cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gendering resistance, domesticating violence in Korean prison literature

This article explores how we may empower women in the context of state/prison/oppositional movements when women are categorically excluded from political actions, mass mobilisation, struggles against and for state power. Via a close reading of prison literature produced in post-colonial, post-Korean-War Korea, I rethink the relationship between resistance and revolution, unencumbered by the gendered understanding of each term. I argue that we need rigorously to read the gendered workings of state power and its economic, political and cultural structures as well as oppositional movements, with a view to fundamentally reconceptualising and redefining where power resides and what it means to have power. Only then will we be able to imagine resistance and revolution that are not contradictory to each other.
Molecular variation of type 1 vaccine-related and wild polioviruses during replication in humans.

Abstract Molecular variation in clinical isolates of type 1 poliovirus was followed at the level of the genome by oligonucleotide mapping and at the level of the gene products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the viral proteins. Oligonucleotide maps of epidemiologically distinct isolates were very different. In contrast, isolates from the recent Netherlands-Canada-USA poliomyelitis epidemic displayed very similar maps. Small but reproducible map changes were consistently observed for consecutive case isolates, which revealed the continual mutation and selection of the epidemic virus during replication in humans. Direct comparison of the maps of the first (Netherlands, 5/78) and the last (USA 6/79) epidemic case isolates suggested that about 100 base changes were fixed into the average viral genome during 13 months of epidemic transmission. Isolates from two recent vaccinees and one epidemiologically unrecognized contact similarly revealed small map differences from each other and from the pattern characteristic of the type 1 oral vaccine. Accompanying the genome changes were alterations in the mobilities and cleavage rates of the viral proteins. For both vaccine-related and wild isolates, the greatest variabilities were detected in the virion surface proteins, a pattern of change likely to lead to antigenic drift of the virus. Oligonucleotide mapping offers an independent and definitive approach for the recognition of genetic and epidemiologic relationships between poliovirus isolates.
Effect of post-synthesis hydrothermal treatments on the adsorptive volume of surfactant-templated mesostructures

Abstract Ordered aluminosilicate mesostructures of the MCM-41 family having a SiO2/Al2O3 ratio ∼5 were prepared using cetyltrimethylammonium chloride. These mesophases were subsequently exposed to a hydrothermal treatment (110°C for one week at autogeneous pressure). The effects of the hydrothermal treatment were documented by analyzing the samples before and after the treatments by scanning electron microscopy, N2 sorption for pore volume and pore sizes, powder X-ray diffraction and solid-state, magic-angle-spinning (MAS)-NMR spectroscopy for the 27Al and 29Si nuclei. The post-synthesis hydrothermal treatment increased the mesostructure adsorptive volume by as much as 55% in mesostructures prepared from Na-aluminate (from 0.29 to 0.45 ml/g) and 27% in mesostructures prepared from Al-hydroxide (from 0.44 to 0.56 ml/g) while the average pore diameter remained essentially unchanged. The post-synthesis hydrothermal treatment caused only small changes in the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio when the source of the aluminum ion was Al-hydroxide (6.4–6.6) and Na-aluminate (5.6–5.8). The crystal symmetry did not change after successive treatments, the unit cell size of the samples prepared from Al-hydroxide increased slightly (5.5–5.7 nm) and the peak width at mid-height changed very little. The mesophases prepared from either source of aluminum showed tetrahedral (Td) symmetry, as confirmed by 27Al-MAS NMR before the hydrothermal treatment. After two successive hydrothermal treatments, almost all the Al ions show Td symmetry together with a small population of Al ions in the octahedral (Oh) symmetry. The calcined mesostructures all showed Al ions in Td and Oh environments.
The major histocompatibility complex of the cynomolgus monkey: Absorption analysis of 24 CyLA antisera

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the cynomolgus monkey consists of at least 35 serologically defined specificities, 14 of which have been assigned to the CyLA-A locus, 10 to the B locus, and six to the newly identified C locus. Selected specificities and antisera were further studied by the analysis of data obtained from absorptions with single donor platelets of known CyLA type. These data confirmed the existence of four groups of cross-reactive specificities identified by serological typing and revealed that three other well-defined specificities could be divided into two or more subtypes. Seven sera were shown to contain two or more populations of distinct, probably noncross-reactive antibodies that could be readily separated by absorption. Of the 24 sera analyzed, only three could be considered likely to contain antibodies reactive with a single CyLA specificity. At least three antibody specificities, after repeated absorption attempts, could not be readily removed by platelets and may reflect poor expression of the determinants on the platelet membrane. The complexity and degree of polymorphism of the CyLA system approaches that known for the human HLA complex. This homology of genetic organization and serologic features provide additional evidence in yet another species for the important role that these systems of alloantigens play in the organism.
Starch Modification: Challenges and Prospects†

