cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative Ultrastructure and Physiology of Chromatophores, with Emphasis on Changes Associated with Intracellular Transport

Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of intracellular transport in unicellular chromatophores are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the possible role(s) of the three major cytoskeletal components microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments. A comparative analysis of different chromatophore types suggests that these cytoskeletal fiber systems may play different roles, or at least seem to be involved to a varying degree, in intracellular pigment translocation. Ultrastructure, transport characteristics, and responses to pharmacological agents of a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate chromatophores do show sufficient variation to make one consider the possibility that the underlying mechanisms also vary to some extent. It is hoped that the increased use of new methodological approaches, including microinjection of single cells and the development of reactivatable cell models, will greatly aid us in our exploration of the physical-chemical basis of chromatophore motility.
Determination of calcium binding sites in gas-phase small peptides by tandem mass spectrometry

Low-energy (LE) and high-energy (HE) collisionally activated decompositions (CAD) of calcium/peptide complexes of the form [M-H+Ca]+ and [M+Ca]2+ reflect the site of calcium binding in various gas-phase peptides that are models of the calcium binding site III of rabbit skeletal troponin C. The Ca2+ binding sites involve an aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and asparagine, which are in the metal-binding loops of calcium-binding proteins. Both fast atom bombardment (FAB) and electrospray ionization (ESI) were used to generate the metal/peptide complexes. When submitted to LE CAD, ESI-produced Ca2+/peptide complexes undergo fragmentations that are controlled by Ca2+ binding and provide information on the Ca2+ binding site. The LE CAD spectra are simple, indicating that Ca2+ binding involves specific oxygen ligands including acidic side chains and that only a few low-energy fragmentation channels exist. The HE CAD spectra of FAB-produced Ca2+/peptide complexes are more complex, owing to the introduction of high internal energy into the precursor ion. Interactions of the other alkaline-earth metal ions Mg2+ and Ba2+ with these peptides reveal that the ligand preferences of these metal ions are slightly different than those of Ca2+.
Mesopic color matching: some theoretical issues.

In this paper I address some theoretical issues concerning the additivity laws of Grassmann as they might apply to color matches in mesopic vision (in which light intensities are such that both rods and cones are active). It is first shown that rods and cones have linearly independent spectral responses, and hence rod and cone spectral responses span a four-dimensional matching space. Next, the iterative tetrachromatic-matching experiment of Trezona [ Vision Res.13, 9 ( 1973)] is examined for consistency with a four-dimensional Grassmann structure; convergence conditions for the technique are derived and shown to be consistent with the actual conditions of the experiment. Finally, a discussion is presented of the conditions under which mesopic color matching would require only three primaries, even when color matching obeys four-dimensional (but not three-dimensional) Grassmann laws. A two-dimensional rod–cone diagram gives significant but not complete insight into the conditions for trichromacy in a four-dimensional color-matching space.
Estimation of model parameters characterizing dispersion in ARFI induced shear waves in in vivo human liver

We consider the analysis of shear wave dispersion following ARFI excitation in a cohort of 135 Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease patients traditionally characterized as “difficult-to-image.” Three analysis methods are considered: (1) measuring k(ω) by locating the maximum signal from the two-dimensional Fourier transform (2D-FT) of propagating shear wave data, (2) an extension of this method using model-based sums through 2D-FT data, and (3) shear wave spectroscopy. A linear dispersion model is used to characterize the frequency-dependent phase velocity. The analysis methods are evaluated in terms of robustness as determined by the rate of successful measurements in the patient data, and by the degrees of correlation and bias inherent with each method as determined by viscoelastic FEM validation studies. For these patient data and analysis procedures, although the 2D-FT methods are more robust than the shear wave spectroscopy method, they are also systematically biased. Even so, they can be used can be used to characterize the relative viscoelastic properties of liver.
Can Naticid Gastropod Predators Be Identified by the Holes They Drill

We tested the hypothesis that drillholes made by different species of predatory naticid gastropods can be differentiated by variability in the inner (IBD) and outer borehole diameters (OBD) of the holes they drill. We compared two samples of Mya arenaria that were drilled by different predators, Euspira heros and Neverita duplicata, under experimental conditions. Mean IBD:OBD ratio was significantly greater for holes drilled by Euspira compared to Neverita, indicating that Euspira drills a steeper drillhole than Neverita. We also found consistent differences between the two naticids for slopes of regression lines of IBD on OBD after standardization for predator size and prey size and thickness, with slopes for Euspira being steeper, but results were not statistically significant. However, the range of IBD:OBD ratios was wide and overlapped considerably for each species, which decreases confidence in assignment of individual drillholes to a particular predator species. At least in the case of these two nat...
THE DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF THE EINSTEIN ASSESSMENT OF SCHOOL-RELATED SKILLS - A TEST FOR PEDIATRIC USE

