cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-channeled single chain variable fragment (scFv) based microfluidic device for explosives detection

The development of explosives detection technologies has increased significantly over the years as environmental and national security agencies implement tighter pollution control measures and methods for improving homeland security. 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), known primarily as a component in munitions, has been targeted for both its toxicity and carcinogenic properties that if present at high concentrations can be a detriment to both humans, marine and plant ecosystems. Enabling end users with environmental detection and monitoring systems capable of providing real-time, qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of these toxic compounds would be extremely beneficial. Reported herein is the development of a multi-channeled microfluidic device immobilized with single chain fragment variable (scFv) recombinant proteins specific for the explosive, TNT. Fluorescence displacement immunoassays performed under constant flow demonstrated trace level sensitivity and specificity for TNT. The utility of three multi-channeled devices immobilized with either (1) scFv recombinant protein, (2) biotinylated-scFv (bt-scFv) and (3) monoclonal anti-TNT (whole IgG molecule) were investigated and compared. Fluorescence dose response curves, crossreactivity measurements and limits of detection (LOD) for TNT were determined. Fluorescence displacement immunoassays for TNT in natural seawater demonstrated detection limits at sub-parts-per-billion levels (0.5 ppb) utilizing the microfluidic device with immobilized bt-scFv.
TFTR radiation contour and shielding efficiency measurements during D-D operations

Extensive neutron and gamma radiation contour, shielding efficiency, and spectral measurements were performed during high power TFTR D-D operations at the tokamak Test Cell inner walls, ceiling, roof, and outer walls, in nearby control rooms, work areas, and personnel pathways, outdoors along the site fence at 125 m, and out to the nearest property lines at 180 m. The results confirmed that the efficiency of the basic radiation shielding was sufficient to allow the TFTR D-T experimental plan, and provide empirical guidance for simulating the radiation fields of future fusion reactors.
Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. 8. Effect of a medium chain triglyceride (MCT).

Abstract Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), a fat consisting almost exclusively of triglycerides of C 8 and C 10 fatty acids, has been used as a vehicle for cholesterol in experiments involving the establishment of experimental atheromata in rabbits; and the results compared with those of similar experiments in which corn oil, coconut oil, or tristearin was the cholesterol vehicle. Coconut oil was significantly more atherogenic than was corn oil. MCT and tristearin were less cholesteremic than was corn oil but equally atherogenic. When the atherogenicity of the various fats was expressed as a function of the hypercholesteremia they induced, MCT, tristearin, and coconut oil were all more atherogenic than corn oil. When MCT, tristearin, coconut oil, and corn oil were fed to rabbits with pre-established atheromatous lesions, significant exacerbation of the severity of lesions was observed in every case, but the lesions in the aortic arch of the corn oil-fed group were significantly less severe than those observed in the other dietary groups.
Generating and evaluating automatic metadata for educational resources

Metadata provides a higher-level description of digital library resources and serves as a searchable record for browsing and accessing digital library content. However, manually assigning metadata is a resource-consuming task for which Natural Language Processing (NLP) can provide a solution. This poster coalesces the findings from research and development accomplished across two multi-year digital library metadata generation and evaluation projects and suggests how the lessons learned might benefit digital libraries with the need for high-quality, but efficient metadata assignment for their resources.
Analytical solutions to statistical moments for transient flow in two-dimensional, bounded, randomly heterogeneous media

[1] In this paper we derive analytical solutions to statistical moments for transient saturated flow in two-dimensional, bounded, randomly heterogeneous porous media. By perturbation expansions, we first derive partial differential equations governing the zeroth-order head h(0) and the first-order head term h(1), where orders are in terms of the standard deviation of the log transmissivity. We then solve h(0) and h(1) analytically, both of which are expressed as infinite series. The head perturbation h(1) is then used to derive expressions for autocovariance of the hydraulic head and the cross covariance between the log transmissivity and head. The expressions for the mean flux and flux covariance tensor are formulated from the head moments based on Darcy's law. Using numerical examples, we demonstrate the convergence of these solutions. We also examine the accuracy of these first-order solutions by comparing them with solutions from both Monte Carlo simulations and the numerical moment equation method.
Expression of IFN-Inducible T Cell α Chemoattractant by Human Endothelial Cells Is Cyclosporin A-Resistant and Promotes T Cell Adhesion: Implications for Cyclosporin A-Resistant Immune Inflammation

IFN-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC) is a recently discovered member of the CXC chemokine family. It is a potent T cell chemoattractant expressed by IFN-gamma-treated astrocytes, monocytes, keratinocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, and neutrophils. In this study, we show that I-TAC is also expressed by IFN-gamma-treated endothelial cells (EC), both at the mRNA and protein levels. Induction of the I-TAC message is rapid and sustained over 24 h. TNF-alpha does not induce I-TAC mRNA alone, but does act synergistically with IFN-gamma. Blocking Abs to I-TAC, or to its receptor, CXCR3, reduce T cell adhesion to EC monolayers demonstrating that the expressed protein is functional. Finally, the expression of I-TAC by EC is resistant to the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A, suggesting that I-TAC may contribute to the chronic immune inflammation characteristic of graft arteriosclerosis.
A natural experiment in the organization of entry-level labor markets: regional markets for new physicians and surgeons in the United Kingdom.

