cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological stress, drug-related cues and cocaine craving.

Rationale: While several environmental situations may produce cocaine craving, there is little research on whether patterns of drug cue reactivity are similar across different environmental situations. Objective: This study examined whether two different environmental situations, psychological stress and drug cues, produce similar or varying patterns of cue reactivity in 20 cocaine dependent individuals. Methods: All subjects participated in a single laboratory session and were exposed to stress, drug cues and neutral-relaxing imagery conditions. Cocaine and alcohol craving, emotion state ratings, subjective anxiety, heart rate and salivary cortisol measures were assessed. Results: Significant increases in cocaine and alcohol craving were observed with stress and drug cues imagery but not with neutral-relaxing imagery. In addition, stress and drug cues situations produced similar increases in subjective anxiety, heart rate and salivary cortisol levels. Significant increases in negative emotion ratings and decreases in positive emotion ratings were found for stress and drug cues conditions as compared to the neutral condition. Conclusions: The findings indicate that a similar and comparable pattern of cue reactivity is induced by stress and drug cue manipulations. Furthermore, the comparable increases in subjective anxiety and negative affect observed with stress-induced and drug cue-induced craving provides support for the negative reinforcement model of drug craving and relapse. The negative affectivity co-occurring with the craving state appears to be an important target in the development of new treatments for cocaine dependence.
The effects of gamma irradiation on RTV polysiloxane foams

The present work involves the investigation of ionizing radiation effects on silica filled poly (dimethyl siloxane) foam vulcanized at room temperature. In order to better predict aging effects in these materials, it is important to understand the influence of irradiation on structural-rheological property relationships. Polysiloxane foams were subjected to moderate doses of gamma irradiation in an inert atmosphere and characterized by thermal (DSC and TGA), chemical (FT-IR, NMR, Mossbauer, mass spectroscopy, EPR, solvent swelling), microscopy (SEM and AFM), and mechanical (uniaxial compressive load) techniques. Radiation exposure induced cross-linking reactions that predominated over chain scission reactions for the dose range investigated. No long-lived radiation-induced radicals were detected and the porous structure of the irradiated foam remained unchanged. Radiation exposure resulted in gas evolution, decrease in crystallization levels, slight changes in chemistry, and decrease in the molecular weight between cross-links, thereby hardening the foam.
CHLOROPHYLL a AND CAROTENOID AGGREGATES AND ENERGY MIGRATION IN MONOLAYERS AND THIN FILMS

— The spectra of absorption, fluorescence and excitation of monolayers and thin films containing chlorophyll a together with a carotenoid (cis-β-carotene, trans-β-carotene, fucoxanthin, or zeaxanthin), were measured at — 196°C. The concentration ratios used, (Chl)/(Car), were 6:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1 and 1:3, and the area densities, 3·70, 2·55, 1·76, 0·71, 0·37 and 0·17 nm2/pigment molecule. In dilute monolayers, (3·70 nm2/molecule), with a constant concentration ratio (Chl)/(Car) = 3:1, evidence of three β-carotene forms, with absorption bands at 460, 500 and 520 nm (C460, C500 and C520), and of a chlorophyll a form with an absorption band at 669–672 (Chl669–672) was found. On increasing the density to 0·2–0·3 nm2/molecule, a conversion of C460 and C520 into C500, was observed, and several more additional (probably more strongly aggregated) chlorophyll a forms appeared, with absorption bands at 672–733 nm. With excess carotene [(Chi)/(Car) = 1:3] the forms C460, C500, C520 and Chl669–672 were present even in the most dense films (0·2–0·3 nm2/molecule). The same was found with other carotenoids: if one of the pigments was in excess, aggregated forms of the other tended to disappear. In the transfer of energy from carotenoids to chlorophyll a, C500 was found to be the main donor. In layers with a concentration ratio (Chl)/(Car) = 3:1, the efficiency of transfer was less than 10 per cent at the lowest density used (3·70 nm2/molecule); it increased to 50 per cent, as the density was increased to 0·20 nm2/molecule. When the relative concentration of the carotenoid was increased to (Chl)/(Car) = 1:1, the efficiency of energy transfer dropped to 25 per cent even at 0·20 nm2/molecule. It seems that the efficiency of energy transfer between carotene molecules (prior to its transfer to chlorophyll a) is low, and effective transfer occurs only between β-carotene and immediately adjacent chlorophyll a molecules.
Sketching tools for ideation (NIER track)

Sketching facilitates design in the exploration of ideas about concrete objects and abstractions. In fact, throughout the software engineering process when grappling with new ideas, people reach for a pen and start sketching. While pen and paper work well, digital media can provide additional features to benefit the sketcher. Digital support will only be successful, however, if it does not detract from the core sketching experience. Based on research that defines characteristics of sketches and sketching, this paper offers three preliminary tool examples. Each example is intended to enable sketching while maintaining its characteristic experience.
Immunocytochemical analysis of cyclic AMP receptor proteins in the developing rat parotid gland.

