cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
No More Dikes or Dams

A dike can be described as a wall built to prevent flooding from a body of water. In the past when leaks would appear along the walls of the dike, citizens simply plugged the area to stop the water from flowing and flooding the area being protected. Remember the story of the little Dutch boy from Dr. Boli’s fables? In this story a little Dutch boy discovered a leak in the dike near his home. He struggled over what to do if the dike were to break his entire world as he knew it would be flooded with everyone that he knew and loved would drown.
The Relative Performances of Large Buyout Fund Groups

Investors tend to concentrate their buyout fund commitments in the large fund groups. These groups, or families, manage multiple individual buyout funds. Due to their size and their number of funds, many investors consider the large fund families to be the “winners” in the buyout industry. However, as a group, since 1990, they have not been outstanding performers, and their median performance results were only slightly above average. Over the last ten years (i.e., 2005 vintage), their quartile performance has been only average. The authors’ conclusions pose several questions as to why investors favor large fund families over smaller groups.
Effects of Cardiovascular Fitness and Body Composition on Maximal Core Temperature in Collegiate Football Players During Preseason.

This study evaluated the effects of body mass index (BMI) and aerobic fitness (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) on maximal core temperature values (Tcmax) in 17 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III football players during preseason. The subjects included 9 backs (BKs) and 8 linemen (LM). V[Combining Dot Above]O2max testing was performed 1 week before preseason. Core temperature was monitored by ingestible sensor every 10 minutes during practices on day 4 (D1), day 5 (D2), day 7 (D3), and postacclimatization on day 14 (D4). Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) was recorded on each collection day. Independent, paired t-tests and Pearson's correlations were performed ([alpha] = 0.05). There were no significant correlations between V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and Tcmax on D1 (WBGT = 29.07° C) or D2 (WBGT = 30.93° C), but on D3 (WBGT = 31.39° C) there was a nonsignificant moderate negative correlation (r = -0.564, p = 0.090). There were no significant correlations between BMI and Tcmax on D1 or D2, but on D3 there was a nonsignificant moderate positive correlation (r = 0.596, p = 0.069). Paired t-tests revealed that overall Tcmax (D1–3) (38.56 ± 0.32° C) was statistically higher (p = 0.002) than D4 (38.16 ± 0.30° C). Independent t-tests between groups showed that the Tcmax values during preacclimatization (D1–D3) were significantly higher in LM (38.50 ± 0.37° C) than BKs (38.16 ± 0.35° C) (p = 0.007). V[Combining Dot Above]O2max was significantly lower (p = 0.006) in LM (36.89 ± 6.40 ml·kg-1·min-1) than BKs (47.44 ± 7.09 ml·kg-1·min-1), and BMI was significantly higher (p = 0.019) in LM (35.59 ± 4.00 kg·m-2) than BKs (28.68 ± 3.38 kg·m-2). The results of this study demonstrate that LM are significantly less fit than BKs and have a greater BMI. When WBGT was the highest on D3, the results suggest that those with lower V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and higher BMI experienced a higher Tcmax.
Investigation of Parameter Estimation Accuracy for Growth Curve Modeling With Categorical Indicators

Abstract. Growth curve modeling (GCM) is an important and commonly used methodology in the social sciences for examining change over time in a variable value. While much of the empirical research examining the performance of various estimators under a variety of conditions has focused on continuous (and typically normally distributed) observed indicators, in practice researchers frequently make use of categorical indicators with anywhere from two to as many as seven categories. Given the popularity of GCMs, along with the frequent use of categorical indicators, and the relative dearth of simulation research focusing on estimation of these models with such variables, the current study focused on the issue of parameter estimation accuracy as related to the number of categorical indicators, and the number of categories per indicator. Results of this research found that for models with only a linear component, parameter estimation was very accurate for as few as four indicators with two categories each and a ...
Collective Behaviors: Systemic View of Distinct Forces in a New Framework

Investigating emergence properties of complex adaptive systems has received a great deal of attention since Schelling’s model of segregation and Granovetter’s threshold model on opinion dynamics. In the past 50 years, the notion of consensus as emerging characteristic has been studied in different disciplines such as sociology, psychology, economics, systems engineering, and physics.
Indian Agriculture in a Liberalized Landscape: The Interlocking of Science, Trade Liberalization, and State Policy

