cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The isolation of pathogenic fungi from sodium hydroxide-processed sputum specimens from patients suspected to have tuberculosis.

Specimens received for tuberculosis bacteriology from 1966 to 1969 were processed by the sodium hydroxide technic. Occasionally, these specimens produced fungi on the Lowenstein-Jensen and Middlebrook-Cohn 7H-10 media. Attempts to determine whether these isolates had pathogenic potential revealed that 23 of the 860 fungal isolates were known pathogens. Allescheria boydii, Aspergillus fumigatus and Nocardia asteroides were among those isolated. Although the ratio of pathogenic to saprophytic fungal isolates in this study was small, it is significant to learn that it is possible to isolate and identify some pathogenic fungi when using this relatively lethal digestion procedure for routine mycobacterial isolation.
Division I Intercollegiate Athletics Success and the Financial Impact on Universities

Private monetary contributions and the role of athletics are topics of discussion at nearly all institutions, and thus any relationship between the two has become increasingly valuable to determine donor motivations. This quantitative research study analyzed universities’ overall private contributions to determine whether there was a significant difference in the percentage of overall financial support to the institutions following a year of athletics success. For this study, athletics success included participation in either the Division I (DI) men’s basketball National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Final Four or DI Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Bowl Championship Series (BCS) Bowl Game. The study focused on a period of 10 years (2002-2011) using a sample of 129 observations (Council for Aid to Education’s [CAE] Voluntary Support of Education [VSE] Survey)—satisfying the criteria above, then comparing them with the baseline (all institutions) during the same period of time to determine whether ...
PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING "UPDATE IN ABDOMINAL AND URO - GENITAL IMAGING", BRUGES, 6-8 SEPTEMBER 2012

Recent advances in hepatic imaging techniques have drawn particular attention to detection and characterization of liver lesions. Optimal imaging diagnosis of hepatic lesions surely depends on the understanding of currently available modalities and its tailored application in consideration of clinical information.
EVALUATION OF NON-BLEED SHOCK WAVE BOUNDARY LAYER INTERACTION CONTROL USING A NEW MIXED COMPRESSION INLET SIMULATOR MODEL

A test was conducted of a generic two-dimensional mixed compression inlet flow field simulator model in the AFRL Trisonic Gasdynamic Facility (TGF) to evaluate non-bleed Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interaction (SWBLI) flow control. The flow field simulator model incorporated a compression ramp with variable angle to allow investigation of differing shock strengths and a vertically translating upper cowl surface to allow throat height compensation for differing boundary layer thicknesses. The model also featured a rectangular to round diffuser with a 40 probe Aerodynamic Interface Plane (AIP) total pressure rake at the end of the diffuser and a primary flow plug to allow variations in mass flow. Testing was accomplished at a free stream Mach number of 3.0. A bleed optimization was performed on the ramp and cowl bleed zones with the four throat and two forward sidewall bleed zones being held constant. Center line static pressures along with bleed flow parameters and boundary layer profiles on the ramp surface were recorded. Schlieren images of the shock wave pattern along the ramp were also recorded. The ramp SWBLI bleed flow control was replaced with various micro vortex generator configurations. Test results show that several of the vortex generator configurations had the ability to effectively replace the bleed flow control and prevent inlet un-start to equivalent ramp angles as long as adjustments were made to the throat height to allow for the increased mass flow and boundary thickness. 1 Aerospace Engineer, AFRL/RBAI, 2130 8 th Street
Urinary incontinence symptoms and impact on quality of life in patients seeking outpatient physical therapy services

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study was to examine the frequency and types of urinary incontinence (UI) in patients seeking outpatient physical therapy for neuro-musculoskeletal conditions. Design: Retrospective cross-sectional analysis. Patients: A convenience sample of patients that positively responded to a UI screening question was included in this study. Methods: Data were collected for age, sex, and primary treatment condition classified into one of the following (i.e., urinary dysfunction, fecal dysfunction, pelvic pain, spine, neurological disorders, or extremity disorders); UI type (i.e., mixed, urge, stress, or insensible); UI symptom severity; and quality of life (QoL) impact. Main outcome measures: Frequency of UI type, symptom severity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) impact, and pad use were compared between treatment groups. Results: The mean age of the sample (n = 599) was 49.8 years (SD = 18.5) and 94.7% were female. The urinary dysfunction group comprised 44.2% of the t...
Power Wars: Inside Obama's Post-9/11 Presidency.

