cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reverse Saphenous Vein Homografts as Bypass Conduits: A Preliminary Report

Reverse saphenous vein homografts (RSVH) were needed in 16 patients during the past two years to offer a more thorough myocardial revascularization procedure since autogenous donor material was limited either because of previous surgeries or unuseable harvested conduits. All patients (11 men/5 women, mean age of 71.1 years) presented with severe coronary insufficiency. Nine patients were having reoperations after having previous successful operations (mean 6.9 years), and 2 were having third-time redo surgery about fifteen years after their initial procedures. RSVH were selected by ABO blood typing and were supported postoperatively by antiplatelet therapy. RSVH allowed additional bypass grafting in all patients and yielded an average of 4.1 grafts per patient. To minimize the operative risks, RSVH were mainly used for occluded targeted vessels or nondominant arteries. Three early deaths (less than thirty days) occurred from (1) progressive heart failure after emergent bypass and mitral valve repair for c...
Estimating Permeability of Untreated Roadway Bases

Laboratory testing and statistical analysis of the resulting data to determine the effects of top size, aggregate gradation, and porosity on the permeability of unbound roadway base layers are described. Three different types of aggregates were tested: crushed limestone, crushed granite, and uncrushed river gravel. Top sizes of 19 mm (0.75 in.) 25 mm (1.0 in.), 38 mm (1.5 in.), and 63 mm (2.5 in.) were used. A total of 90 permeability tests were performed using permeameters of 15.2 cm (6 in.) and 30.5 cm (12 in.) in diameter. A statistical method was used to arrive at a first-order multiple regression equation to predict the coefficient of permeability of untreated, dense-graded or open-graded bases in the range of 0.004 to 0.7 cm/sec (1,000 to 2,000 fpd) using the void ratio of the sample and the percent by weight of materials that pass the 0.6 mm (No. 30) and the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieves. Predicted permeabilities using the equation were compared to the predicted permeabilities using the Hazen equation ...
Ceramide 1-Phosphate Acts as a Positive Allosteric Activator of Group IVA Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α and Enhances the Interaction of the Enzyme with Phosphatidylcholine

Previous findings from our laboratory have demonstrated that cPLA(2)alpha is directly activated by the emerging bioactive sphingolipid, ceramide 1-phosphate (C-1-P) (1). In this study, a Triton X-100/phosphatidylcholine (PC) mixed micelle assay was utilized to determine the kinetics and specificity of this lipid-enzyme interaction. Using this assay, the addition of C-1-P induced a dramatic increase in the activity of cPLA(2)alpha (>15-fold) with a K(a) of 2.4 mol % C-1-P/Triton X-100 micelle. This activation was highly specific as the addition of other lipids had insignificant effects on cPLA(2)alpha activity. Studies using surface-dilution kinetics revealed that C-1-P had no effect on the Michaelis-Menten constant, K(m)(B), but decreased the dissociation constant (K (A)(s)) value by 87%. Thus, C-1-P not only increases the membrane affinity of cPLA(2)alpha but also may act as an allosteric activator of the enzyme. Surface plasmon resonance analysis of the C-1-P/cPLA(2)alpha interaction verified a decrease in the dissociation constant, demonstrating that cPLA(2)alpha bound PC vesicles containing C-1-P with increased affinity (5-fold) compared with PC vesicles alone. The effect on the dissociation rate of cPLA(2)alpha was also found to be lipid-specific with the exception of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which caused a modest increase in vesicle affinity (2-fold). Lastly, the binding site for C-1-P was determined to be within the C2-domain of cPLA(2)alpha, unlike phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. These data demonstrate a novel interaction site for C-1-P and suggest that C-1-P may function to recruit cPLA(2)alpha to intracellular membranes as well as allosterically activate the membrane-associated enzyme.
Can the Patient-Physician Relationship Survive in the Era of Managed Care?

The author discusses the history of the patient-physician relationship and considers how recent developments in the health care system have affected the viability of that relationship. He first considers the justification for maintaining such a relationship and concludes that the patient-physician relationship must be preserved because it has a long history, is humane and ethical, and is cost effective. The author then reviews the ethical basis that forms the foundation of the patient-physician relationship. He discusses issues related to competency, commitment, compassion, equanimity, and patient advocacy. The article concludes with a consideration of the medical-ethical dilemmas created in the patient-physician relationship by managed care.
South china sea warm pool in boreal spring

During the boreal spring of 1966, a warm-core eddy is identified in the upper South China Sea (SCS) west of the Philippines through an analysis of the U.S. Navy’s Master Oceanographic Observation Data Set. This eddy occurred before the development of the northern summer monsoon and disappeared afterward. We propose that this eddy is a result of the radiative warming during spring and the downwelling due to the anticyclonic forcing at the surface. Our hypothesis suggests an air-sea feedback scenario that may explain the development and withdrawal of the summer monsoon over the SCS. The development phase of the warm-core eddy in this hypothesis is tested by using the Princeton Ocean model.
Flux tube vibrations and the excited glue spectroscopy

