cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring biologically relevant chemical space with metal complexes

Altering biological processes with small synthetic molecules is a general approach for the design of drugs and molecular probes. Medicinal chemistry and chemical biology are focused predominately on the design of organic molecules, whereas inorganic compounds find applications mainly for their reactivity (e.g. cisplatin as a DNA-reactive therapeutic) or imaging properties (e.g. gadolinium complexes as MRI diagnostics). In such inorganic pharmaceuticals or probes, coordination chemistry in the biological environment or at the target site lies at the heart of their modes of action. However, past and very recent results suggest that it is also worth exploring a different aspect of metal complexes: their ability to form structures with unique and defined shapes for the design of ‘organic-like’ small-molecule probes and drugs. In such metal–organic compounds, the metal has the main purpose to organize the organic ligands in three-dimensional space. It is likely that such an approach will complement the molecular diversity of organic chemistry in the quest for the discovery of compounds with superior biological activities.
Intermolecular Forces between Extracellular Polysaccharides Measured Using the Atomic Force Microscope

To gain a better understanding of marine fouling, we have measured the intermolecular forces between two layers of adsorbed extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) on silica. The measurements were made using an atomic force microscope (AFM) with a modified cantilever. Polymer bridging occurred between negatively charged EPS and was absent with neutral EPS. It was also observed for an anionic model dextran. Light-scattering measurements have confirmed a contraction of the EPS in free solution from large to small dimensions with an increase in ionic strength. As the ionic strength was increased to marine salt concentrations (about 0.5 M), adsorbed anionic EPS has changed from an extended to a contracted configuration and collapsed onto the solid substrate surface, forming a strongly adhered layer. Presumably, this EPS layer is an important component of the conditioning surface onto which bacteria and ultimately higher organisms eventually adhere.
Monitoring the brain and spinal cord.

Advances in monitoring technology, as presented elsewhere in this volume, have also occurred in monitoring to the brain and spinal cord. These techniques have created the opportunity to explore function and prognosis in patients who otherwise are unable to participate in a neurologic examination. This chapter overviews the anatomy, technology, and applications of several of these techniques. Before starting, it is important to mention that, in general, these techniques are not a replacement for the neurologic examination. The complexity and breadth of examination possible with awake testing cannot be matched by these techniques. Furthermore, the clinical examination can be more sensitive than these tests. For example, clinical function becomes abnormal at reduced cerebral blood flow (approximately 25 mL/min per 100 g) above that which causes alteration in electrophysiological monitors. Each of these monitors has a variety of uses depending on the specific method of monitoring and the specific neural tracts or tissue assessed. Although these methods can detect abnormalities, there are often indistinct thresholds for when changes correlate to clinical changes or prognostication of injury. Nevertheless, these techniques have found substantial application in the care of neurosurgical patients in whom the information gathered can enhance treatment decisions and evaluate the effectiveness of management approaches.
Prediction of short- and long-term outcomes by troponin t levels in low-risk patients evaluated for acute coronary syndromes

Abstract Study objective: Recent reports suggest a short series of cardiac troponin (cTnT) testing effectively identifies patients at risk for cardiac events. However, there are few studies validating this strategy. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of cTnT levels to predict short- and long-term outcomes in low-risk patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. Methods: This prospective longitudinal study was conducted in a 20-bed emergency department observation unit. Patients at low risk for acute coronary ischemia, with a normal creatine kinase–isoenzyme subunit MB (CKMB) index, were admitted to an observation unit for chest pain evaluation. Serum cTnT levels were measured at baseline and at 4, 8, and 16 hours after admission. The main outcome measures were adverse cardiac events (death, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, revascularization) during the index visit and within 6 months after discharge. Using manufacturer's recommendations, the cTnT level was considered abnormal if it exceeded 0.2 μg/L. Results: Two hundred sixty-six patients were evaluated. Twenty-one (7.9%) had an adverse event during their index hospitalization. Troponin testing identified only 2 (9.5%) of these patients. Twenty (7.5%) had a cardiac event within 6 months; none were identified by cTnT testing. The sensitivity and specificity were 9.5% and 99.2%, respectively, at the index visit, and 0% and 98.4% at 6 months. The positive and negative predictive values were 50% and 93%, respectively, at the index visit; and 0% and 92% at 6 months. Conclusion: Determination of troponin T levels has a low sensitivity and high specificity for predicting outcomes in low-risk patients evaluated for suspected acute coronary syndromes. This study does not support a strategy of relying solely on troponin testing for disposition decisions. [Peacock WF IV, Emerman CL, McErlean ES, Deluca SA, van Lente F, Rao JS, Nissen SE: Prediction of short- and long-term outcomes by troponin T levels in low-risk patients evaluated for acute coronary syndromes. Ann Emerg Med. March 2000;35:213-220.]
Respiratory and ventilatory effects of methadone in healthy women

