cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of a direct antithrombin, hirulog, in place of heparin during coronary angioplasty.

BACKGROUND Since the inception of coronary angioplasty, heparin with or without aspirin has been routinely given intraprocedurally to avoid coronary thrombotic complications. Recently, the direct thrombin inhibitor hirulog has been demonstrated to inactivate clot-bound thrombin. The present study was a multicenter dose escalation of hirulog to determine its appropriate dose and feasibility as the sole anticoagulant during coronary angioplasty. METHODS AND RESULTS At 11 participating centers, 291 patients undergoing elective coronary angioplasty and pretreated with 325 mg aspirin daily were enrolled in sequential groups of intravenously administered hirulog instead of heparin as follows: group 1: bolus, 0.15 mg/kg; infusion, 0.6 mg.kg-1.hr-1 (54 patients); group 2: bolus, 0.25 mg/kg; infusion, 1.0 mg.kg-1.hr-1 (53 patients); group 3: bolus, 0.35 mg/kg; infusion, 1.4 mg.kg-1.hr-1 (44 patients); group 4: bolus, 0.45 mg/kg; infusion, 1.8 mg.kg-1.hr-1 (74 patients); and group 5: bolus, 0.55 mg/kg; infusion, 2.2 mg.kg-1.hr-1 (54 patients). The hirulog infusion was maintained for 4 hours; the primary end point was abrupt vessel closure within 24 hours of the initiation of the procedure. Activated clotting times (ACT) and activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTT) were serially monitored. Abrupt vessel closure occurred in 18 patients (6.2%). By intention to treat, the abrupt closure event rate for groups 1-3 was 11.3% compared with 3.9% in groups 4 and 5 (p = 0.052). There were no significant bleeding complications except for one patient in group 1, who received a two-unit transfusion. A dose-response curve of both ACTs and aPTTs was noted; no coronary thrombotic closures occurred in the small number of patients with ACT > 300 seconds. CONCLUSIONS The present study documents for the first time that it is possible to perform coronary angioplasty with an anticoagulant other than heparin in aspirin-pretreated patients. Hirulog was associated with a rapid onset, dose-dependent anticoagulant effect, minimal bleeding complications, and at doses of 1.8-2.2 mg/kg, a rate of 3.9% for abrupt vessel closure.
On gradient estimation of scheduling for multi-cluster tools with general robot moving times

This paper introduces three methods to deriving gradient estimators of system performance of multi-cluster tools. A multi-cluster tool is composed of multiple single cluster tools connected non-cyclically through intermediate buffer modules. Each single cluster has a separate robot for transporting wafers within the cluster and in and out of the cluster. The coordination among these robots poses a challenge in system-performance analysis and optimal scheduling. This paper focuses on two-cluster tools and develops three approaches (formula-based, linear programming-based, and regression-based) for estimating the gradient of the throughput or any activity times with respect to all timing parameters.
Body mass and attractivity of female offspring are negatively affected by food restriction of meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) dams during lactation

The environment experienced by pups during lactation (nutrition and maternal behaviour) can contribute not only to sexual development, but also to individual differences in offspring sexual behaviour. We tested the hypothesis that female offspring of meadow vole dams (Microtus pennsylvanicus) that were 30% food restricted (FR) during days 1–7 of lactation (FR 1–7), days 8–14 of lactation (FR 8–14), or days 15–21 of lactation (FR 15–21) show negative effects on their food intake, growth, and the three components of sexual behaviour (attractivity, proceptivity and receptivity) as compared with female offspring of control dams. With the exception of age 29 days or age 34 days, the body weights of female offspring of FR 1–7 dams and FR 8–14 dams between days 21 and 48 were lower than the body weights of female offspring of FR 15–21 dams and those of control dams. Female offspring of FR 1–7 dams maintained a lower body weight than the other female offspring throughout the study. Female offspring of FR 8–14 and FR 15–21 dams produced odours that were less attractive to males than odours produced by those of FR 1–7 and control dams. Female offspring of FR dams and control dams did not differ in their measures of proceptivity and receptivity. However, the total amount of time allocated for copulation by males was shorter for those males that were paired with female offspring of FR 1–7 dams than it was for those that were paired with the female offspring of FR 8–14, FR15–21, and control dams. The results of this study, coupled with those found in a study conducted on the male offspring of FR dams, indicate that for female offspring days 1–7 and for male offspring days 8–14 of lactation are the time periods during which food restriction of dams had the greatest impact on deficits in sexual behaviour and body mass in meadow voles.
Cation coordination and oxygen vacancies in mixed oxide perovskites

Abstract Single phase polycrystalline LaSrCuGa1−xZnxO5 has been prepared with 15% substitution of gallium by zinc. The structure consists of nearly planar [CuO2] planes separated by tetrahedral [GaO 4 2 ] chains. Substitution was found by neutron diffraction to occur equally on both plane and chain sites despite their different coordination environments.
Silences and Moral Narratives: Infanticide as Reproductive Disruption

