cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and Psychometric Testing of the Attitudes Toward Mental Illness in Pediatric Patients Scale

PROBLEM: To develop the Attitudes toward Mental Illness in Pediatric Patients (ATMIPP) Scale measuring nonpsychiatric provider attitudes toward pediatric patients with mental illness. METHODS: Responses from 492 nonpsychiatric and 30 psychiatric providers were evaluated for reliability and validity. Cronbach's alpha was used for reliability while factor analysis and known-groups technique were used for validity. FINDINGS: The scale's internal consistency was 0.85. Factor analysis revealed three factors (Comfort, Tolerance, and Unbiasness) accounting for 74.5% of the variance. Compared to nonpsychiatric providers, psychiatric providers had significantly more positive attitudes on the ATMIPP (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The ATMIPP has evidence of reliability and validity for the sampled population.
Investigation of the Horizontal Drifting Effects on Ships With Forward Speed

This paper is concerned with the horizontal drifting effects on ships moving with forward speed in waves. The ship configurations can be a single or multiple ships operating alongside one another. In close-in position (CIP) ship operations, the position of the ships often needs to be maintained relatively steady by means of Dynamic Positioning (DP) systems that incorporate thrusters or control surfaces. In developing such systems, especially those using wave feed-forward (WFF) control algorithms, the mean or low frequency drift force and moment in the horizontal plane are required to set up the control loop. The present study uses the Large Amplitude Motions Program (LAMP), a time domain, 3-D panel code for the prediction of motions and wave loads for a ship or ships in waves, to calculate the drifting forces in the horizontal plane for ships moving with or without forward speed. Since the drifting effects are second order in association with the incident wave amplitude, the formulation in LAMP has been expanded to account for the additional second order terms. This paper presents the mathematical formulation — including the second order drifting effects, its numerical implementation in LAMP, and the results from several validation cases — for a single body with or without forward speed. The analysis of the horizontal drifting effects on two-ship configurations with or without a DP system will be conducted in a future study.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Alluvial response to differential subsidence: sedimentological analysis aided by remote sensing, Willwood Formation (Eocene), Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA

A colour Landsat Thematic Mapper image was used to identify and to map on a regional scale alluvial facies in the lower Eocene Willwood Formation. Each facies covers a distinct geographical area of several hundred square kilometres in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming, USA. Comparison of the image with laboratory spectra from Willwood Formation rocks and field exposures shows that the image provides information regarding the colour of mudstones, their relative abundances, and the relative abundance of sandstones. Facies were further characterized from field study and published descriptions on the basis of sandbody geometry, the types of nodules present in the mudstones, and the abundance and geometry of carbonaceous mudstones. This information helps to interpret the fluvial environments represented and types of alluvial palaeosols found in the Willwood Formation. Four facies have been distinguished. The first facies is dominated by sheet sandbodies associated with immature palaeosols. The sheets mark the locations of major channels, which tend to occur in topographic lows. The second facies is characterized by more mature, moderately drained soils that required relatively lengthy periods of non-deposition. Facies three and four dominantly consist of drab mudstones and abundant carbonaceous units, both formed in poorly drained areas. Although minor red mudstones demonstrate that drainage conditions periodically improved in facies three, facies four underwent prolonged saturation. The geographical facies distribution suggests that east-west faults previously mapped in the Bighorn Mountains, extend westward into the Bighorn Basin and were active during early Eocene time. The lithological heterogeneity of the Willwood Formation rocks is attributed to warping associated with movement along these basement-controlled faults. Fault activity created topographic gradients which influenced the position of major channel systems and helped produce variable drainage conditions that affected Eocene soil development.
Evidence for a T=0 π + -π - Resonance at 1250 MeV

The Regge-pole elementary particle theory predicts the existence of a spin-2 particle having the quantum numbers of the vacuum and with a mass of the order of 1.0 to 1.4 Bev. The particle could decay into two pi mesons and should be observed as a pi - pi resonance with isotopic spin T = 0. Experimental evidence is presented for the existence of such a particle. Using a 3 Bev/c separated pi - beam and the BNL 20-inch hydrogen bubble chamber, the reactions pi /sup -/ + p yields pi /sup -/ + pi /sup 0/ + p and pi /sup -/ + p yields pi /sup -/ + pi /sup +/ + n were studied. Plots of the data obtained irom these reactions are presented and analyzed. It is concluded that there is evidence for a T = 0 particle or resonance, the f/sup 0/, at an energy of 1250 plus or minus 25 Mev, with a width of 100 plus or minus 50 Mev. The spin was not determined, but is thought to be either 0 or 2. (H.D.R.)
Origin of the distinction between Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia: how history can clarify nosology.

