cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selling Weddings and Producing Brides: Mediated Portrayals of That ‘Perfect Day’

On 27 September 2014 actor George Clooney married British attorney Amal Alamuddin in a much publicized wedding. A quick Web search will yield thousands of videos, articles, and pictures of the event, which took place in the beautiful and romantic city of Venice. The bride wore an Oscar de la Renta gown of ivory tulle appliqued with 14 yards of Chantilly lace, the bodice hand-embroidered with beading and crystals. De la Renta commented that ‘It’s the most important dress in the life of a woman. Any girl from any walk of life dreams of that special dress, and I try to make that dream a reality for her.’1 The moments leading up to the nuptials of the Clooneys were eagerly viewed by the general public as well as the guests of the couple, which highlights the spectaclelike nature of weddings. As de la Renta pointed out, this is a day every woman has dreamed of, and the wedding — the dress, the ceremony, and the spectacle — makes this dream a reality.
Fingertip replantation in children.

SUMMARY Despite common unfavorable mechanisms, fingertip replantation is a rewarding procedure in children. Cosmetic final results are usually better than those obtained by local or pedicled flaps. The success rate and the sensory reinnervation are also better than what can be expected in adult patients.
Increased Vascular Sensitivity to Serotonin and Methysergide in Hypertension in Rats

1. The effect of the hypertensive process on vascular sensitivity to serotonin and methysergide was studied. 2. Isometric contractions were recorded from arteries isolated from spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), Kyoto-Wistar normotensive (WKY), deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-hypertensive and Sprague-Dawley normotensive rats. 3. Arteries from hypertensive rats (except SHR aorta) were more sensitive (lower ED 30 ) to noradrenaline, serotonin and methysergide relative to those from controls. 4. The magnitude of the leftward shift in ED 30 was similar for the three agonists in mesenteric and tail arteries from DOCA rats, whereas the shift in ED 30 for serotonin and methylsergide in aortae exceeded that to noradrenaline. In SHR, the shift in ED 30 for serotonin and methylsergide in tail and mesenteric arteries was greater than that to noradrenaline; SHR aortae did not differ from WKY aortae. 5. Arteries from hypertensive rats (except SHR aorta) developed a greater maximal contraction to methysergide than those from controls; maximal contractions to noradrenaline and serotonin were either less than or similar to those of controls. 6. The agonistic action of methysergide in DOCA rats paralleled the development of high arterial pressure. Low sodium diet abated the high pressure in DOCA rats and reduced vascular sensitivity to all agonists. 7. These observations support the view that in hypertension there is a generalized increase in vasoconstrictor sensitivity. The major finding is that, in two hypertensive models, there is a uniquely greater increase in vascular responsiveness to the agonistic action of methysergide.
New operational mode of the pencil beam interferometry based LTP

The advent of fully coherent free electron laser and diffraction limited synchrotron storage ring sources of x-rays is catalyzing the development of new ultra-high accuracy metrology methods. To fully exploit the potential of these sources, metrology needs to be capable of determining the figure of an optical element with sub-nanometer height accuracy. Currently, the two most prevalent slope measuring instruments used for characterization of x-ray optics are the auto-collimator based nanometer optical measuring device (NOM) and the long trace profiler (LTP) using pencil beam interferometry. These devices have been consistently improved upon by the x-ray optics metrology community, but appear to be approaching their metrological limits. Here, we consider a novel operational mode for the LTP. The fundamental measuring principle of the LTP is reviewed, and a suggested mode of operation is analytically derived. This mode of operation leads to significant suppression of the instrumental systematic errors. Via cross-comparison measurement with the LTP in old and new modes, the performance of the profiler in the new mode is investigated. We also discuss potential areas of further development, including the possibility for local curvature measurement.
Pharmacokinetically Guided Dosing of Oral Drugs: True Precision Oncology?

Higher plasma concentrations of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as pazopanib are associated with improved clinical outcomes. However, TKI pharmacokinetics exhibit significant interpatient variability resulting in inconsistent and unpredictable plasma drug levels. An individualized dosing approach based on patient PK data and toxicity can potentially optimize plasma concentrations of pazopanib.
Platelet-Activating Factor Quantification Using Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography and Selected Reaction Monitoring in Negative Ion Mode.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent biologically active phospholipid that mediates human physiological and pathophysiologic responses. PAF levels increase transiently and are typically assessed by techniques with limitations related to expense, sensitivity, pre-analysis derivatization and interference with isobaric molecules. This study elucidates a facile, accurate liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analytical method for PAF. In negative ion mode using electrospray ionization, collisionally-activated dissociation analysis showed a unique product ion for acetate adducts of PAF molecular species representing the loss of methyl acetate from the polar head group and loss of a part of the acetate group from the sn-2 position. This product ion was exploited for selected reaction monitoring of PAF molecular species following separation by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Standard calibration responses were determined, and this method was able to detect as low as 100 fmol of PAF. Finally, PAF molecular species were quantified in human neutrophils and monocytes.
Water clarity of the Upper Great Lakes: Tracking changes between 1998–2012

