cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auxiliary pathways of galactose metabolism. Identification of reaction products of hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and of "galactose dehydrogenase".

Abstract Hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a microsomal enzyme form rat liver, has been shown to reduce NAD+ or NADP+ in the presence of galactose-6-P or glucose-6-P. The reaction product of hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and galactose-6-P, uniformly labeled with 14C was isolated by Dowex 1-chloride column chromatography. It readily formed lactone on boiling with 1 n HCl and was identified as 6-phosphogalactonic acid by paper chromatography. Incubation of liver fractions with 6-phosphogalactonic acid-1-14C resulted in formation of only minimal amounts of 14CO2, quantities that could readily have come from trace contaminants of 6-phosphogalactonic acid-1-14C. The product of glucose-6-P oxidation by hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NAD+ provided substrate for the reduction of NADP+ in the presence of 6-phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase, and was hence identified as 6-phosphogluconic acid. Incubation of uniformly labeled galactose-14C with rat liver supernatant fractions failed to disclose the formation of detectable quantities of galactonic acid. Thus, the existence of a "galactose dehydrogenase" in rat liver could not be confirmed.
Radiation shielding evaluation based on five years of data from a busy CyberKnife center

We examined the adequacy of existing shielding guidelines using five-year clinical data from a busy CyberKnife center. From June 2006 through July 2011, 1,370 patients were treated with a total of 4,900 fractions and 680,691 radiation beams using a G4 CyberKnife. Prescription dose and total monitor units (MU) were analyzed to estimate the shielding workload and modulation factor. In addition, based on the beam's radiation source position, targeting position, MU, and beam collimator size, the MATLAB program was used to project each beam toward the shielding barrier. The summation of the projections evaluates the distribution of the shielding load. On average, each patient received 3.6 fractions, with an average 9.1 Gy per fraction prescribed at the 71.1% isodose line, using 133.7 beams and 6,200 MU. Intracranial patients received an average of 2.7 fractions, with 8.6 Gy per fraction prescribed at the 71.4% isodose line, using 133 beams and 5,083 MU. Extracranial patients received an average of 3.94 fractions, with 9.2 Gy per frac- tion prescribed at the 71% isodose line, using 134 beams and 6,514 MU. Most- used collimator sizes for intracranial patients were smaller (7.5 to 20 mm) than for extracranial patients (20 to 40 mm). Eighty-five percent of the beams exited through the floor, and about 40% of the surrounding wall area received no direct beam. For the rest of the wall, we found "hot" areas that received above-average MU. The locations of these areas were correlated with the projection of the nodes for extracranial treatments. In comparison, the beam projections on the wall were more spread for intracranial treatments. The maximum MU any area received from intracranial treatment was less than 0.25% of total MU used for intracranial treatments, and was less than 1.2% of total MU used for extracranial treatments. The combination of workload, modulation factor, and use factor in our practice are about tenfold less than recommendations in the existing CyberKnife shielding guidelines. The current guidelines were found to be adequate for shielding, even in a busy center. There may be a potential to reduce shielding in areas with no or few direct beams in the current G4 model. Since a newer model CyberKnife (M6) has recently been introduced, the patterns of usage reported here may be changed in the future. The uneven distribution of use factor we have found may, however, be considered in the vault design.
How narrative-based approaches distort medical decision-making.

A commentary on a special report, titled Narrative Ethics: The Role of Stories in Bioethics, that appeared with the January-February 2014 issue.
Beneficiation of Marginal Coastal Oregon Aggregates with Cement

Coastal Oregon has a severe shortage of quality construction aggregates. There is, however, an abundant supply of lower quality, or marginal, aggregates. In an attempt to use marginal aggregates, the feasibility of beneficiation with cement has been investigated. Specifically, the optimum cement contents to stabilize three marginal aggregates (Tyee sandstone, marine basalt, dredge spoil sand) were determined. The resilient modulus and fatigue life characteristics were measured for the aggregates stabilized at the optimum cement contents. The influence of moist curing time and wetting and drying or freezing and thawing cycling on the properties measured were evaluated. The results indicated the resilient moduli of all the materials tested increased with moist curing time. The resilient moduli of the stabilized aggregates were not affected by freezing and thawing cycling, however, the moduli were reduced after wetting and drying cycling. The fatigue life characteristics, expressed in terms of tensile stress versus number of load repetitions to failure, were not significantly different for the moist cured stabilized materials compared to the stabilized materials subjected to wetting and drying or freezing and thawing cycling. The resilient moduli and fatigue life properties measured were used to arrive at typical layer thicknesses and layer equivalencies for road sections employing the cement stabilized marginal aggregates. The results indicate beneficiation of marginal aggregates with cement is economically justifiable.
The Global Engineering Education Exchange Program-its history, progress, and challenges