Although pediatricians are showing an increasing interest and concern with regard to children with learning difficulties, there is a lack of well-standardized assessment tools to aid them in identifying these children. The Einstein Assessment of School-Related Skills (EASRS) is a brief (7-10 min), easily administered screening instrument that measures reading, arithmetic, auditory memory, language-cognition, and visual-motor abilities of children in grades K-5. Standardization testing took place in the fall, 1985 and in the spring, 1986 on over 2300 children in regular education classes in grades K-5 and on almost 200 children in the same grades who had been diagnosed as learning disabled (LD) by the Committee on the Handicapped in their respective school districts. The sample was selected to ensure representativeness of the full range of academic ability, socioeconomic status, and sex, as well as various urban and suburban regions in New York State. Analysis for both the fall and spring revealed a high level of discrimination on the total EASRS score between the normal and LD samples in grades 2-5 (numbers of diagnosed LDs in grades K-1 were too small for analysis). The median percent of regular education children in grades 2-5 passing was 77.5% in the fall and 75.0% in the spring, while only 22.5% and 16.0% of LDs passed the test in the fall and spring, respectively. These data indicate that the EASRS is a powerful device in helping the practitioner screen and identify children with learning difficulties.
Intracellular staining of physiologically identified neurons and axons in the somatosensory thalamus of the cat

Abstract Neurons and axons responding to somesthetic stimulation in the thalamic ventrobasal complex (VB) were characterized electrophysiologically by intracellular recording and then individually injected with horseradish peroxidase. Two types of thalamocortical relay neuron were identified, primarily of the basis of dendritic morphology and axon diameter. Types with cutaneous or deep receptive fields were found in each class. Neither type had collateral axons in VB but each gave branches to the thalamic reticular nucleus (RTN). Small putative interneurons in VB and RTN neurons with somatosensory receptive fields were also injected. The RTN neurons had profusely branched widely ramifying axons in VB and adjoining nuclei. Injected medial lemniscal axons in VB had a range of receptive field properties and conduction velocities and ended in elongated anteroposterior domains with one or more dense concentrations of terminal boutons of varying size and with varying numbers of boutons.
A Self Test Program Design Technique for Embedded DSP Cores

This paper describes a self test program design technique for embedded DSP cores. The method requires minimal knowledge of the core's internals and minimal insertion of external LFSR hardware, without scan insertions. The test program consists of a small set of instructions which operate iteratively on pseudorandom data generated by the LFSRs to fully test the DSP core components. The method uses instruction-based test metrics and a program template as a blueprint to generate the test program. The self test scheme has been successfully applied on an industrial-strength DSP core and the results compare favorably to other methods using ATPG and pseudorandom BIST.
Conceptualizing Teaching as Science: John Dewey in Dialogue with the National Research Council

John Dewey and the National Research Council (NRC) both discuss the problem of translating scientific research into contexts of schooling, but differ about the proper solution to the problem. The NRC would solve it by empirical investigation. Dewey finds value in that approach, but also wants educational theorists to construct general heuristics to guide scientists in creating research agendas of intrinsic interest to education practitioners. Dewey's plan faces an apparently insurmountable difficulty. General heuristics of the sort Dewey needs are not widely recognized to exist. In light of the presumed fact of education's inability to articulate a general framework to guide teaching practice, the NRC plan becomes preferred by default. I propose that Experience and Education provides a frame of reference from which pedagogical practice appears as a field of scientific endeavor in its own right. Conceptualizing teaching as a science suggests ways to rework the NRC plan.
HIGH-LEVEL DECISIONS: A LESSON FROM THE IRAN HOSTAGE RESCUE OPERATION

We use the analytic hierarchy process to analyze the role of subjective factors in decision making as illustrated in the Iran rescue operation. Essentially, we show that a decision maker and that decision maker's advisors may differ in their estimates on whether an action should or should not be taken depending on what intangible factors the leader holds as personally important, factors that the others would not necessarily include in their thinking-a serious point for which we provide a particularly effective methodology.
Normal pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in patients with Friedreich's ataxia

Normal activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was found in platelet-enriched preparations from two siblings with Friedreich's ataxia who had been reported previously as being deficient in this enzyme.
Predictive ability of QCD sum rules for decuplet baryons

QCD sum rules for decuplet baryon two-point functions are investigated using a comprehensive Monte Carlo based procedure. In this procedure, all uncertainties in the QCD input parameters are incorporated simultaneously, resulting in realistic estimates of the uncertainties in the extracted phenomenological parameters. Correlations between the QCD input parameters and the phenomenological parameters are studied by way of scatter plots. The predicted couplings are useful in evaluating matrix elements of decuplet baryons in the QCD sum rule approach. They are also used to check a cubic scaling law between baryon couplings and masses, as recently found by Dey and co-workers. The results show a significant reduction in the scaling constant and some possible deviations from the cubic law. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
The effect of thermal boundary conditions on the heat transport in vertical channels heated from below

