cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of the Fe-Mn-C system from solid state EMF measurements

The partial molar free energy of mixing of Mn, G2M in austenite and in various Mn-C and Fe-Mn-C phase mixtures was measured at temperatures of 690 to 1060°C with solid CaF2 electrolyte galvanic cells. The results for the Fe-Mn system can be represented by {ie2217-01} where T denotes temperature in K and y1 andy2 are the Fe- and Mn-to-metal atom ratios, respectively. The course ofGM2 in its dependence on the carbon atom fraction in the Mn-C system shows a low stability of Mn15C4 and Mn3C with respect to decomposition into neighboring carbides. Partial molar free energies of mixing of Fe and Mn in the metal (austenite or α-Mn(+Fe))-carbide(M3C, M23C6, or e-M4C) phase mixtures are given by {ie2217-02} and {ie2217- 03} {ie2217- 04} whereyi denote thei-to-metal atom ratios(i = 1, 2, 3) in the carbide-saturated metal phase. The partial molar free energy of mixing of carbon, GM 3 in the same two-phase regions was calculated. The results for the austenite-cementite, two-phase, region confirm published gas carburization data but tend to be more negative in value and have a greater curvature in dependence on Mn content. The curvature shows that interaction terms higher than first order must be used to represent GM3 over the composition rangey2 = 0 to 0.545. Evaluation of GM3 over closed paths of integration in the ternary system demonstrates a self-consistency of the phase relations with the emf data. The derived free energy charge for the reaction of mixing of the binary cementite compounds, {ie2217-05} where M denotes the mixture (Fe, Mn), is more negative than that of an ideal solution and itsy2 dependence is asymmetric being more negative in Mn-rich than in Fe-Rich cementite.
Exercise Self-Efficacy, Enjoyment, and Feeling States Among Adolescents

Knowledge of cognitions and feelings related to physical activity (PA) can assist in counseling adolescents to prevent the decrease in PA that occurs during this developmental period. This study, which involves a 2 (gender) 2 (race) 3 (developmental stage) design, examines relationships among PA self-efficacy (SE), enjoyment, and feeling states (FS) during PA and compares responses among 168 African American and European American boys and girls during early, middle, and late adolescence. More positive FS during a standardized PA episode on a treadmill predicts higher postactivity SE and greater enjoyment of the task. FS worsens as the session progresses, particularly for adolescents who in early puberty, report feeling significantly worse than those in both middle and late puberty at 16 minutes and 20 minutes. Findings suggest that nurses should assist adolescents to reduce negative feelings during activity to augment PA enjoyment, as well as SE following PA.
Providing descriptive power to guided self-elicitation

Abstract Recent exploratory research developed and tested a guided self-elicitation (GSE) methodology. With GSE, an expert is enabled to capture his/her own performed expertise as production rule-instances. GSE is based on published cognitive research, using a production system view of conscious cognitive information processing and certain demonstrated human abilities: for identifying and categorizing perception, rehearsing and reconstituting prior thought processes and verbal reporting of concurrent cognitive information processing. Experimentally self-elicited decision analyst expertise (leading subjective probability assessment interviews) demonstrates that performed expertise can consist of complex rule-processed knowledge forms. An object model for representing complex knowledge forms is proposed and discussed.
Insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans: The roles of obesity and androgen excess

Abstract The roles of hyperandrogenemia and obesity in the syndrome of severe insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans were evaluated in studies of 11 females with this condition. Our results in these subjects were compared to evaluations of control subjects matched for degree of androgen excess or obesity. Fasting insulin levels were 3-, 5-, and 15-fold higher in the obese (OB), hyperandrogenemic (HO), and acanthosis nigricans (AN) groups, respectively, when compared to normal females. Responsiveness to a standard bolus of exogenous insulin was 78% of normal in the OB group, 40% of normal in the HO group, and 30% of normal in the AN group. Insulin binding to monocytes from both the OB group, and the HO group was modestly diminished primarily due to decreased receptor number. As a group, AN subjects when compared to either normal or weight-matched controls, demonstrated a significant decease in monocyte insulin binding predominantly due to a decrease in receptor number. However, two patients in the AN group had normal insulin binding suggesting a postreceptor mechanism for the insulin resistance in at least some of these subjects. In vivo glucose utilization insulin dose response curves were determined in 3 acanthotic subjects using the euglycemic clamp technique. All 3 of these subjects had a right shift of the curve and diminished maximal utilization, consistent with combined receptor and postreceptor defects in insulin action. In evaluating the relationship between hypeandrogenemia, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans, significant correlations among basal levels of plasma insulin, and both testosterone and androstenedione were demonstrated. Further, the severity of the acanthosis nigricans was directly related to the degree of hyperinsulinemia and was not correlated to the level of androgens. Our data suggest that the insulin resistance seen in obese acanthotic subjects cannot be attributed to hyperandrogenemia or obesity, since control subjects matched for severity of androgen excess or degree of obesity had much less insulin resistance.
Size Effect on the Electronic Properties of Doped and Undoped Ceria

