cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Androgen cell signaling pathways involved in neuroprotective actions.

As a normal consequence of aging in men, testosterone levels significantly decline in both serum and brain. Age-related testosterone depletion results in increased risk of dysfunction and disease in androgen-responsive tissues, including brain. Recent evidence indicates that one deleterious effect of age-related testosterone loss in men is increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We discuss recent findings from our laboratory and others that identify androgen actions implicated in protecting the brain against neurodegenerative diseases and begin to define androgen cell signaling pathways that underlie these protective effects. Specifically, we focus on the roles of androgens as (1) endogenous negative regulators of β-amyloid accumulation, a key event in AD pathogenesis, and (2) neuroprotective factors that utilize rapid non-genomic signaling to inhibit neuronal apoptosis. Continued elucidation of cell signaling pathways that contribute to protective actions of androgens should facilitate the development of targeted therapeutic strategies to combat AD and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
Quantum hair and quantum gravity

A black hole may carry quantum numbers that arenot associated with massless gauge fields, contrary to the spirit of the “no-hair” theorems. The “quantum hair” is invisible in the classical limit, but measurable via quantum interference experiments. Quantum hair alters the temperature of the radiation emitted by a black hole. It also induces non-zero expectation values for fields outside the event horizon; these expectation values are non-perturbative in ℏ, and decay exponentially far from the hole. The existence of quantum hair demonstrates that a black hole can have an intricate quantum-mechanical structure that is completely missed by standard semiclassical theory.
Comparison of the effects of atelopidtoxin with those of tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin and batrachotoxin on beating of cultured chick heart cells

Abstract Spontaneously beating heart cells cultured from 8- to 9-day-old chick embryos were used to determine the effects of four animal toxins. Atelopidtoxin, from the skin of the frog Atelopus zeteki , had no significant effect on rhythm in concentrations as high as 1·8 mg per 1., or about 100 times the lethal dose in mice, assuming uniform distribution in the body water. Tetrodotoxin, from puffer fish and newts, and saxitoxin, the paralytic shellfish toxin originating in the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax catenella , produced about 50 per cent inhibition of beating in concentrations of 10 mg per 1., but had no effects in lower concentrations. In contrast, batrachotoxin, from the skin of the frog Phyllobates aurotaenia , rapidly and completely stopped beating of the heart cells in concentrations as low as 0·07 mg per 1.
Nucleic Acid sensors and type I interferon production in systemic lupus erythematosus.

The characteristic serologic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is autoantibodies against one’s own nucleic acid or nucleic acid-binding proteins - DNA and RNA-binding nuclear proteins. Circulating autoantibodies can deposit in the tissue, causing inflammation and production of cytokines such as type 1 interferon. Investigations in human patients and animal models have implicated environmental as well as genetic factors in the biology of the SLE autoimmune response. Viral/Bacterial nucleic acid is a potent stimulant of innate immunity by both toll-like receptor (TLR) and non-TLR signaling cascades. Additionally, foreign DNA may act as an immunogen to drive an antigen-specific antibody response. Self nucleic acid is normally restricted to the nucleus or the mitochondria, away from the DNA/RNA sensors, and mechanisms exist to differentiate between foreign and self nucleic acid. In normal immunity, a diverse range of DNA and RNA sensors in different cell types form a dynamic and integrated molecular network to prevent viral infection. In SLE, pathologic activation of these sensors occurs via immune complexes consisting of autoantibodies bound to DNA or to nucleic acid-protein complexes. In this review, we will discuss recent studies outlining how mismanaged nucleic acid sensing networks promote autoimmunity and result in the overproduction of type I interferon. This information is critical for improving therapeutic strategies for SLE disease.
THE INCORPORATION OF TRITIUM FROM THYMIDINE INTO PROTEINS OF THE MOUSE

Tritium from methyl-H3-thymidine was found to be incorporated into proteins in mice. This incorporation in the mouse as a whole represented between 1 and 10% of the injected tritium. Tritiated water was not an intermediate. Transmethylation reactions are proposed as a means whereby certain amino acids might have acquired the tritium from thymidine at some stage of its catabolism. The initial (2 hr) ratios of DNA to protein tritium activities per milligram of wet tissue ranged from 5 in two tissues of low DNA synthetic activity (pancreas, liver) to 35 to 40 in two tissues of high DNA synthetic activity (spleen, small intestine). Labeled nuclear protein was coincident with labeled DNA in nuclei, where it constituted less than 2.5% of the total tritium. The significance of the findings is discussed.
JUST ANOTHER CRIME? Examining Disparity in Homicide Sentencing

Analyses of disparity in sentencing most frequently use general felony court samples. Because of this, little is known about the specific patterns of sentencing disparity among defendants convicted of criminal homicide. Using a sample of defendants adjudicated guilty of homicide in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, over the period 1995–2000, this research seeks to describe and explain patterns of sentencing with reference to legal and extralegal defendant and case characteristics. The findings indicate that it is primarily legally relevant variables that influence sentencing outcomes in homicide cases; however, some evidence is found for case processing effects as well as for the operation of criminal stereotypes in the generation of sentence disparities. Implications of these findings for research designs and theory development are discussed.
ZD multipurpose neurosurgical image-guided localizing unit: experience in 103 consecutive cases of open stereotaxis

