cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced Picosatellite Experiment

The design of the CAPE I satellite was underway for approximately three years. This interdisciplinary project incorporates electrical, mechanical, and aerospace engineering, as well as computer science and physics. The project hoped to teach students how to design, develop, and maintain a lower Earth orbiting satellite. This satellite was delivered to San Luis Obispo, California, December 5, 2006, where it passed the final integration test in order to qualify for launch. After qualification, the satellite was loaded into the poly-picosatellite orbital deployer or P-POD, which is the deployment system for the satellite. The P-POD holds three CubeSats. Once all three satellites were integrated, it was delivered to Kazakhstan and loaded into the DNEPR Russian Rocket on March 17, 2007. After a few delays, the rocket was launched on April 17,2007. The team is currently monitoring and decoding the CW beacons transmitted by the satellite. The project was broken into several subsystems including mechanical, communications, control and data handling, and power. Each of the systems proved to have their own unique challenges. Being that the majority of the team was electrical engineering students, the mechanical subsystem presented the most difficulty. There is currently a design in progress for the next satellite project, CAPE II. This new satellite will attempt a new benchmark by incorporating more advanced technologies than CAPE I and include other campus entities such as The Wetlands Research Center. The team hopes to deploy buoys into the Gulf of Mexico that will communicate to the CAPE 11 satellite in space and then send data to the ground station at the University. This data will include subjects such as coastal erosion, water temperatures, and drift currents throughout the Gulf. With this data, we can give other organizations the information obtained for their use as well.
Location of high spin 4p-3h strength in /sup 17/O

Selective population with both /sup 13/C(/sup 6/Li,d) and /sup 13/C(/sup 7/Li,t) is observed for a peak at 13.58 +- 0.02 MeV in /sup 17/O. The peak corresponds to a broad state or states whose combined (/sup 6/Li,d) angular distribution is similar to the /sup 12/C(/sup 6/Li,d)/sup 16/O (6/sup +/,16.29 MeV) distribution. Based on the relative populations of states with the /sup 12/C(/sup 7/Li,t) and /sup 13/C(/sup 7/Li,t) reactions, the shapes of the /sup 12/C(/sup 6/Li,d) and /sup 13/C(/sup 6/Li,d) angular distributions and the fact that a peak is not observed in /sup 15/N(..cap alpha..,d) at this energy, the peak is suggested to contain a state or states of spins 11/2/sup -/, 13/2/sup -/, or both, with a weak coupling configuration of /sup 16/O(6/sup +/, 16.29) x p/sub a/2/. Strongly excited peaks were also observed at 14.86, 18.17, and 19.24 MeV in /sup 17/O.
Chondrocyte-Specific Knockout of the G Protein Gsα Leads to Epiphyseal and Growth Plate Abnormalities and Ectopic Chondrocyte Formation

Gsα is a ubiquitously expressed G protein α-subunit that couples receptors to adenylyl cyclase. Mice with chondrocyte-specific ablation of the Gsα gene had severe epiphyseal and growth plate abnormalities and ectopic cartilage formation within the metaphyseal region of the tibia. These results show that Gsα negatively regulates chondrocyte differentiation and is the critical signaling mediator of the PTH/PTH-rP receptor in growth plate chondrocytes. Introduction: Gsα is a ubiquitously expressed G protein α-subunit that mediates signaling through G protein-coupled receptors to activate the cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway. Although studies suggest an important role for Gsα in regulating growth plate development, direct in vivo results examining this role are lacking. Materials and Methods: The Gsα gene was ablated in murine cartilage by mating mice with loxP sites surrounding the Gsα promoter and first exon with collagen 2a1 promoter-Cre recombinase transgenic mice. Skeletal tissues were studied by gross and microscopic pathology, and gene expression was determined by in situ hybridization. Results and Conclusions: Mice with complete chondrocyte-specific Gsα deficiency (homozygotes) died within minutes after birth and had severe epiphyseal and growth plate defects with shortening of the proliferative zone and accelerated hypertrophic differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes, a phenotype similar to that of PTH/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor knockout mice. Indian hedgehog and PTH/PTHrP receptor expression in prehypertrophic chondrocytes was unaffected in mutant mice. PTHrP expression in periarticular cartilage was increased in the mutant mice, probably because of the closer proximity of Ihh-secreting chondrocytes to the periarticular zone. In addition, these mice developed ectopic cartilage at the anterior side of the metaphyseal region in the tibia. Mice with partial Gsα deficiency (heterozygotes) exhibited no phenotype. These results show that Gsα negatively regulates chondrocyte differentiation and is the critical signaling mediator of the PTH/PTHrP receptor in epiphyseal and growth plate chondrocytes.
COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR DETECTION OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION

ABSTRACTPurpose: Vascular comorbidities are well known to correlate with erectile dysfunction (ED) but a correlation with hypogonadism and depression is less clear. Using several linear and nonlinear mathematical models we investigated the correlation of age, hypogonadism and depression with ED using the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) as a surrogate marker for ED.Materials and Methods: A data set of 140 exemplars containing the input features age, total testosterone in ng/dl, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale score and output SHIM score (thresholded to 10 for moderate ED) was randomized into a modeling (training) set of 105 and a cross-validation (test) set of 35 with similar outcome frequencies preserved in each set. Using neUROn++, a set of C++ programs that we developed using the Cygwin (Red Hat, Raleigh, North Carolina) GNU C++ port for Windows (Microsoft, Redmond, Washington) distributed across Pentium (Intel, Santa Clara, California) platforms we modeled the data set using th...
Manifestation of Pre-Service Teachers' Interpersonal Skills: Effects of Simulated and Real Experience

In this study, we investigated whether the “Interpersonal Relationship Skills with Co-Workers” component of a computerized simulation influenced pre-service early childhood teachers' perception on issues and strategies for implementation of interpersonal relationship skills with co-workers before and after four weeks of field experience. Quantitative analysis such as Chi-square, Somer's d, Gamma, Correlation, and Regression were used to analyze the difference in their perception between before and after their field experience. As a result, significant differences were found with Somer's d (.455, p = .000), Gamma (.717, p = .000), Pearson's R (.507, p = .019), Spearman correlation (.577, p = .006), and regression analysis (b = .385, p = .019, R2 = .257). These results indicate that pre-service early childhood teachers who have experienced simulation about interpersonal relationships tend to perceive the effectiveness of simulation programs as an instrument for them to acquire teaching and learning experien...
On Fan's adaptive Neyman tests for comparing two spectral densities

In this paper, we consider tests for assessing whether two stationary and independent time series have the same spectral densities (or same autocovariance functions). Both frequency domain and time domain test statistics for this purpose are reviewed. The adaptive Neyman tests are then introduced and their performances are investigated. Our tests are adaptive, that is, they are constructed completely by the data and do not involve any unknown smoothing parameters. Simulation studies show that our proposed tests are at least comparable to the current tests in most cases. Furthermore, our tests are much more powerful in some cases, such as against the long orders of autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models such as seasonal ARMA series.
The structure and function of serially homologous leg motor neurons in the locust. I. Anatomy.

Twenty-one prothoracic and 17 mesothoracic motor neurons innervating leg muscles have been identified physiologically and subsequently injected with dye from a microelectrode. A tract containing the primary neurites of motor neurons innervating the retractor unquis, levator and depressor tarsus, flexor tibiae, and reductor femora is described. All motor neurons studied have regions in which their dendritic branches overlap with those of other leg motor neurons. Identified, serially homologous motor neurons in the three thoracic ganglia were found to have: (1) cell bodies at similar locations and morphologically similar primary neurites (e.g., flexor tibiae motor neurons), (2) cell bodies at different locations in each ganglion and morphologically different primary neurites in each ganglion (e.g., fast retractor unguis motor neurons), or (3) cell bodies at similar locations and morphologically similar primary neurites but with a functional switch in one ganglion relative to the function of the neurons in the other two ganglia. As an example of the latter, the morphology of the metathoracic slow extensor tibiae (SETi) motor neurons was similar to that of pro- and mesothoracic fast extensor tibiae (FETi) motor neurons. Similarly the metathoracic FETi bears a striking resemblance to the pro- and the mesothoracic SETi. It is proposed that in the metathoracic ganglion the two extensor tibiae motor neurons have switched functions while retaining similar morphologies relative to the structure and function of their pro- and mesothoracic serial homologues.
Direct Ca2+-dependent Heterophilic Interaction between Desmosomal Cadherins, Desmoglein and Desmocollin, Contributes to Cell–Cell Adhesion

Human fibrosarcoma cells, HT-1080, feature extensive adherens junctions, lack mature desmosomes, and express a single known desmosomal protein, Desmoglein 2 (Dsg2). Transfection of these cells with bovine Desmocollin 1a (Dsc1a) caused dramatic changes in the subcellular distribution of endogenous Dsg2. Both cadherins clustered in the areas of the adherens junctions, whereas only a minor portion of Dsg2 was seen in these areas in the parental cells. Deletion mapping showed that intact extracellular cadherin-like repeats of Dsc1a (Arg1-Thr170) are required for the translocation of Dsg2. Deletion of the intracellular C-domain that mediates the interaction of Dsc1a with plakoglobin, or the CSI region that is involved in the binding to desmoplakin, had no effect. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments of cell lysates stably expressing Dsc1a with anti-Dsc or -Dsg antibodies demonstrate that the desmosomal cadherins, Dsg2 and Dsc1a, are involved in a direct Ca2+-dependent interaction. This conclusion was further supported by the results of solid phase binding experiments. These showed that the Dsc1a fragment containing cadherin-like repeats 1 and 2 binds directly to the extracellular portion of Dsg in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The contribution of the Dsg/ Dsc interaction to cell–cell adhesion was tested by coculturing HT-1080 cells expressing Dsc1a with HT-1080 cells lacking Dsc but expressing myc-tagged plakoglobin (MPg). In the latter cells, MPg and the endogenous Dsg form stable complexes. The observed specific coimmunoprecipitation of MPg by anti-Dsc antibodies in coculture indicates that an intercellular interaction between Dsc1 and Dsg is involved in cell–cell adhesion.
TWO NEW LATE PLEISTOCENE AVIFAUNAS FROM NEW MEXICO

