cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
R70-18 Real-Time Computation by n-Dimensional Iterative Arrays of Finite-State Machines

The paper begins with a good formal introduction to iterative arrays, discussing briefly their relation to other automata, particularly the "tessellation structures" of Moore [1] and von Neumann [2]. Attention is then restricted to iterative arrays viewed as real-time tape acceptors. The author proves a speedup theorem, which shows how to speed up an array by a constant factor k. The speedup is done by using a length k encoding of the input tapes, and realizing blocks of the array as finite-state machines in a new array which operates k times as fast. The complexity classes of arrays defined by the author ignore the complexity of the modules of which the array is composed. Thus, the speeded-up array is a member of the same class of arrays as the array whose behavior it imitates. The author then proves that the pattern of interconnection ("stencil") of any array may be reduced to allow direct communication only between nearest neighbors without reducing the real-time computing power of the array. This again involves increasing the complexity of the finite-state machines in the array.
The evaluation of drop shipping option for e-commerce retailers☆

Many e-commerce retailers use drop shipping to satisfy demand. A retailer simply forwards customers' orders to the manufacturer who fills the orders directly to the customers and is paid a predetermined price by the retailer. Advantages of drop shipping include lower costs of holding inventory, materials handling, and obsolescence. Disadvantages of drop shipping include fragmented order delivery when a single customer order involves products from different manufacturers and longer delivery times. A mix of holding inventory and drop shipping is frequently optimal for e-retailers. In this paper, we design an optimal mix strategy which captures the advantages of drop shipping and avoids many of its shortcomings. We use two different optimization criterion, maximizing the expected profit and maximizing the probability of achieving a target profit. We provide results for uniform, exponential, and normal demand distributions. We illustrate the results with numerical examples.
The Confluence of Mental Health and Psychopathic Traits in Adolescent Female Offenders

The relation among psychopathic traits, violence, and mental health needs was investigated in a sample of juvenile offenders. Information was gathered from 100 youth offenders, 50 female and 50 male, committed to a state juvenile justice agency. Case file information was used to score the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV), and additional archival data were used to code offense and mental health variables. Female offenders scoring high on the PCL:YV, particularly the Lifestyle and Antisocial features, were more likely to have histories of psychiatric hospitalization, and a stronger relation between mental health needs and psychopathic traits was found among female compared with male offenders. The differential manifestation of psychopathic traits in female adolescents and relevant treatment implications are discussed.
Implementing Health Reform at the State Level: Access and Care for Vulnerable Populations

The Affordable Care Act1 (ACA) promises to improve access to coverage and care for two vulnerable groups: low-income persons who are excluded by a lack of resources and chronically ill and disabled people who are excluded by the dysfunction of our existing insurance and care delivery systems. ACA’s sprawling provisions raise a wealth of implementation challenges that are exacerbated by the compromises required to move reform through Congress. In particular, the compromise between regulatory/public program advocates and advocates for private, market-driven programs requires thoughtful regulatory coordination between public and private health systems.
A MOLECULAR DYNAMICS MODEL OF MELTING AND GLASS TRANSITION IN AN IDEALIZED TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIAL I

In a preparatory study of structural relaxations and plastic flow in a two-dimensional idealized atomic glass, the process of melting and quenching through a glass transition has been studied by computer simulation using a molecular dynamics model. In this model, the transition from a solid to a melt was observed to take place when liquid-like structural elements composed of dipoles of five- and seven-sided Voronoi polygons percolate through the two-dimensional structure of distorted hexagons in the form of strings. Such dipoles constitute discrete elements of excess free volume within which liquid like behaviour is established in the sense of reduced cohesion or local elastic moduli. Upon quenching the melt, the percolation condition of liquid-like regions is retained for under-cooled melts between the melting point and a glass transition temperature below which the percolation condition is broken and the thermal expansion is sharply reduced. The simulation that has used empirical pair potentials characteristic of Cu and Zr has substantially underpredicted the melting and glass transition temperatures and overpredicted the thermal expansion of Cu$\_{x}$Zr$\_{1-x}$ type glasses. These defects of the model can be partly attributed to the two-dimensional nature of the material, which stores larger concentrations of free volume than a corresponding three-dimensional material. In spite of these quantitative shortcomings, the model gives valuable insight into the topological features of the local atomic configurations at melting and upon vitrification.
What does the photoblog want

Theoretical accounts of photography have persistently emphasized, departed from and returned to the issue of the Real, thereby positioning the Real behind or at the heart of what photography purpor...
Effect of filter parameters on the phase noise of RF MEMS tunable filters employing shunt capacitive switches

