cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some prospective applications of silicon electrodeposition from molten fluorides to solar cell fabrication

Electrodeposition of both epitaxial and polycrystalline continuous films of dense, coherent, and well-adherent silicon coatings was achieved from molten fluorides. A dissolving Si anode and an operating temperature of about 750 C were utilized. Silicon electrocrystallization epitaxy (ECE) produced films with the (111) orientation on Si substrates of the same orientation. The unintentionally doped films were of p-type character with a resistivity in the range 0.05 - 0.10 Ω-cm. Polycrystalline Si films were similarly electroplated onto various polycrystalline metal substrates. Uniform coherent, and well-adherent coatings with grain diameters as large as 40 – 50 µm were obtained. The useful rate of electrodeposition of Si could be significantly increased by the application of an alternating square wave pulse (ASWP)2technique. Cathodic current pulses as high as 300 mA/cm2 (growth rate of about 5 µm/min) were demonstrated. The cathodic current efficiencies, for all modes of growth, were about 70 – 100%. The effects of the various operating parameters, and some prospective applications to the fabrication of solar cells, are discussed.
Endoscopic Palliation of Pancreatic Cancer

Endoscopic approaches have revolutionized the palliation of advanced pancreatic cancer. The ideal management consists of a multidisciplinary approach involving surgeons, endoscopists, radiologists, and oncologists. Concurrent advances in the fields of interventional radiology and laparoscopic surgical oncology should be readdressed and directly compared with endoscopic approaches in randomized controlled trials. Exciting novel endoscopic techniques are being developed and evaluated; however, these approaches require further validation with randomized clinical trials to determine the safety and efficacy when compared with more traditional approaches.
Conformation Preference of a Flexible Cyclohexanetetracarboxylate Ligand in Three New Metal-Organic Frameworks: Structures, Magnetic and Luminescent Properties

Three novel complexes of formula [Co5(OH)2(cht)2(H2O)10]n·2nH2O (1) (H4cht = cyclohexane-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid), [Zn2(cht)(H2O)3]n·nH2O (2), and [Cd2(cht)(H2O)5]n·2nH2O (3) were synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction of cyclohexane-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid in the presence of sodium hydroxide with Co(NO3)2·6H2O, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, and Cd(NO3)2·4H2O, respectively. These complexes were obtained by controlling the molar ratios of starting materials and the pH values of reaction mixtures with an initial pH of 5.87 for 1, 5.50 for 2, and 5.57 for 3, respectively. The single-crystal X-ray investigations reveal that the cht ligands change their conformations exclusively to the a,e,e,a form in all three complexes. Complex 1 features a two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic framework (MOF) with an axis surrounded by two zigzag structures, a rectangular channel surrounded by two a-carboxylate-metal-a-carboxlate and two e-carboxylate-metal-e-carboxylate chains, and two smaller distorted square-pyramidal channels s...
Spallation processes and nuclear interaction products of cosmic rays

Most cosmic-ray nuclei heavier than helium have suffered nuclear collisions in the interstellar gas, with transformation of nuclear composition. The isotopic and elemental composition at the sources has to be inferred from the observed composition near the Earth. The source composition permits tests of current ideas on sites of origin, nucleosynthesis in stars, evolution of stars, the mixing and composition of the interstellar medium and injection processes prior to acceleration. The effects of nuclear spallation, production of radioactive nuclides and the time dependence of their decay provide valuable information on the acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays, their nuclear transformations, and their confinement time in the Galaxy. The formation of spallation products that only decay by electron capture and are relatively long-lived permits an investigation of the nature and density fluctuations (like clouds) of the interstellar medium. Since nuclear collisions yield positrons, antiprotons, gamma rays and neutrinos, we shall discuss these topics briefly.
Post traumatic unilateral hydronephrosis with hypertension treated by embolization

A case of post-traumatic renal hypertension secondary to unilateral hydronephrosis is presented. The patient was treated with embolization of the renal artery and remains normotensive two years after the procedure.
Assessing faculty performance using student evaluations of teaching in an uncontrolled setting

This paper provides new evidence on the disparity between student evaluation of teaching (SET) ratings when evaluations are conducted online versus in‐class. Using a multiple regression analysis, we show that after controlling for many of the class and student characteristics not under the direct control of the instructor, average SET ratings from evaluations conducted online are significantly lower than average SET ratings conducted in‐class. Further, we demonstrate the importance of controlling for the factors not under the instructor’s control when using SET ratings to evaluate faculty performance in the classroom. We do not suggest that moving to online evaluation is overly problematic, only that it is difficult to compare evaluations done online with evaluations done in‐class. While we do not suppose that one method is ‘more accurate’ than another, we do believe that institutions would benefit from either moving all evaluations online or by continuing to do all evaluations in‐class.
Global brain ischemia and reperfusion: Golgi apparatus ultrastructure in neurons selectively vulnerable to death.

