cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'A Court Would Likely (60-75%) Find…': Defining Probability Expressions in Predictive Legal Analysis

As advisors, lawyers are in the business of using their professional judgment to predict the likelihood of various outcomes for their clients. Of course, in trying to make predictions for clients, lawyers face many sources of uncertainty — from a lack of precedent to factual differences to the idiosyncrasies of particular judges or courts. As a result, many legal questions can’t be answered with a definitive “yes” or “no.” So lawyers often employ qualitative probability expressions — words like “unlikely,” “likely,” “probably,” or “almost certainly” — to give the reader an approximate sense of the chances of reaching a desired legal outcome. But these probability expressions suffer from a fundamental problem: they don’t have generally accepted meanings. When a lawyer uses the term “likely,” does it mean the same thing as “more likely than not”? Does “unlikely” mean 49% probability? 33%? 20%? This ambiguity creates a serious risk that the lawyer making a prediction and the client receiving it will interpret the prediction very differently — which could have grave consequences. The uses and meanings of probability expressions have received considerable attention in other professional fields like climate science, medicine, and national intelligence. But these issues have received little — if any — scholarly examination in the context of delivering predictive legal analysis to clients. This Article seeks to fill this gap in the legal communication scholarship. Drawing on previous social science research and experiences from other disciplines, this Article provides background on communicating uncertainty, including the use of both quantitative and qualitative probability expressions, as well as the use of specialized lexicons that quantify and standardize the meanings of probability expressions. The Article then examines several specific fields — both legal and non-legal — that have attempted to create defined, quantified probability lexicons to reduce ambiguity in communicating uncertainty. Ultimately, the Article offers a proposed probability lexicon for general, predictive legal writing, while also calling for further discussion and empirical study to determine how lawyers and clients interpret commonly used probability expressions.
Expanding Knowledge About Implementation of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): A Methodological Review

Methodological limitations in PrEP implementation studies may explain why PrEP implementation is lagging. This methodological review provides a description and critique of the methods used to identify barriers to PrEP implementation in the United States (2007–18). For each selected article, we provide: (1) research questions; (2) measures; (3) design; (4) sample (size and type); and (5) theoretical orientation. Among 79 articles which identified knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral and social/structural barriers to PrEP implementation, 51 (65%) were quantitative; 25 (32%) qualitative; and 3 (4%) were mixed-methods; overall, just one-half described a conceptual approach. About two-thirds of articles were conducted with patients and one-third with healthcare providers. Our review reveals a paucity of longitudinal, mixed-methods, and ethnographic/observational research and guiding theoretical frameworks; thus, the applicability of results are limited. We recommend that interventions aimed at PrEP implementation address barriers situated at multiple ecological domains, and thus improve PrEP access, uptake, and adherence.
How do infants start learning object names in a sea of clutter

Infants are powerful learners. A large corpus of experimental paradigms demonstrate that infants readily learn distributional cues of name-object co-occurrences. But infants' natural learning environment is cluttered: every heard word has multiple competing referents in view. Here we ask how infants start learning name-object co-occurrences in naturalistic learning environments that are cluttered and where there is much visual ambiguity. The framework presented in this paper integrates a naturalistic behavioral study and an application of a machine learning model. Our behavioral findings suggest that in order to start learning object names, infants and their parents consistently select a set of a few objects to play with during a set amount of time. What emerges is a frequency distribution of a few toys that approximates a Zipfian frequency distribution of objects for learning. We find that a machine learning model trained with a Zipf-like distribution of these object images outperformed the model trained with a uniform distribution. Overall, these findings suggest that to overcome referential ambiguity in clutter, infants may be selecting just a few toys allowing them to learn many distributional cues about a few name-object pairs.
Department of Commerce v. New York on the Census Citizenship Question

The inclusion of a citizenship question—“Is this person a citizen of the United States?”—on the 2020 census raised several challenges to its legitimacy. Civil rights groups argued that the question is designed to discourage participation by immigrants, which will lead to undercounting for representation and the provision of services. The Court considered several questions about whether the content or process of the question violated federal laws or the Enumeration Clause of the Constitution by discouraging an accurate census. Given the deep political significance of immigration policy in the Trump era, this case is vitally important.
The Effect of Organizational Values, Work-Related Compensation, and Benefits on Job Satisfaction of Home Health Aides:

Although the work of home health aides is very demanding physically and emotionally, they rarely receive support from peers or from the organizations for which they work. This study is aimed at exa...
Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Cardiovascular Disease.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based applications have found widespread applications in many fields of science, technology, and medicine. The use of enhanced computing power of machines in clinical m...
Protein Prenylation Drives Discrete Signaling Programs for the Differentiation and Maintenance of Effector Treg Cells

