cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Objectionable Team Nicknames: Determining The Likelihood Of Selling The Issue Of Banning Them In Virginia High Schools

xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background 1 Purpose 5 Research Questions 6 Significance 6 Team Nickname Type as an Issue 8 Theoretical Foundation 11 Methodology 14 Qualitative Approach 15 Quantitative Approach 16 Population 16 Data Collection 17 Data Analysis 19 Limitations 20 Definitions 22 Organization of the Study 26 Conclusion 27 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction 28 Issue Selling 28 Issue Selling Defined 28 Theoretical Background 30 Issue Selling Model 39 Variables and Supporting Hypotheses 40 Role of the High School Principal 48 Objectionable Team Nickname Issue 54 American Indian Nicknames 56 Southern Heritage Nicknames 66 Sexist Nicknames 71 Satanic Nicknames 80 Banning Objectionable Team Nicknames in Schools .... 84 Conclusion 91
Oxidative dehydrogenation over promoted chromia catalysts at short contact times

The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane and propane at millisecond contact times was studied using Cr2O3 and Pt coated ceramic foam monoliths. The supported Cr2O3 catalyst was able to achieve a higher selectivity to C2H4 at higher conversion of the hydrocarbon feed than the Pt coated monolith.
The Laminar-Turbulent Transition in a Boundary Layer-Part I

A theory of transition from laminar to turbulent flow is developed from some new observations of the transition phenomena. Every point of a body is turbulent a fraction of the time, and a formula is derived for this fraction in a phenomenological manner. Application of the theory to available flat plate data gives some insight into observed effects and shows the way to additional experimental results required.
Acid hydrolysis of (1→4)-α-d-glucans : Part II. Analysis of products from radioactive oligosaccharides☆☆☆

Abstract The rate constants for hydrolysis of the individual glycosidic bonds of maltotriose and maltohexaose have been determined by using radioactive compounds. The results are consistent with data from non-radioactive experiments. The hydrolysis can be described by using two rate constants. The rate constant for the bond at the non-reducing end of the chain is 1.8 times the value for the other bonds. Energies and entropies of activation for scission of these bonds have been calculated and compared with those of the α- and β-Schardinger dextrins. It is speculated that different mechanisms of hydrolysis may exist for the linear and cyclic polymers.
Characterization of Pesticin SEPARATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES

Pesticin was prepared from cell-free extracts of Yersinia pestis strain A1122 by a procedure involving fractionation with (NH4)2SO4 and chromatography with Sephadex G-200, diethylaminoethylcellulose, and calcium hydroxylapatite. A single antibacterial fraction (α-pesticin) was recovered from extracts of uninduced yersiniae, whereas extracts of mitomycin C-induced cells yielded an additional active fraction (β-pesticin) at the final step of purification. Antibacterial specificity and specific activity of the two fractions were identical; their absorption spectra were typical of simple proteins and neither contained significant carbohydrate (measured as hexose or hexosamine). Both pesticins were monomers with a s20, w of 4.4 and molecular weight of about 65,000 as determined by equilibrium sedimentation and gel filtration in guanidine hydrochloride. In addition, both preparations exhibited similar ratios of amino acids (both lacked detectable cysteine) and possessed common primary structure as judged by peptide analysis of tryptic digests. Isoelectric points of 5.49 and 5.87 were determined for α- and β-pesticin, respectively. Although α- and β-pesticin were interconvertable in vitro, with equilibrium favoring formation of α-pesticin, both forms became rapidly altered to a third form, termed γ-pesticin. The latter was eluted on calcium hydroxylapatite after β-pesticin and was without significant biological activity. The three forms of pesticin were antigenically identical as judged by immunodiffusion. The results suggested that pesticin, like certain cysteine-deficient colicins, can exist in conformer states.
Effect of alkaline pH on the activity of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase

The pH optimum of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase is dependent on the structure of the cofactor employed and on the state of activation of the enzyme. The tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent activity of native phenylalanine hydroxylase has a pH optimum of about 8.5. In contrast, the 6,7-dimethyltetrahydropterin-dependent activity is highest at pH 7.0. Activation of phenylalanine hydroxylase either by preincubation with phenylalanine or by limited proteolysis results in a shift of the pH optimum of the tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent activity to pH 7.0. Activation of the enzyme has no effect on the optimal pH of the 6,7-dimethyltetrahydropterin-dependent activity. The different pH optimum of the tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent activity of native phenylalanine hydroxylase is due to a change in the properties of the enzyme when the pH is increased from pH 7 to 9.5. Phenylalanine hydroxylase at alkaline pH appears to be in an altered conformation that is very similar to that of the enzyme which has been activated by preincubation with phenylalanine as determined by changes in the intrinsic protein fluorescence spectrum of the enzyme. Furthermore, phenylalanine hydroxylase which has been preincubated at an alkaline pH in the absence of phenylalanine and subsequently assayed at pH 7.0 in the presence of phenylalanine shows an increase in tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent activity similar to that exhibited by the enzyme which has been activated by preincubation with phenylalanine at neutral pH. Activation of the enzyme also occurs when m-tyrosine or tryptophan replace phenylalanine in the assay mixture. The predominant cause of the increase in activity of the enzyme immediately following preincubation at alkaline pH appears to be the increase in the rate of activation by the amino acid substrate. However, in the absence of substrate activation, phenylalanine hydroxylase preincubated at alkaline pH displays an approximately 2-fold greater intrinsic activity than the native enzyme.
Prevalence of the Invasive Rhizocephalan Parasite Loxothylacus panopaei in Eurypanopeus depressus in South Carolina and Genetic Relationships of the Parasite in North and South Carolina