Abstract Water clarity trends in three upper Great Lakes, Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron, were assessed via satellite imagery from 1998 to 2012. Light attenuation coefficients (Kd 490 ) from SeaWiFS and Aqua MODIS satellites compared favorably with in situ measurements. Significant temporal and spatial trends and differences in Kd 490 were noted within all three of the lakes. Lake-wide average Kd 490 for Lake Superior did not exhibit any changes between 1998 and 2012. Annual Kd 490 values for Lake Huron, however, showed a significant negative trend during the study period using both SeaWiFS and MODIS datasets. Similarly, annual Kd 490 values of Lake Michigan declined between 1998 and 2010. Only in the offshore waters (> 90 m depth) of northern Lake Michigan did Kd 490 increase but just after 2007. Photic depth increased significantly in both Lake Michigan (≃ 5 m), and Lake Huron (≃ 10 m) when comparing annual Kd 490 for pre- (1998–2001) and post-dreissenid mussel (2006–2010). At seasonal level, significant decreases in Kd 490 in lakes Michigan and Huron were mainly noted for the spring/fall/winter mixing periods. After these recent changes in water clarity, lake-wide photic depths in lakes Michigan and Huron superseded Lake Superior; thus, making Lake Superior no longer the clearest Great Lake. Several factors (e.g. filtering activities of quagga mussels, phosphorus abatement, climate change, etc.) are likely responsible for these large changes.
Some Lessons From Other Countries

Groups resolve their political differences either through controlling each other aversively, socializing shared values, or institutionalizing countercontrols. All three types of controls operate in American society. Its political system by and large reflects the latter solution . Such a solution promotes struggle between groups but also promotes the necessity for cooperation among them. Groups seek means by which they share reinforcers , or define rules by which they tolerate the reinforcers of others. Over the long run, the educational system occupies the center of the struggle between groups operating under different contingencies and competing for similar resources. By shaping the student, groups attempt to shape the future of their society . The characteristics of the American public school system reflects the outcomes of contentions and agreements among special-interest groups. One important outcome is educating how to adjust to the oscillating controls between groups. The compromises necessary in a society with formal and informal countercontrols presses the public school to teach the repertoires with which groups may accommodate each other and the values that make accommodation a good action to take. But current struggles over what is to be taught, and how, and to whom, imply a shift to centralization of control, factionalization of communities, and ecclesiastization of curriculum; in short, a displacement in the balance of controls over the school system , a displacement that will change the pluralistic nature of American society . Similar tendencies in the controls over the educational systems of other countries illustrate what this shift implies.
The Effects of Environmental Conditions and External Treatments on Virulence of Foodborne Pathogens

Pathogenic microorganisms engage an array of virulence factors to successfully infect their host. The expression of such virulence factors is modulated by changes in the biosphere, and chemical cues through receptor-mediated communications. Recent research has identified several sensory mechanisms and compounds that facilitate chemical cross-talk between microbes or between microbes and the external environment, thereby facilitating pathogens to efficiently utilize their virulence attributes. This chapter highlights the various virulence mechanisms applied by microbes, especially foodborne pathogens, and the effects of external environmental conditions and physico-chemical treatments on the expression of major virulence factors, with an aim to develop effective intervention strategies for enhancing the safety of foods.
La Celebración de la Hibridez en Sandra Cisneros y Mia Couto. Reflexiones Sobre la Identidad en los Márgenes

Sandra Cisneros y Mia Couto son dos autores muy diversos entre si que desarrollan su produccion literaria en contextos muy diferentes: Cisneros, en el marco de la literatura Chicana, cuyo eje son los personajes femeninos oprimidos en una sociedad patriarcal que las mantiene silenciadas y confinadas al ostracismo y a la violencia de sus hogares.
Maternal Employment and Household Food Production: Implications for Nutrition and Obesity

This paper explores the mechanisms through which maternal employment affects the quality of household nutrition and the implications for obesity of family members. Using comparable samples from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) and the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), I find that maternal employment is negatively associated with time spent shopping for and preparing food and positively associated with the share of household food expenditure spent on food prepared away from home. This substitution of money for time in food consumption can have detrimental effects on the nutrition of both adults and children in the family. In married-couple families, I find that the quality of food-intake falls with maternal employment in all subgroups studied, and that obesity sometimes, but not always, rises with maternal employment. In single-mother families, however, my results suggest a weaker association between maternal labor supply, quality of food intake, and obesity. Overall, my findings suggest that maternal employment can explain very little of the time trend increase in obesity.
Antecedents and consequences of home-sharing stays: Evidence from a nationwide household tourism survey