The effect of filter parameters on the phase noise of RF MEMS tunable filters employing shunt capacitive switches is investigated in this article. It is shown that the phase noise of a tunable filter is dependent on the input power, fractional bandwidth, filter order, resonator quality factor, and tuning state. Phase noise is higher for filters with smaller fractional bandwidth. In filters with high fractional bandwidth (>3p), phase noise increases as the input power approaches the power-handling capability of the filter. In filters with smaller bandwidths, phase noise increases with input power upto a threshold level of input power, but begins to decrease thereafter. The unloaded quality factor of the filter has a noticeable effect on the phase noise of filters with narrow bandwidths. The phase noise changes with the filter tuning state and is maximum when all the switches are in the up-state position. It is also shown that the phase noise increases with the filter order, due to increase in the number of noisy elements in the filter structure. This article provides a methodology to evaluate the phase noise of a tunable filter and proves that RF MEMS filters are suitable for high performance applications without considerable phase-noise penalty. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2010.
The abscopal effect : demonstration in lymphomatous involvement of kidneys

A patient with bilateral involvement of the kidneys with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma associated with renal failure is presented. This case report provides an example of the abscopal effect. Although only one kidney received radiation therapy, both kidneys were shown to respond to this treatment.
Elimination of internal glycosyl residues during chemical ionization-mass spectrometry of per-O-alkylated oligosaccharide-alditols

Abstract Glycosyl-residue elimination occurred in per-O-alkylated oligosaccharide-alditols during chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. This elimination produced fragment ions equivalent in mass to an (M + 1) ion of a per-O-alkylated oligosaccharide-alditol containing one less glycosyl residue than the parent per-O-alkylated oligosaccharide-alditol. Labeling experiments determined that the elimination fragment-ion was formed from protonated-parent, per-O-alkylated oligosaccharide-alditols by the loss of the internal glycosyl residue that was directly linked to the alditol. Some of the fragment ions produced by the glycosyl elimination underwent further glycosyl-residue eliminations.
Perception and Misperception in Urban Criminal Justice Policy The Case of Hate Crime

An earlier version of this manuscript was presented at the annual meeting of the Southwest Political Science Association, March 2002.
Real-Time Differential Signal Phase Estimation for Space-Based Systems using FPGAs

High performance and reliability are important aspects of space-based systems. In many cases correct system functionality must be continuously monitored to ensure the validity of collected data. In this research we develop a new digital circuit which can detect minute phase differences in time-varying analog signals. These phase shifts can be determined for both a single channel input versus a known model of the signal and across two channels with simultaneously-sampled data. Phase shift data can be used in spaceborne systems to either confirm correct system operation or identify potential problems. Current systems primarily transfer data to the Earth for error checking rather than performing error analysis in real-time. The benefits of our field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based approach are evaluated using a 3 gigasamples per second (GSamp/s) data acquisition system developed as part of the NASA Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) initiative. Phase calculations with an error of less than 0.021 deg (0.006% of 360 deg) are determined using our adaptive approach. The high accuracy of differential phase detection allows for the real-time monitoring of environmental metrics, such as temperature fluctuations, which affect signal phase.
Structural basis for myosin V discrimination between distinct cargoes.

Myosin V molecular motors move cargoes on actin filaments. A myosin V may move multiple cargoes to distinct places at different times. The cargoes attach to the globular tail of myosin V via cargo-specific receptors. Here we report the crystal structure at 2.2 A of the myosin V globular tail. The overall tertiary structure has not been previously observed. There are several patches of highly conserved regions distributed on the surface of the tail. These are candidate attachment sites for cargo-specific receptors. Indeed, we identified a region of five conserved surface residues that are solely required for vacuole inheritance. Likewise, we identified a region of five conserved surface residues that are required for secretory vesicle movement, but not vacuole movement. These two regions are at opposite ends of the oblong-shaped cargo-binding domain, and moreover are offset by 180°. The fact that the cargo-binding areas are distant from each other and simultaneously exposed on the surface of the globular tail suggests that major targets for the regulation of cargo attachment are organelle-specific myosin V receptors.
Remote memory as a function of age and sex

Memory for events which occurred between 1910 and 1969 was examined in individuals ranging in age from 20 to 80 years. Two types of events were included: Those which represented happenings of historical significance and those which dealt with the entertainment world of the past. Men were found to recall historical items significantly better than women, while entertainment items were equally well recalled by the two sexes. Age of peak memory for past events from the entertainment world increased with the age of the item; individuals seemed to remember best those events which occurred in their youth or young adulthood. This pattern was not replicated with respect to the historical current events items; however, these items may be a biased test of remote memory in women.
The rodent estrous cycle: characterization of vaginal cytology and its utility in toxicological studies

While an evaluation of the estrous cycle in laboratory rodents can be a useful measure of the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian reproductive axis, it can also serve as a way of insuring that animals exhibiting abnormal cycling patterns are disincluded from a study prior to exposure to a test compound. Assessment of vaginal cytology in regularly cycling animals also provides a means to establish a comparable endocrine milieu for animals at necropsy. The procedure for obtaining a vaginal smear is relatively non-invasive and is one to which animals can become readily accustomed. It requires few supplies, and with some experience the assessments can be easily performed in fresh, unstained smears, or in fixed, stained ones. When incorporated as an adjunct to other endpoint measures, a determination of a female's cycling status can contribute important information about the nature of a toxicant insult to the reproductive system. In doing so, it can help to integrate the data into a more comprehensive mechanistic portrait of the effect, and in terms of risk assessment, may provide some indication of a toxicant's impact on human reproductive physiology.
Corticopontine visual projections in macaque monkeys