Abstract: The rhizocephalan barnacle Loxothylacus panopaei is a parasitic castrator of xanthid crabs that has invaded the U.S. Atlantic coast. It was transported to the Chesapeake Bay in the mid-1960s with mud crabs associated with Gulf coast oysters and has since spread north to Long Island Sound, New York, and south to Cape Canaveral, Florida. Here we report parasite prevalence at 3 South Carolina sites—2 from which the parasite had not been previously reported—and examine the genetic relationships of North and South Carolina L. panopaei populations relative to Gulf of Mexico and other Atlantic coast parasite populations. Total L. panopaei prevalence was 24.2% among all 3 sites, with monthly prevalence as high as 51.6% at Waties Island, South Carolina. Sequence analyses of North and South Carolina specimens revealed the presence of 4 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I haplotypes—3 commonly found in other invasive populations and 1 new haplotype found in a single specimen from the Rachel Carson Reserve in Ca...
Environmental health hazards of e-cigarettes and their components: Oxidants and copper in e-cigarette aerosols

To narrow the gap in our understanding of potential oxidative properties associated with Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) i.e. e-cigarettes, we employed semi-quantitative methods to detect oxidant reactivity in disposable components of ENDS/e-cigarettes (batteries and cartomizers) using a fluorescein indicator. These components exhibit oxidants/reactive oxygen species reactivity similar to used conventional cigarette filters. Oxidants/reactive oxygen species reactivity in e-cigarette aerosols was also similar to oxidant reactivity in cigarette smoke. A cascade particle impactor allowed sieving of a range of particle size distributions between 0.450 and 2.02 μm in aerosols from an e-cigarette. Copper, being among these particles, is 6.1 times higher per puff than reported previously for conventional cigarette smoke. The detection of a potentially cytotoxic metal as well as oxidants from e-cigarette and its components raises concern regarding the safety of e-cigarettes use and the disposal of e-cigarette waste products into the environment.
Further towards a theory of the emergence of property

This article explores the emergence of property as a moral convention. To understand this process I make use of several laboratory experiments on property in its nascence. These experiments illustrate how a rule of property arises from our knowledge of what is morally right, and not vice versa. I also argue that while the ultimate end of property is our interest in using things, the proximate end of property is not losing them, i.e., the end of a rule of property is to secure from morally unfounded harm.
Structural biology: Enzyme knocked for a loop

Protein-digesting enzymes are kept on a tight leash to stop them from wantonly attacking targets. Two crystal structures show how an inhibitory protein domain gags one such enzyme without being chewed up itself.
Enzyme activities in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

Summary The amylase, protease, cellulase and hemicellulase activities were determined in the flour of untreated quinoa seeds, and again after mechanical abrasion and after water and heat treatment to remove saponins. Optimum pH for amylase activity was approximately 5.0 and for protease activity it was 4.2 In comparison with a non-malted wheat flour, which generally would have a Braben-der unit (BU) reading of over 2000 in the Amylograph, values for quinoa were very low, indicating a high α-amylase activity. Mechanical abrasion, which removed about 18% of kernel weight, increased α-amylase and protease activities of the seeds because of removal of layers low in activity. Only toasting of seeds at 170°C after saponin removal reduced activities of these enzymes substantially. Total amylase, cellulase and hemicellulase activities were highest in the unprocessed seeds. Activities decreased after mechanical abrasion of seeds. Heat treatment after saponin removal caused a further decrease in activity of these enzymes.
Perceptions of age–identity: A cross‐cultural inner‐age exploration

This article presents an exploratory and comparative study of the nature of cognitive and desired age perceptions among 20–59-year-old men and women in three East Asian societies: India, Korea, and China. Research questions were posed about the role of gender and self-identification with being either “young” or “middle-aged.” The data indicate that gender plays no significant role in age perception in the three nations surveyed. The great majority of respondents under 40 considered themselves young and rejected a middle-age role for themselves irrespective of their domicile. Also, young self-identifiers' chronological and subjective ages were younger than those of middle-age identifiers. These findings were surprisingly similar to those found in “ageless” American society. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Renewed Latvia. A Case Study of the Transnational Fascism Model

