cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feeding Disorders and Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Feeding disorders from nonorganic etiologies are common in children. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), they occur in 25% of children under 6 years of age. The incidence is thought to be greater in children with underlying medical conditions, as multiple aspects of a disease can adversely impact the development of normal feeding skills and contribute to maladaptive feeding behaviors. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic condition associated with inflammation in the esophagus as well as anatomical and functional digestive system impairments which pose a particular impediment to the development of normal feeding behavior and skills in children. The objectives of this chapter are to review the medical aspects of EoE that impact feeding behavior, review the common clinical and behavioral presentations with which these patients may come to a clinician’s attention, and provide an overview of a behavioral approach to the management of maladaptive feeding behaviors.
Graphene as transparent conducting electrodes in organic photovoltaics: studies in graphene morphology, hole transporting layers, and counter electrodes.

In this work, organic photovoltaics (OPV) with graphene electrodes are constructed where the effect of graphene morphology, hole transporting layers (HTL), and counter electrodes are presented. Instead of the conventional poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) PEDOT:PSS HTL, an alternative transition metal oxide HTL (molybdenum oxide (MoO3)) is investigated to address the issue of surface immiscibility between graphene and PEDOT:PSS. Graphene films considered here are synthesized via low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) using a copper catalyst and experimental issues concerning the transfer of synthesized graphene onto the substrates of OPV are discussed. The morphology of the graphene electrode and HTL wettability on the graphene surface are shown to play important roles in the successful integration of graphene films into the OPV devices. The effect of various cathodes on the device performance is also studied. These factors (i.e., suitable HTL, graphene surface morphology and...
Is There a Good App for That? Evaluating m-Health Apps for Strategies That Promote Pediatric Medication Adherence

Abstract Background: Mobile health medication reminder apps may be a useful supplement to traditional adherence-promotion interventions for pediatric chronic illness populations because they can give real-time reminders and provide education and promote behavior modification (components known to enhance adherence in traditional interventions) in an engaging and developmentally acceptable way. Moreover, apps have the potential to be used by youth and parents, an important consideration given that shared involvement in condition management is associated with better adherence. Introduction: This study evaluated the content and usability of existing medication reminder apps operating on the Apple platform. Materials and Methods: Two researchers coded 101 apps on 15 desirable reminder, educational, and behavioral modification features. Usability testing was conducted with the subset of apps (n = 8) that had the greatest number of content features using a validated measure. Results: Apps contained an average of...
Estimation of Protection Area of Provincial Cultivated Land and Basic Farm Land——A Case Study of Heilongjiang Province

Through comprehensive analysis of the balance between supply and demand of cultivated land,protection area of provincial cultivated land and basic farm land level was determined with the mode of interval estimation.Three programs of protection area of cultivated land were made based on the protection of national food security and cultivated land balance.Protection area of provincial cultivated land and basic farm land was no longer a point value,but a range of value based on this train of thought.This was more in line with the requirements of provincial land use planning flexibility control.This would provide policy-making basis and theoretical support for the new round of land use planning(2004-2020)of the province.
Inhibition of unidirectional influx of glucose into the isolated perfused dog brain by cytochalasin B.

Cytochalasin B, a fungal metabolite, has been shown to inhibit hexose transport in a variety of cellular types, including erythrocytes (Bloch, 1973), leucocytes (Zigmond & Hirsch, 1972), adipose-cell ‘ghosts’ (Czech et al., 1973), fibroblasts and liver cells (Kletzien et al., 1972) and HeLa cells (Mitzel & Wilson, 1972). Studies of effects of cytochalasin B on hexose transport in the nervous system are limited to two studies. Cytochalasin B inhibits the uptake of 2-deo~y[~H]glucose by frog dorsal-ganglia cell bodies (Anderson et al., 1972) and the uptake of amines by peripheral adrenergic neurons under anaerobic conditions (Paton, 1974), a process which is dependent on the provision and transport of glucose (Paton, 1972). We have studied the effect of cytochalasin B on the kinetics of unidirectional influx of glucose into the isolated perfused dog brain. Details of the preparation were reported previously (Gilboe et al., 1973); essentially the dog brain is perfused with arterial blood and all the venous blood can be collected through an outlet over the confluence of the sinuses. The two-pump oxygenator system (control and experimental; Gilboe et al., 1970) was used in all experiments. The isolated brain was perfused from the control oxygenator (blood glucose concentration 5-8m~) except for brief periods during which glucose influx was determined, when the brain was perfused from the experimental oxygenator which contained cytochalasin B at the desired concentration (dissolved in 1 ml of ethanol per litre of blood). The blood glucose concentration in the experimental oxygenator was varied between 2 and 5 0 m ~ to study the influx of glucose over a range of concentrations. Unidirectional influx of glucose was determined by an indicator-dilution technique (Betz et ul., 1973), which permits measurement of the extraction of ~-[6-%]glucose relative to an intravascular marker, 22Na, during a single passage through the brain circulation. A mixture of ~-[6-~H]glucose and ZZNa was injected rapidly into the carotid artery. Venous blood samples (30) were collected at 1 s intervals, starting 3s after the injection, and 22Na and [6-3H]glucose radioactivities were measured by liquid-scintillation counting. Blood samples were taken at the end of each indicator dilution and analysed for glucose and oxygen. Blood flow rate was determined by measuring the volume of a 1 min collection of venous blood. The electroencephalogram was recorded intermittently during all experiments. The rate of unidirectional influx of glucose, 0, was calculated from the following equation (Betz et al., 1973):
Bacterial ecologies in limonite.

