cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coastal Migration and Homing of Roanoke River Striped Bass

Anadromy in Roanoke River Striped Bass Morone saxatilis has been documented; however, the specifics of the ocean migration and the degree of homing in this population remain unstudied and would greatly benefit the management of this economically important species. To this end, we telemetered and released 19 large Roanoke River Striped Bass (750‐1,146 mm TL) on their spawning grounds during the springs of 2011 and 2012. Data from a large-scale acoustic telemetry array along the U.S. Atlantic coast (480 total receivers, including the Roanoke River) were used to evaluate the seasonal migration and distribution of telemetered fish, their degree of homing and skipped spawning, their migration speeds, and the environmental drivers of migration timing. We found that large Roanoke River Striped Bass (>900 mm TL) rapidly emigrated (»59 km/d) after spawning to distant (>1,000 km) northern ocean waters (New Jersey to Massachusetts), where they spent their summers. They then migrated southward in the fall to overwintering habitats off Virginia and North Carolina and completed their migration circuit the following spring by returning to the Roanoke River to spawn. Our results showed no evidence of straying or skipped spawning, as all migrants successfully returned (homed) to the Roanoke River the next spring to spawn. Cooler ocean water temperatures in 2013 delayed the spring spawning run by nearly 3 weeks relative to a year of average spring temperatures (2012). Our study provides novel information that aids the management of Striped Bass at both small (e.g., setting of fishing seasons in the Roanoke River) and large spatial scales (e.g., stock identification of Roanoke River fish in the mixed-stock ocean fishery) and more broadly highlights the utility of large-scale cooperative telemetry arrays in studying fish migration.
Scholarly Communication and the Digital Library: Problems and Issues

This paper considers a range of definitions for a digital library from the perspective of scholarly communication and the properties of a traditional research library. It then explores some of the problems and issues involved in creating and maintaining a digital library, depending on the characteristics one wants it to have. The paper stresses the need to consider the requirements of scholarship and research as we build the digital libraries of the future.
Multihoming performance benefits: an experiment evaluation of practical enterprise strategies

Multihoming is increasingly being employed by large enterprises and data centers as a mechanism to extract good performance from their provider connections. Today, multihomed end-networks can employ a variety of commercial route control products to optimize performance over multiple ISP links. However, little is known about the mechanisms employed by such products and their relative trade-offs. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a wide range practical schemes that could go into the design of a route control device and analyze their trade-offs. We implement the proposed schemes on a Linux-based Web proxy and perform a trace-based emulation of their relative performance benefits. We show that both passive and active monitoring based techniques are equally effective and could improve Web performance by about 25% when compared to using a single provider. Another key observation is that the conventional practice of employing historical measurement samples to monitor and predict ISP performance could, in fact, result in sub-optimal performance.
Shallow velocity structure and poisson's ratio at the Tarzana, California, strong-motion accelerometer site

The 17 January 1994, Northridge, California, earthquake produced strong ground shaking at the Cedar Hills Nursery (referred to here as the Tarzana site) within the city of Tarzana, California, approximately 6 km from the epicenter of the mainshock. Although the Tarzana site is on a hill and is a rock site, accelerations of approximately 1.78 g horizontally and 1.2 g vertically at the Tarzana site are among the highest ever instrumentally recorded for an earthquake. To investigate possible site effects at the Tarzana site, we used explosive-source seismic refraction data to determine the shallow (<70 m) P -and S -wave velocity structure. Our seismic velocity models for the Tarzana site indicate that the local velocity structure may have contributed significantly to the observed shaking. P -wave velocities range from 0.9 to 1.65 km/sec, and S -wave velocities range from 0.20 and 0.6 km/sec for the upper 70 m. We also found evidence for a local S -wave low-velocity zone (LVZ) beneath the top of the hill. The LVZ underlies a CDMG strong-motion recording site at depths between 25 and 60 m below ground surface (BGS). Our velocity model is consistent with the near-surface (<30 m) P - and S -wave velocities and Poisson's ratios measured in a nearby (<30 m) borehole. High Poisson's ratios (0.477 to 0.494) and S -wave attenuation within the LVZ suggest that the LVZ may be composed of highly saturated shales of the Modelo Formation. Because the lateral dimensions of the LVZ approximately correspond to the areas of strongest shaking, we suggest that the highly saturated zone may have contributed to localized strong shaking. Rock sites are generally considered to be ideal locations for site response in urban areas; however, localized, highly saturated rock sites may be a hazard in urban areas that requires further investigation.
A nonparametric subject-specific population method for deconvolution: II. External validation