This article examines the lesser-known authoritarian regime of Kārlis Ulmanis, the Vadonis [Leader] of Latvia from 1934-1940, as a case study of transnational fascism. Specifically, by investigating the nature of Mazpulki [Latvian 4-H] – an agricultural youth organization modeled on American 4-H which became during the Ulmanis regime a sort of unofficial ‘Ulmanis Youth’ institution – and its international connections, and particularly with Italy, the article contends that we should view the Ulmanis regime as having been part of the transnational fascist wave that swept over Europe in the period between the two world wars. The article also makes the historiographical point that the transnational fascism model offers key analytical methods for interpreting fascism’s syncretic nature, especially in the case of those regimes which had some recognizable features of ‘generic’ fascism but which have previously been categorized as merely authoritarian. Future studies of such regimes will expand our understanding of the nature of and links between the many varied manifestations of interwar fascism.
On the convexity of the two-threshold policy for an M/G/1 queue with vacations

In this note, we consider a single server queueing system with server vacations of two types and a two-threshold policy. Under a cost and revenue structure the long-run average cost function is proven to be convex in the lower threshold for a fixed difference between the two thresholds.
A mathematical model of a passive scheme for acid mine drainage remediation

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is pollution that occurs when water trapped in abandoned coal mines leaks out into the local environment. One of the most abundant metals found in AMD is iron. Iron precipitates out of the system naturally in the form of iron(III) hydroxide, leading to a decrease in fluid pH. Iron oxidizing bacteria can promote this reaction process, assisting in the removal of Fe(II) ions from the AMD. This paper develops a model of an AMD system that includes thin film sheet flow and reactive transport of ions. In addition the model analyzes the precipitation of an iron(III) hydroxide crust as a function of space and time. Several parameters are varied to compare model predictions with field observations. Forcing low concentrations of oxygen in the system slows the rate of iron(III) hydroxide crust growth. Increasing the angle of inclination of the sheet flow while holding the flow rate fixed causes a very small decrease in iron(III) hydroxide crust growth due to faster flow through a thinner fluid film. Decreasing the flow rate of the system while maintaining a fixed angle of inclination to simulate a thinning of the liquid layer produces a slower iron(III) hydroxide crust growth rate. When the angle of inclination is increased with fixed fluid film thickness, iron(III) hydroxide crust growth decreases due to downstream transport of the ions. Oxidation and precipitation reaction rates had the greatest influence on crust growth. An increase in iron oxidizing bacteria can increase the oxidation of Fe(II). Therefore, an increase in the abundance of iron oxidizing bacteria can increase the rate of iron(III) hydroxide crust growth.
In situ study of MgO on GaAs (001) for integrating thin film ferroelectrics with semiconductors

Abstract Formation of thin film MgO on the (001) GaAs surface is investigated using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). The MBE system is equipped with a shuttered magnesium effusion cell and an electronically controlled oxygen source. The evolution of the MgO layer is monitored in situ by RHEED. The GaAs substrate is held at 100 °C while exposed simultaneously to magnesium and oxygen fluxes. The resulting MgO films are polycrystalline; however, RHEED patterns indicate a preferred growth orientation. Current growth conditions are examined and future work is proposed.
The out of pocket cost of breast cancer survivors: a review

Introduction Out of pocket (OOP) costs add to the burden facing breast cancer survivors but remain an understudied area of costs. Current turbulent economic climate increases the urgency to better understand this burden. Few studies or systematic reviews focus on OOP costs.
Quasiclassical theory of superconductivity near magnetically active interfaces.

We derive boundary conditions that connect the quasiclassical propagators for superconducting metals across magnetically active interfaces. These boundary conditions, combined with the quasi- classical transport theory, determine the structure of the perturbed superconductivity near such an interface, and are essential for a quantitative theory of Josephson tunneling and proximity effects between heavy-fermion superconductors and inhomogeneous structures composed of magnetic and superconducting materials. We discuss some qualitative features of Josephson tunneling between conventional and unconventional superconductors.
Memory Improvement in Korsakoff's Disease with Fluvoxamine

In Reply.— The comments of Drs McEntee and Mair raise a number of issues worthy of discussion. However, their underlying concern seems to be whether it is appropriate to conclude that an improvement of memory during treatment with fluvoxamine maleate in patients with Korsakoff's psychosis (KP) suggests an etiologic role of serotonergic mechanisms in alcoholic organic brain disease. They indicate that "more direct data," eg, diminished pretreatment levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5-hydroxyin-doleacetic acid (5-HIAA) or improvement of memory test performance by treatment with selective serotonin agonists, would be required to substantiate the hypothesis of underlying serotonergic dysfunction in KP. Although the assessment in vivo of central serotonergic function is of considerable interest in understanding a wide range of psychiatric abnormalities,1,2it is uncertain whether CSF levels of 5-HIAA actually provide a measure of functionally active serotonin in periventricular brain regions.3Therefore, the absence of a significant correlation between
Crossed intrinsic transfer

