cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cannabinoids Future Research

Cannabis has been used for over 3000 years with the management of pain being one of the most common reasons for its use. However, research has lagged purported benefit. In the United States, federal law classifies cannabis as a substance with no currently accepted medical use, a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and a high potential for abuse. Along with a complicated political and social backdrop, this classification has driven difficulties in conducting clinical trials into the benefits of cannabis-based medicine (CBM) in the treatment of various pain conditions. However, most states have legalized cannabis for medicinal use, recreational use, or both. Pain remains the most common reason patients obtain medical cannabis certification. Studies are needed to not only evaluate whether CBM are beneficial in various pain states, but if so at what doses, formulations, and cannabinoid ratios.
Microstructure Evolution, Tensile Properties, and Fatigue Damage Mechanisms in Ti-6Al-4V Alloys Fabricated by Two Additive Manufacturing Techniques

Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology is capable of building 3D near-net-shaped functional parts directly from computer models, using unit materials, such as powder or wire. AM offers superior geometrical flexibility with significantly reduced manufacturing lead time, energy, and material waste. These benefits make AM desirable for critical transportation applications, providing that structural integrity and performance requirements are met or exceeded. In this study, structural materials fabricated by two AM techniques were investigated: Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) and Electron Beam Melting (EBM). Ti-6Al-4 V alloys were produced using both methods and various processing conditions, which resulted in different microstructures and mechanical properties given their unique thermal histories. Characteristic microstructures were determined for all cases. Room temperature tensile and fatigue crack growth (FCG) properties were also evaluated and compared in different orientations with respect to the deposition direction. The effects of post-deposition heat treatment on tensile and FCG properties were determined. The results are systematically presented and discussed from both the material/process optimization, as well as structural design and fatigue life prediction perspectives.
Response of Glutathione Peroxidase and Catalase to Excess Dietary Iron in Rats

Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase activities were evaluated during intake of excess dietary iron. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into seven dietary treatments. The treatments included three levels of dietary iron (35, 305, and 1255 ppm) plus deficiencies of Se or Se and vitamin E at the two high iron levels. Lipid peroxidation in liver and GSH-Px and catalase activities in erythrocytes and liver were measured. Lipid peroxida tion was elevated in all high iron groups compared to controls. Total GSH-Px in erythrocytes and liver remained constant or decreased in animals receiving high iron, but non Se GSH-Px increased significantly in liver from rats fed high iron (305 ppm: 155% and 1255 ppm: 131%) and increased additionally in Se and vitamin E deficient groups. No differences in RBC catalase activity were observed. Liver catalase activity increased at least 72% during deficiencies of Se and vitamin E. In summary, GSH-Px did not respond to increased oxidative stress associated with elevated dietary iron except for the non Se GSH-Px which accounts for a relatively small amount of total activity in liver. Catalase increased in liver only when GSH-Px and vitamin E are limiting. J. Nutr. Ill: 2195-2202, 1981.
Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Formation and Structure Change in TCS-08

Abstract : The long-term goal of this project is to develop a better understanding of mesoscale and synoptic-scale processes associated with the entire life cycle of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific. The inability to correctly identify tropical cyclone formation over the period of 24 to 48 hours poses a threat to shore and afloat assets across the western North Pacific. Furthermore, once a tropical cyclone has formed, the predictability of structural changes during the intensification of the cyclone is very low, which is due to complex physical processes that vary over a wide range of space and time scales. Periods of reduced predictability occur throughout the tropical cyclone life cycle, which includes the decaying stage. Because decaying tropical cyclones often transition to a fast-moving and rapidly developing extratropical cyclone that may contain gale-, storm-, or hurricane-force winds, there is a need to improve understanding and prediction of the extratropical transition phase of a decaying tropical cyclone. The structural evolution of the transition from a tropical to an extratropical circulation involves rapid changes to the wind, cloud, and precipitation patterns that potentially impact maritime and shore-based facilities.
Social media in emergency management advances, challenges and future directions

Natural and man-made disasters are an inevitable part of our lives. Therefore, emergency management strategies are developed to mitigate the impact of these unfortunate events. The introduction of social media into the domain of emergency management may bring several benefits. For instance, governments disseminate information regarding an incident to the community, citizens communicate their current status to family and friends, and also community members coordinate with each other. While there are obvious advantages to utilizing social media during emergency situations, there are risks as well. The efficacy of an emergency response approach that leverages social media is contingent upon the quality and credibility of the information transmitted via social media. Potential issues include misinterpretation by the public, false alarms, and the spread of counterproductive rumors. This paper presents a review of the recent literature and proposes a research framework to understand the influence and challenges of social media in the domain of emergency management.
Performance and comparison analysis of speed control of induction motors using improved hybrid PID-fuzzy controller

This paper presents a hybrid control system for the speed control of a three-phase squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM). The proposed method incorporates fuzzy logic with conventional controllers and utilizes the vector control technique. This method combines the advantages of fuzzy logic controller and conventional controllers to improve the speed response of the three-phase induction motor. Implementation and simulation results using MATLAB/SIMULINK of various hybrid system controllers such as (PI-, PD-, and PID-fuzzy) are compared along with PI controller in terms of several performance measurements such as rise time (tr), maximum percent overshoot (PO), and settling time (ts) at various load conditions. The results verified the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid speed controller under different operating conditions and demonstrated improved performance in speed tracking and system's stability.
Study on the determination of heavy water in plasma or urine.