Public law scholars owe a debt of gratitude to New York Times reporter Charlie Savage. In 2007, Savage sent questionnaires to presidential candidates asking them about executive power issues (55–57...
Soziale Roboter für ältere Menschen? Ethische Überlegungen zur sozialen Interaktion mit Robotern im Gesundheitswesen

Zusammenarbeit gilt als rationale und intendierte Strategie – die Kooperationspartner teilen bestimmte Interessen und einigen sich auf den besten Weg, diese zu verwirklichen. Aber was ist eigentlich mit den automatisierten Ablaufen? Das Symposium des Kate Hamburger Kolleg „Global Cooperation in the 21st Century“ aus Anlass der Ruhrtriennale 2013 hat automatische, unbewusste und ungewollte Kooperationen hinter dem Rucken der Akteure zum Thema gemacht. Dazu gehoren neben den sprichwortlich gewordenen Marktmechanismen der „unsichtbaren Hand“ automatisierte Verrichtungen durch Roboter und Programme wie der Hochfrequenzhandel an den Borsen, aber auch schlafwandlerische Handlungen, Traumata und Psychopathologien des Alltagslebens und nicht zuletzt diverse „Vorsehungen“ und Pradestinationen. Konnen, wie Bernard Mandevilles Bienenfabel zeigen sollte, aus privaten Lastern offentliche Vorteile werden? Die Weltgesellschaft, eine Welt voller nicht-intendierter Folgen, durfte von solchen Antrieben bewegt sein. Das Symposium hat sie mit Beitragen aus diversen Disziplinen, der Kunst- und Theaterwissenschaft, der Okonomie, der Psychoanalyse und der Informatik zu ergrunden versucht. Die Beitrage der Autoren und Autorinnen, die zu diesem Anlass verfasst worden sind, werden hier zum Nachlesen und Weiterdenken veroffentlicht. (aus der Einleitung von Claus Leggewie)
Long-term retinal transgene expression with FIV versus adenoviral vectors.

Purpose Gene therapy for chronic retinal diseases will require long-term expression of therapeutic transgenes. Lentiviral and adenoviral (Ad) vectors are gene delivery systems with markedly different properties. Lentiviral vectors require integration into the host genome, which facilitates long-term expression, while Ad vectors remain episomal. We compared time course, location, and extent of transgene expression from replication-deficient feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vectors and Ad vectors in neonatal rat retina. Methods A dose-response study was conducted to determine the optimal subretinal dose for comparison of FIV and Ad vectors with an internal cassette expressing beta-galactosidase under transcriptional control of the CMV immediate-early gene promoter/enhancer. Forty-two five-day old Sprague-Dawley rats received subretinal injections of 2 microl containing 2x10(3) transducing units (TU, n=14), 2x10(4) TU (n=14) or 2x10(5) TU (n=14) of FIV vector (right eye) and Ad vector (left eye). Expression was evaluated 48 h after transduction. In the subsequent long-term expression study, 60 five-day old rats received a subretinal injection of 2x10(5) TU FIV vector (right eye) and Ad vector (left eye). Ten pairs of eyes were analyzed at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and the remainder at 16 months. Eye cups were evaluated in a masked manner for extent of beta-galactosidase expression (graded 0-5) by whole mount microscopy and by cross sectional histology. Results In the dose-response study, 2x10(5) TU resulted in consistent, widespread retinal transduction with both vectors and was selected as the dose for the subsequent study. In the long-term expression study, FIV vector resulted in a higher grade of expression than Ad at multiple single time points and produced higher overall expression when data from all eyes across the entire 16 month study were analyzed (p=0.01). Retinal expression was present at 16 months with both vectors. beta-galactosidase expression was limited to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) until the first month, but later was also found to a lesser extent in neurosensory retina with each vector. In contrast to FIV, most Ad injected eyes showed signs of focal accumulation of macrophage-like cells with disrupted retinal architecture. Conclusions Both FIV and Ad vectors result in long-term transgene expression in RPE after subretinal injection. FIV vectors show more promise than Ad as delivery systems for retinal diseases since they transduce greater areas of RPE, result in less cellular infiltrate, and cause less disruption of retinal architecture. The persistent expression at 16 months of follow-up suggests that these lentiviral vectors are useful for gene therapy of chronic retinal diseases.
Creating and Evaluating a Dynamic Study Randomization and Enrollment Tool within a Robust EHRs.

Randomized trials are difficult to perform in resource-limited settings. We developed a Randomization and Enrollment Tool (RET) within a live EHRs which automated enrollment, randomization, and data-collection in support of robust EHRs-based randomized interventions. We describe an observational assessment of RET which we piloted at three Kenyan HIV clinics for a decision support trial. We manually evaluated RET’s adequacy and accuracy in its core functions. RET enrolled 327/6626 patients, 100% meeting criteria based on EHRs data. Human reviews reveal that only 250 patients (76.5%) should have been enrolled as the EHRs contained inaccurate data for the other 77 (23.4%). 23 eligible patients were also missed through sole reliance on EHRs data. 18 (5.5%) RET-enrolled patients never received the intervention because of missed appointments. An automated randomization tool has potential to reduce human and financial costs of conducting EHRs-based randomized trials, but remains vulnerable to data quality and workflow limitations.
Suppression of Specific Eating Behaviors by Covert Response Cost: An Experimental Analysis

A combination of multiple baseline and reversal designs were used to investigate effects of covert response cost (CRC) on maladaptive eating in 2 overweight females. The S’s consumption of both target and non-target foods and beverages was monitored. During control phases E met with S and instructed her to imagine “lunchtime” scenes in which she is about to make the maladaptive target response. During treatment phases E instructed S to imagine response cost scenes contingent upon both imaginary and real-life lunch situations in which S is about to make the target response. Data indicate that the systematic presentation, withdrawal, and representation of CRC produced corresponding decreases, increases, and decreases in consumption of target foods only.
Navigation in Spatial Environments, Neural Basis of

