cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auxin und die apikale Dominanz

Ein Weihnachtsbaum ohne gute Spitze ist kein Weihnachtsbaum. Wie aber wachst eine schone Spitze heran? Dafur ist nach klassischer Lehrmeinung das Hormon Auxin zustandig: Auxin wird in der Spitze des Haupttriebes gebildet und in der Pflanze nach unten transportiert. Dort unterdruckt es den Austrieb von Seitensprossen aus den ruhenden Knospen. Moglicherweise erreicht das Auxin jedoch gar nicht die Knospen selbst, sondern wirkt uber den Syntheseweg der Carotenoide.
Protein kinase C phosphorylation of syntaxin 4 in thrombin-activated human platelets.

We postulated that the syntaxins, because of their key role in SNARE complex formation and exocytosis, could be important targets for signaling by intracellular kinases involved in secretion. We found that syntaxin 4 was phosphorylated in human platelets treated with a physiologic agent that induces secretion (thrombin) but not when they were treated with an agent that prevents secretion (prostacyclin). Syntaxin 4 phosphorylation was blocked by inhibitors of activated protein kinase C (PKC), and, in parallel assays, PKC inhibitors also blocked secretion from thrombin-activated platelets. In platelets, cellular activation by thrombin or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate decreased the binding of syntaxin 4 with SNAP-23, another platelet t-SNARE. Phosphatase inhibitors increased syntaxin 4 phosphorylation and further decreased syntaxin 4-SNAP-23 binding induced by cell activation. Conversely, a PKC inhibitor blocked syntaxin 4 phosphorylation and returned binding of syntaxin 4-SNAP-23 to that seen in nonstimulated platelets. In vitro, PKC directly phosphorylated platelet syntaxin 4 and recombinant syntaxin 4. PKC phosphorylation in vitro inhibited (71 ± 8%) the binding of syntaxin 4 to SNAP-23. These results provide evidence that extracellular activation can be coupled through intracellular PKC signaling so as to modulate SNARE protein interactions involved in platelet exocytosis.
Acylations of pentafluorosulfanylamine, SF5NH2. Part II. Reactions of N-pentafluorosulfanylcarbamylfluoride, SF5NHC(O)F, and N-pentafluorosulfanylperfluorosuccinimide, SF5(O) [1]

Abstract The carbamyl fluoride SF5NHC(O)F reacts with both H2O and H2S to give the urea (SF5NH)2CO. Evidence supports that this reaction proceeds through a mechanism involving dehydrofluorination; whereas, the reagents PhLi and PCl5 serve only to dehydrofluorinate SF5NHC(O)F. The ring of the cyclic imide SF5 NC(O)CF 2 CF 2 C (O) can be readily opened by nucleophiles to give products such as SF5NHC(O)CF2CF2C(O)OH, SF5NHC(O)CF2CF2C(O)NH2, and SF5NHC(O)CF2CF2C(O)OCH3 Attempts to prepare analogous six- and seven-membered cyclic imides failed; however, mono- (SF5NHC(O)(CF2)3,4C(O)F) and disubstituted products (SF5NHC(O)(CF2)3,4C(O)NHSF5) were formed. The amide-acid fluorides are easily hydrolyzed by atmospheric moisture to the amide-acids SF5NHC(O)(CF2)3,4C(O)OH.
Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the [12.8]2Φ–a2Φ System of TiCl

Abstract High-resolution emission spectra of TiCl have been recorded in the 10 000–18 000 cm −1 region using a Fourier transform spectrometer. The molecules were excited in a microwave discharge through a flowing mixture of TiCl 4 and helium. TiCl bands observed in the 11 000–13 500 cm −1 region have been assigned to a new [12.8] 2 Φ– a 2 Φ electronic transition with the 0–0 bands of 2 Φ 5/2 – 2 Φ 5/2 and 2 Φ 7/2 – 2 Φ 7/2 subbands at 12 733.7 and 12 791.5 cm −1 , respectively. A rotational analysis of several bands has been obtained, and spectroscopic constants have been extracted. This assignment is supported by the available theoretical calculations and is also consistent with the near infrared measurements of a doublet–doublet transition of ZrCl [J. G. Phillips, S. P. Davis, and D. C. Galehouse, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 43, 417–434) (1980)].
Estimation problems in earthquake series

Abstract The theories of Reid and Matsuzawa may be reconciled by considering earthquakes as resulting from a stochastic process involving the transfer of thermal strains from the mantle to the crust. The thermal imbalance Θ is defined as the deviation from a hypothetical unstrained temperature distribution called an adiastrophic state. For any stress distribution in the earth's outer shell, the energy distribution of earthquakes may be derived by assuming a simple stochastic model. The resulting lognormal distribution agrees with the Gutenberg-Richter frequency function. This property in turn leads to a lognormal distribution of inter-occurrence times, which is in agreement with observations. A frequency spectrum analysis of the time series of world earthquakes indicates a lack of major periodicities. A concept of earthquake risk is proposed, and its wider implications for the problem of earthquake prediction are discussed.
Nuclear structure effects revealed by inelastic scattering

Abstract Recent experimental results with inelastic pion scattering on complex nuclei are surveyed. Collective transitions are adequately described by the DWBA for all energies and targets. A valuable sensitivity to the isospin content of transitions is found by comparing π + and π − data. Excitations with spin transfer are found, but simple quasifree ratios are not measured. Giant resonance states have finally been seen.
In vitro degradation and fermentation of three dietary fiber sources by human colonic bacteria.

