cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Properties and Microstructures Associated with the Shock Induced Transformation of fcc Iron to bcc Iron

Solution annealed Cu(1.5 wt & Fe) alloys were precipitation annealed at 650°C and 750°C to produce size controlled dispersions of non-magnetic fccFe spherical precipitates. Discs of these alloys were then impacted in oriented magnetic fields at levels up to 5 GPa and then magnetically characterized after recovery. The impact transforms the fccFe to magnetic bccFe. Substructure in the precipitates before and after shock was characterized. Specimens with particle size distribution of 20–35 nm, 40–60 nm, and 80–110 nm having respectively single domain (SD) and superparamagnetic (SP), SD and small multidomain (MD), and MD particles were studied. Shock induced magnetic anisotropy was characterized by magnetic hysteresis loops and the stability of saturation remanence to demagnetization. The shock direction was located in the disk by measurement of angular variation of magnetic-coercivity. Magnetization reversal is unique because of the near ideal magnetic properties of fine Fe particles having a narrow size distribution, a mean interparticle spacing dependent on size distribution, no clusters or agglomerates of any kind, the same substructure in all Fe particles and no significant variation in particle shape. Therefore saturation magnetization reversal could be accomplished by application of a field equivalent to HR (the remanent coercive force) in the opposite direction.
Understanding the impact of neoadjuvant chemoradiation on health-related quality of life in esophageal cancer

In the recent manuscript “ Effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on health-related quality of life in esophageal or junctional cancer: results from the randomized CROSS trial ”, Noordman et al . (1) compared health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes between two groups of patients: those randomized to neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT) followed by surgery and those treated with surgery alone for esophageal cancers.
Stress magnetic resonance imaging in coronary artery disease

The management of patients with chest pain requires answers to two principal questions. Firstly, is myocardial ischemia the cause of the pain and, if so, where is it and how extensive is it? Secondly, what form of treatment is most likely to abolish symptoms and improve prognosis, in particular, is coronary arteriography required prior to a revascularization procedure?
Cancer: An Ongoing Risk for Asian American Communities

Asian Americans are the only major racial group in the United States for which cancer is the number one cause of death. Several specific cancers, including liver cancer, cervical cancer, and stomach cancer, affect Asian Americans in a disproportionate fashion. Meanwhile, awareness of and adherence to cancer screening and prevention recommendations are generally low for Asian Americans, especially those who are non-U.S. born and non-English speaking. This chapter will review the clinical characteristics of cancers that affect Asian American populations, describe the epidemiology of cancer in Asian American subgroups, and discuss current efforts and future opportunities for combating cancer in these at-risk communities.
Thermal Softening of an UFG Aluminum Alloy at High Rates

In recent years there has been increased interest in ultra-fine grained (UFG) and nanocrystalline aluminum alloys do to their low density (1/3 that of steel). Failure of these materials often initiates at areas of localized deformation. It cannot be assumed that global temperature and strain rate conditions apply at these locations. In order to understand how reduced grain size and these localized conditions lead to failure we have tested UFG Al- 5083 at both high strain rates (4000s-1) and high temperatures (298K – 573K). Experiments were performed using a compression Kolsky bar modified for high temperature testing. It was found that while the microstructure of this UFG material is thermally stable, thermal softening has a significant effect on dislocation mobility.
Estimating the Reliability of Series-Connected Schottky Diodes for High-Frequency Rectification

This paper presents a method to predict the overvoltage failure rate of diodes connected in series under high-frequency reverse bias. Conventional approaches use balancing capacitors to ensure the reliability of series-connected diodes at high frequency. Instead, we investigate the viability of achieving voltage balance between devices solely by the match between their junction capacitances. Serializing diodes without extra balancing components increases the blocking voltage and decreases the capacitance, allowing high-voltage conversion at high frequencies for applications such as X-ray. We measure statistical properties of junction capacitances to estimate the reverse voltage limit of 2, 3, and 4 diodes in series. The predicted failure rate shows a good agreement with experimental results.
Learning to Be Old: How Qualitative Research Contributes to Our Understanding of Ageism

Today, we have a life expectancy that earlier eras could not have dreamed of. An aging population is the hallmark of a successful society. How is it, then, that we consider one of the greatest achi...
Proceedings of the 26th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics

This volume is comprised of the papers presented at the Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Over the years, this meeting has come to be the forum at which some of the newest and most exciting work is first presented, and this year is no exception.
Overview and quality assurance for the oral health component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011–2014

