cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fisheries extractivism and the right to subsistence: Conflicting governance models and the legal structures that enact them

Abstract Approaches to global fisheries governance generally fall into one of two broad categories, tending to rely either on an extractivist model that prioritizes macroeconomic growth or a norms-based model that subordinates economic processes to ethical social objectives. While global fisheries could contribute much more effectively and directly to fulfilling the human right to subsistence (an ethical norm that is as universal and binding as any under international law), their potential to do so is undermined by legal structures that favor the extractivist model and fail to legislate ethical norms. These legal structures undermine the human right to subsistence, in large part by marginalizing small-scale fisheries, which provide for the subsistence needs of many more food-insecure people around the world than do their industrial counterparts. After illustrating the conflict between extractivism and ethical norms in international fisheries law, this article turns to the case of South African small-scale fisheries, which provides a more concrete and place-based view of these power dynamics and demonstrates the resilience of the extractivist paradigm in the face of norms-based challenges. If global fisheries are to contribute more fully to the realization of the human right to subsistence, the extractivist model will need to be seriously constrained and ethical norms will have to be given pride of place in fisheries law and policy.
A Highly Flexible 60K-Gates CMOS Master Image

A 1.0 ?m CMOS technology with 3 layers of metal is used to implement a high density Master Image that contains LOGIC and RAMs. The Image allows the usage of even more than 1,000,000 transistors. A hierarchical design methodology is described. This chip offers variable sized physical partitions and RAM macros. No fixed area sizes and locations for partitions and macros are necessary. Chip density and performance of oustomized chips are approached by the described methodology at significantly lower development cost and development time.
Reflected Brownian Motion

Reflected Brownian motion is a continuous-time continuous-state Markov process, which is constrained to its finite-dimensional state space S by a pushing mechanism on the boundary ∂S of S. In the context of Operations Research and Management Science, the state space S is typically the nonnegative orthant. This article reviews several aspects of reflected Brownian motion on this orthant: its construction, its positive recurrence, and its stationary distribution. Keywords: reflected Brownian motion; diffusion approximation; heavy traffic; positive recurrence; stationary distribution
Hipponax, Boupalos and the Conventions of the Psogos

Students of the Greek iambos continue to dispute whether the poets' targets of abuse were fictional or real characters. Most recently the Cologne Archilochos has challenged scholars to square the received biographical tradition about the poet with its new "evidence." Is the "I" of the poem Archilochos himself? Are the characters generic stock-figures, each bearing an appropriately significant name: Lycambes the "Wolf-walker," Neobule the woman "of New Plan," for example? I Did the iambic poet wish to vent his private enmity against real figures, whether out of a desire for personal vengeance or for the purpose of exposing reprobates to the public?2 Or did his inspiration spring less from real life and more from a desire to demonstrate his skill in a literary tradition in which invective and obscenity were de rigueur? For that matter, could the poet pursue a middle course, enlisting real figures, but in entirely fictional situations? We may never be able to answer these questions definitively in the absence of any further evidence, but scholars have in recent decades come at least near consensus on one crucial point: iambographic poetry comprises a specific genre, and its practitioners shared certain generic conventions3 The term iapifd i&6a, which Aristotle applied to certain Old Comic poets (Poet. 1448b31), has
Augmented strategies for interface and irregular domain problems

The augmented strategies for interface problems and problems defined on irregular domains are reviewed in this paper. There are at least two reasons to use augmented strategies. The first one is to get faster algorithms, particularly, to take advantages of existing fast solvers. The second reason is that, for some interface problems, an augmented approach may be the only way to derive an accurate algorithm. Using an augmented approach, one or several quantities of co-dimension one are introduced. The GMRES iterative method is often used to solve the augmented variable(s) that are only defined along the interface or the irregular boundary. Several examples of augmented methods are provided in this paper.
USE OF HEMODIALYSIS IN THE TREATMENT OF QUINIDINE POISONING

Hemodialysis was used in addition to forced diuresis in the treatment of quinidine poisoning of a 3-year-old girl. The estimated retained dose of quinidine was 1,600 mg. During a 36-hour treatment period the patient excreted through the kidneys 768.1 mg quinidine (21.3 mg/hr). Hemodialysis almost doubled the quinidine elimination by removing 145 mg in eight hours (18.1 mg/hr): renal excretion, 55%; hemodialysis, 45%. The quinidine elimination with dialysis is high when high blood flow rates through the artificial kidney can be maintained. Adequate glomerular filtration rate and urine acidification are necessary for high renal excretion of quinidine.
Forest fragmentation as an economic indicator

