cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Horticulture and Art

One of the unique characters of horticulture as an agricultural discipline is that it has an esthetic component. There are two approaches to the esthetics of horticulture: (1) art in horticulture, the direct use of plants alone and in groups as pleasing visual objects, and (2) horticulture in art, the use of horticultural objects as a basic component of artistic expression. Art in horticulture revolves around plants as beautiful objects, individually and en masse. This concept has generated distinct disciplines such as flower arranging and the floral arts, garden design and development, and landscape design and architecture. Horticulture in art, refers to the depiction of horticultural plants in connection with various manifestations of the visual arts such as sculpture and mosaics, drawings and painting, and embroidery and tapestry. The depiction of plants is one of the great themes in artistic expression as exemplified in their widespread use in the decorative patterns in the design of innumerable objects from floor and ceiling patterns, silverware, pottery and ceramics, coins and banknotes, to heraldry.
Division Algebras over Transcendental Fields

In this chapter we consider the central simple algebras over fields that are transcendental extensions of their prime fields. In contrast with the abundant information about algebras over local and global fields that was presented in the last two chapters, our knowledge about division algebras over transcendental fields is sparse. The most important result on this subject is Tsen’s Theorem. It will be proved in Section 4. Tsen’s Theorem is a generalization of Wedderburn’s Theorem on finite division algebras. Using properties of the reduced norm we will prove a result that includes Tsen’s Theorem and Wedderburn’s Theorem as special cases. Tsen’s Theorem is the basis of most work on the Brauer groups of transcendental extensions. In Section 5 we will use it to prove a relativized version of the Auslander—Brumer—Faddeev Theorem that describes B(F(x)). The study of B(F(x)) leads to a construction of division algebras in Section 6 that clarifies the relation between the Schur index and the exponent of a central simple algebra. The last three sections of the chapter examine algebras over Laurent series fields.
Transthoracic Bioimpedance Measurements for Heart Failure Detection

Heart failure (HF) is affecting more than 40 million people worldwide, and is one of the most common causes of hospitalization among the elderly. As such, it imposes high demands on health care systems. HF symptoms are severe, and include shortness of breath, chest discomfort, swelling in lower extremities, and generalized fatigue. Since these symptoms are dominated by shortness of breath from pulmonary edema, the detection of HF is performed by measuring fluid accumulations in lungs. To date several methods have been used for heart failure detection, but the predictive accuracy of such methods is marginal, often made in non-timely manner, and expensive. Therefore, there is a need for a reliable, noninvasive, easy to use, inexpensive, and accurate device. To this end, transthoracic bioimpedance (TBI) has risen as such approach, with promising results in detection of intrathoracic volume retention. The theory behind TBI measurements of fluid accumulations in the lungs will be presented, as well as the results obtained on healthy participants and HF patients in controlled and clinical settings respectively.
Practice Trends in Intracranial Bypass Surgery in a 21-Year Experience.

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze practice trends in specific intracranial bypass types in a large, consecutive bypass experience. Methods This retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database included all intracranial bypasses performed by a single surgeon over 21 years. Bypass types were grouped into 7 categories and analyzed in seven 3-year time intervals: type 1 = extracranial-to-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass with scalp arteries as donors; type 2 = EC-IC bypass with interposition graft to cervical carotid arteries; type 3 = arterial reimplantation; type 4 = in situ bypass; type 5 = reanastomosis; type 6 = intracranial-to-intracranial bypass with interposition graft; and type 7 = combination bypass. Results In total, 598 intracranial bypasses were performed including 359 type 1, 59 type 2, 24 type 3, 30 type 4, 37 type 5, 36 type 6, and 53 type 7. Although type 1 and type 3–7 bypasses increased, type 2 bypasses decrease in frequency. Aneurysms were the most common bypass indication (41.8%), followed by moyamoya disease (31.8%), and intracranial arterial stenosis or occlusion (24.9%). Endovascular treatment failure was observed in 10.8% of the aneurysm patients treated with a bypass procedure. Conclusions Intracranial bypass remains an essential technique for open vascular neurosurgeons. The classic low-flow EC-IC bypasses, intracranial-to-intracranial, and combination bypasses increased over time, whereas the high-flow EC-IC interpositional bypasses decreased over time. These trends reflect the increasing use of flow diverters as well as the need for surgical revascularization for complex aneurysms, and those that failed previous endovascular therapy.
Insight and Symptom Severity in an Inpatient Psychiatric Sample