Mainstream macroeconomic policy in India has sought to alleviate rural poverty and food insecurity by expanding agricultural production, providing agricultural credit through a national agricultural banking system, programs of employment generation to alleviate income poverty, and some state-level midday meal schemes at schools. The green revolution was introduced in the late sixties, making India food self-sufficient at the national level. Even as the country accumulated buffer stocks of food, problems of hunger and starvation nevertheless persisted at the individual, household, village, and regional levels. Beginning in the late nineteen eighties, India gradually began to adopt market friendly policies. The economic crisis in 1991 set India on a path of fast track liberalization and structural adjustment resulting in comprehensive initiatives by the Government to promote the industrialization of agriculture. The government has opened up contract farming, food processing, horticulture, value added agricultural products, export crops, and biotechnology, and has allowed private corporations to invest in agriculture. This rapid industrialization is a transformative process. The social fabric matrix approach demonstrates this process where trade liberalization, scientific research, agricultural policy, and the ideology of neo-liberalism are interlocking agents shaping the contemporary industrialization of agriculture in India today. Thus, in the context of a liberalizing India, the concept of transformation replaces the term development and helps to focus our attention on a detailed understanding of the interactive institutional process of change in agriculture. The question continues to be whether or not the contemporary expansion of the agrarian sector through industrialization has served in preventing the ever-present problem of endemic hunger that nearly 320 million Indians still face.
Ecological Driving System for Connected/Automated Vehicles Using a Two-Stage Control Hierarchy

To improve a vehicle’s fuel efficiency when operating on roadways, this study develops an ecological driving system under the connected and automated vehicle (CAV) environment. The system includes three critical functions, including traffic state prediction, eco-driving speed control, and powertrain control implementation. According to the real-time traffic information obtained from vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communications, the embedded traffic state prediction model will estimate and predict the average speeds and densities of freeway subsections. With an objective of minimizing the fuel consumption, the eco-driving speed control function follows a two-stage hierarchical framework. The first stage, which is executed at the global level, aims to optimize the travel speed profile of the CAV over a certain time period. The second stage, local speed adaption, is designed to dynamically adjust the CAV’s speed and make lane-changing decisions based on the local driving condition. The resulting control parameters will then be forwarded to the powertrain control system for implementations. To evaluate the proposed system, this study performs comprehensive numerical tests by using simulation models. This results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed system in reducing fuel consumption. Further comparisons with different models highlights the need to consider traffic state information in the first-stage optimization and lane-changing decision module in the local adaption function.
A method for age-matched OCT angiography deviation mapping in the assessment of disease- related changes to the radial peripapillary capillaries.

PURPOSE To present a method for age-matched deviation mapping in the assessment of disease-related changes to the radial peripapillary capillaries (RPCs). METHODS We reviewed 4.5x4.5mm en face peripapillary OCT-A scans of 133 healthy control eyes (133 subjects, mean 41.5 yrs, range 11-82 yrs) and 4 eyes with distinct retinal pathologies, obtained using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of age on RPC perfusion densities. RPC density group mean and standard deviation maps were generated for each decade of life. Deviation maps were created for the diseased eyes based on these maps. Large peripapillary vessel (LPV; noncapillary vessel) perfusion density was also studied for impact of age. RESULTS Average healthy RPC density was 42.5±1.47%. ANOVA and pairwise Tukey-Kramer tests showed that RPC density in the ≥60yr group was significantly lower compared to RPC density in all younger decades of life (p<0.01). Average healthy LPV density was 21.5±3.07%. Linear regression models indicated that LPV density decreased with age, however ANOVA and pairwise Tukey-Kramer tests did not reach statistical significance. Deviation mapping enabled us to quantitatively and visually elucidate the significance of RPC density changes in disease. CONCLUSIONS It is important to consider changes that occur with aging when analyzing RPC and LPV density changes in disease. RPC density, coupled with age-matched deviation mapping techniques, represents a potentially clinically useful method in detecting changes to peripapillary perfusion in disease.
The first year of the residency program in obstetrics and gynecology

Abstract In order to make the 3 year residency in obstetrics and gynecology most profitable to our residents, a didactic course is offered one afternoon a week throughout the first year of the program which covers the elements of our specialty that should be known to all first-year residents as a basis for further clinical training. This course includes pelvic anatomy, x-ray pelvimetry, ultrasound, gross and microscopic obstetric and gynecologic pathology, endocrinology, and surgical techniques in the dog surgery laboratory. All first-year residents in obstetrics and gynecology take this course. We have found that the effort of providing our residents with this information early in their specialty education has been helpful to them and also beneficial to the program since further experience within the residency can be progressive and all residents then have the same basic orientation.
The Projective Perception of the Social World

Festinger (1954) proposed that people seek accurate knowledge of the self, and that to find it, they compare themselves with similar others. He peppered his paper with references to the idea that people have some notion as to who is similar to them and who is not. His followers agree: “Looking for or identifying a similarity or a difference between the other and the self on some dimension [is a] core feature [of the theory]; the majority of comparison researchers implicitly seem to share this definition” (Wood, 1997, p. 521). But how do perceptions of similarity and dissimilarity arise?
Distinctive structural basis for DNA recognition by the fission yeast Zn2Cys6 transcription factor Pho7 and its role in phosphate homeostasis.

