cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular uptake and toxicity of gold nanoparticles in prostate cancer cells: a comparative study of rods and spheres

Using a series of gold nanoparticles with incremental increase in dimensions but varying geometries (spherical vs rods) we have evaluated the infl uence of shape, size, surface properties and concentration on cellular uptake, adsorption of proteins and toxicity in a human prostate cancer cell line (PC-3). In the range of 30-90 nm diameter studied, spherical par- ticles of 50 nm in diameter without polyethylene glycol (PEG) had the highest uptake. Surface attachment of PEG reduced cellular uptake. PEGylated gold nanorods had a net positive charge compared with their spherical counterparts and particle geometry infl uenced cellular uptake. In the absence of serum proteins the uptake of plain spherical GNPs increased. These studies pave the way for the tailoring of gold nanoparticles for targeted tumor therapy applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. � Supporting information may be found in the online version of this article.
Radiocarbon dates on deglaciation, cordillera central, Northern Peruvian Andes

Three radiocarbon dates along with relative-dating criteria place limits on the deglaciation history of Manachaque Valley, Cordillera Central. Ice retreated from the late-glacial maximum by at least 12,100 yr B.P. During ice retreat numerous moraines were deposited throughout the valley. Glacier cover was reduced to about half that of the last glacial maximum by at least 9700 yr B.P. and to less than a tenth by at least 6450 yr B.P. Because all dates are minimum, the dates and field data are consistent with little or no ice remaining by early Holocene. No unambiguous Younger Dryas moraines are present.
A Model for Assessing Ignition, Flame Spread, and Burn Hazard Potential of a Multilayered Jacket

An analysis is presented of ignition, flame spread, and skin burn associated with the ignition and burning of a multilayered jacket. The important physical processes can all be detailed based on simple thermophysical modeling. The ignition process associated with proximity to a radiant heat source is analyzed to see how a change in external (outer) fabric could have diminished the likelihood of ignition. Once the composite jacket has been ignited, the flame spread process is responsible for the heat transfer to the skin that causes the burn. We analyze the effects of the jacket innermost material on flame spread and on possible burn damage. We show how available thermophysical property data can be used to estimate the effect of inner layer material on burn event duration. Finally, given best-available data on the heat transfer rates between a burning inner layer and skin, we examine the kinetics of skin burn damage to determine the most likely injury that would result.
Dental evidence for the diets of Plio‐Pleistocene hominins

Diet is fundamental to the interaction between an organism and its environment, and is therefore an important key to understanding ecology and evolution. It should come as no surprise then that paleoanthropologists have put a great deal of effort into reconstructing the diets of Plio-Pleistocene hominins. Most of this effort has focused on teeth; these durable parts of the digestive system are usually the most commonly preserved elements in vertebrate fossil assemblages. In this article, I review much of this work. Tooth size, occlusal morphology, enamel thickness, and microstructure provide evidence for the physical properties of the foods to which a species was adapted. Dental microwear can offer insights into the properties of foods that an individual ate on a day-to-day basis. Taken together, these lines of evidence can offer important insights into early hominin food choices and adaptations. New methods of analysis and theoretical perspectives are improving our understanding of the diets of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and early Homo, and promise further progress long into the future.
Role of the Retinal Vascular Endothelial Cell in Ocular Disease

Retinal endothelial cells line the arborizing microvasculature that supplies and drains the neural retina. The anatomical and physiological characteristics of these endothelial cells are consistent with nutritional requirements and protection of a tissue critical to vision. On the one hand, the endothelium must ensure the supply of oxygen and other nutrients to the metabolically active retina, and allow access to circulating cells that maintain the vasculature or survey the retina for the presence of potential pathogens. On the other hand, the endothelium contributes to the blood-retinal barrier that protects the retina by excluding circulating molecular toxins, microorganisms, and pro-inflammatory leukocytes. Features required to fulfill these functions may also predispose to disease processes, such as retinal vascular leakage and neovascularization, and trafficking of microbes and inflammatory cells. Thus, the retinal endothelial cell is a key participant in retinal ischemic vasculopathies that include diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity, and retinal inflammation or infection, as occurs in posterior uveitis. Using gene expression and proteomic profiling, it has been possible to explore the molecular phenotype of the human retinal endothelial cell and contribute to understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases. In addition to providing support for the involvement of well-characterized endothelial molecules, profiling has the power to identify new players in retinal pathologies. Findings may have implications for the design of new biological therapies. Additional progress in this field is anticipated as other technologies, including epigenetic profiling methods, whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing, and metabolomics, are used to study the human retinal endothelial cell.
Spectra and structure of organophosphorus compounds. LVII. Raman and infrared spectra, conformational stability, and ab initio calculations for methoxydifluorophosphine☆

