cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indirect effects of ecosystem engineering combine with consumer behaviour to determine the spatial distribution of herbivory

1.Ecosystem engineers alter environments by creating, modifying, or destroying habitats. The indirect impacts of ecosystem engineering on trophic interactions should depend on the combination of the spatial distribution of engineered structures and the foraging behavior of consumers that use these structures as refuges. 2.In this study, we assessed the indirect effects of ecosystem engineering by a wood-boring beetle in a neotropical mangrove forest system. We identified herbivory patterns in a dwarf mangrove forest on the archipelago of Twin Cays, Belize. 3.Past wood-boring activity impacted more than one-third of trees through the creation of tree holes that are now used, presumably as predation or thermal refuge, by the herbivorous mangrove tree crab Aratus pisonii. The presence of these refuges had a significant impact on plant-animal interactions; herbivory was more than five-fold higher on trees influenced by tree holes relative to those that were completely isolated from these refuges. Additionally, herbivory decreased exponentially with increasing distance from tree holes. 4.We use individual-based simulation modeling to demonstrate that the creation of these herbivory patterns depends on a combination of the use of engineered tree holes for refuge by tree crabs, and the use of two behavior patterns in this species – site fidelity to a “home tree”, and more frequent foraging near their home tree. 5.We demonstrate that understanding the spatial distribution of herbivory in this system depends on combining both the use of ecosystem engineering structures with individual behavioral patterns of herbivores. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
3D Convolutional Neural Networks with Graph Refinement for Airway Segmentation Using Incomplete Data Labels

Intrathoracic airway segmentation from computed tomography images is a frequent prerequisite for further quantitative lung analyses. Due to low contrast and noise, especially at peripheral branches, it is often challenging for automatic methods to strike a balance between extracting deeper airway branches and avoiding leakage to the surrounding parenchyma. Meanwhile, manual annotations are extremely time consuming for the airway tree, which inhibits automated methods requiring training data. To address this, we introduce a 3D deep learning-based workflow able to produce high-quality airway segmentation from incompletely labeled training data generated without manual intervention. We first train a 3D fully convolutional network (FCN) based on the fact that 3D spatial information is crucial for small highly anisotropic tubular structures such as airways. For training the 3D FCN, we develop a domain-specific sampling scheme that strategically uses incomplete labels from a previous highly specific segmentation method, aiming to retain similar specificity while boosting sensitivity. Finally, to address local discontinuities of the coarse 3D FCN output, we apply a graph-based refinement incorporating fuzzy connectedness segmentation and robust curve skeletonization. Evaluations on the EXACT’09 and LTRC datasets demonstrate considerable improvements in airway extraction while maintaining reasonable leakage compared with a state-of-art method and the dataset reference standard.
Fabrication, Characterization, and Testing of Graphene Oxide and Hydrophilic Polymer Graphene Oxide Composite Membranes in a Dead-End Flow System

AbstractGraphene oxide (GO) has emerged as a promising material for next-generation water treatment membranes. In this study, three types of GO membranes were produced and tested. Both GO and graph...
FRI0581 Hepatitis b increase mortality in pateints with osteoporotic vertebral fractures

Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide, particularly cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and the most important liver disease in Taiwan. However, little is known the impact of hepatitis b on osteoporotic patients. Objectives This study aimed to determine if hepatitis b can increase the risk of mortality in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Methods This retrospective study reviewed of cases of osteoporosis patients with acute vertebral fractures between 2001 and 2008. All associated co-morbidities were recorded. Kaplan-Meier and cox regression analysis were performed. Results There were 432 patients with acute vertebral fractures. The mean age of 72.85±9.28. 31 (7.2%) patients had chronic hepatitis b. Using the Kaplan-Meier curve, hepatitis b had a significant effect on mortality (p p =0.019; HR: 2.436∼5.136) 2.137, 95% CI: 1.156∼5.136). The mortality rate also increased among smokers ( p =0.026; HR: 3.6043.891; 95% CI: 1.056∼12.301). Conclusions In this study, hepatitis b increase mortality in osteoporotic vertebral fracture patients. So we should pay attention to this group in osteoporotic management. References Chong-Shan Wang et al. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 66(4), 2002, pp. 389–393. Acknowledgements We thank Kaohsiung Chang Gang Memorial Hospital for data support. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Visual attention in schizophrenia: Eye contact and gaze aversion during clinical interactions

Many of the essential clues to the psychiatric condition of an individual lie within the nonverbal and communicative behavior patterns they express during social interactions. Unfortunately, these behaviors are particularly difficult to assess subjectively in a time-constrained environment, to which clinicians are often limited in realistic settings. The present analysis examines quantified patterns of gaze aversion across a set of persons recently admitted to an inpatient psychotic disorder unit at a major psychiatric hospital. These patterns are used to inform the development of discriminative models with the task of predicting schizophrenic symptom severity from both a typological and a dimensional assessment perspective. The results expose a novel set of gaze aversion behaviors distinguishing between positive subtype schizophrenia, characterized by excessive behaviors such as hallucinations and grandiosity, and negative subtype schizophrenia, characterized by diminished behaviors such as blunted affect and emotional withdrawal. The predictive models constitute a significant step toward the development of automated tools to aid medical professionals in the diagnosis of psychotic disorders.
Role of Cationic Side Chains in the Antimicrobial Activity of C18G