Infanticide is a widespread practice, yet few ethnographic and theoretical works examine this. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in the Indian Himalayas, I argue that infanticide is a form of reproductive disruption that elicits both public moral judgments and private silences. In this Himalayan context, the stigmas of abortion and premarital sex prevent community acknowledgement of infanticide and baby abandonment. Unmarried women hide their pregnancies, deliver and abandon their babies, and later are rushed to the hospital with postdelivery complications. While biomedical doctors deal with the debris of infanticide (postpartum hemorrhage), there is no formal accounting of the practice. I argue that by regarding infanticide as a form of reproductive disruption, we can open up women’s narratives of pain and suffering that are silenced because of moral repugnance.
The immediate restoration of active extension of the knee following flexion deformities

Abstract 1. 1. After the restoration of normal passive extension in fixed flexion deformities of the knee the patient is frequently unable actively to extend the knee through the final 10 to 20 degrees. 2. 2. Transplantation of the tubercle of the tibia distally 1 8 inch for each 10 degrees of fixed flexion deformity which was present before the posterior capsulotomy operation restores full active extension of the knee. 3. 3. A new technique for transplantation of the tubercle is presented. By this method the tubercle is held in place by double dovetails. 4. 4. This technique permits immediate active extension of the knee to the normal limits and eliminates the necessity of waiting three or four weeks for callus to unite the transplanted tubercle to the tibia.
The highest priority in the emergency department may be a patient's spiritual needs.

A weekend charge nurse in a 26-bed emergency department/level II trauma center is pulled in multiple directions. With alarms sounding, phones ringing, ambulances calling in, and the receptionist calling for help, it can be difficult to focus on the spiritual aspects of patients and their families. Yet, on this particular day, that was just what was most important for ?John? and his family—and he hadn’t even arrived yet. Marquette General Hospital is a regional referral center on the shores of Lake Superior, and the ED doctor had just accepted a transfer trauma patient from a hospital that was 2 hours away. John was a level I trauma transfer who had multiple injuries from a fall. He was intubated and unresponsive. He would arrive about 3:00 pm, right at the change of shift. Ruth, the charge nurse, received a call from the hospital chaplain informing her that this patient was Catholic and had not been anointed before leaving the transferring facility and that the family was very concerned about this situation.
Impact of emergency admissions on elective surgical workload.

Day case surgery is the most cost-effective approach for all minor, most intermediate and some major surgery. To examine the effect of the current ‘escalation’ policy of opening the surgical day ward to A&E admissions at the expense of planned surgery. A retrospective study was carried out on all elective general surgical operations planned for January through March 2003. The number of cases cancelled and the reasons for cancellation were documented. The total number of patients booked for surgery was 836, 66.6% of which were day cases (557 patients). Overall 338 patients accounting for 40.4% of all planned cases were cancelled. Day case cancellations accounted for 68.9% of all cancellations (233 patients). Bed unavailability was the main reason due to the overflow of A&E admissions, accounting for 92% of cancelled patients and 73.8% of day ward cancellations. The cancellation of surgery creates untold hardship for patients who plan their working and family lives around the proposed operation date. Most are cancelled at less than 24 hours notice. The cost implications to the community are immense but have not been calculated. The separation of emergency and planned surgery is essential through adequate observation ward access.
Lightweight Chambers for Thrust Cell Applications

Traditional metals like steel and copper alloys have been used for many years to fabricate injector and chamber components of thruster assemblies. While the materials perform well, reducing engine weights would help existing and future vehicles gain performance and payload capability. It may now be possible to reduce current thruster weights up to 50% by applying composite materials. In this task, these materials are being applied to an existing thrust cell design to demonstrate new fabrication processes and potential weight savings. Two ceramic matrix composite (CMC) designs, three polymer matrix composite (PMC) designs, and two metal matrix composite (MMC) designs are being fabricated as small chamber demonstration units. In addition, a new alloy of copper, chrome, and niobium (Cu-8Cr-4Nb) is being investigated for thrust chamber liners since it offers higher strength and increased cycle life over traditional alloys. This new alloy is being used for the liner in each MMC and PMC demonstration unit. During June-August of 2000, hot-fire testing of each unit is planned to validate designs in an oxygen/hydrogen environment at chamber pressures around 850 psi. Although the weight savings using CMC materials is expected to be high, they have proven to be much harder to incorporate into chamber designs based on current fabrication efforts. However, the PMC & MMC concepts using the Cu-8Cr-4Nb liner are nearly complete and ready for testing. Additional efforts intend to use the PMC & MMC materials to fabricate a full size thrust chamber (60K lb(sub f) thrust class). The fabrication of this full size unit is expected to be complete by October 2000, followed by hot-fire testing in November-December 2000.
Comparison of Right– and Left–Sided Pectoral Implantation Parameters with the Jewel Active Can Cardiodefibrillator

