cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late Cenozoic uplift of the Sierra Nevada, California? A critical analysis of the geomorphic evidence

From the earliest days of California geology, the ramp-like profile of the northern half of the Sierra Nevada mountains and putative signs of recent incision have been interpreted as evidence that the range was formed by the tilting of a rigid block in the late Cenozoic. Over the years, various geomorphic analyses have been used to quantify the magnitude of uplift and to establish its timing, such as analyzing the gradients of ancient channels, examining the tilt of sedimentary beds, and reconstructing the incisional history of rivers. Most studies that have used these methods have supported substantial (>500 m) recent uplift of the Sierra. In contrast, investigations based on other sources of paleotopographic information, such as isotope records, thermochronology, and detrital zircon geochronology, have found that the Sierra have been at high elevations for much of the Cenozoic. This set of contradictory results motivates a re-examination of the geomorphic evidence for late Cenozoic uplift. A critical assessment of these geomorphic studies, based on new topographic analyses and field investigations, reveals that their conclusions are not well supported. For example, several studies based their results on reconstructions of ancient channels that would have flowed up and over bedrock ridges as high as 190 m, a physical impossibility. Other weaknesses include unjustified assumptions regarding the original tilt of fluvial deposits, misinterpretations of stratigraphic relationships, and inadequate recognition of the effect of lithology on channel profiles. The studies supporting recent tilting in the northern Sierra Nevada are inconclusive and rely on observations not unique to tectonic forcing. Indeed, much of the evidence based on the paleogradients of the Tertiary channels is consistent with an early trellis drainage network formed across alternating bands of resistant and weak lithologies. In addition, analyses are presented to demonstrate that deep northern Sierran canyons thought to have been recently incised were, instead, cut as early as the Eocene-Oligocene. Two geomorphic studies from the southern Sierra are consistent with late Cenozoic tilting and uplift although ongoing tectonic activity may be insignificant. Finally, I present a conceptual model of the evolution of the Sierran landscape, applicable primarily to the northern half of the range, illustrating the development of three different drainage networks since the late Jurassic.
Simulation of fiber debonding with friction in a model composite pushout test

Abstract The interface failure observed in quasi-static fiber pushout tests performed on a model fiber-reinforced composite is simulated using a cohesive volumetric finite element scheme. The numerical analysis is conducted under axisymmetric condition. The debonding process is captured with the aid of intrinsic rate-independent cohesive elements. The augmented Lagrangian approach is used to solve the frictional contact between the crack faces. The numerical method is first applied to a model polyester/epoxy system, showing excellent agreement with the experimentally obtained load-deflection curve and with the observed evolution of the debonding length. The numerical scheme is then further applied in a parametric study of the effects of the friction coefficient, the interfacial bond strength and the process-induced residual stresses on the fiber–matrix interface failure process.
Vision-based object detection and recognition system for intelligent vehicles

Recently, a proactive crash mitigation system is proposed to enhance the crash avoidance and survivability of the Intelligent Vehicles. Accurate object detection and recognition system is a prerequisite for a proactive crash mitigation system, as system component deployment algorithms rely on accurate hazard detection, recognition, and tracking information. In this paper, we present a vision-based approach to detect and recognize vehicles and traffic signs, obtain their information, and track multiple objects by using a sequence of color images taken from a moving vehicle. The entire system consist of two sub-systems, the vehicle detection and recognition sub-system and traffic sign detection and recognition sub-system. Both of the sub- systems consist of four models: object detection model, object recognition model, object information model, and object tracking model. In order to detect potential objects on the road, several features of the objects are investigated, which include symmetrical shape and aspect ratio of a vehicle and color and shape information of the signs. A two-layer neural network is trained to recognize different types of vehicles and a parameterized traffic sign model is established in the process of recognizing a sign. Tracking is accomplished by combining the analysis of single image frame with the analysis of consecutive image frames. The analysis of the single image frame is performed every ten full-size images. The information model will obtain the information related to the object, such as time to collision for the object vehicle and relative distance from the traffic sings. Experimental results demonstrated a robust and accurate system in real time object detection and recognition over thousands of image frames.
A Genetic Algorithm Approach for Technology Characterization

It is important for engineers to understand the capabilities and limitations of the technologies they consider for use in their systems. Several researchers have investigated approaches for modeling the capabilities of a technology with the aim of supporting the design process. In these works, the information about the physical form is typically abstracted away. However, the efficient generation of an accurate model of technical capabilities remains a challenge. Pareto frontier based methods are often used but yield results that are of limited use for subsequent decision making and analysis. Models based on parameterized Pareto frontiers—termed Technology Characterization Models (TCMs)—are much more reusable and composable. However, there exists no efficient technique for modeling the parameterized Pareto frontier. The contribution of this paper is a new algorithm for modeling the parameterized Pareto frontier to be used as a model of the characteristics of a technology. The proposed algorithm uses fundamental concepts from multiobjective genetic optimization and machine learning to generate a model of the technology frontier.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Auditory perceptual thresholds for sensitizers, defensive and nondefensive repressors.

