cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The analytical approach of Mike Buckingham

Mike Buckingham’s contributions to underwater acoustics and acoustical oceanography span a broad range of topics, from field expeditions to measure Arctic ambient noise in the marginal ice zone to a complete model for propagation and attenuation in marine sediments. The hallmark of Mike’s work is the formulation of elegant analytical solutions to canonical problems, providing physical insight. I will attempt to illustrate Mike’s approach with examples from his work and illustrations of how it has motivated and influenced future approaches.
Runoff-initiated post-fire debris flow Western Cascades, Oregon

Wildfires dramatically alter the hydraulics and root reinforcement of soil on forested hillslopes, which can promote the generation of debris flows. In the Pacific Northwest, post-fire shallow landsliding has been well documented and studied, but the potential role of runoff-initiated debris flows is not well understood and only one previous to 2018 had been documented in the region. On 20 June 2018, approximately 1 year after the Milli fire burned 24,000 acres, a runoff-initiated debris flow occurred on the flanks of Black Crater in the Oregon Cascade Range. The debris flow was initiated via dispersed rilling on > 30-degree slopes near the crater rim and traveled > 1.5 km downslope. We measured exceptionally low soil infiltration rates at the study site, likely due to high burn severity during the Milli fire. Based on nearby 5-min rain gage data, we quantified rainfall rates for the storm event that triggered the debris flow. Our results show that peak 15-min rainfall rates were 25.4 mmh−1, equaling or exceeding the measured infiltration rates at the study site, which had a geometric mean of ~ 24 mmh−1. Field mapping shows that high burn severity resulted in the initiation of the debris flow and that convergent and steep topography promoted the development of a debris flow at this site. As wildfires increase in frequency and intensity across the western USA, the Pacific Northwest could become more susceptible to runoff-initiated debris flows. Therefore, characterization of the conditions that resulted in this debris flow is crucial for understanding how runoff-initiated debris flows may shape terrain and impact hazards in the Pacific Northwest.
THE UTILITY OF MRI IN CLINICAL DECISION-MAKING FOR PEDIATRIC ATHLETES WITH SYMPTOMATIC SUBFIBULAR OSSICLES

Background:Pediatric athletes commonly sustain inversion-type ankle fractures.1,2 Approximately 1% will form post-traumatic subfibular ossicles (SO), especially after tip avulsion fractures.3,4 Ath...
Stability parameters of stable hooked-tip MOM point contact diode as MM wave and infrared detector-mixer

A progress report is given on the hooked-tip MOM point contact diode with further stabilization based on control of oxide layer thickness, selection of the metal post material and waveguide packaging.
Uncertainty quantification of shale capillary desaturation curves for surfactant EOR in shale through fracturing fluids using predictive modeling

Abstract Surfactant is often added into hydraulic fracturing fluids for shale reservoirs because it can minimize formation damage. The surfactant is also known for its EOR potential for sandstone/ carbonate reservoirs. Given both benefits, some previous papers studied the feasibility of surfactant EOR for shale reservoirs. Evaluation of surfactant EOR potentials requires accurate capillary desaturation curves (CDCs) of the shale rocks because CDCs determine how easily the surfactant will recover the residual oil saturation and improve the relative permeabilities. However, there is currently no experimental CDC data of shale rocks because of the difficulty in the experiment. This study builds a validated predictive model to quantify the effect of the CDC uncertainty on EOR. The objective is to numerically assess how the CDCs uncertainty affects the feasibility of surfactant EOR in shale reservoirs using Monte Carlo simulation of 100,000 possible CDCs. This paper also performs sensitivity analysis on the surfactant’s wettability alteration direction and its alteration extent and target interfacial tension value. Our model reveals that surfactants can offer optimum EOR potentials in shale reservoirs if they strongly alter the shale’s wettability to water-wet while maintaining a high interfacial tension. However, even when using such optimum surfactants, there are still some possibilities of decreasing the ultimate oil recovery because of the CDC uncertainty. Lastly, this study quantitatively presents the degree of the risks.
Near-optimal multihop scheduling in general circuit-switched networks

Circuit switched networks with high-bandwidth links are essential to handling ever increasing traffic demands in today's data centers. As these networks incur a non-trivial reconfiguration delay, they are mainly suited for bursty traffic or large flows. To address the reconfiguration delay vs. high-bandwidth tradeoff in circuit networks, an essential traffic scheduling problem is to determine a sequence of network configurations to optimally serve a given traffic. Recent works have addressed this scheduling problem for one-hop traffic in fully-connected circuit networks. In this work, we consider the traffic scheduling problem in general circuit networks with multi-hop traffic load. Such a general model is essential for networks with indirect routes between some nodes, e.g., for recently proposed wireless optical (FSO-based) networks, or to allow multi-hop routes for load balancing. In this context, we develop an efficient algorithm that empirically delivers high network throughput, while also guaranteeing a constant-factor approximation with respect to an objective closely related to network throughput. We generalize our technique and approximation result to more general settings, including to the joint optimization problem of determining flow routes as well as a sequence of network configurations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our techniques via extensive simulations on synthetic traffic loads based on published traffic characteristics as well as publicly available real traffic loads; we observe significant performance gains in terms of network throughput when compared to approaches based on prior work, and very similar performance to an appropriate upper bound.
Compulsive Internet Pornography Use and Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Sample of University Students in the United States.