Summary form only given. The globalization of economics, the multi-nationalization of business, the global reach of engineering and scientific initiatives such as information technology and biotechnology, individually and collectively mandate that a global experience be part of the educational process for the 21st century engineering student. The Global Engineering Education Exchange (Global EEE) Program focuses specifically on providing undergraduate engineering students international academic experiences and industrial internships. It has developed to national stature with over 200 exchanges annually and involving over 80 major engineering schools throughout the world. With initial development funding by government it is now self-sustaining through membership fees and continuing industry support. This paper addresses the basic concept and philosophy, the reduction to practice, the progress to date, and the remaining challenges of the Global EEE Program, both from the author's perspective and that of Rensselaer, a technological university.
Structural changes of alkali cellulose during aging

During aging of alkali cellulose the sedimentation volume of the acidified fibers goes through a maximum, indicating a high degree of swelling at this point, which could also be shown by measuring the swelling value and the Canadian freeness of the pulps. Xanthation shows that during aging certain intermicellar bonds are broken up, permitting better accessibility for NaOH and CS2. The sedimentation maximum always was observed at DP values of about 450–500 and viscoses prepared with these alkali celluloses in the specified way had a definite viscosity range. The determination of the sedimentation volume can therefore be used as a short and simple method to find the desired degree of aging in filtrability measurements.
Cystine-knot peptides engineered with specificities for αIIbβ3 or αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 integrins are potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation

A truncated form of the Agouti-related protein (AgRP), a member of the cystine-knot family, has shown promise as a scaffold for engineering novel peptides with new molecular recognition properties. In this study, we replaced a constrained six amino acid loop in AgRP with a nine amino acid loop containing an Arg-Gly-Asp integrin recognition motif, and randomized the neighboring residues to create a library of approximately 20 million AgRP variants. We displayed the AgRP mutants as fusions on the surface of yeast and used high-throughput fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate peptides that bound specifically to the platelet integrin α(IIb)β(3), a clinically important target for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. These AgRP peptides had equilibrium dissociation (K(D)) constants for α(IIb)β(3) integrin ranging from 60 to 90 nM, and did not bind to α(v)β(3), α(v)β(5), or α(5)β(1) integrins. Using an alternate library screening strategy, we identified AgRP peptides that bound to both α(IIb)β(3) and α(v)β(3) integrins with K(D) values ranging from 40 to 70 nM and 20 to 30 nM, respectively, and did not bind to α(v)β(5) or α(5)β(1) integrins. Unique consensus sequences were identified within both series of AgRP peptides suggesting alternative molecular recognition events that dictate different integrin binding specificities. In addition, the engineered AgRP peptides prevented platelet aggregation as well as or slightly better than the FDA-approved cyclic peptide eptifibatide. Collectively, these data demonstrate that cystine-knot peptides can be generated with high affinity and specificity to closely-related integrins, and provide insights into molecular interactions between small, structured peptide ligands and their receptors.
On a neighborhood condition implying the existence of disjoint complete graphs

The notion of considering properties in graphs which meet the condition that for all independent pairs of vertices, x and y , deg( x ) + deg( y ) ≥ s , for some integer s , was first done by Ore. Recently, the concept of replacing degree sum by the order of the union of the neighborhoods has been considered. This was generalized to considering neighborhood unions for all sets of k independent vertices. In this paper, the result stated below is proved. Furthermore, this is shown to be best possible.
Development of the Appearance Schemas Inventory: A new cognitive body-image assessment

The Appearance Schemas Inventory (ASI) is a 14-item scale designed to assess core beliefs or assumptions about the importance, meaning, and effects of appearance in one's life. Reliability and validity was examined for a group of 274 female college students. The ASI is acceptably internally consistent, reasonably free of social desirability, and unaffected by subjects' body masses. The ASI also converges significantly and appropriately with a variety of measures of body image and psychosocial functioning, albeit more distinctively the former than the latter. Women seeking treatment for a negative body image had higher ASI scores than their peers. Factor analysis suggested three moderately interrelated components of the ASI—termed body-image vulnerability, self-investment, and appearance stereotyping. These findings and those of other recent studies attest to the ASI's potential utility in assessing body-image cognition among both nonclinical and body-dissatisfied populations.
An Exchange Theory of Incentives of Urban Political Party Organization

a core of activists who will engage in the activities necessary for achieving the organization’s collective goal. Furthermore, the way in which an organization or its leadership goes about resolving the problem of recruiting and retaining organizational activists has considerable impact upon its internal dynamics (i.e., its structures and procedures, distribution of power, hierarchical relationships, etc.) In the case of the political party, the way in which party leaders recruit and retain activists and voters also has profound consequences on the political process, for the party occupies a strategic place in the vertical relationship between citizen and government. In fact, it probably would be accurate to say that the way party leaders go about attracting and retaining organizational activists will be similar to the way they go about appealing for electoral support (Sorauf, 1964 and 1966; Eldersveld, 1964). While many students of organization theory and political parties have recognized the significance of organizational survival, few have made an explicit attempt to develop and test a theoretical framework on the problem (Gluck, 1970; Wilson, 1962; Eldersveld, 1964). Representative of the importance of attracting and retaining grass-roots activists is the statement made by Banfield and Wilson (1963, p. 27) in reference to the groups which participate in big-city politics:
Effect of brocresine on conditioned avoidance behavior in mice

