cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone presence between the central peg's radial fins of a partially cemented pegged all poly glenoid component suggest few radiolucencies

Background Cement penetration problems and/or cement-induced bone necrosis may contribute to glenoid component failures. An all polyethylene component was developed that promotes biologic fixation between radial fins of its central peg and utilizes minimal cement fixation for its peripheral pegs, but it has little published data. We hypothesized better bone presence between the radial fins would be associated with less overall radiolucencies. This study's purpose was to utilize computed tomography (CT) and plain films to assess for bone between the central peg's radial fins and to assess overall component radiolucencies. Materials and methods Thirty-five of 48 consecutively performed total shoulder arthroplasties (TSA) for primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis were in patients able to participate a minimum 2 years after surgery. All had reamed humeral head bone packed between radial fins of the central peg and minimal cement for the peripheral pegs. Thin cut (0.625 mm) CT scans, standardized plain films, Simple Shoulder Tests (SST), and Constant scores were obtained. A musculoskeletal radiologist calculated Yian CT scores, bone presence between fins on CT, and Lazarus radiolucency scores. Results At a mean of 43 months, by CT: 1) better Yian scores correlated with more bone between fins, and 2) bone was present in 6/6 inter-fin compartments in 23/35 shoulders, averaging 4.5/6 overall. Mean Lazarus radiolucency score was 0.45. Mean SST and Constant scores were 10.3 and 81.3, respectively. Conclusion TSA utilizing autologous bone in inter-fin compartments of the central peg and minimal peripheral peg cement maintained bone presence a minimum 2 years post-op. More bone imparted fewer overall component radiolucencies.
RF power devices for wireless communications

A wide variety of semiconductor devices are used in wireless power amplifiers. This paper will review the advantages and disadvantages of these devices for handheld and infrastructure applications.
Theoretical modeling of multimode laser frequency-modulation spectroscopy

A report is given on the extension of the theory of frequency-modulation spectroscopy (FMS) to include multimode laser sources. First, the theory is developed analytically, including the effects of the laser mode intermodulation on the FMS signal. The theory is then investigated in the limit of weak absorption. Finally, the analytical results are evaluated in a number of cases through the use of a computer model that is able to simulate the FMS spectrum expected for arbitrary molecular and atomic absorption lines. The model demonstrates that absorption features that are narrow compared with the overall laser linewidth may still be discernible through the application of multimode laser FMS.
Walker-Warburg syndrome: neurologic features and muscle membrane structure.

Walker-Warburg syndrome is an autosomal-recessive genetic disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy in association with complex developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system and the eyes. Two patients with Walker-Warburg syndrome are presented to demonstrate clinical variability. Previously unreported pathologic findings involving heart, muscle, spinal cord, and gall bladder are described, and the literature is reviewed. Histopathologic studies of the muscle membrane protein network in both Walker-Warburg syndrome patients reveal a decreased immunostaining for laminin α2 and β-dystroglycan. The clinical, histologic, and biochemical variability in Walker-Warburg patients may reflect heterogeneity.
Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait?

In this study we investigate how speed and stride frequency change with body size. We use this information to define ‘equivalent speeds’ for animals of different size and to explore the factors underlying the six-fold difference in mass-specific energy cost of locomotion between mouse- and horse-sized animals at these speeds. Speeds and stride frequencies within a trot and a gallop were measured on a treadmill in 16 species of wild and domestic quadrupeds, ranging in body size from 30 g mice to 200 kg horses. We found that the minimum, preferred and maximum sustained speeds within a trot and a gallop all change in the same rather dramatic manner with body size, differing by nine-fold between mice and horses (i.e. all three speeds scale with about the 0.2 power of body mass). Although the absolute speeds differ greatly, the maximum sustainable speed was about 2.6-fold greater than the minimum within a trot, and 2.1-fold greater within a gallop. The frequencies used to sustain the equivalent speeds (with the exception of the minimum trotting speed) scale with about the same factor, the −0.15 power of body mass. Combining this speed and frequency data with previously published data on the energetic cost of locomotion, we find that the mass-specific energetic cost of locomotion is almost directly proportional to the stride frequency used to sustain a constant speed at all the equivalent speeds within a trot and a gallop, except for the minimum trotting speed (where it changes by a factor of two over the size range of animals studied). Thus the energy cost per kilogram per stride at five of the six equivalent speeds is about the same for all animals, independent of body size, but increases with speed: 5.0 J kg-1 stride-1 at the preferred trotting speed; 5.3 J kg-1 stride-1 at the trot-gallop transition speed; 7.5 J kg-1 stride-1 at the preferred galloping speed; and 9.4 J kg-1 stride-1 at the maximum sustained galloping speed. The cost of locomotion is determined primarily by the cost of activating muscles and of generating a unit of force for a unit of time. Our data show that both these costs increase directly with the stride frequency used at equivalent speeds by different-sized animals. The increase in cost per stride with muscles (necessitating higher muscle forces for the same ground reaction force) as stride length increases both in the trot and in the gallop.
Inverted faces are (eventually) processed holistically