Both animals and humans show a remarkable ability to navigate through their environment. It is postulated that this ability depends on an abstract internal representation, sometimes referred to as a cognitive map. Studies of individuals with focal brain damage have suggested at least two brain regions that may contain the postulated map. One of these is the hippocampal formation. Humans with restricted hippocampal area lesions are unable to learn topographical information. Although they can clearly perceive and attend to environmental landmarks, they cannot learn about the position of these landmarks within the larger environment, or about their relative proximity to each other. Another implicated region is the retrosplenial cortex. Damage here also causes topographic disorientation. Interestingly, the hippocampal region appears necessary only for spatial learning in new environments, while retrosplenial cortex is critical for both new and temporally remote spatial knowledge. Brain imaging in intact individuals has shown that, as predicted, both the hippocampal and retrosplenial regions are selectively activated when individuals perform a navigational task. Physiological studies in these areas of the rat brain have revealed two types of cells that may be involved. These are place cells and head direction cells, which code for the animal's current location and directional heading, respectively.
The Barber of Salzburg

(2008). The Barber of Salzburg. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 23, Paul John Eakin and James Olney: A Festschrift, pp. 123-136.
Ln III -centered emission sensitized through fluorescent carbon dots

Abstract We synthesized CDs that were crystalline and monodisperse with average diameters in the range 4–5 nm. The CDs had a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.20%, with emission lifetimes of 3.1 and 6.5 ns attributed to surface and core emissions, respectively. 13 C NMR spectroscopy indicated the presence of C–C, C˭C and C˭O groups on the surface of the CDs. Powder XRD and TEM indicate the CDs are graphitic. The CDs were decorated with Ln III ions through coordination to the surface carbonyl and carboxylato groups. When excited, the CDs transferred energy to the emissive states of the Ln III ions, which led to observation of the characteristic emission spectra of Eu III and Tb III with emission lifetimes of 1.00 and 0.63 ms, respectively and with emission quantum yields of 0.17% and 1.43%, respectively.
Commentary on Christopher White, "Relationships between tonal stability and metrical accent in monophonic contexts."

The following is a commentary of Christopher White's article on tonal stability and metrical accents.
Long Term Effects of the 2010 Earthquake on Haitian Children and Their Determination to Survive

On Tuesday, January 12, 2010, a magnitude 7 earthquake devastated the Republic of Haiti. This initial earthquake then triggered additional aftershocks that further traumatized the Caribbean nation. Prior to this event, Haiti had not experienced an earthquake for over a hundred years which left people highly unprepared. This unawareness, together with Haiti’s low socio-economic conditions, poor infrastructure, and environmental degradation made the country vulnerable to a highly devastating natural disaster. The purpose of this chapter is threefold: (1) it documents the experiences and psychological conditions of individuals who experienced the earthquake in Petit Goâve, a coastal town near the epicenter of the earthquake in Haiti; (2) it explores common post-traumatic symptoms and learning deficits in the traditional Haitian classrooms; and (3) it provides recommendations for both early childhood teachers and the Haitian government to assist children and the community as a whole with coping with the trauma caused by a natural disaster.
Perceptual Skill And Social Structure

Visual perception relies on stored information and environmental associations to arrive at a determinate representation of the world. This opens up the disturbing possibility that our visual experiences could themselves be subject to a kind of racial bias, simply in virtue of accurately encoding previously encountered environmental regularities. This possibility raises the following question: what, if anything, is wrong with beliefs grounded upon these prejudicial experiences? They are consistent with a range of epistemic norms, including evidentialist and reliabilist standards for justification. I argue that we will struggle to locate a flaw with these sorts of perceptual beliefs so long as we focus our analysis at the level of the individual and her response to information. We should instead broaden our analysis to include the social structure within which the individual is located. Doing so lets us identify a problem with the way in which unjust social structures in particular “gerrymander” the regularities an individual is exposed to, and by extension the priors their visual system draws on. I argue that in this way, social structures can cap perceptual skill.
Resolving Questionable Records of Pituophis ruthveni (Louisiana Pinesnake)

Pituophis ruthveni (Louisiana Pinesnake) is considered one of the rarest snakes in North America. For that reason, P. ruthveni is not well represented in scientific collections, and each existing specimen is very important. Some museum records for the species are considered questionable or unverified, especially those that represent extralimital records or those from habitats not normally utilized by Louisiana Pinesnake. Clarifying these questionable Louisiana Pinesnake records will ultimately provide a better understanding of its historic and current distribution, which is necessary for listing decisions, critical-habitat designation, and overall conservation efforts for the species. To resolve this uncertainty, we performed a multivariate analysis using 13 morphological characters on 50 specimens representing 3 snake groups: (1) P. ruthveni (n = 23), (2) P. catenifer sayi (Bullsnake; n = 23), and (3) questionable or unverified snakes (n = 4). We included Bullsnake because they are sister to Louisiana Pinesnake genetically and also most morphologically similar. We identified all questionable records of Louisiana Pinesnake examined as Bullsnake. Blotch count, ventral-scale number, and scale-row number at mid-body were the most reliable characters for distinguishing between groups. These results have potential conservation implications for the species. The influence of these erroneous records could be substantial in future research and conservation of the species due to the relatively few known specimens of Louisiana Pinesnake. We recommend that the specimens we identified be annotated and considered erroneous records.
D2D Communications in Heterogeneous Networks With Full-Duplex Relays and Edge Caching