A total of 1,207 patients received a Medtronic Jewel active can ICD (models 7218C, 7219C), with a Transvene lead in 97 centers in Europe and North America. Nineteen implants were from the right pectoral region. Patients with right-sided ICDs did not differ in terms of mean age, % male, left ventricular ejection fraction, New York Heart Association Functional Class, antiarrhythmic drug therapy, indication for the implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and R wave values at implantation, but tended to have slightly higher pacing thresholds (1.2 +/- 0.5 V vs 1.0 +/- 0.6 V, P = 0.012) and higher defibrillation thresholds (14.7 +/- 6.4 J vs 11.5 +/- 6 J, P = 0.11) compared with patients with left sided implants. Patients with right-sided implants had a longer implantation time compared with patients with left-sided implants (118 +/- 70 minutes vs 91 +/- 46 minutes, P = 0.074). In follow-up, 5 patients with right-sided implantation received successful therapy for either ventricular fibrillation, (8 episodes) or ventricular tachycardia (5 episodes). No ineffective therapy from the device was delivered in any patients with right-sided implantation. Right-sided pectoral implants are feasible with the Medtronic Jewel active can ICD.
Nocturnal isoprene declines in a semi-urban environment

In environments dominated by biogenic hydrocarbon emissions, the transition from daytime to nighttime is an important period because ambient isoprene levels rapidly decrease. In sub-urban environments with abundant sources of nitrogen oxides, the nighttime isoprene chemistry has implications for the regional nitrogen oxide budget. Given the substantial production of alkyl nitrates from isoprene reactions during the nighttime, nitrogen oxides can then be transported long distances in the form of nitrates. The factors that influence nighttime chemistry of isoprene in environments with abundant sources of nitrogen oxides are not well known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to understand the processes controlling isoprene levels just before and after sunset, in an environment under the influences of moderate concentrations of ambient nitrogen oxides. Utilizing in-situ Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer measurements, isoprene levels were studied during July to August 2011 in a sub-urban environment outside the metropolis of Washington, D.C., USA. Numerical modeling investigations were also pursued to determine yields of alkyl nitrates. Pre-sunset isoprene rises, observed on eight measured days, were likely related to the cessation of atmospheric turbulence and stabilization of the surface layer. After sunset, nocturnal declines of isoprene, while not fully explained by chemical reactions, depended on the amounts of nitrate radicals in the lower atmosphere. Furthermore, isoprene destruction rates and associated production of alkyl nitrates depended on the amounts of nitrogen oxides. Compared with cases with ambient nitrogen oxides lower than 10 parts per billion, model results showed that twice the amounts of isoprene were destroyed when average nitrogen oxide levels exceeded 30 parts per billion.
Improved technique for toxicological extractions

Two designs of extractors were developed and tested for removal of small amounts of acidic and basic poisons from biological materials. The first of these operated with heavier-than-water solvents placed between two aqueous phases. By adjusting the chemical composition of the two aqueous phases, a double extraction was performed, first to the organic solvent and, secondly, from it into the second aqueous phase. The second extractor was similar except that it operated with lighter-than-water solvents.
Counting statistics of partial coherent light with Lorentzian spectrum

Analytic aspects of the photon-counting distributions in quantum optics are investigated for the case where the underlying field includes a mixture of harmonic signal and thermal noise. A Lorentzian spectral profile for the thermal light is used to find simple iterative relations for the factorial cumulant moments. Explicit analytic expressions for the moments are then given to eighth order. Approximate interpolation formulas, which display proper limiting behavior at small and large correlation length, are also investigated.
Teaching ethics to future psychologists: Challenges and the model of an experience of a college psychology professor in a developing country

Ethics is always a fundamental issue in Psychology as a profession: it guides decisions and actions in all fields, being the core of profession itself. Teaching professional ethics in our contemporary society, incorporating the questioning of modern and permanent questions in a conscious, responsible and yet interesting approach, beyond educational fads, is a challenge we must address, implicating students from the very beginning. Using active methodologies and realistic situations help fill the gap between theories, ethical codes and everyday situations, and their critical employment prepare students to deal with daily ethical problems, helping to promote human rights consciousness.
Effect of Collisions on the Intensities of Nebular Lines

MENZEL1 has recently stated that “There appears to be a widespread misconception concerning the effect of electron collisions on the intensities of forbidden lines”. In the conventional treatment to which the above statement objects, the intensity is given by the formula where M is the number of atoms excited to the upper state per unit of time, A21 is the probability of spontaneous emission and b21 is the probability of removal from the upper state by collision with electrons, atoms, molecules, etc. b21 in general increases with the density of these particles and is proportional to the density if the composition and velocity distribution are not altered. In this case, I remains approximately at the value Mhv as long as the density is so low that b21 Â« A21. When b21 Â» A21, however, I = MA21hv/b21, that is, I falls off inversely as the density if M, the rate of excitation of atoms excited to the upper state, is held constant.
Recurrent Pelvic Infections and Salpingitis after Perforated Appendicitis.

