cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macro-mixing in a draft-tube airlift bioreactor

Airlift reactors are pneumatically agitated reactors that have been widely used in industries, particularly in bioprocesses. Extensive studies about the flow dynamics in airlift column reactors exist; however, most of these studies have focused on global hydrodynamic parameters using conventional techniques. The local flow characteristics, such as the macro-mixing and the turbulence intensity, are crucial for reliable design and scale-up, and they remain unclear. This work focuses on studying the macro-mixing in a draft-tube airlift bioreactor utilizing an advanced flow dynamic measurement technique, computer automated radioactive particle tracking (CARPT). True residence time distribution analyses for the overall column as well as individual regions, i.e., the riser, the downcomer, the top, and the bottom regions, are conducted for the first time based on CARPT measured particle trajectories. The effects of the superficial gas velocity and the top/bottom clearances on the macro-mixing are also discussed. The results suggest that although the flow structures in the overall draft-tube column reactor, as well as in the riser and in the downcomer, are close to plug flows, bypassing and stagnancy exist in the top and the bottom regions.
Effects of diffusion on resonance energy transfer. Comaprison of theory and experiment

Abstract Experimental data of Kinka and Faulkner for hydrocarbon quenching by the Wurster`s Blue cation have been quantita- tively compared with theoretical curves calculated from relations advanced by Yokota and Tanimoto and by Gosele et al.
Discernment as Critique in Teresa of Avila and Erasmus of Rotterdam

This essay interprets recent interest in “surface reading” or “just reading” as one manifestation of widespread interest in finding alternatives to critique. Noting that critique and its alternatives alike have been notably secular in their self-understanding as in their sources, this essay turns instead to premodern religious sources and argues that their explicit concern with questions of judgment and interpretation provides unexpected resources for reviving critique. In brief, I argue that the process of discernment on display in mystic texts by Teresa of Avila and humanist writings by Erasmus of Rotterdam offer a more holistic vision of critique’s project.
Lunar Core: Occam's Razor?

Whether or not the earth's moon has a core is a much bandied question. Like many notions about the properties of the moon, ideas of a lunar core changed drastically after the Apollo studies. A review of the development of these ideas was given a scholarly treatment by S.K. Runcorn recently (Nature, 304, 589-596, 1983). In contrast, L.L. Hood, C.P. Sonett, and L.J. Srnka have questioned the concept in serious detail (Nature, 307, 661-662, 1984). Whether or not the moon actually has or has had a fluid metallic core is of great consequence for a number of geophysical theories about the solar system. Most investigators concede that the possible existence of a lunar core remains one of the major unanswered, and yet most critical, questions about the moon. A lot rides on the answer: Can a lunar-sized body have a core? Is the core metallic? How is the core related to lunar magnetism and its paleomagnetism? Is or was a lunar core related to lunar volcanism? If the moon can have a core, is planetary core formation in the solar system a simple matter of gravitationally segregating metallic fragments that were formed elsewhere? Implications of the questions are without limit. There is, perhaps, no more valid issue about the moon to explore scientifically.
Microinjection of morphine into the rostral ventromedial medulla produces greater antinociception in male compared to female rats

The antinociceptive and locomotor effects of microinjecting morphine into the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) of male and female rats was assessed. Male rats showed greater antinociception than female rats at all doses and times following morphine administration. Male, but not female rats, also showed a dose dependent decrease in locomotion. These data demonstrate that sex differences in antinociception are mediated at least in part by the RVM.
Self-transcendence: Lonergan's key to integration of nursing theory, research, and practice

This paper proposes that the philosophy of Bernard Lonergan can provide insight into the challenge of integrating nursing theory, research and practice. The author discusses Lonergan's work in regard to reflective understanding, authenticity and the human person as a subject of consciously developing unity. This is followed by a discussion of two key elements in Lonergan's work that relate to nursing: the subject-object challenge of nursing inquiry and common sense vs. scientific knowledge. The author suggests that integration of nursing theory, science and practice may be achieved through self-transcendence.
Language and the Internet, 2nd ed. by David Crystal

Crystal, David. (2006). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. xi + 304 pp. $29.99, hardcover, ISBN-13: 978-0-521-86859-4. In the last decade, the Internet has come to have an influence on...
FPGA implementation of the MIMO-OFDM physical layer using single FFT multiplexing

In this paper, we present a prototype FPGA design for an efficient physical layer implementation of a MIMO-OFDM technique. We implement multi-channel MIMO-OFDM systems using single Fast Fourier Transform block that is shared across modulations for the system. Our experimental results show that the proposed implementation saves at least 60 percent of the hardware resources, while achieving the same data rate as known baseline MIMO-OFDM implementations. We also show that as more channels are used, more resources can be saved by using our proposed architecture.
Resistance to HSV-1 Infection in the Epithelium Resides with the Novel Innate Sensor, IFI-16

