cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum: A single institution's experience

Background. The Nuss repair of pectus excavatum is a relatively new, minimally invasive surgical (MIS) alternative to the traditional open “Ravitch-type” operation. We have one of the larger single-center experiences to date, and we conducted this clinical study to evaluate our early experience, emphasizing initial outcome and technical modifications designed to minimize complications. Methods. A retrospective chart review was performed on 112 patients who underwent 116 pectus excavatum repairs between January 1995 and January 2001. The Nuss procedure was performed in 80 patients, and open repair was performed in 32 patients. Information about demographics, deformity, operative course, complications, and early outcome was recorded. Results. Operative duration was 143 minutes for the open group and 53 minutes for the Nuss MIS group (P <.001). Blood loss was 6 mL/kg for the open group and 0.5 mL/kg for the MIS group (P <.001). Postoperative hospitalization was 3.2 days for the open group versus 3.7 days for the MIS group (P<.05). Conclusions. The MIS pectus repair can be performed safely with minimal blood loss and reduced operative time. Short-term analysis of the quality of repair, including absence of preoperative symptoms, patient satisfaction, and cosmetic appearance are encouraging. (Surgery 2001;130:652-9.)
Galactose utilization by the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta.

1. 1. Hymenolepis diminuta incorporated label from 14C-galactose into glycogen, but the sugar would not support net glycogen synthesis. Glucose stimulated the incorporation of label from 14C-galactose into glycogen, while glycerol did not. 2. 2. During incubations in galactose, large internal pools of galactose and galactose 1-P accumulated, while the concentration of glucose 6-phosphate remained unchanged. 3. 3. In vitro culture experiments indicated that galactose would not support worm growth. Therefore, while galactose can be metabolized to a limited extent, it cannot substitute for glucose as a nutrient source.
"Blocking" lexical competitors in severe global agraphia: a treatment of reading and spelling.

Severe global agraphia in Patient MM is analyzed via anagram spelling. Errors in word spelling reflect conflict among lexical competitors and “blocking” of semantic errors by sublexical and lexical cues. Lexical graphemic competition predominates in the context of MM’s nearly absent sublexical transcoding of phonemes into graphemes. His orthographic lexicon is severely impaired, resulting in poor activation of lexemes and impaired activation and inhibition of the grapheme level in spelling. In MM’s multiple revisions of spelling errors, graphemes from more than one lexical competitor persist in an active state simultaneously. Experimental treatment addressed MM’s impaired sublexical reading and spelling, and facilitated sentence spelling through functional computer tasks. Spelling treatment resulted in evolution of MM’s global agraphia to surface agraphia. MM’s spelling performance supports the claim that lexical and sublexical processes interact during normal spelling, and shows that severe global agraph...
Differences in development among children and adolescents in eastern and western China.

AbstractBackground: There are wide-ranging differences in human growth, not only between ethnic groups but also between regions. China covers a vast area and has a very large population. However, no studies on the differences in development among children and adolescents in eastern and western China have been reported.Aim: This study assessed the differences in stature and body weight in children and adolescents in eastern and western China.Subjects and methods: Using data derived from two national surveys on students' constitution and health carried out by the Chinese government in 1985 and 2005, the average stature and body weight for children and adolescents aged 7–18 years in eastern and western China were calculated. The differences of mean values between eastern and western China were compared.Results: Boys and girls in eastern China were taller and heavier than their counterparts in western China in all age groups (7–18 years) in 2005, the average differences being 3.56 cm, 4.56 kg (urban boys), 3....
Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy associated with methyldopa therapy: a case report.

The case of a 71-year-old woman who developed generalized weakness, lymphadenopathy, and a skin rash during methyldopa therapy is described. The prompt disappearance of symptoms following the discontinuation of the drug implicates it in the initial triggering of the abnormal lymphoid proliferation. Shortly thereafter, florid immunoblastic lymphadenopathy developed, and the patient subsequently responded to corticosteroid therapy. The frequent occurrence of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy during or shortly after the administration of various therapeutic medications is emphasized. The nature of the disorder and its differential diagnosis are discussed. Cancer 42:2322–2327, 1978.
Interactions between thalamus and cortex in experimental epilepsy in the cat.