Abstract This study aims to understand the demand for home-sharing lodging and whether this accommodation choice influences guest experiences, in terms of overall trip satisfaction and perceived value. Using a dataset from a large-scale nationwide household tourism survey, we adopted a two-step empirical analysis to investigate the antecedents and consequences of home-sharing stays. In the first step, results from logit models highlight various factors explaining the drivers behind choosing home-sharing lodging versus hotel lodging, such as tourists' tripographics, prior travel experiences, tech savviness, sociodemographics, destination home-sharing supply, and crime rate. In the second step, we employed propensity score matching to compare trip satisfaction and perceived value between home-sharing users and hotel users who were matched based on a similar propensity to choose home-sharing. Results suggest that while home-sharing users perceive a higher value for the trip, no significant difference exists between the two groups’ trip satisfaction. Lastly, practical implications are provided.
Share of Advertising Voice at the Point-of-Sale and Its Influence on At-Risk Students' Use of Alternative Tobacco Products.

INTRODUCTION As adolescent tobacco use shifts from traditional cigarettes to alternative products, it is important to understand the influence of point-of-sale (POS) advertising on product use. This research investigated whether the percentage of POS advertising for a particular product, known as the share of advertising voice (SAV), moderated the relationship between exposure to POS tobacco advertisements and tobacco use among at-risk youth. METHODS Longitudinal self-report data from 746 students attending 20 alternative high schools in southern California was merged with observational data cataloging 2101 advertisements for cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco from 87 tobacco retail outlets within a half mile of the schools. Four multilevel Poisson regression models examined whether SAV interacted with POS tobacco advertising exposure to influence the use of tobacco products 1 year later. RESULTS Adolescent exposure to POS tobacco advertisements was significantly associated with increased use of all four tobacco products (p < .02). When SAV was added to the model as a moderator, the results showed a significant interaction, such that increasing the SAV for e-cigarettes was associated with greater use of that product (β = 0.27, SE = 0.07, p < .001). The same moderating effect was found for smokeless tobacco (β = 0.56, SE = 0.19, p = .004) but no moderating effect was observed for cigarettes or cigars. CONCLUSION POS SAV has the potential to influence at-risk students' use of alternative tobacco products and may be a contributing factor to recent nationwide shifts in youth tobacco use. IMPLICATIONS Future studies should monitor changes in SAV to gain insight into POS marketing trends that may be impacting youth tobacco use. In addition, state and local governments should consider implementing policies that limit the volume and proportion of POS tobacco advertising for all nicotine and tobacco products available in retail environments near schools. Restrictions placed on a single product may cause unintended shifts in product selection rather than a reduction in youth tobacco use.
Steam-Stable Covalently Bonded Polyethylenimine Modified Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes for Carbon Dioxide Capture

The development of steam-stable materials suitable for sustainable CO2 capture in the postcombustion process is important for global CO2 reduction. In this study, covalently bonded polyethylenimine (PEI) modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT) were analyzed with multiple characterization methods, while the covalent amide bonds were identified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Analysis with multiple linear regression indicated that surface area and total number of functional groups installed were the dominant factors that contributed to covalent PEI loading. CO2 capture and stability of the material were evaluated under dry and steam conditions. Under steam conditions, the CO2 capture of the new materials improved by 14% compared to dry conditions, and the PEI loading and CNT surface chemistry remained stable. In contrast, CO2 capture and PEI loading for physisorbed PEI-CNT decreased for steam conditions compared to dry conditions. These results indicate that the synthesis of carbon-bonded amine ...
Electrical Interconnects Fabricated From Biodegradable Conductive Polymer Composites

This paper presents the development and characterization of biodegradable electrical interconnects for transient implantable medical devices. The interconnects comprised micropatterned biodegradable conductive polymer composites, which were developed using iron (Fe) microparticles as the conductive filler and polycaprolactone (PCL) as the insulating matrix. The electrical properties of the composites were investigated under various degradation conditions. Electrical percolation was observed at 17% Fe volume fraction, but higher volume fractions exhibited more stable electrical resistivity throughout the time course of physiological degradation. The electrical resistivity of 40%vf Fe-PCL composites increased tenfold in an emulated packaged environment under degradation. Biodegradable electrical interconnects based on 40%vf Fe-PCL composites were successfully micropatterned in daisy-chain structures, illustrating the process compatibility of Fe-PCL composites for interconnect applications. The electrical resistance of the packaged daisy-chain structures exhibited a reasonable increase under degradation. An electrical lifetime of over five days was also achieved. System integration with a commercial humidity sensor and analytical calculations supporting other application scenarios confirmed the feasibility of micropatterned Fe-PCL interconnects for use in implantable electrical systems.
Engineering Three-Dimensional (3D) Out-of-Plane Graphene Edge Sites for Highly-Selective Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis

Selective two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) offers a promising route for hydrogen peroxide synthesis, and defective sp2-carbon-based materials are attractive, low-cost electrocatalysts f...
Individual differences in encoding strategies and free recall dynamics