Following implementation in 2009–2010 to the oral health component for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a full-mouth periodontal examination was continued during 2011–2014. Additionally, a comprehensive dental caries assessment was re-introduced in 2011 after a 6-year absence from NHANES. This report provides oral health content information and results of dental examiner reliability statistics for key intraoral assessments conducted by dentists during 2011–2014. During the 2011–2014 NHANES 17,463 persons age 1 and older representing the US civilian, non-institutionalized population received an oral health examination. From this group, 387 individuals underwent a repeat examination conducted by the survey reference examiner. A combination of examiner training and calibration, electronic data capture, and ongoing performance evaluation with statistical monitoring was used to ensure conformance with NHANES protocols and data comparability to prior data collection periods. During 2011–2014, the Kappa statistics for the tooth count assessment ranged from 0.96 to 1.00, for untreated dental caries Kappa scores were 0.93 to 1.00. The overall Kappa statistics for identifying combined moderate-severe periodontitis using the CDC/AAP case definition was 0.66 and 0.69 with percent agreement of 83 to 85% during 2011–2014. When evaluating inter-examiner agreement using information collected from 3 periodontal sites for comparability to the NHANES 2003–04 periodontal examination protocols, Kappa scores for combined moderate-severe periodontitis was 0.65 and 0.80 during 2011–2014. For total mean attachment loss and pocket depth across all 6 periodontal sites, the inter-class coefficients (ICCs) ranged from 0.80–0.90 and 0.79–0.86 respectively. Site-specific mean attachment loss ICCs were generally higher for the 4 interproximal measurements compared to the 2 mid-site probing measurements and this observation was similar in 2009–2010. During 2011–2014, results overall indicate a high level of data quality and substantial examiner reliability for tooth count and dentition; reliability for periodontal disease, across various assessments, was at least moderate. When comparing the 2011–2014 examiner performance to findings from 2003 to 2004, comparable concordance between the examiners and the reference examiner exists.
Bioengineering in women's health: part I

This theme issue of Interface Focus is the first of two sets of articles on the topic of bioengineering in women's health. Although there is a long history of collaboration between engineers and me...
P58 Development of a Two-Day Health at Every Size® College Curriculum Module

Objective To develop and evaluate a Health At Every Size (HAES) curriculum module for college students to replace a traditional weight management module in a personal health course. Use of Theory or Research HAES principles provide an alternative to weight-centric approaches, may provide for a more inclusive classroom, and may reduce anti-fat attitudes among instructors and students. Target Audience Instructors of, and students in, a college-level personal health course. Program Description Two 50-minute lessons were developed based on HAES principles to replace a weight management unit. The lessons included information about HAES principles, mindful eating, comparison of dieting and non-dieting approaches to nutrition, and body positive self-talk. Six instructors were trained and implemented the module in 11 sections of a personal health course. Evaluation Methods Two expert panelists reviewed the curriculum's learning objectives, instructor resources, instructional strategies, content, and assessment tools during development. Informal interviewing during instructor training provided data on attitudes prior to implementation. A focus group with instructors was conducted after implementation to collect qualitative data on their experiences using the curriculum. Results Suggestions from reviewers, such as providing discussion questions and rubrics for assessment, were incorporated into the curriculum prior to implementation. During training, instructors reported much of the content and some of the teaching techniques were new to them, but were overall positive towards the curriculum. Following implementation, instructors described overall positive experiences in teaching the curriculum, received positive feedback from students, and reported significantly increased participation in discussion. Conclusions HAES curriculum provides an alternative to weight-centric instruction and can influence attitudes of both instructors and students. Nutrition educators can incorporate HAES instruction, even in small doses, to increase inclusivity, generate discussion, and support body and size acceptance. Funding None.
Beyond the Books: Teacher Practices and Perceptions of Teaching Caring and Curiosity

Caring and curiosity are fundamental to learning and working well with others. Individuals who are both caring and curious have empathetic curiosity and want to know about other people and take the initiative to learn about perspectives, needs, and goals of those around them. Empathetic curiosity can be enhanced through activities in schools. The goal of our project was to determine teachers’ perceptions and practices associated with teaching and learning caring and curiosity. The data we collected from 183 K-12 teachers revealed positive perceptions of teaching caring and curiosity. We found that the instructional methods used to teach caring shifted with the curricular content. Our research also revealed that the focus of curiosity changed when the teaching concentrated on content rather than the instruction method. The teachers relatively limited focus on caring for others when teaching caring suggests that they may not be considering empathetic curiosity as a learning goal. Based on our findings we interpret our results and provide implications for teaching and learning.
Structural Effect on Image Quality Degradation in Ground-Penetrating Radar Array

This paper examines the additional clutter generated from the inclusion of a reflective backplate on a multi-static ground-penetrating radar array. Clutter is shown to be introduced via a ringing cavity and multipath propagation. This clutter is target-dependent and difficult to process. Experimental radar images show inclusion of a reflective backplate has a dramatic negative effect on image quality and we present potential clutter mitigation with the inclusion of absorbing material.
Liver Transplantation Outcomes in a U.S. Multicenter Cohort of 789 Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Presenting Beyond Milan Criteria

