cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pipeline: The Worst Transportation Method of Oil, Except for All the Rest

This paper studies the safety and environmental impacts of different crude oil transportation methods. The frequency, spillage volume, and environmental damage costs of pipeline accidents seem to be significantly higher than of trains and trucks. However, after adjusting for the distance and volume of oil transported by each method, pipeline has the lowest number of accidents, the least amount of oil discharged and the smallest environmental damage and clean-up cost per ton-mile. Moreover, lacking oil transmission pipeline hinders the producer's ability to collect associated gas. Consequently, the gas is flared or vented. The Granger causality between the excess takeaway capacity of oil pipeline and natural gas flaring confirms the impact of having inadequate transmission pipeline capacity.
FrameFix: Automatically Repairing Statically-Detected Directive Violations in Framework Applications

Software frameworks make developing applications for a specific domain easier than doing so from scratch. Unfortunately, frameworks can also place unexpected requirements on a developer’s application, which can, in turn, lead to application bugs in the development process. We propose an automated technique for repairing violations of state-based framework requirements, FrameFix. First, developers of a framework can encode state-based framework requirements. Then, FrameFix automatically checks whether a developer’s application follows the encoded requirements. Once a violation of these requirements has been detected, FrameFix tries three different approaches — reordering method calls, moving method calls to different method definitions, and comparing the faulty method to similarly defined methods on GitHub. These repair approaches are based on the principles of how frameworks interact with framework applications: object protocols and inversion of control. To demonstrate that these principles can be used to aid automated repair for framework applications, we created a sample implementation of FrameFix for Android applications. Our evaluation shows that FrameFix is effective, repairing both real bugs in real applications, and a large number and variety of injected defects.
The Dean and Family Life

This article is part of Toledo’s Deans’ Leadership in Legal Education Series. It notes what can be the all-consuming nature of a law school dean’s job and the challenges this can pose to family life. It details both the challenges I faced and methods that I employed as dean of Regent University School of Law in an attempt to lead the school well, but more importantly to be a successful husband and father.
Application of SIMS and AES to Environmental Studies of Fatigue Crack Growth in Aluminum Alloys

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of hydrogen, deuterium, water vapor and oxygen on the fatigue crack growth of high strength aluminum alloys. Fatigue crack growth tests in a controlled environment were followed by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and Auger Electron Spectrometry (AES).
Loving v. IRS: The IRS's Achilles' Heel for Regulated Tax Advice?

In an attempt to regulate the multi-billion dollar tax preparer industry — which employs hundreds of thousands of employees — the Internal Revenue Service (Service) began developing rules pertaining specifically to non-professional tax return preparers, previously unregulated by the Service. However, the Service’s attempt to expand its regulatory reach over non-professional tax return preparers was short-lived. It resulted in a severely damaging decision in Loving v. IRS, in which the court concluded that the Service had only limited statutory authority to regulate non-professional tax preparers. While the Service focused its attention on additional ways to rein in tax return preparers, tax professionals took notice of the Loving I and II decisions as they might apply in a broader context, and an important question arose: to what extent can the Service regulate those tax professionals, such as lawyers and certified public accountants (CPAs), if the tax professional only provides tax advice or mere tax preparation services but does not “represent” taxpayers before the Service? Not more than six months later this question was partially answered in another landmark decision in Ridgely v. Lew in which Loving II was applied not only to non-professional tax preparers, but to tax professionals as well, further crippling the ability of the Service to regulate tax professionals and the tax preparation industry. Following Ridgely, the Service is left with one final beacon of hope to regulate tax professionals, 31 U.S.C. § 330(d), which the Service believes empowers it with the ability to regulate written tax advice provided by all tax practitioners. However, if the statutory analysis used in Ridgely and Loving is applied to 31 U.S.C. § 330(d), a reasonable interpretation might limit the Service’s ability to regulate written tax advice only to those situations in which a tax practitioner is practicing as a representative before the Service.
Vignettes: diverse library staff offering diverse bioinformatics services

Objective: The research provides an understanding of pandemic information needs and informs professional development initiatives for librarians in disaster medicine.
Real time graphical simulation of systolic arrays

A new concept in visual simulation, the systolic arrays graphical simulator (SAGS), is presented. It allows for the visualization of the data and control flow in various systolic arrays on the monitor screen. The systolic architecture is constructed interactively from various basic cells and arrays. The simulator has successfully been used to simulate several well-known and new architectures and has even proven itself to be useful in finding and correcting an error in a well-publicized algorithm for general-purpose matrix computations that is currently being realized in hardware and can have potential applications that require extreme reliability. >
Qualitative methods for evaluative research in health education programs

(1982). Qualitative Methods for Evaluative Research in Health Education Programs. Health Education: Vol. 13, Tools for Health Education Research, pp. 11-18.
The Gift of Life: Female Spirituality and Healing in Northern Peru

