cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Top and bottom squark searches in run II of the Fermilab Tevatron

We estimate the Fermilab Tevatron run II potential for top and bottom squark searches. We find an impressive reach in several of the possible discovery channels. We also study some new channels which may arise in nonconventional supersymmetry models. In each case we rely on a detailed Monte Carlo simulation of the collider events and the CDF detector performance in run I.
Broadband phase-matched second-harmonic generation via dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguide

We present the concept of broadband phase-matching for second-harmonic generation with a dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguide. Nonlinear coupled mode analysis is conducted to evaluate the broadband response and the conversion efficiency of second-harmonic generation.
Absorption and Emission of EUV Radiation by the Local ISM

The Berkeley extreme ultraviolet radiation (EUV) telescope flown on the Apollo Soyuz mission in July, 1975 established the existence of a measurable flux of EUV (100 lambda or = or = 1000 A) originating from sources outside the solar system. White dwarfs, flare stars and cataclysmic variables were dicovered to be relatively intense compact sources of EUV photons. Moreover, this and other subsequent experiments have strongly suggested the presence of a truly diffuse component of the FUV radiation field possibly due to thermal emission from hot interstellar gas located in the general vicinity of the Sun. Closer to the H1, 912 A edge, the effect of a few hot O and B stars has been shown to be very important in establishing the interstellar flux density. All these results imply that the local interstellar medium (ISM) is immersed in a non-negligible EUV radiation field which, because of the strong coupling between EUV photons and matter, will play a crucial role in determining its physical structure. The available information on the local ISM derived from the limited EUV observations carried out so far is assembled and analyzed. These include measurements of the spectra of bright EUV sources that reveal clear evidence of H photo absorption at lambda 400 A and of the He ionization edge at 228 A.
Collaboratories to support distributed science: the example of international HIV/AIDS research

The use of collaborative technologies to support geographically distributed scientific research (or collaboratories) is gaining wide acceptance in many parts of the developed world. Such collaboratories hold great promise for international cooperation in critical areas of scientific research, such as HIV/AIDS. We have extensive experience with the design, development, deployment and evaluation of such collaboratories in a number of areas of science and engineering. We have identified a number of critical success factors, and discuss three in particular: collaboration readiness, collaboration infrastructure readiness, and collaboration technology readiness. We have recently begun the baseline assessment of two collaboratory opportunities for international HIV/AIDS collaboration, one in Botswana and one in Durban, South Africa. We present our preliminary assessment of the prospects and challenges for developing these collaboratories.
Calculation of inductive electric fields in high-current pulsed devices using electric vector potentials

Summary form only given. In many high current pulsed power systems much, if not all, of the energy is inductive or magnetic rather than electric and the electric fields are dominantly inductive rather than electrostatic. That is, in the usual expression for generalized electric field, E=-grad(V)-dA /dt, V is the scalar potential that gives rise to the electrostatic field, and A is the magnetic vector potential, from which the inductive field is derived. In problems where there are regions without voltage sources or charge separation, the electrostatic component does not exist, and the usual technique of solving the scalar Laplace's equation for the potential is inappropriate for determining the electric fields. Calculation of the magnetic vector potential is plagued by choice of gauge condition and specification of correct boundary conditions. Especially for coaxial (axisymmetric) systems typical of many pulsed power components and systems, where the current flow is in the (r,z) plane, there are two components of the vector potential that must be solved-each with its own boundary conditions. Specification of all the correct boundary conditions is non-trivial. In this paper, we present a convenient technique for the calculation of inductive electric fields in coaxial systems. The technique is based on the introduction of a vector electric potential that is derived from Poisson's equation, in combination with Faraday's Law and the E-D constitutive relation. In coaxial geometry, the electric vector potential is only azimuthal and, therefore, quasi-scalar. It is conveniently calculated with any two-dimensional Poisson equation solver, and the resultant inductive field distribution easily derived. We have used the technique in several pulsed power system designs with success. Specific examples of the application of the technique are given.
Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis For Esophagectomy: A Survey of Practice Patterns Among Thoracic Surgeons