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network recently approved liver transplant (LT) prioritization for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) beyond Milan Criteria (MC) who are down-staged (DS) with locoregional therapy (LRT). We evaluated post-LT outcomes, predictors of down-staging, and the impact of LRT in patients with beyond-MC HCC from the U.S. Multicenter HCC Transplant Consortium (20 centers, 2002-2013). APPROACH AND RESULTS Clinicopathologic characteristics, overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and HCC recurrence (HCC-R) were compared between patients within MC (n = 3,570) and beyond MC (n = 789) who were down-staged (DS, n = 465), treated with LRT and not down-staged (LRT-NoDS, n = 242), or untreated (NoLRT-NoDS, n = 82). Five-year post-LT OS and RFS was higher in MC (71.3% and 68.2%) compared with DS (64.3% and 59.5%) and was lowest in NoDS (n = 324; 60.2% and 53.8%; overall P 5 cm, P 12 months. LRT-NoDS had greater HCC-R compared with NoLRT-NoDS (34.1% vs. 26.1%, P < 0.001), even after controlling for clinicopathologic variables (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.33, P < 0.001) and inverse probability of treatment-weighted propensity matching (HR = 1.82, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In LT recipients with HCC presenting beyond MC, successful down-staging is predicted by wait time, alpha-fetoprotein response to LRT, and tumor burden and results in excellent post-LT outcomes, justifying expansion of LT criteria. In LRT-NoDS patients, higher HCC-R compared with NoLRT-NoDS cannot be explained by clinicopathologic differences, suggesting a potentially aggravating role of LRT in patients with poor tumor biology that warrants further investigation.
Sense of community, sense of community responsibility, organizational commitment and identification, and public service motivation: a simultaneous test of affective states on employee well-being and engagement in a public service work context

The present study has two aims. First, we examine sense of community, sense of community responsibility, organizational commitment and identification, and PSM in predicting measures of employee eng...
Learning From Experience: “Minimizing Patient Delays in Radiology: Optimizing On-Time Starts for CT Procedures”

Abstract Purpose To identify and analyze factors resulting in consistently delayed start times of the first outpatient procedure scheduled at 8:30 AM and to establish a standardized process to increase on time starts from 11% to greater than 50% within 20 weeks. Methods Team of key stakeholders were assembled and goals for quality improvement project were established. Current state analysis performed via retrospective data warehouse collection and prospective monitoring of patient arrival and throughput. On time starts defined as patient arrival into computed tomography suite within 15 minutes of scheduled time. Root cause analysis and tests of change were generated during team meetings to address factors contributing to delays. Implementation phase of new processes and tests of change occurred over 20 weeks and continuous feedback was obtained. Number of on time starts and turnaround time (TAT) was monitored and collected throughout implementation phase and post implementation (control phase) for an additional 8 weeks. Results Current state process map demonstrated a baseline cycle time of 62-133 minutes from patient check in to start time. Root cause analysis identified multiple factors including environment, people, processes and materials issues. 14 tests of change were developed, including standardization of process map with specific time allotments and role assignments for the procedural team. Mean TAT decreased from 71.5 to 21 minutes during implementation phase. Mean TAT further decreased to 15.9 minutes during control phase. Exams starting within 15 minutes of appointment time improved from 11% to 60% with significant outliers being due to patient late arrival and difficult IV access. Excluding these causes, on time starts improved to 82%. Conclusion Significant strides in improving workflow efficiency and patient waits and delays in the procedural space of radiology departments can be achieved by selecting a well-defined specific goal and utilizing a team approach to quality improvement.
Driving Subscriptions Through User Behavior Modeling and Prediction at Bloomberg Media

In May 2018, Bloomberg Media launched a digital subscriptions business with a paywall. This meant that users would now be blocked after reading a fixed number of articles per month on Bloomberg.com and the Bloomberg mobile application. For the launch, all users were allowed to read 10 articles for free per month and were offered the same introductory price for subscription. Although we were able to get a large number of subscribers immediately after launch with this “one size fits-all” approach, the conversion rate steadily dropped in the next few months (the initial spike in subscriptions can be attributed to the purchase of subscription by our loyal users). In order to overcome this problem and to keep our subscription conversion numbers high, our team leveraged user engagement data and built a subscription propensity machine learning model to intelligently target users with the right introductory offers. Furthermore, our team used the engagement data trends across months along with the subscription propensity scores to optimize the paywall height for each user, thus maximizing revenue.
Individual mental health and couple functioning following couple relationship education participation: Exploring prospective cross-lagged influences among changes.

