cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EEG-behavioral dissociation after morphine-and cyclazocine-like drugs in the dog: further evidence for two opiate receptors.

Abstract Previous studies have suggested the presence of multiple opioid receptors. In the chronic spinal dog, the μ receptor was postulated to mediate behavioral indifference, whereas the k receptor was associated with sedation. The effects of morphine, a μ agonist, were compared with those of Win 35,197-2 (ethylketocyclazocine) and ketocyclazocine, k agonists, in the unrestrained intact dog. Intravenous administration of morphine (0.5 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg), Win 35,197-2 (0.05 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg), and ketocyclazocine (1.6 mg/kg) caused similar dissociation of the EEG and behavior. The dissociation was characterized by high voltage delta EEG synchrony primarily in the parietal cortex which accompanied ataxia and catalepsy in nonsleeping postures. Morphine increased total sleep and slow wave sleep, and lowered temperature and heart and respiratory rates. The k agonists did not increase total sleep but increased temperature and heart and respiratory rates. Vomiting occurred more often after morphine than after the k agonists. In certain instances, the effects of morphine were completely antagonized by a low dose of naloxone (30μg/kg), whereas 33 times the dose (1 mg/kg) was required to antagonize the effects of Win 35,197-2. The disparate effects of the μ and k opioid agonists on behavior, sleep and the EEG and their differences in sensitivity to naloxone antagonism extend and support the concept of multiple opiate receptors in the brain. It was concluded, however, that the sedative effects of the opioids are mediated at the μ receptor.
Selenium and arsenic speciation in fly ash from full-scale coal-burning utility plants

X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy has been used to determine directly the oxidation states and speciation of selenium and arsenic in 10 fly ash samples collected from full-scale utility plants. Such information is needed to assess the health risk posed by these elements in fly ash and to understand their behavior during combustion and in fly ash disposal options, such as sequestration in tailings ponds. Selenium is found predominantly as Se(IV) in selenite (SeO32-) species, whereas arsenic is found predominantly as As(V) in arsenate (AsO43-) species. Two distinct types of selenite and arsenate spectra were observed depending upon whether the fly ash was derived from eastern U.S. bituminous (Fe-rich) coals or from western subbituminous or lignite (Ca-rich) coals. Similar spectral details were observed for both arsenic and selenium in the two different types of fly ash, suggesting that the post-combustion behavior and capture of both of these elements are likely controlled by the same dominant el...
Conformatinal Dynamics Of Cytochrome c Encapsulated In AOT Reverse Micelles

Scalable interior volume of the reverse micelle provides a convenient way to investigate the impact of aqueous solvation and confinement on the structure, stability and dynamics of proteins and peptides. Here we report transient absorption study of CO rebinding to cytochrome c encapsulated in AOT reverse micelles. Encapsulation of cytochrome c is associated with the destabilization of the protein structure and concomitant dissociation of Met-80 from the heme iron as evident from the disappearance of the absorption band at 695 nm. Reduction of cytochrome c and subsequent exposure to CO result in the formation of CO bound protein with a Soret band located at 415 nm. Upon photodissociation, the ligand rebinding occurs as a two-step process with the first step having the lifetime of 7 μs and slower process with the lifetime of roughly 50 μs. No significant impact of the reverse micelle size (w = 10, 20 and 80) on the kinetics of CO rebinding to cytochrome c was observed. On the other hand, CO rebinding to the model compound, microperoxidase-11, is multi-phasic with 6 μs and 50 μs kinetics on the microsecond timescale and an additional kinetics on the millisecond timescale. These data show that the encapsulation of protein within the negatively charged reverse micelles results in the heterogenous population and/or distribution of protein within the reverse micelle.
Effect of solvent precipitation on the crystallization behavior and morphology of nylon 6,6

This work describes the effect of solvent precipitation on the crystallization behavior and morphology of nylon 6,6. We found that solvent precipitation of nylon 6,6 induces elevated crystallization temperatures upon cooling from the melt (Tmc) and highly nucleated morphologies that rival those induced by rapid, thermal reprocessing such as melt reextrusion or heterogeneous nucleating agents such as CaF2. The primary techniques used to characterize these changes in crystallization behavior and morphology were differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Several other supplementary techniques were employed for identifying the origin of the crystallization behavior and morphological changes after solvent precipitation. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis in which dissolved nylon reorients to form ordered H-bonded regions that later serve as nucleation sites during melt processing. Finally, (Tmc) decreased with nylon 6,6 solution concentration prior to precipitation. These results suggest that polymer entaglements in solution also affect the crystallization behavior and morphology of the solvent-precipitated nylon 6,6. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Regeneration of Ligaments and Tendons With ECM Bioscaffolds