Background Current guidelines for gastrointestinal cancer surgical intervention in high-risk patients recommend postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) chemical prophylaxis for 4 weeks with low-dose unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin, but specific guidelines for esophagectomy are lacking. This survey identified the clinical patterns affecting postesophagectomy VTE chemoprophylaxis use among general thoracic surgeons. Methods General Thoracic Surgery Club members were invited to complete an online survey on VTE prophylaxis to analyze clinical factors affecting their choices. Results Seventy-seven surgeons (37% membership) responded; of these, 94% (72 of 77) completed fellowships, and 76% (58 of 77) worked at universities. VTE chemoprophylaxis administration varied widely in drug, dosing, and duration, with 30% using suboptimal dosing of unfractionated heparin (every 12 hours). Participants agreed that esophagectomy patients are at high VTE risk, yet 29% (22 of 76) of surgeons delay VTE chemoprophylaxis until postoperative day 1. Only 13% (10 of 77) prescribe postdischarge chemoprophylaxis. Minimally invasive surgeons (>90% of cases) were more likely to prescribe postdischarge prophylaxis ( p = 0.007). Epidurals, routinely used by 65% (51 of 78), led to less compliance with recommended dosing. Only 53% (27 of 51) of pain teams allow unfractionated heparin every 8 hours, yet 73% (37 of 51) allow suboptimal dosing (every 12 h). Postoperative major complications were identified as a VTE risk factor by only 21% (15 of 72) of surgeons. Most (92% [68 of 74]) would follow esophagectomy-specific guidelines, if developed. Conclusions Thoracic surgeons agree that VTE chemoprophylaxis is necessary for esophagectomy, yet substantial variability exists in current practice. A noteworthy proportion use suboptimal dosing, and very few choose postdischarge prophylaxis. To improve postesophagectomy morbidity and mortality outcomes, thoracic surgeons are willing to follow evidence-based guidelines for VTE chemoprophylaxis.
Acid-catalyzed transformation of 13(S)-hydroperoxylinoleic acid into epoxyhydroxyoctadecenoic and trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids

Acid treatment of (13S)-(9Z,11E)-13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid in tetrahydrofuran-water solvent afforded mainly (11R,12R,13S)-(Z)-12,13-epoxy-11-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid, diastereomeric (Z)-11,12,13-trihydroxy-9-octadecenoic acids and four isomers of (E)-9,12,13(9,10,13)-trihydroxy-10(11)-octadecenoic acid. Other minor products were oxooctadecadienoic, (E)-9(13)-hydroxy-13(9)-oxo-10(11)-octadecenoic and (E)-12-oxo-10-dodecenoic acids. A heterolytic mechanism for acid catalysis was indicated, even though most of the products characterized also have been observed as a result of homolytic decomposition of the hydroperoxide via an oxy radical. Most of the products found in this study have been observed as metabolites of (13S)-(9Z,11E)-13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadenoic acid in biological systems, and analogous compounds have been reported as metabolites of (12S)-(5Z,8Z,10E, 14Z)-12-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid in either blood platelets or lung tissue.
Using data to optimize community college marketing

Marketing is an essential component of an effective enrollment management plan. The broad mission of a comprehensive community college requires multiple, targeted communications campaigns. Institutional research can contribute to marketing success at all phases of decision making.
The broken nylon iris fixation suture.

Nylon sutures used to secure the Worst intraocular lens broke in 58 of 216 eyes (26.9%). Complete dislocation of the lens occurred in two cases, in one from the broken suture itself and in the other fromcomplete dislocation of the lens. Patients with nylon sutures need not be recalled for special observation, but if a broken suture is discovered during a routine follow-up examination, laser shrinkage should be considered.
APPLICATION OF THE ARRHENIUS EQUATION TO RAT TAIL TENDON COLLAGEN.

AN important and widely investigated property of collagen is its hydrothermal shrinkage. The concept of shrinkage temperature (Ts) has been developed as a manner of characterization of the hydrothermal stability of the fibre. Shrinkage temperature is determined by heating the fibre in water, the temperature of which is increased at the rate of 2 deg./min. The fibre is kept under observation, and the temperature at which contraction occurs is noted as the Ts of the fibre in question. Usually a range of temperature is recorded because the end point of reaction is not precise. Although useful, the concept of Ts is not a strictly valid one. Shrinkage curves constructed from data on length of fibres plotted against time at various temperatures clearly establish that the process of shrinkage of collagen is a rate phenomenon and that a true shrinkage temperature does not exist from a thermodynamic point of view. For this reason, Weir and Carter1,2 examined the hydrothermal stability of collagen as a rate process. They stated that the reaction appeared to be of the first order and applied the theory of absolute reaction rates to the process. The half-time of the fibre shrinkage was taken as an index of the reaction rate at each of several temperatures and these t1/2 values were substituted for rate constants in the Arrhenius equation.
Studies on the mechanism of reduction of azo dye carcinogens by rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450

This laboratory has described the azoreduction of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (1c) by rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. To elucidate the mechanisms involved, the reduction of structurally related azobenzenes by hepatic microsomes was investigated. High substrate reactivity was observed for 1c, its corresponding secondary (1a) and primary (1b) amines and p-hydroxyazobenzene (1d). In contrast, only negligible rates were obtained for unsubstituted azobenzene (1g), hydrazobenzene (2g), p-isopropylazobenzene (1e) and 1f, the benzoylamide derivative of 1b. These results clearly indicate that electron-donating groups, such as hydroxyl or primary, secondary and tertiary amines, are essential for binding of azo dye carcinogens to liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and, by implication, their enzymic reduction. No inhibition of azoreduction of 1c or 1d was obtained by addition of 1e, 1g, or 2g to the reaction mixture. In the presence of hepatic microsomes, a type I binding spectrum was obtained for 1d and type II binding spectra for 1a, 1b and 1c, the reactive azo dyes. In contrast, very weak binding was observed for the unreactive compounds 1e, 1f, 1g and 2g. Thus, there is good correlation between binding and substrate reactivity. The apparent lack of binding may explain the inability of the non-reactive compounds to inhibit azoreduction. The difference in the reduction rate observed for 1g vs. 1d suggested that hydroxylation would facilitate the reduction of an otherwise non-reactive azo dye. Support for such a mechanism was obtained in two experiments. In the first, marked facilitation of azoreduction of both the inactive compounds, 2g and 2f, was seen when they were incubated with microsomes under aerobic conditions where preliminary hydroxylation can occur. In the second, azobenzene was initially incubated aerobically with microsomes from phenobarbital- or beta-naphthoflavone-induced rats. The hydroxyazobenzene formed was then readily reduced anaerobically by microsomes from untreated rats.
GTP cyclohydrolase I is coinduced in hepatocytes stimulated to produce nitric oxide.