The Gift of Life: Female Spirituality and Healing in Northern Peru. Bonnie Glass-Coffin. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998. 256 pp.
VLSI architectures for recursive and multiple-window order statistic filtering

Based on a recently developed class of sorting networks, new VLSI architectures suitable for order statistic filtering are developed. The major advantage of these architectures is minimal response-time regardless of the number of stages in the pipeline; an effective characteristic for implementing recursive order statistic filters. The devised word-parallel architecture is the only one introduced to date that is capable of operating in both recursive and standard modes with optimal throughput. The proposed architectures are also suitable for implementing order statistic filters with multiple overlapping windows. >
Facilitating the Transition from Student to Social Worker: Challenges of the Younger Student

Abstract The transition from student to social worker is a process which social work educators cannot control but can facilitate. Through classroom and field instruction faculty assumer responsibility of preparing students' professional knowledge, skills, and values; however, our responsibilities should extend beyond curriculum delivery. Drawing on Schlossberg's (1984) model of transitions, this article discusses two primary factors which affect the younger student in transition—developmental needs and the external environment—and strategies for assisting in the transition through intervention in academic advising and teaching roles.
Recurrence of cystic central mucoepidermoid tumor of the mandible

Abstract A case of a cystic central mucoepidermoid tumor of the mandible is presented. The radiographic and histopathologic manifestations of the lesion bear some resemblance to the odontogenic cyst. Conservative treatment by simple enucliation resulted in 3 recurrences in a 7-year period. En block resection of such lesions is recommended.
A novel micromachined magnetostrictive delay line (MDL) with electroplated amorphous magnetostrictive thin film

A novel micromachined magnetostrictive delay line (MDL) employing electroplated thin film with high saturation magnetostriction coefficient has been proposed, fabricated and characterized in this work. The realized micro MDL consists of two micromachined coils and the electroplated magnetostrictive thin film working as a delay medium. The electroplated magnetostrictive FeB thin film with a thickness of 1/spl mu/m has a high saturation magnetostriction (/spl lambda//sub s/=54/spl times/10/sup -6/). Compared to sputtering, electrodepositing method is cheap, convenient, and compatible with MEMS fabrication process. The developed micro MDL shows excellent delay characteristics, so it can be used as a basic principle for various new microsensors.
REFLECTIONS ON THE LEGACY AND FUTURE OF THE CONTINENTAL TRADITION WITH REGARD TO THE CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY OF RACE

The legacy and future of continental philosophy with regard to the critical philosophy of race can be seen in prominent canonical philosophical figures, the scholarship of contemporary philosophers, and recent edited collections and book series. The following reflections highlight some (though certainly not all) of the contacts and overlaps between a select number of continental philosophers and the critical philosophy of race. In particular, I consider how the continental tradition has contributed to the development of the critical philosophy of race by offering tools from existentialism, phenomenology, and genealogy to emphasize questions of existence, facticity, lived experience, and historicity as they relate to analyses of race, racism, slavery, and colonialism.1 I argue that these tools have been used both implicitly and explicitly in the writings of contemporary continental philosophers who theorize about race and that the critical philosophy of race has impacted and expanded continental philosophy in significant ways.
Near-limit drop deformation and secondary breakup

The properties of drop deformation and secondary breakup were observed for shock wave initiated disturbances in air at normal temperature and pressure. Test liquids included water, glycerol solutions, n-heptane, ethyl alcohol and mercury to yield Weber numbers (We) of 0.5–1000, Ohnesorge numbers (Oh) of 0.0006-4, liquid/gas density ratios of 580–12,000 and Reynolds numbers (Re) of 300–16,000. Measurements included pulsed shadowgraphy and holography to find drop deformation properties prior to breakup, as well as drop size distributions after breakup. Drop deformation and breakup regimes were identified in terms of We and Oh: regimes at low Oh include no deformation, nonoscillatory deformation, oscillatory deformation, bag breakup, multimode breakup and shear breakup as We is increased. However, most of these regimes occur at higher We when Oh values are increased, with no breakup observed for Oh > 4 over the present test range. Unified temporal scaling of deformation and breakup processes was observed in terms of a characteristic breakup time that largely was a function of Oh. Prior to breakup, the drag coefficient evolved from the properties of spheres to those of thin disks as drop deformation progressed. The drop size distribution after breakup satisfied Simmons' universal root normal distribution function for the bag and multimode breakup regimes and could be characterized by the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) alone. Drop sizes after shear breakup, however, did not satisfy this distribution function due to the distorting effect of the core or drop-generating drop. Nevertheless, the SMD after secondary breakup could be correlated in terms of a characteristic liquid boundary layer thickness for all breakup regimes, similar to recent results for nonturbulent primary breakup. Drop properties after secondary breakup suggest that both reduced drop sizes and reduced relative velocities play a role in ending the secondary breakup process.
Effects of cycling exercise on vigor, fatigue, and electroencephalographic activity among young adults who report persistent fatigue

