cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Below bandgap optical absorption in tellurium-doped GaSb

Enhancement in below bandgap room temperature infrared transmission has been observed in tellurium (Te)-doped GaSb bulk crystals. The effect of Te concentration on the transmission characteristics of GaSb has been experimentally and theoretically analysed. Undoped GaSb is known to exhibit p-type conductivity with residual hole concentration of the order of (1–2) × 1017 cm−3 at room temperature due to the formation of native defects. For such samples, inter-valence band absorption has been found to be the dominant absorption mechanism. The residual holes could be compensated by n-type dopants such as Te. With increasing Te concentration, free carrier absorption due to electrons and inter-valley transitions in the conduction subband become significant. The dependences of various absorption mechanisms as a function of wavelength have been discussed in this paper.
Mortgage origination fraud and the global economic crisis: A criminological analysis

Research Summary The study outlined in this article analyzed the responses of 23 subjects previously and currently employed in the subprime lending industry to understand the implications and role of white-collar crime in the contemporary subprime mortgage crisis and to document the rationalizations that offenders use to explain their involvement in mortgage-related crimes. The subjects represented five sectors of the primary mortgage market, including brokerage, lender, escrow, title, and appraisal offices. Secondary sources of data for the study included media accounts, government reports, and industry studies. The research findings detail accounts of mortgage frauds in the subprime lending industry that resulted from inadequate regulation, the indiscriminate use of alternative loan products, and the lack of accountability in the industry. Policy Implications The study results suggest that the problem of mortgage origination fraud would be prevented best by major reform of financial policies and lending practices that characterize the subprime mortgage industry. Several broad recommendations are proposed in this article that highlight the need to recognize the potential for insider fraud, to enhance government regulation and oversight, to tighten loan qualification requirements, and to increase standards of underwriting. Observations are offered concerning the need to highlight white-collar crime in understanding the global financial crisis and to preventing future debacles.
Cardiac sympathetic neuroprotective effect of desipramine in tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy

Cardiac sympathetic transmitter stores are reduced in the failing heart. In this study, we proposed to investigate whether the reduction of cardiac sympathetic neurotransmitters was associated with...
Quick-release fair scheduling

In prior work on multiprocessor fairness, efficient techniques with provable properties for reallocating spare processing capacity have been elusive. In this paper, we address this shortcoming by proposing a new notion of multiprocessor fairness, called quick-release fair (QRfair) scheduling. Under QRfair scheduling, each task is specified by giving both a minimum and a maximum weight (i.e., processor share). The goal is to schedule each task (as the spare capacity changes) at a rate that is (i) at least that implied by its minimum weight and (ii) at most that implied by its maximum weight. We present a quick-release variant of the PD/sup 2/ Pfair scheduling algorithm called PD/sup Q/ and prove that the allocations of PD/sup Q/ always satisfy (i) and (ii). Also, we present results from simulation experiments that show the efficacy of PD/sup Q/.
Institutional Reform and Rights Revolutions in Latin America: The Cases of Costa Rica and Colombia

This article analyzes the conditions that allowed for expansive rights revolutions in Costa Rica and Colombia. My research suggests that many of the preconditions for rights revolutions in other regions of the world are also central to understanding Latin American cases. Of particular relevance is judicial system design including the high courts’ operating rules concerning access, standing, and judicial formality. These factors can and do mitigate the need for extensive resources and support structures necessary in other non-Latin American countries in which rights revolutions have occurred.
Financing Residential Development with Special Districts

This paper empirically examines the extent to which the property tax liability created by financing residential infrastructure using special district bonds is capitalized in house prices. We compare house prices for single-family detached homes built within development districts to similar properties located outside development districts. Our hedonic specification includes the usual housing characteristics and controls for the influence of spatial attributes using Census Block Group “neighborhood” fixed effects. The preferred empirical specification restricts the data to neighborhoods that have numerous sales of recently constructed single-family detached homes located both within and outside development districts. The empirical results indicate that house prices for homes located within development districts are lower than house prices for similar homes located outside of development districts, but the amount of property tax capitalization is significantly less than full. Results depend on our Generalized Methods of Moments estimator, which instruments property tax rates using the characteristics of development districts. We identify valid instruments by restricting transactions to properties located in rapidly growing suburban developments.
Wound-healing response and refractive regression after conductive keratoplasty.

