cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Layered Series of the Wichita Complex, Oklahoma

The core of the Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma is a layered igneous intrusive mass composed of plagioclase cumulates, predominantly anorthosite, with some olivine-bearing anorthosite, gabbro, and olivine gabbro. Some chemical trends in the rocks indicate that cryptic layering is present but is the reverse of that found in most mafic layered intrusions. The anomalous position of highly calcic plagioclase near the top of the intrusion, inferred from field relations, coupled with possible reverse cryptic layering suggests a separation of anorthosite by flotation or rafting of plagioclase.
Questioning the Moral Enhancement Project

Among the types of human enhancement available in the near future, moral bioenhancement is perhaps one of the most controversial. Recent advances in neuroscience have allowed the alteration and man...
Cycle-Resolved Investigation of In-Cylinder and Exhaust NO in a Spray-Guided Gasoline Direct-Injection Engine: Effect of Intake Temperature and Simulated Exhaust Gas Recirculation

The formation of NO was investigated in a spray-guided spark-ignition direct-injection gasoline engine. The influence of variations in intake air temperature and simulated exhaust gas recirculation was examined in an optical single-cylinder engine, fueled with iso-octane. Cycle-resolved simultaneous measurements of OH-chemiluminescence, NO laser induced fluorescence, and fast NO exhaust gas sampling allowed a detailed view of the formation process of NO in this engine. Overall, it was found that cycle-resolved information is needed to explain the differences found between operating conditions, since the initial high stratification of fuel leads to large spatial gradients in the NO concentration. Averaged in-cylinder NO distributions do not adequately reflect the formation process rather than show a smoothed distribution that may even be counter-intuitive based on averaged chemiluminescence data. The strong impact of the high level of fuel stratification is also reflected in the temporal evolution of the in-cylinder NO concentrations. Spatially averaged peak concentrations can reach 2700 ppm for engine operation with 90 °C intake air temperature and no EGR. This compares to approximately 300 ppm as measured in the exhaust gas. This ratio is high for spark-ignition engines. However, given the high level of fuel stratification in this spray-guided engine, the observations are plausible and are supported by the measured high local concentrations of NO.
Recent Developments on the Micropolar and Magneto-Micropolar Fluid Systems: Deterministic and Stochastic Perspectives

We review recent developments on the micropolar and magneto-micropolar fluid systems in spatial dimensions two and three from both deterministic and stochastic perspectives. Under the deterministic setting, we review the global regularity result in two-dimensional space with zero angular viscosity and a regularity criterion in three-dimensional space that involves only two velocity vector field components. Under the stochastic setting, we review the existence of a weak martingale solution in three-dimensional space and the unique strong solution in two-dimensional space under a suitable condition on the noise. Throughout the paper, we compare these results with other partial differential equations related to fluid mechanics, such as the Navier-Stokes equations, magnetohydrodynamics and Boussinesq systems.
Bringing Identity Content to the Fore Links to Identity Development Processes

In the present study we examined the role of identity content in relation to identity processes in a sample of college-going emerging adults (n = 255). Participants reported eight narratives each (n = 2,040 narratives) in response to prompts for specific identity content domains (occupation, values, politics, religion, family, romance, friends, and sex roles), and completed survey measures of identity exploration and commitment. Narratives were coded for content and meaning-making. In general, participants reported the content requested but were less likely to do so in certain domains (e.g., religion) than others (e.g., family). Identity processes varied by content domain, suggesting that identity contents may require different forms of processing. Results reveal the importance of examining identity content for a fuller understanding of identity development.
Principal-component massive-training machine-learning regression for false-positive reduction in computer-aided detection of polyps in CT colonography

A massive-training artificial neural network (MTANN) has been investigated for reduction of false positives (FPs) in computer-aided detection (CAD) of lesions in medical images. The MTANN is trained with a massive number of subvolumes extracted from input volumes; hence the term "massive training". A major limitation of this technique is a long training time due to the high input dimensionality. To solve this problem, we incorporated principal-component (PC) analysis for dimension reduction into the MTANN framework, which we call a PC-MTANN. To test the PC-MTANN, we compared it with the original MTANN in FP reduction in CAD of polyps in CT colonography. With the use of the dimension reduction architecture, the time required for training was reduced substantially from 38 to 4 hours, while the original performance was maintained, i.e., a 96% sensitivity at an FP rate of 3.2 and 3.0 per patient by the original MTANN and the PC-MTANN, respectively.
Collective Burial in Late Prehistoric Virginia: Excavation and Analysis of the Rapidan Mound