The neocortex and the hippocampus were examined for lipid peroxidation products and ultrastructural alterations by fluorescence and electron microscopy, respectively, in rats subjected to 10 min of cardiac arrest or 10 min cardiac arrest and either 90 or 360 min reperfusion. Lipid peroxidation products were observed after 90 min reperfusion in the perikarya and proximal dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons and in the hippocampal hilar cells and CA1, region; the fluorescene was most intense at the base of the apical dendrite, the region of the Golgi apparatus. After 90 min of reperfusion, the CA1, showed considerable stretches of rough endoplasmic reticulum devoid of ribosomes and the Golgi cisternae were shorter and widely dilated. The neocortex showed similar endoplasmic reticulum changes, but no significant alterations to the Golgi were noted. In addition there were areas where strings of ribosomes appear to be detaching from the endoplasmic reticulum. After 360 min reperfusion in both the neocortex and the hippocampus, the damage appeared more severe. The Golgi was fragmented into vacuoles, membranous whorls had appeared, and dense aggregates of smooth vesicles were seen coalescing with each other and the vacuoles. These observations suggest that early Golgi involvement is a more important marker of lethal injury than ribosome release from the endoplasmic reticulum. The areas of disturbed Golgi ultrastructure correspond to those areas that show evidence of lipid peroxidation and imply that lipid peroxidation may be causally related to the disturbance in Golgi ultrastructure.
Psychometric analysis of the Visual Form Discrimination Test.

The Visual Form Discrimination Test is a matching-to-sample test involving visual discrimination. Although normative information has been presented, limited psychometric data have been available. The current study estimated the internal consistency and additional psychometric properties of the test in a sample of 66 persons with acute traumatic brain injury. Internal consistency as measured by alpha was .66. A homogeneous sample and a restricted range of scores likely attenuated this estimate. Using the standard cutoff score, only 32% of the sample showed impaired performance. Visual form discrimination as measured by this test may be affected less by traumatic brain injury than other cognitive processes such as attention and memory.
Photo-assisted water oxidation with cobalt-based catalyst formed from thin-film cobalt metal on silicon photoanodes

Integrating chemical catalysts for water splitting with photoanode materials is a longstanding challenge in demonstrating light-assisted water oxidation, a process which can be used for the generation of solar fuels. In this work we use a silicon photoanode as a substrate for processing cobalt metal films to form a cobalt-based water oxidation catalyst (Co–Pi) integrated with the silicon photoanode. The Co–Pi coated photoanodes show catalytic onset at 0.85 V under illumination, which is better than silicon photoanodes coated with ITO and solution-deposited Co–Pi (catalytic onset at 1.05 V) and significantly better photoanodes with only ITO contacts (catalytic activity onset at 1.6 V).
Lorentz invariance from classical particle paths in quantum field theory of electric and magnetic charge

We establish the Lorentz invariance of the quantum field theory of electric and magnetic charge. This is a priori implausible because the theory is the second-quantized version of a classical field theory which is inconsistent if the minimally coupled charged fields are smooth functions. For our proof we express the generating functional for the gauge-invariant Green's functions of quantum electrodynamics: with or without magnetic charge: as a path integral over the trajectories of classical charged point particles. The electric-electric and electric-magnetic interactions contribute factors exp(JDJ) and exp(JD'K), where J and K are the electric and magnetic currents of classical point particles and D is the usual photon propagator. The propagator D' involves the Dirac string but exp(JD'K) depends on it only through a topological integer linking string and classical particle trajectories. The charge quantization condition e/sub i/g/sub j/ - g/sub i/e/sub j/ = integer then suffices to make the gauge-invariant Green's functions string independent. By implication our formulation shows that if the Green's functions of quantum electrodynamics are expressed as usual as functional integrals over classical charged fields, the smooth field configurations have measure zero and all the support of the Feynman measure lies on the trajectories of classical pointmore » particles.« less
Antibodies to human myeloperoxidase in glomerular immune deposits of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Antibodies to human myeloperoxidase and cathepsin G have been detected in the serum of some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Therefore, the presence of antibodies to human myeloperoxidase and cathepsin G was examined in glomerular immune deposits. Glomerular basement membrane fragments were prepared from renal tissues obtained at autopsy from 19 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. IgG was extracted from the glomerular basement membrane fragments and tested with sensitive immunoassays for antibodies to myeloperoxidase and cathepsin G. Antibodies to cathepsin G were not detected in the extracts but antibodies to human myeloperoxidase were found in extracts of one specimen. In the extract with 6M guanidine hydrochloride these antibodies were enriched 103-fold, compared to the initial supernatant of glomeruli, which served as a serum surrogate. The recovered antibodies to myeloperoxidase accounted for 12% of the recovered IgG. These findings add autoantibodies to human myeloperoxidase to th...
Characterization of photoresist spatial resolution by interferometric lithography