Pho7, a member of the Zn2Cys6 family of fungal transcription factors, is the key transcriptional activator underlying fission yeast phosphate homeostasis, a physiological response to phosphate starvation in which the pho1, pho84 and tgp1 genes are upregulated. Here, we delineated a minimized 61-amino-acid Pho7 DNA-binding domain (DBD) and determined the 1.7 A crystal structure of the DBD at its target site in the tgp1 promoter. Two distinctive features of the Pho7 DBD are: it binds DNA as a monomer, unlike most other fungal zinc-cluster factors that bind as homodimers; and it makes extensive interactions with its asymmetric target sequence over a 14-bp footprint that entails hydrogen bonding to 13 individual bases within, and remote from, the CGG triplet typically recognized by other Zn2Cys6 DBDs. Base pair substitutions at Pho7 sites in the tgp1 and pho1 promoters highlight the importance of the 5'-CGG triplet for Pho7 binding in vitro and Pho7-dependent gene expression in vivo. We identify several DBD amino acids at which alanine substitution effaced or attenuated the pho1 phosphate starvation response and concordantly reduced Pho7 binding to a pho1 promoter site.
Challenges and implications of genomics for T-cell lymphomas

Treatment outcomes for patients with peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) and advanced-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) remain poor. The past few years have witnessed an explosion in our understanding of the genetics of these diverse malignancies. Many subtypes harbor highly recurrent mutations, including single-nucleotide variants, insertions/deletions, and chromosomal rearrangements, that affect T-cell receptor signaling, costimulatory molecules, JAK/STAT and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifiers. An important subset of these mutations is included within commercially available, multigene panels and, in rare circumstances, indicate therapeutic targets. However, current preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that only a minority of mutations identified in TCLs indicate biologic dependence. With a few exceptions that we highlight, mutations identified in TCLs should not be routinely used to select targeted therapies outside of a clinical trial. Participation in trials and publication of both positive and negative results remain the most important mechanisms for improving patient outcomes.
On the measurement of health and its effect on the measurement of health inequality

We examine the extent to which self-reported health measures suffer from income-related reporting heterogeneity and then characterize how this reporting heterogeneity affects the estimation of income-related health inequality. We run a comprehensive set of tests of reporting heterogeneity using several self-reported health measures and several clinical measures of health from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys. We propose the use of a multidimensional measure using clinical indicators of health in the context of measuring income-related health inequality, and we examine the extent of income-related health inequality, as measured by the concentration index, using both self-reported measures of health and the multidimensional clinical measure. Our results confirm the existence of significant, positive, income-related reporting heterogeneity and also suggest that higher income individuals react more strongly to a change in clinical health measures. Using self-assessed health suggests that income-related health inequality is about three times larger than when using more objective, self-reported health measures and ten times larger than when using the multidimensional clinical measure of health.
The Great Medicine Roas: Narratives of the Oregon, California, and Mormon Trails, Part 3, 1850-1855

Review of "The Great Medicine Roas: Narratives of the Oregon, California, and Mormon Trails, Part 3, 1850-1855" edited by Michael L. Tate
A Class of Stationary Processes and a Central Limit Theorem

A certain class of stationary processes is discussed. It is shown that each process in the class has an absolutely continuous spectrum. Under some moment conditions, it is shown that such processes satisfy the central limit theorem.
A minimalist electronic health record-based intervention to reduce standing lab utilisation

Background Repetitive laboratory testing in stable patients is low-value care. Electronic health record (EHR)-based interventions are easy to disseminate but can be restrictive. Objective To evaluate the effect of a minimally restrictive EHR-based intervention on utilisation. Setting One year before and after intervention at a 600-bed tertiary care hospital. 18 000 patients admitted to General Medicine, General Surgery and the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Intervention Providers were required to specify the number of times each test should occur instead of being able to order them indefinitely. Measurements For eight tests, utilisation (number of labs performed per patient day) and number of associated orders were measured. Results Utilisation decreased for some tests on all services. Notably, complete blood count with differential decreased 9% (p Conclusions Requiring providers to specify the number of occurrences of labs changes significantly reduces utilisation in some cases.
What role should maternal-fetal medicine physicians play in the era of abortion restriction?

