cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On supervision and statistical learning for semantic multimedia analysis

Media analysis for video indexing is witnessing an increasing influence of statistical techniques. Examples of these techniques include the use of generative models as well as discriminant techniques for video structuring, classification, summarization, indexing, and retrieval. There is increasing emphasis on reducing the amount of supervision and user interaction needed to construct and utilize the semantic models. This paper highlights the statistical learning techniques in semantic multimedia indexing and retrieval. In particular the gamut of techniques from supervised to unsupervised systems will be demonstrated.
Mechanism of release of gastric luminal somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in response to pentagastrin and sham feeding in man.

We studied in five healthy volunteers whether the cholinergic pathway regulated the secretion of gastric intraluminal somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in response to stimuli of pentagastrin infusion (0.9 μg/kg/h, intravenously) and sham feeding. We measured gastric secretory volume, hydrogen ion output, and SLI at base line, during pentagastrin infusion, after sham feeding, and after applications of atropine (0.0, 0.7, 7.0 μg/kg, intramuscularly) given before pentagastrin and sham feeding. The stimuli were given randomly, at separate times on different days. After each stimulus, eight 15-min gastric juice collections were made; samples were adjusted to pH7, pepstatin-A and aprotinin were added, and samples were extracted with acetone to determine SLI by radioimmunoassay. Pentagastrin and sham feeding significantly increased gastric luminal SLI secretion, which appeared to correlate with the increases in volume and acid output. Atropine at 7 μg/kg significantly suppressed gastric volume, acid, and ...
Microstructural and mechanical property changes in the Ta-base T-111 alloy following thermal aging

Abstract The microstructural changes occurring in the Ta-base T-111 (Ta–8W–2Hf) alloy during 1100 h thermal aging at 1098, 1248 and 1398 K under inert atmosphere and the influence on mechanical properties are reported. Electrical resistivity, hardness and tensile properties are compared between the as-annealed and aged conditions. Microstructural evaluations were performed by optical, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. An increase in the amount of grain boundary precipitation with increasing aging temperature was found to decrease the electrical resistivity and material strength. Precipitation at the grain boundaries was found to be a mixture of monoclinic and cubic structures, suggesting the development of mixed Hf oxides, carbides and nitrides. Precipitate development caused pronounced embrittlement of the alloy following aging at 1398 K.
A TG study of the kinetics of decomposition of ammonium carbonate and ammonium bibarbonate

Abstract The decomposition of ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate has been studied by TG. In each case, the reactions follow first order kinetics most closely. For the carbonate, the activation energy for decomposition is 85.73 = 6.02 kJ mole −1 , while that of the bicarbonate is 86.19 ± 7.78 kJ mole −1 . Since both solids decompose to give only gaseous products, the largest possible mass loss is observed resulting in minimal experimental error. These reactions have thus served as models and have permitted an accurate assessment of the effects of equation variables on derived kinetic constants.
Nuclear levels and spectroscopy of191Os

Thirty-nine states, all except two of which are new, have been observed up to 1535 keV in191Os using the reactions190Os(d,p)191Os,192Os(d, t)191Os with 12 MeV deuterons and magnetic analysis with photographic emulsions of the outgoing particles, and190Os(n, γ)191Os with thermal neutrons and three modes of gamma detection in the energy range from 40 keV to ∼6 MeV. The neutron separation energy was determined as 5758.5±2.0 keV in agreement with the value of the (d, p) reaction. TheQ value for the (d, t) reaction was determined as −1265±15 keV. Spins and parities are assigned for most of the states below 800 keV. The states below 463 keV are shown to be qualitatively but not quantitatively consistent with the expectations of the Nilsson model. Nilsson systematics of the 1/2−: ¦510¦ and 3/2− ¦512¦ orbitals in odd-A Os isotopes with increasing neutron number can be understood in terms of decreasing deformation. Anomalously large (d, p) and (d, t) cross sections populating 5/2− and 3/2− states at 134 and 142 keV, respectively, are explained as a tendency to restore the cross sections expected for a spherical nucleus. Evidence for triaxiality in191Os is observed in the form of a 5/2− state at 273 keV which appears to be a rotational state built on the 9/2− ground state.
Characterization of adducts produced in DNA by isomeric 1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum(II) complexes.