A technic has been described for determining the excess of deuterium oxide in plasma or urine, by directly measuring 19:18 ratios in vapor from these fluids with a mass spectrometer of suitable design. Although the 19:18 ratio for water varied with sample size and other experimental conditions, the increment in ratio per unit concentration of added D2O remained quite uniform. A virtually linear relationship between the increment in ratio and the concentration of added D2O also facilitated checking the calibration. The time required for flushing out deuterium when a Pyrex inlet system was used could be minimized by carrying out both the calibrations and the analyses in triplicate, without intermediate flushing, but with adherence to a strict time schedule. Results calculated from increments in ratio for the second and third samples of vapor rarely differed from their average value by more than ± 0.8 per cent.
Carotid body tumor (chemodectoma). Clinicopathologic analysis of ninety cases

Abstract The clinicopathologic findings in ninety cases of carotid body tumors seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1931 through 1966 are compared with those in 500 reported cases in the literature. In the ninety cases reviewed here, there were sixty-two men and twenty-eight women. In twenty cases surgery had been performed elsewhere; seventy patients were operated on here, with total excision in forty-nine, including one patient with bilateral tumors. The over-all surgical mortality rate was 5.7 per cent, usually related to carotid arterial damage or ligation. There were no tumor recurrences, although cervical node metastasis was noted in one patient and spinal metastasis in another. A classification was suggested for future surgical cases. Group 1 tumors are relatively small and minimally attached to the carotid vessels. Surgical excision usually can be carried out without difficulty. Group 2 tumors are usually larger and show moderate arterial attachment. These tumors are amenable to careful surgical removal. Group 3 tumors are usually large and incarcerate the carotids. Here the tumor must be approached with great care and vessel replacement should be considered.
Thymosin β4: A candidate for treatment of stroke?

Neurorestorative therapy is the next frontier in the treatment of stroke. An expanding body of evidence supports the theory that after stroke, certain cellular changes occur that resemble early stages of development. Increased expression of developmental proteins in the area bordering the infarct suggest an active repair or reconditioning response to ischemic injury. Neurorestorative therapy targets parenchymal cells (neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocyes, and endothelial cells) to enhance endogenous neurogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal sprouting, and synaptogenesis to promote functional recovery. Pharmacological treatments include statins, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, erythropoietin, and nitric oxide donors that have all improved funtional outcome after stroke in the preclinial arena. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is expressed in both the developing and adult brain and it has been shown to stimulate vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis in the postnatal and adult murine cardiac myocardium. In this manuscript, we describe our rationale and techniques to test our hypothesis that Tβ4 may be a candidate neurorestorative agent.
Image indexing using color correlograms

We define a new image feature called the color correlogram and use it for image indexing and comparison. This feature distills the spatial correlation of colors, and is both effective and inexpensive for content-based image retrieval. The correlogram robustly tolerates large changes in appearance and shape caused by changes in viewing positions, camera zooms, etc. Experimental evidence suggests that this new feature outperforms not only the traditional color histogram method but also the recently proposed histogram refinement methods for image indexing/retrieval.
Pyridoxylamine reactivity kinetics as an amine based nucleophile for screening electrophilic dermal sensitizers.

Chemical allergens bind directly, or after metabolic or abiotic activation, to endogenous proteins to become allergenic. Assessment of this initial binding has been suggested as a target for development of assays to screen chemicals for their allergenic potential. Recently we reported a nitrobenzenethiol (NBT) based method for screening thiol reactive skin sensitizers, however, amine selective sensitizers are not detected by this assay. In the present study we describe an amine (pyridoxylamine (PDA)) based kinetic assay to complement the NBT assay for identification of amine-selective and non-selective skin sensitizers. UV-Vis spectrophotometry and fluorescence were used to measure PDA reactivity for 57 chemicals including anhydrides, aldehydes, and quinones where reaction rates ranged from 116 to 6.2 × 10−6 M−1 s−1 for extreme to weak sensitizers, respectively. No reactivity towards PDA was observed with the thiol-selective sensitizers, non-sensitizers and prohaptens. The PDA rate constants correlated significantly with their respective murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) threshold EC3 values (R2 = 0.76). The use of PDA serves as a simple, inexpensive amine based method that shows promise as a preliminary screening tool for electrophilic, amine-selective skin sensitizers.
Concurrent carboplatin and paclitaxel with pelvic radiation therapy in the primary treatment of cervical cancer