Limited research on couple relationship education (CRE) programs explores the relationships among potential outcomes over time. This study conducted tests of processes of change in CRE participants' mental health and couple functioning, based on previous evidence of concurrent benefit in these domains following CRE participation. Using a diverse sample of 926 men and women we first tested the stress generation model (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1991, 100(4), 555-561) assumptions that individual functioning influences relational functioning. We found support for immediate changes in mental health predicting changes in couple functioning 6 months later. However, a full cross-lagged prospective model comparatively testing the stress generation model and the marital discord model (Depression in marriage: A model for etiology and treatment. Guilford, 1990), which emphasizes relational functioning impacts on individual well-being over time, revealed the stronger directional link for both men and women was from immediate changes in couple functioning to later changes in individual mental health. Practical implications and future research directions are suggested.
The Underdeveloped "Gift": Ethics in Implementing Precision Medicine Research.

Lee (2021) emphasizes the need to better understand the moral relationship between researchers and participants connoted by precision medicine, with the framework of “the gift” offering bioethics a...
Univariate Distribution Differences and Conditional Variables in Multivariate Data Associations as Network Flow Measures to Detect Network Attacks

Network flow data can be used to detect network attacks which manifest deviations from profiles of normal network flows. This paper presents several measures of network flows to detect network attacks. These network flow measures are established from an analytical study of network flow data from benign network activities and network attacks provided by Canadian Institute of Cybersecurity. Both univariate and multivariate analyses of network flow data are carried out to examine differences between benign network activities and network attacks in univariate frequency distributions and multivariate data associations of network flow variables. The univariate measure of network flows is established to detect network attacks using a measure of distribution difference and the number of network flow variables showing the distribution difference greater than a certain threshold. The multivariate measure of network flows are established to detect network attacks using the number of network flow variables smaller than a certain threshold and the absence of certain network flow variables in conditional variable values of multivariate data associations.
Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) in Men

Publisher Summary The major goal of clinical osteoporosis care is reduction of fragility fracture risk. In this regard, bone density measurement plays an integral role, enhancing estimation of risk prior to the occurrence of a fragility fracture. Methodologies to measure bone density have evolved over the last few decades with transition from the research to clinical setting being facilitated by documentation of the relationship between low bone density and fracture risk. This transition was accelerated in the mid-1990s by the World Health Organization classification based upon bone mineral density (BMD) measurement. Though this initial densitometric definition applied only to postmenopausal Caucasian women, it has subsequently been applied to men and women of other races. Subsequent widespread availability of instruments to measure bone mass has been associated with an increasing number of agents with proven efficacy at reducing fracture risk. In addition to these points, an aging population has led to increased clinical use of bone mass measurement. The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) was created, in fact, to address needs related to clinical assessment of the skeleton as well as to advance knowledge in this field. Although a number of technologies exists to evaluate skeletal status and, therefore, fracture risk, this chapter focuses on the use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in men. It reviews the scientific basis of DXA technology and some potential challenges and controversies regarding use of DXA in men.
The Challenge to Unify Treatment of High Temperature Fatigue—A Partisan Proposal Based on Strainrange Partitioning

The strainrange partitioning concept divides the imposed strain into four basic ranges involving time-dependent and time-independent components. It is shown that some of the results presented at the symposium can be better correlated on the basis of this concept than by alternative methods. It is also suggested that methods of data generation and analysis can be helpfully guided by this approach. Potential applicability of the concept to the treatment of frequency and hold-time effects, environmental influence, crack initiation and growth, thermal fatigue, and code specifications are briefly considered. A required experimental program is outlined.
Socioeconomic factors and adolescent pregnancy outcomes: distinctions between neonatal and post-neonatal deaths?

Young maternal age has long been associated with higher infant mortality rates, but the role of socioeconomic factors in this association has been controversial. We sought to investigate the relationships between infant mortality (distinguishing neonatal from post-neonatal deaths), socioeconomic status and maternal age in a large, retrospective cohort study. We conducted a population-based cohort study using linked birth-death certificate data for Missouri residents during 1997–1999. Infant mortality rates for all singleton births to adolescent women (12–17 years, n = 10,131; 18–19 years, n = 18,954) were compared to those for older women (20–35 years, n = 28,899). Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all potential associations. The risk of infant (OR 1.95, CI 1.54–2.48), neonatal (1.69, 1.24–2.31) and post-neonatal mortality (2.47, 1.70–3.59) were significantly higher for younger adolescent (12–17 years) than older (20–34 years) mothers. After adjusting for race, marital status, age-appropriate education level, parity, smoking status, prenatal care utilization, and poverty status (indicated by participation in WIC, food stamps or Medicaid), the risk of post-neonatal mortality (1.73, 1.14–2.64) but not neonatal mortality (1.43, 0.98–2.08) remained significant for younger adolescent mothers. There were no differences in neonatal or post-neonatal mortality risks for older adolescent (18–19 years) mothers. Socioeconomic factors may largely explain the increased neonatal mortality risk among younger adolescent mothers but not the increase in post-neonatal mortality risk.
A Bayesian spatial factor analysis approach for combining climate model ensembles

