cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
measures of variability

Measures of variability are used extensively in the behavioral sciences, and variability is customarily summarized in a single number by computing the variance or standard deviation; the larger the variance or standard deviation, the more different the numbers are from one another. The concept of variability has many practical applications and is particularly important in statistical work. Variability refers to how spread out or scattered the scores in a distribution are. One possible way of summarizing the variability of a distribution is to look at the distance between the smallest and largest scores, and the range of a distribution is simply defined as the largest score minus the smallest score. This chapter highlights the procedures to derive a measure of variability. It provides illustrative examples of the computation of the standard deviation and variance from a regular frequency distribution. When scores are arranged in the form of a regular frequency distribution, it is convenient to determine the squared deviation just once for each score value and then multiply it by the frequency of that score value.
Gauge Symmetry in Fivebrane Conformal Field Theory

String duality provides us with a definition of string theory for large string coupling constant[1,2]. The massless particles of the perturbative spectrum of string theory remain massless for all coupling constant values. However string duality shows there is an additional solitonic set of states, absent in string perturbation theory, which for strong coupling are generically also of low mass. (In special cases the soliton states are massless even for weak coupling constant values.) These additional degrees of freedom have been described in some cases by a world-sheet conformai field theory (cft). One example of this is the D-brane open and closed string perturbation theory whose spectrum is the same as that of closed type II superstrings with Ramond-Ramond solitons[3,4].
Microdose gentamicin administration via the round window microcatheter: results in patients with Meniere's disease.

: Transtympanic gentamicin is becoming increasingly popular in the treatment of Meniere's disease. In this report we examine our experience with the use of microdose gentamicin via the Round Window Microcatheter for the treatment of Meniere's disease. Thirty-six patients were treated with gentamicin administration via the Round Window Microcatheter between July 1997 and August 2000. The patients all underwent 10 days of continuous treatment with a total dose of 2.4–3.75 mg of gentamicin (10 mg/ml). All patients had extensive pre-, intra-, and post-therapy auditory and vestibular testing. In this group, vertigo was eliminated in 89% of the patients, and tinnitus and pressure were significantly reduced in over 60% of the patients. Only one patient suffered a significant hearing loss and, most importantly, in all but one patient vestibular function was improved or normalized after treatment. Round Window Microcatheter-administered microdose gentamicin is an exciting new treatment for Meniere's disease. Preliminary results indicate that vertigo can be controlled without a significant reduction in cochlear or vestibular function in most patients. These results suggest that this therapy may be acting at a non-hair cell site. Our results are compared to the published literature examining transtympanic injection. In addition, the underlying science supporting this type of treatment is examined.
Collector's Guide to Herkimer Diamonds by Michael R. Walter. Schiffer Publishing, Ltd., 4880 Lower Valley Rd., Atglen, PA 19310; wwwschifferbooks.com. 96 pages; 2014; $19.99 plus shipping and handling (softbound).

Collector's Guide to Herkimer Diamonds is volume 18 of Schiffer's Earth Science Monograph series. Unlike many of the others in this series that are devoted to specific minerals or mineral families/...
Thymosin-dependent T-lymphocyte response in inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract Peripheral blood "total" and "avid" thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes were enumerated in 45 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and in 23 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) by using the spontaneous rosette technique (ER). The in vitro effect of thymosin fraction 5, a polypeptide extract of the thymus gland, on avid ER formation was also determined in these patients. The proportion and number of "total" ER were lower in patients with CD (P
Reduction of the naturally occurring motor neuron loss by enlargement of the periphery

Motor hyperplasia following the enlargement of the periphery by implantation of a supernumerary leg is not due to "remote control" of proliferation, as shown by motor neuron counts in 6-day chick embryos. We have tested the alternative hypothesis that we are dealing with reduction of the naturally occurring cell death. In normal development, the lumbar lateral motor column (l.m.c.) undergoes motor neuron degeneration resulting in a cell loss of at least 40%, which occurs between six and one-half and nine and one-half days. Following transplantation of supernumerary legs, cases selected for vigorous motility showed a numerical difference between experimental and contralateral (control) sides amounting to +11.0% to +27.5%. The transplants were innervated by varying combinations of thoracic and rostral lumbar nerves. We interpret our data in terms of survival of motor neurons which normally would have failed in a competition at the periphery but which were sustained by the enlarged peripheral fields. Our data do not permit a decision between the two alternatives: competition for synaptic sites or for a trophic agent. The surviving motor neurons are not limited to the rostral segments of the motor column but in most instances distributed along its entire rostro-caudal extent, implying a redistribution of all l.m.c. axons. The term "hyperplasia" is no longer appropriate for the phenomenon under consideration and should be replaced by the term "hypothanasia.""
The Story of Ruth: The Life and Contributions of Ruth C. Carter

SUMMARY Ruth C. Carter's professional career has spanned over three decades of service as librarian, archivist, and editor. Specific aspects of that service are noted in this biographical sketch that commemorates her twenty years as editor of Cataloging & Classification Quarterly.
PROPERTIES OF FIBERBOARD OVERPACK MATERIAL IN THE 9975 SHIPPING PACKAGE FOLLOWING THERMAL AGING