Although clinical benefits of dietary fiber supplementation seem to depend partially on the extent of fiber degradation and fermentation by colonic bacteria, little is known about the effect of supplemental fiber type on bacterial metabolism. In an experiment using a nonadapted human bacterial population from three normal subjects, the extent of in vitro fermentation was greater for gum arabic (GA) than for psyllium (PSY), which was greater than that for carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). In a separate experiment, in vitro incubation with feces from 52 subjects with fecal incontinence, before and after random assignment to and consumption of one of three fiber (GA, PSY, or CMC) supplements or a placebo for 20–21 days, indicated that prior consumption of a specific fiber source did not increase its degradation by fecal bacteria. Results suggest that the colonic microbial community enriched on a particular fiber substrate can rapidly adapt to the presentation of a new fiber substrate. Clinical implications of th...
Patricia Pender. Early Modern Women’s Writing and the Rhetoric of Modesty / Gillian Wright. Producing Women’s Poetry, 1600–1730: Text and Paratext, Manuscript and Print

Is Anne Bradstreet English or American? Most scholars, I suspect, would call her both, or would claim that the distinction does not really make sense for an English person living in North America d...
The incipient Colony ofTenuirostritermes tenuirostris (Desneux)

InTenuirostritermes tenuirostris (Desneux) young queens usually initiate egg laying within four days after pairing. The initial rate of egg deposition is high, with as many as 55 eggs being deposited within the first 10 days. Between 10 and 30 days after pairing further eggs are deposited but at a reduced rate. Most of the young queens deposit at least 60 eggs by the thirtieth day and as many as 76 eggs were observed in a single culture. The eggs require about 27 to 31 days for development. The individuals from the incipient colony are comparable to those of the nasute-and worker-lines in the mature colonies. Only the first instar young can be considered common to both caste lines. The nasute-line includes three nasute-specific developmental stages, the last of which is the nasute-nymph. The nasute appears at the fourth molt. The worker-line includes a single worker-specific developmental stage, the second instar. The worker appears at the second molt. With the exception of the first instar young, the incipient individuals are smaller than comparable individuals from mature colonies. The development through the two instars of the worker-line and the four instars of the nasute-line requires about 30 days from the time of hatching to the appearance of the terminal individuals. The percentage of nasutes present in the first group of young is in excess of 25 per cent and approaches 33 per cent in the largest groups. The nasute-line individuals do not appear to be derived from any particular group of eggs or young.
Plant Density and Defoliation Effects on the Recovery of Soybean Injured by Stem Cutoff During Vegetative Development

(…) This study was conducted to determine the effects of plant density on the recovery of soybean injured by defoliation and stem cutoff during vegetative development. Plots were established during 2 yr at plant densities of 119600, 191300, 239200, 310900, and 382700 plants ha −1 . Treatments imposed on each of the five densities at stages V3 and V6 consisted of a factorial arrangement of 33 and 66% removal of the main stem with 0 and 100% defoliation. (…)
Part IV: Genetic variations in β2-adrenergic receptors : long-acting and short-acting β2-agonists and therapeutic response

Inhaled beta2-agonists are the most commonly used treatment for asthma. It has been hypothesized that patients who exhibit functional polymorphic variants of the beta2-adrenergic receptor may be more likely to experience adverse outcomes with the regular use of beta2-agonists, particularly the short-acting beta2-agonist albuterol. This hypothesis has been confirmed in retrospective studies and in a prospective clinical trial. Results from these studies demonstrate that patients with the Arg/Arg phenotype at the 16th amino acid position of the beta2-adrenergic receptor may experience worsening asthma outcomes after regular beta2-agonist use. Data regarding the impact of polymorphic variants of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on response to long-acting beta2-agonists are conflicting. However, recent data indicate that use of long-acting beta2-agonists may be associated with an increased risk of life-threatening asthma or asthma-related deaths, which might be increased among African-Americans and patients who do not use inhaled corticosteroids. Until more data are available, short-acting beta-agonists should only be used on an as-needed basis and to prevent exercise-induced asthma symptoms, and long-acting beta-agonists should only be used as an adjunct to controller therapy with inhaled corticosteroids. Any patient with asthma who requires adjunctive use of a long-acting beta2-agonist in addition to an inhaled corticosteroid should be carefully monitored for possible adverse asthma outcomes.
Intracellular Surveillance: Controlling the Assembly of MHC Class I‐Peptide Complexes