Face inversion effects are used as evidence that faces are processed differently from objects. Nevertheless, there is debate about whether processing differences between upright and inverted faces are qualitative or quantitative. We present two experiments comparing holistic processing of upright and inverted faces within the composite task, which requires participants to match one half of a test face while ignoring irrelevant variation in the other half of the test face. Inversion reduced overall performance but led to the same qualitative pattern of results as observed for upright faces (Experiment 1). However, longer presentation times were required to observe holistic effects for inverted compared to upright faces (Experiment 2). These results suggest that both upright and inverted faces are processed holistically, but inversion reduces overall processing efficiency.
Unsteady-State Inverse Chlorine Modeling in Pipe Networks

A model that directly determines the required source concentration(s) to meet specified chlorine residuals at selected nodes is developed for unsteady flows. The model considers even, over-, and underdetermined cases in which the number of available equations is equal to, greater than, or less than the number of unknowns, respectively. The model computes the unsteady-state flows and chlorine concentrations in the system first. Then it utilizes the inverse method to determine the required source concentration(s) so that specified residuals at selected nodes match the calculated ones. To verify the model, chlorine concentrations computed by the forward method are input to the inverse model to determine the source concentration(s) in two hypothetical networks. Results show that the model computed accurately the source concentrations for the even and the overdetermined cases, but the results were less than satisfactory for the underdetermined case.
Models and representation of their ownership

Models, similar to other intellectual properties, are increasingly being treated as commodities worthy of protection. Providing ownership for models is key for promoting model reusability, composability, and distributed simulation. However, to date, it appears no principled approach has been developed to support ownership of models. Instead, individuals such as modelers and legal personnel employ ad hoc means to obtain and (re)use models developed and owned by others. In this article, we briefly describe access control capabilities offered by computer languages, operating systems, and HLA ownership management services. The examinations of such methods suggest the need for formal ownership specification. The article discusses, in an informal setting, requirements for model ownership from the point of view of increasing demand and necessity for model reuse, distributed simulation, and future trends for collaborative model development. We develop concepts for model ownership suitable for collaborative model development and distributed execution. Based on the developed concepts, we present an approach, within the DEVS modeling & simulation framework, for specifying model ownership. The article closes with the consideration of the proposed approach for the Collaborative DEVS Modeling environment and a brief discussion of HLA services relevant to model ownership.
Computational and Visual Tools for Teaching Probabilistic Geotechnical Design

College students in geotechnical design classes can use various computational tools to learn and apply probabilistic design methods, including spreadsheets, Mathcad ® , and structured programming. Also, learning is significantly enhanced by using visual graphical displays of probability density functions (pdf) and how their shapes are influenced by user assumptions. Three stochastic methods for generating an output safety factor pdf are illustrated in an instructional setting: Monte Carlo simulation, the point estimation method, and Fourier convolution of pdf's. Geotechnical design examples are presented for a geogrid-reinforced retaining wall and for several slope stability evaluations. Students can observe that small changes in the deterministic (mean) safety factor as a result of groundwater drainage may be difficult to interpret (because the overall percentage reduction in the safety factor may be quite small), while the probability of sliding for the same set of conditions may be reduced considerably (say, 80 to 90 percent). By using real-world examples, students can use hands-on computing with useful visual components to become familiar with probabilistic applications and to experience new perspectives on the engineering design process. ABSTRACT: College students in geotechnical design classes can use various computational tools to learn and apply probabilistic design methods, including spreadsheets, Mathcad ® , and structured programming. Also, learning is significantly enhanced by using visual graphical displays of probability density functions (pdf) and how their shapes are influenced by user assumptions. Three stochastic methods for generating an output safety factor pdf are illustrated in an instructional setting: Monte Carlo simulation, the point estimation method, and Fourier convolution of pdf's. Geotechnical design examples are presented for a geogrid-reinforced retaining wall and for several slope stability evaluations. Students can observe that small changes in the deterministic (mean) safety factor as a result of groundwater drainage may be difficult to interpret (because the overall percentage reduction in the safety factor may be quite small), while the probability of sliding for the same set of conditions may be reduced considerably (say, 80 to 90 percent). By using real-world examples, students can use hands-on computing with useful visual components to become familiar with probabilistic applications and to experience new perspectives on the engineering design process.
Tooth Allografts Fail to Stimulate Immunologic Memory in Mice