A unit is presented that provides the neurosurgeon with CT, MRI, x-ray, DA, and DSA compatible headholder and multimodality image localization as well as freedom of choice for surgical approach on patient's intraoperative positioning. The unit consists of a carbon fiber ring-shaped headholder which allows free selection for location of three or four fixation pins, avoiding interference with the flap sites or craniotomy. The base ring is mounted intraoperatively on a special adapter that allows any patient positioning including supine, lateral, prone, 3/4 prone, sitting, etc. Surgical draping can be performed given a completely sterile field. An arc/quadrant localizing device can be mounted on any four alternative positions according to the neurosurgeon's preference. A PC compatible software gives the setting for any possible mounting. Intraoperative the localizing unit can be used in a 'fixed' permanent setting or as a 'non-fixed' system to provide intraoperative three-dimensional orientation. Different are adapted instruments which give the unit further capabilities, especially 'bayonet' type brain retractors (cylinders and speculum) that allows the neurosurgeon to keep the surgical corridor unobstructed from the arc. As an alternative, in the 'non-fixed' setting, self-retaining arms are fixed to the base ring and brain retractors and conventional microsurgical technique can be used without any mechanical obstruction. This article presents the unit details, methodology and the clinical experience in 103 consecutive cases of 'open stereotaxis' for resection or internal decompression of deep seated or near eloquent area lesions.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluation of Post-harvest Aflatoxin Production in Peanut Germplasm with Resistance to Seed Colonization and Pre-harvest Aflatoxin Contamination

Abstract Contamination of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with aflatoxin produced by species of Aspergillus remains a problem for the U.S. peanut industry. Several peanut genotypes were reported to be resistant to in vitro seed colonization by Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries (IVSCAF), to field seed colonization by A. flavus (FSCAF), or to preharvest aflatoxin contamination (PAC), but few to production of aflatoxin per se. Cotyledons of 39 peanut genotypes reportedly resistant to IVSCAF, FSCAF, or PAC, and eight susceptible to PAC were evaluated in four tests for their ability to support aflatoxin production after inoculation with A. flavus. Cultivars Perry and Gregory were used as checks in each test. Seed cotyledons were separated, manually blanched, inoculated with conidia of A. flavus, placed on moistened filter paper in petri dishes, and incubated for 8 d at 28 C. Dishes were arranged on plastic trays enclosed in plastic bags and stacked with PVC spacers between trays. Incomplete block designs were used...
Spiritual assessment: a new outlook on the pharmacist's role.

The drug consultation was over and it was clear that Kelly was going to survive. She was born prematurely, endured a heart transplant, and spent the first few months of her life in intensive care. Her smiles, giggles, and normal vital signs were evidence that the transplant and drug therapy were
A technique for generating three‐dimensional images from ultrasonography

An improved technique is presented using readily available materials to produce an easy, inexpensive system for three-dimensional visualization of ultrasonic images. The author hopes this technique may stimulate others to look at three-dimensional imaging as an easy, obtainable objective to explore its clinical applications.
Sex pheromone-releasing behaviour in females of the dermestid beetle, Trogoderma glabrum

Abstract Adult Trogoderma glabrum females assume stationary postures characterized by abdominal elevation and partial exposure of the ovipositor segments. The postural activity was studied in relation to sex pheromone production and was designated calling, or sex pheromone-releasing behaviour because it was accompanied by an increase in the rate of release of sex pheromone(s). Calling was largely restricted to an 8 hr interval centered toward the middle of a 16 hr photophase. Mating frequency and female pheromone content increased during the same interval. Because females extracted during the calling period yielded at least 10 times more pheromone than extracts prepared at other times, and because pheromone activity released during one calling period was estimated to be at least 10-fold higher than that which could be extracted from whole females several hours prior to the start of calling, heightened production of active pheromone(s) was postulated to occur during calling. Functional significance of the calling posture is discussed in relation to sex pheromone gland location.
PolyQ disease: too many Qs, too much function?