Summary Effector regulatory T (eTreg) cells are essential for immune tolerance and depend upon T cell receptor (TCR) signals for generation. The immunometabolic signaling mechanisms that promote the differentiation and maintenance of eTreg cells remain unclear. Here, we show that isoprenoid-dependent posttranslational lipid modifications dictate eTreg cell accumulation and function by intersecting with TCR-induced intracellular signaling. We find that isoprenoids are essential for activated Treg cell suppressive activity, and Treg cell-specific deletion of the respective farnesylation- and geranylgeranylation-promoting enzymes Fntb or Pggt1b leads to the development of fatal autoimmunity, associated with reduced eTreg cell accumulation. Mechanistically, Fntb promotes eTreg cell maintenance by regulating mTORC1 activity and ICOS expression. In contrast, Pggt1b acts as a rheostat of TCR-dependent transcriptional programming and Rac-mediated signaling for establishment of eTreg cell differentiation and immune tolerance. Therefore, our results identify bidirectional metabolic signaling, specifically between immunoreceptor signaling and metabolism-mediated posttranslational lipid modifications, for the differentiation and maintenance of eTreg cells.
Unifying treatment for mild anxiety and depression in preadolescence.

Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents are prevalent and, if left untreated, can lead to comorbid psychological disorders, substance use, poor socioemotional functioning, and academic and occupational underachievement. Subthreshold presentations of anxiety in youth could become problematic if overlooked, resulting in the aforementioned negative outcomes. Thus, it is important to treat such presentations, including with evidence-based treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). However, because of not meeting the diagnostic criteria for which many CBT protocols were developed, subthreshold presentations of emotional problems could be an especially good match for transdiagnostic treatments like the Unified Protocol for Children (UP-C). Few studies have addressed this application of the UP-C to subthreshold emotion disorders; thus, this study aimed to preliminarily examine in a systemic case analysis (a) the efficacy of the UP-C for a preadolescent patient with mild anxiety/depression, and (b) the clinical utility of assessing both nomothetic and idiographic outcomes. Pre-post and time series outcome data demonstrated significant decreases in symptoms of depression, irritability, and negative reactions to events and significant increases in emotion identification and ownership of emotions. A network analysis of time series data described dynamics between parent and child ratings as well as the importance of child-rated anxiety and parent ratings of child's ownership of emotions. This case study provides evidence for the efficacy of the UP-C with a preadolescent who displayed subclinical symptoms of an emotional disorder. Furthermore, this case study demonstrates the usefulness of nomothetic and idiographic assessments for treating psychological disorders in youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Experimental study on load capacity of thermal generator unit in heating season

With the development of renewable energy and the rapid growth of thermal load, due to the influence of the mode of "determining power by heat", the power grid dispatching in heating season can not accurately adjust the unit load, and the peak load regulation capacity of power grid is limited. Through the load capacity test of cogeneration units in heating season, the adjustment range and limiting factors of different types of units are obtained, which can be used as reference for power generation enterprises and power grid dispatching operation.
People’s Perceptions of AI Utilization in the Context of COVID-19

Taking into consideration the scarcity of interview-based research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) literature, we conducted 15 semi-structured interviews regarding our participants’ experiences with AI, where we observed a number of notable themes. In this paper, we focused on participants’ thoughts and opinions of AI use during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, a global crisis. Although there have been studies relating AI to COVID-19, there is insufficient in-depth understanding concerning the way people feel about AI utilization in the context of COVID-19. While there was mostly positive feedback that AI could help in the COVID-19 calamity, such as COVID-19 testing and monitoring vital signs, two out of 15 participants expressed doubt that AI could be successfully implemented in healthcare, and four out of 15 participants mentioned potential issues with this AI application. We are among the first researchers exploring people’s opinions on AI usage in the context of COVID-19, so this paper provides a foundation for future work.
Data Ethics: Facts and Fiction

Data ethics is probably one of the areas in big data with most compelling questions still unanswered. With technology advancing at a rapid paste the danger is for data ethics to be lagging. We live more and more in a world where it is hard to distinguish the real from the fake, and the facts from the fiction. From deep learning to deep fake, from virtual reality to fake reality it is almost possible to create any reality and any news. Questions of data privacy, who really owns the data, of profiling, what is permissible and under what conditions, are but of the few questions that remain to be fully answered. Without the proper rules, guidelines, education, training, and tools in place—and quickly—we risk making ourselves obsolete.
Associations between religiosity and perinatal anxiety symptoms among women of Mexican descent

