cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P2-228: Cerebral perfusion in Alzheimer's disease using dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI

groups according to the presence of visual hallucination; seven DLB patients with visual hallucination and 6 patients without visual hallucination. No differences between patient with and without visual hallucination was found in their cognitive function measured by mini mental status exam (MMSE) and clinical dementia rating (CDR) scale. Regional metabolic differences on FDG PET among the groups were tested using SPM. Results: We found diffuse glucose hypometabolism in the entire cortex including the occipital region seems to be a typical feature of DLB that is distinctive from dementia of Alzheimer’s disease.In DLB patients groups regardless of visual hallucination, significant regional hypometabolism were observed in the bilateral occipital cortices as well as bilateral parietotemporal and frontal association cortices when compared with healthy controls, as expected. In DLB patients with visual hallucination compared to patients without hallucination, regional hypometabolism over primary and secondary visual cortex (BA17, BA18) was more significant. Moreover, lower regional metabolism in the paracentral area (BA 6) and cerebellar vermis was also observed in DLB with visual hallucination than without hallucination. Conclusions: This characteristic pattern of cortical hypometabolism including the occipital areas could be a result of diaschisis due to disruption of intracortical connections. Diaschisis is defined as depression of regional neuronal metabolism and cerebral blood flow caused by dysfunction in anatomically separate but functionally related neuronal regions.We propose that the limitation that occipital hypometabolism may be manifested not only in DLB. Profound hypometabolism in the visual cortex may be a feature in DLB patients with visual hallucination. Also, relative hypometabolism in the paracentral area and cerebellum could be neurobiological characteristics related with abnormal cognitive and motor process response to hallucination
ON THE NATURE OF SUPREME COURT DECISION MAKING

How does the U.S. Supreme Court reach decisions? Since the 1940s, scholars have focused on two distinct explanations. The legal model suggests that the rule of law (stare decisis) is the key determinant. The extralegal model posits that an array of sociological, psychological, and political factors produce judicial outcomes. To determine which model better accounted for judicial decisions, we used Supreme Court cases involving the imposition of the death penalty since 1972 and estimated and evaluated the models' success in accounting for decisional outcomes. Although both models performed quite satisfactorily, they possessed disturbing weaknesses. The legal perspective overpredicted liberal outcomes, the extralegal model conservative ones. Given these results, we tested another proposition, namely that extralegal and legal frameworks present codependent, not mutually exclusive, explanations of decision making. Based on these results, we offer an integrated model of Supreme Court decision making that contemplates a range of political and environmental forces and doctrinal constraints.
Teaching Psychocutaneous Medicine: Time for a Reappraisal

Psychocutaneous medicine deals with a group of troublesome diseases, but it is also an inclusive approach that sees each patient in a biopsychosocial matrix. Despite the acknowledged importance of this subject, there is no organized approach to teaching it. Lectures and textbooks are helpful, but physicians learn best by clinical experience. A liaison clinic established in each training program, in which the psychologist or psychiatrist is fully integrated into the dermatology department, would be an important step forward.
Arabinose (fucose) dehydrogenase from pig liver. II. Steady-state kinetics

Abstract 1. 1. The steady-state kinetics of arabinose (fucose) dehydrogenase from pig liver have been investigated at pH 10, 30 °C. 2. 2. The mechanism is a sequential one and effectively proceeds to completion. Kinetic constants have been determined with d -arabinose and l -fucose as substrates. 3. 3. Evidence obtained from product inhibition studies and the method of alternate substrates supports an ordered mechanism.
A decision support system for Univeristy admission policies

Abstract This paper presents the methodology and the components of a decision support system (DSS) for developing student admission policies to the university. The university decision makers' needs and the DSS components are identified. The DSS is based on three modelling components: (i) The academic performance analysis model. (ii) Models to estimate secondary school graduates supply and demand for university graduates. (iii) Student allocation model. The academic performance model consists of two parts: a multi-Classification analysis (MCA) and cohort analysis. The estimation models are based on demographic growth and regression analysis. A linear programming model is used for student allocation. Loose coupling of, instead of single linked, model(s) is adopted to provide the DM with an iterative and flexible linkage approach of the DSS modelling components. On the basis of three years use, the DSS has received positive reaction from the University's decision makers.
Parallel finite-element computation of 3D flows

The authors describe their work on the massively parallel finite-element computation of compressible and incompressible flows with the CM-200 and CM-5 Connection Machines. Their computations are based on implicit methods, and their parallel implementations are based on the assumption that the mesh is unstructured. Computations for flow problems involving moving boundaries and interfaces are achieved by using the deformable-spatial-domain/stabilized-space-time method. Using special mesh update schemes, the frequency of remeshing is minimized to reduce the projection errors involved and also to make parallelizing the computations easier. This method and its implementation on massively parallel supercomputers provide a capability for solving a large class of practical problems involving free surfaces, two-liquid interfaces, and fluid-structure interactions. >
VISAR: displacement-mode data reduction

A Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector (VISAR) is a laboratory tool that measures high velocities by continuously measuring the Doppler shift of laser light reflected from a moving surface. It produces lower output frequencies than a displacement interferometer in which Doppler-shifted laser light from a moving target is mixed with unshifted laser light. To obtain lower frequencies a VISAR employs a wide-angle Michelson interferometer with a time delay in one leg. Undelayed and delayed light rays are thus mixed to detect the relatively small difference between two Doppler shifts produced by accelerating motion at two slightly different velocities. In most VISAR data reduction programs the velocity is assumed to be proportional to the interferometer fringe count at any instant. This yields velocity details that are inaccurate over the interferometer delay time. In the examples of this paper the signal time resolution was shorter than the interferometer delay. The subject of this paper is a data reduction method that uses the displacement information in suitable VISAR signals to recover velocity features that occur during the interferometer delay. 1.
Edge effects in propagation of terahertz radiation in subwavelength periodic structures

Improving detection sensitivity of biological molecules with low absorption characteristics in the terahertz gap still remains an important issue in terahertz vibrational resonance spectroscopy. One possible way to increase coupling of incident terahertz radiation to molecules is to exploit local enhancement of electromagnetic field in periodic slot arrays. In this work, we show that periodic arrays of rectangular slots with subwavelength widths provide for local electromagnetic field enhancements due to edge effects in our low frequency range of interest, 10–25 cm−1. Periodic structures of Au doped Si and InSb were studied. The half power enhancement width is ∼500 nm or less around the slot, edges in all cases, thereby possibly bringing terahertz sensing to the nanoscale. InSb is confirmed to offer the highest results with local power enhancements on the order of 1100 at frequency 14 cm−1. InSb and Si have large skin depths in our frequency range of interest and so the analysis of their structures was done through the Fourier expansion method of field diffracted from gratings. Surface impedance boundary conditions were employed to model the Au structure. The applications possibly include development of novel biosensors, and monitoring biophysical processes such as DNA denaturation.
Linear Stability of Free Planetary Waves in the Presence of Radiative–Photochemical Feedbacks

The diabatic effects of Newtonian cooling and ozone-dynamics interaction on the linear stability of free planetary waves in the atmosphere have been studied using a simple beta-plane model. The model couples radiative transfer, ozone advection, and ozone photochemistry with the quasi-geostrophic dynamical circulation. An analytical expression is derived which demonstrates the following: (1) the influence of meridional ozone advection on wave growth or decay depends on the wave and basic state vertical structures; and (2) photochemically accelerated cooling, which predominates in the upper stratosphere, augments the Newtonian cooling rate and is stabilizing. Attention is also given to the 1D linear stability problem which is numerically solved for a Charney basic state and for zonal mean basic states. It is shown that ozone heating generated by ozone-dynamics interaction in the stratosphere can reduce (enhance) the damping rates due to Newtonian cooling by as much as 50 percent for planetary waves of large vertical scale and maximum amplitude in the stratosphere.
In-Hospital Formula Use Increases Early Breastfeeding Cessation Among First-Time Mothers Intending to Exclusively Breastfeed

Objective To evaluate in-hospital formula supplementation among first-time mothers who intended to exclusively breastfeed and determined if in-hospital formula supplementation shortens breastfeeding duration after adjusting for breastfeeding intention. Study design We assessed strength of breastfeeding intentions prenatally in a diverse cohort of expectant primiparae and followed infant feeding practices through day 60. Among mothers planning to exclusively breastfeed their healthy term infants for ≥1 week, we determined predictors, reasons, and characteristics of in-hospital formula supplementation, and calculated the intention-adjusted relative risk (ARR) of not fully breastfeeding days 30-60 and breastfeeding cessation by day 60 with in-hospital formula supplementation (n = 393). Results Two hundred ten (53%) infants were exclusively breastfed during the maternity stay and 183 (47%) received in-hospital formula supplementation. The most prevalent reasons mothers cited for in-hospital formula supplementation were: perceived insufficient milk supply (18%), signs of inadequate intake (16%), and poor latch or breastfeeding (14%). Prevalence of not fully breastfeeding days 30-60 was 67.8% vs 36.7%, ARR 1.8 (95% CI, 1.4-2.3), in-hospital formula supplementation vs exclusively breastfed groups, respectively, and breastfeeding cessation by day 60 was 32.8% vs 10.5%, ARR 2.7 (95% CI, 1.7-4.5). Odds of both adverse outcomes increased with more in-hospital formula supplementation feeds (not fully breastfeeding days 30-60, P = .003 and breastfeeding cessation, P = .011). Conclusions Among women intending to exclusively breastfeed, in-hospital formula supplementation was associated with a nearly 2-fold greater risk of not fully breastfeeding days 30-60 and a nearly 3-fold risk of breastfeeding cessation by day 60, even after adjusting for strength of breastfeeding intentions. Strategies should be sought to avoid unnecessary in-hospital formula supplementation and to support breastfeeding when in-hospital formula supplementation is unavoidable.
International education and imperial penetration, co-optation and control

