cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic Control of Coupling Factor Activity

Under non-energized conditions the coupling factors (CF1 of dark-adapted thylakoid membranes are catalytically inactive and therefore incapable of even the thermodynamically favorable hydrolysis of ATP. Although the energetic requirement for activation of CF1 has been recognized for almost two decades, recognition of the physiological relevance of redox modulation of the enzyme complex is relatively recent (e.g. 1,2). For instance, we have shown that the energetic requirement for activation is equivalent to about 2.6 pH units after reduction of CF1, about 0.3 units lower than the ΔpH required when CF1 is oxidized (3).
Knowledge and Its Attributes

This chapter examines several perspectives on answering the question “What is knowledge?” including the usable representations view, the states view, the production view, and the knowledge-versus-information view. The relationship between knowledge and technology is considered, concluding that technology is a major enabler of knowledge-based organizations. Regardless of the view of knowledge that one adopts and the degree of technology adoption, it is valuable to be aware of various attribute dimensions that qualify the nature of knowledge.
A guide to the pronunciation of the scientific names for harmful algae

A historical review of scientific nomenclature and of the pronunciation of classical languages suggests that there is no objectively correct way to enunciate the technical terms applied to harmful algae. Any guide to pronunciation is always relative to some group of speakers; scientific nomenclature is an artificial construct without a population of normative speakers, living or dead, to whom the bewildered enunciator can have reference. Thus a key to the pronunciation of the Latin and Greek scientific terms in all disciplines, and a fortiori to the pronunciation of those terms applied to harmful algae, must be based on rules of common sense, mutual forbearance, and general intelligibility. This article includes a guide to pronouncing the names of harmful algae based on these principles.
Suppression of B-cell and T-cell responses by the prostaglandin-induced T-cell-derived suppressor (PITS)

Abstract It has been shown that T cells cultured with prostaglandin E 2 are induced to release at least two peptide-containing lymphokines (PITS). Both the high-molecular-weight (35,000; PITS α ) and the low-molecular-weight (2000 to 5000; PITS β ) factors were shown to be potent inhibitors of both T-cell- and B-cell-dependent mitogen responses. Data are reported here which show that the PITS β factor may be reproducibly resolved into seven components by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Although each of these components is capable of suppressing the phytohe-magglutinin-induced blastogenic response, not all of these factors will suppress the in vitro antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, or a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Nevertheless, the broad-range suppressive effects previously reported for PITS β now seem to be mediated by multiple low-molecular-weight PITS factors.
Cookbook Procedures in MBL Physics Exercises

This paper presents the results of a controlled experiment comparing the conceptual mechanics learning gains as measured by the FCI between two laboratory groups. One group completed cookbook labs while the other completed the IE labs in RealTime Physics.
Testing the differential effects of symptom management interventions in cancer

Objective The purpose of this study was to test for moderating effects of patient characteristics on self-management interventions developed to address symptoms during cancer treatment. Patient’s age, education and depressive symptomatology were considered as potential moderators.
The Value of Financial Intermediaries: Empirical Evidence from Syndicated Loans to Emerging Market Borrowers

Empirical estimates of the benefit of financial intermediation are constructed by examining the role played by local banks in facilitating syndicated loans to borrowers in emerging market countries. Assuming that local banks possess a superior monitoring ability, the market is ideal for studying the value of intermediation since cross-border lending into emerging markets is plagued by particularly high information and agency costs and the supply of local bank capital is in limited short run supply. Using variation in the propensity of local banks to participate in foreign arranged syndicates, there are two economically important results. First, local banks are much more likely to participate in unconditionally riskier loans. Second, after controlling for borrower characteristics, loan characteristics, and the endogeneity of the local bank lending decision, loans with local bank participation have spreads that are 10 percent lower (29 basis points) than otherwise similar loans. Combined, the results support the conclusion that local banks, a particularly special type of financial intermediary, provide value by considerably reducing financing costs, especially for riskier borrowers.
The Theory of Composites

Some of the greatest scientists including Poisson, Faraday, Maxwell, Rayleigh, and Einstein have contributed to the theory of composite materials. Mathematically, it is the study of partial differential equations with rapid oscillations in their coefficients. Although extensively studied for more than a hundred years, an explosion of ideas in the last five decades (and particularly in the last three decades) has dramatically increased our understanding of the relationship between the properties of the constituent materials, the underlying microstructure of a composite, and the overall effective (electrical, thermal, elastic) moduli which govern the macroscopic behavior. This renaissance has been fueled by the technological need for improving our knowledge base of composites, by the advance of the underlying mathematical theory of homogenization, by the discovery of new variational principles, by the recognition of how important the subject is to solving structural optimization problems, and by the realization of the connection with the mathematical problem of quasiconvexification. This 2002 book surveys these exciting developments at the frontier of mathematics.
How Serious is Tax Evasion?: An Empirical Legal Answer