Abstract The dynamics of thalamocortical and corticothalamic pathways were studied in cats with seizures induced by injection of tungstic acid into the pericruciate gyrus. The discharge patterns of neurons and concomitant slow-wave activity in the cortical focus were compared to similar activity in the ipsilateral ventral anterior thalamus and suprasylvian gyrus. Initially, burst firing patterns and paroxysmal slow waves were recorded at the focus, and slow waves of smaller amplitude were recorded in ventral anterior thalamus, following the waves at the focus. Subsequently, an oscillating afterdischarge appeared at the cortical focus and also in the thalamus, and with the onset of generalized seizures, burst firing patterns were recorded in the ventral anterior thalamus prior to spread of seizure afterdischarge to suprasylvian gyrus. As the end of each electrical seizure neared there was a buildup of afterdischarge amplitude in the thalamus independent of activity in the cortex. Phase relations were of interest during seizures because slow waves generated in the suprasylvian gyrus led thalamic slow waves and similar waves at the cortical focus. The study suggests that activation of the thalamus occurs before seizure afterdischarge spreads to distant cortical sites and that the heightened thalamic afterdischarge at the termination of a seizure may be of importance in the arrest of generalized ictal activity.
Simulation of lossy package transmission lines using extracted data from one-port TDR measurements and nonphysical RLGC models

In this paper, the frequency-dependent characteristic impedance and propagation constant of lossy transmission lines have been extracted from one-port time-domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements. Nonphysical resistance (R), inductance (L), conductance (G) and capacitance (C) (RLGC) models have been developed for simulating lossy transmission lines using the extracted data. The extraction method has been demonstrated for transmission lines on an organic substrate such as coplanar lines. Using the extracted data and nonphysical RLGC models, the simulation results show good correlation with TDR measurements for coplanar lines.
Iterative exhaustive pattern generation for logic testing

Exhaustive pattern logic testing schemes provide all possible input patterns with respect to an output in the set of test patterns. This paper is concerned with the problem that arises when this is to be done simultaneously with respect to a number of outputs, using a single test set. More specifically, in this paper we describe an iterative procedure for generating a test set consisting of n- dimensional vectors which exhaustively covers all k-subspaces simultaneously, i.e., the projections of n-dimensional vectors in the test set onto any input subset of a specified size k contain all possible patterns of k-tuples. For any given k, we first find an appropriate N (N > k) and generate an efficient N-dimensional test set for exhaustive coverage of all k-subspaces. We next develop a constructive procedure to expand the corresponding test matrix (formed by taking test vectors as its rows) such that a test set of N2-dimensional vectors exhaustively covering the same k-subspaces is obtained. This procedure may be repeated to cover arbitrarily large n (n = N2i after i iterations), while keeping the same k. It is shown that the size of the test set obtained this way grows in size which becomes proportional to (log n) raised to the power of [log (q + 1)], where q is a function of k only, and is approximated (bounded closely below) by k2/4 in binary cases. This approach applies to nonbinary cases as well except that the value of q in an r-ary case is approximated by a number lying between k2/4 and k2/2.
Gender, race, ethnicity, and networks: The factors affecting the status of employees' network members.

This study sheds light on the informal mechanisms that contribute to inequality by examining the relationship between gender, race/ethnicity, and networks. Drawing on network theory and status construction theory, the author examines the routes through which employees' sex and race/ethnicity affect the status of their network members. The analyses indicate that women and people of color had network members with lower status than men and Whites because they occupied positions that limited their access to and ability to attract powerful employees. The author concludes that structural rather than personal exclusion explains race/ethnic and sex differences in the status of network members.
Development of CMR Manganite Sensors for Energy Measurement of the Linear Coherent Light Source Free Electron Laser Xray Pulses

We are developing Colossal Magnetoresistive (CMR) manganite thin film bolometric sensors to be employed as total energy detectors for beam diagnostics of the Linear Coherent Light Source (LCLS) Free Electron Laser (FEL) (at the Stanford Linear Accelerator). LCLS is an ultra bright, ultra short coherent x-ray source whose peak brightness will exceed that of third generation x-ray sources by about ten orders of magnitude and average brightness by three orders of magnitudes. It is expected to produce 1012 x-rays per 200 fs pulse with a repeat frequency of 120 Hz through self-amplified stimulated emission. In characterizing the beam, it will be necessary to measure the total energy of the FEL pulse. The Advanced Detector Group at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory has developed a scheme for FEL total energy measurements based on bolometric detection and are collaborating with Towson University to implement such a detector using CMR manganite thin films. Here we discuss the basic scheme, results of simulations of the thermal response and the materials development efforts towards fabricating the thin film detectors.
Measuring the Psychological Characteristics of Titles of Journal Articles and their Subject Headings

