cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benthic community response to hypoxia: Baseline data

World wide more than 400 aquatic systems are hypoxic, affecting an area of more than 245,000 square kilometers. The hypoxic area in Gulf of Mexico is the second largest in the world next to the Baltic Sea basin. In the northern Gulf of Mexico hypoxia is a phenomenon which occurs when the seasonal thermohaline stratification in the water column develops. Under normoxic or hypoxic conditions benthic organisms affect the physicochemical properties of sediment by their usual biological activity such as feeding, locomotion, and burrowing. According to the Pearson-Rosenberg model, changes in the benthos due to hypoxia occur at the community level of organization, with the pioneering community having different biological behavior than the equilibrium community, which normally exists without hypoxic stress. These changes as a response to low oxygen include numerical density, species diversity, organism size, depth of bioturbation, and number of functional groups-all factors which ultimately can affect the physicochemical properties of sediment. Thus, to some extent there may be a feedback mechanism that conditions the sediment properties for the particular type of benthic community. The types of sediment properties that can affect the density and diversity of benthos include grain size distribution, bulk density, and concentration of organic matter. To study these changes, macrobenthos and sediment samples were collected from the northern Gulf of Mexico between the Atchafalaya and Mississippi Rivers. Four provinces were chosen based on the frequency of occurrence of hypoxic events for a comparison between pre-hypoxic conditions in early spring and hypoxic conditions in late summer. The macrobenthos data will be compared with the sediment properties of grain size, organic matter concentration, sedimentation rate, and depth of the redox potential discontinuity to help explain the variability in the biological data among provinces. The macrobenthos data will be statistically analyzed for species richness using Hurlbert rarefaction curves that enable the calculation of the richness for a set number of species, organism sizes, bioturbation depths, and functional groups. The macrobenthos data will be correlated with sediment properties using the principal component analysis. These baseline data will be compared with similar data collected in September for assessing the effects of hypoxia on benthic community structure in the northern Gulf of Mexico.
Repellents for adult tribolium confusum mandelates

Twelve of 28 esters of mandelic acid (a-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid): had average repellency ratings against adult Tribolium confusum Jacqelin Duval that exceeded that of the standard, pyrethins + piperonyl butoxide (a-(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy)-4, 5-(methylenedioxy)-2-propyltoluene). The homologous series, hexyl, through dodecyl mandelate, were particularly effective; nonyl and decyl mandelate still exhibited ca. 80per thousand repellency after 2 months
Numerical Analysis of Translational Shell Roofs

A method is presented for the computer analysis of translational shells by numerical integration. Both the general cylindrical shell equations, obtained from Love and Reissner, and a simplified set of equations for shallow translational shells are formulated for numerical integration. A Levy type solution is assumed for the shell displacements and the governing partial differential equations are reduced to a system of eight first order linear differential equations. The shell boundary value problem is converted into an initial value problem that is solved on a digital computer by a numerical integration scheme permitting the rigorous analysis of a translational shell with variable thickness, curvature, and loading. The number of simultaneous equations to be solved depends only on the number of boundary conditions and not on the number of integration steps. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the behavior of cylindrical shells with both variable thickness and variable curvature and doubly curved translational shells. Numerical results are examined in terms of accuracy and computer time.
Positive ion oscillations in long electron beams

Positive ion oscillations occurring in a long electron beam were investigated experimentally. The predominant direction of oscillation was found to be transverse to the direction of electron flow, and the frequency of oscillation was found to be three times higher than existing theory predicts. In pulsed beams the onset time of irregularities in current flow due to positive ion formation was found to be inversely proportional to current, and in some cases positive ion effects were observed to take place within four microseconds of the beginning of the pulse.
Evaluation of within-stage survival and feeding pattern on modeling consumption

The effects of the patterns of within-stage survival and feeding rates on modeling foliage consumption were evaluated with a computer simulation model for the immature stages of Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, on dry beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Feeding and survival rates were simulated as linear and nonlinear functions of degree-days. Constant and linear age-specific feeding rates within a developmental stage were found to result in different levels of daily consumption. Different types of survival within a developmental stage also greatly altered the amount of daily and total consumption. More importantly, the interaction between survival and feeding patterns resulted in a difference of up to 40.04% of total stage foliage consumption. These results suggest the importance of incorporating within-stage feeding and survival patterns in insect simulation models.
Anomalies of the Corpus Callosum: Correlation with Further Anomalies of the Brain