Progress in photolithograpy depends upon the availability of photoresists capable of printing increasingly fine features. New resist materials are constantly in demand, for instance to enable the use of sources and optics operating at shorter wavelengths. For the development of new resists, it is very valuable to have a quantitative metric for the spatial resolution of the photoresist itself. The spatial resolution of an imaging optical system is generally described by a line spread function or, equivalently by its Fourier transform, the modulation transfer function. We apply the formalism of a line spread function to the photoresist film and show that given a model for the development process, which transforms the continuous-valued latent image to a binary-valued relief profile, the modulation transfer function can be deduced from measurements of linewidth vs. dose for sinusoidal exposures made by 2-beam interferometric lithography. An important advantage of the interferometric technique is that it does not require highly optimized, and thus expensive, optics for the wavelength under investigation. This methodology has been applied to commercial and experimental photoresist materials. As an example, the experimental results show that the line spread function of the deep-UV resist UVII-HS has a full width at half maximum of approximately 50 nm.
Decarboxylation of tetracosanoic acid to n-tricosane in the termite Zootermopsis angusticollis.

Abstract 1. 1. In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to study the decarboxylation of tetracosanoic acid in the termite Zootermopsis angusticollis. Radio-GLC of the alkanes formed from the metabolism of [15,16-3H]tetracosanoic acid both in intact animals and in cell free preparations showed that the substrate was directly decarboxylated to n-tricosane. 2. 2. α-Hydroxytetracosanoic acid was incorporated into hydrocarbon more efficiently than was tetracosanoic acid, suggesting that the first step in the reductive decarboxylation of very long chain fatty acids in insects involves α-hydroxylation. 3. 3. The decarboxylase activity was located primarily in the microsomal fraction, and was stimulated twofold by the addition of ascorbic acid. The pH optimum for the reaction was 6.0. Neither ATP, CoASH, nor reduced pyridine nucleotides increased enzyme activity.
Simulation of rare events in quantum error correction

We consider the problem of calculating the logical error probability for a stabilizer quantum code subject to random Pauli errors. To access the regime of large code distances where logical errors are extremely unlikely we adopt the splitting method widely used in Monte Carlo simulations of rare events and Bennett's acceptance ratio method for estimating the free energy difference between two canonical ensembles. To illustrate the power of these methods in the context of error correction, we calculate the logical error probability $P_L$ for the 2D surface code on a square lattice with a pair of holes for all code distances $d\le 20$ and all error rates $p$ below the fault-tolerance threshold. Our numerical results confirm the expected exponential decay $P_L\sim \exp{[-\alpha(p)d]}$ and provide a simple fitting formula for the decay rate $\alpha(p)$. Both noiseless and noisy syndrome readout circuits are considered.
Heat transfer enhancement in dense suspensions of agitated solids. Part I: Theory

Abstract We predict heat transfer enhancement through dense homogeneous suspensions of agitated solids in conductive fluids by coupling the fluid and solid phases through a volumetric source term. The enhancement is governed by a Damkohler number demarcating an “exchange limit” where the source term dominates, and a “diffusion limit” set by the ability of agitated particles to self-diffuse. We point out effects of particle ordering on mixture conductivity and volumetric heat exchange rate, carry out thermal simulations to justify the form of these terms, and model further enhancements from gas velocity fluctuations induced by solids of high agitation.
Effect of Flooding on Elemental Uptake and Biomass Allocation in Seedlings of Three Bottomland Tree Species

Abstract Seedlings of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum), nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii), and cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodaefolia) were subjected to flooding for 70 days in a greenhouse. The treatment imposed was reducing soil conditions characterized by low soil redox potential (Eh), and replicated three times. Plant elemental uptake, allocation and growth in response to the treatment were evaluated. For baldcypress, element uptake was not significantly influenced by low soil Eh conditions except for significant iron (Fe) decrease in the roots. In contrast, both oak species showed significant decreases in element uptake under low Eh treatment. In nuttall oak seedlings, uptake of aluminum (Al), boron (B), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) was significantly lower in the shoot and root of flooded plants as compared to controls. In flooded plants, Fe uptake was significantly lower in roots while manganese (Mn) was significantly higher in shoots compared to controls. In...
A spectral approach for analyzing the rill structure over hillslopes. Part 1. Development of stochastic theory