Since the beginning of the century, psychiatrists and neurologists have been arguing about the identity of presenile (Alzheimer9s disease) and senile dementia. History reveals that the distinction was originally based on anecdotal clinical observations and that competition among universities was one of the underlying determinants. The personal opinion of Kraepelin played a major role. Given his widespread reputation and authority, he generated a dogma difficult to change. Reports based on large clinicopathologic series have shown that the pathologies of presenile and senile dementia are not qualitatively different. Although the controversy continues, many have come to regard Alzheimer9s disease and senile dementia as part of the same spectrum of disease, independent of the age of onset.
The distribution of nitrogen species and adsorption of ammonium in sediments from the tidal Potomac River and estuary

Abstract The distribution of dissolved ammonium, adsorbed ammonium and residual, organic and total nitrogen was measured in Potomac River tidal, transition zone and lower estuary sediments to a depth of 66 cm. For these sediments, exchangeable ammonium, and thereby adsorbed ammonium concentrations, were determined directly using an ammonia electrode in alkaline sediment suspensions. Ammonia electrode data were comparable to data obtained by KCl extraction of fresh sediment. The conventional unitless ammonium adsorption coefficient, calculated as the slope of the regression line drawn when sediment-adsorbed ammonium (μmol g−1 dry wt of sediment) is plotted against interstitial water ammonium (μmol g−1 dry wt sediment), is 1·5 for this system. When a modified ammonium adsorption coefficient is calculated from sediment-adsorbed ammonium concentrations and a ratio of interstitial water ammonium and potassium concentrations, the regression equation through the data has a zero intercept and is more nearly linear than the regression equation of data based on conventional calculations. The use of a ratio including ammonium and potassium concentrations in the interstitial water term takes into account ionic strength variations in the estuary and competition between ammonium and potassium for adsorption sites.
A new diagnostic algorithm for the evaluation of microscopic hematuria.

Abstract Objectives. To evaluate a new diagnostic algorithm for microscopic hematuria in which intravenous urography (IVU) is performed as a secondary radiographic study when microhematuria has persisted for 3 months after the initial workup with renal ultrasound (US) and cystoscopy was negative. Methods. We evaluated 372 consecutive patients who presented with microhematuria and negative urine cultures and cytologic findings at our institution. All patients underwent renal US scanning and cystoscopy as their initial evaluation. All patients underwent re-evaluation 3 months after the initial workup. Patients with persistent microhematuria with no apparent etiology were then evaluated with IVU. Results. The initial evaluation was negative in 212 of 372 patients. Eighty-one of these patients had persistence of their microhematuria at the 3-month follow-up without a definitive diagnosis. Seventy-five of these patients underwent IVU. Abnormalities were found in 11 of the 75 patients. Six patients had renal stones, two had ureteral stones, two had ureteral tumors, and one had a tumor of the renal pelvis. Forty of the 131 patients with resolution of their microhematuria underwent IVU at their request. All those studies were normal. Conclusions. The combination of cystoscopy and renal US along with urinalysis, urine culture, and cytology is a good initial evaluation in patients with microhematuria. Those patients with persistent microhematuria after 3 months without definite etiology of the bleeding may still benefit from IVU.
Determination of All Robustly Stabilizing Fractional-Order PID Controllers

In this paper, a method is provided for determining all fractional-order (FO) proportional–integral-derivative (PID) controllers that robustly stabilize a single-input and single-output (SISO) transfer function of arbitrary order with a time delay. The parameters of the FO PID controllers are determined in the frequency domain and are given in terms of the proportional gain Kp, integral gain Ki, and derivative gain Kd. In this paper, they will be plotted on the (Kp, Ki), (Kp, Kd), and (Ki, Kd) planes. For a robust stability condition, a multiplicative weight is selected to bound all multiplicative errors of the closed-loop system. In particular, this technique can be used even when the transfer function of a system is not available, as long as the system frequency response can be obtained. An example is given to illustrate the applicability and effectiveness of the method presented.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Ring contractions of -fused cyclopropanes

(Received in USA 30 September 1968; received in UK for publication 1 January 1769) There has been much interest in the synthesis of strained bicyclic hydrocarbons involving two relatively small trans-fused rings. The 7-4 system, trans-bicyclo[5.2.0]nonanel, the 6-4 system, trans-bicyclo[4.2.0]octane2, and the 5-4 system, trans-bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane2 have been synthesized. On the other hand the smallest compound with a trans-fused cyclopropane ring had been the 8-3 system, trans-bicyclo[6.1.0]octane.3 A recent preliminary report of the synthesis of trans-bicyclo[5.1.O]octane-4-carboxylic acid 1+ prompts us to report our data on the synthesis of trans-fused cyclopropanes. 5 The readily available trimer of butadiene, trans,trans,trans-1,5,$+cyclo-dodecatriene (I), can be stereospecifically converted to trans,trans,transbicyclo[lO.l.O]trideca-3,7diene (II) by the Simmons-Smith reaction. A Lenieux-Rudolph' oxidation of this diene Save an oily mixture of diacid III and succinic acid, which vlere converted without isolation to their dimethyl esters. In our hands the Dieckmann ring closure of diester IV failed. However, the acyloin reaction gave a lQ$ yield of a mixture of the trans-bicyclo[6.1.0]nonan-k-ones (V) and trans-bicyclo[6.1.0]nona-4,5-dione (VI). This mixture could be oxidized by cupric acetate to dione VI, which showed carbonyl absorption at 1710 cm-l (CCl4) in the IR. No enol could be detected in the golden yellow dione. 7
False Belief Understanding in Language Impaired and Typically Developing Spanish-Speaking Preschoolers from Lower Income Backgrounds

