cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building majority coalitions for sub-majority benefit distributions

This paper poses a deceptively simple question. It asks, how can a program or group of programs that provides distributive benefits to recipients in a minority of legislative districts be passed by a majority of a legislative body? The answer in the existing body of work on distributive policymaking would suggest that supporters of narrowly focused programs are able to ensure passage of their pet projects by logrolling with other legislators. We argue that logrolling is not always necessary to produce majority support for narrowly focused programs. The paper considers three institutional mechanisms for building majority support for sub-majority benefit distributions: political parties, interest groups, and administrative agencies. The conditions that would be required for each mechanism to be employed are outlined. Descriptive data from the 100th Congress are employed to reflect on the relative plausibility of each of the mechanisms with respect to the question of how a program that provides distributive benefits to recipients in a minority of legislative districts can be passed by a majority of a legislative body. We reject the first mechanism - the party-based explanation - on the grounds that it is empirically implausible, at least in the American case. The other two we argue are empirically plausible under certain conditions.
The Social Construction of Creative Lives

Researchers who study creativity often concede that cultural norms and practices influence the development and expression of creativity.
Structural and physical properties of CaFe 4 As 3

We report the synthesis and structural and physical properties of CaFe${}_{4}$As${}_{3}$ single crystals. Needle-like single crystals of CaFe${}_{4}$As${}_{3}$ were grown out of Sn flux and the compound adopted an orthorhombic structure as determined by x-ray diffraction measurements. Electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties indicate that the system undergoes two successive phase transitions, occurring at ${T}_{N1}\ensuremath{\sim}90$ K and ${T}_{N2}\ensuremath{\sim}26$ K. At ${T}_{N1}$, electrical resistivities (${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{b}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{ac}$) are enhanced while magnetic susceptibilities (${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{b}$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{ac}$) are reduced in both directions, parallel and perpendicular to the $b$ axis, consistent with the scenario of antiferromagnetic spin-density-wave formation. At ${T}_{N2}$, specific heat reveals a slope change, and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{ac}$ decreases sharply but ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{b}$ shows a clear jump before it decreases again with decreasing temperature. Remarkably, both ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{b}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{ac}$ decrease sharply with thermal hysteresis, indicating the first-order nature of the phase transition at ${T}_{N2}$. At low temperatures, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{b}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{ac}$ can be described by $\ensuremath{\rho}={\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}+{AT}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ (${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$, $A$, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ are constants). Interestingly, these constants vary with applied magnetic field. The ground state of CaFe${}_{4}$As${}_{3}$ is discussed.
Constructing and maintaining scientific database views in the framework of the object-protocol model

Scientific databases (ScDBs) are used to archive and retrieve data describing objects of scientific inquiry. Since these ScDBs must provide continuous and efficient access to large communities of scientists, they are often developed with reliable commercial relational database management systems (DBMSs) or file systems. However, relational DBMSs and flat files do not provide constructs for representing directly ScDB-specific objects and experimental procedures, and therefore they are often hard to develop, maintain, and explore. The authors present a retrofitting tool for constructing and maintaining ScDB views using an object-oriented data model, and describe their experience with retrofitting ScDBs that have been originally developed using relational DBMSs and file systems. The retrofitting tool is part of a data management toolkit based on the object-protocol model (OPM). The OPM toolkit provides facilities for developing databases defined using OPM and for querying and browsing such ScDBs in terms of OPM constructs. The OPM retrofitting tool allows constructing (one or several) OPM views for ScDBs that have not been originally developed with the OPM tools. ScDBs with native OPM schemas or retrofitted OPM views can be browsed and queried via OPM interfaces, reorganized, or incorporated into an OPM-based database federation.
Drugs blocking the muscle-damaging effects of 5-HT and noradrenaline in aorta-ligatured rats.

USING an animal system proposed as a model for the hypothesis that Duchenne muscular dystrophy might be caused by an impaired blood supply within muscle1–3, we have found that certain drugs prevent the muscle damage typical of this disease. The model involves combining ligature of the aorta with a minimal dose of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) or noradrenaline to produce myopathy of the lower extremities, which is evident in histochemical changes3 and increased amounts of some muscle enzymes in the plasma4.
Pharmacokinetics of high-dose recombinant erythropoietin in plasma and brain of neonatal rats.

