cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of SCN8A as a candidate gene for autosomal dominant essential tremor

Abstract Objectives Essential tremor (ET) is a common inherited movement disorder whose causes remain unknown. The presence of spontaneous tremor in murine mutants may provide clues into the pathogenesis of ET. SCN8A encodes the neuronal voltage gated sodium channel Na v 1.6 that is widely expressed in the central nervous system. Several mutations of Scn8a in the mouse result in congenital postural tremor of the extremities and head. Methods We screened SCN8A as a candidate gene in a cohort of 95 Caucasian patients with ET and a positive family history, including 48 patients with early onset in the first two decades of life. Early and adult onset ET subgroups did not differ in disease severity, but early onset patients had longer disease duration. Observed sequence variants were also screened in an ethnically matched control group. Results We did not detect SCN8A mutations affecting amino acid sequence or splice sites in our cohort of ET patients. Conclusions Although mutations of Scn8a cause congenital tremor in mice, mutations in the sequence of the exons and splice sites of human SCN8A do not appear to be a common cause of autosomal dominant essential tremor in Caucasian patients.
Austrian economics at the cutting edge

Austrian economists today have a valuable opportunity to rejoin the mainstream of the economics profession. As Colander, Holt, and Rosser have argued, neoclassical orthodoxy is no long mainstream. What I call the “heterodox mainstream” is an emerging new orthodoxy. The five leading characteristics of the emerging new orthodoxy are bounded rationality, rule following, institutions, cognition, and evolution. When listed in this order, they suggest the acronym BRICE. The Austrian school is also an example of BRICE economics. The shared themes of BRICE economics create an opportunity for intellectual exchange between Austrians and other elements of the heterodox mainstream. Although Austrians should engage the heterodox mainstream energetically, they should also defend the essential elements of an early version of neoclassical economics, elements at risk of becoming half-forgotten themes of an earlier era. These elements are supply and demand, marginalist logic, opportunity-cost reasoning, and the elementary theory of markets.
Stacking the deck.

When the leaders of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) appointed the heavily conflicted 2006 Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) anemia work group, were they oblivious to the possibility that ANY recommendation of the panel would be considered suspect? Surely they knew not only that Amgen was the founding and principal sponsor of the guideline development (1), but that the chair and vice-chair of the KDOQI steering committee and both co-chairs of the work group were consultants for Amgen, Ortho Biotech, or both (2). To compound the financial conflicts, 11 of the 15 members of the work group had similar arrangements (1,3). And of the 40 …
An online wear state monitoring methodology for off-the-shelf embedded processors

The continued scaling of transistors has led to an exponential increase in on-chip power density, which has resulted in increasing temperature. In turn, the increase in temperature directly leads to the increase in the rate of wear of a processor. Negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI) is one of the most dominant integrated circuit (IC) failure mechanisms [13, 5] that strongly depends on temperature. NBTI manifests in the form of increased circuit delays which can lead to timing failures and processor crashes. The ability to monitor the wear progression of a processor due to NBTI is valuable when designing real-time embedded systems. While NBTI can be detected using wear state sensors, not all chips are equipped with these sensors because detecting wear due to NBTI requires modifications to the chip design and incurs area and power overhead. NBTI sensor data may also not be exposed to users in software. In addition, wear sensors cannot take into account variations in wear due to the differences in the wear sensor devices and the other functional devices and their operating conditions. In this paper, we propose a lightweight, online methodology to monitor the wear process due to NBTI for off-the-shelf embedded processors. Our proposed method requires neither data on the threshold voltage and critical paths nor additional hardware. Our methodology can also be extended to predict the wear progression due to some other dominant IC failure mechanisms. Experiments on embedded processors provide insights on NBTI wear progression over time. This knowledge can be used to design real-time embedded systems that explicitly consider runtime wear progression to increase predictability and maintain lifetime reliability requirements.
Approximation and interpolation of optimal nonlinear regulators

An optimal steady state regular for a class of nonlinear dynamical systems and nonquadratic performance indices is constructed, as a series of homogeneous polynomials in the state. Each term is iteratively obtained in closed form from the preceding terms. Local asymptotic stability and the preservation thereof after truncation are determined, and bounds are found for the radius of convergence. Finally, an interpolating spline is constructed in closed form, so that the accurate computation of the optimal control is required only at selected states.
Verified integrity properties for safe approximate program transformations

Approximate computations (for example, video, audio, and image processing, machine learning, and many scientific computations) have the freedom to generate a range of acceptable results. Approximate program transformations (for example, task skipping and loop perforation) exploit this freedom to produce computations that can execute at a variety of points in an underlying accuracy versus performance trade-off space. One potential concern is that these transformations may change the semantics of the program and therefore cause the program to crash, perform an illegal operation, or otherwise violate its integrity.We investigate how verifying integrity properties -- key correctness properties that the transformed computation must respect -- can enable the safe application of approximate program transformations. We present experimental results from a compiler that verifies integrity properties of perforated loops to enable the safe application of loop perforation.
Beta beta homodimers exist in native rabbit skeletal muscle tropomyosin and increase after denaturation-renaturation.