Background The sustained rise in negative mental health reports among university students is a source of continued global concern, and investigation continues into potential contributors to this rise. This includes the increased prevalence of risky sexual behaviors. Related is the increased prevalence of pornography use. Our study sought to explore the potential relationship between compulsive use of pornography and mental health in university students. Methods Our sample consisted of university students (N = 1031; 34% male, 66% female) from Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, Ohio. An anonymous survey was sent to all students at the university over the age of 18. The survey was comprised of the following: (1) demographic questions, (2) questions on pornography use and perception, (3) a modified version of the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (mCIUS) assessing various factors associated with compulsive internet pornography use, (4) questions assessing emotional and sexual states relative to pornography use (EmSS), and (5) the 21-question version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results Our results indicate that 56.6% of those surveyed reported lifetime pornography use, with a significantly higher proportion of males than females reporting such use. The majority of students reported accessing pornography through internet-related technologies. Additionally, 17.0, 20.4, and 13.5% of students reported severe or extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety and stress, respectively, with compulsive pornography use significantly affecting all three mental health parameters in both sexes. Exploratory Factor Analysis identified three factors suggesting emotional coping, dependence and preoccupation for the mCIUS items and three factors reflecting interoceptive, impotent, and extrinsic characteristics for the EmSS items. Regression analysis indicated that various demographics, items pertaining to reduced control and social impairment, and other variables pertaining to pornography use predicted mental health outcomes. Faith, morals and personal motivation were the primary variables reported to help reduce pornography use. Conclusion Our analyses indicate a significant relationship between mental health and pornography use, including behaviors reflecting behavioral addictions, highlighting the necessity for a better understanding and consideration of the potential contribution of internet pornography to negative mental health among university students.
Does Three Strikes Really Deter? A Statistical Analysis Of Its Impact On Crime Rates In California

This study uses California crime statistics for the years 1984-2004, to determine what effect, if any, the increased sentencing standards under the three-strikes legislation in California have had in deterring crime. This study follows a new approach in differentiating between the incapacitation effect and the deterrent effect of the law. Incapacitation is tested by tracking the change in prison population. Our results show that the three strikes legislation had a significant deterrent effect on total and property crime, but not so for violent crime. We find no support for incapacitation in the limited time period following the three-strikes legislation.
High‐Content Analysis of Cytoskeleton Functions by Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy

The development of nanomedical strategies requires precise mechanistic models of cellular pathways. At center stage of many of these pathways is the cytoskeleton, which dynamically organizes cellular architecture and mediates cell morphological functions. In this chapter we review the principles and selected applications of quantitative fluorescent speckle microscopy (qFSM), a combined imaging modality and statistical toolset that delivers high-resolution measurements of cytoskeleton structure and dynamics in living cells. qFSM has emerged as an invaluable tool in studies aimed at delineating the mechanisms of cytoskeleton regulation by the systematic perturbation of molecular signals upstream of cytoskeleton outputs. Additionally, qFSM can be used as a precise readout of cytoskeleton responses in the search for new drugs and nanomedical strategies that alter cellular behavior by intervening with specific cytoskeleton functions. Keywords: fluorescent speckle microscopy; single-fluorophore imaging; cytoskeleton architecture; actin; microtubule
Diurnal and nocturnal transcriptomic variation in the Caribbean staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis

Reef-building corals experience large diel shifts in their environment, both externally due to changes in light intensity, predator activity and prey availability, and internally as a result of diel fluctuations in photosynthesis by their endosymbiotic algae, Symbiodinium. Diel patterns of tentacle behaviour, skeletal growth and gene expression indicate reactions of the coral animal in response to light and through circadian regulation. Some corals, such as the Caribbean Acroporas, have strong within-colony division of labour, including specialized fast-growing apical polyps, accompanied by large gene expression differences. Here we use RNA-seq to evaluate how diel changes in gene expression vary within the branching Caribbean staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis, between branch tips and branch bases. Multifactor generalized linear model analysis indicated that 6% (3005) of transcripts were differentially expressed between branch tips and bases, while 1% (441) of transcripts were differentially expressed between day and night. The gene expression patterns of 220 transcripts were affected by both time of day and location within the colony. In particular, photoreceptors, putative circadian genes, stress response genes and metabolic genes were differentially expressed between day and night, and some of these, including Amcry1, tef and hebp2, exhibited location-specific regulation within the coral colony as well. These findings indicate that the genetic response of the coral to day and night conditions varies within the colony. Both time of day and location within the colony are factors that should be considered in future coral gene expression experiments.
The potential for determining historic sea-ice extent from 1960's Nimbus HRIR satellite data

