cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiphase electrodispersion precipitation of zirconia powders

The multiphase electrodispersion precipitation of zirconia powders has been done in the electric dispersion reactor (EDR). This paper presents the first results obtained where the bench-scale EDR unit was operated in the continuous mode to synthesize 130 ± 2 g of ZrO2 powder in approximately 12 h. An aqueous solution of zirconyl nitrate was dispersed and precipitated in a 2-ethyl-1-hexanol continuous phase containing 0.012 M to 0.12M ammonia. A gravity settler was used to remove soft agglomerates of the ZrO2 particles from the organic solvent. Electric bed filtration was employed to remove the fines from the solvent, which was then recycled. The particle-size distribution was varied by changing the electric field strength. At high field strengths (approximately 20 kV/cm), the particle sizes ranged from approximately 0.1 to 5 μm. The dried powder had a consistency of talcum powder. Microwave and conventional heating experiments showed that the powders were sinterable. The BET surface area of the powders ranged from approximately 20 to 90 m2/g.
Immunocytochemical localization of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in cervical neoplasia.

Sixty-one cases of invasive cervical carcinoma and 40 cases of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ were studied by peroxidaseantiperoxidase method (PAP) for the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Forty-two cases (13 carcinomas in situ and 29 invasive carcinomas) also were tested for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin hCG. CEA was not detected in normal cervical epithelium but was present in 90% of the neoplastic lesions. Not mere presence, but a pattern of CEA tissue distribution emerged as the main differential point between noninvasive and invasive lesions. Twenty-nine of 51 invasive squamous carcinomas (57%) contained CEA-positive cells at the stromal edge of epithelium, while this feature was not found in dysplasia and carcinoma in situ . Adenocarcinomas and adenosquamous carcinomas all were positive for CEA, while clear-cell carcinomas were negative. AFP was present only in a case of poorly differentiated adenosquamous (“glassy cell”) carcinoma. hCG has not been revealed in any of the tumors.
Combined liver and kidney transplantation in children: analysis of renal graft outcome

Combined liver–kidney transplantation (CLKT) is the accepted treatment for patients with both liver failure and progressive renal insufficiency. Long-term outcome data for CLKT in children is sparse and controversy exists as to whether simultaneous CLKT with organs from the same donor confers immunologic and survival benefit to the kidney allograft. We report the long-term renal graft outcomes of 40 patients who had simultaneous CLKT. A retrospective analysis of kidney graft survival (time from transplantation to death, return to dialysis or last follow-up event) in all pediatric patients (age < 18 years old) who underwent CLKT from March 1994 to January 2015. A 1:1 ratio of controls (deceased donor kidney recipients from our centre matched for age (±2 years) at transplant, time from transplant (±1 year) and treated with the same immunosuppressive regime) to cases was used to compare outcome. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) was calculated using the Schwartz formula. Survival curves were determined using Kaplan–Meier analysis. The kidney graft survival for CLKT patients was 87.4, 82, and 82 % at 1, 5, and 10 years; kidney graft survival for isolated KT patients were 97.2, 93, and 93 % at 1, 5, and 10 years (p = NS). There were two acute rejection episodes (5 %) in the CLKT group compared to five (12.5 %) episodes in the isolated KT group. There was no statistically significant difference in e-GFR at 1, 5, and 10 years in the two groups but there was a statistically significantly greater decline in e-GFR in the KT group compared to CLKT group from 5–10 years following transplant. There are fewer acute rejection episodes following CLKT compared to isolated KT, and we noted a higher mean e-GFR at 1, 5, and 10 years with significantly lesser decline in e-GFR from 5 to 10 years in the CLKT group.
Pathogen-induced programmed cell death in tobacco

Sacrificing an infected cell or cells in order to prevent systemic spread of a pathogen appears to be a conserved strategy in both plants and animals. We studied some of the morphological and biochemical events that accompany programmed cell death during the hypersensitive response of tobacco plants infected with tobacco mosaic virus. Certain aspects of this cell death process appeared to be similar to those that take place during apoptosis in animal cells. These included condensation and vacuolization of the cytoplasm and cleavage of nuclear DNA to 50 kb fragments. In contrast, internucleosomal fragmentation, condensation of chromatin at the nuclear periphery and apoptotic bodies were not observed in tobacco plants during tobacco mosaic virus-induced hypersensitive response. A unique aspect of programmed cell death during the hypersensitive response of tobacco to tobacco mosaic virus involved an increase in the amount of monomeric chloroplast DNA. Morphological changes to the chloroplast and cytosol of tobacco cells and increase in monomeric chloroplast DNA occurred prior to gross changes in nuclear morphology and significant chromatin cleavage. Our findings suggest that certain aspects of programmed cell death may have been conserved during the evolution of plants and animals.
Discussing Japan Rationally

