cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Life cycle assessment of proposed space elevator designs

Abstract The cost and design requirements for transporting satellites and payloads to space using existing orbital technology remain prohibitively high. Yet, quantitative sustainability assessments to evaluate system costs and impacts of existing and proposed orbital transportation systems have been rare. Space elevators are a proposed orbital transportation system intended to safely, gently, and inexpensively transport satellites and other payloads to and from space on a routine daily basis. This life cycle assessment (LCA) was completed to quantify, assess, compare, and suggest improvements to the potential environmental and financial performance of three proposed space elevator system designs, namely i) a One-Tether Initial Space Elevator (the base design) ii) a Two-Tether Initial Space Elevator iii) an Additional One-Tether Space Elevator. A sensitivity analysis to compare the impact of reduced utilization capacity of the space elevator system was also performed. Results indicated the Additional One-Tether Space Elevator scenario had the lowest environmental impact, while the Two-Tether Initial Space Elevator scenario had the lowest production cost per unit mass delivered to orbit. This LCA identified system elements for targeted impact reduction, e.g. operational impacts could be significantly reduced by improving the sustainability of terrestrial transportation delivery systems to the space elevator port. Sensitivity analysis results showed producer cost to be the only impact category with a direct inversely correlated response to reduced capacity; all other impacts showed less sensitivity to utilization reduction. Ultimately, the proposed space elevator design was found to be an environmentally and financially sustainable option for orbital transportation. Further application and refinement of such sustainable engineering and quantitative sustainability assessment methodologies to spacecraft, rocket, and other existing and proposed orbital transportation systems and industries is highly recommended.
Atoms and bonds in molecules: Molecular radial energy densities

Abstract The molecular radial density ( ρ rad ) serves as a powerful tool to partition molecules into: non-bonding, core, and bonding regions. Similar to ρ rad , a method is presented where both forms of the radial kinetic, exchange, Coulomb, and electron-nuclear potential energy densities are plotted on a mesh. As far as we are aware, this is the first time expressions for energy densities have been presented. Such plots provide an alternative approach to understanding the physics and chemistry of molecular properties and make it possible to partition molecular energies into atomic and bonding regions (ABIM) using any weighting function.
Comparative Effectiveness of New Approaches to Improve Mortality Risk Models From Medicare Claims Data

Importance Risk adjustment models using claims-based data are central in evaluating health care performance. Although US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) models apply well-vetted statistical approaches, recent changes in theInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification(ICD-9-CM) coding system and advances in computational capabilities may provide an opportunity for enhancement. Objective To examine whether changes using already available data would enhance risk models and yield greater discrimination in hospital-level performance measures. Design, Setting, and Participants This comparative effectiveness study usedICD-9-CMcodes from all Medicare fee-for-service beneficiary claims for hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure (HF), or pneumonia among patients 65 years and older from July 1, 2013, through September 30, 2015. Changes to current CMS mortality risk models were applied incrementally to patient-level models, and the best model was tested on hospital performance measures to model 30-day mortality. Analyses were conducted from April 19, 2018, to September 19, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was all-cause death within 30 days of hospitalization for AMI, HF, or pneumonia, examined using 3 changes to current CMS mortality risk models: (1) incorporating present on admission coding to better exclude potential complications of care, (2) separating index admission diagnoses from those of the 12-month history, and (3) using ungroupedICD-9-CMcodes. Results There were 361 175 hospital admissions (mean [SD] age, 78.6 [8.4] years; 189 225 [52.4%] men) for AMI, 716 790 hospital admissions (mean [SD] age, 81.1 [8.4] years; 326 825 [45.6%] men) for HF, and 988 225 hospital admissions (mean [SD] age, 80.7 [8.6] years; 460 761 [46.6%] men) for pneumonia during the study; mean 30-day mortality rates were 13.8% for AMI, 12.1% for HF, and 16.1% for pneumonia. Each change to the models was associated with incremental gains in C statistics. The best model, incorporating all changes, was associated with significantly improved patient-level C statistics, from 0.720 to 0.826 for AMI, 0.685 to 0.776 for HF, and 0.715 to 0.804 for pneumonia. Compared with current CMS models, the best model produced wider predicted probabilities with better calibration and Brier scores. Hospital risk-standardized mortality rates had wider distributions, with more hospitals identified as good or bad performance outliers. Conclusions and Relevance Incorporating present on admission coding and using ungrouped index and historicalICD-9-CMcodes were associated with improved patient-level and hospital-level risk models for mortality compared with the current CMS models for all 3 conditions.
Western Ranchers' Perspectives on Enablers and Constraints to Flood Irrigation☆