The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale was used as a measure of defensiveness in conjunction with Byrne's Repression-Sensitization Scale to differentiate defensive and nondefensive repressors. All Ss were given a series of sentences partially masked with white noise. Defensive repressors had a significantly higher auditory perceptual threshold for sexual sentences than either sensitizers or nondefensive repressors. Results were interpreted as support for using a measure of defensiveness to differentiate the “true” repressor from Ss who obtain low Byrne scores simply because they lack the pathology implied in the test items.
Shear mixing and phase diagram shift of polymer blends

For a low molecular weight polystyrene/polybutadiene blend, the effect of shear on the suppressing of critical fluctuations and the critical temperature has been studied and is in good agreement with the predictions of Onuki and Kawasaki. By assuming the symmetry of this critical scaling into the two phase region. together with the Taylor theory, the observed (phase separated) droplet break-up and the formation of string pattern can be explained. The exact shear dependence of T c (γ) can be obtained by the use of the fluorescence microscope under steady shear.
Complications of Enteroscopy: How to Avoid Them and Manage Them When They Arise

Deep small bowel enteroscopy is a safe procedure that has revolutionized the strategy for diagnosis and treatment of small bowel diseases. However, enteroscopy-associated adverse events are more common compared with standard endoscopy. Prevention, early detection, and effective intervention are crucial in reducing the adverse event severity and improving outcomes. In this article, how to safely perform enteroscopy, avoid adverse events, detect adverse events early, and accomplish effective treatments are discussed. This knowledge can serve as a continuing quality improvement process to reduce the risk of future adverse events and improve the overall quality of endoscopy.
How do the many etiologies of West syndrome lead to excitability and seizures? The corticotropin releasing hormone excess hypothesis

West syndrome (WS) is associated with diverse etiological factors. This fact has suggested that there must be a 'final common pathway' for these etiologies, which operates on the immature brain to result in WS only at the maturational state present during infancy. Any theory for the pathogenesis of WS has to account for the unique features of this disorder. For example, how can a single entity have so many etiologies? Why does WS arise only in infancy, even when a known insult had occurred prenatally, and why does it disappear? Why is WS associated with lasting cognitive dysfunction? And, importantly, why do these seizures--unlike most others--respond to treatment by a hormone, ACTH? The established hormonal role of ACTH in human physiology is to function in the neuroendocrine cascade of the responses to all stressful stimuli, including insults to the brain. As part of this function, ACTH is known to suppress the production of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), a peptide that is produced in response to diverse insults and stressors.The many etiologies of WS all lead to activation of the stress response, including increased production and secretion of the stress-neurohormone CRH. CRH has been shown, in infant animal models, to cause severe seizures and death of neurons in areas involved with learning and memory. These effects of CRH are restricted to the infancy period because the receptors for CRH, which mediate its action on neurons, are most abundant during this developmental period. ACTH administration is known to inhibit production and release of CRH via a negative feedback mechanism. Therefore, the efficacy of ACTH for WS may depend on its ability to decrease the levels of the seizure-promoting stress-neurohormone CRH.This CRH-excess theory for the pathophysiology of WS is consistent not only with the profile of ACTH effects, but also with the many different 'causes' of WS, with the abnormal ACTH levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of affected infants and with the spontaneous disappearance of the seizures. Furthermore, if CRH is responsible for the seizures, and CRH-mediated neuronal injury contributes to the worsened cognitive outcome of individuals with WS, then drugs which block the actions of CRH on its receptors may provide a better therapy for this disorder.
Finite Element-Fast Integral Methods for Antenna Analysis

The finite element (FE) — boundary integral (BI) formulation for cavity backed antennas recessed in a ground plane has been given in [1–3]. It parallels the corresponding FE-BI formulation for two dimensions. Below we briefly present the formulation with particular emphasis for modeling cavity backed antennas as well as periodic arrays. The differences between single elements and periodic arrays are in the Green’s function and in the necessity to apply periodic boundary conditions at the volume and surface boundaries.
Double Vision: Reviewing Man Ray and Marcel Duchamp's 1920 Photo-Text

In the October, 1922 edition of the Surrealist journal Litterature, Man Ray and Marcel Duchamp published a collaborative work consisting of a photograph of Duchamp’s iconic work The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors Even or The Large Glass (1915-23) covered in dust along with a brief poetic text. Although the photograph, which Duchamp later titled Dust Breeding, has long intrigued scholars their intriguing photo-text work has been completely overlooked. This thesis recovers this unique work from the margins of art history. Drawing on the work of Jacques Derrida, Paul de Man, Michael Ann Holly and others this thesis examines four aspects of the photo-text’s history identified as the encounter, photograph, text and publication from a meta-critical perspective in order to illustrate the fluid relation between the binaries of subject/object and creator/beholder. This deconstruction, I argue, compels a reconsideration of the relationship between art historians and artworks that moves beyond a binary logic towards a more open, plurivocal and intertextual model of art-historical scholarship.
Editor’s Update