Individual differences in encoding strategies and their relation to free recall dynamics were examined. Participants performed a delayed free recall task and following each list reported which strategies they may have used on the prior list. Individual differences in effective encoding strategy use were positively correlated with overall recall performance. Examining recall dynamics suggested that variation in effective encoding strategy use was associated with greater recall, particularly on non-primacy items and slightly more organised recall in terms of recall transitions. However, no differences were found for recall of items at the first serial position, in recall initiation, or in how quickly participants recalled items. Collectively, the results are consistent with the notion that effective encoding strategies increase the strength of items, resulting in a higher likelihood of recovering the items during recall. Individual differences in control processes in the form of effective encoding strategies are critically important for understanding normal variation in memory abilities.
Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Single Right Ventricle in Congenital Heart Disease : Results of New Techniques

Right ventricular (RV) function is increasingly recognized as having prognostic significance in various disease processes. The current gold standard for noninvasive measurement of RV function is cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; however, because of practical considerations, echocardiography remains the most often used modality for evaluating the RV. In the past, because of its complex morphology, echocardiographic assessment of the RV was usually qualitative in nature. Current advances in echocardiographic techniques have been able to overcome some of the previous limitations and thus quantification of RV function is increasingly being performed. In addition, recent echocardiographic guidelines for evaluating the RV have been published to aid in standardizing practice. The evaluation of RV function almost certainly has no greater importance than in the congenital heart population, especially in those patients that have a single RV acting as the systemic ventricle. As this complex population continues to increase in number, accurate and precise evaluation of RV function will be a major issue in determining clinical care.
An Examination of Concurrent Opioid and Benzodiazepine Prescribing in 9 States, 2015.

Introduction Concurrent prescribing of opioids and benzodiazepines is discouraged by evidence-based clinical guidelines because of the known risks of taking these medications in combination. Methods This study analyzed concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine prescribing in 9 states using the 2015 Prescription Behavior Surveillance System, a multistate database of de-identified prescription drug monitoring program data. Concurrent prescribing rates were examined among individuals with both an opioid and a benzodiazepine prescription. Among patients with concurrent prescribing, total days of opioid supply, daily dosage of opioids, and total days of concurrent prescriptions were examined. Analyses were stratified by whether concurrent prescribing was from a single prescriber or multiple prescribers. Opioid prescribing and concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine prescribing rates were examined by age and sex. Analyses were conducted in 2018. Results Among 19,977,642 patients that were prescribed an opioid, 21.6% (4,324,092) were also prescribed a benzodiazepine, of which 54.9% (2,375,219) had concurrent prescriptions. More than half of patients with concurrent opioids and benzodiazepines received prescriptions from 2 or more distinct prescribers. Mean total opioid days, daily opioid dosage, and days of concurrent prescribing were higher among patients when multiple prescribers were involved compared with concurrent prescriptions from the same prescriber. Concurrent prescribing was more common among adults aged ≥50 years and female patients. Conclusions Public health interventions are needed to reduce concurrent prescribing of opioids and benzodiazepines. Evidence-based guidelines can help reduce concurrent prescribing when one prescriber is involved, and utilization of prescription drug monitoring programs and improved care coordination could help address concurrent prescribing when multiple prescribers are involved.
Characteristics and Social Media Discourse That Influence Action

In our previous research we investigated the question of whether social media commentary merely confirmed previously held convictions or whether it changed them. We found that the topic, purpose, and certain individual characteristics factored into this outcome. In this paper, we further identified from that data collection characteristics of social media discourse that led to taking-action. Affect intensity combined with one's previous sentiment conviction were determinants in whether one simply asserted an opinion compared with "doing something about it."
Economic Benefits of Investment in Transport Infrastructure

This paper begins by motivating the need for including "wider economic effects" when conducting transport infrastructure appraisal, followed by a discussion of various techniques to do so. The major focus is on studies from the cost function perspective that incorporate spillover benefits from public infrastructure capital, with a presentation of applications on highways, airports, and ports infrastructure stocks. The substantial differences between approaches focusing on "narrow" and "wider" impacts is evaluated, along with discussion of how application of the tools of spatial econometrics has facilitated estimation of models that capture wider economic benefits
Radiographic predictors of therapeutic operative intervention after blunt abdominal trauma: the RAPTOR score