Ligaments and tendons of the knee are subjected to large loads during sports and work related activities, and thus, are frequently injured. For the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL), there are over 100,000 and 50,000 annual tears, respectively, in the United States alone. As a torn ACL has limited healing potential, surgical reconstruction using autograft replacements, such as the bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) as well as the quadrupled semitendinosus and gracilis tendons, are performed in a large number of patients to restore knee stability. In spite of the over 25 years of experience, knee extension deficits and many long term complications associated with the BPTB autograft, including the progression of osteoarthritis, are serious post-surgical problems. Additionally, there are complications associated with donor site morbidity, anterior knee pain, arthrofibrosis, and inferior biomechanical properties of the patellar tendon (PT). In the case of MCL injuries, functional treatment is sufficient for rapid tissue healing; however, the neo-MCL is known to have significantly inferior tissue quality compared to the intact MCL, and the remodeling process can take years. Thus, it presents an increased chance for reinjury.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The distriution of the commissural-associational afferents of the dentate gyrus after perforant path lesions in one-day-old rats

Lesions were made in the entorhinal cortex of one-day-old rats and the distribution of the axons in the dentate gyrus molecular layer studied with the Holmes silver stain when the animals reached adulthood. The commissural-associational projections, normally restricted to the inner dendritic zones, spread evenly throughout the molecular layer ipsilateral to the lesion. This pattern of aberrant growth is markedly different from that which occurs after entorhinal lesions placed in 7-day-old rats. The results are discussed in terms of the factors that dictate the topography of developing afferents.
High-Sensitivity Linear Silicon Electro-Optic Modulation and Filtering for RF Photonics

Optimization of a Silicon electro-optic modulator design achieves a VπL of 0.085Vcm while still maintaining linearity (60db SFDR). An integrated on-chip filter yields a stop band of <-100 db and a roll-off bandwidth of 7GHz.
Leading urban institutions of higher education in the new millennium

This study gained insight into the impinging realities that college and university presidents will face in the new millennium, into the roles and strategies available for tackling these realities, and into the personal attributes that contribute to organizational effectiveness. Case study methods were employed, as the participants were all similarly bound by time and space. Qualitative analytic procedures were utilized to interpret data elicited in response to interview protocol, a process involving: organizing data; generating categories, themes, and patterns; testing emergent hypotheses against the data; and searching for alternative explanations of the data. Results substantiate findings that leaders transform their respective institutions into ethical and moral organizations by demonstrating their own moral and ethical fortitude.
ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOBIOLOGY: IN SEARCH FOR EVOLUTIONARY EQUILIBRIA

Summary 1. The concept of evolutionary equilibrium has been derived from the theory of island biogeography via an ecological rationale for increase in species extinction rate and decrease in speciation rate with increasing diversity of the system. 2. This concept is theoretically plausible at the species level and at a regional scale but, in spite of several empirical tests in the fossil record, it has thus far remained unsupported by empirical evidence. In order to test it conclusively, one has to analyze not only the pattern of species number through time but also its relationship to speciation and species extinction rates; independent evidence for perturbations must also be available. 3. The concept of evolutionary equilibrium at the global scale must be extrapolated over higher levels of taxonomic hierarchy, for reliable species-level data are unavailable at this scale. A theoretical justification for this concept cannot, then, be derived from the theory of island biogeography. 4. The rates of family extinction and origination in the Phanerozoic show no evidence for diversity-dependence, which undermines most quantitative models of biotic diversification based on the concept of global evolutionary equilibrium. Rigorous testing of these models cannot be done at the present state of knowledge because of the uncertainty about the empirical pattern (sampling and taxonomic biases, absolute time scale).
Simulation of a single phase GTO and SCR static VAR compensator

In an earlier publication, M.M. Shashani (1987) proposed a static volt-ampere reactive (VAR) compensator (SVC) using gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs) instead of conventional silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs) as the major switching device. The theoretical results indicated that the switching scheme developed eliminated any desired number of harmonics completely. In this work, a single phase of a three-phase GTO SVC rated at 25 MVA and 13.8 kV is arbitrarily selected to be connected in shunt with a parallel R-L load and then computer simulated to test the theoretical results obtained earlier. The same SVC using conventional SCRs is also simulated, and the results of the two simulations are compared. The simulation is done for different values of SVC fundamental current and for different values of line inductance taken as a percentage of load inductance. >
Interaction Between Strategic and Local Traffic Flow Controls

