cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estrogen depletion and drug treatment alter the microstructure of type I collagen in bone.

The impact of estrogen depletion and drug treatment on type I collagen fibril nanomorphology and collagen fibril packing (microstructure) was evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) using an ovariectomized (OVX) rabbit model of estrogen deficiency induced bone loss. Nine month-old New Zealand white female rabbits were treated as follows: sham-operated (Sham; n = 11), OVX + vehicle (OVX + Veh; n = 12), OVX + alendronate (ALN, 600 μg/kg/wk., s.c.; n = 12), and OVX + cathepsin-K inhibitor L-235 (CatKI, 10 mg/kg, daily, p.o.; n = 13) in prevention mode for 27 weeks. Samples from the cortical femur and trabecular lumbar vertebrae were polished, demineralized, and imaged using AFM. Auto-correlation of image patches was used to generate a vector field for each image that mathematically approximated the collagen fibril alignment. This vector field was used to compute an information-theoretic entropy that was employed as a quantitative fibril alignment parameter (FAP) to allow image-to-image and sample-to-sample comparison. For all samples, no change was observed in the average FAP values; however significant differences in the distribution of FAP values were observed. In particular, OVX + Veh lumbar vertebrae samples contained a tail of lower FAP values representing regions of greater fibril alignment. OVX + ALN treatment resulted in a FAP distribution with a tail indicating greater alignment for cortical femur and less alignment for trabecular lumbar vertebrae. OVX + CatKI treatment gave a distribution of FAP values with a tail indicating less alignment for cortical femur and no change for trabecular lumbar vertebrae. Fibril alignment was also evaluated by considering when a fibril was part of discrete bundles or sheets (classified as parallel) or not (classified as oblique). For this analysis, the percentage of parallel fibrils in cortical femur for the OVX group was 17% lower than the Sham group. OVX + ALN treatment partially prevented the proportion of parallel fibrils from decreasing and OVX + CatKI treatment completely prevented a change. In trabecular lumbar vertebrae, there was no difference in the percentage of parallel fibrils between Sham and any of the other treatment groups.
3-D Monte Carlo simulations of FinFETs

A new 3D Monte Carlo simulator has been developed to simulate ultra-small semiconductor devices. Quantum corrections are introduced by self-consistently coupling a 2D Schrodinger solver with the 3D simulator. Results obtained from the simulation of FinFET devices using this simulator indicate that the charge density at the corners of these devices is reduced greatly by quantization effects. The line charge density changes only slightly under quantum corrections. The effects of fin-extension length on the device behavior of FinFETs are also presented.
Objects of Affection: Kissing Games on Mobile Devices.

This brief paper provides general context in the emerging mobile game type, affection games. Affection games require players to flirt, hug, or kiss to meet their goals in the game. To date, the largest subset of these games is kissing games. The paper provides a general analysis of the 10 most widely distributed kissing games in 2013 and 2014, which account for more than 3,000,0000 mobile game installations. To add detail to the overview, two case studies are provided which exemplify physical device kissing and virtual in-game kissing. The download activity, player comments, and history of the games are used to provide a simple overview of affection game characteristics as they relate to human-computer interaction and play. Such analysis provides a peek into the mildly taboo space of affection games and the ways in which mobile developers are effecting the genre.
Eugenol Nanoemulsion Stabilized with Zein and Sodium Caseinate by Self-Assembly

Eugenol-loaded nanoemulsion by zein and sodium caseinate (NaCas) was prepared without using specific equipment or organic solvents. The deprotonated eugenol in hot alkaline was added to NaCas/zein mixtures with different mass ratios at pH 11.5 and then neutralized to pH 7.0. The nanoemulsions showed a well-defined diameter (around 109–139 nm) and a negative surface potential (from −28.5 to −35.8 mV) with spherical morphology. The entrapment efficiency (EE) of 1% (v/v) eugenol reached 84.24% by 2% (m/v) NaCas/zein at a mass ratio of 1:1. This formulation also showed the narrowest size distribution and extraordinary stability during ambient storage (22 °C) up to 30 days and retained good redispersibility after spray- or freeze-drying. The current study showed a promising clean and low-cost strategy to deliver lipophilic compounds containing the hydroxyl group.
Atmospheric-Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge as an Elemental Ion Source for Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Organochlorines.

Atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (AP-DBD) plasma has emerged in recent years as a versatile plasma for molecular ionization and elemental spectroscopy. However, its capabilities as an elemental ion source have been less explored, partly because of difficulties in the detection of positive elemental ions from this low-gas-temperature plasma. In this work, we investigate the detection of negative elemental ions to enable elemental mass spectrometry (MS) using AP-DBD. A gas chromatograph is coupled to a helium AP-DBD apparatus and positioned in front of an atmospheric-pressure-sampling mass spectrometer with no modifications to the ion sampling interface. We demonstrate that Cl– ions are detected with a compound-independent efficiency, enabling elemental quantification of organochlorines. Further, addition of oxygen at low concentration (11 ppm, v/v) to the helium plasma improves the analytical performance by reducing postcolumn peak broadening, whereas high oxygen concentrations (>110 ppm, ...
The Psychology of Diversity Resistance and Integration

Diversity resistance is the dynamic interplay of individual and collective behaviors, with individual resistance rooted in unconscious motivation and organizational resistance rooted in the collect...
Intravitreal sustained release corticosteroid-5-fluoruracil conjugate in the treatment of experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Purpose. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) remains the most common cause of failed retinal detachment (RD) surgery. The authors compared the effectiveness of two intraocular sustainedrelease codrugs in suppressing PVR in a rabbit model: a surgically implantable pellet releasing 5-fluorouracil (FU) and dexamethasone (DX) for 1 week and an injectable intravitreal sustainedrelease suspension releasing 5-FU and triamcinolone acetonide for 1 month. Methods. Sustained-release devices and suspensions were prepared to deliver equimolar quantities of corticosteroid and 5-FU. In group 1, devices were implanted surgically into the vitreous of the right eye of 10 New Zealand White rabbits. Ten control rabbits received surgical implantation of the suture only. In group 2, drug suspension was injected into the vitreous of the right eye of 10 New Zealand White rabbits. Ten control rabbits received injection of the vehicle only. One day later, each rabbit was injected intravitreally with 250,000 homologous rabbit dermal fibroblasts. Severity of PVR was graded clinically by two masked observers on days 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28. Results. In group 1, clinical severity of PVR was less in the experimental group than in the control group at all time points; this was only statistically significant on day 10 (P = 0.04). Six eyes developed moderate to severe tractional RD or bullous RD in the control group by day 10 compared with none in the experimental group (P = 0.01). In group 2, the median clinical grading of eyes in the experimental group was significantly less than that in the control group at all time points through day 21 (P ^ 0.01). Conclusions. Both the intravitreal sustained-release dexamethasone-5-FU device and the triamcinolone-5-FU suspension effectively inhibit the progression of PVR in a rabbit model. Simultaneous delivery of 5-FU and corticosteroid may target different components of the woundhealing process in this disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996; 37:2318-2325.
Developing a Statistics Curriculum for Future Secondary Mathematics Teachers

To support the teaching of statistics in secondary schools as recommended by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics 2000 Principles and Standards for School Mathematics and the American Statistical Association 2005 Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education, the faculty at Iowa State University designed a new curriculum in statistical content for future secondary mathematics teachers. Based on recommendations from national mathematics committees, this new curriculum engages future secondary mathematics teachers with data collection and analysis, inferential statistics, and probability, and highlights connections and differences between mathematics and statistics.
Value of Variety: An Organizing Principle to Enhance Teaching and Learning

Variety in educational goals, teaching methods, materials, feedback, and evaluation can enhance legal education. This article explains the value of variety as an organizing principle to build on the strengths and address some weaknesses of traditional legal education. A laws school course that embraces variety can integrate the learning of professional knowledge, skills, and values. Students can use print and electronic resources to actively participate in meaningful exercises in and out of the classroom. Throughout the course, students can receive feedback from themselves, their peers, and their teachers. Finally, students can demonstrate their learning in multiple, varied ways.The first section of this article grounds the value of variety in basic principles from two education disciplines: learning theory and instructional design. The second section applies the concept of variety to every element of a law school course: learning objectives, materials, teaching and learning methods, and assessment.
The Prediction of Poststorage Red Cell Viability From ATP Levels

Of the many chemical and physical changes that occur in blood during storage,1–5 the poststorage erythrocyte adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level has the highest reported correlation with poststorage erythrocyte red cell viability (R = 0.94).6–8Although the correlation was great enough to be of predictive value for the regression, it was obviously not applicable to the estimation of expected cell viability from the ATP data for an individual unit of stored blood, Furthermore, the study was limited to blood which had been stored in acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) U.S.P. formula A, or in citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)8 solutions for either 21 or 28 days. The studies reported herein were undertaken for two primary reasons: (1) to expand the total number of cases and the experimental conditions of blood storage, and (2) to evaluate possible applications of the relationship.
On the geography of activity: productivity but not temperature constrains discovery rates by ectotherm consumers

Consumer activity—the rate that individuals move through and discover items in their environment—can constrain population interactions and ecosystem services. We introduce a model that assumes consumer activity is co‐limited by the abundance and velocity of consumers, which in turn are constrained by two global drivers: net primary productivity (NPP) and environmental temperature, respectively. We test it with data from a recent study showing how arthropod activity decreases with latitude and elevation. The maximum discovery rates (discoveries per day) of these ectotherms increased linearly with NPP and accounted for the observed latitudinal gradient in activity. The mean temperature of the warmest month in contrast had no consistent effect on activity. An ecosystem's NPP, which provides carbon to build individuals and sugars to fuel them, can thus be an important constraint on the activity of its ectotherm consumers.
One catalyst, two fuels

