cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen and Sulfur Input-Output Budgets in the Experimental and Reference Watersheds, Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM)

Dry (NH4)2S0, (1,800 eq−1 h−1 yr−1) has been applied to the western of two contiguous 10 ha catchments at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM) since November, 1989. The initial rapid and significant response in both S and N in West Bear, compared to the reference East Bear, slowed after three years. Annual S retention of the total experimental treatment decreased from 86 to 34%, with a seven year cumulative retention of 59%. Hydrology influences the export flux of S; S is retained more in dry seasons and dry years. The annual retention of N has decreased from 96 to 81%, with a cumulative retention of 82%. The export of N from the reference watershed has declined from 178 to 23 eq−1 h−1 yr−1 during the treatment period. The treatment N (as NH4) initially stimulated nitrification, and caused pre-existing N to be lost in runoff, rather than the treatment N. Retention of the treatment N has decreased to approximately 80%. The majority of the retained N is stored in the soil, but the reasons for the decreased flux from the reference watershed are not known.
Effect of Pemphigus Antibodies on Desmosomal Structure In Vitro

Changes in desmosomes were noted in nonacantholytic regions of skin explants cultured in the presence of intercellular antibodies. These changes included dissociation of desmosomes, as well as a "selective loss" of desmosomal components in one or both of neighboring cells.
Organization and ordered expression of Caulobacter genes encoding flagellar basal body rod and ring proteins.

The biogenesis of the polar flagellum in Caulobacter crescentus is limited to a specific time in the cell cycle and to a specific site on the cell. The basal body is the first part of the flagellum to be assembled. In this report we identify a cluster of genes encoding basal body components and describe their transcriptional regulation. The genes in this cluster form an operon whose expression is controlled temporally. The first two genes encode homologs of FlgF and FlgG, which are the proximal and distal rod proteins, respectively. The sequences of the N and C termini of the Salmonella typhimurium flagellar axial proteins, rod, hook and HAP-1, known to be highly conserved, share a high degree of sequence identity with the FlgF and FlgG rod proteins of the distantly related, C. crescentus. Two additional genes in the flgF, flgG operon, flaD and flgH, both encode proteins with potentially cleavable signal sequences. The flgH gene, encoding the L-ring protein, is also transcribed from an internal promoter. Transcription from the flgF promoter initiates prior to initiation at the internal flgH promoter. The internal promoter and its activator site reside within the C-terminal coding sequence of the upstream flaD gene. This type of gene overlap is also observed in bacterial genes involved in cell division. Flagellum biogenesis, like cell division, is a morphogenic event that requires the orderly assembly of component proteins and the overlapping gene organization may affect this “ordering” of assembly. The promoters for the flgF operon and the flgH gene use sigma 54 to initiate transcription. The use of σ54 promoters, known to require cognate binding proteins, could allow the fine-tuning that provides the temporal ordering of flagellar gene transcription. In this context, we have found that the flgF operon and the distal flgI gene encoding the P-ring, share a σ54 activator sequence (class IIA) that differs from the flgH L-ring gene σ54 activator site (class IIB) and the hook cluster (class IIC) σ54 activator site. The sequential activation of these three subgroups of structural genes reflects the order of assembly of their gene products into the flagellum.
Osteocyte Signaling in Bone

Osteocytes, the cells residing within the bone matrix and comprising 90% to 95% of the all bone cells, have long been considered quiescent bystander cells compared to the osteoblasts and osteoclasts whose activities cause bone gain and loss, and whose dysfunction lead to growth defects and osteoporosis. However, recent studies show that osteocytes play a crucial, central role in regulating the dynamic nature of bone in all its diverse functions. Osteocytes are now known to be the principal sensors for mechanical loading of bone. They produce the soluble factors that regulate the onset of both bone formation and resorption. Osteocytes regulate local mineral deposition and chemistry at the bone matrix level, and they also function as endocrine cells producing factors that target distant organs such as the kidney to regulate phosphate transport. Osteocytes appear to be the major local orchestrator of many of bone's functions.
A computer system for automation of a laboratory

In the past, scientists have applied the digital computer in an off-line fashion to the problems of analyzing the voluminous data produced by their laboratory instruments. The use of computer techniques for digital filtering, peak finding, and spectral decomposition has greatly increased the rate at which experimental data can be analyzed. More recently, many instrument manufacturers and users have also begun to apply computers on-line to their instruments in an effort to increase the rate at which useful experimental data can be obtained. This paper describes a laboratory automation computer system which simultaneously supports multiple closed-loop experiments and data analysis programs.
Conversion of phospholamban into a soluble pentameric helical bundle.

