cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An ecumenical approach to conceptualizing and studying the core of personality psychopathology: a commentary on Hopwood et al.

The DSM-5 process has generated an inordinate amount of controversy, division, and loss of good sense among those of us who study and treat personality disorders, and more broadly. During this unsettling historyof-science moment, we stand at an interesting and challenging crossroads in our field. It is important that we contextualize these recent experiences, recalling that the evolution and promulgation of the DSM has occurred within a particular psychiatric socioeconomic and political culture that has in many regards continually marginalized the representation of personality disorders. Given these considerations, I read with a great deal of satisfaction the Hopwood, Wright, Ansell, and Pincus (2013) article positing an interpersonal core of personality pathology. I suggest that what these authors propose is no less than a way forward for our field: not in the privileging of one theory, or the promotion of a circumplex model, but through emphasizing an organizing principle that can be conceptualized, studied, and clinically applied across a diversity of perspectives. The point of convergence lies in the notion that personality psychopathology emanates from problematic thinking and behavior centered on the self-inrelation-to-others. To briefly recap, the new approach to personality psychopathology proposed for DSM-5, to be published in its “Section III: Emerging Measures and Models” (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013) is a hybrid model of personality functioning, traits, and types. As has been represented in this journal and elsewhere, reactions to this mixed approach have ranged from florid rants to measured wisdom to enthusiastic welcome, and it remains to be seen what its future will be. However, what
Influence of processing-induced phase transformations on the dissolution of theophylline tablets.

The object of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of (1) processing-induced decrease in drug crystallinity and (2) phase transformations during dissolution, on the per-formance of theophylline tablet formulations. Anhydrous theophylline underwent multiple transformations (anhydrate »hydrate»anhydrate) during processing. Although the crystallinity of the anhydrate obtained finally was lower than that of the unprocessed drug, it dissolved at a slower rate. This decrease in dissolution rate was attributed to the accelerated anhydrate to hydrate transformationduring the dissolution run. Water vapor sorption studies proved to be a good predictor of powder dissolution behavior. While a decrease in crystallinity was brought about either by milling or by granulation, the effect on tablet dissolution was pronounced only in the latter. Tablet formulations prepared from the granules exhibited higher hardness, longer disintegration time, and slower dissolution than those containing the milled drug. The granules underwent plastic deformation during compression resulting in harder tablets, with delayed disintegration. The high hardness coupled with rapid anhydrate»hydrate transformationduring dissolution resulted in the formation of a hydrate layer on the tablet surface, which further delayed tablet disintegration and, consequently, dissolution. Phase transformations during processing and, more importantly, during dissolution influenced the observed dissolution rates. Product performance was a complex function of the physical state of the active and the processing conditions.
Noise of High Speed Surfaces

Aerodynamic noise can be radiated by 1) internal fluid motions (e.g., turbulence), 2) small motions of surfaces which are essentially fixed with respect to the fluid (e.g., loudspeakers), or 3) by surfaces moving with respect to the fluid. This paper discusses the last case. The noise radiated can be either due to the motion of the volume of the body directly, due to the steady or unsteady forces on its surfaces from their motion relative to the fluid, or due to nonlinear internal fluid motion effects. These noise sources arise frequently in conjunction with rotors and with supersonic flight. This paper reviews the analysis of sonic boom due to supersonic motion; rotor noise due to the acceleration of rotor volumes, steady forces and nonlinear effects; and the noise due to various unsteady force effects on rotors. The unsteady forces include effects from harmonically-varying inflow, from impulsive blade-vortex interaction loading (including transonic effects), and broadband noise due to loading from inflow turbulence and self generated turbulence. The state- of-the-art of predicting noise from practical configurations is assessed.
A Game-Theoretic View on the Interference Channel with Random Access

As an important building block of cognitive radio networks, the interference channel with distributed and competing radio access is currently an active area of research. In this work, a basic two-by-two interference channel is studied by considering random packet arrivals and random access. In particular, each transmitter is assumed to select independently and concurrently a transmission probability based on the state of the system queues. Both the cases of perfect and partial information about the transmitters' backlogs are addressed. The system is analyzed using tools from game theory, and specifically from the theory of stochastic games. The main conclusion is that random packet arrival has a beneficial effect on the efficiency of decentralized random access. This result is achieved by comparing the efficiency of Nash equilibria for the case of backlogged users with the corresponding equilibria in presence of random packet arrivals via numerical simulations.
An expectation-driven response understanding paradigm