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been an area of great interest, due to the high selectivity of these molecules toward bacterial targets over host cells and the limited development of bacterial resistance to these molecules throughout evolution. The peptide C18G has been shown to be a selective, broad spectrum AMP with a net +8 cationic charge from seven lysine residues in the sequence. In this work, the cationic Lys residues were replaced with other natural or non-proteinogenic cationic amino acids: arginine, histidine, ornithine, or diaminopropionic acid. These changes vary in the structure of the amino acid side chain, the identity of the cationic moiety, and the pKa of the cationic group. Using a combination of spectroscopic and microbiological methods, the influence of these cationic groups on membrane binding, secondary structure, and antibacterial activity was investigated. The replacement of Lys with most other cationic residues had, at most, 2-fold effects on minimal inhibitory concentration against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, the peptide containing His as the cationic group showed dramatically reduced activity. All peptide variants retained the ability to bind lipid vesicles and showed clear preference for binding vesicles that contained anionic lipids. Similarly, all peptides adopted a helical conformation when bound to lipids or membrane mimetics, although the peptide containing diaminopropionic acid exhibited a decreased helicity. The peptides exhibited a wider variety of activity in the permeabilization of bacterial membranes, with peptides containing Lys, Arg, or Orn being the most broadly active. In all, the antibacterial activity of the C18G peptide is generally tolerant to changes in the structure and identity of the cationic amino acids, yielding new possibilities for design and development of AMPs that may be less susceptible to immune and bacterial recognition or in vivo degradation.
Analytical Phasing of Arbitrarily Oriented Arrays Using a Fast, Analytical Far-Field Calculation Method

We propose an analytical approach for far-field calculation of antenna arrays comprised of arbitrarily oriented, identical elements using a straightforward rotation matrix calculation method. In addition, here we present a Constructive Analytical Phasing (CAP) method for arbitrary configurations of linearly polarized array elements. Conformal spherical and randomly oriented planar arrays of microstrip patch antennas are given as examples, wherein analytical results are verified by full-wave simulations. This approach provides substantial speed up compared to full-wave simulations, facilitating significantly broader tradeoff studies and optimizations, for a variety of antenna performance parameters.
Modelling recrystallization textures driven by intragranular fluctuations implemented in the viscoplastic self-consistent formulation

Abstract This paper presents a recrystallization model driven by intragranular orientation gradients and strain energy fields calculated by means of the viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) formulation. The VPSC model is extended for calculation of the coupling between intragranular stress fluctuations with corresponding second moments of lattice spin and misorientation fields in the grains. Access to these quantities allows modelling of transition bands and nucleation kinetics. In the proposed recrystallization model, grain growth is assumed to be proportional to the difference between the stored energy of each grain and that of the effective medium. Recrystallization textures for several cubic metals are simulated, showing good agreement with corresponding experiments. The model reveals the importance of considering appropriate, microstructurally-based and orientation-dependent recrystallization nucleation mechanisms. The recrystallization texture of heavily rolled copper with a strong cube texture component is found to be a consequence of nucleation at transition bands, which is also the cause of the recrystallization textures in compressed iron and drawn copper wire. In contrast, the recrystallization texture of rolled interstitial-free steel is found to be caused by grain boundary nucleation occurring in grains with the highest strain energy.
Influence of canine donor plasma hemostatic protein concentration on quality of cryoprecipitate.

BACKGROUND Cryoprecipitate (CRYO) is a plasma component containing high concentrations of factor VIII (FVIII), von Willebrand factor (VWF), and fibrinogen. Because Greyhounds are reported to have lower plasma VWF and fibrinogen concentrations, their plasma may not yield high potency CRYO. OBJECTIVES To determine if plasma hemostatic protein concentration is a good predictor of CRYO potency and if a difference exists in quality of CRYO prepared from Greyhounds versus non-Greyhounds. ANIMALS Twenty Greyhounds and 20 non-Greyhounds. METHODS A 450 mL unit of blood was collected from each donor, centrifuged to prepare fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and processed to CRYO. Aliquots of FFP and CRYO were analyzed for FVIII, VWF, and fibrinogen content and factor recovery. RESULTS A positive correlation was found among donor plasma FVIII, VWF and fibrinogen concentration, and CRYO factor content (P < .001). Mean recovery was highest for VWF (67%), followed by fibrinogen (47%), and FVIII (37%). No breed difference was found in mean CRYO FVIII content, but CRYO VWF and fibrinogen were lower in Greyhounds (P = .004 and P < .001, respectively). No difference was found between Greyhounds and non-Greyhounds for the number of CRYO units meeting human blood banking standards. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Factor concentration in FFP is associated with CRYO potency, suggesting that prescreening of blood donors may enhance CRYO quality. Despite lower VWF and fibrinogen content, CRYO prepared from Greyhounds is acceptable based on blood banking standards for humans, indicating that Greyhound FFP does not need to be excluded from CRYO production.
SDT, PERMA and Autonomy Supportive Behaviors

