cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Flow and Thermal Development in Magnetohydrodynamic Channels

The development of the three-dimensional flow and temperature fields in an MHD channel is studied. The partial-differential equations for the three momenta, the enthalpy, and the electrical fields are solved by a finitedifference calculation procedure. The turbulence phenomenon is represented by a two-equation turbulence model, in which additional equations are solved for the kinetic energy of turbulence and its dissipation rate. Calculations have been made for typical MHD channel conditions in the subsonic flow regime. Interesting secondary flow patterns have been observed to develop along the duct as the flow and electrical fields interact with each other. The detailed development of the three-dimensional flow, temperature, and electrical fields is presented.
Erratum to: Location but not amount of stimulus occlusion influences the stability of visuomotor coordination

Unfortunately, this paper represents the inadvertent republication of a paper already published in Experimental Brain Research in 2009. This inadvertent double publication resulted from a technical error in Springer’s content management system. The original article, identical to this one, was published in Experimental Brain Research in Volume 199, Issue 1, pp 89–93, in 2009. Please always cite this original version in all future work.
Sea-floor methane blow-out and global firestorm at the K–T boundary

A previously unsuspected source of fuel for the global firestorm recorded by soot in the Cretaceous–Tertiary impact layer may have resided in methane gas associated with gas hydrate in the end-Cretaceous seafloor. End-Cretaceous impact-generated shock and megawaves would have had the potential to initiate worldwide oceanic methane gas blow-outs from these deposits. The methane would likely have ignited and incompletely combusted. This large burst of methane would have been followed by longer-term methane release as a part of a positive thermal feedback in the disturbed ocean-atmosphere system.
On the Efficiency of Egg Processing Oils

Abstract COATING eggs with mineral oil prior to storage is a common commercial practice. The treatment is inexpensive and prevents a high percentage of the moisture loss that would otherwise occur during the holding period. Not all oils are equally efficient in this respect, however; some may prevent 90 percent or more of the weight loss under certain conditions of storage whereas others have failed to prevent even 50 percent under comparable conditions. The major objection to the use of mineral oil on eggs has been the oily shine that the shells of processed eggs sometimes have even after several months of storage. This objection cannot be said to be a serious one as the actual egg quality is not thereby affected, but the appearance of the eggs suffers, and, consequently, some thought and effort has been given to the problem of reducing the shine of processed storage eggs. A reliable . . .
Observational and modeling studies of the influence of snow anomalies on the atmospheric circulation

Snow cover has long been regarded as an indicator and as a possible agent of climate variability over a variety of timescales. Over periods of several days to several weeks, the largest changes in the earth’s surface properties result from variations in continental snow cover and snow-covered sea ice. As will be shown in Section 2, snow cover clearly influences the local values of near-surface atmospheric variables over these timescales. Over timescales of centuries and longer, the advance and retreat of the ice sheets depend ultimately on changes in the rates at which snow accumulates and ablates over the continents. However, on the interannual timescales relevant to monthly and seasonal forecasting, the effects of snow cover are relatively poorly understood. While there is indeed suggestive evidence that monthly and seasonal anomalies of snow affect the atmospheric circulation, the short-term climatic role of snow cover has not been clearly defined, nor has its utility in monthly and seasonal forecasting been established. This paper contains a survey of the research to date on snow cover’s effects on the atmosphere over the three timescales: short- term (several days), interannual (several weeks to several seasons), and decadal (several years to several decades). The ambiguities as well as the consistencies of the various findings will be noted throughout the survey, which includes observational as well as modeling studies.
Fear of Negative Evaluation and the Reluctance to Transmit Bad News

An experiment was conducted to determine whether reluctance to transmit an overheard message intended for a stranger depends on (1) fear of negative evaluation by that stranger and (2) fear of the message's anticipated consequences for him. It was reasoned that a messenger would fear negative evaluation if he were identified by the recipient. The hypothesis that bad news would be transmitted less completely and spontaneously than good news was supported. Unexpectedly, anonymity did not interact with news content. Instead, greater communication occurred under nonanonymity than under anonymity. These findings, along with some supportive correlational data, are reinterpreted from an attribution-theoretical viewpoint.
Frequency domain analysis of in-line forces on circular cylinders in random oscillatory flow

Experiments were conducted to study the frequency domain behaviour of inline forces induced on smooth circular cylinders by random oscillatory flows. The experiments were conducted in a water tunnel for statistical Keulegan-Carpenter numbers ranging from KCr=6.8 to 11.6 and statistical Reynold's numbers from
Effects of adding poultry fat in the finishing diet of steers on performance, carcass characteristics, sensory traits, and fatty acid profiles

