cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bowtie Structures, Pathway Diagrams, and Topological Explanation

While mechanistic explanation and, to a lesser extent, nomological explanation are well-explored topics in the philosophy of biology, topological explanation is not. Nor is the role of diagrams in topological explanations. These explanations do not appeal to the operation of mechanisms or laws, and extant accounts of the role of diagrams in biological science explain neither why scientists might prefer diagrammatic representations of topological information to sentential equivalents nor how such representations might facilitate important processes of explanatory reasoning unavailable to scientists who restrict themselves to sentential representations. Accordingly, relying upon a case study about immune system vulnerability to attacks on CD4+ T-cells, I argue that diagrams group together information in a way that avoids repetition in representing topological structure, facilitate identification of specific topological properties of those structures, and make available to controlled processing explanatorily salient counterfactual information about topological structures, all in ways that sentential counterparts of diagrams do not.
Cancer critical care: Past, present, and future

NLY DECADES ago, the major cause of death in the American population was pneumonia. However, with the progress of medical science, the ability to support individuals through a variety of potentially life-threatening illnesses has improved as well. Early developments aiding growth of medical science were in the fields of antimicrobials and anesthetics, but the most recent decade has brought an armaterium of pharmacological agents, equipment, and technologies. These advances were first offered to the obviously healthy individuals with single-system crises (eg, sudden arrhythmic death) and the young healthy individuals who encountered unexpected events such as trauma. As our resources and knowledge have increased, so have the indications for critical care intervention. Critical care medicine is a medical specialty that has emerged through the necessity to develop complex skills in the management of life-threatening illness. Critical care oncology as a specialty has grown from the desire to offer more aggressive therapies in the hope of improving response rates.
Waste Transformer Oil and PCB Toxicity to Rainbow Trout

Abstract Young rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri (starting age, 17 d) were exposed to nominal concentrations of 0, 0.38, 0.75, 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 μg/L total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) for 90 d, then held in fresh water for 60 d. Sources of PCBs were (1) waste transformer oil containing various hydrocarbons plus a 1:2 ratio of Aroclors 1254 and 1260, and (2) pure technical PCBs of the same Aroclor ratio as that in the transformer oil. Survival of fish was much lower in transformer oil than in technical PCBs at day 90. Growth was reduced at day 30 by the transformer oil, but not until day 90 at the highest concentration of technical PCBs. Fin erosion was severe and vertebra integrity was reduced in fish exposed to transformer oil but not in fish exposed to technical PCBs. Abnormal swimming behavior of fish exposed to transformer oil was attributed to reduced volume of the swim bladder. Exposures to transformer oil decreased hematocrit, and increased serum cortisol to twice that of controls and of fish expo...
The proportions and chemical compositions of hand-dissected anatomical parts of pearl millet

A simple technique was developed and used to dissect pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) cv. Leeke] kernels into their anatomical parts. The proportions of the component parts of pearl millet kernels of different seed sizes were determined. The results showed that the germ represented a larger proportion of the kernel weight than in other common cereal grains. Medium-size kernels ( 2240 μm) contained 75·1% endosperm, 17·4% germ and 7·5% bran (pericarp + aleurone). The amount of bran varied with the seed size and type of pericarp. Large kernels (> 2920 urn) had 7·17% bran while small kernels (
Disclosure of Mental Illness in the Workplace: A Literature Review

Given the stigma attached to mental illness, workers with mental illness worry about their illnesses being disclosed in the workplace. At the same time, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 makes disclosure necessary if these workers want to obtain workplace accommodations. This literature review summarizes the research evidence on the characteristics and outcomes of workplace disclosures of mental illness. The available research on disclosure characteristics indicates that disclosure to supervisors is more common than disclosure to coworkers. Outcomes of disclosure have included increased support in some workplace relationships; other relationships—especially relationships with coworkers—have become more strained after disclosure. Future studies using more carefully defined disclosure definitions and prospective, longitudinal designs will elucidate more information about the characteristics and outcomes of workplace disclosures.
Foregrounding structures in American sign language

Abstract Foregrounding structures serve the primary function of highlighting information by clause-external placement. Foley and Van Valin (1985) identify five such structures: Topicalization, Clefts, Pseudoclefts, Left Dislocation, and Right Dislocation. This paper will argue that there is strong evidence that ASL has the first four of these structures, but that evidence for the existence of Right Dislocation is weak. While Topicalization and Left Dislocation in ASL have already been discussed in the literature, the contribution of the present discussion is to provide pragmatic evidence primarily for Pseudoclefts and secondarily for Clefts. Of significance is the argument that the prevailing view of the ASL Pseudocleft as a ‘rhetorical question-answer’ sequence fails to account for both syntactic and pragmatic aspects of Pseudocleft behavior. The final constituent in the Pseudocleft is shown to be a focused phrase that provides the value of a variable in an open proposition; it is not an afterthought nor Right Dislocation.
Energy aware task mapping algorithm for heterogeneous MPSoC based architectures