The MR imaging studies of 68 patients who had brain anomalies were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate specific anatomic abnormalities of the corpus callosum, The corpus callosum was abnormal in 32 (47%) of the 68 patients. Excluding patients with the Chiari I malformation, callosal anomalies were present in 30 (68%) of 44 patients. Callosal dysgenesis was most common, followed by callosal atrophy or hypoplasia and complete agenesis. The anterior commissure was present in all patients. On the basis of the known temporal sequence of brain and callosal embryogenesis, we deduced the following regarding the pathogenesis of developmental anomalies: (1) callosal dysgenesis occurs as a result of insults during the formation of its precursors, not during formation of the corpus callosum itself; (2) the Dandy-Walker malformation sometimes occurs as a result of an insult in the eighth week of gestation, several weeks later than has been generally accepted; (3) sphenoidal encephaloceles probably occur as a result of faulty disjunction of neuroectoderm and cutaneous ectoderm at the anterior neuropore; and (4) a complete but atrophic corpus callosum results from an insult to the cortex or white matter after formation of the corpus callosum is complete (18–20 weeks). Callosal anomalies, easily identified on MR, are an important indicator of additional brain anomalies. Analysis of the corpus callosum provides important information about the embryogenesis of brain anomalies and may assist in distinguishing between in utero and perinatal brain insults.
Sleep Duration and Academic Performance Among Student Pharmacists

Objective. To identify sleep patterns and frequency of daytime sleepiness and to assess the association between sleep duration and academic performance among student pharmacists.Methods. A cross-sectional design was used. An anonymous self-administered paper questionnaire was administered to first-year through third-year students at a pharmacy school.Results. Questionnaires were completed by 364 student pharmacists (79.4% response rate and 93.8% cooperation rate). More than half of student pharmacists obtained less than 7 hours of sleep at night during a typical school week (54.7%) and a large majority on the night prior to an examination (81.7%). Almost half (47.8%) felt daytime sleepiness almost every day. Longer sleep duration the night prior to an examination was associated with higher course grades and semester grade point averages (GPAs).Conclusion. A majority of student pharmacists had suboptimal durations of sleep, defined as fewer than 7 hours. Adequate sleep the night prior to an examination was...
Learning abductive reasoning using random examples

We consider a new formulation of abduction in which degrees of "plausibility" of explanations, along with the rules of the domain, are learned from concrete examples (settings of attributes). Our version of abduction thus falls in the "learning to reason" framework of Khardon and Roth. Such approaches enable us to capture a natural notion of "plausibility" in a domain while avoiding the extremely difficult problem of specifying an explicit representation of what is "plausible." We specifically consider the question of which syntactic classes of formulas have efficient algorithms for abduction. We find that the class of k-DNF explanations can be found in polynomial time for any fixed k; but, we also find evidence that even weak versions of our abduction task are intractable for the usual class of conjunctions. This evidence is provided by a connection to the usual, inductive PAC-learning model proposed by Valiant. We also consider an exception-tolerant variant of abduction. We observe that it is possible for polynomial-time algorithms to tolerate a few adversarially chosen exceptions, again for the class of k-DNF explanations. All of the algorithms we study are particularly simple, and indeed are variants of a rule proposed by Mill.
Yaw direction neurons in the cat inferior olive

1. Single units that responded to yaw rotation were recorded extracellularly in the caudal inferior olive (IO) of barbiturate-anesthetized cats. Of 276 neurons, 55 responded reliably to yaw, and extensive quantitative data were recorded from 25. 2. No yaw-sensitive IO neuron responded to somatosensory or auditory stimuli but two responded, though unreliably, to flash. 3. Yaw-sensitive IO cells fired at low (1-4 spikes/s), irregular rates during one direction of rotation. Though cells responded reliably during yaw, firing rates varied considerably from cycle to cycle. Rotation speed and acceleration were not represented in any cell's firing rate. 4. Eighty five percent (47/55) of yaw-sensitive cells fired during contralateral rotation, 9% (5/55) during ipsilateral rotation, and 6% (3/55) fired from late in the ipsilateral phase of a sinusoidal oscillation to the middle of the contralateral phase. 5. Responses were tested to 0.1-Hz sinusoidal yaw oscillations with a range of peak angular velocities (1-200 degrees/s). Thresholds were not sharp because of the cycle to cycle variability in response rates but were estimated using averaged responses. The peak rate of the most sensitive cell was driven to criterion (2 SD above spontaneous rate) by an oscillation with a peak velocity of 1 degrees/s. Other cells reached criterion between 5 and 50 degrees/s. 6. Sinusoidal oscillation at all frequencies tested (0.01-0.5 Hz) elicited approximately the same firing rates. Even at 0.01 Hz cells responded well. Responses lagged acceleration by approximately 25 degrees at 0.01 Hz and shifted to later parts of the cycle as frequency increased so that firing lagged acceleration by approximately 200 degrees at 0.5 Hz. 7. Histological reconstruction showed that yaw-sensitive neurons were recorded in olivary subnucleus beta (N beta), the dorsal cap of Kooy (DC), the posterior medial region of the medial accessory division of the inferior olive (MAO), and in the medial-lateral center of the caudal MAO. 8. Yaw-sensitive neurons in the inferior olive provide a signal to the cerebellum that indicates the direction of passive rotation over a wide range of velocity and acceleration. The signal from individual neurons does not reliably encode either rotation velocity or acceleration. Yaw-sensitive IO neurons are therefore unlike other central vestibular neurons but are similar to somatosensory IO cells which signal the presence, but not the intensity of a stimulus.
STYX/Dead-Phosphatases