Tooth transplants should not preclude future transplants in the recipient. In this study teeth failed to stimulate immunologic memory in weakly disparate mice. The teeth did carry transplantation antigens and were rejected after second-set skin grafts. The teeth probably enhanced their own survival through some immunoregulatory mechanism.
Decomposed SCOPF for Improving Efficiency

This letter describes an approach using Benders decomposition to decompose security-constrained optimal power flow (DSCOPF). It provides a complexity analysis to give insight into the improved computing speeds obtained using the approach. The method is illustrated on two six-bus test systems and on the IEEE reliability test system.
New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C8 Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine

S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) is a critical enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway and depends on a pyruvoyl group for the decarboxylation process. The crystal structures of the enzyme with various inhibitors at the active site have shown that the adenine base of the ligands adopts an unusual syn conformation when bound to the enzyme. To determine whether compounds that favor the syn conformation in solution would be more potent AdoMetDC inhibitors, several series of AdoMet substrate analogues with a variety of substituents at the 8-position of adenine were synthesized and analyzed for their ability to inhibit hAdoMetDC. The biochemical analysis indicated that an 8-methyl substituent resulted in more potent inhibitors, yet most other 8-substitutions provided no benefit over the parent compound. To understand these results, we used computational modeling and X-ray crystallography to study C8-substituted adenine analogues bound in the active site.
Frantz Fanon’s Contribution to Hegelian Marxism:

Although Frantz Fanon’s work has been widely read and discussed in recent years, his contributions are often abstracted from its debt to Marxist theory and Hegelian philosophy. This paper seeks to correct this by re-examining his approach to issues of recognition, identity, and self-consciousness in Black Skin, White Masks in light of contemporary issues of racism and ethnic identity. Fanon departs from Hegel in many respects, especially concerning his understanding of the nature of the ‘master/slave’ relations that are structured along racial lines. He also seeks to go beyond Marx by providing a psycho-affective as against a primarily economic analysis of exploitation and alienation. Instead of representing a departure of the dialectical tradition, however, Fanon’s insights on these and other issues represent a crucial extension and concretization of it in light of the realities of his lived experience.
A Time of Transition: Logical Links to Move the Reader Forward

Effective transitions are a challenge – linking the old with the new, working efficiently and effectively, all the while keeping the vision of the future firmly in mind. There is a tendency to rely on techniques that have sufficed in the past, some more successful than others. An effective transition guides the reader, serving as a connection between ideas. The transition may also help the reader to anticipate the ideas that are about to be presented, offering a “signpost” of sorts. Whatever the purpose, the transition provides the coherence, and perhaps even grace, that is otherwise absent in so much legal writing. Humbly, this articles offer you hope for a smooth transition.
Synthesis and Characterizations of Bismuth-Bridged Triiridium Carbonyl Complexes Containing Germyl/Germylene and Stannyl/ Stannylene Ligands

The reaction of Ir3(CO)9(μ3-Bi) with Ph3GeH yielded the compound Ir3(CO)6(GePh3)3(μ3-Bi)(μ-H)3 (1). When 1 was heated to reflux in hexane, it was transformed into the compound Ir3(CO)6(μ-GePh2)3(μ3-Bi) (2), which contains three bridging GePh2 ligands by loss of 3 equiv of benzene. The reaction of Ir3(CO)9(μ3-Bi) with Ph3SnH yielded the com- pounds Ir3(CO)6(SnPh3)3(μ3-Bi)(μ-H)3 (3 )a nd Ir 3(CO)6- (μ-SnPh2)3(μ3-Bi) (4), respectively. Compounds 1−4 were char- acterized crystallographically. Compounds 1 and 3 each have three terminally coordinated EPh3 (E = Ge, Sn) ligands in equa- torial coordination sites, one on each of the iridium atoms. In solution compounds 1 and 3 exist as two isomers. The major isomer has the structure found in the solid state. The two isomers interconvert rapidly on the NMR time scale by tripodal, trigonal-twist rearrangement mechanisms: for 1, ΔH ⧧ = 66.6 kJ/mol and ΔS ⧧ = 1.58 J/(K mol), and for 3, ΔH ⧧ =6 5.6 kJ/mol andΔS ⧧ = −1.4 J/(K mol). The molecular orbitals and UV−vis spectra of 2 were calculated and analyzed by ADF DFT computational treatments. The visible spectrum is dominated by transitions from the Ir−Bi bonding orbitals HOMO-3 and HOMO-4 to an Ir−Ir antibonding orbital, the LUMO, in the Ir3 core of the complex.
COLONIZATION OF SOYBEAN ROOTS BY FUNGI ISOLATED FROM CYSTS OF HETERODERA GLYCINES