In the remaining years of the twentieth century, one of the most important acts in the drama of U.S. foreign policy will unfold. It will bring to center stage the story of whether America’s global leadership will survive into the twenty-first century. Despite the lopsided "American" victory over communism and the former Soviet Bloc countries in the Cold War, the United States today faces strong challenges to its long supremacy in international affairs. Even as communism disintegrated in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union at the end of the Cold War, the United States ironically suffered a relative decline in her technological and economic leadership vis-a-vis Japan and Western Europe. Since economic power, rather than military might, now appears to be the key ingredient in the formula for world leadership, the preeminent position of the United States may possibly be eclipsed by Japan or a unified Europe as the twenty-first century draws near. The approach of the next century may well signal the end of the "American Century" and the beginning of a century dominated by a new cast of characters.
Don't believe everything you read--an editor's view

The problem in medicine today is not that we lack information; rather, there is widespread information overload. Physicians are inundated with new and often poorly evidence-based and conflicting clinical information from journals, television, social media, marketing, and direct to consumer advertising. Clinical decisions are too often based on fads, publicity and what’s new which leads to premature introduction of unproven therapies into practice, later found to be harmful.
In vitro photodecomposition of uric acid in the presence of riboflavin

Abstract When uric acid solutions containing riboflavin-5′-phospate were exposed to visible light at ambient temperature, the concentration of uric acid decreased as monitored by measuring the change in uric acid absorption at 288 nm. Increasing the concentration of riboflavin appeared to increase the rate of disappearance of uric acid. The presence of potassium iodide in the reaction mixture retarded this photodecomposition.
Segregation, Demographic Effects of

An abiding concern in the study of segregation is that the residential clustering would itself influence social outcomes, either by changing behavior or by changing the structure of opportunities. The premise is that residential clustering carries behavioral consequences beyond those of ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or life cycle stage. A number of models advance a causal connection between this geographic clustering of traits and social behaviors that result. Contemporary research approaches to the issue generally involve multivariate, multilevel models. Increasingly, the availability of such data allows for a more sophisticated examination of this issue than heretofore. Multivariate studies have examined the effects of segregation and neighborhood composition on a wide array of outcomes, from health to schooling to child development. Investigators continue to deal with methodological challenges associated with such analyses, but accumulated research reveals the value of adding residential context to models of social and behavioral outcomes.
Sample Pitch Deck

As I noted in this book, it makes sense to have a cogent, easy-to-share summary of your crowdfunding approach, no matter what you are trying to do. This chapter facilitates that by presenting sample slides. These slides (available free online at www.creativeinvest/crowdfundingslides/) provide a framework you can use in your own crowdfunding efforts.
Introduction: Byron’s Nature

Hubbell introduces a long overdue analysis of Lord Byron’s ecological thought, starting with an explanation of why Byron has been marginal to ecocritical discussions of Romantic nature. Drawing on recent cultural and scientific ecology, Hubbell argues that Byron’s understanding of nature was very different from dominant, Romantic ideas in the period. Byron recognized that nature and culture are composed of multiscale, semi-autonomous, dynamic, linked systems evolving at different rates of speed. Not only does this idea of nature underwrite Byron’s aesthetic, political, ethical, and economic theories of culture, it also positions him to describe cultural ecosystems on a cosmopolitan scale. Byron’s nature considerably broadens current understandings of Romantic nature.
A flow network model for animal movement on a landscape with application to invasion

Animal movement, whether for foraging, mate-seeking, predator avoidance, dispersal, or migration, is a fundamental aspect of ecology that shapes spatial abundance distributions, genetic compositions, and dynamics of populations. A variety of movement models have been used for predicting the effects of natural or human-caused landscape changes, invading species, or other disturbances on local ecology. Here we introduce the flow network—a general modeling framework for population dynamics and movement in a metapopulation representing a network of habitat sites (nodes). Based on the principles of physical transport phenomena such as fluid flow through pipes (Pouiselle’s Law) and analogously, the flow of electric current across a circuit (Ohm’s Law), the flow network provides a novel way of modeling movement, where flow rates are functions of relative node pressures and the resistance to movement between them. Flow networks offer the flexibility of incorporating abiotic and biotic conditions that affect either pressures, resistance, or both. To illustrate an application of the flow network, we present a theoretical invasion scenario. We consider the effects of spatial structure on the speed of invasion by varying the spatial regularity of node arrangement. In the context of invasion, we model management actions targeting nodes or edges, and consider the effects on speed of invasion, node occupation, and total abundance. The flow network approach offers the flexibility to incorporate spatial heterogeneity in both rates of flow and site pressures and offers an intuitive approach to connecting population dynamics and landscape features to model movement.
Including Agricultural and Organic Waste in Food-Water-Energy-Waste Nexus Modelling and Decision-Making