BACKGROUND Over half of pregnant women experience anxiety symptoms, however perinatal mental health disparities exist. Women of Mexican descent exhibit higher levels of anxiety symptoms which may be linked to sociocultural stressors. However, little is known about culturally relevant factors that may protect against anxiety in this fast-growing population, such as religiosity, an important facet of Mexican culture. METHODS Pregnant women of Mexican descent (n = 197) were recruited from a local community clinic and followed into the postpartum period. Women completed surveys assessing religiosity, acculturation, acculturative stress, and anxiety symptoms. RESULTS Higher levels of religiosity were associated with lower levels of anxiety symptoms throughout pregnancy, but not postpartum (b = -1.01, p = .002). Additionally, religiosity significantly buffered the relationship between acculturative stress and anxiety symptoms during early (R2 = .13, b = -.12, p = .041), mid- (R2 = .19, b = -.19, p < .001) and late pregnancy (R2 = .14, b = -.13, p = .023), and at six weeks postpartum (R2 = .08, b = -.12, R2 = .08, p = .016). LIMITATIONS The study was limited to women of Mexican descent and it is possible that other immigrant groups may exhibit different patterns of religiosity and anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that religiosity may be protective against maternal anxiety among women of Mexican descent, which has important implications for culturally relevant perinatal interventions and treatments.
The Beating Heart of Sublime Empire: The Secret Agent as Sequel to “Heart of Darkness”

This chapter argues that The Secret Agent functions as a sequel that offers the “alternative frame of reference” sought by Chinua Achebe to Marlow’s imperialist and racist discourse in “Heart of Darkness.” Drawing on theories of the sublime from Longinus to Lyotard, I argue that Conrad shows how sublimity—rhetorical, natural, and artistic—is not recuperated by Romantic transcendence, but is merely an artifact of human limitation. The people—the beating heart—are both the source and the victims of sublime empire, and Conrad’s metropolitan readers are those capable of altering this state of affairs. Conrad effectively rewrites the aesthetic of the sublime as post-Romantic, post-imperial, posthumanist, and immanent, as appropriate for the dawning twentieth century and an ethics of care.
Specific Antisera to Human Choriogonadotropin

Since this monograph is concerned with reproductive processes and contraception, it is appropriate to direct our attention to measurement of the pregnancy hormone, human choriogonadotropin (hCG), a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the placenta that plays a crucial role in maintenance of pregnancy. Its function appears to be maintenance of the steroid secretions of the corpus luteum. The hormone binds to the same receptor as human luteinizing hormone (hLH) and inhibits the onset of menstruation after conception has taken place.
Hybridizing Optical Methods with Analytical and Computational Techniques for Stress Analysis

Contemporary needs involve effective, accurate and expedient nondestructive methods of stress analysis. Individual experimental, numerical or theoretical techniques are often less than ideal. Shortcomings of specific approaches include difficulties in obtaining stresses theoretically in finite shapes or for other than isotropic material, reliable numerical results when loading or geometry are not adequately known, and dependable measured data at geometric discontinuities where most serious stresses frequently occur. The typical need for many small elements when evaluating stress concentrations by conventional FEM increases computer storage demands and run times. This paper demonstrates synergizing experimental and numerical methods with theoretical concepts to stress analyze components fabricated from isotropic or orthotropic composite materials. Although thermoelastic data are emphasized, applications to moire, isochromatics, isopachics, holography and finite elements are discussed.
Integrating major design experience throughout a small civil engineering program

A 2-semester course sequence was developed to fulfill the major design experience in a small civil engineering program in a rural area. The goal of this major experience is to emulate the practice of planning and designing of a civil engineering project in a typical engineering office. To achieve this goal, we have involved students from freshman to senior level classes, faculty, and the engineering community. The objective of this paper is to share our first year's experience in "teaching" this course.
Structure Solution from Powder Diffraction of Copper 1,4‐Benzenedicarboxylate

In the synthesis of the microporous metal–organic framework copper 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate [Cu(BDC)], solvent exchange with methanol prior to recrystallization lowers the desolvation temperature to 160 °C and produces more crystalline Cu(BDC). The solution to the crystal structure of Cu(BDC) has been determined by using ab initio quantum molecular calculations and refinement with synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. This solution is in the P space group with a = 5.25 A, b = 9.67 A, c = 10.77 A, α = 90.29°, β = 91.06°, γ = 92.413°, and V = 546.04 A3. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area was 903 m2 g–1 with 777 m2 g–1 of micropore surface area. The uptake of CO2 and CH4 up to 20 bar were 5.2 and 2.7 mmol g–1, respectively. These values are compared to those of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate [Cu3(BTC)2, HKUST-1] and used to show that the elevated metal-site density per unit volume is responsible for a proportionally higher uptake on the basis of relative surface areas. The platelike particles with perpendicular pores are promising candidates for mixed-matrix membranes.
Expression of the M gene of vesicular stomatitis virus cloned in various vaccinia virus vectors.