Limonite (Fe2O3 . nH2O) may be a constituent of the Martian surface. We have prepared culture media with ferric hydroxide as an electron acceptor. One medium contained ethanol, another gaseous hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Bacterial growth without light and oxygen suggests that ferric iron serves as a terminal respiratory electron acceptor. The oxidation of ferrous hydroxide may be carried out by photosynthetic bacteria. A ferrous-ferric couple may thus support bacterial respiration and photosynthesis in the absence of oxygen. This cycle may account for the dark markings of Mars.
Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy and Pipecolic Acid

Two neonates with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy and significant elevation of pipecolic acid in plasma and CSF are reported from the University Hospital Vienna, Austria.
Multi-scale models for cell adhesion and cell signaling

T interactions of membrane receptors during cell adhesion play pivotal roles in tissue morphogenesis during development. Our lab focuses on developing multi-scale models to decompose the mechanical and chemical complexity in cell adhesion. Recent experimental evidences show that clustering is a generic process for cell adhesive receptors. However, the physical basis of such receptor clustering is not understood. We introduced the effect of molecular flexibility to evaluate the dynamics of receptors. By delivering new theory to quantify the changes of binding free energy in different cellular environments, we revealed that restriction of molecular flexibility upon binding of membrane receptors from apposing cell surfaces (trans) causes large entropy loss, which dramatically increases their lateral interactions (cis). This provides a new molecular mechanism to initialize receptor clustering on the cell-cell interface. By using the subcellular simulations, we further found that clustering is a cooperative process requiring both trans and cis interactions. The detailed binding constants during these processes are calculated and compared with experimental data from our collaborator’s lab.
C—I…N and C—I…π halogen bonding in the structures of 1‐benzyliodoimidazole derivatives

Halogen bonding is a well-established and intensively studied inter­molecular inter­action that has also been used in the preparation of functional materials. While polyfluoro­iodo- and polyfluoro­bromo­benzenes have been widely used as aromatic halogen-bond donors, there have been very few studies of iodo­imidazoles with regard to halogen bonding. We describe here the X-ray structures of three iodo­imidazole derivatives, namely 1-benzyl-2-iodo-1H-imidazole, C10H9IN2, (1), 1-benzyl-4-iodo-1H-imidazole, C10H9IN2, (2), and 1-benzyl-2-iodo-1H-benz­imidazole, C14H11IN2, (3), and the halogen bonds that dominate the inter­molecular inter­actions in each of these three structures. The three-dimensional structure of (1) is dominated by a strong C—I⋯N halogen bond, with an N⋯I distance of 2.8765 (2) A, that connects the mol­ecules into one-dimensional zigzag ribbons of mol­ecules. In contrast, the three-dimensional structures of (2) and (3) both feature C—I⋯π halogen-bonded dimers.
Checking Concurrent Data Structures Under the C/C++11 Memory Model

Concurrent data structures often provide better performance on multi-core processors but are significantly more difficult to design and test than their sequential counterparts. The C/C++11 standard introduced a weak memory model with support for low-level atomic operations such as compare and swap (CAS). While low-level atomic operations can significantly improve the performance of concurrent data structures, they introduce non-intuitive behaviors that can increase the difficulty of developing code. In this paper, we develop a correctness model for concurrent data structures that make use of atomic operations. Based on this correctness model, we present CDSSPEC, a specification checker for concurrent data structures under the C/C++11 memory model. We have evaluated CDSSPEC on 10 concurrent data structures, among which CDSSPEC detected 3 known bugs and 93% of the injected bugs.
Direct Observation of Folding Energy Landscape of RNA Hairpin at Mechanical Loading Rates

By applying a controlled mechanical load using optical tweezers, we measured the diffusive barrier crossing in a 49 nt long P5ab RNA hairpin. We find that in the free-energy landscape the barrier height (G‡) and transition distance (x‡) are dependent on the loading rate (r) along the pulling direction, x, as predicted by Bell. The barrier shifted toward the initial state, whereas ΔG‡ reduced significantly from 50 to 5 kT, as r increased from 0 to 32 pN/s. However, the equilibrium work (ΔG) during strand separation, as estimated by Crook’s fluctuation theorem, remained unchanged at different rates. Previously, helix formation and denaturation have been described as two-state (F ↔ U) transitions for P5ab. Herein, we report three intermediate states I1, I, and I2 located at 4, 11, and 16 nm respectively, from the folded conformation. The intermediates were observed only when the hairpin was subjected to an optimal r, 7.6 pN/s. The results indicate that the complementary strands in P5ab can zip and unzip thro...
Learning Matrix Space Image Representations