This paper gives the results of three measures given to 200 college students who rated the positivity of titles of articles and books shown either as full bibliographic citation or as title only. Half of the titles were taken from the university’s academic library’s section on humanities-social sciences, and the other half from the science-technology section. Several ANOVA tests are reported. Titles from humanities-social sciences were more correctly associated with their subject headings and were recalled better than titles from the science-technology area. The results are discussed in the context of a theory of titles that specifies three psychological characteristics of all titles that are present within the linguistic or bibliographic meta-information. The relationship of these characteristics to general features of human behaviour is specified as the affective, cognitive, and sensorimotor properties of titles. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.14429/djlit.34.6.7852
Lumbar hemangioma masking a plasma cell tumor--case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Background context Vertebral hemangiomata are ubiquitous bone tumors. Often multiple, they are generally benign in nature and slow growing. They typically have a predictable radiographic appearance. Occasionally, hemangiomata may behave in a more aggressive manner, causing pathologic fracture or even symptoms/signs of nerve compression. In such cases, one must be careful not to assume that an atypical hemangioma is responsible. Coexisting, more malignant processes may be present and sometimes may be radiographically undetectable in the setting of acute fracture. This was the case in our patient. Study design Case report/university spine surgery center. Methods The patient underwent a corpectomy of her affected vertebra with conversion to a total spondylectomy when intraoperative frozen section was consistent with plasma cell neoplasm. A reconstruction with vertebral body replacement and fusion through anterior and posterior approaches was completed. Subsequently, the literature was reviewed for other cases of atypical hemangiomata to investigate the incidence of coexistent lesions. Results This patient presented with pain secondary to an unstable pathologic vertebral body fracture. Surgery to stabilize her spine was elected. Intraoperative recognition of abnormal-appearing tissue led to the diagnosis of a plasma cell neoplasm that was not seen on imaging. Coexistent in the same vertebra was hemangiomatous tissue that was visible on preoperative imaging. Conclusions There are rare reports of aggressively behaving hemangiomata that mainly have occurred in the thoracic spine. There have been no reports of the coexistence of a hemangioma and a plasma cell tumor in the same vertebral level in the setting of acute compression fracture.
Dechlorination of Chloropicrin and 1,3-Dichloropropene by Hydrogen Sulfide Species: Redox and Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

The chlorinated fumigants chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane) and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) are extensively used in agricultural production for the control of soilborne pests. The reaction of these two fumigants with hydrogen sulfide species (H2S and HS - ) was examined in well-defined anoxic aqueous solutions. Chloropicrin underwent an extremely rapid redox reaction in the hydrogen sulfide solution. Transformation products indicated reductive dechlorination of chloropicrin by hydrogen sulfide species to produce dichloro- and chloronitromethane. The transformation of chloropicrin in hydrogen sulfide solution significantly increased with increasing pH, indicating that H2S is less reactive toward chloropicrin than HS - is. For both 1,3-D isomers, kinetics and transformation products analysis revealed that the reaction between 1,3-D and hydrogen sulfide species is an SN2 nucleophilic substitution process, in which the chlorine at C3 of 1,3-D is substituted by the sulfur nucleophile to form corresponding mercaptans. The 50% disappearance time (DT50) of 1,3-D decreased with increasing hydrogen sulfide species concentration at a constant pH. Transformation of 1,3-D was more rapid at high pH, suggesting that the reactivity of hydrogen sulfide species in the experimental system stems primarily from HS - . Because of the relatively low smell threshold values and potential environmental persistence of organic sulfur products yielded by the reaction of 1,3-D and HS - , the effects of reduced sulfide species should be considered in the development of alternative fumigation practices, especially in the integrated application of sulfur-containing fertilizers.
Effect of age on susceptibility to Salmonella Typhimurium infection in C57BL/6 mice

Ageing is associated with a decline in immune function, which predisposes the elderly to a higher incidence of infections. Information on the mechanism of the age-related increase in susceptibility to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is limited. In particular, little is known regarding the involvement of the immune response in this age-related change. We employed streptomycin (Sm)-pretreated C57BL/6 mice to develop a mouse model that would demonstrate age-related differences in susceptibility and immune response to S. Typhimurium. In this model, old mice inoculated orally with doses of 3×108 or 1×106 c.f.u. S. Typhimurium had significantly greater S. Typhimurium colonization in the ileum, colon, Peyer's patches, spleen and liver than young mice. Old mice had significantly higher weight loss than young mice on days 1 and 2 post-infection. In response to S. Typhimurium infection, old mice failed to increase ex vivo production of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the spleen and mesenteric lymph node cells to the same degree as observed in young mice; this was associated with their inability to maintain the presence of neutrophils and macrophages at a ‘youthful’ level. These results indicate that Sm-pretreated C57BL/6 old mice are more susceptible to S. Typhimurium infection than young mice, which might be due to impaired IFN-γ and TNF-α production as well as a corresponding change in the number of neutrophils and macrophages in response to S. Typhimurium infection compared to young mice.
Only a Small Fraction of High-Grade Cervical Lesions Are Discovered After an Interpretation of Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance When Using Imager-Assisted, Liquid-Based Papanicolaou Tests and the Bethesda 2001 System

