cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen inputs to a marine embayment: the importance of groundwater

We examined the importance of nitrogen inputs from groundwater and runoff in a small coastal marine cove on Cape Cod, MA, USA. We evaluated groundwater inputs by three different methods: a water budget, assuming discharge equals recharge; direct measurements of discharge using bell jars; and a budget of water and salt at the mouth of the Cove over several tidal cycles. The lowest estimates were obtained by using a water budget and the highest estimates were obtained using a budget of water and salt at the Cove mouth. Overall there was more than a five fold difference in the freshwater inputs calculated by using these methods. Nitrogen in groundwater appears to be largely derived from on site septic systems. Average nitrate concentrations were highest in the region where building density was greatest. Nitrate in groundwater appeared to behave conservatively in sandy sediments where groundwater flow rates were high (> 11/m2/h), indicating that denitrification was not substantially reducing external nitrogen loading to the Cove. Nitrogen inputs from groundwater were approximately 300 mmol-N/m3/y of Cove water. Road runoff contributed an additional 60 mmol/m3/y. Total nitrogen inputs from groundwater and road runoff to this cove were similar in magnitude to river dominated estuaries in urbanized areas in the United States.
Regulation of rat hepatic cytochrome P450 expression by sterol biosynthesis inhibition: Inhibitors of squalene synthase are potent inducers of CYP2b expression in primary cultured rat hepatocytes and rat liver

The effects of treatment with squalestatin 1, a potent inhibitor of squalene synthase, the first committed enzyme of sterol biosynthesis, were examined on cytochrome P450 expression in primary cultured rat hepatocytes and rat liver. Incubation of cultured hepatocytes with squalestatin 1 caused marked accumulations (maximal elevations that were ∼25–100% of phenobarbital-elicited increases) of CYP2B mRNA and immunoreactive protein but not of CYP1A, CYP3A, or CYP4A. Squalestatin 1 treatment increased CYP2B and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase mRNA content in hepatocyte cultures with comparable potencies (ED50 = 5.0 and 18 nm, respectively), and significantly induced CYP2B (mRNA, immunoreactive protein, and pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity) in the livers of treated rats, producing maximal increases at a dose of 25 mg/kg/day that were ∼32–87% of phenobarbital-induced increases. Squalestatin 1 treatment induced both CYP2B1 and CYP2B2 and activated reporter gene expression in cultured hepatocytes transiently transfected with a plasmid containing ∼2.4 kb of CYP2B1 gene 5′-flanking region or containing a previously described phenobarbital-responsive region. Coincubation of cultured hepatocytes with 25-hydroxycholesterol suppressed squalestatin 1-mediated CYP2B and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A mRNA induction with approximately the same potency. Treatment of cultures with SQ-34919, a structurally distinct squalene synthase inhibitor, produced the same selective CYP2B mRNA induction as did squalestatin 1. These results suggest that inhibition of hepatic sterol synthesis activates processes that culminate in increased CYP2B gene transcription.
Optical pattern recognition measurements of trench arrays with submicrometer dimensions

We describe two pattern recognition algorithms for measuring half-micrometer focus-exposure dense photoresist line structures by using optical microscopes, such as a confocal scanning microscope and an interference microscope. The first approach depends on a data-clustering technique that allows us to measure resist lines down to 0.3 µm. The second method is an improved calibration procedure that utilizes multiple regression and moments of a cloud plot. Linearity between optical and scanning electron microscopy measurements is achieved down to 0.3 µm for nested focus-exposure resist structures with a standard deviation of 10 nm.
A hump-shaped relationship between isolation and abundance of Notonecta irrorata colonists in aquatic mesocosms

We examined the relationship between the isolation of experimental aquatic mesocosms and the abundance of an aquatic insect colonist, Notonecta irrorata, over two years. We used a curve-fitting approach to assess whether linear or quadratic models better describe the relationship between isolation and abundance. For two measures of mesocosm isolation, distance to nearest source and distance to the largest source population, there was a significant quadratic relationship between isolation and abundance. Abundance of colonizing N. irrorata was not found to be significantly related to a third measure of isolation, mesocosm connectivity. These results indicate that the relationship between habitat isolation and colonist abundance may not be a monotonic decline across all spatial scales, a finding that contradicts the usual assumption incorporated in measures of habitat connectivity. Our results suggest that under some circumstances individuals that have undertaken dispersal may bypass patches they encounter early in this process and preferentially settle in patches encountered later. This behavioral preference in conjunction with decreased numbers of potential colonists at sites far from the source environment could lead to the "hump-shaped" colonist abundance by habitat isolation relationship we observed in this study. We suggest that simple assumptions about the relationship between habitat isolation and the probability a site is colonized need to be reexamined and alternative possible forms of this relationship tested.
Perceived community disorder, hostile marital interactions, and self-reported health of African American couples: An interdyadic process