Objective The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of weekly carboplatin/paclitaxel with radiation therapy (RT) in the primary treatment of cervical cancer. Study Design Women diagnosed with stage IB-1 to stage IVA untreated primary cervical cancer were eligible. Carboplatin (area under the curve=2.0) and paclitaxel 40 mg/m 2 were administered weekly for 6 weeks with pelvic RT. Brachytherapy was completed after pelvic RT. Acute toxicities and response to treatment were assessed. Results Twenty-two evaluable patients were enrolled. The median duration of follow-up was 23 months. Carboplatin (mean dose 245 mg) and paclitaxel (mean dose 70 mg) were successfully administered in 97% and 90% of planned treatments, respectively. Median time to complete external radiation therapy was 36.6 days (25-57 days). Grade 3/4 hematologic or gastrointestinal toxicity was unusual. The complete response rate 3 months after completion of therapy was 91%. The estimated 3-year progression-free survival is 70% and overall survival is 65%. Conclusion Weekly carboplatin/paclitaxel and RT is a reasonable treatment regimen for cervical cancer.
Dural Carotid-Cavernous Fistulas: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, and Management

Dural arteriovenous fistulas of the cavernous sinus are no longer difficult to diagnose or treat. Specific ocular manifestations allow these fistulas to be diagnosed clinically. Noninvasive imaging techniques can be used to confirm the diagnosis. The most common treatment is endovascular occlusion of the lesion via a transarterial or transvenous route. Manual compression of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery in the neck or radiation therapy is appropriate in selected cases. Regardless of the treatment used, the fistula can be closed completely in most cases, resulting in restoration of normal orbital and intracranial blood flow and resolution of visual deficits.
Perception as hypothesis testing

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the previously reported finding that the accuracy of perceptual recognition decreases as the amount of experience with degraded versions of a visual stimulus increases. Since this result is apparently predictable only from the view of perception as an active process of hypothesis generation, this negative-effect-of-prior-experience phenomenon has important implications for theoretical conceptualizations of perception. None of the current experiments yielded any evidence of less accurate perceptual identification with increased number of incomplete versions of the stimuli when accuracy was assessed with a cumulative measure of identification accuracy, but two of the experiments did provide such evidence when accuracy was assessed with a conditional measure of accuracy. Consideration of the complete pattern of results led to the conclusion that there is no real evidence that perception is impaired because of early experience with ambiguous versions of a subject.
A marine kill in New Jersey coastal waters

Abstract A kill of lobsters around wrecks off the New Jersey coast seem not to be a direct result of pollution but may have been due to an influx of water causing reduced oxygen levels combined with high temperatures. Mortalities of this kind have been observed before in the area but it is not known if this is an annual event or due to abnormal circumstances. It would be worth keeping the situation under review in the future.
Factor analysis of submicron particle size distributions near a major United States-Canada trade bridge.

Abtracts A factor analytic model has been applied to resolve and apportion particles based on submicron particle size distributions downwind of a United States–Canada bridge in Buffalo, NY. The sites chosen for this study were located at gradually increasing distances downwind of the bridge complex. Seven independent factors were resolved, including four factors that were common to all of the five sites considered. The common factors were generally characterized by the existence of two or more number and surface area modes. The seven factors resolved were identified as follows: fresh tail-pipe diesel exhaust, local/street diesel traffic, aged/evolved diesel particles, spark-ignition gasoline emissions, background urban emissions, heavy-duty diesel agglomerates, and secondary/transported material. Submicron (>0.5 µm) and ultrafine (>0.1 µm) particle emissions downwind of the bridge were dominated by commercial diesel truck emissions. Thus, this study obtained size distinction between fresh versus aged vehi...
Temperature dependence of RNA-DNA hybridization kinetics

Abstract The kinetics of RNA-DNA hybridization in solution have been studied using 32 P-labeled ribosomal RNA and Escherichia coli DNA. The reactions were done with moderate excess of rDNA. Under these conditions rate parameters can be extracted which show that the rates of reassociation of rDNA and rDNA-rRNA hybridization vary more rapidly with temperature than do the rates of reassociation of total DNA. This result can be explained by a rate suppression by secondary structure in the unreacted strands. This effect implies that the selection of incubation conditions can be critical for measurements of hybridization kinetics.
In vitro processing of E. coli tRNA precursors

Using E. coli tRNA precursors isolated from an RNAase P mutant strain, we have studied the steps required for the formation of tRNAs having a mature primary sequence in vitro. Our results suggest that at least three different enzymatic activities can participate in the processing of tRNA precursors.
Antinociceptive effects of intraventricular or systemic administration of vasopressin in the rat