Abstract We report two new late Pleistocene avifaunas from New Mexico, recovered from Sandia Cave during archaeological excavations by F. Hibben in the 1930s and the nearby Marmot Cave excavated in 2000. The fossil assemblage from Sandia Cave consists of at least 30 taxa, including seven extralimital and two extinct species, Coragyps occidentalis (extinct vulture) and Ectopistes migratorius (Passenger Pigeon). The avifauna from Marmot Cave is limited to eight taxa shared with Sandia Cave. Two new records of Gymnogyps californianus (California Condor) are reported from these sites, as well as new records of Lagopus sp. (ptarmigan), Aegolius funereus (Boreal Owl), and Micrathene whitneyi (Elf Owl) from New Mexico. Two new radiocarbon dates on fossil G. californianus from Sandia and Marmot cave are reported at 10 795 ± 50 and 25 090 ± 220 14C years before present (B.P.), respectively. These collections provide further evidence for mixed avian communities in New Mexico during the late Pleistocene and are simi...
Toward the Assimilation of the Atmospheric Surface Layer Using Numerical Weather Prediction and Radar Clutter Observations

Radio wave propagation on low-altitude paths over the ocean above 2GHz is significantly affected by negative refractivity gradients in the atmospheric surface layer, which form what is often referred to as an evaporation duct (ED). Refractivity from clutter (RFC) is an inversion approach for the estimation of the refractivity profile from radar clutter, and RFC-ED refers to its implementation for the case of evaporation ducts. An approach for fusing RFC-ED output with evaporation duct characterization that is based on ensemble forecasts from a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model is examined here. Three conditions of air‐sea temperature difference (ASTD) are examined. Synthetic radar clutter observations are generated using the Advanced Propagation Model. The impacts of ASTD on the evaporation duct refractivity profile, atmospheric parameter inversion, and propagation factor distributions are studied. Relative humidity at a reference height and ASTD are identified as state variables. Probability densities from NWP ensembles, RFC-ED, and joint inversions are compared. It is demonstrated that characterization of the near-surface atmosphere by combining RFC-ED and NWP reduces the estimation uncertainty of ASTD and relative humidity in an evaporation duct, with respect to using either method alone.
Recognition of double-stranded DNA by gold nanoprobes for malignant melanoma detection

We report the detection of mutated BRAF gene expressed in malignant melanoma. We demonstrate the detection of short and long, single- and double-stranded DNAs using gold nanoprobes.
Calculation Modulo p of the Matrix of αf,h

The object of this section is to determine conditions under which we may replace \(G_{f,h}^{\left( 1 \right)}G_{f,h}^{\left( 2 \right)}\) by unity in the calculation of the coefficients of the matrix α f,h (relative to the basis 1, 1/(1 − x)) modulo p. Since these coefficients vary with λ, and indeed may become large as λ → 0, 1, ∞, we specify here that λ∈Ω1 (cf. (5.6.4.1)).
Development of a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST) Modeling System

Understanding the processes responsible for coastal change is important for managing our coastal resources, both natural and economic. The current scientific understanding of coastal sediment transport and geology suggests that examining coastal processes at regional scales can lead to significant insight into how the coastal zone evolves. To better identify the significant processes affecting our coastlines and how those processes create coastal change we developed a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport (COAWST) Modeling System, which is comprised of the Model Coupling Toolkit to exchange data fields between the ocean model ROMS, the atmosphere model WRF, the wave model SWAN, and the sediment capabilities of the Community Sediment Transport Model. This formulation builds upon previous developments by coupling the atmospheric model to the ocean and wave models, providing one-way grid refinement in the ocean model, one-way grid refinement in the wave model, and coupling on refined levels. Herein we describe the modeling components and the data fields exchanged. The modeling system is used to identify model sensitivity by exchanging prognostic variable fields between different model components during an application to simulate Hurricane Isabel during September 2003. Results identify that hurricane intensity is extremely sensitive to sea surface temperature. Intensity is reduced when coupled to the ocean model although the coupling provides a more realistic simulation of the sea surface temperature. Coupling of the ocean to the atmosphere also results in decreased boundary layer stress and coupling of the waves to the atmosphere results in increased bottom stress. Wave results are sensitive to both ocean and atmospheric coupling due to wave–current interactions with the ocean and wave growth from the atmosphere wind stress. Sediment resuspension at regional scale during the hurricane is controlled by shelf width and wave propagation during hurricane approach.
Context-sensitive distributed software development for ubiquitous computing environments

Ubiquitous computing represents the next wave of distributed computing, which focus on integrating computers with various wearable, mobile, and sensor devices, thus making computing and communication essentially transparent to the users. This type of environments mainly consists of myriad of embedded computing nodes interacting in transparent fashion to provide different services to the users. In addition to being resource-constrained, applications in these environments are context-sensitive and often operate in mobile ad hoc networks. Although different types of context-sensitive applications with diverse focus have been developed for ubiquitous computing environments, no general methods are available for developing application software for the above environments. In this paper, the development of context-sensitive distributed software for ubiquitous computing environments is presented.
Randomised controlled trial: Early childhood home visits to high-risk families may reduce maternally perpetrated intimate partner violence.