When we seek to directly learn basis functions from natural scenes, we are confronted with the problem of simultaneous estimation of these basis functions and the coefficients of each image (when projected onto that basis). In this work, we are mainly interested in learning matrix space basis functions and the projection coefficients from a set of natural images. We cast this problem in a joint optimization framework. The Frobenius norm is used to express the distance between a natural image and its matrix space reconstruction. An alternating algorithm is derived to simultaneously solve for the basis vectors and the projection coefficients. Since our fundamental goal is classification and indexing, we develop a matrix space distance measure between images in the training set. Results are shown on face images and natural scenes.
New Technologies in the Management of Post-prostatectomy Urinary Incontinence

In the last decade, we made great strides in the management of post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence (PPI), but the quest for the “perfect” device continues (Doherty and Almallah. BMJ 343:d6298, 2011). This chapter aims to familiarize the practicing urologist with new horizons in treatment of PPI.
Sub-ambient non-evaporative fluid cooling with the sky

Cooling systems consume 15% of electricity generated globally and account for 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions. With demand for cooling expected to grow tenfold by 2050, improving the efficiency of cooling systems is a critical part of the twenty-first-century energy challenge. Building upon recent demonstrations of daytime radiative sky cooling, here we demonstrate fluid cooling panels that harness radiative sky cooling to cool fluids below the air temperature with zero evaporative losses, and use almost no electricity. Over three days of testing, we show that the panels cool water up to 5 ∘C below the ambient air temperature at water flow rates of 0.2 l min−1 m−2, corresponding to an effective heat rejection flux of up to 70 W m−2. We further show through modelling that, when integrated on the condenser side of the cooling system of a two-storey office building in a hot dry climate (Las Vegas, USA), electricity consumption for cooling during the summer could be reduced by 21% (14.3 MWh). Radiative sky cooling passively rejects heat from a surface out into space via an atmospheric transparency window, enabling sub-ambient cooling. Goldstein et al. exploit this to show daytime cooling of water by up to 5 ∘C below ambient temperature, equivalent to a heat rejection flux of 70 Wm−2.
Early pregnancy intrauterine fetal exposure to maternal smoking and impact on fetal telomere length.

Abstract Background Reduced telomere length, or its accelerated attrition, has been implicated in aging, mortality, and several human diseases, including respiratory diseases. Age dependent manifestation of telomere-mediated disease during life span indicates the role of developmental stage in these diseases and highlights the importance of fetal developmental process in utero and at earlier life stages. Environmental determinants during developmental and later stages of life could affect telomere length. Smoke exposure as one of these significant determinants have been investigated in association with telomere length in neonates at time of delivery, children and adults. Objective We sought to investigate whether intrauterine fetal exposure to tobacco smoking characterized by placenta cotinine levels during early weeks of pregnancy might be associated with shorter relative telomere length (T/S ratio) as compared to fetuses without exposure to tobacco smoking. Study design 207 Human placenta and epithelial lung samples were used for both fetal lung telomere length assessment and measurement of placental cotinine levels. Tissues were obtained from two NICHD–supported tissue retrieval programs with registries for elective abortions, the University of Washington Center for Birth Defects Research (Seattle, WA) and the University of Maryland Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders (Baltimore, MD). Cotinine levels (ng/g total placental tissue) were determined in whole cell extracts prepared from human placenta samples to characterize and confirm the cotinine exposure status associated with maternal smoking. Relative telomere length (T/S ratio) in genomic DNA extracted from fetal lung tissue was measured by use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Multivariable linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between fetal Telomere-to-Single Copy (T/S) ratio and tobacco exposure. Results The estimated post-conception ages for included samples in the study ranged from 54 to 137 days (7–19 weeks of gestation); 47.37% of fetal samples had female sex. Of the samples included in the analysis 96 and 111 fetal samples with and without intrauterine tobacco smoking exposure were distinguished. While T/S ratio was not different between those with and without smoking exposure (1.24 ± 0.41 and 1.27 ± 0.48, respectively; P = 0.70), a significant effect modification of post-conception age on the relationship of intrauterine smoke exposure on fetal T/S ratio was observed (adjusted coefficient = −0.008, 95% CI: −0.016, −0.0004). The smoke exposure status was associated with T/S ratio after 93-day post conception (adjusted coefficient = −0.29, 95% CI: −0.53, −0.052). Conclusions Our results demonstrate a significant association of smoke exposure in utero at early pregnancy with shortened fetal relative telomere length in the developing lung and suggest that the detrimental effect of smoking exposure on future disease sequelae may start at the early stages of pregnancy.
Novel ecto-tagged integrins reveal their trafficking in live cells