Native tropomyosin from rabbit skeletal muscle (RSTm) consists mainly of alpha alpha and alpha beta coiled coils (alpha/beta approximately 3-4/1). In some extant studies, no beta beta molecules have been found. In this study, RSTm from several different preparations was disulfide cross-linked, both preparation and cross-linking being done under nondenaturing conditions. The cross-linked product was assayed for the presence of beta beta molecules cross-linked at both C36 and C190 (beta = beta). In such cross-linked RSTm, 3-8% beta = beta is detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, C4 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and a free-solution capillary electrophoresis experiment. This percentage becomes approximately 4-10% beta beta when corrected for incomplete double cross-linking and is independent of protein concentration (0.1-10.0 mg/mL), indicating that the observed beta beta species are not artifacts due to intermolecular cross-linking. Upon denaturation and subsequent renaturation either by heating to 55 degrees C or by incubating at 45 degrees C followed by quenching to room temperature, or by guanidine hydrochloride exposure followed by phased renaturation by dialysis, the fraction of beta beta increases, indicating that the reassociation favors homodimer formation somewhat over random association. This result differs from the random association observed when the sulfhydryl on one of the chains is carboxyamidomethylated (Holtzer, M.E., Breiner, T., & Holtzer, A., 1984, Biopolymers 23, 1811-1833), and from the overwhelming heterodimer preferences reported for tropomyosins from other organisms (Lehrer, S.S., Qian, Y., & Hvidt, S., 1989, Science 246, 926-928; Lehrer, S.S. & Qian, Y., 1990, J. Biol. Chem. 265, 1134-1138).
Nation and Immigration

In my paper, I wish to offer a critical assessment of the cultural and political implications of postcolonial and cultural critics’ abandonment of situated terms like immigration, citizenship, race, state, and their celebratory embracing of such unmoored notions as nomadism, deterritorialization, exile, hybridy, and postnation. On the one hand, I hope to demonstrate that postcolonial critics’ valorization of displacement’s redemptive power mystifies the oppositional possibilities of hybrid consciousness. On the other, I wish to argue that such theoretical projects fail to both historicize the particularities of postcolonial cultural formations and the importance of the politics of location in describing various manifestations of the global.
Potential mechanisms involved in the absorptive transport of cadmium in isolated perfused rabbit renal proximal tubules.

Abstract Lumen-to-cell transport, cellular accumulation, and toxicity of cadmium as ionic cadmium (Cd2+) or as the l -cysteine (Cys) or d , l -homocysteine (Hcy) S-conjugate of cadmium (Cys-S-Cd-S-Cys, Hcy-S-Cd-S-Hcy) were studied in isolated, perfused rabbit proximal tubular segments. When Cd2+ (0.73 μM) or Cys-S-Cd-S-Cys (0.73 μM) was perfused through the lumen of S2 segments of the proximal tubule, no visual evidence of cellular pathological changes was detected during 30 min of study. Cd2+-transport was temperature-dependent and was inhibited by Fe2+, Zn2+, and elevated concentrations of Ca2+. Luminal uptake of Cys-S-Cd-S-Cys was also temperature-dependent and was inhibited by the amino acids l -cystine and l -arginine, while stimulated by l -methionine. Neither l -aspartate, l -glutamate, the synthetic dipeptide, Gly-Sar nor Zn2+ had any effect on the rate of Cys-S-Cd-S-Cys transport. Conclusions: When delivered to the luminal compartment, Cd2+ appears to be capable of utilizing certain transporter(s) of Zn2+ and some transport systems sensitive to Ca2+ and Fe2+. In addition, Cys-S-Cd-S-Cys and Hcy-S-Cd-S-Hcy appear to be transportable substrates of one or more amino acid transporters participating in luminal absorption of the amino acid l -cystine (such as system b0,+). These findings indicate that multiple mechanisms could be involved in the luminal absorption of cadmium (Cd) in proximal tubular segments depending on its form. These findings provide a focus for future studies of Cd absorption in the proximal tubule.
Skin temperature and heart rate can be used to estimate physiological strain during exercise in the heat in a cohort of fit and unfit males.

ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate the previously developed physiological strain index (PSI) model using heart rate and skin temperature to provide further insight into the detection and estimation of thermal and physiological heat strain indices. A secondary aim was to characterize individuals who excel in their performance in the heat. Methods: 56 male participants completed 2 walking trials (3.5 miles per hour, 5% grade) in controlled environments of 43.3°C and 15.5°C (40% humidity). Core and skin temperature, along with heart rate and PSI, were continually monitored during exercise. Participants completed a physical fitness test. Results: The logistic regression model exhibited 4 false positives and 1 false negative at the 40% decision boundary. The “Not at Risk” group (N = 33) had higher body weight (84 ± 13 vs. 77 ± 10 kg, respectively) compared to the “At Risk” (N = 23) group, p < 0.05. The “Not at Risk” group had a faster 3-mile run time compared to the “At Risk” group (21:53 ± 3:13 vs. 25:16 ± 2:37, ...
What Does the Future Hold for Geothermal Energy

The past five years have brought considerable changes to geothermal development. Historically high oil prices since 2005 have focused attention on renewable energy, supported by a global ambition to address greenhouse gas reduction. Geothermal developments have accelerated in many parts of the world, both in countries (such as New Zealand, Indonesia and the US) that have a traditional interest in "conventional" geothermal resources, as well as countries without a historical interest in geothermal energy (such as Australia and Germany). Some new developments have followed well-worn paths using conventional hydrothermal resources in volcanic regions, while others have struck out in new directions in Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) projects in nonvolcanic regions. Technology has allowed for developments of conventional resources with lower temperature, restricted water access, and constrained surface utilization. EGS projects have launched in a variety of different directions and places (the US currently has six active EGS developments). In this context, the future expansion of geothermal developments depends on exploring for new fields and overcoming technical challenges in known but not-yetexploited fields. Two issues that are currently being addressed by the world geothermal community are: (1) the "productivity gap" in the exploitation of fields that are too hot for downhole pumps, but too cool for flash production, (2) the development of reliable EGS development procedures that can ensure sustainable flow rates and assure the public that induced seismicity will not be a problem.
Development of the PRESNET subject descriptor Thesaurus

The PRESNET Thesaurus is a controlled vocabulary of subject descriptors employed in indexing the descriptions of archival materials entered in PRESNET (the Presidential Libraries Information Network). An archivist involved in its development and use discusses the decision to employ a thesaurus, the steps involved in designing and creating it, subsequent modification of the thesaurus after usage began, and the experience of the Gerald R. Ford Library in using it.
A New Look at Associative Learning in Advertising: Can Messages Influence Contextual Associations?

ABSTRACTAccumulating evidence suggests that consumer behaviors are often strongly influenced by subtle environmental cues rather than being based on conscious information processing. One of the ways in which context affects consumer choice is through the activation of brand usage thoughts through exposure to consumption environment cues (e.g., time of the day, location). By pairing new and familiar brands with novel consumption scenarios, this study explored the potential to directly affect brand–context linkages by means of advertising. Results suggest that repeated exposure to advertising can significantly promote development of novel brand–context associations, even if the two are initially perceived as unusual.
Getting Real on Trade with Pakistan: Duty-Free Market Access as Development Policy

The combination of relatively high American barriers to trade in textiles and apparel and the importance of the sector to the Pakistani economy make increased market access a potentially powerful tool of U.S. policy. Unfortunately, recent proposals to extend duty-free market access for Pakistani exports restrict the product and geographic coverage so severely that they would be meaningless in practice. Moreover, the analysis in this paper suggests that the concerns about job loss in the U.S. textile industry from broader coverage are exaggerated. A serious trade package for Pakistan would expand the geographic coverage to allow duty-free imports from all of Pakistan, expand the product coverage for clothing, and cover all other Pakistani exports, as well.
Marketing Education: Commitments for the 1970s:

What will be the effects of the forces and developments shaping marketing education in the 1970s on the marketing discipline and on educational approaches? What opportunities and problems confront ...
Federal power, southern power: A long view, 1860-1940

It is one of the great ironies of the Civil War that the white South, after its defeat in 1865, managed to wage a largely successful, century-long crusade against the incursion of federal authority into southern territory. The Confederates lost their secessionist bid and forfeited their claim to slavery. Yet after Reconstruction, white southerners gradually reasserted their prerogatives in the areas of voters' rights and racial segregation, thus distinguishing the former Confederate states from their northern counterparts. Beginning in the 1930s, New Deal legislation promoting social welfare entitlements and workers' rights helped erode southern distinctiveness. During and after World War II, federal and northern dollars poured into the South, transmitted by military bases, defense plants, and private corporations seeking cheap labor. Local chambers of commerce came to understand that Jim Crow excesses had the potential to repel new investments and highly skilled workers. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 dismantled the southern apartheid system, and late-twentieth-century Sun Belt prosperity further distanced the white South from its heritage of parochialism. Still, symbols of defiance toward federal authority remained part of the southern landscape-Confederate flags displayed on pickup trucks if not atop state capitols, high school students standing to pray before the kickoff at a Friday night football game. This narrative, though appealing in its simplicity, glosses over the rich and complicated history of the relation between the federal government and the South since the Civil War. The two fine articles in this round table remind us that it is difficult to generalize about the historic relationship between federal authority, on the one hand, and the South or the white South or even white southern men (among other groups), on the other. The stories told by both authors also suggest that it is possible to discern links among three periods of federal activity in the South-the Civil War, the Progressive Era, and the decade of the New Deal. Taken together, these stories reveal, first, the persistent efforts of local authorities to thwart federal power and circumvent federal authority and, second, the enduring tensions between southern blacks and whites and between rich and poor. At the same time, the World War I South offers a fascinating case study of how federal policies were designed to shape family roles and communities along class and racial lines. Throughout both these
Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “Bioethicists Can and Should Contribute to Addressing Racism”