Many radioactive material shipping packages incorporate cane fiberboard overpacks for thermal insulation and impact resistance. Mechanical, thermal and physical properties have been measured on cane fiberboard following thermal aging in several temperature/humidity environments. Several of the measured properties change significantly over time in the more severe environments, while other properties are relatively constant. These properties continue to be tracked, with the goal of developing a model for predicting a service life under long-term storage conditions.
FIRST RESPONSE OF DEVELOPING OPOSSUM GONADS TO EQUINE GONADOTROPIC TREATMENT1

THE QUESTION of the degree of differentiation, or the age, required of various tissues before they can respond to hormonal stimulation is receiving considerable attention in this laboratory. Other investigations in progress deal more particularly with different tissue responses to gonadal hormones, but several questions of importance relate to responsiveness of gonads to gonadotropic substances. Smith and Engle (I) demonstrated clearly that rat testes, but more especially rat ovaries, could be stimulated easily by the 21st day of postnatal life to secrete gonadal hormones; precocious maturity of germ cells occurred in the ovary. When animals were treated at earlier ages, longer periods of treatment were required for response. In association with the problems of tissue responses to hormone during reproductive development in the opossum (2, 3), a pertinent question arose as to the period at which gonad hormones were first secreted.
S‐Nitrosoglutathione induces formation of nitrosylmyoglobin in isolated hearts during cardioplegic ischemia — an electron spin resonance study

Previously, it has been shown that ·NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) improves the postischemic functional recovery in crystalloid buffer-perfused isolated rat hearts subjected to cardioplegic ischemia. Supplementation of cardioplegic solution with nitronyl nitroxide, a scavenger of ·NO, antagonized this protective effect. Using low temperature ESR, we have detected nitrosylmyoglobin (MbNO) in rat hearts subjected to cardioplegic ischemia in the presence of GSNO (20–200 μmol/l). During aerobic reperfusion MbNO signal intensity gradually decreased, but persisted for up to 30 min of aerobic reperfusion. We conclude that MbNO is an endogenous marker of ·NO release in myocardial tissues. Implications of MbNO formation are discussed with respect to cardioprotection during ischemia- and reperfusion-induced myocardial injury.
Assessment of Tool Wear Based on Surface Texture Parameters

This research presents a new way to determine the condition of a cutting tool based on high definition surface texture parameters. Recently, a laser holographic interferometer has been developed to rapidly measure the whole workpiece surface (e.g. 300mm×300mm) and generate a 3D surface height map with micron level accuracy. This technique enables on-line surface measurement for machined parts. By measuring the surface texture of workpieces, the interaction between the tool’s cutting edges and the surface can be extracted as a spatial signature. It can then be used as a warning sign for tool change because the workpiece produced by a heavily worn tool exhibits more irregularities than those produced by a normal tool. Three surface texture parameters: image intensity histogram, surface peak-to-valley height and surface waviness are employed to detect the onset of severe tool wear. Furthermore, surface waviness can also be used to classify the different phases of tool wear. In this work, nine surface samples under different tool wear phases are created and analyzed using surface texture parameters combined with Statistical Process Control (SPC) charts to assess tool conditions. The results verify that these surface texture parameters can be used for on-line tool wear monitoring.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The molecular basis of the temperature- and pH-induced conformational transitions in elastin-based peptides.

Elastin undergoes an inverse temperature transition and collapses at high temperatures in both simulation and experiment. We investigated a pH-dependent modification of this transition by simulating a glutamic acid (Glu)-substituted elastin at varying pHs and temperatures. The Glu-substituted peptide collapsed at higher temperature than the unsubstituted elastin when Glu was charged. The charge effects could be reversed by neutralization of the Glu carboxyl groups at low pH, and in that case the peptide collapsed at a lower temperature. The collapse was accompanied by the formation of β-turns and short distorted β-sheets. Formation of contacts between hydrophobic side chains drives the collapse at high temperature, but interactions between water and polar groups (Glu and main chain) can attenuate this effect at high pH. The overall competition and balance of the polar and nonpolar groups determined the conformational states of the peptide. Water hydration contributed to the conformational transition, and the peptide and its hydration shell must be considered. Structurally, waters near polar residues mainly formed hydrogen bonds with the protein atoms, while waters around the hydrophobic side chains tended to be parallel to the peptide groups to maximize water–water interactions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 68: 121–129, 2003
Patterns and pedagogy

In this paper, we review research results relating to the use of software design patterns and advocate knowledge integration perspectives on programming instruction. We also describe a number of components of instruction that would lead to more effective use of patterns and better integration of programming knowledge in general.
Genome-wide hydroxymethylation tested using the HELP-GT assay shows redistribution in cancer