Brocresine, an inhibitor of brain histamine biosynthesis, has been found to impair the ability of mice to avoid shock in a shuttle box CAR test; escape performance was unaffected in these studies.
Triglyceride-integrated concentration: Relationship to insulin-integrated concentration☆☆☆

The relationship between plasma insulin and plasma triglyceride concentrations in response to diet alterations was studied in eight healthy adult male subjects. Four isocaloric formula diets, providing either 45% or 65% of total energy from carbohydrate and, using either sucrose or corn syrup as the carbohydrate source, were ingested for 10 days in a Latin Square sequence. Plasma triglyceride and insulin responses to diet alterations were assessed in blood samples after overnight fast and in samples obtained by a 24-hr continuous withdrawal technique, the mean concentrations of plasma insulin and plasma triglyceride during the 24-hr period of study were designated as the insulin-integrated concentration and triglyceride-integrated concentration respectively. Mean insulin integrated concentrations were 45% to 57% higher and mean triglyceride integrated concentrations 19% to 27% lower during ingestion of analogous diets containing sucrose. Increases in the percentage of total energy supplied as carbohydrate did not significantly change the insulin integrated concentration. Seven of the eight subjects had higher insulin-integrated concentrations associated with lower triglyceride-integrated concentrations during the four diet periods (r ranged from −.536 to −.777), while one subject had a positive correlation (+.324). There was a statistically significant (p < .01) inverse relationship between the mean insulin- and triglyceride-integrated concentrations during the four diet periods.
The role of peers in modifying behavioral distress and pituitary-adrenal response to a novel environment in year-old rhesus monkeys.

Abstract The effects of a peer's presence were examined for 9 mother-reared rhesus monkeys (mean age=12 months). Subjects were captured from their social groups and placed in single cages for 24 hr under each of 4 conditions: Alone, with Mother, with a Peer from the Same Group, or with a Peer from a Different Group. Plasma cortisol and behavioral data were obtained. Thirty min after capture the presence of a peer from a different social group produced elevations in plasma cortisol greater than those observed in all but the Alone condition. This effect was not apparent 24 hr later. Furthermore, by 22 hr after capture the presence of a peer from either social group significantly reduced agitated behavior, as compared to responses observed when subjects were housed alone. These subjects thus readily habituated to the less familiar peer to whom they initially responded. Physical contact and whoo calling clearly differentiated responses to peer from mother, suggesting that the calming effect of a peer's presence was not sufficient that the peer serve as a surrogate attachment figure. The results indicate the role of peer conspecifics in modifying responses to stressful situations in young group-reared rhesus monkeys.
Multicolor stimulated Raman scattering microscopy

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has opened up a wide range of biochemical imaging applications by probing a particular Raman-active molecule vibrational mode in the specimen. However, the original implementation with picosecond pulse excitation can only realize rapid chemical mapping with a single Raman band. Here we present a novel SRS microscopic technique using a grating-based pulse shaper for excitation and a grating-based spectrograph for detection to achieve simultaneous multicolor SRS imaging with high sensitivity and high acquisition speeds. In particular, we use a linear combination of the measured CH2 and CH3 stretching signals to map the distributions of protein and lipid contents simultaneously.
The Temporal Importance of TNFα Expression in the Development of Diabetes

Abstract The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) has been linked to the development of several autoimmune diseases. By adapting the tetracycline-regulated gene transcription system, we generated a murine model where islet-specific expression of TNFα could be repressed/derepressed within 48 hr following introduction/removal of tetracycline in the drinking water. Here we describe the temporal importance of TNFα in diabetes development in mice expressing islet-specific B7-1 and TNFα. We show that the duration of TNFα-mediated inflammation, not the putative maturity of the immune system at the time of TNFα expression, determines diabetes progression. Further, we have described an interval between 21 and 25 days following initiation of TNFα expression where the fate of islet-reactive T cells is decided.
Filling defects of renal pelvis caused by benign transitional cell epithelial cysts.

