cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracellular transport and processing of Sindbis virus glycoproteins.

Abstract The intracellular transport and processing of Sindbis virus envelope glycoproteins were studied in cells infected with Sindbis virus using the mannose-specific enzyme, endoglycosidase H (endo H). In pulse/chase labeling experiments of hamster cells with [35S]methionine, Sindbis glycoproteins PE2 and E1 became endo H resistant in two steps at 12.5 and 20.0 min after a 5-min pulse, suggesting that the glycoproteins required this period of time to be transported to the Go;gi compartments containing the enzymes which process the high mannose side chains acquired in the endoplasmic reticulum. E2 could be detected at the end of a 5-min pulse and the E2 produced early was found to be endo H sensitive. The rate at which PE2 was converted to E2, relative to the acquisition of endo H resistance, suggests the independence of this proteolytic event from cellular protein transport and raises the possibility that the proteolytic function is of viral origin.
The utility of apical anterior horn biopsies in prostate cancer detection

We sought to determine the utility of adding apical anterior horn biopsies to systematic prostate sampling regimens in detecting cancer in men with measured prostate volume or =4.0 ng/mL. All of these patients underwent lesion directed biopsy as well as a systematic 12-core biopsy regimen consisting of the standard sextant, bilateral lateral mid- and lateral base-sites, and bilateral apical anterior horn sites. Overall cancer detection and unique cancer detection rates were calculated for each of the 12 sites, stratified by race, age, PSA, and findings on digital rectal exam. In addition, cancer detection rates of various biopsy schemes were calculated and compared. There were 255 men undergoing biopsy who had calculated prostate volume < or =50 cc, and the prostate cancer detection rate was 47%. The overall cancer detection rate of apical anterior horn biopsies ranged between 29% and 56%. The utility of these biopsies was greatest in men with normal rectal exam and PSA <10 ng/mL, with unique cancer detection rates of 6% and 4%, respectively. Including the apical anterior horn biopsies in an 8-biopsy scheme (anterior, apex, lateral mid, lateral base) yielded cancer detection rates greater than 91% in all subgroups that were not statistically different from extended 10- and 12-core biopsy regimens. Apical anterior horn prostate biopsies target cancers that are potentially in the anterior region of the prostate, a region under-sampled using traditional schemes. The use of these biopsies as part of an 8-core biopsy pattern provides high cancer detection in all groups of patients and may represent a new standard.
Cannabinoid effects in basal ganglia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease

Cannabinoid receptors in the brain are highly concentrated in the basal ganglia, which is in accordance with their well known effects on motor behavior. In this study, rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway were implanted with cannulae in the striatum, globus pallidus and substantia nigra. The effect of unilateral infusion of the potent cannabinoid agonist CP55,940 on turning behavior was studied for each structure. Lesioned animals responded to intrapallidal and intrastriatal administration of the cannabinoid in a manner that was similar to that of unlesioned animals. However, lesioned animals showed greater contralateral turning in response to the cannabinoid infusions in the substantia nigra than unlesioned animals.
School finance: Raising questions for urban schools

School finance drives policy and practice in public education, yet most citizens and some practitioners know very little about how their schools are funded. The purpose of this article is to addres...
Introduction Gendered Borderlands

With Borderlands/Ea Frontera: The New Mestiza, Gloria Anzald?a burst onto the feminist conceptual scene offering new ways of exploring relationships of power and domination, resistance and agency, among women and men hitherto cast as marginalized "others." Anzald?a acknowledges the pain and anguish of otherness and seeks to reclaim its latent power by exploring how disempowered subjects labeled as "other" express their identities and resistance. She coins the term mestiza consciousness to reflect border subjects' expressions of agency that incorporate spiritual transformations and psychic processes of exclusion and identification?of feeling "in between" cultures, languages, or places. Anzald?a also delves into the origins and conditions that construct and reinforce otherness. Her theoretical formulation of "borderlands" expounds on the dynamics within material and discursive spaces that transcend geopolitical border areas, where women, men, and youth, straight and queer, adapt, resist, and develop new strate gies to negotiate social inequalities. Anzald?a's creative reflections about fluid borders and borderlands have influ enced many fields. Until recently these concepts, borders and borderlands, have not been problematized or operationalized in sociological research (Martinez 2002). All too often "borderlands" is used as a catchall that signifies, among other things, uncharted territory or subjects whose identities are outside the mainstream. This uncritical use of borderlands as a proxy for analyses of complex relation ships between structure and agency that are not situated regionally or historically is problematic. Understanding the intersections of historically specific regional dynamics, institutional configurations, and cultural expressions would generate exciting theoretical and empirical work on gender and borderlands. There are
Effects of induction of rat liver cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase on the oxidation of biogenic aldehydes.