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rEpo) is neuroprotective in neonatal models of brain injury. Pharmacokinetic data regarding the penetration of circulating rEpo into brain tissue is needed to optimize neuroprotective strategies. We sought to determine the pharmacokinetics of rEpo given intraperitoneally or subcutaneously in plasma and brain. We hypothesized that 1) exogenous rEpo would penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), 2) brain and plasma Epo would correlate, and 3) brain injury would enhance rEpo penetration. Two hundred and eighty-four 7-d-old control, sham, or brain-injured rats were treated with i.p. or s.c. rEpo (0, 250, 2500, or 5000 U/kg) and killed at scheduled intervals. Plasma and brain tissue were collected. Epo concentrations were measured by ELISA. Intraperitoneal injection yielded a faster and greater peak concentration of plasma rEpo (Tmax 3 h, Cmax 10,016 ± 685 mU/mL) than s.c. injection (Tmax 9 h, Cmax 6224 ± 753 mU/mL). Endogenous brain Epo was below detection even after hypoxia exposure. Systemic rEpo crossed the BBB in a dose-dependent manner, peaked in brain at 10 h, and was increased after brain injury. We conclude that high-dose rEpo is detectable in brain for >20 h after a single systemic injection. These pharmacokinetic data are valuable for planning of rEpo neuroprotection experiments.
Relationships among Four Measures of Achievement Motivation.

Short, objective tests of achievement motivation have considerable potential appeal to investigators for reasons of economy and ease of analysis. Two new paper-and-pencil tests of achievement motiv...
A microfluidic platform for integrated synthesis and dynamic light scattering measurement of block copolymer micelles

Microfluidic devices were developed that integrate the synthesis of well defined block copolymers and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement of their micelle formation. These metal devices were designed to operate in contact with organic solvents and elevated temperatures for long periods, and thus were capable of continuous in-channel atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene and (meth)acrylate homopolymers and block copolymers. These devices were equipped with a miniaturized fiber optic DLS probe that included several technology improvements, including a measurement volume of only 4 microlitres, simple alignment, and reduced multiple scattering. To demonstrate the integrated measurement, poly(methyl methacrylate-b-lauryl methacrylate) and poly(methyl methacrylate-b-octadecyl methacrylate) block copolymers were processed on the device with a selective solvent, dodecane, to induce micelle formation. The in situ DLS measurements yielded the size and aggregation behavior of the micelles. For example, the block copolymer solutions formed discrete micelles (D(H) approximately = 25 nm) when the corona block was sufficiently long (f(MMA) < 0.51), but the micelles aggregated when this block was short. This study demonstrates the utility of these new devices for screening the solution behavior of custom synthesized polymeric surfactants and additives.
AFLP analysis of variation in pecan somatic embryos

Before somatic embryogenesis can be applied, the genetic fidelity of cultures needs to be determined. Problematic of tissue-cultured woody species is the extensive evaluation time needed for assessments. The development of methods whereby plants could be rapidly screened for potential tissue culture-derived genetic changes would be very valuable. We evaluated the applicability of AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis for the assessment of genetic variability in somatic embryos of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] and made comparisons between and within embryogenic culture lines. AFLP readily detected differences between culture lines, with 368 polymorphic loci identified. Individual culture lines generally produced somatic embryos with similar overall banding patterns. Embryos derived from the same culture line generally grouped together in a phenogram generated by UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method, arithmetic average) analysis. However, a few somatic embryos exhibited higher levels of polymorphism and failed to group with others regenerated from the same line. The relation between the detected within-line differences and their contribution to phenotypic variation is yet to be determined.
Biodegradable polymers derived from aminoacids

Poly(amide-ester)s derived from five α-amino acid mixtures including glycine, DL-and L-alanines, DL- and L-phenylalanines, and three different diols including 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-butanediol and trans-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol were synthesized by interfacial, solution and melt polymerizations. All of the polymers had Tg's ranging from -6 to 50°C. The incorporation of rigid trans-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol in the main chain significantly increased the Tg of these polymers. The degree of crystallinity depended on the type of amino acid and decreased with the size of substituent on the α-carbon in the amino acid. Biodegradation of these polymers were tested semi-quantitatively by turbidity measurements. Enzymes used included subtilisin, pronase E, α-chymotrypsin, fusarium, and lipase. The incorporation of trans-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol unit slowed down degradation rate. Polymers containing L-amino acid generally degraded faster than the polymers containing DL-amino acids. Quantitative biodegradation testings using ninhydrin analysis, total organic analysis, and weight loss done on alanine derived polymers indicated that the degradation of the polymers by pronase E occurred at the ester bonds first and was specific against L-amino acid. The degradation was followed by slower amide bond degradation.
An Investigation of Documentation Submitted by University Students to Verify Their Learning Disabilities

To become eligible for support services at the postsecondary level, students with learning disabilities (LD) must submit documentation to verify the existence of a specific LD. The documentation submitted over a 5-year period by 415 students to a large public research university that offers a comprehensive program for students with LD was examined. An analysis of the documentation indicates that serious problems exist in the type and quality of evaluation reports. Problems include flaws in the comprehensiveness of the assessments, and the use of questionable instruments for this population. Recommendations for establishing guidelines for acceptable documentation are offered.
A Sensitive Emission Spectrographic Method for the Analysis of High Purity Mercury

