cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spinach CSP41, an mRNA-binding protein and ribonuclease, is homologous to nucleotide-sugar epimerases and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.

Abstract Spinach CSP41 is part of a protein complex that binds to the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of petD precursor-mRNA, a chloroplast gene encoding subunit IV of the cytochrome b6/f complex. CSP41 cleaves the 3′-UTR of petD mRNA within the stem-loop structure, suggesting a key role in the control of chloroplast mRNA stability. We discovered that CSP41 is homologous to nucleotide-sugar epimerases and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases while seeking distant homologs of these enzymes with a hidden Markov model-based search of Genpept. This analysis identified Synechocystis ORF, Accession 1652543 as a homolog. Subsequent analyses show that spinach CSP41 and Arabidopsis thaliana 2765081 are homologous to the Synechocystis ORF. Information from the solved 3D structures of epimerases and dehydrogenases and our motif analysis of these enzymes is used to predict domains on CSP41 that are important in binding and metabolism of mRNA. Cyanobacteria are among the earliest life forms, indicating that the divergence from a common ancestor of nucleotide-sugar epimerases and an mRNA binding protein with ribonuclease activity was ancient.
Epidemic in the War Zone: Aids and Community Survival in New York City:

The characteristics and consequences of the AIDS/HIV epidemic in New York City are examined, with special attention to its impact on inner-city communities. The high numbers of AIDS cases are the source of increasing stress on public and community treatment and family and neighborhood networks of support. As the epidemic deepens (8 to 10 thousand new cases per year are expected by 1992) these resources, already weakened by years of underfunding, are becoming overwhelmed and are in danger of collapse. The high rates of HIV infection in these communities (5 to 20 percent of adults aged 25 to 45) and their linkage to widespread drug use prefigure the development of endemic levels in several population subgroups, with substantial risk of heterosexual spread. Simultaneously, there is a steady diffusion of infection to adjacent urban areas and, via migration patterns, to localities quite distant from New York City (e.g., Puerto Rico). Some hope can be found in the advent of more effective methods of early intervention for presymptomatic HIV infection. These offer an opportunity for combining clinical care with public health strategies that may restrict the spread of HIV while providing humane care for large numbers of people with AIDS and support for their families.
Hiding the Anorectic: A Rhetorical Analysis of Popular Discourse Concerning Anorexia

Through a critically rhetorical textual analysis of articles about anorexia and anorectics in popular women's and teens' magazines, the category of the “hidden anorectic” emerges. The “hidden anorectic” remains hidden because the popular press often overlooks her disordered eating. This becomes problematic when writers attempt to alert readers about the danger signs of anorexia. By specifically looking at the “hidden anorectic,” this essay seeks to explicate what previous articles have ignored, thus pursuing the reasons this issue is not addressed.
Effects of heating at high latitudes on global thermospheric dynamics

Abstract Three dimensional numerical calculations of thermospheric wind, density and temperature fields generated by solar EuV heating were described in a recent paper by Straus et al. (1975). These model calculations indicated that many of the global characteristics of the thermosphere are generated by EUV heating alone. However, several observed features were found to be poorly represented by the model results. These include the amplitude of the diurnal temperature variation and properties of the diurnal variations of the meridional wind and pressure gradient fields. The present paper describes investigation of the extent to which heating of the thermosphere at high latitudes would contribute to the resolution of these difficulties. This heating lowers the day to night temperature ratio, since it provides a heat source at night. It brings calculated meridional winds and pressure gradients into better agreement with observations, since it raises isobaric surfaces at high latitudes. The amount of heating at high latitudes required to make these modifications is consistent with that due to quiet time joule heating.
THE METAL TRANSPORTER SMF-3/DMT-1 MEDIATES ALUMINUM-INDUCED DOPAMINE NEURON DEGENERATION

Aluminum (Al(3+)) is the most prevalent metal in the earth's crust and is a known human neurotoxicant. Al(3+) has been shown to accumulate in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and epidemiological studies suggest correlations between Al(3+) exposure and the propensity to develop both PD and the amyloid plaque-associated disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although Al(3+) exposures have been associated with the development of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, the molecular mechanism involved in Al(3+) transport in neurons and subsequent cellular death has remained elusive. In this study, we show that a brief exposure to Al(3+) decreases mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular ATP levels, and confers dopamine (DA) neuron degeneration in the genetically tractable nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Al(3+) exposure also exacerbates DA neuronal death conferred by the human PD-associated protein α-synuclein. DA neurodegeneration is dependent on SMF-3, a homologue to the human divalent metal transporter (DMT-1), as a functional null mutation partially inhibits the cell death. We also show that SMF-3 is expressed in DA neurons, Al(3+) exposure results in a significant decrease in protein levels, and the neurodegeneration is partially dependent on the PD-associated transcription factor Nrf2/SKN-1 and caspase Apaf1/CED-4. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the deletion of SMF-3 confers Al(3+) resistance due to sequestration of Al(3+) into an intracellular compartment. This study describes a novel model for Al(3+)-induced DA neurodegeneration and provides the first molecular evidence of an animal Al(3+) transporter.
The effects of various basis image priors on MR image MAP restoration