Abstract Initial attempts to clone the matrix (M) gene of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in a vaccinia virus expression vector failed, apparently because the expressed M protein, and particularly a carboxy-terminus-distal two-thirds fragment, was lethal for the virus recombinant. Therefore, a transient eucaryotic expression system was used in which a cDNA clone of the VSV M protein mRNA was inserted into a region of plasmid pTF7 flanked by the promoter and terminator sequences for the T7 bacteriophage RNA polymerase. When CV-1 cells infected with recombinant vaccinia virus vTF1-6,2 expressing the T7 RNA polymerase were transfected with pTF7-M3, the cells produced considerable amounts of M protein reactive by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis with monoclonal antibodies directed to VSV M protein. Evidence for biological activity of the plasmid-expressed wild-type M protein was provided by marker rescue of the M gene temperature-sensitive mutant tsO23(III) at the restrictive temperature. Somewhat higher levels of M protein expression were obtained in CV-1 cells coinfected with a vaccinia virus-M gene recombinant under control of the T7 polymerase promoter along with T7 polymerase-expressing vaccinia virus vTF1-6,2.
Using a first order logic to verify that some set of reals has no lesbegue measure

This paper presents a formal proof of Vitali's theorem that not all sets of real numbers can have a Lebesgue measure, where the notion of “measure” is given very general and reasonable constraints. A careful examination of Vitali's proof identifies a set of axioms that are sufficient to prove Vitali's theorem, including a first-order theory of the reals as a complete, ordered field, “enough” sets of reals, and the axiom of choice. The main contribution of this paper is a positive demonstration that the axioms and inference rules in ACL2(r), a variant of ACL2 with support for nonstandard analysis, are sufficient to carry out this proof.
Resolution tunnels for improved SAT solver performance

We show how to aggressively add uninferred constraints, in a controlled manner, to formulae for finding Van der Waerden numbers during search. We show that doing so can improve the performance of standard SAT solvers on these formulae by orders of magnitude. We obtain a new and much greater lower bound for one of the Van der Waerden numbers, specifically a bound of 1132 for W(2,6). We believe this bound to actually be the number we seek. The structure of propositional formulae for solving Van der Waerden numbers is similar to that of formulae arising from Bounded Model Checking. Therefore, we view this as a preliminary investigation into solving hard formulae in the area of Formal Verification.
Current status of rat immunogenetics.

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the current status of rat immunogenetics. Laboratory stocks of Ruttus noruegicus descended from wild animals that only a few hundred years ago are found exclusively in various parts of Asia. Genetic studies on rats have closely paralleled similar studies in mice. Rats have a diploid complement of 42 chromosomes (Committee for a Standardized Karyotype of Rattus noruegicus), compared to 40 for the mouse. When trypsinbanded karyotypes of mouse and rat chromosomes were compared, the banding patterns were identical for about 40% of the genome. The first report in rat immunogenetics explores those four alloagglutinins in the sera of wild rats and two examples of alloantibodies among 2,000 cross-tests with domesticated rats. Further linkage information in the rat will be extremely useful in assessing the degree of chromosomal rearrangement that apparently occurred in the derivation of mammalian species.
Exactly How Long Should a New Venture Lose Money

We generate a model of firm value to illustrate/determine when more growth is too much growth for a firm. We allow the firm to grow in three phases: an initial aggressive phase, a consolidation phase, and a terminal long-run phase. It is in the latter two phases where the firm reaps the rewards of establishing market share in the initial phase. However, the initial phase can destroy value when permitted to continue too long. Further, if the initial phase cannot be funded appropriately, the venture will never enter the latter two phases and become profitable.
An Authorization Model for Workflows

Workflows represent processes in manufacturing and office environments that typically consist of several well-defined activities (known as tasks). To ensure that these tasks are executed by authorized users or processes (subjects), proper authorization mechanisms must be in place. Moreover, to make sure that authorized subjects gain access on the required objects only during the execution of the specific task, granting and revoking of privileges need to be synchronized with the progression of the workflow. A predefined specification of the privileges often allows access for more than the time required, thus, though a subject completes the task or have not yet begun the task, it may still possess privileges to access the objects, resulting in compromising security.
Overview of Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels

Voltage-dependent calcium channels couple electrical signals to cellular responses in excitable cells. Calcium channels are crucial for excitation–secretion coupling in neurons and endocrine cells, and excitation–contraction coupling in muscle. Several pharmacologically and kinetically distinct calcium channel types have been identified at the electrophysiological and molecular levels. This review summarizes the basic properties of voltage-dependent calcium channels, including mechanisms of ion permeation and block, gating kinetics, and modulation by G proteins and second messengers.
The cost-effectiveness of early noninvasive ventilation for ALS patients