Publisher Summary Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) catalyze the removal of phosphate from cellular substrates. In addition to phosphatases, a number of structurally unique, non-catalytic protein domains recognize the phosphorylated substrates of PTPs. STYX is a modular domain originally identified in a protein that mediates pS, pT, and pY signaling in vivo. Although structurally related to phosphatases, the archetype STYX domain contains a glycine in place of the PTP catalytic active-site cysteine. This single amino acid substitution mechanistically abolishes phosphatase activity and functionally demarcates catalytically dead STYX from active PTPs. Rather than simply being the evolutionary relics of active phosphatases, individual dead-phosphatase domains perform non-catalytic roles in substrate recognition and regulation of PTP activity This chapter highlights the diversity of function and mechanism of action for dead-phosphatases in phosphorylation signaling. It provides a summary of proteins with dead-phosphatase domains. Furthermore, it illustrates the range of functions ascribed to STYX/dead-phosphatase domains. Thus, it highlights the functional diversity of STYX/dead-phosphatase domains. The emergence of additional catalytically inactive, phosphatase-like proteins from human, yeast, and viral sources implies an ancient origin for participation of dead-phosphatases in phosphorylation-dependent signaling of dead-phosphatase function ranging from being antagonists of PTP–substrate interaction to allosteric regulators of active PTPs and even structural scaffolds for protein complex formation. Finally, the study states that co-crystallization of STYX/dead-phosphatases with their interacting proteins is likely to provide naturally occurring examples of phosphorylation regulatory mechanisms.
Conducting Prescribed Fires—A Comprehensive ManualTexas A&M University Press, R. Weir John. College Station, Texas, USA (2009), 194

Conducting Prescribed Fires—A Comprehensive ManualTexas A&M University Press, R. Weir John. College Station, Texas, USA (2009), 194 DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v32i6_guse
Dosimetric impact of cylinder size in high-dose rate vaginal cuff brachytherapy (VCBT) for primary endometrial cancer

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dosimetric impact of cylinder size in high-dose-rate (HDR) vaginal cuff brachytherapy (VCBT). Sample plans of HDR VCBT in a list of cylinders ranging from 2.5 to 4 cm in diameter at 0.5 cm incre­ment were created and analyzed. The doses were prescribed either at the 0.5cm depth with 5.5 Gy for 4 fractions or at the cylinder surface with 8.8 Gy for 4 frac­tions, in various treatment lengths. A 0.5 cm shell volume called PTV_Eval was contoured for each plan and served as the target volume for dosimetric evaluation. The cumulative and differential dose volume histograms (c-DVH and d-DVH), mean doses (D-mean) and the doses covering 90% (D90), 10% (D10), and 5% (D5) of PTV_Eval were calculated. In the 0.5 cm depth regimen, the DVH curves were found to have shifted toward the lower dose zone when a larger cylinder was used, but in the surface regimen the DVH curves shifted toward the higher dose zone as the cylinder size increased. The D-means of the both regimens were between 6.9 and 7.8 Gy and dependent on the cylinder size but independent of the treatment length. A 0.5 cm variation of diameter could result in a 4% change of D-mean. Average D90s were 5.7 (ranging from 5.6 to 5.8 Gy) and 6.1 Gy (from 5.7 to 6.4 Gy), respectively, for the 0.5 cm and surface regimens. Average D10 and D5 were 9.2 and 11 Gy, respectively, for the 0.5 cm depth regimen, and 8.9 and 9.7 Gy, respectively, for the surface regimen. D-mean, D90, D10, and D5 for other prescription doses could be calculated from the lookup tables of this study. Results indicated that the cylinder size has moderate dosimetric impact, and that both regimens are comparable in dosimetric quality.
Dynamically shaped optical dipole atom traps for rapid cooling to quantum degeneracy

To improve the efficiency of evaporative cooling in optical atom traps, we utilize the time-averaged potential of a rapidly moving laser to achieve 174Yb Bose-Einstein Condensates of (0.5–1)×105 atoms within (1.6–1.8) s.
Expression of a clostridial [FeFe]-hydrogenase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii prolongs photo-production of hydrogen from water splitting

Abstract The high oxygen (O2) sensitivity of green algal [FeFe]-hydrogenases is a significant limitation for the sustained production of hydrogen gas (H2) from photosynthetic water splitting. To address this limitation we replaced the native [FeFe]-hydrogenases with a more O2-tolerant clostridial [FeFe]-hydrogenase CaI in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain D66ΔHYD (hydA1− hydA2−) that contains insertionally inactivated [FeFe]-hydrogenases genes. Expression and translocation of CaI in D66ΔHYD led to the recovery of H2 photoproduction at ~ 20% of the rates of the wild-type parent strain D66. We show for the first time that a bacterial [FeFe]-hydrogenase can be expressed, localized and matured to a catalytically active form that couples to photosynthetic electron transport in the green alga C. reinhardtii. The lower rates of O2 inactivation of CaI led to more sustained H2 photoproduction when cultures were challenged with O2 or kept under prolonged illumination at solar intensities. These results provide new insights into the requisites for attaining photobiological H2 production from water splitting using a more O2-tolerant hydrogenase.
Systemic targeted EWS-FLI1 siRNA abrogates growth of metastases in a murine Ewing’s tumor model