The histories of seven regional markets for new physicians and surgeons in the United Kingdom are considered. Like the American market, these markets have experienced failures that led to the adoption of centralized market mechanisms. Because different regions employ different centralized mechanisms, these markets provide a test of the hypothesis that the success of the American market is related to the fact that it produces matches which are stable in the sense that no two agents mutually prefer to be matched to one another than to their assigned partners. Even in the more complex U.K. markets, this kind of stability plays an important role. Centralized markets that produced unstable matches in environments in which agents could act upon instabilities fared no better than the decentralized markets they replaced.
Defensively Invoking Treaties in American Courts: Jurisdictional Challenges Under the U.N. Drug Trafficking Convention by Foreign Defendants Kidnapped Abroad by U.S. Agents

This article unravels the non-self-executing treaty doctrine, examines the invocation of a treaty as a defense to governmental action, and develops a test for when an individual (rather than a government) may assert a treaty defensively in state or federal courts. Lastly, this Article applies this test to state-sponsored kidnapping and the U.N. Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. The parties to this treaty, whIch was sponsored by the United States, barred one country's law enforcement agents from operating without permission on another country's soil and rejected a provision requiring a country to extradite its own citizens. This article demonstrates that, had the Convention been in effect when the Supreme Court decided United States v. Alvarez-Machain, the Court would have been constrained, even under its flawed reasoning in interpreting the extradition treaty at issue there, to have recognized the challenge to the trial court's personal jurisdiction brought by the Mexlcan physician abducted from Guadalajara by paid agents of the United States.
Fighting on All Fronts: Gendered Spaces, Ethnic Boundaries, and the Nigerian Civil War

Stephanie Urdang’s book, Fighting Two Colonialisms: Women in Guinea-Bissau,1 remains one of the early attempts at a sustained study of the gender implications of liberation struggles in Africa. After listening to Amilcar Cabral—founder of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC)—speak on the liberation struggle in his country (Guinea-Bissau), particularly the fundamental role women played in it, Urdang drove home with a group of friends who were both excited and skeptical about what they had heard: “‘But we must admit he is a good politician,’ one voice declared. ‘He said just what we wanted to hear about women!”’2 The group’s skepticism about Cabral’s assertion that “women and men are equal partners in our struggle” is understandable in light of the pervasive failure of nationalist struggles to simultaneously articulate national liberation and gender equity. When Urdang visited the liberated zones of Guinea-Bissau in 1974, she was intrigued by the concept of “fighting two colonialisms” as expressed by Carmen Pereira (one of the leaders of PAIGC) and echoed by many other women.
Proposal of a Multistate Memory Using Voltage Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy of a Cross-Shaped Ferromagnet

Voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA)-induced precessional magnetization dynamics of a cross-shaped ferromagnet (FM) is studied by micromagnetic simulation. A cross-shaped FM, which has four minima in its energy landscape, can be used to store two bits. We show that, by selecting appropriate dimensions and taking into account interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, the cross-shaped FM can be switched from one state to the other states using VCMA, while the in-plane component of magnetization provides multistate functionality. VCMA-induced switching provides a low-power alternative to spin-transfer-torque switching of a similar cross-shaped FM studied previously. We estimate the thermal stability using the string method to capture the complex micromagnetic nature of the switching along the minimum energy path. The results could be useful toward development of a low-power multistate nonvolatile memory.
Correlating Cognitive Decline with White Matter Lesion and Brain Atrophy Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurements in Alzheimer's Disease.

Background Vascular risk factors are increasingly recognized as risks factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and early conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia. While neuroimaging research in AD has focused on brain atrophy, metabolic function, or amyloid deposition, little attention has been paid to the effect of cerebrovascular disease to cognitive decline. Objective To investigate the correlation of brain atrophy and white matter lesions with cognitive decline in AD, MCI, and control subjects. Methods Patients with AD and MCI, and healthy subjects were included in this study. Subjects had a baseline MRI scan, and baseline and follow-up neuropsychological battery (CERAD). Regional volumes were measured, and white matter lesion segmentation was performed. Correlations between rate of CERAD score decline and white matter lesion load and brain structure volume were evaluated. In addition, voxel-based correlations between baseline CERAD scores and atrophy and white matter lesion measures were computed. Results CERAD rate of decline was most significantly associated with lesion loads located in the fornices. Several temporal lobe ROI volumes were significantly associated with CERAD decline. Voxel-based analysis demonstrated strong correlation between baseline CERAD scores and atrophy measures in the anterior temporal lobes. Correlation of baseline CERAD scores with white matter lesion volumes achieved significance in multilobar subcortical white matter. Conclusion Both baseline and declines in CERAD scores correlate with white matter lesion load and gray matter atrophy. Results of this study highlight the dominant effect of volume loss, and underscore the importance of small vessel disease as a contributor to cognitive decline in the elderly.
Postnatal Weight Changes in Low Birth Weight Infants

