cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of expedited human immunodeficiency virus testing of women delivering infants in a large New York city hospital.

Abstract Objective Since August 1999, New York has required expedited human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing of pregnant women in labor or their newborns, with results available within 48 hours if no intrapregnancy test result was available. We documented the frequency and circumstances of expedited HIV testing, the time required for a result to be available, and hospital factors associated with different intervals. Methods We conducted chart reviews for women listed in the expedited HIV testing logbook between October 1, 2000 and December 31, 2000, abstracting prenatal care history and the dates and times of hospital admission, blood specimen collection, expedited HIV testing result availability, and the infant’s birth. Results Of 1115 women admitted for labor and delivery during this period, 13.6% were tested under the expedited HIV testing procedure, and none were found to be HIV positive. Twenty-seven percent of women having expedited HIV testing had documentation of testing during prenatal care that was unavailable or overlooked during admission. Expedited HIV testing results were available at 48 hours or less time for 96% of the women, although results for women admitted Friday to Sunday took longer than weekday results (mean ± standard deviation, 30.4 ± 11.7 hours versus 21.3 ± 9.3 hours, P Conclusion We found excellent compliance with the 48-hour time limit for expedited HIV testing but report lapses in access to prenatal HIV testing documentation, resulting in frequent duplicative testing. Further, the potential for optimal neonatal prophylaxis within 12 hours of birth was limited, as the turnaround time for HIV results exceeded 12 hours for two thirds of the infants in our sample.
A quadrilateral shell element using a mixed formulation

A simple quadrilateral shell element consisting of five nodes, four corner nodes and a central node, is developed for linear elastic analysis of thin as well as moderately thick shells. Based on a modified Hellinger-Reissner principle, finite element equations are derived from the assumed displacement and strain fields. By carefully choosing appropriate strain terms, all kinematic deformation modes are suppressed. Although the present element is similar to a displacement-based degenerated shell, no locking is experienced when it is applied to thin shell problems. Five examples are given to illustrate the analysis capability of the shell element. Numerical results indicate that the element shows fast mesh convergence and gives excellent stress predictions.
Erratum to: Ethical Challenges Come Home

Erratum to: J Gen Intern Med DOI 10.1007/s11606-012-2232-0 On page 1 of this commentary on Braddock, et al’s, The Patient Centered Medical Home: An Ethical Analysis of Prinicples and Practice, authorship of the Braddock et al. article is attributed to members of the American College of Physicians (ACP) Ethics, Professionalism and Human Rights Committee. In fact, the Braddock et al. article was the result of a joint effort of the ACP committee and the Society of General Internal Medicine’s Ethics Committee. We sincerely regret this omission.
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as a discriminative cue: drugs with similar stimulus properties.

Rats were trained to choose between the arms of a T-maze apparatus according to whether they were injected i.p. with 0.1 Μmol/kg LSD or 0.9% saline. The LSD drug-state acquired the properties of a discriminative stimulus, possibly by producing interoceptive cues. Doses of 9.0 Μmol/kg psilocybin and 90 and 120 Μmol/kg mescaline produced cueing effects which were not significantly different from the cueing effect of LSD. However, d-amphetamine (14.8 and 29.6 Μmol/kg) did not appear to produce an LSD-like cue. These results suggest that LSD, mescaline and psilocybin, when administered in functionally equivalent doses, produce qualitatively similar interoceptive cues in the rat.
Perceptual design tradeoff considerations for viewing I2 and FLIR with current helmet-mounted displays

Providing both I 2 (image intensified) and FLIR (forward looking infrared) images on a helmet-mounted display (HMD) requires perceptual design tradeoffs. Primary considerations center on the number, type, and placement of sensors. Perceptual drivers for these tradeoffs are derived from monocular versus biocular/binocular displays and offset of the sensors from the design eye. These conditions can create binocular rivalry, perceptual perspective distortion or hyperstereopsis, a binocular perceptual distortion that occurs when the sensors are positioned further apart than the interpupillary distance (IPD). Each of these perceptual tradeoff considerations is discussed.
Prospective evaluation of gray scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pancreas cancer

Abstract One hundred thirty-four patients suspected of having pancreas cancer successfully underwent gray scale ultrasound examination of the pancreas. The prospective ultrasound findings were correlated with the final diagnoses, laparotomy findings, and pathology findings. Fifty-four patients had pancreas cancer, confirmed by resection or biopsy in all cases. On ultrasonography, the pancreas was correctly reported to have abnormalities in sixty-one of seventy-eight patients (78 per cent) and correctly reported to have no abnormalities in thirty-eight of fifty-six patients (68 per cent). A correct ultrasound diagnosis of pancreas cancer was made for forty-four of fifty-four patients (81 per cent), and there were thirteen false-positive reports. Ninety-four per cent of cancers confined to the head of the pancreas and 70 per cent of cancers at other locations within the gland were detected by ultrasound examination. The correct ultrasound diagnosis was given for fifteen of seventeen patients with resectable pancreas cancer, the degree of associated pancreatitis ranging from minimal to severe. Analysis of the predictive values of positive and negative ultrasound examinations suggests that this test could be used to screen a population of patients with symptoms mildly suggestive of pancreas cancer. The importance of preselecting the level of confidence of a positive test result, above which further investigation is indicated, is emphasized.
Measuring elastic properties of isotropic materials using the scanning acoustic microscope

