cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thallium(II) in the chemically induced thallium(I)-Thallium(III) exchange

Abstract The rate of the electron exchange between thallium(I) and thallium(III) induced by iron(II) has been measured at various concentrations of Tl(I), Tl(III), and Fe(II).204Tl tracer, initially in the Tl(I) state, was used. Exchange induced by the separation method was less than 0.01%. The mechanism earlier discussed is \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} $$\begin{gathered} Tl^{III} + Fe^{II} \rightleftharpoons Tl^{II} + Fe^{III} \left( {k_1 ,k_{ - 1} } \right) \hfill \\ Tl^{II} + Fe^{II} \rightharpoonup Tl^I + Fe^{III} \left( {k_2 } \right) \hfill \\ *Tl^I + Tl^{II} \rightleftharpoons *Tl^{II} + Tl^I \left( {k_I } \right) \hfill \\ *Tl^{II} + Tl^{III} \rightleftharpoons *Tl^{III} + Tl^{II} \left( {k_{III} }...
Synthesis of the Cholesteryl Ester Prodrugs Cholesteryl Ibuprofen and Cholesteryl Flufenamate and their Formulation into Phospholipid Microemulsions

Phospholipid microemulsions have been suggested as a drug-delivery system for hydrophobic compounds. In this study hydrophobicity was achieved by derivatizing with cholesterol. Cholesteryl ibuprofen (3) and Cholesteryl flufenamate (4) were synthesized. 3 was isolated as an amorphous, white solid with a melting range of 114–120 C. 4 was isolated as a crystalline, white solid with a melting range of 145–148°C. The proposed structures of 3 and 4 were supported by IR, NMR, MS, and organic microanalysis. Phospholipid:cholesteryl ester microemulsions were prepared by the addition of a 1-propanol solution of the cholesteryl ester, other lipids, and phospholipid to a rapidly mixing KCl/KBr solution. The hydrophobic phase was modified by the addition of cholesteryl oleate or triolein to study the effect of the fluidity of the hydrophobic core on the formation of the microemulsions. The results indicated that a molar ratio of 75:25 and a total lipid concentration of 60 mg/mL consistently gave microemulsions with a mean size of 100–150 nm. In addition, the formation of eutectic mixtures of 3 and 4 with cholesteryl oleate were determined to be 16% (w/w) for 3 and 12% (w/w) for 4; melting points were 35.2 and 45.2 °C, respectively. The solubilities of 3 and 4 in triolein were determined to be 13.2% (w/w) and 11.5% (w/w), respectively. Other investigators have shown that if the core of a phospholipid:cholesteryl estermicroemulsion exists in a liquid state at physiologic temperature, the turnover of the cholesteryl esters from these microemulsions occurs at a faster rate. Future studies will focus on the turnover of cholesteryl ester prodrug fluidized cores on the bioavailability of the free drug in vivo.
RISK ATTITUDES AMONGST AUSTRALIAN FARMERS

A procedure for the measurement of risk attitudes is developed and applied. The data for the analysis were obtained from a survey in which 201 farmers throughout Australia were asked to provide points of indifference between sure amounts of income and risky prospects. Although the conclusions from this pilot study are of a tentative nature, it is suggested that risk aversion is the most prevalent risk attitude in the agricultural sector. However, the average degree of risk aversion is relatively small and, in an expected utility context, farmers gave a wide variety of responses. The latter result highlights the need to consider the size distribution of risk attitudes in economic modelling. Influences of socioeconomic and other variables on risk attitudes are examined. The results, when considered jointly with other studies, emphasise the desirability of further research into the determination of risk attitudes.
Ultrasonic image texture classification using Markov random field models

Over the past several years we have been interested in the supervised classification of ultrasonic images of the liver based on quantitative texture features. Our most recent efforts are concerned with the inclusion of features computed from Markov random fields. After adding four such features to our existing model containing 17 features, we employed stepwise discriminant analysis to identify the features that could best discriminate among 184 previously classified normal and abnormal ultrasonic images. Three of the four features derived from Markov random field models were identified by stepwise discriminant analysis as being good discrimination along with 6 existing features. From these results we constructed a backpropagation neural network with an input layer consisting of 9 nodes. We found that this new model yielded slightly better results when compared to earlier models. Our most recent results yielded a sensitivity of 81%, a specificity of 77% and an overall accuracy of 79%.
Death of fecal coliforms and mycobacterium paratuberculosis during fermentation of corn and feedlot waste

Abstract A continuous, solid-substrate fermentation of cracked corn grain mixed with the liquid phase of feedlot waste creates an acid environment (pH 4·1–4·4) hostile to many microorganisms. A fecal coliform bacterium isolated from beef cattle waste and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis were killed rapidly after massive numbers of each were added to this fermentation. Approximately one-third of the fecal coliform population ( ca. 6 × 10 9 cells per g fermenting material) were killed within 30 min of addition and 99% were destroyed within 2 h. Destruction of the mycobacterium was slower, but less than 50% of the initial 4 × 10 7 coloy-forming units ( ca cells per cfu) survived for more than 4 h. Total destruction of both organisms occurred within 9 h. No cells of the introduced organisms with a total retention time of 108 h, and none occurred in the output product. The process appears to be one that can eliminate enteric bacterial pathogens and mycobacteria from beef cattle waste recycled as feedstuff.
Benjamin-Ono-related equations and their solutions.