This paper describes a model that can account for ad hoc user-responses to argument interrogative type of system-initiated questions. Successful implementation of the model can provide an alternative solution that is more effective than the menu-driven approach that has been proposed as a meager solution to enable the system to ask a question to the user. The proposed model assumes that when the system asks a question, it maintains an expectation of the potential answers. The system then uses the expectation as the focus to perform the most likely interpretation of the user's response. Without using such a focus the interpretation process could be unbounded. The interpretation process is mapped into a heuristic search problem. The interpretation process results in identifying a particular expectation-response relationship type, which the system can use to tailor its response strategy with respect to the given user-response. A prototype has been constructed to demonstrate the soundness of the proposed model. >
The significance of the asymmetry of the ovaries of the fowl

A chronological investigation of the histological condition of the right ovary of the domestic hen from embryos of nine days' incubation to adults of eighteen months was made. A rudiment of the right ovary is found at all times. Its composition is variable. Sixty-one per cent of the rudimentary ovaries contained medullary tissue only. Thirty-nine per cent had rudiments of cortex, in addition. The occurrence of cortical rudiments in embryonic stages is the probable basis of ovarian follicles found in the rudimentary right ovaries of adults. Primordial germ cells persist in the medullary tissue until three weeks after hatching. They subsequently appear to atrophy. The medullary cords persist through the entire period either as distended tubules or as solid cords of modified epithelial cells. Remnants of the right mesonephros persist as tubules and connect with the gonad by rete tubules. The mesonephric duct maintains a patent lumen.
Video synchronization as one-class learning

Synchronization of videos of the same scene recorded at different times is the first step in many applications related to video surveillance, remote sensing, and medical diagnosis. When a pair of corresponding frames from different videos is provided, synchronization of the rest of the frames is a relatively easy task. Unfortunately, this initial correspondence is usually not available. To avoid an exhaustive search for the initial match, most existing solutions rely either on prior information or additional hardware. It would be beneficial to have a method providing the initial match in an automated manner. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of one--class learning for the problem of video synchronization. We propose a hybrid one--class learner that can assess a similarity score based on the visual features between two frames from different videos by combining outputs of Support Vector Machines and Replicator Neural Network. The learner first finds a small set of potentially corresponding frames. Then, the exact match is determined by minimizing the similarity error in the set. We apply proposed synchronization method to the videos of dynamic outdoor environments recorded by mobile platforms.
Formal model of a trusted file server

The authors present a formal, mathematical model for a trusted file server (TFS) for a multilevel secure distributed computer system. The goal is to produce formal verification from the top-level specification down through code for the entire system of which a TFS is one component. By viewing the TFS as a black box, it is possible to specify its security as a relation that must hold invariantly between an output stream of responses and an input stream of requests. Using the proposed approach, the authors have provided a small (perhaps minimal) set of compromise security constraints on the TFS. They have produced an implementation of the TFS in Gypsy and verified that the implementation satisfies this model. It is also shown that the specified relation is stronger than noninterference, and that a noninterference model cannot cover the security-relevant functionality of deleting or changing the size of a file. >
The performance of multiuser diversity scheduling for MIMO channels with spatially correlated fading

We study a cellular network with one multiantenna base station and a number of multiantenna users. Correlated fading may exist at the base station or at the users, or at both sides. With time-varying fading, multiuser diversity is exploited by always allowing the base station to transmit to the user with the best channel. For this network, we find that if the number of transmitter antennas and the number of receiver antennas grow with a fixed ratio, the multiuser diversity gain will approximately remain constant
INFLUENCE OF LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE AND CLIMATE VARIABILITY ON A LATE HOLOCENE PLANT MIGRATION

We analyzed and radiocarbon-dated 205 fossil woodrat middens from 14 sites in central and northern Wyoming and adjacent Utah and Montana to document spa- tiotemporal patterns of Holocene invasion by Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma). Ho- locene migration into central and northern Wyoming and southern Montana from the south proceeded by a series of long-distance dispersal events, which were paced by climate variability and structured by the geographic distribution and connectivity of suitable habitats on the landscape. The migration of Utah juniper into the region involved multiple long- distance dispersal events, ranging from 30 to 135 km. One of the earliest established populations, on East Pryor Mountain in south central Montana, is currently the northernmost population of the species. Establishment by long-distance dispersal of that population and another in the Bighorn Basin occurred during a period of relatively dry climate between 7500 and 5400 years ago. Further expansion of these initial colonizing populations and backfilling to occupy suitable sites to the south was delayed during a wet period from 5400 to 2800 years ago. Development of dry conditions 2800 years ago led to a rapid expansion in which Utah juniper colonized sites throughout its current range. Landscape structure and climate variability play important roles in governing the pattern and pace of natural in- vasions and deserve close attention in studying and modeling plant invasions, whether exotic or natural.
Gap surface plasmon polaritons enhanced by a plasmonic lens