Global and regional climate models are large computer models that simulate the Earth's climate system and are used extensively in climate change research. Climate models are based on natural laws of physics, chemistry, and fluid dynamics. However, different inputs and parameterizations lead to different climate projections. To help account for inherent uncertainties in the process, collections of climate models, called ensembles, are often used. This paper proposes a method for combining climate ensemble output using a spatial confirmatory factor analysis model to characterize modes of similarity among ensemble members. The proposed model uses both Bayesian and spatial methods to estimate a common climate factor as well as unique factor loadings for each ensemble member. These spatial factor loadings indicate the degree of agreement for each member with the common climate factor. The model is applied to the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program ensemble, using both winter surface temperature and winter precipitation. In both cases, the spatial confirmatory factor analysis model finds areas of disagreement among ensemble members where no suitable consensus can be obtained. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the layered dielectrics using an open-ended coaxial line sensor

This paper presents a non-destructive technique for characterizing the dielectric sheets. An open-ended coaxial line is used as an electromagnetic sensor for this purpose. The procedure is validated by experimental results at microwave frequencies for a couple of solid as well as liquid samples. Limitations of the technique are also discussed. >
Sensitivity relationships in energetic materials

In searching for new explosives one is most concerned with performance (detonation velocity and pressure), thermal properties, and sensitivity, whether a new candidate explosive is ultimately widely used may well be determined by other factors, such as cost, toxicity, melting point, etc., but the initial research effort is guided by the trinity of performance, thermal stability, and sensitivity. This presents a difficult multifactoral problem in assessing the various molecular properties that contribute to each of these principal selection criteria. For instance, detonation velocity is affected by density, elemental composition, and heat of formation. These factors must be varied together in such a way as to maximize the combined effect on performance.
Regional synchrony of temperature variation and internal wave forcing along the Florida Keys reef tract

[1] Analysis of 10 year temperature records collected along the Florida Keys reef tract (FLKRT) reveals strong, regional-scale synchrony in high-frequency temperature variation suggestive of internal wave forcing at predominately semidiurnal frequencies. In each year and at all sites, the amplitude of semidiurnal temperature variation was greatest from March to September, and markedly lower from October to February. Comparisons of the semidiurnal component of the temperature variation among sites suggest complex patterns in the arrival of internal waves, with highest cross correlation among closely spaced sites and synchrony in periods of enhanced internal wave activity across the length of the FLKRT, particularly in summer. The periods of enhanced semidiurnal temperature variation at the 20 and 30 m isobaths on the reef slopes appear to be associated with the dynamics of the Florida Current and the onshore movement of warm fronts preceding the passage of Florida Current frontal eddies. Regional-scale satellite altimetry observations suggest temporal linkages to sea surface height anomalies in the Loop Current (upstream of the Florida Current) and setup of the Tortugas Gyre. The synchronized forcing of cool water onto the reef slope sites across the FLKRT is likely to affect physiological responses to temperature variation in corals and other ectothermic organisms, as well as larval transport and nutrient dynamics with the potential for regionally coherent pulses of larvae and nutrients arriving on reef slopes across the FLKRT.
Prognostic significance of high‐grade dysplasia in colorectal adenomas

Aim Colonoscopy to detect and remove polyps has contributed to a reduction in colorectal carcinoma. Three-year follow up is recommended for patients considered to be at high risk (at least three adenomas, adenoma ≥ 1 cm, villous or high-grade features). Our study focused on patients diagnosed with high-grade dysplasia with regard to initial management and follow up. Method A search of patients who had had endoscopic removal of a high-grade adenoma was carried out. Patients with the following were excluded: follow up of < 1 year, polyposis syndromes, prior colon cancer and a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma within 6 months following initial diagnosis. Results Eighty-three patients treated between 1999 and 2007 for high-grade dysplasia (HGD) in a colorectal adenoma were identified. Over a median follow-up period of 4 years, 53 (64%) developed further adenomatous polyps. Among these, 7% had an adenoma with HGD or an adenocarcinoma. In all these patients, the initial high-grade adenoma was > 1 cm in diameter. Initial follow-up colonoscopy was performed on average 7 months following the initial diagnosis. Ten per cent of patients underwent prophylactic segmental resection, and 6% received argon laser therapy. Conclusion The study demonstrates that patients who have a colorectal adenoma > 1 cm with HGD may be at high risk of developing further adenomas with HGD or carcinoma. Close follow up is warranted.
Role of the Galactose Pathway in the Regulation of β-Galactosidase

