cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vomiting in Children: Reassurance, Red Flag, or Referral?

1. Latha Chandran, MD, MPH* 2. Maribeth Chitkara, MD† 1. *Editorial Board 2. †Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Pediatric Hospitalist, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Discuss the most common causes of vomiting in children of different age groups. 2. Understand the physiology behind the process of vomiting. 3. Recognize common causes of vomiting based on the pattern and nature of emesis. 4. Be familiar with the basic diagnostic evaluation and treatment strategies for different causes of vomiting. A 1-month-old boy who has had postprandial vomiting for 1 week is admitted from the emergency department. He was born at term with no complications and had regained his birthweight by the second week after birth, feeding on a milk protein formula. He has been vomiting curdled milk intermittently for the past week, and on the day of admission was noted by his pediatrician to have lost 4 oz in weight since his last check-up . On physical examination, the infant is slightly lethargic and has a sunken fontanelle. The rest of his physical examination findings, including evaluation of his abdomen, are normal. Abdominal ultrasonography shows normal width and length of the pylorus. However, no food movement past the pylorus is observed. An echogenic density in the prepyloric area is noted. An upper gastrointestinal (GI) radiographic series and endoscopy reveal an antral web, which is excised surgically . Vomiting involves the forceful expulsion of the contents of the stomach and is a highly coordinated, reflexive process. It is a feature of many acute and chronic disorders, including those causing increased intracranial pressure, metabolic diseases, and anatomic and mucosal GI abnormalities. Descent of the diaphragm and constriction of the abdominal musculature on relaxation of the gastric cardia force gastric contents back up the esophagus. The process is coordinated by the “vomiting center” in the central nervous system. The vomiting center receives sensory input from the vestibular nucleus (cranial nerve VIII), the GI tract …
Modeling and Control of a Membrane Strip Using a Single Piezoelectric Bimorph

This paper presents an improved finite-element model of a membrane strip actuated by a single piezoelectric bimorph. The paper also treats the static shape control problem of the structure under study. The membrane strip is modeled as an Euler—Bernoulli beam under tension, with non-uniform physical properties. The finite-element method allows the development of a model that accounts for the actuator dynamics. The static shape control problem is formulated as a disturbance rejection problem and solved using a proportional-integral (PI) controller. The PI control gains are obtained using the linear quadratic regulator theory. The proposed model is verified experimentally, and the closed loop system is simulated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control law.
The Opposition to Caesar Worship

It was on the question of Caesar worship that Christianity and Paganism joined battle. They were radically opposed, but the conflict broke out on this definite issue; and its real nature has commonly been misunderstood. There is no occasion, in this brief paper, to discuss the origin and history of the imperial cult. Enough to say that its motive was at once political and religious. On the one hand it was nothing but a civic ritual, by means of which the diverse races could express their common loyalty to the empire. It did not seek to displace any existing religion. It was not so much a mode of worship as a patriotic gesture, like the salutation of the flag. Yet it did, in some measure, answer to a religious need. The old religions were all associated with the tribes or cities which practised them, and had lost their purpose when these were absorbed in the composite empire. What was to be the religion of the empire itself, which was now being organised as a single corporate state? To the ancient mind a political system was unthinkable apart from a religious sanction, and since there was no traditional cult on which all the races could unite, a new one had to be devised. It found its object of worship in the state itself, as represented by its supreme ruler. Why was it that the Christians accepted martyrdom rather than acquiesce in this new cult? Nothing was required of them, as humane judges would sometimes point out, but a formality. If they were loyal subjects, they might surely affirm it by the conventional act of homage. In Japan at the present day the Christian church finds no difficulty in adapting itself to a patriotic cult which differs little from Caesar worship. In this country, as in most others, there are national ceremonies, of a semi-religious nature, to which every one conforms, with a perfectly good conscience. What was it in the Roman ceremonial which aroused the fierce opposition of the church? It cannot have been simply that Christian reverence was shocked with the blasphemy of exalting a man, often of doubtful character, to the place of God. No one pretended that the emperor was God. All that was claimed for him was that as God's vice-gerent he exercised a divine function, which ought to be ac91
Stabilization of a cylindrical capillary bridge far beyond the Rayleigh-Plateau limit using acoustic radiation pressure and active feedback

A novel method of suppressing the Rayleigh–Plateau capillary instability of a cylindrical liquid bridge is demonstrated which uses the radiation pressure of an ultrasonic wave to control the shape of the bridge. The shape of the bridge is optically sensed and the information used to control the spatial distribution of the radiation stress on the surface of the bridge. The feedback is phased so as to suppress the growth of the axisymmetric mode which normally becomes unstable when the slenderness, given by the length to diameter ratio, exceeds π. Stabilization is achieved out to a slenderness of 4.3 for a bridge density matched to the surrounding water bath in a Plateau tank. Breakup of such long bridges was found to produce a satellite drop from the receding thread of liquid. The active stabilization mechanism used may have application to other capillary systems.
Responses of trophic groups of soil nematodes to residue application under conventional tillage and no-till regimes