Research Findings: The present study describes developmental trends in false belief (in other and self) in 46 Mexican-dialect Spanish-speaking children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds with and without language impairment (LI). Results indicate that typically developing children's performance on false belief tasks improves with age, with very few 3-year-old children, half of the 4-year-old children, and most 5-year-olds demonstrating false belief understanding. Results also reveal that children acquire false belief in other in advance of false belief in self. Although there were no group differences between 3- and 4-year-old typically developing and LI children, there were significant differences in false belief performance between the 5-year-old typically developing and LI children. Practice or Policy: Implications for screening and enhanced false belief teaching strategies are presented.
Functional characterization of the human thiopurine S‐methyltransferase (TPMT) gene promoter

Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes S-methylation of aromatic and heterocyclic sulfhydryl compounds, including anticancer and immunosuppressive thiopurines. We recently isolated the human TPMT promoter, which does not contain TATA box or CCAAT element consensus sequences, but is GC rich with multiple GC boxes and other putative cis-regulatory elements. Here, we report the functional characterization of the TPMT promoter, revealing several positive regulatory elements and identifying stimulating protein 1 (Sp1) as an important trans-activator essential for constitutive activity in cell culture. One major and two closely located minor transcription start points were identified in HepG2 cells. Deletion analysis revealed positive cis-regulatory elements located in the regions -85 to -75, -68 to -58, -58 to -51 and +34 to +60 relative to the transcription start site. DNaseI footprinting analysis and cotransfection in Drosophila Schneider SL2 cells documented that Sp1 binds to the TPMT promoter and is important for constitutive activity. We conclude that constitutive transcription of the TPMT gene involves a limited upstream GC-rich DNA sequence, containing multiple GC boxes, and that transcription factor Sp1 [or related protein(s)] is an important trans-activator of this TATA-less promoter.
‘Elepaio “anting” with a garlic snail and a Schinus fruit

Abstract Anting is a widespread but poorly understood behavior in which birds apply ants or other organisms or objects to their plumage or skin. I observed two instances of active anting in the ‘Elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis), a monarch flycatcher endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, one involving a garlic snail (Oxychilus alliarius) and the second involving a fruit of Brazilian pepper or Christmas berry (Schinus terebinthifolius). On both occasions the ‘Elepaio held the object in its bill and wiped it on its body then preened, but did not eat the object. Chemical compounds contained in each species are known to have antibiotic properties, suggesting the purpose of the anting was to control parasites or pathogens. There are no native ants in Hawaii, and neither the garlic snail nor Brazilian pepper is native to Hawaii.
High heat load X-ray optics research and development at the advanced photon source — An overview

Abstract Insertion devices at third-generation synchrotron radiation sources are capable of producing X-ray beams with total power in excess of 7 kW or power densities of 150 W/mm 2 at a typical location of the optical components. Optical elements subjected to these heat fluxes will suffer considerably unless carefully designed to withstand such unprecedented power loadings. At the Advanced Photon Source (APS), we have an aggressive program aimed at investigating possible methods to mitigate thermal distortions. The approaches being studied include improved heat exchangers, use of liquid gallium and liquid nitrogen as coolants, novel crystal geometries, power filtering, and replacement of silicon with diamond for crystal monochromators. This paper provides an overview of the high heat load X-ray optics program at the APS.
Transient nutations of photoelectrons from alkali metal anions

Abstract Transient nutations of the magnetization of photoelectrons ejected from rubidium and cesium anions are described. The nature of the nutations requires that the time between photoexcitation and appearance of the photoelectron is less than ≈10 −7 s.
Sorption and transport of sulfur dioxide in polycarbonate-polyarylate blends

Abstract Blends of polycarbonate and polyarylate were prepared and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and a dynamic mechanic measurements techni two glass transition temperatures suggesting immiscibility. Sorption and transport measurements were made at 25 °C and up to approximately atmospheri All the obtained data are described well with the dual sorption dual-mobility models developed for a gas-glassy-polymer system. The sorption and transp correlated with blend composition. The diffusion coefficient data are interpreted in terms of the partial immobilization model.
Heat and Mass Transports in Porous Wicks Driven by a Gas-Phase Diffusion Flame