A critical need in climate research is to obtain continuous high quality data records and images as far back in time as is practical. There is a wealth of early Earth-observing satellite data that were never fully explored due to the limitations of historical programs and processing systems. With the recent recovery of some of these data, there is now an opportunity to use this 1960s vintage data to create sea ice extent, climate data records (CDRs) for this era. The original engineers and researchers are now mostly in their late 70s and 80s, and contact with them is critical to answering some of the necessary instrumentation questions. Only a portion of the original 6-bit, 7 track tapes have been recovered and none has been converted to modern formats. If this work is not done now, we will have forever lost the opportunity.
Regenerative semi-active control of tall building vibration with series TMDs

This paper studies the semi-active control of a novel configuration of tuned mass damper (TMD) using a modified clipped optimal control strategy, with the intention to harvest the vibration energy and control the vibration at the same time. One of the authors recently proposed and optimized the so called series TMD, in which multiple auxiliary masses and absorbers are connected to the primary system in series. It has been proven that it is more effective and robust than other types of TMDs with the same mass ratio such as parallel multiple TMDs, multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) TMDs and three- or four-element TMDs. In this paper, by replacing the viscous damping element between the two auxiliary masses of series TMD system with an electromagnetic transducer, we implement the semi-active series TMD by controlling the current flow through the transducer in a semi-active way, which also means that the electromagnetic motor works in the driven mode and acts as a electricity generator. The proposed control strategy is a combination of LQG and clipped control. LQG control with acceleration feedback is first designed and then a modified clipped control is used to realize it in a semi-active manner with a practical maximum force or damping limitations. Numerical simulations are carried out based on a tall building with semi-active series TMD under random and harmonic excitations, in comparison with the active and passive strategies. The results show that the proposed semi-active series TMD is very effective to control the vibration while harvesting large amount energy from the vibration of buildings.
Retinal laser photocoagulation: Benefits and risks

Abstract Retinal photocoagulation has been used for approximately 20 yr to treat a number of diseases of the retina and choroid, primarily affecting the vascular systems of these tissues. Within the past 15 yr. lasers have become the preferred photocoagulation instruments. Large-scale controlled clinical trials have conclusively demonstrated their efficacy in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The usefulness of laser treatment in other diseases is suspected, but the evidence is not yet conclusive, and several other large clinical trials are now either in progress or in the final planning stages. Complications of photocoagulation therapy are numerous but in general mild, and the most severe complications are observed only rarely.
Rotating-frame transformations: A new approximation for multiphoton absorption and dissociation in laser fields

The time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for the coherent interaction of a multilevel molecular system with an intense electromagnetic field is transformed with a new rotating-frame transformation into a frequency-dependent representation in which much of the information relevant to multiphoton excitation is contained in a time-independent interaction matrix, the solution of which follows by standard eigenvalue techniques. The flexibility of this transformation and simplicity of the resulting approximation (the general rotating-frame approximation) make it a powerful tool for solving the multiphoton dynamics of many-level systems. Extension to interactions with several laser fields is straightforward. The theory is illustrated by application to the model of Schek, Jortner, and Sage [Chem. Phys. 59, 11 (1981)] for the multiphoton dissociation of a diatomic molecule. The results from the general rotating-frame approximation are in good agreement with the exact results obtained by numerical integration of the full time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation. The implications for treatment of multiphoton absorption and dissociation of polyatomic molecules are discussed.
Effect of Metal Additions on the Microstructure of Zirconia

The diffusion of titanium into zirconia was studied to determine the mechanism by which increased sintering occurred in the metal-modified zirconias. Results revealed that the increased sintering occurred only when compositions above the solubility limit were fired considerably above the melting point of the titanium. Examination of the system Ti-Zr-0 revealed that considerable liquid was present at these firing temperatures. This liquid phase promoted the sintering of the zirconia. The increased sintering did not occur for compositions above the solubility limit fired below the temperature of liquid phase formation, or for compositions below the solubility limit fired considerably above or below the melting point of titanium.
Human motion reconstruction from force sensors

Consumer-grade, real-time motion capture devices are becoming commonplace in every household, thanks to the recent development in depth-camera technologies. We introduce a new approach to capturing and reconstructing freeform, full-body human motion using force sensors, supplementary to existing, consumer-grade mocap systems. Our algorithm exploits the dynamic aspects of human movement, such as linear and angular momentum, to provide key information for full-body motion reconstruction. Using two pressure sensing platforms (Wii Balance Board) and a hand tracking device, we demonstrate that human motion can be largely reconstructed from ground reaction forces along with a small amount of arm movement information.
The effect of race and residence on the receipt of childhood immunizations: 1993-2001.