Individuals with a severe mental illness, particularly a psychotic disorder, often lack insight into having a mental illness. This study sought to examine the differences in insight and symptom severity between individuals with psychotic, bipolar, and depressive disorders in an inpatient psychiatric sample. 199 participants were interviewed and medical records were consulted. Results show that participants with a psychotic disorder had significantly less insight into their illness, more debilitating symptoms, and reported less depression symptoms after controlling for education, race, marital status, homelessness, age, gender, and history of incarceration. Insight was shown to be a mediator between having a psychotic disorder and symptom severity. Subjective quality of life did not differ by diagnosis. Substance use was not associated with insight or overall symptom severity, while homelessness was associated with having a psychotic disorder and more severe symptoms. Fostering insight during an inpatient stay may be an important part of reducing symptom severity and preventing patient relapse. However, greater insight may increase depression and suicidality, indicating a need for mood management and safety planning along with psychoeducation of symptoms.
South Los Angeles Since the 1960s: Race, Place, and Class:

South Los Angeles embodies a complex history that captures the dynamics of spatial inequality. It is an area where some of the largest protests reacting to a system of racial oppression have imprin...
Coded Caching with Heterogeneous File Demand Sets — The Insufficiency of Selfish Coded Caching

This work falls under the broad setting of coded caching with user-dependent file popularity and average-rate capacity analysis. In general, the exact capacity characterization with user-dependent file popularity remains an open problem. For example, user 1 may be interested in files 1 and 2 with probabilities 0.6 and 0.4, respectively, while user 2 may be interested in only files 2, and 3 with probabilities 1/3 and 2/3, respectively, but not interested in file 1 at all. An optimal scheme needs to carefully balance the conflicting interests under the given probabilistic weights. Motivated by this fundamental but intrinsically difficult problem, this work studies the following simplified setting: Each user k is associated with a file demand set (FDS) Θ k ; each file in Θ k is equally desired by user k with probability $\frac{1}{{\left| {{\Theta _k}} \right|}}$; and files outside Θ k is not desired at all. Different users may have different Θ k1 ≠ Θ k2 , which reflects the user-dependent file popularity. Various capacity results have been derived (mostly for the cases of K = 2 users). One surprising byproduct is a proof showing that selfish coded caching is insufficient to achieve the capacity. That is, in an optimal coded caching scheme, a user sometimes has to cache the files of which he/she has zero interests.
Reflexive pronouns in the Lindisfarne glosses

Abstract Old English uses personal pronouns, demonstratives, and limited null subject for reference to previously mentioned nouns. It uses personal pronouns reflexively and pronouns modified by ‘self’ identical in form with an intensive. This use of a pronoun modified by self has been attributed to British Celtic influence. Other changes in the pronominal system have been attributed to Scandinavian influence, e.g. the introduction of the third person plural pronoun they. This paper looks at the use of the specially marked reflexives in the glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels, a northern text where both British Celtic and Scandinavian influence may be relevant. It provides lists of all of the self-marked forms and shows, for instance, that Matthew and Mark have reflexives based on an accusative/dative pronoun followed by self and they don’t have this form as an intensifier. British Celtic of this period has an intensifier but has no special reflexives and has lost case endings, so the Lindisfarne language is unlike British Celtic. Luke and John have intensives and reflexives, with ‘self’ modifying case-marked pronouns, again unlike British Celtic. In addition to contributing to the debate on external origins, the paper adds to the authorship debate by comparing the use of reflexives in the different gospels.
De relatie tussen zelfverwonding en suïcide

Al jarenlang pleiten specialisten op het gebied van zelfverwonding zoals ikzelf, Favazza (1996, 1998), Conterio en Lader (1998) en Alderman (1997) ervoor om zelfverwonding als een apart onderwerp te zien en gescheiden te houden van suicide. Wij en andere professionals maken te vaak mee dat clienten onterecht worden opgenomen voor vormen van zelfverwonding die als suicidepogingen worden geinterpreteerd. Een van de grote mythen van de westerse cultuur is dat snijden in polsen suicidaal gedrag is. Zoals in H. 1 werd benadrukt, hebben typische vormen van zelfverwonding doorgaans te maken met emotieregulatie en sociale beinvloeding, en niet zozeer met een verlangen om te sterven.
The Japanese Judiciary

In this essay for the Oxford Handbook of Japanese Politics, I survey the state of (and the research into) the Japanese judiciary. Japan operates a largely honest and meritocratic judiciary. The court's administrative office (and indirectly, the ruling party) can reward and punish judge for the quality of the work they do -- and has. For the most part, the administrative office uses that capacity to reward good work. It can also use the capacity to punish opposition politics -- but self-selection into the judiciary seems to keep the (perceived) need for that political intervention to a minimum.
Study on marine targets detection covered in glint

Glint is the strong noise of mid-infrared detectors in the marine targets detection, so it’s very important to understand the problem caused by glint and estimate when the use of infrared detectors is limited. In this study, an experimental observation system is built to collect marine target images by mid-infrared detectors. According to theoretical analysis, a time model is established to reasonably predict when mid-infrared detectors are unavailable based on the variation rule between radiation brightness of the sea surface background or target and the solar zenith angle, which is in good agreement with experimental observation results. In addition, the polarization filter technology and laser imaging technology and their applications in the problem of marine target detection covered in glint are summarized.
Scalable, washable and lightweight triboelectric-energy-generating fibers by the thermal drawing process for industrial loom weaving

