cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Methods for Selecting Maximum Effective Dose and Evaluating Treatment Effect When Dose–Response is Monotonic

The maximum effective dose (MaxED) is an important quantity for therapeutic drugs. The MaxED for therapeutic drugs is defined as the dose above which no improvement in efficacy is obtained. In this article, we propose two experimental designs and analytic methods (one single-stage design and one two-stage design) to select the MaxED among several fixed doses and to compare the therapeutic effect of the selected MaxED with a control. The selection of MaxED is based on the isotonic regression under the restriction of monotonicity. In the single-stage design, both the selection of the MaxED and assessing its efficacy are carried out at the end of experiment. In the two-stage design, the selection of the MaxED and assessment of its efficacy are carried out at the interim analysis (first stage), the experiment in the second stage is carried out only at the selected MaxED and control if the first-stage test is not significant. Thus, the two-stage design enables selection of the MaxED at an earlier stage and sto...
Ultrastable Mesostructured Silica Vesicles

A family of mesoporous molecular sieves (denoted MSU-G) with vesiclelike hierarchical structures and unprecedented thermal (1000°C) and hydrothermal stabilities (more than 150 hours at 100°C) associated with high SiO4 cross-linking was prepared through a supramolecular assembly pathway that relies on hydrogen bonding between electrically neutral gemini surfactants of the type CnH2n+1NH(CH2)2NH2and silica precursors derived from tetraethylorthosilicate. The vesicle shells are constructed of one or more undulated silica sheets that are about 3 nanometers thick with mesopores (average diameters from 2.7 to 4.0 nanometers) running both parallel and orthogonal to the silica sheets, which makes the framework structure bicontinuous and highly accessible. Catalytic metal ion centers [for example, Ti(IV) and Al(III)] have been incorporated into the framework with the retention of hierarchical structure.
Bits-per-Joule Capacity of Energy-Limited Wireless Networks

For a wireless network in which every node is bounded in its energy supply, we define a new concept of network capacity called "bits-per-Joule capacity", which is the maximum total number of bits that the network can deliver per Joule of energy deployed into the network. For a fixed network size, a finite number of information bits is delivered for each source-destination pair, under a fixed end-to-end probability of error constraint. We prove that under the one-to-one traffic model in which every node wants to send traffic to a randomly chosen destination node, the bits-per-Joule capacity of a stationary wireless network grows asymptotically as Omega((N/logN)(q-1)/2 ), where N is the number of nodes randomly deployed onto the surface of a sphere and q is the path loss exponent. Further, the length of the block codes used grows only logarithmically in N, which indicates manageable decoder complexity as the network scales. The fact that the bits-per-Joule capacity grows with the number of nodes contrasts sharply with the scaling laws that have been derived for throughput capacity and implies that large-scale deployments for energy-limited sensor and ad hoc networks may be suitable for delay-tolerant data applications
Ultrastructure of spermatozoa from Japanese quail

A monoclonal antibody (mAb) to epitopes on mitochondria from turkey spermatozoa cross-reacted with Japanese quail spermatozoal mitochondria. However, the pattern of binding was different from that observed for turkey sperm. The ultrastructure of quail spermatozoa was examined to determine the reason for this difference in antibody binding pattern. Light microscopy, as well as scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, were used to study the morphology of spermatozoa from Japanese quail. Japanese quail had a sauropsid type of sperm cell, which is typical of nonpasserine birds. The spermatozoa were vermiform in shape, with a maximum width of 0.6 microm and an overall length between 230 and 250 microm. An acrosome (3.7 to 4.5 microm), nucleus (20.8 to 23.8 microm), midpiece (160 to 170 micro/m), and tail (40 to 60 microm) were observed. The TEM showed an acrosomal cap surrounding a perforatorium that inserted into the nucleus at the posterior end. Only a distal centriole was observed, which gave rise to a central axoneme with a 9+2 microtubular structure. The axoneme was encased by a spiraled mitochondrial sheath in the midpiece region (64 to 74% of the overall length of the sperm), and mitochondria numbers were estimated to be greater than 1,400 per sperm. In contrast, turkey sperm contain short midpieces with only 20 to 30 mitochondria per sperm. Differences in binding patterns of the mAb to turkey mitochondria between quail and turkey sperm were due to the presence of mitochondria on the exceptionally long midpieces of quail sperm.
Vitamin E and Cardiovascular Disease: Observational Studies