In 2019, a total of 25 abortion bans were signed into law by states in the Southeast and Midwest. As of May 2019, 33 states have passed laws restricting or limiting abortion services, including "trigger laws" that make abortion illegal in the event that Roe v. Wade is overturned. In addition, 9 states have passed extreme abortion laws, such as making abortion illegal early in gestation (as early as 6-8 weeks' gestation), which are all currently enjoined and not in effect. The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and Society of Family Planning agree that access to abortion is essential to women's health and oppose legislation that directly affects the patient-physician relationship. It is time for maternal-fetal medicine physicians to play a more active role in the fight for abortion access. A 2012 study of maternal-fetal medicine physicians found only 31% of respondents performed dilation and evacuation for termination of pregnancies, predominantly based on whether the provider was trained in dilation and evacuation procedures during fellowship. We performed a 2018 survey of all maternal-fetal medicine fellows and program directors and found that more than two-thirds (62 of 90 [68.9%]) of fellows desire dilation and evacuation training; however, only 9 of 39 (23.1%) program directors believe dilation and evacuation training should be required. The maternal-fetal medicine community is well positioned to improve access to abortion services in the United States by prioritizing dilation and evacuation training for fellows and actively participating in reproductive health advocacy.
Far-Field Thermal Emission from Optical Antennas on an Epsilon-Near-Zero Substrate

Far-field thermal emission is measured for multimode optical antennas fabricated on an epsilon-near-zero substrate. The dependence of the far-field emission pattern on antenna length for the Berreman and first and second order modes is presented.
Increased IL-8, Neutrophil Activation Phenotypes and NETosis in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients

Background: Increased inflammation is a hallmark of COVID-19, with pulmonary and systemic inflammation identified in multiple cohorts of patients. Definitive cellular and molecular pathways driving severe forms of this disease remain uncertain. Neutrophils, the most numerous leukocytes in blood circulation, can contribute to immunopathology in infections, inflammatory diseases and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in COVID-19. Neutrophilia, elevated neutrophil:lymphocyte ratios, and elevated neutrophil-associated cytokines are present in COVID-19, but changes in neutrophil functions have not been characterized. Here we analyzed the functional state of circulating neutrophils in COVID-19. Methods: Blood was obtained from critically ill COVID-19 patients over two weeks and healthy controls across multiple timepoints. Plasma cytokine profiles were assessed by bead array. Neutrophils were isolated and tested ex vivo for oxidative burst, neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis) and phagocytosis. Lung tissue was obtained immediately post-mortem from COVID-19 patients for immunostaining. Results: Elevations in neutrophil-associated cytokines IL-8 and IL-6 were identified in COVID-19 plasma both at the first measurement and across their hospitalization (p < 0.0001). Elevations in cytokines IP-10, GM-CSF, IL-1b, IL-10 and TNF were also present at the first measurement and across hospital stays. Functionally, circulating neutrophils from COVID-19 patients had exaggerated oxidative burst (p < 0.0001), NETosis (p < 0.0001) and phagocytosis (p < 0.0001) relative to controls. Increased NETosis was found to be correlated with both leukocytosis and neutrophilia in COVID-19 patients. Neutrophils and NETs were identified within airways and alveoli in lung parenchyma. While elevations in IL-8 and ANC correlated to COVID-19 disease severity, plasma IL-8 levels alone correlated with death. Conclusions: Circulating neutrophils in COVID-19 exhibit an activated phenotype with increased oxidative burst, NETosis and phagocytosis. Readily accessible and dynamic, plasma IL-8 and circulating neutrophil function can be explored as potential COVID-19 disease biomarkers. Funding Statement: This work was supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs (salary support and VA Merit Award, PI Crotty Alexander) and NIH NHLBI (PI Crotty Alexander). Declaration of Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The research protocol was approved by the UCSD, VASDHS and Rady Children’s Hospital institutional review boards (IRBs) and all participants or designated family member gave written informed consent.
Multi-omic tumor data reveal diversity of molecular mechanisms underlying survival

Outcomes for cancer patients vary greatly even within the same tumor type, and characterization of molecular subtypes of cancer holds important promise for improving prognosis and personalized treatment. This promise has motivated recent efforts to produce large amounts of multidimensional genomic (9multi-omic9) data, but current algorithms still face challenges in the integrated analysis of such data. Here we present Cancer Integration via Multikernel Learning (CIMLR; based on an algorithm originally developed for analysis of single-cell RNA-Seq data), a new cancer subtyping method that integrates multi-omic data to reveal molecular subtypes of cancer. We apply CIMLR to multi-omic data from 32 cancer types and show significant improvements in both computational efficiency and ability to extract biologically meaningful cancer subtypes. The discovered subtypes exhibit significant differences in patient survival for 21 of the 32 studied cancer types. Our analysis reveals integrated patterns of gene expression, methylation, point mutations and copy number changes in multiple cancers and highlights patterns specifically associated with poor patient outcomes.
Polypharmacy Management in Older Patients