As a step toward a fundamental understanding of hybrid states we demonstrate the close relationship between the relativistic string and lattice simulation results for excited glue states with two fixed color sources.
Further Consideration of the Cushing Syndrome1

FOR several years we have endeavored to follow the reported cases of the Cushing syndrome. In many instances, by correspondence with the physician, it has been possible to pursue a suspected case to verification, and to obtain sections of the pituitary gland to compare with others in the collection of the Brain Tumor Registry. Prior to this present war we received data from most of the authors of case reports save those who had been dislocated from their practices. The war and other duties have prevented us from completing a full report on this material, yet certain impressions that were gained perhaps deserve to be presented in an informal way at this time. A recently verified case of the Cushing syndrome reported by Paschkis, et al. (26) serves to illustrate the unsolved problem of this disease. The patient, Miss E. R., was a beautiful girl of 17 when the syndrome began to be active, and the first signs were the development of a moon-face, acne, a tendency to baldness, fatigability, and amenorrhea.
Querying in C#: how language integrated query (LINQ) works

Language Integrated Query (LINQ) is part of the upcoming version 3.5 of the .NET Framework. As a combination of APIs and enhancements to the .NET programming languages, LINQ provides a uniform approach to querying of data across any data source. LINQ pulls the querying experience into the programming language space, providing full static typing and tool support.LINQ is built to be pluggable, allowing data source providers to insert their own query engines. Using the new C# 3.0 this demonstration peels apart the layers of LINQ to show how a smooth user experience on the surface emerges from new language features, naming conventions and metaprogramming facilities.
The Strength of Family Ties: Perceptions of Network Relationship Quality and Levels of C-Reactive Proteins in the North Texas Heart Study

Background Although the quality of one’s social relationships has been linked to important physical health outcomes, less work has been conducted examining family and friends that differ in their underlying positivity and negativity.
Visualizing the process of interaction in a 3D environment

As the imaging modalities used in medicine transition to increasingly three-dimensional data the question of how best to interact with and analyze this data becomes ever more pressing. Immersive virtual reality systems seem to hold promise in tackling this, but how individuals learn and interact in these environments is not fully understood. Here we will attempt to show some methods in which user interaction in a virtual reality environment can be visualized and how this can allow us to gain greater insight into the process of interaction/learning in these systems. Also explored is the possibility of using this method to improve understanding and management of ergonomic issues within an interface.
Quantitation of the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (type IV) in isolated human peripheral blood eosinophils by sandwich-ELISA

Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sELISA) was developed for precise quantitation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2 type IV) concentration in isolated human peripheral blood eosinophils as an alternative to semiquantitative chemiluminescent assay employing immunoprecipitation/Western blot analysis. In this assay, monoclonal mouse anti-human cPLA2 antiserum was used as the capture antibody, polyclonal rabbit anti-human cPLA2 antiserum as the secondary antibody, and alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG as the tertiary, reporter antibody. Purified human cPLA2 (0-1000 ng/ml) dissolved in Tris-HCl buffered saline was used as the standard protein. The detection limit for cPLA2 in 10(6) eosinophils was 0.109 ng/ml, and coefficients of inter- and intra-assay variation were 4.23% and 7.07%, respectively. There was no cross-reactivity with other (secretory) isoforms of PLA2 (sPLA2 types I-III) either from porcine pancreas, human synovial fluid, or bee venom. In separate studies, the recovery of cPLA2 was > 83% when eosinophil lysate was supplemented exogenously with two different concentrations of cPLA2. From a total protein content of 22.3 +/- 1.7 micrograms/10(6) cells, the baseline concentration of cPLA2 was 0.38 +/- 0.18 ng/10(6) cells in eosinophils obtained from mildly atopic donors. Immunoblotting studies confirmed the complete specificity for the type IV isoform as detected by sELISA. This sELISA method permits the precise quantitative assessment of cPLA2 in nanogram quantities per million cells, which has not previously been possible by immunoblotting analysis.
Ride Dynamics of High-Speed Tracked Vehicles: Simulation with Field Validation

SUMMARY Ride dynamic behaviour of a typical high-speed tracked vehicle, such as a conventional military armoured personnel carrier (APC) negotiating rough off-road terrains, is studied through computer simulations and field tests. A comprehensive ride dynamic simulation model is developed, assuming constant forward vehicle speed and non-deformable terrain profile. The ride model includes dynamic track load and wheel/track-terrain interaction. Dynamic track load is modeled in view of track belt stretching and initial track tension, whereas an equivalent damper and continuous radial spring formulation is employed to model wheel/track-terrain interaction. Field testing of a APC subjected to discrete half round obstacles of various radii, a sinusoidal course, a random course, and a Belgian Pave\ is carried out for various vehicle configurations and speeds. Computer simulation results are validated against field measured results. The comparison of measured and predicted results shows generally good agreement.
Automatic neural network-based cloud detection/classification scheme using multispectral and textural features

