cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties of various circumferential tendon suture techniques

We evaluated the mechanical properties of six different circumferential tendon sutures with a variable number of suture strands. Seventy-two human cadaver flexor profundus tendons were cut and repaired using only a 6/0 polypropylene circumferential suture. The six running suture techniques were: Simple; Simple-locking; Lembert; Halsted; Cross-stitch; Lin-locking; using 10, 14 and 18 suture passes. The increased suture passes increased both tensile and gap strengths. The tensile strength of the Lin-locking technique (29 to 63 N) was significantly stronger than the others, followed by Cross-stitch (27 to 38 N), Halsted (21 to 27 N), Lembert (20 to 27 N), Simple (11 to 22 N) and Simple-locking (10 to 17 N). The gap strength values were between 3 to 14 N, with no significant differences between the techniques. The resistance to gliding, as measured by work of flexion, was not affected by the number of strands. However, the Lin-locking significantly increased the resistance to gliding (33–36%) compared to the other techniques (6–21%); there were no significant differences between these five techniques.
Treatment for Partner Abuse: Time for a Paradigm Shift.

The standard approach of arresting abusers and mandating their participation in short-term group treatment produces mixed results at best. Six problematic assumptions compromise the outcome of this I-size-fits-all intervention. A review of these assumptions suggests the need for a paradigmatic shift toward the need to identify abusers who can and cannot be helped. For those amenable to treatment, intervention should include the assessment of both partners and their interaction as well as the provision of individualized, 4-step multidimensional services for both abusers and their victims. Activism, research, and skill-building are all required to promote the vitally needed changes. Partner abuse is a major worldwide problem: Between 10% and 50% of all women report having been abused by their intimate partners sometime during their lives (World Health Organization, 2001). In the United States, partner abuse is reported each year by more than 1.5 million women (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998) and 800,000 men (Gondolf & Jones, 2002). There are doubtless many other instances of abuse that are not reported to police, health care workers. or even epidemiological researchers. Victimization may be kept secret because of embarrassment, fear of retaliation, the wish to avoid legal intrusions in their lives, or the belief that it is universal and unavoidable. When abuse is revealed, mental health professionals generally offer the standard, but somewhat flawed, approach to intervention known as the Duluth model (Pence & Paymar, 1993). The major limitations of this approach are discussed as a preface to the presentation of a four-step alternative model that is more in keeping with the basic tenets of sound psychological practice.
An Emotional-Freedom Defense of Schadenfreude

Schadenfreude is the emotion we experience when we obtain pleasure from others’ misfortunes. Typically, we are not proud of it and admit experiencing it only sheepishly or apologetically. Philosophers typically view it, and the disposition to experience it, as moral failings. Two recent defenders of Schadenfreude, however, argue that it is morally permissible because it stems from judgments about the just deserts of those who suffer misfortunes. I also defend Schadenfreude, but on different grounds that overcome two deficiencies of those recent defenses. First, my defense accounts for the wide range of circumstances in which we experience Schadenfreude. Those circumstances often involve feelings and judgments that are less noble and admirable than judgments regarding just deserts. Second, it accounts for the sheepish or apologetic feelings that commonly accompany Schadenfreude. The two recent defenses can account for those feelings only by holding that they are mistaken or misguided. In opposition to those who view Schadenfreude as a moral failing, I argue that it is morally permissible unless it is part of a causal chain that produces an immoral act. The moral permissibility of the emotion is necessary in order for individuals to have the emotional freedom that, in turn, is necessary for their well-being. Schadenfreude’s moral status is similar to a sexual fetish’s. Like a fetish, experiencing Schadenfreude is not immoral in itself, but sharing and discussing it with others is immoral in many contexts.
Multiple sclerosis: oligodendrocytes in active lesions do not express class II major histocompatibility complex molecules.

Abstract The expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules by oligodendrocytes has been proposed as evidence for their involvement in the multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion although the literature on the subject is controversial and based largely upon observations in vitro. With a modified immunocytochemical procedure on 1 μm epoxy sections, the present study has examined the expression of class II MHC molecules (Ia) on cells within actively demyelinating lesions in a central nervous system biopsy from a case of acute MS. White Ia was readily demonstrable on microglial cells aand astrocytes, it was never detected on adjacent surviving oligodendrocytes. Unexpectedly, in parallel sectios, the oligodendrocytes stained positively for myelin-associated glycoprotein, a marker for immature oligodendrocytes. The unequivocal lack of Ia expression by oligodendrocytes in MS makes it unlikely that they serve as immunomodulators in lesion pathogenesis.
Polarization of Prompt Muons Produced at P t = 2.15 GeV/ c by 400-GeV Proton Interactions

The polarization of prompt muons produced at a center-of-mass angle of 61degree and a transverse momentum of 2.15 GeV/c by the interaction of 400-GeV protons was measured to be -0.135 +- 0.20. This value, consistent with zero, differs from the large value reported from similar measurements at 70 GeV and is inconsistent with the proposal that the prompt leptons observed at large transverse momenta are derived from weak decays of intermediate particles. (AIP)
Discrimination and instructions as factors in the control of nonreinforced imitation