Context.—Previous work has reported that most high-grade cervical neoplasia is seen in patients with preceding Papanicolaou test results of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. This information was based on conventional test results and the Bethesda 1991 reporting system and was determined before the current treatment guidelines. Objective.—Our objective was to perform a retrospective review of all histologically confirmed, high-grade cervical neoplasia to determine the diagnosis of the preceding liquid-based Papanicolaou test. Design.—A total of 189 histologically confirmed, high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) cases grade 2 and greater were identified for a 1-year period. Results.—Of the 189 cases, 10 (5.3%) had a previous diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; 55 (29.1%) had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions; 31 (16.4%) had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, unable to rule out a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; 21 ...
Changes in the retrievability of associations to elements of the compound CS determine the expression of overshadowing

In two experiments, rats were presented with a taste conditioned stimulus (CS) alone, an odor CS alone, or an odor-taste compound followed by lithium chloride injection. When tested 1 day following conditioning, there was evidence that the odor cue overshadowed conditioning to the taste; however, there was no indication of overshadowing following a longer (2I-day) retention interval, despite undiminished strength of the aversion in animals conditioned with only the single element (taste). The overshadowing observed at the I-day retention interval was not reciprocal. Rats conditioned with the odor CS alone or with the compound CS expressed odor aversions of comparable strength-that is, no overshadowing. However, in contrast to the taste aversion, over­ shadowing of conditioning to the odor by taste was evident following a 2I-day retention interval. Rather than reflecting a failure of the overshadowed stimulus to acquire associative strength, these data suggest that overshadowing may be expressed, or not expressed, as a result of changes in the relative retrievability of learned associations over time. When a compound conditioned stimulus (CS) made up of two separable elements (AB) is paired with an uncon­ ditioned stimulus (US), the conditioned responding elicited by the less salient element (B) is weaker than if it alone had been paired with the US. This "overshadowing" of B by A has been interpreted by major theories of Pav­ lovian conditioning as a failure of the overshadowed ele­ ment to be associated with the US (Mackintosh, 1975, 1976; Rescorla & Wagner, 1972). Recent evidence indi­ cates, however, that the overshadowed stimulus may in fact become associated with the US during conditioning and that overshadowing represents a failure to express this learned association behaviorally. A variety of studies have reported that nonreinforced presentations of the overshadowing stimulus following conditioning with a compound CS result in an enhanced level of conditioned responding to the overshadowed stimulus that may be comparable to the level observed to the more salient stimulus. This "recovery" from over­ shadowing, via extinction of the overshadowing stimu­ lus, has been reported with either general activity (Kauf­ man & Bolles, 1981) or suppression of drinking (Matzel, Schachtman, & Miller, 1985; Matzel, Shuster, & Miller, 1987) as the index of conditioning. Recovery from overshadowing has also been reported as a function of an increase in the retention interval be
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with abnormal effort-cost computations.

Background Decision-making studies show that response selection is influenced by the "effort cost" associated with response alternatives. These effort-cost calculations seem to be mediated by a distributed neural circuit including the anterior cingulate cortex and subcortical targets of dopamine neurons. On the basis of evidence of dysfunction in these systems in schizophrenia (SZ), we examined whether effort-cost computations were impaired in SZ patients and whether these deficits were associated with negative symptoms. Methods Effort-cost decision-making performance was evaluated in 44 patients with SZ and 36 demographically matched control subjects. Subjects performed a computerized task where they were presented with a series of 30 trials in which they could choose between making 20 button presses for $1 or 100 button presses for higher amounts (varying from $3 to $7 across trials). Probability of reward receipt was also manipulated to determine whether certain (100%) or uncertain (50%) reward affected effort-based decision-making. Results Patients were less likely than control subjects to select the high-effort response alternative during the 100% probability condition, particularly when the value payoff was highest (i.e., $6 and $7). Patients were also less likely to select the high-effort option on trials after reward in the 50% probability condition. Furthermore, these impairments in effort-cost computations were greatest among patients with elevated negative symptoms. There was no association with haloperidol equivalent dosage. Conclusions The motivational impairments of SZ might be associated with abnormalities in estimating the "cost" of effortful behavior. This increased effort cost might undermine volition.
Dynamic programming, quasilinearization and the dimensionality difficulty