Bowel and mesenteric injuries are rare in patients following blunt abdominal trauma. Computed tomography (CT) imaging has become a mainstay in the work-up of the stable trauma patient. The purpose of this study was to identify radiographic predictors of therapeutic operative intervention for mesenteric and/or bowel injuries in patients after blunt abdominal trauma. All patients with a discharge diagnosis of bowel and/or mesenteric injury after blunt trauma were identified over a 5-year period. Admission CT scans were reviewed to identify potential predictors of bowel and/or mesenteric injury. Patients were then stratified by operative intervention [therapeutic laparotomy (TL) vs. non-therapeutic laparotomy (NTL)] and compared. All potential predictors included in the initial regression model were assigned one point and a score based on the number of predictors was calculated: the radiographic predictors of therapeutic operative intervention (RAPTOR) score. 151 patients were identified. 114 (76%) patients underwent operative intervention. Of these, 75 patients (66%) underwent TL. Multifocal hematoma, acute arterial extravasation, bowel wall hematoma, bowel devascularization, fecalization, pneumoperitoneum and fat pad injury, identified as potential predictors on univariable analysis, were included in the initial regression model and comprised the RAPTOR score. The optimal RAPTOR score was identified as ≥ 3, with a sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of 67%, 85% and 86%, respectively. Acute arterial extravasation (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.2–4.3), bowel devascularization (OR 14.5; 95% CI 11.8–18.4) and fat pad injury (OR 4.5 95% CI 1.6–6.2) were identified as independent predictors of TL (AUC 0.91). CT imaging remains vital in assessing for potential bowel and/or mesenteric injuries following blunt abdominal trauma. The RAPTOR score provides a simplified approach to predict the need for early therapeutic operative intervention.
Dexamethasone eluting 3D printed metal devices for bone injuries.

Aim: Additively manufactured (3D printed), stainless steel implants were coated with dexamethasone using gelatin, chondroitin sulfate for use in bone graft surgeries. Materials & methods: The drug ...
Resonant Wavefront-Shaping Metasurfaces Based on Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum

We experimentally demonstrate dielectric metasurfaces that support spatially tailored dark modes (quasi-Bound States in the Continuum) and mold optical wavefronts only at narrowband Fano resonances, while leaving the rest of the spectrum unaffected.
Therapeutic Pitfalls in the Transition of Neurologic Patients from Pediatric to Adult Health Care Providers

Transitions of care from the pediatric to adult setting are fraught with difficulty. For patients whose neurologic problems began in childhood, there is often a lack of organized multidisciplinary care with the desired neurologic expertise in the adult setting. This monograph highlights those difficulties, reviewing disease-specific instances of the problems with transition from pediatric to adult neurologic care. The use of an arbitrary chronologic age cutoff for transition from pediatric to adult expertise in specific disease state may be a disservice in provision of care, and the disease-specific expertise of providers may outweigh the benefit of an age-related provider focus.
Machine Learning from Randomized Experiments: The Case of the Tick Size Pilot Program

In this paper, I investigate the Tick Size Pilot Program with the goal of policy evaluation beyond average treatment effect. Using a machine learning approach, I study policy effects stock-by-stock on three major market quality measures, percentage quoted spread, consolidated displayed depth, and high-low volatility. For each pilot stock, I test whether it receives significant treatment effects. I find less than half of the pilot stocks in the treatment groups show positive significance for percentage quoted spread; more than 80% shows positive significance for consolidated displayed depth; only less than 5% shows significance for high-low volatility in either direction; the control group stocks rarely show significance for all the outcomes, revealing no spillover effect at the individual level. Tick constrainedness turns out to be useful in explaining differing significance only for percentage quoted spread, but not for consolidated displayed depth. Percentage realized spread, though, appears to explain for the both outcomes: the lower percentage realized spread, the more likely is the null hypothesis rejected, indicating less-profitable stocks for liquidity providers in the pre-intervention periods tend to receive significant effects in the post-intervention periods.
A bifurcation theorem for Darwinian matrix models and an application to the evolution of reproductive life-history strategies.

We prove bifurcation theorems for evolutionary game theoretic (Darwinian dynamic) versions of nonlinear matrix equations for structured population dynamics. These theorems generalize existing theor...
Simon’s Decision Phases and User Performance: An Experimental Study

What specific activities do users engage in when using decision support software to solve complex problems and how do they unfold? This paper describes an experimental study where managers solved d...
Lewontin did not commit Lewontin's fallacy, his critics do: Why racial taxonomy is not useful for the scientific study of human variation

In 1972, R.C. Lewontin concluded that it follows from the fact that the large majority of human genetic variation (≈ 85%) is among individuals within local populations that racial taxonomy is unjustified. Three decades later, Edwards demonstrated that while the accuracy with which individuals may be assigned to groups is poor for a single locus, consideration of multi-locus data allows for highly accurate assignments. Edwards concluded that Lewontin's dismissal of racial taxonomy was unwarranted. Edwards misidentified the aim of Lewontin's critique, which was directed at the utility of racial classification and not at assigning individuals to groups using genetic data. Moreover, Edwards conflated distinct kinds of correlation when sketching out his argument. If we follow Edwards' argument to its natural terminus, it becomes clear that it is consideration of all of the correlation structure among local groups in human genetic data that renders racial taxonomy scientifically useless. Lewontin considers the correlation structure relevant to his analysis of racial taxonomy and does not make his eponymous misstep. Rather, critics of Lewontin who use racial taxonomies in their work are the primary offenders when it comes to committing Lewontin's fallacy.
Electron-Ion Ionization