Each starch is unique. Recognition of this fact provides opportunities for new products, while nonrecognition may delay progress in understanding the specific natures of granules. Each starch needs to be modified to increase its usefulness and value, but it is unlikely that any new derivatives or degrees of substitution will be allowed. Four possibilities for new modified-starch products other than physically modified products, are offerred: (1) control of reaction sites within granules, (2) control of reaction sites on molecules, (3) new commercial starch sources, (4) biological modification of existing, commercial, base starches. Because means of accomplishing the former two are not now available, the latter two hold the greatest promise at this time.
Clams (Corbicula fluminea) as bioindicators of fecal contamination with Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in freshwater ecosystems in California

This study evaluated clams as bioindicators of fecal protozoan contamination using three approaches: (i) clam tissue spiking experiments to compare several detection techniques; (ii) clam tank exposure experiments to evaluate clams that had filtered Cryptosporidium oocysts from inoculated water under a range of simulated environmental conditions; (iii) sentinel clam outplanting to assess the distribution and magnitude of fecal contamination in three riverine systems in California. Our spiking and tank experiments showed that direct fluorescent antibody (DFA), immunomagnetic separation (IMS) in combination with DFA, and PCR techniques could be used to detect Cryptosporidium in clam tissues. The most analytically sensitive technique was IMS concentration with DFA detection of oocysts in clam digestive gland tissues, which detected 10 oocysts spiked into a clam digestive gland 83% of the time. In the tank experiment, oocyst dose and clam collection time were significant predictors for detecting Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in clams. In the wild clam study, Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in clams from all three study regions by IMS-DFA analysis of clam digestive glands, with significant variation by sampling year and season. The presence of C. parvum DNA in clams from riverine ecosystems was confirmed with PCR and DNA sequence analysis.
Nucleation and growth of single- and multiple-domain YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ levitators: influence of seed crystallography

Large diameter YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ levitators have been fabricated using seeded melt processing. Two types of levitators have been produced: single-domain, obtained using flat NdBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ seeds, and five-domain, obtained using cubic NdBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ seeds. The difference in these two types of levitators can be attributed to differences in nucleation and solidification processes. In particular, the nucleation of multiple (five) domain levitators may be related directly to the crystallography of the cubic seeding crystals which also exhibit a multiple-domain structure. Single-domain levitators are produced by seeding with plate-like seed crystals which are composed of a single domain. Subsequent growth of the levitator is dominated by anisotropic solidification. Using these types of seeds, we developed a dual-seeded melt textured growth process for the production of bulk bicrystals which are useful for studies of grain boundary transport behavior.
Cross-modality set effect on the perception of ambiguous pictures

Before viewing an ambiguous picture which could be perceived into alternatives, an auditory stimulus was presented to undergraduates to effect perceptual set. It was found that both relevant verbal description and music recording were effective in affecting subjects’ responses. A short taped message, discussing the body dimensions and life conditions of various rats, generated significantly more rat responses in the experimental group where the rat/man drawing was shown. A horror music recording was also found effective in significantly increasing the old woman response of Leeper’s wife/mother-in-law ambiguous drawing. There seems to exist a relationship between the nature of a drawing and the effectiveness of a set. In order to effectively influence the perception of a drawing like the rat/man picture, a nondetailed yet related message is needed. The function of the auditory sets was interpreted to be the establishment of ill-defined categories which are powerful aids to perception-recognition.
A DDDAMS-based UAV and UGV team formation approach for surveillance and crowd control

The goal of this paper is to study the team formation of multiple UAVs and UGVs for collaborative surveillance and crowd control under uncertain scenarios (e.g. crowd splitting). A comprehensive and coherent dynamic data driven adaptive multi-scale simulation (DDDAMS) framework is adopted, with the focus on simulation-based planning and control strategies related to the surveillance problem considered in this paper. To enable the team formation of multiple UAVs and UGVs, a two stage approach involving 1) crowd clustering and 2) UAV/UGV team assignment is proposed during the system operations by considering the geometry of the crowd clusters and solving a multi-objective optimization problem. For the experiment, an integrated testbed has been developed based on agent-based hardware-in-the-loop simulation involving seamless communications among simulated and real vehicles. Preliminary results indicate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach for the team formation of multiple UAVs and UGVs.
Toward an ethics of corporate restructuring

Corporate restructuring has had a profound impact on the US economy. While the problems of restructuring have been discussed in great detail, the solutions are elusive. What can or should be done to mitigate the impacts of restructuring on workers, communities, and society at large? The stumbling‐block to finding an answer to this question is the lack of a satisfactory ethical framework for evaluating restructuring decisions. The purpose of this essay is to develop such a framework. The first part of the paper reviews the ethical guidance provided by the standard theory of the firm. The second part explores an alternative framework based on the work of Elizabeth Anderson. Her “expressive theory of rational action” offers a more promising framework for evaluating management decisions with significant costs to society.
William Tyndale's Use of History as a Weapon of Religious Controversy