Abstract Previous studies showed that regulatory subunits of type II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (RII) are present in adult rat parotid acinar cells, and are secreted into saliva. If the synthesis and intracellular distribution of RII exhibit developmental specificity, then RII can be an indicator of secretory and regulatory activity of salivary glands. Objective To determine the expression and distribution of RII in the rat parotid at specific ages representing defined developmental stages. Methods Parotid glands of fetal, neonatal and adult rats were prepared for morphologic and immunocytochemical study. The cellular distribution of RII was studied using light microscopic immunogold silver staining with anti-RII, and its intracellular distribution using electron microscopic immunogold labeling. Results In utero , parotid RII levels were low; 5–18 days after birth, labeling of secretory granules and cytoplasm rose to a peak, followed by a rapid decrease in both compartments at 25 days. At 60 days, granule labeling increased to levels near those at 18 days, whereas cytoplasmic labeling remained low. Nuclear labeling was highest during the first 3 weeks after birth, and then declined. Conclusions The higher nuclear and cytoplasmic labeling during the neonatal period may reflect RII involvement in acinar cell differentiation. The accumulation of RII in secretory granules is similar to the pattern of the major salivary proteins, amylase and PSP. The redistribution of RII in these compartments during development may reflect changing gene expression patterns, and may be useful for identification of genetic or metabolic abnormalities.
Assumptive World Views and the Grief Reactions of Parents of Murdered Children

The World Assumptions Scale and the Revised Grief Experience Inventory was administered to parents of murdered children and parents bereaved by sudden accidental death. Compared to parents bereaved...
Chromatin dynamics in living cells: identification of oscillatory motion.

Genomic DNA in mammalian cells is organized into ∼1 Mbp chromatin domains (ChrD) which represent the basic structural units for DNA compaction, replication, and transcription. Remarkably, ChrD are highly dynamic and undergo both translational movement and configurational changes. In this study, we introduce an automated motion tracking analysis to measure, both in 2D and 3D, the linear displacement of early, mid and late S-phase replicated ChrD over short time periods (<1 sec). We conclude that previously identified large-scale transitions in the spatial position and configuration of chromatin, originate from asymmetric oscillations of the ChrD detectable in fractions of a second. The rapid oscillatory motion correlates with the replication timing of the ChrD with early S replicated ChrD showing the highest levels of motion and late S-phase chromatin the lowest. Virtually identical levels of oscillatory motion were detected when ChrD were measured during active DNA replication or during inhibition of transcription with DRB or α-amanitin. While this motion is energy independent, the oscillations of early S and mid S, but not late S replicated chromatin, are reduced by cell permeabilization. This suggests involvement of soluble factors in the regulation of chromatin dynamics. The DNA intercalating agent actinomycin D also significantly inhibits early S-labeled chromatin oscillation. We propose that rapid asymmetric oscillations of <1 sec are the basis for translational movements and configurational changes in ChrD previously detected over time spans of minutes–hours, and are the result of both the stochastic collisions of macromolecules and specific molecular interactions. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 609–616, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Service class based online QoS management in surveillance radar systems

Many application level qualities are functions of available computation resources. Recent studies have handled the computation resource allocation problem to maximize the overall application quality. However such QoS problem is fundamentally a multi-dimensional optimization problem that requires extensive computation. Therefore, online usage of optimization procedures may significantly reduce the computation resource available for applications. This raises the question of how to best use the optimization procedures for dynamic real-time task sets. This paper proposes a method called service classes configuration to address the QoS problem with dynamic arrival and departure of tasks. A simplified radar application is used as an illustrative example.
Gene dosage and antigenic expression on the cell surface of bovine erythrocytes1

Summary Electron microscopic and serological techniques have been used to study the relationship between cell surface expression of bovine erythrocyte antigens and the genes coding for these antigens. Using cells which are genetically and serologically defined for their zygosity with respect to the Z allele, it was found that homozygous (Z/Z) cells have approximately twice as much surface Z antigen as heterozygous (Z/-) cells. Cells labeled for the J antigen, a soluble serum substance which secondarily adsorbs to the erythrocyte surface, display a quantity of antigen which is directly related to the J titer of the cells. A new antigen is described which is independent of the J antigen, and which is detectable by EM labeling and by indirect agglutination, but not by hemolysis.
Ecological energetics of the seaweed zone in a marine bay on the Atlantic coast of Canada. III. Energy transformations by sea urchins

An energy budget was constructed for a population of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in the nearshore area of St. Margaret's Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada. Of the 6 age classes identified, ages 1+and 2+accounted for about 1/2 the population energy flow. Population production efficiencies were: production/assimilation=0.28, production/consumption=0.04 to 0.13, and production/biomass=0.80. Although S. droebachiensis was the dominant herbivore in the seaweed bed, it utilized only 1 to 7% of seaweed production. As with other populations of sea urchins, however, it had a proportionately greater influence on seaweed biomass, and also presumably production, by clearing seaweed from large areas of substrate and maintaining it clear. Loss of dissolved organic matter, the only term in the energy budget not measured, was estimated by substracting the other terms in the energy budget from consumption. In laboratory individuals, this ranged from 40 to 80% of absorption (consumption-faeces). A critical review of energy budgets for 6 other species of marine benthic grazers also revealed large amounts of energy unaccounted for that might be attributed to loss of dissolved organic matter.
Machine-Recorded Protocols: Tools and Techniques