Use of poultry fat in the finishing diets of steers has not been studied as a potential source of added energy. Therefore, 60 Angus crossbred steers were fed 1 of 3 dietary treatments consisting of 1) a corn-soybean meal control diet devoid of added fat; 2) the control diet formulated with 4% tallow; or 3) the control diet formulated with 4% poultry fat. Addition of fat did not (P = 0.17) affect ADG for the 112-d study. The inclusion of tallow in the diet reduced (P or = 0.14). The inclusion of fat in the diet did not (P > or = 0.15) affect carcass characteristics. Steaks from the steers consuming diets with added fat were darker (lower L* value; P or = 0.10) affect any other objective color measurements or discoloration scores during retail display. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances for LM steaks did not differ (P = 0.21) by dietary treatment. The cooked LM steaks from steers fed poultry fat did not (P > or = 0.80) differ in juiciness or flavor intensity from steaks of steers fed the control or tallow diets. There were also no differences (P = 0.18) in off flavors as a result of added dietary fat. In the LM and adipose tissue, percentages of total SFA were increased (P = 0.05) by adding supplemental fat to the diet, regardless of source. In the LM, total MUFA were decreased (P = 0.02) by adding supplemental fat. Conversely, diet did not (P > or = 0.14) affect the proportions of total PUFA in either tissue or total MUFA in the adipose tissue. Results indicated that replacing beef tallow in finishing diets with poultry fat, a more economical energy source, had no detrimental effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, retail display life, fatty acid profiles, or palatability.
Infrared emission spectra of in vivo human skin.

Es wird ein Instrument auf Basis der Interferenzmethode, das haufig wiederholte IR-Spektren summieren kann, entwickelt und zur Spektralbeobachtung der IR-Emission der menschlichen Haut benutzt.
Routine elective penicillin allergy skin testing in children and adolescents: study of sensitization.

Abstract This study aims at evaluating the possibility in children and adolescents of (re)sensitization to penicillin that could result from skin test and challenge. Patients (240) with a history of a reaction to penicillin or one of its analogs were skin-tested with penicillin G, commerical benzylpenicilloyl polylysine, and a minor determinant mixture consisting of sodium benzylpenicilloate and sodium benzylpenilloate. The patients were tested when well, in no immediate need for penicillin, and during a routine office visit. Twenty-one (8.7%) patients had one or more positive skin tests. Three (14%) of the positive reactors reacted only to the MDM mixture, with one reacting only to the benzylpenilloate component. Of the patients with negative skin tests, 219 were given a 10-day course of oral penicillin. Three (1.4%) of the patients developed a mild skin exanthem 7 to 10 days after starting the penicillin. All skin test—negative patients were retested 4 wk or more after completion of the oral challenge. Only two patients (
Oxidative stress during exercise: Implication of antioxidant nutrients

Research evidence has accumulated in the past decade that strenuous aerobic exercise is associated with oxidative stress and tissue damage in the body. There is indication that generation of oxygen free radicals and other reactive oxygen species may be the underlying mechanism for exercise-induced oxidative damage, but a causal relationship remains to be established. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants play a vital role in protecting tissues from excessive oxidative damage during exercise. Depletion of each of the antioxidant systems increases the vulnerability of various tissues and cellular components to reactive oxygen species. Because acute strenuous exercise and chronic exercise training increase the consumption of various antioxidants, it is conceivable that dietary supplementation of specific antioxidants would be beneficial.
Morphogenesis and secretory activity of mouse mammary cultures on EHS biomatrix

The nature of the substratum profoundly influences the growth and function of epithelia in tissue culture. “Mammospheres”, hollow spherical structures, develop when epithelial clusters are plated on a biomatrix derived from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm murine tumour (EHS matrix). Morphologic examination of mammosphere development demonstrates that morphogenesis is a two stage process. Over the first 48 h the cells aggregate into spheres, drawing the matrix up and over themselves to become buried within the material. Changes in matrix morphology emphasize the importance of the quasi-fluid nature of the substratum on which the cells are plated. Lumen formation ensues over the next 2 to 5 days as the cells, polarized by basal contact with the matrix, differentiate. They form tight junctions at their apical borders and synthesize milk proteins, secreting caseins into the enlarging interior cavity and transferrin from their basal surfaces into the medium. These experiments demonstrate that the physical properties of the EHS matrix allow epithelial cells to develop the cuboidal shape necessary for secretory activity.
Walking the line: Participatory mapping, indigenous rights, and neoliberalism

Abstract Recent critiques of participatory mapping point out the degree to which, as a practice, it has become disciplined by legal prospects for recognition often adopted as part of neoliberal reforms. Yet while neoliberalism certainly disciplines the practice of mapping, they are not reducible to expressions of its dominance. Through a discussion of a participatory mapping project in the Mosquitia region of Honduras, I show how the practice of producing and using maps involves negotiating a spatially complex terrain shaped by multiple and overlapping forms of territory and authority. Insofar as mapping involves movement through this terrain, it engages multiple spatialities that inform assessments of the potential for legal recognition and critically awareness of its constraints. Questions of what to map and how to go about doing it are thus never merely technical concerns. Instead they are diagnostic of broader relations of power that position participants in mapping projects. Rather than producing an authoritative account of that process, my argument here is aimed at learning from it, developing the prospects for a critically-informed, collaborative approach to mapping.
Seasonal growth rate and population dynamics of a freshwater sponge