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate sentinels required for clearance of bacterial and fungal infections of the cornea, but their role in viral immunity is currently unknown. We report that TLR signaling is expendable in herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 containment as depicted by plaque assays of knockout mice (MyD88−/−, Trif−/− and MyD88−/− Trif−/− double knockout) resembling wild-type controls. To identify the key sentinel in viral recognition of the cornea, in vivo knockdown of the DNA sensor IFI-16/p204 in the corneal epithelium was performed and resulted in a loss of IFN-regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) nuclear translocation, interferon-α production, and viral containment. The sensor seems to have a similar function in other HSV clinically relevant sites such as the vaginal mucosa in which a loss of p204/IFI-16 results in significantly more HSV-2 shedding. Thus, we have identified an IRF-3-dependent, IRF-7- and TLR-independent innate sensor responsible for HSV containment at the site of acute infection.
Progressive optimization in subband trees

This paper shows that performance improvements are possible if different filter banks in the different levels, even in the nodes, of a subband tree are used. A progressive optimization technique is proposed for fine tuning of the product subband filters in a tree structure. The time and frequency properties of product subband filters are evaluated and comparisons made.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Due diligence issues in China

The People's Republic of China was identified as one of the most attractive locations for anticipated mergers and acquisitions (M&As) over the next 18 months. Unfortunately, it is also considered to be one of the riskiest locations for investment—partly due to the growth of white-collar crime (WCC). So any multinational firm planning M&A activities in China should include a search for WCC in their due diligence. However, conducting due diligence in China is very difficult. The authors take a critical look at these issues and detail the challenges that multinational firms will face. They also give some practical advice on how to handle those problems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of erythrocythemia on blood viscosity, maximal systemic oxygen transport capacity and maximal rates of oxygen consumption in an amphibian

1. Graded erythrocythemia was induced by isovolemic loading of packed red blood cells in the toad,Bufo marinus. Blood viscosity, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, maximal aortic blood flow rate and maximal rates of oxygen consumption were determined after each load. 2. Blood viscosity was related to hematocrit in the expected exponential manner; ln η=0.43+0.035 Hct (Fig. 2). 3. Maximal blood flow rates in the dorsal aorta were inversely proportional to blood viscosity and fit predictions of the Poiseuille-Hagen flow formula (Fig. 3). The effect of increased blood viscosity was to reduce aortic pulse volume, but not maximal heart rate (Figs. 4, 5). 4. Maximal systemic oxygen transport capacity (aortic blood flow rate x hemoglobin concentration x O2 binding capacity of hemoglobin) was linearly correlated with the maximal rate of oxygen consumption (Fig. 6). 5. These data indicate that optimal hematocrit theory is applicable for maximal blood flow rates in vivo, and that systemic oxygen transport is the primary limitation to aerial \(\dot V_{O_2 } \) max in amphibians.
Jackknife empirical likelihood method for testing the equality of two variances

In this paper, we propose a nonparametric method based on jackknife empirical likelihood ratio to test the equality of two variances. The asymptotic distribution of the test statistic has been shown to follow χ2 distribution with the degree of freedom 1. Simulations have been conducted to show the type I error and the power compared to Levene's test and F test under different distribution settings. The proposed method has been applied to a real data set to illustrate the testing procedure.
Electron microscopic immunocytochemical study of the distribution of parvalbumin-containing neurons and axon terminals in the primate dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn.

Five green monkeys were examined with light and electron microscopic preparations to explore the regional differences in the distribution of parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons and axon terminals in the primate hippocampus. PV-positive neurons were mainly found in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and the strata oriens and pyramidale of Ammon's horn. In electron microscopic preparations, the PV-positive cells displayed nuclear infoldings, intranuclear rods, a large rim of perikaryal cytoplasm with numerous organelles and both asymmetric and symmetric axosomatic synapses. One prominent PV-positive cell type in CA1 was a large multipolar neuron that resembled the large basket cells of the neocortex. Although most PV-positive dendrites were aspiny and postsynaptic to numerous axon terminals, some PV-positive dendrites in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus displayed filipodia-like appendages with no synapses or spines that were postsynaptic to multiple axon terminals. The PV-positive dendrites in the hilus and stratum oriens were apposed at specialized junctions that resembled gap junctions. PV-positive axons were concentrated in the principal cell layers, and formed axosomatic, axodendritic, and axon initial segment synapses. In cases where these axons were observed to appose the surface of granule cells for a long length, only one axosomatic symmetric synapse per cell was found. In the hilus, PV-positive axon terminals formed synapses onto thorny excrescences of spiny cells. Both semithin sections and electron microscopic preparations indicated that more PV-positive axon terminals formed symmetric axosomatic synapses with pyramidal cells in CA2 than in CA1 and CA3. Also, CA2 displayed a unique plexus of PV-positive axon terminals in stratum lacunosum moleculare. These results indicate that the PV-positive hippocampal cells form a subset of GABAergic local circuit neurons, including the basket and chandelier cells. The ubiquitous finding of PV-positive dendrites linked by gap junctions throughout the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn adds further data to indicate that this subset of GABAergic neurons is linked electrotonically. The synaptic organization of PV-positive neurons in the hippocampus suggests their participation in both feedback and feedforward inhibition. The PV-positive neurons in the hippocampus are only a proportion of the basket and chandelier cells, whereas virtually all of these cells in neocortex are PV-positive. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enzyme patterns in glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe's disease).