We extend a previously reported technique for Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) restoration, using a physical model (spin equation) and corresponding basis images. We determine the basis images (proton density and nuclear relaxation times) from the MRI data and use them to obtain excellent restorations.
The Pressure for Principles: A Challenge to Management Professors

Presents a thesis on the principles of management that are true in all management situations. Differences between laws, principles and fundaments; Controversy over the content and methods of teachi...
Chemical modification of rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase with phenylglyoxal

Abstract Nonactivated phosphorylase kinase from rabbit skeletal muscle is inactivated by treatment with phenylglyoxal. Under mild reaction conditions, a derivative that retains 10–15% of the pH 8.2 catalytic activity is obtained. The kinetics of inactivation profile, differential effects of modification on pH 6.8 and 8.2 catalytic activities, and the insensitiveness of the modified enzyme to activation by ADP reveal that the 10–15% of catalytic activity remaining is very likely due to intrinsic catalytic activity of the derivative rather than to the presence of unmodified enzyme molecules. The kinetic results also suggest that the inactivation is correlatable with the reaction of one molecule of the reagent with the enzyme without any prior binding of phenylglyoxal. The phenylglyoxal modification reduces the autophosphorylation rate of the kinase. Autophosphorylated phosphorylase kinase is inactivated by phenylglyoxal at a much slower rate than the inactivation of nonactivated kinase. Thus, phenylglyoxal modification influences the phosphorylation and vice versa. The modified enzyme can be reactivated by treatment with trypsin or by dissociation using chatropic salts. The activity of the phenylglyoxal modified enzyme after trypsin digestion or dissociation with LiBr reaches the same level as that of the native enzyme digested with trypsin or treated with LiBr under identical conditions. The results suggest that the effect of modification is overcome by dissociation of the subunits of phosphorylase kinase and that the catalytic site is not modified under conditions when 85% of the pH 8.2 catalytic activity is lost. Among various nucleotides and metal ions tested, only ADP, with or without Mg 2+ , afforded effective protection against inactivation with phenylglyoxal. At pH 6.8, 1 m m ADP afforded complete protection against inactivation. Experiments with 14 C-labeled phenylglyoxal revealed that ADP seemingly protects one residue from modification. This result is in agreement with the kinetic result that the inactivation seemingly is due to reaction of one molecule of the reagent with the enzyme. The results confirm the existence of a high-affinity ADP binding site on nonactivated phosphorylase kinase and suggest the involvement of a functional arginyl residue at or near the ADP binding site in the regulation of pH 8.2 catalytic activity of the enzyme.
Single-photon, cavity-mediated gates: Detuning, losses, and nonadiabatic effects

We study several extensions of the single-photon, cavity-mediated quantum logical gates recently proposed by Koshino, Ishizaka, and Nakamura [Phys. Rev. A 82, 010301(R) (2010)]: to a double-sided cavity configuration, to the case where the two atomic ground states are nondegenerate, and to the nonadiabatic regime. Our analysis can be used to estimate the effects of various imperfections and to prepare the way for a proof-of-principle demonstration with present technology. We are able to present a full solution for the outgoing pulses, in the frequency domain, which is valid for arbitrary incident pulses and cavity parameters. From this we find, among other results, that the leading correction to the adiabatic approximation can be made to vanish for a suitable choice of detunings, provided the cavity is ``good enough'' (high enough ratio of coupling to loss). This could significantly relax the need for long single-photon pulses in this scheme.
One Fish, Two Fish

The ocean provides humanity with many services and goods, including clean air, minerals, and food. Sustainable use and management of our marine resources are important to ensure that these resources are available for future generations. The turn-based activity presented in this article teaches students the challenges of managing a sustainable fishery, including the difficult task of accurately estimating population sizes. It also shows students that finding a balance between the environment and economic gain is possible but takes cooperation and work.
The relationship of neuropsychological functioning to adaptation outcome in adolescents with spina bifida.

Adolescents with spina bifida (SB) vary in their ability to adapt to the disease, and it is likely that numerous risk and protective factors affect adaptation outcomes. The primary aim was to test neuropsychological impairment, exemplified herein by executive dysfunction, as a risk factor in the Ecological Model of Adaptation for Adolescents with SB. Specific hypotheses were that: (1) executive functioning predicts the adaptation outcome of functional independence in adolescents with SB; (2) executive functioning mediates the impact of neurological severity on functional independence; and (3) family and adolescent protective factors are related to functional independence and moderate the relationship between executive functioning and functional independence. Forty-three adolescents aged 12–21 years completed neuropsychological measures and an interview that assessed risk, adolescent and family protective factors, and functional independence. Age, level of lesion, executive functioning, and the protective factor adolescent activities were significantly correlated with the functional independence outcome. In hierarchical regression analysis, the model accounted for 61% of the variance in functional independence outcomes. Executive functioning mediated the impact of neurological severity on functional independence. ( JINS , 2008, 14 , 793–804.)
Attributable Mortality of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Bacteremia