5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) is a recently discovered epigenetic modification that is altered in cancers. Genome-wide assays for 5-hmC determination are needed as many of the techniques for 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) determination, including methyl-sensitive restriction digestion and bisulfite sequencing cannot distinguish between 5-mC and 5-hmC. Glycosylation of 5-hmC residues by beta-glucosyl transferase (β-GT) can make CCGG residues insensitive to digestion by MspI. Restriction digestion by HpaII, MspI or MspI after β-GT conversion, followed by adapter ligation, massive parallel sequencing and custom bioinformatic analysis allowed us determine distribution of 5-mC and 5-hmC at single base pair resolution at MspI restriction sites. The resulting HpaII tiny fragment Enrichment by Ligation-mediated PCR with β-GT (HELP-GT) assay identified 5-hmC loci that were validated at global level by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and the locus-specific level by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of 5-hmC pull-down DNA. Hydroxymethylation at both promoter and intragenic locations correlated positively with gene expression. Analysis of pancreatic cancer samples revealed striking redistribution of 5-hmC sites in cancer cells and demonstrated enrichment of this modification at many oncogenic promoters such as GATA6. The HELP-GT assay allowed global determination of 5-hmC and 5-mC from low amounts of DNA and with the use of modest sequencing resources. Redistribution of 5-hmC seen in cancer highlights the importance of determination of this modification in conjugation with conventional methylome analysis.
Note on functional measurement and data analysis

The guiding idea of functional measurement is that measurement theory and substantive theory form an organic unity. Psychological scales are inherent in the statement of quantitative psychological laws, and these laws themselves form the base and frame for psychological measurement. Valid scales thus depend on empirically valid laws. But establishing empirical validity of any law requires appropriate data analysis. Several statistical problems are discussed with respect to simple algebraic laws. To illustrate the necessity for proper tests of goodness of fit for algebraic models, five sets of experimental data are reanalyzed. In each case, the factorial plot and the analysis of variance showed that the data were nonadditive. Nevertheless, an additive model was fit to the data. The correlations between the data and the predictions from the additive model were extremely high, ranging from .964 to .9997. The corresponding observed-predicted scatterplots also gave little sign of the deviations from additivity. These correlation-scatterplot analyses conceal and obscure what the factorial plot and the analysis of variance reveal and make clear. Other topics discussed are accepting and rejecting the null hypothesis, the use of nonmetric smoothing for parameter estimation, and problems of stimulus-response-model generality. An extension of functional measurement is suggested for a practicable error theory for nonmetric analysis.
Adaptation in auditory hair cells.

Abstract The narrow stimulus limits of hair cell transduction, equivalent to a total excursion of about 100 nm at the tip of the hair bundle, demand tight regulation of the mechanical input to ensure that the mechanoelectrical transducer (MET) channels operate in their linear range. This control is provided by multiple components of Ca2+–dependent adaptation. A slow mechanism limits the mechanical stimulus through the action of one or more unconventional myosins. There is also a fast, sub-millisecond, Ca2+ regulation of the MET channel, which can generate resonance and confer tuning on transduction. Changing the conductance or kinetics of the MET channels can vary their resonant frequency. The tuning information conveyed in transduction may combine with the somatic motility of outer hair cells to produce an active process that supplies amplification and augments frequency selectivity in the mammalian cochlea.
Amplification of human polymorphic sites in the X-chromosomal region q21.33 to q24: DXS17, DXS87, DXS287, and α-glactosidase A

Abstract Methods for the PCR amplification of five polymorphic sites in the region Xq21.33 to Xq24 were developed and used to predict heterozygosity for Fabry disease in informative families. Clones containing polymorphic sites associated with DNA segments DXS17, DXS87, and DXS287, and the α-galactosidase A gene were isolated from genomic libraries. Surrounding nucleotide sequences and optimal conditions for amplification of each polymorphic site were determined. These amplifiable polymorphisms provided predictions of heterozygosity for Fabry disease and should be useful for diagnostic linkage analyses in Alport syndrome, X-linked cleft palate and ankyloglossia, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, and X-linked agammaglobulinemia as well as sequence-tagged sites for gene mapping.
Preincubation Storage Effects on Hatchability and Hatching Time of Lines Selected for Fast and Slow Hatching

Abstract Eggs from lines differing by 42 hours in the time required for incubation were stored for 1—14 days prior to setting. Hatching time and percent hatchability were measured. Differences between fast and slow hatching lines and between days of storage were statistically significant for both of the traits hatching time and percent hatchability. No interaction occurred for either trait between the effects of the selected lines and the effect of the number of days of preincubation storage. Therefore, the genetic effect of strain and the environmental effects of preincubation storage on hatching time and hatchability appear to be additive.
Structural basis for executioner caspase recognition of P5 position in substrates

