cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular and Molecular Requirements for Rejection of B16 Melanoma in the Setting of Regulatory T Cell Depletion and Homeostatic Proliferation

We have recently demonstrated that adoptive transfer of regulatory T cell-depleted polyclonal T cells into lymphopenic mice leads to rejection of B16 melanoma, which generated an opportunity to study host requirements for tumor rejection when it effectively occurred. CD8(+) T cell priming and tumor rejection required tumor Ag cross-presentation, as evidenced by tumor outgrowth in Kb(-/-) bone marrow chimeric or B71/2(-/-) mice. CD4(+) T cells were additionally required for optimal tumor control, although not through classical CD4 "help," as the frequency of primed CD8(+) T cells was similar in the absence of CD4(+) T cells, and tumor rejection did not depend upon CD40-CD40L interactions or on IL-2 production by CD4(+) T cells. Rather, CD4(+) T cells appeared to act at the effector phase of tumor rejection and responded to B16-derived Ags in vitro. At the effector phase, IFN-γ production by transferred T cells, but not host cells, was necessary. IFN-γ acted either on host or tumor cells and was associated with reduced tumor vascularity. Finally, tumor rejection occurred after transfer of TNF-α, perforin, or FasL-deficient T cells. However, perforin/FasL double-knockout T cells failed to reject, arguing that the killing of B16 melanoma cells could occur either via the cytotoxic granule or Fas pathways. Collectively, these results support a model in which host tumor Ag cross-presentation primes adoptively transferred T cells, which remain functional in the setting of homeostatic proliferation and regulatory T cell depletion, and which promote tumor rejection via IFN-γ and lysis via cytotoxic granules and/or FasL.
Exploitation of chaos for active control : an experiment

We have implemented a control scheme to exploit chaotic behavior in a physical system. The method of control requires only small time-dependent perturbations of a single system parameter and does not require model equations for the dynamics. We have demonstrated the power of the method by controlling an experimental chaotic system around unstable periodic orbits and exploiting the underlying chaos to switch the motion between these orbits at will. The robustness of the method is tested by adding white noise to our experimental system during control to obtain information on the effect of noise on control failures.
Sulfate in colored waters. II. Evaluation of approaches for correcting historical colorimetric data

Historical colorimetric sulfate data are known to be biased high and cannot be used as reliable SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/ concentrations for scientific interpretation. They need to be corrected. The various approaches for correcting these data were discussed and evaluated. A simple and direct approach was found to be satisfactory. To correct historical colorimetric data, data sets are first categorized and grouped together based on geographical locations and seasonal variations of dissolved organic carbon (or color) of a specific site, river, lake (or group) which have similar amounts and nature of organic matter. For each group, the colorimetric and chromatographic sulfate values are then obtained and related by an equation, which is used to convert the corresponding historical values to true sulfate values. 12 references, 9 figures, 1 table.
Sampling Theory for the Human Visual Sense

The subject of this paper is the nature of the sampling operation performed by the human visual sense, restricted to black and white, nonstereoscopic, photopic vision. The hypothesis is presented that the human visual sense samples the spatial “power” spectrum (The term spatial power spectrum is used throughout to describe the absolute value of the square of the Fourier spatial transform of the image, although it is recognized that the word “power” is, strictly, a misnomer in this context. It is to be particularly noted that the word spectrum does not, here, refer to the electromagnetic frequency spectrum of the radiation associated with the image but to the spatial frequency spectrum of the pattern structure of the image.) of the input image, just as the aural sense samples the temporal power spectrum of the input sound. The justification for this hypothesis is the fact that the sensitivity of the retina (except at the fovea) to form, or pattern, in the input image is very much poorer than is suggested by the corresponding upper cutoff spatial frequency of the retina. This property is characteristic of power-spectrum sensitive devices. A physical model retina is described that could perform the hypothesized spectral-sampling operation.
Acetylcholinesterase staining of the human amygdala.

This paper describes in detail the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining characteristics of the normal human amygdaloid complex using fixed post-mortem brain tissue. It was shown that the differential AChE staining of the amygdala could be used to accurately delineate amygdaloid subdivisions macroscopically. Using the same staining method on the amygdala from brains previously frozen and stored at −70°C resulted in a staining pattern similar to that seen using fixed tissue, despite numerous ice artifacts. It was concluded that this stain may be useful to researchers working on post-mortem human amygdala, particularly those involved in microdissecting this region for neurochemical analysis.
Considering the Alternative in Composition Pedagogy: Teaching Invitational Rhetoric With Lynda Barry's What It Is

Lynda Barry's book What It Is offers an alternative idea of composition pedagogy, utilizing an approach that communication scholars might call “invitational rhetoric.” Barry resources the trappings traditionally associated with education and invites the reader to render experiences through his or her own writing practice. This article explores invitational rhetoric as represented in various fields, particularly composition and rhetoric, and examines how Barry's What It Is serves as a model of invitational rhetoric. The article also considers how the book offers a way of teaching invitational rhetoric as a less adversarial form of argument.
Silicon coupled channel plasmonic nano-circuits: 4-way power splitting and resonant networks