Basic research suggests that oxidative stress may play an impor- tant role in many chronic diseases and provides plausible mechanisms by which natural antioxidants such as vitamin E may delay or prevent steps in atherogenesis. Dietary research has shown that those who consume higher amounts of fruits and vegetables have lower rates of heart disease and stroke, raising the possibility that antioxidants are protective. Results from large-scale human observational studies suggest that antioxidant consumption reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Both case-control and pro- spective cohort studies have carefully explored the relationship between vita- min E intake and plasma and tissue vitamin E levels and the risk of CVD. In many, but not all, of these studies vitamin E intake over an extended period was associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular events. Results from studies of blood levels are more limited and less consistent. This presentation summarizes data from the major observational studies. Overall, they support the possibility that vitamin E intake either from food or supplements may reduce risk of CVD; however, these studies have important limitations. For example, uncon- trolled confounding can be similar in magnitude to the observed health effects, and antioxidant consumption may be merely a marker for a different cardio- protective factor (such as exercise or diet) that is responsible for these effects. In the search for small to moderate effects, randomized trials may be helpful, although to date, data from large-scale trials have been inconsistent. Several large-scale trials currently under way will help identify the potential benefits of vitamin E in the primary prevention of CVD and other chronic illness. Some are designed to test vitamin E alone as well as in combination with other anti- oxidant supplements because it is possible that antioxidants may be most effec- tive if taken in particular combinations. Currently, the American Heart Association maintains that there are insufficient efficacy data from completed randomized trials to justify population-wide recommendations for use of vita- min E supplements in disease prevention.
Which Types of Analyst Firms Are More Optimistic

Abstract Research optimism among securities analysts has been attributed to incentives provided by underwriting activities. We examine how analysts’ forecast and recommendation optimism varies with the business activities used to fund research. We find that analysts at firms that funded research through underwriting and trading activities actually made less optimistic forecasts and recommendations than those at brokerage houses, who performed no underwriting. Optimism was particularly low for bulge underwriter firm analysts, implying that firm reputation reduces research optimism. There is also evidence that analysts at retail brokerage firms are more optimistic than those serving only institutional investors. We conclude that analyst optimism is at least partially driven by trading incentives.
Structural Constraints for the Binding of Short Peptides to Claudin-4 Revealed by Surface Plasmon Resonance

Claudin family transmembrane proteins play an important role in tight junction structure and function in epithelial cells. Among the 24 isoforms identified in mice and humans, claudin-4 and -3 serve as the receptor for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (Cpe). The second extracellular loop (Ecl2) of claudin-4 is responsible for the binding to the C-terminal 30 amino acids of Cpe (Cpe30). To define the structural constraints for the claudin-4/Cpe30 interaction, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method was developed. GST fusions with claudin-4 revealed that Ecl2 with the downstream transmembrane domain of claudin-4 reconstituted the basic structural requirement for optimal binding activity to Cpe30, with affinity in the nanomolar range. Two 12-mer peptides selected by phage display against claudin-4-transfected CHO cells and a 12-mer Cpe mutant peptide also showed significant affinity for claudin-4 with this SPR assay, suggesting that a short peptide can establish stable contact with Ecl2 with nanomolar affinity. Alignment of these short peptides unveiled a common Ecl2 binding motif: . Whereas the short peptides bound native claudin-4 on transfected CHO cells in pull-down assays, only the larger Cpe30 peptide affected trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TER) in peptide-treated Caco-2BBe monolayers. Importantly, Cpe30 retained its binding to claudin-4 when fused to the C terminus of influenza hemagglutinin, demonstrating that its binding activity can be maintained in a different biochemical context. These studies may help in the design of assays for membrane receptor interactions with soluble ligands, and in applying new targeting ligands to delivering attached “cargo” proteins.
A stochastic approach in modelling and estimating geotechnical data

A rational approach for dealing with uncertainties in geotechnical performance predictions is presented. First, sources of uncertainty are identified and treated stochastically. Then, the relative importance of each source is analysed and its influence in the decision-making process is evaluated. Strong inferences concerning the spatial structure of soils are drawn from field or laboratory measurements, while maintaining consistency with engineering knowledge and experimenal findings. Optimal estimates of soil properties are derived by a stochastic method which is mathematically meaningful and portrays adequately the real behaviour of the data. The method is powerful when the data exhibit homogeneous or non-homogeneous characteristics, and works well with any kind of data support. Its applicability is illustrated in a case study involving field vane data. Furthermore, contributions and benefits of the results obtained to the geotechnical decisions and design are discussed.
Identification of Biochemical Pathways Associated with Lead Tolerance and Detoxification in Chrysopogon zizanioides L. Nash (Vetiver) by Metabolic Profiling

Lead (Pb) is a major urban pollutant, due to deteriorating lead-based paint in houses built before 1978. Phytoremediation is an inexpensive and effective technique for remediation of Pb-contaminated homes. Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides), a noninvasive, fast-growing grass with high biomass, can tolerate and accumulate large quantities of Pb in its tissues. Lead is known to induce phytochelatins and antioxidative enzymes in vetiver; however, the overall impact of Pb stress on metabolic pathways of vetiver is unknown. In the current study, vetiver plants were treated with different concentrations of Pb in a hydroponic setup. Metabolites were extracted and analyzed using LC/MS/MS. Multivariate analysis of metabolites in both root and shoot tissue showed tremendous induction in key metabolic pathways including sugar metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and an increase in production of osmoprotectants, such as betaine and polyols, and metal-chelating organic acids. The data obtained provide a comprehensive insight into the overall stress response mechanisms in vetiver.
Effect of Exposure to Hypoxia from Birth on Aldosterone in Rabbits: Role of Unesterified Fatty Acids.

