cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Generation of Mesospheric Planetary Waves by Zonally Asymmetric Gravity Wave Breaking

A semispectral numerical model is used to study the influence of a longitudinally varying gravity wave source on the general circulation of the winter mesosphere. The gravity wave source consists of stationary (topographic) waves with a longitudinally varying amplitude distribution that is approximated by the first two terms in a zonal harmonic expansion (i.e., the zonal mean plus planetary wavenumber 1). The computed zonal mean circulation in the mesosphere is nearly the same as that computed for a zonally symmetric gravity wave source of equal amplitude. However, the asymmetric source excites a strong stationary wavenumber 1 disturbance near the level of gravity wave breaking (equal to about 71 km). This disturbance has a zonal wind maximum about 1/4-cycle upstream from the gravity wave drag maximum. It is concluded that vertically propagating gravity waves produced in the troposphere are a possible source for mesospheric planetary waves.
Constructive approach to supergravity

Starting from a first-order formulation of the Lagrangian of noninteracting massless helicity-2 and helicity-3/2 particles, we deduce global supersymmetry transformations. Then, allowing the supersymmetry transformations to become local requires, if supersymmetry is to be maintained, the introduction of a unique primitive interaction through the “gravitino” stress tensor and torsion. Finally, the imposition of exact supersymmetry invariance leads by a short, constructive process to full supergravity and the complete form of the supersymmetry transformations. In particular, no explicit use is made of general coordinate invariance, and the self-consistency of the gravitational coupling emerges from the local supersymmetry requirement alone.
Rheolytic thrombectomy for in-stent thrombosis: creating a diagnostic window.

Acute stent thrombosis is a relatively uncommon complication of coronary artery stenting, however, it is a potentially catastrophic event. In this case report of stent thrombosis, rheolytic thrombectomy is used to reestablished flow within the artery and, thereby, facilitate intravascular ultrasound. This documented that inadequate stent expansion, residual disease, and tissue prolapse through the stent at an angulated segment of the artery are factors that may underlie thrombosis. This case illustrates that rheolytic thrombectomy is feasible in subacute thrombosis, and that this approach facilitates diagnostic evaluation and treatment of underlying factors involved in stent thrombosis. (J Interven Cardiol 2001;14:27–31)
Exploring the cell's network with molecular imaging

Molecular imaging is already a powerful tool for investigating molecular interactions within the cell. Interpreting molecular imaging findings will, however, take us into the more unfamiliar, nonlinear realm of networks. The network class of interest is the “scale-free” network, which characterizes not only the cell, but also surprisingly, other real work networks such as the world wide web. This network topology yields insights in how the cell is functionally organized via motifs, modules, and different types of hubs. Additional organizational information is gained from the cell's evolutionary history. Interpretation of molecular images will be deepened by a both qualitative and quantitative knowledge of the cell's network. Importantly, cell network behavior can be independent of molecular detail. For this reason, the same molecule can serve different functions in different cells or even within the same cell. Since a scale-free network's behavior is likely to be nonlinear and exhibit emergent behavior, a degree of caution is prudent in assigning cause and effect to molecular imaging findings in our effort to reengineer some of the cell's functions. Molecular imagers will need to be cognizant of the level of organization in the cell's network they are interrogating. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Expression of polyketide biosynthesis and regulatory genes in heterologous streptomycetes

There are now several examples showing that hybrid secondary metabolites can be produced as a result of interspecies cloning of antibiotic biosynthesis genes in streptomycetes. This paper reviews examples of hybrid secondary metabolite production, and examines the underlying biochemical and regulatory principles leading to the formation of hybrid anthraquinones by recombinant anthracycline-producing streptomycetes carrying actinorhodin biosynthesis genes. An anthraquinone, aloesaponarin II, was produced by cloning theactI, actIII, actIV, andactVII genes (pANT12) of actinorhodin biosynthesis pathway fromStreptomyces coelicolor in anthracycline producing streptomycetes.Streptomyces galilaeus strains 31 133 and 31 671, aclacinomycin and 2-hydroxyaklavinone producers, respectively, formed aloesaponarin II as their major polyketide product when transformed with pANT12. Subcloning experiments indicated that a 2.8-kbXhoI fragment containing only theactI andactVII loci was necessary for aloesaponarin II biosynthesis byS. galilaeus 31 133. WhenS. galilaeus 31 671 was transformed with theactI, actVII, andactIV genes, however, the recombinant strain produced two novel anthraquinones, desoxyerythrolaccin and 1-0-methyldesoxyerythrolaccin. WhenS. galilaeus 31671 was transformed with only the intactactIII gene (pANT45), aklavinone was formed exclusively. These experiments indicate a function for theactIII gene, which is the reduction of the keto group at C-9 from the carboxyl terminus of the assembled polyketide to the corresponding secondary alcohol. The effects of three regulatory loci,dauG, dnrR1, andasaA, on the production of natural and hybrid polyketides were also shown.
Electron and Phonon Scattering. II. Thermoelectricity in Rubidium, Caesium and Alloys at Very Low Temperatures