Five sites of various water depths on four transects were sampled on a seasonal basis to determine Ephydatia fluviatilis population dynamics. The temporal occurrence of life cycle events was influenced by factors (e.g. water temperature) that varied with water depth. The shallow-water ( 1.5 m deep) portion of the population. Sexual reproduction occurred in the spring. Seasonal growth rates were determined for 45 E. fluviatilis colonies on 6 rocks. Growth was maximal during late spring and summer at a mean rate of 26.75% increase in area per week. Growth rates during the winter were slow (2.0% increase/ week). Growth rates were not significantly different between small ( 4.0 mm2) colonies. Seasonal changes were positively correlated with colony growth rates, whereas, micro-habitat parameters that may vary from rock to rock within a small area were not correlated.
A decentralized information and control system for blood management

The design of information systems for decentralized control of organizations has been criticized as being less effective than information systems designed for centralized control. This paper describes a decentralized information system developed for a regional blood service organization. The information system was found to be effective in improving performance in professional and social objectives while having little effect on administrative objectives. In particular, two quality objectives, relating to more widespread use of the blood component red cells and freshness of the units of blood, were significantly improved. Furthermore, the percentage of blood wasted was dramatically reduced. A crucial component of the entire implementation procedure involved the establishment of a peer evaluation committee to monitor progress. Experiences from implementation of the system help form the conclusion that a decentralized performance measure information system can be a vital aid in achieving certain objectives in a highly professional organization.
Analysis of neural networks by statistical linearization

Summary form only given, as follows. The author considers an adaptive neural network of n units, of which k are input, m are outputs, and n-m-k are hidden units, where m>or=k. Using the known approximation techniques of n units, of which k are inputs, m are outputs, and statistical linearization, it is demonstrated for the class of analog networks studied by Pineda that the asymmetric synaptic weight matrix W can be trained to remember at most k linearly independent associations between input patterns and prespecified output patterns, but there is a massive ambiguity in the corresponding correctly trained weights W; in fact, there is a q-parameter family of allowable weights W, where q=(n-k)/sup 2/+k/sup 2/.< >
Rationality and Value: The Epistemological Role of Indeterminate and Agent-dependent Values

An important trend in contemporary epistemology centers on elaborating an old idea of pragmatist pedigree: theory selection (and in general the process of changing view and fixing beliefs) presupposes epistemic values. This article focuses on analyzing the case where epistemic values are indeterminate or when the sources of valuation are multiple (epistemic values like coherence and simplicity need not order options in compatible ways). According to the theory that thus arises epistemic alternatives need not be fully ordered by an underlying notion of information-value and therefore the usual economic techniques of optimization cannot be applied in order to compute optimal contractions. But in cases of this sort it is still rational to maximize, i.e. to deem an option as choosable when it is not known to be worse that any other. We present here basic results about a notion of liberal contraction based on maximizing quasi-orderings. This requires the previous solution of some open problems in the theory of rational choice functions, namely a full characterization of choice functions rationalizable in terms of maximization of quasi-transitive relations. We conclude by discussing the problem of what is the adequate feasible set for calculating maximizing solutions for contraction problems and by considering the epistemological roots of some counterexamples against the most fundamental axioms on choice functions (like α). While the first part of the paper shows how economic insights can be used to improve our understanding of the principles of belief formation and change, this final section reverses this strategy by showing the utility of epistemological insights and techniques for providing invariance conditions capable of regulating the applicability of the pure principles of choice.
The flanged waveguide antenna: Discrete reciprocity and conservation

Abstract The flanged waveguide is a prototypical antenna used in the description of both receiving and transmitting applications. This structure embodies much of the physics of more complicated structures. In particular, the fields radiated in the transmitting mode, and the modes created and fields scattered in the receiving mode satisfy basic reciprocity and conservation laws. In this paper it is demonstrated that the discrete formulation of these problems, obtained by a truncated normal mode analysis, satisfies the basic reciprocity and conservation laws. These discrete relationships hold regardless of the size of the truncated system N, as long as N is greater than the number of propagating modes in the waveguide. Thus, the adherence of this approximate numerical method to the reciprocity and conservation laws does not necessarily imply its accuracy. Several numerical examples are given to illustrate this point.
The Deposition Potentials of Metals from Fused Alkali Chloride‐Aluminum Chloride Baths