The loosely coordinated sets of traffic flow management initiatives that are operationally implemented at the national- and local-levels have the potential to under, over, and inconsistently control flights. This study is designed to explore these interactions through fast-time simulations with an emphasis on identifying inequitable situations in which flights receive multiple uncoordinated delays. Two operationally derived scenarios were considered in which flights arriving into the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport were first controlled at the national-level, either with a Ground Delay Program or a playbook reroute. These flights were subsequently controlled at the local level. The Traffic Management Advisor assigned them arrival scheduling delays. For the Ground Delay Program scenarios, between 51% and 53% of all arrivals experience both pre-departure delays from the Ground Delay Program and arrival scheduling delays from the Traffic Management Advisor. Of the subset of flights that received multiple delays, between 5.7% and 6.4% of the internal departures were first assigned a pre-departure delay by the Ground Delay Program, followed by a second pre-departure delay as a result of the arrival scheduling. For the playbook reroute scenario, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport arrivals were first assigned pre-departure reroutes based on the MW_2_DALLAS playbook plan, and were subsequently assigned arrival scheduling delays by the Traffic Management Advisor. Since the airport was operating well below capacity when the playbook reroute was in effect, only 7% of the arrivals were observed to receive both rerouting and arrival scheduling delays. Findings from these initial experiments confirm field observations that Ground Delay Programs operated in conjunction with arrival scheduling can result in inequitable situations in which flights receive multiple uncoordinated delays.
Transcriptional activation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene by activin A

It has been reported that activin A stimulates the synthesis of the GnRH receptors (GnRHR) in rat pituitary cultures. However, the role of activin A in the regulation of the GnRHR gene at the molecular level is not known. In the present work, we have studied the regulation of the GnRHR gene by activin A in the gonadotrope cell line, alpha T3-1, where the GnRHR gene is highly expressed. First, we demonstrate that these cells express the mRNAs of three types of activin receptors: I, II, and IIB. Activin A increases GnRHR mRNA levels in a dose-and time-dependent manner, with maximal stimulation (2.5 +/- 0.5-fold) occurring with a dose of 20 ng/ml after 36 h of incubation. To ascertain whether this effect occurs at the transcriptional level, we performed nuclear run-off experiments in alpha T3-1 cells, which demonstrate a 1.6-fold increase in the levels of newly synthesized GnRHR mRNA in response to activin A. To investigate further the effect of activin A on the transcription of the GnRHR gene, alpha T3-1 ce...
DNA2, a new player in telomere maintenance and tumor suppression.

Telomeres form special structures to shield chromosome ends from inappropriate DNA repair activities, therefore protecting genome stability. Telomeres are maintained by telomerase, telomere-specifi...
Creating and Sustaining Fun Work Environments in Hospitality and Service Organizations

ABSTRACT Managers of hospitality and service organizations have long believed that it is critical for their employees to have fun at work. They recognize the important relationships between their employees having fun and their customers having a pleasant experience. While everyone accepts this notion, there is little empirical support for either a definition of what managers can do to promote a fun work environment or even what makes a fun work environment fun. Further, while many positive outcomes for both the individual and the organization are claimed to be associated with fun work environments, there is even less empirical data to support this belief. This primary purpose of the paper is to identify and define the actions and activities that managers can do or support to create and sustain the feeling employees have that their firm is a fun place to work or have a “fun work environment.” The paper reports results of a large e-mail survey of human resource managers designed to identify what cues manage...
Immobilization of lysozyme-cellulose amide-linked conjugates on cellulose I and II cotton nanocrystalline preparations

Lysozyme was attached through an amide linkage between some of the protein’s aspartate and glutamate residues to amino-glycine-cellulose, which was prepared by esterification of glycine to preparations of cotton nanocrystals. The nanocrystalline preparations were produced through acid hydrolysis and mechanical breakage of the cotton fibers from a scoured and bleached cotton fabric and a scoured and bleached, mercerized fabric, which was shown to produce cellulose I (NCI) and cellulose II (NCII) crystals respectively. A carbodiimide-activation coupling reaction was used to create the lysozyme-amino-glycine-cellulose conjugates using both NCI and NCII in a polar solvent and gave yields of covalently linked lysozyme at 604 mg/gram of cotton nanocrystal. The incorporation of lysozyme conjugated to the NCI and NCII preparations gave very high activity (1,500 U/mg cotton) when assessed using a fluorescence tag assay to measure antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated an aggregation of nanoparticles corresponding to lysozyme bound on the surface of larger cotton nanocrystalline sheets. The approach of producing high enzyme activity on cotton nanocrystals is discussed in the context of selectively presenting robust hydrolase activity on nanocrystalline surfaces.
MALE AND FEMALE: JOB VERSUS GENDER MODELS IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF WORK*