A laboratory and a field study were conducted to monitor the increase in numbers and 14C uptake of different trophic groups of soil nematodes in response to residue addition and to examine the relative importance of bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes in conventional (CT) and no-till (NT) agroecosystems. In general, soil nematode numbers increased more rapidly in response to residue addition and became much more abundant (greater than five-fold) under laboratory conditions than in the field. Our results showed that bacterivorous nematodes responded to residue addition earlier than fungivorous nematodes under both CT and NT regimes in the laboratory and field studies. A depth effect was observed in NT, but not in the CT treatment; this reflected the vertical residue distribution in both tillage regimes. Soil nematodes were more abundant under NT than under CT in the field. The same pattern was observed at the beginning of the laboratory study but it reversed later. The ratios of fungivorous-to-bacterivorous nematodes (FN-to-BN) were not significantly different between CT and NT treatments at the beginning of the experiment. They were very low (less than 0.2) in both tillage regimes, indicating that bacterivorous nematodes were relatively more important than fungivorous nematodes in both tillage agroecosystems. However, the FN-to-BN ratios increased with time after residue decomposition started, particularly in the CT treatment. This suggested that the relative importance of fungivorous nematodes increased with the progress of residue decomposition. It was more pronounced in the CT treatment during the short period after residue application. In both the laboratory and field studies, the 14C specific activity of soil nematodes and the ratio of 14C bound in nematode biomass to total 14C decayed in the experiment (reported elsewhere) were significantly higher under CT than under NT, suggesting that soil nematodes use carbon more efficiently under CT than under NT. No significant difference of 14C specific activity of soil nematodes was found between the two depths under CT in both the studies; however, 14C specific activity was significantly higher in the 0–2.5 cm than in the 2.5–5.0 cm layer under NT in the laboratory study.
ACDS: Adapting computational data streams for high performance

Data-intensive, interactive applications are an important class of metacomputing (Grid) applications. They are characterized by large, time-varying data flows between data providers and consumers. The topic of this paper is the runtime adaptation of data streams, in response to changes in resource availability and/or in end user requirements, with the goal of continually providing to consumers data at the levels of quality they require. Our approach is one that associates computational objects with data streams. Runtime adaptation is achieved by adjusting objects' actions on streams, by splitting and merging objects, and by migrating them (and the streams on which they operate) across machines and network links. Adaptive streams also react to changes in resource availability detected by online monitoring.
Interactive session: concept-based engineering education: designing instruction to facilitate student understanding of difficult concepts in science and engineering

This interactive session provides an active learning environment where participants will: 1) review and analyze the results of three difficult concepts studies in engineering and science, 2) engage in discipline-based discussions about the difficult concepts in their respective fields and, 3) begin to design instruction that fosters student conceptual understanding. The session expands upon the successful FIE 03 interactive session "why are some science and engineering concepts so difficult to learn? Identifying, assessing, and 'repairing' student misunderstanding of important concepts." However, participants do not need to have attended that session to benefit from this one.
Network analysis in comparative social sciences

This essay describes the pertinence of Social Network Analysis (SNA) for the social sciences in general, and discusses its methodological and conceptual implications for comparative research in particular. The authors first present a basic summary of the theoretical and methodological assumptions of SNA, followed by a succinct overview of its application to diverse fields of study. They then exemplify in greater detail one of the possible uses of SNA in comparative research, namely in studies on the transnational diffusion of innovations. In so doing, they draw on a case taken from their own research work, i.e. the introduction and dissemination of the so‐called monitorial system of education in early nineteenth‐century Hispanic America. The authors conclude with an assessment of the impact, possibilities, and weaknesses of SNA in the current conjuncture of comparative social and historical research.
New Horizons in hCG Detection

This chapter will discuss nontrophoblastic hCG production, altered forms of hCG, and how these altered forms and other factors might lead to discordant results in hCG analyses. Finally, trends in clinical detection methods for hCG will be summarized.
Leveraging Variability Modeling Techniques for Architecture Trade Studies and Analysis

Increasing complexity in modern systems, as well as cost and schedule constraints, require a new paradigm of Systems Engineering to fulfill stakeholder needs. Challenges facing efficient trade studies include poor tool interoperability, lack of simulation coordination design parameters, and requirements flow down. A recent trend toward Model Based Systems Engineering MBSE includes flexible architecture definition, program documentation, requirements traceability, and Systems Engineering reuse. As a rapidly evolving practice, MBSE still lacks governing standards and commonly accepted frameworks. This paper proposes a framework for efficient architecture definition using MBSE in conjunction with domain specific simulation to evaluate alternatives. Variant modeling techniques are introduced as an extension to capturing parameterized architecture options. Initial exploration applies such variant modeling techniques to design for adaptability trade study criteria, as a means to evaluate candidate architecture configurations against multiple requirement sets. A general framework is provided, followed with a specific example including a method for designing a trade study, defining candidate architectures, planning simulations to fulfill requirements, and designing a weighted decision analysis to optimize system objectives.
Two-photon excitation of channelrhodopsin-2 at saturation.