This chapter focuses on the application of self-determination theory and discusses the ways that a servant leader can be autonomy supportive and provide need satisfaction for followers. Rocchi, Couture, and Pelletier (Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(6):852–859, 2013) defined autonomy supportive behaviors as offering meaningful choice and allowing others to have a say in the decision-making process, minimizing pressure and control, and acknowledging the feelings of others. Autonomy supportive behaviors lead to need satisfaction and increased self-determined motivation. At the other end of the spectrum from autonomy supportive coaching, controlling coaching behaviors include intimidation, conditional negative regard (withholding care and affection when athletes do not behave as demanded), and disproportionate personal control (including personal lives). Controlling coaching behaviors recognized to show results in the short term but have extensive negative emotional, behavioral, and performance-related consequences in the long-run. In this chapter, specific behaviors are shared that provide psychological need support. Outcomes of need satisfaction are revisited and the feedback loop of the model—that positive follower outcomes enhance leader well-being and need satisfaction and motivates a leader to continue to serve—is shared. Finally, the ways that PERMA elements can support need satisfaction for leaders is discussed.
Extreme Covering Systems of the Integers

It is proved that if the least modulus of a distinct covering system is 4, its largest modulus is at least 60; also if the least modulus is 3, the LCM of the moduli is at least 120; finally, if the least modulus is 4, the LCM of the moduli is at least 360. The constants 60, 120, and 360 can not be replaced by smaller constants.
Heme and hemoglobin utilization by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Iron is essential for growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but most iron in the human body is stored in heme within hemoglobin. Here, we demonstrate that the substrate-binding protein DppA of the inner membrane Dpp transporter is required for heme and hemoglobin utilization by Mtb. The 1.27 A crystal structure of DppA shows a tetrapeptide bound in the protein core and a large solvent-exposed crevice for heme binding. Mutation of arginine 179 in this cleft eliminates heme binding to DppA and prevents heme utilization by Mtb. The outer membrane proteins PPE36 and PPE62 are also required for heme and hemoglobin utilization, indicating that these pathways converge at the cell surface of Mtb. Albumin, the most abundant blood protein, binds heme specifically and bypasses the requirements for PPE36, PPE62 and Dpp. Thus, our study reveals albumin-dependent and -independent heme uptake pathways, highlighting the importance of iron acquisition from heme for Mtb. Iron is essential for growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but most of the iron in the human body is stored in heme within hemoglobin. Here, Mitra et al. identify two heme uptake mechanisms in M. tuberculosis, one dependent on the inner-membrane Dpp importer and the other dependent on host albumin.
Straight on Through: the Current State of Child Tracks in Psychiatry Residency.

The authors explore the advantages and disadvantages of 5-year integrated child and adolescent psychiatry tracks from the perspective of program directors. The authors surveyed via email the program directors of the 134 child and adolescent psychiatry training programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education in the USA on their experiences with and perceptions of a formal child track. The authors received 79 responses (60% response rate), including 13 (16%) with a child track, an increase from 7 programs in a survey completed 13 years ago. Of programs with a child track, a majority were created within the last 5 years. Out of an average postgraduate year 1 class size of nine, the most common child track size was two positions per year. Benefits cited for child tracks included improved recruitment, longitudinal retention, potential flexibility, scholarly productivity, and clinical benefits such as the foundation of a developmental perspective and improved integration of pediatrics and mental health. Of programs that do not have a track, more than half were strongly or very strongly considering one. Child tracks have potential benefits for individual trainees, general psychiatry residency programs, and child and adolescent psychiatry fellowships. Additionally, long-term benefits to child mental health workforce recruitment and expansion are likely. The number of programs offering a child track has risen significantly over the last decade since the field was last surveyed, and this trend is likely to continue over the next decade.
Dorsal cauda equina nerve root enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging due to ANNA-1-associated paraneoplastic polyneuropathy.