MHC class I molecules bind with high affinity to peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum and display them on the cell surface. Here they are screened by CD8-positive T-lymphocytes for the presence of foreign, pathogen-derived peptides within the mass of self-peptides expressed. MHC class I assembly is a complicated process involving a number of accessory molecules, including specialized components as well as common chaperones. Our understanding of the mechanisms involved, while quite advanced, is far from complete.
The rapid appearance of acid phosphatase activity at the developing ruffled border of parathyroid hormone activated medullary bone osteoclasts

The localization of acid phosphatase (ACPase) activity in and near parathyroid hormone (PTH) activated osteoclasts was investigated using electron microscopic cytochemical methods. At 3 hours after oviposition in Japanese Quail hens, medullary bone osteoclasts were highly reactive for ACPase but lacked ruffled borders. There was no evidence of extracellular ACPase activity associated with these osteoclasts. At 20 minutes after PTH administration, osteoclasts had developing ruffled borders and ACPase activity was found in the matrix and extracellular space adjacent to most of these ruffled borders. ACPase activity was seldom observed beyond the resorption zone delineated eated by the osteoclast clear zones. These results provide direct cytochemical evidence that the ruffled border functions in the release and/or activation of ACPase. In addition, these results show that ACPase localization is rapidly responsive to exogenous PTH.
ENTH/ANTH domains expand to the Golgi

Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) play important roles in nutrient uptake, downregulation of signaling receptors, pathogen invasion and biogenesis of endosomes and lysosomes. Although detailed models for endocytic CCV formation have emerged, the process of CCV formation at the Golgi and endosomes has been less clear. Key to endocytic CCV formation are proteins containing related phosphoinositide-binding ENTH and ANTH domains. Now, recent studies have identified novel ENTH/ANTH proteins that participate in CCV-mediated traffic between the trans-Golgi Network (TGN) and endosomes and have defined a molecular basis for interaction with AP-1 and GGA adaptors in clathrin coats of the TGN/endosomes. Thus, ENTH/ANTH domain proteins appear to be universal elements in nucleation of clathrin coats.
Genetic control of cell proliferation and differentiation in Drosophila spermatogenesis.

Outlines of the genetic circuitry regulating male gametogenesis in Drosophila have begun to appear. Cessation of mitotic proliferation and onset of the meiotic program is regulated by the bam and bgcn genes acting within male germ cells and a TGF-beta class signaling cascade in surrounding somatic cells. Onset of spermatid differentiation is regulated by a stage- and tissue-specific transcriptional program controlled by the aly, can, mia and sa genes. A cross-regulatory mechanism might act, in part by controlling expression of the twine cell cycle phosphatase, to delay the G2/M transition of meiosis I until genes required for spermatid differentiation have been transcribed.
Ground‐Water Flow Simulation for Management of a Regulated Aquifer System: A Case Study in the North Carolina Coastal Plain

The State of North Carolina designated a portion of the North Carolina Coastal Plain as its first and only Capacity Use Area in 1969 in response to large-scale withdrawals from the Castle Hayne aquifer system for phosphate mining operations. Withdrawals from this regulated aquifer require water-use permits. Applications for water-use permits require information on the use of the water, including an assessment of the impacts on the source aquifer(s). The U.S. Geological Survey finite-difference model MODFLOW was used to simulate ground-water flow in a 1,300 square mile area in the Capacity Use Area to estimate the effects of a proposed mine advance anticipated to require more extensive pumping from the aquifer. In addition, the model was used to evaluate the effects of a proposed municipal wellfield also to be located in the Capacity Use Area. The model provided estimates of required pumping rates for the mining activities. Simulated potentiometric surfaces and hydrographs for the Castle Hayne aquifer resulting from both the mining and the wellfield operations indicated that the Castle Hayne aquifer achieves steady state relatively rapidly and is impacted over a large area as a result of the depressurization pumping. Wellfield pumping has a relatively minor effect. Impacts on ground-water levels in the Castle Hayne aquifer at nearby communities are mainly dependent on the location of the active mining center. Regional-scale ground-water flow models can provide information on the potential effects on the flow system of significant hydrologic stresses and could therefore be useful in assessing the impacts of the stresses as required in the permitting process.
Identification and Characterization of the First Class of Potent Bacterial Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitors with Antibacterial Activity *

Abstract The multisubunit acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which catalyzes the first committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis, is broadly conserved among bacteria. Its rate-limiting role in formation of fatty acids makes this enzyme an attractive target for the design of novel broad-spectrum antibacterials. However, no potent inhibitors have been discovered so far. This report describes the identification and characterization of highly potent bacterial acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors with antibacterial activity for the first time. We demonstrate that pseudopeptide pyrrolidine dione antibiotics such as moiramide B inhibit the Escherichia coli enzyme at nanomolar concentrations. Moiramide B targets the carboxyltransferase reaction of this enzyme with a competitive inhibition pattern versus malonyl-CoA (Ki value = 5 nm). Inhibition at nanomolar concentrations of the pyrrolidine diones is also demonstrated using recombinantly expressed carboxyltransferases from other bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). We isolated pyrrolidine dione-resistant strains of E. coli, S. aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, which contain mutations within the carboxyltransferase subunits AccA or AccD. We demonstrate that such mutations confer resistance to pyrrolidine diones. Inhibition values (IC50) of >100 μm regarding an eukaryotic acetyl-CoA carboxylase from rat liver indicate high selectivity of pyrrolidine diones for the bacterial multisubunit enzyme. The natural product moiramide B and synthetic analogues show broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. The knowledge of the target and the availability of facile assays using carboxyltransferases from different pathogens will enable evaluation of the antibacterial potential of the pyrrolidine diones as a promising antibacterial compound class acting via a novel mode of action.
Active surveillance to determine the impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization on patients in intensive care units of a Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

