cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface site-specific interactions of aspartate with calcite during dissolution; implications for biomineralization

Calcite occurs widely as a mineral component in the exoskeletons and tissues of marine and freshwater invertebrates. Matrix macromolecules involved in regulating the biological growth of calcite in these organisms are known to share a carboxylic-rich character that arises from an abundance of the acidic amino acids aspartate (Asp) and glutamate (Glu). This study determines the interactions of Asp with calcite {1014} faces during dissolution using in situ fluid-cell atomic force microscopy (AFM) and macroscopic ex situ optical methods. In control experiments, etch-pit morphologies produced by dissolution in simple undersaturated solutions reflect the inherent symmetry of the {101 4} faces with a rhombus form. With the introduction of Asp, surface site reactivities are modified to yield isosceles triangular etch pits and hillocks. With continued exposure to Asp-bearing solutions, these triangular pits coalesce and the surface evolves into a network of interconnected tetrahedral etch hillocks. The component tetrahedral ‘‘sides’’ have Miller-Bravais indices of (0001), (1101), and (0111). These faces intersect the (1014) face in the [010], [451], and [411] directions to compose the three edges of the triangular etch pits. Structural and stereochemical contraints suggest that the (1101) and (0111) faces in the hillock are a combination of corresponding faces from the {1102} and {1100} crystallographic forms. Results of this dissolution study are consistent with previous growth experiments showing that Asp causes preferential development of the {0001} and possibly the {1100} forms of calcite. These observations support mechanisms proposing that the new forms are stabilized by the molecular recognition of Asp functional groups for specific surface sites. Because Asp stabilizes identical faces during growth and dissolution, we suggest that dissolution studies offer an alternative means of determining the crystal forms that develop during biomineralizing processes and a more direct means of identifying those surface sites involved. We demonstrate that the stability of crystallographic directions expressed by step edges is controlled by the relative reactivities of surface sites. Our findings yield new insights into surface structure controls on mineral reactivity.
Therapeutic Approach to the Treatment-Naive Patient With Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 Infection: A Step-by-Step Approach

Recent advances in the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) have led to high rates of viral cure. However, the use of newly approved protease inhibitors with activity against HCV still requires careful patient selection, counseling, and decision making before initiation of treatment. Laboratory work-up, staging of liver disease, and careful review of comorbid conditions is mandatory. Patients with cirrhosis may require treatment regimens that differ from those without cirrhosis. Because pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin remain a key part of the treatment regimen, absolute and relative contraindications to their use must be considered. Management of common adverse events including anemia and rash must be embraced by the healthcare provider.
Is the Pen Mightier? Using Pentop Computers to Improve Secondary Students' Writing

This study examined the efficacy of pentop computers on the written expression of three secondary students with mild disabilities. A multiple-probe design was used to establish pentop computers as a potentially effective tool for increasing the quality and quantity of written expression. Each student learned to use the pentop computer and the accompanying writing software. Students were instructed to write essays without using the pentop computer during baseline, and then with it during the intervention phase. When using the pentop computer, students' essay quality scores increased from baseline; during generalization students' scores decreased. Although a few technological problems were encountered, the pentop computer was found to be a valuable tool for students to use in planning and writing essays.
Does incest cause homosexuality

A random sample of 5,182 adults from 6 U.S. metropolitan areas were questioned about incestuous sexual relationships during childhood. Incest was disproportionately reported by both male and female bisexuals and homosexuals. 148 gays (7.7% of the sample) reported 14 (50%) of same-sex, and 7 (22%) of opposite-sex incestuous experiences, and 20 (69%) of same-sex and 2 (3%) of opposite-sex sexual experiences with other relatives. 88 lesbians (3% of the sample) reported 2 (33%) of same-sex incest and 7 (9%) of opposite-sex incest and 1 (17%) of same-sex and 10 (13%) of opposite-sex sexual experiences with other relatives. 12% of 98 male homosexuals vs 0.8% of 1,224 male heterosexuals with a brother reported brother-brother incest. These findings are consonant with those of other studies in which disproportionately more incest by homosexuals was reported. As opposed to an evolutionary genetic hypothesis, these data support the alternative that homosexuality may be learned, since homosexuals do not produce children at sustainable levels and the incidence of homosexuality varies as a function of various social factors. Incest cannot be excluded as a significant basis for homosexuality.
Temperature Dependence of the Elastic Constants of Doped Silicon

Resonators fabricated in heavily doped silicon have been noted to have a reduced frequency-temperature dependence compared with lightly doped silicon. The resonant frequency of silicon microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators is largely governed by the material’s elastic properties, which are known to depend on doping. In this paper, a suite of different types and orientations of resonators were used to extract the first- and second-order temperature dependences of the elastic constants of p-doped silicon up to 1.7e20 $\mathrm{cm}^{\mathrm {\mathbf {-3}}}$ , and n-doped up to 6.6e19 $\mathrm{cm}^{\mathrm {\mathbf {-3}}}$ . It is shown that these temperature-dependent elastic constants may be used in finite element analysis to predict the frequency-temperature dependence of similarly doped silicon resonators. [2013-0331]
Local functions for FMRP in axon growth cone motility and activity-dependent regulation of filopodia and spine synapses

