cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relative impact of migration type on the reversal of black out-migration from the South.

In this article historical patterns and recent trends in black migration in the United States are examined. The purpose of the article is two‐fold: (1) to examine historical changes in the volume and rates of migration between the southern region and nonsouthern regions; and (2) to determine the relative impact of migration types on the South's changeover to net in‐migration during the 1975–1980 migration interval. The findings of this study indicate that the reversal of the historical pattern of net out‐migration of blacks from the southern region occurred two decades after the turnaround for the general population. The southern region changed from sizable net out‐migration for blacks during the period before 1970 to net in‐migration during the 1975–1980 migration interval. The changeover was due to a substantial decrease in the number of both southern‐born and non‐southern‐born blacks leaving the South. There were also increases in the rate of in‐migration into the region among both return migrants and ...
Origins of deuterium kinetic isotope effects on the proton transfers of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle

Deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIE) were measured, and proton inventory plots were constructed, for the rates of reactions in the photocycles of wild-type bacteriorhodopsin and several site-specific mutants. Consistent with earlier reports from many groups, very large KIEs were observed for the third (and largest) rise component for the M state and for the decay of the O state, processes both linked to proton transfers in the extracellular region. The proton inventory plots (ratio of reaction rates in mixtures of H2O and D2O to that in H2O vs mole fraction of D2O) were approximately linear for the first and second M rise components and for M decay, as well as for O decay, indicating that the rates of these reactions are limited by simple proton transfer. Uniquely, the third rise component of M (and in the D96N mutant also a fourth rise component) exhibited a strongly curved proton inventory plot, suggesting that its rate, which largely accounts for the rate of deprotonation of the retinal Schiff base,...
Collagenolysis: The other side of the equation

At least 18 mammalian collagenases have been identified. Acting at neutral pH and under physiological conditions these powerful enzymes cleave the collagen molecule and produce soluble fractions. Thus, tissue collagenase provides balance for collagen synthesis and completes the metabolic equation. Because tissue collagenase is produced only by living cells upon demand, there is no reservoir or pool of active enzyme. Inhibitors and accelerators of collagenolysis have been identified. Such agents have immediate therapeutic implications for conditions characterized by undesirable fibrous tissue.
A re-evaluation of the calorigenic action of the L- and D-isomers of thyroxine.

THERE has been a generalized lack of agreement among investigators in different laboratories regarding the activity of D-thyroxine as compared to L-thyroxine (1–10; cf. Table 1). Since most of the estimates of potency were obtained without the use of precise statistical assay methods, these divergent results are understandable.
Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of single doses of BAY 59-7939, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor.

Background and Objective There is a clinical need for new oral anticoagulants to prevent and treat thromboembolic diseases. Given its integral role in the coagulation cascade, factor Xa is a particularly promising target for new anticoagulation therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of BAY 59–7939, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. Methods This single–center, randomized, single–blinded, placebo–controlled, dose–escalation study included 108 healthy white male subjects aged 19 to 45 years. Subjects received single oral doses of either BAY 59–7939 (1.25–80 mg) or placebo; in addition, 1 group received 2 doses of BAY 59–7939 (5–mg tablet and oral solution) or placebo in a crossover design. Results Oral BAY 59–7939 in single doses up to 80 mg was safe and well tolerated and was not associated with an increased risk of bleeding compared with placebo. Pharmacodynamic effects (inhibition of factor Xa activity, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and HepTest) and plasma concentration profiles were dose–dependent. Maximum inhibition of factor Xa activity was achieved 1 to 4 hours after administration of BAY 59–7939 and ranged from 20% to 61% for the 5– to 80–mg doses. BAY 59–7939 selectively inhibited factor Xa activity; thrombin (factor IIa) and antithrombin were unaffected. Inhibition of factor Xa activity and prolongation of prothrombin time correlated well with BAY 59–7939 plasma concentrations (r = 0.949 and 0.935, respectively). Conclusions BAY 59–7939 was well tolerated with predictable pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics across a wide range of doses in healthy male subjects. BAY 59–7939 was shown to be an effective and specific factor Xa inhibitor. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 78, 412–421; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.06.011
Free convective condensation in a vertical enclosure

Free convective condensation in a vertical enclosure was studied numerically and the results were compared with experiments. In both the numerical and experimental investigations, mist formation was observed to occur near the cooling wall, with significant droplet concentrations in the bulk. Large recirculation cells near the end of the condensing section were generated as the heavy noncondensing gas collecting near the cooling wall was accelerated downward. Near the top of the enclosure the recirculation cells became weaker and smaller than those below, ultimately disappearing near the top of the condenser. In the experiment the mist density was seen to be highest near the wall and at the bottom of the condensing section, whereas the numerical model predicted a much more uniform distribution. The model used to describe the formation of mist was based on a modified critical saturation model (MCSM), which allows mist to be generated once the vapor pressure exceeds a critical value. Equilibrium, nonequilibrium, and MCSM calculations were performed, showing the experimental results to lie somewhere in between the equilibrium and nonequilibrium predictions of the numerical model. A single adjustable constant (indicating the degree to which equilibrium is achieved) is used in the model in order to match the experimental results.
A Review of 25 Patients with Hereditary Angioedema Requiring Surgery