The roles of grain size and chemical composition on the electronic conductivity (σ) of CeO2 are reported. In undoped high purity (99.995%) CeO2, σ increases with decreasing grain size, indicating generation of low oxidation state Ce species, Ce3+ ions, which act as the electrons. In low purity undoped CeO2, the chemical impurities act as both the acceptor dopants, as well as the components (such as Si) to form amorphous phase in the grain boundaries. In low purity (99.5%) undoped CeO2, size effects are, therefore, influenced by the presence of acceptor dopants and/or blocking grain boundary phases. In low purity undoped CeO2, the grain boundary contribution to the overall resistance decreases with increasing grain size due to dilution effects of the amorphous grain boundary phases. The intentional addition of acceptors (10%) will pin oxygen vacancies over a wide range of oxygen activity. Size effects in acceptor doped CeO2 are mainly related to the presence of grain boundary phases. In Ce0.90Gd0.10O1.95, the grain boundary contribution to total resistance increases with decreasing size, which is due to trapping of oxygen ions.
Shunting for the Treatment of Arachnoid Cysts in Children

Background The optimal treatment of symptomatic arachnoid cysts remains controversial. Objective We present a single-institution experience on surgical treatment of arachnoid cysts. Methods Between January 1983 and January 2008, 92 patients with symptomatic arachnoid cysts underwent surgery at our institute. All patients were evaluated with CT and/or MRI and were operated upon and had regular follow-up examinations. Results There were 60 males and 32 females. The mean age was 3.6 years (range, 2 days to 14 years). Forty-eight cysts (52%) were within the sylvian fissure, 16 (17%) were in the cerebral convexity, 15 (16%) were infratentorial, 10 (11%) were in the interhemispheric fissure, and 3 (4%) were parasellar. Cystoperitoneal shunt was placed in 67 (73%) patients; ventricular drainage alone was performed in 14 (15%) patients; and combined drainage of the ventricular system and cyst, using a 3-way connector, was performed in 8 (9%) patients. Craniotomy and fenestration of the cyst was performed in 2 (2%) patients, whereas total excision of the cyst was performed in 1 patient. Shunt revision for various reasons was performed in 34 patients (39%), whereas 13 (14%) patients required more than one revision. Complete alleviation of symptoms was achieved in all patients after treatment, regardless of cyst reduction. After a mean follow-up of 8.5 years no further enlargement of the arachnoid cysts was noted. Conclusion Shunt placement is a safe and effective surgical treatment of symptomatic arachnoid cysts in children. Cyst reduction is greater in children younger than 2 years of age.
Cooperative packet recovery in enterprise WLANs

Cooperative packet recovery has been widely investigated in wireless networks, where corrupt copies of a packet are combined to recover the original packet. While previous work such as MRD (Multi Radio Diversity) and Soft apply combining to bits and bit-confidences, combining at the symbol level has been avoided. The reason is rooted in the prohibitive overhead of sharing raw symbol information between different APs of an enterprise WLAN. We present Epicenter that overcomes this constraint, and combines multiple copies of incorrectly received “symbols” to infer the actual transmitted symbol. Our core finding is that symbols need not be represented in full fidelity - coarse representation of symbols can preserve most of their diversity, while substantially lowering the overhead. We then develop a rate estimation algorithm that actually exploits symbol level combining. Our USRP/GNURadio testbed confirms the viability of our ideas, yielding 40% throughput gain over Soft, and 25-90% over 802.11. While the gains are modest, we believe that they are realistic, and available with minimal modifications to today's EWLAN systems.
Rituximab‐induced interstitial lung disease

The aim of this study is to characterize rituximab-induced interstitial lung disease (R-ILD). The information on all reported cases of R-ILD was reviewed. This analysis focused on patient characteristics, underlying disease, rituximab dosing schedule, and R-ILD characteristic-like symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Sixteen cases of R-ILD, including our two cases, have been reported in the literature. Commonalities include older age, clinical presentation, computerized tomography findings, pulmonary function tests, and biopsy findings. Therapy included corticosteroids and broad spectrum antibiotics. Prognosis has been variable. Patients who worsen despite corticosteroids have a poor outcome. The pathogenesis of R-ILD is largely unknown. Potential explanations for R-ILD may include the induction and release of cytotoxic substances. R-ILD is a rare but potentially fatal pulmonary toxicity due to rituximab. R-ILD should be considered in patients who present with dyspnea, fever, and cough, and there is no clear evidence of infection. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with corticosteroids is essential.
Indications of nonlinearities in processes of wet deposition