Abstract In the era of the internet of things (IoTs), it is desired to equip the decentralized electronics with distributed power sources. The fiber-based triboelectric nanogenerator (FTENG) provides one of the soundest solutions due to its high efficiency, easy deployment, excellent wearability, low cost, and eco-friendliness. Compared with other forms of TENGs, it can be woven into fabrics as wearable devices, offering good compactness and comfortability. However, the industrial-loom-compatible FTENGs have yet to be fabricated; the fiber diameter and length are typical challenges in the large scale weaving. In this paper, the thermal drawing process (TDP) is introduced to produce FTENGs that are compatible with industrial looms. The diameter of the polymer-cladding and metal-core fiber has been reduced to ~350 μm, and the length of a single fiber has been scaled up to sub-kilometer. Both hand-woven and loom-woven swatches are demonstrated, showing good flexibility, stretchability, power density, stability, washability, and breathability. Besides serving as power sources, such swatches have been used as self-powered sensors for body motion monitoring and communication. These applications show that the thermally drawn FTENGs can serve as powerful and reliable wearable devices in modern electronics.
Holistically speaking: A content analysis of spiritual interventions to inform the development of culturally relevant interventions for African American women living with HIV

Psychosocial interventions are a key component to improved quality of life for women living with HIV. Spirit-level interventions are shown to buffer psychosocial distress experienced by HIV positiv...
Design and Development of Two-level Deployed and Multi-level Applied Electric Energy Substitution Effect Improvement and Business Expansion Support Software

With the in-depth promotion of electric energy substitution and the rapid development of grid informationization, the building of systematic and integrated electric energy substitution effect improvement and business expansion support software becomes an important means to further optimize the electric energy consumption management level and realize the overall improvement of electric energy utilization efficiency. This paper introduces the design idea of this software, shows the layer structure of the platform, describes the relationships among all layers, analyzes the key technologies of the system, and researches and designs the general architecture and function modules. This platform provides the strong technical support for the state to promote the lean management of electric energy substitution and for the State Grid to develop the building of electric energy substitution service system.
Variations in Ocean Mixing from Seconds to Years.

Over the past several decades, there has developed a community-wide appreciation for the importance of mixing at the smallest scales to geophysical fluid dynamics on all scales. This appreciation h...
Bridging the gaps between different sign conventions of Fresnel reflection coefficients towards a universal form

Fresnel coefficients allow one to address reflection and transmission of electromagnetic waves in a mathematically convenient way. However, although the equations are well established, some mathematical confusion exists that originates from the different relative orientation relationships between the fields set for the derivation of the equations. In the literature, the Fresnel reflection coefficients are written in two different conventions. In one convention, opposite signs of the reflection coefficients of TE and TM waves at normal incidence cause confusion regarding their phase shift. Interestingly, these sign discrepancies do not appear in the other convention, which serves as another source of confusion. As there is no such rule that sets which convention shall be used universally, different conventions are used by different authors of optics textbooks. In this paper, the Fresnel coefficients are derived with a modified definition of reflection and transmission coefficients. The Fresnel coefficients derived this way result in the same form independent of the arbitrarily defined orientations of the fields.
An optimal property of the hyperplane system in a finite cubing

Motivated by navigation and control problems in robotics, Ghrist and Peterson introduced a class of non-positively curved (NPC) cubical complexes arising as configuration spaces of reconfigurable systems, best regarded as discretized state space representations of embodied agents such as a multi-jointed robotic arm. In current real world applications, agents are increasingly required to respond autonomously to sensory input in order for them to contend with a priori unknown obstacles to navigation. In particular, the configuration spaces in question may not be known in advance. This motivates the following problem formulation: Given a NPC cubical complex $$\mathcal {C}$$ and a point-separating collection $$\varSigma $$ of Boolean queries on its 0-skeleton, $$\mathcal {C}^{(0)}$$ , find an efficient algorithm for learning $$\mathcal {C}$$ from the outputs provided by $$\varSigma $$ along an appropriately chosen path in $$\mathcal {C}$$ . In this note, we tackle the problem of identifying $$\mathcal {C}$$ when it is known that $$\mathcal {C}$$ is CAT(0). We show that the collection of canonical hyperplanes of $$\mathcal {C}$$ is the unique solution of a sub-modular minmax problem over the space of point-separating systems of Boolean queries on $$\mathcal {C}^{(0)}$$ , which may also be formulated in terms of the quadratic form associated with the graph Laplacian of $$\mathcal {C}^{(1)}$$ .
Police Violence and Protests: Digital Media Maintenance of Racism, Protest Repression, and the Status Quo