Abstract Phenobarbital and tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) induce two different forms of aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3, ALDH), designated φ and τ respectively, in the rat liver cytosol. The physiological substrates for these enzymes are as yet unknown. In this study we investigated whether the induction of these enzymes forms affected the metabolism of dopamine and norepinephrine in rat liver slices. A 10-fold increase in φ-ALDH produced by phenobarbital treatment resulted in small increases in the formation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid from the biogenic amines. The 50- to 100-fold elevation of the τ-isozyme did not alter the rate of formation of the acids. When liver slices were incubated with 40 mM ethanol, the formation of the reduced products of dopamine and norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, respectively, was favored. Under these conditions, the induction of the φ-isoenzyme again produced only a small increase in the formation of the acid products, whereas the induction of the τ-isoenzyme had no effect on acid production from biogenic amine metabolism. The results suggest that neither the φ- nor the τ-forms of ALDH are involved in the hepatic metabolism of dopamine or norepinephrine and support the conclusion that the oxidation of the aldehyde derived from dopamine occurs in mitochondria.
Symmetries of the energy-momentum tensor and concomitant conservation laws

In this note we wish to report a method for formulating conservation laws based on the existence of energy-momentum tensor symmetries. For both special and general relativistic theories it is well-known that conservation laws in the form of conserved vector currents J~ can be formulated in terms of the symmetric energy-momentum tensor (1) T~j, T~/j= 0, provided the space-time (Minkowski or Riemannian) admits certain symmetries based upon infinitesimal mappings
Phytoplankton standing crop, primary productivity, and near-surface nitrogenous nutrient fields in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Abstract In austral summer 1978 a study was made of the phytoplankton standing crop, primary productivity, and nutrient chemistry of the waters along a north-south transect between New Zealand and the Ross Ice Shelf and along two east-west transects in the Ross Sea. The area was characterized by a high degree of spatial biological variability, with pronounced differences in phytoplankton biomass, primary productivity, and near-surface nitrate and ammonium fields between the northern, central, and southern regions of the Ross Sea. An extensive bloom of the colonial flagelate Phaeocystis pouchetiii (Prymnesiophyceae) was encountered along the barrier edge of the Ross Ice Shelf and extended to depths of 100 to 150 m at some stations. Chlorophyll a throughout the euphotic zone along the ice shelf barrier edge averaged > 1 mg m−3, and primary productivity locally reached nearly 1 g C m−2 day−1 there. In contrast, both chlorophyll a concentration and rates of 14C uptake averaged two- to four-fold less some 200 km offshore of the Ross Ice Shelf, where P. pouchetii generally was rare. Where P. pouchetii was abundant, more than 25% of the water column primary production occurred at depths below the 1% light penetration level. Near-surface nitrate concentrations were about a third lower at the stations where P. pouchetii was abundant than at those with few or no P. pouchetii. Regionally there was a strong negative correlation between NH4+ and chlorophyll a, suggesting that the biogenic uptake of NH4+ by the phytoplankton controlled the distribution of NH4+ within the euphotic zone.
P‐208L: Late‐News Poster: Liquid Crystal Lasers for Projection Displays

The liquid crystal laser presents itself as an interesting tool for projection displays, acting as the illumination source. Liquid crystal lasers are fast becoming an interesting area of research within the liquid crystal community. In utilizing integrating these systems with current liquid crystal display (LCD) projection systems, novel designs can be envisioned.
Scientific and ethical standards in pharmaceutical medicine should be self-regulated

This report summarizes a debate which was convened by the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom at its first Annual Meeting on 10 December 1990, at the Royal College of Physicians, London, and moderated by Dr Richard Rondel, Registrar of the Faculty.
FISSION CROSS SECTIONS OF THE URANIUM ISOTOPES, 233, 234, 236, AND 238, FOR FAST NEUTRONS

Fission cross sections of the uranium isotopes, 233 and 238, have been measured from 5 and 500 kev, respectively, to 3-Mev neutron energy. Results of similar measurements to 4 Mev for ${\mathrm{U}}^{234}$ and ${\mathrm{U}}^{236}$ are included.
The Composition of the Ultraviolet Dark Markings on Venus

The ultraviolet dark clouds are an ephemeral phenomenon in the Venus atmosphere, apparently just near the limit of stability. The UV dark material is moderately abundant, perhaps 10%, since the contrasts between light and dark material are some 20%. The material should absorb light between 3000-4000 A, and ideally should also have visible absorptions in the blue, as the overall spectral albedo of Venus indicates. Such a material is bromine dissolved in hydrobromic acid. Solar radiation near 2500 A is sufficient to partially photolyze HBr into Br2. HBr in the Venus atmosphere is inferred to have a mixing ratio of 0.0001 versus CO2. With a water vapor mixing ratio of 0.001, droplets of hydrobromic acid are possible. These droplets would eventually evaporate in the drier upper atmosphere. The refractive index of these hydrobromic acid droplets of 52% (by weight) composition is 1.46, within the limits set by polarization studies of Venus.
A procedure for in situ alkylation of cystine residues on glass fiber prior to protein microsequence analysis