Abstract Objective: To determine if rural minority children ages 3–71 months are more likely than similar aged urban minorities to have delays in their immunization status. Methods: Secondary analysis of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for the years 1993–2001. Findings: There were no substantial differences between the up-to-date immunization status of children living in metropolitan areas compared to children living in rural areas. There does appear to be a delay in introducing new vaccines into rural areas compared to metropolitan areas during the first 2 years of the vaccine recommendation. There were no significant differences in immunization status between Whites, Blacks and Hispanics living in metropolitan and rural areas. Conclusions: Rural minority children are no more likely than other children to have delayed immunizations.
Proton-excited X-ray analysis on whole blood using a small accelerator☆

Abstract A 200 kV positive-ion accelerator was successfully used to quantitatively determine the potassium and iron abundances in a sample of human whole blood. The results of the analysis compare well with the findings of other workers using different techniques. The internal standard method of doping separate batches of the liquid blood sample with increasing amounts of a potassium solution, and other batches with increasing concentrations of an iron solution, and measuring the intensities of the characteristic X-rays excited by protons from the samples after they were lyophilized was the procedure employed. The resulting concentration curves for each element were least-squares fitted by a polynomial and the normal abundances of potassium and iron were derived from the slope of the fitted concentration curve at zero doping level. Matrix effects were in evidence in each analysis, but this proved to be no hindrance to the analysis.
Malkata and Lisht Glassmaking Technologies: Towards a Specific Link between Second Millennium BC

Elemental analyses have been conducted on 61 coloured opaque glasses from the Malkata and Lisht New Kingdom glass factories. The presence of tin in several of the blue glasses suggests that a bronze casting byproduct or corrosion product was the source of the copper colorant for these glasses. A positive correlation between the lead and antimony concentrations of the yellow and green opaque glasses, plus a consistent excess of lead oxide in these glasses, suggests the use of antimony-rich cupellation litharge as the source for the Pb 2 Sb 2 O 7 colorant in these glasses. The metallurgical byproducts used to colour the Malkata and Lisht glasses provide an explicit mechanism for Peltenburg's theory of interaction between second millennium BC glassmakers and contemporary metalworkers/
Left ventricular function immediately after intravenous cocaine: a quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic study.

Objectives. We tested the hypothesis that intravenous cocaine, in doses commonly self-administered in nonmedical settings, causes acute myocardial ischemia and left ventricular dysfunction. Background. Cocaine-induced cardiac complications are responsible for a growing number of deaths in young people, but the mechanism by which cocaine induces complications is unclear. Methods. We performed 12-lead electrocardiography and quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography in 20 subjects before and after single intravenous doses of high dose cocaine (1.2 mg/kg body weight), low dose cocaine (0.6 mg/kg) and placebo. Results. At 2 to 7 min after cocaine administration, the rate-pressure product was increased significantly from baseline (high dose 73%, low dose 63%, placebo 8%, p < 0.001 for either dose vs. placebo). During this time, electrocardiography demonstrated dose-related nonspecific changes (high dose in 14 of 20 subjects, low dose in 9 of 20 subjects, placebo in 2 of 20 subjects, p < 0.002 for either dose vs. placebo). In contrast, echocardiography showed that the frequency of hyperdynamic left ventricular wall segmented doubled after high dose cocaine compared with placebo (34% [108 of 318] vs. 16% [51 of 319], respectively, p = 0.0001) but that there was no change in either left ventricular ejection fraction (high dose 66 ± 9%, placebo 67 ± 6%, p = NS) or wall motion score index (high dose 0.67 ± 0.44, placebo 0.85 ±0.30, p = NS). Conclusions. We concluded that cocaine, in doses commonly self-administered in nonmedical settings, does not cause acute myocardial ischemia or left ventricular dysfunction. We speculate that cocaine-induced cardiac complications are caused by idiosyncratic coronary artery vasospasm, by exceptionally high dosages or by cocaine-induced coronary artery thrombosis.
Effect of OCR error correction on Arabic retrieval