(1989). Colonization of Soybean Roots by Fungi Isolated from Cysts of Heterodera Glycines. Mycologia: Vol. 81, No. 5, pp. 797-799.
Gas phase interactions at the surface of bare and gold nanoparticle decorated gallium nitride nanowires by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) has been used to characterize the interactions of CO and H${}_{2}$O with the surface of bare and gold nanoparticle decorated gallium nitride (Au-GaN) nanowires (NWs) at 20, 77, and 298 K at three different dosing pressures: $9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$, $9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$, and $9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ Torr. The average diameter of the Au NPs is $4.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ nm and the average NW diameter is $105\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}75$ nm. CO and H${}_{2}$O do not bond to the surface of the bare GaN NWs at 20, 77, or 298 K, even at the highest dosing pressure. Temperature and pressure dependent UPS analysis reveals that CO and H${}_{2}$O weakly physisorbed to the Au NP decorated GaN NWs. For the exposure up to 200 L (Langmuir), the activation energy of adsorption of CO and H${}_{2}$O has been found to range from $9.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0$ to $45.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.3$ kJ/mol and $2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$ to $5.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$ kJ/mol, respectively. The adsorption at 298 K of 100 L of CO at all the three dosing pressures, followed by 100 L of H${}_{2}$O, showed that CO adsorption promotes H${}_{2}$O adsorption, while 100 L of H${}_{2}$O followed by 100 L of CO showed that H${}_{2}$O inhibits CO adsorption. The findings of this study that the adsorption of H${}_{2}$O inhibits CO adsorption onto the Au-GaN NWs explain previous studies of the gas sensing properties of mats of Au-GaN NWs.
The Effects of Induced Molting on the Severity of Acute Intestinal Inflammation Caused by Salmonella enteritidis

SUMMARY. This study describes and compares early inflammation caused by Salmonella enteritidis in molted and nonmolted hens. Adult white leghorn chickens were orally infected with Salmonella enteritidis 4 days after feed removal. At 2, 4, 8, 10, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr after infection, the hens were euthanatized, and the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon were evaluated by light microscopy. Two trials were conducted, and in both trials inflammation occurred more frequently and was significantly greater in the cecum and colon of molted-infected hens compared with nonmolted-infected hens beginning at 8 hr after infection. In one trial, inflammation was more severe in the ileum of molted-infected hens compared with nonmolted-infected hens. Results indicated that molting by feed deprivation shortened the time of onset and increased the severity of acute intestinal inflammation caused by Salmonella enteritidis.
Some irradiation studies and related biological data for Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).

Colony specimens of the biting midge Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett) were treated with gamma radiation as larvae, pupae, and newly emerged adults at 5000, 10,000, and 15,000 R, and as pupae at 20,000 and 30,000 R. The criterion for the sterility of males was the hatch of eggs deposited by untreated females with which they mated. Males treated at doses above 5000 R were, with few exceptions, 95%–100% sterile in first matings, but males treated at all levels tended to recover fertility in later matings. Recovery decreased as the radiation dose increased but even 30,000 R failed to sterilize completely. Treated females did not recover and rarely laid more than 1 egg batch, though those batches that were laid often had rather low percentages of sterility. With treated females, the number of eggs per egg batch decreased as the radiation dose increased, until at 30,000 R no eggs were laid. Miscellaneous biological information for colony C. variipennis , principally relating to reproductive performance, was obtained in testing the treated specimens and the accompanying controls.
Identification of Critical Events by Lifeguards, Instructors, and Non-Lifeguards

Lifeguards are instructed to respond both to dangerous behavior and to distress/ drowning events. Variability in lifeguard effectiveness may result from variability in how individual lifeguards define what events are important to monitor (“critical events”). The variability in defining critical events was examined in the current study by presenting videos of normal aquatic activity to lifeguards (N = 17), lifeguard instructors (N = 10), non-lifeguards (N = 20), and students enrolled in a lifeguarding course (N = 12). Participants were asked to identify the events that they thought were important for a lifeguard to monitor and provide an explanation as to why they were critical. All participant groups (instructors included) had very few events that were consistently reported, and many of the events that the instructors or lifeguards reported were also well-reported by non-lifeguards. These results suggest that there is a lack of agreement in the identification of critical events.
Solidification and Transformation of Chinese Dual Economy

Structure of both urban and rural dual economy commonly exists in developing countries and leads to their lagging behind.Now the structure is solidifying in China and hindering the healthy,harmonious and sustainable development of our economic society.In order to change the dual heterogeneous structure into the modernized unitary homogenous one,we must find out the root for the change of rigidity and hence suggest corresponding countermeasures.
Hoverboards and “hovermoms”: helicopter parents and their influence on millennial students’ rapport with instructors

Popular culture is all too familiar with the notion of the helicopter parent. Howe and Strauss (2007) characterized this parenting style as “always hovering, ultra protective, unwilling to let go, ...
Emerging Collaboration Between Palliative Care Specialists and Mechanical Circulatory Support Teams: A Qualitative Study.

