cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modest Decreases in Endogenous All-trans-Retinoic Acid Produced by a Mouse Rdh10 Heterozygote Provoke Major Abnormalities in Adipogenesis and Lipid Metabolism.

Pharmacological dosing of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) controls adiposity in rodents by inhibiting adipogenesis and inducing fatty acid oxidation. Retinol dehydrogenases (Rdh) catalyze the first reaction that activates retinol into atRA. This study examined postnatal contributions of Rdh10 to atRA biosynthesis and physiological functions of endogenous atRA. Embryonic fibroblasts from Rdh10 heterozygote hypomorphs or with a total Rdh10 knockout exhibit decreased atRA biosynthesis and escalated adipogenesis. atRA or a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) pan-agonist reversed the phenotype. Eliminating one Rdh10 copy in vivo (Rdh10+/−) yielded a modest decrease (≤25%) in the atRA concentration of liver and adipose but increased adiposity in male and female mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD); increased liver steatosis, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance in males fed an HFD; and activated bone marrow adipocyte formation in females, regardless of dietary fat. Chronic dosing with low-dose atRA corrected the metabolic defects. These data resolve physiological actions of endogenous atRA, reveal sex-specific effects of atRA in vivo, and establish the importance of Rdh10 to metabolic control by atRA. The consequences of a modest decrease in tissue atRA suggest that impaired retinol activation may contribute to diabesity, and low-dose atRA therapy may ameliorate adiposity and its sequelae of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance.
Histologic Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Clinical Implications

This chapter focuses on the histologic classification of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with an emphasis on the clinical implications of the various subtypes. Scirrhous, steatohepatitic, lymphoepithelioma-like, fibrolamellar, sarcomatoid, undifferentiated, and diffuse cirrhosis-like HCC along with a brief discussion of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma will be discussed.
Function and evolution of specialized endogenous lipids in toothed whales.

ABSTRACT The Odontocetes (toothed whales) possess two types of specialized fat and, therefore, represent an interesting group when considering the evolution and function of adipose tissue. All whales have a layer of superficial blubber, which insulates and streamlines, provides buoyancy and acts as an energy reserve. Some toothed whales deposit large amounts of wax esters, rather than triacylglycerols, in blubber, which is unusual. Waxes have very different physical and physiological properties, which may impact blubber function. The cranial acoustic fat depots serve to focus sound during echolocation and hearing. The acoustic fats have unique morphologies; however, they are even more specialized biochemically because they are composed of a mix of endogenous waxes and triacylglycerols with unusual branched elements (derived from amino acids) that are not present in other mammals. Both waxes and branched elements alter how sound travels through a fat body; they are arranged in a 3D topographical pattern to focus sound. Furthermore, the specific branched-chain acid/alcohol synthesis mechanisms and products vary phylogenetically (e.g. dolphins synthesize lipids from leucine whereas beaked whales use valine). I propose that these specialized lipids evolved first in the head: wax synthesis first emerged to serve an acoustic function in toothed whales, with branched-chain synthesis adding additional acoustic focusing power, and some species secondarily retained wax synthesis pathways for blubber. Further research is necessary to elucidate specific molecular mechanisms controlling the synthesis and deposition of wax esters and branched-chain fatty acids, as well as their spatial deposition within tissues and within adipocytes.
Hookah Use Among College Students: Recent Use, Knowledge of Health Risks, Attitude and Reasons for Use.

Notwithstanding the efforts of health educators and other health professionals regarding tobacco and smoking cessation, research indicates that hookah smoking among college students remains a health concern. Research shows an upward trend in college students’ hookah use. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe potential patterns/differences in college students’ hookah use, and the relations among attitudes toward and knowledge about hookah use and use of this drug. A four-page, 20-item survey was used to collect data from participants (N = 403) and to measure participants ‘recent use, knowledge of health risks, attitudes and reasons for hookah use among college students. Results indicated increased prevalence rates (53.8%) among participants of this study. Participants’ recent hookah use was consistent with that of current research. Study findings supports current research, which found that college students have low negative perceptions of the health risks (addictive and detrimental properties) of hookah use. Analyses also determined that college students’ attitudes toward hookah was associated with use of this drug. Regarding reasons why students may use hookah, data analysis indicated statistical significance in lifetime hookah use based on reasons for use. Study provide information for health educators creating hookah risk awareness educational programs aimed at reducing rates of hookah smoking among college students.
Carrot and stick model for dynamic secondary radio spectrum trade with QoS optimization

Abstract Cognitive Radios (CR) propose for an opportunistic access to new Secondary Users (SUs) in the white spaces existing in the already licensed radio spectrum on a non-interfering basis with the current Primary Users (PUs). The Secondary Spectrum Markets (SSMs) have lower operating costs as compared to those for the Primary Licensed Operators (PLOs) as they do not require to license dedicated spectrum bands for their operation. This naturally makes CR a disruptive technology and its emergence is inevitably subject to economic viability challenges and technological hijack threats by the PLOs. The existing literature does not address the possible use of economic malpractices by the PLOs to raise the spectrum reuse costs to be no longer affordable by their direct competitors. This research proposes a secondary spectrum trade model based on a carrot and stick rule to keep the business in the SSMs competitive and fair using monetary incentives and penalties based on participation behaviors. A methodology for QoS optimization using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) with respect to those requested by the SUs is implemented. The simulation results indicate that the overall revenues of the participating PLOs with unfair bidding behaviors are lowered due to the incurrence of penalty costs.
Time and its Relationship to Consciousness: An Overview