73% d'anesthesie generale. 5% de rachi-anesthesie, 22% de monitorage. 3 cas de complications. Une prevention a long terme par antifibrinolytiques et agents hormonaux est etablie en preoperatoire dans 90% des cas. Une prevention a court terme par plasma frais est instituee dans 73% des cas
Role of phytoplankton in mercury cycling in the San Francisco Bay estuary.

To study the role of phytoplankton in mercury cycling, we measured methylmercury (MeHg) and total mercury (HgT) in surface waters during the spring 2003 phytoplankton bloom in San Francisco Bay. Conditions that described the peak of the bloom, the amount of sorbent, and decay of the bloom were summarized by principal component analysis (PCA). Multivariate analyses conducted with the PCA factors demonstrated that the bloom accounted for a significant (p = 0.03) decrease in dissolved (<0.45 µm) MeHg. Dissolved MeHg was depleted to 0.026 pmol L−1 and was unaffected when chlorophyll a concentrations nearly tripled, indicating that bloom dilution could occur as a result of a limited amount of MeHg. The calculated algal MeHg concentration was 3-10 pmol g−1 (dry weight). As the bloom decayed, dissolved MeHg concentrations significantly (p = 0.04) increased, likely due to MeHg remineralization from decaying phytoplankton and/or production in sediments. By creating suboxic conditions in surface sediments and stimulating microbial activity, decomposing phytoplankton could bolster MeHg production, a potential side effect of large blooms. Unlike dissolved MeHg, dissolved HgT concentrations were not measurably altered by the bloom or decay factors. That difference corroborated previous culture studies in which phytoplankton actively accumulated MeHg, but not HgT. As the bloom decayed, HgT Kd values significantly (p = 0.012) increased, possibly because particles (i.e., phytoplankton) with low HgT concentrations were lost from the water column. Based on the relationship between HgT particulate concentrations and percent phytoplankton, the calculated algal HgT concentration was ~0.5 nmol g−1 (dry weight).
Geophysics: Making the Earth move

Controversy exists over the roles of water and melt in the ductile layer of the mantle beneath Earth's surface plates. New data support models in which small amounts of melting occur in the uppermost part of this region. See Letter p.81 Work to establish how the rigid tectonic plates move across the Earth's surface, on top of the softer mantle, focuses on events at the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary and how a low-viscosity layer might be generated there. Here David Sifre et al. present measurements of the electrical conductivity of CO2- and H2O-rich silicate melts, thought to be produced during the onset of mantle melting. They found that the electrical conductivity modestly increases with moderate amounts of H2O and CO2 but dramatically increases as CO2 content exceeds 6% by weight in the melt. They conclude that such melts could explain both the seismic low velocities and high electrical conductivities observed in the upper part of the Earth's oceanic asthenosphere.
Renal function and hemodynamics following partial portal decompression: a prospective analysis

Renal function and hemodynamics following partial portal decompression: a prospective analysis
A phenomenological model predicting the attrition and the reduction of attrition due to the addition of solid lubricants in slugging beds

Abstract A transparent cylindrical bed was employed for the investigation of the attrition of zeolite molecular sieves in a slugging fluid bed. A carefully planned factorial design was performed for the investigation of the attrition occurring in fluidized beds. The reduction of attrition of the molecular sieves by the addition of fine solid lubricants was also investigated. The hydrodynamic behavior in each run of the factorial design was monitored by measuring certain dependent variables, such as the slug height and the slug frequency. The results of the factorial design contributed to the development of a phenomenological model able to predict the attrition and the reduction of attrition in fluidized beds.
Polyploidy induced in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica , with cytochalasin B.

Abstract Polyploidy was induced in the American oyster by treating the zygote with cytochalasin B. In treatments begun at 50 min after fertilization and lasting 20 min, 13 of 22 oysters treated with 0.1 mg/l cytochalasin and 3 of 4 treated with 1.0 mg/l were polyploid. In treatments with 0.5 mg/l, cytochalasin given from 0 to 15 min after fertilization resulted in 10 polyploids out of 20 and, from 15 to 30 min, 34 polyploids out of 46 examined. Juvenile oysters had about the same percentage of polyploid individuals as embryos. Only triploids were seen at 8 months, whereas triploids and tetraploids were observed in embryos. Oysters developed from treated zygotes set normally and subsequent survival was indistinguishable from those of controls. At 8 months the control and treated oysters both averaged 13 mm in shell height. Survival at 24 h was about 33% that of controls for the 0.1 mg/l treatment and 15% for the 1.0 mg/l treatment. Survival was greater for oysters treated for 15 min beginning immediately after fertilization than if treatment began later at 15 or 40 min.
Open data kit: applications of mobile devices in the developing world

