cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does diabetes mellitus modify the association between 17q12 risk variant and prostate cancer aggressiveness

OBJECTIVE To examine further the relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM), genotype and prostate cancer aggressiveness. Specifically, we sought to evaluate for effect modification between DM, a newly discovered prostate cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 17q12 (single nucleotide polymorphism rs4430796) and prostate cancer features. PATIENTS AND METHODS In 593 genotyped men treated with radical prostatectomy (RP), we examined RP features stratified by DM and rs4430796 carrier status. RESULTS Despite a significantly higher body mass index among patients with DM, individual pathological features were similar between men with and without DM. Using a dominant model, 17q12 carriers were less likely to have DM and more likely to have a RP Gleason score of ≥7. However, the presence or absence of DM did not modify the relationship between 17q12 susceptibility alleles and pathological features. CONCLUSION Among 17q12 risk allele carriers, there was no significant relationship between DM and adverse tumour features. However, there were relatively few men with DM (7%) in our RP cohort, particularly compared with its 21% prevalence in the USA population aged >60 years. It is unclear whether this reflects selection bias, genetic protection from prostate cancer among patients with DM, or both. Despite these limitations, the present data suggest that DM alone does not appear to modify any association between 17q12 risk alleles with prostate cancer features.
Application of decomposition to convection-diffusion equations

Abstract The decomposition method is applied to parabolic equations modeling convection-diffusion equations.
Intracellular glycerol in Dunaliella is depleted by intracellular metabolism in response to hypoosmotic stress by dilution

When Dunaliella tertiolecta cells are subjected to a dilution stress (hypoosmotic shock) the intracellular glycerol is metabolised biochemically, but it does not leak into the medium. However, Dunaliella cells have a certain ‘threshold’ to withstanding a hypoosmotic shock beyond which cell damage occurs and then glycerol is leaked into the medium. Both in the light or the dark, the glycerol metabolism was inhibited by micromolar concentration of carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP) suggesting that the required ATP for the glycerol dissimilation is dependent upon an energized membrane, and most of which can be supplied through the oxidative phosphorylation.
Evaluation of non-invasive screening measures to identify individuals with prediabetes

Aims Because blood-based screening to identify those with prediabetes to take part in Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) translation efforts can be costly and time-consuming, non-invasive methods are needed. The aims of this paper are to evaluate the ability of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) risk test in identifying individuals with prediabetes, as well as the use of body composition measures for this purpose. In addition the utility of these alternate methods to ascertain the presence of the metabolic syndrome was assessed.
Induction of maternal nest building in virgin female mice by the presentation of young

Abstract Ovariectomized and intact adult virgin female mice presented with two 1-day-old mouse pups built larger nests and more nests rated “maternal” than did intact animals not proffered young. Virgin females presented with live 1-day olds behind a wire partition in their homecages also constructed larger nests and more nests rated “maternal” as compared to animals presented with freshly killed 1-day olds, 19-day olds, or with no pups behind the partition.
Alternative feeding mechanisms in megalopae of the blue crab Callinectessapidus

The apparent mismatch between the energy requirements for planktotrophic growth and prey availability has long been paradoxical. One hypothesis to explain this paradox is that planktotrophic larvae display plasticity in feeding mechanisms in response to variable prey types and concentrations. This hypothesis was tested by videotaping megalopae of the brachyuran crab Callinectessapidus Rathbun feeding on various-sized prey. Frame-by-frame analysis of the videotapes indicated that C. sapidus megalopae used both raptorial and suspension feeding to capture prey while in the water column. Raptorial feeding was used to capture macro-zooplankton, including copepods. The swimming form of suspension feeding was based on a modified fling-and-clap mechanism using the chelipeds. Suspension feeding while at rest utilized a weak current generated by the mouthparts to direct prey to the mouth. Both suspension-feeding mechanisms resulted in the efficient capture of rotifer-sized particles. The energy/handling time ratios for all three feeding mechanisms are very similar (E/H range 0.016–0.019 µg C s–1) for the natural prey tested. These results support the hypothesis that feeding in brachyuran larvae is plastic and includes mechanisms of both raptorial and suspension feeding. The ability to suspension feed at rest is adaptive, since megalopae use selective tidal transport to re-invade an estuary and may spend up to 18 h day–1 clinging to a benthic substrate. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0781-1.
Taking Advantage of an Untapped Pool: Assessing the Success of African American Head Coaches in the National Football League