The effects of oral methadone on respiration, ventilation, pupillary diameter, and plasma concentrations of estrone, estradiol, and progesterone were investigated in healthy nonpregnant women, 21 to 29 yr old. All women were in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The study design was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Six women received 15 mg methadone · HCl, and six received placebo. Alveolar ventilation and oxygen consumption before treatments correlated with plasma progesterone concentration (r2 = 0.85 and 0.68) but the slope and x-intercept of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide curve did not. Female sex steroids in plasma were not affected by methadone. Mean elimination half-life of methadone from serum was 19 hr. Methadone-induced respiratory depression and miosis lasted more than 48 hr. The intensity of these changes was a linear function of the logarithm of the serum methadone concentration. Plasma progesterone concentration is an important determinant of resting ventilation and metabolism in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle but endogenous progesterone does not protect women from the respiratory depressant effects of methadone. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 29, 373–380; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.51
Mechanistic studies on the stereoselective formation of glycosyl iodides: first characterization of β-d-glycosyl iodides

Abstract Treatment of glycosyl acetates with one equivalent of iodotrimethylsilane at low temperature results in the quantitative formation of glycosyl iodides. Carbohydrates that possess a participating group at the C-2 position initially form β- d -glycosyl iodides, which quickly equilibrate to the α-iodo anomers. The β anomer of peracetylated glucose reacts faster than the α anomer, presumably because the C-2 acetate can assist in displacing the silylated anomeric acetate. In contrast, the α anomer reacts faster than the β anomer in substrates lacking a participating group at C-2. For example, activation of 1-O- acetyl-2,3,4,6-tetra -O- benzyl-α- d -glucopyranose leads to formation of the β iodide, while the corresponding β acetate produces the α iodide. Although the β iodides quickly equilibrate to the α anomers, they can be prepared in sizable quantities at low temperatures where equilibration is slow. This report describes the first stereoselective formation and characterization of β- d -glycosyl iodides.
Exchange Effect on the Electronic Specific Heat

By improving the evaluation of the contribution from the first order exchange graphs reported recently by Tsai and Isihara, the electronic specific heat of an electron gas is evaluated to order e2. It is shown that the specific heat contains a logarithmic term.
The insulin‐like growth factor binding proteins in uncultured human cartilage: Increases in insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 3 during osteoarthritis

Objective To assess changes in the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) in uncultured cartilage during stages of osteoarthritis (OA), and to determine if OA cartilage is capable of autocrine secretion of IGFBPs. Methods Articular cartilage was dissected from fibrillated and nonfibrillated sites of 11 human femoral heads, and extracted in buffer containing 8M urea. IGFBPs were identified by immunoprecipitation and subsequent analysis by 125I–IGF-2 Western ligand blotting (WLB), radioimmunoassay, or 2-site immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). IGFBPs were assessed in cartilage extracts by WLB. IGFBP-3 content was determined by IRMA and synthesis by metabolic labeling with 35S-cysteine in organ cultures. Results Sample grouping into 3 distinct OA strata was supported by gross pathology of the femoral heads, histologic grading of cartilage slices, and biochemical analysis of the glycosaminoglycan and protein content of the extracts. Group I was normal/mild OA, group II was intermediate OA, and group III was severe OA. IGFBP-2 was present in all samples, IGFBP-4 in sporadic samples, and BP-3 in group II–III samples. By IRMA, group I had a mean ± SD of 6.26 ± 2.6 ng IGFBP-3/mg soluble protein (IGFBP-3) (n = 6), group II had a mean ± SD 14 ± 7.5 IGFBP-3 (n = 10), and group III had a mean ± SD 17.03 ± 8.94 IGFBP-3 (n = 6). Analysis of variance showed group differences (F[3,19] = 3.84, P = 0.04), and post hoc tests revealed that IGFBP-3 levels were higher for group III versus group I (P = 0.04). OA cartilage synthesized IGFBP-3. Conclusion Increases in net cartilage content of IGFBP-3 occurred in intact OA cartilage, reaching statistically significant elevation in severe disease. There was autocrine IGFBP-3 production in OA cartilage.
Electron beam switched P-N junctions

A high-speed, high-power switching device is analyzed and experimental results presented. The device consists of a back-biased p-n junction switched by an electron beam. A single position tube for use as a magnetic core driver has been tested. The device operated at a beam voltage of 19 kv and can give a 150-v, 1.5-a output pulse with a rise time of less than 4 nsec and a maximum device power dissipation of 14 w. Designs for a multiposition device and also a high-power amplifier, similar in operation to the single position device are discussed.
Little-Parks oscillations at low temperatures: Gigahertz resonator method

A thin-film Fabry–Perot superconducting resonator is used to reveal the Little and Parks (LP) effect [Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 9 (1962)], even at temperatures much lower than the critical temperature. A pair of parallel nanowires is incorporated into the resonator at the point of the supercurrent antinode. As the magnetic field is ramped, Meissner currents develop, changing the resonance frequency of the resonator. The LP oscillation is revealed as a periodic set of distorted parabolas observed in the transmission of the resonator and corresponds to the states of the wire loop having different vorticities. We also report a direct observation of single and double phase slip events.
Residual herbicides for weed control in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)