The UNC Textlab/Collaboratory Project has developed a set of tools and techniques for recording and analyzing machine-recorded protocols of users while they work with an application system developed by our project — in the case described here, a hypertext-based writing environment, called WE. A tracking facility automatically records users' actions. Replay allows a researcher to recreate and view a user session in time proportional to the original, in uniform time, and in manually controlled steps Our grammar incorporates a cognitive model of the users' mental behaviors for the task of expository writing and parses protocols to produce parse trees that show users' strategies for working sessions. Finally, our display tools work with these data to produce static and animated representations from which researches can infer user strategies and patterns of behavior. In this paper, we discuss the tools we have developed and issues they raise. While this methodology is described with respect to a particular tas...
Some Factors Affecting Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Tetrahymena pyriformis W.

SUMMARY. Objectives of the investigation were to: (1) ascertain whether, on the basis of enzyme inhibition, localization, and staining intensity, multiple phosphatases exist in Tetrahymena pyriformis W; (2) show activity values for phosphatase in specimens of T. pyriformis W from various ages and types of culture solutions; and (3) test the reliability of the Ca-cobalt technique for demonstration of phosphatase in cell nuclei. Complete inhibition of phosphatases (Ca-cobalt) was obtained with semi-carbazide, HCI and 0.2 m citrate buffer, pH 5.5. Potassium cyanide (0.01 m) tended to activate phosphatase with adenosinetriphosphate and inhibited phosphatase with Na-glycerophosphate, adenosine-5-phosphate, adenosine-3-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, and creatine phosphate solutions. A differential inhibition of phosphatase was obtained with inhibitors other than KCN. Phosphatase-active areas were in essentially the same intracellular position in all substrate solutions with the exception of enzyme-active areas in organisms from tryptone-MgCl2-citrate (0.01 m, pH 5.5) solutions; in the latter, both nuclear and cytoplasmic activity was evident. Organisms from tryptone-MgCl2-citratel (0.02 m), and vitamin-enriched tryptone solutions exhibited abundant cytoplasmic phosphatase with the azo-dye procedure. On the other hand, cytoplasmic phosphatase was not demonstrated with the Ca-cobalt procedure. Results obtained with enzyme inhibitors, various substrate solutions and evaluation of staining intensities suggest but do not demonstrate that 3 phosphomonoesterases, which hydrolyze glycero-phosphate, adenosine-5-phosphate, and adenosinetriphosphate, exist in Tetrahymena pyriformis W. Nuclear reactions obtained with the Ca-cobalt procedure were believed to be artifacts, with the exception of reactions obtained with cells from tryptone-MgCl2-citrate solutions subsequent to incubation in adenosinetriphosphate solution.
Peripheral blood and synovial fluid monocyte activation in inflammatory arthritis. i. a cytofluorographic study of monocyte differentiation antigens and class ii antigens and their regulation by γgm‐interferon

Recent study of the expression of monocyte differentiation antigens (MAg) and HLA-DR on peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) has led to the recognition of resting and activated monocyte phenotypes. The former is identified by the expression of large amounts of MAg (i.e., Mo2 and 63D3) and small amounts of HLA-DR, while the latter is identified by the reverse. We studied the phenotypes of PBM and synovial fluid monocytes (SFM) of patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis and found that PBM were primarily resting and SFM were usually activated. In addition, we measured the degree of modulation of MAg and HLA-DR by gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN). Patient PBM reacted the same as PBM from normal individuals (i.e., MAg decreased and HLA-DR increased after exposure to gamma-IFN). However, in patient SFM, HLA-DR did not increase with exposure to gamma-IFN because expression was already maximal. Interestingly, MAg could still be down-regulated on gamma-IFN-treated SFM, even when expression began at a very low level (i.e., activated phenotype). This independent regulation of MAg and HLA-DR suggests that macrophage activating factors other than gamma-IFN may be responsible, in part, for the activated phenotypes observed.
Hourly Scheduling of DC Transmission Lines in SCUC With Voltage Source Converters

This paper presents the modeling of high-voltage direct current (dc) transmission systems with voltage-source converters (VSCs) in security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC). The impact of VSC-DC transmission system on the economics and the security of integrated ac/dc transmission systems is discussed. The nonlinear ac/dc equations are linearized and the Newton-Raphson method is utilized to solve the linearized network in the base case and contingencies. The SCUC solution will determine the optimal hourly schedule of controllable VSC-DC transmission systems in electricity markets. Numerical examples show the efficiency of the proposed model.
Technological innovations to advance scalability and interconnects in bulk and SOI