Purpose To characterize the histological changes that occur after conductive keratoplasty (CK) using a rabbit model. Setting LSU Eye Center and Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Methods Conductive keratoplasty was performed on 24 eyes of 12 New Zealand albino rabbits. In each eye, 24 spots were placed in a cross-corneal manner using 3 optical zones at 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 mm. Eyes were assessed with corneal topography weekly. Rabbits were humanely killed 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks postoperatively. The eyes were then enucleated and processed for histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis. Results All eyes showed an initial mean steepening of the corneal curvature of 2.24 diopters (D) 2 weeks postoperatively. Corneal topography revealed a 26%, 36%, and 39% regression of the refractive results at 4, 6, and 8 weeks, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated keratocyte apoptosis, myofibroblast appearance, and upregulation of chondroitin sulfate, MMP-1, and collagen III in the area surrounding the tip in each spot. Conclusion The histological changes that occur after CK may be responsible for the well-established regression of its refractive effect. A better understanding of the wound-healing response after CK is necessary to improve the long-term stability of the procedure.
Plasma Thrusters for Secondary Propulsion

Recent development in thrusters, propellants, trigger and feed systems have advanced the pulsed plasma thrusters to the readiness status for long life space applications. Lifetimes of several thousand hours have been repeatedly demonstrated in the laboratory and one flight experiment. Current development activities are described together with the applications of multi-thruster systems, complete with power conditioning and protection logic, to three axis stabilized and spin stabilized geostationary satellites.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Mutant in Which the ICP0 HUL-1 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Site Is Disrupted Stabilizes cdc34 but Degrades D-Type Cyclins and Exhibits Diminished Neurotoxicity

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) is a multifunctional protein that functions as a promiscuous transactivator and promotes the degradation of multiple cellular proteins. In vitro studies indicated that it encodes two physically separated functional E3 ubiquitin ligase domains. One, designated herpesvirus ubiquitin ligase 1 (HUL-1), maps to a region encoded by exon 3 and is contained between residues 543 and 680. Deletion of amino acids 621 to 625 abolishes this activity. The second, designated HUL-2, maps to the RING finger domain present in ICP0 encoded by exon 2. Earlier studies have shown that ICP0 stabilizes cyclins D1 and D3, and several lines of investigation led to the hypothesis that this function of ICP0 is the consequence of degradation of the E2 enzyme cdc34, known to be involved in the proteasome-dependent degradation of D-type cyclins. Consistent with this hypothesis, we have previously shown that cdc34 physically interacts with ICP0 at or near aspartate 199 and at amino acids 621 to 625 and that the former site is required for effective ubiquitylation and degradation of cdc34. Furthermore, the ICP0 HUL-1 domain promotes the polyubiquitination of cdc34 in vitro. If the mechanism by which D-type cyclins are salvaged in wild-type-infected cells is dependent on polyubiquitination and consequent destruction of cdc34, than the mutant virus R6701, which was constructed for these studies and lacks ICP0 residues 621 to 625, should destabilize the D cyclins and preclude the degradation of cdc34. We report that ICP0 residues 621 to 625 are essential for degradation of cdc34 in infected cells and for the ICP0-mediated stabilization of D-type cyclins, that a mutation that specifically disrupted the ring finger domain of the HUL-2 site had no effect on the degradation of cdc34 in infected cells, and that deletion of ICP0 residues 621 to 625 decreased the replicative capacity of the virus in growth-arrested but not in dividing cells and resulted in diminished pathogenicity on intracerebral inoculation of mice. We conclude that the ICP0 HUL-1 domain acts in infected cells to degrade cdc34 and that this function requires the interaction of cdc34 with sequences in exons 2 and 3 but does not involve the HUL-2 RING finger E3 domain.
Frequency of scattered radiation in laser-electron beam scattering☆

Abstract On the basis of classical electrodynamics, a Compton type frequency equation is presented for the scattered radiation produced by a laser-electron beam interaction. Experimental verification of this result is also suggested in the region of optical frequency with an electron beam of energy from 1–50 keV.
The Dynamic Link between the Integrity of the Immune System and Zinc Status

The results of more than three decades of work indicate that zinc deficiency rapidly diminishes antibody- and cell-mediated responses in both humans and animals. The moderate deficiencies in zinc noted in sickle cell anemia, renal disease, chronic gastrointestinal disorders and acrodermatitis enteropathica; subjects with human immunodeficiency virus; children with diarrhea; and elderly persons can greatly alter host defense systems, leading to increases in opportunistic infections and mortality rates. Conversely, short periods of zinc supplementation substantially improve immune defense in individuals with these diseases. Mouse models demonstrate that 30 d of suboptimal intake of zinc can lead to 30-80% losses in defense capacity. Collectively, the data clearly demonstrate that immune integrity is tightly linked to zinc status. Lymphopenia and thymic atrophy, which were the early hallmarks of zinc deficiency, are now known to be due to high losses of precursor T and B cells in the bone marrow. This ultimately leads to lymphopenia or a failure to replenish the lymphocytic system. Glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis induced by zinc deficiency causes down-regulation of lymphopoiesis. Indeed, zinc itself can modulate death processes in precursor lymphocytes. Finally, there is substantial evidence that zinc supplementation may well reduce the impact of many of the aforementioned diseases by preventing the dismantling of the immune system. The latter represents an important area for research.
Studies on Conjugation in Paramecium polycaryum