We numerically investigate the optical field enhancement based on gap surface plasmon polaritons (GSPPs) that are enhanced by propagating surface waves launched by a circular slit at a metal–dielectric interface. The optical field enhancement originates not only from multiple scattering and coupling of GSPPs in the spacer region between two metal layers but also from propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) launched by a circular plasmonic lens. We find that the combination of the GSPPs and the propagating SPPs launched by the plasmonic lens can achieve extremely strong field confinement, and we find that the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement factor can be up to 1015 at the tip of the equilateral triangular nanostructures. The structure proposed here is expected to find promising applications where strong field enhancement is desired, such as optical sensing with the SERS effect.
Exposure to Tobacco on the Internet: Content Analysis of Adolescents' Internet Use

OBJECTIVE: We performed a content analysis of all Web pages viewed by a random sample of adolescents to describe exposure to tobacco- and smoking-related text and images. METHODS: Adolescents (14–17 years of age) with home Internet access were recruited. Internet-tracking software was installed on home computers used by 346 eligible consenting participants. All Web pages viewed by adolescent participants were captured during a 30-day period for each subject. Keywords on smoking and tobacco were used to identify tobacco images or text. RESULTS: The 346 participants viewed 1.2 million Web pages, of which 8702 (0.72%) contained tobacco or smoking content. Exposure to tobacco content did not vary according to smoking status. Content was protobacco on 1916 pages, antitobacco on 1572, and complex or unclear on 5055. Social networking sites, mainly MySpace, represented 53% of pages (n = 4612) on which tobacco content was found. All pages with smoking content contained references in text, and 256 (3%) contained images. Many (43%) of the adolescents were exposed to protobacco imagery (median: 3 pages per month). Cigarettes were mentioned on 20% of pages. Tobacco products were sold on 50 pages, and 242 pages contained links to tobacco products sold on other pages. On social networking sites, 4121 pages included a mention of smoking status in the authors9 individual profiles, with 23% of authors identifying themselves as smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Many adolescents are consistently exposed to tobacco content on the Internet, but the volume of exposure is limited and not all content represents protobacco content.
Atg17 regulates the magnitude of the autophagic response

Autophagy is a catabolic process used by eukaryotic cells for the degradation and recycling of cytosolic proteins and excess or defective organelles. In yeast, autophagy is primarily a response to nutrient limitation, whereas in higher eukaryotes it also plays a role in developmental processes. Due to its essentially unlimited degradative capacity, it is critical that regulatory mechanisms are in place to modulate the timing and magnitude of the autophagic response. One set of proteins that seems to function in this regard includes a complex that contains the Atg1 kinase. Aside from Atg1, the proteins in this complex participate primarily in either nonspecific autophagy or specific types of autophagy, including the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway, which operates under vegetative growth conditions, and peroxisome degradation. Accordingly, these proteins are prime candidates for factors that regulate the conversion between these pathways, including the change in size of the sequestering vesicle, the most obvious morphological difference. The atg17delta mutant forms a reduced number of small autophagosomes. As a result, it is defective in peroxisome degradation and is partially defective for autophagy. Atg17 interacts with both Atg1 and Atg13, via two coiled-coil domains, and these interactions facilitate its inclusion in the Atg1 complex.
Stochastic model of protein receptor trafficking prior to synaptogenesis.

We present a stochastic model of NMDA ($N$-methyl $d$-aspartate) receptor transport along a dendrite prior to synapse formation. Receptors undergo periods of intracellular kinesin motor-driven transport along microtubules interspersed with periods of cycling to the cell surface through exocytosis or endocytsosis. The stochastic dynamics is reduced to a spatially discrete hopping model that determines the time-dependent distribution of receptors along the dendrite. We also investigate how possible defects in motor-assisted transport can affect this distribution.
Small Intestinal Injury in the Graft Versus Host Reaction: An Innocent Bystander Phenomenon

Marked morphological and functional damage to the small intestine occurs during the graft versus host reaction (GVHR); the structural lesion is characterized by crypt hypertrophy and villus shortening. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the intestine is injured in the GVHR as an antigenic target of the grafted immunocompetent cells or as an innocent bystander to donor-host lymphoid interaction. Implants of fetal mouse small intestine from either C57BL/6 or (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F1(BDF1) hybrid donors were placed under the kidney capsule of adult BDF, male mice. After 4 weeks, both groups were injected with parental C57BL/6 spleen cells, syngeneic BDF, spleen cells, or no cells. Two weeks after injection the mice were killed and the implants were removed for histological processing and measurement of villus height and crypt depth. The villus-crypt ratio in the BDF1 implants of mice receiving C57BL/6 cells was 1.32 ± 0.3 compared to 2.51 ± 0.4 in controls receiving either syngeneic BDF1 cells or no cells (P
MODIS Snow Monitoring Over the Tibetan Plateau