Since 2008, we have been applying smartphones and tablets to problems in the developing world in the domains of public health, environment monitoring, agriculture, and human rights monitoring (among others). The Open Data Kit (opendatakit.org) collection of modular tools for both client and server-side functions has been highly successful with tens of thousands of users in hundreds of organization on six continents. In this keynote, I will describe what we believe to be the principal features of this success, namely: (1) tackling real problems within a context of participatory design; (2) creating an open source community and ecosystem of companies around the tools; and (3) generalization of the modules so they can be easily adapted to different contexts. I will also argue that this line of problem-solving leads to explorations of different regions of the design space than would occur in the developed world due to the particular constraints that must be satisfied. Finally, I will conclude with some recommendations for the ubicomp community.
A location model based on multiple metrics and multiple facility assignment

Abstract Two of the most restrictive assumptions of classical network facility location models are that all customers are serviced by their closest facility and that the metric (distance, time or cost) between any two given points is always the same. A median location model based upon relaxations of both these assumptions is developed. This model retains many of the mathematical properties of the well known p -median problem. We show that an optimal solution exists at the nodes of the network, and formulate the problem as an integer linear program. Two very different potential applications are discussed. Solution procedures, optimal and heuristic, are described. The results from several different test data sets indicate that the solution of this new model does not require excessive computation times.
Performance of Selected Groups of Male College Students on the Reynolds' Balance Test

Abstract The Reynolds' Balance Test was administered to selected groups of varsity athletes, physical education majors, and liberal arts majors. Significant differences in mean balance scores were found between all groups. The performance of the groups was, in descending order: varsity athletes, physical education majors, and liberal arts majors. It was suggested that the Reynolds' Balance Test gives promise of being a valuable addition to physical education testing programs.
Characterizing the Structure of Lipodisq for Membrane Protein Spectroscopic Studies

Membrane protein spectroscopic studies are challenging due to the difficulty introduced in preparing homogenous and functional protein incorporated lipid system. Traditional membrane mimetics such as micelles or vesicles are proved to be powerful. Though, they all possess their own drawbacks. The lack of lipid bilayers of micelles could result in the increasing dynamics of membrane proteins and obtaining homogenous vesicles are not easy in the real applications. Recently, a nano-sized particle lipodisq was utilized to serve as a better membrane mimetic, it provides a lipid bilayer environment and homogenous samples. Furthermore, unlike nanodisc, lipodisq won't interfere the absorbance property of membrane proteins. Though lipodisq shows a high potential to become a good membrane mimetic to enhance the biophysical studies of membrane proteins, there is still lack of structural characterization of lipodisq in different lipid compositions that close to native lipid environment of membrane proteins. In this study, the formation of lipodisq nanoparticles using different weight ratio of 3:1 SMA polymer to POPC/POPG lipid was characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy. We achieved a physiologically relevant size (10nm) of lipodisq nanoparticles complex at weight ratio of 2.25:1 (3:1 SMA polymer : POPC/POPG lipid) and the transition phase from vesicle to lipodisq was characterized. These data were also compared with the corresponding data obtained for bicelles and micelles. This study will provide a proper path for the researcher working on membrane protein system to obtain pertinent structure and dynamic information on physiologically relevant membrane mimetic environment.
Konstruktion als Bildung: Refashioning the Human in German Constructivism

This essay juxtaposes the understanding of Konstruktion developed within German Constructivism to the humanist notion of Bildung that framed debates on the Bildungsroman and the novel at the beginning of the twentieth century. Far from refuting the project of Bildung, Konstruktion actualizes some of its central tenets while grappling with the questions of temporality and futurity that bedeviled the idea of Bildung. After tracing the ways in which Bildung and Konstruktion played out discursively in the early twentieth century, I examine how the two tropes are productively unfolded in One-Way Street (1928), Walter Benjamin's endeavor at grounding and enacting an activist model of literature. At issue is the possibility of grasping literature as a realm for the performative construction of the human outside the historical teleology that rendered Bildung unacceptable.
Interactions between single-stranded DNA binding protein and oligonucleotide analogs with different backbone chemistries.