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 6104 Despite aggressive therapy, 40% of patients with localized Ewing’s family tumors (EFT) and 80% with metastasis die due to tumor progression. More specific and effective treatment is needed. EWS-FLI1, the chimeric gene product of a chromosome translocation found in more than 90% of EFT, is crucial for maintaining EFT growth. siRNA targeting the breakpoint of EWS-FLI1 (siEFBP) from a pol III promoter reduced the gene transcripts up to 80% and resulted in growth inhibition of the cultured EFT cell line TC135. Since EWS-FLI1 expression is tumor-specific, it serves as an ideal candidate for targeted therapy of EFT. RNAi mediated gene silencing has the potential to be developed into specific, potent and safe cancer therapeutics. However, systemic delivery of siRNA has so far been problematic. Tumor-specific targeting is needed for delivery in high concentration to the tumor sites. Previously described delivery methods, i.e. high-pressure tail injection and viral plasmids, are not feasible for clinical use. Thus, we developed a cyclodextrin (CDP) polymer based delivery system that can be modified with ligands for cell targeting. CDP condenses siRNA into nanoparticles and transferrin (Tf) ligand provides for receptor mediated endocytosis via transferrin receptor typically upregulated in tumor cells. Using this system, we tested that CDP mediated targeted delivery of siEFBP can abrogate EWS-FLI1 expression and inhibit EFT growth in vivo. We verified that CDP-PEG-Tf formulated siEFBP could induce a sequence-specific decrease of EWS-FLI1 protein by more than 50% in cultured TC71 EFT cells. A EFT mouse metastasis model was established with high reproducibility and clinical relevance with TC71 cells constitutively expressing luciferase. An in vivo bioluminescent imaging system (Xenogen) allows the time dependent tumor growth to be monitored in the same mouse. Engraftment sites correspond to the common metastasis sites in EFT patients. Formulated siRNA targeting luciferase (siLUC) resulted in a strong but transient inhibition of luciferase expression in the tumors. Tumor growth was transiently delayed by formulated siEFBP treatment in 3 consecutive days. Most strikingly, long-term formulated siEFBP treatment markedly inhibited EFT growth when administered early, with little or no tumor growth in many animals. Interestingly, the formulated siEFBP does not appear to cross the blood-brain barrier, since a brain metastasis was not affected. Treatments with vehicle alone, siEFBP alone, or formulated unrelated siRNA had no therapeutic effect. This is the first study to show that systemic administration of siRNA can inhibit disseminated tumor growth. We conclude that CDP mediated targeted delivery of siRNA is a powerful and simple method to induce gene silencing in vivo. Future studies using EFT-specific CD99 targeting and combinations with small molecule anti-tumor agents will further enhance the effect of this system.
Influence of Metal Doping on the Lewis Acid Catalyzed Production of Butadiene from Ethanol Studied by using Modulated Operando Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry

Due to an increasing gap between the demand and supply, the catalytic coupling of ethanol has regained the attention of the scientific and industrial community as an "on-purpose" production route to butadiene. The most promising systems are based on bifunctional catalysts, comprising of metal sites that can dehydrogenate ethanol to acetaldehyde, and Lewis acid sites that catalyze the aldol condensation between two aldehyde molecules, as well as the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reduction of the intermediate crotonaldehyde. Here, we investigate the role of Ag in an established Ag-Zr-BEA catalyst using modulated operando DRIFTS-MS experiments. We obtain insights into the complex reaction network that involves several consecutive and parallel reactions. Based on our investigations, we formulate suggestions for catalyst optimization.
Thermoelastic Dissipation in Micromachined Birdbath Shell Resonators

Many MEMS gyroscopes rely on micro mechanical resonators to measure angular rotation. Maximizing their quality factor ( $Q$ ) will help improve accuracy. There are several energy dissipation mechanisms that limit $Q$ . This paper studies the role of thermoelastic dissipation (TED) in micro birdbath shell resonators. Fully coupled thermo-mechanical equations of physical behavior are solved for these shells using a finite-element method. Furthermore, an analytical model is developed to predict TED. The effects of material properties, shell geometry, edge chipping around the shell rim, trimming approaches, thin-film coatings, and operating temperature on thermoelastic $Q$ ( $Q_{{TED}})$ are studied. It is found that the shell material properties and rim thickness have significant impact on $Q_{{TED}}$ . However, edge chipping and most of the shell geometrical parameters do not have large impact. Additionally, this paper shows that some trimming approaches, such as forming grooves along the rim, can improve $Q_{{TED}}$ . A study of the effect of metal coatings on the resonator on $Q$ shows that the coating thickness and material are important factors affecting $Q$ and $Q_{{TED}}$ . The results presented in this paper provide guidelines for the design of other similar high- $Q$ resonators. [2016–0027]
Challenges to Wildlife Conservation Posed by Hunting in Non-protected Areas North of the Bardia National Park