Time is one of the most fascinating and fundamental concepts in human life. Yet the physical meaning of time is far from understood. Subjective experience of time is equally intriguing and mysterious. Time may be considered an illusion according to modern physics, but its psychological impact cannot be denied. This current paper explores the conception of time in many diverse contemporary fields such as physics, psychology, psychoanalysis, phenomenology, and anthropology. Disorders of time perception and neuro­physiology of time is discussed. The idea of time as the creation of conscious mind is considered.
Effect of Weight Loss on Disease

Obesity has a negative effect on the health of patients and is becoming an increasing problem worldwide. Morbid obesity in particular affects most major organ systems and is implicated in several of the most lethal medical conditions: diabetes, myocardial ischemia, hypertension, and many cancers. Weight loss has been shown to reverse many of the comorbidities associated with obesity, with a resulting positive benefit to the patient’s health and quality of life. Achieving substantial and persistent weight loss is difficult and, to date, surgery has been the only truly effective option for treatment of obesity. Obesity has effects on multiple organ systems. Whereas some effects are permanent, many can be reversed if the patient loses a substantial amount of weight. This includes the endocrine system (diabetes), the musculoskeletal system (degenerative joint disease), and the cardiovascular system (hypertension, congestive heart failure, hypercoagulability and stroke). Dieting and exercise can be effective strategies for the moderately overweight but have a high failure rate (>90%) in the morbidly obese. Medical treatments have a mixed history and, in general, have only moderate efficacy and high side effect profiles. Surgery has been shown to be the most effective long term weight-loss strategy but is a relatively high-risk endeavor in this patient population. The laparoscopic gastric bypass is currently the most widely used bariatric surgery, achieving around 75% excess weight loss at 5-yr follow-up.
Climate change stimulated agricultural innovation and exchange across Asia

Ancient farmers experienced climate change at the local level through variations in the yields of their staple crops. However, archaeologists have had difficulty in determining where, when, and how changes in climate affected ancient farmers. We model how several key transitions in temperature affected the productivity of six grain crops across Eurasia. Cooling events between 3750 and 3000 cal. BP lead humans in parts of the Tibetan Plateau and in Central Asia to diversify their crops. A second event at 2000 cal. BP leads farmers in central China to also diversify their cropping systems and to develop systems that allowed transport of grains from southern to northern China. In other areas where crop returns fared even worse, humans reduced their risk by increasing investment in nomadic pastoralism and developing long-distance networks of trade. By translating changes in climatic variables into factors that mattered to ancient farmers, we situate the adaptive strategies they developed to deal with variance in crop returns in the context of environmental and climatic changes.
Clinicopathology conference: 41-year-old woman with chronic relapsing meningitis.

Author(s): Beck, Erin S; Ramachandran, Prashanth S; Khan, Lillian M; Sample, Hannah A; Zorn, Kelsey C; O'Connell, Elise M; Nash, Theodore; Reich, Daniel S; Venkatesan, Arun; DeRisi, Joseph L; Nath, Avindra; Wilson, Michael R
Identifying ECIP Partner Needs: Survey Results on ECIP Set-Up

Author(s): Cardenas, Ilad; Deng, Shi; Williams, Camilla | Abstract: The Electronic Cataloging in Publication (ECIP) Cataloging Partnership Program began in 2004. It is a collaboration between the Library of Congress (LC) Cataloging in Publication (CIP) Program, publishers, and libraries across the United States.n System set up for the program proved challenging for library partners. A survey was conducted during February 8-March 6, 2018 to learn about ECIP partners’ ECIP set up experience. The findings show that communication and training documentation are two key elements for program to be effective and successful. The survey result helped LC CIP program develop new and improved ECIP system.
Patterns of storage, use, and disposal of prescription opioids by parents of children with cancer.

114Background: Multiple studies have demonstrated that adults do not store prescription opioids safely. Increased prescription opioid rates have led to an increased incidence of opioid poisonings i...
Mallet hallux injury: A case report and literature review

Mallet injury is associated with variable degrees of extensor hallucis longus tendon tearing, ultimately leading to the well-known mallet toe deformity; this entity, commonly described at the lesser toes and fingers, has rarely been reported at the hallux. We present a surgically proven case of mallet hallux injury with radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging assessment and review the literature, including clinical and radiological findings, along with basic treatment concepts.
A pharmacological chaperone improves memory by reducing Aβ and tau neuropathology in a mouse model with plaques and tangles.

The vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35) is a major component of the retromer complex system, an ubiquitous multiprotein assembly responsible for sorting and trafficking protein cargos out of the endosomes. VPS35 can regulate APP metabolism and Aβ formation, and its levels are reduced in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains. We and others demonstrated that VPS35 genetic manipulation modulates the phenotype of mouse models of AD. However, the translational value of this observation remains to be investigated. Triple transgenic mice were randomized to receive a pharmacological chaperone, which stabilizes the retromer complex, and the effect on their AD-like phenotype assessed. Compared with controls, treated mice had a significant improvement in learning and memory, an elevation of VPS35 levels, and improved synaptic integrity. Additionally, the same animals had a significant decrease in Aβ levels and deposition, reduced tau phosphorylation and less astrocytes activation. Our study demonstrates that the enhancement of retromer function by pharmacological chaperones is a potentially novel and viable therapy against AD.
FINDING ZEBRAS: RESOLUTION OF PULMONARY VEIN THROMBUS WITH ANTICOAGULATION

Pulmonary vein thrombus (PVT) is an underdiagnosed condition that is often a complication of malignancy, pulmonary surgeries and atrial fibrillation (A-fib). Once diagnosed, there is a lack of established treatment guidelines for those who are poor candidates for Coumadin. 66 year old male who
Production of cellulase/β-glucosidase by the mixed fungi culture Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus phoenicis on dairy manure

Abstract Trichoderma reesei was co-cultured with Aspergillus phoenicis using dairy manure as a substrate to produce cellulase with a high level of β-glucosidase. For pure cultures of T. reesei and A. phoenicis , the optimal media compositions were the same (10 g/L manure supplemented with 2 g/L KH 2 PO 4 , 2 mL/L tween-80 and 2 mg/L CoCl 2 ), while the optimal temperature and pH were similar (25.5 °C and pH 5.76 for T. reesei ; 28.2 °C and pH 5.14 for A. phoenicis ). The mixed culture was therefore completed at 27 °C and pH 5.5, which is close to the optimal values for both fungi. The mixed culture resulted in a relatively high level of total cellulase and β-glucosidase. It was also found that a high manure solid concentration (>20 g/L) resulted in higher enzyme activities, probably due to an alleviation of the nutrients limitation at 10 g/L manure. The β-glucosidase activity and filter paper activity of the mixed fungi culture were 0.64 IU/mL and 1.54 FPU/mL, respectively, corresponding to a ratio of 0.41, which is an ideal ratio for hydrolyzing manure cellulose. To test the effectiveness of the enzymes produced by mixed culture, a crude enzyme broth was used for hydrolyzing the manure cellulose. The glucose concentration produced was significantly ( p T. reesei . The results indicate that the mixed culture of T. reesei and A. phoenicis is an effective approach to produce a cellulolytic enzyme system for hydrolyzing manure cellulose.
Geometry-Wave Potential Quantified and Unified Properties in General Chemistry

Many long-known but never-quantified properties in chapters of general chemistry have for the first time been quantitatively compared and consistently unified, using the newly introduced geometro-wave (GW) potential of particles (i.e. atoms, molecules, clusters, ions, and nanoparticles). Th GW Potential has helped update the electrochemistry, Lewis acid-base chemistry, redox chemistry, self-assembly, surface chemistry, catalysis, and inter-nanoparticle bonding.
Using the Health Belief Model to Explore the Impact of Environmental Empathy on Behavioral Intentions to Protect Ocean Health

We examine psychological mediating mechanisms to promote ocean health among the U.S. public. Ocean acidification (OA) was chosen as the focus, as experts consider it as important as climate change ...
Long-term outcomes of frontline 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan in marginal zone lymphoma.

The best upfront therapy for patients with non-gastric extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (EMZL) remains unclear. Patients with localized disease are usually treated with radiation therapy resulting...
Variations in patterns of internode and branch lengths for several bamboo species

Bamboos are an important plant resource both economically and ecologically and it is, therefore, important to fully understand their biosystem characteristics. In this study, the variations in patt...
Recovery From Acute Kidney Injury With Diabetic Ketoacidosis Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of type 1 diabetes (DM) and sometimes type 2 diabetes. DKA in COVID-19 patients predicts a poor prognosis. There are few published reports describing DKA and AKI in COVID-19 patients. There is even less information on renal recovery or follow up of these patients. We report a case of a 55-year-old man with type 2 diabetes who presented with cough and shortness of breath. He was found to have DKA, AKI, and COVID-19. He was admitted to the ICU and subsequently intubated for airway protection and started on renal replacement therapy for AKI. The patient's renal function eventually recovered after 48 days of hospitalization, and he was discharged from the hospital. We report this case and performed a literature review to highlight that COVID-19 can lead to DKA and severe AKI in patients with DM. More importantly, we described the clinical and laboratory data that are associated with the recovery of COVID-19 AKI that are rarely reported.
The Intelligent Power Wheelchair Upgrade Kit

This paper presents an update on the research and development of the Intelligent Power Wheelchair (IPW) upgrade kit. First, we review the last three years of trials, then we describe the improvements proposed for the next prototype. The 2020 IPW edition is designed to be more light weight, modular, and multi-functional than it's predecessor. The assembly process has been streamlined, and there is now greater ability to tailor the system to the needs of the individual user. The brand new, self-leveling scanner has broader applications as an aid for people with visual impairment. Keywords: Smart Wheelchair, Human Trials
My Father’s Wars – Are Our Wars: Review of the Book: Alisse Waterstone (2014), My Father’s Wars: Migration, Memory, and the Violence of a Century. New York and London: Rutledge Taylor & Francis Group