Tax evasion has persistently carried severe penalties, although its intended deterrence effect is highly doubtful. We can safely say that it is based on the widely shared assumption among government officials that tax evasion is among the more serious crimes. In other words, the rationale of the current approach is that the punishment should fit the crime. By taking this into account, this empirical work sets out to expand on previous studies by examining the relative seriousness of 75 crimes and analyzing some demographic variables, including gender, age, marital status, religion and others, to determine whether tax evasion is as serious a crime as some policy makers believe it to be, and to determine whether opinions differ based on demographics. The study finding shows that tax evasion is deemed to be less serious than the average crime. The article concludes that since tax evasion was deemed to be less serious than most other offenses, one might reasonably conclude that the punishment for tax evasion should be less than the punishment for most other offenses.
Gender differences in the neuromuscular fitness profiles of NCAA Division III soccer players

The purpose of this study was to compare the neuromuscular fitness profiles of male and female NCAA Division III soccer players (D-III). A total of 53 subjects (29 male, 23 female) performed various neuromuscular fitness tests prior to the beginning of a competitive season. Neuromuscular fitness was quantified through single leg balance assessment, time to generate peak torque, peak knee flexion and extension torque, hamstring to quadriceps ratio, and flexibility tests. Test results revealed that females possessed significantly greater balance ability whereas males possessed increased peak knee extension and flexion torque. Hamstring to quadriceps ratio and flexibility results were not significantly different between genders. Results of time to peak torque tests were in variance with previous studies assessing Division I and professional soccer players. The results of the present study reveal gender differences in neuromuscular fitness in D-III soccer players and that the neuromuscular fitness may differ between D-III and D-I soccer players.
Harmful effects of certain chemical substances upon the uterus of the rat

Abstract 1. 1. The effective agent in Leunbach paste may be either the soap or the iodine, either substance alone being an effective abortifacient. 2. 2. In the rat, every agent that is dependably abortifacient will, in most cases, render the injected horn sterile for at least a three months' period and will also cause varying degrees of pathologic abnormality.
Human-specific evolutionary changes in the biology of siglecs.

Siglecs are a family of sialic acid-recognizing immunoglobulin-like lectins that exhibit multiple human-specific and human-universal differences, including changes in binding specificity (Siglec-5, -7, -9, -11, -12 and 14); changes in expression pattern (Siglec-1, -5, -6, and -11); gene conversion (SIGLEC11); gene deletion (SIGLEC13) and pseudogenization (SIGLEC17). Human-unique pseudogenes of SIGLEC12, SIGLEC14 and SIGLEC16 are also polymorphic within human populations, suggesting ongoing selection on this family of genes. The apparently higher concentration of SIGLEC changes in the human lineage may have been selected by interactions with pathogens binding Siglecs, and/or as compensatory responses to the loss of the sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) in humans. Human-specific Siglec changes of particular interest include expression of Siglec-11 in brain microglia, expression of Siglec-6 on placental trophoblast, suppression of Siglec-5 expression on adaptive immune cells, new expression of Siglec-5 on amniotic epithelium, and elimination of Siglec-13 and -17 from innate immune cells. The Siglec-13 and -17 inactivation events fixed in the ancestral population shortly before the common ancestor of modern humans 100–200 thousand years ago, and resurrected Siglec-13 and -17 gene products bind potentially lethal pathogens of infants. While such pathogens may have contributed to population bottlenecks in human evolution, the resulting changes in sialic acid biology may also have altered multiple systems where sialic acid and Siglecs have endogenous roles. Thus, genes associated with sialic acid biology appear to be a “hot spot” of genetic and physiological change during human evolution, with implications for human origins, and for uniquely human features in health and disease.
Structure of aqueous solutions of monosodium glutamate.

We studied monosodium glutamate (MSG) in aqueous solution using molecular dynamics simulations and compared the results with recent neutron diffraction with isotope contrast variation/empirical pot...
Perspectives on quality and content of information for juvenile idiopathic arthritis on Italian Web pages: a different way to meet the needs of families?

Dear Editor, The interest on quality and content of information for parents is growing over time [1], especially for patients with chronic disease and special needs [2]. Differences seem to be relevant in different geographical settings [3]. With the aim to determine the quality and content of Italian language Internet information about juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) (in Italian Artrite Idiopatica Giovanile, AIG) from the perspectives of consumers and health care professionals and reproducing a previous study [4], we conducted a specific search.
Critical Concentrations Associated with Cobalt, Cerium, and Molybdenum Inhibition of AA2024-T3 Corrosion: Delivery from Al-Co-Ce(-Mo) Alloys

Abstract Corrosion inhibition of aluminum alloy (AA)2024-T3 (UNS A92024) in sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions after pretreatments in solutions containing Ce(III), Co(II), or Mo(VI) ions are reported...
The impact of the Yale faculty development program: Clinical alcohol and drug research and education (cadre) on medical student teaching about substance abuse 1