We appreciate the ten thoughtful commentaries on our target article “Bioethicists Can and Should Contribute to Addressing Racism” (Danis, Wilson, and White 2016). Two of these commentaries challeng...
Electrical Properties of CNF/Polymer Composites

The electrical properties of carbon nanofiber (CNF) reinforced epoxy matrix nanocomposites are summarized in this chapter. The effect of CNF weight fraction on the conductivity, impedance , and dielectric constant is considered. The results show that the impedance decreases and the dielectric constant increases with increasing CNF content in the composites. Nanocomposites containing 10 wt% CNFs showed significantly higher dielectric constant because of the presence of a continuous network of CNFs in the composite. The resistance, capacitance, and dielectric constants of the neat resin are found to be lower at the test frequency of 105 Hz compared to the values measured at 1 Hz. The dielectric constant of CNF/epoxy composites increases monotonically from 12.4 to 16.1 with increasing CNF content from 1 to 10 wt%.
Research Progress in DNA Marker Analysis of Crop Quantitative Character

Most of characters of biological interest and economic importance are quantitative traits. In traditional quantitative genetics, mathematic statistical methods are used to study multi gene system controlling quantitative traits as a whole. The advent of DNA marker technology has stimulated the research of molecular quantitative genetics. Since the 1980s, many kinds of statistical analysis for QTL mapping had been developed. They mainly included: single marker mapping, interval mapping and composite interval mapping. At present, many important QTL genes has been cloned, the research of QTL mapping and QTL gene cloning have become a hot research fields.
Student-generated scoring rubrics: Examining their formative value for improving ESL students’ writing performance

Abstract Rubrics are valued for their potential to clarify teachers’ expectations, identify strengths and weaknesses, and direct students toward self-evaluation (Panadero & Jonsson, 2013). While many instructors use rubrics to assess second language writing, students are rarely involved in their development and application. This can leave students without knowledge of how rubrics are created and/or used, inhibiting their motivation and writing performance (Skillings & Ferrell, 2000). This classroom-based study investigated the effect of developing and/or applying a rubric on the writing performance of adult English as a second language learners studying at an intensive English program in the US. Using a pretest-posttest, control group design, four groups completed two summary writing tasks. One class created a rubric, another class practiced scoring with the rubric, while the third class only saw the rubric, and the fourth class served as a control group. Scores were then compared for both summary writing tasks. It was found that the holistic scores on the post-test summary writing task were significantly higher for those students who participated in the development and/or application of the scoring rubric. The findings can raise awareness for including students in the assessment process, resulting in improved writing performance.
Consumers' welfare and off-season produce imports

In recent years, produce imports to the United States from the southern hemisphere made wintertime consumption common. Focusing on imports of fresh berries – strawberries, blueberries, blackberries and raspberries – this study asks what is the value to consumers of increasing the availability of berries in winter? The study adapts Hausman's new product introduction methods. The largest benefits were associated with initiating trade. Further increases suggest smaller benefits. Among the four berries, consumer benefits of initiating trade are largest for strawberries at $2.5 billion, over twice current expenditures. Further price reductions might generate further benefits of $520 million annually.
Extensor Tendon Reposition for Rheumatoid Patients

Note: This procedure may often be performed in conjunction with other reconstructive procedures for the rheumatoid arthritis.
Self-configurable publish/subscribe middleware for wireless sensor networks

In the publish/subscribe (pub/sub) communication scheme in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), there exist inherent tradeoffs among conflicting objectives in event publication. To address this issue, this paper investigates pub- /sub middleware for WSNs, called TinyDDS. With its self-configuring event routing protocol, TinyDDS adaptively performs event publication according to dynamic network conditions and autonomously balances its performance among conflicting objectives. TinyDDS leverages an evolutionary multiobjective optimization mechanism to seek the optimal tradeoffs among objectives and adjust parameters in its event routing protocol. Simulation results validate the ability of TinyDDS to tune its event publication against dynamic network conditions. TinyDDS is implemented lightweight and efficient enough to run on resource-limited nodes.
Alternative direction minimization methods for phenotype prediction and variable selection