Abstract Context Despite national requirements mandating collaboration between palliative care specialists and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) teams at institutions that place destination therapy ventricular assist devices, little is known about the nature of those collaborations or outcomes for patients and families. Objectives To assess how Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' regulations have changed collaboration between palliative care and MCS teams and how this collaboration is perceived by MCS team members. Methods After obtaining verbal consent, members of MCS teams were interviewed using semistructured telephone interviews. Interviews were transcribed, and content was coded and analyzed using qualitative methods. Results Models for collaboration varied widely between institutions. Several expected themes emerged from interviews: 1) improvements over time in the relationship between palliative care specialists and MCS teams, 2) palliative care specialists as facilitators of advance care planning, and 3) referral to hospice and ventricular assist device deactivation as specific areas for collaboration. Several unexpected themes also emerged: 4) the emergence of dedicated heart failure palliative care teams, 5) palliative care specialists as impartial voices in decision making, 6) palliative care specialists as extra support for MCS team members, and 7) the perception of improved patient and family experiences with palliative care team exposure. Conclusion Although the structure of collaboration varies between institutions, collaboration between MCS teams and palliative care specialists is increasing and often preceded the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services requirement. Overall impressions of palliative care specialists are highly positive, with perceptions of improved patient and family experience and decreased burden on MCS team members.
Trust in Government

This chapter extends our application. It presents a public policy process template. It also argues that a significant by-product of the intervention of nongovernmental organizations (NGO) in the public policy process may be trust in government and the benefits there from. The basic questions are as follows: How can the community of NGOs representing varying, compatible, and contrasting views be integrated into a public policy process? What may that process look like? Again, as throughout this book, the approach to answering that question will be structural and normative. We focus as did they on the concept of trust. How can civic engagement lead to greater trust in government, and why is this consequence of significance?1
Rehabilitation of Heavily Treated Head and Neck Cancer Patients

Optimizing functional outcomes of heavily treated head and neck cancer patients requires proactive, multidisciplinary efforts. Multimodality therapy can adversely affect multiple facets of head and neck functioning. Speech and swallowing problems are among the most challenging functional problems to rehabilitate. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive approach to swallowing rehabilitation for patients treated with chemoradiation for locoregionally advanced stage head and neck cancers. Speech and swallowing rehabilitation models are also illustrated for surgically treated groups including major oral cavity resections and total laryngectomy.
Tradeoffs of current drive vs. short-channel effect in deep-submicrometer bulk and SOI MOSFETs

The intrinsic DC device performance tradeoff between current drive and short-channel effect is explored experimentally in a wide range of bulk and SOI devices. For the range of devices studied, the intrinsic performance tradeoff is improved primarily by the junction technology (e.g. use of "halo" structure) in bulk devices and the silicon film thickness or mode of operation (fully or partially-depleted) in SOI. Comparing bulk and SOI devices, fully-depleted devices behave similarly to bulk devices, while partially-depleted devices are more complicated due to the floating-body effects. >
Harmonic Cosmology: The Universe Before the Big Bang and How Much We Can Know About It

To understand the strong quantum phase that is expected to be realized in a small and highly curved universe around the big bang, big bang we return to the solvable model solvable model of loop quantum cosmology developed in Sect. 5.3.2.
Connectedness to family, school, peers, and community in socially vulnerable adolescents

Youth who feel connected to people and institutions in their communities may be buffered from other risk factors in their lives. As a result, increasing connectedness has been recommended as a prevention strategy. In this study, we examined connectedness among 224 youth (ages 12-15), recruited from an urban medical emergency department, who were at elevated risk due to bullying perpetration or victimization, or low social connectedness. Regression analyses examined multiple domains of connectedness (family, school, peer, community) in relation to adjustment. Youth who felt more connected to parents reported lower levels of depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, non-suicidal self-injury, and conduct problems, higher self-esteem and more adaptive use of free time. Youth who felt more connected to their school reported lower levels of depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, social anxiety, and sexual activity, as well as higher levels of self-esteem and more adaptive use of free time. Community connectedness was associated with less social anxiety but more sexual activity, and peer connectedness was not related to youth adjustment in this unique sample. Findings suggest that family and school connectedness may buffer youth on a trajectory of risk, and may therefore be important potential targets for early intervention services.
Sensory Deficits in Idiopathic Congenital Nystagmus