My Father’s Wars – Are Our Wars: Review of the Book: Alisse Waterstone (2014), My Father’s Wars: Migration, Memory, and the Violence of a Century . New York and London: Rutledge Taylor & Francis Group The book My Father’s Wars by Alisse Waterston is a structural expression of the need for a new anthropological orientation in history. Waterston chooses to gradually weave the narrative through the methodological directions of intimate ethnography. More precisely, it is a story about the importance of the relationship between micro-history and the fluidity of historical particularisms, between the relations of matrixes of power and reflections on anthropocultural systems of the higher kind. It is here that the value of the complex focalization point in the work is accommodated; it lies in the question in what grammatical person to tell an individual story (which at the same time leaves a strong seal the identity of the descendants) embedded in Jewish cultural history as part of the larger history of war(s) and migration trajectories in the 20th century. Wojny mojego ojca – to nasze wojny. Recenzja ksiązki: Alisse Waterstone (2014), My Father’s Wars: Migration, Memory, and the Violence of a Century . New York and London: Rutledge Taylor & Francis Group Ksiązka My Father’s wars [Wojny mojego ojca] autorstwa Alisse Waterston jest wyrazem potrzeby nowej orientacji antropologicznej w historii. Waterston decyduje sie na stopniowe splatanie narracji, wykorzystując metodologiczne kierunki etnografii intymnej. А dokladniej, jest to opowieśc o znaczeniu związku pomiedzy mikrohistorią a plynnością historycznych partykularyzmow, miedzy centrami wladzy i refleksją zawartą w systemach antropologicznych wyzszego rzedu. Wlaśnie na tej sferze jest skoncentrowany cel tej ksiązki; zawarty jest w pytaniu, w jakiej kategorii gramatycznej opowiedziec indywidualną historie (jednocześnie naznaczoną przez tozsamośc potomkow), osadzoną w zydowskiej historii kultury jako cześci szerszej historii wojny (wojen) i trajektorii migracyjnych w XX wieku.
Patterns of Program Evaluation in Community Mental Health Centers

In an exploratory study of the program evaluation efforts of federally funded community mental health centers prtor to the enactment of mandatory program evaluation, survey data were submitted to factor- and cluster-analyses. Results yielded: (1) a typology of evaluation activities performed by community mental health centers (2) a meaning ful patterning of (organizational) approaches to program evaluation suggesting developmental stages of an increasing range of types of activities; and (3) the tentative conclusion that, at a low level of evaluation effort, client-change evaluations are less related to impact on program development than are evaluations using descriptive statistics about chents.
News Journalists and Postruamatic Stress Disorder: a Review of Literature, 2011-2020.

Research has demonstrated that first responders may develop psychological trauma/ posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the performance of their duties. Often overlooked in these studies of police, firefighters, and paramedics is an additional group of providers who also respond to these same events: news journalists and photo journalists. Although limited in scope, the research literature from 1980 to 2010 assessed an association between PTSD and some news journalists. The strength of these findings are limited due to serious methodological limitations. The present paper reviewed the journalist/PTSD literature from 2011 to 2020. There were 4558 subjects in 23 studies, which were world-wide in scope. There were 2633 male reporters (58%) and 1925 female journalists (42%). The average age of subjects was 34.37 years and the average length of experience was 10.68 years. Many reported either PTSD, PTSD symptoms, depression, and/or substance use. A detailed methodological critique is presented.
Decellularized Articular Cartilage Microparticles for Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Zonal Regeneration of Articular Cartilage

IntroductionThe objective was to create multilayer cellular constructs using fetal or adult, decellularized articular cartilage in particulate form as microcarriers for expansion and fusion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to regenerate the stratified structure of articular cartilage. MethodsPorous microparticles (CMPs) generated from decellularized fetal or adult bovine articular cartilage were used as microcarriers for expansion of human MSCs. The CMP expanded MSCs (CMP-MSCs) were used to generate injectable hydrogels or preformed multilayer constructs for articular cartilage regeneration. In the injectable approach, CMP-MSCs were suspended in alginate gel, crosslinked with calcium chloride, and incubated in chondrogenic medium to generate an injectable regenerative construct. In the preformed approach, fetal or adult CMP-MSCs were suspended in a culture medium, allowed to settle sequentially by the force of gravity, and fused by incubation in chondrogenic medium to generate multilayer cell sheets. The constructs were characterized with respect to compressive modulus, cellularity, and expression of chondrogenic markers. ResultsHuman MSCs expanded on fetal or adult CMPs in basal medium maintained the expression of mesenchymal markers. The injectable CMP-MSCs hydrogels had significantly higher expression of chondrogenic markers and compressive modulus after four weeks incubation in chondrogenic medium compared to MSCs directly encapsulated in alginate gel; preformed CMP-MSCs cell sheets had significantly higher compressive modulus and expression of chondrogenic markers compared to MSCs in the pellet culture. ConclusionThe preformed cell sheet approach is potentially useful for creating multilayer constructs by sequential gravitational settling of CMP-MSCs to mimic the stratified structure of articular cartilage. Insight, Innovation, IntegrationThis work described a novel approach to recreate the zonal structure of articular cartilage. Human MSCs were expanded on porous microcarrier beads generated from decellularized fetal or adult bovine articular cartilage. The cell-seeded microbeads were fused by gravitational settling to form mono- or bi-layer cell sheets. The cell sheets were cultured in chondrogenic medium to regenerate the articular cartilage tissue. The in vitro regenerated tissue had higher compressive modulus and expression of chondrogenic markers compared to the MSC pellet culture.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for craniopharyngiomas