A retrospective analysis of the long-term results of the crossed intrinsic transfer operation is presented. Twenty-one patients (30 hands) with rheumatoid arthritis and one patient (1 hand) with systemic lupus erythematosus were examined clinically and radiographically. The average follow-up was 12.7 years. The average postoperative ulnar drift for all fingers was 5 degrees. The magnitude of ulnar drift did not increase over time. The average active range of motion for the metacarpophalangeal joints was 47 degrees and for the proximal interphalangeal joints it was 58 degrees. The average radial deviation deformity of the wrist in the resting position was 2 degrees. These variables did deteriorate with time. Extensor carpi radialis longus to extensor carpi ulnaris tendon transfer with crossed intrinsic transfer produced the same result as crossed intrinsic transfer alone. The outcomes for crossed intrinsic transfer attached to the lateral band were similar to outcomes for transfers attached to the collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint. The crossed intrinsic transfer procedure effectively provides long-term correction of ulnar drift in the rheumatoid hand.
Sleep to forget: interference of fear memories during sleep

Memories are consolidated and strengthened during sleep. Here we show that memories can also be weakened during sleep. We used a fear-conditioning paradigm in mice to condition footshock to an odor (conditioned stimulus (CS)). Twenty-four hours later, presentation of the CS odor during sleep resulted in an enhanced fear response when tested during subsequent wake. However, if the re-exposure of the CS odor during sleep was preceded by bilateral microinjections of a protein synthesis inhibitor into the basolateral amygdala, the subsequent fear response was attenuated. These findings demonstrate that specific fear memories can be selectively reactivated and either strengthened or attenuated during sleep, suggesting the potential for developing sleep therapies for emotional disorders.
Cold-rearing normalized capacity for norepinephrine-stimulated thermogenesis but not body temperature in 16-day-old fatty Zucker rats

Abstract The effects of a lowered rearing temperature on body weight, core temperature (Tc) and norepinephrine(NE)-stimulated thermogenesis were investigated in 16- to 17-day-old Zucker rat pups. 16-day-old fatty pups were significantly heavier (9%) than lean littermates in litters reared at 18°C (“cold-reared”) but not in litters reared at 25°C (“normally-reared”). After 2 h isolation at 25°C, Tc of lean pups was slightly higher (37.1°C) in cold-reared litters than in normally-reared litters (36.4°C), while fatty pups reared at either temperature were severely hypothermic (Tc = 33 – 34°C). At an ambient temperature of 25°C Tc in fatty and lean cold-reared pups increased to 39.5°C after subcutaneous injection of 800 μg/kg NE. Normally-reared lean pups reached the same peak Tc after NE injection, while their fatty littermates reached a significantly lower peak Tc of 38.4°C. The hypothermia associated with the onset of excess fat deposition in suckling fatty Zucker rats is not caused by a reduced capacity for NE-stimulated thermogenesis.
A Contemporary Theory of Explanatory Writing

Explaining difficult concepts to lay readers is an important discursive goal, and yet frequently the quality of explanatory writing is poor. One reason for this poor quality is that the discursive form itself is not well understood. Some studies have identified textual features of effective explanations; however, theoretical characterizations of explanatory discourse are either unnecessarily narrow or overly general. Consequently, this essay offers a new theory of explanatory discourse that is intended to guide analyses of and stimulate improvements in explanations designed for mass audiences. The theory defines explanatory discourse in terms of a particular goal; promoting understanding for lay readers of some phenomenon. This goal is distinguished from those of promoting awareness of new information, proving a claim, or encouraging agreement with a claim. The utility of the theory is demonstrated by showing how it (1) identifies those research literatures most relevant to improving the quality of writte...
Bounds for conduction and forced convection heat transfer

Abstract Bounds for heat transport in several classical problems of conduction and forced convection heat transfer are developed. The conduction bounds are based on a variational formulation, in which systematic enrichment and restriction of the space of candidate minimizing functions leads to lower and upper bounds, respectively. It is shown that the addition of insulator ‘cuts’ results in a broadening of the space and therefore underestimation of transport, whereas the addition of superconductor cuts leads to contraction of the space and overestimation. Our results constitute formal proof of several theorems proposed by Elrod (Trans. ASME J. Heat Transfer 65–70 (February 1974)). An upper bound for forced convection heat transfer in turbulent plane Couette flow based on the method of horizontal averages and power integrals is also presented. In particular, it is shown that for fixed (given) momentum transport, the heat transfer rate from the wall can be bounded from above as a function of the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. This relationship between shear stress and heat flux serves as theoretical support for Reynolds' momentum/heat transport analogy for turbulent non-separated flow.
Division of the left hemiliver in man—segments, sectors, or sections

A major obstacle to coherent terminology for liver anatomy and resections has been that American and French anatomists have divided the left side of the liver through different planes. Couinaud divided the left hemiliver into "sectors" by a plane through the left hepatic vein. Healey and Schroy divided it into "segments" through the umbilical fissure. One anatomic justification for Couinaud's system of sectors is that the transverse portion of the left portal vein was said to terminate by dividing into the umbilical portion of the left portal vein and the vein to segment II. However, corrosion cast studies fail to consider the position of the ligamentum venosum, the structure defining the end of the transverse portion of the left portal vein. Therefore, it is uncertain whether the branch to segment II is a terminal branch of the transverse portion of the left portal vein or a branch of the first part of the umbilical portion. Ten cadaver livers were dissected to determine the position of the branch to segment II in relation to the ligamentum venosum. In all, the branch to segment II came off downstream to the ligamentum venosum, showing that it is a branch of the umbilical portion of the left portal vein. This study does not support the "sectoral" system of Couinaud on the left side of the liver. Division of the left side of the liver through the umbilical fissure as proposed by Healey is anatomically logical and fits well with common surgical resections.
A UNIFIED MULTIGRID SOLVER FOR THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS ON MIXED ELEMENT MESHES