Abstract A numerical analysis is carried out of the effect of perfectly conducting and adiabatic vertical walls on the heat transport by convection in a fluid heated from below. The equations of motion for a high Prandtl number fluid and the heat equation have been solved by the Galerkin method. Because of the side walls, the convection velocity field has three velocity components and depends on all three spatial coordinates. A two velocity component approximation, as well as the full three component representation of the velocity field, is employed in the numerical analysis. The results indicate the surprising accuracy of the two component approximation. Converged solutions are determined for a range of aspect ratios A between A = 0 (Benard convection) and A = 20 (Hele-Shaw convection).
Methanol production from biomass and natural gas as transportation fuel

Two processes are examined for production of methanol. They are assessed against the essential requirements of a future alternative fuel for road transport: that it (i) is producible in amounts comparable to the 19 EJ of motor fuel annually consumed in the U.S., (ii) minimizes emissions of criteria pollutants, (iii) reduces greenhouse gas emissions from production and use, (iv) is cost-competitive with petroleum fuel, and (v) is compatible with the emerging vehicle technologies, especially those powered by fuel cells. The methanol yield, production cost, and potential for reduction of overall fuel-cycle CO2 emissions were evaluated and compared to those of reformulated gasoline. The results show that a process utilizing natural gas and biomass as cofeedstocks can meet the five requirements more effectivly than individual processes utilizing those feedstocks separately. When end-use efficiencies are accounted for, the cost per vehicle mile traveled would be less than that of gasoline used in current vehic...
Distributorless Electronic Advance Ignition

An ignition system, is described which performs the functions of speed and vacuum advance, dwell control, current regulation, and stall shutdown with a single custom integrated circuit. Position sensing is from the flywheel, eliminating the need for a distributor.
On a practical implementation of particle methods

This paper is devoted to a practical implementation of deterministic particle methods for solving transport equations with discontinuous coefficients and/or initial data, and related problems. In such methods, the solution is sought in the form of a linear combination of the delta-functions, whose positions and coefficients represent locations and weights of the particles, respectively. The locations and weights of the particles are then evolved in time according to a system of ODEs, obtained from the weak formulation of the transport PDEs.The major theoretical difficulty in solving the resulting system of ODEs is the lack of smoothness of its right-hand side. While the existence of a generalized solution is guaranteed by the theory of Filippov, the uniqueness can only be obtained via a proper regularization. Another difficulty one may encounter is related to an interpretation of the computed solution, whose point values are to be recovered from its particle distribution. We demonstrate that some of known recovering procedures, suitable for smooth functions, may fail to produce reasonable results in the nonsmooth case, and discuss several successful strategies which may be useful in practice. Different approaches are illustrated in a number of numerical examples, including one-and two-dimensional transport equations and the reactive Euler equations of gas dynamics.
A Stefan Problem With Contact Resistance

A Stefan problem in which a semi-infinite molten material at the fusion temperature solidifies as a result of imperfect thermal contact with a cooler semi-infinite solid is considered. The contact resistance, due to surface roughness, is modeled by a convective boundary condition. Biot's variational principle is used to reduce the coupled partial differential equations to a pair of coupled ordinary differential equations that are solved numerically. The position of moving boundary as a function of time is given for both bismuth and aluminium solidifying on stainless steel.
On the intra-regional diffusion of business services activity

Bearse P. J. (1978) The intra-regional diffusion of business services, Reg. Studies 12, 563–578. This paper treats the spatial decentralization of industry as a problem in spatial diffusion. Business services are viewed as innovations, and we identify those factors which influence the time at which a business services activity ‘arrives;’ i. e., is first reported at a given type of location within a region. Specifically, we analyse the diffusion of business services activity within a 73 county region surrounding New York City. Since the spatial diffusion and industrial transformation of an industry are viewed as interdependent processes, the spatial distribution of the main economic attributes of the industry are explained in terms of arrival times and the characteristics of the sub-regional economic environments in which the industry locates. The paper concludes with some observations on the consistency of our findings with those from other innovation diffusion studies, spatial and non-spatial.
Analysis of 6,747 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors for a Proposed Staging System