The management of craniopharyngiomas is challenging, usually requiring multidisciplinary care. We evaluated the long-term clinical and radiologic outcomes of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for craniopharyngiomas. This retrospective study involved patients managed with GKRS for a craniopharyngioma during the period of 1989 to 2019. Patient clinical and radiologic data, tumor characteristics, and procedural details were analyzed. Thirty-eight consecutive patients (24 males; mean patient age at GKRS = 30.82 years [SD ± 20.45 years]) were treated with GKRS for craniopharyngioma. Overall survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 84.1% and 80.1%, respectively. Progression-free survival at 5 years was 48.1%, and, at 10 years, it was 29.8%. Risk factors for post-GKRS clinical deterioration were increasing number of isocenters used (p = 0.04 (HR1.32, CI 1–1.73)), increasing margin dose [p = 0.02 (HR1.52, CI 1.31–1.84)], and maximum dose > 35 Gy [p = 0.002 (HR1.35, CI 1.11–1.63)]. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) appears a safe and effective management option in selected craniopharyngioma patients. Increasing margin dose and maximum dose > 35 Gy are associated with an increased risk for post-SRS neurologic deficit. Further, well-designed studies are necessary to determine the optimal timing and SRS parameters and to identify which patients with craniopharyngioma will benefit the most from SRS.
Chemical Impurities in Aluminum

The rapid growth of aluminum recycling has raised the awareness for chemical contamination in both the foundry and wrought product sectors. The spectacular success of UBC recycling was only possible because novel technology was developed to solve difficult contamination issues.
E-1 Test Stand Mishap

This viewgraph presentation gives an overview of the investigation of a fire at NASA Stennis Space Center (SSC) on February 21, 2004. The fire occurred during structural welding to accomodate a new propellant tank. The presentation includes images of the fire damage, as well as findings/recommendations from the investigators.
Tierless programming and reasoning for software-defined networks

We present Flowlog, a tierless language for programming SDN controllers. In contrast to languages with different abstractions for each program tier--the control-plane, data-plane, and controller state--Flowlog provides a unified abstraction for all three tiers. Flowlog is reminiscent of both SQL and rule-based languages such as Cisco IOS and JunOS; unlike these network configuration languages, Flowlog supports programming with mutable state. We intentionally limit Flowlog's expressivity to enable built-in verification and proactive compilation despite the integration of controller state. To compensate for its limited expressive power, Flowlog enables the reuse of external libraries through callouts.Flowlog proactively compiles essentially all forwarding behavior to switch tables. For rules that maintain controller state or generate fresh packets, the compiler instructs switches to send the minimum amount of necessary traffic to the controller. Given that Flowlog programs can be stateful, this process is non-trivial. We have successfully used Flowlog to implement real network applications. We also compile Flowlog programs to Alloy, a popular verification tool. With this we have verified several properties, including program-correctness properties that are topology-independent, and have found bugs in our own programs.
Identification of a receptor mediating Nogo-66 inhibition of axonal regeneration

Nogo has been identified as a component of the central nervous system (CNS) myelin that prevents axonal regeneration in the adult vertebrate CNS. Analysis of Nogo-A has shown that an axon-inhibiting domain of 66 amino acids is expressed at the extracellular surface and at the endoplasmic reticulum lumen of transfected cells and oligodendrocytes. The acidic amino terminus of Nogo-A is detected at the cytosolic face of cellular membranes and may contribute to inhibition of axon regeneration at sites of oligodendrocyte injury. Here we show that the extracellular domain of Nogo (Nogo-66) inhibits axonal extension, but does not alter non-neuronal cell morphology. In contrast, a multivalent form of the N terminus of Nogo-A affects the morphology of both neurons and other cell types. Here we identify a brain-specific, leucine-rich-repeat protein with high affinity for soluble Nogo-66. Cleavage of the Nogo-66 receptor and other glycophosphatidylinositol-linked proteins from axonal surfaces renders neurons insensitive to Nogo-66. Nogo-66 receptor expression is sufficient to impart Nogo-66 axonal inhibition to unresponsive neurons. Disruption of the interaction between Nogo-66 and its receptor provides the potential for enhanced recovery after human CNS injury.
Predictability of Asset Prices