In some subjects with idiopathic congenital nystagmus (CN), letter and Vernier acuities are worse than normal observers, despite comparable conditions of retinal image motion. Visual performance in these subjects with CN is degraded by a sensory deficit, as well as by the more-or-less constant motion of the retinal image.
Autonomous wind turbine blades cleaning system

Wind Turbine Blade cleaning is essential to remove the contamination buildup on the blades, which otherwise deforms the shape of the airfoil and reduces the power production by 20%–30%. The contamination is mainly due to soil deposit, filth, bat carcasses and dead bugs deposits, on turbine blades. There are no efficient and automatic ways for cleaning the blades. This paper presents an Autonomous Wind Turbine Blades Cleaning System (ABC) designed to address the issue in entirely an automatic way. The proposed system is autonomous and “smart” in that it can: self-schedule the cleaning roster considering specifically the local atmospheric conditions as well as utility's system demand dynamics, commence the cleaning operation autonomously, with no human interaction at all, executes the post-cleaning log and informs the operation center in a routine manner, and alerts the Operations Center in case immediate attention is needed. The proposed system is physically installed onto the turbine tower and programmed to operate according to the industries best practices established in the field so far.
Coastal low cloudiness and fog enhance crop water use efficiency in a California agricultural system

Abstract Impacts of climate change threaten California farmers in a number of ways, most importantly through a decline in freshwater availability, concurrent with a rise in water demand. In coastal California, the growing season of economically important crops, such as strawberries, overlap with the occurrence of summertime coastal fog, which buffers the summer dry season through shading effects and direct water inputs. The impacts of coastal fog on plant physiology have been extensively studied in natural ecosystems. Yet, very few studies have evaluated its direct effects on crop water use and demand, which has potential to curtail groundwater use. We established two sites on large, conventional strawberry farms along a coastal-inland gradient in the Salinas Valley, California, where we monitored variation in microclimate conditions and measured strawberry plant physiological responses to foggy and non-foggy conditions between June–September 2015. Spatial analysis of coastal low clouds and fog from satellite imagery was preformed to quantify and characterize fog events at seasonal and diel time scales. We found strong agreement between field and satellite-derived observations of coastal fog events. Canopy-level conductance and whole-plant carbon uptake were reduced by 60% and 30%, respectively, on foggy compared to clear-sky days. Leaf-level photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were 30% lower on foggy compared to clear-sky days, which was driven by reduced photosynthetically active radiation and cooler temperatures during fog events. Taken together, we found that whole-plant water use efficiency increased significantly during foggy periods, and these patterns were driven by changes in the radiation balance and atmospheric water stress. Our results provide evidence that the shading effect by fog is a primary influence on crop water use efficiency in coastal agricultural fields during summer. The outcome of our research can inform estimates of how much irrigation water may be reduced during foggy periods without sacrificing crop yields on coastal agricultural lands.
CRT-300.08 Coronary Vessels with Larger Contiguous Regions of Low Wall Shear Stress Have More Endothelial Dysfunction

Impaired endothelial function (EFx) is associated with atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that a higher number of contiguous coronary samples with low wall shear stress (WSS) is associated with more endothelial dysfunction. A total of 44 patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) (
Image-Guided Thermal Ablation for Non-resectable Recurrence of Renal Cell Cancer Following Nephrectomy: Clinical Experience with Eleven Patients.

To assess the feasibility, safety and clinical outcomes of image-guided percutaneous thermal ablation as salvage therapy for local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in patients initially treated surgically with curative intent. A retrospective review of 11 consecutive patients (M/F = 8:3, mean age = 76 years) who underwent computed tomography (CT)-guided thermal ablation for locally recurrent RCC after partial (72%, 8/11) or radical nephrectomy (28%, 3/11) with a mean time to recurrence of 48 months (range 2–156). Assessment of technical success, complication (peri- and post-procedural), oncological outcome and survival analysis were performed. Patient baseline and follow-up renal function surrogates including creatinine level (Cr) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were statistically compared. Eleven biopsy-proven recurrent RCC measuring 1.4–3.9 cm (mean = 2.8 cm) were treated with CT-guided thermal ablation. Technical success was achieved in 100% (11/11) of the cases. There were no major complications except for one (9%) asymptomatic hemorrhage (Clavien–Dindo grade I complication). Complete response, local progression-free and overall survival rate were 91, 91 and 82% during the mean follow-up time of 2.5 years (range 0.1–7.1). Renal function was overall stable without significant change at 1 month and last follow-up (p = 0.21; GFR, p = 0.10; creatinine). Image-guided percutaneous thermal ablation is a feasible, safe and effective for local recurrence after nephrectomy, representing a non-surgical alternative for unresectable disease.
Therapeutic Approaches to the Lung Problems in Cystic Fibrosis