A lot of attention has been given in the past to deconvolution and in particular to its nonparametric variants: In a companion paper (1), we present a fully nonparametric deconvolution method in which subject specificity is explicity taken into account. To do so we use so-called “longitudinal splines.” A longitudinal spline is a nonparametric function composed of a template spline, in common to all subjects, and of a distortion spline representing the difference of the subject's function from the template. In this paper we concentrate on testing and documenting the performance of this nonparametric methodology in terms of the approximation of unknown functions. We simulate population data using parametric functions, and use longitudinal splines to recover the unknown functions. We consider different estimation methods including (1) parametric nonlinear mixed effect, (2) least squares, and (3) two-stage. Methods 2–3 are more robust than Method 1, and obtain reliable estimates of the unknown functions. The lack of robustness of Method 1 appears to be due to the misspecifications of the distribution of the subjects' parameters. Results also suggest that in a data-rich situation nonparametric nonlinear mixed-effect models should be preferred.
An expandable interactively-accessible FORTRAN library

Abstract A small library of FORTRAN 77 subroutines which perform certain basic mathematical calculations, and a driver which facilitates interactive access to that library, are presented. By interactive access, we mean that the user has only to answer a series of questions about his or her problem, and a FORTRAN program which calls the desired subroutine will be generated automatically. A key feature of the interactive driver is that it can be easily expanded to allow interactive access to any new subroutines which the user may wish to add to the library.
eGEMs’ Early Adventures in Open Access Publishing

Introduction : In January 2013 AcademyHealth officially launched eGEMs (Generating Evidence and Methods to improve patient outcomes) to rapidly disseminate peer-reviewed approaches using electronic health data (EHD) to advance research and quality improvement (QI), with the overall goal of improving patient and community outcomes. Instigated by the publication of eGEMs 50 th paper, Dr. Erin Holve, eGEMs editor-in-chief reviews the EDM Forum’s early experiences with open access publishing. eGEMs to Date : As of the end of September 2014 eGEMs has published 59 manuscripts and received nearly 150 submissions. These early findings demonstrate eGEMs is filling a need for dissemination outlets that bridge the gap between the health research and practice communities. Published papers are distributed across the EDM Forum’s four thematic domains: governance (n=5), informatics (n=14), methods (n=13) and learning health systems (n=27). While system design issues are a consistent theme, papers addressing priority health topics such as diabetes, asthma, and obesity are frequently submitted. Authors include more than two hundred experts in the field representing nearly all of the EDM Forum’s core stakeholder groups: research/QI, nonprofit/policy, healthcare delivery, government, industry, and patients/consumers. What’s Next: With the help of our diverse community, eGEMs will continue to expand its depth and reach. Forthcoming special issues on community-level transformation using Health IT, and ways to improve user-experience and system design will add to the journal’s robust portfolio of work identifying and addressing shared challenges using EHD. The EDM Forum, working closely with our partners at the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, will work diligently to ensure eGEMs is accelerating the pace at which the community translates and disseminates key lessons, with the ultimate goal of helping transform knowledge into actions that can improve health and health care.
Thin Ag films on Al(100)

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectra of thin (up to 100 A) Ag films deposited on Al(100) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions indicate that the Ag electronic structure does not converge on bulk Ag character until a thickness of around 40 A or about 20 monolayers. This is surprising since theoretical calculations suggest convergence around 3 or 4 monolayers if the growth mode is layer by layer. This suggests the film is highly granular (at least, below about 20 monolayers). Strikingly similar data for Cu and Au films together with known properties of Au suggest that all three metals grow initially with a morphology that may roughly be described as tightly packed overlapping clusters whose diameter approximately equals the average film thickness.
Phylogeny of a serotonin‐immunoreactive neuron in the primary olfactory center of the insect brain

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5HT) functions in insects as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and neurohormone. In the sphinx moth Manduca sexta, each of the paired antennal lobes (ALs; the primary olfactory centers in the insect brain) has one 5HT-immunoreactive (5HT-ir) neuron that projects into the protocerebrum, crosses the posterior midline, and innervates the contralateral AL; this is referred to as the contralaterally projecting, serotonin-immunoreactive deutocerebral (CSD) neuron. These neurons are thought to function as centrifugal modulators of olfactory sensitivity. To examine the phylogenetic distribution of 5HT-ir neurons apparently homologous to the CSD neuron, we imaged 5HT-like immunoreactivity in the brains of 40 species of insects belonging to 38 families in nine orders. CSD neurons were found in other Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Neuroptera but not in the Hymenoptera. In the paraneopteran and polyneopteran species (insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis) examined, AL 5HT neurons innervate the ispsilateral AL and project to the protocerebrum. Our findings suggest that the characteristic morphology of the CSD neurons originated in the holometabolous insects (those that undergo complete metamorphosis) and were lost in the Hymenoptera. In a subset of the Diptera, the CSD neurons branch within the contralateral AL and project back to the ipsilateral AL via the antennal commissure. The evolution of AL 5HT neurons is discussed in the context of the physiological actions of 5HT observed in the lepidopteran AL.
Association Between Congenital Heart Defects and Small for Gestational Age