A method is presented for the analysis of high purity mercury. In comparison with methods for determining impurities in other matrices, this method is unique, both for its simplicity and for its low limits of detection. The sample is converted to HgO and burned in a dc arc. The sample spectra are recorded on a photographic plate and impurities are determined by visual reference to spectra of standards photographed on the same plate. Detection limits are low enough to make the method useful for acceptance or rejection of 99.9999% purity mercury. This method is also useful for evaluating the purification of solutions of other metals by mercury pool electrolysis.
Pennsylvania's transition to enterprise computing as a study in strategic alignment

Abstract We theorize about the strategic alignment of computing with organizational mission, using the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's efforts to pursue digital government initiatives as evidence. To do this we draw on a decade (1995–2004) of changes in Pennsylvania to characterize how a state government shifts from an organizational to an enterprise perspective regarding computing. We document and analyze the strategic and operational aspects of a series of information and communications technology (ICT) planning efforts to highlight the nature and roles of strategic alignment used to achieve this transition. Findings from this analysis mark the importance of combining several approaches to strategic planning regarding the adoption and application of ICT.
Child and Adolescent Psychopathy: Stability and Change

This article introduces the concept of child and adolescent psychopathy and discusses the reasons why the concept might be developmentally appropriate. Past research has suggested that child psychopathy might be inapplicable to youth because the symptoms cannot be reliably distinguished from features of normative adolescent development. Also, concerns have been raised regarding the possibility that the syndrome does not closely resemble the adult construct of psychopathy. Studies addressing the reliability and construct validity of psychopathy have shown that the concept does appear to be reliably distinguished from normal adolescent development and that the concept has a reasonable degree of construct validity. This article discusses research on the reliability and validity of child and adolescent psychopathy. In addition, it discusses the possibility of change in psychopathic symptoms over time and points to potential protective factors and directions for future research.
The United States of histone ubiquitylation and methylation.

Summary In this issue of Molecular Cell , Wu et al. (2011) reveal that ubiquitylation of histone 2B lysine 34 stimulates histone methyltransferase activity on nucleosomes, a finding with implications for the general mechanism by which monoubiquitylation may influence subsequent modification activities.
Leadership as managing energy

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provoke academic and practitioner thinking by asserting a set of leadership principles first in oneself and then in others.Design/methodology/approach – The paper asserts a set of leadership principles, including a new definition of leadership, namely to manage energy. First, most managers seem to use more traditional definitions, like getting people to focus on a common goal, and, second, to focus on others at the expense of recognizing how their own energy level affects those around them.Findings – Leaders and managers should first reflect on leading themselves and their own energy, while paying more attention to real buy‐in rather than superficial buy‐in. Moreover, leader/managers should pay more attention to the degree to which they live “outside‐in” and therefore behave less “leader‐like” on the inside. Leader/managers can begin to use “level three” techniques rather than the more superficial “level one” (visible behavior) and “level two” (conscious thought) ...
On drinkometers: Problems and an inexpensive photocell solution

Abstract Electronic contact switches may interfere with measurements of taste discrimination and also the ability to utilize physiological recording or stimulation techniques simultaneously. An inexpensive and simply constructed photocell-drinkometer solution to both these problems is presented.
Chaotic streamlines in convective cells

Abstract Streamlines in Rayleigh-Benard cells are investigated. The emergence of tori and a robust chaotic region surrounding these tori in the Arter flow are studied. One may construct a Hamiltonian of the flow, which oscillates on a fast time scale, and whose average is conserved along the invariant tori. The chaotic region arises due to the intersection of unstable manifolds emanating from stagnation points, with constant average Hamiltonian surfaces. The scaling of the size of the chaotic region with the nonintegrability parameter is defined by the location of the stagnation points.
The End of Economic History

Economic history is no longer a separate and marginal part of economics; it is now an integral part of the entire discipline.
Neutron Dependence of Neutral Base Region Recombination

A discrete, deterministic mathematical model has been developed for the bulk base region of graded base devices that accounts for both the effects of neutron-induced recombination and built-in electric field in the base region at low, intermediate, and moderate current/injection levels. Exact expressions are developed for the bulk base recombination current and the collector current as functions of neutron fluence. EBact expressions are derived for the base recombination term and the relative rates of neutroninduced base current increase and collector current decrease. These expressions involve exponential and hyperbolic functions and are well suited for numerical computations and theoretical analysis. Damage cpefficients for the bulk base recombination current and for the collector current are computed theoretically and are experimentally verified.
Carbonic anhydrase localization in the elasmobranch rectal gland