Abstract Background The effect of perforated appendicitis on the adnexa is an issue of concern and controversy. Long-term fertility studies have been conflicting. Case We present the case of a patient with chronic pelvic infections, salpingitis, and hydrosalpinx after perforated appendicitis. Summary and Conclusion Magnetic resonance imaging was helpful in diagnosing a chronically obstructed fallopian tube, likely secondary to the dense adhesions from her previously treated perforated appendicitis. Salpingectomy relieved her symptoms of chronic pain and recurrent infections.
Molecular dynamics in precision deuteriomethyl branched polyethylene from solid-state deuterium NMR

Abstract Deuterium quadrupolar echo NMR was applied to precision CD 3 branched polyethylene at temperatures ranging from below the glass transition up to the melting point. The CD 3 branches were placed on every 15th or 21st carbon with zero variation in the branch spacing by acyclic diene metathesis polymerization chemistry. The deuterium lineshapes were simulated and fit to the experimental spectrum assuming appropriate models that approximate the motions in the amorphous and crystalline phases. Spectral contributions of each phase were isolated by T 1 fitting. The fitting results comprise the isotropic reorientation correlation time distribution and axial jump angle distribution in these two phases, respectively. The mean jump angle was found to increase monotonically with temperature, approaching 35° near the melting point, consistent with previous carbon-13 NMR results on this same polymer.
Biomechanics of healed experimental fractures.

Biomechanical properties of osteotomies and physiologically fractured canine femurs fixed with six-hole stainless steel AO/DCP plates (Synthes: Paoli, PA) were investigated with torsional loading 12 weeks postoperatively and were compared. Biomechanical evaluation of fracture healing with compression plate fixation requires a well controlled fracture creation technique which should reflect closely the natural process. Osteotomy has been suspected of creating ;local bone necrosis, a segmental defect, and subsequent healing patterns which do not mimic those following a more physiologic fracture. Two fracture techniques were compared in the mid-diaphyseal canine femur. An osteotomy was created in one limb and stabilized with a dynamic compression plate, while the contralateral limb was fractured physiologically utilizing four-point bending (modified technique of Ashhurst et al.) and also stabilized with a dynamic compression plate. Comminution developed in one animal during the four-point bending fracture creation technique and nonunion developed in an animal following osteotomy. Following sacrifice at three months, dynamic torsion testing demonstrated no statistical difference in mean torque to failure (osteotomy = 27.7, SD 9.4 N m; physiologic fracture = 28.4, SD 5.0 N m). Stiffness, rotation to failure, and energy to failure were also analysed and demonstrated no statistical difference.
Invariant theory for matrices over the Grassmann algebra

We prove that the algebra of polynomial maps Mn(E)→E invariant under simultaneous conjugation is generated by the queer trace polynomials.
Effects of Mutations in Proline 345 on Insertion of Diphtheria Toxin into Model Membranes

Translocation of the catalytic domain of diphtheria toxin (DT) across the endosomal membrane to the cytoplasm of mammalian cells requires the low-pH-dependent insertion of a hydrophobic helical hairpin (TH8-TH9) that is buried within the T domain of the native protein. Mutations of Pro345, which terminates helix TH8, have been reported to block toxicity for Vero cells. We found that mutant toxins in which Pro345 had been replaced by Cys, Glu, or Gly were profoundly defective at low pH in forming channels in planar phospholipid bilayers and in permeabilizing phospholipid vesicles to entrapped fluorophores. Experiments with isolated T domain containing a polarity-sensitive fluorophore attached to Cys at position 332 suggest that the P345E mutation blocks membrane insertion. None of the Pro345 mutations shifted the pH-dependence of binding in solution of the hydrophobic fluorophore, 2-p-toluidinyl-naphthalene 7-sulfonate. The results indicate that proline at position 345 is required for the T domain to insert into phospholipid bilayers or to adopt a functional conformation within the bilayer.
on fixing ethnographic shadows

Anthropology and Photography—1860–1920. ELIZABETH EDWARDS ed. Ethnographie et Photographi. EMMANUEL GARRIGUES ed. Photography, a Middle-Brow Art. PIERRE BOURDIEU with LUC BOLTAHSKI, ROBERT CASTEL, JEAN-CLAUDE CHAMBOREDON and DOMINIQUE SCHNAPPER W. Eugene Smith and the Photographic Essay. GLENN G. WILLUMSON
Radar signals dismount tracking for urban operations

It is critical in urban environments to not only track cars and tanks; but also individuals. Tracking dismounts, whereby an individual exits a car, can be done using conventional Electro-Optical (full color) or Infrared (thermal) cameras. However, EO/IR systems are subject to weather and line-of-sight conditions (i.e. person blocked by cloud) as well are degraded for long ranges. In this study, we pursue the use of radar images for dismount tracking. Radar dismount tracking will not entail the same robust features for person identification as EO systems; however, by being able to maintain track in all-weather conditions would afford friendly forces a location of all moving individuals. We show, using a feature-based tracker, that dismount detection, tracking, and potential intent, is possible. Radio Frequency (RF) tracking of dismounts is a relatively new concept because the data has not been available. By forming a data set based on the POSER TM program, and post-processing the data, we are interested in exploring the possibility of RF dismount tracking. In this paper, we (1) explore the generation of RF dismount data, (2) apply feature-based tracking algorithm to locate the moving target, and (3) assess the performance.
Photoinduced formation of phosphido-bridged clusters derived from Ru3(CO)9(PPh2H)3. Crystal and molecular structure of Ru3(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)3(CO)7