Abstract Flood irrigation on western rangelands is important for diverse social and ecological reasons, providing forage for many agricultural operations and maintaining many critical wetlands across the region. However, recent debate over the efficiency of flood irrigation and resulting transition to other “more efficient” types of irrigation has put many of the working wet meadows sustained by flood irrigation at risk. As the sustainability of these landscapes is primarily dependent on ranchers’ management decisions, we sought to gain a deeper understanding of factors influencing ranchers who flood irrigate and how these factors interrelate. We applied the Community Capitals Framework to explore what considerations act as enablers and constraints to maintaining flood irrigation and to evaluate the role of each type of capital in enabling and constraining the coproduction of working wet meadows for ranchers and the environment. Our qualitative analysis of facilitated workshop transcripts and observation notes from two study areas within the Intermountain West showed that ranchers perceived constraining and enabling factors of flood irrigation related to all seven types of community capitals: natural, financial, built, cultural, human, social, and political. The irrigation methods used by ranchers were heavily influenced by environmental components of the landscape rather than reflecting a choice among alternative methods. Other prominent enablers included a commitment toward maintaining the natural history of the landscape and the ranching lifestyle. Primary constraints included the impact of public misperception and the ability to pass their operation on to the next generation. Ranchers weighed multiple considerations simultaneously in a holistic, community-scale approach to management decisions and described how diverse enablers and constraints interacted to determine the viability of flood irrigation and ranching. These results indicate rancher decisions are driven by complex social-ecological considerations and demonstrate the importance of each capital type to rangeland conservation.
Raising the Volume on Alport Syndrome: A Patient Perspective

> Trust me, you have nothing to worry about. Eight redundant words repeated on four occasions. Each time, isolated hematuria would be found on routine examination. This would then be assessed through varying degrees of workup before ultimately resulting in the same arbitrary benign diagnosis wrapped in those same eight words. I think that one of the biggest barriers to the diagnosis of rare inherited diseases is the assumption that clinical diagnosis will not change the course of care. I understand that concern: why make a diagnosis if nothing will be done with the information other than instilling anxiety in the family? Having been a patient on the other side of this diagnosis, I would make the argument that this overly paternalistic mindset begins to threaten patient autonomy. Early diagnosis of Alport syndrome altered the course of disease for my family, allotting us an opportunity to delay progression to ESKD. The road to obtaining our diagnosis took our parents nearly 14 years; if not for our hospital’s participation in research taking place in Germany, who knows how long this may have taken? Nevertheless, after they had the diagnosis, the game changed. Equipped with this information, our parents knew what they were up against and would stop at nothing to find treatment. > I spent my days searching the internet and sending emails to every nephrologist across the US and Germany, explaining that I was a mother of four kids newly diagnosed with Alport syndrome. I was desperately searching for a treatment …
η2 Coordination of Electron-Deficient Arenes with Group 6 Dearomatization Agents.

The exceptionally π-basic metal fragments {MoTp(NO)(DMAP)} and {WTp(NO)(PMe3)} (Tp = tris(pyrazolyl)borate; DMAP = 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine) form thermally stable η2-coordinated complexes with...
Enhanced Optical Chirality through Locally Excited Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Plasmonic nanostructures provide unique opportunities to improve the detection limits of chiroptical spectroscopies by enhancing chiral light–matter interactions. The most significant of such interaction occur in ultraviolet (UV) range of the electromagnetic spectrum that remains challenging to access by conventional localized plasmon resonance based sensors. Although surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on noble metal films can sustain resonances in the desired spectral range, their transverse magnetic nature has been an obstacle for enhancing chiroptical effects. Here we demonstrate, both analytically and numerically, that SPPs excited by near-field sources can exhibit rich and nontrivial chiral characteristics. In particular, we show that the excitation of SPPs by a chiral source not only results in a locally enhanced optical chirality but also achieves manifold enhancement of net optical chirality. Our finding that SPPs facilitate a plasmonic enhancement of optical chirality in the UV part of the spectru...
Reordering Occupation, Race, and Place in Metropolitan New York

The New York metropolitan area is one of the oldest, largest, and perhaps most complex urban region in the United States (U.S.). Its 23.7 million residents live across four states, produce a GDP of more than $1.7 trillion, are governed by a fragmented political system, and experience persistently high degrees of geographic and racial/ethnic inequality and segregation. This chapter investigates the evolving spatial organization of occupation and race across the metropolitan area. While white professionals have traditionally lived in an outer ring of suburbs and blue-collar immigrant and minority groups have lived closer to the city center, our research shows that the forces of gentrification and minority and immigrant suburbanization have been turning the metropolitan area inside out. Specifically, young, usually white, professionals are increasingly located in and around the central city whereas many working-class minorities have shifted away from it. At the heart of this spatial reordering lie the diminishing plurality of native-born whites within the region and the increasing share of immigrant minority groups, especially for foreign-born Hispanics and Asians. This trend has lessened the share of white males in better occupations even as the region’s occupational structure slowly but inexorably tilts toward managerial and professional occupations. Technology is transforming white-collar work as blue-collar work continues to disappear. Dramatic shifts are thus afoot, yet inequality and segregation remain high. We argue that these changes in the spatial organization of the metropolitan area challenge us to see these inequalities from a new vantage point. As elites are now more likely to live among less advantaged groups, this may provide the social basis for new thinking.
Student Selection of Content Licenses in OER-enabled Pedagogy: An Exploratory Study