A unified multigrid solution technique is presented for solving the Euler and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured meshes using mixed elements consisting of triangles and quadrilaterals in two dimensions, and of hexahedra, pyramids, prisms and tetrahedra in three dimensions. While the use of mixed elements is by no means a novel idea, the contribution of the paper lies in the formulation of a complete solution technique which can handle structured grids, block structured grids, and unstructured grids of tetrahedra or mixed elements without any modification. This is achieved by discretizing the full Navier-Stokes equations on tetrahedral elements, and the thin layer version of these equations on other types of elements, while using a single edge-based data-structure to construct the discretization over all element types. An agglomeration multigrid algorithm, which naturally handles meshes of any types of elements, is employed to accelerate convergence. An automatic algorithm which reduces the complexity of a given triangular or tetrahedral mesh by merging candidate triangular or tetrahedral elements into quadrilateral or prismatic elements is also described. The gains in computational efficiency afforded by the use of non-simplicial meshes over fully tetrahedral meshes are demonstrated through several examples.
Quantifying landscape pattern and its change in an estuarine watershed using satellite imagery and landscape metrics

Degradation of estuarine ecosystems caused by human‐induced stressors justifies finding efficient ways to manage and protect these environments. This study demonstrates the utilities of satellite remote sensing, landscape metrics and multivariate statistical analysis for quantifying landscape pattern and its change in a highly sensitive estuarine watershed. The objective of this study was to identify the appropriate method for landscape pattern characterization in the Pensacola estuarine drainage area (PEDA) as part of an interdisciplinary effort to develop environmental indicators for integrated estuarine ecosystem assessment in the Gulf of Mexico. The study has several components. First, two land‐use and land‐cover maps were produced from satellite imagery by using hierarchical classification and spatial reclassification techniques. Then, 56 metrics of landscape composition or configuration were computed from the two maps for different spatial observational units, including the PEDA, four sub‐watersheds...
Specialty fibers for discrete and distributed sensing application

Over the past decades, discrete or distributed Fiber Optic Sensing (FOS) applications have seen an increased acceptance in many areas. High level optical and mechanical reliability of optical fiber is necessary to guarantee reliable performance of FOS. In this paper, we review recent research and development activities on new specialty fibers. The main approaches to enhancing fiber attributes include new refractive index profile design and fiber coating modification.
Karl Rawer’s life and scientific achievements*

Abstract. This laudation is given in honor of the 90th birthday of Prof. Karl Rawer. The ionosphere was discovered during Karl Rawer’s life, and he has dedicated his life to the exploration of this part of Earth’s environment. The horrible events of world wars I and II shaped his early life, but they also launched his career as one of the eminent geophysical scientists of the twentieth century.
Isolation of laminin-1 and type IV collagen from the EHS sarcoma

The standard method for the isolation and purification of the basement membrane components laminin and collagen IV from the EHS sarcoma is described. A minimum of 3 mg of each component per gram wet weight of tissue is obtained.
Agonist‐Induced Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis in Choroid Plexus

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) stimulates phosphoinositide hydrolysis in choroid plexus by interacting with the 5-HTlc site. In the present study, the effects of 5-HT were compared with those of other agonists. 5-HT stimulates a rapid release of all three inositol sugars in a mianserin-sensitive manner. Inositol bisphosphate and inositol trisphosphate levels increase about twofold within 2.5 min, whereas inositol monophosphate levels are not appreciably elevated until 5 min. In contrast, glutamate, carbachol, histamine, substance P, and vasopressin, agents that increase phosphoinositide hydrolysis in other tissues, do not stimulate this response in choroid plexus. High concentrations of norepinephrine increase inositol phosphate release in choroid plexus, but this effect is apparently mediated by activation of the 5-HTlc site. The depolarizing agents KCl and veratrine also fail to stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in choroid plexus. These results, combined with the finding that the phosphoinositide response to 5-HT is insensitive to tetrodotoxin, suggest that the effects of 5-HT are not secondary to neurotransmitter release. Furthermore, an indirect effect mediated via arachidonic acid metabolism is unlikely, since inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase do not reduce the 5-HT response. We conclude, therefore, that phosphoinositide hydrolysis is the transducing mechanism of the 5-HT 5-HTlc receptor and that the choroid plexus will serve as a useful model system for studies of this receptor.
Ascending Subgraph Decompositions of Tournaments of Order 6n + 3