We previously reported that 6 weeks of exercise training had positive effects on feelings of vigor and fatigue among college students who reported persistent fatigue. Here we examined whether transient mood changes after single sessions of exercise would mimic those chronic effects and whether they would be related to changes in brain activity measured by electroencephalography (EEG). Feelings of vigor were higher after both low- and moderate-intensity exercise during Weeks 1, 3, and 6 compared to a control condition. Feelings of fatigue were lower after low-intensity exercise during Weeks 3 and 6. Posterior theta activity accounted for about half the changes in vigor. Studies that manipulate mood, EEG activity, or both during exercise are needed to determine whether EEG changes after exercise are causally linked with mood.
Relation of selected mineral deposits to the mass/age distribution of Phanerozoic sediments

The global mass/age distribution of Phanerozoic sediment shows maxima in the Middle Paleozoic, at the Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary, and in the Late Mesozoic. All of these total sediment mass maxima are also maxima of masses of volcanogenic sediment and non-marine sediment, and represent times of maximum sediment flux on the surface of the earth. The Middle Paleozoic and Late Mesozoic maxima correspond to the great marine inundations of the continents, and the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic maximum to the time of transfer of a large number of terranes across the Tethys from Gondwanaland to Eurasia. All three maxima of sedimentary mass correspond to times of rapid sea-floor spreading and orogeny. Organic carbon in dispersed form is enriched in sediments forming hydrocarbons during the sediment flux maxima of the Middle Paleozoic and Late Mesozoic (Jurassic-Cretaceous), but is preserved as coal during sediment flux minima of the Carboniferous and Early Cenozoic. Sedimentary iron deposits and phosphorite deposition are most widespread when the global sedimentary flux is minimal. Potassium salts were deposited at times of sediment flux
A stochastic model of natural marital fertility: theory and analysis of some historical population data

Abstract Some theory underlying a stochastic model of natural fertility within marriage is outlined in this study. Algorithms for estimating one step transition functions (distributions of waiting times between live births) are described, and their use in estimating conditional mean functions and distributions of children ever born according to age at marriage noted. It is shown how conditions placed on age at marriage and survivorship in calculating these functions may be removed, given a knowledge of marriage and mortality distributions, or their estimates, in a population. The population, birth, death, and marriage registers of La Hulpe, a village in 19th century Belgium, are used as a source of data and object of study for our model. Some caveats in data handling are noted. Estimation algorithms suited to the data at hand are given. Estimates of transition functions, conditional and unconditional mean functions, and probability distributions of children ever born are given and discussed. A method of validating the model employed is presented, and some results of this procedure given. We estimate that a woman married at age 20 in La Hulpe whose marriage survived the reproductive span intact would expect to have 7.5 children before the onset of sterility. When the actual distribution of marriage is taken into account, the average completed family size estimate drops to 3.5, and the inclusion of mortality as a cause of marital dissolution further reduces this figure to 2.4 children per reproductive union.
Boron-10 Based Neutron Coincidence Counter for Safeguards

The shortage of 3He has triggered the search for effective alternative neutron detection technologies for national security applications, including international nuclear safeguards. Any alternative neutron detection technology must satisfy two basic criteria: it must meet a neutron detection efficiency requirement, and it must be insensitive to gamma-ray interference at a prescribed level while still meeting the neutron detection requirement. For nuclear safeguards, a system must perform measurements in the field with a prescribed precision in a specified time. This paper describes an effort to design, model and test an alternatives-based neutron coincidence counter for nuclear safeguards applications. The technology chosen for use in an alternatives-based uranium neutron coincidence collar was boron-lined proportional counters. Extensive modeling was performed of various system configurations and comparisons were made to measurements on a commercial prototype boron-10 based uranium neutron coincidence collar.
Smarter Phones: Creating a Pocket Sized Academic Library

The California State University-Fullerton Pollak Library recently launched a mobile version of its Web site to accommodate the needs of a burgeoning mobile user group. This article focuses on the process of conceptualizing, building, and deploying the mobile version of this Web site. It highlights the development process, from reviewing and understanding existing user needs to translating findings into meaningful mobile Web sites, and provides a detailed overview of the finished site. Some of what was learned during the conceptual and developmental phases might help other libraries considering going mobile.
Combining Satellite Microwave Radiometer and Radar Observations to Estimate Atmospheric Heating Profiles