Electron impact ionization of ions received little attention until the 1950’s when nonequilibrium approaches to astrophysics gained favor and the international push for controlled thermonuclear fusion began. Spurred by these needs, discussed more fully in Chapter 9, and aided by technological advances in ultra-high vacuum and electronics, Dolder, Harrison and Thoneman (1961) made the first successful electron-ion ionization measurements on e + He+ → He2+ + 2e. Not only was this the first ever measurement of this type, but it has served as a role model of the crossed charged beams technique and of quality work for the dozens of subsequent beams experiments.
School Counselors' Roles in Creating and Implementing Social Stories to Serve Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

The percentage of students educationally identified with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is on the rise and school counselors are called to serve this population. Social stories are recommended in t...
Rabbit Brain Phosphofructokinase COMPARISON OF REGULATORY PROPERTIES WITH THOSE OF OTHER PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE ISOZYMES

Abstract A procedure was developed for the purification of phosphofructokinase from rabbit brain extracts. The enzyme was purified more than 100-fold with a yield of greater than 50 %. It was found to have the same distribution of multiple molecular forms as found in the total brain extract, including one molecular species that is different from the more extensively studied muscle (heart) and liver (erythrocyte) isozymes. The regulatory properties of brain phosphofructokinase were compared with those of muscle and liver phosphofructokinases at pH 7.1 and 7.4. All three enzymes were inhibited less at pH 7.4 than at 7.1. At pH 7.1 the sensitivity to ATP as an inhibitor decreased in the order liver g muscle g brain. At pH 7.4, the relative sensitivities of brain and muscle phosphofructokinases were reversed with the brain enzyme being inhibited at slightly lower concentrations of ATP. Other inhibitors acted synergistically with ATP. Sensitivity to inhibition by 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate decreased in the order muscle g brain g liver. With 2,3-diphosphoglycerate as an inhibitor, the sensitivity decreased in the order liver g muscle g brain. Muscle phosphofructokinase was the most sensitive to citrate inhibition. Creatine phosphate, a potent inhibitor of muscle phosphofructokinase, was completely ineffective as an inhibitor of liver and brain phosphofructokinase. The actions of activators were evaluated at pH 7.4 in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of ATP. The three enzymes were almost equally responsive to the deinhibiting action of AMP and cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate, although the enzyme from liver requires slightly higher concentrations. Muscle phosphofructokinase was the least sensitive to deinhibition by inorganic phosphate. The results are discussed with respect to the varying modes of carbohydrate metabolism in the different tissues taking into consideration the tissue concentrations of the effectors and the variations of concentration in different physiological states. The enzymes from brain and liver are apparently chiefly controlled by the relative amounts of the adenine nucleotides and inorganic phosphate. An exception may be the erythrocyte, which has the same isozyme that is present in liver. Here, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate may play an important role in regulation. Muscle phosphofructokinase also responds to varying levels of adenine nucleotides but in vivo it is most likely that the principal regulatory effectors are creatine phosphate, citrate, and possibly, 3-phosphoglycerate.
Some Challenges in Digital Forensics

This essay discusses some of the principal challenges facing the emerging discipline of digital forensics. Most of the challenges have a scientific basis—understanding the needs and limitations caused by changes in the scope and pace of information technology. Others are engineering in nature, requiring the construction of new software and hardware to enable the collection, retention and examination of potential digital evidence. All of the challenges have administrative and legal frameworks within which they must be addressed, and the limits and structures imposed by these frameworks must evolve and be shaped by science, engineering and practice.
The Chimeric E2A-HLF Transcription Factor Abrogates p53-Induced Apoptosis in Myeloid Leukemia Cells

Leukemic lymphoblasts expressing the E2A-HLF oncoprotein possess wild-type p53 genes, but do not undergo apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Experimentally, E2A-HLF prevents apoptosis due to growth factor deprivation or gamma-irradiation in interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent murine pro-B cells. To directly test the chimeric protein's ability to abrogate p53-mediated cell death, we used mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1p53tsval) that constitutively express a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant p53 gene and undergo apoptosis when p53 assumes an active wild-type configuration. This effect is blocked by treatment with IL-6, which allows the cells to survive in culture despite wild-type p53 activation. We introduced E2A-HLF into M1p53tsval cells and found that they were resistant to p53-mediated apoptosis and that E2A-HLF effectively substituted for the survival functions of IL-6. The expression of p53-responsive genes such as p21 and Bax was upregulated normally, suggesting that E2A-HLF acts downstream of p53 to block execution of the p53-induced apoptotic program. NFIL3, a growth factor-regulated bZIP protein that binds to the same DNA-consensus site as E2A-HLF, delays apoptosis in IL-3-dependent pro-B cells deprived of growth factor. By contrast, in the present study, enforced expression of NFIL3 failed to protect M1p53tsval cells from p53-dependent apoptosis and actively antagonized the ability of IL-6 to rescue cells from that fate, consistent with its role as either a transcriptional repressor or activator, depending on the cell type in which it is expressed. We conclude that the E2A-HLF chimera abrogates p53-induced apoptosis in leukemic cells, possibly through the transcriptional modulation of cell death pathways that are activated by p53 in response to DNA damage.
Cristalius: A Case in Designer Drugs