Students acting as content creators is an emergent trend in the field of open educational practice. As more faculty turn towards the use of open pedagogy or OER-enabled Pedagogy, they must be prepared to address concerns related to intellectual property rights of student work. This article addresses student concerns related to intellectual property rights, specifically related to Creative Commons licensing as well as faculty awareness of use of Creative Commons licensing. Research was conducted at a small, liberal arts college in the Appalachian Region of the United States. All first-year students engaged in an OER-enabled Pedagogy project where they collaboratively created a reader for the First Year Studies seminar course. Following class, students and faculty were interviewed regarding how dynamics of intellectual property and Creative Commons licensing impacted the educational process. Results indicate students are open to sharing their works with credit, and value helping others. Faculty tend to be unfamiliar with Creative Commons licensing and must balance the desire to help students understand licensing and prescribing their own preferences when asked about licensing selection.
International law regulation of offshore oil and gas exploitation

Abstract In the current scenario, the exploitation of oil and natural gas deposits on and offshore still represents the most significant global energy needs. For decades, offshore hydrocarbon resources have been explored and exploited among the traditional commercial uses of coastal continental shelter. However, this activity presents considerable potential threats to the marine environment. Surprisingly, a global multilateral environment does not govern the offshore gas and oil sectors, although public international and regional law rules are generally applicable. The maritime oil & gas industry is instead regulated primarily by national legislation. Besides, it is subject to a mostly independent sector, which traditionally uses its contractual solutions in a capital-intensive industry. This paper aims to give an innovative Support Vector Machine (SVM) approach to discuss the unique regulatory framework on amplitude (2012L), frequency (28 Hz), velocity (6325 m/s), line curvature (0.62), polarity (3.2), layer thickness (25 mm) in the industry when compared to other methods.
Benchmarking statistical methods for analyzing parent-child dyads in genetic association studies

Genetic association studies of child health outcomes often employ family-based designs. One of the most popular family-based designs is the case-parent trio design that considers the smallest possible nuclear family consisting of two parents and their affected child. This trio design is particularly advantageous for studying relatively rare disorders because it is less prone to type 1 error inflation due to population stratification compared to population-based study designs (e.g., case-control studies). However, obtaining genetic data from both parents is difficult, from a practical perspective, and many large studies predominantly measure genetic variants in mother-child dyads. While some statistical methods for analyzing parent-child dyad data (most commonly involving mother-child pairs) exist, it is not clear if they provide the same advantage as trio methods in protecting against population stratification, or if a specific dyad design (e.g., case-mother dyads vs. case-mother/control-mother dyads) is more advantageous. In this article, we review existing statistical methods for analyzing genome-wide data on dyads and perform extensive simulation experiments to benchmark their type I errors and statistical power under different scenarios. We extend our evaluation to existing methods for analyzing a combination of case-parent trios and dyads together. We apply these methods on genotyped and imputed data from multi-ethnic mother-child pairs only, case-parent trios only or combinations of both dyads and trios from the Gene, Environment Association Studies consortium (GENEVA), where each family was ascertained through a child affected by nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Results from the GENEVA study corroborate the findings from our simulation experiments. Finally, we provide recommendations for using statistical genetic association methods for dyads.
Epstein-Barr virus reactivation after superinfection of the BJAB-B1 and P3HR-1 cell lines with cytomegalovirus

Background Studies examining herpesvirus-herpesvirus (cytomegalovirus (CMV)-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)) interactions are limited, and many of the studies have been clinical observations suggesting such an interaction exists. This report aims to examine the in vitro susceptibilities of BJAB-B1 and P3HR-1 cells (EBV positive Burkitt's lymphoma B-cell lines) to a CMV superinfection; and show that EBV reactivation occurs after CMV superinfects these cell lines.
Determination of the origin of BER degradation utilizing asynchronous amplitude histograms

We propose a method that can determines the origin of BER degradation by analyzing amplitude histograms obtained by the asynchronous sampling technique. We measure asynchronous eye diagrams and evaluate both the waveform distortion caused by chromatic dispersion and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) deterioration by using electrical sampling to estimate the averaged Q-factor of 10 Gbit/s NRZ optical signals. Waveform distorted signals are shown to have histograms with different shape compared to signal-to-noise ratio degraded signals.
Immune independent crosstalk between lymphoma and myeloid suppressor CD14(+)HLA-DR(low/neg) monocytes mediates chemotherapy resistance.