Chemical modification of backbone structures has been an important strategy in designing oligonucleotides capable of improved antisense effects. However, altered backbone chemistry may also affect the binding of oligonucleotides to key cellular proteins, and thus may impact on the overall biological action of antisense agents. In this study we have examined the binding of oligonucleotides having four different backbone chemistries to single-strand binding protein (SSB), a protein having a key role in DNA repair and replication. The oligomers tested had the same sequence, while the internucleoside linkages were phosphodiester (PO), phosphorothioate (PS), phosphorodithioate (PS2), or methylphosphonate (MP). We found that both PS and PS2 oligomers bound to SSB with higher affinity than PO oligonucleotides, while MP oligonucleotides did not bind appreciably at the concentrations tested. Oligonucleotide length was also an important factor in binding to SSB, but sequence was less critical. These observations indicate that backbone chemistry is an important factor in interactions between oligonucleotides and critical cellular proteins, and thus may be a key determinant of the biological effects of antisense oligonucleotides. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of imidacloprid on transmission of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus to pepper, tomato and tobacco by Frankliniella fusca Hinds (Thysanoptera : Thripidae)

Abstract Rates of transmission of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) by tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Hinds, to imidacloprid-treated and untreated tomato, pepper and tobacco were measured in greenhouse and small-plot field trials. The incidence of TSWV was reduced in greenhouse assays with all 3 crops receiving a soil application of imidacloprid at a rate of 9.9 g [AI]/1000 plants. Levels of TSWV were also reduced in small-plot field trials of tomato and pepper plants receiving transplant applications of imidacloprid at the same rate. No F. fusca were recovered from imidacloprid-treated tobacco (9.9 g [AI]/1000 plants) 24 days following an initial infestation. In the greenhouse, F. fusca populations reached higher levels on healthy than TSWV-infected tobacco. Applications of soil-applied imidacloprid reduced the number and duration of probing/feeding bouts by F. fusca on pepper and mustard (Brassica rapa L.). Reduced probing and feeding by viruliferous thrips on imidacloprid-treated plants may contribute to less TSWV incidence as observed in the field and greenhouse experiments.
Alzheimer's Presenilin Regulation of InsP3R Ca2+ Release Channel Gating

Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is caused by mutations in amyloid precursor protein and presenilins (PS1, PS2). Many FAD-linked PS mutations affect intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis by proximal mechanisms independent of amyloid production, although the molecular details are controversial. Here, we demonstrate that several FAD-causing PS dramatically enhance gating of the inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) intracellular Ca2+ release channel measured in native endoplasmic reticulum membranes by nuclear patch clamp electrophysiology. In contrast, wild type or mutant PS that cause frontotemporal dementia have no such effect. FAD PS alter InsP3R channel gating by modal switching to a high open probability burst mode. Single channel recordings of endogenous InsP3R in FAD patient B cells as well as cortical neurons of asymptomatic PS1-AD mice revealed they have higher occupancy in the burst mode than controls, resulting in enhanced intracellular Ca2+ signals. These results indicate that exaggerated Ca2+ signaling through InsP3R-PS interaction is a disease specific and robust proximal mechanism in AD.
Modeling of anisotropic behavior of weakly bonded fiber reinforced MMC's

Abstract The anisotropic mechanical behavior of a continuous fiber reinforced Ti alloy matrix composite which possesses a weak fiber matrix interface is modeled numerically. Effects of interface properties and residual stresses incurred during the fabrication are addressed in detail. The computational modeling is guided by comparison with experimental data. The study provides an understanding which will be used to model the multiaxial behavior of weakly bonded composites and to provide a tool for predicting the failure of composite structures.
On the Euler characteristic of finite unions of convex sets

The Euler characteristic plays an important role in many subjects of discrete and continuous mathematics. For noncompact spaces, its homological definition, being a homotopy invariant, seems not as important as its role for compact spaces. However, its combinatorial definition, as a finitely additive measure, proves to be more applicable in the study of singular spaces such as semialgebraic sets, finitely subanalytic sets, etc. We introduce an interesting integral by means of which the combinatorial Euler characteristic can be defined without the necessity of decomposition and extension as in the traditional treatment for polyhedra and finite unions of compact convex sets. Since finite unions of closed convex sets cannot be obtained by cutting convex sets as in the polyhedral case, a separate treatment of the Euler characteristic for functions generated by indicator functions of closed convex sets and relatively open convex sets is necessary, and this forms the content of this paper.
Viewing Hospice Decision Making as a Process

Research focused on understanding that the nature of hospice decision making has both described the characteristics of those who do and do not utilize hospice and identified many factors related to choosing hospice. However, this literature has not explored the underlying decision-making processes, limiting our understanding. We examine the extant literature and propose a framework that views hospice decisions as an evolving process, identify key factors that bear directly on this process, and discuss the contextual environment, including the idea of a decision maker triad. We end with a discussion of how this framework can be used to support clinical practice and future research. Our goal is to provide a framework from which to understand the end-of-life needs of all patients, no matter where they receive care.
First-year medical student objective structured clinical exam performance and specialty choice