Objective. The impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization on mortality has not been well characterized. We sought to describe the impact of MRSA colonization on patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) in the Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC). Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of ICU patients at the Birmingham VAMC during 2005 to evaluate the predictors of MRSA colonization and determine its effect on clinical outcomes. Surveillance cultures for MRSA were performed on admission to the ICU and weekly thereafter. Clinical findings, the incidence of MRSA infection, and mortality within 3 months after ICU admission were recorded. Predictors of mortality and S. aureus colonization were determined using multivariable models. Results. S. aureus colonization was present in 97 (23.3%) of 416 patients screened, of whom 67 (16.1%) were colonized with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 30 (7.2%) with MRSA. All-cause mortality at 3 month...
Use of Cyclic Parenteral Nutrition in Infants Less Than 6 Months of Age

Cyclic parenteral nutrition is the technique of infusing the intravenous solution in less than 24 hours, during a portion of the day or night, allowing the patient freedom from the intravenous tubing and pump apparatus. In addition, adverse effects of long-term parenteral therapy, such as liver complications, were reported to be decreased with the use of cyclic parenteral nutrition in adult patients. Literature on the method and effects of cycling in young infants is minimal. This report describes cyclic parenteral nutrition use with guidelines for cycling and the potential beneficial metabolic effects in 10 infants less than 6 months of age who required long-term parenteral nutrition support. Diagnosis, gestational age, length of time on parenteral nutrition, macronutrient intake, growth, and biochemical parameters for the patients are presented. Overall, cyclic parenteral nutrition was well tolerated without clinical symptoms of hypoglycemia, elevated capillary blood glucose concentrations, or abnormal urine glucose levels. The direct bilirubin concentrations showed a decrease or stabilization after cycling was initiated in eight of 10 patients.
Initial experiments on the effects of particles at grain boundaries on the anelasticity and creep behavior of granular ice

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS A combination of cyclic and constant compression loadingwas used to study the anelasticity and creep behavior ofdebris-laden ice and particle-free ice. The results show thatthe particles increase the modulus at a frequency of 1Hz butdo not affect it at low frequencies. The particles, which arelocated at the grain boundaries, inhibit grain-boundarysliding during the cyclic loading, which decreases the grain-boundary relaxation time or even stops grain-boundaryrelaxation completely at 1Hz.Staged creep tests show that the dislocation densityincreases with increasing creep rate for all the specimens.This phenomenon indicates that dislocation glide is themajor mechanism of creep for the prevailing conditions.However, the high creep rate observed for the 1wt.% debris-laden ice without a corresponding increase in dislocationdensity, compared with particle-free ice, shows that anothercreep mechanism might also aid creep deformation. Smallnew recrystallized grains increase the grain-boundary area,which may increase the boundary-sliding contribution tocreep.
What size of ice crystals causes the halos?: comment

The paper by Fraser [ FraserA. B., J. Opt. Soc. Am.69, 1112 ( 1979)] provides a critical assessment of the commonly made assumption that halos around the Sun are produced by randomly oriented ice crystals. He concludes that crystals that are small enough to be randomly oriented are, in addition, too small to contribute significantly to the production of a halo; thus the commonly made assumption is false. However, some doubt is cast on this conclusion by the fact that it is based on what may be regarded either as a misapplication of Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics or as, perhaps, a mathematical error. The purpose of this Communication is simply to point this out. Left unanswered are the important questions of how big an error this is and even of whether its correction would weaken or strengthen Fraser’s main conclusion.
Septic Coronary Artery Embolism Treated with Aspiration Thrombectomy: Case Report and Review of Literature

Coronary embolization is a potentially fatal sequela of endocarditis. We report a case of Candida endocarditis with septic embolism to the left anterior descending coronary artery. This embolism was successfully treated with aspiration thrombectomy followed by balloon angioplasty. The treatment of acute coronary syndrome in the presence of septic embolism is controversial. Aspiration thrombectomy has been performed in this situation before, and it appears to be safer and more feasible than is thrombolysis or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.
"I didn't see this coming.": why are postbariatric patients in substance abuse treatment? Patients' perceptions of etiology and future recommendations.