GTP cyclohydrolase I is the rate-controlling enzyme in the production of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an essential cofactor for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Here we show that GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA was present in unstimulated hepatocytes and was up-regulated 2- to 3-fold concurrently with iNOS induction induced in vivo by LPS injection and in vitro by stimulation with LPS and inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1 β, and interferon-γ. Hepatocyte GTP cyclohydrolase I enzyme activity increased 2-fold in vivo after LPS. This coinduction of GTP cyclohydrolase I resulted in increased total intracellular biopterin which supported induced NO synthesis. The addition of a GTP cyclohydrolase I inhibitor to the stimulated hepatocytes decreased intracellular biopterin levels and resulted in a decrease in NO production. The results show that GTP cyclohydrolase I is up-regulated by certain acute inflammatory conditions. Further, the results indicate that biopterin is essential as a cofactor for induced NO synthase activity in hepatocytes.
Preface: Tree-Ring Studies in New York State: Past and present [A Tree-Ring Research Special Issue]

Abstract New York State (NYS) has a long and significant history of tree-ring research. Some of the earliest dendroarchaeological and dendroclimatic work in eastern North America was done in NYS, and 1970s studies in Hudson Valley in the east of the state were important for demonstrating that drought records could be reconstructed from trees growing in humid environments. Some recent work in NYS is described in this issue of Tree-Ring Research, including tree-ring dating and provenancing of a boat in New York City, dendroarchaeological studies in a town in northeastern NYS, dendrogeomorphological work in central NYS, and a dendroclimatic investigation of two range-margin Juniperus species growing on alvars. The last of the five NYS papers in this issue provides a personal historical perspective on the beginnings of drought reconstructions in the Hudson Valley. There is considerable potential for future work in New York with extension of existing studies and work in new areas and with new tree species.
Three-point gait crutch walking: Variability in ground reaction force during weight bearing

Abstract Li S, Armstrong CW, Cipriani D. Three-point gait crutch walking: variability in ground reaction force during weight bearing. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:86-92. Objective: To investigate variability in ground reaction force (GRF) and kinematics on both sides during 3-point partial weight-bearing (PWB) crutch walking. Design: Within-subject comparisons of kinematic and kinetic data collected at different levels of 3-point crutch walking: 10%, 50%, and 90% PWB at comfortable speeds. Setting: An applied biomechanics lab in a university setting.An applied biomechanics lab in a university setting. Participants: Twelve healthy college students (9 women, 3 men). Main Outcome Measures: Spatial and temporal variables, major peak kinematic data, and peak GRFs from force platforms during the gait cycle. Results: Large variations were found in replicating the target levels of PWB, particularly at 10% and 90% PWB. Subjects had a shorter stance phase and longer swing phase during the crutch walking gait cycle. Velocity significantly decreased ( p =.006) because of decreased cadence ( p =.002). Slightly greater hip abduction and external rotation on the noninvolved side and slightly less hip adduction and internal rotation on the involved side indicated that the center of gravity shifted slightly from the involved side toward the noninvolved side. There was no increase in vertical GRF, and there was a relatively constant loading pattern on the noninvolved side. Conclusions: Subjects have difficulty replicating a prescribed weight-bearing restriction. A shift of the center of gravity toward the noninvolved side may reduce the weight distribution on the involved side. © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
On the nature of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus: a portion of a complex of related gene clusters of recent pseudoautosomal origin?