Analyzing news coverage of the killing of Stephon Clark in 2018, this research contributes to the further theorization of the hierarchy of social struggle by (1) confirming the consistent use of de...
The Role of a Professional Journal in the Development of Hospitality Education and Research

A systematic assessment of the papers published in the Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research for the past several decades is presented in this study. This special edition of the Journal present...
Differential rapid responding across language and cultural groups

Rapid response behaviour, a type of test disengagement, cannot be interpreted as a true indicator of the targeted constructs and may compromise score accuracy as well as score validity for interpre...
Overcoming barriers to social media use through multisensor integration in emergency management systems

Abstract For over a decade, the field of crisis informatics has observed novel, ad hoc uses of social media among citizens and digital volunteers while noting barriers that impede social media use among municipal responders during crises. These barriers include a lack of tools for processing social media data, a lack of staff to use these tools, and a lack of trust in information gathered from citizens. However, while studies address the collection, processing, and use of social media per se, research continues to overlook the necessity of integrating information gathered from social media and existing information sources relied on by responders working across municipal agencies. Through scenario-based interviews with municipal responders, this study observes that objectives of early warning and proactive emergency response motivate uses of social media during periods of stability to address gaps in information reported by 911 callers, on-scene responders, and various physical sensors. To accomplish these objectives, upstream PSAP staff must process information from multiple physical and social sensors, cue other sensors to verify untrusted reports, and integrate multisensor information for dispatch to downstream first responders, emergency managers, and PIOs. Together, these findings suggest that overcoming barriers to social media use resulting from a lack of tools, staff, and trust requires new and existing sociotechnical infrastructures that facilitate intra- and inter-organizational processes of multisensor integration across periods of stability and crisis.
Optimization of High Frequency CMUT Array Geometry for Guidewire IVUS

High frequency ultrasound arrays on small scale probes can find many applications where high resolution is desired with limited penetration. CMUTs provide many advantages for such systems including electronics integration for miniaturization and fabrication flexibility for different array geometries. CMUT models have been proposed to model and optimize overall frequency response, however more detailed analysis and optimization of the imaging performance considering overall array geometry are required for practical applications. In this study, we describe a detailed design model and PSF based layout optimization of a 40-MHz 1-D CMUT array that can be used on a guidewire for IVUS imaging. For the design, a lateral array size of 300 µm, suitable for 0.014″ IVUS guidewires, is considered. Dynamic analysis of CMUT membranes and bandwidth optimization for required design specifications are performed using a nonlinear lumped large signal model. Two different membrane configurations are considered having $15\ \mu \mathrm{m}$ and $17.5\ \mu \mathrm{m}$ circular membranes. PSF simulations are performed to optimize array element elevation length along the depth of field. Simulated artery phantom is designed and the performance of the array configurations is verified with imaging simulations.
Perceptual Anisotropies in Infancy: Ontogenetic Origins and Implications of Inequalities in Spatial Vision

Publisher Summary This chapter defines two common classes of perceptual anisotropy. They are perceptual salience of the main orthogonals, meaning the orientation hierarchy of vertical-horizontal-oblique, and perceptual equivalence on the lateral meaning the similarity of left-right mirror-image sections or enantiomorphs of a pattern. The circumstances under which these perceptual anisotropies emerge in different species, particularly in humans have been reviewed. The chapter focuses on visual perception, since the visual modality is superior to others in the perception of space and interprets psychological evidence that points to the existence of perceptual anisotropies among newborns and infants in the first year of life. Like older human children and adults and like other infrahuman species, human infants are not equally sensitive to all spatial orientations or to all transformations of patterns that occur in the perceptual world. The two common classes of anisotropy are especially prominent in infancy. Infants consistently find the main orthogonals salient, as shown in a variety of detection, acuity, information-processing, and preference measures. Infants also see and treat as equivalent lateral mirror-image components of visual patterns. The chapter concludes with a discussion on some theoretical interrelations between the two classes of anisotropy, the special role of the face in perceptual anisotropies, and some likely implications of infant anisotropies for the development of perception, cognition, and language in childhood.
SU-D-BRD-02: Auto Weekly - An Automated Online Weekly Chart Check System for Medical Physics

Purpose: Radiation therapy has evolved to become not only more precise and potent, but also more complicated to monitor and deliver. More rigorous and comprehensive quality assurance is needed to safeguard ever advancing radiation therapy. ICRU standards dictate that an ever growing set of treatment parameters are manually checked weekly by medical physicists. This “weekly chart check” procedure is laborious and subject to human errors or other factors. A computer-assisted chart checking process will enable more complete and accurate human review of critical parameters, reduce the risk of medical errors, and improve the efficiency. Methods: We developed a web-based software system that enables a thorough weekly quality assurance checks. In the backend, the software retrieves all machine parameters from a Treatment Management System (TMS) and compares them against the corresponding ones from the treatment planning system. They are also checked for validity against preset rules. The results are displayed as a web page in the front-end for physicists to review. Then a summary report is generated and uploaded automatically to the TMS as a record for weekly chart checking. Results: The software system has been deployed on a web server in our department’s intranet, and has been tested thoroughly bymore » our clinical physicists. A plan parameter would be highlighted when it is off the preset limit. The developed system has changed the way of checking charts with significantly improved accuracy, efficiency, and completeness. It has been shown to be robust, fast, and easy to use. Conclusion: A computer-assisted system has been developed for efficient, accurate, and comprehensive weekly chart checking. The system has been extensively validated and is being implemented for routine clinical use.« less
A Source-To-Source Architecture for User-Defined Optimizations