A one dimensional stagnation point diffusion flame stabilized next to a porous wick is studied using a numerical model. The bottom end of the one-dimensional wick is dipped inside a liquid fuel (ethanol) reservoir. The liquid is drawn towards the surface of the wick through capillary action against gravity. The model combines heat and mass transfer equations in the porous media with phase change and gas-phase combustion equations to investigate steady-state flow structure in the porous wick and flame characteristics in the gas phase. In one-dimensional system, the only steady solution in the porous wick that is stable is found to be in the funicular regime. There are two regions in the wick: a vapor-liquid two-phase region near the surface exposed to the flame and a purely liquid region deep inside the wick. The physics behind the two-phase flow driven by capillarity and evaporation has been studied in detail. The coupling between the flame and the porous transport involves three different length scales: flame standoff distance, wick height above the reservoir and capillary rise. Attempt is made to study the effect of the non-dimensional numbers that contains these scales. In the limit of fast chemical kinetics (large Damkohler number), the computed results depend only on two non-dimensional ratios: the ratio of wick height to capillary rise and the ratio of wick height to flame standoff distance. Thus, a simplified similitude has been identified.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Dengue Virus Infection Perturbs Lipid Homeostasis in Infected Mosquito Cells.

Dengue virus causes ∼50–100 million infections per year and thus is considered one of the most aggressive arthropod-borne human pathogen worldwide. During its replication, dengue virus induces dramatic alterations in the intracellular membranes of infected cells. This phenomenon is observed both in human and vector-derived cells. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry of mosquito cells, we show that this membrane remodeling is directly linked to a unique lipid repertoire induced by dengue virus infection. Specifically, 15% of the metabolites detected were significantly different between DENV infected and uninfected cells while 85% of the metabolites detected were significantly different in isolated replication complex membranes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that intracellular lipid redistribution induced by the inhibition of fatty acid synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme in lipid biosynthesis, is sufficient for cell survival but is inhibitory to dengue virus replication. Lipids that have the capacity to destabilize and change the curvature of membranes as well as lipids that change the permeability of membranes are enriched in dengue virus infected cells. Several sphingolipids and other bioactive signaling molecules that are involved in controlling membrane fusion, fission, and trafficking as well as molecules that influence cytoskeletal reorganization are also up regulated during dengue infection. These observations shed light on the emerging role of lipids in shaping the membrane and protein environments during viral infections and suggest membrane-organizing principles that may influence virus-induced intracellular membrane architecture.
Developing and validating historiometric measures of leader individual differences by computerized content analysis of documents

Abstract Individual differences have been a part of leadership research since the days of trait theory. There has been an upsurge in interest in the topic due to recent theoretical and methodological advances. Also, there is increasing interest in measuring individual leader differences using nontraditional methods such as the quantitative analysis of archival data. We describe a general methodology for developing and validating measures of leader individual differences based on computerized language analysis of archival data. Two empirical examples focusing on narcissism among Fortune 100 CEOs illustrate the methodology. We summarize prospects and problems of computerized content analysis of archival materials.
Far infrared absorption and quadrupole moment of nitrous oxide

Abstract The effects of quadrupole interaction energy and use of consistent Lennard-Jones parameters are shown to give a quadrupole moment Q = 4.05 –4.6 (in units 10 −26 esu) for N 2 O from measured integrated infrared intensity due to pair interactions. The figure are considerably smaller than Baise's original Q ≈ 8 and in much better agreement with Q = 3.5 from birefringence.
Protease inhibitors antagonize the activation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte oxygen consumption.

Abstract We report that the burst of oxygen consumption, as well as the resultant production of O 2 − • and H 2 O 2 , occurring in activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is inhibited by various compounds which have in common the ability to antagonize the effects of proteolytic enzymes. This effect of protease inhibitors was observed with a variety of stimuli, both phagocytic and non-phagocytic, used to activate O 2 − • production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Inhibition was also noted in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes and alveolar macrophages. The results indicate that proteolysis may be involved in activating the burst of oxygen consumption following stimulation of phagocytic cells.
Characterization of ion diffusion and transient electrochromic performance in PECVD grown tungsten oxide thin films

Electrochromic tungsten oxide thin films were synthesized by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Film density and electrochromic performance were controlled by the degree of ion bombardment. A moderate degree of ion bombardment was optimal, and the refractive index was shown to be a sensitive indicator of electrochromic performance. Chronoamperometry in concert with optical transmission was used to determine diffusion and absorption coefficients using both H + andLi + containing electrolytes. The absorption coefficients were similar for both ions, scaling with the degree of intercalation to 50,000 cm � 1 in the opaque state. The diffusion coefficients for optimized films were found to be relatively insensitive to the degree of ion intercalation, with values of B10 � 9 and B10 � 10 cm 2 /s for H + andLi + , respectively. These values are about an order of magnitude greater than values reported for vacuum-deposited films, which was attributed to low relative density in the PECVD films. The diffusion and absorption coefficients were incorporated into a model that successfully reproduced transient optical performance. r 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Vertical zonation and distributions of calanoid copepods through the lower oxycline of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone

Abstract This paper provides the first comprehensive analysis of calanoid copepod vertical zonation and community structure at midwater depths (300–1000 m) through the lower oxygen gradient (oxycline) (0.02 to ∼0.3 ml/L) of an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Feeding ecology was also analyzed. Zooplankton were collected with a double 1 m2 MOCNESS plankton net in day and night vertically-stratified oblique tows from 1000 m to the surface at six stations during four seasons as part of the 1995 US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Arabian Sea project. The geographic comparison between a eutrophic more oxygenated onshore station and an offshore station with a strong OMZ served as a natural experiment to elucidate the influence of depth, oxygen concentration, season, food resources, and predators on the copepod distributions. Copepod species and species assemblages of the Arabian Sea OMZ differed in their spatial and vertical distributions relative to environmental and ecological characteristics of the water column and region. The extent and intensity of the oxycline at the lower boundary of the OMZ, and its spatial and temporal variability over the year of sampling, was an important factor affecting distributional patterns. Calanoid copepod species showed vertical zonation through the lower OMZ oxycline. Clustering analyses defined sample groups with similar copepod assemblages and species groups with similar distributions. No apparent diel vertical migration for either calanoid or non-calanoid copepods at these midwater depths was observed, but some species had age-related differences in vertical distributions. Subzones of the OMZ, termed the OMZ Core, the Lower Oxycline, and the Sub-Oxycline, had different copepod communities and ecological interactions. Major distributional and ecological changes were associated with surprisingly small oxygen gradients at low oxygen concentrations. The calanoid copepod community was most diverse in the most oxygenated environments (oxygen >0.14 ml/L), but the rank order of abundance of species was similar in the Lower Oxycline and Sub-Oxycline. Some species were absent or much scarcer in the OMZ Core. Two copepod species common in the Lower Oxycline were primarily detritivorous but showed dietary differences suggesting feeding specialization. The copepod Spinocalanus antarcticus fed primarily on components of the vertical particulate flux and suspended material, a less versatile diet than the co-occurring copepod Lucicutia grandis. Vertical zonation of copepod species through the lower OMZ oxycline is probably a complex interplay between physiological limitation by low oxygen, potential predator control, and potential food resources. Pelagic OMZ and oxycline communities, and their ecological interactions in the water column and with the benthos, may become even more widespread and significant in the future ocean, if global warming increases the extent and intensity of OMZs as predicted.
The Role of Phylogeny and Ecology in Experimental Host Specificity: Insights from a Eugregarine–Host System

The degree to which parasites use hosts is fundamental to host-parasite coevolution studies, yet difficult to assess and interpret in an evolutionary manner. Previous assessments of parasitism in eugregarine-host systems suggest high degrees of host specificity to particular host stages and host species; however, rarely have the evolutionary constraints on host specificity been studied experimentally. A series of experimental infections were conducted to determine the extent of host stadium specificity (larval vs. adult stage) and host specificity among 6 tenebrionid host species and 5 eugregarine parasite species. Eugregarines from all host species infected both the larva and adult stages of the host, and each parasite taxa colonized several host species (Tribolium spp. and Palorus subdepressus). Parasite infection patterns were not congruent with host phylogeny, suggesting that host phylogeny is not a significant predictor of host-parasite interactions in this system. However, the 2 host stages produced significantly different numbers of parasite propagules, indicating that ecological factors may be important determinants of host specificity in this host-parasite system. While field infections reflect extant natural infection patterns of parasites, experimental infections can demonstrate potential host-parasite interactions, which aids in identifying factors that may be significant in shaping future host-parasite interactions.
Analysis of Communications Blackout for Pioneer Venus Entry Probes

Estimates of the maximum duration of communication s blackout are presented for a proposed Pioneer Venus mission involving a multiprobe entry targeted to individual impact sites. Calculations of the inviscid flow about the probes have been made using both finite-rate chemistry and equilibrium chemistry computer codes. Equilibrium boundary-layer calculations, including ablation, are also presented both with and without the presence of alkali metal contaminants from the heat shield. Methods are described for estimating maximum electron density in the inviscid wake and the recirculation region at the base of the probes. The results presented provide a conservative basis for planning for storage and subsequent telemetry of data during the entry phase of the mission.
Plea bargaining: An organizational perspective

Abstract A microlevel analysis of factors affecting the decision to plead guilty in felony trial courts in Chicago in 1972 and 1973 is presented. The court system is viewed from an organizational perspective, and guilty pleas are analyzed in light of the court's overall design for disposing of its workload. Operational definitions of the concepts introduced are presented, and multiple regression is used to analyze some of the hypothesized relationships. The implications of the findings, from an organizational perspective and for some of the issues of plea bargaining, are discussed.
Evaluation of AASHTO-LRFD Design Methods for Thermal Loads in Fixed-Flexible Twin-Walled R/C Bridge Piers

