cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES ON Aℓ CENTERS IN VITREOUS SILICA

Two new aluminum spectra have been observed with EPR in irradiated vitreous silica. Under electron irradiation at 4 K, the low temperature (LT) Al spectrum is produced, and it changes into the high temperature (HT) spectrum upon annealing between 230 and 330 K. The HT Al spectrum is also produced directly upon irradiation at room temperature. Each spectrum is characterized by six well resolved 27 Al (I=5/2) hyperfine lines (A isotropic (LT) = 0.00330 cm -1 and A isotr0pic (HT) = 0.0410 cm -1 ). These spectra are the most intense in type I and II vitreous silicas which contain Al as a natural impurity. The difference in these spectra may reflect the presence of a neighboring charge compensator, such as an alkali, which becomes mobile at ≃27 0 K. It is possible that these spectra correspond to Al E′-type centers with the unpaired electron strongly localized on a substitutional Al which is bonded to only three oxygen atoms.
SINGLE AND DOUBLE ROTOR SPIRAL WAVES ON SPHERICAL SURFACES

The beautiful target and spiral patterns exhibited by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction in thin films of solution are representative of spatiotemporal behavior in a two-dimensional, planar excitable medium. 14 We report here BZ chemical waves propagating on the two-dimensional surface of a sphere. Single- and double-rotor spiral waves develop on the surface of a single cation exchange bead, loaded with ferroin and bathed in BZ reaction mixture containing no catalyst. In an earlier study, 7 ferroin was loaded on cation exchange resin in order to examine chemical wave behavior in an immobilized-catalyst BZ system. Pattern formation was studied in a 0.5 mm layer of ferroin-loaded resin beads covered with a 1.6 cm layer of reaction mixture containing no catalyst. A transition from regular to irregular patterns was found on increasing the concentration of either Br03 or
Identification of Abnormal Motor Cortex Activation Patterns in Children with Cerebral Palsy by Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy

We have developed near-infrared image metrics for the quantification of spatiotemporal cortical activation patterns in children with cerebral palsy that differentiate from pediatric controls. These metrics could serve as biomarkers for prognosis and treatment monitoring.
Pituitary hyperplasia and gigantism in mice caused by a cholera toxin transgene.

CYCLIC AMP1 is thought to act as an intracellular second messenger, mediating the physiological response of many cell types to extracellular signals2,3. In the pituitary, growth hormone (GH)-producing cells (somatotrophs) proliferate and produce GH in response to hypothalamic GH-releasing factor4-8, which binds a receptor that stimulates Gs protein activation of adenylyl cyclase3,9-12. We have now determined whether somatotroph proliferation and GH production are stimulated by cAMP' alone5,7,11,13-15, or require concurrent, non-Gs-mediated induction of other regulatory molecules by designing a transgene to induce chronic supraphysiological concentrations of cAMP in somatotrophs. The rat GH promoter16,17 was used to express an intracellular form of cholera toxin18, a non-cytotoxic and irreversible activator of Gs (ref. 19). Introduction of this transgene into mice caused gigantism, elevated serum GH levels, somatotroph proliferation and pituitary hyperplasia. These results support the direct triggering of these events by cAMP, and illustrate the utility of cholera toxin transgenes as a tool for physiological engineering.
Teachers' Knowledge About Test Modifications for Students with Disabilities

The dual purposes of this study were (a) to determine the knowledge level of teachers regarding modifications allowed for pupils with disabilities on required tests, and (b) to determine whether or not this knowledge level varies between regular and special educators. Sixty teachers responded to questions about the permissibility of 51 possible test modifications for pupils with disabilities on statemandated criterion-referenced tests. The results indicate that teachers were not very knowledgeable about which modifications are allowed, and with few exceptions, special educators were no more informed than regular educators.
Anxiety disorders in children: Family matters

Accumulating evidence indicates that family/parenting behaviors are associated with the etiology of anxiety disorders in children. This article critically reviews what is known about how family/parenting behaviors have been measured in this literature and presents findings from studies examining the relation between family/parenting constructs and anxiety disorders in children. We review the role of family involvement in the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and conclude with avenues of future research.
Bacterial lifestyle shapes stringent response activation

Bacteria inhabit enormously diverse niches and have a correspondingly large array of regulatory mechanisms to adapt to often inhospitable and variable environments. The stringent response (SR) allows bacteria to quickly reprogram transcription in response to changes in nutrient availability. Although the proteins controlling this response are conserved in almost all bacterial species, recent work has illuminated considerable diversity in the starvation cues and regulatory mechanisms that activate stringent signaling proteins in bacteria from different environments. In this review, we describe the signals and genetic circuitries that control the stringent signaling systems of a copiotroph, a bacteriovore, an oligotroph, and a mammalian pathogen – Escherichia coli , Myxococcus xanthus , Caulobacter crescentus , and Mycobacterium tuberculosis , respectively – and discuss how control of the SR in these species is adapted to their particular lifestyles.
Cholecystokinin, diet palatability, and feeding regulation in rats.