Caspase-3, -6 and -7 cleave many proteins at specific sites to induce apoptosis. Their recognition of the P5 position in substrates has been investigated by kinetics, modeling and crystallography. Caspase-3 and -6 recognize P5 in pentapeptides as shown by enzyme activity data and interactions observed in the crystal structure of caspase-3/LDESD and in a model for caspase-6. In caspase-3 the P5 main-chain was anchored by interactions with Ser209 in loop-3 and the P5 Leu side-chain interacted with Phe250 and Phe252 in loop-4 consistent with 50% increased hydrolysis of LDEVD relative to DEVD. Caspase-6 formed similar interactions and showed a preference for polar P5 in QDEVD likely due to interactions with polar Lys265 and hydrophobic Phe263 in loop-4. Caspase-7 exhibited no preference for P5 residue in agreement with the absence of P5 interactions in the caspase-7/LDESD crystal structure. Initiator caspase-8, with Pro in the P5-anchoring position and no loop-4, had only 20% activity on tested pentapeptides relative to DEVD. Therefore, caspases-3 and -6 bind P5 using critical loop-3 anchoring Ser/Thr and loop-4 side-chain interactions, while caspase-7 and -8 lack P5-binding residues.
0062 Infant safe sleep caregiver attitudes, perceptions and beliefs… making a collective impact to reduce infant sleep-related deaths

Statement of purpose In 2010, Ohio’s infant mortality rate reached an all-time low among other states ranking 38 th overall and 49 th among African American babies. This session will detail efforts to reach Ohio’s most at-risk populations to move the needle on infant mortality in Ohio – beginning with the reduction of infant sleep-related suffocations. Methods/Approach Presenter will provide an overview of the data used to identify most at-risk populations and process to gain insight into attitudes, perceptions and beliefs around infant safe sleep through focus groups. Presenter will detail key findings from focus group sessions, including the perceived barriers to the ABCs of safe sleep, a commonly used idea for promoting infant safe sleep. Presenter will detail the final social marketing campaign, and discuss future iterations. Presenter will describe and discuss the importance of partnerships to achieve goal of reducing infant sleep-related suffocations in Ohio. Results By the end of this session, participants will 1) be aware of key findings from Ohio infant safe sleep focus groups; 2) learn how to overcome caregiver perceived barriers to the ABCs of infant safe sleep; 3) learn about the importance of developing and maintaining partnerships; 4) gain an understanding of how to begin an infant safe program in their state; and 5) understand various supporting projects to implementing or expanding an infant safe sleep program. Conclusions Every week in Ohio, three babies die in unsafe sleep environments, and many other states are working to reduce infant sleep-related suffocations. Injury prevention programs need to be aware of the perceived barriers to the ABCs of infant safe sleep and develop appropriate programs and partnerships to reduce infant sleep-related deaths in their state. Significance and contribution to the field Injury programs need to gain an understanding of the perceived barriers to the ABCs of infant safe sleep to better direct educational efforts and materials. As more attention is focused on this issue around the nation, state injury prevention programs need to be aware of the resources available and approaches that have succeeded in other states.
Downscaled estimates of late 21st century severe weather from CCSM3

High-resolution dynamical downscaling is used to explore 2080–2090 peak-season hazardous convective weather as simulated from the Community Climate System Model version 3. Downscaling to 4 km grid spacing is performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Tornadoes, damaging wind gusts, and large hail are simulated using a model proxy at hourly intervals for locations east of the U.S. Continental Divide. Future period results are placed into context using 1980–1990 output. While a limited sample size exists, a statistically significant increase in synthetic severe weather activity is noted in March, whereas event frequency is shown to slightly increase in April, and stay the same in May. These increases are primarily found in the Mississippi, Tennessee, and Ohio River valleys. Diurnally, most of the increase in hazardous convective weather activity is shown to be in the hours surrounding local sunset. Peak-season severe weather is also shown to be more variable in the future with a skewed potential toward larger counts. Finally, modeled proxy events are compared to environmental parameters known to generate hazardous convective weather activity. These environmental conditions explain over 80 % of the variance associated with modeled reports during March–May and show an increasing future tendency. Finally, challenges associated with dynamical downscaling for purposes of resolving severe local storms are discussed.
Topology of the adiabatic potential energy surfaces for the resonance states of the water anion

The potential energy surfaces corresponding to the long-lived fixed-nuclei electron scattering resonances of H{sub 2}O relevant to the dissociative electron attachment process are examined using a combination of ab initio scattering and bound-state calculations. These surfaces have a rich topology, characterized by three main features: a conical intersection between the {sup 2}A{sub 1} and {sup 2}B{sub 2} Feshbach resonance states; charge-transfer behavior in the OH ({sup 2}{Pi}) + H{sup -} asymptote of the {sup 2}B{sub 1} and {sup 2}A{sub 1} resonances; and an inherent double-valuedness of the surface for the {sup 2}B{sub 2} state the C{sub 2v} geometry, arising from a branch-point degeneracy with a {sup 2}B{sub 2} shape resonance. In total, eight individual seams of degeneracy among these resonances are located.
Geologic interpretation of lunar data