We have previously reported a novel phenotype of myeloid suppressors in lymphoma patients characterized by a loss of HLA-DR expression on monocytes, CD14+HLA-DRlow/neg. These cells were directly immunosuppressive and were associated with poor clinical outcome. In this study, we found that lymphoma tumors could have more than 30% of their tumor occupied by CD14+ cells. This intimate spatial connection suggested substantial cell-cell communication. We examined cross talk between monocytes from healthy volunteers (normal) and lymphoma cells in co-culture to identify the mechanisms and consequences of these interactions. Normal CD14+HLA-DR+ monocytes lost their HLA-DR expression after co-culture with lymphoma cells. Lymphoma-converted CD14+HLA-DRlow/neg cells exhibited similar immunosuppressive functions as CD14+HLA-DRlow/neg monocytes from lymphoma patients. Unexpectedly monocyte additions to lymphoma cell cultures protected lymphoma from cytotoxic killing by chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX). Monocyte mediated resistance to DOX killing was associated with decreased Caspase-3 activity and increased anti-apoptotic heat shock protein-27 (Hsp27) expression. Soluble Hsp27 was detected in supernatant and patient plasma. Increased Hsp27 in plasma correlated with increased proportion of CD14+HLA-DRlow/neg monocytes in patient blood and was associated with lack of clinical response to DOX. This is the first report to describe a non-immune function of CD14+HLA-DRlow/neg monocytes: enhanced lymphoma resistance to chemotherapy. It is also the first report in lymphoma of Hsp27 as a potential mediator of lymphoma and monocyte crosstalk and chemotherapy resistance. Together with previous reports of the prevalence of these myeloid suppressors in other cancers, our findings identify this pathway and these interactions as a potential novel therapeutic target.
Topology of Switching Elements vs. Reliability

The topology of switching elements is explored from a probability or reliability standpoint. Arrays are indicated which offer a greater degree of reliability than any one of their elements, hence disproving the belief that circuit complexity necessarily lessens reliability. A further result is production of a simple mathematical technique adaptable to the solution of complex circuits in terms of reliability. Such ``circuits'' may actually consist of redundant communication paths as a more general interpretation of switching elements.
Using eye tracking to analyze stereoscopic filmmaking

This poster will analyze the feasibility of eye tracking as a tool for helping filmmakers to make decisions in a stereoscopic film production. In a conventional dialogue driven shot it is fairly easy to predict where the audiences would be looking. However, for visually complex shots it is not so obvious. In this case, eye tracking can be used as a tool to observe the gaze pattern of the audience to identify the regions of interest in the frame. This information could be used to budget the resources for the shot. It can also be used to identify elements that distract the audience from the flow of the movie. This technique could be used to help filmmakers to make more informed decisions during the film making process. We analyzed a student produced stereoscopic film using this technique. In our study, a number of subjects were asked to watch the film and their gaze data was recorded.
Turbulence intensity inversion induced by the mass-reducing hole in an air or helium filled hard disk drive

Since its introduction, the mass-reducing hole in the middle of an actuator arm has been investigated as a source of turbulent flow in the space between a pair of co-rotating disks in an air-filled Hard Disk Drive (HDD). The present study investigates the effect of the mass-reducing hole by performing Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and numerical calculation in both air and helium. Helium was selected as an alternative medium due to its high kinematic viscosity which is expected to stabilize the turbulent flow around the actuator arm. A double-scale experimental apparatus was built to simulate a commercial drive. The same model was simulated numerically. The investigations were performed for two different positions of the actuator arm and two angular speeds of the disk (1,000 and 3,000 rpm; corresponding to 4,000 and 12,000 rpm in a 3.5-inch commercial drive). Experimental data was collected at the inter-disk mid-plane and ensemble-averaged to compute the turbulence intensity. The results show that, as expected, the helium flow induces lower turbulence intensity than the air flow at low speeds of rotation. In particular, the helium flow stabilizes the turbulent flow around the Slider Suspension Unit (SSU) more effectively than the air flow. However, at high speeds of rotation, the helium flow generates a higher level of turbulence intensity immediately behind the mass-reducing hole than the air flow. The physical mechanism of the switch is explained.
Abstract A74: A dichotomy between the risk and histology in bladder cancer among blacks and whites: An epidemiological study