Abstract The rill structure over the soil surface plays an important role in determining the runoff and sediment loss from hillslopes. The microtopography is often complicated, and representation of the hillslope surface on a rill-by-rill basis is uneconomical and impractical. A spectral approach combined with a stochastic theory is proposed for the rill profile. The theory develops appropriate probability distribution laws for rill amplitudes and rill periods (interrill areas) under the assumption that the spectrum of the rill profile is narrow banded. This study establishes a foundation for future studies dealing with parameter estimation, and determining the global roughness and erodibility for runoff and sediment discharge predictions over hillslopes.
Cytochrome c Deficiency Causes Embryonic Lethality and Attenuates Stress-Induced Apoptosis

Cytochrome c released from mitochondria has been proposed to be an essential component of an apoptotic pathway responsive to DNA damage and other forms of cell stress. Murine embryos devoid of cytochrome c die in utero by midgestation, but cell lines established from early cytochrome c null embryos are viable under conditions that compensate for defective oxidative phosphorylation. As compared to cell lines established from wild-type embryos, cells lacking cytochrome c show reduced caspase-3 activation and are resistant to the proapoptotic effects of UV irradiation, serum withdrawal, or staurosporine. In contrast, cells lacking cytochrome c demonstrate increased sensitivity to cell death signals triggered by TNFalpha. These results define the role of cytochrome c in different apoptotic signaling cascades.
Social Interactions and the Mediation of Science Learning in Two Small Groups of First-Graders.

This study investigated the nature of small-group social interactions in the mediation of children's science learning. Two small groups of 4 first-graders and their teacher were observed throughout a 15-day unit on insect life cycles (butterfly and beetle metamorphosis). The study was qualitative in nature and guided by a sociocultural constructivist framework. Consistent with the theoretical framework, inductive analysis methodology guided the methods of inquiry. On the basis of the patterns that emerged from the data, two assertions are postulated to explain how the teacher's and children's social interactions mediated the children's science learning during small-group activity. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chromatographic identification of porphyrins in several species of turbellaria

Chez les Turbellaires, l'auteur a trouve de l'uroporphyrine dans les vers des genresDugesia etCura, et de la coproporphyrine dans ceux des genresPhagocata etBdellocephala. Les porphyrines ont ete identifiees par la chromatographie sur papier. Elles sont localisees dans les rhabdites des cellules de l'epiderme et du sous-epiderme de ces vers.
Effects of a brief, theory-based STD-prevention program for female college students

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate a brief, theoretically guided sexually transmitted disease (STD) risk-reduction intervention tailored to college-aged women. Methods: The participants were 78 undergraduate females ( M = 20 years; 76% European-American) who reported inconsistent condom use or multiple sexual partners. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) a one-session intervention based on the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model, (b) a one-session information-only intervention (INFO), or (c) a wait-list control (WLC) group. Consistent with Fisher and Fisher's (1992) IMB model, we predicted that risk reduction would be greater when information about HIV was supplemented with motivational enhancement strategies and skills training. To evaluate this hypothesis, groups were compared at the post-intervention assessment and at a 2-month follow-up using analyses of covariance and log odds ratios. Results: At the post-intervention assessment, the IMB and INFO groups demonstrated increased STD-related knowledge. At 2-month follow-up, the IMB and INFO groups showed sustained STD-related knowledge, and the IMB group showed reductions in number of sexual partners compared to the WLC group. Conclusions: These results provide partial support for the hypothesis that an IMB model-based intervention leads to reductions in sexual risk behavior and suggest directions for future research.
Interferometers and minimum-uncertainty states

Minimum-uncertainty states in variables which are quadratic in mode creation and annihilation operators can be used to increase the accuracy of interferometric measurements. For a general interferometer we show how to find the relevant uncertainty relation. We consider two specific examples, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer in which the first beam splitter has been replaced by a four-wave mixer. For both devices su(2) squeezed minimum-uncertainty states can be used to achieve phase-measurement accuracies of 1/N, where N is the total photon number at the input. We also describe a method of producing approximate versions of these states.
Kelvin on an old, celebrated hypothesis

Lord Kelvin in 1901 tested an “old and celebrated hypothesis” that if we could see far enough into space the whole sky would be occupied with stellar disks all of perhaps the same brightness as the Sun. Kelvin was the first to solve quantitatively and correctly the riddle of a dark night sky, a riddle that had been previously solved qualitatively by Edgar Allan Poe, and is now known as Olbers' paradox.
Effects of chronic environmental and social stimuli during adolescence on mesolimbic dopaminergic circuitry markers.