Commentary on: MH Bair-Merritt, JM Jennings, R Chen, et al.. Reducing maternal intimate partner violence after the birth of a child: a randomized controlled trial of the Hawaii Healthy Start Home Visitation Program. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med2010;164:16–23.
Functional anatomy of mitral regurgitation: accuracy and outcome implications of transesophageal echocardiography.

Abstract OBJECTIVES This study was performed to determine the accuracy and outcome implications of mitral regurgitant lesions assessed by echocardiography. BACKGROUND In patients with mitral regurgitation (MR), valve repair is a major incentive to early surgery and is decided on the basis of the anatomic mitral lesions. These lesions can be observed easily with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), but the accuracy and implications for outcome and clinical decision-making of these observations are unknown. METHODS In 248 consecutive patients operated on for MR, the anatomic lesions diagnosed with TEE were compared with those observed by the surgeon and those seen on 216 transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) studies, and their relationship to postoperative outcome was determined. RESULTS Compared with surgical diagnosis, the accuracy of TEE was high: 99% for cause and mechanism, presence of vegetations and prolapsed or flail segment, and 88% for ruptured chordae. Diagnostic accuracy was higher for TEE than TTE for all end points (p CONCLUSIONS Transesophageal echocardiography provides a highly accurate anatomic assessment of all types of MR lesions and has incremental diagnostic value if TTE is inconclusive. The functional anatomy of MR defined by TEE is strongly and independently predictive of valve repairability and postoperative outcome. Therefore, the mitral lesions assessed by echocardiography represent essential information for clinical decision making, particularly for the indication of early surgery for MR.
Studies towards asymmetric synthesis of 4(S)-11-dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (diHDHA) featuring cross-coupling of chiral stannane under mild conditions

An efficient and asymmetric synthetic approach towards one of the biologically interesting 4(S)-11-diHDHA derivatives was developed. This process mainly relied on two reactions, one is the copper-catalyzed mild cross-coupling that allows for the efficient construction of a chiral α-alkynyl α-hydroxy motif and another is the synthesis of chiral α-hydroxy α-stannanes that has previously been developed by our group featuring the asymmetric stannylation using the well-established tributyltin hydride/diethyl zinc system from an aldehyde.
Modulation of the cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway by gammaherpesviruses

Infection of cells with DNA viruses triggers innate immune responses mediated by DNA sensors. cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a key DNA sensor that produces the cyclic dinucleotide cGMP-AMP (cGAMP) upon activation, which binds to and activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING), leading to IFN production and an antiviral response. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a DNA virus that is linked to several human malignancies. We report that KSHV infection activates the cGAS-STING pathway, and that cGAS and STING also play an important role in regulating KSHV reactivation from latency. We screened KSHV proteins for their ability to inhibit this pathway and identified six viral proteins that block IFN-β activation through this pathway. This study is the first report identifying multiple viral proteins encoded by a human DNA virus that inhibit the cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway. One such protein, viral interferon regulatory factor 1 (vIRF1), targets STING by preventing it from interacting with TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), thereby inhibiting STING’s phosphorylation and concomitant activation, resulting in an inhibition of the DNA sensing pathway. Our data provide a unique mechanism for the negative regulation of STING-mediated DNA sensing. Moreover, the depletion of vIRF1 in the context of KSHV infection prevented efficient viral reactivation and replication, and increased the host IFN response to KSHV. The vIRF1-expressing cells also inhibited IFN-β production following infection with DNA pathogens. Collectively, our results demonstrate that gammaherpesviruses encode inhibitors that block cGAS-STING–mediated antiviral immunity, and that modulation of this pathway is important for viral transmission and the lifelong persistence of herpesviruses in the human population.
Immunoregulatory dendritic cells to prevent and reverse new-onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Herein, the authors provide an overview of where dendritic cells lie in the immunopathology of autoimmune Type 1 diabetes mellitus and how dendritic cell-based therapy may be usefully translated to treat and reverse the disease. The immunopathology of Type 1 diabetes mellitus offers a number of windows at which immunotherapy can be applied to delay, stop and even reverse the autoimmune processes, especially in light of the recent antibody-based accomplishment of improvement in residual β-cell mass function. As in almost all cell-specific inflammatory processes, dendritic cells are central regulators of diabetes onset and progression. This realisation, along with accumulating data confirming a role for dendritic cells in maintaining and inducing tolerance in multiple therapeutic settings, has prompted a line of investigation to identify the most effective embodiments of dendritic cells for diabetes immunotherapy.
The Use of Precirol® to Prepare Sustained Release Tablets of Theophylline and Quinidine Gluconate

AbstractTablets were made using theophylline, lactose and Precirol by a granulation technique, resulting in more than 12 hours release. Granulation and hot fusion methods were used to prepare admixtures of quinidine gluconate and Precirol at different ratios of Precirol: drug, 1:9, 3:7 and 1:1. Dissolution studies in 0.1N HCl showed drastic differences in the release of quinidine gluconate from tablets made by the two different methods; granulation method gave a faster release while the hot fusion method gave slower and incomplete release at higher Precirol content. The release rate decreases with higher Precirol content.
Understanding the Search for Meaning in Life: Personality, Cognitive Style, and the Dynamic Between Seeking and Experiencing Meaning