Increasing emphasis on the need for medical student education about substance abuse has led to the development of a variety of training efforts through faculty development. The Yale University School of Medicine Faculty Development Program or CADRE (Clinical Alcohol and Drug Research and Education) was instituted in 1992 for the purpose of enhancing substance abuse teaching in the Yale medical student curriculum. CADRE faculty were identify in internal medicine, pediatrics, and psychiatry. Prior to the program, there was limited formal teaching about substance abuse in the Yale curriculum and no coordinated effort across disciplines. The enhancement of teaching activities occurred primarily within four required “core”; clinical clerkships for third‐and fourth‐year medical students. Student evaluations of this new teaching activity were positive. The CADRE program was successful at developing a multidisciplinary core faculty group with expertise in substance abuse teaching and resulted in the development o...
Is the Graviton a Goldstone Boson

A theory is outlined in which Lorentz invariance is spontaneously violated, giving rise to a constant vector field ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}$. The two quantities which are most simply related to ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ are the gravitational constant $\mathcal{G}$ and the decay rate of $K_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\pi}$, assuming that the latter will eventually show an energy dependence. Using a method suggested by Bjorken for electrodynamics, we conclude that the model may support a graviton, and determine the order of magnitude of $\mathcal{G}$. A simple argument relates the $K_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{0}$ decay to $\mathcal{G}$; the agreement with experiment is good.
Evaluation of flat panel detector cone beam CT breast imaging with different sizes of breast phantoms

The sensitivity to detect small breast cancers and the specificity of conventional mammography (CM) remain limited owing to an overlap in the appearances of lesions and surrounding structure. We propose to address the limitations accompanying CM using flat panel detector (FPD)-based cone beam CT breast imaging (CBCTBI). The purpose of the study is to determine optimal x-ray operation ranges for different sizes of normal breasts and corresponding glandular dose levels. The current CBCT prototype consists of a modified GE HighSpeed Advantage CT gantry, an x-ray tube, a Varian PaxScan 4030CB FPD, a CT table and a PC. Two uncompressed breast phantoms, with the diameters of 10.8 and 13.8 cm, consist of three inserts: a layer of silicone jell simulating a background structure, a lucite plate on which five simulated carcinomas are mounted, and a plate on which six calcifications are attached. With a single scan, 300 projections were acquired for all phantom scans. The optimal x-ray techniques for different phantom sizes were determined. The total mean glandular doses for different size phantoms were measured using a CT pencil ionization chamber. With the optimal x-ray techniques that result in the maximal dose efficiency for the different tissue thickness, the image quality with two different phantoms was evaluated. The results demonstrate that the CBCTBI can detect a few millimeter-size simulated carcinoma and ~ 0.2 mm calcification with clinically acceptable mean glandular doses for different size breasts.
Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies differ between directly prepared cytotrophoblasts and cultured mesenchymal core cells.

Analysis of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in chorionic villus cells may become useful in measuring the response of fetal tissues to clastogens or mutagens or for prenatal diagnosis of chromosome breakage syndromes such as Bloom syndrome. Previous studies have failed to analyze cytotrophoblastic cells and mesenchymal core cells, or have found no difference between SCE frequencies in directly prepared and cultured cells. Our data indicate significant differences in SCE frequencies between the two cell types: SCE frequency in directly prepared cytotrophoblasts was 6.73 SCE/cell ± 1.6, whereas SCE frequency in cultured mesenchymal core cells was 10.31 SCE/cell ± 0.49 (P < 0.001). SCE analyses involving chorionic villi must take into account cell type.
COARSE SPACES BY ALGEBRAIC MULTIGRID: MULTIGRID CONVERGENCE AND UPSCALING ERROR ESTIMATES

We give an overview of a number of algebraic multigrid methods targeting finite element discretization problems. The focus is on the properties of the constructed hierarchy of coarse spaces that guarantee (two-grid) convergence. In particular, a necessary condition known as "weak approximation property," and a sufficient one, referred to as "strong approximation property," are discussed. Their role in proving convergence of the TG method (as iterative method) and also on the approximation properties of the algebraic mottigrid (AMG) coarse spaces if used as discretization tool is pointed out. Some preliminary numerical results illustrating the latter aspect are also reported.
Home-based entrepreneurship and multiple roles—an inter-role conflict

Home-based entrepreneurship has been identified as an alternative source of employment and income for residents of non-metropolitan communities. Although economic and social advantages of home-based work have been identified, negative factors associated with home-based entrepreneurship have also been reported Home-based entrepreneurs may experience inter-role conflict as a result of an overlapping of roles (i.e. work/family) within the environs of the home. Findings from interviews with home-based entrepreneurs are discussed in relation to the multiplicity of roles of the home-based entrepreneur. Further, implications are addressed concerning the conflicts arising from multiple role demand as a home-based entrepreneur.
Fine-scale structure of a cold hydrogen layer