The design of reinforced concrete fixed-flexible twin-walled bridge piers for lateral loads is an ambiguously defined task for bridge engineers. As the bridge experiences lateral loads, primarily from temperature fluctuations and time-dependent effects, the walls undergo cracking, requiring designers to consider sectional stiffness reductions. Two types of finite-element models were generated of the recently constructed Wakota Bridge in South St. Paul, Minnesota, one using a design-level program (SAP2000) and the other using a research-level program (ABAQUS). For an arbitrary temperature load, a commonly used refined design method, implemented in the design-level program, was evaluated for accuracy of reduced section properties relative to a more descriptive progressive cracking solution provided by the research model. The refined design method with four stiffness update segments was found to provide a balance between accuracy and analysis effort. A staged construction model of the Wakota Bridge, defined in SAP2000 to incorporate time-dependent effects of the construction sequence, indicated that pier forces for the design options in the AASHTO-LRFD Specifications for simulating reduced section properties (i.e., refined analysis with stiffness updates versus gross sections with reduced load factors) correlated to within approximately 10%. Additionally, of the two temperature change procedures in the AASHTO-LRFD Specifications, Procedure B produced moments for the Wakota Bridge that were as much as 25% larger than those from Procedure A.
Cooperation and interpersonal risk: Cross-cultural and cross-procedural generalizations

Abstract Marwell, Schmitt, and Shotola's (1971) finding that interpersonal risk may have a dramatic effect in disrupting ongoing cooperation was tested for generalizability in two ways. In Experiment I the original study was replicated using a different procedure and apparatus. Experiment II was a cross-cultural replication using Norwegian subjects. Results strongly support the generality of previous findings.
Honoring our own : Rethinking indigenous languages and literacy

Today Indigenous peoples worldwide are deconstructing Western paradigms, including the classic constructs of literacy connected to alphabet systems, and articulating and constructing their own distinct paradigms based on Indigenous epistemologies and rooted in self-determination and social justice. A vital aspect of these efforts is the “rethinking of our thinking” and a reexamination of our priorities as a means for reconstituting, reproducing, and validating our own intellectual traditions and cultural knowledge and processes.
Model-driven agile development (MAD) for situation-aware software in ubiquitous computing environments

In this paper, the current state of the art of model-driven and agile software development are discussed. In particular, two important enabling techniques, SA middleware and languages for specifying SAW requirements, for model-driven agile development (MAD) for SA ubicomp application software are presented. Future directions for utilizing MAD methodologies to develop SA ubicomp application software with multiple QoS properties are also discussed.
Breakthrough at Stalingrad: The repressed Soviet origins of a bestselling West German war tale

The article delves into the concealed origins of Heinrich Gerlach's 1957 Stalingrad novel. A German veteran and former Soviet POW, Gerlach claimed to have recovered the memory of his wartime experience through hypnosis, after the original script, which he wrote in captivity, was confiscated by Soviet authorities. The author discovered this manuscript, believed lost, in Russian archives. It reveals how Soviet political re-education efforts prompted Gerlach to compose a memoir revolving around questions of personal complicity and guilt in German wartime crimes. Gerlach removed these soul-searching passages, as well as any reference to the Soviet origins of his memoir, from the published novel, which he presented as a self-generated inquiry into the tragedy of German soldiers abandoned by Hitler.
Statistical selection of the best system

This tutorial discusses some statistical procedures for selecting the best of a number of competing systems. The term "best" may refer to that simulated system having, say, the largest expected value or the greatest likelihood of yielding a large observation. We describe various procedures for finding the best, some of which assume that the underlying observations arise from competing normal distributions, and some of which are essentially nonparametric in nature. In each case, we comment on how to apply the above procedures for use in simulations.
The Futility and Failure of Flawed Goals: Efficiency Education as Smoke and Mirrors

Educational reform in the USA is traditionally grounded in mechanistic assumptions about accountability paradigms and narrow concepts of assessment; those reforms tend to ignore the burden of poverty and other external factors on student and school success. Focusing on accountability and testing strategies in the United States during the post-Nation at Risk era (1983), this article argues that mechanistic assumptions about school reform are inherently destined to fail because they are aiming at the wrong goals and ignoring the inherent imbalance of power among the stakeholders of teaching and learning; these patterns identified in US practices parallel dynamics and policies found internationally (standardized national tests in the United Kingdom, outcomes-based education in South Africa, and bureaucratic policies and corruption in Mexico, for example). Further, the discourse and tone of the discussion is a parallel argument about the nature of our scholarly discussions of education, often bound themselves...
Analysis of handoff algorithms using nonstationary signal strength measurements