Postnatal body weight changes were assessed in 385 surviving infants with birth weights of less than 2,500 g. Body weight was measured daily between birth and 45 days of age. Infants were grouped according to 100-g birth weight categories, and mean body weight changes for each group were compared. Initial postnatal weight loss occurred in each group and ranged between 7.9% and 14.6% of birth weight. Mean postnatal weight loss was greater in the lowest birth weight groups, but considerable variability was observed among individual infants. Duration of postnatal weight loss was similar among all birth weight groups. Weight gain usually began between four and six days of age, and the rate of weight gain expressed as grams per kilogram per day was similar in all birth weight groups.
SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF HIV RECOMBINANT ENVELOPE VACCINES IN HIV-INFECTED INFANTS AND CHILDREN. † 57

SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF HIV RECOMBINANT ENVELOPE VACCINES IN HIV-INFECTED INFANTS AND CHILDREN. † 57
Emission-concerned economic dispatch: Possible formulations and implementations

This paper presents mathematical formulations of economic dispatch problems in electricity markets under three emission-concerned policy alternatives: carbon dioxide tax, carbon dioxide quota, and carbon dioxide cap-and-trade. The three formulations are shown to be temporally decomposable using Lagrangian relaxation methods. Computationally efficient algorithms are proposed for implementing the emission-concerned economic dispatch. Numerical examples are illustrated on an IEEE 14-bus system. The proposed formulations and algorithms can serve as a framework for systematic engineering, economic, and policy solutions towards a low-carbon electricity sector.
Board Independence and Corporate Governance: Evidence From Director Resignations

Abstract: As is evident from recent changes in NYSE and NASDAQ listing requirements, board independence is assumed to be an important and effective governance mechanism. However, the empirical evidence regarding the value of board independence is mixed. We examine board member resignation announcements and their perceived importance in the context of firms' existing governance structures. We find that outside director resignations appear to send negative signals to market participants. However, this market reaction is less negative when the board is more independent before the departure and when institutional ownership is high, but is more negative for higher levels of officer and director ownership and CEO incentive compensation.
Effects of coupling heterogeneity on fractionated electrograms in a model of nonuniformly anisotropic ventricular myocardium

To further understand the relation between heterogeneously infarcted myocardium and fractionated electrograms, a computer model was used to test the hypothesis that the way electrogram metrics change with electrode location relates to statistical properties of the underlying myocardium. A sheet of Beeler-Reuter elements was coupled with cytoplasmic resistance to form cells. Junctional resistance values were assigned using a recursive randomization to produce a fractal pattern, simulating damage from disrupted blood supply. The pattern's correlation dimension, D, was a statistical measure of heterogeneity. Unipolar electrogram's amplitude, duration, number of inflections, peak frequency, bandwidth, and the rate of change of metrics with height were calculated. Analysis of variance indicated (P < .0001) that peak-to-peak amplitude and bandwidth decreased at a slower rate when height was increased above heterogeneous tissue as compared with homogeneous tissue. These findings could be useful during clinical mapping procedures as statistical estimates of tissue structure.
Autonomic effects of central injections of D-Ala2-Met-enkephalinamide (DAME) in the conscious monkey.

Abstract The use of naloxone (NAL), an opioid receptor antagonist, has provided indirect evidence that endogenous opioids contribute to cardiovascular depression during shock. To determine if endogenous opioids act centrally to influence cardiovascular function, injections of D-Ala 2 -Met-enkephalinamide (DAME), a potent Met-enkephalin analog, were made into the 3rd cerebral ventricle (ICV) of 5 conscious cynomulgus monkeys restrained in primate chairs. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were determined every 10 min during a 30–60 min control period and for up to 5 hr post-injection. Colonic temperature (T c ) was monitored continuously. SBP declined from baseline values with 50 and 100 μg (85.2 and 170.4 nM) doses but was significant ( p p c displayed a nonsignificant, delayed (>2 hr) rise in T c with the 50 μg dose, whereas the 100 μg dose caused a significant ( p c (from 65–125 min post-injection). NAL injected ICV attenuated the effects of DAME but had no effect on SBP, HR or T c when injected alone. Systemic injection of DAME (300 μg) in one monkey produced a transient decline in SBP (26 mmHg within 2 min) which returned to baseline values 4 min post-injection. HR and T c were unchanged. We conclude that DAME injected ICV acts centrally to decrease SBP and HR in the conscious monkey.
Sequencing and beyond: integrating molecular 'omics' for microbial community profiling