Abstract The Food-Energy-Water-Waste Nexus (FEWWN) represents the interconnections between food, energy, water, and waste production systems and has become a key research area in recent years. Enormous quantities of agricultural and organic wastes are produced throughout the FEWWN, representing a hurdle to sustainability. Often, these wastes are not treated appropriately because their true costs are not only rarely quantified, but they are also usually externalised to the surrounding communities and environments. In this work, we address this shortcoming from a systems perspective fused with approaches from ecological economics and ecosystem service valuation. We construct a bioenergy production framework where the bioenergy may be produced from ethanol and/or agricultural and organic wastes. If waste is converted, we consider the regenerated ecosystem services as an economic benefit. We apply the framework to a multiobjective case study on the US state of Illinois where 160 PJ of bioenergy is to be produced considering objectives of net cost and Green GDP. Green GDP ranges from -$125M/y to $132M/y with corresponding net costs ranging from $107M/y to $260M/y.
Long-circulating emulsions (oil-in-water) as carriers for lipophilic drugs.

Purpose. Rapid clearance of parenterally administered oil-in-water emulsions from blood by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), mainly macrophages of the liver and spleen, has been one of the major obstacles for delivering lipophilic drugs to cells other than those in the RES. The purpose of this study therefore is to overcome this problem and develop emulsions that will have prolonged blood circulation time.
Cognition and Writing

The interest in ideas and where they come from is an old one, dating back at least to pre-Socratic philosophers and continuing to the present-day theories of creative thinking. The question of where ideas come from has been answered in a variety of ways: ideas can come from the gods, from the imagination, from a mind trained in reasoning, from a haphazard association of memories, from stimulating images, from a subconscious bank of archetypes, from memories transformed by mental schemata, and from attempts to solve problems.
Scope for growth of Texas Bay scallop Argopecten irradians amplicostatus

Bivalves have exceptional potential as sentinel organisms because their sedentary benthic lifestyle and ability to pump large volumes of water in short periods of time results in bioaccumulation of...
Validation of a novel molecular diagnostic panel for pediatric musculoskeletal infections: Integration of the Cepheid Xpert MRSA/SA SSTI and laboratory-developed real-time PCR assays for clindamycin resistance genes and Kingella kingae detection.

Abstract Background Pathogen detection in pediatric patients with musculoskeletal infections relies on conventional bacterial culture, which is slow and can delay antimicrobial optimization. The ability to rapidly identify causative agents and antimicrobial resistance genes in these infections may improve clinical care. Methods Convenience specimens from bone and joint samples submitted for culture to Children's Hospital Colorado (CHCO) from June 2012 to October 2016 were evaluated using a “Musculoskeletal Diagnostic Panel” (MDP) consisting of the Xpert MRSA/SA SSTI real-time PCR (qPCR, Cepheid) and laboratory-developed qPCRs for Kingella kingae detection and erm genes A, B, and C which confer clindamycin resistance. Results from the MDP were compared to culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results. Results A total of 184 source specimens from 125 patients were tested. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the Xpert MRSA/SA SSTI compared to culture and AST results were 85%, 98%, 93%, and 95% respectively for MSSA and 82%, 100%, 100%, and 99% for MRSA. Compared to phenotypic clindamycin resistance in S. aureus isolates, the erm A, B, and C gene PCRs collectively demonstrated a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 80%, 96%, 67%, and 98%. In comparison to clinical truth, Kingella PCR had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 100%, 99.5%, 100%, and 100%. Conclusions This novel MDP offers a rapid, sensitive, and specific option for pathogen detection in pediatric patients with musculoskeletal infections.
Dynamics of Mn removal in an acid mine drainage treatment system over 13 years after installation