Recent excavation and analysis of the remaining section of the endangered Rapidan Mound site (44OR1) in the central Virginia Piedmont provide new insights into a unique complex of burial mounds in the Virginia interior. Known since Thomas Jefferson's eighteenth-century description, the mounds are both earth and stone and accretional earthen mounds. Thirteen are recorded, all dating to the late prehistoric and early contact era (ca. A.D. 900-1700). Typically containing few artifacts, the accretional mounds are unusual in North America in the numbers of individuals interred, more than one thousand in at least two cases, and in the nature of the secondary, collective burial ritual that built up the mounds over centuries. Following a review of the characteristics of the mound complex, we focus on the Rapidan Mound and the analysis of the collective, secondary burial features in the mound. Precise provenience information and bioarchaeological analyses of two large and intact collective burial features provide new information on health and diet, and several lines of evidence for demographic reconstruction. Finally, we discuss the mortuary ritual conducted at the mounds within the cultural and historical context of the region.
Ideologically Structured Action: An Enlarged Agenda for Social Movement Research

The conceptual definitions we use in social science often need adjusting to allow scholars to hone in on issues that are obscured under other definitions and to open research agendas. Here it is argued that a focus upon social movements as ideologically structured action accomplishes two objectives. First, it allows us to incorporate cultural/cognitive components of action into our core definition. Second, it helps us to broaden our research agenda to include a deeper and fuller view of socialization to social movement ideology and to social movement-related action that takes place in a variety of institutional arenas, including electoral competition, legislative processes, bureaucratic agencies, and executive ojfces.
Pregnancy complicated by subarachnoid hemorrhage; a report of three cases.

Abstract 1. 1. Three cases of proved subarachnoid hemorrhage complicating pregnancy have been reported. 2. 2. All three were apparently of the primary type and probably occurred at the sites of congenital aneurysms of the Circle of Willis. 3. 3. Oxytocics should be used cautiously, particularly in cases with elevated blood pressure, a history of migraine, or any suggestive premonitory signs. 4. 4. The use of repeated spinal puncture to relieve the symptoms of intracranial pressure and the employment of cesarean section to avoid the trauma of labor proved efficacious in the cases reported. 5. 5. Subarachnoid bleeding may occur in milder forms, and be obscured by general anesthesia, shock, toxemia, or symptoms of “spinal headache.” 6. 6. The more frequent employment of diagnostic lumbar puncture would obviate those sources of error since the finding of bloody spinal fluid under increased pressure is pathognomonic of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
A Case Study of Blog Comments in a National Crisis.

We present an analysis of a comment network in the Kuwaiti blogging community during the two weeks in January 2006 surounding the death of Kuwait’s Emir Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah. We find a rise in commenting activity corresponding to this event, and use a tag cloud to visualize and analyze this topic and others in the blog posts being commented on. We also present an analysis of the Kuwait Blogs comment network during this succession crisis.
Rationale for Computer Simulation in Materials Science

The intent is to lay a philosophic foundation for the need and place of computer simulation in both the technological endeavors of the materials science field and in the educational life of students proceeding toward careers in this area. We shall begin by discussing the differences and similarities exhibited by the materials science field and other specializations of science and technology. The philosophy presented applies very generally to the whole field of applied science so that the concepts and notions developed in the frame of reference of materials science are readily transferable to the broader field.
The effect of lipid extraction on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in oyster tissues: Implications for glycogen-rich species.

Rationale Extraction of lipids from tissues prior to carbon stable isotope analysis (SIA) has become a common practice, despite a lack of species-specific data to indicate when lipid extraction is needed. Marine invertebrates, including bivalves, are known to store carbon as glycogen and less in the form of lipids than other species, potentially reducing the need for lipid extraction even when C:N values are above 3.5, a value that previous studies suggest indicates a need for lipid extraction of animal tissues. Methods We investigated the need for lipid extraction on individual tissues (adductor muscle, gut gland, gill) and whole tissue of a glycogen-storing species, the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Bulk and lipid-extracted samples were analyzed for their C and N stable isotope ratios by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Samples were analyzed on a 20–20 isotope ratio mass spectrometer (PDZ Europa) after combustion in an elemental analyzer (PDZ Europa Automatic Analyzer-Gas Solid Liquid). Results Although the C:N values for most bulk (unextracted) tissue samples were greater than 3.5, the lipid-extracted δ13C values did not differ from the bulk values. Lipid extraction, however, affected δ15N values in all tissue types except adductor muscle, indicating that separate SIA may be required when tissues are lipid extracted. Conclusions These data demonstrate that it is not necessary to lipid extract oyster tissues in all cases, and that C:N thresholds for lipid extraction in other species may not be reliable for organisms such as oysters that store glycogen. Our data indicate that minimizing unnecessary lipid extraction through preliminary testing will save researchers time and expense by avoiding superfluous sample handling, reducing concern over secondary effects on data quality, and reducing the costs of reagents and additional separate stable isotope analysis to ensure analytical accuracy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Child Mechanical and Adult Anxiety in Children's Literature and Culture: "Wheels to the Rails!"