Despite its beginning as an imaging tool, the scanning acoustic microscope has become the tool of choice for obtaining quantitative information about the mechanical properties of a sample when microscopic spatial resolution is required. Essential points in the experimental use of the scanning acoustic microscope will be reviewed with emphasis placed on issues, materials and developments of concern to a medical transducer designer. A simple methodology will be discussed for measuring the elastic moduli of isotropic materials along with expressions to determine the error propagation of the technique.
A Simple Marcus-Theory Type Model for Hydrogen Atom Transfer/Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer

Hydrogen-atom transfer reactions are the simplest class of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) processes. These reactions involve transfer of one electron and one proton from one reagent to another, in the same kinetic step, XH + Y → X + HY. A predictive model for these reactions based on the Marcus cross relation is described. The model predicts rate constants within 1 or 2 orders of magnitude in most cases, over a very wide range of reactants and solvents. This remarkable result implies a surprising generality of the additivity postulate for the reaction intrinsic barriers and a smaller role for the quantum mechanical details of the proton and electron transfers.
Validation and test generation for oscillatory noise in VLSI interconnects

Inductance of on-chip interconnects gives rise to signal overshoots and undershoots that can cause logic errors. By considering technology trends, we show that in 0.13 /spl mu/m technology such noise in local interconnects embedded in combinational logic can exceed the threshold voltage. We show the impact of such noise on different kinds of circuits. The magnitude of this noise can increase due to process variations. We present an algorithm for generating vectors for validation and manufacturing test to detect logic-value errors caused by inductance induced oscillation. To facilitate the vector generation method, we have derived analytical expressions, as functions of rise and fall times for (i) the magnitude of overshoots and undershoots, and (ii) the settling time, i.e., the time required for the circuit response to settle to a bound close to the final value.
Vulnerability of point-of-care test reagents and instruments to environmental stresses: implications for health professionals and developers

Strategic integration of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tools during crisis response can accelerate triage and improve management of victims. Timely differential diagnosis is essential wherever care is provided to rule out or rule in disease, expedite life-saving treatment, and improve utilization of limited resources. POC testing needs to be accurate in any environment in which it is used. Devices are exposed to potentially adverse storage and operating conditions, such as high/low temperature and humidity during emergencies and field rescues. Therefore, characterizing environmental conditions allows technology developers, operators, and responders to understand the broad operational requirements of test reagents, instruments, and equipment in order to improve the quality and delivery of care in complex emergencies, disasters, and austere environmental settings. This review aims to describe the effects of environmental stress on POC testing performance and its impact on decision-making, to describe how to study the effects, and to summarize ways to mitigate the effects of environmental stresses through good laboratory practice, development of robust reagents, and novel thermal packaging solutions.
κ-Opiate binding to rat brain and guinea pig cerebellum: Sensitivity towards ions and nucleotides

Abstract Sodium ions and guanine nucleotides markedly affect the binding to μ and δ sites. Using the guinea pig cerebellum, a tissue whose opioid binding sites are almost exclusively κ, we have examined the sensitivity of [ 3 H](−)-ethylketocyclazocine ([ 3 H]EKC) binding to ions and guanine nucleotides. Unlike μ and δ binding, sodium ions and guanine nucleotides had little effect on the [ 3 H]EKC binding in the guinea pig cerebellum. On the other hand, calcium and manganese at 1 mM lowered [ 3 H]EKC binding in the guinea pig cerebellum by approximately 25%. Binding in rat brain, which was primarily μ and δ, was unaffected. These results point out additional biochemical differences between κ sites and the classic μ and δ binding sites.
Stability of viscous shock waves associated with a system of nonstrictly hyperbolic conservations laws

We introduce a simple model of two conservation laws which is strictly hyperbolic except for a degenerate parabolic line in the state space. Besides classical shock waves, it also exhibits overcompressive, marginal overcompressive, and marginal undercompressive shock waves. Our purpose is to study the behavior of the corresponding viscous waves, in particular the manner in which these waves are stable. There are several basic differences between classical shock waves and other types of shock waves. A perturbation of an overcompressive shock wave gives rise to a new wave. Monotone marginal overcompressive waves behave distinctly from the nonmonotone ones. Analytical techniques used in our study include characteristic-energy and weighted-energy methods, and nonlinear superposition through time-invariants. Although we carry out our analysis for a simple model, the general phenomena would hold for overcompressive waves which occur in other physical models.
The effect of pedaling frequency on glycogen depletion rates in type I and type II quadriceps muscle fibers during submaximal cycling exercise