Abstract Five triazine herbicides were evaluated for pre-emergence weed control in proso millet (Panicum miliaecum L.) grown in the Central Great Plains of the United States. Atrazine and propazine maintained weed-free proso millet over the entire cropping season at rates of 0·28, 0·56, and 0·84 kg a.i./ha. Proso millet grain yields and water use efficiency were increased by these weed-control treatments. Metribuzin also effectively controlled weeds, but was phytotoxic to proso millet. Cyanazine and terbutryne at 1·12 kg/ha were not as effective as the other triazines in controlling the weed population. In a 5-year experiment, the elimination of weed competition by atrazine and propazine increased the harvest index by increasing the water use efficiency of the crop. Proso millet grown in dryland agriculture under weed-free conditions can more efficiently convert limited available water into harvestable grain.
Dose-dependent effect of ethanol on extracellular dopamine in mesolimbic striatum of awake rhesus monkeys: comparison with cocaine across individuals.

Abstract Rationale. Dependence on both alcohol and cocaine is a widespread example of polydrug abuse/dependence. It has been hypothesized that ethanol reward is mediated via increased dopaminergic neurotransmission in mesolimbic striatum, as is the case for cocaine. However, little is known about the neurobiology of ethanol in primates, or how the effects of ethanol compare to those of cocaine across individual animals. Objectives. To determine in animals with a history of cocaine exposure whether there is a dopaminergic impact of ethanol in non-human primates, and if so, whether the magnitude of that effect correlates with the dopaminergic effect of cocaine across individuals. Methods. Microdialysis studies were conducted in rhesus monkeys previously trained to self-administer cocaine. The dopaminergic impact of cocaine had been determined in those animals during cocaine self-administration sessions. Probes were placed in the ventral mesolimbic and associational central striatum. Ethanol was administered non-contingently by a slow intravenous infusion at doses of 0.5 g/kg (administered over 10 min) and 1.0 g/kg (administered over 20 min). Results. The mean dopaminergic response to ethanol in four animals (with 2–4 trials in each animal at each dose) indicated a small but significant increase in extracellular dopamine at each dose (12% above baseline at 0.5 g/kg, 22% above baseline at 1.0 g/kg). Examining the responses across individual animals indicated substantial variability, in that two of the four animals showed no increase at either dose. Across individuals, regression analysis of cocaine-induced changes in dopamine with 1.0 g/kg ethanol-induced changes indicated a positive correlation between the drug effects, with a trend in this direction observed with the 0.5-g/kg dose of ethanol. Conclusions. These results provide support for the ability of ethanol to elevate extracellular dopamine in the mesolimbic striatum, though with a modest effect size and variability among individuals. Further, they suggest that some common mechanism influences the effects of ethanol and cocaine on dopaminergic output despite seemingly unrelated pharmacological mechanisms of action.
Learning effective new single machine dispatching rules from optimal scheduling data

Abstract The expertise of the scheduler plays an important role in creating production schedules, and the schedules created in the past thus provide important information about how they should be done in the future. Motivated by this observation, we learn new scheduling rules from existing schedules using data mining techniques. However, direct data mining of scheduling data can at best mimic existing scheduling practices. We therefore propose a novel two-phase approach for learning, where we first learn which part of the data correspond to best scheduling practices and then use this data and decision tree induction to learn new and previously unknown dispatching rules. Our numerical results indicate that the newly learned rules can be a significant improvement upon the underlying scheduling rules, thus going beyond mimicking existing practice.
THE USE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPOPITUITARISM1

THE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT of patients with hypopituitarism implies the use of substitution or supportive therapy for the correction of the various endocrine deficiencies which result from limitation of anterior pituitary function. The relative impurity and low potency of available preparations have been chiefly responsible for disappointing results which have followed the use of anterior pituitary extracts in the treatment of many such patients. Correction of the secondary thyroid and gonad deficiencies by the administration of thyroid, ovarian and testicular preparations has been somewhat more successful. It is the purpose of the present communication to emphasise the usefulness of therapy directed at the secondary, limitation of adrenocortical function which occurs in some patients with hypo’ pituitarism. Atrophy of the adrenal cortex has been regularly observed following hypophysectomy in experimental animals (i) and in patients with Simmonds’ disease (2, 3, 4). Clinical and laboratory evidences of adreno...
Oceanography's Double Life

The history of oceanography is currently divided into periods which are bracketed by famous voyages of discovery and exploration. This division scheme makes oceanography look very much like the history of geography. On the other hand, analysis of the development of oceanographic ideas and theories suggests a quite alternate periodic scheme more compatible with the currently employed divisions of the history of geophysics and meteorology. The origins and implications of this bifurcation are discussed, with suggestions for research which might help oceanography toward a more ample acknowledgement of this "double life."
Modelling automotive warranty claims with build-to-sale data uncertainty