Noting that only five African American coaches had been hired to lead National Football League (NFL) teams from 1989–2002, Madden (J of Sports Econ, 5(1):6–19 2004) found that teams coached by African Americans in the NFL outperformed their counterparts in the regular season but were significantly below average in the playoffs. This analysis, with data that includes nine African American coaches and extends through 2007, reconfirms Madden’s finding that African American head coaches outperform their rivals in the regular season, but also finds that African American coaches no longer suffer from poor playoff performance. Using fixed effects pooled cross section time series models, this analysis confirms that teams with African American head coaches can expect more wins in the regular season than their peers, other things equal. However, there is some evidence that as the pool of African American coaching talent diminishes from additional hires their extraordinary performance may be slightly regressing. The playoff analysis shows that that when controlling for seeding, organizational strength and regular season wins, African American coaches perform at the same level as their counterparts.
Boundary element methods for convective heat transfer

Abstract A boundary element method is developed for the linearized convective heat transfer problem using a newly derived integral formulation based on a convective fundamental solution. Details of the numerical implementation are provided for this linearized problem, which can be solved with only surface discretization. Significant attention is given to the algorithm so that the method could be applied to problems involving heat transfer at high Peclet numbers. Several numerical examples of steady state flows in two-dimensions are included to demonstrate the accuracy of the present methodology, and to highlight its practical utility and limitations.
Oxidation of Primary Alcohol Groups of Naturally Occurring Polysaccharides with 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-Piperidine Oxoammonium Ion

ABSTRACT The primary alcohol groups of ten polysaccharides, with widely different structures and water solubilities, were oxidized to carboxyl groups using 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine oxoammonium ion (TEMPO) at pH 10.8 and 0°C. The yield and selectivity for the primary alcohol group were high for all ten of the polysaccharides. The oxidation greatly increased the water-solubility of the polysaccharides. Water-insoluble polysaccharides such as amylose, cellulose, and chitin became water-soluble to the extent of approximately 10% (w/v). The water-soluble polysaccharides had their degree of solubility doubled or tripled. The specific optical rotation, viscosity, and gelling properties with calcium ion were determined. The oxidized polysaccharides are new anionic polymers with unique structures that could have application as gums, gels, and films.
Probing Cholesterol Dependent Lipid Properties Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations of BODIPY-PC in Explicit DMPC and DPPC Membranes

Dunn and co-workers have used polarized total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to measure the tilt angle of a single molecule (BODIPY-PC) relative to the membrane normal to characterize the membrane properties. Recently, they found that increasing quantities of cholesterol in monolayer and bilayer membrane systems leads to a much smaller tilt angle of the BODIPY-PC molecule. To better understand the influence of cholesterol on membrane properties and its relation to BODIPY-PC tilting, we have performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of BODIPY-PC in explicit dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dimyristoylphosphocholine (DMPC) monolayer and bilayer membrane systems with systematically increasing concentrations of cholesterol (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 33, 50%). After 4 ns of equilibration, each system has been simulated for another 16 ns. Preliminary results indicate that the BODIPY-PC tilt angle decreases as a function of increasing cholesterol concentration until 10% cholesterol after which there appears to be cholesterol saturation and the rigidifying affect ceases. Other points of interest include confirming the applicability of monolayer data for bilayer systems and explaining any quantifiable differences between the DPPC and DMPC membrane systems. We will present the orientation (azimuthal and rotational angle distribution) of BODIPY-PC, the BODIPY-PC tilting energetics, various membrane properties, and the spatial distribution of the cholesterol as a function of cholesterol concentration.
A strategy to passively reduce neuroinflammation surrounding devices implanted chronically in brain tissue by manipulating device surface permeability

Available evidence indicates that pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by immune cells are likely responsible for the negative sequela associated with the foreign body response (FBR) to chronic indwelling implants in brain tissue. In this study a computational modeling approach was used to design a diffusion sink placed at the device surface that would retain pro-inflammatory cytokines for sufficient time to passively antagonize their impact on the FBR. Using quantitative immunohistochemistry, we examined the FBR to such engineered devices after a 16-week implantation period in the cortex of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results indicate that thick permeable surface coatings, which served as diffusion sinks, significantly reduced the FBR compared to implants either with no coating or with a thinner coating. The results suggest that increasing surface permeability of solid implanted devices to create a diffusion sink can be used to reduce the FBR and improve biocompatibility of chronic indwelling devices in brain tissue.
Fractional Reuse Partitioning Schemes for Overlay Cellular Architectures

In this paper, the authors propose three partitioning schemes for adaptive clustering with fractional frequency reuse namely maximal fractional frequency reuse partitioning MFRP, optimal fractional reuse partitioning OFRP, and GoS-oriented frequency reuse partitioning. The authors propose that an overlaid cellular clustering scheme, which uses adaptive fractional frequency reuse factors, would provide a better capacity by exploiting the high level of signal to interference ratio SIR. The proposed methods are studied via simulations and the results show that the adaptive clustering with different partitioning methods provide better capacity and grade of service GoS comparing to the conventional cellular architectures.
Studies of the nuclear residual proteins.