We demonstrate efficient coupling into channel plasmon polariton waveguides from Si ridge waveguides at λ0 = 1520nm, using near-field scanning-optical measurements. We further demonstrate optical power splitting at ultracompact 90-degree 4-way splitters and 2x2 resonators.
Gas computed tomographic cisternography: Evaluation of small and intracanalicular acoustic neuromas

With improvements in microsurgical techniques, early evaluation of small and intracanalicular acoustic neuromas has taken on added importance. Since its introduction in 1979 by Sortland, several authors have demonstrated the accuracy and safety of computed tomography combined with gas cerebellopontine angle cisternography in the early diagnosis of acoustic neuromas. We present our experience with 32 patients referred for gas computed tomographic cisternography yielding five surgically proved acoustic neuromas, three of which were less than 1 cm in size. This procedure can be performed on an outpatient basis, has a low morbidity, and is highly accurate in diagnosing even purely intracanalicular tumors. Gas computed tomography cisternography offers several advantages over positive contrast cisternography, and is the procedure of choice in the radiologic diagnosis of acoustic neuromas after contrast-enhanced computed tomography has excluded the presence of a large tumor.
A class of exact solutions for the magnetohydrodynamic flow of a micropolar fluid

Abstract The steady MHD flow of a micropolar fluid between two infinite parallel, non-coaxially rotating disks, is studied. It is observed that a set of one-parameter family of exact solutions exists for the velocity and the micro-rotation components. The expressions for the components of the forces and couples acting on the plates are obtained. Numerical results explaining the effects of various parameters, associated with the flow, are discussed for some interesting special cases. We observe that the increase in Hartmann number distorts the velocity profile and decreases the boundary layer thickness. The magnitude of components of micro-rotation vector decreases for an increase in Hartmann number. So far a very few authors have shown interest in the study of MHD flow of a micropolar fluid. This paper appears to be the first to present an exact solution for the MHD flow of a micropolar fluid.
Pulmonary artery coarctations

Twenty cases of local peripheral pulmonary artery coarctations are presented and classified by anatomic types. The clinical history, physical examination, electrocardiographic, radiologic, and catheterization data are described. Selective angiocardiographic illustrations are given to show the preferred method of diagnosis. The literature was extensively reviewed and 319 cases are tabulated according to type and associated defects. Two thirds were associated with other forms of congenital heart disease. The pathologic lesions are briefly described and possible etiologic factors are discussed.
Liquid chromatographic analysis of nanogram quantities of ascorbate in brain tissue

Abstract A simple and accurate analysis for brain ascorbate at nanogram levels is described. The analysis employs anion exchange resin high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The procedure is rapid and involves only homogenization, centrifugation and mixing of the supernatant extract with an internal standard followed by direct quantitation via liquid chromatography. The ascorbate levels of mouse, rat, and guinea pig brains analysed by this method compare well with existing literature data. The sensitivity is such that small animal brain parts can be analysed readily.
Inhibition of estrogen-stimulated growth of uterine leiomyomas by selective estrogen receptor modulators.

Uterine leiomyoma is the most frequent gynecologic neoplasm in women. By using a panel of cell lines derived from spontaneous Eker rat leiomyomas, we examined the estrogen-responsive phenotype of these tumor cells. Leiomyoma-derived ELT cell lines proliferated in response to estrogen, and estrogen-induced cell proliferation could be inhibited by the estrogen antagonist ICI 182780 and the selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs) raloxifene and tamoxifen. In addition to inhibiting cell growth, these antagonists also inhibited estrogen-induced increases in progesterone-receptor expression. These data indicate that SERMs such as raloxifene and tamoxifen act as estrogen antagonists in uterine myometrial cells and suggest that this class of compounds may be effective for treatment of this important gynecologic neoplasm. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
STUDIES ON THE CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE RESPIRATORY ENZYMES OF MITOCHONDRIA

(1) The mathematical calculations relating spectrophotometric data with the data of Allard et al. (4, 5) on mitochondrial counts, is presented. Such a calculation indicates that an "average mitochondrion" from rat liver would contain about 17,000 molecules of each cytochrome pigment. (2) Hematocrit determinations relating respiratory pigment content for mitochondria isolated from a variety of tissues have been presented, showing a fivefold variability depending upon the source of the mitochondria. (3) Speculations on the organization of the respiratory enzymes associated with the membrane structure of the mitochondria are discussed.
The hydrodynamic force on a rigid particle undergoing arbitrary time-dependent motion at small Reynolds number