Abstract A case of type II glycogen storage disease was biochemically diagnosed during life. Heart and skeletal muscle, and the glia and neurons of the central nervous system showed remarkable change, presumably the result of glycogen deposition. A virtual absence of α-glucosidase was observed in heart and skeletal muscle, liver, thyroid and adrenal tissue, although this enzyme was present in the kidney. The enzymatic activity of phosphorylase was depressed but easily detectable in heart and skeletal muscle and in liver. The activities of amylo-1, 6-glucosidase and glucose-6-phosphatase were somewhat depressed but were also easily found in the tissues analyzed. The possibility of multiple enzyme defects in glycogen storage disease is discussed.
Focus of attention in UWB SAR image

The previous work demonstrate that detection based on the Laguerre transform exploits the 1D resonance response of the metallic target in the ultra wideband (UWB) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The success is mainly due to the fact that Laguerre function space captures the information contained in the resonant response. However, in that case, only 1D resonance response information were utilized. In this paper, a new CFAR statistics based on spatial resonance templates is proposed. Based on the GLRT, the new CFAR statistics is formulated using the spatial extent of targets' resonance responses in the UWB SAR scenario. In the end, we show that the proposed CFAR statistics yields more robust detection.
Raman investigation of rutile RuO2

Abstract We report the first Raman investigation of the rutile material RuO 2 . The four allowed first-order Raman-active phonon modes have been observed and classified. Comparison is made with other rutile materials.
Multiple, Synchronous Ipsilateral Soleus Muscle Flaps, Including the Achilles' "Wraparound" Flap.

Versatility of the soleus muscle beyond its traditional role for the middle third of the leg is often overlooked. Substantial muscle bulk frequently extends even to the calcaneus, although this is quite variable. Its distal reach as a muscle flap then may potentially include encircling the Achilles' tendon itself as a local "wraparound" flap in an area otherwise notorious for requiring the complexity of a free tissue transfer. Since this maneuver only envelops the Achilles' tendon by stretching its own inserting soleus muscle, no muscle dissection per se is required, and nutrition from minor pedicles is sustained. Therefore, concomitant proximally based hemisoleus flaps can be utilized simultaneously and safely for more conventional coverage of midtibial defects. In this fashion, multiple, independent local flaps from a single soleus muscle can achieve coverage of disparate leg wounds, while sacrificing a minimum of donor site function.
Meeting QOS guarantees by end-to-end QOS monitoring and adaptation

The design and implementation of the transport layer of a native ATM (asynchronous tranfer mode) protocol stack and its embedding into an overall architecture that provides end-to-end quality of service (QOS) is presented. Within this architecture, the typical transport functionalities are enlarged with QOS monitoring and adaptation mechanisms. A QOS-based API (application programming interface) is proposed that shields application programmers from the complexity of QOS management and control. Both unicast and multicast connections supporting interactive multimedia applications are considered.
Project Child Find: an intervention program that works

Project Child Find, a program designed to identify learning disabilities in preschool children, was begun in Broward County, Florida in 1975. The program consists of multi‐disciplinary screenings for children aged two through five. An eight‐step screening procedure is initiated on Saturdays approximately seven through ten times per year. Between 100 and 200 children are serviced during each screening; a total of about 1,200 children are seen during an entire calendar year. All children identified as possibly having conditions bearing upon their learning abilities are given complete physical and psychological evaluations. Those found to require intervention are either referred to appropriate community organizations for health or social services, or referred to a public school classroom for remedial services. Careful gathering of statistics and information during the screening and evaluation sessions helps school personnel develop and implement appropriate programs to meet the needs of all children.
Integrating a Social Behavior Intervention during Small Group Academic Instruction Using a Total Group Criterion Intervention.

Total group contingencies, a variation of interdependent group contingencies, provide educators with an efficient and effective mechanism to improve social behavior and increase academic skills. Th...
Motor activation by amphetamine infusion into nucleus accumbens core and shell subregions of rats differentially sensitive to dopaminergic drugs.