Work has been seen as the central social process that links individuals to industrial society and to each other. Although work issues are considered universal, the actual study of work has proceeded along sex-differentiated lines, so that (1) women are rarely studied as workers; (2) studies that do include women offer biased interpretations; and (3) the entire analysis of work is distorted. We argue that these problems arise from the use of sex-segregated models of analysis: the job model for men and the gender model for women. Further, we argue that these models lead researchers to ask different kinds of questions according to the sex of the workers, to treat men as uniform in relation to family and women as uniform in relation to employment and, implicitly, to use the patterns of men's relation to employment as the standard in analysis. Two case studies are examined in detail to illustrate the varying ways in which job and gender models have distorted investigation and interpretation. The paper ends with suggestions for reconceptualizing work to include forms of unpaid as well as paid work and for incorporating gender stratification into the analysis of work.
Intrinsically Disordered p53 Extreme C-Terminus Binds to S100B(ββ) through “Fly-Casting”

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are functional proteins where a lack of stable tertiary structures is required for function. Many of the IDPs involved in cellular regulation and signaling have substantial residual structures in the unbound state and fold into stable structures upon binding to their biological partners. Specific roles of these residual structures in and the underlying mechanisms of coupled binding and folding are poorly understood. Here we use physics-based atomistic simulations to compute the multidimensional free energy surfaces of coupled folding and binding of the intrinsically disordered p53 extreme C-terminus to protein S100B(ββ). The results show that, even though the unbound p53 peptide appears to sample several alternative folded states previously observed when in complex with various targets, it binds to S100B(ββ) through formation of nonspecific complexes, i.e., a “fly-casting”-like process. The current work, together with previous NMR and coarse-grained modeling studie...
CFD analysis of a hydrogen fueled ramjet engine at Mach 3.44

The full Navier-Stokes solver, RPLUS, has been used to compute the flow field of a ramjet engine in the low supersonic operating regime. Computations have been made for the case where hydrogen is transversely injected and ignited using nine species and eighteen reactions to model the combustion process. The flow fields for two methods of hydrogen injection have been computed and compared to the available experimental data. The purpose of these computations was to assess the mixing effectiveness of the injected hydrogen with the primary supersonic stream. Results indicate significant ignition delay resulting from the poor mixing dynamics in the combustor section.
Evidence for a Particular Base Alteration in Two T4 Bacteriophage Mutants

BS>Reversion of two r₁₁ mutants, AP6l and AP156, to the wlld-type in the host Escherichia coll by u-v irradiation was studied. The dose relation for reversion is approximately linear for different wavelengths and for irradiation at various tlmes in the latent period. The reversion action spectra are very similar to the thymidine absorption spectrum, which suggests that the two mutants revert to apparent wild-type as a result of an u-v affected thymine in phage DNA. Posslble mechanisms are discussed; the most probable one involves a transition between A-T and G-HMC pairs at the mutant site. (D.J.C.)
Insight into the stabilization of A-DNA by specific ion association: spontaneous B-DNA to A-DNA transitions observed in molecular dynamics simulations of d[ACCCGCGGGT]2 in the presence of hexaamminecobalt(III)

Abstract Background: Duplex DNA is more than a simple information carrier. The sequence-dependent structure and its inherent deformability, in concert with the subtle modulating effects of the environment, play a crucial role in the regulation and packaging of DNA. Recent advances in force field and simulation methodologies allow molecular dynamics simulations to now represent the specific effects of the environment. An understanding of the environmental dependence of DNA structure gives insight into how histones are able to package DNA, how various proteins are able to bind and modulate nucleic acid structure and will ultimately aid the design of molecules to package DNA for more effective gene therapy. Results: Molecular dynamics simulations of d[ACCCGCGGGT] 2 in solution in the presence of hexaamminecobalt(III) [Co(NH 3 ) 6 3+ ] show stabilization of A-DNA and spontaneous B-DNA to A-DNA transitions, which is consistent with experimental results from NMR and Raman spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic studies. In the absence of Co(NH 3 ) 6 3+ , A-DNA to B-DNA transitions are observed instead. In addition to their interaction with the guanines in the major groove, Co(NH 3 ) 6 3+ ions bridge opposing strands in the bend across the major groove, probably stabilizing A-DNA. Conclusions: The simulation methods and force fields have advanced to a sufficient level that some representation of the environment can be seen in nanosecond length molecular dynamics simulations. These simulations suggest that, in addition to the general explanation of A-DNA stabilization by dehydration, hydration and ion association in the major groove stabilize A-DNA.
Proliferation of anchorage‐dependent contact‐inhibited cells. II: Experimental results and validation of the theoretical models

This study establishes that the cellular automata models developed in an earlier article capture the essential features of the proliferation process for anchorage-dependent contact-inhibited cells. Model predictions are in excellent agreement with experimental data obtained with bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. The models are particularly suitable for predictive purposes since they have no adjustable parameters. All model parameters can be easily obtained from a priori measurements. Our studies also show that proliferation rates are very sensitive to the spatial distributions of seed cells. The adverse effects of seeding heterogeneities become more pronounced as a cell population approaches confluency and they should be accounted for in experimental studies attempting to assess the response of cells to external stimuli.
A Survey of Liquid Boiling Phenomena: Their Prediction and Analysis