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity was histochemically localized in the elasmobranch rectal gland at the light and electron microscopic levels. Reaction product in the secretory tubules was localized coincident with that reported for sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase): along the highly amplified basolateral plasma membranes of the epithelial cells. Reaction product was also localized along the plasma membrane of adjacent central canal epithelial cells. The results suggest that CA plays a role in modulating the environment of the intercellular space which in the secretory tubule is believed to be the paracellular pathway for sodium. The results also draw attention to the possible role of the central canal epithelium in modification of the secreted fluid.
Aspiration in a Patient Receiving Enteral Nutrition

This case was selected to illustrate the advantages of an interdisciplinary team approach when the aspiration risks of enteral tube feeding are examined for patients with multisystem involvement. The case reviews a 79-year-old widowed woman with a cervical 6 to 7 spinal cord injury requiring mechanical ventilation and enteral feeding. The patient had multiple complications that prolonged her hospital course and required interdisciplinary involvement of medical, nutrition, nursing, respiratory, and speech pathology services. After an initial stay at another hospital, she was admitted to Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center (PSJMC) Acute Rehabilitation and Intensive Care Units. The patient was transferred home with PSJMC Home Health Services, and her case was part of a continuous quality improvement (CQI) project population group of ventilator-dependent patients. The purpose of the interdisciplinary CQI team was to enhance nutrition intervention, improve patient outcomes, and reduce costs. This teaching case has added to the body of information being evaluated by the CQI team on nutrition intervention of ventilator-dependent patients.
Diagnostic criteria for the study of chemical and physical processes by twin-electrode thin-layer electrochemistry

Abstract The application of twin working electrode thin-layer electrochemistry to interpretation of various chemical, electrochemical, and physical processes is discussed. It is noted that certain unique features of the thin-layer techniques are of particular advantage in the study of rates of chemical reactions coupled to the electron-transfer step, the electron-transfer reaction itself, adsorption phenomena, and reactions involving production of solids and gases. Several potential and current excitations are described, and the typical cell responses are illustrated and analyzed for their diagnostic value.
Defining features of protective CD4 T cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

CD4 T cells are critical for control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and represent the best hope for vaccine-elicited protection. However, little is understood about the properties of Mtb-specific CD4 T cells that mediate control, and the lack of correlates of protection present a significant barrier to the rational development of new vaccination and therapeutic strategies which are sorely needed. Here we discuss the features of protective CD4 T cells including recent evidence for IFN-γ dependent and independent mechanisms of protection, poor protection by terminally differentiated cells and the importance of T cell migratory capacity for the control of Mtb infection.
Comparison of case ascertainment by medical record linkage and cohort follow-up to determine incidence rates for transient ischemic attacks and stroke.

Abstract During the period 1960–1972, the medical record linkage index method provided an estimated average annual age- and sex-adjusted rate for first transient ischemic attack (TIA) of 134 per 100,000 population for those age 50 years and older. The cohort method estimate was 237 per 100,000 population (95% confidence limits (CL), 165–310). The discrepancy was due to 18 cases of TIA noted at the time of patient visits in the cohort analysis that were not identified from the medical record analysis. The cohort analysis for all strokes at age 50 years and older was not significantly different from the medical record linkage analysis. Although the cohort follow-up method provided better case ascertainment in this study, current indexing procedures provide case ascertainment equal to that of the cohort method and at less cost. No trend was found to suggest that incidence rates for TIA were decreasing in the period 1955–1979, in contrast to stroke in Rochester, Minn.
A survey of menstrual function in athletes

Questionnaires were given to 254 female athletes and 426 nonathletic control subjects, and interviews were conducted with 95 athletes. Menstrual characteristics in the two groups were strikingly different, with oligo/amenorrhea reported by 12.1% of the athletes and 2.6% of the control subjects, and regular menstruation reported by 42.9% of the athletes and 64.3% of the control subjects. About half the athletes interviewed were able to cite specific changes in their menstruation that were associated with specific changes in their athletic training. Low body weight was the factor most commonly associated with oligo/amenorrhea in athletes, but among the control subjects menstrual characteristics did not appear to be influenced by body weight. Lighter oligo/amenorrheic athletes reported more severe menstrual disturbances than heavier oligo/amenorrheic athletes. Distance runners reported fewer menstrual periods per year than other athletes, and weekly training distance appeared to influence menstrual characteristics among the runners. Other factors which appeared to be associated with athletic oligo/amenorrhea included a vegetarian diet and a high altitude environment. We conclude that menstrual disturbances are often associated with athletic training, and that several factors, particularly low body weight, can increase susceptibility to exercise-related oligo/amenorrhea.
Recovery of function after serial or one-stage lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area in rats.