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to investigate factors controlling performance of nonreinforced verbal imitation. The first experiment investigated the discrimination hypothesis by systematically reducing the number of responses in the reinforced class. Results were inconsistent. Two of four children showed a significant reduction in nonreinforced responses though rates stayed high. The second and third experiments evaluated instructions on nonreinforced responses. Instructions to SAY the words were given only during the first session. Subsequent instructions not to say nonreinforced words resulted in reduced imitation, while instructions to “Do anything you want” resulted in high rates of nonreinforced imitation for both children in Experiment 2 and three of four children in Experiment 3.
Optical interference coatings for the inhibiting of counterfeiting

Abstract : Counterfeiting of valuable papers and identification documents made of paper or plastics, such as banknotes, credit cards, passports, etc., is presently inhibited through the use of inks of many colours, intricate engraved designs on special papers which sometimes contain watermarks or embedded coloured paper platelets or metal threads. These methods have not always offered adequate protection. It is proposed to use optical multilayer coatings to validate such documents. One property of such coatings is that their spectral characteristics vary with the angle of incidence of the light. This angular variation can be made use of to enable the man in the street to distinguish at a glance an authentic document bearing such a coating from even the best counterfeit lacking it. With the same coating it is possible also to provide ever more discriminating tests of the authenticity of the document for the shop or bank, and for the crime laboratory where more sophisticated equipment can be used. The calculated and actual performance of a number of coatings designed for this purpose are described. These include some that permit positive identification not dependent on colour vision. (Modified author abstract)
The Right Subclavian Vein Can Be Used as a Surrogate of the Inferior Vena Cava, as an Echocardiographic Indicator of Systemic Venous Congestion

Respiratory variations in the caliber of the inferior vena cava, imaged in the subcostal view with the patient supine, correlated well with respiratory variation in the caliber of the right subclavian vein with the patient reclining at a 45° angle. The subclavian vein was imaged by a right supraclavicular approach. We suggest that the right subclavian vein caliber be used as a surrogate of the inferior vena cava caliber when the latter cannot be used because of obesity, epigastric tenderness, or other reasons.
Anogenital distance and penile width measurements in The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES): methods and predictors

Summary Background Anogenital distance (AGD) is an androgen responsive anatomic measurement that may have significant utility in clinical and epidemiological research studies. We describe development of standardized measurement methods and predictors of AGD outcomes. Methods We examined infants born to 758 participants in The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES cohort) in four clinical centers in 2011-2013. We developed and implemented a detailed training protocol that incorporated multiple quality control (QC) measures. In males, we measured anoscrotal distance (AGD AS ) , anopenile distance (AGD AP ), and penile width (PW) and in females, anofourchette distance (AGD AF, ) and anoclitoral distance (AGD AC ). A single examiner obtained three repetitions of all measurements, and a second examiner obtained independent measurements for 14% of infants. We used the intra-rater ICC to assess within-examiner variability and the inter-rater ICC to assess between-examiner variability. We used multivariable linear regression to examine predictors of AGD outcomes including: gestational age at birth, birth weight, gestational age, several measures of body size, race, maternal age, and study center. Results In the full TIDES cohort, including 758 mothers and children, significant predictors of AGD and PW included: age at exam, gestational age at birth, weight-for-length Z-score, maternal age and study center. In 371 males, the mean (SD) AGD AS , AGD AP, and PW were 24.7 (4.5), 49.6 (5.9), and 10.8 (1.3) mm, respectively. In 387 females, the mean (SD) AGD AF and AGD AC were 16.0 (3.2) mm and 36.7 (3.8) mm, respectively. The intra-examiner ICC and inter-examiner ICC averaged over all subjects and examiners were between 0.89–0.92 and 0.69–0.84 respectively. Conclusions Our study confirms that with appropriate training and quality control measures, AGD and PW measurements can be performed reliably and accurately in male and female infants. In order for reliable interpretation, these measurements should be adjusted for appropriate covariates in epidemiologic analysis.
Impact of comorbidity on lung cancer survival

Lung cancer is associated with smoking and age, both of which are associated with comorbidity. We evaluated the impact of comorbidity on lung cancer survival. Data on 56 comorbidities were abstracted from the records of a cohort of 1,155 patients. Survival effects were evaluated with Cox regression (outcome crude death). The adjusted R(2) statistic was used to compare the survival variation explained by predictive variables. No comorbidity was observed in 11.7% of patients, while 54.3% had 3 or more (mean 2.97) comorbidities. In multivariate analysis, 19 comorbidities were associated with survival: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, previous metastatic cancer, thyroid/glandular diseases, electrolyte imbalance, anemia, other blood diseases, dementia, neurologic disease, congestive heart failure, COPD, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, liver disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, renal disease, connective tissue disease, osteoporosis and peripheral vascular disease. Only the latter was protective. Some of the hazards of comorbidities were explained by more directly acting comorbidities and/or receipt of treatment. Stage explained 25.4% of the survival variation. In addition to stage, the 19 comorbidities explained 6.1%, treatments 9.2%, age 3.7% and histology 1.3%. Thirteen uncommon comorbidities (prevalence <6%) affected 21.2% of patients and explained 3.5% of the survival variation. Comorbidity count and the Charlson index were significant predictors but explained only 2.5% and 2.0% of the survival variation, respectively. Comorbidity has a major impact on survival in early- and late-stage disease, and even infrequent deleterious comorbidities are important collectively. Comorbidity count and the Charlson index failed to capture much information. Clinical practice and trials need to consider the effect of comorbidity in lung cancer patients.
Laboratory and clinical outcomes of pharmacogenetic vs. clinical protocols for warfarin initiation in orthopedic patients