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Among recreational drug users, there is a new wave of designer drugs being marketed as “bath salts” and “plant food,” which mimic the effects of cocaine/amphetamines and ecstasy (MDMA [3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine]). Presented is the case of a patient who snorted a bath salt called Cristalius. Case presentation: A 22-year-old male Soldier was seen in an emergency department for syncope, agitation, confusion, and tachycardia. He reported snorting 1 g of Cristalius the night before. Significant labs included a creatine kinase of 668 U/L, serum creatinine of 1.35 mg/dL, and troponin of 0.516 ng/mL. His abnormal labs trended to normal and a computed tomography coronary angiogram was unremarkable. Discussion: The main ingredients postulated in these products are mephedrone and a synthetic cathinone derivatives of the khat plant. The intended effects include euphoria, empathic connection, mood enhancement, increased sensory perception, with decreased inhibition. Unwanted sympathomi...
Sweat loss during heat stress contributes to subsequent reductions in lower-body negative pressure tolerance.

New findings • What is the central question of this study? Heat stress compromises blood pressure control, reducing an individual's tolerance to a simulated hemorrhagic challenge. The contribution of sweating, and the resulting loss of total body water, during heat stress on heat-induced reductions in haemorrhagic tolerance is unknown. • What is the main finding and its importance? Unreplaced sweat loss and the associated reduction in blood volume contribute to reductions in haemorrhagic tolerance in heat-stressed individuals; however, this impairment is secondary to the negative impact of heat stress itself. These findings highlight the importance of adequate hydration in individuals who are exposed to heat stress and are at a higher risk for a haemorrhagic injury, such as soldiers, firefighters and construction workers. The contribution of sweating to heat stress-induced reductions in haemorrhagic tolerance is not known. This study tested the hypothesis that fluid loss due to sweating contributes to reductions in simulated haemorrhagic tolerance in conditions of heat stress. Eight subjects (35 ± 8 years old; 77 ± 5 kg) underwent a normothermic time control and two heat stress trials (randomized). The two heat stress trials were as follows: (i) with slow intravenous infusion of lactated Ringer solution sufficient to offset sweat loss (IV trial); or (ii) without intravenous infusion (dehydration; DEH trial). Haemorrhage was simulated via progressive lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) to presyncope after core body (intestinal) temperature was raised by ∼1.5°C using a water-perfused suit or a normothermic time control period. The LBNP tolerance was quantified via a cumulative stress index. Middle cerebral artery blood velocity (transcranial Doppler) and mean blood pressure (Finometer®) were measured continuously. Relative changes in plasma volume were calculated from haematocrit and haemoglobin. Increases in core body temperature and sweat loss (∼1.6% body mass deficit) were similar (P > 0.05) between heat stress trials. Slow intravenous infusion (1.2 ± 0.3 litres) prevented heat-induced reductions in plasma volume (IV trial, −0.6 ± 6.1%; and DEH trial, −6.6 ± 5.1%; P= 0.01). Intravenous infusion improved LBNP tolerance (632 ± 64 mmHg min) by ∼20% when compared with the DEH trial (407 ± 117 mmHg min; P= 0.01), yet tolerance remained 44% lower in the IV trial relative to the time control normothermic trial (1138 ± 183 mmHg min; P < 0.01). These data indicate that although sweat-induced dehydration impairs simulated haemorrhagic tolerance, this impairment is secondary to the negative impact of heat stress itself.
FITMOS modeling and dynamic on-state characteristic evaluation

This paper presents a study of the detailed characteristics of the new Floating Island and Thick Bottom Oxide Trench Gate MOSFET (FITMOS) developed at Toyota. FITMOS has tremendous potential for automotive applications due to its low on-resistance, improved temperature coefficient of resistance and low gate charge. During the study, the key characteristics of this novel FITMOS were investigated; a behavioral model was developed in SPICE for simulation and optimization purposes, and their applications in the design of automotive power electronics was explored. In this study, we also identify a previously unrecognized phenomenon in the FITMOS MOSFET. In particular, we show that the on-state resistance of the device depends on both frequency and peak di/dt at a given frequency1. This dynamic on-resistance variation can have a significant application impact.
Active volcanism beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet and implications for ice-sheet stability