We present an architecture for the specification of source-to-source transformations. New source code can be specified as source-fragments. The translation of source-fragments to the intermediate representation is accomplished by invoking the frontend. For any inserted fragment we can guarantee that it is typed correctly. If no error is reported on inserted fragments, the whole program can always be compiled without errors. Based on a given abstract attribute grammar the user can specify transformations as semantic actions and can combine the computation of attributes with restructure operations on the intermediate representation.
Fiscal Discipline and Exchange Rate Regimes

This paper explores the implications of a new theory of price determination (due to Leeper, Woodford and Sims) for the maintenance of various exchange rate systems--crawling pegs, fixed pegs, and common currency areas. It shows that deeper monetary integration requires more fiscal discipline, especially if price stability is an objective; these monetary arrangements cannot be achieved by monetary policy alone, as conventional wisdom would seem to suggest. A particularly striking result is that a currency peg is simply not sustainable if fiscal surpluses are determined by an exogenous political process; maintenance of a fixed currency peg requires the government to guarantee fiscal solvency for any equilibrium sequence of prices (which Woodford calls a Ricardian Regime). Interestingly, the debt and deficit constraints that were written into the Maastricht Treaty, and will continue in the Stability Pact after EMU, are examples of the fiscal discipline that is required.
Structure of the gene encoding dihydrolipoyl transacylase (E2) component of human branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex and characterization of an E2 pseudogene.

Abstract We have determined the structural organization of the dihydrolipoyl transacylase (E2) gene of the human branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. The single copy E2 gene spans approximately 68 kilobases of genomic DNA. The complete coding region consisting of the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions, the mitochondrial targeting sequence (61 amino acids), and the mature E2 sequence (421 amino acids) are encoded by 11 exons ranging from 62 to 2239 base pairs. All the donor and acceptor splice sites conform to the gt-ag rule. Sequence analysis of the promoter-regulatory region showed the presence of a "CAAT box"-like sequence 537 bases upstream of the transcription initiation site. The "TATA box"-like sequence is absent. Also located in this region are sequences resembling glucocorticoid-responsive and cAMP-responsive elements, fat-specific elements, and Sp1- and AP-2-binding sites. Several sets of direct and inverted repeats are also present. Promoter assays using human hepatoma cells (Hep-G2) and Swiss mouse preadipocytes (3T3-L1) showed that a 4.1-kilobase PstI fragment upstream of the transcription start site confers high expression of the luciferase reporter gene. Moreover, an intronless E2 pseudogene was isolated. It corresponds to the complete mitochondrial presequence and the lipoyl-bearing domain that are encoded by exons I through IV of the functional E2 gene. However, the E2 pseudogene contains multiple base changes, deletions, and insertions, and is flanked by short direct repeats. The data indicate that the E2 pseudogene is a retroposon.
Online Reputation Systems in Web 2.0 Era

Web 2.0 has transformed how reputation systems are designed and used by the Web. Based on a thorough review of the existing online reputation systems and their challenges in use, this paper studied a case of Amazon’s reputation system for the impacts of Web 2.0. Through our case study, several distinguished features of new generation reputation systems are noted including multimedia feedbacks, reviewer centered, folksonomy, community contribution, comprehensive reputation, dynamic and interactive system etc. These new developments move towards a relatively trustworthy and reliable online reputation system in the Web 2.0 era.
Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of the Morrison Formation in Dinosaur National Monument

The objective of this study is to establish a stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and geochronologic framework of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation within Dinosaur National Monument, and to tie this framework to the rest of the Colorado Plateau and other important fossil-bearing localities. The study is designed to complement ongoing paleontological inventories of the Morrison Formation within the Monument. During the first field season, emphasis was placed on beginning detailed stratigraphic and sedimentologic work and the collection of samples for various types of analyses.
But for the Apocalypse: Wilfrido Nolledo’s Da rk Mirror of Empire