Integrins are abundant heterodimeric cell-surface adhesion receptors essential in multicellular organisms. Integrin function is dynamically modulated by endo-exocytic trafficking, however, major mysteries remain about where, when, and how this occurs in living cells. To address this, here we report the generation of functional recombinant β1 integrins with traceable tags inserted in an extracellular loop. We demonstrate that these ‘ecto-tagged’ integrins are cell-surface expressed, localize to adhesions, exhibit normal integrin activation, and restore adhesion in β1 integrin knockout fibroblasts. Importantly, β1 integrins containing an extracellular pH-sensitive pHluorin tag allow direct visualization of integrin exocytosis in live cells and revealed targeted delivery of integrin vesicles to focal adhesions. Further, using β1 integrins containing a HaloTag in combination with membrane-permeant and -impermeant Halo dyes allows imaging of integrin endocytosis and recycling. Thus, ecto-tagged integrins provide novel powerful tools to characterize integrin function and trafficking. Integrins are cell-surface adhesion receptors that are modulated by endo-exocytic trafficking, but existing tools to study this process can interfere with function. Here the authors develop β1 integrins carrying traceable tags in the extracellular domain; a pH-sensitive pHlourin tag or a HaloTag to facilitate dye attachment.
Physiognomy (ʿilm-i firāsat) and Ottoman Statecraft: Discerning Morality and Justice

In the tenth/sixteenth century six treatises on physiognomy ( ʿilm-i firāsat )—a science widely considered able to predict inner moral dispositions ( aḫlāq-i bāṭina ) based on external appearances ( aḥwāl-i ẓāhira )—were written for the Ottoman court. In a world in which statecraft and politics were ultimately based on questions of morality ( aḫlāq ), physiognomy was presented as a particularly useful skill for the Ottoman court due to its ability to evaluate inner moral character with scientific precision. Based on such knowledge, a partial conception of justice could be implemented with an instrumental coating of impartiality. Moreover, men with prized moral qualities could be selected for the ruling elite. The science also offered the sultan and his court a modus operandi for attaining self-knowledge and, if combined with moral self-disciplining ( riyāḍat ), a way to acquire divine characteristics.Au dixieme/seizieme siecle, six traites de physiognomonie ( ʿilm-i firāsat )—une science largement consideree comme capable de predire les dispositions morales interieures ( aḫlāq-i bāṭina ), fondee sur les aspects externes ( aḥwāl-i ẓāhira )—furent composes a destination de la cour ottomane. Dans un monde ou l’etat et la politique s’appuyaient en premier lieu sur des questions de morale ( aḫlāq ), la physiognomonie se presentait comme une competence particulierement utile a la cour ottomane en raison de sa capacite a determiner le caractere moral interieur avec une precision scientifique. A partir d’une telle connaissance, une conception partiale de la justice pouvait etre appliquee avec un vernis technique d’impartialite. En outre, des hommes possedant des qualites morales appreciees pouvaient etre choisis aupres de l’elite dirigeante. La science offrait egalement au sultan et a sa cour un modus operandi pour atteindre la connaissance de soi et, si elle etait combinee avec une autodiscipline morale ( riyāḍat ), un moyen d’acquerir des caracteristiques de l’ordre du divin.This article is in English.
Potluck: Cross-Application Approximate Deduplication for Computation-Intensive Mobile Applications

Emerging mobile applications, such as cognitive assistance and augmented reality (AR) based gaming, are increasingly computation-intensive and latency-sensitive, while running on resource-constrained devices. The standard approaches to addressing these involve either offloading to a cloud(let) or local system optimizations to speed up the computation, often trading off computation quality for low latency. Instead, we observe that these applications often operate on similar input data from the camera feed and share common processing components, both within the same (type of) applications and across different ones. Therefore, deduplicating processing across applications could deliver the best of both worlds. In this paper, we present Potluck, to achieve approximate deduplication. At the core of the system is a cache service that stores and shares processing results between applications and a set of algorithms to process the input data to maximize deduplication opportunities. This is implemented as a background service on Android. Extensive evaluation shows that Potluck can reduce the processing latency for our AR and vision workloads by a factor of 2.5 to 10.
Deriving high-level scene descriptions from deep scene CNN features

In this paper, we generate two computational models in order to estimate two dominant global properties (naturalness and openness) for representing a scene based on its global spatial structure. Naturalness and openness are two dominant perceptual properties within a multidimensional space in which semantically similar scenes (e.g., corridor and hallway) are assigned to nearby points. In this model space, the representation of a real-world scene is based on the overall shape of a scene but not on local object information. We introduce the use of a deep convolutional neural network for generating features that are well-suited for estimating the two global properties of a visual scene. The extracted features are integrated in an efficient way and fed into a linear support vector machine (SVM) to classify naturalness versus man-madeness and openness versus closedness. These two global properties (naturalness and openness) of an input image can be predicted from activations in the lowest layer of the convolutional neural network which has been trained for a scene recognition task. The consistent results of computational models in full and restricted spatial frequency ranges suggest that the representation of an image in the lowest layer of the deep scene CNN contains holistic information of the images as it leads to highest accuracy in modelling the global shape of the scene.
Exascale fault tolerance challenge and approaches