Medications to treat disease and extend life in our patients often amass in quantities, resulting in what has been termed "polypharmacy." This imprecise label usually describes the accumulation of 5, and often more, medications. Polypharmacy in advancing age frequently results in drug therapy problems related to interactions, drug toxicity, falls with injury, delirium, and nonadherence. Polypharmacy is associated with resulting increased hospitalizations and higher costs of care for individuals and health care systems. To reduce polypharmacy, we delineate a systematic, consultative approach to identify highest-risk medications and drug-therapy problems. We address strategic reductions (deprescribing) of medications in palliative care, long-term care, and ambulatory older adults. Best practices for reducing opioids, benzodiazepines, and other high-risk medications include education about risk and agreement by patients and their families, advocates, and care teams. Addressing deprescribing should be within the framework of patients' health status as their care and goals transition from longevity to a plan of maintaining alertness, comfort, and satisfaction of quality of life. A team approach to address polypharmacy and avoidance of high-risk therapy is optimal within long-term care. Patients with terminal illnesses or those moving toward a comfort-care emphasis benefit from medication adjustments that are recognized beneficially within each patient's care goals. In caring for older adults, the acknowledgement that complicated regimens and high-risk medications requires a care plan to reduce or prevent medication-related problems and costs that are associated with polypharmacy.
Functions of a Complex Variable

In Section 7.7 of Volume I we touched on the theory of functions of a complex variable and saw that this theory throws new light on the structure of functions of a real variable. Here we shall give a brief, but more systematic, account of the elements of that theory.
COMPARING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF METAL ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TO CONVENTIONAL MANUFACTURING

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is revered for the design freedom it brings, but is it environmentally better or worse than conventional manufacturing? Since few direct comparisons are published, this study compared AM data from life-cycle assessment literature to conventional manufacturing data from the Granta EduPack database. The comparison included multiple printing technologies for steel, aluminum, and titanium. Results showed that metal AM had far higher CO2 footprints per kg of material processed than casting, extrusion, rolling, forging, and wire drawing, so it is usually a less sustainable choice than these. However, there were circumstances where it was a more sustainable choice, and there was significant overlap between these circumstances and aerospace industry use of metal AM. Notably, lightweight parts reducing embodied material impacts, and reducing use-phase impacts through fuel efficiency. Finally, one key finding was the irrelevance of comparing machining to AM per kg of material processed, since one is subtractive and the other is additive. Recommendations are given for future studies to use more relevant functional units to provide better comparisons.
A girl’s gendered engagement in designing and building robots

Drawing on Bakhtin’s (Discourse in the novel, University of Texas Press, 1981) notions of dialogism and appropriation, this case study explored how a 5-year-old Latina named Lucia negotiated the gender discourses involved in designing and building robots. The study findings revealed that Lucia performed her gender by appropriating different gender discourses and by using both robotics knowledge and gender tactics to position herself as a competent robotics engineer. Lucia’s fluid gender performativity combined with her skillful robot design legitimized her entry into the masculine peer group while affirming her robot as an empowered agent. This study unpacks the complexity of gender ideologies that female students may experience as they engage in the engineering design process. The study also shows how robot designing and building can be a technological and material practice through which young girls can explore and express fluid gender subjectivities. We conclude the article with implications for early childhood engineering and robotics education.
New Graph Model and Its Routing Algorithm for Rearrangeable Networks

This paper introduces a new simple graphical representation, called an N-leaf Dual Complete Binary Tree (N-leaf DCB-tree), for (2 log2N−1)-stage networks. The N-leaf DCB-tree representation method has hierarchical and recursive characteristics. Due to the hierarchical property, it provides an analytical and systematic model for a multistage interconnection network with respect to a permutation realizability. Based on the recursive property of DCB-tree structure, we present a universal necessary and sufficient condition of a conflict-free connection pattern for N one-to-one simultaneous connection paths in multistage interconnection networks. Depending on the class of a given (2 log2N−1)-stage network, this universal condition can be changed. Also this N-leaf DCB-tree model is shown to be very useful in comparing the permutation capabilities of various network topologies. The N-leaf DCB-tree model can convert a routing problem to a conflict-free assignment problem for N binary numbers where each binary number is a (log2N−1)-bit string. Converting to a conflict-free assignment problem may make it easier to attack the rearrangeablity of a (2 log2N−1)-stage network in a class of Shuffle-Exchange equivalent netwrks (E- class).
Preliminary Report on Race and Washington’s Criminal Justice System

In this report, forthcoming in the law reviews of all three of Washington’s law schools (Gonzaga Law Review, Seattle University Law Review, and Washington Law Review), we present our findings on racial disproportionality in Washington’s criminal justice system. In 1980, of all states, Washington had the highest rate of disproportionate minority representation in its prisons. Today, minority racial and ethnic groups remain disproportionately represented in Washington State‘s court, prison, and jail populations, relative to their share of the state‘s general population. The fact of racial and ethnic disproportionality in our criminal justice system is indisputable. Following an assertion attributed to a justice on the Washington Supreme Court – that African Americans are overrepresented in the prison population because they commit a disproportionate number of crimes – a task force on race and the criminal justice system was convened. Its research working group focused on trying to answer why these disproportionalities exist. We examined differential commission rates, facially neutral policies, and bias as possible contributing causes. We reviewed research that focused on particular areas of Washington‘s criminal justice system, and our report concludes that much of the disproportionality is explained by facially neutral policies that have racially disparate effects. We also found that disproportionality also is explained in part by the prevalence of racial bias – whether explicit or implicit – and the influence of bias on decision-making within the criminal justice system.
Neutralization-sensitive epitopes are exposed on the surface of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites.

Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease of humans, calves, and other mammals caused by the coccidian parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. Immune bovine serum and two surface-reactive antisporozoite mAb with neutralizing activity were used to identify sporozoite surface Ag by radioimmunoprecipitation/SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. When isolated sporozoites were incubated with mAb 18.44, 12 to 25 times the ID50 for mice was completely neutralized. This mAb binds diffusely to the sporozoite surface and recognizes a sporozoite surface Ag that eluted in the void volume of a Bio Gel A column with an exclusion limit of 500,000 daltons. The Ag recognized by mAb 18.44 was not radiolabeled with 125I or [35S] methionine, migrated with the dye front in SDS-PAGE, and was insensitive to proteinase K digestion, suggesting a non-protein composition. mAb 17.41 significantly neutralized 25 times the ID50 of sporozoites for mice. This mAb binds multifocally to the sporozoite surface and recognizes [35S] methionine-labeled sporozoite surface Ag of 28,000 m.w., 55,000 m.w., and 98,000 m.w. Immune bovine serum immunoprecipitated [35S] methionine- or 125I-labeled sporozoite Ag ranging from less than 14,300 m.w. to greater than 200,000 m.w., including surface Ag of 28,000 m.w. and 55,000 m.w. The results indicate that two different molecules capable of inducing neutralizing antibody are exposed on the surface of C. parvum sporozoites.
Attention/Cognitive Bias Modification

Cognitive bias modification (CBM) refers to a variety of computer-based tasks designed to manipulate cognitive processes (e.g., attention and interpretation) that are proposed to play a role in the development and maintenance of emotional disorders. Via repetition of simple tasks, CBM procedures are designed to “train” cognitive biases that preferentially process disorder-congruent information. Cognitive theories propose that modification of these biases will result in reduced emotionality in the face of subsequent stressors. Empirical work evaluating CBM procedures has demonstrated that CBM reliably modifies cognitive processes of attention and interpretation, although the strength of the effect varies across study parameters. The impact of CBM on emotionality is less clear, although the current evidence suggests these procedures may have some benefit in clinical populations. Important limitations exist in the current research, including limited work evaluating the endurance of these effects. Keywords: Anxiety; attention; bias; cognition; computerized intervention; depression
Project management minitrack focus: leveraging resources for competitive advantage

The business environment is quite different from what it used to be. Technologies, especially computers and communications, have radically changed the workplace and transformed our global economy with an orientation toward service and knowledge work, and a higher mobility of resources, skills, processes, and technology itself. In a concomitant change, new project management techniques have evolved which are often better integrated with business processes, offering more sophisticated capabilities for project tracking and controlling in culturally-diverse environments that contain a broad spectrum of contemporary challenges. Such challenges include time-to-market pressures, accelerating technologies, pressures for innovation, resource limitations, technical complexities, social and ethical issues, operational dynamics, risk and uncertainty. While there is little argument among business leaders that project management provides an important toolset for implementing multidisciplinary ventures, ranging from new product-, serviceand process-development initiatives, to acquisitions and foreign assistance programs, there is yet a growing sense of disappointment and frustration that not all techniques work equally well, nor are all equally applicable to all projects.
Basic Writers and Learning Communities

This study investigates a basic writing course within a freshman learning Com- munity at Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW). Multiple layers of data, both qualitative and quantitative, provide a thick description of what occurred overall in that classroom over the course of one semester. My findings suggest that basic writing classes are more successful within a learning community in terms of student pass rates and increased engagement. Thus, further study of basic writing courses as an integral part of first-year ex- perience programs, especially those that utilize learning communities, should be a priority.
Basin width control of faulting in the Naryn Basin, south‐central Kyrgyzstan