Neutral-hydrogen absorption-line interferometer observations are reported for five continuum radio sources situated behind an extensive layer of cold interstellar H I gas. In contrast to low-spatial-resolution emission-line observations reported earlier which show the large-scale uniformity of the layer, the high-spatial-resolution absorption-line observations reveal variations in the velocity and density within the layer. The new results together with the old indicate the apparent coexistence of a large-scale mechanism for triggering the formation of cold hydrogen and an instability mechanism leading to small-scale irregularities.
Drill flank wear estimation using supervised vector quantization neural networks

Drill wear detection and prognosis is one of the most important considerations in reducing the cost of rework and scrap and to optimize tool utilization in hole making industry. This study presents the development and implementation of two supervised vector quantization neural networks for estimating the flank-land wear size of a twist drill. The two algorithms are; the learning vector quantization (LVQ) and the fuzzy learning vector quantization (FLVQ). The input features to the neural networks were extracted from the vibration signals using power spectral analysis and continuous wavelet transform techniques. Training and testing were performed under a variety of speeds and feeds in the dry drilling of steel plates. It was found that the FLVQ is more efficient in assessing the flank wear size than the LVQ. The experimental procedure for acquiring vibration data and extracting features in the time-frequency domain using the wavelet transform is detailed. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed neural network algorithms were effective in estimating the size of the drill flank wear.
Professional Thieves and Drugs

The professional thief is a highly specialized predatory offender with a history that dates back to Elizabethan England. Although this type of criminal is generally associated with narcotic addiction, his drug-taking typically involved the use of heroin, morphine, and cocaine on an intermittent basis. However, trafficking in drugs was common to the “professional” underworld, and as a result this deviant fraternity had a notable impact on the impressment of a criminal model of drug use on twentieth century conceptions of the addict. The concept of “professional” theft is reviewed, the use of drugs by professional thieves is discussed, and the interaction between this underworld group and the early Federal Bureau of Narcotics is examined.
Advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a review of current treatment strategies and developing therapies:

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the deadliest solid malignancies. A large proportion of patients are diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic disease at the time of presentation and, unfortunately, this severely limits the number of patients who can undergo surgical resection, which offers the only chance for cure. Recent therapeutic advances for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer have extended overall survival, but prognosis still remains grim. Given that traditional chemotherapy is ineffective in curing advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma, current research is taking a multidirectional approach in the hopes of developing more effective treatments. This article reviews the major clinical trial data that is the basis for the current chemotherapy regimens used as first- and second-line treatments for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We also review the current ongoing clinical trials, which include the use of agents targeting the oncogenic network signaling of K-Ras, agents targeting the ext...
Peroneal nerve palsy after total knee arthroplasty.

Peroneal nerve palsy is a potentially devastating complication of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Fortunately, review of the literature reveals that this is not a common problem. Retrospective studies examining a large number of consecutive TKAs (N 1000) performed at various institutes show an incidence ranging from 0.3% to 1.3% (Table 1). In smaller studies, the incidence can vary more widely. The reported incidences have been as low as 0% and as high as 10%. This variability may be caused by the specific patient population enrolled in the studies [5-7] or the specific prostheses used in the studies [8,9]. In addition, the number of surgeons involved and their experience may have a greater impact on the incidence in studies with small sample sizes. The reported clinical incidences may not represent the true incidence of peroneal nerve palsy. The actual incidence of nerve compromise may be underestimated because of the presence of subclinical palsy, which may only be diagnosed by means of electrodiagnostic tests such as electromyography (EMG) or nerve conduction studies. Moreover, the different methods of gathering data (chart review vs follow-up vs complication reports) may also result in discrepancies between reported and true incidences. We found no prospective studies specifically addressing these issues. Predisposing Factors Several preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative factors have been reported to be significant for the development of peroneal nerve palsy after TKA. However, no single entity has been consistently shown in all studies to be significant, and some patients without any known risk factor still develop peroneal nerve palsy. Because of the lack of establishment of a cause-effect relationship and yet unidentified risk factors, it is best to be aware of all of the following risk factors and avoid this troublesome complication. The etiology of peroneal nerve palsy is multiple, and the relative contributions of the different risk factors, if present within a single patient, are so far unknown.
Peer-to-Peer Interprofessional Health Policy Education for Medicare Part D

Objectives. To determine whether a peer-to-peer education program was an expedient and effective approach to improve knowledge and promote interprofessional communication and collaboration. Design. Trained pharmacy students taught nursing students, medical students, and medical residents about the Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit (Part D), in 1- to 2-hour lectures. Assessment. Learners completed a survey instrument to assess the effectiveness of the presentation and their attitudes toward the peer-to-peer instructional format. Learners strongly or somewhat agreed that the peer-to-peer format was effective in providing Part D education (99%) and promoted interprofessional collaboration (100%). Qualitative data highlighted the program's clinical relevance, value in promoting interprofessional collaboration, and influence on changing views about the roles and contributions of pharmacists. Conclusion. The Part D peer educator program is an innovative way to disseminate contemporary health policy info...
Intracardiac infrared endoscopy: The next tool in the electrophysiologist's toolbox?