An auxiliary platinum reference electrode (together with a platinum cathode and a carbon anode) was used to determine the cathode potentials of hydrogen and of 6 of the common metals dissolved as chloride in a fused bath operated at 156° C. It was found that the order of deposition is the same as that in the voltaic series for aqueous 1.0 N sulfate solutions of these metals with the exception of copper, which is approximately 0.3 v. less noble than hydrogen: H, −0.87 v.; Co, −1.15; Ni, −1.16; Cu, −1.17; Fe, −1.47; Zn, −1.60; Mn, −1.91; Al, −2.02. These potential values apply to smooth bright deposits on a Pt cathode; dendritic or gray deposits were invariably obtained at somewhat higher potentials. At still higher potentials aluminum will deposit, besides the heavy metal added.
Cholesterol oxidation in muscle tissue.

Abstract Three model systems were designed to monitor the oxidative stability of cholesterol in different lipid environments. The cholesterol moiety of cholesteryl linoleate oxidized to a greater extent than that of cholesteryl stearate and free cholesterol. Cholesterol oxidized when dispersed with either phosphatidyl choline or adipose tissue, further demonstrating that cholesterol oxidation is affected by the surrounding lipid environment. Oxidation of cholesterol in muscle tissue was also affected by the membrane environment. Vitamin E supplementation of veal calves improved the oxidative stability of muscle lipids and cholesterol. Comparison was made of the oxidative stability of retail beef lipids, including cholesterol, with the oxidative stability of veal lipids and cholesterol. The results supported the hypothesis that if initiation of lipid oxidation occurs in the muscle membranes, the fat content of the meat should not influence the stability of the lipids to initial oxidation.
Supplemental Oxygen and Glucose During Prolonged Uterine Blood Flow (UtBF) Reduction Prevents Fetal Growth Restriction in Sheep. • 1576

We have shown that 7 days of UtBF reduction in sheep results in a 38% decrease in fetal linear growth rate (LGR) from 6 mm/day to 3.7 mm/day (Am J Physiol, 1996). This decrease in LGR correlates with the fetal concentrations of oxygen and glucose. Subsequent studies, in which fetal PaO2 was increased by providing supplemental oxygen to the ewe during UtBF reduction, failed to prevent the development of fetal growth restriction. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that fetal growth restriction might be prevented by providing supplemental O2 and glucose during UtBF reduction. Six sheep with singleton pregnancies at 115-117 days gestation were prepared with vascular catheters, a fetal crown-rump length measuring device, a vascular occluder on the maternal terminal aorta, and a catheter in the maternal trachea. Fetal LGR was measured daily after surgery. The sheep were recovered for 8-14 days after which serial studies were performed 7 days apart. Following a basal study UtBF was reduced and sheep were supplemented with 100% O2 at 2-2.5 lpm via the maternal tracheal catheter. In addition, a variable glucose infusion was begun through the middle uterine artery with the goal of increasing the fetal arterial glucose concentration by 25-50%. UtBF reduction and O2 and glucose concentrations were checked twice daily between the Basal and Day 7 studies.
A Reexamination of the Psychometric Properties of the School-Wide Evaluation Tool (SET):

As a follow-up to Horner et al., this study focuses on the internal consistency and validity of the School-wide Evaluation Tool (SET) at all school levels. Analyzing SET data from 833 elementary, 2...
Characterization of Soluble and Bound Peroxidases in Green Asparagus

Soluble and ionically bound peroxidases were extracted from green asparagus with 0.05M sodium phosphate (pH 7.0) and the same buffer containing 1.0M NaCl, respectively. The two forms of peroxidase have been purified 237 and 53 fold, respectively, through ammonium sulphate fractionation, and successive chromatography on Sephacryl S-200 and ConA Sepharose 4B columns. Eleven isoenzymes with different pI values were detected from the soluble form using isoelectric focusing and eight from the ionically bound form. The two forms of perooxidase showed a similar optimum pH range of 4.2–5.0 using three kinds of hydrogen donor with different buffers. The optimum temperature of the two peroxidase forms at pH 4.5 was around 50°C. Heat inactivation of both forms at 70° and 90°C was observed to be biphasic.
Characteristics of wind‐generated rings in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean

Eddies are generated in the eastern tropical Pacific (3°S–23°N, 75°–105°W) by winds blowing through Central American mountain passes from the Atlantic. We used Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) and advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite imagery complemented with monthly in situ sea surface temperature and wind series from the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) to study these eddies and their effect on pigment concentrations in the region. Pigment values in the Gulf of Tehuantepec generally reach higher values in November–March before those in the Gulf of Papagayo. The eddies generated in the Gulf of Tehuantepec are associated with passages of cold fronts across the Gulf of Mexico from the north, while the eddies off Papagayo and Panama are associated with increases in trade wind intensity. CZCS images showed larger numbers of eddies per season than have been previously reported on the basis of in situ and AVHRR observations or numerical simulations. We counted 13 eddies in 1979–1980, 8 in 1984–1985, and 6 in 1985–1986. The eddies transfer both energy and biological constituents from the continental margin to the offshore tropical Pacific. The eddies frequently moved distances in excess of 1500 km from their point of origin. Both anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies are generated, but in general, there are more anticyclones. Anticyclonic eddies generally moved to the southwest. Some cyclonic eddies moved to the south and southeast along the Central American coast and appeared to be trapped by the cyclonic Costa Rica thermal dome. Eddies traveled at speeds varying between 9 and 21 cm s−1 and had diameters of 100–500 km. Phytoplankton concentrations associated with the eddies varied from ∼2 to >10 mg m−3 within ∼70 km of the coast to ∼1 mg m−3 up to 600 km of the coast. Between late April and October, fewer eddies were observed, and phytoplankton concentrations were lower (<0.25 mg m−3) and more uniform over the region.
Interpreting MAD within multiple accretion regimes

General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations of accreting black holes in the radiatively inefficient regime show that systems with sufficient magnetic poloidal flux become magnetically arrested disc (MAD) systems, with a well-defined relationship between the magnetic flux and the mass accretion rate. Recently, Zamaninasab (2014) report that the jet magnetic flux and accretion disc luminosity are tightly correlated over 7 orders of magnitude for a sample of 76 radio-loud active galaxies, concluding that the data are explained by the MAD mode of accretion. Their analysis assumes radiatively efficient accretion, and their sample consists primarily of radiatively efficient sources, while GRMHD simulations of MAD thus far have been carried out in the radiatively inefficient regime. We propose a model to interpret MAD systems in the context of multiple accretion regimes, and apply it to the sample in Zamaninasab (2014), along with additional radiatively inefficient sources from archival data. We show that most of the radiatively inefficient radio-loud galaxies are consistent with being MAD systems. Assuming the MAD relationship found in radiatively inefficient simulations holds at other accretion regimes, a significant fraction of our sample can be candidates for MAD systems. Future GRMHD simulations have yet to verify the validity of this assumption.
Multifactor learning and forgetting models for productivity and performance analysis

This article presents an approach to modeling multifactor learning curve models for productivity and performance analysis in manufacturing. The models account for alternate periods of learning and forgetting and the resulting performance of an operator. Multi-factor learning curves facilitate the inclusion of more than one important factor in performance and productivity analysis. The inclusion of a component that accounts for the rate of forgetting establishes a realistic representation of the effects of learning and forgetting on performance. Analyses based on the proposed approach can facilitate more reliable management decisions in productivity analysis. Two-factor models are used to illustrate cases where forgetting occurs continuously or intermittently over a given time period.
Identification of fertility regimes that enhance long-term productivity of alfalfa using cluster analysis.

Recommendations regarding P and K fertilization and critical soil and tissue concentrations for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) are inconsistent. Our objective was to use cluster analysis and binary logistic regression to determine if soil and herbage P and K concentrations can be used as diagnostics ofP- and K-limited alfalfa yields across soils with variable P and K soil test values. Samples were obtained from 28 consecutive harvests (four per year) of plots fertilized with four rates ofP and five rates ofK. Moderate to high rates of both nutrients were required to maintain high yields. Cluster analysis using May 2004 data for mass shoot -1 and shoots m-2 identified six clusters that also differed in yields. Averaged over the seven May harvests the two lowest yielding clusters had low herbage K (10.3-15.9 g kg -1 ), while intermediate yields were associated with low herbage P (1.6 g kg -1 ). Herbage P and K of the highest yielding cluster were 2.5 and 21.5 g kg -1 , respectively. Plant populations in 2004 were the greatest with intermediate yields (61 m -2 ) and lowest for the poorest yielding plots (6 m -2 ). High taproot N reserves were associated with high yields. Prediction of acceptable (high-yielding clusters) vs. unacceptable (low yielding clusters) performance was best achieved using the combination of herbage K and P concentrations and their ratio as independent variables. Results illustrate a varying, interdependent nature for alfalfa critical P and K tissue concentrations and suggest the need to account for both nutrients simultaneously.
Active Learning Exercises are more Motivating than Quizzes for Underachieving College Students