SYNOPSIS. The process of autogamy in unassociated individuals of Paramecium polycaryum was reported by the author in 1954. In May, 1955, conjugation was first seen in this species in cultures collected by me at Annamalainagar, South India, thus removing it from the list of non-conjugating species. This appears to be the first instance in which the process of autogamy was detected prior to observation of conjugation in the same species. Autogamy occurs in singles of the Indian race and appears to be similar, cytologically, to that of American races. The details of the micronuclear behavior in conjugation parallel those of autogamy in singles. In fact, the conjugation process seems to be one of double autogamy (cytogamy), rather than of reciprocal gametic interchange. Paroral cones, often of fair size, are formed but breakdown of the cones to permit micronuclear passage has not been observed. In conjugation there are the usual three pregamic divisions; the first shows four characteristic crescents. The resulting nuclei may all participate in the second division. Fertilization occurs in the paroral cone area. Frequently, separation of the conjugants takes place immediately after the first division of the synkaryon. The old macronucleus undergoes very little change prior to the last postzygotic micronuclear division in the ex-conjugant, when it goes into a skein condition. Four macronuclear and four micronuclear anlagen are formed in the ex-conjugants at the completion of reorganization. On occasion giant individuals of P. polycaryum were observed to have ingested numbers of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The presence of an unidentified rod-like organism in the cytoplasm of the paramecia (non-conjugating) was detected in one collection from Bangalore, India.
Using Intervention Mapping as a Participatory Strategy: Development of a Cervical Cancer Screening Intervention for Hispanic Women

Cervical cancer is preventable with treatment of precancerous lesions and treatable at early stages. Hispanics have higher rates of cervical cancer and lower rates of screening. Ayndando a las Mujeres con Informaccion, Guia, y Amor para su Salud (AMIGAS) is an intervention to increase cervical cancer screening in U.S. women of Mexican origin. AMIGAS was developed with the participation of the community using intervention mapping (IM). Following the IM process, the authors completed a needs assessment, development of program objectives, selection of intervention methods and strategies, and program design. A benefit of IM is its linkage with community-based participatory research as it includes engagement of community members to identify and refine priority areas. The success of this strategy suggests it a useful tool for other populations. The resulting intervention program is currently being tested for efficacy and cost-effectiveness in three sites: El Paso, Texas; Houston, Texas; and Yakima, Washington.
Modeling the effects of temporal proximity of input transitions on gate propagation delay and transition time

While delay modeling of gates with a single switching input has received considerable attention, the case of multiple inputs switching in close temporal proximity is just beginning to be addressed in the literature. The effect of proximity of input transitions can be significant on the delay and output transition time. The few attempts that have addressed this issue are based on a series-parallel transistor collapsing method that reduces the multi-input gate to an inverter. This limits the technique to CMOS technology. Moreover, none of them discuss the appropriate choice of voltage thresholds to measure delay for a multi-input gate. In this paper, we first present a method for the choice of voltage thresholds for a multi-input gate that ensures a positive value of delay under all input conditions. We next introduce a dual-input proximity model for the case when only two inputs of the gate are switching. We then propose a simple approximate algorithm for calculating the delay and output transition time that makes repeated use of the dual-input proximity model without collapsing the gate into an equivalent inverter. Comparison with simulation results shows that our method performs quite well in practice.
Identification of Aquifer Dispersivities: Methods of Analysis and Parameter Uncertainty

: This paper presents a method for estimating aquifer dispersivities in solute transport models. Sensitivity equations are derived for the calculation of sensitivity coefficients. A modified Gauss-Newton algorithm is used to perform the least-squares minimization. A statistical procedure is outlined to assess reliability of the estimated parameters. The solute transport model is solved by the upstream weighted, multiple cell balance method which combines the concepts of local mass balance and finite element approximations. A one-dimensional solute transport problem in a vertical column system is first used to illustrate the inverse technique. A second example considers the parameter identification problem for three-dimensional solute transport with a unidirectional steady and uniform flow field. The third example solves the parameter identification problem in a three-dimensional, stream-aquifer, solute transport system with steady state flow. Numerical experiments are conducted to study data requirements for parameter identification.
The microbial dimension in insect nutritional ecology