Paigen, Kenneth (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, N.Y.). Role of the galactose pathway in the regulation of β-galactosidase. J. Bacteriol. 92:1394–1403. 1966.—Galactose and its metabolites, galactose-1-phosphate, uridine diphosphogalactose, and uridine diphosphoglucose, as well as metabolites derived from uridine diphosphoglucose, were tested for their role in the regulation of β-galactosidase. In cultures of wild-type Escherichia coli strains K-12 and B, exogenous galactose was no more effective as a repressor than were other carbon sources. Exogenous galactose also did not repress β-galactosidase when added to mutants which can accumulate intracellular galactose or galactose-1-phosphate, indicating that these compounds do not repress. In such strains, repression of β-galactosidase formation did occur if galactose was added in the presence of another metabolizable carbon source. This repression is presumably a consequence of the growth inhibition which follows the accumulation of these compounds, and the general catabolite repression which develops during growth inhibition. Exogenous galactose did repress β-galactosidase in a mutant which accumulates uridine diphosphogalactose. This appears to result from a combination of several factors. These include a general inhibition of protein synthesis through depletion of the uridine triphosphate pool, catabolite inhibition as a consequence of growth inhibition, as well as a specific inhibition of β-galactosidase formation. Glucose repression of β-galactosidase was normal in a mutant strain blocked in the formation of uridine diphosphoglucose from uridine triphosphate and glucose-1-phosphate, indicating that neither uridine diphosphoglucose nor any compound uniquely derived from it functions as the hypothetical catabolite repressor. It is concluded that at least two separate mechanisms exist for the endogenous repression of β-galactosidase in E. coli. One is exerted by uridine diphosphogalactose or its metabolic product; the other, by the generalized catabolite repressor which is still formed in strains unable to make uridine diphosphogalactose or uridine diphosphoglucose.
Kroll, Murakami, and Seneviratne Receive 2013 James B. Macelwane Medals: Response

Thanks, Chuck, for the kind words and for the nomination, and thanks to AGU for this great honor. I consider myself extremely lucky to have received this award and luckier still to have worked (and to continue to work) with so many impressive and generous people throughout the atmospheric chemistry community. I owe them all a great deal of thanks.
A Common Structural Unit in Asparagine-Oligosaccharides of Several Glycoproteins from Different Sources

Abstract A new technique was developed to determine linkage position of glucosamine attached to asparagine. Treatment of asparagine-oligosaccharides with 1 m NaOH-1 m NaBH4 for 4 to 6 hours at 100° resulted in complete cleavage of the glucosamine-asparagine linkage with concomitant production of terminal glucosaminitol. Periodate oxidation, NaBH4 reduction, and hydrolysis of fragments thusly produced yielded different aminopolyols depending on the linkage positions. Reference glucosaminitol compounds bearing substituents 4 or 3 produced xylosaminitol and threosaminitol, respectively. Asparagine-oligosaccharides from chicken ovalbumin, α-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae, and pineapple bromelain all produced xylosaminitol by the described procedure, indicating the presence of a 1,4-linked glucosamine disaccharide unit. By the same technique, the penultimate glucosamine was found to be substituted by mannose at the 4 position. Methylation studies confirmed these data. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that O-β-d-Man-(1 → 4)-O-β-d-GluNAc-(1 → 4)-O-β-d-GlcNAc-Asn is the common structural unit in the asparagine oligosaccharides from these glycoproteins.
New Recreational Facilities for the Young and the Old in Los Angeles: Policy and Programming Implications

It is assumed that higher quality recreation facilities promote physical activity and serve communities better. We tested this assumption by comparing changes in the use of an expanded and renovated skate park (a facility for skateboarding) and a modernized senior citizen's center to two similar facilities that were not refurbished. The skate park was nearly tripled in size, and the senior center was remodeled and received new exercise equipment, a courtyard garden, and modern architectural features. We assessed use of these facilities through direct observation and surveyed both facility users and residents living within 2 miles of each facility. We found that making improvements to facilities alone will not always guarantee increased use. Although there was a 510% increase in use of the expanded skate park compared to a 77% increase in the comparison skate park, the senior center had substantially fewer users and provided fewer hours of exercise classes and other programmed activities after the facility was renovated. The implication of our study is that use results from a complex equation that includes not only higher quality recreation facilities but also progamming, staffing, fees, hours of operation, marketing, outreach, and perhaps a host of other human factors.
The use of titanium implants and prosthodontic techniques in the preparation of non-human primates for long-term neuronal recording studies.