A systematic evaluation of the attributable mortality of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia was undertaken in a matched, retrospective, case-control study. We determined the attributable mortality rate (26.7%) and mortality risk ratio (an 8-fold increase) of S. maltophilia bacteremia. The attributable mortality rate for S. maltophilia bacteremia is similar to the attributable mortality rate for other nosocomial bloodstream infections.
The effects of interferon on the expression of human papillomavirus oncogenes

The effects of interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-beta and IFN-gamma on human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogene expression were studied in various cervical carcinoma cell lines containing integrated copies of either HPV type 16 or HPV type 18. The levels of E6 and E7 transcripts were examined 6 h and 30 h after treatment with IFN. In HeLa cells, all three classes of IFNs effected a decrease in the level of HPV-18 E6 and E7 transcripts. On the other hand, none of the IFNs altered the level of these transcripts in C-4II cells. Only IFN-gamma decreased the level of HPV-16 E6 and E7 transcripts in CaSki and HPK1A cells, while IFN-gamma actually increased the level of these transcripts in SiHa cells. This differential IFN regulation of HPV expression in various cervical cancer cell lines may account for the contradictory clinical results observed after treatment of cervical cancer with IFN.
Effects of Systemic Imidacloprid on Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The coccinellid predator Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) is found throughout the central and eastern United States and is a potential biological control agent for interiorscapes. Currently, the systemic insecticide imidacloprid is widely used in interiorscape and landscape integrated pest management. Effects of imidacloprid on the fitness and behavior of C. maculata were examined by confining groups of adults with inflorescences of treated sunflower, Helianthus annus L. 'Big Smile'; chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. 'Pelee'; and dandelion, Tarax- acum officinale Wiggers. Confinement with inflorescences from imidacloprid-treated plants signif- icantly decreased the general mobility of C. maculata in each plant system. The magnitude of the reduction in mobility varied with plant species. In the sunflower bioassay, survivorship was lower for beetles exposed to imidacloprid at the label rate and twice the label rate (38.3 6 6.60 and 20.0 6 6.71% survival, respectively) than for beetles confined to untreated controls (97.5 6 2.50% survival). Also, in the sunflower bioassay, beetles exposed to the label rate and twice the label rate of imidacloprid took longer to produce their 1st eggs (9.78 6 2.01 and 14.00 6 2.10 d after bioassay respectively) than beetles from untreated controls (2.56 6 0.50 d after bioassay). The results reported here indicate that the use of imidacloprid may not be compatible with the coccinellid predator C. maculata.
Seismograms of Explosions at Regional Distances in the Western United States: Observations and Reflectivity Method Modeling

Seismic energy propagating through vertically and laterally varying structures of the earth’s crust and lower lithosphere-uppermost mantle is responsible for the numerous and complex seismic phases observed on short-period seismograms at regional distance ranges (100 to 2000 km). Recent advances in techniques for computing synthetic seismograms make it practical to calculate complete seismograms that realistically model many features of regional phases. A modified reflectivity method program is used to interpret some details of record sections of Nevada Test Site (NTS) underground explosions that were observed 700 to 800 km from the sources.
Diagnosability of Discrete Event Systems with Modular Structure

The diagnosis of unobservable faults in large and complex discrete event systems modeled by parallel composition of automata is considered. A modular approach is developed for diagnosing such systems. The notion of modular diagnosability is introduced and the corresponding necessary and sufficient conditions to ensure it are presented. The verification of modular diagnosability is performed by a new algorithm that incrementally exploits the modular structure of the system to save on computational effort. The correctness of the algorithm is proved. Online diagnosis of modularly diagnosable systems is achieved using only local diagnosers.
Degradation of Phenol via Phenylphosphate and Carboxylation to 4-Hydroxybenzoate by a Newly Isolated Strain of the Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Desulfobacterium anilini

A sulfate-reducing phenol-degrading bacterium, strain AK1, was isolated from a 2-bromophenol-utilizing sulfidogenic estuarine sediment enrichment culture. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and DNA homology, strain AK1 is most closely related to Desulfobacterium anilini strain Ani1 (= DSM 4660T). In addition to phenol, this organism degrades a variety of other aromatic compounds, including benzoate, 2-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, 2-aminobenzoate, 2-fluorophenol, and 2-fluorobenzoate, but it does not degrade aniline, 3-hydroxybenzoate, 4-cyanophenol, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate, monohalogenated phenols, or monohalogenated benzoates. Growth with sulfate as an electron acceptor occurred with acetate and pyruvate but not with citrate, propionate, butyrate, lactate, glucose, or succinate. Strain AK1 is able to use sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate as electron acceptors. A putative phenylphosphate synthase gene responsible for anaerobic phenol degradation was identified in strain AK1. In phenol-grown cultures inducible expression of the ppsA gene was verified by reverse transcriptase PCR, and 4-hydroxybenzoate was detected as an intermediate. These results suggest that the pathway for anaerobic degradation of phenol in D. anilini strain AK1 proceeds via phosphorylation of phenol to phenylphosphate, followed by carboxylation to 4-hydroxybenzoate. The details concerning such reaction pathways in sulfidogenic bacteria have not been characterized previously.
The role of advanced technology in inpatient child psychiatry: leading edge or useful aid?

