cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale structure, dynamics and power conversion efficiency correlations in small molecule and oligomer-based photovoltaic devices

Photovoltaic functions in organic materials are intimately connected to interfacial morphologies of molecular packing in films on the nanometer scale and molecular levels. This review will focus on current studies on correlations of nanoscale morphologies in organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials with fundamental processes relevant to photovoltaic functions, such as light harvesting, exciton splitting, exciton diffusion, and charge separation (CS) and diffusion. Small molecule photovoltaic materials will be discussed here. The donor and acceptor materials in small molecule OPV devices can be fabricated in vacuum-deposited, multilayer, crystalline thin films, or spincoated together to form blended bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films. These two methods result in very different morphologies of the solar cell active layers. There is still a formidable debate regarding which morphology is favored for OPV optimization. The morphology of the conducting films has been systematically altered; using variations of the techniques above, the whole spectrum of film qualities can be fabricated. It is possible to form a highly crystalline material, one which is completely amorphous, or an intermediate morphology. In this review, we will summarize the past key findings that have driven organic solar cell research and the current state-of-the-art of small molecule and conducting oligomer materials. We will also discuss the merits and drawbacks of these devices. Finally, we will highlight some works that directly compare the spectra and morphology of systematically elongated oligothiophene derivatives and compare these oligomers to their polymer counterparts. We hope this review will shed some new light on the morphology differences of these two systems. Keywords: organic photovoltaics; perylene; thiophene; charge transport; transient absorption; grazing incidence x-ray scattering (Published: 12 August 2011) Citation: Nano Reviews 2011, 2 : 7249 - DOI: 10.3402/nano.v2i0.7249
Synthesis of triblock and multiblock methacrylate polymers and self‐assembly of stimuli responsive triblock polymers

Multisegmented poly(methacrylate)s were synthesized using one pot reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Initially, a series of triblock copolymers were synthesized with different ratios of trimethylsilyl methacrylate, di(ethylene oxide) methacrylate, and oligo(ethylene oxide) methacrylate, and different total polymer molecular weights. Additionally, a polymer containing seven distinct blocks of methacrylic monomers was synthesized in one pot. For the triblock copolymers, the trimethylsilyl group was subsequently hydrolyzed, and the self-assembly of the triblock copolymer was studied in water, under different pH and thermal conditions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 2548–2555
Collagen cross-linking: Identification of two cyanogen bromide peptides containing sites of intermolecular cross-link formation in cartilage collagen

Abstract A double-chain radioactive peptide has been isolated from cyanogen bromide digests of borotritide reduced cartilage collagen. Characterization of the peptide indicates its derivation as the result of cross-linking mediated through the hydroxylysyl residue of peptide 4 and one of the hydroxylysyl residues of peptide 9. Radioactivity in the peptide is associated with the cross-link, providing direct evidence that reducible compounds in native fibrillar collagen preparations have a cross-linking function. The reduced cross-link is susceptible to periodate cleavage leading to the dissociation and recovery of the component peptides suggesting that cross-linking in this instance occurs through the formation of a Schiff base or aldol condensation product.
Effects of chlordane pretreatment on the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride.

Abstract Male albine rats weighing approximately 200 g received intraperitoneal injections of chlordane (25 mg/kg) in olive oil on each of three successive days. Controls included animals given only olive oil and untreated rats. Twenty-four hours after the last dose, augmented hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in chlordane-treated rats was reflected in vivo by a reduction in zoxazolamine-paralysis time and in vitro by an increased hepatic microsomal cytochrome P -450 level. The insecticide-treated animals did not, however, display any increase of hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. In chlordane-treated rats, electron microscopy revealed overt proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatocytes, particularly in those located in the central one-third to one-half of the liver lobules. Olive oil-treated controls showed no alterations in paralysis time, microsomal enzyme activity, or hepatocellular ultrastructure, when compared to the untreated animals. Identically prepared chlordane-treated and control rats then were challenged with an intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (0.5 ml of a 25% solution of CCl 4 in olive oil). Some animals from each group were killed at 4 hr after the toxic challenge; and it was determined that, in each category, there was a sharp drop in hepatic microsomal cytochrome P -450 but no change in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, as compared to prechallenge levels. The reduction in cytochrome P -450 was most striking in the insecticide-stimulated rats. The remaining animals from each CCl 4 -injected group were sacrificed at 48 hr after the toxic challenge. Histologic slides prepared from their livers revealed more extensive hepatocellular necrosis in the chlordane-pretreated rats than was found in either the olive oil-pretreated rats or the animals with no treatment prior to CCl 4 administration. It was concluded that chlordane can induce smooth-membrane proliferation and can enhance drug-metabolizing enzyme systems in rat liver and that these changes are associated with an enhanced hepatotoxic response to CCl 4 administration. It was suggested that a sharp fall in hepatic microsomal cytochrome P -450 might serve as a relatively early indicator of toxic injury in an induced liver.
Control of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in developing brain, kidney, and heart of the neonatal rat: Effects of α‐difluoromethylornithine, a specific, irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and the polyamines are thought to play a role in maturation of mammalian tissues. Daily postnatal administration of α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO, a specific inhibitor of ODC) to newborn rats caused organ-specific deficits in tissue weight gain, with brain and kidney as the major targets. Subnormal organ weights were associated with deficits in the levels of nucleic acids and proteins in the affected tissues, and examination of the synthetic rates of DNA ([3H]thymidine incorporation), RNA ([3H]uridine incorporation) and protein ([14C]leucine incorporation) confirmed that macromolecule synthesis was inhibited in DFMO-treated pups. The time of onset of effect of DFMO on the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins was the same as that reported for depletion of polyamines by this treatment. Potential adverse effects of DFMO on cell survival were also assessed by labeling DNA with [3H]thymidine on day 3 and examining retention of label 12 days later; DFMO did not cause an increase in cell death. In contrast to the sensitivity of brain and kidney to postnatally administered DFMO, development of cardiac tissue was relatively resistant to growth inhibition despite polyamine depletion. The organ specificity of effect of DFMO results, in part, from the different timetables for cellular events in tissue development displayed by each organ type; administration of DFMO earlier in development (during days 15 to 17 of gestation) did produce deficiencies in cardiac growth and nucleic acid levels similar to those which had been seen for brain and kidney. These data support the view that polyamines play a key role in cell replication, differentiation and growth during critical periods of mammalian organ development through their regulation of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.
A progressive approach for the integration of process planning and scheduling