The imperative for international education, in its content, scope, depth and pedagogy, is both an effect and cause of increasing globalization. International education is also used as a major instrument of ‘soft power’, in the projections of power and influence of the US Imperium. This paper explores, with concrete examples, some of the evolving, and increasingly sophisticated instruments, issues, approaches, techniques, players and intentions embodied in the uses of international education programs and approaches in the penetration, co-optation and control of targeted social formations by the US Imperium. New research in brain science in the West, coupled with research in disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, political science, cognitive psychology, media studies, etc., have led to increasing use of more subtle, sophisticated, flexible, mobile, adaptive, culturally appropriate, and even subliminal, approaches to projections of political, economic, social, cultural and technological influence and c...
Variation in collagen stable nitrogen values in black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) in relation to small-scale differences in climate, soil, and topography

Abstract Longstanding observations about the relationship between increasing aridity and 15 N enrichment in mammalian collagen values have led to an interest in their use as a paleoclimatic marker. Here we report on variability in collagen nitrogen values from five modern and two archaeological samples of black-tailed jackrabbits ( Lepus californicus ) from the eastern Great Basin of the United States (N = 178 individuals). Nitrogen δ 15 N values were highly variable within all samples. Modern samples showed significant differences despite similarities in average annual precipitation and temperature. Archaeological samples were indistinguishable from each other or from modern samples taken from the same area despite independent evidence for differences in precipitation for the two prehistoric periods considered. Differences between modern samples were most strongly associated with soil characteristics. We discuss these results in light of their relationship with topography and vegetation and highlight their implications for archaeological applications of stable nitrogen analyses in several contexts.
Effects of Hextend hemodilution on plasma coagulation kinetics in the rabbit: role of factor XIII-mediated fibrin polymer crosslinking.

Background Hydroxyethyl starch administration has been associated with decreases in hemostasis and has recently been demonstrated to decrease fibrinogen (FI)-thrombin-(FIIa)-Factor XIII (FXIII) interactions in vitro in human plasma. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of in vivo hemodilution with Hextend (6% hydroxyethyl starch, mean molecular weight 450 kDa) on plasma coagulation kinetics. Materials and methods Eight male, New Zealand White rabbits were intravenously administered with 20 ml/kg of Hextend. Citrated plasma was obtained before, 1 min after, and 1 h after hemodilution. Thrombelastographic analyses were performed, with clot initiation (R, sec), clot propagation (α, degrees), and clot strength (shear elastic modulus, G, dynes/cm 2 ) determined over 20 min. Samples were celite-activated and had either with addition or without additions of FI, FIIa or activated FXIII (FXIIIa) to restore protein content to prediluted values. Results There was no significant difference in R values observed before (229 ± 30), 1 min after (241 ± 54), and 1 h after (214 ± 42) hemodilution. Prediluted α values (75.2 ± 1.9) were significantly decreased 1 min (53.3 ± 5.9) and 1 h after hemodilution (56.1 ± 10.2). Prediluted G values (1992 ± 434) were significantly reduced 1 min (532 ± 195) and 1 h after (630 ± 297) hemodilution. FI, FIIa, and FXIIIa addition significantly decreased R values after hemodilution. α and G values were significantly improved by FI and FXIIIa after hemodilution. FIIa addition did not significantly affect α or G. Conclusions Hextend hemodilution in rabbits maintains clot initiation by diminishing both FIIa-FI and FXIIIa-fibrin interactions, whereas clot propagation and strength were reduced by diminished FXIIIa-fibrin interactions.
Arnold et al. Respond.

A response from the authors of the article "Acute gastroenteritis and recreational water: Highest burden among young U.S. children" which was published in a previous article is presented.
Staining and quantification of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cupriavidus necator cell populations using automated flow cytometry.

Background Poly [(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] (PHB) is a prokaryote storage material for carbon and energy that accumulates in cells under unbalanced growth conditions. Because this class of biopolymers has plastic-like properties, it has attracted considerable interest for biomedical applications and as a biodegradable commodity plastic. Current flow cytometric techniques to quantify intracellular PHB are based on Nile red. Here, an improved cytometric technique for cellular PHB quantification utilizing BODIPY 493/503 staining was developed. This technique was then automated using an automated flow cytometry system. Materials Using flow cytometry, the fluorescence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cupriavidus necator with varying PHB content after staining with BODIPY 493/503 and Nile red was compared, and automated staining techniques were developed for both cultures. Results BODIPY 493/503 staining had less background staining, higher sensitivity and specificity to PHB, and higher saturation values than did Nile red staining. The developed automated staining procedure was capable of analyzing the PHB content of a bioreactor sample every 25 min and measured the average PHB content with accuracy comparable to offline GC analysis. Conclusion BODIPY 493/503 produced an overall better staining for PHB than did Nile red. When combined with the automated system, this technique provides a new method for the online monitoring and control of bioreactors. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Allelism within the DEX and STA gene families in Saccharomyces diastaticus