Abstract Numerical simulations have been carried out with a model consisting of clear-air chemistry, in- cloud chemical reactions, and dynamic processes of cloud development in order to examine the time history of cloudwater pH and sulfate production in a cumulus cloud and the relationship between pollutant precursors and corresponding acidic chemical species in wet deposition. Preliminary results indicate that the molar ratio SO42−/NC3− in cloud water increases as the ratio SO2/NO2 increases, that the relationship between the increase of precursor SO2/NO2 and the increase of SO42−/NO3− in cloud water is nonlinear, and that the degree of this nonlinearity becomes more significant for cases when the cloud condensation nuclei content in air is assumed to be invariant.
V2-receptor blockade enhances pressor response to vasopressin: Gender difference

The present study was performed to determine if the attenuated pressor response to vasopressin in conscious non-estrous female rats is due in part to an enhanced V2-like receptor vasodilator action. In male rats, infusion of vasopressin at a rate of 1 ng.min(-1).kg body weight-1 (wt) resulted in an increase in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of about 20 mm Hg. Thirty minutes after beginning the infusion of vasopressin, the iv bolus injection of a non-peptide V2-receptor antagonist, OPC-31260 (2 mg.kg body wt-1), resulted in a further gradual increase in MABP of approximately 8 mm Hg in the next 60 min (p < 0.05). Thus, the pressor response to vasopressin was greater in OPC-31260-treated than in vehicle-treated male rats (p < 0.01). The pressor response to vasopressin 30 min after the start of its infusion was lower (about 8 mm Hg) in non-estrous female rats than in males. During the next 60 min of vasopressin infusion, there was a small further increase (p < 0.05) in MABP in the females given either OPC-31260 or its saline vehicle. In contrast to the male rats, however, there was no difference in MABP between the OPC-31260 and vehicle treated females. Thus, the present study has provided additional evidence for a V2-like receptor related vasodilator effect in male rats. However, since female rats do not appear to express a V2-receptor mediated vasodilator response, the sexually dimorphic pressor response to vasopressin cannot be due to a gender difference in V2-receptor vasodilator activity.
Learning from User Interactions

The ability to learn from user interactions can give systems access to unprecedented amounts of world knowledge. This is already evident in search engines, recommender systems, and electronic commerce, and other applications are likely to follow in the near future (e.g., education, smart homes). More generally, the ability to learn from user interactions promises pathways for solving knowledge-intensive tasks ranging from natural language understanding to autonomous robotics. Learning from user interactions, however, means learning from data that does not necessarily fit the assumptions of the standard machine learning models. Since interaction data consists of the choices that humans make, it has to be interpreted with respect to how humans make decisions, which is influenced by the decision context and constraints like human motivation and human abilities.In this talk, I argue that we need learning approaches that explicitly model user-interaction data as the result of human decision making. To this effect, the talk explores how integrating microeconomic models of human behavior into the learning process leads to new learning algorithms that have provable guarantees under verifiable assumptions and to learning systems that perform robustly in practice. These findings imply that the design space of such human-interactive learning systems encompasses not only the machine learning algorithm itself, but also the design of the interaction under an appropriate model of user behavior.
Allergens in bee venom: II. Two new high molecular weight allergenic specificities

Abstract Two new allergenic specificities were detected in honeybee venom and the two corresponding protein substances isolated by gel filtration, immunoadsorption, and ion exchange chromatography. The first of these, allergen B, has a molecular weight ranging from 49,000 to more than 200,000 d and can be recognized by rabbit and guinea pig antisera as well as by human reaginic sera using the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Allergen B gives a single line in immunodiffusion distinct from hyaluronidase, phospholipase A, melittin, and the other high molecular weight substances described and gives a single band at 49,000 d in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel. The second substance, allergen C, has a molecular weight of 105,000 d and was separated from allergen B by immunoadsorption with insoluble antibody. Allergen C was shown to be distinct from the other substances in bee venom by immunodiffusion with animal antisera. One human reaginic serum was monospecific for allergen C. Two other minor components of 86,000 and 71,000 d are present in bee venom; their allergenic activities are unknown. The two specifities, B and C, comprise most of the reactivity of the previously described Sephadex G-75 fraction 1 and clearly are important allergens, reacting with 98% of sera from bee venom-allergic individuals.
Cascade Damage in the Ordered Alloy Ni3AI

The damage (disordered zones and vacancy loops) produced in the ordered alloy Ni3AI by irradiation with different ions (Ar+, Kr+, Xe+), ion energies (30 and 50 keV), and at 30 and 300 K has been investigated by using transmission electron microscopy. At room temperature and at constant ion energy, the average size of the disordered zones increases as the ion mass increases from Ar+ to Kr+and to Xe+ ions. This trend is opposite to that of the collisional volume which decreases with increasing ion mass and highlights the importance of the thermal spike in causing disorder. At room temperature and at constant ion mass, the zone size increases with increasing ion energy. At 30K, for the same ion mass and ion energy, the size of the disordered zones is smaller than at room temperature. At both irradiation temperatures, the dislocation loop yield increases with increasing ion energy and ion mass. The loop yield was lower for irradiations at 30K compared to at 300 K. Comparison of the dislocation loop yield and the size of the disordered zones indicates that the probability for forming a loop increases with the size of the disordered zone.
Self-Perceptions of Parenting Among Adolescent Mothers