Although several theories assert that understanding the search for meaning in life is important, empirical research on this construct is sparse. Three studies provide the first extensive effort to understand the correlates of the search for meaning in a multistudy research program. Assessed were relations between search for meaning and well-being, cognitive style, and the Big Five, Big Three, Approach/Avoidance, and Interest models of personality, with a particular emphasis on understanding the correlates of search for meaning that are independent of presence of meaning. Conceptual models of the relation between search and presence were tested. Findings suggest that people lacking meaning search for it; the search for meaning did not appear to lead to its presence. Study 3 found that basic motive dispositions moderated relations between search for meaning and its presence. Results highlight the importance of basic personality dispositions in understanding the search for meaning and its correlates.
Experimental Studies of Unsteady Trailing-Edge Conditions

In the prediction of unsteady pressure distributions over airfoils, the steady-state Kutta-Joukowsky condition usually is assumed. Recent experimental investigations show that the pressure differential at the trailing edge approaches zero at lower reduced frequencies (ft 5). This paper describes an investigation to find the range of reduced frequencies over which the classical Kutta-Joukowsky condition is valid and the nature of deviations beyond this range. An NACA 64A010 airfoil with a 15-cm chord is supported between the side wails of a 25- x35-cm low-speed wind tunnel and oscillated over reduced frequencies ranging from 0.05 to 1.2. The experimentally determined loading near the trailing edge is measured and compared with unsteady, incompressible, small-disturbance theory. Experimental data are obtained both with and without a boundary-layer trip. It is observed that application of the Kutta-Joukowsky condition in the theoretical analysis is valid below a reduced frequency of about 0.6 in predicting the loading in the trailing-edge region. At reduced frequencies beyond 0.8, the predicted results underestimate the measured loading near the trailing edge, and the deviations increase further with reduced frequency. Similarly, the experimental phase angle of the loading in the trailing-edge region agrees reasonably with the linear theory up to k = 0.8 but lags the predicted value beyond k - 0.8.
The anticancer drug Dp44mT inhibits T-cell activation and CD25 through a copper-dependent mechanism.

The di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazone Dp44mT is a metal-chelating compound that has been demonstrated to have potent activity as an anticancer agent. Here we report that it also has a dramatic inhibitory effect on T-cell activation in vitro. We found that 10 nM Dp44mT (IC50 3.2 nM) prevented the up-regulation of surface CD25, and completely suppressed the activation and proliferation of splenic T cells isolated from Mus musculus that were stimulated with either T-cell receptor (TCR) cross-linking antibodies or phorbol ester plus ionomycin. In contrast, Dp44mT had no adverse effects on the survival of resting T cells. In addition, T cells stimulated in the presence of Dp44mT maintained the ability to up-regulate CD69 surface expression and secrete interleukin-2. Consistent with these observations, Dp44mT did not inhibit multiple canonical signals downstream of the TCR, including the nuclear factor of activated T cells. The effects of Dp44mT were easily mitigated by addition of nontoxic copper chelators ...
Comparative analyses of three Chlorella species in response to light and sugar reveal distinctive lipid accumulation patterns in the Microalga C. sorokiniana.

While photosynthetic microalgae, such as Chlorella, serve as feedstocks for nutritional oils and biofuels, heterotrophic cultivation can augment growth rates, support high cell densities, and increase triacylglycerol (TAG) lipid content. However, these species differ significantly in their photoautotrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. In this study, the phylogeny of thirty Chlorella strains was determined in order to inform bioprospecting efforts and detailed physiological assessment of three species. The growth kinetics and lipid biochemistry of C. protothecoides UTEX 411, C. vulgaris UTEX 265, and C. sorokiniana UTEX 1230 were quantified during photoautotrophy in Bold's basal medium (BBM) and heterotrophy in BBM supplemented with glucose (10 g L−1). Heterotrophic growth rates of UTEX 411, 265, and 1230 were found to be 1.5-, 3.7-, and 5-fold higher than their respective autotrophic rates. With a rapid nine-hour heterotrophic doubling time, Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 1230 maximally accumulated 39% total lipids by dry weight during heterotrophy compared to 18% autotrophically. Furthermore, the discrete fatty acid composition of each strain was examined in order to elucidate lipid accumulation patterns under the two trophic conditions. In both modes of growth, UTEX 411 and 265 produced 18∶1 as the principal fatty acid while UTEX 1230 exhibited a 2.5-fold enrichment in 18∶2 relative to 18∶1. Although the total lipid content was highest in UTEX 411 during heterotrophy, UTEX 1230 demonstrated a two-fold increase in its heterotrophic TAG fraction at a rate of 28.9 mg L−1 d−1 to reach 22% of the biomass, corresponding to as much as 90% of its total lipids. Interestingly, UTEX 1230 growth was restricted during mixotrophy and its TAG production rate was suppressed to 18.2 mg L−1 d−1. This constraint on carbon flow raises intriguing questions about the impact of sugar and light on the metabolic regulation of microalgal lipid biosynthesis.
N-Cadherin Extracellular Repeat 4 Mediates Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Increased Motility