Saccharomyces diastaticus produces an extracellular glucoamylase and is therefore capable of hydrolyzing and fermenting starch. Tamaki (1978) studied starch utilization in S. diastaticus and found three polymeric genes controlling this function: STA1, STA2 and STA3. Independently, Erratt and Stewart (1978) studied dextrin utilization by the yeast S. diastaticus and designated the gene, which they identified, DEX1. Erratt and Stewart (1981a, b) later described two other genes which controlled glucoamylase production in S. diastaticus: DEX2 and a third which was allelic to STA3. At that time STA1 and STA2 were not available to test for allelism in the DEX gene family. In this study strains containing the remaining 4 genes have been examined to determine if further allelism exists between the two gene families. It was ascertained that DEX1 is allelic to STA2 and DEX2 is allelic to STA1. Therefore, no new gene controlling starch utilization has been identified and these two nomenclatures can now be consolidated into one. Based on the fact that the glucoamylase from S. diastaticus can hydrolyze both dextrin and starch, dextrin being the term used to described partially hydrolyzed starch, and the more wide use of the nomenclature STA, we propose to retain STA as the designation for genes coding for glucoamylase production in S. diastaticus.
A High-Resolution Recording System for Neutron Cross-Section Measurements Using an Underground Nuclear Explosive Source

A high-resolution data recording system has been developed as part of the Los Alamos program of time-of-flight neutron cross-section measurements that use an underground explosion source. Analog signals from detectors near the targets are fed through logarithmic amplifiers, displayed one-dimensionally on fast-phosphor cathode-ray tubes, and are recorded on photographic film moving at high velocity at right angles to the CRT spot motion. The system is capable of tenth-microsecond resolution over a span of milliseconds, and three percent accuracy over a five-decade dynamic range.
Mechanism of Formation of Glass with Embedded Metal and Sulfides

GEMS (glass with embedded metal and sulfides) grains in interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) were examined using 200 keV analytical transmission electron microscopy. The morphologies and crystallography of embedded relict grains reveal that GEMS are pseudomorphs formed by irradiation processing of crystals free-floating in space. Some GEMS retain a compositional and morphological "memory" of the crystal from which they formed. Pseudomorphism may rule out condensation, annealing, flash heating, or shock melting as alternative mechanisms of GEMS formation. A significant and often dominant fraction of the atoms in GEMS were sputter-deposited from other grains. Therefore, a normal (solar) isotopic composition is not a reliable indicator of whether GEMS formed in the solar system or in presolar interstellar or circumstellar environments.
A guide to evaluation research in terminal care programs

Abstract Pressure for greater accountability is being exerted on programs for care of the terminally ill and increasing the demand for evaluation research. Current documentation of such programs is inadequate in that it is anecdotal and consists primarily of conjecture and case studies fraught with unsubstantiated value judgments. Information essential to the improvement of such programs and the determination of their effectiveness can be derived only through the application of strict experimental methodology. The components, implications, and limitations of rigorous evaluation systems are discussed, and their application in the terminal care setting addressed. The Buckingham evaluation of a hospice's home care service is cited as the first attempt at measurement of the overall quality and effectiveness of a hospice program, and as a model for future evaluation of similar hospice programs.
The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer mission

The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) is a Lunar science orbiter mission currently under development to address the goals of the National Research Council decadal surveys and the recent “Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon” (SCEM) [1] report to study the pristine state of the lunar atmosphere and dust environment prior to significant human activities.12 LADEE will determine the composition of the lunar atmosphere and investigate the processes that control its distribution and variability, including sources, sinks, and surface interactions. LADEE will also determine whether dust is present in the lunar exosphere, and reveal the processes that contribute to its sources and variability. These investigations are relevant to our understanding of surface boundary exospheres and dust processes throughout the solar system, address questions regarding the origin and evolution of lunar volatiles, and have potential implications for future exploration activities. The LADEE science instruments include a neutral mass spectrometer, ultraviolet spectrometer, and dust sensor. LADEE will also fly a laser communications system technology demonstration that could provide a building block for future space communications architectures. LADEE is an important component in NASA's portfolio of near-term lunar missions, addressing objectives that are currently not covered by other U.S. or international efforts, and whose observations must be conducted before large-scale human or robotic activities irrevocably perturb the tenuous and fragile lunar atmosphere. LADEE will also demonstrate the effectiveness of a low-cost, rapid-development program utilizing a modular bus design launched on the new Minotaur V launch vehicle. Once proven, this capability could enable future lunar missions in a highly cost constrained environment. This paper describes the LADEE objectives, mission design, and technical approach.
Regulatory interactions between members of the immunoglobulin superfamily.