Arabic documents that are available only in print continue to be ubiquitous and they can be scanned and subsequently OCR'ed to ease their retrieval. This paper explores the effect of context-based OCR correction on the effectiveness of retrieving Arabic OCR documents using different index terms. Different OCR correction techniques based on language modeling with different correction abilities were tested on real OCR and synthetic OCR degradation. Results show that the reduction of word error rates needs to pass a certain limit to get a noticeable effect on retrieval. If only moderate error reduction is available, then using short character n-gram for retrieval without error correction is not a bad strategy. Word-based correction in conjunction with language modeling had a statistically significant impact on retrieval even for character 3-grams, which are known to be among the best index terms for OCR degraded Arabic text. Further, using a sufficiently large language model for correction can minimize the need for morphologically sensitive error correction.
Mechanics of Geological Materials

Needed advances in various areas of energy resource recovery, underground construction, earthquake hazard reduction, and conventional and nuclear defense depend critically on the development of improved theories for mechanical and thermal behavior of geological materials. The areas include oil and gas (including off-shore and Arctic production), mining and in situ recovery, geothermal production, nuclear waste isolation, under-ocean tunneling, underground storage, nuclear test containment, and effects of surface explosions. The needed developments, some of which are detailed in earlier National Academy of Science reports, include constitutive theories for inelastic deformation, failure, and post-failure behavior, influence of microstructure and macrostructure, rock fracture (direct breakage, hydraulic fracture explosive fracture), frictional sliding, soil liquefaction, mechanics of ice, determination of in situ conditions, flow through porous media, and thermal effects. Advances in mechanics of geological materials will require adaptation of some established techniques in rheology, metal plasticity, composite materials, mixtures, etc., and also the development of some entirely new ideas and methods. The complicated nature of rocks and soils, the wide ranges of stress, temperature, strain rate, etc., the interactions encountered in geotechnical processes, and the vastly different dimensions and time scales involved, lead to a host of challenging problems in solid mechanics.
Experimental Study of Microbubble Formation in Micro Channel

The formation of unconfined spherical microbubbles in a micro channel is investigated in this study. A liquid channel (primary channel) and a gas channel (secondary channel) which is perpendicular to each other form a T-Junction where the microbubbles are formed. Fused silica tubes of 20μm inner diameter and 360μm outer diameter is used as the secondary channel. The hydraulic diameter of the liquid channel is varied to study its effect on the bubble formation. Because of the small size of the gas orifice compared to the hydraulic diameter of the liquid channel the microbubbles formed are completely spherical, thus giving enough facility to study its formation and detachment criteria. The microbubble formation inside the micro channel is studied subjected to variable parameters such as liquid flow rate, gas flow rate, and the hydraulic diameter of the liquid channel. Silicon wafer subjected to dry etching techniques is used to make both the primary micro channels and channels which holds the fused silica tube (secondary channel). A glass piece is anodically bonded to the silicon wafer which seals both the channel from the top. Holes are drilled on to the glass piece to provide the inlet and outlet of the channels and the T-junction is continuously monitored using an Olympus i-speed camera capable of taking 10000 frames per second. Di ionized water is used as the liquid and nitrogen is used as the gas for bubble formation. The results obtained show that the bubble diameter decreases with the increase in the liquid flow rate, and decrease in hydraulic diameter of the liquid channel. The gas flow rate does not have any effect on the bubble diameter, as the gas flow rate was increased the frequency of the bubble formation increases.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Group index of the human cornea at 1.3-μm wavelength obtained in vitro by optical coherence domain reflectometry

The group index of the cornea, rather than the phase refractive index, is required for thickness calculations with optical coherence tomography. Recent advances with high-speed optical coherence tomography at 1.3 µm make index measurement at this wavelength of great interest. Group indices of three human corneas from an eye bank were measured in vitro with optical coherence domain reflectometry. Measurements were made in a calibrated cuvette filled with a preservation medium to maintain proper corneal hydration. Group indices were calculated from the optical path lengths measured. The corneal group index was 1.389±0.004 (average±standard deviation). The average group index of a balanced salt solution, an approximation to aqueous humor, was 1.343±0.001.
A surgical system of management of chronic suppurative otitis media

A surgical system of management for the different types of chronic suppurative otitis media has evolved. It is convenient to classify the area and amount of involvement of the ear by disease so that a method of management can be outlined and the patient can be preoperatively appraised of the extent and type of surgery required. Depending on the area and extent of involvement predetermined surgical procedures can be used, either alone or together, as building blocks that can be called on when needed. A useful system of surgical units includes: (1) Myringoplasty; (2) Tympanoplasty with intact tympanic membrane; (3) Myringoplasty combined with tympanoplasty; (4) Transcanal removal of attic cholesteatoma and mastoidectomy with removal of cholesteatoma; (5) Myringoplasty with removal of obstructing granulation tissue from the tympanum and mastoidectomy to establish drainage through the facial recess; (6) Myringoplasty in combination with tympanoplasty and mastoidectomy for the removal of extensive cholesteatoma. In addition, special techniques are required for the management of complications. By using these individual surgical procedures alone or together, gratifying results can be obtained with preservation of the external auditory canal, removal of all cholesteatoma, and effective reconstruction of hearing.
Snowboarder's Talus Fracture: Mechanism of Injury