Abstract The effects of intraventricular administration of lysine-vasopressin on pain sensitivity in the rat were determined in the tail-flick test. Vasopressin (16–100 μg) was found to induce potent and dose-dependent antinociceptive actions, lasting up to one hour. An additional experiment demonstrated that analgesia induced by vasopressin was not blocked by naloxone, suggesting that this analgesia is independent of opiate receptor systems. Vasopressin was also found to be equally effective in elevating tail-flick latency after systemic administration. These results, together with others, suggest a possible role of vasopressin systems in the regulation of pain sensitivity.
Rubinstein-Taybi and D1trisomy syndromes

Summary Two newborn infants with D 1 trisomywere initially diagnosed as Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome because of broad thumbs and first toes and a prominent nose, thus suggesting that these 2 conditions have common features. Broad thumbs and first toes found also in a third infant, who otherwise showed the classical phenotype of a D 1 trisomy, suggest that these characteristics may be relatively frequent in D 1 trisomy. These 3 infants further demonstrate the variability of the D 1 trisomy syndrome.
Drug-induced cognitive dysfunction

Abstract Cognitive impairment is a common symptom in many psychiatric illnesses, particularly depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. However, deficits in cognition and behavior may be a marker for an independent disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Illness, Fourth Edition (DSM-1V) abolished the "organic brain disorders" category, replacing it with delirium, dementia, amnesia, and other cognitive disorders. These disorders may result from an individual or combination of medical conditions, intoxication, or withdrawal from legal and illicit medications, and medications themselves. Certain sub-groups of patients, especially the elderly are at risk for drug-induced cognitive impairment. Possessing the knowledge to recognize drug-induced delirium and dementia is essential to prevent increases in morbidity and mortality from an often unrecognized cause.
Design and Performance Evaluation of a High Speed Fiber Optic Integrated Computer Network for Picture Archiving and Communications System

Computer networks for Picture Archiving and Communications. Systems (PACS) have evolved over the last few years. Twisted pairs and coaxial cable networks have been used for image transfer at low data rates. Second generation PACS networks use fiber optic communications at speeds up to 140 Mbps. In this paper, the need for integrated voice, data, and image communications and network rates over 200 Mbps is presented. A high speed fiber optic network for integrated PACS services has been design and simulated in the Computer Engineering Research Laboratory at the University of Arizona. This paper summarizes the characteristics and protocols of this network. The network represents a high performance application for local PACS environments and its implementation is technically feasible now.
The effect of adsorbate and pretreatment on the shape and reactivity of silica-supported platinum particles

Abstract Considerable uncertainties still exist concerning the role of adsorbate and support on the shapes of small metal particles. Industrial catalyst supports are very complex and metal particles are often located in a tortuous pore structure that makes it difficult to obtain TEM images which clearly reveal particle shape. In order to unambiguously identify particle shapes, we have used nonporous submicron-sized spheres of silica that allow us to obtain profile views of the metal particles. Pt was deposited by impregnation, and the catalysts were calcined and examined after conventional 673 K reduction in flowing H 2 . They were subsequently annealed at 923 and 1173 K in 600 Torr H 2 , in air and in a vacuum of 1x10 -7 Torr. The role of adsorbate and pretreatment on particle shape was studied. Since the exposed facets are clearly seen only when the particles are imaged along the low-index zone axes, care was taken to tilt the particles before imaging. We found that all of the small particles ( 2 or in vacuum. However, treatment in air at 923 K caused significant rounding of the Pt particles and loss of well defined facets. Catalytic activity of the Pt for n -pentane hydrogenolysis was used to assess the cleanliness of the surface and the role of particle shape. It was found that treatment in air caused a significant drop in activity due to deposition of impurities; however, there was no detectable contamination after the treatment in H 2 or in vacuum. The shapes of the particles had no effect on the selectivity or activity for n -pentane hydrogenolysis.
Health sciences libraries building survey, 1999-2009.

Objective: A survey was conducted of health sciences libraries to obtain information about newer buildings, additions, remodeling, and renovations. Method: An online survey was developed, and announcements of survey availability posted to three major email discussion lists: Medical Library Association (MLA), Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries (AAHSL), and MEDLIB-L. Previous discussions of library building projects on email discussion lists, a literature review, personal communications, and the author's consulting experiences identified additional projects. Results: Seventy-eight health sciences library building projects at seventy-three institutions are reported. Twenty-two are newer facilities built within the last ten years; two are space expansions; forty-five are renovation projects; and nine are combinations of new and renovated space. Six institutions report multiple or ongoing renovation projects during the last ten years. Conclusions: The survey results confirm a continuing migration from print-based to digitally based collections and reveal trends in library space design. Some health sciences libraries report loss of space as they move toward creating space for "community" building. Libraries are becoming more proactive in using or retooling space for concentration, collaboration, contemplation, communication, and socialization. All are moving toward a clearer operational vision of the library as the institution's information nexus and not merely as a physical location with print collections.
A Diagnostic Process Counseling for Individual Learning Styles

This writer explains how a thorough understanding of students' individual learning styles can help counselors develop strategies, techniques and programs that are responsive to individual needs.
Regulation of epithelial apical junctional complex by Rho family GTPases.