Abstract Rats ate less food than normal on cyclic-ratio schedules following cholecystokinin and lithium chloride injections. Nevertheless, they defended this lower eating rate in the same way as under control conditions. The pattern of effects produced by cholecystokinin and lithium chloride resembled those following diet adulteration with citric acid and sucrose octa acetate and differed from the effects produced by increases in body weight. Cholecystokinin and lithium chloride injections also produced similar changes in the free-feeding patterns of non-deprived rats: Both meal size and intermeal intervals decreased in a manner similar to the effects of citric acid and sucrose octa acetate adulteration. Interpreted in terms of a static regulatory model, these results suggest that cholecystokinin and lithium chloride suppress feeding by degrading the palatability of food, not by promoting satiety, discomfort, or illness.
CONCEPT OF AN ELECTRO-CHEMICAL THERMAL DIODE

(1981). CONCEPT OF AN ELECTRO-CHEMICAL THERMAL DIODE. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 11, No. 1-3, pp. 13-16.
Indistinguishability in one-photon and two-photon interference

Some interference experiments with the photon pairs from two parametric down-converters are described and analyzed. They are found to contribute to the interpretation of the quantum state.
Azimuthal structure of turbulence in high Reynolds number pipe flow

Two-point hot-wire measurements of streamwise velocity were performed in the logarithmic and wake regions of turbulent pipe flow for Reynolds numbers, based on pipe diameter, ranging from 7.6 x 10 4 to 8.3 x 10 6 at four wall-normal positions with azimuthal probe separation. The azimuthal correlations were found to be consistent with the presence of very large-scale coherent regions of low-wavenumber, low-momentum fluid observed in previous studies of wall-bounded flows and were found to be independent of changing Reynolds number and surface roughness effects. At the edge of the logarithmic layer the azimuthal scale determined from the correlations was found to be similar to that observed for channel flows but larger than that observed for boundary layers, inconsistent with the concept of a universal logarithmic region. As the wall-normal position increased outside the logarithmic layer, there was a decrease in azimuthal scale relative to that of channel flow. Using cross-spectral analysis, high-wavenumber motion was found to grow azimuthally with wall-normal distance at a faster rate than the low-wavenumber motions.
Agglomeratic olivine (AO) objects and Type II chondrules in ordinary chondrites: Accretion and melting of dust to form ferroan chondrules

Abstract Agglomeratic olivine objects (AO objects) and possibly related chondrules in three ordinary chondrites (NWA 4910 [LL3.1], NWA 3127 [LL3.1], Sahara 98175 [LL3.5]) were studied using petrographic and microanalytical techniques to evaluate the origins of these materials. AO objects are mixtures of fine-grained (⩽5–10 μm-diameter) ferroan (Fa 12–35 ) olivine, troilite that is often concentrated towards the periphery of objects, pyroxene, feldspathic material, relict magnesian olivine and pyroxene grains, and relict chondrules. One micro-CAI with a grossite core was also found. AO objects commonly rim chondrules. AO objects show transitional variations in texture and chemistry with Type II chondrules, ranging from AO objects that are finer grained and show no evidence of melting (AO-U objects), to weakly melted and more melted AO objects (AO-WM and AO-M objects, respectively), to fine-grained Type II chondrules (olivine grain size ∼5–60 μm), to coarse-grained Type II chondrules (olivine grain size ∼10–250 μm across); S contents and Na/Al values are typically higher in AO objects than in Type II chondrules. The properties of AO objects and Type II chondrules are interpreted to reflect progressive heating of dust of quasi-chondritic composition, accompanied by grain coarsening during melting, partial loss of the most volatile elements (chiefly S, also Na) during evaporative melting, and back-reaction with gas, to form troilite-rimmed AO objects. Data-model comparisons suggest that progressive heating of chondritic dust to form AO objects and Type II chondrules could have occurred in a dusty environment to yield a transient, oxidizing gas of high pressure (∼10 −3 bar), with gas derived from vaporized dust being much (>500–1000× or even up to 10 4 –10 5 ×) more abundant than ambient solar composition gas. AO objects are protochondrules, but are themselves composed of chondrule debris of different types, suggesting that they represent one step of a chondrule recycling process that also included chondrule disaggregation and additional chemical processing. Our data appear to be compatible with the nebular shock wave model for chondrule formation.
Change in Expenditure Patterns of Retirees: 1972–1973 and 1986–1987

This study presents a comparative analysis of changes over time in expenditure patterns of retirees. Tobit regressions reveal significant differences in expenditure patterns in health care, leisure, necessities, and philanthropy. Over the past two decades, health care became more of a necessity, and its budget share increased. The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) leisure activities more than doubled. Retirees allocated lesser budget shares to the necessity areas of food and apparel, but single females had increased housing shares. The budget share and MPC for charitable contributions declined. Over time, the average propensity to consume (APC) increased greatly from 94 to 103 percent, a potential problem if elderly persons dissave at unsustainable rates. The spending of older retirees now differs substantially from younger retirees, with the APC declining with age, an apparent contradiction of the life cycle hypothesis. Apparently, the retired are more cautious about spending in the latter stages of the life cycle.
Preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of biotin carboxylase isolated from Escherichia coli