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if firstyear physical exam and interview Objective Structured Clinical Examination scores differ for medical students entering person or technique-oriented specialties. Methods: Objective Structured Clinical Examination physical exam and interview scores from 2004 to 2007 for first-year medical students (n=280) at one United States medical school were compared using t-tests based on specialty choice from this cohort of students. Results: T-test results (p<0.05) showed a significant difference in the mean physical exam (mean=92.85, sd=3.94) versus interview (mean=90.77, sd=6.76) scores for students entering person-oriented specialties (n=157, p<0.001). There was also a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean physical exam (mean=93.46, sd=3.92) versus interview (mean=91.40, sd=5.75) scores for students entering technique-oriented specialties (n=123, p<0.001). Results indicate that physical exam scores are significantly higher than interview scores for students regardless of whether they enter person or technique-oriented specialties, except for psychiatry where interview scores were significantly higher than physical exam scores. Conclusion: Subsequent studies are needed to better understand the relationship of Objective Structured Clinical Examination performance and specialty choice by medical
Space, the final frontier: A critical review of recent experiments performed in microgravity

Space biology provides an opportunity to study plant physiology and development in a unique microgravity environment. Recent space studies with plants have provided interesting insights into plant biology, including discovering that plants can grow seed-to-seed in microgravity, as well as identifying novel responses to light. However, spaceflight experiments are not without their challenges, including limited space, limited access, and stressors such as lack of convection and cosmic radiation. Therefore, it is important to design experiments in a way to maximize the scientific return from research conducted on orbiting platforms such as the International Space Station. Here, we provide a critical review of recent spaceflight experiments and suggest ways in which future experiments can be designed to improve the value and applicability of the results generated. These potential improvements include: utilizing in-flight controls to delineate microgravity versus other spaceflight effects, increasing scientific return via next-generation sequencing technologies, and utilizing multiple genotypes to ensure results are not unique to one genetic background. Space experiments have given us new insights into plant biology. However, to move forward, special care should be given to maximize science return in understanding both microgravity itself as well as the combinatorial effects of living in space.
Impact Assessment, Not Evaluation: Defining a Limited Role for Positivism in the Study of Transitional Justice

Discussions of impact assessment and evaluation are the newest installment in the brief history of the field of transitional justice. Noticeably, a positivist logic of inference is being favored in these discussions. This article argues that a distinction should be made between impact assessment and evaluation, and that the role of positivist approaches is best conceived of as contributing to the former. Evaluation, on the other hand, should be undertaken by those analysts willing to embrace and promote normative ideals, to which they compare practices on the ground. This type of ‘comparison to the ideal’ is the province of interpretive-critical logics of inference. After carving out a modest role for positivism, the article presents a quantitative analysis of transitional justice impact to show how such a logic is good for grounding observers’ expectations for different types of transitional cases. The analysis demonstrates that transitional justice mechanisms do not have a uniquely destabilizing effect across such cases. The article concludes with a syncretist view - that interpretive, ideal-based evaluations should proceed alongside positivist impact assessments.
The Varying Political Toll of Concerns About Corruption in Good Versus Bad Economic Times

Under what conditions do citizens connect concerns about corruption to their evaluations of sitting executives? In contrast to conventional scholarship positing a direct, negative relationship between corruption and political support, we build on a small but suggestive body of research to argue that this relationship is conditional on economic context. We test this claim with national survey data collected in 19 presidential systems as part of the AmericasBarometer 2010 study. Using both fixed effects ordinary least squares and hierarchical linear regression analyses, we show that individuals facing bad (good) collective economic conditions apply a higher (lower) penalty to presidential approval for perceived political corruption. This result holds across both an individual-level indicator of national economic assessment and a regional economic measure; we further test, and find less substantial results for, the moderating influence of personal economic conditions on the political toll of corruption perce...
Lifetime assessment of poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth.

Uses a lifetime assessment of victimization experiences to identify children and adolescents with high cumulative levels of victimization (poly-victims). Also compares such children to other victims and non-victims, and assesses the contribution of cumulative victimization to levels of psychological distress. A national sample of 1,467 children aged 2-17 were assessed via telephone interviews about 33 types of victimization experiences in the previous year and at any time in their lives.
Coronary artery calcification and changes in atheroma burden in response to established medical therapies.

Coronary Artery Calcification and Changes in Atheroma Burden in Response to Established Medical TherapiesStephen J. Nicholls, E. Murat Tuzcu, Kathy Wolski, Ilke Sipahi, Paul Schoenhagen, Timothy Cr...
Pharmacological Evaluation of Seizures Induced by Electrical Stimulation of the Hippocampus

A method to induce minimal seizures in unrestrained rats via bipolar electrodes implanted in the right dorsal hippocampus has been described. The threshold for such seizures is reproducible, stable over time, and elevated by trimethadione and high doses of diphenylhydantoin. Propranolol and pronethalol also raise seizure threshold, but MJ1999 and D(–)- and L(+)-INPEA are ineffective. The adrenergic agents do not seem to alter seizure threshold by their ability to block β-receptors.
The Capital Asset Pricing Model

Afundamental question in finance is how the risk of an investment should affect its expected return. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) provided the first coherent framework for answering this question. The CAPM was developed in the early 1960s by William Sharpe (1964), Jack Treynor (1962), John Lintner (1965a, b) and Jan Mossin (1966). The CAPM is based on the idea that not all risks should affect asset prices. In particular, a risk that can be diversified away when held along with other investments in a portfolio is, in a very real way, not a risk at all. The CAPM gives us insights about what kind of risk is related to return. This paper lays out the key ideas of the Capital Asset Pricing Model, places its development in a historical context, and discusses its applications and enduring importance to the field of finance.
Resolution of components from rat liver homogenate in reorienting density gradients.