Although membrane proteins and soluble proteins may achieve their final folded states through different pathways, it has been suggested that the packing inside a membrane protein could maintain a s...
Ultrastructural Changes in Unwhipped and Whipped Egg Albumen Containing Sodium Hexametaphosphate and Triethyl Citrate Plus Trisodium Citrate

Abstract The electron microscope was employed to determine ultrastructural changes in egg albumen without and with sodium hexametaphosphate and triethyl citrate plus trisodium citrate. Unwhipped and whipped albumens containing sodium hexametaphosphate were relatively free of major zones of compacted denatured proteins compared to albumens without this additive. Triethyl citrate plus trisodium citrate had a similar effect but numerous irregular small clumps of medium electron density were evident in this albumen system. Electron dense surface layers of denatured proteins at the air-albumen interface of whipped albumens were much the same without or with additives. Evidence is presented to indicate that sodium hexametaphosphate and trisodium citrate increases foam stability by crosslinking proteins, and triethyl citrate improves foamability by denaturing ovalbumin.
Field-Flow Fractionation: Methodological and Historical Perspectives

Abstract Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is briefly introduced with respect to its working nature, mechanism of retention, types of applications, and relationships to chromatography. Nine fundamental characteristics of FFF are then outlined. The nine characteristics are used (Table I) to distinguish FFF from other separation methods which employ an external field perpendicular to the flow axis. Three brief accounts of the early history of FFF are given. These accounts relate the individual experiences of the three authors of this articles.
AUGMENTATION OF PITUITARY GONADOTROPIC HORMONE BY CHLOROPHYLL, PLANT GROWTH HORMONES1 AND HEMIN2

THE MARKED INCREASE in the effectiveness of pituitary gonadotropic ex′ tract by addition of heme or hemin which was reported by McShan and Meyer (1) and Casidaet al. (a) suggested that chlorophyll, which has a basic nucleus chemically similar to hemin, might also have similar augmentation effect. Preliminary results verified this possibility, and additional experi′ ments were made in which two of the so′called plant growth ‘hormones’ were also tested for augmentation effect. Immature female rats and baby cockerels of the single comb White Leghorn va′ riety were used as experimental animals. Daily injections were made in the rats from the 23rd to the 27th day, and the animals were killed 24 hours after the last injection. The chick series were divided into 3 age groups: in the first, chicks were injected from the 5th to the 14th day after hatching; in the second, from the 5th to the 9th day;
Trends analysis of vegetation exposure indices in rural areas of the U.S.

Abstract In this work, statistical models based on a linear time term are tested to determine if they can adequately represent the behavior over time of indices that relate vegetation exposure to air pollutants at a large number of monitoring sites in the rural U.S. Three pollutants are addressed: ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2)and nitrogen dioxide (NO2. The formulations selected to generate the values of the exposure indices were the sum of all hourly average concentrations (SUM0); in addition, for O3, the sum of all hourly average concentrations weighted with a sigmoidal function, which assigned larger weights to the higher concentrations. The basic hourly average concentration data were selected from routine air monitoring stations of existing networks that met minimum criteria for quality assurance and data completeness. The statistical methodology used was based on a linear regression model which accounted for seasonality and changes in experimental procedures. An additional lag-one autoregressive term was added to the model for those stations which exhibited significant autocorrelation in the data, based on the Durbin-Watson statistic. Long-term analyses included data for 7 to 10 years; short-term analyses included data for 4 to 5 years. Results show that over rural areas of the U.S., these models do not adequately represent the behavior of vegetation exposure indices, both in the long-term and the short-term analyses; the majority of stations did not have statistically significant (5% level) coefficients for the term representing linear dependence on time. Emissions data for SO2, NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOC) over the same time period are also presented. Over the contiguous U.S., emissions between 1979 and 1987 have decreased by a maximum of 3%; emission changes for individual states have generally decreased between 1979 and 1987, but between 1983 and 1987 both increases and decreases have occurred.
The Transition of the Hurricane Frederic Boundary-Layer Wind Field from the Open Gulf of Mexico to Landfall

Abstract Numerous aircraft, ship, buoy and land nation data were composited with respect to the center of Hurricane Frederic for two time periods: a 24 h period corresponding to the storm’s position in the open Gulf of Mexico on 12 September 1979, and an 8 h period corresponding to the landfall of Frederic near 0400 GMT on 13 September. Comparison of wind analyses for the two periods indicated a rotation of maximum inflow angles from the southeast to northeast quadrants and a strong frictional decrease of wind speed over land. Them and other features of the landfall analysis were compared with a model landfall study by Moss and Jones (1978). The landfall composite wind field was compared with the Fujita damage vector analysis to determine the damage time interval and mean wind speed range. Damage vector directions were found to be well correlated with the surface streamlines, with the most severe damage being associated with Frederic’s northern eyewall. Ten-meter-level wind speed data over water (VO) and ...
Beating the Diffraction Limit by Nonlinear Optical Localization Using Electromagnetic Surface Fields (NOLES) Imaging