We demonstrate that channelrhodopsin-2 (CR), a light-gated ion channel that is conventionally activated by using visible-light excitation, can also be activated by using IR two-photon excitation (TPE). An empirical estimate of CR's two-photon absorption cross-section at λ = 920 nm is presented, with a value (260 ± 20 GM) indicating that TPE stimulation of CR photocurrents is not typically limited by intrinsic molecular excitability [1 GM = 10−50(cm4 s)/photon]. By using direct physiological measurements of CR photocurrents and a model of ground-state depletion, we evaluate how saturation of CR's current-conducting state influences the spatial resolution of focused TPE photostimulation, and how photocurrents stimulated by using low-power scanning TPE temporally summate. We show that TPE, like visible-light excitation, can be used to stimulate action potentials in cultured CR-expressing neurons.
Enhancement of Laser-Induced Fluorescence by Intense Terahertz Pulses in Gases

The enhancement of laser-induced fluorescence by intense terahertz pulses was studied both theoretically and experimentally using selected gases. Semiclassical physical picture incorporating photoionization, electron heating, impact excitation, and dissociative recombination was used to explain the plasma dynamics under terahertz radiation in picosecond scale. The dependences of enhanced fluorescence on the terahertz field, laser intensity, and atomic properties were systematically investigated with neon, argon, krypton, xenon, methane ( CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and n-butane (C4H10) gases. In noble gas plasma, both narrow line emission and broad continuum emission were found to be enhanced by the terahertz field. Their enhancement ratios and time-dependent enhanced fluorescence are greatly influenced by the scattering cross section and ionization potential of atoms. In alkane gas plasma, the enhancement of the fluorescence emission from various molecular fragments was also observed.
A perception mechanism for supporting autonomous intersection handling in urban driving

Knowledge of the driving environment is essential for robotic vehicles to comply with traffic rules while autonomously traversing intersections. However, due to limited sensing coverage and continuous changes in driving conditions, rigidly-mounted sensors may not guarantee coverage of all regions of interest, all the time. Unobserved regions around intersections increase uncertainty in driving conditions. This paper describes a dynamic sensor planning method that searches for the optimal angles of two pointable sensors to maximally cover relevant unobserved regions of interest. The obtained angles are used to adjust the orientations of the pointable sensors and hence reduce uncertainty around intersections. Simulation results show that the sensor planning method increases the percentage of covered area. In addition to the sensor pointing problem, we provide an initial discussion of how to reason about occlusions in an urban environment. Occlusions caused by structures and other environmental features can increase uncertainty in driving environments. An occlusion handling method is used to detect these occlusions and enable our vehicle to model the presence of occluded regions. An awareness of occlusions enables safer driving decisions.
Data synthesis in the Community Land Model for ecosystem simulation

Abstract Though many ecosystem states are physically observable, the number of measured variables is limited owning to the constraints of practical environments and onsite sensors. It is therefore beneficial to only measure fundamental variables that determine the behavior of the whole ecosystem, and to simulate other variables with the measured ones. This paper proposes an approach to extract fundamental variables from simulated or observed ecosystem data, and to synthesize the other variables using the fundamental variables. Because the relation of variables in the ecosystem depends on sampling time and frequencies, a region of interest (ROI) is determined using a sliding window on time series with a predefined sampling point and frequency. Within each ROI, system variables are clustered in accordance with a group of selective features by a combination of Affinity Propagation and k -Nearest-Neighbor. In each cluster, the unobserved variables are synthesized from selected fundamental variables using a linear fitting model with ARIMA errors. In the experiment, we studied the performance of variable clustering and data synthesis under a community-land-model based simulation platform. The performance of data synthesis is evaluated by data fitting errors in prediction and forecasting, and the change of system dynamics when synthesized data are in the loop. The experiment proves the high accuracy of the proposed approach in time-series analysis and synthesis for ecosystem simulation.
Rate constant for the reaction C2H5 + HBr → C2H6 + Br.