Abstract The apical junctional complex (AJC), encompassing the tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) plays a vital role in regulating epithelial cell differentiation and barrier function of simple epithelia. Both AJ and TJ are comprised of multiprotein complexes consisting of transmembrane proteins, which interact with the underlying cytoskeleton via cytoplasmic scaffold proteins. These interactions are tightly controlled by a number of signaling proteins that are critical for the regulation of the AJC function. Among these signaling molecules Rho family of small GTPases have been demonstrated to regulate the AJC function in diverse physiological and pathological states. In this review we will focus on experimental data addressing the role of Rho GTPase family members, Rho, Rac and Cdc42 in the regulation of epithelial AJC, and analyze Rho GTPase-mediated signaling pathways that control maintenance, disassembly and assembly of the AJC in epithelial cells.
Modeling of human prions and prion diseases in vitro and in vivo

Although prion diseases are rare, affecting about one person per million per year worldwide, they have recently received remarkable attention because of the epidemic of the newly recognized bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and the causative association of BSE with human variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). At present, prion diseases are incurable. Here, we review current strategies in the modeling of human prion propagation and human prion diseases in vitro and in vivo. Modeling of prion diseases has contributed and will continue to contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis as well as of the therapeutics of these diseases, but crucial experiments remain elusive.
FORMATION CONSTANT OF THE CALCIUM (ATP)2 COMPLEX

Abstract Although there is some indication that a complex [Ca(ARP)]2 6- exists,1,2 no definitive evidence for it has been produced nor has its formation constant been reported. We have investigated its formation by means of conductometric titration and a Ca-specific electrode. The formation constants for other calcium-ATP complexes. [Ca(ATP)]2- and [Ca2(ATP)]0 have been reported by several authors.3–5
A single gene affects both ecological divergence and mate choice in Drosophila

Evolutionary changes in traits involved in both ecological divergence and mate choice may produce reproductive isolation and speciation. However, there are few examples of such dual traits, and the genetic and molecular bases of their evolution have not been identified. We show that methyl-branched cuticular hydrocarbons (mbCHCs) are a dual trait that affects both desiccation resistance and mate choice in Drosophila serrata. We identify a fatty acid synthase mFAS (CG3524) responsible for mbCHC production in Drosophila and find that expression of mFAS is undetectable in oenocytes (cells that produce CHCs) of a closely related, desiccation-sensitive species, D. birchii, due in part to multiple changes in cis-regulatory sequences of mFAS. We suggest that ecologically influenced changes in the production of mbCHCs have contributed to reproductive isolation between the two species.
Biochemical basis for effects of k-deficiency on assimilate export rate and accumulation of soluble sugars in soybean leaves.

The effects of K-deficiency on carbon exchange rates (CER), photosynthate partitioning, export rate, and activities of key enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism were studied in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) leaves. The different parameters were monitored in mature leaves that had expanded prior to, or during, imposition of a complete K-deficiency (plants received K-free nutrition solution). In general, recently expanded leaves had the highest concentration of K, and imposition of K-stress at any stage of leaf expansion resulted in decreased K concentrations relative to control plants (10 millimolar K). A reduction in CER, relative to control plants, was only observed in leaves that expanded during the K-stress. Stomatal conductance also declined, but this was not the primary cause of the decrease in carbon fixation because internal CO2 concentration was unaffected by K-stress. Assimilate export rate from K-deficient leaves was reduced but relative export, calculated as a percentage of CER, was similar to control leaves. Over all the data, export rate was correlated positively with both CER and activity of sucrose phosphate synthase in leaf extracts. K-deficient leaves had higher concentrations of sucrose and hexose sugars. Accumulation of hexose sugars was associated with increased activities of acid invertase. Neutral invertase activity was low and unaffected by K-nutrition. It is concluded that decreased rates of assimilate export are associated with decreased activities of sucrose phosphate synthase, a key enzyme involved in sucrose formation, and that accumulation of hexose sugars may occur because of increased hydrolysis of sucrose in K-deficient leaves.
Drug prohibition and public health: 25 years of evidence