This article examines previous studies of anthropomorphized machinery in children’s literature and posits that paying particular attention to machinery specifically anthropomorphized as children yields insightful analytic results. Earlier studies have suggested anthropomorphized machinery softens large machines and renders them less threatening. The author argues that pedomorphized machines (machines given not just human, but specifically children’s characteristics) should be studied not for what new meanings they bring to the machines, but for new meanings they bring to the construct of childhood. Rather than humanizing the machine, pedomorphic machinery blends childhood innocence and traits of James Kincaid’s “Child Botanical” with ideas of power, mobility, and freedom. These images reveal a deep unease with the coupling of childhood and technology.
What the EU Can Learn from the American Experience with Unemployment Insurance

This paper aims to contribute to the ongoing unemployment insurance dialogue and debate by providing an overview of the equivalent program in the US and identifying valuable lessons from the American experience.
Histopathologic differences partially distinguish syndromic aortic diseases

A variety of syndromic diseases such as Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, and bicuspid aortic valve with aneurysm along with risk factors of smoking and hypertension result in ascending aortic aneurysms and dissections. Historically, a complicated variety of terms have been used to describe a range of histopathologies that are present in resected specimens. As a result, no consistent patterns of histopathology have been reported. We used the recent Society for Cardiovascular Pathology/Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology consensus statement on nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for noninflammatory aortic disease to blindly evaluate 148 surgically resected specimens. We found that overall patterns of histopathologic changes could separately cluster bicuspid aortic valve and nonsyndromic subjects from Marfan and Loeys-Dietz subjects. Marfan syndrome cases significantly had more overall medial degeneration and mucoid extracellular matrix accumulation than other syndromes. Smooth muscle cell nuclei loss was a feature of aging and not a feature of Marfan or Loeys-Dietz syndrome subjects. We conclude that a consistent use of histologic and histopathologic descriptors can help discriminate different etiologies of ascending aortic aneurysms.
Effects of Media PH and Acid/Base Pretreatments on the Rooting of Gypsophila Paniculata Cuttings

The greatest rooting of Gypsophila paniculata occurred in various propagation media with a pH near, or slightly above, neutrality and poorest rooting in acidic media. Addition of ground limestone to acidic media significantly (P ≥ 5%) improved rooting. Basal dipping of cuttings in H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), NaOH (sodium hydroxide), and KOH (potassium hydroxide) resulted in improved rooting over nontreated cuttings. Lignin specific phloroglucinol staining of freehand sections revealed the presence of a band of sclerenchyma tissue, external to the vascular region of the stem, that may impede the emergence of newly formed roots.
Inverse Bremsstrahlung current drive.

The generation of current from electron-ion Bremsstrahlung absorption is one of the open problems in plasma physics. In this paper, the authors extend previous results for the current generated by colliding electrons and ions in the presence of incoming photons. Understanding the mechanisms behind this plasma current can have important consequences for astrophysical systems and inertial confinement fusion.
A first course in statistical programming with R, Second Edition

Within the landscape of information technology, a sea change is happening in data utilization for improving business operations. New tools and technologies are being developed to harness massive am...
Using Convolutional Neural Networks for Enhanced Capture of Breast Parenchymal Complexity Patterns Associated with Breast Cancer Risk

Rationale and Objectives We evaluate utilizing convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to optimally fuse parenchymal complexity measurements generated by texture analysis into discriminative meta-features relevant for breast cancer risk prediction. Materials and Methods With Institutional Review Board approval and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance, we retrospectively analyzed “For Processing” contralateral digital mammograms (GE Healthcare 2000D/DS) from 106 women with unilateral invasive breast cancer and 318 age-matched controls. We coupled established texture features (histogram, co-occurrence, run-length, structural), extracted using a previously validated lattice-based strategy, with a multichannel CNN into a hybrid framework in which a multitude of texture feature maps are reduced to meta-features predicting the case or control status. We evaluated the framework in a randomized split-sample setting, using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) to assess case-control discriminatory capacity. We also compared the framework to CNNs directly fed with mammographic images, as well as to conventional texture analysis, where texture feature maps are summarized via simple statistical measures that are then used as inputs to a logistic regression model. Results Strong case-control discriminatory capacity was demonstrated on the basis of the meta-features generated by the hybrid framework (AUC = 0.90), outperforming both CNNs applied directly to raw image data (AUC = 0.63, P Conclusions Our results suggest that informative interactions between patterns exist in texture feature maps derived from mammographic images, which can be extracted and summarized via a multichannel CNN architecture toward leveraging the associations of textural measurements to breast cancer risk.
Precarious intimacies – Europeanised border regime and migrant sex work

