cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spawning Periodicity, Spawning Migration, and Size at Maturity of Green Sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, in the Rogue River, Oregon

The Rogue River, Oregon represents one of three important spawning systems for green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, in North America. In this paper we describe the spawning migration, spawning periodicity, and size at maturity for green sturgeon caught in the Rogue River during 2000–2004. Green sturgeon were caught by gill net or angling; 103 individuals were tagged with radio or sonic transmitters (externally or internally). Green sturgeon caught by gill net and angling ranged from 145 cm to 225 cm total length. Histological and visual examinations of gonad tissues indicated that most green sturgeon were spawning or post-spawning adults that entered the Rogue River to spawn. Ripe individuals were caught when water temperature was 10–18°C. Specimens carrying transmitters migrated 17–105 km up river; reaches consisting of likely spawning sites were identified based on sturgeon migratory behavior. Most green sturgeon remained in the Rogue River until late fall or early winter when flows increased, after which they returned to the ocean. Eight green sturgeon (males and females) returned to the Rogue River 2–4 years after leaving, entering the river during March, April, and May when water temperatures ranged from 9°C to 16°C. None of the 103-tagged individuals entered the Rogue River during successive years. There appear to be few known natural threats to adult green sturgeon in the Rogue River. However, our data suggest that a high percentage of adults that spawn in the Rogue River (particularly males) were susceptible to harvest by commercial, Tribal, and sport fisheries after leaving the system because they were not adequately protected by maximum size limits during the period of this study. The implications of maximum size limits (or lack of size limits) to green sturgeon are discussed, and recent actions taken by Oregon and Washington Fish and Wildlife Commissions to manage green sturgeon more conservatively are presented.
Low Power Platform for Embedded Processor LSIs

Various low power technologies have been developed and applied to LSIs from the point of device and circuit design. A lot more CPU cores as well as function IPs are integrated on a single chip LSI today. Therefore, not only the device and circuit low power technologies, but software power control technologies are becoming more important to reduce active power of application systems. This paper overviews the low power technologies and defines power management platform as a combination of hardware functions and software programming interface. This paper discusses importance of the power management platform and direction of its development.
Beating the hold-out: bounds for K-fold and progressive cross-validation

The empirical error on a test set, the hold-out estimate, often is a more reliable estimate of generalization error than the observed error on the training set, the training estimate. K-fold cross validation is used in practice with the hope of being more accurate than the hold-out estimate without reducing the number of training examples. We argue that the k-fold estimate does in fact achieve this goal. Specifically, we show that for any nontrivial learning problem and learning algorithm that is insensitive to example ordering, the k-fold estimate is strictly more accurate than a single hold-out estimate on 1/k of the data, for 2 < k < n (k = n is leave-one-out), based on its variance and all higher moments. Previous bounds were termed sanitycheck because they compared the k-fold estimate to the training estimate and, further, restricted the VC dimension and required a notion of hypothesis stability [2]. In order to avoid these dependencies, we consider a k-fold hypothesis that is a randomized combination or average of the k individual hypotheses. We introduce progressive validationas another possible improvement on the hold-out estimate. This estimate of the generalization error is, in many ways, as good as that of a single hold-out, but it uses an average of half as many examples for testing. The procedure also involves a hold-out set, but after an example has been tested, it is added to the training set and the learning algorithm is rerun.
Estradiol regulation of the synthesis of uterine proteins with clusters of proline- and glycine-rich peptide sequences.

Abstract Estradiol (E2) regulates the synthesis of uterine proteins at both the transcriptional and translational levels. E2 induces an increase in the specific amino acid acceptor activity of uterine tRNA, with the largest increases seen for proline, glycine and methionine. The synthesis of three uterine proteins that are rich in proline and glycine, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, is induced by E2. E2-induced increases in these proteins were preceded by and correlated with stimulation of tRNA acceptor activity for proline and glycine and these responses were specifically and simultaneously inhibited by prior azaserine treatment, which inhibits the E2-induced repair and synthesis of the 3′-CCA acceptor terminus of tRNAs. The high frequency and clustering of proline and glycine residues in estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase suggests that the translating ribosomes may slow down during synthesis of these proteins due to limiting levels of these tRNAs in E2-deprived uteri.
Misalignment modes in high-performance optical systems

Misalignment modes are combinations of rigid-body perturbations to the optical elements that comprise an optical system. Comparison of misalignment modes associated with metrology data and projection-camera performance can be used to increase the sensitivity of metrology measurements to specific camera-performance specification such as chief- ray distortion. Selection of measurable misalignment modes in the case of metrology and interesting misalignment modes in the case of camera performance is based on a determination of whether a mode can 'fit' into a projection camera given actuator-stroke and mirror tilt bounds. Measurement and interest subspaces are next compared using distance between subspaces. As an example of this type of analysis, we find that exit-pupil wavefront measurements can be made more sensitive to chief-ray distortion if these measurements are collected at field positions outside the ring field of view of an extreme ultraviolet lithography projection camera.
A New Genus and Species of Orthoptera from the Lower Permian Wellington Formation of Noble County, Oklahoma, USA