Despite concern over the ecological consequences of conversion of land from natural cover to anthropogenic uses, there are few studies that show a quantitative relationship between fragmentation and economic factors. For the southside economic region of Virginia, we generated a surface (map) of urbanization pressure by interpolation of population from a ring of cities surrounding the region. The interpolated map showed a geographic gradient of urbanization pressure or demand for land that increased from northwest to southeast. Estimates of forest fragmentation were moderately correlated with the geographic gradient of urbanization pressure. The fragmentation-urbanization relationship was corroborated by examining land-cover change against the urbanization map. The geographic gradient in land-cover change was strongly correlated with the urbanization pressure gradient. The correspondence between geographic gradients in land-cover change and urbanization pressure suggests that forest fragmentation will occur at a greater rate in the eastern portion of the southside economic region in the future.
[25] Optically detected magnetic resonance of photoexcited triplet states

Publisher Summary Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) uses optical means to detect electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) transitions in the photo-excited triplet state. Under the right experimental conditions, microwave-induced magnetic resonance transitions among the magnetic sublevels of the triplet state produce readily observed changes in the optical characteristics of the sample. The ODMR technique has a distinct advantage in sensitivity over conventional EPR spectroscopy for measurements made on biological molecules. In ODMR, the absorption or stimulated emission of microwave quanta is not detected directly, as is the case with EPR. Rather, the microwave quanta are “converted” to optical photons which are the detected entities. The ODMR responses of biopolymer samples are usually rather weak, and signal averaging is an essential feature of the spectrometer. A home-built programmable pulse generator provides the timing pulses that control microwave sweeps, shutters, and the signal averager time base. Data are stored and analyzed, and hard copy is produced by means of a personal computer.
Differential Sensitivity to JAK Inhibitory Drugs by Isogenic Human Erythroblasts and Hematopoietic Progenitors Generated from Patient‐Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide an unprecedented opportunity to establish novel disease models and accelerate drug development using distinct tissue target cells generated from isogenic iPSC lines with and without disease-causing mutations. To realize the potential of iPSCs in modeling acquired diseases which are usually heterogeneous, we have generated multiple iPSC lines including two lines that are JAK2-wild-type and four lines homozygous for JAK2-V617F somatic mutation from a single polycythemia vera (PV) patient blood. In vitro differentiation of the same patient-derived iPSC lines have demonstrated the differential contributions of their parental hematopoietic clones to the abnormal erythropoiesis including the formation of endogenous erythroid colonies. This iPSC approach thus may provide unique and valuable insights into the genetic events responsible for disease development. To examine the potential of iPSCs in drug testing, we generated isogenic hematopoietic progenitors and erythroblasts from the same iPSC lines derived from PV patients and normal donors. Their response to three clinical JAK inhibitors, INCB018424 (Ruxolitinib), TG101348 (SAR302503), and the more recent CYT387 was evaluated. All three drugs similarly inhibited erythropoiesis from normal and PV iPSC lines containing the wild-type JAK2 genotype, as well as those containing a homozygous or heterozygous JAK2-V617F activating mutation that showed increased erythropoiesis without a JAK inhibitor. However, the JAK inhibitors had less inhibitory effect on the self-renewal of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. The iPSC-mediated disease modeling thus underlies the ineffectiveness of the current JAK inhibitors and provides a modeling system to develop better targeted therapies for the JAK2 mutated hematopoiesis.
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and Granulosa Cell Apoptosis In Vitro

Purpose:C-myc was studied in cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 associated granulosa cell apoptosis. Methods: Granulosa cells (N = 5 cases) were incubated for 24 h in either 1 or 50 M COX-2 inhibitor, 1 or 50 M COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor, negative or positive controls. Single primer polymerase chain reaction of c-myc exon 1 were performed. Bisbenzimide-stained control single-stranded (ssDNA) were hybridized to SYBR Gold-stained ssDNA and fluorescent images analyzed. Results:C-myc was disrupted by the high-dose COX-2 inhibitor. Cell viability decreased with COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition. However, cell viability was similar for the positive control and at low-dose COX-2 inhibition. Conclusions: Inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 initiated apoptosis without disrupting c-myc suggesting a protective effect on c-myc. The low dosage of the COX-2 inhibitor did not disrupt c-myc and cell viability. C-myc sensitization was not part of apoptosis.
Comparative Statics of Fixed Points

Comparing fixed points of different mappings is often required when doing economic analysis. I present here some results on the comparison of fixed points of different mappings that generalize and have as a particular case the supermodularity results on the same topic. The main result is that if we take a certain order ,⩾ for which the mappings are increasing and ordered, then the fixed points of the different mappings are also ordered in that same order: every fixed point of a lower (higher) mapping has at least one higher (lower) fixed point in a higher (lower) mapping. These results allow us, for example, to make comparisons among equilibria of Cournot games with any number of firms, which were not possible under the supermodularity results.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C62, C70, L13.
Intravenous pamidronate treatment of children under 36 months of age with osteogenesis imperfecta.