Background Recent evidence suggests that bariatric patients may be overrepresented in inpatient substance abuse treatment, but the reasons for this are unclear. Patients’ perceptions of this problem may be of heuristic value. Using a qualitative approach, the present study evaluated bariatric patients’ impressions of how their postsurgical substance use disorders emerged and their future recommendations for those working with bariatric patients. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 bariatric patients in an inpatient substance abuse treatment program. Seven prominent themes emerged, four referring to etiology of substance use (unresolved psychological problems, addiction transfer/substitution, faster onset or stronger effects from substances, and increased availability of pain medications) and three pertaining to future recommendations (counseling preand/or postsurgery, increased knowledge of the associated risks of substance use postsurgery, and greater “honesty”). Blind coders rated the presence or absence of each theme in each interview. Results Of the four etiology themes, 75 % of patients acknowledged unresolved psychological problems, 83.33 % identified addiction transfer/substitution, 58.33 % noticed faster onset or stronger effects from substances, and 45.83 % identified increased availability of pain medications. For future recommendations, 41.67 % suggested counseling pre- and/or postsurgery, 70.83 % suggested increased education about the associated risks of substance use postsurgery, and 41.67 % identified a need for greater “honesty.” Conclusions Patient perceptions suggest that several common themes may be related to risk for the development of postsurgical substance use disorders.
The Ideal Candidate A Study of the Desired Attributes of the Public and the Media Across Two Presidential Campaigns

The view of image as a transaction between what a candidate does and the evaluative response that voters have to it creates at least three critical questions as yet unanswered in the literature of ...
Microfabricated biaxial electrostatic torsional scanning mirror

We describe the design, fabrication and characterization of a biaxial torsional scanning mirror for use in a microfabricated confocal optical microscope. The mirror, fabricated using wafer bonding and surface micromachining techniques, is a gimbal structure consisting of a silicon plate, measuring 500 micrometers X 500 micrometers X 25 micrometers , which is suspended in a silicon frame by silicon nitride hinges. It is actuated electrostatically, and is capable of raster scanning with a line scan frequency of 2.7 kHz and with a scan range of +/- 1.5 degree(s) about both orthogonal axes. Both resonant and non-resonant scanning are discussed. Sample images acquired with a frame rate of 10 Hz using a microfabricated microscope with the biaxial scanning mirror are presented.
Where Poems Hide: Finding Reflective, Critical Spaces Inside Writing Workshop

Research and teaching resources are replete with ideas for creating a more culturally responsive and critical curricula (Allen, 2010; Bomer & Bomer, 2001; Lewison, Leland, & Harste, 2008). Many have suggested that by offering a curriculum that is authentic and meaningful to children, real differences will be made in teaching and learning. In this article, findings are shared when elementary teachers in two schools in the southeastern region of the United Sates implemented a study that integrated poetry with issues related to social justice. Data collected included students' writing, interviews, and classroom observations. Analyses of students' poems and interviews revealed that their compositions and ideas reflected the 4 dimensions of critical literacy identified by Lewison, Flint, and Van Sluys (2002). Through a writing workshop poetry study, the teachers began to reposition children and curriculum, and in the process, built interest in navigating the terrain of more critical approaches to literacy inst...
II. A Fortran program for calculating degenerate Raman bands of spherical tops with an adaptation for infrared bands

Abstract Title of program : FORTRAN VIBROT II Catalogue number : AAGG Program available from : CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland (see application form in this issue) Computer for which the program is designed and others upon which it is operable Computer : IBM 1130. Installation : Knoxville College, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA Operating system or monitor under which the program is executed : OS 1130 Programming languages used : FORTRAN IV High speed store required : 4000 words. No. of bits in a word : 16 Is the program overlaid ? No No. of magnetic tapes required : None What other peripherals are used ? Card Reader; Printer No. of cards in combined program and test deck : 229 Card punching code : EBCDIC Reference to other published version of this program: Catalogue number: AAGE; Title : VIBROT II; Ref. in CPC : 2 (1971) 87.
Three-dimensional solutions for antisymmetrically laminated anisotropic plates

Analytic three-dimensional elasticity solutions are presented for the stress and free vibration problems of multilayered anisotropic plates. The plates are assumed to have rectangular geometry and antisymmetric lamination with respect to the middle plane. A mixed formulation is used with the fundamental unknowns consisting of the six stress components and the three displacement components of the plate. Each of the plate variables is decomposed into symmetric and antisymmetric components in the thickness direction, and is expressed in terms of a double Fourier series in the Cartesian surface coordinates. Extensive numerical results are presented showing the effects of variation in the lamination and geometric parameters of composite plates on the importance of the transverse stress and strain components.
A therapeutic jurisprudence approach to the legal processing of domestic violence cases.