FOR THE PAST 25 YEARS, the US has pursued a drug policy based on prohibition and the vigorous application of criminal sanctions for the use and sale of illicit drugs. The relationship of a prohibition-based drug policy to prevalence patterns and health consequences of drug use has never been fully evaluated. To explore that relationship, the author examines national data on the application of criminal penalties for illegal drugs and associated trends in their patterns of use and adverse health outcomes for 1972-1997.Over this 25-year period, the rate at which criminal penalties are imposed for drug offenses has climbed steadily, reaching 1.5 million arrests for drug offenses in 1996, with a tenfold increase in imprisonment for drug charges since 1979. Today, drug enforcement activities constitute 67% of the $16 billion Federal drug budget and more than $20 billion per year in state and local enforcement expenditures, compared with $7.6 billion for treatment, prevention, and research.Despite an overall decline in the prevalence of drug use since 1979, we have seen dramatic increases in drugrelated emergency department visits and drug-related deaths coinciding with this period of increased enforcement.Further, while black, Hispanic, and white Americans use illegal drugs at comparable rates, there are dramatic differences in the application of criminal penalties for drug offenses. African Americans are more than 20 times as likely as whites to be incarcerated for drug offenses, and drug-related emergency department visits, overdose deaths, and new HIV infections related to injecting drugs are many times higher for blacks than whites.These outcomes may be understood as public health consequences of policies that criminalize and marginalize drug users and increase drug-related risks to life and health.
Observation of Pulse Splitting in Nonlinear Dispersive Media.

We investigate experimentally the nonlinear dynamics of a femtosecond pulse undergoing self-focusing in a normally dispersive medium. Above a certain threshold power, we observe that the pulse splits into two pulses, and measurements of the pulse spectra provide evidence that supercontinuum generation is closely connected with the temporal splitting. We also observe that the split pulses can undergo additional splittings. Our observations are in good agreement with the predictions of the theoretical model based on the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation describing self-focusing in dispersive media.
Diamond Eye: a distributed architecture for image data mining

Diamond Eye is a distributed software architecture, which enables users (scientists) to analyze large image collections by interacting with one or more custom data mining servers via a Java applet interface. Each server is coupled with an object-oriented database and a computational engine, such as a network of high-performance workstations. The database provides persistent storage and supports querying of the 'mined' information. The computational engine provides parallel execution of expensive image processing, object recognition, and query-by-content operations. Key benefits of the Diamond Eye architecture are: (1) the design promotes trial evaluation of advanced data mining and machine learning techniques by potential new users (all that is required is to point a web browser to the appropriate URL), (2) software infrastructure that is common across a range of science mining applications is factored out and reused, and (3) the system facilitates closer collaborations between algorithm developers and domain experts.
Metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma to the heart diagnosed antemortem.

Abstract Pancreatic tumors frequently metastasize widely, though it is rare to diagnose pancreatic cardiac metastases in the antemortem state. We report an unusual case of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma to the right atrium. Transesophageal echocardiography showed that the tumor was attached to the superior aspect of the right atrium, prolapsing through and obstructing the tricuspid valve in diastole and retracting back into the right atrium during systole. The tumor was excised, and histologic examination confirmed the presence of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with a papillary architectural pattern and with desmoplastic stroma, features comparable to the original primary pancreatic neoplasm. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:415-6.)
Galvanomagnetic Investigation of Energy Bands in Arsenic

The isothermal magnetoresistivity and Hall resistivity in a monocrystal of arsenic have been studied at temperatures of liquid helium in fields up to 25 kG. All measurements were taken in the basal plane of the crystal with magnetic field perpendicular to the plane and parallel to the trigonal axis. The binary axis was in the basal plane and parallel to the long dimension of the crystal. The magnetoconductivity tensor element ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{11}$ and the Hall conductivity element ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{12}$ were constructed from resistivity data and analyzed in terms of two-and three-band models. A least-squares curve fitting of the conductivities to the quasiclassical model of Sondheimer and Wilson indicates two major energy bands of carriers. The Hall effect is positive. The high-mobility carriers are holes with mobility approximately four times that of the equally populous electrons. The carrier concentration is $n\ensuremath{\simeq}\frac{2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}}{{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}}$ if determined from ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{11}$ data along with effective-mass anisotropy data established from quantum-oscillation studies. Simultaneous curve fitting of the ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{11}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{12}$ data gives $n\ensuremath{\simeq}\frac{0.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}}{{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}}$.
Experiments on solitary internal Kelvin waves

Elementary calculations indicate that the effect of the Earth's rotation is likely to be important in the dynamics of most internal waves in oceans, lakes and the atmosphere. Here we present measurements of the structure and properties of one class of such waves, namely solitary internal Kelvin waves, in which the Coriolis force generated by wave motion in a stratified fluid is opposed by a pressure gradient and hence change in wave amplitude along its crest. We confirm that the wave speed is independent of the rate at which the system rotates and depends only on the stratification and maximum wave amplitude. However, rotation is shown to have a large effect on both the rate at which the amplitude varies with time and the cross-stream’ structure of the wave. In accordance with well-established theory, the amplitude transverse to the direction of propagation varies exponentially. This results in a decreasing wave speed with increasing distance from the wall, which in turn requires the wave front be curved backwards in order for the wave as a whole to propagate at a speed given by its maximum amplitude. Such a front curvature is not contained within the available theories. The rapid decay of wave amplitude is found to be due to the generation of inertial waves in the homogeneous fluid above and below the internal wave, and a reasonably successful scaling of this effect has been found. We also discuss the adjustment of the waves to geostropic balance and comment on applications of our results to natural systems.
Pneumoperitoneum occurring during double-contrast enema