Acetyl CoA carboxylase catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of long chain fatty acids. In Escherichia coli , the enzyme consists of three subunits that are isolated separately and display distinct functional properties. Here we report the crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of one of these components, namely biotin carboxylase. The crystals are grown by microdialysis against 10 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7·0), 1 mM EDTA, 2 mM DTT and 1 mM NaN 3 at 4°C. They belong to the space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 with unit cell dimensions of a = 61·9 A, b = 96·1 A and c = 180·6 A and contain one dimer per asymmetric unit. The crystals diffract to a nominal resolution of 2·2 A. From a mechanistic standpoint, biotin carboxylase is especially interesting in that it is the smallest protein within its class and is one of only two carboxylases that can utilize free biotin as a substrate.
Cryogenic (<20 K) helium cooling mitigates radiation damage to protein crystals.

In experiments conducted at the Bio-CARS beamline 14-­BM-­C (APS, Argonne National Laboratory, USA), Streptomyces rubiginosus d-xylose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5) crystals were used to test the effect of cryogen temperature on radiation damage. Crystals cooled using a helium cryostat at an 8 K set temperature consistently showed less decay in the signal-to-noise ratio, 〈I/σ(I)〉, and in average intensity, 〈I〉, compared with those cooled with a nitrogen cryostat set to 100 K. Multiple crystals grown using ammonium sulfate as precipitant were used at each cryostat set temperature and comparisons were made for crystals of similar size and diffraction resolution. Maximum resolution for the crystals was 1.1–1.3 A, with He at 25% compared with crystals cooled with N2 at 100 K.
Optimal Control of Vortex Shedding by an Electro-Magnetic Field (Keynote)

The goal of this work is to suppress vortex shedding in the flow past a cylinder by means of a Lorentz force generated by electrodes and magnets placed on the cylinder surface alternatively. Unlike previous control schemes that were based on a crude planar structure model for the expression of the Lorentz force, our algorithm is based on an expression of the Lorentz force utilizing the electrical and magnetic potential functions, and the cylindrical structure. Asymptotic methods are used to simplify the result. The new formulation, in particular, leads to a continuous force distribution around the cylinder surface. Optimal control theory is used to derive an active feedback control algorithm aiming at determining the optimal force at each time.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Immunotheapy and immunodiagnostic studies in carcinoma of the bladder

Non-specific immunotherapy of superficial bladder cancer using Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) represents a successful application of immunotherapy against a human cancer. Clinical studies in the late 1970's first demonstrated the efficacy of this form of therapy against papillary forms of transitional cell carcinoma. Subsequent studies confirmed the value of BCG in extending the time to recurrence and decreasing both the rate of recurrence and the rate of progression of recurrent tumor to higher stages. These studies also showed BCG to be effective against carcinoma in situ. However, the mechanism of action of BCG has not yet been defined, nor has the optimal dosage schedule and route of administration been determined. Preliminary laboratory studies of tumor-specific therapy with tumor-derived protein extracts are encouraging, and suggest that this form of immunotherapy may be almost as efficacious as BCG therapy. Clinical trials of intravesical alpha-2 interferon for carcinoma in-situ are also in progress.
Evaluation of a tunable bandpass reaction cell for an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer for the determination of chromium and vanadium in serum and urine

Abstract A Dynamic Reaction Cell™ inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometer (DRC-ICP-MS) was evaluated for the determination of chromium and vanadium in serum and urine. Reaction cell conditions were evaluated for the elimination of ArC+ and ClOH+ interferences on chromium at mass 52 and OCl+ on vanadium at mass 51. A diluent containing only 1% nitric acid and internal standards (Y and Ga) was used to prepare serum and urine for analysis. Instrument response calibration was achieved by using aqueous acidic standards spiked into pooled sera or urine matrices. The slopes of the calibration curves prepared in urine and serum matrices were nearly identical. On average, chromium detection limits are 2.5 times lower using the DRC than Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (ZGFAAS). Vanadium detection limits are approximately 50 times lower. Average detection limits achieved with DRC-ICP-MS are 0.075 μg Cr/l and 0.028 μg V/l. Average results for the analysis of National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material (NIST SRM) 1598 Bovine Serum (attained over 22 days) are: 0.14 μg Cr/l and 0.068 μg V/l. The reference concentrations for vanadium and chromium in NIST SRM 1598 are (0.06) μg V/l and 0.14±0.08 μg Cr/l, respectively. Results for chromium and vanadium determinations on ICP-MS survey samples from the Toxocologie du Quebec are equivalent to those reported by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) for the same survey samples.
Phagocytosing macrophages exclude proteins from the zones of contact with opsonized targets