Currently, no reasonable staging system exists for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) to guide treating physicians. The aim of this study was to devise a staging system of relevant prognostic factors to better predict overall survival in PNET. A prospective 300 patient cohort and a review of the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database identified 6,447 patients with PNET from 1973 to 2008. Significant prognostic factors were created for an initial. Tumor: T (T1: ≤3 cm and localized to pancreas, T2: >3 cm and localized to the pancreas; T3: extension to adjacent organs and vessels), grade: G (G1: well/moderate and G2: poor/undifferentiated), and metastasis: M (M0: no distant mets, M1: distant mets) staging system. Significant predictors of survival on multivariate analysis included age, size, grade, and metastasis. Based on the TGM staging system: stage 1 (T1–2, G1, M0), stage 2 (T1–2, G2, M0), stage 3 (T3G2M0, Tany, G1, M1), stage 4: (Tany, G2, M1) was created with survival being statistically different between stages (p < 0.0001). Median survival rates were stage 1, 55 months; stage 2, 50 months; stage 3, 46 months; and stage 4, 25 months. Incorporation of this newly developed staging system into clinical practice will improve the ability to predict prognosis and aid in stratification of patients for clinical trials.
Resident-based acute stroke protocol is expeditious and safe.

Background and Purpose— The decision to administer tPA to acute stroke patients is frequently made by stroke attendings or fellows, but placing residents in this position may make tPA delivery more efficient. Methods— Beginning in 2004, we instituted a resident-based acute stroke protocol placing neurology residents in decision-making roles. Time-intervals, symptomatic hemorrhage rate, and discharge locations were prospectively collected and compared between two epochs, before and after 2004. Results— 59 acute ischemic stroke patients were treated with tPA before protocol initiation (1998 to 2002), while 113 patients were treated after protocol initiation (2004 to 2007). The average door-to-needle and onset-to-needle times were significantly shorter after initiation of the resident-based protocol (81 versus 60 minutes [P<0.001] and 138 versus 126 minutes [P<0.05]), respectively. Symptomatic hemorrhage rate (5.1% versus 3.5%) and favorable discharge location (68% versus 76%) did not differ between the two ...
PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS OF DIVERSE SEED TYPES, CHROMOSOME NUMBERS, AND POLLEN MORPHOLOGY IN HOUSTONIA (RUBIACEAE).

Seed and pollen morphology were studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in 39 North and Central American species of Houstonia (including Hedyotis, but excluding Oldenlandia). Chromosome counts were obtained for eight taxa, of which five lacked previous chromosome data. A chromosome number of n = 17 for Houstonia gracilis is a new base number for the genus. Seed external morphology in the genus is very diverse, including variation in compression, margins, testa surfaces, and elaboration of ventral cavities or depressions and hilar ridges or their absence. Three types of pollen apertures are recognized: colporate with type A os, colpororate, and colporate with type B os, the last the most advanced type, occurring in H. caerulea and related species. The 39 species are arranged in twelve groups, based on correlation of seed, pollen, and chromosome data. Geographic distribution provides supplementary evidence for the distinctness and integrity of the six principal groups each composed of 2-9 species. Five of the six minor groups each with one species need chromosome data to facilitate future taxonomic decisions. Chromosome numbers of x = 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 17 are now known in this genus, and phylogenetic implications of the combined data are discussed.
Interactions of Monosodium Glutamate and Sodium Chloride on Saltiness and Palatability of a Clear Soup

The sensory interactions of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and NaCl in a clear soup were examined by a sensory test, by a response-surface method. The extents of saltiness and palatability were expressed by second order polynomials of the concentrations of MSG and NaCl added. The polynomials indicated that to provide an appropriate saltiness and the maximum palatability score, more NaCl was required in soup with a lower MSG concentration, and vice versa. It is recommended that when the amount of sodium in the soup must be restricted while retaining a high palatability score, the NaCl level should be reduced while adding an optimal MSG level.
Correcting the Pspice large-signal model for PWM converters operating in DCM

It is shown that an incorrect parameter limit in the existing Pspice pulsewidth modulated (PWM) switch model has been detected. The main objective of this work is to alert users of such models to a potential source of simulation error under certain parameter specifications as shown here. Simulation of the boost converter operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) based on the incorrect model results in either convergence problems or wrong results. Correction of the model is provided and its validity is verified using a specific converter example. The results illustrate how the old and corrected models produce different results when the boost converter is subjected to some transients under sudden load variations.
Effects of osmoconditioning on mitochondrial respiration and phosphorylation in soybean seeds