Abstract Introduction Bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture rates in children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) have been shown to improve with bisphosphonate therapy. There are limited data available on the efficacy of this therapy in children with OI under the age of 3 years. To examine this, we instituted a prospective clinical trial of intravenous bisphosphonate to study safety, feasibility, and efficacy of this therapy. Materials and methods Nine infants and young children with osteogenesis imperfecta (age range 1–35 months) were treated with intravenous pamidronate. Six had type II OI, two had type I, and one had type IV. Pamidronate was administered in cycles of 3 consecutive days. The total duration of therapy ranged from 11 to 29 months (mean 17 months). Results During treatment, the mean annualized percent change in total body areal BMD was 25% (range 11–40%). Pamidronate therapy resulted in sustained and significant decreases in serum calcium and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and in urine calcium/creatinine and NTX/creatinine. Fracture rate in the group decreased from 80 fractures in 111 months before treatment to 25 fractures in 152 months after treatment ( P Conclusions Our data support that intravenous pamidronate therapy is safe, increases BMD, and reduces fracture rates in very young children with OI. Currently, it would seem to be the best available treatment for these children.
Thermally assisted multiphoton photoelectric emission from tungsten

Abstract The dependence of photocurrent on laser intensity has been studied up to the damage threshold of tungsten using 30 ps pulses from a Nd:YAG laser. For intensities below ∼1 GW/cm 2 , four-photon photoelectric emission is observed. For higher intensities three-photon assisted thermionic emission dominates. A generalized Fowler-DuBridge theory accounts quantitatively for our observations. A polycrystal surface cleaned by picosecond laser pulses has a work function different from surfaces cleaned by ordinary heating methods.
Thin-Layer Chromatography of Ergot Alkaloids

A technique for qualitative identification and quantitative determination of micro quantities of ergot alkaloids has been developed. Using glass plates spread with a layer of silica gel G and a solvent system composed of benzene:dimethylformamide (13:2) or of ethyl acetate:dimethylformamide:ethanol (13:1.9:0.1), one can separate ergonovine, ergotamine, ergosine, ergocristine, and a mixed zone composed of ergocornine and ergokryptine. The mixed zone is removed from the plate, the alkaloids eluted with 10 per cent methanol in chloroform, and filtered or centrifuged to remove the silica gel. The eluant is evaporated, and the mixture of the alkaloids is dissolved in a standard volume of methanol-chloroform. The respotting of this solution on glass plates spread with a layer of aluminum oxide G and chromatographed with a solvent system composed of chloroform:ether:water (3:1:1) results in the separation of ergocornine and ergokryptine. These solvent systems can be utilized to separate the isomers of the six alkaloids with equal facility. The technique has been extended to the resolution and quantitative estimation of the alkaloids.
Effect of carbon dioxide loading on the solubility of nitrous oxide in aqueous solutions of 2-(tert-butylamino)ethanol

The physical solubility of nitrous oxide was measured in aqueous solutions of 2-(tert-butylamino)ethanol. This amine is considered to be sterically hindered and is a candidate chemical absorbent for the selective absorption of hydrogen sulfide in the presence of carbon dioxide. Measurements were made for amine concentrations up to 30 mass % over the temperature range 25 °C to 40 °C. The effect of carbon dioxide loading up to 0.90 mol of CO2/mole of amine on the nitrous oxide solubility was also investigated. The data obtained in this work may be used to estimate the physical solubility of carbon dioxide in these amine solutions through use of the nitrous oxide analogy method.
Rotational spectra and hyperfine interactions of the mono 17O substituted ozones

Abstract The rotational spectra of 17 O 16 O 16 O and 16 O 17 O 16 O have been observed. The hyperfine structure has been analyzed to give the 17 O quadrupole coupling and spin-rotation tensors for both species. Preliminary values of the molecular parameters are given.
A one-dimensional model for the interaction between continental-scale ice sheets and atmospheric stationary waves

The great continental ice sheets of the Pleistocene represented a significant topographic obstacle to the westerly winds in northern midlatitudes. This work explores how consequent changes in the atmospheric stationary wave pattern might have affected the shape and growth of the ice sheets themselves. A one dimensional (1-D) model is developed which permits an examination of the types and magnitudes of the feedbacks that might be expected. When plausible temperature perturbations are introduced at the ice-sheet margin which are proportional to the stationary wave amplitude, the equilibrium shape of the ice sheet is significantly altered, and depends on the sign of the perturbation. The proposed feedback also affects the response of the ice sheet to time-varying climate forcing. The results suggest that the evolution of a continental-scale ice sheet with a land-based margin may be significantly determined by the changes it induces in the atmospheric circulation.
The Organosulfur Chemistry of the Genus Allium – Implications for the Organic Chemistry of Sulfur