Summary.-For two weeks of an introductory psychology course, covering two chapters OF the text, students who were earning a grade of C or below were randomly divided into two groups. A quiz-only control group of 29 students continued to take weekly quizzes throughout the semester, and 27 students who carried out active learning exercises instead of taking the two quizzes. The latter reported that they worked longer than the controls, thought the material was easier, and liked chapters in the cext better. When tested a month later they performed as well as the controls on a test of he chapter's material. Lectures are commonly used by instructors to cover a large amount of material, and the lecture is often followed by easily scored multiple-choice tests. There are, however, several questions concerning this approach which may not encourage long-term retention of the material and may be uninteresting or unmotivating for many students. Proponents of active learning approaches to college teaching (Meyers &Jones, 1993) have argued that the procedure encourages "deeper" processing and is more interesting, but there are not many empirical studies of such effects. To see whether students who were not performing well in a college course would work more, show greater interest, and have more positive attitudes were they given active learning exercises instead of quizzes were the purposes of this work. In a pilot study, half the students in a large lecture course in introductory psychology were assigned active learning exercises which they &d instead of taking weekly quizzes on two chapters, while the other hat£ took weekly quizzes as they had throughout the semester. Later when students were asked to estimate how long they had worked on each chapter and how much they hked each, no significant differences were noted. Examination of the data indicated that many students in the control group were workmg hard enough and hked the material well enough that little significant improvement was possible, but the students who were earning a grade of C or less in the course had room for improvement. We refocused the study of the
Shear banding in simulated telechelic polymers

The response of simulated telechelic polymers to shear is investigated. End groups of short polymeric chains form temporary junctions that are continuously broken and formed over time. As in experiments, two shear bands coexist for some shear rates. This allows us to study the microscopic differences between these shear bands. We find that the lifetime of a junction is lower in the high shear rate band. In addition, the average aggregate size is lower in this band since more dangling chains exist. Microstructural differences between the sheared and unsheared system are reported as well. Some of the chains, that bridge between two aggregates before shear is applied, form loops that connect with both ends to the same aggregate instead. In addition and more importantly, an increase of chains connecting the same two aggregates is observed. Such restructuring lowers the network connectivity and hence the stress needed to shear the system.
Acute Normovolemic Red Cell Exchange for Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Sickle Cell Disease

A patient with sickle cell disease (hematocrit, 28.5%; hemoglobin S fraction, 79%), required mitral valve repair. Partial red cell removal and blood component sequestration with an autotransfusion device before cardiopulmonary bypass initially decreased the sickle red cell mass. This was followed by an acute one-volume whole blood exchange transfusion performed upon the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass, resulting in a further reduction. Both techniques yielded fresh autologous plasma for use; sequestration yielded a platelet-pheresis product. Adequate postbypass hemostasis was demonstrated.
Illuminating viral infections in the nervous system

Viral infections are a major cause of human disease. Although most viruses replicate in peripheral tissues, some have developed unique strategies to move into the nervous system, where they establish acute or persistent infections. Viral infections in the central nervous system (CNS) can alter homeostasis, induce neurological dysfunction and result in serious, potentially life-threatening inflammatory diseases. This Review focuses on the strategies used by neurotropic viruses to cross the barrier systems of the CNS and on how the immune system detects and responds to viral infections in the CNS. A special emphasis is placed on immune surveillance of persistent and latent viral infections and on recent insights gained from imaging both protective and pathogenic antiviral immune responses.
Methods of determining the spatial response nonlinearities of radiometers.

In many instances, a radiometer’s responses are found to be nonuniform with respect to target positions within its field of view. This paper examines the effects of spatial nonuniformity for the case of a symmetrical uniform source boresighted in the radiometer’s field of view and shows how these effects can be dealt with by relating the radiometer’s output with its field of view unfilled to its output when its field of view is totally filled by a uniform source. By analysis of a Huggins Mark IX radiometer, it is shown that errors in excess of 18% can result through ignorance of the radiometer’s nonlinearity caused by spatial response nonuniformity.
Cadmium Transporters in the Kidney and Cadmium-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Among the organs in which the environmental pollutant cadmium causes toxicity, the kidney has gained the most attention in recent years. Numerous studies have sought to unravel the exact pathways by which cadmium enters the renal epithelial cells and the mechanisms by which it causes toxicity in the kidney. The purpose of this review is to present the progress made on the mechanisms of cadmium transport in the kidney and the role of transporter proteins in cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity.
Development of antibodies to human thrombin and factor V in a pediatric patient exposed to topical bovine thrombin.

Bovine topical thrombin is commonly used for local hemostasis in pediatric surgery. Acquired inhibitors to coagulation factors, particularly to factor V and bovine thrombin, have been infrequently reported in the pediatric population. We report a 3-year-old male who developed a coagulopathy and clinical bleeding after cardiothoracic surgery, during which bovine topical thrombin was used for local hemostasis. Laboratory tests revealed elevated prothrombin, partial thromboplastin, and thrombin times, and a low factor V activity level. He was found to have both human-thrombin and factor V inhibitors, among the first reported cases of these combined inhibitors secondary to bovine topical thrombin. He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and steroids with a rapid and durable response. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:1195–1197. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of caloric restriction on the glucose tolerance and plasma insulin of the sand rat.