Using a descriptive correlational design, this study examined factors that contribute to self-perceptions of parenting among adolescent mothers 4 to 6 weeks postpartum. Healthy, first-time, 13- to 19-year-old adolescent mothers (n = 126) identified their own mothers as their primary source for social support. Additionally, the more tangible the support from the adolescent's mother, the lower the evaluation of self-perceptions of parenting. Older, more educated adolescent mothers were more positive in self-perceptions of parenting, suggesting that older adolescents have different needs in terms of parenting than younger adolescent mothers. These findings are important for designing and implementing nursing care and educating adolescents about the importance of social support, education, and parenting.
Effects of the structure of classmates' perceptions of peers' academic abilities on children's perceived cognitive competence, peer acceptance, and engagement.

This study examined the effects of classroom indegree for ability (the degree to which peer nominations as academically capable show high consensus and focus on a relatively few number of children in a classroom) on first grade children’s peer acceptance, teacher-rated classroom engagement, and self-perceived cognitive competence. Participants were 291 children located in 84 classrooms. Participating in sociometric interviews were 937 classmates. Consistent with social comparison theory, classroom indegree moderated the associations between children’s achievement and classroom engagement and peer liking. Children with lower ability, relative to their classmates, were less accepted by peers and less engaged in classrooms in which students’ perceptions of classmates’ abilities converged on a relatively few number of students than in classrooms in which peers’ perceptions were more dispersed. High indegree was associated with lower self-perceived cognitive competence regardless of ability level.
Slowed lexical access in nonfluent aphasia: a case study.

Abstract A list priming paradigm (LPP) was used to examine the hypothesis that nonfluent aphasics are literally slowed down in automatic access to lexical information. In this paradigm, words are presented visually, and the subject's task is to make a lexical decision on each word as quickly as possible after its presentation. As soon as a lexical decision is made on one word, that word is removed and, after a predetermined interword interval, the next word is presented. In this way, a continuous “list” effect is obtained. Prior studies with both college-age and elderly subjects using the LPP have shown that, independently of age, on the LPP, priming obtains at interword delays of 500 to 800 msec, but not at either shorter or longer interword delays. In the study reported here, the LPP was used to examine delays at which priming obtained for LD, a nonfluent aphasic with a lesion primarily in the left frontal region. Examining interword delays ranging from 500 to 1800 msec, the subject showed priming only at a delay of 1500 msec, a considerably longer delay than that at which neurologically intact subjects have shown priming. Based on these results, it is argued that while automatic access is retained, that access is much slower in a nonfluent aphasic than in neurologically intact elderly subjects. These results are discussed in terms of how slowed lexical access might impact on discourse comprehension.
Stereochemistry of spathulin

Abstract The stereochemistry of the pseudoguaianolide spathulin has been determined by NMR spectrometry at 270 mHz.
Facilitating appreciation of anatomical variation and development of teamwork skills in the gross anatomy laboratory using a cadaver reassignment system.

ABSTRACT Developing a mental map of the body in three dimensions incorporating normal anatomical variations is a challenge for students of gross anatomy. Acquisition of this ability is facilitated by frequently reassigning students to work on different specimens in gross anatomy laboratories, a significant departure from traditional teaching strategies. This article analyzes student and faculty experiences with a reassignment system over a six-year period, including effects on early professional development and students’ attitudes toward the cadavers. Students were strongly supportive of the method, noting that specimen reassignments facilitated learning, encouraged dissection skill building, and fostered collaborative interactions. Students’ perception of the value of the contribution of each cadaver to their education was preserved and, for many, enhanced. Frequent specimen reassignments offer an opportunity to model public accountability for work and some aspects of the relationships between multiple h...
Arginine-Rich Motifs Are Not Required for Hepatitis Delta Virus RNA Binding Activity of the Hepatitis Delta Antigen

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) replication and packaging require interactions between the unbranched rodlike structure of HDV RNA and hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), a basic, disordered, oligomeric protein. The tendency of the protein to bind nonspecifically to nucleic acids has impeded analysis of HDV RNA protein complexes and conclusive determination of the regions of HDAg involved in RNA binding. The most widely cited model suggests that RNA binding involves two proposed arginine-rich motifs (ARMs I and II) in the middle of HDAg. However, other studies have questioned the roles of the ARMs. Here, binding activity was analyzed in vitro using HDAg-160, a C-terminal truncation that binds with high affinity and specificity to HDV RNA segments in vitro. Mutation of the core arginines of ARM I or ARM II in HDAg-160 did not diminish binding to HDV unbranched rodlike RNA. These same mutations did not abolish the ability of full-length HDAg to inhibit HDV RNA editing in cells, an activity that involves RNA binding. Moreover, only the N-terminal region of the protein, which does not contain the ARMs, was cross-linked to a bound HDV RNA segment in vitro. These results indicate that the amino-terminal region of HDAg is in close contact with the RNA and that the proposed ARMs are not required for binding HDV RNA. Binding was not reduced by mutation of additional clusters of basic amino acids. This result is consistent with an RNA-protein complex that is formed via numerous contacts between the RNA and each HDAg monomer.
Quantitative assessment of atrioventricular plane displacement in normal and diastolic heart failure-a cine MRI study