The hunting of wildlife for subsistence and trade is a serious threat to conservation. It is widespread in the non-protected areas. However, there is no understanding of the nature and trends in hunting and their consequences for ­protected areas. The nature and scale of hunting north of the Bardia National Park were assessed to determine the spatial variations in hunting intensity. Focal group discussions with forest user groups and transect surveys were used to determine the abundance of wildlife. Detailed interviews with hunters were used to explore their hunting patterns. Apart from the information obtained from the interviews, encounters with hunting teams, hunting signs and information from herders were used to identify hunting sites. Hunting is widespread throughout the region, but the intensity of hunting is greater close to the northern edge of the national park, which is associated with the relative abundance there of wildlife. Hunting along the immediate periphery of the national park is increasing. The hunting of common and ­protected species suggests that it is both for subsistence and trade, which could severely deplete the wild animals in the forests and consequently affect the protected area. Hence, it is necessary to legalize community-based monitoring by ­forest users groups and establish effective government supervision.
Reply to Mafessoni and Prüfer: Inferences with and without singleton site patterns

Mafessoni and Prufer (1) (MP) make three points: ( i ) Low variation among Neanderthal genomes implies a small population, ( ii ) Neanderthal–Denisovan divergence is small relative to archaic-modern, and ( iii ) an analysis including singleton site patterns (in which the derived allele appears only once) supports a small Neanderthal population and a more recent Neanderthal–Denisovan separation. Point i assumes that sequenced Neanderthals are representative of all Neanderthals, yet samples come primarily from the north, where DNA preserves well. The global population may have been larger if some unsampled populations were distantly related to those sampled. Point ii is subsidiary to point iii , because divergences can be calculated from site pattern frequencies. We therefore focus on point iii . Our previous estimates (2) were biased, because our modern human data excluded invariant nucleotide sites (3). Mutations in an archaic lineage appear only if that lineage introgressed into moderns, leading … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: rogers{at}anthro.utah.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Vertical Propagation of Waves: Steady Flow and the Radiation Condition

There are numerous situations in which fluid flows over an obstacle, say a mountain in the atmosphere, a sea mount, or a ridge in the ocean, and we would imagine that internal gravity waves, if the fluid is stratified, would be generated. Such situations are of interest in their own right, but additionally they force us to carefully examine the radiative properties of the waves, which must be understood, sometimes, to actually solve the problem.
Efficacy and safety of a clinically relevant foamy vector design in human hematopoietic repopulating cells.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that foamy viral (FV) vectors are a promising alternative to gammaretroviral and lentiviral vectors and also that insulators can improve FV vector safety. However, in a previous analysis of insulator effects on FV vector safety, strong viral promoters were used to elicit genotoxic events. In the present study, we developed and analyzed the efficacy and safety of a high-titer, clinically relevant FV vector driven by the housekeeping promoter elongation factor-1α and insulated with an enhancer blocking A1 insulator (FV-EGW-A1). METHODS Human CD34+ cord blood cells were exposed to an enhanced green fluorescent protein expressing vector, FV-EGW-A1, at a multiplicity of infection of 10 and then maintained in vitro or transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Flow cytometry was used to measure engraftment and marking in vivo. FV vector integration sites were analyzed to assess safety. RESULTS FV-EGW-A1 resulted in high-marking, multilineage engraftment of human repopulating cells with no evidence of silencing. Engraftment was highly polyclonal with no clonal dominance and a promising safety profile based on integration site analysis. CONCLUSIONS An FV vector with an elongation factor-1α promoter and an A1 insulator is a promising vector design for use in the clinic.
Cosmopolitanism, Globalization and The Field of Adolescent Literacy

In this article we discuss the current nature and circumstances of cosmopolitanism and what it means to the field of adolescent literacy. Drawing on contemporary scholarship, cosmopolitanism is understood as: 1) the local experience or condition of globalization, what has been called ‘internal globalization,’ and, 2) as a disposition or sensibility that ensures productive and peaceful relations in light of globalization or any circumstance that creates dynamic and culturally diverse contexts. From a critical review of the key documents in the field, we argue that for many adolescents their lives and literacies now, and especially in the future, will be lived out in the interface of the local and global. In what might be described as a cosmopolitan age we discuss what that means for the field of adolescent literacy. In critical review of the work done under the rubric of adolescent literacy, it was evident the field has been carefully documenting the terrain of adolescent literacies, and leading the charge for reform in policy and practice. However, there is a need to reconfigure and expand the concepts, precepts and practices that have come to name adolescent literacy in order to ensure that students are well served by the field and by their literacy education. Cet article discute la nature et les circonstances du concept de cosmopolitisme et ce qu’il signifie dans le domaine de la litteratie des adolescents. Du point de vue du savoir actuel, ce concept definit (1) l’experience ou la condition locale de globalisation, ce qui est connu sous le terme de « globalisation interne » et (2) la disposition ou sensibilite qui assure des relations productives et pacifiques dans un contexte global ou toutes circonstances qui creent des contextes culturellement dynamiques et differents. En nous basant sur une revision critique des documents cles, nous argumentons que les vies et les litteraties actuelles et futures de beaucoup d’adolescents seront vecues dans une interface entre un monde tout aussi local que global. Nous discuterons ce que ce monde peut representer dans le domaine de la litteratie adolescente dans l’ere cosmopolite. En revisant cette litteratie de facon critique, il est facile de s’apercevoir du nombre croissant de publications et de son importance dans la reforme de politiques et de pratiques de terrain. Il est cependant tout a fait necessaire de reconfigurer et de developper ces concepts, preceptes et pratiques afin d’assurer leur adequation dans le domaine et l’education en litteratie des adolescents.
A Three-Dimensional Sensor Based on Structured Light