Abstract The nuclear residual proteins of rat liver have been prepared by solubilization with sodium deoxycholate and Sephadex gel filtration. These proteins were examined by analytical ultracentrifugation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, starch gel electrophoresis, amino acid composition, and alkali-labile phosphorus analysis. The results show that these proteins are heterogeneous, having a high glutamic acid content, and contain phosphoprotein. Partial fractionation was achieved by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and starch gel electrophoresis. Some of these proteins appeared as spheroidal particles with diameters of 100–400 A. In the presence of sodium deoxycholate, the particles dissociated into smaller units that reassociated upon removal of the detergent.
Amplification of genomic sequences flanking transposable elements in host and heterologous plants: a tool for transposon tagging and genome characterization

The isolation of sequences flanking integrated transposable elements is an important step in gene tagging strategies. We have demonstrated that sequences flanking transposons integrated into complex genomes can be simply and rapidly obtained using the polymerase chain reaction. Amplification of such sequences was established in a model system, a transgenic tobacco plant carrying a single Ac element, and successfully applied to the cloning of a specific Spm element from a maize line carrying multiple Spm hybridizing sequences. The described utilization of methylation sensitive restriction enzymes (including those with degenerate recognition sequences) in the generation of templates for amplification will simplify the cloning and mapping of genomic sequences adjacent to transposable elements.
Efficient circuits for multiplying in GF(2 m ) for certain values of m

Abstract Efficient circuits are described for multiplying in GF(2m) for m taking on values from the set {2, 4, 10, 12, 18, 28, 36, 52, 58, 60, 66, 82, 100, …}, i.e., the setof integers for which (m + 1) is a prime and for which 2 is primative element of GF(m+1). Generalizations to other fields also are discussed.
Types of reaction to stress complementariness of differing theoretical approaches

Abstract Karen Horney (I) suggests three basic modes of reacting to people, viz.: Turning towards people. Turning against people. Turning away from people. Horney also states that under conditions of stress an individual will tend to react predominantly in one of these three directions (I). She outlines a rationale that places sole emphasis on environmental influences.
Quantum mechanical algebraic variational methods for inelastic and reactive molecular collisions

The quantum mechanical problem of reactive or nonreactive scattering of atoms and molecules is formulated in terms of square-integrable basis sets with variational expressions for the reactance matrix. Several formulations involving expansions of the wave function (the Schwinger variational principle) or amplitude density (a generalization of the Newton variational principle), single-channel or multichannel distortion potentials, and primitive or contracted basis functions are presented and tested. The test results, for inelastic and reactive atom-diatom collisions, suggest that the methods may be useful for a variety of collision calculations and may allow the accurate quantal treatment of systems for which other available methods would be prohibitively expensive.
Clinicopathologic features and utility of immunohistochemical markers in signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma of the bladder

Summary Signet-ring adenocarcinoma is an aggressive form of primary bladder adenocarcinoma that has been associated with poor outcomes. The utility of immunohistochemical markers in tumors with signet-ring morphology may vary from more typical adenocarcinomas arising at the same location, although this has not been examined in bladder adenocarcinoma. We examined a series of bladder adenocarcinomas to determine the impact of signet-ring cell features on clinical outcomes and immunohistochemical findings. We identified 25 patients with bladder adenocarcinoma, ranging in age from 28 to 78 years (mean, 57 years) and with a male-female ratio of 18:7. Six cases were urachal in origin. Signet-ring cells occurred in 19 of 25 bladder adenocarcinomas (76%) and ranged from 5% to 100% of tumor volume, with most tumors demonstrating more than 60% signet-ring cell differentiation (15/19), when present. Regional lymph node metastases were present in 8 of 19 patients (42%) who underwent cystectomy. The percentage of tumor containing signet-ring cells was significantly associated with the presence of adverse pathologic features (defined as unresectable primary tumor or regional lymph node metastasis, P = .013) and decreased overall survival ( P = .034), and the latter remained significant in multivariable analysis after adjusting for positive soft tissue margins ( P = .026). A comparison between immunohistochemical markers frequently used to analyze bladder adenocarcinoma demonstrated decreased expression of several markers in signet-ring (n = 9) versus colonic-type (n = 8) morphology, including CDX-2, β -catenin, and E-cadherin, although these results did not reach statistical significance. In summary, the extent of signet-ring differentiation in bladder adenocarcinoma is associated with worsened survival and higher stage disease; the utility of immunohistochemical analysis in foci consisting of predominant signet-ring cells may be limited, although further studies that address this finding are needed.
Breast Care During Pregnancy

