cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The equilibrium of three liquid phases upon approach to the tricritical point in water-acetonitrile-benzene-n-hexane mixtures

Abstract The region of three-liquid-phase coexistence has been determined in the system water-acetonitrile-benzene-n-hexane at 80, 85, 88, 89, 89.3 and 89.4°C. A method of direct analysis of the coexisting phases by gas chromatography was used. The tricritical point, inferred from these data by graphical and analytical methods is at a temperature of 89.65°C and has the composition (in mass fractions) Wwater = 0.156, Wacetronitrile = 0.540, Wbenzene = 0.165, Whexane = 0.139. Estimates of the tricritical exponents, β1, β2 and β3 (which characterize the vanishing of the three characteristic dimensions of the three-phase region upon approach to the tricritical point) gave β1 = 0.49, β2 = 0.95, β3 = 1.50 compared to the β 1 = 1 2 , β2 = 1, β 3 = 3 2 predicted by the classical theory of Griffiths. There was no serious disagreement between estimates of the tricritical exponents derived from alternative measures of the characteristic dimensions of the three-phase region. The data were also fit to a numerical thermodynamic model derived from the Griffiths theory. The model predicts that the tricritical temperature is 89.7°C, slightly higher than the value obtained from graphical methods, and the mass fractions at the tricritical point are Wwater = 0.1531, Wacetonitrile = 0.5443, Wbenzene = 0.1656 and Whexane = 0.1370, which are within the uncertainties ascribed to the graphically determined values.
Seasonal Fluctuations in the Abundance of the Monkey Pod Moth, Polydesrna umbricola, in Hawanii

The monkey pod moth, Polydesma umbricola Boisduval, is a serious pest of the monkey pod tree, Samanea Saman (jacq.) Merrill, in Hawaii. Its larvae feed on the fresh foliage of the trees, causing defoliation and death of the terminal branches. During 1963-64 its seasonal abundance was investigated by making monthly counts of the larvae trapped in specially made burlap bands Wrapped around the tree trunks. The pest was abundant in March and September 1963, and again in May and June 1964. These population peaks occurred when there was an abundance of fresh foliage on the trees. From May to July 1963, its numbers fluctuated at a much lower level in spite of the abundance of fresh foliage. This differential was undoubtedly due to the activities of its numerous parasites and predators. The black witch moth, Otosema odora (L.), shares the same habitat with P. umbricola , but because of low numbers it does not seem to influence the abundance of the latter.
Compact Stokes shift and fluorescence spectroscopic diagnostics LED ratiometer unit with no moving parts for cancer detection

A compact Stokes shift and fluorescence spectroscopy (S3) LED device with no moving parts is presented. This device can be used diagnostically for the identification of the native biomolecules within cancerous tissue samples. This S3-LED ratiometer unit measures both the emission and absorption spectra of key native organic biomolecules within a tissue sample by using multiple wavelength LEDs (light emitting diodes) coupled to an optical fiber. Thus, an optical fingerprint of the sample can be obtained. This technique could be used to distinguish benign and malignant tissues, and to check for residual or recurrent carcinoma after treatment, thus reducing the necessity of second biopsies. The S3-LED ratiometer unit was tested in vitro on human breast malignant and normal paired tissue samples.
Women Clients in Special Women's Demonstration Drug Abuse Treatment Programs Compared with Women Entering Selected Co-Sex Programs

A study comparing characteristics of women in special women's demonstration drug abuse treatment programs with those in selected co-sex programs. Black and White women in women's programs differ from those entering more traditional programs in their referral sources, types and degree of social and financial support, use of community resources, living arrangements, and patterns of criminal involvement and drug use. The need for women's programs, and treatment, policy, and research implications are discussed.
On the Dirac structure of confinement

The Dirac structure of confinement is shown to be of a timelike-vector nature in the heavy quark limit of QCD. This stands in contradiction with the phenomenological success of the Dirac scalar confining potential. A resolution is achieved through the demonstration that an effective scalar interaction is dynamically generated by nonperturbative mixing between ordinary and hybrid Q{bar Q} states. The resolution depends crucially on the collective nature of the gluonic degrees of freedom. This implies that dynamical gluonic effects are vital when attempting to incorporate fine structure in models of the Q{bar Q} interaction. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Regulation of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels by WNK4 kinase

Large-conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channels, commonly referred to as BK channels, have a major role in flow-induced K+ secretion in the distal nephron. With-no-lysine kinase 4 (WNK4) is a serine-...
Self-monitoring in the treatment of obesity: Parameters of reactivity.