A large literature has been devoted to address the issue whether security markets are predictable. This is an enormously important question from both practitioners' perspective in exploring investment opportunities and academia to understand whether capital markets are informationally efficient and how asset allocation decisions will be affected. In this article, some of the important theories either for or against the case of predictability are reviewed. From the existing evidence, it is believed that the US equity markets as a whole are predictable to some extent. Keywords: predictability; expected return; dividend yield; repurchasing yield; estimation risk; efficient market
Boron-Nitrogen compounds : LXXXVII. 1,3-dimethyl-2-(pyrazol-1′-yl)-1,3,2-diazaboracyclohexane, a monomeric pyrazol-1-ylborane containing trigonal boron

Abstract 1,3-Dimethyl-2-(pyrazol-1′yl)-1,3,2-diazaboracyclohexane has been prepared by thermolysis of a mixture of 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,2-diazaboracyclohexane with pyrazole. Spectroscopic data confirm the monomeric nature of the compound, which is the first known example of a pyrazol-1-ylborane containing a trigo nal boron atom.
Observations on the localization of tritiated digoxin in myocardial cells by autoradiography and ultramicroscopy: With added reference to the sarcotubular system studied by cell fractionation and enzyme staining

Abstract The intracellular localization of tritiated digoxin was studied by an autoradiographic technique using the electron microscope. The radioactivity was found to be closely associated with the myofibrillar sarcomere. An attempt was made to separate the myofibrils and actomyosin from the closely related sarcotubular system by means of ultracentrifugation. A comparison of the resulting distribution of the radioactivity to the NaK ATPase (used as a measure of the sarcotubular system) suggested that the cardiac glycoside is associated with the intracellular sarcotubular system rather than with the actomyosin.
Magnetosomes eliminate intracellular reactive oxygen species in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR‐1

Summary Magnetotactic bacteria synthesize magnetic particles called magnetosomes that cause them to orient to their external magnetic fields. However, the physiological significance and other possible functions of these magnetosomes have not been explored in detail. In this study, we have investigated the biological functions of magnetosomes with respect to their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1. To assess the changes in ROS levels under different conditions, cells were cultured under aerobic or micro-aerobic conditions in medium containing high and low amounts of iron. To ensure that the observed results were not due to nonspecific interactions, reactions were carried out using a mutant deficient in synthesizing magnetite (mamO-deficient mutant), its complementary strain or the wild-type MSR-1. We observed that the levels of intercellular ROS under micro-aerobic conditions with high-iron medium were much higher when the non-synthetic Fe3O4 crystals mutant Mu21-415 was employed for the assay, compared with the wild-type or complementary strain, or when conditions were aerobic with low-iron medium. These results indicated that magnetosomes function in the scavenging of intracellular ROS. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the magnetosomes exhibit peroxidase-like properties, by using the earlier reported in vitro horseradish peroxidase assay for artificial magnetic nanoparticles. In addition to possessing peroxidase-like activity, the magnetosomes also exhibited a more enzymatic kinetic response, suggesting that proteins on the membranes of the magnetosomes likely contribute to the enzymatic activity. This is the first study to demonstrate that magnetosomes play an important role in decreasing or eliminating ROS.
Magnetic penetration depth of YBa2Cu3O(7-delta) thin films determined by the power transmission method

A power transmission measurement technique has been used to determine the magnetic penetration depth (X) of YBa2Cu3O7-δ superconducting thin films on LaAlO3 within the 26.5 to 40.0 GHz frequency range, and at temperatures from 20 to 300 K. Values of λ ranging from 1100 to 2500 A were obtained at low temperatures. The anisotropy of λ was determined from measurements of c-axis and a-axis oriented films. An estimate of the intrinsic value of λ of 90±30 nm was obtained from the dependence of λ on film thickness. The advantage of this technique is that it allows λ to be determined non-destructively.
Business History and Economic History

The ensuing remarks are addressed to two topics which seem to me important: (a) what conflicts, if any, are there between business history and economic history; and (b) how can research in the two areas be mutually helpful.
Splenectomy in hereditary spherocytosis: Review of 1,657 patients and application of the pediatric quality indicators

Objective The objective of the present study is to profile the outcome and safety of pediatric patients undergoing splenectomy with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) using a nationwide sample and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Pediatric Quality Indicators (PDIs). Patients and Methods A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive analysis of a non-overlapping combination of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), and Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) databases (1988–2004) were performed. These combined databases contain information from nearly 93 million discharges in the United States. Children with an age at admission of <18 years of age and HS (ICD-9 diagnosis code of 282.0) who underwent total splenectomy (ICD-9 procedure code of 41.5) were identified. Variables of gender, race, co-existing diagnoses, hospital type, and charges adjusted to 2006 dollars, length of stay, inpatient mortality, and complications were collected. PDIs were identified for each patient by linking the data obtained from the NIS and KID databases with the PDIs using the AHRQ Quality Indicators Wizard. Results Splenectomy for HS was associated with low morbidity and mortality. Accompanying cholecystectomy and/or appendectomy appeared to be safely performed at the same operation. Of the 13 PDIs identified by AHRQ as potentially avoidable adverse events, none were observed to occur in more than 1% of the patients. Conclusions Based on the results of this study, splenectomy in patients with HS appears safe and to result in a minimal number of potentially preventable complications as identified by the AHRQ PDIs. We have successfully demonstrated use of the indicators to aid in the analysis of a specific surgical procedure within a subset of the pediatric population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:834–837. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High frequency ultrasound imaging detects cardiac dyssynchrony in noninfarcted regions of the murine left ventricle late after reperfused myocardial infarction.