Photocatalytic H2 production using semiconductors is a promising approach to store solar energy as a chemical fuel, but the oxidizing power of the excited holes is often wasted. Now, holes are harnessed in a dehydrocoupling strategy that simultaneously produces H2 and diesel fuel precursors from biomass-derived molecules.
Rodents (Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene (Orellan) Cook Ranch Local Fauna of Southwestern Montana

The Cook Ranch local fauna is from the Sage Creek Basin in southwestern Montana. Fossil mammals have been described from the Cook Ranch local fauna as early as the 1930s. The age has been identified as early Oligocene (late Orellan) based on the mammalian fauna. Twelve species of rodents are recognized herein from Cook Ranch. Two new species are described: an eomyid Metanoiamys woodi and a cricetid Wilsoneumys focarius. The aplodontiid Campestrallomys annectensKorth, 1989a, is referred as a new combination, Ninamys annectens (Vianey-Laud et al., 2013), and distinguished from North American species of CampestrallomysKorth, 1989a, based on dental characters (e.g., partial ectoloph on upper cheek teeth, morphology of hypolophid on lower cheek teeth). This is the first recognition of this genus in North America of this otherwise Eurasian genus. A neotype for the heliscomyid Heliscomys gregoryi is assigned, and it is demonstrated that the species is distinct from other species of the genus based on size and style and stylid development of the molars.The bulk of the species present are typical of other North American Orellan faunas but one species, Adjidaumo minimusMatthew, 1903, is elsewhere limited to the Chadronian (latest Eocene) and another species, Agnotocastor praetereadensStirton, 1935, is elsewhere limited to the Whitneyan (early middle Oligocene). These identifications extend the known ranges of both species.
SHIELDNET: An Adaptive Detection Mechanism against Vehicular Botnets in VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are designed to provide traffic safety by enabling vehicles to broadcast information-such as speed, location and heading-through inter-vehicular communications to proactively avoid collisions. However, the attacks targeting these networks might overshadow their advantages if not protected against. One powerful threat against VANETs is vehicular botnets. In our earlier work, we demonstrated several vehicular botnet attacks that can have damaging impacts on the security and privacy of VANETs. In this paper, we present SHIELDNET, the first detection mechanism against vehicular botnets. Similar to the detection approaches against Internet botnets, we target the vehicular botnet communication and use several machine learning techniques to identify vehicular bots. We show via simulation that SHIELDNET can identify 77 percent of the vehicular bots. We propose several improvements on the VANET standards and show that their existing vulnerabilities make an effective defense against vehicular botnets infeasible.
Latent Tuberculosis and HIV Infection

Tuberculosis is the number one infectious killer of people with HIV worldwide, but it can be both prevented and treated. Prevention of tuberculosis by screening for and treating latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), along with the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), is the key component of HIV care. While access to ART has increased worldwide, uptake and completion of LTBI treatment regimens among people living with HIV (PWH) are very poor. Concomitant TB-preventive therapy and ART are complex because of drug–drug interactions, but these can be managed. Recent clinical trials of shorter preventive regimens have demonstrated safety and efficacy in PWH with higher completion rates. More research is needed to guide TB-preventive therapy in children and in pregnant women, and for drug-resistant TB (DR-TB). Antiretroviral therapy and tuberculosis-preventive treatment regimens can be optimized to avoid drug–drug interactions, decrease pill burden and duration, and minimize side effects in order to increase adherence and treatment completion rates among PWH and LTBI.
Loaded questions: The Framework for Information Literacy through a DEI lens

Just after our university published its Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (DEI) Strategic Plan, I found myself driving home from the “Engaging with the ACRL Framework” Roadshow. My head was full of converting knowledge practices into learning outcomes when the frames began to emerge through a DEI lens, and threshold concepts became questions. The very asking of a question inherently invites diverse, individual perspectives. Published before current higher education DEI efforts, the Framework prompts us to ask questions and pursue answers, especially from unheard or systemically silenced voices. It encourages us to challenge elitism, racism, sexism, ableism, and biases within the entire information ecosystem.
Dilthey and Human Science: Autobiography, Hermeneutics and Pedagogy

Using Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings as an example, this paper introduces Wilhlem Dilthey’s (1833–1911) hermeneutics and pedagogical theory. Dilthey saw biographies (and autobiographies like Angelou’s) as nothing less than “the highest and most instructive form of the understanding of life.” This, then, serves as the starting point for his hermeneutics or theory of understanding, which distinguishes humanistic understanding from scientific explanation, and sees any one moment or word as having meaning only in relation to a whole—the whole of a sentence or text, or the whole of one’s life. It is also the starting point of his pedagogy, whose ultimate “duty” is “to develop the child as a person who carries their own purpose within themselves.” In introducing Dilthey’s hermeneutic pedagogy, this paper draws principally from his The Formation of the Historical World in the Human Sciences (1927/2002), a text that has been long neglected in hermeneutic and phenomenological studies of education.
Proximal Femoral Bone Cyst After Single Screw Fixation for Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: A Case Report.