Abstract A procedure is described which provides high yields of pyridylethylated cysteine during gas-phase sequencing of peptides. The method decreases transfer losses by reducing the number of transfer steps required for reduction, alkylation, prior to sequencing a peptide. Proteins bound to polybrene-coated glass-fiber filters used in a gas-phase sequenator may be reduced, pyridylethylated, and sequenced directly on the filter. Reduction of cystine-containing peptides is performed using the nonnucleophilic reductant, tributylphosphine [ U. T. Ruegg and J. Rudinger (1977) in Methods in Enzymology (Hirs, C. H. W., and Timasheff, S. N., Eds.), Vol. 47, pp. 111–116, Academic Press, New York] with concomitant alkylation by 4-vinylpyridine in a buffer soluble in the organic phase. Excess reagents and the buffer are removed by drying the filter and briefly washing with chlorobutane. No N -alkylation is apparent under the conditions described, nor are any amino acid side chains modified. The procedure affords high yields and is particularly useful when subnanomole levels of material must be reduced and alkylated.
LROC model observers for emission tomographic reconstruction

Detection and localization performance with signal location uncertainty may be summarized by Figures of Merit (FOM's) obtained from the LROC curve. We consider model observers that may be used to compute the two LROC FOM's: A LROC and P CL , for emission tomographic MAP reconstruction. We address the case background-known-exactly (BKE) and signal known except for location. Model observers may be used, for instance, to rapidly prototype studies that use human observers. Our FOM calculation is an ensemble method (no samples of reconstructions needed) that makes use of theoretical expressions for the mean and covariance of the reconstruction. An affine local observer computes a response at each location, and the maximum of these is used as the global observer - the response needed by the LROC curve. In previous work, we had assumed the local observers to be independent and normally distributed, which allowed the use of closed form expressions to compute the FOM's. Here, we relax the independence assumption and make the approximation that the local observer responses are jointly normal. We demonstrate a fast theoretical method to compute the mean and covariance of this joint distribution (for the signal absent and present cases) given the theoretical expressions for the reconstruction mean and covariance. We can then generate samples from this joint distribution and rapidly (since no reconstructions need be computed) compute the LROC FOM's. We validate the results of the procedure by comparison to FOM's obtained using a gold-standard Monte Carlo method employing a large set of reconstructed noise trials.
Induction and purificattion of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase from rat liver

O6-Methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (OMMT) is a DNA repair protein that plays an important role in chemotherapy, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. The sp. act. of OMMT in rat liver can be induced by approximately 12- to 20-fold by treatment of the rats with ionizing radiation. The effects of dose and time were investigated in this study. We have found that OMMT sp. act. can be increased, although to a lower extent, in kidney, spleen and brain in addition to liver. However, the sp. act. of OMMT in lung was reduced by irradiation. OMMT has been purified from the livers of irradiated rats by solubilization in high-salt-containing buffer, ammonium sulfate precipitation and a series of column chromatographic steps, including phenyl-Sepharose, heparin-agarose, double-stranded DNA-cellulose and FPLC. A 3000-fold enrichment of OMMT was achieved from the induced liver preparations. However, with regard to the sp. act. of this protein in normal rat liver, the fold purification was approximately 35,000. After methylation, OMMT during the course of its action exhibited a mol. wt of 28 kd under SDS-PAGE conditions.
Integration of sub-wavelength nanofluidics on suspended photonic crystal sensors

In this paper, we introduce a novel sensor scheme which merges nano-photonics and nano-fluidics on a single platform through the use of free-standing photonic crystals (PhCs). PhCs offer great freedom to manipulate the spatial extent and the spectral characteristics of the electromagnetic fields. Also, nanoholes in PhCs provide a natural platform to transport solutions. By harnessing these nano-scale openings, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that both fluidics and light can be manipulated at sub-wavelength scales. In this scheme, the free standing PhCs are sealed in a chamber such that only the nano-scale hole arrays enable the flow between the top and the bottom channels. The nanohole arrays are used as sensing structures as well as nanofluidic channels. Compared to the conventional fluidic channels, we can actively steer the convective flow through the nanohole openings for effective delivery of the analytes to the sensor surface. This scheme also helps to overcome the surface tension of highly viscous solution and guarantees that the sensor can be totally immersed in solution. We apply this method to detect refractive index changes in aqueous solutions. Bulk measurements indicate that active delivery of the convective flow results in better performance. The sensitivity of the sensor reaches 510 nm/RIU for resonance located around 850 nm with a line-width of ~10 nm in solution. Experimental results are matched very well with numerical simulations. We also show that cross-polarization measurements can be employed to further improve the detection limit by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio.
FECOM: a new artificial stool for evaluating defecation.