This article examines the meaning of borders – the spaces where immigration policies and restrictions are materially condensed – in the lives of migrant sex workers. I provide a theoretical and con...
Weathering the Storm: The Shelter of Faith for Black American Christian Families

Religiosity is one of the most prominent characteristics of many strong African American families. While scholars have examined the role of religion in various macro-level contexts (e.g., churches,...
Life after placement: experiences of older rural caregivers after placing a family member into residential care.

Introduction The community care philosophy in Australia has led to a number of older people remaining in their own homes, dependant on others for the majority of their care needs. A small number of older people being cared for by a family member or friend will move into residential aged care facilities for full-time care. This article describes a qualitative study that explored the meanings that older rural Australian caregivers gave to their day-to-day lives after their care-receiver had entered full-time residential aged care. Methods Semi-structured interviews with seven older caregivers were conducted to gain understandings about their 'life after placement'. Thematic analysis was employed to identify common themes. Quality of life concepts provided the boundaries to the research questions. Results The sample included four men and three women. In the study, the men reported spending more time continuing their carer role, while the women reported being more focussed on reconnecting with the community. Both men and women reported that their own health was a major constraint in being able to maintain these two tasks. The findings mirrored those of similar studies with one notable exception: this study highlighted the meanings that caregivers gave to their lives after placement in a more holistic way, as opposed to focussing on caregivers in relation to the residential aged care facility context alone. Conclusion This study demonstrated that there are differences found in relation to gender and tasks after in-home caring roles have ended. Worry about loss of driving ability was a major concern in the caregivers' lives. The experiences of the caregivers in this study give a better understanding of what life is like for caregivers after in-home caring has ceased. Understanding of 'life after placement' expands our knowledge about carers and the role of carer. The findings suggest a need for funding and programs for caregivers after their in-home carer role has ended to assist caregivers (particularly men) in reconnecting with people and activities outside their immediate family. The findings may direct rural community development workers to appreciate the challenges that older rural caregivers face when their in-home caring role ends and visiting and socializing is dependant on their ability to drive. This study also offers a perspective for residential aged care staff to consider as they work with families placing an older family member into full-time care. If aged care staff recognise the value of the continuing caring role of the caregiver and integrate them into the care plan, enhanced positive outcomes could transpire for both caregiver and care-recipient.
The European Union and Transitional Justice: Human Rights and Post-Conflict Reconciliation in Europe and Beyond

Since the end of the Cold-War, the field of transitional justice has metamorphosed from an initially narrow focus on justice and retribution to a much more complex study of how human rights abuses, genocide and other mass atrocities are confronted by societies emerging from violent conflict or transitioning to democratic forms of governance. A primary focus on the roles of states and institutional arrangements within states to confront human rights abuses has given way to much more complex understanding of transitional justice that incorporates various levels of analysis (international, national and local) and various actors of the global governance puzzle: states, IGOs, NGOs, epistemic communities, and global policy networks. While much scholarly attention centers on UN efforts to facilitate transitional justice in post-conflict settings, this paper shifts the focus to the European Union, a largely ignored participant in transitional justice efforts. This paper examines how and why the European Union develops and promotes transitional justice policies as part of both its enlargement strategy as well as its broader foreign and security policies outside the European context.
The DEA Process, Usages, and Interpretations

As is true with the application of any analytical approach to the “art of reckoning” (Eilon, 1984), the use of data envelopment analysis (DEA) requires knowledge about formulation of models, choice of variables, underlying assumptions, data representation, interpretation of results, and knowledge of limitations. In this chapter, we discuss the process of conducting DEA studies and various uses such as exploratory data analysis, implementation of DEA solutions, and recent model formulations, as well as caveats in applying the method. It should be noted that this chapter represents the accumulated experience of many DEA practitioners and researchers in applying DEA. It represents another concrete example of how the practice of DEA not only shaped the evolution of theoretical and model development but also informed the process and understanding of DEA analysis.
Dynamics of Predation on Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Alfalfa Trap-Cropped Organic Strawberry