E- and N-cadherin are members of the classical cadherin family of proteins. E-cadherin plays an important role in maintaining the normal phenotype of epithelial cells. Previous studies from our laboratory and other laboratories have shown that inappropriate expression of N-cadherin by tumor cells derived from epithelial tissue results in conversion of the cell to a more fibroblast-like cell, with increased motility and invasion. Our present study was designed to determine which domains of N-cadherin make it different from E-cadherin, with respect to altering cellular behavior, such as which domains are responsible for the epithelial to mesenchymal transition and increased cell motility and invasion. To address this question, we constructed chimeric cadherins comprised of selected domains of E- and N-cadherin. The chimeras were transfected into epithelial cells to determine their effect on cell morphology and cellular behavior. We found that a 69–amino acid portion of EC-4 of N-cadherin was necessary and sufficient to promote both an epithelial to mesenchymal transition in squamous epithelial cells and increased cell motility. Here, we show that different cadherin family members promote different cellular behaviors. In addition, we identify a novel activity that can be ascribed to the extracellular domain of N-cadherin.
Application of Fractal Analysis for Tunnel Systems of Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Under Laboratory Conditions

Abstract We used fractal geometry to analyze the morphology of the tunneling system of two subterranean termite species, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and to evaluate the effect of termite species, and the presence of wood on the degree of intricacy of the tunnels represented by the fractal dimension (D), and on the abundance of tunnels (log K). The differences in D and log K, before and after termites reaching a testing chamber, were also examined. Results indicated that termite tunneling systems have a fractal structure because –2 < D < −1. The tunnel fractal dimension (D) was not significantly different between C. formosanus and R. flavipes, before or after reaching a testing chamber, suggesting that C. formosanus and R. flavipes created tunnels with the same degree of intricacy at all time periods. The abundance of tunnels, log K, was higher before reaching a testing chamber, while termites were searching for food, than after regardless of the presence of wood or...
Development of CINPA1 analogs as novel and potent inverse agonists of constitutive androstane receptor.

Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) and pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) are master regulators of endobiotic and xenobiotic metabolism and disposition. Because CAR is constitutively active in certain cellular contexts, inhibiting CAR might reduce drug-induced hepatotoxicity and resensitize drug-resistant cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. We recently reported a novel CAR inhibitor/inverse agonist CINPA1 (11). Here, we have obtained or designed 54 analogs of CINPA1 and used a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay to evaluate their CAR inhibition potency. Many of the 54 analogs showed CAR inverse agonistic activities higher than those of CINPA1, which has an IC50 value of 687 nM. Among them, 72 has an IC50 value of 11.7 nM, which is about 59-fold more potent than CINPA1 and over 10-fold more potent than clotrimazole (an IC50 value of 126.9 nM), the most potent CAR inverse agonist in a biochemical assay previously reported by others. Docking studies provide a molecular explanation of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) observed experimentally. To our knowledge, this effort is the first chemistry endeavor in designing and identifying potent CAR inverse agonists based on a novel chemical scaffold, leading to 72 as the most potent CAR inverse agonist so far. The 54 chemicals presented are novel and unique tools for characterizing CAR's function, and the SAR information gained from these 54 analogs could guide future efforts to develop improved CAR inverse agonists.
A short proof of McDougall's circle theorem

This note offers a short, elementary proof of a result similar to Ptolemy’s theorem. Specifically, let di,j denote the distance between Pi and Pj. Let n be a positive integer and Pi, for 1 � i � 2n, be cyclically ordered points on a circle. If Ri := Y 1 ≤ j ≤ 2n j 6 i di,j, then n X i=1 1 R2i = n X i=1 1 R2i 1 . (1)
Experimental Design and Power Calculation for RNA-seq Experiments

Power calculation is a critical component of RNA-seq experimental design. The flexibility of RNA-seq experiment and the wide dynamic range of transcription it measures make it an attractive technology for whole transcriptome analysis. These features, in addition to the high dimensionality of RNA-seq data, bring complexity in experimental design, making an analytical power calculation no longer realistic. In this chapter we review the major factors that influence the statistical power of detecting differential expression, and give examples of power assessment using the R package PROPER.
Tax Advocacy at Work: Knowing and Executing Your Strategy

Through an analogy between your tax practice and the game of chess, Fabio Ambrosio presents a list of best practices in presenting an appeal.
INTESTINAL TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS AND GLUCOSE IN FLOUNDER FISH.