The current hypothesis that the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy locus encodes a single 2000 kb gene is analyzed. The apparent encoding efficiency, the individual and total exon/intron ratios, and the heterogeneity of deletions associated with the disease, which are currently interpreted as supporting the single gene hypothesis, are also consistent with the alternative hypothesis that this locus is a portion of a complex of related gene clusters which include syntenic transcriptional units of enzymes and ligand transport proteins of one or more convergent metabolic pathways. The high recombination frequency and high rate of deletions are consistent with a locus that has recently evolved from pseudoautosomal origin. The propositions that nebulin or dystrophin is the product of the DMD locus, and that the mdx locus in the mouse is homologous to that of DMD, are critically evaluated. Several lines of evidence support the contention that developmental and tissue-specific enzymes of acyl-specific phospholipid synthesis are encoded in these clusters. Phenotypic variability not accountable for by deletion heterogeneity is postulated to arise from epistatic interactions with other loci within or outside these putative clusters. Some testable predictions of these hypotheses are suggested.
Management education and development

The article reviews several books related to management education, including “The Case Method at the Harvard Business School,” edited by Malcolm P. McNair, “Training By Objectives: An Economic Approach to Management Training,” by George S. Odiorne, and “Dynamic Management Education,” by Allen A. Zoll.
Temperature dependence of minority hole mobility in n + -GaAs measured with a new variable temperature technique

The temperature-dependent mobility provides essential information for device design and serves as a sensitive probe of minority carrier scattering physics. As examples, dominant scattering mechanisms are identified by characteristic temperature dependencies of mobility and for low temperature bipolar device optimization, accurate minority carrier mobility data are required. We report the first temperature (T) dependent measurement of minority hole mobility in n+-GaAs. The minority carrier mobility (μ) was measured with the zero-field time-of-flight technique. In this technique, minority carrier diffusivity (D), where De = μkT, is determined from the transient response of a specially designed photodiode that is excited by a high-speed laser. We have extended the technique to permit continuously variable, T-dependent minority mobility measurements. The unique cryostat design, including device mounting, low-loss feedthroughs and temperature measurement scheme, is presented.
The Acute Hangover Scale: A new measure of immediate hangover symptoms.

Purpose No psychometrically established measure of acute hangover symptoms is published and available to use in experimental investigations. The present investigation combined data across three studies of residual alcohol effects to establish the properties of a new Acute Hangover Scale (AHS) based on symptoms supported in previous lab studies.
Loglinear Models and Categorical Data Analysis with Psychometric and Econometric Applications. Revision.

Abstract The past decade has seen the publication of a large number of books and papers on the analysis of multi-way contingency tables using loglinear and logic models. The present article presents a summary of the statistical theory that underlies much of this work, and provides some linkage to models and methods of special interest to psychometricians and econometricians. The discussion includes a review of recent and current research on the computation of maximum likelihood estimates for loglinear and logit models, especially for large multi-way contingency tables.
The effects of analysing cohesion on document summarisation

We argue that in general, the analysis of lexical cohesion factors in a document can drive a summarizer, as well as enable other content characterization tasks. More narrowly, this paper focuses on how one particular cohesion factor--simple lexical repetition---can enhance an existing sentence extraction summarizer, by enabling strategies for overcoming some particularly jarring end-user effects in the summaries, typically due to coherence degradation, readability deterioration, and topical under-representation. Lexical repetition is instrumental to, among other things, the topical make-up of a text, and in our framework a lexical repetition-based model of discourse segmentation, capable of detecting topic shifts, is integrated with a linguistically-aware summarizer utilizing notions of salience and dynamically-adjustable summary size. We show that even by leveraging lexical repetition alone, summaries are of comparable, and under certain conditions better, quality than the ones delivered by a state-of-the-art summarizer. This is encouraging for a broad research platform focusing on the recognition and use of cohesive devices in text for a range of content characterisation and document management tasks.
Theory Meets Reality in the Education Voucher Debate: Some Evidence from Chile.

This paper contributes to the education voucher debate by evaluating some of the most fundamental arguments supporting vouchers. Analysis of an authentuc voucher system in Chile shows that punlic schools produce higher quality education as measured by the achievement test scores after controlling for school resources and the tyoe of student enrolled. However, the findings also indicate that each type of schoold specializes: public schools achieve higher preformance with disadcantaged children while private schools produce higher scores with ‘high quality’ students (students whose parents have high education levels or students who have higher scores initially). Second, greater competition may lead to higher quality education, but the size of the effect is larger for private schools. Moreover, it appears that compettion promotes municipalities to spend more wisely on education from their own-source revenues and this additional spending raises public-school scores in competitive areas. Hence, public schools ...
The riches of uranium.

Uranium is best known, and feared, for its involvement in nuclear energy. Marisa J. Monreal and Paula L. Diaconescu take a look at how its unique combination of properties is now increasingly attracting the attention of chemists.
The nucleotide sequence of rat liver tRNAAsn.

Abstract The major species of asparagine specific tRNA was isolated from rat liver, degraded to oligonucleotides, and shown to have the nucleotide sequence pG-U-C-U-C-U-G-U-m 1 G-m 2 G-C-G-C- A-A-D-C-G-G-D-X-A-G-C-G-C-m 2 G-ψ-ψ-C-G-G-C-U-Q-U-U-t 6 A-A-C-C-G- A-A-A-G-m 7 G-D-U-G-G-U-G-G-Z-ψ-C-G-m 1 A-G-C-C-C-A-C-C-C-A-G-G-G- A-C-G-C-C-A OH . Although this tRNA contains several modified nucleotides in their expected positions, it is unique in having X, 3-(3-Amino-3-carboxy-n-propyl)uridine in loop I rather than in loop III; Q, 7-(4,5-cis-dihydroxyl-1-cyclopenten-3-yl-aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine in the wobble position of loop II; and Z, an unknown, and presently uncharacterized nucleoside, at position 23 from the 3′ terminus usually occupied by ribothymidine.
The Euryarchaeota, Nature's Medium for Engineering of Single-stranded DNA-binding Proteins