A 69-year-old female presented with subacute onset ascending weakness and paraesthesias. She was initially diagnosed with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) based on her clinical presentation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showing albuminocytological dissociation. However, she was later found to have anti-neuronal nuclear antibody 1 (ANNA-1/anti-Hu)-positive CSF and was subsequently diagnosed with small-cell lung cancer. Her neurological symptoms were ultimately attributed to ANNA-1/anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic polyneuropathy. During the course of her evaluation, she had magnetic resonance imaging findings of dorsal predominant cauda equina nerve root enhancement, which has not been previously described. The only previously reported case of cauda equina enhancement due to ANNA-1-associated polyneuropathy described ventral predominant findings. The distinction between ventral and dorsal enhancement is important, since it suggests that different patterns of nerve root involvement may be associated with this paraneoplastic syndrome. Therefore, ANNA-1-associated paraneoplastic inflammatory polyneuropathy can be considered in the differential diagnosis of cauda equina nerve root enhancement with ventral and/or dorsal predominance. This can potentially be helpful in differentiating ANNA-1 polyneuropathy from GBS, which classically has ventral predominant enhancement.
Prazosin for treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Prazosin has been an accepted treatment for patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who experience sleep disturbances, including nightmares. Results of a recent large randomized control trial did not find benefit of prazosin vs placebo in improving such outcomes. A meta-analysis that includes this most recent trial was conducted to examine the pooled effect of prazosin vs placebo on sleep disturbances and overall PTSD symptoms in patients with PTSD. Methods A systematic review of the published literature on trials comparing prazosin vs placebo for improvement of overall PTSD scores, nightmares, and sleep quality was conducted. Hedges’ g standardized mean differences (SMD) between prazosin and placebo were calculated for each outcome across studies. Results Six randomized placebo-controlled studies representing 429 patients were included in the analysis, including two studies with a crossover design. Results showed prazosin significantly improved overall PTSD scores (SMD = −0.31; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: −0.62, −0.01), nightmares (SMD = −0.75; 95% CI: −1.24, −0.27), and sleep quality (SMD = −0.57; 95% CI: −1.02, −0.13). In the largest trial, prazosin showed a reduction in clinical outcome measures similar to past studies, but a relatively large placebo effect size, particularly for nightmares, contributed to no treatment differences. Conclusions Despite the results of a recent, large randomized study, pooled effect estimates show that prazosin has a statistically significant benefit on PTSD symptoms and sleep disturbances. Limitations that should be considered include heterogeneity of study design and study populations as well as the small number of studies conducted and included in this meta-analysis.
Using Transfer Learning and Class Activation Maps Supporting Detection and Localization of Femoral Fractures on Anteroposterior Radiographs

Acute Proximal Femoral Fractures are a growing health concern among the aging population. These fractures are often associated with significant morbidity and mortality as well as reduced quality of life. Furthermore, with the increasing life expectancy owing to advances in healthcare, the number of proximal femoral fractures may increase by a factor of 2 to 3, since the majority of fractures occur in patients over the age of 65. In this paper, we show that by using transfer learning and leveraging pre-trained models, we can achieve very high accuracy in detecting fractures and that they can be localized utilizing class activation maps.
Historical and Structural Fear Compounded

This chapter examines the role of fear and othering in the COVID-19 pandemic; historical fear, trauma, vaccination hesitancy, and disparities; similarities between the 1918 flu and COVID-19 pandemics as structural and social disparities decreased morbidity and mortality in both crises; and the role of fear in manipulating human behavior.
Tapia's Syndrome (Concurrent Unilateral Recurrent Laryngeal and Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy) Following Left Retrosigmoid Craniotomy for Schwannoma Resection.

Tapia’s syndrome, a unilateral, extracranial combined lesion to the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve [CN] XII) and the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagal nerve (CN X), has been observed to occur after general anesthesia for a variety of surgical procedures. Surgical intraoperative neck positioning and airway management are hypothesized as causative factors. The condition presents with ipsilateral motor paralysis of the tongue and vocal cords. Postoperatively, patients often present with dysphonia, dysphagia, and difficulty swallowing. We discuss a unique case of Tapia’s syndrome occurring after retrosigmoid craniotomy for left vestibular schwannoma resection in a 42-year-old male. General anesthesia was uneventful with an atraumatic, grade 2a intubation and a normal endotracheal tube cuff pressure of 30 cm of water. The patient was positioned laterally, even though the exact head position was not documented. Institutional practice in these cases is for the head to be maintained neutral or with a slight turn. An uneventful subtotal resection of the tumor was performed after retrosigmoid exposure. Postoperatively, the patient complained of left-sided mouth tingling, a hoarse voice, and tongue weakness which impacted his ability to chew and swallow. He had mild left-sided facial weakness and decreased sensation in the V1 and V2 distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Postoperative brain MRI showed postsurgical changes without evidence of neurological or vascular involvement. Fiberoptic endoscopy performed in the otolaryngology clinic showed immobility of the right vocal cord. Consequently, Tapia’s syndrome was diagnosed. He later underwent a right vocal fold injection with Prolaryn gel (Merz North America, Inc, Greensboro, NC, USA) via flexible laryngoscopy with a slight improvement in his dysphonia. At his last visit, he declined further interventions based on acceptable voice quality. Tapia’s syndrome can occur due to the close anatomical proximity of the hypoglossal and recurrent laryngeal nerves as they pass lateral to the oropharynx and hypopharynx. This predisposes the nerves to anesthetic and surgical insults such as over-stretching of the nerves during head manipulation and trauma to the nerve fibers following laryngoscopy. Our case report highlights this potential rare complication to anesthetic and surgical teams. Awareness of this concurrent paralysis can assist practitioners to rapidly diagnose and treat patients who present in this way postoperatively. It can also enable avoidance of causative factors and remind practitioners of the importance of meticulous perioperative documentation.
Waitlist management in a pediatric weight management clinic: implementing an orientation session.