Abstract It is shown that the Benjamin—Ono equation is one of a hierarchy of nonlinear partial differential singular integral equations. Explicit multisoliton solutions are constructed for all equations of the hierarchy.
Semantics-directed machine architecture in ReWire

The functional programming community has developed a number of powerful abstractions for dealing with diverse programming models in a modular way. Beginning with a core of pure, side effect free computation, modular monadic semantics (MMS) allows designers to construct domain-specific languages by adding layers of semantic features, such as mutable state and I/O, in an a' la carte fashion. In the realm of interpreter and compiler construction, the benefits of this approach are manifold and well explored. This paper advocates bringing the tools of MMS to bear on hardware design and verification. In particular, we shall discuss a prototype compiler called ReWire which translates high-level MMS hardware specifications into working circuits on FPGAs. This enables designers to tackle the complexity of hardware design in a modular way, without compromising efficiency.
Prolog as the first programming language

The adoption of logic programming in an introductory course on computer programming offers several rewards. The higher conceptual level of this programming paradigm guides students to an early appreciation for abstraction. The descriptive character of programs makes them more understandable than conventional programs, and the relational basis makes them more versatile. This incremental and highly interactive style of programming leads to early student success and motivates active participation by students.
One-Day Activities for K-12 Face-to-Face Outreach

The recent successes of Computer Science Education Week and code.org's Hour of Code have meant that more K-12 students than ever are being given an authentic, engaging and eye-opening exposure to the wonders of computer science. There are resources aplenty to help high school and college faculty with outreach. These range from easy-to-learn, open-ended programming environments (Scratch, Alice, Snap!), to online coding challenges (code.org, Lite-bot), to non-computer activities with live performances (CS Unplugged, cs4fn), to having the entire outreach experience delivered "in a box", thanks to NCWIT.We wanted to bring educators together to share experiences with what they've done specifically with a one-day event, given these vast resources. Now that there are so many online coding experiences, it is enough to shuttle young students into a computer room, point their browser at one of these experiences, and answer questions as they come up? Is it important to include hands-on and hands-off (e.g., nifty demos, inspiring talks) components, and if so, in what order? What do different demographics find the most engaging? Is there any chance that we can do "damage", since these highlight-reel experiences might over-simplify how hard some of the problems are, and that not every important result has a flashy payoff? Do some of the early experiences leave students with the impression that computer science is only (say) apps, interactive multimedia programs or solving mazes? Finally, when it's over, what follow-up is appropriate? Participants on the panel will share best practices, common pitfalls, and advice.
The private practice psychologist and manual-based treatments: post-traumatic stress disorder secondary to motor vehicle accidents

Abstract This paper discusses the issues of providing an empirically validated, manual-based-treatment when viewed from the perspective of a practicing clinical psychologist. The trend for empirically proven treatment is reviewed briefly, and initial data are provided illustrating a manual-based-treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a motor vehicle accident. The relatively brief (9–12 session) psychological treatment was effective in reducing PTSD symptoms as measured on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, for all 10 subjects. The results are discussed from the practicing clinician's perspective: generalization to a clinical population, ethical concerns of limited treatment goals, individually tailored vs standardized treatments in clinical practice, concerns for co-morbid conditions, and how this type of study might impact on practice in an era of managed health care. Issues of incorporating manual based treatments into clinical practice are discussed, with consideration of gains, the limits and the constraints this would bring to the practice of psychology.
On reinforcing effect of birefringent coatings on plate structures

A mathematical model is introduced and used to obtain a correction factor of the reinforcing effect of birefringent coatings on structures. The bending effect introduced to the coated structure due to the shifting of neutral surface is considered in the derivation of the correction factor. The photoelastic data corrected by this correction factor are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical calculations.
Determination of the average channel temperature of GaN MOSHFETs under continuous wave and periodic-pulsed RF operational conditions

Abstract We present a method to determine the average device channel temperature of AlGaN/GaN metal–oxide–semiconductor heterostructure field effect transistors (MOSHFETs) in the time domain under continuous wave (CW) and periodic-pulsed RF (radiation frequency) operational conditions. The temporal profiles of microwave output power densities of GaN MOSHFETs were measured at 2 GHz under such conditions and used for determination of the average channel temperature. The measurement technique in this work is also being utilized to determine the thermal time constant of the devices. Analytical temporal solutions of temperature profile in MOSHFETs are provided to support the method. The analytical solutions can also apply to generic field effect transistors (FETs) with an arbitrary form of time-dependent heat input at the top surface of the wafer. It is found that the average channel temperature of GaN MOSHFETs on a 300 μm sapphire substrate with the output power of 10 W/mm can be over 400 °C in the CW mode while the average channel temperature of GaN MOSHFETs on a SiC substrate with the same thickness only reaches 50 °C under the same condition. The highest average channel temperature in a pulsed RF mode will vary with respect to the duty cycle of the pulse and type of the substrate.
Nitrogenase V The effect of Mo, W and V on the synthesis of nitrogenase components in Azotobacter vinelandii

