cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gruneisen-stress induced ablation of biological tissue

The objective of biomedical applications of lasers is frequently to remove tissue in a controlled manner. However, for ablation induced by thermal- or photo-decomposition, damage to surrounding tissue may be excessive in some instances. Tissue can also be ablated by a hydrodynamic process referred to as front surface spallation, in which a thin layer next to a free surface is heated to levels, below vaporization but, so rapidly that it cannot undergo thermal expansion during laser heating. This generates a stress pulse, which propagates away from the heated region, with an initial amplitude that can be calculated using the Gruneisen coefficient. As the pulse reflects from the free surface, a tensile tail can develop of sufficient amplitude, exceeding the material strength, that a layer will be spalled off, taking much of the laser-deposited energy with it. Because tissue is generally a low strength material, this process has the potential of producing controlled ablation with reduced damage to the remaining tissue. However, to achieve these conditions, the laser pulse length, absorption depth and fluence must be properly tailored. This paper presents hydrodynamic calculations and analytical modeling relating to both stress- and thermal-induced ablation as a function of laser and tissue properties to illustrate the potential benefits of stress induced ablation. Also, guidance is given for tailoring the exposure parameters to enhance front surface spallation.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mechanical durability of ZBLAN and aluminum fluoride-based optical fiber

Zero stress aging and static fatigue experiments were performed on fluoride glass fibers of ZBLAN and aluminum fluoride-based compositions to examine the mechanical durability in aqueous solutions. ZBLAN fiber, which has the higher initial strength, becomes weaker than initially lower strength aluminum fluoride-based fiber in less than one hour in pH 7 buffer solution at 30/spl deg/C. This is shown to be due to dissolution of the glass and precipitation of crystals at the glass/coating interface. In 1N NaOH the solubility is higher, resulting in less precipitation and hence less strength degradation. Although ZBLAN fiber degrades more quickly when a high strain is applied, at low applied strain the residual strength is higher than is observed when do strain is applied. These results indicate that future work on fluoride glass fibers for use in aqueous environments should focus on optimization of the as-drawn strength of durable glass, such as aluminum fluoride-based material, rather than on making small strength improvements to already strong but less durable glass, since such improvements will be quickly lost in aggressive environments. >
Evaluation of polyanhydride microspheres for basal insulin delivery: Effect of copolymer composition and zinc salt on encapsulation, in vitro release, stability, in vivo absorption and bioactivity in diabetic rats

The potential of poly 1,3-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy) propane-co-sebacic acid (p(CPP:SA)) microspheres was investigated for controlled delivery of basal insulin. CPP:SA copolymers with molar compositions of 20:80, 40:60, and 50:50 were synthesized, characterized, and used in the fabrication of microspheres by water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Insulin stability was assessed using various analytical methods and in vivo insulin absorption and bioactivity were studied in diabetic rats. Microspheres exhibited smooth surfaces and mean particle size ranged from 41.5 to 49.8 microm. Insulin encapsulation efficiency (EE) and in vitro release kinetics were influenced by the molar ratios of CPP:SA copolymer. Increasing CPP content and addition of zinc oxide increased EE, reduced burst release, and prolonged insulin in vitro release over a month. Dimer aggregates were observed for insulin encapsulated in CPP:SA 50:50 microspheres and addition of zinc oxide prevented dimer formation. Subcutaneous administration of CPP:SA 50:50 microspheres in diabetic rats controlled insulin release over a month, and the released insulin was bioactive as determined by lowering blood glucose levels. The results indicate that CPP:SA microspheres controlled insulin release in vitro and in vivo over a month and the released insulin was conformationally and chemically stable, and bioactive.
Rule-governed behavior and behavioral anthropology.

According to cultural materialism, cultural practices result from the materialistic outcomes of those practices, not from sociobiological, mentalistic, or mystical predispositions (e.g., Hindus worship cows because, in the long run, that worship results in more food, not less food). However, according to behavior analysis, such materialistic outcomes do not reinforce or punish the cultural practices, because such outcomes are too delayed, too improbable, or individually too small to directly reinforce or punish the cultural practices (e.g., the food increase is too delayed to reinforce the cow worship). Therefore, the molar, materialistic contingencies need the support of molecular, behavioral contingencies. And according to the present theory of rule-governed behavior, the statement of rules describing those molar, materialistic contingencies can establish the needed molecular contingencies. Given the proper behavioral history, such rule statements combine with noncompliance to produce a learned aversive condition (often labeled fear, anxiety, or guilt). The termination of this aversive condition reinforces compliance, just as its presentation punishes noncompliance (e.g., the termination of guilt reinforces the tending to a sick cow). In addition, supernatural rules often supplement these materialistic rules. Furthermore, the production of both materialistic and supernatural rules needs cultural designers who understand the molar, materialistic contingencies.
The Appropriation of Dynamics and Form for Tillich's God