Introduction Left atrioventricular plane displacement reflects the dysfunction in patients with heart failure. In previous studies, it has been reported that the displacement was decreased with progression of diastolic dysfunction [1,2]. The purpose of our study is to use conventional cine magnetic resonance imaging to measure the displacement of the atrioventricular plane of the left ventricle in normal subjects and in patients with diastolic dysfunction.
Polymerization Reactor Control

The principal difficulties in achieving good control of polymerization reactors are related to inadequate on-line measurement, a lack of understanding of the dynamics of the process, the highly sensitive and nonlinear behavior of these reactors, and the lack of well-developed techniques for the control of nonlinear processes. Some illustrations of these problems and a discussion of potential techniques for overcoming some of these difficulties is provided.
Oscillations of a loop prominence preceding a limb flare

Observations of a limb flare and an associated loop prominence were obtained in Hα with the 512 channel magnetograph of the Kitt Peak National Observatory. Simultaneous radial and torsional oscillations with a period near 75 s, wavelength of 37 000 km, and amplitude of 1–2 km s−1 were detected in the loop approximately 90 min before the onset of the flare. We interpret these coupled oscillations in terms of a kink instability of a current carrying flux tube. The magnitude of the steady-state component of current is estimated to be 6 × 1010 amperes.
Controlled attending as a function of melodic and temporal context

Melodic and rhythmic context were systematically varied in a pattern recognition task involving pairs (standard-comparison) of nine-tone auditory sequences. The experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that rhythmic context can direct attention toward or away from tones which instantiate higher order melodic rules. Three levels of melodic structure (one, two, no higher order rules) were crossed with four levels of rhythm [isochronous, dactyl (A U U), anapest (U U A), irregular]. Rhythms were designed to shift accent locations on three centrally embedded tones. Listeners were more accurate in detecting violations of higher order melodic rules when the rhythmic context induced accents on tones which instantiated these rules. Effects are discussed in terms of attentional rhythmicity.
Deceleration of age-specific mortality rates in chromosomal homozygotes and heterozygotes of Drosophila melanogaster

Age-specific mortality trajectories were estimated in mixed-sex cohorts of D. melanogaster. We studied 22,000 flies that were either second-chromosome homozygotes or heterozygotes with a randomized genetic background. Broad-sense heritabilities for longevity were estimated to be 6% for males and 9% for females. Heterozygotes lived longer than homozygotes on average, but there were exceptions to the usual heterotic pattern; in several crosses parental homozygotes had average life spans as long as that of their F1 heterozygotes. Estimated age-specific mortality rates were found to decelerate at advanced ages in both homozygotes and heterozygotes. The mortality models that best fit the data are the logistic model and the two-stage Gompertz model, both of which produce mortality trajectories that level off at advanced ages. Old-age mortality deceleration is not peculiar to inbred Drosophila.
An AC/DC/AC Interface Control Strategy to Improve Wind Energy Economics

A control strategy for an AC/DC/AC interface to smooth or limit wind farm output is investigated. The need to follow rapid power variation from uncontrolled wind farms with expensive gas turbines limits the amount of penetration of wind energy systems in existing utilities. An AC/DC/AC interface makes it possible to limit the power variations from the wind farm. An optimal level to which the wind output should be limited is found in terms of the distribution of wind power output and the relative cost of the fast acting and base loaded units. Using the optimal cutting point for the wind output each wind farm can be included in the economic dispatch calculation. The economic advantage of limiting wind power output is demonstrated on an example system. Using a hypothetical system it is shown that wind penetrations as high as 16.75% may be economical using the optimal strategy made possible by the AC/DC/AC interface.
CCL2/Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Regulates Inflammatory Responses Critical to Healing Myocardial Infarcts