N generation sequencing (NGS) technologies will generate unprecedentedly massive (thousands or even ten thousands of individuals) and highly-dimensional (ten or even dozens of millions) genomic and epigenomic variation data. Due to advances in measurement technologies and communications, a large panel of physiological data including all medical treatments and outcomes accumulated over the patient’s lifetime is monitored and collected. Analysis of these extremely big and diverse types of data sets provide invaluable information for disease prediction, prevention, diagnosis and treatment, but also pose great computational challenges. To address these challenges, we formulate phenotype prediction and variable selection into a sparse sufficient high dimensional reduction problem and develop a novel alternative direction optimization algorithm to solve high dimensional data reduction problem. The developed algorithms were applied to the NHLBI’s Exome Sequencing data and whole genome sequencing data with 13 lip metabolism phenotypes. The results are very encouraging. Our works address the paradigm shift in genomic and health care data analysis from standard multivariate data analysis to functional data analysis, from low dimensional data analysis to high dimensional data analysis, from independent sampling to dependent sampling, from single type data analysis to integrate multiple types of data analysis, and from individual PC to parallel computing.
Potential Economic Impacts of Low Level Presence (LLP) in the Global Wheat Market

Development of genetically modified (GM) crops has begun and is continuing on numerous fronts and in several countries. Wheat will be one of the first food grains where GM traits are introduced and will likely be a precursor to similar developments for other food grains. GM wheat is currently being developed in a number of countries (e.g., United States, Australia, United Kingdom, China) and by a number of companies (e.g., Monsanto, Bayer Crop Science, Dow Agrosciences, and Limagrain, in addition to several research organizations, including the University of Adelaide, CSIRO, and Victoria Agribiosciences Center—now AgriBio and in the United Kingdom). Traits under development using GM techniques include fusarium resistance (Huso and Wilson 2005; Tollefson 2011; Valliyodan and Nguyen 2006), drought resistance, and protein quality. Indeed, much of the groundwork in GM wheat development is emerging from Australia and setting the stage for development in other countries.
Eu3+ amidst ionic copper in glass: Enhancement through energy transfer from Cu+, or quenching by Cu2+?

Abstract A barium-phosphate glass system doped with europium(III) and containing a high concentration of copper(I) together with a copper(II) remnant has been studied spectroscopically. The main object is to elucidate whether the orange-red emission of Eu 3 + ions succeeds through sensitization via luminescent Cu + ions or else is preferentially quenched by non-radiative transfer to Cu 2 + . A characterization of the melt-quenched glass was first performed by UV/Vis optical absorption, 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared absorption spectroscopy. A photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and emission decay dynamics assessment was subsequently performed. Despite the concentration of Cu + being estimated to be much higher than that of Cu 2 + , the data shows that quenching of Eu 3 + PL by Cu 2 + dominates. The lifetime analysis of emitting centers Cu + and Eu 3 + points to the origin of the manifestation being that the Eu 3 + → Cu 2 + non-radiative transfer rate responsible for the quenching is almost two times higher than that for the Cu + → Eu 3 + transfer accountable for the enhancement. Finally, an effort was made for the determination of Cu 2 + in the glass containing Cu + , Cu 2 + and Eu 3 + ions based on the Eu 3 + ( 5 D 0 ) emission decay rates. It was found to be in excellent agreement with the UV/Vis spectrophotometric approach, thus supporting the utility of Eu 3 + ions for optical sensing of copper(II) in the solid state.
Greenhouse gas emissions in an agroforestry system of the southeastern USA

Agroforestry systems may provide diverse ecosystem services and economic benefits that conventional agriculture cannot, e.g. potentially mitigating greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing nutrient cycling, since tree roots can capture nutrients not taken up by crops. However, greenhouse gas emission data from agroforestry systems are not available in the southeastern USA, thus limiting our ability to optimize agroforestry management strategies for the region. We hypothesized that tree-crop interactions could prevent excess N from being released to the atmosphere as nitrous oxide (N2O). We determined N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, soil temperature, water content, and surface-soil inorganic N in an 8-year-old agroforestry site at the Center for Environmental Farming Systems in Goldsboro, North Carolina, USA. The experimental design was a factorial arrangement of soil texture (loamy sand, sandy loam, and clay loam) and canopy cover (cropped alley, margin between crops and trees, and under Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda, and Quercus pagoda) with three replications. Sampling occurred 42 times within a year using static, vented chambers exposed to the soil for 1-h periods. Soil N2O emission was lower under tree canopies than in cropped alleys, and margin areas were intermediate. Soil texture, water content, and inorganic N were key determinants of the magnitude of N2O emission. Soil CO2 emission was controlled by temperature and water content as expected, but surprisingly not by their interaction. Soil temperature was 1.8 ± 1.3 °C lower and soil water content was 0.043 ± 0.15 m3 m−3 lower under tree canopy than in cropped alleys, which helped to reduce CO2 emission under trees relative to that in cropped alleys. Our results provide a foundation for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in complex agricultural landscapes with varying soil texture by introducing timber production without abandoning agricultural operations.
Sagittal band, boutonniere, and pulley injuries in the athlete