During receptor-mediated phagocytosis, macrophages release toxic molecules such as hydrogen peroxide which enable them to kill antibody-coated tumour cells and parasites, too large to consume. Previous workers observed that while peroxide was clearly responsible for cytolysis of certain antibody-coated tumour cells, extracellular catalase was unable to inhibit this cytolysis, and they suggested that macrophages secrete peroxide into a protected cleft between the phagocyte and target. We have tested this and report here that the space beneath macrophages spread on glass surfaces is accessible to proteins with a molecular weight (MW) as large as 200,000 but the space beneath macrophages plated on glass surfaces coated with phagocytosis-promoting ligands is impermeable to proteins as small as 50,000 MW. It appears indeed that macrophages form a protein-tight seal at the periphery of their contact with ligand-coated surfaces and thereby create a closed compartment between the cell and the target.
Interactions of tyrosine in Leu-enkephalin at a membrane-water interface: an ultrafast two-dimensional infrared study combined with density functional calculations and molecular dynamics simulations.

The interactions of neuropeptides and membranes play an important role in peptide hormone function. Our current understanding of peptide−membrane interactions remains limited due to the paucity of experimental techniques capable of probing such interactions. In this work, we study the nature of opioid peptide−membrane interactions using ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy. The high temporal resolution of 2D IR is particularly suited for studying highly flexible opioid peptides. We investigate the location of the tyrosine (Tyr) side chain of leucine-enkephalin (Lenk) in lipid bilayer membranes by measuring spectral diffusion of the phenolic ring vibrational mode in three different systems: Lenk in lipid bilayer membranes (bicelles), Lenk in deuterated water, and p-cresol in deuterated water. Frequency−frequency correlation functions obtained from waiting-time-dependent 2D IR spectra reveal an ultrafast decaying component with an ∼1 ps time constant that is common for all three systems. ...
Acinus integrates AKT1 and subapoptotic caspase activities to regulate basal autophagy

How cellular stresses up-regulate autophagy is not fully understood. One potential regulator is the Drosophila melanogaster protein Acinus (Acn), which is necessary for autophagy induction and triggers excess autophagy when overexpressed. We show that cell type–specific regulation of Acn depends on proteolysis by the caspase Dcp-1. Basal Dcp-1 activity in developing photoreceptors is sufficient for this cleavage without a need for apoptosis to elevate caspase activity. On the other hand, Acn was stabilized by loss of Dcp-1 function or by the presence of a mutation in Acn that eliminates its conserved caspase cleavage site. Acn stability also was regulated by AKT1-mediated phosphorylation. Flies that expressed stabilized forms of Acn, either the phosphomimetic AcnS641,731D or the caspase-resistant AcnD527A, exhibited enhanced basal autophagy. Physiologically, these flies showed improvements in processes known to be autophagy dependent, including increased starvation resistance, reduced Huntingtin-induced neurodegeneration, and prolonged life span. These data indicate that AKT1 and caspase-dependent regulation of Acn stability adjusts basal autophagy levels.
John Finnis on Aquinas the philosopher

In the ten dense chapters of his new book, John Finnis examines and sometimes amends what he takes to be the key moral, legal, social and political doctrines of Thomas Aquinas. Finnis correctly stresses that neither ethics nor politics, in the Arstotelian tradition to which Aquinas belonged, are theoretical sciences. They are ‘practical’ or action-guiding sciences. Since societal order originates in free choice, it is subject to moral norms. The latter are more firmly grounded by Aquinas than Aristotle because the former unlike the latter has an explicit and coherent account of universal or exceptionless moral principles. Finnis natural law ethics derives from a set of self-evident precepts that focus practical reason on the pursuit and protection of basic human goods. Finnis expanding list of the latter now include marriage. Finnis equates – implausibly, in my view – attaining the ensemble of basic human goods (‘integral human fulfilment’) with Aquina's notion of beatitudo imperfecta or this-worldly happiness. Throughout the book, Finnis' exegesis of Aquinas is slanted towards bolstering Finnis' own Thomist philosophical ethics. Accordingly, Thomistic historical scholarship, which carefully traced Aquinas' biblical and patristic sources and which locate Aquinas' theological ethics within the conditions of his own life and times, has little weight in Finnis' interpretation. Overall, Finnis shows little concern for the internal logic of the Summa theologiae and, consequently, he does not adequately clarify how Aquinas' own ethics, according to its proper principles, can be both integrally theological and rational without thereby becoming a philosophical ethics.
Virtual machine migration plan generation through A∗ search

Modern virtual machine (VM) management software includes components that enable consolidation of VMs for power savings or load-balancing for performance. While the existing literature provides various methods for computing a better load-balanced, or consolidated goal state, it fails to adequately suggest the best path from the system's current state to the desired goal allocation. This paper discusses an approach to efficient path finding in VM placement plan generation for cloud computing environments. Initial results indicate our prototype solution is viable for managing hundreds of VMs through the application of A∗ search.
Directly measuring reaction kinetics of ˙QOOH – a crucial but elusive intermediate in hydrocarbon autoignition