Abstract Previously, we have shown that chronic exposure to environmental and social stimuli (ESS) during adolescence prevents the development of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine in adult rats. At the onset of the peripubertal-juvenile period (28-d) male rats were subjected to a 28-d long intermittent ESS protocol or handled as controls (NO-ESS). Twenty-four hours after the last session of ESS or NO-ESS, all rats started a regimen of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), in which rats were injected every third day with amphetamine or saline on four occasions. Then following one week abstinence all rats were challenged with a lower dose of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and their locomotor activity monitored for 2 h. Our results showed that while NO-ESS rats developed behavioral sensitization to amphetamine, ESS rats did not develop this behavior. All rats were then sacrificed 3 days following the challenge to allow for amphetamine clearance. Since mesolimbic dopamine has been implicated in behavioral sensitization to amphetamine we compared messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of key dopamine-related molecules in the mesolimbic circuitry in ESS and NO-ESS rats. A decrease in dopaminergic D1 receptor (D1R) gene expression in the caudate-putamen (CPu) was associated with amphetamine sensitization in the controls, possibly as a result of a chronic increase in DA release. In contrast, amphetamine treatment did not modulate D1R mRNA levels in ESS rats. No change has been detected in any other dopaminergic markers [D2R, D3R, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine transporter (DAT) mRNAs]. Consequently, we conclude that ESS may inhibit the development of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine through preventing the decrease in CPu D1R mRNA levels.
The Modern Woman's Labor Curve

Childbearing Paper Presentation Purpose for the Program To describe the use of the partogram as a tool for decision making during labor, review the origins of the partogram and the recent research related to it, and discuss how the change from use of the Friedman curve to the partogram was implemented at a community based, nonteaching, tertiary care birthing center. Proposed Change To develop communication points where the registered nurse (RN) and medical doctor (MD) review the progress of the labor and implement any associated interventions. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation One hundred charts of nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex (NTSV) cesarean delivery patients were retrospectively reviewed. The labors were plotted on a partogram and on the Friedman curve. Communication points between the RN and MD were identified. Consideration for additional time for a body mass index greater than 35 was reviewed. The chart audits revealed that 20% of the women who had NTSV cesarean deliveries because of failure to progress could have been given more time in labor if the partogram was used and extra time for obesity was applied. RN and MD education regarding the use of the partogram consisted of lectures, staff meetings, and handouts. RNs completed a partogram on all patients in labor. All partograms were reviewed for communications and interventions when the patient's labor varied from the partogram. Balance measures were applied, including Apgar scores, maternal temperature, postpartum hemorrhage, and length of hospital stay. None of the balance measures was increased because of implementation of the partogram. While evaluating the use of the partogram through the plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycle, it was discovered that the combined use of the partogram with the patient's involvement improved the patient's satisfaction in relation to the health care providers' involvement in her care. Implications for Nursing Practice Using the partogram requires the labor and delivery RN to actively include the patient in the progress of her labor. The partogram assists the RN in implementation of labor support and nursing interventions at specified times during the labor. It also improves the communication between the RN, MD, and patient.
Counseling for driving restrictions in epilepsy and other causes of temporary impairment of consciousness: how are we doing?

In Arizona, other states, and other countries, people who experience a seizure or other transient alteration of consciousness may be legally restricted from driving. Arizona law requires that people with these conditions submit themselves for a medical review, whereas health care providers are not required to report to the authorities. Therefore, counseling people with these medical conditions about driving generally falls to health care providers, who are often not neurologists. Three hundred thirty-five consecutive charts of patients discharged from our Emergency Department were retrospectively reviewed by diagnosis codes associated with altered consciousness. A total of 267 patients met our inclusion criteria, of whom 27 (10.1%) were counseled regarding driving—by the Emergency Department physician and/or consulting neurologist. Although the counseling rate for driving was 10/29 (34.5%) when a neurologist was involved, it was found to be only 17/238 (7.1%) when neurological services were not sought. Patients presenting with seizure were more likely to be counseled than those presenting with other episodes of loss of consciousness. Accurate knowledge of driving laws by health care workers and patients has the potential to minimize liability and improve public safety and quality of care.
Intraseptal infusion of oxotremorine impairs memory in a delayed-non-match-to-sample radial maze task.