The CC chemokine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1/CCL2 has potent mononuclear cell chemo-attractant properties, modulates fibroblast and endothelial cell phenotype and may play an important role in wound healing. In order to examine whether MCP-1 critically regulates myocardial infarct healing, we studied the effects of MCP-1 gene disruption and antibody neutralization in a closed-chest model of reperfused murine myocardial infarction. MCP-1 −/− mice had decreased and delayed macrophage infiltration in the healing infarct and demonstrated delayed replacement of injured cardiomyocytes with granulation tissue. In contrast, the time course and density of neutrophil infiltration was similar in MCP-1 null and wild-type animals. MCP-1 −/− infarcts had decreased mRNA expression of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β 2 , -β 3 , and IL-10 and demonstrated defective macrophage differentiation evidenced by decreased Osteopontin-1 expression. MCP-1 deficiency diminished myofibroblast accumulation but did not significantly affect infarct angiogenesis. Despite showing delayed phagocytotic removal of dead cardiomyocytes, MCP-1 −/− mice had attenuated left ventricular remodeling, but similar infarct size when compared with wild-type animals. MCP-1 antibody inhibition resulted in defects comparable with the pathological findings noted in infarcted MCP-1 −/− animals without an effect on macrophage recruitment. MCP-1 has important effects on macrophage recruitment and activation, cytokine synthesis and myofibroblast accumulation in healing infarcts. Absence of MCP-1 results in attenuated post-infarction left ventricular remodeling, at the expense of a prolonged inflammatory phase and delayed replacement of injured cardiomyocytes with granulation tissue.
Gift and Communio : The Holy Spirit in Augustine's De Trinitate

This article traces the role of the Holy Spirit throughout Augustine's De Trinitate. After situating Augustine's treatise in terms of texts of Athanasius and Basil on the Holy Spirit, it treats the place of the Holy Spirit in his critique of the existing dogmatic terminology and the distinction between the economic and immanent Trinity. In contrast with the dominant Western and Eastern traditions, for Augustine the Holy Spirit comes to be thought of as God in a privileged sense, that is, as the person of the Trinity who is the most proper bearer of certain privileged names of God, most notably love. The notion of the Holy Spirit as eternal 'gift' proves to be especially troubling for Augustine, but also especially productive, and the present reading explicates the complex interrelationships that he is forced to develop among the concepts of love, cupiditas, gift, communio and enjoyment. The analysis of the concept of enjoyment in particular leads to the claim that the notion of property or ownership is completely foreign to God and that the Holy Spirit as communio must be thought as 'gift' only insofar as it is disruptive of the realm of ownership, that is, the realm of sin. The article finishes, as the De Trinitate does, with the implications of Augustine's treatment of the Holy Spirit for ethics and ecclesiology.
The history and development of the dental surveyor--Part III.

The dental surveyor is an indispensable instrument capable of performing a number of prosthodontic procedures. Surprisingly, the technique of surveying casts as part of the treatment planning procedure did not emerge until early in the twentieth century. This article reviews the origins and early use of the dental surveyor. It includes features common to all surveyors as well as the principal uses of these instruments.
Developing Problem-solving Skills in the Classroom

The purposes of this article are 1) to describe a series of classroom activities emphasizing problem-solving skills that was designed for physical therapy students in their first year of professional course work and 2) to examine the students' initial attitudes toward the learning experiences. Simulated patient information was presented in writing, on videotape, or by role-playing. Students defined the case problem, developed and ranked clinical problems, set goals, and considered treatment possibilities. Completion of a problem-oriented “subjective, objective, assessment, plan” patient-status note, based on the information derived from the problem-solving activities, was part of the learning experience. Changes in course design that were made during a three-year period are identified. A discussion of the difficulties related to student acceptance of and interest in problem-solving activities is included.
Analysis of the Temporal Relationships between Highway Construction Cost and Indicators Representing Macroeconomic and Construction and Energy Market Conditions

Significant changes in highway construction cost are problematic for cost estimation, bid preparation, and investment planning of highway construction projects in the United States. Analysis of the temporal relationships between highway construction cost and macroeconomic, and construction and energy market indicators helps to have a better understanding about highway construction cost changes within the U.S. macroeconomic, and energy and construction market context. This temporal analysis helps to identify leading indicators of highway construction cost. Leading indicators of highway construction cost are indicators which past values contain information that is useful for forecasting the future values of highway construction cost. The research objective is to analyze the temporal relationship between highway construction cost and macroeconomic, and construction and energy market indicators using multivariate time series tests. The dataset under study includes National Highway Construction Cost Index (NHCCI) provided by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and indicators representing macroeconomic condition (Producer Price Index, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), GDP Implicit Price Deflator, Dow Jones Industrial Average, Money Supply, Prime Loan Rate, Unemployment Rate, Federal Funds Rate, and Consumer Price Index), construction market condition (Number of Housing Starts, Number of Building Permits, Construction Spending, Average Hourly Earnings, Average Weekly Hours and Employment Rate in Construction) and energy market condition (Crude Oil Price). Research results show that crude oil price and average hourly earnings are the leading indicators of NHCCI. The research findings contribute to the state of knowledge by filling the gap in knowledge about the leading indicators of highway construction cost. The research findings contribute to the state of practice by helping cost estimators, budget planners and construction market analysts explain highway construction cost variations and forecast the future trends, in order to improve the accuracy of their budgets, estimates and bids.
Adjuvant Immunotherapy of Breast Cancer: Prototypic Observations with Alpha-Tocopherol and Retinol