The hydrodynamic force acting on a rigid spherical particle translating with arbitrary time-dependent motion in a time-dependent flowing fluid is calculated to O(Re) for small but finite values of the Reynolds number, Re, based on the particle's slip velocity relative to the uniform flow. The corresponding expression for an arbitrarily shaped rigid particle is evaluated for the case when the timescale of variation of the particle's slip velocity is much greater than the diffusive scale, a^2/v, where a is the characteristic particle dimension and v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. It is found that the expression for the hydrodynamic force is not simply an additive combination of the results from unsteady Stokes flow and steady Oseen flow and that the temporal decay to steady state for small but finite Re is always faster than the t^-½ behaviour of unsteady Stokes flow. For example, when the particle accelerates from rest the temporal approach to steady state scales as t^-2.
Transcatheter embolization for acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage

PURPOSE The authors review their experience using transcatheter embolization in the treatment of acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review was conducted on 17 patients who underwent superselective transcatheter embolization for an acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. All 17 patients were followed clinically 4 days to 60 months (mean, 18.5 months) after embolization for the presence of ischemia or for recurrent bleeding. In addition, 12 of 17 patients were examined 1 day to 12 months (mean, 38.8 months) after embolization by means of colonoscopy or by pathologic review. RESULTS Transcatheter embolization achieved immediate hemostasis in 15 of 17 patients (88%) and was the definitive treatment in 76%. The other two patients underwent successful surgical resections after incomplete hemostasis of cecal lesions. Two patients of the 15, with initially successful embolizations, had recurrent hemorrhage within 30 days; both underwent further embolization with one failure. No intestinal infarction or stricture developed in the 15 patients who underwent successful embolization. CONCLUSIONS The authors' experience supports the role of transcatheter embolization as a primary means of therapy for patients with an acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Their data further supports growing evidence that superselective embolization may be most efficacious in reducing complication rates.
SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF STEROIDS AND INTRAVENOUS IMMUNE GLOBULIN (IVIG) IN A PATIENT WITH AUTOIMMUNE NEUTRO PENIA (AIN)

IVIG has been used to treat AIN, but it is not always effective. We report a patient in which the concommitant use of IVIG and steroid was more effective than either alone. A 10 year old girl with neutropenia and anti-neutrophil antibodies had chronic gingivitis, buccal erosions, and staphyloccal skin abscesses. Absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) were 40-400/mm3. IVIG at 2 gm/kg had no effect. She later developed fever, anorexia, and abdominal pain due to bacterial ileitis. Antibiotics alone gave only partial clinical improvement. The addition of Solumedrol, 1 mg/kg/day, transiently raised the ANC from 100 to 3500. The ANC subsequently declined to 1000 for 30 days. Subsequently, while on 40/20 mg alternate day prednisone, 4 infusions of 1 gm/kg IVIG over 7 days did not raise the ANC. Increasing the steroids to 45 mg/day (1 mg/kg) promptly increased the ANC from 800 to 9700 without further IVIG. Ten monthly 1 gm/kg infusions of IVIG have kept her infection-free by maintaining ANC >500, although anti-neutrophil antibodies continue to be present. As prednisone was tapered and discontinued, the ANC response to each course of IVIG decreased. Optimization of prednisone dose in relation to the IVIG infusions is in progress. Our observations suggest that IVIG and steroids may act synergistically to decrease peripheral destruction of antibody sensitized blood cells.
Recombinant human lymphotoxin effects on osteoblastic cells

Lymphotoxin, or tumor necrosis factor beta, has been shown to be a potent bone resorbing cytokine. In the present study, the effect of recombinant human lymphotoxin on osteoblastic cell proliferation and prostaglandin synthesis was investigated. Lymphotoxin (10(-10)-10(-7) M) caused a significant, dose-dependent decrease of rat osteoblastic cell proliferation. This appeared to be an indirect, prostaglandin-dependent action, since in the presence of indomethacin (1 microM) the lymphotoxin effect was reversed. Subsequently, prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin (assayed as 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha) levels produced by the osteoblastic cells in response to lymphotoxin were measured. The cytokine caused a dose-dependent increase of these arachidonic acid metabolites, with the maximum effect at 10(-8) M. These results suggest that lymphotoxin's mechanism of action on bone may involve increases in arachidonic acid metabolite synthesis and an indirect, prostanoid-mediated decrease in the proliferation rate of osteoblastic cells.
An investigation on the role of nitric oxide in the modulation of the binding characteristics of various radioligands of GABAA receptors by 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one in the rat brain regions

Abstract Chronic administration of Nω-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, diminished the ability of 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one, a neurosteroid, to potentiate the [ 3 H ]muscimol (5 nM) binding in the rat hippocampus but not in the cerebellum or cerebral cortex. This effect of NAME was stereospecific and susceptible to reversal by the pre-treatment of rats with l -arginine. However, chronic administration of l -NAME did not affect the modulation of the [ 3 H ]flunitrazepam (2 nM) or [ 35 S ]TBPS (4 nM) binding by the neurosteroid in any of the brain regions investigated in this study. These results suggest that nitric oxide may be involved in some of the effects of neurosteroids in hippocampus.
The Hydrologic Responses to Development in Regional Sedimentary Aquifers