Abstract Three groups of sand rats have been studied to determine the effects of restricted versus unrestricted caloric intake on the plasma insulin levels and glucose tolerance. One group of animals was fed throughout the experiment on an allvegetable diet of about 30 calories per day. They developed and, for the most part, maintained a low plasma insulin level and normal glucose tolerance. A second group of sand rats was fed a synthetic diet in restricted amounts so that the total caloric value averaged 30 per day. These animals lost weight, had a low plasma insulin level and a normal glucose tolerance. When these same animals were fed the synthetic diet ad libitum, they consumed about 49 calories per day, they gained weight, their plasma insulin became markedly elevated and their glucose tolerance decreased. A third group of sand rats was fed a synthetic diet in a similar manner except that the order of restricted-ad libitum feeding was reversed. The resulting alterations in plasma insulin and glucose tolerance in general followed the same relation to caloric intake as seen in the previous group.
The ascendance of the ideational model of literacy

Street, Brian V., ed. Cross‐Cultural Approaches to Literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. xii + 320 pp. including index. $59.95 cloth, $18.95 paper. Wagner, Daniel S. Literacy, Culture, and Development: Becoming Literate in Morocco. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. xiv + 367 pp. including appendices, references, and indices. $59.95 cloth, $24.95 paper.
A new procedure for labeling alkylbenzenes with [18F]fluoride.

Abstract A new procedure for labeling alkylbenzenes with no-carrier-added (nca) [ 18 F]fluoride is reported. This will allow the use of [ 18 F]-for-nitro aromatic nucleophilic displacement reaction for labeling aromatic compounds with no activating groups on the benzene ring. The new procedure involves (A) the [ 18 F]-for-nitro displacement reaction on nitrophenones, and (B) the reduction of [ 18 F]fluorophenones with triethylsilane and trifluoroacetic acid to alkylfluorobenzenes. The desired 18 F-labeled alkylbenzenes were prepared in a synthesis time of 1 h with a radiochemical yield of 20% at end-of-synthesis. The procedure has been successfully applied to the synthesis of 18 F-labeled alkylating agents, such as 4-[ 18 F]fluorophenethyl bromide, 4 , and 4-[ 18 F]fluorophenbutyl chloride, 5 . Using the reaction of piperidine and 4 as a model, the potential use of phenethylbromide 4 for labeling biologically important amines was examined. Initial results indicated that the desired alkylated piperidine was formed in low yields ( 4 to [ 18 F]fluorostyrene (>85%) under basic conditions. The new procedure provides an easy method of labeling alkylbenzenes with fluorine-18.
Integration of Neuropsychology in Educational Planning Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) have the potential to significantly disrupt a student's cognitive, academic, social, emotional, behavioral, and physical functioning. It is important for educators to appreciate the array of difficulties students with TBI may experience in order to appropriately assess needs and create an educational plan that targets the needs. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the neuropsychological aspects of TBI and the implications these have on the role of educators. The author reviews the physical aspects of TBI, and summarizes the neuropsychological outcomes, with particular attention given to injury variables that impact assessment decisions. The author describes common challenges with the assessment of educational needs with emphasis placed on developing a hypothesis testing approach to information gathering and formal assessment.
Feedback complexity and corrective efficiency

Abstract College undergraduates read a 2400-word passage, responded to 16 multiple-choice questions, and received one of four types of feedback following their responses. Complexity of feedback was inversely related to both error correctability and criterion efficiency taken as a ratio of feedback study time to post-test corrects. The results were discussed in terms of depth of processing and instructional comprehension.
Isolation of nuclei from plant protoplasts without the use of a detergent

Abstract Nuclei were isolated from protoplasts obtained from primary leaves of the cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. Detergents were purposefully excluded from all solvents used in the isolation procedure. Protoplasts were burst in a hypotonic buffer, and organelles were separated from the few remaining intact protoplasts by passing the sample through a membrane with 8 μm pores. Nuclei were then purified by centrifugation in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. As expected for a procedure that lacks detergents, the isolated nuclei had intact, double-membranous envelopes.
Evidence for 6-keto-PGF1α in adrenal cortex of the rat and effects of 6-keto-PGF1α and PGI2 on adrenal cAMP levels and steroidogenesis