As an extension of their earlier work (see Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Universal Personal Commun., Sept. 1992), which demonstrated the validity of the Poisson model for the specific case where the signal strength process is stationary, the authors present an analytic model for analyzing the performance of field-strength based handoff algorithms. The handoff process is related to level crossings of the difference between the received signal strengths from two base stations. The algorithm performance is derived by modeling the level crossings as Poisson processes with time-varying rate functions. This model is seen to yield results that agree with those obtained from simulations over the range of algorithm parameters that is of practical interest. These results can be used to determine the averaging interval and hysteresis level that achieve the optimum tradeoff between the number of unnecessary handoffs and the delay in handing off. >
Spectral properties of lasing microdroplets

The spectral behavior of 15.3-μm-diameter Rhodamine 6G in water solution droplets was studied. Microdroplet lasing is known to occur simultaneously at many discrete wavelengths, each corresponding to one of many possible spherical cavity resonances. We show that lasing takes place on several mode orders at once. Modes of a given order were found to form a bell-shaped spectral cluster of typically 4–6 resonance lines having consecutive principal mode numbers. Clusters of different mode orders appear somewhat displaced spectrally from one another, with lowest-order clusters shifted to the red. This multiplicity of lasing modes is accounted for by spatial hole-burning effects. The relative lasing intensities of the differing mode orders are explained by an output coupling theory that considers the gain enhancement that is due to cavity quantum electrodynamic effects. An upper limit of 108 for the Q of a nondegenerate cavity mode was estimated from the data.
Existence of Fixed Poles and Their Role in Conspiracy

It is shown that unitarity allows fixed poles at certain nonsense points of either right or wrong signature. The conditions for the existence of these poles are found. These conditions are then used to locate the poles allowed in hadronic reactions. Possible mechanisms for the poles are considered. It is then argued that fixed poles provide the most natural explanation of the conspiracy phenomenon.
Optimal precipitation estimation using multisensor microwave datasets

The quantification and variability of water cycle and its mechanisms are key scientific issues. Systematic errors and biases in precipitation measurements can be eliminated using merging techniques from multisatellite data and data assimilation techniques. Microwave measurement data sources are used in this investigation to merge precipitation estimates from several satellites to produce optimal precipitation datasets. The emphasis of the research is on several case studies with different synoptic conditions and backgrounds to enhance the global precipitation measurement. Analysis and detection of severe snowfall in high latitudes and light rain over desert using AMSU-B and AMSR-E data are discussed. Space-based precipitation estimation is validated using ground-based radar (WSR88D) and rain gauge data for different cases representing different synoptic conditions and surface types. Three hourly global precipitation assimilation schemes for a land-atmosphere couple model system using merged, satellite-based precipitation is explained and the sensitivity of the couple system to the precipitation assimilation is explored. The high frequency passive microwave, such as 150 GHz, is useful particularly for ice and mixed precipitation. Results of the comparative study of precipitation totals based on multisensor estimate, Doppler radar estimate and gauge data are presented.
Suggestive contours for conveying shape

In this paper, we describe a non-photorealistic rendering system that conveys shape using lines. We go beyond contours and creases by developing a new type of line to draw: the suggestive contour. Suggestive contours are lines drawn on clearly visible parts of the surface, where a true contour would first appear with a minimal change in viewpoint. We provide two methods for calculating suggestive contours, including an algorithm that finds the zero crossings of the radial curvature. We show that suggestive contours can be drawn consistently with true contours, because they anticipate and extend them. We present a variety of results, arguing that these images convey shape more effectively than contour alone.
Paramedic use of advanced life support procedures: experience and attitude survey.

Abstract To gather information about paramedic use of 11 advanced life-support (ALS) procedures, 74 emergency physicians and 171 paramedics practicing in Utah were surveyed. Response was 66% and 65%, respectively. Performance difficulty, frequency of use, and success rate were evaluated. The willingness of physicians to order, and paramedics to perform each procedure were compared. Physicians' and paramedics' difficulty ratings were significantly different ( P P P We conclude that paramedic and physician difficulty ratings were generally similar, that many types of ALS procedures are rarely performed, that a small percentage of paramedics perform the largest number of ALS procedures, that secondary employment increases paramedics' procedural attempts and improves success rates, and that they are more willing to perform ALS procedures than physicians are to order them.
The Biography of the Sample: Notes on the Hidden Contexts of Acousmatic Art

Acousmatic sound art production has as its goal a transformation of recognizable recorded sound samples into new relations, effectively hiding the origin of the raw material so as to focus on an experience of pure sound. The author defines the "live" as the "life" from which these samples are pulled, and considers the ways in which the biography of the sample troubles acousmatic art.
Gamma-to-Alpha Transformation in Spherical Aluminum Oxide Powders

The transformation of spherical alumina powders precipitated from an aluminum sulfate solution was studied using a combination of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Particles calcined at 900°C consisted of poly-crystalline γ-alumina which transformed to essentially single-crystal a-alumina on further calcination.
Development of a rat solid tumor model for continuous low-dose-rate irradiation studies using 125I and 103Pd sources