With technology scaling rapidly, there is increased need for improved performance. While improved performance can be achieved with lower threshold voltages, leakage will be a major issue at technologies below 0.1/spl mu/m/sub ./ Interconnect scaling is not expected to keep up with component scaling, resulting in higher capacitance losses and challenges in signal routing. We consider how scaling will impact design for low power and high performance applications. SOI may be a solution for some issues like SER due to the presence of buried oxide. Performance can be enhanced by SOI technology due to the absence of junction capacitance. The combination of short gate length technologies and PD-SOI can mitigate performance degradation due to interconnect capacitances and leakage.
Expression of Lex antigen in Schistosoma japonicum and S.haematobium and immune responses to Lex in infected animals: Lack of Lex expression in other trematodes and nematodes

Adults of the human parasitic trematode Schistosoma mansoni, which causes hepatosplenic/intestinal complications in humans, synthesize glycoconjugates containing the Lewis x (Lex) Galbeta1-->4(Fucalpha1-->3)GlcNAcbeta1-->R, but not sialyl Lewis x (sLex), antigen. We now report on our analyses of Lexand sLexexpression in S.haematobium and S.japonicum, which are two other major species of human schistosomes that cause disease, and the possible autoimmunity to these antigens in infected individuals. Antigen expression was evaluated by both ELISA and Western blot analyses of detergent extracts of parasites using monoclonal antibodies. Several high molecular weight glycoproteins in both S. haematobium and S. japonicum contain the Lexantigen, but no sialyl Lexantigen was detected. In addition, sera from humans and rodents infected with S.haematobium and S.japonicum contain antibodies reactive with Lex. These results led us to investigate whether Lexantigens are expressed in other helminths, including the parasitic trematode Fasciola hepatica , the parasitic nematode Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm), the ruminant nematode Haemonchus contortus , and the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . Neither Lexnor sialyl-Lexis detectable in these other helminths. Furthermore, none of the helminths, including schistosomes, express Lea, Leb, Ley, or the H-type 1 antigen. However, several glycoproteins from all helminths analyzed are bound by Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin , which binds Fucalpha1-->3GlcNAc, and Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, which binds GalNAcbeta1-->4GlcNAc (lacdiNAc or LDN). Thus, schistosomes may be unique among helminths in expressing the Lexantigen, whereas many different helminths may express alpha1,3-fucosylated glycans and the LDN motif.
Duplex Doppler examination of the liver and portal venous system

Duplex Doppler scanning has many applications in the evaluation of the liver and the portal venous system. It can be a useful adjunct to real-time sonographic identification of normal and variant anatomy, and lesion detection in the liver and porta hepatis. It is able to document both portal venous thrombosis and portal venous hypertension. It plays an important role in the pre- and postoperative assessment of patients undergoing portosystemic shunts or liver transplants. It allows the observation and measurement of portal venous systemic physiologic responses. In addition to the above applications, duplex Doppler scanning's future potential, including full-field color Doppler imaging, is discussed.
Deformable 2-D template matching using orthogonal curves

A new formulation of the two-dimensional (2-D) deformable template matching problem is proposed. It uses a lower-dimensional search space than conventional methods by precomputing extensions of the deformable template along orthogonal curves. The reduction in search space allows the use of dynamic programming to obtain globally optimal solutions and reduces the sensitivity of the algorithm to initial placement of the template. Further, the technique guarantees that the result is a curve which does not collapse to a point in the absence of strong image gradients and is always nonself intersecting. Examples of the use of the technique on real-world images and in simulations at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are also provided.
Trying to harness the potential of HDL: wishful thinking or sound strategy?

This editorial refers to ‘Effects of the high-density lipoprotein mimetic agent CER-001 on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized trial’, by J.-C. Tardif et al. , on page doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu171 Almost four decades have passed since the Framingham Study reported that HDL cholesterol was a protective factor against coronary heart disease.1 It has been nearly a quarter of a century since Badimon et al .2 demonstrated that i.v. infusion of HDL into cholesterol-fed rabbits caused regression of atherosclerotic lesions. Since then there have been many attempts to harness the potential of HDL as a therapeutic strategy. The latest attempt is described by Tardif et al .3 who report the results of the CHI-SQUARE study, which is the largest randomized clinical trial to date testing the efficacy of serial HDL infusions in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. The study used an engineered lipoprotein particle mimicking pre-beta HDL and consisting of a recombinant human apolipoprotein A-I [apoA-I; produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and then purified by column chromatography] combined with two phospholipids. Between March 2011 and August 2012, patients with a clinical indication for coronary angiography and a research-mandated intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) recording approved by the IVUS core laboratory were randomized to receive either placebo or an …
POSSIBLE TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSMISSION OF HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTION.