A Cook's tour is presented of the organosulfur chemistry of the genus Allium, as represented, inter alia, by garlic (Allium sativum L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.). We report on the biosynthesis of the S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine S-oxides (aroma and flavor precursors) in intact plants and on how upon cutting or crushing the plants these precursors are cleaved by allinase enzymes, giving sulfenic acids—highly reactive organosulfur intermediates. In garlic, 2-propenesulfenic acid gives allicin, a thiosulfinate with antibiotic properties, while in onion 1-propenesulfenic acid rearranges to the sulfine (Z)-propanethial S-oxide, the lachrymatory factor (LF) of onion. Highlights of onion chemistry include the assignment of stereochemistry to the LF and determination of the mechanism of its dimerization; the isolation, characterization, and synthesis of thiosulfinates which most closely duplicate the taste and aroma of the freshly cut bulb, and additional unusual compounds such as zwiebelanes (dithiabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes), a bis-sulfine (a 1,4-butanedithial S,S′-dioxide), antithrombotic and antiasthmatic cepaenes (α-sulfinyl disulfides), and vic-disulfoxides. Especially noteworthy in the chemistry of garlic are the discovery of ajoene, a potent antithrombotic agent from garlic, and the elucidation of the unique sequence of reactions that occur when diallyl disulfide, which is present in steam-distilled garlic oil, is heated. Reaction mechanisms under discussion include [3, 3]- and [2, 3]-sigma-tropic rearrangements involving sulfur (e.g. sulfoxide-accelerated thio- and dithio-Claisen rearrangements) and cycloadditions involving thiocarbonyl systems. In view of the culinary importance of alliaceous plants as well as the unique history of their use in folk medicine, this survey concludes with a discussion of the physiological activity of the components of these plants: cancer prevention, antimicrobial activity, insect and animal attractive/repulsive activity, olfactory–gustatory–lachrymatory properties, effect on lipid metabolism, platelet aggregation inhibitory activity and properties associated with ajoene. And naturally, comments about onion and garlic induced bad breath and heartburn may not be overlooked.
Late-Holocene response of limber pine (Pinus flexilis) forests to fire disturbance in the Pine Forest Range, Nevada, USA

Despite growing concerns that ecological stressors (fire, insect and pathogen outbreaks) may force vegetation change, few studies have attempted to use paleoecological data to understand small-scale interactions between disturbance and vegetation. Using charcoal and pollen data, we infer past fire episodes and subsequent vegetation responses for a limber pine (Pinus flexilis) forest in northwestern Nevada, USA, to determine local vegetation recovery from disturbance. Using superimposed epoch analysis we examined average-vegetation and individual-taxon responses to eight randomly selected fire events over the past 4.0 ka. Pollen evidence shows that on average fires produce a weak response of declining Pinus while other taxa including Artemisia and Poaceae increase directly after fire episodes. Within 30 yr of a disturbance, pollen data indicate ecosystem recovery to pre-fire composition, consistent with modern studies of fire recovery of limber pine forests. Similar to short-term changes of pollen abundance, long-term vegetation responses indicate Pinus abundance weakly declining and Artemisia increasing when fire episodes are frequent. However, despite fire-episode frequencies varying between 75 and 250 yr, the overall vegetation structure has remained relatively stable over the past 4.0 ka. Our study contributes to the limited information on the disturbance ecology of isolated, subalpine forests in the intermountain West.
Magnetic separation — The prospects for superconductivity

Abstract Conventional methods of magnet separation are described and the processes which could benefit from the use of superconductors are discussed. These include the use of superconductors in high gradient magnetic separators which is one such area finding commercial applications, and a possible large-scale future application for water purification and waste-water treatment
Death and resurrection in art

Death and resurrection in art, by Enrico De Pascale, translated by Anthony Shugaar, Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum, 2009, 384 pp., £14.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-89236-947-8 This little gem of a...
Maintaining and Enhancing a Customized Online Journal Web Service

This article illustrates the development and enhancement of a web service to provide access to online journals at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library (CMHSL), University of Virginia Health System. The custom-designed system is intended to provide efficient access to electronic journals and is the library's most visited web page. A project team of librarians and web developers decided to enhance the page by adding: 1) a link to Journal Citation Reports® (Thomson Reuters) Impact Factors, 2) a simple web form for setting up e-mail subscriptions to tables of contents, and 3) a one-click action to subscribe to RSS feed table of contents services. The process for choosing and implementing these enhancements is described, as well as the rationale behind devoting time and expertise to efforts surrounding the electronic journal page.
On the sociology of computing: conceptual frameworks and curriculum development

This work was supported in part by NSF Grant GZ-3431 for a College Faculty Workshop on Computer Science in Social and Behavioral Science Education at the University of Colorado, 1974.
Solidification of a ternary metal alloy: A comparison of experimental measurements and model predictions in a Pb-Sb-Sn system