Hydrocarbon autoignition has long been an area of intense fundamental chemical interest, and is a key technological process for emerging clean and efficient combustion strategies. Carbon-centered radicals containing an –OOH group, commonly denoted ˙QOOH radicals, are produced by isomerization of the alkylperoxy radicals that are formed in the first stages of oxidation. These ˙QOOH radicals are among the most critical species for modeling autoignition, as their reactions with O2 are responsible for chain branching below 1000 K. Despite their importance, no ˙QOOH radicals have ever been observed by any means, and only computational and indirect experimental evidence has been available on their reactivity. Here, we directly produce a ˙QOOH radical, 2-hydroperoxy-2-methylprop-1-yl, and experimentally determine rate coefficients for its unimolecular decomposition and its association reaction with O2. The results are supported by high-level theoretical kinetics calculations. Our experimental strategy opens up a new avenue to study the chemistry of ˙QOOH radicals in isolation.
Postmortem observations on β‐glucuronidase deficiency presenting as hydrops fetalis

This study reports a case of type VII mucopolysaccharidosis (beta-glucuronidase deficiency) presenting as lethal hydrops fetalis. Skin fibroblast cultures established postmortem revealed deficient beta-glucuronidase activity. Mucopolysaccharides were stored in various cells of the brain, heart, kidney, liver, and spleen. The stages of maturation of the bones, kidneys, and brain were discrepant, the brain being the least mature organ. A delay in central nervous system maturation may account for psychomotor retardation in some patients with this enzyme deficiency.
Responses to Symposiasts

How are they related on my view? The first gives rise to the latter through the Hosfstaedterian whirl of emergent structure when the selfrepresenting superloop is given some external input and allowed to run. Even a trickle of structure sent through this loop over time generates an internal stream that becomes quickly complex and differentiated from other streams. Small differences propagate and compound. Memory exercises a selective and transformative influence. MIillgram’s contention is that:
Variations on an Irrational Theme Geometry, Dynamics, Algebra

If someone mentions irrational number, what do you think of? Perhaps you recall a standard example, F2, and a proof by contradiction that has to do with odd and even numbers. Or perhaps what comes to mind is that the Pythagoreans were discomfitted by the irrationality of v' because it proved that not all geometric relationships could be described in terms of whole numbers. In this paper we will touch on both of these aspects of irrationality, recounting a bit of the history, and showing some variations on the traditional approaches to these topics. Although the subject is a familiar one, it is rich in interesting ideas. The purpose of this paper is to popularize some irrational ideas that do not appear to be well known, including connections to eigenvalues and dynamical systems, and to bring them together with some of the ideas that are so familiar.
High Levels of Intracellular Cysteine Promote Oxidative DNA Damage by Driving the Fenton Reaction

Escherichia coli is generally resistant to H2O2, with >75% of cells surviving a 3-min challenge with 2.5 mM H2O2. However, when cells were cultured with poor sulfur sources and then exposed to cystine, they transiently exhibited a greatly increased susceptibility to H2O2, with <1% surviving the challenge. Cell death was due to an unusually rapid rate of DNA damage, as indicated by their filamentation, a high rate of mutation among the survivors, and DNA lesions by a direct assay. Cell-permeable iron chelators eliminated sensitivity, indicating that intracellular free iron mediated the conversion of H2O2 into a hydroxyl radical, the direct effector of DNA damage. The cystine treatment caused a temporary loss of cysteine homeostasis, with intracellular pools increasing about eightfold. In vitro analysis demonstrated that cysteine reduces ferric iron with exceptional speed. This action permits free iron to redox cycle rapidly in the presence of H2O2, thereby augmenting the rate at which hydroxyl radicals are formed. During routine growth, cells maintain small cysteine pools, and cysteine is not a major contributor to DNA damage. Thus, the homeostatic control of cysteine levels is important in conferring resistance to oxidants. More generally, this study provides a new example of a situation in which the vulnerability of cells to oxidative DNA damage is strongly affected by their physiological state.
After 10,000 Years of Agriculture, Whither Agronomy?

The evolution of agriculture within the last 11,000 yr marked the first major inflection point in food yield and changed forever the character of the human condition. The application of technology to agriculture early in the 20th Century induced the next major crop yield inflexion point. Identifying the technological wellspring from which increased rates of productivity will be obtained in the decades ahead is far less obvious than during the last century. The agronomic challenge for the decades to come is to increase productivity per unit of land enough to preclude appropriation of other ecosystems for cropland expansions while simultaneously increasing the efficiency of production inputs, reducing their leakage to the environment, and sustaining the integrity of those ecological processes that undergird these intense biological production systems. Such a goal will require different metrics to measure agricultural sustainability and garner public support, new funding sources, and more holistic institutional arrangements. Agronomists, while playing a major role in meeting this challenge, will not necessarily dominate the agenda.
Simultaneous Multi-channel Data Acquisition and Storing System