Decreases in body weight were observed following unilateral lesions in the area of the lateral hypothalamus (LHA). Removal of contralateral LHA, 30 days after the initial operation, did not result in a similar pattern of weight loss. In contrast to animals with sequential lesions, rats with simultaneous, bilateral damage lost significantly more weight. The results indicate that the serial lesion phenomenon is observed following destruction of brainstem areas thought to have a regulatory function.
Probing the mechanism of water adsorption in carbon micropores with multitemperature isotherms and water preadsorption experiments.

The phenomenon of water adsorption in carbon micropores is examined through the study of water adsorption equilibrium in molecular sieving carbon. Adsorption and desorption isotherms are obtained over a wide range of concentrations from less than 0.1% to beyond 80% of the vapor pressure. Evidence is provided in support of a proposed bimodal water adsorption mechanism that involves the interaction of water molecules with functional groups at low relative pressures and the adsorption of water molecules between graphene layers at higher pressures. Decomposition of the equilibrium isotherm data through application of the extended cooperative multimolecular sorption theory, together with favorable quantitative comparison, provides support for the proposed adsorption mechanism. Additional support is obtained from a multitemperature study of water equilibrium. Temperatures of 20, 50, and 60 °C were probed in this investigation in order to provide isosteric heat of adsorption data for water interaction with the c...
Development of a Unit Risk Factor for 1,3-Butadiene Based on an Updated Carcinogenic Toxicity Assessment

The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) has developed an inhalation unit risk factor (URF) for 1,3-butadiene based on leukemia mortality in an updated epidemiological study on styrene-butadiene rubber production workers conducted by researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Exposure estimates were updated and an exposure estimate validation study as well as dose-response modeling were conducted by these researchers. This information was not available to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency when it prepared its health assessment of 1,3-butadiene in 2002. An extensive analysis conducted by TCEQ discusses dose-response modeling, estimating risk for the general population from occupational workers, estimating risk for potentially sensitive subpopulations, effect of occupational exposure estimation error, and use of mortality rates to predict incidence. The URF is 5.0 x 10(-7) per microg/m(3) or 1.1 x 10(-6) per ppb and is based on a Cox regression dose-response model using restricted continuous data with age as a covariate, and a linear low-dose extrapolation default approach using the 95% lower confidence limit as the point of departure. Age-dependent adjustment factors were applied to account for possible increased susceptibility for early life exposure. The air concentration at 1 in 100,000 excess leukemia mortality, the no-significant-risk level, is 20 microg/m(3) (9.1 ppb), which is slightly lower than the TCEQ chronic reference value of 33 microg/m(3) (15 ppb) protective of ovarian atrophy. These values will be used to evaluate ambient air monitoring data so the general public is protected against adverse health effects from chronic exposure to 1,3-butadiene.
Precipitate Coflotation of Calcium Sulfite and Calcium Carbonate: Application to Solids Removal from SO2 Wet-Scrubbing Slurries

Abstract An experimental study was conducted of the precipitate flotation of calcium sulfite, calcium carbonate, and of mixtures of both particulate species from suspensions of the order 0.1 M, with application to particle separation from the purge stream from a SO2-limestone wet scrubber. The strongly acidic, anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (NaDBS) provided excellent flotation of both calcium sulfite and calcium carbonate at neutral pH. For concentrations of calcium sulfite plus calcium carbonate of 3.7, 7.8, and 12.0 ± 10-2 M, 95% flotation of precipitated sulfite and 97% flotation of carbonate can be accomplished at molar surfactant to sulfite plus carbonate ratios of 0.0035, 0.0023, and 0.0015, respectively.
Position and Quantum Theory

It is customarily maintained that the concept of unmeasured (i.e., unobserved) position is without meaning in quantum theory. However, the vast literature on the subject, as shown here through the typical example of the double-slit experiment, really does not provide an iron-clad proof that this is indeed so. The question of the possible meaning of unobserved position is thus open. The problem is then resolved by showing quite rigorously that, after all, unobserved position is meaningless in quantum theory. The criterion for unobserved position to be meaningful in any theory (probabilistic or not) is taken to be that the probability density for position must satisfy the Einstein-Chapman-Kolmogorov equation with a positive-semidefinite kernel which is also properly normalized.
Tris inhibits (+)-[3H]SKF-10,047 binding to σ receptors

Abstract Tris-HCl is the most commonly used buffer in studies of radioligand binding to σ receptors, with concentrations as high as 50 or 100 mM often used. We report here that these concentrations of Tris substantially inhibit (+)-[3H]SKF-10,047 binding to σ receptors. The well-established inhibitory effect of Tris-HCl on ligand binding to PCP receptors did not contribute to the presently reported inhibition of (+)-[3H]SKF-10,047 binding. The IC50 of Tris, determined in the presence of 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, was 15.4±1.2 mM (n=3, pH 8.0, 25°C, 1 nM radioligand). Equilibrium saturation studies revealed an apparent competitive inhibition of binding.
Intracellular Stability of Anti-caspase-3 Intrabodies Determines Efficacy in Retargeting the Antigen