Whether it be in the packaging of electronic components or in the design of systems for the cryogenics field, the understanding of liquid boiling phenomena and the ability to predict boiling behavior are important assets to the design engineer so involved. This paper offers an already sifted compilation of information and analyses which relates studies of all the occurrences from nucleate bailing to film boiling in a fluent story. Herein are discussed the influence of the system pressure, the cleanliness, roughness and chemical nature of the heating surface, and the wettability and degree of subcooling of the liquid. In the final partion of the paper an effort is made to tie the information presented together in what might be considered advisory remarks relative to its application.
Multiple unit activity of dorsal cochlear nucleus and midbrain reticular formation during paradoxical phase of sleep. IV, A supplementary note.

Abstract The changes of reactive capability of auditory system during paradoxical phase of sleep were studied utilizing cats with electrodes implanted chronically. Correlation of multiple unit activity in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and those of midbrain reticular formation and nucleus centrum medianum were studied during various states of sleep under steady state white noise. The multiple unit activity in the brain-stem non-specific structures showed a tonic increase and further phasic increases during paradoxical sleep from the level of slow wave sleep. A reverse phenomenon was observed in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, i.e. , a tonic decrease and further phasic decreases. The tonic phenomenon continued as long as the cortical EEG maintained a desynchronized pattern. The phasic events were connected to the episodes of rapid eye movements. Our previous postulate that the reduced EEG evoked responses in the cochlear nucleus resulted from an increase in filtering of auditory inputs probably at the end organ rather than from occlusion was confirmed.
Mammalian Mitochondrial DNA Evolution: A Comparison of the Cytochrome b and Cytochrome c Oxidase II Genes

The evolution of two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II, was examined in several eutherian mammal orders, with special emphasis on the orders Artiodactyla and Rodentia. When analyzed using both maximum parsimony, with either equal or unequal character weighting, and neighbor joining, neither gene performed with a high degree of consistency in terms of the phylogenetic hypotheses supported. The phylogenetic inconsistencies observed for both these genes may be the result of several factors including differences in the rate of nucleotide substitution among particular lineages (especially between orders), base composition bias, transition/transversion bias, differences in codon usage, and different constraints and levels of homoplasy associated with first, second, and third codon positions. We discuss the implications of these findings for the molecular systematics of mammals, especially as they relate to recent hypotheses concerning the polyphyly of the order Rodentia, relationships among the Artiodactyla, and various interordinal relationships.
Gingival concentrations of interleukin-23 and -17 at healthy sites and at sites of clinical attachment loss.

Background: The presence of interleukin (IL)-23 has not been reported within inflamed gingiva, so we evaluated its concentration within gingiva from normal sites and sites of chronic periodontal disease.Methods: Gingiva was obtained prior to extraction of teeth. It was grouped based on clinical attachment loss (CAL): 0 to 2 mm (normal-slight), 3 to 4 mm (moderate), and >5 mm (severe). Tissues were solubilized, and IL-12, -23, -6, -17, and -1β; interferon-gamma (IFN-γ); and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were compared by factorial analysis of variance, post hoc Tukey test, and Pearson correlation test. Groups were defined as significantly different when P <0.05.Results: The gingival concentrations of IL-23, -17, -1β, and -6 and IFN-γ were significantly greater at moderate CAL sites than at normal-slight CAL sites. Gingival concentrations of IL-23, -1β, -17, and -6 and TNF-α were significantly greater at severe CAL sites than at no...
Canine treatment with SnET2 for photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy is a treatment technique that utilizes the photoactived species of a drug to destroy tumor tissue. To be successful, the drug must localize in tumor tissue preferentially over normal tissue and must be activated by light of a specific wavelength. Currently the only drug to be approved for clinical use is Heinatoporphyrin Derivative (HpD) although a series of new drugs are being developed for use in the near future. One of the drugs belongs to a class called purpurins which display absorp-' tions between 630-711 nm. Along with several other investigators, we are currently exploring the characteristics of a specific purpurin (SnET2) in normal and tumorous canine tissue. The use of this compound has demonstrated increased tumor control rates in spontaneous dog tumors. Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies have been performed on 6 normal beagle dogs. SnET2 (2 mg/kg) was injected intravenously over 10 minutes and blood was collected at 5, 15, 30, 45 minutes and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours following administration for determination of drug concentration and calculation of pharinacokinetic parameters. Skin biopsies were collected at 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Dogs were euthanized at 24 hours and tissues (liver, kidney muscle, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileura, colon, adrenal gland, thyroid, heart, lung, urinary bladder, prostate, pancreas, eye, brain) were collected for drug raeasurement. Drug was shown to persist in liver and kidney for a prolonged period of time coiapared to other tissues. Knowledge of the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug will greatly add to the ability to treat patients with effective protocols.
Food Insecurity Among Cambodian Refugee Women Two Decades Post Resettlement