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) can be strategically planted as a trap crop for Lygus spp. in California's organic strawberry fields. Alfalfa has been shown to attract both Lygus spp. and, in turn, a Lygus-specific parasitoid, Peristenus relictus (Ruthe) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). However, the impact of alfalfa trap-cropped strawberries on the Lygus spp. predator complex is unknown. Here we identify key predators of Lygus spp. found in organic strawberry. First, a general survey was conducted at an organic, non-trap cropped strawberry farm, to quantify predator abundance and to qualitatively assess their feeding activity on Lygus spp. We identified the 11 most abundant predator taxa present and, by using a Lygus-specific PCR assay, determined that about 18% of the insects and spiders contained Lygus spp. remains in their guts. We then conducted a study to examine alfalfa's role in conserving the most relevant predators in trap-cropped organic strawberries. Specifically, we quantified predator abundance and qualitatively measured predator feeding activity (by gut analysis) on Lygus spp. collected in strawberry plots either lacking or containing an alfalfa trap crop. Data revealed that some predator taxa, including the numerically dominant predator, Orius tristicolor (White) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), aggregated in alfalfa trap crops. The gut content analyses revealed that insect and spider predators collected from the alfalfa trap crop had a significantly higher proportion of their population containing Lygus spp. remains than those collected from nearby rows of strawberries. These results suggest that alfalfa trap cropping might be a useful tactic for conserving the biological control services of generalist predators in organically grown strawberries in California.
A Guide to Understanding Recent Classifications of the Family Polemoniaceae

Abstract: Two very different systems of classification of the family Polemoniaceae—one a taxonomic system and the other a molecular cladistic system—have appeared recently. They are compared and reviewed. It is emphasized that taxonomy and cladistics use different basic systematic units (taxa or clades) and have different concepts of monophyly. Furthermore, taxonomy and molecular cladistics differ in the characters used in classification. Conflicts between molecular and reliable morphological characters occur in several parts of the family. The differences in methodology account for most of the incongruences between the two classifications of the family. In general, the methodological differences can be expected to yield incongruences between taxonomic and cladistic systems in any heterogeneous group of medium or large size. New suggestions are made about the early phylogenetic divergences in the Polemoniaceae. The tribes are reviewed from a taxonomic standpoint and a few changes are made.
Insurance coverage and access to care for workers with disabilities, 2001-2017.

Abstract Background Workers with disabilities have different options than their peers for obtaining health insurance, and face unique barriers in accessing care. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) led to sweeping changes in the availability and affordability of health insurance in the United States beginning in 2010, and may have had important effects for workers with disabilities. Objective/Hypothesis Document how the ACA changed insurance coverage and access to care for workers with disabilities, and compare those changes to changes among other groups. Methods We document health insurance coverage and access to care among workers with disabilities using the 2001–2017 National Health Interview Survey. Results The share of insured workers with disabilities increased from 79.9% in 2009 to 87.8% in 2017. This gain resulted from an 11 percentage point (pp) increase in the share with Medicaid coverage in 2014–2017 compared with 2001–2009 and a 5 pp increase in privately purchased coverage over those periods. These were accompanied by an 11 pp decline in the share with employer-sponsored coverage. Despite coverage gains, cost-related barriers to accessing medical care did not change much after the ACA, for any group. Workers with disabilities experienced an increase in structural access barriers, from 18.4% before the ACA to 24.8% after. Conclusions The gain in insurance coverage for workers with disabilities is an important benefit of the ACA, but more investigation and monitoring should be considered to understand whether such coverage will translate into improvements in access to needed health care.
Long-term productivity of early season peach trees under different irrigation methods and postharvest deficit irrigation

Abstract Deficit irrigation can be used as a potential means of dealing with lack of irrigation water, however, the long-term impact of deficit irrigation on productivity is not fully understood. A 10-year long field study was carried out to compare effects of furrow, drip, and micro sprinkler irrigation under either full irrigation or postharvest deficit irrigation treatments on peach tree health and fruit yield and quality. In the first three years of the experiment, trees under full irrigation grew faster which led to larger trunks than trees under deficit irrigation. At the end of the study, tree canopy size showed no difference among different methods of irrigation or between full and deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation of up to 40% water savings did not lead to significant yield losses for 8–9 years. Deficit irrigation also did not cause a significant reduction in fruit quality except for an increase in percentage of double fruits, but the worst year case was still less than 1.5%. Fruit color showed lower lightness in furrow full irrigation than in furrow deficit treatment, but no difference was found in deficit drip or micro sprinkler treatment. Also, no difference was found for fruit firmness, total soluble solids, pH, malic acid, or total phenolics between the respective full and deficit irrigation treatments. The study demonstrated the feasibility of applying continued postharvest deficit irrigation for up to10 years for peach production which resulted in significant water savings during the summer peak water use period.
Selective Deficits in Contingency-Driven Ethanol Seeking Following Chronic Ethanol Exposure in Male Mice.