Experiments were performed with a Pb-5 pct Sb-35 pct Sn system to experimentally validate simulations made with a continuum mixture model for ternary alloy solidification. Temperature histories were measured during casting, and composition profiles were found in the solidified ingot. Dendritic arm spacings were found from optical micrographs of the alloy microstructure and used to determine a constant in the Blake-Kozeny submodel for the mushy zone permeability in the liquid-solid interaction term of the momentum equations. Scaling analysis from a previous work and a large uncertainty in the permeability constant suggested that predictions of the composition are extremely sensitive to the choice of a permeability model. Three simulations were performed using the permeability constant as a parameter, and measured temperatures and compositions were compared with predictions based on different model constants. While the thermal histories had good agreement, the results near the liquidus interface, where all of the significant advection of solute occurs, suggest that the Blake-Kozeny model significantly underpredicts the resistance of the dendritic array to fluid flow.
Adverse effect of cis -diamminedichloroplatinum II (CDDP) on porphyrin metabolism in man

The possible effect of cisplatin on porphyrin metabolism was studied in 25 patients with various malignancies treated with high-dose cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. Haematocrit, red blood cells, haemoglobin, white blood cells, platelets and reticulocytes together with coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin in red blood cells were determined before each course of chemotherapy in all patients. In addition, coproporphyrin, uroporphyrin, δ-aminolevulinic acid, and porphobilinogen were determined in the urine just before and 24 h after each course of treatment. Cisplatin administration was followed by a significant suppression of coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin in red blood cells and coproporphyrin, uroporphyrin, δ-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen in urine. The changes observed paralleled similar changes in haematocrit, red blood cells and haemoglobin, strongly suggesting that cisplatin-induced anaemia may be due to a blocking effect of the drug affecting one or more enzymatic steps in the biosynthesis of porphyrins and haem. A moderate fall in the white blood cell count and a mild fall in platelets together with a steady increase of reticulocytes were also observed during treatment.
The Gamma network: A multiprocessor interconnection network with redundant paths

The Gamma network is an interconnection network connecting N=2' inputs to N outputs. It consists of log2N stages with N switches per stage, each of which is a 3 input, 3 output crossbar. The stages are linked via “power of two” and identity connections in such a way that redundant paths exist between the input and output terminals. In this network, a path from a source to a destination may be represented using one of the redundant forms of the difference between the source and destination numbers. The redundancy in paths may thus be studied using the theory of redundant number systems. Results are obtained on the distribution of paths connecting inputs to outputs, and the permuting capabilities of the Gamma network. Switch settings for certain frequently used permutations and control mechanisms are also considered in this paper. This network has an interesting application in solving tridiagonal systems using the odd-even elimination algorithm.
Column-switching high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of a new carbapenem antibiotic, L-739,428, in rat and monkey plasma

A column-switching HPLC method for determination of a new carbapenem antibiotic, L-739,428 (I), was developed that allowed direct injection of rat and monkey plasma. Following dilution with a pH 6.5 buffer, samples were injected without further cleanup into an extraction column dry-packed with 10-microns particle size Maxsil C18 reversed-phase adsorbent. Endogenous plasma components were washed to waste for 6 min with a weak mobile phase of 0.025 M sodium phosphate, 0.005 M hexanesulfonate (pH 6.5). Compound I, retained on the extraction column, was then backflushed with a mobile phase which consisted of a mixture of the preceding buffer-ion pair solution and acetonitrile (96:4, v/v) into a Partisphere C18 analytical column and detected by ultraviolet absorption at 299 nm. Chromatographic retention time was 11.5 min. Stability of I in plasma was maximized by use of a refrigerated autosampler which maintained plasma at 5 degrees C until analyzed. The limit of quantification was 0.1 microgram/ml using the equivalent of 75 microliters plasma.
Microfluidic contact printing: a versatile printing platform for patterning biomolecules on hydrogel substrates

This work describes a printing platform that utilizes components of two complementary techniques—microcontact printing and microfluidic patterning—to provide a high-throughput, reusable tool for patterning biomolecularly responsive chemical features on soft materials. Hydrogel substrates imprinted with biomolecular targets (e.g., proteins or peptides) are of considerable interest because of their utility in diverse bioanalytical applications such as diagnostics and studies of cells in culture. In the system described here, a track-etched polycarbonate membrane is used to seal a PDMS microfluidic channel device to form a print head. Model ‘inks’—solutions of biotin labeled biomolecular targets—are constantly replenished via perfusion of solution through the membrane and captured on a streptavidin-incorporating polyacrylamide hydrogel-coated substrate placed in conformal contact with the print head. The patterns obtained can be controlled through modifications of channel design and secondary programming via selective membrane wetting. Multiple channel designs have been used to pattern three model classes of biomolecular inks (i.e., peptides, polysaccharides, and proteins). Hydrogels patterned with polylysine are used to illustrate a specific biological application for this soft-patterning method, in this case directing in vitro primary mammalian hippocampal neuronal growth. The short cycle time and reproducibility of this soft-patterning technique are highlighted.
Smartphone Evolution and Reuse: Establishing a More Sustainable Model