BACKGROUND This study evaluates implementation of an orientation session to address a waitlist of more than 2000 referrals to a pediatric weight management clinic in the Mid-South United States. METHODS An hour-long group-based orientation to the pediatric weight management clinic was implemented to provide information about the structure and expectations of the clinic as well as education on healthy lifestyle recommendations. Families were contacted from the waitlist by telephone and invited to attend an orientation session prior to scheduling a clinic appointment. RESULTS Of 2251 patients contacted from the waitlist, 768 scheduled an orientation session, of which 264 (34 %) attended. Of the 264 orientation participants, 246 (93 %) scheduled a clinic appointment. Of those, 193 (79 %) completed a clinic visit. Waitlist times decreased from 297.8 ± 219.4 days prior to implementation of orientation sessions to 104.1 ± 219.4 days after. CONCLUSIONS Orientation has been an effective and efficient way to triage patient referrals while maximizing attendance in limited clinic slots for patients and families demonstrating interest and motivation. Elements of this approach are likely generalizable to other pediatric clinical settings that must strategically manage a large volume of patient referrals.
Endogenous Glycoside-Like Substances

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the biological effects, chemical nature, source of production, and potential physiologic implications of endogenous glycoside-like compound. For these studies extracts of bovine hypothalamus was screened for sodium transport inhibitory activity. The basic biological assay in this early work was the isolated toad bladder preparation. To explore the possibility that the unknown substance had other ouabain-like features, its interaction with ouabain in frog urinary bladder by the method of Mills and Ernst is demonstrated in the chapter. It is concluded that endogenous glycoside-like compound material reversibly inhibits active sodium transport in anuran membranes. It directly inhibits renal Na,K-adenosine triphosphate (ATP)ase from a mammalian source, and its ouabain-like activity is further manifested by its ability to inhibit ouabain binding to its cellular receptor in frog urinary bladder and guinea-pig brain microsomes. Frog urinary bladder and rabbit renal Na,K–ATPase have been found to be significantly more sensitive to the effects of the compound than toad urinary bladder and enzyme prepared in an identical fashion from rat renal tissue, respectively.
A 10.6mm 3 fully-integrated, wireless sensor node with 8GHz UWB transmitter

This paper presents a complete, autonomous, wireless temperature sensor, fully encapsulated in a 10.6mm3 volume. The sensor includes solar energy harvesting with an integrated 2 μAh battery, optical receiver for programming, microcontroller and memory, 8GHz UWB transmitter, and miniaturized custom antennas with a wireless range of 7 meters. Full, stand-alone operation was demonstrated for the first time for a system of this size and functionality.
Extracting information from myoelectric signals

Currently available upper-limb, myoelectric prostheses usually accomplish gesture differentiation by analyzing myoelectric signals from multiple pairs of surface electrodes distributed over the user’s upper body. Another common control method is to use a single pair of surface electrodes but to enlist an application on a mobile device for specific gesture and grip settings. Both of these approaches limit the accessibility of the finished product because of their high cost and complexity. In our research, we attempt to increase the usability of myoelectric prostheses by increasing the amount of information that is extracted from the signal captured by a single pair of surface electrodes. We have designed and constructed an experimental apparatus that allows us to extract time and frequency domain content from myoelectric signals. Using this apparatus, we analyzed signals that were generated on the user’s forearm when a series of different hand gripping forces were applied. We also analyzed the signals that were generated when an array of different hand gestures were performed. Our results suggest that it is feasible to differentiate between gripping forces using a simple and rapid signal analysis but that such an analysis cannot be used to differentiate between different hand gestures. Future work will explore the use of more advanced signal analysis techniques to perform gesture differentiation.
Improving path planning with learning

Abstract We present a learning algorithm designed to improve robot path planning. The algorithm relies on an existing path planner to provide solutions to difficult tasks. From these solutions, it learns a sparse network of useful robot subgoals that guides and supports fast planning. We analyze the algorithm theoretically by developing some general techniques useful in characterizing behaviors of probabilistic learning. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm empirically with an existing path planner in practical environments. The learning algorithm not only reduces the time cost of existing planners, but also increases their capability in solving difficult tasks.
CERVICAL MASSES IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