Abstract The cancer chemotherapeutic drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) is active as a result of its bifunctional reactions with DNA. Many other platinum complexes also have therapeutic activity. Of current interest are complexes containing 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH). The DACH ligand exists in three isomeric forms with reported differences in therapeutic activity in the order R,R >S,S >R,S-DACH-Pt. The reaction of the sulphate form of each of these three isomers with DNA has been characterized as a possible explanation for the apparent differences in antitumor activity. These reactions have been characterized by platinating pure DNA followed by enzyme digestion, HPLC separation and analysis by atomic absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance. The spectrum of adducts produced was similar for each isomer and similar to that reported for cis-DDP with adduction at d(GpG), d(ApG) and (dG)2. The R,S-isomer additionally demonstrated isomeric adducts at d(GpG) and d(ApG). The kinetics of formation of the various adducts was the same for each isomer; total platination of DNA was complete in 15 min as were bifunctional adducts at d(GpG) and (dG)2. However, rearrangement to bifunctional adducts took several hours in the case of adducts at d(ApG) sequences. These results did not provide a reason for the different activities of the isomers. It is suggested that the interaction of these adducts with metabolic processes such as DNA repair might explain these differences.
Wu Zetian and Buddhist Art of the Tang Dynasty

(2002). Wu Zetian and Buddhist Art of the Tang Dynasty. Tang Studies: Vol. 2002, No. 20-21, pp. 113-150.
A hydromagnetic model of corotating conductive solar wind streams

Under the assumption of quasi-azimuthal symmetry the governing equations of a steady hydromagnetic flow in a thermally conductive flux tube possess six invariants. Four of them represent constancy of mass efflux, energy efflux, angular momentum efflux and magnetic flux. Based on the entropy equation we obtain useful approximation in explicit expressions for the two remaining invariants. One of them provides the constraint which determines the compatible heat flux to ensure a vanishing pressure at infinity. Thus, the admissible solution that represents a corotating solar wind stream in terms of specified interplanetary condition can be calculated by an algebraic method, without the necessity of numerical integration. A two-point relationship is then derived, which correlates the solar wind properties at two separated interplanetary sites measured at two properly separated instants. This relationship may be applied to observational data from space crafts and earth-bound satellites to discern the corotation feature in the solar wind.
Synthesis of dendrimer‐type poly(ethylene glycol) structures from plasma‐functionalized silicone rubber surfaces

PEG oligomers were covalently attached to nonequilibrium, low-pressure, RF-plasma-functionalized silicone medical- and industrial-grade silicon rubber surfaces, in the absence and presence of linear and branched polyglycidol spacer-chain molecules. All surface-modification reactions were carried out in a two-step process involving an initial argon–plasma activation of the surface, followed by “in situ” reaction with dichlorosilane in the absence of the discharge, and the attachment of PEG molecules or the graft polymerization of polyglycidol structures, and the attachment of PEG molecules. The surface of substrates was analyzed after each reaction step, using ESCA, ATR-FTIR, and AFM. It was found that PEG molecules directly attached to medical-grade silicone rubber surface as brush-type structures, and generate stronger antifouling characteristics in comparison to similar structures generated on food-grade substrates. The presence of additives on the food-grade silicon rubber surfaces that might be etched and removed during the postplasma washing cycles could contribute to a less efficient attachment of PEG molecules. Surfaces resulting from PEG molecules attached through intermediate, linear, and branched polyglycidol molecules did not reduce bacterial attachment. It is suggested that macromolecular entanglement might be responsible for this behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:2324–2337, 2006
Role of Price and Quality Tiers on the Cluster Effect in Brand Choice

This paper examines the moderating role of price and quality tiers on the cluster effect, which postulates that the probability of choosing a brand from a cluster increases with the size of the cluster. Results from two experiments (four product categories in each experiment) show that the cluster effect operates for both high-quality and low-quality brands and that high-quality brands benefit more than low-quality brands.
5-Chloro-2-(thio-phen-2-yl)-1-(thio-phen-2-ylmeth-yl)-1H-benzimidazole-6-chloro-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-1-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazole (0.94/0.06).

There are two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C16H11ClN2S2. The structure exhibits rotational disorder of the 2-thio­phen-2-yl substituent in each of the unique mol­ecules with a major:minor component ratio of 0.927 (2):0.073 (2). For one of the symmetry-unique molecules, 6.0 (2)% of the sites are occupied by the 6-chloro-isomer. The major component thio­phene rings make dihedral angles of 38.90 (12) and 36.32 (11)° with the benzimidazole rings in the two independent mol­ecules. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into chains parallel to [100] via weak C—H⋯N inter­actions.
Prognostic value of [18F]FDG-PET imaging in small cell lung cancer

Positron emission tomography (PET) utilizing fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has been used in the evaluation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recently its use in the staging of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has been reported. However, the prognostic value of FDG-PET imaging in SCLC has not been studied. We performed a retrospective analysis to assess this, with the following hypotheses: (1) PET-positive patients would have a less favorable prognosis than PET-negative patients and (2) a high standardized uptake value (SUV) would be associated with a poor prognosis. Retrospective review of a mixed population of treated and untreated patients imaged between 1995 and 2000 was performed. Results of 62 scans in 46 patients were analyzed. There were 8 untreated and 38 treated patients. Findings were correlated with pathology, computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging and clinical data. The sensitivity of PET scanning was 100% with pathological correlation. The prognostic value of a positive PET study was determined. Overall survival in PET-positive cases was significantly worse than that in PET-negative cases (P=0.0108). Correlation of SUVmax with survival showed a significant negative correlation (P=0.0021). In the eight untreated patients, scans were strongly positive and in all cases the scan results concurred with the final clinical stage assigned on the basis of conventional methods. We conclude that FDG-PET imaging provides prognostic information in treated patients. A positive study and a high SUVmax are significantly associated with poor survival. Additionally, FDG-PET may be helpful in staging and follow-up.
N=2 Supersymmetry and U(1)-Duality