The dark side of Moore's Law is our society's insatiable need to constantly upgrade our computing devices. The high cost in manufacturing energy, materials and disposal is more worrisome the increasing number of smartphones. Repurposing smartphones for educational purpose is a promising idea and shown success in recent years. Our previous work has shown that although different components in smartphones degrade from use, their functionalities, available resources and power supplies are still able to satisfy the requirement of educational applications. In this study, we demonstrate the potential benefits of reusing smartphones by analyzing their manufacturing and life-time energy. The key challenge is the design of software that can adapt to extreme heterogeneity of devices. We also characterize different types of heterogeneities among different generations of smartphones from HTC and Apple, including processing capability, storage resource and various features. We propose insights to aid establishing a sustainable model of designing mobile applications for phone reuse.
Progesterone acts at the plasma membrane of human sperm.

There has been increasing interest in the relationship between rapid effects of steroids and steroidplasma membrane interaction. This laboratory has previously reported that progesterone increases human sperm cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) and thereby initiates the human sperm acrosome reaction (AR) in < 1 min. Herein, to test whether progesterone acts at the sperm plasma membrane, progesterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime: bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate (free of unconjugated progesterone) was added to capacitated human sperm. Fura-2 assays were used to detect < 1 min changes in [Ca2+]i, and indirect immunofluorescence was used to assay the AR occurring 1 min after stimulus addition. The conjugate increased [Ca2+]i and the AR (though less than did unconjugated progesterone). Enzyme immunoassays demonstrated that the concentrations of unconjugated progesterone in conjugate-treated sperm suspensions did not increase over those of control suspensions. Since the progesterone: BSA conjugate presumably does not cross the sperm plasma membrane, progesterone must act at that membrane to increase [Ca2+]i and the AR.
The barometric tides at Zürich and on the summit of Säntis

Lunar barometric tidal determinations (L 2) have been made by the Chapman-Miller method for Zurich (493 m) and Santis (2000 m) based on 49 years' data. The seasonal variations ofL 2 are much larger at Zurich than on the Santis summit. However, a comparison with the five other pairs of stations for which tidal determinations at different altitudes, but short horizontal distances, are available do not indicate that this result is as an altitude effect, nor do they show any other systematic differences betweenL 2 at the lower and the higher station. The solar tidal determinations agree well with those made byEggenberger (1944) and fit in with those obtained for other stations. From the difference between the pressure oscillations at Zurich and on Santis the corresponding meantemperature oscillations of the air column between the two stations has been computed.
The uptake and concentration of fluoride by the blue crab,Callinectes sapidus

Fluoride uptake was studied in the blue crab,Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, in reference to a potential source of pollution in the Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina. Special attention was given to fluoride accumulation in crab tissues and to the effect of fluoride on crab growth. At 20 ppm fluoride in the water, the growth increment of crabs decreased 4.5% per molt. The cumulative effect over a 20-molt life cycle of a typical blue crab would be a 52% reduction in final average size. Under these conditions, maximum adult crab carapace width would decrease from 204 mm to 98 mm. Fluoride concentrations higher than 20 ppm had an even greater inhibitory effect on growth.
Inhibition by tocopherol of prostaglandin-induced apoptosis in ovine corpora lutea.

Accumulation of toxic oxidants within corpora lutea is a prelude of apoptotic cell death. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is a biological antioxidant that protects cells from the inductive effects of reactive oxygen on DNA damage and nuclear/cytoplasmic condensation that dictate apoptosis. Ewes were challenged with a luteolytic dose of PGF2α on d 10 of the estrous cycle. The acute decline in circulatory progesterone indicative of the onset of functional luteolysis was not affected by systemic administration of α-tocopherol; however, corpora lutea consequently (beyond 24 h) rebounded from the steroidogenic insult. Luteal tissues obtained at 24 h after PGF2α revealed that internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and cellular collapse were inhibited by α-tocopherol. These observations indicate that regressive corpora lutea can be spared from terminal involution by diminishing the apoptotic influence of luteolytic hormone with an antioxidant.
Retinoblastoma tumor vessel maturation impacts efficacy of vessel targeting in the LH(BETA)T(AG) mouse model.