Permanent and seasonal snowpack over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is an important component of earth climate system. Due to the limitation of conventional observations and previous satellite image, however, the snow cover variability over the TP has been a challenging problem for climate study. High-resolution (500 m) snow mapping obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provided an excellent opportunity to define details in the spatial and temporal snow cover distribution and variability in this region. In previous evaluation, the accuracy of MODIS/Terra snow cover data is evaluated by comparing the data with in situ Chinese station snow observations and show a overall 90% accuracy over the TP. Statistical analysis is then performed to explore the distribution and variability of snow cover based on the available data from 2000 to 2006. The most persistent snow cover is located in the southern and western edges of the TP, especially major mountain ridges and the western Yarlung Zangbo Valley. The higher snow cover fractions (SCFs) are mainly concentrated in the regions where the elevation is higher than 6000 m. The snow persistence varies in different elevation ranges and generally becomes longer with increases in the terrain elevation. In addition, the spatial distribution of the snow cover not only depends on the elevation, but also varies with the terrain features (e.g., aspects and slopes) in the local areas. With 7-year observational data, seasonal and interannual variability of snow cover has been detected, but the persistence of the seasonal and interannual anomalies in snow cover is generally lacking due to the small sample of data available. There are slight decreasing trends in SFCs over the TP during 2000–2006.
Factors Affecting the Useful Life of Reservoirs

Useful life of reservoirs includes length of life and service value; controlling factors in reservoir silting are shown to be capacity-inflow ratio and sediment content of inflow which is governed by watershed characteristics; flexibility in design and site conservation through proper project formulation is urged.
Integrin β3 inhibition is a therapeutic strategy for supravalvular aortic stenosis

The aorta is the largest artery in the body, yet processes underlying aortic pathology are poorly understood. The arterial media consists of circumferential layers of elastic lamellae and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and many arterial diseases are characterized by defective lamellae and excess SMCs; however, a mechanism linking these pathological features is lacking. In this study, we use lineage and genetic analysis, pharmacological inhibition, explant cultures, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to investigate supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) patients and/or elastin mutant mice that model SVAS. These experiments demonstrate that multiple preexisting SMCs give rise to excess aortic SMCs in elastin mutants, and these SMCs are hyperproliferative and dedifferentiated. In addition, SVAS iPSC-derived SMCs and the aortic media of elastin mutant mice and SVAS patients have enhanced integrin β3 levels, activation, and downstream signaling, resulting in SMC misalignment and hyperproliferation. Reduced β3 gene dosage in elastin-null mice mitigates pathological aortic muscularization, SMC misorientation, and lumen loss and extends survival, which is unprecedented. Finally, pharmacological β3 inhibition in elastin mutant mice and explants attenuates aortic hypermuscularization and stenosis. Thus, integrin β3-mediated signaling in SMCs links elastin deficiency and pathological stenosis, and inhibiting this pathway is an attractive therapeutic strategy for SVAS.
The Fuel Cycle Analysis System, REBUS

A fuel cycle analysis system is presented for performing fast reactor fuel cycle calculations. The REBUS system, an acronym for REactor BUrnup System, solves for the infinite time (equilibrium) ope...
Morphology of cell-substratum adhesion. Influence of receptor heterogeneity and nonspecific forces.

Many cell types modulate growth, differentiation, and motility through changes in cell substrate adhesion, including regulation of focal contact formation. Clustering of cell surface adhesion receptors is an essential early step in the development of focal contacts, and thus may influence cell physiology. In this paper, we present a theoretical framework to examine how cell surface chemistry affects receptor clustering. Our one-dimensional tape-peeling model couples the equations of mechanical equilibrium for a cell membrane with kinetic receptor-ligand binding relations. We considered two distinct model scenarios: Adhesion mediated by multiple receptor-ligand interactions of different length and specific binding of a single receptor type occurs in the presence of van der Waals attraction and nonspecific repulsion. In each case, nonuniform (wave-like) membrane morphologies are observed in certain parameter ranges that support the clustering of adhesion receptors. The formation of these morphologies is described in terms of a balance of membrane stresses; when cell-surface potential as a function of separation distance is symmetric between two potential energy minima, nonuniform morphologies are obtained. Increases in the chemical binding energy between receptor and ligand (e.g., increases in ligand density) or decreases in the membrane rigidity result in smaller wavelengths for nonuniform interfaces. Additionally, we show wave-like geometries appear only when the mechanical compliance of receptor-ligand bonds is within an intermediate range, and examine how the mobility of “repellers”—glycocalyx molecules that exert a nonspecific repulsive force—influences membrane morphology. We find fully mobile repellers always redistribute to prevent nonuniform morphologies.
Aspartic Acid Decarboxylase in Bacteria.