IT is widely understood that the collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) would cause a global sea level rise of 6 m, yet there continues to be considerable debate about the detailed response of this ice sheet to climate changel–3. Because its bed is grounded well below sea level, the stability of the WAIS may depend on geologically controlled conditions at the base which are independent of climate. In particular, heat supplied to the base of the ice sheet could increase basal melting and thereby trigger ice streaming, by providing the water for a lubricating basal layer of till on which ice streams are thought to slide4,5. Ice streams act to protect the reservoir of slowly moving inland ice from exposure to oceanic degradation, thus enhancing ice-sheet stability. Here we present aerogeophysical evidence for active volcanism and associated elevated heat flow beneath the WAIS near the critical region where ice streaming begins. If this heat flow is indeed controlling ice-stream formation, then penetration of ocean waters inland of the thin hot crust of the active portion of the West Antarctic rift system could lead to the disappearance of ice streams, and possibly trigger a collapse of the inland ice reservoir.
An alternative to least squares statistics for comparison of duplicate measurements

Abstract We describe a method for the comparison of measurements of the same pollutant taken simultaneously by two instruments. The method requires no information about the precision of the instruments and does not assume, as the typically used linear regression by least squares method does, that the errors for one instrument are negligible. The method does require that the data be distributed to permit unambiguous separation into three groups. The method provides confidence interval estimates. We present examples and recommendations for using the method and compare it with least squares.
MR monitoring during cryotherapy in the liver: Predictability of histologic outcome

For well-controlled application of cryotherapy to focal liver lesions, real-time monitoring is necessary to limit the final necrotic effect in the treated area. In this study, near real-time magnetic resonance (MR) monitoring images of normal rabbit liver were obtained during the freezing procedure. The MR-monitored, freezing-induced lesions were followed with MR images for up to 3 weeks. Corresponding histologic samples were also obtained over the same time period. Our results indicate that MR images obtained during the freezing procedure can adequately depict the area of final necrosis. Furthermore, histologic changes at each stage of lesion development correlated well with MR signal intensities on follow-up images. With the development of an MR-compatible cryogen probe, MR imaging may prove to be a robust method for monitoring, controlling, and following up cryotherapy in the liver.
Rhombohedral phase stability of the group-VA elements

The structural stability of the rhombohedral and simple cubic phases is studied for the group-VA elements. Using an ab initio pseudopotential total-energy method, the calculated phonon frequencies for the longitudinal acoustic mode at the corner of the simple-cubic Brillouin zone are found to soften. This suggests that all group-V elements are likely to form in the rhombohedral structure with respect to the simple cubic phase. At high pressures, the rhombohedral stability is diminished, causing a transition to the simple-cubic structure.
AMPK – A pivotal rheostat in the control of cardiac metabolism

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is emerging as a central regulator of the myocardial stress response. AMPK exerts important metabolic and non-metabolic actions and lies at the intersection of potential novel approaches to the treatment of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes. This review focuses on emerging data regarding the regulation of AMPK, the metabolic actions of AMPK in the heart and highlights the possible role of AMPK in novel cardioprotective strategies.
Increase in TUNEL Positive Cells in Aorta from Diabetic Rats

TUNEL staining, which allows detection of fragmented DNA in situ, is commonly used as an indication of apoptosis. Recent studies suggest that apoptosis is increased in several pathophysiological conditions. In this study we examined the hypothesis that chronic diabetes is associated with an increase in TUNEL staining of the aorta. Diabetic rats were studied 4—5 months after injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). Aorta of diabetic and control rats were examined for TUNEL staining, morphology by electron microscopy, and DNA contamination in RNA preparation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TUNEL staining of aortic sections showed a 6 fold increase of positive cells in the media of diabetic aorta (22 ± 6%) (mean ± SE) compared with aorta from age-matched controls (3.6 ± 0.9%, p < 0.05). Electron microscopy demonstrated typical apoptotic cells and bodies in the media of aorta from diabetic but not control rats. DNA contamination was found in RNA prepared from diabetic aorta, which was detected using PCR, w...
Juvenile survival in common loons Gavia immer: effects of natal lake size and pH

Survival is a vexing parameter to measure in many young birds because of dispersal and delayed impacts of natal rearing conditions on fitness. Drawing upon marking and resighting records from an 18-yr study of territorial behavior, we used Cormack–Jolly–Seber analysis with Program MARK to estimate juvenile survival and its predictors in a population of common loons Gavia immer. In addition, we investigated predictors of chick mass, survival and inter-sibling size disparity in two-chick broods. Both small size and low pH of natal lakes predicted poor survival among chicks and juveniles; thus, features of the natal environment have both immediate and lasting effects on fitness. The pH × stage interaction retained in our MARK models indicates that the detrimental impact of lake chemistry on fitness diminishes with time; the retention of pH × lake size as a predictor of chick mass and condition pinpoints small lakes as those where acidity impacts chicks most severely. Our adjusted estimate of 0.53 probability of for survival to age 3 suggests that loon populations are healthier than often supposed.