Automated process planning has been recognized as an interface between computer-aideddesignand computer-aided manufacturing. To achieve true computer integrated manufacturing (Cllvl), process planning should be integrated with scheduling. One approach to this integration problem is to merge process planning and scheduling into a single optimization task. However, the scheduling problemalone belongs to the classof nondeterministic polynomial complete (NP-complete) problemsand whencombined with processplanning, the resulting problemis evenmore difficult. One solution to this is to adopt a progressive approach, in which the interaction between process planning and scheduling starts from a more global level and ends at a more detailed level. The progressive approach described in thispaper greatlyreduces the computational complexity of the integration problemand hence can be realized in a real manufacturing environment where time is critical.
Nanosecond electric modification of order parameter in nematic and isotropic phases of materials with negative and positive dielectric anisotropy

We demonstrate nanosecond electro-optic switching in the nematic and isotropic phases of two nematic materials, one with a negative dielectric anisotropy (HNG715600-100) and another with a positive dielectric anisotropy (8CB). In both cases, the effect is caused by the nanosecond electric modification of the order parameter (NEMOP). In NEMOP effect, the electric field is applied in such a way that the director alignment is not distorted. The NEMOP effects in the nematic phases are compared to the Kerr effects of the isotropic phases of the same two materials. Although the amplitudes of NEMOP and Kerr effects are comparable, we observe differences in temperature dependencies. We also observe that the field-induced Kerr birefringence in the isotropic phases does not follow the expected quadratic dependence on the applied field. Namely, it grows slower in the dielectrically negative material and faster in the dielectrically positive material.
Measurement of food reinforcement in preschool children. Associations with food intake, BMI, and reward sensitivity.

Progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement have been used to measure the relative reinforcing value (RRV) of food in humans as young as 8 years old; however, developmentally appropriate measures are needed to measure RRV of food earlier in life. Study objectives were to demonstrate the validity of the RRV of food task adapted for use among for preschool children (3 to 5y), and examine individual differences in performance. Thirty-three children completed the RRV of food task in which they worked to access graham crackers. They also completed a snack task where they had free access these foods, liking and hunger assessments, and their heights and weights were measured. Parents reported on their child’s reward sensitivity. Overall, children were willing work for palatable snack foods. Boys and older children made more responses in the task, while children with higher BMI z-scores and reward sensitivity responded at a faster rate. Children who worked harder in terms of total responses and response rates consumed more calories in the snack session. This study demonstrates that with slight modifications, the RRV of food task is a valid and developmentally appropriate measure for assessing individual differences in food reinforcement among very young children.
Enzymatic assays for assessing histone deubiquitylation activity

While the post-translational modification of histones by the addition of ubiquitin was discovered decades ago, it has only recently been appreciated that the dynamic regulation of histone ubiquitylation patterns is an important mechanism for controlling a variety of biological processes. The processes include transcription, the recognition and repair of genomic damage and DNA replication, among others. Enzymes that catalyze the addition of ubiquitin to histones, such as the polycomb family, have been well-studied. In contrast, the enzymes that remove ubiquitin from histones are less well understood. The assay strategies described here provide a platform for the thorough in vitro and in vivo analysis of histone deubiquitylation. In some cases, these poorly characterized enzymes are likely to provide new opportunities for therapeutic targeting and a detailed understanding of their biochemical and biological activities is a prerequisite to these clinical advances.
Influence of Storage Atmosphere on Several Chemical Parameters of Sun-Dried Shrimp