Understanding the consequences of the ${E}_{7(7)}$ duality on the UV properties of $\mathcal{N}=8$ supergravity requires unravelling when and how duality-covariant actions can be constructed so as to accommodate duality-invariant counterterms. For nonsupersymmetric Abelian gauge theories exhibiting $U(1)$-duality, with and without derivative couplings, it was shown that such a covariant construction is always possible. In this paper we describe a similar procedure for the construction of covariant nonlinear deformations of $U(1)$-duality invariant theories in the presence of rigid $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetry. This is a concrete step towards studying the interplay of duality and extended supersymmetry.
The role of high affinity non-specific DNA binding by Lrp in transcriptional regulation and DNA organization

Transcriptional regulatory proteins typically bind specific DNA sequences with approximately 10(3)-10(7)-fold higher affinity than non-specific DNA and this discrimination is essential for their in vivo function. Here we show that the bacterial leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp) does not follow this trend and has a approximately 20-400-fold binding discrimination between specific and non-specific DNA sequences. We suggest that the dual function of Lrp to regulate genes and to organize DNA utilizes this unique property. A approximately 20-fold decrease in binding affinity from specific DNA is dependent upon cryptic binding sites, including the sequence GN(2-3)TTT and A-tracts. Removal of these sites still results in high binding affinity, only approximately 70-fold weaker than that of specific sites. Similar to Lrp's binding of specific sites in the pap and ilvIH promoters, Lrp binds cooperatively to non-specific DNA; thus, protein/protein interactions are important for both specific and non-specific DNA binding. When considering this cooperativity of Lrp binding, the binding selectivity to specific sites may increase to a maximum of approximately 400-fold. Neither leucine nor the pap-specific local regulator PapI alter Lrp's non-specific binding affinity or cooperative binding of non-specific DNA. We hypothesize that Lrp combines low sequence discrimination and relatively high intracellular protein concentrations to ensure its ability to regulate the transcription of specific genes while also functioning as a nucleoid-associated protein. Modeling of Lrp binding data and comparison to other proteins with regulatory and nucleoid-associated properties suggests similar mechanisms.
Women’s rights INGO shaming and the government respect for women’s rights

How effective are women’s rights international non-governmental organizations (WROs) in improving government respect for women’s rights? In this paper, we argue that WROs can be powerful actors in advancing women’s status, especially when they adopt a specific advocacy strategy: “naming and shaming” of governments or non-governmental agents. We assert that a targeted “naming and shaming” publicity strategy is necessary to exert pressure on the government to enforce women’s internationally recognized rights. Using a new dataset on the advocacy activities of over 1,595 WROs, we test the implications of our argument in a global statistical model from 1991 to 2005. The results indicate that WRO shaming is likely to improve women’s economic and social rights while having no discernible impact on women’s political rights. We also find that the mere presence of WROs is unlikely to have a significant impact on women’s rights. One major implication of the findings is that any significant improvement in respect for women’s rights partly requires a strong voice in advocacy. The findings also suggest that governments that face pressure from advocacy groups are more inclined to promote and enforce only the rights that do not threaten their own political power and status, such as women’s social and economic rights.
An Improvement to “A Note on Euclidean Ramsey Theory”

We characterize those subsets Y⊆ℝn such that for every infinite X⊆ℝn , there is a red/blue coloring of ℝn having no monochromatic red set similar to X and no monochramtic blue set similar to Y.
Professional formation in Hong Kong: yin & yang in a free‐market economy?

The relationship between the professional formation of beginning teachers, education reforms and Hong Kong’s free‐market economy is explored. An overview of educational change and then beginning teachers’ professional formation within the context of economic cycles provides a contextual background against which two research projects are contrasted. The first reports views of school managers who hire new teachers while the second reports the experiences of newly hired beginning teachers. Findings drawn from interview and questionnaire data show that where secondary school managers embrace traditional conceptions of professionalism, in contrast, beginning secondary teachers describe their reality as conforming to a different tradition. Despite the incongruity between these two views a resulting accommodation is achieved. This accommodation is discussed in terms of illustrating the ‘yin and yang’ of professional formation of beginning teachers in Hong Kong’s free‐market economy.
Kinetic hysteresis for fructose bisphosphatase: A change in substrate configuration specificity