Purpose of review While hand injuries occur frequently in the athletic population, sagittal band ruptures, boutonniere deformities, and pulley ruptures are infrequently encountered. These injuries represent diagnostic challenges and can result in significant impairment. Early recognition with appropriate treatment is necessary to maximize recovery and minimize return to athletic competition. This review will focus on the underlying mechanism, pathophysiology of injury, diagnosis, and treatment of each of these injuries.
An Investigation of Plasma-Facing Component Material Effects on Tritium Reprocessing Systems

Plasma-facing component (PFC) materials directly affect tritium inventories by the creation of a characteristic set of volatile impurities inside the torus. Impurity creation processes were modeled and incorporated into the TritiUm Fusion Fuel cycLE dynamic Simulation, TRUFFLES, which simulates dynamic inventories in the tritium reprocessing systems.' These surface processes include net erosion and outgassing. The estimated impurity outflow is coupled with the tritium reprocessing models in TRUFFLES to calculate inventories. Be and C were evaluated as examples of plasma-facing materials. It is found that for C a constraint limiting its net erosion rate is necessary in order to keep the tritium inventory in the cryopumps below a specified value. In contrast, Be may present no problem because of its non-production of volatile species when eroded during reactor power operation. Outgassing of H 2 O and the DT reflection coefficient were also investigated.
A Theory of the Representation and Enactment of Intentions

This paper develops Stelmach and Hughes' (this volume) concept of intentions into a theory specifying what intentions are, how they're organized and represented in the brain and how they become activated in the real time control of skilled behavior. Intentions code three types of information in the theory: what one is trying to do (the components of an action), the order of the intended components, and the rate at which these components are to be activated. Under the theory, a hierarchically organized set of content nodes code the the intended components of an action, an independently stored set of syntax nodes code their serial order, and a set of timing nodes (also independently stored and controlled) determine the rate at which the intended components are activated. The theory instantiates principles such as flexible and distributed control, specificity of content, speed-accuracy trade-off and constant relative timing and is illustrated in detail by means of examples from speech production. The theory was also applied to phenomena such as production onset time, automaticity, motor equivalence, and the Stroop effect, and seemed broadly applicable to many other types of skilled behavior.
Dissociation of local and global skeletal muscle oxygen transport metrics in type 2 diabetes

Aims Exercise capacity is impaired in type 2 diabetes, and this impairment predicts excess morbidity and mortality. This defect appears to involve excess skeletal muscle deoxygenation, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that reduced blood flow, reduced local recruitment of blood volume/hematocrit, or both contribute to excess skeletal muscle deoxygenation in type 2 diabetes.
The Introduction of Japanese Plants Into North America

This article describes the history of plant introductions from Japan into North America, from the Perry Expedition in 1854 through the collections of George Rogers Hall of Bristol, Rhode Island and Thomas Hogg of New York City between 1861 and 1875. Both men sent plants to the innovative nurseryman, Samuel Bowne Parsons of Flushing, Long Island, who propagated and sold them to the gardening public. This process, which took more than twenty years from initial collection through commercial distribution, succeeded in adding innumerable Japanese species into the ornamental landscapes of North America, including Japanese maple, kousa dogwood, panicle hydrangea, and Sawara cypress. Unfortunately these early introductions also included a number of species which escaped cultivation and have become infamously invasive, including oriental bittersweet, kudzu, porcelain berry and Japanese honeysuckle. The pioneering work of these three horticulturists--compounded over the past hundred and fifty years--has had a profound impact on both cultivated and wild landscapes across North America.
Training away bias: The differential effects of counterstereotype training and self-regulation on stereotype activation and application

Abstract A pressing issue concerns how to reduce stereotypic responses and discriminatory outcomes resulting from the operation of implicit biases. One possibility is that cognitive retraining, such as by repeatedly practicing counterstereotypes, can reduce implicit bias so that stereotype application will be reduced in turn. Another possibility involves motivated self-regulation, where people's awareness of their proneness to biased responses heightens negative self-directed affect, which in turn facilitates monitoring for biases and reduces stereotype application. These possibilities were tested across three experiments. In all experiments, participants who completed counterstereotype training subsequently scored lower on a measure of implicit bias, relative to untrained participants. In Experiments 1 and 2, counterstereotyping did not reduce subsequent stereotype application; in Experiment 3, counterstereotyping did reduce stereotype application, but this effect was not mediated by implicit bias scores. Participants in the motivated self-regulation condition (Experiments 2 & 3) were primed with their proneness to respond in biased ways, which increased negative self-directed affect among participants more internally motivated to respond without bias. Participants' degree of negative self-directed affect was not consistently associated with implicit bias scores. However, greater negative self-directed affect was associated with reduced stereotype application (Experiment 2) and greater rejection of racist jokes (Experiment 3). These results suggest that reductions of implicit bias through counterstereotype training do not, in turn, lead to reduced stereotype application. In contrast, the results support the viability of motivated self-regulation interventions that facilitate awareness of bias and heighten negative self-directed affect, thus creating the motivation to self-regulate stereotype application.
Toward Precision Medicine In Neurodevelopmental Diseases