Following earlier measurements on pure potassium and alloys, we have now made a corresponding study at very low temperatures of thermoelectricity in rubidium, caesium, and their alloys with each other and with potassium. The results have proved in accord with our interpretation of the earlier work, and we discuss the trends observed in both the \`electron diffusion' and \`phonon-drag' contributions to the absolute thermoelectric power. Both contributions as observed in these metals are consistent with a larger distortion in the Fermi surface of caesium than in those of potassium or rubidium. It appears that the changes m the thermoelectric diffusion term can be attributed consistently to the difference arising from large-angle and small angle scattering. It is supposed that in turn these types of electron scattering arise from the presence of homovalent and heterovalent impurity centres.
Subdomain dependence test for massive parallelism

The authors present a new dependence test which can detect disjoint regions of an iteration space. The test therefore reports accurate dependences for a class of conditional statements. The proposed algorithm can discover large-scale parallelism in cases where previous decision algorithms fail. The methods and algorithms for solving the subdomain dependence test are described. Also considered is the application of the subdomain dependence test to the problem of 'dependence cycle breaking' and the use of the subdomain dependence test in analyzing functional programs. >
Natural convection heat transfer in a three-dimensional duct

A computational analysis is conducted to investigate the three-dimensional heat transfer and flow characteristics of laminar natural convection in a vertical duct, open to the ambient at the top and bottom and enclosed on all four sides. Detailed data are presented for air (Pr = 0.7) in a square duct heated/cooled isothermally or uniformly on one side with the remaining three walls assumed adiabatic. Numerical data are also obtained and presented for comparisons by way of a two-dimensional channel flow approximation. The channel flow model that neglects the slowing down of the streamwise velocities due to the friction of the lateral walls predicts considerably higher local and average Nusselt numbers than the three-dimensional analysis for a square duct. Present numerical results are compared to published experimental data. The numerical data are in good agreement with the experimental data of Elenbaas, Wirtz and Stutzman, and Sobel et al., but significantly under predict the experimental data of Sparrow and Bahrami.
Comparison of Dry Deposition Predicted from Models and Measured with a Water Surface Sampler

Atmospheric deposition, which is commonly classified as either dry or wet, has received a great deal of study over the past decade due to concerns about the effect of deposited material on the environment. Atmospheric deposi tion is an important mechanism controlling the fate of airborne toxics and their transfer from the atmosphere to natural surfaces. In this study, a circular water surface sampler was developed to measure the dry deposition flux of atmospheric gases and particles. The sampler consists of a sharp-edged, acrylic plate, filled with water (37 cm diameter and 0.5 cm deep) that is continuously replenished from a reservoir by a pump that maintains a constant water depth. To evaluate the water surface sampler, the sulfate flux was measured in Chicago, IL. Sulfate was selected as the test compound because it is deposited to water as both a particulate (SO42-) and a gas (SO2) (SO2 is quickly hydrolyzed and oxidized to SO42- in water). The SO2 fluxes measured directly with a water surface sampler...
Role of the angiotensin II type-2 receptor in radiation nephropathy

Experimental studies have shown that blockade of the angiotensin II type-1 (AT 1 ) receptor is effective in the mitigation and treatment of radiation-induced chronic renal failure. Also, blockade of the angiotensin II type-2 (AT 2 ) receptor with PD-123319 also had a modest, but reproducible, beneficial effect in experimental radiation nephropathy, and it might augment the efficacy of an AT 1 blocker (L-158,809). Those studies could not exclude the possibility that the effects of AT 2 blockade were nonspecific. The current studies confirm the efficacy of AT 2 blockade for mitigation of experimental radiation nephropathy but paradoxically find no detectable level of AT 2 receptor binding in renal membranes. However, the results of a bioassay showed that the circulating levels of the AT 2 blocker were orders-of-magnitude too low to block AT 1 receptors. The effect of AT 2 blockade in radiation nephropathy cannot be explained by binding to the AT 1 receptor, and the efficacy of the AT 1 blockade in the same model cannot be explained by unopposed overstimulation of the AT 2 receptor.
Large-scale purification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme from human plasma utilizing an immunoadsorbent affinity gel.