RRKM theory has been employed to analyze the kinetics of the title reaction, in particular, the once-controversial negative activation energy. Stationary points along the reaction coordinate were characterized with coupled cluster theory combined with basis set extrapolation to the complete basis set limit. A shallow minimum, bound by 9.7 kJ mol–1 relative to C2H5 + HBr, was located, with a very small energy barrier to dissociation to Br + C2H6. The transition state is tight compared to the adduct. The influence of vibrational anharmonicity on the kinetics and thermochemistry of the title reaction were explored quantitatively. With adjustment of the adduct binding energy by ∼4 kJ mol–1, the computed rate constants may be brought into agreement with most experimental data in the literature, including new room-temperature results described here. There are indications that at temperatures above those studied experimentally, the activation energy may switch from negative to positive.
Power by design Architecture and politics in precolonial Dahomey

This article examines the role of royal architectural design in strategies to promote political order in the Kingdom of Dahomey, a major West African state which emerged in the era of the transAtla...
Study and Implementation of Virtual Memory Management for Embedded Software Platform

Analyzes the characteristic of virtual memory management for embedded system, and gives a means which implements a kind of embedded virtual memory management platform with machine-independent programming interface.
Aortorenal Bypass with Autogenous Renal Artery for Coexisting Renal Carcinoma and Renal Artery Stenosis

AbstractA case of renal artery stenosis and a large contralateral renal carcinoma is reported. After radical nephrectomy of the tumor-bearing kidney revascularization of the solitary remaining kidney was performed with an aortorenal bypass graft of autogenous renal artery. When renal artery stenosis coexists with contralateral intrinsic renal disease preservation of functioning renal parenchyma is an important goal of therapy.
Synthesis, characterization, and testing of Pt-NPG catalysts developed by de-alloying of electrodeposited CuxAu(1−x) thin films

Abstract Electrodeposited Cu x Au (1−x) thin films with different compositions have been found to undergo selective dissolution (de-alloying) in three specific potential ranges unlike their bulk counterparts that are known to de-alloy at composition dependent critical potentials. The general potential trend associated with co-existence of different thermodynamically stable alloy phases suggests increasing de-alloying rate in positive direction with the decreasing Cu content in the alloy. Following de-alloying, the resulting nanoporous Au (NPG) thin films exhibit significant surface area (SA) development, manifested by about three-fold increase in comparison with de-alloyed Ag x Au (1−x) precursor counterparts. SEM characterization have seconded the SA results by revealing a finer structure of the NPG films which feature pores and ligaments of less than 10 nm. Formic acid oxidation tests suggest that the platinization of accordingly synthesized NPG thin films leads to the synthesis of catalysts exhibiting initial mass activities of 3–5 A mg −1 (combined Pt-Au catalyst) and withstanding more than 2500 potential cycles.
Quality Of Life in Advanced Dementia

The aging of the world population is increasing the prevalence of people suffering from some form of a progressive degenerative disease, in most cases Alzheimer’s disease. With no effective treatment that would cure or stop the progression of these diseases many people survive into an advanced stage of dementia. Optimal care for people with advanced dementia must not only include safe environment, adequate nutrition and personal hygiene, but should also promote high quality of life during the disease process. Quality of life is a subjective quality and is difficult to determine in people who cannot meaningfully communicate their feelings. However, a study investigating perceptions of quality of life among nursing home residents with different degrees of cognitive impairment, found that there were four key themes identified by the respondents: social contact, attachment, pleasurable activities, and affect [1].
Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Promotes Degradation of SMC5/6 to Enhance HBV Replication

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) regulatory protein X (HBx) activates gene expression from the HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) genome. Interaction of HBx with the DDB1-CUL4-ROC1 (CRL4) E3 ligase is critical for this function. Using substrate-trapping proteomics, we identified the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complex proteins SMC5 and SMC6 as CRL4(HBx) substrates. HBx expression and HBV infection degraded the SMC5/6 complex in human hepatocytes in vitro and in humanized mice in vivo. HBx targets SMC5/6 for ubiquitylation by the CRL4(HBx) E3 ligase and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. Using a minicircle HBV (mcHBV) reporter system with HBx-dependent activity, we demonstrate that SMC5/6 knockdown, or inhibition with a dominant-negative SMC6, enhance HBx null mcHBV-Gluc gene expression. Furthermore, SMC5/6 knockdown rescued HBx-deficient HBV replication in human hepatocytes. These results indicate that a primary function of HBx is to degrade SMC5/6, which restricts HBV replication by inhibiting HBV gene expression.
Characterization of Chronic Daily Headaches

Of 577 children (3 to 18 years of age) evaluated over 34 months in the multidisciplinary Headache Center at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 200 (35%) were diagnosed with chronic daily headache (CDH), having >15 headaches per month.
Longitudinal Cardiovascular Outcomes of Sleep Disordered Breathing in Children: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