In the official formulation of Tillich's theology, the ontological polarity of dynamics and form, together with the other polarities, provides the basic symbolic material for the description of the divine life. In that life dynamics and form are balanced, with the tensions and disruptions characteristic of finite life wholly overcome. “Being comprises becoming and rest, becoming as an implication of dynamics and rest as an implication of form. If we say that God is being-itself, this includes both rest and becoming, both the static and the dynamic elements” (ST I 247). At the same time, however, we find that Tillich identifies God or being-itself with the power of being (ST I 110, 180, 2O5f., 230, 236f., 272; ST II 10f.). Although he does not and perhaps would not identify dynamics with the power of being, we find that they have extremely similar characteristics. In fact we are driven to ask why the element of dynamics within the divine life is not identified with the power of being, and to speculate on the consequences of such an identification. It is our contention that the internal logic of Tillich's analysis of this polarity is such that he cannot finally avoid identifying divine dynamics with the creative power of being. This, in turn, entails that God is a being rather than beyond being, himself an instance of the power of being pervasively inherent in all beings. In the first section we shall consider the polarity of dynamics and form as it functions in finite beings. Then we shall examine its role in the divine life and its relationship to the power of being.
Ultrasound-induced yaw movements in the flying Australian field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus)

An ultrasonic stimulus induced negative phonotactic steering in the yaw axis of tethered, flying Australian field crickets. The forewings, hindwings and twisting of the thorax generated the forces which induced the yaw turn. However, abdominal ruddering did not contribute to yaw turns. Each aspect of the yaw steering response depended upon the stimulus intensity. At higher ultrasonic intensities, the magnitude and average angular velocity increased while the latency of the yaw turn decreased. Each of these factors varied in a graded manner, revealing that this behavior is more complex than a simple reflex.
Non‐axial‐symmetric thermal stresses in circular discs or cylinders

A solution is presented for the computation of the transient thermoelastic stresses in a hollow cylinder with temperature boundary conditions given as a circumferential variation of surface heat transfer coefficient. The temperature distribution is solved explicitly. The problem is set up using the Airy stress function which leads to the biharmonic equation. This approach requires the satisfaction of three Michell integrals at the inner boundary in order to ensure single-valued displacements and rotation. An iterative method is described in which these integrals are all simultaneously satisfied and thus provide the necessary non-zero boundary conditions for the solution of the biharmonic equation which is rapidly solved by Gaussian elimination. Results are presented for the general case where the temperature is a function of r and θ. The computer program is checked by assuming a constant value of the surface heat transfer coefficients. In this case a closed form solution is obtained.
Neglected Victims of Murder: Children's Witness to Parental Homicide

Children who witness parental homicides are emotionally traumatized, stigmatized, and deeply scarred by a terrifying event. They often exhibit debilitating symptoms comparable to those of posttraumatic stress disorder. As attention is focused on the deceased and on the perpetrator of the crime, the child witnesses inadvertently become the neglected victims. A case report of two such children who observed their mother being murdered by their father is presented. Theories of psychosocial development and social learning guided the assessment and intervention phases. Behavioral and expressive therapeutic treatment strategies that helped the children work through the resultant anxiety and underlying grief are delineated, and family intervention practices that served to improve interaction and communication patterns are described. Further discussion focuses on the potential intergenerational cycle of violence and on a sociocultural perspective of family violence within an ecological framework.
Modifying Stacking Sequence Design to Delay Delamination and Matrix Cracking in Laminated CompositesThe Multi-Delamination-Interface Design

A simple principle of stacking sequence design is presented. The multi-delamination-interface design suggests that more possible delamination interfaces between the θ/90 plies should be designed, i.e., the 90° plies are better to be separated, the thickness of the 90° plies is reduced to one ply. Results show that for the symmetric balanced laminate, matrix crack can be suppressed in the CFRP laminate and delayed in the GFRP laminate, and edge delamination will be delayed in the laminate under the static inplane loading. This method stems from the approximate analysis in which the principles of the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics are employed. It is also verified by the delamination moment analysis. These results are expected to be extended to the laminate subjected to the impact loading.
Comparative testing of piezoelectric and printed strain sensors in characterization of chewing