Using a sample of African American husbands and wives, this study investigates whether marital interactions and health are linked to their perceived community disorder. Findings suggest that only husbands' perceived community disorder is associated with their hostile behaviors toward their wives. Although wives' perceived disorder is strongly associated with husbands' perceived disorder, wives' perceptions are not directly associated with their hostile behaviors toward their husbands. Findings also suggest that husbands' and wives' hostile behaviors are strongly associated with each other. In general, spouses' hostile behaviors toward their partners are associated with their own as well as their partners' physical and mental health. Furthermore, husbands' perceived community disorder is directly associated with their own physical and mental health.
Simultaneous test procedures in multivariate analysis of variance

This paper presents procedures for multivariate analysis of variance which simultaneously test for significance all variables together as well as all subsets of variables, or the differences between all samples as well as between the samples of any subgroup. These procedures ensure a predetermined probability of making no type I error on any of the tests and are coherent in preserving the implication relations which exist between hypotheses on different groups of samples. The procedure using Roy's maximum characteristic root statistics is found to be preferable to all other procedures of this kind.
Short-term Periglacial Processes, Vegetation Succession, and Soil Development within Sorted Patterned Ground: Jotunheimen, Norway

Abstract Small (1 ≤ m diameter) sorted patterned ground features were studied on the Little Ice Age forelands of three Jotunheimen glaciers. Patterned ground appears to be most active near the ice margins, declining in intensity of activity with distance from the glaciers. Vegetation and soil development are negligible within patterned ground that is “Recent” (decadal time frame). Significant (P < 0.05) fine scale differences in vegetation and soil development occur within patterned ground on terrain ∼70 yr in age, with patterned ground borders having higher values of vegetation cover and thicker soils than that in patterned ground centers. With increasing age of terrain and patterned ground, soil development and vegetation encroach inward toward patterned ground centers, implying that a short-term, active periglacial zone exists near the ice margin, decaying with time and glacier retreat. Specifically, terrain that has been deglaciated for ∼70 years and is approximately ∼350–500 m from the ice margin sho...
Enthalpies of Reaction of Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane in HCl(aq) and in NaOH(aq).

The enthalpy of reaction of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, NBS Standard Reference Material 724a, measured in an adiabatic solution calorimeter at 298.15 K in 0.1 N HCl solution is -245.76 ±0.26 J · g-1, and in 0.0500 N NaOH solution is 141.80 ± 0.19 J · g-1. The conditions applicable and the factors included in the overall uncertainties are discussed in detail. For the reaction in 0.1 N HCl in the range, 293 to 303 K, ΔCp = 1.435 ± 0.023 J · g-1 · K-1, and in 0.0500 N NaOH in the range, 295 to 303 K, ΔCp = 1.025 ± 0.025 J · g-1 · K-1. Possible sources of error in measurements of the reactions are discussed. A summary of other enthalpy measurements of the reaction in 0.1 N HCl is given.
A comprehensive approach to sweet-spot mapping for hydraulic fracturing and CO2 huff-n-puff injection in Chattanooga shale formation

Abstract Devonian-Mississippian Chattanooga shale plays in North America are categorized as unconventional reserves with potential hydrocarbon resource accumulations. Unlike Chattanooga shale in the Appalachian region, less effort has been dedicated to its correspondent in the Ozark region. The ultra-tight nature of the formation causes fast decline of the production and small recovery factors. However, application of CO2 huff-n-puff can potentially improve the recovery of oil when the complex shale oil resource is fully understood. This would eventually lead to the development of a map which delineates sweet-spots. Therefore, the characterization of these reservoirs is an essential step to fully understand the associated complexities of the reservoir as well as to evaluate the economic viability of their exploitation. Thus this paper presents a fully integrated characterization at multiple scales (petrophysical, geophysical and geological evaluation, geomechanical and geochemical analysis) of the black shale sequence in Sumner County, Kansas. Multi-scale dataset for this regional characterization is obtained from laboratory measured petrophysical parameters, well-log measurements as well as seismic data. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive approach to reservoir characterization which would eventually lead to fully understanding the resource play as well as accurately identifying sweet spots for well placement and improved hydrocarbon recovery. Chattanooga shale in Sumner County has an average TOC of ∼2.26 wt. % in the middle shale member with additional organic porosity of 5% and a vitrinite reflectance (Ro %) of 0.62. It is classified as a shale oil resource with OOIP of 4 MMbbl. Petrophysical correlations developed at wellbore vicinity were trained with artificial neural networks (ANNs) and correlated with seismic to provide lateral distribution of such properties farther from the wellbore. Moreover, due to the heavy reliance of unconventional shale plays on fracture network for improved flow conditions, fracture models were developed based on the mineral-brittleness as well as the fracture toughness. Consequently, a complete study based on compositional numerical simulation was conducted to analyze the potential of CO2 as an EOR technique, together with an evaluation of the impact of reservoir and fracture parameters in the well productivity potential. Subsequently, an economic optimization process was also formulated to obtain the best gas injection design for the highest Net Present Value (NPV). The cumulative oil was notably observed to increase by the use of the optimum injection design. Moreover, the huff-n-puff injection of CO2 proved to be a viable option by increasing the final oil recovery from 10% to 53% of the OOIP in the SRV region using optimal parameters.
Application of the Model-free Self-adaptive Prediction Control in Superheated Steam Temperature Control