Abstract The Raman (3500 to 20 cm −1 ) and infrared spectra (3500 to 40 cm −1 ) of gaseous and solid methoxydifluorophosphine, CH 3 OPF 2 , have been recorded. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been recorded from 3500 to 50 cm −1 and qualitative depolarization values have been obtained. These data have been interpreted on the basis that only the trans conformer (methyl group trans to the phosphorous lone pair) is present in all three physical states and a complete vibrational assignment is given for the normal and d 3 isotopomer. Ab initio calculations have been carried out with the RHF/3-21G* and RHF/6-31G* basis sets, as well as with electron correlation at the MP2 level with the 6-31G* basis set to obtain the structural parameters, relative conformational stabilities, fundamental frequencies, and infrared and Raman intensities. The fundamental vibrational frequencies and barriers to internal rotation which have been obtained experimentally are compared to those obtained with MP2/6-31G* basis set. From the ab initio calculations, the gauche conformer is estimated to be more than 4.6 kcal mol −1 less stable than the trans conformer. All of these results are discussed and compared with the corresponding quantities obtained for some similar molecules.
Inhibition of fertilization in frog eggs by univalent fragments of rabbit antibody.

SummaryPapain digested (univalent) anti-jelly serum inhibits the fertilizability of eggs of R. pipiens just as does the undigested anti-jelly serum. This observation, combined with the precipitation inhibiting action, strongly suggests a direct blocking of receptor sites in the egg jelly that perform a significant role(s) in fertilization.
AOA Professionalism Guiding Leadership.

Professionalism and the traits that demonstrate professionalism are important characteristics in the effective leadership of medical organizations. Certain behaviors associated with the term professionalism are considered necessary and mandatory characteristics in the field of medicine. Additional aspirational behaviors are essential to those in leadership positions. Demonstrated virtues of a true professional include benevolence, honesty, fidelity, courage, compassion, and truthfulness. The leaders of the American Orthopaedic Association should seek candidates for leadership positions who exemplify the following virtues (1, 2, and 3) and demonstrate the following traits (4 through 8): Physicians must ensure that patients are fully informed both prior to treatment and after treatment has occurred. Leaders must deal with colleagues and those who report to them in an honest, forthright, and transparent fashion. This virtue also requires that mistakes and other difficult topics are dealt with in an honest, open fashion. This characteristic is demonstrated by overt behavior that shows a commitment to act in the best interests of the organization and to put personal or other …
Paraovarian and paratubal cysts: Preoperative diagnosis using transabdominal and transvaginal sonography

Objective Paraovarian and paratubal cysts constitute about 10% of adnexal masses. Our purpose was to determine whether pathologically proven examples of these lesions were correctly identified during preoperative transabdominal and transvaginal sonographic evaluations. Methods Between 1990 and 1994, 15 women with 10 paraovarian cysts and 5 paratubal cysts underwent preoperative sonography. The sonograms were performed using transabdominal and transvaginal probes. Mean interval before surgery was 22 days (range: 1–96 days). The sonographic interpretation at the time of the examination was correlated with the pathological findings. Results In only 1 of 15 patients was a paraovarian or paratubal cyst suggested before surgery. Paraovarian cysts were misdiagnosed as ovarian cysts. Because of the microscopic size of paratubal cysts in our series, none was diagnosed before surgery and these were usually an incidental finding in patients with ovarian masses. Conclusions In our experience, paraovarian and paratubal cysts are difficult to diagnose before surgery with the use of transabdominal and transvaginal sonography. We speculate that when there is close proximity of a paraovarian cyst to the ovary, an ovarian cystic mass cannot reliably be differentiated from a paraovarian cyst. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries: Motivation, Utilization, and Socio-technical Challenges

The accelerating rate of scientific and technical discovery, typified by the ever-shortening time period for the doubling of information - currently estimated at 18 months [1] - causes new topics to emerge at increasing speed. Libraries have a hard time just cataloguing the large amount of produced documents. Scientists and practitioners who must read and process relevant documents are in need of new tools that can help them to identify and manage this flood of information. Visual Interfaces to digital libraries apply powerful data analysis and information visualization techniques to generate visualizations of large document sets. The visualizations are intended to help humans mentally organize, electronically access, and manage large, complex information spaces and can be seen as a value-adding service to digital libraries. This introductory chapter motivates the design and usage of visual interfaces to digital libraries, reviews diverse commercially successful systems, discusses major challenges, and provides an overview of the chapters in this book.
Effect of Thyroxine on Oxygen Consumption of Bovine Spermatozoa and Semen

