cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RESEARCHER: an experimental intelligent information system

The development of very powerful intelligent information systems requires the use of many techniques best derived by studying human understanding methods. RESEARCHER is a system that reads, remembers, generalizes from, and answers questions about complex technical texts, patent abstracts in particular. In this paper we discuss three current areas of research involving RESEARCHER - the generalization of hierarchically structured representations; the use of long-term memory in text processing, specifically in resolving ambiguity; and the tailoring of answers to questions to the level of expertise of different users.
Choledochal Cysts and Fibrocystic Diseases of the Liver

Cholangiocyte differentiation and biliary development rely on complex interactions between cellular signaling, cholangiocyte biology, genetics, and extra-biliary influences. Alteration of or disruptions to any of the normal developmental processes may result in one of a number of liver and biliary diseases characterized by fibrosis. Many of the primary biliary fibrosing diseases also present with variable cystic dilation of the biliary system, commonly contributing to the symptoms that bring these conditions to clinical attention. This chapter will review the normal biliary development and most basic of cholangiocyte biology as a background to understand the pathogenesis of the most common biliary cystic conditions and fibrocystic diseases of the liver. As separate chapters are devoted to biliary atresia, conditions associated with intrahepatic paucity of the bile ducts, and chronic inflammatory hepatopathies that can lead to fibrosis, these conditions will not be reviewed here.
Redefining Mental Disability in the Treasury Regulations

The regulations accompanying section 72 of the Internal Revenue Code, relating to penalties for early withdrawals from qualified retirement plans, contain an outdated definition of mental disability under which almost no one with a mental illness today could be found to be disabled. This definition is incorporated by reference in many sections throughout the code and regulations. This article looks at the definition of disability in section 72(m)(7) and its corresponding regulations and shows how the current law was applied in the recent case of Keeley v. Commissioner. The article then shows that current understandings of mental disability, as well as the history of the statute and its regulations, mandate revision of the regulations. The article concludes that the current language of the regulations allows courts some leeway in determining whether an individual is disabled, however, and that courts therefore need not feel constrained by the outmoded sections of the regulations.
Recent Results of Neutron Inelastic Scattering to Higher-Excited Levels in 232Th and 238U

Neutron inelastic scattering cross sections for levels of 232Th and 238U between 680 and 1200 keV excitation energy have been measured in the neutron energy range 0.9–1.5 MeV. Nearly monoenergetic neutrons were generated using the 7Li(p,n) reaction initiated by a pulsed proton beam produced by a Van de Graaff accelerator using terminal pulsing in conjunction with a Mobley bunching system. Scattered neutrons were observed with a time-of-flight spectrometer with experimental parameters chosen to yield an overall energy resolution of 12–15 keV for inelastically scattered neutrons. Level cross sections were deduced from measured 125°-differential scattering cross sections. Excitation functions were compared with our own previous (n,n′γ) measurements, recent theoretical calculations and the ENDF/B-V evaluations.
Effect of spatial averaging on CARS-derived temperatures

The intensity-derived temperature of simulated binary mixtures of cold and hot gases in the CARS focal volume, with uniform composition, show excellent agreement with the corresponding density-weighted temeperatures of the mixtures, unlike the equivalent temperatures resulting from fitting CARS spectral shapes
An analysis of chronic kidney disease risk factors in a Louisiana nursing home population: a cross-sectional study.