This essay reads Wilfrido Nolledo’s novel, But for the Lovers (1970), across the rocky terrain in which the postcolonial Anglophone novel intersects with the question of postmodernity. Using Paul Ricoeur’s Memory, History, and Forgetting and Fredric Jameson’s exhortation to the critic to “Always historicize!” as my primary theoretical frameworks, I argue against the seemingly common accusation that the “postmodern” Anglophone Filipino novel––of which But for the Lovers is a kind of prototypical example––is incapable of creating a perspective on the political and historical conditions of the Philippines as a postcolonial nation and that it is merely symptomatic of the much larger political, social, and cultural malaise characteristic of the current political economic and cultural moment. My argument is that But for the Lovers forces the critic to resituate her perspective on the problems of Philippine nationalism by linking it to the question of the novel’s style: only by doing so can the way that history and fiction narrate and produce knowledge about the past be interrogated. Ultimately, I argue that But for the Lovers demonstrates that the ultimate horizon for any reading of Anglophone Philippine fiction is not just history, but the unassailable historical condition of US imperialism in the Philippines. The novel’s apocalyptic finale, I suggest, dramatizes the large-scale violence and genocide that founds, as historian Dylan Rodriguez argues, the moment of US-Philippine “contact” in the early twentieth century, and in this way conditions the very possibility of a Filipino literature in English.
Active antenna arrays using tunnel devices

The heterostructure interband tunnel diode (HITD), when appropriately biased, exhibits RF negative resistance and can be used in VCOs, mixers and active antenna circuits. However, the DC instability issues associated with the diodes prevent them from being used in RF applications. To overcome the instability, the DC blocking capacitors are used to enforce individual bias conditions for the diodes in this work. A five-elements active antenna array is designed, fabricated, and tested. Experimental results are presented and compared with simulations. The beam steering can be achieved, by either controlling the number of the working diodes, or changing the phase difference between the two signals applied to the two end-elements.
Using metrics to manage the end-game of a software project

In order to effectively manage the market transition from one HP LaserJet product to the next it is critical for the embedded software (firmware) to be completed and tested in time to make the manufacturing start date. A slip in firmware release causes manufacturing complications and creates a shortfall in the availability of LaserJets which translates into millions of dollars in lost sales. But quality is just as important as meeting the firmware release date. Software metrics are an integral part of our quality requirements; they are used to guide software development and functional enhancements of the firmware code. In this paper we discuss how we have used software metrics to help manage the final period of time of LaserJet firmware development and testing before a product is released. We outline our motivation for establishing this metrics program, describe how we selected metrics to determine the status of the projects being monitored, and demonstrate how we used these metrics to manage the end-game of LaserJet firmware release.
Regulation of Cholecystokinin Synthesis and Secretion in Rat Intestine

Cholecystokinin is a classical gastrointestinal hormone that is produced by discrete endocrine cells of the upper small intestine. Cholecystokinin is produced in various molecular forms that result from differences in posttranslation processing of a single gene product. Cholecystokinin is secreted from the intestine in response to the ingestion of food. We observed that specific dietary substances increase the rate of transcription of the cholecystokinin gene and stimulate cholecystokinin release in rats. In contrast the paracrine transmitter, somatostatin, inhibits dietary-stimulated cholecystokinin secretion and lowers intestinal mRNA levels. Evidence that cholecystokinin gene expression is not necessarily linked to hormone secretion is supported by the observation that the neuropeptide, bombesin, stimulates cholecystokinin release but does not modify intestinal cholecystokinin mRNA levels. To examine the intracellular messengers that might regulate the cholecystokinin cell directly, we developed an in vitro method for studying cholecystokinin release from isolated intestinal mucosal cells. In this perifusion system, cholecystokinin release was stimulated by membrane depolarizing concentrations of KCl (50 mmol/L), the calcium ionophore A23187 (1 mumol/L), and the cAMP analogue dibutyryl cAMP (1 mumol/L). Biologically active cholecystokinin was also released in a dose-dependent manner by the peptide transmitters, bombesin and monitor peptide. These findings indicate that neurotransmitters and hormones may directly regulate the cholecystokinin cell and suggest that the phosphoinositide and adenylate cyclase cascades mediate stimulated-cholecystokinin secretion.
Peering and provisioning of differentiated Internet services

A key consideration in building differentiated network services is the feasibility of maintaining stable and consistent service level agreements across multiple networks where allocations are made only on the edges. To investigate this, we consider a game theoretic model of capacity provisioning in a differentiated services Internet. The players are one raw-capacity seller per network, one broker per service per network, and users, to play the roles of wholesellers, retailers and end users respectively in a two-tier wholeseller/retailer market. Based on this model, we are able to construct an explicit necessary and sufficient condition for the stability of the game, which determines the sustainability of a given set of SLA configurations among peering ISP. The analytical results are validated with simulations of user and broker dynamics, using distributed progressive second price auctions as the spot market mechanism in a scenario with three interconnected networks, and two services.
Millenarianism in the modern world