In 1972, breast care during pregnancy by nurses primarily concentrated on preparation of the nipples for breastfeeding. There is now a vast amount of research evidence that demonstrates the positive impact breastfeeding has on maternal and infant health. In this article, we compare the principles of 1972 with contemporary research-based information. Nurses continue to have an important role on the outcomes of breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusivity.
Independent Components Analysis through Product Density Estimation

We present a simple direct approach for solving the ICA problem, using density estimation and maximum likelihood. Given a candidate orthogonal frame, we model each of the coordinates using a semi-parametric density estimate based on cubic splines. Since our estimates have two continuous derivatives, we can easily run a second order search for the frame parameters. Our method performs very favorably when compared to state-of-the-art techniques.
Size-structured cannibalism between top predators promotes the survival of intermediate predators in an intraguild predation system

AbstractIndividuals in most natural populations of predators vary in size, and size differences among individuals often result in cannibalism. Cannibalism is an extremely common phenomenon in the animal kingdom, particularly among generalist predators that engage in intraguild predation (IGP). However, few studies have specifically addressed the effects of cannibalism on IGP. The aim of my study was to investigate how trophic and behavioral interactions between 2 size classes of an intraguild (IG) predator influenced the survival and behavior of IG prey and a shared prey resource. I tested for these effects with larval odonates by exposing a shared prey resource (Ischnura verticalis) to the presence or absence of IG prey (Pachydiplax longipennis) and 2 size classes of IG predators (small or large Anax junius) in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Mortality rates of the shared resource in all single-predator treatments were significantly greater than in nonpredator controls, and risk reduction was observed when...
Trade liberalization and per capita income convergence: a difference-in-differences analysis

Abstract In this article I analyze whether trade liberalization contributes to per capita income convergence across countries. The analysis focuses on four post-1945 multilateral trade liberalizations. To identify trade’s effect on income dispersion, in each case I use a ‘difference in differences’ approach which compares the convergence pattern among the liberalizing countries before and after liberalization with the convergence pattern among control countries, chosen using a variety of methods, before and after liberalization. My main empirical result is I find no strong, systematic link between trade liberalization and convergence. In fact, much evidence suggests trade liberalization diverges incomes among liberalizers.
The Actin Cytoskeleton Is Required for Selective Types of Autophagy, but Not Nonspecific Autophagy, in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Autophagy is a catabolic multitask transport route that takes place in all eukaryotic cells. During starvation, cytoplasmic components are randomly sequestered into huge double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes and delivered into the lysosome/vacuole where they are destroyed. Cells are able to modulate autophagy in response to their needs, and under certain circumstances, cargoes such as aberrant protein aggregates, organelles and bacteria can be selectively and exclusively incorporated into autophagosomes. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for example, double-membrane vesicles are used to transport the Ape1 protease into the vacuole, or for the elimination of superfluous peroxisomes. In the present study we reveal that in this organism, actin plays a role in these two types of selective autophagy but not in the nonselective, bulk process. In particular, we show that precursor Ape1 is not correctly recruited to the PAS, the putative site of double-membrane vesicle biogenesis, and superfluous peroxisomes are not degraded in a conditional actin mutant. These phenomena correlate with a defect in Atg9 trafficking from the mitochondria to the PAS.
An ALGOL-based associative language

A high level programming language for large, complex associative structures has been designed and implemented. The underlying data structure has been implemented using a hash-coding technique. The discussion includes a comparison with other work and examples of applications of the language.
Synthesis and Sensing of Bisphosphonophosphate Alkyl Monoesters: A Novel Class of Compounds for the Study of Nucleoside 5′-Triphosphate Chemistry

Abstract A series of novel β,γ-methylene-, monofluoromethylene-, and difluoromethylene-bisphosphonophosphate alkyl monoesters was synthesized. The compounds were conveniently detected during preparative HPLC using post-column derivatization with a phosphate-specific chemosensor.
Liver Kinase B1 Is Required for White Adipose Tissue Growth and Differentiation

White adipose tissue (WAT) is not only a lipogenic and fat storage tissue but also an important endocrine organ that regulates energy homeostasis, lipid metabolism, appetite, fertility, and immune and stress responses. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), a tumor suppressor, is a key regulator in energy metabolism. However, the role of LKB1 in adipogenesis is unknown. The current study aimed to determine the contributions of LKB1 to adipogenesis in vivo. Using the Fabp4-Cre/loxP system, we generated adipose tissue–specific LKB1 knockout (LKB1ad−/−) mice. LKB1ad−/− mice exhibited a reduced amount of WAT, postnatal growth retardation, and early death before weaning. Further, LKB1 deletion markedly reduced the levels of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, and phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Consistent with these results, overexpression of constitutively active AMPK partially ablated IRS1 degradation in LKB1-deficient cells. LKB1 deletion increased the levels of F-box/WD repeat-containing protein (Fbw) 8, the IRS1 ubiquitination E3 ligase. Silencing of Fbw8 increased IRS1 levels. Finally, promoter analysis and DNA chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis identified three sterol regulatory element (SRE) sites in the Fbw8 promoter, where SRE-binding protein 1c binds and induces the expression of Fbw8. Taken together, these data indicate that LKB1 controls IRS1-dependent adipogenesis via AMPK in WAT.
Leveraging diversity through career development: social and cultural capital among African-American managers