The hydrologic response to development of three of the most heavily pumped sedimentary aquifer systems in the United States is similar in some aspects and different in others. In the semiarid West, an unconfined sand aquifer and a confined sand and clay aquifer system have been subjected to withdrawals that are far greater than predevelopment recharge rates. As a result, the aquifers have large losses of ground water from storage. In the humid East, pumpage from a carbonate aquifer system has resulted in induced recharge and diversion of natural discharge with insignificant loss from storage. However, the following responses to development are common in all three aquifer systems: (1) ground-water circulation has increased, (2) rates of recharge have increased—mostly due to recirculation of pumped ground water, or infiltration of imported surface water used for irrigation in the semiarid West, (3) locations of recharge areas have changed, and (4) natural discharge has decreased. Regional water-level declines associated with ground- water development are inevitably accompanied by some combination of elastic compaction of aquifer material, inelastic compaction of fine-grained sediments and land subsidence, dewatering of aquifer material near pumping centers, and induced formation of sinkholes. The degree to which these changes occur is dependent on: (1) rates of pumping in relation to available recharge, and (2) lithology, specifically the proportion of sand, gravel, silt, clay, and carbonate rock that comprise the aquifer system.
Inhomogeneous deformation in metallic glasses

The present study provides a theoretical framework for the inhomogeneous deformation in metallic glasses. The free volume concentration is adopted as the order parameter, which is a function of position and time. The three processes that can change the local free volume concentration are diffusion, annihilation, and stress-driven creation. The rate functions for free volume generation and plastic flow depend on the underlying microscopic model, but the framework is generally valid for different models. A simple shear problem is solved as an example. A linear stability analysis is performed on the basis of the homogeneous solution. An inhomogeneous solution is obtained with a finite amplitude disturbance to the initial free volume distribution. Numerical simulation shows the development of the inhomogeneous deformation and strain localization.
Current Density of the Arc Cathode Spot

New measurements of the area of the arc cathode spot from measurements of width of tracks left on metals by a cathode spot moving in a magnetic field indicate that the current density is greater than values given by previous workers. At 2.6 amperes, we find the following values in air at atmospheric pressure: Cu 124,000 amp./${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, Al 29,500 amp./${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, W 74,000 amp./${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, Hg on Cu 20,700 amp./${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.The Cu, Al, and W electrodes were first oxidized in a bunsen flame. For an arc burning in mercury vapor with a mercury cathode at a few microns pressure we find at 2.6 amperes a current density of 50,000 to 220,000 amperes per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Values at currents above 5 amperes could not be obtained because of the formation of multiple spots.
Recruitment in a Sea Anemone Population: Juvenile Substrate Becomes Adult Prey

Populations of the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica (Brandt) occur in tide pools and surge channels below intertidal mussel beds where they capture mussels dislodged by wave action and by sea star foraging. Dense concentrations of small juvenile anemones occur only within mussel beds and are probably the result of larval settlement or differential survival in that habitat. Areas experimentally cleared of anemones showed that recruitment was primarily by migrating juveniles and that the rate of immigration over a 2-year period was much higher in experimental removal areas near mussel beds than in those further away. Mussel beds thus function as an important juvenile habitat (refuge and nursery); juveniles later migrate downward and are then in a position to capture dislodged mussels and grow to adult size.
Insulin regulates leptin secretion from 3T3-L1 adipocytes by a PI 3 kinase independent mechanism.

To better define the molecular mechanisms underlying leptin release from adipocytes, we developed a novel protocol that maximizes leptin production from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The addition of a PPARγ agonist to the Isobutylmethylxanthine/Dexamethasone/Insulin differentiation cocktail increased leptin mRNA levels by 5-fold, maintained insulin sensitivity, and yielded mature phenotype in cultured adipocytes. Under these conditions, acute insulin stimulation for 2 h induced a two-fold increase in leptin secretion, which was independent of new protein synthesis, and was not due to alterations in glucose metabolism. Stimulation with insulin for 15 min induced the same level of leptin release and was blocked by Brefeldin A. Inhibiting PI 3-kinase with wortmannin had no effect on insulin stimulation of leptin secretion. These studies show that insulin can stimulate leptin release via a PI3K independent mechanism and provide a cellular system for studying the effect of insulin and potentially other mediators on leptin secretion.
Exact calibration of programming models of agricultural supply against exogenous supply elasticities

We develop a methodology to exactly calibrate quadratic programming models of agricultural supply against exogenous own-price supply elasticities. We show that calibration is only possible against certain sets of supply elasticities. For the case where one constraint is binding and the matrix of quadratic coefficients is diagonal, we derive the necessary and sufficient condition under which the calibration problem has a solution, and prove that it is then unique. We propose a general procedure to obtain implied elasticity equations in models of input allocation, and apply it to the constant-elasticity-of-substitution model with land constraint.
The response of thermospheric nitric oxide to an auroral storm: 2. Auroral latitudes

NOAA 6 and 7 particle measurements are used, in conjunction with a statistical model of the auroral particle precipitation, to study the response of auroral NO to the auroral storm of September 19, 1984. The results of a time-dependent photochemical calculation show that particle precipitation can more effectively produce NO than can Joule heating, in contrast to nonauroral latitudes where heating is important. Both the model and the NO data show NO increases as a result of the storm; however, the absolute magnitude of the NO in the model, as well as the amplitude of the increase, significantly exceeded what was observed. Two possible explanations for the this discrepancy are proposed.
Genomic organization, transcriptional mapping, and evolutionary implications of the human bi-directional histidyl-tRNA synthetase locus (HARS/HARSL).