In this paper, a novel simultaneous multichannel data acquisition system is proposed. Analog signals are applied to an analog multiplexer with a single analog to digital converter. The target technology of implementing the proposed design is the Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA). The Analog-to-Digital Converter interface and the Flash memory driver are implemented in the FPGA using hardware description language. The synthesized prototype used only 11% of the total logic elements (of Altera CycloneII, EP2C35F672C-6N FPGA) and 15% of its total memory bits. The worst-case prorogation delay observed for the system is 12.04 ns, which is less than the 50 MHz clock period of20ns. The Cyclone-II FPGA consumes power as low as 12mW. The SNR of the recorded signal is 70 dB. The proposed system can be used in various applications that require simultaneous multi-channel data acquisition system such as biomedical engineering.
A tale of three actuators: How mechanics, business models and position sensing affect different mechatronic servo problems

Students studying control problems often learn a lot of wondrous algorithms that impart near mythical properties to the systems that they are applied to. At least this is how it works in theory and simulation. In practice, however, a thorough understanding of the system, the use model, and the market is often far more important than the differences between any two optimization algorithms. Knowing when and where a particular algorithm is useful is typically at the heart of real control problems. This paper will focus on three servo systems with which the author has had considerable experience: hard disks, optical disks, and atomic force microscopes. By examining how the particulars of these three systems affect the use of control algorithms, the author will try to extract some general lessons.
Analysis of epitope information related to Bacillus anthracis and Clostridium botulinum

We have reviewed the information about epitopes of immunological interest from Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus anthracis, by mining the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource. For both pathogens, the vast majority of epitopes reported to date are derived from a single protein: the protective antigen of B. anthracis and the neurotoxin type A of C. botulinum. A detailed analysis of the data was performed to characterize the function, localization and conservancy of epitopes identified as neutralizing and/or protective. In order to broaden the scope of this analysis, we have also included data describing immune responses against defined fragments (over 50 amino acids long) of the relevant antigens. The scarce information on T-cell determinants and on epitopes from other antigens besides the toxins, highlights a gap in our knowledge and identifies areas for future research. Despite this, several distinct structures at the epitope and fragment level are described herein, which could be potential additions to future vaccines or targets of novel immunotherapeutics and diagnostic reagents.
Lattice-Boltzmann simulations of particles in non-zero-Reynolds-number flows

A lattice-Boltzmann method has been developed to simulate suspensions of both spherical and non-spherical particles in finite-Reynolds-number flows. The results for sedimentation of a single elliptical particle are shown to be in excellent agreement with the results of Huang, Hu & Joseph (1998) who used a finite-element method. Sedimentation of two-dimensional circular and rectangular particles in a two-dimensional channel and three-dimensional spherical particles in a tube with square cross-section is simulated. Computational results are consistent with experimentally observed phenomena, such as drafting, kissing and tumbling.
Atomic-Scale Segregation and Fluctuations in Chemical Ordering FePt Thin Films

A series of atom probe and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies have been performed to quantify minute compositional fluctuations in Fe55Pt45 thin films during the A1 to L10 phase transformation. The atom probe specimens were analyzed in an Imago Local Electrode Atom Probe (LEAP®) at a target evaporation of 0.5%, a pulse fraction of 20% and a temperature of 120K. We noted a propensity of fracture failures in the LEAP with this material at lower temperatures. The atom probe reconstruction showed small levels of Pt segregation at grain boundaries in the as-deposited films. Fresnel-contrast TEM imaging confirmed high density fluctuations in these boundaries. Upon annealing at 600°C for 10 minutes, the film transformed from A1 to L10 and the grain boundaries become Fe enriched as compared to the as-deposited film.
Perioperative cardiac evaluation for noncardiac surgery noninvasive cardiac testing

Prognostic risk stratification to identify perioperative and long-term cardiac risk in selected patients undergoing noncardiac surgery is part of good clinical practice. Exercise variables associated with significant increased risk include poor functional capacity (eg,
Advancing Scholarly Research on Teaching and Learning.

This chapter provides a brief history of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL), delineates the main audience for this volume, and presents a framework of the volume with a preview of each chapter.
A New Theory of Congressional Compromise

A new model of congressional compromise is constructed in which leadership, faced with a bill whose prospects are uncertain, is forced to compromise. Leadership has policy preferences of its own and seeks a compromise that will minimize its expected loss. A reasonable expression for the probability of each outcome is assumed, and the form of the optimal compromise is derived based on two simple parameters. The solutions are quite revealing and support the expectation of compromises close to a 50-50 split under a broad range of conditions.
Dynamic range determination of the detectable parameters for polynomial phase signals using multiple lag diversities in high-order ambiguity functions

Two lag diversities in the high-order ambiguity functions for single component polynomial phase signals (PPS) was previously explored by Zhou and Wang (see IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vo1.4, p.240-2, 1997). The lag diversity enlarges the dynamic range of the detectable parameters for PPS. We prove that the dynamic range obtained by Zhou and Wang is already the maximal one for the detectable parameters for single component PPS. The dynamic range for the detectable parameters for multi-component PPS is given when multiple lag diversities are used. We show that the maximal dynamic range is reached when the number of the lags in the high-order ambiguity function (HAF) is at least twice of the number of the single components in a multi-component PPS. More lags than twice of the number of the single components does not increase the dynamic range.
Wear Perfomance of Ceramics in Ring/Cylinder Applications