High-throughput DNA sequencing has proven invaluable for investigating diverse environmental and host-associated microbial communities. In this Review, we discuss emerging strategies for microbial community analysis that complement and expand traditional metagenomic profiling. These include novel DNA sequencing strategies for identifying strain-level microbial variation and community temporal dynamics; measuring multiple 'omic' data types that better capture community functional activity, such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics; and combining multiple forms of omic data in an integrated framework. We highlight studies in which the 'multi-omics' approach has led to improved mechanistic models of microbial community structure and function.
TLR4 and HMGB1: partners in crime?

Chen et al. confirmed the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in ischemic kidney injury using mice harboring spontaneous disabling mutations of the receptor and generated chimeras between TLR4−/− and TLR4+/+ mice. The major findings demonstrate the necessity of TLR4 in leukocytes, as well as in epithelial and endothelial cells, for the full-blown ischemic response and strongly suggest that the release of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) from injured epithelia and/or endothelia activates leukocytes to generate proinflammatory cytokines, further exacerbating the injury to ischemic kidneys. These important findings provide an excellent platform for discussing the complexity of danger/alarm signaling in the kidney.
Democracies-Always-in-the-Making: Maxine Greene's Influence

Maxine Greene was born in the New York City area in 1916, the year John Dewey published Democracy and Education. She began teaching at Teachers College in 1965. She has held the William F. Russell ...
Comparative measures of aggregated uncertainty representations

Uncertainty must be taken into account in all aspects of ambient intelligence and human decisions and activities. We investigate how to utilize both probabilistic and possibilistic sources of information for use in human- ized decision-making. In particular we examine aspects of the possibilistic conditioning of probability developed by Yager. To provide bounding of the resulting probability analysis of the cases of completely certain and uncertain probability and possibility distribution are carried out. Additionally the cases of intermediate uncertainty and a general case of possibilities are analyzed. The Zadeh consistency measure is also used to assess these cases. To consider whether the conditioned probability is more informative for decision-making, three measures, Shannon entropy, Gini index and Renyi entropy are used to compare the original probability distributions and the conditioned distribution for the cases described.
The dnaK/dnaJ operon of Haemophilus ducreyi contains a unique combination of regulatory elements

Abstract Haemophilus ducreyi , which causes the genital ulcer disease chancroid, requires high basal levels of the 60-kDa heat-shock (hs) protein GroEL in order to survive and adhere to host cells in the presence of common environmental stresses. In contrast, the 70-kDa hs protein, DnaK, a negative modulator of the hs response in prokaryotes, is not produced at as high a level as GroEL. Because of these differences, we were interested in identifying regulatory elements affecting the expression of the H. ducreyi dnaK / dnaJ operon. First, the genes encoding H. ducreyi DnaK (Hsp70) and DnaJ (Hsp40) were sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequences shared 82.8 and 63.9% identity with the Escherichia coli DnaK and DnaJ homologs, respectively. Despite the presence of highly similar (but not identical) hs promoter sequences preceding both the H. ducreyi groES / groEL and dnaK / dnaJ operons, transcription levels for groEL were found to exceed that of dnaK . Subsequently, other genetic elements that could contribute to a lower basal expression of dnaK in H. ducreyi were identified. These elements include: (1) a complex promoter for dnaK consisting of four transcriptional start points (two for σ 32 and two for σ 70 ) identified by primer extension; (2) a putative binding site for Fur (a transcriptional repressor of iron-regulated genes) that overlaps the initiating AUG of dnaK ; and (3) the potential for extensive secondary structure of the long leader sequences of the dnaK transcripts, which could interfere with efficient translation of DnaK. This unique combination of regulatory elements may be responsible for the relatively low-level expression of dnaK in this fastidious genital pathogen.
Gauge-invariant effective potential: Equilibrium and nonequilibrium aspects

We propose a gauge-invariant formulation of the effective potential in terms of a gauge-invariant order parameter, for the Abelian Higgs model. The one-loop contribution at zero and finite temperature is computed explicitly, and the leading terms in the high temperature expansion are obtained. The result is contrasted with the effective potential obtained in several covariant gauge-fixing schemes, and the gauge-invariant quantities that can be reliably extracted from these are identified. It is pointed out that the gauge-invariant effective potential in the one-loop approximation is complex for {ital all} {ital values} of the order parameter between the maximum and the minimum of the tree level potential, both at zero and nonzero temperatures. The imaginary part is related to long-wavelength instabilities towards phase separation. We study the real-time dynamics of initial states in the spinodal region, and relate the imaginary part of the effective potential to the growth rate of equal-time gauge-invariant correlation functions in these states. We conjecture that the spinodal instabilities may play a role in nonequilibrium processes {ital inside} the nucleating bubbles if the transition is first order. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
PTEN Expression in Endometrial Biopsies as a Marker of Progression to Endometrial Carcinoma