These experiments were designed to study the projections to the pons from visual and visual association cortex of monkeys by degeneration staining and horseradisch peroxidase (HRP) methods. When lesions were made in these cortical visual areas, degenerated fibers were found in the rostral dorsolateral area of the pontine nuclei. When HRP was injected among visually responsive cells in this region of the pons, layer V cortical pyramidal cells were labeled. These labeled cells were concentrated most heavily on both banks of the superior temporal and intraparietal fissures, and on the rostral bank of the parieto-occipital fissure. The efferent targets and receptive field properties of these cortical regions are consistent with their possible role in visual guidance of movement.
A Classification of thermodynamical potentials for two-variable transition systems

We suggest here a possible classification of the thermodynamical potentials for phase transition systems with two state variables. Within each of the single-typed classes, the characters and typical diagrams of the internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz and Gibbs free energy are shown. Multivalued potentials appear to be the rules rather than the exceptions. Several known examples of phase transitions, e.g. van der Waals gas, Landau-Devonshire model, are studied within the framework of the present classification.
[Epidemiological investigation of a measles outbreak in a preschool in Incheon, Korea, 2006].

Objectives : This study describes a plan that was designed to prevent a measles outbreak that showed a changed outbreak pattern. This study is based on the epidemiological investigation of a measles outbreak in a preschool in Incheon, Korea, 2006. Methods : The subjects were 152 students at a preschool where a measles outbreak occurred. A questionnaire survey was conducted and serological testing for measles-specific IgM was preformed. Results : Of the fifteen confirmed, identified cases, eleven patients had been vaccinated with one dose, one patient had received two doses and three patients were unvaccinated. The three unvaccinated cases consisted of one 5-year-old child, one 3-year-old child and one 16-month-old infant. For the cases with one dose of the vaccination, there were 11 cases, which consisted of six 5-year-old children, two 4-year-old children, two 3-year-old children and one 2-year-old child. The case with two doses of the vaccination was one 4-year-old child. The attack rate of measles was 100% in the 0-dose group, 11.2% in the 1-dose group and 2.0% in the 2-dose group. The vaccine's efficacy was 88.8% in the 1-dose group and 98.0% in the 2-dose group. The vaccine effectiveness for the 2-dose group was higher than that of the 1-dose group. Conclusions : High coverage with a 2-dose vaccination should be maintained, and the vaccination should be given at the suitable time to prevent a measles outbreak with a changed outbreak pattern.
Simple fiber-optic sensor based on immobilized β-cyclodextrin

Abstract A bifurcated fiber-optic sensor is reported that uses immobilized β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as the sensing agent. The sensor forms moderately selective inclusion complexes between β-CD and many guest molecules. On complexation, a weakly fluorescent molecule often exhibits a significant increase in emission yield. The linear dynamic range of this sensor extends well over 2.5 orders of magnitude. Detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio=3) are as low as 4 nM for sample volumes as small as 15μl (60 fmol). This is an improvement of over two orders of magnitude compared with detection with a conventional “bare” fiber-optic probe. The sensor is simple to fabricate, has a useful lifetime of at least 5 months, is suitable for laser or arc lamp excitation sources and can be reconditioned rapidly.
Reverse liaison rounds with a burn unit case.

Abstract A liaison rounds is presented, one attended by all members of a consultation-liaison (C-L) team along with the medical director of a burn unit. This structure is designated as a “reverse liaison rounds”, as it is the opposite of the conventional liaison meeting, which consists of one C-L consultant and the total nonpsychiatric team. The content centered on a self-inflicted burn case in which countertransference issues involved a nonpsychiatrist. The unconventional format of the reverse liaison rounds provided all parties with new knowledge, perspectives, and insights into the interactions between the C-L consultant and the burn unit team.
Topological and energetic factors: what determines the structural details of the transition state ensemble and "en-route" intermediates for protein folding? An investigation for small globular proteins

Recent experimental results suggest that the native fold, or topology, plays a primary role in determining the structure of the transition state ensemble, at least for small, fast-folding proteins. To investigate the extent of the topological control of the folding process, we studied the folding of simplified models of five small globular proteins constructed using a Go-like potential to retain the information about the native structures but drastically reduce the energetic frustration and energetic heterogeneity among residue-residue native interactions. By comparing the structure of the transition state ensemble (experimentally determined by Phi-values) and of the intermediates with those obtained using our models, we show that these energetically unfrustrated models can reproduce the global experimentally known features of the transition state ensembles and "en-route" intermediates, at least for the analyzed proteins. This result clearly indicates that, as long as the protein sequence is sufficiently minimally frustrated, topology plays a central role in determining the folding mechanism.
RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT PLANNING: AN ALTERNATIVE TO REMEDIAL ACTION