By using the concept of the pseudo gradient vector,a prediction model was obtained through a linear dynamic treatment of the system under control.On this basis,an improved model-free self-adaptive prediction control algorithm was presented.This new method was used in a cascade control system for superheated steam temperatures in a thermal power plant featuring a large inertia and uncertainty to any model etc.The main control loops adopted the MFAPC algorithm while the auxiliary control loops employed the conventional PID(proportional,integral and differential) control.The simulation results have verified the effectiveness of the cascade control tactics.
Molecular genetic analysis of tracheal mite resistance in honey bees

Honey bee resistance to the parasitic tracheal mite Acarapis woodi is known to be mediated by autogrooming. During autogrooming, bees use their midlegs to remove migrating foundress mites, thereby reducing invasion into their tracheae. We investigated the relationship between markers identified by single nucleotide polymorphism association and variation in average colony infestation rates, and in individual bees from a backcrossed mapping population combining tracheal mite-resistant and susceptible lines. We identified a genetic interval that may confer resistance and postulate on potential candidate genes coded in the interval. Three genes, ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR), tyrosine hydroxylase (TyHyd), and Gemin3, are involved in primarily neural pathways and may impact autogrooming. However, inability to validate marker segregation with infestation phenotype in an unrelated population with clear but small differences in tracheal mite resistance shows that SNPs or other genetic markers cannot neces...
Chapter 2 – Comparative genomics of pathogenic Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli is a normal inhabitant of the healthy gut, but is also an important and widespread human and animal pathogen. E. coli has been associated with human infections including diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and meningitis. E. coli are designated into pathogenic variants (pathovars, also known as pathotypes) based largely on molecular markers associated with specific disease presentations. Many of these biomarkers are present on mobile genetic elements, which provide difficulties in accurate identification and surveillance of these pathogens. E. coli was one of the first bacteria to have the complete genome decoded and these organisms have been the focus of genomic studies for approximately the last 15 years. While early studies suggested the diversity of the species may be limited, the generation of multiple genomes rapidly identified significant genomic diversity. Whole genome sequence analysis has demonstrated significant genetic variability even within each pathovar. Furthermore, next generation sequencing has identified the distribution of genes across the E. coli species and provided insights into the evolution of the species. In the coming years, decreased sequencing costs are likely to positively affect the understanding of pathogenesis in this important human pathogen.
Clinical and functional outcomes of acute lower extremity compartment syndrome at a Major Trauma Hospital

Background: Acute lower extremity compartment syndrome (CS) is a condition that untreated causes irreversible nerve and muscle ischemia. Treatment by decompression fasciotomy without delay prevents permanent disability. The use of intracompartmental pressure (iCP) measurement in uncertain situations aids in diagnosis of severe leg pain. As an infrequent complication of lower extremity trauma, consequences of CS include chronic pain, nerve injury, and contractures. The purpose of this study was to observe the clinical and functional outcomes for patients with lower extremity CS after fasciotomy. Methods: Retrospective chart analysis for patients with a discharge diagnosis of CS was performed. Physical demographics, employment status, activity at time of injury, injury severity score, fracture types, pain scores, hours to fasciotomy, iCP, serum creatine kinase levels, wound treatment regimen, length of hospital stay, and discharge facility were collected. Lower extremity neurologic examination, pain scores, orthopedic complications, and employment status at 30 days and 12 months after discharge were noted. Results: One hundred twenty-four patients were enrolled in this study. One hundred and eight patients were assessed at 12 months. Eighty-one percent were male. Motorized vehicles caused 51% of injuries in males. Forty-one percent of injuries were tibia fractures. Acute kidney injury occurred in 2.4%. Mean peak serum creatine kinase levels were 58,600 units/ml. Gauze dressing was used in 78.9% of nonfracture patients and negative pressure wound vacuum therapy in 78.2% of fracture patients. About 21.6% of patients with CS had prior surgery. Nearly 12.9% of patients required leg amputation. Around 81.8% of amputees were male. Sixty-seven percent of amputees had associated vascular injuries. Foot numbness occurred in 20.5% of patients and drop foot palsy in 18.2%. Osteomyelitis developed in 10.2% of patients and fracture nonunion in 6.8%. About 14.7% of patients underwent further orthopedic surgery. At long-term follow-up, 10.2% of patients reported moderate lower extremity pain and 69.2% had returned to work. Conclusion: Escalation in leg pain and changes in sensation are the cardinal signs for CS rather than reliance on assessing for firm compartments and pressures. The severity of nerve injury worsens with the delay in performing fasciotomy. Standardized diagnostic protocols and wound treatment strategies will result in improved outcomes from this complication.
The Role of Hox Proteins and Interferon Regulatory Factors in Myeloid Differentiation.