Resettled refugees have high rates of chronic disease, which may be partially due to persistent food insecurity. This study describes food experiences on arrival in the U.S. and current food security status and examines characteristics related to food insecurity in a well-established refugee community. Focus groups and a survey assessed food security status and personal characteristics of Cambodian women in Lowell, MA, USA. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine relationships with food insecurity. Current rates of food insecurity are high. In multivariate models, food insecurity was positively associated with being depressed and being widowed, and negatively associated with higher income and acculturation. Early arrivers (1980s) had difficulty in the U.S. food system on arrival, while later arrivers (1990s–2000s) did not. Refugee agencies should consider strategically devoting resources to ensure successful early transition to the U.S. food environment and long-term food security of refugees.
Processing Contaminated Dredged Material From the Port of New York-New Jersey

Shipping activities in the Port of New York-New Jersey are currently threatened by restrictions on dredging of navigational channels and private berthing areas becaused of concerns about the environmental effects caused by ocean disposal of the dredged material. Current proposals for solutions to the problem include ocean disposal of uncontaminated material, use of confined disposal facilities (both upland facilities and containment islands), subaqueous barrow pits, and processing and treatment for contaminated materials. A project to produce a complete “treatment train” for processing and decontaminating dredged material is described. The work is divided into several phases: treatability studies of commercial and nonproprietary technologies at volumes of 19 liters (bench scale) and up to 19 m3 (pilot scale); specification of a treatment train; and implementation of a large-scale facility that can process 76,000–382,000 m3 of dredged material per year. The goal is to achieve operational status for the facility by the end of 1999.
Ab Initio Calculations of Fullerenes

Recent advances in ab initio electronic structure methods have brought about a substantial improvement in the capabilities of quantum chemists to predict and study the properties of clusters. The carbon cages known as fullerenes have been the focus of much attention because of their remarkable properties. This article discusses the application of state-of-the-art methods to representative fullerene problems and summarizes some of the recent advances and current challenges in the use of ab initio algorithms.
Women's upward mobility in manufacturing organizations in Istanbul : A glass ceiling initiative ?

This study explores the differences in the distribution of females and males in non-management, management, and top management positions in Istanbul manufacturing organizations. Multiple industries were sampled. Data were collected by random sampling from 80 organizations. Results showed that the mean numbers of women were significantly lower than the mean numbers of men at each hierarchical level. There was a drop in the proportion of women as the level in the organizational hierarchy increased. Textile industry employed the largest number of women among the industries explored. Possible reasons for not having more women at top management positions are discussed.
Micro-MRI methods to detect renal cysts in mice

Micro-MRI methods to detect renal cysts in mice. Background Mouse models of disease, especially using transgenic and knockout technologies, are powerful tools to analyze the molecular basis of disease. We recently reported that a new dynamic micro-MRI method with dendrimer-based contrast agents can visualize renal structure and function in normal living mice and mice with acute renal failure. While MRI contrast enhancement is useful for detecting functional impairment of the kidneys, this technology has limitations in assessing morphologic changes, particularly cystic disease, because contrast-enhanced micro-MRI depicts cysts as low-intensity areas that cannot be distinguished from fibrotic foci. Methods In the current study, we evaluated if micro-MRI employing a new three-dimensional MR hydrography signal sequence [three-dimensional fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (3D-FIESTA)] can visualize chronic cystic changes without any contrast agents. Results We were able to positively depict multiple renal cortical cysts of ∼0.2mm diameter in a mouse model of sickle cell disease and observe serial changes of renal cysts (>0.2mm diameter) in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) knockout mice during a 2 1 / 2 -month period. Some cysts decreased in size over time. Conclusions Micro-MRI with 3D-FIESTA can depict cyst formation in the diseased kidneys of living mice without injection of contrast agents.
Moving Scientific Codes to Multicore Microprocessor CPUs

The IBM Cell processor represents the first and most extreme of a new generation of multicore CPUs. For scientific codes that can be formulated in terms of vector computing concepts, as far as we know, the Cell is the most rewarding. In this article, we present a method for implementing numerical algorithms for scientific computing so that they run efficiently on the Cell processor and other multicore CPUs. We present our method using the piecewise-parabolic method (PPM) gas dynamics algorithm but believe that many other algorithms could benefit from our approach. Nevertheless, the code transformations are difficult to perform manually, so we are undertaking an effort to build simplified tools to assist in at least the most tedious of the code transformations involved.
Application of a spherical thermal conductivity cell to solid n-eicosane paraffin