Cotyledon mitochondrion respiration and oxidative phosphorylation activity were studied in two groups of soybean seeds. One group was primed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for different periods of time, and the other was unprimed (control), and both were then exposed to imbibition at low temperatures before their germination. The results indicated that when L-Malate (L-Mal) and α-Ketoglutarate (α-Kg) were used as substrates, the ADP-stimulated mitochondria respiration rates of control seeds were markedly higher than state III respiration rates of primed seeds. However, the osmoconditioning pretreatment significantly enhanced the oxidative phosphorylation activity of cotyledon mitochondrion in 12 h. The oxidative phosphorylation activity of the mitochondrion of primed seeds was normal and the ADP/O value was consistent with the theoretical one. When reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was used as the substrate, the mitochondria of control seeds still had oxidative phosphorylation activity, while ADP/O value was obviously lower than that of mitochondria of primed seeds. When Succinate (Succ) was used as the substrate, the oxidative phosphorylation activity of the primed seeds was normal after priming for 24 h. When different substrates were used, the emerging order of the oxidative phosphorylation activity of the primed seeds was NADH, α-Kg, Succ and in the last place L-Mal. The mechanism of soybean imbibitionl chilling injury and protective effect of PEG priming were discussed.
Crack azimuths on Europa: time sequence in the southern leading face

The formation sequence of prominent ridges and other tectonic lineaments on the southern portion of the leading hemisphere of Europa is determined from cross-cutting relationships. These selected features formed fairly recently relative to most of the surface; older lineaments no longer retain clear evidence of cross-cutting. If we assume that this sequence represents the order of formation of cracks that underlie each lineament, and that the orientation of each crack was determined by tidal stress whose azimuth varies monotonically counter-clockwise with time, the azimuth must have rotated more than 740°, which would correspond to the change in tidal stress over two periods of nonsynchronous rotation (relative to the direction of Jupiter). However, that interpretation is not necessarily compelling, because the observed orientations of cross-cutting lineaments are not densely spaced over these cycles; in fact, the sequence would fit nearly as well into an arbitrary model with rotation in the opposite sense from that predicted by theory. This tectonic record may have formed over many more rotational cycles, such that typically only a few cracks form per cycle, which would be consistent with evidence from considerations of cycloidal crack patterns. Sets of cracks that cluster near certain azimuth orientations appear to be parts of globe-encircling lineament systems and may result from other effects, perhaps polar wander that occurred rapidly relative to nonsynchronous rotation.
Cognitive task analysis for training

Abstract Two factors have made behaviorally based task analysis training systems obsolete: (1) these systems cannot describe the complex knowledge required of European and North American workers by recent changes in the global economy, and (2) recent research in cognition shows that the cognitive processes and structures involved in complex work tasks serve as a more useful content for training and development. A description and a brief review of research on cognitive task analysis (CTA) systems is provided. Claims for the benefits of CTA are discussed, including Means and Gott's (1988) contention that the equivalent of five years of advanced job knowledge can be transmitted in about 50 hours of training based on CTA. The article concludes with a call to include current knowledge of CTA in training design systems and for additional research directed to the development of CTA systems.
A comparison of the instabilities at the Nivea and Pallida loci in Antirrhinum majus

The unstable recurrens alleles of nivea and pallida have been compared for sensitivity to temperature during development. Previous work showed that the palrec allele mutates germinally and somatically with a greater frequency at 15° than at 25° C. The nivrec allele is less sensitive to temperature but somatic instability is still inversely correlated with temperature. There is no difference in germinal instability at the two temperatures for nivrec. The genetic stabiliser controls for palrec and nivrec are independent. Chemical mutagens and X-rays are ineffective in inducing changes in instability of either allele. Plants doubly homozygous for the two rec alleles and for the aurone producing sulfurea gene show that nivrec usually mutates prior to palrec; instances of palrec mutating first have possibly been seen but the flush that frequently occurs in plants homozygous for nivrec prevents a definite conclusion as to whether there is an obligate mutational sequence. An example of paramutation is described. Results vary according to the temperature at the time of the cross and during seed maturation, and depend on the direction of the cross; paramutagenic female parents induce a higher frequency of paramutants. Lines of varying paramutability and paramutagenicity have been established. Somatic paramutation in homozygous nivrec regularly occurs and varies with plant development.
Promising outcomes of screening for pancreatic cancer by genetic testing and endoscopic ultrasound.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine if screening patients based on certain cancer syndromes or family history criteria can lead to early detection of pancreatic cancer.MethodsThis was a cohort study from 2008 to 2011 at a large tertiary referral center. A total of 30 patients met high-risk criter
What really happens in cohorts

Togetherness, academic help, peer support—all good things for a college student, right? Mostly. Michelle Maher followed several students co-enrolled in a cohort around for almost a year to discover...
Determinants of Persistent Obesity and Hyperinsulinemia in a Biracial Cohort: A 15-Year Prospective Study of Schoolgirls