[1]In Central Asia’s Tien Shan, deformation is distributed across the wide orogen, a characteristic of intracontinental mountain building. Active faults are commonly found within intramontane basins that separate its constituent ranges. In order to explore the controls on this intramontane basin deformation, we study the Naryn Basin of south!central Kyrgyzstan. A series of five balanced cross!sections reveals a transition in patterns of faulting from faults confined to basin margins to faults focused within the basin center. The 20!km!wide eastern Naryn Basin displays deformation attributed to low!angle splays of the northern, basin!bounding fault. In the 40!km!wide western Naryn Basin, the pattern of deformation linked to the northern range remains, but is accompanied by steeper faults that dip both south and north without being directly linked to the basin!bounding fault. We compare these cross!sections to synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) measurements of surface deformation. Profiles of InSAR!derived surface deformation rates across the Naryn Basin reveal that in the west, deformation is distributed across the broad basin interior, whereas in the east, rapid uplift is concentrated at the margin of the narrower basin. From the geodetic and structural data, we infer that in the western Naryn Basin, deformation has migrated away from the northern basin margin and into the interior. Deformation of the eastern basin interior, however, remains linked to the basin!bounding fault. A simple mechanical model demonstrates that basin width may control basin deformation whereby basin!interior faulting in the narrow, eastern Naryn Basin is inhibited by the overburden of adjacent ranges. Citation:Goode, J. K., D. W. Burbank, and B. Bookhagen (2011), Basin width control of faulting in the Naryn Basin, south!central Kyrgyzstan,Tectonics,30, TC6009, doi:10.1029/2011TC002910.
The impact of vancomycin susceptibility on treatment outcomes among patients with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia

Background Management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia remains a challenge. The emergence of MRSA strains with reduced vancomycin susceptibility complicates treatment.
Microstructure-induced helical vortices allow single-stream and long-term inertial focusing

Fluid inertia has been used to position microparticles in confined channels because it leads to precise and predictable particle migration across streamlines in a high-throughput manner. To focus particles, typically two inertial effects have been employed: inertial migration of particles in combination with geometry-induced secondary flows. Still, the strong scaling of inertial effects with fluid velocity or channel flow rate have made it challenging to design inertial focusing systems for single-stream focusing using large-scale microchannels. Use of large-scale microchannels (≥100 μm) reduces clogging over long durations and could be suitable for non-single-use flow cells in cytometry systems. Here, we show that microstructure-induced helical vortices yield single-stream focusing of microparticles with continuous and robust operation. Numerical and experimental results demonstrate how structures contribute to improve focusing in these larger channels, through controllable cross-stream particle migration, aided by locally-tuned secondary flows from sequential obstacles that act to bring particles closer to a single focusing equilibrium position. The large-scale inertial focuser developed here can be operated in a high-throughput manner with a maximum throughput of approximately 13000 particles per s.
Regulation of Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing by the Beclin 1 Complex

Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway that functions in protein and organelle turnover in response to starvation and cellular stress. Autophagy is initiated by the formation of a complex containing Beclin 1 (BECN1) and its binding partner Phosphoinositide-3-kinase, class 3 (PIK3C3). Recently, BECN1 deficiency was shown to enhance the pathology of a mouse model of Alzheimer Disease (AD). However, the mechanism by which BECN1 or autophagy mediate these effects are unknown. Here, we report that the levels of Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its metabolites can be reduced through autophagy activation, indicating that they are a substrate for autophagy. Furthermore, we find that knockdown of Becn1 in cell culture increases the levels of APP and its metabolites. Accumulation of APP and APP C-terminal fragments (APP-CTF) are accompanied by impaired autophagosomal clearance. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagosomal-lysosomal degradation causes a comparable accumulation of APP and APP-metabolites in autophagosomes. Becn1 reduction in cell culture leads to lower levels of its binding partner Pik3c3 and increased presence of Microtubule-associated protein 1, light chain 3 (LC3). Overexpression of Becn1, on the other hand, reduces cellular APP levels. In line with these observations, we detected less BECN1 and PIK3C3 but more LC3 protein in brains of AD patients. We conclude that BECN1 regulates APP processing and turnover. BECN1 is involved in autophagy initiation and autophagosome clearance. Accordingly, BECN1 deficiency disrupts cellular autophagy and autophagosomal-lysosomal degradation and alters APP metabolism. Together, our findings suggest that autophagy and the BECN1-PIK3C3 complex regulate APP processing and play an important role in AD pathology.
The effect of paternal incarceration on material hardship

High rates of incarceration among American men, coupled with a high prevalence of fatherhood among the incarcerated, have led to millions of children and families whose fathers are, or have been, in the nation’s jails and prisons. This study uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Survey to estimate the extent to which paternal incarceration increases family material hardship. Analyses from a series of longitudinal regression models suggest that material hardship is statistically significantly and positively associated with paternal incarceration. These hardships are found to reflect not only a reduction in fathers’ income and financial contributions but also an increase in financial and other family strains. The findings underscore the challenges facing families with incarcerated fathers. They also emphasize the need for efforts by criminal justice agencies and social service providers to help mitigate the risks associated with paternal incarceration.
Behavioral Responses of Memory Impaired Clients to Selected Nursing Interventions

'Ihis exploratory study identified the behavioral responses of fdteen female memory impaired elderly clients in a specialized residential unit in a retirement home to age appropriate sensory stimulating activitieslobjects. Summary data implied that memory impaired clients may demonstrate a slight preference for selected sensory oriented interventions. Overall, clients revealed little difference in their preference for adult or child oriented activities.
Updated protocols and comments on the purification without use of activating ligands of the coupling proteins Ns and Ni of the hormone sensitive adenylyl cyclase.