Case An 11-year-old female patient underwent bilateral in situ fixation for slipped capital femoral epiphyses using single, cannulated, stainless steel screws. She presented 12 years later with a large osteolytic lesion of the proximal femur, which only involved 1 side. Histological evaluation showed a foreign-body reaction and synovial lining. Infection was ruled out and dynamic hip screw stabilization, and bone grafting were performed. The bone graft healed, and the hardware was removed to prevent a similar reaction. In retrospect, postoperative radiographs at 7 weeks showed subtle osteolysis along the screw. Conclusion Intra-articular drilling, vertical screw placement into the posterior epiphysis, and the prominent screw head may have led to this unexpected complication.
Clusters of high-dimensional interval data and related Boolean functions of events in Euclidean space

Clustering interval data has been studied for decades. High-dimensional interval data can be expressed in terms of hyperrectangles in $$\mathbb {R}^d$$ (or d-orthotopes) in case of real-valued d-attributes data. This paper investigates such high-dimensional interval data: the Cartesian product of intervals, or a vector of interval. For the efficient computation of related Boolean functions, some interesting aspects have been discovered using vertices and edges of the graph, generated from given events. We also study the lower and upper-bounded orthants in $$\mathbb {R}^d$$ as events for which we show the existence of a polynomial-time algorithm to calculate the probability of the union of such events. This efficient algorithm has been discovered by constructing a suitable partial order relation based on a recursive projection onto lower-dimensional spaces. Illustrative real-life applications are presented.
Ziauddin Sardar’s Approach to the Qur’an: Timely Lessons from Sura Al-Baqara

In Reading the Qur'an: The Contemporary Relevance of the Sacred Text of the Qur'an, Ziauddin Sardar etches his worldview as a progressive traditionalist. In order to map his own in-betweenness, som...
Implementing a Virtual Flipped Classroom in a Rheumatology Fellowship Program.

OBJECTIVE Active learning opportunities within graduate medical education may be underused. We aimed to assess whether active learning strategies increase after implementing a faculty development workshop and transitioning rheumatology fellowship didactics to a virtual flipped classroom. METHODS We measured baseline faculty use of active learning strategies during lectures within the Introductory Rheumatology Curriculum by calculating an "active learning score" from a cognitive learning theory assessment tool. We held a faculty development workshop demonstrating active teaching strategies and encouraged using a flipped classroom for fellowship didactics. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the strategies were discussed in a virtual classroom setting, where the intervention phase would occur. We compared active learning scores before and after the intervention for lectures within the Introductory Rheumatology Curriculum. The primary outcome was the change in active teaching scores pre- versus post-intervention. RESULTS Active learning scores increased in 14 out of the 16 lectures, with a mean score increase of 4.7 out of 24 points (95% CI 2.3-7.2). Paired T-test analyses comparing active learning scores pre-and post-intervention for each lecture confirmed that results were highly statistically significant (p < 0.001). Despite faculty hesitancy to teach within a virtual environment, faculty satisfaction remained high post-intervention. CONCLUSION A virtual flipped classroom increased the use of active learning strategies within the Introductory Rheumatology Curriculum. Faculty satisfaction remained high despite modest increases in time spent updating their presentations. Fellows and faculty reported a largely positive experience within the virtual classroom.
Sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE1) palmitoylation and potential functional regulation.

Abstract Aims Determine the effect of palmitoylation on the sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1), a member of the SLC9 family. Main methods NHE1 expressed in native rat tissues or in heterologous cells was assessed for palmitoylation by acyl-biotinyl exchange (ABE) and metabolic labeling with [3H]palmitate. Cellular palmitoylation was inhibited using 2-bromopalmitate (2BP) followed by determination of NHE1 palmitoylation status, intracellular pH, stress fiber formation, and cell migration. In addition, NHE1 was activated with LPA treatment followed by determination of NHE1 palmitoylation status and LPA-induced change in intracellular pH was determined in the presence and absence of preincubation with 2BP. Key findings In this study we demonstrate for the first time that NHE1 is palmitoylated in both cells and rat tissue, and that processes controlled by NHE1 including intracellular pH (pHi), stress fiber formation, and cell migration, are regulated in concert with NHE1 palmitoylation status. Importantly, LPA stimulates NHE1 palmitoylation, and 2BP pretreatment dampens LPA-induced increased pHi which is dependent on the presence of NHE1. Significance Palmitoylation is a reversible lipid modification that regulates an array of critical protein functions including activity, trafficking, membrane microlocalization and protein-protein interactions. Our results suggest that palmitoylation of NHE1 and other control/signaling proteins play a major role in NHE1 regulation that could significantly impact multiple critical cellular functions.
Two Nebraska Culture Storage Pits from Doniphan County, Kansas

The materials from two Nebraska culture storage pits located in Doniphan County, Kansas are described. Comparisons made with the pottery and stone artifacts from previously-described Nebraska cultu...
Heterogeneous 2D and 3D photonic integration for future chip-scale microsystems

This tutorial reviews state-of-the-art heterogeneous 2D/3D photonic integration technologies involving various novel fabrication techniques leading to realization of chip-scale microsystems with photonic-electronic-integrated-circuits. Future prospects and challenges in computing and networking applications will also be discussed.
Application-specific computing with adaptive register file architectures