The architecture of single-stranded DNA-binding proteins, which play key roles in DNA metabolism, is based on different combinations of the oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding (OB) fold. Whereas the polypeptide serving this function in bacteria contains one OB fold, the eukaryotic functional homolog comprises a complex of three proteins, each harboring at least one OB fold. Here we show that unlike these groups of organisms, the Euryarchaeota has exploited the potential in the OB fold to re-invent single-stranded DNA-binding proteins many times. However, the most common form is a protein with two OB folds and one zinc finger domain. We created several deletion mutants of this protein based on its conserved motifs, and from these structures functional chimeras were synthesized, supporting the hypothesis that gene duplication and recombination could lead to novel functional forms of single-stranded DNA-binding proteins. Biophysical studies showed that the orthologs of the two OB fold/one zinc finger replication protein A in Methanosarcina acetivorans and Methanopyrus kandleri exhibit two binding modes, wrapping and stretching of DNA. However, the ortholog in Ferroplasma acidarmanus possessed only the stretching mode. Most interestingly, a second single-stranded DNA-binding protein, FacRPA2, in this archaeon exhibited the wrapping mode. Domain analysis of this protein, which contains a single OB fold, showed that its architecture is similar to the functional homologs thought to be unique to the Crenarchaeotes. Most unexpectedly, genes coding for similar proteins were found in the genomes of eukaryotes, including humans. Although the diversity shown by archaeal single-stranded DNA-binding proteins is unparalleled, the presence of their simplest form in many organisms across all domains of life is of greater evolutionary consequence.
Downward flux of particulate organic matter in the ocean: a particle decomposition paradox

Oceanographers now recognize two distinct classes of particles in seawater, broadly categorized as suspended and sinking. The former class dominates the standing stock of particulate matter in the ocean and the latter class dominates the exchange between the surface waters and greater ocean depths1. The downward vertical flux of particulate organic matter (POM) in the open ocean exhibits a non-linear decrease with increasing water depth2–6, and greater than 75% of the net POM loss occurs in the upper 500 m of the water column6. Because sinking particles contain viable, metabolically active microorganisms7–12, the process of microbial decomposition is considered to be an important mechanism controlling POM flux. This model is consistent with the observed correspondence between POM flux and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations13, and with the reported selective loss of biochemically labile compounds from sinking particles14–17. From our experiments, however, we conclude that the large sinking particles are, in general, poor habitats for bacterial growth and therefore unlikely sites for the active remineralization of organic matter. Our results require a shift in the emphasis of current ideas of particle decomposition from microbes attached to rapidly sinking particles to the microbial populations which are either free-living in the water column or attached to suspended (non-sinking) particulate matter.
Control of Il-6 Expression and Response in Fibroblasts from Patients with Systemic Sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease of unknown etiology in which aberrant fibroblast function results in fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. A distinguishing feature of dermal fibroblasts cultured from SSc lesions is that they produce constitutively, i.e., without exogenous stimulation, as much as 30-fold more interleukin-6 (IL-6) than do normal fibroblasts. The present study indicates that the mechanism of constitutive IL-6 secretion involves the accumulation of IL-6 mRNA in affected SSc fibroblasts, mediated by the constitutive binding of nuclear factors to the IL-6 promoter. DNA-protein complexes formed using nuclear extracts of constitutively expressing cells are distinct from those using extracts of normal cells, with or without exogenous stimulation of IL-6; thus, the mechanisms which regulate constitutive and inducible IL-6 gene expression are apparently distinct. The data also demonstrate that dermal fibroblasts respond very rapidly to IL-6 by increasing expre...
Global optimization for the synthesis of integrated water systems in chemical processes

In this paper, we address the problem of optimal synthesis of an integrated water system, where water using processes and water treatment operations are combined into a single network such that the total cost of obtaining freshwater for use in the water using operations, and treating wastewater is globally minimized. A superstructure that incorporates all feasible design alternatives for water treatment, reuse and recycle, is proposed. We formulate the optimization of this structure as a non-convex Non-Linear Programming (NLP) problem, which is solved to global optimality. The problem takes the form of a non-convex Generalized Disjunctive Program (GDP) if there is a flexibility of choosing different treatment technologies for the removal of the various contaminants in the wastewater streams. A new deterministic spatial branch and contract algorithm is proposed for optimizing such systems, in which piecewise under- and over-estimators are used to approximate the non-convex terms in the original model to obtain a convex relaxation whose solution gives a lower bound on the global optimum. These lower bounds are made to converge to the solution within a branch and bound procedure. Several examples are presented to illustrate the optimization of the integrated networks using the proposed algorithm.
Partial splenic embolization for refractory thrombocytopenia.