This study was conducted to determine whether the pedaling frequency of cycling at a constant metabolic cost contributes to the pattern of fiber-type glycogen depletion. On 2 separate days, eight men cycled for 30 min at approximately 85% of individual aerobic capacity at pedaling frequencies of either 50 or 100 rev·min−1. Muscle biopsy samples (vastus lateralis) were taken immediately prior to and after exercise. Individual fibers were classified as type I (slow twitch), or type II (fast twitch), using a myosin adenosine triphosphatase stain, and their glycogen content immediately prior to and after exercise quantified via microphotometry of periodic acid-Schiff stain. The 30-min exercise bout resulted in a 46% decrease in the mean optical density (D) of type I fibers during the 50 rev·min−1 condition [0.52 (0.07) to 0.28 (0.04)D units; mean (SEM)] which was not different (P>0.05) from the 35% decrease during the 100 rev · min−1 condition [0.48 (0.04) to 0.31 (0.05)D units]. In contrast, the meanD in type II fibers decreased 49% during the 50 rev·min−1 condition [0.53 (0.06) to 0.27 (0.04) units]. This decrease was greater (P<0.05) than the 33% decrease observed in the 100 rev·min −1 condition [0.48 (0.04) to 0.32 (0.06) units). In conclusion, cycling at the same metabolic cost at 50 rather than 100 rev·min−1 results in greater type II fiber glycogen depletion. This is attributed to the increased muscle force required to meet the higher resistance per cycle at the lower pedal frequency. These data are consistent with the view that force development as opposed to velocity of contraction determines the degree of type II fiber recruitment when the metabolic cost of exercise is held constant.
Actuator fault detection and isolation in nonlinear systems using LMIs and LMEs

An actuator fault detection and isolation scheme for a class of continuous-time nonlinear systems is presented. A bank of unknown-input observers is used for this purpose. Only linear matrix equations and inequalities are used in the design which makes it particularly attractive from a computational viewpoint.
Community Receptivity: The Ecology of Disabled Persons’ Participation in the Physical, Political and Social Environments

The physical environment is the space in which people with a disability participate in the public sphere. The community provides a suitable unit of analysis for investigating the interaction between the physical environment and persons with a disability because it is the common space in which public participation is played out. The places, physical features, structures and objects that constitute the physical environment bear the inscription of the social, political and economic environments. The physical environment reciprocally influences the social, political and economic environments, as well as the perceptions of participants in the public sphere. Community receptivity is a concept that links the physical and social environment in relation to community readiness to support the public participation of persons with a disability. Results of a recent community-based program of research in the USA that developed and tested measures of community receptivity to people with a physical mobility limitation are reported. Implications of this research are discussed together with suggestions for future research.
Characterization of Driving Behaviors Based on Field Observation of Intersection Left-Turn Across-Path Scenarios

There have been significant research and developments in recent years for intersection-safety solutions that are intended to alert drivers of hazardous situations by utilizing sensing, computing, and communication technologies. Since the effectiveness of intersection-safety systems depends strongly on driver perception and acceptance of the provided warning signal, the understanding of driver actions under the targeted scenario is a central research topic. One significant safety concern at intersections is the left-turn crossing-path scenarios, where a left-turning vehicle is confronted by oncoming traffic. This paper describes the analysis and synthesis of real-world data for such scenarios observed in field observations. Specifically, traffic interactions in left-turn across-path situations are evaluated to compare data from various intersections with different operation and traffic attributes. The analyzed data were characterized to gain insight into a time gap acceptance exhibited by a population of drivers. The knowledge of driving behaviors can provide the guidelines for future investigation as well as a knowledge basis for the selection of warning criteria to allow timely alerts to drivers in the intended safety applications
The RSC chromatin remodelling ATPase translocates DNA with high force and small step size

ATP‐dependent chromatin remodelling complexes use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to reposition and reconfigure nucleosomes. Despite their diverse functions, all remodellers share highly conserved ATPase domains, many shown to translocate DNA. Understanding remodelling requires biophysical knowledge of the DNA translocation process: how the ATPase moves DNA and generates force, and how translocation and force generation are coupled on nucleosomes. Here, we characterize the real‐time activity of a minimal RSC translocase ‘motor’ on bare DNA, using high‐resolution optical tweezers and a ‘tethered’ translocase system. We observe on dsDNA a processivity of ∼35 bp, a speed of ∼25 bp/s, and a step size of 2.0 (±0.4, s.e.m.) bp. Surprisingly, the motor is capable of moving against high force, up to 30 pN, making it one of the most force‐resistant motors known. We also provide evidence for DNA ‘buckling’ at initiation. These observations reveal the ATPase as a powerful DNA translocating motor capable of disrupting DNA–histone interactions by mechanical force.
The Osteocyte Network as a Source and Reservoir of Signaling Factors