Background: Urinary bladder cancer, despite being the second most common genitourinary disease in the U.S. still presents a number of as yet unsolved complexities. Known to much of the literature is the 2:1 trend of the White to Black cancer rate, the three main histological types of bladder cancer – transitional cell carcinomas (90%), squamous cell carcinomas (5%), and adenocarcinomas (2%), and that smoking is the main etiologic factor contributing to bladder cancer. Historically, Blacks have been identified as having higher smoking rates than Whites. Therefore, the racial discrepancy in bladder cancer rates remains to be explored at the cellular level in light of the contrasting trend in smoking rates. Objective: To demonstrate that higher transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) incidences prevail in the bladder in Whites compared with Blacks, even though Blacks have a higher rate of smoking than Whites. Methods: The National Cancer Institute9s SEER*stat program version 7.0.4 was used to collect bladder cancer rates for each histological type by age, sex, race, U.S. county, and year of diagnosis. Additionally, lung cancer rates, used as a surrogate for smoking, by county and overall case-specific data were obtained. SAS 9.1 and Microsoft Excel were used to analyze the data in the production of trend, frequency-density, and log-linear plots, correlation analyses, and linear regressions. Results: The 1973–2008 age-adjusted incidence of TCC of the bladder among Blacks and Whites was 11 and 21 cases per 100,000 persons respectively. Similarly, Black and White rates for TCCs of the renal pelvis were 0.54 and 0.95 cases per 100,000 persons and were 0.21 and 0.61 cases per 100,000 persons for TCCs of the ureter. However, in contrast, lung cancer rates for Blacks and Whites were 82 and 64 cases per 100,000 persons respectively. Frequency-density plots revealed similarity in curves among Blacks and Whites, peaking once between the ages of 65 and 80 years and showing bell-shaped distribution. Bivariate correlation analysis indicated that bladder and lung cancer rates were significantly correlated at about 77%. A statistically significant linear model (R2=0.75) regressing bladder cancer rates on age group, race, sex, and lung cancer rates, was evaluated and revealed that in a population that does not smoke, there were 105 White and 47 Black cases per 100,000 persons on average. Conclusions: Regardless of higher smoking rates in Blacks than in Whites, Whites have higher rates of TCCs of the bladder as well as of other sites including the renal pelvis and ureter. Even in a population considered without smoking, the trend persists with Whites having higher incidences of bladder cancer than Blacks. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):A74.
Developmental Gross Motor Skill Ratings: A Generalizability Analysis

Abstract Elementary physical education instructors and movement development clinicians frequently employ movement observation as their primary assessment strategy. The purpose of this study was to determine the minimal conditions of observation needed to obtain generalizable results across observers, trials, and subjects for the hop, jump, and run. The developmental sequences developed at Michigan State University were used as the observation system. Twelve children in the age range of 33–111 months were rated on five trials by 15 observers. The sample consisted of an equal number of males and females and did not involve children with handicapping conditions. The results suggest that when observers receive 1 hour of training for each skill, one observer and three trials are needed for evaluating the hop (.88), while three observers and three trials are required for the jump (.83). None of the nine measurement conditions resulted in acceptable (.80) generalizability for the run.
Corrosion behaviour of lead-copper alloys in sulphuric acid for battery applications

The corrosion behaviour in sulphuric acid of monotectic Pb-63 wt % Cu, hyper-monotectic Pb-30 wt % Cu, and Pb-10 wt % Cu was investigated and compared to that of Cu, Pb, as well as Pb−Ca, and Pb−Ca−Sn battery-grid alloys. On anodic polarization of pure Cu and Pb−Cu alloys. dissolution of the copper phase markedly increases as the potential is increased above the Cu/Cu2+ reversible potential, which is above the passive potential for lead and lead battery-grid alloys. A limiting current and pseudo-passive transition attains, and the pseudo-passive current decreases with decreasing bulk copper content of the alloy. Extensive selective leaching of copper from the 30 wt % Cu alloy produced a highly porous layer of spongy lead, and the subsequent anodic polarization behaviour (without repolishing the sample surface) showed a reduction in pseudo-passive corrosion rates to values ∼20 times greater (referred to unit geometric area) than the passive current of pure Pb and lead battery-grid alloys. This difference was attributed partly to dissolution of redeposited copper but mainly to the large effective surface area of the remaining porous lead network. The possible use of Pb−Cu alloys as high-conductivity battery-grid alloys is discussed.
Autoregressive modeling of dechirped spotlight-mode sar rawdata in transform domain

Raw data collected by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is commonly assumed to be uncorrelated and with a zero-mean Gaussian distribution. In this paper, we show—both analytically and numerically—that the range-wise inverse Fourier transform of the dechirp-on-receive circular SAR data exhibits significant correlation in the azimuth direction. Moreover, we show that a block adaptive autoregressive model well represents the transformed SAR data.
Differential Effects of Vinblastine on Polymerization and Dynamics at Opposite Microtubule Ends

Abstract We have characterized the effects of vinblastine on the growing and shortening dynamics at opposite ends of individual bovine brain microtubules at steady state in vitro by video microscopy. Vinblastine exerted strikingly different effects on the dynamics and polymer mass at the plus and minus ends of microtubules. At concentrations between 0.1 and 0.4 μM, the drug strongly depolymerized microtubules at minus ends, whereas it did not significantly depolymerize microtubules at plus ends. Vinblastine stabilized plus ends by suppressing the rate and extent of growth and shortening, decreasing the catastrophe frequency, and increasing the rescue frequency. In contrast, vinblastine destabilized minus ends by increasing the catastrophe frequency and decreasing the rescue frequency, whereas it had no effect on the rate or extent of growth or shortening. Thus, vinblastine moderately increased the overall dynamicity at minus ends while strongly suppressing dynamicity at plus ends. Both the kinetic destabilization of microtubules at minus ends and the stabilization at plus ends may contribute to the altered function of mitotic spindle microtubules of cells blocked in mitosis by low concentrations of vinblastine.
Narratives from the other side: the revelations and dynamics of a bi-national penpal program in border spaces