When the platelet count falls below 20¥ 109/L, the risk of spontaneous life threatening hemorrhage is concerning for both physician and patient. When medical management fails, splenectomy is often used to manage the severe thrombocytopenia before spontaneous, life-threatening gastrointestinal or intracranial bleeding occurs. We present the non surgical management of such a patient with refractory sever thrombocytopenia who refused surgical intervention. She underwent partial splenic embolic therapy with 500-700 ? particles. Her platelet count spontaneous recovered from less than 20¥109/L to normal range. Her counts remained in normal range after discharge home. Further study is needed to determine the most appropriate role for embolization in patients who are refractory to medical management and those with chronically low platelet counts requiring frequent plate transfusions for invasive procedures.
Distribution of blood flow between embryo and vitelline bed in the stage 18, 21 and 24 chick embryo

Objective We defined the distribution of blood flow between the embryo and the extraembryonic vascular bed as an initial step in understanding the control of flow distribution in the early developing heart. Methods Dorsal aortic blood flow of stage 18, 21, and 24 chick embryo ( n ≥ 7 at each stage) was measured with a 20 MHz pulsed-Doppler velocity meter. Analog waveforms were digitally sampled at 500 Hz. 1–5 × 103 yellow microspheres in saline suspension were injected into the vitelline vein. The embryo and the extraembryonic vascular bed were harvested and separated from each other. The dye on the microspheres from each portion was extracted and extrapolated from the standard curve of the absorbance of dye concentrations per number of microspheres quantified by spectrophotometry. Blood flow was calculated from the integral of blood velocity and aortic cross-sectional area multiplied by the fraction distribution of microspheres in the embryo and extraembryonic vascular bed. Data were presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. Results The proportion distribution of microspheres between embryo and extraembryonic vascular bed shifted from 18.7 ± 2.5 vs. 81.3 ± 2.5% at stage 18, 25.1 ± 3.0 vs. 74.9 ± 3.0% at stage 21, and 34.2 ± 2.4 vs. 65.8 ± 2.4% at stage 24. Indices of blood flow normalized to wet weight (mean ± 95% confidence interval) were similar between the embryo and the extraembryonic vascular bed, but increased throughout the stages. Conclusion During embryogenesis, blood flow per unit mass is evenly distributed between the metabolically active embryo and the extraembryonic vascular bed.
Multisegmented Au-MnO2/Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Coaxial Arrays for High-Power Supercapacitor Applications

The present work reports on synthesis and supercapacitor applications of multisegmented Au-MnO2/carbon nanotube (CNT) coaxial arrays. Multisegmented Au-MnO2/CNT coaxial arrays are fabricated inside porous alumina templates using a combination of electrodeposition, infiltration, and chemical vapor deposition methods. CNTs serve as an alternative additive for improving the electrical conductivity of the manganese oxide electrodes, in addition to its active electrode characteristics. The well-adhered interface between Au and MnO2/CNT hybrid segments leads to nanoscale electrical contacts between the electrode and current collectors. Electrochemical studies have been performed using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge−discharge, and impedance spectroscopy measurements. The results demonstrate that MnO2/CNT hybrid coaxial arrays are efficient electrodes for supercapacitor applications. Au-segmented MnO2/CNT hybrid coaxial electrodes showed further improvement in specific capacitance, energy, and power den...
Relationship of venous reflux to the site of venous valvular incompetence: Implications for venous reconstructive surgery

Abstract To evaluate the relationship of the site of venous valvular incompetence to the severity of venous reflux, legs of 71 patients with suspected chronic venous insufficiency were evaluated with Doppler ultrasonography and photoplethysmography. A venous recovery time (VRT) of less than 20 seconds after calf muscle exercise was considered indicative of significant reflux. Average VRTs were brief in 15 legs with stasis changes (10 ± 7 seconds), longer in 42 legs with edema (26 ± 23 seconds), and normal in 64 asymptomatic legs (37 ± 24 seconds) and 16 legs with pain (53 ± 19 seconds). Average VRTs in limbs with incompetent saphenous veins were abnormal. In limbs with competent superficial veins, only those with incompetent distal deep veins (popliteal and posterior tibial) had abnormal VRTs (14 ± 10 seconds). VRTs in limbs with no detectable valvular incompetence and in those with incompetence limited to the proximal deep veins (common and superficial femoral) were normal (47 ± 23 and 42 ± 27 seconds, respectively). When superficial veins were incompetent, an ankle tourniquet normalized VRTs in 63% of legs with proximal deep venous incompetence and in only 33% of legs with distal deep venous incompetence. It is concluded that venous reflux is largely determined by saphenous and distal deep valvular function and that competence of the proximal valves has little effect. Decreased venous reflux would not be expected after proximal valvular reconstruction. (J VASC SURG 1988;7:50-9.)
DOUBLE RESONANCES AND JORDAN BLOCK SPECTRA