Summary. Background: Warfarin is commonly prescribed for prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolism after orthopedic surgery. During warfarin initiation, out-of-range International Normalized Ratio (INR) values and adverse events are common. Methods: In orthopedic patients beginning warfarin therapy, we developed and prospectively validated pharmacogenetic and clinical dose refinement algorithms to revise the estimated therapeutic dose after 4 days of therapy. Results: The pharmacogenetic algorithm used the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 genotype, smoking status, peri-operative blood loss, liver disease, INR values and dose history to predict the therapeutic dose. The R2 was 82% in a derivation cohort (n = 86) and 70% when used prospectively (n = 146). The R2 of the clinical algorithm that used INR values and dose history to predict the therapeutic dose was 57% in a derivation cohort (n = 178) and 48% in a prospective validation cohort (n = 146). In 1 month of prospective follow-up, the percent time spent in the therapeutic range was 7% higher (95% CI: 2.7–11.7) in the pharmacogenetic cohort. The risk of a laboratory or clinical adverse event was also significantly reduced in the pharmacogenetic cohort (Hazard Ratio 0.54; 95% CI: 0.30–0.97). Conclusions: Warfarin dose adjustments that incorporate genotype and clinical variables available after four warfarin doses are accurate. In this non-randomized, prospective study, pharmacogenetic dose refinements were associated with more time spent in the therapeutic range and fewer laboratory or clinical adverse events. To facilitate gene-guided warfarin dosing we created a non-profit website, http://www.WarfarinDosing.org.
Processing the gingival and mucosal acrylic resin component of implant-supported prostheses

A procedure for processing the acrylic resin portion of implant prostheses is presented whereby denture tooth displacement is avoided, abutment cylinders are protected, prosthesis screw access holes are provided, and laboratory guide pins are recovered for future use.
Analysis of exchanges between novice and cooperating teachers during internships using the NCATE/NASPE Standards for Teacher Preparation in Physical Education as guidelines.

To be recognized as an accredited program, Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) programs in the country must abide by guidelines put forward by the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE), in collaboration with the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE). The guidelines are divided into nine standards and identify a number of outcomes (NASPE, 1998). The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of the exchanges between novice teachers (NTs) and cooperating teachers (CTs), when using the NASPE Standards (1998) as a reference point, and determine if the focus of the exchanges differed over time and according to data source. Six pairs of CTs and their NT participated in the study. Data were collected through recorded conversations between NTs and their CT as well as NTs' logs. Data showed that the majority of conversations focused on planning and instruction (Standard 6) and management and motivation (Standard 4), while few related to diverse l...
6-Methoxyflavonols from Brickellia veronicaefolia (compositae)

Abstract Three new and eight known flavonols, all containing 6-methoxyl groups, were isolated from Brickellia veronicaefolia . The new compounds were eupatolitin 3-sulfate, 6-methoxyquercetin 7,3′-dimethyl ether (veronicafolin) 3-digalactoside and veronicafolin 3-sulfate. The known flavonoids were eupatolitin, quer-cetagetin 3,6,7-trimethyl ether, eupatin, casticin, artemetin, eupatolitin 3-galactoside, patuletin 3-sulfate and eupatin 3-sulfate.
Metabolic and hemodynamic consequences of sodium bicarbonate administration in patients with heart disease.

Purpose The use of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) in cardiopulmonary arrest has been questioned, but the effects of NaHCO 3 in patients with heart disease are not known. We therefore prospectively evaluated the effects of NaHCO 3 in patients with congestive heart failure. Patients and methods Ten patients received NaHCO 3 and control infusions of equimolar sodium chloride (NaCl). Measurements were made of blood gases, 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG), glucose, lactate, cardiac hemodynamics, and oxygen consumption. Results The arterial oxygen tension (pO 2 ) fell an average of 10 mm Hg after NaHCO 3 administration in patients with congestive heart failure, whereas it rose with NaCl (p 3 administration. The oxygen pressure at 50% hemoglobin saturation (P 50 ) was correspondingly elevated at baseline in these patients and decreased significantly with NaHCO 3 (Bohr effect) (p 3 but decreased with NaCl administration (p 3 (p 3 administration; two of these three developed symptoms of angina. Coronary blood flow did not change with NaHCO 3 but increased with NaCl (p Conclusion These data demonstrate that NaHCO 3 impairs arterial oxygenation and reduces systemic and myocardial oxygen consumption. The decrease in oxygen utilization is associated with anaerobic metabolism, enhanced glycolysis, and elevation of the blood lactate level, and may lead to transient myocardial ischemia in some patients. Thus, the use of NaHCO 3 in such patients warrants re-evaluation.
When Clients Sense the Presence of Loved Ones Who Have Died