Acid mine drainage (AMD) from abandoned and active mines continues to pose a serious threat to the environment. Metal-rich fluids may emerge from abandoned mine works for hundreds of years, so the long-term performance of treatment systems must be evaluated to minimize the environmental impacts of AMD. A two-step process consisting of an aerobic wetland and a limestone bed is being used to treat coal mine-derived AMD in the Huff Run watershed of eastern Ohio, USA, and has been in operation for over 13 years. In 2002, the water was acidic (3.66 pH). From 2004 to 2014, water entering the treatment system had a pH of ~ 5.7 that increased to 7.25 by the time it exited the limestone bed. Since 2004, the effluent Al, Mn, and Fe concentrations have been between 0.05 and 0.12 mg/L, 0.04 and 0.25 mg/L, and 0.05 and 0.34 mg/L, respectively, with the majority of Fe and Al removal occurring in the wetland along with partial Mn removal. Subsequently, further Mn removal occurs as AMD flows through a limestone bed that was inoculated with a consortium of Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria at the time of construction. An evaluation of historical system performance and current conditions indicate that effective metal removal has been sustained for over 13 years. While Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria were most abundant in the limestone bed, they were detected throughout the system, indicating that indigenous Mn(II)-oxidizing microorganisms may be contributing to Mn removal well after the inoculation of the system.
Democracy and Dictatorship: Rosa Luxemburg’s Path to Revolution

This chapter argues that Luxemburg’s central theoretical contribution during the German Revolution was to outline a method of revolutionary transformation in which the socialist revolution was understood not merely as a struggle for institutional power, but as the construction of a new way of life and new cultural understandings which would guarantee the liberation of a people’s “spirit.” Rather than envisaging the revolution as a single act, Luxemburg imagined a long process of economic and social change in which an active and mobilised population would overthrow the bourgeois social order and create new institutional and cultural forms for a post-capitalist society. For this process not to collapse into civil war or counter-revolution, it was essential for Luxemburg that it be carried out by a majority of workers with a commitment to basic political freedoms and democratic socialist institutions.
Spectrally efficient communications and radar

In this chapter we focus on the attributes of spectral efficiency for the communication and radar modes.
From Extinction Learning to Anxiety Treatment: Mind the Gap

Laboratory models of extinction learning in animals and humans have the potential to illuminate methods for improving clinical treatment of fear-based clinical disorders. However, such translational research often neglects important differences between threat responses in animals and fear learning in humans, particularly as it relates to the treatment of clinical disorders. Specifically, the conscious experience of fear and anxiety, along with the capacity to deliberately engage top-down cognitive processes to modulate that experience, involves distinct brain circuitry and is measured and manipulated using different methods than typically used in laboratory research. This paper will identify how translational research that investigates methods of enhancing extinction learning can more effectively model such elements of human fear learning, and how doing so will enhance the relevance of this research to the treatment of fear-based psychological disorders.
Syphilis in Pregnancy.

Importance Since 2013, the United States has seen a rise in cases of congenital syphilis, culminating in a relative increase of 153% from 2013 to 2017 and 918 reported cases in 2017. In all, 50% to 80% of pregnant women with syphilis experience an adverse pregnancy outcome including stillbirth or spontaneous abortion. Objective This article aims to review the current evidence and recommendations for management of syphilis in pregnancy. Evidence acquisition Original research articles, review articles, and guidelines on syphilis were reviewed. Results In pregnancy, routine screening for syphilis is recommended on initiation of prenatal care. In high-risk populations, repeat testing is recommended in the early third trimester and at delivery. Penicillin remains the recommended treatment in pregnancy. After treatment, nontreponemal titers should be repeated at minimum during the early third trimester and at delivery to assess for serologic response. In high-risk populations, titers should be repeated monthly. Conclusion and relevance Routine screening in pregnancy is essential for identification of syphilis infection and prevention of congenital syphilis. Subsequent adequate treatment with penicillin therapy more than 30 days before delivery and at the correct dosages depending on the stage of infection should be incorporated into clinical practice.
CT prostate segmentation based on synthetic MRI-aided deep attention fully convolution network.