The demand for higher computing power to effectively execute compute-intensive functions and thus more on-chip computing resources is ever increasing. On the other hand, applications that demand larger on-chip memory bandwidth are continuously emerging. We propose adaptive register file computing (ARC) unit, a novel on-chip processing element that leverages application-specific processing capabilities. The ARC unit supplements a conventional register file to provide large memory bandwidth, or acts as a configurable computing unit to provide higher on-chip computing capacity, depending on the requirement of a specific application. When an out-of-order 8-wide issue superscalar processor is supplemented with the ARC unit to process matrix multiplication, a compute-intensive core function in most multimedia applications, results show a performance increase of up to 12%. Similarly, a 9% performance enhancement is seen when the matrix multiplication is performed in an out-of-order 4-wide issue superscalar processor supplemented with the ARC unit. We also discuss the microarchitecture level details for the implementation of the ARC unit.
sAPP modulates iron efflux from brain microvascular endothelial cells by stabilizing the ferrous iron exporter ferroportin

A sequence within the E2 domain of soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) stimulates iron efflux. This activity has been attributed to a ferroxidase activity suggested for this motif. We demonstrate that the stimulation of efflux supported by this peptide and by sAPPa is due to their stabilization of the ferrous iron exporter, ferroportin (Fpn), in the plasma membrane of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMVEC). The peptide does not bind ferric iron explaining why it does not and thermodynamically cannot promote ferrous iron autoxidation. This peptide specifically pulls Fpn down from the plasma membrane of hBMVEC; based on these results, FTP, for ferroportin-targeting peptide, correctly identifies the function of this peptide. The data suggest that in stabilizing Fpn via the targeting due to the FTP sequence, sAPP will increase the flux of iron into the cerebral interstitium. This inference correlates with the observation of significant iron deposition in the amyloid plaques characteristic of Alzheimers disease.
Chronic Bioassays of Rainbow Trout Fry with Compounds Representative of Contaminants in Great Lakes Fish

To evaluate the hazard of organic compounds detected in Great Lakes fish by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we tested compounds representative of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and cyclic alkanes and alkenes. Sixty-day bioassays on the effects of nicotine, phenanthrene, pinane, and pinene on the behavior, growth, and survival of rainbow trout fry, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were conducted in a large, constant-flow, temperature-controlled water system. The following 60-day LCSO's were determined (mg/L): nicotine 5.0, phenanthrene 0.2, pinane 0.8, and pinene 1.2. Values of lowest observed effects level (LOEL) and no observed effects level (NOEL) showed that growth was generally as sensitive an endpoint as behavior and was more sensitive than time of swim-up. The 60-day LC50 values for rainbow trout were compared with earlier acute bioassays with Daphnia pulex and rainbow trout and chronic bioassays with D.pulex conducted at the Great Lakes Science Center. Rainbow trout fry were less sensitive than daphnids in all tests, indicating that toxicity tests with daphnids should be protective of salmonid fry for these types of compounds. The results for representative compounds indicate that these classes of compounds should be included in aquatic risk assessments at sites in the Great Lakes.
Treatment of Anemia among Women with Chronic Kidney Disease in United States Outpatient Settings

Aims Women with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are often at risk for anemia. This study examined variations in anemia care and management among women with CKD in outpatient settings in the United States. Methods The study utilized National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) data from 1996 to 2003. Women aged 18 years or older with CKD were included based on ICD-9-CM codes for CKD, anemia, and reason for visit. Anemia-related medications were retrieved using NAMCS drug codes. Results Approximately 58 million weighted outpatient visits for women with CKD were made. Nearly 14% of these visits were by Hispanic women and 50% visits were by patients aged 65 years or older. Nephrologists accounted for only 15% of CKD patient visits and 51% of these patients had anemia diagnosis. Additionally, 32% of patients were using 5 or more medications. Women with Medicare coverage were 2.6 times more likely ( p p p ≤ .05) to use 5 or more medications than non-Hispanic patients. CKD patients with anemia diagnosis were 50% less likely to receive 5 or more medications ( p ≤ .05). Conclusion This study found many risk factors associated with the diagnosis and treatment of anemia in women with CKD being treated in U.S. outpatient settings. Increased awareness of early treatments for anemia and assessments of patients receiving multiple medications is needed in women with CKD.
Belted by NAFTA? A Look at Trade's Effect on the US Manufacturing Belt

Logan J. Belted by NAFTA? A look at trade's effect on the US manufacturing belt, Regional Studies. This paper observes the regional effects of increased trade liberalization between the USA, Canada, and Mexico on the US manufacturing sector between 1980 and 2000 using a panel data approach. Specifically, it estimates the effects of US tariff concessions on manufacturing employment and wage growth in the US manufacturing belt. Additionally, the study investigates the correlation between proximity to international borders and estimated county-level effects of trade liberalization on manufacturing activity. The results demonstrate that positive trade effects are present while location effects are not observed. Logan J. Ceinturee de l'ALENA? Un examen de l'impact des echanges commerciaux sur la ceinture industrielle aux E-U, Regional Studies. A partir des donnees provenant d'une enquete par panel, cet article cherche a examiner les effets regionaux sur le secteur industriel aux E-U de l'augmentation de la lib...
A Survey for Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in the η Chamaeleontis and Chamaeleontis Young Associations