Abstract The medial septal nucleus is part of the forebrain circuitry that supports memory. This nucleus is rich in cholinergic receptors and is a putative target for the development of cholinomimetic cognitive-enhancing drugs. Septal neurons, primarily cholinergic and GABAergic, innervate the entire hippocampal formation and regulate hippocampal formation physiology and emergent function. Direct intraseptal drug infusions can produce amnestic or promnestic effects depending upon the type of drug administered. However, intraseptal infusion of the cholinomimetic oxotremorine has been reported to produce both promnestic and amnestic effects when administered prior to task performance. The present study examined whether post-acquisition intraseptal infusion of oxotremorine would be promnestic or amnestic in a delayed-non-match-to-sample radial maze task. In this task rats must remember information about spatial locations visited during a daily sample session and maintain that information over extended retention intervals (hours) in order to perform accurately on the daily test session. Treatments may then be administered during the retention interval. Alterations in maze performance during the test session an hour or more after treatment evidences effects on memory. In the present study, intraseptal infusion of oxotremorine (1.0–10.0 μg) produced a linear dose-related impairment of memory performance. Importantly, we also observed disrupted performance on the day after treatment. This persistent deficit was related only to memory over the retention interval and did not affect indices of short-term memory (ability to avoid repetitive or proactive errors during both the pre- and post-delay sessions). The persistent deficit contrasts with the acute amnestic effects of other intraseptally administered drugs including the cholinomimetics carbachol and tacrine. Thus, intraseptal oxotremorine produced a preferential disruption of memory consolidation as well as a persistent alteration of medial septal circuits. These findings are discussed with regards to multi-stage models of hippocampal-dependent memory formation and the further development of therapeutic strategies in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment as well as age-related decline and Alzheimer's dementia.
Enantiospecific total synthesis of the important biogenetic intermediates along the ajmaline pathway, (+)-polyneuridine and (+)-polyneuridine aldehyde, as well as 16-epivellosimine and macusine A.

The first stereospecific synthesis of polyneuridine aldehyde (6), 16-epivellosimine (7), (+)-polyneuridine (8), and (+)-macusine A (9) has been accomplished from commercially available d-(+)-tryptophan methyl ester. d-(+)-Tryptophan has served here both as the chiral auxiliary and the starting material for the synthesis of the common intermediate, (+)-vellosimine (13). This alkaloid was available in enantiospecific fashion in seven reaction vessels in 27% overall yield from d-(+)-trytophan methyl ester (14) via a combination of the asymmetric Pictet−Spengler reaction, Dieckmann cyclization, and a stereocontrolled intramolecular enolate-driven palladium-mediated cross-coupling reaction. A new process for this stereocontrolled intramolecular cross-coupling has been developed via a copper-mediated process. The initial results of this investigation indicated that an enolate-driven palladium-mediated cross-coupling reaction can be accomplished by a copper-mediated process which is less expensive and much easie...
Development of responsiveness to a social releaser in the dog: effects of age and hunger.

The reaction of dogs toward a monochrome painting of an adult conspecific were evaluated developmentally at 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 weeks of age. Highest frequencies of interaction toward the head and inguinal regions of the model occurred at 6 and 8 wk and increased at these ages following food deprivation. These findings are discussed in relation to the development of social behavior in the dog.
Temporal anagrams: Word identification with successively presented letters in scrambled order

High-frequency seven-letter words were displayed letter by letter in scrambled temporal orders upon an oscilloscope. After each incorrect identification, the sequence was repeated. Highest word-identification scores were obtained with initial and terminal starting positions, with shortest and longest spacingbetween successive letters, and at the slowest and fastest rates of letter presentation. The relative contribution of each variable was maintained in combination with other variables. The conditional probability of a correct word identification, given that the word was not identified on a previous presentation, plunges sharply with successive presentations. This apparent nonindependence of performance over successive presentations is, however, shown to be an artifact of pooling the results of heterogeneous experimental variables.
Correlation between barrier layer Tg and a thin-film composite polyamide membrane's performance: Effect of chlorine treatment

Abstract In this study we report changes in the glass transition temperature ( T g ) of the polyamide barrier layer (PBL) of a commercial RO membrane as a function of chlorine treatment in which concentration and pH were systematically varied. The results indicate a monotonic decrease of T g with increasing exposure time at a given chlorine concentration. Further, both the degree and the rate of T g decrease vary significantly with both the chlorine concentration and pH value of the aqueous chlorine solution. Moreover, the decrease in PBL T g correlates well with the reduction in the salt rejection of the membrane, but the magnitude of the correlation is specific to chlorine concentration and pH values.
New Black Paint For Cryogenic Infrared Applications

A black paint has been developed and tested for cryogenic applications involving wave-lengths beyond. 10μm. The paint has been used extensively for liquid helium cooled applications in a variety of instruments operating between 10 and 120pm. The material is applied by brush over a spray or brush applied primer coat. A final covering is applied by either brush. or spray. The composition and preparation of the paint are described, as are data about its outgassing properties. Infrared reflection and scattering data obtained by other groups which compare this material to other commercially available surface preparations are presented.
Dislocation of the Cuboid Bone Without Fracture

A 37-year-old man presented following an inversion plantar flexion injury to the left foot and ankle. Dislocation of the cuboid without associated fracture was identified and successfully treated by closed reduction. The patient was immobilized in a walking cast for seven weeks after surgery and no further dislocation occurred.
A COMPARISON OF THE HISTOLOGIC PATTERN OF BENIGN AND MALIGNANT THYROID TUMORS