During myelopoiesis, differentiating phagocytes develop functional competence and undergo proliferation arrest and eventual programmed cell death. This process involves transcriptional regulation of genes which mediate the innate immune response, mitotic arrest, and apoptosis. A number of transcription factor families play important roles in regulating such genes, including Hox proteins and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). Disordered expression of Hox proteins is associated with myeloid leukemogenesis. Hox proteins are homeodomain transcription factors that are organized in four paralog groups (A–D). Expression of HoxA7-11 (the ABD-HOXA genes) is characteristic of myeloid progenitors. ABD-HOXA transcription decreases with CD34+ to CD34− progression, and persistent expression of these genes is found in poor prognosis leukemia. Abd Hox proteins regulate genes that are involved in multiple aspects of myelopoiesis. For example, HoxA10 represses transcription of the genes encoding gp91phox and p67phox in myeloid progenitors (the CYBB and NCF2 genes, respectively). In contrast, HoxA9 activates transcription of these genes as differentiation proceeds. Since these are the rate-limiting NADPH oxidase components, HoxA proteins influence the innate immune response. HoxA10 activates transcription of the gene encoding Beta3 integrin, thereby further facilitating NADPH oxidase activation and influencing adhesion. HoxA10 also activates transcription of DUSP4, the gene encoding MAP kinase phosphatase 2 (Mkp2). Mkp2 antagonizes the activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (Jnk). Since HoxA10-activation of DUSP4 decreases during myelopoiesis, decreased Mkp2 expression in mature phagocytes facilitates apoptosis via Jnk. Interferon regulatory factors (IRF) also regulate multiple aspects of myelopoiesis. IRF1 and ICSBP/IRF8 activate transcription of the CYBB and NCF2 genes in cooperation with the ets protein PU.1. ICSBP/IRF8 also contributes to phagocyte function by activating genes encoding TLR4, IL12, and Nramp. Additionally, IRF proteins regulate cell cycle progression and proliferation. IRF2, ICSBP/IRF8, and PU.1 activate transcription of gene encoding Neurofibromin 1, thereby downregulating the proliferative response to cytokines such as GM-CSF, M-CSF, and G-CSF. ICSBP/IRF8 and PU.1 also activate the gene encoding Ink4b, thereby also influencing proliferation. In myeloid progenitors, ICSBP/IRF8 influences cell survival by repressing transcription of PTPN13, the gene encoding Fas-associated phosphatase 1 (Fap1), a Fas-antagonist. Decreased ICSBP/IRF8-induced PTPN13 repression during myelopoiesis increases susceptibility of mature phagocytes to Fas-induced apoptosis. Such studies reveal that multiple aspects of myelopoiesis are regulated by common sets of transcription factors. This may suggest therapeutic targets for myeloid leukemias or other disorders of myeloid development.
Complementary control allocation for a Lagrangian seafloor imaging platform

Abstract: The depth controller for a Lagrangian imaging float is detailed, and performance results from simulation and field experiments are used to demonstrate the utility of a model based controller with a complementary control allocation approach. The float is an over actuated system in depth/altitude, which is the only degree of freedom controlled. Vertical control is accomplished using a combination of active buoyancy modulation and a conventional propeller thruster. The proposed depth control algorithm is designed to take advantage of the high authority, high bandwidth inputs available from the thruster, and the low bandwidth trim input available from the buoyancy controller. The float vertical dynamics are modeled as a double integrator in the input force, and empirically derived parameters are used to simulate actuator inputs and system response over pre-recorded bathymetry profiles. Simulation and preliminary experimental results indicate that significant reductions in actuator power can be achieved in field conditions, and that the combination of thruster and buoyancy control provide the altitude tracking performance required for benthic imaging.
Computational Methods for Physics

There is an increasing need for undergraduate students in physics to have a core set of computational tools. Most problems in physics benefit from numerical methods, and many of them resist analytical solution altogether. This textbook presents numerical techniques for solving familiar physical problems where a complete solution is inaccessible using traditional mathematical methods. The numerical techniques for solving the problems are clearly laid out, with a focus on the logic and applicability of the method. The same problems are revisited multiple times using different numerical techniques, so readers can easily compare the methods. The book features over 250 end-of-chapter exercises. A website hosted by the author features a complete set of programs used to generate the examples and figures, which can be used as a starting point for further investigation. A link to this can be found at www.cambridge.org/9781107034303.
Contemporary issues in endoscopic resection for esophageal squamous cell cancer.