A geometrically increasing transistor count and a stagnant fault/transistor profile create a challenge in delivering a minimum acceptable user experience for the Exascale capable supercomputer. This situation propels fault-tolerant design priorities from the back ground to the foreground. Supercomputer fault tolerance must be a first class design concern for Exascale and beyond systems. Myriad solutions exist and can touch each level of the system from transistor, to circuit, micro-architecture, architecture, OS/Driver/Library, and application. Tools and methodologies to support this global effort with sufficient precision to enable trade-offs against and optimizations around power and performance are required with accuracy targeting at least 5 years into the future.
Abstract WP85: Infectious Intracranial Aneurysm During Cardiac Valve Repair

Introduction: A complication of infectious endocarditis (IE) is infectious intracranial aneurysm (IIA, or mycotic aneurysm). Diagnosis and resolution of IIA prior to cardiac valve repair in IE pati...
Engineered microenvironments and microdevices for modeling the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes

The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes is a complex process involving tightly controlled microenvironments, a number of highly specific immune cell - islet cell interactions, and the eventual breaking of immune tolerance leading to beta cell death. Modeling this process can provide researchers with powerful insights into how and when to best provide treatment, but has proven difficult to accurately model due to its complex nature and differences between animal models and humans. Much progress has been made in determining the genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of type 1 diabetes, yet translating that knowledge to clinical treatments remains challenging. Thus, there exists a capabilities gap between understanding the disease pathophysiology and engineering effective clinical treatment strategies. Biomimetic modeling of human type 1 diabetes is a valuable tool to study and manipulate islet function and can be employed to address immunological aspects of type 1 diabetes. This article will review recent advances in this field, and will suggest ways to synergize systems to model and observe the pathophysiology of autoimmune diabetes with bioengineered therapeutic strategies.
Investigating equid mobility in Miocene Florida, USA using strontium isotope ratios

Abstract Despite extensive research on the evolutionary history and ecology of horses, surprisingly little is known about the daily and seasonal movements (i.e. mobility) of extinct species. We used strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) in tooth enamel to estimate mobility patterns of equids from two Miocene fossil sites in northern Florida, USA: Thomas Farm (ca. 18 Ma) and Love Bone Bed (ca. 9.5–9 Ma). The species included in our sample have a range of body sizes (45–252 kg) and reconstructed diets. Gomphotheres and tapirs from Love Bone Bed were also included to represent browsers. Based on modern species' behavior, we predicted small-bodied and browsing taxa living in closed habitats had limited mobility and 87Sr/86Sr similar to local northern Florida limestone. We anticipated larger-bodied and grazing taxa living in open environments had increased mobility, with higher and more variable 87Sr/86Sr reflecting larger movements across differing geologies. Contrary to expectations, the majority of taxa at both sites have higher 87Sr/86Sr than expected for local Eocene bedrock and instead are similar to contemporary Late Oligocene to mid-Miocene seawater. The most plausible explanation for these findings is that most individuals foraged close to the paleo-coastline, where vegetation would have been influenced by marine-derived strontium via sea spray or precipitation. Tapirs have considerably higher and more variable 87Sr/86Sr than horses or gomphotheres at Love Bone Bed, which may reflect foraging on aquatic vegetation in the river channel that is preserved at the site. Our results suggest that horses were relatively sedentary in Florida, even during their peak radiation.
A Reusable Battery-Free RFID Temperature Sensor

A new passive radio frequency identification (RFID) temperature sensor is presented for monitoring the temperature of the surrounding environment of perishable goods, such as foods and medicines, in the cold supply chain. Specifically, this sensor self-tunes between 902 and 928 MHz, operating in the RFID UHF band, as the temperature rises or falls beyond a certain threshold. The novelty of this passive sensor is its ability to operate through multiple high-/low-temperature cycles. The design consists of a planar dipole antenna with a customized integrated T-match network (ITMN) that is actuated above a ground plane. The actuation shifts the operating frequency and is controlled by liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), which are programmable and reversible temperature-dependent polymers. As a result, our design can be reconfigured to operate at various temperature ranges for which the LCE is designed to operate. The analysis is performed to examine the performance of the proposed sensor near practical items and when it is in close-proximity to an additional sensor with varying orientation. Finally, the sensor’s performance was validated through full-wave simulations using ANSYS HFSS and measurements. Both the simulation and measurements agreed well with theory.
Which Website Has The Better Fantasy Football Projections: NFL.com or ESPN?

