cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Na,K-ATPase function in the lens.

The two cell types in the lens, epithelium and fiber, have a very different specific activity of Na,K-ATPase; activity is much higher in the epithelium. However, judged by Western blot, fibers and epithelium express a similar amount of both Na,K-ATPase alpha and beta subunit proteins. Na,K-ATPase protein abundance does not tally with Na,K-ATPase activity. Studies were conducted to examine whether protein synthesis plays a role in maintenance of the high Na,K-ATPase activity in lens epithelium. An increase of cytoplasmic sodium was found to increase Na,K-ATPase protein expression in the epithelium, but not in the fibers. The findings illustrate the ability of lens epithelium to synthesize new Na,K-ATPase protein as a way to boost Na,K-ATPase in response to cell damage or pathological events. Methionine incorporation studies suggested Na,K-ATPase synthesis may also play a role in day to day preservation of high Na,K-ATPase activity. Na,K-ATPase protein in lens epithelial cells appeared to be continually synthesized and degraded. Experiments with cycloheximide suggest that specific activity of Na,K-ATPase in the lens epithelium may depend on the ability of the cells to continuously synthesize fresh Na,K-ATPase proteins. However, other factors such as phosphorylation of Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit may also influence Na,K-ATPase activity. When intact lenses were exposed to the agonist thrombin, Na,K-ATPase activity was diminished, but the response was suppressed by inhibitors of the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Thrombin elicited tyrosine phosphorylation of lens epithelium membrane proteins, including a 100 kDa protein band thought to be the Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 subunit. It remains to be determined whether a tyrosine phosphorylation mechanism contributes to the low activity of Na,K-ATPase in lens fibers.
Is N=8 supergravity ultraviolet finite?

Conventional wisdom holds that no four-dimensional gravity field theory can be ultraviolet finite. This understanding is based mainly on power counting. Recent studies confirm that one-loop N = 8 supergravity amplitudes satisfy the so-called 'no-triangle hypothesis', which states that triangle and bubble integrals cancel from these amplitudes. A consequence of this hypothesis is that for any number of external legs, at one loop N = 8 supergravity and N = 4 super-Yang-Mills have identical superficial degrees of ultraviolet behavior in D dimensions. We describe how the unitarity method allows us to promote these one-loop cancellations to higher loops, suggesting that previous power counts were too conservative. We discuss higher-loop evidence suggesting that N = 8 supergravity has the same degree of divergence as N = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory and is ultraviolet finite in four dimensions. We comment on calculations needed to reinforce this proposal, which are feasible using the unitarity method.
Geographies of Water

The understanding of the geographies of water has been a central concern of the discipline of geography since its inception. Whether those geographies were the analysis of hydrologic water balances...
Generalized equations to evaluate the gas hold-up time of chromatographic systems

The two approaches used for the calculation of the gas hold-up time and thus, the adjusted retention time are outlined, first for the restricted case when the carbon numbers of the three homologues used for the calculation are evenly spaced (c3−c2=c2−c1) and then, for the general case when (c3−c2) differs from (c2−c1). The basic difference in the philosophy of the two approaches is shown.
Incorporating Rapid Prototyping Machine in Teaching Mechanical Engineering Design

There is a trend toward increasing exposure of students to hands-on experience in mechanical engineering design courses as these courses are usually limited to generating calculations and drawings of mechanical designs. Students in these courses may lack the ability to visualize and create the physical objects that correspond to their calculations. This limitation may negatively affect students, especially those with limited hands-on experience. To address this issue, the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) started requiring students to create their design using a rapid prototyping machine as a part of the Mechanical Engineering Design Course (ME 440). Students in this course work in teams to create projects starting from abstract statements. They are required to use their calculations as a means to create solid models of the components of their designs and print them on the rapid prototyping machine. Such an approach results in a better understanding of the functionalities of components as well as fit and tolerance issues. Student feedback is used as well as future venues for improving the course.© 2007 ASME
A Christian Europe? Europe and Christianity: rules of commitment

The author demonstrates how European integration policy can gain by a proper understanding of the doctrine of Redemptoris Missio. The Catholic teachings expressed in this encyclical are concerned with tolerance, respect and inclusion, concepts inextricably connected with freedom. The author invites us to reflect on both a political and an individual level.
Water-soluble vitamin requirements of tilapia. 2. Riboflavin requirement of blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus

Abstract Juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis aureus , of initial average weight 0.71 g were fed six diets supplemented with different levels of riboflavin (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 mg/kg) for 10 weeks in flow-through aquaria at a water temperature of 27.0 ± 1 °C. Fish fed the riboflavin-free diet performed poorly in terms of growth parameters and exhibited typical signs of riboflavin deficiency such as lethargy, fin erosion, anorexia, loss of normal body color, short body dwarfism and a high incidence of cataracts. Fish fed the riboflavin-free diet were also anaemic. No deficiency signs were observed in fish fed the riboflavin-supplemented diets. No significant difference was observed in weight gain of the fish fed the riboflavin-supplemented diets; however, feed efficiency was improved at the 6 mg riboflavin/kg diet level. Hepatic D-amino acid oxidase activity was low in the riboflavin-deficient fish and increased in a dose-response manner with maximum activity being observed in fish fed the 6 mg riboflavin/kg diet. Based on these data, the dietary riboflavin requirement for blue tilapia was determined to be 6 mg riboflavin/kg of diet.
Engine-in-the-Loop Validation of a Frequency Domain Power Distribution Strategy for Series Hybrid Powertrains

Abstract This paper presents an engine-in-the-loop validation of a power management strategy for hybrid electric powertrains that splits the power demanded by driver between the engine and battery depending on the frequency content. In particular, a series hybrid electric powertrain is considered where the engine is a real 6.4L diesel engine and the rest of the vehicle, including the battery, generator, motors, vehicle dynamics, and driver, is modeled in computer. A networked engine-in-the-loop experiment is considered where the engine and generator constitute one site, and the rest of the system constitutes another site. This networked setup is used to compare the abovementioned power management strategy to a thermostatic strategy as the baseline. For the specific drive cycle considered, the proposed strategy yields about 12% increase in fuel economy, a performance that exceeds the previously reported purely model-based simulation results. In addition, an improvement in battery life can also be expected.
Repeatability of treadmill exercise ejection fraction and wall motion using technetium 99m-labeled sestamibi first-pass radionuclide ventriculography*

Peak treadmill exercise radionuclide ventriculography (RVG) with technetium 99m has recently been validated for determination of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). However, the repeatability of this technique for determination of both LVEF and regional wall motion has not been reported. Each of 27 clinically stable patients underwent two treadmill exercise RVG studies within 40±51 days. The level of exercise achieved in the two tests was similar (double product: 26357±3877 vs 26621±4287), and there was no change in clinical or treatment status between the studies. Acquisition and processing were accomplished with a mobile multicrystal camera and a new version of a commercial software (Scinticor SIM 400 V. 4.1 BETA, Milwaukee, Wis.) that uses two left ventricular regions of interest. The two tests were compared to assess agreement (repeatability) on both an automatically calculated LVEF and wall motion in five left ventricular segments (basal anterior, distal anterior, apical, distal inferior, and basal inferior), with a 3-point semiquantitative visual score. Intraobserver and interobserver agreements (reproducibility) also were assessed on quantitative exercise LVEF derived from the same RVG test from a separate group of 20 patients with a broad range of exercise LVEF. The first and second treadmill exercise LVEFs were highly correlated (r=0.92, SEE=3.96, y=0.97x+0.58; and r=0.99, SEE=1.32, y=0.99x+0.25 respectively). Results of segmental visual score agreement between the first and the second treadmill first-pass studies were as follows: overall, 86% (116/135, kappa=0.74); basal anterior, 85% (23/27, kappa=0.72); distal anterior, 85% (23/27, kappa=0.84); apical, 93% (25/27, kappa=0.85); distal inferior, 93% (25/27, kappa=0.80); and basal inferior, 67% (18/27, kappa=0.64). Treadmill exercise first-pass RVG is a highly repeatable and reproducible test for quantitative LVEF and visual regional wall motion analysis. Our results imply the procedure may be useful for serial follow-up of patients with coronary artery disease and for the evaluation of the efficacy of medical or interventional treatment.
Bloomberg's Global Product Certification Program Online: An Academic Business Librarian's Experience

ABSTRACT The Bloomberg Professional® Service is well-known as a high-quality source of real-time and historical financial information. However, it is also a complex system, not easily or intuitively navigated. In 2001, Bloomberg introduced the Global Product Certification Program to assist users in becoming proficient on the system; initially classroom-based, this training became available online to Bloomberg Professional® users everywhere in early 2005. The author discusses her experiences with and observations of the online certification program during the course of obtaining all three certificates. In June 2006, Bloomberg announced its intent to implement a new certification program in August 2006; that new program holds the potential to address some of the issues of the original program, as identified by the author.
Transformations of Measure on an Infinite Dimensional Vector Space

Let E denote a Banach space equipped with a finite Borel measure v. For any measurable transformation T: E → E, let v T denote the measure defined by v T(B) = v(T−1(B)) for Borel sets B. A transformation theorem for v is a result which gives conditions on T under which v T is absolutely continuous with respect to v, and which gives a formula for the corresponding Radon-Nikodym derivative (RND) when these conditions hold.
Characterization Of Electron Traps Resulting From Oxygen Precipitation In Cz Silicon