Loxoedischia drewi new genus and new species from Oklahoma, is described as the latest addition to the Orthoptera fauna of the Lower Permian Wellington Formation, bringing the total to eleven species, eight of which are known from Kansas, and three from Oklahoma. Family assignment is uncertain, but the taxon is closely related to the Oedischiidae.
The sociogeometry of inequality: Part II

Abstract The study of socioeconomic inequality is of prime economic and social importance, and the key quantitative gauges of socioeconomic inequality are Lorenz curves and inequality indices — the most notable of the latter being the popular Gini index. In this series of papers we present a sociogeometric framework to the study of socioeconomic inequality. In this part we focus on the gap between the rich and the poor, which is quantified by gauges termed disparity curves. We shift from disparity curves to disparity sets, define inequality indices in terms of disparity sets, and introduce and explore a collection of distance-based and width-based inequality indices stemming from the geometry of disparity sets. We conclude with mean-absolute-deviation (MAD) representations of the inequality indices established in this series of papers, and with a comparison of these indices to the popular Gini index.
Trauma Exposure in Anxious Primary Care Patients

The present study examined rates of trauma exposure, clinical characteristics associated with trauma exposure, and the effect of trauma exposure on treatment outcome in a large sample of primary care patients without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individuals without PTSD (N = 1,263) treated as part of the CALM program (Roy-Byrne et al., Journal of the American Medical Association 303(19)1921–1928, 2010) were assessed for presence of trauma exposure. Those with and without trauma exposure were compared on baseline demographic and diagnostic information, symptom severity, and responder status six months after beginning treatment. Trauma-exposed individuals (N = 662, 53 %) were more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and had higher levels of somatic symptoms at baseline. Individuals with and without trauma exposure did not differ significantly on severity of anxiety, depression, or mental health functioning at baseline. Trauma exposure did not significantly impact treatment response. Findings suggest that adverse effects of trauma exposure in those without PTSD may include OCD and somatic anxiety symptoms. Treatment did not appear to be adversely impacted by trauma exposure. Thus, although trauma exposure is prevalent in primary care samples, results suggest that treatment of the presenting anxiety disorder is effective irrespective of trauma history.
Functional properties of spinomesencephalic tract (SMT) cells in the upper cervical spinal cord of the cat

Response and receptive field properties were evaluated for 62 spinomesencephalic tract cells in the upper cervical spinal cord (C1-C3) of cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and alpha-chloralose. Recordings were made from cells in laminae I-VIII and X contralateral to antidromic stimulating electrodes positioned in the rostral, caudal and intercollicular region of the midbrain. The mean antidromic threshold for all cells was 185 +/- 132 microA, and conduction velocities ranged from 2.3 to 38.6 m/sec. Twelve cells were backfired from both midbrain and diencephalic stimulation sites. Receptive fields ranged from simple, i.e., ipsilateral forelimb or face, to complex, i.e., excitatory and/or inhibitory responses from large portions of the body. Peripheral receptive fields included muscles, joints, cornea, dura, forelimbs, hind limbs, tail, and/or testicles. Five functional classes of cells were observed: (a) wide dynamic range (14 cells); (b) high threshold (2 cells): (c) low threshold (4 cells); (d) deep/tap (11 cells); and (e) non-responsive (31 cells). Eight cells were evaluated for responses to different doses (5-150 micrograms) of intravenous (i.v.) serotonin. Two of the 8 cells exhibited excitatory effects, whereas 2 cells classified as deep/tap and 4 cells classified as non-responsive were not affected. The results of this study have shown the upper cervical component of the spinomesencephalic tract is made up of a heterogenous population of cells involved in the integration of varied inputs from large portions of the body. It is proposed that the large population of SMT cells in the upper cervical spinal cord may be involved in pain mechanisms, especially those related to the affective consequences of acute and chronic pain.
Maximum Likelihood and Quasi-Likelihood for Nonlinear Exponential Family Regression Models

Abstract Linear and nonlinear exponential family and quasi-likelihood regression models form a class of models with a structure that invites using one algorithmic framework to compute parameter estimates and regression diagnostics. This framework extends our work on nonlinear least squares; it includes iteratively reweighted least squares but also encompasses secant updates for part of the Hessian matrix of the likelihood or quasi-likelihood function along with tests for when to use this information. The framework also provides basic machinery for computing “leave one out”-style regression diagnostics. We describe the framework, discuss some implementation details, and present some numerical experience.
Compromised or Savvy? Achievable Norms in Urban Design

Theories of urban design often propose what is good. The various ‘isms’—Modernism, New Urbanism, Landscape Urbanism—are replete with charters and pronouncements of this type. Good urban design is a...
The effect of surface oxygen on the catalytic and chemisorptive behavior of Ni(110): Ligand effects and oxide states