Summary 1Many insects derive nutritional advantage from persistent associations with microorganisms that variously synthesize essential nutrients or digest and detoxify ingested food. These persistent relationships are symbioses. 2There is strong experimental evidence that symbiotic microorganisms provide plant sap-feeding insects with essential amino acids and contribute to the digestion of cellulose in some wood-feeding insects, including lower termites. Basic nutritional information is, however, lacking for many associations, including the relative roles of microbial and intrinsic sources of cellulose degradation in many insects and B-vitamin provisioning by microorganisms in blood-feeding insects. 3Some nutritional interactions between insects and their symbiotic microorganisms vary among conspecifics and closely related species. This variation can, in principle, contribute to nutritional explanations for variation in the abundance and distribution of insects. For example, the plant utilization traits of phloem-feeding aphids and stinkbugs have been demonstrated to depend on the identity of microbial partners. Evidence that associations can evolve rapidly comes from the demonstration that the impact of the bacterium Wolbachia on natural populations of its insect host can change from deleterious to beneficial within two decades. 4Developing genomic tools, especially massively parallel sequencing and metagenomic analyses, offer the opportunity to explore the metabolic capabilities of symbiotic microorganisms and their insect hosts, from which defined hypotheses of nutritional function can be constructed. Nutritional ecology provides the appropriate framework to test these hypotheses in the relevant ecological context.
New Lechriops species for the United States (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Conoderinae).

Two new species of Lechriops are described from Arizona: L. variegatus n. sp. and L. chiricahuae n. sp. Lechriops oblongulus Champion, previously described from Durango, Mexico, is recorded for the first time from Arizona and is redescribed. These three species and L. californicus (LeConte) are associated with pines and Douglas fir and constitute the californicus group. A revision of Sleeper's (1963) key is given to separate the species of Lechriops in the United States and male genitalia are illustrated for the four species and for L. oculatus (Say). Other undescribed species in the californicus group are known from Mexico to Honduras.
Multicell Squall-Line Structure as a Manifestation of Vertically Trapped Gravity Waves

Abstract Two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations of a midlatitude squall line with a high-resolution non-hydrostatic model suggest that the multicellular structure of the storm may be associated with gravity waves generated by convection. Time-lapse display of model output demonstrates that the commonly described “cut-off” process is actually a gravity wave phenomenon. The convective cells arise as gravity waves, which are forced by continuous strong low-level convergence at the storm's gust front. The waves propagate to both sides of the gust front. The stronger westward (front to rear) mode dominates at the mature stage of the squall line. Continuous low-level updraft is generated at the nose of the cold pool, which propagates at the speed of a density current. Updraft cells periodically break away from this persistent low-level gust-front updraft and move at phase speeds of their associated gravity waves, not at the surrounding airflow speeds as implied by the traditional multicell model. Lin...
The Detection of Pauli’s Neutrino

An account is given of the events which led to the detection of the free neutrino starting from the tentative idea to use a nuclear explosion as the neutrino source to the detailed realization of the experiment at a nuclear reactor. The logical requirement for detection of the neutrino at a point remote from its origin is discussed as are some subsequent developments in experimental neutrino physics.
Abstract #LB-221: Exercise, tea consumption, and depression among breast cancer survivors

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO Context Depression is a major concern among women diagnosed with breast cancer. Little is known on the relation between lifestyle factors and depression in breast cancer. Objective To examine the association of lifestyle factors with depression among women with breast cancer. Design, Setting, and Patients A population-based cohort study conducted between April 2002 and December 2006 in Shanghai, China. A total of 1401 women diagnosed with 0-IV stage breast cancer completed 6-month and 18-month post-diagnosis surveys. Information on sociodemographical, clinical, and lifestyle characteristics were collected through in-person interviews and reviewing medical charts at 6 months and depression was assessed at 18 months after cancer diagnosis. Main research variables Exercise metabolic equivalent task (MET) score was calculated from reported exercise activities. Dietary intake was assessed by using an abbreviated food frequency questionnaire. Quality of life (QOL) was evaluated by the Medical Outcomes Short Form-36 HealthSurvey. Depression was measured with the 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale at 18 months post-diagnosis. Results Approximately 26% of women reported depressive symptoms and 13% met the criteria of clinical depression at 18 months post-diagnosis. Women with higher exercise levels (\#8805;8.3 MET-hours/week) at 6 months post-diagnosis were less likely to have depression than non-exercisers; the multivariate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.71 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47-1.06) for mild depression and 0.56 (95% CI: 0.36-0.89) for clinical depression with adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical factors and QOL in mental health scale. Regular tea consumption (\#8805;10 gram/month) was inversely associated with mild depression (OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.07-0.80) and clinical depression (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.23-1.45). The associations of exercise and tea consumption with depression were not modified by baseline QOL. No associations were found for dietary intake or supplement use with depression. Conclusion Regular exercise and tea consumption may play an important role in the prevention of depression among breast cancer survivors. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr LB-221.
Saving the Forest by Reducing Fire Severity: Selective Fuels Treatment Location and Scheduling