Abstract Two cases of epithelial cysts of renal pelvis are presented and their clinical implications discussed.
Moment Invariants of Restricted Projective Transformations

It is known that moment invariants for general projective transformations do not exist. This paper presents a novel method to derive moment invariants under two types of restricted projective transformations. For each type of restricted projective transformations, a complete set of moment invariants up to arbitrary order is presented in the explicit form. Experimental results indicate that they are effective, practical, and robust to slight noise such as erosion, blurring, and small occlusion. They have high discriminating power for pattern analysis and object recognition.
Global existence for three-dimensional incompressible isotropic elastodynamics via the incompressible limit

The existence of global-in-time classical solutions to the Cauchy problem for incompressible nonlinear isotropic elastodynamics for small initial displacements is proved. Solutions are constructed via approximation by slightly compressible materials. The energy for the approximate solutions remains uniformly bounded on a time scale that goes to infinity as the material approaches incompressibility. A necessary component to the long-time existence of the approximating solution is a null or linear degeneracy condition, inherent in the isotropic case, which limits the quadratic interaction of the shear waves. The proof combines energy and decay estimates based on commuting vector fields and a compactness argument. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managerial Problem-Solving Styles: A Cross-Cultural Study

ABSTRACT The literature suggests that North American business-people differ from their Latin American counterparts with respect to specific behavioral traits. Our particular interest is in problem solving and in effecting changes in behavior to achieve better problem-solving capability. The purpose of the present study is to assess whether there are differences in problem-solving styles between two culturally different groups of managers registered in MBA Programs: Anglo American and Latin American. Using Kolb's (1984 2006) Learning Style Inventory, it was found that Anglo American managers tended to be relatively action-oriented, “Convergers” (they emphasize decision-making and use deductive reasoning), while Latin American managers tended to be reflection-oriented, “Assimilators” (they emphasize planning and like to create models in their analyses) in their problem-solving styles. The positive and negative aspects of each style are discussed and suggestions for improved decision-making are offered. RESU...
Effects of hydroelectric development and fisheries enhancement on spring and summer Chinook salmon and steelhead in the Columbia River basin

Abstract Trends in abundance of spring and summer chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead Salmo gairdneri returning to the Snake River and mid-Columbia River above Priest Rapids Dam were determined by analyzing the percentage of adults returning from the smolt out-migrations of 1962–1984. Runs declined as a result of hydroelectric development of the river; the main cause for the decline was the mortality of juveniles migrating downstream through as many as nine dams and impoundments en route to the ocean. Mid-Columbia River summer chinook salmon runs experienced the greatest decline because of higher mortalities incurred during their migration to sea as subyearlings in July and August. Mortality was lower for remaining races of fish that migrate to sea as yearlings in the spring during higher river flows, more spill at dams, and cooler water temperatures. Enhancement measures to offset dam-related mortality of smolts began in 1970 on the Snake River and in 1975 on the mid-Columbia River. The...
Interpreting enzyme and receptor kinetics: Keeping it simple, but not too simple

The hyperbolic parabola is commonly used to summarize kinetics for enzyme reactions and receptor binding kinetics. Depending on the experimental conditions, certain assumptions are valid but others might be violated so that the parameters used to fit this hyperbolic function, the maximum asymptote and the equilibrium constant, require different interpretations. The first topic of this review compares enzyme-induced transformations and receptor binding in terms of the appropriate assumptions. The second topic considers the complication of adding a competitive inhibitor as an enzyme substrate or a receptor ligand and the subtleties of inferring the equilibrium dissociation constant from the concentration of inhibitor (for example unlabeled drug) that leads to the midpoint, IC(50,) of an inhibition curve. Receptor binding may be measured directly by a concentration assay or as a pharmacodynamic response variable.
Communicating new ideas: The potential impact of information and telecommunication technology

Abstract Information and telecommunication technologies are expected to facilitate rapid information diffusion and homogenize society. These expectations, however, are based on the assumption that the underlying structure and culture of society remains unchanged. When new technologies are introduced and the structure of society changes, the advantages of the new technology may not be clear. Specifically, in conjunction with the move to modern information and telecommunication technologies, if both the size of the group and the amount of information increases, then the expected speedup in information diffusion may not be realized. Moreover, ITT may also increase the relative rate at which information diffuses to smaller and more intellectually advantaged groups, thus exacerbating social differences.
ACUTE TOXICITY OF PROPANIL, ORDRAM AND FURADAN TO CRAWFISH (Procambarus clarkii) WHEN CHEMICALS WERE COMBINED AND USED ALONE1

In laboratory studies, acute toxicity tests (96-hour) showed strong main effect on crawfish when Propanil, Ordram, and Furadan were combined; this combination was the most toxic treatment to crawfish. Furthermore, a strong interaction among the three suggests a non-additive response. Ordram alone was the least toxic pesticide. Additive effect was observed when Furadan was combined with Ordram or Propanil, but antagonism was detected in the combination of Propanil with Ordram. Concentrations higher than the recommended rate for use at normal conditions had a significant (P<0.05) lethal effect on crawfish. Soil moderated the toxicity of some pesticides and their combinations.
Parental Education and Children's School and Work Status in Urban Ethiopia: A Note on Gender Bias