This paper describes the design of a 3-D range sensor using structured light to provide multiple range points by triangulation. The algorithms and sensor hardware are described along with the supporting theory and design strategy.
In-Vitro and In-Vivo Test Methods for Assessing Bloodcompatibility

There has been an increased demand over the last quarter-century for materials compatible with blood. Hemodialysers, heart valves and aortic grafts, for example, are commonly used today. The recent development of the artificial heart (1) has now demonstrated that it is possible to replace entire diseased organs with artificial organs. It is clear that the number of applications for blood-contacting materials will continue to expand in the future.
Denatured Fuel Cycles for International Safeguards

Fuel cycles are examined that utilize dispersed national reactors fueled with uranium denatured by diluting the fissile uranium with 238U. Discharged fuel is to be stored or is to be reprocessed in...
RADIATION-INDUCED PULMONARY DISEASE

This article discusses the natural history, clinical epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of radiation-induced lung diseases (RILDs). Furthermore, we review current experimental developments and assess potential areas for future investigation. Radiation therapy (RT) is a key component of the approach to the treatment of thoracic neoplasms. The use of radiation for the treatment of cancer exploits the preferential cytotoxicity of radiation to cells with high mitotic index. By the same principle, non-neoplastic cells with high mitotic index are also vulnerable to the deleterious effects of radiation. As a consequence, RT to the lung culminates in significant injury to normal cells with high mitotic index such as vascular endothelial cells and alveolar type II pneumocytes. The clinical manifestations of radiation-induced lung injury fall into two categories, acute radiation pneumonitis (RP) and radiation-induced lung fibrosis (RIF) which is a late sequelae of RT. Epidemiological analyses reveal that radiation-mediated lung injury is amplified by many factors, such as radiation dose–lung volume relationships, concomitant use of chemotherapy, and the abrupt withdrawal of previously instituted steroid therapy. The cornerstone of the management of RILDs is prevention that is accomplished through surveillance of lung function, prompt evaluation of respiratory symptoms, and the early institution of steroids upon making a diagnosis of RP.
Constructive threshold logic addition: a synopsis of the last decade

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the constructive results obtained over the last tvelwe years for the addition of two binary numbers using threshold logic gates. Such solutions are intended for very practical VLSI implementations. A comparison of nine different solutions is included.
Wash, Rinse, Repeat: Which Patients Undergo Serial Joint Irrigation in Pediatric Septic Hip Arthritis?

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors associated with repeat surgical irrigation in pediatric septic hip arthritis. METHODS A single center retrospective case-control study was performed. Patients who underwent ≥2 washouts (cases) were compared with those who had only 1 washout (controls). Demographic, clinical, laboratory, microbial, and magnetic resonance imaging data were compared between cases and controls and a prediction model was developed using logistic regression. A risk score was then constructed by counting the number of risk factors from the model that were present in each patient. RESULTS We identified 26 patients between 1994 and 2015 who underwent ≥2 washouts for septic hip arthritis, and 63 control patients who had only a single washout. Twenty-two patients had 2 washouts, 3 had 4 washouts, 1 had 5 washouts. Median number of days between first and second washout was 5 (interquartile range, 4 to 8). The most common reason for repeat washout was persistent fever (N=21), followed by persistently elevated laboratory values (N=13), abnormal magnetic resonance imaging findings (N=12), and continued pain (N=12). Repeat washout cases demonstrated higher temperature preoperatively (P<0.001), had more frequent initial misdiagnosis (P=0.002), and had a longer time from symptom onset to surgery (P=0.02). Laboratory values in these cases showed higher C-reactive protein (P=0.003), and more frequent left shift (P=0.03) at presentation, with a greater proportion of positive cultures (P<0.001). Postoperatively, repeat washout cases had higher temperatures (P<0.001), more frequent wound drainage (P=0.02), and complications (P=0.001). A risk score for predicting the likelihood of undergoing repeat washout was constructed by counting the number of the following factors present: presence of left shift in CBC, positive blood or synovial fluid cultures, and postoperative temperature over 39°C. Seventy percent of cases had ≥2 of these risk factors and 80% of controls had ≤1 risk factor. CONCLUSIONS Cases of pediatric septic arthritis which undergo repeat washout are associated with left shift, high postoperative temperatures, and positive cultures. They have more frequent misdiagnosis leading to delayed treatment and subsequent medical complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
Navigating Uncertainty in the Future of Work: Information-Seeking and Critical Events Among Online Freelancers