Sun-dried shrimp from Taiwan and Louisiana were stored at 22°C for 8 months in modified atmospheres of air or vacuum. Packages were randomly selected at 2-month intervals and analyzed for moisture, water activity (aw), total volatile nitrogen, ammonia and pigment oxidation. Moisture and aw were shown to decrease during the storage period regardless of the package atmosphere; however, the amount of decrease was less in samples stored under vacuum than in air. Total volatile nitrogen and ammonia increased during the storage period, with samples stored in air showing the greatest increases. Pigment oxidation reached a maximum at 4 months, samples stored in a vacuum showed the least amount of oxidation.
A Correlative Analysis of in Vitro Parameters of Cellular Immunity in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

Multiple parameters of non-tumor-specific immunocompetence were measured in 37 previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and in 51 controls (23 over age 50). Peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient and tested for spontaneous rosette formation with unsensitized sheep red blood cells (thymus-dependent cells). They were also tested for blastogenic response ([3H]thymidine incorporation) to phytohemagglutinin- and mitomycin C-treated allogeneic lymphocytes in a one-way mixed-lymphocyte culture in which AB serum-supplemented media were used. The results were compared by clinical stage, tumor size, degree of tumor differentiation, and presence or absence of nodal metastases. A variety of statistical methods, including multivariate analysis, were used to evaluate the data. Decreased percentages of thymus-dependent cells and depressed phytohemagglutinin responses were found in all stages, but the results were not consistent and some patients with advanced tumors had normal results. The patient's mixedlymphocyte culture response was depressed in 27 of 33 experiments and was the only abnormal test in some instances. We conclude that: ( a ) significant intercorrelations exist among immunological parameters in patients and controls and influence the choice of statistical techniques; ( b ) many patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck have defects in non-tumor-specific immunocompetence, but they are not always predictive of extent of malignant disease; ( c ) no single test will identify all abnormal patients; and ( d ) controls of an age similar to the patients are important.
Order, Order Everywhere, and Only an Agent to Think: The Cognitive Compulsion to Infer Intentional Agents

Several studies demonstrate that an intuitive link between agents and order emerges within the first year of life. This appreciation seems importantly related to sim- ilar forms of inference, such as the Argument from Design. We suggest, however, that infants and young children may be more accurate in their tendencies to infer agents from order than older children and adults, who often infer intentional agents when there are none. Thus, the earliest inferences about intentional agents based on order may be quite accurate and resistant to non-intentional foils, but with further cognitive development and overgeneralization, links between order and agents may emerge that, with the right socio-cultural prompts, can lead to the Argument from Design. The world around us consists of two fundamentally different forms of patterns: those that appear random and those that appear ordered. Order may be perceived in any number of modalities and in many different forms, whether it be via axes of sym- metry, spatial or temporal sorting, or complex structural arrangements. Moreover, as adults, we often associate the presence of order with other goal-directed actors (or, agents). For example, Bowerbirds meticulously arrange objects to form an elaborate nest designed to attract a mate. Spiders spin ornate webs designed to catch prey. Or, a parent may spend hours carefully stacking and sorting items in a child's room (only to have their efforts quickly undone). In all these cases, we clearly see the mark of intentional action—we recognize that these goal-directed actors have the capacity to manipulate, organize, and structure the world around them such that they create arrangements that deviate from random or chance occurrences. We do not, however, see simple inanimate objects as capable of having such effects. Throw a stone, roll a ball, or slide a block at a disordered group of objects and it is highly unlikely that any of those events will make a more ordered arrangement. We would be surprised to see such an effect because we normally assume that order arises from the intentional actions of agents, not the simple mechanical causes of inanimate objects. Thus, one major division in the world of causal entities is between those that are capable of creating order and those that are not. Beyond an understanding of simple arrays such as the arrangement of objects, the link between agents and order may also serve as a powerful analogy for beliefs about
Sequence of Sexual Behavior and Its Relationship to Other Problem Behaviors in African American and Puerto Rican Adolescents

This study examined the sequence of sexual behavior of 695 African American and 637 Puerto Rican adolescents and the relationship of this sequence to other problem behavior measures. Analyses indicated that adolescents proceed through four stages of sexual behavior: no involvement, then deep kissing, then petting, and, finally, sexual intercourse. The sequence was similar in both ethnic groups and seemed both unidimensional and cumulative. In addition, for both ethnic groups the degree of sexual involvement was significantly related to the level of drug use and to the frequency of delinquent behavior, thereby suggesting an underlying problem behavior syndrome. Directions for future research are suggested.
Biinvariant operators on nilpotent Lie groups