ABSTRACT Tellico Dam and Reservoir were constructed by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) as a multipurpose water resources project on the Little Tennessee River in eastern Tennessee. Purposes of this project include industrial and residential shoreline development, recreation, water supply, navigation, flood control, and power generation. To achieve these objectives without sacrificing the high water quality in Tellico Reservoir, TVA has undertaken a water quality management program to guide reservoir development. The resulting reservoir water quality management plan will recommend maximum allowable waste loads, industrial siting requirements, water use classifications and criteria, and fisheries management. This in conjunction with a reservoir land use plan, will provide comprehensive development guidelines for Tellico Reservoir. Implementation of the plan is to be accomplished through a unique blend of regulatory and nonregulatory measures carried out by TVA and the State of Tennessee. To facilitate ...
Synthesis, Radiolabeling, and Biological Evaluation of (R)- and (S)-2-Amino-5-[18F]fluoro-2-methylpentanoic Acid ((R)-, (S)-[18F]FAMPe) as Potential Positron Emission Tomography Tracers for Brain Tumors

A novel (18)F-labeled α,α-disubstituted amino acid-based tracer, 2-amino-5-[(18)F]fluoro-2-methylpentanoic acid ([(18)F]FAMPe), has been developed for brain tumor imaging with a longer alkyl side chain than previously reported compounds to increase brain availability via system L amino acid transport. Both enantiomers of [(18)F]FAMPe were obtained in good radiochemical yield (24-52% n = 8) and high radiochemical purity (>99%). In vitro uptake assays in mouse DBT gliomas cells revealed that (S)-[(18)F]FAMPe enters cells partly via sodium-independent system L transporters and also via other nonsystem A transport systems including transporters that recognize glutamine. Biodistribution and small animal PET/CT studies in the mouse DBT model of glioblastoma showed that both (R)- and (S)-[(18)F]FAMPe have good tumor imaging properties with the (S)-enantiomer providing higher tumor uptake and tumor to brain ratios. Comparison of the SUVs showed that (S)-[(18)F]FAMPe had higher tumor to brain ratios compared to (S)-[(18)F]FET, a well-established system L substrate.
Zhang receives Scarf Award

AGU's second annual F. L. Scarf Award has been awarded to Ming Zhang for his Ph.D. thesis, “Voyager II Plasma Observations at Uranus and Neptune,” which he completed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the supervision of John Belcher. As part of the award, Zhang will give an invited talk on the topic at the upcoming AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore. The award was established to honor Fred L. Scarf, a pioneer and leader in solar-planetary research, who flew plasma-wave instruments on most of the planetary missions until his sudden death in the Soviet Union during the launch of Phobos. The award is given by the Space Physics and Aeronomy (SPA) section for outstanding dissertation research that contributes directly to solar-planetary science. Each year, nominations of students who have completed their doctoral degrees during the past year are solicited from the community. The major criterion for the award is the impact or potential impact of the research on the field of solar-planetary studies. The awardee receives $1000 and is invited to deliver a paper at one of the following year's AGU meetings.
Polarization ray tracing in anisotropic optically active media. II: Theory and physics

Refraction, reflection, and amplitude relations are derived that apply to polarization ray tracing in anisotropic, optically active media such as quartz. The constitutive relations for quartz are discussed. The refractive indices and polarization states associated with the two modes of propagation are derived as a function of wave direction. A procedure for refracting at any uniaxial or optically active interface is derived that computes both the ray direction and the wave direction. A method for computing the optical path length is given, and Fresnel transmission and reflection equations are derived from boundary conditions on the electromagnetic fields. These ray-tracing formulas apply to uniaxial, optically active media and therefore encompass uniaxial, non-optically active materials and isotropic, optically active materials.
Beam-pointing fluctuations in gain-guided amplifiers.

We report a measurement of the quantum-mechanical beam-pointing fluctuations in the output of a gain-guided, single-pass amplifier using stimulated Raman scattering. The experimental result is in reasonable agreement with a theoretical model that incorporates the effects of excess spontaneous noise associated with the transverse modes of a gain-guided amplifier.
The effects of varying substrate angle on feature quality in femtosecond laser ablation of ferrous alloys

This paper presents the results of an experimental study to establish process parameters for repeatable, high quality ablated features in ferrous substrates using a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser system. Initial trials with stainless steel substrates were conducted in ambient atmospheric conditions. Laser power and exposure parameters were varied, in addition to the angle of the substrate relative to the beam. Ablated holes were sectioned, and examined. Data was reduced according to the Taguchi/ANOVA method. The optimal process parameter set minimized the figures of merit for quality or accuracy of the ablated hole. In trials using pulsed ablations, high accuracy holes were associated with laser power greater than 600 mW, substrate angles of 30-45 degrees, and 1000 pulses. In the dwell experiments, high accuracy holes were achieved with a similar power level, and a 1-second dwell time. In contrast to the pulse results, a shallow substrate angle (30 degrees or less) yielded favorable results. In subsequent trials, kovar substrates were processed in a vacuum at constant fluence with a 1-second dwell time. A localized flow of nitrogen removed ablation products. Results were compared to those of the initial trial, leading to significant observations regarding the use of vacuum and secondary process gas.
The Sparing Effect of Coxsackie Virus Infection on Experimental Poliomyelitis.