Pulmonary disease is almost universal in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), accounting for 75% of hospital admissions and virtually all the mortality [1]. Clinically the presentation is one of thick mucus retention in the small airways which causes airway obstruction and infection leading to bronchiectasis and ultimately to respiratory failure. Although the lungs of CF babies may be structurally normal at birth, the disease process commences very soon after, and mucus impaction with subsequent infection induces bronchiolitis, cyst formation and bronchiectasis which has been observed at autopsy in patients as young as 1 month old [2]. Pathogens associatedwith the recurrent infections of CF are not generally found in non-CF subjects: Staphylococcus aureus is often acquired in the first few years of childhood, and subsequent colonisation of the lungs with non-mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is then followed by mucoid strains of this organism. Increased infection and the consequent inflammatory responses lead to airway fibrosis, distal hyperinflation and areas of collapse. There is also goblet cell metaplasia with mucus hypersecretion. Thus, with increasing disease, ventilation-perfusion imbalances lead to hypoxia, pulmonary hypertension and later in the disease, cor pulmonale.
Centralized Interviews for Prospective Radiology Residents

Approximately 20 years ago, the match for radiology residency was imposed and became universally accepted. It has engendered a salutary effect for both the applicants and the training programs. Before then, program directors were free to interview candidates whenever they wished. Some often completed their first year rosters with beginning third year students or even with those still in the second year of medical school. Applicants had to guess when was the best time to seek interviews, a procedure which often interfered with participation in and completion of clinical clerkships. Some program directors demanded immediate confirmation of their decision to offer a residency, often leaving students in a quandary even before they could visit other places for which they had an interest. Moreover, potentially excellent residents who would likely eventually become superb practitioners and investigators in Radiology were denied opportunities to enter our specialty because they decided to pursue it too late. The need for the imposition of a match was acute to protect the interests of applicants who otherwise had no political means to protect themselves from the arbitrariness of recruitment. Programs gained as well from adherence to the requirements of the match. The interview season was specified to extend from the late Fall to the early Winter of the candidate’s fourth year. Those who opted for Radiology after experiencing much of medical school were better able to articulate their reasons for seeking a career in our specialty. By then, for many, family situations had become more defined, allowing candidates to look for programs that met their geographical predilections.
Predicting beef carcass cutability.

Analyses were conducted to develop and 9-10-11 rib dissection traits, and 4) carcass traits and test the efficacy of beef carcass cutability predic- and 9-10-11 rib dissection and chemical traits. For tion equations. Data from 1,602 calf-fed steer car- each dependent variable, the best single predictor was cases (Germplasm Utilization Project; GPU) were a wholesale rib dissection trait, and the best higher used to develop the equations and an additional 1,160 order model contained at least one wholesale rib calf-fed steer carcasses (Germplasm Evaluation Pro- dissection trait. Equations developed explained 87, 88, ject; GPE) were used to validate the equations. In and 77% of the variation in RPYD, FATYD, and both experimental groups, USDA yield grade ranged BONEYD, respectively. When validated against GPE from 5 and the SD of yield grade was > .B carcasses, models developed from GPU carcasses indicating a relatively large amount of variation in explained 74, 78, and 69% of the phenotypic variation carcass cutability. Models were developed to predict and 96, 94, and 84% of the genetic variation in RPYD, boneless, totally trimmed retail product yield FATYD, and BONEYD, respectively. Prediction of (RPY D), fat trim yield (FATYD), and bone yield carcass cutability using carcass and wholesale rib (BONEYD) using 1) carcass traits, 2) carcass traits dissection traits should allow for rapid, precise, and and wholesale rib dissection traits, 3) carcass traits cost-effective assessment of variation in cutability.
The Impact of Literacy Enhancement on Asthma-Related Outcomes among Underserved Children

Statement of Problem Despite the availability of improved healthcare access, self-management programs, disease management protocols, and advances in pharmacologic and immunotherapy therapy, the prevalence of asthma in the urban inner city remains one of the major health disparities in the United States. Additionally, sustainability of effective intervention programs after the funding has ended remains a significant issue for asthma programs. Objective This study examines the effectiveness of a longitudinal intervention program that was designed with the assumption that improved literacy plays a role in improving asthma-related health outcomes among high-risk children with the most severe forms of asthma. Methods A longitudinal intervention over 6 months prospectively addressed the literacy and asthma self-management skills of 110 minority children in South Los Angeles utilizing weekly Saturday-school format. Results The results demonstrated that there was a statistically significant decrease in both hospitalization and emergency department (ED) visits during the intervention. In addition, all the children showed significant improvement in their reading level and self-efficacy. Multivariate logistic analysis demonstrated that enhanced self-efficacy was directly related to decreased hospitalizations and ED visits. Conclusion This intervention demonstrated that literacy enhancement is an important factor in improving self-efficacy and impacting asthma-related outcomes. Improved literacy is a sustainable factor that will not only improve asthma outcomes but will enhance the potential for educational success.
Multiple Solutions in Fluid Dynamics