Abstract Kinetic hysteresis for rabbit liver fructose bisphosphatase in the presence of Mg2+ (pH 7.6) is exhibited by the varied rates at which product formation is reduced on the addition of different inhibitors under cycling conditions. Two different states of the enzyme are detected: the initial resting state which binds α-, β- and keto analogs of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; and the active cycling state which binds, and is inhibited by, only the α-analog. Both enzyme states, however, bind the allosteric modifier, AMP, and a product analog, (α+β)methyl-D-fructofuranoside 6-phosphate to the same extent so that the resulting inhibition is state independent. A relatively slow first-order transition (0.13 min−1) characterizes the reversion of the active enzyme to its resting state. The implications of this phenomenon for regulating fructose bisphosphatase activity in vivo are discussed.
Accurate procedure for simultaneous registration of gingival emergence profile and maximal intercuspal position for metal ceramic restorations

This article describes a procedure that simultaneously registers maximal intercuspal position and gingival emergence profile. The materials used in this procedure are inexpensive, readily available, and easy to use. The clinician can inspect the framework, cast, and tissue profile before sending them to the laboratory. When this method is properly used, it allows better communication with the dental technician, saves chair time, and reduces the number of laboratory procedures as currently practiced. (J Prosthet Dent 2000;83:681-5.)
QUALITY COMPARISONS OF ROOM RIPENED AND FIELD RIPENED TOMATO FRUITS

Quality comparisons were made on mature green and firm red tomato fruits of three cultivars harvested at different times throughout the season. Fruits were harvested at the mature green stage and ripened at 20° C in humidified air for the room ripened treatment. Quality measurements included reduced ascorbic acid content, locular material content, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, soluble solids-acidity ratio and moisture content. Field ripened fruits had greater ascorbic acid contents relative to room ripened fruits, but variations occurred with harvest time. Field ripened fruits were judged as better in overall quality and flavor relative to room ripened fruits. Correlations were made between quality measurements and sensory evaluations.
Mammalian DSCAMs: They Won't Help You Find a Partner, but They'll Guarantee You Some Personal Space

In this issue of Neuron , Fuerst et al., report that mammalian DSCAMs powerfully regulate the mosaic spacing of neurons in the retina, but not their synaptic specificity. The results unveil critical features regarding the type and scope of molecular interactions that guide neural circuit assembly in the mammalian CNS.
Abstract 2316: Therapeutic targeting of novel human stem cell and cancer associated glycans

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Host and tumor surface glycans are important in regulating pivotal pathophysiological events during the development of cancer and tumor progression. Changes in glycosylation allow tumorigenic cells to seize control over developmental processes which allow cells to proliferate, invade, promote angiogenesis, and metastasize. Malignant transformation is accompanied by the expression of oncofetal antigens which are expressed on embryonic cells, tumor cells, and a few adult cells. Glycans common to human embryonic stem cells and cancer cells can be targeted using combinatorial chemistry. Several peptidomimetic ligands have been discovered using One Bead One Compound (OBOC) and One Bead Two Compound (OB2C) methods. These cell adhering ligands possess the potential to target tumorigenic cells and mediate intracellular signaling events by binding to high mannose glycans expressed on the surface of Jurkat, TK6, Her2 expressing MCF7, chemoresistant MCF7, HeLa, and SiHa cell lines. Three lead linear peptides with alternating natural and unnatural amino acids have been investigated for their in vivo targeting potential in the lymphoid leukemia, breast, and cervical cancer mouse xenograph models. In vitro and in vivo stem and cancer cell experiments, which demonstrate genetically altered glycan function, are currently being investigated for their anticancer potential. These novel agents may be used alone or in combination with chemoradiation and anti-angiogenesis strategies for treating cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2316. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2316
Maximizing follow-up of adults with histories of homelessness and psychiatric disabilities

Abstract Research on vulnerable and highly mobile populations is often hindered by high drop-out rates that decrease the validity of study outcomes. To successfully minimize attrition, investigators require effective and efficient strategies. Investigators must, therefore, rely on successful and efficient tracking strategies to minimize attrition. This paper presents follow-up data from a four-year study of 225 homeless adults with psychiatric disabilities in New York City and outlines tracking procedures that resulted in retention rates ranging from 96% at 6-months to 87% at 48-months. Also included are descriptions of the study team's structure and other factors that provide a contextual background for the study. Finally, demographic and residential data are presented in order to portray the characteristics of the sample.
Physics basis for a spherical torus power plant

Abstract The spherical torus, or low-aspect-ratio tokamak, is considered as the basis for a fusion power plant. A special class of wall-stabilized high-β high-bootstrap fraction low-aspect-ratio tokamak equilibrium are analyzed with respect to MHD stability, bootstrap current and external current drive, poloidal field system requirements, power and particle exhaust and plasma operating regime. Overall systems optimization leads to a choice of aspect ratio A=1.6, plasma elongation κ=3.4, and triangularity δ=0.64. The design value for the plasma toroidal β is 50%, corresponding to βN=7.4, (based on the toroidal β, not the total β) which is 10% below the ideal stability limit. The bootstrap fraction of 99% greatly alleviates the current drive requirements, with tangential neutral beam injection mainly for profile control and rotation drive. The design is such that 45% of the thermal power is radiated in the plasma by Bremstrahlung and trace Krypton, with Neon in the scrapeoff layer radiating the remainder. The scarcity of spherical torus experimental data caused the design to be based largely on theoretical predictions, some of which may turn out to be overly optimistic. This highlights the need for a strong experimental research program in this area.
Neuronal effects of nicotine during auditory selective attention