c b p p g o R t c a c e s s c i d f u p Fluoroscopy has provided invaluable guidance for cariac pacing and electrophysiologic procedures since the nception of these fields. For example, a remarkable chievement has been the cure of supraventricular tachycarias with catheter ablation guided only by intracardiac reordings and fluoroscopy. The development of complex, natomically based procedures, such as catheter ablation for trial fibrillation and selective-site pacing, however, has ighlighted the limitations of fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy proides only a bidimensional rendition of the cardiac silhoutte from which the location of intracardiac structures and atheters is inferred. Furthermore, with more prolonged xposure time, there is increased awareness of the detrimenal effects of ionizing radiation to patients and operators. he last few years have witnessed the introduction in the linical electrophysiology laboratory of several imaging echniques aimed at complementing, or eventually replacing uoroscopy. Contact and noncontact navigation systems hat render a three-dimensional reconstruction of cardiac natomy and physiology and intracardiac echocardiograhy are indispensable for many procedures and have beome widely available. Preprocedural detailed assessment f cardiac anatomy with computerized tomography or magetic resonance imaging provides important, and at times rucial, information for planning and guiding intervenions. Merging of images obtained by different methods n a “multidimensional” picture now is clinically possible. Cardiologists have been satisfied with these “indirect” maging methods, possibly because of the nature of their raining. For example, “It is a bad sign if I have to see the eart” is a common saying among electrophysiologists. Alhough direct visualization of intracardiac structures without oubt would be useful for guiding catheter manipulation, he optical properties of circulating blood have prevented he use of intracardiac visible light endoscopy. On the other and, surgeons have always demanded direct visualization f the structures to intervene. Most abdominal surgery now s endoscopically guided and without large incisions. Vid-
Chronic hypocalcaemia due to selective skeletal resistance to parathyroid hormone.

A 71-year-old man was referred for evaluation of asymptomatic hypocalcaemia dating back at least 20 years. There were no somatic abnormalities and Chvostek and Trousseau signs were negative. Serum total calcium varied from 1·88 to 2·03 mmol/l, albumin 37–44 g/l, phosphate 0·54–1·12 mmol/l and ionized calcium 1–1·13 mmol/l. Serum intact PTH levels were 69 and 55 ng/l (10–65), 25-OHD was 40 nmol/l (2·25–107·5) and 1,25-(OH)2D was 54·6 nmol/l (39–156). Serum and urine magnesium and creatinine clearance were normal. Twenty-four-hour urine calcium was 2.15 mmol and calcium/creatinine ratio 0·07. TM phosphate (maximal rate of tubular reabsorption of phosphate in mmol/l glomerular filtrate (GF)) was 0·84 mmol/l GF (0·80–1·34). Bone formation and resorption markers were normal. Bone mineral densities measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were within normal limits at the hip, forearm and lumbar spine. Infusion of 200 units of synthetic 1–34 PTH was associated with a rise in urinary cyclic AMP from 43 mmol/l GF to 344 mmol/l GF and TM phosphate fell from 0·93 to 0·76 mmol/l GF; 1–34 PTH infusions of 300 units twice daily for 5 days were associated with an increase in serum 1,25-(OH)2D from 80·6 to 114·4 pmol/l but no increase in serum calcium. This is a most unusual case of chronic hypocalcaemia similar to that reported by Frame et al. resulting from isolated skeletal resistance to PTH that is not related to renal insufficiency, osteomalacia or a magnesium-deficient state. These two cases appear to represent a new variant of pseudohypoparathyroidism ?type III.
Coming out for Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays: From support group grieving to love advocacy

This article traces how a 1990s’ US social movement organization, PFLAG (Parents, Friends and Family of Lesbians and Gays) constitutes itself and its work by extending the story of coming out via particular emotional promises featured in its motivational framing. I trace how PFLAG’s motivational framing carefully balances a call to participate in terms of grief with a call to action in terms of love, thereby offering potential participants the ‘emotional promise’ of getting beyond negative feelings of homophobia to restore and celebrate the love for their offspring. I show how this motivational framing is tied to PFLAG’s dual mission of support and advocacy. Finally I discuss how these emotional framings are tied to two political logics resonating in LGBT movement work at the time, noting that love operates well to motivate an identity logic (‘supporting LGBT people’) but does not work as well to motivate an interest-group logic (‘fighting for LGBT equality’).
Mechanisms underlying the steroidogenic synergy of insulin and luteinizing hormone in porcine granulosa cells: joint amplification of pivotal sterol-regulatory genes encoding the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory (stAR) protein and cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc) enzyme.