The continued bonds between bereaved individuals and the deceased are central to the process of mourning. One challenging form of continuing bond is that in which the mourner senses the actual presence of the deceased--i.e., seeing one's deceased husband at the kitchen counter. Some see this experience as a sign of pathology while others see it as a normal, healthy aspect of grief and mourning. Twenty-one social workers shared their experiences in addressing this issue with clients. Despite conceptualizing this experience in a variety of ways, they all grounded their interactions with clients around this issue on the fundamental social work value of respecting the client's dignity and experience. Their experiences and insights may be useful to other practitioners.
SIBLING SPECIES OF SMALL AFRICAN HONEY‐GUIDES

SUMMARY It is now clear that Indicator exilis does not have so extensive a range or so many geographic races as were attributed to it only a few years ago. Alongside exilis, over a large part of its distribution in forested tropical Africa, lives a sibling species, I. willcocksi, of somewhat more greenish colouration, usually more streaked on the crown. On the higher mountains in the Kivu region of Central Africa dwells a third species, I. pumilio, of small size, with beak proportionately still smaller. A fourth species, I. meliphilus, markedly paler grey beneath than any of the preceding, is restricted to rather dry regions from eastern Africa to Nyasaland and Angola. Many details of distribution and geographic variation will require further investigation.
Depth distribution of short-chain organic acid turnover in Cape Lookout Bight sediments

The midsummer depth distribution of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, lactate, and pyruvate turnover rates was measured in Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina sediments. Acetate and pyruvate turnover rates were the highest measured; the range of rates measured were 170–420 μmole 1s−1 h−1 for acetate, and 160–670 μmol 1s−1 h−1 for pyruvate. Lactate, propionate, butyrate, and iso-butyrate together were precursors of less than 25% of the acetate metabolized, suggesting that most of the acetate was produced from the direct fermentation of larger organics, with pyruvate as a possible important intra and/or extra-cellular intermediate. In general, surface sediments displayed high turnover rates and low concentrations; in deeper sediments turnover rates were roughly proportional to the corresponding concentrations.
Analytical calculation of the quantum-mechanical transmission coefficient for a triangular, planar-doped potential barrier

Abstract The thermionic emission limit for current transport in planar-doped triangular barrier devices is determined by the quantum-mechanical reflection of the charge carriers at the barrier. In this paper we present an analytical calculation for the quantum-mechanical transmission and reflection coefficients for such a barrier.
On Fundamental Domains and the Teichmüller Modular Group

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the problem of determining a fundamental domain for M(G) and presents steps to solve it, where M is modulo group of orientation preserving homeomorphisms of S modulo those isotopic to the identity and G is a Fuchsian group. The fundamental domains are explored for the action of M on the Teichmuller spaces of the simple surfaces and for the action of M on the combination or twist parameters. The chapter also presents a proof of the existence of bounds on the lengths of certain classes of geodesies on S.
Calcium and Adenosine Triphosphate Binding to Renal Membranes

Calcium binds to membranous structures isolated from rabbit kidney cortex homogenates. The binding is enhanced by ATP and Mg++ in combination. Other nucleotides, ITP and GTP, do not have this property. In contrast to similar preparations of nerve and muscle, the binding is not augmented by oxalate (3–100 mM). Also, binding of calcium cannot be correlated with ATP hydrolysis. p-Chloromercuribenzoate and the mercurial diuretic agent mercaptomerin inhibit the binding of calcium. This system can be distinguished from the binding of calcium by mitochondria by lack of azide inhibition and by failure of ADP-succinate to substitute for ATP. 14C- and γ-32P-labeled ATP bind to the renal membranes in the absence of calcium, but only the 32P binding increases when calcium is added. The ratio of 32P bound to 45Ca bound is 2:1. The above data are consistent with a hypothesis that calcium is metabolically bound to renal membranes and that this binding is associated with membrane phosphorylation. Such a formulation may have pertinence to the conformational state of renal membranes and subsequent permeability characteristics. It also allows for the concept that membrane stability requires metabolic participation, as well as calcium ions.
Composition of biliary lipids and kinetics of bile acids after cholecystectomy in man

Postcholecystectomy biliary lipid composition and bile acid kinetics were studied in 24 women and 4 men. Hepatic bile was collected periodically for as long as 4 months without interrupting the enterohepatic circulation and without infecting the biliary system. In 23 patients with cholesterol gallstones, fasting biliary cholesterol made up 10.2% of total lipids in the steady state; in 5 patients with bilirubinate stones, saturation of fasting hepatic bile with cholesterol was lower (8.7% of total lipids). The percentage of deoxycholic acid after cholecystectomy was not higher than that of seven healthy, noncholecystectomized controls. Postcholecstectomy studies of diurnal variation of biliary lipids (7 patients) showed that postprandial hepatic bile had a significantly lower cholesterol saturation than fasting bile.
Rapid vascular escape of arterially injected 16alpha-radioiodo,17beta-estradiol