Although intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) are being explored as putative therapeutic and research reagents, little is known about the principles that dictate the efficacy of these molecules. In our efforts to address this issue, we generated a panel of five intrabodies, directed against catalytically inactive murine caspase-3, by screening single-chain antibody (Fv) phage display libraries. Here we determined criteria that single-chain Fv fragments must fulfill to act as efficient intrabodies. The affinities of these intrabodies, as measured by surface plasmon resonance, varied approximately 5-fold (50-250 nm). Despite their substantial sequence similarity, only two of the five intrabodies were able to significantly accumulate intracellularly. These disparities in intracellular expression levels were reflected by differences in the stability of the purified protein species when analyzed by urea denaturation studies. We observed varied efficiencies in retargeting the antigen murine caspase-3, from the cytosol to the nucleus, mediated by intrabodies tagged with an SV40 nuclear localization signal. Our results demonstrate that the intrinsic stability of the intrabody, rather than its affinity for the antigen, dictates its intracellular efficacy.
Effect of Water and Serum Absorption on Wear of Unirradiated and Crosslinked UHMWPE Orthopedic Bearing Materials

Abstract In addition to confounding mass-based wear measurements in serum-lubricated hip simulator experiments, fluid absorption by the acetabular cups may simultaneously modify the wear resistance of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) from which they are composed. To decouple the fluid absorption and wear processes enabling clearer investigation of this effect, absorption was first imposed during an initial stage where UHMWPE was exposed to pressurized (10 MPa) fluid. This was followed by a second stage, where resultant wear behavior was assessed by a multidirectional pin-on-flat technique that, though still providing a serum-lubricating environment, does not promote the simultaneous fluid absorption occurring in hip simulator testing. Both unirradiated and highly crosslinked UHMWPE were investigated, each with both bovine calf serum and water soaking exposures of duration to 129 days. The pressurized soaking of a highly crosslinked UHMWPE decreased its wear resistance, causing an incr...
Carita's War

Carolyn Nordstrom argues that millions of girl-youths are affected by political violence taking place in the world today, yet less is known about what happens to girls in war zones than to any other segment of the population. This ‘invisibility’ is not an accident, but relates to the many ‘wars’ children encounter on the frontlines. Girls suffer the assaults of war, and in addition face the escalating levels of sexual and domestic violence, poverty and social dislocation that war brings. As well, they may be preyed on by international criminal rackets exploiting the invisibility of poor girls in war zones for illegal sexual, domestic and industrial labour – the tragic underbelly of development that generates billions of dollars annually. And in an enduring irony, young girls working in informal subsistence trade are able to survive, yet their work produces financial assets for adult ‘business people’. Solutions rest with making visible girls' realities, and the links between wartime and peacetime profiteering across legal and illegal development schemes.
Reaching agreement on processor-group membrship in synchronous distributed systems

Reaching agreement on the identity of correctly functioning processors of a distributed system in the presence of random communication delays, failures and processor joins is a fundamental problem in fault-tolerant distributed systems. Assuming a synchronous communication network that is not subject to partition occurrences, we specify the processor-group membership problem and we propose three simple protocols for solving it. The protocols provide all correct processors with consistent views of the processor-group membership and guarantee bounded processor failure detection and join delays.
Fast PGAS connected components algorithms

Irregular graph algorithms for distributed-memory systems are hard to implement and optimize. Recent developments in PGAS languages make the implementation of irregular algorithms easier. In this paper we present our study of PRAM-based parallel connected components algorithm implemented in UPC for distributed-memory systems, and discuss optimization techniques for such settings. Our optimized version achieved more than 100 times speedup over the straight-forward implementation. Remarkable speedups are also achieved over the best SMP implementation for the same input. As the memory access patterns of these algorithms are representative of those of many other PRAM algorithms, we expect our techniques applicable to optimizing a wide range of PRAM graph algorithms on distributed-memory machines.
Deviations from universality in the transition from quasiperiodicity to chaos.

We present experimental evidence for deviations from universality in the transition to chaos from quasiperiodicity in a nonlinear dynamical system. The dimension of the quasiperiodic set at the transition is 0.795\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005, not 0.87 as predicted by the standard model based on the circle map. We also deviate from predictions of the model at the golden mean: The power spectrum, tongue convergence rate, and spectrum of critical exponents, f(\ensuremath{\alpha}), all differ from the theory.
Disinfection Byproduct Formation from the Preparation of Instant Tea