Objective: Traditionally, barium paste has been used for performing defecography. Because this substance is not stool-like, barium defecography may not accurately represent defecatory function. Our aim was to prospectively compare the utility of a new artificial stool, “FECOM”—a silicon-filled and barium-coated, deformable device the shape and consistency of which mimicked a normal formed stool with that of barium paste. Methods: Defecography was performed after placing FECOM or barium paste in a random order in 12 healthy subjects (two men and 10 women). We evaluated the changes in anorectal angle, rectal morphology, rectal sensation, and the subjects’ preference for a “stool-like” device. Results: Anorectal angle at rest, during squeeze, cough, and straining were each greater with the FECOM when compared with the barium paste (p < 0.006). Anterior rectocele (nine), mucosal intussusception (four), and incontinence (three) were identified only with barium defecography. Nine (75%) subjects preferred FECOM to barium paste (p < 0.001) and reported that expulsion of this device mimicked more closely their stools at home (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The anorectal angle is influenced by the form and consistency of stool material and is lower with barium paste. The detection of rectocele, mucosal intussusception, and barium leakage in normal subjects during barium defecography questions the significance of these findings. FECOM appears to be a realistic alternative to barium paste for performing defecography.
Rice Technology, Farmer Rationality, and Agricultural Policy in Egypt

Estimates of a homothetic translog cost function show that Egyptian rice farmers are economically rational and responsive to input price changes. Own-price and cross-price elasticities of input demand based on the cost function estimates provide insight into policies currently being pursued or considered by the Egyptian government. The analysis indicates a reduction in fertilizer trade restrictions could substantially reduce fertilizer prices and increase fertilizer use. Labor and mechanical power are not strong substitutes, indicating that subsidization of machinery is not an appropriate policy to reduce agricultural labor shortages.
Organizational factors and reuse

Reuse is not just a technical issue. Hewlett-Packard studied why people sometimes resist reuse and which organizational models appear to encourage reuse more than others. The study found that successful reuse programs must be integrated within the culture of a company's existing organizational structure. One crucial organizational factor is the relationship between producers and consumers of reuse components and services. What are these relationships and how well do they work? To answer this question, I conducted an empirical study of 10 engineering sites at Hewlett-Packard engaged in systematic reuse. From this reuse experience, I identified four models of producer-consumer relationships; evaluated the models in terms of their organizational structures, advantages, and disadvantages; and identified goals for management to enable a successful implementation. The four models are: lone producer, nested producer, pool producer and team producer. Two or more models may occur within a given reuse program. Recommendations to management are based on both current successful practices and interviewees' suggestions. I also include some tentative guidelines on which environments are best suited to each model. >
Pharmacologic profile of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) at various brain recognition sites

We report here an in vitro pharmacologic profile for MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) at various brain recognition sites. The rank order of affinities of MDMA at various brain receptors and uptake sites are as follows: 5-HT uptake greater than alpha 2-adrenoceptors = 5-HT2 serotonin = M-1 muscarinic = H-1 histamine greater than norepinephrine uptake = M-2 muscarinic = alpha 1-adrenoceptors = beta-adrenoceptors greater than or equal to dopamine uptake = 5-HT1 serotonin much greater than D-2 dopamine greater than D-1 dopamine. MDMA exhibited negligible affinities (greater than 500 microM) at opioid (mu, delta and kappa), central-type benzodiazepine, and corticotropin-releasing factor receptors, and at choline uptake sites and calcium channels.
Erratum: Self-consistent pseudopotential calculation of the bulk properties of Mo and W

The bulk properties of Mo and W are calculated using the recently developed momentum-space approach for calculating total energy via a nonlocal pseudopotential. This approach avoids any shape approximation to the variational charge density (e.g., muffin tins), is fully self-consistent, and replaces the multidimensional and multicenter integrals akin to real-space representations by simple and readily convergent reciprocal-space lattice sums. We use first-principles atomic pseudopotentials which have been previously demonstrated to yield band structures and charge densities for both semiconductors and transition metals in good agreement with experiment and all-electron calculations. Using a mixed-basis representation for the crystalline wave function, we are able to accurately reproduce both the localized and itinerant features of the electronic states in these systems. These first-principles pseudopotentials, together with the self-consistent density-functional representation for both the exchange and the correlation screening, yields agreement with experiment of 0.2% in the lattice parameters, 2% and 11% for the binding energies of Mo and W, respectively, and 12% and 7% for the bulk moduli of Mo and W, respectively.
User performance in relation to 3D input device design