Abstract Purpose: We undertook this study because confirmation of a rapid vascular escape and slow release back into the circulatory system suggests that arterial injection of radiohalogenated steroid receptor ligands might provide an efficacious route of administration for imaging or treatment of receptor-rich malignant tumors in peripheral tissues. Methods and Materials: We injected radiolabeled 16alpha-iodo,17beta-estradiol ([IFE~ an estrogen receptor ligand, into the femoral artery of swine in a solution that contained [ 125 I–E in a known ratio to [ 99m Tc]-labeled red blood cells. Fractions of femoral venous blood were collected at short intervals during 10 min. We looked for changes in the ratio of the radiolabels. [ 99m Tc]-labeled red blood cells are known to remain in the vascular system for an hour or more. Results: After passage of the injectate through the capillary bed of the swine leg, a dramatic decrease of the initial 125 I: 99m Tc ratio to only 10% was observed in the femoral venous blood. This ratio increased gradually during the next 10 min to approximately 30% of that in the injectate, indicating that a significant portion (approximately 90%) of the [ 125 I]-E was initially trapped in the limb and then slowly re-entered the vascular system. To obtain visual confirmation of the rapid vascular escape of iodo-estrogen, we injected either an imageable form of [I]-E ( 123 E) or [ 99m Tc]-labeled red blood cells into the dorsal aorta of superovulated rabbits, whose smaller size allowed whole body imaging. The biodistributions of these radiopharmaceuticals were surveyed continuously by real-time planar gamma imaging. Within 2 min after the injection of [ 123 I]-E, the outlines of the circulatory system were entirely lost; however, some estrogen receptor-rich tissues (the ovaries) as well as some non-target tissues, for example, the lower leg extremities, yielded well-defined images. In contrast, after intra-arterial injection of [ 99m Tc]-labeled red blood cells, the circulatory system remained sharply defined for the duration of the study (40 min). Conclusion: A large fraction of [I]-E escapes from the vascular system during the fast pass through an organ or limb, without regard to the estrogen receptor content of the tissue.
DEPENDENCE STRUCTURE OF A RENEWAL-REWARD PROCESS WITH INFINITE VARIANCE

The on-off renewal-reward process used to explain long-range dependence in Ethernet traffic can be extended to the case where, not only the inter-renewal times but also the rewards have infinite variance. The covariation and the codifference, which generalize the covariance to the infinite variance case, are computed for the limiting process. It is shown that they decay like a power function. The exponent of that power is the same as for fractional stable noise, even though the increments of the limiting process are different from fractional stable noise.
Colicins B and Ia as novel counterselective agents in interspecies conjugal DNA transfers from colicin-sensitive Escherichia coli donors to other Gram-negative recipient species

Colicins are powerful counterselective agents in conjugal DNA transfers using colicin-sensitive Escherichia coli donor strains and colicin-resistant recipient species. We have constructed a high-level constitutive expression system for the bacteriocin and immunity genes of channel-forming colicins B and Ia to optimize production of these colicins as molecular biology reagents.
Quality of Flours from Waxy and Nonwaxy Barley for Production of Baked Products

ABSTRACT One nonwaxy (covered) and two waxy (hull-less) barleys, whole grain and commercially abraded, were milled to break flour, reduction flour, and the bran fraction with a roller mill under optimized conditions. The flour yield range was 55.3–61.8% in whole grain and increased by 9–11% by abrasion before milling. Break flours contained the highest starch content (≤85.8%) independent of type of barley and abrasion level. Reduction flours contained less starch, but more protein, ash, free lipids, and total β-glucans than break flours. The bran fraction contained the highest content of ash, free lipids, protein, and total β-glucans but the lowest content of starch. Break flours milled from whole grain contained 82–91% particles <106 μm, and reduction flours contained ≈80% particles <106 μm. Abrasion significantly increased the amount of particles <38 μm in break and reduction flours in both types of barley. Viscosity of hot paste prepared with barley flour or bran at 8% concentration was strongly affect...
Effects of the Hawaiian Ridge upon oceanic flow and thermohaline structure

Abstract The effects of the Hawaiian Ridge upon the ocean flow and thermohaline structure are discussed on the basis of a review of recent high resolution observations and theoretical findings. On the largest scales, the ridge interacts with the subtropical gyre and the associated subtropical Ekman transport convergence zone. This interaction is weak, because of the low flow speeds involved. The principal interaction is between the mesoscale flow structures and the ridge. An energetic baroclinic mesoscale eddy field is always present in the vicinity of the 2900 km long ridge. The intensity of the eddies decreases eastward along and northward from the ridge. Eddy diameters vary between 100 and 300 km and maximum speeds exceed 0.6 m s-1. Off the steep slopes of Oahu and Maui, a complex, alternating, jet-like flow structure is found. The jets are 10-20 km wide, with maximum speeds over 1 m s -1. Closest to these islands, the flow is anticyclonic. Associated with the jet-like flows are perturbations of sea surface height, typically between 0.1 and 0.3 m, and thermohaline fronts, some of which are bottom-intensified. The primary effects of flowtopography interactions are of the mesoscale and smaller and appear to be limited to offshore distances of a few hundred kilometers. Simple theoretical models of subinertial flow over and around ridges predict trapped anticyclonic circulations around islands, fast ridge currents induced by reflection of Rossby waves from a non-zonal barrier, jet-like squirts resulting from eddy-wall interaction and mean flow deflections. Though suggestive, the models need further development, based on less restrictive assumptions of the impinging flow and the ambient density stratification.
Images of Jupiter's Sulfur Ring.