In 1987, Alavi, Boals, Chartrand, Erdos, and Oellermann conjectured that all graphs have an ascending subgraph decomposition (ASD). Though several classes of graphs have been shown to have an ASD, the conjecture remains open. In this paper, we investigate the similar problem for tournaments. In particular, using Kirkman Triple Systems, we will show that all tournaments of order 6n + 3 have an ASD.
Compact broadband 5-bit photonic true-time-delay module for phased-array antennas

Photonic true-time-delay (TTD) lines offer many advantages over their electronic counterparts and are attracting more and more research effort. We demonstrate a device with 32??TTD lines (5-bit) based on substrate guided-wave propagation combined with slanted photopolymer volume phase gratings on a quartz substrate. System design, device fabrication, optimization of fan-out intensity uniformity, and device performance evaluation are addressed as well. The device has a measured bandwidth of up to 2.4??THz and a measured fan-out delay step of 50??ps. The fan-out beam intensity uniformity is within ±10%. The packing density is 2.5??delay lines/cm2, which is to our knowledge the highest demonstrated thus far.
Reputation as Reservoir: Buffering Against Loss in Times of Economic Crisis

The premise of this study is that a good reputation serves as an intangible asset which can help protect the organization in times of corporate crisis — in public-relations terms, the ‘reservoir of goodwill’ presumption. Using data from the stock market crashes in 1987 and 1989, this study examined whether companies with better reputations, as measured by Fortune's annual ratings of America's largest corporations, suffered less severe declines in market value. Results show no significant difference between companies with higher and lower reputations in 1987, when the market dropped over 20 per cent in one day. During this crisis, there was a high volume of automated computer trading and a great deal of investor panic which may have precluded rational investment decision making. In 1989, however, when the market took a less severe sudden, unexpected downturn, the stock prices of companies with better reputations dropped significantly less than those of companies not favored with such positive standing. This supports the hypothesis that good corporate reputations provide a reservoir of goodwill which buffers companies from market decline in times of uncertainty and economic turmoil (short of a panic), underscoring the importance of attentive reputation management.
Untangling the intuition mess: Intuition as a construct in entrepreneurship research.

Entrepreneurs often use intuition to explain their actions. But because entrepreneurial intuition is poorly defined in the research literature: the “intuitive” is confused with the “innate,” what i...
Simultaneous mainstream-sidestream smoke exposure systems I. Equipment and procedures.

Abstract Equipment and procedures for the simultaneous exposure of cell cultures and rodents to mainstream and sidestream smoke are described. Whole smoke or the gas phase of smoke can be generated and manipulated under a wide range of conditions. Identical smoke can be used for the exposure of cell cultures, perfused lungs, and for the exposure of experimental animals. The equipment is relatively inexpensive, and can be used by small laboratory for efficient, controlled smoke exposure studies. Total particulate matter data are used to illustrate the flexibility of smoke generation, manipulation, and dose variables which can be obtained with the exposure systems.
Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: purification and initial characterization of the double stranded RNA activated protein kinase.

Summary Double stranded RNA (dsRNA) activated translational inhibitor (dRI) has been purified from rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Purified dRI inhibits protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates with inhibition kinetics that parallel those observed by the addition of dsRNA (0.1–100 ng/ml). The inhibition is overcome by initiation factor eIF-2. Purified dRI migrates as a single polypeptide of 70,000-daltons when subjected to electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. A molecular weight of 70,000-daltons and a sedimentation co-efficient of 3.2S is obtained by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 (superfine) and by glycerol density gradient centrifugation, respectively. The inhibitor activation is accompanied by the dsRNA-dependent phosphorylation of the 70,000-dalton polypeptide of dRI. Purified dRI is a cyclic-AMP independent protein kinase that phosphorylates the 38,000-dalton subunit of eIF-2.
Characterization and partial purification of liver glucose transporter GLUT2.

Abstract GLUT2, the major facilitative glucose transporter isoform expressed in hepatocytes, pancreatic β-cells, and absorptive epithelial cells, is unique not only with its low affinity and broad substrate specificity as a glucose transporter, but also with its implied function as a glucose-sensor. As a first essential step toward structural and biochemical elucidation of these unique, GLUT2 functions, we describe here the differential solubilization and DEAE-column chromatography of rat hepatocyte GLUT2 protein and its reconstitution into liposomes. The reconstituted GLUT2 bound cytochalasin B in a saturable manner with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 2.3×10−6 M and a total binding capacity (BT) of 8.1 nmol per mg protein. The binding was completely abolished by 2% mercury chloride, but not affected by cytochalasin E. Significantly, the binding was also not affected by 500 mM D -glucose or 3-O-methyl D -glucose (3OMG). The purified GLUT2 catalyzed mercury chloride-sensitive 3OMG uptake, and cytochalasin B inhibited this 3OMG uptake. The inhibition was dose-dependent with respect to cytochalasin B, but was independent of 3OMG concentrations. These findings demonstrate that our solubilized GLUT2 reconstituted in liposomes is at least 60% pure and functional, and that GLUT2 is indeed unique in that its cytochalasin B binding is not affected by its substrate ( D -glucose) binding. Our partially purified GLUT2 reconstituted in vesicles will be useful in biochemical and structural elucidation of GLUT2 as a glucose transporter and as a possible glucose sensor.
Hydrology, geochemistry and geothermal aspects of the thermal waters from Switzerland and adjacent alpine regions