Fracture of the lateral process of the talus is an injury unique to snowboarders and is of particular clinical relevance because it masquerades as an anterolateral ankle sprain and is difficult to detect on standard radiographic views. Misdiagnosis can lead to long-term morbidity in a young and active population, with ensuing severe degeneration of the subtalar joint. To date, the precise mechanism of injury has not been established, making it difficult to identify potential preventive strategies in equipment design or snowboarding technique. Fracture of the lateral process of the talus in snowboarders has been thought to result from pure dorsiflexion and inversion combined with axial loading. We hypothesized, however, that external rotation is a key component of the mechanism of injury. Ten cadaveric ankles were mounted on a materials testing machine in a position of fixed dorsiflexion and inversion. All ankles were loaded to failure axially, with or without combined external rotation. No fractures occurred after axial loading in dorsiflexion and inversion, but six of eight specimens sustained fractures of the lateral process of the talus when similarly loaded with external rotation added, supporting our hypothesis. Further study is needed to evaluate the relationship between various types of snowboarding equipment and fracture mechanism.
Observational and laboratory insights into salt finger convection

Improving observational capabilities in the ocean are revealing a substantial body of evidence that the double-diffusive instability known as salt fingers is widely present and plays a significant role in oceanic mixing. This evidence includes unique fine- and microstructure features in particular regions and distinct patterns in the temperature and salinity variations over large areas. Laboratory experiments have also advanced our understanding of salt fingers. The insights gleaned from both laboratory and ocean are reviewed and related to large-scale ocean structure and climate modeling.
Complications of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the gastrointestinal bleeder

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, even with modern flexible fiberscopes, is associated with occasional life-threatening complications including perforation, hemorrhage, and various cardiopulmonary events. In the upper gastrointestinal bleeder, especially the elderly or those with active bleeding, risks may be appreciably higher, especially with respect to pulmonary aspiration, other cardiopulmonary events, and rebleeding.
Super-razor and searches for sleptons and charginos at the LHC

Direct searches for electroweak pair production of new particles at the LHC are a difficult proposition, due to the large background and low signal cross sections. We demonstrate how these searches can be improved by a combination of new razor variables and shape analysis of signal and background kinematics. We assume that the pair-produced particles decay to charged leptons and missing energy, either directly or through a W boson. In both cases the final state is a pair of opposite sign leptons plus missing transverse energy. We estimate exclusion reach in terms of sleptons and charginos as realized in minimal supersymmetry. We compare this super-razor approach in detail to analyses based on other kinematic variables, showing how the super-razor uses more of the relevant kinematic information while achieving higher selection efficiency on signals, including cases with compressed spectra.
The effect of structure on the stability of detonations I. Role of the induction zone

The linear stability of steady, plane, overdriven detonations is considered when the disturbance wavelength is much larger than the thickness of the wave. In the limit of very long wavelengths, the structure palys no role and we merely recover results of Erpenbeck, Majda, and Rosales, albeit in a more transparent fashion. Otherwise, by (realistically) considering an induction zone behind the lead shock that is very sensitive to the shock temperature, we find that the detonation wave is unstable under all conditions. The neutrally stable modes described by Majda & Rosales (which they claim are responsible for the observed diamond patterns) are found to be either stabilized or nonexistent. Our present analysis does not select a most unstable wave mode, a requirement if the diamond patterns are to be expalined, but a slight modification does. The latter, which takes account of futher reaction (in the burnt gas), will be the subject of Part II.
Choosing the best solution in an R&D project selection problem with multiple objectives

Chapters 1 and 3 presented multiobjective models for the project selection problem. In multiobjective problems it is not uncommon that solution methodologies produce a large number of nondominated alternatives. The decision maker is then left with the difficult task of choosing from this set. In the prior chapters we noted that methods are available to aid the decision maker with this task. In this chapter we return to this issue and present a detailed technical discussion of five methods for assisting the decision maker in this choice by reducing the set of all nondominated solutions to a manageable number. The last method we present uses stochastic techniques to eliminate solutions which exhibit too much risk, leaving only a potentially small number of solutions with acceptable risk characteristics. In project selection problems risk is often a primary concern. We will return to the discussion of risk in later chapters.
Creating and sustaining ethical capability in the multi-national corporation