Optimal timing of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) initiation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is unknown, but NIPPV appears to benefit ALS patients who are symptomatic from pulmonary insufficiency. This has prompted research proposals of earlier NIPPV initiation in the ALS disease course in an attempt to further improve ALS patient quality of life and perhaps survival. We therefore used a cost-utility analysis to determine a priori what magnitude of health-related quality of life (HRQL) improvement early NIPPV initiation would need to achieve to be cost-effective in a future clinical trial. Using a Markov decision analytic model we calculated the benefit in health-state utility that NIPPV initiated at ALS diagnosis must achieve to be cost-effective. The primary outcome was the percent utility gained through NIPPV in relation to two common willingness-to-pay thresholds: $50,000 and $100,000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Our results indicate that if NIPPV begun at the time of diagnosis improves ALS patient HRQL as little as 13.5%, it would be a cost-effective treatment. Tolerance of NIPPV (assuming a 20% improvement in HRQL) would only need to exceed 18% in our model for treatment to remain cost-effective using a conservative willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000 per QALY. If early use of NIPPV in ALS patients is shown to improve HRQL in future studies, it is likely to be a cost-effective treatment. Clinical trials of NIPPV begun at the time of ALS diagnosis are therefore warranted from a cost-effectiveness standpoint.
ON THE FEFFERMAN–PHONG INEQUALITY AND RELATED PROBLEMS

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to provide a new approach for the classical Fefferman–Phong inequality and some other related inequalities concerning pseudodifferential operators. The idea is to conjugate these estimates with respect to the FBI transform and obtain equivalent formulations which require only a few derivatives of the symbol. Modulo some integration by parts, these are reduced to certain decomposition results for C 1, 1, respectively C 3, 1 functions. As a byproduct of this method, we get to extend the inequalities to (possibly sharp) classes of symbols with limited smoothness.
Influence of Secondary Elements and Deck Cracking on the Lateral Load Distribution of Steel Girder Bridges

The AASHTO LRFD load distribution factor equation was developed based on elastic finite element analysis considering only primary members, i.e., the effects of secondary elements such as lateral bracing and parapets were not considered. Meanwhile, many bridges have been identified as having significant cracking in the concrete deck. Even though deck cracking is a well-known phenomenon, the significance of pre-existing cracks on the live load distribution has not yet been assessed. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of secondary elements and deck cracking on the lateral load distribution of girder bridges. First, secondary elements such as diaphragms and parapets were modeled using the finite element method, and the calculated load distribution factors were compared with the code-specified values. Second, the effects of typical deck cracking and crack types that have a major effect on load distribution were identified through a number of nonlinear finite element analyses. It was established that the presence of secondary elements may produce load distribution factors up to 40% lower than the AASHTO LRFD values. Longitudinal cracking was found to increase the load distribution factor by up to 17% when compared to the LRFD value while the transverse cracking was found to not significantly influence the transverse distribution of moment.
Lectin and antibody labelling of developing rat photoreceptor cells: an electron microscope immunocytochemical study.

Lectin and rhodopsin antibody binding sites were studied in developing and adult rat photoreceptors in order to compare changes in the total carbohydrate pool with the movement of a known glycoprotein rhodopsin. Electron microscope immunocytochemical techniques utilizing modified colloidal gold methods were used. At birth, all three lectins-Concanavalin A (ConA), Ricinus communis agglutinin II (RCA II) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) — showed heavy labelling of the photoreceptor surface scierai to the outer limiting membrane. At the same age, a monoclonal antibody against rhodopsin, RET-P1, revealed sparse labelling of only occasional immature photoreceptor surfaces. At postnatal day 4(P4), all three lectins showed variable binding to the inner segment and along the length of the newly forming connecting cilium. There was generally a region of more intense label at the base of the cilium. RET-P1 binding to P4 retina showed a discontinuous distribution, with heavily labelled inner segments being adjacent to unlabelled inner segments. This pattern indicates that the initial expression of rhodopsin is not a coordinate event but occurs in discrete cells, possibly related to the end of mitosis. RET-P1 binding at this age was reduced or absent from the proximal connecting cilium. AT P7, when the outer segments are beginning to develop, all the lectins and RET-P1 showed reduced binding to the inner segment plasma membrane and heavy labelling of the outer segment surface. In favourable sections, heavy labelling of the photoreceptor cell body plasma membrane by ConA and RCA II was also observed, terminating abruptly at the outer limiting membrane. The variation in ligand binding between different cellular compartments which are all formed from a continuous plasma membrane may indicate the presence of special barriers to diffusion of membrane components. This labelling pattern persisted into maturity. RET-P1 and lectin binding did not always correspond in developing retina, indicating that at least part of the observed lectin label must be due to other glycoproteins or glycolipids. Post-embedding thin section labelling of adult rat retina revealed a uniform binding pattern across the outer segment for ConA, WGA and RET-P1. However, RCA II exhibited labelling only along the basal edge of outer segments. Labelling of isolated, opened discs from bovine rod outer segments revealed binding to a single surface for ConA, WGA and RET-P1, but RCA II only labelled a small amount of membrane. Hence RCA II seems to recognize a determinant present only on the outer segment plasma membrane.
Theodore Strong and ante-bellum American mathematics