Online freelancer marketplaces offer workers the flexibility and control they desire. However, workers also struggle with the uncertainty resulting from these benefits. In traditional brick-and-mortar workplaces, workers who experience uncertainty during specific phases of their assimilation into a new role or organization engage in information-seeking behaviors. Understanding these phases of heightened uncertainty helps organizations better cater to workers' informational needs e.g. through mentorship programs. While understanding the uncertainty that online workers experience as they assimilate into their career is critical to understanding online workers' needs, such an understanding is currently severely limited. thus, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 29 online freelancers to investigate critical events that contribute to uncertainty early in their online careers. We situate these critical events within the context of organizational assimilation, and how participants employ diverse information-seeking tactics.
Substernocleidomastoid Muscle Neck Lipoma: An Isolated Case Report.

Introduction. We report this large neck mass, located behind the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) within the posterior cervical space and anterior to the prevertebral fascia. The mass is displacing the carotid sheath and its neurovascular contents medially. It extends almost the whole length of the SCM muscle all the way down to the lung apex. Case Presentation. A 30-year-old female patient presented to our clinic with a left anterior neck mass for a few months with dysphagia. The lipoma was excised completely along with level II to IV lymphadenectomy. A very small volume chyle leak was noted intraoperatively. The drain was removed 2 weeks later only to recur in one month. A new drain was placed by interventional radiology, and the drainage resolved completely. Discussion. The patient with mild dysphagia had a lipoma large enough to push vital structures away from their normal anatomical position. Due to the difficult location and the size of the lipoma, a meticulous formal lateral neck dissection was required. A 3D imaging like CT or MRI would be helpful to preoperatively plan the dissection. Substernocleidomastoid neck lipoma in our case is a rare benign tumor that was challenging to excise.
Observations on the role of electric fields in the synthesis and processing of materials

Abstract The success of the SPS process is attributed variously to a number of parameters, among the most important of which is the application of an electric field. This is the focus of this chapter with coverage on field effects on materials processing in general, and on the spark plasma sintering (SPS) process, in particular. The effect of an electric field on the synthesis and processing of materials has been investigated for many decades. This chapter will first highlight results of investigations on several examples, including observations on phase transformations, crystalline defect distribution and mobility, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), electromigration, dissolution in liquid metals, and crystallization of metallic glasses. Fundamental investigations on the SPS process will be presented and discussed. These included the nature of the pattern of the pulsed current and its effect on mass transport in SPS. Modeling studies, elucidating the nature of the formation of a product in the SPS, are also discussed. Direct evidence of the role of the current in sintering in SPS will be provided. The effect of the applied pressure on the densification and grain growth of functional oxides will be presented and discussed. Evidence of grain growth retardation during SPS sintering of functional oxides will be presented. Highly dense (98 + %) yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with a grain size of
Dynamic Public Perceptions of Water Infrastructure in US Shrinking Cities: End-User Trust in Providers and Views toward Participatory Processes

AbstractThe operating environment of water infrastructure is inherently dynamic due to factors such as water-related events, media coverage of such events, or changes in institutional expectations....
Transient evaporation of water thin film over nanostructured graphene

Abstract The role of interfacial thermal (Kapitza) resistance on the heated evaporation rates of water thin films over nanostructured graphene-coated surfaces is investigated. The Kapitza resistance between graphene and water, when the graphene flakes are parallel (φ = 0°) and perpendicular (φ = 90°) to the interface, are calculated using molecular dynamics simulations. The hydrophilicity of graphene when φ = 0° leads to enhanced liquid layering adjacent to the surface resulting in a lower Kapitza resistance relative to the φ = 90° case. The predicted evaporation rate on φ = 0° surface is relatively higher than for the φ = 90° surface due to an enhanced heat transfer between the substrate and water thin film. Results from our simulation aid in understanding the role of Kapitza resistance on heated evaporation rates, and suggest a possibility of engineering interfaces with tunable evaporation rates using nanostructured graphene coating.
The Fault Record Analysis Display Technology Based on Mobile Terminal

With the development of modern technology, mobile technology is widely used on many electric fields as its convenience and low-cost advantages. Since the grassroots electricians are equipped mobile terminals for higher efficiency, the electric enterprises reinforce the construction of mobile system and professional software application demand is increasing. In this paper, the fault record analysis display technology is raised to solve the concurrent request, data compression, information extraction and high-performance curve drawing when application runs in multi-client mode. Practice has proven that the application with adaptive display technology satisfy the requirements for relay protection routine maintenance and fault analysis which effectively increase the efficiency of electric operation and management.
Noises in Cuban Revolutionary Cinema

