patients; however, long-term metabolic benefits persist. We review the current data supporting bariatric procedure selection in diabetic patients and discuss available tools to guide patient-centered procedure selection.
Case 89: Intermittent Electrical Power Failure to an Anesthesia Machine

You have been in Burundi, a landlocked country in East Africa, for about 6 months as an anesthesiologist.
The Liturgy in Medieval England: A History

This book provides a comprehensive historical treatment of the Latin liturgy in medieval England. Richard Pfaff constructs a history of the worship carried out in churches - cathedral, monastic, or parish - primarily through the surviving manuscripts of service books, and sets this within the context of the wider political, ecclesiastical, and cultural history of the period. The main focus is on the mass and daily office, treated both chronologically and by type, the liturgies of each religious order and each secular 'use' being studied individually. Furthermore, hagiographical and historiographical themes - respectively, which saints are prominent in a given witness and how the labors of scholars over the last century and a half have both furthered and, in some cases, impeded our understandings - are explored throughout. The book thus provides both a narrative account and a reference tool of permanent value.
An Experiment for the Undergraduate Laboratory that Teaches Fundamental Concepts of Rheology Within the Context of Sickle Cell Anemia

This paper describes a biomedical engineering experiment that introduces students to rheology. Healthy and sickle-cell blood analogs are prepared that are composed of chitosan particles suspended in aqueous glycerol solutions, which substitute for RBCs and plasma, respectively. Students study flow properties of the blood analogs with a viscometer and fit the data to the Casson model. The experiment provides students with basic concepts in rheology, materials science, and data analysis.
The Performance and Stability of Federalism: An Institutional Perspective

Theliteraturesontheperformanceoffederalsystemsdividearoundthreecentralquestions. The ﬁrst concerns the economic performance of federalism; the sec-ond,thepolitical performance; and thethird,the sources of stability for federalarrangements.Economists typically focus on the ﬁrst question, with an emphasis on thenormativeaspects,suchas:Howoughtfederalismtobedesigned?Inansweringthis question, the economic theory of federalism provides a theory about theoptimalorganizationofthestate,addressingissues,suchaswhatpowersshouldbe assigned to what levelsofgovernment; why should not the centralgovern-ment do everything? This literature has strong positive implications, for it alsoexplains the economic implications of alternative divisions of powers amongthevarious levelsofgovernment.Economists and political scientists have also focused on various politicalaspects offederalism, such as the degree to which the federalinstitutions affecttheincentivesofpublicofﬁcials.Arangeofresultsshowhowperformanceofafederationdependsontheseinstitutionalarrangementsunderpinningthefederalsystem. For example, a series of recent modelsshow how different forms oftax system give subnational governments different incentives to provide publicgoods and foster economic growth.Finally, the most recent questions involve how a federal system is sustained.The ﬁrst two literatures take the structure of federalism as given and studyits implications. This third literature treats federal structure as endogenous. Tounderstand this question, we follow Riker (1964) and pose the twin dilemmasof federalism (de Figueiredo and Weingast 2004): Although federations differon many dimensions, all face thetwofundamental dilemmas:
Tryptophanase from Bacillus alvei. I. Subunit structure.

Abstract Ultracentrifugal analyses of native holotryptophanase of Bacillus alvei demonstrate that it has a molecular weight of 208,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 9.7 S at infinite dilution. The tryptophanase molecule dissociates in the presence of 5 m guanidine hydrochloride or 8 m urea, plus thiols, to produce four monomers homogeneous by the criterion of weight. The subunit molecular weight was also estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis following performic acid oxidation of the enzyme, borohydride reduction after incubation with sodium dodecyl sulfate, and treatment with 1 m hydroxylamine at pH 10. The apparent monomer molecular weight was calculated to be 50,500 ± 1800. Ultracentrifugal studies with the apoenzyme indicate that pyridoxal 5'-phosphate stabilizes the tetrameric form of the enzyme. Reversible dissociation of the apoenzyme is effected by lowering the protein concentration below 3 mg per ml or by raising the pH above 6. Tryptic peptide maps support the hypothesis that there are four identical monomer units, which may in turn contain a high degree of internal sequence homology.
Chapter 197 Magnetoresistance and hall effect