The nature of the gain-of-function toxicity found in polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases has been the subject of considerable debate. In this issue of Neuron, Duvick et al. and Nedelsky et al. show that, in two of these diseases, pathology is mediated by normal protein activity.
A LIQUID EXPANSION MICROCALORIMETER

A novel microcalorimeter based on a miniature liquid-in-glass thermometer is described. Heat is transduced into an optical, rather than electrical, signal, facilitating a future array format. The instrument performs batch analysis (drop mixing) with a 2 μL sample volume. Energy changes of 4 μJ produced by a dilution of sulfuric acid are resolvable. The effect of evaporation, and measures taken to limit it, are discussed.
LC3 Binding to the Scaffolding Protein JIP1 Regulates Processive Dynein-Driven Transport of Autophagosomes

Autophagy is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis in neurons, where autophagosomes undergo robust unidirectional retrograde transport along axons. We find that the motor scaffolding protein JIP1 binds directly to the autophagosome adaptor LC3 via a conserved LIR motif. This interaction is required for the initial exit of autophagosomes from the distal axon, for sustained retrograde transport along the midaxon, and for autophagosomal maturation in the proximal axon. JIP1 binds directly to the dynein activator dynactin but also binds to and activates kinesin-1 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Following JIP1 depletion, phosphodeficient JIP1-S421A rescues retrograde transport, while phosphomimetic JIP1-S421D aberrantly activates anterograde transport. During normal autophagosome transport, residue S421 of JIP1 may be maintained in a dephosphorylated state by autophagosome-associated MKP1 phosphatase. Moreover, binding of LC3 to JIP1 competitively disrupts JIP1-mediated activation of kinesin. Thus, dual mechanisms prevent aberrant activation of kinesin to ensure robust retrograde transport of autophagosomes along the axon.
Synthesis of perfect rubber using ring-opening metathesis polymerization of 1-methylcyclobutene

Abstract The monomer, 1-methylcyclobutene I can be polymerized by a number of well-defined alkylidene complexes of the type M(CH(CH 3 ) 2 R)(NAr) (OC(CH 3 ) itn (CF 3 ) 3- n ) 2 (where Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) to give highly stereoregular polyisoprenes. Only II (where M = Mo; R = Ph; n = 2) catalyzes the polymerization of 1-methylcyclobutene stereospecifically to give polymers with exclusively cis and 100% head-to-tail configuration. We attribute this high degree of selectivity to a fine balance between the electrophilicity of the metal center and steric interactions involving the approach of the monomer to the catalyst.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint using a surface coil

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done in 454 temporomandibular joints of 240 patients and the images produced were correlated with arthrographic, tomographic, and, in the 85 patients who were operated on, surgical findings. The MRI was found to be more accurate than arthrography in demonstrating soft tissue changes. In addition, the technique does not expose the patient to ionizing radiation and has no known biological hazard.
Terpolymers from lactide and bisphenol a derivatives: Scale-up, properties, and blends

Terpolymerization of L-lactide (LA) and bisphenol A derivatives was performed on few hundred gram scale, and the resultant terpolymer (TP) was characterized by gel permeation chromatography, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermogravimetric analysis. Moderate molecular weight (Mn ∼ 12 kg/mol) TP was achieved with glass transition temperatures about 100°C (DSC and DMA). The TP exhibited improved thermal stability compared with polylactide (PLA), with a thermal degradation temperature of about 80°C higher than PLA. Although the TP exhibited distinctly different surface morphology compared with that of PLA, both showed similar contact angle and surface energy (ca. 40 mN/m) properties. Blends of PLA and TP showed enhanced glass transition (∼ 5°C change in Tg) temperatures compared with PLA homopolymer. This is due to the compatibility of PLA and TP. Thus, TP could be used as an additive for PLA-based blends to enhance compatibility with phenolic-based resins. TP electrospun fiber morphology is also reported. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Detection of the 2165 inverse centimeter (4.619 micron) XCN band in the spectrum of L1551 IRS 5.

We report the detection of a broad absorption band at 2165/cm in the spectrum of L1551 IRS 5. New laboratory results over the 2200-2100/cm wavenumber interval, performed with realistic interstellar ice analogs, suggest that this feature is due to a CN-containing compound. We will refer to this compound as XCN. We also confirm the presence of frozen CO through absorption bands at 2140/cm and 2135/cm. The relative abundance of solid state CO to frozen H2O is about 0.13 while the abundance of XCN seems comparable to that of frozen CO.
Relationship of Ketamine’s Plasma Metabolites with Response, Diagnosis, and Side Effects in Major Depression

Background Ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects lasting as long as 1 week in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar depression (BD). Ketamine is extensively metabolized. This study examined the relationship between ketamine metabolites and response, diagnosis, and psychotomimetic symptoms in MDD and BD patients. Methods Following a 40-minute ketamine infusion (.5 mg/kg), plasma samples were collected at 40, 80, 110, and 230 minutes and day 1 postinfusion in 67 patients currently experiencing a major depressive episode (MDD, n = 45; BD, n = 22). Concentrations of ketamine, norketamine (NK), dehydronorketamine (DHNK), six hydroxynorketamine metabolites (HNK), and hydroxyketamine (HK) were measured. Plasma concentrations were analyzed by diagnostic group and correlated with patients' depressive, psychotic, and dissociative symptoms. The relationship between cytochrome P450 gene polymorphisms and metabolites, response, and diagnosis was also examined. Results Ketamine, NK, DHNK, four of six HNKs, and HK were present during the first 230 minutes postinfusion. Patients with BD had higher plasma concentrations of DHNK, (2S,6S;2R,6R)-HNK, (2S,6R;2R,6S)-HNK, and (2S,5S;2R,5R)-HNK than patients with MDD, who, in turn, had higher concentrations of (2S,6S;2R,6R)-HK. Higher (2S,5S;2R,5R)-HNK concentrations were associated with nonresponse to ketamine in BD patients. Dehydronorketamine, HNK4c, and HNK4f levels were significantly negatively correlated with psychotic and dissociative symptoms at 40 minutes. No relationship was found between cytochrome P450 genes and any of the parameters examined. Conclusions A diagnostic difference was observed in the metabolism and disposition of ketamine. Concentrations of (2S,5S;2R,5R)-HNK were related to nonresponse to ketamine in BD. Some hydroxylated metabolites of ketamine correlated with psychotic and dissociative symptoms.
Bereaved Parents and Support Group Participation