Abstract New technology has played a catalytic role in advancing understanding of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment in virtually all fields of medicine. Child psychiatry, a relatively new medical specialty, has begun to employ such advanced technology in diagnosis and treatment monitoring. This current study demonstrates that, in an inpatient child psychiatric setting, such advanced technology has a positive diagnostic yield of 5% for new medical diagnoses and a cost of about 0.5% of the hospital bed cost. Other tests, such as psychotropic blood level monitoring and psychometric evaluation of cognitive functioning, have a much higher yield. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1990, 29, 6:905–908.
An association between anti-platelet drug use and reduced cancer prevalence in diabetic patients: results from the Vermont Diabetes Information System Study.

Background: Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of several malignancies. Both diabetic patients and patients with cancer have an increase in platelet reactivity and platelet activation has recently emerged as a potential mediator of cancer progression. Drug therapies, such as aspirin, that reduce platelet reactivity reduce both cardiovascular and cancer risk. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis to assess the association between history of cancer and current anti-platelet drug use in a primary care population of adults with diabetes enrolled in the Vermont Diabetes Information System. Results: Self-reported characteristics, medical history, and a complete medication list were recorded on 1007 diabetic adults. Fifty percent of diabetic patients used an anti-platelet drug. In unadjusted analysis, no association was seen between anti-platelet drug use and cancer history (OR = 0.93; P = .70). Platelet inhibitor use was associated with a decreased patient-reported history of malignancy in a multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, comorbidity, and number of medications (OR = 0.66; CI 0.44-0.99; P = .045). Similar odds of association were seen in both males and females, and for aspirin and non-aspirin platelet inhibitor therapy. Conclusions: Our data suggest an association between anti-platelet drug use and reduced cancer prevalence in patients with diabetes. Given the potentially large implications of our observations in the diabetic population, further studies are required to determine if this association is causal.
Molecular Anatomy of the Human Excision Nuclease Assembled at Sites of DNA Damage

The basic mechanism of nucleotide excision repair includes (i) damage recognition, (ii) assembly of repair factors at the site of damage, (iii) dual incisions that result in excision of damage-containing oligomers, (iv) resynthesis to fill in the gap, and (v) ligation. In humans excision repair is initiated by the combined action of six repair factors, XPA, RPA, XPC, TFIIH, XPG, and XPF-ERCC1, which excise the damaged nucleotide(s) in the form of 24- to 32-nucleotide (nt)-long oligomers (7, 30, 33, 47). In yeast the same six factors are both essential and sufficient for excision of 24- to 27-nt-long oligomers (10). XPA, RPA, and XPC are involved in damage recognition, TFIIH unwinds the duplex around the lesion and stabilizes the damage recognition complex, and XPG and XPF-ERCC1 make the 3′ and 5′ incisions, respectively. There is general agreement about the above-stated roles of these factors, but there is limited information about the location of these proteins relative to one another and relative to the lesion within preincision and incision complexes. Previously we identified three stable DNA-protein complexes (25) which we named preincision complex 1 (PIC1) (RPA-XPA-XPC-TFIIH-DNA), PIC2 (RPA-XPA-TFIIH-XPG-DNA), and PIC3 (RPA-XPA-TFIIH-XPG-XPF-ERCC1-DNA). In this study we attempted to locate the various repair factors with a protein-DNA cross-linking assay using a furan-side psoralen-thymine adduct both as a substrate and as a cross-linker (5, 16, 27). Our results show that RPA is in close contact with the DNA lesion prior to unwinding by TFIIH and that following unwinding, the mode of RPA-DNA interaction changes drastically such as to affect RPA-DNA cross-linking both qualitatively and quantitatively. Surprisingly, neither XPA nor XPC are cross-linked to DNA either when bound in isolation or in the preincision complexes. In contrast, the XPD subunit of TFIIH is cross-linked to psoralen in PIC1, PIC2, and PIC3. Furthermore, we find that placement of the radiolabel 5′ to the lesion results in a higher level of protection than when the label is on the 3′ side of the damage. Collectively, these data show that within the preincision complexes, RPA and the XPD subunit of TFIIH are in intimate contact with the psoralen lesion and allow us to propose a provisional model for the molecular anatomy of the human excision nuclease.
Single cause, polymorphic neuronal migration disorders: an animal model