This paper examines gender bias in the parental education-child status link using data from urban Ethiopia. Gender bias is defined here specifically as the differential impact of a parents education on a childs status depending on the gender of the parent vis-a-vis the child. Childrens status is measured by school enrolment and participation in market work. Results from a basic model point to same-gender bias - father-son mother-daughter in school enrolment and father-son in market work. In an extended model results show that father-son bias in market work may be particularly pertinent for middle- to later-born children. Policy interventions should be mindful of such differential effects particularly if the aim is to address persistent gender disparities in childrens status. © 2014 Economic Society of South Africa.
Effects of xylene isomers on operant responding and motor performance in mice

Abstract Xylene, a widely used industrial solvent, is a mixture of the ortho-, meta- , and para -isomers. In this study we examined the effects of each individual isomer, as well as a commercial-grade mixture of xylenes, on two behavioral measures: (1) operant performance of 15 mice trained to lever-press under a DRL (differential reinforcement of low rates) 10-sec schedule, and (2) motor performance of mice on an inverted screen test. The 15-min operant sessions immediately followed 30-min exposures to solvent vapors (500 to 7000 ppm), or air, in static inhalation chambers. All mice were exposed to each isomer in a counterbalanced order, and the mixture was given last in all cases. Ortho-, meta-, para- , and mixed xylenes produced similar biphasic effects on response rates, and concentration-dependent decreases in reinforcement rates. The lowest significantly effective concentration for each isomer on any variable was 1400 ppm, where increases in response rates occurred. Half-maximal response rate decreases were produced by 5179 ppm ( ortho -xylene) to 6176 ppm ( meta -xylene). The temporal distribution of responses was only moderately disrupted, even at high concentrations. In other groups of mice, motor coordination was also disrupted by the xylenes in a concentration-dependent manner. Half-maximal effective concentrations were 2676 ppm ( para -xylene) to 3790 ppm ( meta -xylene). Minimally effective concentrations were 2000 to 3000 ppm, higher than those seen in the operant studies. Xylene produced pronounced behavioral actions following acute exposure and no substantial differences in overall effects, and only slight potency differences, were obtained between the individual isomers or the commercial mixture.
Hepatocyte growth factor signaling in intrapancreatic ductal cells drives pancreatic morphogenesis.

In a forward genetic screen for regulators of pancreas development in zebrafish, we identified donuts908, a mutant which exhibits failed outgrowth of the exocrine pancreas. The s908 mutation leads to a leucine to arginine substitution in the ectodomain of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) tyrosine kinase receptor, Met. This missense mutation impedes the proteolytic maturation of the receptor, its trafficking to the plasma membrane, and diminishes the phospho-activation of its kinase domain. Interestingly, during pancreatogenesis, met and its hgf ligands are expressed in pancreatic epithelia and mesenchyme, respectively. Although Met signaling elicits mitogenic and migratory responses in varied contexts, normal proliferation rates in donut mutant pancreata together with dysmorphic, mislocalized ductal cells suggest that met primarily functions motogenically in pancreatic tail formation. Treatment with PI3K and STAT3 inhibitors, but not with MAPK inhibitors, phenocopies the donut pancreatic defect, further indicating that Met signals through migratory pathways during pancreas development. Chimera analyses showed that Met-deficient cells were excluded from the duct, but not acinar, compartment in the pancreatic tail. Conversely, wild-type intrapancreatic duct and “tip cells” at the leading edge of the growing pancreas rescued the donut phenotype. Altogether, these results reveal a novel and essential role for HGF signaling in the intrapancreatic ducts during exocrine morphogenesis.
An operator-theoretic approach to theorems of the Pick-Nevanlinna and Loewner types. I

In this paper we formulate a general operator-theoretic result from which we deduce some old and some new function-theoretic interpolation theorems. The theorems we are concerned with have as prototype the Pick-Nevanlinna theorem and the Loewner theorem on restrictions of functions with positive imaginary part in the upper half plane.
Overexpression of p16INK4A in liquid-based specimens (SurePath™) as marker of cervical dysplasia and neoplasia