One of the most powerful techniques for solving optimization problems is Bellman’s dynamic programming. This technique is very versatile and it can solve, at least in principle, many important optimization problems. However, because of the dimensionality difficulties, only problems with a relatively small number of state variables have been solved, Various techniques have been proposed to reduce the dimensionality difficulties. Some of these techniques are the use of Lagrange multipliers, the use of orthogonal polynomials, the use of successive approximations, and the state increment dynamic programming [l, 21. Except the last technique which has been applied to optimal control problems with continuous independent variables, all the other techniques have proven to be satisfactory in only a few cases. It should be noted that most of these techniques are trading computation time for computer memory. Thus, the use of these techniques will increase the required computation time. The quasilinearization technique has been shown to be a useful tool for overcoming the boundary value difficulties in the classical variational methods [3]. In this paper this technique is used to overcome the dimensionality difficulties in dynamic programming. Bellman and Kalaba [4,5] have shown that if the equations governing the transformation of the process are linear, a reduction in the dimensionality of the problem can be obtained. Since nonlinear equations can be linearized by the quasilinearization technique, a combined linearization and iteration scheme can be obtained. By the use of this scheme, the dimensionality of the functional equation of dynamic programming can be reduced to one in most cases. The advantage of this combined technique is that both the computer memory requirement and the computation time are reduced. In one example a three-dimensional problem is solved as a one-dimensional problem by this combined technique in one minute. If this problem were solved as a three-
Wavelets and filter banks: theory and design

The wavelet transform is compared with the more classical short-time Fourier transform approach to signal analysis. Then the relations between wavelets, filter banks, and multiresolution signal processing are explored. A brief review is given of perfect reconstruction filter banks, which can be used both for computing the discrete wavelet transform, and for deriving continuous wavelet bases, provided that the filters meet a constraint known as regularity. Given a low-pass filter, necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a complementary high-pass filter that will permit perfect reconstruction are derived. The perfect reconstruction condition is posed as a Bezout identity, and it is shown how it is possible to find all higher-degree complementary filters based on an analogy with the theory of Diophantine equations. An alternative approach based on the theory of continued fractions is also given. These results are used to design highly regular filter banks, which generate biorthogonal continuous wavelet bases with symmetries. >
Keeping Hope: My 10-Year Journey with Cancer

I did not think there would be any reason to worry when I visited my physician in 2008. I had a persistent cough and some trouble breathing. The doctor attributed my symptoms to bronchitis. However, after a couple of weeks without improvement, he suggested that I get a computed tomography (CT) scan of my chest, just to make sure everything was alright. I was a little worried, but did not think of the worst. My worrying was justified. In September 2008, a mass was found in the bronchus of my left lung. I was referred to Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI) in Buffalo, New York, for further evaluation. I underwent a bronchoscopy in November. I received a devastating call after the procedure—the biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma in situ. When I found out I had lung cancer, I was scared that I would die. I knew that I did not have the cleanest medical history, as I had been a cigarette smoker for 40 years and had been exposed to asbestos through my job. I had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, and hypertension. However, I never imagined hearing those words, “You have cancer,” and I certainly could have never prepared for the shock that came with this news. Quitting smoking was difficult—I was smoking 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day until 2006, when I first tried to quit. I was able to cut down to just 1 pack per day, but I knew that I had to completely nix the habit once I found out that I had lung cancer. It took many tries, but I eventually quit cold turkey in late 2010. I was completely distraught facing the reality of my health. How many years did I have left? When will be the last time I see my family? Do I have any hope of surviving?
Computational particle-hemodynamics analysis and geometric reconstruction after carotid endarterectomy.

Transient three-dimensional laminar incompressible dilute suspension 2ow in rigid in-plane carotid artery bifurcations has been solved with a user-enhanced 3nite-volume program.Instantaneous velocity vector and wall shear stress vector 3elds illustrate strong “disturbed 2ow” patterns.Implications of elevated surface contours of hemodynamic wall parameters, indicating such disturbed 2ows, and particle deposition sites are discussed and a relative comparison in terms of indicator functions between the endarterectomized carotid artery bifurcation and two design improvements is shown.Although the combined perioperative mortality and non-fatal stroke rate for carotid endarterectomy ranges only from 2% to 7%, the 3nal geometric design recommendation presented merits consideration because it may signi3cantly lower the chances of post-operative complications such as stroke, ischemic attack, or even death.The new carotid artery bifurcation design is based on the overall reduction of “disturbed 2ow” indicator functions, including the time-averaged wall shear stress angle deviation and a wall deposition parameter for critical blood particles, such as monocytes. c
Mad scientists, narrative, and social power: a collaborative learning activity

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short stories “The Birthmark” (1843) and “Rappaccini’s Daughter” (1844) encourage critical thinking about science and scientific research as forms of social power. In this collaborative activity, students work in small groups to discuss the ways in which these stories address questions of human experimentation, gender, manipulation of bodies, and the role of narrative in mediating perceptions about bodies. Students collectively adduce textual evidence from the stories to construct claims and present a mini-argument to the class, thereby strengthening their skills in communication and cooperative interpretation of ethical dilemmas. This exercise is adaptable to shorter and longer periods of instruction, and it is ideal for instructors who collaborate across areas of expertise.
A scaffolded introduction to dynamic website development for female high school students