Injury to the developing cortical plate can result in a variety of neuronal migration disorders. The results are reported of experimental research aimed at determining whether these different types of neocortical malformations are the consequence of comparable injury of varying intensity. Freezing probes were placed on the skulls of 44 newborn rats (age equivalent to 4 to 5 months of gestation in humans) and induced either one or two freezing injuries of durations ranging from 2 to 20 seconds. A variety of cortical malformations including minor laminar dysplasias, molecular layer ectopias, microgyria, and porencephalic cysts were seen in the brains of these animals when they were examined on postnatal day (P)2, P21, and P60. The severity of the malformation was directly related to the strength (number of hits and duration) of the freezing injury. These results suggest that a single etiologic event of varying severity during neuronal migration to the neocortex can induce widely disparate malformations of the cortex.
Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) as a noninvasive means to monitor the kinetics of cell spreading to artificial surfaces.

This article describes the optimization of an experimental technique referred to as electric cell–substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) to monitor attachment and spreading of mammalian cells quantitatively and in real time. The method is based on measuring changes in AC impedance of small gold-film electrodes deposited on a culture dish and used as growth substrate. Based on experimental data and theoretical considerations we demonstrate that high-frequency capacitance measurements (f = 40 kHz) are most suited to follow the increasing surface coverage of the electrode due to cell spreading. The excellent time resolution of the method allowed an in-depth analysis of cell spreading kinetics under various experimental conditions. Using ECIS we studied the attachment and spreading of epithelial MDCK cells (strain II) on different protein coatings, and investigated the influence of divalent cations on spreading kinetics. We quantified the inhibitory effect of soluble peptides that mimic the recognition sequence of fibronectin and other extracellular matrix proteins (RGDS). We also applied the ECIS technique to monitor the detachment of confluent fibroblastic cell layers (WI38/VA-13) by means of these peptides.
Cutaneous Neuroendocrine Tumors

Merkel cell carcinomas are aggressive primary cutaneous neuroendocrine tumors that have recently been associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus. Visceral neuroendocrine tumors can involve the skin secondarily, usually in the setting of disseminated disease but can be the primary manifestation of disease. Knowledge of the clinical, histologic, and immunophenotypic features of tumors is essential for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors in the skin.
Cancer immunotherapy: The interferon-α experience

Interferons are agents with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory properties. Interferon-alfa (IFN-alpha) is used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. IFN-alpha has shown antitumor and antiviral efficacy that are not correlated, one with another. Approval by the US Food and Drug Administration was granted early for the treatment of patients with hairy cell leukemia, acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related Kaposi's sarcoma, and condylomata acuminata. Although IFNs are effective as single agents in certain clinical pathologic entities, increasing experience with these cytokines suggests that their greatest therapeutic potential may be realized in combination with other biological response modifiers, cytotoxics, or antiviral agents. For example, trials combining IFN-alpha with 5-fluorouracil to treat colorectal carcinoma or IFN-alpha with zidovudine to treat acquired immune deficiency disorder showed increased efficacy over IFN-alpha alone. While IFN-alpha appears to be moderately effective in certain diseases, the flu-like syndrome associated with its use is a major limiting factor for its clinical application. Further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanism of action for IFNs and the most effective combinations and appropriate preclinical models, or intermediate endpoints that will then facilitate the rational use of this agent in combinations based on the mechanisms of action of IFN-alpha.
Cross-Validating Measures of Global Religious Intolerance: Comparing Coded State Department Reports with Survey Data and Expert Opinion

We address a pressing substantive issue as well as evaluate several methodologies in this article. Substantively, we ask whether the U.S. State Department has a clear understanding of the level of cross-national religious intolerance that triggers daily headlines around the globe. Methodologically, we ask whether data on social attitudes coded from systematic qualitative reports can reliably represent cross-national public opinion. We empirically address these questions by comparing cross-national levels of religious intolerance coded from the State Department's annual international religious freedom reports with relevant population survey data from the World Values Survey and the Pew Research Center, as well as with data from written interviews of country experts conducted by the Hudson Institute. The results indicate that the understanding of social religious intolerance embodied in the State Department reports is comparable with the results of population surveys and individual expert opinion. Methodologically, this suggests that cross-national public opinion survey data can be cross-validated with coded data from systematic qualitative analysis as well as with expert opinion.
Task level training signals for learning controllers

Presents a new learning controller and compares it to feedback error learning on the problem of tracking with the tip of an inverted pendulum. This problem captures the important aspects of motor skills: difficult job, unstable plant, with premium placed on accuracy, efficiency, and speed of performance. The new controller abandons a traditional feedback error learning restriction and uses plant state as part of the learning process in order to retain better generalization to new curves. More importantly, it considers a new way ("coaching") to provide a target signal for training. A coach views entire task executions to create target control signals rather than using only instantaneous error and state information at each time step. In the authors' experiments, the new controller is able to track faster trajectories than plain feedback error learning. >
How does using object names influence visual recognition memory