In this paper, efficient and robust neural network-based schemes are introduced to perform automatic cloud detection and classification exploiting textural, spectral and temporal features. An unsupervised Kohonen neural network was used to classify the cloud contents of an image into ten different cloud classes. In the first approach, image was segmented into small blocks of size 8 by 8. Inputs to the network consisted of textural features extracted from each block obtained using the wavelet transform (WT). To improve the detection rate and reduce the false positive rate, a multi-channel fusion system was constructed to combine the results of different optical bands. In the second approach, the inputs to the network was a vector consisting of four values of the corresponding pixels in the four bands/channels. In order to keep track of the spectral changes over time, a temporal-based neural network adaptation scheme is also introduced. The simulation results show that the neural network with temporal adaptation can follow the variations of the spectral features and thus achieve high accuracy in cloud detection/classification task at different times. The results using high resolution GOES 8 data show the promise of the Kohonen neural network when used in conjunction with textural and spectral features for cloud detection/classification.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
HIBAL: a hydrologic-isotopic-balance model for application to paleolake systems

A simple hydrologic-isotopic-balance (HIBAL) model for application to paleolake d 18 O records is presented. Inputs to the model include discharge, on-lake precipitation, evaporation, and the d 18 O values of these fluidfluxes. Monthly values of climatic parameters that govern the fractionation of 18 O and 16 O during evaporation have been extracted from historical data sets and held constant in the model. The ability of the model to simulate changes in the hydrologic balance and the d 18 O evolution of the mixed layer has been demonstrated using measured data from Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Simulations of the response in d 18 O to step- and periodic-function changes in fluid inputs indicate that the hydrologic balance and d 18 O values lag climate change. Input of reconstructedriver d ischarges andtheir d 18 O values to PyramidandWalker lakes ind icates that minima andmaxima in simulated d 18 O records correspond to minima and maxima in the reconstructed volume records and that the overall shape of the volume and d 18 O records is similar. The model was also used in a simulation of abrupt oscillations in the d 18 O values of paleo-Owens Lake,
A laboratory study on the dissociative recombination of vibrationally excited O2 + ions

The dissociative recombination of vibrationally excited O2(+) ions is studied in light of the possible importance of this reaction in upper atmospheric chemistry. A plasma spectroscopy experiment was performed in a microwave cavity filled by an argon-oxygen mixture, with O(1S) production monitored by measurements of the 5577-A afterglow, the O2(+) density and the electron concentration. Plasma and optical data reveal the predominant afterglow ions to be Ar2(+) and O2(+), with an effective O(1S) dissociative recombination coefficient of 2.1 x 10 to the -8th cu cm/sec, corresponding to a quantum yield of 10%. Experiments with an argon-krypton-oxygen mixture reveal that vibrationally excited O2(+) ions are the chief source of the O(1S) atoms, with a specific recombination coefficient for the dissociation of O2(+)(2 pi g) into O(1S) and O(1D) of 4.2 x 10 to the -9th cu cm/sec. A comparison of the laboratory results with Atmospheric Explorer data on the 5577-A airglow implies that O2(+) ions in the sunlit ionosphere are vibrationally excited to the same degree as in the laboratory, with the vibrational relaxation of these ions much slower than dissociative recombination. Results also predict a dawn-twilight asymmetry in the effective O(1S) yield due to the normal variation of electron content.
Sonographic Diagnosis of Gangrenous Cholecystitis

Gangrenous cholecystitis is an advanced form of acute cholecystitis that is associated with an increased complication rate. Although somewhat controversial, common belief is that patients with nongangrenous acute cholecystitis can be treated medically followed by elective surgery. However, all agree, patients with gangrenous cholecystitis should undergo emergent cholecystectomy. Ultrasound can play an important role in this situation, by helping to differentiate those patients who require emergent surgical therapy from those who do not.
Using Graphic Organizers to Improve the Teaching of Business Statistics

Abstract In this article, the author proposes the use of one of the tools of the Theory of Constraints—referred to as the prerequisite tree—as a framework for providing structure to the development of graphic organizers used in introductory statistics courses. Even though statistics is an important course for business majors, students often do not have an easy time understanding the material. Graphic organizers could be a strategy to help students overcome their concerns. The author provides guidelines for implementation of graphic organizers in the classroom, especially in statistics.
Temperature and cultivar effects on soybean seed oil and protein concentrations

The soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] industry is interested in cultivar and climate effects on seed composition. These factors may underlie the known geographic variation in seed protein and oil concentrations. Regression analyses were used to test hypotheses of the effect of temperature and cultivar on oil and protein concentrations of soybean seed using a large data set from the U.S.A. Soybean Uniform Tests. The data set included 20 cultivars representing 10 maturity groups across 60 locations (latitude 29.4 to 47.5° N) for a total of 1863 cultivar by location by year observations. Temperature was determined for each observation as the average daily mean temperature from predicted first pod (first pod at least 5 mm long), using the SOYGRO phenology model, to observed maturity. The mean temperature ranged from 14.6 to 28.7°C among the observations. Linear, quadratic, and linear plateau regression models of oil and protein concentrations vs. temperature were evaluated. The quadratic model gave the best-adjusted R 2 values for oil and protein with temperature, of 0.239 and 0.003, respectively. The analyses showed that the oil concentration increased with increasing temperature and approached a maximum at a mean temperature of 28°C. Unaccounted variation in the protein concentration may be from other factors such as photoperiod, water stress, or high temperatures during seed fill. Protein plus oil had a linear relationship with temperature (adjusted partial R 2=0.183). These data document the contribution of climate and cultivar to geographic variability of oil and protein concentrations in the United States.
The impact of drug metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms on outcomes after antenatal corticosteroid use

drome. Multivariable analysis revealed that respiratory distress syndrome was associated with maternal single nucleotide polymorphisms in CYP3A5 (odds ratio [OR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16‐ 2.30)andtheglucocorticoidresistance(OR,0.28;95%CI,0.08‐0.95) andfetalsinglenucleotidepolymorphismsinADCY9(OR,0.17;95%CI, 0.03‐0.80) and CYP3A7*1E (rs28451617; OR, 23.68; 95% CI, 1.33‐420.6). CONCLUSION: Maternalandfetalgenotypesareindependentlyassociated with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome after treatment with betamethasone for preterm labor.
The developmental patterns of B cell precursors distinguishing between environmental and nonenvironmental forms of phosphocholine

Abstract We have analyzed the developmental patterns of two groups of B cell precursors in nonimmunized BALB/c mice with respect to their relative proportions, absolute frequencies, V gene usage, fine specificity, and avidity for antigen. One group of B cells (group I) secretes antibodies specific for PC and PC-containing bacteria, whereas the other group (group II) produces antibodies recognizing only nonenvironmental PC-protein conjugates. A marked shift in the proportions of group I and group II occurs during ontogeny: while the group I B cells dominate (>85%) the adult antibody repertoire, the group II B cells have equal representation in neonatal mice from Days 1 to 7, and remain as a significant portion until 2 weeks of age. Examination of the absolute frequencies of group I and group II B cells revealed that the frequency of group II B cells remained relatively stable throughout ontogeny, whereas group I B cells expanded rapidly after 7 days of age to predominate in the adult. Genetic analysis indicated that early group I antibodies were encoded by VH and VL genes different from adult group I antibodies which are mostly encoded by a single VH (S107) and VL (V k 22) gene combination (the T15 idiotype). On the other hand, early group II antibodies used VH genes comparable to their adult counterparts. The majority of early group I antibodies have lower avidity for PC than adult T15 + antibodies, whereas the avidity of neonatal group II antibodies varies considerably and is comparable with that of the adult group II antibodies. Our results suggest that the ontogeny of phosphocholine-specific B cells may be regulated according to their fine specificity rather than to their avidity or V gene usage.
A heterogeneous space–time full approximation storage multilevel method for molecular dynamics simulations

A heterogeneous space-time full approximation storage (HFAS) multilevel formulation for molecular dynamics simulations is developed. The method consists of a waveform Newton smoothing that produces initial space-time iterates and a coarse model correction. The formulation is coined as heterogeneous since it permits different interatomic potentials to be applied at different physical scales. This results in a flexible framework for physics coupling. Time integration is performed in windows using the implicit Newmark predictor-corrector method that permits larger time integration steps than the explicit method. The size of the time steps is governed by accuracy rather than by stability considerations of the algorithm. We study three different variants of the method: the Picard iteration, constrained dynamics and force splitting. Numerical examples show that FAS based on force splitting provides significant time savings compared to standard explicit methods and alternative implicit space-time schemes. Parallel studies of the Picard iteration on harmonic problems illustrate the time parallelization effect that leads to a superior parallel performance compared to explicit methods.
Exploring shape amphiphiles beyond giant surfactants: molecular design and click synthesis

This paper reports the molecular design and click syntheses of novel shape amphiphiles with molecular architectures beyond conventional giant surfactants. They include (1) the giant bolaform surfactant which consists of a polystyrene (PS) chain tethered with one hydrophilic POSS cage at each end of the chain (DPOSS–PS–DPOSS); (2) the giant gemini surfactant which contains two hydrophilic POSS cages and two PS tails tethered at one junction point (2DPOSS–2PS); and (3) the multi-headed giant surfactant which is composed of three hydrophilic POSS cages tethered at one end of a PS chain (3DPOSS–PS). The syntheses were achieved in a modular and efficient fashion following the sequential click approach in good yields, providing easy access to a family of shape amphiphiles with precise chemical structures and fine-tuned interactions for a systematic study of structure–property relationships.
Control of intestinal bacterial proliferation in regulation of lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans

A powerful approach to understanding complex processes such as aging is to use model organisms amenable to genetic manipulation, and to seek relevant phenotypes to measure. Caenorhabditis elegans is particularly suited to studies of aging, since numerous single-gene mutations have been identified that affect its lifespan; it possesses an innate immune system employing evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways affecting longevity. As worms age, bacteria accumulate in the intestinal tract. However, quantitative relationships between worm genotype, lifespan, and intestinal lumen bacterial load have not been examined. We hypothesized that gut immunity is less efficient in older animals, leading to enhanced bacterial accumulation, reducing longevity. To address this question, we evaluated the ability of worms to control bacterial accumulation as a functional marker of intestinal immunity. We show that as adult worms age, several C. elegans genotypes show diminished capacity to control intestinal bacterial accumulation. We provide evidence that intestinal bacterial load, regulated by gut immunity, is an important causative factor of lifespan determination; the effects are specified by bacterial strain, worm genotype, and biologic age, all acting in concert. In total, these studies focus attention on the worm intestine as a locus that influences longevity in the presence of an accumulating bacterial population. Further studies defining the interplay between bacterial species and host immunity in C. elegans may provide insights into the general mechanisms of aging and age-related diseases.
Rethinking Dietary Guidelines

Many public health recommendations are not truly evidence based (Brownson et al., 2003). Although some public health decisions can and should be made in the face of inconclusive data, many should not. The need for restraint may be especially salient when considering dietary guidelines. Dietary fat recommendations are a case in point, because they may have led to significant and harmful unintended consequences. By a congressional mandate, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and US Department of Health and Human Services (US DHHS) issue revised dietary guidelines every five years. The 1980 and 1985 dietary guidelines recommended the reduced intake of all fats. In 1990, a recommendation was added that <30% of total caloric intake should come from fat. This recommendation was continued in the 1995 edition, with qualifying language removed, and stated that “the Guidelines accurately reflect current knowledge” and that “the advice is scientifically sound as well as prudent and practical” (USDA, 1995). The 1...
Support and refutation of a threat-inducing communication in change of attitude toward cigarette smoking.

A central problem of research on persuasive communications has been whether a prior communication has any effect in reducing the effectiveness of a later communicauon (Hovland, 1957). The present study reports the effects of support and refutation of a prior threat-inducing communication on change in attitudes toward cigarette smoking. Of the 86 freshmen and sophomore university students who took the modified Buer Scale for Measu~ing Attitudes toward any Practice, Form A (Bues, 1934), 28 Ss were classified as Heavy Smokers (HS, 20 cigarettes/day) and 25 Ss as Light Smokers (LS, 10 cigarettes or fewer/day). Ss in each group were randomly assigned to Supportive (S) or Refutative (R) type communication treatment, making four experimental groups, HS-S, HS-R, LS-S, LS-R. Seven days after taking Form A of the Bues Scale, all Ss saw a 16-mm. film prepared by the American Cancer Society and entitled "Is smoking worth it?" The threat-inducing communication of this film was that cigarette smoking is harmful. Following this a supportive (Group S) or refutarive (Group R) speech was delivered. There were 10 Ss in each of the four experimental groups. After the speech all Ss took Form B of the modified Bues Scale. Two control groups (10 HS and 10 LS) merely took Form A and Form B of the Bues scales, with the same intertest interval of seven days. The Pearsonian correlation for the test-reliability of the two parallel forms of the attitude scale was .85. A Lindquist, Type 111, mixed analysis of variance of raw attitude scores indicated a significant decrease in attitude scores, i.e., a more negauve attitude toward smoking, for all six groups (P = 26.72, df = 1/54, p < .001). No interactions were significant, i.e., there was no differential attitude change toward smoking for HS or LS receiving supportive or refutative communications. An additional analysis showed that a change in attitude scores for the 4 speaker groups was greater than for the 2 control groups (t = 4.42, df = 54, < .01). There was only a trend for the HS group to express a more negative attitude toward smoking under S-treatment and for the LS group to express a more negative attitude under the R-treatment. It was concluded char the presence of the speaker and/or the film had a significant effect on the change in attitudes toward smoking; however, the type of communication following threat-induction did not.
Soil Microbiology, Ecology, and Biochemistry, 3rd Edition

The end of an academic term is always a good time to sit back, review one's notes, and decide if the time has come to revise the choice of text and content. In 2007, Paul and Clark's Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry was reissued as a third edition under the title Soil Microbiology, Ecology, and
Motion-compensated hand-held common-path Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography probe for image-guided intervention