Abstract Growth of ovarian Graafian follicles and cytodifferentiation of granulosa and theca cells are regulated by gonadotropins, sex steroids and peptidyl growth factors. For example insulin and intraovarian insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) may amplify the actions of both follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in promoting biochemical luteinization and enhancing steroidogenesis. To explore further the notion of interactions between insulinomimetic peptides and LH and to examine the associated mechanisms, we have established porcine granulosa cells in monolayer culture for 48 h in 3% serum with insulin (1 μg/ml), estradiol (0.5 μg/ml), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH, 5 ng/ml) to allow cell anchorage, facilitate in vitro cytodifferentiation and confer LH responsiveness. To limit any carry-over effects of serum, granulosa cells were stabilized overnight in serum-free medium. Studies were then initiated to assess the impact of insulin on the dose-responsive actions of LH. A maximally effective concentration of insulin (1 μg/ml) synergistically augmented LH’s dose-dependent ampilification of progesterone and cAMP accumulation; viz. by ≈twofold (progesterone) and ≈2.5-fold (cAMP) above that observed in maximally LH-stimulated cultures (P
Crystal Structures of the Simple Metals: Role of Correlation and Exchange

Using a momentum-independent pseudopotential, we have derived an expression for the contribution of correlation and exchange to the structure-dependent part of the cohesive energy. Our only approximation consists of replacing the exact dielectric matrix by the Hartree dielectric matrix in the correlation-and-exchange term of Cohen's dielectric formulation for the ground-state energy of a nonuniform, many-electron system. The nature of, and the justification for this approximation are discussed. The correlation-and-exchange part of the structure-dependent energy is shown to be separable into two parts, one part arising from the random-phase approximation to the Hartree dielectric matrix and the other part arising from the local field corrections. Each of these two terms constitutes a significant correction to the structure-dependent energy calculated in the Hartree approximation. The sum of the two terms very nearly cancels in some regions of wave-number space, but the local field term dominates in the most important region. An explicit illustration of the determination of the crystal structure with correlation and exchange included is given with a momentum-independent pseudopotential appropriate to Zn.
Sensitivity and decisional factors in the psychological refractory period

Three trained Ss responded to a pair of events presented at fixed interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 33, 67, and 100 msec. Each event was the independent presence of a visual stimulus (S-P) or its absence (S-A), to which Ss were to respond or not, with a set for speed over accuracy. The probabilities of Sop occurrence [P(S)] to each of the events were varied. Pretrial verbal reports or behavioral hypotheses (BHs) werealso obtained. P(S), ISI, BH, and order (first vs second event) were all generally determinants of both RT to Sop and inhibition probability to S-A. However, when the RT data were corrected for inhibition probability, order was the only systematic effect that remained. The results were discussed in terms of approaches to the psychological refractory period derived from signal detection theory involving differential sensitivity as opposed to criterion.
A New Approach to Some Problems in Potential Theory

A new approach is suggested for the solution of mixed boundary value problems in potential theory. Exact solutions in closed form are obtained for a half-space with a circular line of division of boundary conditions. Several examples are considered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Zur Losung gemischter Randwertprobleme in der Potentialtheorie wird ein neuer mathematischer Ansatz vorgeschlagen. Fur einen Halbraum mit einer Kreislinie zur Trennung der Randwertbedingungen erhalt man exakte Losungen in geschlossener Form. Es werden verschiedene Beispiele betrachtet, die die Effektivitat der vorgeschlagenen Technik demonstrieren.
Using a Framework to Explore Associations Between Parental Substance Use and the Health Outcomes of their Adolescent Children

Risk-taking behavior plays a significant role in the lives of adolescents. Adolescents engaging in risk behaviors such as substance use and risky sexual activity are at increased risk for contracting STDs, unplanned pregnancy, and other health problems. Consequently, children of substance abusers are at even greater risk for engaging in maladaptive behaviors given their social environment and the potential exposure to parental substance use/abuse. Although the empirical literature on adolescent risk-taking behavior is vast, less empirical research has examined how parental substance use is associated with the health outcomes of adolescent children of substance abusers, especially children of parents who use illicit substances. This study proposes a framework to synthesize the research on the health outcomes of adolescent children of substance abusers and provides recommendations for future study.
Inherent and apparent optical properties of the complex estuarine waters of Tampa Bay: What controls light?