Two recent lines of research suggest that explicitly naming objects at study influences subsequent memory for those objects at test. Lupyan (2008) suggested that naming impairs memory by a representational shift of stored representations of named objects toward the prototype (labeling effect). MacLeod, Gopie, Hourihan, Neary, and Ozubko (2010) and MacLeod, Ozubko, Forrin, and Hourihan (submitted for publication) suggested that naming enhances memory by influencing the distinctiveness of named objects (production effect). However, these studies cannot be directly compared because they differ in several procedural details such as the format of the naming task, composition of study objects from different categories, control task, and type of lures used at test. Here we systematically manipulate those factors to better understand how using object names influences visual recognition memory. When objects belonged to unique categories, vocal naming (as used in the production effect) produced comparable memory as a non-naming task (preference rating) and both produced significantly better memory than key-press naming (as used in the labeling effect). Naming objects at study only impaired memory relative to preference rating when objects belonged to one of two categories, a condition in which names have little or no distinctiveness. Theoretically, our results pose challenges to the representational shift account that proposes special mechanisms tied to the use of object names.
Plan b: uncertainty/time trade-offs for linear and integer programming

We address the following dilemma: When making decisions in real life, we often face the problem that, while we have time to contemplate about a problem, we are not entirely sure what the exact parameters of our problem will be. And, on the other hand, as soon as the real world is revealed to us, we need to act quickly and have no more time to rethink our actions extensively. We suggest an approach that allows to trade uncertainty for time and marginal quality loss and discuss its applicability to combinatorial optimization problems that can be formulated as linear and integer linear programs. The core idea consists in solving a polynomial number of problems in the extensive time period before the day of operation, so that, as soon as complete information is available, a feasible near-optimal solution to the problem can be found in sublinear time.
THE INDUCE VERSUS PURCHASE DECISION: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL R&D*

With the recent slowdown in productivity growth within the economy, R&D has come under scrutiny as a policy target variable. If such targeting is to be effective, it must be realized that not all innovations employed within a firm are induced by the firm through its own R&D: many innovations are purchased through technological licensing or in the form of new capital equipment. Here, interfirm differences in this “make” versus “buy” strategy are analyzed within the context of the Utterback-Abernathy production process lifecycle. Our findings suggest that (1) alternative sources to a firm's R&D for stimulating innovation may prove a viable strategy for federal targeting and (2) extrapolating the Utterback-Abernathy model to an industry formulation has empirical validity.
Code scheduling methods for some architectural features in PIPE

Abstract pipe is a very-high-performance computer architecture intended for heavily pipelined vlsi implementation. A number of architectural queues are included in the pipe architecture to reduce the influence of delay due to accessing memory. The prepare-to-branch instruction is a mechanism to decrease the penalty incurred by conditional branches. We have developed a compiler for a subset of Pascal. A code scheduler is used to reorder the compiled code to take advantage of the architectural queues and the prepare-to-branch instruction. For wellstructured code (loops), software pipelining is a technique that can take advantage further of the aforementioned features. We present the scheduling methods for automatic code scheduling and software pipelining, which can be applied to most register-register pipelined architectures by simply changing the cost table. We show the functions of these scheduling methods by examples and we illustrate some simulation results.
Images of the Puerto Rican in Young Adult Books: Fact or Fancy.

This paper contrasts the literary portrayal of Puerto Ricans in young adult books written between 1950–1970 with the factual data about Puerto Ricans for the same period. These findings are based on a review of thirty-three books as perceived by the author and a cross-cultural group of reviewers (four Puerto Rican and four non- Puerto Rican). A summary of the factual data concerning the portrayal of Puerto Ricans in ethnic literature reveals four chief deficiencies. The books fall short of meeting the needs of adolescent readers because they (1) provide an inappropriate perspective, (2) misrepresent reality, (3) omit significant causes, and (4) present rigid characters. Recent studies indicate that Puerto Rican adolescents can benefit from books which accurately reflect their culture and with which they can identify. A perspective which constantly stresses the disparity between the Puerto Rican’s status and that of the total population is inappropriate for young adult readers.
The Transmission of Radiation Through an Inhomogeneous Atmosphere

Abstract The Curtis-Godson approximation for computing transmission along an inhomogeneous path is extended to include a higher moment of the density distribution. Numerical computations for typical situations indicate that the three-parameter model is a considerable improvement over the Curtis-Godson approximation, although the latter is surprisingly accurate for a wide range of conditions. The three-parameter model can be expressed in terms of an algebraic correction to the amount of absorbing matter.
Mediation: Ripeness and its Challenges in the Middle East