Multinational corporations are continually seeking sources of competitive advantage. In addition to strategic, technological, financial, and organizational capabilities as sources of competitive advantage, this paper argues that ethical capability also can be an important source of sustainable advantage. The paper presents the challenges of ethics in an international context, discusses the resource-based view of competitive advantage, and describes how a multinational company can develop and sustain ethical capability through the related processes of transformational leadership, organizational learning, and human resource management.
Pathological Stage T3a Significantly Increases Disease Recurrence across All Tumor Sizes in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: Tumor size and stage are important prognostic parameters in renal cell carcinoma. While pathological stage T1 and T2 are defined by size alone, the presence of certain intrinsic features can up stage a tumor to pathological stage T3a regardless of size. We investigate the effect of pathological tumor stage on the relationship between tumor size and risk of disease recurrence.Materials and Methods: Data were reviewed on patients who underwent nephrectomy at our institution between 2006 and 2013 to identify all those with pathological stage T1, T2 and T3a tumors. A proportional hazards Cox model was built with time to recurrence as outcome, and pathological stage and tumor size as covariates. An interaction term for stage and tumor size was included.Results: The final cohort included 1,809 patients. On multivariable analysis, when adjusted for tumor size, patients with pT3a tumors had a greater risk of tumor recurrence compared to those with pT1/T2 tumors (HR 3.70; 95% CI 2.31, 5.92; p <0.0001). Th...
Does Real-Time Feedback to Residents with or without Attendings Improve Medical Documentation?

AbstractBackground: Teaching resident physicians to appropriately document patient diagnoses in the medical record is critical to ensure accuracy of publicly reported data and to enable quality improvement initiatives. We sought to determine if providing real-time feedback to resident or attending physicians would lead to improved medical documentation. Methods: We audited charts to determine if target diagnoses were present and documented. After a baseline data-gathering period, during the intervention period the first author randomly provided feedback to either residents alone or residents plus their attending physicians. Capture rates for targeted diagnoses, total diagnoses documented and coded, severity of illness (SOI), risk of mortality (ROM), and case mix index were compared pre- and postintervention. Results: During the intervention, the proportion of target diagnoses captured increased from 30% to 54% (P < 0.001), as did the median (interquartile [IQ] range) number of diagnoses captured (from 11 ...
Mechanisms of Astrocyte-Mediated Cerebral Edema

Cerebral edema formation stems from disruption of blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and occurs after injury to the CNS. Due to the restrictive skull, relatively small increases in brain volume can translate into impaired tissue perfusion and brain herniation. In excess, cerebral edema can be gravely harmful. Astrocytes are key participants in cerebral edema by virtue of their relationship with the cerebral vasculature, their unique compliment of solute and water transport proteins, and their general role in brain volume homeostasis. Following the discovery of aquaporins, passive conduits of water flow, aquaporin 4 (AQP4) was identified as the predominant astrocyte water channel. Normally, AQP4 is highly enriched at perivascular endfeet, the outermost layer of the BBB, whereas after injury, AQP4 expression disseminates to the entire astrocytic plasmalemma, a phenomenon termed dysregulation. Arguably, the most important role of AQP4 is to rapidly neutralize osmotic gradients generated by ionic transporters. In pathological conditions, AQP4 is believed to be intimately involved in the formation and clearance of cerebral edema. In this review, we discuss aquaporin function and localization in the BBB during health and injury, and we examine post-injury ionic events that modulate AQP4-dependent edema formation.
Correlation in Bakhtin's Architectonic of the Act: The Ethical-Aesthetic Dimension of Rhetoric

Despite his own suspicions regarding the value of rhetoric, Bakhtin's understanding of truth as essentially correlative creates a space for the emergence of a vital rhetorical discourse. In this article, I seek to discover the relevance of Bakhtin's early philosophical work by considering its usefulness for questions regarding the complex associations between language, rhetoric, and knowledge. My argument is that Bakhtin's phenomenological analysis of meaning as an event works to create an alternate epistemological framework where the ethical-aesthetic dimension of rhetorical discourse is revealed. I contend that the epistemological significance of correlation is a key element in our ability to understand rhetoric as constitutive of knowledge without falling prey to relativism. Bakhtin mediates the tension between rhetoric and truth by directing our attention to the rhetorical aspects that compose the most basic elements of existing in the world.
Effect of volatility on dust flammability limits for coals, gilsonite, and polyethylene