Genetic deficiency of the mRNA binding protein FMRP results in the most common inherited form of mental retardation, Fragile X syndrome. We investigated the localization and function of FMRP during development of hippocampal neurons in culture. FMRP was distributed within granules that extended into developing axons and growth cones, detectable at distances over 300 Am from the cell body. In mature cultures, FMRP granules were present in both axons and dendrites, with pockets of higher concentrations appearing intermittently, along distal axon segments and near synapses. MAP1b mRNA, a known FMRP target, was also localized to axon growth cones. Morphometric analysis of growth cones from the FMR1 KO revealed both excess filopodia and reduced motility. At later stages during synapse formation, FMR1 KO neurons exhibited excessive filopodia and long spines along dendrites, yet there was a marked decrease in the density of spine-like protrusions juxtaposed to presynaptic terminals. In contrast, there was no difference in the density of shaft synapses between FMR1 KO and WT. Brief depolarization of WT neurons resulted in increased numbers of filopodia and spine synapses, whereas no additional morphologic changes were observable in dendrites of FMR1 KO neurons that already had increased density of filopodia–spines. These findings suggest that alterations in the regulation of axonal growth and innervation in FMR1 KO neurons may contribute to the dendritic and spine pathology in Fragile X syndrome. This work has broader implications for understanding the role of mRNA binding proteins in developmental and proteinsynthesis-dependent plasticity.
Ceritinib enables stereotactic radiosurgery to a previously untreatable symptomatic brain metastasis in a patient with ALK rearranged non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract Brain metastases are common in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and traditionally have been treated with whole brain radiation therapy, surgery, or stereotactic radiosurgery, with a limited role for systemic therapy. However, the development of highly active small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors for patients with NSCLC characterized by key driver mutations has generated interest in the use of systemic therapy as an alternative to potentially morbid local therapy for brain metastases. We present the case of a 59 year old Caucasian female with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearranged NSCLC who developed a large symptomatic brain metastasis not initially amenable to stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) while receiving the ALK inhibitor crizotinib. The lesion regressed quickly after initiation of ceritinib, a next generation ALK inhibitor with known activity against crizotinib refractory ALK rearranged NSCLC, thereby allowing SRS as an alternative to standard craniotomy and consolidative whole brain radiation therapy.
Na+-dependent ionophore as part of the small polypeptide of the (Na++K+)-ATPase from eel electroplax membrane

The (Na++K+)-ATPase from eel electroplax membranes is resolved into two polypeptides by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) preparative gel electrophoresis. From the literature, the larger polypeptide has been known to have a molecular weight in the range of 85,000 to 135,000, while the molecular weight of the smaller polypeptide is known to be between 40,000 and 60,000. When the two polypeptides are combined with a large/small molar ratio of 1∶2, a very Na+-dependent voltage-in-dependent ionophoric activity is observed. The Na+-specificity is manifested as a near absolute requirement for Na+ in order for the two polypeptides to cause an increase in conductance. Further work with tryptic digests of the two polypeptides suggests that the Na+-dependent ionophoric activity is associated with the smaller polypeptide of (Na++K+)-ATPase.
Fabrication of an Electrochemical Sensor for Glucose Detection using ZnO Nanorods

An electrochemical glucose sensor based on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods is fabricated, characterized and tested. The ZnO nanorods are synthesized on indium titanium oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate, using the hydrothermal sol-gel technique. The working principle of the sensor under investigation is based on the electrochemical reaction taking place between cathode and anode, in the presence of an electrolyte. A platinum plate, used as the cathode and Nafion/Glucose Oxidase/ZnO nanorods/ITO-coated glass substrate used as anode, is immersed in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution electrolyte to test for the presence of glucose. Several amperometric tests are performed on the fabricated sensor to determine the response time, sensitivity and limit of detection of the sensor. A fast response time less than 3 s with a high sensitivity of 1.151 mA cm-2mM-1 and low limit of detection of 0.089 mM is reported. The glucose sensor is characterized using the cyclic voltammetry method in the range from -0.8 – 0.8 V with a voltage scan rate of 100 mV/s.
Abstract 4281: Adaptive post-translational regulation of the thiamine transporter THTR1 in breast cancer cells during hypoxic stress