Rationale Although the attention-enhancing effects of nicotine have been behaviorally and neurophysiologically well-documented, its localized functional effects during selective attention are poorly understood.
Arctic sea ice freeboard from IceBridge acquisitions in 2009: Estimates and comparisons with ICESat

During the spring of 2009, the Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) system on the IceBridge mission acquired cross-basin surveys of surface elevations of Arctic sea ice. In this paper, the total freeboard derived from four 2000 km transects are examined and compared with those from the 2009 ICESat campaign. Total freeboard, the sum of the snow and ice freeboards, is the elevation of the air-snow interface above the local sea surface. Prior to freeboard retrieval, signal dependent range biases are corrected. With data from a near co-incident outbound and return track on 21 April, we show that our estimates of the freeboard are repeatable to within 4 cm but dependent locally on the density and quality of sea surface references. Overall difference between the ATM and ICESat freeboards for the four transects is 0.7 (8.5) cm (quantity in bracket is standard deviation), with a correlation of 0.78 between the data sets of one hundred seventy-eight 50 km averages. This establishes a level of confidence in the use of ATM freeboards to provide regional samplings that are consistent with ICESat. In early April, mean freeboards are 41 cm and 55 cm over first year and multiyear sea ice (MYI), respectively. Regionally, the lowest mean ice freeboard (28 cm) is seen on 5 April where the flight track sampled the large expanse of seasonal ice in the western Arctic. The highest mean freeboard (71 cm) is seen in the multiyear ice just west of Ellesmere Island from 21 April. The relatively large unmodeled variability of the residual sea surface resolved by ATM elevations is discussed.
Sustained VEGF delivery via PLGA nanoparticles promotes vascular growth

Technologies to increase tissue vascularity are critically important to the fields of tissue engineering and cardiovascular medicine. Currently, limited technologies exist to encourage angiogenesis...
Flame spread in an opposed turbulent flow

Abstract An experimental study is presented of the influence of turbulence on the spread of flames over the surface of a solid combustible in a gas flow opposing the direction of flame propagation. The flow velocity and its turbulent intensity are varied to observe their effects on the flame spread rate over thick PMMA and thin filter paper sheets. Also observed is their effect on the conditions for flame extinction. The results show that for thick PMMA sheets the spread rate first increases and then decreases with increasing turbulent intensity. The presence of a maximum appears to be the result of the flow transition from laminar to turbulent that influences the heat transfer process from flame to fuel. Through interferometric photographs it is shown that the decrease of the spread rate with the turbulence intensity is primarily due to the convective cooling of the region near the flame front in conjunction with other less important mechanisms related to flame and surface radiation. For thin paper sheets the spread rate always decreases as the turbulence increases. The observed differences between the thick PMMA and the thin paper results are probably due to their differing mechanisms of heat transfer ahead of the flame. It is also found that extinction of the flame occurs at lower flow velocities for higher turbulence intensities. This result suggests that convective cooling together with radiation and flame stretching effects, and not turbulent mixing, are the major factors through which flow turbulence affects the extinction of a spreading flame, at least for the present experimental conditions.
Iodine-125 cytotoxicity: implications for therapy and estimation of radiation risk.

Abstract The consequences of differential subcellular radionuclide accumulation, particularly within nuclear structures, have important implications for the design and development of radiopharmaceuticals for therapy as well as for the estimation of radiation risks. There is a growing body of experimental data demonstrating that localization of 125 I within nuclear structures results in marked cytotoxicity. This report reviews the physical and biological consequences of 125 I decay when 125 I is incorporated into cells as iododeoxyuridine or iodotamoxifen.
Modeling the dynamics of an elastic rod with intrinsic curvature and twist using a regularized Stokes formulation