Wildfire is a natural process which can lead to a variety of conditions in a forested landscape, some quite destructive. Whatever the cause of a fire, no one questions that destructive fires often occur during certain weather events where litter (woody debris from trees) and ladder fuels are abundant. The US Forest Service has implemented a program to reduce litter and ladder fuels along with thinning of stands in order to mitigate the extent and severity of fires, especially in areas surrounding critical habitat. Fuels reduction/treatment plans are expensive and therefore must be planned over a period of years, often two decades or more. This chapter presents an application of a location-scheduling model which has been developed for the US Forest Service to determine when and where fuels treatments are to be implemented. The model itself is an integer linear programming problem, which has been embedded in a decision support system called iFASST. This modeling system is quite flexible, and because of its flexibility has now been used in many of the National Forests in California.
The Seat of Tradition?: The Political Socialization of Girls in Rural America

Studies of gender gaps in political socialization have not examined variations across contexts. Conventional wisdom holds that rural America is the seat of tradition, the last bastion of traditional gender roles. We should expect, then, where there are gender differences in political socialization, girls in rural areas and small towns would be more disadvantaged than their peers in the suburbs and in urban areas. This study demonstrates that all else equal, girls have higher levels of political knowledge in non-metro areas than in metropolitan areas. I examine three main hypotheses. First, a growing body of literature suggests that ethnic diversity depresses many aspects of civic engagement and social capital. The findings indicate that young people in the ethnically diverse rural communities are less knowledgeable than their counterparts in homogeneous communities. However, girls in the ethnically diverse communities are just as knowledgeable as boys, but in the homogeneous towns, girls score significantly lower on the test of knowledge. Further, drawing on the distinction between role models and ideological inclinations as precursors to political attitudes, I find that although mothers’ occupations are unrelated to knowledge, girls’ concern for equality is significantly related to knowledge. Girls who believe we should be more concerned about equality are substantially more knowledgeable than their counterparts.
Correlative STEM-Cathodoluminescence and Low-Loss EELS of Semiconducting Oxide Nano-Heterostructures for Resistive Gas-Sensing Applications

Recent advances in resistive-type oxide gas sensors have been made primarily by the combination of multiple materials into nano-heterostructures that often show enhanced or unique properties compared to each pure material constituent [1,2]. It has been shown to be especially useful to use highly crystalline one-dimensional nanorods and nanowires decorated with either discrete oxide particles or a continuous coating generating a core-shell structure [3]. The operating principle of these sensors is simply measuring a change in resistance of a film deposited between two or more electrodes, which varies with the number of charge carriers accepted or donated between the surface and the nearby gas molecules. Two different resistance-dominating mechanisms exist in these sensors when the nanowires are deposited as a random network film [1]. In both mechanisms a depletion layer is formed at the surface and a larger depletion layer creates a higher resistance. The first mechanism considers the potential energy barrier at the interface between two nanowires that an electron must overcome to move through the film. The second mechanism considers electrons moving along the axis of a nanowire and the constriction of the cross-sectional area that does not lie in the depletion region. This can be equated to pushing a current through a smaller diameter wire, which increases the resistance. The second axial mechanism can be engineered through decoration or coating of, for example, p-type Cr2O3 onto an n-type SnO2 nanowire. The p-n junctions created can affect this mechanism greatly, enhancing the sensor response and even making the material more selective toward specific gases and reducing cross-interference.
Medical Approaches to Weight-Centric Management of Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

The traditional approach to management of type 2 diabetes has been targeting both glycemic control and associated risk factors that drive cardiovascular disease risk (blood pressure, dyslipidemia, pro-thrombotic tendency). The primary focus of this chapter is to explore the role of medical approaches (as opposed to surgical approaches) using lifestyle intervention to achieve weight management as a pathway to improving the metabolic profile, symptoms, and functionality of patients with type 2 diabetes. The chapter will review the evidence for health benefit from medically induced weight loss in persons with type 2 diabetes, and will limit its scope to interventions that use lifestyle alone, without adjunctive medications.
Using design personas to inform refinements to software for science learning

Design personas are a technique of participatory design intended to provide design teams with memorable, vivid representations of users' needs and practices. In this paper, we describe the process of creating personas to inform refinements to the design of software designed to help elementary students create concept maps of science topics they were studying. Drawing from interviews with children, parents, and teachers, the aim of these personas was to help the design team develop refinements to help children use the software effectively if it were to be assigned as homework.
Normal plasma cholesterol in an 88-year-old man who eats 25 eggs a day. Mechanisms of adaptation.