Plasmonic antennas were used to generate super-resolution nonlinear optical images. One-nanometer localization accuracy (160x the diffraction limit) at two frames/second was routine. High temporal and spatial resolution is critical for imaging dynamic environments.
Cardiovascular Safety of Long Acting Beta Agonist-Inhaled Corticosteroid Combination Products in Adult Patients with Asthma: A Systematic Review

Long-acting beta agonists and inhaled corticosteroids combination products (LABA-ICS) are widely used in the treatment of asthma. However, there appears to be little data on their cardiovascular safety. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the available studies and trials on the cardiovascular safety of LABA-ICS in adults with asthma. Two independent reviewers screened citations from PubMed and National Clinical Trials registry to identify studies and trials on the cardiovascular effects of LABA-ICS in patients with asthma. A total of 15 studies (with 17 cohorts on LABA-ICS to compare with a comparator or placebo) with 5,440 total study participants met the inclusion criteria. Two studies on budesonide–formoterol and one on fluticasone–salmeterol reported treatment emergent cardiovascular adverse events, all of which were dysrhythmias. For comparison, the pooled estimate of the Peto odds ratio (0.72; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.17–3; p = 0.65) and the summary risk ratio (0.77; 95 % CI 0.26–2.3; p = 0.64) indicated a nonsignificant difference between LABA-ICS and comparator/placebo groups. Our systematic review found that few studies and trials reported treatment emergent cardiovascular adverse events with LABA-ICS. However, the Peto odds ratio and risk ratio for these outcomes was statistically nonsignificant. This suggests that LABA-ICS products may have a safe cardiovascular profile in asthma patients.
Addictive agents and intracranial stimulation: Morphine and thresholds for positive intracranial reinforcement

Rats were fixed with chronically indwelling bipolar electrodes. Subsequently, they pressed for direct electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Then thresholds for the positive intracranial reinforcement were measured daily for 20 days while rats were under the influence of morphine injections (10 mg/Kg given 3.5 h prior to testing). Morphine reduced thresholds after the first few days of dosing and the reductions, once seen, did not wane with further dosing. Furthermore, thresholds were reduced by a 10-mg/kg dose of morphine following a regimen of dosing with morphine that produced physical dependence. It was concluded that morphine reduced thresholds for positive intracranial reinforcement and this capability was not changed by assimilation of relatively large quantities of morphine, that is, the effect did not show tolerance.
Magnetic properties of Argentine basin project MUDWAVE samples

Abstract The magnetic properties of samples from nine box cores and three piston cores recovered from three giant mudwaves in the Argentine Basin, South Atlantic Ocean, have been measured. Measurements on mudwave samples include magnetic susceptibility, natural remanent moment and anhysteretic remanent moment. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility was also measured on selected box core samples. The results have been compared to magnetic data already available from similar measurements on Argentine Basin core-top samples. Magnetic characteristics for the core-top samples reflect broad changes in magnetic mineral concentration rather than substantial changes in magnetic grain size across the basin. Changes in this pattern are caused by multiple sources of terrigenous sediment influx from the South American continental margin. The mudwave fields in the center of the basin act as a sediment sink for these materials and are generally characterized by uniform magnetic-grain concentrations, compositions and small grain-sizes. Between and within the mudwaves sampled there are systematic differences as well as similarities in the magnetic properties that appear to be related, at least in part, to sample location with respect to depositional or erosional slopes within each mudwave. The magnetic results are interpreted to indicate that clear changes in bottom water flow are represented in samples recovered from the mudwaves.
Clinical and hemodynamic performance of the 19-mm Carpentier-Edwards porcine bioprosthesis.

Abstract Because of concerns about the hemodynamic performance of 19-mm porcine valves, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical results and echocardiographic studies of 52 consecutive patients who received a 19-mm Carpentier-Edwards porcine bioprosthesis (model 2625) for aortic valve replacement from 1986 through 1991. Nearly 87% of the patients were women, the mean age was 69 years, and the mean body surface area was 1.63 ± 0.27 m 2 . Seventy-three percent of the patients had pure aortic stenosis, 96% were in New York Heart Association classes III and IV, and 56% underwent urgent or emergent operation. Overall hospital mortality was 7.7% with a late mortality of 8.3% at a mean follow-up of 25 ± 18 months. No patient experienced a valve related complication, and 95% of surviving patients were in New York Heart Association classes I and II. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography performed during the first postoperative week revealed a maximal instantaneous gradient of 44.7 ± 13.0 mm Hg. In 43 patients for whom additional data were available, the mean gradient was 26.4 ± 8.2 mm Hg with an effective orifice area of 0.85 ± 0.18 cm 2 . This study defines the normal range of postoperative gradients across the 19-mm Carpentier-Edwards porcine valve and demonstrates that patients receiving this valve can achieve significant clinical improvement despite the presence of high transvalvular gradients measured by echocardiography.
Note on Large Cosmic-Ray Bursts in an Unshielded Ionization Chamber