This essay brings to life the way in which a binational penpal program between two fourth grade classrooms in an upper middle class San Diego suburban community and a poor, rural artisan community in Oaxaca served to illuminate the differential ways in which children do and do not engage with racial rhetoric and narratives of fear surrounding the ‘other’. The essay centers on three important issues: (1) Parents' fears of the Other that are embedded in narratives of otherness (Appadurai [2006]) that produce a belief in an impending invasion and subsequent degradation of their community and nation; (2) children's lack of engagement with the rhetoric and desire to engage across differences; and (3) the appreciation the children developed for another culture while also intensifying their sense of belonging to their own communities; and (4) the impact the program had on their lives a decade later.
Understanding Family Role Reallocation following a Death: A Theoretical Framework:

Families in which a parent has died will show a variety of reactions and recovery patterns. This article examines several factors which contribute to this variance. Within the framework of a developmental role analysis of the family system, the influence of the stage of the family life cycle, the roles of the deceased, previous patterns of role allocation, and the type of death are discussed. It is suggested that “person oriented” families, characterized by achieved roles, open communication, and flexible power structures, will more effectively reallocate family roles following the death of a spouse/parent. On contrast, “position oriented” families, characterized by ascribed roles, closed communication, and relatively inflexible power structures, will be too dependent on cultural norms and will lack the role-reallocating mechanisms necessary to ensure adequate family functioning following such a death.
Regional Shifts in Pork Production: Implications for Competition and Food Safety

U.S. pork production and processing is consolidating in larger, more economically efficient units, and shifting from the Midwest into the Southeast. A regionalmodelof farm supply and processing demand shows that smaller Midwest operations can survive only if processing capacity remains concentrated in that region. Salmonella incidence is higher in the Southeast and on larger farms. Restricting salmonella incidence in hogs delivered for processing to the minimum feasible level would increase total industry costs by 3%, due to increased production and delivery costs. It would also increase the comparative advantage of farms and processing firms in the Midwest. Copyright 2000, Oxford University Press.
The density of two mixed alkali borate glass systems related to atomic arrangements

Abstract Densities of the two mixed alkali borate glass systems, R( 1 2 Na 2 O + 1 2 Li 2 O )· B 2 O 3 and R( 1 2 Rb 2 O + 1 2 Li 2 O )· B 2 O 3 have been measured over an extremely wide range of alkali content: from boron oxide through the orthoborate composition. The glasses were prepared with metal carbonate and oxide starting materials. As with the binary alkali borates, a semiempirical model has been applied to the densities in order to determine the volumes of the structural units present. These values, in conjunction with volumes found in the binary borate cases, and with volumes calculated from the ionic radii, were used in a general discussion of the filling of space by the structural units. The results indicate that the size increases of the structural groupings as one goes from small to large alkali are primarily due to the alkali being used.
Estimated free energies of formation of some lanthanide and actinide halides at 600°–800°C using molten salt-liquid metal distribution coefficient data

Abstract Distribution coefficient data obtained at 600°–800°C with lithium halide-Bi and MgCl 2 Mg systems were used in conjunction with other necessary thermochemical data to estimate standard free energies of formation ( Δ G f ) for several lanthanide and actinide halides. The estimated values of Δ G f for YCl 3 , LaCl 3 , CeCl 3 , ThCl 4 , ThBr 4 , UBr 3 , NpCl 3 , and PuOCl were in good agreement with those reported in the literature, whereas the Δ G f values obtained for UCl 3 and PuCl 3 generally were slightly less negative than those reported by others. The values obtained for NdCl 3 , LaBr 3 , and NdBr 3 at 640°C were in disagreement with previous estimates, as was the value of −329 ± 5 kcal/mole obtained for Δ G NpF 3( s ) f at 600°C.
Analytical applications of neutron depth profiling

Using a low-energy neutron beam as an isotopic probe, neutron depth profiling (NDP) provides quantitative depth profiles in nearly all solid matrix materials. Several of the light elements, such as He, Li, B, and N can be nondestructively analyzed by NDP. The information obtained using NDP is difficult if not impossible to determine by non-nuclear techniques. As a result, NDP is used collaboratively with techniques such as SIMS, RBS, FTIR, PGAA, and AES. Profiles measured by NDP are given for semiconductor and optical processing materials, and light weight alloys. Improvements in the technique are discussed with emphasis on the use of intense cold neutron beams.
Pion-exchange contributions to the nuclear charge, current, and Hamiltonian operators☆