Abstract Angiotensin I-converting enzyme was purified 1500-fold from human plasma utilizing an immunoadsorbent affinity gel prepared by coupling antibody to baboon lung angiotensin I-converting enzyme to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. The enzyme was eluted from the gel using 2 m magnesium chloride, pH 5.8. Subsequent hydroxylapatite and Sephadex G-200 chromatography yielded 2.6 mg of homogenous enzyme with a specific activity of 40 units/mg with hippuryl- l -histidyl- l -leucine as substrate from 48 liters of plasma. Use of the immunoadsorbent allowed the 48 liters of plasma to be processed in one-half the time it previously took to process 2 liters of plasma by other methods. This protocol enables us to obtain sufficient amounts of enzyme for structural studies that were previously impossible because of insufficient amounts of enzyme.
An architecture for collecting longitudinal social data

As social computing reaches maturity, two research problems crystallize. On one hand, longitudinal studies of social media interactions become necessary for understanding, for example, how information and behavior diffuses through social networks. On the other hand, accurate representation of a person's social sphere requires aggregation of multiple sources of social data, such as online social networks, and interactions from email or instant messaging. This paper presents a platform for the collection, extraction and analysis of dynamic social data from multiple sources for use in observational social network research. Using an implementation of the architecture, we made daily observations of the cheating behavior of over 9 million gamers in a planetary scale online social network, finding new evidence that the spread of unethical behavior follows a contagion process and that a social penalty exists for publicly outed deviant actors.
Electron optical and analytical observations of rat growth plate cartilage prepared by ultracryomicrotomy: The failure to detect a mineral phase in matrix vesicles and the identification of heterodispersed particles as the initial solid phase of calcium phosphate deposited in the extracellular matrix

Electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and high-spatial-resolution electron probe X-ray microanalysis have been used to characterize certain ultrastructural components observed in undecalcified, unfixed, and unstained thin sections of epiphyseal growth plate cartilage from tibiae of normal 4-week-old rats. The tissue was prepared anhydrously by dry ultracryomicrotomy. Electron microscopy revealed electron-dense mitochondrial granules (500–1000 A in diameter) within chondrocytes of proliferative and hypertrophic cartilage zones. The mitochondrial granules in frozen thin sections generated no distinct reflections on electron diffraction. X-ray spectra from individual granules showed both calcium and phosphorus with a molar Ca/P ∼0.8–1.1. There was no apparent decrease in the number of mitochondrial granules as extracellular mineralization increased toward distal portions of the growth plate. Electron microscopy of the extracellular regions of proliferative and hypertrophic cartilage zones showed matrix vesicles (1000–2500 A in diameter) and small, electron-dense particles (200–800 A in diameter). No mineral particles within or associated with the membrane-bound matrix vesicles could be observed by electron microscopy in any region of the growth plate examined, and only phosphorus could be detected in individual vesicles on X-ray microanalysis. The small, electron-dense particles were not membrane limited; they were distributed in a heterodispersed fashion and found in the same cartilage regions in which matrix vesicles were present, as well as in regions proximal to those in which matrix vesicles occurred. These small, heterodispersed structures were not apparent in sections of rat cartilage fixed and stained by aqueous methods. The electron-dense, heterodispersed particles in frozen sections produced no coherent pattern on electron diffraction and generated calcium and phosphorus with a molar Ca/P ∼0.9–1.0 following X-ray microanalysis. The electron optical and analytical data are consistent with the conclusion that the small heterodispersed particles represent the first solid phase of calcium phosphate deposited in the extracellular matrix of rat epiphyseal growth plate cartilage. When the same tissue was examined after preparation by conventional aqueous techniques, matrix vesicles were observed containing distinct and relatively large crystals characterized by weak calcium and phosphorus on electron probe microanalysis. The comparative results obtained from completely unfixed tissue and from tissue exposed to aqueous solvents raise serious doubts as to whether matrix vesicles contain a solid phase of calcium phosphate in vivo and consequently question the proposed role of the calcification of matrix vesicles in tissue mineralization.
CoreTSAR: Core Task-Size Adapting Runtime

Heterogeneity continues to increase at all levels of computing, with the rise of accelerators such as GPUs, FPGAs, and other co-processors into everything from desktops to supercomputers. As a consequence, efficiently managing such disparate resources has become increasingly complex. CoreTSAR seeks to reduce this complexity by adaptively worksharing parallel-loop regions across compute resources without requiring any transformation of the code within the loop. Our results show performance improvements of up to three-fold over a current state-of-the-art heterogeneous task scheduler as well as linear performance scaling from a single GPU to four GPUs for many codes. In addition, CoreTSAR demonstrates a robust ability to adapt to both a variety of workloads and underlying system configurations.
Bidirectional channel estimation using adaptive pilots