In their struggle against the Church of Rome, a number of sixteenth century English reformers became students of ecclesiastical and secular history. To support their contention that the Roman Church had deviated from New Testament principles, these reformers studied the available records concerning the dogma and ritual of primitive and early medieval Christianity. To prove their charge that for eight hundred years the Church of Rome had usurped the temporal power of European and English rulers, they turned to the medieval chronicles.
The World by Gaslight: Urban‐gothic Literature and Moral Reform in New York City, 1845–1860

Urban‐gothic literature in late antebellum New York presented readers with lurid descriptions of the nation’s burgeoning cities. But scholars have not explored the many foreign allusions in these popular works. To emphasize the dire conditions, authors presented urban denizens as akin to stereotypical foreigners who were neither white nor Christian: they were as socially stratified as Indians, as lascivious as Turks, or as immoral as “Hottentots.” In part, writers used such references to encourage domestic reform at a time when philanthropists focused on overseas missionary efforts. These allusions also suggest anxiety that industrialization came at the expense of morality and that the USA was not “exceptional.”
Long-term aging effects on the rheology of neat laponite and laponite-PEO dispersions

We observe aging behavior of neat laponite systems over the course of 1,000 or more days. Under basic conditions, low laponite concentrations (1 wt%) slowly evolve from a viscoelastic liquid to a glass made of clusters acting as constituent elements interacting via long-range repulsion. Higher concentrations of laponite (3 wt%) quickly form a glass of individual particles. Intermediate concentrations of laponite form a glass that is a combination of clusters and individual particles. The aging rheological response and upturn of the loss modulus at low frequencies are well predicted by models of soft glassy systems (Fielding et al., J Rheol, 44(2):323–369, 2000; Sollich, Phys Rev E, 58(1):738–759, 1998). If low amounts of high-molecular-weight (Mn ≥ 163 kg/mol) poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) are added, the aging behavior follows the dynamical response of the clay. Above a critical ratio, φ, of the free polymer chains in solution to the total laponite surface area, the PEO dynamics dominate at high frequencies. It appears that the dynamics of these complex laponite-PEO systems are governed by the parameter φ.
Rapamycin synthetic studies. 2. Elaboration of the C(10)-C(26) perimeter

Abstract The C(10)-C(26) subunit of the potent immunomodulator rapamycin has been constructed via a highly convergent approach, exploiting palladium-mediated σ-bond formation to generate the sensitive triene moiety.
Degradation behavior of LaNi5−xSnxHz (x=0.20–0.25) at elevated temperatures

Abstract Systematic studies of the hydriding behavior of LaNi 5− x Sn x alloys with tin contents in the range 0.20 x P – C – T ) isotherms measured after heating the hydrides above 450 K. Some loss in reversible capacity was observed along with reductions in the plateau pressures and hysteresis ratios while the slopes of the plateaus became greater. These changes are indications of degradation processes and increased disorder within the alloy structure. Additional experiments were performed for long periods (i.e. >1000 h) at elevated temperatures and hydrogen pressure to produce further degradation in the P – C – T isotherms. The impact of alloy composition on the isotherms has been determined. The crystal lattice properties of the alloys before and after hydrogen reactions have been studied using high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction with synchrotron radiation. Changes in these X-ray diffraction patterns are correlated to various structural modifications resulting from hydride formation and degradation.
A Method for Districting Among Facilities

A problem shared by many municipal agencies and many large industries is: Given n service facilities whose locations have been set in a region, how should that region best be apportioned among the facilities if each facility is to have primary responsibility for service in one district of the region? This paper presents a simple and intuitive procedure for determining the boundaries of the service districts, using the criterion that each facility serves all points to which it is closest in either distance or travel time. The procedure is designed to be computed rapidly, either by hand or on a computer.
Balancing Prevention Research and service

SUMMARY A major purpose of public health service and research demonstration projects is to develop models, interventions, or programs geared toward a particular problem. At the same time, these projects need to be structured so that the research design allows for the collection of valid and reliable data that can be used to test the efficacy of the program. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the balance that must be obtained between rigorous research and the ongoing demands of providing services to a target population that is at high risk for contracting and/or transmitting HIV. The paper discusses the day-to-day issues that arise and strategies that have been developed to respond to them.
Sputtering of ErD2: Experiment and theory

Experimental measurements were made of the sputtering yield of ErD$sub 2$ targets bombarded by D and A ions in the energy range 50-400 keV. A semiempirical sputtering theory is presented that relates sputtering to the energy deposited into atomic collisions beneath the target surface as well as at the surface. The theory accurately predicts the sputtering yields for both D and A bombardment. Additional calculated sputtering yields for ErD$sub 2$ targets are presented which should allow extrapolation to any ion in the range of Z = 1 to Z = 36 with an accuracy better than 50 percent. (auth)
A helium-3 cooled bolometer system for one millimeter continuum observations