Background Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and its progression are associated with multiple risk factors. CKD is prevalent in nursing homes residents, but factors related to CKD in this setting have not been defined. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted (n=103). Data was abstracted using standardized forms and analyzed (SAS 9.2). Chi square and t-test statistics were used to compare proportions and means; correlation coefficients were used to describe associations. Logistic models were fit to the data to determine multivariate associations. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula was used to estimate GFR. CKD was defined according to established standards. A cutoff point of 60 was chosen for further analysis. Results Twenty-three percent of subjects had CKD. Mean age for eGFR 60 was 61.7 +/-14. Frequent co-morbidities were hypertension (75%), GERD (40%), obesity (39%), dyslipidemia (35%), depression (34%), anemia (32%), and diabetes (32%). Conclusions Our population is unique in terms of its age and reasons for nursing home admission. Factors associated with CKD in our study include age >65 years old, being male, having a positive history of cardiovascular disease (including congestive heart failure and coronary artery disease,) anemia, polypharmacy, and being obese (BMI >30). Further analysis showed that age and anemia are the strongest factors associated with CKD in our population. Management targeted at CKD risk factor reduction may play a vital role in controlling the magnitude of this disease. Prospective studies to investigate the relationship between gender, a BMI greater than 30, cardiovascular disease, and CKD and its complications are warranted.
Molecular Classification of Lymph Node Metastases Subtypes Predict for Survival in Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose: In advanced stage head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNSCC), approximately half of the patients with lymph node metastases (LNM) are not cured. Given the heterogeneous outcomes in these patients, we profiled the expression patterns of LNMs to identify the biological factors associated with patient outcomes. Experimental Design: We performed mRNAseq and miRNAseq on 72 LNMs and 29 matched primary tumors from 34 patients with HNSCC. Clustering identified molecular subtypes in LNMs and in primary tumors. Prediction Analysis of Microarrays algorithm identified a 73-gene classifier that distinguished LNM subtypes. Gene-set enrichment analysis identified pathways upregulated in LNM subtypes. Results: Integrative clustering identified three distinct LNM subtypes: (i) an immune subtype (Group 1), (ii) an invasive subtype (Group 2), and (iii) a metabolic/proliferative subtype (Group 3). Group 2 subtype was associated with significantly worse locoregional control and survival. LNM-specific subtypes were not observed in matched primary tumor specimens. In HNSCCs, breast cancers, and melanomas, a 73-gene classifier identified similar Group 2 LNM subtypes that were associated with worse disease control and survival only when applied to lymph node sites, but not when applied to other primary tumors or metastatic sites. Similarly, previously proposed prognostic classifiers better distinguished patients with worse outcomes when applied to the transcriptional profiles of LNMs, but not the profiles of primary tumors. Conclusions: The transcriptional profiles of LNMs better predict outcomes than transcriptional profiles of primary tumors. The LNMs display site-specific subtypes associated with worse disease control and survival across multiple cancer types.
Caffeine enhances activity thermogenesis and energy expenditure in rats.

Caffeine and its derivatives have been used, alone and in combination with other phytochemicals, as weight-loss supplements. Caffeine affects several physiological and behavioural aspects of energy balance, including increasing locomotor activity. This study investigates the potential for caffeine to enhance activity thermogenesis and energy expenditure (EE) even when activity level is held constant. To do this, EE and muscle thermogenesis were measured in rats during treadmill walking regimens, with and without caffeine (25 mg/kg, ip). Activity-related EE was significantly increased throughout the treadmill walking protocol. Muscle heat dissipation, on the other hand, was significantly increased by caffeine only at the end of the 25-minute treadmill test. This study demonstrates that caffeine increases the caloric cost of physical activity, compared to the caloric cost of that same physical activity without caffeine, implicating decreased muscle work efficiency. Combined with the known ability of caffeine to increase locomotor activity, the decreased locomotor efficiency imparted by caffeine may further augment the potential for caffeine to enhance caloric expenditure.
Don't Bet the House

Traditional wisdom on financial security has included safeguards against risk associated with one’s home. With the collapse of the real estate market, this wisdom has proven both its truth and the painful effects of ignoring it. This brief article summarizes the practical applications of conservative home ownership financing, one of the keys to long term financial stability.
Impact of pre-existing disorder on radiation defect dynamics in Si.

The effect of pre-existing lattice defects on radiation defect dynamics in solids remains unexplored. Here, we use a pulsed beam method to measure the time constant of defect relaxation for 500 keV Ar ion bombardment of Si at 100 °C with the following two representative types of pre- existing lattice disorder: (i) point defect clusters and (ii) so-called “clamshell” defects consisting of a high density of dislocations. Results show that point defect clusters slow down defect relaxation processes, while regions with dislocations exhibit faster defect interaction dynamics. These experimental observations demonstrate that the dynamic aspects of damage buildup, attributed to defect trapping-detrapping processes, can be controlled by defect engineering.
Convolutional Neural Network Detection of Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis Using Standard Clinical Breast MRI

Abstract Background Axillary lymph node status is important for breast cancer staging and treatment planning as the majority of breast cancer metastasis spreads through the axillary lymph nodes. There is currently no reliable noninvasive imaging method to detect nodal metastasis associated with breast cancer. Materials and Methods Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were those from the peak contrast dynamic image from 1.5 Tesla MRI scanners at the pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy stage. Data consisted of 66 abnormal nodes from 38 patients and 193 normal nodes from 61 patients. Abnormal nodes were those determined by expert radiologist based on 18Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography images. Normal nodes were those with negative diagnosis of breast cancer. The convolutional neural network consisted of 5 convolutional layers with filters from 16 to 128. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to evaluate prediction performance. For comparison, an expert radiologist also scored the same nodes as normal or abnormal. Results The convolutional neural network model yielded a specificity of 79.3% ± 5.1%, sensitivity of 92.1% ± 2.9%, positive predictive value of 76.9% ± 4.0%, negative predictive value of 93.3% ± 1.9%, accuracy of 84.8% ± 2.4%, and receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.91 ± 0.02 for the validation data set. These results compared favorably with scoring by radiologists (accuracy of 78%). Conclusion The results are encouraging and suggest that this approach may prove useful for classifying lymph node status on MRI in clinical settings in patients with breast cancer, although additional studies are needed before routine clinical use can be realized. This approach has the potential to ultimately be a noninvasive alternative to lymph node biopsy.
Transformed ECG Signals: Another Potential Use.