Two users at the two ends of a bidirectional channel wish to estimate the common state of the channel. The problem is usually treated as two separate one-way channel estimation problems: User 1 sends deterministic pilots to assist user 2 in estimating the channel, and vice versa. This paper questions whether such separation is optimal. In other words, is it beneficial to let a user choose pilots that adapt to what the user has learned about the channel? Two concrete models are studied and it is found that using adaptive pilots often improves the channel estimate. In the special case of a Gaussian channel with colored additive interference, an iterative bidirectional estimation scheme is proposed, which achieves significantly better performance than separate one-way estimation.
Desiccation Tolerance of Eurypanopeus-Depressus (Smith) (Decapoda, Xanthidae) and the Exploitation of Microhabitat

Investigations into zonation of estuarine invertebrates often indicate that animals living higher in the intertidal region have greater tolerance to effects of aerial exposure. Desiccation tolerances ofEurypanopeus depressus, a xanthid mud crab, were measured in the laboratory for both intertidal and subtidal populations to determine whether intertidal distribution is the result of either increased physiological resistance to drying or other factors. Initially, both populations had a similar percentage of body weight due to water, and at time of death both had lost a similar percentage of water. Desiccation tolerance increased exponentially with size. In laboratory experiments,E. depressus appears very susceptible to desiccation stress with loss of tactile response occurring at 30% depletion of body water. This crab may be able to avoid desiccation and survive in the intertidal zone by remaining in the shelter and moisture of oyster shells and mud at low tide. However,E. depressus may not be limited strictly by physical factors of its environment. Biotic factors such as behavior leading to predator avoidance are possibly more important components in limiting distribution.
Pyrogen reactions to human serum albumin during plasma exchange

Reactions to human serum albumin (HSA) in therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) are rare. Nevertheless, older literature describes possible adverse effects, including specific immune responses to albumin or other proteins, and reactions due to contaminating organisms or pyrogen. During an eight day period three patients in our unit had unusual reactions after infusion of 1.5-2 L of HSA. Patient 1 had trembling that persisted for 20 min. Patient 2 had shaking for 40 min despite calcium gluconate infusion, and fever to 100.8 degrees F. Patient 3 had severe rigors that subsided after 90 min when meperidine was finally given, and fever to 103.5 degrees F. Record reviews revealed that all three patients had received HSA from the same lot, and that only one other TPE patient had received HSA from that lot. Neither our pharmacy nor the manufacturer was aware of other reactions associated with that lot. Material from a bottle only partially infused to patient 3 was negative in culture and was negative for pyrogen when retested by the manufacturer. Nevertheless, because patients 1 and 2 had each had multiple previous uneventful TPEs and because all three patients tolerated subsequent TPEs without incident when another brand of HSA was used, we conclude that these patients had pyrogen reactions to the implicated HSA lot. This experience illustrates the value of cluster recognition in arousing suspicion of unusual reactions to HSA and the value of recorded lot numbers in pursuing such suspicions. Apheresis personnel should be aware of the potential for pyrogen reactions with HSA and should record lot numbers of all fluids infused during TPE.
Property Crime at the Atlanta International Airport: An Examination of the Rational Choice Theory and the 9/11 Intervention

This study investigates whether the intervention of 9/11 security practices has reduced larcenies at the Atlanta International Airport in the context of the rational choice perspective. Data was recovered from the Atlanta Police Department from January 2000 through September 2010, and the data was analyzed using the interrupted time series method, ARIMA. Results note a drop in larceny crimes after the 9/11 intervention, both descriptively and via ARIMA results.
Biophysical studies on the nature of the simian papova virus particle (vacuolating SV40 virus).

Abstract A number of physical and chemical parameters have been determined for the simian member of the papova group, vaculoating agent SV40. The 45-mμ diameter virus particle has a buoyant density of 1.30 in cesium chloride. The complete virion has a molecular weight of 4.4 × 10 7 , of which 9% is double-stranded DNA. This corresponds to a minimum molecular weight of 4 × 10 6 avograms of DNA per virus particle. The virus particle exhibits cubic symmetry of the icosahedral (5:3:2) pattern, and the capsid is composed of 42 protein capsomeres. Calculations indicate that the capsid is made up of 240 “chemical” subunits, each with an approximate molecular weight of 167,000. The mature virion is susceptible to photodynamic inactivation with the fluorochrome acridine orange.
Effects of traverse length on human perioral directional sensitivity