Large cosmic-ray bursts as recorded with an unshielded ionization chamber have been found to be coincident with extensive atmospheric (Auger) showers as detected with Geiger-M\"uller counters. The experiments show that the bursts observed in the ionization chamber represent regions of very high particle density in an Auger shower. The integral size-frequency distribution curve of these bursts is approximated by an inverse power law with an exponent 2.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.35.
Regional differences in the expression of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity

Field recordings of responses to activation of corticostriatal afferents were made in coronally sectioned rat brain slices. Each recording site was categorized according to its medial to lateral and rostral to caudal position to investigate anatomical differences in synaptic plasticity. Individual responses were highly variable exhibiting extremes of tetanus induced depression and potentiation. Consequently, averaging masked the capacity of these synapses to express long-term forms of plasticity. Block of GABA(A) inhibition and elimination of dopaminergic input with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions both acted to increase the expression of potentiation, but again considerable variability was observed. Separation of recordings into medial and lateral groups revealed clear anatomical trends which contributed to the variability observed in the total sample. Paired-pulse, post-tetanic and long-term potentiation was greater in medial than in lateral groups in normal artificial cerebral spinal fluid. Similar tendencies were seen after block of GABA(A) receptors with bicuculline. 6-Hydroxydopamine lesions in combination with bicuculline treatment reduced medial to lateral differences. Factoring in medial to lateral trends revealed block of GABA(A) receptor mediated inhibition had its greatest effect on medial corticostriatal responses and 6-hydroxydopamine lesions had their greatest effect on lateral responses. From these data we suggest anatomical variation in striatal circuitry may underlie regional differences in synaptic plasticity evoked by corticostriatal activation.
Morphodynamics of subaqueous levee formation: Insights into river mouth morphologies arising from experiments

[1] Levee formation by deposition from sediment-laden flows debouching into open waters has been conceptually and analytically linked to jet hydrodynamics since the middle of the 20th century. Despite this long-standing association between jets and levees, the morphodynamics controlling subaqueous levee development remain largely unquantified and poorly understood. Here we report the results of physical experiments on subaqueous levee development modeled on floodplain tie channel processes. In the laboratory, we created subaqueous levees from a sediment-laden jet entering a basin of still water. Levee formation occurred where the local shear velocity of the jet declined below the critical shear velocity for entrainment of sediment into suspension. The rate of levee deposition depended on the rate of lateral sediment transfer to the jet margins and the settling velocity of suspended sediment. In our friction-dominated flows, lateral sediment flux to the levees was primarily due to dispersive lateral transport driven by turbulence. High rates of sediment transfer from the jet core to the margins led to levee growth that outpaced deposition along the flow centerline. Under hypopycnal conditions, we failed to produce levees. We observed distinct differences in levee morphology due to changes in the size and density of suspended sediment under identical hydrodynamic conditions. Our experimental results and review of published data on hypopycnal river mouths suggest that suspended sediment characteristics, relative magnitude of bed friction, and channel outlet aspect ratios may have a more significant influence on river mouth morphology than the buoyancy of discharging waters as envisioned in existing conceptual models.
Avoiding malunion with 95° fixed-angle distal femoral implants

Malunion of the distal end segment of a fractured femur is a common complication after open reduction and internal fixation when using 95degrees fixed-angle devices. Incorrect positioning of the alignment Kirschner wires can result in implant malposition and subsequent malunion. This article discusses the relevant distal femoral anatomy and the technical points necessary to avoid a malunion when using 95degrees fixed-angle devices.
Impulse tests on low-voltage windings of distribution transformers

These tests are discussed from the viewpoint of field investigations and transient considerations, the transient behavior of distribution transformers, fault detection by induced-voltage-wave method, comparison of fault-detection methods when testing high-voltage windings, and impulse testing low-voltage windings of large high-voltage distribution transformers.
Une petite guinée: Provision ground and plantation in martinique, 1830–1848

(1991). Une petite guinee: Provision ground and plantation in martinique, 1830–1848. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 12, The Slaves' Economy: Independent Production by Slaves in the Americas, pp. 68-91.
Competitive interactions among tropical intertidal limpets

Abstract The keyhole limpet, Fissurella virescens Sowerby, and the pulmonate limpet, Siphonaria gigas Sowerby, are commonly found in intertidal rocky shores along the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica. They occur from mid-low to high intertidal levels and their abundances are inversely correlated. Fissurella virescens is more abundant in the mid intertidal zone, whereas Siphonaria gigas is more abundant in the high zone. A factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects of density on survival and weight loss of each species in order to distinguish between the effects of intra- vs. interspecific competition. The experiment was carried out in the habitat of highest density of each species. Intraspecific competition was found to be important in regulating the population density of Fissurella . Intraspecific competition did not regulate population density of Siphonaria but caused a decrease in body weight at high densities. Interspecific competition between both species was weak.
Detection of heavy metal compounds using a novel inkjet printed surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate

Abstract A novel surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate was successfully fabricated on a silicon wafer using inkjet printing. Silver (Ag) nanoparticle (NP) based ink, with average particle size of 150 nm, was inkjet printed on the surface of the silicon wafer. A thickness of 400 nm was measured for the printed Ag NP film using vertical scanning interferometry. The Ag NP printed SERS substrate was tested toward heavy metal compounds like cadmium sulfide (CdS), zinc oxide (ZnO) and mercury sulfide (HgS). An amplification of the SERS intensity by an order of 3–5 times was observed for all test samples, due to the presence of hotspots between the metal nanoparticle aggregates. The responses demonstrated the feasibility of the novel SERS substrate to be used in applications for detection of heavy metal compounds.
Interpersonal interruptibility: a framework and research program

To date, research exploring interpersonal technology-mediated interruptions has focused on understanding how knowledge of an "interruptee's-local-context" can be utilized to reduce unwanted intrusions. However, the value of everyday interruptions are strongly tied to interrupter-interruptee relationships, interrupter's context and interruption content that we refer to as the 'relational context'. This suggests that a fresh approach to interruptibility research is needed that focuses on understanding how the knowledge of this relational context can be used to improve interruption management decisions. To address this concern a theoretical framework and associated research program are presented. The validity of fundamental aspects of this framework is then demonstrated through a study of cell phone call handling decisions. It shows that "who" is calling is used most of the time (87.4%) by individuals to make call handling decisions (N=834) unlike the interruptee's current local social (34.9%) or cognitive (43%) contexts. In addition, a clear disconnect was shown between the influence of local interrupee-context and relational context in terms of call handling decisions, suggesting that interruption management systems that focus only on an interruptee's-local-context will be ineffective. An alternative design approach is described to address these short comings.
Depression and disability in coronary patients: time to focus on quality of life as an end point.

Depression in acute coronary syndrome patients may have prognostic implications beyond mortality
Cesium in the Mammalian Retina.

Fox and Ramage1 and Sheldon and Ramage2 reported that they were unable to identify, by spectrographic methods, cesium in the tissues of animals of widely divergent genera. Since it is well recognized that different methods of spectra excitation favor the identification of some elements it occurred to us that by use of the interrupted are method (McMillen and Scott3) we might get the identifying lines. Fox and Ramage and Sheldon and Ramage used flame excited spectra in their studies. An examination of several hundred tissue and fluid samples from various mammals by our method failed to give any positive results.Through the kindness of Dr. Douglas Coles of The Veterinary Research Laboratories, Onderstepoort, Transvaal, South Africa, we obtained several ox eyes. In the course of routine spectrographic analysis of these specimens for barium, cesium was found in the retina. This led us to study spectrographically the retinae of some 60 eyes obtained from a local abattoir. Of this group 19 were from pigs, 17 fr...
Pisolithus tinctorius increases the size of nursery grown red oak seedlings

Inoculation of nursery beds with vegetative mycelia of P. tinctorius (Pt) significantly increased the number of salable 1–0 red oak seedlings produced in two of three years and the average stem height and diameter each year. The percentage of Pt mycorrhizal primary lateral roots on seedlings in the inoculated plots was significantly correlated with stem diameter and weight of lateral roots. The high rates of colonization of short roots by Pt in inoculated plots suggested the test fungus could successfully compete with indigenous fungi in forming mycorrhizae.
The effect of lateral or medial wedges on control of postural sway in standing.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lateral and medial wedges on postural sway. Twenty healthy volunteers (mean age range of 28.45 ± 3.34) participated in the study. They stood barefoot with eyes open or closed on each of the three surfaces: 10° lateral wedges, 10° medial wedges, and no wedges. Force platform data were collected and the mean and root mean square (RMS) distance, range, and velocity and the mean frequency of the center of pressure (COP) were calculated in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions. Standing on both lateral and medial wedges was associated with improved postural stability seen through the decreased mean and RMS distance of COP displacement in ML direction. The results of this study suggest that standing on either lateral or medial wedges might enhance postural control in standing.
Absence of effect of intraaortal glucose infusions upon spontaneous meals of rats.