Investigators that require the chronic implantation of hardware on the non-human primate skull are often challenged with the possible failure of head implants. To improve the success rate of our head implants, titanium anchor screws, referred to as titanium endosseous implants, were implanted in the skulls of six macaques. Techniques adapted from the processing of dentures were utilized to pre-fabricate an acrylic "skull cap", which provided the mechanical support structure for our study-specific hardware. A two-stage procedure adapted from dentistry (Branemark et al., 1977) was employed for the placement of titanium endosseous implants in the skull. This two-stage technique incorporates the principles of osseointegration and a healing period. Of the six skull-anchored implants prepared implementing the methods described in this paper, we have not experienced any failures. Additionally, all of the titanium endosseous implants examined post mortem were functionally successful (n=30). Histology results confirmed that there was healthy bone in direct contact with the titanium endosseous implants. The dense cortical bone of the macaque skull is ideal for the implantation of titanium endosseous implants. Titanium endosseous implants have provided secure, functional anchor points for the attachment of hardware to the macaque skull and have resulted in healthy, stable head implants that can remain on the skull for extended periods of time.
Distal histidine stabilizes bound O2 and acts as a gate for ligand entry in both subunits of adult human hemoglobin

The role of the distal histidine in regulating ligand binding to adult human hemoglobin (HbA) was re-examined systematically by preparing His(E7) to Gly, Ala, Leu, Gln, Phe, and Trp mutants of both Hb subunits. Rate constants for O2, CO, and NO binding were measured using rapid mixing and laser photolysis experiments designed to minimize autoxidation of the unstable apolar E7 mutants. Replacing His(E7) with Gly, Ala, Leu, or Phe causes 20–500-fold increases in the rates of O2 dissociation from either Hb subunit, demonstrating unambiguously that the native His(E7) imidazole side chain forms a strong hydrogen bond with bound O2 in both the α and β chains (ΔGHis(E7)H-bond ≈ −8 kJ/mol). As the size of the E7 amino acid is increased from Gly to Phe, decreases in kO2′, kNO′, and calculated bimolecular rates of CO entry (kentry′) are observed. Replacing His(E7) with Trp causes further decreases in kO2′, kNO′, and kentry′ to 1–2 μm−1 s−1 in β subunits, whereas ligand rebinding to αTrp(E7) subunits after photolysis is markedly biphasic, with fast kO2′, kCO′, and kNO′ values ≈150 μm−1 s−1 and slow rate constants ≈0.1 to 1 μm−1 s−1. Rapid bimolecular rebinding to an open α subunit conformation occurs immediately after photolysis of the αTrp(E7) mutant at high ligand concentrations. However, at equilibrium the closed αTrp(E7) side chain inhibits the rate of ligand binding >200-fold. These data suggest strongly that the E7 side chain functions as a gate for ligand entry in both HbA subunits.
A FORTRAN program for fitting Weibull distribution and generating samples

Abstract A computer program has been developed to estimate the parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution describing a given data set and to generate random numbers following a given Weibull distribution. The Weibull distribution parameters, namely Weibull modulus and scale parameter, are estimated using two methods: (i) linear regression after logarithmic transformation of the data and (ii) maximum-likelihood estimator. The cumulative distribution function (i.e. probability of failure of a specimen if the data set characterize strength of a component or probability of drought if the data represent water level, etc.) has been estimated using the order statistics. Both the Weibull modulus and scale parameter are necessary to generate random numbers with a specified Weibull distribution. Two example problems using published data sets are used to verify the code. Values of Weibull distribution parameters, estimated using this code, match published solutions obtained graphically. Parameters estimated from one of the example problems are used to generate a set of random numbers. Descriptive statistics and Weibull parameters estimated from the generated data match well with those obtained from the original data.
Teacher demographic characteristics and levels of teacher argumentativeness

This study examined the relationship between teacher argumentativeness and various teacher demographic characteristics. Significant correlations were found between teacher argumentativeness and factors such as teacher gender, teacher age, and teacher grade level. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in levels of teacher argumentativeness for gender and teacher grade level.
Dispersion of Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities in Hexagonal II-VI Semiconductors

We have determined the dispersion of three independent nonlinear optical susceptibilities, $|{d}_{15}|$, $|{d}_{31}|$, and $|{d}_{33}|$, for CdS and CdSe. Tunable dye lasers (0.73 to 1.0 \ensuremath{\mu}m) were used. In spite of the large absorption at the second harmonic and/or fundamental wavelengths, Kleinman's relation (${d}_{15}={d}_{31}$) holds. The ratio $|\frac{{d}_{33}}{{d}_{31}}|$ exhibits dispersion and deviates from Robinson's relation (ratio of 2). The relative phase angles between ${d}_{15}$ and ${d}_{31}$ and between ${d}_{31}$ and ${d}_{33}$ were measured at two wavelengths by a new reflection interference technique.
Measurement of low-level gain in a visible chemical laser amplifier