Purpose The aim of this study was to quantify tumor cell proliferation and growth, analyze tumor blood vessel development, and determine the efficacy of antiangiogenic and angiostatic therapy in targeting mature vessels in retinal tumors of the LH(BETA)T(AG) mouse model for retinoblastoma. Methods LH(BETA)T(AG) mouse retinas were analyzed at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age. Tumor burden was analyzed by histology; cell proliferation, vessel density, angiogenesis, and vessel maturation were detected by immunofluorescence. To assess the efficacy of mature vessel targeting, 16-week-old mice were treated with single subconjunctival injections of the selective vascular-targeting drug combretastatin A4 prodrug (CA4P) or anecortave acetate, and eyes were analyzed 1 day and 1 week after injection to determine microvessel density and the number of angiogenic and mature vessels. Results Increased cell proliferation and angiogenesis were detected in the retinal inner nuclear layer (INL) before morphologic neoplastic changes were evident. As tumor size increased, angiogenesis diminished concomitantly with the appearance of mature vessels. Treatment with CA4P and anecortave acetate resulted in significant reductions in total vessel density. However, neither drug reduced the amount of alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive, mature vessels. Conclusions Results of this study provide new insight into the relationship between tumor growth and blood vessel development in the LH(BETA)T(AG) mouse and establish the framework for defining the selective action of two vessel-targeting drugs against new blood vessels compared with mature blood vessels. These findings suggest a high potential value in targeting the process of angiogenesis in the treatment of children with retinoblastoma.
Sputtering of lithium compounds for preparation of electrolyte thin films

Abstract Several lithium compounds have been sputtered in a planar rf magnetron source. Lithium orthophosphate was observed to sputter normally and nearly stoichiometric films were obtained. Sputtering of lithium orthosilicate, however, resulted in extremely lithium deficient films. This was due to the decomposition of the target and the segregation of large amounts of Li 2 O to the unsputtered areas of the target.
Temperature-dependent absorption derivative on InAs/GaSb Type II superlattices

We present an investigation of the quantum confined energy levels in a mid-wave infrared and long-wave infrared InAs/GaSb type II strained-layer superlattice (SLS) photodetector by computing the first derivative of the absorption spectra from 80K to 250K , with respect to the wavelength. Energy levels of both the fundamental transition and two other higher orders are identified for the SLS. The temperature evolution of each of these bands was also characterized by fitting the energy transitions to the Varshni equation, which showed that in general, the higher-energy transitions have a greater change in bandgap with temperature than the lower-energy ones. The transition energies appeared linearly dependent on the InAs layer thickness, and had a weaker dependence on the GaSb layer thickness. A feature that vanished at higher temperatures was also observed, which is due to a GaSb characteristic, rather than the superlattice.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DO SUBSTANCES INHIBITING TUMOR GROWTH EXERT A RETARDING INFLUENCE ON THE REGENERATION OF THE SKIN

Repeated injections of colloidal copper, hirudin, nucleoprotein, and casein, which have a definite retarding influence on tumor growth, given to mice during the process of wound healing do not produce any noticeable influence on the course of regeneration.
A Study of Optimal Rock-Cutting Conditions for Hard Rock TBM Using the Discrete Element Method

The efficiency of TBM performance affected by the specific s/p (s: spacing and p: penetration) ratio of the disc cutter is a research issue in demand. This article presents a multi-indentation simulation using discrete element method (DEM) analysis to study the optimal rock-cutting phenomena in terms of the interaction of the s/p ratio with intact rock properties. The multi-indentation simulation attempts to represent a linear cutting machine (LCM) test, which is a full-scale test for evaluating the optimal rock-cutting condition and measuring required reaction forces based on the intact rock condition in general practice. A governing equation relating mechanical rock properties with geometric characteristics for the optimal rock-cutting condition is derived by the numerical simulation, and its performance is evaluated with the result of the laboratory LCM tests. The results of simulations and real LCM tests show that the effective rock-cutting condition corresponding to the minimum specific energy can be estimated by an optimized s/p ratio, which, in turn, is linearly proportional to the square of the material brittleness, B 2, and cutter tip width, t (i.e., s/p = cB 2 t, where c is coefficient). The limitation of the numerical simulation associated with the sample preparation is also discussed.
Random Dot Motion Perimetry in Patients With Glaucoma and in Normal Subjects

Purpose To determine whether patients with primary open-angle glaucoma have an increase in size thresholds, prolongation of reaction times, and greater localization errors to random dot motion stimuli than normal subjects. Methods Motion perimetry, a computer graphics method of visual field testing, quantitates a subject's ability to detect a correlated shift in position of dots within a defined circular area against a background of fixed dots. We measured motion thresholds, the smallest detectable circular dot motion target, at the Humphrey 24-2 test loci. By using the subject's light-pen responses to the location of the targets, we computed motion size threshold, reaction times, and localization errors (number of pixels from where the subject touched the monitor to the target center). With motion perimetry and conventional automated perimetry, we tested one eye in each of 25 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and 25 age-matched control subjects. We then generated total deviation pointwise probability plots for the patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Results Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma had increased mean motion size threshold (P Conclusions Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma had abnormal motion perception with an increase in spatial localization error.
Ranching and Market Access in the Backlands: Mato Grosso, Brazil, ca. 1900-1940s

For decades, economic historians of Latin America have studied the raw material to explain the nature of international commercial connections in the region. However, very few have focused on stockb...
Orientations of carbohydrate substituents