SummaryOf 16 strains of microorganisms studied, 7 exhibited positive aspartic acid decarboxylase activity. employing Rh. trijolii this enzyme was found to be stable to vacuum drying, and active cell-free juices could be prepared.
Cross-Sectional, Time-Series Issues in the Analysis of Marketing Decision Variables:

A variance components cross-sectional, time-series model is presented for use in the analysis of marketing decision variables. Empirical results suggest that the model's disaggregative form offers ...
Simulation of fMRI signals to validate dynamic causal modeling estimation

Through cognitive tasks certain brain areas are activated and also receive increased blood to them. This is modeled through a state system consisting of two separate parts one that deals with the neural node stimulation and the other blood response during that stimulation. The rationale behind using this state system is to validate existing analysis methods such as DCM to see what levels of noise they can handle. Using the forward Euler's method this system was approximated in a series of difference equations. What was obtained was the hemodynamic response for each brain area and this was used to test an analysis tool to estimate functional connectivity between each brain area with a given amount of noise. The importance of modeling this system is to not only have a model for neural response but also to compare to actual data obtained through functional imaging scans.
Hospital Prices Increase in California, Especially Among Hospitals in the Largest Multi-hospital Systems

A surge in hospital consolidation is fueling formation of ever larger multi-hospital systems throughout the United States. This article examines hospital prices in California over time with a focus on hospitals in the largest multi-hospital systems. Our data show that hospital prices in California grew substantially (+76% per hospital admission) across all hospitals and all services between 2004 and 2013 and that prices at hospitals that are members of the largest, multi-hospital systems grew substantially more (113%) than prices paid to all other California hospitals (70%). Prices were similar in both groups at the start of the period (approximately $9200 per admission). By the end of the period, prices at hospitals in the largest systems exceeded prices at other California hospitals by almost $4000 per patient admission. Our study findings are potentially useful to policy makers across the country for several reasons. Our data measure actual prices for a large sample of hospitals over a long period of time in California. California experienced its wave of consolidation much earlier than the rest of the country and as such our findings may provide some insights into what may happen across the United States from hospital consolidation including growth of large, multi-hospital systems now forming in the rest of the rest of the country.
Transureteroureterostomy in spinal cord injury patients for persistent vesicoureteral reflux: 6 to 14-year followup.

AbstractWe did a long-term followup for spinal cord injury patients who had undergone transureteroureterostomy for persistent reflux after failed vesicoureteroplasty. Particular attention was paid to the complications that are unique to these patients and include the trapping of ureteral calculi, recurrent vesicoureteral reflux and bladder hypertrophy with vesicoureteral junction obstruction. Caution is advised in using this procedure in the spinal cord injury patient because of these problems despite the over-all success in maintaining the patency of the anastomosis.
Constitutive Visions: Indigeneity and Commonplaces of National Identity in Republican Ecuador. By Christa J. Olson. (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2014. Pp. xxi, 238. $64.95.)

Analyzing the relationship of the indigenous to the nation‐state is a global challenge and one that the author of this new study undertakes with great skill and unquestionable success. Applying the...
ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Chronic Back Pain Suspected Sacroiliitis-Spondyloarthropathy.

Inflammatory sacroiliitis or the seronegative axial spondyloarthropathies often presents as back pain or sacroiliac joint pain of more than 3-month duration with inflammatory symptoms and typically in patients younger than 45 years of age. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis and disease monitoring. This article addresses the appropriate sequence of initial imaging for evaluation of a suspected spondyloarthropathy, the imaging follow-up of treatment response and the special considerations for imaging of trauma in patients with ankylosis of the spine. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.
Intra-Arterial Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Large Animal Endovascular Canine Stroke Model: Findings on Serial Diffusion Tensor Imaging (S42.007)