Background People with alcohol use disorders exhibit an overreliance on habitual response strategies which may result from a history of chronic alcohol exposure. Although habits are defined by behavior that persists despite changes in outcome value and in action-outcome relationships, most research investigating the effects of ethanol exposure on habits has focused only on outcome devaluation. A clear understanding of the effects of chronic alcohol exposure on the ability to flexibly update behavior may provide insight into the behavioral deficits that characterize alcohol use disorders. Methods To dissociate the effects of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure on contingency-mediated sucrose versus ethanol seeking, adult male C57Bl/6J mice were assigned to 2 separate experiments. In the first experiment, mice were trained to self-administer ethanol prior to 2 cycles of interleaved CIE exposure by vapor inhalation. In a second experiment, mice were trained to self-administer sucrose and ethanol in separate training sessions prior to 4 cycles of interleaved CIE. The use of contingencies to mediate reward seeking was assessed using a contingency degradation paradigm. Results In mice trained to self-administer only ethanol, 2 weeks of CIE resulted in escalated self-administration. At this time point, CIE-exposed mice, but not air-exposed controls, exhibited ethanol seeking that was insensitive to changes in action-outcome contingency, consistent with habitual ethanol seeking. In mice trained to self-administer ethanol and sucrose rewards in sequential sessions, no escalation in self-administration across 4 weeks of CIE was observed. Under these conditions, neither Air- nor CIE-exposed mice reduced ethanol seeking in response to contingency degradation. In contrast, sucrose seeking remained goal-directed. Conclusions Our results suggest that chronic ethanol exposure impairs contingency-driven ethanol seeking more readily than sucrose-seeking behavior. Further, these findings indicate that the transition from contingency-mediated ethanol seeking occurs more rapidly than for sucrose seeking under similar ethanol exposure conditions.
Improving Internal Medicine Resident Comfort With Shoulder and Knee Joint Injections Using an Injection Workshop.

Introduction Joint injections can be effective treatments for musculoskeletal issues. We examined whether a brief teaching session delivered to residents and faculty would significantly improve res...
Blue-Noise Sampling of Graph and Multigraph Signals: Dithering on Non-Euclidean Domains

With the surge in the volumes and dimensions of data defined in non-Euclidean spaces, graph signal processing (GSP) techniques are emerging as important tools in our understanding of these domains [1]. A fundamental problem for GSP is to determine which nodes play the most important role; so, graph signal sampling and recovery thus become essential [2]. In general, most of the current sampling methods are based on graph spectral decompositions where the graph Fourier transform (GFT) plays a central role [2]. Although adequate in many cases, they are not applicable when the graphs are large and where spectral decompositions are computationally difficult [3]. After years of beautiful and useful theoretical insights developed in this problem, the interest has now centered on finding more efficient methods for the computation of good sampling sets. Looking to the spatial domain for inspiration, substantial research has been performed that looks at the use of spatial point processes to define stochastic sampling grids with a particular interest at point processes that generate "blue noise."
The Intellectual Education of the Italian Renaissance Artist

Scholars have traditionally viewed the Italian Renaissance artist as a gifted, but poorly educated craftsman whose complex and demanding works were created with the assistance of a more educated advisor. These assumptions are, in part, based on research that has focused primarily on the artist's social rank and workshop training. In this volume, Angela Dressen explores the range of educational opportunities that were available to the Italian Renaissance artist. Considering artistic formation within the history of education, Dressen focuses on the training of highly skilled, average artists, revealing a general level of learning that was much more substantial than has been assumed. She emphasizes the role of mediators who had a particular interest in augmenting artists' knowledge, and highlights how artists used Latin and vernacular texts to gain additional knowledge that they avidly sought. Dressen's volume brings new insights into a topic at the intersection of early modern intellectual, educational, and art history.
Genetics of congenital heart disease: a narrative review of recent advances and clinical implications

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common human birth defect and remains a leading cause of mortality in childhood. Although advances in clinical management have improved the survival of children with CHD, adult survivors commonly experience cardiac and non-cardiac comorbidities, which affect quality of life and prognosis. Therefore, the elucidation of genetic etiologies of CHD not only has important clinical implications for genetic counseling of patients and families but may also impact clinical outcomes by identifying at-risk patients. Recent advancements in genetic technologies, including massively parallel sequencing, have allowed for the discovery of new genetic etiologies for CHD. Although variant prioritization and interpretation of pathogenicity remain challenges in the field of CHD genomics, advances in single-cell genomics and functional genomics using cellular and animal models of CHD have the potential to provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of CHD and its associated morbidities. In this review, we provide an updated summary of the established genetic contributors to CHD and discuss recent advances in our understanding of the genetic architecture of CHD along with current challenges with the interpretation of genetic variation. Furthermore, we highlight the clinical implications of genetic findings to predict and potentially improve clinical outcomes in patients with CHD.
Properties of thyroglobulin. XX. The biosynthesis of thyroglobulin. Effect of temperature on subunit species.