Abstract When Azotobacter vinelandii OP is derepressed for nitrogenase synthesis in a medium containing no added Mo, component II but not component I is detected. Derepression with W in the medium allows the cells to produce inactive component I that can be activated by addition of molybdate to the medium. This activation does not require protein synthesis. Addition of V to Mo-free media does not increase the synthesis of component I protein. It is possible that Mo is an inducer of component I synthesis and that W also is capable of inducing component I, but that this component I is inactive because it lacks Mo.
Curriculum Biases in Reading Achievement Tests.

The extent and direction of curriculum bias in standardized reading achievement tests are examined. Bias is estimated by comparing the relative overlap in the contents of five separate reading achi...
NEUROMOTOR BEHAVIORAL EXAMINATION OF INFANTS AT RISK FOR SIDS

Previous reports have found histologic abnormalities in the muscles of SIDS victims. We were therefore interested if infants at risk for SIDS demonstrated neuromotor abnormalities. Our study group consisted of 24 consecutive infants enrolled in a home monitoring program. These infants were examined using a Neuromotor Behavioral Inventory, a comprehensive 5-part examination measuring muscle tone, patterns of movement, reflexes, environment, and oral motor behavior. Infants on monitors included "near miss SIDS", siblings of SIDS victims, and premature babies with persistent apnea. Low neuromotor tone was found in 14/24 infants who received the Neuromotor Behavioral Inventory. Subsequent siblings of SIDS victims had the highest incidence of normal exams (5/6,83%), while 70% of the near miss group had low muscle tone on the first exam. One near miss infant was later diagnosed as having cerebral palsy. The low muscle tone is consistent with earlier reported histologic findings in SIDS victims, and may also be a reflection of a fundamental neurological problem in this group of infants, of which apnea may be another manifestation. The Neuromotor Behavioral Inventory may prove to be a useful adjunct to apnea screening in identifying a group of infants at high risk for clinically significant apnea and SIDS.
Analysis of three-dimensional grids: Alternative polynomial equations for the nine-point prismatic array

Equations representing data in prismatic array are useful for interpreting experiments involving three independent parameters. This paper illustrates two sets of four polynomial equations for the nine-point cubical array. The equations are exact on trilinear numbers and their second and third powers. The equations are potentially useful alternatives to the trilinear equation when they do not generate complex-number coefficients.
Immunocytochemical localization of glutamate receptor subunits in the brain stem and cerebellum of the turtle Chrysemys picta.

The regional distribution of ionotropic (AMPA and NMDA) and metabotropic (mGluR1α) glutamate receptor subunits was examined in the brain stem and cerebellum of the pond turtle, Chrysemys picta, by using immunocytochemistry and light microscopy. Subunit-specific antibodies that recognize NMDAR1, GluR1, GluR4, and mGluR1α were used to identify immunoreactive nuclei in the brain stem and cerebellum. Considerable immunoreactivity in the turtle brain stem and cerebellum was observed with regional differences occurring primarily in the intensity of staining with the antibodies. The red nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus and cerebellum labeled intensely for NMDAR1 and moderately for GluR1. The cerebellum also labeled strongly for mGluR1α. All of the cranial nerve nuclei labeled intensely for NMDAR1 and to varying degrees for GluR1, GluR4, and mGluR1α. Counterstaining revealed the presence of neuronal somata where there were no immunoreactive neurons in individual nuclei. This finding suggests that there are subpopulations of immunoreactive neurons within a given nucleus that bear different glutamate receptor subunit compositions. The results suggest that the glutamate receptor subunit distribution in the brain stem and cerebellum of turtles is similar to that reported for rats. Additionally, there is considerable colocalization of NMDA and AMPA receptors as revealed by light microscopy. These results have implications for the organization of neural circuits that control motor behavior in turtles, and, generally, for the function of brain stem and cerebellar neural circuits in vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 427:455–468, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A new cytoplasmic structure in the basidiomycete Helicogloea: The microscala

Abstract Certain cells of the hyphae of Helicogloea variabilis and H. lagerheimii contain an assemblage of endoplasmic reticulum with or without mitochondria cross-linked by short filaments in a three-dimensional geometric array. Each complex of filaments and membranes is termed a microscala. Developmental and phylogenetic significance of the microscala are considered. The short filaments may represent an unrecognized cytoskeletal element in fungi.
IMRT with Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Boost for High Risk Malignant Salivary Gland Malignancies: A Case Series.