As we begin a new year, I would like to notify the readers of a few changes to Stroke’s editorial board. Bo Norrving has stepped down as senior consulting editor to assume the editor-in-chief position of the new European Stroke Journal and will be replaced by Michael Brainin. Ajay Wakhloo will move from section editor to consulting editor. Gillian Mead will replace Peter Sandercock as Cochrane corner editor. Wende N. Fedder, Janice …
Prostaglandin E1 induced inhibition of rabbit testicular contractions in vitro.

SummaryIntact rabbit testes contracted autorhythmically in vitro with a frequency of 2-3 beats/min. When (PGE1) was added to the bathing media, there were alterations in amplitude of contractions, rate, overall tone, and mode of contraction. At relatively high levels of PGE1 (greater than 36 nM) the contractions were completely effaced; with lower concentrations of PGE1, recovery was evident after 5 to 6 min. The effects of PGE1 on amplitude, rate, and tonus were dose-dependent. The above observations, plus those of other workers that prostaglandins are present in mammalian testes, that a mechanism for their synthesis appears to be present in this organ, and that these compounds modulate androgen synthesis and inhibit testicular capsular contraction, suggest a possible physiological role for these unsaturated fatty acid derivatives in normal testicular function.
A Reassessment of Matrilocality in Chacoan Culture

Recent research presented in American Antiquity (66:36-46) proposed that the prehistoric Puebloan communities of Chaco Canyon in the American Southwest conformed to a matrilocal pattern of postmarital residence. The inference of matrilocality at Chaco Canyon was based on the assumption that a number of the most likely modern descendants of the Chacoans are matrilocal, including the present-day Zuni and Hopi Indians, and that the household floor area had increased to a level indicative of female-based residence. The present study assesses these two important assumptions using biological and architectural data. Our results indicate the assumptions needed to infer matrilocal residence at Chaco Canyon might not be satisfied. The biological evidence indicates close relationships with both matrilocal and bilocal present-day populations, while the architectural evidence is more consistent with a male-based pattern of postmarital residence. Limitations to the study of postmarital residence at archaeological sites are discussed.
Patterns of replacement of resident cougars in southern Utah

Members of a cougar ( Felis concolor ) population in southern Utah were monitored from 1979 through 1987. Vacated ranges of resident females commonly were filled by their independent-aged daughters or those of adjacent resident females. Less often, immigrating, transient females established residency in these vacated ranges. Adjacent resident females did not significantly shift nor expand their ranges into neighboring vacated ranges. Vacated ranges of resident males were filled by immigrating, transient males.
Implications of Fear of Negative Evaluation, State Anxiety, and Implied Level of Target-Dominance on Perceptions of Personality Traits

Fear of negative evaluation (FNE), state anxiety (SA), and dominance have consequences for social functioning. The present study assessed how FNE, SA, and a target's dominance-relevant label are related to perceptions of personality. One hundred seventy-eight participants who scored high or low on FNE underwent a laboratory manipulation of SA, viewed a photograph of a target with a high or low dominance-relevant label, and rated the target on the Big Five personality traits and dominance. FNE and SA were unrelated to perceptions, but the high-dominance label was associated with perceptions of higher dominance, conscientiousness, and openness. In conclusion, judges did use information about others when making initial judgments of personality, but these judgments were not impacted by trait or state psychological distress.
Stimulants and coronaries.

Does the man who drinks coffee excessively increase his risk of having a coronary occlusion? Perhaps. In this study of 1,718 men, those who drank five or more cups a day had an increased incidence of angina pectoris and of myocardial infarction. Yet those who died either drank no coffee or consumed five or more cups a day.
Application of Grey Model to Forecast the Incidence Trend of Intestinal Infectious Diseases

[Objective]To explore the incidence forecasting of intestinal infectious disease in Tianjin City with the grey model,and provide the references for the intestinal infectious disease control.[Methods]Based on the incidence data of intestinal infectious diseases in Tianjin City from 2004-2009,the grey GM(1,1) forecast model was established,evaluated and adopted to forecast the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases in next few years[Results]GM(1,1) model of the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases in Tianjin City was Yt+1=-1532.39e-0.1125t+1681.68.Fitting precision was qualified.[Conclusion]The model is capable of forecasting the short trend of intestinal infectious diseases.The incidence of intestinal diseases in Tianjin may gradually decline in next 3 years.
On Guidance of Political Participation on Network for Youth