Abstract One primary challenge in the interpretation of large-scale sequencing studies is the huge number of candidate variants that emerge. This occurs primarily because there are many functional variants in every sequenced genome and because our ability to prioritize variants based on bioinformatic criteria remains limited. Integrating functional characterization of identified mutations with careful genome interpretation can often provide compelling evidence implicating new disease-causing mutations and genes in phenotypically well characterized patients. Here I report progress in identifying pathogenic mutations in large-scale scale studies in epilepsy and other neurodevelopmental diseases. Next I discuss how sequencing is being used to diagnosis rare serious unresolved genetic conditions. Finally, I discuss how the identification of genetic causes of disease can inform treatment choices.
The Impact of Metacognitive Monitoring Feedback on Mental Workload and Situational Awareness

The need to develop more effective feedback has become a growing concern in training. Feedback should be designed to provide meaningful information in order to help them improve their performance. On the other hand, the feedback should be designed not to increase the learners’ mental workload even while they maximize the benefits of using such feedback during training. Recently, Kim [1] developed the metacognitive monitoring feedback method. This methodology was tested in a computer-based training environment. The authors’ results showed that metacognitive monitoring feedback significantly improved participants’ performance during two days of a training session. However, the previous study did not investigate the impact of metacognitive monitoring feedback on participants’ mental workload and situational awareness. Hence, in this study, we investigated those needs and found a negative relationship between situational awareness and workload when the trainees observed the metacognitive monitoring feedback.
SHELLOS: enabling fast detection and forensic analysis of code injection attacks

The availability of off-the-shelf exploitation toolkits for compromising hosts, coupled with the rapid rate of exploit discovery and disclosure, has made exploit or vulnerability-based detection far less effective than it once was. For instance, the increasing use of metamorphic and polymorphic techniques to deploy code injection attacks continues to confound signature-based detection techniques. The key to detecting these attacks lies in the ability to discover the presence of the injected code (or, shellcode). One promising technique for doing so is to examine data (be that from network streams or buffers of a process) and efficiently execute its content to find what lurks within. Unfortunately, current approaches for achieving this goal are not robust to evasion or scalable, primarily because of their reliance on software-based CPU emulators. In this paper, we argue that the use of software-based emulation techniques are not necessary, and instead propose a new framework that leverages hardware virtualization to better enable the detection of code injection attacks. We also report on our experience using this framework to analyze a corpus of malicious Portable Document Format (PDF) files and network-based attacks.
Digital Image Formation from Detected Holographic Data

Digital imaging techniques, which have been successfully used to reconstruct images from optical holograms, are equally well suited to forming images from acoustical data. For objects of modest space-bandwidth product (e.g., 256 × 256 resolution cells) computation times can be acceptably short and significant gains in simplicity and flexibility can be achieved by digital rather than optical reconstruction. Image degradations introduced by scanning errors, insufficient sampling, and quantization are discussed, and current experimental work in digital reconstruction from optical holograms is described.
Does eloquence subtype influence outcome following arteriovenous malformation surgery

Objective Although numerous arteriovenous malformation (AVM) grading scales consider eloquence in risk assessment, none differentiate the types of eloquence. The purpose of this study was to determine if eloquence subtype affects clinical outcome. Methods This is a retrospective review of a prospectively collected clinical database of brain AVMs treated with microsurgery in the period from 1997 to 2017. The only inclusion criterion for this study was the presence of eloquence as defined by the Spetzler-Martin grading scale. Eloquence was preoperatively categorized by radiologists. Poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 3-6, and worsening clinical status was defined as an increase in the mRS score at follow-up. Logistic regression analyses were performed. Results Two hundred forty-one patients (49.4% female; average age 33.9 years) with eloquent brain AVMs were included in this review. Of the AVMs (average size 2.7 cm), 54.4% presented with hemorrhage, 46.2% had deep venous drainage, and 17.0% were diffuse. The most common eloquence type was sensorimotor (46.1%), followed by visual (27.0%) and language (22.0%). Treatments included microsurgery alone (32.8%), microsurgery plus embolization (51.9%), microsurgery plus radiosurgery (7.9%), and all three modalities (7.5%). Motor mapping was used in 9% of sensorimotor AVM cases, and awake speech mapping was used in 13.2% of AVMs with language eloquence. Complications occurred in 24 patients (10%). At the last follow-up (average 24 months), 71.4% of the patients were unchanged or improved and 16.6% had a poor outcome. There was no statistically significant difference in the baseline patient and AVM characteristics among the different subtypes of eloquence. In a multivariate analysis, in comparison to visual eloquence, both sensorimotor (OR 7.4, p = 0.004) and language (OR 6.5, p = 0.015) eloquence were associated with poor outcomes. Additionally, older age (OR 1.31, p = 0.016) and larger AVM size (OR 1.37, p = 0.034) were associated with poor outcomes. Conclusions Unlike visual eloquence, sensorimotor and language eloquence were associated with worse clinical outcomes after the resection of eloquent AVMs. This nuance in AVM eloquence demands consideration before deciding on microsurgical intervention, especially when numerical grading systems produce a score near the borderline between operative and nonoperative management.
NPY2 receptor activation in the dorsal vagal complex increases food intake and attenuates CCK-induced satiation in male rats