Ample research indicates that the laws, policies, and legal actors involved in domestic violence cases can achieve iatrogenic or therapeutic effects on both offenders and victims. This article explores the ways in which the legal system reinforces maladaptive behavior by offenders and victims and how it can influence changes in such behavior through legal mechanisms. The author uses the therapeutic jurisprudence perspective to examine the psychology of offenders who commit domestic violence crimes in Part I. In Part II, the psychology of domestic violence victims is explored. The impact of the arrest and prosecution stages of the criminal justice system is discussed in Part III. Trials, plea bargains, and sentencing issues are explored in Part IV, and the use of restraining orders is explored in Part V. The discussion of these issues and the therapeutic jurisprudence perspective presented in this article can inform law reform efforts, criminal justice policy, and mental health policy.
Effects of Data Sparsity and Spatiotemporal Variability on Hazard Maps of Workplace Noise

Personal sampling, considered a state-of-the-art technique to assess worker exposures to occupational hazards, is often conducted for the duration of a work shift so that time-weighted average (TWA) exposures may be evaluated relative to published occupational exposure limits (OELs). Such cross-shift measurements, however, provide little information on the spatial variability of exposures, except after a very large number of samples. Hazard maps, contour plots (or similar depiction) of hazard intensity throughout the workplace, have gained popularity as a way to locate sources and to visualize spatial variability of physical and chemical hazards within a facility. However, these maps are often generated from short duration measures and have little ability to assess temporal variability. To assess the potential bias that results from the use of short-duration measurements to represent the TWA in a hazard map, noise intensity measurements were collected at high spatial and temporal resolution in two facilit...
Origins of 1,6-Stereoinduction in Torquoselective 6π Electrocyclizations

A novel stereoselective electrocyclization developed for the total synthesis of reserpine has been explored by both experiment and theory. A stereocenter six atoms away from the newly forming chiral center is responsible for the diastereoselectivity of the ring closure. This stereogenic center, lying at the junction of two six-membered rings, defines the conformation of the substrates’ fused ring skeleton that ultimately distinguishes between the two allowed, disrotatory triene geometries at the transition state. The presence of allylic strain in the disfavored transition state results in a torquoselective ring closure (dr up to 15.7:1).
Ion irradiation of high strength, high conductivity copper alloys at fusion-relevant temperatures

Abstract The microstructures of two commercial high strength, high conductivity copper alloys have been examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) following heavy ion irradiation. Both alloys were found to be resistant to microstructural changes over the temperature range of 100–250°C and peak damage levels of 40 dpa. There is no observable void formation in either of the as-received alloys following single ion irradiation to 40 dpa over a wide temperature range (100–550°C).
Overvaluation of shape and weight in binge eating disorder and overweight controls: Refinement of a diagnostic construct.

Debate continues regarding the nosological status of binge eating disorder (BED) as a diagnosis as opposed to simply reflecting a useful marker for psychopathology. Contention also exists regarding the specific criteria for the BED diagnosis, including whether, like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, it should be characterized by overvaluation of shape/weight. The authors compared features of eating disorders, psychological distress, and weight among overweight BED participants who overvalue their shape/weight (n = 92), BED participants with subclinical levels of overvaluation (n = 73), and participants in an overweight comparison group without BED (n = 45). BED participants categorized with clinical overvaluation reported greater eating-related psychopathology and depression levels than those with subclinical overvaluation. Both BED groups reported greater overall eating pathology and depression levels than the overweight comparison group. Group differences existed despite similar levels of overweight across the 3 groups, as well as when controlling for group differences in depression levels. These findings provide further support for the research diagnostic construct and make a case for the importance of shape/weight overvaluation as a diagnostic specifier.
Appointment-keeping behavior and patient satisfaction: implications for health professionals.

Abstract This study examines patient satisfaction with care received in a subspecialty clinic, appointment-keeping behavior in that clinic, and the interrelationships between satisfaction and appointment-keeping compliance. The implications for health education and patient counselling are also discussed. The setting is an outpatient clinic of a large university hospital that serves both an urban and a rural population. A mailed questionnaire was returned by 150/270 (56%) patients. While satisfaction and compliance were not significantly related, satisfaction was significantly related to the patient's perception of benefit received as a result of care provided by the clinic.
Solder ball connect (SBC) assemblies under thermal loading: II. strain analysis via image processing, and reliability considerations

A novel approach to processing interferometric moire images, called computational Fourier transform moire, has been developed. The essential principle of this technique is to automatically calculate a whole-field strain from digitized images of interferometric moire fringes using digital Fourier transform procedures. With the use of this technique, a whole-field strain distribution of a Solder Ball Connect (SBC) interconnection under thermal loading was obtained. The calculated strain field was then used to understand fatigue modes of SBC observed from an accelerated thermal cycling (ATC) test.
Weldability and weld performance of candidate austenitic alloys for advanced ultrasupercritical fossil power plants

AbstractAdvanced ultrasupercritical steam conditions of up to 760°C and 34·5 MPa have been investigated in various programmes around the world over the last two decades. To date, much progress has been made, and three candidate materials, namely ferritic, austenitic and nickel base superalloys, have been investigated for high temperature strength, corrosion resistance and weldability. In an earlier published paper, welding and weldability of ferritic alloys were discussed. This paper considers the unique weldability characteristics for utilisation of austenitic stainless steels in future advanced ultrasupercritical fossil power plant designs and covers topics such as fundamentals of austenitic stainless steel welds, including weldability, filler metals and dissimilar metal welds, and discusses the prognosis for this class of materials for advanced ultrasupercritical fossil fired power plants.
Design and application of a semi-automated filtration system to study the distribution of particulate organic carbon in the water column of a coastal upwelling system