In this study, satellite passive microwave sensor observations from the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) are utilized to make estimates of latent + eddy sensible heating rates (Q1-QR) in regions of precipitation. The TMI heating algorithm (TRAIN) is calibrated, or "trained" using relatively accurate estimates of heating based upon spaceborne Precipitation Radar (PR) observations collocated with the TMI observations over a one-month period. The heating estimation technique is based upon a previously described Bayesian methodology, but with improvements in supporting cloud-resolving model simulations, an adjustment of precipitation echo tops to compensate for model biases, and a separate scaling of convective and stratiform heating components that leads to an approximate balance between estimated vertically-integrated condensation and surface precipitation. Estimates of Q1-QR from TMI compare favorably with the PR training estimates and show only modest sensitivity to the cloud-resolving model simulations of heating used to construct the training data. Moreover, the net condensation in the corresponding annual mean satellite latent heating profile is within a few percent of the annual mean surface precipitation rate over the tropical and subtropical oceans where the algorithm is applied. Comparisons of Q1 produced by combining TMI Q1-QR with independently derived estimates of QR show reasonable agreement with rawinsonde-based analyses of Q1 from two field campaigns, although the satellite estimates exhibit heating profile structure with sharper and more intense heating peaks than the rawinsonde estimates. 2
Bimodal Consciousness: Psychological States and Writer's Block in the Technical Writing Classroom

Despite the fact that technical writers try to maintain an objective outlook, they cannot ignore the psychological states of consciousness that influence their writing. Arthur J. Deikman's theory of bimodal consciousness outlines two psychological states: active and emotive (or receptive). Writers must maintain a balance between the receptive state and the active, striving state to prevent writer's block and to enhance creativity, just as scientists balance mathematical (i.e., lexical or verbal) thinking with physics-related thinking. This article describes Deikman's model and shows its application in the technical writing classroom.
Case of the season: Kaposi sarcoma

49-year-old African male with a history of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Kaposi sarcoma(KS)presentedwithnonproductivecough,shortnessof breath, and exercise intolerance. He first came to the United States in 1995 for treatment of infectious retinitis thought due to cytomegalovirus, which resulted in blindness. The patient subsequently tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 1998 an oral mucosal lesion was biopsied and found to be KS. Several skin lesions typical for KS were also discovered at that time. The patient denied pulmonary symptoms, and a chest radiograph obtained at that time was normal. Before his current presentation, the patient’s CD4 count was 54 (normal adult range 500 to 1500 cells/cubic mL of blood) and he had an HIV viral load of 5444 (normal is 0; treatment should be considered for HIV-infected people who have viral loads higher than 30,000 copies per mL of blood using a test known as a branched DNA test, or more than 55,000 copies using an RT-PCR test). A new HIV drug regimen was begun, and after several months, the patient’s skin lesions improved. The patient then returned to Africa and due to socioeconomic reasons was noncompliant with all medications. He was lost to follow-up for 2 years until he presented with his current complaint of nonproductive cough and shortness of breath. On his current admission a chest radiograph (Fig. 1A and B) revealed coarse, ill-defined opacities in the perihilar regions and lower lobes, with areas of nodularity. A small left pleural effusion and interlobular septal thickening (Kerley B lines) in the right lung base were also noted. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest (Fig. 1C and D) showed nodular thickening of the bronchovascular bundles, flameshaped opacities in a bronchovascular distribution, and confluence of nodular opacities in the lower lobes forming illdefinedmasses.Interlobularseptalthickening,smallbilateral pleural effusions, and axillary lymphadenopathy were also seen. Thepatientsubsequentlyunderwentbronchoscopywhich showed scattered, raised, erythematous, friable lesions throughout the tracheobronchial tree. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed which revealed no infectious organisms on Gram stain or culture. A CT scan of the patient’s abdomen and pelvis (not shown) showed multiple lytic osseous lesions, which were proven to be Kaposi sarcoma by CTguided bone biopsy. An endoscopic examination performed because of upper gastrointestinal bleeding revealed Kaposi sarcoma involving the duodenum.
The concept of dependent development as a key to the political economy of Qajar Iran (1800–1925)

A central controversy in the economic history of Iran revolves around the nature of the changes that occurred in the nineteenth century: was there an economic "decline" or, on the other hand, can one see the "beginnings of modemization" in the long reign of the Qajar dynasty from 1800 to 1925? Did living standards rise or fall? Did the level and type of consumption improve or deteriorate for the majority of the population? And were the dominant trends positive or negative within the subsectors of peasant agriculture, tribal pastoralism and urban production and trade? The Qajar period has found a number of good historians but has been plagued by problems of conceptualization and interpretation. Two very different judgments have arisen: on one side, Nowshirvani, Gilbar and Nashat have advanced analyses highlighting progress, in terms of "commercialization of agriculture," "modernization of institutions," "rise in per capita incomes," and so forth.1 On the other, Issawi, Bharier and Keddie have painted more sober portraits emphasizing "relative economic stagnation and very slow development," especially compared with Egypt and the Ottoman empire.2
Testing synergistic effects for simultaneous exposures with stratified dichotomous response

This paper compares small sample performances of test statistics for assessing the degree of interaction between two exposures with respect to the occurrence of a time-stratified dichotomous outcome. Particular attention is focused towards cancer bioassays. A null model of simple, independent, joint action is adopted. Sizes and powers are examined via Monte Carlo simulations for the various statistics proposed under a variety of parameter configurations.
Decreased synthesis of serum carboxypeptidase N (SCPN) in familial SCPN deficiency.