A new, 1-mm-continuum, bolometer detector system has been constructed employing internal adsorption pumping of He-3 to reach an operating temperature close to 0.4 K. The system spectral bandwidth is 800 to 1200 μm. Although the system was originally designed to be used on the 5-m Hale telescope, it has also been successfully used on the 4-m Anglo-Australian telescope and on the 10-m dish at Owens Valley, California. At the 5-m Hale telescope, the system has a full width-half maximum (FWHM) beam size of 55t" and an instantaneous noise-equivalent flux density of 6 $${{Jy} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{Jy} {\sqrt {Hz} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt {Hz} }}$$ in good weather.
Maximum finding on a multiple access broadcast network

Abstract We consider protocols for maximum finding on a multiple access network such as an Ethernet. In the maximum finding problem there is a set of nodes C on the network, and each node in C has an associated real value. We want to quickly identify the node of maximum value in C. Maximum finding is a fundamental problem with applications to load-balancing, prioritized transmission protocols, distributed and parallel sorting algorithms, and many other problems. We show that if there are c nodes in the set C the maximum can be identified in expected O(log c transmissions. We also prove a matching lower bound which shows that this bound is optimal.
Project SAFE: domestic violence education for practicing physicians.

F or more than a decade, domestic violence advocates and health care providers have recognized that education of physicians about domestic violence is a key to the development of a comprehensive health care response to battered women. Every surgeon general since Dr. C. Everett Koop has identified family violence as a major health problem and has called upon researchers and clinicians alike to become a part of the solution. With the growth of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and an emerging emphasis upon research in family violence, there has been a virtual explosion in knowledge regarding the epidemiology and health consequences of domestic violence. Initial prevalence estimates suggest that at least one adult woman in five will be physically assaulted by her partner. In clinical settings, 22%-35% of injured women presenting to emergency services are abused by partners, 23% of women seen in a family practice clinic and 14% of those in a university internal medicine clinic are in violent relationships, and 17% of obstetrical patients are assaulted during their pregnancy.i” Such figures stand in sharp contrast to rates of domestic violence identified routinely by physicians in these settings. The consistent failure to identify domestic violence in clinical practice has led to an emphasis on protocols and education as tools to help physicians address domestic violence in clinical evaluations. Nevertheless, the task of educating practicing physicians has proved difficult. In one of the first evaluations of a domestic violence protocol, McLeer et al successfully increased the rate of identification of abuse in an emergency department from 5.6% to 30% of female trauma patients. However, upon follow-up evaluation at the same site, rates of identification had dropped back to 7.7%, not significantly different than the baseline rate of identification.4 Kurz and Stark provide a more descriptive evaluation in their study of encounters between battered women and medical staff in a Philadelphia emergency department. They found that in the absence of an onsite advocate, clinicians tended to dismiss abused women as “evasive” and “repeaters” who will “just return home anyway.“5 Q 1995 by The Jacobs Institute of
Hot dip galvanising of transformation induced plasticity and other intercritically annealed steels

Conventional transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels have high Si levels, which makes it difficult to coat them satisfactorily by hot dip galvanising. As a consequence, new low Si TRIP stee...
Probing the lactose.GM3 carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction with glycodendrimers.

Multivalent glycoconjugates were prepared using generation-4 PAMAM dendrimers, and their interaction with Langmuir monolayers containing GM3 was investigated. Excessive carbohydrate valency adverse...
Bidirectional Associations between Temperament and Parenting and the Prediction of Adjustment Problems in Middle Childhood.

Abstract This study examined longitudinal associations between child temperament (fearfulness, irritability, positive emotionality, self-regulation) and parenting (acceptance, involvement, inconsistent discipline) in predicting children's internalizing and externalizing problems using a community sample ( N = 92) of children (ages 8–11) and their mothers. Cross-reporter measures of all variables were created using mother and child report on questionnaires. Multiple regression analyses were used to test whether parenting predicted later temperament, controlling for prior levels of temperament and parenting, whether temperament predicted later parenting, controlling for prior levels of temperament and parenting, and whether temperament and parenting together accounted for subsequent adjustment problems. Child irritability predicted greater inconsistent discipline. Child fearfulness and positive emotionality predicted greater maternal acceptance. Maternal inconsistent discipline predicted greater fearfulness and irritability. The evidence suggests bidirectional relations between temperament and parenting such that inconsistent discipline may increase negative emotionality in children, and child irritability may evoke inconsistent discipline by parents. Fearfulness, irritability, acceptance, and inconsistent discipline demonstrated unique effects above all other temperament and parenting variables in predicting adjustment problems, suggesting that temperament and parenting are additive in their effects on child adjustment.
Ceramide regulates cellular homeostasis via diverse stress signaling pathways.