Abstract The new complex Ru 3 (CO) 9 (PPh 2 H) 3 (I) was prepared by the direct thermal reaction of Ru 3 (CO) 12 with PPh 2 H and was spectroscopically characterized. Irradiation of I with λ ≥ 300 nm leads to the formation of Ru 2 (μ-PPh 2 ) 2 (CO) 6 (II) and three new phosphido-bridged complexes, Ru 3 (μ-H) 2 (μ-PPh 2 ) 2 (CO) 8 (III), Ru 3 (μ-H) 2 (μ-PPh 2 ) 2 (CO) 7 (PPh 2 H) (IV) and Ru 3 (μ-H)(μ-PPh 2 ) 3 (CO) 7 (V). These complexes have been characterized spectroscopically and Ru 3 (μ-H)(μ-PPh 2 ) 3 (CO) 7 by a complete single crystal X-ray structure determination. It crystallizes in the space group P 2 1 / n with a 20.256(3), b 22.418(6), c 20.433(5) A, β 112.64(2)°, V 8564(4) A 3 , and Z = 8. Diffraction data were collected on a Syntex P2 1 automated diffractometer using graphite-monochromatized Mo-K α radiation, and the structure was refined to R F 4.76% and R w F 5.25% for the 8,847 independent reflections with F 0 > 6σ(F 0 ). The structure consists of a triangular array of Ru atoms with seven terminal carbonyl ligands, three bridging diphenylphosphido ligands which bridge each of the RuRu bonds, and the hydride ligand which bridges one RuRu bond. Complex IV was also shown to give V upon photolysis and is thus an intermediate in the photoinduced formation of V from I.
Collaborative Links With K‐12: Proposed Model Integrating Interior Design With National Education Standards

The future of our profession may be dependent upon our interest today in tomorrows adults. Many youth are entering college without an awareness of the interior design profession and its contributions to quality of life. If interior design professionals become involved in elementary and secondary education (K-l2), youths may be attracted and knowledgeable about the profession's contributions, assuring its continued vitality and growth. Although case studies of professional involvement have been reported, a plan has yet to be proposed outlining a cohesive approach integrating interior design into K-l2 educational curriculum. This study develops an integrative model of interior design involvement in elementary and secondary education addressing two national movements: school-to-work (a work-based model) and national education reform (an educational model) offering three levels of participation for interior design professionals. The strength of the model lies in linking the use of experiential, learning-based activities including internships, field trips, simulations, and exercises typically incorporated in post-secondary programs of interior design and the collaborative efforts inclusive of teaming required by interior design professionals. Involvement through collaborations with interior design professionals and industry partners with youth in K-l2 curricula presents an opportunity for accurate representation of the profession, its facets and significant contributions in shaping the built environment contributing to the health, safely and well-being of the population. Such partnerships create multiple benefits for the future of the profession and the community at large.
The 5'-GGATCC-3' cleavage specificity of BamHI is increased to 5'-CCGGATCCGG-3' by sequential double methylation with M.HpaII and M.BamHI.

Site-specific DNA methylation is known to block cleavage by a number of restriction endonucleases. We show that methylation at 'non-canonical' DNA modification sites can also block methylation by five of 13 DNA methyltransferases (MTases) tested. Furthermore, MTases and endonucleases that recognize the same nucleotide sequence can differ in their sensitivity to non-canonical methylation. In particular, BamHI endonuclease can cut 5'-GGATCm5C efficiently, whereas M.BamHI cannot methylate this modified sequence. Methyltransferase/endonuclease pairs which differ in their sensitivity to non-canonical methylation can be exploited to generate rare DNA cleavage sites. For example, we show that M.HpaII, M.BamHI, and BamHI can be used sequentially in a three-step procedure to specifically cleave DNA at the 10-bp sequence 5'-CCGGATCCGG. Several highly selective DNA cutting strategies are made possible by these sequential double methylation-blocking reactions.
The hydrolysis of lecithins by snake venom phospholipase

Abstract [ 32 P]labeled lysolecithins were prepared from rat liver by the action of snake venoms on the corresponding lecithins. The lysolecithins were oxidized under mild conditions with permanganate. Two lyco-compounds were formed after this oxidation. Acid hydrolysis of the lyso-compounds yielded at least four [ 32 P]-labeled water-soluble phosphate compounds. Similar results were obtained with egg lecithin. Beef and pig heart lecithins (mixture of the diester and plasmalogen forms) were subjected to hydrolysis with snake venom. Under conditions where egg lecithin was completely degraded to lysolecithin the beef and pig lecithins were only partially hydrolyzed (62–64%). The lecithins which resisted hydrolysis in the early time interval were essentially all the plasmalogen type. Hence the snake venom degrades the diester lecithin at a faster rate than the plasmalogen analogue. However, after several days exposure to the venom the plasmalogens are completely hydrolyzed to the corresponding lysoplasmalogens. Reduction of the lysoplasmalogens with hydrogen and subsequent acid hydrolysis gave a 70% theoretical yield of a -glycerol ether. These studies show that snake venom phospholipase A can hydrolyze either the a or β-linked fatty acid in lecithins to yield a - and β-lysolecithins.
Patterns of neurologic involvement in multiple sclerosis