Hypoxia and fluid and electrolyte disturbances are serious risks to normal postnatal development. Because a decrease in inspired O2 (hypoxic hypoxia) inhibits aldosterone synthesis in the adult and aldosterone controls water and electrolyte balance, we studied adrenocortical function in rabbits exposed to normobaric normoxia or hypoxic hypoxia (fraction of inspired O2 0.09) from birth. At 21 days of age, rabbits were anesthetized, the adrenals were rapidly removed, and the adrenal capsules containing mostly zona glomerulosa cells were separated. Cells were dispersed with collagenase and studied in vitro. Hypoxia in vivo resulted in a 73% decrease in basal aldosterone release and a 86% decrease in adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-stimulated aldosterone release in vitro. We hypothesized that increased unesterified fatty acids could be partly responsible for inhibition of aldosterone synthesis. Total serum unesterified fatty acids in hypoxic kits were significantly increased (298 +/- 14 micromol/l) compared with normoxic kits (184 +/- 31 micromol/l). When cells from hypoxic rabbits were washed with fatty acid-free albumin and studied under conditions devoid of fatty acids, aldosterone production was partially restored. Corticosterone production was not affected by washing. Washing had no effect on aldosterone synthesis by cells from normoxic rats. Finally, exposing washed zona glomerulosa cells to oleic acid (10-50 microM) inhibited aldosteronogenesis. We conclude that exposure to hypoxia from birth attenuates aldosterone production in part due to an increase in levels of unesterified fatty acid levels.
Clostridium botulinum spores in corn syrup and other syrups

A total of 738 bottles of corn syrup and other products containing corn syrup (e.g., pancake, maple, waffle, and table syrups) was examined by a membrane filtration procedure for the presence of Clostridium botulinum spores. One each of 354 light and 271 dark corn syrups was presumptively positive for C. botulinum type A spores, but subsequent testing of the entire contents of both bottles proved negative. All other 113 syrups were negative. Results showed that corn syrup and other syrups currently on the market are not food sources of C. botulinum spores for infants.
An Examination of the Relations Between Oral Vocabulary and Phonological Awareness in Early Childhood

This article reports a post hoc analysis conducted as part of a larger study in which 61 typically developing, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds were assessed in phonological awareness (PA), vocabulary (i.e., receptive, expressive, and definitional), and grammatical skill at baseline and 3, 6, and 9 months later. The larger study’s purpose was to shed light on the theory of lexical reorganization claim that increases in receptive vocabulary provide the basis for PA development. Its results showed that expressive vocabulary accounted for additional PA growth in 4- and 5-year-olds but not in 3-year-olds. The post hoc study involved a closer analysis of PA growth in relation to expressive vocabulary. Its results suggest that increases in receptive vocabulary might be necessary as a foundation for initial PA development but that expressive-level vocabulary might be needed to hold words in memory to perform complex manipulations required in higher level PA tasks.
Earlier snowmelt and warming lead to earlier but not necessarily more plant growth

Climate change over the past ∼50 years has resulted in earlier occurrence of plant life-cycle events for many species. Across temperate, boreal and polar latitudes, earlier seasonal warming is considered the key mechanism leading to earlier leaf expansion and growth. Yet, in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems, the timing of spring plant growth may also be cued by snowmelt, which may occur earlier in a warmer climate. Multiple environmental cues protect plants from growing too early, but to understand how climate change will alter the timing and magnitude of plant growth, experiments need to independently manipulate temperature and snowmelt. Here, we demonstrate that altered seasonality through experimental warming and earlier snowmelt led to earlier plant growth, but the aboveground production response varied among plant functional groups. Earlier snowmelt without warming led to early leaf emergence, but often slowed the rate of leaf expansion and had limited effects on aboveground production. Experimental warming alone had small and inconsistent effects on aboveground phenology, while the effect of the combined treatment resembled that of early snowmelt alone. Experimental warming led to greater aboveground production among the graminoids, limited changes among deciduous shrubs and decreased production in one of the dominant evergreen shrubs. As a result, we predict that early onset of the growing season may favour early growing plant species, even those that do not shift the timing of leaf expansion.
Unruly Pluralism and Inclusive Tolerance: The Normative Contribution of Jamesian Pragmatism to Non-ideal Theory

Much attention is focussed on recent debates in contemporary political philosophy concerning the relative merits of ideal theory and non-ideal theory. In one of their many forms, these debates take...
The issues in heterosis predicting methods and an efficient solution

Predicting heterosis of two parents is the main reason for no breeding application of heterosis predicting methods. However, predicting heterosis between abortion line and cross combination is a practicable method and the method has been applied in developing rice restorer line of 3-line system. The cause of little achievement of the method was analyzed. The method could improve breeding efficiency significantly and was also called restorer line breeding method via F1 testcross and Fn testcross.
Tourette Disorder and Bipolar Symptomatology in Childhood and Adolescence