Abstract A precisely fabricated, spherical thermal conductivity cell is used to achieve stady, one-dimensional, loss-free radial heat conduction across an annular test specimen. The investigated test specimens are solid, 99% pure n-eicosane paraffin, which are cast in place by using the conductivity cell as a mold. The conductivity is determined as a function of the mean temperature of the specimen, and its sensitivity to a number of parameters is investigated. These include the presence or absence of vacuum during casting, the rate of solidification during casting, the thermal contact between the conductivity cell walls and the test specimen, the temperature difference across the specimen, the experimental site, and the aging of the apparatus and the paraffin. In supplementary experiments, the density of the solid paraffin and its melting temperature are determined. For specimens cast without vacuum, the thermal conductivity is virtually independent of the specimen temperature and of the solidification rate. However, for speciments cast under vacuum, the conductivity is found to be sensitive to the solidification rate, as is the density, and this dependence is attributed to the presence of entrapped gas bubbles. Comparison with the literature shows prior conductivity values for solid n-eicosane to be low, thereby explaining reported deviations between experimental and numerical results for solidification phase change.
Pure Gauss sums over finite fields

New classes of pairs e, p are presented for which the Gauss sums corresponding to characters of order e over finite fields of characteristic p are pure, i.e., have a real power. Certain pure Gauss sums are explicitly evaluated.
Test of the Psychogenic Theory of Obesity for a Sample of Rural Girls

protectiveness toward her child. At the same time, compensation for the mother’s rejection or hostility toward the child is shown in her restriction of the child’s social contacts and limitations of his physical activities. Under such conditions, obesity becomes the natural result of overindulgence in food and reduced physical activity4 Bruch’s theory is based upon extensive interviews with parents of obese children and observation of the 6 Specifically, her sample for detailed study included 40 obese children. The parents of these children were
Association of Body Mass Index With Self-Report and Performance-Based Measures of Balance and Mobility

Background The incidence of obesity is increasing in older adults, with associated worsening in the burden of disability. Little is known about the impact of body mass index (BMI) on self-report and performance-based balance and mobility measures in older adults. Objective The purposes of this study were (1) to examine the association of BMI with measures of balance and mobility and (2) to explore potential explanatory factors. Design This was a cross-sectional, observational study. Methods Older adults (mean age=77.6 years) who participated in an ongoing observational study (N=120) were classified as normal weight (BMI=18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI=25.0–29.9 kg/m2), moderately obese (BMI=30.0–34.9 kg/m2), or severely obese (BMI≥35 kg/m2). Body mass index data were missing for one individual; thus, data for 119 participants were included in the analysis. Mobility and balance were assessed using self-report and performance-based measures and were compared among weight groups using analysis of variance and chi-square analysis for categorical data. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the association among BMI, mobility, and balance after controlling for potential confounding variables. Results Compared with participants who were of normal weight or overweight, those with moderate or severe obesity were less likely to report their mobility as very good or excellent (52%, 55%, 39%, and 6%, respectively); however, there was no difference in self-report of balance among weight groups. Participants with severe obesity (n=17) had the lowest levels of mobility on the performance-based measures, followed by those who were moderately obese (n=31), overweight (n=42), and of normal weight (n=29). There were no differences on performance-based balance measures among weight groups. After controlling for age, sex, minority status, physical activity level, education level, and comorbid conditions, BMI still significantly contributed to mobility (β=−.02, adjusted R 2=.41). Conclusions Although older adults with severe obesity were most impaired, those with less severe obesity also demonstrated significant decrements in mobility.
Sensory Processing, School Performance, and Adaptive Behavior of Young School-Age Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

This study described sensory processing behaviors and sensory-motor abilities in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and explored their relationship to home and school function. A...
Agile: Adopting a New Methodology at Harvard Business School

As academic institutions become more reliant on Information Technology for everyday work and learning, Harvard Business School needed to find a better way to meet the ever-increasing demands of the faculty, staff, and student body without increasing resources. Adopting the Agile methodology was our way of responding proactively to these changes and in little over a year we have successfully implemented many projects with impressive results. This paper will discuss how we were able to become Agile, our challenges, lessons learned, and what we gained from this change.
Axonal trajectories and terminations of on- and off-cells in the cat lower brainstem