Abstract The capacity of 8 neurologically healthy adults to distinguish direction of motion on the skin overlying the mental foramen was determined. The velocity, orientation, and the length and width of skin traversed by the moving tactile stimuli were precisely controlled. Directional sensitivity, d′, was found to depend on both stimulus velocity and the length of skin traversed. Since the relationship between d′ and velocity at each traverse length was well described by a generalized gamma function, it was possible to quantitatively characterize the effects of changes in traverse length on the relationship between d′ and velocity. Specifically, peak (i.e., maximal) directional sensitivity increased as the length of skin traversed was increased, yet the velocity which resulted in peak directional sensitivity (i.e., the optimal or modal velocity) remained invariant over the range of traverse lengths investigated (0.35–1.0 cm). The effect of stimulus velocity on directional sensitivity was least at the longest traverse lengths used. The generalized gamma function model fit the relationship between directional sensitivity and velocity equally well at all traverse lengths studied. The results lead us to anticipate that stimuli of the type used in this study should prove valuable for the detection and quantification of disturbances in orofacial tactile spatiotemporal integration in patients with peripheral nerve injury.
Reevaluation of the stoichiometry of cytochrome b559 in photosystem II and thylakoid membranes

The stoichiometry of cytochrome b559 (one or two copies) per reaction center of photosystem II (PSII) has been the subject of considerable debate. The molar ratio of cytochrome b559 has a number of significant implications on our understanding of the functional role of cytochrome b559, the mechanism of electron donation in PSII, and the stoichiometry of the other redox-active, reaction center components. We have reinvestigated the stoichiometry of cytochrome b559 in PSII-enriched and thylakoid membranes, using differential absorbance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. The data from both quantitation procedures strongly indicate only one copy of cytochrome b559 per reaction center in PSII-enriched membranes and also suggest one copy of cytochrome b559 per reaction center in thylakoid membranes.
Eight- and nine-photon resonances in multiphoton ionization of xenon

We have measured and analyzed the clear emergence of ac-Stark-shifted multiphoton resonances with successive photon orders in xenon. The remarkable quality of our data illustrates the unambiguous evolution through parity-allowed resonances at the eight- and subsequent nine-photon levels. This marks a significant advance in showing that the transient resonance model is valid and strong optical-field ionization remains multiphoton in character at higher intensities. Furthermore, a simple Landau-Zener picture is sufficient to understand the basic principles.
Flow Properties of Low‐Pulp Concentrated Orange Juice: Serum Viscosity and Effect of Pulp Content

65° Brix serum samples from four concentrated orange juice (COJ) samples, between -19 and 30°C, were mildy shear-thinning fluids with negligible yield stress. The power law model described well the flow data. For one sample, the Powell-Eyring model also described the data. The activation energy of flow (Ea) for the samples was between 11.2–13.6 kcal/gmole. The power law parameters were determined for a 65°Brix sample as a function of pulp content (0–11%) between −19 and 30°C. At a fixed temperature, the apparent viscosity and the consistency index increased exponentially with pulp content. Ea decreased with increase in pulp content and reached a constant value of about 10.2 kcal/gmole. Data on a high-pulp (21.2%), 65° Brix, sample indicated the presence of yield stress, particularly at low temperatures. The Mizrahi-Berk model predicted reliable values of the yield stress.
A neural network approach to the detection of incipient faults on power distribution feeders

A neural network strategy for the detection of high-impedance faults on electric power distribution feeders is described. This approach consists of collecting samples of substation current during normal and abnormal feeder operation and using these samples to teach a neural network the rules for fault detection. The learning capability utilized in a neural network approach makes it possible to adapt partially trained fault detectors to individual feeders. The data preprocessing required to set up the training cases and the implementation of the neural network itself are described in detail. the potential of the neural network approach is demonstrated by applying the detection scheme to high-impedance faults simulated on a model distribution system. >
Atypical stromal smooth muscle hyperplasia of prostate

A prostatic lesion was resected but recurred six years later with the same atypical smooth muscle hyperplasia in the stroma and without glandular atypia. Ultrastructural study confirms the smooth muscle origin and its atypicality. Review of previous reports of leiomyosarcoma of the prostate show that the minimum criteria for malignancy are gross evidence of capsular invasion and one to two mitotic figures per ten high-power field. Cellular pleomorphism and cellularity by themselves are insufficient to diagnose sarcoma.
State-of-the-Art Review: Immunologic Methods of Purging in Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation

Malignant cells in the stem cell product have been shown to contribute to disease recurrence in patients who relapse after autologous transplantation. Immunologic methods of purging tumor cells from stem cell products focus on either removal of specific target cells or positive selection of HPC. mAb are the key component of many purging strategies and are employed both in vitro and in vivo. Cytotoxic cellular therapies are an emerging method of tumor cell eradication.
DEMEANOR OR CRIME? WHY “HOSTILE” CITIZENS ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE ARRESTED*

It is a criminological axiom that displays of hostility by citizens towards police officers directly increase the odds of arrest in police-citizen encounters. This axiom rests on nearly three decades of observational research of interactions between police officers and citizens. Two features of this work, however, raise questions about the validity of findings that citizen demeanor independently affects police arrest decisions. First, although demeanor is conceptually defined as legally permissible behavior, measures of demeanor often include criminal conduct. Second, criminal conduct is not controlled adequately when the effects of demeanor on arrest are estimated. In an analysis employing a demeanor measure that does not confound crime and that controls for crime more comprehensively, it is found that displays of hostility which violate no laws do not increase the likelihood of arrest in and of themselves. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Exotic tree leaf litter accumulation and mass loss dynamics compared with two sympatric native species in south Florida, USA