Specific patterns of neurologic involvement within the 8 Functional Systems (Pyramidal, Cerebellar, Brain Stem, Sensory, Bowel & Bladder, Visual, Cerebral, Other) in a well-documented series of early MS patients have been presented in rank order of expected frequency. The first 35 and the first 86 of the 256 possible patterns comprised respectively 71% and 90% of all cases expected or observed. Patterns with increasingly higher rank orders provided increasingly greater likelihood for the diagnosis of MS. For 1 of the 4 most common patterns, the likelihood of MS was 17 times that without consideration of any pattern. In this series, the occurrence of any of the first 35 patterns was well above expectations, while patterns ranked beyond 86 were highly unlikely.
In vitro characterization of primary SIVsmm isolates belonging to different lineages. In vitro growth on rhesus macaque cells is not predictive for in vivo replication in rhesus macaques

We report in vitro characterization of 11 SIVsmm strains of six lineages co-circulating in naturally infected sooty mangabeys (SMs) from US Primate Centers and showed no major differences in the in vitro replication pattern between different SIVsmm lineages. Primary SIVsmm isolates utilized CCR5 and Bonzo co-receptors in vitro. SIVsmm growth in human T cell lines was isolate-, not lineage-specific, with poor replication on Molt4-Clone8, CEMss and PM1 cells and better replication on MT2, SupT1 and CEMx174 cells. All primary SIVsmm isolates replicated on SM and human PBMCs. In vitro replication in macaques varied widely, with moderate to high replication in pig-tailed macaque PBMCs, enhanced by CD8+ T cell depletion, and highly variable replication on rhesus macaque (Rh) PBMCs. Primary SIVsmm isolates replicated in Rh monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). In vivo, SIVsmm isolates replicated at high levels in all SIVsmm-infected Rh. The poor in vitro replication of primary SIVsmm isolates in Rh cells did not correlate with in vivo replication, emphasizing the value of in vivo studies.
Disease-drug pairs revealed by computational genomic connectivity mapping on GBA1 deficient, Gaucher disease mice

We have reported that, in addition to recapitulating the classical human Gaucher disease (GD1) phenotype, deletion of the glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene in mice results in the dysfunction of a diverse population of immune cells. Most of immune-related, non-classical features of GD1, including gammopathies and autoimmune diathesis, are resistant to macrophage-directed therapies. This has prompted a search for newer agents for human GD1. Here, we used high-density microarray on splenic and liver cells from affected GBA1−/− mice to establish a gene “signature”, which was then utilized to interrogate the Broad Institute database, CMAP. Computational connectivity mapping of disease and drug pairs through CMAP revealed several highly enriched, non-null, mimic and anti-mimic hits. Most notably, two compounds with anti-helminthic properties, namely albendazole and oxamniquine, were identified; these are particularly relevant for future testing as the expression of chitinases is enhanced in GD1.
Place still matters: The operational geography of jihadist terror attacks against the US Homeland 1990–2012

Transnational terrorism in the age of globalization is often viewed as a diffuse phenomenon unbounded by geography. A review of violent Sunni Islamist extremists (i.e. “jihadist”) terrorist attacks against the United States' homeland between 1990 and 2012, however, reveals specific spatial characteristics. Indeed, there has been considerable geographical consistency in the loci of command and control, and target selection. Different cell types also exhibit distinct geographical patterns and preferences posing different levels of threat across space. Understanding the operational geography of transnational terrorist groups may hence increase the ability of governments to predict and assess risks and implement offensive and defensive strategies and countermeasures with greater precision and effectiveness.
Lead Isotope Ratio Determination for the Forensic Analysis of Military Small Arms Projectiles

A study focusing on the ability to utilize isotopic analysis of Pb used in small arms projectiles from varying geographic origin was undertaken using the GV Instruments Isoprobe multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. With the exception of two classes of ammunition, these samples were able to be distinguished from one another. Also, following rigorous normalization and mass bias correction, these data were compared to data collected by geochemists in localities corresponding to projectile manufacture. This comparison was successful when projectiles in certain economically isolated countries were analyzed. Pb isotopic analysis with MC−ICPMS is shown to be useful as a tool for distinguishing between ammunition of various manufacturing origins.
End‐of‐life Models and Emergency Department Care

Many people die in emergency departments (EDs) across the United States from sudden illnesses or injuries, an exacerbation of a chronic disease, or a terminal illness. Frequently, patients and families come to the ED seeking lifesaving or life-prolonging treatment. In addition, the ED is a place of transition-patients usually are transferred to an inpatient unit, transferred to another hospital, or discharged home. Rarely are patients supposed to remain in the ED. Currently, there is an increasing amount of literature related to end-of-life care. However, these end-of-life care models are based on chronic disease trajectories and have difficulty accommodating sudden-death trajectories common in the ED. There is very little information about end-of-life care in the ED. This article explores ED culture and characteristics, and examines the applicability of current end-of-life care models.
Genetic studies of four highly homologous rheumatoid factor-associated Vk genes in rheumatoid arthritis patients and normal individuals.