Abstract The decomposition of deuterated formic acid (HCOOD) on a partially oxidized nickel (110) surface was examined by flash desorption techniques. The clean surface was oxidized by exposure to oxygen at room temperature in amounts varying up to 10 L. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and low energy electron diffraction (LLED) were used to characterize the surface. For oxygen exposures of less than 20 L the autocatalytic mechanism producing D 2 and CO 2 previously observed on the clean surface was preserved, and a second mechanism, characterized by a broad peak including one or more simple first-order processes, was introduced. As oxygen exposure was increased, the explosive peak was displaced to higher temperatures and its magnitude diminished while the broad peak increased in size. On the ordered one-half monolayer oxygen surface the rate constant for the autocatalytic process decreased from the clean surface value of 1.6 × 10 15 exp (−26600/RT) sec −1 to 4.0 × 10 11 exp (−20800/RT) sec −1 . On the same surface, the rate constant for the broad peak was 1.6 × 10 12 exp (−21200/RT) sec −1 . The amount of CO evolved equaled the amount of CO 2 produced by the autocatalytic process, indicating the importance of an anhydride intermediate. Two intermediates were thus involved in the production of CO 2 on the oxygen chemilayers; the first was an anhydride, as on the clean surface, and the second was a HCOO species. The presence of oxygen on the Ni(110) surface thus exhibited two effects. Preservation of the autocatalytic mechanism with an alteration of the rate constant indicated a comparatively mild perturbation of the nickel electronic environment, while the introduction of a second mechanism, which became dominant was oxygen exposure was increased, was characteristic of a much stronger oxygen-nickel interaction.
SNP development in North American burying beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae): a tool to inform conservation decisions

We used genomic and bioinformatic techniques to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for use in population genetic studies and conservation efforts of North American burying beetles. Genomic reduction, barcoding, 454-pyrosequencing and de novo assembly of the resultant reads yielded 30,399 large contigs (>400 bp) for us to scrutinize. We identified 10,992 putative SNPs in DNA sequences of the burying beetle Nicrophorus orbicollis, and from those we developed a panel of 96 highly polymorphic SNP assays. We validated the 96 SNP assays on a diversity panel of 95 individuals using KASPar genotyping chemistry detected using the Fluidigm dynamic array platform. 53 of the 96 SNP assays (55 %) were clearly polymorphic across N. orbicollis samples, with 28 in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These SNPs can be used to assess population demographic parameters of N. orbicollis populations, then those data may be used to inform conservation efforts of its sister species, the endangered N. americanus.
Word predictability in the environments of hesitations

Two experiments were conducted to study the predictability of words in hesitation contexts. The first study focused on a comparison of the first word after hesitations with words sampled from fluent contexts. The second study involved gathering predictability data for all words in a language sample. Results supported the hypothesis that words subsequent to hesitations tend to be less predictable than words uttered in fluent context. But the associated hypothesis that the word antecedent to hesitations is more predictable than other fluent context was not supported. This led to further analysis of predictability of words in the environments of different hesitations, specifically filled pauses and repeats. The implication drawn was that different types of hesitations index different kinds of encoding decision points.
Fear of Litigation and Cesarean Section Rates

Both the rates of cesarean section and the rates and payouts from obstetrical malpractice suits have risen in past decades, albeit not always in tandem. A great deal of evidence suggests that physicians practice defensive medicine, and many obstetricians acknowledge that a more liberal recourse to cesarean section is one such behavior in which they sometimes engage. However the degree to which fear of litigation actually is a contributor to, or perhaps even a driver of, the rising cesarean section rate is not as clearly known. In this article I will discuss the research that has been performed that attempts to epidemiologically assess the link between lawsuits, malpractice premiums and cesarean section rates. I will also consider factors beyond dollars and cents (e.g., cognitive biases, changing risk tolerance of doctors and patients) that may lie at the base of the relationship. Finally I will offer a brief discussion of how professional ethics should inform the actions that physicians take in these difficult circumstances.
Tracking, instruction and achievement

Abstract This chapter uses data from 58 eighth-grade English classes in the midwestern United States to study between-track differences in literature achievement. The main purpose of this chapter is to learn whether achievement gaps between tracks can be attributed to variation in the quality of instruction. Indicators of instructional quality included a composite measure of the quality of instructional discourse, and survey and observational measures of student participation in schoolwork. The analyses, using a hierarchical linear modeling approach, yielded three main results: (1) Achievement differences between tracked and untracked schools were not statistically significant. (2) Within the tracked schools, high-track students scored considerably higher, and low-track students lower, than their counterparts in middle or “regular” classes. (3) About a quarter of the high-track advantage and over a third of the low-track disadvantage could be attributed to differences in the quality of instruction and participation in the different types of classes.
The wounded healer.