Three boys with an early history of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity developed Tourette disorder. At 13, 12 and eight years of age, respectively, each met DSM-III criteria for a manic episode or bipolar disorder. Each of the boys had a family history of affective or affective spectrum disorder. Lithium carbonate in a range of 0.8 to 1.2 meq/L markedly improved their bipolar symptomatology with Tourette symptoms improving in two patients. Further study is suggested to determine the significance of these findings.
The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) What It Means for Students With Disabilities and Music Educators

On December 10, 2015, President Obama signed the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) (P.L. 114-95), legislation which reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, and replaces the widely criticized No Child Left Behind Act. After various versions were offered, rejected, or revised, the ESSA ultimately passed both chambers of Congress with strong bipartisan support. The general consensus, from special educators, is the new federal law, which grants significantly more power to states while continuing to require reporting from schools about the capabilities of their students, is a step in the right direction for all students, including those with disabilities. Music educators have celebrated the law for its specification of music as part of a “well-rounded education.” The purpose of this article is to provide background on ESSA and to discuss implications of this law for students with disabilities and music educators.
Heart deformation analysis for automated quantification of cardiac function and regional myocardial motion patterns: A proof of concept study in patients with cardiomyopathy and healthy subjects.

Abstract Objective To test the performance of HDA in characterizing left ventricular (LV) function and regional myocardial motion patterns in the context of cardiomyopathy based on cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). Materials and methods Following the approval of the institutional review board (IRB), standard cine images of 45 subjects, including 15 healthy volunteers, 15 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and 15 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were retrospectively analyzed using HDA. The variations of LV ejection fraction (LVEF), LV mass (LVM), and regional myocardial motion indices, including radial (Drr), circumferential (Dcc) displacement, radial (Vrr) and circumferential (Vcc) velocity, radial (Err), circumferential (Ecc) and shear (Ess) strain and radial (SRr) and circumferential (SRc) strain rate, were calculated and compared among subject groups. Inter-study reproducibility of HDA-derived myocardial motion indices were tested on 15 volunteers by using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CoV). Results HDA identified significant differences in cardiac function and motion indices between subject groups. DCM patients had significantly lower LVEF (33.5 ± 9.65%), LVM (105.88 ± 21.93 g), peak Drr (0.29 ± 0.11 cm), Vrr-sys (2.14 ± 0.72 cm/s), Err (0.17 ± 0.08), Ecc (−0.08 ± 0.03), SRr-sys (0.91 ± 0.44s−1) and SRc-sys (−0.64 ± 0.27s−1) compared to the other two groups. HCM patients demonstrated increased LVM (171.69 ± 34.19) and lower peak Vcc-dia (0.78 ± 0.30 cm/s) than other subjects. Good inter-study reproducibility was found for all HDA-derived myocardial indices in healthy volunteers (ICC = 0.664–0.942, CoV = 15.1%–37.1%). Conclusion Without the need for operator interaction, HDA is a reproducible method for the automated characterization of global and regional LV function in the context of cardiomyopathy.
TALK ABOUT FICTION

I present a novel explanation of the apparent truth of certain remarks about fiction, such as an utterance of 'Salieri commissioned the Requiem' during a discussion of the movie Amadeus. I criticize the traditional view, which alleges that the uttered sentence abbreviates the longer sentence 'it is true in the movie Amadeus that Salieri commissioned the Requiem'. I propose a solution which appeals to some independently motivated results concerning the contexts relevant for the semantic evaluation of indexical expressions.
LIM Domain Only 2 Regulates Endothelial Proliferation, Angiogenesis, and Tissue Regeneration

Background LIM domain only 2 (LMO2, human gene) is a key transcription factor that regulates hematopoiesis and vascular development. However, its role in adult endothelial function has been incompletely characterized. Methods and Results In vitro loss‐ and gain‐of‐function studies on LMO2 were performed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells with lentiviral overexpression or short hairpin RNA knockdown (KD) of LMO2, respectively. LMO2 KD significantly impaired endothelial proliferation. LMO2 controls endothelial G1/S transition through transcriptional regulation of cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 and 4 as determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blot, and chromatin immunoprecipitation, and also influences the expression of Cyclin D1 and Cyclin A1. LMO2 KD also impaired angiogenesis by reducing transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) expression, whereas supplementation of exogenous TGF‐β restored defective network formation in LMO2 KD human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In a zebrafish model of caudal fin regeneration, RT‐PCR revealed that the lmo2 (zebrafish gene) gene was upregulated at day 5 postresection. The KD of lmo2 by vivo‐morpholino injections in adult Tg ( fli1:egfp) y1 zebrafish reduced 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine incorporation in endothelial cells, impaired neoangiogenesis in the resected caudal fin, and substantially delayed fin regeneration. Conclusions The transcriptional factor LMO2 regulates endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro. Furthermore, LMO2 is required for angiogenesis and tissue healing in vivo. Thus, LMO2 is a critical determinant of vascular and tissue regeneration.
The Metaphysics of Nature, Science, and the Rules of Engagement

Compositional explanations in the sciences have been amazingly successful. Given their success, I outline a strategy focused on such compositional explanation that I term “Engagement” that I argue offers the best prospects for illuminating the compositional concepts of such explanations and also the metaphysics of nature itself. In contrast, I show the prominent philosophical accounts of verticality all fail to follow Engagement and hence provide inadequate accounts of verticality in compositional explanation and nature. I also detail how a minority approach in philosophy, that does follow Engagement, offers the most promising account of verticality in science and nature. My conclusion is that in the future, philosophers interested in the metaphysics of nature, and scientific composition, need to follow the rules of Engagement.
The social utility of clinical exome sequencing.