I present the results of a search for new low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in the η Cha and Cha young associations. Within radii of 15 and 05 surrounding η Cha and Cha, respectively, I have constructed color-magnitude diagrams from Deep Near Infrared Survey (DENIS) and Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) photometry and have obtained spectra of the candidate low-mass members therein. The five candidates in η Cha are classified as four field M dwarfs and one carbon star. No new members are found in this survey, which is complete for M/M☉ = 0.015-0.15, according to the evolutionary models of Chabrier and Baraffe. Thus, an extended population of low-mass members is not present in η Cha out to 4 times the radius of the known membership. Meanwhile, the three candidate members of Cha are classified as young stars, and thus likely members of the association, based on Li absorption and gravity-sensitive absorption lines. These new sources have spectral types of M2.25, M3.75, and M5.75, corresponding to masses of 0.45, 0.25, and 0.09 M☉ by the models of Chabrier and Baraffe. For one of these stars, intense Hα emission, forbidden line emission, and strong K-band excess emission suggest the presence of accretion, an outflow, and a disk, respectively. This young star is also much fainter than expected for an association member at its spectral type, which could indicate that it is seen in scattered light. No brown dwarfs are detected in Cha down to the completeness limit of 0.015 M☉. The absence of brown dwarfs in these associations is statistically consistent with the mass functions measured in star-forming regions, which exhibit only ~2 and ~1 brown dwarfs for stellar samples at the sizes of the η Cha and Cha associations.
Proteins from bovine tissues and biological fluids: defining a reference electrophoresis map for liver, kidney, muscle, plasma and red blood cells

A number of high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) reference maps for bovine tissues and biological fluids have been determined for animals in basal state. Among the 1863 distinct protein features detected in samples of liver, kidney, muscle, plasma and red blood cells, 509 species were identified and associated to 209 different genes. Difficulties in the identification were related to the poorly characterized Bos taurus genome and were solved by a combined matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry approach. The experimental output allowed us to establish a 2-DE database accessible through the World Wide Web network at the URL address (http://www.iabbam.na.cnr.it/Biochem). These reference maps may serve as a tool in future veterinary medical studies aimed at the evaluation of changes in protein repertoire for altered animal physiological conditions and infectious diseases, to the definition of molecular markers for novel diagnostic kits and vaccines, as well as the characterization of protein modifications in bovine materials following technological processes used in the food industry.
Truth's Search for Power: The Dilemmas of the Social Sciences

Social scientists sometimes express the hope that their work eventually will be applicable to the solution of social problems. Yet, for the social scientist, there is a tension between the optimistic assumption that scientific rationality can solve social problems and the realistic observation that he himself lacks power. Each generation of social science from Comte to the present school of “applied sociology” has offered its own vision of the scientific solution of social problems. Several dilemmas, both within the social sciences themselves and in the relationship between social scientists and men of power, are involved in the discrepancy between the promised salutary effects of social science and actual accomplishments. These dilemmas are discussed under the headings: positive versus normative statements, value freedom versus civic responsibility, career advancement versus social problem solving, consultation versus co-optation, and comprehensive planning versus bargaining.
On the interrelation between production technology, job design, and incentives

Abstract For a two-stage production process, two assignments of tasks among two agents are studied: an ‘assembly line’, where each agent is responsible for one stage, vs. a ‘team’, where agents are jointly responsible for all tasks. When attention paid to quality at the initial stage affects the final-stage task, the team approach is optimal for unsophisticated production technology. As technology improves, the assembly line becomes dominating while continued improvements eventually makes it optimal to abandon the assembly line again in favor of the team approach. When such switches in job design occur, the optimal investment in technology exhibits positive jumps.
Cyclic deformation and fatigue damage in single-crystal magnesium under fully reversed strain-controlled tension–compression in the [1 0 1¯ 0] direction

Cyclic deformation and the resulting fatigue are experimentally investigated in single-crystal magnesium subjected to fully reversed strain-controlled tension–compression in the [1 0 1 ¯ 0] direction at room temperature. Plastic instability is found near the end of the first detwinning reversal. Twin–twin boundaries and secondary twins are induced by interaction of primary {1 0 1 ¯ 2} twins. Microcracks are developed at primary twin boundaries and twin–twin interaction sites. Final fracture is most likely caused by cleavage-cracking on the {1 0 1 ¯ 1}–{1 0 1 ¯ 2} double twin and shearing fracture on the basal plane.
Studies on the Requirements and Interaction of Phosphorus, Calcium: Phosphorus Ratio and Vitamin D3 in Turkeys to 6 Weeks of Age