A case of neonatal herpes simplex infection suggestive of intrauterine transmission is reported and all 42 cases of such infection previously reported are reviewed. The case a slightly premature male was in good condition until the 6th postnatal day when fever mild cyanosis increasing respiratory distress and central nervous system irritability developed. Bacterial cultures were negative. He died at 10 days of age. Herpes simplex was cultured from the brain liver adrenals esophagus kidney lung spleen heart spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid but not from the stool. Microscopic examination of the placenta revealed numerous foci of villous necrosis but no inflammatory reaction. The mother had developed fever chills and malaise 3 days before the onset of labor. Poor progress of labor and fetal distress led to delivery by cesarean section. The father suffered from recurrent herpes progenitalis; however the last outbreak was 6 months prior to delivery. There was no contract between infant and parents after delivery. Although virus was not cultured from the placenta the unusual placental lesions characteristic of hematogenous dissemination of infection and histologically similar to the visceral lesions in the infected infant suggest that the disseminated fulminant form of herpes simplex infection began before birth. Virus was recovered in 23 of the 42 previously reported cases of neonatal herpes simplex. The diagnosis was rarely made before death which occurred in 6-12 days in the 38 fatal cases. Hepatic and adrenal necrosis was striking. Maternal disease in the form of fever or skin vulvar or oral lesions is frequently present immediately before or after delivery in these cases. Such illness in mothers of infants with severe acute disease without demonstrable bacteriologic etiology should alert physicians to the possibility of disseminated neonatal herpes simplex infection. Without demonstration of virus or of diagnostic lesions in the placenta 2 other types of evidence could document the occurrence of intrauterine transmission of the virus: 1) destructive lesions clearly associated with the organism before or at birth and 2) clinical disease and/or neonatal death at an interval after delivery less than the minimum incubation period of 1-12 days.
Negotiating Better Development Agreements

Some American cities demand that developers pay "linkage fees" (sometimes called exactions) over-and-above required property taxes. Presumably, these are meant to cover short-term costs and "social impacts" that exceed the development's expected tax payments. The level of linkage payments in each city is determined either through case-by-case negotiations (as in Boston) or by the application of a formula that assumes an average charge per square foot (as in San Francisco). My aim in this column is to review the strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches, then describe still another approach that I think will produce superior negotiated development agreements. In many situations, particularly those involving real estate or development, the parties assume that there is no overlap between what one is prepared to offer and what the other is likely to accept. Indeed, such an assumption guides many negotiations. Unfortunately, if there is a zone of overlap and not a gap, but the parties adopt a gap-oriented negotiating strategy, they will probably produce unsatisfactory results. Consider, for instance, the following case: 1 John Ryan represents the Mayor of Middletown. 1he Mayor has asked John to meet with Anna Rinaldi, one of the city's most successful developers. Rinaldi Construction has indicated to the Middletown Redevelopment Authority that it wants to redevelop almost six vacant acres near the old railroad yard at the edge of the downtown area. Rinaldi proposes an elaborate, mixeduse project the likes of which Middletown has never seen including a new hotel complex, an exhibition hall, highpriced condominiums, and thousands of square feet of shops and offices. For Rinaldi to proceed, the city must rezone the land. Not only are the residents in the adjacent neighborhood up in arms, but most of the environmental, historic preservation, and social welfare groups in the city oppose the project. The Mayor however, still hopes to proceed. He believes that the city's need for additional tax revenue and new jobs outweighs whatever adverse impacts the project might have. He realizes, though, that he must do something to satisfy the opponents. He wants Rinaldi to make a one-time-only "contribution" to a new city Revitalization Fund. Given the cutbacks in federal and state devel-
Decrease in the levels of specific non-polysomal messenger ribonucleoproteins during the mouse sarcoma-180 ascites cell cycle.

Abstract A few mRNAs in S-180 ascites cells are found as non-polysomal messenger ribonucleoprotein particles, whose translation is restricted both in , vivo and in , vitro . To determine if these mRNPs remain untranslated throughout the cell cycle we obtained S-180 ascites cells enriched in cell cycle stages by centrifugation through ficoll gradients. The “inactive” mRNA species were clearly present in the pre-polysomal fraction from S and pre-S phase cells, however they were not detected in the mRNP fraction from post S phase cells. Hybridization of a cloned cDNA probe for one of these species (P-40) to polysomal RNA from pre- or post-S phase cells demonstrated it was present in substantially higher concentrations in polysomes from post-S phase cells, consistent with its translation after S phase. We also observed that a poly (A)-minus form of the mRNA coding for actin was restricted to post S phase cells.
Effect of ion channel blockers on germination of Bacillus megaterium spores

We surveyed 23 drugs that can interact with membrane components, such as ion channels, for their effect on spore germination. The results showed that triggering of spore germination was inhibited by specific calcium (Ca2+) potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) channel blockers.
Natriuretic peptide measurements for the diagnosis of “nonsystolic” heart failure: Good news and bad

The study by Maisel et al. [(1)][1]on the use of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the diagnosis of heart failure (HF) in this issue of the Journal provides additional data and analyses from the previously published Breathing Not Properly trial [(2)][2]. The most important of these, and the focus
A human narrative in the metopes from the temple of Zeus at Olympia.