Abstract Objective Examine the presentation of clinical and social implications of exome sequencing findings during patient-geneticist interactions. Methods Video-recordings of 34 returns of exome sequencing results with findings in an academic genetics clinic were examined using an inductive thematic analysis to distinguish categories of consequences. We then operationalized these categories for structured observation coding of parent or geneticist/genetic counselor-initiated mention of consequences, complemented with semi-structured interviews with 16 families. This allowed us to provide basic descriptive statistics including frequencies and bivariate analyses. Because variables were generally dichotomous, we used chi-square tests of independence. Results A total of 568 consequences of exome sequencing were discussed during the consultations, which can be grouped in two broad categories: clinical and social consequences. Clinical consequences related to the diagnosis, prognosis or treatment regimen of the test. Social consequences affect the family as a social unit and were not the reason for testing. Conclusion Besides clinical consequences, patients and clinicians distinguish distinct and highly salient social consequences of exome findings during return of results consultations. Practice implications Clinical geneticists have an opportunity to address the social utility of exome findings.
Locke's Political Theology and the 'Second Treatise'

It is a contested issue, particularly among modern and postmodern scholars, whether political theory requires a foundation—some set of background assumptions (about the nature of existence, the nature of agency, what is of value in human life and so forth) that is fundamental to and presupposed absolutely by it. Andrew Vincent, in his book The Nature of Political Theory (2004), analyzes different types of foundations based on the assumption that they are necessary and ubiquitous. He believes this is so because as a finite being, without absolute certainty and objective knowledge, man naturally seeks a foundation, which in a comprehensive and complete sense eludes him. In other words, political theory is permanently in search of ‘foundational arguments’ that ‘are intrinsically unresolvable’. According to Vincent, ‘[w]e may not be able to identify absolutes, but neither can we avoid foundationalism’. It is the nature of our being, he suggests, that we continually ask questions that cannot be absolutely resolved. Vincent takes it to follow that the foundations upon which political theory relies are and must be ‘ordinary and multiversal, rather than extraordinary and universal’. Lacking absolute certainty, we are confronted with ‘multiple foundational problems and answers, which are not finished’. This state of affairs, he suggests, ‘is deeply irritating for some, but is quite normal and ordinary for humanity, and should become normal and ordinary within political theory.’
Frequent collinear long transfer of DNA inclusive of the whole binary vector during Agrobacterium-mediated transformation

When Agrobacterium was used to transform Nicotiana plumbaginifolia protoplasts and Arabidopsis thaliana roots and seedlings, a large number of plants were found in which not only the T-region defined by the border repeat sequences but the entire binary vector was integrated, as determined by both PCR and Southern analysis techniques. N. plumbaginifolia protoplast co-cultivation experiments yielded 3 out of 5 transformants with collinear sequence past the left border. In Arabidopsis root transformation experiments, 33% (6/18) of the transformants had T-DNA which exceeded the left border repeat. Vacuum infiltration of Arabidopsis seedlings produced even a greater percentage of transformants with sequences outside the left border repeat (62%, 39/63). The long transfer DNA cosegregated with the T-region encoded hygromycin resistance in the T2 progeny eliminating the possibility that long transfer DNA was of extrachromosomal or Agrobacterium origin. The high frequency of long transfer after vacuum infiltration of A. thaliana needs to be considered when analyzing T-DNA tagged mutants.
What Does ℤ[i] / Look Like?

Prior to working on this lab, you should be familiar with the term ideal through discussions in class or from Ring Lab 3. You should also be familiar with an integral domain, a field, and the characteristic of a ring.
Family Day Care in the United States

The author discusses the current status of family day care, including its demographics, organization, regulations, quality-control issues, and relevant research on its effects on children, families...
Effect of CeO2 nanomaterial surface functional groups on tissue and subcellular distribution of Ce in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