Abstract Cardiac dyssynchrony in the left ventricles of murine hearts late (≥28 d) after reperfused myocardial infarction (post-MI) was assessed using high frequency 30 MHz B-mode ultrasound imaging. Nine post-MI and six normal C57Bl/6 mice were studied in both short- and long-axis views. Regional time to peak displacement (T peak_d ) and time to peak strain (T peak_s ) were calculated in 36 sectors along the myocardial circumference; then their standard deviations (SD_T peak_d and SD_T peak_s ) were computed among noninfarcted myocardial regions for each mouse and were compared between the normal and post-MI mouse groups with Student's t -test. The comparison revealed that SD_T peak_d and SD_T peak_s were significantly larger in the post-MI hearts than in the normal hearts. The displacement uniformity ratio was determined to be 0.97 ± 0.01 and 0.85 ± 0.07 for radial and circumferential displacements in the normal hearts, respectively; and 0.59 ± 0.17 and 0.64 ± 0.24 in the post-MI hearts. In conclusion, this high resolution ultrasound image tracking method provides for the detection of cardiac dyssynchrony in the noninfarcted regions in the murine left ventricles late after MI by identifying the temporal and spatial disparity of regional myocardial contraction. (E-mail: jh7fj@virginia.edu )
Global structure of Deffayet (Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati) cosmologies

We detail the global structure of the five-dimensional bulk for the cosmological evolution of Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati braneworlds. The picture articulated here provides a framework and intuition for understanding how metric perturbations leave (and possibly reenter) the brane universe. A bulk observer sees the braneworld as a relativistically expanding bubble, viewed either from the interior (in the case of the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker phase) or the exterior (the self-accelerating phase). Shortcuts through the bulk in the first phase can lead to an apparent brane causality violation and provide an opportunity for the evasion of the horizon problem found in conventional four-dimensional cosmologies. Features of the global geometry in the latter phase anticipate a depletion of power for linear metric perturbations on large scales.
Visualizing complex biological interactions in the soil ecosystem

Scientific visualization is proving very promising for the study of biological interactions at the organismal level in porous opaque media. We present our research in visualizing and modelling fungal and plant root development and interactions in the soil. Because the dynamic biological properties of the soil ecosystem can be observed in only the crudest fashion, we emphasize the fundamental link between visualization and modelling. Our research focuses along the parallel lines of imaging actual phenomena and of modelling these same phenomena. Many soil organisms, such as plants and fungi, exist predominately in a vegetative state which is highly branched, non-random and non-homogeneous. This structure itself is important to dynamic process such as parasitism of one organism by another, yet due to the opacity of soil, structure is difficult to observe and dynamic interactions are impossible to observe. The modelling of growth patterns and interactions of fungi and plant roots with the concomitant use of visualization and rigorous model validation provides the best method to build a working concept, which is faithful to the spatial organization of the real world. We hypothesize that the genetic determinants controlling growth and interactions operate both inside and outside the soil environment. We conclude that visualization provides a means by which spatial extrapolation of laboratory observations may be made to the real world, providing both model validation and a means to build mechanistically-based hypotheses about different types of dynamic phenomena in the soil ecosystem, which can be tested in the field.
Structural reorganization of pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of alcohol dependent rats is associated with altered glial plasticity

In rodents, chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure (CIE) produces alcohol dependence, alters the activity of pyramidal neurons and decreases the number of glial progenitors in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to CIE and were injected with mitotic markers to label and phenotype proliferating cells to test the hypothesis that CIE produces concurrent alterations in the structure of pyramidal neurons and the cell cycle kinetics and developmental stages of glial progenitors in the mPFC. Medial prefrontal cortical tissue was processed for Golgi-Cox staining, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting analysis. CIE increased dendritic arborization and spine densities within basal and apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons via aberrant reorganization of actin cytoskeleton-associated molecules. CIE concomitantly increased the expression of total NR2B subunits without affecting phosphorylation of NR2B at Tyr-1472 or levels of PSD-95. CIE reduced the length of S-phase of the cell cycle of glial progenitors and reduced proliferation and differentiation of progenitors into bHLH transcription factor Olig2-expressing premyelinating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). CIE also produced a corresponding hyperphosphorylation of Olig2, and reduced expression of myelin basic protein. Our findings demonstrate that CIE-induced alterations in OPCs and myelin-related proteins are associated with profound alterations in the structure of pyramidal neurons. In sum, our results not only provide evidence that alcohol dependence leads to pathological changes in the mPFC, which may in part define a cellular basis for cognitive impairments associated with alcoholism, but also show dependence-associated morphological changes in the PFC at the single neuron level.
Resonant decay of a two state atom interacting with a massless non-relativistic quantised scalar field

We consider a model Hamiltonian derived from the interaction of an atom with a non-relativistic massless quantized field. The model atom has two states, and the interaction is linear in the field operator. We do not make the rotating wave approximation and there is no infrared cutoff. We prove that the excited state of the atom with no photons present decays at an approximately exponential rate in accordance with the predictions of time dependent perturbation theory. The proof requires some analyticity and regularity assumptions on the interaction between atom and field. These imply in particular that the interaction goes to zero at least as fast ask2, ask→0, wherek is the photon momentum.
A multicompartment analysis of the lung.