The purpose of this article is to prove P-convexity for biinvariant differential operators on connected simply connected nilpotent Lie groups. More precisely, we show that for any compact subset K of a connected simply connected nilpotent Lie group N, and for any non-zero biinvariant differential operator P on N, there is a compact subset L ~ K with the property that whenever the support of Pu is contained in L for a C OO function of compact support u on N, then the support of u is contained in L. I am grateful to M. Duflo, to A. Cerezo, and to F. Rouvi6re for several helpful discussions. Solubility properties of biinvariant operators have been considered by several authors. S. Helgason 1,6] proves local solvability of biinvariant operators on semisimple Lie groups. Rais 1,8] proves the existence of a fundamental solution for a biinvariant operator on a connected simply connected nilpotent Lie group. Duflo and Rais 1,4] prove the local solvability of biinvariant operators on a solvable Lie group and Rouvi6re [9] proves semi-global solvability for biinvariant operators on simply connected solvable groups. Finally, Duflo 1,3] proves local solvability of biinvariant operators on any Lie group whatsoever. Semi-global solvability is in general false even for noncompact simple groups as was demonstrated by A. Cerezo and F. Rouvi6re 1,2]. Finally, even local solvability of left invariant operators is frequently false as was shown by L. Hormander, c.f. 1,6-1 and independently by A. Cerezo and F. Rouvi6re I-1]. From our result and that of Rais 1,8-1 or Rouvi6re 1,9-1, we conclude the global solvability of biinvariant operators on simply connected nilpotent Lie groups, i.e. that for any C oO function f and nonzero biinvariant operator P on a simply connected nilpotent Lie group N, there exists a Coo function u on N such that Pu =f. For simply connected abelian Lie groups, this reduces to the theorem of Malgrange and Ehrenpreis that constant coefficient differential operators on R n are globally solvable, c.f. 1,11-1. Thus our Theorem2 can be regarded as a generalization of the Malgrange-Ehrenpreis theorem. Henceforward N will denote a connected simply connected nilpotent Lie group, and 9l its Lie algebra. We write exp: 91--*N for the exponential map of 91
Remote sensing visualization and quantification of ammonia emission from an inland seabird colony

Remote sensing measurements of ammonia emitted by a near-monotypic seabird colony established on an islet in the Salton Sea (Imperial Valley, California) are described. The compact (3 ha) nature of the island affords a constrained environment that provides an ideal case study for validating models of ammonia emission from seabird colonies. Incorporated as part of a coordinated approach to future field campaigns, the techniques demonstrated would provide a means for validation and refinement of current seabird ammonia emission models on a case study basis. This would contribute to an improved understanding of the nitrogen cycle, especially in remote ocean locales.
A Palaeomagnetic Study of the Gaberones Granite of Botswana

Summary Thirty-two cores were drilled at eleven sites in a variety of granitic rocktypes. Meaningful results were obtained from seven sites after alternating field demagnetization and there is good evidence for the stability of the magnetization observed. The specimens exhibit a wide range in initial intensity of magnetization but no relationship exists between rock-type, initial intensity and behaviour under a.f. demagnetization. In all cases the within-site scatters are large and the possibility that this is a fundamental property of the remanent magnetization of large granitic bathyliths is discussed. The location of the mean palaeomagnetic pole for the Gaberones granite (103"E, 34"N, A,,= 16") is compatible with the smooth polar wandering path deduced from other ancient African poles. It is also consistent with the radiosotopic age for the granite of 2350 million years. 1. Geology The Gaberones granite occurs in the southeastern corner of the Republic of Botswana (previously the Bechuanaland Protectorate) on the border of South Africa (Fig. 1). It is exposed as a number of large plutons (Poldervaart 1952) which consist of a central rapakivitic granite surrounded by two border phases comprising an inner zone of red or grey granite (Marginal granite) and an outer zone of porphyritic granophyres (Wright 1958). The Central granite is usually porphyritic and contains large phenocrysts of white felspar with idiomorphic or ovoidal outlines and in large outcrops it is seen to be foliated. The Marginal granite is typically a coarse-grained equigranular rock almost entirely composed of anhedral red or grey felspar and quartz. Beyond the Marginal granite, the porphyritic granophyres show a perfect transition into fine-grained felsites which were previously correlated on lithological grounds with the Dominion Reef System of South Africa. In recent years a number of radioisotope age determinations have become available and some of these ages have led the Botswana Gcological Survey to tentatively regard the felsites as pre-Dominion Reef S: stem in age. In view of this uncertainty. the maximum age of the Gaberones granite is set by the age of the Modipe gabbro into which it is intrusive. This gabbro has been dated by McElhi~y (1966a) who obtained an age of 2630+ 470 million years from Rb : Sr decay.
Effects of Prey Size on Scat Analysis to Determine River Otter Lontra canadensis Diet