Seventy overweight subjects were assigned to five groups to assess the reactive nature of self-monitoring procedures. The groups were: (1) no treatment control; (2) self-recording daily weight; (3) self-recording daily weight and daily caloric intake; (4) behavior management and stimulus control instruction; and (5) behavior management, stimulus control, and self-recording of daily weight and daily caloric intake, with the initial treatment phase lasting 4 wk. Results indicated no significant difference between self-recording of daily weight and no-treatment control. Self-recording of daily weight and daily caloric intake, without therapist contact, was as effective as the behavior management and the behavior management and self-recording groups, both of which had weekly therapist contacts. Follow-up evaluations at 4 and 13 wk, respectively, indicated that the behavior management and behavior management and self-recording groups were not significantly different, although both showed a substantial weight loss that was maintained over the follow-up period. Implications for obesity, self-monitoring, and self-control research are discussed.
General internist communication about sexual function with cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND Sexual dysfunction is an important issue that affects many cancer survivors who are increasingly being cared for by internists.
Hydantoin derivative formation from oxidation of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and incorporation of 14C-labeled 8-oxodG into the DNA of human breast cancer cells

Abstract One-electron oxidation of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) yielded a guanidinohydantoin derivative (dGh) and a spiroiminodihydantoin derivative (dSp), both putatively mutagenic products that may be formed in vivo. The nucleoside dGh was the major product at room temperature, regardless of pH. The results are contrary to previously published model studies using 2′,3′,5′-triacetoxy-8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (Luo, W.; Miller, J. G.; Rachlin, E. M.; Burrows, C. J. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 613; Luo, W.; Miller, J.G.; Rachlin, E.M.; Burrows, C.J. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2001, 14, 927), who observed a spiroiminodihydantoin derivative as the major product at neutral pH. Clearly, the functional groups attached to the ribose moiety of 8-oxodG influence the oxidation chemistry of the nucleobase derivative. To explore this chemistry in vivo, 14C-labeled 8-oxodG was synthesized and incubated with growing MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, resulting in the incorporation of the compound into cellular DNA as measured by a novel accelerator mass spectrometry assay.
Mao Zedong – By Maurice Meisner

The author has written a relatively short, readable, and balanced biography of Mao Zedong, the leader of the Chinese Communist Party who transformed China in the latter half of the twentieth centur...
Maxillary sinusitis and bronchial asthma: correlation of roentgenograms, cultures, and thermograms.

Abstract Roentgenographic evidence of sinusitis is found more frequently in patients with bronchial asthma than in normals. Evidence for overt bacterial infection of the maxillary sinuses was sought in a sequential series of adult asthmatic patients. Twenty-one patients with maxillary sinus abnormality noted on roentgenograms were studied by facial thermography and culture of sinus contents. Cultures were obtained from 25 maxillary sinuses by a double-lumen technique that minimized nasal contamination. Twenty sinus cultures, including those from 9 patients in asthmatic relapse at the time of study, yielded no bacteria. Five sinus cultures, including those from 3 patients in asthmatic relapse, yielded aerobic bacteria. Two of the latter were organisms that are commonly thought of as pathogens and were obtained from the only two patients with more than three upper respiratory symptoms. Nasal cultures taken prior to puncture grew aerobic bacteria or fungi from 23 of 25 specimens. There was no correlation between the results of nasal cultures and the results of sinus cultures. Results of facial thermograms did not correlate with culture results. Overt bacterial infection apparently does not account for the abnormality of paranasal sinus roentgenograms found in the majority of adult patients with bronchial asthma.
Effects of dichlorophenamide, zinc, and manganese on otolith development in mice.

Abstract Evidence is presented suggesting that carbonic anhydrase and zinc affect the deposition of otoconia, or calcium carbonate crystals, during otolith development in mice. A single injection of dichlorophenamide (an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase) into pregnant Swiss/COX albino females at a specific day of gestation (13–18) produced otolith defects in the progeny as observed shortly after birth. Similar defects were found in progeny of pregnant females fed zinc-deficient diets beginning at various days of gestation (0, 10–16). Despite the highly significant effects of the drug and of the zinc-deficient diet, untreated controls exhibited a low incidence (approximately 15%) of otolith defects. Various purified diets were employed to measure the effects of varying ratios of manganese and zinc on otoliths. Diets fortified with manganese plus zinc completely eliminated otolith defects. All other diets employed, significantly reduced the incidence of defects. It is postulated that: (1) the most active rate of crystal formation occurs during days 15 and 16 of gestation; (2) an observed asymmetry may reflect differences in the rate of development of ear primordia, or in levels of carbonic anhydrase activity; (3) the otoconia may undergo a rapid metabolic turnover, or they may be affected by subtle changes in pH of the endolymph; and (4) manganese and zinc are essential for normal otolith development.
Familial Mondini dysplasia.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To determine the mode of inheritance of familial nonsyndromic Mondini dysplasia. Study Design: Correlative clinical genetic analysis of a single kindred. Methods: Clinical history, physical examination, audiologic analysis, computed tomography of the temporal bones, and cytogenetic analysis. Results: The male proband, three affected sisters, and an affected brother are offspring of unaffected parents. The mother and an unaffected brother have audiologic findings suggestive of heterozygous carrier status for a recessive hearing loss gene. Conclusions: Pedigree analysis indicates autosomal recessive inheritance in this family. The observed inheritance and clinical, audiologic, and radiologic findings are different from those previously described for another family with nonsyndromic Mondini dysplasia.1 The phenotype in this study family therefore represents a distinct subtype, indicating clinical and genetic heterogeneity of this disorder. This information should facilitate future molecular linkage analyses and genetic counselling of patients with inner ear malformations. Key Words: Mondini, sensorineural, hearing loss, familial, inner ear.
A hydrodynamic curiosity: The salt oscillator