DIETARY cholesterol increases the plasma level of total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and accelerates the development of atherosclerosis and its complications, but individual responses to a given change in the dietary cholesterol level vary widely.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Such responses are reproducible to some extent, suggesting genetic as well as physiologic determinants.8 , 9 Several genetic determinants have been identified in nonhuman primates.10 11 12 13 The homeostatic and regulatory mechanisms that maintain a relatively constant level of plasma cholesterol despite changes in dietary cholesterol intake include alterations in the efficiency of intestinal absorption and in the rates of cholesterol biosynthesis, LDL-receptor activity, secretion of cholesterol into . . .
A Method for the Use of Immunofluorescence on Paraffin-embedded Tissues

Immunofluorescence is increasingly used for the visualization of antigens and antibodies in various tissues. The commonly used frozen sections present several disadvantages, which can be avoided by the present adaptation of paraffin-embedded sections for immunofluorescence. In this method, Bouin’s solution achieves fast, deep fixation which preserves well the capacity of antigens to react with specific FITC-labeled antibodies. The method gives superior resolution of morphology, lower nonspecific fluorescent background, and permanent sections suitable for indefinite storage and retrospective studies. It has been successfully applied thus far to the study of immunofluorescence of lymphoid, thyroid, renal, pulmonary, and intestinal tissues.
Evaluation of imaging examination in young children with a febrile urinary tract infection

Objectives To access the application value of renal ultrasonogram(US),renal scanning with technetium-99m-labeled dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA)and voiding cystourethrogram(VCUG)in young children with febrile urinary tract infection(UTI). Methods The US and DMSA were obtained within 1 week after admission,and VCUG were performed two weeks later. The children whose DMSA findings were abnormal in acute stage had DMSA repeated after 6 months. The results of US,DMSA and VCUG were analyzed and evaluated retrospectively. Results Among a total of 160 young children with a febrile UTI eligible for the study,75 children had all of the US,DMSA and VCUG performed in acute stage. VCUG confirmed that 30.7% of the patients(23 of 75)had vesicoureteral reflux(VUR)and 35 reno-ureteral units had been involved in 23 patients. Out of 35 reno-ureteral units,none had grade I reflux,8 had grade Ⅱ reflux(22.9%), 11 had grade Ⅲ reflux(31.4%),14 had grade IV reflux(40.0%)and 2 had grade Ⅴ reflux(5.7%). US indicated 15 reno-ureteral units had VUR in 35 reno-ureteral units with VUR by VCUG and 12 reno-ureteral units had VUR in 114 renal units without VUR by VCUG. The sensitivity and specificity of US in detection of VUR were 42.9% and 89.5% respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of US in detection of VUR were 55.6% and 83.6% respectively. DMSA found 31 reno-ureteral units had VUR in 35 reno-ureteral units with VUR by VCUG and 61 reno-ureteral units had VUR in 114 reno-ureteral units without VUR. The sensitivity and specificity of DMSA in detection of VUR were 88.6% and 46.5% respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of DMSA in detection of VUR were 33.7% and 93.0% respectively. After 6 months,24 patients had DMSA repeated. 62.5%(15 of 24)had renal scare,and 10 patients had ≥ grade Ⅲ VUR. Conclusions The prevalence of the VUR is high in young children with febrile urinary tract infection. Most of the patients had severe reflux and tended to have renal scare. So US, DMSA and VCUG should be performed routinely in young children with febrile urinary tract infection.
Cervical and uterine factors in infertility.

SUMMARY The uterus plays a pivotal role in many aspects of human reproduction. The cervix and its secretion are actively involved in sperm transport. Postcoital tests and other in-vitro and in-vivo tests evaluate sperm-cervical mucus interaction and should be an integral part of infertility investigation. Various diagnostic tests should help clinicians evaluate developmental and organic disorders of the uterine body. Adequate management of cervical and uterine factors in infertility is commonly rewarded by restoration of fertility in a high proportion of cases, when impairment of fertility is due to these conditions.
Research on Women Business Owners: Past Trends, a New Perspective and Future Directions

The number of women starting and owning their own businesses has grown dramatically over the past decade. Concurrent with this trend, there has been an increase in the number of research studies fo...
Heinrich von Treitschke

Aus sachsischer Beamten- und Offiziersfamilie; Studium der Geschichte und Nationalokonomie in Bonn, Leipzig, Tubingen und Freiburg; juristische Promotion, 1858 Habilitation und auserordentliche Professur fur Staatswissenschaft in Freiburg; 1866 Professur in Kiel, 1867 in Heidelberg, ab 1873 als Nachfolger von L. von Ranke in Berlin; 1866–1889 Schriftleiter der Preusischen Jahrbucher; 1871–1884 Reichstagsabgeordneter; 1886 Historiograph des preusischen Staates; 1895 Herausgeber der Historischen Zeitschrift.
Floquet Theory for Hypoelliptic Equations and Systems in the Whole Space

This chapter is the place where the analytic tools developed in chapters 1 and 2 start to work for periodic partial differential equations. The main notions of Floquet theory (Floquet-Bloch solutions, quasimomentums, etc.) are introduced in section 3.1. In the same section we study analytic properties of the sets of quasimomentums and Floquet exponents. The main theorem that provides a Floquet type expansion for solutions of scalar periodic elliptic equations with smooth coefficients is proved in section 3.2. This theorem deals only with solutions of exponential growth. Solutions of some faster growth are considered in section 3.3. We describe in section 3.4 how to reduce the restrictions on equations. The last section contains some comments and references.
Sustaining the Cosmic Wheel of Creation: Journey from Consumer to Contributor