A case of pneumoperitoneum occurring during double-contrast barium enema is described. Cases reported to date indicate that colonic rupture during a double-contrast enema is likely to result in exit of air rather than barium from the colon. The diagnostic implications of this observation are considered. The potentially high pressure generated by bulb-type inflators is discussed, and caution is advised against overdistending the colon during double-contrast enemas.
Models of the Significance of Interlocking Corporate Directorates

. Four different models explaining the significance of the patterns of interlocking directorates in the American economy are delineated and examined to discover a few of the behavioral predictions inherent in each. Empirical tests are employed to examine the general pattern of replacement of interlocking relationships between the largest American firms when ended through the death of an outside director. Another test employed is to examine the stability of interlock patterns over time. From the results it is concluded that interlocking directorates do not generally represent evidence of close interconnections between specific corporations but do connect some stable, city-based groups.
Reduced hippocampal volume and total white matter volume in posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract Background: Reduced hippocampal volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients are thought to reflect specific changes of this structure. Previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have not consistently examined indices of overall brain atrophy, therefore it cannot be completely ruled out that hippocampal changes are explained by whole-brain atrophy. The purpose of this study was to assess hippocampal and whole-brain volume in civilian PTSD. Methods: Twelve subjects with PTSD and 10 control subjects underwent brain MRI. Hippocampal volumes were visually quantified using a computerized volumetric program. Whole-brain volumes were obtained with automated k-means-based segmentation. Results: No differences were found in intracranial volumes (ICV). Subjects with PTSD had higher cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/ICV ratios and lower white matter/ICV ratios, consistent with generalized white matter (WM) atrophy. The effect of age on CSF/ICV was more pronounced in the PTSD group. Subjects with PTSD had smaller absolute and normalized bilateral hippocampal volumes. These differences persisted after adjusting for lifetime weeks of alcohol intoxication. Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression scores correlated negatively with left hippocampal volume, but PTSD scores were a better predictor of hippocampal volumes. Conclusions: Our results replicate previous findings of reduced hippocampal volume in PTSD but also suggest independent, generalized, white matter atrophy.
Heat-capacity studies of reduced-oxygen-content YBa2Cu3O7-x near the superconducting transition.

We have performed high-resolution ac calorimetry near the superconducting transition of single crystals of reduced-oxygen-content YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{ital x}}. The heat-capacity anomaly decreases dramatically with {ital T}{sub {ital c}}({ital x}) despite the fact that the transition width and the Meissner fraction indicate that the samples are of similar quality. In addition, the sensitivity of the heat-capacity anomaly to magnetic fields is several times stronger in these samples than has been observed in previous work on fully oxygenated samples. The reduction in the amplitude of the heat-capacity anomaly corresponds to the reduction in the apparent density of states at the Fermi surface.
Immunization by Application of DNA Vaccine onto a Skin Area Wherein the Hair Follicles Have Been Induced into Anagen-onset Stage

An attractive approach to immunization is to apply DNA vaccine topically onto the skin. However, it is important to ensure that a strong immune response is induced without disrupting the skin stratum corneum. The hair follicles have been shown to be the major portal of entry for DNA applied onto the skin, and it has been reported that the transfection of hair follicle cells occurs mainly at the onset of a new growing stage of the hair cycle. Using an anthrax protective antigen (PA) protein-encoding plasmid in mice, we demonstrated that the anti-PA immune responses were significantly stronger when the hair follicles in the application area were induced into anagen-onset stage than when in telogen stage. The anti-PA antibodies enabled the immunized mice to survive a lethal dose of anthrax lethal toxin challenge. The enhanced immune responses can be partially attributed to the enhanced antigen gene expression and plasmid DNA uptake in the skin area wherein the hair follicles were induced into anagen-onset stage. Moreover, the moderate dermal inflammation associated with the anagen induction may also have contributed to the enhancement of the resultant immune response. This represents a novel approach to enhancing the immune response induced by a topically applied DNA vaccine.
Parasites and Pathogens Effects on Host Hormones and Behavior

Abstract edited by Nancy E. Beckage, Chapman & Hall, 1997. £57.00 (338 pages) ISBN 0-412-07401-X
The Pre-1980 Roots of Neoliberal Financial Deregulation