Purpose: The cellular metabolic re-programming within hypoxic tumor microenvironments involves adaptations that alter the cellular dependence for glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. However, enzymatic activity within these pathways requires an adequate supply and cellular pool of enzyme cofactors. In particular, thiamine is an essential cofactor within key metabolic pathways that are responsible for energy production and anabolic precursor synthesis. Previously, we have reported on the hypoxia-mediated transcriptional regulation of the thiamine transporters within breast cancer cells. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to further our understanding of hypoxia-mediated regulation of thiamine transporters, by examining the intracellular localization and plasma membrane expression of THTR1 during hypoxic stress. Methods: Immunofluorescence was employed to visualize the intracellular localization of THTR1 (SLC19A2) within the non-transformed breast epithelial cell line, MCF10A and breast cancer cells, BT20 and BT474 after 1, 3 and 7 days of 1% O 2 exposure. Cell surface biotinlyation assays were utilized to assess changes in the plasma membrane expression of THTR1 after hypoxia exposure. In addition, total THTR1 expression was determined using Western blotting of whole cell lysates and qRT-PCR. Results: The cellular distribution of THTR1 was predominantly localized in the plasma membrane for the non-transformed MCF10A cells, but was predominantly intracellular in the breast cancer cells, BT20 and BT474. No change in total mRNA or cellular THTR1 protein expression was found after hypoxic exposure. However, THTR1 exhibited a time dependent increase in plasma membrane localization after 1% O 2 exposure. This observation was confirmed with an increase in THTR1 plasma membrane expression using cell surface biotinylation pull down assays. Conclusions: We conclude that hypoxic stress induces the intracellular trafficking of the thiamine transporter THTR1 to the plasma membrane. These results suggest that post-translational modification of THTR1 during hypoxic exposure may be an essential adaptive cellular response to increase intracellular supply of thiamine to support glycolytic metabolism. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4281. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4281
InGaN thin films grown by RF sputtering for HIT solar cells

The wide range of optical band gaps of InGaN thin films led to considerable research in increasing the efficiency of solar cells. In this study, we present electrical, optical and structural properties of InGaN thin films grown by in situ rf sputtering method. Several samples of InGaN were deposited on aluminosilicate glass and silicon(111) substrates at different temperatures and varying N2 flow ratio. Growth temperatures are 35 °C, 150 °C, 200 °C. Aluminum metal contacts are deposited using DC sputtering method. Resistivity, mobility, conductivity values and their changes with respect to temperature are recorded using hall-effect measurement system. Band gap values and their changes with respect to N2 flow ratio in ( Ar+N2) mixture were calculated using UV spectrophotometer and tauc plots. Atomic composition was calculated using Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Amorphous/crystalline nature of the samples are verified using XRD analysis.
PREY PREFERENCES IN THE SHARP-SHINNED HAWK: THE ROLES OF SEX, EXPERIENCE, AND MOTIVATION

SHARP-SHINNED HAWKS (Accipter striatus) show considerable sexual dimorphism in size. In our sample 899 males had a mean weight of 100.00 g and 1,009 females a mean individual weight of 170.0 g. Evidence from stomach contents indicates differences in the prey taken by each sex (Storer, 1966). This paper offers experimental evidence for sex and age differences in prey selection and also suggests that hunger plays a role in the reaction to prey.
H3-Thymidine Radioautographic Study of Spermatogenesis in the Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The time sequence of spermatogenesis in the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, was studied with H3-thymidine radioautography. The spermatocytes required 10 days to mature into sperm (from the premeiotic DNA synthetic period). Of these, a little more than 4 days is used to reach prophase I, less than 1 day is spent in meiotic division, and more than 5 days is spent in spermiogenesis. The cyst cells, some epithelial cells of the vas deferens, and follicle cells were also labeled with thymidine.
Deacetylation of mitofusin-2 by sirtuin-1: A critical event in cell survival after ischemia

Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is associated with longevity and cell survival. Recently, we unveiled a new role of SIRT1 in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and identified a novel interaction between SIRT1 and mitochondrial outer membrane protein mitofusin-2 (MFN2), in which SIRT1-dependent deacetylation of MFN2 regulates mitochondria and autophagy in the liver.
Ulcerative Colitis; Observations on Its Etiology, Course and Management

(1957). Ulcerative Colitis; Observations on Its Etiology, Course and Management. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 132-141.
Application Situation and Prospect of PI in ZheJiang Power Grid

The technical features and advantages of the Plant Information(PI) system database are presented.Applications of PI database to grid are illuminated,including several problems in typical case.Suggestions on further application are proposed.
Development of Infrared Laser Gas Sensor Used for Detecting the Acetylene Content in Transformer Oil