We develop a Lagrangian numerical algorithm for an elastic rod immersed in a viscous, incompressible fluid at zero Reynolds number. The elasticity of the rod is described by a version of the Kirchhoff rod model, where intrinsic curvature and twist are prescribed, and the fluid is governed by the Stokes equations in R^3. The elastic rod is represented by a space curve corresponding to the centerline of the rod and an orthonormal triad, which encodes the bend and twist of the rod. In this method, the differences between the rod configuration and its intrinsic shape generate force and torque along the centerline. The coupling to the fluid is accomplished by the use of the method of regularized Stokeslets for the force and regularized rotlets for the torque. This technique smooths out the singularity in the fundamental solutions of the Stokes equations for the computation of the velocity of the rod centerline. In addition, the computation of the angular velocity of the rod requires the use of regularized (potential) dipoles. As a benchmark problem, we consider open and closed rods with intrinsic curvature and twist in a viscous fluid. Equilibrium configurations and dynamic instabilities are compared with known results in elastic rod theory. For cases when the exact solution is unknown, the numerical results are compared to those produced by the generalized immersed boundary (gIB) method, where the fluid is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations with small Reynolds number on a finite (periodic) domain. It is shown that the regularization method combined with Kirchhoff rod theory contributes substantially to the reduction of computation time and efficient memory usage in comparison to the gIB method. We also illustrate how the regularized method can be used to model microorganism motility where the organism is propelled by a flagellum propagating sinusoidal waves. The swimming speeds of this flagellum using the regularized Stokes formulation are matched well with classical asymptotic results of Taylor's infinite cylinder in terms of frequency and amplitude of the undulation.
Collision of Neutron and Proton

An exact solution is found for the bound and free states of a neutron-proton pair under the influence of a potential field $\ensuremath{-}D[2\mathrm{exp}(\frac{2}{{r}_{0}})({r}_{i}\ensuremath{-}r)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{exp}(\frac{4}{{r}_{0}})({r}_{1}\ensuremath{-}r)]$, where the field can be of the Majorana type and may depend on the spin coupling. Values of binding energy (for the deuteron), of elastic cross section, of capture cross section and of cross section for the photoelectric disintegration of the bound state are computed for a wide range of the parameters used. Curves of the results are shown. In order to correspond to the experimental values of binding energy and of elastic cross section for slow neutrons, the value of $D$ for the singlet state, ${D}_{s}$, must be made about one-half that for the triplet state, ${D}_{t}$. Separate calculations are made, assuming a bound singlet state, and assuming no bound singlet state. When this is done, the capture and photoelectric cross sections check the experimental values fairly well, the computed results being practically independent of ${r}_{0}$ and ${r}_{1}$ as long as these parameters are less than 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. Thus a proper choice of two relations between the four parameters ${D}_{s}$, ${D}_{t}$, ${r}_{0}$, ${r}_{1}$ gives agreement with four different experimental values; the other two relations needed to determine all four parameters will require further experimental data for their determination.
Discovering barriers to efficient execution, both obvious and subtle, using instruction-level visualization

CPU performance is determined by the interaction between available resources, microarchitectural features, the execution of instructions, and by the data. These elements can interact in complex ways, making it difficult for those seeing only aggregate performance numbers, such as miss ratios and issue rates, to determine whether there are reasonable avenues for performance improvement. A technique called instruction-level visualization helps users connect these disparate elements by showing the timing of the execution of individual program instructions. The PSE visualization program enhances instruction-level visualization by showing which instructions contribute to execution inefficiency in a way that makes it easy to locate dependent instructions and the history of events affecting the instruction. A simple annotation system makes it easy for a user to attach custom information. PSE has been used for microarchitecture research, simulator debugging, and for instructional use.
A monolithic InGaN/GaN disk-in-nanowire electrically pumped edge-emitting green (λ=533 nm) laser on (001) silicon

Silicon photonics has assumed an increasing degree of importance due to the necessity of realizing photonic components, and ultimately optical communication systems, on silicon CMOS chips. While silicon based detectors, waveguides, and modulators have emerged with superior levels of performance, the demonstration of a suitable electrically pumped monolithic laser on (001) Si substrate has remained elusive. GaAs-based quantum well and quantum dot lasers, emitting in the wavelength range of 1.0-1.3 μm have been reported by us and others, but these devices have to be grown on misoriented substrates [(001)→4° towards (111)] to prevent antiphase domains. The large lattice mismatch induced dislocation density makes the long term reliability questionable. III-V based lasers bonded on silicon substrates is another technology that has been pursued with some degree of success. Growth on miscut substrates and with novel buffer layers have been investigated. Ga(In)N nanowires and InGaN/GaN disk-in-nanowire heterostractures can be grown relatively free of extended defects on (001) Si. The nanowires grow in the wurtzite crystalline form along the c-axis. Due to the radial relaxation of strain during epitaxy, the polarization field in the heterostractures is very small, compared to quantum wells. The surface recombination velocity on the nanowire sidewalls is ~ 10 3 cm/s. Emission in the range of 400-700 nm for InGaN nanowires and InGaN/GaN disks has been demonstrated. We demonstrate here, for the first time, the characteristics of a monolithic InGaN/GaN disk-in-nanowire room temperature electrically injected edge-emitting green laser (λ=533nm) on (001) Si. Nanowire lasers emitting at longer or shorter wavelengths can also be realized by varying the In content in the InGaN disks.
Comparison of the palatabilities of standard and superactivated charcoal in toxic ingestions: a randomized trial.