Abstract Using a Foldy-Wouthuysen reduction procedure and the time-dependent perturbation theory, we have calculated the one-pion-exchange contribution to the nuclear charge and current densities to order ( v c ) 2 . At the same time a renormalization scheme defines the pion-exchange potential including nonstatic and three-body correction terms of order ( v c ) 2 . The requirements of relativity are investigated, and it is found that the retardation effect in the potential and charge density plays a critical role. The covariance conditions for the potential, charge, and current densities are shown to be satisfied to the order we have calculated. Finally, the deuteron case is discussed in detail. Throughout the calculation the role of the equivalence theorem is stressed.
Proton polarimetry using an enge split-pole spectrograph

Abstract A high-efficiency (4 × 10−5 at A = 0.4) high-resolution (150 keV) polarimeter used in conjunction with an Enge split-pole spectrograph is described. This device permits for the first time polarization transfer studies in inelastic scattering. Spectra are shown for 11 B ( p , p ′) 11 B (2.14 MeV ) at E p = 31 MeV .
Models for mixed mode damage paths in shock loaded tantalum

Recent work [1 ] on recovered tantalum gas gun and HE driven samples has shown that incipient damage forms a path with a well defined roughness exponent. The path involves regions of localized plastic flow, in the HE driven case, and localized flow regions between voids, or "mixed mode", in the gas gun case. The localized plastic flow can be diffuse or very localized into a "micro shear band." The roughness property is an affine statistical scaling with a different scaling ratio between the shock and transverse directions. In this work, we model the scaling properties of the mixed mode damage paths with models of shear localization between voids. These models involve a bifurcation condition for necking down localization, similar to that of Thomason, and a "micro shear band" condition. The localization condition is driven by both pressure and shear, hence, the name "mixed mode." Monte Carlo simulations of the damage path will be conducted using these models to test them for the affine scaling.
Review of the Apparent Molar Heat Capacities of NaCl(aq), HCl(aq), and NaOH(aq) and Their Representation Using the Pitzer Model at Temperatures from (298.15 to 493.15) K

In this study, a new estimation of the standard state partial molar heat capacity (Cp0) of three binary systems [NaCl(aq), HCl(aq), and NaOH(aq)] for temperatures ranging from (298.15 to 493.15) K is performed. From experimental data (available in the literature to date) corresponding to the apparent molar heat capacities of the above-mentioned electrolytes, a procedure based on the assumption of Pitzer’s ion interaction model was applied to calculate these important Cp0 values at a given temperature. Results obtained for each electrolyte (or ion) were correlated as functions of temperature by commonly used polynomial equations. Use of the hydrogen ion convention enabled estimates of the temperature-dependent values of Cp0 of the individual ions Na+(aq), Cl−(aq), and OH−(aq). When used to calculate the temperature-dependent values of the Gibbs free energy of formation of OH−(aq), the formula for Cp0(T) of OH−(aq) given herein provides good agreement with values derived from independent measurements of the...
Eyes and IQ: A meta-analysis of the relationship between intelligence and “Reading the Mind in the Eyes”

Abstract Although the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET; Baron-Cohen et al. 1997, 2001) has been used as a measure of mental state understanding in over 250 studies, the extent to which it correlates with intelligence is seldom considered. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate whether or not a relationship exists between intelligence and performance on the RMET. The analysis of 77 effects sizes with 3583 participants revealed a small positive correlation (r = .24) with no difference between verbal and performance abilities. We conclude that intelligence does play a significant role in performance on the RMET and that verbal and performance abilities contribute to this relationship equally. We discuss these findings in the context of the theory of mind and domain-general resources literature.
Stentless Bioprosthesis in a Valved Conduit: Implications for Pulmonary Reconstruction

Pulmonic valve reconstruction is required for various congenital heart diseases and in concert with aortic valve autograft replacement (ie, the Ross procedure). Current techniques using homografts and autografts are often associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and are technically challenging. Furthermore, the long-term durability of these repairs has been questioned, leading to more frequent use of synthetic valved conduits. We report a case of pulmonary valve replacement and right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction using a stentless bioprosthetic aortic valve and polyester graft as a novel approach after radical pulmonary artery sarcoma resection.
Timing of Insecticidal Applications for Control of the Pink Bollworm

In tests at Phoenix, Ariz., 3 insecticide-timing schedules were compared on long-staple cotton in 1967 and 2 schedules were compared on short-staple cotton in 1968 for control of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Timing treatments in 1967 consisted of 1 schedule initiated against an early-square infestation on June 21, another initiated on July 12 when 8% of the early boll-set was infested, and the last, begun Aug. 8 when 18% of the bolls were infested. Once started, the respective schedules were continued at 5 to 6 day intervals until the test was terminated on Sept. 30. Two insecticides, azinphosmethyl and carbaryl, were compared on each schedule. All 3 schedules resulted in a comparable degree of pink bollworm control and in comparable yields; all resulted in significantly lower pink bollworm infestations and increased yields when compared with the untreated check. There was no difference between the 2 insecticides in control of the pink bollworm or yields obtained. The 1968 insecticidal treatments consisted of a rigid automatic schedule which was initiated after 20% of the bolls became infested and I which was initiated at the same time but where applications were deleted as the infestation was reduced appreciably below the 20% level. Azinphosmethy] and Azodrin® (3-hydroxy- N -methyl- cis -crotonamide dimethyl phosphate), applied at the rates of 0.75 and 0.94 Ib per acre, respectively, were compared on each schedule. Both schedules significantly reduced boll infestations. However, when 3 applications Were deleted from the nonautomatic schedule a rapid increase of the pink bollworm infestation occurred. Yields from the 2 schedules were quite similar and only slightly higher than those from the untreated check. Both insecticides, regardless of schedule, were equally effective.
Two geometrical isomers of linoleic acid: improved total syntheses