Two hundred sixty-seven patients with tumors in the neck, observed at the Children9s Memorial Hospital, have been reviewed. Forty-seven of these patients had malignancy. The most common malignancy was lymphosancoma or Hodgkin9s disease (20 cases). The highest incidence of malignant degeneration in tumors of a specific organ occurred in the thyroid (50%). The over-all malignancy rate in neck tumors in this series was 15.7%. This study was undertaken primarily to evaluate clinical patterns and diagnostic methods. It was of great interest to find that tumors of the neck are not as deadly as one might suppose. At least 84% of the lesions were benign and responded well when accepted methods for their treatment were carried out. Moreover, it was fascinating to find that, aside from certain organspecific carcinomas (e.g., thyroid and parotid glands), most cervical neoplasms arose from mesodermal tissues and, when malignant, offered a very poor prognosis. Yet, most lesions arising in the neck manifested themselves before metastasizing beyond the region, so that, if they were localized, surgical excision offered excellent opportunity for adequate containment. Certainly, the backbone of treatment of neck tumors, regardless of type, was surgical ablation, wherever possible. A few neck tumors were metastatic in nature, but adequate study and evaluation of the patient usually demonstrated the distal primary before operation was undertaken. Another interesting point, not entirely foolproof but fairly reliable, is the observation that malignant tumors generally were located in the posterior cervical triangle. This applied almost universally, except for lesions in the thyroid gland. Although biopsy is the only way to be certain, it is comforting to have some assurance preoperatively that a solitary mass in the anterior cervical triangle probably is benign. The probability that a cervical tumor is malignant increases in the following order: (1) multiple tumors located in the anterior triangle of the neck; (2) tumors, single or multiple, located in the posterior cervical triangle; (3) multiple tumors located both in the anterior and posterior cervical triangles. Tumors of the thyroid gland represent a class unto themselves. When they are present the malignancy rate is very high, and in this series represented approximately 50%.
BOREAS TE-18 Landsat TM Maximum Likelihood Classification Image of the NSA

The BOREAS TE-18 team focused its efforts on using remotely sensed data to characterize the successional and disturbance dynamics of the boreal forest for use in carbon modeling. The objective of this classification is to provide the BOREAS investigators with a data product that characterizes the land cover of the NSA. A Landsat-5 TM image from 20-Aug-1988 was used to derive this classification. A standard supervised maximum likelihood classification approach was used to produce this classification. The data are provided in a binary image format file. The data files are available on a CD-ROM (see document number 20010000884), or from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Activity Archive Center (DAAC).
Chapter 6 Transepithelial Potassium Transport in Insect Midgut by an Electrogenic Alkali Metal Ion Pump

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the voracious consumption of leafy material by lepidopteran larvae, which places an unusual requirement upon these insects' digestive apparatus: because leaf tissue is rich in potassium and poor in sodium, it is potassium ions, which must be either retained in the gut or secreted from the blood in order to maintain ionic balance. With respect to potassium and sodium distribution, two major facts stand out: first, at all three loci potassium is the dominant cation, being about 860-fold more concentrated than sodium in the midgut contents and 12-fold more concentrated than sodium even in the blood. The second outstanding fact, however, is that potassium is nevertheless 12-fold less concentrated in the blood than in the midgut contents. In fact, except for protons, potassium sustains the largest concentration ratio between gut and blood of any of the common inorganic cations. The chapter describes the main physiological features of the midgut K + transport system, with an emphasis on its electrical properties. It reviews selected flux and morphological studies that focuses on the anatomical localization of the pump and its ion pools.
Spatial Processing during Mental Imagery: A Neurofunctional Theory

Diverse methodologies, from animal research to neuroimaging, have begun to paint a coherent picture of the neural underpinnings of the human visual system. We outline a model that consists of seven coarsely defined processing subsystems. We begin with a discussion of the gating function of attention within a set of retinotopically mapped areas, which we call the visual buffer. This subsystem is implemented in the occipital lobe. Two major pathways lead forward, one going down to the inferior temporal lobe and the other up to the posterior parietal lobe. The functions of these systems are discussed, as are the roles of structures that integrate the two types of information and processes that use information to guide visual search. These same processes are used to generate visual mental images on the basis of stored information and to interpret patterns in images. We summarize a variety of types of evidence that support the putative role of each subsystem, as well as research investigating the anatomical localization of each subsystem.
Mechanically Induced Growth Rate Differential for Copper Layers Electroplated in Presence of Organic Additives

Electrochemical mechanical deposition (ECMD) planarizes copper films as they are plated on patterned wafer surfaces. The technique involves electrochemical deposition (ECD) and simultaneous sweeping of the cathode surface with a pad. Pad sweeping gives rise to a mechanically induced current suppression (MICS) phenomenon if plating is performed in electrolytes containing accelerator and suppressor additives as well as Cl - ions. In this work we studied the MICS phenomenon by partially sweeping blanket wafer surfaces with a small pad and investigating effects of the bath chemistry and wafer surface derivatization on the copper growth rates at the swept and unswept regions of the surface. It was found that, at a given suppressor concentration, copper growth rate differential between the two regions was reduced with increasing accelerator concentration in the bath. Derivatization of the wafer surface in an accelerator-containing solution followed by ECMD in a suppressor-containing bath gave the largest growth differential between the swept and unswept surface portions, suggesting high planarization efficiency. Adsorption-desorption kinetics of the organic additives used in this work were obtained under ECD conditions and found to support the proposed mechanism of MICS.
Stereotactic posteroventral pallidotomy: Clinical methods and results at 1‐year follow up