High precision zero power gain measurements are used to demonstrate that the energy transfer sequence SiO*(b 3 ∏) + Na(3 s 2 S) →SiO(X 1 Σ + ) + Na*(4 d 2 D); Na*(4 d 2 D) → Na(3 p 2 P) + hv(569 nm); Na*(4 d 2 D) + hv(569 nm)→Na(3p 2 P) + 2hv(569 nm) represents a viable visible chemical laser amplifier candidate. Dual beam radiometry is used to advantage in a sensitive and stable measurement system, which provides correction for: 1. source intensity fluctuations, 2. variations in source spectral density, 3. variations in detector spectral response, and 4. gain variations in detector and amplification stages. Experiments are performed to determine the amplification of a probe beam at 569 nm by an extended path length (nominal gain length ∼5 cm) reaction energy transfer zone. For these quantitative gain measurements, the stability of the probe signal sets a limit on the sensitivity of the measurement. Considerable effort was expended to insure equivalent path lengths for probe and reference beams to compensate for source output variations so that the reference signal possesses the same temporal behavior as the probe, and the probe and reference optical systems image the same portion of the source on the detector. A gain coefficient, conservatively estimated as 0.8 to 1.5×10 - 3 cm - 1 , was measured. Based on this result, a Rigrod analysis indicates an expected full laser cavity output power between one and ten watts.
The Trauma of Poverty as Social Identity

ABSTRACTPoverty is more than an income level; it is a socially constructed identity that leaves scars of psychological impoverishment. Using autoethnography, I tell my story about growing up poor, climbing out of poverty as an adult, and falling back into poverty during marriage. I explore the unforgettable traumas of poverty, including empty cupboards, social rejection, humiliation, homelessness, and loneliness. Through the lens of Goffman’s frame analysis theory, I cope with my memories of hardship and stigmatized identity.
Selection and Eugenics.

W EHEN CHARLES DARWIN pointed out the role that natural selection of certain genetic types has played in the evolution of animal and plant species, it was soon realized that modern man may be subjected to similar selective influences. As a result, two slightly different considerations were advanced, each complementary to the other. One dealt with the changes in natural selection that civilization has brought about. Darwin had stressed the ruthless struggle, in which the genetically less fit has a poorer chance of reproducing his kind than the more fit. Did not civilization reduce or eliminate this selection against the less fit by improving his chance of reproduction through charitable care, or artificial remedies ? Had not an ominous situation been created which would lead to an increase in undesirable genetic constitutions? But to counteract this pessimistic view another possibility fired the imagination toward hopeful perspectives. Could not man take the genetic fate of the species into his own hands ? Could he not be more efficient and successful than nature, and by the use of his knowledge improve the genetic qualities of future generations? Francis Galton coined the word eugenics to cover the whole "-study of agencies under social control that may improve or impair the racial [meaning hereditary] qualities of future generations, either physically or mentally." In accordance with its two aspects, the field of eugenics has often been subdivided into two branches, called negative and positive eugenics. The first is concerned with combating the increase or the presence of alleles or of genie combinations producing undesirable phenotypes, the second with furthering the increase of alleles or combinations causing desirable phenotypes, or at least guarding against the decrease of such genotypes. The facts that eugenists use as a basis for the dis-
The case for more aggressive screening and treatment of mild thyroid failure.

"Subclinical" (mild) thyroid failure is not benign: it tends to progress to overt thyroid failure and it has adverse clinical effects. We believe it should be screened for more aggressively in the general population, and treated with levothyroxine.
On the monotonic convergence of the eigensolution by the h-version of the finite element method

Abstract The convergence of the strain energy of solutions by the finite element method (FEM) for static problems has been extensively investigated. It has been proven that for exactly and minimally conforming hierarchical elements, convergence is monotonic as the number of degrees of freedom (NDOF) are increased by both the h - and p -versions. An investigation of the convergence of the eigensolution for dynamic problems by the h -version is presented. In general, an increase in the NDOF does not result in an improvement in the eigensolution. A condition for refinement is given under which monotonic convergence and improvement is ensured.
Sexual Assault and Women With Cognitive Disabilities: Codifying Discrimination in the United States

Criminal sexual assault statutes vary across the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. However, most statutes mandate increased restrictions and penalties for crimes committed against victims with cognitive impairments. Current statutes pertaining to victims with cognitive impairments and the standards and methods typically used by courts to determine victims' capacity to consent are evaluated. The authors analyze these policies and demonstrate that the statutes stem from and perpetuate a legacy of systematic oppression including, but not limited to, the sexual exploitation and deprivation of people with cognitive impairments. They argue that current statutes not only fail to diminish but may also enhance the risk of sexual assault to adults with cognitive disabilities. The authors further argue that these statutes deprive adults with cognitive impairments of their civil liberties. They conclude with recommendations for changes in policy and practice.
Accounting for health of women

Abstract This article was originally published in ‘Current Issues in Public Health’ 1995, 1: 251-6. This version is reproduced with the permission of the publishers Rapid Science Publishers.