We describe work on developing workshop activities that are part of wConnect, a project that is building an online community of women in computer and information science. The workshops are designed by college women for high school girls, with hands-on construction of dynamic web sites. Because of limited workshop time, the activities use scaffolding to help girls achieve the in-tended learning objectives. In this paper we describe the design of the activities, their formative evaluation in a series of four work-shops, and how we are using these results in the larger project.
Employee Resistance To Organizational Change

As change management becomes an essential ingredient of organizations’ performance, the body of literature describing successful and unsuccessful change management initiatives continues to expand. Numerous articles and studies provide an insight into the nature of change management and its most common pitfalls. The most recurring themes include resistance to change, readiness for change, leadership effectiveness, employee commitment and participation in change initiatives, and the roles and competencies needed to ensure the success of strategic change. The present article focuses on one of these themes: resistance to change. Understanding of resistance may enable managers to reduce conflict and increase collaboration. To meet these challenges, leaders must be trained and educated to overcome resistance to change. This article points out important types of resistance for organizations to address.
Comparative Analysis of Spectral, Empirical Orthogonal Function, and Wavelet Decompositions for an Upwelling Event

Abstract The recently developed wavelet transform, conventional spectral, and empirical orthogonal function decompositions have been applied to the vertical temperature profiles characterized with an isolated upwelling event and several other small-scale structures. Although empirical orthogonal function provides optimal decomposition of variance, it does not reveal much information about the transition of energy to small-scale oscillations. The localized characteristics that are not detected properly in the power spectral analysis are well represented by wavelets in the frequency–time domain.
Impact of geography on organ allocation: Beyond the distance to the transplantation center.

AIM: To illustrate the application and utility of Geographic Information System (GIS) in exploring patterns of liver transplantation. Specifically, we aim to describe the geographic distribution of transplant registrations and identify disparities in access to liver transplantation across United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) region 1. METHODS: Based on UNOS data, the number of listed transplant candidates by ZIP code from 2003 to 2012 for Region 1 was obtained. Choropleth (color-coded) maps were used to visualize the geographic distribution of transplant registrations across the region. Spatial interaction analysis was used to analyze the geographic pattern of total transplant registrations by ZIP code. Factors tested included ZIP code log population and log distance from each ZIP code to the nearest transplant center; ZIP code population density; distance from the nearest city over 50000; and dummy variables for state residence and location in the southern portion of the region. RESULTS: Visualization of transplant registrations revealed geographic disparities in organ allocation across Region 1. The total number of registrations was highest in the southern portion of the region. Spatial interaction analysis, after adjusting for the size of the underlying population, revealed statistically significant clustering of high and low rates in several geographic areas could not be predicted based solely on distance to the transplant center or density of population. CONCLUSION: GIS represents a new method to evaluate the access to liver transplantation within one region and can be used to identify the presence of disparities and reasons for their existence in order to alleviate them.
Integrating Mach–Zehnder interferometry with TPIV to measure the time-resolved deformation of a compliant wall along with the 3D velocity field in a turbulent channel flow

A system combining tomographic PIV (TPIV) and Mach–Zehnder interferometry (MZI) simultaneously measures the time-resolved 3D flow field and 2D distribution of wall-normal deformation in a turbulent channel flow over a transparent compliant surface. This paper focuses on the experimental techniques and data analysis procedures, but includes sample results. Standard TPIV analysis resolves the log layer of the mean velocity and the linear decrease in total shear stress with distance from the wall. Single-pixel ensemble correlations reveal the buffer layer and top of the viscous sublayer. Analysis of the MZI data consists of two steps, namely critical spatial filtering of interferograms to remove noise and phase demodulation to calculate the surface shape. A new technique to improve the filtration of noise from interferograms based on spatial correlations of small windows is introduced and optimized. Taking advantage of this enhancement, the phase/deformation distribution is calculated directly from arccosines of the intensity, which avoids edge artifacts affecting spectral calculations. Validations using synthetic noisy interferograms indicate that errors associated with correlation-based enhancement are consistently lower and much less sensitive to fringe shape than spectral band-pass filtering. The experimental wavenumber–frequency spectra show that the deformation consists of patterns that are larger than the field of view, surface waves and small-scale patterns. Some of the latter are advected at the freestream velocity, but mostly at 70 % of the freestream, the mean speed at 10 % of the channel half height. Indeed, spatial correlations of the deformation with velocity components peak at this elevation.
Tailoring a Consent Inquiry to Fit Individual Employment Contracts