Abstract Histidyl-tRNA synthetase catalyses the covalent ligation of histidine to its cognate tRNA as an early step in protein biosynthesis. In humans, the histidyl-tRNA synthetase gene (HARS) is oriented opposite of a synthetase-like gene (HARSL) that bears striking homology to HARS. In this report, we describe the genomic organization of the HARS/HARSL locus and map multiple transcripts originating from a bi-directional promoter controlling the differential expression of these genes. The HARS and HARSL genes each contain 13 exons with strong structural and sequence homology over exons 3–12. HARS transcripts originate from two distinct promoters; a cluster of short transcripts map 15–65 bp upstream of the HARS ORF while a single, longer transcript (352 bp 5′-UTR) maps to a distal promoter. Similarly, multiple HARSL transcripts (mapping 10–198 bp upstream of its ORF) are produced by the shared bi-directional promoter. Human and rodent HARS/HARSL loci are homologous and support a model of inverted gene duplication to explain the emergence of HARSL during mammalian evolution.
FGFR2 in the dental epithelium is essential for development and maintenance of the maxillary cervical loop, a stem cell niche in mouse incisors

Constant supplies of dental epithelial cells from stem cell niches in the cervical loop enable mouse incisors to grow continuously through life. Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) has been shown to be essential for development of mouse incisors and maintenance of incisor cervical loops during prenatal development. Whether its cognate receptor, FGFR2IIIB, in the dental epithelium is required for postnatal tooth development remains unknown because Fgfr2IIIb ablation causes neonatal lethality. Here we report that tissue-specific ablation of Fgfr2 in the dental epithelium led to defective maxillary incisors that lacked ameloblasts and the enamel, and had poorly developed odontoblasts. Although the cervical loop in Fgfr2 null maxillary incisors was formed initially, it failed to continue to develop and gradually diminished soon after birth. The results suggest that the FGFR2 signaling axis plays a role in maintaining the stem cell niche required for incisor development and lifelong growth. Developmental Dynamics 238:324–330, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Philomela's Legacy: Rape, the Second World War, and the Ethics of Reading

This article addresses the ethical quandaries of the wartime rape of German women by Russian soldiers during the last months of the war. In particular, I discuss the multiple challenges involved in reading such rapes: the danger of identifying the victimization of these women with the victimization of the German nation; the danger of trivializing or downplaying the suffering of the rape victim; the challenge of writing about rape without recycling Nazi narratives. Rape is, as Sabine Sielke maintains, “a dense transfer point for relations of power.” My readings show that, when wartime rape is made to serve an ideological agenda, as it inevitably is, the experience of the victim, her trauma and pain, threaten to disappear amidst the noise of justifications, metaphors, and political deployments. Drawing on the mythical model of Philomela, I argue that there is a legacy of violence in both silence and in writing, but there is also an ethics of reading that allows one to pay tribute to the victims’ suffering even as one negotiates and recontextualizes their stories.
Molecular genetic resources for development of 1% linolenic acid soybeans

Advanced plant breeding will incorporate the most efficient methods available to introgress new traits and develop improved crops. Molecular markers that are specifically targeted to desirable alleles are important molecular genetic resources for selection of traits. Reducing the amount of linolenic acid in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a desired breeding objective so that oxidatively stable soybean oil can be produced without the production of trans fatty acids. The objective of this work was to determine the molecular genetic basis for soybeans containing 1% (10 g kg 21 ) linolenic acid in the seed oil fraction and to develop molecular markers specific for identified alleles. Utilizing the soybean homologs of Arabidopsis FAD3 as candidate genes, mutations were discovered in all three GmFAD3 genes in the soybean line A29. The mutations were associated with the linolenic acid phenotype in segregating populations. Molecular markers specific for the mutant alleles enabled capture of the phenotype. Novel combinations of mutant alleles at the three GmFAD3 loci allowed the development of new germplasm containing 1% linolenic acid in the seed oil along with SNP-based molecular markers that can be used in a backcross breeding strategy. T
Lipid Tail Protrusion could Explain Fusogenic Activity in Influenza Hemaggluttinin