Young mice infected with Group B Coxsackie virus were rendered markedly resistant to poliomyelitis virus given from 4 to 10 days later. A sparing effect was detectable in somewhat older mice and in young mice inoculated with poliomyelitis after shorter intervals, but in both cases few mice survived. Interference was manifest by survival, by prolongation of the course of poliomyelitis, and by a decreased frequency of poliomyelitis.
Heat flow and lattice vibrations in glasses

Abstract We show that the first theory of lattice heat conduction, formulated by Einstein in 1911, fits the thermal conductivity of amorphous dielectrics above 50 K with no free parameters. We conclude that Einstein's model, based on localized oscillators coupled by harmonic forces that produce relaxation times of the order of the period of vibration, correctly describes the majority of vibrational modes of glasses in the THz regime.
Enhanced binding of 3H-arginine8-vasopressin in the Brattleboro rat.

Abstract Specific binding sites for 3 [H]-arginine 8 -vasopressin (AVP) were characterized using membrane preparations of liver, renal medulla and brain (septal) tissue of heterozygous (HE) and homozygous (HO) Brattleboro (BB) rats. Measurement of binding sites indicated that significantly greater numbers of AVP receptors are present in the liver and septum of HO-BB rats. Similar numbers of AVP receptors were present in renal medullary tissue from HO-BB and HE-BB rats. Higher equilibrium dissociation constants were measured in the HO-BB septal tissue indicating a lower affinity of the brain receptor for 3 [H]-AVP than in heterozygotes. No significant differences in AVP receptor affinity were noted in liver or kidney tissue. It is concluded that “up-regulation” of AVP receptor number and, in the brain, alterations in AVP receptor affinity may occur in the absence of endogenous AVP.
On the boundary barycentric calculus

Abstract In this paper we shall prove that any semicontinuous affine real function, defined on a compact convex set, satisfies the boundary barycentric calculus, with respect to the measure induced on the extremal boundary of the set by any maximal Radon probability measure.
Pharmacologic characterization of the contractile activity of peptide leukotrienes in guinea-pig pulmonary artery.

Abstract The actions of the peptide leukotriene (LT) LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 and phenylephrine (PE) were studied in isolated left branches of the guiena-pig pulmonary artery (GPPA). Indomethacin 5 × 10−6 M enhanced both the potency and maximal response of all agonists, but the effect on LTD4 and LTE4 was larger. The influence of indomethacin suggests the release of an endogenous vasodilating cyclooxygenase product in GPPA. In the pressence of indomethacin the rank-order of potency was LTC4 > LTD4 > LTE4 ≥ PE with respective pD2 vaues of 7.65, 7.39, 6.35 and 6.26. All further studies were carried out in the presence of 5 × 10−6 indomethacin. Removal of the endothelium further increased both potency (> 3-fold) and the maximal response of all agonists tested, indicating that a non-clycooxygenase endothelium-dependent relaxing factor may be present in GPPA. In separate studies, GPPA was demonstrated capable of metabolizing 3H-LTC4 by an L-serine borate inhibitable γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. In contrast, relatively little formation of 3H-LTE4 was apparent either from 3H-LTC4 or 3H-LTD4. The LTD4-selective antagonists, LY 171,883 and ICI 198,615 had -log molar KB values of 6.07 ± 0.14 and 9.38 ± 0.32, respectively, against LTD4 in the absence of endothelium. The ability of LY 171,883 to antagonize LTC4 was eliminated in the presence of 45 mM serine borate in endothelium denuded tissues. LT receptors in GPPA appear to be heterogeneous and similar to guinea pig ariway receptors.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR INVESTMENT MODELS

An implicit rental price approach is used to analyse the determinants of farm tractor investment at the aggregate level. Three models, based on different assumed factor substitutabilities, are compared. Variations in the rental price of tractors appear to have less effect on demand than variations in factors affecting the profitability of the cropping enterprise as a whole. The implications for forecasting and for policy instruments, such as the investment allowance, are discussed.
A scheme for realizing n-qubit controlled-phase gates with atoms in cavity QED

We present a new scheme for realizing a n-qubit controlled-phase gate with atoms in cavity QED. The present scheme operates essentially by exchanging a single photon between the control atoms and the cavity mode before and after a phase shift performed on the target atom. It is interesting to note that the gate can be implemented in a very simple way and by employing resonant interaction with one cavity only.
How a cyanobacterium tells time