The sorry plight of contemporary world is that we are too preoccupied in the relentless pursuit of changing everything in the external world except ourselves. Gandhi once said, “Our greatness lies not so much in being able to remake the world as being able to remake ourselves.” (Eknath Easwaran, The Compassionate Universe: The Power of the Individual to Heal the Environment (California: Nilgiri Press, 1989), 20.) When the spiritual dimension of our being is underdeveloped, we turn into pleasure-seeking automatons, plundering the planet in a mindless race called progress. This makes us self-centered and greedy for material wealth which leads to social disharmony and over-exploitation of natural resources, ignoring a vital fact that unlimited growth on a finite planet cannot be possible. When we live a life of greater self-awareness, we tend to consume less and, more so, less mindlessly. With this understanding comes the liberating realization that there is no sustainability without spirituality. The central thesis of this chapter is that in order for sustainability to be sustainable, it must help us transition from being a consumer to becoming a contributor. To facilitate this transition, the chapter will present some contemporary applications of the concept of Cosmic Wheel of Creation as conceived by the Bhagavad Gītā, the Indian wisdom text. Since all wars are fought first in the mind, this chapter will also suggest that the starting point for safeguarding the sustainability of our planet is purging our mind of the toxic emotions. It will present some strategies for managing excessive desire, anger, and greed that rob our peace of mind and in turn disturb the peace of the planet. In addressing these vital issues, a symbiotic and dialectic approach will be followed applying the key tenets of Advaita Vedānta and Buddhist Psychology.
Precautions for breast cancer-related lymphoedema: risk from air travel, ipsilateral arm blood pressure measurements, skin puncture, extreme temperatures, and cellulitis

Summary Precautionary recommendations conveyed to survivors of cancer by health-care practitioners to reduce the risk of breast cancer-related lymphoedema are indispensable aspects of clinical care, yet remain unsubstantiated by high-level scientific evidence. By reviewing the literature, we identified 31 original research articles that examined whether lifestyle-associated risk factors (air travel, ipsilateral arm blood pressure measurements, skin puncture, extreme temperatures, and skin infections—eg, cellulitis) increase the risk of breast cancer-related lymphoedema. Among the few studies that lend support to precautionary guidelines, most provide low-level (levels 3–5) or inconclusive evidence of an association between lymphoedema and these risk factors, and only four level 2 studies show a significant association. Skin infections and previous infection or inflammation on the ipsilateral arm were among the most clearly defined and well established risk factors for lymphoedema. The paucity of high-level evidence and the conflicting nature of the existing literature make it difficult to establish definitive predictive factors for breast cancer-related lymphoedema, which could be a considerable source of patient distress and anxiety. Along with further research into these risk factors, continued discussion regarding modification of the guidelines and adoption of a risk-adjusted approach is needed.
Atomically engineered ferroic layers yield a room-temperature magnetoelectric multiferroic

A single-phase multiferroic material is constructed, in which ferroelectricity and strong magnetic ordering are coupled near room temperature, enabling direct electric-field control of magnetism. Materials that exhibit coupled ferroelectric and magnetic ordering are attractive candidates for use in future memory devices, but such materials are rare and typically exhibit their desirable properties only at low temperatures. Julia Mundy and colleagues now describe and successfully implement a strategy for building artificial layered materials in which ferroelectricity and magnetism are both present, and coupled near room temperature. Materials that exhibit simultaneous order in their electric and magnetic ground states hold promise for use in next-generation memory devices in which electric fields control magnetism1,2. Such materials are exceedingly rare, however, owing to competing requirements for displacive ferroelectricity and magnetism3. Despite the recent identification of several new multiferroic materials and magnetoelectric coupling mechanisms4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15, known single-phase multiferroics remain limited by antiferromagnetic or weak ferromagnetic alignments, by a lack of coupling between the order parameters, or by having properties that emerge only well below room temperature, precluding device applications2. Here we present a methodology for constructing single-phase multiferroic materials in which ferroelectricity and strong magnetic ordering are coupled near room temperature. Starting with hexagonal LuFeO3—the geometric ferroelectric with the greatest known planar rumpling16—we introduce individual monolayers of FeO during growth to construct formula-unit-thick syntactic layers of ferrimagnetic LuFe2O4 (refs 17, 18) within the LuFeO3 matrix, that is, (LuFeO3)m/(LuFe2O4)1 superlattices. The severe rumpling imposed by the neighbouring LuFeO3 drives the ferrimagnetic LuFe2O4 into a simultaneously ferroelectric state, while also reducing the LuFe2O4 spin frustration. This increases the magnetic transition temperature substantially—from 240 kelvin for LuFe2O4 (ref. 18) to 281 kelvin for (LuFeO3)9/(LuFe2O4)1. Moreover, the ferroelectric order couples to the ferrimagnetism, enabling direct electric-field control of magnetism at 200 kelvin. Our results demonstrate a design methodology for creating higher-temperature magnetoelectric multiferroics by exploiting a combination of geometric frustration, lattice distortions and epitaxial engineering.
A Laboratory Exercise on Cratering in a Geology Course for Non-Science Majors