Leveraging diversity involves organisations drawing upon the diversity of its members to not only benefit the organisation in terms of its profit margins but also for the individual's career experiences. The primary purpose of this article was to explore this concept further, a qualitative research study was conducted utilising a purposeful sample of 13 African-American managers who were employed in Fortune 500 companies. In-depth, structured interviews were held with these managers about their career development experiences. The findings revealed that cultural and social capital positively impacted the career development experiences of these participants. However, even with this capital, there were structures within the organisations, which negatively affected their career opportunities afforded to them.
Location and energy of interstitial hydrogen in the 1/1 approximant W-TiZrNi of the icosahedral TiZrNi quasicrystal: Rietveld refinement of x-ray and neutron diffraction data and density-functional calculations

We present a determination of hydrogen sites in the 1/1 approximant structure of the icosahedral TiZrNi quasicrystal. A Rietveld refinement of neutron and x-ray diffraction data determines the locations of interstitial hydrogen atoms. Density-functional methods calculate the energy of hydrogen on all possible interstitial sites. The Rietveld refinement shows that the hydrogen atoms are preferentially located in the two lowest-energy sites. The filling of the remaining hydrogen sites is dominated by the repulsive hydrogen-hydrogen interaction at short distances.
Back to basics: attachment, affect regulation, and the developing right brain: linking developmental neuroscience to pediatrics.

1. Allan N. Schore, PhD* 1. *Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif Editor’s Note: This article is a departure from our usual review in that it discusses new frontiers in the correlation of brain, mind, and emotions in developing children as well as areas of collaboration between pediatrics and sister disciplines. Dr Schore has adapted a substantial amount of technical information to the viewpoint of the pediatrician. At the same time, many readers will encounter perspectives and language that seem unfamiliar. We urge clinicians to invest the effort needed for a careful reading to appreciate exciting new ways to look at development and emotional coping mechanisms. Readers desiring an abbreviated version will find it in the print version. —LFN We are in the midst of an exciting period for clinical practitioners, one in which the connections between the basic and applied sciences are being more tightly forged. A powerful engine driving this progression of knowledge is the recent remarkable advance in biotechnology, especially imaging technologies. Noninvasive studies of organ systems have increased substantially our understanding of the biologic processes that underlie various diseases of the body. At the same time, neuroimaging research of both psychological functions and psychiatric conditions has generated more complex models of normal and abnormal operations of the human mind. Another catalyst of the continuing dramatic increase in information is the rapid expansion of collaborative interdisciplinary research. Of particular relevance to pediatrics, this same time period has seen an explosion in infant research that integrates neurobiological studies of brain development and psychological studies of emotional, social, and cognitive development. Developmental studies, which span a spectrum of scientific and medical disciplines, now are serving as a convergence point for complex models of structure and function, brain, mind, and body. A paradigm shift is occurring in the basic sciences that underlie pediatrics. Research in developmental biology and physiology now strongly supports …
Extracting Geospatial Entities from Wikipedia

This paper addresses the challenge of extracting geospatial data from the article text of the English Wikipedia. In the first phase of our work, we create a training corpus and select a set of word-based features to train a Support Vector Machine (SVM) for the task of geospatial named entity recognition. We target for testing a corpus of Wikipedia articles about battles and wars, as these have a high incidence of geospatial content. The SVM recognizes place names in the corpus with a very high recall, close to 100\%, with an acceptable precision. The set of geospatial NEs is then fed into a geocoding and resolution process, whose goal is to determine the correct coordinates for each place name. As many place names are ambiguous, and do not immediately geocode to a single location, we present a data structure and algorithm to resolve ambiguity based on sentence and article context, so the correct coordinates can be selected. We achieve an f-measure of 82\%, and create a set of geospatial entities for each article, combining the place names, spatial locations, and an assumed point geometry. These entities can enable geospatial search on and geovisualization of Wikipedia.
A diagnostically promising technique for tallying nominal reference errors in the narratives of school-aged children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).