Abstract Theodore Strong was a prolific contributor to the mathematical and scientific journals of ante-bellum America. His work was not remarkable in its originality, but it dealt with mathematics that was quite sophisticated for its time and place. Strong's published work was a significant factor in the dissemination of advanced mathematics to his countrymen, and he played an important role in the education of a few mathematicians who were active in the latter part of the 19th century, most notably George William Hill.
Numerical simulation of flow data over two-dimensional hills

We have studied a neutrally-stratified flow over two-dimensional hills using a two-dimensional, non-hydrostatic version of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). We have implemented three different turbulence closure models: the standardE-e model, an Algebraic Reynolds Stress Model (ARSM) and a new\(E-- \in --\overline {uw} \) model. Model predictions for the mean and turbulence flows using different closure schemes are compared with the data of a wind tunnel experiment containing isolated two-dimensional hills of varying slope. From the comparison, it is concluded that all three models predict the mean flow velocities equally well while only the new\(E-- \in --\overline {uw} \) closure model accurately predicts the turbulence data statistics.
A closed system digestion and purification procedure for the accurate assay of chlorine in fossil fuels

This paper describes a robust and quantitative method to separate, purify, and assay the amount of chlorine in fossil fuels using isotope dilution mass spectrometry. The digestion/extraction process uses Carius tubes containing the fossil fuel samples in the presence of HNO3, AgNO3 and a 37Cl spike. The closed system oxidation permits complete equilibration of the sample and spike Cl. The evolved chlorine is trapped as AgCl within the Carius tube, and can then be separated and cleaned. The purified AgCl is also amenable to isotopic analysis by solid or gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry. For isotope dilution mass spectrometry, the chlorine can be readily measured in a thermal ionization mass spectrometer in a negative ion mode as 37Cl/35Cl ratios with an approximate detection limit (LOD) of 0.3 μg Cl and a precision of 0.2%, relative. This technique may also be used to produce samples suitable for high precision measurements of chlorine isotopic variations in fossil fuels and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
A Two-State Piezoelectric Model for Outer Hair Cell Motility

Recent studies have revealed that voltage-dependent length changes of the outer hair cell are based on charge transfer across the membrane. Such a motility can be explained by an "area motor" model, which assumes two states in the motor and that conformational transitions involve transfer of motor charge across the membrane and mechanical displacements of the membrane. Here it is shown that the area motor is piezoelectric and that the hair cell that incorporates such a motor in its lateral membrane is also piezoelectric. Distinctive features of the outer hair cell are its exceptionally large piezoelectric coefficient, which exceeds the best known piezoelectric material by four orders of magnitude, and its prominent nonlinearity due to the discreteness of motor states.
2H and 14N nuclear quadrupole resonance spectra of the pyrrole-pyridine complex

Abstract 14 N and 2 H nuclear quadrupole resonance of a hydrogen-bonded pyrrole-pyridine (1:1) complex were observed at 77 K by field cycling double resonance. The intemuclear nitrogen-nitrogen distance was estimated at 2.92 A based upon an empirical correlation between deuterium quadrupole coupling constants and hydrogen-bond geometry. The effect of hydrogen bonding on the 14 N electric field gradient tensors was also evaluated; substantial charge transfer through the hydrogen bond was observed.
The efficacy of controlled release D-sotalol-polyurethane epicardial implants for ventricular arrhythmias due to acute ischemia in dogs

Epicardially implanted Dsotalol polyurethane composite matrices for preventing ischemic ventricular arrhythmias were studied in open chest dogs under general anesthesia. D-sotalol was combined with a polyureapolyurethane (3:7) in solvent-cast films, which were characterized in vitro for their drug release at 37°C at pH 7.4 (0.05 M K2HP04). D-sotalol in vitro release occurred rapidly in an initial burst phase, with roughly 20% released within the first five min, and 90% by 60 min. Thereafter, an exponentially decreasing release rate was observed with matrix depletion by live hours. In the animal studies, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded for 10 min on an hourly basis for up to live occlusions. 10 min prior to the third LAD occlusion, either a D-sotalol matrix or a vehicle matrix (control) was placed on either the ischemic or nonischemic left ventricular epicardium. The study was then continued observing the effects of matrix placement on occlusions 3,4, and 5.200 mg D-SOtdO matrices, which delivered a net dose of 1.2 mg/kg, effectively inhibited ventricular arrhythmias only if placed on the left ventricular ischemic zone. Placement of 200 mg D-sotalol matrices in the nonischemic zone was ineffective for significantly reducing the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias. Furthermore, D-sotalol controlled release matrices were ineffective for preventing ventricular fibrillation (VF) regardless of dose or placement site. 200 mg ischemic zone D-sotalol matrices resulted in plasma sotalol levels in regional coronary venous samples ranging from 3.5 pg/ml to 10.4 &ml. However, peripheral sotalol levels obtained simultaneously ranged from 0.23 pg/ml to 0.78 ,ug/ ml. It is concluded that epicardial D-sotalol controlled release matrices inhibited ischemic ventricular arrhythmias, but not VF, if placed in the left ventricular ischemic zone during repeated LAD occlusions.
Reproducibility of glucose, fatty acid and VLDL kinetics and multi-organ insulin sensitivity in obese subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Reproducibility of glucose, fatty acid and VLDL kinetics and multi-organ insulin sensitivity in obese subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Unit Performance, Situational Factors and Employee Attitudes in Spatially Separated Work Units.