The sphingolipid ceramide is an important second signal molecule that regulates diverse signaling pathways involving apoptosis, cell senescence, the cell cycle, and differentiation. For the most part, ceramide's effects are antagonistic to growth and survival. Interestingly, ceramide and the pro-growth agonist, diacylglycerol (DAG) appear to be regulated simultaneously but in opposite directions in the sphingomyelin cycle. While ceramide stimulates signal transduction pathways that are associated with cell death or at least are inhibitory to cell growth (eg stress-activated protein kinase, SAPK, pathways), DAG activates the classical and novel isoforms of the protein kinase C (PKC) family. These PKC isoforms are associated with cell growth and cell survival. Furthermore, DAG activation of PKC stimulates other signal transduction pathways that support cell proliferation (eg mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK, pathways). Thus, ceramide and DAG generation may serve to monitor cellular homeostasis by inducing pro-death or pro-growth pathways, respectively. The production of ceramide is emerging as a fixture of programmed cell death. Ceramide levels are elevated in response to diverse stress challenges including chemotherapeutic drug treatment, irradiation, or treatment with pro-death ligands such as tumor necrosis factor α, TNF α. Consistent with this notion, ceramide itself is a potent apoptogenic agent. Ceramide activates stress-activated protein kinases like c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and thus affects transcription pathways involving c-jun. Ceramide activates protein phosphatases such as protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A). Ceramide activation of protein phosphatases has been shown to promote inactivation of a number of pro-growth cellular regulators including the kinases PKC α and Akt, Bcl2 and the retinoblastoma protein. A new role has recently emerged for ceramide in the regulation of protein synthesis. Ceramide-induced activation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), a protein kinase important in anti-viral host defense mechanisms and recently implicated in cellular stress pathways, results in the inhibition of protein synthesis as a prelude to cell death. Taken together, these properties of ceramide suggest that this important second-signal molecule may have useful properties as an anti-neoplastic agent. Thus, strategies to promote ceramide metabolism or use of ceramide analogs directly may one day become useful in the treatment of diseases like leukemia.
On detecting dominant points

Abstract Detecting dominant points is a crucial preprocessing step for shape recognition and point-based motion estimation. Polygonal approximation has been a commonly used approach in detecting dominant points. This paper presents two alternatives which detect stable dominant points. In the first method, we find a set of positive maximum and negative minimum curvature points along the Gaussian smoothed boundary, followed by a split-and-merge polygonal approximation algorithm. The resulting break points, vertices of the approximated polygon, are the dominant points. Experimental results show that dominant points obtained by this method are less sensitive to the orientation of the boundary than other polygonal approximation algorithms in the sense that the number and the location of the dominant points along the contour remain relatively unchanged. In the second method, we smooth a boundary by a Gaussian filter using various widths until the extreme curvature points remain relatively unchanged for a range of filter widths. The resulting extreme curvature points which are stable to orientation and a reasonable range of scaling are the dominant points.
Hypertension labelling was associated with poorer self-rated health in the Third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Hypertension labelling was associated with poorer self-rated health in the Third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Do urine dipsticks reliably predict microhematuria? the bloody truth!

Some literature has cast doubt on the reliability of urine dipsticks in the search for microhematuria. In our study, 2,000 urine dipsticks (two brands) were tested on urine samples containing 0, 0 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 20, and 20 to 50 red blood cells per high-power field. The same samples were retested four hours later and the same sticks were tested after four months of aging. Variables controlled for included observer, lighting, performance according to package insert, pH, specific gravity, white blood cells, ascorbic acid, protein, age of dipstick, and exposure of urine to povidine or cleaning solutions. Results obtained using both N-Multistix® and Chemstrip® 9 urine dipsticks correlated closely with the degree of hematuria. Overall sensitivity was 100%, and specificity was 99.3%. We conclude that these urine dipsticks are reliable and are not affected when tested on urine four hours after void, and that Chemstrips® 9 are much more reliable than are N-Multistix® if aged in air for four months.
Ionic Conductivities of Doped CeO 2 Thin Films as Related to Their Microstructure

Thin films of 4% Y2O3 doped CeO2/Pd film/(001)LaAlO3 with a very low pinhole density were successfully prepared using electron-beam deposition technique. The microstructure of the films was characterized by x-ray diffraction and the electrical properties were studied as a function of temperature with AC impedance spectroscopy. A brick layer model was adopted to correlate the electrical properties to the microstructure of the films, which can be simplified as either a series or a parallel equivalent circuit associated with either a fine grain or a columnar grain structure, respectively. The conductivities of the films fell between the conductivities derived from the two circuit models, suggesting that the films are of a mixed fine grain and columnar grain structure. The measured dielectric constants of the films were found smaller than that of the bulk.
Candida glabrata Fungemia: Experience in a Tertiary Care Center