Influenza is both a major human pathogen and a common model system for studying viral entry mechanisms. One outstanding question in influenza viral entry has been the role of the membrane-inserted hemagglutinin fusion peptide. Point mutations to the fusion peptide can either block fusion entirely, as in the N-terminal glycine mutant (G1V), or cause arrest at hemifusion, as in the G1S mutant. Recently, we and others have proposed that fusion stalks are nucleated by contact of protruding acyl tails. In simulations, we have shown that native influenza fusion peptides promote this tail protrusion.Here, we have performed a series of simulations with wild-type fusion peptide as well as G1V and G1S mutants. Lipid tail protrusion close to the fusion peptides correlates well with experimental fusion activity, being increased for the wild-type structure over the G1V mutant, with G1S as an intermediate. This suggests that tail protrusion may indeed be a good marker for fusion and an important first step in the fusion process.Our simulations also examine the role that peptide structure may play in promoting fusion. We predict that the three main structural models for the fusion peptide may interconvert based on relatively minor changes to their environment. Using lipid tail protrusion as a surrogate metric, we predict the kinked helix model to have much greater fusion activity than either the helical hairpin or the flat helix.
Molecular cloning of TOPAP: A topographically graded protein in the developing chick visual system

Topographically graded molecules representing position-specific differences among otherwise similar cells are thought to play a role in the patterning of the developing nervous system. In the embryonic chick visual system, a 40 kDa protein, TOPAP, is expressed in a posterior > anterior gradient in the retina and in an inverted anterior > posterior gradient in the optic tectum, the major retinal projection area. Here we report the isolation and nucleotide sequencing of a complementary DNA clone encoding the chick TOPAP protein and demonstrate that the mRNA encoding this coiled-coil integral membrane protein is topographically graded within the retina and is present in a variety of chick tissues.
THERAPEUTIC RESOURCES IN STATE HOSPITALS: THE PSYCHIATRIC NURSE.

Summary To solve the problem of the shortage of therapeutic personnel in state hospitals, all who have contact with patients should be made effective contributors to the therapeutic program. The psychiatric nurse,—because of the nature and duration of her contact with patients—can be an important therapeutic resource. Appropriate hospital reorganization, effective professional stimulation, and necessary education are required to achieve this aim. Existing conditions of state hospital psychiatric nursing are discussed, highlighting some reasons for the difficulty in change from a custodial to therapeutic orientation. These include the effects of the ratio of patients to personnel, the nature of the patients' pathology and behavior, the emotional reactions and defenses of nurses, the lack of adequate knowledge and understanding, and the absence of well-developed multidisciplinary approach and effective communication.
Semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks composed of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and castor oil: Synthesis, structure, and properties

Semi-interpenetrating networks have been produced from castor oil and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Bond interchange between PET and castor oil plays a major role in the development of initial miscibility, also affecting morphology and chemical structure. Microheterogeneous morphology is developed for materials of intermediate composition, which have much greater toughness than the polymers from which they were made.
Space Colonies and Energy Supply to the Earth

It is pointed out that a space manufacturing facility may be economically more effective than alternative industries on the earth for the construction of products which are to be used in geosynchronous or higher orbits. The suggestion is made to construct solar power stations at a space colony and relocate them in geosynchronous orbit to supply energy to the earth. Attention is given to energy problems and approaches for solving them, taking into account environmental effects and economic factors. Economic aspects of space manufacturing are discussed in some detail.
Added value of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in assessing cardiac masses

Echocardiography is the most common noninvasive tool used in assessing cardiac masses. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography expands the diagnostic capabilities of cardiac ultrasound in assessing the location, composition, size, and relationship to other structures of cardiac masses. The improved characterization of the anatomy of the mass, in conjunction with the accurate calculation of the left ventricular ejection fraction, makes this new technology the imaging modality of choice in assessing cardiac masses.
A new logical model for futures research

Abstract The author argues against traditional logic based on unidirectional causality and classical physics because it has led planners and policy makers to believe that universality and homogeneity are desirable goals for society. Biological and social processes have been shown to thrive on complexity and heterogeneity and this approach to futures research should be developed further.
Fröhlich Theory-Based Approach for Analysis of Stress Distribution in a Layered System: Case Study

The California bearing ratio (CBR) procedure for the design of airfield flexible pavements was originally developed in the 1940s for supporting new heavy bombers and reviewed in the 1970s to allow handling multiwheel tire groups. In view of an active debate at the International Civil Aviation Organization level on further adjustments to the design procedure, a U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) research team reformulated the original CBR procedure. The new CBR design procedure was redefined with the introduction of Frohlich's theory for computing the pavement thickness and validated through full-scale testing. This study evaluated the influence of each layer in the stress distribution with the final objective of recommending specific values of the Frohlich stress concentration factor. The data for this investigation were collected during full-scale testing at the ERDC in 2008. The analysis allowed identification of several influencing factors in the stress distribution for computing...
Relaxation and existence of optimal controls for systems governed by evolution inclusions in separable Banach spaces

In this paper, we examine relaxed control systems governed by evolution inclusions in a separable Banach space. First, we establish the existence of admissible trajectories, correcting an earlier result of Ahmed. Then, we obtain a compactness result for the set of admissible trajectories. Using this compactness result, we prove the existence of optimal solutions for optimal control problems; furthermore, we show that the values of the original and relaxed problems are equal. Finally, we show that the original trajectories are dense in the set of relaxed trajectories. An example is worked out.
Mild and Selective Deuteration and Isomerization of Alkenes by a Bifunctional Catalyst and Deuterium Oxide