Two physiologically defined classes of pontomedullary raphe neurons were intracellularly labeled in order to determine the target nuclei of their axonal projections. In the lightly anesthetized cat, cells either increased (on-cells) or decreased (off-cells) their discharge rate during the paw withdrawal reflex evoked by noxious pinch or heat. On- and off-cells were injected with horseradish peroxidase and the initial course of labeled axons through the lower brainstem was reconstructed. On-cell projections to the pontomedullary raphe and medial reticular nuclei were sparse. On-cells projected densely to regions of the lateral reticular formation and the ventrolateral medulla at both rostral and caudal medullary levels. In general, on-cells had few collaterals and sparse axonal swellings. In contrast to on-cells, most off-cells had axons that collateralized densely within the brainstem raphe and adjacent reticular formation. Such collaterals were either local, within the neuron's dendritic field, or distant, involving a projection of 1–8 mm. One off-cell had a dense terminal field within the sensory trigeminal complex, a projection that may subserve the inhibition of trigeminal sensory neurons produced by raphe magnus stimulation. Well-labeled off-cells had numerous collaterals and dense regions of axonal swellings. In summary, off-cells terminated densely in the raphe magnus and adjacent reticular formation whereas on-cells projected predominantly to the ventrolateral medulla, a region implicated in autonomic control. Local off-cell collaterals provide an anatomical substrate that would enable off-cells to coordinate the activity of on- and off-cells through synaptic contacts.
The problem of cardiac arrest in the community

Abstract Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests constitute 350,000 cases yearly in the United States and 60,000 in the United Kingdom. Prompt resuscitation (CPR) by lay persons and fast defibrillation by paramedics have had epidemlologic consequences on both sides of the Atlantic. In Seattle there are 20.6 and in Brighton 10.0 long-term life-saves yearly per 100,000 persons. In Piedmont Virginia, coronary deaths fell 16% for persons 30–69 years old and 25% for those of all ages; prehospital life-saves accounted for 23% and 8% of each respective reduction. Since CPR by lay persons now triples the long-term survival rate when coupled with prehospital defibrillation, favorable benefit-to-cost ratios can be effected by adding advanced life support and citizen CPR to an extant ambulance system. Meticulous direct and indirect medical control by the physician assures the highest quality of CPR and early cardiac care (ECC). Diagnostic procedures like electroprovocation identify high-risk patients. Changes of behavior and diet, new drugs, new operations, and external and implantable automated devices reduce sudden deaths. In the future, automated defibrillation by first responders and trained lay persons (including members of families of high-risk patients) should increase the number of early survivors who become candidates for long-term therapy with drugs, operations, and devices.
Influence of lipid shell physicochemical properties on ultrasound-induced microbubble destruction

We present the first study of the effects of monolayer shell physicochemical properties on the destruction of lipid-coated microbubbles during insonification with single, one-cycle pulses at 2.25 MHz and low-duty cycles. Shell cohesiveness was changed by varying phospholipid and emulsifier composition, and shell microstructure was controlled by postproduction processing. Individual microbubbles with initial resting diameters between 1 and 10 /spl mu/m were isolated and recorded during pulsing with brightfield and fluorescence video microscopy. Microbubble destruction occurred through two modes: acoustic dissolution at 400 and 600 kPa and fragmentation at 800 kPa peak negative pressure. Lipid composition significantly impacted the acoustic dissolution rate, fragmentation propensity, and mechanism of excess lipid shedding. Less cohesive shells resulted in micron-scale or smaller particles of excess lipid material that shed either spontaneously or on the next pulse. Conversely, more cohesive shells resulted in the buildup of shell-associated lipid strands and globular aggregates of several microns in size; the latter showed a significant increase in total shell surface area and lability. Lipid-coated microbubbles were observed to reach a stable size over many pulses at intermediate acoustic pressures. Observations of shell microstructure between pulses allowed interpretation of the state of the shell during oscillation. We briefly discuss the implications of these results for therapeutic and diagnostic applications involving lipid-coated microbubbles as ultrasound contrast agents and drug/gene delivery vehicles.
Electron-electron interactions; Ward identities

We derive several new identities for the correlation functions which are evaluated for electron-electron interactions. These exact results are useful for checking numerous approximations.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in hodgkin's disease after splenectomy

This is a report of a patient with Hodgkin's disease who underwent a staging splenectomy and extensive radiation therapy and then developed "idiopathic" thrombocytopenic purpura. This appears to be the second known instance of such a combination of events. The patient was in complete remission of his Hodgkin's disease from radiation therapy at the time and continues in remission 56 mo since completing therapy. There was a complete and, apparently, permanent response of the thrombocytopenic purpura to a course of corticosteroid therapy.
Give chance a chance

How did I get to become a cell biologist? Or, more generally, why do things happen the way they do? The answer provided by the philosopher Democritus and later adopted by Jacques Monod is "everything existing in the universe is the fruit of chance and necessity." While I read Monod's book Chance and Necessity as an undergraduate student, little did I appreciate the accuracy of this citation and how much of my scientific trajectory would be guided by chance.
Universal normal bases for the abelian closure of the field of rational numbers

If E/F is a finite-dimensional Galois extension with Galois group G, then, by the Normal Basis Theorem, there exist elements w of E such that {g(w) | g element of G} is an F-basis of E, a so-called normal basis, whence w is called normal in E/F. In the present Paper, we study normal bases for cyclotomic fields.