To detect the species and contents of oil-dissolved gases in transformer,we developed an infrared laser gas sensor,of which the working mechanism and system structure were presented in detail.The sensor has a gas-absorbed laser cell that contains a series of laser reflectors and improves the test accuracy of sensor by increasing the optical path without changing the volume of the cell.We tested the oil-dissolved acetylene in transformer,choosing the absorption spectrum line of acetylene at 1 529.16nm as the peak characteristic absorption spectrum line.The concentration of acetylene was quantitatively analyzed based on the least square method.The results show that,when the injection current is 100mA and the temperature is 26°C,the output wavelength of laser is 1 529.14nm,and the light transmittance is 88%,which meets the requirements of signal processing systems.Moreover,the absorbance has a good linear relationship with the acetylene gas volume fraction within a certain range,and the lower limit for detectable acetylene is 10-5.It is concluded that the proposed infrared laser gas sensor can be used to detect acetylene dissolved in transformer oil.
Analysis of Drug Consumption of Respiratory Diseases in 63 hospitals in 4 Provinces in the Southwest in 2002

OBJECTIVE: To survey and analysis the present situation and trends of drug usage for respiratory diseases in 63 hospitals in 4 provinces, southwest of China in 2002. METHODS: Data collected from the total 63 hospitals in 4 provinces (cities) were analyzed statistically. The main varieties, manufacturer, and sum of money of drugs every quarter were evaluated. RESULTS: In 2002, the total costs of drugs for respiratory diseases in these hospitals were 33 451 786 yuan (RMB) . Of those, sum of money of drugs during first to the fourth quarter were 19 7%,19 3%,27 0% and 34 0%, the consumption of the drugs for stopping cough and expectorating sputum and for asthma were 59 4% and 40 6%, respectively. Among the drugs the costs of Ambroxol and Extra-BCG were up to 51 47%, and that of the import drugs were about 27%. CONCLUSION:Sum of money of drugs used for respiratory diseases changes with season. The costs in winter and autumn were much higher than that in spring and summer.
Modular State Monitoring Device of Hydraulic Turbines

On state monitoring system,the kind,quantity,and monitoring methods of state quantity vary a thousands and one.However,how to develop a universal,flexible and reliable product for state monitoring is a problem.After analysis of field-programmable gate array(FPGA) and programmable logic controller(PLC),a solution to realize modular state monitoring with a system on a programmable chip(SOPC) system based on single FPGA chip is put forward.This solution not only has the compatibility of PLC module,but also inherits the advantage of PLC,such assasy operation,high reliability,and good flexibility.The scheme has been successfully implemented in one concerned state monitoring device by State Grid Electric Power Research Institute,and the solution of the scheme is illustrated in detail in the paper.
Small-cell osteosarcoma

Small-cell osteosarcoma, a subtype of osteogenic sarcoma, consists of sheets of round cells that produce an osteoid matrix. It may be confused with Ewing sarcoma if the osteoid matrix is not included in the biopsy. The distinctive radiographic features of an osteoblastic tumor and a pattern of permeative destruction will confirm the histologic diagnosis or indicate the true nature if tumor osteoid is not included in the histological sections. We add 13 patients to the 32 previously reported in the literature. Fourteen (31%) of the 45 are living and well, though three have been followed for only 2 months (Tables 1 and 2). The treatments have been so varied that a statistically significant evaluation cannot be developed. The radiographic features are not distinctive, but the diagnosis may be suggested when a tumor has osteoblastic features in the metaphysis and extends well down into the shaft with a pattern of permeative destruction. The radiographic features are especially important when limited biopsies reveal only sheets of round cells, thus suggesting Ewing sarcoma. The presence of an osteoid-producing tumor as evidenced by osteoblastic new bone formation will lead to the correct diagnosis.
Genetic studies in outpatients: plasma cholesterol in family and twin studies.

Probably the most difficult problem in the study of atherosclerosis is that the primary disease process is not readily accessible for observation and quantitation. This is extremely critical for family studies because at any one time the vast majority of individuals in a family do not have signs of atherosclerosis such as angina pectoris or myocardial infarction. Genetic studies have therefore concentrated upon risk factors which may be quantitated in individuals of all age groups. The tools available and the longterm nature of the disease have also virtually limited the genetic studies of atherosclerosis to outpatient studies.
Large-Scale Cell Culture Technology

Publisher Summary Large-scale growth of vertebrate cells in vitro offers a method for the production of biomolecules not available from other sources. This has focused the attention of researchers on the development of mass culture systems that offer opportunities for large-scale growth of such cells for production of desired biomolecules. This chapter describes a variety of mass culture systems that can be operated antibiotic-free and can be selected to meet the specific requirements for each cell/product combination. It reviews the data on the vertebrate culture methods currently available and in use for the production of biologically important molecules with a particular focus on large-scale cell culture technology. The chapter presents a review of present large-scale cell culture technology and describes the development in the laboratory of significant advances in a new, multifaceted approach to this area. It would be useful both for the establishment of large-scale cell culture facilities dedicated to the production of biomolecules for clinical or commercial application and for the research laboratory.
Association Between Hospital Admission Risk Profile Score and Skilled Nursing or Acute Rehabilitation Facility Discharges in Hospitalized Older Adults