CITATIONBerry RB, Wagner MH. Transformed ECG signals: another potential use. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019;15(12):1861.
Psychometric evaluation of the medication adherence report scale in caregivers of low-income, urban, African American children with poorly controlled asthma

Accurately assessing asthma medication usage among low-income, urban, African American children is essential to reduce asthma health disparities. The purpose of this study was to examine the factor...
Portfolio design and management through state-based analytics: A probabilistic approach

This paper presents an innovative new approach to investment portfolio design, which applies a discrete, state-based methodology to defining market states and making asset allocation decisions with...
Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Criminal Justice System

This study describes charges, outcomes, and recidivism in both the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems (CJS) for young adults aged 17 to 23 years with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 606). Results are compared to individuals with ID (n = 1271) and a population control group (n = 2973). About 3% of individuals with ASD were charged with at least one offense by the time they reached young adulthood. Few differences were found in CJS involvement across groups. Young adults with ASD were not over represented in the CJS in general, and were less likely to be involved in the adult justice system than their peers. They received similar charges and outcomes and were as likely to reoffend as their peers.
Modifying laboratory testing via home brew during the COVID-19 pandemic

Rapid development and deployment of diagnostic testing for COVID-19 have been a key component of the public health response to the pandemic. Out of necessity, academic and other clinical laboratories developed laboratory testing innovations for COVID-19 to meet clinical testing demands. In addition to constraints on local testing supplies and equipment, a rapidly changing regulatory framework created challenges for translational scientists. Illustrative examples of approaches used to develop laboratory tests during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrate effective team science approaches to this challenging clinical care and public health emergency. These experiences and the associated lessons learned are relevant to the development of public health response plans for future pandemics.
Managing Pandemics with Health Informatics.

Objective: To summarize significant research contributions on managing pandemics with health informatics published in 2020. Methods: An extensive search using PubMed and Scopus was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles published in 2020 that examined health informatics systems used during the global COVID-19 pandemic. The selection process comprised three steps: 1) 15 candidate best papers were first selected by the two section editors; 2) external reviewers from internationally renowned research teams reviewed each candidate best paper; and 3) the final selection of three best papers was conducted by the editorial committee of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Yearbook. Results: Selected best papers represent the important and diverse ways that health informatics supported clinical and public health responses to the global COVID-19 pandemic. Selected papers represent four groups of papers: 1) Use of analytics to screen, triage, and manage patients; 2) Use of telehealth and remote monitoring to manage patients and populations; 3) Use of EHR systems and administrative systems to manage internal operations of a hospital or health system; and 4) Use of informatics methods and systems by public health authorities to capture, store, manage, and visualize population-level data and information. Conclusion: Health informatics played a critical role in managing patients and populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health care and public health organizations both leveraged available information systems and standards to rapidly identify cases, triage infected individuals, and monitor population trends. The selected best papers represent a fraction of the body of knowledge stemming from COVID-19, most of which is focused on pandemic response. Future work will be needed to help the world recover from the pandemic and strengthen the health information infrastructure in preparation for the next pandemic.
Considerations When Performing Arthrodesis in the Scleroderma Hand

Background Hand deformities secondary to scleroderma can limit activities of daily living and be associated with substantial disability. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes following arthrodesis performed to treat digital contractures secondary to scleroderma. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients with scleroderma who underwent arthrodesis by a single surgeon from 2015 to 2020. We collected demographic information, operative variables, and outcomes variables. Our primary outcome was occurrence of any postoperative complication, which we defined to include wound dehiscence, digital ischemia, malunion, nonunion, cellulitis, and osteomyelitis. We calculated descriptive statistics and performed all analyses at the joint level. Results We identified 9 patients who underwent arthrodesis of 19 joints. All patients were women with a mean age of 55.3 years. At the time of surgery, most patients were taking disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Kirschner wires (K-wires) were used in most cases (n = 18), 15 of which were removed uneventfully at an average of 4.8 months after surgery. With a mean follow-up time of 15.4 months, the overall complication rate was 5.3% (n = 1). This patient developed digital ischemia in 1 of 4 operative digits, which became gangrenous and required amputation. Conclusions Our study suggests that arthrodesis can be performed safely in the scleroderma hand, even when patients are taking DMARDs. Given the uneventful K-wire removal in all joints and the high risk of exposure of buried hardware in this population, we recommend nonpermanent placement of K-wires. Hand surgeons may consider arthrodesis in the scleroderma hand before proceeding to revision amputation.
An Analysis of Clinical Toxic Effects and Quality of Life as a Function of Radiation Dose and Volume After Lung Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