Results of recent research suggest that there may be a relationship between the eating rate and the total energy intake in a meal. The chewing rate is an indicator of the eating rate that may be measured by a sensor. A number of wearable solutions have been presented for the automatic detection of chewing, but little work has been done on counting chews automatically. With recent developments in printing technologies, it is possible to draw or print application specific sensors. This paper provides a comparison between an off the shelf piezoelectric strain sensor and a plotter drawn strain sensor for quantifying the number of chews for several food items. Piezoelectric strain sensor and plotter drawn strain sensors were able to achieve absolute mean error rates of 8.09 ± 7.16% and 8.26 ± 7.51% respectively for estimating the number of chew counts. This shows that a plotter drawn sensor can achieve similar performance while potentially providing an easily reconfigurable solution.
Contemporary Insights from a Fraud Brainstorming Field Survey

The purpose of this study is to guide practice and future research by examining contemporary fraud brainstorming practices. Using field data collected from audits conducted during 2013-2014, we investigate team characteristics, attendance and communication, brainstorming structure, timing, and effort, and brainstorming quality. Results show that although some practices are similar to those reported in earlier field studies, there are interesting differences (e.g., decreased use of checklists, shorter sessions, and risk-based deployment of resources in brainstorming). These differences suggest brainstorming has evolved throughout the intervening period during which new audit standards became effective and the PCAOB criticized auditors’ performance in fraud risk identification and risk response generation. We also examine differences in audit team characteristics and brainstorming practices across risk and trading- status partitions. Results reveal auditors deploy more resources to brainstorming when engagement risk is heightened (i.e., publicly traded clients with high fraud and/or high inherent risk); correspondingly, brainstorming quality is assessed as higher on these engagements. Collectively, our findings indicate risk-based resource allocations in brainstorming and diligent responses to regulatory concerns.
250 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES INVOLVED IN ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL INSTABILITY IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND DIABETES MELLITUS.

There is increasing evidence that early developmental history may predict susceptibility to later adult disease. Developmental instability (DI) caused by allelic incompatibility or fetal environmental insults could contribute to later disease. DI is normally assessed by a composite of differences in bilateral trait measurements, and this is referred to as fluctuating asymmetry (FA). We have used such FA of the hand and lower arms of patients to assess DI in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus. Methodological factors may influence the integrity of the results and have not been widely discussed in the literature. In this study we assess the importance of three of these factors: measurement accuracy for hospitalized patients versus controls, observer reliability, and subjects9 handedness. We hypothesized that FA measurements of inpatients would have a higher variance than those of controls, that FA accuracy would improve with experience, and that handedness might be an important covariant in FA studies. To test these hypotheses we calculated the variance in the triplicate measurements of six bilateral traits and the composite FA. These include looking at the differences in variation in the control patients compared to the coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus patients, the differences in asymmetry between left-handers and right-handers, and how variance changed with experience of the investigator. Our results showed that there was greater variation in measures of patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus patients when compared to the controls. This can be problematic because the greater variation can adversely affect the estimate of the true mean. It was found that the asymmetry in right-handers is greater than the asymmetry seen in left-handers. This finding needs to be taken into account due to the fact that this can cause bias in the analysis of the data. A decreased variance was also seen with increased experience of the investigator. These findings should be considered in all future studies of developmental instability and FA in coronary artery disease or diabetes mellitus.
2015 WSGC Elijah High-Altitude Balloon Payload Project Final Report

The purpose of this report is to discuss the research, development, and findings of several experiments performed on a high-altitude balloon payload platform. The team decided on the following five experiments to be performed during the flight: Oxygen Generation, Internal Heating, Speed of Sound Properties, Ozone Levels, and a new payload structure concept. The entire team was required to research and develop new skills to effectively design our experiments, including: Arduino programming, 3-D modeling/printing, soldering, launch equipment handling, and construction techniques. While the launch was successful, we did fall short of our overall goal in terms of data acquisition. The internship proved to be a rewarding introductory experience to real-world engineering. The project help us learn how to implement the entirety of the engineering process, using each person’s strengths to achieve an objective.
Abstract IA09: Dynamic regulation of MYC and MYCN ubiquitination

The Myc proto-oncogenes have a well-established role in cellular transformation as well as in the maintenance of stem cells. Although the majority of previous studies have focused on the transcriptional regulation of Myc, the observation that Myc proteins have exceptionally short half-lives and that small perturbations in their expression lead to vast physiological consequences has illuminated the considerable importance of their post-translational regulators. Accordingly, FBXW7, which encodes a crucial subunit of the E3 ligase complex that polyubiquitylates both c-myc and N-myc, is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancers, including T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). To study the effects of such lesions, we generated animals carrying regulatable Fbxw7 mutant alleles. We haave demonstrated that these mutations specifically bolster tumor-initiating activity in collaboration with NOTCH1 oncogenes, but spare normal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function. Stabilization of c-myc defines leukemia-initiating cells (LIC) and we demonstrated that the LIC population can be specifically ablated in vivo by depletion of c-myc, genetically or pharmacologically. Finally, we uncover a novel role for the HECT-family E3 ligase Huwe1 in the maintenance of HSC self-renewal and show that it functions specifically by controlling the stability of N-myc, but not c-myc. Molecular targets and interplay between c-Myc and N-Myc will be also presented and discussed, with a focus on hematopoiesis and induction of leukemia. Citation Format: Iannis Aifantis. Dynamic regulation of MYC and MYCN ubiquitination. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Myc: From Biology to Therapy; Jan 7-10, 2015; La Jolla, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2015;13(10 Suppl):Abstract nr IA09.
Functional Brain Mapping Options for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery

Minimally invasive intracranial neurosurgery depends on the ability to localize accurately the operative target and its relationship to any neighboring eloquent areas. There are several methods of mapping cortical function, including the intracarotid amytal injection test (IAT or Wada test), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetoencephalography (MEG), direct electro-cortical stimulation (ECS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Some of these tests (PET, FMRI, and MEG) are activation techniques, meaning they demonstrate brain activation, which occurs when the subject performs a particular behavioral task. In contrast, the tests traditionally used for the determination of eloquent cortex (ECS, IAT) are essentially deactivation techniques, meaning that a temporary brain lesion is created pharmacologically or electrically and behavioral effects are measured. Deactivation studies are well suited to the pre-resection evaluation of cortical function because they mimic the effects of resection of the tissue; however, their use is limited by their invasiveness. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a promising and relatively less invasive deactivation technique that can be performed through an intact skull.
Long-wavelength vertical-cavity lasers

In this paper we summarize the latest developments in long-wavelength vertical-cavity lasers fabricated by wafer fusion. Record room-temperature pulsed performance was achieved at both 1.3 and 1.52 /spl mu/m wavelengths using novel vertical-cavity laser structures that utilize InP/InGaAsP active layers and AlAs/GaAs quarter-wave mirrors. >
Implications of the final ring closure to 10b-aza-10c-borapyrene for aryl–alkyne ring-closing mechanisms

Through a combined computational and isotopic labeling study, it has been observed that the activation energy for the aryl–alkyne ring closure of the azaborine containing 4-ethynyl-4a-aza-4b-boraphenanthrene is dramatically lower, and it appears to proceed via an alternate mechanism than that of its hydrocarbon analog. This catalyst-free reaction proceeds at modest reaction conditions compared with traditional pyrolytic synthetic methods and holds promise for the efficient construction of fused ring systems containing azaborine functional groups that may not be accessible in the purely hydrocarbon form.
Antidote or antagonist? The role of Education Reform Advocacy Organizations in educational policymaking

ABSTRACTIn recent years, a new breed of political organizations has had remarkable influence in American educational policymaking. Proponents of neoliberal reform, these groups have been labeled as Education Reform Advocacy Organizations, or ERAOs. I situate these organizations within the larger network of Intermediary Organizations (IOs). To understand the ways that ERAOs influence the policymaking process, I explore the role of Stand for Children, a national ERAO, in helping to pass neoliberal reform of teacher job security in Massachusetts. Using the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), I explore common frames evident in debate about the organization’s role in the state, and I rely on data from key stakeholder interviews, observations and policy artifacts to characterize competing arguments about the organization’s political motives. I pay particularly close attention to how the organization’s political identity shaped, and was shaped by, its attempts to build an advocacy coalition in the state. Through...
Building blocks: a strategy for near-term action within the new global climate framework

The Paris Agreement cemented a new framework for global climate policy based on the voluntary and non-legally binding emission reduction actions by both developed and developing countries. The building blocks strategy for climate action discussed in this Special Issue is well adapted to and strongly complements this new structure. Building blocks focus on multiple transnational mechanisms for mobilizing a wide range of both public and private actors to take actions that reduce emissions by capturing incentives other than climate mitigation as such. The initial commitments by countries under the Paris Agreement are insufficient to meet the level of action required to stabilize the global climate system at a safe level. As such, new voluntary action by public and private actors will be required. The building blocks strategy, and the examples presented in this Special Issue, offers answers to the question of how to generate and design smaller-scale initiatives.
Long-term cardiac safety analysis of NCCTG (Alliance) N9831 adjuvant trastuzumab (H) trial.

603 Background: Significant improvement in disease-free and overall survival has been established with the addition of H to adjuvant chemotherapy. However, H may increase risk of cardiac dysfunctio...
POGIL Activities in Data Structures: What do Students Value?