Objectives To evaluate whether the Hospital Admission Risk Profile (HARP) score is associated with skilled nursing or acute rehabilitation facility discharge after an acute hospitalization. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Inpatient unit of a rural academic medical center. Participants Hospitalized individuals aged 70 and older from October 1, 2013 to June 1, 2014. Measurements Participant age at the time of admission, modified Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination score, and self-reported instrumental activities of daily living 2 weeks before admission were used to calculate HARP score. The primary predictor was HARP score, and the primary outcome was discharge disposition (home, facility, deceased). Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the association between HARP score and discharge disposition, adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, and length of stay. Results Four hundred twenty-eight individuals admitted from home were screened and their HARP scores were categorized as low (n = 162, 37.8%), intermediate (n = 157, 36.7%), or high (n = 109, 25.5%). Participants with high HARP scores were significantly more likely to be discharged to a facility (55%) than those with low HARP scores (20%) (P < .001). After adjustment, participants with high HARP scores were more than four times as likely as those with low scores to be discharged to a facility (odds ratio = 4.58, 95% confidence interval = 2.42–8.66). Conclusion In a population of older hospitalized adults, HARP score (using readily available admission information) identifies individuals at greater risk of skilled nursing or acute rehabilitation facility discharge. Early identification for potential facility discharges may allow for targeted interventions to prevent functional decline, improve informed shared decision-making about post-acute care needs, and expedite discharge planning.
Mortality from Fungal Disease in the US Air Force from 1970 to 2013

Abstract : We review a unique set of documents, death certificates, catalogued in the US Air Force Mortality Registry, which tracks deaths forcurrent and retired Air Force service members. We screened the records for all deaths caused by fungal diseases between 1970 and2013. There were 216 deaths caused by a variety of diseases such as aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis,cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, pneumocystosis, sporotrichosis, and zygomycosis. The single most common identifiedcause of death was opportunistic candidiasis. Of the total 216 deaths, only 7 were active duty or active reserve personnel.
Trends in Antineoplastic Receipt after Medicare Payment Reform: Implications for Future Oncology Payment Design

Abstract Background The Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) reduced reimbursement for many antineoplastics delivered in outpatient settings, altering practice patterns for some cancers. To further evaluate the MMA’s effect, we focus on colon cancer, where longstanding fluorouracil-based regimens were augmented in 2004 with 3 newly-approved drugs (oxaliplatin, bevacizumab, and/or cetuximab). Staggered implementation of MMA reimbursement changes (physician offices implemented reimbursement changes in 2005 vs hospital outpatient departments(OPD) in 2006) provide a natural experiment to examine policy effects. Methods Using the 2000–2009 SEER-Medicare data, we examined antineoplastic use among 59,642 stage II–IV colon cancer patients. Using multivariate logistic regression models, we conducted difference-in-differences analyses to examine an interaction between time (pre-post MMA) and setting (physician offices versus OPDs) on antineoplastic receipt, adjusting for patient and cancer characteristics. A significant interaction indicates different practice patterns in physician offices versus OPD during the staggered implementation. Results After the reimbursement change in 2007–09 relative to 2000-03, use of fluorouracil-based therapy decreased slightly (Marginal Probability(MP): −0.07 stage II;−0.05 stage III;−0.05 stage IV; p Conclusions Our results indicate that providers responded to reimbursement changes after the MMA by increasing use of newly approved agents, but the magnitude of the response was small and limited to individuals diagnosed with Stage IV disease.
Long-term local control rates of patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck managed by surgery and postoperative radiation.

Objectives To report long-term local control in patients with adenoid cystic cancer (ACC) of the head and neck managed by surgery and identify factors predictive for local failure. Study Design Single-institution retrospective cohort study. Methods Eighty-seven patients who had surgery for ACC between 1985 and 2009 were identified. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were recorded. Local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) was recorded by the Kaplan-Meier method. Predictors of local control were identified. Results The median age was 54 years. Seventy-two (83%) patients had perineural invasion, 61 (70%) had close/positive margins, and 58 (67%) had pT 1T2. Fifty-nine (68%) patients had postoperative radiation therapy (PORT). With a median follow-up of 85 months, the 10-year LRFS was 78.7%. There were 14 local recurrences. On multivariable analysis, pathological tumor (T)3T4 stage and no PORT were independent predictors for local failure. Patients with no PORT had a 13-fold increased risk of local failure compared to patients treated with PORT (P = 0.003) after adjusting for stage. Conclusion After adjusting for T stage, patients who do not get PORT are more likely to have local recurrence. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 127:2265–2269, 2017
Implicit Bias in Pediatric Academic Medicine