Abstract If a vertically oriented hypodermic syringe with the plunger removed is filled with salt water and partially submerged in a beaker of fresh water, then under the proper conditions, the system develops finite amplitude oscillations. These oscillations appear as a downward jet of salt water, followed by an upward jet of fresh water, and so on for many cycles. The geometry of the syringe determines the period of the oscillations: a long, small diameter needle yields a slow, viscous flow; a short, large diameter needle yields fast inviscid pumping. Theoretically, a time‐dependent Hagen‐Poiseuille pipe flow model describes the oscillations; furthermore, the oscillations can be divided into two modes, depending on whether viscous or non‐linear damping predominates. When viscous damping predominates, the geometry of the syringe determines the period of the oscillations, which are independent of the density difference ?ρ except as the viscosity varies with density. When non‐linear damping predominates, t...
Direct and indirect responses of parasitoids to plants: sex ratio, plant quality and herbivore diet breadth

Parasitoid behavior may be influenced directly by the plants on which their hosts feed (Vet & Dicke, 1992), but it is usually assumed that aspects of parasitoid demography (e.g., growth, survival and sex ratio) only respond indirectly to plants, via changes in properties of their hosts (Godfray, 1994). A large body of literature shows that sex ratios of parasitoids respond directly to such host properties as body size or population density, and to environmental factors such as temperature (King, 1993; Godfray, 1994). In this paper, we demonstrate that demographic responses, particularly sex ratios of parasitoids, are properties that may be affected directly by their hosts’ foodplants. We assessed the direct effects of plant properties on sex allocation in two different herbivore-parasitoid systems, and explored indirect effects of plants on wasp fecundity and survival.
The effect of diffraction gratings on absorption in P3HT: PCBM layers

An integrating sphere is used to measure the absorptance of P3HT:PCBM layers with 700 nm period gratings on the reverse side of the substrate. Gratings that do not exploit TIR adversely affect the absorptance.
Use of topical corticosteroids and topical calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in thin and sensitive skin areas

ABSTRACTBackground: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic skin disorder characterized by itch and dry skin, which can develop into pruritic red plaques that ooze when scratched. AD flares often occur in anatomic areas where the skin is naturally thin (the face, neck, and intertriginous zones). Such regions, especially the face, are also areas of sensitive skin and need special consideration when being treated.Objective: This article will briefly review the concepts of thin and sensitive skin and discuss the treatment of AD in such areas.Methods: The MEDLINE database was searched for English-language articles published that contained the text terms atopic dermatitis, sensitive skin, treatment, topical corticosteroids, or topical calcineurin inhibitors. Articles that pertained to the safety and efficacy of various treatments were selected for further review.Results: Topical corticosteroids (TCSs) are effective for the treatment of AD in thin and sensitive skin areas, but their use is limited due to ad...
Geometries and energies of small aluminium clusters in fcc symmetry

Small aluminium clusters as fragments of fcc lattice have been studied from an ab initio point of view. Complete geometry optimizations have been carried out at the fourth-order many-body perturbation theory level. Resulting geometric and electronic structure data have been compared with other results available in the literature. Possible clusters have been identified for future studies of chemisorption of different molecules on the aluminium surface. For the (100) surface is a `good' cluster, while for the (110) surface (5, 0) appears to be a `good' cluster. For the (111) surface, (3, 3, 2) appears to be an ideal cluster for future studies of chemisorption.
Mutation of the promoter and LexA binding sites of cea, the gene encoding colicin E1.

Three mutations were introduced into the cea promoter using oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis. The resulting mutant promoter has the Escherichia coli consensus sequences at its-35 and-10 positions, separated by the optimal spacing. In addition, a plasmid with a mutation in one of the two LexA repressor binding sites in the cea regulatory region was isolated that decreases homology with the consensus LexA binding site. The effects of these mutations on cea expression were studied in cea-lacZ protein fusions. The promoter-up mutant, when present in a multicopy plasmid, showed a shorter induction lag when compared to the wild-type cea gene, and there was less of an effect of the catabolite repression system on cea expression. However, when present in a single copy in the bacterial chromosome, catabolite repression and an induction delay were observed, despite the increased strength of the promoter. The operator mutant showed a slightly higher basal level of expression, but was still repressible. Induction occurred with a shortened lag period, but the effects were not as great as with the promoter mutant. These results support the idea that tight repression by LexA contributes to the delay in cea induction.
Surface delta interaction and non-rotational collective states in rare-earth nuclei