Abstract The superfamily of molecules with immunoglobulin-like domains now contains numerous molecules of increasingly diverse structure and function. In this article, Paul Anderson and colleagues discuss how weak interactions between those members present on a given T cell may modulate its activation, by altering the molecular environment around the T-cell receptor. They also suggest that the surface molecules 2H4/4B4 may further influence this modulation through their interaction with members of the superfamily.
Wavelet packet denoising of magnetic resonance images: importance of Rician noise at low SNR.

Wavelet packet analysis is a mathematical transformation that can be used to post-process images, for example, to remove image noise (“denoising”). At a very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR <5), standard magnitude magnetic resonance images have skewed Rician noise statistics that degrade denoising performance. Since the quadrature images have approximately Gaussian noise, it was postulated that denoising would produce better contrast and sharper edges if performed before magnitude image formation. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and edge blurring effects of these two approaches were examined in synthetic, phantom, and human MR images. While magnitude and complex denoising both significantly improved SNR and CNR, complex denoising yielded sharper edges and better low-intensity feature contrast. Magn Reson Med 1999;41:631–635, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Studies on diphenylalanine synthesis.

Abstract Diphenylalanine formation, polyphenylalanine formation, and specific binding of phenylalanyl transport RNA (tRNA) were studied in the presence of increasing amounts of ribosomes. Excess ribosomes inhibited polypeptide synthesis but did not decrease the specific binding of phenylalanyl tRNA to ribosomes. Polypeptide synthesis was inhibited to a greater extent by an excess of ribosomes than the synthesis of diphenylalanine. Treatment of ribosomes with trypsin abolished their ability to form polypeptide and dipeptide and to bind tRNA but the sensitivity of these activities to trypsin diminished in the order indicated. Diphenylalanine formation in the presence of hexauridylic acid as messenger required soluble enzymes in addition to ribosomes. With polyuridylic acid, formation of diphenylalanine was stimulated by the addition of GTP. On the other hand, with hexauridylate as messenger it was not possible to demonstrate the requirement for GTP for diphenylalanine formation.
Composite Likelihood Data Augmentation for Within-Network Statistical Relational Learning

The prevalence of datasets that can be represented as networks has recently fueled a great deal of work in the area of Relational Machine Learning (RML). Due to the statistical correlations between linked nodes in the network, many RML methods focus on predicting node features (i.e., labels) using the network relationships. However, many domains are comprised of a single, partially-labeled network. Thus, relational versions of Expectation Maximization (i.e., R-EM), which jointly learn parameters and infer the missing labels, can outperform methods that learn parameters from the labeled data and apply them for inference on the unlabeled nodes. Although R-EM methods can significantly improve predictive performance in networks that are densely labeled, they do not achieve the same gains in sparsely labeled networks and can perform worse than RML methods. In this work, we show the fixed-point methods that R-EM uses for approximate learning and inference result in errors that prevent convergence in sparsely labeled networks. We then propose two methods that do not experience this problem. First, we develop a Relational Stochastic EM (R-SEM) method, which uses stochastic parameters that are not as susceptible to approximation errors. Then we develop a Relational Data Augmentation (R-DA) method, which integrates over a range of stochastic parameter values for inference. R-SEM and R-DA can use any collective RML algorithm for learning and inference in partially labeled networks. We analyze their performance with two RML learners over four real world datasets, and show that they outperform independent learning, RML and R-EM -- particularly in sparsely labeled networks.
On zero duality gap in surrogate constraint optimization: The case of rational-valued functions of constraints

Abstract This paper is concerned with the constrained optimization problem. A detailed discussion of surrogate constraints with zero duality gaps is presented. Readily available surrogate multipliers are considered that close the duality gaps where constraints are rational-valued. Through illustrative examples, the sources of duality gaps are examined in detail. While in the published literature, in many situations conclusions have been made about the existence of non-zero duality gaps, we show that taking advantage of full problem information can close the duality gaps. Overlooking such information can produce shortcomings in the research in which a non-zero duality gap is observed. We propose theorems to address the shortcomings and report results regarding implementation issues.
Lithium adsorption on MgO(100) and its defects: Charge transfer, structure, and energetics