This paper studies the joint optimal resource allocation and probabilistic caching design for device-to-device (D2D) communications in a wireless heterogeneous network with full-duplex (FD) relays. In particular, popular contents can be cached at user devices as well as at relays that are located close to users. A user can request contents from another user via D2D communications and also from a nearby relay equipped with FD radios. In the case that there is a caching miss (i.e., the requested contents are not found at the other users/relays within the coverage range), users can connect to the base station via a relay by using the FD communication technology. Subsequently, we develop mathematical models to analyze the throughput performance with edge caching where both cochannel system level interference and FD self-interference are considered. Due to the high complexity of stochastic optimization, we develop low-complexity optimization formulation by decomposing the original problem into three simple subproblems that can be efficiently solved. Finally, numerical results are presented to illustrate developed theoretical findings in the paper and significant performance gains of the throughput performance.
Survival of Microsclerotia of Calonectria pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae Exposed to Sanitizers

Discrete microsclerotia of C. pseudonaviculata from culture were treated with eight commercially available sanitizers (ZeroTol 2.0, Oxidate, Sanidate, X³, Greenshield, and Lysol Concentrate at maximum label rates, plus 70% Ethanol and 0.6% sodium hypochlorite) to determine effective methods of disinfestation of nursery beds and benches. Ethanol proved most effective, killing microsclerotia in less than 5 min. ZeroTol, 10% bleach, and 70% ethanol were used in comparison tests of microsclerotia of C. pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae. Microsclerotia of C. henricotiae were found to be more sensitive regardless of size. This finding, along with other research that has found differences in fungicide sensitivity and thermotolerance between the two species, suggests that differences between the species should be elucidated.
Quantum dots and mouse strain influence house dust mite-induced allergic airway disease

Abstract Quantum dot nanoparticles (QDs) are engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) that have utility in many industries due to unique optical properties not available in small molecules or bulk materials. QD-induced acute lung inflammation and toxicity in rodent models raise concerns about potential human health risks. Recent studies have also shown that some ENMs can exacerbate allergic airway disease (AAD). In this study, C57BL/6J and A/J mice were exposed to saline, house dust mite (HDM), or a combination of HDM and QDs on day 1 of the sensitization protocol. Mice were then challenged on days 8, 9 and 10 with HDM or saline only. Significant differences in cellular and molecular markers of AAD induced by both HDM and HDM + QD were observed between C57BL/6J and A/J mice. Among A/J mice, HDM + QD co-exposure, but not HDM exposure alone, significantly increased levels of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). IL-33 compared to saline controls. BALF total protein levels in both mouse strains were also only significantly increased by HDM + QD co-exposure. In addition, A/J mice had significantly more lung type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) cells than C57BL/6J mice. A/J lung ILC2s were inversely correlated with lung glutathione and MHC-IIhigh resident macrophages, and positively correlated with MHC-IIlow resident macrophages. The results from this study suggest that 1) QDs influence HDM-induced AAD by potentiating and/or enhancing select cytokine production; 2) that genetic background modulates the impact of QDs on HDM sensitization; and 3) that potential ILC2 contributions to HDM induced AAD are also likely to be modulated by genetic background.
Interactionism and Achievement Theory

I have not found the contemporary person × situation (p × s) debate very enlightening and therefore am pleased with Hyland’s efforts to clarify the theoretical perspective from which one can view it. I had thought that the historical p × s controversy and its resolution in Lewin’s (1935, 1938, 1943) programmatic equation, B = f (P, E), where P represents characteristic(s) of the person and E the perceived environment, had long ago resolved the issue, that both person and perceived environment are needed as constructs to understand the determinants of behavior, and that the theoretical task for psychology involves the specification of what these variables are for a particular behavior and how they combine (interact) at a given point in time to determine that behavior (cf. Atkinson, 1964; Atkinson & Birch, 1978a; Raynor & Entin, 1982). Lewin (1943) and Hull (1943) were both concerned with the proper role of the environment as a determinant of action in psychological theory. My thinking has been that the Hullians had won major battles, but the Lewinians had won the war.
Raumschiffreise in der Milchstraße