The authors use simple bilinear regression to assess the accuracy of projections made for fantasy football enthusiasts at the start of the 2015, 2016, and 2017 National Football League (NFL) seasons by two popular sites: NFL.com and ESPN. Comparisons reveal that over the three seasons combined NFL.com did a marginally better job predicting the future performance of running backs and wide receivers, while ESPN did a much better job predicting the future performance of quarterbacks and tight ends. The mode of analysis presented in this paper can be used to measure the accuracy of any site for any positional group of players in any given NFL season.
CodeMason: Binary-Level Profile-Guided Optimization

Optimizing a program for a specific machine or a specific workload is possible with today's compilers, but infrequently used, despite significant performance gains. We implement workload specialization, or Profile-Guided Optimization (PGO), at the binary level. Our system CodeMason runs on x86_64 Linux and is based on a binary rewriting platform called Egalito. CodeMason performs static binary rewriting to obtain program profiles, then adjusts function ordering, alignment, and other binary-level details to achieve faster performance (particularly on the given workload). We obtain 1.98% average performance speedup on SPEC CPU 2006, and 11.8% speedup in the best case. These substantial performance improvements suggest that binary-level PGO may be widely useful when compiler-based PGO is impossible because the source code is inaccessible.
Irrational hope, phenological writing, and the prospects of earthly coexistence

“We’re fucked.” So writes Roy Scranton in the opening chapter of his evocatively titled little book, Learning to Die in the Anthropocene. “The only questions,” Scranton laments, “are how soon and h...
New and Emerging Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Besides well-established entities of kidney tumors, there are new and emerging subtypes of renal cell carcinomas. The 2013 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Vancouver classification of adult renal neoplasia identified a category of new and emerging (or provisional new entities) entities. In this chapter, we discuss these entities except for “succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal cell carcinoma and hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma-associated renal cell carcinoma,” which will be discussed in the chapter “Hereditary Syndromes-Associated Kidney Tumors.”
Analysis of anticoagulation reversal survey (ARES)

Despite the availability of FDA-labeled anticoagulant reversal agents, there is considerable variability in clinical practice as to the regimen and agent used for reversal. The objective of this st...
Trans Manhood: The Intersections of Masculinities, Queerness, and the South:

Using qualitative interviews with trans men across the Southeastern United States, this article examines how regional constructions of masculinities and manhood shape how trans men understand and d...
Drag production mechanisms of filamentous biofilms.

Biofilms were grown on smooth acrylic surfaces for nominal incubation times of three, five, and ten weeks in a flow loop at the University of Michigan. The biofilm covered surfaces were exposed to the turbulent flow in a high-aspect ratio, fully developed channel flow facility at height-based Reynolds numbers from ReH ≈ 5,000 to 30,000. Measurements of the pressure drop along each fouled upper surface revealed that the friction drag increased from approximately 10% to 400%. The wide range in drag penalty was linked to variations in flow speed, the average thickness of the biofilms, and the level of film coverage over each surface through scaling parameters and empirical correlations. Rigid replicas of select biofilms were produced from time-averaged laser scans collected while the biofilm was subjected to flow. These rigid biofilm replicas experienced roughly half the drag increase of their compliant counterparts with the increase in friction spanning roughly 50% to 200%.
Cutaneous manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A comprehensive review

Background: Cutaneous manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be among the initial signs of HIV-related immunosuppression. As such, recognizing HIV-related cutaneous manifestations may lead to the early diagnosis of HIV infection, enabling the prompt initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Purpose: The objective of this article is to discuss the disease history, clinical findings, serologic findings, and treatment options of cutaneous manifestations of HIV. Methods: A nonsystematic review of the literature was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus from which relevant articles were analyzed and summarized in the article. Results: There are a number of dermatologic conditions associated with HIV infection, which can be grouped into various categories: acute HIV infection, bacterial infections, viral infections, fungal infections, parasitic infections, papulosquamous dermatoses, eczematous dermatoses, and miscellaneous disorders. Skin-related disorders observed in HIV may result from the viral infection itself or from opportunistic infections or skin disorders secondary to the immunocompromised state inherent to the infection. Many associated skin diseases are more severe in HIV-infected patients, particularly those with severe immunosuppression as seen in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Conclusion: Prompt recognition of these skin manifestations is critical to the initiation of disease-modifying antiretroviral therapy.
Seasonal Variation in the Measurement of GOES-16 ABI Channel-to-Channel Registration

An Image Navigation and Registration (INR) Performance Assessment Tool Set (IPATS) was developed to assess the US Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R-series (GOES-R) Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) and Geostationary Lighting Mapper (GLM) INR performance. Channel-to-channel registration (CCR) is one of the five INR performance metrics produced by IPATS. A seasonal variation is observed in the CCR assessment in north-south direction when one or both channels are reflective. However, indirect CCR, calculated as the difference of NAV measurements between two channels, does not present the similar seasonal variation. The phenomenon of the seasonal variation coincides with the annual change of the subsolar point location. The amplitude of the seasonal variation is related to the length and the direction of the shadow. Direct CCR, measured by IPATS directly, performs better than indirect CCR when both channels are visible wavelengths or emissive channels. For all other channel pair combinations, the assessment of indirect CCR is more accurate.
Responses of stomatal features and photosynthesis to porewater N enrichment and elevated atmospheric CO2 in Phragmites australis, the common reed