A motion-compensated hand-held common-path Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography imaging probe has been developed for image guided intervention during microsurgery. A hand-held prototype instrument was designed and fabricated by integrating an imaging fiber probe inside a stainless steel needle which is attached to the ceramic shaft of a piezoelectric motor housed in an aluminum handle. The fiber probe obtains A-scan images. The distance information was extracted from the A-scans to track the sample surface distance and a fixed distance was maintained by a feedback motor control which effectively compensated hand tremor and target movements in the axial direction. Graphical user interface, real-time data processing, and visualization based on a CPU-GPU hybrid programming architecture were developed and used in the implantation of this system. To validate the system, free-hand optical coherence tomography images using various samples were obtained. The system can be easily integrated into microsurgical tools and robotics for a wide range of clinical applications. Such tools could offer physicians the freedom to easily image sites of interest with reduced risk and higher image quality.
Regulatory Effects of iNOS on Acute Lung Inflammatory Responses in Mice

The role of endogenous NO in the regulation of acute lung injury is not well defined. We investigated the effects of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) on the acute inflammatory response in mouse lungs. Acute lung injury was induced by intratracheal instillation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into wild-type (WT) mice and mice deficient in iNOS (iNOS−/−) or eNOS (eNOS−/−). Endpoints of inflammatory injury were myeloperoxidase (MPO) content and leak of albumin into lung. Inflammatory injury was similar in WT and eNOS−/− mice but was substantially increased in iNOS−/− mice. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids of iNOS−/− and WT mice showed similar levels of CXC chemokines (MIP-2, KC) but enhanced levels of CC chemokines (MCP-1, MCP-3). Increased lung content of MPO in iNOS−/− mice was reduced by anti-MCP-1 to values found in WT mice. In vitro stimulation of microvascular endothelial cells with LPS and IFNγ revealed elevated production of CXC and CC chemokines in cells from iNOS−/− mice when compared to endothelial cells from iNOS+/+ mice. Peritoneal macrophages from iNOS−/− donors also revealed increased production of CC chemokines after stimulation with LPS and interferon (IFNγ). These data indicate that absence of iNOS causes enhanced lung inflammatory responses in mice which may be related to enhanced production of MCP-1 by endothelial cells and macrophages. It appears that iNOS affects the lung inflammatory response by regulating chemokine production.
Operational performance of the Keck 10-m telescope

The first 10 meter Keck telescope has been fully scheduled for astronomy since early 1994. Commissioning the initial three instruments and optimizing the primary mirror performance had occupied most of the previous year. Subsequently, considerable effort has been spent on mechanically and electrically improving the dome and shutter. Despite these problems, the percentage of time lost from astronomy to faults has been reasonably low. Although there remains much room for improvement, e.g. in more carefully controlling the dome thermal conditions and maintaining better alignment of the telescope optics in routine operation, the optical performance has been very encouraging. The median image FWHM reported with scientific instruments has been about 0.7 arcsec and there are firm indications that the site, the optics, and the instrumental seeing will allow us to reach a median of about 0.5 arcsec.
Elevation and the distribution of salt-marsh Foraminifera, St. Catherines Island, Georgia; a taphonomic approach

Foraminifera of St. Catherines Island, Georgia, display a vertical zonation within salt marshes that should prove useful in regional studies on Holocene sea-level fluctuations. This vertical zonation, however, differs somewhat from previous models and is based on taxa that are biogeographically more appropriate for this region. Specifically, three species (Reophax nana, Textularia palustris, Siphotrochammina lobata) occur throughout the low marsh and are limited to marsh habitats below approximately 1.4-1.5 m above MLW. Foraminiferal assemblages from the high marsh lack these three low-marsh taxa. No foraminifera are distributed only within the high marsh. Those species that are common in the high marsh (Trochammina inflata, T. macrescens, Arenoparrella mexicana) occur throughout the marsh (high, transitional, and low) and, therefore, cannot serve as the sole proxy for any specific marsh elevation in studies on Holocene changes in sea level for this region. A comparison of distributional patterns in surface (0-3 cm) and subsurface (19-21 cm) sediment shows that the most important species with regard to elevation in St. Catherines Island marshes also tend to be consistently preserved.
Levels of sulfatide synthesis distinguish oligodendroglia in different stages of maturation

In the central nervous system, oligodendroglia elaborate extensive quantities of membranes to form the multilamellar myelin sheath. Whether the production of extensive networks of processes by oligodendroglia in culture is a similar type of phenomenon as the formation of myelin is an unanswered question. Rat oligodendroglia, prepared by a modification of a differential shaking and plating method, elaborate extensive processes in culture. In contrast, bovine oligodendroglia, obtained by a bulk-isolation method, produce whorls of membrane lamellae, adjacent to the cell soma. The incorporation of various radiolabeled substrates into specific lipids was compared with the two cell types. It was found that rat oligodendroglia do produce myelin specific lipids, but at a lower level than bovine oligodendroglia which are actively synthesizing myelin lipids, especially cerebrosides, from a variety of substrates. Interestingly sulfatides are produced at a higher level in the cells not producing myelin, rat oligodendroglia. Other lipids that are associated with myelination (cerebrosides with α-hydroxy fatty acids and phosphatidylinositides) are produced at higher levels in bovine oligodendroglia. Thus it appears that the extension of processes by oligodendroglia in culture is a different phenomenon than the production of myelin membranes and requires lower levels of myelin lipids.
A comparison of dimensional models of emotion: Evidence from emotions, prototypical events, autobiographical memories, and words