OBJECTIVES. Infants with congenital heart defects may experience inhibited growth during fetal life. In a large case-control study, we addressed the hypothesis that infants with congenital heart defects are more likely to be small for gestational age than infants without congenital heart defects after controlling for selected maternal and infant characteristics. METHODS. Using data from population-based birth defect registries, the National Birth Defects Prevention Study enrolled infants with nonsyndromic congenital heart defects (case subjects) and infants without congenital heart defects or any other birth defect (control subjects). Small for gestational age was defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age and gender. Association between congenital heart defects and small for gestational age was examined by conditional logistic regression adjusting for maternal covariates related to fetal growth. RESULTS. Live-born singleton infants with congenital heart defects (case subjects, n = 3395) and live-born singleton infants with no birth defect (control subjects, n = 3924) were included in this study. Case subjects had lower birth weights compared with control subjects. Small for gestational age was observed among 15.2% of case subjects and among only 7.8% of control subjects. Congenital heart defect infants were significantly more likely to be small for gestational age than control infants. CONCLUSIONS. Infants with congenital heart defects are approximately twice as likely to be small for gestational age as control subjects. Small for gestational age status may affect clinical management decisions, therapeutic response, and prognosis of neonates with congenital heart defects. Although the etiology of growth retardation among infants with congenital heart defects is uncertain, further exploration may uncover a common pathogenesis or causal relationship between congenital heart defects and small for gestational age.
Macroeconomic costs to large scale disruptions of food production: The case of foot- and-mouth disease in the United States

Abstract We forecast the economic consequences of a widespread contamination of the food system based on a hypothetical outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Since the immediate effect on the livestock sector could affect the entire supply chain and US livestock, meat and dairy exports, we measure these impacts using GTAP, a multi-region, multi-sector computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the global economy. The immediate “shocks” to the US livestock, raw milk and other animal products sectors indirectly affect all sectors of the economy, as well as international markets and trade. We decompose these effects due to each component of the initial shocks, and estimate the importance of these shocks to the national food system for the Mid-Atlantic Region using IMPLAN. Our GTAP results indicate that losses to the USA economy would be about $11.7 billion, and with the ripple effect throughout the rest of the world including beneficiary nations (Argentina, Brazil, Latin America, Australia and New Zealand) and losers (Canada, Mexico, European Union) would be 14.1 billion. We estimate the proportion of the domestic impact affecting the Mid-Atlantic Region. Based on a regional input–output model of that region, we estimate that total losses in value added are nearly $800 million; losses in labor income total about $565 million; and there are job losses of just over 12 thousand.
Evaluating a Palliative Care Intervention for Veterans: Challenges and Lessons Learned in a Longitudinal Study of Patients with Serious Illness

Abstract Context Longitudinal studies examining care for seriously ill patients are needed to understand patients' experience of illness, evaluate interventions, and improve quality of care. Unfortunately, such studies face substantial methodological challenges. Objectives This article describes such challenges and the strategies used to overcome them in a successfully implemented palliative care intervention trial for veterans. Methods Veterans admitted with a physician-estimated moderate-to-high one-year mortality risk were enrolled and followed up to three years, until death or study completion. Study protocols, procedures, and process data were intermittently analyzed to identify and develop strategies to address issues affecting study enrollment and interview completion rates. Results Of 561 patients who were eligible, 400 (71%) enrolled in the study; 357 (87%) alive at the end of Month 1 completed interviews; and 254 (88%) alive at Month 6 completed interviews. Of the 208 patients who died during the study and had identified a caregiver, we were able to conduct an after-death interview with 154 (74%) caregivers. A variety of strategies, such as systematic tracking and check-in calls, minimizing respondent burden, and maintaining interviewer-respondent dyads over time, were used to maximize enrollment rates, data collection, and retention. Conclusion These data demonstrate that the use of diverse strategies and flexibility with regard to study protocols can result in successful recruitment, data collection, and retention of participants with serious illness. They thus show that longitudinal research can be successfully implemented with this population to evaluate interventions and examine patient experiences.
Effects of separate and combined treatments with gamma radiation and diethylnitrosamine in neonatal rats on the induction of altered hepatocyte foci and hepatic tumors.