Intravascular inert-gas tracers have been employed in a multicompartment lung model to measure the anatomic shunt. This includes blood flow to atelectatic areas, to regions with closed nonventilated airspaces and to regions where there are diffusion blocks to tracer passage. The volume of perfused airspaces without diffusion-block distal to bronchial obstruction has been determined. The gases xenon 133 and krypton 85 were used to measure shunting. Data indicate that this shunt is 30–50% less than that calculated with 100% oxygen breathing. This is related to the effects of low\({{\dot V_A } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\dot V_A } {\dot Q}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\dot Q}}\) ratios in the shunt calculations using 100% oxygen. A system employing two compartments is analysed, and a graphical technique is presented which allows calculation of the ventilation, perfusion and alveolar volume of each compartment. Comparisons are made between single- and 2-compartment analyses, and it is shown that the single-compartment model will underestimate the true\({{\dot V_A } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\dot V_A } {\dot Q}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\dot Q}}\) ratio except in very special cases. Where possible, the results for 2-compartment systems are extended to N compartments. Clinical application of the methods described is facilitated by establishing a steady-state tracer distribution with a constant tracer infusion. Such an equilibrium condition is not required, but reduces the number of tracer sample measurements to four.
Ist die total arterielle Myokardrevaskularisation bei Reoperationen ein potentieller Risikofaktor

Die Mortalitat und Morbiditat bei Re-Myokardrevaskularisationen ist hoher als bei Erstoperationen. Dabei stellt sich die Frage, ob die noch nicht als Standard etablierte total arterielle Myokardrevaskularisation das Risiko der Reoperation noch weiter steigert. Anhand eines prospektiven, nicht randomisierten Studiendesigns werden die Ergebnisse der Erst- (n=210) und Reoperationen (n=24) mit Hilfe von ausschlieslich arteriellem Bypassmaterial verglichen. Die reoperierten Patienten waren im Vergleich zu den erstoperierten alter und hatten eine schlechtere linksventrikulare Auswurffraktion. Die durchschnittliche Zahl der Koronaranastomosen pro Patient war signifikant hoher bei den Erstoperationen. Die am haufigsten angewandte Konduitkombination war das T-Graft. Die Fruhletalitat lag bei 0,8% fur die Erstoperationen und 0% fur die Reoperationen. Bei den reoperierten Patienten wurde intraoperativ signifikant haufiger eine intraaortale Ballonpumpe benotigt. Die postoperative Myokardinfarktrate betrug 1,9% fur die Erstoperationen und blieb bei 0% fur die Reoperationen. Reoperationen dauerten langer als Erstoperationen und reoperierte Patienten verbrachten langere Zeit auf der Intensivstation. Die Nachuntersuchung fand durchschnittlich nach 25,1±1,3 Monaten statt. Hinsichtlich Spatletalitat und Wiederauftreten von Angina pectoris bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Erst- und Reoperationen. Eine Koronarangiographie wurde bei 23 symptomatischen Patienten durchgefuhrt und zeigte eine Anastomosenoffenheitsrate von 90,3% fur die Erstoperationen und 100% fur die Reoperationen. Die total arterielle Myokardrevaskularisation bei Reoperationen hat eine mit Erstoperationen vergleichbare niedrige Letalitat und Morbiditat und verspricht auch langfristig sehr gute Ergebnisse.
A new approach for determining reliability of unmanned vehicles network using fuzzy logic

Some interest has recently been shown in determining the reliability of unmanned ground vehicles network. Based on the predicted reliability, a commander can take appropriate action in the battle field operation for unmanned ground vehicles network. The reliability should include coordination and collaboration of a number of different unmanned ground vehicles. Some approaches for determining the reliability of unmanned vehicles have been discussed in the literatures. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm by which the reliability of unmanned ground vehicles network is predicted using fuzzy approach. The approach is different from statistical approaches discussed in previous papers. The algorithm suggested here is based on all simple paths obtained between the terminal nodes of the network in question or the cutset expression of the terminal nodes. Each variable in the Boolean expression obtained from simple path method or from the cutset method will be subjectively assigned a membership grade by an expert in the field. Fuzzy union and fuzzy intersection operations are used to predict the reliability of the network in question. New theorems have been developed to determine the disjoint expression using fuzzy logic. The comparison of this new approach is given with the existing approaches. Further, assuming node reliability and branch reliability one can also predict system reliability of the unmanned ground vehicles network using fuzzy logic.