Serum carboxypeptidase N (SCPN) is the primary inactivator of the C3a, C4a, and C5a anaphylatoxins as well as an inactivator of bradykinin. Thus SCPN deficiency potentially could result in significant pathophysiologic consequences. Previous studies identified a deficient subject afflicted with frequent episodes of angioedema, and other family members also had SCPN deficiency. To delineate this abnormality further, the fractional catabolic rate (FRC) and enzyme synthesis were determined in three members of the afflicted kindred as well as in five normal persons following the infusion of homogeneous125I-SCPN. The mean FCR and synthesis rates for SCPN in the normal subjects were 1.3%/hr and 20,793 U/kg/hr, respectively. Reduced synthesis was concluded to be primarily responsible for the low SCPN levels in the afflicted kindred. The high FRC of SCPN discourages attempted maintenance therapy with infusions of enriched SCPN preparations.
S-Nitrosoglutathione reductase is a key enzyme in hypoxic and post-hypoxic ventilatory signaling

The endogenous S-nitrosothiol, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), regulates the activities of cell proteins by S-nitrosylation of key cysteine residues. There is compelling evidence that this S-nitrosothiol plays a role in ventilatory function including that bilateral microinjections of GSNO into the nucleus tractus solitarius of conscious rats, elicit profound increases in minute ventilation (MV). Exposure of mice to a hypoxic challenge elicits a robust increase in MV that declines during the challenge (roll-off) whereas return to room-air results in enhanced ventilation (short-term facilitation, STF). Since GSNOR catalyzes the GSH/NADH-dependent metabolism of GSNO to the disulfide, we hypothesize that increased GSNOR activity and enhanced degradation of GSNO, underlies ventilatory roll-off and diminished expression of STF. The first objective of this study was to examine the hypoxic ventilatory responses of wild-type C57BL6, GSNOR+/− and GSNOR−/− mice during exposure to a hypoxic challenge (10% O2, 90% N2 for 15 min) and upon return to room-air. In brief, ventilatory roll-off was virtually absent in the GSNOR+/− and GSNOR−/− mice whereas, STF was augmented. Our second on-going objective to collect biochemical evidence from WT, GSNOR+/− and GSNOR−/− mice as to whether an increase in GSNOR in the brainstem, lung and diaphragm contribute to the above ventilatory responses. The data includes changes in total S-nitrosothiol abundance, GSNOR activity, GSH/GSSG levels and NADH/NAD+ levels. This study, which is the first pertaining to determination of the hypoxic ventilatory response, roll off and STF in GSNOR+/− or GSNOR−/− mice, provides compelling evidence for key rolls of GSNOR and GSNO in ventilatory responses.
Mitochondrial DNA in Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Abstract Contrary to the reports in the literature, no satellite DNA bands were found in DNA isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis strains 6III, HSM, ST, or GL; all of the DNA from a given strain had a single buoyant density in CsCl. A technique for resolving 2 DNAs of only slightly different buoyant density using 2 different radioactive labels is described. Mitochondrial DNA was isolated from contamination-free mitochondria and shown to have a density identical to that of whole cell DNA. The molecular weight of this mitochondrial DNA as isolated was 30–40 × 106 daltons. Attempts to demonstrate that the mitochondrial DNA existed as a twisted circle were unsuccessful. However, the relative utilization of 3H-BUdR and 14C-TdR in the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA was shown to be different from their utilization in nuclear DNA synthesis. This provides another means for distinguishing between different DNA components in the same cell when different replication systems are involved.
Ground assisted rendezvous with geosynchronous satellites for the disposal of space debris by means of Earth-oriented tethers