Automotive suppliers routinely analyse a large number of warranty claims for their products, for the purpose of design and process improvement, as well as warranty cost forecasting. In some instances, automotive warranty claims data are incomplete, which brings additional uncertainty to the process of analysis and forecasting. For example, it is not uncommon to have the vehicle build dates and warranty claim dates recorded, but the sale dates missing or unavailable to the supplier. This paper shows that using the build date instead of the sale date as the start of a mission life, provides drastic and sometimes unexpected differences in the outcomes of warranty claims forecasting. This paper presents a Monte Carlo simulation procedure to generate the missing time from build to sale data. It discusses different simulation algorithms, and analyses their accuracy, by comparing simulated data with actual data. In addition, the authors conducted a statistical analysis of build to sale data for various vehicle name plates and platforms, in order to enhance the forecasting procedure and improve its accuracy. In addition, the authors conducted a statistical analysis of build to sale data for various vehicle name plates and platforms, in order to enhance the forecasting procedure and improve its accuracy.
Shadowing Afrikaner nationalism: Jungian Archetypes, incest, and the uncanny in Marlene van Niekerk's Triomf

Summary Marlene van Niekerk's novel Triomf dramatises a political and psychological crisis in Afrikaner nationalism at the time leading up to the 1994 elections. Taking a psychoanalytic approach to this postcolonial narrative, one may construct a theoretical understanding of how internai violence induced by a nationalist Afrikaner culture is projected outward. Reading van Niekerk's novel as a psychological allegory, one may interpret her characters to be representative of components of an imaginary Afrikaner consciousness ‐ a psyche struggling to come to terms with the history of apartheid and a Utopian nationalist identity. By mapping Jungian archetypes onto the novel's characters, we can theorise about the relationality of particular psychic components of a nationalistically oriented consciousness, and turning to Freud's theory of the uncanny, we can come to understand the struggle between these components. Van Niekerk leads her readers away from the mythologised past of Afrikaner nationalism, and towar...
Older Adults and Substance-Related Disorders: Trends and Associated Costs

Purpose. The aim of this study is to examine the changing service profile of older adults receiving substance abuse services over the past decade and the increased costs of treating this population. Design and Methods. Medicaid claims for mental health and substance abuse services data from a medium sized county in an eastern state were analyzed for individuals aged 50 years and older in calendar year 2000 or 2009. Univariate statistics are presented to describe the substance abuse and mental health services used by older adults in these two years. Results. The number of low-income older adults who accessed services for treatment and who had a substance-related diagnosis grew from 545 individuals in 2000 to 1,653 individuals in 2009. Costs for services utilized by older adults with a substance-related diagnosis rose by 358% from $2.1 million in 2000 to $9.5 million in 2009. Implications. The increase in the number of low-income older adults with a substance-related disorder and the concomitant rise in total spending for Medicaid reimbursed services indicate that local and state social service providers need to prepare for an older adult population who will need appropriate substance abuse prevention and treatment programs.
Chloride secretagogues stimulate inositol phosphate formation in shark rectal gland tubules cultured in suspension.

Neuroendocrine activation of transepithelial chloride secretion by shark rectal gland cells is associated with increases in cellular cAMP, cGMP, and free calcium concentrations. We report here on the effects of several chloride secretagogues on inositol phosphate formation in cultured rectal gland tubules. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), atriopeptin (AP), and ionomycin increase the total inositol phosphate levels of cultured tubules, as measured by ion exchange chromatography. Forskolin, a potent chloride secretagogue, has no effect on inositol phosphate formation. The uptake of {sup 3}H-myo-inositol into phospholipids is very slow, preventing the detection of increased levels of inositol trisphosphate. However, significant increases in inositol monophosphate (IP1) and inositol biphosphate (IP2) were measured. The time course of VIP- and AP-stimulated IP1 and IP2 formation is similar to the effects of these agents on the short-circuit current responses of rectal gland monolayer cultures. In addition, aluminum fluoride, an artificial activator of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, stimulates IP1 and IP2 formation. We conclude that rectal gland cells contain VIP and AP receptors coupled to the activation of phospholipase C. Coupling may be mediated by G-proteins. Receptor-stimulated increases in inositol phospholipid metabolism is one mechanism leading to increased intracellular free calcium concentrations, an important regulatory event in themore » activation of transepithelial chloride secretion by shark rectal gland epithelial cells.« less
Photochemical Behavior and Formation of Surface Relief Grating on Self-Assembled Polyion/Dye Composite Film

Holographic surface relief gratings (SRGs) were fabricated on composite films assembled by electrostatic layer-by-layer (ELBL) deposition of a polyelectrolyte, poly(dimethyl diallylammonium chloride) (PDAC), and an azo dye, Congo Red (CR). Surface modulation and first-order diffraction efficiency of the SRG were found to increase with the thickness of the PDAC/CR films. Polarized absorption spectra indicated an oriented growth of CR on the PDAC film. Analysis of the film thickness, FTIR, and FT-Raman results confirmed that the electrostatic attraction between CR and PDAC, as well as the π−π interaction between CR chromophores resulting in the formation of J aggregates, lead to formation of PDAC/CR composite films. Photochemical changes of the PDAC/CR films after irradiation were investigated by UV−vis absorption, FTIR, and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that in addition to trans ⇔ cis photoisomerization of CR in the composite film, an irreversible photochemical degradation of CR also simultan...
Simultaneous maximal exercise radionuclide angiography and thallium stress perfusion imaging.