Selective breeding based on activity in a swim test has been used to produce lines of rats that show a high level of activity in the swim test (Swim High-active (SwHi) rats) and a low level of activity in the swim test (Swim Low-active (SwLo) rats). Previous studies have indicated that dopamine (DA) function is enhanced in SwHi rats and reduced in SwLo rats; a principal finding was that SwLo rats showed much smaller increases in ambulatory activity after systemic administration of amphetamine than did SwHi or non-selected rats. In light of the importance of the nucleus accumbens (NAC) in amphetamine-induced activity, the present study investigated whether DA function in NAC differs in SwHi and SwLo rats. Amphetamine was infused bilaterally into either the core or shell subregion of NAC, and ambulation or swim test activity was then measured. In SwLo rats, infusion of amphetamine (0.2–2.0 μg) into either NAC core or shell produced moderate increases in ambulation. In SwHi rats, infusion of amphetamine into NAC shell produced similar moderate increases in ambulation, but infusion into the core produced markedly larger dose-related increases in ambulation. In the swim test, infusion of amphetamine (1.0 μg) increased activity by affecting the dominant behavior of each line; i.e. struggling increased in SwHi rats and floating decreased in SwLo rats, with large effects seen in both lines with infusion into either NAC core or shell. These results support the idea that the distinct behavioral characteristics of SwHi and SwLo rats are mediated in part by differences in NAC-DA function.
Process automation in software application development

Over the years, the field of application development (AD) has evolved from that of an art form to being more of a science, hence the emergence of concepts such as information engineering. In engineering and scientific fields, the value of process definition and management has long been known. This paper discusses the requirements for managing the AD process and establishes the need for automated assistance for these management activities. Considerations for an automated system to manage the process are presented, and the benefits to be realized by such an implementation are then discussed.
Solution Structure of α2D, a Nativelike de Novo Designed Protein

De novo protein design provides an attractive means for testing and refining the principles governing the stability and tertiary structure of proteins. We describe the NMR solution structure of a 35-residue peptide designed to form a helix−loop−helix that dimerizes into a four-helix bundle. Structures were calculated on the basis of 834 NMR-derived restraints including 140 long-range NOEs. With 24 restraints per residue, the structure is well determined (0.28 A RMSD for backbone residues 3-33) and includes many features of the design yet adopts a novel topology that was unexpected. The forces that caused this peptide to adopt this unique fold are discussed.
Competition among marsh macrophytes by means of geomorphological displacement in the intertidal zone.

Competitive interactions among marsh plant species are mediated by the influence of the vegetation on sediment accretion and modifications of the relative elevation of the marsh surface. A model described here demonstrates some of the feedbacks between physical processes like sediment accretion and biological processes such as those that determine species zonation patterns. Changes in geomorphology, primary productivity and the spatial distribution of plant species are explained by competitive interactions and by interactions among the tides, biomass density, and sediment accretion that regulate the elevation of intertidal wetlands toward an equilibrium with mean sea level (MSL). This equilibrium is affected positively (relative elevation of the marsh surface increases) by the biomass density of emergent, salt marsh macrophytes and negatively by the rate of sea-level rise (SLR). It was demonstrated that a dominant, invading species is able to modify its environment, raising the elevation of the habitat, to exclude competitively inferior species, a process I refer to as geomorphological displacement. However, the outcome depends on a number of variables including the rate of sea-level rise and the distributions of the species across the intertidal gradient. The model predicts that a marsh will evolve toward alternative stable states, depending on the rate of sea-level rise and the species' fundamental and realized distributions within the intertidal zone.
Radiobrominated spiroperidol for the study of dopamine D2 receptors.

Abstract Some neuropsychiatric disorders have been suggested to be related to the CNS dopaminergic system. In order to probe this neurotransmitter system, radiobrominated spiroperidol, a potent dopamine (DA) D2-receptor antagonist, was developed. This review deals with the routine synthesis of [75,76,or77Br]-p-bromospiroperidol] (BrSP), its validation as a radiopharmaceutical directed to DA D2 receptors, and the imaging studies which have been done using this radioligand with either single photon tomography (SPECT) or positron tomography (PET). [∗Br]BrSP will be compared to other D2 ligands currently available. The present state and future direction of DA receptor research, in particular, the quantitative aspects, will be discussed.
Electrophysiologic Effects of Procaine Amide in Patients with Intraventricular Conduction Delay

In 16 patients with intraventricular conduction delay (IVCD) and cardiac arrhythmias, procaine amide (PA) was infused intravenously at rates of 30-40 mg/min until a maximum dose of 750-1,000 mg was administered. His bundle electrograms and plasma PA levels were obtained every 5 min during infusion and for 25 min thereafter. The mean peak PA level (10.2 ± 3.4 µg/ml) was achieved at the end of infusion. Mean control A-V nodal conduction times (A-H: 99.5 ± 34 msec) and A-H at peak PA levels (90 ± 15.3) did not differ significantly. However, the mean infranodal conduction time (H-Q) at peak PA (68.1 ± 14.8 msec) was significantly higher than control measurements (57.6 ± 13 msec) (P < 0.001), with a mean percent increase of 18% (11 msec), and maximal prolongation of H-Q occurred at peak PA blood levels. There was no statistically significant correlation between maximum absolute or percent change in H-Q and control H-Q, control QRS duration, or peak PA levels. One patient with sinus bradycardia had further decr...
Geostatistical Interpolation of Positively Skewed and Censored Data in a Dioxin-Contaminated Site