Metastable states are associated with discrete complex eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian in the analytically continued spaces of quantum mechanics formulated in dual spaces. The necessary modifications when two resonances approach each other and coincide are discussed and illustrated in some exactly soluble models. The Hamiltonian no longer can be diagonalized completely but can be reduced to a Jordan block form. The duals are identified and a resolution of unity established. Some remarks are made about secular terms in the survival amplitude.
Dynamic consistency of insurance contracts under enforcement by exclusion

An insurance institution offsets individual income shocks with a contract that takes advantage of the cross-sectional heterogeneity of the shocks. Individuals with temporarily high incomes will wish to avoid the redistributive taxes imposed by the contract; these individuals are permitted to defect, but at the cost of forsaking all future benefits. Operator methods like those in Whiteman (1985) characterize the conditions under which on defection will occur. If the contract is identified with redistributive government programs, the central conclusion is that such contracts will be associated with high-income, advanced economies.
Suppression of superconductivity in disordered interacting wires

We study superconductivity suppression due to thermal fluctuations in disordered wires using the replica nonlinear sigma-model (NLsigmaM). We show that in addition to the thermal phase slips there is another type of fluctuations that result in a finite resistivity. These fluctuations are described by saddle points in NLsigmaM and cannot be treated within the Ginzburg-Landau approach. The contribution of such fluctuations to the wire resistivity is evaluated with exponential accuracy. The magnetoresistance associated with this contribution is negative.
When politics goes pop: on the intersections of popular and political culture and the case of Serbian student protests

Drawing from work in dialogic theory and cultural studies, this paper provides a perspective on how popular music becomes a facet of social movements. It critiques current work in the social movement literatures analyzing the role of pop in mobilization and collective action, and explores how dialogic analysis and selected work in cultural studies can expand extant perspectives on the role of framing, collective identity, emotions and narrative to include pop music. The perspective is illustrated through an analysis of the use of rock music in episodes of student protest against the Milosevic regime in Serbia in 1996/97 and 2000.
On the accuracy of channel length characterization of LDD MOSFET's

A comprehensive investigation into the various mechanisms that limit the accuracy of channel length extraction techniques for lightly doped drain (LDD) MOSFET's is presented. Analytic equations are derived to quantify the sensitivity of the extraction techniques to the geometry effect, and bias dependence of the n-source and drain resistance. The analytic approach is supplemented and verified by exercising channel length extraction algorithms on current-voltage characteristics obtained from rigorous numerical simulations of a variety of LDD MOSFET's. The analyses clearly show that low gate overdrives and consistent threshold voltage measurements are required to accurately extract the metallurgical channel length. The analytic equations can be used to project the limitations of channel length extraction methods for future submicrometer LDD MOSFET's.
Analysis of poly(amidoamine)-succinamic acid dendrimers by slab-gel electrophoresis and capillary zone electrophoresis

Ethylenediamine (EDA)-core poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) succinamic acid dendrimers (Ex.SAH, where x refers to the generation) were synthesized and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), potentiometric acid-base titration, and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Various generations (E1.SAH–E7.SAH) PAMAMs and a succinamic acid terminated core-shell tecto(dendrimer) (E5(E3.SAH)n) were first analyzed by PAGE. PAGE results show that the relative mobilities of generation 2 to generation 7 dendrimers decreased with the increasing number of generations. The molecular mass of a generation 5 core generation 3 shell tecto(dendrimer) (denoted as E5(E3.SAH)n) was determined to be between the Mw of E6.SAH and E7.SAH. CZE analysis allowed the evaluation of electrophoretic properties of given-generation dendrimers. The electrophoretic mobilities of individual generations PAMAM polyanions are similar, indicating that the separation mainly depends on their approximately identical charge/mass ratio. The E5(E3.SAH)n tectodendrimer had a lower electrophoretic mobility, which was consistent with its lower charge/mass ratio. The combination of PAGE and CZE analysis provides an alternative and effective way to characterize this group of PAMAM-succinamic acid dendrimers.
Comparative metabolism and DNA binding of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, aflatoxicol and aflatoxicol-M1 in hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

DNA binding and metabolism patterns of 3H-labeled aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and its phase I metabolites, aflatoxicol (AFL), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), and aflatoxicol-M1 (AFL-M1), were compared in freshly prepared rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) hepatocytes. Aflatoxins were incubated with hepatocytes for periods up to 1 h, cellular DNA was isolated and specific activities determined by scintillation counting and Burton analysis. Data for (pmol bound aflatoxin/micrograms DNA)/(mumol dose) versus time fit a linear function (P less than 0.002) passing nearly through the origin for each aflatoxin. DNA binding at 1 h relative to AFB1 was: AFL, 0.53 +/- 0.07; AFM1, 0.81 +/- 0.20 AFL-M1, 0.83 +/- 0.24. Statistical analysis indicated that binding of AFL, AFM1 and AFL-M1 were significantly less than that of AFB1. HPLC analysis of the cellular supernatants indicated that the major metabolites were AFL, AFB1, AFL-M1, and AFM1 from AFB1, AFL, AFM1 and AFL-M1 substrates, respectively. Small quantities of hydroxylated metabolites and glucuronides also were detected in some of the incubations. The time-course data suggested that initial formation of major metabolites was rapid and that, by 20-30 min, net changes in metabolite levels decreased or approached zero. Because the four compounds possess a 8,9-double bond, DNA binding could be due to activation of the parent substrates as well as of their phase I metabolites. Based on current mutagenicity data and limited carcinogenicity studies, AFM1 and AFL-M1 have binding levels which are higher than expected compared to AFB1 and AFL.
3-Methylcholanthrene-induced embryonic deformities in the chick: prevention by the antioxidant, N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylene diamine (DPPD).