Energy Management for multi-mode Software Defined Radio (SDR) systems remains a daunting challenge. In this paper, we focus on the issue of task allocation for multi-processor based systems with hybrid processing resources that can be reconfigured. With the objective of minimizing energy, we propose a fast, energy aware static task mapping heuristic to minimize the average overall energy consumption. Simulation results show that the proposed heuristic is capable of achieving results that are within 20% of the optimal solution while providing orders of magnitude speedup in processing time.
An analytical framework for supply network risk propagation: A Bayesian network approach

Abstract There are numerous examples of supply chain disruptions that have occurred which have had devastating impacts not only on a single firm but also on various other firms in the supply network. We utilize a Bayesian Network (BN) approach and develop a model of risk propagation in a supply network. The model takes into account the inter-dependencies among different risks, as well as the idiosyncrasies of a supply chain network structure. Specific risk measures are derived from this model and a simulation study is utilized to illustrate how these measures can be used in a supply chain setting.
Bioclimatic limitations on global forests as measured by a fused remote sensing-climate approach

Underlying many studies on climate change impacts on vegetation is the often untested assumption that climate is correlated with ecosystem distributions and processes (see Nemani, others). Furthermore, there has been a strong reliance on central tendency based, correlative models in examining the relationships between ecological distributions and processes and climate predictors. The models are then applied to future climate scenarios, yielding predictions of future ecological distributions and processes. While interesting approaches they are also deemed with prediction error and uncertainty. Many of these research lines ignore basic ecological knowledge of non-climate factors known to influence the distribution of plants. Largely, we would presume, because these factors are significantly more difficult to derive at large scales than climate data which is widely available. These approaches also fail to recognize the principle of limiting factors.
The effects of disrupted linguapalatal taction on articulation

Abstract The articulatory skills of eight eleven-year-old children were assessed before and after selected portal structure taction was disrupted with topical xylocaine. Each subject produced eight continuant consonants and one vowel in isolation, in words, and in sentences before and after selected portal structure taction was disrupted, and while acoustic recordings were made. A panel of three experienced and certified speech pathologists served as judges. According to the obtained Chi square values, the judges were unable to perceive phonetic changes among the subjects' productions after tactile feedback was disrupted. The judges stated that they heard occasional differences in vocal rate after disrupted taction in some subjects; however, vocal rate was slower in some subjects after disrupted taction, but faster in others. On the basis of the evidence obtained, the investigator concludes that linguapalatal taction contributes little, if any, helpful afferent information toward maintaining articulation in eleven-year-old children, but that it might have a differential effect on vocal rate.
Comparison of Net Primary Production and Light-use Dynamics of Two Boreal Black Spruce Forest Communities

Black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) is the most dominant forest ecosystem in the North American boreal region. There are at least two contrasting boreal black spruce forest communities: open-canopy black spruce overstory with Sphagnum ground cover (BSSP) and closed-canopy black spruce overstory with feathermoss ground cover (BSFM). The objectives of this study were (a) to compare net primary production (NPP) and light-use efficiency (LUE) for the two contrasting black spruce communities, and (b) to quantify the contribution of different vegetation strata (bryophytes, understory, overstory, and belowground) to total NPP and LUE in a mature black spruce forest stand in central Saskatchewan, Canada.Total NPP for the BSFM community (446 g biomass m -2 y -1 ) was significantly greater (P = 0.04) than the BSSP community (276 g biomass m -2 y -1 ). Bryophyte and under-story NPP together comprised the greatest fraction of total (overstory, understory, bryophytes, and belowground) NPP in the BSSP community (51%), whereas overstory NPP comprised the largest fraction of total NPP (86%) for the BSFM community. Overstory LUE was similar (P = 0.87) for the two communities (0.20-0.21 g MJ -1 annual absorbed photosynthetic active radiation [APAR]), but ecosystem LUE was significantly greater (P = 0.03) for the BSFM community (0.20 g MJ -1 annual APAR) than the BSSP community (0.15 g MJ -1 annual APAR). The results from this study demonstrate that all vegetation components must be measured to accurately estimate NPP and LUE of boreal black spruce ecosystems, and community-specific LUE coefficients increase the accuracy of LUE models.
Nine Million Wavelength Baseline Interferometer Measurements of 3C 273B

OBSERVATIONS on the angular dimensions of the variable radio source 3C 273B by Palmer et al.1 using effective baselines of up to 2 million wavelengths have reduced the upper limit on its angular size to 0.025 sec of arc at a wavelength of 6 cm. A recent observation using a trans-Canadian baseline indicates that the source is unresolved at an operating frequency of 600 Mc/s and an effective baseline of 6 million wavelengths.
Mediating Effects of Reading Engagement on the Reading Comprehension of Early Adolescent English Language Learners