Patients with high risk salivary gland malignancies are at increased risk of local failure. We present our institutional experience with dose escalation using hypofractionated Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) in a subset of this rare disease. Over the course of 9 years, 10 patients presenting with skull base invasion, gross disease with one or more adverse features, or those treated with adjuvant radiation with three or more pathologic features were treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy followed by hypofractionated SBRT boost. Patients presented with variable tumor histologies, and in all but one, the tumors were classified as poorly differentiated high grade. Four patients had gross disease, 3 had gross residual disease, 3 had skull base invasion, and 2 patients had rapidly recurrent disease (≤ 6 months) that had been previously treated with surgical resection. The median Stereotactic Radiosurgery boost dose was 17.5 Gy (range 10-30 Gy) given in a median of 5 fractions (range 3-6 fractions) for a total median cumulative dose of 81.2 Gy (range 73.2-95.6 Gy). The majority of the patients received platinum based concurrent chemotherapy with their radiation. At a median follow-up of 32 months (range 12-120) for all patients and 43 months for surviving patients (range 12-120), actuarial 3-year locoregional control, distant control, progression free survival, and overall survival were 88%, 81%, 68%, and 79%, respectively. Only one patient failed locally and two failed distantly. Serious late toxicity included graft ulceration in 1 patient and osteoradionecrosis in another patient, both of which underwent surgical reconstruction. Six patients developed fibrosis. In a subset of patients with salivary gland malignancies with skull base invasion, gross disease, or those treated adjuvantly with three or more adverse pathologic features, hypofractionated SBRT boost to Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy yields good local control rates and acceptable toxicit
Exo84p Is an Exocyst Protein Essential for Secretion

The exocyst is a multiprotein complex that plays an important role in secretory vesicle targeting and docking at the plasma membrane. Here we report the identification and characterization of a new component of the exocyst, Exo84p, in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae . Yeast cells depleted of Exo84p cannot survive. These cells are defective in invertase secretion and accumulate vesicles similar to those in the late sec mutants. Exo84p co-immunoprecipitates with the exocyst components, and a portion of the Exo84p co-sediments with the exocyst complex in velocity gradients. The assembly of Exo84p into the exocyst complex requires two other subunits, Sec5p and Sec10p. Exo84p interacts with both Sec5p and Sec10p in a two-hybrid assay. Overexpression of Exo84p selectively suppresses the temperature sensitivity of asec5 mutant. Exo84p specifically localizes to the bud tip or mother/daughter connection, sites of polarized secretion in the yeast S. cerevisiae . Exo84p is mislocalized in asec5 mutant. These studies suggest that Exo84p is an essential protein that plays an important role in polarized secretion.
Nucleation in Si(001) homoepitaxial growth.

From low energy electron microscopy observations of the surface topography of Si(001) during homoepitaxial growth at 650 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, we have determined the nucleation density profile on top of a ``base'' island, and the distribution of the base island radius at the time of nucleation. Comparison with homogeneous nucleation theory yields a typical critical nucleus size of $\ensuremath{\sim}650$ dimers, and allows nucleation on Si(001) to be understood in a common framework with equilibrium step-edge fluctuations and 2D island ripening.
Miniaturized sensors for intelligent system fault detection and diagnosis (FDD)

Intelligent fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) depends on smart sensors which not only can render sensory information but also can make easy the subsequent detection and diagnosis. At the heart of every intelligent FDD system, there are sensors which work collaboratively with one another as well as the intelligent system. Miniaturized sensors present unique advantages in facilitating the installation of sensory devices for the purpose of diagnosis. In this paper, we present ongoing research on intelligent FDD and characterization using miniaturized sensor. With miniaturization, sensors can be readily made and integrated into intelligent diagnosis. Characterization and modeling of such innovative sensor designs are presented. Using new smart multi-function, telemetric, and integrated sensors as "intelligent nodes" in systems will provide necessary sensory information (for example, an integrated sensor which measures pressure, flow, and temperature--all in one module). The characterization and studies of miniaturized sensor are presented, with practical relevance to applications. The concept of intelligent nodes is further augmented with wireless sensors and system integration.
Imagining Restorative Justice beyond Recidivism

Abstract Recidivism reduction is an important objective of restorative justice programs. However, too much attention to recidivism may marginalize basic goals of restorative justice-particularly that of healing harms. In this paper we speculate on the prospects for restorative justice if recidivism rates of participating offenders were not monitored. We foresee both positive and negative consequences. Neglecting recidivism may undermine relationships between restorative justice programs and government agencies, insofar as the latter are chiefly concerned with offender management. Restorative justice also needs support from a public that wants “results.” Yet, a restorative justice untethered to the recidivism project could deliver the balanced approach it promises, attending to the needs of victim, offender, and community. We conclude that current arrangements, including institutions and attitudes, sustain restorative justice but also constrain what it can be.
Coulomb drag between disordered two-dimensional electron-gas layers.