A correct delineation of hazardous areas in a contaminated site relies first on accurate predictions of pollutant concentrations, a task usually complicated by the presence of censored data (observations below the detection limit) and highly positively skewed histograms. This paper compares the prediction performances of four geostatistical algorithms (ordinary kriging, log-normal kriging, multi-Gaussian kriging, and indicator kriging) through the cross validation of a set of 600 dioxin concentrations. Despite its theoretical limitations, log-normal kriging consistently yields the best results (smallest prediction errors, least false positives, and lowest total costs). The cross validation has been repeated 100 times for a series of sampling intensities, which reduces the risk that these results simply reflect sampling fluctuations. Indicator kriging (IK), in the simplified implementation of median IK, produces good predictions except for a moderate bias caused by the underestimation of high dioxin concen...
Effect of random doping on the electronic spectrum in trans-polyacetylene

Abstract Random dopants in trans (CH)x introduce a broad band of gap states which merges with the conduction and valence band edges at a doping concentration nc of a few percent. This overlap of band and gap states leads to an onset of Pauli susceptibility, since the density of states at the Fermi energy EF is nonzero for n>nc. However, EF lies in a region of localized states until n is considerably greater than nc and the system remains a semiconductor.
Performance Capacity and Performance Style: Looking Back and Moving Forward in Psychology

My point of departure is Mills’ proposal that we should break with existing research paradigms in psychology. Traditional psychology is deterministic and assumes (efficient) causation; a second, ‘normative’, psychology is evolving with an emphasis on meaning and context. Narrative is a shared focus of normative psychology and literature. Normative psychology facilitates the achievement of predictability, as well as universals, in accounts of thought and action.
Vomiting and syncope in a 14-year-old female

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS A 14-year-old female presented with hives, vomiting, and syncope after eating a barbecue pork sandwich from a take out store. The sandwich contained pork, black pepper, garlic powder, tomato juice, corn syrup, vinegar, and onion powder served on white bread. She ate half of the sandwich and had a can of Coke to drink. Within minutes, she developed itching on her neck and urticaria starting at the neck and spreading throughout her body. She also developed facial and lip swelling without wheezing or other respiratory symptoms. On arrival to the emergency room, she vomited and had syncope. She was unconscious for two minutes and upon awakening continued vomiting. No blood pressure was recorded and her physical exam was remarkable for diffuse urticaria with angioedema of her lower lip. She was treated with epinephrine, diphenhydramine, solumedrol, and intravenous fluids. The hives resolved in 2 hours. She was observed for 6 hours and discharged on prednisone, hydroxyzine, and cimetidine. Four months later she had another episode after eating a turkey sandwich on plain white bread while on a car trip. Five hours after eating, she chewed a piece of Juicy Fruit gum. She felt slightly nauseous and drank a bit of peach and papaya fruit drink. Immediately thereafter, she began to feel warm. She then had a few bites of cucumber and green pepper and Mountain Dew to drink. She then developed vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. She then had syncope and the paramedics were called. Upon arrival of the paramedics, her initial blood pressure was 70/30, her pulse was 72, and her respiratory rate was 20. She was given 2 Ls of normal saline intravenously and her blood pressure improved to 80 systolic by Doppler. Upon arrival to the emergency room her blood pressure was 102/23 and her pulse was 105. Intravenous fluids were continued and repeat blood pressure was 97/24 and pulse 95. After another 1.5 L of intravenous normal saline her blood pressure was 95/51 and her pulse was 84. She then received another liter of intravenous normal saline for a total of 4.5 L of replacement fluid. In addition, she was treated with epinephrine, diphenhydramine, and prednisone. Her skin then developed a generalized reddish hue without urticaria, pruritis, or rash. Over the next few hours her blood pressure normalized at 122/58 with a pulse of 77. She was monitored for 12 hours and then discharged home on diphenhydramine and prednisolone with a prescription for an Epi Pen. Neither episode was associated with aspirin or pain medications. There were no associated oral symptoms or seizure activity. None of the episodes were associated with exercise or extremes in temperature. She had no history of food allergies aside for minimal eye swelling around freshly washed shrimp.
Pediatric Lipid Screening and Treatment for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: An Ounce or a Pound?

Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality is declining, atherosclerosis-related diseases remain the leading cause of death. With the next frontier of CVD prevention focused on youth, the 2011 NHLBI Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents called for universal lipid screening of children ages 9–11 and adolescents ages 17–21 years. While atherosclerosis is rarely clinically evident in childhood, childhood risk factors have been linked to adult CVD events. Clinical controversies about screening and treatment exist, in part due to incomplete evidence, the long latency period between screening and adult CVD outcomes and the lack of information available about patient, provider and parent values and preferences. We describe clinical controversies in lipid screening and treatment for specific pediatric populations, highlight knowledge gaps limiting guideline development and implementation and consider innovative approaches that will further inform this discussion.
Hybrid design for a six-way beam combiner

The single R0 Michelson interferometer beam combiner designed for use with the six array element Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer is a hybrid between the all-on-one design adopted by COAST and the pairwise design we developed for initial closure phase measurements. We describe our motivations for this design and discuss the tradeoffs between various approaches.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Miami, Florida, Young Men's Survey: HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among urban young men who have sex with men who have ever runaway.

Youth in urban areas with a history of running away from home often have special needs. Importantly, risk factors for HIV/AIDS might be associated with such a history. We assessed the association between having a history of running away from home and the occurrence of HIV infection and risk behavior among young men who have sex with men (YMSM), aged 15–22 years. A cross-sectional epidemiologic and behavioral survey was conducted between 1995 and 1996 in Miami, Florida, as part of a national Young Men’s Survey. Of 488 YMSM, the prevalence of HIV infection among those with a history of running away from home was 10.5% (adjusted odds ratio=3.4; 95% Cl 1.5–7.8). YMSM who had ever run away were more likely to be HIV infected, be out of school, and have ever had vaginal or anal sex with females, been forced to have sex, injected drugs, and used needles for self-tattooing or body piercing. The prevalence of HIV infection and associated risk behaviors among runaways was high, highlighting the ongoing need for prevention and social support services for youth with a history of running away from home.
Powerful Pedagogy for African American Students: A Case of Four Teachers

The disproportionate underachievement of African American students may suggest that teacher effectiveness with this student population has been limited. However, amidst these widespread academic failures, characterizations of effective teachers of African American students have emerged in an attempt to reverse these disturbing trends. This article examines the findings from a qualitative case study of four elementary school teachers in urban settings. The findings reveal teaching practices consistent with various norms espoused by African American students in a manner that could be termed “culturally relevant.” In this article, three of the major pedagogical themes are discussed: holistic instructional strategies, culturally consistent communicative competencies, and skill-building strategies to promote academic success.
Development of resistance to cyfluthrin and naphthalene among Daphnia magna.

In this study, Daphnia magna were exposed to a pyrethroid insecticide (cyfluthrin) or a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (naphthalene) for 12 generations to evaluate development of resistance followed by a 12 generation recovery period. Twenty-four hour old D. magna were exposed to concentrations of each chemical resulting in 50–70% mortality to select for the least sensitive individuals. LC50 values, survival, reproductive output, and time to first brood in stressor-exposed and control D. magna were recorded for each generation. Significant changes in LC50 values were observed after 4 generations and then declined after 6–10 generations post-exposure. D. magna were 5 times less sensitive to cyfluthrin and 3 times less sensitive to naphthalene as compared to controls after 12 generations of exposure. There were no differences in survival, time to first brood, or total number of offspring produced between control and either of the resistant F13 D. magna. Cyfluthrin exposed D. magna exhibited cross-resistance to DDT and methyl parathion, and naphthalene resistant D. magna were less sensitive than controls to both pyrene and benz(a)anthracene. When the cytochrome P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide was used in conjunction with cyfluthrin and naphthalene the sensitivity of resistant and control D. magna were equal, suggesting P450s were responsible for conveying resistance. This study demonstrates that life history and organisms’ capacity to develop resistance is important to consider ensuring accuracy of ecological risk assessments.
Depressive symptoms and obesity as predictors of sleepiness and quality of life in patients with REM-related obstructive sleep apnea: Cross-sectional analysis of a large clinical population