Objective: To compare the palatabilities of two activated charcoal formulations in patients with potentially toxic ingestions. Methods: Prospec- tive double-blinded randomized controlled trial com- paring the palatability of standard charcoal (Liqui- Char (LC)) with that of a superactivated granulated form ((CharcoAid G (CA)). Alert adult patients with known or suspected toxic ingestions requiring acti- vated charcoal were randomly assigned to receive 60 g of either LC or CA diluted in a cola beverage to a volume of 340 mL. Standardized forms were used to collect data on patient demographics, time required to drink the charcoal, the remaining volume of acti- vated charcoal, and any adverse reactions. Patients rated the palatability of the activated charcoal on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) with 100 indicating ''best imaginable beverage.'' Telephone follow-up was obtained to identify complications. Student's t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare contin- uous variables (e.g., VAS, time, age). Fisher's exact tests were used to compare categorical variables. This study had a power of 0.9 to detect a 20-mm difference in the VAS, alpha = 0.05. Results: There were 60 pa- tients enrolled; 29 drank LC, 31 drank CA. Mean age was 34 years; 68% were female. The groups were sim- ilar for age, time from ingestion, ingested agents, time required to drink charcoal, and remaining vol- ume. There were more females in the LC group. Pa- tients receiving CA had significantly higher palata- bility scores than those receiving LC (35.9 (95% CI = 22.5 to 49.3 mm) vs 19.0 mm (95% CI = 9.3 to 28.6 mm) p = 0.04). None of the patients aspirated. Of seven patients who vomited, five were given LC (p = 0.25). Conclusions: CharcoAid is more palatable to patients with toxic ingestions than the standard non- granulated form. Use of the granular charcoal may improve patient compliance. Key words: granulated activated charcoal; toxic ingestions; compliance; pal- atability. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 1999; 6:895-899
Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas: Spectrum of appearances on MRI

We reviewed our 8.5 year experience with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the demonstration of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas using precontrast fat-suppressed T1-weighted, fat-suppressed T2-weighted, and serial post-gadolinium T1-weighted images, to describe the spectrum of appearances of these tumors. All MR examinations of patients with histologically proven neuroendocrine tumors were retrospectively reviewed. Histological type, tumor location, tumor diameter, signal intensity on precontrast images, enhancement patterns, and presence and appearance of metastases were determined. Twenty-two patients had histologically proved neuroendocrine tumors detected by MRI over the 8.5 year period. Histological types were gastrinoma (n = 8), insulinoma (n = 3), glucagonoma (n = 2), somatostatinoma (n = 1), VIPoma (n = 1), ACTHoma (n = 1), carcinoid (n = 1), and five untyped tumors. Primary tumors ranged in diameter from 1 to 6.2 cm. There was one histopathology-proven false-positive neuroendocrine tumor. The positive predictive value for MRI in the detection of these tumors was 96%. The most common appearance on precontrast images was low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, which was observed in tumors in 18 of 22 patients. Moderate or intense early enhancement of all or portions of the primary tumors was observed in tumors in 19 of 22 patients either as uniform homogeneous, ring, or diffuse heterogeneous enhancement. Enhancement was minimal on these images in the other three patients. Gastrinomas enhanced in a ring pattern in 7 of 8 patients whereas the majority (9 of 11 patients) of noninsulinoma-nongastrinoma and untyped tumors enhanced in a diffuse heterogeneous fashion. Liver metastases were present in 13/22 patients including 3/8 with gastrinoma and 9/11 with noninsulinoma-nongastrinoma tumors. Most neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas are low signal intensity on fat-suppressed T1-weighted images and moderately high in signal intensity on fat-suppressed T2-weighted images, although variations do exist. Tumors most often enhance in an early moderately intense fashion. Gastrinomas are often different in appearance than other neuroendocrine tumors in that they usually enhance in a ring fashion whereas nongastrinoma-noninsulinoma tumors usually enhance in a heterogeneous fashion.
Social Transfers and Growth: What Do We Know? What Do We Need to Find Out?

Summary The paper examines the extent to which emerging social transfer programs in developing countries can improve the productive capacity of households in poverty and contribute to micro-level growth. It introduces a basic framework linking transfers to growth mediating processes and productive capacity outcomes. This is then used to organize and assess relevant findings from program evaluation studies. The paper concludes that social transfer programs can have positive effects on the productive capacity of poor and poorest groups; but further research is needed to identify and measure the size and significance of these effects.
Unique decomposition and isomorphic refinement theorems in additive categories