Abstract Waters of 19 thermal areas in Switzerland and adjacent alpine regions were studied to acquire a better knowledge of their deep thermal circulation, geochemistry and low-temperature geothermal potential. A systematic multisampling and multitracing program was executed over a complete hydrologic cycle for each of the 19 thermal areas. Pertinent physical, chemical and isotopic parameters were measured and analyzed on thermal and nonthermal waters during nine sampling periods. Thermal water occurrences are generally related either to Triassic evaporites or to the weathered and fractured zone between crystalline basements (or ranges) and their sedimentary cover. Emergence areas are located in faulted or overthrust zones. Sulfate and calcium are the two principal ions responsible for the mineralization of most thermal waters. Actually, gypsum and anhydrite are more often encountered in Triassic evaporites than halite. Many variations of the water geochemistry, caused by seasonal changes, have been recorded during the hydrologic cycle. From mineralization, temperature and discharge variations, it has been possible to distinguish fast or delayed responses to rain or snow-melt events and mixing between deep-thermal and shallow-cold waters. Chemical geothermometers were tested on these warm waters. The chalcedony and Na-K-Ca geothermometers seem to be the only ones which display calculated temperatures in reasonable agreement with known local geothermal gradients or bottom-hole temperatures. The majority of inferred reservoir temperatures ranges from 40° to 60°C. Oxygen-18 and deuterium results show that most thermal waters fit along the meteoric water line, with some exceptions due to Mediterranean precipitation, possible water-rock isotopic exchange or mixing with connate waters. A regional oxygen-18 gradient has been established with altitude in order to locate and determine the elevation of intake areas. Tritium is very useful in the detection of mixing between deep-old and shallow-recent waters. Numerous mixing models using isotopic and chemical parameters have been established to extrapolate the characteristics of the warm end-members. These models are based on parameters such as tritium, oxygen-18 or discharge, whose behaviors are generally in inverse ratio with temperature and/or a main chemical component such as sulfate or chloride. Examples of the use and interpretation of these mixing models are described for the thermal areas of Schinznach, Combioula, Vals, and Bormio.
Automated sleep EEG analysis applied to the evaluation of drugs: illustration by study of clorazepate dipotassium

An automated sleep EEG analysis system was used to evaluate the effects of clorazepate dipotassium in normal subjects. Ten young-adult men slept 18 consecutive nights in the laboratory. On days 8-15 clorazepate (7.5 mg) was administered three times daily; on days 5-7 and 16-18 a placebo was administered in a similar fashion. The drug reduced amounts of alpha and delta activity and increased the amount of beta activity and the number of spindles. These effects generally persisted through the 3 day placebo recovery period. Our results suggest that sleep EEG waveform descriptors are sensitive indicators of drug activity and that beta activity in particular may be useful in the detailed description of various drug effects.
If You Don’t Care, Then Why Should I? The Influence of Instructor Commitment on Student Satisfaction and Commitment

Management education often takes place at institutions where research is one of the top priorities of the faculty and administration. In this context, and others, instructors may not be fully committed to their teaching. Yet student satisfaction with their professors is an important determinant of a university’s reputation. We explore how an instructor’s attitude about teaching influences student outcomes in general and student satisfaction and commitment specifically. Using a sample of 286 students and five different management instructors, our research establishes an instructor’s attitude about teaching, specifically the instructor’s self-rated commitment to the students in his or her class, as having a positive influence on student-rated satisfaction. Moreover, perceived instructor support is established as the explanatory mechanism that mediates the relationship between an instructor’s commitment to students and student satisfaction as well as the relationship between an instructor’s commitment to stu...
Exponential absorption edge in hydrogenated α-Si films

Abstract Optical and photoelectric measurements demonstrate that hydrogenated amorphous silicon prepared by glow discharge decomposition of silane has an exponential optical absorption edge, over the photon energy range 1.4–1.8 eV with a slope of 0.05–0.08 eV. Evidence is presented that the photogeneration efficiency is unity at room temperature and independent of electric field (102−104 V/cm−1) and photon energy (1.2–2.2 eV).
Spacetime symmetries of the Lorentz-violating Maxwell–Chern–Simons model

Abstract The spacetime symmetries of classical electrodynamics with a Chern–Simons term containing a constant nondynamical 4-vector are investigated. In addition to translation invariance and the three remaining Lorentz symmetries characterized by the little group of the external vector, the model possesses an additional spacetime symmetry if this vector is lightlike. The associated conserved current is determined, and the resulting symmetry algebra is identified as sim ( 2 ) .
Agonist-specific Regulation of (Na +)i in Pancreatic Acinar Cells