The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus builds a circadian clock on an oscillator composed of three proteins, KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, which can recapitulate a circadian rhythm of KaiC phosphorylation in vitro. The molecular structures of all three proteins are known, and the phosphorylation steps of KaiC, the interaction dynamics among the three Kai proteins, and a weak ATPase activity of KaiC have all been characterized. An input pathway of redox-sensitive proteins uses photosynthetic function to relay light/dark information to the oscillator, and signal transduction proteins of well-known families broadcast temporal information to the genome, where global changes in transcription and a compaction of the chromosome are clock regulated.
Probing the dynamics of confined systems with the NIST backscattering spectrometer

A new high-resolution backscattering spectrometer, recently commissioned at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research is providing new opportunities in the United States for the investigation of the dynamics of condensed matter systems in confinement. The dynamic range (±35 μeV), flux at the sample position (1.4 x 10 5 n/cm 2 /s), and instrumental resolution (δE < 1 μeV) allow users to probe dynamics on time scales between 0.1 and 1 ns. Therefore this backscattering spectrometer is an excellent tool for probing the low energy dynamics of confined condensed matter systems. A discussion is presented of the instrument design parameters and its utility in probing dynamics in confinement is illustrated with data from recent measurements.
Phase-locked loop dynamics in the presence of noise by Fokker-Planck techniques

Statistical parameters of the phase-error behavior of a phase-locked loop tracking a constant frequency signal in the presence of additive, stationary, Gaussian noise are obtained by treating the problem as a continuous random walk with a sinusoidal restoring force. The Fokker-Planck or diffusion equation is obtained for a general loop and for the case of frequency-modulated received signals. An exact expression for the steady-state phase-error distribution is available only for the first-order loop, but approximate and asymptotic expressions are derived for the second-order loop. Results are obtained also for the expected time to loss of lock and for the frequency of skipping cycles. Some of the results are extended to tracking loops with nonsinusoidal error functions. Validity thresholds of widely accepted approximate models of the phase-locked loop are obtained by comparison with the exact results available for the first-order loop.
Generation of reactive intermediates from the tumor promoter butylated hydroxytoluene hydroperoxide in isolated murine keratinocytes or by hematin

BHTOOH (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroperoxyl-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone), a metabolite of the food antioxidant BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), has previously been shown to function as a tumor promoter in mouse skin. The metabolism of BHTOOH was examined to assess the role of reactive intermediates in mediating tumor promotion in this tissue. Free radical metabolites of BHTOOH were characterized in either isolated neonatal mouse keratinocytes or a cell-free hematin system using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy while non-radical, EPR silent products were characterized using HPLC separation coupled with UV or mass spectral detection. Incubation of BHTOOH with keratinocytes or hematin resulted in the generation of the BHT-phenoxyl radical detectable by EPR spectroscopy. Formation of the BHT-phenoxyl radical was prevented by heat inactivation of the cells prior to exposure to BHTOOH. Only one non-radical metabolite of BHTOOH was detected in keratinocytes: BHT-quinol (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl-4-hydroxyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone), while incubation of BHTOOH with hematin produced several metabolites: oxacyclopentenone (2,5-di-tert-butyl-5-(2'-oxopropyl)-4-oxa-2-cyclopentenone), BHT-quinone (2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone), BHT, BHT-stilbenequinone (3,5,3',5'-tetra-tert-butylstilbene-4,4'-quinone), and BHT-quinone methide (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone). Thus, radical as well as non-radical reactive intermediates can be formed during metabolism of BHTOOH. Several of the stable metabolites of BHTOOH were evaluated for possible promoter activity in a short-term bioassay, induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in mouse skin. In contrast to the action of BHTOOH, topical application of equimolar doses of BHT-quinol, BHT-quinone, BHT-stilbenequinone, as well as BHT itself, did not induce epidermal ODC activity. Thus, reactive metabolites of BHTOOH such as the BHT-phenoxyl radical or BHT-quinone methide may be involved in the molecular mechanisms of action of this hydroperoxide tumor promoter.
Relative Insensitivity of Rhesus Monkeys to the LH-Releasing Hormone (LH-RH)

Natural and synthetic LH-RH was administered to rhesus monkeys at various stages of the menstrual cycle and to one ovariectomized monkey with or without pretreatment with estrogen. Intravenous injection of LH-RH in doses which caused a consistent elevation of peripheral LH in other species including man only occasionally increased serum LH in monkeys. These data suggest a relative insensitiveness of the rhesus monkey to exogenously administered LH-RH.
Fluctuation AnaLysis CalculatOR

Summary:The program Fluctuation AnaLysis CalculatOR (FALCOR) is a web tool designed for use with Luria–Delbruck fluctuation analysis to calculate the frequency and rate from various mutation assays in bacteria and yeast. Three calculation methods are available through this program: (i) Ma-Sandri-Sarkar Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MSS-MLE) method, (ii) Lea-Coulson method of the median (LC) and (iii) frequency. Availability: The FALCOR rate calculator is currently accessible at http://www.mitochondria.org/protocols/FALCOR.html. This program is written as a Java™ Applet, requiring a web browser enabled with Sun MicroSystems' Java Virtual Machine. Contact: brandon.hall@roswellpark.org
Demand Elasticities for Fresh Vegetables in the United States