Abstract Inherent and apparent optical properties (IOPs and AOPs) of Tampa Bay (Florida, USA) were measured during fourteen cruises between February 1998 and October 2010 to understand how these properties relate to one another and what controls light absorption and diffuse attenuation in this moderately sized (∼1000 km2), shallow estuary (average depth ∼4 m). The IOPs and AOPs included: 1) absorption coefficients of three optically significant constituents: phytoplankton pigments, detrital particles, and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM); 2) particulate backscattering coefficients; 3) chlorophyll-a concentrations; 4) above-water remote sensing reflectance; 5) downwelling diffuse attenuation coefficients (Kd) at eight wavelengths and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Results showed substantial variability in all IOPs and AOPs in both space and time, with most IOPs spanning more than two orders of magnitude and showing strong co-variations. Of all four bay segments, Old Tampa Bay showed unique optical characteristics. During the wet season, the magnitude of blue–green-light absorption was dominated by CDOM, while during the dry season all three constituents contributed significantly. However, the variability in Kd (PAR, 490 nm, 555 nm) was driven mainly by the variability of detrital particles and phytoplankton as opposed to CDOM. This observation explained, at least to first order, why a nutrient reduction management strategy used by the Tampa Bay Estuary Program since the 1990s led to improved water clarity in most of Tampa Bay. The findings of this study provided the optical basis to fine tune existing or develop new algorithms to estimate the various optical water quality parameters from space.
Animal abuse and criminology: introduction to a special issue

I wish I had a penny or a cent or a peso for each of the many times in the past few years that I have listened in on a conversation or read something about human rights and animal rights and then been forced to think through to the variety of its possible conclusions what for three shipwrecked and hungry survivors in a lifeboat on the high seas is the proper thing to do about their thirst and imminent starvation. Suppose that the three survivors of this shipwreck are an adult human, the ship’s cabin boy and a dog. Suppose also that they are several days away from rescue and without hope of acquiring food or potable water from their salt-water environment. For purposes of survival in this dire situation, may one of the two humans kill and eat one of the other two survivors? If so, which one? To these two questions almost certainly the response by two of the shipwrecked survivors themselves, by would-be in-contact-radio-rescuers, by medical consultants, by theological experts and by the general public would be: “it’s alright to eat the dog”.
Rho family small GTP-binding proteins in growth cone signalling

Rho family GTP-binding proteins regulate various aspects of the actin cytoskeleton in a wide variety of organisms. Recent evidence suggests that they may also be important components of the signalling pathways that link the reception of extracellular cues to the regulation of the cytoskeleton in neuronal growth cones.
Wear of superhard materials when cutting super-alloys

Abstract Observations of tool wear and detailed metallographic examinations have been made of tool surfaces, after service, using scanning electron microscopy and associated energy dispersion X-ray analyses as well as similar studies made on very carefully prepared cross sections through the critical areas on these tools. Measurements of the tool temperatures were also made during the cutting tests with a Vanzetti infrared thermal monitor. Primary emphasis has been placed on turning solution treated and aged Inconel 718 with negative rake, controlled fine grain size cemented carbide tools and correlating the amount of wear, types of wear and the changes in the types of wear as the temperature of the tool varies with changes in the cutting conditions. The differences observed when cutting this alloy with other types of cemented carbides, including coated materials and other superhard materials, such as compacted cubic boron nitride (Borazon) are given. Also included is a description and discussion of these same differences in the wear and wear types observed when cutting another superalloy (Rene 95) and a low alloy quenched and tempered steel (AISI 4340). It is concluded that there would be a significant improvement in the ability of cemented carbides to cut superalloys if it were possible to increase their resistance to abrasion at higher temperatures.
Flavin-sensitized photooxidations of tryptophan and tyrosine

The rates of flavin-sensitized photooxidations of tryptophan and tyrosine with natural and synthetic flavins under aerobic conditions were determined colorimetrically. The effect that the tight intramolecular interactions observed within synthetic flavinyl peptides have on the ability of the light-excited flavin portions to oxidize aromatic amino acids intra- and intermolecularly has been examined. The photochemical reactivities of the parent flavin acids, 10-ω-carboxyalkylflavins, were also compared with those of the peptides. In general, similar results were obtained for both the tryptophan and the tyrosine series. Overall, the former reacts faster than the latter. The rates for the photooxidation of amino acid by intermolecularly supplied flavins follow FMN > 10-ω-carboxyalkylflavins > FAD > flavinyl peptides. All flavinyl peptides alone, especially the short one, lost but little of the amino acid portion when exposed to light. The rates of the reactions with 1:1 flavinyl peptide plus amino acid or plus FMN as compared to those for the peptide alone are increased by small and large percents, respectively. Effects of pH, temperature, and solvent on the rates for both series are generally similar. Up to the optima, higher pH values, higher temperatures, and a dipolar, organic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide in buffer favor the reactions. All of the foregoing results indicate that the flavin acids behave similar to FMN but in contrast to the flavinyl peptides. The tight association of flavin with just the aromatic amino acid residues of tryptophan and tyrosine, as can occur in some flavoproteins, may prevent flavin from being light-excited to photosensitize the oxidation of amino acids. However, the intramolecularly-bound amino acid can be relatively easily photooxidized by intermolecular flavin which can be activated.
On the Potential Deterioration in Hearing Due to Hearing Aid Usage