Abstract Objective Despite known benefits of diversity, certain racial/ethnic groups remain underrepresented in academic pediatrics. Little research exists regarding unconscious racial attitudes among pediatric faculty responsible for decisions on workforce recruitment and retention in academia. This study sought to describe levels of unconscious racial bias and perceived barriers to minority recruitment and retention among academic pediatric faculty leaders. Methods Authors measured unconscious racial bias in a sample of pediatric faculty attending diversity workshops conducted at local and national meetings in 2015. A paper version of the validated Implicit Association Test (IAT) measured unconscious racial bias. Subjects also reported perceptions about minority recruitment and retention. Results Of 68 eligible subjects approached, 58 (85%) consented and completed the survey with IAT. Of participants, 83% had leadership roles and 93% were involved in recruitment. Participants had slight pro-white/anti-black bias on the IAT (M = 0.28, SD = 0.49). There were similar IAT scores among participants in leadership roles (M = 0.33, SD = 0.47) and involved in recruitment (M = 0.28, SD = 0.43). Results did not differ when comparing participants in local workshops to the national workshop (n = 36, M = 0.29, SD = 0.40 and n = 22, M = 0.27, SD = 0.49 respectively; p = 0.88). Perceived barriers to minority recruitment and retention included lack of minority mentors, poor recruitment efforts, and lack of qualified candidates. Conclusions Unconscious pro-white/anti-black racial bias was identified in this sample of academic pediatric faculty and leaders. Further research is needed to examine how unconscious bias impacts decisions in academic pediatric workforce recruitment. Addressing unconscious bias and perceived barriers to minority recruitment and retention represent opportunities to improve diversity efforts.
Fired Up for the Future: How Time Shapes Sharing

How does something’s temporal location—that is, whether it occurred in the past or will occur in the future—affect whether people talk about it? Seven studies demonstrate that two factors, affective arousal and self-presentation, interact to shape time’s impact on word of mouth. Future experiences are more affectively arousing than equivalent past ones. Whether this heightened arousal increases or decreases sharing, however, depends on how the topic potentially being discussed reflects on the sharer. For topics that reflect well on the sharer, arousal increases sharing such that people are more likely to talk if the event is happening in the future (vs. the past). When topics make the sharer look bad, however, this is no longer the case. These findings shed light on when people talk about and deepen understanding of the psychological drivers of word of mouth.
Heterogeneous Integration at Fine Pitch (≤ 10 µm) Using Thermal Compression Bonding

The scaling of package and circuit board dimensions is central to heterogeneous system integration. We describe our solderless direct metal-to-metal low pressure ( 20 MPa. The combined reduction of dielet interconnect pitch, dielet-to-dielet spacing and trace pitch will enable a Moore's law for packaging.
Niclosamide induces protein ubiquitination and inhibits multiple pro-survival signaling pathways in the human glioblastoma U-87 MG cell line

Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal malignant primary brain tumor for which the development of efficacious chemotherapeutic agents remains an urgent need. The anti-helminthic drug niclosamide, which has long been in use to treat tapeworm infections, has recently attracted renewed interest due to its apparent anticancer effects in a variety of in vitro and in vivo cancer models. However, the mechanism(s) of action remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that niclosamide induced cell toxicity in human glioblastoma cells corresponding with increased protein ubiquitination, ER stress and autophagy. In addition, niclosamide treatment led to down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, and STAT3 pro-survival signal transduction pathways to further reduce U-87 MG cell viability. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the glioblastoma suppressive capabilities of niclosamide, showing that niclosamide can target multiple major cell signaling pathways simultaneously to effectively promote cell death in U-87 MG cells. Niclosamide constitutes a new prospect for a therapeutic treatment against human glioblastoma.
¿Reflejos del quechua en una variedad de contacto?: La posición del sujeto gramatical en castellano andino

Este es un estudio variacionista sobre la posicion de sujeto en monolingues en castellano y bilingues castellano-quechua en Huancayo, Peru. Dicha variable es ideal para examinar las predicciones universales de la Hipotesis de la Interficie (HI), pues involucra dos interficies que guian la preferencia posicional del sujeto gramatical en castellano: la sintactico-semantica (interna) y la sintactico-pragmatica (externa). La HI anticipa que la adquisicion de rasgos de interficies internas no presenta mayor dificultad para los bilingues, a diferencia de la adquisicion de rasgos de interficies externas. Distintos analisis de regresion multiple revelan que las diferencias halladas se muestran en consonancia con las predicciones universales de la HI, pues la inacusatividad de los verbos de los sujetos (interficie interna) es un predictor robusto del orden VS para los bilingues, mientras la focalizacion (interficie externa) no condiciona dicha variante. Sin embargo, ciertas propiedades del quechua se presentan como una explicacion alternativa, mas bien peculiar a la situacion de contacto estudiada, al contraste hallado entre los dos grupos de hablantes.
Educational risk, recidivism, and service access among youth involved in both the child welfare and juvenile justice systems