The intensity and valence of 30 emotion terms, 30 events typical of those emotions, and 30 autobiographical memories cued by those emotions were each rated by different groups of 40 undergraduates. A vector model gave a consistently better account of the data than a circumplex model, both overall and in the absence of high-intensity, neutral valence stimuli. The Positive Activation - Negative Activation (PANA) model could be tested at high levels of activation, where it is identical to the vector model. The results replicated when ratings of arousal were used instead of ratings of intensity for the events and autobiographical memories. A reanalysis of word norms gave further support for the vector and PANA models by demonstrating that neutral valence, high-arousal ratings resulted from the averaging of individual positive and negative valence ratings. Thus, compared to a circumplex model, vector and PANA models provided overall better fits.
The Effects of Tape-Recorded Self-Instruction Cues on the Mathematics Performance of Students with Learning Disabilities

The effects of tape-recorded self-instruction cues on the mathematics performance of students with learning disabilities (LD) were investigated. Nine students were assigned to one of three conditions: an experimental condition, in which students attended two training sessions in self-instruction (SIT); an observer condition, wherein students observed SIT but did not participate; and a control condition, wherein students received neither training nor the opportunity to observe. Using a multiple probe design, data (problems attempted, problems completed correctly, and time for task performance) were collected across two baseline phases, two brief instructional periods, and two generalization phases. Without access to taped cues, experimental and observer students did not successfully utilize the SIT after the first self-instructional training. However, when experimental students were trained to use taped cues, they demonstrated the ability to accurately solve their problems. More important, they were able to successfully use SIT procedures when the taped cues were faded.
Relationship between the Rumen Microbiome and Residual Feed Intake-Efficiency of Brahman Bulls Stocked on Bermudagrass Pastures

Residual feed intake (RFI) testing has increased selection pressure on biological efficiency in cattle. The objective of this study was to assess the association of the rumen microbiome in inefficient, positive RFI (p-RFI) and efficient, negative RFI (n-RFI) Brahman bulls grazing ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass [Cynodondactylon (L.) Pers.]under two levels of forage allowance (high and low stocking intensity). Sixteen Brahman bulls were previously fed in confinement for 70 d to determine the RFI phenotype. Bulls were then allotted 60 d stocking on bermudagrass pastures to estimate RFI using the n-alkane technique. At the conclusion of the grazing period, rumen liquid samples were collected from each bull by stomach tube to evaluate the rumen microbiome. Extraction of DNA, amplification of the V4-V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene, and 454 pyrosequencing were performed on each sample. After denoising the sequences, chimera checking, and quality trimming, 4,573 ± 1,287 sequences were generated per sample. Sequences were then assigned taxonomy from the Greengenes database using the RDP classifier. Overall, 67.5 and 22.9% of sequences were classified as Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, respectively. Within the phylum Bacteroidetes, Prevotella was the most predominant genus and was observed in greater relative abundance in p-RFI bulls compared with n-RFI bulls (P = 0.01). In contrast, an unidentified Bacteroidales family was greater in relative abundance for n-RFI bulls than p-RFI (26.7 vs. 19.1%; P = 0.03). Ruminococcaceae was the third most abundant family in our samples, but it was not affected by RFI phenotype. No effect of stocking intensity was observed for bacterial taxa, but there was a tendency for alpha diversity and operational taxonomic unit richness to increase with lower stocking intensity. Results suggested the rumen microbiome of p-RFI Brahman bulls has greater levels of Prevotella, but the bacterial community composition was unaffected by stocking intensity.
CT in spinal trauma