CZ wafers have been heat treated with either a 2 step anneal (16 hrs. @ 800°C/16 hrs. @ 1050°C) or a single step anneal (16 hrs. @ 1050°C). Deep level transient spectroscopy and minority carrier lifetime measurements were obtained on processed wafers containing diode-capacitor arrays. Wafers from the seed end of the crystal (initial oxygen concentration [Oi ~ 40 ppm) with the 2 step anneal showed 2 electron traps E 1 (EC-ET = 0.41 ± 0.02 eV), and E2 (EC-ET = 0.23 ± 0.03 eV), the dominant trap E 1 is shown to correlate with generation lifetime. Wafers implanted with oxygen at 400 keV or 3.5 MeV with doses of 3 X 1015 and 1 X 1016 atoms cm-2 with similar heat treatments reveal electron traps with the same energies as those observed in the unimplanted samples. The high dose samples show a much more complicated spectra, in which E1 and E2 are present. TEM analysis of the seed end unimplanted samples with 2 step anneal show plate type precipitates with punched out loops and dislocations. The tang-end showed octahedral precipitates. The cross sectional view of the implanted samples reveal the precipitates and dislocation loops in a well defined layer. ESR measurements on similar samples with similar anneals reveal residual phosphorus and thermal donors and a new, broad resonance in some of the 2 step annealed samples. This board peak which is not fully analyzed suggests a signature that is not typical of isolated paramagnetic point defects.© (1986) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reducing the average cost of CO2 capture by shutting-down the capture plant at times of high electricity prices

Abstract Flexible operation of a CCS plant can lower the cost of foregone electricity sales in competitive wholesale electricity markets but reduces the amount of CO2 captured over the life-time of a CCS plant and increases the capital cost of CCS systems per unit of emissions captured. Whether the benefits of flexible CCS exceed the increased costs depends on a relationship between capital and operating costs and cyclical electricity price differentials. In this paper we explore these trade-offs, propose a method to quantify them and apply this framework to U.S. data on CCS capital costs and electricity prices.
Social Psychological Variables That Contribute to Resistance to Security Assessment Findings

Abstract It is not uncommon for IT executive management to require sufficient time to review and digest the findings of a security or disaster recovery risk assessment or the recommendations of a follow-on remediation plan. This is normal and is to be expected. Security remediation or the institution of a disaster recovery plan is costly and resource intensive. But soon a milestone is passed and the security consultant realizes that by the time any action is to be taken by executive management, the findings of the assessment have decayed and the information from several months ago can no longer serve as the information for decision making today. In some instances, consultants have observed management, prompted by audit findings and resulting hard implementation dates, attempting to suddenly act on assessment findings that are months to years old. Other forms of non-action are to belatedly proceed with the security remediation, only to have the project flounder due to non-support.
Bertrand and Cournot Mean Field Games

We study how continuous time Bertrand and Cournot competitions, in which firms producing similar goods compete with one another by setting prices or quantities respectively, can be analyzed as continuum dynamic mean field games. Interactions are of mean field type in the sense that the demand faced by a producer is affected by the others through their average price or quantity. Motivated by energy or consumer goods markets, we consider the setting of a dynamic game with uncertain market demand, and under the constraint of finite supplies (or exhaustible resources). The continuum game is characterized by a coupled system of partial differential equations: a backward Hamilton---Jacobi---Bellman partial differential equation (PDE) for the value function, and a forward Kolmogorov PDE for the density of players. Asymptotic approximation enables us to deduce certain qualitative features of the game in the limit of small competition. The equilibrium of the game is further studied using numerical solutions, which become very tractable by considering the tail distribution function instead of the density itself. This also allows us to consider Dirac delta distributions to use the continuum game to mimic finite $$N$$N-player nonzero-sum differential games, the advantage being having to deal with two coupled PDEs instead of $$N$$N. We find that, in accordance with the two-player game, a large degree of competitive interaction causes firms to slow down production. The continuum system can therefore be used qualitative as an approximation to even small player dynamic games.
An improved deconvolution technique for the calculation of renal retention functions

Abstract It is possible to quantitate renal retention of a radioactive tracer from time-activity curves obtained from the blood pool and kidney by the use of deconvolution analysis. The use of this technique has been hampered by the sensitivity of solutions of the convolution equation to the measurement error present in the data. A method to reduce this sensitivity by placing algebraic constraints on the form of the computed solution is proposed. Numerical stability of the algorithm is discussed and verified. Simulation results are presented to document the performance of the algorithm on noise degraded data. It is concluded that the method produces accurate results at noise levels typical of nuclear medicine studies.
You Are My Enemy

You are my enemy You want me dead You want us far away You do not understand me You are wounded You smell You are dirty You are poor You are like everyone who lives here Your beard is dyed red You are shot in the leg and arms You do not scream You are tied, untied, do not move You want to live, you want to rest You have a family You will come with me You will be bandaged and healed You will fight again, one day ... You will remember flying with us You will not see anything, your eyes are covered You are my enemy. You are my patient.
The use of nuclear medicine in evaluating liver disease.