We conducted a controlled feeding trial using two captive river otters Lontra canadensis to determine how prey size may introduce bias into frequency of occurrence analysis using otter scats. Otters were fed specific prey across a range of sizes. We then collected all scats deposited by the otters to determine how many defecation events occurred to remove the prey item from the digestive system. We found a strong, positive relationship between prey item size and the number of scats required to excrete the item. We then examined how the results, of an actual river otter feeding habits study using frequency of occurrence analysis of scats, could be biased towards an over-representation of larger prey items by using a correction factor for prey item size developed from our feeding trials. Frequency of occurrence suggested a strong preference for mid-range size of prey items and a strong avoidance of smaller prey items. Our corrected results indicated that otters exhibit little preferential feeding based on prey item size in the Missouri Ozarks. Our results suggest that bias associated with frequency of occurrence analyses may severely limit the robustness of inferences that can be made from such analyses.
Supervisory equipment for the indication of shaft distortion in steam turbines

The paper describes equipment which has been developed to measure the temporary distortions and disturbances which the shaft of a turbine may undergo, particularly during the starting-up period and when sudden changes of load occur during running. All measurements are made electromagnetically on a disc fitted to the shaft of the high-pressure unit, and are indicated and recorded continuously. An additional unit has been developed which indicates and records the speed of the turbine, so that shaft disturbances and speed can be correlated easily. The equipment includes a cathode-ray oscillograph which, when plugged in to the measuring circuits, produces on its screen a trace of the locus of the shaft centre, and permits investigation of abnormal disturbances of the shaft. Some of the records obtained with the equipment under operating conditions are included in the paper.
A modern Maunder Minimum would not stave off global warming

Roughly every 11 years, the Sun's activity swings, a peak-to-peak oscillation in the presence of sunspots on the solar surface. From around 1645 to 1715, however, researchers think that this largely reliable trend in solar activity stalled. Now known as the Maunder Minimum, the period saw not just a prolonged dearth of sunspot activity but also a likely reduction in the output of energy from the Sun. Researchers estimate that the Maunder Minimum could have caused a reduction in solar irradiance of around 0.01% to 0.25%, a shift that contributed to a drop of globally averaged surface air temperature of a few tenths of a degree.
Thin silicide development for fully-depleted SOI CMOS technology

Ultrathin silicide with thickness less than 30 nm and specific contact resistivity to silicon less than mid-10/sup -7//spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ is necessary for achieving low contact resistance in a sub-0.25-/spl mu/m fully-depleted (FD) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS technology. This contact problem becomes even more severe as one continues to scale down the device dimensions. We first studied the effects of source/drain series resistance and gate sheet resistance on the device speed performance and obtained a set of desired design criteria. These were used along with a transmission line model to yield a silicide design space, which was then used to evaluate the experimental results. Both cobalt and titanium silicide processes were implemented and found to satisfy the design criteria. Final device characteristics were also measured. Several process integration issues related to contact dielectric deposition and contact barrier integrity were found to greatly impact the final contact properties. These along with the detailed fabrication process are discussed.
Variation in opioid use during PCA in adolescents

The objective of this investigation was to determine if the variability in the use of opioids for pain following surgery is related to variability in blood concentration of opioids used for pain relief. We measured morphine use and morphine blood concentration in a group of otherwise healthy adolescent girls following spinal surgery. There was considerable variability in morphine use and morphine blood levels as indicated by a large range of values and a moderately large standard deviation. Morphine blood concentration correlated with morphine use. Neither morphine use nor morphine concentration correlated with pain scores. The data indicate that there is considerable variability among patients in the amount of opioid needed to achieve comfort and in the blood concentration associated with comfort. The cause of this variability does not appear to be related to metabolism of opioid, but may be related to psychological differences, differences in pain tolerance and threshold, or differences in the way patients use PCA.
Awake craniotomy, electrophysiologic mapping, and tumor resection with high-field intraoperative MRI.

Background Awake craniotomy and electrophysiologic mapping (EPM) is an established technique to facilitate the resection of near eloquent cortex. Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) is increasingly used to aid in the resection of intracranial lesions. Standard draping protocols in high-field iMRI units make awake craniotomies challenging, and only two groups have previously reported combined EPM and high-field iMRI. Methods We present an illustrative case describing a simple technique for combining awake craniotomy and EPM with high-field iMRI. A movable platter is used to transfer the patient from the operating table to a transport trolley and into the adjacent MRI and still maintaining the patient's surgical position. This system allows excess drapes to be removed, facilitating awake craniotomy. Results A 57-year-old right-handed man presented with new onset seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a large left temporal mass. The patient underwent an awake, left frontotemporal craniotomy. The EPM demonstrated a single critical area for speech in his inferior frontal gyrus. After an initial tumor debulking, the scalp flap was loosely approximated, the wound was covered with additional drapes, and the excess surrounding drapes were trimmed. An iMRI was obtained. The image-guidance system was re-registered and the patient was redraped. Additional resection was performed, allowing extensive removal of what proved to be an anaplastic astrocytoma. The patient tolerated this well without any new neurological deficits. Conclusions Standard protocols for positioning and draping in high-field iMRI units make awake craniotomies problematic. This straightforward technique for combined awake EPM and iMRI may facilitate safe removal of large lesions in eloquent cortex.
LYSOSOMES IN RAT THORACIC DUCT LYMPHOCYTES FRACTIONATED BY ZONAL CENTRIFUGATION