Summary Bovine spermatozoa and semen, diluted with a phosphate buffer, were treated with 7 γ percent dl-thyroxine. Oxygen consumption generally was increased with the addition of thyroxine in semen samples with an original spermatozoan concentration of from 800,000 to 1,400,000 per mm. 3 Semen samples with a spermatozoan concentration of less than 800,000 per mm. 3 in the original semen were not influenced on the average by the presence of thyroxine in the concentration used. The ability of semen to respond with increased respiration rate to added thyroxine appears to be related to some factor that is associated with original spermatozoan concentration. The influence of bacterial and other contamination on results has been discussed. Its exact influence remains unevaluated.
Increased c-fos expression in spinal neurons after irritation of the lower urinary tract in the rat

This study utilized neuronal c-fos expression to examine the spinal pathways involved in processing nociceptive and non-nociceptive afferent input from the lower urinary tract (LUT) of the urethane-anesthetized rat. C-fos protein was detected immunocytochemically in only a small number of cells (< 2 cells/L6 section) in control animals. However, chemical irritation with 1% acetic acid or mechanical stimulation of the LUT markedly increased the number of c-fos-positive neurons (56-180 cells/L6 section) in four regions of the caudal lumbosacral (L6-S1) spinal cord: medial dorsal horn (MDH), lateral dorsal horn, dorsal commissure (DCM), and sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN). Only small numbers of c-fos-positive cells were detected in rostral lumbar segments, a region that is thought to receive nociceptive input from the LUT via afferent pathways in sympathetic nerves. The distribution of c-fos-positive cells in the L6 spinal cord varied according to the stimulus (i.e., urethral catheter, bladder distension, or chemical irritation). Distension of the urinary bladder increased the number of c-fos-positive cells mainly in DCM and SPN regions of the cord. In contrast, irritation of the LUT increased c-fos expression largely in DCM and MDH areas. Spinal cord transection (T8 level) did not alter the c-fos expression induced by a catheter or chemical irritation, indicating that gene expression was mediated by spinal pathways. Denervation experiments showed that c-fos expression was induced by activation of afferent pathways in the pelvic and pudendal nerves. These results suggest that neurons in several regions of the spinal cord are involved in processing afferent input from different parts of the LUT. Neurons in the DCM appear to have an important role since they respond to both nociceptive and non-nociceptive inputs and to visceral (pelvic nerve) and somatic (pudendal nerve) afferent pathways. Thus, these neurons may be involved in the mechanisms of visceral-somatic referred pain.
Heuristic Methods for Estimating the Generalized Vertex Median of a Weighted Graph

The generalized vertex median of a weighted graph may be found by complete enumeration or by some heuristic method. This paper investigates alternatives and proposes a method that seems to perform well in comparison with others found in the literature.
Telmisartan directly ameliorates the neuronal inflammatory response to IL-1β partly through the JNK/c-Jun and NADPH oxidase pathways

Blockade of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors ameliorates brain inflammation, and reduces excessive brain interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) production and release from cortical microglia. The aim of this study was to determine whether, in addition, AT1 receptor blockade directly attenuates IL-1β-induced inflammatory responses in neuronal cultures. SK-N-SH human neuroblasts and primary rat cortical neurons were pretreated with telmisartan followed by exposure to IL-1β. Gene expression was determined by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, protein expression and kinase activation by western blotting, NADPH oxidase activity by the lucigenin method, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release by enzyme immunoassay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by the dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescent probe assay, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) involvement was assessed with the antagonists GW9662 and T0070907, the agonist pioglitazone and the expression of PPARγ target genes ABCG1 and CD36. We found that SK-N-SH neuroblasts expressed AT1 but not AT2 receptor mRNA. Telmisartan reduced IL-1β-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and PGE2 release more potently than did candesartan and losartan. Telmisartan reduced the IL-1β-induced increase in IL-1R1 receptor and NADPH oxidase-4 (NOX-4) mRNA expression, NADPH oxidase activity, and ROS generation, and reduced hydrogen peroxide-induced COX-2 gene expression. Telmisartan did not modify IL-1β-induced ERK1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation or nuclear factor-κB activation but significantly decreased IL-1β-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and c-Jun activation. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 decreased IL-1β-induced PGE2 release with a potency similar to that of telmisartan. The PPARγ agonist pioglitazone reduced IL-1β-induced inflammatory reaction, whereas telmisartan did not activate PPARγ, as shown by its failure to enhance the expression of the PPARγ target genes ABCG1 and CD36, and the inability of the PPARγ antagonists GW9662 and T0070907 to modify the effect of telmisartan on COX-2 induction. The effect of telmisartan on IL-1β-stimulated COX-2 and IL-1R1 mRNA expression and ROS production was replicated in primary rat cortical neurons. Telmisartan directly ameliorates IL-1β-induced neuronal inflammatory response by inhibition of oxidative stress and the JNK/c-Jun pathway. Our results support the hypothesis that AT1 receptor blockers are directly neuroprotective, and should be considered for the treatment of inflammatory conditions of the brain.
Transplant Ultrasound of the Kidney, Liver, and Pancreas