Based mainly on a series of studies the author conducted at the University of Toronto, this article reviews the usability of various six degrees of freedom (6 DOF) input devices for 3D user interfaces. The following issues are covered in the article: the multiple aspects of input device usability (performance measures), mouse based 6 DOF interaction, mouse modifications for 3D interfaces, free-moving isotonic 6 DOF devices, desktop isometric and elastic 6 DOF devices, armature-based 6 DOF devices, position vs. rate control and the form factors of 6 DOF control handle. These issues are treated at an introductory and practical level, with pointers to more technical and theoretical references.
Enabling the use of context in interactive applications

Context is an important, yet poorly understood and poorly utilized source of information in interactive computing. It will be of particular importance in the new millennium as users move away from their desktops and into settings where their contexts are changing rapidly. Context is difficult to use because, unlike other forms of user input, there is no common, reusable way to handle it. As a result, context-aware applications have been built in an ad hoc manner, making it difficult to build new applications or evolve existing ones. In this research, we are examining the requirements of context-aware applications, building a toolkit, which enables the use of context and fulfills these requirements, and testing the usability of this toolkit for application designers.
Milking Equipment – Where Are We Headed?

Abstract Currently much of the developmental work in milking equipment concentrates on automation of tasks that customarily are performed by a human operator. Examples are automation of cow preparation, stimulation of milk ejection, and removal of milking unit. Devices are being developed commercially for automatic record-keeping and health monitoring, and there is interest in beginning the development of systems for automatic teat-dip application and unit sanitizing. Each of those developments offers the possibility of more uniform treatment of animals at lower labor cost than in traditional systems. However, the reliability and cost effectiveness of many automated systems have to be demonstrated under field conditions. Current developments in automation tend to institutionalize traditional concepts such as the two-chambered teat cup, warm water stimulation, use of flow rate to determine the time for unit removal, and mastitis screening based on milk chemistry. These concepts should be regarded with healthy scepticism by researchers, manufacturers, and producers. Improvement or modification of many such fundamental practices may be as productive as developments in automation.
MONOPHYLY OF ANEUPLOID ASTRAGALUS (FABACEAE): EVIDENCE FROM NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL DNA INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER SEQUENCES

Evolutionary relationships within Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) were inferred from nucleotide sequence variation in nuclear ribosomal DNA of both New World and Old World species. The internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of 1 8S-26S nuclear ribosomal DNA from representatives of 26 species of Astragalus, three species of Oxytropis DC., and two outgroup taxa were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct DNA sequencing. The length of the ITS 1 region within these taxa varied from 221 to 231 bp, while ITS 2 varied in length from 207 to 217 bp. Of the aligned, unambiguous positions, approximately 34% were variable in each spacer region. In pairwise comparisons among Astragalus species and outgroup taxa, sequence divergence at these sites ranged from 0 to 18.8% in ITS 1 and from 0 to 21.7% in ITS 2. Parsimony analyses of these sequences resulted in a well-resolved phylogeny that is highly concordant with previous cytogenetic and chloroplast DNA evidence for a major phylogenetic division in the genus. These data suggest that the New World aneuploid species of Astragalus form a monophyletic but morphologically cryptic group derived from euploid species of Old World (Eurasian) origin, which are consequently paraphyletic.
Simpler standards for local performance examinations: the Yes/No Angoff and whole-test Ebel.

Background: The whole-test Ebel and Yes/No Angoff methods offer the possibility of faster and easier standard-setting exercises for local, medium-stakes performance exams. Purpose: We sought to establish if these less demanding methods might be substituted for the traditional but complex case-level Ebel. Methods: Six faculty judges each used all three methods to set standards for six standardized-patient checklists used for 178 fourth-year medical students. We compared the cut scores, passing rates, reliability, ease of use, and credibility of the three methods. Results: The three methods produced roughly equivalent cut scores. Generalizability of judgments was .94 and .96 for the case-level and whole-test Ebel, and .76 for the Yes/No Angoff. Judges found the simplified methods more credible than the case-level Ebel. The Yes/No Angoff method was preferred by five of six judges. Conclusions: The whole-test Ebel and the Yes/No Angoff may be simple and realistic options for setting standards for local perfor...
A componential analysis of an early learning deficit in mathematics

Abstract This study was designed to assess strategy choice and information-processing differences in normal and mathematically disabled first and second grade children. Twenty-three normal and 29 learning disabled (LD) children solved 40 computer-presented simple addition problems. Strategies, and their associated solution times, used in problem solving were recorded on a trial-by-trial basis and each was classified in accordance with the distributions of associations model of strategy choices. Based on performance in a remedial education course, as indexed by achievement test scores, the LD sample was reclassified into an LD-improved group and an LD-no-change group. No substantive differences comparing the normal and LD-improved groups occurred in the distribution of strategy choices, strategy characteristics (e.g., error rates), or rate of information processing. The performance characteristics of the LD-no-change group, as compared to the two remaining groups, included frequent counting and memory retrieval errors, frequent use of an immature computational strategy, poor strategy choices, and a variable rate of information processing. These performance characteristics were discussed in terms of the strategy choice model and in terms of potential long-term memory and working memory capacity deficits. In addition, implications for remedial education in mathematics were discussed.
Genome-wide characterization of transcriptional patterns in high and low antibody responders to rubella vaccination.