Background: Cell therapy is promising in rodent pre-clinical studies. Confirmation of efficacy of this novel approach in large animals is recommended. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) assesses white matter microstructure in the CNS using Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Diffusion Tensor Tractography (DTT) DTT produces a 3D representation of the white matter tracts (WMT) in which data are displayed on a colored map that helps to identify the integrity of the tracts selected under the region of Interest (ROI). The purpose of this study was to use DTI-DTT analysis, and correlate it with the neuro-assessment of dogs over one month after ipsilateral intra-arterial (IA) Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSCs) 48 hours after a brain-stroke was reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (rMCAo) Methods: Mongrel Hounds (n=5), aged 12-36 months, were included in this pilot study. rMCAo was induced via endovascular approach using a detachable helical ultra-coil over 35-80 min. MSCs (1-20 millions) were infused intra-arterially 48hrs post stroke in the ipsilesional cervical internal carotid. DTI-T images were obtained at 48h post rMCAo pre-IA cell delivery, 15 & 30 days. DTT was also generated. FA-ADC values of the right & left hemisphere and CST were determined. Weekly neuro evaluations were performed using our canine neuro-scale Results: Our data suggest a correlation between the neurological recovery and and improvement in the FA-ADC values. An increase in the caliber of corticospinal tracts ipsilateral to the stroke by day 30 compared to pre-injection was observed on the DTT reconstruction for two canines that showed neurological improvement. Conclusions: Serial DTI-DTT imaging after IA cell therapy shows improvement in white matter tracts correlating with neurologic recovery. This supports further development of DTI-DTT biomarkers to measure neurologic recovery in experimental models as well as early clinical trials. Disclosure: Dr. Guada has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pattany has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ramdas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation for activities with Covidien/evV3 as a consultant and Steering Committee Member.
Analysis and reversal of formalin cross-links from fixed tissue for the molecular analysis of cancer biopsies

4834 Clinical and molecular medicines have and continue to undergo a revolution based on the accelerated advances in biotechnology. Unfortunately, many of these methods are not compatible with standard fixation methods used to preserve biopsy tissue. Fixation involves chemically modifying tissue proteins and constituents in order to stabilize the specimen for later analyses. Fixed and archived tissues are a very important resource of DNA, RNA, and proteins for molecular biological studies such as the diagnosis and study of cancer. New methods are needed for the fixation of tumor tissues from biopsies and for using biopsies from archived tissues that are compatible with molecular analysis. Neutral buffered formalin (NBF) is currently the most widely used chemical cross-linking fixative agent for preservation of tissue specimens prior to biochemical analysis of DNA and protein interactions. Formalin (aqueous formaldehyde) is highly reactive towards free amine groups located on proteins and possibly nucleic acids leading to the formation of stable covalent cross-links that are essentially irreversible without damaging the specimen under study. These covalent cross-linked structures have yet to be fully characterized. We have studied the reactions of formalin with DNA and find that formalin is unable to form cross-links between duplex or single-stranded DNA. But we have found that NBF is able to induce covalent cross-links between duplex DNA in close association with proteins, such as a DNA polymerase bound to a primer-template, producing both a stable monomeric and dimeric protein-DNA complexes. Our results show that these cross-linked complexes are quite stable under moderate heat, across a broad range of pHs, and even when exposed to various individual chemical denaturing agents. The covalent complexes can, however, be reversed when exposed to various chemical reversal cocktails. We have also found that small amine-containing compounds such as Tris-HCl buffer, spermine, and spermidine may play a role in the formation of these cross-links between DNA and proteins. In the absence of these small amines, formation of stable covalent cross-linked products is not seen. We are currently using several methods to detect the formation of covalent DNA-protein and protein-protein cross-links and to characterize the structures that form. The findings will hopefully lead to improved methods for tissue fixation and may allow the development of methods for successful reversal of formalin cross-links in archival tissues.
Don't steal my balloons: designing for musical adult-child ludic engagement

Play-in particular adult-child play---is an important component of child development. This article investigates how to design for adult-child play through Sound Happening, an interactive installation for musical play. We present a preliminary analysis of participant interactions with Sound Happening at The Children's Museum of Pittsburgh, where a total of 112 children and 53 adults interacted with the exhibit. The data from these interactions indicates that Sound Happening can facilitate both verbal parental engagement and partnered adult-child play. We highlight several features of Sound Happening that can be used as design principles for adult-child play environments. These include incorporating embodied interfaces, designing for multiple levels of engagement, and utilizing culturally recognizable interaction modalities.
The RO Theory, Discovery of BUI, and IS

This brief, but in-depth, analysis and propositions have been an ambitious endeavor of the author to review, analyze, understand, obtain and discover scientifically-based foundations for the organizational theories Dr. Elliott Jaques has put forward during the past fifty-five years of research. This endeavor has lasted for over two years, having started with the author’s interest to work on a doctoral dissertation based on the Requisite Organization theory at the School of Business and Public Management of The George Washington University, a well-known school in Washington, DC that has allowed bizarre, original, and non-traditional ideas to be investigated and worked on for doctoral theses.
Regulation of gene expression by polyunsaturated fatty acids

Consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been shown to be beneficial in the prevention of several human diseases, including obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. It has become clear that linolenic (n-3) and linoleic (n-6) PUFAs can act at the nuclear level to affect expression of genes involved in diverse metabolic pathways. PUFAs act via nuclear receptors such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor a and liver X receptor a, and through the transcription factor, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, to elicit a favorable hypolipidemic phenotype. Further understanding of the molecular effects of PUFAs will be key to devising novel approaches to the treatment and prevention of disease. Heart Metab. 2006;32:32‐35.
Cisplatin Every 3 Weeks Versus Weekly With Definitive Concurrent Radiotherapy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck.

Background Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is an established component of the nonoperative management of locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but the standard dose of 100 mg/m2 cisplatin every 3 weeks is associated with clinically significant toxicity. Interest in a more tolerable regimen has led to the widespread use of weekly lower dose cisplatin, but few randomized trials have compared these approaches. Methods We examined outcomes of patients with stage III-IVb HNSCC treated with definitive intent chemoradiotherapy using either high-dose cisplatin (HDC) or low-dose cisplatin (LDC), using population-based Veterans Affairs data. In an intent-to-treat analysis, patients were assigned to the HDC vs LDC group according to the dose of their first cycle. Variables potentially influencing treatment decisions including cancer site, stage, smoking/alcohol use, and comorbidities were used to generate propensity scores (PS) for the use of HDC. We compared overall survival (OS) by treatment group using Cox regression, adjusting for PS. We then determined the risk of toxicities using PS-adjusted logistic regression. Results A total of 2901 patients were included in the analysis; 2200 received HDC (mean initial dose 100 mg/m2). The mean initial dose of LDC was 40 mg/m2. After PS adjustment, HDC was not associated with improved OS over LDC (hazard ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence interval = 0.80 to 1.04). Adjusting for PS, HDC was associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury, neutropenia, dehydration/electrolyte disturbance, and hearing loss. Conclusion In this large, population-based study of US military veterans, LDC was associated with similar survival to HDC in the nonoperative definitive management of locally advanced HNSCC of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and hypopharynx/larynx. HDC was associated with statistically significantly more toxicity than LDC. Adoption of LDC may reduce toxicity burden while maintaining OS.
Discussion of forest definitions and tree cover estimates for Haiti.

In PNAS, Hedges et al. (1) estimate that only 0.32% of “primary forest” cover of Haiti remains. They argue the situation is dire and predict that Haiti will have no remaining primary forest by 2035 (1). We highlight several assumptions in their forest definition parameters and subsequent national extrapolation that result in subjective and potentially biased results—a phenomenon that the authors paradoxically note is common in forest cover estimates (2). The exclusion of extensive secondary forest, regrown before and since 1988, incorrectly establishes this arbitrary date as a baseline condition and ignores the likelihood that some of these 1988 stands included secondary forests. Additionally, their approach discounts a well-known forest classification standard—established in Haiti, for Haiti—that includes forest categories … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: wamplerp{at}gvsu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Development of a quantitative Bayesian network mapping objective factors to subjective performance shaping factor evaluations: An example using student operators in a digital nuclear power plant simulator

Abstract Traditional human reliability analysis methods consist of two main steps: assigning values for performance shaping factors (PSFs), and assessing human error probability (HEP) based on PSF values. Both steps rely on expert judgment. Considerable advances have been made in reducing reliance on expert judgment for HEP assessment by incorporating human performance data from various sources (e.g., simulator experiments); however, little has been done to reduce reliance on expert judgment for PSF assignment. This paper introduces a data-driven approach for assessing PSFs in Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) based on contextual information. The research illustrates how to develop a Bayesian PSF network using data collected from student operators in a NPP simulator. The approach starts with a baseline PSF model that calculates PSF values from context information during an accident scenario. Then, a Bayesian model is developed to link the baseline model to the Subjective PSFs. Two additional factors are included: simulator bias and context information. Results and analysis include variation between the results of the proposed model and the training dataset, and the significance of each element in the model. The proposed approach reduces the reliance of PSF assignment on expert judgment and is particularly suitable for dynamic human reliability analysis.
Your Team: Mentors, Staff, Colleagues, and Mentees