The processes controlling the production, transport and ultimate fate of particulate organic carbon (POC) in marine systems play a major role in the global carbon cycle. Direct measurements of POC concentrations in oceanic waters have been used extensively to investigate these processes, but because of the time-intensive effort associated with manual collection and filtration of water samples, this approach often results in limited temporal or spatial coverage. To increase the frequency of POC measurements, we designed and built a semi-automated filtration system (SAFS) that can be linked to a ship's underway surface water flow system and/or a towed profiling vehicle with pumping capabilities. Our results show that, compared to manual filtration, SAFS provides the ability to easily perform filtrations at high enough frequency to measure POC concentrations at spatial and temporal resolutions that are closer to those possible with in situ sensors. When combined with optical measurements, SAFS allows for the characterization of several distinct pools of particles within different geographical and depth regions of the water column off the Oregon Coast. These initial applications yielded data that provide considerable insight into the sources and character of particles in the water column and prove that this approach can be used to gain valuable information on the biogeochemistry of this and other similar ocean margins.
Clustering confidence sets

Abstract In this article, we present a novel approach to clustering finite or infinite dimensional objects observed with different uncertainty levels. The novelty lies in using confidence sets rather than point estimates to obtain cluster membership and the number of clusters based on the distance between the confidence set estimates. The minimal and maximal distances between the confidence set estimates provide confidence intervals for the true distances between objects. The upper bounds of these confidence intervals can be used to minimize the within clustering variability and the lower bounds can be used to maximize the between clustering variability. We assign objects to the same cluster based on a min–max criterion and we separate clusters based on a max–min criterion. We illustrate our technique by clustering a large number of curves and evaluate our clustering procedure with a synthetic example and with a specific application.
Determination of Accurate and Thermodynamically Significant pH in Alcohol/Water Solutions

2-Hydroxybiphenyl demonstrates proton transfer in the lowest excited singlet state in alcohol/water mixtures as well as in pure water. The dissociation reaction of the directly excited neutral molecule is strongly solvent dependent and independent of solution acidity. The reprotonation of the conjugate base, however, depends predominantly on the acidity of the solution and only on the bulk dielectric constant of the solvent. The linear relationship between the ratio of the relative fluorescence efficiencies of 2-hydroxybiphenyl and its conjugate base and the hydrogen ion concentration is obtained only if proper Bronsted activity factors are included in the relationship. These factors can be calculated from classical electrostatics and are simple powers of the activity coefficients that would be derived from Debye-Huckel theory and which are necessary to convert the formal hydrogen ion concentration to hydrogen ion activity. With this approach it is possible to calculate pH from hydrogen ion concentration in alcohol/water solutions containing mole fractions of methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and t-butyl alcohol up to 0.5, 0.3, 0.1, and 0.05, respectively.
The Mössbauer Effect in Microcrystals

Major modifications of the crystal lattice occur in microcrystals. This paper presents an examination of the effects of these lattice modifications on various aspects of Mossbauer spectra, together with a summary of the relevant literature. Examples discussed include the following: Surface vibrational modes and partial decoupling from the supporting medium can modify the Debye-Waller factor. The Debye temperature is affected by the “internal pressures” (which can be as much as ±200 kbar) corresponding to the changes in the lattice spacing created by surface effects. These internal pressures can result in isomer shifts. Various chemical valence states may be preferentially stabilized in microcrystals. The finite crystallite size leads to superparamagnetism. Transition temperatures, such as those of the Neel and Morin transitions, may be shifted through the internal pressures. Surface and core distortions through unsaturated chemical bonds and internal pressures can lead to changes in the electric-quadrupole interaction.
Treatment Options for Acute Seizure Care

The advent of new anticonvulsants, the resurgence of the ketogenic diet, and the currently available surgical techniques mean that practitioners have many options for long term prophylaxis of seizure recurrence. Unfortunately, breakthrough seizures still occur. In some situations, an additional dose of the patient’s maintenance medication, or adjustment of the daily dose, is the most appropriate course of action for the management of such breakthroughs. However, in some situations, the patient may be unwilling or unable to cooperate and so oral administration of anticonvulsants is not possible. Until recently, only benzodiazepines, phenytoin and phenobarbital (phenobarbitone) have been available for parenteral administration; however, alternative treatment options have been developed: diazepam gel for rectal administration, fosphenytoin (a phenytoin prodrug) and an intravenous formulation of valproic acid (sodium valproate). An intravenous formulation of diazepam has been long used for seizure treatment and has shown good efficacy. The gel formulation showed >60% efficacy for preventing seizures over 12 to 24 hours in 2 controlled studies. No life-threatening adverse reactions were reported. Fosphenytoin is rapidly converted to phenytoin with a conversion half-life of 8 to 15 minutes following intravenous administration, and can be given in a variety of solutions. It may also be administered intramuscularly. Fosphenytoin infusion has not been associated with tissue necrosis and there have been fewer cardiac complications than are seen with intravenous infusion of phenytoin. Intravenous valproic acid shows linear pharmacokinetics, and administration by this route has been demonstrated to maintain therapeutic concentrations in patients and offers an alternative when patients cannot take the drug orally. Intravenous valproic acid has been shown to be well tolerated.
Selection on horizontally transferred and duplicated genes in sinorhizobium (ensifer), the root-nodule symbionts of medicago