This manuscript examines the issue of potential decline in hearing sensitivity due to hearing aid usage through an analysis of data obtained from the temporary threshold shift (TTS) paradigm. Following a critique of the traditional measures of TTS, the concept of integrated TTS (ITTS) is reviewed and data on hearing-aid-induced ITTS are presented. In addition, a series of equations relating permanent threshold shift (PTS) to a recently developed measure of noise dose (Dn) is derived and predictions for hearing-aid-induced PTS are made. Recommended gain settings established to protect the hearing of a person wearing a hearing aid from further decline following various durations of hearing aid usage are also provided.
Endoproteolytic Cleavage of FE65 Converts the Adaptor Protein to a Potent Suppressor of the sAPPα Pathway in Primates

Adaptor protein FE65 (APBB1) specifically binds to the intracellular tail of the type I transmembrane protein, β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). The formation of this complex may be important for modulation of the processing and function of APP. APP is proteolytically cleaved at multiple sites. The cleavages and their regulation are of central importance in the pathogenesis of dementias of the Alzheimer type. In cell cultures and perhaps in vivo, secretion of the α-cleaved APP ectodomain (sAPPα) is the major pathway in the most cells. Regulation of the process may require extracellular/intracellular cues. Neither extracellular ligands nor intracellular mediators have been identified, however. Here, we show novel evidence that the major isoform of FE65 (97-kDa FE65, p97FE65) can be converted to a 65-kDa N-terminally truncated C-terminal fragment (p65FE65) via endoproteolysis. The cleavage region locates immediately after an acidic residue cluster but before the three major protein-protein binding domains. The cleavage activity is particularly high in human and non-human primate cells and low in rodent cells; the activity appears to be triggered/enhanced by high cell density, presumably via cell-cell/cell-substrate contact cues. As a result, p65FE65 exhibits extraordinarily high affinity for APP (up to 40-fold higher than p97FE65) and potent suppression (up to 90%) of secretion of sAPPα. Strong p65FE65-APP binding is required for the suppression. The results suggest that p65FE65 may be an intracellular mediator in a signaling cascade regulating α-secretion of APP, particularly in primates.
A usability study of the Komen Virtual Tissue Bank

The Susan G. Komen for the Cure Virtual Tissue Bank application was evaluated for usability via established usability testing methods. Five subjects were each asked to perform five application tasks; the usability metrics gathered include time-on-task, task success, and issues with severity ratings. First, the study revealed that the application should provide better guidance when users are required to launch external applications. Second, results indicated that the layout of hyperlinks to searchable experimental datasets was confusing and should be redesigned. Moreover, the study showed that some subjects who were unsuccessful at completing certain tasks mistakenly believed they were successful. This indicates that the feedback delivered to the user by the application needs to be designed to remove ambiguities. Third, the authors speculate that the descriptive power of the System Usability Scale may be tailored to fit biodata repositories through exploratory factor analysis.
Contact and fracture ultramafic assemblages from Norway: Rb-Sr evidence for crustal contamination

Strontium isotopes are used as tracers of crustal contamination of alpine-type ultramafic rocks from the Basal Gneiss Complex of the Caledonides of southern Norway. Minerals from anhydrous assemblages that occur in the cores of these ultramafic lenses give Sr87/Sr86 ratios (0.7011 to 0.7047) that reflect the expected ambient Sr87/Sr86 conditions of the ancient upper mantle. Rb-Sr evidence for crustal contamination is found in hydrous assemblages that occur within fractures and around the margins of the ultramafio bodies. Olivine, enstatite, amphibole, and magnesite from these assemblages have present-day Sr87/Sr86 ratios (0.7049 to 0.7085) that are significantly higher than those of compositionally equivalent minerals from the interiors of the ultramafic bodies. The high Sr87/Sr86 values were acquired as a result of the reaction between the ultramafic rock and ion-charged hydrous solutions carrying strontium with the ambient Sr87/Sr86 ratio (around 0.713) of the enclosing country rook during the waning phases of the Caledonian Orogeny. Mineral separates from the interiors of these ultramafic bodies can yield useful information on the ancient upper mantle. Wholerock samples, however, will show some evidence of contamination from the crust as a result of the formation of at least trace amounts of secondary hydrous minerals. Most whole-rook Sr87/Sr86 ratios from alpine-type ultramafic rocks from other orogenic belts show evidence of this contamination.
Resolution and Legibility: Acomparison of TFTLCDs and CRTs

The visual performance of TFTLCD and CRT displays with different pixel densities were measured using task-oriented tests and subjective measures of visual comfort and preferences. The effect of resolution on displayed letter legibility was measured. The legibility of letters increases with increasing pixel resolution. At a viewing distance of 50 cm, no significant differences were obtained in letter-counting rate of capital letters 24 arcmin high, or reading rate of mixed case letters with 16 arcmin x-height. At 50 cm viewing distance, some subject preference and improved visual comfort was obtained for the high resolution TFTLCD.