Abstract The subcellular components of rat liver homogenate were separated into seven distinct components when discontinuous gradients were used. The studies reported here demonstrate the similarity of the separation when compared with the work of previous investigators (4). From rest to slow acceleration or deceleration to 3,000 rpm, there is very little sedimentation of the macromolecules in the sample. The additional time required to accelerate the reograd rotor when compared to the dynamically loaded rotor does not pose a problem. The hub of the core in the reograd rotor is much larger than in the dynamically loaded rotor; hence the sample is placed in a higher centrifugal field during the initial acceleration. This reduces the dilution or smearing of the sample during the slow acceleration process. Additional sedimentation of the macromolecules due to the lengthy acceleration and deceleration times can be calculated effectively based on the rotor speed versus the time. A specially designed reorienting gradient core for the zonal rotor was used to permit static loading and unloading. This technique is quite stable for isolating components from plant and animal tissue homogenates. Furthermore, the reograd technique can also be applied to the isopycnic or rate zone separations of selected ribosomes, starch, and especially DNA strands since the sample material is not subjected to the shearing forces of a rotating seal assembly (1).
GENERIC CONCEPTS IN THE BATOCRINIDAE WACHSMUTH AND SPRINGER, 1881 (CLASS CRINOIDEA)

The Batocrinidae was a component of the North America Early Mississippian crinoid fauna and a significant contributor to the global biodiversity spike referred to as the “Age of Crinoids.” All batocrinids are North American, and all but one species are confined to the Tournaisian and Visean. In this contribution, genera are objectively defined on discrete characters, and the generic assignment of all valid species is re-evaluated. A phylogenetic hypothesis is presented for relationships within the Batocrinidae based on parsimony-based analyses and known stratigraphic ranges.Fifteen basic batocrinid architectural designs are recognized as genera, and four new genera are described: Glannearycrinus n. gen., Gongylocrinus n. gen, Magnuscrinus n. gen., and Simatocrinus n. gen. Batocrinus was a catch-all genus for any Mississippian camerate with tetragonal first primibrachials and an anal tube; thus, many late 19th century species are in need of a modern generic assignment. In this contribution, 61 percent of the 166 currently valid batocrinid species are reassigned to different genera. In addition, Sunwaptacrinus is transferred to the Batocrinidae, six species are transferred out of the Batocrinidae, and five species are designated as nomina dubia.
ACCELERATED DURABILITY TESTING AND DATA ANALYSIS FOR PRODUCTS WITH MULTIPLE FAILURE MECHANISMS

Durability and reliability performance is one of the most important concerns of ground vehicle systems, which usually experience cyclic fatigue loadings and eventually fail over time. Creep and oxidation caused damages at elevated temperature conditions further shorten the life of a system and make the life assessment even more complex. One of the key challenges posed to design engineers is to find a way to accelerate the durability tests for products with multiple failure modes and to validate designs within development cycle to satisfy customer's and market's requirements. The accelerated testing procedures for products with single failure modes have been studied for several decades and essentially well established even though some fundamental issues are still unsolved. By contrast, much is needed to do for the accelerated testing procedure of products with multiple failure modes and their interactions. In this paper, a new accelerated testing and data analysis procedure suitable for products with linear homoscedastic data pattern is proposed. Examples related to durability life of high temperature components with single failure modes such as fatigue, creep, and oxidation are provided to demonstrate the procedure developed. Durability life assessment of components with multiple failure modes is also investigated and demonstrated with creep-fatigue and fatigue-oxidation damage analyses.
Topological dynamics on moduli spaces II

Let M be an orientable genus g > 0 surface with boundary ∂M. Let Γ be the mapping class group of M fixing ∂M. The group Γ acts on M c = Homc(π 1 (M),SU(2))/SU(2), the space of SU(2)-gauge equivalence classes of flat SU(2)-connections on M with fixed holonomy on ∂M. We study the topological dynamics of the Γ-action and give conditions for the individual Γ-orbits to be dense in M c .
"Carcinoid-like" tricuspid valvulopathy associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.