The exotic tree Melaleuca quinquenervia (melaleuca) forms dense forests usually characterized by low plant diversities and dense litter biomass accumulations on forest floors of ecologically sensitive ecosystems, including portions of the Florida Everglades. We quantified litter accumulation in mature melaleuca stands and compared decomposition rates of melaleuca leaves with a sympatric native plant, either Cladium jamaicense (sawgrass) in sawgrass marshes or Pinuselliottii (slash pine) in pine flatwoods habitats that varied in soil types. Total litter accumulation in mature melaleuca forests prior to June 1997 ranged from 12.27 to 25.63 Mg ha−1. Overall, melaleuca leaves decomposed faster in organically rich versus arenaceous soils. Decomposition rates were lower for melaleuca leaves than for sawgrass in both melaleuca-invaded and uninvaded sawgrass marshes. In arenaceous soils of pine flatwoods, melaleuca leaf and pine needle decomposition rates were similar. Complete mineralization of sawgrass leaves occurred after 258 weeks, whereas melaleuca leaves had up to 14% and pine foliage had up to 19% of the original biomass remaining after 322 weeks. Total carbon (C) in intact decomposing leaves varied slightly, but total nitrogen (N) steadily increased for all three species; the greatest being a fourfold in sawgrass. Increases in N concentrations caused decreases in the C/N ratios of all species but remained within an optimal range (20–30) in sawgrass resulting in higher decomposition rates compared to melaleuca leaves and pine needles (C/N ratio >30). Slower decomposition of melaleuca leaves results in denser litter layers that may negatively affect recruitment of other plant species and impede their establishment in invaded communities.
Functionalization of benzothiazines via a sulfoximine stabilized vinyl carbanion

Abstract Benzothiazine 2b is readily deprotonated by n-BuLi to give the first example of a sulfoximine stabilized vinyl carbanion. The latter reacts efficiently with a variety of electrophiles.
Surface roughness, asperity contact and gold RF MEMS switch behavior

Modeling predictions and experimental measurements were obtained to characterize the electro-mechanical response of radio frequency (RF) microelectromechanical (MEM) switches due to variations in surface roughness and finite asperity deformations. Three-dimensional surface roughness profiles were generated, based on a Weierstrass–Mandelbrot fractal representation, to match the measured roughness characteristics of contact bumps of manufactured RF MEMS switches. Contact asperity deformations due to applied contact pressures were then obtained by a creep constitutive formulation. The contact pressure is derived from the interrelated effects of roughness characteristics, material hardening and softening, temperature increases due to Joule heating and contact forces. This modeling framework was used to understand how contact resistance evolves due to changes in the real contact area, the number of asperities in contact, and the temperature and resistivity profiles at the contact points. The numerical predictions were qualitatively consistent with the experimental measurements and observations of how contact resistance evolves as a function of deformation time history. This study provides a framework that is based on integrated modeling and experimental measurements, which can be used in the design of reliable RF MEMS devices with extended life cycles.
Convenience stores and the marketing of foods and beverages through product assortment.

Background Product assortment (presence and variety) is a key in-store marketing strategy to influence consumer choice. Quantifying the product assortment of healthier and less-healthy foods and beverages in convenience stores can inform changes in the food environment. Purpose To document product assortment (i.e., presence and variety of specific foods and beverages) in convenience stores. Methods Observational survey data were collected onsite in 2011 by trained promotora -researchers in 192 convenience stores. Frequencies of presence and distributions of variety were calculated in 2012. Paired differences were examined using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Results Convenience stores displayed a large product assortment of sugar-sweetened beverages (median 86.5 unique varieties); candy (76 varieties); salty snacks (77 varieties); fried chips (44 varieties); cookies and pastries (19 varieties); and frozen sweets (21 varieties). This compared with 17 varieties of non–sugar sweetened beverages and three varieties of baked chips. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test confirmed a ( p Conclusions Convenience stores in this area provide a greater assortment of less-healthy compared with healthier foods and beverages. There are opportunities to influence consumer food choice through programs that alter the balance between healthier and less-healthy foods and beverages in existing convenience stores that serve rural and underserved neighborhoods and communities.
The archetype-genome exemplar in molecular dynamics and continuum mechanics