Abstract Gold-195m is a new ultra-short-lived radionuclide that can be used for cardiac studies. Accurate, reproducible ejection fraction and ventricular wall motion studies can be obtained from first-transit angiography using commercially available imaging and image-processing equipment. The short half-life of gold-195m (30.5 seconds) makes simultaneous dual isotope imaging possible and substantially reduces the radiation exposure from the isotope angiography. The feasibility and possible benefits of performing dual radionuclide studies were evaluated during a single exercise stress test in 24 subjects with known coronary artery disease (CAD) and in 20 normal volunteers. High-quality first-transit angiograms were obtained in all subjects. An 83% sensitivity and 95% specificity for detecting CAD with thallium-201 imaging was noted in this investigation, suggesting that its diagnostic accuracy was not altered by simultaneous dual isotone imaging. When segmental left ventricular (LV) wall motion was compared with thallium-201 perfusion imaging, divergent results were noted in 15 of 44 subjects. An analysis of the ejection fraction (EF) results at rest and stress provided additional information that could be useful in assessing the clinical significance of such differences in segmental wall motion and perfusion. Simultaneous dual isotope imaging appears to be appropriate for situations in which both LV perfusion and function require evaluation. The use of gold-195m allows such information to be obtained from a single exercise test and can thereby reduce the cost and time required for noninvasive evaluations of patients for CAD.
Determining The Correspondence Of Consecutive Images Without Difficult Match

By analyzing the evolution of an image sequence, some geometrical properties have been introduced. These geometrical properties led to a prediction scheme in determining the correspondence of feature points in an image sequence.
Opioid mechanisms controlling renal function.

SUMMARY 1. Over the past 50 years considerable evidence has been reported suggesting that endogenous opioids participate in the control of renal function. 2. Exogenous administration of opioids produces profound changes in the renal excretion of water and sodium. 3. Opioids produce changes in urine output and urine sodium excretion by multiple integrated neural and hormonal mechanisms within the periphery, central nervous system and kidneys. 4. Although opioid antagonist administration does not consistently reveal an action of endogenous opioid systems on renal function, this may result from the quiescent nature of the endogenous opioid system under basal conditions. 5. Manipulations that activate endogenous opioid systems have begun to reveal important, previously unrecognized mechanisms that control kidney function and can enhance renal tubular sodium reabsorption in normal and potentially pathological states.
747-2 Is the Semiquantitative Grading Score for Mitral Regurgitation Linearly Related to Regurgitant Flow?

Mitral regurgitation (MR) imposes a volume work load on the left ventricle (LV) that is proportional to the severity of the regurgitation. However, it is not clear how semiquantitative grading 1–4 + is related to quantitative regurgitant flow. Method 74 patients with MR were investigated using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography. MR was graded semiquantitatively on a 4 point scale by two observers, integrating information on jet size and morphology in multiplane views and pulmonary venous flow patterns. Blinded to the results of the semiquantitative MR grading, regurgitant stroke volume (RSV) was calculated as the difference between thermodilution stroke volume and forward stroke volume through the mitral annulus (SVma), obtained by the mitral annulus area multiplied by mitral inflow velocity-time integral recorded by pulsed Doppler at the mitral annulus. Assuming elliptical shape, the mitral annulus area (A) was calculated as A = Jrab, where a and b were radius of mitral annulus measured by 2-dimensional echocardiography at four and two chamber views. Results Semiquantitative MR grading correlated best with mean RSV (r = 0.97 P l 0.001 Fig.) using an exponential fit. RSV dramatically increased when MR grading was g2+ with significantly increasing slope. 4+ MR (81 ± 36 ml) involved much more than double RSV as 2+ MR (19 ± 12 ml p l 0.001). Conclusion Because its relationship with regurgitant flow is nonlinear, the semiquantitative MR grading score does not accurately reflect the amount of volume load on the LV, especially above MR grading 2 +. Download : Download high-res image (58KB) Download : Download full-size image
Optimum tilt of a solar collector

Two methods of calculating the optimum tilt angle with respect to the ground for a solar collector in the case that the atmosphere is not completely transparent are described. The results of the computations are compared with experimental measurements for Alabama and it is recommended that the optimum tilt is equal to an angle of the latitude of the location + - 8/sup 0/.
Evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray Respiratory Panel and the GenMark eSensor Respiratory Viral Panel on Lower Respiratory Tract Specimens

We evaluated the performance characteristics of the FilmArray respiratory panel and the eSensor respiratory viral panel on clinical and spiked lower respiratory tract specimens (LRTS). The overall agreement between the two methods was 89.5% (51/57). The lower limit of detection of both assays for all targets in LRTS was comparable to that for nasopharyngeal swab specimens.
Turnover of ribosomal RNA during the stringent response in Escherichia coli.