This paper describes the creation, use, and evaluation of POGIL (Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning) activities in a Data Structures course. POGIL draws upon constructivist and collaborative learning theories in which students work in teams through guided sets of questions. The purpose of this study was to see how students valued POGIL activities in terms of their learning. Survey responses were used to assess how students valued POGIL. Over 90% of students stated that POGIL helped them learn the material. Not only did it help them learn data structures, they reported value in working through problems with others, seeing how others think, being accountable for their own learning, and using the activities to review the material. Overall, POGIL was valued by students and this teaching method could be of value to other computing courses.
What Do We Know? Longitudinal Studies and Correlates of Desistance

What do we know about desistance from crime? What has the research told us? This chapter represents an extensive review of the literature on desistance from crime, describing internal and external factors that have been shown to be related to desistance. In addition, Rocque discusses research that has used varying methodologies and analytic strategies. Unique to this chapter is an overview of major longitudinal datasets (relatively recent) that have contributed to an understanding of desistance from crime. Along with an overview of the datasets and studies, links to data are included where available. Thirteen international datasets/studies are discussed in this chapter including major findings related to desistance that have emerged from the studies. This chapter is the scaffolding for Chapter 5, which describes the desistance theories built from the research in Chapter 4.
Rimas de Lupercio y Bartolomé L. de Argensola. Ed., pról. y notas por José Manuel Blecua. Vol. I, C.S.I.C., Instituto "Miguel de Cervantes" de Filología Hispánica, Zaragoza, 1950: cxxi+ 324 págs. Vol. II, C.S.I.C., Institución "Fernando el Católico" de la Excma. Diputación Provincial de Zaragoza, 1951: lviii + 740 págs.

Se reseno el libro: Rimas de Lupercio y Bartolome L. de Argensola. Ed., prol. y notas por Jose Manuel Blecua.
Extended pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis in oncologic liver surgery is safe and effective.

Background The incidence of venous thromboembolism remains high after liver surgery. Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of extended pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis in liver surgery for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Patient/Methods From August 2013 to April 2015, 124 patients who underwent liver resection for malignancy were placed on an extended pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis protocol. Intraoperative VTE prophylaxis included Thrombo-Embolic Deterrent hose and sequential compression devices. Once hemostasis was assured following hepatectomy, daily anticoagulant VTE prophylaxis was initiated for the hospitalization. After hospital discharge, the large majority of patients (114, 91.9%) continued anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis (enoxaparin) to complete a total course of 14 days after minor/minimally invasive (MIS) hepatectomy or 28 days after major hepatectomy or a history of VTE. Results The cohort included 39 (31.2%) major hepatectomies and 38 (31.5%) MIS approaches. The intraoperative, postoperative and overall transfusion rates were 5.6%, 8.1% and 10.5% respectively. Pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis was started on postoperative day (POD) 0 for 40 (32.3%) patients and POD 1 for 84 (67.7%) patients. During 90-days of follow-up, no postoperative symptomatic DVT or pulmonary embolic events were diagnosed. Standard protocol computed tomography scans of the chest/abdomen/pelvis that were obtained on 112 (90.3%) study patients identified no pulmonary emboli, other thoracic, splanchnic, or ileofemoral vein thromboses. Two (1.6%) patients had minor bleeding events that resolved after discontinuation of enoxaparin, requiring neither blood transfusion nor reoperation. The severe complication rate was 5.6%, with no 90-day mortalities. Conclusions These preliminary data suggest that extended pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis for liver surgery patients is safe and effective. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Repurposing Consumer Products as a Gateway to Just-in-Time Communication.

The rich feature set and flexibility of mobile technology offers a host of novel opportunities to provide specific and timely supports to individuals with communication and memory disorders. These “just-in-time” (JIT) supports can be used as prompts, reminders, rewards, strategies to increase independence, and expressive language supports for children and adults with communication and memory disorders. The purpose of this article is to examine current research on, and propose future directions for, repurposing consumer products to enhance JIT communication within the field of augmentative and alternative communication. Initially, a brief history of JIT supports will be reviewed, including a timeline and history of JIT-enabling technology. Next, the taxonomy of JIT supports will be applied to current research in both individuals with autism spectrum disorder and individuals with acquired communication disorders (e.g., acquired brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) to illustrate current clinical implications and evaluate current limitations of JIT supports. Finally, future directions for research and expanded use of consumer products to provide JIT supports will be discussed.
Phenol: tissue distribution in a fatality

A case is reported where phenol, a disinfectant, was ingested and resulted in the death of a 40-year-old white female. Concentrations of phenol were determined in blood (130 mg/L), urine (47 mg/L), bile (187 mg/L), brain (486 mg/kg), kidney (331 mg/kg), muscle (204 mg/kg), liver (228 mg/kg), and stomach content (668 mg) and compared to other cases reported in the literature.
The Purposes of Discipline