Reading engagement has been found to be a predictor of reading comprehension and reading achievement in English monolingual students across the elementary grades. However, researchers have not yet explored this relationship with English language learners (ELLs). The purpose of this study was to understand the role of ELLs' reading engagement in both their general and content-specific reading comprehension. We used the construct of reading engagement to determine whether engagement mediated the relationship between ELLs' English language proficiency and general reading comprehension and the relationship between content-specific (science) academic vocabulary and content area (science) reading comprehension. For both 5th-grade Asian ELLs and 6th-grade Hispanic ELLs, reading engagement mediated the relationship between English language proficiency and general comprehension and the relationship between science vocabulary and science comprehension. Taken together, these findings suggest that reading engagement ...
The use of simulation for global supply network rationalization in the pharmaceutical industry

In today's volatile business environment, many companies are expanding, merging, contracting, or otherwise redesigning their supply chain networks. Supply chain network rationalization could significantly help to improve supply chain operational efficiency and reduce costs. As a generic technique for the analysis of complex and dynamic systems, simulation could play an important role in this field. This paper presents a real case showing how simulation could be the key enablement for a supply chain network rationalization project in the Over-The-Counter (OTC) pharmaceutical industry. An IBM tool -- Supply Chain Process Modeler (SCPM) has been applied in this project. Five major simulation scenarios are designed based on the pain points the client has, and numerical results show that simulation has addressed the key issues and provided the client accountable evaluation results for decision-making.
Strain-field effects on the formation and migration energies of self interstitials in α -Fe from first principles

Ab initio electronic structure calculations are employed to study the stability and mobility of mono-self interstitial atoms (SIA) in $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{-Fe}$ under external deformation. The ab initio results indicate that the volumetric and uniaxial strain dependences of the SIA formation energy are different in the expansion and compression regimes, in contrast to the linear behavior in continuum elasticity theory. We find a $⟨111⟩\ensuremath{\rightarrow}⟨100⟩$ SIA reorientation mechanism induced by uniaxial expansion which proceeds via $⟨11x⟩{\ensuremath{\mid}}_{x=2.7}$ configuration. Volumetric and uniaxial deformations are also found to have a considerable influence on the migration paths and activation energy barriers for the $⟨110⟩{110}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}⟨100⟩{100}$ transformation and the $⟨111⟩\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}⟨100⟩$ reorientation. The results reveal that (i) the volumetric expansion (compression) decreases (increases) substantially the migration energy barrier and renders the diffusion process three (one) dimensional, (ii) the uniaxial strain removes (decreases) the migration energy barrier for the $⟨111⟩\ensuremath{\rightarrow}⟨11x⟩{\ensuremath{\mid}}_{x=2.7}(⟨11x⟩{\ensuremath{\mid}}_{x=2.7}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}⟨100⟩)$ transformation, leading to spontaneous reorientation of the $⟨111⟩$ SIA, and (iii) the uniaxial deformation breaks the cubic symmetry of the system and in turn induces anisotropy of the migration rates along different directions. These calculations demonstrate that changes in the electronic structure induced by global elastic deformation lead to additional contributions to the formation and migration energies, which cannot be adequately accounted for neither by elasticity theory nor by empirical interatomic potentials.
Assessment of strength measurements

(2004). Assessment of strength measurements. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders: Vol. 5, No. sup1, pp. 86-89.
Dental Care for the Patient with a Spinal Cord Injury

Various devices such as a wheelchair lift and mobile dental equipment facilitate the treatment of paraplegic or quadriplegic persons in private offices. Some special considerations are necessary during a dental procedure to allay the patient’s anxieties, such as fear of asphyxiation. Most importantly, the dentist must instruct the patient in proper oral hygiene since the masticatory function of the teeth is necessary for the general health of these persons. Preventive dentistry is especially important for the quadriplegic who may use his teeth to perform certain activities.
Shape-selective formation and characterization of catalytically active iridium nanoparticles.

Abstract Iridium (Ir) nanoparticles (NPs) of variable shapes have been synthesized via the reduction of Ir(III) ions in CTAB micellar media containing alkaline 2,7-DHN under 4 h of UV-irradiation. The one-step process generates different shapes, such as nano-spheres, nano-chains, nano-flakes, and nano-needles. The synthesized Ir NPs are stable for more than a month in ambient conditions. The particles’ morphology can be tuned by simply changing the surfactant-to-metal ion molar ratios and altering other reaction parameters. The mechanisms of the Ir particle formation and effects of different reaction parameters were studied in detail. The Ir nano-needles serve as a good catalyst for the reduction of organic dye molecules in presence of NaBH4. The catalysis rate was compared by considering the electron transfer process during the reduction of the dye molecules. The present method would lead to a quick process for the synthesis of other mono-metallic, composite, and semiconductor particles with variable shapes. The Ir NPs will find promising applications in different types of organic and inorganic catalysis reactions, nanoelectronics, and biomedical applications.
Simplified Approach to Design of Crushable Material due to Dynamic Load