The current network has become an important way in political participation for youth.Aiming at the situations such as changing from focus on individual interests to group interests,emphasis of speed and attitude of government responding to emergencies,development trend of more vulnerable to the impact of leader's opinions,the article puts forward three measures such as establishing guidance and implementing of separated layer management,government's initiative to intervene to improve the effectiveness of network interaction,attention and training of young "opinion leaders" for peer education,in order to guide youth in orderly political participation on network.
Determination of Tilmicosin in Swine Feeds by Liquid Chromatography

This method determines tilmicosin in feeds over a concentration range of 100 to 600 mg/kg. Tilmicosin is extracted from swine feeds by adding 200 mL of a swine feed extractant (20 + 80, acetonitrile-Millipore water, pH 2.5, with 25 mM dibutylammonium phosphate) to 20 g feed and placing on a shaker table for 1 h. This extractant is filtered and analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC). A gradient LC method is used to separate tilmicosin from the feed matrix in 30 min of run time. The recovery of tilmicosin from fortified feeds ranged from 96.7 to 112%, with the coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 1.4 to 3.9%. The determination of tilmicosin in medicated feeds resulted in an average recovery of 92.7% of labeled claim for pelleted feeds at 200 mg/kg and 99.1% of labeled claim for mash feeds at 400 mg/kg. Determination of tilmicosin in medicated feeds resulted in CVs ranging from 2.6 to 3.8%. The method has shown no interference with 18 other drugs.
Possible Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury is a potential complication of many surgical procedures involving the neck. The evaluation of a possible injury is possible while under anesthesia using a laryngeal mask airway and a fiberoptic bronchoscope.
Linear Narratives, Arbitrary Relationships Mimesis and Direct Communication for Effectively Representing Engineering Realities Multimodally

Engineers communicate multimodally using written and visual communication, but there is not much theorizing on why they do so and how. This essay, therefore, examines why engineers communicate multimodally, what, in the context of representing engineering realities, are the strengths and weaknesses of written and visual communication, and how, based on an understanding of these strengths and weaknesses, one can consider using the strengths of each form of communication to address weaknesses in the other. Doing so can possibly enable one to demonstrate for engineering majors how they can, with greater effectiveness, communicate multimodally for representing well engineering realities.
Ontogeny of salivary IgA and IgA subclass antibody to oral streptococci

Infants encounter a variety of antigenic challenges to their developing secretory immune systems from microorganisms which colonize mucosal surfaces. Evidence for the capacity for early mucosal immune response is seen in the presence of salivary IgA antibody to Escherichia coli and poliovirus in young infants who receive extensive environmental exposures to these microorganisms [1]. Vaccines administered in infancy often elicit a salivary IgA response [2,3]. In addition, infants are exposed to infectious challenges with oral streptococci soon after birth. Different oral streptococcal species colonize the oral cavity sequentially during early life [4]. In this report, we present evidence for early salivary immune responses to organisms occupying oral ecological niches.
Reproductive and Obstetrical Consequences of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder associated with infertility and subfecundity. There is evidence that both the oocyte and the endometrium have abnormalities that contribute to these disorders. These reproductive abnormalities include anovulation, increased early pregnancy wastage, and probable increased risk for a number of pregnancy complications including gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia. Ovulation induction holds the additional iatrogenic risks of multiple pregnancy and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Gonadotropins and gonadotropin agonist therapies should be used with caution in this group of patients. There is emerging evidence that insulin-sensitizing therapy provides benefit for a wide variety of these reproductive abnormalities. In the long term, women with PCOS have multiple risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer, including centripetal obesity, hyperinsulinemia, diabetes, and chronic anovulation, although the association between PCOS and this cancer is less well established in the epidemiological literature. There is little evidence to date that insulin-sensitizing therapies protect against the development of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer.
Cortical circuitry underlying visual motion analysis in turtles

Turtles have a visual area in their cerebral cortices that lacks a topographic organization. It contains cells that respond to moving stimuli anywhere in visual space, or to the successive presentation of two stimuli at different points in space with interstimulus intervals of up to several hundred msec. This paper discusses the use of an in vitro preparation of turtle forebrain to determine how such receptive field properties are elaborated by the central visual pathways.
Negative Cooperativity in the Nitrogenase Fe Protein Electron Delivery Cycle