Immune reactivity in cancer patients has been documented in terms of microscopically demonstrable lympho-reticuloendothelial (LRE) responses and by in vitro and in vivo tests of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) against autologous breast cancer. (1–5) Extensive studies, using a skin window (SW) test of such reactivity, indicate that the aggressive behavior of nuclear grade (NG)-characterized breast cancer is impeded by host CMI, directed against a determinant which is commonly expressed by the autologous cancer cells. (6) The prognostically significant CMI determinant of breast cancer is similar to a CMI determinant of gp55, the principal envelope glycoprotein of the murine mammary tumor virus of the RIII strain. (7–10) This determinant is more regularly expressed by preinvasive than invasive breast cancers. (11–14) Reactivity against the gp55-like immunogen also seems to impede the development of second invasive breast cancers. (15) According to these observations regarding the prognostic significance of spontaneous CMI, immunotherapeutic agents should have the ability to increase the intensity and/or duration of such specific immunity. Moreover, the treatment-related reactivity should show the same prognostic correlations, associated with spontaneous reactivity.
Identity Transformation and Family Caregiving: Narratives of African American Teen Mothers

This article explores connections between informal caregiving and identity transformation as experienced by pregnant teens. Based on indepth interviews with 51 African American teen mothers the article examines teens pregnancy narratives as an example of narrative repair illuminating how attending to processes that connect ones identity to the care of others can work to empower individuals to resist threats to a positive sense of self or a damaged identity. The authors suggest that family caregiving can provide an important context that supports identity transformation not only among pregnant teens as they strive to become good mothers but among those experiencing other types of disruptions to their lives. (authors)
Use of optical coherence tomography in predicting post-treatment visual outcome in anterior visual pathway meningiomas

Purpose To determine the prognostic value of pretreatment optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (PRNFL) in final visual outcomes of patients with anterior visual pathway meningioma and optic neuropathy. Methods Retrospective case series from a tertiary care academic referral centre. Fourteen eyes (12 patients) in which pretreatment and post-treatment OCT, visual field and comprehensive neuro-ophthalmic exam data were available were evaluated for visual acuity, colour vision and visual field change after neurosurgical and/or radiation oncologic treatment. Results Twelve patients and 14 eyes were analysed. Patients had tumours centred at the tuberculum sella (3), planum sphenoidale (3), anterior clinoid (2), optic nerve sheath (2), sphenoid wing (2) and olfactory groove (1). Nine eyes had normal PRNFL thickness (mean 95.5 μm± 11.0), whereas five eyes had thin PRNFL (mean 66.0 μm ± 14.2). The mean duration of follow-up was 9.7 months. There was no significant difference in age, duration of symptoms or duration of follow-up between both groups (p=0.22). After treatment, the normal PRNFL group experienced significant improvement in the visual acuity (p=0.03), colour vision (p=0.016), perimetric mean deviation (p=0.019) and foveal threshold (p=0.016) but not pattern SD (p=0.074) compared with the group with thin PRNFL. On multivariate analysis, duration of symptoms, but neither age nor follow-up duration, predicted final visual outcome. Conclusions Patients with compressive optic neuropathy due to anterior pathway meningiomas are more likely to improve post-treatment if they have a normal pretreatment PRNFL and shorter duration of symptoms.
To Illustrate the Benefit of Using Fuzzy Logic as Part of the Reasoning Model for Knowledge Worker Assisting Agents

A knowledge worker (KW) is anyone who has a special skill. It is a waste of resource for the KW to spend time doing errands or things that does not require expertise, such as look up the Web for something or run some simple process. A knowledge worker assisting agent or a KW agent can help a KW do such errands. A KW agent usually contains algorithms or logic to process pre-determined, commonly used or commercially available programs. Down the line, KW agents can be extended to assist any human user that is not necessarily a knowledge worker
Family Structure Transitions and Maternal Parenting Stress

Data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 4,176) are used to examine family structure transitions and maternal parenting stress. Using multilevel modeling, we found that mothers who exit coresidential relationships with biological fathers or enter coresidential relationships with nonbiological fathers reported higher levels of parenting stress than mothers in stable coresidential relationships. Mothers who enter coresidential relationships with biological fathers reported lower levels of parenting stress than mothers who remain single. Mothers' resources, especially their relationships with biological fathers, accounted for most of the associations between transitions and parenting stress, with posttransition resources being more important than pretransition resources. Mothers with high levels of education were less affected by transitions than mothers with less education.
Nonword repetition in children and adults: effects on movement coordination