We derive and evaluate expressions for the frictional Coulomb drag between disordered two-dimensional electron-gas layers. Our derivation is based on the memory-function formalism and the expression for the drag reduces to previously known results in the ballistic limit. We find that Coulomb drag is appreciably enhanced by disorder at low temperatures when the mean free path within a layer is comparable to or shorter than the layer separation. In high-mobility two-dimensional electron-gas systems, where the drag has been studied experimentally, the effect of disorder on the drag is negligible at attainable temperatures. We predict that an enhancement due to disorder and a crossover in the temperature dependence and layer-separation dependence will be observable at low temperatures in moderate- and low-mobility samples.
Validating the Empowerment Scale With a Multisite Sample of Consumers of Mental Health Services

Objective Empowerment is a key aspect of recovery and a common term in the mental health field, but there are few consistent definitions or validated measures of the construct. This study conducted psychometric testing on the Empowerment Scale, a widely used measure in the field. Methods As part of the Consumer-Operated Multi-Site study funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, consumers with a psychiatric disability were administered the Empowerment Scale along with several other scales to measure clinical status and psychosocial factors. Results Analyses produced five factors with acceptable fit statistics. The total scale demonstrated excellent reliability and validity. Conclusions Analyses provide additional evidence that the total Empowerment Scale score is a reliable, valid measure; subscales of the scale appear less robust. Empowerment is considered an essential factor in recovery-oriented programs and systems, and the use of psychometrically sound measures such as the Empowerment Scale therefore may be useful to evaluators.
Determination of the equilibrium constant for the binding of ferricytochrome c to phospholipid vesicles and the effect of binding on the reduction rate of cytochrome c.

The rate of reduction of cytochrome c by 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine was examined as a function of binding to liposomes prepared from mixed soybean phospholipids, asolectin, and from various purified phospholipids. Binding of cytochrome c to asolectin liposomes caused an increase in the rate of reduction by the pteridine derivative from 2900 to 16 000 M−1 · s−1 at pH 7. At low ionic strength (0.003 M) the binding stoichiometry between cytochrome c and asolectin vesicles is 15 ± 2 phosphospolipid/cytochrome c (mole ratio), determined by monitoring the change in reduction rate of cytochrome c by pteridine as cytochrome c is bound to the vesicles. A stoichiometry of 14 phospholipid/cytochrome c was obtained from gel filtration studies. Equilibrium association constants for the binding of cytochrome c to sites on the asolectin vesicles varied from 2.2 · 106 to 1.8 · 103 M−1 between 0.02 and 0.10 M ionic strength, respectively. In general, liposomes prepared from purified phospholipids resulted in less binding of cytochrome c per mole of phospholipid and lower reduction rates than those prepared from asolectin.
Revisiting the Concepts of Return Period and Risk for Nonstationary Hydrologic Extreme Events

Current practice using probabilistic methods applied for designing hydraulic structures generally assume that extreme events are stationary. However, many studies in the past decades have shown that hydrological records exhibit some type of nonstationarity such as trends and shifts. Human intervention in river basins (e.g., urbanization), the effect of low-frequency climatic variability (e.g., Pacific Decadal Oscillation), and climate change due to increased greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere have been suggested to be the leading causes of changes in the hydrologic cycle of river basins in addition to changes in the magnitude and frequency of extreme floods and extreme sea levels. To tackle nonstationarity in hydrologic extremes, several approaches have been proposed in the literature such as frequency analysis, in which the parameters of a given model vary in accordance with time. The aim of this paper is to show that some basic concepts and methods used in designing flood-related hydraulic structures assuming a stationary world can be extended into a nonstationary frame- work. In particular, the concepts of return period and risk are formulated by extending the geometric distribution to allow for changing exceeding probabilities over time. Building on previous developments suggested in the statistical and climate change literature, the writers present a simple and unified framework to estimate the return period and risk for nonstationary hydrologic events along with examples and applications so that it can be accessible to a broad audience in the field. The applications demonstrate that the return period and risk estimates for nonstationary situations can be quite different than those corresponding to stationary conditions. They also suggest that the nonstationary analysis can be helpful in making an appropriate assessment of the risk of a hydraulic structure during the planned project-life. DOI: 10.1061/ (ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000820. © 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Phase-field model of crystal grains

We introduce a two-dimensional phase field model designed to describe the dynamics of crystalline grains. The phenomenological free energy is a function of two order parameters. They reflect the degree of orientational order as well as the predominant local orientation of the crystal. Solutions to the gradient flow of this free energy can be interpreted as ensembles of grains (in which the phase of the order parameter is approximately constant in space) separated by mobile grain boundaries. We study the dynamics of the boundaries as well as the rotation of the grains. In the limit of the infinitely sharp interface, the normal velocity of the boundary is proportional to its curvature and its energy. The mobility of a grain boundary has a strong divergence in the limit of the small orientation mismatch. We derive and solve approximate equations describing a circular grain embedded in a fixed matrix.
Magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection in patients at risk for early preterm delivery: not yet.