Images of the ring of singly ionized sulfur encircling Jupiter, obtained on two successive nights in April 1979, show that the ring characteristics may change dramatically in about 24 hr. On the first night the ring was narrow and confined to the magnetic equator inside Io's orbit. On the second night it was confined symmetrically about the centrifugal symmetry surface and showed considerable radial structure, including a 'fan' extending to Io's orbit. Many of the differences in the ring on the two nights can be explained in terms of differences in sulfur plasma temperature.
Route number recognition ot Public Transport Vehicles via the Bionic Eyeglass

In spite of the impressive advances related to retinal prostheses, there is no imminent promise to make them soon available with a realistic performance to help navigating blind persons. In our new project, we are designing a Bionic Eyeglass that is providing a wearable TeraOps visual computing power to guide visually impaired people in their daily life. Detection and recognition of signs and displays in real, noisy environments is a key element in many functions of the Bionic Eyeglass. This paper describes spatial-temporal analogic cellular algorithms used for localizing signs and displays, and recognition of numbers they contain.
The role of barium cations in the synthesis of low-silica LTL zeolites

Abstract The structure and extraframework atoms of the dehydrated zeolites (Ba,K)-GL (Ba 10 K 16 Si 36 Al 36 O 144 ) and (Ba,Li)-GL (Ba 18 Si 36 Al 36 O 144 ) are characterized by powder neutron diffraction. The frameworks have the LTL topology and are refined in the hexagonal space group P 6/m c c (no. 192). Barium cations fully occupy the centers of the cancrinite cages (site B) and the positions between adjacent cancrinite cages (site C). In (Ba,K)-GL, potassium cations fully occupy sites above the centers of the eight-rings (site D), which line the pores of zeolite (Ba,K)-GL, whereas in (Ba,Li)-GL, barium cations occupy two-thirds of the site D positions. The syntheses and structural refinements of LTL zeolites show that barium and potassium play analogous structure-directing roles in LTL zeolites with different Si/Al ratios. The nearly identical sizes of barium and potassium allow these cations to have optimal coordination with framework oxygens in sites B, C, and D. Barium (a divalent cation) is used in the synthesis of low-silica LTL zeolites, and its role is equivalent to potassium (a monovalent cation) in the synthesis of higher-silica (Si/Al=3) LTL zeolites where potassium also occupies sites B, C, and D. In the absence of a sufficient amount of barium in the synthesis gel, other phases are formed immediately after all the barium cations have been consumed by the zeolite GL crystals.
Association between adherens junctions and tight junctions via Rap1 promotes barrier protective effects of oxidized phospholipids.

Previous studies showed that cyclopenthenone-containing products resulting from oxidation of a natural phospholipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (OxPAPC) exhibit potent barrier-protective effects in the in vitro and in vivo models of lung endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction, and these effects are associated with enhancement of peripheral actin cytoskeleton, cell–cell and cell–substrate contacts driven by activation of Rac and Cdc42 GTPases. Rap1 GTPase is another member of small GTPase family involved in control of cell–cell interactions; however, its involvement in EC barrier-protective effects by OxPAPC remains unknown. This study examined a role of Rap1 in regulation of OxPAPC-induced interactions in adherens junctions (AJ) and tight junctions (TJ) as a novel mechanism of EC barrier preservation in vitro and in vivo. Immunofluorescence analysis, subcellular fractionation, and co-immunoprecipitation assays indicate that OxPAPC promoted accumulation of AJ proteins: VE-cadherin, p120-catenin, and β-catenin; and TJ proteins: ZO-1, occludin, and JAM-A in the cell membrane, and induced novel cross-interactions between AJ and TJ protein complexes, that were dependent on OxPAPC-induced Rap1 activation. Inhibition of Rap1 function suppressed OxPAPC-mediated pulmonary EC barrier enhancement and AJ and TJ interactions in vitro, as well as inhibited protective effects of OxPAPC against ventilator-induced lung injury in vivo. These results show for the first time a role of Rap1-mediated association between adherens junctions and tight junction complexes in the OxPAPC-induced pulmonary vascular EC barrier protection. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 2052–2062, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Protein synthesis in cell-free systems from reticulocytes of thalassaemic patients.