To investigate the role of glucose utilization in the short-term control of food intake, rats with chronic aortal catheters were either infused continuously with glucose or received glucose infusions concomitant to spontaneous meals for periods averaging 2 days. During equivalent control periods 0.9% NaCl was infused. Meal-taking behavior during glucose infusions did not differ from that observed when saline was infused. Analysis of blood glucose indicates that the infused glucose was utilized.
Network Neutrality versus Internet Trustworthiness

Network Neutrality requirements are being proposed to promote investment and innovation for the Internet. However, these requirements will likely affect the Internet's trustworthiness too, and there is little discussion about this. Trustworthiness experts must start contributing to the debate their expertise about how to build systems that resist attack and failure.
Stability analysis of non-vector space control via compressive feedbacks

A new non-vector space control method with compressive feedback is presented in this paper. Two problems are discussed. The first is the development of the non-vector space control method. It formulates the control problem in the space of sets instead of the vector space, and it provides a convenient way to model physical phenomenon such as shapes and images. For the non-vector space dynamical systems, the issues related to stability analysis and design of controllers are discussed in the paper. The second problem is to design controllers for non-vector space dynamic systems using compressive feedback, which is a new concept proposed in this paper. Compressive feedback, obtained from the original feedback, reduces the amount of data for the original feedback but retains the essential information to ensure the stability and other key performance measures for a control system. The design methods for controllers based on compressive feedback are developed in this paper. Furthermore, the non-vector space control system with compressive feedback has been successfully applied to visual servoing, and simulations results have clearly demonstrated the superb performance and advantages.
Spatial-specific regulation of root development by phytochromes in Arabidopsis thaliana

Distinct tissues and organs of plants exhibit dissimilar responses to light exposure – cotyledon growth is promoted by light, whereas hypocotyl growth is inhibited by light. Light can have different impacts on root development, including impacting root elongation, morphology, lateral root proliferation and root tropisms. In many cases, light inhibits root elongation. There has been much attention given to whether roots themselves are the sites of photoperception for light that impacts light-dependent growth and development of roots. A number of approaches including photoreceptor localization in planta, localized irradiation and exposure of dissected roots to light have been used to explore the site(s) of light perception for the photoregulation of root development. Such approaches have led to the observation that photoreceptors are localized to roots in many plant species, and that roots are capable of light absorption that can alter morphology and/or gene expression. Our recent results show that localized depletion of phytochrome photoreceptors in Arabidopsis thaliana disrupts root development and root responsiveness to the plant hormone jasmonic acid. Thus, root-localized light perception appears central to organ-specific, photoregulation of growth and development in roots.
Specific proteins are required to translocate phosphatidylcholine bidirectionally across the endoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract Background: A long-standing problem in understanding the mechanism by which the phospholipid bilayer of biological membranes is assembled concerns how phospholipids flip back and forth between the two leaflets of the bilayer. This question is important because phospholipid biosynthetic enzymes typically face the cytosol and deposit newly synthesized phospholipids in the cytosolic leaflet of biogenic membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These lipids must be transported across the bilayer to populate the exoplasmic leaflet for membrane growth. Transport does not occur spontaneously and it is presumed that specific membrane proteins, flippases, are responsible for phospholipid flip-flop. No biogenic membrane flippases have been identified and there is controversy as to whether proteins are involved at all, whether any membrane protein is sufficient, or whether non-bilayer arrangements of lipids support flip-flop. Results: To test the hypothesis that specific proteins facilitate phospholipid flip-flop in the ER, we reconstituted transport-active proteoliposomes from detergent-solubilized ER vesicles under conditions in which protein-free liposomes containing ER lipids were inactive. Transport was measured using a synthetic, water-soluble phosphatidylcholine and was found to be sensitive to proteolysis and associated with proteins or protein-containing complexes that sedimented operationally at 3.8S. Chromatographic analyses indicated the feasibility of identifying the transporter(s) by protein purification approaches, and raised the possibility that at least two different proteins are able to facilitate transport. Calculations based on a simple reconstitution scenario suggested that the transporters represent ∼0.2% of ER membrane proteins. Conclusions: Our results clearly show that specific proteins are required to translocate a phosphatidylcholine analogue across the ER membrane. These proteins are likely to be the flippases, which are required to translocate natural phosphatidylcholine and other phospholipids across the ER membrane. The methodology that we describe paves the way for identification of a flippase.
New Methods in Mathematical Programming---Some Simplex-Like Nonlinear Programming Procedures

This paper surveys certain recent procedures for the computational solution of convex nonlinear programming problems, related to one another through being based on the simplex method of linear programming. The first procedure, the simplex method for quadratic programming, is a terminating algorithm for the extremization of a quadratic function under linear constraints. The next two procedures employ efficient techniques for the development of a grid on which nonlinear objectives and constraints can be represented by linear functions, the separable programming method is applicable to problems involving separable functions, and the decomposition method to those in which a simpler subproblem can readily be solved. Finally, the cutting-plane method employs an efficient sequential means of approximating to the nonlinear functions involved through first-order Taylor's series approximations.
Inverted terminal repetition in vaccinia virus DNA encodes early mRNAs