AbstractNs and Ni have been purified without using NaF and Mg as stabilizing agents (Codina, J., Hildebrandt, J.D., Sekura, R.D., Birnbaumer, M., Bryan, J., Manclark, C.R. and Birnbaumer, L. [1984] J. Biol. Chem. 259, in press). Since the submission of that report, several modifications have been introduced to the purification procedure and additional fractions have been processed from which N proteins are obtained. This article describes the updated protocols and presents methodological details not included in the previous publication. The final products are Ns, the stimulatory N, Ni the inhibitory N, both of subunit structure αβγ, and a Mr=40,000 protein of βγ composition. They are obtained from human erythrocytes.
Exchange rate and monetary regime options for regional cooperation in East Asia

Abstract Although East Asian economies grow more open and interdependent, forming a single currency region is a very distant prospect. This is due to the lack of political commitment and experience with political cooperation in East Asia. On the other hand, forming a quasi-monetary union is a feasible option open to East Asia. In such a process, the East Asian countries would jointly permit greater exchange rate flexibility with intervention and adopt flexible inflation target to guide their monetary policies. Flexible exchange rate systems together with flexible inflation targets are suitable for lowering the variations in exchange rates and keeping inflation low and stable. The coordinated implementation of both flexible exchange rate and inflation target is an unavoidable step toward political and economic convergence among the East Asian countries.
A hierarchical simulation-through-optimization approach to forest disturbance modelling

Abstract We describe a stochastic–heuristic forest management model which has been adapted from a timber harvest scheduling model, to model natural disturbances based on the concept of Markov chain probabilities. Using a simulation-through-optimization approach allowed us the advantage of modelling complex disturbance problems while at the same time overcoming the extensive processing times that can be associated with conventional simulation techniques. We implemented the model for a 1.2 million ha study area in the central interior of British Columbia, parameterizing the model with historical wildfire probabilities calculated from historical spatial data. A sensitivity analysis of model parameters was carried out to evaluate the performance of disturbance model. In addition, the effects of scale on disturbance simulation were explored by modelling disturbance processes at the forest, habitat, and stand scale. The disturbance model was found to be relatively robust to changes in disturbance probabilities, but was affected by the initial landscape condition. We were able to validate the disturbance model against the results of other published papers, which indicated our model produces similar results for disturbances in the sub-boreal as other models of disturbances in the boreal forest. Using the simulation-through-optimization approach, the efficiencies inherent in heuristic optimization techniques can be used to simulate the effects of natural disturbance processes and management policies.
Increased error-related brain activity in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders

The error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection in the event-related potential after an incorrect response that is thought to reflect activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and is often increased in patients with anxiety disorders. This study measured the ERN and correct response negativity (CRN) during an Eriksen flanker task to assess performance monitoring in 26 youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 13 youth with a non-OCD anxiety disorder consisting of either generalized anxiety disorder or separation anxiety disorder, and 27 age-matched healthy controls ranging in age from 8 to 16 years. Compared to healthy controls, ERN amplitude was significantly increased in patients with either OCD or a non-OCD anxiety disorder. There were no significant group differences in CRN amplitude. Treatment with a serotonergic antidepressant or cognitive-behavior therapy had no effect on the ERN in patients. Scores from the Child Behavior Checklist DSM-oriented anxiety problems scale had a significant correlation with ERN amplitude in all subjects. The results provide further evidence that the pathophysiology of OCD and some non-OCD anxiety disorders involves increased ACC activity and that the ERN may serve as a quantitative phenotype in genetic and longitudinal studies of these complex traits.
The Effect of Variable Correlation on the Efficiency of Seemingly Unrelated Regression in a Two-Equation Model

Abstract The efficiency gain of seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) relative to OLS is a decreasing function of correlation of variables across equations. This article examines the efficiency gain for an individual coefficient in a two-equation model. It is seen that the effect of correlation among variables across the equations greatly depends on the multicollinearity already existing within an equation. In particular, the major factor determining the efficiency gain of SUR for the coefficient on an individual variable is not the correlation between that variable and those in the other equation. Rather, it is the correlation between the latter and the residuals obtained by regressing the variable in question on the remaining variables in its own equation.