Objectives The presence of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is known to impact long-term cardiovascular morbidity in adults; however, the long-term effects in children are poorly understood. We aimed to systematically review and synthesize studies published to date on the long-term effects of SDB in children. Study design Meta-analysis and systematic review using PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Scopus (all indexed years). Methods We searched for English-language articles containing original human data from prospective studies, with ≥7 participants, in children ≤18 years of age. Data regarding study design, demographics, clinical characteristics, outcomes, level of evidence, and risk of bias were obtained. Articles were independently reviewed by three investigators. Retrospective and cross-sectional studies were excluded. Results Of 1701 identified abstracts, 25 articles (combined n = 1418) were ultimately included. All studies reported longitudinal outcomes following treatment of SDB, 21 studies exclusively reporting outcomes after adenotonsillectomy. Therefore, studies were combined to objectively assess the effect of SDB treatment on cardiovascular outcomes. Although all cardiovascular parameters were within the normal range at baseline, at follow-up there was a significant decrease in mean pulmonary artery pressure, right ventricular end diastolic diameter, heart rate, mitral Em/Am ratio, and C-reactive protein. There was no significant change in interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular parameters (shortening fraction, systolic and end diastolic diameters, ejection fraction, posterior wall thickness, isovolumetric relaxation time), left atrial diameter, and aortic and pulmonary valve peak velocities. Conclusions Studies assessing the long-term cardiovascular effects of SDB in children are limited. The available literature indicates effects on autonomic function, right, and left heart function following treatment for SDB. However, well-designed, large-scale, prospective cohort studies (using standardized outcomes) are needed to better understand the relationship of cardiovascular morbidity in the context of pediatric SDB.
Photoluminescence of Functionalized Germanium Nanocrystals Embedded in Arsenic Sulfide Glass

Embedding metallic and semiconductor nanoparticles in a chalcogenide glass matrix effectively modifies the photonic properties. Such nanostructured materials could play an important role in optoelectronic devices, catalysis, and imaging applications. In this work, we fabricate and characterize germanium nanocrystals (Ge NCs) embedded in arsenic sulfide thin films by pulsed laser ablation in aliphatic amine solutions. Unstable surface termination of aliphatic groups and stable termination by amine on Ge NCs are indicated by Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements. A broad-band photoluminescence in the visible range is observed for the amine functionalized Ge NCs. A noticeable enhancement of fluorescence is observed for Ge NCs in arsenic sulfide, after annealing to remove the residual solvent of the glass matrix.
Cardiac Transplantation: Immunobiology and Immunotherapy

The first successful heart transplant in 1967 brought hope for those with end-stage heart disease. Unfortunately, survival posttransplant was limited in the early years, mainly due to acute rejection and complications from immunosuppressive therapy. Over the decades, advances in tissue typing and donor–recipient matching, as well as in immunotherapy gradually increased the numbers of patients receiving heart transplants and their survival rates. This chapter details the immune system and its critical role in transplant success. It also describes how various immunosuppressive agents can overcome challenges posed by the immune system and lead to enhanced acceptance/tolerance of the donor heart.
Midwifery and women's health

EBN Perspectives bring together key issues from the commentaries in one of our nursing topic themes.
Ion Densities in the Nightside Ionosphere of Mars: Effects of Electron Impact Ionization.

We use observations from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission to show how superthermal electron fluxes and crustal magnetic fields affect ion densities in the nightside ionosphere of Mars. We find that, due to electron impact ionization, high electron fluxes significantly increase the CO 2+, O+, and O 2+ densities below 200 km, but only modestly increase the NO+ density. High electron fluxes also produce distinct peaks in the CO 2+, O+, and O 2+ altitude profiles. We also find that superthermal electron fluxes are smaller near strong crustal magnetic fields. Consequently, nightside ion densities are also smaller near strong crustal fields because they decay without being replenished by electron impact ionization. Furthermore, the NO+/O 2+ ratio is enhanced near strong crustal fields because, in the absence of electron impact ionization, O 2+ is converted into NO+ and not replenished. Our results show that electron impact ionization is a significant source of CO 2+, O+, and O 2+ in the nightside ionosphere of Mars.
Quantization of Infinite dimensional Phase Spaces

While finite dimensional Lie groups and their representations are rather well-understood mathematical objects, this is not at all true for infinite dimensional Lie groups, where only a fragmentary such understanding is available. In earlier chapters, we have studied in detail what happens when quantizing a finite dimensional phase space, bosonic or fermionic. In these cases, a finite dimensional symplectic or orthogonal group acts and quantization uses a representation of these groups. For the case of quantum field theories with their infinite dimensional phase spaces, the symplectic or orthogonal groups acting on these spaces will be infinite dimensional. In this chapter, we will consider some of the new phenomena that arise when one looks for infinite dimensional analogs of the role these groups and their representations play in quantum theory in the finite dimensional case.
An empirical study of open source virtual reality software projects