We present a case of a patient with end-stage renal disease and nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) whose echocardiogram demonstrated rare tricuspid valve abnormality with malcoaptation due to tethering and restricted motion of the leaflets causing severe tricuspid regurgitation. The cardiac abnormalities developed 3 years after her initial diagnosis of NFD was made by skin biopsy. The echocardiographic appearance of the tricuspid valve resembled that seen in patients with carcinoid heart disease; however, an evaluation for carcinoid tumor in our patient was negative. Myocardial biopsy performed at the time of right heart catheterization demonstrated trace gadolinium within the lysosomes of one cardiac fibroblast. This report is the first to describe the association between nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and severe valvular heart disease requiring valve replacement. (Echocardiography 2011;28:E46-E49)
Soleus H-Reflex Gain in Elderly and Young Adults: Modulation Due To Body Position

Background The control of posture and balance in the elderly is a primary health concern. Postural instability directly leads to a greater incidence of falling in the elderly population. One important neuromuscular mechanism instrumental in the control of posture and balance is the reflex system. The purpose of this study was to examine the gain of the soleus H-reflex in young and elderly adults in two different body positions: standing and prone. Methods Eighteen neurologically healthy volunteers were categorized by age in two groups: young (n = 9, mean age = 23.3 yr) and elderly (n = 9, mean age = 71.7 yr). In each position, the resting H-max/M-max ratio was determined. The gain of the reflex was also assessed by instructing the subject to perform voluntary contractions of 10, 20 and 30% of their maximum voluntary contraction, using real-time EMG biofeedback. Data were sampled on-line using custom designed software (sample rate = 2 kHz). Dependent variables included the average background EMG of the soleus muscle (40 ms window prior to stimulation) and the peak-to-peak amplitude of the elicited soleus H-reflex. To examine the gain of the reflex, the peak-to-peak amplitude of the H-reflex was plotted against the background EMG activity for each contraction intensity. Results Results indicated the following: young subjects significantly depressed the H-max/M-max ratio when standing (69.3% prone, 55.1% standing), whereas elderly subjects increased the ratio (36.1% prone, 54.5% standing). Also, the young subjects modulated the gain of the reflex from prone to standing (3.30 prone, 3.68 standing), and the elderly subjects demonstrated no gain modulation in the different body positions (2.23 prone, 1.91 standing). In both body positions the young subjects demonstrated significantly higher gain that the elderly subjects. Conclusions The results demonstrate different control strategies for young and elderly subjects between prone and standing body positions.
Effect of epinephrine on muscle glycogenolysis and insulin-stimulated muscle glycogen synthesis in humans.

To examine the effects of a physiological increase in plasma epinephrine concentration (∼800 pg/ml) on muscle glycogenolysis and insulin-stimulated glycogenesis, we infused epinephrine [1.2 μg ⋅ (m...
Complementary relationships for near-instantaneous evaporation

Abstract The complementary relationship between actual and potential evaporation provides evaporation (i.e. evapotranspiration) estimates from minimal data. Some versions that require a land surface temperature instead of a humidity measurement could potentially be used with routine remotely sensed surface temperature data. A comparison of alternative complementary approaches, including those that require land surface temperatures, was made at small (10–30 min) time scales with point measurements spatially, using data from the FIFE, CASES, SGP, and Sahel field experiments. The advection-aridity version and a related version based on the Penman and the Priestley–Taylor equations performed the best overall. One of the four versions that incorporated land surface temperature performed fairly well. The complementary approach appears to remain viable, especially in remote sensing applications with sparse data.
NMR Composition Analysis of Copolymers

Abstract High resolution NMR spectroscopy has been shown to be a most useful tool for elucidation of compositions and structures of polymers. It is a rapid, accurate method of analysis and requires no external calibration. This technique of composition analysis can be applied to any copolymer, terpolymer, or homopolymer with various structural isomers, provided a suitable number of resonance peaks can be unambiguously assigned to at least one proton of each of the structures present. Accuracy depends upon the relative isolation of these selected peaks. The method was applied to butadiene styrene and butadiene isoprene copolymers. Equations developed previously for both systems were extended and modified to give better accuracy. In the former copolymer the NMR analysis for block styrene agreed very well with the chemical oxidative degradation method over the range 0-20 per cent. It is believed that sequence lengths smaller than five styrene units can be observed as block styrene by NMR. It was also shown t...
A de novo 2.78-Mb duplication on chromosome 21q22.11 implicates candidate genes in the partial trisomy 21 phenotype