PREMISE Biological invasions increasingly threaten native biodiversity and ecosystem services. One notable example is the common reed, Phragmites australis, which aggressively invades North American salt marshes. Elevated atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen pollution enhance its growth and facilitate invasion because P. australis responds more strongly to these enrichments than do native species. We investigated how modifications to stomatal features contribute to strong photosynthetic responses to CO2 and nitrogen enrichment in P. australis by evaluating stomatal shifts under experimental conditions and relating them to maximal stomatal conductance (gwmax ) and photosynthetic rates. METHODS Plants were grown in situ in open-top chambers under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2 ) and porewater nitrogen (Nenr ) in a Chesapeake Bay tidal marsh. We measured light-saturated carbon assimilation rates (Asat ) and stomatal characteristics, from which we calculated gwmax and determined whether CO2 and Nenr altered the relationship between gwmax and Asat . RESULTS eCO2 and Nenr enhanced both gwmax and Asat , but to differing degrees; gwmax was more strongly influenced by Nenr through increases in stomatal density while Asat was more strongly stimulated by eCO2 . There was a positive relationship between gwmax and Asat that was not modified by eCO2 or Nenr , individually or in combination. CONCLUSIONS Changes in stomatal features co-occur with previously described responses of P. australis to eCO2 and Nenr . Complementary responses of stomatal length and density to these global change factors may facilitate greater stomatal conductance and carbon gain, contributing to the invasiveness of the introduced lineage.
The optimal below knee amputation flap

Abstract The below knee amputation is a relatively common and simple procedure. Yet surprisingly, very little about the procedure is standardized. The current techniques utilized frequently result in flaccid flaps with significant dead space and excess skin or too short of a flap requiring revision. The outcomes that arise from these deformities delay wound healing and ultimate return to function for the patient. 1 We describe a technique that is easily reproducible and results in a perfectly fitted flap. This technique has been adopted routinely in our practice, and has yielded consistent success.
Nonlinear Control of a Quarter Car Active Suspension

In this paper, a quarter-car suspension system with a hydraulic actuator, acting under the effects of coulomb friction, is examined. Nonlinear control laws will be developed and compared with both a passive system and a system acting under linear control. An observer-based nonlinear controller and an adaptive nonlinear controller will also be presented. Experimental results will be compared with both theoretical and simulation results.
Carbon and nitrogen transformations during wheat straw and root decomposition

Abstract C and N transformations were followed during the decomposition of winter wheat (Triticum aestirum L.) straw and roots in a sand and nutrient solution mixture. The samples were divided into water soluble, 6 n H2SO4 hydrolyzable, and 6 n H2SO4 residue C and N fractions. Changes in microbial biomass and residue composition (by proximate analysis) were followed for 192 days. Decomposition defined as the breakdown of original plant material showed little net difference between straw and root samples although their decomposition patterns were different. On the basis of percentage of original total C. more CO2−C evolved from the straw than the roots, and the difference was nearly equal to the difference in their respective water-soluble C fractions. Lower CO2 evolution from the roots was related to the smaller microbial biomass which developed during root decomposition. A larger proportion of the root material was ash and lignin, some of which was water extractable but was not microbially utilized. Under nonlimiting nutrient conditions differences in decomposition between different plant parts reflected the differences in residue composition at the initiation of decomposition. Most of the N immobilized during decomposition appeared in the 6 n H2SO4 hydrolyzable N fraction. Nitrogen immobilized in this fraction was used to estimate changes in microbial biomass. There was an increase in water-soluble N with time but mineral N remained constant. The proportions of plant constituents removed from fresh undecomposed straw by the 6 n H2SO4 hydrolysis were comparable to those removed during 192 days of decomposition as determined by proximate analysis. Cumulative CO2-C evolved during the 192-day study was comparable to the sum of initial water-soluble and acid-hydrolyzable C.
A loss function related to the FDR for random effects multiple comparisons

Abstract When testing multiple comparisons for random effects, it is possible to apply Bayesian decision theory in a sampling theory context. Shaffer (J. Statist. Plann. Inference 82 (1999) 197) provides a recent example. We show that minimizing the Bayes risk for a per-comparison “0–1” loss function also controls a random effects version of the false discovery rate, thus supporting and extending Shaffer's results.
Trends and disparities in provider diagnosis of overweight analysis of NHANES 1999-2004.