Abstract The application of geologic concepts such as uniformitarianism and erosion cycles to lunar problems is illustrated by comparing terrestrial features and experiments with lunar features. Such comparisons include boulder tracks, blocky craters, volcanoes, and an experimental simulation of meteor bombardment. Lunar rock-stratigraphic units, lateral continuity, and superposition are illustrated using the crater Aristarchus. Reflection-emission data collected from the earth prior to unmanned and manned lunar exploration were remarkably good and captured the essence of the lunar surface at the fine scale. These data showed that the roughness of the lunar surface increased at the finer scale and that the lunar surface materials were porous and probably fragmental. Unmanned explorations significantly refined our knowledge of the lunar surface and its materials. In particular, unmanned soft-landing spacecraft obtained information on lunar topography and the physical properties and the chemical composition of the near-surface materials.
Spectral Methods and Domain Decomposition for Nanophotonic Applications

Nanophotonic applications often involve large-scale problems with excessive demand on computational resources. We develop a domain decomposition method (DDM) to reduce computer memory and central processing unit (CPU) time requirements by combining the spectral element method (SEM) and the spectral integral method (SIM) for large-scale finite periodic structures. The interior scattering subdomains within each period are modeled by the SEM while the exterior scattering problem is modeled by the SIM. The interactions between neighboring subdomains are modeled by the frequency-domain version of the Riemann solver. Numerical convergence of the Riemann solver is fast and weakly dependent on the size of the system. Two sets of examples demonstrate the typical nanophotonic applications: The first periodic system is a vertical coupling waveguide based on a photonic crystal slab which opens a way to construct and simulate optical circuits. The second periodic system is a finite-sized metamaterial with an effective negative refractive index, whose edge effects are visualized and analyzed.
Sampling solutions of Schro¨dinger equations on combinatorial graphs

We consider functions on a graph G whose evolution in time — ∞ 0 such that solutions to a Cauchy problem with initial data in ΡW ω (G) are completely determined by their samples on S x {kπ /ω}, where k e N. It is shown that in the case of a bipartite graph our results are sharp.
Reduced CO2 release from decomposing wheat straw under N-limiting conditions: simulation of carbon turnover

Summary The turnover of residue carbon in soil containing little available N can affect the management of crop residues. The effects of N deficiency on CO2 release from decomposing wheat straw were measured in an incubation experiment and interpreted by computer simulation. Straw with a C:N ratio of 91, incubated for 460 days in sand that was inoculated with a soil suspension, released CO2 much more slowly than when inorganic N was added to obtain a C:N ratio of 5. The evolution of CO2 continued longer without added N, approaching the amount released in the high N treatment with time. The simulation model NCSOIL was modified to simulate reduced CO2 release from decomposing residue when N limits microbial growth by (i) including the decomposers' biomass in the rate of residue decomposition in the form of a Monod-type equation, where the biomass reduced the rate when its concentration was small compared with a saturation constant, and (ii) including formation of a polysaccharide-like pool that received the decomposed C that could not be assimilated by the biomass because of insufficient N. The modified model simulated the reduced CO2 production in the absence of sufficient N, as a result of a smaller microbial biomass that reduced the rate of residue decomposition, and the formation of polysaccharides as long as N limited synthesis of microbial biomass.
Growth of Bi-based superconducting ribbons

Abstract Ribbons of the Bi-cuprate superconducting oxide were grown by an edge defined technique using the laser heated pedestal growth method. The ribbon was produced by crystallizing a liquid film suspended between two platinum wires. A superconducting onset of 91 K and a zero resistance of 83 K were found for this material. Some conclusions concerning the influence of thermal gradient on the shape of the growth interface are discussed, along with the phases produced relative to the growth rate.
Manipulation of the reduction potentials of Wurster's blue derivatives via steric and conformational effects

Abstract Using [η 6 -cyclopentadienyliron] + -mediated S N Ar chemistry, a series of symmetrical and 2-alkyl tetra-alkyl- p -phenylenediamines have been prepared. The amine/amine ·+ first redox couple has been determined for each member of the series and is influenced by remote steric, electronic, and conformational effects.
Deactivation of group III acceptors in silicon during keV electron irradiation

Experimental results on p‐Si metal‐oxide‐semiconductor capacitors (MOSC’s) are presented which demonstrate the electrical deactivation of the acceptor dopant impurity during 8‐keV electron irradiation not only in boron but also aluminum and indium‐doped silicon. The deactivation rates of the acceptors during the 8‐keV electron irradiation are nearly independent of the acceptor impurity type. The final density of the remaining active acceptor approaches nonzero values N∞, with N∞(B) Al–H>In‐H. These deactivation results are consistent with our hydrogen bond model. The thermal annealing or regeneration rate of the deactivated acceptors in the MOSC’s irradiated by 8‐keV electron is much smaller than that in the MOSC’s that have undergone avalanche electron injection, indicating that the keV electron irradiation gives rise to stronger hydrogen‐acceptor bond.
The need for early angiography in patients with penetrating renal injuries.