Jin et al . (1) reported their experience with endoscopic resection (ER) versus minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) for 99 consecutively treated patients with early, clinically staged esophageal cancer (T0–T1b). In this retrospective analysis, 59 patients underwent ER and 40 had MIE. The majority of patients (85.9%) had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). There were no statistically significant differences in the R0 resection rate (their primary endpoint) or in local recurrence rate (their secondary endpoint). Regarding adverse events (their tertiary endpoint), patients who underwent ER had a lower rate of minor complications compared to those who underwent MIE (11.8% vs. 32.5%, respectively, P vs. 19 days, respectively, P<0.001). Thus, the authors concluded that for early stage esophageal cancer, mainly of SCC histology, ER offers several post-operative advantages while providing similar oncologic benefits to MIE.
Human body part multicontact recognition and detection methodology

In this paper we focus on a mobile platform which physically interacts with a human operator. We detect the contact gestures of a human operator in real-time using a labmade time-of-flight 3D scanner mounted on the platform as well as rotary torque sensors mounted along the drivetrain of its omni-directional wheels. Through the fusion of these two different sensors, touch gestures of an operator are processed inferring information about the body parts in contact and the applied forces. Behaviors that respond to touch-based gestures are programmed a priori, and with the previous sensor data we classify them into a set of known contact gestures that allow the platform to quickly react. We investigate these physical human-robot cooperative functions in a testbed consisting of a sensorized mobile platform and a human operator.
Cellulose-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Applications

Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer on earth, providing a sustainable green resource that is renewable, degradable, biocompatible, and cost effective. Recently, nanocellulose-based mesoporous structures, flexible thin films, fibers, and networks are increasingly developed and used in photovoltaic devices, energy storage systems, mechanical energy harvesters, and catalysts components, showing tremendous materials science value and application potential in many energy-related fields. In this Review, the most recent advancements of processing, integration, and application of cellulose nanomaterials in the areas of solar energy harvesting, energy storage, and mechanical energy harvesting are reviewed. For solar energy harvesting, promising applications of cellulose-based nanostructures for both solar cells and photoelectrochemical electrodes development are reviewed, and their morphology-related merits are discussed. For energy storage, the discussion is primarily focused on the applications of cellulose-based nanomaterials in lithium-ion batteries, including electrodes (e.g., active materials, binders, and structural support), electrolytes, and separators. Applications of cellulose nanomaterials in supercapacitors are also reviewed briefly. For mechanical energy harvesting, the most recent technology evolution in cellulose-based triboelectric nanogenerators is reviewed, from fundamental property tuning to practical implementations. At last, the future research potential and opportunities of cellulose nanomaterials as a new energy material are discussed.
Isotherm analysis of the solution-phase uptake of chlorotrimethyl silane on a photosensitive glass

Abstract We report on analysis of the uptake of chlorotrimethylsilane (CTMS) on a photosensitive glass substrate. Contact angles of distilled water (DI) are measured on substrates immersed over a range of concentrations of CTMS in acetonitrile (ACN) for different immersion times. Contact angles are also measured for coatings stored in anhydrous ACN and ambient air. Samples are characterized with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Characterization supports a patchy layer for the glass chemistry and coverage of CTMS. Contact angles are converted to coverage accordingly. Different isotherms are subsequently tested to fit the coverage data. A modified Freundlich isotherm f c p = 1 − exp ( − ( K c o + K c t t ) C 1 / n ) is found best, where f cp is fractional coverage, C is solution concentration, t is time, and K co , K ct , and n are fitting constants. A weighted, chi-squared minimization method is used to fit coverage versus time and concentration comprehensively. The results support a two-step reaction of CTMS depositing in to a patchy monolayer, with best fit values as K c o = 0.11832 ± 0.0062 (mg/mL) 1/2 and K c t = 0.0279 ± 0.0011 (mg/mL) 1/2 min − 1 for n = 2 . In summary, these studies provide an optimal protocol to silanate a photosensitive glass and demonstrate the stability of the CTMS coating in ACN, with a focus on applications to functionalize micro-fluidic channels.
A Minuteman in the White House: Performing Spectacle, Mobilizing Political Affect, and Gendering Vulnerability in the United States

In the United States today, angry, straight White men are mobilizing political affect to magnify the spectacle of threat facing their sexist and heteronormative political values. In many cases, the...
Investigation of drying conditions on bioactive compounds, lipid oxidation, and enzyme activity of Oregon hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.)

Abstract Hazelnut kernels obtained from the commercial processes were analyzed for proximate composition, bioactive compounds, lipid oxidation, and enzyme (lipase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase) activities and compared among three cultivars (Barcelona, Yamhill, and Jefferson) and two agricultural practices (with and without fertigation for Jefferson). The influence of drying temperature (38, 43, and 49 °C) and relative humidity (RH, 40 and 60%) on drying characteristics (drying rates of inshells and corresponding moisture content (MC) and water activity (aw) of kernels when inshells reached ∼10 g/100 g MC or equilibrium MC (MCeq)), bioactive compounds, lipid oxidation, and enzyme activity of the kernels were investigated. Oleic acid and α-tocopherol were the predominant fatty acids and vitamin in hazelnuts. Yamhill contained the highest phenolic (0.12 mg GAE/g), vitamin E (14.26 mg/100 g, α-tocopherol), and lowest unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio (8.7) among cultivars. Drying characteristics and chemical and enzymatic reactions of hazelnuts varied depending on drying condition and cultivar of nuts, in which drying at 43–49 °C and 40% RH improved drying efficiency and retained quality of dried hazelnuts. This study suggested the ideal drying conditions that could produce dried hazelnuts with optimal range of MC and aw for retaining bioactive compounds and minimizing lipid oxidation and enzyme activity.
Job Characteristics and Labor Market Discrimination in Promotions