Crushable material has widely been used as an engineering solution for energy absorption devices among many industries. Abnormal and severe accident loads in the design of nuclear power plants are required to be addressed in order to comply with Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) requirements which makes the crushable material more suitable in its highly dynamic application. One of the severe loads is from a postulated high energy piping system rupture. Its effects are required to be mitigated so that the proper operation of safety related systems, structures and components (SSC) of these facilities is assured. The postulated pipe rupture loads are among the highest loads that need to be addressed in the design process of nuclear power plants.The impact forces produced by the postulated pipe rupture are typically being absorbed by energy absorption devices called “Pipe Whip Restraints” in which the restraints can minimize the loads affecting the SSCs to within an acceptable limit. This paper provides a simplified closed-form solution to determine the energy absorbing characteristic that will help to design these devices. This paper will also provide a comparison between results of the proposed simplified closed-form solution equations to the experimental test results and the calculated results using finite element analysis.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
In silico to in vivo splicing analysis using splicing code models.

With the growing appreciation of RNA splicing’s role in gene regulation, development, and disease, researchers from diverse fields find themselves investigating exons of interest. Commonly, researchers are interested in knowing if an exon is alternatively spliced, if it is differentially included in specific tissues or in developmental stages, and what regulatory elements control its inclusion. An important step towards the ability to perform such analysis in silico was made with the development of computational splicing code models. Aimed as a practical how-to guide, we demonstrate how researchers can now use these code models to analyze a gene of interest, focusing on Bin1 as a case study. Bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) is a nucleocytoplasmic adaptor protein known to be functionally regulated through alternative splicing in a tissue-specific manner. Specific Bin1 isoforms have been associated with muscular diseases and cancers, making the study of its splicing regulation of wide interest. Using AVISPA, a recently released web tool based on splicing code models, we show that many Bin1 tissue-dependent isoforms are correctly predicted, along with many of its known regulators. We review the best practices and constraints of using the tool, demonstrate how AVISPA is used to generate high confidence novel regulatory hypotheses, and experimentally validate predicted regulators of Bin1 alternative splicing.
Specification of events and states in complex systems

Monitoring consists of collecting information from the system and detecting particular events and states using the collected information. These events and states can be symptoms for performance degradations, erroneous functions, suspicious activities, etc. and are subject to further analysis. Detecting events and states requires a specification language which makes it possible to express a wide variety of events/states easily and also allows the implementation of the efficient detection algorithm. The authors introduce an event/state specification language based on classical temporal logic. They compare the language with other languages such as relational algebra, historical relational algebra, OPS5, and an extended regular expression based language. It is proved that the language is as expressive as or more expressive than the other languages. It is also shown that the language can specify a variety of events and states more conveniently than the other languages. >
Sequester Cuts May Delay Drug Approvals—And More

The U.S. Congress’s current mandatory budget cuts—sequestration—threaten unprecedented opportunities in all biomedical research and development. As a medical oncologist, these severe cuts raise the particular concern that translation of intricate knowledge about the molecular biology of cancer
Provision of endogenous and exogenous humidity for the bain breathing circuit

The endogenous humidity produced by a partial rebreathing system, the Bain Breathing Circuit, was measured clinically and experimentally. The addition of humidification by interposing a Garthur Vapor Condenser (HME) or a Bennett Cascade heated humidifier into the system was also studied.
Phylogenetic relationships among mytilidae (Bivalvia): 18S rRNA data suggest convergence in mytilid body plans.

Abstract Nearly complete sequences were determined for small-subunit (18S) rRNA genes from seven species representative of four subfamilies of Mytilidae: Modiolus modiolus and M. auriculatus (Modiolinae); Lithophaga lithophaga and L. nigra (Lithophaginae); Musculus senhousie and M. discors (Crenellinae); and Hormomya domingensis (Mytilinae). Small-subunit rRNA gene sequences were also determined for Solemya reidi (Subclass Protobranchia), Mya arenaria (Subclass Heterodonta), and Elliptio complanata (Subclass Paleoheterodonta) as outgroup taxa. Phylogenetic analyses including these and other nearly complete bivalve small-subunit rRNA sequences demonstrate support for the monophyly of the family Mytilidae and the subfamilies Crenellinae and Lithophaginae. However, the subfamilies Mytilinae and Modiolinae appear polyphyletic. Likelihood, parsimony, and distance analyses support the placement of H. domingensis (Mytilinae) in a clade with G. demissa (Modiolinae). This clade is distinct from those containing other species traditionally assigned to these two subfamilies. Kishino–Hasegawa tests support these nontraditional relationships, suggesting that the mytiliform and/or modioliform body plans have evolved independently in at least two mytilid lineages.
Solid-phase syntheses of heterocycles containing the 2-aminothiophenol moiety.