Abstract Purpose To analyze clinical toxicity and quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes among patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) as a function of radiation dose and volume parameters. Methods and Materials In this institutional review board–approved study, 55 patients with stage I NSCLC who received SBRT (12 Gy × 4) and completed QOL forms were analyzed. Clinical symptoms and QOL outcomes were measured at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months after SBRT. Clinical toxicity was graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. Quality of life was followed using the validated Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung-Trial Outcome Index (FACT-L-TOI) instrument. Dosimetric parameters including the mean lung radiation dose and the volume of normal lung receiving greater than 5, 10, 13, or 20 Gy (V5, V10, V13, and V20) were measured from the radiation treatment plan. Student t tests and Pearson correlation analyses were used to examine the relationships between radiation lung metrics and clinically meaningful changes in QOL and/or clinical toxic effects. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate rates of local control (LC), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Results With a median follow-up of 24 months, the 3-year LC, DFS, and OS were 93%, 65%, and 84%, respectively, with a 5.5% rate of grade-3 toxic effects and no grade 4 or 5 toxic effects. Clinically meaningful declines in patient-reported QOL (FACT-L-TOI, lung cancer subscale, physical well-being, and/or functional well-being) posttreatment significantly correlated with increased dosimetric parameters such as V10, V13, and V20. Conclusion Although lung SBRT was associated with excellent LC and minimal clinical toxic effects for early-stage NSCLC, clinically meaningful declines in QOL were significantly correlated with increasing lung dose and volume parameters.
Numerical Methods for Control and Optimization

One of the main techniques presented in Chapters 7 and 8 is to reduce the complexity of singularly perturbed systems by studying the corresponding limit systems that are easier to handle than the original problems. The optimal or nearly optimal controls of the limit problems can be used to construct nearly optimal controls of the original systems. Although the limit systems are substantially simpler than the original pre-limit ones, very often closed-form solutions are still difficult to obtain, except in special cases. For example, in the context of stochastic manufacturing systems, a closed-form solution for optimal production planning is obtained for a system with one-machine and one-part-type by Akella and Kumar [2] for a discounted cost problem, and Zhang and Yin [251] for a finite horizon counterpart. Such closed-form solutions do not seem possible for more general manufacturing systems such as flowshops and jobshops (see Sethi and Zhang [192]). For many applications, one has to resort to a viable alternative – numerical methods.
Specific Immunogenicity of Heat Shock Protein gp96 Derives from Chaperoned Antigenic Peptides and Not from Contaminating Proteins

The peptide-binding property of MHC is central to adaptive immunological functions. A similar property of heat shock proteins (HSPs) hsp70 and hsp90 has been implicated in Ag presentation by MHC and in cross-priming. The peptide-binding pocket of hsp70 has been characterized structurally and functionally and a peptide-binding site in gp96 (of hsp90 family) has been defined. Nonetheless, questions persist whether the specific immunogenicity of HSP preparations derives from the peptides chaperoned by the HSPs or by proteins contaminating the HSP preparations. Because absolute purity of a protein preparation is a metaphysical concept, other approaches are necessary to address the question. In this study, we demonstrate that the specific immunogenicity of gp96 preparations isolated from cells expressing β-galactosidase derives from the MHC I epitope precursors associated with the gp96 and not from contaminating β-galactosidase protein nor unassociated fragments derived from it. Although the observations here are limited to a single HSP and antigenic peptides chaperoned by it, they can be extended broadly.
Personalized presentation of policies and processes

Research on personalization in e-commerce has often focused on marketing products and services to customers prior to a sale. Meanwhile, organizations have become interested in using the web to enable customers to solve their own problems. In this chapter, we have argued for greater personalization in self-service, both in explaining an organization’s policies in the context of the customer’s own data, and in enabling an agent working on behalf of the customer to collect and integrate information about his actions online.
Pentapeptide Repeat Proteins

The pentapeptide repeat protein (PRP) family has more than 500 members in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic kingdoms. These proteins are composed of, or contain domains composed of, tandemly repeated amino acid sequences with a consensus sequence of [S,T,A,V][D,N][L,F][S,T,R][G]. The biochemical function of the vast majority of PRP family members is unknown. The three-dimensional structure of the first member of the PRP family was determined for the fluoroquinolone resistance protein (MfpA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The structure revealed that the pentapeptide repeats encode the folding of a novel right-handed quadrilateral β-helix. MfpA binds to DNA gyrase and inhibits its activity. The rod-shaped, dimeric protein exhibits remarkable similarity in size, shape, and electrostatics to DNA.
The Hewitt–Nachbin Completion in Topological Algebra. Some Effects of Homogeneity