We extend promotion signaling theory to generate new testable implications concerning racial differences in promotions. In our model, promotions signal worker ability. When tasks differ substantially across job levels, the opportunity cost of not promoting qualified nonâ€ whites/nonâ€ Asians is large, so employers are less likely to inefficiently withhold their promotions. Thus, given prepromotion performance, the extent to which nonâ€ whites/nonâ€ Asians have lower promotion probabilities decreases when tasks vary more across levels. Racial differences in wage increases at promotion diminish when tasks vary more across levels. Evidence from a single firm's personnel records supports the model's predictions concerning promotion probabilities.
Antioxidant Gene Expression in Vocal Hindbrain of a Teleost Fish

Plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) have a remarkable capacity to generate long duration advertisement calls known as hums, each of which may last for close to two hours and be repeated throughout a night of courtship activity during the breeding season. The midshipman's striking sound production capabilities provide a unique opportunity to investigate the mechanisms that motor neurons require for withstanding high-endurance activity. The temporal properties of midshipman vocal behaviors are largely controlled by a hindbrain central pattern generator that includes vocal motor neurons (VMN) that directly determine the activity pattern of target sonic muscles and, in turn, a sound's pulse repetition rate, duration and pattern of amplitude modulation. Of the two adult midshipman male reproductive phenotypes -- types I and II -- only type I males acoustically court females with hums from nests that they build and guard, while type II males do not produce courtship hums but instead sneak or satellite spawn to steal fertilizations from type I males. A prior study using next generation RNA sequencing showed increased expression of a number of cellular respiration and antioxidant genes in the VMN of type I males during the breeding season, suggesting they help to combat potentially high levels of oxidative stress linked to this extreme behavior. This led to the question of whether the expression of these genes in the VMN would vary between actively humming versus non-humming states as well as between male morphs. Here, we tested the hypothesis that to combat oxidative stress, the VMN of reproductively active type I males would exhibit higher mRNA transcript levels for two superoxide dismutases (sod1, sod2) compared to the VMN of type II males and females that do not hum and in general both of which have a more limited vocal repertoire than type I males. The results showed no significant difference in sod1 transcript expression across reproductive morphs in the VMN and the surrounding hindbrain, and no difference of sod2 across the two male morphs and females in the SH. However, we observed a surprising, significantly lower expression of sod2 transcripts in the VMN of type I males as compared to type II males. We also found no significant difference in sod1 and sod2 expression between actively humming and non-humming type I males in both the VMN and surrounding hindbrain. These findings overall lead us to conclude that increased transcription of sod1 and sod2 is not necessary for combatting oxidative stress from the demands of the midshipman high-endurance vocalizations, but warrant future studies to assess protein levels, enzyme activity levels, as well as the expression of other antioxidant genes. These results also eliminate one of the proposed mechanisms that male midshipman use to combat potentially high levels of oxidative stress incurred by motor neurons driving long duration vocalization and provide more insight into how motor neurons are adapted to the performance of extreme behaviors.
Science: The Process of Understanding the Natural World and Its Possibilities

Science is defined by the example of the work of Euclid, Einstein and Newton, and its relation to mathematics is discussed. In essence, science is presented as a framework formulated in a sparing and logical language (mathematics) that predicts events in nature. The predictive power and agreement with actual experiments is the key and distinguishing feature of any scientific theory, and determines the impact of science on engineering and technology problems as well as their solution.The chapter presents the physics and chemistry necessary to understand important areas and instruments that influence everyday life. The topics range from the mechanics of billiard to the orbit of satellites, from water and sound waves to Tsunamis, from the theory of heat to the car- and the jet- engine, and from the elementary chemistry of water and acids to the biochemistry of DNA and the genetic code. A wide range of electrical phenomena is also covered including the working of lithium batteries, elementary electrical circuits, wireless communication and the spectral lines of light emitted from atoms as described by quantum mechanical theory.The interplay between science and engineering is always emphasized and it is shown, for example, how the physics and chemistry of heat phenomena has led to the invention of machines and how these machines, in turn, have expanded the knowledge and understanding of atomic physics and chemistry. Facts, concepts, examples and applications are mostly presented on a middle school level.
See the Mojave