Efficient and general procedures have been developed for the solid-phase preparation of substituted benzothiazoles (1), 3,4-dihydro-1,4-benzothiazines (2), 3,4-dihydro-1,4-benzothiazine-1,1-dioxides (3), 3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-1,4-benzothiazines (4), and 3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-1,4-benzothiazine-1,1-dioxides (5). All five classes of compounds were prepared from a common intermediate, resin-bound 2-amino-4-carboxythiophenol, in a minimal number of steps. This intermediate was generated by (i) coupling 4-fluoro-3-nitrobenzoic acid onto Wang resin, or onto an amino acid bound to the resin, (ii) substitution of the aryl fluoride with a protected thiol, (iii) reduction of the nitro group, and (iv) removal of sulfur protection. Reaction with the appropriate substrates and reagents to effect cyclization gave the substituted core structures, which were modified further to introduce additional point(s) of diversity. Following cleavages from the solid support, the compounds were obtained in high initial purities and good isol...
Wide temperature (25°C-85°C), coolerless operation of 100 Gb/s DWDM transmitter photonic integrated circuit

A 10-channel dense wavelength division multiplexed photonic integrated circuit is demonstrated that transmits data at 10 Gbit/s per channel for an aggregate data transmission rate of 100 Gbit/s, operating without temperature stabilization between 25°C and 85°C. (2 pages)
Bringing Homologies Into Focus

Anyone who has skimmed a high school biology textbook will be familiar with the iconic examples of homology that seem inseparable from any explanation of the term: the limb structure of four-legged animals, the human tailbone and the more elaborate tail of monkeys, and the remarkable similarities among the embryological development of fish, birds, and humans. These same examples make their way from edition to edition, along with the classic illustration of an analogous structure: the wings of butterflies, birds, and bats. But is that really all there is to say about homologies and analogies? Several articles in this issue discuss these concepts more deeply in the context of eye evolution (Gregory 2008; Oakley and Pankey 2008; Piatigorsky 2008). Homologies and analogies, it seems, are not a black and white issue—especially when it comes to vision.
Structure of the capsular polysaccharide of Clostridium perfringens Hobbs 5 as determined by NMR spectroscopy

The complete primary structure of the capsular polysaccharide of Clostridium perfringens Hobbs 5, an anaerobic bacterium implicated in food poisoning, was determined. The polysaccharide was isolated from C. perfringens Hobbs 5 cells, after deproteination, by ethanol precipitation and by ion-exchange chromatography. The polysaccharide was comprised of glucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and glucuronic acid, in equimolar ratios. Sequence and linkage assignments of the glycosyl residues were obtained by NMR spectroscopy, specifically by the combination of two-dimensional homonuclear TOCSY and NOESY experiments and heteronuclear (1H, 13C) multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC, HMQC-COSY, HMQC-TOCSY and HMBC) experiments. Thus, the envelope polysaccharide of C. perfringens Hobbs 5 was found to be a polymer composed of a hexasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure: [formula: see text] This structure is novel among bacterial cell-surface polysaccharides, and it is the first of many serotypically distinct capsular polysaccharides of C. perfringens to be described.
Hidden symmetries on partially unbounded domains

Abstract Systems of reaction–diffusion equations posed on bounded rectangular domains with Neumann boundary conditions often exhibit behavior that seems degenerate given the physical symmetries of the problem. It is now well understood that Neumann boundary conditions lead to hidden symmetries that are responsible for subtle changes in the generic bifurcations of such systems. In this paper, we consider the analogous situation for partially unbounded domains such as the strip R ×[0,π] . We show that hidden symmetries due to the assumption of Neumann boundary conditions have remarkable consequences for the validity of Ginzburg–Landau equations which govern the local bifurcations. A single Ginzburg–Landau equation (which is universal for general boundary conditions on R ×[0,π] ) no longer suffices in general. Instead, it is necessary to consider p coupled Ginzburg–Landau equations, where p is an arbitrary positive integer.
Fracture risk and antiresorptive medication use in older women in the USA.

Summary Risk of fragility fractures in older women appears to be under-recognized and under treated. Analysis of a national sample of older US women reveals that over 5 million are at high risk of fracture; only one third of these report being told they have osteoporosis and one quarter are receiving appropriate treatment.
Thermal effectiveness of shape—I

Abstract Data from our earlier paper ∗ are used to project diurnal temperature curves representing average temperatures of surfaces, exposed to the sky dome, of a variety of geometric shapes. Two curves for each shape are included: one for smooth white surfaces, and one for smooth black. This is the first step toward establishing a method for comparing the thermal effectiveness of geometric shapes in terms of net radiant exchange plus or minus convected exchange with the sky dome in relatively clear, hot, dry summer climates.
Analysis of a Novel Diacylglycerol Kinase from Dictyostelium discoideum: DGKA†

Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of diacylglycerols to generate phosphatidic acid and have been investigated in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Recently, a protein that is significantly similar to human DGK-i, DGKA, was identified in Dictyostelium discoideum. It has been shown to possess DGK activity when assayed using a medium-chain diacylglycerol, 1,2- dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8). A complete understanding of DGK catalytic and regulatory mechanisms, as well as physiological roles, requires an understanding of its biochemical and kinetic properties. This report presents an analysis of these properties for DGKA. The enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of DiC8, and another medium-chain DAG, DiC6 (1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycerol), in a Michaelis-Menten manner. Interestingly, the kinetics of DGKA using physiologically relevant long-chain DAGs was dependent on substrate surface concentration and the detergent that was used. DGKA displayed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to bulk substrate concentration (1,2-dioleoyl- sn-glycerol) in octyl glucoside mixed micelles when the surface substrate concentration was at or below 3.5 mol %. At higher surface concentrations, however, there was a sigmoidal relationship between the initial velocity and bulk substrate concentration. In contrast, DGKA displayed sigmoidal kinetics with respect to bulk substrate concentrations at all surface concentrations in Triton X-100 mixed micelles. Finally, we show the catalytic activity of DGKA was significantly enhanced by phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidic acid (PA).
Initiation and propagation of delaminations at the underfill/passivation interface relevant to flip-chip assemblies

A crucial reliability issue for flip-chip microelectronic assemblies is the mechanical integrity of the various bi-material interfaces present. Understanding the mechanics and physics of adhesion is continually reiterated in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). With current trends in the microelectronics industry pushing for smaller and smaller feature sizes, small-scale delamination and initiation are becoming more of a focus in adhesion studies. Our work looks at the application of a stress singularity approach to the initiation problem at various geometric singularities found at interfaces in flip-chip assemblies. Moreover, we compare the adhesion of the same interfaces using standard fracture mechanics. Specifically, several underfill/polyimide interfaces are tested, in both a standard double cantilever beam geometry and a tensile butt joint geometry. The results show a direct correlation between stress intensity values for both the initiation of delaminations and the propagation of existing delaminations. Modified tensile butt joint geometry testing shows an inverse relationship between singularity strength and overall joint strength.
Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency: Repetitive occurrence of point mutation in amino acid 104 in multiple apparently unrelated families

The molecular basis of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) deficiency was studied in 3 patients from three separate families. In all 3 patients, genomic DNA directly sequenced after amplification by the polymerase chain reaction exhibited the point mutation TPI 315C amino acid 104 Glu→Asp. Although other mutations known to cause TPI deficiency have been restricted to single families, the amino acid 104 defect has now been described in nine apparently unrelated families throughout the world and is clearly the most frequently occurring form of the disorder. The basis of the repetitive occurrence of this mutation remains unexplained.
Memory T cells in transplantation: generation, function, and potential role in rejection.

The adaptive immune system is endowed with long-lived memory to recall previous antigen encounters and respond more effectively to them. Memory immune responses are mediated by antigen-specific memory T lymphocytes that exhibit enhanced function compared with naive T cells that have never encountered antigen. While the generation of memory T cells specific for pathogens is beneficial in providing protective immunity, memory T cells specific for alloantigens can be deleterious to the recipient of a transplanted organ. In graft rejection, memory T cells mediate accelerated, "second-set" rejection and their presence has been associated with increased propensity for early rejection. Recent findings have demonstrated that alloreactive memory T cells can be generated via exposure to alloantigens, as well as stimuli that are cross-reactive with alloantigens, and are therefore likely present in "naive" individuals. This review focuses on the characteristics of memory T cells which make them of special interest to the transplant community, including differential activation requirements, broad homing properties, and resistance to tolerance induction. The multiple ways in which memory T cells can contribute to early and late graft rejection are discussed, as well as potential targets for combating alloreactive memory to be considered in the future design of tolerance induction strategies.
Turbulence Intensity Measurements in a Wind-Driven Mixed Layer

Neutrally buoyant, high-drag floats were used to measure vertical velocity in the upper-ocean mixed layer during a period of rapid mixed layer deepening resulting from a storm. Salinity and temperature profiles, air‐ sea fluxes, and surface wave spectra were also measured. The location, Georgia Strait, British Columbia, is coastal with strong horizontal variability and may not be representative of the open ocean. The floats moved freely within the deepening mixed layer; the envelope of their motion corresponded closely to the extent of the mixed layer. The maximum vertical velocity was 0.12 m s21; the rms vertical velocity was about (0.02 m s21)2. The mean square vertical velocity, excluding surface waves, was 1.5‐3.0 , clearly higher than the upper bound 2 u * of found in solid-wall turbulent boundary layers. The authors speculate that these anomalously high vertical 2 u * velocities were due to Langmuir circulations generated by surface waves. These cannot occur in solid-wall boundary layers.
Metrizamide enhanced computed tomography: An adjunct to myelography in lumbar disc herniation