The adsorption energetics and growth of lithium vapor on MgO(100) at 300 K was studied using microcalorimetry, in combination with low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), low-energy ion scattering (ISS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and work-function measurements. The MgO(100) samples were films of $\ensuremath{\sim}4\text{ }\text{nm}$ thickness grown on a Mo(100) single crystal. The initial sticking probability of lithium was $\ensuremath{\sim}0.97$, reaching unity by 0.5 monolayer (ML). The AES and ISS signals vary with Li coverage up to 3 ML as expected if the Li atoms stay within the layer where they initially hit (i.e., with no interlayer transport). Initially, lithium adsorbs strongly at the intrinsic surface defects and as two-dimensional (2D) lithium clusters, with a heat of adsorption of 260 kJ/mol. The heat approaches the heat of sublimation of bulk Li (159 kJ/mol) by 0.4 ML, due to the growth of 2D and then three-dimensional (3D) Li islands. Argon-ion sputtering of the surface increases the defect density and the probability for adsorbing Li to find a defect, and thus the heat of adsorption at low coverages. When defects only are being populated, Li exhibits a heat of adsorption of 410 kJ/mol. Comparing heats with recent density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggests that the defect sites are under-coordinated O atoms at steps or kinks, or related structures at dislocations. The work function decreases by $\ensuremath{\sim}1.8\text{ }\text{eV}$ within the first 0.5 ML and then increases to near the value of bulk Li(solid), $\ensuremath{\sim}2.6\text{ }\text{eV}$, by 3 ML. These results support recent DFT calculations predicting stronger electron transfer from Li to the MgO when at steps and kinks than at terraces, and decreasing charge transfer as 2D Li clusters grow. The work function starts to increase when the growth mode becomes dominated by growth of 3D Li(solid). In spite of a large amount of electron transfer from Li to MgO, Li adatoms have attractive interactions that lead to 2D clustering. For 1-nm-thick MgO films, the heat of adsorption was higher by 60--20 kJ/mol than for 4 nm films in the entire range from 0 to 0.7 ML, where adsorption in the first layer dominates.
Large parameter spaces of quasiconformally distinct hyperbolic structures

SupposeS is a surface of infinite type with pants decomposition ⌆. We construct a real analytic embedding of an infinite-dimensional parameter space into the Fenchel-Nielsen space ofS with respect to ⌆, whose image is made up of topologically conjugate Fuchsian groups for which no two groups in the image are quasiconformally conjugate. Moreover, all of the Fuchsian groups in this parameter space have the same Fenchel—Nielsen twist parameters. As a consequence, arbitrarily close (in the Fenchel-Nielsen topology) to a hyperbolic structure forS there is an infinite-dimensional set of disjoint Teichmuller spaces.
A boundary layer model for mantle convection with surface plates

Summary. A simple, analytical model for mantle convection with mobile surface plates is presented. Our aim is to determine under what conditions free convection can account for the observed plate motions, and to evaluate the thermal structure of the mantle existing under these conditions. Boundary layer methods are used to represent two-dimensional cellular convection at large Rayleigh and infinite Prandtl numbers. The steady-state structure consists of cells with isentropic interiors enclosed by thermal boundary layers. Lithospheric plates are represented as upper surfaces on each cell free to move at a uniform speed. Buoyancy forces are concentrated in narrow rising and decending thermal plumes; torques imparted by these plumes drive both the deformable mantle and overlying plate. Solutions are found for a comprehensive range of cell sizes. We derive an expression for the plate speed as a function of its length, the mantle viscosity and surface heat flux. Using mean values for these parameters, we find that thermal convection extending to 700 km depth can move plates at 1 cm yr-’, while convection through the whole mantle can move plates at 4-5 cm yr-’. Analysis of the steady-state temperature field, for the case of heating from below, shows that the upper thermal boundary layer develops a complex structure, including an ‘asthenosphere’ defined by a local maximum in the geotherm occurring at depths of 50-1 50 km.
ARRIpede: An Assembled Micro Crawler

Recent advances in MEMS fabrication, hybrid microassembly and packaging are expediting micomanufacturing of "die-size" microrobots. The ARRIpede is a 1cm times 1cm walking microrobot whose anatomy includes silicon based electrothermal prismatic actuators, vertical legs assembled to the actuators via complaint joints and an electronic "backpack" to make it autonomous. The microrobot design specifications include a target volume of 1 cm times 1 cm times 0.5 cm, 3.8g mass and a crawling velocity of up to 3 mm/s on smooth surfaces. As proof of concept, the microrobot is configured as an inverted conveyer, and we demonstrate payload manipulation by means of stick-slip actuation, we evaluate the joint actuation force, the robot payload carrying capacity and power consumption. Experimental results confirm excellent steering ability, a measured linear velocity in excess of 1.55 mm/s, while consuming approximately 750 mW of power. For achieving lower speeds, of around 0.15 mm/s, the power consumption can be reduced to a few mW, thus enabling untethered operation using an on-board battery.
New Paradigms in Microtubule-Mediated Endocrine Signaling in Prostate Cancer