Lean limit concentrations and limestone rock dust inerting requirements were measured in a 20-L chamber for a range of carbonaceous dusts including various ranks of coal, gilsonite, and artificial mixtures consisting of polyethylene and graphite. Although there is some uncertainty in the true yield of volatiles for some of the fossil mineral dusts, especially at flame flux levels, the data show that the combustible volatile content of the carbonaceous dusts is the dominant factor governing their combustion behavior in the dust explosions. The char residues and graphite are essentially inert on the rapid time scale required for flame propagation processes in explosions. The lean flammability limits of the various dusts correspond to invariant combustible volatile concentrations of about 30 to 40 g/m 3 . Total interting of the dusts occurs when the inert content of the mixture exceeds about 90 to 95 wt pct or, equivalently, when the combustible volatile content is less than 5 to 10 wt pct. The char's role is equivalent to that of the other inert constituents, such as ash and rock dust. In addition to the 20-L explosibility experiments, volatile yields of the various coals were measured using a high power, carbon dioxide laser at flux levels of 110 to 115 W/cm 2 . These measurements provide new data on the volatilities of 110 μm particles of the various coals, but some uncertainties remain in the absolute volatilities of the various sized coals used for the 20-L tests. A relatively simple volatility model for the various fossil mineral dusts can be used to explain their explosion propagation behavior and their extinction limits. When the uncertainties in volatility were removed by using the artificial mixtures of a completely volatilizable fuel (polyethylene) and the nonvolatilizable graphite, the model was confirmed.
Molecular packing and small-penetrant diffusion in polystyrene: a molecular dynamics simulation study

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to study bulk atactic polystyrene (aPS). A united-atom non-bonded potential is calibrated for the aromatic-ring carbons, which, along with previously determined non-bonded functions, results in a good representation of pressure-volume temperature relations for aPS. Experimental X-ray scattering data for glassy aPS are well reproduced in simulation. Packing features in the glass are discussed in terms of various site-site radial distribution functions. Diffusion coefficients for methane as an example of a small-molecule penetrant are determined as a function of temperature in the range 380–550 K. The values from simulation when extrapolated to room temperature via an Arrhenius plot are found to be consistent with experimental values for the similar gas CO 2 at that temperature, thus implying that the glass transition in the matrix has little effect on the diffusion. The temperature behaviour of the diffusion coefficients as well as the detailed jump behaviour of the penetrant indicate that the diffusion mechanism corresponds to hopping from site to site in a solid-like medium over the temperature range studied. The lack of effect of the glass transition on diffusion is rationalized in terms of the mechanism already being hopping in a solid-like medium well above T g . Diffusion is the slowest in aPS of any of the polymeric matrices studied so far by MD simulation. This correlates well with the fractional free volume found, which is also the lowest yet found in the polymeric matrices.
The Differentiation of Pigmentation in Flower Parts. IX. Changes in Pelargonidin Derivatives in Developing Petals of the Red-Flowered Genotype (llHHPrPr) of Impatiens balsamina

Summary With the aid of polyamide CC, the quantitative changes of 6 pelargonidin derivatives in petals of the red-flowered genotype (llHHP r P r ) of Impatiens balsamina were followed. Several minor compounds, previously reported and tentatively identified, were enriched and purified. Compounds formerly described as 3-glucosylglucosides have now been identified as 3-rhamnosylglucosides. Based on the changes in each pigment derivative during flower petal development a revised biogenetic pathway of 11 different pelargonidin derivatives in this tissue is proposed.
Therapeutic embolization for unusual iatrogenic complications related to coronary revascularization

Percutaneous therapeutic embolization may be an effective strategy to manage distal coronary perforations or inadvertent iatrogenic coronary arteriovenous fistula complicating revascularization procedures. We present two cases in which embolization techniques were used to manage these patients and avoid the need for surgical intervention. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 46:457–462, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The poetry and politics of Farrokhi Yazdi

Farrokhi Yazdi's career as a poet first and foremost, a journalist now and again, and finally a Majles deputy has generally been identified with the more radical trends of outlook during the post-Constitutional era and into the reign of Reza Shah. By virtue of subjects such as freedom, patriotism, syndicalism, and the class struggle-recurrent themes both in his poetry and in the articles which appeared in his well-known newspaper Tufan-he has been classified amongst the pioneers of revolutionary literature in modern Iran.1 Therefore, in any discussion of literature and society in Iran between the two world wars, he deserves special attention. His political life fits almost exactly into the period mentioned: having begun his political and journalistic activities in the years prior to the First World War, he died in prison shortly before the beginning of the Second. But apart from brief references in standard histories of literature, there has been no specific study of his life or works in the West.2 In Iran, in spite of periodic censorship his poetry has gone through several editions, and he is still read and remembered, especially under politically charged circumstances.3 His life and
Optical correlator based pose estimation using a bank of filters and a pose search algorithm

A pose search algorithm is used in conjunction with a bank of binary phase only filters (BPOF's) to determine the pose of a craft in a docking scenario. This approach is facilitated by the use of a high speed spatial light modulator (SLM) capable of operating at ~ 4 kHz integrated into a VanderLugt type optical correlator. The filters are generated using images created from a 3D model of a craft and 3D animation software. The pose estimation is calculated using a computer interfaced to the optical correlator via a Matlab developed algorithm that captures the image frame and performs a series of correlations from a subset of filters selected by the algorithm from the filter bank.