Background. During the past decade, Candida glabrata has emerged as an important cause of fungemia. We reviewed demographic data, risk factors, treatment, and outcomes associated with C. glabrata fungemia from 1995-2002 and performed susceptibility testing of isolates. Methods. Data on all episodes of fungemia were prospectively recorded, and the associated isolates were saved. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Susceptibility testing was performed for fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole. Results. C. glabrata caused 103 (17%) of 609 fungemic episodes during the 8-year period that we studied. Medical records and isolates were available for 94 episodes that occurred in 91 patients. The patients included 42 men and 49 women. The mean age was 51 years. Thirty-four episodes (36%) occurred in patients >60 years old; only 3 episodes occurred in patients <1 year old. The most common predisposing factors were use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (in 86% of episodes), use of central venous catheters (77%), stay in an intensive care unit (48%), renal failure (46%), and receipt of parenteral nutrition (45%). Of the 94 episodes, 83 were treated with antifungal agents. The overall mortality rate at day 30 was 29%. For the 11 episodes that were not treated, the mortality rate was 64% (7 of 11 episodes). Outcome appeared to be unrelated to whether fluconazole or amphotericin B was administered. In vitro, 60% of isolates were resistant to fluconazole, 83% to itraconazole, and 44% to voriconazole. Susceptibility to these azoles did not change over the 8 years of the study. Conclusion. C. glabrata fungemia was most often seen in older adults and was associated with a mortality rate of 29%. Outcomes appeared to be unrelated to in vitro susceptibility results and to the antifungal agent used.
Microcirculatory disorder hypothesis in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

of patients with TC when compared with controls, with no difference observed between the two groups in other coronary arteries. Important conclusions from our study were: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy patients have an abnormal CTFC in the LAD territory suggesting disturbances in endothelial or microvascular function, and the preferential distribution of CTFC abnormality in LAD region may also plausibly explain why the apex of the heart is invariably affected in the apical ballooning syndrome [4–6]. Similar studies have been previously reported in literature and demonstrate abnormal TFC involving all three coronary arteries (and not LAD alone) depicting impaired multivessel (or diffuse) coronary microcirculation [3,7,8]. Furthermore these findings are reported either in the acute phase alone[7] or both the acute phase and follow-up [8]. These studies suggest that TFC can be utilized as a clinical indicator of myocardial perfusion and a useful diagnostic marker in assessing microvascular dysfunction in TC patients. From a pathophysiologic standpoint, microcirculatory disorder hypothesis (in combination with other mechanisms) is an important concept to recognize in evolution of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
Dopamine D3 receptor-preferring agonist enhances the subjective effects of cocaine in humans

Pramipexole is a D3 dopamine receptor-preferring agonist indicated for the treatment of Parkinson disease. Studies associate pramipexole with pathological gambling and impulse control disorders suggesting a role for D3 receptors in reinforcement processes. Clinical studies showed pramipexole decreased cocaine craving and reversed central deficits in individuals with cocaine use disorder. Preclinical studies have shown acute administration of pramipexole increases cocaine’s reinforcing effects whereas other reports suggest chronic pramipexole produces tolerance to cocaine. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study we examined the impact of pramipexole treatment on the subjective effects produced by cocaine in volunteers with cocaine use disorder. Volunteers received pramipexole titrated up to 3.0 mg/d or placebo over 15 days. Participants then received intravenous cocaine (0, 20 and 40 mg) on day 15. Cardiovascular and subjective effects were obtained with visual analog scales at time points across the session. Pramipexole alone increased peak heart rate following saline and diastolic blood pressure following cocaine. Pramipexole produced upwards of two-fold increases in positive subjective effects ratings following cocaine. These results indicate that chronic D3 receptor activation increases the subjective effects of cocaine in humans. Caution should be used when prescribing pramipexole to patients that may also use cocaine.
Dietary Protein or Arginine Deficiency Impairs Constitutive and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthesis by Young Rats