Abstract The surface delta interaction (SDI) has been applied to a calculation of the γ - and K = 0 octupole vibrational states in the rare-earth region. The residual interaction used here has only one parameter, which can be determined by means of the odd-even mass differences, while the pairing plus quadrupole (or octupole) model utilized for this type of calculation requires three essentially unrelated coupling strengths. The results obtained in this paper compare reasonably well with the experimental ones, being in this sense as good as those yielded by the pairing-plus-quadrupole (or octupole) model.
Protein Uptake and Digestion in Bloodstream and Culture Forms of Trypanosoma brucei

The mechanisms of ferritin uptake and digestion differ in bloodstream and culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei. Ferritin enters bloodstream forms from the flagellar pocket by pinocytosis in large spiny-coated vesicles. These vesicles become continuous with straight tubular extensions of a complex, mostly tubular, collecting membrane membrane system where ferritin is concentrated. From the collecting membrane system the tracer enters large digestive vacuoles. Small spiny-coated vesicles, which never contain ferritin, are found in the Golgi region, fusing with the collecting membrane system, and around the flagellar pocket. Acid phosphatase activity is present in some small spiny-coated vesicles which may represent primary lysosomes. This enzymic activity is also found in the flagellar pocket, pinocytotic vesicles, the collecting membrane system, the Golgi (mature face), and digestive vacuoles of bloodstream forms. About 50 percent of the acid phosphatase activity of blood forms is latent. The remaining nonlatent activity is firmly cell-associated and probably represents activity in the flagellar pocket. The structures involved in ferritin uptake and digestion are larger and more active in the short stumpy than in the long slender bloodstream forms. The short stumpy forms also have more autophagic vacuoles. No pinocytotic large, spiny-coated vesicles or Golgi-derived, small spiny-coated vesicles are seen in culture forms. Ferritin leaves the flagellar pocket of these forms and enters small smooth cisternae located just beneath bulges in the pocket membrane. The tracer then passes through a cisternal collecting membrane network, where it is concentrated, and then into multivesicular bodies. In the culture forms, acid phosphatase activity is localized in the cisternal system, multivesicular bodies, the Golgi (mature face), and small vesicles in the Golgi and cisternal regions. The flagellar pocket has no acid phosphatase activity, and almost all the acitvity is latent in these forms. The culture forms do not release acid phosphatase into culture medium during 4 days growth. Uptake of ferritin by all forms is almost completely inhibited by low temperature. These differences among the long slender and short stumpy bloodstream forms and culture forms are undoubtedly adaptive and reflect different needs of the parasite in different life cycle stages.
Relationship of clinical depression to periodontal treatment outcome.

Background: Depression has been associated with periodontal disease; however, its relationship to periodontal treatment outcome (PTO) has not been investigated. Methods: Data were obtained by chart abstraction and computer databases on 1,299 health maintenance organization (HMO) patients aged 30 to 64 who had concurrent medical, dental, and pharmacy benefits, and who had an initial periodontal examination during 1996, 1997, or 1998. Depression (yes/no) was the main independent variable and was determined by presence of any diagnosis code for depression on the patient record. PTO was determined by the difference in percent of sites with probing depth (PD) ≥5 mm between the initial and 1-year post-treatment periodontal exams. Sub-median periodontal treatment outcome (SMPTO) was defined as a reduction in fewer than the median percent of sites (7.33%) with PD ≥5 mm. Information on sociodemographics, periodontal therapy, calculus and plaque, number of remaining teeth, smoking, antidepressant medications, and d...
A Multicenter Study of Burnout, Depression, and Quality of Life in Minority and Nonminority US Medical Students

OBJECTIVE To determine the well-being of minority medical students in a multicenter sample of US medical students. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS All 1098 medical students at 3 medical schools in Minnesota were surveyed in April 2004. Validated instruments were used to assess burnout, depression, and quality of life (QOL). Students were also asked about the prevalence of significant personal life events in the previous 12 months and strategies used to cope with stress. RESULTS Although symptoms of depression and overall burnout were similar among minority and nonminority students, minority students were more likely to have a low sense of personal accomplishment ( P =.02) and lower QOL in a number of domains (all P ≤.05). These differences persisted on multivariate analysis that controlled for demographic characteristics and recent life events. Minority students were also more likely to have a child ( P =.01), originate from outside Minnesota ( P P =.03). CONCLUSION As a group, the minority medical students in this survey had a lower sense of personal accomplishment and QOL than nonminority students. Additional studies are needed to provide insight regarding the causes of these inequities and the unique challenges faced by minority medical students. Efforts to improve minority students' well-being, QOL, and learning experience may help prevent attrition among minority medical students and promote diversification in the physician workforce.
Miliary tuberculosis due to intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy.