Vaccinia virus DNA contains a long inverted terminal repetition of MW ∼6.8 × 106. A fragment of MW 6.3 × 106 from this repetition has been cloned in coliphage λ and used to isolate RNA from virus-infected cells. Electron microscopy indicates that early RNAs are transcribed from the repeated sequence and cell-free translation shows that the RNAs code for polypeptides.
Monolayer studies of silica/polydimethylsiloxane dispersions

Abstract Dispersions of silica in polydimethylsiloxane are manufactured for use as foam inhibitors. Two types of dispersion, designated alpha and beta, differing in their physical properties, can be made depending on conditions of preparation. The quantitative determination of bound polymer on the silica substrate can be calculated directly from differences between pressure-area isotherms of monomolecular layers of polydimethylsiloxane with and without dispersed silica. In the alpha dispersion the polymer on the silica substrate is approximately equal in concentration to that of a monolayer on water at the same compression; but in the beta dispersion the polymer on the silica substrate is 10 times more concentrated than that in the alpha dispersion. Only the beta dispersion is an effective antifoam.
Surgical reversal of prolonged blindness from a metastatic neuroblastoma.

Background Reports of tumor-related anterior visual pathway blindness that have resolved after surgical decompression are rare. The longest reported duration of tumor-related blindness completely reversed by optic nerve decompression is 3 days. We describe a pediatric patient with 7 days of no light perception who experienced reversal of blindness following tumor resection and optic nerve decompression.
A survey and comparison of several empirical bayes estimators for the binomial parameter

Eight empirical Bayes estimators for the binomial parameter p are summarized and compared according to their estimated risk based on the results of a Monte Carlo simulation. For those estimators not found to possess a closed form risk, a suitable regression on the parameters of the simulation is obtained. These equations are then used to identify the region in parameter space of mean squared error superiority of each of the estimators. The equations presented can be used in practice to decide which estimator should be used in a given situation.
Novel dehydrogenative condensation reactivity of rhenium sulfide with organic heterocyclic molecules

Abstract A novel catalytic dehydrogenative polymerization (CDHP) reaction was observed. The method leads to a new concept on the preparation of linear polyaromatic polymers. Specifically, we demonstrate this type of reaction in a synthesis of new quinoline oligomers. Experimentally, the reaction was carried out with neat 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) molecules in the presence of rhenium sulfide catalyst at the refluxing temperature of THQ, giving a high yield of products (>90%). The effect of the surface area of the rhenium sulfide in the reaction in terms of the product yield is discussed.
Variational geometry: A new method for modifying part geometry for finite element analysis

Abstract Interactive graphic methods have the potential to significantly reduce the cost associated with pre- and post-processing of finite element analyses. One area of particular importance is the creation and modification of part geometry. This paper describes a powerful method for modification of geometry for finite element analysis pre-processors. The method, called “Variational Geometry”, uses a single representation to describe the entire family of geometries that share a generic shape. A solid geometric model of a component is defined with respect to a set of scalar parameters. Dimensions, such as those which appear on a mechanical drawing, are treated as constraints on the permissible values of these parameters. Constraints on the geometry are expressed as a set of non-linear algebraic equations. The values of the parameters and hence the geometry may be determined by solving the set of non-linear constraint equations. A procedure for minimizing the computational requirements is presented. For a part with n degrees of freedom, the solution time is shown to be O(n).
Acute effects of the d-isomer of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine on renal function and ultrastructure in the pentobarbital-anesthetized dog: Site-specific toxicity involving the S1 and S2 cells of the proximal tubule

Abstract Intravenous doses of 92.6 and 185.2 μmol S -(1,2-dichlorovinyl)- d -cysteine ( d -DCVC)/kg were acutely nephrotoxic in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. During the 6-h period following administration of either dose, renal arterial blood flow decreased modestly, urinary excretion rate of protein increased, and in contrast to findings in rabbits, ultrastructural lesions developed only in S 1 and S 2 cells of proximal tubules. The higher dose also induced significant increases in urine flow rate and urinary excretion rate of glucose. The adverse changes noted following the low dose of d -DCVC were due to its direct renal actions and not to extrarenal actions such as major changes in blood gases, total renal blood flow or mean arterial blood pressure that could have indirectly contributed to renal damage via induction of episodes of renal ischemia or hypoxia. In addition, there was a correlation between the proximal tubular cell types injured by d -DCVC and the location of d -amino acid oxidase (DAAO) in the canine nephron. Overall, the nephrotoxicity of d -DCVC was characterized by the same renal function and ultrastructure changes as noted previously with l -DCVC, but the d -isomer was slightly less potent. Our data suggested that the similarity in the toxicity of d - and l -DCVC might be related to DAAO-catalyzed conversion of d -DCVC to the corresponding α-ketoacid (DCV- O -MPA) and subsequent biotransformation of the latter to the same highly reactive fragment as generated from the l -isomer.
Lymphazurin 1% versus 99mTc sulfur colloid for lymphatic mapping in colorectal tumors: a comparative analysis.