Abstract This study investigated the relationships between work unit performance on the one hand, and employee attitudes and situational characteristics on the other hand, among 411 female clerical workers in 37 branches of a bank. The branches are work units characterized by spatial separation and the performance of similar functions. Two independent dimensions of performance were empirically identified and their relationship to attitudes and situational characteristics studied within a multivariate framework by means of multiple discriminant analysis. The results indicate that employee attitudes were significantly related to a measure of branch performance reflecting job duties performed within the branch. Employees in branches rated high in performance had a higher level of attitudes toward aspects of both the branch in which they work and the larger organization of which it is a part, while individuals in low- and medium-performing branches had a lower level of attitudes that was similar. Situational characteristics of the branch were most highly related to the manager's performance of loan functions, a large portion of which may take place outside the branch.
S/he who can, does and teaches. S/he who cannot, doesn't

Background The saying, "[h]e who can, does. He who cannot, teaches." suggests that those who have the skills to perform do so, whereas those who do not have those skills become teachers. We hypothesize that this saying as it relates to general surgery residents is not true. Methods This was a retrospective study of general surgery chief residents from 2009 to 2013. Technical ability was assessed with the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery examination performance. Teaching ability was assessed with medical student evaluations on a 9-point Likert scale as well as with receipt of teaching awards: The Arnold P. Gold Teaching Award, the surgical teaching award given by each graduating class of the medical school, and resident induction into Alpha Omega Alpha. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed between resident groups based on teaching award status and Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery examination outcomes, using an α = 0.05. Results For 32 chief residents (7 female), the median score on the Manual Skills Section was 531 (interquartile range [IQR] [478-563]). On the Cognitive Section, the cohort of residents who won each award outperformed the residents who did not win that specific award (all p Conclusions There is some evidence that superior resident teachers have greater content knowledge and a higher degree of laparoscopic skills.
Ability to Measure Sensitive Adolescent Behaviors Via Telephone

Abstract Introduction: Difficulty in measuring sensitive behaviors in 12–15-year-old adolescents is a barrier to research. This study determined whether early adolescents reported substance use and sexual activity similarly in assisted paper-and-pencil versus touch-tone telephone responses. Methods: Adolescents 12–15 years old completed confidential, interviewer-assisted questionnaires first in a physician office by paper-and-pencil and then at home by touch-tone approximately 3 months later. Adolescents were from a high-risk urban area, 71% were minority, and all had parent consent to participate. Results: The follow-up participation rate was 94% (follow-up n = 207). Test-retest stability was generally poor for low-frequency behaviors such as injection drug use, anal intercourse, and sexual behaviors in 12–13-year-olds. Test-retest stability was fair to good for common substance use items. Test-retest stability was generally good among females and 14–15-year-old adolescents, and poor to fair among males and 12–13-year-olds, for common sexual experiences in the last 3 months. Test-retest stability was generally good to excellent for all lifetime sexual experiences except among 12–13-year-olds in which it was generally poor. Internal consistency of the self-esteem scale was high using both response technologies. Both response technologies reproduced correlations between substance use and lifetime sexual experience. Conclusion: A high participation rate and reliable data capture were achieved when assessing sensitive behaviors of 14–15-year-olds using touch-tone telephone response. Sexual behaviors were more reliably captured using a "lifetime" versus "last 3-month" reference period. Low prevalence contributed to poor reliability in 12–13-year-olds.
Study of Dark Currents in 4H-SiC UV APDs with Separate Absorption and Multiplication Regions

Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) based on 4H-SiC are excellent candidates to replace PMTs in the UV, particularly for harsh environment applications. Here, we report on dark current analysis of 4H-SiC APDs with separate absorption and multiplication regions. Detailed analysis of the leakage current as a function of device size showed that for a given device design, the bulk leakage component is dominant at U>600V, while surface leakage is dominant at U
Character, Impropriety, and Success: A Unified Account of Indexicals

Core indexicals like ‘I’, ‘here’, and ‘now’ sometimes appear to refer to an object, place, or time other than the speaker, location, or time of utterance. This presents well-known problems for Kaplan's view, which treats reference shifting as a violation of the character rules that give the meaning of indexicals. I propose a view according to which indexical reference is essentially a matter of the mutually-accepted perspective of interlocutors. It follows that contexts need not be ‘proper’ in Kaplan's sense, and a successful convergence of perspectives is needed for indexical reference to succeed. I provide reasons for embracing these conclusions.
A role for reduced oxygen species in heat induced cell killing and the induction of thermotolerance.