Using recent advances in X-ray microscopy, this study aimed to elucidate mechanisms of uptake, subcellular distribution, and translocation of functionalized CeO2 MNM (manufactured nanomaterials), having different charges, by tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv Micro-Tom). We found that plant growth and Ce concentration in tissues were functions of surface charge and exposure concentration with root to shoot translocation being much greater for negatively charged CeO2 than positive or neutral CeO2. Mechanisms of entry into roots and translocation within plants were examined using X-ray nano- and microprobes. There were dramatic differences in the tissue and subcellular distributions of Ce in plant roots exposed to dextran-coated CeO2 nanoparticles conjugated with positive, neutral and negative functional groups. Positively charged CeO2 remained mainly bound to the epidermis of the root with little present in the apoplast or cytoplasm. Negatively charged CeO2 was found in the cytoplasm throughout the root cross section, and negatively charged CeO2 was found within the apoplast in the cortex and both the apoplast and the cytoplasm in the vasculature. Neutral CeO2 likely entered through the gaps between epidermal cells being sloughed off during root growth and penetrated deeper into the interior of the roots (vasculature) via a combination of apoplastic and symplastic transport. Evidence of symplastic Ce transport was observed with the neutrally and negatively charged particles. We observed evidence of endocytosis as the mechanism for entry into the symplast allowing for entry into the xylem. This study provides critical information on how particle surface chemistry influences the biodistribution and cellular localization of nanomaterials in plants and is to date the highest resolution X-ray imaging of nanomaterials in plant cells.
Arthroscopic Remplissage for Anterior Shoulder Instability: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Biomechanical Studies.

Purpose To examine the clinical outcomes and biomechanical data supporting the use of the remplissage procedure. Methods A query of the Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines from 2000 to 2017. Data were extracted from included studies for a qualitative review of both clinical and biomechanical outcomes. Results After review, 18 clinical and 10 biomechanical studies were available for analysis; 10 of 18 clinical studies (55.6%) were Level IV evidence. Within the clinical studies, there were 567 patients (570 shoulders) evaluated with follow-up ranging from 6 to 180 months. Overall, 5.8% of shoulders (33 of 570) displayed recurrent instability after arthroscopic remplissage. Of the shoulders with recurrent instability, 42.4% of shoulders (14 of 33) underwent further surgical management. In all studies evaluating pre- and postoperative patient-reported outcomes, the arthroscopic remplissage procedure improved patient-reported outcomes a statistically significant amount postoperatively. Within individual clinical studies, external rotation with the arm in neutral was the most consistently limited range of motion (ROM) parameter, with deficits compared with the contralateral shoulder ranging from 9° to 14°. Biomechanical analysis appeared to corroborate the clinical results, although significant conclusions were limited by heterogeneity of reporting. Conclusions Arthroscopic remplissage performed in conjunction with arthroscopic Bankart repair is a safe and effective procedure for patients with engaging Hill-Sachs lesions and subcritical glenoid bone loss. Although both the included clinical and biomechanical studies would suggest minimal changes in glenohumeral ROM following the remplissage procedure, strong conclusions are limited by the heterogeneity in reporting ROM data and lack of comparative studies. Level of Evidence IV, systematic review.
The Genetics of Mating Song Evolution Underlying Rapid Speciation: Linking Quantitative Variation to Candidate Genes for Behavioral Isolation

Differences in mating behaviors evolve early during speciation, eventually contributing to reproductive barriers between species. Knowledge of the genetic and genomic basis of these behaviors is therefore integral to a causal understanding of speciation. Acoustic behaviors are often part of the mating ritual in animal species. The temporal rhythms of mating songs are notably species-specific in many vertebrates and arthropods and often underlie assortative mating. Despite discoveries of mutations that disrupt the temporal rhythm of these songs, we know surprisingly little about genes affecting naturally occurring variation in the temporal pattern of singing behavior. In the rapidly speciating Hawaiian cricket genus Laupala, the striking species variation in song rhythms constitutes a behavioral barrier to reproduction between species. Here, we mapped the largest-effect locus underlying interspecific variation in song rhythm between two Laupala species to a narrow genomic region, wherein we find no known candidate genes affecting song temporal rhythm in Drosophila Whole-genome sequencing, gene prediction, and functional annotation of this region reveal an exciting and promising candidate gene, the putative cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel-like gene, for natural variation in mating behavior. Identification and molecular characterization of the candidate gene reveals a nonsynonymous mutation in a conserved binding domain, suggesting that ion channels are important targets of selection on rhythmic signaling during establishment of behavioral isolation and rapid speciation.
Towards Understanding Data Analysis Workflows using a Large Notebook Corpus

The advent of big data analysis as a profession as well as a hobby has brought an increase in novel forms of data exploration and analysis, particularly ad-hoc analysis. Analysis of raw datasets using frameworks such as pandas and R have become very popular [8]. Typically these types of workflows are geared towards ingesting and transforming data in an exploratory fashion in order to derive knowledge while minimizing time-to-insight. However, there exists very little work studying usability and performance concerns of such unstructured workflows.
Years of Potential Life Lost from Cardiovascular Disease Among Hispanics