A space X is called Moscow if the closure of any open set is the union of some family of G δ-subsets of X. It is established that if a topological ring K of non-measurable cardinality is a Moscow space, then the operations in K can be continuously extended to the Hewitt–Nachbin completion υK of K turning υK into a topological ring as well. A similar fact is established for linear topological spaces. If F is a topological field such that the cardinality of F is non-measurable and the space F is Moscow, then the space F is submetrizable and the space F is hereditarily Hewitt–Nachbin complete. In particular, υF=F. We also show the effect of homogeneity of the Hewitt–Nachbin completion on the commutativity of the Hewitt–Nachbin completion with the product operation.
Verhältnis Völkerrecht – nationales Recht

Jetzt kommen wir zu einem — leider — sehr theoretischen Thema, dem Verhaltnis von Volkerrecht und nationalem Recht. Wie oben bereits festgestellt wurde, gilt das Volkerrecht hauptsachlich zwischen den Staaten. Diese mussen das Recht dann in ihre jeweilige Rechtsordnung ubernehmen. Wie geschieht dies? Seit alters her werden dazu zwei Ansichten vertreten, die des Monismus und die des Dualismus.
Generalized Linear Models

When analyzing experimental data, we often use regression or analysis of variance techniques to estimate and perform statistical hypothesis tests about parameters of the model. Under the standard linear regression model, we assume that the error terms in the model follow a normal distribution with constant variance. Unfortunately, many experimental responses are not normally distributed and some accommodation to the model must be made, perhaps by transforming the observations. In generalized linear models, we are not restricted to the normal distribution as the distributional form, we can use any member of the exponential family of distributions. This family includes the binomial and Poisson for count data as well as the gamma distribution and others for continuous data. After providing some background information on generalized linear models, we will discuss application of these models in designed experiments in three situations: with a integer response, when the mean response is of interest, and when both the mean and the variance are to be modeled. Keywords: dispersion effect; exponential family; link function; location effect
SUSY GUT models of ν mass and μ→eγ

Abstract It is explained why excessive μ → eγ can be a problem in SUSY GUT see-saw models of neutrino mass, and ways that this problem might be avoided are discussed.
A simple high-performance sine/cosine reference generator

This paper describes a simple sine/cosine generator which is designed to provide a rate-signal demodulation reference for a gyroscope in a tactical-grade inertial-reference system. The algorithm for computing the parameters is also described. The design driver is high performance at low cost/complexity. Only 3 multiplies and 5 adds operate on each input sample. The input to the sine/cosine generator is phase angle which is provided by a source to which we have no internal access. By dividing the 360-degree input-phase cycle into 5 unequal-length segments and constraining the end-points, a surprisingly good fit can be found using a Chebychev approximation to compute 5 stored coefficients (3 are used together to form one approximation; the other 2 are used together to form a second approximation). The Remez-exchange algorithm is used to form the Chebychev fit, and an LMS algorithm (which is imbedded into the same program) optimizes the endpoints. The Remez and LMS update cycles are common; seldom are more than 3 or 4 iterations required to obtain a satisfactory design solution. >
Genetic Interaction between Lyn, Ets1, and Btk in the Control of Antibody Levels

Tight control of B cell differentiation into plasma cells (PCs) is critical for proper immune responses and the prevention of autoimmunity. The Ets1 transcription factor acts in B cells to prevent PC differentiation. Ets1(-/-) mice accumulate PCs and produce autoantibodies. Ets1 expression is downregulated upon B cell activation through the BCR and TLRs and is maintained by the inhibitory signaling pathway mediated by Lyn, CD22 and SiglecG, and SHP-1. In the absence of these inhibitory components, Ets1 levels are reduced in B cells in a Btk-dependent manner. This leads to increased PCs, autoantibodies, and an autoimmune phenotype similar to that of Ets1(-/-) mice. Defects in inhibitory signaling molecules, including Lyn and Ets1, are associated with human lupus, although the effects are more subtle than the complete deficiency that occurs in knockout mice. In this study, we explore the effect of partial disruption of the Lyn/Ets1 pathway on B cell tolerance and find that Lyn(+/-)Ets1(+/-) mice demonstrate greater and earlier production of IgM, but not IgG, autoantibodies compared with Lyn(+/-) or Ets1(+/-) mice. We also show that Btk-dependent downregulation of Ets1 is important for normal PC homeostasis when inhibitory signaling is intact. Ets1 deficiency restores the decrease in steady state PCs and Ab levels observed in Btk(-/-) mice. Thus, depending on the balance of activating and inhibitory signals to Ets1, there is a continuum of effects on autoantibody production and PC maintenance. This ranges from full-blown autoimmunity with complete loss of Ets1-maintaining signals to reduced PC and Ab levels with impaired Ets1 downregulation.
A review on the analysis of ingredients with health care effects in health food in Taiwan