SummaryEverted intestinal sacs of winter flounders were used in the summer to study the transmucosal movement of glucose and certain aromatic amino acids and derivatives. It was found that glucose was not transported against a concentration gradient. L-tyrosine, D-tyrosine, m-tyrosine, o-tyro-sine, 3-amino-tyrosine, 3,5-dichloro tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine were transported from mucosal to serosal side against a concentration gradient. 3,5-dibromo- and 3,5-dinitro-tyrosine were not transported. Among the tryptophan compounds which were studied, only L-tryptophan was transported; D-tryptophan and tryptamine were not transported against a concentration gradient.
Projecting future drug expenditures--1997

Use of the producer price index; data from independent sources, drug industry analyst, group purchasing organizations (GPOs), and health maintenance organizations (HMOs); pharmacoeconomics; and legal developments to project drug expenditures and prepare pharmacy budgets for 1997 is discussed. The producer price index indicates that prices for drugs and pharmaceuticals increased 2.2% during January to May 1996; the increase for prescription preparations was 3.4%. Medi-Span reports an average increase for all drug products of 1.2% for the first six months of 1996. IMS America data show the price of all drugs increasing 1.8% between the second quarters of 1995 and 1996. Drug industry analysts project the overall price increase in the next 12 months at 2.5-5.0%. GPOs predict an average increase over the next 12 months of 2.2% for contracted drugs and 4.3% for non-contracted drugs. HMO pharmacy directors predict pharmacy expenditures will increase by 4.5% per member in 1997. Caution must be applied in using pharmacoeconomics to project drug costs and their impact on health care expenditures. Today's budget must account for the greater integration of drug expenditures into the institution's objectives, possible reductions in other service costs, capitation, competition, shifting of control of the drug budget to specific patient care centers, relocation of services to the ambulatory care setting, and outsourcing. Legal actions in 1996 that may affect price increases and drug budgets included a class-action lawsuit by community and chain pharmacies alleging price discrimination by manufactures and wholesalers. Prices of pharmaceutical products are fairly stable and may remain so in 1997, but projections of future drug expenditures must account for the continuing reshaping of the health care landscape.
Status of cytokine and antigen presentation genes in Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin.

Antecedents : Le merkelome cutane (MCC) est une forme agressive de cancer de la peau. Sur le plan morphologique, il presente des proprietes epitheliales et neuro-endocrines. On en sait toutefois peu sur ses caracteristiques moleculaires. Objectif : Etudier la croissance et les reponses immunitaires des MCC au niveau moleculaire. Methodes : Recours a la transcription inverse et a l'amplification en chaine par polymerase pour etudier ces parametres sur des biopsies de MCC et dans les regions enotourant ces dernieres. Resultats : Apres analyse des quantites d'ARNm de divers genes epitheliaux (e-m(e), kinase cde-2, E2F, PCNA, p53 et RB, cytokeratines 5 et 10), nous concluons que les MCC expriment des marqueurs d'hyperproliferation epitheliale et de differenciation neuroendocrine (NSE). Ils semblent par ailleurs se caracteriser par une absence des cytokines (IL2, IFN-2 typiques des reponses immunitaires induites par les cellules T. Toutefois, il y a secretion de plusieurs des cytokines necessaires au cours des premieres etapes de ce type de reponse immunitaire (par ex. IL12). Conclusion : L'hyperproliferation epitheliale et les reponses immunitaires deficientes a l'echelle locale pourraient contribuer au caractere agressif de la tumeur.
Finance and the Stock Market

Not much has changed from when the Beatles sang 50 years ago: “Money (That’s What I Want)” (Bradford & Gordon, 1963). In a capitalist system, as found in many countries around the world today, money often still makes the world go round (Shiller, 2005). Ready access to money, more formally known as capital, is the essential lifeblood of any business, whether that organization is a multinational corporation, a young start-up company, a nongovernmental organization, or even a university.
Hazing Can Be a Title IX Issue

In this case, the plaintiff alleged discrimination based on gender under the Equal Protection Clause and Title IX, retaliation under the First Amendment, and a negligence claim under Indiana state law as a result of hazing on the boy's swim team.
High-contrast imaging and high-resolution spectroscopy observation of exoplanets

Detection and characterization of exoplanets faces challenges of smaller angular separation and high contrast between exoplanets and their host stars. High contrast imaging (HCI) instruments equipped with coronagraphs are built to meet these challenges, providing a way of spatially suppressing and separating stellar flux from that of a planet. Another way of separating stellar flux can be achieved by high-resolution spectroscopy (HRS), exploiting the fact that spectral features are different between a star and a planet. Observing exoplanets with HCI+HRS will achieve a higher contrast than the spatial or the spectroscopic method alone, improving the sensitivity to planet detection and enabling the study of the physical and chemical processes. Here, we simulate the performance of a HCI+HRS instrument (i.e., the upgrade Keck NIRSPEC and the fiber injection unit) to study its potential in detecting and characterizing currently known directly imaged planets. The simulation considers the spectral information content of an exoplanet, telescope and instrument specifications and realistic noise sources. The result of the simulation helps to set system requirement and informs designs at system-level. We also perform a trade study for a HCI+HRS instrument for a space mission to study an Earth-like planet orbiting a Sun-like star at 10 pc.
Robust LIDAR localization using multiresolution Gaussian mixture maps for autonomous driving