To characterize the effects of combined treatments with gamma radiation and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) on the induction of histochemically detectable altered hepatocyte foci and hepatic tumors, we assessed the yields of these lesions in the livers of 150-day-old rats that had been treated neonatally with a single dose of gamma radiation (75 rad, whole body) and i.p.-injected DEN (0.15 mumol/g body wt), either separately or in combination. The combined treatments involved the administration of the two stimuli in both possible sequences, with the interval between treatments set at 1 h. The focus population was examined for two histochemical markers (elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT(+)] and iron exclusion [FE(-)], giving rise to three detectable focus phenotypes, i.e. GGT(+) foci, FE(-) foci, and GGT(+), FE(-) foci. Frequencies of the three phenotypes were quantitated through the use of serial frozen sectioning techniques and computer-assisted image analysis. GGT(+) focus induction was synergistically enhanced by the combined treatment irrespective of the order in which the two stimuli were administered; the remaining two phenotypes did not show such enhancement. The magnitude of the GGT(+) focus response was significantly greater when the treatment sequence was gamma----DEN as opposed to DEN----gamma. Tumor yields in rats receiving combined gamma--DEN treatment were similar to those in rats receiving the DEN alone, irrespective of the gamma--DEN treatment sequence. These results suggest that phenotypically distinguishable lesions, including foci with different histochemical marker patterns and tumors, originate from specific types of damage at different genetic loci and are developmentally independent; and the expression of the GGT(+) marker per se in altered hepatocyte foci is not a reliable index of incipient hepatic neoplasia.
Detailed dynamics of narrow resonance models for ππ scattering

Abstract We discuss the dynamical behavior of narrow resonance models for ππ scattering in the framework of what we call atonous duality, by which we mean that the pole locations and residues in a particular channel completely specify the narrow resonance amplitude as a Mittag-Leffler expansion containing no entire functions. We operate under the following assumptions: (i) Crossing symmetry, isospin conservation, and Bose statistics hold. (ii) The only singularities of the amplitude are simple poles at locations defined by a + bξ(≡α(ξ)) = 0, 1, 2,… where ξ is a Mandelstam variable. (iii) There are no I = 2 poles. (iv) The pole at s = ξ has a residue which is a polynomial in t of order ⩽α(ξ). (v) Atonous duality holds. (vi) All partial widths are positive. Under these assumptions we find that the I = 1 amplitude A1t(ν, t) has Regge behavior for ν → ∞ at fixed t, while A2t(ν, t) has pure fixed pole behavior. There are no Regge cuts. Furthermore, we find it impossible to formulate partial wave dispersion relations for these models. As an example of such a model we discuss the one term Veneziano ansatz for ππ scattering.
Magnetism with picosecond field pulses

Ultrashort magnetic field pulses of 6 ps duration surrounding the focus of 50 GeV electron bunches are shown to write a magnetic pattern into both perpendicular and in-plane metallic magnetic recording films. High-resolution magnetic contrast images reveal the elementary processes necessary to induce magnetization reversal as well as rotation of the magnetization into the field direction.
Exogenous progesterone or indomethacin delays parturition in the viviparous lizard Sceloporus jarrovi.

Female Sceloporus jarrovi in late pregnancy given an ip injection of progesterone (50 ng/g body wt) or indomethacin (4 μg/g body wt) exhibited no change in the length of pregnancy when compared to saline-treated controls. In contrast, pregnant females given subcutaneus implants (constant release pellets) containing progesterone or indomethacin exhibited significantly delayed parturition when compared with females given control implants. Indomethacin treatment also disrupted the normal birth process when it occurred, as all females recieving this compound exhibited parturition of only a portion (24–32%) of the total clutch. A similar phenomenon occurred in one experiment following implantation of progesterone pellets. Histological examination of the corpora lutea and oviduct indicated no obvious difference in structure among any of the treatment groups.
RETRODUCTIVE REASONING IN A PROPOSED SUBTYPE OF PARTIAL SEIZURES, EVOKED BY LIMBIC "KINDLING" '

Summary.-This analysis provides a specific example of the generally applicable process of creative delineation of a novel pattern while searching for an explanatory hypothesis for puzzling observations. In so doing, the neglected retroductive form of inference or abduction was used. Central to such a process is the delineation of a specific "generative mechanism" capable of uniting and explaining heretofore unexplained phenomena. Herein the neurophysiologically known mechanism of limbic seizure "kindling" is offered as a unifying explanation for a dozen.bizarre phenomena, proposed as a new subtype of partial seizures, "Limbic Psychotic Trigger Reaction." This new syndrome has been proposed over 15 years in 17 male social loners. Upon encounter with an individualized stimulus, which revived in memory prior moderately hurtful experiences, these men suddenly committed motiveless, unplanned acts with flat affect, transient psychosis and autonomic arousal, showing no quantitative impairment of consciousness and so without memory loss for their perplexing homicidal acts (13 cases), fireserting (3 cases), or bank robbery (1 case). Events occurred in three phases reminiscent of seizures: (1) aura-like puzzlement, (2) transient ictus with a limbic release of predatory or defensive aggression (circa 20 min.), and (3) postictal inefficient actions, implicating a transient frontal lobe system dysfunction secondary to the limbic hyperactivation. The 17 men were of diverse backgrounds, bur all without history of prior violence or severe emotional trauma. Seven of 17 had some abnormal brain tests at some time during their lives and eight known histories of typically overlooked closed-brain injury. Brain damage may facilitate seizure "kindling" but has been traditionally observed in mammals and in a few humans without such damage.
INTERDISCIPLINARITY AND SOCIAL POWER

This paper takes up the problem of how to structure a productive and genuine inter- disciplinary engagement from the standpoint of geography. It examines first what makes inter- disciplinarity difficult, focusing on the production of disciplinary cultures that define the material practices, social relations and epistemological commitments characteristic of a field of study. The paper then considers why interdisciplinarity seems to be in the ascendant and why and how geography has been used in this project. It cautions against a reductionist or imperialist style of interdisciplinary work and encourages geographers to develop their own approach to a productive engagement with other fields, in part through attending to the interdisciplinarity inherent in our own.
The imperative of reducing contrast dose in percutaneous coronary intervention.