Abstract Research studies conducted during the past two years have suggested a lowering of the calcium and phosphorus requirements of starting turkeys. Slinger et al. (1961) and Formica et al. (1962) have published their data in detail. Abstracts of papers on this subject have been published by Blaylock et al. (1961), Pensack and White-Stevens (1961), Standlee et al. (1962), Stephenson et al. (1962) and Sullivan and Kingan (1962). These studies have suggested a minimum calcium requirement of 0.8 to 1.2 percent and a minimum phosphorus (total) requirement of 0.65 to 0.85 percent. A minimum level of “available” phosphorus was not suggested in every report, but a minimum of 0.4 to 0.5 percent was apparently required in most of the studies. The National Research Council (1960) recommended a minimum of 2.0 percent calcium, 1.0 percent total phosphorus and 0.5 percent “available” phosphorus for starting poults. Therefore, research studies subsequent to 1960 have…
Prognostic evaluation of oestrogen-regulated protein immunoreactivity in ductal invasive (NOS) breast cancer

Determination of steroid receptors and several oestrogen-regulated proteins in mammary carcinomas is useful in the prediction of their evolution and of the likely success of endocrine therapy. Cathepsin D (Cat D), pS2 peptide and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp 27) were detected immunohistochemically in 63 infiltrating ductal (NOS) breast carcinomas, and our results were qualitatively correlated with several clinicopathological indicators and patients' overall survival. Cat D immunostaining of tumour cells was strongly associated with axillary nodal involvement (Pf=0.0005) and so, it is directly connected with the metastatic capacity of malignant cells. pS2 immunoreactivity was correlated with oestrogen and progesterone receptor positivity (Pf=0.0009 and Pf=0.05 respectively) and, nonsignificantly, with good differentiation of the tumours (Pf=0.06). Neoplastic cells expressing this protein are therefore characterised by a highly organised state of cellular physiology. Hsp 27 was expressed predominantly in tumours with one to four infiltrated lymph nodes (Pt=0.05), and Hsp 27-positive patients were inclined to rather short survival, possibly due to chemotherapy resistance. In future, prognostic estimation of each one of the examined markers should be performed in specific large subgroups of patients. The findings of this study contribute to the establishment of criteria by which these subgroups should be formed.
Effectiveness of a Brief Parent-Directed Teen Driver Safety Intervention (Checkpoints) Delivered by Driver Education Instructors

Background The Checkpoints program (Checkpoints) uses a Parent-Teen Driving Agreement (PTDA) to help parents monitor teens' driving, and has shown efficacy in increasing parental restrictions on teens' driving and decreasing teens' risky driving. In previous trials, research staff administered Checkpoints. This study examined the effectiveness of Checkpoints when delivered by driver educators. It was hypothesized that Checkpoints would result in more PTDA use, greater PTDA limits on higher risk driving situations, and less high-risk driving.
HOST SELECTION AND OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR OF NASONIA VITRIPENNIS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) ON TWO HOST SPECIES

The oviposition behavior of the pteromalid parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) was investigated in an attempt to explain the difference in population density maintained on two species of host, the housefly, Musca domestica L., and the blowfly, Phaenicia sericata (Meigen). The behavior of a female wasp was significantly affected by the species of host to which she was exposed. When presented with 10 pupae for 24 hours she averaged 14.2 eggs on 3.0 housefly hosts and 8.3 eggs on 7.2 blowfly hosts of the same size.The importance of the alteration in behavior to the population density of Nasonia became apparent when the suitability of the two host species was examined. At all densities of eggs more wasps matured on blowfly pupae than on housefly pupae of the same size. Survival on both hosts decreased as the density of Nasonia eggs increased. The difference in egg distribution, coupled with lower survival on housefly pupae and at increased density suggests a considerably lower production by this parasitoid on housefly hosts, compared with that on blowfly pupae.
Current topics in genome evolution: Molecular mechanisms of new gene formation

Comparative genome analyses reveal that most functional domains of human genes have homologs in widely divergent species. These shared functional domains, however, are differentially shuffled among evolutionary lineages to produce an increasing number of domain architectures. Combined with duplication and adaptive evolution, domain shuffling is responsible for the great phenotypic complexity of higher eukaryotes. Although the domain-shuffling hypothesis is generally accepted, determining the molecular mechanisms that lead to domain shuffling and novel gene creation has been challenging, as sequence features accompanying the formation of known genes have been obscured by accumulated mutations. The growing availability of genome sequences and EST databases allows us to study the characteristics of newly emerged genes. Here we review recent genome-wide DNA and EST analyses, and discuss the three major molecular mechanisms of gene formation: (1) atypical spicing, both within and between genes, followed by adaptation, (2) tandem and interspersed segmental duplications, and (3) retrotransposition events.
Methods for Comparing the Impacts of Pollution and Fishing on Fish Populations