Impact cratering is as important a surface process on rocky planetary bodies as are the actions of wind, water, and ice. A simple laboratory exercise in producing very low-velocity impact craters in sand boxes helps students visualize a part of the cratering process in a freshman course for non-science majors. Students measure the diameter and heights of craters, calculate crater volume and the kinetic energy (KE) of impacts, plot several variables in a log-normal space, and determine the relationship between crater diameter and KE. Standard errors in measurements and deviation of experimental data from a theoretical formulation provide students with a sense of relative robustness of data, relative strengths of interpretation, and limitations of scaling up from laboratory experiments to mimic natural phenomena.
High ABCD2 Scores and In-Hospital Interventions following Transient Ischemic Attack

Background and Purpose: Following transient ischemic attack (TIA), there is increased risk for ischemic stroke. The American Heart Association recommends admission of patients with ABCD2 scores ≥3 for observation, rapid performance of diagnostic tests, and potential acute intervention. We aimed to determine if there is a relationship between ABCD2 scores, in-hospital ischemic events, and in-hospital treatments after TIA admission. Methods: We reviewed consecutive patients admitted between 2006 and 2011 following a TIA, defined as transient focal neurological symptoms attributed to a specific vascular distribution and lasting 2 scores. Results: Of 249 patients, 11 patients (4.4%) had recurrent TIAs or strokes during their stay (8 TIAs, 3 strokes). All 11 had ABCD2 scores ≥3, and no neurological events occurred in patients with lower scores (5.1 vs. 0%; p = 0.37). Twelve patients (4.8%) underwent revascularization for large artery stenosis, 16 (6.4%) were started on anticoagulants, and no patient received intravenous or intra-arterial reperfusion therapy. The ABCD2 score was not associated with anticoagulation (p = 0.59) or revascularization (p = 0.20). Conclusions: Higher ABCD2 scores may predict early ischemic events after TIA but do not predict the need for intervention. Outpatient evaluation for those with scores
Antennas and propagation in communication systems: Past, present, and future

This paper addresses the importance of both antenna design aspects along with propagation effects in communication systems. As systems become more compact and deployed more widely into complex environments, co-design of the antenna and the communication system propagation elements increases in importance. Several important considerations will be emphasized. The history of communication systems along with that of antennas and propagation will be reviewed
Forearm Vein Transposition

Brescia and Cimino et al. first described the creation of an arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis access in 1966 [1]. Fifty years later, the National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) Guidelines continue to support radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula as the preferred initial vascular access [2]. Preference for a radiocephalic fistula is followed by brachiocephalic fistula, transposed brachiobasilic fistula, and lastly arteriovenous synthetic graft [2]. The overarching principal is to begin as distal as feasible and move proximally for future access procedures. The first description of a transposed upper arm brachiobasilic fistula was by Dagher et al. in 1976 [3]. Forearm cephalic or basilic vein transposition has also been described but is less commonly employed. If a forearm basilic or cephalic vein is of adequate size but anatomical constraints preclude a Cimino-type fistula, these distal transposition procedures allow for additional options. While more involved than a Cimino-type fistula, these forearm fistula options preserve upper arm veins for future procedures and may provide reliable dialysis access.
The Feel of the Slaughterhouse: Affective Temporalities and Marlowe’s The Massacre at Paris

Cahill revises traditional understandings of affect in early modern history plays by calling attention to how they engender disorienting temporalities through their appeals to the sensorium. Drawing on affect and performance theory, she shows how Marlowe’s The Massacre at Paris creates a visceral sensation of the ongoing presence of the past. Central to this argument is her observation that Marlowe’s play enacts the etymological origins of the word “massacre” through hunting tropes and animal-derived stage properties (skins, blood, and flesh) that represent the mass killing of the Huguenots. Ultimately, by illuminating how affective intensities arise in Marlowe’s play when human bodies converge with the signifiers of animal death, she argues for an understanding of early modern playgoing as a profoundly immersive experience.
What role does stream restoration play in nutrient management

Nutrient pollution is a pervasive water quality problem. Stream restoration has been proposed as a novel approach to reduce loading and increase nutrient processing within streams. We summarize evidence from the literature on the efficacy of stream restoration for reducing nutrient loading and increasing nutrient removal in stream ecosystems. We also analyze published data on streambank phosphorus concentrations and riparian and stream denitrification rates to improve understanding of the potential benefits of stream restoration for phosphorus retention and nitrogen removal. Finally, we discuss the role of stream restoration in nutrient management and provide recommendations for practice and future research.