The point has been made that millenarian movements flourish in a relatively isolated agrarian milieu. I have argued that the relationships between this milieu and disaster make millenarianism a predominantly rural form of unrest, ill-suited to the polyglot character of city life. If that is true, an obvious corollary should be that millenarian movements are eventually destined to disappear. As urban, industrial indeed, as some would have it, postindustrial society expands, such archaisms as chiliastic sects are bound to constitute early casualties. E.J. Hobsbawm and others argue that the apparent upthrust of such groups in recent times represents only the dying paroxysms of agrarian society. The city, which as recently as the turn of the century had been overwhelmingly a Western social form, very rapidly diffused into the non-Western world. "In 1900 . .. there were fourteen cities with a population of one million or more, and of these six ... were in Europe, three in Asia, three in North America, and two in South America. By 1960, when the total had risen to sixty-nine, the distribution had changed radically. No less than twenty-six (i.e. more than thirty-seven per cent) were in Asia."1 Examples might be multiplied, but the major point should be clear enough: a major transformation has steadily reduced the size and importance of the reservoirs from which millenarian movements have traditionally drawn their adherents.
Adsorption and disproportionation of ethylene on supported rhenium oxide catalysts

Abstract The adsorption and disproportionation reaction of deuterated ethylene on various supported rhenium oxide catalysts have been studied. Silica gel and γ-alumina were used as supports with a rhenium oxide content ranging between 5 and 20%. Adsorption on the unreduced catalysts was found to be reversible with an isosteric heat that decreased slightly with increasing coverage. Entropy changes associated with the reversible adsorption were indicative of a somewhat mobile absorbate. For both the SiO2 and Al2O3 supported catalysts, hydrogen reduction at 500 °C for less than 5 hr created sites that absorbed ethylene irreversibly. After continued reduction for greater than 15 hr, ethylene adsorption on the SiO2 supported samples became reversible again, whereas the Al2O3 samples retained a significant and constant level of irreversible adsorption even after 20 hr of reduction. Initial kinetic studies with propylene indicated that the silica supported samples were inactive for the disproportionation reaction up to 180 °C. By contrast, the reaction proceeded readily on the alumina supported catalysts even at room temperature. The rate of disproportionation of monodeuterated ethylene on the unreduced catalyst was measured at 75 and 95 °C with ethylene partial pressures between 300 and 760 Torr. The olefin surface concentration under these conditions was determined independently by measuring the extent of adsorption of light ethylene. Since the rate was found to vary as the square of the surface concentration, the results support the contention that the rate determining step involves the interaction of two adsorbed olefin molecules.
Treatment and protherombin responses during warfarin toxicosis in rats and mice

Efficacy of whole blood, vitamin K-3 and vitamin K-1 treatment during warfarin feeding was investigated in rats and mice. Prolonged prothrombin times were observed in mice after 9--12 h of warfarin feeding. Prothrombin times greater than 300 sec were consistently observed in mice on continuous warfarin feeding and receiving whole blood or vitamin K-3 treatment. Withdrawal of warfarin resulted in normal prothrombin times after 96 h in mice receiving no treatment, 48--72 h on whole blood and 48 h in mice treated with 72 mg vitamin K-3/kg of body wt./day. Marked protection against warfarin induced hypoprothrombinemia and mortality occurred in mice treated with 5 mg vitamin K-1/kg/day. Treatment with 72 mg vitamin K-1/kg/day resulted in rapid alleviation of hypoprothrombinemia and prolonged protection against warfarin toxicosis. Intraperitoneal administration of 72 mg/kg/day of vitamin K-1 or vitamin K-3 were not toxic to mice. Mortality was consistently higher in mice given warfarin continually and in those receiving the greater number of treatments. Frequent handling appears to aggrevate warfarin toxicosis.
Legacies of Racism

This article offers a qualitative review of the narratives presented in this special issue of the Journal of Counseling & Development on racism. The author describes some of the collective themes that emerge from the narratives associated with the devastating, multifaceted effects of racism in the United States. The narratives individually and collectively help to deconstruct myths and stories that perpetuate racism and other forms of prejudice. A critical thinking model is presented that professionals in the fields of mental health and education might use to encourage students and others to take a closer look at racism and discover ways to move beyond prejudice and intolerance.
Superior displacement of the hip in total joint replacement: Effects of prosthetic neck length, neck-stem angle, and anteversion angle on the moment-generating capacity of the muscles

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of superior displacement of the hip center and changes in three prosthetic parameters (neck length, neck-stem angle, and anteversion angle) on the capacity of muscles to generate force and moment about the hip. A three-dimensional model that calculates the maximum isometric forces and moments generated by 25 muscles crossing the hip over a wide range of body positions was used to evaluate the effects of a 2 cm elevation of the hip center and changes in the prosthetic parameters. After superior displacement of the hip center, the neck length was increased from 0 to 3 cm, the neck-stem angle was varied between 110 and 150 degrees, and the anteversion angle was varied between 0 and 40 degrees. Our analysis showed that a 2 cm superior displacement of the hip center would decrease the moment-generating capacity of the four muscle groups studied (abductors, adductors, flexors, and extensors) if neck length were not increased to compensate for decreased muscle length. In the computer model of an adult man that we used, a 2 cm increase in neck length restored the moment-generating capacity of the muscles by increasing muscle length and force-generating capacity. However, a 3 cm increase in neck length increased passive muscle forces substantially, which potentially could limit joint motion. An increased neck-stem angle (i.e. a valgus neck) decreased the abduction moment arm but increased the moment-generating capacity of the other muscle groups. A change in the anteversion angle from 0 to 40 degrees had a relatively small effect on the isometric moment-generating capacity of the muscles studied.
On cardinalities of row spaces of Boolean matrices