Liver scintigraphy has greater sensitivity than specificity, as do many other nuclear medicine imaging procedures. Used with a confident understanding of its limitations and with realistic expectations of benefit, liver scintigraphy is a simple atraumatic method that can provide rapid information to the clinician facing a perplexing diagnostic question. (auth)
Oscillation and nonoscillation of solutions of second order linear differential equations with integrable coefficients

(1) x"+a(t)x = 0, t > 0, where a(t) is a locally integrable function of t. We call equation (1) oscillatory if all solutions of (1) have arbitrarily large zeros on [0, oo), otherwise, we say equation (1) is nonoscillatory. As a consequence of Sturm's Separation Theorem [21], if one of the solutions of (1) is oscillatory, then all of them are. The same is true for the nonoscillation of (1). The literature on second order linear oscillation is voluminous. The first such result is of course the classical theorem of Sturm which asserts that
Rationales, evidence, and design considerations for fractionated radioimmunotherapy

Although fractionation can be used in a discrete radiobiologic sense, herein it is generally used in the broader context of administration of multiple, rather than single, doses of radionuclide for radioimmunotherapy (RIT) or other targeted radionuclide therapies. Fractionation is a strategy for overcoming heterogeneity of monoclonal antibody (MAb) distribution in the tumor and the consequent nonuniformity of tumor radiation doses. Additional advantages of fractionated RIT are the ability to 1) provide patient-specific radionuclide and radiation dosing, 2) control toxicity by titration of the individual patient, 3) reduce toxicity, 4) increase the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for many patients, 5) increase tumor radiation dose and efficacy, and 6) prolong tumor response by permitting treatment over time. However, fractionated RIT has logistic and economic implications. Preclinical and clinical data substantiate the advantages of fractionated RIT, although the radiobiology for conventional external beam radiotherapy does not provide a straightforward rationale for RIT unless fractionation leads to more uniform distribution of radiation dose throughout the tumor. Preclinical data have shown that toxicity and mortality can be reduced while efficacy is increased, thereby providing inferential evidence of greater uniformity of radiation dose. Direct evidence of superior dosimetry and tumor activity distribution has also been found. Clinical data have shown that toxicity can be better controlled and reduced and the MTD extended for many patients. It is clear that fractionated RIT can only fulfill its potential if the effects of critical issues, such as the number and amount of radionuclide doses, the radionuclide physical and effective half-life, and the dose interval, are better characterized.
Nodal staging in genitourinary cancers

In patients with genitourinary cancers nodal staging is an integral part of the pretreatment evaluation. The presence of nodal metastatic disease plays an important role in predicting prognosis and treatment planning. Although some nodal groups can be evaluated clinically, most patients undergo various imaging studies for nodal staging. Each modality has its own unique attributes and applications. This article reviews various imaging modalities, namely, contrast enhanced computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography, used for nodal staging in patients with genitourinary cancers and highlights their strengths and weaknesses. Emerging novel techniques such as lymphotropic nanoparticle enhanced MRI are also highlighted.
Kinetics of the Reduction of Lead Compounds and Glasses

The kinetics of the gas–solid reduction reactions of high purity dry hydrogen with selected lead compounds and glasses was investigated. Materials studied were PbO, Pb2SiO4, PbSiO3, PbZrO3, PbTiO3, lead zirconate titanate (54/46, Zr/Ti ratio), lead orthosilicate glass, and lead metasilicate glass. A constant pressure (1 atm) hydrogen flow (2 liters per minute) system was used in reacting the powdered materials at specified constant temperatures. The extent of reduction was quantitatively determined by (1) weight loss of the reacted specimen, and (2) dew point of the reaction atmosphere. Expressions are presented for relating both the weight loss and the dew point to the fraction of reduction, a. The activation energies for the reduction reactions were calculated from plots of log h (reaction rate constant) versus 1/T°K. Activation energies obtained were 18.4, 19.9, 21.0, 34.6, 46.5, and 47.0 kcal per mole, respectively, for the first six compounds. The lead glasses, which reacted below their melting ranges, were reduced appreciably less than the lead compounds.
The Importance of astrocyte‐derived purines in the modulation of sleep

Sleep is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon that is clearly essential for survival but we have limited understanding of how and why it is so important. ATP/adenosine signaling has been known to be important in the regulation of sleep and recent evidence suggests a critical role for gliotransmission in the modulation of sleep homeostasis. Here we review the regulation of ATP/adenosine in the nervous system and provide evidence of a critical role for astrocyte derived adenosine in the regulation of sleep homeostasis and the modulation of synaptic transmission. Further understanding of the role of glial cells in the regulation of sleep may provide new targets for pharmaceutical intervention in the treatment of brain dysfunctions, specifically those that are comorbid with sleep disruptions.
Revenue maximization of electricity generation for a wind turbine integrated with a Compressed Air Energy Storage system