Publisher Summary One of the most important and challenging problems in condensed matter physics is the occurrence of superconductivity at high temperatures in the layered copper oxide compounds. Both the superconducting and normal-state properties of these materials are highly unusual and appear to be inextricably linked to one another. This chapter reviews magnetoresistance and Hall-effect measurements on high-T c cuprate superconductors in both the normal and superconducting states that address several issues: for the normal state, the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient R H , and the cotangent of the Hall angle cot ϴ H and for the superconducting state, the temperature dependence of the upper critical field H c2 , irreversibility line H*, as well as the anomalous sign change of the Hall effect near the superconducting critical temperature T c . These measurements provide important information regarding the electronic structure and excitations that underly the normal and superconducting properties, fundamental superconducting state parameters, as well as vortex pinning and dynamics for these remarkable materials. The Hall-effect studies of cuprate superconductors are described in the chapter.
EMO20Q questioner agent

In this demonstration, we present an implementation of an emotion twenty questions (EMO20Q) questioner agent. The ubiquitous twenty questions game is a suitable format to study how people describe emotions and designing a computer agent to learn and reason about abstract emotion concepts can provide further theoretical insights. While natural language poses many challenges for the computer in humancomputer interaction, the accessibility of natural language has made it possible to acquire data of many players reasoning about emotions in human-human games. These data are used to automate a computer questioner agent that asks the user questions and, based on that user's answers, attempts to guess the emotion that the user has in mind.
Brown Tide Bioassay: Growth of Aureococcus Anophagefferens Hargraves Et Sieburth in Various Known Toxicants

Blooms of algae in near coastal and coastal waters are common. Generally bloom organisms are small green algae, i.e. Nannochloris sp., Chlorella sp., etc. (Lackey, 1963; Ryther, 1954), but other organisms also occur. Red tide dinoflagellates (Anderson, 1982) and chrysophytes, such as Chrysochromulina (Wallentinus, 1988) also bloom. C. polylepis recently bloomed massively (May 1988) in the Skagerrak-Kattegat area off Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. This bloom caused mass kills of fish, invertebrates and macro algae very similar to ecological damage produced by blooms of Aureococcus.
Experimental transition and boundary-layer stability analysis for a slotted swept laminar flow control airfoil

One of the most important parameters to be determined during performance verification of low-drag airfoils is the location of boundary-layer transition. Equally important, however, is understanding the mechanisms which cause transition on a swept wing. Transition can be due to many instability mechanisms, including Tollmien Schlichting instability (TS), crossflow instability (CF), attachment line contamination (AL), and Gortler vortices (GV). For unswept wings, TS disturbance waves are the dominant cause of transition and adverse pressure distributions and increasing Reynolds number have a major influence in their growth. Experiments on swept wings [495, 502, 517] have shown that transition may occur near the leading edge due to the instability of crossflow velocity profiles in the boundary layer and stability theory shows that this instability can lead to transition [521, 529–532]. The major parameters that influence crossflow instability are wing sweep, pressure distribution, and Reynolds numbers.
Effects of Selective Logging and Roads on Instream Fine Sediments and Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in the Clackamas Basin, Oregon

Logging and associated skid trails, haul routes, and roads can have significant impacts on the magnitude and timing of sediments in streams in forested watersheds. Loss of vegetation, soil compaction, use of heavy logging equipment, and alteration of natural hydrologic patterns within the watershed can increase landslide rates, create erosion, and generate fine sediments. Selective logging, also called thinning, is a logging practice that leaves some trees within sale units unharvested. The ecological impacts of thinning on stream ecosystems are not fully understood and need further study. My hypothesis was that macroinvertebrate assemblages would be different in streams in nonreference areas that contain recent selective logging compared to streams in reference areas, and in downstream vs. upstream of selective logging units. I also hypothesized that selective logging and high road densities would be associated with increased instream fine sediments. I sampled water quality parameters and macroinvertebrates in three managed and three reference streams in the Clackamas River Basin during the field season of 2013. Turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), suspended sediment concentrations (SSC), and flow were sampled at each stream on four occasions during spring through early fall. Macroinvertebrates were sampled once in late summer or early fall. EPA rapid habitat assessments, canopy cover, pebble counts, embeddedness, and slope were also determined. Water quality parameters and macroinvertebrate indices in reference and non-reference sites were compared using t-tests, Welch’s tests, or rank based equivalents. Macroinvertebrate assemblage patterns
In vivo sampling of cardiac triglyceride from dogs during ethanol infusion