Once a specific hydrogen bond forms between a carbohydrate and a receptor, the torsional freedom about the OC bond must be mostly “frozen out”. The orientation of the hydroxyl group of an aglycone in a glycosylation reaction is also known to affect its reactivity. In order to assess the range of these effects, all 81 combinations of staggered hydroxyl rotamers of α-l-fucose were studied using the AM1 semi-empirical method. These 81 conformers were reduced to 26 after energy minimization, with a total range of energies of 8.5 kcal mol−1. Fifty selected hydroxyl rotamers of the disaccharide Man(β1,4)GlcNAc(β1,O)Me were also examined by AM1 calculations using a procedure which minimizes the importance of intramolecular H bonding. A range of ± 4.0 kcal mol−1 was found for 11 hydroxyl rotamers with the lowest energy glycosidic linkage conformation (φH = 62.2 ° ± 2.4 °, ψH = − 3.2 ° ± 3.0 °). This study leads to the practical question of selecting the appropriate hydroxyl rotamer for carbohydrate computer libraries.
Who Are We? Genealogists Negotiating Ethno-Racial Identities

This paper analyzes how ethno-racial standpoints influence the ways that genealogists negotiate and narrate biological and/or social interpretations of family and social history. A constructivist methodological approach grounds the analysis of three family genealogists who all have African and European lineages, but differ in their current ethno-racial identities. These case studies serve as exemplars of how individuals negotiate the racial formation processes of past and present. I suggest that there is reflexive and political potential in bio-based genealogy to transform our current racial “common sense.” The practice of genealogy reveals tacit social and biological assumptions that can serve as points of leverage for progressive social change, and yet vary by standpoint. In the context of the iconic gene we must be vigilant about the threat of genetic essentialism, yet the threat is mitigated by the simultaneous democratization of our knowledge and control over origin stories.
CONTROL OF SEX RATIOS IN HAPLOID POPULATIONS OF THE MOSS, CERATODON PURPUREUS.

Female biased sex ratios occur in a number of unrelated mosses. Such ratios refer to the relative numbers of male and female gametophytes in moss populations and are therefore more comparable to the numbers of pollen grains and ovules in populations of seed plants than to the numbers of male (microsporangiate) and female (megasporangiate) sporophytes. A survey of 11 populations of the moss, Ceratodon purpureus, showed that sex ratios are heterogeneous, but that female biases occur in more than half the populations. One hundred and sixty single spore isolates representing 40 sporophytes from one population demonstrated that female gametophytes outnumbered males by a ratio of 3:2 at the time of germination. Female gametophytic clones formed significantly more biomass than male clones, and individual female shoots were more robust. Male clones, however, produced more numerous stems. These sexually dimorphic traits may be related to life history differences between male and female gametophytes since females must provide nutritional support to the "parasitic" sporophyte generation, a burden that males do not share.
Cell lineage of the Ilyanassa embryo: evolutionary acceleration of regional differentiation during early development.

Cell lineage studies in mollusk embryos have documented numerous variations on the lophotrochozoan theme of spiral cleavage. In the experimentally tractable embryo of the mud snail Ilyanassa, cell lineage has previously been described only up to the 29-cell stage. Here I provide a chronology of cell divisions in Ilyanassa to the stage of 84 cells (about 16 hours after first cleavage at 23°C), and show spatial arrangements of identified nuclei at stages ranging from 27 to 84 cells. During this period the spiral cleavage pattern gives way to a bilaterally symmetric, dorsoventrally polarized pattern of mitotic timing and geometry. At the same time, the mesentoblast cell 4d rapidly proliferates to form twelve cells lying deep to the dorsal ectoderm. The onset of epiboly coincides with a period of mitotic quiescence throughout the ectoderm. As in other gastropod embryos, cell cycle lengths vary widely and predictably according to cell identity, and many of the longest cell cycles occur in small daughters of highly asymmetric divisions. While Ilyanassa shares many features of embryonic cell lineage with two other caenogastropod genera, Crepidula and Bithynia, it is distinguished by a general tendency toward earlier and more pronounced diversification of cell division pattern along axes of later differential growth.
Risk of adverse behavioral effects with pediatric use of antidepressants.

This article reviews evidence that led the Food and Drug Administration to issue a “black box” warning about the risk of “suicidality” (suicidal thoughts and behavior) in children and adolescents during treatment with antidepressants. Re-analysis of data from randomized clinical trials of antidepressants in the pediatric population revealed a significantly greater overall (all drugs across all indications) risk ratio for drug 1.95 (95% Cl, 1.28–2.98) compared to placebo in this sample of approximately 4,000 subjects. The essential message of the “black box” is to remind prescribers and consumers about the importance of monitoring closely for adverse behavioral changes during the initiation of (or changes in) antidepressant therapy. Possible mechanisms that might account for this phenomenon, particularly the so-called activation syndrome, are discussed. Empirical studies are needed to identify the precursors of suicidality and to predict which individuals are most susceptible to adverse behavioral side effects of antidepressants.