Metastatic prostate cancer has limited therapeutic options and has remained a major clinical challenge. Historically, prostate cancer has been widely recognized as a chemotherapy-resistant disease. However, clinical studies with anti-microtubule agents over the past decade have shown important efficacy in improving survival in patients with advanced disease. The favorable outcomes with microtubule-targeted agents have thus rekindled interest in such therapies for the clinical management of prostate cancer. Microtubules are dynamic polymers of tubulin molecules that play diverse roles within the cell. The dynamic property of microtubules is responsible for forming the bipolar mitotic apparatus, the mitotic spindle, that functions to precisely segregate the chromosomes during cell division. Thus, owing to the pivotal role that they play in the orchestration of mitotic events, microtubules provide excellent targets for anti-cancer therapy. Recent evidence also suggests that microtubules play a crucial role in the regulation of endocrine signaling pathways. Interestingly, microtubule-targeted agents such as taxanes not only inhibit cell division but also impair endocrine receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Herein, we provide an overview of the current status of microtubule-targeted therapies that are used in the treatment of prostate cancer and discuss novel mechanisms by which such therapies modulate endocrine signaling in prostate cancer. We also address the emerging roles of microtubule regulatory proteins in prostate carcinogenesis that could serve as attractive targets for prostate cancer therapy and might also serve as predictive biomarkers to identify patients who may benefit from endocrine and/or chemotherapy. This may have important implications in designing mechanism-based and targeted-therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
Effects of on-line medical control in the prehospital treatment of atraumatic illness.

Objective. On-line medical control (OLMC) is costly and time-consuming, yet little is known about the direct effect of OLMC on the quality of care provided. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of OLMC on adherence to protocol and quality of care provided.Methods. Retrospective review of trip sheets completed by out-of-hospital personnel in an urban/suburban/rural emergency medical services system with a volume of 144,000 calls/year; approximately 15,000/year are ALS calls. Two levels of provider—paramedics and critical care technicians (CCTs)—work under single standard protocols and a single medical director. Prehospital trip sheets of 774 sequential patients with atraumatic illnesses for whom an ALS crew was dispatched were re-viewed for adherence to standard protocol and for appropriateness of deviations from protocol, with and without the use of OLMC.Results. Adherence to protocols occurred in 78.3% of all patient encounters. OLMC was utilized in 61.5% of patient encounters. The CCTs ...
Familial Liability to Schizophrenia: A Sibling Study of Negative Symptoms

Negative symptoms are important features in schizophrenia, so in milder form they might also serve as indicators of "unexpressed" liability to schizophrenia among patients' adult relatives without schizophrenia. To address this question, we assessed negative symptoms in 39 stable schizophrenia or schizoaffective outpatients, 39 of their siblings, 38 well control probands, and 38 of their siblings. Negative symptom measures included standard behavior ratings of the core negative symptoms of affective flattening and alogia, as well as a self-report measure of social anhedonia. As expected, even stable outpatients with schizophrenia exhibited significantly more negative symptoms than control probands and control siblings. However, negative behavioral symptoms of affective flattening, alogia, and anhedonia did not significantly differentiate the siblings of the schizophrenia patients from the control probands or their siblings, although there were some trends for anhedonia. The findings suggest that core negative symptoms of observed affective flattening and poverty of speech are not likely to be useful as strong indicators of "unexpressed" liability to schizophrenia.
When Mean Square Error Becomes Variance: A Comment on Business Risk and Return: A Test of Simultaneous Relationships

In a recent article, Oviatt and Bauerschmidt 1991 investigated risk-return relationship by employing the square root of the mean square error of returns as a measure of risk and found no significant relationship existed in those terms. Ruefli 1991 has suggested that under the assumption of stable distributions there is the possibility of spurious correlation in estimating the risk-return relationship in mean-variance terms. This comment identifies the commonalities between mean square error and variance measures, shows that the former measure is subject to many of the problems of the latter, and presents further evidence regarding the likelihood of spurious correlation in industry studies of risk and return. The results suggest an alternative and more parsimonious explanation for Oviatt and Bauerschmidt's findings as well as for the findings reported in the wider strategic management research literature.
Male and Female Jealousy, Still More Similar than Different: Reply to Sagarin (2005)

Harris (2003b), reviewing evidence for the Jealousy as a Specific Innate Module (JSIM) theory, concluded that overall there is no support for innate sex differences in jealousy over sexual and emotional infidelity This article responds to Sagarin's challenges (this issue) by showing (a) JSIM proponents have not advocated Sagarin's attenuated version of JSIM; (b) studies using continuous measures do not support the original JSIM (the majorityfind no significant effects, and the effects that exist show varied patterns); (c) Sagarin's JSIM is untestable due to well-known scaling problems; (d) Sagarin's data do not significantly change the conclusions of Harris' review, particularly given 3 new adult studies that do not support JSIM; and (e) studies of real jealousy do not support JSIM.
Working memory and mathematics: A review of developmental, individual difference, and cognitive approaches.