This review article discusses the analysis of ingredients with health care effects in health food in Taiwan. The top 10 items on the list of registered health food products up to 2014 in Taiwan are described, including monocolin K, ω-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), β-glucans, inulin, catechins, oligosaccharides, resistant maltodextrin, amino acids, medium chain fatty acids, and polysaccharides. Some analytical methods for the analysis of ingredients with health care effects are announced to the public on the website of health food section of the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration for the application and the postmarket surveillance of health food. Each application of health food should include the appropriate analytical method for the analysis of the ingredient or specific compound that has the health care effect, for the sake of quality assurance. Self-management of each applicant is required for regulation, the reputation of its own, and social responsibility to the consumers.
Prediction of fat percentage within marbling score on beef longissimus muscle using 3 different fat determination methods

Consumers are concerned with fat consumption from meat products, and the ability to determine fat has changed with recent technological advances. The objective of this study was to predict fat percentage within marbling scores and compare 3 fat analysis procedures. Steaks (n = 119) were selected by USDA grading system using an E + V Vision Grading camera at a commercial beef plant during 1 d. Two samples per carcass were cut from the 13th rib, both sides, and transported to the University of Missouri meat laboratory. The sample from the right side of the carcass was allotted to Warner-Bratzler shear force, and the sample from the left side, which was graded by the camera, was allotted to fat extraction. Warner-Bratzler shear force samples were cut into 2.54-cm steaks and aged for 14 d. Steaks allotted to fat extraction were trimmed of all external fat and twice ground using 8- and 4-mm grinding plates. The finely ground beef was then split into its allotted fat-extraction methods. The 3 methods used in fat extraction were 2:1 chloroform/methanol (Folch), ether-extractable fat (ether), and microwave drying and nuclear magnetic resonance (CEM). Warner-Bratzler shear force values were not different between marbling scores (P > 0.05). Regardless of fat extraction method, fat percentage increased as marbling score increased (P 0.05) from CEM or Folch. Overall, ether is the most accurate method based on the R(2) value, but CEM is environmentally safe and the fastest method for determining total crude fat percentage.
The limitation and applicability of Musher-Sturman equation to two dimensional lower hybrid wave collapse

The existence of localized regions of intense lower hybrid waves in the auroral ionosphere recently observed by rocket and satellite experiments can be understood by the study of a non-linear two-timescale coupling process. In this Letter, we demonstrate that the leading non-linear term in the standard Musher-Sturman equation vanishes identically in strict two-dimensions (normal to the magnetic field). Instead, the new two-dimensional equation is characterized by a much weaker non-linear term which arises from the ponderomotive force perpendicular to the magnetic field, particularly that due to the ions. The old and new equations are compared by means of time-evolution calculations of wave fields. The results exhibit a remarkable difference in the evolution of the waves as governed by the two equations. Such dissimilar outcomes motivate our investigation of the limitation of Musher-Sturman equation in quasi-two-dimensions. Only within all these limits can Musher-Sturman equation adequately describe the collapse of lower hybrid waves.
Directed Valence in Polyatomic Molecules

The interactions of atoms in polyatomic molecules are described qualitatively. Particular attention is paid to atoms of the types of F, O, N, C, where the valences come from $p$ electrons. Directional effects are discussed, namely that the two valences of O, and the three of N, tend to be mutually at right angles, and the four of C have tetrahedral symmetry. Numerous examples are given, from the structure of metals and of organic and inorganic compounds. Mathematical treatment is postponed until a later paper.
810 HUMAN ROTAVIRUS (HRV) AND HEAT LABILE ENTEROTOXIN (LT) DETECTION IN A PEDIATRIC POPULATION

Between July 1976 and June 1977, 236 hospitalized patients (116 gastroenteritis “GE” and 120 control “C”), and an outpatient population of 85 patients (36 “GE” and 49 “C”) were studied for evidence of infection with bacterial enteric pathogens, enterotoxins and viruses. 46% of “GE” inpatients and 42% of “GE” outpatients, 15% of “C” inpatients and 14% “C” outpatients had potential enteric pathogens. HRV was the most commonly detected agent in gastroenteritis (36% of 152). Using the Y-l mouse adrenal CA assay, at least 4 isolates from each patient were tested for LT production. 120 were also tested by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for LT. LT-producing (LT+) coliforms were found in 8% of hospitalized “GE” vs. 4% of hospitalized “C.” No difference in LT detection rate was noted in the “GE” outpatient vs. their outpatient “C.” LT-producing organisms were found in 7.6% of all gastroenteritis patients and 4% of controls. Among hospitalized HRV negative “GE,” 8.4% (6/71) had LT+ as opposed to 3% (3/110) “C” subjects. Approximately 90% of patients with LT+ coliforms were younger than 2 years of age. A limited number of patients have had their sera tested (by a blocking RIA test) for evidence of infection with LT. Only 12% (1/8) have had fourfold seroconversion following illness associated with recovery of coliform producing LT. LT's role in the mediation of gastroenteritis in our population needs to be further elucidated.
Ruptured Papillary Muscle