In a companion paper (Zhao, H., and S. Muallem. 1995), we describe the relationship between the major Na+,K+, and Cl- transporters in resting pancreatic acinar cells. The present study evaluated the role of the different transporters in regulating [Na+]i and electrolyte secretion during agonist stimulation. Cell stimulation increased [Na+]i and 86Rb influx in an agonist-specific manner. Ca(2+)-mobilizing agonists, such as carbachol and cholecystokinin, activated Na+ influx by a tetraethylammonium-sensitive channel and the Na+/H+ exchanger to rapidly increase [Na+]i from approximately 11.7 mM to between 34 and 39 mM. As a consequence, the NaK2Cl cotransporter was largely inhibited and the activity of the Na+ pump increased to mediate most of the 86Rb(K+) uptake into the cells. Secretin, which increases cAMP, activated the NaK2Cl cotransporter and the Na+/H+ exchanger to slowly increase [Na+]i from approximately 11.7 mM to an average of 24.6 mM. Accordingly, secretin increased total 86Rb uptake more than the Ca(2+)-mobilizing agonists and the apparent coupling between the NaK2Cl cotransport and the Na+ pump. All the effects of secretin could be attributed to an increase in cAMP, since forskolin affected [Na+]i and 86Rb fluxes similar to secretin. The signaling pathways mediating the effects of the Ca(2+)-mobilizing agonists were less clear. Although an increase in [Ca2+]i was required, it was not sufficient to account for the effect of the agonists. Activation of protein kinase C stimulated the NaK2Cl cotransporter to increase [Na+]i and 86Rb fluxes without preventing the inhibition of the cotransporter by Ca(2+)-mobilizing agonists. The effects of the agonists were not mediated by changes in cell volume, since cell swelling and shrinkage did not reproduce the effect of the agonists on [Na+]i and 86Rb fluxes. The overall findings of the relationships between the various Na+,K+, and Cl- transporters in resting and stimulated pancreatic acinar cells are discussed in terms of possible models of fluid and electrolyte secretion by these cells.
The humanity of animals and the animality of humans: A view from biological anthropology inspired by J. M. Coetzee's Elizabeth Costello

In his novel Elizabeth Costello (2003), J. M. Coetzee's title character espouses philosophical perspectives on cruelty and the human condition in a series of fictionalized lectures. In particular, she takes on the question of human cruelty to animals. As novelist, Coetzee relies on lyrical statements about the nature of cruelty, analogies between the atrocities of fascism and factory farms, and ethical elitism to address these issues. In this article, I use anthropological data to investigate such constructed notions of “human cruelty” and “human nature.” I end with a discussion of cross-cultural variation in animal use by humans and of the current animal rights movement. The goal of this article is to engage, anthropologically, perspectives on cruelty in human natures and our relations with other animals.
Thermal response of the active layer to climatic warming in a permafrost environment

Abstract Global warming is occurring, the only question is what will be the magnitude of the temperature change and the temporal and spatial distribution? Existing models predict that the greatest change from present climatic conditions will happen in the polar regions. In the Arctic, continuous permafrost exists and climatic warming could have severe consequences. In this paper the consequences of global warming on the active layer are examined. Soil temperature data were collected over a four-year period at a field site near Toolik Lake, Alaska. A finite-element, two-dimensional, heat conduction model with phase change was used to predict soil temperatures at the site. After verification that the model could be used with confidence to predict the soil thermal regime, various climatic warming scenarios were used as inputs to estimate the thermal response for the next fifty years. The impact of climatic warming on the thickness of the active layer is reported.
Analysis of Doppler measurements of people

With the changing nature of international security it is of interest to the military to use remote sensors to detect and classify people as potential threats. We chose a millimeter wave (MMW) radar as our sensor to collect data on single and small groups of people that were either walking or running to determine how easily they could be detected. This work was done to support the concept of using Ka-band radar to detect people from an airborne platform. Fully-polarimetric Ka-Band radar data was collected of people walking and running at various orientations with respect to the radar. Micro-Doppler analysis reveals Doppler oscillations with time that are characteristic of people at all orientations measured.
Why does RecA protein hydrolyse ATP

RecA is a DNA-dependent ATPase involved in DNA-strand repair. Most of the ATP hydrolysis that occurs in a RecA nucleoprotein filament is implicitly considered to be irrelevant in many current models for RecA-mediated DNA-strand exchange. However, preventing RecA from hydrolysing ATP alters its behavior, suggesting that ATP hydrolysis by RecA is more than incidental. This review explores recent results detailing the effects and rates of ATP hydrolysis by RecA, and models are proposed that permit us to account quantitatively for ATP consumption by this protein.
A Replication of the Internal Validity and Reliability of a Multivariable Index to Measure Recreation Specialization

Salz, Loomis, and Finn (2001) developed and tested a multivariable index to segment outdoor recreationists into specialization levels. The items in this index were based on the characteristics of social worlds, as described by Unruh (1979). This index, however, has been infrequently used by other investigators since its publication, perhaps because of concerns about validity and reliability across time and populations. This research note replicates the findings of Salz et al. on three user group populations (SCUBA divers, saltwater anglers, snorkelers) in six U.S. states. We found strong support for the index developed by Salz et al. and suggest that specialization researchers creating other multivariable measures of recreation specialization ground them in social theory and conduct similar analyses of their indices.