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID) and in the majority of cases is the result of complete trisomy 21. The hypothesis that the characteristic DS clinical features are due to a single DS critical region (DSCR) at distal chromosome 21q has been refuted by recently reported segmental trisomy 21 cases characterised by microarray-based comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH). These rare cases have implicated multiple regions on chromosome 21 in the aetiology of distinct features of DS; however, the map of chromosome 21 copy-number aberrations and their associated phenotypes remains incompletely defined. We report a child with ID who was deemed very high risk for DS on antenatal screening (1 in 13) and has partial, but distinct, dysmorphologic features of DS without congenital heart disease (CHD). Oligonucleotide aCGH testing of the proband detected a previously unreported de novo 2.78-Mb duplication on chromosome 21q22.11 that includes 16 genes; however, this aberration does not harbour any of the historical DSCR genes (APP, DSCR1, DYRK1A and DSCAM). This informative case implicates previously under-recognised candidate genes (SOD1, SYNJ1 and ITSN1) in the pathogenesis of specific DS clinical features and supports a critical region for CHD located more distal on chromosome 21q. In addition, this unique case illustrates how the increasing resolution of microarray and high-throughput sequencing technologies can continue to reveal new biology and enhance understanding of widely studied genetic diseases that were originally described over 50 years ago.
Generation and Recombination Kinetics of Optical Excitations in Poly(3-dodecylthienylenevinylene) with Controlled Regioregularity

Regioregularity in π-conjugated polymers is known to have desirable effects on chain organization in the solid state leading to improved characteristics for electronic device applications. In this report, we studied the photophysics of a new series of π-conjugated polymers, namely, poly(3-dodecylthienylenevinylene), with controlled regioregularity (PTV-CR), using the steady state photoinduced absorption (PIA), doping-induced absorption (DIA), thermally modulated absorption (TMA), and photoluminescence (PL) techniques in a broad spectral range, as well as Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). PTV-CR has a low band gap of 1.65–1.70 eV from the most random PTV-5:5 to regular PTV-0:10. We have found that regioregularity affects optical properties of PTV-CR in different ways than in the case of well-studied poly(3-alkylthiophene). We discovered that even the most random PTV-5:5 shows submicrometer crystalline order, and there is no correlation between regioregularity and crystallinality. We found that P...
Neotropical Ascomycetes 3. Reinstatement of the Genus Xenolophium and Two New Species from French Guiana

The genus Xenolophium is recognized for X. pachythele and X. applanatum, both new combinations, and their affinities to Ostropella albocincta are discussed. Two new species X. samuelsii and X. guianense are described from French Guiana. A key to the species of Xenolophium is given. Investigations of Neotropical fungi at the her? barium at New York uncovered two ascomycetes from French Guiana having large, superficial as? comata with an apical crest, slit-like ostiole and distinctive ascus morphology. Ascomatal characteristics suggested a relationship with Ostropella albocincta (Berk. & Curt.) von Hohnel and Schizostomapachythele(Berk. & Br.) Sacc, both known from tropical areas. This paper reexamines the relationships of O. albocincta, S. pachy? thele and the genus Xenolophium Sydow, with descriptions, illustrations and a key to species. Ostropella albocincta, S. pachythele, and Xenolophium are linked by similarities in ascom? atal, ascus and ascospore characteristics. Barr (1990) provides the history of Ostropella (Sacc.) von Hohnel and its relationship to these other taxa and to the genus Ostreionella Seaver. Holm and Yue (1988) present the most recent work on Schizostoma Ces. & de Not. ex Sacc. in which they tried to clarify some misconceptions that have surrounded the genus since its establishment by Saccardo in 1878 and to resolve the placement of some species. Sydow (in Stevens, 1925) established Xenolophium for two species from Hawaii, X. leve Sydow and X. verrucosum Sydow, but the genus has been in synonymy until now.
Mechanics of large and small cerebral arteries in chronic hypertension.

The goal of this study was to investigate factors that contribute to reductions in internal diameter of large and small cerebral arteries during chronic hypertension. We measured diameter of second...
Understanding compost bedded pack barns: Interactions among environmental factors, bedding characteristics, and udder health

Abstract The objective of this study was to describe relationships among compost bedded pack barn (CBP) measurements (moisture, internal temperature, nutrient content, and bedding bacterial counts), ambient weather conditions, and udder health. Data was collected every 2-weeks (n=25 visits) from 8 Kentucky dairy farms with CBP from May 2013 to May 2014. A single observer scored 50 cows per farm for hygiene and collected compost internal temperature, moisture, and compost samples from 9 evenly distributed areas in each barn. Weighted average somatic cell count ( SCC ), high SCC prevalence ( HSP ), and reported clinical mastitis incidence ( RCMI ) were collected from herd records and milking personnel. Compost internal temperature increased with increasing maximum barn temperature ( BT ). Compost moisture content decreased with increasing BT. Herd hygiene score decreased with increasing BT and increased with increasing compost moisture content. Herd SCC and HSP both increased with increasing BT but were unaffected by compost measurements. As compost internal temperature increased, staphylococci, streptococci, and bacilli species growth in the pack area decreased and coliform species growth increased. Low CBP moisture and high CBP temperature reduced bacteria levels. Cow hygiene and udder health indicators had a stronger relationship with BT than with CBP internal temperature and moisture.