Background Renal injuries occur in as many as 10% of penetrating abdominal wounds. Today, these wounds are often managed selectively, but there is little contemporary information on the natural history of kidney injuries after penetrating trauma. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical outcomes of penetrating injuries to the kidney, and to determine if these patients may benefit from routine early angiography.
Computable Functions, Quantum Measurements, and Quantum Dynamics

We construct quantum mechanical observables and unitary operators which, if implemented in physical systems as measurements and dynamical evolutions, would contradict the Church-Turing thesis which lies at the foundation of computer science. We conclude that either the Church-Turing thesis needs revision, or that only restricted classes of observables may be realized, in principle, as measurements, and that only restricted classes of unitary operators may be realized, in principle, as dynamics.
Inhibitory effects of hyperoxia and methemoglobinemia on H2S induced ventilatory stimulation in the rat

The aim of this study was to clarify, using in vitro and in vivo approaches in the rat, the site of mediation of the inhibition of H(2)S induced arterial chemoreceptor stimulation, by hyperoxia and methemoglobinemia. We first determined the ventilatory dose-response curves during intravenous injections of H(2)S. A very high dose of NaHS, i.e. 0.4 μmol (concentration: 800 μM), was needed to stimulate breathing within 1s following i.v. injection. Above this level (and up to 2.4 μmol, with a concentration of 4800 μM), a dose-dependent effect of H(2)S injection was observed. NaHS injection into the thoracic aorta produced the same effect, suggesting that within one circulatory time, H(2)S pulmonary exchange does not dramatically reduce H(2)S concentrations in the arterial blood. The ventilatory response to H(2)S was abolished in the presence of MetHb (12.8%) and was significantly depressed in hyperoxia and, surprisingly, in 10% hypoxia. MetHb per se did not affect the ventilatory response to hypoxia or hyperoxia, but dramatically enhanced the oxidation of H(2)S in vitro, with very fast kinetics. These findings suggest that, the decrease/oxidation of exogenous H(2)S in the blood is the primary effect of MetHb in vivo. In contrast, the in vitro oxidative properties of blood for H(2)S were not affected by the level of [Formula: see text] between 23 and >760 mmHg. This suggests that the inhibition of the ventilatory response to H(2)S by hyperoxia during aortic or venous injection originates within the CB and not in the blood. The implications of these results on the role of endogenous H(2)S in the arterial chemoreflex are discussed.
The Ethics of Global Supply Chains in China – Convergences of East and West

This paper addresses ethical issues surrounding global supply chains of multinational companies in developing countries. In particular, it considers the development and application of industry-wide ethical standards and codes of conduct for multinational supply chains in China. We describe and analyze the ethical norms and compliance components of such industry-wide regimes in the toy, textile, and consumer electronics industries. We argue that this development represents an positive attempt to institutionalize emergent international ethical standards and practices into this component of the Chinese economy.
A flow visualization technique for the determination of velocity profiles in dies with circular cross sections

A unique retainer/transparent quartz die assembly was designed and fabricated to fit on a melt extruder. It permitted visualization of polymer flow behavior during melt spinning. Tracer particles were mixed with polymer chips prior to extrusion. A laser beam was directed through a lens system and used to illuminate the tracer particles in the melt only in a thin, vertical cross section of the transparent quartz die. Streak photography was used to determine the cross-sectional velocity distribution of the melt as it passed through the die.
Half-lives of 83Y and 83Sr☆

Abstract Yttrium-83 was produced by the spallation of silver with 30-GeV protons and also by the 84Sr(p, 2n)83Y reaction with 39-MeV protons. The half-life of 83Y was determined by means of successive 83Sr daughter separations, and a value of 7·4 ± 0·1 min was obtained. In these experiments the half-life of 83Sr has been re-determined as 32·4 ± 0·2 hr.
An electrocardiographic analysis of sixty-five cases of mitral regurgitation.

The detailed electrocardiographic analysis of a large series of patients with proved, dynamic mitral regurgitation is lacking in the medical literature. The present report intends to fill the gap and to point out and discuss some discrepancies observed between the current concepts and the results of the study.
Evaluation of methods to produce tough Cr3Si based composites

Abstract Several methods of improving the toughness of Cr–Cr 3 Si composites produced by powder metallurgy have been examined. Mechanical alloying of Cr-3.92 w/o with 0.5 w/o V showed the best improvement in toughness of this phase. Replacing Cr 3 Si with a (Cr 0.57 , Mo 0.43 ) 3 Si, produced in situ from a mechanically alloyed powder, offered a slight improvement in toughness. By combining these phases a composite was produced with a toughness greater than 10 MPa m −2 . Other second phase materials were also examined for providing second phase toughening of Cr 3 Si. These include an Fe–Al alloy, Ni 3 Al+B, and 304L stainless steel. At the level of 25 v/o these materials at present do not appear to offer much improvement in toughness. Cr–Cr 3 Si composites were hot forged to produce a more layered microstructure and refine the microstructure of arc-melted samples. The layered microstructure should be tougher, but has not been tested yet.
Functional consequences of structural differences in stingray sensory systems. Part II: electrosensory system