Abstract Until recently, human-induced perturbations other than fishing have received little attention in the stock assessment literature, Beginning in the late 1960s, environmental legislation in the United States has directed attention toward assessing the mortality of fish and other living aquatic resources caused by observed (or anticipated) changes in water quality or other habitat features that are related to ongoing (or proposed) human activity. Scientists are being requested not only to devise means to estimate the extent of aquatic impacts related to the causes, but also to devise means to reduce or avoid them. In this paper I review methods that can be used for comparing the population-level effects of mortality in fish populations induced by pollution (and sources with similar effects) to mortality induced by fishing. I also review the types of data needed to use the methods, limitations of the methods, and examples of method applications. Methods reviewed are the equivalent adult, production f...
The Efficient Digital Implementation of Subtractive Music Synthesis

The coming generation of discrete-time organs can use subtractive synthesis to achieve considerable advantages over their present-day continuous-time counterparts.
Comparison of clinical and MR imaging outcomes after uterine fibroid embolization with Bead Block and Embosphere.

Abstract Purpose To compare clinical and imaging outcomes after uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) with Embosphere versus Bead Block microspheres. Materials and methods Our institutional review board approved this HIPAA-compliant study. We conducted a retrospective review of all consecutive UFEs performed for symptomatic uterine fibroids at our academic institution from 2001 to 2008. UFE was performed using Embosphere ( n =70) or Bead Block ( n =55) microspheres. Patient symptoms and MR images were reviewed before and following UFE. The MR images were analyzed for changes in the size and contrast enhancement of the dominant fibroid and the uterus. Results 125 patients underwent UFE. Pre-treatment characteristics (patient age, presenting symptoms, fibroid location, and volume of the largest fibroid) were similar across groups. Procedure endpoint (near-stasis, reached in 94% of cases), duration, and sedation medication doses were also similar. Clinical follow-up was available in 69 (55%) patients (mean duration: 13.6 months). Of these, 92% had clinical improvement of their main presenting symptom(s) and 3% developed early menopause. MRI follow-up was available in 105 (84%) patients (mean 7.8 months). Mean volume reduction of the largest fibroid was similar after Embosphere (48%) and Bead Block (53%, p =NS). Residual enhancement ≥5% in the dominant fibroid was similarly uncommon after Bead Block (19%) or Embosphere (16%, p =NS). Mean uterine volume reduction was similar across groups (38%); no myometrial infarction occurred. Conclusion This retrospective study showed no superiority of Embosphere over Bead Block microspheres in terms of clinical and imaging outcomes after UFE.
Women and illicit drugs: sexuality and crack cocaine

As part of a larger, federally funded study, the purpose of this preliminary, descriptive study was to describe the sexual feelings and sexual functioning of women who used large amounts of crack cocaine. A structured interview with questions pertaining to the effect of crack use on sexual feelings and sexual function was conducted with 100 African-American women who either were in treatment for crack abuse or were currently using the drug. The data did not support the commonly held notions that crack is an aphrodisiac for women and that crack makes women want sex. Furthermore, the women in this study had a higher level of sexual dysfunction than was found in a previous study of women who used alcohol. More research on the sexual experiences of women who use illicit drugs such as crack is needed if practitioners are to base their interventions on women's realities, not on stereotypes.
Inhibition of Prolactin Secretion and Successful Therapy of the Forbes-Albright Syndrome with l-Dopa

Fourteen patients with galactorrhea, elevated serum prolactin levels (10–1130 ng/ml), and decreased urinary excretion of gonadotropins (Forbes-Albright syndrome) were treated with oral l-dopa for 6 months. l-dopa effected a rapid decrease in the serum prolactin level to normal or nearly normal in 11 patients who experienced complete cessation of galactorrhea. Withdrawal of l-dopa was associated with the return of pro-lactin levels to the initial control values and with resumption of galactorrhea. l-Dopa also increased urinary gonadotropin excretion in the successfully treated patients with resumption of menses in 4 pre-menopausal subjects. Two of the patients who failed to respond well to this therapy were subsequently found to have pituitary chromophobe adenomas. These results indicate that l-dopa may be useful in the chronic medical management of patients with “idiopathic” galactorrhea and associated amenorrhea.
Incorporation of phenyl-substituted pentadienyl ligands in (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium complexes

The reactions of the [Ru(C5Me5)Cl]4 tetramer with 2,4-diphenylpenta-1,3-diene or 3-phenyl- or 1,5-diphenyl-substituted pentadienyl anions lead to the incorporation of the expected phenyl-substituted pentadienyl ligands into the respective symmetric Ru(C5Me5)(Pdl) products (Pdl = 2,4-Ph2C5H5; 3-PhC5H6; 1,5-Ph2C5H5). The reaction of the tetramer with a mixture of 2-methyl-4-phenylpenta(-1,3- or -2,4-)dienes led to the Pdl = 2-Me-4-PhC5H5 complex. In contrast, the reaction of the tetramer with 3-phenylpenta-1,3-diene led to simple incorporation of the η4-diene ligand. Structural confirmation of the formulations of the four η5-pentadienyl complexes has been achieved, allowing for a number of comparisons to be made regarding the structural effects of phenyl substitution on the (1,5), (2,4) and 3 positions of the open dienyl ligand.