Abstract The molecular composition of 14C-valine-labeled protein in extracts of thyroid glands was found to be strongly dependent on temperature in some species and independent in others. In guinea pig extracts most of the radioactivity was in 19 S thyroglobulin at 23° but appeared in its 12 S subunit after standing at 2° for 36 hours. The dissociation was readily reversed with temperature. In rat extracts a broad asymmetrical "19 S" sedimentation band was found at 2°, whereas this band appeared as a sharper symmetrical boundary (19S) at 23°. In bovine extracts temperature had almost no effect on the sedimentation pattern, and very little or no radioactivity was observed in the 12 S region even at very short times of labeling. These results require a reinterpretation of experiments measuring the kinetics of labeling of components in species where a temperature-dependent dissociation exists, i.e. in the rat and guinea pig. Iodine labeling follows a completely different pattern from carbon labeling of thyroglobulin. An appreciable amount of the iodine label appears in a nondissociable form of 19 S thyroglobulin, whereas all of the carbon label is incorporated into dissociable 19 S thyroglobulin. It is evident that quite different molecules are being labeled by the two elements. This result is in harmony with iodine incorporation occurring after and independent of protein synthesis.
High performance and low power domino logic using independent gate control in double-gate SOI MOSFETs

In this paper, the concept of independent gate control is applied to domino logic for improving circuit performance and reducing power consumption. Domino circuits are widely used for high-speed implementation of performance critical circuits. The device and circuit simulations were carried out using the device simulator MEDICI.
Cysteine 184 of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is involved in heme coordination and catalytic activity

Nitric oxide synthase catalyzes the formation of an important messenger molecule, nitric oxide (NO). It is a P450-type hemoprotein, containing a cysteine thiolate as its proximal heme ligand, but the exact cysteine residue involved in heme coordination has not been identified. To locate this specific cysteine, we altered three potential cysteine residues (Cys-99, Cys-184, and Cys-441) to alanine residues in human endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis and expressed the wild-type and mutant eNOSs in COS-1 and the baculovirus expression system. Mutation of Cys-235 to alanine was included to serve as a control. Mutation of Cys-184 resulted in a complete loss of NOS catalytic activity and abrogation of the formation of carbon monoxide (CO)-heme ferrous complex, which was detected on CO difference spectra as a distinct peak centered on 444-446 nm, without reduction in the quantity of eNOS protein. Mutation of Cys-99 also resulted in a loss of catalytic activity but did not eliminate the 444-446 nm peak. C441A and C235A mutants displayed considerable NOS activity and retained the CO-heme peak on CO-ferrous difference spectra. These results indicate that the cysteine 184 of human eNOS is most likely the proximal heme ligand.
An analysis of the rates of accidents, injuries and fatalities under different light conditions: A Michigan Emergency Response Study of state police pursuits

Accidents, injuries and fatalities resulting from state police pursuits conducted during the Michigan Emergency Response Study (MERS) were compared with non‐pursuit police accidents and three‐ and five‐year means of general population accidents to examine the relative dangerousness of the police pursuits under varying light conditions. The Michigan State Police troopers, who were asked to complete a survey instrument each time a pursuit was conducted during the survey period of June 1991 through May 1992, reported 197 pursuits, 65 accidents with 30 injuries and one fatality. Pursuit accidents were significantly more likely to occur during the hours of darkness than the three comparable groups; however, pursuit injury accidents were more likely to occur during daylight and darkness, but not so during the hours of dusk and dawn. Significant differences in fatalities were not found during daylight, dawn or dusk, but the pursuit fatality rate was higher during darkness when compared with the three groups. Examines accident, injury and fatality rates of previous studies in the review of the literature. Overall, several similarities existed among the studies regardless of the number of pursuits reported.
At the Heart of the Milky Way

The center of our galaxy, the Milky Way, contains unique magnetic structures that remain incompletely understood. In their Perspective, Lazio and LaRosa review advances toward characterizing and understanding these structures. Recent observations at radio and submillimeter wavelengths have revealed that the magnetic filaments are more widespread than previously thought, and also exhibit a geometric complexity not accounted for in current models of the magnetic environment at the galactic center. Observations at even higher resolution and sensitivity will be required to understand fully the origin, properties, and role of the magnetic field at the galactic center.
Rett syndrome: a Rosetta stone for understanding the molecular pathogenesis of autism.