Wir betrachten die Bewegung von Raumschiffen, die in ihrem Ruhesystem mit Erdbeschleunigung angetrieben werden. Wir zeigen, dass eine Expedition nach einem Jahr Raumschiffzeit fast Lichtgeschwindigkeit erreicht und bestimmen die zuruckgelegte Entfernung als Funktion der Eigenzeit eines Reisenden und als Funktion der Erdzeit. Die Aufrechterhaltung dieser Beschleunigung uber mehr als ein Raumschiffjahrzehnt ermoglichte die Erforschung der gesamten Milchstrase, allerdings auf Kosten eines riesigen Zeitdilatationseffekts. Wir schliesen das Kapitel ab mit der Verallgemeinerung unserer Ergebnisse und der Untersuchung beschleunigter Bewegungen im Rahmen der SR.
Fermi-liquid theory and divergences of the two-particle irreducible vertex in the periodic Anderson lattice

Here we analyze the divergences of the irreducible vertex function in dynamical mean field theory, which may indicate either a non-physical breakdown of the perturbation theory or a response to some physical phenomenon. To investigate this question, we construct a quasiparticle vertex from the diverging irreducible vertex functions. This vertex describes the scattering between quasiparticles and quasiholes in a Fermi liquid. We show that the quasparticle vertex \textit{does not} diverge in the charge channel, wherein the irreducible vertex \textit{does} diverge; and we show that the quasiparticle vertex does diverge in the spin channel, wherein the irreducible vertex does not diverge. This divergence occurs at the Mott transition wherein the Fermi liquid theory breaks down. Both Hubbard and Anderson lattices are investigated. In general, our results support that the divergences of the irreducible vertex function do not indicate a non-physical failure of the perturbation theory. Instead, the divergences are the mathematical consequence of inverting a matrix (the local charge susceptibility) which accumulates increasingly negative diagonal elements as the Hubbard interaction suppresses charge fluctuations. Indeed, we find that the first symmetric divergences of the irreducible vertex in both Hubbard and Anderson lattices occurs near the maximum magnitude of the (negative) vertex-connected part of the charge susceptibility, which suppresses charge fluctuations.
Tenofovir prodrugs potently inhibit Epstein–Barr virus lytic DNA replication by targeting the viral DNA polymerase

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human γ-herpesvirus that establishes life-long infection and increases the risk for the development of several cancers and autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms by which chronic EBV infection leads to subsequent disease remain incompletely understood. Lytic reactivation plays a central role in the development of EBV-driven cancers and may contribute to other EBV-associated diseases. Thus, the clinical use of antivirals as suppressive therapy for EBV lytic reactivation may aid efforts aimed at disease prevention. Current antivirals for EBV have shown limited clinical utility due to low potency or high toxicity, leaving open the need for potent antivirals suitable for long-term prophylaxis. In the present study, we show that tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), drugs with excellent safety profiles used clinically for HIV prevention, inhibit EBV lytic DNA replication, with respective IC50 values of 0.30 μM and 84 nM. In a cell-based assay, TAF was 35- and 24-fold and TDF was 10- and 7-fold more potent than acyclovir and penciclovir, respectively, and TAF was also twice as potent as ganciclovir. The active metabolite of tenofovir prodrugs, tenofovir-diphosphate, inhibited the incorporation of dATP into a primed DNA template by the EBV DNA polymerase in vitro. In contrast to acyclovir, treatment of cells during latency for 24 h with TAF still inhibited EBV lytic DNA replication at 72 h after drug was removed. Our results suggest that tenofovir prodrugs may be particularly effective as inhibitors of EBV lytic reactivation, and that clinical studies to address critical questions about disease prevention are warranted.
An Empirical Analysis of Issue Management in Small Building Construction Projects

Public institutions seek to maintain their built-environment assets by allocating sizable budgets to small construction projects that renovate or expand upon existing facilities. Small building pro...
Integrating E-Prescribing and Pharmacy Claims Data for Predictive Modeling: Comparing Costs and Utilization of Health Plan Members Who Fill Their Initial Medications with Those Who Do Not.

BACKGROUND: Nonfilling of prescribed medications is a worldwide problem of serious concern. Studies of health care costs and utilization associated with medication nonadherence frequently rely on c...
Photon acceleration in variable ultrarelativistic outflows and high-energy spectra of gamma-ray bursts

MeV seed photons produced in shocks in a variable ultrarelativistic outflow gain energy by the Fermi mechanism, because the photons Compton scatter off relativistically colliding shells. The Fermi-modified high-energy photon spectrum has a nonuniversal slope and a universal cutoff. A significant increase in the total radiative efficiency is possible. In some gamma-ray bursts, most of the power might be emitted at the high-energy cutoff for this mechanism, which would be close to 100 MeV for outflows with a mean bulk Lorentz factor of 100.
Papież Pius XII i Żydzi. Dlaczego powinien zostać beatyfikowany

Contemporary interpretations of the pontificate of Pius XII (1939–1958) are divided into those that condemn the Pope for his silence and inactivity during the Holocaust, and those that defend him for his help to the Jews. These divided opinions are illustrated by the summary of the Pope’s activity during the Holocaust, which we can find at the Yad Vashem exhibition of 2005. It is the most controversial issue in the relations of the Holy See and the State of Israel, especially that it is an obstacle in Pius XII’s canonization process. In this article, seven Yad Vashem theses concerning the Pope’s role during the Holocaust, are analyzed in order to establish to what extent they are justified or unjustified doubts concerning the canonization of Eugenio Pacelli (1876–1958).
Research Note on Online Child Pornography Law in India