Nitrogenase catalyzes the ATP-dependent reduction of dinitrogen (N2) to two ammonia (NH3) molecules through the participation of its two protein components, the MoFe and Fe proteins. Electron transfer (ET) from the Fe protein to the catalytic MoFe protein involves a series of synchronized events requiring the transient association of one Fe protein with each αβ half of the α2β2 MoFe protein. This process is referred to as the Fe protein cycle and includes binding of two ATP to an Fe protein, association of an Fe protein with the MoFe protein, ET from the Fe protein to the MoFe protein, hydrolysis of the two ATP to two ADP and two Pi for each ET, Pi release, and dissociation of oxidized Fe protein-(ADP)2 from the MoFe protein. Because the MoFe protein tetramer has two separate αβ active units, it participates in two distinct Fe protein cycles. Quantitative kinetic measurements of ET, ATP hydrolysis, and Pi release during the presteady-state phase of electron delivery demonstrate that the two halves of the ternary complex between the MoFe protein and two reduced Fe protein-(ATP)2 do not undergo the Fe protein cycle independently. Instead, the data are globally fit with a two-branch negative-cooperativity kinetic model in which ET in one-half of the complex partially suppresses this process in the other. A possible mechanism for communication between the two halves of the nitrogenase complex is suggested by normal-mode calculations showing correlated and anticorrelated motions between the two halves.
Enhanced lower entropy bounds with application to constructive learning

We prove two new lower bounds for the number of bits required by neural networks for classification problems defined by m examples from IR/sup n/. They are obtained in a constructive way, and can be used for designing constructive learning algorithms. The results rely on upper bounding the space, with an n dimensional ball (V. Beiu, 1996). Recently, a better upper bound was presented by V. Beiu and T. DePauw, 1997) by showing that the volume of the ball can always be replaced by the volume of the intersection of two balls. A lower bound for the case of integer weights in the range [-p,p] was detailed by S. Draghici and I.K. Sethi (1997); it is based on computing the logarithm of the quotient between the volume of the ball containing all the examples and the maximum volume of a polyhedron. One first improvement will come from a tighter upper bound on the maximum volume of the polyhedron by two n dimensional cones (instead of the ball). A second-even better-bound will be obtained by upper bounding the space by the intersection of two balls.
When does a circuit really fail

An important stage in qualifying a new technology for full scale production is meeting reliability criteria. Unfortunately, conventional reliability qualification approaches utilize a “one size fits all” mentality which is intended to encompass all possible circuit applications. Furthermore, the reliability criteria are sometimes based on seemingly arbitrary device level parametric shifts and the choice of which parameter to utilize is crucial. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a “circuit aware” concept for reliability qualification. By taking into consideration circuit-level figures of merit, we demonstrate a methodology to establish device level reliability criteria that reflects the real world operation of devices in circuits. The methodology does not require any additional measurements or the fabrication of special test circuits. The beauty is in its simplicity, a simple transformation to solve an important problem.
High-Performance Storage Support for Scientific Big Data Applications on the Cloud

This work studies the storage subsystem for scientific big data applications to be running on the cloud. Although cloud computing has become one of the most popular paradigms for executing data-intensive applications, the storage subsystem has not been optimized for scientific applications. In particular, many scientific applications were originally developed assuming a tightly coupled cluster of compute nodes with network-attached storage allowing massively parallel I/O accesses—the high-performance computing (HPC) systems. These applications, in turn, struggle in leveraging cloud platforms whose design goal is fundamentally different than that of HPC systems. We believe that when executing scientific applications in the cloud, a node-local distributed storage architecture is a key approach to overcome the challenges from the storage subsystem. We analyze and evaluate four representative file systems (S3FS, HDFS, Ceph, and FusionFS) on multiple platforms (Kodiak cluster, Amazon EC2) with a variety of benchmarks to explore how well these storage systems can handle metadata-intensive, write-intensive, and read-intensive workloads. Moreover, we elaborate the design and implementation of FusionFS that employs a scalable approach to managing both metadata and data in addition to its unique features on cooperative caching, dynamic compression, GPU-accelerated data redundancy, lightweight provenance, and parallel serialization.
Maximizing revenue with limited correlation: the cost of ex-post incentive compatibility

In a landmark paper in the mechanism design literature, Cremer and McLean (1985) (CM for short) show that when a bidder's valuation is correlated with an external signal, a monopolistic seller is able to extract the full social surplus as revenue. In the original paper and subsequent literature, the focus has been on ex-post incentive compatible (or IC) mechanisms, where truth telling is an ex-post Nash equilibrium. In this paper, we explore the implications of Bayesian versus ex-post IC in a correlated valuation setting. We generalize the full extraction result to settings that do not satisfy the assumptions of CM. In particular, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for full extraction that strictly relax the original conditions given in CM. These more general conditions characterize the situations under which requiring ex-post IC leads to a decrease in expected revenue relative to Bayesian IC. We also demonstrate that the expected revenue from the optimal ex-post IC mechanism guarantees at most a (|Θ| + 1)/4 approximation to that of a Bayesian IC mechanism, where |Θ| is the number of bidder types. Finally, using techniques from automated mechanism design, we show that, for randomly generated distributions, the average expected revenue achieved by Bayesian IC mechanisms is significantly larger than that for ex-post IC mechanisms.
PRIDE: Practical Intrusion Detection in Resource Constrained Wireless Mesh Networks