Immune responses to current rubella vaccines demonstrate significant inter-individual variability. We performed mRNA-Seq profiling on PBMCs from high and low antibody responders to rubella vaccination to delineate transcriptional differences upon viral stimulation. Generalized linear models were used to assess the per gene fold change (FC) for stimulated versus unstimulated samples or the interaction between outcome and stimulation. Model results were evaluated by both FC and p-value. Pathway analysis and self-contained gene set tests were performed for assessment of gene group effects. Of 17,566 detected genes, we identified 1,080 highly significant differentially expressed genes upon viral stimulation (p<1.00E−15, FDR<1.00E−14), including various immune function and inflammation-related genes, genes involved in cell signaling, cell regulation and transcription, and genes with unknown function. Analysis by immune outcome and stimulation status identified 27 genes (p≤0.0006 and FDR≤0.30) that responded differently to viral stimulation in high vs. low antibody responders, including major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes (HLA-A, HLA-B and B2M with p = 0.0001, p = 0.0005 and p = 0.0002, respectively), and two genes related to innate immunity and inflammation (EMR3 and MEFV with p = 1.46E−08 and p = 0.0004, respectively). Pathway and gene set analysis also revealed transcriptional differences in antigen presentation and innate/inflammatory gene sets and pathways between high and low responders. Using mRNA-Seq genome-wide transcriptional profiling, we identified antigen presentation and innate/inflammatory genes that may assist in explaining rubella vaccine-induced immune response variations. Such information may provide new scientific insights into vaccine-induced immunity useful in rational vaccine development and immune response monitoring.
A circulation description of a rip current neck

This paper considers wave-driven rip currents from a circulation-vorticity point of view. A highly simplified description of rip currents using continuous generation of point vortices at fixed locations is found to have a wide range of applicability around the rip neck. Rip scaling becomes straightforward, and is seen to collapse to a single form. Numerical experiments with this simplified system have the ability to predict well startup transients including previously unexplained peaks, and frequency-dependent effects of wave groups on rip currents. Quantitative mean currents in the rip neck are represented moderately well by this theory.
Cellular regulation by protein phosphorylation.

A historical account of the discovery of reversible protein phosphorylation is presented. This process was uncovered in the mid 1950s in a study undertaken with Edwin G. Krebs to elucidate the complex hormonal regulation of skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase. Contrary to the known activation of this enzyme by AMP which serves as an allosteric effector, its hormonal regulation results from a phosphorylation of the protein by phosphorylase kinase following the activation of the latter by Ca2+ and ATP. The study led to the establishment of the first hormonal cascade of successive enzymatic reactions, kinases acting on kinases, initiated by cAMP discovered by Earl Sutherland. It also showed how two different physiological processes, carbohydrate metabolism and muscle contraction, could be regulated in concert.
An operating system interface for transportable image processing software

Abstract The key to portability is the use of a kernel of routines that interface to the operating system of an individual machine. The kernel provides the sophisticated but standard operating system services required by image processing software. It makes the operating system of each computer appear identical and, when carefully designed, does not pose a difficult implementation problem. Above this interface, all applications programs can be machine independent, written is a structured language, such as RATFOR, without sacrificing power or ease of use on any machine. The details of such an interface design are given. This interface, called the kernel, has been implemented on the IBM 370/VM and the VAX 11/780.
Global Position and Recruitment of HATs and HDACs in the Yeast Genome

Chromatin regulators play fundamental roles in the regulation of gene expression and chromosome maintenance, but the regions of the genome where most of these regulators function has not been established. We explored the genome-wide occupancy of four different chromatin regulators encoded in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results reveal that the histone acetyltransferases Gcn5 and Esa1 are both generally recruited to the promoters of active protein-coding genes. In contrast, the histone deacetylases Hst1 and Rpd3 are recruited to specific sets of genes associated with distinct cellular functions. Our results provide new insights into the association of histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases with the yeast genome, and together with previous studies, suggest how these chromatin regulators are recruited to specific regions of the genome.
The Precautionary Principle and the Regulation of U.S. Food and Drug Safety