In support of the efforts to apply ceramics to advanced heat engines, a study is being performed of the performance of ceramics at the ring/cylinder interface of advanced (low heat rejection) engines. The objective of the study, managed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is to understand the basic mechanisms controlling the wear of ceramics and thereby identify means for applying ceramics effectively. Attempts to operate three different zirconias, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and plasma-sprayed ceramic coatings without lubrication have not been successful because of excessive friction and high wear rates. Silicon carbide and silicon nitride perform well at ambient temperatures with fully formulated mineral oil lubrication, but are limited to temperatures of 500F because of the lack of suitable liquid lubricants for higher temperatures.
Models of f(R) Cosmic Acceleration that Evade Solar-System Tests

We study a class of metric-variation $f(R)$ models that accelerates the expansion without a cosmological constant and satisfies both cosmological and solar-system tests in the small-field limit of the parameter space. Solar-system tests alone place only weak bounds on these models, since the additional scalar degree of freedom is locked to the high-curvature general-relativistic prediction across more than 25 orders of magnitude in density, out through the solar corona. This agreement requires that the galactic halo be of sufficient extent to maintain the galaxy at high curvature in the presence of the low-curvature cosmological background. If the galactic halo and local environment in $f(R)$ models do not have substantially deeper potentials than expected in $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\mathrm{CDM}$, then cosmological field amplitudes $|{f}_{R}|\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ will cause the galactic interior to evolve to low curvature during the acceleration epoch. Viability of large-deviation models therefore rests on the structure and evolution of the galactic halo, requiring cosmological simulations of $f(R)$ models, and not directly on solar-system tests. Even small deviations that conservatively satisfy both galactic and solar-system constraints can still be tested by future, percent-level measurements of the linear power spectrum, while they remain undetectable to cosmological-distance measures. Although we illustrate these effects in a specific class of models, the requirements on $f(R)$ are phrased in a nearly model-independent manner.
Simultaneously learning actions and goals from demonstration

Our research aim is to develop interactions and algorithms for learning from naive human teachers through demonstration. We introduce a novel approach to leverage the goal-oriented nature of human teachers by learning an action model and a goal model simultaneously from the same set of demonstrations. We use robot motion data to learn an action model for executing the skill. We use a generic set of perceptual features to learn a goal model and use it to monitor the executed action model. We evaluate our approach with data from 8 naive teachers demonstrating two skills to the robot. We show that the goal models in the perceptual feature space are consistent across users and correctly recognize demonstrations in cross-validation tests. We additionally observe that a subset of users were not able to teach a successful action model whereas all of them were able to teach a mostly successful goal model. When the learned action models are executed on the robot, the success was on average 66.25 %. Whereas the goal models were on average 90 % correct at deciding on success/failure of the executed action, which we call monitoring.
Employing Unnatural Amino Acids in the Preparation of Bioconjugates

The exploitation of unnatural amino acid (UAA) technologies represents an excellent mechanism for the generation of site-specific bioconjugates. Consequently, significant effort has been invested in the advancement of the technology via the integration of novel bioconjugation reactions and the expansion of the set of UAAs that can be employed. Herein, we report the recent developments in the field and highlight advantages and disadvantages of various UAA bioconjugation reactions.
Ponsà Fontanals, M. 2011. Osvaldo Reig: La Vida Itinerante de un Biólogo Evolucionista (Osvaldo Reig: the Itinerant Life of an Evolutionary Biologist)

M. Ponsa Fontanals 2011. Osvaldo Reig: La Vida Itinerante de un Biologo Evolucionista (Osvaldo Reig: the Itinerant Life of an Evolutionary Biologist). Eudeba (Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina, 128 pp. ISBN 978-950-23-1865-3, price (paper), $12.00. In this biography, Montserrat Ponsa Fontanals offers an informative journey through the life and career of Osvaldo Reig, one of the foremost mammalogists, paleontologists, and evolutionary biologists of the 20th century (Roig 1992; Anonymous 2002). In so doing, she illustrates the importance of and interaction among 3 universal themes: career (here, science), family, and politics. I anticipate that most members of the American Society of Mammalogists who can read Spanish will find the book fascinating and worthwhile. The biography's structure is roughly chronological and follows Reig around Latin America (with brief stays in the United States and Europe) during turbulent times of the past century. The brief introduction gives the reader an overall feel for Reig—intelligent, outspoken, and controversial. The book then describes his childhood and adolescence in Argentina among (mostly immigrant) families of intellectuals and the educated business class. Succeeding chapters describe Reig's university days in Buenos Aires and La Plata (as a student activist), paleontological research at the Instituto Miguel Lillo (Universidad Nacional de Tucuman), 1st professorship (Universidad de Buenos Aires, where he began working on cytogenetics), and then short stints at Harvard University (via a Guggenheim Fellowship), Universidad Central de Venezuela, University College London (where he earned his Ph.D.), Universidad Austral de Chile, and back at the Universidad de Buenos Aires. The book then focuses on Reig's longer Venezuelan era, at the Universidad de los Andes and later the Universidad Simon Bolivar, where he undertook groundbreaking studies of speciation. …
Algorithmic Mapping and Characterization of the Drug-Induced Phenotypic-Response Space of Parasites Causing Schistosomiasis