Effects of dietary protein or arginine deficiency on constitutive and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) synthesis were determined in young rats by quantifying urinary nitrate excretion. In Experiment 1, 30-d-old rats (n = 16) were divided randomly into two groups (n = 8/group) and pair-fed on the basis of body weight semipurified isocaloric diets containing 20 or 5% casein. In Experiment 2, 30-d-old rats (n = 24) were divided randomly into three groups (n = 8) and pair-fed on the basis of body weight purified isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (composed of amino acids) containing 0.0, 0.3 or 1.0% L-arginine. In both experiments, daily collection of urine was initiated 10 d after the start of pair-feeding. On d 17 after the pair-feeding was initiated, LPS (1 mg/kg body wt) was injected intraperitoneally into rats, and urine was collected daily for an additional 7 d. In Experiments 3 and 4, activities of constitutive and inducible NO synthases were measured in macrophages and various tissues from protein- or arginine-deficient rats (n = 6). Body weight was lower in rats fed the 5% casein diet or the 0.0 and 0.3% arginine diets than in those fed 20% casein or 1 % arginine, respectively. Dietary protein or arginine deficiency decreased serum concentrations of arginine and urinary nitrate excretion before and after LPS treatment, indicating impaired constitutive and inducible NO synthesis. Protein malnutrition reduced constitutive and inducible NO synthase activities in brain, heart, jejunum, lung, skeletal muscle and spleen, and inducible NO synthase activity in macrophages. Because NO is a mediator of the immune response and is the endothelium-dependent relaxing factor, impaired NO synthesis may help explain immunodeficiency and cardiovascular dysfunction in protein- or arginine-deficient subjects.
Powertrain test cell and its test procedure development for greenhouse gas emission measurements

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) announced a first-ever program to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improve fuel efficiency of heavy-duty trucks and buses in 2011. The rule was the first phase of the multi-phase GHG reduction approach. The agencies, working together with industry stakeholders, are currently developing different concepts that could be considered for determining compliance with any future phase of GHG and fuel efficiency regulations. The agencies are evaluating a wide array of options, including full vehicle simulation, engine-in-the-loop (EIL) testing, powertrain-in-the-loop (powertrain) testing, and chassis dynamometer testing. Each method has advantages and disadvantages. Full vehicle simulation is ideal for repeatability and managing a large number of vehicle configurations, but it is generally accepted that high-accuracy simulation of the thermal, chemical, and fluid dynamic processes in the engine and aftertreatment is very difficult to achieve. EPA and SwRI have developed a powertrain test cell for the purposes of evaluating powertrain test correlation with chassis testing and simulation results, and validating simulation models. This paper describes the sizing of a powertrain test cell, modifications required to a standard engine test cell for powertrain testing, and a comparison to chassis dynamometer results.
Growth and Dissolution of Protective Oxide Films on Titanium: an in-Situ Neutron Reflectivity Study

The structure and morphology of titanium thin film electrodes have been investigated by neutron reflectometry. This technique yields a detailed depth profile of the scattering density, which is used to determine hydrogen and oxygen concentration profiles within the electrode. By depositing the electrode on a thick silicon crystal window, we are able to monitor the growth and dissolution of the protective oxide film covering the titanium as a function of time, electrode potential, and electrolyte composition. We find that, in 0.1 N sulfuric acid, the oxide dissolves at 0.7 A/h and is self-healing, meaning that as the oxide dissolves the metal underneath is oxidized to maintain a protective barrier. In contrast, when a -2 V cathodic bias is applied to a passive film, the oxide thins with no compensating oxide growth underneath, and the film undergoes electrochemical breakdown.
Metallographic preparation and degradation of the τ-phase (FeAl2S4) formed after high-temperature oxidation–sulfidation of Fe–Al alloys

Abstract The stability of corrosion products formed after high-temperature exposure of an Fe–5 wt.% Al alloy in an oxidizing–sulfidizing environment was investigated both during metallographic preparation and subsequent exposure to the ambient environment. The primary phases formed were an outer layer of iron sulfide (Fe1−xS) and an inner layer composed of τ-plates (FeAl2S4) and iron sulfide particles. No difficulties were found concerning the stability of the iron sulfide phases, but it is known that the τ-phase is easily hydrolyzed by water. Therefore, standard metallographic procedures where water is used as a lubricant and/or cleansing solution during preparation could not be exercised. Using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electron probe microanalysis, the effect of the use of various lubricants and/or cleansing solutions was examined in order to produce good quality, polished cross-sections of the corrosion scales. The best results were obtained using 200-proof dehydrated ethyl alcohol as the lubricant and cleansing solution. It was also observed that post-exposure of polished samples to the ambient environment degraded the microstructure with time. It is believed that moisture from the air reacted with the τ-phase, resulting in the evolution of hydrogen sulfide gas.
Phytase, Citric Acid, and 1α-Hydroxycholecalciferol Improve Phytate Phosphorus Utilization in Chicks Fed a Corn-Soybean Meal Diet