Background: Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) include the range of disabilities that occur in children exposed to alcohol during pregnancy, with Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) on the severe end of the spectrum. Clinical research has documented a range of cognitive, social, and communication deficits in FASD and it indicates the need for diagnostic tools that can identify children with diminished communicative capacities resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure. Previous research indicates that analysis of nominal reference errors within narrative discourse may provide such a tool. Aims: To demonstrate the potential diagnostic utility of a new tool for tallying nominal reference errors in the oral narratives of school-aged children with FASD by presenting quantitative measurement data that address interrater agreement and predictive accuracy. Methods & Procedures: Retrospective analysis was conducted on spontaneously produced oral narratives from 32 school-aged children (8;5–11;7) with a range of socio-economic and ethnic profiles. Sixteen of the children had been previously diagnosis with an FASD, including five with full or partial FAS (pFAS). The remaining 16 children were considered typically developing (TD). A range of methods for calculating the rate of nominal reference errors (rNRE) were used to predict which narratives were produced by children from each group. Accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) for two predictions (FASD versus TD, and FAS/pFAS versus all others) was quantified using receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses. Pairwise statistical comparisons were made between methods to determine which had the most diagnostic potential. Outcomes & Results: The proposed system for calculating the rNRE was highly accurate at predicting which narratives were produced by children with FASD
Bioavailability of chlorothiazide from 50, 100, and 250 MG solution doses.

The bioavailability of chlorothiazide was examined following single oral solution doses to eight healthy male volunteers. Drug was administered in 250ml of water after overnight fast. Bioavailability was determined by measuring 72 h urinary recovery of unchanged drug. Mean urinary recovery from 50, 100, and 250 mg doses was, respectively, 28.3, 47.0, and 83.3 mg, representing 56.4, 47.0, and 33.3 per cent of the administered dose. The correlation coefficient between dose size and percentage recovery was −0.662. These results add support to previous suggestions that the absorption of chlorothiazide from the gastrointestinal tract is saturable, and that the bioavailability of chlorothiazide may be similar to that of hydrochlorothiazide when these compounds are administered in the same dosage range.
Visualization of finite element models of defibrillation

The ability to visualize finite element solutions of voltage, voltage gradient, and current density in the thorax is important for researching defibrillation efficacy. The authors describe a set of tools that allow these quantities to be visualized in an anatomical context, and provide timing benchmarks for various operations on two workstation platforms.
A triblock copolymer for polymer flood in porous media

Abstract High molecular weight polymers are used in petroleum reservoir polymer floods to enhance oil recovery. The objective of this work is to evaluate small polymeric surfactants for their viscosifying capacity in reservoir brines and oil displacement ability. The phase behavior and viscosity of a triblock copolymer (P123) are studied as a function of brine salinity and temperature. Its flow through a porous rock and oil displacement is evaluated and compared with that of a Newtonian fluid (glycerol) and a non-Newtonian fluid with a high molecular weight polymer (HPAM) of similar viscosity. P123 forms cylindrical micelles in brine to give high viscosity. The viscosity increases with salinity at a low salinity, but decreases at a higher salinity. In the secondary mode, both the polymers (P123 and HPAM) and glycerol solutions increase the oil recovery significantly over the water flood. The oil recovery is similar for the three viscous fluids. In the tertiary mode, none of the viscous fluids increased oil recovery over the waterflood at typical field rates. Pressure drop during P123 flood is significantly lower than the pressure drop during HPAM and glycerol floods of similar initial viscosity. Viscosity of the aqueous P123 solution decreases when it is equilibrated with oil. Some of the cylindrical micelles are converted to spherical micelles in the presence of solubilized oil. P123 is not as cost effective as HPAM because it is slightly more expensive and needs a higher concentration for a similar viscosity.
Role of Effluent Permit Trading in Total Maximum Daily Load Programs: Overview and Uncertainty and Reliability Implications

Many jurisdictions in the United States are currently preparing total maximum daily load (TMDL) programs for stream segments that come under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. Among the options being considered by many state pollution control agencies is that of permit trading, otherwise known as permit transfers, transferable permits, emissions trading, bubbles, pollution rights, marketable effluent permits, and transferable discharge permits. Under such programs, a permit to discharge into a watercourse, issued as part of a wasteload allocation program, is treated as a marketable commodity. This paper presents a qualitative discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of permit trading in the context of a TMDL program, and discusses the circumstances that favor it. The paper also presents hypothetical quantitative findings to illustrate the circumstances under which a regional administrator might wish to adopt a program of permit trading, and if so, what type of permits would suit it best.
The Out-of-Body Experience: Disturbed Self-Processing at the Temporo-Parietal Junction:

Folk psychology postulates a spatial unity of self and body, a "real me" that resides in one's body and is the subject of experience. The spatial unity of self and body has been challenged by various philosophical considerations but also by several phenomena, perhaps most notoriously the "out-of-body experience" (OBE) during which one's visuo-spatial perspective and one's self are experienced to have departed from their habitual position within one's body. Here the authors marshal evidence from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and neuroimaging that suggests that OBEs are related to a failure to integrate multisensory information from one's own body at the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ). It is argued that this multisensory disintegration at the TPJ leads to the disruption of several phenomenological and cognitive aspects of self-processing, causing illusory reduplication, illusory self-location, illusory perspective, and illusory agency that are experienced as an OBE.
Scaling issues in day-ahead formulations of stochastic unit commitment

Mitigation of uncertainty has always been a priority to power system operators. As systems around the world expand to include more intermittent resources, i.e. wind and solar power generators, complications from uncertainty could grow beyond existing practices to ensure reliability. Stochastic optimization techniques have been investigated for many years as a method of prepositioning systems of critical events; often these techniques are dismissed in part due to the challenges to obtain quality solutions within reasonable timeframes. Further, scaling issues persist, where using more scenarios within stochastic models can dramatically expand the computational time necessary to arrive at solutions, regardless of their quality. However, modeling decisions can be refined in a way that limits the potential for models to become too large to effectively solve. This paper analyzes the computational performance of different formulations of the day-ahead unit commitment problem on the RTS-96 test case when expanded to include elements of stochastic optimization. Effective modeling frameworks could be harnessed in real-world settings without compromising the tight time requirements necessary for incorporation within a power system operational paradigm is demonstrated. A review of existing practices is also presented to provide a comprehensive review of the challenges to be faced to implement stochastic programming.
Instruction scheduling for a tiled dataflow architecture

This paper explores hierarchical instruction scheduling for a tiled processor. Our results show that at the top level of the hierarchy, a simple profile-driven algorithm effectively minimizes operand latency. After this schedule has been partitioned into large sections, the bottom-level algorithm must more carefully analyze program structure when producing the final schedule.Our analysis reveals that at this bottom level, good scheduling depends upon carefully balancing instruction contention for processing elements and operand latency between producer and consumer instructions. We develop a parameterizable instruction scheduler that more effectively optimizes this trade-off. We use this scheduler to determine the contention-latency sweet spot that generates the best instruction schedule for each application. To avoid this application-specific tuning, we also determine the parameters that produce the best performance across all applications. The result is a contention-latency setting that generates instruction schedules for all applications in our workload that come within 17% of the best schedule for each.
The dual-function hamster receptor for amphotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV), 10A1 MuLV, and gibbon ape leukemia virus is a phosphate symporter.

Previously, we showed that the amphotropic receptor homolog in hamster cells functions as a receptor not only for amphotropic murine leukemia viruses and 10A1 murine leukemia virus but also for gibbon ape leukemia virus (C.A. Wilson, K. B. Farrell, and M. V. Eiden, J. Virol. 68:7697-7703, 1994). Here, we demonstrate that this receptor functions as a sodium-dependent Pi transporter and that Na-Pi uptake can be specifically blocked following infection with either amphotropic murine leukemia virus, 10A1 murine leukemia virus, or gibbon ape leukemia virus.
Examining Profit and Nonprofit Child Care: An Odyssey of Quality and Auspices

This article explores the relationship between profit and quality in early childhood care and education from historical, research, and policy perspectives. It analyzes why the profit/nonprofit debate is endemic to our current system and why it is so salient for current policy. Drawing primarily upon four studies that have compared quality in profit and nonprofit early care and education settings, and upon selected other studies, the analysis offers suggestions for future research and policy initiatives to improve the nation's child care system.
Persistence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains with decreased susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in Cleveland, Ohio, from 1992 through 1993.

Abstract Twenty-five isolates of beta-lactamase-negative strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae exhibiting decreased susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin (MIC, > or = 0.125 microgram/ml) were isolated from men with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in Cleveland, Ohio, from January 1992 through June 1993. The strains belonged to three auxotype-serovar classes: Pro-IB-1 (2 isolates), Pro-IB-2 (21 isolates), and Pro-IB-3 (2 isolates). MICs for strains were in the intermediate or resistant categories for penicillin, the intermediate or susceptible categories for tetracycline (with the exception of one strain that had acquired the 25.2-MDa TetM-containing plasmid) and cefoxitin, and the susceptible categories for ceftriaxone and cefixime (MICs, < or = 0.25 microgram/ml) and spectinomycin (MIC, < or = 256 micrograms/ml). MICs for strains were also in the susceptible category for ofloxacin (MIC, 0.25 microgram/ml) and in categories higher than susceptible for ciprofloxacin (MICs, 0.125 to 0.25 microgram/ml) and ofloxacin (MIC, 0.5 microgram/ml). The diameters of zones of inhibition for these strains ranged from 31 to 39 mm for ciprofloxacin to 28 to 35 mm for ofloxacin. The persistence of these strains over an 18-month period supports the need for routine sentinel surveillance and monitoring of gonococcal isolates, particularly posttreatment isolates, for resistance to quinolones when these agents are used for the primary therapy of uncomplicated gonorrhea.
Promoting Knowledge Transfer with Electronic Note Taking.