The study explored reasons why some bereaved parents participate in a self-help/support group while others do not. Data about forty-three support group participants and forty-two nonparticipants an...
Public Perception of Birth Defects Terminology

BACKGROUND: ‘Birth defect’ is a common phrase, yet concerns have been expressed that the word ‘defect’ carries a negative connotation. Our objective was to examine public perceptions of terms used to refer to birth defects. METHODS: Four questions about terminology of birth defects were included in the U.S. nationally representative 2007 HealthStyles survey. Respondents answered questions about whether they or a family member were affected by birth defects (condition status), and which terms used to refer to birth defects they found preferable and which offensive. We further examined whether condition status, race/ethnicity, gender, income, geographical region, and education level impacted respondents' term selection. Chi-square tests and multinomial logistic regression were performed using SAS 9.1. RESULTS: ‘Birth defects’ was most frequently selected as the first choice preferred term (35.4%), followed by 21.9% who selected ‘children with special needs. ’ For respondents who said they themselves or a family member were affected by birth defects (11.5%), their responses differed statistically (p ≤ 0.0001) from nonaffected respondents, but the leading choices were still ‘birth defects’ (28.5%) and ‘children with special needs’ (27.2%). Condition status, race/ethnicity, gender, income, and education level were all significant predictors of the respondents' choice of a preferred term. When asked which phrases might be offensive, the top choices were ‘none of the phrases listed’ (37.0%), ‘adverse pregnancy outcomes’ (23.1%), and ‘birth defects’ (21.4%). CONCLUSIONS: ‘Birth defect’ was the preferred term; however, survey participants affected by birth defects responded less positively to the term. Continued dialogue about accepted and appropriate terminology is necessary.Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of transcripts from 17p13.3 in medulloblastoma suggests ROX/MNT as a potential tumour suppressor gene

Haploinsufficiency of the human 17p13.3 region is associated with 35% to 50% of medulloblastomas, indicating the presence of one or more tumour suppressor genes which have not yet been identified. Of 119 genes residing in this region, seven genes--14-3-3epsilon (YWHAE), HIC-1, ROX/MNT (a helix-loop-helix transcription factor and member of the MYC/MAX superfamily), KIAA0399, UBE2G1 (ubiquitin ligase), ALOX15, and MINK--encode proteins with potential links to cancer. We investigated these genes and found significant levels of expression of ROX/MNT in adult human cerebellum, and in embryonic and postnatal mouse cerebellum. Six of 14 medulloblastomas showed a reduction of ROX/MNT expression, accompanied by a reduction of both UBE2G1 and 14-3-3epsilon in three tumours and a reduction of UBE2G1 in one tumour. Moreover, the relative expression of MYC to ROX/MNT was increased in 4 of the 14 medulloblastomas. Collectively, these data suggest that ROX/MNT should be considered a potential tumour suppressor gene in medulloblastoma.
Bortezomib induces autophagy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells via JNK activation

The molecular mechanism of autophagy induction following proteasome inhibition is not fully understood. We report that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib potently induces autophagy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells, as demonstrated by autophagosome formation and induction of complete autophagic flux. Bortezomib treatment led to phosphorylation/activation of jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) enzymes and JNK-dependent phosphorylation of Bcl-2 on serine 70. Pharmacologic inhibition of JNK, but not p38 MAPK, dramatically inhibited bortezomib induction of autophagy regulatory proteins and autophagosome formation. These results demonstrate a key requirement for JNK signaling in the activation of autophagy by bortezomib.
Order-/N methodologies and their applications

Abstract An exhaustive inventory of existing order-N methodologies for the calculation of the total energy as well as the atomic forces up to 1999 has been conducted. These methodologies are discussed in terms of the key approximations involved in each method. Emphasis is placed on the roles played by these approximations and how they affect the accuracy and efficiency of the method. Issues affecting the implementation of various order-N procedures, such as the choice of the tight-binding model in the order-N tight-binding approaches and the construction of the Hamiltonian in the order-N ab initio approaches, are also discussed. Some typical examples of applications of the order-N methods to study problems of realistic sizes are presented to provide a glimpse of the capability of utilizing the order-N methods to predict the stable structures and properties of complex systems with reduced symmetry. This review is expected to serve as a clearinghouse where a single resource is provided to help guide the reader to decide, among the existing methodologies, which method can best fulfill the task at hand.
Reactive species-mediated regulation of cell signaling and the cell cycle: the role of MAPK.