Inactivation of PTEN tumor suppressor gene is common in endometrial carcinoma and its precursor, atypical endometrial hyperplasia (EH). We compared PTEN expression via immunohistochemistry in endometrial biopsies diagnosed as EH in 138 cases, who were diagnosed with EH and then endometrial carcinoma at least 1 year later (median, 6 years), and 241 individually matched controls, who were diagnosed with EH but did not progress to carcinoma during equivalent follow-up. We assessed PTEN status (normal versus null) in index biopsies containing EH to estimate the relative risk (RR) of developing endometrial carcinoma up to 25 years later. Analysis of 115 cases and 193 controls with satisfactory assays revealed PTEN-null glands in index biopsies of 44% of cases and 49% of controls [ P = 0.85; RR, 1.51; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.73–3.13]. For predicting progression to carcinoma, PTEN-null status had low sensitivity (44%; 95% CI, 45–54%) and specificity (51%; 95% CI, 44–58%). Among 105 cases with PTEN results for both index biopsy and carcinoma, 16% had a PTEN-null index biopsy, 23% had PTEN-null carcinoma, and 26% had both a PTEN-null index biopsy and carcinoma. Loss of PTEN expression in endometrial biopsies was neither associated with nor a sensitive and specific marker of subsequent progression to endometrial carcinoma. [Cancer Res 2008;68(14):6014–20]
The “Nature” of American Immigration Restrictionism

How do commitments to nature factor into the American immigration restrictionist movement? This question initially appears odd; in contemporary American politics, environmentalism is generally assumed to be a value of the political left, and restrictionism of the right. Through an in-depth analysis of the American “environmental restrictionist” logic, this article suggests that the reality is more complicated. First, the historical trajectory of the relationship between nature and restrictionism is outlined, demonstrating that commitments to particular conceptions of nature have long intersected with American restrictionism. Second, textual analysis, semi-structured interviews, and content analysis are employed in analyzing how contemporary activists making the environmental argument against immigration conceptualize nature and relate it to foundational ideals of political community, political economy, and governance. Three discourses of environmental restrictionism are identified, and the role that natur...
Radiation management of bilateral retinoblastoma: Theneed to preservation

Abstract Thirty-four patients with retinoblastoma were treated in the Radiation Therapy Department of the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center from 1944 to 1978. Twenty-five of these patients had bilateral disease. Most patients were treated with megavoltage equipment and received doses of 5000 rad in 5 weeks. According to the lifetable method, five year survival was 67.6 % ; it increased to 85.7 % if patients who were treated with orthovoltage equipment were excluded. Seventy-one percent of evaluable patients had useful vision at 5 years; an additional two patients had useful vision for two years after radiation therapy. The value of even limited vision during this critical time of sensorimotor and psychological development is discussed. Orthovoltage equipment should not be used to irradiate patients with retinoblastoma.
Optically pumped InAs/InGaSb type-II quantum-well lasers

High-power mid-infrared (MIR) lasers are highly desirable for a variety of applications such as remote chemical sensing, infrared countermeasures, environmental monitoring, etc. We will report the recent progress in the development of optically pumped Mid-IR lasers based on InAs/InGaSb/InAs/AlSb type-II quantum wells (QWs) for high power applications. The potential of achieving Watts of quasi-cw output power by improving the material quality and device design will be discussed. The performance of our previous devices was mainly limited by the rising of internal loss versus temperature, even though the internal quantum efficiency was greater than 70% at temperatures up to 150 K. The internal loss rose from 10 cm-1 at 80 K to 19.2 cm-1 at 140 K, which was mainly due to inter-valence subband absorption. With such a high internal loss, power scaling by increasing device length is limited. At high temperatures, while lasing was possible under intensive and short pulses, the lasing efficiency and average output power were not sufficient for many high-power applications. For this device, the maximum peak output power was 0.98 W per facet with a pulse length of 0.05 ms. The net external quantum efficiency before thermal roll off was as high as 23.5% with an estimated pump power absorption of 87% in the 0.82-micrometer active region.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for July–September, 1984

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 197 earthquakes that occurred during the third quarter of 1984. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical Earth structure.
Kinetically inhibited order in a diamond-lattice antiferromagnet