Abstract Dually-involved youth represent a population of youth who receive some level of supervision from both the child welfare and juvenile justice systems concurrently. The current study examined education-related risk factors, recidivism, referrals for services, and service access among dually-involved youth in Los Angeles County. Specifically, whether increased educational risk was associated with referrals to, and access of, educational services and supports and whether higher receipt of educational services reduced recidivism approximately six months post-disposition. Data for this study consisted of a sample of dually-involved youth (N = 131) who were adjudicated delinquent and also had a child welfare case open. An Educational Risk Index (ERI) was developed and included school attendance, credit deficiency, problem school behavior, and current grades. Results indicate that educational risk was negatively associated with mental health services accessed, demonstrating that those with higher educational risk accessed less mental health services. Educational risk, however, was not associated with increased educational service referrals or access, suggesting a possible mismatch in educational need and service referrals. Lastly, there were no significant differences between those that recidivated and those that did not recidivate in service access and educational risk.
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt in Ascites: Updates

The 2009 update of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (practice guidelines recommends transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for the treatment of refractory ascites in patients who do not tolerate repeated large volume paracentesis (LVP). It also stated uncertain survival benefit and possible increase in the risk of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Since this update was published, new studies concerning TIPS as therapy for refractory ascites have emerged. Five studies reported a significant survival improvement in patients who underwent TIPS compared with LVP for refractory ascites, while a single study noted improved survival rates in covered stent TIPS recipients. Three studies found a significantly greater prevalence of severe HE in TIPS recipients compared with LVP recipients; however, only one study reported a significant association between TIPS and increased development of HE of all grades. Based on our review of the current literature, we recommend TIPS over LVP for the treatment of refractory ascites. Further, covered stents should be used for TIPS creation whenever possible.
Salomon Maimon’s Attempt at a New Presentation of the Principle of Morality and a New Deduction of Its Reality1

This essay is a translation of one of Salomon Maimon’s ethical writings, accompanied by a brief introduction. In it, Maimon proposes a correction of the Kantian moral principle of duty, as it is ar...
On Structured Programming

The term structured programming (hereafter abbreviated sp) has been used with many different meanings since Edsger W. Dijkstra first coined the term. Actually, the term appeared in the title of his monograph Notes on structured programming [Dijkstra 72d*], but as far as I can determine not in the monograph itself! The lack of a precise definition has allowed, even encouraged, people to use it as they wished, to attribute to sp what they themselves learned from reading Notes on structured programming, however different this might have been from Dijkstra’s intent. Taken out of context or viewed in the wrong light, some of the resulting definitions of sp that have appeared in the literature seem stupid (e.g., sp is programming without gotos), and it is quite understandable that programmers have looked askance when asked to learn and practice it. The matter has gotten so out of hand that some programmers and managers feel that sp is an attempt to “deskill” the profession—to put so many restrictions on the programmer that his task becomes trivial and can be performed by almost any person.
Selecting an Antidepressant by Using Mechanism of Action to Enhance Efficacy and Avoid Side Effects

The diversity of antidepressant mechanisms available today allows clinicians to individualize treatment decisions for depressive symptoms and subtypes, as well as to avoid side effects. The mechanism of action of antidepressants allows prediction of both adverse effects and therapeutic effects. Individual antidepressants have unique psychopharmacologic profiles, and individual patients have unique clinical profiles of different symptoms and depressive subtypes. By using this knowledge, the prescriber can match drug profiles with patient profiles to select preferred agents and avoid less preferred agents.
Effects of neuropeptide Y on the isolated rabbit iris dilator muscle

The effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were studied on an in vitro preparation of rabbit iris dilator muscle. NPY by itself (10(-11) M to 10(-6) M) had no effect on the resting tension or on the maximal electrically-induced response (MER) of the dilator. Phenylephrine (10(-9) M to 10(-4) M) caused a dose-dependent contraction of the dilator muscle (7.8% to 40.6% of the MER). The addition of NPY 10(-6) M enhanced the phenylephrine-induced muscle contraction (8.8% to 76.8% of the MER) without altering the EC50 value (5 X 10(-6) M) of the phenylephrine dose-response curve. These findings support a modulatory role for NPY on the iris dilator muscle.
A Method of Evaluating Electrode Placements Used in Impedence Cephalography

In previous reports to this conference, a theoretical model of the human head was presented; the direct interpretation of this model [1] was used to relate currents applied to the surface of the head to the resulting current densities in the brain, while the reciprocal interpretation [2] was used to predict the surface potentials produced by electrical sources in the brain. In this paper, the two interpretations are used together to evaluate the effectiveness of various surface electrode positions for measuring impedance fluctuations in the brain.
Dynamics in inorganic glass-forming liquids by NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract Dynamical NMR spectroscopy provides unique mechanistic understanding of the transport and relaxation processes in glass-forming liquids over timescales typically ranging from ~10−9 s to ~102 s, and thus has been used extensively in the past to study the dynamical behavior of polymeric and organic glass-forming liquids. However, reports in the literature of similar studies on inorganic glass-forming liquids have remained somewhat limited due to the experimental challenges. In this contribution we present a review of the high-temperature NMR spectroscopic studies of atomic and molecular dynamics in a wide variety of inorganic glass-forming liquids including oxides, halides and chalcogenides as well as select ionic liquids and molten salts. The significance of these dynamical processes in understanding the nature of the liquid-to-glass transition and their connection with the macroscopic transport properties of these liquids are discussed.
A time to speak and a time to keep silent: Professional ethics, conscience, and the medical interpreter