A method of zonal centrifugation was developed which separates rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) mainly according to size. The validity of the fractionation method was supported by light microscope observations, Coulter Counter sizing, and in vivo and in vitro labeling of lymphocytes. The distributions of lysosomal acid hydrolases in TDL fractionated by zonal centrifugation are similar to the distribution obtained for the cells. This result indicates that the large lymphocyte is not the sole bearer of either lysosomes or the large amount of soluble cathepsin D found in homogenates of TDL. Both reside mainly in small lymphocytes. This point was clearly established by fractionating homogenates of purified small lymphocytes by means of differential centrifugation and isopycnic density gradient centrifugation.
A GENTRIFICATION RESEARCH AGENDA FOR THE 1990s

: This paper identifies a range of gentrification research topics meriting further attention in the 1990s. These topics are situated in the theoretical contexts stressing the primacy of production of gentrifiable spaces and consumption of housing by renovators. The complementarity of consensus and conflict in community formation is also noted. Five hypotheses that could be tested with 1990 census data are proposed. They deal with: the role of young households, gender, the proximity of home and workplace, residential segregation, and urban/rural similarities in community conflict. The paper ends with an acknowledgment of the need for continued theoretical and methodological diversity in the field.
Estimation of Male Gene Flow from Measures of Nuclear and Female Genetic Differentiation

An approach is provided to estimate male gene flow and the ratio of male to female gene flow, given that there are estimates of diploid, nuclear gene flow and haploid, female gene flow. This approach can be applied to estimates of differentiation (F ST ) from biparentally and maternally inherited markers, assuming the equilibrium island model and equal effective numbers of males and females. Corrections to formulas used previously for California sea lions (Gonzalez-Suarez M, Flatz R, Aurioles-Gamboa D, Hedrick PW, Gerber LR. 2009. Isolation by distance among California sea lion populations in Mexico: redefining management stocks. Mol Ecol. 18:1088-1099.) and American bison (Halbert ND, Gogan PJP, Hedrick PW, Wahl L, Derr JN. 2012. Genetic population substructure in bison in Yellowstone National Park. J Hered. 103:360-370.) are given and revised values for those species are calculated. The effect of unequal male and female effective population sizes, nonequilibrium conditions, and approximations of differentiation formulas are briefly discussed.
Characterization of Aerosol Surface Instruments in Transition Regime

The primary purpose of this study is to measure the size- and composition-dependent responses of aerosol surface instruments designed to measure surface area related properties. Measurements were conducted in the range of 30–150 nm of mobility equivalent diameter, Dp. The responses of a LQ1-DC (a diffusion charger manufactured by Matter Engineering AG) and an EAD (a diffusion charger manufactured by TSI) to singlets (NaCl) particles are proportional to Dp 1.36 and Dp 1.13, respectively. The response of LQ1-DC agrees with Fuchs surface area, which is proportional to Dp 1.39 within 2.4% error. The response of the EAD is almost proportional to diameter, Dp. A PAS2000CE (Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor manufactured by EcoChem) gave both size and composition-dependent responses. For diesel particles produced at high engine loads, the response was nearly proportional to Fuchs surface area. However, at lighter engine loads, the response dropped sharply with decreasing Dp. Light engine loads are associated with high...
Histone deacetylase inhibitor induces DNA damage, which normal but not transformed cells can repair

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) developed as anti-cancer agents have a high degree of selectivity for killing cancer cells. HDACi induce acetylation of histones and nonhistone proteins, which affect gene expression, cell cycle progression, cell migration, and cell death. The mechanism of the tumor selective action of HDACi is unclear. Here, we show that the HDACi, vorinostat (Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA), induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in normal (HFS) and cancer (LNCaP, A549) cells. Normal cells in contrast to cancer cells repair the DSBs despite continued culture with vorinostat. In transformed cells, phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX), a marker of DNA DSBs, levels increased with continued culture with vorinostat, whereas in normal cells, this marker decreased with time. Vorinostat induced the accumulation of acetylated histones within 30 min, which could alter chromatin structure-exposing DNA to damage. After a 24-h culture of cells with vorinostat, and reculture without the HDACi, γH2AX was undetectable by 2 h in normal cells, while persisting in transformed cells for the duration of culture. Further, we found that vorinostat suppressed DNA DSB repair proteins, e.g., RAD50, MRE11, in cancer but not normal cells. Thus, the HDACi, vorinostat, induces DNA damage which normal but not cancer cells can repair. This DNA damage is associated with cancer cell death. These findings can explain, in part, the selectivity of vorinostat in causing cancer cell death at concentrations that cause little or no normal cell death.
La paz nace en las aulas: evaluación del programa de reducción de la violencia en Colombia