Abstract In order to establish whether turnover of ribosomal RNA occurs during aminoacid starvation, the following parameters were measured in growing Escherichia coli cells and in cells starved of amino acids: (1) the net rate of synthesis of ribosomal and transfer RNA, (2) the rate of synthesis of nascent RNA, and (3) the fraction of nascent RNA which is ribosomal and transfer RNA. Amino-acid starvation was elicited by effecting the deacylation of a species of transfer RNA in a bacterial strain harboring a heat-sensitive aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetase. The net rate of synthesis of ribosomal and transfer RNA in the cells starved of amino acids was found to be 1.8% of that in growing cells. The rate of synthesis of nascent RNA in the starved cells is either 64% or 165% of the rate in growing cells, depending on the method used for measurement. Two RNA-DNA hybridization techniques gave values of 45% or 46% for the percentage of nascent RNA which is ribosomal or transfer RNA in growing cells, and 34% or 25% for the percentage of nascent RNA which is ribosomal or transfer RNA in the starved cells. It is concluded from these data that between 35% and 100% of the inhibition of net RNA synthesis observed in cells starved of amino acids is attributable to turnover of ribosomal RNA and, perhaps, transfer RNA.
A cryoprobe and cryoplate for reversible functional blockade in the brains of chronic animal preparations.

Abstract 1. 1. An easily constructed cryoprobe is described for reversible functional blockade of subcortical neural structures in chronic animal preparations. 2. 2. A cryoplate is described for blockade of cortical regions of various sizes and shapes. 3. 3. The use of Luerlok hypodermic needle connectors was found useful for making connections of the cryoprobes to the coolant hoses. 4. 4. The temperature-monitoring thermocouple reference junctions were implanted on the animal to eliminate the use of bimetallic thermocouple connectors and cables.
Restraint stress and corticotropin releasing hormone modulation of murine cutaneous POMC mRNA.

The skin is a unique immunological defense barrier that protects the organism from occupational and environmental exposures and provides a model system in which to evaluate the interaction of the c...
Dose outside the treatment volume for irradiation with negative pions

Irradiation of humans with negative pions requires a knowledge of the absorbed dose and radiation quality outside the primary pion beam. In conjunction with early clinical trials at LAMPF, experimental data have been obtained with microdosimetric techniques and multiwire proportional counters. Theoretical calculations have been made for the neutron contribution to the dose and are consistent with these data. Measurements were made within a 40 cm*51 cm*76 cm water phantom for a negative pion beam of initial momentum of 170 MeV/c, Delta p=+or-3 MeV/c. The absorbed dose outside the treatment volume is the result of: (1) neutrons and photons from the pion interactions, (2) treatment room background and (3) peripheral muons, electrons and pions in the primary beam.
Properties of a generalized 3D O(2) model with suppression/enhancement of vortex strings

Abstract Using Monte Carlo and analytic methods, we map out the phase structure of a generalized 3D O(2) spin model with both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic couplings and both suppression and enhancement of vortex strings. The notion of sublattice vortex strings is introduced for the antiferromagnetic O(2) model, and the differences between their behavior and that of the uniform vortex strings are determined. The generalized model exhibits an interesting new type of critical behavior which reflects the presence of both continuous and discretely valued interactions, and the competition between them.
Two-year follow-up of bibliotherapy and therapist-directed controlled drinking training for problem drinkers

Two-year blind fllow-up interviews were completed with 69 of 82 problem drinkers treated by behavioral self-control training offered in various formats including bibliotherapy, individual counseling, and group therapy. Corroborative data were obtained via breath tests and collateral interviews. Significant improvement observed on drinking and other measures at prior follow-up points was found to be maintained at 2 years. Stability of outcome over the 2-year period was found to be good, with more than 80% of clients showing equal or greater improvement at 24 months relative to any prior follow-up point. Relapse rates from controlled drinking were found to be similar to those from abstinent outcomes. Severity of problem drinking at intake remained the best single predictor of controlled drinking vs. abstinent outcomes, with more severe cases tending toward abstinence.
Analysis of the cooperative grain boundary sliding in terms of cellular dislocations

Abstract Cooperative grain boundary sliding (CGBS) (sliding of grain groups along surfaces formed by sliding grain boundaries), has been considered as a result of rigid shear of grain rows or as sequential shear of grains. The sequential shear of grains has been analysed in terms of movement of cellular dislocations (imperfections in regular grain structure). Localized and extended cellular dislocations are examined. Coupling of CGBS and cooperative grain boundary migration might take place as the result of movement of grain boundary dislocations associated with ledges.
Laser shockwave sintering of nanopowders of yttria-stabilized zirconia