Abstract Previous studies have shown that extended length Earth-oriented tethers in the geosynchronous (GEO) region can be used to re-orbit satellites to disposal orbits. One such approach involves the extension of a GEO based tether, collection of a debris object, and retraction of the tether, which transfers the retracted configuration to a higher energy orbit for debris disposal. The re-extension of the tether after debris disposal returns the configuration to the near-GEO altitude. The practical feasibility of such a system depends on the ability to collect GEO debris objects, attach them to a deployed tether system, and retract the tethers for transfer to the disposal orbits. This study addresses the collection and delivery of debris objects to the deployed tether system in GEO. The investigation considers the number, type and the characteristics of the debris objects as well as the collection tug that can be ground controlled to detect, rendezvous and dock with the debris objects for their delivery to the tethers system. A total of more than 400 objects are in drift orbits crossing all longitudes either below or above the geostationary radius. More than 130 objects are also known to librate around the stable points in GEO with periods of libration up to five or more years. A characterization of the position and velocity of the debris objects relative to the collection tug is investigated. Typical rendezvous performance requirements for uncooperative GEO satellites are examined, and the similarities with other approaches such as the ESA's CX-OLEV commercial mission proposal to extend the life of geostationary telecommunication satellites are noted.
Glutathione metabolism of the red cells. Effect of glutathione reductase deficiency on the stimulation of hexose monophosphate shunt under oxidative stress

Riboflavin deficiency results in diminished glutathione reductase activity of the red cells of human subjects and of rats. The effect of such glutathione reductase deficiency on the rate of hexose monophosphate shunt pathway metabolism has been studied by measuring the rate of 14CO2 production of red cells subjected to oxidative stress, measuring the rate of regeneration of GSH from GSSG, and by estimating the steady-state levels of GSSG and the rate of transport of GSSG from glutathione reductase-deficient red cells. No difference was observed between the red cells of normal subjects, of riboflavin-deficient (glutathione reductase-deficient) subjects, and the red cells of glutathione reductase-deficient subjects treated with riboflavin in vivo or in vitro to correct the glutathione reductase deficiency. These studies indicate that, in the red cell, glutathione reductase does not play limiting role in the rate of metabolism in the hexose monophosphate pathway.
Debraining and diapause development in Manduca sexta pupae.

Debraining experiments with wounded and normal controls were done at three different ages on diapausing Manduca sexta pupae of Kentucky and Illinois stocks. With early ages of both stocks debrained pupae escaped from diapause over an extended period of time, but wounded insects developed much earlier and at the same time as the normals. With later ages of Kentucky insects there was an immediate developmental response to wounding, and debrained insects showed initiation of pharate adult development over an extended period of time. With later ages of Illinois pupae both wounded and debrained animals showed an immediate developmental response. The responses of Illinois insects to debraining were shown to occur in insects overwintering under natural conditions. The results indicate that at least four endocrine states are possible for diapausing Lepidoptera pupae.
A re-evaluation of Cercidiphyllum-like plant fossils from the British early Tertiary

The occurence of Cercidiophyllum-like leaves, infructescences, fruits and seeds in the British early Tertiary is reviewed. Material previously described from the London Clay Formation, Lower Headon Be
Organic solvent nanofiltration for microfluidic purification of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers.

A nanofiltration method has been developed in a microfluidic format for the continuous-flow pressure-driven purification of half-generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, a family of macromolecules characterized by highly branching structures radiating from a central core, without additional solvents or buffers. An organic solvent resistant nanofiltration membrane, STARMEM 122, has been fully integrated into a hard polymer microfluidic module by transmission laser welding. The membrane was initially characterized in a bench-top test fixture to determine the solvent permeance and percent rejection of a surrogate molecule, Rhodamine B, at lower than typical operating pressures (P < 7 bar). The microfluidic module then underwent similar testing at 1.4 bar with the surrogate and with the generation-0.5 PAMAM dendrimer. This approach to nanofiltration will readily interface to upstream microreactors.
Photon statistics and polarization correlations at telecommunications wavelengths from a warm atomic ensemble.

We present measurements of the polarization correlation and photon statistics of photon pairs that emerge from a laser-pumped warm rubidium vapor cell. The photon pairs occur at 780 nm and 1367 nm and are polarization entangled. We measure the autocorrelation of each of the generated fields as well as the cross-correlation function, and observe a strong violation of the two-beam Cauchy-Schwartz inequality. We evaluate the performance of the system as source of heralded single photons at a telecommunication wavelength. We measure the heralded autocorrelation and see that coincidences are suppressed by a factor of ≈ 20 from a Poissonian source at a generation rate of 1500 s−1, a heralding efficiency of 10%, and a narrow spectral width.
SHORTENING THE GAP BETWEEN MODERN COMMUNITY ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY PALEOECOLOGY