Courts typically have characterized the purpose of professional discipline as "protecting the public." This Article will make two simple points. First, the characterization is simplistic and, as a result, masks a variety of functions that discipline might actually serve. Second, identifying the purpose of discipline more precisely would help rulemakers and disciplinary agencies achieve more consistent, and better, results. Disciplinary agencies might adopt four possible orientations in imposing sanctions: they might focus on (1) clients and sanctions that serve client interests; (2) offending lawyers, in order to determine their qualifications to continue practicing; (3) the profession as a whole, to decide which sanctions will best encourage competence and ethical behavior throughout the bar; or (4) the disciplinary process, in an effort to shore up the impact of professional standards in guiding lawyer behavior. Results will vary depending on the orientation that professional regulators emphasize. It is therefore important for the regulators to clarify their overall perspective. Differences in approach affect both consistency and the practical impact of discipline. Rulemakers, disciplinary prosecutors, and reviewing courts all need to be able to consult principles of discipline in order to effectively carry out their functions. Part I of this Article distinguishes the theory of professional discipline of lawyers from the theories underlying criminal prosecutions. Part II identifies the various possible stratagems for approaching discipline. Part III analyzes their potential impact by discussing their application to generic types of misconduct. Part IV discusses the ramifications of this analysis for rulemakers and other regulators.
What is the science of the soul ? A case study in the evolution of late medieval natural philosophy

This paper aims at a partial rehabilitation of E. A. Moody's characterization of the 14th century as an age of rising empiricism, specifically by contrasting the conception of the natural science of psychology found in the writings of a prominent 13th-century philosopher (Thomas Aquinas) with those of two 14th-century philosophers (John Buridan and Nicole Oresme). What emerges is that if the meaning of empiricism can be disengaged from modern and contemporary paradigms, and understood more broadly in terms of a cluster of epistemic doctrines concerned with the methodology of knowing, it characterizes very appropriately some of the differences between the ways in which late-medieval thinkers both understood and practised the science of psychology. In particular, whereas Aquinas thinks psychology is about reasoning demonstratively to the real nature of the soul from its evident operations (thereby assimilating psychology to metaphysics), Buridan and Oresme, both of whom doubt whether real animate natures can be known empirically, focus on giving detailed accounts of those operations themselves (thereby assimilating psychology to physics).
Retweeting risk communication: the role of threat and efficacy.

Social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook provide risk communicators with the opportunity to quickly reach their constituents at the time of an emerging infectious disease. On these platforms, messages gain exposure through message passing (called "sharing" on Facebook and "retweeting" on Twitter). This raises the question of how to optimize risk messages for diffusion across networks and, as a result, increase message exposure. In this study we add to this growing body of research by identifying message-level strategies to increase message passing during high-ambiguity events. In addition, we draw on the extended parallel process model to examine how threat and efficacy information influence the passing of Zika risk messages. In August 2016, we collected 1,409 Twitter messages about Zika sent by U.S. public health agencies' accounts. Using content analysis methods, we identified intrinsic message features and then analyzed the influence of those features, the account sending the message, the network surrounding the account, and the saliency of Zika as a topic, using negative binomial regression. The results suggest that severity and efficacy information increase how frequently messages get passed on to others. Drawing on the results of this study, previous research on message passing, and diffusion theories, we identify a framework for risk communication on social media. This framework includes four key variables that influence message passing and identifies a core set of message strategies, including message timing, to increase exposure to risk messages on social media during high-ambiguity events.
The 2017 African Great Lakes Conference: Conservation and development in a changing climate

Abstract In May 2017, the African Great Lakes community convened for a region-wide conference in Entebbe, Uganda. The African Great Lakes Conference (AGLC) focused on 6 regionally-important themes, and 300+ attendees presented over 100 talks and posters. The AGLC culminated in the adoption of a set of Conference Resolutions designed to direct the future of African Great Lakes conservation and management. As an Introduction to this Journal of Great Lakes Research special section on African Great Lakes, we report on the impetus for the African Great Lakes Conference as well as discuss three major advances and investments that were a direct result of conference resolutions adopted at the meeting. First, we present the AGLC Resolutions, a set of management issues and solutions developed at the conference. Second, we discuss the African Great Lakes Conference Fund, a conservation fund that has awarded $500,000 USD to launch four new initiatives. Finally, we describe African Great Lakes Inform, a knowledge management platform designed to promote collaboration in the region. The AGLC in general, and these three major conference outcomes specifically, provide a set of basic building blocks to advance partnerships, research and capacity in the African Great Lakes region.
Comment on "Experimental Evidence for a State-Point-Dependent Density-Scaling Exponent of Liquid Dynamics".