Rheumatoid factors (RFs) are autoantibodies directed against IgG molecules. They are present in increased quantity in most patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and are implicated in tissue damage in this disease. Paradoxically, recent studies of RFs have revealed that these autoantibodies are likely a physiological component of the immune system, and may play a role in the development and function of the B cell repertoire. Previously, we found that a significant fraction of RA patients express RF bearing the 6B6.6 cross-reactive idiotype, which is a phenotypic marker of the Humkv328-like genes. In order to elucidate the possible genetic factors that may contribute to the abnormal production of RFs in RA patients, we studied restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) of four highly homologous RF-related kappa light chain variable region (Vk) genes (i.e. Humkv328, Humkv328h2, Humkv328h5 and Humkv329) in RA patients and normal controls. The results show that kv328, kv328h2 and kv329 are likely to be alleles of the kv328 locus, while kv328h5 is a highly homologous Vk gene residing in a separate locus; and that deletion in one copy of either the kv328 or the kv328h5 loci, but not both loci, occurs in several individuals. However, the frequencies of various RFLP patterns of these two Vk gene loci are similar in patients and normals.
A rapid selection technique for detecting meiotic X-chromosomal nondisjunction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract A chemical selection technique is described for the rapid and easy detection of X-chromosomal nondisjunction in females of Drosophila melanogaster . The method employs the maroon-like ( ma-1 ) gene and depends on the known hypersensitivity of ma-1 flies lacking xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) activity to killing by treatments with aqueous purine solutions. Parental females, heterozygous for two ma-1 alleles which produce 25% of wild-type XDH activity, are mated to males bearing a non-complementing ma-1 allele. After treatment of developing cultures with a 6-mM purine solution, only those individuals possessing 25% or greater XDH activity survive to eclosion. The present report demonstrates that this system can be used to measure accurately the spontaneous frequency of X-chromosomal nondisjunction as well as increased maternal nondisjunction produced by cold treatment, X-irradiation or meiotic mutants. The rapidity and ease of this system suggest that it can be used for the routine monitoring of enviromental agents for those which produce this class of meiotic segregational anomalies.
Variational assimilation of meteorological observations in the lower atmosphere: A tutorial on how it works

Data assimilation combines atmospheric measurements with knowledge of atmospheric behavior as codified in computer models, thus producing a “best” estimate of current conditions that is consistent with both information sources. The four major challenges in data assimilation are: (1) to generate an initial state for a computer forecast that has the same mass-wind balance as the assimilating model, (2) to deal with the common problem of highly non-uniform distribution of observations, (3) to exploit the value of proxy observations (of parameters that are not carried explicitly in the model), and (4) to determine the statistical error properties of observing systems and numerical model alike so as to give each information source the proper weight. Variational data assimilation is practiced at major meteorological centers around the world. It is based upon multivariate linear regression, dating back to Gauss, and variational calculus. At the heart of the method is the minimization of a cost function, which guarantees that the analyzed fields will closely resemble both the background field (a short forecast containing a priori information about the atmospheric state) and current observations. The size of the errors in the background and the observations (the latter, arising from measurement and non-representativeness) determine how close the analysis is to each basic source of information. Three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) assimilation provides a logical framework for incorporating the error information (in the form of variances and spatial covariances) and deals directly with the problem of proxy observations. 4DVAR assimilation is an extension of 3DVAR assimilation that includes the time dimension; it attempts to find an evolution of model states that most closely matches observations taken over a time interval measured in hours. Both 3DVAR and, especially, 4DVAR assimilation require very large computing resources. Researchers are trying to find more efficient numerical solutions to these problems. Variational assimilation is applicable in the upper atmosphere, but practical implementation demands accurate modeling of the physical processes that occur at high altitudes and multiple sources of observations.
Case studies of cognitive precocity: The role of exogenous and endogenous stimulation in early mental development