Zeno of Elea, the ancient Greek philosopher, proposed a paradox that captures one of the challenges facing evolutionary paleoecologists: that which is in motion must arrive at the halfway stage before it arrives at its goal (Aristotle, 1984). Zeno describes a footrace between Achilles and a tortoise and explains that if Achilles, a fast runner, gives the tortoise a head start, he will never overtake the tortoise. Achilles must traverse a finite series of distances before catching the tortoise, but in the time it takes Achilles to achieve this distance the tortoise crawls forward a tiny bit farther. As a result, Achilles is forever chasing a tortoise he can never actually catch. This seeming paradox resembles one of the challenges facing evolutionary paleoecologists; that is, the ever-present challenge of keeping up with developments in modern community ecology—a swift opponent with a definite head start. Several major patterns of functional biology and life habits are well established for marine organisms throughout the Phanerozoic (Bambach, 1985, 1993; Sepkoski and Miller, 1985; Bottjer and Ausich, 1986). The lack of coherent theories to help understand these macroevolutionary trends, however, keeps evolutionary paleoecology a step behind (Jackson, 1988; Allmon, 1994; Allmon and Bottjer, 2001). The good news is that this paradox is not irresolvable. Perhaps evolutionary paleoecologists, like the mathematicians who used calculus to produce practical solutions to Zeno's paradox, can use math to gain headway; for example, the mathematical model …
Noncomparability of cross-sectional and longitudinal estimates of lung growth in children

Results from longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of pulmonary function are often compared. However, previous studies in adults suggest that results from longitudinal and cross-sectional studies are different and may not be comparable. In order to evaluate these differences further, prospectively collected data in a group of children were analyzed by both longitudinal and cross-sectional methods. Spirometry was performed longitudinally over a period of 8 years on 58 healthy children. Straight-line regressions of expiratory flow-volume parameters on height were computed by averaging the individual regression lines for each child. A cross-sectional sample from these same children was analyzed and compared to the longitudinal analysis. For all expiratory flow-volume parameters, the cross-sectional analysis resulted in a significantly greater increase in growth with increasing height than the longitudinal analysis (P < 0.005 for slope for all parameters except PEFR, P < 0.05 and Vmax75, P < 0.01). These differences cannot be explained by learning or horse-racing effects, loss to follow-up, or regression to the mean; however, they could be explained by cohort changes, time trends of pulmonary function, differences in the weighted averages used in the two analyses, or incorrect modeling. These observations indicate that comparisons between cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations must be made cautiously. These data do not support many of the reasons suggested for the differences in previous reports. It is recommended that studies of pulmonary function use a control group and investigate the groups at the same time and in the same manner. Pediatr Pilmonol. 1989; 7:22–28.
Acid-catalyzed aldol-Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley-etherification reactions—access to defined configured quaternary stereogenic centers

A novel asymmetric aldol-reduction–etherification process of aliphatic enolizable aldehydes is described. The intermediately formed aldol adducts—β-hydroxyaldehydes—were reduced and transformed into the corresponding 1,3-diol ethers by external secondary alcohols at the same time. Thus, with the help of chiral secondary alcohols an access to optically active 1,3-diol ether is given. Furthermore, asymmetric cross-aldol-Meerwein–Ponndorf reactions of enolizable aldehydes can also be realized under these reaction conditions.
A rate model of inductively coupled argon plasma analyte spectra

Abstract A model which explicitly considers the various rates of excitation, deexcitation, ionization and recombination for analyte species in an ICAP of defined electron density and temperature is presented. The model reveals that radiative decay, radiative recombination and radiative absorption affect the level populations of a fundamentally collisionally dominated plasma. In addition. Penning ionization is shown to have a negligible effect on spectrally derived temperatures except for elements of high second ionization potential.
Destabilizing Hybridization, General-Purpose Genotypes and Geographic Parthenogenesis

The ecological and genetic correlates of parthenogenesis are clarified by focusing upon two of the major challenges that confront a newly arisen parthenogen: the genetic disruption that results from backcrosses with sexual relatives, and the evolution of a highly generalized genotype. Both of these factors have been ignored in previous theories of the evolution of reproductive systems. Yet, the geographic ranges, ecological characteristics, elevated ploidy levels, and hybrid origins of many parthenogens, as well as the widespread suppression of recombination in automicts, are consistent with expectations derived from the destabilizing hybridization and general-purpose genotype hypotheses. Whereas the support for these hypotheses is broad, much of the evidence is circumstantial; experimental tests would allow an evaluation of the proposed hypotheses and the more traditional alternatives based on differential colonization, competitive, and coevolutionary abilities. An appreciation of the stringent requireme...
Fission track tectonics: The tectonic interpretation of fission track apatite ages

Abstract Absolute uplift rates, regional uplift patterns, and time limits for uplift and fault movements can be studied with fission tracks in apatite. This is demonstrated for about 50 apatites from the Swiss and Italian Alps. Due to the relatively low thermal stability of tracks in apatite, the fission track ages of apatites from this area define the time when these rocks cooled down to temperatures to 125 ± 20°C.
An implementation of on-conditions in LISP

An implementation of interrupt handling facilities for LISP is described. Although simple and straightforward, the inclusion of these facilities into the language has been neglected. Thus LISP remains a second-generation language. The incorporation of PL/1-like on-conditions allows the user much greater control over the action of the LISP program, and enables him to trap conditions in data that would otherwise terminate the processor.
Older Adult Strategies for Community Wayfinding