This short note discusses the position of law relating to online child pornography as it stood in March 2017. It briefly discusses and differentiates between criminal liability for the depiction of child pornography on the internet under the Information Technology Act and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO). It also touches on intermediary liability under both acts. Noting the broad, strict nature of the legislative framework, the note critiques the lack of enforcement mechanisms under both acts.
Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

The recent marauding mob that stormed the Capitol building in Washington, D.C on January 6, 2021, protesting the impending certification of Joe Biden’s election to the presidency of the United Stat...
We Are the Union: Democratic Unionism and Dissent at Boeing

In this extraordinary tale of union democracy, Dana L. Cloud engages union reformers at Boeing in Wichita and Seattle to reveal how ordinary workers attempted to take command of their futures by chipping away at the cozy partnership between union leadership and corporate management. Taking readers into the central dilemma of having to fight an institution while simultaneously using it as a bastion of basic self-defense, We Are the Union offers a sophisticated exploration of the structural opportunities and balance of forces at play in modern unions told through a highly relevant case study. Focusing on the 1995 strike at Boeing, Cloud renders a multi-layered account of the battles between company and the union and within the union led by Unionists for Democratic Change and two other dissident groups. She gives voice to the company's claims of the hardships of competitiveness and the entrenched union leaders' calls for concessions in the name of job security, alongside the democratic union reformers' fight for a rank-and-file upsurge against both the company and the union leaders. We Are the Union is grounded in on-site research and interviews and focuses on the efforts by Unionists for Democratic Change to reform unions from within. Incorporating theory and methods from the fields of organizational communication as well as labor studies, Cloud methodically uncovers and analyzes the goals, strategies, and dilemmas of the dissidents who, while wanting to uphold the ideas and ideals of the union, took up the gauntlet to make it more responsive to workers and less conciliatory toward management, especially in times of economic stress or crisis. Cloud calls for a revival of militant unionism as a response to union leaders' embracing of management and training programs that put workers in the same camp as management, arguing that reform groups should look to the emergence of powerful industrial unions in the United States for guidance on revolutionizing existing institutions and building new ones that truly accommodate workers' needs. Drawing from communication studies, labor history, and oral history and including a chapter co-written with Boeing worker Keith Thomas, We Are the Union contextualizes what happened at Boeing as an exemplar of agency that speaks both to the past and the future.
Can Parties Tell Court What to Do? Expanded Judicial Review of Arbitral Awards

Arbitration is a private system of justice, made possible by the parties' consent. In the United States, a court's ability to interfere with this private adjudicatory process or to set aside an arbitral award has been severely limited by the United States Federal Arbitration Act. Recently, parties to arbitrations held in the United States have sometimes asked for judicial review of an award for errors of law or fact. The question raised by this is whether the parties have the right to expand the grounds on which a court can review an arbitral award. The answer depends on the proper interpretation of the FAA.This Article will focus on the various policies behind the two different interpretations of the FAA's grounds for review. It concludes that while both positions raise important questions, the better interpretation of the FAA permits expanded judicial review. However, there are a number of pitfalls that parties need to consider before they seek expanded judicial review of arbitral awards.Part II will consider the conflicting circuit court positions regarding the proper scope of judicial review under the FAA, with an analysis of the rationales supporting each position. Part III will then examine domestic enforcement issues which arise when parties have agreed to expanded judicial review, including different approaches which may be taken by state and federal courts. Part IV will consider the complexities of international enforcement of arbitral awards, particularly the tendency of some courts to enforce awards even though they have been vacated in the place where made, and will focus on problems of enforcement internationally when expanded review has been sought. The Article concludes that even though the better legal arguments support expanded judicial review, the practical problems with enforcement of awards subjected to expanded judicial review remain significant.
Synthesis of Spiroligomer-Containing Macrocycles

We demonstrate the synthesis and characterization of the solution conformations of a collection of functionalized spiroligomer-based macrocycles. These macrocycles contain 14 independently controllable stereocenters and four independently controllable functional groups on a highly preorganized scaffold. These molecules are being developed to display complex, preorganized surfaces for binding proteins and to create enzyme-like active sites. In this work, we demonstrate the convergent synthetic approach to this new class of macrocycles and demonstrate that the conformational properties of these molecules can be changed by altering the configuration stereocenters within the backbone.
Copper-67 Labeled Porphyrin Localization in Inflamed Tissue

A series of experiments compared the uptake of 5,10,15,20 tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphinato [67Cu] copper (II), 67CuTCPP, by the lymph nodes of inflamed and two sets or control rats. The results demonstrate that 67CuTCPP localizes in greater concentration in inflamed lymph nodes than in noninflamed control lymph nodes. This enhanced uptake of 67CuTCPP by inflamed lymph nodes was 3.6 times greater than was the uptake by control lymph nodes. A time course study demonstrated that the uptake of 67CuTCPP by inflamed lymph nodes reached the maximum level by 24 hours post-injection of 67CuTCPP and remained constant throughout the 96 hours examined. It was also found that the uptake of 67CuTCPP by inflamed lymph nodes was not exclusively dependent upon an increase in the weight of inflamed lymph nodes. These studies show that 67CuTCPP has potential as a lymphoscintigraphy agent.
Exogenous 17-β estradiol administration blunts progression of established angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in female ovariectomized mice