Abstract Background The clinical significance of rapid eye-movement (REM)-related obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is unknown. Moreover, it is unclear what the determinants of sleepiness and quality of life (QoL) are among these patients. Our aim was to identify whether the apnea-hypopnea index during REM sleep (AHI REM ), AHI during NREM sleep (AHI NREM ), depressive symptoms, or obesity are independent predictors of excessive daytime sleepiness and reduced QoL in patients with REM-related OSA. We also assessed if these characteristics were predictors of sleepiness and QoL in all patients with OSA (AHI⩾5) as well as in non-stage specific OSA. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis of a clinic-based population with OSA. In order to minimize the contribution of AHI NREM , we defined REM-related OSA using the following criteria: an overall AHI⩾5, AHI REM /AHI NREM ⩾2, AHI NREM the lowest quartile of the entire cohort. We examined the predictors of subjective sleepiness using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and QoL using the short-form quality of life questionnaire-12 (SF-12). Results Of 1019 consecutive adults that were referred for their first in-laboratory polysomnogram for suspicion of OSA over a 10month period, 931 had OSA. REM-related OSA was present in 126 patients. In adjusted linear regression models, AHI NREM was a significant predictor of sleepiness in the entire cohort of patients with OSA as well as non-stage specific OSA, but not in the REM-related OSA group. AHI REM was not a significant predictor of ESS or QoL in any of the three groups. However, greater depressive symptoms and body mass index were significant independent predictors of ESS and reduced QoL in the REM-related OSA group. Conclusion Higher depression scores and obesity, rather than the severity of OSA (as measured by AHI NREM and AHI REM ), were predictive of sleepiness and QoL scores in patients with REM-related OSA.
Ethical Analysis and Recommended Action in Response to the Dangers Associated With Youth Consumerism

Research shows that a culture of consumerism and materialism has a dramatic and negative impact on children's physical and psychological health. Psychologists have a duty to act to reverse this trend. Information on why and how to act is the key. This article explores the use of psychology to improve the effectiveness of advertising to youth and details the harm suffered by children as a result of some of this advertising. A discussion of ethical considerations related to specific guiding principles and ethical standards of the 2002 American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code frames why action is imperative. Actions for psychologists to take in applying the 2002 APA Ethics Code are suggested herein.
Florida red tide and brevetoxins: Association and exposure in live resident bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A.

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) along the Gulf of Mexico are frequently exposed to blooms of the toxic alga, Karenia brevis, and brevetoxins associated with these blooms have been implicated in several dolphin mortality events. Studies on brevetoxin accumulation in dolphins have typically focused on analyses of carcasses from large-scale die-offs; however, data are scarce for brevetoxin loads in live individuals frequently exposed to K. hrevis blooms. This study investigated in vivo brevetoxin exposure in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins resident to Sarasota Bay, Florida, utilizing samples collected during health assessments performed during multiple K. brevis blooms occurring from 2003 to 2005. Brevetoxins were detected by ELISA and LC-MS in 63% of bottlenose dolphins sampled (n = 30) concurrently with a K. brevis bloom. Brevetoxins were present in urine and gastric samples at concentrations ranging from 2 to 9 ng PbTx-3 eq/g, and in feces at concentrations ranging from 45 to 231 ng PbTx-3 eq/g. Samples from individuals (n = 12) sampled during nonbloom conditions (≤1,coo cells/L) were negative for brevetoxin activity. Brevetoxin accumulation data from this study complement dolphin carcass and prey fish data from the same study area, and aid in evaluating impacts of harmful algal blooms on sentinel marine animal species along the west Florida coast.
Creating Peace by Confronting Prejudice: Examining the Effects of a Multicultural Communication Skills Group Intervention

This study investigated the effects of a Multicultural Relationship Enhancement Workshop on American education majors' ability to confront prejudice in order to create more peaceful communities in school settings. Due to the diverse group membership, participants were provided an opportunity to practice communication skills in a multicultural context that emphasized a social justice perspective. A repeated measures design with random assignment of participants to experimental (n = 26) and wait-list control (n = 22) groups was employed. Participants were studied at three different points in time, in five-week intervals, with the experimental group participating in the workshop during the first five-week interval and the control group receiving the treatment during the second five-week interval. The repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant time by treatment interaction effects between Times 1 and 2 on a measure of communication skills in multicultural situations. The intervention is discussed in the context of policies that promote cultures of peace.
Inequalities for quantum-statistical response functions

Abstract Important general inequalities are derived for the derivatives of the partition function of a quantum system with respect to the parameters included in the hamiltonian. Applications of the inequalities are used to discuss relations for critical initial exponents, kinetic energy, susceptibility, electrical conductivity and so on. Existence of an inconsistency analogous to the Schwinger-term difficulty in the quantum field theory is pointed out.
A qualitative assessment tool for ecologically based stormwater systems

Abstract A qualitative ecological health assessment was developed for application to ecologically designed stormwater systems to enhance post-implementation monitoring and maintenance efforts. The assessment was based on qualitative soil and rangeland assessments from the literature. The assessment was applied to two stormwater systems in northeastern Kansas, both of which were designed after the tallgrass prairie ecosystem. One of the sites was a stormwater basin with well-established prairie grasses; the other was reseeded with prairie grasses at the beginning of the study period. With the difference in vegetation age at the sites, the sensitivity of the assessment to vegetative and ecological maturity could be ascertained. An overall health score was determined based on observations of the vegetation, soil health, erosion indicators, and fauna at the site. In general, ecological health scores at the older, more established site were higher, indicating that the ecological health, and presumably the functionality of the system, improves over time. Observations at both sites point to the need for maintenance regimes that will ensure the continuance of ecosystem processes. Initial results indicated that the application of an ecological health assessment such as the one developed for this study could help in making post-installation monitoring efforts more successful.
QUANTITATIVE LAWS IN REGENERATION : III. THE QUANTITATIVE BASIS OF POLARITY IN REGENERATION.