The National Citizenship Skills Program instituted by the Ministry of Education (2004) marked a change in the government’s proposal to encourage education in citizenship and civics at the nation’s public schools. It did so by shifting the emphasis from knowledge and values to skills. This change included the development and socialization of standards for citizenship skills, in addition to new processes to impart and evaluate education in citizenship. This article addresses the question of how a new type of education, specifically one that is consistent with the standards proposed by the Ministry of Education, can be developed and implemented in a sustainable way. The objective is to outline the different strategies a program to promote peaceful coexistence and to prevent aggression (Classrooms at Peace) applied to deal with the challenges it faced during the developmental stage and particularly when going to national scale. The process used to design, execute and evaluate the program is analyzed by identifying the various categories or types of problems that arose, and the solutions that were reached. The study pinpoints three types of challenges to be considered when developing and conducting programs focused on citizenship skills: teacher training, making the program part of the institutional framework, and ensuring its sustainability in schools. It also underscores the complexity and difficulty of maintaining the quality of a program, while trying to broaden its influence and coverage.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF RAT VENTROLATERAL PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY PROJECTIONS TO THE A5 CELL GROUP

Abstract Stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces antinociception as well as cardiovascular depressor responses that are mediated in part by pontine noradrenergic neurons. A previous report using light microscopy has described a pathway from neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to noradrenergic neurons in the A5 cell group that may mediate these effects. The present study used anterograde tracing and electron microscopic analysis to provide more definitive evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral PAG form synapses with noradrenergic and non-catecholaminergic A5 neurons in Sasco Sprague–Dawley rats. Deposits of anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine, into the rat ventrolateral PAG labeled a significant number of axons in the region of the rostral subdivision of the A5 cell group, and a relatively lower number in the caudal A5 cell group. Electron microscopic analysis of anterogradely-labeled terminals in both rostral ( n = 127) and caudal ( n = 70) regions of the A5 cell group indicated that approximately 10% of these form synapses with noradrenergic dendrites. In rostral sections, about 31% of these were symmetric synapses, 19% were asymmetric synapses, and 50% were membrane appositions without clear synaptic specializations. In caudal sections, about 22% were symmetric synapses, and the remaining 78% were appositions. In both rostral and caudal subdivisions of the A5, nearly 40% of the anterogradely-labeled terminals formed synapses with non-catecholaminergic dendrites, and about 45% formed axoaxonic synapses. These results provide direct evidence for a monosynaptic pathway from neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to noradrenergic and non-catecholaminergic neurons in the A5 cell group. Further studies should evaluate if this established monosynaptic pathway may contribute to the cardiovascular depressor effects or the analgesia produced by the activation of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG.
Enhancing the productivity of grasses under high-density planting by engineering light responses: from model systems to feedstocks

The successful commercialization of bioenergy grasses as lignocellulosic feedstocks requires that they be produced, processed, and transported efficiently. Intensive breeding for higher yields in food crops has resulted in varieties that perform optimally under high-density planting but often with high input costs. This is particularly true of maize, where most yield gains in the past have come through increased planting densities and an abundance of fertilizer. For lignocellulosic feedstocks, biomass rather than grain yield and digestibility of cell walls are two of the major targets for improvement. Breeding for high-density performance of lignocellulosic crops has been much less intense and thus provides an opportunity for improving the feedstock potential of these grasses. In this review, we discuss the role of vegetative shade on growth and development and suggest targets for manipulating this response to increase harvestable biomass under high-density planting. To engineer grass architecture and modify biomass properties at increasing planting densities, we argue that new model systems are needed and recommend Setaria viridis, a panicoid grass, closely related to major fuel and bioenergy grasses as a model genetic system.
The Relationship between Instructional Variables and Problem Behavior: A Review

In recent years, there has been considerable discussion of positive procedures to reduce problem behaviors of persons with severe disabilities. One variable found in many of the situations in which these behaviors occur is instruction. The purpose of this paper is to review studies that have used instructional variables as nonaversive interventions for problem behaviors. Instructional variables that may decrease problem behavior include (a) student choice of task, (b) task variation, (c) pace of instruction, (d) interspersal of high-probability tasks, (e) partial- versus whole-task training, (f) decreasing task difficulty, and (g) a multielement package. Further research is needed in nonintrusive, naturally occurring, and positive methods for reducing problem behaviors in instructional settings.
Adopting Physical Activity Lifestyle in a Pharmacy Curriculum