While receiving treatment for bladder carcinoma with intravesical BCG, a 78-year-old man developed a clinical illness and roentgenographic manifestation of miliary tuberculosis. The transbronchial lung biopsy demonstrated granulomas with giant cells. Treatment with antituberculosis therapy resulted in complete resolution of the illness. The pathogenesis of this complication was considered to be due to pulmonary infection by BCG from the bladder source and differs from previously reported cases of interstitial pulmonary infiltrates which more likely represent a hypersensitivity reaction to BCG.(Chest 1988; 94:1296-98)
Role of Spatial and Temporal Coincidence in Depth Organization

The linking of spatial information is essential for coherent space perception. A study is reported of the contribution of temporal and spatial alignment for the linkage of spatial elements in terms of depth perception. Stereo half-images were generated on the left and right halves of a large-screen video monitor and viewed through a mirror stereoscope. The half-images portrayed a black vertically oriented bar with two brackets immediately flanking this bar and placed in crossed or uncrossed disparity relative to the bar. A pair of thin white ‘bridging lines' could appear on the black bar, always at zero disparity. Brackets and bridging lines could be flickered either in phase or out of phase. Observers judged whether the brackets appeared in front of or behind the black bar, with disparity varied. Compared to conditions when the bridging lines were absent, depth judgments were markedly biased toward “in front” when bridging lines and brackets flashed in temporal phase; this bias was much reduced when the ...
What are the effects of prolonged seizures in the brain

Convulsive status epilepticus is the most common neurological emergency in children and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The morbidities include later development of epilepsy, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric impairments. There has been a long-standing hypothesis that these outcomes are, at least in part, a function of brain injury induced by the status epilepticus. There is evidence from animal models and prospective human studies that the hippocampus may be injured during febrile status epilepticus although this pathophysiological sequence remains uncommon. Potential mechanisms include excitotoxicity, ischaemia, and inflammation. Neuroprotective drugs reduce brain injury but have little impact on epileptogenesis or cognitive impairments. Anti-inflammatory treatments have given mixed results to date. Broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory agents, such as steroids, are potentially harmful, whereas prevention of leucocyte diapedesis across the blood brain barrier appears to have a positive outcome. Therefore, more studies dissecting the inflammatory process are required to establish the most effective strategies for translation into clinical practice. In addition to neuronal loss, cognitive impairments are related to neuronal re-organisation and disruption of neural networks underpinning cognition. Further understanding of these mechanisms may lead to novel therapies that prevent brain injury, but also therapies that may improve outcomes even if injury has occurred.
Biofilm Formation by Enterococcus faecalis on Intraocular Lens Material

Purpose: To compare biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis on different intraocular lens (IOL) materials. Methods: E. faecalis biofilms were cultivated on disks of IOL material (silicone, PMMA [polymethylmethacrylate], or acrylic). Biofilms were stained with crystal violet (CV), which served as an index of biofilm formation. The bacterial population was enumerated after biofilm homogenization. Biofilms were also examined by confocal microscopy. Results: At 24 hr, there was no significant difference in biofilm formation, or the population within biofilms, among the three materials tested. However, after 48 and 72 hr, it was observed that silicone supported the least amount of biofilm formation (p < 0.05); biomass on PMMA and acrylic IOLs continued to increase, with acrylic demonstrating the greatest amount of stainable biofilm (p < 0.0005). The population on PMMA was significantly greater than the other IOL materials (p < 0.005). Confocal microscopy confirmed the lack of biomass on silicone. Conclusion...
Estimation of electron densities in the lower thermosphere from GUVI 135.6 nm tomographic inversions in support of SpreadFEx

Abstract. The SpreadFEx campaign was conducted with the goal of investigating potential neutral atmospheric dynamics influences in seeding plasma instabilities and bubbles extending to higher altitudes from September to November 2005, with primary measurements in Brazil. In this paper, we present the results of space-based UV and ground-based optical observations in support of this campaign. Specifically, we present multi-dimensional electron density images obtained tomographically from the 135.6 nm emissions measured by the GUVI instrument aboard the TIMED satellite that result from radiative recombination of O+ and compare those with the corresponding 630.0 nm OI images recorded in the Brazilian sector. The GUVI results provide altitude vs. longitude information on depleted regions in the ionospheric plasma density that are complementary to the single-height latitude-longitude images obtained with the airglow imager.
Value Biases in Organizational Research

A problem which plagues all behavioral-science research, including that conducted on organizations, but receives little critical attention, is the influence of individual and collective values on research results and conclusions. These influences exist in all stages of the research process, affecting subject and investigator. Investigator and subject values interact to constrain further the meaning of research results.
A Comparison of Licensed Indications for Equivalent Drugs in the United Kingdom and the United States

The purpose of this study was to compare licensed indications for equivalent drugs in the United Kingdom and the United States. We compared licensed indications, routes of administratio n, and pediatric dosing information for 35 drugs available in both the United Kingdom and the United States. Azathioprine, propranolol, pra­ zosin, argipressin (vasopressin), and amiodarone are compared for labeled uses in the United Kingdom and the United States. The United Kingdom data sheets were found to have much wider indications (30 indications in the United Kingdom com­ pared to 15 in the United States). Pediatric information regarding 18 drugs suggested that significantly more detailed pediatric dosing information is available for United Kingdom products. Some of the causes of the different data sheet indications be­ tween the two countries are discussed. The narrower licensed indications for Ameri­ can products may reflect the more litigious nature of American society. Both coun­ tries would benefit from a more timely updating of pharmaceutica l data sheets to allow them to be true therapeutic documents.
Distribution of myelin lipid antigens in adult and developing rat spinal cord