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) occur predominately in males. However, AAAs in females have rapid growth rates and rupture at smaller sizes. Mechanisms contributing to AAA progression in females are undefined. We defined effects of ovariectomy, with and without 17-β estradiol (E2), on progression of established angiotensin II (AngII)-induced AAAs in female mice. We used neonatal testosterone exposures at 1 day of age to promote susceptibility to AngII-induced AAAs in adult female Ldlr −/− mice. Females were infused with AngII for 28 days to induce AAAs, and then stratified into groups that were sham, ovariectomized (Ovx, vehicle), or Ovx with E2 administration for 2 months of continued AngII infusions. Aortic lumen diameters were quantified by ultrasound and analyzed by linear mixed model, and maximal AAA diameters were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Atherosclerosis was quantified en face in the aortic arch. AAA tissue sections were analyzed for cellular composition. We quantified effects of E2 on abdominal aortic smooth muscle cell (SMC) growth, α-actin and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) production, and wound healing. Serum E2 concentrations were increased significantly by E2. Aortic lumen diameters increased over time in sham-operated and Ovx (vehicle) females, but not in Ovx females administered E2. At day 70, E2 administration decreased significantly aortic lumen diameters compared to Ovx vehicle and sham-operated females. Compared to Ovx females (vehicle), maximal AAA diameters were reduced significantly by E2. AAA tissue sections from Ovx females administered E2 exhibited significant increases in α-actin and decreases in neutrophils compared to Ovx females administered vehicle. In abdominal aortic SMCs, E2 resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in α-actin, elevated TGF-β, and more rapid wound healing. E2 administration to Ovx females also significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions compared to sham-operated females. This effect was accompanied by significant reductions in serum cholesterol concentrations. E2 administration to Ovx females abolished progressive growth and decreased severity of AngII-induced AAAs. These effects were accompanied by increased SMC α-actin, elevated TGF-β, and reduced neutrophils. Similarly, E2 administration reduced AngII-induced atherosclerosis. These results suggest that loss of E2 in post-menopausal females may contribute to progressive growth of AAAs.
Integrated MoS 2 n-MOSFETs and black phosphorus p-MOSFETs with HfO 2 dielectrics and local backgate electrodes

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are of interest for numerous device applications, as they can provide excellent scalability and ease of integration onto arbitrary substrates and high performance transistors have been demonstrated with various 2D materials [1–2]. In particular, MoS 2 and black phosphorus (BP) are both promising 2D materials for use in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). MoS 2 is particularly useful for n-MOSFETs [3], but p-type MoS 2 devices are difficult to fabricate. On the other hand, recent reports of BP p-MOSFETs have shown excellent performance [4]. However, the only reports of logic circuits based upon material combination have utilized devices with Al 2 O 3 dielectrics [5]. In this paper, we report the co-integration of black phosphorus n-MOSFETs with BP p-MOSFETs using local backgates with high-K HfO 2 dielectrics and demonstrate their operation both before and after passivation to create air-stable devices. The devices show high transconductance and excellent matching between p- and n-FET characteristics, and these results pave the way for creating high-performance logic circuits using 2D semiconducting materials.
Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor for Hydrogen Production

Hydrogen production by radiolysis of water in aqueous reactors is described. We consider three reactor designs and discuss the essential features of each. The use of thermal neutron leakage into an aqueous blanket surrounding the main power generating part of the reactor is treated. We elaborate on the potential of a low power reactor for production of hydrogen. The amount of hydrogen produced is given approximately by 40 PfG lbs/day, where P is the thermal power of the reactor in megawatts, f is the fraction of thermal energy available for water decomposition and G is the total molecular yield of hydrogen per 100 eV of deposited energy. Since G does not change appreciably with temperature hydrogen production of the reactor is nearly temperature independent.
Transient analysis of a canted sector antenna with the modeling of fine feed features

This paper presents a novel marching-on-in-time (MOT) algorithm that permits the broadband characterization of a canted sector antenna used in the design of a broadband array for space based radar applications. An accurate analysis of this antenna requires a rigorous modeling of the feed region, the dimensions of which are much smaller than those of the radiating elements. To solve this problem of highly varying length scales, the proposed MOT algorithm relies on a loop-tree basis function model to describe the spatial dependency of surface currents. A time domain integral equation solver is constructed using the loop-tree basis functions to analyze the complex geometries.
Quantification of aperture and relations between aperture, normal stress and fluid flow for natural single rock fractures