In this paper, we present an empirical study of 1,156 open source virtual reality (VR) projects from Unity List. Our study shows that the number of open source VR software projects are steadily growing, and some large projects attracting many developers are emerging. The most popular topic of VR software is still games. We also found that VR developers often face miss-commit of automatically generated files.
Distinguishing Corruption in Law and Practice: Empirically Separating Conviction Charges from Underlying Behaviors

This analysis examines the precise laws under which corruption cases are brought and trends over time in order to assess how the underlying corruption behaviors can be grouped into types. Corruptio...
EUKARYOTIC INITIATION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the eukaryotic initiation of protein synthesis. Initiation of eukaryotic protein synthesis occurs with essentially the same components which includes initiator tRNA, mRNA, and small and large ribosomal subunits. In spite of this similarity, the generalized role of eukaryotic initiation factors bears only slight resemblance to IF-1, IF-2, or IF-3. For this reason, the first part of this report will attempt to provide an organizational framework that should give some insight into the number and characteristics of eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factors. Following this introduction will be a brief presentation of several findings which add new information on the pathway of 80S initiation complex formation. The most important initiation factors, eIF-2, and eIF-3, consist of 3, and probably 9 polypeptide chains respectively, and three, the total daltons of protein committed to eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation is about 1,000,000 compared with the 130,000 daltons of protein required for prokaryotic initiation of protein synthesis.
DISLOCATION THEORY OF SHEAR STRESS AND STRAIN RATE IN METAL CUTTING

It is shown, in an elementary fashion, that the shear stress and strain rates in metal cutting can be computed from a simple dislocation mechanism. The shear stress in the shearing plane is independent from the strain rate at high cutting speeds, but does depend on the initial workpiece temperature. The effects of the principal processes of work hardening and recovery appear to cancel mutually leading to a negligible strain rate effect. The influence of the shear plane temperature upon the shear stress is primarily due to the thermal change of the shear modulus.
The δ-opioid receptor positive allosteric modulator BMS 986187 is a G-protein-biased allosteric agonist.

Background and purpose The δ-opioid receptor is an emerging target for the management of chronic pain and depression. Biased signalling, the preferential activation of one signalling pathway over another downstream of δ-receptors, may generate better therapeutic profiles. BMS 986187 is a positive allosteric modulator of δ-receptors. Here, we ask if BMS 986187 can directly activate the receptor from an allosteric site, without an orthosteric ligand, and if a signalling bias is generated. Experimental approach We used several clonal cell lines expressing δ-receptors, to assess effects of BMS 986187 on events downstream of δ-receptors by measuring G-protein activation, β-arrestin 2 recruitment, receptor phosphorylation, loss of surface receptor expression, ERK1/ERK2 phosphorylation, and receptor desensitization. Key results BMS 986187 is a G protein biased allosteric agonist, relative to β-arrestin 2 recruitment. Despite showing direct and potent G protein activation, BMS 986187 has a low potency to recruit β-arrestin 2. This appears to reflect the inability of BMS 986187 to elicit any significant receptor phosphorylation, consistent with low receptor internalization and a slower onset of desensitization, compared with the full agonist SNC80. Conclusions and implications This is the first evidence of biased agonism mediated through direct binding to an allosteric site on an opioid receptor, without a ligand at the orthosteric site. Our data suggest that agonists targeting δ-receptors, or indeed any GPCR, through allosteric sites may be a novel way to promote signalling bias and thereby potentially produce a more specific pharmacology than can be observed by activation via the orthosteric site.
BRICS Countries and African Pharmaceutical Markets

In the last twenty years, new trading partners from Asia, Latin America, and the Eastern European bloc have entered into African markets. These new economic partnerships have led to investments in infrastructure, manufacturing, and healthcare. Over the course of this period, this growing engagement of nontraditional trade partners has included the penetration into African pharmaceutical sectors. / / Relying on primary sources, secondary sources, and ethnographic research, this paper examines the relationship between BRICS countries and African countries in African pharmaceutical sectors. In doing so, I examine formal and informal pharmaceutical markets in Senegal, Nigeria, and South Africa. How does India and especially China's growing diplomatic engagement with Africa influence its pharmaceutical policies? What is the growing role of Brazil? This paper is a critical contribution to a larger understanding of the emerging diversification of African pharmaceutical markets.
Hexaaqua­zinc(II) 3-ammonio­naph­tha­lene-1,5-disulfonate tetra­hydrate

The title compound, [Zn(H2O)6][H3NC10H5(SO3)2]2·4H2O (Zn site symmetry \overline{1}), is isostructural with its nickel(II) and cobalt(II) analogues. An extensive network of N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the ammonio group, water mol­ecules, and sulfonate O atoms helps to establish the packing. One of the uncoordinated water mol­ecules is disordered over at least two sites (modelled over two positions with site occupancy ratio ca 2:1).
Concurrent engineering of a next-generation freeform telescope: optical design