Abstract Mechanical (non-thermal) sintering behavior of nanopowder green compacts of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) using laser-induced shockwaves was investigated. Results showed 15% improvement in density and 44% increase in hardness for the single shock. In addition, thermal conductivity of LSP samples was much lower (1 W/m K) than thermally-sintered, micro-powder samples (2 W/m K) inferring that the presence of nanoparticles at the pores limits the mean free paths of phonons and photons. Analytical model results provided a peak shock pressure of 4.34 GPa, plastic strain of 0.02 on the surface layer, and shockwave penetration depth of 0.25 mm. Multiple shocks have potential to substantially increase the mechanical and thermal properties of YSZ.
Vodou: A Sacred Multidimensional, Pluralistic Space

. This paper uses the language of Vodou doctrine to articulate its key tenets and speak to how the challenge of plurality or diversity in the twenty-first century has been and continues to be addressed among African and Afro Atlantic spiritual leadership. Following the slave trade and colonialism's aftermath, a pluralistic vision, reflecting the harsh new global order, permitted spiritual sustainability by reconfiguring African ontologisms. Embracing pluralism through annexation of non-native spiritual practices augmented the power of African rulers, providing them with other epistemes and access to spiritual forces they believed enhanced their position. The issue of preparing for the priesthood in a global or pluralistic society is examined in this essay through the historical and metaphysical framework that shaped the making of our societies.
Interplay in various settings between shift invariant spaces, wavelets, and sampling

Shift invariant spaces are common in the study of analysis, appearing, for example, as cornerstones of the theories of wavelets and sampling. The interplay of these three notions is discussed at length over R, with the one-dimensional study providing motivation for later discussions of Rn, locally compact abelian groups, and some non-abelian groups. Two fundamental tools, the so-called bracket" as well as the Zak transform(s), are described, and their deep connections to the aforementioned areas of study are made explicit.
Implementing and operating an internet scale distributed application using service oriented architecture principles and cloud computing infrastructure

This paper describes our experiences implementing and operating a globally distributed application composed of services available on a Cloud Computing infrastructure. Intel needed a service that could give us an idea of end users' experiences with Intel Corporation's website from different regions of the globe. We built our monitoring system on top of the PlanetLab distributed systems testbed. Our first implementation relied on static configurations and needed manual intervention to respond to network and node outages. PlanetLab has Cloud Computing and Service Oriented Architecture features that enabled us to increase our application's robustness by using web services for Virtual Machine (VM) allocation, VM provisioning, resource availability, and geographic information. We found that we had to treat service provided resource information like network equipment treats network information. Despite the lack of service level guarantees for PlanetLab VMs and Internet connectivity, we constructed a robust global monitoring service that is used by Intel network personnel today.
Treatment of morbid obesity by gastric partitioning.

The surgical treatment of morbid obesity by partitioning the gastric reservoir was designed to reduce caloric intake while avoiding alteration of the normal digestive process. Use of a single row of staples with a TA-90 apparatus followed by a solid diet provided disappointing weight loss after 12 months, despite early gratifying results. Restricting patients to a liquid diet for 8 weeks postoperatively improved the efficacy of the procedure, but after the superior integrity of a double staple application was proven in the laboratory, that technique has been adopted. Without exception, patients are limited to liquids for 8 weeks postoperatively. Essential to a successful outcome of this procedure is continuing, understanding, skilled support by the nurse and the dietitian, who with the surgeon, comprise the team dedicated to the care of these patients.
Gamma Irradiation of the Melon Fly: Laboratory Studies of the Sterility and Sexual Competitiveness of Treated Adults,

Five-day-old male melon flies, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, treated by gamma irradiation in ambient atmosphere were ca. 99.8 percent sterilized by a dose of 15 krad. The dose required to sterilize 5-day-old females was between 12 and 15 krad. Males treated with a dose of 15 krad did not recover fertility, but males treated with lower doses (from 4-12 krad) did lose sterility. The sexual competitiveness of melon fly males irradiated with 15 krad as 5-day-old adults was ca. /sup 1///sub 2/ that of males sterilized as 2-day-old adults with 8 krad or as pupae 2 days before eclosion with 6 krad. Thus, in a melon fly sterile-release program, no advantage is gained by irradiating flies in the adult stage.
Multinuclear Cd2, Cd3 and 1-D framework structures of Cd(II) Schiff base complexes

Reactions of the “salen” type Schiff basesH2L1 and H2L2 with Cd(OAc)2·2H2O gave complexes with Cd2 and Cd3 cores and an extended 1-D framework architecture [H2L1 = N,N′-(1,2-phenylenyl)-bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldimine; H2L2 = N,N′-(propyl)-bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldimine)].
Temperature Dependence of Ferromagnetic Anisotropy in Cubic Crystals

Two theories of the temperature dependence of ferromagnetic anisotropy in cubic crystals, the nearestneighbor quadrupole-quadrupole coupling theory of Van Vleck, and the more recent classical theory of Zener, seem to be contradictory. It is shown that these theories are, respectively, high- and low-temperature approximations to the same physical picture: namely, an anisotropy which decreases with rising temperature due to statistical fluctuations from alignment of anisotropically-coupled neighbor spins. Zener's low-temperature approximation shows that the anisotropy decreases as the tenth power of the magnetization, Van Vleck's high-temperature approximation yields a lower power law. It is argued that most of the anisotropy has vanished before sufficiently high temperatures are reached for Van Vleck's approximation to be appropriate. Van Vleck's nearest-neighbor dipole-dipole coupling theory, which has no classical analog and cannot be compared with Zener's theory, is discussed from a spin-wave picture.
Relief of Hypochromic Anemia in Dogs with Synthetic Vitamin B6: Influence of "Filtrate Factors."