Neglected tropical diseases, especially those caused by helminths, constitute some of the most common infections of the world's poorest people. Amongst these, schistosomiasis (bilharzia or ‘snail fever’), caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, ranks second only to malaria in terms of human impact: two hundred million people are infected and close to 800 million are at risk of infection. Drug screening against helminths poses unique challenges: the parasite cannot be cloned and is difficult to target using gene knockouts or RNAi. Consequently, both lead identification and validation involve phenotypic screening, where parasites are exposed to compounds whose effects are determined through the analysis of the ensuing phenotypic responses. The efficacy of leads thus identified derives from one or more or even unknown molecular mechanisms of action. The two most immediate and significant challenges that confront the state-of-the-art in this area are: the development of automated and quantitative phenotypic screening techniques and the mapping and quantitative characterization of the totality of phenotypic responses of the parasite. In this paper, we investigate and propose solutions for the latter problem in terms of the following: (1) mathematical formulation and algorithms that allow rigorous representation of the phenotypic response space of the parasite, (2) application of graph-theoretic and network analysis techniques for quantitative modeling and characterization of the phenotypic space, and (3) application of the aforementioned methodology to analyze the phenotypic space of S. mansoni – one of the etiological agents of schistosomiasis, induced by compounds that target its polo-like kinase 1 (PLK 1) gene – a recently validated drug target. In our approach, first, bio-image analysis algorithms are used to quantify the phenotypic responses of different drugs. Next, these responses are linearly mapped into a low- dimensional space using Principle Component Analysis (PCA). The phenotype space is modeled using neighborhood graphs which are used to represent the similarity amongst the phenotypes. These graphs are characterized and explored using network analysis algorithms. We present a number of results related to both the nature of the phenotypic space of the S. mansoni parasite as well as algorithmic issues encountered in constructing and analyzing the phenotypic-response space. In particular, the phenotype distribution of the parasite was found to have a distinct shape and topology. We have also quantitatively characterized the phenotypic space by varying critical model parameters. Finally, these maps of the phenotype space allows visualization and reasoning about complex relationships between putative drugs and their system-wide effects and can serve as a highly efficient paradigm for assimilating and unifying information from phenotypic screens both during lead identification and lead optimization.
Rehabilitation of Graduate Work

Your commitee has asked me to discuss the subject of the Rehabilitation of Graduate Work. In this address I shall confine the discussion to the rehabilitation of graduate work in mathematics. Emphasis must, however, be placed upon the fact that the rebuilding of graduate work in all fields of knowledge is of vital concern to mathematicians and, in fact, to any group whose primary interest is in a particular science. Just as the human body is a unit and all parts must be strong and well-coordinated to insure a healthy being, so physical science and mathematics cannot flourish while the humanities and other academic fields are neglected, so far as research and graduate activity are concerned. If an overwhelming and disproportionate amount of the nation's superior talent is drawn into science, the result will be detrimental to the nation and to science. Plans for the recovery and development of scientific talent must be related to society's other needs for intellectual leadership. The problem of the rehabilitation of graduate work in the social sciences and the humanities is perhaps an even more difficult one than in mathematics, for full-scale training at the graduate level has been interrupted in those fields for a longer period than in science. Let us review briefly the growth of graduate work in mathematics in the United States as shown by the number of Ph.D. degrees granted in various periods. Period Average Number of Ph.D.'s Granted Annually 1900-04 12 1905-09 18 1910-14 24 1915-19 24 1920-24 24 1925-29 45
Simulation and Damage Model of Hawk Cruise Missile by APDS

It is too difficult to assess the damage probability of target.An accurate answer demands mass experiments.In this paper we study the damage standard and structure of cruise missile and analyze the damage characteristic of different part in cruise missile.The damage model of cruise missile by APDS(Armor Piercing Discarding Sabot) is established.Taking one type APDS for instance, the damage probability of the single one hitting "Hawk Cruise Missile" is simulated.Textually,the damage model is obtained on the basis of many other experimental data,theoretical method as well as computative method.The model in this paper is more precise and the result is more reliable than existing evaluation of damage effect.Also,it is of reference value to the analysis on damage model of other target.
Spatial dispersion pattern and sampling method of sweet beet (Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)) larva in green Chinese onion fields

In green Chinese onion fields,sweet beet(Spodoptera exigua (Hubner)) larva was in aggregation dispersion with basic units of individual, which was determined by the adult laying ways, and the young larve before 3 age showed more strength aggregation behaviors than old one. Sampling ways as parallel line, diagonal line and "Z" could be used to estimate its population number. But the best one was parallel line. The studies indicated that sampling size should be from 50 to 250 in general investigation.