As interest in wireless mesh networks grows, security challenges, e.g., intrusion detection, become of paramount importance. Traditional solutions for intrusion detection assign full IDS responsibilities to a few selected nodes. Recent results, however, have shown that a mesh router cannot reliably perform full IDS functions because of limited resources (i.e., processing power and memory). Cooperative IDS solutions, targeting resource constrained wireless networks impose high communication overhead and detection latency. To address these challenges, we propose PRIDE (PRactical Intrusion DEtection in resource constrained wireless mesh networks), a non-cooperative real-time intrusion detection scheme that optimally distributes IDS functions to nodes along traffic paths, such that detection rate is maximized, while resource consumption is below a given threshold. We formulate the optimal IDS function distribution as an integer linear program and propose algorithms for solving it accurately and fast (i.e., practical). We evaluate the performance of our proposed solution in a real-world, department-wide, mesh network.
Accumulation of Phytoalexins as a Resistance Mechanism

Many metabolites are produced in small quantities by a limited number of species and do not appear to be essential for the growth and reproduction of the producing organisms. These compounds have been termed secondary metabolites. The interrelationship between primary metabolism and biosynthesis of some secondary metabolites is given in Fig. 9-1. All secondary metabolites are derived from intermediates of primary metabolism. Thus, biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites are extensions and branches of primary pathways. Consequently, the distinction between primary and secondary metabolism is not always clear. For example, terpenoid phytoalexins are generally considered to be secondary metabolites, yet they are synthesized via the same pathways from which many essential metabolites are derived. These metabolites include membrane sterols and growth regulators like gibberellins and abscisic acid.
Prussian white analogues as promising cathode for non-aqueous potassium-ion batteries

Abstract We prepared Prussian white analogues—K x MFe(CN) 6 ·mH 2 O (M = Fe, Co, Ni, or Cu). These compounds are investigated as cathode materials for potassium-ion batteries with a non-aqueous electrolyte. Each of these materials exhibits different K-ion storage properties with reversible capacity values ranging from 35 to 110 mAh g − 1 at high potentials above 3.2 V vs. K + /K. Among them, FeFe-Prussian white, K 1.68 Fe 1.09 Fe(CN) 6 ·2.1H 2 O, exhibits the highest reversible capacity of 110 mAh g − 1 and stable cycling performance in contrast to rapid capacity fading of other analogues. Our results demonstrate a remarkable potential of this family of cathode materials for the emerging potassium-ion batteries.
Liquid Crystals: Surfaces, Nanostructures, and Chirality

This dissertation focuses on liquid crystals (LCs), specifically their chiral properties and interactions with surfaces and nanostructures. Nematic twist cells were filled with a LC doped with the chiral molecule CB15, which compensates for the imposed twist. Using the electroclinic effect (ECE), results indicate that an ECE always exists near the surface in twist cells containing conformationally deracemizable molecules. ECE measurements were also performed to determine the source of the ECE response in a LC doped with chiral periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO). The data show that the main source of the signal emanates from outside the PMO, and not inside the PMO pores. An ECE also is reported for chiral LCs above their bulk chiral isotropic–nematic phase transition, and is observable in the paranematic layers induced by the planar-aligning substrates. Optical microscopy measurements were performed on smectic-A oily streaks doped with CB15. When chirally doped, the stripe orientation rotated by a temperature dependent angle: This angle increased with concentration, was largest just below the nematic – smectic-A transition, and stabilized to near zero within ~1C below TNA. This is explained as a manifestation of a surface ECE. Finally, a novel structure in a hybrid aligned system was observed below the Smectic-A – Smectic-C transition. The structure appeared as periodic dark and light streaks running perpendicular to the oily streaks, and formed by extending discretely from one oily streak to the next, eliminating optical evidence of the oily streaks. At lower temperatures the streaks undulated in a 2D chiral pattern. A possible origin of these streaks is presented.
Hollowing Out the State: Franchise Expansion and Fiscal Capacity in Colonial India

Studies of fiscal capacity have emphasized slow-moving structural and historical factors to explain variations in tax institutions. The cooperation of political elites, however, is crucial for building and maintaining robust tax institutions. This paper argues that political elites may weaken fiscal capacity in anticipation of new groups coming to power. One such instance occurred in the Colonial Indian provinces, where incumbent political elites hollowed out tax capacity in anticipation of franchise expansion. Why did this happen? In societies with hierarchical social orders, such as the caste system in India, incumbent elites are able to use the threat of de-segregation and a social-status cleavage to form anti-tax coalitions. Using a historical dataset from 1914-1925 and novel micro-level measures of land tax collection, tax avoidance, and the size of the bureaucracy, the paper demonstrates that fiscal capacity declined after franchise expansion in the districts with higher levels of inter-caste status inequality.
Toward Improving Outcomes in Whiplash: Implementing New Directions of Care