H/D exchange is achieved at allylic positions of alkenes using D2O in acetone and alkene isomerization catalyst 1, which features a bifunctional imidazolylphosphine. The basic nitrogen of the latter is thought to deprotonate an alkene substrate coordinated to the CpRu center; at this stage the protonated nitrogen could undergo H/D exchange with deuterium oxide. An exceptional degree of deuteration is achieved at positions accessible to isomerization, with a high degree of control. Using biphasic settings one can literally wash out reactive protons on the substrate without using organic solvents.
Heterogeneity among cells that express osteoclast-associated genes in developing bone.

In the present study, we characterized the phenotype of cells in the osteoclast lineage by in situ hybridization, using antisense complementary RNA probes that encode three genes typically expressed by osteoclasts, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), type IV collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-9), and c-fms, the receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor. By using complementary RNA probes labeled with 35S, digoxygenin, or a combination of the two labeling methods (dual labeling in situ hybridization), we found that each of these genes exhibited a distinct expression pattern during early stages of endochondral bone development [embryonic day 15 (ED15) to ED17] in fetal mouse hind limbs. Type IV collagenase messenger RNA (mRNA) was first expressed in or just outside of the cellular layers that define perichondrium/periosteum, earlier than transcripts for TRAP or c-fms appeared at the same sites (ED15). Although transcripts for TRAP and c-fms colocalized within the skeleton, c-fms was also f...
Pediatric applications of abdominal vascular Doppler. Part II

Ultrasound is a remarkably powerful and versatile modality for pediatric imaging, without requiring exposure to radiation or sedatives. By providing information on blood flow, Doppler sonography can reveal details about normal physiology and disease processes not discernable from gray-scale anatomic images alone. In part I, the basics of hemodynamics and effects on the Doppler waveform were discussed, along with clinical applications in hepatic disease. In part II, the application of Doppler in renal disease and in conditions affecting the deep abdominal vessels are discussed. The role of ultrasound contrast agents in pediatric Doppler imaging is briefly reviewed.
HLA-DR meets ERK

In this issue of Blood, Stein and colleagues present a novel mechanism by which MHC class II antibodies induce apoptosis in lymphoid malignancies. These are important findings that provide fresh insight into a common antibody target.
TAPETAL ORIGIN OF POLLEN-COAT SUBSTANCES IN LILIUM

Summary At maturity, the pollen of Lilium spp. is coated with an adhesive, pigmented material, the Pollenkitt of German authors. This material contains a lipid component and carotenoid pigments; in L. longiflorum the principal pigment is α-carotene 5,6-epoxide. Synthesis of the coat materials takes place in the tapetum. The pigments accumulate in osmiophilic globuli from the time of release of the spores from the tetrad until the dissolution of the tapetum as a tissue. The lipids and associated pigments are then discharged into the loculi, where they migrate between the spores, filling the recesses in the surface of the exine.
Modeling study of multi-layer 3D metamaterials

Membrane projection lithography (MPL) has been demonstrated as a fabrication method for creation of layers of 3D unit cell metamaterials. Here we report an extensive modeling study of the electromagnetic behavior of split ring resonator (SRR) based metamaterial layers using rigorous coupled wave analysis, with particular attention to the MPL fabrication related aspects.
First operation anatomic success and other predictors of postoperative vision after complex retinal detachment repair with vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of first operation anatomic success compared with success after reoperation and preoperative characteristics in achieving ambulatory vision (≥4/200) and good vision (≥20/100) after repair of complex retinal detachment with vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade. METHODS: A prospective, observational, multicenter study of patients who underwent vitrectomy with silicone oil for retinal detachments associated with cytomegalovirus necrotizing retinitis or a non–cytomegalovirus necrotizing retinitis etiology, including proliferative diabetic retinopathy, giant retinal tear, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and ocular trauma. RESULTS: A higher rate of ambulatory vision was achieved in the first operation anatomic success cases, compared with the reoperation cases, for eyes with cytomegalovirus necrotizing retinitis (72% vs 50%, P < 0.01) and eyes without cytomegalovirus necrotizing retinitis (51% vs 38%, P = 0.04). For eyes with cytomegalovirus necrotizing retinitis, preoperative ambulatory vision (RR = 2.3, P < 0.0001) and reoperation (RR = 0.4, P = 0.05) were independent predictors of postoperative ambulatory vision. For eyes without cytomegalovirus necrotizing retinitis, preoperative ambulatory vision (RR = 4.0, p < 0.0001) and retinal detachment etiology (P = 0.02) were prognostic factors. Compared to eyes with trauma, eyes with giant retinal tear, proliferative vitreoretinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy were 2.8 (P < 0.003), 2.2 (P = 0.01) and 1.6 (P = 0.17) times as likely to achieve postoperative ambulatory vision, respectively. Within the giant retinal tear group, a higher rate of ambulatory vision was achieved in the first operation anatomic success cases compared with the reoperation cases (66% vs 31%, P = 0.03). Although not statistically significant, similar outcomes occurred in the proliferative diabetic retinopathy (48% vs 25%) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy groups (54% vs 45%). Similar prognostic relationships were found for good visual acuity outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: First operation anatomic success, preoperative visual acuity, and giant retinal tear or proliferative vitreoretinopathy as the retinal detachment etiology are important factors that predict visual outcome.
Glutamine synthetase activity and ammonium accumulation is influenced by time of glufosinate application