Advances in solid organ transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy have provided considerable improvement in morbidity and mortality and significant improvement in quality of life. Close clinical monitoring and imaging studies are invaluable tools for ensuring successful outcomes. Ultrasound is an excellent front-line, noninvasive imaging method for early postoperative allograft evaluation, and it can also provide valuable information for long-term follow-up. This article addresses the role of ultrasound in evaluating renal, hepatic, and pancreatic allografts and reviews the associated complications of solid organ transplantation. The authors have divided the complications into five major categories: allograft-associated collections, allograft dysfunction, vascular complications, posttransplant neoplasms, and recurrent native diseases as they apply to the various types of solid organ transplant.
Feline onychectomy at a teaching institution: a retrospective study of 163 cases

One hundred sixty-three cats underwent onychectomy from January 1985 to November 1992. Onychectomy was performed with guillotine-type nail shears (62%), surgical blade (24.5%), or both (8.6%), and wound closure consisted of bandages alone (61.3%), bandages after suture closure (26.4%), or tissue adhesive application (9.2%). The duration of surgery was significantly longer when onychectomy was performed with a blade or when suture closure was used instead of bandages alone (P < .05). Fifty percent of the cats had one or more complications immediately after surgery. Early postoperative complications included pain (38.1%), hemorrhage (31.9%), lameness (26.9%), swelling (6.3%), or non-weight-bearing (5.6%), and were observed more frequently after blade onychectomy (P < .001). Follow-up was available in 121 cats; 19.8% developed complications after release. Late postoperative complications included infection (11.6%), regrowth (7.4%), P2 protrusion (1.7%), palmagrade stance (1.7%), and prolonged, intermittent lameness (0.8%). Late postoperative complications were observed more frequently after shears onychectomy (P = .018). Use of tissue adhesive was associated with more postoperative lameness (P < .02) and, when used after shears onychectomy, with more infections (P = .049).
Comparison of the triangle and a self-defined two alternative forced choice test

The triangle test and the 2-AFC test or paired comparison are commonly used discrimination tests. The 2-AFC is statistically more powerful than the triangle test, but can only be used when the quality of the difference is known (e.g. one sample has added sucrose and is expected to be sweeter). By allowing subjects to define their own criteria for use in the 2-AFC, the procedure might be used when the sensory difference between two samples is not known or easily defined, as is possible during a warm-up protocol. The research reported here investigated a modification of the sometimes extensive warm-up procedure but limited the number of samplings of the preview samples. This modified procedure we describe as a self-defined 2-AFC (SD-2-AFC). This method was compared to the triangle and conventional 2-AFC using four food systems, differing in the magnitude and quality of sensory differences. The AFC tests (including the SD-2-AFC) performed better than the triangle on a statistical basis. However, in some cases the SD-2-AFC produced lower d-prime values indicating lower absolute levels of sensory differentiation. Correlates of poorer discrimination with the SD-2-AFC included miss-identification of the critical attribute (as determined by majority response) or reversal of the direction of the difference during the inspection phase. Results were interpreted in terms of Thurstonian models. No advantage of adding a preview to the triangle or 2-AFC was observed. The overall statistical advantage of the SD-2-AFC suggests it should be considered as an alternative to the triangle test.
Assessment of occupational health and safety hazard exposures among working college students

BACKGROUND: Adolescents and young adults have higher injury rates than their adult counterparts in similar jobs. This study used the working college student population to assess health and safety hazards in the workplace, characterize related occupational diseases and injuries, and describe worker health/safety activities provided by employers. METHODS: College students (≥17 years old) were assessed via online surveys about work history, workplace exposure to hazards, occupational diseases/injuries, and workplace health/safety activities. RESULTS: Approximately half (51%) of participants (n = 1,147) were currently employed at the time of the survey or had been employed while enrolled in college. Restaurants (other than fast food) were the most frequently reported work setting. The most reported workplace hazards included noise exposure and contact with hot liquids/surfaces. Twenty percent of working students experienced injury at work; some injuries were severe enough to limit students' normal activities for >3 days (30%) or require medical attention (44%). Men had significantly higher prevalence of injuries (P = 0.05) and near-misses (P Language: en
Assessment of Outcomes in Partial Nephrectomy Incorporating Detailed Functional Analysis