Cardiovascular disease development is significantly influenced by the effects of reactive species (RS). By virtue of their controlled production, regulation, and reactive nature, RS play important ...
Effects on polo-like kinase 1 polo-box domain binding affinities of peptides incurred by structural variation at the phosphoamino acid position.

Abstract Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) mediated by the polo-box domain (PBD) of polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) serve important roles in cell proliferation. Critical elements in the high affinity recognition of peptides and proteins by PBD are derived from pThr/pSer-residues in the binding ligands. However, there has been little examination of pThr/pSer mimetics within a PBD context. Our current paper compares the abilities of a variety of amino acid residues and derivatives to serve as pThr/pSer replacements by exploring the role of methyl functionality at the pThr β-position and by replacing the phosphoryl group by phosphonic acid, sulfonic acid and carboxylic acids. This work sheds new light on structure activity relationships for PBD recognition of phosphoamino acid mimetics.
USE OF THE SINGLE CELL METHOD IN OBTAINING PURE CULTURES OF ANAEROBES

The pipette method has proved a feasible method of obtaining one-cell pure cultures of anaerobes. Both bacilli and spores may be used as seeding material, but spores give a much higher percentage of positives. Boiling alone affords a sufficient degree of anaerobiosis to the medium for initiating one-cell growths, and semisolid agar is the most convenient form of medium. Exposure to air during isolation apparently has no effect on the viability of spores of anaerobes, but young bacilli of some species suffer from a comparatively short exposure to free oxygen.
Transdermal drug delivery

Transdermal drug delivery has made an important contribution to medical practice, but has yet to fully achieve its potential as an alternative to oral delivery and hypodermic injections. First-generation transdermal delivery systems have continued their steady increase in clinical use for delivery of small, lipophilic, low-dose drugs. Second-generation delivery systems using chemical enhancers, noncavitational ultrasound and iontophoresis have also resulted in clinical products; the ability of iontophoresis to control delivery rates in real time provides added functionality. Third-generation delivery systems target their effects to skin's barrier layer of stratum corneum using microneedles, thermal ablation, microdermabrasion, electroporation and cavitational ultrasound. Microneedles and thermal ablation are currently progressing through clinical trials for delivery of macromolecules and vaccines, such as insulin, parathyroid hormone and influenza vaccine. Using these novel second- and third-generation enhancement strategies, transdermal delivery is poised to significantly increase its impact on medicine.
Development of a solder material process to relieve the plastic constraint associated with thin joints

High aspect ratio (large diameter/thickness) solder joints which are plastically constrained develop large hydrostatic stresses (Friction Hill) greatly in excess of their yield strength. Because the local high triaxial stresses arising from the Friction Hill prevent homogeneous yielding and, in a strain controlled system, will localize plastic deformation within the regions near free surfaces, abrupt brittle fracture through an intermetallic or along an interface can occur. In such situations, the service life of the joint during fatigue situations such as thermal cycling will be greatly reduced. The prevention of triaxial stress build up within such a strain controlled environment which can occur in, for example, leadless chip carrier solder joints requires a distribution of internal free surfaces within the joint. The solder system developed in this study is a thin porous metal film with a regular distribution of pores. The solder material is formed from the usual components, tin and lead. Small lead or tin particles are coated with a thin film of the other component, mixed with flux paste, and the temperature is raised to just above the eutectic temperature. Solid state diffusion occurs across the lead-tin interface until its composition reaches the melting point. The particles then are interconnected by a thin near eutectic liquid film. Additional metal from the solid particle dissolves into the liquid increasing its position and, thus its melting point. Diffusion into the liquid continues until it solidifies isothermally. This forms an interconnecting network of solder “mini-elements” with a dense pore structure.
Intermediaries: an approach to manipulating information streams

Information flows all around us all the time. Whether on computer networks, on telephone lines, or within the wiring of everyday devices such as coffeemakers or gas pumps, data are constantly being transmitted from one place to another. Much of the time, such data flow directly between information producers and information consumers. Sometimes, however, intermediary processes stand in the way of a simple data flow, for instance, to monitor traffic, to bridge between incompatible communication streams, or to customize or extend the functions that are natively available on a stream. Intermediaries can turn ordinary information streams into smart streams that enhance the quality of communication. Because information flows are now everywhere, there is a new opportunity for taking advantage of intermediary computation, but general principles and approaches have not yet been developed. This paper provides an introduction to the intermediary approach, describes an implemented Web intermediary framework and applications, and proposes extending intermediaries to other information streams.
Parent-Rated Behavior in 3-Year-Old Children in Relation to Otitis Media in Their First 3 Years of Life. † 565