Within the past few years, information regarding osteocyte function as been emerging and expanding significantly. No longer is the osteocyte considered a passive cell acting simply as a 'placeholder' within mineralized bone. Osteocytes are derived from osteoblast progenitors and in the adult skeleton compose 90-95% of all bone cells. Therefore, the function of these cells in the adult and aging skeleton has become the focus of recent investigation. These cells are proving to be multifunctional, ranging from mechanotransduction, to regulation of mineral homeostasis, to control of bone remodeling. The osteocyte as a source and reservoir of signaling factors important in health and maintenance of the adult skeleton is addressed in this review.
Systems pharmacology and genome medicine: a future perspective

Genome medicine uses genomic information in the diagnosis of disease and in prescribing treatment. This transdisciplinary field brings together knowledge on the relationships between genetics, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Systems pharmacology aims to understand the actions and adverse effects of drugs by considering targets in the context of the biological networks in which they exist. Genome medicine forms the base on which systems pharmacology can develop. Experimental and computational approaches enable systems pharmacology to obtain holistic, mechanistic information on disease networks and drug responses, and to identify new drug targets and specific drug combinations. Network analyses of interactions involved in pathophysiology and drug response across various scales of organization, from molecular to organismal, will allow the integration of the systems-level understanding of drug action with genome medicine. The interface of the two fields will enable drug discovery for personalized medicine. Here we provide a perspective on the questions and approaches that drive the development of these new interrelated fields.
Variations on the Dembowski-Wagner theorem

Let D be a symmetric design admitting a null polarity such that either all singular lines, or all nonsingular lines, have size (υ - λ) / (k - λ); assume that this number is greater than λ in the case of singular lines. Then D is either a projective space or an orthogonal symmetric design.
Detecting and recognizing abandoned objects in crowded environments

In this paper we present a framework for detecting and recognizing abandoned objects in crowded environments. The two main components of the framework include background change detection and object recognition. Moving blocks are detected using dynamic thresholding of spatiotemporal texture changes. The background change detection is based on analyzing wavelet transform coefficients of non-overlapping and non-moving 3D texture blocks. Detected changed background becomes the region of interest which is scanned to recognize various objects under surveillance such as abandoned luggage. The object recognition is based on model histogram ratios of image gradient magnitude patches. Supervised learning of the objects is performed by support vector machine. Experimental results are demonstrated using various benchmark video sequences (PETS, CAVIAR, i-Lids) and an object category dataset (CalTech256).
Effects of Schistosoma mansoni infection on lutein and β-carotene concentrations in Biomphalaria glabrata snails as determined by quantitative high performance reversed phase thin-layer chromatography

High performance thin-layer chromatography was used to determine the concentration of β-carotene and lutein in the whole body and digestive gland-gonad complex (DGG) of uninfected Biomphalaria glabrata snails and those infected with Schistosomamansoni for 6 and 8 weeks. Pigments were extracted from the snails using acetone and separated on EMD Millipore reversed phase C-18 plates with concentration zone using petroleum ether-acetonitrile-methanol (1:1:2) mobile phase. After development, two yellow pigment zones, lutein and β-carotene, were identified with respective Rf values of 0.55 and 0.13 and then quantified by densitometry. Statistical analysis of the weight percentages of each pigment showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the concentration of β-carotene in the DGGs of infected B. glabrata at 6 and 8 weeks post-infection compared to the uninfected snails. No significant differences were seen in the concentrations of β-carotene in the whole body of the uninfected versus infected snail samples. Changes in the lutein concentration of the infected DGG and whole snail bodies were insignificant compared to the uninfected controls. In conclusion, larval S. mansoni infection caused a significant decrease in the β-carotene concentration of the DGG at 6 and 8 weeks post infection.
Allergic adrenalitis and adenohypophysitis: further observations on production and passive transfer.

Allergic adrenalitis and adenohypophysitis in rats are useful experimental modelsfor the study of auto-immune injury to adrenal and pituitary glands. They were produced by injections of the corresponding homologous tissues with the aid of Freund’s adjuvant. Heterologous tissues had little or no effect except for guinea pig pituitary. Pertussis vaccine was a useful ancillary adjuvant for adrenalitis but not for adenohypophysitis. Adrenals from neonatal rats were equal to or better than adult adrenal in antigenic potency. This observation suggested that steroid content was not a major factor in elicitation of adrenalitis. The atrophic adrenals from hypophysectomized rats had reduced potency for production of adrenalitis. The absence of the medulla in enucleated or transplanted glands did not prevent regenerated adrenal tissue from acting either as antigen or target for allergic adrenalitis. Adrenalitis was produced both by active immunization with adrenal antigen and adjuvants, and by passive transfer of li...
The Meaning and Discourse Function of the Past Tense in English.