The radiological evaluation of patients with acute spinal trauma has always been a challenging problem. Multiple radiological procedures are often necessary for complete evaluation of the extent of spinal injury. CT provides an ideal modality whereby accurate assessment of displacement of bony fragments as well as associated spinal cord and nerve root injury can easily be performed, eliminating the need for difficult radiological procedures.
NUMERICAL APPROXIMATIONS OF THE DYNAMICAL SYSTEM GENERATED BY BURGERS' EQUATION WITH NEUMANN-DIRICHLET BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Using Burgers' equation with mixed Neumann-Dirichlet boundary conditions, we highlight a problem that can arise in the numerical approximation of nonlinear dynamical systems on computers with a finite precision floating point number system. We describe the dynamical system generated by Burgers' equation with mixed boundary conditions, summarize some of its properties and analyze the equilibrium states for finite dimensional dynamical systems that are generated by numerical approxima- tions of this system. It is important to note that there are two fundamental differences between Burgers' equation with mixed Neumann-Dirichlet boundary conditions and Burgers' equation with both Dirich- let boundary conditions. First, Burgers' equation with homogenous mixed boundary conditions on a finite interval cannot be linearized by the Cole-Hopf transformation. Thus, on finite intervals Burgers' equation with a homogenous Neumann boundary condition is truly nonlinear. Second, the nonlinear term in Burgers' equation with a homogenous Neumann boundary condition is not conservative. This structure plays a key role in understanding the complex dynamics generated by Burgers' equation with a Neumann boundary condition and how this structure impacts numerical approximations. The key point is that, regardless of the particular numerical scheme, finite precision arithmetic will always lead to numerically generated equilibrium states that do not correspond to equilibrium states of the Burgers' equation. In this paper we establish the existence and stability properties of these numerical stationary solutions and employ a bifurcation analysis to provide a detailed mathematical explanation of why numerical schemes fail to capture the correct asymptotic dynamics. We extend the results in (E. Allen, J.A. Burns, D.S. Gilliam, J. Hill and V.I. Shubov, Math. Comput. Modelling 35 (2002) 1165-1195) and prove that the effect of finite precision arithmetic persists in generating a nonzero numerical false solution to the stationary Burgers' problem. Thus, we show that the results obtained in (E. Allen, J.A. Burns, D.S. Gilliam, J. Hill and V.I. Shubov, Math. Comput. Modelling 35 (2002) 1165-1195) are not dependent on a specific time marching scheme, but are generic to all convergent numerical approximations of Burgers' equation.
Multipath mitigation for narrowband receivers

Narrowband receivers are more robust to narrowband interference and to GPS signal faults, but they tend to have relatively poor multipath performance. Few current techniques are capable of mitigating multipath in these receivers. The tracking error compensator (TrEC) however operates independent of the receiver's precorrelation bandwidth (PCB) using the concept of multipath invariance (MPI). Theoretical bandlimited mitigation performance curves for this approach were generated and compared to those of a conventional delay-lock loop. The effects of a narrow PCB on the TrEC were experimentally investigated. A practical TrEC algorithm was developed and implemented on a Mitel Semiconductor receiver having a 2 MHz PCB. The performance curves and accompanying statistics were validated for short-delay multipath using a GPS signal generator to generate multipath with known characteristics on a prescribed pseudorange. Measured pseudorange errors were compared to those estimated by the TrEC in real-time. For the same case, position errors resulting from short and long time-constant carrier smoothing and were contrasted with those from the TrEC algorithm. This data suggests that it may be possible to significantly improve the multipath mitigation performance of narrowband receivers.
Combined DRAM and logic chip for massively parallel systems

A new 5 V 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS technology merges 100 K custom circuits and 4.5 Mb DRAM onto a single die that supports both high density memory and significant computing logic. One of the first chips built with this technology implements a unique Processor-In-Memory (PIM) computer architecture termed EXECUBE and has 8 separate 25 MHz CPU macros and 16 separate 32 K/spl times/9 b DRAM macros on a single die. These macros are organized together to provide a single part type for scaleable massively parallel processing applications, particularly embedded ones where minimal glue logic is desired. Each chip delivers 50 Mips of performance at 2.7 W. This paper overviews the basic chip technology and organization some projections on the future of EXECUBE-like PIM chips, and finally some lessons to be learned as to why this technology should radically affect the way we ought think about computer architecture.
SANS from homogeneous polymer mixtures: A unified overview

An overview of various modeling methods used to understand small angle neutron scattering (SANS) data from homogeneous polymer systems is presented. First, calculations of single macromolecule structure factors are reviewed for many chain architectures and monomer block configurations such as linear, ring, star branched, comb grafted chains and regular “starburst” dendrimers either in the homopolymer or copolymer forms. Then, the different methods used to model “concentration” effects in polymer solutions (dilute, semidilute, concentrated), polymer melts and blend mixtures are summarized on the basis of the random phase approximation. Polymer chain stiffness is also included in the formalism so that mixtures of liquid crystals and flexible polymers in the single-phase region can be described. Specific examples are included along with various SANS data that were analyzed within this framework. This overview is meant to be a guide to help build up models in order to understand SANS data from many homogeneous polymer systems. It is not meant to be complete and is not an exhaustive review of the literature in the field. Most of the results discussed have been previously published and are brought together here in a unified self-contained approach.
Bronchopleural fistula mimicking chronic obstructive lung disease on 133Xe scan.

A 56-y-old woman with a history of non–small cell lung cancer presented with a persistent left pneumothorax and a left bronchopleural fistula after bronchial balloon occlusion. A ventilation–perfusion scan using 133Xe and 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin (MAA) was requested to evaluate for possible