Twenty consecutive patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease underwent stereotactic posteroventral pallidotomy. Schwab and England ADL scores in the "off" state were improved by 18% and in the "on" state the scores declined by 2%. Three patients also reported marked improvement in "off" state dystonia. One-year data are available on 12 patients who underwent evaluations according to the Core Assessment Program for Intracerebral Transplantation protocol preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Significant improvements in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale sections II and III scores in the "off" state, composite "off" state scores of bradykinesia and rigidity, contralateral tremor in the "off" state, and contralateral dyskinesias were observed. Although there was reduction in the daily levodopa dose, this did not reach statistical significance. Major complications (15%) included hemiparesis (one of 20) and visual field cuts (two of 20); minor complications (45%) included mild cognitive dysfunction (four of 20), reading difficulty not related to visual disturbance (one of 20), and 5-10 lb weight gain (four of 20).
Generation of the ford sequence of length 2n, n large☆

Abstract An algorithm is presented for the generation of the Ford sequence of length 2n which does not require storage of the sequence.
A cyclical model of developing relationships: A study of relational control interaction

This study sought to discover whether a progressive pattern of relational control interaction was present during different phases of the ongoing interaction of newly acquainted pairs. Transcripts of interaction collected from fourteen dyads during a ten‐day concentrated isolation study were analyzed with RELCOM, a five‐category system of relational control modes. The interaction data were then analyzed with Markov statistics. Nine dyads exhibited a two‐stage cyclical model of relational development. The chief characteristic of the model is the recurring ebb and flow of competitive symmetrical interaction (↑+↑ + and ↑ — ↑ —) over five time periods while complementary (↑ — ↓ — and ↓ — ↑ —) and equivalent symmetrical (→→) patterns remained consistent throughout all time phases. This two‐stage cycle is suggested as a potential model to describe the successful development of relationships which achieve some stability. Cycling in and out of periods of competitive interaction may allow the social system to maint...
Estimating third central moment C 3 for privacy case under interval and fuzzy uncertainty

Some probability distributions (e.g., Gaussian) are symmetric, some (e.g., lognormal) are non-symmetric (skewed). How can we gauge the skeweness? For symmetric distributions, def the third central moment C3 = E[(x - E(x))3] is equal to 0; thus, this moment is used to characterize skewness. This moment is usually estimated, based on the observed (sample) values x1, ⋯, xn, as C3 = 1/n · Σi=1n(xi - E)3, where E =def 1/n · Σi=1nxi. In many practical situations, we do not know the exact values of x%. For example, to preserve privacy, the exact values are often replaced by intervals containing these values (so that we only know whether the age is under 10, between 10 and 20, etc). Different values from these intervals lead, in general, to different values of C3; it is desirable to find the range of all such possible values. In this paper, we propose a feasible algorithm for computing this range.
Discovery of halo-nitrobenzamides with potential application against human African trypanosomiasis

A series of halo-nitrobenzamide were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to block proliferation of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. A number of these compounds had significant activity against the parasite, particularly 2-chloro-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-nitrobenzamide 17 which exhibited low micromolar inhibitory potency against T. brucei and selectivity towards both malaria and mammalian cells.
AQUEOUS ACETYLATION OF DESACETYL GLUTARYL 7-AMINO- CEPHALOSPORANIC ACID (7ACA) AND SPECULATION ON THE ORIGIN OF DESACETYL CEPHALOSPORIN C IN FERMENTATION BROTH

Acetylation of desacetyl glutaryl 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7ACA), an intermediate in the two-stage enzymatic cleavage of cephalosporin C, has been accomplished in aqueous media with acetic anhydride. Because the reaction is done in water, conversion of desacetyl glutaryl 7ACA to glutaryl 7ACA can be accomplished at an early stage in the purification process. Evidence is presented that desacetyl cephalosporin C in cephalosporin C broth is formed from the mycelial catalyzed hydrolysis of cephalosporin C.
Acoustic and electromagnetic wave interaction: a technique for detection of buried objects