U.S. financial deregulation is often popularly presented as a fundamental attack on financial regulation that began with neoliberalism's Big Bang in 1980. This paper argues this position is wrong in two ways. First, it is a process that stretches back decades before 1980. Textbook mentions of 1970s precursor "financial innovations" fall far short of presenting the breadth and duration of the pre-1980 attack on the system of regulation. Second, it has not been an across-the-board attack on financial regulation in the name of market efficiency as required by its ideology and claimed by its advocates, but rather a focused attack on only one of the five pillars of the system of regulation. This paper develops both of these assertions through a presentation of the five central pillars of the pre-1980 system of financial regulation, and the four major attacks on the three different aspects of the restrictions on financial competition.
Synthesis of carbon-13 labelled carboxylic acids via organoborane reactions

13 C-Labelled carboxylic acids are readily synthesized via the reaction of organoboranes with 13C-enriched carbon monoxide; functionally substituted acids are efficiently prepared via a carbonylation–oxidation sequence.
Pediatric and newborn stroke

In children, arterial ischemic stroke is more common than hemorrhage. The clinical presentation differs according to age, stroke type, and location. Seizures are more common with ischemia in children, especially in newborns. The presentation of pediatric ischemic stroke is more complex than in adults, so the clinical phenotype of ischemic stroke is modified. Risk factors for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke include congenital heart disease, blood disorders, vasculopathies, infections (both current and preceding the stroke), and vascular malformations, but often no discernible etiology is determined. Current treatment is based on consensus rather than large, case-controlled studies. There is no strategy for primary prevention of pediatric or newborn stroke except in sickle cell disease. Most clinicians use aspirin for secondary prevention. Transfusion therapy is proven effective for secondary prevention of stroke associated with sickle cell disease. Prospective cohort studies are needed to understand the natural history of pediatric stroke and to determine which individuals are at greatest risk for incident and recurrent stroke. Effective treatment and prevention strategies can only be developed once the causes of stroke in children are understood and populations at greatest risk are identified.
Reconstitution of T Cell Antigen Receptor‐Induced Erk2 Kinase Activation in Lck‐Negative JCaM1 Cells by Syk

The two related protein-tyrosine kinases Syk and Zap are rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues and enzymatically activated upon crosslinking of the T cell antigen receptor. We have previously reported that the activation of Syk is less dependent on the Src family kinase Lck than the activation of Zap. Here we report that overexpression of Syk in the Lck-negative JCaM1 cells enabled the T cell antigen receptor/CD3 complex to induce a normal activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and expression of a nuclear factor of activated T cells reporter construct. In contrast, Zap and other protein-tyrosine kinases were unable to reconstitute these signaling pathways when expressed at the same levels. In parallel, Syk was phosphorylated on tyrosine, while Zap was not. The Syk-mediated T cell antigen receptor-induced MAPK activation was detectable within 1 min of receptor stimulation and peaked at 3-5 min. The capacity of Syk to reconstitute the MAPK response required the catalytic activity of Syk, an intact autophosphorylation site (Y518 and Y519), both Src homology 2 domains and it was blocked by the inhibitory N17-mutated dominant-negative Ras construct. A Y341-->F mutant of Syk, which is deficient in its interaction with phospholipase Cy1 and Vav, was less efficient than wild-type Syk. Our results suggest that Syk, in contrast to Zap, can transduce signals from the T cell antigen receptor independently of Lck.
Estimation of the biochemical oxygen demand from pollution parameters in a waste disposal system for dairy processing wastes 1

Abstract The estimation of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from other pollution parameters in a dairy plant processing wastewater was attempted. Monitored pollution parameters included biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and total solids (TS). A prediction equation for BOD including COD, TSS, and TS can be used to estimate BOD concentrations at the 95° confidence interval in this aerated lagoon system.
LAPAROSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF CONGENITAL SEMINAL VESICLE CYSTS ASSOCIATED WITH IPSILATERAL RENAL AGENESIS

Purpose: Congenital cysts of the seminal vesicles associated with ipsilateral renal abnormalities are rare. When they are symptomatic, open surgical excision has been the treatment of choice. We present our experience with laparoscopic management and provide a detailed literature review of this entity.Materials and Methods: Since 1985, 3 patients with symptomatic seminal vesicle cysts and ipsilateral renal agenesis have been treated at our center. Open surgical excision was performed in 1 patient and laparoscopic management was performed in the other 2.Results: Mean patient age was 35.7 years (range 30 to 42). Presenting symptoms were perineal pain in all 3 cases, dysuria in 2, irritable voiding in 2 and testicular pain in 1. Mean laparoscopic operative time was 195 minutes and mean estimated blood loss was 325 cc. Transabdominal or transrectal ultrasound was performed in 2 cases and computerized tomography was performed in all 3.Conclusions: Seminal vesicle cysts associated with ipsilateral renal agenesi...