A mutually hurting stalemate is a necessary but insufficient condition for the opening of negotiations, direct or mediated. It is subject to perception, buffered by many insulating ploys even if it seems to exist objectively. Thus, the major challenge for a mediator in most cases is to ripen the parties’ perceptions. In addition to the attitudinal challenge, there are structural challenges posed by other types of stalemates and near-stalemates, which call for not only persuasion but also manipulation by the mediator. The ultimate challenge to a mediator is to move successful negotiations producing conflict management onto the consummating phase of negotiations for conflict resolution. But the first removes the incentive for the second, since it ceases the violence that is the most effective source of pain.
An Incremental Turn-Taking Model with Active System Barge-in for Spoken Dialog Systems

This paper deals with an incremental turntaking model that provides a novel solution for end-of-turn detection. It includes a flexible framework that enables active system barge-in. In order to accomplish this, a systematic procedure of teaching a dialog system to produce meaningful system barge-in is presented. This procedure improves system robustness and success rate. It includes constructing cost models and learning optimal policy using reinforcement learning. Results show that our model reduces false cut-in rate by 37.1% and response delay by 32.5% compared to the baseline system. Also the learned system barge-in strategy yields a 27.7% increase in average reward from user responses.
Objective detection of auditory steady-state evoked potentials based on mutual information

AbstractObjective: Recently, we developed a metric to objectively detect human auditory evoked potentials based on the mutual information (MI) between neural responses and stimulus spectrograms. Here, the MI algorithm is evaluated further for validity in testing the auditory steady-state response (ASSR), a sustained potential used in objective audiometry. Design: MI was computed between spectrograms of ASSRs and their evoking stimuli to quantify the shared time-frequency information between neuroelectric activity and stimulus acoustics. MI was compared against two traditional ASSR detection metrics: F-test and magnitude-squared coherence (MSC). Study Sample: Using an empirically derived threshold (⊖MI=1.45), MI was applied as a binary classifier to distinguish actual biological responses recorded in human participants (n=11) from sham recordings, containing only EEG noise (i.e., non-stimulus-control condition). Results: MI achieved high overall accuracy (>90%) in identifying true ASSRs from sham recording...
Characterization and Remediation of a Waste Site in Northern Germany

A waste site in Northern Germany was investigated by remote sensing, rapid on-site analysis and chemical analysis. A very narrow groundwater path heavily contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons caused by oil waste was identified.
Unilateral Pulmonary Function Study of Ozone Toxicity in Rabbits

In a unilateral pulmonary function study, Flemish giant rabbits breathing 12 ± 1 ppm ozone in the left lung exhibited an initial bilateral increase in respiratory rate and minute volume as well as a bilateral decrease in tidal volume and dynamic compliance. Pulmonary function parameters were not statistically different for ozone- and ambient-airtreated lungs until pulmonary edema developed in the lung exposed to ozone, as evidenced by a percent increase in the wet weight of that lung. Tidal and minute volumes, inspiratory and expiratory flows, and dynamic compliance decreased and pulmonary flow resistance increased in the lung exposed to ozone. Because pulmonary edema preceded significant functional changes, the former is considered a more sensitive indicator of the extent of ozone toxicity. Edema occurred only in the lung breathing ozone.
Hepatitis C and Numerous Disappearing Hepatic Nodules: No-dule C It, No-dule Don't

Question: A 52-year-old Caucasian male with a past medical history of hypertension underwent evaluation for chronic, intermittent abdominal discomfort. He drank an average of 48 ounces of beer daily and had a remote history of intravenous drug use. He was referred to our center when a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen, obtained during late arterial phase, showed numerous discrete hypoattenuating hepatic lesions concerning for malignancy (Figure A). Physical examination showed normal vital signs with a body mass index of 29 kg/m. There were blisters and erosions on the dorsum of his hands bilaterally with no lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, or stigmata of chronic liver disease. Liver tests were mildly elevated and remaining basic bloodwork was within normal limits. Viral hepatitis studies demonstrated negative HIV, immunity to hepatitis B, with core antibody positivity, and hepatitis C antibody positivity with a subsequent viral load of 14 million and genotype 1a. Iron percent saturation was 54 with a ferritin of 1099 ng/mL; genetic testing showed heterozygosity for p.H63D. Tumor markers ɑ-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 were normal. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with Multihance was completed on initial referral, demonstrating a noncirrhotic liver with no evidence of portal hypertension. In-phase and opposed-phase gradient echo T1-weighted MRI
Rectourethral Fistula Caused by Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Abstract A 35-year-old man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex was evaluated for a persistent urethral discharge, pneumaturia and watery diarrhea. Radiographic and endoscopic procedures established the diagnosis of a rectourethral fistula. Perineal exploration and excision of the fistula revealed the pathological diagnosis of Kaposi’s sarcoma. The differential diagnosis of an acquired rectourethral fistula and the significance of Kaposi’s sarcoma are discussed.
Census tract based income level and lipid levels in urban pediatric primary care: a retrospective study