Objective To identify childhood-adolescent determinants of persistent hyperinsulinemia and obesity. Study design We conducted a 15-year prospective study of 296 African-American and 260 Caucasian girls. Results Childhood insulin level (partial R 2 = 40.4%) and 14-year change in body mass index (BMI; partial R 2 = 20.2%) were major predictors for average insulin Z score during the 15-year follow-up. Waist circumference at age 19 years, 10-year mean percentage of calories from carbohydrates, 15-year change in insulin Z score, the interaction of race with 8-year change in waist, and 14-year change in glucose level were major predictors of a 14-year change in BMI, explaining 66.7% of variability. In girls with all 9 insulin measurements in 15 years persistently in the top 25% versus girls with all measures in the bottom 75%, variables predicting the persistent insulin category included waist circumference at age 11 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.25; 95% CI, 1.11-1.40; P = .0003), 14-year change in BMI (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.01-1.57; P =.037), and 8-year change in waist circumference (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01-1.32; P = .038). Conclusions Childhood interventions to reduce occurrence of hyperinsulinemia and obesity in early adulthood should focus on childhood-adolescent hyperinsulinemia, obesity, central adiposity, and adolescent increases in these factors.
Control Architecture for a Switched Doubly Fed Machine Propulsion Drive

Doubly fed machines (DFMs) are well known for limited-speed-range applications such as in wind power generation due to their reduced requirement in power electronic rating. Switched DFM drives offer the same benefit on power electronic requirement but operate on a wide speed range. This makes them attractive for wide-speed-range high-power applications, e.g., in ship propulsion. A unique controller is needed to fit the different demands of a switched DFM drive, specifically where both ac and dc supplies are available. This paper presents a control architecture for a switched DFM drive intended for propulsion application. The proposed architecture adapts to the on-the-fly changes in DFM configuration and seamlessly controls the speed/torque during these variations.
Impacts of selective logging on amphibians in a Bolivian tropical humid forest

We sampled the abundance, species richness, and species composition of adult amphibians in disturbed and undisturbed areas within 20 m of a seasonal stream 1 year following selective logging in a Bolivian tropical forest. The area disturbed by logging within the stream border ranged from 23 to 30%. Overall, there were no significant differences in amphibian abundance, species richness, or composition between disturbed and undisturbed sites within the riparian area. However, one toad species (Bufo typhonia) was significantly more abundant in disturbed than in undisturbed areas. All of the remaining species captured were frogs and their abundance did not differ between undisturbed and disturbed areas. More amphibians were captured during the peak dry season months than during other times of the year. This study suggests that riparian areas are important refuge for amphibians during dry season months and, therefore, should be protected within forests managed for timber. Limited interventions in riparian areas (as much as 23‐30%) by logging did not significantly impact amphibian populations 1 year following logging. However, long-term effects on amphibian populations past 1 year after logging need to be investigated. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Unsteady transonic Navier-Stokes computations for an oscillating wing using single and multiple zones

Modern jet transports and maneuvering tactical fighters operating in the transonic regime often give rise to time-dependent fluid physics that interact with flexible structural components, e.g., vortical flow, shocks, and separation. Efficient computational fluid dynamic (CFD) methods are required to study such computationally intensive problems. In this work a numerical method is presented to address this problem. Time-dependent, compressible, Navier-Stokes equations are used to simulate unsteady transonic flow about a three-dimensional rigid wing undergoing a forced periodic motion in angle of attack. An efficient, implicit, diagonal algorithm is utilized because of its low operation count per time step compared to other methods that solve systems of block matrix equations. The formal time accuracy is addressed theoretically and demonstrated numerically by comparison of computational results with experimental data. A zonal grid approach, capable of treating complex geometries, is presented and its time accuracy is demonstrated by comparing a zonal computation with a single grid computation and experimental data.
13C NMR chemical shifts of the carbon atoms of the methoxymethyl group of di‐ortho‐substituted aromatic methoxymethyl ethers

Complete 13C spectral assignments of 28 aromatic methoxymethyl ethers bearing different substituents and substitution patterns were made. While meta-, para- or mono-ortho-substitution did not significantly affect the 13C resonances of the carbon atoms of the methoxymethyl group, di-ortho-substitution produced the deshielding of both carbons. This effect was more pronounced on the methylene carbon atom.
SPALLATION REACTIONS OF CALIFORNIUM-252 WITH HELIUM IONS

Cross sections were determined for Cf/sup 252/( alpha ,xn) and ( alpha ,pxn) reactions. The product of the ( alpha ,3n) reaction, Fm/sup 253/, was found to have a half life of 1.0 plus or minus 0.2 days and the most abundant alpha -particle energy was 6.95 plus or minus 0.05 Mev. From the decay of Fm/ sup 253/, the electron-capture daughter Es/sup 253/ was found to have an electron- capture to alpha -decay branching ratio of 8.5 plus or minus 1.0. (C.J.G.)
Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in Brown Norway rats exposed to ozone : effect of dexamethasone