The feasibility of procuring and analyzing cardiac tissue for triglyceride in vivo was tested in anesthetized dogs. Measurements of triglycerides in samples obtained in vitro confirmed: reproducibility of triplicate analyses of the glyceride-glycerol moiety of tissue triglyceride (SEM ± 2.1%), homogeneity in and between ventricles (SEM ± 1.8%), and agreement between right endocardial triglyceride and left myocardial triglyceride (difference not significant). Seven dogs received ethanol, 15–30 mg/kg/min, and five dogs received glucose or 0.85% NaCl for 2 hr. Cardiac output and filling pressure were measured from the left ventricle and tissue was taken from the right ventricle with a biopsy catheter before and during infusions. Three to four samples were obtained from each dog; the average weight was 14.4 mg and two to three biopsies were required for each sample. In the ethanol group, triglyceride increased after 15 min and continued to rise; the final triglyceride concentration correlated with the infusion rate. In the glucose–saline group, in vivo triglyceride concentration did not change and did not differ from postmortem triglyceride. Cardiac function declined in the ethanol group and was unaffected in the controls. Thus, multiple in vivo measurements of cardiac lipid are practical and safe and show that ethanol infusions cause early and progressive accumulation of triglyceride in heart muscle.
Behavior of the Galapagos fishing fleet and its consequences for the design of spatial management alternatives for the red spiny lobster fishery

Abstract The two most profitable fisheries in the Galapagos Islands, red spiny lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) and sea cucumber (Isostichopus fuscus), are facing steep declines in abundance and may be on the verge of collapse. This state of affairs has emerged in part because of command and control fisheries policies that neglected the importance of the behavior of the fishing fleet itself. Here we attempt to describe and explain the factors influencing the fishing behavior of the Galapagos red spiny lobster fishing fleet. We estimated a set of econometric models based on a random utility maximization process to forecast how changes in the immediate circumstances (economic, biological, climatic and oceanographic) impact voluntary fishing choices via the personal costs and benefits of various decisions. We focused on the factors that affect not only the decision to participate in fishing but also the decision of where to fish. We then use these models to determine the revenue elasticities for each fishing zone and to analyze the overall response of the Galapagos fleet to hypothetical closures of fishing zones. Our results provide some empirical benchmarks from which it is possible to identify in advance problems related to the spatial management of the red spiny lobster fishery and their potential solutions. For example, we found that fisherman from San Cristobal Island have a strong preference for fishing sites on Floreana Island, which is geographically closer to Santa Cruz Island. This could lead to conflicts between the San Cristobal and Santa Cruz fishing fleets if rights-based fishery management were implemented. We expect that our analysis will be valuable to policy makers when designing new types of management plans for Galapagos fisheries.
Real leaks and real leak detection

A summary of the theory for simple pore and permeation type real leaks is given, and a proposal is presented for the detection of real leaks to a sensitivity of 10−12 STP cc per second using a probe gas and a partial pressure analyzer as the leak detection system.
The Magnetic Decoupling Stage of Star Formation