The past tense is often used inconsistently, even by very advanced ESL learners. In this article, it is suggested that a major cause of the problem is a failure by teachers and students to recognize the extent to which a speaker's point of view and purpose in performing a speech act condition the choice between the present and past tenses in actual discourse. Following an analysis of the meaning and discourse function of the past tense, suggestions are offered for teaching and practicing this tense in context.
Influence of drift region on the 1/f noise in LDMOS

The effect of drift region on the flicker noise in LDMOS devices in the linear and saturation regions is analyzed using measured data and device simulations. In the linear region, noise in the drift region arises from gate-drain overlap region and is significant for longer channel length devices. For shorter channel length devices, the sub-surface current flow in the gate-drain overlap region reduces the contribution of noise from the drift region. In the saturation region, noise is dependent on quasi-saturation condition, and reaches its lowest value only when the channel is saturated.
Quantitative analysis of I-α-acetylmethadol, I-α-acetyl-N-normethadol, and I-α-acetyl-N,N-dinormethadol in human hair by positive ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry

A sensitive and specific method was developed for the quantitative analysis of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM), l-alpha-acetyl-N-normethadol (norLAAM), and l-alpha-acetyl-N,N-dinormethadol (dinorLAAM) in hair. In the development of this method, it was determined that sample pretreatment methods performed by the laboratory greatly affect the measured concentrations of drug and metabolite in hair. Deuterated internal standards were added to 20-mg hair samples and the samples digested overnight in a buffered solution of Protease Type VIII enzyme. Digests were extracted by modification of a liquid-liquid extraction procedure developed previously in our laboratory for the analysis of plasma and tissues. Derivatized extracts were analyzed on a Finnigan MAT 4500 mass spectrometer in positive ion chemical ionization mode using methane and ammonia reagent gases, helium carrier gas, and a DB-5MS (30 m, 0.25-micron film thickness) capillary column. The assay was linear to 50 ng/mg hair (r = 0.99) for all three compounds with a limit of quantitation experimentally determined to be 0.5 ng/mg for LAAM and 0.3 ng/mg for norLAAM and dinorLAAM. Intra-assay precision ranged from 1.0 to 10.5% for the three analytes at concentrations of 0.5, 5.0, and 25.0 ng/mg of hair. Interassay precision ranged from 4.7 to 12.9%. The performance of the method was also evaluated for its utility in detecting and quantitating LAAM, norLAAM, and dinorLAAM in hair from rats (n = 6) that had been administered 3 mg/kg LAAM intraperitoneally once daily for five days. LAAM, norLAAM and dinorLAAM were detectable in pigmented hair at concentrations of 1.27 ng/mg (+/-0.04), 1.28 ng/mg (+/-0.014), and 2.89 ng/mg (+/-0.014), respectively. Five laboratory wash solvents were then evaluated for their effect on the measured concentration of LAAM and metabolites in the rat hair. Phosphate buffer and 1% SDS washes substantially reduced the measured LAAM, norLAAM, and dinorLAAM concentrations by at least 30%, which suggests that drug incorporated into hair is removed (extracted) during the laboratory wash procedures. Wash procedures using methanol, methylene chloride, or water reduced the measured concentrations by no more than 20%. Because measured concentrations of LAAM, norLAAM, and dinorLAAM in hair appear to depend on the specific wash procedures used by a laboratory, quantitative data must be interpreted cautiously based on the sample pretreatment conditions.
A State-Time Formulation for Multibody Systems Dynamics Simulation: Part II — Parallel Implementation

This paper outlines the parallel implementation of a newly developed multibody system dynamics formulation. The methodology provides the means for the dynamic simulation to be parallelized temporally as well as spatially which will allow better exploitation of anticipated massively parallel computing resources. This will have three advantages: First, the system of equations may now be coarse grain parallelized to a far greater degree allowing an increased number of processors to be effectively utilized. Secondly, this will significantly reduce the fraction of serial operations and thus should increase speedup (reduced turn-around). Finally, the method allows temporal scale of each variable to be adjusted independently and as such offer considerable advantage for the efficient and accurate modeling and simulation of multiscale behaviors. These gains can be accomplished by discretizing a special form of the equations of motion in both temporal and spatial domains. Examples are provided to clarify the application of this scheme with particular attention on time domain parallelization.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A survey of light-weight transport protocols for high-speed networks

A comparative survey is presented of techniques used at the transport layer in eight representative protocols, most of which were designed to improve the protocol processing rate. The protocols are the relevant portions of the APPN, Datakit, Delta-t, NETBLT, OSI/TP4, TCP, VMTP, and XTP architectures. The protocols are described, and the functions under consideration are defined. No distinction is made as to whether these functions are carried out in a LAN, MAN, or WAN environment. The objective is to provide reliable, end-to-end transmission of data. The mechanisms required to support connection management, acknowledgements, flow control, and error handling are examined. Suitable techniques for designing light-weight transport protocols are identified. A discussion is presented as to which technique seems the most promising. >
The atmospheric imaging radar: System validation and observations of severe weather