Accurate quantification of rock fracture aperture is important in investigating hydro-mechanical properties of rock fractures. Liquefied wood’s metal was used successfully to determine the spatial distribution of aperture with normal stress for natural single rock fractures. A modified 3D box counting method is developed and applied to quantify the spatial variation of rock fracture aperture with normal stress. New functional relations are developed for the following list: (a) Aperture fractal dimension versus effective normal stress; (b) Aperture fractal dimension versus mean aperture; (c) Fluid flow rate per unit hydraulic gradient per unit width versus mean aperture; (d) Fluid flow rate per unit hydraulic gradient per unit width versus aperture fractal dimension. The aperture fractal dimension was found to be a better parameter than mean aperture to correlate to fluid flow rate of natural single rock fractures. A highly refined variogram technique is used to investigate possible existence of aperture anisotropy. It was observed that the scale dependent fractal parameter, Kv, plays a more prominent role than the fractal dimension, Da1d, on determining the anisotropy pattern of aperture data. A combined factor that represents both Da1d and Kv, Da1d × Kv, is suggested to capture the aperture anisotropy.
Fractionation of Sodium Efflux in Frog Sartorius Muscles by Strophanthidin and Removal of External Sodium

The influence of strophanthidin, ouabain, and the removal of external sodium on the sodium efflux from frog sartorius muscle was measured. In freshly dissected muscles strophanthidin and ouabain in maximally effective concentrations reduced the efflux of sodium by about 50%. Of the sodium efflux which is strophanthidin-insensitive about 75% is inhibited after complete replacement of external sodium by lithium. In the absence of strophanthidin replacement of external sodium by lithium, calcium, or magnesium produces an initial rise in the sodium efflux, followed by a fall in the efflux as the exposure of the muscles to sodium-free media is continued. When the muscles are exposed for prolonged periods in sodium-free media, the fraction of internal sodium lost per minute is higher when returned to normal Ringer fluid than it was initially. The activation of sodium efflux by external sodium after long periods in sodium-free solutions is partly strophanthidin-sensitive and partly strophanthidin-insensitive. The internal sodium concentration is an important factor in these effects. The effects of temperature on the sodium efflux were also measured. Above 7°C the Q10 of both the strophanthidin-sensitive and strophanthidin-insensitive sodium efflux is about 2.0. Below 7°C the strophanthidin-insensitive sodium efflux has a Q10 of about 7.4.
Defective B-cell response to Toll-like receptor-9 ligands in common variable immunodeficiency.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immune defect typified by low levels of IgG, IgM, and IgA and poor antibody responses to carbohydrate and protein antigens that leads to increased risk of sinopulmonary infections [1]. The organisms responsible for these infections are typically encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae [2]. Effective treatment is replacement intravenous IgG [1]. Impaired antibody responses in CVID have been explained for some CVID patients by recent discoveries of genetic mutations and polymorphisms such as TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor), CD19, and ICOS (inducible co-stimulator). However, these account for only 10% of CVID patients. For the remaining CVID patients, a molecular defect has not been identified [3, 4]. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen-recognition receptors that are crucial for microbial elimination, whether through recruitment of phagocytes or activation of dendritic cells [5]. B cells also use TLRs as a means of activation and differentiation [3]. Of the 10 TLRs expressed in humans, B cells use TLR1, TLR2, TLR6, TLR7, TLR9, and TLR10. Of these, TLR7 and TLR9 are expressed in the endosomal compartment, whereas the other TLRs are expressed on the cell surface. TLR7 and TLR9 are expressed in low levels by naive B cells, and B-cell receptor (BCR) cross-linking leads to rapid upregulation of their expression [6]. Ligation of TLR7 and TLR9 can provide a signal for differentiation of B cells after antigenic stimulation through the BCR [7]. The ligand for TLR7 includes single-stranded RNA, and the ligand for TLR9 is CpG-ODN (CpG motifs in DNA oligodeoxynucleotides), which is more prevalent in prokaryotes. Defects in TLR7 and TLR9 have been reported for the B cells of CVID patients [3].
Application of the Concentration Hypothesis to English Sole in Nursery Estuaries and Potential Contribution to Coastal Fisheries

Resources in nursery areas can be important determinants of recruitment for juvenile fishes. Most young-of-the-year English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) appear to rely on estuaries on the U.S. Pacific Northwest coast as nursery areas. Trawl surveys were conducted in four nursery estuaries, and the results show consistent densities were found across all estuaries in August. In June densities were higher and more variable. Application of the average August density to estuaries along the entire Oregon and Washington coasts resulted in an estimated total estuarine abundance of 45.8 million age 0+ English sole. Estimated coast-wide recruitment of age 4+ female English sole based on age 0+ abundance ranged from 3.7 to 4.9 million individuals from 1998–2000, with an average value of 4.3 million. A simple population model was constructed to determine if production from the combined Oregon and Washington estuaries was consistent with the estimates of the adult stock, and the observed catch from 1956–1997. The observed commercial catch has declined over this time period, and the trend could be fit using an availability-gear efficiency of 21% and an exploitation rate of 0.094. The results suggest that the English sole population on the Oregon-Washington shelf could potentially be supported solely by estuarine production, and this production appears to be stabilized by the size of available nursery areas.