A high-level supervisory controller is developed for a Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) system integrated with a wind turbine. Complementary to the low-level controllers in our previous works to track generator power and pressure, this controller coordinates different subsystems to optimize the system performance. The control strategy is obtained by solving an optimal storage/regeneration problem in order to maximize the achievable total revenue from selling electricity to the electric grid. Dynamic Programming (DP) approach is used to solve the corresponding optimal control problem that accounts for all the major losses in the CAES system as well as its nonlinear dynamics. Results show that an increase of 51% in total revenue is achievable by using the CAES system for a conventional wind turbine. Furthermore, a case study has been conducted to investigate the effect of storage system sizing on the maximum revenue.
Effect of Phosphorus on Growth and Hock Disorder of Turkeys 8-23 Weeks of Age

Abstract THE phosphorus requirement of turkey poults under 8 weeks of age has been studied more extensively than the requirement of growing and finishing turkeys. Slinger, Pepper and Motzok (1954) fed poults wheat-corn soybean oil meal diets containing 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 percent total phosphorus or 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 percent inorganic phosphorus in combination with four levels of vitamin E. Growth and feed conversion were best in those groups receiving 0.5 and 0.7 percent inorganic phosphorus with vitamin E having little consistent effect. Transitory “perosis” which appeared to be rickets was observed in the low-phosphorus males at 4 weeks but disappeared by 8 weeks. Permanent cases of hock enlargement appeared between 12 and 16 weeks, and more developed up to 20 weeks. The condition was reduced by increasing either vitamin E or phosphorus but was prevented only when the diet contained from 5 to 7.5 I.U. vitamin E and 0.7 …
THEORY OF MULTIPHOTON IONIZATION

Optical ionization apparent threshold calculations for noble gases using multiphoton photoionization theory
A rationale for neoadjuvant systemic treatment followed by surgical assessment and intraperitoneal chemotherapy in patients presenting with non-surgically resectable ovarian or primary peritoneal cancers

Optimal management of patients with advanced ovarian or primary peritoneal cancers who have received, and achieved an excellent response to, neoadjuvant chemotherapy remains undefined. Five patients are briefly presented who were found to have extensive intra-abdominal carcinomatosis from ovarian/peritoneal cancers and were initially treated with a carboplatin/paclitaxel-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy program. Following major objective and subjective responses each patient underwent a surgical re-assessment and subsequently received single-agent intraperitoneal platinum (cisplatin or carboplatin). In the absence of definitive data from randomized phase-3 trials defining optimal management in this setting, a rational argument can be provided supporting the use of this multi-modality management strategy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and regional chemotherapy) in carefully selected patients presenting with extensive ovarian or primary peritoneal cancers.
Blepharisma seculum, sp. nov., a Member of the Subgenus (Compactum)

SYNOPSIS. Blepharisma seculum sp. nov. is described as a small-sized blepharisma with a compact, spheroid macronucleus and a distinct curvature of the body anteriorly. A comparison of this form with other species of the genus Blepharisma subgenus (Compactum) is given.
A NOTE ON AMERICA'S “CLOACAL” JAILS

A large literature points to the abominable condition of American jails. Comparison of national surveys of jail conditions conducted in 1972 and 1978 indicates that what little improvement has occurred is minimal compared to remaining problems. A number of factors have prevented state-set standards from achieving widespread improvement in local jail conditions: high costs, local autonomy and lack of credible threats for forcing compliance. The failure of New York State to implement adequate health standards illustrates the limitations of the standards approach. Other approaches, such as strategies for replacing local jails with regional facilities, deserve the attention of policy researchers.
Chain-branching and initiation rates measured by spatially integrated light emission during reflected shock-wave ignition

Experimental study of ignition kinetics in H2−O2−CO−Ar mixtures by time-resolved photoelectric measurement of the growth of spatially integrated CO−O recombination radiation in reflected shock waves has been extended to cover the ranges 0.1≤H2:O2≤10.0, 1000°≤T≤2500°K, by confining the reactive gas to the downstream end of the shock tube and increasing sensitivity through a large solid angle optical view. The induction period regime of exponential growth of emission intensity, I(t)≈I0*exp(α*t), yields precise values of α* whose dependence upon [H2], [O2], and T determines, for the reactions H + O 2 → k 1 O H + O O + H 2 → k 2 O H + H O H + H 2 → k 3 H 2 O + H the functions: k1=8.6×108 exp {−(12.3±1) kcal/mole (1/T−1/1600)/R} liter/mole/sec and k2k3=1.5×1019 exp {−(20±4) kcal/mole (1/T−1/1600)/R} liter2/mole2/sec2, and indicates that k2 and k3 are, at most, about a factor of 3 from each other, in the present temperature range. The early growth of I(t) prior to the exponential regime, now observed directly, and the parameter I0*, now fairly precisely measured, bear upon the kinetics of chain initiation but require further investigation.
Minimal oxygen consumption in infants cared for under overhead radiant warmers compared with conventional incubators