We argue that mechanics and physics of solids rely on a fundamental exemplar: the apparent properties of a system depend on the building blocks that comprise it. Building blocks are referred to as archetypes and apparent system properties as the system genome. Three entities are of importance: the archetype properties, the conformation of archetypes, and the properties of interactions activated by that conformation. The combination of these entities into the system genome is called assembly. To show the utility of the archetype-genome exemplar, this work presents the mathematical ingredients and computational implementation of theories in solid mechanics that are (1) molecular and (2) continuum manifestations of the assembly process. Both coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) and the archetype-blending continuum (ABC) theories are formulated then applied to polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) to demonstrate the impact the components of the assembly triplet have on a material genome. CGMD simulations demonstrate the sensitivity of nanocomposite viscosities and diffusion coefficients to polymer chain types (archetype), polymer---nanoparticle interaction potentials (interaction), and the structural configuration (conformation) of dispersed nanoparticles. ABC simulations show the contributions of bulk polymer (archetype) properties, occluded region of bound rubber (interaction) properties, and microstructural binary images (conformation) to predictions of linear damping properties, the Payne effect, and localization/size effects in the same class of PNC material. The paper is light on mathematics. Instead, the focus is on the usefulness of the archetype-genome exemplar to predict system behavior inaccessible to classical theories by transitioning mechanics away from heuristic laws to mechanism-based ones. There are two core contributions of this research: (1) presentation of a fundamental axiom--the archetype-genome exemplar--to guide theory development in computational mechanics, and (2) demonstrations of its utility in modern theoretical realms: CGMD, and generalized continuum mechanics.
Honeywell's organic air vehicle chemical-biological sensing platform

Unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) today are mostly used for reconnaissance and sometimes weapons delivery. Remote sensing of chemical-biological (CB) agents is another beneficial use of UAVs. While remote sensing of CB agents can be done by LIDAR spectroscopy, this technology is less spatially precise and less sensitive than actual measurements on a collected sample. One family of UAVs of particularly unique benefit for CB sampling and in-flight analysis is the Honeywell family of Organic Air Vehicles (OAVs). This vehicle with its ability to hover and stare has the unique ability among UAVs to collect and analyze chem-bio samples from a specific location over extended periods of time. Such collections are not possible with other micro-air-vehicles (MAVs) that only operate in fly-by mode. This paper describes some of the Honeywell OAV features that are conducive to CB detection.
Prevalence and predictors of women's experience of psychological trauma during childbirth.

ABSTRACT: Background: The increased acceptance of the prevalence of trauma in human experience as well as its psychological consequences has led to revisions of diagnostic criteria for the disorder. The three purposes of this study were to examine the rates at which women experienced psychological trauma in childbirth, to explore possible causal factors, and to examine possible factors in the development of the disorder. Methods: One hundred and three women from childbirth education classes in the Atlanta metropolitan area completed a survey in late pregnancy and a follow-up interview approximately 4 weeks after the birth. Results: The childbirth experience was reported as traumatic by 34 percent of participants. Two women (1.9%) developed all the symptoms needed to diagnose posttraumatic stress disorder, and 31 women (30.1%) were partially symptomatic. Regression analysis showed that antecedent factors (e.g., history of sexual trauma and social support) and event characteristics (e.g., pain in first stage of labor, feelings of powerlessness, expectations, medical intervention, and interaction with medical personnel) were significant predictors of perceptions of the childbirth as traumatic. The pain experienced during the birth, levels of social support, self-efficacy, internal locus of control, trait anxiety, and coping were significant predictors of the development of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms after the birth. Conclusions: These findings suggest several intervention points for health care practitioners, including careful prenatal screening of past trauma history, social support, and expectations about the birth; improved communication and pain management during the birth; and opportunities to discuss the birth postpartum. (BIRTH 30:1 March 2003)
Rumination and Adaptation following Stressful Life Events

In order to compare the efficacy of extensive cognitive attention (rumination) and avoidance after stressful events, forty middle-aged women were asked to describe their responses to specific stressful life events for the periods one week, three months, and six months post-stress. Rumination decreased in the time periods surveyed, but at different rates according to degree of stress. The long-term efficacy of post-stress rumination, measured by current level of distress-related symptoms, varied as a function of degree of stress and amount of time elapsed since the stress. Although initial high rumination after a highly stressful event was not shown to be necessary for adjustment in the long-run, it did not appear to interfere with such adjustment. A low degree of rumination seemed to be most efficacious, at one week after a low stress experience, and both three and six months after a high stress experience. Discussion of the role of perceived control in facilitating and inhibiting coping is also included.
Defining Components of the ßcatenin Destruction Complex and Exploring Its Regulation and Mechanisms of Action during Development