Hearing and repeating novel phonetic sequences, or novel nonwords, is a task that taps many levels of processing, including auditory decoding, phonological processing, working memory, speech motor planning and execution. Investigations of nonword repetition abilities have been framed within models of psycholinguistic processing, while the motor aspects, which also are critical for task performance, have been largely ignored. We focused our investigation on both the behavioral and speech motor performance characteristics of this task as performed in a learning paradigm by 9- and 10-year-old children and young adults. Behavioral (percent correct productions) and kinematic (movement duration, lip aperture variability - an index of the consistency of inter-articulator coordination on repeated trials) measures were obtained in order to investigate the short-term (Day 1, first five vs. next five trials) and longer-term (Day 1 vs. Day 2, first five vs. next five trials) changes associated with practice within and between sessions. Overall, as expected, young adults showed higher levels of behavioral accuracy and greater levels of coordinative consistency than the children. Both groups, however, showed a learning effect, such that in general, later Day 1 trials and Day 2 trials were shorter in duration and more consistent in coordination patterns than Day 1 early trials. Phonemic complexity of the nonwords had a profound effect on both the behavioral and speech motor aspects of performance. The children showed marked learning effects on all nonwords that they could produce accurately, while adults' performance improved only when challenged by the more complex nonword stimuli in the set. The findings point to a critical role for speech motor processes within models of nonword repetition and suggest that young adults, similar to children, show short- and longer-term improvements in coordinative consistency with repeated production of complex nonwords. There is also a clear developmental change in nonword production performance, such that less complex novel sequences elicit changes in speech motor performance in children, but not in adults.
Integrating diversity and fostering interdependence: Ecological lessons learned about refugee participation in multiethnic communities

Communities in the United States are becoming increasingly diverse, in part, because of the continual resettlement of refugees and immigrants from around the world. The promotion of refugees' well-being and integration depends upon how our communities value diversity and provide opportunities for meaningful involvement. However, refugees often face challenges to such involvement. An ecological perspective suggests that it is important to consider not only the characteristics of individuals but also to examine the extent to which particular settings are able to facilitate the participation of community members. The purpose of this study was to understand the participation experiences of 54 Hmong refugees living in multiethnic housing developments. Interviews revealed that while Hmong residents valued participation highly, most were excluded from meaningful avenues of participation because of multiple barriers, including language differences, time constraints, and discrimination. No supports to address these barriers existed in their communities. It is important to understand and build individuals' capacities to participate and communities' capacities to promote involvement, integrate diversity, and foster interdependence. Participation is fundamental to the process of enabling refugees to become an integral part of their new communities and is a potential way for them to regain a sense of control over their lives and the decisions that affect them. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metabolism and biological activity of proparathyroid hormone and synthetic analogues in renal cortical membranes.

The metabolism of natural and syntheticanalogues of bovine proparathyroid hormone(Pro-bPTH) and the biological activity of the syntheticfragments were evaluated in an in vitroassay employing renal cortical membranes (adenylylcyclase bioassay). Apparent biological activity of theprohormone analogue was correlated with thecleavage of prohormone to hormone by the membranes.Analysis by electrophoresis on polyacrylamidegels and by ion-exchange chromatographyon carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) of the syntheticanalogue Pro-bPTH-(-6→ †34) labelled with125l,after incubation with renal cortical membranes,revealed conversion of the analogue to a fragmentco-migrating or co-eluting with bPTH (1–34). Similarelectrophoretic analyses using biosynthetic ProbPTH-(-6→ †84) internally labelled with [3H]leucinerevealed degradation of Pro-bPTH-(–6→ †84)to smaller fragments. Proteolysis of both nativeprohormone and prohormone analogue was markedlyreduced in incubations performed in the presenceof benzamidine, a competitive inhibit...
Sensitivity of organic matter decomposition to warming varies with its quality

The relationship between organic matter (OM) lability and temperature sensitivity is disputed, with recent observations suggesting that responses of relatively more resistant OM to increased temperature could be greater than, equivalent to, or less than responses of relatively more labile OM. This lack of clear understanding limits the ability to forecast carbon (C) cycle responses to temperature changes. Here, we derive a novel approach (denoted Q(10-q)) that accounts for changes in OM quality during decomposition and use it to analyze data from three independent sources. Results from new laboratory soil incubations (labile Q(10-q)=2.1 +/- 0.2; more resistant Q(10-q)=3.8 +/- 0.3) and reanalysis of data from other soil incubations reported in the literature (labile Q(10-q)=2.3; more resistant Q(10-q)=3.3) demonstrate that temperature sensitivity of soil OM decomposition increases with decreasing soil OM lability. Analysis of data from a cross-site, field litter bag decomposition study (labile Q(10-q)=3.3 +/- 0.2; resistant Q(10-q)=4.9 +/- 0.2) shows that litter OM follows the same pattern, with greater temperature sensitivity for more resistant litter OM. Furthermore, the initial response of cultivated soils, presumably containing less labile soil OM (Q(10-q)=2.4 +/- 0.3) was greater than that for undisturbed grassland soils (Q(10-q)=1.7 +/- 0.1). Soil C losses estimated using this approach will differ from previous estimates as a function of the magnitude of the temperature increase and the proportion of whole soil OM comprised of compounds sensitive to temperature over that temperature range. It is likely that increased temperature has already prompted release of significant amounts of C to the atmosphere as CO2. Our results indicate that future losses of litter and soil C may be even greater than previously supposed.