Rapid updates are a highly desired feature in the field of mobile weather radars. Various techniques have been utilized to improve volume update times, including the use of agile and multi-beam radars. Imaging radars, similar in some respects to phased arrays, steer the radar beam in software, thus requiring no physical motion. In contrast to phased arrays, imaging radars gather data for an entire volume simultaneously within the field-of-view (FOV) of the radar, which is defined by the broad transmit beam. As a result, imaging radars provide update rates exceeding those of existing mobile radars, including phased arrays. The Atmospheric Radar Research Center (ARRC) at the University of Oklahoma (OU) is currently engaged in evaluating a mobile X-band imaging radar system by through observations of severe weather events.
The Theoretical Value of Forecasting in Political Science

Forecasting is of value not only because it may tell us something about the political future. It also contributes to the development of theories of politics in several ways: First, the lag structure in forecasting models, necessary in generating predictions, is appropriate in causal models as well, linking cause to effect. Second, forecasting models that have long lags can identify "early" underlying causes that might otherwise not be apparent. Third, forecasting is an effective way to test theories, by determining whether X does in fact lead to an occurrence of Y in the future (or in the past) and by identifying alternative outcomes possible under different conditions. Fourth, in this testing process forecast accuracy can be an effective criterion for identifying the best of competing explanations of a phenomenon, the best model of a given explanation, or a model that has been incorrectly specified.
Wheat flour lipids: III. structure of the mono- and digalactosylglycerol lipids *

Determination of the structures of the mono- and digalactosylglycerol lipids of wheat flour is reported. Methylation of these lipids, followed by alkaline saponification, yielded partially methylated derivatives. Periodate oxidation of these substances in each case gave 1 mole uptake with the formation of formaldehyde. These data establish the presence of two vicinal hydroxyls in the glycerol residue: and strongly indicate that in the original lipid the two acyl groups are attached to these hydroxyl groups. This assignment was confirmed by acidic hydrolysis studies. The monogalactosylglycerol derivative gave 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methy1- d -galactose plus glycerol; the digalactosylglycerol derivative yielded, in addition, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl- d -galactose. In a control experiment, free digalactosylglycerol was methylated and hydrolyzed, giving only on papergrams 2,3,4tri-O-methyl- and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl- d -galactose. These results clearly define the structure of the galactosylglycerol lipids as a 2,3-diglyceride with a carbohydrate moiety attached in the 1-position. Infrared data suggest the d -configuration for the glycerol residue.
INTERACTION EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON PUPAL SURVIVAL IN DROSOPHILA MELANICA.

The temporal and geographic variations in gene arrangement frequencies in natural populations of Drosophila reflect the operation of natural selection. Each gene arrangement shows a specific adaptive value while structural heterozygotes usually show an overall adaptive advantage. The physiological basis for these adaptive values has been measured in many general ways some of which include fertility, developmental rate, larval competition and pupal and adult viability (reviewed by daCunha, 1960). Drosophila melanica Sturtevant, subgenus Drosophila, is a member of the D. melanica species group and shows an extensive chromosomal polymorphism in three of its five chromosomes (Ward, 1952). Furthermore, seasonal fluctuations occur in the frequency of gene arrangements of the second and fourth chromosomes (Tonzetich and Ward, 1973). In the present study, the effects of temperature and humidity on pupal survival are measured for pupae homozygous and heterozygous for several gene arrangements in three chromosomes.
The Ranks of Tournament Matrices

(1995). The Ranks of Tournament Matrices. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 102, No. 7, pp. 637-639.
Integrating 3D & 4D Rock Physics Inversion data into better understanding of field and reservoir behavior to mitigate production decline

Summary The uplift in identification and prediction of hydrocarbon sands when using Rock Physics Inversion over Chi angle and Extended Elastic Impedance approaches is presented for a producing asset in Equatorial Guinea, West Africa. Deep water clastic reservoirs with rapid rates of production decline (`30% per year) require continuous phases of infill drilling to fully and effectively deplete the resource. Identification of remaining unswept potential in the fields requires the use of both 3D and 4D seismic data. The 3D data is required for the identification of sedimentary architecture of the reservoir bodies. The 4D seismic is required to identify remaining oil. A comparison of reservoir details obtained from Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) and Rock Physics Inversion (RPI) are presented. Their relative accuracy in identifying HC sands is quantified and compared. New areas that were derisked using the RPI data are presented. Integrating the 3D inversion products with 4D inversion products has allowed for the identification and quantification of the unswept potential in the field that will form the basis for the next phase of infill drilling in the asset.
Advanced Interpolation Techniques for Overset CFD

Advances in the development of static and dynamic overset and hybrid computational uid dynamics solvers permit the analysis of complex aerodynamic and aeroelastic con gurations. The use of overset or hybrid algorithms requires that primitive (or conserved) variables, as well as turbulence information and grid motion terms be exchanged between meshes or solvers with varying levels of re nement. Advanced interpolation methods are evaluated for accuracy and costs associated with the exchange of data between static and dynamic meshes. The subset methods evaluated in this initial e ort include inverse isoparametric mappings (IIM) using higher-order elements and two radial basis functions. The potential of these elements is demonstrated, and possible improvements to the schemes are explored. From the analysis, it is clear that the use of higher-order elements for IIM or locally supported thin plate splines improve accuracy with minimal increase in cost.
Topical Coverage in Introductory Psychology Textbooks Versus Lectures