Abstract Working memory refers to a mental workspace, involved in controlling, regulating, and actively maintaining relevant information to accomplish complex cognitive tasks (e.g. mathematical processing). Despite the potential relevance of a relation between working memory and math for understanding developmental and individual differences in mathematical skills, the nature of this relationship is not well-understood. This paper reviews four approaches that address the relation of working memory and math: 1) dual task studies establishing the role of working memory during on-line math performance; 2) individual difference studies examining working memory in children with math difficulties; 3) studies of working memory as a predictor of mathematical outcomes; and 4) longitudinal studies of working memory and math. The goal of this review is to evaluate current information on the nature of the relationship between working memory and math provided by these four approaches, and to present some of the outstanding questions for future research.
HCF-1 Amino- and Carboxy-Terminal Subunit Association through Two Separate Sets of Interaction Modules: Involvement of Fibronectin Type 3 Repeats

When herpes simplex virus infects permissive cells, the viral regulatory protein VP16 forms a specific complex with HCF-1, a preexisting nuclear protein involved in cell proliferation. The majority of HCF-1 in the cell is a complex of associated amino (HCF-1N)- and carboxy (HCF-1C)-terminal subunits that result from an unusual proteolytic processing of a large precursor polypeptide. Here, we have characterized the structure and function of sequences required for HCF-1N and HCF-1C subunit association. HCF-1 contains two matched pairs of self-association sequences called SAS1 and SAS2. One of these matched association sequences, SAS1, consists of a short 43-amino-acid region of the HCF-1N subunit, which associates with a carboxy-terminal region of the HCF-1C subunit that is composed of a tandem pair of fibronectin type 3 repeats, a structural motif known to promote protein-protein interactions. Unexpectedly, the related protein HCF-2, which is not proteolyzed, also contains a functional SAS1 association element, suggesting that this element does not function solely to maintain HCF-1N and HCF-1C subunit association. HCF-1N subunits do not possess a nuclear localization signal. We show that, owing to a carboxy-terminal HCF-1 nuclear localization signal, HCF-1C subunits can recruit HCF-1N subunits to the nucleus.
Reducing extra-terrestrial excavation forces with percussion

High launch costs and mission requirements drive the need for low mass excavators with mobility platforms, which in turn have little traction and excavation reaction capacity in low gravity environments. This presents the need for precursor and long term future missions with low mass robotic mining technology to perform In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) tasks. This paper discusses a series of experiments that investigate the effectiveness of a percussive digging device to reduce excavation loads and thereby the mass of the excavator itself. A percussive mechanism and 30″ wide pivoting bucket were attached to a test stand simulating a basic backhoe with a percussion direction tangent to the direction of movement. Impact energies from 13.6J to 30.5J and frequencies from 0 to 700 beats per minute (BPM) were investigated. A reduction in excavation force of as much as 50% was achieved in this experimental investigation.
Preservation of the Anterior Ciliary Vessels during Extraocular Muscle Surgery

Conventional, full-tendon, rectus muscle surgery disrupts the anterior ciliary vessels. This may lead to anterior segment ischemia when the number of interrupted vessels is sufficient to significantly compromise anterior segment blood flow. Clinical observations and histologic studies provide new anatomic information concerning the course of the anterior ciliary vessels in the sub-Tenon's region. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of dissection and preservation of the anterior ciliary vessels during rectus muscle surgery. Dissection and preservation of 35 clinically apparent anterior ciliary vessel groups were attempted on 15 rectus muscles during strabismus surgery. The unplanned vessel destruction rate was 9.5%. Procedures included 12 recessions, 1 resection, and 2 full-tendon transpositions. The possible role of this procedure in the prevention of anterior segment ischemia is discussed.
System identification using the extended Kalman filter with applications to medical imaging

We first review the concept of computational tomography (CT) and a laser technique using the photon diffusion equation. The forward and the inverse problems are two key problems concerned with the photon diffusion equation, while the solution to the latter one is the goal of research in optical CT. The inverse problem can be stated as follows: given the photon density measured from the detectors outside the tissue, we need to find the anomalies (benign or malignant) inside the tissue. We model the forward and the inverse problem using state-space equations and use the extended Kalman filtering method to solve the inverse problem. The convergence property of the filter is analyzed and examples of using the extended Kalman filtering method to solve the inverse problem are also given.
Apposition in contemporary English: The semantics of apposition

In the previous chapter, the relation of apposition was discussed in terms of the syntactic characteristics that typify the units of an apposition. In this chapter, the focus shifts from the syntactic structure of units in apposition to their semantic structure. The semantic relationship between units in apposition can be described in a variety of ways. The two units of an apposition can be characterized by the semantic relations existing between them, relations that are either referential (3.1.1) or non-referential (3.1.2). In addition, appositions can be classified into various semantic classes, depending upon whether the second unit of the apposition provides information about the first that is more specific (3.2.1), less specific (3.2.2), or equally specific (3.2.3). In appositions containing first units that are noun phrases, the apposition can be categorized according to whether or not the second unit of the apposition restricts the reference of the first unit (3.3). And finally, appositions form semantic gradients (3.4), with some appositions being semantically more appositional than others. The semantic relations between units in apposition Traditionally, apposition has been considered a relation consisting of two units that are coreferential (cf., for instance, Fries 1952:187, Hockett 1955:101, Quirk et al . 1985:1301, and Burton-Roberts 1975). However, as is argued in Meyer (1987a), not all constructions considered appositions in the literature consist of units that are coreferential, and to restrict the relation of apposition to only those constructions whose units are coreferential severely limits the number of constructions that can be admitted as appositions.