Abstract Demand elasticities at retail level for eight major fresh vegetables in the United States were estimated with the Almost Ideal Demand System using annual data over the period 1960-1993. Results show that the demand for fresh vegetables was generally inelastic with respect to changes in own prices, and cross-price effects for most fresh vegetables were negligible. Furthermore, the study suggests demands for carrots, cucumbers, lettuce, peppers, and onions were highly elastic with respect to changes in expenditures on fresh vegetables. However, expenditure elasticities for celery and tomatoes were found to be inelastic, while the expenditure elasticity for cabbages was negative but statistically insignificant.
Functional polymers and sequential copolymers by phase transfer catalysis. 18. Synthesis and characterization of α,ω‐bis(2,6‐dimethylphenol)–poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) and α,ω‐bis(vinylbenzyl)–poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) oligomers

A novel and convenient synthetic method for the preparation of α,ω-bis(2,6-dimethylphenol)–poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO-2OH) is presented. It is based on the oxidative copolymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol (DMP) with 2,2′-di(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl propane) (TMBPA) in a mixture of water–methanol or chlorobenzene–methanol. By using a 4/1 mole ratio of DMP to TMBPA and different solvent mixtures, it was possible to obtain bifunctional PPO-2OHs with number average molecular weights between 1000 and 5000. A phase-transfer-catalyzed etherification of PPO-2OH chain ends with a mixture of m- and p-chloromethylstyrene was used to synthesize α,ω-bis(vinylbenzyl)-poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)s (PPO-2VBs). The thermal polymerization of the PPO-2VBs was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, and has demonstrated a very high thermal reactivity for this new class of reactive oligomers.
Zero-n gap soliton

Periodic structures consisting of alternating layers of positive-index and negative-index materials have a novel bandgap at the frequency at which the average refractive index is zero. We show that, in the presence of a Kerr nonlinearity, this zero-n gap can switch from low transmission to a perfectly transmitting state, forming a nonlinear resonance or gap soliton in the process. This zero-n gap soliton is omnidirectional, in contrast to the usual Bragg gap soliton of positive-index periodic structures.
Cryptic diversity of Ulva (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) in the Great Bay Estuarine System (Atlantic USA): introduced and indigenous distromatic species

Distromatic foliose blades of the algal genus Ulva are notoriously difficult to identify due to their simple morphologies and few diagnostic characteristics that often exhibit intraspecific variation and interspecific overlap. Hence, species differentiation is difficult and diversity estimates are often inaccurate. Two major goals of this study were to assess the diversity of distromatic Ulva spp. in the Great Bay Estuarine System (GBES) of New Hampshire and Maine, USA, and to compare historical and present day records of these species. Molecular analysis (using ITS sequences) of field-collected specimens revealed four distinct taxa: Ulva lactuca, U. rigida, U. compressa, and U. pertusa. Prior to molecular screening, Ulva lactuca was the only distromatic Ulva species reported for the GBES. Ulva pertusa and the foliose form of U. compressa are newly recorded for the Northwest Atlantic, and the range of U. rigida has been extended. Molecular analysis of historical herbarium voucher specimens indicates that ...
Use of eating-pattern messages to evaluate changes in eating behaviors in a worksite cholesterol education program.

Abstract Objective To determine whether eating-pattern messages can effectively be used in a worksite cholesterol education program to change eating behaviors. Subjects 91 randomly selected participants with initial serum cholesterol levels of 5.2 mmol/L attended the program. Intervention Eating-pattern messages were the focus of a successful 8-week worksite cholesterol education program conducted with city employees of Phoenix, Ariz. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires before and after the intervention that asked them to compare their current eating patterns with those addressed in the program. The majority (n = 84) of the participants attended five or more of eight available sessions, led by registered dietitians, which focused on the skills needed to decrease dietary fat. Statistical analyses performed Parametric and nonparametric statistical tests were used to evaluate the direction and magnitude of changes in eating patterns. Results Participants made statistically significant changes in 11 of 15 eating patterns linked to messages delivered during the intervention. Changes in eating behaviors were related to improvements in blood lipid profiles. Results from a multiple regression analysis indicated that intervention-related changes in total cholesterol were significantly associated with combined eating-pattern message scores, and total cholesterol decreased 0.33 mmol/L for each unit decrease in the combined eating-pattern message score. Applications/conclusions These findings indicate that eating-pattern messages can be used successfully to evaluate changes in fat-related eating behaviors.
Supporting High Performance Molecular Dynamics in Virtualized Clusters using IOMMU, SR-IOV, and GPUDirect