This special issue of JOSPT is the second of a 2-part series on whiplash-associated disorders (WADs). Part 1 was published in the October 2016 issue of the Journal. The articles in these 2 special issues highlight that, while we know a great deal about WAD, there are profound gaps in our understanding of how to more effectively work with patients to limit the consequences of this disorder. The information provided in the special-issue articles can help move physical therapy practice and research toward pragmatic and effective solutions for the perplexing condition of WAD. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017;47(7):447–448. doi:10.2519/jospt.2017.0107
Composition of the epibenthic decapod crustacean megafauna of the German Exclusive Economic Zone: comparison and analysis of past and recent surveys

This study comprises and compares epibenthic samples of the marine crustacean decapod megafauna, taken with a beam trawl at numerous stations in the German Exclusive Economic Zone of the North Sea in the years 1987, 1990, 2007 and 2013. All decapod crustacean species were recorded quantitatively. An overview of the decapod faunal composition with respect to changes in space, species and abundance with time is given. A time-dependent decrease of rare and often northern species at the research area is obvious, as a result of an increase of some dominant species concentrating in coastal areas. In 2013, a more uniform species composition seems to have developed. Decapod species and abundance depletions may be influenced by many factors, among them also climate change and fisheries.
Kleist’s Secrets

Previous studies of secrecy in Kleist’s work have concentrated largely upon the theological and epistemological dimensions of the secret. This essay argues instead for a poetics of secrecy in Kleist, by means of which he rethinks the relationship between time, event and information. As proof, the article reconstructs the informational economy and intersubjective calculus of Die Marquise von O.... with an eye toward the temporal distortions and strategic behavior that secrecy both enables and provokes. Of particular significance for this reading of the Marquise von O.﻿.﻿.﻿. are: a) Kleist’s theory of time axis manipulation, developed in his »Lehrbuch der franzosischen Journalistik«, b) the medial logic of the Intelligenzblatt, and c) the tactical innovations of the Second Coalition War.
Cache-Aware SPM Allocation to Reduce Worst-Case Execution Time for Hybrid SPM-Caches

Scratch-Pad Memories (SPMs) have been increasingly used in real-time and embedded systems. However, it is still unknown and challenging to reduce the worst-case execution time (WCET) for hybrid SPM-cache architecture, where an SPM and a cache memory are placed on-chip in parallel to cooperatively improve performance and/or energy efficiency. In this paper, we study four SPM allocation strategies to reduce the WCET for hybrid SPM-caches with different complexities. These algorithms differ by whether or not they can cooperate with the cache or be aware of the WCET. Our evaluation shows that the cache-aware and WCET-oriented SPM allocation can minimize the WCET for real-time benchmarks with little or even positive impact on the average-case execution time (ACET).
Nicotine Content and Delivery Across Tobacco Products

Nicotine is the principal alkaloid in both commercial and homemade products (e.g., cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, bidis, waterpipes) followed by nornicotine, anabasine, anatabine, and many other basic substances that contain a cyclic nitrogenous nucleus. Tobacco types, leaf position on the plant, agricultural practices, fertilizer treatment, and degree of ripening are among some prominent factors that determine the levels of alkaloids in tobacco leaf. From a random examination of 152 cultivated varieties of Nicotiana tabacum, a range of alkaloid variation between 0.17 and 4.93% was determined. In fact, every step in tobacco production that affects plant metabolism will influence the level of alkaloid content to a certain degree. Depending on blending recipe, type and amount of additives, and product design, all types of tobacco products contain a very wide range of nicotine concentration. However, the ultimate emission of nicotine to the user, exposure, and psychophar-macological effects depend not only on the content and emission, but also on the relationship between the product and the user.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder in the College Mental Health Setting

The impact of borderline personality disorder (BPD) on college students is not well studied, and there is currently little data about its phenomenology or treatment in this population. We review the available literature regarding evidence-based treatment for BPD on college campuses, as well as best-practice guidelines for the treatment of mental illness in the college setting. Diagnostic disclosure and psychoeducation are proposed as practical first steps in improving the treatment landscape. Preliminary studies of targeted treatment for BPD on college campuses are promising. They suggest that even pared-down interventions have the potential to help students feel better and function better. Experts in college mental health treatment emphasize the importance of gathering data, intervening early, communicating across treatment environments, appropriately marshaling resources, and providing psycho-education. To bring the on-campus treatment of BPD in line with best-practice guidelines, improved diagnostic practices are needed. Disclosing the diagnosis of BPD and educating students about this disorder are simple yet powerful interventions that can set the stage for further treatment and provide symptom relief.
California Business Establishment Evolution and Transportation Provision