Background The combination of isosulfan blue (Lymphazurin) 1% and 99mTc sulfur colloid (TSC) may improve the feasibility and accuracy of lymphatic mapping for colorectal cancer.
Intrinsic optical activity in light scattering from an arbitrary particle

Abstract The coupled-dipole method is extended to include intrinsic optical activity in the material of an arbitrarily shaped particle. The dipolar subunits used in the method are spherical or ellipsoidal. Good agreement is obtained on comparison with the exact theory for an optically active sphere.
Pulmonary Disease from Biological Agents: Anthrax, Plague, Q Fever, and Tularemia

Anthrax, plague, Q fever, and tularemia are all potential inhalational bioterrorism agents. The pulmonary manifestations of these agents can be readily confused with each other as well as other more common diseases such as influenza and atypical pneumonia. This article reviews the threat potential, microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of each of these agents and highlights the similarities and differences between their pulmonary presentations.
Electron Spin−Lattice Relaxation Measurement of the 3Fe-4S (S-3) Cluster in Succinate:Ubiquinone Reductase from Paracoccus Denitrificans. A Detailed Analysis Based on a Dipole−Dipole Interaction Model

The electron spin−lattice relaxation for the 3Fe-4S (S-3) center in succinate:ubiquinone reductase has been examined using both inversion recovery and “picket-fence” pulse sequences at a temperature range of 4−8 K. The latter pulse sequence is used to eliminate the interference of spectral diffusion in frozen solids. An abnormally fast relaxation was observed for the S-3 center. We attribute this rapid relaxation to a magnetic dipolar interaction between the S-3 center and a nearby paramagnetic b-heme (cytochrome b). A model has been developed to treat the interaction between two paramagnetic redox centers in a rigid lattice at a fixed distance apart but with random orientations in a magnetic field. Both the contribution to the spin−lattice relaxation rate from the dipolar interaction (k_(1θ)), which is anisotropic, and the intrinsic electron spin relaxation, which is scalar (k_(1scalar)), have been deduced. We find that the contribution of exchange interaction to the anisotropic part of the relaxation rate (k1θ) is very small. Accordingly, we conclude that k_(1scalar) is dominated by the intrinsic electron spin−lattice relaxation. From k_(1θ), a lower limit (r > 10 A) has been deduced for the distance between the S-3 center and the b-heme.
The ecology of spatial memory in four lemur species

Evolutionary theories suggest that ecology is a major factor shaping cognition in primates. However, there have been few systematic tests of spatial memory abilities involving multiple primate species. Here, we examine spatial memory skills in four strepsirrhine primates that vary in level of frugivory: ruffed lemurs (Varecia sp.), ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), mongoose lemurs (Eulemur mongoz), and Coquerel’s sifakas (Propithecus coquereli). We compare these species across three studies targeting different aspects of spatial memory: recall after a long-delay, learning mechanisms supporting memory and recall of multiple locations in a complex environment. We find that ruffed lemurs, the most frugivorous species, consistently showed more robust spatial memory than the other species across tasks—especially in comparison with sifakas, the most folivorous species. We discuss these results in terms of the importance of considering both ecological and social factors as complementary explanations for the evolution of primate cognitive skills.
Non-Identity-Mediated CRISPR-Bacteriophage Interaction Mediated via the Csy and Cas3 Proteins

ABSTRACT Studies of the Escherichia, Neisseria, Thermotoga, and Mycobacteriaclustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) subtypes have resulted in a model whereby CRISPRs function as a defense system against bacteriophage infection and conjugative plasmid transfer. In contrast, we previously showed that the Yersinia-subtype CRISPR region of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain UCBPP-PA14 plays no detectable role in viral immunity but instead is required for bacteriophage DMS3-dependent inhibition of biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa. The goal of this study is to define the components of the Yersinia-subtype CRISPR region required to mediate this bacteriophage-host interaction. We show that the Yersinia-subtype-specific CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins Csy4 and Csy2 are essential for small CRISPR RNA (crRNA) production in vivo, while the Csy1 and Csy3 proteins are not absolutely required for production of these small RNAs. Further, we present evidence that the core Cas protein Cas3 functions downstream of small crRNA production and that this protein requires functional HD (predicted phosphohydrolase) and DEXD/H (predicted helicase) domains to suppress biofilm formation in DMS3 lysogens. We also determined that only spacer 1, which is not identical to any region of the DMS3 genome, mediates the CRISPR-dependent loss of biofilm formation. Our evidence suggests that gene 42 of phage DMS3 (DMS3-42) is targeted by CRISPR2 spacer 1 and that this targeting tolerates multiple point mutations between the spacer and DMS3-42 target sequence. This work demonstrates how the interaction between P. aeruginosa strain UCBPP-PA14 and bacteriophage DMS3 can be used to further our understanding of the diverse roles of CRISPR system function in bacteria.