This article probes the advisability of regulating U.S. food and drug safety according to the precautionary principle. To do so, a precautionary regulatory regime is formulated on the basis of the beliefs that motivate most proponents of this initiative. That hypothetical regime is critically analyzed on the basis of an actual instantiation of a similarly stylized initiative. It will be argued that the precautionary principle entails regulatory constraints that are apt to violate basis tenets of political legitimacy. The modifications that would change this finding would also change precautionary regulation to the point that it would be indistinguishable from orthodox safety protocols. It is concluded on the basis of its impoverished content that the precautionary principle should not be taken seriously as a formal approach to the regulation of U.S. food and drug safety.
Suppression of Mammary Carcinoma Cell Growth by Retinoic Acid: the Cell Cycle Control Gene Btg2 Is a Direct Target for Retinoic Acid Receptor Signaling

The anticarcinogenic activities of retinoic acid (RA) are believed to be mediated by the nuclear RA receptor (RAR) and by the RA-binding protein cellular RA-binding protein-II (CRABP-II). In MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells, growth inhibition by RA entails an early cell cycle arrest followed by induction of apoptosis. Here, we aimed to obtain insights into the initial cell cycle response. We show that a 3- to 5-h RA pulse is sufficient for inducing a robust growth arrest 2 to 4 days later, demonstrating inhibition of the G1-S transition by RA is triggered by immediate-early RAR targets and does not require the continuous presence of the hormone throughout the arrest program. Expression array analyses revealed that RA induces the expression of several genes involved in cell cycle regulation, including the p53-controlled antiproliferative gene B-cell translocation gene, member 2 (Btg2) and the BTG family member Tob1. We show that induction of Btg2 by RA does not require de novo protein synthesis and is augmented by overexpression of CRABP-II. Additionally, we identify a RA response element in the Btg2 promoter and show that the element binds retinoid X receptor/RAR heterodimers in vitro, is occupied by the heterodimers in cells, and can drive RA-induced activation of a reporter gene. Hence, Btg2 is a novel direct target for RA signaling. In concert with the reports that Btg2 inhibits cell cycle progression by down-regulating cyclin D1, induction of Btg2 by RA was accompanied by a marked decrease in cyclin D1 expression. The observations thus show that the antiproliferative activity of RA in MCF-7 cells is mediated, at least in part, by Btg2.
Multi-robot SLAM with topological/metric maps

In recent years, the success of single-robot SLAM has led to more multi-robot SLAM (MR-SLAM) research. A team of robots with MR-SLAM can explore an environment more efficiently and reliably; however, MR-SLAM also raises many challenging problems, including map fusion, unknown robot poses and scalability issues. The first two problems can be considered as an optimization problem of finding a consistent joint map based on robots' relative poses and sensory data. This optimization problem exhibits a similar property of a single- robot topological/metric mapping. To exploit this property, we propose a multi-robot SLAM (MR-SLAM) algorithm, which builds a graph-like topological map with vertices representing local metric maps and edges describing relative positions of adjacent local maps. In this MR-SLAM algorithm, the map fusion between two robots can be naturally done by adding an edge that connects two topological maps, and the estimation of relative robot pose is simply performed by optimizing this edge. For the third scalable problem, the proposed algorithm is also scalable to the number of robots and the size of an environment. Computer simulations with a public data set and experimental work on Pioneer 3-DX robots have been conducted to validate the performance of the proposed MR-SLAM algorithm.
A case study of expressively constrainable level design automation tools for a puzzle game

Some problems in procedural content generation for games involve hard constraints (e.g. that a generated puzzle is necessarily solvable). Common techniques for generator design lack a way to specify crisp (yes/no) constraints on what counts as a valid content artifact and guarantee these constraints are satisfied in the generator's output. In this paper we present two independent implementations of three diverse level design automation tools for the popular online educational game Refraction. All of the systems guarantee key properties of their output. Applying a constraint-focused generator design perspective in depth, we found that even emergent aesthetic style properties were straightforward to directly control. Our results with Refraction provide further concrete evidence for the claim that the expressive power of constraints and the ease with which they can be incorporated into suitably designed generative processes makes them a powerful tool for producing reliably-controllable generators for game content.
Children's perceptions of “comic” and “authentic” cartoon violence

(1978). Children's perceptions of “comic” and “authentic” cartoon violence. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 63-70.
Alcohol Promotional Clothing Items and Alcohol Use by Underage Consumers.

Objectives of this study were to examine ownership and visibility of alcohol promotional clothing items (APCIs) and association between APCI ownership and alcohol use. Participants were 154 females and 106 males in grades 7 through 12; 76.3% had tried drinking alcohol; more than 36% owned an APCI, most commonly T-shirts and hats. Although only 5% wore an APCI to school, more than 50% reported seeing one at school. There was a difference among groups: 83.9% of established drinkers, 36.2% of susceptible experimental drinkers, 33.3% of susceptible nondrinkers, 28.9% of nonsusceptible experimental drinkers, and 17.5% of nonsusceptible nondrinkers owned APCIs. Participants who received an APCI from a parent were more likely to perceive that their parents approved of them drinking.
Neurohypophyseal secretion in response to cholecystokinin but not meal-induced gastric distention in humans.