In our opinion, computed tomography of the lumbar spine with intrathecal metrizamide is a highly effective diagnostic method for the demonstration of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. However, the method is too expensive and too time-consuming to be employed routinely. We have used CT scanning immediately following a normal or equivocal metrizamide myelogram in patients with strong clinical suspicion of lumbar disc herniation. This approach combines the practicality of metrizamide myelography with the accuracy of metrizamide enhanced CT scanning, producing better diagnostic results.
Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem-Based Group Key Management for Secure Group Communications

Group key management (GKM) prevents all non-membership users from acquiring the group key to decrypt the encrypted messages broadcasted among group members. In this paper, we incorporate elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC) into GKM to decrease the key length while providing securities at the same level as that of other cryptosystems, and propose the cluster scheme to make the key management more efficient.
Effect of ambient temperature and cure state on the age stiffening of a cured NR/BR blend

Abstract Cured natural rubber and polybutadiene elastomers undergo an increase in modulus with time, even at benign room temperature storage conditions. The increase in modulus of typical rubber compounds was studied at room temperature and at temperatures moderately above room temperature in order to enable the evaluation of the modulus after shelf aging. The rate of modulus increase was found to correlate well with storage temperature by using an Arrhenius activation energy approach. The marked dependence on temperature in the range of 20–70 °C suggests the possibility of significant acceleration of the timescale of experiments using very mild conditions. Data are presented for isothermal and step-isothermal aging protocols, which are shown to be reducible to a single curve. The effect of the initial cure cycle used to produce the specimens is also investigated.
Thermochemistry and Crystallization of Glass‐Forming Y‐Substituted Sr‐Analogues of Fresnoite (Sr2TiSi2O8)

Strontium titanosilicate (Sr2TiSi2O8) is the Sr-analogue of fresnoite (Ba2TiSi2O8). It may provide useful properties due to the unusual five-coordinate titanium in its structure. Sr2TiSi2O8 is also a possible oxide form for the immobilization of short-lived fission products in radioactive waste. Through β decay, strontium decays to yttrium and then to zirconium. Therefore, not only the stability of Sr-loaded waste forms but also that of a potential decay product series with charge-balance in a naturally occurring mineral or ceramic is of fundamental importance. To incorporate the reaction 3Sr2+=2Y3++vacancy in the fresnoite composition, Y-substituted Sr-analogues of fresnoite, (Sr2−xY2/3x)TiSi2O8 (x=0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5) were prepared by a high-temperature synthesis and were found to form glass upon cooling. The Y-end-member (Y1.33TiSi2O8, x=2) crystallized to a mixture of Y2TiSiO7, TiO2, and SiO2 upon quenching in air. The enthalpies of formation of Y-substituted Sr-fresnoite glasses were obtained from drop solution calorimetry in a molten lead borate (2PbO·B2O3) solvent at 702°C. The enthalpies of formation from constituent oxides were exothermic but become less so with increasing Y content. The enthalpy of vitrification of Sr2TiSi2O8 composition was measured to be 68.5 ± 6.2 kJ/mol. The thermodynamic stability of the Y-substituted Sr-analogue of crystalline fresnoite may become marginal with increasing yttrium content. Their ready glass formation, even in the absence of radiation, suggests that amorphous phases may dominate as the Sr- and Cs-containing waste forms decay.
Distribution, Habitat Use, Growth, and Condition of a Native and an Introduced Catfish Species in the Hudson River Estuary

ABSTRACT White catfish (Ameiurus catus) is native to the Hudson River and is now coexisting with the recently established channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). These species were sampled from four freshwater reaches and four habitat types of the Hudson River estuary to assess whether the two species overlapped in their habitat use, and whether any impact on the native species was evident. Catfishes were sampled in 1998 and 1999 using baited hoop nets (N = 708 net nights). Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE, number offish per net night; total catch = 368) of white catfish was significantly different among reaches and habitat types; CPUE was greatest in the upstream reach, and in offshore shoal habitat. Channel catfish (total catch = 344) were more abundant in offshore shoal habitats in upriver reaches, but were more abundant in nearshore and tributary mouth habitats in downstream reaches. Individuals of both species were largest upstream. Individual condition (as relative weight, Wr) varied with reach in white c...
Boy with verrucous papules on oral mucosa

Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Unif Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. urces: None. f interest: None declared. t available from the authors. ence to: Deborah B. Henderson, MD, MPH, Division of ology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Texas Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, 6, San Antonio, TX 78229. Dermatol 2011;64:e95. /$36.00 the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. /j.jaad.2010.05.035
Nonlinear process control with neural nets

Abstract There exists a need to develop better mathematical models for physical processes, but it is also essential to understand that it is impossible to describe real-world industrial processes by exact mathematical models. Pattern recognition based methodology implemented in the architecture of artificial neural network can be used to model knowledge intensive feedback control systems. The procedure for development and practical design of neural-net based control systems is described and demonstrated by the example of a nonlinear hydraulic system. The results obtained in computer simulations and experiments are presented to illustrate the new approach.
Thiosulfate, polythionates, and rhodanese activity in Lakes Erie and Ontario sediments