Because 98% of teachers use textbooks for the introductory psychology course and the majority of introductory teachers do not assign reading beyond the textbook, examining the topical coverage allo...
SU-F-T-298: The Impact of Modeling the Treatment Couch On Patient Specific VMAT QA

Purpose: The aim of this work is to quantify the impact of modeling the treatment couch on the passing rate of ion chamber measurements during VMAT quality assurance. Methods: For the initial characterization, attenuation and surface dose measurements were performed following the guidelines of TG-176 for the Civco Universal couch top using an Elekta VersaHD accelerator at an energy of 6 MV. A simulation CT was performed to aid in the creation of contours for representing the shape and size of the couch top in the treatment planning system (TPS). A uniform value of density for the couch wall was determined by comparing the ratios of ion chamber measurements made in a 30×30×11 cm3 water phantom with the TPS dose values of a plan with the same geometry. At our institution, patient specific quality assurance is performed using a Sun Nuclear ArcCheck with a multi-plug for chamber measurements, a 0.125cc PTW TN31010 chamber, and a Sun Nuclear 1010 electrometer. Ten VMAT plans were transferred into the phantom geometry created in the TPS with two settings: with and without the couch. The chamber measurements were compared to both treatment plans. Results: A maximum attenuation of 3.6% was observed when the gantry angle was set to 120 and 240 degrees, passing obliquely through the couch. A uniform density of 0.6 g/cm3 for the couch wall was determined in the TPS by comparison with measured data. The VMAT ion chamber measurement/plan ratios systematically improved by 1.79% ±0.53% for all patients when the couch was included in the calculation. Conclusion: The attenuation and surface dose changes produced by the Civco couch can generate observable dose difference in VMAT plans. Including a couch model in the phantom plan used for patient specific VMAT QA can improve the ionization chamber agreement by up to ∼2%.
Perceptions of Risk in Mobile Transaction

Mobile users are unlikely to guard against information security risks that do not come to mind in typical situations. As more people conduct sensitive transactions through mobile devices, what risks do they perceive? To inform the design of mobile applications we present a user study of perceived risk for information technology workers accessing company data, consumers using mobile personal banking, and doctors accessing medical records. Shoulder surfing and network snooping were the most commonly cited classes of risk, and perceived risk was influenced by the surrounding environment and source of information. However, overall risk awareness was low. The possible risks of device theft and loss, hacking, malware and data stored on devices were not prominent concerns. The study also revealed differences in the way the groups think about network-related threats. Based on these results, we suggest research directions for effective protection of sensitive data in mobile environments.
Degos Disease (DD)

Degos disease (DD) is a condition of angiitis of the small vessels leading to occlusive vasculitis initially involving the skin. It may, in its simple form, be limited to the skin or may be a lethal multi-organ systemic variant. The disease has multiple nomenclatures of these a few are mentioned: Kiohliner-Degos disease, Degos-Delert-Tricot syndrome, malignant atrophic papulosis, arteriolar cutaneo-gastrointestinal thrombosis, etc. Systemic DD is usually fatal in 1–2 years (Scheinfeld et al.)
Inverted OPVs with MoS2 hole transport layer deposited by spray coating

Abstract Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) exhibits high work function and high mobility, making it a promising candidate for electronic applications. Currently, most applications require high vacuum or high reaction temperature processes to deposit MoS2. Here, we report organic photovoltaic devices made by room-temperature spray-coating of liquid-exfoliated MoS2 suspension to form hole transport layer (HTL) on top of poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C60-butyric acid methyl ester bulk heterojunction. Such an approach is compatible with large area applications. Current-voltage data showed that fill factor of devices with MoS2 HTL is similar to the devices using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) HTL. However, open circuit voltage and short circuit current density (Jsc) are reduced, with the amount of Jsc reduction depending strongly on active layer thickness. These results can be understood by the strong absorption of light by MoS2, reducing/eliminating the back reflection from the top silver electrode. The experimental results are corroborated by calculations using transfer matrix method.
Evaluation of an Electronic Clinical Decision Support Tool for Incident Elevated BP in Adolescents