Abstract A model suggesting a role for superoxide (O 2 − ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in heat induced cytotoxicity and development of thermotolerance is proposed: 1. (1) Heat shock increases cellular generation of O 2 − and H 2 O 2 in proportion to the severity of the heat shock. 2. (2) Heat induced generation of O 2 − or H 2 O 2 in excess of the ability of the antioxidant enzymes to remove these toxic species causes heat induced cell injury and cytotoxicity. This damage is caused by lipid peroxidation, leading to disruption of the cytoskeleton and calcium metabolism. 3. (3) The flux of O 2 − and H 2 O 2 generated by heat shock induced the synthesis of additional antioxidant enzymes. Other treatments which induce thermotolerance also cause oxidative stress and induce the antioxidant enzymes. The ability of various agents to modify heat induced cytotoxicity and development of thermotolerance is reviewed in light of this model.
A correction to Schafroth's superconductivity solution of an ideal charged boson system

Abstract The Schafroth superconductivity solution of an ideal gas of charged bosons (with an external uniform background charge density so that the whole system is electrically neutral) gives for the critical magnetic field Hc(T) = [2eλL2(T)]−1, in units h = c = 1, where T is the temperature (assumed to be less than Tc), λL(T) is the London length and e the boson charge. We show that the formula is invalid because the electrostatic exchange energy Eex between bosons has been completely left out in the Schafroth solution. Based on the Schafroth solution, Eex is found to be + ∞ in the normal phase, but 0 in the condensed phase (at T = 0). Of course, the correct solution has to give a finite Eex. At low density the ideal charged boson system turns out not to be a superconductor, but becomes a type II superconductor at high density, with a critical field Hc much larger than the Schafroth result.
A cyanobacteria extract and β‐carotene stimulate an antitumor host response against an oral cancer cell line

The studies presented here discuss the regression of an oral tumor cell line implanted into the hamster cheek pouch. Tumor cells injected into the cheek pouch of old hamsters allowed the rapid growth of the tumors in non-immunosuppressed recipients, and the development of oral cancer in an annual population similar to the age that oral cancer normally presents in humans. This model was then utilized in tumor regression studies following the local injection of the carotenoid β-carotene and an extract of Cyanobacteria containing β-carotene and other carotenoids. Eighty male Syrian hamsters were divided into four groups. Five animals from each group were examined weekly for their tumor burden. After 4 weeks, 80% of the animals, and after 8 weeks, 85% of the Cyanobacteria-treated hamsters, exhibited complete gross tumor regression. β-Carotene treatment produced similar results. All hamsters that were injected with HCPC-1 tumor cells and were untreated, developed tumors which progressed to a significant tumor burden (p <0.001). The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) was localized to cells associated with tumor regression following carotenoid or algae treatment (p <0.001). Resident peritoneal macrophages (RPM) exhibited a significant increase in cytotoxicity when obtained from hamsters exhibiting complete regression of tumor (p <0.001). Intraperitoneally injected HCPC-1 cells inhibited macrophage cytotoxicity. This effect was reversed following incubation with mitogen (LPS), algae or carotenoid.
Same-sex imitation: The avoidance of cross-sex models or the acceptance of same-sex models?

This experiment examined whether acceptance of same-sex behavior and rejection of opposite-sex behavior contribute equally to the same-sex imitation effect in both boys and girls. Third- and fourth-grade children observed four male and four female peer models display preferences toward a variety of objects. For each object, only four models were asked for their preferences. In this way, it was possible for the objects to become sex-linked depending on the sex composition of the group of models endorsing a particular item. Subsequently, children were presented with pairwise combinations of the more masculine, feminine, or neutral objects and asked their preference. Results indicated that although there is no difference between boys' and girls' acceptance of same-sex behavior, boys tend to reject opposite-sex behavior more than girls.
Preston, Post, and the Principle of Public Responsibility

This essay treats Private Management and Public Policy not only as one of the key building blocks of theory in the business and society field, but as a work of theoretical social science in the str...
Growth and early returns in technology-based manufacturing ventures

Abstract This study examines the variance in sales growth and discounted cash flows of 28 firms that entered into the manufacture of technology-based industrial goods via a public offering of securities. Explanatory variables include characteristics of industry structure, market strategy, and the experience of the management team. Results indicate that elements of market strategy (segmentation, sales extensions, and product performance advantages) have the greatest influence on NPV. Annual sales growth, while influenced by industry structure, is best explained by a combination of industry structure (concentration and number of direct competitors) and strategy variables. Almost 40% of the variance in each criterion can be explained.