This paper reports on a fast multiresolution scan matcher for local vehicle localization of self-driving cars. State-of-the-art approaches to vehicle localization rely on observing road surface reflectivity with a 3D light detection and ranging LIDAR scanner to achieve centimeter-level accuracy. However, these approaches can often fail when faced with adverse weather conditions that obscure the view of the road paint e.g. puddles and snowdrifts, poor road surface texture, or when road appearance degrades over time. We present a generic probabilistic method for localizing an autonomous vehicle equipped with a three-dimensional 3D LIDAR scanner. This proposed algorithm models the world as a mixture of several Gaussians, characterizing the z -height and reflectivity distribution of the environment-which we rasterize to facilitate fast and exact multiresolution inference. Results are shown on a collection of datasets totaling over 500 km of road data covering highway, rural, residential, and urban roadways, in which we demonstrate our method to be robust through heavy snowfall and roadway repavements.
Novel Focused Ultrasound Gene Therapy Approach Noninvasively Restores Dopaminergic Neuron Function in a Rat Parkinson’s Disease Model

Therapies capable of decelerating, or perhaps even halting, neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) remain elusive. Clinical trials of PD gene therapy testing the delivery of neurotrophic factors, such as the glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), have been largely ineffective due to poor vector distribution throughout the diseased regions in the brain. In addition, current delivery strategies involve invasive procedures that obviate the inclusion of early stage patients who are most likely to benefit from GDNF-based gene therapy. Here, we introduce a two-pronged treatment strategy, composed of MR image-guided focused ultrasound (FUS) and brain-penetrating nanoparticles (BPN), that provides widespread but targeted GDNF transgene expression in the brain following systemic administration. MR image-guided FUS allows circulating gene vectors to partition into the brain tissue by noninvasive and transient opening of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) within the areas where FUS is applied. Once be...
Abstract 179: EGFR Transactivation Triggered by Alpha1a-Adrenergic Receptor Genetic Variant is Generalizable Phenomenon in Cardiovascular Cells

Alpha1-Adrenergic Receptors (α1AR) are G protein-coupled transmembrane receptors (GPCRs) that mediate actions of the sympathetic nervous system through binding of endogenous catecholamines epinephr...
BRUTALIDADE DA MAIORIA E DEMOCRACIA CONSTITUCIONAL: Reflexões sobre o Estatuto da Família e a PEC da Maioridade Penal

Este trabalho propoe reflexoes sobre as deliberacoes parlamentares em dois projetos de lei que tramitam no Congresso Nacional Brasileiro: o Estatuto da Familia e a PEC da Maioridade Penal. Propoe-se um exame a luz de conceitos desenvolvidos na teoria politica, de tirania e brutalidade da maioria. Em uma analise fundada em pesquisa qualitativa e exploratoria e na tecnica do estudo de casos, parte-se da definicao de brutalidade para o exame das tecnicas de contencao, presentes no desenho institucional adotado pelos estados e no discurso dos direitos humanos e fundamentais. Em seguida, aprofunda-se o exame de uma das tecnicas em particular –o controle judicial da atividade legislativa–, expondo-se os aspectos mais criticos em relacao a esta atividade e sua contribuicao para o exercicio legitimo e equilibrado da democracia. Nas conclusoes, serao pontuadas as inadequacoes substanciais do Estatuto da Familia e da PEC da Maioridade Penal e, com base na jurisprudencia consolidada do STF, revela-se o que se pode esperar do Tribunal caso seja provocado para examinar as leis decorrentes da aprovacao final desses projetos.
The Sociological Imagination and Community-based Learning: Using an Asset-based Approach:

Fostering a sociological imagination in students is a central goal for most introductory sociology courses and sociology departments generally, yet success is difficult to achieve. This project suggests that using elements of asset-based community development can be used in sociology classrooms to develop a sociological perspective. After introducing asset-based community development, ways of incorporating this process into the classroom are discussed. Then, t tests are used to compare students’ ability to describe the relationship between individuals and society before and after engaging in asset-based activities; the sample group is also compared to a control group who did not engage in asset mapping. Results show significant improvement in the ability to think sociologically after completing asset-mapping projects.
Inter-laboratory validation of an inexpensive streamlined method to measure inorganic arsenic in rice grain

With the establishment by CODEX of a 200 ng/g limit of inorganic arsenic (iAs) in polished rice grain, more analyses of iAs will be necessary to ensure compliance in regulatory and trade applications, to assess quality control in commercial rice production, and to conduct research involving iAs in rice crops. Although analytical methods using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) have been demonstrated for full speciation of As, this expensive and time-consuming approach is excessive when regulations are based only on iAs. We report a streamlined sample preparation and analysis of iAs in powdered rice based on heated extraction with 0.28 M HNO3 followed by hydride generation (HG) under control of acidity and other simple conditions. Analysis of iAs is then conducted using flow-injection HG and inexpensive ICP-atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) or other detection means. A key innovation compared with previous methods was to increase the acidity of the reagent solution with 4 M HCl (prior to reduction of As5+ to As3+), which minimized interferences from dimethylarsinic acid. An inter-laboratory method validation was conducted among 12 laboratories worldwide in the analysis of six shared blind duplicates and a NIST Standard Reference Material involving different types of rice and iAs levels. Also, four laboratories used the standard HPLC-ICP-MS method to analyze the samples. The results between the methods were not significantly different, and the Horwitz ratio averaged 0.52 for the new method, which meets official method validation criteria. Thus, the simpler, more versatile, and less expensive method may be used by laboratories for several purposes to accurately determine iAs in rice grain.