Parent-Rated Behavior in 3-Year-Old Children in Relation to Otitis Media in Their First 3 Years of Life. † 565
A case of late-onset psychosis: integrating neuropsychological and SPECT data

We report the case of a 67-year-old woman who experienced a sudden onset of psychotic illness (i.e., prominent delusions and hallucinations) that has endured for approximately 3 years. As part of her neurobehavioral work-up, a SPECT scan revealed right frontal and left anterior temporal-lobe hypoperfusion. Serial neuropsychological evaluations obtained 2 years apart demonstrated a steady decline on tests of executive control (monitoring, allocation of attention, perseveration) and visuospatial abilities, whereas performance in other areas of cognitive functioning have remained steady and in the normal range for the patient's age. Over this same period of time, serial EEG, MRI, and neurology examinations have been within normal limits. Thus, there was little evidence with which to diagnose dementia. It is suggested that concomitant impairment in executive control, coupled with a degraded capacity to process perceptual information, can give rise to enduring psychotic behavior.
The Glycolytic Enzyme Aldolase Mediates Assembly, Expression, and Activity of Vacuolar H-ATPase*

Vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) are a family of highly conserved proton pumps that couple hydrolysis of cytosolic ATP to proton transport out of the cytosol. How ATP is supplied for V-ATPase-mediated hydrolysis and for coupling of proton transport is poorly understood. We have reported that the glycolytic enzyme aldolase physically associates with V-ATPase (Lu, M., Holliday, L. S., Zhang, L., Dunn, W. A., and Gluck, S. L. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 30407–30413). Here we show that aldolase interacts with three different subunits of V-ATPase (subunits a, B, and E). The binding sites for the V-ATPase subunits on aldolase appear to be on distinct interfaces of the glycolytic enzyme. Aldolase deletion mutant cells were able to grow in medium buffered at pH 5.5 but not at pH 7.5, displaying a growth phenotype similar to that observed in V-ATPase subunit deletion mutants. Abnormalities in V-ATPase assembly and protein expression observed in aldolase deletion mutant cells could be fully rescued by aldolase complementation. The interaction between aldolase and V-ATPase increased dramatically in the presence of glucose, suggesting that aldolase may act as a glucose sensor for V-ATPase regulation. Taken together, these findings provide functional evidence that the ATP-generating glycolytic pathway is directly coupled to the ATP-hydrolyzing proton pump through physical interaction between aldolase and V-ATPase.
Enthalpy relaxation of filled copolymers

Excess enthalpy following annealing at various periods of time at Tg −10°C was measured by differential scanning calorimetry of electrophotographic toners, copolymers of styrene and butyl methacrylate containing carbon black. An approximate equilibrium enthalpy relaxation after annealing the pure copolymers for one month was 3.30 kJ/kg for a copolymer with 66.5% styrene and 2.72 kJ/kg for a copolymer containing 49.8% styrene. The rate of enthalpy relaxation was reduced by increasing the styrene content of the pure copolymer. The incorporation of a carbon black with high surface area reduces the rate of enthalpy relaxation, increasing in effectiveness with butyl methacrylate concentration.
RELATIONS BETWEEN SPECIFIC AND GENERAL WORD LEARNING

A one-year longitudinal study was performed to test the hypothesis that children's word-specific learning of regular words is a causal determinate in their understanding and use of simple correspondence rules in reading and spelling. Kindergarten and first-grade children were asked to read and spell real words and matched pseudowords in three sessions. Cross-lagged panel correlation analyses suggested that kindergarten children's success in learning letter and sound correspondences in real words may be influencing their learning to use letter and sound correspondences in pseudowords, from Session 1 to 2 in reading, and from Session 1 to 2 and Session 2 to 3 in spelling. After this, children's success in real words no longer seems to affect their performance on pseudowords.
Ultrafast Dynamics of Thermal Denaturation of Cytochrome-C with Two Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy

Native and thermally denatured heme axial methionine mutant cyt c552 from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus (Ht-M61A) is studied by various spectroscopic methods at various temperature points along the denaturation curve. Circular dichroism and steady state IR spectroscopy reveal that there are two distinct states corresponding to native and denatured populations of the protein. Ultrafast dyanmics are studied with 2-dimensional infrared echo spectroscopy (2D-IR) with the heme-bound CO as the vibrational probe. 2D-IR is sensitive to the global dynamics of the protein within the experimental window of ∼100 ps. The spectral diffusion of the echo signal at different denaturation points is calculated, and the possible hydrophobic collapse in unfolding is discussed.
An Algorithm for Using Excel Solver© for the Traveling Salesman Problem

Abstract The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), well known to operations research enthusiasts, is one of the most challenging combinatorial optimization problems. In this article, the authors present one approach to solving a classic TSP through a special purpose linear programming model, zero-one programming, and Microsoft Excel© Solver.
Rum, romanism, and evangelism : Protestants and catholics in late-nineteenth-century Boston