Structural variation, including variation in gene copy number and presence or absence of genes, is a widespread and important source of genomic variation. We used whole-genome DNA sequences from 48 strains of Sinorhizobium (recently renamed Ensifer), including 20 strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti and 12 strains of S. medicae that were the focus of the analyses, to study the fitness effects of new structural variants created by duplication and horizontal gene transfer. We find that derived duplicated and horizontally transferred (HT) genes segregate at lower frequency than synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide variants in S. meliloti and S. medicae. Furthermore, the relative frequencies of different types of variants are more similar in S. medicae than in S. meliloti, the species with the larger effective population size. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that most duplications and HT genes have deleterious effects. Diversity of duplications, as measured by segregating duplicated genes per gene, is greater than nucleotide diversity, consistent with a high rate of duplication. Our results suggest that the vast majority of structural variants found among closely related bacterial strains are short-lived and unlikely to be involved in species-wide adaptation.
Analysis of Selection on Enzyme Polymorphisms

▪ Abstract Allozyme polymorphisms have been the focus of studies of selection at single enzyme loci, and most involve the enzymes of central metabolism. DNA sequencing of enzyme loci has shown numerous examples of multiple amino acid polymorphisms segregating within electromorphs. The amino acid heterogeneity underlying many allozyme polymorphisms should confound analysis of functional differences and selection. Metabolic control theory proposed that pathways will be insensitive to functional changes in allozymes; however, there is evidence that many polymorphisms modulate fluxes. Studies of model systems have provided detailed evidence for selection acting on enzyme polymorphisms in metabolic genes. There is also evidence that regulatory changes are superimposed on structural changes. Codon bias implies that the functional differences encountered in allozyme studies should be detectable by natural selection; however, amino acid polymorphisms may also represent weakly deleterious mutations. Future studies...
Functional dissection of the R domain of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator1

Exogenously expressed unphosphorylated sub-domains of the R domain block CFTR Cl− channels in the planar lipid bilayer, though the block differs from block with full length R domain. Full length R domain peptide (aa 588–855) blocks CFTR Cl− channels quickly, completely and permanently [1]. Two sub-domains, RD1RD2 (aa 588–805) and RD2TM (aa 672–855), also inhibit CFTR Cl− channels, but the block takes longer to effect and is not complete. Shorter sequences, RD1 (aa 588–746) and RD2 (aa 672–805), fail to effect any block. These data suggest that either the amino-terminal or carboxy-terminal portions of the R domain protein or its stabilized secondary structure are critical to functional regulation.
Fatty acid synthase and in vitro adipogenic response of human adipocytes inhibited by α and α' subunits of soybean β-conglycinin hydrolysates.

Abstract The objective was to assess the effect of protein hydrolysates of β-conglycinin enriched soybean on fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity and adipogenic response of human adipocytes in vitro . The results showed that genotypic changes in soybean protein subunits produced peptide profiles that led to inhibition of FAS and lipid accumulation in vitro . FAS inhibitory potency (IC 50 ) of soy protein hydrolysates (SPH) ranged from 50 to 175 μM, while lipid inhibition from 15.6% to 45.9%. Protein hydrolysate C2H from a soybean containing the highest total β-conglycinin (46.9%) showed the most potent inhibitory effect on in vitro adipogenesis (46%) and FAS (IC 50 = 50 μM). C2H was composed of dominant peptides from fragments f (85–112) and f (131–132) of β-conglycinin α subunit. Smaller peptides identified as fragments f (330–342) and f (329–342) of α′ subunit were also found. In conclusion, soybean genotypes enriched in β-conglycinin α and α′ subunits are suitable sources of active peptides that inhibit FAS activity and lipid accumulation.
Sliding mode-based microstructure torque and force estimations using MEMS optical monitoring

The determination of microstructure state is becoming of increasing importance for microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensors and actuators. Sliding mode-based microtorque estimation for a rotary micromotor, assuming the availability of a MEMS optical monitoring data stream, is presented. The dynamic model of the rotating MEMS system and the electrostatic torque are identified. The technique uses the estimated position signal to approach the actual measured position signal, obtainable through optical monitoring, to simultaneously estimate the microtorque and load torque. The estimated microtorque and load torque are low-pass filtered to eliminate the switching behavior inherent in the sliding-mode estimator. The experimental setup of a lateral comb resonator with optical monitoring is presented and discussed. The simulation results of both electrostatic and load torque estimations are presented, as well as the experimental force estimation of a lateral comb resonator device.