Background A subset of signaling pathways play exceptionally important roles in embryonic and post-embryonic development, and mis-regulation of these pathways occurs in most human cancers. One such pathway is the Wnt pathway. The primary mechanism keeping Wnt signaling off in the absence of ligand is regulated proteasomal destruction of the canonical Wnt effector scatenin (or its fly homolog Armadillo). A substantial body of evidence indicates that SCFβTrCP mediates βcat destruction, however, an essential role for Roc1 has not been demonstrated in this process, as would be predicted. In addition, other E3 ligases have also been proposed to destroy βcat, suggesting that βcat destruction may be regulated differently in different tissues. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we used cultured Drosophila cells, human colon cancer cells, and Drosophila embryos and larvae to explore the machinery that targets Armadillo for destruction. Using RNAi in Drosophila S2 cells to examine which SCF components are essential for Armadillo destruction, we find that Roc1/Roc1a is essential for regulating Armadillo stability, and that in these cells the only F-box protein playing a detectable role is Slimb. Second, we find that while embryonic and larval Drosophila tissues use the same destruction complex proteins, the response of these tissues to destruction complex inactivation differs, with Armadillo levels more elevated in embryos. We provide evidence consistent with the possibility that this is due to differences in armadillo mRNA levels. Third, we find that there is no correlation between the ability of different APC2 mutant proteins to negatively regulate Armadillo levels, and their recently described function in positively-regulating Wnt signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that APC proteins lacking the N-terminal Armadillo-repeat domain cannot restore Armadillo destruction but retain residual function in negatively-regulating Wnt signaling. Conclusions/Significance We use these data to refine our model for how Wnt signaling is regulated during normal development.
Arts Education Policy, Lessons Learned from the Southeastern College Art Conference,

This article provides functional, moderate, and constructive arts education policy lessons drawn from the development of two Southeastern College Art Conference (SECAC) visual arts education policy statements over the past fifteen years. These lessons can help formulate action-oriented school, district, state, and national pre-kindergarten-20 educational policies to improve and advance all arts education. The article offers a history of these documents' development, two action examples, conclusions, and recommendations for current and future advocates. SECAC's most recent policy document can be found at http://www.unc.edu/~rfrew/SECAC/index.html.
Operation of a quasioptical gyrotron with variable mirror separation.

Results from a quasioptical gyrotron experiment with a 20--28-cmmirror separation are presented showing operation from 95--130 GHz atpowers up to 148 kW and output efficiencies up to 12%. The output couplingcould be varied from 0.4%--3% by changing the mirror separation andoperating frequency. Efficiency optimization by variation of output couplingand by tapering the magnetic field has been demonstrated and regions ofsingle-mode operation at powers up to 125 kW have been characterized.
Two frontiers for regional science: Regional policy and interdisciplinary reach

In this note, I address two frontiers where we, as regional scientists, can raise the visibility and impact of regional science and enlarge the community of scholars in our fold. The first is the resurgence of regionalism as a phenomenon and policy arena. My argument here is that many politicians, practitioners and citizens are actively debating the health and future of metropolitan regions, but we are not playing the intellectual role that we could be. The second frontier involves expanding the interdisciplinary reach of regional science towards the ''softer'' social and policy sciences, especially in the direction of sociology, political science, and city and regional planning. My argument here is that our tools of analysis, especially our understanding of agents and institutions, would be more powerful if amplified by selected contributions from neighboring fields.
Color and contrast sensitivity in the lateral geniculate body and primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey

We tested color and contrast sensitivity in the magnocellular and parvocellular subdivisions of the lateral geniculate body and in layers 2, 3, 4B, and 4C alpha of visual area 1 to obtain physiological data on the degree of segregation of the 2 pathways and on the fate of the color and contrast information as it is transmitted from the geniculate to the cortex. On average, magnocellular geniculate cells were much less responsive than parvocellular cells to shifts between 2 equiluminant colors. Nevertheless, many magnocellular cells (though not all) continued to give some response at equiluminance. As expected from previous studies, luminance contrast sensitivity differed markedly between magnocellular and parvocellular layers. In V-1, the properties of cells in the magnorecipient layers 4C alpha and 4B faithfully reflected the properties of magnocellular geniculate cells, showing no evidence of any parvocellular input. Like magnocellular geniculate cells, they showed high contrast sensitivity, and with color contrast stimuli they showed large response decrements at equiluminance. In the interblob regions of cortical layers 2 and 3, which anatomically appear to receive most of their inputs from parvorecipient layer 4C beta, contrast sensitivities of some of the cells were compatible with a predominantly parvocellular input. Other interblob cells had sensitivities intermediate between magno- and parvocellular geniculate cells, suggesting a possible contribution from the magnocellular system. Many cells in cortical layers 2 and 3 responded to color-contrast borders equally well at all relative brightnesses of the 2 colors, including equiluminance. We recorded from many direction- and disparity-selective cells in V-1: most of the direction-selective and all of the clearly stereo-selective cells were located in layer 4B.