Elasmobranch fishes (sharks, skates and rays) possess highly sensitive electrosensory systems, which enable them to detect weak electric fields such as those produced by potential prey organisms. Different species have unique electrosensory pore numbers, densities and distributions. Functional differences in detection capabilities resulting from these structural differences are largely unknown. Stingrays and other batoid fishes have eyes positioned on the opposite side of the body from the mouth. Furthermore, they often feed on buried prey, which can be located non-visually using the electrosensory system. In the present study we test functional predictions based on structural differences in three stingray species (Urobatis halleri, Pteroplatytrygon violacea and Myliobatis californica) with differing electrosensory system morphology. We compare detection capabilities based upon behavioral responses to dipole electric signals (5.3-9.6 microA). Species with greater ventral pore numbers and densities were predicted to demonstrate enhanced electrosensory capabilities. Electric field intensities at orientation were similar among these species, although they differed in response type and orientation pathway. Minimum voltage gradients eliciting feeding responses were well below 1 nVcm(-1) for all species regardless of pore number and density.
Pediatric germ cell tumors and parental infertility and infertility treatment: a Children's Oncology Group report.

Background Few risk factors have been established for childhood germ cell tumors (GCT). Parental infertility and infertility treatment may be associated with GCT development but these risk factors have not been fully investigated.
Research and Solutions: Zeroing in on Sustainability

In attempting to define what is sustainable, some policies predicate sustainability on the concept of zero. If not zero, then goals are often omnifarious. But are these absolutes the best path toward sustainability? Are they even truly sustainable? This paper argues, on both theoretical and policy grounds, that these absolutes may not be optimum for sustainability. Rather, goals for sustainability should be set that acknowledge the complexity of both the problem and the solution. Setting policy in this way, though more challenging, increases the likelihood of achieving sustainable change.
The myelodysplastic syndromes: heterogeneneity on many levels

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and a variable risk of transformation to acute leukemia. This heterogeneity, both at the phenotypic and molecular level, is underscored by 2 papers in the current issue of Blood. In
Price dynamics in refined petroleum spot and futures markets

Abstract This article characterizes the spot and futures price dynamics of two important physical commodities, gasoline and heating oil. Using a non-linear error correction model with time-varying volatility, we demonstrate many new results. Specifically, the convergence of spot and futures prices is asymmetric, non-linear, and volatility inducing. Moreover, spreads between spot and futures prices explain virtually all spot return volatility innovations for these two commodities, and spot returns are more volatile when spot prices exceed futures prices than when the reverse is true. Furthermore, there are volatility spillovers from futures to spot markets (but not the reverse), futures volatility shocks are more persistent than spot volatility shocks, and the convergence of spot and futures prices is asymmetric and non-linear. These results have important implications. In particular, since the theory of storage implies that spreasd vary with fundamental supply and demand factors, the strong relation between spreads and volatility suggests that these fundamentals — rather than trading induced noise — are the primary determinants of spot price volatility. The volatility spillovers, differences in volatility persistence, and lead-lag relations are consistent with the view that the futures market is the primary locus of informed trading in refined petroleum product markets. Finally, our finding that error correction processes may be non-linear, asymmetric, and volatility inducing suggests that traditional approaches to the study of time series dynamics of variables that follow a common stochastic trend that ignore these complexities may be mis-specified.
Estimation of the domain-boundary energy by Landau-Ginzburg model for cubic to tetragonal transformations

Abstract The interdomain boundary energy for purely elastic cubic to tetragonal transformations is calculated based on a Landau-Ginzburg approach. The strain-gradient coefficients are shown to be related to the curvatures of proper phonon dispersion curves. For the Fe 70 Pd 30 alloy, a complete set of model parameters is derived from the available experimental data. Over the temperature range of the two-phase coexistence, the domain-boundary energy is found to vary from 0.11 mJ/m 2 to 0.32 mJ/m 2 . The low domain-boundary energy meets the criterion proposed by Khachaturyan et at. for domain miniaturization to the “adaptive phase” limit.
Unstrained, modulation-doped, In/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As/In/sub 0.29/Al/sub 0.71/As field-effect transistor grown on GaAs substrate

The fabrication, structure, and properties of unstrained modulation-doped, 1- mu m-long and 10- mu m-wide gate, field effect transistors made of In/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As/In/sub 0.29/As/sub 0.71/As heterojunctions grown on GaAs substrates using compositionally step-graded buffer layers are described. These devices have a transconductance of 335 mS/mm, f/sub max/ of 56 GHz, and a gate breakdown voltage of 23.5 V. >
Phylogenetic relationships among the Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea): a reassessment of Shi et al. (2005).