Cloud Infrastructure-as-a-Service paradigms have recently shown their utility for a vast array of computational problems, ranging from advanced web service architectures to high throughput computing. However, many scientific computing applications have been slow to adapt to virtualized cloud frameworks. This is due to performance impacts of virtualization technologies, coupled with the lack of advanced hardware support necessary for running many high performance scientific applications at scale. By using KVM virtual machines that leverage both Nvidia GPUs and InfiniBand, we show that molecular dynamics simulations with LAMMPS and HOOMD run at near-native speeds. This experiment also illustrates how virtualized environments can support the latest parallel computing paradigms, including both MPI+CUDA and new GPUDirect RDMA functionality. Specific findings show initial promise in scaling of such applications to larger production deployments targeting large scale computational workloads.
Meta-analyses and p-curves support robust cycle shifts in women's mate preferences: reply to Wood and Carden (2014) and Harris, Pashler, and Mickes (2014).

The concept of holistic processing is a cornerstone of face recognition research, yet central questions related to holistic processing remain unanswered, and debates have thus far failed to reach a resolution despite accumulating empirical evidence. We argue that a considerable source of confusion in this literature stems from a methodological problem. Specifically, 2 measures of holistic processing based on the composite paradigm (complete design and partial design) are used in the literature, but they often lead to qualitatively different results. First, we present a comprehensive review of the work that directly compares the 2 designs, and which clearly favors the complete design over the partial design. Second, we report a meta-analysis of holistic face processing according to both designs and use this as further evidence for one design over the other. The meta-analysis effect size of holistic processing in the complete design is nearly 3 times that of the partial design. Effect sizes were not correlated between measures, consistent with the suggestion that they do not measure the same thing. Our meta-analysis also examines the correlation between conditions in the complete design of the composite task, and suggests that in an individual differences context, little is gained by including a misaligned baseline. Finally, we offer a comprehensive review of the state of knowledge about holistic processing based on evidence gathered from the measure we favor based on the 1st sections of our review�the complete design�and outline outstanding research questions in that new context. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
Characterization of Ion Distributions Near the Surface of Sodium‐Containing and Sodium‐Depleted Calcium Aluminosilicate Melts

The distribution of cation and anion components of sodium calcium aluminosilicate was studied by classical molecular dynamics simulations in a high-temperature melt in the bulk and at the vacuum–melt interface. A significant redistribution of the sodium and non-bridging oxygen (NBO) ions was observed. Subsequently, a sodium depleted calcium aluminosilicate melt was simulated to determine the sensitivity of the redistribution of ions near the vacuum–melt interface to the presence of sodium ions. It is found that the thermodynamic equilibrium condition near the melt surface favors the enrichment of NBO ions that is closely associated with enrichment of the sodium ions.
Evaluation of BACTEC MYCO/F Lytic Medium for Recovery of Mycobacteria and Fungi from Blood

The reliability of MYCO/F Lytic medium in the BACTEC 9240 blood culture system was evaluated by comparing its performance to that of the Isolator system for the recovery of fungi and to that of the ESP II system for the recovery of mycobacteria. Of 717 specimens of blood cultured for fungi, 24 were positive; 12 samples were positive with both systems, 7 samples were positive with the Isolator system only, and 5 samples were positive with MYCO/F Lytic medium only. Fourteen samples grew Histoplasma capsulatum; both systems detected H. capsulatum in seven samples but the Isolator system alone detected H. capsulatum in seven samples. The mean times to the detection of H. capsulatum were 8 days (range, 4 to 13 days) for MYCO/F Lytic medium and 9 days (range, 6 to 18 days) for the Isolator system; the mean times to identification were 20 days (range, 15 to 24 days) for isolates recovered with MYCO/F Lytic medium and 11 days (range, 6 to 18 days) for those recovered with the Isolator system (P < 0.05). Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from 10 fungal cultures; five isolates grew in both systems, and five isolates grew in MYCO/F Lytic medium only. The mean times to detection of C. neoformans were 4 days (range, 2 to 6 days) for MYCO/F Lytic medium and 7 days (range, 5 to 7 days) for the Isolator system (P < 0.05); the mean times to identification were 15 days (range, 7 to 27 days) for isolates recovered with MYCO/F Lytic medium and 8 days (range, 7 to 11 days) for those recovered with the Isolator system. Of the 687 samples of blood cultured for mycobacteria, 64 blood samples from 42 patients grew mycobacteria (58 grew Mycobacterium avium complex, 4 grew Mycobacterium kansasii, and 2 grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis); 42 isolates were recovered with both systems, 18 were isolated with MYCO/F medium only, and 4 were isolated with the ESP II system only alone (P < 0.05). The mean time to detection of mycobacteria with MYCO/F Lytic medium was 14 days, whereas it was 17 days with the ESP II system (P < 0.05). In summary, the combination of MYCO/F Lytic medium and the BACTEC 9240 instrument is an excellent blood culture system for the growth and detection of mycobacteria. A valid assessment of MYCO/F Lytic medium with regard to fungal isolation, however, was not possible due to the small number of isolates recovered.