Frustrated magnetic systems exhibit highly degenerate ground states and strong fluctuations, often leading to new physics. An intriguing example of current interest is the antiferromagnet on a diamond lattice, realized physically in A-site spinel materials. This is a prototypical system in three dimensions where frustration arises from competing interactions rather than purely geometric constraints, and theory suggests the possibility of unusual magnetic order at low temperature. Here, we present a comprehensive single-crystal neutron scattering study of CoAl2O4, a highly frustrated A-site spinel. We observe strong diffuse scattering that peaks at wavevectors associated with Neel ordering. Below the temperature T∗ = 6.5 K, there is a dramatic change in the elastic scattering lineshape accompanied by the emergence of well-defined spin-wave excitations. T∗ had previously been associated with the onset of glassy behavior. Our new results suggest instead that T∗ signifies a first-order phase transition, but with true long-range order inhibited by the kinetic freezing of domain walls. This scenario might be expected to occur widely in frustrated systems containing first-order phase transitions and is a natural explanation for existing reports of anomalous glassy behavior in other materials.
Enhancing Effect of Carbohydrate Pyrolysates on Mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium

Carbohydrate pyrolysates obtained at 700°C intensively enhanced mutagenicities of several mutagenic agents on Salmonella typhimurium. The pyrolysates obtained by heating from 1 to 15 min had an enhancing effect on the mutagenicity of a similar level. Of the 8 kinds of carbohydrates tested, sucrose pyrolysate showed the highest enhancing effect. The enhancement of mutagenicity by sucrose pyrolysate was much more effective on aromatic amines such as 2-aminofiuorene and 2-aminoanthracene than on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The enhancing effect of sucrose pyrolysate was exhibited in the presence of a metabolic activation system.
Novel use of a modified Amplatzer Vascular Plug to occlude a patent ductus arteriosus in two patients.

We describe two cases in which a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was successfully occluded percutaneously, using the novel approach of prefilling an Amplatzer Vascular Plug® with embolization coils to decrease the risk of residual shunting through the device. One patient was a small premature neonate, and the other was a child with an aneurismal, tubular PDA with no aortic ampulla. These are situations in which more popular PDA devices such as the Amplatzer Duct Occluder® may be contraindicated. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
LIGA Microsystems: Surface Interactions, Tribology, and Coatings

Abstract Deep X-ray lithography based techniques such as LIGA (German acronym representing Lithographie, Galvanoformung, and Abformung) are being currently used to fabricate net-shape components for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Unlike other microfabrication techniques, LIGA lends itself to a broad range of materials, including metals, alloys, polymers, as well as ceramics and composites. Currently, Ni and Ni alloys are the materials of choice for LIGA microsystems. While Ni alloys may meet the structural requirements for MEMS, their tribological (friction and wear) behavior poses great challenges for the reliable operation of LIGA-fabricated MEMS. Typical sidewall morphologies of LIGA-fabricated parts are described, and their role in the tribological behavior of MEMS is discussed. The adaptation of commercial plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition to coat the sidewalls of LIGA-fabricated parts with diamond-like nanocompositeis described.
Job Choice and Career Relevance for Today's College Students

Previous research on college student employment has focused on differences among students based on year of college attendance but included relatively few participants over the age of 25. The current study investigated the relationship between job choice, job/career relevance, and job satisfaction for students under age 20 (n = 143), students ages 20–24 (n = 253), and students over age 25 (n = 141). Results revealed significant differences among age groups in reasons for job choice and reaffirmed the positive correlation that past research had found between job satisfaction and career relevance. Findings emphasized the importance of choosing employment for career-oriented reasons rather than for reasons of convenience.
The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief in Africa: An Evaluation of Outcomes

Background Since 2003, the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has been the most ambitious initiative to address the global HIV epidemic. However, PEPFAR’s effect on HIV-related outcomes is unknown.
The effect of g-jitter on heat transfer

In a gravity-free environment, and in the absence of radiation, heat transfer in a fluid medium is effected by pure diffusion. However, with a small but fluctuating gravitational field, characteristic of g -jitter, this situation may change. Such a field produces a fluctuating body force if density gradients are present. This results in a fluid flow with both fluctuating and time-independent components. The present investigation is centred upon the heat transfer from a sphere, maintained at a constant temperature, in the presence of g -jitter.
On the early stages of infection of Escherichia coli B by bacteriophage T1

Abstract 1. 1. In addition to the conditions for reversible attachment previously described, T1 phage also attaches only reversibly ( a ) to purified membranes of E. coli B cells, ( b ) to cells which have been heated at 50 °C. for 40 min., and ( c ) to cells in the presence of 0.01 M sodium azide. 2. 2. No time lag could be demonstrated between irreversible attachment and the reaction which results in the separation of T1 DNA and protein moieties. 3. 3. While the protein coat of T1 can be eluted from the bacterium after reversible attachment by adjusting the pH to 4.6–5.0, or by increasing the Na + concentration to 0.1 M , no such elution occurs from B after irreversible binding has occurred. 4. 4. The eclipse period for T1 at 37 °C. in nutrient broth was found to be 7.5 ± 0.5 min. 5. 5. Very little, if any, sulfur is transferred from parental T1 to its progeny. 6. 6. A hypothetical outline is proposed for the events which occur upon irreversible attachment of T1 virus to the host cell.
Father's drinking and infant birth weight: report of an association