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY (PYY), and their cognate receptors (YR) are expressed by subpopulations of central and peripheral nervous system neurons. Intracerebroventricular injections of NPY ...
Anisotropy of Graphene Nanoflake Diamond Interface Frictional Properties

Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the frictional properties of the interface between graphene nanoflake and single crystalline diamond substrate have been investigated. The equilibrium distance between the graphene nanoflake and the diamond substrate has been evaluated at different temperatures. This study considered the effects of temperature and relative sliding angle between graphene and diamond. The equilibrium distance between graphene and the diamond substrate was between 3.34 A at 0 K and 3.42 A at 600 K, and it was close to the interlayer distance of graphite which was 3.35 A. The friction force between graphene nanoflakes and the diamond substrate exhibited periodic stick-slip motion which is similar to the friction force within a graphene–Au interface. The friction coefficient of the graphene–single crystalline diamond interface was between 0.0042 and 0.0244, depending on the sliding direction and the temperature. Generally, the friction coefficient was lowest when a graphene flake was sliding along its armchair direction and the highest when it was sliding along its zigzag direction. The friction coefficient increased by up to 20% when the temperature rose from 300 K to 600 K, hence a contribution from temperature cannot be neglected. The findings in this study validate the super-lubricity between graphene and diamond and will shed light on understanding the mechanical behavior of graphene nanodevices when using single crystalline diamond as the substrate.
Profiles of Mindfulness across Adulthood

Person-centered analytic approaches (e.g., latent profile analysis, cluster analysis) have been offered as a potential solution to measurement issues associated with the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Yet, extant literature utilizing person-centered approaches reveals a lack of consistency in the identified mindfulness profiles, especially in non-college samples. The present study tested the generalizability of FFMQ profiles in an adult life span, community sample using latent profile analysis and cluster analysis. Furthermore, the study explored whether mindfulness profiles related to age and well-being. Age-diverse participants (N = 715) recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk completed the FFMQ and numerous measures of well-being. Cluster analysis revealed four mindfulness profiles: (1) high mindfulness, (2) low mindfulness, (3) judgmentally observing, and (4) nonjudgmentally aware. Latent profile analysis indicated four profiles, but only two profiles resembled profiles resulting from the cluster analysis, and two of the profiles comprised less than 9% of the sample combined. Using profiles identified by cluster analysis, older age was associated with increased likelihood of classification into a high mindfulness profile and decreased likelihood of classification into a low mindfulness profile. Furthermore, the high mindfulness profile showed the best well-being and the low mindfulness profile showed the worst. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the type of analytic method and sample characteristics, such as age, may affect the makeup of resulting mindfulness profiles. Implications for the state of this literature are discussed.
Distinguishing High-Performing Health Systems Using a Composite of Publicly Reported Measures of Ambulatory Care

Background Payers and policymakers are rewarding high-performing health care providers on the basis of summaries of overall quality performance, and the methods they use for measuring performance are increasingly important. Objective To develop and evaluate a measure that ranks health care systems by ambulatory care quality. Design Systems were ranked using a composite model that summarizes individual measures of quality, accounts for their correlation, and does not require health care systems to report every measure. The composite measure's suitability was evaluated by examining whether it captured the quality indicated by component measures (validity), whether differences in rank between health care systems were larger than statistical noise (reliability), and whether year-to-year changes in rank were small (stability). Setting California and Minnesota, 2014 to 2016. Participants 55 health care systems. Measurements Publicly reported measures of ambulatory care quality. Results The composite measure was valid in that it was broadly representative of the component measures and was not dominated by any single measure. The measure was reliable because the ranks for 93% of California systems and 80% of Minnesota systems were unlikely to be more than 2 places lower or higher. The measure was stable because fewer than half of systems changed ranks by more than 2 ranks from year to year. Limitation The analysis is limited to available measures of ambulatory care quality and includes only 2 states. Conclusion This composite measure uses publicly reported data to produce valid, reliable, and stable ranks of ambulatory care quality for health care systems in Minnesota and California, and this approach could be used in other applications. Primary funding source Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.