This article examines how the law is being asked to adjudicate disputed sights in the context of the Mojave Desert. The Mojave is the best known and most explored desert in the United States. For many people, though, the Mojave is missing from any list of America’s scenic wonders. The evolution in thinking about the Mojave’s aesthetics takes places in two acts. In the first act, covering the period from the nineteenth century to 1994, what began as a curious voice praising the desert’s scenery developed into a powerful movement that prompted Congress to enact the CDPA. The second act begins around 2005, when the nation’s energy policy again turned to the potential of renewable energy. The Mojave is an obvious sight for large-scale solar energy development, but that supposedly green technology threatens many of the scenic values that Congress decided to protect in the CDPA. The common theme that runs through this article is that the law needs to develop better ways to address the importance of visual perception of both natural and cultural sights. The sights of the Mojave Desert elicit different reactions from different people. Each of these reactions is both strongly held and reasonable, which challenges the law’s ability to accommodate them. The experience with desert preservation and the proposed solar facilities shows that the law needs to find a way to respect contrasting perceptions of the same things. Sometimes this can be achieved by putting the right thing in the right place. Often, though, the same sight that some people treasure is a sight that others find offensive. In such cases, we should prefer decision-making processes that solicit public involvement that first identifies those contrasting perceptions and then seeks to honor them. The role of public input is especially critical on government property, which characterizes most of the Mojave Desert. Congress has intervened to insure the appropriate response to the conflicting public perceptions for each of the three contested Mojave Desert sights. That congressional action and the attendant place-based lawmaking offer the best hope of honoring the contrasting perceptions of the sights of the Mojave.
Micropatterned arrays of vertically-aligned CNTs grown on aluminum as a new cathode platform for LiFePO4 integration in lithium-ion batteries

The conventional lithium-ion battery fabrication process involves mixing of the active cathode material with additives and tape casting on metallic current collectors. The thickness of this layer limits the performance of the cathode. In this work, a novel cathode platform is presented consisting of a micropatterned array of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on aluminum (Al) foil that serves as host for active cathode powders. This highly conductive three-dimensional structure provides a high specific surface area to support greater mass loading capable of achieving high energy and power densities. The feasibility of this structure was demonstrated by using commercially available lithium iron phosphate (LFP) powder which was processed and dispersed using two different techniques—vibration-assisted drip-coating and electrophoretic deposition. A high specific capacity of 143 mAh/g at 3.4 V was achieved at C/20 rate for the novel cathode fabricated using electrophoretic deposition, which seemed superior to vibration-assisted drip coating with its easier application, more uniform particle coating, stronger particle attachment to the CNTs, and better electrochemical performance. In addition, CNT array on Al has been demonstrated to be a viable candidate for fabricating cathodes for energy storage applications without the need for any additives and/or binders.
A 28-nm 1R1W Two-Port 8T SRAM Macro With Screening Circuitry Against Read Disturbance and Wordline Coupling Noise Failures

We demonstrate a 1-read/1-write two-port (2P) embedded static random access memory macro based on 8T SRAM bitcell with an effective scheme for design of testability. To achieve a smaller macro area, a differential sense amplifier is introduced to read out the data, where the reference voltage for reading 0/1 data is generated by an unselected bitcell array. In addition, we propose a screening test circuit for read disturbance and wordline coupling noise. A 512-kbit 2P SRAM macro using 28-nm high-K/metal gate bulk CMOS technology has been designed, confirming experimentally that the worst minimum operation voltage ( $V_{\text {min}}$ ) can be reproduced by our test circuit. Bit density of 3.16 Mb/mm2 was achieved.
Chapter 1 – Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxial Growth of III–V Nitrides

This chapter discusses hydride vapor phase epitaxial growth of III–V nitrides. There is a recent resurgence of interest in wide-bandgap semiconductors, such as silicon carbide (SiC), II–VI compounds, and III–V nitrides. This is because of the theoretical limits of most well-developed semiconductors (e.g., silicon and gallium arsenide) for both electrical and optical devices, as well as the need for short-wavelength light emitters for performance enhancements in emerging technologies such as optical storage and full-color displays. The III–V nitrides (indium nitride, gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, and their solid solutions) are unique as they have large, direct bandgaps and are extremely structurally stable materials. The chapter compares these large, direct bandgaps with the indirect-bandgap polytypes of SiC and direct-bandgap II–VI materials. Hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) and its closely related technique—halide vapor phase epitaxy—have played an important role in the development of semiconductor material systems, such as the arsenides, phosphides, and nitrides.
Social Participation of Burn Survivors and the General Population in Work and Employment: A Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation (LIBRE) Profile Study.