Parents' drinking in the month prior to conception was ascertained for 377 infants born to members of a health maintenance organization. If the father had an average of two or more drinks daily, or had at least five drinks on one occasion, a decrease of 137 gm in infant birth weight was predicted, by means of regression analysis. This result was independent of maternal drinking, although infants whose mothers were regular drinkers weighed less at birth. The lower mean birth weights of infants of regular-drinking fathers was not due to parents' smoking, maternal use of caffeine, marijuana, or other drugs, or 21 other measured variables. This is the first report of an association in humans between father's drinking prior to conception and decreased infant birth weight. However, interpretation of this finding is difficult because the biological mechanisms that might underlie it are obscure.
Sub-micron thermal transport modeling by phonon Boltzmann Transport with anisotropic relaxation times

In recent years, a variety of models based on phonon Boltzmann transport (BTE) has been developed to model sub-micron heat conduction. A recent BTE model, called the full-scattering model, was developed incorporating direct calculation of three-phonon scattering terms. Though this model accurately represents resistive processes, it is computationally very expensive. In this paper, a new BTE model called the anisotropic relaxation time model is developed which significantly reduces the computational time involved, while retaining reasonable accuracy. The new model invokes the single-mode relaxation time approximation, and computes the anisotropic three-phonon relaxation times from a detailed consideration of energy and momentum conservation rules. However, unlike the full-scattering model, the relaxation-time approximation allows a one-time computation of relaxation times as a pre-processing step, significantly reducing the computational load. The model is validated against available experiments and used to compute thermal transport in a bulk metal-oxide semiconductor devices. Its predictions are compared with those of the full scattering BTE model.
Modified diffusion method for analysis of acid volatile sulfides and simultaneously extracted metals in freshwater sediment

A modified procedure was developed for determining acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in freshwater sediments. A simple diffusion system employing relatively inexpensive glassware was compared to the more commonly utilized purge-and-trap system for generating AVS and SEM. Results obtained using the two different methods were generally comparable.
Biomimetic Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Hydrogels as Scaffolds for Inducing Endothelial Adhesion and Capillary-like Network Formation

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an attractive model for designing synthetic scaffolds with a desirable environment for tissue engineering. Here, we report on the synthesis of ECM-mimetic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels for inducing endothelial cell (EC) adhesion and capillary-like network formation. A collagen type I-derived peptide, GPQGIAGQ (GIA)-containing PEGDA (GIA-PEGDA) was synthesized with the collagenase-sensitive GIA sequence attached in the middle of the PEGDA chain, which was then copolymerized with RGD capped-PEG monoacrylate (RGD-PEGMA) to form biomimetic hydrogels. The hydrogels degraded in vitro with the rate dependent on the concentration of collagenase, and also supported the adhesion of human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs). Biomimetic RGD/GIA-PEGDA hydrogels with incorporation of 1% RGD-PEGDA into GIA-PEGDA hydrogels induced capillary-like organization when HUVECs were seeded on the hydrogel surface, while RGD/PEGDA and GIA-PEGDA hydrogels did not. These results indicate that both cell adhesion and biodegradability of scaffolds play important roles in the formation of capillary-like networks.
Oral reading in dementia

Reading has been thought to consist of three main processing components: the orthographic, phonological, and semantic lexicons. In traditional psycholinguistic models, these components have been treated independently such that the selective dysfunction of one does not necessarily imply the breakdown of another. Recently, it has been proposed that a word's semantic representation is essential to oral reading such that a disturbance within the semantic lexicon will disrupt processing within the orthographic and/or phonological lexicons. From this view, semantic deterioration should lead to fragmentation of the other systems contributing to reading, resulting in a specific pattern of errors during oral reading. This would include (1) a larger than normal advantage for reading words with regular spelling-to-sound correspondence over words with exception spelling, as well as the production of "regularization errors" when reading exception words; and (2) a smaller than normal difference between reading real words and pronounceable nonwords, or pseudowords (PW's). We found that patients with Semantic Dementia generally conformed to these hypothesized patterns of reading difficulty. Despite the presence of a semantic impairment, however, patients with Alzheimer's Disease, Frontotemporal Dementia, and Progressive Non-Fluent Aphasia did not demonstrate these patterns of reading difficulty. Our findings suggest that not all semantic impairments invariably lead to the disruption of the orthographic and phonological lexicons.
THE EFFECT OF SEX HORMONES ON THE RENAL EXCRETION OF ELECTROLYTES.