Phylogenetic relationships among the Braconidae have been a source of contention, debate, and uncertainty for many years. This uncertainty has been evident in the conXicting relationships and lack of resolution obtained from various morphological (van Achterberg, 1984; Quicke and van Achterberg, 1990; Wharton et al., 1992) and molecular datasets (Dowton et al., 1998; Belshaw et al., 1998; Dowton et al., 2002). Recently, Shi et al. (2005) analyzed a large morphological and multi-gene dataset. The morphological components of their dataset were compiled from the previously published works of Quicke and van Achterberg (1990) and modiWed by van Achterberg and Quicke (1992) and Dowton et al. (2002). Their molecular dataset was compiled from published sequences from GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and seven new sequences provided by the authors. The combined dataset was the largest employed in a systematic analysis of the Braconidae. However, the analysis performed by Shi et al. (2005) contained several methodological and conceptual errors. The purpose of the present paper is to address these errors, attempt to reproduce the original dataset, and oVer a re-analysis of the molecular dataset in hopes to further the present knowledge of relationships among the Braconidae.
Quantum oscillations in surface tip transfer of adatoms on AFM/STM with a dissipative environment

Abstract The influence of a dissipative environment on quantum coherence in surface-tip adatom transfer in AFM/STM is studied within an adiabatic approach, taking into account the slow motion of the tip with respect to an adsorption site. It is shown that coherent tunneling is the dominant mechanism of adatom transfer at temperatures below 10 K for insulators and semiconductors, and below 0.1 K for metals. The negative influence of electron and phonon polaron effects, which manifests itself in the destruction of coherence, may be noticeably compensated by potential fluctuations due to atom vibrations. As a result, the renormalized coherent tunneling amplitude may be even greater than the ground energy level splitting in the absence of a dissipative environment. Prospective pratical applications of the quantum coherence in adatom transfer are discussed.
Fourier-transform infrared, vibrational circular dichroism of sugars: a spectra-structure correlation

Presentation de quelques resultats de dichroisme circulaire de vibration sur des sucres simples, et des premieres mesures IR (F.T)-dichroisme circulaire de vibration sur des sucres
Regional Social Capital: Why it Matters

Malecki E. J. Regional social capital: why it matters, Regional Studies. Social capital refers to a culture of interaction among people, with productive economic outcomes. Social capital promotes regional learning both within a region and beyond, as it reinforces openness to the ideas of others. Regional cultures vary in the degree to which people – individually and within their organizations – trust and interact with one another, which is why regional outcomes vary. Innovation, learning and entrepreneurship – key processes of regional development – take place largely within and among people as members of companies and territorial organizations. Innovative milieus, industrial districts and knowledge economies are among the regions with extraordinary pools of social capital. Malecki E. J. 区域社会资本：有何相关性，区域研究。社会资本指一种人与人之间互动的文化，同时产生生产性经济结果。由于强化了人与人之间理念的互通，社会资本能够促进区域内外的区域性学习。不同个体之间及其组织间的信任与互动程度存在不同程度的差异, 这正是不同区域存在差异的原因。 作为区域发展中的核心过程，创新、学习以及公司多出现在公司以及领域性组织成员内部及相互之间。创新、产业区以及知识经济往往存在于拥有突出社会资本的区域。 社会资本 学习型区域 创新 学习 ...
Extreme values of the spin polarization analyzing power in nuclear reactions

Abstract States of maximum possible polarization are investigated for ensembles of spin- 1 2 and spin-1 particles in nuclear reactions. General criteria for extreme values of some components of the analyzing power are given and applied to the formulae for the observables of reactions with various spin spaces. Experimental data relevant to possible extreme values are discussed.
Molecular Self-Assembly of Two-Terminal, Voltammetric Microsensors with Internal References

Self-assembly of a ferrocenyl thiol and a quinone thiol onto Au microelectrodes forms the basis for a new microsensor concept: a two-terminal, voltammetric microsensor with reference and sensor functions on the same electrode. The detection is based on measurement of the potential difference of current peaks for oxidation and reduction of the reference (ferrocene) and indicator (quinone) in aqueous electrolyte in a two-terminal, linear sweep voltammogram in which a counterelectrode of relatively large surface area is used. The quinone has a half-wave potential, E½, that is pH-sensitive and can be used as a pH indicator; the ferrocene center has an E1/2 that is a pH-insensitive reference. The key advantages are that such sensors require no separate reference electrode and function as long as current peaks can be located for reference and indicator molecules.
Direct conversion of water droplets to methane hydrate in crude oil

Water droplets suspended in a crude oil were converted to methane hydrate by pressurization in an autoclave cell. Droplet size distributions were monitored using a focused beam reflectance method (FBRM) particle size analyzer as the water converted to hydrate. The droplet size distribution did not change significantly during conversion of nearly all the water to hydrate. The preservation of the distribution during conversion indicates that water droplets act as individual reactors and supports a hydrate shell formation model. Water droplet size distributions were measured with the FBRM probe at multiple shear rates in four crude oils (Albacora Leste, Conroe, Petronius, and a West African oil) with various surface tensions and viscosities. The water droplet size distributions, and thus hydrate particle distributions, were found to be lognormal with breadth increasing with mean. A correlation model has been developed to predict the entire size distribution of water droplets in these oils as a function of viscosity, interfacial tension, and shear rate. The model has been extended to represent gas hydrate particle size distributions in oil after conversion.