Exogenous administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK) is known to decrease food intake and slow gastric emptying in humans and animals. Recent studies have shown that CCK stimulates neurohypophyseal secretion of oxytocin (OT) in rats and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in monkeys, and that gastric distention also stimulates OT release in rats. We therefore studied AVP and OT secretion in 14 normal subjects in response to meal-induced gastric distention and administration of CCK, both separately and in combination, to assess whether these stimuli similarly activated central neurohypophyseal pathways in humans. Neither plasma AVP nor OT concentrations increased after gastric distention produced by ingestion of a large meal. However, a dose-related increase in plasma AVP, but not OT levels, occurred after CCK administration, the threshold CCK dose being 0.05 μg/kg body weight. The AVP secretion in response to CCK administration was significantly correlated with subjective aversive symptoms quantified by u...
Changes in Pronominal Usage in a Classroom Situation.

Changes in pronominal usage of students were investigated in a classroom situation where attention to usage was heightened by instructor use of ‘she’ as the generic singular, and by instructor assessment of reactions to the practice. Two classes (N = 74) constituted the experimental group. Analyses of pronominal usage in the written work of students (compared to a control group, N=20) and questionnaires to obtain student reaction to instructor usage and student views on language usage were the principal measures used. Results indicated a change in use of pronouns with more specific use of “he,” a reduction of use of “he” as the generic singular, and use of “she” as a generic. Results indicate that pronominal usage is susceptible to change.
Research strategy to determine when novel nanohybrids pose unique environmental risks

The production and use of increasingly complex hierarchical multifunctional ensembles of nanomaterials introduces emergent properties that will likely lead to uncertainty in the environmental health and safety (EHS) evaluation of nanohybrids (NHs). This perspective proposes principles to identify NHs with novel properties relevant to nano EHS research, and discusses specific challenges for EHS research on these materials. We propose a strategy for focusing nano EHS research efforts on relevant NH systems.
Technology for a Sustainable Environmentm A Futures Perspective

Even though there is debate about its precise definition, the concept of sustainability will be a priority for both human and technological development in the future. Broad social trends indicate that people want more control over their lives and will apply pressure through democratic institutions to achieve a more sustainable, environmentally sound society. Public works officials will be deeply involved in meeting the demands of this evolution. Many of the newer, smaller scale technologies required will initially need to coexist with existing technologies that are traditionally under the purview of public works departments, placing pressure on practitioners to be both current and flexible. Although there will be some dislocation, the challenge of meeting a sustainable future need not be inconsistent with fundamental public works values.
A city and national metric measuring isolation from the global market for food security assessment

The World Bank has invested in infrastructure in developing countries for decades. This investment aims to reduce the isolation of markets, reducing both seasonality and variability in food availability and food prices. Here we combine city market price data, global distance to port, and country infrastructure data to create a new Isolation Index for countries and cities around the world. Our index quantifies the isolation of a city from the global market. We demonstrate that an index built at the country level can be applied at a sub-national level to quantify city isolation. In doing so, we offer policy makers with an alternative metric to assess food insecurity. We compare our isolation index with other indices and economic data found in the literature. We show that our Index measures economic isolation regardless of economic stability using correlation and analysis.
Racial Threat and Punitive School Discipline

Tests of the racial threat hypothesis, linking the racial composition of place to various measures of social control, find that where there are greater percentages of blacks, more punitive criminal justice policies are implemented. Just as the criminal justice system continues to get tougher on crime despite stagnant crime rates, it is also clear that schools are becoming harsher toward student misbehavior and delinquency despite decreases in these school-based occurrences. However, only a very limited number of studies have been able to partially explain this trend of intensifying social control in schools. Using a national sample of 294 public schools, the present study is the first to test the racial threat hypothesis within schools to determine if the racial composition of students predicts greater use of punitive controls, regardless of levels of misbehavior and delinquency. Results of multivariate analyses support the racial threat perspective, finding that schools with a larger percentage of black students are not only more likely to use punitive disciplinary responses, but also more likely to use extremely punitive discipline and to implement zero tolerance policies. They also use fewer mild disciplinary practices and restitutive techniques. In addition, racial threat is more influential when school delinquency and disorder are lower.
A Biochemical Property Relating to Power Seeking in Humans

The disposition to seek power in a social arena is tied in this research to a biochemical marker, whole blood serotonin. This finding constitutes the first systematic evidence of any biochemical property in humans which differentiates power seekers from others. The disposition itself is given empirical content with the use of measures of three components of the Type A behavior pattern—aggressiveness, competitiveness, and drive—and of distrust and self-confidence. The statistical fit with serotonin is very good. This discovery echoes similar findings in a species of subhuman primates.