Recently Sanz et al. [A. Sanz, T. Hecksher, H.W. Hansen, J.C. Dyre, K. Niss, and U.R. Pedersen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 055501 (2019).] reported that the scaling exponent gamma for tetramethyl-tetraphenyl-trisiloxane (DC704) varied with temperature; i.e., was not a material constant. Such a finding is at odds with previously published results on this compound and on more than 100 other liquids and polymers. The result of Sanz et al. comes from their measurement of a pressure dependence of the relaxation time at low temperature that becomes weaker with increasing pressure. Such a result is unphysical and contrary to the behavior of all known liquids. We re-measured this pressure dependence for DC704 and find it to be linear over the studied range. Thus, the conclusion of Sans et al. is incorrect; gamma for DC704 is state-point independent, in accord with other simple liquids and polymers.
High-Throughput Single-Molecule Analysis via Divisive Segmentation and Clustering

Single-molecule approaches provide insight into the dynamics of biomolecules, yet analysis methods have not scaled with the growing size of data sets acquired in high-throughput experiments. We present a new analysis platform (DISC) that uses divisive clustering to accelerate unsupervised analysis of single-molecule trajectories by up to three orders of magnitude with improved accuracy. Using DISC, we reveal an inherent lack of cooperativity between cyclic nucleotide binding domains from HCN pacemaker ion channels embedded in nanophotonic zero-mode waveguides.
Topological analysis of particle transport in lung airways: Predicting particle source and destination.

Abstract Particle transport in lung airways can induce respiratory disease and play a vital role in aerosol drug delivery. Herein, we present dynamical systems features that influence airflow and particle transport in the tracheobronchial trees. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to solve for unsteady airflow in a patient-specific model. Particle tracking simulations were performed for micron-size particles. The destination map that connects the particle final location to the initial location and injection time was constructed. Finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) fields were calculated to identify inertial Lagrangian coherent structures (ILCS), topological features that act as separatrices. Our results demonstrated that these topological features control the destination map at the trachea. The temporal evolution of ILCS influenced the sensitivity of particle transport fate to injection time, whereas the emergence of new ILCS with an increased integration time controlled transport to different generations of airways. Additionally, particles starting at the ILCS were shown to mostly deposit at the airway walls. Finally, an innovative source inversion strategy was introduced to integrate the Maxey–Riley equation backward in time and identify the origin of dispersed particles. Our study explores novel dynamical systems tools that improve our understanding of particle transport and deposition in the airways and could be used to guide future targeted drug delivery studies.
Growth of Several Tree spp. in Containers in Response to N Loading, Fertilizer Type and Substrate

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine if Comtil, a composted municipal sewage sludge, could be used as a substrate component and a slow release N source in a containerized whip productio...
Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness and Associated Changes of Angiogenic Factors in Women with Severe Preeclampsia

Objective Severe preeclampsia complicates roughly 1% of all pregnancies. One defining feature of severe preeclampsia is new onset visual disturbance. The accessibility of the choroid to high-resolution, noninvasive imaging makes it a reasonable target of investigation for disease prediction, stratification, or monitoring in preeclampsia. This study aimed to compare subfoveal choroidal thickness between women with severe preeclampsia and those with normotensive pregnancies, and to investigate associations between such findings and other indicators of disease severity, including gestational age and serum angiogenic factors. Study Design We designed a case-control study comprised of 36 women diagnosed with severe preeclampsia (cases) matched to 37 normotensive women (controls) by race/ethnicity and parity, all diagnosed in the postpartum period. All patients underwent enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and serum analysis. Results Cases showed no difference in subfoveal choroidal thickness compared with controls (p = 0.65). Amongst cases, subfoveal choroidal thickness and gestational age at delivery were inversely related (r = 0.86, p Conclusion This study suggests a relationship between the degree of disease severity and the magnitude of choroidal thickening. We also show an association between this index and placental growth factor level in the postpartum period.
The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion and Smoking Cessation Among Low-Income Smokers.

Introduction This study sought to empirically evaluate whether the Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act increased smoking cessation among low-income childless adult smokers. Methods The effects of the Medicaid expansion on smoking quit attempts and the probability of 30- and 90-day smoking cessation were evaluated using logistic regression and data from the 2010–2011 and 2014–2015 waves of the Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. Using boosted logistic regression, the Tobacco Use Supplement was restricted to an analytic sample composed of childless adults with high probability of being Results After weighting by propensity score and adjusting for state socioeconomic trends, welfare policies, and tobacco control policies, the Medicaid expansion was not associated with increases in smoking quit attempts or smoking cessation. Conclusions The Medicaid expansion did not appear to improve smoking cessation, despite extending health insurance eligibility to 2.3 million low-income smokers. Greater commitments to reducing barriers to cessation benefits and increasing smoking cessation in state Medicaid programs are needed to reduce smoking in low-income populations.
High-sensitivity cassette for reducing limit of detection for diesel particulate matter sampling.