We investigated the differences between (a) copying and pasting text versus typed note-taking methods of constructing study notes simultaneously with (b) vertically scaffolded versus horizontally scaffold notes on knowledge transfer. Forty-seven undergraduate educational psychology students participated. Materials included 2 electronic chapter-length texts, 2 sets of computerized study notes, 2 tests (fact and application), and an attitudinal survey. Only the application test revealed a significant main effect for notes format. We conclude that keying in notes leads to higher retention of knowledge transfer than copying and pasting notes after a 1-week delay.
Rasagiline adjunct therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease: post hoc analyses of the PRESTO and LARGO trials.

Abstract Background Rasagiline was safe and effective when used as adjunct therapy with levodopa in patients with moderate-to-advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) in the phase III PRESTO and LARGO studies. Objective To assess clinical effects of rasagiline 1 mg/day on cardinal PD symptoms and motor fluctuations in defined patient subgroups using pooled data from PRESTO and LARGO. Methods Both double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled studies included PD patients with motor fluctuations despite optimized therapy with levodopa, with or without concomitant dopamine agonists (DA) or catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor (COMT-I) treatment. These post hoc analyses measured effects of rasagiline 1 mg vs placebo on individual cardinal PD symptoms during ON time and mean change from baseline in daily OFF time in subgroups of patients who at baseline were receiving only levodopa, were considered “mild fluctuators” (daily OFF time ≤ 4 h), and who were or were not receiving concomitant DA or COMT-I therapy. Results Compared with placebo, rasagiline significantly improved all cardinal PD symptoms and significantly reduced adjusted mean daily OFF time when used as first adjunct therapy in levodopa-treated patients and in patients with mild motor fluctuations. Significant improvement in motor fluctuations was reported with rasagiline regardless of concomitant DA or COMT-I use. Overall incidence of dopaminergic adverse events did not increase with concomitant DA or COMT-I use. Conclusion Rasagiline was an effective first adjunct therapy in levodopa-treated patients; benefited patients with signs of early “wearing off”; improved all cardinal PD symptoms; and further improved symptoms in patients already receiving other adjunctive dopaminergic treatment.
Cutting edge: a single MHC anchor residue alters the conformation of a peptide-MHC complex inducing T cells that survive negative selection.

We generated transgenic mice that expressed hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) under a class II MHC promoter. The A7 line expressed HEL with a point mutation in the Asp 52 residue, the main anchor amino acid responsible for the selection of the chemically dominant family of peptides (52–60) by I-A k molecules. Mice expressing HEL with Ala 52 were completely unresponsive when immunized with the same protein, i.e., HEL A52. However, the same mice immunized with wild-type HEL elicited T cells that recognized a conformation of the 52–61 core sequence uniquely different between Asp 52 and Ala 52 containing peptides. Importantly, some T cells also recognized the HEL A52 peptide given exogenously but not the same peptide processed from HEL A52 protein. Thus, a core MHC anchor residue influences markedly the specificity of the T cells. We discuss the relevance of these findings to autoimmunity and vaccination with altered peptides.
On the Difference Between Transcendental and Empirical Subjectivity

From the time his phenomenological method was fully developed, Husserl always distinguished between transcendental subjectivity and its empirical or “mundane” counterpart. In this, as in many other things, Husserl’s work was influenced by Kant and the neo-Kantians, who made a similar distinction. In this paper I want to examine this distinction, primarily in its Husserlian form, and consider some of its implications.
Suspended mothering: women's experiences mothering an infant with a genetic anomaly identified at birth.

PURPOSE To develop an understanding of the experiences of women who give birth to an infant with a genetic anomaly not identified during the prenatal period. DESIGN Exploratory design using selected qualitative methods. SAMPLE Seven mothers of liveborn infants with a genetic anomaly characterized by physical attributes evident at birth. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE Mother's expressions of suspended mothering. RESULTS Two themes emerged that characterize the experience of suspended mothering: diminished maternal role and false protection. PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS: Facilitating maternal involvement in decision making requires giving women unbiased information in a supportive manner.
Shifting to Sustainable Development Goals--Implications for Global Health.

The Millennium Development Goals have brought remarkable success for global collective action. Unfortunately, the new Sustainable Development Goals are broad, with many aspirational or vague targets, and health does not occupy as central a role as it did in the MDGs.