We examined the distribution of myelin antigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 01 and 04 in the developing ventral white matter of the cervical spinal cord of the rat using immunogold-labeled ultrathin cryosections. From the beginning of myelination after birth to multilamellar myelin in adult animals, we observed colocalization of 04 and 01 label in myelin. In the oligodendrocyte soma, immunolabel was found primarily over Golgi cisternae. In the oligodendrocyte processes, immunolabeling was also found in the cytoplasm and along the plasmalemma. More cytoplasmic 04 and 01 label was found in the external loop of myelin than in the internal loop. The amount of 01 and 04 label increased over compact myelin in proportion to the number of lamellae, but the label density per unit length of membrane remained approximately the same in compact myelin as in oligodendrocyte plasmalemma. We did not see a concentration gradient for either 04 or 01 label across, or along multilamellar myelin sheaths.
Intensity, visible-surface, and volumetric representations

One approach to studying human vision is to treat it as a computation that produces descriptions of the external world from retinal images, asking what can be said about this process based on an investigation of the information processing problems that it solves [11]. This paper examines the structure of the problem at a level of abstraction Marr and Poggio [16] call the computational theory. The type of information the vision process must make explicit at various stages is treated and used as a base for decomposing the process into subparts that can be studied independently. Examples are taken from ongoing research at M.I.T.
Teacher Tradeoffs: Disentangling Teachers’ Preferences for Working Conditions and Student Demographics

One of the greatest differences in resources across schools in California comes from an inequitable distribution of teachers. This study identifies reasons for this sorting of teachers by surveying 531 teachers in a California elementary school district. The surveys ask the teachers to make choices between various workplace characteristics. With this information, the study disentangles student demographics from other characteristics of teaching jobs that are amenable to policy influences. It finds that teachers identify working conditions—particularly, school facilities, administrative support, and class sizes—and salaries as significantly more important than student characteristics when selecting a school in which to work.
The effects of diet and choline on fatty infiltration of the human liver

Since Patek's original paper in 1937 , the place of dietary therapy in cirrhosis of the liver has been established2o and it has been demonstrated that cirrhosis of the liver may be induced in animals by appropriate dietary regimens61o• In the course of these investigations the place of the fatty liver in the development of cirrhosis has received considerable attention. Interest has centered around certain lipotropic substances, notably choline, it having been shown in animals that this substance exerts strong lipotropic effects on the liver and prevents the occurrence of one type of dietary cirrhosis9 , 10, n. Based upon these findings, choline has been employed in the therapy of the human diseaseI218• The present report is an attempt at the evaluation of the effect of supplementary choline in the diet upon fatty infiltration of the liver in man.
Cross Section for the Li 6 ( n , α ) H 3 Reaction for 1.2 E n 8.0 Mev

The cross section for the reaction ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(n, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{H}}^{3}$ has been measured as a function of neutron energy in the range $1.2l~{E}_{n}l~8.0$ Mev. An essentially back-to-back method was used, with a thin cylindrical ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$I(Eu) scintillation crystal placed concentric with and adjacent to a thin-walled ionization chamber containing a deposit of fissile material (${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$ or ${\mathrm{Np}}^{237}$). The magnitude of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n,\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ as measured in this experiment depends on the absolute value of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{fiss}}({\mathrm{U}}^{238})$, while the shape of the cross section vs energy curve depends on the known energy dependence of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{fiss}}({\mathrm{U}}^{238} or {\mathrm{Np}}^{237})$. Statistical and other point-to-point uncertainties in the data range from \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 to \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9%, while the uncertainty in absolute value of the cross section is \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7%. The cross section obtained from these measurements decreases monotonically from a value of 0.28 barn at ${E}_{n}=1.2 \mathrm{Mev}\mathrm{to} 0.051 \mathrm{barn}$ barn at ${E}_{n}=8.0$ Mev.
Teaching the Holding/Dictum Distinction

Lawyers and judges often have difficulty distinguishing between dictum and holding. Those of us who teach legal writing are in a prime position to rectify this problem. This is true because 1) we have more control over our materials and assignments; and 2) in our courses, we force students to do more than just think about legal analysis – we teach them to communicate that analysis in writing. That process provides a unique opportunity to teach the holding/dictum distinction. This short article discusses six concrete steps to help teach the distinction.
Turning Dynamics: Part 1 — Experimental Analysis