A HUMAN NARRATIVE IN THE METOPES FROM THE TEMPLE OF ZEUS AT OLYMPIA Amanda B. Crecelius Ott May 8,2004 Built during the Early Classical period, the Temple of Zeus at Olympia and its sculptural program presented many new ideas in Greek society. I will argue that the Temple, in particular its metopes depicting the twelve Labors ofHerakles, exemplified the humanization of the Greek hero and illustrated the increasingly personal nature of Greek religion following the Persian War. I will first discuss the history of Olympia and the Altis, especially in relation to the celebration of the Olympic Games. I will then describe the Temple of Zeus and its sculptural program. The sculptures, in particular the metopes, will be considered in the larger context of the important developments in Greek religion following the victories over the Persians. I will argue that the metopes should be considered as one of the first architectural forms which connect man and gods in a personal, human way.
Agapostemon nasutus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) in the United States

Since the monograph of the species of Agapostemon of the United States was published by Sandhouse (1936), the list of species recorded by her for this area has remained unchanged. The present arrangement of species (Michener 1951) differs only as it recognizes certain subspecific forms.
Chemical and stereochemical actions of UDP-galactose 4-epimerase.

Uridine(5')diphospho(1)α-D-galactose (UDP-gal) provides all galactosyl units in biologically synthesized carbohydrates. All healthy cells produce UDP-gal from uridine(5')diphospho(1)α-D-glucose (UDP-glc) by the action of UDP-galactose 4-epimerase (GalE). This Account provides our recent results describing unusual mechanistic features of this enzyme. Fully active GalE is dimeric and contains one tightly bound nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) per subunit. The NAD undergoes reversible reduction to NADH in the chemical mechanism. GalE displays unusual enzymological, chemical, and stereochemical properties. These include practically irreversible binding of NAD, nonstereospecific hydride transfer, uridine nucleotide-induced activation of NAD, Tyr149 as a base catalyst, and [GalE-NADH]-oxidation in one-electron steps by one-electron acceptors. Early studies revealed that uridine(5')diphospho(1)α-D-4-ketopyranose (UDP-4-ketopyranose) and NADH are reaction intermediates. Weak binding of the 4-ketopyranosyl moiety and strong binding of the UDP-moiety allowed either face of the 4-ketopyranosyl moiety to accept hydride from NADH. In crystal structures of GalE, NAD bound within a Rossmann-type fold and uridine nucleotides within a substrate domain. Structures of [GalE-NADH] in complex with UDP-glc show Lys153, Tyr149, and Ser124 in contact with NAD or glucosyl-C4(OH). Lys153 forms hydrogen bonds to the ribosyl-OH groups of NAD. The phenolate of Tyr149 is associated with both the nicotinamide ring of NAD and glucosyl-C4(OH). Ser124 is hydrogen-bonded to glucosyl-C4(OH). Spectrophotometry studies show a pH-dependent charge transfer (CT) complex between Tyr149 and NAD. The CT-complex has a pKa of 6.1, which results in bleaching of the CT-band. The CT-band also bleaches upon binding of a uridine nucleotide. Kinetic experiments with wild-type GalE and Ser124Ala-GalE show the same kinetic pKa values as the corresponding CT-band pKa, which point to Tyr149 as the base catalyst for hydride transfer. We used NMR studies to verify that uridine nucleotide binding polarizes nicotinamide π-electrons. The binding of uridine(5')-diphosphate (UDP) to GalE-[nicotinamide-1-¹⁵N]NAD shifts the ¹⁵N-signal upfield 3 ppm, whereas UDP-binding to GalE-[nicotinamide-4-¹³C]NAD shifts the ¹³C-signal downfield by 3.4 ppm. Electrochemical and ¹³C NMR data for a series of N-alkylnicotinamides show that the 3.4 ppm downfield ¹³C-perturbation in GalE corresponds to an elevation of the NAD reduction potential by 150 mV. These results account for the uridine nucleotide-dependence in the reduction of [GalE-NAD] by glucose or NaBH₃CN. Kinetics in the reduction of Tyr149Phe- and Lys153Met-GalE-NAD implicate Tyr149 and Lys153 in the nucleotide-dependent reduction of NAD. They further implicate electrostatic repulsion between N1 of NAD and the e-aminium group of Lys153 in nucleotide-induced activation of NAD. In an O₂-dependent reaction, [GalE-NADH] reduces the stable radical UDP-TEMPO with production of superoxide radical. The reaction must proceed by way of a NAD-pyridinyl radical intermediate.
GENIUS IN A JAR.