Au matin du 20 mai 1885, la police de Boston a arrete trois hommes d'Eglises protestants pour avoir preche sur le terrain communal. L'histoire de l'arrestation de ces predicateurs apporte un eclairage plus vaste sur la religion americaine de la fin du 19e siecle ainsi que sur la rupture de l'unite protestante et sur la division graduelle entre modernistes et fondamentalistes. Le cas de Boston fait apparaitre d'autres raisons pour la rupture du consensus : la politique et la geographie urbaine a faconne l'emergence d'une nouvelle forme de protestantisme d'opposition. Boston avec ses confins tres serres et sa longue histoire d'antagonismes religieux et ethniques demeure un cas particulier frappant. L'opposition entre conservateurs et liberaux au sein du protestantisme a ete comprise dans un triangle social dont le sommet est represente par les catholiques romains.
Performance of some Rake modems over the non-disturbed wide band HF channel

The author presents performance evaluations for four Rake modems used to communicate over the wideband (e.g. 1 MHz) HF channel. Attention is confined to performance for the nondisturbed HF channel. Consideration is given to the impact of mode Doppler shift and multipath spread due to dispersion. The effects of additive noise, self-noise, and imperfect channel measurements are included. Results are presented for decision-directed, parallel probe, serial probe, and DPSK Rake modems. Performance to within 1-3 dB of the additive white Gaussian noise channel is predicted, depending upon the modem and the channel dispersion, if the Doppler shift of the modem can be tracked to within 0.1 Hz. >
Unintended consequences of performance specifications for the reliability of military weapon systems

The use of performance specifications became a key US Department of Defense (DoD) acquisition reform in the 1990s. Gone were the detailed military specifications for parts and materials selection, workmanship, derating, and fault tolerance. Maximum use was to be made of commercial specs. Reliability would be specified only in quantitative terms such as Mean-Time-To-Failure (MTTF) and-or the reliability R(t). However, there are significant differences between commercial and military weapon systems whereby performance specifications might bring in significantly greater mission risk. Reliability data from 1996 to 2000 might be an indicator of negative unintended consequences of the cancellation of military specifications. The acquisition of successful military systems requires a mix of performance and prescriptive reliability requirements that depend on the application, technology maturity, and complexity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
The Effect of Chlamydia trachomatis on Luminol-Dependent Chemiluminescence of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes: Requirements for Opsonization

The factors involved in the in vitro interaction of two strains of Chlamydia trachomatis with polymorphonuclear leukocytes were studied by employing the technique of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. Unopsonized, partially purified elementary bodies of chlamydia failed to induce a significant chemiluminescence response when compared with serum-activated zymosan (less than 90%). Opsonization of the chlamydia with human sera greatly enhanced the chemiluminescence response. This enhancement was independent of the presence or absence of antibody specific for chlamydia or of complement. Primate serum had 77% of the activity of human serum; nonprimate sera (sheep, cow, horse, and rabbit) demonstrated substantially less activity. The magnitude of the chemiluminescence response observed with opsonized chlamydia was also dependent on the chlamydia-to-polymorphonuclear leukocyte ratio, with the greatest effect seen at 10:1. Chlamydia opsonized with human sera containing less than 100 mg of IgG/dl did not stimulate chemiluminescence more than did unopsonized chlamydia. These results suggest that human IgG may interact with C. trachomatis independent of specific antibody-binding sites.
Basic fibroblast growth factor improves trabecular bone connectivity and bone strength in the lumbar vertebral body of osteopenic rats.

Recently, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been found to increase trabecular bone mass and connectivity in the proximal tibial metaphyses (PTM) in osteopenic rats. The purpose of this study was to determine the bone anabolic effects of bFGF in the lumbar vertebral body (LVB), a less loaded skeletal site with a lower rate of bone turnover than the PTM. Six-month old female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated and untreated for 8 weeks to induce osteopenia. Then group 1 (sham) and group 2 (OVX) were treated subcutaneously (SC) with vehicle, and OVXed groups 3 and 4 were treated SC with PTH [hPTH (1–34) at 40 μg/kg, 5×/week] and bFGF (1 mg/kg, 5×/week), respectively, for 8 weeks. At sacrifice, the fifth LVB was removed, subjected to micro-CT for determination of trabecular bone structure and then processed for histomorphometry to assess bone turnover. The sixth LVB was used for mechanical compression testing (MTS, Bionix 858). The data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by post-hoc testing as needed. After 16 weeks of estrogen deficiency, there were significant reductions in vertebral trabecular bone volume and trabecular thickness. Treatment with either bFGF or hPTH (1–34) increased BV/TV in OVX animals. Human PTH (1–34)-treated animals had significant increases in trabecular (48%) and cortical thickness (30%) and bone strength [maximum load (53%) and work to failure (175%)] compared to OVX + Vehicle animals. Treatment of osteopenic rats with bFGF increased bone volume (15%), trabecular thickness (13%), maximum load (45%) and work to failure (140%) compared to OVX + Vehicle animals (all P <0.05). Basic FGF increased trabecular bone volume in the lumbar vertebral body of osteopenic rats by restoring trabecular number, thickness and connectivity density. Also, bFGF improved bone mechanical properties (maximum force and work to failure) compared to the OVX + Vehicle group. Therefore, increasing the number, thickness and connections of the trabeculae contributes to increased bone strength in this small animal model of osteoporosis.
Focused laser spike (FLaSk) annealing of photoactivated chemically amplified resists for rapid hierarchical patterning