Previous research from our laboratory has shown that phytase, citric acid, and 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol [1alpha-(OH) D3] individually improve phytate P use in young chicks fed a P-deficient corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) diet. The current study was conducted to evaluate combinations of these additives on phytate P utilization. In 3 chick experiments, male crossbred chicks (New Hampshire x Columbian) were fed experimental diets from 8 to 21 d of age. The C-SBM basal diet used in all assays contained no supplemental P and was calculated to provide 23% CP, 0.13% nonphytate P (0.39% total P), 0.62% Ca, 25 mg of cholecalciferol/kg, and 3,260 kcal of TME/kg. In all 3 experiments, factorial arrangements (2 x 2 or 2 x 2 x 2) were used to evaluate 2 levels of phytase (0 and 300 units/kg), citric acid (0 and 3 or 4%), and 1alpha(OH) D3 (0 and 5, 10, or 15 microg/kg). Phytase, citric acid, and 1alpha-(OH) D3 each increased weight gain and tibia ash in all 3 experiments. There were some significant interactions among the compounds, but these were not consistent across experiments. Using standard curve methodology for tibia ash data, it was estimated that 0.03, 0.02, and 0.04% P were released by 3% citric acid, 300 units of phytase/kg, and 5 microg 1alpha-(OH) D3/kg, respectively, and that the combination of all 3 compounds resulted in the release of 0.13% P. Our results indicate that all 3 compounds increased phytate P use, and that their effects were generally additive, with some possible synergism between citric acid and 1alpha-(OH) D3.
Device-level transient fault modeling

This paper examines the accuracy of a discrete logic-level fault model often assumed in gate-level or discrete timing simulation. The analysis is done by comparing the faulty behavior predicted by the discrete model to that predicted by a circuit-level SPICE model whose accuracy is generally accepted. The comparison is made at both the subcircuit level, by measuring latch errors, and the system level, by measuring pin errors and data register errors, using the Motorola MC68000 as the target system. The results of the analysis show that the behavior predicted by the discrete model varies significantly from that of the circuit-level model when the injection site has multiple propagation paths to the circuit outputs (or latches) or is an internal node of one of the logic gates, even if the pulse width of the discrete transient is carefully chosen. However, the two models can be made to match for injection sites that are gate inputs or outputs and have only a single propagation path to circuit outputs. The differences in the latch errors predicted by the two models at the subcircuit level lead to over a 40% difference in the number of predicted pin errors and a 50% difference in the number of data errors predicted at the system level. >
Ethical beliefs of mental-health professionals and undergraduates regarding therapist practices.

Psychotherapists should be aware of any discrepancies of opinion between themselves and those outside the mental-health profession regarding the ethicality of therapist actions. In this study, the beliefs of mental-health professionals and nonprofessionals (represented by undergraduate students) regarding the ethicality of therapist behaviors were compared. Factor analysis of 82 specific therapist behaviors yielded three factors: nonsexual dual relationships, assertive or discomforting therapist actions, and sexual dual relationships. A comparison of factor composite scores indicated that undergraduates, in relation to professionals, rated nonsexual dual relationships as more ethical and assertive or discomforting actions as less ethical. Although these effects may diminish with age, these results nonetheless suggest that mental-health professionals may hold ethical beliefs that are inconsistent with those who seek their services. Implications of these findings are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 737–748, 2001.
A simple delay-line 4-PPM demodulator with near-optimum performance

We describe a simple 4-PPM demodulator that uses analog delay lines and simple 1-bit comparators to determine the least-significant bit and most-significant bit of the 4-PPM encoded data without additional digital signal processing. We show that with good optical filtering the comparator-based demodulator can theoretically operate with sensitivity only 0.23 dB from the optimum 4-ary receiver. We describe as an example of this approach the demodulator built for the Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration and show measured performance within 1.1 dB of the expected sensitivity. The technique is extendable to higher-order, and higher-symbol-rate orthogonal modulation formats.
Teacher labor markets in developed countries.

Summary Helen Ladd takes a comparative look at policies that the world’s industrialized countries are using to assure a supply of high-quality teachers. Her survey puts U.S. educational policies and practices into international perspective. Ladd begins by examining teacher salaries—an obvious, but costly, policy tool. She finds, perhaps surprisingly, that students in countries with high teacher salaries do not in general perform better on international tests than those in countries with lower salaries. Ladd does find, however, that the share of underqualified teachers in a country is closely related to salary. In high-salary countries like Germany, Japan, and Korea, for example, only 4 percent of teachers are underqualified, as against more than 10 percent in the United States, where teacher salaries, Ladd notes, are low relative to those in other industrialized countries. Teacher shortages also appear to stem from policies that make salaries uniform across academic subject areas and across geographic regions. Shortages are especially common in math and science, in large cities, and in rural areas. Among the policy strategies proposed to deal with such shortages is to pay teachers different salaries according to their subject area. Many countries are also experimenting with financial incentive packages, including bonuses and loans, for teachers in specific subjects or geographic areas. Ladd notes that many developed countries are trying to attract teachers by providing alternative routes into teaching, often through special programs in traditional teacher training institutions and through adult education or distance learning programs. To reduce attrition among new teachers, many developed countries have also been using formal induction or mentoring programs as a way to improve new teachers’ chances of success. Ladd highlights the need to look beyond a single policy, such as higher salaries, in favor of broad packages that address teacher preparation and certification, working conditions, the challenges facing new teachers, and the distribution of teachers across geographic areas.