The article discusses how the brain of the 20th-century physicist Albert Einstein was removed and scientifically studied after the prominent scientist's death in 1955. Topics addressed include an account of how Einstein's brain was taken against his expressed wishes, the history of preserving and studying the brains of exceptional public figures for physical abnormalities or distinctive features, and how the studying of Einstein's brain did not yield any noteworthy results.
The End of Crypto

This talk will reflect on the core purposes of cryptology, and the extent to which those purposes are served --- and servable --- in today's digital environment.
Late Medieval Lebanon

Of all the lands of the East, Lebanon probably was the worst sufferer because of the Crusades. Mamluk reprisals involved a scorched-earth policy. Certain fortified cities were dismantled. Fearing the enemy’s return and realizing the inadequacy of their sea power, the Egyptian sultans blocked Lebanese seaports. Earthquakes and renewed Mongol invasions added their quota of devastation. Between 1260 and 1303 no less than four Mongol waves rolled down the coast, leaving almost all towns between Tripoli and Ascalon in ruins or semi-ruins. The celebrated Moroccan globe-trotter ibn-Battutah wrote in his diary (1326): I journeyed to the fort of Ascalon, now a heap of ruins.… Then I arrived in Akka, once capital of the Franks in Syria but now a ruin.… Then I journeyed to Tyre, which is a ruin with a populous village outside of it.
Introduction: Three Vignettes of Market Societies

How do markets work? This simple question has occupied the greatest minds in economics regardless of their persuasion. Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and almost anyone else who has engaged in debates about economic questions have had to come to grips with the nature of the market.
Gesetzliche Regelungen und Qualitätsstandards

Erfullung von Gesetzen, Qualitats- und Akkreditierungsstandards sind einer von zwei hauptsachlichen Grunden fur die Validierung von Computersystemen. Der zweite und wichtigere Grund ist die Entwicklung und Wartung von Software zu verbessern. Bei der Softwareentwicklung ist es besonders wichtig, beim ersten Mal das Richtige zu tun, weil Fehler bei Computerprogrammen teuer werden konnen. Das wurde von Softwareherstellern recht fruh erkannt. Beispielsweise wurde das Konzept des Softwarelebenszyklus (Software life cycle) als Grundlage der Validierung nicht von Behorden entwickelt, sondern von Glenford Myers von IBM in den funfziger Jahren [38]. Der wirkliche Vorteil der Validierung von Software und einer guten Dokumentation liegt darin, das die Software von Entwicklern und Anwendern gut verstanden wird, was fur eine effiziente und richtige Wartung auserordentlich wichtig ist. Das trifft in gleichem Mase fur grose und kleine Softwareentwicklungsprojekte zu.
A pilot and feasibility study to assess children's consumption in quick-service restaurants using plate waste methodology.

Children regularly consume foods from quick-service restaurants (QSR), but little is known about the foods that children order, the calories and nutrients consumed, the accuracy of stated calorie information, or the ability to assess food orders and consumption in QSRs. This study evaluated the feasibility of plate waste collection in QSRs and examined children’s orders and consumption of meals from the standard and children’s menus. Additional aims were to examine if the meals ordered met healthier standards for children’s menu items and determine the accuracy of the QSR-stated energy content of foods. Fifteen QSRs, two malls, and 116 eligible parents were approached to participate in the study in 2015. Among the families recruited, children’s meal orders and consumption were analyzed using plate waste methodology, and a subsample of foods was analyzed using bomb calorimetry in 2015. Two individual QSRs and one mall food court with two QSRs agreed to participate, and n = 50 participants (parents with children between the ages of 5-10 years) were recruited. Children consumed on average 519 calories, 5.7 g saturated fat, 957 mg sodium, 3.7 g fiber, and 22.7 g sugar. Children ordered and consumed significantly fewer calories and less sodium and sugar with meals ordered exclusively from the children’s menu compared with the standard menu. Overall there were no significant differences between the measured and stated energy contents of the QSR foods. Conducting plate waste research in QSRs is feasible and there is concordance with stated calorie information. Consuming foods exclusively from the children’s menu may help limit overconsumption in QSRs.
Simultaneous Replacement of Endothelial Thrombomodulin and Plasma Protein C: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Sepsis-Induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Sepsis induces a procoagulant state, which in its most extreme form can result in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a syndrome of widespread microvascular thrombosis, ischemia, and organ dysfunction. Suppression of the protein C (PC) pathway has long been thought to be an important part of the pathophysiology, leading to development of a number of candidate therapeutics, including soluble human thrombomodulin (shTM, or ART123), currently being evaluated in a phase III clinical trial. While conferring less risk of bleeding toxicity than previous pharmacologic interventions into the protein C pathway, shTM fails to reproduce the spatial localization of its endogenous counterpart, preventing optimal interaction with PC bound to its endothelial receptor. To test the importance of localization to the endothelial membrane, we compared the antithrombotic activity of shTM to that of hTM/R6.5, a fusion protein therapeutic that anchors recombinant human TM to endothelial ICAM-1. In modified thrombin generation assays, in which platelet-poor plasma was exposed to cytokine-activated human endothelial cells, cell bound hTM/R6.5 was more potent than shTM mixed into the plasma. A similar result was found in a human whole blood microfluidic assay of sepsis-induced microvascular thrombosis, in which endothelial bound hTM/R6.5 more effectively inhibited fibrin deposition than its soluble counterpart. To investigate its mechanism of action, the fusion protein was tested in the setting of moderate PC deficiency, a common occurrence in patients with DIC. While PC depletion alone had no effect on fibrin deposition in this model, it significantly reduced the efficacy of hTM/R6.5, which was restored by supplementation using plasma-derived PC concentrate. These results indicate that endothelial bound TM acts not only as a direct inhibitor of thrombin, but derives antithrombotic activity from the activation of PC, such that it may be insufficient to reverse the coagulopathy of patients with significant deficiency in plasma PC. Likewise, the data match the clinical experience with PC supplementation, which appears to be of nominal benefit in sepsis or DIC, despite repeated demonstration of efficacy in patients with severe congenital PC deficiency, who have normal levels of endothelial TM and EPCR. The synergistic effect observed with simultaneous replacement of plasma PC and endothelial TM, however, suggest that this combination may represent a novel, translational therapeutic strategy. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Out of the blue: Experiences of contingency in advanced cancer patients