We present the results of the first numerical calculations to model magnetic decoupling in a collapsing molecular cloud core. Magnetic decoupling is the stage during which the motion of the neutrals ceases to significantly affect the magnetic field strength and the magnetic field ceases to significantly affect this motion. We have analyzed the resistivity of a weakly ionized, magnetic gas, and we have separated the contributions of ohmic dissipation and ambipolar diffusion. The chemical model used to determine the abundances of ionized particles accounts for, among other things, a distribution of grain radii. The evolution of an axisymmetric, magnetic molecular cloud core is followed from central densities of 300 to 2 × 1012 cm-3. Typically, magnetic decoupling begins at a central density of 3 × 1010 cm-3 and is complete by a density of 2 × 1012 cm-3. We find that the mechanism responsible for magnetic decoupling is ambipolar diffusion, not ohmic dissipation, and that decoupling precedes the formation of a central stellar object. When the central density is a few times 1012 cm-3, a nearly uniform magnetic field of Bdec ≈ 0.1 G extends over a region ≈20 AU in radius that contains a mass ≈0.01 M☉. This value of Bdec is consistent with measurements of remanent magnetization in meteorites. Magnetic decoupling at this stage is not accompanied by hydromagnetic shocks. We estimate that the "magnetic flux problem" of star formation is resolved by ambipolar diffusion before the magnetic field is refrozen in the matter because of thermal ionization.
Transformational leadership and performance: A longitudinal investigation

Abstract A model of transformational leadership and performance was developed and tested with a representative sample of 186 United States Navy Officers who were graduates of the United States Naval Academy (USNA) and assigned to the surface warfare fleet. Longitudinal and multisource data concerning these officers were collected from USNA records, 793 senior subordinates of the officers, and the officers' superiors since time of commission. LISREL procedures were used to test the basic model, and results provided support for the proposed conceptualization. Military performance as midshipmen at the USNA predicted officers' subsequent transformational and laissez-faire leadership and officers' appraised performance while on fleet assignment. Officers' transformational leadership while on fleet duty predicted officers' appraised performance. Also, officers' transformational and laissez-faire leadership while on assignment in the fleet predicted attributed effects of the officers' leadership behavior. Implications of the results for leadership theory and practice are discussed.
Invited talk: Memory: The center of the universe

Summary form only given. The memory system is typically the primary driver behind system performance, which has been acknowledged as the von Neumann bottleneck since the invention of the modern electronic computer in the 1940s. Tremendous unsustainable investments have been made on the processor side to attempt to get around the problem. However, the end of Dennard Scaling in 2003 meant that the memory wall must finally be addressed to support the transition to simpler, multicore architectures. Consequently, computer architects must consider the fundamental system-level tradeoffs, rather than myopically focusing on CPU core architecture. This talk will describe the first decade of the transition into the new era of computer architecture, its impact on application performance, and what we as a community can do about it.
Implication of multiple dipolarization event near 9 RE for the physics of substorms

Abstract In 2001, 2002 and 2003, the Polar spacecraft probed the near equatorial plasma sheet at 9 R E near local midnight. Using the magnetic field observations, the signatures at substorm onsets are studied. Close to the flux pile-up region, the Polar spacecraft readily detects the dipolarization front, especially for pseudo onsets. An event with two distinct onsets has been examined. The signatures are found to be consistent with the multiple-onset model suggested by Russell [Russell, C.T. How northward turnings of the IMF can lead to substorm expansion onsets. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 3257–3259, 2000] which is a modified Near-Earth Neutral Line (NENL) model. Another similar event is also examined showing the effects of different Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) conditions upon substorms. Moreover, ground effects can be very weak compared to in situ observations, especially for pseudo onsets, because these signatures appear to be localized and not global.
An efficient procedure for determining mixed-mode energy release rates in practical problems of delamination

A computationally efficient procedure is presented for the prediction of mixed-mode strain energy release rates in practical problems of delamination. In this procedure, an analytical crack tip element analysis is used for the determination of all singular field quantities. By comparison with two- and three-dimensional finite element results, the procedure is shown to be accurate for mixed-mode problems where mode I, mode II and/or mode III crack tip singularities are present. The procedure is applicable for those cases where a near-tip inverse-square-root singularity exists, as well as those where an oscillatory singularity exists. For these latter cases, an alternative approach to using oscillatory field quantities to characterize crack advance is suggested.