Lower socioeconomic status has been associated with adverse lipid levels in adult populations. Childhood dyslipidemia is a risk factor for future cardiovascular disease. However, studies examining relationships between socioeconomic indicators and lipid levels in children are limited. To examine the relationship between income level and lipid levels in childhood. We conducted a retrospective chart review of primary care patients, ages 2 to 18 years, who had lipid levels drawn at two large pediatric practices in Boston, MA between August 01, 2008 and August 31, 2010. Income level was determined using geocoding census tract data. Analysis was performed using t-test, Anova and Spearman correlation coefficients. BMI percentile, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and site were adjusted for on multivariate analyses. Reviewing 930 charts of patients with measured lipid levels, 730 had a valid address, no previously diagnosed lipid disorder and met other study eligibility criteria. Mean total cholesterol level did not vary by income level (low 155.5 mg/dl ±26.9, moderate 153.5 mg/dl ±30.4, middle 155.3 mg/dl ±26.6 and high income 155.5 mg/dl ±27.9; p = .87) on multivariate analysis. Income level was not related to LDL, HDL, or triglycerides. In this analysis of children cared for in two urban pediatric primary practices, there was no association between income level determined by census tract and lipid levels in childhood. If confirmed in prospective investigations in other geographical locations, income level may not be a key driver of childhood lipid levels.
Exploring Assessments of Active/Experiential Learning Contexts in Business Courses

The importance of utilizing active learning methods to enhance students’ skill sets is reflected in AACSB International’s Standard 13 (2013). The increased emphasis on active learning approaches has led to many fruitful efforts by marketing educators to develop methods that utilize such enhanced learning approaches (e.g., Camarero et al. 2009; Elam and Spotts 2004; Hart and Mrad 2013; Razzouk et al. 2003). While these and other approaches are critical in the development of active learning techniques for marketing education the need to assess various factors that may impact the effectiveness of various active learning techniques and contexts remains.
Radioactive Decay Chains

Unique decay characteristics of the first isotopes were measured before the concept of isotopes was developed. The chapter describes the first observations of radioactivity and the subsequent classifications into decay chains leading to Soddy’s periodic law of the radio-elements. The discovery of all isotopes of the three naturally occurring decay chains are described.
Loss of CD30 expression after treatment with brentuximab vedotin in a patient with anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a novel finding

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive T-cell lymphoma characterized by strong and uniform expression of CD30. Brentuximab vedotin (BV), an anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate has been approved by the U.S. FDA for relapsed/refractory systemic ALCL and achieves improved outcomes. We report a 44-year-old African-American man who presented with lymphadenopathy, lip and chest nodules diagnosed as CD30+, ALK-negative ALCL. The patient was treated with BV upon recurrence. While on treatment, the patient developed new-onset nodules on the chest and back. Skin biopsy showed a diffuse dermal infiltrate of medium-to-large atypical lymphocytes with frequent mitosis and scattered eosinophils. Immunohistochemically, the atypical cells displayed the same immunophenotype as previous specimens (CD3+, CD4-/CD8-, CD56-, ALK- and TCR γ-), except for lack of CD30 expression which was attributed to BV treatment effect. The diagnosis was thought to be consistent with ALK-negative ALCL and the patient was continued on BV along with total skin electron beam radiation and the lesions cleared. The patient relapsed 2 months later with extensive disease and expired. In summary, this is the first report in the literature of loss of CD30 expression in ALCL after BV therapy. Awareness of this may prevent a mistaken diagnosis of a CD30-negative secondary T-cell lymphoma.
Colonizing space and commodifying place: tourism's violent geographies

Across Latin America, non-traditional tourism sectors, like eco-tourism and cultural tourism, have grown dramatically in the last 30 years. Neoliberal ideologies, reforms, and infrastructure set th...
Transport phenomena for dust combustion

This chapter demonstrates the application of transport phenomena to combustion analysis. Regardless of the type of combustion phenomenon—smoldering, flames, or detonations—they all share one remarkable characteristic in common: they are all combustion waves. Each of these phenomena can be envisioned as a narrow region where the combustion process occurs with the unburnt fuel mixture entering the wave and the combustion products exiting. This similarity means that there is also a similarity in the methods of analysis used to explore their behavior. Both premixed and diffusion flames are discussed as reference cases for later use in the analysis of dust deflagrations. This chapter follows a progression from the simplest form of the equations of change and gradually introduces the complexity of multiphase mixtures, thermal radiation, and turbulence which are all needed to understand dust fires and explosions.
Can Suicide in the Elderly Be Rational

In this chapter, we consider, and reject, the claim that all elderly patients’ desires for suicide are irrational. The same reasons that have led to a growing acceptance for the rationality of suicide in terminal cases should lead us to view other desires for suicide as possibly rational. In both cases, desires for suicide can and do materialize in the absence of mental illness. Furthermore, we claim that desires for suicide can remain rational even in the face of some mental illnesses so long as four criteria are met: individuals must demonstrate rationality, have realistic information and judgments about their life-world, be in a state of mind (e.g., their emotions and will) that is not be severely compromised by mental illness, and make choices that are congruent with their fundamental values and critical interests. We conclude that some rational suicides can be ethically justifiable.