This paper deals with the emergence, elaboration, and use of the concept of "the wounded healer." The term refers to a person whose personal experience of illness and/or trauma has left lingering effects on him--in the form of lessons learned that later served him in ministering to other sufferers, or in the form of symptoms or characteristics that usefully influenced his therapeutic endeavors. While such persons and their actions have been noted across the ages, in other cultures, and in many contexts, it was not until the early twentieth century that the patterns in the behaviors of such persons were recognized, named, explained, and categorized as "healing." Early in the century, the concept was commonly used in the fields of pastoral counseling and analytical psychology; by the end of the century it had been vastly expanded and extended and no longer referred mainly to a healer of psychological suffering. The term wounded healer is now in common use in areas such as rehabilitation medicine, medical-career choice, Alcoholics Anonymous and the self-help movement, and chronic-illness support groups, as well as in the original areas of psychotherapy and pastoral care.
Low Power Fast Pulse Circuit Techniques in the MIT Gamma-Ray Telescope

Usually, circuits for handling fast pulses are designed at low impedance levels and hence operate with relatively high power consumption. In the electronics instrumentation of the MIT Gamma-Ray Telescope, the analog portion of the electronics, which must respond to input pulses as short as 3 ns and which contains about 430 transistors, operates with a power requirement of 350 mw. The entire electronics package of 8000 components (1300 transistors) has a total power consumption of only 500 mw. The initial section of this paper will briefly describe the salient points in the design and operation of the Gamma-Ray Telescope. The subsequent portions will then discuss the signal processing involved in the analog section of the instrument and some design problems peculiar to the conflicting requirements of high speed input pulses and low power circuits.
Absorptive parts and double spectral functions associated with dual amplitudes

Abstract A phenomenologically successful dual amplitude with logarithmic trajectories is studied. The delta function imaginary parts of the amplitude are approximated by an “averaged” imaginary part. As expected, the resulting average s -channel discontinuity vanishes when α ( t ) = 0, −1, −2, … and also gives rise to a double spectral function with a correct hyperbolic boundary. It is argued that the dual amplitude has properties which are very similar to those expected from a composite particle model.
STAR FORMATION IN MOLECULAR DISKS.

Recent advances in the observation of star-forming regions have shown that outflows from young stellar objects possess internal structure on scales 1015 - 1017cm, and that molecular disks are seen or suspected to exist around many of these objects. These observations are reviewed and discussed in terms of current theoretical models of wind production and star formation. A variety of observational tests are proposed which are aimed at deciding between the models.
Prevalence of mutations in eyeGENE probands with a diagnosis of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa.

Purpose To screen samples from patients with presumed autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) for mutations in 12 disease genes as a contribution to the research and treatment goals of the National Ophthalmic Disease Genotyping and Phenotyping Network (eyeGENE). Methods DNA samples were obtained from eyeGENE. A total of 170 probands with an intake diagnosis of adRP were tested through enrollment in eyeGENE. The 10 most common genes causing adRP (IMPDH1, KLHL7, NR2E3, PRPF3/RP18, PRPF31/RP11, PRPF8/RP13, PRPH2/RDS, RHO, RP1, and TOPORS) were chosen for PCR-based dideoxy sequencing, along with the two X-linked RP genes, RPGR and RP2. RHO, PRPH2, PRPF31, RPGR, and RP2 were completely sequenced, while only mutation hotspots in the other genes were analyzed. Results Disease-causing mutations were identified in 52% of the probands. The frequencies of disease-causing mutations in the 12 genes were consistent with previous studies. Conclusions The Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Inherited Eye Disease at the University of Texas in Houston has thus far received DNA samples from 170 families with a diagnosis of adRP from the eyeGENE Network. Disease-causing mutations in autosomal genes were identified in 48% (81/170) of these families while mutations in X-linked genes accounted for an additional 4% (7/170). Of the 55 distinct mutations detected, 19 (33%) have not been previously reported. All diagnostic results were returned by eyeGENE to participating patients via their referring clinician. These genotyped samples along with their corresponding phenotypic information are also available to researchers who may request access to them for further study of these ophthalmic disorders. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00378742.).
An histopathological study involving a cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus of the salt-marsh caterpillar, Estigmene acrea.

Abstract A cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus infecting the salt-marsh caterpillar, Estigmene acrea is further described. Histopathological studies showed that most of the cells of the larval midgut are susceptible and polyhedra are concentrated in the cell cytoplasm. In thin sections studied under the electron microscope numerous spherical virus particles (50–60 mμ) were observed within the polyhedra, but there were also many virus particles free in the cell cytoplasm.
Supramolecular relationships of membrane antigens on the murine thymocyte.

SUMMARY The topographical relationship of Thy-1, Ly-1, Ly-2, and T200 were examined on the murine thymocyte. The inhibition of the binding of radiolabelled monoclonal antibody after incubation with unlabelled heterologous antibody was used as a measure of the proximity of the target antigens on the cell surface. On unfixed cells, prior incubation with anti-Thy-1.2 impeded the attachment of labelled anti-Ly-1, anti-Ly-2, and anti-T200. Anti-T200, but not anti-Ly-1, or anti-Ly-2, was capable of impeding the attachment of labelled anti-Thy-1.2 on unfixed cells. In general, gentle fixation with paraformaldehyde did not alter these inter-relationships. The possible functional contributions of such supramolecular relationships are discussed.
Recent Trends in LDC Military Expenditures