Objective To assess perioperative morbidity and margins after conventional clamped partial nephrectomy (PN) while also using volumetric analysis to differentiate the contributions of parenchymal volume loss and recovery from ischemia. Materials and Methods The study analyzed 163 patients who underwent PN with appropriate studies to allow analysis of function and parenchymal mass specifically in the operated kidney. Recovery from ischemia (glomerular filtration rate saved/volume saved) would be 100% if all nephrons recovered from ischemia. Precision (postoperative parenchymal volume/predicted parenchymal volume, presuming loss of a 5-mm rim of parenchyma related to excision and reconstruction) reflects efforts to optimize the amount of vascularized parenchyma saved with the PN. Trifecta was defined as negative margins, no Clavien grade 3-5 or urologic complications, and both recovery ≥80% and precision ≥80%. Results An open procedure was performed in 82 patients (50%), and 59 (36%) had a solitary kidney. Warm ischemia was used in 96 patients (59%). The RENAL nephrometry score (radius, exophytic/endophytic properties of the tumor, nearness of tumor deepest portion to the collecting system or sinus, anterior/posterior descriptor, and the location relative to polar lines) was intermediate in 74 (45%) and high complexity in 38 (23%). Median recovery from ischemia was 95% and was ≥80% in 143 patients (88%). Median precision of excision/reconstruction was 93% and was ≥80% in 138 patients (85%). All tumors had negative surgical margins. Perioperative complications occurred in 13 patients (9%). Trifecta was achieved in 113 patients (69%). Multivariable analysis identified solitary kidney as the only significant predictor of trifecta. Conclusion Given careful patient selection and commensurate surgical expertise, excellent outcomes can be obtained with conventional clamped PN. Analysis of parenchymal volumes is necessary to facilitate comprehensive evaluation of functional outcomes after PN, allowing differentiation of nephron loss vs failure to recover from ischemia.
A stochastic theory of fatigue crack propagation

A new mathematical theory is proposed to analyze the propagation of fatigue crack based on the concepts of fracture mechanics and random processes. The time-dependent crack size is approximated by a Markov process. Analytical expressions are obtained for the probability distribution of crack size at any given time and the probability distribution of the random time at which a given crack size is reached, conditional on the knowledge of the initial crack size. Examples are given to illustrate the application of the theory, and the results are compared with available experimental data.
A remote sensing lab in space

Cibola Flight Experiment is a small experimental satellite that hosts a reconfigurable computer payload. The configurable high speed processing unit has the power to do significant data compression and the flexibility to run a wide variety of applications. The reconfigurable computer is made up of networks of radiation tolerant SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The ability to reconfigure provides the flexibility to do a lot of things not usually possible in a space environment. Payload algorithm development continued while the spacecraft was being integrated for launch rather than being frozen months in advance. A library of applications resides on the spacecraft, making theater-specific payload configuration possible. Applications are in an on-going state of development and improvements. This has allowed the project to adjust to spacecraft and payload anomalies, real-world signal environments and a wide range of post-launch needs.
Learning observation skills by making peanut butter and jelly sandwiches

In this report we describe our experience conducting a class activity where students learned and practiced observation skills. In the activity, students in small groups observed and were observed making peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. The groups then used their observations to sketch designs for a peanut butter and jelly maker that they presented to the class. We found that the activity helped students learn about the difficulties involved in observing and being observed. It also taught them about the value of observing users, even if they are performing tasks familiar to the observer. Having international students in the class brought an additional perspective to the activity which benefited everyone. These students discussed the difficulty of observing experts conduct tasks that are unfamiliar to the observer. In spite of the overall positive outcome, we discuss ways of improving the activity given our experience.
Principles of treatment for soft tissue sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are mesenchymal tumors arising from connective tissue elements and are grouped together based on a common biologic behavior. The most common histologic types include malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (schwannoma and neurofibrosarcoma) "hemangiopericytoma," fibrosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. These tumors are relatively slow growing yet locally invasive with a high rate of recurrence following conservative management. Appropriate preoperative planning and aggressive surgical resection often result in long-term remission or cure. Identification and evaluation of resection margins are paramount in appropriate case management. The addition of radiotherapy after surgical resection can aid in remission for incompletely resected masses. Systemic chemotherapy for STS should be considered for high-grade tumors with a moderate metastatic potential. Potential prognostic factors include grade, resection margins, size, location, histologic type, and previous treatment, with grade and margins being the most important. Tumor types classified as STS that differ slightly in their presentation or treatment, including synovial cell sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, and vaccine-associated STS in cats, are discussed. Soft tissue sarcomas can be a frustrating disease to treat, but adherence to solid surgical oncology principles can greatly increase the odds of good disease control.
Renal sonography with 2-dimensional versus cine organ imaging: preliminary results.