The workpiece and tool vibrations in a lathe are experimentally studied to establish improved understanding of cutting dynamics that would support efforts in exceeding the current limits of the turning process. A Keyence laser displacement sensor is employed to monitor the workpiece and tool vibrations during chatter-free and chatter cutting. A procedure is developed that utilizes instantaneous frequency (IF) to identify the modes related to measurement noise and those innate of the cutting process. Instantaneous frequency is shown to thoroughly characterize the underlying turning dynamics and identify the exact moment in time when chatter fully developed. That IF provides the needed resolution for identifying the onset of chatter suggests that the stability of the process should be monitored in the time-frequency domain to effectively detect and characterize machining instability. It is determined that for the cutting tests performed chatters of the workpiece and tool are associated with the changing of the spectral components and more specifically period-doubling bifurcation. The analysis presented provides a view of the underlying dynamics of the lathe process which has not been experimentally observed before.© 2012 ASME
A Safe Scalable Process for Synthesis of 4,6-Bis(nitroimino)-1,3,5-triazinan-2-one (DNAM)

A modified and safe nitration process for production of 4,6-bis(nitroimino)-1,3,5-triazinan-2-one (DNAM), a high density high energy material, from melamine is described. Key to our strategy is to generate acetyl nitrate at 30–35 °C in the presence of the reactant melamine. The main advantage of our procedure is that it utilized a homogeneous reagent and a homogeneous reactant solution. This allowed control of the reaction exotherm much easier. The robustness of this process is successfully demonstrated by producing DNAM in multikilogram quantities using a 20 L reactor.
Biochemical studies on the lizard, Anolis carolinensis.

SummaryThe following determinations have been done on freshly caught fasting specimens of Anolis carolinensis: red cell count, hematocrit, O2 capacity, blood glucose, blood and urine urea, ammonia, uric acid, CI, Na, K, pH, CO2; blood and plasma proteins; urine creatinine, and Na, K, Ca, Mg and CI of the ashed animal.
Hybridized carbon and flax fiber composites for tailored performance

Abstract Flax fiber composites have been found to exhibit suitable mechanical properties for general applications. Natural fibers exhibit lower mechanical properties than their synthetic counterparts as well as have a high degree of fiber to fiber mechanical variability based on growing conditions and plant varieties which lowers their mechanical performance predictability. However, Thermoset resins reinforced with flax fibers exhibit nonlinear behavior when subjected to loading which results in energy loss. This is beneficial in applications where vibration damping is anticipated. One potential method for increasing performance and strength of flax fiber is to hybridize it with synthetic fibers with the goal of improving composite mechanical properties as well as reducing composite to composite mechanical variability. In this study carbon fiber and flax fiber were used to manufacture different hybridized composites with varying flax fiber volume fractions. Resulting composites were characterized using tensile, flexural, impact and vibration tests. Also, results of experiments were compared against predictions of rule of mixture's model and Halpin-Tsai model. Findings of this study provides valuable information for designers for hybridizing flax and carbon fibers and results suggest that hybridizing synthetic fibers with natural fibers is an effective method of improving the mechanical properties and controlling vibration damping.
Fuzzy Neural Network-Based Health Monitoring for HVAC System Variable-Air-Volume Unit

For indoor smart grids, the proper operation of building environmental systems is essential to energy efficiency, so automatic detection and classification of abnormal conditions are important. The application of computational intelligence tools to a building’s environmental systems that include the building automation system (BAS) and heating ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) loads is used to develop automatic building diagnostic tools for health monitoring, fault detection, and diagnostics. A novel health monitoring system (HMS) for a variable air volume (VAV) unit is developed using fuzzy logic (FL) to detect abnormal operating conditions and to generate fault signatures for various fault types. Artificial neural network classification technique is applied to fault signatures to classify the fault type. The HMS is tested with simulated data and actual BAS data. The system created was demonstrated to recognize faults and to accurately classify the various fault signatures for test faults of interest.
Metabolic alterations in proximal tubule suspensions obtained from ischemic kidneys.

A viable suspension of proximal tubules that had sustained an in vivo ischemic injury was harvested, and cellular integrity and viability were determined. The histopathological appearance of this preparation has characteristic features of an ischemic injury and ATP levels were comparable to those observed with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 45 min of bilateral renal artery ischemia and the kidneys were allowed to reperfuse for either 15 min, 2 h, or 24 h before the harvest of the proximal tubule suspension. There was a decrease in base-line oxygen consumption from 34 +/- 0.8 nmol O2.min-1.mg protein-1 to 22 +/- 0.6 at 15 min of reflow. This decline in oxygen consumption persisted during the first 2 h of reflow and returned to control levels by 24 h. Residual respiration in the presence of ouabain was similar at all reflow intervals suggesting that the decrease in basal O2 consumption was related to decreased Na+-K+-ATPase in situ. In contrast, there was no significant difference in Na+-K+-ATPase activity when determined chemically under Vmax conditions in all experimental groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Photonic-chip Waveguides for Supercontinuum Generation with Picojoule Pulses

To guide experimental efforts, we employ numerical simulations to design tapered silicon nitride waveguides for broadband supercontinuum generation from low-energy femtosecond pulses. A three-stage broadening scheme provides coherent supercontinuum with picosecond pulses, enabling chip-scale broadband sources.
Screen for genes involved in radiation survival of Escherichia coli and construction of a reference database.