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as a causal agent for cervical carcinomas. Assimilation of HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 into the host DNA promotes upregulation of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p16(INK4A), detectable by monoclonal antibody in the developing cervical cancer cells. The aim of this study was to 1) develop a protocol for p16(INK4A) immunocytochemical staining on SurePath preparations, and 2) determine its utility as an HPV marker on a spectrum of cervical reactive and neoplastic lesions. Seventy-two specimens consisting of 28 nonneoplastic/nondysplastic cases (NN), one reactive glandular cells (RGC), 27 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 10 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), one squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA), four atypical glandular cells (AGUS), and two adenocarcinomas (ADCA) were reprepped by SurePath and antibody to p16(INK4A) applied at 1:100 dilution using the Dako Envision + System on the Dako Autostainer. Expression of p16(INK4A) within the nucleus principally and cytoplasm of at least 10-15 cells was considered positive. All initial Papanicolaou-stained discrepant cases (p16(INK4A) positivity of NN and RGC cases and lack of reactivity in LSIL, HSIL, and AGUS) were reviewed. Nine of ten (90%) HSIL, one (100%) SCCA, 21/27 (78%) LSIL, and some reactive and inflammatory specimens demonstrated the presence of p16(INK4A). Reevaluation of discrepant cases revealed that several were underinterpreted (four NN were LSIL, one RGC was AGUS) or overinterpreted (one LSIL was NN). Following reassessment, false-positive staining was present in only 1/25 (1.4%) NN. Six of 30 (20%) LSIL lacked p16(INK4A) positivity. One of 10 (10%) HSIL had no staining. Two of four AGUS did not react with p16(INK4A) antibody. Both SCCA (1) and ADCA (2) had positive expression. This study confirms the intimate relationship between p16(INK4A) and HPV cytopathic effect. The p16(INK4A) immunocytochemical stain can be applied to liquid-based cervical preparations. This technique offers a more objective approach to deciphering "gray areas" of gynecologic cytopathology.
Density functional calculations of difluorodiazete structures with Gaussian-orbital-type approach

The comparison of local nonlocal and hybrid DFT methods with RHF, MP2, CCSD, and CPF ab initio methods in generating geometries and relative energies of cis- and trans-difluorodiazete, SVWN, BLYP, BP86, BECKE3LYP, and BECKE3P86 DFT methods with 6-311 + g(2d) and 6-311 + + g(3df) basis sets. The geometries generated with RHF ab initio models are quite different from experimental values and energy evaluation prefers the wrong isomer. The hybrid methods give superior geometries while energies evaluated with nonlocal DFT methods are better than the one obtained with MP2 or CCDS ab initio methods. The results suggest DFT as the method of choice of studying similar systems. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Appliance Warranties as a Market Signal

Appliance warranties can be considered to provide a market signal of appliance reliability. However, the cost to consumers of obtaining enough information to interpret the signal causes the dispersion of warranty provisions to be limited. The more complicated the laws surrounding warranties, the greater the cost to consumers of warranty information. This makes warranties less effective as a market signal and reduces the variation in warranty provisions. Upon examination, appliance warranties for refrigerators, air conditioners, ranges, clothes washing machines, and television sets were found, consistent with this view, to vary relatively little.
Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) circuit partitioning: problem modeling and solutions

This paper presents the Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) physical design problem, in the context of the VLSI physical design problem. The problem is divided into three subproblems: partitioning, placement, and routing of QCA circuits. This paper presents an ILP formulation and heuristic solution to the partitioning problem, and compares the two sets of results. Additionally, we compare a human-generated circuit to the ILP and Heuristic solutions. The results demonstrate that the heuristic is a practical method of reducing partitioning run time while providing a result that is close to the optimal for a given circuit.
Body mass in lowland gorillas: a quantitative analysis.

Body proportions and tissue composition (e.g., relative contributions of muscle, skin, bone, and adipose to total body mass) were determined through dissection of four adult captive lowland gorillas. The relative contribution of bone varies little among the four animals (10.2-13.4%) despite considerable range in body weights (99.5-211 kg). In tissue composition, three animals have on average 37.3% muscle relative to body mass. Maximum estimates of body fat range between 19.4-44%. Differences in age, sex, and life history events partially explain the observed variation in body proportions and tissue composition among the four animals. Although gorillas are considered extremely sexually dimorphic in body weight and canine size, differences in tissue are not as dramatic as body mass differences suggest. This study found sex differences mostly in the upper body; males have relatively heavier forelimbs, including heavier deltoid, trunk-binding, and deep back muscles compared to the younger female. The old, obese female had one half the muscle tissue of the other three animals (16% vs. 37.3%), and twice the body fat (44%); forelimbs and upper body musculature were relatively well-developed to compensate for the restricted hip-joint movement due to arthritis. Data on the variation in tissue composition and body proportions in gorillas provide a basis for comparison with other hominoids, including humans. For example, compared to highly dimorphic orangutans, gorillas have more muscle, less adipose tissue, lighter forelimbs and heavier hindlimbs. Such analyses complement studies of the skeleton and contribute to our understanding of human evolution and adaptation.
A New Method for Intraerythrocytic Cultivation of Malaria Parasites (Plasmodium coatneyi and P. falciparum)

SYNOPSIS. Infected blood (from the rhesus monkey with P. coatneyi or an Aotus trivirgatus monkey with P. falciparum) was placed in a special vial equipped with an overflow tube 2–3 mm above the bottom of the vial. A slow flow (50 ml per day) of culture medium was maintained over the settled layer of red cells. In favorable experiments both species of parasites went thru 2 cycles of development without addition of fresh erythrocytes. so that late schizonts and young rings were present after 4 as well as after 2 days of incubation. There was, however, no increase in total parasite number.
Derivation and Clinical Validation of Consistency Indices on the Test of Memory Malingering