Abstract Several alarming and largely ignored trends in the size and structure of military expenditure of less developed countries (LDCs) have appeared during the past quarter century. New, fuller, and better data series permit us to discern four of these recent trends sufficiently clearly to call them “stylized facts” of the contemporary development process: (1) LDC defense expenditures have been rising as a fraction of GDP; (2) the capital cost component of this spending appears to have been rising relative to the operating cost component; (3) the portion of the LDC population serving in the armed forces has been increasing; and (4) LDC military wages appear to have been rising relative to civilian wages.
Regulation of Estrogen Biosynthesis by Human Adipose Cells

Introduction THE BIOSYNTHESIS of estrogens is catalyzed by an enzyme complex termed aromatase which is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells in which it is expressed. The aromatase enzyme complex consists of two components (1): The first is a form of cytochrome P-450 known as aromatase cytochrome P-450 (P-450AROM). This heme protein is responsible for binding the C19 steroid substrate and catalyzing the concerted series of reactions leading to the formation of the phenolic A ring. The second is a flavoprotein, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, which is an essentially ubiquitous protein in the endoplasmic reticulum of most cell types and is responsible for transferring reducing equivalents from NADPH to cytochrome P-450. Since there is only one gene encoding the reductase, this enzyme must be capable of transferring reducing equivalents to any form of microsomal cytochrome P-450 that it encounters (2). The aromatase reaction apparently utilizes 3 moles oxygen and 3 moles NADPH for every mole of C...
The relationship between private safety nets and economic outcomes among single mothers

This article examines the relationship between private safety nets and economic outcomes among 2,818 low-income single mothers in three U.S. counties in the 1990s. I define private safety nets as the potential to draw upon family and friends for material or emotional support if needed. Using a combination of survey and administrative records data collected for the National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies, I find that human capital deficits, depressive symptoms, and low self-efficacy are associated with having less private safety net support, suggesting that social network disadvantages compound individual-level disadvantages. I also find that mothers with strong private safety nets worked more, earned more, and were less reliant on welfare compared with mothers with more meager private safety nets.
Akt-dependent anabolic activity of natural and synthetic brassinosteroids in rat skeletal muscle cells

Brassinosteroids are plant-derived polyhydroxylated derivatives of 5α-cholestane, structurally similar to cholesterol-derived animal steroid hormones and insect ecdysteroids. In this study, we synthesized a set of brassinosteroid analogues of a natural brassinosteroid (22S,23S)-homobrassinolide (HB, 1), including (22S,23S)-homocastasterone (2), (22S,23S)-3α-fluoro-homobrasinolide (3), (22S,23S)-3α-fluoro-homocastasterone (4), (22S,23S)-7-aza-homobrassinolide (5), and (22S,23S)-6-aza-homobrassinolide (6) and studied their anabolic efficacy in the L6 rat skeletal muscle cells in comparison to other synthetic and naturally occurring brassinosteroids (22R,23R)-homobrassinolide (7), (22S,23S)-epibrassinolide (8), and (22R,23R)-epibrassinolide (9). Presence of the 6-keto group in the B ring and stereochemistry of 22α,23α-vicinal hydroxyl groups in the side chain were critical for the anabolic activity, possibly due to higher cytotoxicity of the 22β,23β-hydroxylated brassinosteroids. All anabolic brassinosteroids tested in this study selectively activated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway as evident by increased Akt phosphorylation in vitro. Plant brassinosteroids and their synthetic derivatives may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for promoting growth, repair, and maintenance of skeletal muscles.
Mitotic crossing-over and segregation in man

Although clear genetic evidence of mitotic crossing-over is lacking in man, observations of mitotic chiasmata in normal cells (0.1–1 per 1000) and in Bloom's syndrome (BS) cells (5–150 per 1000) demonstrate its occurrence. That mitotic chiasmata are true exchanges is concluded from the occurrence of heteromorphic “bivalents” and the pattern of sister chromatid exchanges in mitotic “bivalents”. Several observations demonstrate that chiasmata are different in principle from chromatid translocations which simply happen to take place at homologous loci. For example, the ratio of adjacent exchanges to mitotic chiasmata is 1/20–1/60, whereas this ratio is approximately 1:1 for chromatid translocations. Furthermore, mitotic chiasmata make up a very high proportion of total quadriradials (QRs): 48% in normal untreated cells and 90% in BS cells. Close proximity of homologous chromosomes promotes mitotic crossing-over. Thus in normal diplochromosomes, the incidence is increased a hundred-fold as compared to diploid cells. However, closeness of homologues is not the only factor promoting crossing-over; the BS gene specifically promotes exchanges between homologous segments as shown by the roughly 15-fold increase of chiasmata in BS diplochromosomes as compared to normal diplochromosomes. Mitotic chiasmata are distributed extremely nonrandomly in different chromosomes and chromosome segments. The preferred sites are short Q-dark regions, 3p21, 6p21, 11q13, 12q13, 17q12, and 19p13 or q13 being veritable hot spots. Our preferred hypothesis is that the hot spots have higher gene densities than other regions. Consequently they are active and extended in interphase which would promote their pairing and chiasma formation. Segregation after mitotic corssing-over in satellite stalks can be demonstrated by means of distinct satellites. In a BS patient there were 31 different patterns for Q-bright satellites in 58 cells. Segregation after presumed crossing-over has also been seen in three dicentric chromosomes with one centromere inactivated. Recombination in satellite stalks in BS resulted in 12/58 cells homozygous for Q-bright satellites. In two of these cells, two chromosomes were homozygous for Q-bright satellites, and in one cell, three chromosomes were homozygous. This high degree of homozygosity which obviously applies to other chromosome regions too, may explain the high incidence of malignant disease in BS on the assumption that cancer is caused by recessive genes.
The solution of the steady state distribution in non-equilibrium processes☆