This research filled a gap in empirically supported knowledge linking the survival and economic success of business establishments to locational characteristics including access to transportation facilities. This relationship was studied for the entire State of California while controlling in a statistically robust way for a variety of factors influencing business life cycle events, such as closures, formation/birth, and relocation. Using panel data analysis methods and data spanning two decades, the external (local context, transportation network) and internal (business type, number of employees, age of the establishment) factors that influence the success and failure of business establishments were examined. Using panel analysis, manufacturing and retail business establishments were studied in particular illustrating differences and commonalities in event occurrence and the factors that impact these events.
Willebrand factor in hemostasis in the in vitro bleeding time

Heparinized porcine blood and plasma, at constant hydrostatic pressure, was allowed to flow through a 5-mm incision in a small piece of porcine skin. Changes in the exuded blood volume were measured, and the incision site was examined microscopically. When normal blood flowed through either normal or von Willebrand skin, the exuded blood volume decreased gradually and eventually stopped. Microscopic examination revealed a platelet plug in the incision site. This plug was positive for Willebrand factor when examined by immunofluorescence. In contrast, the blood from von Willebrand pigs continued to flow constantly, and a platelet plug was not seen. The delayed in vitro hemostasis in von Willebrand blood was corrected to the normal range by the addition of either normal plasma or partially purified Willebrand factor. Normal blood, in which the Willebrand factor was immunologically inhibited, showed delayed hemostasis. For this in vitro system, it appeared that plasmatic Willebrand factor played an essential role in hemostasis.
The Neuroplasmic Lattice

Observations made in this laboratory over the past several years utilizing a variety of electron microscopic methods have demonstrated that the longitudinally oriented filamentous elements in axons from a wide variety of organisms, namely, neurofilaments and neurotubules (microtubules) are, in general, linked together by periodically distributed and transversely oriented bridges to form a well-defined three-dimensional grid structure, at least under the rigor-inducing fixation conditions used. This we have termed the neuroplasmic lattice (Hodge and Adelman, 1978a,b, 1980a,b, 1981, 1983). The term “lattice” has been used deliberately in a quasicrystalline sense to indicate the presence of order, not of the very high degree found in atomic or small molecular crystalline arrays, but rather approaching the somewhat lower degree found in macromolecular arrays such as that present in fibrils of collagen, fibrin, and in the thick and thin filament lattices in various types of muscle. In these examples, inter alia, the presence of order was convincingly established by the pioneering x-ray diffraction work of Astbury and colleagues (Astbury, 1947), in establishing the various classes of fibrous proteins, particularly the keratin-myosin-epidermin-fibrin (kmef) group, and further elucidated by electron microscopy (see reviews by Hodge, 1959, 1960, 1967; Squire, 1981) and low angle x-ray diffraction (Bear, 1942, 1945; Huxley, 1953; Huxley and Brown, 1967; Traub and Piez, 1971).
Excellence in Environmental Education for Elementary and Secondary Schools in the United States

As in most parts of the world, environmental education in the United States is an evolving field. This evolution, however, is situated within the context of a highly political nationwide debate which has been raging, for nearly 30 years, over how to best provide quality education for all learners. Much of this debate has centered on the development of national, state and local standards for the core disciplines. These efforts have effectively narrowed the curriculum to a primary focus on reading and mathematics. Environmental education, which has always fought to find a place within the curriculum, stands in danger of becoming even more marginalized. This chapter focuses on how efforts to professionalize the field – to promote excellence in environmental education particularly at the elementary and secondary levels – took root and how the environmental education community is focusing on building the necessary capacity to implement coherent and cohesive environmental education programs nationwide.
Efficacy of β-phenylethylamine as a novel anti-microbial and application as a liquid catheter flush.

With this study, we introduce a liquid flush for catheters and other tubing-based applications that consists of a solution of β-phenylethylamine (PEA) in tryptic soy broth. The initial experiments in multiwell polystyrene plates were conducted with Escherichia coli K-12 to assess the effectiveness of PEA at reducing planktonic growth, as well as the biomass and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of biofilm; PEA reduced these growth parameters as a function of increasing concentration. This effect was also seen in mutants of PEA catabolism, which leads us to believe that the PEA effect is due to PEA itself and not one of its degradation products. Since PEA reduced planktonic growth and biofilm when added at the time of inoculation, as well as at later time points, we propose PEA as a novel compound for the prevention and treatment of biofilm. PEA reduced planktonic growth and the ATP content of the biofilm for five bacterial pathogens, including an enterohemorrhagic E. coli, two uropathogenic E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. A major finding of this study is the reduction of the ATP content of biofilm that formed in silicone tubing by periodic flushes of PEA. This experiment was performed to model antibiotic-lock treatment of an intravenous catheter. It was found that 10 mg ml−1 of PEA reduced the ATP content of biofilm of five bacterial strains by 96.3 % or more after 2 weeks of incubation and three treatments with PEA. For P. aeruginosa, the reduction in ATP content was paralleled by an identical percentage reduction in viable cells in the biofilm.