Abstract Both intact cortical tissue and isolated cortical cells from the adrenal gland of the rat were analyzed for 6-keto-PGF1α, the hydrolysis metabolite of PGI2, using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 6-Keto-PGF1α was present in both incubations of intact tissue and isolated cells of the adrenal cortex, at higher concentrations than either PGF2α or PGE2. Thus, the cortex does not depend upon vascular components for the synthesis of the PGI2 metabolite. Studies in vitro , using isolated cortical cells exposed to 6-keto-PGF1α (10−6-10−4M), show that this PG does not alter cAMP levels or steroidogenesis. Cells exposed to PGI2 (10−6-10−4M), however, show a concentration-dependent increase of up to 4-fold in the levels of cAMP without altering corticosterone production. ACTH (5–200 μU/ml) increased cAMP levels up to 14-fold, and corticosterone levels up to 6-fold, in isolated cells. ACTH plus PGI2 produced an additive increase in levels of cAMP, however, the steroidogenic response was equal to that elicited by ACTH alone. Adrenal glands of the rat perfused in situ with PGI2 showed a small decrease in corticosterone production, whereas ACTH greatly stimulated steroid release. Thus, while 6-keto-PGF1α is present in the rat adrenal cortex, its precursor, PGI2, is not a steroidogenic agent in this tissue although it does stimulate the accumulation of cAMP.
The influence of climatic change on the Late Bronze Age Collapse and the Greek Dark Ages

Abstract Between the 13th and 11th centuries BCE, most Greek Bronze Age Palatial centers were destroyed and/or abandoned. The following centuries were typified by low population levels. Data from oxygen-isotope speleothems, stable carbon isotopes, alkenone-derived sea surface temperatures, and changes in warm-species dinocysts and formanifera in the Mediterranean indicate that the Early Iron Age was more arid than the preceding Bronze Age. A sharp increase in Northern Hemisphere temperatures preceded the collapse of Palatial centers, a sharp decrease occurred during their abandonment. Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures cooled rapidly during the Late Bronze Age, limiting freshwater flux into the atmosphere and thus reducing precipitation over land. These climatic changes could have affected Palatial centers that were dependent upon high levels of agricultural productivity. Declines in agricultural production would have made higher-density populations in Palatial centers unsustainable. The ‘Greek Dark Ages’ that followed occurred during prolonged arid conditions that lasted until the Roman Warm Period.
Multi-component heart reconstruction from volumetric imaging

Computer Tomography (CT) and in particular super fast, 64 and 256 detector CT has rapidly advanced over recent years, such that high resolution cardiac imaging has become a reality. In this paper, we briefly introduce a framework that we have built to construct three dimensional (3D) finite-element and boundary element mesh models of the human heart directly from high resolution CT imaging data. Although, the overall IMAGING-MODELING framework consists of image processing, geometry processing and meshing algorithms, our main focus in this paper will revolve around three key geometry processing steps which are parts of the so-called IMAGING-MODELING framework. These three steps are geometry cleanup or CURATION, anatomy guided annotation or SEGMENTATION and construction of GENERALIZED OFFSET SURFACE. These three algorithms, due to the very nature of the computation involved, can also be thought as parts of a more generalized modeling technique, namely geometric modeling with distance function. As part of the results presented in the paper, we will show that our algorithms are robust enough to effectively deal with the challenges posed by the real-world patient CT data collected from our radiologist collaborators.
Acute and chronic toxicity of lead in water and diet to the amphipod Hyalella azteca

We evaluated the influence of waterborne and dietary lead (Pb) exposure on the acute and chronic toxicity of Pb to the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Test solutions were generated by a modified diluter with an extended (24-h) equilibration period. Acute (96-h) toxicity of Pb varied with water hardness in the range of 71 to 275 mg/L as CaCO3, despite similar dissolved Pb concentrations. Acute toxicity was greatest in soft test water, with less than 50% survival at the lowest dissolved Pb concentration (151 microg/L). Survival also was significantly reduced in medium-hardness water but not in hard test water. In chronic (42-d) studies, amphipods were exposed to waterborne Pb and fed either a control diet or a diet equilibrated with waterborne Pb levels. For animals fed the control diet, the median lethal concentration (LC50) for Pb was 24 degrees g/L (as dissolved Pb), and significant reductions in survival occurred at 16 microg/L. Exposure to Pb-treated diets significantly increased toxicity across a wide range of dissolved Pb concentrations, with a LC50 of 16 microg/L and significant reductions in growth and reproduction at 3.5 microg/L. Significant effects on growth and reproduction occurred at dissolved Pb concentrations close to the current U.S. chronic water-quality criterion. Our results suggest that both aqueous- and dietary-exposure pathways contribute significantly to chronic Pb exposure and toxic effects in aquatic biota.
Explicit Treatment of Hydrogen Atoms in Thermal Simulations of Polyethylene

Most atomistic simulation studies of polyethylene employ a united-atom representation to reduce complexity and computational costs. The ramifications of such an approximation have been discussed with respect to structural properties but have not been examined with respect to thermal properties. Here we investigate the consequences of simplified united-atom representations by comparing results from the Kirkwood model to molecular dynamics simulations and lattice dynamics calculations based on a more recent potential, which treats all atoms explicitly. Our results indicate that an explicit treatment of all degrees of freedom is necessary and that significant errors can arise if united-atom approaches are used.