Response consistency (CNS) is considered in free-standing performance validity measures like the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT). This study examined the utility of CNS scores on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). CNS indices were derived in a non-clinical undergraduate sample randomized to control (n = 73), naive simulator (n = 73), and coached simulator (n = 73) groups. Two of the three TOMM CNS measures showed higher classification rates identifying naive simulators than the standard TOMM criteria; CNS measures classified coached simulators better than the standard TOMM criteria. Coached simulators outperformed naive simulators on the standard TOMM scores, but not on CNS measures, suggesting their resilience to coaching. In a separate clinical sample of veterans (N = 92), TOMM CNS scores exhibited comparable classification rates with the standard TOMM scoring using the MSVT as the performance validity criterion. Overall, findings support TOMM CNS scores, especially in settings in which examinee coaching is likely.
Reading, readability, and legibility research: Implications for notification letters

This article defines communication science and then briefly describes three research areas relevant to worker notifications: (1) receiving of notification messages, (2) reading and understanding of notification messages, and (3) influences or effects of notification messages on workers. Next, the article focuses on the reading and legibility research relevant to worker notifications and then provides 16 guidelines for drafting worker notifications. Finally, the article suggests evaluating draft notifications by using one or more of the following: skilled editorial reviews, readability scoring, Cloze techniques, signal stopping techniques, in-depth personal interviews, focus groups, and usability testing. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Scorpion toxins for the reversal of BoNT-induced paralysis

The botulinum neurotoxins, characterized by their neuromuscular paralytic effects, are the most toxic proteins known to man. Due to their extreme potency, ease of production, and duration of activity, the BoNT proteins have been classified by the Centers for Disease Control as high threat agents for bioterrorism. In an attempt to discover effective BoNT therapeutics, we have pursued a strategy in which we leverage the blockade of K+ channels that ultimately results in the reversal of neuromuscular paralysis. Towards this end, we utilized peptides derived from scorpion venom that are highly potent K+ channel blockers. Herein, we report the synthesis of charybdotoxin, a 37 amino acid peptide, and detail its activity, along with iberiotoxin and margatoxin, in a mouse phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm assay in the absence and the presence of BoNT/A.
GERANIUM LEAF TISSUE NUTRIENT SUFFICIENCY RANGES BY CHRONOLOGICAL AGE

Two cultivars of geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum) were grown under five different fertilizer regimes, 50, 100, 200, 300, or 400 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N). The two cultivars were chosen to represent a dark-colored leaf cultivar, ‘Tango Dark Red’ and a light-colored leaf cultivar, ‘Rocky Mountain Dark Red’. Tissue samples were collected and analyzed for the content of 11 elemental nutrients every two weeks for a period of 12 weeks. The dark-colored leaf cultivar contained higher nutrient concentrations, with the exception of magnesium, sulfur, iron, and copper, than the light-colored leaf cultivar. Compared to concentrations previously published for geraniums, concentration ranges observed in this study were narrower. In addition, this study accounted for differences in concentrations over the entire crop cycle and reflects levels associated with current fertilization practices.
Use of recycled glass as a raw material in the manufacture of Portland cement

Scrap glass is a solid waste from daily recycling. Most of the waste glass is sodium-lime-silicate glass which has, more or less, similar chemical compositions to clay, a raw material in cement manufacturing. Therefore, we utilize the solid waste in cement raw mix by replacing part of the clayey component. In this study, the effects of the glass in cement raw mix on clinker burning were investigated. The experimental results show that the addition of the glass into cement raw mix (1) results in the formation of more liquid phase between 950°C to 1250°C compared with conventional raw meals; (2) decreases C3S content in the clinker; and (3) increases NC8A3 content, which leads to flash setting and poor strength development of the cement. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the SG value [SG=SO3•100%/(1.292 K2O+0.85 Na2O)] of the clinker when the glass is present in the raw mix.
The built environment and utilitarian walking in small U.S. towns

OBJECTIVES:. The role of the built environment on walking in rural United States (U.S.) locations is not well characterized. We examined self-reported and measured built environment correlates of walking for utilitarian purposes among adult residents of small rural towns. METHODS:. In 2011-12, we collected telephone survey and geographic data from 2,152 adults in 9 small towns from three U.S. regions. We performed mixed-effects logistic regression modeling to examine relationships between built environment measures and utilitarian walking ("any" versus "none"; "high" [≥150min per week]" versus "low [RESULTS:. Walking levels were lower than those reported for populations living in larger metropolitan areas. Environmental factors significantly (pCONCLUSIONS:. Environmental factors associated with utilitarian walking in cities and suburbs were important in small rural towns. Moreover, manufacturing land use was associated with utilitarian walking. Modifying the built environment of small towns could lead to increased walking in a sizeable segment of the U.S. population. Language: en
The use of 'electronic nose' sensor responses to predict the inhibition activity of alcohols on the cytochrome P-450 catalyzed p-hydroxylation of aniline.