NIOSH researchers designed a high-sensitivity (HS) cassette to improve the limit of detection of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s (NIOSH) method 5040 and the Airtec near real-time diesel particulate matter (DPM) monitor. This was achieved by reducing the size of the diesel particulate matter deposition spot from 8.0 cm2 (NIOSH method 5040 mining samples) and 7.6 cm2 (Airtec samples) to 0.5 cm2. When compared with the standard cassette, the new high-sensitivity cassette improves the limit of detection of NIOSH method 5040 by approximately five times, and the differences between the elemental carbon results from the HS cassette and the standard three-piece cassette were within statistical error. The limit of detection for Airtec measurements improved by approximately 15 times, and the elemental carbon results with the HS cassette between the Airtec and NIOSH method 5040 were within statistical agreement. When used in the Airtec monitor, the high-sensitivity cassette showed promise for measuring short-duration spot checks of ambient concentrations but was limited when performing some long-term sampling due to the resultant loss of dynamic range. Only up to 7 μg of elemental carbon was collected onto the HS cassette before the increase in pump backpressure caused the flow fluctuations to exceed targeted values by unacceptable levels. The HS cassette shows promise for effective engineering evaluations of control technologies and strategies and near real-time diesel particulate matter measurements for a variety of occupations.
The Effects of Algebraic Equation Solving Intervention for Students With Mathematics Learning Difficulties.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of algebraic equation solving intervention for sixth graders with mathematics learning difficulties (MD). A total of 48 students with MD were ra...
Multiple myeloma with hepatic amyloid light-chain amyloidosis manifesting as progressive liver failure

We present a case of a 45-year-old man admitted to the hospital with new-onset ascites and bilateral subconjunctival haemorrhages. He was found to have elevated liver enzymes in a hepatocellular pattern and direct hyperbilirubinemia. A diagnostic paracentesis was consistent with portal hypertension (PH). Extensive workup for acute and chronic liver disease was unremarkable. In the absence of clinical evidence of cirrhosis to explain PH, a liver biopsy with hepatic venous pressure gradient was pursued, which revealed proteinaceous material and apple-green birefringence under polarised light consistent with amyloid deposits. Bone marrow biopsy revealed plasma cell neoplasm with proteinaceous deposits consistent with concomitant multiple myeloma with AL amyloidosis. He developed rapidly progressive liver failure and passed shortly after presentation despite treatment with chemotherapy. This case illustrates how primary hepatic amyloidosis can present with a physiology that mimics cirrhosis and can easily be missed.
Contracts Law in Action: Introduction

This book takes a law in action approach to the study of contract law. This approach questions overemphasis on legal rules. Of course law students must learn legal doctrine, but they need to learn much more. Legal reasoning has a tendency to overclaim for the impact of law on human relations. Furthermore, most lawyers are not litigators but rather play an advisory role in the planning and adjusting of relationships. In law practice, contract doctrine is a tool, but it is often less important to a lawyer’s work than the ability to understand the business or other context, assess the goals and positions of parties, and find common interests and compromises.
Stream Floating: Enabling Proactive and Decentralized Cache Optimizations

As multicore systems continue to grow in scale and on-chip memory capacity, the on-chip network bandwidth and latency become problematic bottlenecks. Because of this, overheads in data transfer, the coherence protocol and replacement policies become increasingly important. Unfortunately, even in well-structured programs, many natural optimizations are difficult to implement because of the reactive and centralized nature of traditional cache hierarchies, where all requests are initiated by the core for short, cache line granularity accesses. For example, long-lasting access patterns could be streamed from shared caches without requests from the core. Indirect memory access can be performed by chaining requests made from within the cache, rather than constantly returning to the core. Our primary insight is that if programs can embed information about long-term memory stream behavior in their ISAs, then these streams can be floated to the appropriate level of the memory hierarchy. This decentralized approach to address generation and cache requests can lead to better cache policies and lower request and data traffic by proactively sending data before the cores even request it. To evaluate the opportunities of stream floating, we enhance a tiled multicore cache hierarchy with stream engines to process stream requests in last-level cache banks. We develop several novel optimizations that are facilitated by stream exposure in the ISA, and subsequent exposure to caches. We evaluate using a cycle-level execution-driven gem5-based simulator, using 10 data-processing workloads from Rodinia and 2 streaming kernels written in OpenMP. We find that stream floating enables 52% and 39% speedup over an inorder and OOO core with state of art prefetcher design respectively, with 64% and 49% energy efficiency advantage.