An 82-year-old woman with no significant past medical history presented to the emergency room in cardiogenic shock. After the patient was stabilized with mechanical ventilation and vasoactive medications, an emergency echocardiogram was performed. Figure⇓ A is a subcostal four-chamber echocardiographic …
Light Induced Concentration Changes of Adenosine-Triphosphate in Phycomyces Sporangiophores

The concentrations of extractable adenosine triphosphate (ATP) following the induction of positive light-growth responses in Phycomyces sporangiophores by blue light stimuli have been measured by means of the luciferin-luciferase assay. The ATP concentration in the light-sensitive growing zone increases 30 to 50% within 30 seconds after the start of a light stimulus and returns to the normal adapted level within 1 minute after stimulation. The ATP concentration is constant for any level of light adaptation and is uniform along the length of sporangiophores even though the light sensitivity is confined to a growing zone less than 5 mm long. These results suggest that one of the initial biochemical steps after a light stimulus is the production of extractable ATP.
Soil Structure and Associated Rooting Behavior in Minesoils

The objective of this study was to identify and describe soil structural patterns and rooting behavior in reclaimed minesoils. The soil chosen for this study consists of approximately 0.4 m of topsoil (A horizon) material placed on approximately 1.5 m of a blend of B horizon, mixed paleoloesses, Sangamon paleosol, and Illinoian till. Four soil pits were excavated, exposing root systems of the corn test crop. Detailed soil and root pattern descriptions were made in each pit. Root patterns were depicted using the profile wall method. An outline of soil structural pattern was superimposed over the root pattern to provide a pictorial relationship between the two. Differences in the physical condition of subsoils were distinguished on the basis of the soil descriptions and statistical analysis of the root length determinations. An artificial soil structure was characterized and attributed to particular mining and reclamation practices. The structural arrangement consists of rounded aggregates loosely compressed together, that fall within the size classes currently used for blocklike and polyhedral aggregates. Plant rooting was distinctly more profuse where this structure was present than where the soil material was massive and compact. It is proposed that structural differences among newly constructed soils are of such significance that they should be carefully characterized and described, and where appropriate used for series level separations. Operations using a mining wheel in combination with belt transportation favor the formation of the more desirable fritted structure, whereas operations using scrapers exclusively favor the formation of the less desirable massive physical condition.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: changes in pathogenesis, epidemiology and definition

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) continues to be one of the most common long-term complications associated with preterm birth. Its incidence is increasing as the survival of extreme premature infants improves, but its clinical presentation is milder than the original description of Northway and collaborators. In contrast to the classic BPD that was strongly related to mechanical injury and oxygen toxicity, current forms of the condition are more related to immaturity, perinatal infection and inflammation, persistent ductus arteriosus and disrupted alveolar and capillary development. Many different definitions of BPD have been proposed, most of which are based on the duration of supplemental oxygen requirement. The different definitions can produce strikingly different incidence figures, which may account for the wide variations in the condition reported in the literature. Some of the limitations of the criteria most commonly used to diagnose BPD are discussed in this article.
The Industrial Commons and Other Workplace Regimes

Mainstream economics views the workplace from the perspective of property rights, maximum efficiency, and profit maximization. Economic resources, including human beings, are represented as instrumentalities. Social economics affirms the problem of unmet human material need and the inadequacy of the “invisible hand” solution but does not provide a single paradigm as to how the workplace is reconstructed to meet that need. The key to workplace reconstruction is to shift attention from property rights and personal rights to human material need by recognizing that rights derive from need and that rights are means to the end of meeting need. Describes the seven workplace regimes in which human material need is more salient than property rights, personal rights or organizational types such as sole proprietorship or corporation, and the characteristics of the industrial commons, drawing on Ronald Oakerson′s framework for analysing the natural resource commons.
Glutamate stimulates release of Ca2+ from internal stores in astroglia

Abstract We report here that, in the absence of external Ca2+, glutamate produces a transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in cultured spinal cord astrocytes, by mobilizing internal Ca2+ stores. [Ca2+]i was measured with Fura-2 using the ratiometric method. Astrocytes were identified by immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Glutamate and quisqualate consistently caused a transient increase in [ [Ca2+]i, with both the response amplitude and latency being graded functions of agonist concentration. Some cells produced multiple transients. N- Methyl- d -aspartate , kainate and aspartate were ineffective. We conclude that the quisqualate subtype of glutamate receptors mediates release of Ca2+ from internal stores in mammalian astrocytes.
Limited macular translocation for the management of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization after photodynamic therapy