The concentrations of thiosulfate (10 to 20 ..mu..g.g dry wt/sup -1/) and polythionates (10 to 70 ..mu..g.g/sup -1/) in Lake Ontario sediments are much higher than those (0 to 20 and 5 to 40 ..mu..g.g/sup -1/) in the more reduced Lake Erie sediments. The distribution of these labile compounds is considered in relation to the forms of sulfur and sulfur bacteria in the different basins of Lake Erie and the importance of microenvironments in the formation of thiosulfate and polythionates is emphasized. The high concentration in Lake Ontario suggest that once formed, the thiosulfate can persist for a long time in sediments with limited amounts of oxygen. The correlation between rhodanese activity and thiosulfate plus polythionates suggests that rhodanese may catalyze some of the processes responsible for the generation and extinction of these sulfur compounds in lake sediments.
Measurements for assessing environmental exposures to children using small amounts of serum and urine: state-of-the-art.

Chemical analysis methods: Measurements for assessing environmental exposures to children using small amounts of serum and urine: state-of-the-art
THE ACTIVITY RECORD: A MEASURE OF SOCIAL ISOLATION-INVOLVEMENT

-An interview schedule, the Activity Record (AR), was developed to provide measures of social isolation-involvement. The AR differentiates normal and abnormal Ss and relates to personality variables such as MMPI Si and sociometric variables. I t defines and loads heavily on an introversion-extraversion factor. Its ease of administration, reliability, and validity make it a suitable altecnarive where direct observation is not desirable or feasible, and it can be used where E is nor studying all members of a closed group such as is required with sociorneuy.
Immigration and ethnic economies in giant cities.

A decade ago globalisation theorists claimed that Third World immigration to world cities was simply a product of the changing income structure in the reception countries especially the largest cities (Moore and Pinderhughes 1993: xxvvii Sassen 1989: 70 1990: 484-485; see also Sassen 1985: 225; for a critical evaluation of the polarisation thesis see Hamnett 1994: 401-424). This change in income distribution "in conjunction with the emergence of new cultural forms in everyday living has led to a process of high-income gentrification which rests in the last analysis on the availability of a vast supply of low-wage workers" (Sassen 1991: 279; see also 281 282) thus producing a large and growing effective demand for cheap labour to which the Third World immigrants had responded. At the top of the income distribution so the globalisation argument proceeded newly rich dual earner households need servants gardeners and child care (Wrigley 1997: 117-139). Immigrants from poor countries took these low-wage jobs; and unemployed native workers declined them (Waldinger 1995: 12-29). These immigrant workers receive no social security benefits no employer-paid health care their wages are not reported to tax officials and their job tenure is casual. Therefore immigrant employees of rich households cannot afford mainstream products and services that require a mainstream income. Like the newly impoverished natives of the ex-middle class dismissed from their production jobs they look for discounted goods produced and sold in the informal sector. Like the rich the immigrant poor buy clothing manufactured in the informal sector. Unlike the rich who buy them in fancy boutiques the workers of the informal sector and the distressed ex-middle class natives buy garments manufactured in the informal sector from informal sector vendors on street corners and swap meets. Their housing also is appropriately cheap and often dilapidated and even squalid. (excerpt)
The essence of management decision

Management decision constitutes the most important thing that managers do. Given the significance and complexity of this activity, one would expect to find a literature in which there is general agreement as to its defining characteristics and dimensions. Such is not the case. Much writing that purports to treat various aspects of management decision takes place outside the organization or involves individuals who are not or are not likely to become practising managerial decision makers. The consequence of this diffused and disjointed approach is a general misconception of the essence of management decision. More specifically, there is a general lack of appreciation of what management decisions are, who makes them, and where they are implemented. Intends to correct these generic misconceptions by advancing a set of theories and concepts that embodies the essence of management decision. The assimilation of these perspectives and viewpoints should enhance the reader’s conception of what management decision is and is not thereby contributing to higher levels of decision success in organizations of all types.
SPAR analysis of LDEF vibration characteristics

This paper presents a structural dynamic modeling of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), which is a Space Shuttle payload of passive scientific experiments contained in trays mounted on a large cylindrically shaped structure. Special detailed finite element modeling, using the SPAR system of computer programs was required to obtain good agreement between analytical and test vibrations modes. Experimental trays contributed significantly to overall LDEF stiffnesses, and these contributions were realistically represented for each tray by the stiffness matrix of an equivalent orthotropic panel in the overall LDEF SPAR model. Orthotropic stiffnesses for this panel were obtained from finely detailed statically loaded tray SPAR models in which stiffness coupling was accounted for along with partial relative sliding allowed by the tray clamping attachments. Joint boundary conditions were also significant in the structural dynamic modeling of LDEF, and static data proved valuable in assessing modeling of local end fittings.
Masked Performance: The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theatre.

Masked Performance: The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theatre. John Emigh. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996. xii. 336 pp., illustrations, bibliography, index.