Abstract Case studies of the highly successful socialization commonly evident in the development of mentally precocious children may furnish an excellent source of heuristic information on how early experience contributes to development, without down-grading our understanding of how phenotypical development is jointly determined by the cumulative interactions of genotypical and experiential processes. Both the investigation and case study literature on bright children suggest that exceptional early abilities typically flourish in highly intellectual families who early involve their children in rational communication with adults and who intensively stimulate them cognitively during early development. Two general parental strategies emerge from the case studies, one following deliberate, systematic instruction, commonly involving play, and the other applying stimulation incidentally to intensive, continuing interaction between caregiver and child. Both strategies appear to be highly flexible, interactive, and child-oriented, however, and both overlap in many ways, drawing on combinations of similar specific techniques and following a similar sequence in which interactions become increasingly, but never totally, endogenously regulated, as the child masters in exceptional ways high level sybmbolic skills (especially reading but often writing and math), complex problem solving skills, and vast bodies of knowledge. Much of the difference between the strategies can be attributed to differences in parental belief systems that alternatively stress hereditarian or environmental bases for development.
Structural considerations for a software life cycle dynamic simulation model

This paper presents the results of a preliminary study into the prospects for simulating the software implementation and maintenance life cycle process, with the aim of producing a computerized tool for use by management and software engineering personnel in project planning, tradeoff studies involving product, environmental, situational, and technological factors, and training. The approach taken is the modular application of a 'flow of resource' concept to the systems dynamics simulation modeling technique. The software life cycle process is represented as a number of stochastic, time-varying, interacting work tasks that each achieves one of the project milestones. Each task is characterized by the item produced, the personnel applied, and the budgetary profile.
Purification of a Modified Form of Bovine Antithrombin III as an HIV-1 CD8+ T-cell Antiviral Factor

CD8+ T-cells secrete soluble factor(s) capable of inhibiting both R5- and X4-tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). CCR5 chemokine ligands, released from activated CD8+ T-cells, contribute to the antiviral activity of these cells. These CC-chemokines, however, do not account for all CD8+ T-cell antiviral factor(s) (CAF) released from these cells, particularly because the elusive CAF can inhibit the replication of X4 HIV-1 strains that use CXCR4 and not CCR5 as a coreceptor. Here we demonstrate that activated CD8+ T-cells of HIV-1-seropositive individuals modify serum bovine antithrombin III into an HIV-1 inhibitory factor capable of suppressing the replication of X4 HIV-1. These data indicate that antithrombin III may play a role in the progression of HIV-1 disease.
Monotherapy in adults and elderly persons

Treatment of epilepsy with a single drug has many advantages. Potential benefits of monotherapy vs polytherapy include fewer adverse events and better tolerability, avoidance of drug-drug interactions, reduced treatment costs, and improved compliance. Initial treatment should always be monotherapy. Avoidance of pharmacokinetic interactions is a major advantage. Some patients who have achieved seizure control with polytherapy may be candidates for conversion to monotherapy because there is no conclusive evidence that polytherapy provides better seizure control in the majority of patients. Recently published treatment guidelines that take into account the efficacy and tolerability profiles of new and old antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) provide recommendations for drug selection in adults. Elderly patients with epilepsy face unique treatment challenges, which include age-related reductions in liver or kidney function that may alter drug pharmacokinetics. Older persons are more sensitive to CNS side effects; some drugs may exacerbate preexisting problems such as tremor, ataxia, and cognitive difficulty. Many common conditions in the elderly are treated with drugs that are subject to interactions with AEDs. Complex dosing schedules and high drug costs are often barriers to proper care. For all these reasons, monotherapy is especially attractive for the elderly.
Preparation and regeneration of protoplasts of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides F. sp. Aeschynomene

Protoplasts were produced from conidia of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene, a fungal plant pathogen of Aeschynomene virginica, during treatment with Novozym 234 or a mixture of chitinase and 0-glucuronidase after pretreatment with 2-mercaptoethanol. Protoplasts were optimally stabilized in 1.2 M mannitol after release from conidia but regenerated and reverted to hyphae optimally on 0.7 M sucrose. Approximately 84% ofthe protoplasts regenerated cell walls and reverted to hyphal colonies on 0.7 M sucrose. The osmotic stabilizer and molarity ofthe stabilizer affected regeneration and reversion to colonies. Microscopic studies of the nuclear content of conidia protoplasts showed that the number of nuclei in protoplasts was similar to the number of nuclei in conidia from which they were produced. Ofthe 209 colonies grown from reverted protoplasts, all were as pathogenic to A. virginica as the wild-type parent, and all resembled the wild-type strain from which they were produced. The development of an efficient technique to produce protoplasts enables future research on the genetics of this fungus.
An alternative method of unilateral subperiosteal implant fixation: A preliminary report

Abstract Methods of subperiosteal implant fixation have been presented, and some of the possible complications associated with screw placement have been discussed. A preliminary report of a method that may overcome these difficulties has been made.
MORE ON THE EQUIVALENCE OF TARIFFS AND QUOTAS

SUMMARY Recent discussions in the literature on tariffs and quotas generally conclude that under competitive market conditions the two policy measures are equivalent, while equivalence in one sense or another breaks down with the introduction of monopoly into one or more markets involved in international trade. This paper shows that this is a misleading conclusion, based entirely on the static nature of the analysis. With partial equilibrium tools it is shown that if changes in demand are allowed for, the two measures give different results. The welfare loss from a quota is more severe than that from a tariff. And under certain restricted conditions a quota can be likened more to exchange control than to a tariff.