Abstract A set of 3907 single-gene knockout (Keio collection) strains of Escherichia coli K-12 was examined for strains with increased susceptibility to killing by X- or UV-radiation. After screening with a high-throughput resazurin-based assay and determining radiation survival with triplicate clonogenic assays, we identified 76 strains (and associated deleted genes) showing statistically-significant increased radiation sensitivity compared to a control strain. To determine gene novelty, we constructed a reference database comprised of genes found in nine similar studies including ours. This database contains 455 genes comprised of 103 common genes (found 2–7 times), and 352 uncommon genes (found once). Our 76 genes includes 43 common genes and 33 uncommon (potentially novel) genes, i.e., appY, atoS, betB, bglJ, clpP, cpxA, cysB, cysE, ddlA, dgkA, dppF, dusB, elfG, eutK, fadD, glnA, groL, guaB, intF, prpR, queA, rplY, seqA, sufC,yadG, yagJ, yahD, yahO, ybaK, ybfA, yfaL, yhjV, and yiaL. Of our 33 uncommon gene mutants, 4 (12%) were sensitive only to UV-radiation, 10 (30%) only to X-radiation, and 19 (58%) to both radiations. Our uncommon mutants vs. our common mutants showed more radiation specificity, i.e., 12% vs. 9% (sensitive only to UV-); 30% vs. 16% (X-) and 58% vs. 74% (both radiations). Considering just our radiation-sensitive mutants, the median UV-radiation survival (75 J m −2 ) for 23 uncommon mutants was 6.84E-3 compared to 1.85E-3 for 36 common mutants (P = 0.025). Similarly, the average X-radiation survival for 29 uncommon mutants was 1.08E-2, compared to 6.19E-3 for 39 common mutants (P = 0.010). Comparing gene functions using MultiFun terms, uncommon genes tended to show less involvement in DNA repair-relevant categories (information transfer and cell processes), but greater involvement in seven other categories. Our analysis of 455 genes suggests cell survival and DNA repair processes are more complex than previously understood, and may be compromised by deficiencies in other processes.
Exploring Restaurant Review Web Sites as Indicators of the Entertainment City

ABSTRACTThe centers of postindustrial cities have been transformed into hubs of entertainment. This technical note develops a method of assessing how successful cities have been as entertainment locales using one type of volunteered geographic information: online restaurant reviews. Rather than constructing a complex entertainment index, the number of “destination restaurants” in a city center can be used as a shorthand indicator. An exploration of the functionality and data extraction possibilities of multiple U.S.-based restaurant review sites determined that Yelp is the most useful site for the purpose of this research. Yelp's functionality and comprehensiveness allow a researcher to discriminate between destination restaurants and other restaurant listings that do not contribute to a city's overall entertainment potential. To examine this method, five cities in Pennsylvania were used—one pilot study and four subsequent case studies.
Flexible printed sensor tape based on solution processed materials

The Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) is conducting a technical program to develop and prototype disposable flexible blast dosimeter tapes to detect the occurrence of events that cause traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is a medical condition that is cumulative and triggered by events such as blast pressure waves, noise, acceleration and possibly also extremely bright light. The sensor tape has integrated sensors, signal conditioning electronics, non-volatile memory and a thin film battery. In order to meet the low cost target of the tapes, fabrication techniques such as inkjet printing, laser machining and lamination are employed with all deposition and patterning steps been compatible with future roll-to-roll manufacturing, as schematically shown in Figure 1. Inkjet printing is used because it is a non-contact technique and is the printing method that allows the most accurate registration from layer to layer.(1) In addition, the sensors require membranes and spacers; therefore contact printing methods would not be appropriated. Inkjet printing requires the use of solution-processed materials, which leads us to organic based materials and inorganic nanoparticles that can be printed from solution.
Electromagnetic Interference Considerations for Electrical Power Systems

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is an important consideration for electrical systems and can come from many forms. This chapter discusses some of the common sources of potential EMI from electrical power systems including corona, scattering, and reflections as well as field effects and induction. These sources are discussed as to how they can potentially affect other electrical devices as well as worker and public safety.
Hypercapnia-induced cerebral oedema in a patient with COPD exacerbation: a rare and under-recognised entity.

A 56-year-old Caucasian woman with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on home oxygen presented with a severe exacerbation. Vitals included a blood pressure of 111/73 mm Hg, a pulse of 102/minute, respiratory rate of 13/minute and O2 saturation of 84% on oxygen of 2–3 L/minute by nasal cannula. She was lethargic, confused and was wheezing. She was placed on bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) but her mentation continued to deteriorate. White cell counts were normal. Chest X-ray showed hyperinflated lungs but no infiltrates. Arterial blood gases revealed severe hypercapnic respiratory acidosis with a pH of 7.26, pCO2 of 100.1 mm Hg, pO2 of 187 mm Hg and bicarbonate of 47 mmol/L. In spite of BiPAP, her acidosis worsened with a pCO2 of 131 mm Hg. …