The latest generation of optical sensing hardware comprise optical surfaces without rotational symmetry, commonly known as freeform optics. Whether the goal is obtaining more information by using a larger aperture and/or field of view or to decrease the overall footprint of the system, freeform optics have demonstrated unique capabilities to enable these advancements. However, it is critical to use concurrent engineering practices between design, fabrication, and testing to ensure that the final system meets the required design specifications after applying manufacturing tolerances, can be fabricated, and is able to be tested using the available technologies, all while staying within the budget for the project. Here, we describe the collaborative effort between two universities, specifically as it relates to optical design, to create a 250 mm aperture-class telescope that operates at F/3 over a full field of view of 3 degrees along the diagonal. The optical system utilizes all reflective surfaces whose surface shapes are freeforms described by orthogonal polynomials. The freeform benefit was realized in the package size of the system, which was minimized to the extent possible (40 liters) while maintaining diffraction-limited optical performance over the full field-of-view in the visible spectrum.
Thermochemical Studies of LnBa2Cu3O7-δ (Ln = Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Tm), LnBa2Cu4O8 (Ln = Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho), and Y1-xPrxBa2Cu3O7-δ

Employing oxide-melt drop-solution calorimetry, we have performed the first comparative thermochemical investigations of the title compounds. The enthalpies of formation of the Ln123 derivatives display an essentially linear trend toward less exothermic values with increasing lanthanide atomic number, implying that these phases become more stable with increasing lanthanide radius. In contrast, the enthalpies of oxidation vary to only a minor extent with the choice of lanthanide and suggest that the chain-site charge distributions of the Ln123 are comparable. The thermodynamic characteristics of Pr123 generally follow the trends established by the other Ln123 and reveal no gross energetic anomaly associated with the suppression of superconductivity. The enthalpies of formation of the Ln124 derivatives manifest a maximum at Gd124, while the unit-cell volumes and enthalpies of drop-solution and formation of these compounds are nearly constant multiples (2.3, 1.6−1.7, and 1.3−1.4, respectively) of the corresp...
Health insurance coverage among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the context of the Affordable Care Act.

Objectives: American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) have a unique healthcare system uniquely interwoven with the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The aim of this study is to document changes in healt...
Simultaneous Measurement of Adsorption and Electrodekinetic Parameters at Metal Surfaces

MR. PEERS presents a solution to the technical problem of mounting a metal film in contact with a solution in such a way that cements, etc., do not cause contamination of the solution. Mr. Peers's solution of this problem is not compatible with the gradual approach of solution to the metal surface which is a characteristic feature of the method described by us. This method of gradual approach is necessary when the solution background exceeds a small fraction of the radiation from the adsorbed amount (Fig. 1 in our communication). However, Mr. Peers points out that the background from his solution was negligible compared with the activity of the adsorbed amount. Simple computation indicates that the maximum concentration of adsorbable species in the solution has to be smaller than about 10−6 mole 1.−1 in Mr. Peers's method. Our technique enables determinations of adsorbed amounts (with a precision of 0.1 of a monolayer) up to concentrations of adsorbate in the solution of about 10−3 mole 1.−1.
Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Promotes Age-Related Vascular Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Mice and Healthy Humans.

Age-related vascular endothelial dysfunction is a major antecedent to cardiovascular diseases. We investigated whether increased circulating levels of the gut microbiome-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide induces endothelial dysfunction with aging. In healthy humans, plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide was higher in middle-aged/older (64±7 years) versus young (22±2 years) adults (6.5±0.7 versus 1.6±0.2 µmol/L) and inversely related to brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (r2=0.29, P<0.00001). In young mice, 6 months of dietary supplementation with trimethylamine-N-oxide induced an aging-like impairment in carotid artery endothelium-dependent dilation to acetylcholine versus control feeding (peak dilation: 79±3% versus 95±3%, P<0.01). This impairment was accompanied by increased vascular nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxidative stress, and reversed by the superoxide dismutase mimetic 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl. Trimethylamine-N-oxide supplementation also reduced activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and impaired nitric oxide-mediated dilation, as assessed with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester). Acute incubation of carotid arteries with trimethylamine-N-oxide recapitulated these events. Next, treatment with 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol for 8 to 10 weeks to suppress trimethylamine-N-oxide selectively improved endothelium-dependent dilation in old mice to young levels (peak: 90±2%) by normalizing vascular superoxide production, restoring nitric oxide-mediated dilation, and ameliorating superoxide-related suppression of endothelium-dependent dilation. Lastly, among healthy middle-aged/older adults, higher plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide was associated with greater nitrotyrosine abundance in biopsied endothelial cells, and infusion of the antioxidant ascorbic acid restored flow-mediated dilation to young levels, indicating tonic oxidative stress-related suppression of endothelial function with higher circulating trimethylamine-N-oxide. Using multiple experimental approaches in mice and humans, we demonstrate a clear role of trimethylamine-N-oxide in promoting age-related endothelial dysfunction via oxidative stress, which may have implications for prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
A critical role for CARD9 in pneumocystis pneumonia host defence.

Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9) is an adaptor molecule critical for key signaling pathways initiated through C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). Previous studies demonstrated that Pneumocystis organisms are recognized through a variety of CLRs. However, the role of the downstream CARD9 adaptor signaling protein in host defense against Pneumocystis infection remains to be elucidated. Herein, we analyzed the role of CARD9 in host defense against Pneumocystis both in CD4-depleted CARD9-/- and immunocompetent hosts. Card9 gene-disrupted (CARD9-/- ) mice were more susceptible to Pneumocystis, as evidenced by reduced fungal clearance in infected lungs compared to wild-type infected mice. Our data suggests that this defect was due to impaired proinflammatory responses. Furthermore, CARD9-/- macrophages were severely compromised in their ability to differentiate and express M1 and M2 macrophage polarization markers, to enhanced mRNA expression for Dectin-1 and Mincle, and most importantly, to kill Pneumocystis in vitro. Remarkably, compared to wild-type mice, and despite markedly increased organism burdens, CARD9-/- animals did not exhibit worsened survival during PCP, perhaps related to decreased lung injury due to altered influx of inflammatory cells and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in response to the organism. Lastly, although innate phase cytokines were impaired in the CARD9-/- animals during PCP, T-helper cell cytokines were normal in immunocompetent CARD9-/- animals infected with Pneumocystis. Taken together, our data demonstrate that CARD9 has a critical function in innate immune responses against Pneumocystis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Integrating MNase-seq and RNA-seq time series data to study chromatin and transcription dynamics under cadmium stress

Though the sequence of the genome within each eukaryotic cell is essentially fixed, it exists in a complex and changing chromatin state. This state is determined, in part, by the dynamic binding of proteins to the DNA. These proteins---including histones, transcription factors (TFs), and polymerases---interact with one another, the genome, and other molecules to allow the chromatin to adopt one of exceedingly many possible configurations. Understanding how changing chromatin configurations associate with transcription remains a fundamental research problem. We sought to characterize at high spatiotemporal resolution the dynamic interplay between transcription and chromatin in response to cadmium stress. While gene regulatory responses to environmental stress in yeast have been studied, how the chromatin state is modified and how those modifications connect to gene regulation remain unexplored. By combining MNase-seq and RNA-seq data, we found chromatin signatures of transcriptional activation and repression involving both nucleosomal and TF-sized DNA binding factors. Using these signatures, we identified associations between chromatin dynamics and transcriptional regulation, not only for known cadmium response genes, but across the entire genome, including antisense transcripts. Those associations allowed us to develop generalizable models that can predict dynamic transcriptional responses on the basis of dynamic chromatin signatures.
Improving recycled asphalt using sustainable hybrid rejuvenators with enhanced intercalation into oxidized asphaltenes nanoaggregates

Abstract This paper introduces a new bio-rejuvenator made from a blend of high-protein algae and high-lipid animal manure and studies its interaction with aged bitumen molecules to revitalize aged asphalt. True revitalization requires restoring not only the chemical balance but also the molecular conformation. Therefore, rejuvenators should be able to de-agglomerate oxidized asphaltenes while compensating for components that are lost during aging. This study uses a balanced feedstock to control the composition and concentration of active molecules in a rejuvenator to increase its efficiency. To do so, a balanced combination of high-protein algae and high-lipid manure were used to synthesize bio-rejuvenator having different concentration of straight chain hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds, with the former helping to restore chemical balance, and the latter working to de-agglomerate oxidized asphaltene. This in turn can restore aged bitumen's molecular conformation, leading to restoration of its physicochemical and rheological properties. The study results showed that bio-rejuvenator produced from the algae-manure balanced feedstock was more effective rejuvenator than using either of algae or manure solely. The superiority of rejuvenator made by co-liquefaction of a balanced feedstock verified by comparing its dosage efficiency with that of its counterparts made from isolated bio-mass sources. The comparison was done based on the extent of increase in crossover modulus and crossover frequency of an aged bitumen doped with a constant dosage of each rejuvenator with co-liquified scenario showing a much higher increase than other scenarios. Molecular dynamics simulation results revealed that latter bio-rejuvenator’s molecules have a peptizing effect on oxidized asphaltene molecules leading to a significant decrease in the radial distribution function of oxidized asphaltene molecules restoring their molecular conformation. This in turn leads to revitalizing aged asphalt physio-chemical properties to enable reuse and recycling of aged asphalt composites and improve recycling of asphalt pavements to promote sustainability.