Lithographic alternatives to conventional layer-by-layer processes for the design of 3D structures such as photonic or phononic crystals often present a dichotomy: patterning control versus patterning area. We demonstrate a combined technique of large area interference lithography and local area direct write focused laser spike (FLaSk) annealing that can enable the microscale patterning of hierarchical structures defined in their morphology by the interference and defined in placement and shape by the direct write. This is accomplished by doping a commercial chemically amplified photoresist (SU-8) with an absorbing dye to provide thermal activation at a wavelength shifted from that causing UV crosslinking. In this way, the necessary post-exposure bake to complete the crosslinking of the resist is locally performed by the FLaSk laser, rather than globally on a hot plate. By utilizing the same experimental setup as used by a 3D direct write system, it is possible to integrate another level of patterning by enabling fully dense, arbitrarily written features on multiple length scales. Both experimental and simulated results of this novel processing method are shown.
Transient coupling analysis using the singularity expansion method

The problem of electromagnetic coupling between objects has been extensively studied within the context of continuous-wave (CW) signals. The problem of coupling between objects for transient excitation has not received as much attention. This paper addresses the problem of transient coupling using the singularity expansion method (SEM). Specifically, the proper physical interpretation of the SEM modes of a system of objects is discussed within the context of observed transient surface currents and scattered fields. It is seen that the SEM modes of the system of objects are global quantities and hence have no clear physical interpretation prior to times when global modes can be established. It is also apparent that the early-time response of the system can be expressed using the SEM modes of the individual objects for some time periods. These observations are important for the effective use of target identification schemes based on natural resonance phenomena in multiple target situations as well as the proper use of SEM in EMC coupling analyses. >
MR imaging of soft tissues adjacent to orthopaedic hardware: Techniques to minimize susceptibility artefact

This article demonstrates and compares imaging of orthopaedic hardware (fixation plates, screws, Kischner wire and prostheses) using gradient-echo, spin-echo and fast spin-echo sequences. It describes simple techniques which minimize susceptibility artefact induced by these components at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, allowing visualization of adjacent soft tissues. The article emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate imaging plane in order to avoid hardware distortion of slice select gradients, emphasizes the importance of selecting frequency encoding gradient axes in order to orientate the long axis of the artefact away from the tissue of interest and, finally, compares the marked susceptibility artefact observed adjacent to hardware using gradient-echo with the artefact reduction achieved by using fast spin-echo sequences.
Acute temperature quotient responses of fishes reflect their divergent thermal habitats in the Banda Sea, Sulawesi, Indonesia

We measured metabolic rates of six Indo-Pacific fishes from different thermal habitats at 26°C and after acute transfer to 32°C. Temperature–metabolism relationships were expressed as temperature quotients (Q10) and ranged from ~1.0 in tidepool-dwelling common (Bathygobius fuscus) and sandflat (Bathygobius sp.) gobies to 2.65 and 2.29 in reef-associated white-tailed humbug (Dascyllus aruanus) and nine-banded cardinalfish (Apogon novemfasciatus), respectively. Squaretail mullet (Liza vaigiensis) and blackspot sergeant (Abudefduf sordidus) displayed Q10 responses of 2.03 and 1.26, respectively. Bathygobiids and blackspot sergeant inhabit mangrove tidepools during daytime low tides and experience temperature fluctuations approximately twice (12°C) the maximum experienced by inhabitants of patch reef or seagrass and squaretail mullet (1–6°C), a mangrove transient that avoids shallow, insolated daytime low tides. The low Q10 responses of the bathygobiids and blackspot sergeant suggest that their metabolic rates are relatively temperature-insensitive over the thermal range tested. Our data support the hypothesis that fish metabolic responses are tailored to specific thermal habitat conditions.
The Rise of Renewable Energy Protectionism: Emerging Trade Conflicts and Implications for Low Carbon Development

The emergence of several rapidly industrializing economies within leading renewable energy technology industries has contributed to more globalized supply chains and an increase in the international trade of renewable energy technologies. In most markets, wind and solar power technologies still require some form of government support to be deployed, yet few countries are willing to subsidize an industry that relies primarily on imported technology. These trends have led to an emergence of trade-related disputes, both via the World Trade Organization and domestic trade remedy channels. Through an analysis of the emerging trade disputes and the prevalence of protectionist polices in the wind and solar industries, this article examines the conflict between the political economy of domestic renewable energy support and the basic principles of global trade regimes, as well as the implications for nations’ abilities to transition to low carbon economies.