β-THALASSAEMIA is a hereditary anaemia, characterized by a selective decrease in the synthesis of normal β-globin chains1. It is not known, however, whether the defect in cells of patients with β-thalassaemia results from a deficiency in the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) for β-globin chains or a defect at the level of protein synthesis on the polyribosomes. Previous studies in intact cells indicated that a defect exists at the level of the ribosome–mRNA complex in reticulocytes from patients with thalassaemia2. Subsequent investigations using a cell-free system confirmed these findings and demonstrated that the ribosomes had a normal capacity to respond to the addition of a synthetic messenger, poly U3. Recent experiments by Clegg and his co-workers demonstrated that the synthetic time for a single β chain is similar in thalassaemic and non-thalassaemic cells4. Taken together, these findings suggest that the defect in β chain synthesis which characterizes thalassaemia arises from either a diminution in the amount of mRNA or an abnormality in the initiation of β chains in these cells. The present studies were designed to investigate more closely some of the events concerned with the initiation of synthesis of polypeptide chains by the ribosome–mRNA complex in red cells from thalassaemic and non-thalassaemic patients.
Regularization Paths for Conditional Logistic Regression: The clogitL1 Package

We apply the cyclic coordinate descent algorithm of Friedman, Hastie, and Tibshirani (2010) to the fitting of a conditional logistic regression model with lasso [Formula: see text] and elastic net penalties. The sequential strong rules of Tibshirani, Bien, Hastie, Friedman, Taylor, Simon, and Tibshirani (2012) are also used in the algorithm and it is shown that these offer a considerable speed up over the standard coordinate descent algorithm with warm starts. Once implemented, the algorithm is used in simulation studies to compare the variable selection and prediction performance of the conditional logistic regression model against that of its unconditional (standard) counterpart. We find that the conditional model performs admirably on datasets drawn from a suitable conditional distribution, outperforming its unconditional counterpart at variable selection. The conditional model is also fit to a small real world dataset, demonstrating how we obtain regularization paths for the parameters of the model and how we apply cross validation for this method where natural unconditional prediction rules are hard to come by.
Sclerotin in the crayfish cuticle

Abstract 1. 1. Homogenized exuviae of the crayfish Orconectes sanborni were extracted in a series of solutions capable of dissolving protein molecules held together by forces weaker than covalent cross-links, and only half the total protein present was removed by this treatment. 2. 2. Two per cent of the total protein seems to be cross-linked by disulfide bonds because it dissolved in alkaline thioglycolate, a reagent which breaks such bonds. 3. 3. Some of the residual protein appears to be sclerotin, a protein cross-linked by quinones.
The auditory steady state response: Far-field recordings from the chinchilla

AbstractObjective: Previous studies in our lab have found that the presentation of multiple ASSR-generating stimuli results in a decrease in ASSR amplitude when recorded from an electrode implanted in the chinchilla inferior colliculus. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether this same effect occurs in far-field recordings, i.e. recordings similar to those made in human subjects. The effect of inhalant anesthesia on ASSR amplitude in response to multiple stimuli was also investigated. Design: Stimuli consisted of three sinusoidally-amplitude modulated tones with carrier/modulation frequencies of (1/.095 kHz), (2/.1 kHz), or (4/.107 kHz). The modulated carriers were presented to the right ear either alone or in combination, while recordings were made from subdermal needle electrodes placed on the head. Study sample: Nine adult chinchillas. Results: A 20%–70% decrease in the response amplitude with the presentation of multiple ASSR-generating stimuli was found, which depended on both ...
Execution ordering for multilevel secure rules

We describe the MCMLS rule execution algorithm for multilevel secure rules. Unlike previous algorithms, MCMLS preserves both MLS security constraints and permits arbitrary user-defined execution orderings which ensure correctness. MCMLS obtains these qualities by adapting the common multiversion concurrency control algorithm to implement both an apparent and an effective rule execution order in each transaction. Fewer rollbacks and desirable atomicity properties can be expected, due to the ascending execution order. >
Laboratory evaluation of the efficacy of fluorescent biomarkers for sugar-feeding sand flies (diptera: Psychodidae)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of four fluorescent dyes (rhodamine B, uranine O, auramine O, and erythrosin B) and two nonfluorescent dyes (carmoisine and indigotine) incorporated into sugar baits as biomarkers for phlebotomine sand flies. Each dye could be detected in sand flies fed baits with dye for 24 h when examined using bright field microscopy, although there was considerable variability in the marking produced; all sand flies that had ingested rhodamine B-treated sucrose solution were marked clearly. Sand flies that had ingested sucrose solution containing rhodamine B or uranine O at concentrations as low as 10 mg/L were consistently detected under fluorescence microscopy. None of the treatments in this study reduced the longevity of sand flies. All sand flies fed sucrose solution containing rhodamine B or uranine O were marked for at least 14 d, whereas only 20% of sand flies were marked 3 d after feeding on a carmoisine-treated solution. When rhodamine B and uranine O were combined in a single sucrose solution or when the dyes were fed sequentially to sand flies, both dyes could be detected in sand flies using fluorescence microscopy. We propose that rhodamine B- or uranine O-treated sucrose baits could be used in ecological studies or to identify portions of the adult sand fly population that could be targeted with insecticide-treated sugar baits.
THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION POLICIES ON RURAL HOUSEHOLD WELFARE IN MEXICO AND NICARAGUA

This working paper presents findings from an effort to evaluate the impacts of immigration policies on the welfare of migrants and their families in migrant-sending countries. It uses a disaggregated micro economy-wide modelling approach, designed to capture both the potentially positive and negative effects of migration and remittances in migrant-sending areas and the complex processes shaping these impacts. The model is used to explore the possible effects of destination-country immigration policies on rural welfare in Mexico and Nicaragua (US policies in the first case and US and Costa Rican policies in the second). The findings highlight the sensitivity of sending-country welfare to immigration policies, not only in the households that send migrants and receive remittances but other households with which they interact within the migrant-sending economy. Impacts vary between the two countries and across households, and they also depend upon the gender and skills of migrants. The paper concludes by discussing the importance of both destination and source country policies in shaping the impacts of international migration on rural welfare.
Computing visual motion in the short and the long: from receptive fields to neural networks