THE ISSUE: Cerebral palsy is infrequent, but causes devastating neurologic consequences in preterm infants. Three recent randomized trials and several metaanalyses have evaluated the role of antenatal magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection in patients at risk for early preterm delivery. Despite the recommendations from the metaanalyses, there is uncertainty about whether to treat or who to treat, if any, with magnesium sulfate.
A Tri-Level Model of Centralized Transmission and Decentralized Generation Expansion Planning for an Electricity Market—Part II

We study a tri-level integrated transmission and generation expansion planning problem in a deregulated power market environment. The collection of bi-level sub-problems in the lower two levels is an equilibrium problem with equilibrium constraints (EPEC) that can be approached by either the diagonalization method (DM) or a complementarity problem (CP) reformulation. This paper is a continuation of its Part I, in which a hybrid iterative algorithm is proposed to solve the tri-level problem by iteratively applying the CP reformulation of the tri-level problem to propose solutions and evaluating them in the EPEC sub-problem by DM. It focuses on the numerical results obtained by the hybrid algorithm for a 6-bus system, a modified IEEE 30-bus system, and an IEEE 118-bus system. In the numerical instances, the (approximate) Nash equilibrium point for the sub-problem can be verified by examining local concavity.
Effects of Stimulus Context on Preference Judgements for Salt

An experiment is reported which confirms earlier findings that the range of stimulus concentration affects the estimate of ideal concentration. The method proposed by Booth et al for reducing range bias has been found to give satisfactory results.
Somatostatin binding sites in human and monkey brain: localization and characterization.

: A radioiodinated analogue of somatostatin 28, 125I[Leu8, D-Trp22, Tyr25]SS-28, was used to localize and characterize somatostatin binding sites in both human and monkey brain. High-affinity binding sites (approximately 1 nM) were found in cerebral cortex. The highest binding was in cerebral cortex with intermediate binding found in hippocampus, striatum, and amygdala and low binding in hypothalamus and brainstem. There was a rough correlation between somatostatin receptor binding and concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in human brain. Somatostatin receptors were stable for up to 24 h in an animal model simulating human autopsy conditions and there was no correlation between postmortem interval and receptor binding in human brain. Pharmacologic characterization in human cortex showed that there was a correlation between the inhibition of receptor binding by somatostatin analogues and their known abilities to inhibit growth hormone secretion. These findings demonstrate that a highly specific membrane-associated receptor for somatostatin is present in both monkey and human brain. Examination of somatostatin receptor binding in Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease may improve understanding of the role of somatostatin in both these illnesses.
Categorical perception of nonspeech chirps and bleats

Mattingly, Liberman, Syrdal, and Halwes, (1971) claimed to demonstrate that subjects cannot classify nonspeech chirp and bleat continua, but that they can classify into three categories a syllable place continuum whose variation is physically identical to the nonspeech chirp and bleat continua. This finding for F2 transitions, as well as similar findings for F3 transitions, has been cited as one source of support for theories that different modes or modules underlie the perception of speech and nonspeech acoustic stimuli. However, this pattern of finding for speech and nonspeech continua may be the result of research methods rather than a true difference in subject ability. Using tonal stimuli based on the nonspeech stimuli of Mattingly et al., we found that subjects, with appropriate practice, could classify nonspeech chirp, short bleat, and bleat continua with boundaries equivalent to the syllable place continuum of Mattingly et al. With the possible exception of the higher frequency boundary for both our bleats and the Mattingly syllables, ABX discrimination peaks were clearly present and corresponded in location to the given labeling boundary.
Thermosensitive lanthanide complexes of hyaluronan

Addition of trivalent lanthanide salts to solutions of hyaluronan (HA), a naturally occurring anionic polysaccharide, resulted in an unexpected reverse-temperature phase transition (RTPT); i.e., the complexes were soluble when cooled but precipitated when warmed. A unique lower critical solution transition temperature (LCST) was observed for each lanthanide in the order (increasing LCST) Eu(3+) < Nd(3+)< Ce(3+) < Gd(3+) < La(3+) < Tb(3+) < Dy(3+) < Yb(3+) < Lu(3+) for high molecular weight HA. Moreover, the LCST values increased as the molecular weight of the HA decreased from 1730 to 190 kDa. The precipitation-dissolution behavior was fully reversible in a cyclical fashion; a lag in redissolution was observed as the temperature was lowered, and longer incubation times at each temperature minimized this lag. The RTPT behavior could be ablated by titration with 8 kDa HA to produce complexes soluble at ambient temperature. This is the first description of RTPT behavior in a biologically important glycosaminoglycan.
Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens: Substrate-like Inhibitors both Stimulate Flavin Reduction and Stabilize the Flavin−Peroxo Intermediate yet Result in the Production of Hydrogen Peroxide

Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) is a flavin-dependent hydroxylase that catalyzes the conversion of l-kynurenine (l-Kyn) to 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKyn) in the pathway for tryptophan catabolism. KMO inhibition has been widely suggested as an early treatment for stroke and other neurological disorders that involve ischemia. We have investigated the reductive and the oxidative half-reactions of a stable form of KMO from Pseudomonas fluorescens (KMO). The binding of l-Kyn by the enzyme is relatively slow and involves at least two reversible steps. The rate constant for reduction of the flavin cofactor by NADPH increases by a factor of ∼2.5 × 103 when l-Kyn is bound. The rate of reduction of the KMO·l-Kyn complex is 160 s−1, and the Kd for the NADPH complex is 200 μM with charge-transfer absorption bands for the KMORED·l-Kyn·NADP+ complex accumulating after reduction. The reduction potential of KMO is −188 mV and is unresponsive to the addition of l-Kyn or other inhibitory ligands. KMO inhibitors whose struct...
The luminous darkness of du bois’ double consciousness: through the lens of contemporary christian women

The purpose of this article is first to examine W. E. B. Du Bois’ psychosocial theory of race, which is commonly known as “double-consciousness.” This is done to highlight how African Americans are able to navigate through life when one’s moral agency is truly constrained by internal and external forces. Second, drawing from Du Bois’ theoretical construct of race, connections are made to the lived experiences of Christian women in the anthropological, ethnographic study of Marla F. Frederick. The relevance and limitations of Du Bois’ theoretical paradigm as it pertains to the contemporary Christian women are examined, and attention is given to how the multiple selves of the Christian women are negotiated in public and private spheres.
On truncation errors due to vertical differences in various numerical prediction models

Some estimates of truncation errors due to vertical finite differences are given. The truncation errors amount to at most 10 % in the phase-speed of the basic mode in a model atmosphere in which the vertical shear of the basic, zonal flow vanishes. An increase of the vertical resolution results in rapidly decreasing truncation errors in this case. In a model atmosphere, in which the vertical windshear is different from zero, and the static stability parameter is a function of pressure, we find small truncation errors in the initial displacement of the wave, but large errors in the initial amplification. The initial development of a baroclinic wave is evaluated in three different baroclinic models. The models differ only in the vertical variation of the static stability parameter which is a simple function of pressure in the first model, a constant in the next and zero in the third model. It is shown that the vertical variation of static stability is important for the amplification and the slope of the wave in the vertical direction. The initial change of the kinetic energy in the models is computed as a function of wave-length. It is shown that the change of kinetic energy is larger in the models where the static stability parameter is constant or zero than in the models where it varies with pressure. The last section contains some comments on the upper boundary condition. It is shown that the conditions ? and ? < ?(? = geopotential) at the upper boundary are equivalent in certain problems. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1962.tb01337.x
Theory and Algorithms for the Haplotype Assembly Problem

Genome sequencing studies to date have generally sought to assemble consensus genomes by merging sequence contributions from multiple homologous copies of each chromosome. With growing interest in genetic variations, however, there is a need for methods to separate these distinct contributions and assess how individual homologous chromosome copies differ from one another. An approach to this problem was developed using small sequence fragments derived from shotgun sequencing studies to determine the patterns of variations that co-occur on individual chromosomes. This has become known as the "haplotype assembly" problem. This review paper surveys results on the theory and algorithms for haplotype assembly. It first describes common abstractions of the problem. It then discusses some notable intractibility results for different problem variants. It next examines a variety of combinatorial, statistical, and heuristic methods for assembling fragment data sets in practice. The review concludes with a discussion of recent directions in diploid genome sequencing and their implications for haplotype assembly in the future.
α-phenyl-tert-butyl-nitrone inhibits free radical release in brain concussion

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the important causes of mortality and morbidity. The pathogenesis of the underlying brain dysfunction is poorly understood. Recent data have suggested that oxygen free radicals play a key role in the primary and secondary processes of acute TBI. We report direct electron spin resonance (ESR) evidence of hydroxyl (·OH) radical generation in closed-head injury of rats. Moderate brain concussion was produced by controlled and reproducible mechanical, fixed, closed-head injury. A cortical cup was placed over one cerebral hemisphere within 20 min of the concussion, perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) containing the spin trap agent pyridyl-N-oxide-tert-butyl nitrone (POBN, 100 mM), and superfusate samples collected at 10 min intervals for a duration up to 130 min post brain trauma. In addition, POBN was administered systematically (50 mg/kg body wt.) 10 min pretrauma and 20 min posttrauma to improve our ability to detect free radicals. ESR analysis of the superfusate samples revealed six line spectra (αN = 15.4 and αβH = 2.5 G) characteristic of POBN-OH radical adducts, the intensity of which peaked 40 min posttrauma. The signal was undetectable after 120 min. Administration of α-phenyl-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN), a spin adduct forming agent systemically (100 mg/kg body wt. IP 10 min prior to concussion) alone or along with topical PBN (100 mM PBN in aCSF),6significantly (P
Comparison of the Protective Properties of Four Clinical Crystalloid Cardioplegic Solutions in the Rat Heart