Objective: To quantify the impact of cardiovascular disease and its subtypes on the premature mortality of Hispanics in the United States. Methods: We used national death records to identify deaths for the three largest His­panic subgroups (Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans) in the United States from 2003 to 2012 (N = 832,550). We identi­fied all deaths from cardiovascular disease and by subtype (ie, ischemic, cerebrovas­cular, hypertensive and heart failure) using the underlying cause of death via ICD-10 codes. Years of potential life lost (YPLL) was calculated by age categories standard­izing with the 2000 US Census population. Population estimates were calculated using linear interpolation from 2000 and 2010 US Census data. Results: After standardization, Puerto Ricans experienced the highest YPLL for all types of cardiovascular disease compared with Mexicans and Cubans (1,139 years per 100,000 compared with 868 and 841, respectively), a disparity that remained con­sistent over the course of a decade. Among different subcategories of cardiovascular disease, Puerto Ricans had the highest YPLL for ischemic and hypertensive heart disease, while Mexicans had the highest YPLL from cerebrovascular disease. Conclusions: In conclusion, disaggregation of Hispanic subgroups revealed marked heterogeneity in premature cardiovascu­lar mortality. These findings suggest that measures to improve the cardiovascular health of Hispanics should incorporate sub­group status as a key part of public health strategy. Ethn Dis. 2019;29(3):477-484; doi:10.18865/ed.29.3.477
Home program practices for supporting and measuring adherence in post-stroke rehabilitation: a scoping review.

After stroke, individuals face a variety of impairments that impact function. Increasingly, rehabilitation for these impairments has moved into the community and home settings through the use of ho...
Chronic preoperative corticosteroid use is not associated with surgical site infection following revision total knee arthroplasty.

Abstract Introduction The objective of this study was to determine whether chronic preoperative corticosteroid use is associated with increased infectious complications following revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA). Methods A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using patients from a large national database. Patients were divided into two cohorts based upon chronic steroid usage preoperatively. Infectious complications in the 30-day postoperative period were recorded, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results A total of 10,973 patients were included in this study. No significant difference was observed in surgical site infection rates between patients with and without preoperative steroid use. In multivariate analysis, preoperative steroid use was independently associated with an increased likelihood of septic shock (OR 6.17; p = 0.015) and prolonged length-of-stay (OR 1.57; p = 0.038). Conclusion Chronic preoperative steroid is not a significant risk factor for surgical site infection following rTKA, but it is independently associated with increased risk of septic shock and prolonged hospital length of stay.
Chest Tube Thoracostomy

This chapter discusses technical aspects of chest tube thoracostomy including instrumentation and equipment, patient positioning, incision techniques, and insertion and placement of chest tube.
Quantitative Liquid Chromatography-Nanoelectrospray Ionization-High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Acrolein-DNA Adducts and Etheno-DNA Adducts in Oral Cells from Cigarette Smokers and Nonsmokers.

Cigarette smoking is an important source of human exposure to toxicants and carcinogens and contributes significantly to cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Acrolein, a widespread environmental pollutant, is present in relatively high amounts in cigarette smoke and can react directly with DNA to form DNA adducts, which serve as important biomarkers for the assessment of exposure to acrolein and its potential role in smoking related cancer. Etheno-DNA adducts are promutagenic DNA lesions that can derive from exogenous chemicals as well as endogenous sources, including lipid peroxidation. In this study, we developed a combined method for the quantitation of (6R/S)-3-(2'-deoxyribos-1'-yl)-5,6,7,8,-tetrahydro-6-hydroxypyrimido[1,2-a]purine-10(3H)-one (α-OH-Acr-dGuo), (8R/S)-3-(2'-deoxyribos-1'-yl)-5,6,7,8,-tetrahydro-8-hydroxypyrimido[1,2-a]purine-10(3H)-one (γ-OH-Acr-dGuo), 1,N6-etheno-dAdo (edAdo), and 3,N4-etheno-dCyd (edCyd) adducts in oral rinse and cytobrush DNA from smokers and nonsmokers by liquid chromatography-nanoelelctrospray ionization-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-NSI-HRMS/MS). For oral rinse samples, there was a statistically significant difference between the levels of α-OH-Acr-dGuo, γ-OH-Acr-dGuo, edAdo, and edCyd in smokers (12.1 ± 17.9, 163 ± 227, 182 ± 568, and 194 ± 400 adducts/109 nucleotides, respectively) and nonsmokers (1.85 ± 2.08, 5.95 ± 4.23, 7.69 ± 11.7, and 6.07 ± 10.9 adducts/109 nucleotides, respectively). For cytobrush samples, there was a statistically significant difference between the levels of γ-OH-Acr-dGuo and edAdo in smokers (259 ± 540 and 82.9 ± 271 adducts/109 nucleotides, respectively) and nonsmokers (7.37 ± 5.09 and 16.2 ± 30.2 adducts/109 nucleotides, respectively) but not for α-OH-Acr-dGuo and edCyd. Our results demonstrate that oral mucosa cells are an excellent source of material for evaluating DNA adducts to be used as biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure and molecular changes potentially related to cancer.
Treading the Tenure-Track Tightrope: Finding Balance Between Research Excellence and Quality Teaching

Clearly, a rift exists between what faculty at public colleges and universities do and what the general populace and external funding agencies increasingly expect them to accomplish (Fairweather, 1996). Throughout the 1990s, the continual allegation has been that the emphasis on research has escalated at the expense of undergraduate teaching quality (Cole, 1994; Winston, 1994). This article examines the circumstances that have contributed to this state of affairs and then looks at two attempts to address the increased demands for better undergraduate teaching without weakening the research reputaton of their organizations. This first approach—the development of ethical principles of teaching—encourages compliance. The second, a revamping of faculty development and reward structures, promotes a kind of teaching-research synergy.
Integration with Community Resources