Throughout their lives, people are confronted with unexpected life events, which can have a profound impact on their lives and can be difficult to incorporate into their life narratives. Such a confrontation can be called an experience of contingency. The aim of this thesis is to describe experiences of contingency in advanced cancer patients, qualitative as well as quantitative. Furthermore, this thesis provides practical guidelines for placing spiritual care in a multidisciplinary care setting.
Anti-scatter grid artifact elimination for high-resolution x-ray imaging detectors without a prior scatter distribution profile.

Using anti-scatter grids with high-resolution imaging detectors could result in grid-line artifacts, with increasing severity as detector resolution improves. Grid-line mask subtraction can result in residual artifacts that are due to residual scatter penetrating the grid and not subtracted. By subtracting this residual scatter, the grid artifacts can be minimized. In the previous works, an initial residual-scatter estimate was derived by placing lead markers on a test object; however, any change in the object geometry requires a new scatter estimate. Such a method is impractical to implement during a clinical procedure. In this work, we present a new method to derive the initial scatter estimate to eliminate grid-line artifacts during a procedure. A standard stationary Smit-Roentgen x-ray grid (line density - 70 lines/cm, grid ratio - 13:1) was used with a high-resolution CMOS detector (Dexela Model 1207, pixel size - 75 μm) to image an anthropomorphic head phantom. The initial scatter estimate was derived from the image itself and the grid artifacts were eliminated using recursive correction estimation; this result was compared to that with the estimate derived from placing lead markers on the phantom. In both cases, the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was improved compared to the original image with grid artifacts. Percentage differences in CNR’s for three regions between the images corrected with the two estimates were less than 5%. With the new method no a priori scatter distribution profiles are needed, eliminating the need to have libraries of pre-calculated scatter profiles and making the implementation more clinically practical.
Quack: A quality assurance tool for high throughput sequence data

The quality of data generated by high-throughput DNA sequencing tools must be rapidly assessed in order to determine how useful the data may be in making biological discoveries; higher quality data leads to more confident results and conclusions. Due to the ever-increasing size of data sets and the importance of rapid quality assessment, tools that analyze sequencing data should quickly produce easily interpretable graphics. Quack addresses these issues by generating information-dense visualizations from FASTQ files at a speed far surpassing other publicly available quality assurance tools in a manner independent of sequencing technology.
Tamil Dalit Art and Identity: What to Do With the drum?

Based mainly on printed sources in Tamil, as well as interviews with Dalit activists, this article seeks to map current divergent attitudes of Dalits towards folklore and especially towards the dru...
Wealth from Trees — The History of American Enterprise in Indonesian Rubber

Sumatra has long been the world’s leading producer of rubber, and the United States the major consumer. This is the story of the relationship.
Gastric Injury Increases Infections in Trauma Patients

Some physicians feel gastric injury is not a significant contributing factor to the adverse outcome of trauma patients, but rather a marker of epigastric injury. We hypothesized the addition of a gastric injury to multiple injured trauma patients would increase infection rate. We conducted a retrospective study comparing 450 consecutive patients with full-thickness gastric injury with 983 patients without gastric injury during the same time period. Infection rate in patients with gastric injury was 44 per cent (200 of 455) and significantly higher than 36 per cent (357 of 983) seen without gastric injury (P = 0.006). Logistic regression revealed gastric injury was an independent risk factor for infection controlling for age, Injury Severity Scale, gender, mechanism of injury, shock, and associated injuries (P = 0.047). Requiring a transfusion, Injury Severity Scale, colon injury, age, pancreas injury, and emergency department shock were also independent risk factors for developing an infection. The addition of a gastric injury to a trauma patient appears to increase the risk for infection.
Oxygen Activation by Neutrophils

Mobile, phagocytoeing cells were first observed in starfish larvae in 1882 by Elie Metchnikoff, who was subsequently able to demonstrate their central role in host defense against infection ln animals. In recognition of the significance of his discoveries, Metchnikoff was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Since that time our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of leukocytic cells has increased enormously; however, the microbicidal toxins produced by leukocytes and their disinfection mechanisms have remained poorly characterized, and are correspondingly the subject of increasing attention of medical researchers and biochemists.