Publisher Summary Rett syndrome (RTT) is characterized by mental retardation, deceleration of head growth, loss of purposeful hand movements, ataxia, loss of language, autistic features, seizures, and respiratory dysfunction. Autism, RTT, and Asperger syndrome (AS) are all characterized by loss or impairment of language, stereotyped behaviors, and a high frequency of seizures and sleep abnormalities. The combined phenotypic and genotypic evidence has set the stage for the emerging hypothesis that these three autism spectrum disorders share an overlapping molecular pathogenesis. This chapter discusses the evidence supporting this hypothesis by linking methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), expression of genes within 15q11-13, and neuronal nuclear organization in an important molecular pathway that is defective in all three disorders. The MeCP2 binding sites and allele-specific methylation patterns across the entire 15q11-13 region, as well as the proposed chromatin loop structures, need to be defined. Another potential avenue to pursue would be genetic and environmental interactions on MeCP2 and 15q11-13 gene regulation. As MeCP2 expression is tightly linked to neuronal maturation, pharmacological agents and other compounds that either enhance or reduce neuronal stimulation, it could affect MeCP2 expression levels. In addition, environmental agents—such as mercury or pesticides that inhibit MeCP2 or gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3 (GABRB3) function—could be involved in triggering autism in genetically susceptible individuals.
To Be or Not to Be: Control and Balancing of Type I and Type II Errors.

Abstract The various costs of Type I and Type II errors of inference from data are discussed. Unfortunately, other things equal, Types I and II errors are inversely related. Six methods of minimizing Type I error in studies are presented, each of which may be employed even after data are collected. Type II errors may also be minimized by a combination of study design and analytic means. Although some of these techniques must be built into the study others can be undertaken when beginning work on a data set. Only one of these techniques will increase Type I error, and those involving data reduction may decrease both types of error.
Conceptualizing the intersubjective group

Intersubjectivity may be considered the defining characteristic of CSCL. Intersubjectivity is a concept that indicates shared understanding among people. This “sharing” is not a matter of individuals having similar understandings, but of them participating productively in a joint meaning-making discourse within a communal world. A group has achieved intersubjectivity if the members of the group interact well enough to pursue the group’s aims. Intersubjectivity must be built up gradually through interaction and repaired frequently. CSCL research explores the conditions and processes that are conducive to the establishment and maintenance of intersubjectivity among groups of learners. CSCL pedagogies promote the intersubjectively shared understanding that makes collaborative learning possible. CSCL technologies support intersubjectivity by providing media of communication and scaffolds for meaning making within a specific domain of learning. When CSCL theories discuss “groups,” they are not referring to arbitrary gatherings of multiple learners, but to functional groups that have achieved a degree of intersubjectivity. The concept of collaborative learning in CSCL does not refer to a sum of individual learning that takes place among a group’s members, but to the increase in intersubjective understanding or knowledge building within the group that results from joint meaning making in a shared context. It involves the understanding expressed in the group discourse and the knowledge encapsulated in group products, texts or artifacts. The group’s understanding may differ from what any individual member might say, write or think when not interacting within the group. This focus on the intersubjective group differentiates CSCL from other approaches to the study of human learning and educational instruction. It implies a research paradigm that prioritizes the group unit of analysis and studies groups that have achieved intersubjectivity. Analyzing an utterance (or chat posting) as part of a group interaction involves seeing how its meaning is constructed sequentially through its response to previous actions and elicitation of future behavior by other group members. The meaning of the utterance is inherent in the working of that utterance within the shared world of the group, not to be explained in terms of some purported individual mental thoughts accompanying the utterance. As in Ryle’s (1968) Intern. J. Comput.-Support. Collab. Learn (2015) 10:209–217 DOI 10.1007/s11412-015-9220-4
Gray Areas: Ethnographic Encounters with Nursing Home Culture

Gray Areas: Ethnographic Encounters with Nursing Home Culture. Philip B. Stafford, ed. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 2003. 317 pp.
The development and implementation of a freshman engineering project in energy scavenging

Energy scavenging from the environment is a contemporary topic that positively benefits society. This paper describes the development and implementation of an energy scavenging project that uses piezoelectric material. In the fall of 2009, this project was implemented in an introduction to engineering course with over one hundred students from four different engineering disciplines: civil, computer, electrical, and mechanical. Survey results and students' reflection papers showed that the project was appealing to the students and helped them understand several basic concepts as well as principles of the engineering design process.
The Mechanics of Bicomponent Fibers: Part II: Experimental Investigation

A theory was developed in Part I of this series to predict the mechanical properties of bicomponent fibers. In this paper, the predicted mechanical behavior is evaluated experimentally by using rubber models to simulate bicomponent fibers. Predicted values are shown to agree fairly well with the experimental results.