Les embryons de poulet traites au prealable par du N,N′-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine sont immunises contre les deformations que produit le 3-methylcholranthrene. Il est possible que cette protection soit due a une action neutralisante des radicaux libres formes par le 3-methylcholranthrene avec l'oxygene.
Online data-centric anomaly detection framework for sensor network deployments

In this paper, we propose an online practical anomaly detection framework rooted in machine learning to identify data-centric anomalies in sensor network deployments. The framework enables application administrators to train a network of deployed sensors, instructs the nodes to extract online statistical features, and allows every node in the network to carry out the anomaly detection. Through simulation and a real-world in-door experimental deployment, our detection framework is shown to be able to identify data-centric anomalies with a very high accuracy (98% to 100%) while at the same time incurring much less memory, computation, and communication overhead compared to the state-of-the-art.
Cellulose synthases: new insights from crystallography and modeling

Detailed information about the structure and biochemical mechanisms of cellulose synthase (CelS) proteins remained elusive until a complex containing the catalytic subunit (BcsA) of CelS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides was crystalized. Additionally, a 3D structure of most of the cytosolic domain of a plant CelS (GhCESA1 from cotton, Gossypium hirsutum) was produced by computational modeling. This predicted structure contributes to our understanding of how plant CelS proteins may be similar and different as compared with BcsA. In this review, we highlight how these structures impact our understanding of the synthesis of cellulose and other extracellular polysaccharides. We show how the structures can be used to generate hypotheses for experiments testing mechanisms of glucan synthesis and translocation in plant CelS.
Two methods of estimating the target population for public maternity services programs

One difficulty in estimating the target population for public health programs is identifying a current and appropriate indicator of the low-income population. Using data from Mississippi and Maryland, we determined that educational attainment of women giving birth is a feasible substitute for census data in estimating the low-income maternity population, and that vital statistics data offer several advantages for estimating the maternity services target population over census data.
Bathing behavior of captive Orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica)

Abstract Feather maintenance behaviors, particularly preening and bathing, are nearly universal in birds, though their expression and function vary across species. Based on the rain-bathing style of wild Amazon parrots, parrots were sprayed with water to simulate rainfall, and subsequent bathing behavioral parameters were recorded as well as behavioral states accounting for activity budgets 1 h pre- and post-spray. When parrots were sprayed on Day 0 and next sprayed 2, 4 or 6 d later, it took more than 4 d for bathing bout length, bathing latency and number of birds bathing to return to values comparable to Day 0. Across three different times of the day (morning, midday, afternoon) all but one parrot bathed in the morning while fewer parrots bathed in the midday and afternoon time periods. Bathing duration in the morning was 10.8 ± 1.7 min and decreased significantly in later time periods while latency-to-bathe time in the morning was 1.4 ± 0.3 min and increased thereafter. Further, there were no significant effects of bathing on resting and feeding across the day but significant effects on preening were evident, with preening dropping to negligible levels after bathing; this is consistent with a motivational relationship between bathing and preening. Captive parrots displayed several postures and a general sequence of postures that resembled those of wild rain-bathing parrots. When other parrots in the same room were sprayed, non-sprayed parrots performed sham-bathing, possibly reflecting social facilitation of bathing. Results show that captive Orange-winged Amazon parrots have a bathing bout length of ∼10 min, with a refractory period of >4 d and a tendency to bathe in the morning.
On the time-dependent resonant width for Landau damping: theory and PIC simulation

We use electrostatic partice-in-cell (PIC) simulations and theory to study the damping of 1D plasma waves. We consider the linear regime where the asymptotic damping rate is much bigger than the bounce frequency. In this regime the waves are typically very small and often below the thermal noise in simulations and experiments. These waves can be studied using a subtraction technique in which two simulations with identical random number generation seeds are carried out. In the first, a small amplitude wave is excited. In the second simulation no wave is excited. The results from each simulation are subtracted providing a clean linear wave that can be studied. Since the Landau derivation does not provide a description of damping in terms of individual particle trajectories, we analyze Landau damping using a Lagrangian approach based on energy conservation and the linearized particle trajectories. This method provides a time-dependent resonance curve and the energy transfer of the particles in the damping process. The time-dependent resonant width measured in the simulations is compared with the theoretical prediction. Simulations in which particles within the resonance width are removed are also presented.