Time of glufosinate application impacts weed control. Although leaf angle of velvetleaf significantly contributes to the time of day (TOD) effect, it is not the sole reason for reduced efficacy. Absorption and translocation of glufosinate, glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, and ammonium accumulation were investigated as possible physiological components of the TOD effect. Absorption and translocation were not associated with a decrease in glufosinate efficacy. GS activity, ammonium accumulation, and plant biomass were influenced by the time of glufosinate application. Velvetleaf GS activity quickly diminished during the light period and remained high during the dark period following glufosinate treatment. GS activity was higher in plants treated at 10:00 pm than in those treated at 2:00 pm 12 HAT. With little GS inhibition during the dark period, ammonium accumulation occurred only during the light period. At 72 HAT, ammonium concentration was nearly 1.5-fold greater in plants treated at 2:00 pm versus those treated at 10:00 pm with 160 g/ha glufosinate. Plant biomass of plants treated with 160 g/ha glufosinate at 10:00 pm was greater than those treated at 2:00 pm at 72 HAT. Increasing the application rate from 160 to 320 g/ha removed these differences in GS activity, ammonium accumulation, and plant biomass. These results demonstrate that GS activity and ammonium accumulation are physiological processes involved in the TOD effect.
Thinning reduces soil carbon dioxide but not methane flux from southwestern USA ponderosa pine forests

Abstract Forest soils are important components of the global carbon cycle because they both store and release carbon. Carbon dioxide is released from soil to the atmosphere as a result of plant root and microbial respiration. Additionally, soils in dry forests are often sinks of methane from the atmosphere. Both carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases whose increasing concentration in the atmosphere contributes to climate warming. Thinning treatments are being implemented in ponderosa pine forests across the southwestern United States to restore historic forest structure and reduce the risk of severe wildfire. This study addresses how thinning alters fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane in ponderosa pine forest soils within one year of management and examines mechanisms of change. Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes, soil temperature, soil water content, forest floor mass, root mass, understory plant biomass, and soil microbial biomass carbon were measured before and after the implementation of a thinning and in an unthinned forest. Carbon dioxide efflux from soil decreased as a result of thinning in two of three summer months. Average summer carbon dioxide efflux declined by an average of 34 mg C m −2 hr −1 in the first year after thinning. Methane oxidation did not change in response to thinning. Thinning had no significant short-term effect on total forest floor mass, total root biomass, or microbial biomass carbon in the mineral soil. Understory plant biomass increased after thinning. Thinning increased carbon available for decomposition by killing tree roots, but our results suggest that thinning reduced carbon dioxide emissions from the soil because the reduction in belowground autotrophic respiration was larger than the stimulation of heterotrophic respiration. Methane oxidation was probably not affected by thinning because thinning did not alter the forest floor mass enough to affect methane diffusion from the atmosphere into the soil.
The mechanism of SO2 oxidation by CH3O2 radicals. Rate coefficients for the reactions of CH3O2 with SO2 and NO

Abstract The reactions of CH 3 O 2 with SO 2 and NO have been studied by steady state photolysis of azomethane in the presence of O 2 SO 2 →NO mixtures at 296 K and 1 atm total pressure. The quantum yield of NO oxidation by CH 3 O 2 radicals is increased substantially when SO 2 is added to the system indicating an SO 2 induced chain oxidation of NO. The rate law gives k 1 / k 2 = (2.5 ± 0.5) × 10 −3 for CH 3 O 2 + SO 2 → CH 3 O 2 SO 2 (1), CH 3 O 2 + NO → CH 3 O + NO 2 (2). Combining this ratio with the absolute value of k 1 = 8.2 × 10 −15 cm 3 s −1 gives k 2 = 10 −11.5 ± 02 cm 3 s −1 .
Investigation of Quilt Packaging Interchip Interconnect With Solder Paste

We investigate mechanical, thermal, and microwave characteristics of the edge-interconnect scheme called quilt packaging (QP), using a pin transfer method for the application of solder paste. A novel pull test method for QP is introduced, and the pull strength for edge copper nodules is investigated. Thermal shock tests for QP interconnects with solder are performed. Pull strengths for QP interconnects before and after thermal shock are compared and failure mechanisms of QP are investigated. The simulation and experimental results show that QP provides ultrawidebandwidth, and the use of solder paste does not significantly affect the microwave performance of QP.