Abstract We studied the effects of ozone exposure and dexamethasone on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression in Brown Norway rats in vivo. Using a murine iNOS cDNA probe, we detected a 4.4 kb iNOS mRNA by Northern analysis in rat lung. The iNOS signal was weak in control lungs, but increased in lungs exposed to ozone (3 ppm, 6 h). Ozone-induced iNOS mRNA expression was time-dependent, with maximal expression at 2 h, declining by 8 and increasing again at 24 h postexposure. Dexamethasone significantly reduced the iNOS mRNA expression in the lungs of both controls and ozone-exposed rats. These results demonstrate that ozone inhalation induces iNOS expression in vivo, thus providing evidence at the molecular level for the possible involvement of nitric oxide generation in ozone-induced pulmonary inflammation or lung damage.
Traumatic hepatic artery laceration managed by transarterial embolization in a pediatric patient

While blunt abdominal trauma with associated liver injury is a common finding in pediatric trauma patients, hepatic artery transection with subsequent treatment by transarterial embolization has rarely been reported. We present a case of a child who suffered from a hepatic artery injury which was successfully managed by supraselective transarterial microcoil embolization, discuss management strategies in these patients, and provide a review of currently available literature.
Hepatosplenomegaly in an 8-month-old child

1. What are this patient’s most striking clinical and laboratory findings? 2. How do you explain this patient’s most striking clinical and laboratory findings? 3. How is tyrosine catabolized in vivo? 4. Is the patient’s increased plasma tyrosine level diagnostically specific in identifying the cause of this patient’s signs and symptoms? 5. What is this patient’s most likely diagnosis? 6. What is the pathophysiology of this patient’s disease? 7. What are the consequences of failing to identify and adequately treat this patient’s disease? 8. How should individuals suspected of having this patient’s disease be monitored? 9. How is this patient’s condition typically treated? 10. What is the role of laboratory testing in this patient’s condition? 11. How should this patient’s disease be confirmed? 12. What is the patient’s prognosis?
Is the multilayer segregation of tin to the iron (100) surface an equilibrium phenomenon

Abstract Iron crystals doped with tin are known to exhibit segregation of more than one monolayer of tin to the (100) surface when heated in ultra-high vacuum. This unusually large coverage raises the question of whether the multilayer enrichment is due to equilibrium segregation or to some kind of metastable phenomenon. In the latter case, the presence of the bulk equilibrium second phase, FeSn, would be expected to cause a reduction in the surrounding tin coverage. This issue was addressed by the use of chemical-vapor deposition to seed the surface of a tin-doped crystal with this intermetallic compound. It was found that the presence of this second phase did not alter the equilibrium surface coverage, which returned quickly to its previous level by surface diffusion from the FeSn crystallites after surface cleaning by sputtering. The exact structure of this unique surface phase remains to be clarified.
Exploring paternal maturity in the relationships between older fathers and adult children.

While research on parent-adult child relationships has expanded over the last two decades, most research has ignored the experiences of older fathers and their relationships with adult children. The present study sought to explore how midlife and older men assess the costs and rewards associated with their fatherhood experiences and how fathers’ level of paternal maturity influences their perceptions of fatherhood. More specifically, the purpose of the present study was two-fold: to explore the costs and rewards of fatherhood and whether paternal maturity serves as a moderator of older men’s fatherhood experiences. A purposive sample of 96 fathers (age 50–80) completed measures assessing ego development, generativity, and costs and rewards of fatherhood. The construct of paternal maturity, hypothesized to influence assessment of fatherhood experiences, was operationally defined as combining both affective (generativity) and cognitive (ego development) levels of psychological maturity. Results indicate mixed support for the influence of paternal maturity on fathers’ perceptions of costs and rewards. Overall, findings note that the affective side of maturity (generativity) is more strongly associated with fathers’ accounts of the costs and rewards than the cognitive side of maturity (ego development). Discussion centers on the utility of these concepts and the implications for continued research into the ongoing relationships between fathers and adult children.
Predictors of successful permanency planning and length of stay in foster care: The role of race, diagnosis and place of residence

Abstract Permanency planning has been the accepted practice of the American child welfare system for the past quarter-century. Permanency planning for foster care is the process of taking prompt, decisive action to maintain children in their own homes, or to permanently place them with other families. This study examined the significant predictors of successful permanency planning and length of stay in foster care for children served by the child welfare system in Florida. A retrospective study was made of children who had been placed into and exited foster care in Florida between July 1, 1998, and December 1, 1999. Each child ( n = 7807) was studied for 12 months from the day of entry into foster care. The relative importance of factors contributing to the outcome of permanency planning was determined using logistic regression. Results showed that across the state, the child's geographic district of residence was the single most important predictor of outcome. Geography accounted for a 7-fold difference among districts in the rate of successful permanency planning. Other factors that helped determine the outcome of permanency planning were race, presence of a mental disorder, developmental disabilities and placement in therapeutic foster care.
The propeller DNA conformation of poly(dA).poly(dT)