Rates of overweight and obesity are disproportionately high within minority populations. This study examined the trends in provider diagnosis of overweight from 1999 to 2004 and examined whether there were differences in provider diagnosis based on race/ethnicity. We examined data from 4,071 adults with BMI ≥30 who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) (1999–2004). Provider diagnosis was determined by self-report. From 1999 to 2004, the provider diagnosis of overweight decreased from 71 to 64% (P = 0.003). After controlling for potential confounders, non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans were less likely to report a provider diagnosis of overweight compared to non-Hispanic whites. Odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for non-Hispanic blacks was 0.6 (95% CI, 0.4–0.8) and for Mexican Americans was 0.7 (95% CI, 0.4–1.0) compared to non-Hispanic whites. Reasons for this disparity warrant further investigation.
Alternative and accessory pathways in the regulation of IFN-β-mediated gene expression

Type I interferons (IFNs) induce the transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) through activation of the Jak-Stat pathway. Although some determinants of specificity are dictated by the Jak-Stat components, recent observations indicate that the system incorporates other components for selectivity and flexibility, whose mechanisms remain to be defined. We identified a gene, beta-R1, which was induced relatively selectively by IFN-beta as compared with numerous IFN-alpha subtypes. Because all type I IFNs equally activate Jak-Stat signaling to IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), this observation implied the existence of accessory signals for IFN-induced gene expression. We have used beta-R1 as a model system to examine this accessory signaling. In addition to Jak-Stat signaling for mediating IFN-induced cellular responses, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), the IkappaB kinases (IKKs), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) are some of the accessory components identified as required for the induction of certain IFN-beta-induced genes. This review focuses on the roles of accessory components in IFN-beta-mediated signaling, mechanisms of accessory signal generation, and how they modulate gene induction.
Molecular and clinical aspects of inherited cardiomyopathies

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is phenotypically and genotypically a heterogeneous disease. Since 1989, four chromosomal loci have been identified for HCM and the genes residing on three of these have been identified as β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), cardiac troponin-T and α-tropomyosin. These genes code for sarcomere proteins and exhibit the same phenotype, suggesting that HCM is a disease of the sarcomere. Over 40 missense mutations and one deletion of the β-MHC gene have been identified. Similarly, missense mutations in the α-tropomyosin gene and the cardiac troponin-T gene have been identified. From genetic studies, including de novo mutations, it is established that these mutations are indeed responsible for HCM. The molecular basis of the pathogenesis of the cardiac hypertrophy appears to be a compensatory response to the primary defect. In addition to providing a definitive presymptomatic diagnosis, studies correlating β-MHC mutations with clinical prognosis suggest they have significant predicti...
A Basic Correction to the Orthogonal Metal Cutting Models

Metal cutting as a science remains more art than science. A truly predictive model for use in quantitative modeling has eluded researchers to date, leading the noted mathematician, R. Hill [1] to observe that “it is notorious that the extant theories of the mechanics of machining do not agree well with experiment”. Extensive experiments with a videographic quick stop device (VQSD) by the author indicate an extremely simple reason for these disagreements. A simple correction that is applicable to all of the classic orthogonal models of metal cutting is presented. A detailed application to the classic Merchant Force Diagram is then developed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Light and electron microscopic observations of the infection of Camellia sasanqua by the fungus Exobasidum camelliae var. gracilis

Only a very small percentage of the shoots of the numerous Camellia sasanqua Thunb. plants examined in this study were infected by Exobasidium camelliae var. gracilis Shirai, and prior to the onset...
A Compact Low-Pressure Drop Desiccant Bed for Solar Air Conditioning Applications: Analysis and Design

Requirements for silica gel desiccant beds used in the ''Solar-Desiccant-Evaporative Cooling System'' are discussed and the advantages of laminar flow packings demonstrated. An analysis of transient heat and mass transfer in laminar flow silica gel desiccant beds is presented, together with a description of an associated computer code for the solution of the governing partial differential equations. Based on results of calculations using the code, a preliminary design of a prototype scale desiccant bed is developed for a coated sheet packing concept. Results are presented for code calculations used to determine an optimum gel particle size and to explore the effect of substrate thermal capacity on cyclic performance.
Spectral decomposition of a matrix using the generalized sign matrix

An algorithm for spectral decomposition is presented which does not require knowledge of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. A set of eigenprojectors are defined which covers the entire spectrum of a matrix, and special attention is given to the projection on the zero eigenvalue. Some useful applications are discussed in the paper.
Point defect trapping and void growth

Abstract Trapping of point defects at solute atoms or on the surfaces of coherent precipitates is known to reduce the void swelling of irradiated materials. It is shown here, however, that the dominant physical processes in these two situations are different. For atomic traps, defect capture is mainly balanced by defect emission in the steady state. For precipitate trapping, on the other hand, the balance is mainly achieved by on-site recombination with the anti-defect. Isomorphisms between interstitial and vacancy trapping are derived in the two cases through the development of a semi-quantitative analytical model. Substantial agreement is obtained with the prior numerical analyses of other workers.