Objective. This pilot study was undertaken to determine whether cine organ imaging (COI) of the entire kidney yields a quicker and equally diagnostic study compared with traditional 2-dimensional (2D) scanning. Methods. Fifty-seven adult patients referred for diagnostic renal sonography underwent 2D sonography followed by COI performed by a second sonographer, who was blinded to the results of the first examination. Images were interpreted blindly by 2 independent readers in 2 separate reading sessions divided into 2D or COI image sets for each patient. The acquisition time and interpretation time of each protocol were recorded. Images were scored for the percentage of kidney visualized and for the presence or absence of hydronephrosis, stones, cysts, and renal lesions (non-simple cysts and solid masses). Results. The average acquisition time decreased from 13.3 to 10.5 minutes between 2D and COI studies, respectively (P = .02). The average image interpretation time increased 37 seconds (P <.0001). A greater percentage of parenchymal visualization was achieved with COI versus 2D imaging. There was no significant difference in detection of renal abnormalities (hydronephrosis, stones, renal cysts, and masses) between the 2 modes, although the detection of cysts on COI was equal to or greater than that on 2D imaging on a per-patient basis. Conclusions. Cine organ imaging decreased the acquisition time significantly while retaining and possibly improving diagnostic quality The minimally increased interpretation time may be decreased in the future by fewer volume acquisitions per patient. Further investigations will be needed to assess the impact of color Doppler imaging in volumetric protocols as well as to compare renal lesion detection versus computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Designing Games for Cultural Heritage: Integrating Process, Material Culture and Intangible Heritage

This paper reviews a number of cultural heritage games that have been developed by faculty at the Center for Media, Arts, Games, Interaction & Creativity (MAGIC) at the Rochester Institute of Technology. Fundamental to designing engaging cultural heritage games is that of integrating material culture, social history and intangible cultural heritage. There is not much existing guidance on how to successfully create engaging heritage games and in this paper we outline some of the main issues and conclude with a few ideas that might help move the field forward.
Abstract 4863: Ubiquitination of the breast cancer oncogene IKKα is essential for transformation

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL IKBKE (IKKα) is a breast cancer oncogene that promotes human mammary cell transformation through the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Here we show that IKKα is modified by ubiquitination in the context of cell transformation. By mass spectrometry, we identified three lysine residues of IKKα that are ubiquitinated - Lysine30, Lysine401, and Lysine416. Mutation of all three lysine residues together eliminates IKKα ubiquitination. Single mutations of the three lysines revealed that K30 and K401 are essential for IKKα-induced malignant transformation. Although wildtype IKKα drives transformation in immortalized human cells, the IKKα K30R and IKKα K401R mutants fail to transform immortalized human cells. In addition, the IKKα K30R and IKKα K401R mutants fail to activate the NF-κB pathway and are unable to phosphorylate CYLD, a downstream target of IKKα. The ubiquitination of IKKα does not affect the protein stability of IKKα protein. Using an inducible ubiquitin-knockdown U2OS cell system, we show that IKKα specifically undergoes K63-linked polyubiquitination, a proteasome- and degradation-independent form of ubiquitination. Taken together, these data provide evidence that IKKα is subject to direct regulation by K63-linked polyubiquitination and that this ubiquitination is essential for IKKα-mediated oncogenic transformation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4863. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4863
Reproductive isolation and introgression between sympatric Mimulus species.

Incompletely isolated species provide an opportunity to investigate the genetic mechanisms and evolutionary forces that maintain distinct species in the face of ongoing gene flow. Here, we use field surveys and reduced representation sequencing to characterize the patterns of reproductive isolation, admixture and genomic divergence between populations of the outcrossing wildflower Mimulus guttatus and selfing M. nasutus. Focusing on a single site where these two species have come into secondary contact, we find that phenological isolation is strong, although incomplete, and is likely driven by divergence in response to photoperiod. In contrast to previous field studies, which have suggested that F1 -hybrid formation might be rare, we discover patterns of genomic variation consistent with ongoing introgression. Strikingly, admixed individuals vary continuously from highly admixed to nearly pure M. guttatus, demonstrating ongoing hybridization and asymmetric introgression from M. nasutus into M. guttatus. Patterns of admixture and divergence across the genome show that levels of introgression are more variable than expected by chance. Some genomic regions show a reduced introgression, including one region that overlaps a critical photoperiod QTL, whereas other regions show elevated levels of interspecific gene flow. In addition, we observe a genome-wide negative relationship between absolute divergence and the local recombination rate, potentially indicating natural selection against M. nasutus ancestry in M. guttatus genetic backgrounds. Together, our results suggest that Mimulus speciation is both ongoing and dynamic and that a combination of divergence in phenology and mating system, as well as selection against interspecific alleles, likely maintains these sympatric species.
TRADEOFF BETWEEN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL MODES OF TRANSMISSION IN BACTERIAL PLASMIDS.