Abstract Although few surgeons dispute the benefits of high-potassium crystalloid cardioplegia, objective comparison of the efficacy of various formulations is difficult in clinical practice. We compared four commonly used cardioplegic solutions in the isolated rat heart (N = 6 for each solution) subjected to 180 minutes of hypothermic (20°C) ischemic arrest with multidose cardioplegia (3 minutes every half-hour). The clinical solutions studied were St. Thomas' Hospital solution, Tyers' solution, lactated Ringer's solution with added potassium, and a balanced saline solution with glucose and potassium. Postischemic recovery of function was expressed as a percentage of preischemic control values. Release of creatine kinase during reperfusion was measured as an additional index of protection. St. Thomas' Hospital solution provided almost complete recovery of all indexes of cardiac function following ischemia including 88.1 ± 1.6% recovery of aortic flow, compared with poor recovery for the Tyers', lactated Ringer's, and balanced saline solutions (20.6 ± 6.5%, 12.5 ± 6.4%, and 9.6 ± 4.2%, respectively) ( p p Although differences in composition are subtle, all potassium crystalloid cardioplegic solutions are not alike in the myocardial protection they provide. Comparative studies under controlled conditions are important to define which formulation is superior for clinical application.
Community air monitoring for pesticides. Part 1: selecting pesticides and a community

The CA Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) developed methods to select pesticides and a community to fulfill criteria for an ambient air monitoring study it conducted as part of the CA Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Justice Action Plan. Using a scoring system, CDPR evaluated 100 pesticides based on statewide-reported pesticide use, volatility, and priority in CDPR's risk assessment process (indicators of exposure and toxicity) to produce a list of pesticides to consider as candidates for monitoring. The CDPR also evaluated and scored 83 communities based on demographics and health factors, availability of cumulative impacts data, and reported pesticide use to create a list of community candidates. The scores provide relative rankings to distinguish more highly impacted communities from less impacted ones and to identify which pesticides might contribute most to potential adverse health effects. These methods use criteria that can be quantified, validated, and verified in order to provide a transparent and fair selection process. Based on public comments and highest scores, CDPR recommended 40 pesticides (including some of their degradation products) and one community for its yearlong monitoring study. The CDPR then further refined its list of pesticides by soliciting input from local and technical advisory groups. The CDPR plans to use these methods to select pesticides and communities in future monitoring activities.
Dimethylacetamide solvates of alkali metal salts

Abstract The following dimethylacetamide (DMA) solvates were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, m.p. and IR spectra: LiCl·DMA, LiBr·4DMA, LiI·4DMA, LiSCN·DMA, LiClO 4 ·4DMA, LiBF 4 ·DMA, NaI·2DMA, NaSCN·2DMA, NaClO 4 ·DMA, NaClO 4 ·2DMA and KI·3DMA.
The Approval Plan: Selection Aid, Selection Substitute

Approval plans are used by many libraries as an adjunct to title-by-title selection, and sometimes as a substitute for it. The author examines this approach to purchasing library materials, considering positive and negative effects approval plans may have on collection balance as well as on acquisitions budgets and workflow. The article also serves as an introduction to approval plans for entry-level acquisitions librarians, library school students, and paraprofessional library staff. Practical concerns in setting up approval plans are discussed, such as approval plan profiling, plan maintenance, and evaluation. Budget and accounting considerations are introduced. Although approval plans are widely used, new librarians may have learned little about them in library science courses. The approval plan is presented as a useful tool for shaping and maintaining library collections.
Assessment of Age Differences in Mental Workload while Driving using Verbal versus Visual-Spatial Subsidiary Tasks

Age differences in mental workload demands imposed by driving were investigated using a dual-task paradigm. Two subsidiary tasks, thought to tax separate attentional resource pools (verbal versus visual-spatial), were compared. Dual-task cost ratios [RTdual-task/RTsingle-task] using each subsidiary task were collected from young (mean age = 20.6) and older (mean age = 72.4) drivers at midblock locations (low driving task load) and while approaching intersections (high driving task load). Consistent with expectations, age differences were exacerbated on the visual-spatial subsidiary task. However, the expected workload increase at intersections (relative to midblock locations) was not observed. Instead, a more complex 3-way interaction of roadway location with subsidiary task and task order was obtained. This pattern of results has important implications with regard to the following two issues: 1) the use of discrete versus continuous subsidiary task probes during real world driving, and 2) the sensitivity...
Group Supervision: Still Widely Practiced But Poorly Understood

This article updates Holloway and Johnston's (1985) review concerning the group supervision of trainees learning individual psychotherapy. Suggestions for future research and implications for training are discussed.