Abstract A quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) has been formulated to describe the inhibitory action of a series of alcohols on the cytochrome P-450 catalyzed p -hydroxylation of aniline. The descriptors used in the QSAR are the responses of individual sensors in a polymer-based electronic nose, and are all easily generated experimental values. If the various electronic nose sensor response patterns for the family of test alcohols reflect differences in the chemical properties that are involved in the cytochrome P-450 inhibition process, it ought to be possible to correlate the differences in the electronic nose signals of these analytes with the differences in the cytochrome P-450 inhibition by these species. To evaluate this possibility, multiple linear regression was performed on data obtained from exposure of a series of test alcohols to 19 sensors of a conducting polymer composite electronic nose array. A genetic algorithm was then used to select the optimal set of sensors that best described the inhibitory activity of these alcohols within a linear regression model. The regression equation fit the inhibition data of 20 of the alcohols with an R of 0.995. This fit compares favorably with previously published QSARs on this system that have used log P ( P octanol–water partition coefficient) along with steric parameters of the alcohols, and also compares favorably to QSARs formulated using theoretically calculated parameters.
Identification of putative sequence specific PCR primers for detection of the toxigenic fungal speciesStachybotrys chartarum

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of ac936 bp segment of the nuclear rRNA gene operon was determined for the toxigenic fungal speciesStachybotrys chartarumand for other species ofStachybotrysand the related genusMemnoniella. This information was used to infer the phylogenetic relationships of these organisms and to search for sequence specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers forS. chartarumin the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Searches for candidate primers were performed both by computer using the commercially available Oligo® v5.0 primer analysis software package and by manual inspection of the aligned sequences. Primers identified in both types of searches were evaluated for their specificities using a priming efficiency analysis algorithm available in the Oligo® 5.0 software. The automated computer searches were unsuccessful in findingS. chartarum-specific primers but did identify a group-specific reverse primer (designated as StacR4) for a phylogenetically related cluster of species that includedS. chartarum. Manual searches led to the identification of a reverse primer (designated as StacR3) that was predicted to be specific for onlyS. chartarumand one other species ofStachybotrys. Experimental PCR analyses using these primers in conjunction with a universal forward primer indicated that the computer-generated amplification efficiency predictions were correct in most instances. A notable exception was the finding that StacR3 was specific only forS. chartarum. The relative merits of different PCR strategies for the detection ofS. chartarumemploying either one or both of the primers identified in this study are discussed.
The gender gap in political culture and participation in China

Abstract Using survey data collected from a larger comparative survey project employing a multi-stage, stratified, random sampling design administered in 1994, this article analyzes the gender gap in political culture and participation in China. We found a persistent gender difference, with male respondents scoring significantly higher on media attention, political knowledge, interest, internal, and external efficacy, and non-electoral participation. In accounting for the gender gap, the article also attempts to validate the prevailing socialization, situational, and structural theories. In terms of socialization theory, we found that women respondents were more passive towards achievement, more accommodating in conflict situations, and had a higher preference for conflict mediation by traditional authority. These traits were also found to be negatively correlated with political culture and participation measures. There is also empirical support for structural explanations, where we found that (1) higher socio-economic groups were more politically engaged than those in the lower strata; (2) higher socio-economic status women are more politically engaged than those of lower socio-economic status women and men. For both socialization and structural theories, the gender gap persisted even when passivity and socio-economic status were controlled. Our tests of situation theory did not find that the level of domestic burden had a significant dampening effect on women political culture and participation, nor did we find that women in the child-bearing and rearing cohort had the widest gender gap in political culture and participation.
Anatomy of a DATASIM simulation: The Doob and Gross horn-honking study

The program DATASIM is used to simulate the classic “horn-honking” study by Doob and Gross (1968). In a 2×2 field experiment, Doob and Gross investigated the effects of status of frustrator—a low- or high-status car blocking an intersection—on the latency to honk among male and female drivers. The present paper illustrates how to extract the values of simulation parameters from the published study, how to initialize the simulation in DATASIM, and how to generate and analyze the simulated data. Certain complications arise because the latency data collected by Doob and Gross were nonnormally distributed, cell variances were heterogeneous, and sample sizes were unequal. DATASIM is able to incorporate these features in the simulation, and several methods for assessing the quality of the simulation are illustrated. In addition, sampling experiments are reported, which were performed to assess the joint and individual effects of nonnormality and heterogeneity on the Type I and Type II error rates of theF test. The paper concludes with some practical suggestions regarding how researchers can evaluate, and adjust for, the effects of such violations.