Summary Professional medical interpreter training initially emphasized the role of the interpreter as a “conduit” who faithfully and transparently rendered the messages of both the healthcare provider and the patient to each other for maximum understanding. Professional ethical standards required the interpreter to communicate only what the other parties were saying, without adding or deleting from the words spoken. However, as professional standards have evolved over the last three decades, and practice has challenged theory, it has become apparent that the “conduit” model at times is too restrictive. Since interpreters occupy the unique position of having the most complete awareness of what is transpiring among all parties linguistically and culturally, they often face the need to go beyond merely transferring information to mediating any miscommunications caused by institutional, language, or cultural barriers. As such, the interpreter's role has expanded to allow circumstances in which they may also act as “culture brokers” or even “advocates”. In reality, the dynamics of the interpreting session demand a balance of trust, power, and control among all participants. This article will focus on the professional parameters that guide interpreters in deciding when to move beyond a neutral role in the best interests of the parties involved or when intervention adversely affects desired outcomes.
Assortative Mating, Intergenerational Mobility, and Educational Inequality

How much husbands and wives resemble each other on socioeconomic status and other social traits has long been a concern for demographers and students of social stratification. For demography, assortative mating patterns govern the social makeup of marriages and families. For stratification, spousal resemblance is an indicator of openness or closure of the social order. When people tend to marry within their own social stratum, populations and societies are more closed when they commonly marry members of other socioeconomic groups. But more that just an indicator of family structure and social differentiation, assortative mating is also a part of the dynamic process by which populations and social hierarchies reproduce. The formation and persistence of marriages affects levels and patterns of fertility and thus population growth rates and age structures. The kinds of marriages that form between persons of varying social characteristics determine the family backgrounds for their offspring and thus affect the social characteristics of the next generation. At the family and individual levels, mothers and fathers affect the eventual social standing of their children. At the population and cohort levels, the joint distribution of parents' characteristics affect the level and distribution of offsprings' characteristics. Assortative mating, in short, is a key step in the reproduction of populations and social hierarchies from generation to generation and from one period to the next.
Establishment of Basic Embryonic Body Plan

Abstract The third and fourth weeks see the establishment of the primordia of the major organ systems of the body. A prominent morphological feature at this stage is the somites, which are the precursors of much of the axial muscle and skeleton. The formation and properties of the somites are described in detail. The forming central nervous system also undergoes both molecular and morphological segmentation.
Improving Undergraduate Epidemiology Education: An Example Using Instructional Teams.

Epidemiology is a core component of the undergraduate public health curriculum and a critical component of a healthy community and a comprehensive education. Evidence-based, collaborative instructional practices improve student success, reach diverse student populations, and improve learning outcomes. Here we describe the pedagogical approach of an instructional team with which we observed an 18% greater learning gain (95% confidence interval: 6.5, 29.5; t = -3.08; P = 0.002), based on pre-/posttesting in a large (approximately 120 students) undergraduate course, than with the prior course offering. There were no differences in DEW rates (defined as receiving a grade of D (scoring 60%-69%) or E (scoring <60%) or withdrawing (W)) between the 2 offerings, but the ratio of "A" to "B" grades was higher (by approximately 10%) after deployment of the instructional team (Pearson's χ2 (1 degree of freedom) = 4.17, P = 0.041). In addition, students reported greater satisfaction with the course deploying an instructional team (80.4% positive sentiment in course evaluation comments compared with 76.1% in the prior offering). As students and faculty become more familiar with effective evidence-based instructional practices, improvements in student learning can be achieved and the goal of creating an educated citizenry ready to build a healthy society will be more attainable.
Development of a Business Operating Systems Course

Curriculum 95 is a collaborative effort between the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), the Data Processing Management Association (DPMA), the Academy for Information Systems (AIS), and othe...
Visualization of integrin molecules by fluorescence imaging and techniques

Integrin molecules are transmembrane αβ heterodimers involved in cell adhesion, trafficking, and signaling. Upon activation, integrins undergo dynamic conformational changes that regulate their affinity to ligands. The physiological functions and activation mechanisms of integrins have been heavily discussed in previous studies and reviews, but the fluorescence imaging techniques -which are powerful tools for biological studies- have not. Here we review the fluorescence labeling methods, imaging techniques, as well as Forster resonance energy transfer assays used to study integrin expression, localization, activation, and functions.