Community wayfinding becomes more challenging with age and decrements in functioning. Given the growth in numbers of older adults, we need to understand features that facilitate or inhibit wayfinding in outdoor settings to enhance mobility and community engagement. This exploratory study of 35 short- ( n = 14) and long-term ( n = 21) residents in an ethnically diverse neighborhood identified relevant wayfinding factors. Data collection included an interview, map-drawing task, and walk along a previously audited, prescribed route to identify key wayfinding strategies. Most participants sought information from other people as a primary method of route planning. Street signs and landmarks were overwhelming favorites as helpful wayfinding features. When asked to recall the route following the walk, only half of participants gave completely correct directions. Findings reinforce the importance of landmarks and legible, systematic, and consistently available signage, as well as trustworthy person-to-person information sources. Findings also underscore the need for wayfinding research in diverse environments.
Starvation and overfeeding stress on microbial activities in high-solids high-yield methanogenic digesters

Abstract Methane production from a high-solids digester was significantly decreased by both feedstock starvation and overfeeding. Both starvation and overfeeding also induced significant decreases in acetate turnover, acetate incorporation into methane, and in the ratio of triglyceride to polar lipid. The physiological status ratio of 14 C-acetate incorporated into poly-β-hydroxybutyrate to polar lipid was unchanged by either treatment. Digester pH, and acetate and ammonia concentrations were unchanged by starvation. Overfeeding decreased the pH, and greatly increased ammonia and acetate, creating a toxic environment. The rate of 14 C-acetate incorporation into total lipid significantly increased with starvation but significantly decreased with overfeeding. The ratio of 14 C-acetate incorporated into eubacterial and eukaryotic fatty acids to methanogen ether lipids significantly increased with starvation and significantly decreased under overfeeding. This study provides one of the most thorough descriptions currently available for starvation and overfeeding stress effects on methanogenic digester performance, including specific eubacterial and archaebacterial activities. These results provide important insight into methanogenic digester operating parameters for stable biomass-to-methane yields.
Progesterone receptor or cytoskeletal protein

Immunoblotting is used to characterize the various nuclear progesterone receptor (nPR) isoforms present in tissues; however, the success of this technique is dependent on the specificity of the primary nPR antibody. The authors investigate the specificity of a frequently used nPR antibody, sc-538, in total protein from human myometrium and a myometrial cell line (PHM1-31). Using immunoblotting, 2 sc-538 immunoreactive bands at 100 and 55 kDa were detected. The bands were extracted and identified by 1-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The predominant protein in the 100-kDa band was alpha-actinin. The dominant proteins in the smaller band were vimentin (57 kDa) and desmin (53 kDa). Myometrial lysate was immunoprecipitated with sc-538, and immunoblotting of the immunoprecipitate with antibodies to alpha-actinin, desmin, and vimentin confirmed the presence of these proteins. The sc-538 nPR antibody therefore cross-reacts with cytoskeletal proteins that could be misinterpreted as nPR isoforms. Such misinterpretation has confused the progesterone response literature.
Introduction to the Issue: The Role of Science in Watershed Managemnent

The June 2007 issue of this journal featured a special focus on Water and Watersheds centered on the results of an NSF-EPAUSDA partnership that led to a number of research projects integrating the physical, ecological, and social sciences (Firth and Kelleher 2007). The papers in that issue were examples of research undertaken with funding from that partnership. This issue builds on that theme, focusing largely, but not exclusively, on one watershed, the Upper Susquehanna Basin, and stems from a workshop held in May, 2007 by the Center for Integrated Watershed Studies (CIWS) at Binghamton University, “The Role of Science in Watershed Management.” This workshop was designed to bring together natural scientists, social scientists, and policy makers to discuss current issues, related research, perceived needs for information, and obstacles and opportunities for interaction between science and management. These goals reflect the mission of CIWS, specifically to draw together investigators with diverse expertise and interests in watershed studies in the hopes of integrating the latest knowledge across all disciplines pertaining to watershed management. The sixty participants came from various universities, from local, county, and state government, and from watershed organizations, ranging from the Chesapeake Bay Commission to the Susquehanna River Basin Commission to the Upper Susquehanna Coalition. The workshop was organized around several plenary speakers, representing three critical areas in watershed management: ecology, hydrology, and policy making. Each centered his or her presentation around current research projects, findings, and needs for future work. These were followed by breakout sessions centering broadly on these areas, but focusing on how the science can and should be translated for managers with an emphasis on local concerns and needs in the Upper Susquehanna River Basin. Specifically, these sessions covered nonpoint-source pollution, land use impacts, flooding, environmental education, stakeholder concerns, and emerging issues. In all sessions, the interaction between science and policy was incorporated with an eye to developing a research agenda and priorities for action.