It is well known that a long defoliated piece of stem of Bryophyllum calycinum forms shoots only at the apical or the two apical nodes, while when such a stem is cut into as many pieces as there are nodes each node produces shoots. It is shown in this paper that the dry weight of shoots produced in the apical nodes of a long piece of stem is approximately equal to the dry weight of shoots the same stem would have produced if it had been cut into as many pieces as it possesses nodes. Hence all the material which can be used for the growth of shoots goes into the most apical part of the stem and this accounts for the polar character of regeneration in this case. It seems that the mass of basal roots produced by a piece of defoliated stem also increases with the mass of the stem.
School‐based treatment of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

The authors review the research literature regarding school-based treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Students with ADHD often do not receive access to special services, even though the impairments associated with the disorder often compromise learning and cause concerns for classroom teachers, school administrators, and support staff. Several school-based psychosocial interventions that have shown promise in the research literature are described. The authors conclude by offering their perspective on the opportunities and challenges inherent in school-based services for students with ADHD, with a focus on cognitive and behavioral interventions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurocircuitry of Mood Disorders

This review begins with a brief historical overview of attempts in the first half of the 20th century to discern brain systems that underlie emotion and emotional behavior. These early studies identified the amygdala, hippocampus, and other parts of what was termed the 'limbic' system as central parts of the emotional brain. Detailed connectional data on this system began to be obtained in the 1970s and 1980s, as more effective neuroanatomical techniques based on axonal transport became available. In the last 15 years these methods have been applied extensively to the limbic system and prefrontal cortex of monkeys, and much more specific circuits have been defined. In particular, a system has been described that links the medial prefrontal cortex and a few related cortical areas to the amygdala, the ventral striatum and pallidum, the medial thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the periaqueductal gray and other parts of the brainstem. A large body of human data from functional and structural imaging, as well as analysis of lesions and histological material indicates that this system is centrally involved in mood disorders.
Program package for multicanonical simulations of U(1) lattice gauge theory

Abstract We document our Fortran 77 code for multicanonical simulations of 4D U(1) lattice gauge theory in the neighborhood of its phase transition. This includes programs and routines for canonical simulations using biased Metropolis heatbath updating and overrelaxation, determination of multicanonical weights via a Wang–Landau recursion, and multicanonical simulations with fixed weights supplemented by overrelaxation sweeps. Measurements are performed for the action, Polyakov loops and some of their structure factors. Many features of the code transcend the particular application and are expected to be useful for other lattice gauge theory models as well as for systems in statistical physics. Program summary Program title: STMC_U1MUCA Catalogue identifier: AEET_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEET_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 18 376 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 205 183 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: Fortran 77 Computer: Any capable of compiling and executing Fortran code Operating system: Any capable of compiling and executing Fortran code Classification: 11.5 Nature of problem: Efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation of U(1) lattice gauge theory close to its phase transition. Measurements and analysis of the action per plaquette, the specific heat, Polyakov loops and their structure factors. Solution method: Multicanonical simulations with an initial Wang–Landau recursion to determine suitable weight factors. Reweighting to physical values using logarithmic coding and calculating jackknife error bars. Running time: The prepared tests runs took up to 74 minutes to execute on a 2 GHz PC.
The cognitive ripple of social norms communications

Social norms marketing has become a widely used technique for promoting pro-social behaviors, however, little is known about the cognitive changes produced by these interventions. The purpose of th...
Antinucleosome Antibody-Modified Liposomes and Lipid-Core Micelles for Tumor-Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Agents

Liposomes and lipid-core micelles prepared of polyethylene glycol-phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE) conjugates have been modified with nucleosome-specific monoclonal antinuclear autoantibody (ANA) 2C5 (mAb 2C5) specifically recognizing a broad variety of cancer cells through the cancer cell surface-bound nucleosomes. mAb 2C5 preserves its specific properties upon the binding with the lipid-based pharmaceutical nanocarriers, and 2C5-modified immunoliposomes and immunomicelles demonstrate an enhanced binding with tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. We have investigated the delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents with such tumor-targeted immunoliposomes and immunomicelles to various tumors in vivo and in vitro. Both lipid-based nanocarriers provided enhanced tumor delivery of imaging agents (111In) and antitumor drugs (doxorubicin and photodynamic therapy agents) to tumor cells under different experimental settings. Pharmaceutical lipid-based nanoparticular carriers modified with mAb 2C5 could repre...