This article looks at the fundamental requirement of consent in contracts, and tailors the consent inquiry to fit the particular setting of individual employment contracts. It borrows from the approach some courts have used to assess the validity of waivers of various statutory rights. Those courts look to a non-exclusive set of factors to assess whether the waiver was knowing and voluntary. It also looks at the manner in which courts determine the validity of premarital agreements. Courts pay particular attention to whether the parties entered a premarital agreement knowingly and volun-tarily, and consider various factors, including the opportunity and ability to review and consider the agreement, external pressures on consent, the relative sophistication of the parties, and whether the parties had disclosed financial and other information to each other. Such a consent inquiry also needs to address the particular concerns that arise at various points along the employment relationship.
Full Waveform Inversion With Image-guided Gradient

Full waveform inversion (FWI) with an image-guided gradient improves convergence by reducing the number of parameters in the subsurface model. We represent the subsurface model with a sparse set of values, and from these values, we use image-guided interpolation (IGI) to compute finelyand uniformly-sampled gradients of the data misfit function in FWI. IGI makes models more blocky than finely-sampled models, and this blockiness from the model space mitigates the absence of low frequencies in recorded data. A smaller number of parameters to invert also reduces the number of iterations required to converge to a solution model. Tests with a synthetic model and data demonstrate these improvements.
Dehydration and Ketosis

SummaryDehydration is antiketogenic when ketosis is measured by the level of ketone bodies in the blood of fasting albino rats. Protein catabolism is increased during dehydration and it is probable that the larger amount of carbohydrate provided by the protein break-down accounts for the antiketogenesis.
Modifying Phonation Intervals (MPI) stuttering therapy compared to standard prolonged speech treatment

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Ingham, R., Ingham, J., Bothe, A., Wang, Y., & Kilgo, M. (2015). Efficacy of the Modifying Phonation Intervals (MPI) stuttering treatment program with adults who stutter. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24, 256–271.Sources of funding and declaration of interests: No conflicts of interest are reported by the authors.
Ocular syphilis: opportunities to address important unanswered questions

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a clinical advisory late last year on ocular syphilis. Between December 2014 and March 2015, 12 cases of ocular syphilis were reported from two US cities, San Francisco and Seattle.1 Subsequent case finding identified more than 200 cases reported over the last 2 years from 20 states. Whether this is the result of one or more oculotropic strains (neuroinvasive strains have been described)2 or enhanced case detection due to, for example, the increasing use of the reverse sequence algorithm for syphilis screening, is unclear. In Maryland, to date, following the release of the advisory, 13 cases have been identified through careful record reviews with 9 (70%) of the 13 presenting as late ocular syphilis (personal communication Elisabeth Liebow and Alexandra Goode, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene). If this increasing case detection is the result of a circulating strain, the strain has been circulating for a while. Irrespective of the cause of this observed increase in the number of cases of ocular syphilis, there are several important yet unanswered clinical questions: what is the relationship between ocular and neurosyphilis? How does HIV impact ocular syphilis and this relationship? Is a lumbar puncture (LP) necessary for the evaluation of patients suspected of having ocular syphilis? What is the best treatment of ocular syphilis? Other issues to clarify include the relationship of ocular syphilis presentation to stage of syphilis infection, the risk of ocular syphilis in serofast patients, and whether ocular syphilis in patients with a previous record of treatment represents recrudescence or reinfection. Several studies have tried to address one or more of these questions. All of these studies suffered from a small sample size that limited their power to draw meaningful conclusions. In this issue, Tsuboi et al …
Application of Immune Neural Network in Cementing Quality Prediction

In order to overcome the shortcomings of traditional BP network,such as slow convergence,uncertain node number in the hidden layer and so on,an immune algorithm is integrated with BP network theory,and it is put forward that the prediction model of cementing quality is built by using immune neural network.In the immune neural network algorithm,antibody thickness is added to carry out immune adjustment and increase the group diversity.The simulation results show that this method has shorter training time and higher prediction accuracy than the BP network model,and it can improve cementing quality and realize prediction and tracking analysis of cementing quality.It has good serviceability for predicting all kinds of information not known in cementing.It has provided a new method for cementing quality prediction.
Density Functional Theory (DFT) Studies of C1and C2Hydrocarbons Species on Pt Clusters