In this chapter we will focus on your team, representing the most immediate connected circle of your socioecological model (SEM). Chapter “ The Framework for this Book: The Socioecological Model” defined the SEM model, and chapter “ You as a Scientist” considered your role as an individual scientist within that model. In this chapter, we will consider your innermost circle, or your WomenRockScience team. We will consider your team to be the people who work in your immediate or virtual vicinity, either in your research group or directly supporting your research group in real-time or online. Your team includes your mentoring/oversight team (people who oversee your work), research team (people who you oversee), collaborators (people with you such as peers), and colleagues (your network). Within the SEM, these folks have a direct effect on your research career and how much you can rock your science.
Adaptation of Gait Energetics to Ankle Exoskeleton Assistance Within and Across Visits: A Clinical Case Series

Wearable assistive devices have begun to show potential for improving walking economy in individuals with neuromuscular impairment. However, no studies have investigated how quickly individuals with neuromuscular disabilities adapt to assistance across different time scales, which makes experimental design challenging. The goal of this case series was to evaluate how individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) adapt to untethered powered plantar-flexor assistance within and across exoskeleton practice sessions. To assess inter-visit adaptation, one participant with mild CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System level (GMFCS) I) completed 112 minutes of exoskeleton walking practice across four visits. This participant's preferred level of assistance increased across practice sessions, and metabolic assessment indicated reduced acclimation time and improved walking economy; across visits, metabolic cost decreased by 18% during walking with exoskeleton assistance and by 13% while wearing the exoskeleton in an unassisted condition. To assess intra-visit adaptation, another participant with mild CP (GMFCS I) completed three 8–10 minute exoskeleton-assisted walking trials with the same level of assistance on a single visit. This participant exhibited a 16% reduction in the average metabolic cost relative to baseline during the final minute of walking on the third trial. Despite walking with assistance for 30 minutes, the participant did not appear to reach a fully acclimated state at the end of the third trial, suggesting that further improvements may have been observed with additional practice. These preliminary findings may prove useful for designing novel intervention studies and experimental protocols testing the potential benefit of wearable assistance in clinical populations.
Micro-environmental control for efficient local cooling: Results from manikin and human participant tests

Abstract The micro-environment in this study refers to the air space and environment around a person that directly impacts their thermal sensation. This study aims at evaluating the performance of a newly developed micro-environmental control system (μX) designed to cool the occupants locally for thermal comfort when the temperature in the ambient unoccupied space is raised from 23.9 °C to 26.1 °C in summer to reduce the HVAC cooling load. The μX was tested first with a 20-segment thermal manikin wearing summer clothing in a full-scale stainless-steel chamber and then with human participants in a climate chamber. Results show that the heat loss by the manikin increased with the distance between the μX air supply diffuser and the manikin and decreased with the clothing insulation. Changing the air delivery angle from 0° to 10° from the horizontal direction resulted in additional heat loss from the manikin. The heat loss from the manikin was found to be positively correlated with the supply air flow rate, but negatively correlated with the supply air temperature. However, the overall cooling efficiency dramatically increased with the supply air temperature. Overall, both the manikin test and the human participant test showed that the μX was able to cool the occupant in a room of expanded temperature set-point, and the Clothing Independent Thermal Comfort Model gave a consistent prediction with the human participant test. However, slight thermal discomfort was reported when the μX was used due to the effect of clothing, season, metabolic rate and local draught.
Lifestyle Changes, Erectile Dysfunction, and Female Sexual Dysfunction: Heart Health and Sexual Health

State-of-the-art guidelines for sexual health or erectile dysfunction (ED) and female sexual dysfunction (FSD) provide extensive overviews of conventional prescription and other extrinsic treatment options. Yet, over the past 10–20 years, a plethora of international research has established that individual and comprehensive lifestyle changes can prevent and potentially improve ED and FSD, or at least some aspect of these conditions. In this chapter, there will be a comprehensive review of heart-healthy and heart-unhealthy risk factors for ED and FSD and a review of individual and synergistic lifestyle changes that have been shown to prevent or ameliorate ED and FSD in specific populations of men and women. The FSD research lags far behind ED research in terms of positive lifestyle interventions studied, but the preliminary data thus far suggest that lifestyle changes can have a profound impact that could improve FSD to a slightly smaller or even similar extent, in some cases, to what has been observed in men with ED. Regardless, a lifestyle program that has the potential to improve heart health, reduce all-cause morbidity and mortality, and still improve ED and FSD is plausible. This should be reiterated in the clinical setting with patients and should be a part of primary care and medical specialty treatment guidelines for ED and FSD. Ignoring the consistent, and ample, positive data on lifestyle and other options in ED and FSD is tantamount to ignoring diet and lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of or ameliorate cardiovascular disease.