Contrast nephropathy is a major concern of interventional cardiologists caring for renally vulnerable patients. It can result in a spectrum of complications, ranging from prolonged hospitalization, to permanent degradation of renal function, to dialysis, and even to death. Furthermore, the threat of
Effects of turbulence on the formation of Gaussian image and signal-to-noise ratio

The extended Huygens-Fresnel principle is used to analyze the average intensity distribution and signal-to-noise ratio of a self-luminous, incoherent object with a Gaussian pattern in atmospheric turbulence. The effects of turbulent inhomogeneities in the refractive index on the formation of the images as well as the dependence of the degradation of signal-to-noise ratio on the turbulence strength, object size, and lens radius are investigated.
Computed tomography number correlations for metrizamide computed tomographic ventriculography

The authors describe a method that permits the determination of the precise intraventricular iodine concentration after metrizamide computed tomographic ventriculography. There is an observed linear relationship between computed tomography number (Hounsfield units) and iodine concentration. This relationship may be used to provide the basis for a method of evaluating ventricular fluid dynamics. This, in turn, is useful for the determination of the indications for a shunting procedure and for the evaluation of shunt function in a patient with an existing shunt.
Studies on the synthesis of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide by cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The synthesis of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide by extracts of E. coli was mediated through an acid-labile compound with the properties of “compound III” as described by Moyed and Magasanik 3 in their work on the role of purines in histidine synthesis. Attempts to demonstrate the de novo route of purine synthesis were unsuccessful. Undialyzed bacterial extracts contained hypoxanthine and adenine. The addition of these purines to dialyzed extracts inhibited the synthesis of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide, which was an index of histidine synthesis. In the presence of ATP and R-5-P, the extracts converted hypoxanthine and adenine to their respective ribotides. These studies were related to the feed-back inhibition of purine synthesis by bacterial whole cells and to histidine synthesis by the extracts.
Mind your Ps and Vs: A perspective on the challenges of big data management and privacy concerns

With large elastic and scalable infrastructures, the Cloud is the ideal storage repository for Big Data applications. Big Data is typically characterized by three V's: Volume, Variety and Velocity. Supporting these properties raises significant challenges in a cloud setting, including partitioning for scale out; replication across data centers for fault-tolerance; significant latency overheads due to consistency requirements; efficient traversal needs due to high update and velocity; and continuous maintenance in the presence of large variety of data representations. Last but not least, the storage of private data necessitates the ability to efficiently execute queries in a privacy preserving manner (P), without revealing user access patterns. In this paper we highlight these challenges and illustrate sample state of the art solutions.
Striatopallidal regulation of affect in bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background Evidence from the neuroimaging literature suggests that the basal ganglia plays an important role in the regulation of affect. This conclusion stems almost exclusively from group comparisons and it remains unclear whether previous findings can be confirmed from a longitudinal study of mood change. The aim of this study was to increase our understanding of the functional role of the basal ganglia and thalamus in relation to change in affect in patients with bipolar disorder. Methods Ten bipolar disorder subjects participated in a functional MRI study. We used a simple motor reaction time task to probe subcortical regions bilaterally. Subjects were scanned twice, once when their self-reported mood ratings indicated hypomania or euthymia and then again when they were in depressed states. Results Subjects in their euthymic or hypomanic states exhibited increased caudate activity bilaterally and the globus pallidus of the left hemisphere. Longitudinal analyses revealed a significant association between an increase in severity of depression and a decrease in activity in the external segment of the right globus pallidus. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the globus pallidus is less responsive during a simple motor task in the depressed compared to the normal or euthymic states in patients with bipolar disorder. These results are consistent with current physiologic models of basal ganglia circuitry in which an increase in caudate activity results in an increase in inhibitory GABAergic outflow to the external globus pallidus and subsequent decrease in thalamocortical excitation and may underlie the clinical manifestations of depression in bipolar disorder. Limitations The findings of this study need to be interpreted with caution as correlation coefficients may be overestimated in this small study sample.
Segmentation of Small Bowel Tumors in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Using Level Set Method