Abstract Purpose To develop an experimental technique for studying the radiobiology of continuous low-dose-rate irradiation (CLDRI) using clinical brachytherapy sources emitting low energy photons for a rat solid tumor model. Methods and materials BA1112 tumors were grown between the ears of 14-week-old male WAG/Rij rats by interdermal inoculation. A radioactive source afterloading system, which consists of a lightweight helmet sutured to the rat and a nine-source polystyrene applicator, was fabricated for in vivo tumor irradiation by 125 I and 103 Pd brachytherapy sources. This system has a 12 × 12 mm opening in the center to accommodate the tumor and its growth during irradiation (the diameter of a typical BA1112 tumor was about 6 mm when radiation was applied). The spatial locations of the nine sources were optimized to produce an as uniform as possible three-dimensional dose distribution to the central portion of the applicator for both the 125 I and 103 Pd sources. Absolute dose delivered by the applicator was verified by point dose measurements using calibrated TLD in a polystyrene phantom that mimics the scattering environment of the tumor on the rat. Results The feasibility of tumor cure experiments using the experimental technique presented in this work was demonstrated. The technique was used to study the influence of initial dose rate on the in vivo tumor cure probability of BA1112 tumors irradiated by 125 I and 103 Pd sources at dose rates varying from 8–20 cGy/h. The technique was also used for studying the in vitro tumor cell survival following in vivo CLDRI irradiation of the tumor. Conclusion An experimental technique using an in vivo tumor model has been developed for studying the radiobiological effects of continuous low-dose-rate irradiations using 125 I sources alone, 103 Pd sources alone, or a mixture of 125 I and 103 Pd sources.
Artemin growth factor increases nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunit expression and activity in nociceptive sensory neurons

Artemin (Artn), a member of the glial cell line-derived growth factor (GDNF) family, supports the development and function of a subpopulation of peptidergic, TRPV1-positive sensory neurons. Artn (enovin, neublastin) is elevated in inflamed tissue and its injection in skin causes transient thermal hyperalgesia. A genome wide expression analysis of trigeminal ganglia of mice that overexpress Artn in the skin (ART-OE mice) showed elevation in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits, suggesting these ion channels contribute to Artn-induced sensitivity. Here we have used gene expression, immunolabeling, patch clamp electrophysiology and behavioral testing assays to investigate the link between Artn, nicotinic subunit expression and thermal hypersensitivity. Reverse transcriptase-PCR validation showed increased levels of mRNAs encoding the nAChR subunits α3 (13.3-fold), β3 (4-fold) and β4 (7.7-fold) in trigeminal ganglia and α3 (4-fold) and β4 (2.8-fold) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of ART-OE mice. Sensory ganglia of ART-OE mice had increased immunoreactivity for nAChRα3 and exhibited increased overlap in labeling with GFRα3-positive neurons. Patch clamp analysis of back-labeled cutaneous afferents showed that while the majority of nicotine-evoked currents in DRG neurons had biophysical and pharmacological properties of α7-subunit containing nAChRs, the Artn-induced increase in α3 and β4 subunits resulted in functional channels. Behavioral analysis of ART-OE and wildtype mice showed that Artn-induced thermal hyperalgesia can be blocked by mecamylamine or hexamethonium. Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) inflammation of paw skin, which causes an increase in Artn in the skin, also increased the level of nAChR mRNAs in DRG. Finally, the increase in nAChRs transcription was not dependent on the Artn-induced increase in TRPV1 or TRPA1 in ART-OE mice since nAChRs were elevated in ganglia of TRPV1/TRPA1 double knockout mice. These findings suggest that Artn regulates the expression and composition of nAChRs in GFRα3 nociceptors and that these changes contribute to the thermal hypersensitivity that develops in response to Artn injection and perhaps to inflammation.
Online discussions in computer science courses: how to make them an effective learning tool

This paper discusses the experience of using asynchronous online discussions obtained by a group of faculty teaching graduate computer science courses online. We also discuss a number of advantages of using asynchronous discussions and how they can enrich the learning experience of students. This is followed by a collection of our practices in course management when online discussions are used. The paper is concluded by a case study describing how online discussions were used in a data warehousing course offered to graduate students online.
Ethics, access, and care.

There are two very different ways of understanding access and care that are at work in contemporary American society. One of these is the understanding that our society’s health professions have about access and care as they consider their ethical commitment to respond to patients’ oral health needs. The other is how these matters are understood within America’s public culture. In this view, needs—including health care needs—are no different in kind or ethical significance from unmet desires of any sort. This article will spell out the differences between these two ways of understanding care and access. Comprehending the distance that separates the health professions’ perspective from much of mainstream American thinking on these matters is essential to a careful discussion of the ethics of access to oral health care.
LABORATORY TEST KILNS1

Three gas-fired downdraft test kilns built by the Ceramic Engineering Department of the Ohio State University are described and detailed drawings and bills of material are given. Results obtained with each kiln are discussed briefly.