THE relationship between benign and malignant thyroid tumors has been for many years a subject for interesting discussion. The interest has been due largely to a common opinion that many, perhaps most, thyroid carcinomas arise from a benign thyroid tumor which pre-existed for a variable length of time before transforming itself into a cancer. The evidence for such an opinion has been mostly clinical; the pathologic demonstration of the actual transformation or transition of a benign thyroid tumor to a malignant one has not always been so clear or as acceptable. It is known that in most organs of the body benign tumors have malignant counterparts as far as histologic structure is concerned; therefore, in order to further the pathologic understanding and evaluation of thyroid tumors in general, a comparison and contrast of the histologic growth patterns of benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms seemed indicated. Such a study was carried out to determine, in addition to general information regarding thyroid ...
Electrophysiological localization of distinct calcium potentials at selective somatodendritic sites in the substantia nigra.

Abstract The dendrites of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra play a pivotal role in the neurochemical homeostasis of the nucleus. 5,17 It is conceivable therefore that the cell body and dendrites of these nigral neurons possess distinct and independent electroresponsive features. By means of differential polarization through applied electric fields, the cell body and dendrites have been activated in effective isolation during intracellular recordings from pars compacta neurons in the substantia nigra in vitro. In one class of neurons, which discharge in a “phasic” fashion and are located in the rostral substantia nigra, the dendrites are shown to be the origin of classic low-threshold and high-threshold type calcium potentials: 9,8 indeed the high-threshold conductance appears to be exclusively dendritic. By contrast, in a second, more caudally located cell type, which discharges rhythmically, a high-threshold calcium spike is located principally in the cell body. The differential localization of these calcium conductances in sub-populations of neurons is likely to determine the functions for the calcium responses in each type of neuron, and moreover highlight the dendrites as dynamic and selective components in the physiology of the substantia nigra. The presence, for example, of the high-threshold calcium conductance in the dendrites of only one class of neuron suggests that this sub-population plays a prominent role in non-classical phenomena of dendritic release of a variety of chemical mediators.
The genetics of California populations of Geukensia demissa (Dillwyn) (Mollusca): further evidence on the selective importance of leucine aminopeptidase variation in salinity acclimation

A study of the population genetics of the estuarine bivalve Geukensia demissa (Dillwyn) in southern California marshes revealed significant spatial and temporal variation in leucine aminopeptidase-1 (LAP-1) gene frequencies which were correlated with environmental salinity. S California populations also generally show a deficit of heterozygotes at the LAP-1 locus with the degree of this deficit also correlated with environmental salinity. The results of this study are similar to previous studies on Mytilus edulis Linne where it has been proposed that antagonistic directional selection in low vs. high salinity environments acts to maintain the LAP-1 polymorphism. However, a general similarity between the genetic patterns for LAP-1 and other loci in G. demissa in S California makes a strict selectionist interpretation difficult. A similar study of G. demissa in San Francisco Bay failed to detect heterogeneity in allele frequencies or significant heterozygote deficits over gradients in environmental salinity.
Mice Deficient in both Pituitary Adenylyl Cyclase-activating Polypeptide and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Survive, but Display Growth Retardation and Sex-dependent Early Death

Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two closely related neuropeptides exhibiting overlapping activities which have actions on almost every organ system of the body. To determine if these peptides exert essential but redundant functions, we interbred VIP- and PACAP-deficient mice to obtain VIP/PACAP double knockout (DKO) mice. DKO mice had normal birth weights and survived to weaning, but exhibited a dramatic postnatal growth rate reduction. Analyses at postnatal day 16 indicated that all organs examined except the brain were reduced in mass by 40-70% compared to mixed background controls, with the thymus and spleen most profoundly affected. Brain size was also significantly reduced, but by only 10%. The reduced growth rate of DKO mice was associated with reduced serum concentrations of insulin-like growth hormone-1 (IGF-1), but unchanged levels of growth hormone. Despite the normal survival of DKO mice up to the weaning stage, many subsequently experienced early sudden death, with only 48% of females and 82% of males surviving past 6 months. The results indicate that a significant percentage of mice deficient in both VIP and PACAP survive to adulthood, but their growth rate is profoundly affected, and that females in particular exhibit high rate of mortality after about 3 months of age.
Rational-Emotive Education: A review of the literature

This article will assess the current status of Rational-Emotive Education. Attention is given to the concepts of Rational-Emotive Education, as well as specific teaching strategies. Also explored are studies attempting to assess the efficacy of using Rational-Emotive Education in the classroom. It is concluded that more scientific and comparative studies are needed in this area.
Identification of a Novel Gene Encoding the Yeast Mitochondrial Dicarboxylate Transport Protein via Overexpression, Purification, and Characterization of Its Protein Product