The total syntheses of 9(Z),12(E)- and 9(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acids have been carried out. A useful intermediate in both syntheses, 8-bromo-octanoic acid, recently has become available from commercial sources. This compound has been used to expedite the preparation of these isomers. The remaining carbon atoms were derived from propargyl alcohol along with either 1-heptyne or acetylene and 1-bromopentane. Because the overall yield for each sequence was roughly 15% and there were no extraordinary reaction conditions in any of the synthetic steps, the compounds could be prepared readily in multiple gram quantities. The syntheses of the two compounds were supported by data from a variety of spectroscopic techniques.
Impact of operating conditions on permeate flux and process economics for cross flow ceramic membrane ultrafiltration of surface water

Abstract Ceramic materials for microfiltration and ultrafiltration have a number of potential advantages over polymeric materials including chemical and thermal stability, physical strength, and a longer operational life. In this study the effects of tubular ceramic membrane hydrodynamic conditions (cross flow velocity and transmembrane pressure), in-line coagulation, and backwash flow rate on permeate flux using one type of 0.01 μm ceramic membrane with two different channel configurations were investigated. Factorial experimental design was used to construct a controlled set of experiments in which the effect of varying the operating parameters was measured. Flux decline and moving average flux were the derived response variables. Response surface methodology was then used to evaluate the experimental design results to find the operating conditions that resulted in either the least amount of flux decline or the highest moving average flux. A life cycle cost analysis determined that a plant designed and operated to achieve minimum flux decline resulted in a higher total plant cost than a plant designed and operated at more aggressive filtration conditions, which produced the higher moving average flux and more flux decline. This is due to the high material cost for a ceramic membrane.
Effect of cck 8 on intake of caffeine ethanol and water

Three groups of 10 water-deprived female rats received access to solutions of caffeine (0.5 mg/ml), ethanol (5% w/v), or water, after i.p. injection of the neuropeptide and hormone cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8; 0.5-4.0 µg/kg). Behavioral displays associated with intake of these fluids were quantified with an instantaneous time-sampling observational technique. CCK-8 dose-dependently reduced intake of ethanol solution, but not intake of caffeine solution or water. Feeding behavior reliably (p A.05) decreased after caffeine consumption, and activity level increased. Chemically induced anorexias were specific to ingesta; CCK-8 did not affect caffeine or water intake, or caffeine-induced anorexia, but it did inhibit ethanol intake and associated feeding behavior.
The Trappings of Status: The Relationship Between Tenure and Status in an Open Innovation Community

Within marketing channels, reputation and status matter a great deal, not only for brand success but for the creation of relationships within the channel. Understanding the dynamics of status within entrepreneurial communities can help us to understand the interface between marketing and entrepreneurship. Open innovation communities are, by definition, entrepreneurial. This study examines the temporal dynamics that influence an individual’s status mobility within an open innovation community of software developers. Because stable status hierarchies emerge within such communities, it is important for innovators who wish to establish high status to do so quickly. Structural and institutionals forces begin to work immediately to establish an individual’s status position. As tenure increases and an individual’s reputation becomes increasingly entrenched, it becomes difficult to generate changes in status position, in essence trapping the individual within a particular social stratum. Therefore, members of an entrepreneurial community who desire high status should work swiftly, or else they run the risk of being cast into an inert, low‐status position.
Laser nanosurgery of single microtubules reveals location-dependent depolymerization rates

In this study, 532-nm picosecond and 800-nm femtosecond lasers are used in combination with fluorescently labeled tubulin to further elucidate microtubule depolymerization and the effect lasers may have on the resulting depolymerization. Depolymerization rates of targeted single microtubules are dependent on location with respect to the nucleus. Microtubules located near the nucleus exhibit a significantly faster depolymerization rate when compared to microtubule depolymerization rates near the periphery of the cell. Microtubules cut with the femtosecond laser depolymerize at a slower rate than unirradiated controls (p=0.002), whereas those cut with the picosecond laser depolymerize at the same rate as unirradiated controls (p=0.704). Our results demonstrate the ability of both the picosecond and femtosecond lasers to cut individual microtubules. The differences between the two ablation results are discussed.