Cinema in 1960s Cuba was a privileged cite for reflections upon ideas regarding sound, processes of racialization, and historical marginalization. This chapter examines and discusses a selection of central films from this period as interventions regarding the status of sound and listening practices, with attention to noise in relation to emergent subjectivities. It situates Cuban film production in a context shaped by a heightened sonic sensibility as reflected in the formation of the Grupo de Experimentacion Sonora (GESI) as well as the unique roles of sound in Cuban cinema of the period. The chapter discusses works by Alberto Roldan, Julio Garcia Espinosa, Tomas Gutierrez Alea, and Nicolas Guillen Landrian, among others as instantiations of listening informed by concerns with race and history, approached through discussions in film theory regarding film sound, the audio-visual, and noise.
Aerodynamically driven phonation of individual vocal folds under general anesthesia in canines

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS We previously developed an instrument called the Aerodynamic Vocal Fold Driver (AVFD) for intraoperative magnified assessment of vocal fold (VF) vibration during microlaryngoscopy under general anesthesia. Excised larynx testing showed that the AVFD could provide useful information about the vibratory characteristics of each VF independently. The present investigation expands those findings by testing new iterations of the AVFD during microlaryngoscopy in the canine model. STUDY DESIGN Animal model. METHODS The AVFD is a handheld instrument that is positioned to contact the phonatory mucosa of either VF during microlaryngoscopy. Airflow delivered through the AVFD shaft to the subglottis drives the VF into phonation-like vibration, which enables magnified observation of mucosal-wave function with stroboscopy or high-speed video. AVFD-driven phonation was tested intraoperatively (n = 26 VFs) using either the original instrument design or smaller and larger versions three-dimensionally printed from a medical grade polymer. A high-fidelity pressure sensor embedded within the AVFD measured VF contact pressure. Characteristics of individual VF phonation were compared with typical two-fold phonation and compared for VFs scarred by electrocautery (n = 4) versus controls (n = 22). RESULTS Phonation was successful in all 26 VFs, even when scar prevented conventional bilateral phonation. The 15-mm-wide AVFD fits best within the anteroposterior dimension of the musculo-membranous VF, and VF contact pressure correlated with acoustic output, driving pressures, and visible modes of vibration. CONCLUSIONS The AVFD can reveal magnified vibratory characteristics of individual VFs during microlaryngoscopy (e.g., without needing patient participation), potentially providing information that is not apparent or available during conventional awake phonation, which might facilitate phonosurgical decision making. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 130: 1980-1988, 2020.
Zebrafish Phylogeny and Taxonomy

Abstract The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a cypriniform teleost that belongs to the lineage of ray-finned fishes, one of the two major groups of bony vertebrates. In this chapter, we will first discuss the taxonomy and phylogenetic position of zebrafish within the vertebrate lineage before examining the closer relationships of zebrafish among cypriniforms and danoinids. We will then discuss important evolutionary considerations for using zebrafish as a model organism for vertebrate biology and human disease, such as the occurrence of three whole-genome duplication events in zebrafish's evolutionary past. Importantly, zebrafish serves as the central “hub” for functionally uncovering the genotype-to-phenotype map in the fish world and is nested within a rich biodiversity of emerging fish model systems, offering an extensive evolutionary framework to investigate vertebrate development, evolution, genomics, and biomedical research.
Status and Challenges of Density Functional Theory

We discuss some of the challenges facing density functional theory (DFT) and recent progress in DFT for both ground and excited electronic states. We discuss key aspects of the results we have been able to obtain with the strategy of designing density functionals to have various ingredients and functional forms that are then optimized to accurately predict various types of properties and systems with as much universality as possible. Finally, we make specific recommendations of approximate density functionals that are well suited for particular kinds of applications.
Fewer Than Half Of US Mental Health Treatment Facilities Provide Services For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Despite estimates of rising prevalence of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the US, there is little research on the availability of behavioral health care services for this vulnerable...
Inpatient Neurology Consultations During the Onset of the SARS-CoV-2 New York City Pandemic: A Single Center Case Series

Objective: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily causes respiratory illness. However, neurological sequelae from novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can occur. Patients with neurological conditions may be at higher risk of developing worsening of their underlying problem. Here we document our initial experiences as neurologic consultants at a single center quaternary hospital at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective case series of adult patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 who required neurological evaluation in the form of a consultation or primary neurological care from March 13, 2020 to April 1, 2020. Results: Thirty-three patients (ages 17-88 years) with COVID-19 infection who required neurological or admission to a primary neurology team were included in this study. The encountered neurological problems associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were encephalopathy (12 patients, 36.4%), seizure (9 patients, 27.2%), stroke (5 patients, 15.2%), recrudescence of prior neurological disease symptoms (4 patients, 12.1%), and neuromuscular (3 patients, 9.1%). The majority of patients who required evaluation by neurology had elevated inflammatory markers. Twenty-one (63.6%) patients were discharged from the hospital and 12 (36.4%) died from COVID-19 related complications. Conclusion: This small case series of our initial encounters with COVID-19 infection describes a range of neurological complications which are similar to presentations seen with other critical illnesses. COVID-19 infection did not change the overall management of neurological problems.