Infants under radiant warmers have large increases in insensible water loss compared with infants in single wall incubators. To answer the question of whether or not a minimal rate of oxygen consumption could be achieved under overhead radiant warmers, we measured oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and abdominal skin, cheek, rectal, thigh, and environmental temperature in ten healthy newborn infants in incubators and radiant warmers, using each infant as his/her own control. The minimal VO2 ranged from 4.41 to 8.87 and from 4.35 to 9.06 cc/kg/minute in the incubator and radiant warmer, respectively. The differences were clearly not significant (paired Student t-test, P greater than 0.60). There were no significant differences between the respiratory quotients, VCO2, or abdominal skin, check, rectal or environmental temperatures. These data support the hypothesis that a thermoneutral environment can be provided with a radiant warmer and imply that large increases in insensible water loss can occur without affecting minimal oxygen consumption.
Energy Cost of Information Transfer

From thermodynamic and causality considerations a general upper bound on the rate at which information can be transferred in terms of the message energy is inferred. This bound is consistent with Shannon's bounds for a band-limited channel. It prescribes the minimum energy cost for information transferred over a given time interval. As an application, a fundamental upper bound of ${10}^{15}$ operations/sec on the speed of an ideal digital computer is established.
Ariocarpus retusus, the “False Peyote” of huichol tradition

Each year in November or December, in the first months of the dry season, small groups of the most religious Huichols gather at their sacred places in the Sierra Madre Occidental to begin a long and arduous pilgrimage which ends in the hunt for the psychoactive cactus known to these Mexican Indians as hikuiri, to the Aztecs as pey6tl and to botanists as Lophophora williamsii. For the Huichols, peyote-or, more accurately, hik6'ri-is far more than a bitter-tasting plant with pleasant hallucinogenic properties. It is sacred, it is "our life," it is the deer, it is the maize. Deer is the sacred animal par excellence; it is Elder Brother Maxa Kwaxt (Deer Tail) as well as Elder Brother Kduynumairie, the companion of Tatewari (Our Grandfather), the divine Fire and First Shaman (mara'akame) of the Huichols. Kduyu'maTrie is also the spirit helper of Huichol shamans. Peyote grows in many places in the Sonoran high desert and is freely available in Mexican markets as a magical and medicinal plant. But for the Huichols only the peyote they themselves collect in Wirikuita, about 250 miles slightly northeast of their present homeland, has real meaning. Wiriku'ta (Real de Catorce on Mexican maps) is a mountain range and stretch of desert in the state of San Luis Potosi which the Huichols regard as the place of their divine ancestors. The peyote hunt was first described in print by the Norwegian ethnographer Carl Lumholtz (1900, 1902) on the basis of an account supplied by a native informant, but until 1966 no anthropologist had ever witnessed this most significant and complex
AlGaSb/GaSb-based metal-semiconductor-metal and p-i-n photodetectors

GaSh-based meta1semiconductor-meta1 (MSM) and pi-n photodetectors grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been demonstrated for the first time. These novel devices can offer higher bandwidths and lower excess noise because of the superior hole transport properties of GaSb and the enhanced hole ionization rate of A1GaSb alloys. MSM photodetectors employing GaSb active region and AlGaSb barrier enhancing abrupt region are grown on InP substrates, while p4n photodiodes are grown on GaSb substrates. These MSM detectors exhibit photoresponse in the range of 0.2-0.65 AJW and a 3 dB bandwidth exceeding 1 GHz at 300 K and 10 GHz at 77 K. The dark currents of 106 A at 300 K and 1010 A at 77 K are measured for 25 x 25 devices. The p-i-n photodiodes have breakdown voltages as high as 20 V. The leakage currents of these devices are 60 i.i.A at half the breakdown voltage and 10 pA after nitrogen plasma passivation for 40 x 40 devices. To the best of our knowledge, these are the best results obtained from the structures grown by MBE.
Narrowing in on Educational Resources That Do Affect Student Achievement

In an era dominated by issues of school finance adequacy, it seems particularly important to provide evidence that, despite a number of claims to the contrary, educational resources are indeed positively related to improved student achievement. One of the hypotheses of this article is that expenditures per pupil must be disaggregated into more meaningful categories to discern the relationship between resources and student achievement. To explore this question, this article uses data from the Washoe County School District in Reno, Nevada, which reports its school expenditures using a program called InSite. This program disaggregates expenditures into 4 categories: instruction, instructional support, leadership, and operations and maintenance. This school-level variable is the primary explanatory variable in this covariate adjustment model using a 3-level hierarchical linear modeling analysis of students (approximately 7,000) nested in classrooms (approximately 420) nested in schools (approximately 55). Thi...
The inelastic demand for wagering