Abstract Physical properties of the DNA duplex, poly(dA).poly(dT) differ considerably from the alternating copolymer poly(dAT). A number of molecular models have been used to describe these structures obtained from fiber X-ray diffraction data. The recent solutions of single crystal DNA dodecamer structures with segments of oligo-A.oligo-T have revealed the presence of a high propeller twist in the AT regions which is stabilized by the formation of bifurcated (three-center) hydrogen bonds on the floor of the major groove, involving the N6 amino group of adenine hydrogen bonding to two O4 atoms of adjacent thymine residues on the opposite strand. Here we show that it is possible to incorporate the features of the single crystal analysis, specifically high propeller twist, bifurcated hydrogen bonds, and a narrow minor groove, as well as the close interstrand NMR signal between adenine HC2 and ribose HC1' of the opposite strand, into a model that is fully compatible with the diffraction data obtained from poly(dA).poly(dT).
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome following Administration of Lidocaine

A patient twice developed the adult respiratory distress syndrome following an adverse reaction to administration of lidocaine. To our knowledge, such an association has not been reported previously.
Evaluation of Alternative Flexibility Restraint Procedures for Recursive Programming Models Used for Prediction

Recursive programming models for estimating production response may be generalized from the original "recursive" formulation to a formulation that simply attempts to limit the linear programming solution to a reasonable subset. This article outlines a framework for evaluating the effect of alternative flexibility restraint procedures on the accuracy of such recursive programming models. Statistical estimates are developed for the total expected error of predictions, given a specified set of population and model characteristics. The analysis suggests that recursive programming models achieve some measure of statistical accuracy.
Production of a thermostable archaeal superoxide reductase in plant cells

Pyrococcus furiosus superoxide reductase (SOR) is a thermostable archaeal enzyme that reduces superoxide without producing oxygen. When produced as a fusion protein with the green fluorescent protein in plant cells, P. furiosus SOR is located in the cytosol and nucleus. The recombinant SOR enzyme retains its function and heat stability when assayed in vitro. Importantly, expressing SOR in plant cells enhances their survival at high temperature indicating that it functions in vivo. The archaeal SOR provides a novel mechanism to reduce superoxide and demonstrates the potential for using archaeal genes to alter eukaryotic metabolism.
Evolution of a classic sand ridge field: Maryland sector, North American inner shelf

The ridge and swale topography of the Middle Atlantic Bight is best developed on the Delaware-Maryland inner shelf. Here sand ridges can be seen in all stages of formation. Several aspects of the ridge field are pertinent to the problem of ridge genesis. The first is ridge morphology. There is a systematic morphologic change from shoreface ridges through nearshore ridges to offshore ridges, which reflects the changing hydraulic regime. As successively more seaward ridges are examined, maximum side slope decreases, the ratio of maximum seaward slope to maximum landward slope decreases, and the cross-sectional area increases. These changes in ridge morphology with depth and distance from shore appear to be equivalent to the morphologic changes experienced by a single ridge during the course of the Holocene transgression. A second aspect is the change in bottom sediment characteristics that accompanies these large-scale morphologic changes. Megaripples, sand waves and mud lenses appear in the troughs between nearshore and offshore ridges. These changes indicate that the storm flows which maintain ridges are less frequently experienced in the deeper sector, and that the role of high-frequency wave surge becomes less important relative to the role of the mean flow component in shaping the sea-floor. A third aspect is the systematic relationship of grain size to topography. Grain size is 90° out of phase with topography, so that the coarsest sand lies between the axis of the landward trough and the ridge crest, while the finest sand lies between the ridge crest and the axis of the seaward trough. This relationship is characteristic of large-scale bedforms. Finally, flow was measured and transport calculated on the same ridge during a one-month period (November 1976). Threshold was exceeded only during storm events. Mean transport was southerly and a little seaward with respect to both the ridge crest and the shoreline. These flow measurements are in conformity with the pattern of smaller bedforms. A 43-year time series of bathymetric change for this ridge reveals a systematic pattern of landward flank erosion, seaward flank deposition, and seaward crest migration. Sand ridges are considered the consequence of constructive feedback between an initial topography and the resulting distribution of bottom shear stress. The relationship between grain size and topography supports this model, but does not account directly for the oblique angle of the ridge with respect to the coastline. This feature may be due to a more rapid alongshore migration rate of the inshore edge of the ridge than the offshore edge, and the relationship between this migration rate, and the rate of shoreface retreat.