Two instant tea samples formed as much DBPs as aquatic humic substances under the same reaction conditions, although the concentration of tea used for consumption typically is much higher than the concentration of humic substances in natural waters. At typical tea concentrations, substantial levels of TOX (164−196 μg/L as chloride) were generated when chlorinated at 4 mg/L. The TOX formed exceeded the Swiss limit of 25 μg/L as referenced by Fleischacker and Randtke (1983). Use of boiled water in preparation of instant tea is suggested if the residual free chlorine in the tap water is high. Keywords: Disinfection byproducts; DBPs; chlorination; instant tea; tap water
A theoretical study of the acoustic impedance of orifices in the presence of a steady grazing flow

An analysis of the oscillatory fluid flow in the vicinity of a circular orifice with a steady grazing flow is presented. The study is similar to that of Hersh and Rogers but with the addition of the grazing flow. Starting from the Navier‐Stokes and continuity equations, a considerably simplified system of partial differential equations is developed with the assumption that the flow can be described by an oscillatory motion superimposed upon the known steady flow. The equations are seen to be linear in the region where the grazing flow effects are dominant, and a solution and the resulting orifice impedance are presented for these equations. Some preliminary conclusions of the study are that orifice resistance is directly proportional to grazing flow velocity (known previously from experimental data) and that the orifice inductive (mass reactance) end correction is not a function of grazing flow. This latter conclusion is contrary to the widely held notion that grazing flow removes the effect of the orifice inductive end correction. This conclusion also implies that the experimentally observed total inductance reduction with grazing flow might be in the slug flow within the orifice rather than in the end correction.
Analysis of the lung pathology and alveolar macrophage function in the acid sphingomyelinase--deficient mouse model of Niemann-Pick disease.

Types A and B Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) are lipid storage diseases caused by the deficient activity of the lysosomal enzyme, acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). Type B NPD is associated with progressive pulmonary function decline and frequent respiratory infections. ASM knock-out (ASMKO) mice are available as a model for NPD, but the lung pathology in these mice has not been adequately characterized. This study shows that by 10 weeks of age ASMKO mice have a significantly higher number of cells in their pulmonary airspaces than normal mice, consisting primarily of enlarged and often multinucleated macrophages. These mice also have much higher levels of sphingomyelin in their airspaces at 10 weeks of age, and both cell numbers and sphingomyelin concentrations remain elevated until 26 weeks of age. In these older mice an increased number of neutrophils is also seen. The alveolar cell population in the ASMKO mice produces less superoxide when stimulated, but this can be corrected by providing recombinant ASM to the culture media. Elevated levels of the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α were also present in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of ASMKO mice, and this correlated with increased production of these chemokines by cultured macrophages and enhanced immunostaining in situ. Also, lung histology showed increased cellularity in the alveolar walls of ASMKO mice, but no evidence of fibrosis. Ultrastructural analysis of the lungs showed that the ASMKO mice have similar pathologic features to human NPD patients, with variable lipid storage evident in type I pneumocytes, endothelial cells, and airway ciliated epithelia. The alveolar macrophage, however, was the most dramatically affected cell type in both mice and humans. These studies indicate that the ASMKO mice can be used as a model to study the lung pathology associated with NPD, and demonstrate that the cellular and biochemical analysis of pulmonary airspaces may be a useful approach to monitoring disease progression and/or treatment.
Isolation of an isozyme of soybean lipoxygenase.

Abstract 1. 1. An isozyme, distinct from the well-known crystalline lipoxygenase (linoleate: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.13.1.13, formerly known as lipoxidase) of Theorell, has been isolated from soybeans, as an electrophoretically homogeneous protein. 2. 2. Its substrate specificity over a range of pH values indicates that the newly purified enzyme may be responsible for the “triglyceride” lipoxidase activity reported by Koch. 3. 3. The new enzyme is distinct from the originally described lipoxidase of Theorell by the following criteria: elution profile from DEAE-Sephadex, disc gel electrophoresis, pH activity profile, specificity and heat stability.
Why The Military Interest In Near-Millimeter Wave Imaging?

Battlefield obscurants including smoke, dust, and inclement weather limit the ability of our Armed Forces to recognize targets. Infrared imaging systems have proven extremely useful for day/night operation, but are of limited use on the "dirty battlefield". To penetrate obscurants, yet meet the spatial resolution required for target recognition, a near-millimeter wave imaging system is needed.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Students with Cochlear Implants Teaching Considerations for Physical Educators

(2004). Students with Cochlear Implants: Teaching Considerations for Physical Educators. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 75, No. 4, pp. 28-33.
Footshock-induced changes in brain catecholamines and indoleamines are not mediated by CRF or ACTH.