A gene encoding the mitochondrial dicarboxylate transport protein (DTP) has been identified for the first time from any organism. Our strategy involved overexpression of putative mitochondrial transporter genes, selected based on analysis of the yeast genome, followed by purification and functional reconstitution of the resulting protein products. The DTP gene from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a 298-residue basic protein which, in common with other mitochondrial anion transporters of known sequence and function, displays the mitochondrial transporter signature motif, three homologous 100-amino acid sequence domains, and six predicted membrane-spanning regions. The product of this gene has been abundantly expressed in Escherichia coli where it accumulates in inclusion bodies. Upon solubilization of the overexpressed DTP from isolated inclusion bodies with Sarkosyl, 28 mg of DTP was obtained per liter of E. coli culture at a purity of 75%. The purified, overexpressed DTP was then reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles where both its kinetic properties (i.e. Km = 1. 55 mM and Vmax = 3.0 micro;mol/min/mg protein) and its substrate specificity were determined. The intraliposomal substrates malonate, malate, succinate, and phosphate effectively supported [14C]malonate uptake, whereas other anions tested did not. External substrate competition studies revealed a similar specificity profile. Inhibitor studies indicated that the reconstituted transporter was sensitive to inhibition by n-butylmalonate, p-chloromercuribenzoate, mersalyl, and to a lesser extent pyridoxal 5'-phosphate but was insensitive to N-ethylmaleimide and selective inhibitors of other mitochondrial anion transporters. In combination, the above findings indicate that the identified gene encodes a mitochondrial transport protein which upon overexpression and reconstitution displays functional properties that are virtually identical to those of the native mitochondrial dicarboxylate transport system. In conclusion, the present investigation has resulted in identification of a gene encoding the mitochondrial DTP and thus eliminates a major impediment to molecular studies with this metabolically important transporter. Based on both structural and functional considerations, the yeast DTP is assignable to the mitochondrial carrier family. Additionally, the development of a procedure that enables the expression and isolation of large quantities of functional DTP provides the foundation for comprehensive investigations into the structure/function relationships within this transporter via site-directed mutagenesis, as well as for the initiation of crystallization trials.
Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in the United States. Several modalities are available for the treatment of HCC, and decisions regarding the optimal choice of therapy are based on tumor burden and severity of liver disease. Classification systems are helpful for prognostic purposes and to guide in the choice of therapy. Surgical resection is a mainstay of therapy for patients with solitary small tumors and preserved liver function (noncirrhotic or Child-Pugh class A cirrhotic patients without portal hypertension). Unfortunately, a minority of patients is eligible for resection, and postoperative recurrence or de novo HCC is common. Liver transplantation offers the best chance of curing HCC in cirrhotic patients. Patients with a solitary tumor less than 5 cm or no more than three tumors each 3 cm or less have a survival rate of 70% with less than 20% recurrence at 5 years. Access to liver transplantation is limited by organ availability, and tumor progression during the waiting period can lead to ineligibility. Ethanol injection and radiofrequency ablation are effective modalities to ablate small tumors (generally <5 cm) in patients who are not candidates for resection or liver transplantation. These modalities can also be used to treat HCC prior to liver transplantation. Transarterial chemoembolization is used to treat patients with multifocal or large HCC who are ineligible for other therapies. Chemotherapeutic agents are infused into the tumor via the hepatic artery along with embolic material in order to induce tumor necrosis. This technique should be used in selective patients with relatively preserved liver function, absence of portal vein thrombosis, or encephalopathy. Limited data exist to support the use of this modality as a primary treatment option for small HCC. Chemotherapeutic or hormonal therapies have a limited role in the management of patients with HCC. Despite mixed outcomes, we routinely use the somatostatin analog octreotide in advanced, multifocal HCC. Emerging therapies should focus on treatment of small tumors and targeted pharmacologic therapy for advanced disease.
Degradation products of 3-phenylmethylpyrido[3,4-e]-1,2,4-triazine

The thermal degradation of 3-phenylmethylpyrido[3,4-e]-1,2,4-triazine (I) leads to a large number of compounds. The isolation and identification of two of these is described.
Spirituality and the Process of Healing: A Narrative Study

To respond to calls for qualitative research to compliment quantitative findings, deepen our understanding of spiritual coping, and build theory (Hood & Belzen, 2005; Miller & Kelley, 2005; Pargament, Ano, & Wachholtz, 2005), this pilot study used a narrative method to examine the experience of 12 participants who self-identified as drawing on spirituality for healing. Participants described a 7-step process characterized by (a) openness, (b) shifting to a spiritual perspective, (c) going within, (d) connecting with the sacred, (e) undoing patterns, (f) setting healing intentions, and (g) following their inner guidance to transform experiences of mental and physical illness into experiences of healing. Participants emphasized the role of spirituality in reconstructing positive meanings in the face of crisis, and deconstructing patterns of thought, feeling, behavior, and experience associated with illness.