In this paper, we proposed an algorithm to segment small bowel tumors. In order to increase effectiveness of Level Set Method (LSM) we applied adaptive gamma correction method (AGCM) that is based on prior information of illumination of images. We applied this method on 10 small bowel tumor images captured by Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE). The performance measurements (i.e. sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy) by using hand ground method are computed for different parameters of a (0.05, 0.07, 0.09, 0.11, and 0.13) in AGCM, and then compared with traditional LSM and Snake method. The proposed method shows increased sensitivity up to 0.87 in a=0.13 while other performance measurements decrease by increasing value of a. the sensitivity of the other methods are 0.2 and 0.22, respectively. The optimal value of these measurements is 0.73 that takes place in a=0.1.
A spatially-explicit approach for estimating carrying capacity: An application for the Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) in Chesapeake Bay

A spatially-explicit methodology was developed for estimating system carrying capacities of fish stocks, and used to estimate the seasonal and spatial patterns of carrying capacity of Chesapeake Bay for Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus). We used a spatially-explicit three-dimensional (3-D) model that divided the heterogeneous habitat of Chesapeake Bay into over 4,000 cubes. Each cube represented a volume of water that was characterized by a specific set of environmental variables (phytoplankton biomass, temperature, and dissolved oxygen) driven by the 3-D water quality model. Foraging and bioenergetics models transformed the environmental variables into measures of potential growth rates of menhaden. Potential carrying capacity of menhaden was estimated as a function of phytoplankton production, menhaden consumption rate, and potential growth rate, combining phytoplankton production, thermal habitat, and menhaden physiology into one ecological value that is a measure of habitat quality from the perspective of the fish. Seasonal analysis of the Chesapeake Bay carrying capacity for Atlantic menhaden suggested two bottleneck periods: one in early June and a second during the fall. The bottleneck in carrying capacity was at about 10 billion age-0 fish. Annual recruitment of age-0 menhaden for the entire Atlantic coast of the U.S. ranged from 1.2–18.6 billion fish between 1955 and 1986. It appears that carrying capacity of, Chesapeake Bay does not limit the coastwide production of young menhaden. Any conditions such as nutrient reduction strategies, further eutrophication, or global climatic warming, that may influence the carrying capacity during the fall or early June periods, may ultimately alter coastwide abundance of menhaden through changes in Chesapeake Bay carrying capacity.
Antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation in bright and dim light

– In order to test whether exposure to bright artificial light at night is a necessary condition for the antidepressant response to sleep deprivation therapy, five patients were totally sleep-deprived on two separate nights, once in very bright light and once in nearly total darkness. During the day after the sleep-deprivation night patients were found to have responded equally well to sleep deprivation in both conditions. During the sleep-deprivation night, however, antidepressant responses may have been greater in the bright light condition. Thus, light at night is not necessary for the antidepressant response to sleep deprivation, but we cannot rule out the possibility that the effects of light exposure and sleep deprivation are additive or that exposure to light at some time after sleep deprivation begins (including during the following day) is necessary for the response.
Anxiety levels, fear-avoidance beliefs, and disability levels at baseline and at 1 year among subjects with acute and chronic low back pain.

Objective To compare anxiety levels, fear-avoidance beliefs, and disability levels over 1 year for patients with acute (≤3 months) and chronic (>3 months) low back pain (LBP). Design Prospective study with questionnaire measurements. Setting Tertiary care clinic. Patients Patients with acute or chronic LBP who resided in a 3-county local area and presented to our clinic for initial evaluation. Methods Administration of and results analysis from Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index, Pain and Impairment Relationship Scale, and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory at baseline and 12 months. Trait anxiety was measured at baseline only. Main Outcome Measurements Scores from questionnaires assessing fear-avoidance beliefs and state and trait anxiety, as well as LBP disability levels. Results In total, 138 patients with acute LBP and 107 with chronic LBP were enrolled. Of these patients, 111 with acute and 86 with chronic LBP completed the study. The 2 groups were statistically indistinguishable at baseline on all measures except trait anxiety scores, which were significantly higher in the group with chronic LBP than in the acute group ( P = .01). At 1 year, the acute group had a statistically significant improvement in all outcome measures except state anxiety. The group with chronic LBP had significant improvement in all measures except fear-avoidance beliefs and state anxiety. Overall, the group with acute LBP improved more in all measurement instruments than the chronic LBP group (a statistically significant difference) except state anxiety. Conclusions The group with chronic LBP exhibited a higher level of trait anxiety at baseline than those with acute LBP and, unlike the acute LBP group, did not have improved fear-avoidance beliefs over 1 year. The relationship between anxiety and chronic LBP is novel. Because anxiety is potentially modifiable, future studies that evaluate the relationship between LBP and anxiety are warranted.
Insulin regulation of gene expression through the forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 (Fkhr) requires kinases distinct from Akt