Abstract Stressful treatments have long been associated with increased activity of brain catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons. An intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) also activates brain catecholaminergic neurons. Because brain CRF-containing neurons appear to be activated during stress, it is possible that CRF mediates the catecholaminergic activation. This hypothesis has been tested by assessing the responses in brain catecholamines and indoleamines to footshock in mice pretreated icv with a CRF receptor antagonist, and in mice lacking the gene for CRF (CRFko mice). Consistent with earlier results, icv administration of CRF increased catabolites of dopamine and norepinephrine, but failed to alter tryptophan concentrations or serotonin catabolism. A brief period of footshock increased plasma corticosterone and the concentrations of tryptophan and the catabolites of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in several brain regions. Mice injected icv with 25 μg alpha-helical CRF 9–41 prior to footshock had neurochemical responses that were indistinguishable from controls injected with vehicle, while the increase in plasma corticosterone was slightly attenuated in some experiments. CRFko mice exhibited neurochemical responses to footshock that were indistinguishable from wild-type mice. However, whereas wild-type mice showed the expected increase in plasma corticosterone, there was no such increase in CRFko mice. Similarly, hypophysectomized mice also showed normal neurochemical responses to footshock, but no increase in plasma corticosterone. Hypophysectomy itself elevated brain tryptophan and catecholamine and serotonin metabolism. Treatment with ACTH icv or peripherally failed to induce any changes in cerebral catecholamines and indoleamines. These results suggest that CRF and its receptors, and ACTH and other pituitary hormones, are not involved in the catecholamine and serotonin responses to a brief period of footshock.
A TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC TRANSIT RIDERSHIP IN PORTLAND, OREGON, 1971-1982

This paper examines the factors affecting changes in transit ridership in Portland, Oregon, during the period 1971 through 1982. A time-series methodology is used to investigate the effects of service level, travel costs, and market size at the system, sector, and route levels. Transfer function and multiple time-series models are compared. Intervention analysis is used to determine the impact of 81 service-level changes and 5 fare changes. A comparison is made of the elasticities estimated for these changes with elasticities developed from other studies.
Glass reactivity in aqueous solutions

Surface analysis methods have been incorporated as part of several studies concerning the mechanisms and amount of glass leaching in aqueous solutions. The reactivity of simple glasses with water has been determined by measuring the uptake of D and 18O in soda‐lime silicate glass, amorphous and crystalline silica, and amorphous and crystalline albite leached in D218O at 90 °C as a function of time. The concentrations and profiles of 18O and D going into the glass were determined using nuclear reaction analysis and compared to the material leached from the glass as determined by solution and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) analyses. The measured ratio of D/18O does not follow any one simple uptake model. Reaction layers formed on simulated nuclear waste glasses containing Pu have also been measured using RBS. Specimens were leached in deionized water or brine at 90 °C. The concentration of Pu on the specimens generally decreased with time. Analysis of the leaching solution indicated that the rate of Pu release was considerably less than that of the glass matrix. The results support the buildup of a surface layer covering the Pu.
National price levels, purchasing power parity, and cointegration: a test of four high inflation economies

Abstract The time series properties of exchange rates and wholesale prices from four high inflation countries show some evidence in support of purchasing power parity. Tests for stationarity of real exchange rates and cointegration among price and exchange rate variables are presented for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Israel during the 1970s and 1980s. Error correction models describe the mechanism of adjustment to long-run equilibrium.
Solar concentrating properties of truncated hexagonal, pyramidal and circular cones

The concentrating properties of specularly reflecting pyramids, hexagons, and circular cones are examined. The concentration factor is determined as a function of the coefficient of reflection and the shape and orientation of the incident sunlight. Reflector designs allowing multiple reflections for both normal and oblique incidence are considered.
Shielding Effectiveness of Carbon–Fiber Composite Aircraft Using Large Cavity Theory

This paper extends reverberation chamber theory to include chambers constructed out of non-metallic composite materials. This extension allows reverberation chamber theory to predict the shielding effectiveness (SE) of modern aluminum and composite aircraft. Existing theory is based on a power balance approach for aperture-excited cavities, and this paper extends it to include leakage through the cavity walls. Cavity excitation and power dissipation mechanisms are examined in detail, and the cavity SE is related to cavity energy loss in terms of the “quality factor.” SE measurements were made on a partially assembled Uncrewed Aerial System constructed with a carbon-fiber composite skin. The test-analysis agreement shows a high degree of correlation.
7.2.1 A REQUIREMENT AND VERIFICATION TRACEABILITY TOOL

This paper will present the background, development, and use of a requirement and verification traceability (RVT) tool for Systems Engineering. Beginning in the late 1980's, System Engineers in the Government Communication Systems Division of Harris Corporation began to develop an automated tool to support RVT. Working within the framework of our Total Quality Management (TQM) initiative, a team of System Engineers developed a tool that has been used on a multitude of programs. The RVT information is embedded in the program's documentation (specification, statement of work, interface control documents, etc.) and then a parser is used to populate a database. Once in the database, requirement and verification reports and matrices are generated using Structured Query Language (SQL). For several years, this tool has served the needs of our System Engineering staff and has received accolades from our customers.