Quantum chemical calculations were performed using density functional theory to study interactions of C1and C2hydrocarbons with 10-atom Pt clusters. The heats of ethylene adsorption to form di-σ- and π-adsorbed species were calculated to be −171 kJ/mol and −103 kJ/mol, respectively, at 298 K. The calculated heat is −109 kJ/mol for the formation of ethylidyne species from ethylene adsorption, with the formation of gas phase dihydrogen at 298 K. The heat of adsorption of acetylene to form molecular, di-σ/π-adsorbed species is −209 kJ/mol, and the heat of formation of di-σ/π vinylidene species is −278 kJ/mol at 298 K. The calculated structural parameters of these species agree with the available experimental data. The same 10-atom platinum cluster is used to calculate the heats of adsorption of various other hydrocarbon species which may be reactive intermediates for hydrocarbon conversion reactions. These species include vinyl, methyl, ethyl, methylene, ethylidene, and ethylylidene species.
Modal and polarization properties of growing frequency doubled light in optical glass fibers

Despite many attempts,1 frequency doubling in optical glass fibers is still an unexplained phenomenon. We address two fundamental properties of photoinduced second harmonic generation (SHG) in optical glass fibers: the modal evolution of the frequency doubled light and the tensor properties of the induced second-order nonlinearity.
Work–Family Enrichment: A Systematic Review of Antecedents, Outcomes, and Mechanisms

While based on ideas initially introduced in the 1970s (e.g., Sieber, 1974), the concept of work–family enrichment was first proposed by Greenhaus and Powell in 2006. This framework asserts that enrichment is experienced either through an instrumental path or an affective path. Enrichment occurs by means of the instrumental path when individuals have the belief that engagement in one role has directly increased their ability to perform in the other role. According to Greenhaus and Powell (2006), role experiences offer five categories of resources that may be acquired by an individual: skills and perspectives (e.g., interpersonal skills), psychological and physical resources (e.g., self-efficacy), social-capital resources (e.g., networking, information), flexibility (e.g., flexible work arrangements), and material resources (e.g., money). Enrichment occurs by way of the affective pathway when an increase in resources in one role enhances mood, spilling over, and permitting for increased functioning in the other role. In this way, a parent who plays with children before work, developing a good mood, may then bring those emotions into the workplace. This, in turn, may increase their ability to interact positively with coworkers, thus improving performance.
Competency Evaluations on the Consultation-Liaison Service: Some Overt and Covert Aspects

Competency assessments are a growing function of the consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatrist. Such consultation requests often mask a variety of psychosocial issues that are a source of frustration to the referring physician responding to the pressures of the changing health care delivery system in the acute care setting. This study identifies the issues and the outcome of psychiatric consultation in these patients. The implications of this burgeoning role for the C-L psychiatrist are also explored.
Vitamin A Transport and Cell Signaling by the Retinol-Binding Protein Receptor STRA6

Vitamin A, retinol, circulates in blood bound to retinol binding protein (RBP). In some tissues, the retinol-RBP complex (holo-RBP) is recognized by a membrane receptor, termed STRA6, which mediates uptake of retinol into cells. Recent studies have revealed that, in addition to serving as a retinol transporter, STRA6 is a ligand-activated cell surface signaling receptor that, upon binding of holo-RBP activates JAK/STAT signaling, culminating in the induction of STAT target genes. It has further been shown that retinol transport and cell signaling by STRA6 are critically interdependent and that both are coupled to intracellular vitamin A metabolism. The molecular mechanism of action of STRA6 and its associated machinery is beginning to be revealed, but further work is needed to identify and characterize the complete range of genes and associated signaling cascades that are regulated by STRA6 in different tissues. An understanding of STRA6 is clinically relevant, as for example, it has been shown to be hyper- activated in obese animals, leading to insulin resistance. A potential role for STRA6 in other pathologies, including cancer, awaits further investigation.
Long-Term Outcome for De Novo or Minimally Treated Burkitt-Type Lymphoma/Leukemia (BL/B-ALL) After Therapy with Hyper-CVAD and Rituximab

Abstract Abstract 1781 The outcomes for Burkitt-type lymphoma/leukemia have improved significantly with the use of short, intensive, multi-agent chemotherapy regimens. The hyper-CVAD regimen (fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone alternating with high dose methotrexate (MTX) and cytarabine) was established as an effective first line program for younger patients with de novo B-ALL [Thomas D, J Clin Oncol 17:2461, 1999]. Although the overall complete remission (CR) rate was 81%, the induction mortality rate was 19% for those at least 60 yrs of age (related to systemic fungal infections), reduced to Disclosures: Thomas: Novartis: Honoraria; Bristol-Meyer-Squibb: Honoraria; Pfizer:; Amgen: Research Funding. Off Label Use: Imatinib for de novo Philadelphia positive ALL. Dasatinib for de novo Philadelphia positive ALL. Rituximab for CD20 positive ALL and Burkitt leukemia/lymphoma. Nelarabine for de novo T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. O'Brien: Genentech BioOncology: Consultancy. Wierda: Genentech BioOncology: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Ferrajoli: Genentech BioOncology: Research Funding.