The principle of multiple solutions of the Navier-Stokes and energy equations discussed in this paper is not directed at any particular pro blems in fluid dynamics and heat transfer, or at any specific applications. The non-uniqueness principle states that the Reynolds number, above its critical value, is insufficie nt to uniquely determine a flow field for a given geometry, or for similar geometries.It is a generic principle for all fluid flows and its transportation properties, but is not well know n. It compliments the current popular bifurcation theories by the fact that multiple solu tions can exist on each stable bifurcation branch.
Predicting Surgical Complications in Patients Undergoing Elective Adult Spinal Deformity Procedures Using Machine Learning.

Abstract Study Design Cross-sectional database study. Objective To train and validate machine learning models to identify risk factors for complications following surgery for adult spinal deformity (ASD). Summary of Background Data Machine learning models such as logistic regression (LR) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) are valuable tools for analyzing and interpreting large and complex data sets. ANNs have yet to be used for risk factor analysis in orthopedic surgery. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database was queried for patients who underwent surgery for ASD. This query returned 4,073 patients, which data were used to train and evaluate our models. The predictive variables used included sex, age, ethnicity, diabetes, smoking, steroid use, coagulopathy, functional status, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class >3, body mass index (BMI), pulmonary comorbidities, and cardiac comorbidities. The models were used to predict cardiac complications, wound complications, venous thromboembolism (VTE), and mortality. Using ASA class as a benchmark for prediction, area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) was used to determine the accuracy of our machine learning models. Results The mean age of patients was 59.5 years. Forty-one percent of patients were male whereas 59.0% of patients were female. ANN and LR outperformed ASA scoring in predicting every complication (p Conclusions Machine learning algorithms outperform ASA scoring for predicting individual risk prognosis. These algorithms also outperform LR in predicting individual risk for all complications except VTE. With the growing size of medical data, the training of machine learning on these large data sets promises to improve risk prognostication, with the ability of continuously learning making them excellent tools in complex clinical scenarios. Level of Evidence Level III.
Experimental Results of Snow Measurement Using P-Band Signals of Opportunity

This paper shows results from a proof-of-concept tower experiment that computed phase from a reflected P-band signal. The change in phase of the reflected signal is related to SWE for dry snow and snow depth for wet snow and the rate of change of phase is directly correlated to frequency of observation. The effect of vegetation was also evaluated by using measurements from two towers: one with no vegetation and one surrounded by small trees with heights of up to 3 meters. The phase measurement from the two sites had excellent correlation of 0.99 during the accumulation phase. The correlation between SWE and phase measurement was found to be between 0.95 and 0.98 during the accumulation phase. During the melt phase, negative correlation between 0.68 and 0.80 was found between snow depth and phase measurement.
Measuring the Biases that Matter: The Ethical and Casual Foundations for Measures of Fairness in Algorithms

Measures of algorithmic bias can be roughly classified into four categories, distinguished by the conditional probabilistic dependencies to which they are sensitive. First, measures of "procedural bias" diagnose bias when the score returned by an algorithm is probabilistically dependent on a sensitive class variable (e.g. race or sex). Second, measures of "outcome bias" capture probabilistic dependence between class variables and the outcome for each subject (e.g. parole granted or loan denied). Third, measures of "behavior-relative error bias" capture probabilistic dependence between class variables and the algorithmic score, conditional on target behaviors (e.g. recidivism or loan default). Fourth, measures of "score-relative error bias" capture probabilistic dependence between class variables and behavior, conditional on score. Several recent discussions have demonstrated a tradeoff between these different measures of algorithmic bias, and at least one recent paper has suggested conditions under which tradeoffs may be minimized. In this paper we use the machinery of causal graphical models to show that, under standard assumptions, the underlying causal relations among variables forces some tradeoffs. We delineate a number of normative considerations that are encoded in different measures of bias, with reference to the philosophical literature on the wrongfulness of disparate treatment and disparate impact. While both kinds of error bias are nominally motivated by concern to avoid disparate impact, we argue that consideration of causal structures shows that these measures are better understood as complicated and unreliable measures of procedural biases (i.e. disparate treatment). Moreover, while procedural bias is indicative of disparate treatment, we show that the measure of procedural bias one ought to adopt is dependent on the account of the wrongfulness of disparate treatment one endorses. Finally, given that neither score-relative nor behavior-relative measures of error bias capture the relevant normative considerations, we suggest that error bias proper is best measured by score-based measures of accuracy, such as the Brier score.