It has been hypothesized that there is a fundamental conflict between horizontal (infectious) and vertical (intergenerational) modes of parasite transmission. Activities of a parasite that increase its rate of infectious transmission are presumed to reduce its host's fitness. This reduction in host fitness impedes vertical transmission of the parasite and causes a tradeoff between horizontal and vertical transmission. Given this tradeoff, and assuming no multiple infections (no within-host competition among parasites), a simple model predicts that the density of uninfected hosts in the environment should determine the optimum balance between modes of parasite transmission. When susceptible hosts are abundant, selection should favor increased rates of horizontal transfer, even at the expense of reduced vertical transmission. Conversely, when hosts are rare, selection should favor increased vertical transmission even at the expense of lower horizontal transfer. We tested the tradeoff hypothesis and these evolutionary predictions using conjugative plasmids and the bacteria that they infect. Plasmids were allowed to evolve for 500 generations in environments with different densities of susceptible hosts. The plasmid's rate of horizontal transfer by conjugation increased at the expense of host fitness, indicating a tradeoff between horizontal and vertical transmission. Also, reductions in conjugation rate repeatedly coincided with the loss of a particular plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance gene. However, susceptible host density had no significant effect on the evolution of horizontal versus vertical modes of plasmid transmission. We consider several possible explanations for the failure to observe such an effect.
Index of Suspicion in the Nursery: Late Preterm Neonate With Hypernatremia

A late preterm neonate born at 36 weeks’ gestation is transferred to the NICU for respiratory distress, and possible seizure. She is born to a 19-year-old Gravida 1, Para 0 mother. The mother’s serology is unremarkable except for blood type A Rh negative and group B Streptococcus negative. She was treated with Rh immune globulin at ∼28 weeks’ gestation. Neonate was delivered by vaginal route after preterm labor complicated by decreased heart beat variability, fetal tachycardia, late decelerations, and maternal temperature to 101.2°F. Apgar scores were 7 at 1 minute and 9 at 5 minutes. Rupture of membranes occurred ∼4 hours before delivery. Cord blood gases were (venous) pH 7.28, Pco2 49 mm Hg, Po2 22 mm Hg, and bicarbonate 20 mmol/L; and (arterial) pH 7.22, Pco2 56 mm Hg, Po2 22 mm Hg, and bicarbonate 15 mmol/L. Birthweight was 2,400 g, occipito frontal circumference 32 cm, and length 47 cm. The initial neonatal course at the referring hospital was complicated by asymptomatic hypoglycemia with blood glucose of 20 mg/dL. This was treated with 5 mL of 10% dextrose intravenously. A continuous intravenous (IV) infusion of dextrose was subsequently started. She was noted to have an episode of central cyanosis and jerking movements of the extremities at ∼24 hours of age. A blood glucose was obtained at that time, which was 136 mg/dL. She was listless with decreased arousability after this episode and developed respiratory distress that was treated with continuous positive airway pressure. CBC obtained was as follows: hemoglobin level 18.5 g%, white blood cell count 13,500/mm …
The use of middle cerebral artery Doppler ultrasonography to guide delivery of a viable pregnancy complicated by metastatic gestational chroriocarinoma

Background: Choriocarcinoma is a rare, aggressive subtype of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. The diagnosis of metastatic choriocarcinoma in the setting of a viable intrauterine pregnancy is exceedingly rare and often associated with feto-maternal hemorrhage. Case: An otherwise healthy Gravida 1 Para 0 at 34 weeks gestational age presented with metastatic choriocarcinoma and a viable fetus. Measured Doppler peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery was used to detect fetal anemia, thus optimising the timing of delivery. Conclusion: This is the first case report to our knowledge using Doppler ultrasonography to detect fetal anemia in an effort to guide delivery in a case of choriocarcinoma diagnosed during pregnancy. If choriocarcinoma is diagnosed during pregnancy, middle cerebral artery Doppler ultrasonography may serve as a critical tool to help detect anemia, allowing pregnancy prolongation to promote fetal maturity while screening for the development of feto-maternal hemorrhage.
Relief of suffering: where the art and science of medicine meet.

Preview The relief of human suffering has been a sacred duty of physicians for thousands of years. Today's focus in medical education, however, is largely confined to the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Yet, without a true understanding and appreciation of the nature of human suffering, sophisticated interventions run the risk of increasing the distress they were meant to alleviate. By combining the art and science of medicine, physicians can often provide tremendous comfort and relief to patients. Dr O'Brien offers some useful suggestions for achieving this goal.
Fast and Frugal Heuristics at Research Frontiers

How should we model scientific decision-making at the frontiers of research? This chapter explores the applicability of Gerd Gigerenzer’s “fast and frugal” heuristics to frontier contexts, i.e., to so-called context of discovery. Such heuristics require only one or a very few steps to a decision and only a little information. While the approach is somewhat promising, given the limited resources in frontier contexts, trying to extend it to fairly “wild” frontiers raises challenging questions. This chapter attempts to frame the issues (rather than to provide resolutions to them), and thereby to cast light on frontier contexts, which have been misunderstood by philosophers, the general public, and funding agencies alike.
Characterization and use of cloned sequences of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene.

The hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene has been one of the most extensively used loci for the study of mutation in cultured mammalian cells. Such studies have been facilitated by the localization of the HPRT gene to the X-chromosome and the existence of powerful selection systems for the isolation of mutants and revertants. In addition, the fact that HPRT enzyme deficiency resulting from mutation of this gene in man leads to the X-linked recessive disorders of Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome and gouty arthritis makes it an excellent genetic locus for examination of the heterogeneity of spontaneous mutational events which occur in the human population. A large number of studies have focused on characterization of the gene product resulting from mutations at this locus by using immunological assays, kinetic and thermal sensitivity assays and peptide mapping (1). However, the detailed characterization of mutational events at the DNA level has not been possible due to the lack of appropriate molecular probes. Recently the availability of a mouse cell line with amplified HPRT genes has facilitated the cloning of HPRT cDNA recombinants (2). This report will briefly describe recent progress on the characterization of these cloned HPRT gene sequences and their use as probes to examine the genomic organization at the HPRT locus.
Prevention of metabolic alkalosis following heart surgery.

Summary 1. Metabolic alkalosis with large urinary potassium loss occurs commonly after heart surgery. 2. In 20 consecutive patients an attempt was made to prevent metabolic alkalosis by giving enough potassium chloride, starting immediately after heart surgery, to replace the daily urinary loss of potassium. 3. Metabolic alkalosis was prevented and serum potassium concentration remained below 6 mEq. per liter. All patients recovered and left the hospital in good condition. 4. In patients who lost 160 mEq. of potassium in the urine per 24 hours, metabolic alkalosis could sometimes be prevented by replacing roughly 60 per cent of the loss. 5. In patients who had a very poor myocardium, more than 300 mEq. of potassium was lost in the urine each 24 hours. It was necessary to replace all of the potassium loss in such cases to avoid or correct metabolic alkalosis. In such cases, insulin was needed to keep the serum potassium concentration below 6 mEq. per liter. The authors express their appreciation to Mary Ann Dunn, R.N., and to the other nurses of Surgical Care Unit No. 2 at St. Vincent's Hospital for their contributions to this study.
Methyldopa as an adjunct to levodopa treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Chronic levodopa treatment of 22 patients with Parkinson's disease was supplemented with methyldopa, an inhibitor of dopa decarboxylase, in doses from 125 to 750 mg. daily. Improvement in maior parameters of Parkinson's disease was seen in 14 patients, 10 of whom had had troublesome fluctuations in response to levodopa. Seven patients were still improved after 20 weeks. Methyldopa worsened dyskinesia in 14 patients, did not affect nausea, and was associated with agitation in 6 patients. Blood pressure did not change significantly. Although inhibition of dopa decarboxylase is methyldopa's most likely mechanism of action, methylated metabolites may also play a role. Methyldopa is a tolerable adiunct to levodopa therapy for Parkimon's disease for patients with rapid fluctuations in motor status.
Palmitoylcarnitine increases [Na+]i and initiates transient inward current in adult ventricular myocytes

This study was performed to determine whether long-chain acylcarnitines, specifically palmitoylcarnitine, could account for the increase in intracellular Na+ ([Na+]i) during ischemia eliciting a se...
Empirical Validation of Structural Complexity Metric and Complexity Management for Engineering Systems

Quantitative assessment of structural complexity is essential for characterization of engineered complex systems. In this paper, we describe a quantitative measure for structural complexity, conduct an empirical validation study of the structural complexity metric, and introduce a complexity management framework for engineering system development. We perform empirical validation of the proposed complexity metric using simple experiments using ball and stick models and show that the development effort increases superlinearly with increasing structural complexity. The standard deviation of the build time for ball and stick models is observed to vary superlinearly with structural complexity. We also describe a generic statistical procedure for building such cost estimation relationships with structural complexity as the independent variable. We distinguish the notion of perception of complexity as an observer-dependent property and contrast that with complexity, which is a property of the system architecture. Finally, we introduce the notion of system value based on performance-complexity trade space and introduce a complexity management framework for system development.
Geriatric Psychiatry: Perceptions, Presentations, and Treatments

In order to effectively treat the elderly population, it is essential that mental health practitioners identify, recognize, and use the cultural background of the patient. The elderly population has unique challenges associated with aging that adheres to preexisting stigmas and bias concerning mental health. Differences can continue to be discerned by addressing how cultural and ethnical ideas and beliefs influence seeking treatment, diagnosis, and treatment plan. Factors such as citizenship type, nationality, religiosity, and social support can influence how elderly individuals view their mental health care provider. An exploration of the rate in which different ethnicities are diagnosed with certain disorders is also addressed. Mental health practitioners must possess an improved cultural competency in order to address the needs of elderly mental health patients. In this chapter, we will discuss how ethnicity and culture impact the perception, the diagnosis, and the treatment of mental health diseases as well as the important of cultural competency when delivering care for this diverse group of elders with mental illness.