The critical need for additional revenue has prompted many states to consider the introduction of state-operated forms of legalized gambling (e.g., lotteries, off-track betting, etc.) as sources of financial assistance. However, revising the existing pari-mutuel wagering system of horseracing should not be overlooked as a potential means of generating additional funds to state and local governments. Within the existing pari-mutuel framework, policies aimed at enhancing revenue require an estimate of how responsive wagering is to its ‘price’ ‐ the takeout rate. Recent studies have concluded that the response is elastic, but, the overwhelming evidence presented here is that the total wager is relatively unresponsive to changes in the takeout rate. Since many states are contemplating the implementation of an off-track betting system to generate badly needed revenue, an integrated model incorporating off-track betting with the present pari-mutuel system is employed in revealing how pari-mutuel revenue can be ...
Racial differences in mycosis fungoides: A retrospective study with a focus on eosinophilia

Background Mycosis fungoides (MF) is often associated with eosinophilia and portends a poorer prognosis. MF is more common in blacks and follows a more aggressive course compared with whites. Objective We further elucidate racial differences between blacks and whites with MF, focusing on blood eosinophilia. Methods The records of 345 patients with MF were reviewed for demographic, clinical, and pathologic data and evaluated by analysis of variance. Results The average age at diagnosis for blacks was 45 years and was 55 years for white patients ( P P P P Limitations This was a retrospective study at a single institution. Conclusions These differences observed in eosinophil values may highlight disparities in MF diagnosis or a difference in pathophysiology between races.
Cricket nutrition: Supplementation of grass by known nutrients☆

Abstract Although the house cricket, Acheta domestica (L.), is a satisfactory laboratory animal for nutritional studies, it failed to grow when fed a syntype diet which had supported growth and reproduction in the cockroach, Blattella germanica . When fed dried grass, its growth rate was considerably less than that obtained when the grass and diet were fed together. This report concerns the factor in the diet which supplemented grass. The mineral mix of the syntype diet was shown to be active, and sodium was found to be the missing factor. Chloride, phosphate, and carbonate salts of sodium were active. Sodium could be supplied effectively in the food, water, or floor material.
Effect of enzyme treatment or steam-flaking of sorghum grain on lactation and digestion in dairy cows.

Abstract Effects of addition of a fungal enzyme (reported to have amylolytic and proteolytic activities) to dry-rolled or steam-flaked sorghum grain (40% of dietary DM) were tested for 70 d with 36 lactating Holstein cows in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Compared with dry-rolling, steam-flaking resulted in increased yield of milk, milk protein, and 3.5% FCM; percentage of milk protein; and efficiency of feed utilization (FCM/DMI). Milk casein (as a percentage of milk N) was not altered, but milk urea N was lower, for cows fed steam-flaked sorghum. With steam-flaking, milk fat percentage decreased, short-chain fatty acids (C 8 to C 14 ) increased, but long-chain fatty acids (C 16 to C 18 ) were not affected. No yield parameters were altered by enzyme addition, except that the percentage of lactose in milk increased (5.02 vs. 4.96%). Steam-flaking of sorghum grain increased digestibilities of DM, OM, and starch (63 vs. 57%; 66 vs. 59%; and 98 vs. 83%, respectively) compared with dry-rolling. Enzyme addition did not affect starch digestibility, but digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, and NDF were greater when flaked grain was treated with enzyme, resulting in significant interaction effects. This study demonstrated higher milk and milk protein yields for cows fed steam-flaked sorghum than for cows fed dry-rolled sorghum, but addition of a sorghum-specific enzyme had no significant effect.
The role of the student teacher in the co‐taught classroom

Abstract With an increase in the number of inclusive classrooms, preservice teachers may find themselves student teaching in classrooms with cooperating teachers who are co‐teaching. A review of the recent research on inclusion yields minimal information relevant to the experiences of preservice teachers in co‐taught classrooms. What is the role of student teachers placed in inclusive classrooms for their student teaching experiences? How do they fit into the dyad? This qualitative study explored the experiences of special education and general education preservice student teachers as they encountered the changing roles of teachers in inclusive classrooms, with a focus on the impact on the role of the student teacher and the implications of this experience for teacher education programs. Data sources included observation notes, interviews with cooperating teachers, focus groups with student teachers, and open‐ended surveys. Themes that emerged from the data were related to support, planning, modeling, and...
The missing linker: a dimerization motif located within polyketide synthase modules.