Insulin inhibits expression of certain liver genes through the phosphoinositol (PI) 3-kinase/Akt pathway. However, whether Akt activity is both necessary and sufficient to mediate these effects remains controversial. The forkhead proteins (Foxo1, Foxo3, and Foxo4, previously known as Fkhr or Afx) are transcriptional enhancers, the activity of which is inhibited by insulin through phosphorylation-dependent translocation and nuclear exclusion. Others and we have previously shown that the forkhead protein Foxo1 is phosphorylated at three different sites: S(253), T(24), and S(316). We have also shown that T(24) fails to be phosphorylated in hepatocytes lacking insulin receptors, and we have suggested that this residue is targeted by a kinase distinct from Akt. In this study, we have further analyzed the ability of Akt to phosphorylate different Foxo1 sites in control and insulin receptor-deficient hepatocytes. Expression of a dominant negative Akt (Akt-AA) in control hepatocytes led to complete inhibition of endogenous Akt, but failed to inhibit Foxo1 T(24) phosphorylation and, consequently, insulin suppression of IGFBP-1 promoter activity. Conversely, expression of a constitutively active Akt (Akt-Myr) in insulin receptor-deficient hepatocytes led to an overall increase in the level of Foxo1 phosphorylation, but failed to induce T(24) and S(316) phosphorylation. These data indicate that the Foxo1 T(24) and S(316) kinases are distinct from Akt, and suggest that the pathways required for insulin regulation of hepatic gene expression diverge downstream of PI 3-kinase.
Coordinated Abrupt Weakening of the Eurasian and North African Monsoons in the 1960s and Links to Extratropical North Atlantic Cooling

AbstractPrevious modeling and paleoclimate studies have suggested that cooling originating from the extratropical North Atlantic can abruptly weaken the Eurasian and North African monsoons. The climatic signature includes a widespread cooling over the Eurasian and North African continents and an associated increase to surface pressure. It is explored whether such coordinated changes are similarly exhibited in the observed twentieth-century climate, in particular with the well-documented shift of Sahel rainfall during the 1960s. Surface temperature, sea level pressure, and precipitation changes are analyzed using combined principal component analysis (CPCA). The leading mode exhibits a monotonic shift in the 1960s, and the transition is associated with a relative cooling and pressure increase over the interior Eurasia and North Africa, and rainfall reduction over the Sahel, South Asia, and East Asia. The local circulation changes suggest that the rainfall shift results from the regional response of the sum...
Mental Health Concerns of HIV-Infected Gay and Bisexual Men Seeking Mental Health Services: An Observational Study

Addressing mental health concerns of HIV-positive individuals is an important component of providing quality HIV care. Mental health intake information from patients with HIV can be an important source of data to complement existing research on HIV and mental health because the intake information contains concerns that are both from the perspective of the patients and are significant enough to bring them into treatment. The current study describes the mental health intake information of HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) at an urban community health clinic over a 1-year period. This information included presenting problems, current symptoms from a symptom checklist, ratings of impairments in functioning, and client histories (e.g., substance abuse, emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, previous treatment). It also included clinicians' Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) diagnoses of the participants, and recommended treatments. Depression was the most prevalent presenting problem (58.1% of clients), followed by anxiety (38.2%). Consistently, depression (96.3%) and low energy (78.2%) were the most frequently endorsed symptoms on a symptom checklist, followed by anxiety (69.2%). HIV-specific problems also played a large role both directly, as a presenting problem, and indirectly as they related to such concerns as relationship issues. Axis I diagnoses included adjustment disorders (50.0%), major depressive disorder (21.4%), and dysthymia (a less severe but more chronic depression) (8.9%). This review highlights the mental health issues that HIV-positive MSM feel are significant enough to require treatment. Because mental health is a key component of overall quality of life, HIV providers who work with MSM can use these data to increase awareness of the types of mental concerns that are most distressing to this population.
Exact rational solution of the matrix equation A=p(X) by linearization

Abstract For any given complex n × n matrix A and any polynomial p with complex coefficients, methods to obtain all complex n × n matrix solutions X of A = p ( X ) have been discussed from as early as 1906: however, in practice the “solutions” obtained are only approximations (i.e. 2 n 2 truncated decimal expansions for the real and imaginary parts of the n 2 entries of X). The present article treats the corresponding Diophantine problem where both A and p are defined over the rational field Q , and where, if rational solutions X exist, they are to be found exactly. A complete solution is given when A has no repeated eigenvalue, in which case all rational solutions X are obtained using only linear procedures and integer arithmetic. The method generalizes at once from Q to any finite algebraic extension of Q (or of any Z p ).
Antiviral immune responses in the genital tract: clues for vaccines

Mucosal surfaces are exploited as a portal of entry into hosts by a wide variety of microorganisms. Over the past decade, an advanced understanding of the immune system of the gastrointestinal and the respiratory mucosae has been gained. However, despite the fact that many viruses are transmitted sexually through the genital tract, the immune system of the male and female genital mucosae has received much less attention. Here, I describe and highlight differences in the innate and adaptive immune systems of the genital and intestinal mucosae, and discuss some of the challenges we face in the development of successful vaccines against sexually transmitted viral pathogens.
Stability of precessional states induced by spin-current