Under suitable hypotheses, if an object in an additive category is a direct sum of subobjects with local endomorphism rings, then any two such decompositions have the summands isomorphic in pairs, and any other decomposition has a refinement into a decomposition where the summands are of this sort. The purpose of this paper is to give careful proofs of such results, using what appear to be minimal hypotheses. Theorems of this sort for infinite direct sums in additive, non-Abelian categories, have been essential in recent work in Abelian g;oup theory. In 1909, MacLagan-Wedderburn [29] proved that if a finite group is expanded in two ways as a direct sum of indecomposable factors, then the summands are isomorphic in pairs. Remak [ 181 showed that the summands are actually centrally isomorphic. This theorem was extended by Gull [ 131 and Schmidt [ 19,201 to operator groups satisfying the double chain condition for admissible subgroups, and the numerous extensions of this famous theorem are most often referred to as Krull-Schmidt Theorems. In this paper we are primarily interested in generalizations of such theorems concerning infinite direct sums of modules. The most famous such result is Azymaya’s unique decomposition theorem, published in 1950: Let M be a module which has a direct sum deconlposition us a finite or infinite direct stun of irzdecomposable subrmdules Mi (i E I), such that the endornorphisrn ring oj’each Mi (i E I) is a local ritzg. Therz any imieconzposable sutmzand oj’M is isomorphic to Mi Ibr some i E I, md if M is the direct sum of the iudecotnposable submodules NjQ’ E J), therz there is a bijective mapping Q, : I + J such that Mi s NQco for all i E I. h-r 1964, Crawley and Jonsson [6] published some unique decomposition and isomorphic refinement theorein for general algebraic systems. A key condition in their work was’the so-called exchange property (defined in Section 2 below). In
Reported practices of primary care physicians in the diagnosis and management of dementia.

The shortage of geriatric specialists in the US may require that primary care physicians (PCPs) receive more education on diagnosing and managing dementia since the number of older Americans with dementia will increase from about five million in 2010 to up to 14 million in 2050. Thus, we administered a brief, anonymous questionnaire to determine PCPs' diagnostic, referral, and management practices to a convenience sample of 142 PCPs in Arkansas. We reworded a Scottish survey to conform to terminology used in the US and added items on referral practices. The PCPs who reported difficulty establishing the diagnosis of dementia had more difficulty telling the diagnosis (O.R = 3.59, p < 0.004). The PCPs were less likely ( p < 0.001) to tell the patient if they suspected dementia (73%) than if they were sure the patient had dementia (88%). In both cases, they were more likely to tell the family (92% & 100%, respectively), although this difference was not statistically significant. The PCPs discussed disease pro...
Common characteristics of paired volcanoes in northern Central America

Four pairs of active volcanoes along the northern Central American volcanic front have erupted basalt-andesite magmas that show consistent intrapair behavioral and compositional differences. These differences are found in records of volcanic activity and complete major and minor element data on over 200 samples. From northwest to southeast along the volcanic front the four volcano pairs are Cerro Quemado-Santa Maria, Toliman-Atitlan, Acatenango-Fuego, and Santa Ana-Izalco. The volcano pair relations help explain compositional differences, apart from those reflecting variation in crustal thickness of about 15 km along the volcanic front, providing insight into across-arc variations and closely spaced subvolcanic plumbing systems. Intravolcano pair spacing is less than 5 km compared with an average intervolcano spacing of 25 km along the entire volcanic front. Within each volcano pair, the seaward volcano has had more frequent historic activity, erupting magmas that are generally more mafic, lower in large ion lithophile elements and higher in Na2O/K2O than magmas erupted from its landward counterpart. Each paired volcano site lies in close proximity to a rhyolitic caldera, situated north or northeast of the volcano pair. However, rare earth element data at the Toliman-Atitlan volcano pair imply that mixing between caldera rhyolite and the mafic magma of the paired volcanoes does not occur. Petrographie, isotopic, and other geochemical data from the Toliman-Atitlan volcano pair suggest that separate but contemporaneous magma bodies beneath each volcano evolve and pass through the crust at different rates. Atitlan magmas are processed through the crust more efficiently and with greater frequency than Tollman magmas, which undergo longer periods of stagnation interrupted by mafic injection and rapid eruption. This relation appears to hold at the other paired volcano sites and is further evidence that closely spaced volcanoes, with similar subcrustal magma sources, evolve over separate magmatic plumbing systems that traverse the crust. The pairing pattern probably reflects the regional southward migration of the volcanic front.
Dexamethasone increases growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in liver and growth plate

Glucocorticoid inhibits linear growth and renders target tissues, particularly liver and growth plate, insensitive to GH. We hypothesized that glucocorticoid-induced GH insensitivity is due to decreased gene expression of the GH receptor at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level. To test this hypothesis, we treated 4.5-wk-old male rabbits (n = 6-9 per group) with ip dexamethasone or vehicle and measured GH receptor mRNA levels (by RNase protection assay) and serum GH-binding protein levels (by radioimmunoprecipitation assay). Contrary to our hypothesis, dexamethasone administered in growth-suppressing doses did not decrease GH receptor mRNA levels in liver or growth plate. Instead a tissue-specific stimulation of GH receptor mRNA levels was observed. The dose-response relationship of this effect was biphasic, since the lower growth-suppressing dose of dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg.day) caused the greater increase in GH receptor mRNA levels, whereas the higher growth-suppressing dose (4 mg/kg.day) had less effect. The ...