The dimerization of multimodular polyketide synthases is essential for their function. Motifs that supplement the contacts made by dimeric polyketide synthase enzymes have previously been characterized outside the boundaries of modules, at the N- and C-terminal ends of polyketide synthase subunits. Here we describe a heretofore uncharacterized dimerization motif located within modules. The dimeric state of this dimerization element was elucidated through the 2.6 A resolution crystal structure of a fragment containing a dimerization element and a ketoreductase. The solution structure of a standalone dimerization element was revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be consistent with that of the crystal structure, and its dimerization constant was measured through analytical ultracentrifugation to be ∼20 μM. The dimer buries ∼990 A(2) at its interface, and its C-terminal helices rigidly connect to ketoreductase domains to constrain their locations within a module. These structural restraints permitted the construction of a common type of polyketide synthase module.
Statistical modeling for ocean microwave radiometric imagery

A digital technique for computing ocean microwave radiometric images is developed. Three discrete random field models including mosaic, fractal, and a Markov chain are used for texture image simulations. Several significant examples are presented. We feel that this novel, stochastic approach should provide a better understanding of advanced radiometric observations.
OpenMPC: extended OpenMP for efficient programming and tuning on GPUs

General-purpose graphics processing units GPGPUs provide inexpensive, high performance platforms for compute-intensive applications. However, their programming complexity poses a significant challenge to developers. Even though the compute unified device architecture CUDA programming model offers better abstraction, developing efficient GPGPU code is still complex and error-prone. This paper proposes a directive-based, high-level programming model, called OpenMPC, which addresses both programmability and tunability issues on GPGPUs. We have developed a fully automatic compilation and user-assisted tuning system supporting OpenMPC. In addition to a range of compiler transformations and optimisations, the system includes tuning capabilities for generating, pruning, and navigating the search space of compilation variants. Evaluation using 14 applications shows that our system achieves 75% of the performance of the hand-coded CUDA programmes 92% if excluding one exceptional case.
A Nutation Damper for a Dual-Spin Spacecraft

This paper is concerned with a high-performance nutation damper for use in dual-spin spacecraft. The damper described here makes use of a wheel of uniform mass distribution. The wheel experiences torques which are produced by inertial forces. Damping and restoring (spring) torques are provided by means of a torsional arrangement built around the center of the wheel. The performance characteristics of the above nutation damper are evaluated by considering the small astronomy satellite (SAS-A) spacecraft parameters, and the results for an optimum design of the damper are presented. Finally, the result for the optimum performance is checked with the help of an approximate analysis.
DIALOGUE: Professional Ethics in Environmental Impact Analysis: Economics Isn't the Only Issue

In what was (in 1975) certainly the first course (or one of the first courses) in environmental impact analysis at State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-E...
Sensitivity integral relations and design trade-offs in linear multivariable feedback systems

The purpose of this paper is to develop integral relations regarding the singular values of the sensitivity function in linear multivariable feedback systems. The main utility of these integrals is that they can be used to quantify the fundamental limitations in feedback design which arise due to system characteristics such as open-loop unstable poles and nonminimum phase zeros and to such fundamental design requirements as stability and bandwidth constraints. We present extensions to both the classical Bode sensitivity integral relation and Poisson integral formula. These extended integral relations exhibit important insights toward trade-offs that must be performed between sensitivity reduction and sensitivity increase due to the aforementioned system characteristics and design constraints. Most importantly, these results display new phenomena concerning design limitations in multivariable systems which have no analog in single-input single-output systems. >
Development of distortion-invariant texture operators

Abstract In this paper, we provide insight into the development of a new set of distortion-invariant texture operators.These "circular-Mellin" operators are invariant to both scale and orientation of the target and representthe spectral decomposition of the image scene in the log-polar coordinate system. Coupled with the shiftinvariance property of the correlator architecture, we show that these circular-Mellin operators can beused for rotation-, scale- and shift-invariant feature extraction. We also note that these feature extractorshave a functional form that is similar to the Gabor transforms. Detailed analytical description of theseoperators and preliminary results are presented in this paper. 1 Introduction Segmentation of an image into regions that are homogenous with respect to a particular perceptual prop-erty is an important task in several image understanding applications, and thus has received considerableattention during the past two decades [1]. It is commonly observed that images of scenes are signals witha high degree of self-correlation. Fundamentally, mutual information arises within an image because of thefact that physical scenes and objects tend to have internal morphological consistency, including the firstorder correlations (locally similar luminance values), second-order or dipole correlations (e.g., orientededge continuation) as well as higher order correlations. These correlations are attributes that distinguishreal images from random noise and from one another, a distinction that is often not fully exploited.
Optimal Distribution of City Sizes in a Region

First, an optimal spatial distribution model is proposed of population sizes in a country. The objective function to be examined consists of the amount of interaction benefit which is formulated by means of accessibility, and the amount of intraaction congestion cost which is measured by means of population density. Second, the optimal population distribution is obtained by use of this optimization model, and the necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimal solution is given. Third, based upon the data analysis of population distribution in Japanese prefectures in 1975, it is shown that the Japanese population is undergoing suburbanization and that this leads to the optimal population distribution. Last, this model is used to obtain and analyze the optimal grid system population distribution of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area.