Abstract Purpose To report our initial experience of limited macular translocation in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration following photodynamic therapy with verteporfin. Design Interventional case series. Methods Retrospective review of four eyes of four consecutive patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration who underwent effective limited macular translocation following photodynamic therapy. The mean logarithm of minimal angle of resolution preoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 20/190 (range, 20/150 to 20/200), and in all eyes the visual acuity was 20/150 or worse. The major outcome measures were postoperative visual acuity and complications related to the surgery. Results The mean postoperative follow-up was 6.75 months (range, 6–8 months). Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity improved by 2 or more Snellen lines of visual acuity in three of four eyes (75%) and remained within 1 line in one of four eyes (25%). The mean postoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 20/100 (range, 20/40 to 20/150), and in two of the four eyes (50%) the visual acuity achieved was 20/100 or better. No complication was observed. Conclusions Limited macular translocation may be a viable option in patients who have previously undergone photodynamic therapy.
Costs and effectiveness of multi-scale integrated management

Abstract To understand benefits of integrating management at landscape scales, we estimated cost and projected integrated outcomes for three alternatives for public land management in the interior Columbia River basin over 100 years. Effectiveness was measured in terms of costs and trends of long-term (100 years) land and fire management, landscape health, and reduction of risks across several broad aquatic, terrestrial, landscape, and socioeconomic indicators. Lowest costs with most positive cumulative trends for these variables occurred where alternatives “step down” assessment and planning from broader scales, focusing restoration efforts sufficiently to overcome opposite effects of traditional reserve protection or commodity management strategies. Integrated management implemented at interconnected scales appears to have multiple positive outcomes. Landscape health, conditions for native fish and wildlife species and jobs from restoration activities can improve, while risks to firefighters and property decline.
Photodynamic therapy: from the beginning

Photodynamic therapy relates to the use of drugs + light for treatment of neoplasia, macular degeneration and atherosclerotic plaque. This field has a long history with recent improvements in drug development and light sources promoting clinical approaches. This summary describes recent progress along with an indication of current lines of research.
Hybrid Modulation Scheme for a High-Frequency AC-Link Inverter

This paper describes a hybrid modulation scheme for a high-frequency ac-link (HFACL) multistage inverter comprising a front-end dc/ac converter, followed by isolation transformers, an ac/pulsating-dc converter, and a pulsating-dc/ac converter. The hybrid modulation scheme enables 1) removal of the dc-link filter evident in conventional fixed dc-link (FDCL) inverters placed after the ac/pulsating-dc converter stage and before an end stage voltage source inverter and 2) significant reduction in switching loss of the inverter by reducing the high-frequency switching requirement of the pulsating-dc/ac converter by two-third yielding higher efficiency, improved voltage utilization, and reduced current stress. Unlike the FDCL approach, in the HFACL approach, hybrid modulation enables the retention of the sine-wave-modulated switching information at the output of the ac/pulsating-dc converter rather than filtering it to yield a fixed dc thereby reducing the high-frequency switching requirement for the pulsating-dc/ac converter. Overall, the following is outlined: 1) hybrid modulation scheme and its uniqueness, 2) operation of the HFACL inverter using the hybrid modulation scheme, 3) comparison of the efficiency and losses, current stress, and harmonic distortion between the hybrid-modulation-based HFACL inverter and the FDCL inverter, and 4) scaled experimental validation. It is noted that the term hybrid modulation has no similarity with the modulation scheme for a hybrid converter (which are conjugation of two types of converters based on a slow and fast device) reported in the literature. The term hybrid modulation scheme is simply chosen because at any given time only one leg of the inverter output stage (i.e., pulsating-dc/ac converter) switch under high frequency, while the other two legs do not switch. The outlined hybrid modulation scheme is unlike all reported discontinuous modulation schemes where the input is a dc and not a pulsating modulated dc, and at most only one leg stays on or off permanently in a 60° or 120° cycle.
Evolution of beaming pattern in corrugated mid-IR plasmonic structures

We consider the formation of highly directional beams from a subwavelength aperture surrounded by surface corrugations through a high-index superstrate and show that the beaming pattern strongly depends on the distance to the aperture.
Social enterprise as a means to reduce public sector deficits

Purpose – Charitable organizations have long been held out as separate from other human endeavors. One of the ways that this distinction has been maintained is through the use of a tax exemption. However, difficult economic times have caused state and local governments to search for additional revenues to make up for budget deficits. At the same time, there has been significant growth in the use of a new model for funding social missions as a social enterprise. While charity gets its operating income from grants and donations, this model uses commercial business activities as the funding for a social benefit, the purpose of this paper is to explore this model.Design/methodology/approach – This paper will provide a detailed review of the various reasons behind the tax exemption that nonprofits currently enjoy. It will then review alternatives that are available to government entities to address the desire to obtain additional revenue. Finally, it will examine the notion that a social enterprise may be a wa...
Interleaving media data for MPEG-4 presentations

A composite multimedia presentation may be represented by a sequence of virtual media data packets. An algorithm is presented for ordering these virtual media data packets so as to minimize the initial delay required to transfer the composite stream from a media server to a client. This algorithm has been implemented as part of the IBM Toolkit for MPEG-4.