Abstract The master equation, written in continuous form, is solved with a complete set of functions. The condition of detailed balancing is used to symmetrize the integral equation. The functions are chosen to be orthogonal to the equilibrium solution and the components are suggested to be useful as non-equilibrium (steady state) parameters. The general solution for the steady state of two thermally coupled systems is evaluated.
A Comparison of Fetal versus Maternal Plasma Colloidal Osmotic Pressure in Man

SummaryA rigid membrane osmometer providing a recording of plasma COP within 30 min, is described. The difference between fetal and maternal plasma COP of man at different stages in gestation has been measured. The fetal plasma COP of man increases from approximately 150 mm H2O at 26 weeks gestation, to approximately 350 mm H2O at term. The mean maternal plasma COP was 439 ± 9 mm H2O.
Interaction of bovine brain phospholipid exchange protein with liposomes of different lipid composition

Abstract The major phospholipid exchange protein from bovine brain catalyzes the transfer of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine between rat liver microsomes and sonicated liposomes. The effect of liposomal lipid composition on the transfer of these phospholipids has been investigated. Standard liposomes contained phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidic acid (98:2, mol%); in general, phosphatidylcholine was substituted by various positively charged, negatively charged, or zwitterionic lipids. The transfer of phosphatidylinositol was essentially unaffected by the incorporation into liposomes of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine, or phosphatidylglycerol (5–20 mol%) but strongly depressed by the incorporation of stearylamine (10–40 mol%). Marked stimulation (2–4-fold) of transfer activity was observed into liposomes containing phosphatidylethanolamine (2–40 mol%). The inclusion of sphingomyelin in the acceptor liposomes gave mixed results: stimulation at low levels (2–10 mol%) and inhibition at higher levels (up to 40 mol%). Cholesterol slightly diminished transfer activity at a liposome cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio of 0.81. Similar effects were noted for the transfer to phosphatidylcholine from microsomes to these various liposomes. Compared to standard liposomes, the magnitude of K m tended to increase for liposomes which depressed phospholipid transfer and to decrease for those which stimulated; little change was observed in the values of V . Single phospholipid liposomes of phosphatidylinositol were inhibitory when added to standard liposomes.
Character of the Alleghanian orogeny in the southern Appalachians: Part III. Regional tectonic relations

Geological and geochronological studies in the eastern Piedmont of the southern Appalachians have documented a polyphase late Paleozoic deformational chronology (D 2 –D 4 ) that is contemporaneous with the Alleghanian orogeny recorded in the western Appalachian foreland. The scale and vergence of D 3 anticlinoria in the eastern Piedmont are similar to those of anticlinoria in the western Appalachians which are related to ramping of underlying thrust surfaces. We suggest that the Appalachian decollement extends southeastward beneath the entire Piedmont Province and that all of the Piedmont rocks were displaced at least 175 km northwestward relative to North America during the Alleghanian orogeny. Late Paleozoic deformational effects in the eastern Piedmont thus are considered cogenetic with Alleghanian foreland deformation. We interpret the Alleghanian orogeny to be the result of oblique, dextral convergence and collision of Gondwana and Laurentia.
Oxygen isotope evidence against bulk recycled sediment in the mantle sources of Pitcairn Island lavas

The hypothesis that subducted sediments survive dehydration and/or melting in subduction zones to become long-lived geo-chemical reservoirs in the mantle has gained support in recent years. Evidence for such reservoirs is found in the geochemistry of ocean island basalts (OIBs), some of which have isotopic and trace-element characteristics plausibly associated with ancient sedimentary components. In particular, the EM1 mantle end-member has been identified, principally on the basis of strontium, neodymium and lead isotopes, and has been proposed to carry a large sediment fraction. Oxygen isotopes should be sensitive indicators of subducted sediment in the sources of OIBs because minerals that interact with water at low temperatures near the Earth's surface (during weathering, for example) become enriched in ^(18)O relative to ^(16)O (ref. 6). We report here the ^(18)O:^(16)O ratios of phenocrysts from basalts from Pitcairn Island (southeast Pacific Ocean), which, together with the nearby Pitcairn seamounts, contain among the most extreme EM1 signatures known. We find the oxygen isotope ratios of the phenocrysts to be indistinguishable from the average for mantle peridotite. These results show that the end-member EM1 signature can be produced in the absence of substantial (>l-2%) recycled sediment in the mantle.
Monoisotopic mass spectra