INTRODUCTION Work integration and retention after burn injury is a key outcome. Little is known about how burn survivors reintegrate into the workplace. This article compares scores on the Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation (LIBRE) Profile, a burn-specific measure of social participation, between burn survivors and general population samples, focusing on the Work and Employment domain. METHODS Convenience samples of burn survivors and the U.S. population were obtained. Differences in demographic and clinical characteristics and LIBRE Profile scores were assessed. To examine work and employment, we compared family and friends, social activities, and social interactions scores among working vs nonworking burn survivors. RESULTS Six hundred and one burn survivors (320 employed) and 2000 U.S. residents (1101 employed) were surveyed. The mean age (P = .06), distributions of sex (P = .35), and Hispanic ethnicity (P = .07) did not differ significantly. Distributions of race (P < .01) and education (P = .01) differed significantly. The burn survivor sample had higher scores, demonstrating higher participation, for work and employment (mean = 49.5, SD = 9.42) than the general sample (mean = 46.94, SD = 8.94; P < .0001), which persisted after adjusting for demographic characteristics. Scores on the three domains administered to all respondents were higher (P < .001) for working than nonworking burn survivors. CONCLUSION Distributions indicated higher social participation in the burn survivor sample than the general sample. Possible explanations include sample bias; resilience, posttraumatic growth, or response-shift of survivors; and limitations of using items in the general sample. Working burn survivors scored higher than those not working. Future work can explore factors that mediate higher scores and develop interventions.
Fetal exposure to the maternal microbiota in humans and mice

Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of microbial DNA in the fetal environment. However, it remains unclear whether this DNA represents viable bacteria and how it relates to the maternal microbiota across body sites. We studied the microbiota of human and mouse dyads to understand these relationships, localize bacteria in the fetus, and demonstrate bacterial viability. In human preterm and full-term mother-infant dyads at the time of cesarean delivery, the oral cavity and meconium of newborn infants born as early as 24 weeks of gestation contained a microbiota that was predicted to originate from in utero sources, including the placenta. Using operative deliveries of pregnant mice under highly controlled, sterile conditions in the laboratory, composition, visualization, and viability of bacteria in the in utero compartment and fetal intestine were demonstrated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and bacterial culture. The composition and predicted source of the fetal gut microbiota shifted between mid- and late gestation. Cultivatable bacteria in the fetal intestine were found during mid-gestation but not late gestation. Our results demonstrate a dynamic, viable mammalian fetal microbiota during in utero development.
Movements, habitat use, and entrainment of stocked juvenile lake sturgeon in a hydroelectric reservoir system.

Identifying movement and habitat use patterns is essential for fish passage efforts and the conservation of threatened species. We used acoustic telemetry to track the movements of 44 juvenile lake...
Increased platelet procoagulant potential predicts recurrent stroke and TIA after lacunar infarction

Background Mean levels of coated-platelets, a subset of highly procoagulant platelets, are decreased in patients with lacunar as compared to those with non-lacunar stroke. Elevated coated-platelets are associated with increased risk for recurrent infarction in non-lacunar stroke and predict incident stroke after transient ischemic attack (TIA). Objective We investigated if coated-platelet levels are predictive of recurrent cerebral ischemia following lacunar stroke. Methods Coated-platelet levels were assayed in consecutive patients with acute lacunar stroke, who were followed for up to 12 months. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to estimate the combined risk of stroke and TIA at 12 months according to initial coated-platelet levels. Results We enrolled a total of 109 lacunar stroke patients. Eight events were recorded over a mean follow-up period of 10.8 months. A cut-off of 42.6% for coated-platelet levels yielded a sensitivity of 0.75 (0.35-0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]), specificity of 0.92 (0.85-0.97), positive predictive value of 0.43 (0.26-0.62), and a negative predictive value of 0.98 (0.93-0.99) for recurrent stroke/TIA. The adjusted hazard ratio for recurrent stroke/TIA in patients with coated-platelet levels ≥ 42.6% was 23.9 (95% CI: 4.26-134.4) when compared to those with levels Conclusions Identification of increased platelet procoagulant potential may improve our ability to identify patients at higher risk of recurrent stroke/TIA following a lacunar stroke. Further study of mechanisms involved is warranted and may yield novel targets for prevention and treatment.
Robot Errors in Proximate HRI: How Functionality Framing Affects Perceived Reliability and Trust

Advancements within human–robot interaction generate increasing opportunities for proximate, goal-directed joint action (GDJA). However, robot errors are common and researchers must determine how to mitigate them. In this article, we examine how expectations for robot functionality affect people’s perceptions of robot reliability and trust for a robot that makes errors. Here 35 participants (n = 35) performed a collaborative banner-hanging task with an autonomous mobile manipulator (Toyota HSR). Each participant received either a low- or high-functionality framing for the robot. We then measured how participants perceived the robot’s reliability and trust prior to, during, and after interaction. Functionality framing changed how robot errors affected participant experiences of robot behavior. People with low expectations experienced positive changes in reliability and trust after interacting with the robot, while those with high expectations experienced a negative change in reliability and no change in trust. The low-expectation group also showed greater trust recovery following the robot’s first error compared to the high group. Our findings inform human–robot teaming through: (1) identifying robot presentation factors that can be employed to facilitate trust calibration and (2) establishing the effects of framing, functionality, and the interactions between them to improve dynamic models of human–robot teaming.