Abstract Objective To evaluate, among adolescents 10 to 17 years of age with an incident hypertensive blood pressure (BP; ≥95th percentile) at a primary care visit, whether TeenBP, a novel electronic health record-linked clinical decision support tool (CDS), improved recognition of elevated BP, and return for follow-up BP evaluation. Methods We conducted a pragmatic cluster randomized trial in 20 primary care clinics in a large Midwestern medical group. Ten clinics received the TeenBP CDS, including an alert to remeasure a hypertensive BP at that visit, an alert that a hypertensive BP should be repeated in 1 to 3 weeks, and patient-specific order sets. In the 10 usual care (UC) clinics, elevated BPs were displayed in red font in the electronic health record. For comparisons between CDS and UC we used generalized linear mixed models. Results The study population included 607 CDS patients and 607 UC patients with an incident hypertensive BP. In adjusted analyses, at the index visit, CDS patients were more likely to have their hypertensive BP on the basis of ≥2 BP measurements (47.1% vs 27.6%; P = .007) and to have elevated BP (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code 796.2) diagnosed (28.2% vs 4.2%; P P = .07). Conclusions The TeenBP CDS intervention significantly increased repeat BP measurement at the index visit and recognition of a hypertensive BP. Rates for follow-up BP measurement at 30 days were low and did not differ between TeenBP and UC subjects.
Abstract 121: Improvement in Functional Mitral Regurgitation After Isolated Aortic Valve Replacement for Aortic Insufficiency

Objective: Aortic insufficiency (AI) can lead to left ventricular (LV) remodeling characterized by dilation and increased LV mass. This remodeling can cause altered mitral valve coaptation and func...
The new "cold war" is a reality.

Comment on: Sullivan-Kwantes W, Goodman L. The new cold war. Temperature. 2017;4(4). doi:10.1080/23328940.2017.1381799Sullivan-Kwantes and Goodman1 provided an interesting and important editorial r...
Solar cheilosis: An ominous precursor: Part I. Diagnostic insights

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lower lip is a deadly nonmelanoma skin cancer. Its precursor, a distinctive cutaneous neoplasia analogous to cervical dysplasia, is known by the confusing term actinic cheilitis. Solar cheilosis (SC) is a more appropriate designation. It represents incipient SCC in situ. SC is widely recognized as an ultraviolet light-induced precancer of the lower lip that is typically seen in light-skinned individuals and others with poorly pigmented lower lips. Lip SCC is one of the most common malignancies of the oral cavity. SCC is much more likely to metastasize from the lip than cutaneous surfaces, with a 5-year overall survival rate of less than 75%. SC results from long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The occurrence of SC is dose-dependent and is influenced by the patient's solar exposure, age, genetic predisposition, geographic latitude of residence, occupation, leisure activities, and use of lip protective agents. Molecular abnormalities of SC are similar to those of actinic keratosis and facilitate the evolution to SCC. A high degree of clinical suspicion should be maintained, given the malignant nature of this condition. Ulceration and nodularity often indicate progression to SCC. We performed a Medline and Google Scholar search for all articles related to actinic cheilitis, actinic cheilosis, SC, actinic keratosis, solar keratosis, premalignant oral disease, and lip SCC, and have also evaluated many other articles and book chapters. One hundred forty-two peer-reviewed articles were identified as being of particular value. Pertinent facts were selected and analyzed.
White Matter Tract Integrity: An Indicator of Axonal Pathology after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract We seek to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology of injury sustained after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) using multi-shell diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, deriving compartmen...
Mitotic activity in the cortical vitreous cells (hyalocytes) after photocoagulation.

After photocoagulation of the rabbit retina wound healing occurs with a marked increase inmitoses not only in choroid, pigment epithelium, and retina, where mainly Midler cells areproliferating, but also in the cortical vitreous cells, the hyalocytes. The rate of mitosis in thehyalocytes ivas investigated by administration of systemic colchicine. The rate of mitosis ishighest around the third to the fifth day post photocoagulation. In localized areas near theregion of photocoagulation and in more diffuse areas in the zonular region corresponding tothe equatorial band of coagulation the rate of mitosis reaches values of up to 100 mitosesper 1,000 cells, when colchicine is in effect for four hours. This is at least five or more timeshigher than in control eyes. The rate of mitosis is high enough to explain, in large part, theincrease in the cell population in the vitreous. The possible relationship between proliferationof hyalocytes after photocoagulation and epiretinal fibroplasia and massive preretinal retractionis discussed.Key words: Cortical vitreous cells (hyalocytes), complications following photocoagulation,epiretinal fibroplasia, massive preretinal retraction, cytology, histology, photocoagulation,wound healing, mitosis, hyalocytes, choroid, retinal pigment epithelium, retinal Mueller cell,ciliary body epithelium, colchicine, pharmacodynamics, histopathology, time factors, rabbits.From the Department of Ophthalmology, Wash-ington University School of Medicine, St. Louis,Mo. 63110.This investigation was conducted under the FightFor Sight Postdoctoral Research Fellowship ofFight For Sight, Inc., New York City, No.F-209, and was supported in part by NationalInstitutes of Health Grant No. NB 10789 andB 621.Presented in part at the meeting of the Associa-tion for Research in Ophthalmology, Tampa,Fla., April 20, 1969.Reprint requests to: Dr. Gloor, Universitats-Augenklinik, Bern, Switzerland.Manuscript submitted May 2, 1969; manuscriptaccepted June 23, 1969.