Theoretical approaches to the study of perceptual phenomena of short-range and long-range apparent motion are discussed. Short-range motion is estimated by real-time receptive fields sensitive to velocities of image features. The design of these receptive fields follows from the concept of convected activation profiles, where shape-preserving activity waves are excited by, and ride atop, dynamic features. Long-range motion concerns the correspondence between features in disparate images, and the perceptual impletion of a path between these corresponding features. It is argued that this illusory motion is an artifact of a more general spatiotemporal grouping process. This process is realized in a dynamic nonlinear feedback neural network that is called a neural analog diffusion-enhancement layer (NADEL). Computations suggest that the NADEL can support a variety of long-range motion percepts popularized by the Gestalt psychologists. The authors illustrate (on videotape) both classes of computation in real time on the PIPE parallel computer. >
Use of nifedipine during cardiac surgery for improved myocardial protection

Abstract The combined results of extended clinical trials conducted in two centers following successful laboratory trials are evaluated. From a population of 4,777 patients who underwent open heart surgery, 205 high-risk patients were selected for study. One hundred seventy patients (3.6 percent) were given nifedipine in cardioplegic solution. The remaining 35 patients served as control subjects and were compared with 39 treated patients in the randomized subset of 74. One third of the patients underwent valve replacement, one quarter underwent coronary artery bypass, and 40 percent underwent combinations of valve replacement, coronary artery bypass, and other procedures. Characteristically, the third group had a 50 percent increase in end-diastolic volumes and low cardiac indexes (1.7 ± 0.1 liters/minute/m 2 ). Average cross-clamp time was 77 minutes. At one center, an extracellular hyperkalemic-type solution was used to deliver an average dose of 407 ± 22 μg nifedipine per patient. At the other center, a low-sodium hyperkalemic solution was used, and the average nifedipine dose was 476 ± 22 μg. Hemodynamic studies in the randomized subset demonstrated approximately a twofold improvement in the treated group in cardiac index, stroke volume, stroke work index, and pulmonary vascular resistance following cardiopulmonary bypass. The incidence of acute low cardiac output death was 4 percent versus 11 percent in the control group. Survival for all treated patients was 86 percent. It is concluded that the addition of nifedipine reduced the incidence of acute global cardiac failure in the immediate postoperative interval.
Degradation of the Endoplasmic Reticulum by Autophagy during Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Arabidopsis

In this article, we show that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in Arabidopsis thaliana undergoes morphological changes in structure during ER stress that can be attributed to autophagy. ER stress agents trigger autophagy as demonstrated by increased production of autophagosomes. In response to ER stress, a soluble ER marker localizes to autophagosomes and accumulates in the vacuole upon inhibition of vacuolar proteases. Membrane lamellae decorated with ribosomes were observed inside autophagic bodies, demonstrating that portions of the ER are delivered to the vacuole by autophagy during ER stress. In addition, an ER stress sensor, INOSITOL-REQUIRING ENZYME-1b (IRE1b), was found to be required for ER stress–induced autophagy. However, the IRE1b splicing target, bZIP60, did not seem to be involved, suggesting the existence of an undiscovered signaling pathway to regulate ER stress–induced autophagy in plants. Together, these results suggest that autophagy serves as a pathway for the turnover of ER membrane and its contents in response to ER stress in plants.
TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION OF CDC2 IS REQUIRED FOR THE REPLICATION CHECKPOINT IN SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE

The DNA replication checkpoint inhibits mitosis in cells that are unable to replicate their DNA, as when nucleotide biosynthesis is inhibited by hydroxyurea. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, genetic evidence suggests that this checkpoint involves the inhibition of Cdc2 activity through the phosphorylation of tyrosine-15. On the contrary, a recent biochemical study indicated that Cdc2 is in an activated state during a replication checkpoint, suggesting that phosphorylation of Cdc2 on tyrosine-15 is not part of the replication checkpoint mechanism. We have undertaken biochemical and genetic studies to resolve this controversy. We report that the DNA replication checkpoint in S. pombe is abrogated in cells that carry the allele cdc2-Y15F, expressing an unphosphorylatable form of Cdc2. Furthermore, Cdc2 isolated from replication checkpoint-arrested cells can be activated in vitro by Cdc25, the tyrosine phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylating Cdc2 in vivo, to the same extent as Cdc2 isolated from cdc25ts-blocked cells, indicating that hydroxyurea treatment causes Cdc2 activity to be maintained at a low level that is insufficient to induce mitosis. These studies show that inhibitory tyrosine-15 phosphorylation of Cdc2 is essential for the DNA replication checkpoint and suggests that Cdc25, and/or one or both of Wee1 and Mik1, the tyrosine kinases that phosphorylate Cdc2, are regulated by the replication checkpoint.