The idea of using acoustically induced Doppler spectra as a means for target detection and identification is introduced. To demonstrate feasibility of such a technique, an analytical solution for the calculation of the bistatic scattered Doppler spectrum from an acoustically excite, vibrating dielectric circular cylinder is presented. In this paper, the incident plane wave is assumed to be polarized along the axis of the cylinder is presented. In this paper, the incident plane wave is assumed to be polarized along the axis of the cylinder. A perturbation method is developed to calculate the electromagnetic scattering from a slightly deformed and inhomogeneous dielectric cylinder. Then, assuming the vibration frequency is much smaller than the frequency of the incident electromagnetic wave, a closed form expression for the time-frequency response of the bistatic scattered field is obtained. The solution for acoustic scattering from a solid elastic cylinder is applied to give the displacement on the surface as well as the compression and dilation within the cylinder. Both the surface displacement and the variation in material density within the cylinder contribute to the Doppler component of the of the electromagnetic scattered field. Results indicate that the scattered Doppler frequencies correspond to the mechanical vibration frequencies of the cylinder, and the sidelobe Doppler spectrum level is, to the first order, linearly proportional to the degree of deformation and is a function of bistatic angle. Moreover, the deformation in the cylinder, and thus the Doppler sidelobe level, only becomes sizeable near frequencies of normal modes of free vibration in the cylinder. These resonant frequencies are found to depend only on the object properties and are independent of the surrounding medium. Utilizing the information in the scattered Doppler spectrum could provide an effective means of buried object identification, where acoustic waves are used to excite the mechanical resonances of a buried object.
Co-immunoprecipitation of Hsp101 with cytosolic Hsc70.

Abstract In animals and yeast, cytosolic Hsp70s function in concert with other molecular chaperones. Hsp70 is a major chaperone in the Hsp90 multi-chaperone complexes that participate in maturation of steroid receptors and several other proteins. Hsp70s also appear to form a complex with Hsp90 and Hsp110/sHsp. A 100 kDa protein was co-immunoprecipitated with cytosolic Hsc70 from maize seedlings (Zea mays). The presence of this complex was further confirmed using gel-filtration chromatography. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that the 100 kDa protein is homologous with Arabidopsis Hsp101. Treatment with apyrase enhanced the co-immunoprecipitation of Hsp101 with Hsc70, while ATP had the opposite effect. In the presence of carboxymethylated α-lactalbumin (CMLA), which is permanently unfolded, the complex dissociated. Based on these observations, it is concluded that Hsc70 and Hsp101 are present in a complex in the plant cytosol.
Effect of RF Inhomogeneity upon Quantitative Solid-State NMR Measurements

Abstract Spin counting in solid-state NMR spectroscopy requires the use of a reference standard to calibrate the magnetization detected from the unknown material. Quantitation is performed by a direct comparison of standard and unknown peak integrals that are simultaneously acquired under conditions which account for any differing relaxation behavior. Such a straightforward analysis is complicated by RF inhomogeneity effects inherent in the designs of all commercial MAS NMR probes currently available. The implications of RF inhomogeneity effects for quantitation in both Bloch-decay and cross-polarization experiments are discussed, and experimental strategies for optimization of quantitative measurements in solid-state NMR spectroscopy are given.
THE CONTENTS OF A SHARK'S STOMACH.

But when last summer the spirit of this new world which has been created by modern science, the spirit of reason, of cooperation, or internationalism, was submerged in the wave of blind nationalism which swept the world back a thousand years towards barbarism, when the crowning glory of science, the objective, impartial search for truth was forgotten, and prejudice and hate alone dictated the words and acts of men, then it was felt necessary to abandon the plans for the RIntgen celebration. But here in America where, let us hope, the spirit and the method of science still find some advocates, it is fitting that on the twentyseventh of March we bring honor and appreciation to the seventy-year-old author of one of the world's greatest discoveries-Conrad Rontgen. R. A. MILLIKAN
Dramatic increase in naïve T cell turnover is linked to loss of naïve T cells from old primates

The loss of naive T cells is a hallmark of immune aging. Although thymic involution is a primary driver of this naive T cell loss, less is known about the contribution of other mechanisms to the depletion of naive T cells in aging primates. We examined the role of homeostatic cycling and proliferative expansion in different T cell subsets of aging rhesus macaques (RM). BrdU incorporation and the expression of the G(1)-M marker Ki-67 were elevated in peripheral naive CD4 and even more markedly in the naive CD8 T cells of old, but not young adult, RM. Proliferating naive cells did not accumulate in old animals. Rather, the relative size of the naive CD8 T cell compartment correlated inversely to its proliferation rate. Likewise, T cell receptor diversity decreased in individuals with elevated naive CD8 T cell proliferation. This apparent contradiction was explained by a significant increase in turnover concomitant with the naive pool loss. The turnover increased exponentially when the naive CD8 T cell pool decreased below 4% of total blood CD8 cells. These results link the shrinking naive T cell pool with a dramatic increase in homeostatic turnover, which has the potential to exacerbate the progressive exhaustion of the naive pool and constrict the T cell repertoire. Thus, homeostatic T cell proliferation exhibits temporal antagonistic pleiotropy, being beneficial to T cell maintenance in adulthood but detrimental to the long-term T cell maintenance in aging individuals.