In normal male dogs subcutaneous injections of progesterone, estrone, α-estradiol or testosterone propionate were followed by a decreased renal excretion of sodium and chloride. The compounds differed markedly in their potency and in the duration of the effect following a single subcutaneous injection. The injection of estrone, α-estradiol or testosterone propionate was followed by a decreased renal excretion of inorganic phosphorus and total nitrogen. On the day of injection a slight increase in the renal excretion of potassium frequently followed administration of progesterone, estrone, α-estradiol or testosterone propionate. Experiments on suprarenalectomized dogs indicated that the effect of the sex hormones on the renal excretion of electrolytes was not necessarily mediated through the suprarenal gland. With the possible exception of progesterone none of the compounds studied was effective in prolonging the life of suprarenalectomized male dogs.
INFLUENCE OF GESTATIONAL AGE(GA) AND BIRTH WEIGHT (BW) ON THE WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT (WBC) IN THE NEONATE

INFLUENCE OF GESTATIONAL AGE(GA) AND BIRTH WEIGHT (BW) ON THE WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT (WBC) IN THE NEONATE
Effectiveness factors for solid-catalyzed gas-solid reactions

Abstract Effectiveness factors are given for gas-solid reactions catalyzed by a solid catalyst. Since the gasification of the solid reactant takes place at the catalyst-solid reactant interface, the gaseous reactant has to diffuse to the interface. As conversion proceeds, the thickness of the catalyst layer increases causing the effectiveness factor to decrease. Effectiveness factors obtained for the surface reaction show heavier dependence on the order of reaction and the Thiele modulus when compared with the effectiveness factors for the solid-catalyzed gas reactions. For the general case of gaseous reactant consumed by both surface and volume reaction, two Thiele moduli are required and the effectiveness factor decreases exponentially with increasing conversion. The effectiveness factor calculated from literature data on catalytic hydrogasification of coal is given to illustrate this dependence on conversion.
Thrombotic stroke associated with elevated plasma factor VIII

A previously healthy 43-year-old woman developed bilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion, thrombocytopenia, and multiple thrombi of arteries in the spleen. No underlying cause of her thrombotic disease was detected except for a factor VIII level that was elevated fivefold. An etiological relationship between the cerebral occlusive disease and elevated factor VIII level is suggested. We recommend that factor VIII levels be assayed in patients with stroke when an underlying disorder is not identified.
Finite element simulations of cold deformation at the mesoscale

Abstract The deformation of polycrystalline aggregates is modeled using the finite element method. Explicit discretization at the single crystal level is employed to study the inhomogeneous deformations of individual crystals. Plastic deformation by crystallographic slip is treated using a constitutive model based on crystal plasticity. The formulation is used to predict the non-uniform nature of strain hardening and texture evolution in the crystals subjected to plane strain compression. The capability of the simulations to capture the inhomogeneous deformation of individual grains during plastic deformation of polycrystals is demonstrated. The hardness and orientation values of elements from the same grain evolve to different final values due to local inhomogeneities and interactions with neighbors. The simulations provide a means to obtain quantitative information on the inhomogeneous distributions of stored energy and orientations among the different crystals comprising the microstructure.
Object-based disparity adjusting tool for stereo panoramas

We want to create realistic immersive personal virtual environments using stereo panoramas. We explore methods to adjust the disparity of stereoscopic images to lie within an acceptable range for human viewers and provide a comfortable stereo viewing experience. Peleg et al described a disparity adjusting method which modifies the disparity of selected objects but also the columns including the object. In this paper, we develop a human interactive object-based tool to adjust selectively the horizontal disparity in stereo panoramas. It enhances or reduces the stereo visual effect for selected 2D object regions without changing the disparities of other regions in the image. Our interactive object-selecting tool is based on the mean-shift segmentation method. The object presented in either a left or right image is selected by user's inputting seed points near the desired object boundary, and object contours both in left and right image are automatically found by our object-selecting algorithm. The complete interactive disparity-adjusting tool allows the user to select the object either from manual input using a cursor, or by defining an area with a certain distance range, with the ability to observe the results immediately on an autostereoscopic display or other stereo display.
Temperature and pressure of mylonitization in a Tertiary extensional shear zone, Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range, Nevada: Tectonic implications

In the northern Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, a kinematically coupled mylonitic shear zone and brittle-plastic detachment fault compose a low-angle extensional fault system that is mid-Tertiary in age. Geothermobarometry of pelitic schists from the mylonitic shear zone yields a temperature and pressure estimate of 820-900 K (580-620 °C) and 310-370 MPa (3.1-3.7 kbar) for mylonite petrogenesis. The shear-zone-detachment-fault system excised 11-12 km of crustal section and accommodated at least 15-17 km of normal-sense dip slip.