The presence of stable precessional states is the hallmark of spin-current driven magnetization dynamics. By using the Fokker-Planck equation along with a perturbation theory, we analytically formulate the lifetime of these precessional states at finite temperatures. It is found that the thermal transition between a static state and the precessional state can be described in terms of spin-torque dependence of the energy density function.
Abdominal vagotomy blocks the satiety effect of cholecystokinin in the rat

The site where peripherally administered cholecystokinin-8 elicits satiety was investigated by injecting rats with cholecystokinin-8 (1 to 8 micrograms per kilogram of body weight, intraperitoneally) after they had received bilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus or after they had undergone bilateral abdominal vagotomy or selective vagotomies. Abdominal vagotomy or gastric vagotomy abolished or reduced the satiety effect of cholecystokinin, but lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus did not. These results demonstrate that peripherally administered cholecystokinin acts in the abdomen through gastric vagal fibers and not directly on the brain to produce satiety in the rat.
Dynamical analysis of low-energy electron diffraction intensities from Al on GaP(110): The high-coverage A1P(110) limit

The measured intensities of 14 diffracted beams of low-energy ($30\ensuremath{\le}E\ensuremath{\le}240$ eV) electrons normally incident on A1P(110) are reported. The temperature of the A1P surface during the measurements was $T=300$ K. The surfaces were prepared by deposition of A1 on GaP(110) followed by annealing cycles and verification of surface stochiometry (to within 10%) via Auger-electron spectroscopy. Several crystals were examined in order to verify the reproducibility of the intensity data. The data were analyzed using a nonrelativistic, Hara-exchange electron\char22{}ion-core potential and an x-ray $R$-factor structure-analysis methodology. This analysis leads to the best-fit structure of A1P(110) being a rotation of the uppermost layer with the P rotated outward and the Al inward. The second layer also is reconstructed with the Al being displaced upward by 0.035\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 \AA{} relative to its position in the bulk and the P being displaced downward by an equal amount. The x-ray $R$ factor for the best-fit structure is ${R}_{\mathrm{x}}=0.19$. This structure gives a good visual description of the measured intensities. For bond-length-conserving top-layer rotations the angle between the plane of the surface A1P chains and the plane of truncated bulk surface is ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}=27.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, in accordance with two independent prior predictions. The "best-fit" $R$-factor structure corresponds to reduced relaxation parallel to the surface of the top-layer P and Al relative to the values expected for the bond-length-conserving structure.
Role of cyclin inhibitor protein p21 in the inhibition of HCT116 human colon cancer cell proliferation by American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and its constituents

American ginseng and its ginsenoside constituents have been shown to exert anti-cancer effects although the mechanism of action remains unclear. The present study determined the effects of water-extracted ginseng (GE) or its ginsenoside (GF) and polysaccharide (PS) fractions on the proliferation of human colon cancer cells and examined the role of p21 in mediating these effects using wild-type and p21-/- HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells. Proliferation was inhibited by GE, GF, and PS in wild-type and p21-/- cells, and the p21-/- cells were more sensitive to these treatments. Wild type cells treated with GE were arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and the expression of p53 and p21 proteins was increased while phospho-MEK levels decreased. In contrast, cells deficient in p21 displayed reduced cell viability, elevated number of dead cells, and increased expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 proteins. Both polysaccharides and ginsenosides appear to be responsible for the anti-proliferative and proapoptotic effects of GE. This study suggests that p21 functions to arrest HCT116 wild-type cells treated with GE, while p21-deficient cells undergo cell death in a ginseng constituent-dependent manner.
Association of breast cancer with papillary lesions identified at percutaneous image-guided breast biopsy.

Abstract Background The management of papillary lesions identified on image-guided breast biopsy remains controversial. In the literature, data regarding papillary lesions are limited because of small sample sizes. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of atypical ductal hyperplasia and malignancy associated with papillary lesions identified on image-guided breast biopsy. Methods This study is a retrospective review of 9,310 consecutive image-guided biopsies performed at our institution between January 1996 and November 2003. Patients were included if they underwent an excisional biopsy after a papillary lesion was diagnosed on image-guided biopsy. Results Papillary lesions were identified in 153 (2%) of the 9,310 image-guided biopsies performed, and 87 of these patients underwent subsequent excisional biopsy at our institution. Breast cancer (in situ or invasive) was identified in 15 patients (17%), and 16 patients (18%) had atypical ductal hyperplasia identified at excisional biopsy. Conclusions These data suggest that excisional biopsy should be considered when a papillary lesion is identified at percutaneous image-guided breast biopsy. The final surgical pathology may impact the treatment plan, risk reduction, and/or surveillance for more than a third of patients diagnosed with a papillary lesion on image-guided biopsy.