In the United States, emergency departments (EDs) have become primary sites for emergent psychiatric evaluations and crisis intervention. These types of ED visits have been steadily increasing per year and have been found to have significantly longer lengths of stay than for non-mental-health-related visits [1–4]. Recent data demonstrate a discrepancy in disposition options for mental-health-related complaints as compared to nonmental illness presentations in the ED, with presentations due to mental illness having disproportionately higher rates of hospital admission (Figs. 40.1 and 40.2) [1, 2, 5]. ED staff treat acute medical emergencies (e.g., cardiac arrest, stroke, and pulmonary embolism), diagnose and manage new-onset illnesses, and evaluate exacerbations for chronic diseases (congestive heart failure, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder), understanding that not all sickness requires inpatient medical admission. As the number of mental health presentations continues to increase, ED staff need an understanding of and access to alternative community resources to avoid the exclusive use of hospitalization as the disposition choice for mental health crises. Lack of safe, nonhospital interventions leaves ED staff to over-rely on inpatient levels of care [6]. This, in turn, contributes to the decreased availability of inpatient beds for significant crises, subsequently increasing psychiatric boarding [7–10].
Why Can’t You Just Pick One? The Stigmatization of Non-binary/Genderqueer People by Cis and Trans Men and Women: An Empirical Test of Norm-Centered Stigma Theory

Non-binary and genderqueer identities often resonate with people whose genders are outside the man-woman dichotomy, fluid, androgynous, and/or variant. Yet the gender binary system remains the unwavering norm, often placing non-binary and genderqueer people on the margins of social acceptability, and surprisingly little research has investigated those who stigmatize non-binary/genderqueer people. The current study utilizes Worthen’s (2020) Norm-Centered Stigma Theory (NCST) and nationally representative data collected from U.S. online panelists (n = 3009: 1419 cis men, 1461 cis women, 74 trans women, 55 trans men) to investigate how norms (cisnormativity) and gender identity axes of social power (man/woman, cis/trans, and intersecting cis/trans-man/woman identities) relate to the stigmatization of non-binary/genderqueer people. Overall findings indicate that (a) cisnormativity is integral to understanding non-binary/genderqueer stigma, (b) the stigmatizer’s gender identity axes of social power are essential to explore as related to both cisnormativity and non-binary/genderqueer stigma, and (c) cisgender women are significantly different from others when it comes to both cisnormativity and non-binary/genderqueer stigma. Overall, the results underscore the significance of focusing on the unique complexities involved in the stigmatization of non-binary/genderqueer people and work toward dismantling such negativities.
Activation of Anopheles stephensi Pantothenate Kinase and Coenzyme A Biosynthesis Reduces Infection with Diverse Plasmodium Species in the Mosquito Host

Malaria parasites require pantothenate from both human and mosquito hosts to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA). Specifically, mosquito-stage parasites cannot synthesize pantothenate de novo or take up preformed CoA from the mosquito host, making it essential for the parasite to obtain pantothenate from mosquito stores. This makes pantothenate utilization an attractive target for controlling sexual stage malaria parasites in the mosquito. CoA is synthesized from pantothenate in a multi-step pathway initiated by the enzyme pantothenate kinase (PanK). In this work, we manipulated A. stephensi PanK activity and assessed the impact of mosquito PanK activity on the development of two malaria parasite species with distinct genetics and life cycles: the human parasite Plasmodium falciparum and the mouse parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii 17XNL. We identified two putative A. stephensi PanK isoforms encoded by a single gene and expressed in the mosquito midgut. Using both RNAi and small molecules with reported activity against human PanK, we confirmed that A. stephensi PanK manipulation was associated with corresponding changes in midgut CoA levels. Based on these findings, we used two small molecule modulators of human PanK activity (PZ-2891, compound 7) at reported and ten-fold EC50 doses to examine the effects of manipulating A. stephensi PanK on malaria parasite infection success. Our data showed that oral provisioning of 1.3 nM and 13 nM PZ-2891 increased midgut CoA levels and significantly decreased infection success for both Plasmodium species. In contrast, oral provisioning of 62 nM and 620 nM compound 7 decreased CoA levels and significantly increased infection success for both Plasmodium species. This work establishes the A. stephensi CoA biosynthesis pathway as a potential target for broadly blocking malaria parasite development in anopheline hosts. We envision this strategy, with small molecule PanK modulators delivered to mosquitoes via attractive bait stations, working in concert with deployment of parasite-directed novel pantothenamide drugs to block parasite infection in the human host. In mosquitoes, depletion of pantothenate through manipulation to increase CoA biosynthesis is expected to negatively impact Plasmodium survival by starving the parasite of this essential nutrient. This has the potential to kill both wild type parasites and pantothenamide-resistant parasites that could develop under pantothenamide drug pressure if these compounds are used as future therapeutics for human malaria.