We prove that there are exactlyn numbers greater than 2 n−1 that can serve as the cardinalities of row spaces ofn×n Boolean matrices. The numbers are: 2 n−1+1,2 n−1+2,2 n−1+4, ..., 2 n−1+2 n−2, 2 n . Two consequences follow. The first is that the height of the partial order ofD-classes in the semigroup ofn×n Boolean matrices is at most 2 n−1+n−1. The second is that the numbers listed above are precisely the numbers greater than 2 n−1 that can serve as the cardinalities of topologies on a finite setX withn elements.
Transmission line models to simulate the impedance of the uterine vasculature during the ovarian cycle and pregnancy

Objectives: Changes in uterine vascular impedance may yield diagnostic insight into physiological and pathological changes in uterine vascular resistance and compliance during the ovarian cycle and pregnancy. Herein, our objectives were to develop models to simulate uterine vascular impedance in order to gain insight into the vascular size and stiffness changes that occur during ovarian cycling and pregnancy. Study design: Two electrical analogue transmission line models were developed and evaluated based on goodness-of-fit to experimental impedance measurements, which were obtained in nonpregnant luteal and follicular phase (NP-L and NP-F) and pregnant (P) ewes (n = 4-8 per group). First, an anatomically based, multi-segment, symmetric, branching transmission line model was developed. Parameter values were calculated based on experimental measurements of size and stiffness in the first three generations of the uterine arterial tree for NP-L, NP-F and P ewes. Then, a single segment transmission line model was developed and effective parameter values were optimized to best-fit the measured impedances. Results: The anatomically based multi-segment model did not yield the expected good agreement with the experimental data (R 2 < 0.5 for all groups). In contrast, the impedance spectra predicted by the single segment model agreed very well with experimental data (R 2 = 0.93, 0.82, and 0.84 for NP-L, NP-F and P, respectively; p < 0.0001, all groups). Furthermore, the changes in the best-fit model parameters for NP-F and P compared to the NP-L were consistent with the prior literature on the effects of the ovarian cycle and pregnancy on vascular resistance and compliance. In particular, compared to NP-L, NP-F had decreased longitudinal and terminal resistance with a modest increase in compliance whereas pregnancy caused more dramatic drops in longitudinal and terminal resistance and a significant increase in compliance. Conclusions: The single segment transmission line model is a useful tool to examine changes in vascular structure and function that occur during the ovarian cycle and pregnancy.
MR measurement of critical phase transition dynamics and supercritical fluid dynamics in capillary and porous media flow.

Abstract Supercritical fluids (SCF) are useful solvents in green chemistry and oil recovery and are of great current interest in the context of carbon sequestration. Magnetic resonance techniques were applied to study near critical and supercritical dynamics for pump driven flow through a capillary and a packed bed porous media. Velocity maps and displacement propagators measure the dynamics of C 2 F 6 at pressures below, at, and above the critical pressure and at temperatures below and above the critical temperature. Displacement propagators were measured at various displacement observation times to quantify the time evolution of dynamics. In capillary flow, the critical phase transition fluid C 2 F 6 showed increased compressibility compared to the near critical gas and supercritical fluid. These flows exhibit large variations in buoyancy arising from large changes in density due to very small changes in temperature.
Preliminary evaluation of 5α-reductase type 2 in urine as a potential marker for prostate disease ☆

Abstract The objective of this study was to find a biomarker, easily detectable and measurable, that could be useful to the physician for the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. An immunoaffinity-purified polyclonal antibody to the 5α-reductase type 2 isozyme was prepared following standard procedures in New Zealand White rabbits. One hundred and seven urine samples were examined for the presence of this isozyme by Western blot, dot blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay assays. In a control group of 91 subjects (46 females and 45 males) with no history of prostate disease, only 1 female tested positive. In a test group of 16 males, 4 males with adenocarcinoma of the prostate under treatment with lupron/flutamide tested negative. Four males with untreated adenocarcinoma of the prostate tested positive. Two males with transitional cell carcinoma invading the prostatic ducts and two males with basal cell hyperplasia of the prostate with intraductal dysplasia tested positive. These results support the need for an extended study to explore the use of the Western blot or the simple dot blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of 5α-reductase type 2 in urine as a potential marker for prostate disease.