Abstract A computer technique which calculates a least-squares fit monoisotopic mass spectrum, restricted to positive solutions, from polyisotopic measurements, is described. Any combination of elements, sets of isotopes or isotopic abundances can be handled. Partial or complete spectra may be analyzed. The method is also useful to determine the fractional abundance of isotopes, calculate the cluster of isotope peaks due to any formula, handle the data from ion—molecule studies, and detect impurities in mass spectral data. As examples the mass spectra of (CH3)2Hg, (CH3)4Pb, SiCl4 and SOCl2 are resolved.
Crisis Management for Students with Emotional/Behavioral Problems

Provides information about the prediction, prevention, and management of crises for students with emotional/behavioral problems
An experimental study of diffusion‐controlled reactions in a laminar boundary layer

A brief review is presented of the theoretical solution obtained by the authors to the problem of a rapid second-order reaction in the incompressible laminar boundary layer on a flat plate. An experimental system is described for investigating reactions of this type, specifically the dissolution of plates and cylinders of benzoic and cinnamic acids in aqueous solutions of sodium and potassium hydroxide. Experimental data are reported in terms of a reaction factor, that is the ratio of the transfer rate with reaction to that in the absence of reaction. The reaction factor is independent of position. The theory closely predicts the reaction factor for cylinders as well as for flat plates. Data obtained by other investigators for packed beds can also be correlated although less successfully.
Efficient coupling of ligand binding to channel opening by the binding domain of a modulatory (β) subunit of the olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel

CNG channels in vivo are heteromers of homologous α and β subunits that each contain a six-transmembrane segment domain and a COOH-terminal cytoplasmic cyclic nucleotide binding domain (BD). In heterologous expression systems, heteromeric αβ channels activate with greater sensitivity to ligand than do homomeric α channels; however, ligand-gating of channels containing only β subunit BDs has never been studied because β subunits cannot form functional homomeric CNG channels. To characterize directly the contribution of the β subunit BD to ligand-gating, we constructed a chimeric subunit, X-β, whose BD sequence was that of the β subunit CNG5 from rat, but whose sequence outside the BD was derived from α subunits. For comparison, we constructed another chimera, X-α, whose sequence outside the BD was identical to that of X-β, but whose BD sequence was that of the α subunit CNG2 from catfish. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, X-β and X-α each formed functional homomeric channels activated by both cAMP and cGMP. This is the first demonstration that the β subunit BD can couple ligand binding to activation in the absence of α subunit BD residues. Notably, both agonists activate X-β more effectively than X-α (higher opening efficacy and lower K1/2). The BD is believed to comprise two functionally distinct subdomains: (1) the roll subdomain (β-roll and flanking A- and B-helices) and (2) the C-helix subdomain. Opening efficacy was previously believed to be controlled primarily by the C-helix, but when we made additional chimeras by exchanging the subdomains between X-β and X-α, we found that both subdomains contain significant determinants of efficacy and agonist selectivity. In particular, only channels containing the roll subdomain of the β subunit had high efficacy. Thermodynamic linkage analysis shows that interaction between the two subdomains accounts for a significant portion of their contribution to activation energetics.
Agonist-antagonist dilemma in molecular imaging: evaluation of a monomolecular multimodal imaging agent for the somatostatin receptor.

The combination of different imaging modalities, each providing information according to its strengths, can be a powerful method for diagnosing diseases. We have synthesized a monomolecular multimodal imaging agent (MOMIA), LS172, containing a subtype-2 somatostatin receptor (SSTr2)-avid peptide (Y3-octreotate or Y3-TATE), a radiometal chelating group (DOTA) and a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye (cypate). In addition to optical methods, radiolabeling LS172 with 64 Cu and 177 Lu provides a strategy for in vitro evaluation or in vivo multimodal imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), respectively. Determination of the binding affinity of LS172, nat Cu- and nat Lu-LS172 in SSTr2-transfected A427 cells (A427-7) showed that they all displayed high binding affinity toward SSTr2 with K; values of 0.234 nM, 11.5 nM, and 2.15 nM respectively. In contrast to cypate-labeled Y3-TATE (cytate), fluorescence microscopy showed that LS172 and nat Cu-LS172 accumulate modestly in A427-7 cells by SSTr2-mediated endocytosis, in spite of their relatively high binding affinity. In vivo, the biodistribution of the SSTr2 receptor specific 64 Cu- and 177 Lu-LS172 in AR42J tumor-bearing rats exhibited low (≤1% ID/g) accumulation in tumor tissue. Clearance from circulation was predominantly hepatobiliary (>90% ID/liver). Both optical and radionuclear biodistribution studies showed a similar in vivo distribution profile. Surprisingly, the strong binding of LS172 to SSTr2 did not translate into high SSTr2-mediated endocytosis in cells or uptake in tumor in vivo. Considering that LS172 is a putative antagonist, the poor accumulation of the labeled MOMIAs in SSTr2 positive tumor tissue supports the paradigm that agonists with their concomitant internalization favors appreciable target tissue accumulation of receptor-specific ligands.
Spontaneous Electrical Activity of Rabbit Trigger Spot After Transection of Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve

Objectives: To assess the changes in the prevalence and the morphology of spontaneous electrical activity [SEA] after spinal cord transection and subsequent nerve transection in an animal model of myofascial trigger point [MTrP] in order to further understand the mechanism of MTrP. Spontaneous electrical activity can be recorded from a minute locus in a human MTrP region, and also from that in the myofascial trigger spot [similar to human MTrP] of rabbit skeletal muscle.Methods: Four adult albino rabbits were studied for the prevalence and amplitude changes of SEA in the biceps femoris muscle before and after spinal cord transection at the level of T4 or T5, and also after subsequent transection of the sciatic nerve.Results: There was no significant change in the prevalence and amplitude of SEA up to 60 minutes after spinal cord transection and 30 minutes after subsequent nerve transection.Conclusions: The occurrence of SEA is not mediated through the spinal or supraspinal circuits. The origin of SEA appe...
Methods of Instrument Training and Effects on Pilots’ Performance With Different Types of Flight Instrument Displays

As computer display technology has evolved, so have the aircraft instrument displays pilots use for aircraft control and navigation. With the aid of two different flight training devices – one configured with steam gauges and the other configured with glass cockpit – this study measured aircraft control and navigation differences between two pilot groups. Pilot Group 1 had earned their instrument rating in aircraft equipped with steam gauges, and Pilot Group 2 had earned their instrument rating in aircraft equipped with glass cockpits. Using displays for which they were not trained, each pilot was tested on aircraft control and navigation precision. The test required that pilots complete basic instrument maneuvers and an instrument landing system approach. Using MANOVA, deviations from assigned values were recorded and statistically compared. Study findings indicated that steam gauge pilots transitioning to glass cockpits perform better than glass cockpit pilots transitioning to steam gauge displays.
Evaluation of the Gas Production Potential of Some Particularly Challenging Types of Oceanic Hydrate Deposits

We use the TOUGH+HYDRATE code to assess the production potential of some particularly challenging hydrate deposits, i.e., deposits that are characterized by any combination of the following factors: absence of confining boundaries, high thermodynamic stability, low temperatures, low formation permeability. Using high-resolution grids, we show that a new horizontal well design using thermal stimulation coupled with mild depressurization yields production rates that appear modest and insufficient for commercially viable production levels. The use of parallel horizontal wells (with the lower one providing thermal stimulation through heat addition, direct injection or circulation of warm water, and the upper one producing under a mild depressurization regime) offers tantalizing possibilities, and has the potential of allowing commercial production from a very large number of hydrate deposits that are not currently considered as production candidates if the problem of the corresponding large water production can be solved.
Antiseptics and disinfectants.

Antiseptics and disinfectants play an important role in microbial control in both the veterinary patient and hospital. Selection of antiseptics and disinfectants should be based on knowledge of their characteristics. Antiseptics should exert a sustained effect against microorganisms without causing tissue damage. Disinfectants destroy disease-producing microorganisms on inanimate objects, but they lack the efficacy achieved by sterilization procedures. The key to proper use of antiseptics and disinfectants is using the proper germicidal agent under conditions that maximize success and minimize complications.
Cell migration into the “established” lateral motor column in Rana pipiens larvae: I. Brachial spinal cord

It has previously been assumed that once the lateral motor columns are set aside as a definitive region of the spinal cord in Rana pipiens larvae (about stage V of Taylor and Kollros, '46), no further movement of cells into the column occurs. Since the cells of the lateral motor column (LMC) arise from cells dividing in the ventricular zone of the spinal cord, it is possible to label some of the nuclei of cells destined for the LMC with thymidine-H3. It was, thus, shown directly that cells enter the brachial LMC at stages after its initial formation. Larvae of R. pipiens were injected with thymidine-H3 at various stages of development, and subsequent autoradiographs were made of serially sectioned spinal cords. Animals injected through stage VII exhibited a greater frequency of labeled LMC cells at later stages than did those injected after stage VII. By the onset of metamorphic climax, stage XIX, no further production of cells for the LMC could be detected. It is suggested that cell turnover in the developing LMC may have a role in the formation of the proper neuro-muscular and neuro-neuronal connections.
CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE SOCIAL: ON WAGNER'S "PHENOMENOLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND SOCIOLOGY OF THE LIFE-WORLD"

Wagner's "inside" approach is based on two fundamental principles of all human experience that it takes place within the consciousness of the 'T ' or actor and that it is grounded in the "we" the lifeworld constituted by and with others• Phenomenological psychology includes "phenomenal psychology" that is the simple description of phenomena of consciousness. A fullfledged phenomenological psychology goes beyond description to the distillation of eidetic typologies. Wagner's sociology of the life-world is to be phenomenologically grounded, representing the social world as experienced by conscious actors. At times, however, Wagner's text