Introduction: Practitioners who adopt a lifestyle of regular exercise may be more likely to recommend physical activity as a management option for patients with diabetes. Physical activity remains a cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes. Course Description: Pharmacy students enrolled in a diabetes module engaged in the physical activity recommendations they would make as pharmacists when managing type 2 diabetes. This extra credit modular course activity required students to conduct and record 150 minutes of physical activity weekly for one month. Evaluation: Students reported that lack of time, energy, and motivation were the most common barriers to completing the activity; while lack of discipline, motivation and time were the most common hindrances to physical exercise consistency. Future plans: The module will require pharmacy students to complete a baseline survey on their physical activity habits, and to devise an approach to counsel patients on adopting physical activity lifestyle changes.
High Strength Low Dielectric Constant Aromatic Thermosets

Continuing miniaturization of microelectronic devices requires development of low dielectric constant materials to lower the RC delay, power dissipation and crosstalk noise. Although spin-on polymer dielectrics usually have better potential for extendibility to lower dielectric constant (k) values compared to chemical-vapor-deposited dielectrics, their low mechanical properties prevent them from being successfully integrated with copper metal lines. Recent evaluation of a new thermosetting oligomer shows high thermal stability, low moisture pick-up and low dielectric constant. Techniques to optimize the solubility and spin coating characteristics of the oligomer have been developed. The thermally cured polymer displayed a thermal stability up to 480°C in nitrogen and 400°C in air. The cured polymer displayed a dielectric constant of 2.7 at 1 MHz and a breakdown strength larger than 230 V/μm. Nanoindentation testing showed that it had an extraordinarily high Young’s modulus of 16.8 GPa and a hardness of 3.5 GPa. By use of porogens, a dielectric constant as low as 1.85 was obtained while still maintaining an acceptable high Young’s modulus of 7.7 GPa and hardness of 2.0 GPa. Nanoscratch testing indicated that this material had good adhesion to the Si substrate, and Ta which is a diffusion barrier for copper. These results appear unique compared to all commercially available low-k candidates.
A Review of “The Future of Scholarly Communication”

In his introduction to The Future of Scholarly Communication, editor Michael Jubb describes scholarly communications as a “complex ecosystem” undergoing profound and disruptive changes, marked by s...
Gender inequality in the Chinese legal profession

In China's urban context of labor retrenchment, women are faring poorly relative to their male counterparts. Is the same true in China's incipient, dynamic, and expanding legal profession? Findings from four sources of quantitative data suggest that gender inequality in China's private and highly market-driven legal profession is a microcosm of larger patterns of female disadvantage in China's evolving urban labor market. Although employment opportunities for women lawyers have greatly expanded quantitatively, their careers are qualitatively less successful than those of their male counterparts in terms of both income and partnership status. In the Chinese bar, women's significantly shorter career trajectories are perhaps the most important cause of their lower incomes and slimmer chances of becoming a law firm partner. Future research must identify the causes of this significant career longevity gap between men and women in the Chinese legal profession.
Job Declines in New York-New Jersey Region to Slow in 2003; Modest Growth Seen for 2004

Employment in the New York-New Jersey region will decline in 2003 - but only slightly - and the region's economy is poised to rebound in 2004 with 1 percent growth, or a gain of 128,000 jobs. Continued expansion in the national economy and sustained vigor in the financial markets, however, will be essential to a favorable employment outlook.
The Ketogenic Diet–Induced Weight Gain With Decreased Energy Consumption

The ketogenic diet (KD) has been used to improve seizure control in patients who have intractable epilepsy. It typically stimulates energy metabolism and, thus, calorie requirements, raising the co...
Action of coumingine on heart muscle.

SummaryThe action of the erythro-phleum alkaloid coumingine has been studied on the turtle heart. It has a pronounced vagal effect on the auricle. Diastolic shortening of ventricular muscle was the outstanding action. Conduction time in ventricular muscle was prolonged and the threshold for electrical stimulation raised. The characteristic shortening of refractory period produced by digitalis glycosides did not occur. The tendency to cause spontaneous tachycardias would preclude the use of coumingine in clinical medicine.
GPU Parallelization of a High Order Immersed Boundary Method Fluid Solver

A GPU parallelized high order immersed boundary method fluid solver is developed. Memory management, asynchronous, and algorithm optimization are required to have the highest GPU speed-up potential. Task parallelization must also be implemented through asynchronous and host parallelization (OpenMP). The Poisson solver is the speed-up bottle neck for high convergence iteration count. For small Poisson solver iteration count, the 5th order WENO scheme restricts speed-up. An overall speed-up of ∼4.9 is obtained for a single time step. Speed-up increases with grid size. Multi GPU parallelization requires OpenMP to decrease the GPUs’ idle time. With two GPUs, the increase in speed-up is ∼84.5%, with respect to single GPU, for the largest grid size currently examined.