ConclusionsSynthetic vitamin B6 relieves the hypochromic microcytic anemia produced in dogs deficient in this factor. An adequate supply of the non-adsorbable fraction of the vitamin B complex is necessary for the complete disappearance of this anemia.
Revisions to the Xenopus gastrula fate map: implications for mesoderm induction and patterning.

A revised fate map of the gastrula Xenopus embryo predicts the existence of patterning mechanisms that operate within the animal/vegetal axis of the mesoderm-forming marginal zone. We review here molecular and embryologic data that demonstrate that such mechanisms are present and that they operate independently of the Spemann organizer. Evidence suggests that polarized fibroblast growth factor activity in the animal/vegetal axis patterns this axis. We present a model of mesoderm induction and patterning that integrates the new data on Spemann organizer-independent animal/vegetal patterning with data on other inductive pathways known to act on the gastrula marginal zone.
Engineering Switches, Genetically

Ostermeier, Guntas, and Mitchel describe a new approach to design enzymes that are allosterically regulated by an unrelated ligand [1]. The resulting protein, constructed by nonhomologous recombination and genetic screens, displays switch-like behavior.
A convenient and economical preparation of l-methionine-methyl-d3

Abstract The thermal decomposition of nonadeuterio trimethylsulfoxonium iodide, prepared from the nondeuterated salt and deuterium oxide, gives a high yield of methyl- d 3 iodide. Direct alkylation of the l -homocysteine anion, generated by the sodium-liquid ammonia reduction of l -methionine by methyl- d 3 iodide gives optically pure l -methionine-methyl- d 3 . A procedure for the preparation of tritiated compounds is also developed.
Suffering and Meaning in Counseling Service Work: Theoretical Foundations and Therapeutic Responses

Working in a counseling service at a college or university often requires counselors to touch the deep foundation of suffering that underlies the human experience. This article will examine the philosophical underpinning of the ways in which our profession helps us respond to human suffering. I will first examine the roots of our daily work found in both Stoic philosophy and Buddhism. The article will then examine how these foundations have been incorporated into the more contemporary approach of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and its approach to suffering. I will then explicitly discuss implications for college counseling, and conclude with several exercises on ways to let suffering be close in our daily counseling center work and to find meaning in our experience.
Accumulation of 99Mo-containing Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor Precursors of Nitrogenase on NifNE, NifH, and NifX ofAzotobacter vinelandii

The biosynthesis of the iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) of nitrogenase was investigated using the purified in vitro FeMo-co synthesis system and 99Mo. The purified system involves the addition of all components that are known to be required for FeMo-co synthesis in their purified forms. Here, we report the accumulation of a 99Mo-containing FeMo-co precursor on NifNE. Apart from NifNE, NifH and NifX also accumulate 99Mo label. We present evidence that suggests NifH may serve as the entry point for molybdenum incorporation into the FeMo-co biosynthetic pathway. We also present evidence suggesting a role for NifX in specifying the organic acid moiety of FeMo-co.
Optimization of Ship Field Repair Scheduling Based on Depth First Search Method

Ship field repair sheduling is a asynchronism and concurrency process. Although it is complex, it is very important in the field repair decision at wartime. Through the optimal field repair scheduling, we can reduce the total repair time and improve repair efficiency. Regretly ship field repair scheduling optimization model has not been researched perfectly. Generally speaking, there are field repair processes of two kinds. Repair processe of one kind is that the repair sequence is fixed and the repair resource need not be scheduled. It is used to schedule repair tasks of the same kind. Repair processe of the other kind is that the repair resoure should be scheduled to reduce the total repair time. It is used to schedule the repair tasks of the different kind. The scheduling method of the first kind has been researched in math work. But the math model turns to be complex when the amount of the object increases. The scheduling method of the second kind is more complex than the first one. It is a typical asynchronism and concurrency process. So the new feasible models should be researched. Based on the repair processes of the two kinds, two ship field repair scheduling models are founded based on timed colored Petri net (TCPN) and depth first search method in this paper. The timed colored Petri net is used to model repair process and its transition rules are used to design the arithmetic. The arithmetics of the two models are explained in detail. In the second arithmetic, the conflict-solution is researched particularly. Conflict-solution method is corresponding to the field repair resource scheduling plan. The conflict-solution problem is solved based on depth first search method of artifical intelligence. Through the examples of the use of the two arithmetics, we find that the arithmetics given in this paper are very feasible and convenient. The field repair scheduling optimization models are the basic of the ship field repair and safety recovery intelligent decision support system. Through the optimization models we can generate the repair scheduling plan intelligently. That is to say the two models are not only optimization models but also intelligent models.