Purpose Accurate segmentation of the prostate on computed tomography (CT) for treatment planning is challenging due to CT's poor soft tissue contrast. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to aid prostate delineation, but its final accuracy is limited by MRI-CT registration errors. We developed a deep attention-based segmentation strategy on CT-based synthetic MRI (sMRI) to deal with the CT prostate delineation challenge without MRI acquisition. Methods and materials We developed a prostate segmentation strategy which employs an sMRI-aided deep attention network to accurately segment the prostate on CT. Our method consists of three major steps. First, a cycle generative adversarial network was used to estimate an sMRI from CT images. Second, a deep attention fully convolution network was trained based on sMRI and the prostate contours deformed from MRIs. Attention models were introduced to pay more attention to prostate boundary. The prostate contour for a query patient was obtained by feeding the patient's CT images into the trained sMRI generation model and segmentation model. Results The segmentation technique was validated with a clinical study of 49 patients by leave-one-out experiments and validated with an additional 50 patients by hold-out test. The Dice similarity coefficient, Hausdorff distance, and mean surface distance indices between our segmented and deformed MRI-defined prostate manual contours were 0.92 ± 0.09, 4.38 ± 4.66, and 0.62 ± 0.89 mm, respectively, with leave-one-out experiments, and were 0.91 ± 0.07, 4.57 ± 3.03, and 0.62 ± 0.65 mm, respectively, with hold-out test. Conclusions We have proposed a novel CT-only prostate segmentation strategy using CT-based sMRI, and validated its accuracy against the prostate contours that were manually drawn on MRI images and deformed to CT images. This technique could provide accurate prostate volume for treatment planning without requiring MRI acquisition, greatly facilitating the routine clinical workflow.
You run the show or the show runs you: Capturing Professor Harold W. Rood's strategic thought for a new generation: Edited by J. D. Crouch II and Patrick J. Garrity, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, 255 pp.

Being in an audience when Harold W. “Bill” Rood was discussing international politics was an inimitable experience, more comparable to watching a masterful musician improvising on stage than to att...
Abstract P395: Low Neighborhood Income is Associated With Increased Hypertension Incidence in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study

Introduction: Prior studies have investigated the relationship between neighborhood income and incident hypertension but have lacked participant-level details or studied specific subpopulations. We...
A quantum model for photoemission from metal surfaces and its comparison with the three-step model and Fowler–DuBridge model

This paper studies a quantum mechanical model for photoemission from a metal surface due to the excitation of laser electric fields, which was developed by solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation exactly. The quantum model includes the effects of laser fields (wavelength and intensity), properties of metals (Fermi energy and work function including Schottky effect), and the applied dc field on the cathode surface. Shorter wavelength lasers can induce more photoemission from electron initial energy levels further below the Fermi level and, therefore, yield larger quantum efficiency (QE). The dc field increases QE, but it is found to have a greater impact on lasers with wavelengths close to the threshold (i.e., the corresponding photon energy is the same as the cathode work function) than on shorter wavelength lasers. The quantum model is compared with existing classical models, i.e., the three-step model, the Fowler–DuBridge model, and the Monte Carlo simulation based on the three-step model. Even though with very different settings and assumptions, it is found that the scaling of QE of the quantum model agrees well with other models for low intensity laser fields. When the laser field increases, QE increases with the laser field strength in the longer laser wavelength range due to the increased contributions from multiphoton absorption processes.
Specific Considerations for the Protection of Patients and Echocardiography Service Providers When Performing Perioperative or Periprocedural Transesophageal Echocardiography during the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak: Council on Perioperative Echocardiography Supplement to the Statement of the American Society of Echocardiography Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists.

Abstract Notice and Disclaimer This statement reflects recommendations based on expert opinion, national guidelines, and available evidence. Our knowledge with regard to COVID-19 continues to evolve, as do our institutional protocols for dealing with invasive and non-invasive procedures and practice of personal protective equipment. Readers are urged to follow national guidelines and their institutional recommendations regarding best practices to protect their patients and themselves. These reports are made available by ASE as a courtesy reference source for its members. The reports contain recommendations only and should not be used as the sole basis to make medical practice decisions or for disciplinary action against any employee. The statements and recommendations contained in these reports are primarily based on the opinions of experts, rather than on scientifically-verified data. ASE makes no express or implied warranties regarding the completeness or accuracy of the information in these reports, including the warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall ASE be liable to you, your patients, or any other third parties for any decision made or action taken by you or such other parties in reliance on this information. Nor does your use of this information constitute the offering of medical advice by ASE or create any physician-patient relationship between ASE and your patients or anyone else.
Orbital Imaging for Orbital Decompression

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by thyroid gland hyperplasia and excessive production of thyroid hormones [1]. Involvement of the eye, also known as Graves’ Ophthalmopathy or Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease [2]. TED results from infiltration of the orbital soft tissues with autoreactive T lymphocytes, proliferation of orbital fibroblasts, and increased adipocytes [3]. Clinically recognizable TED has been reported to occur in 25–50% of GD patients, and sight-threatening disease in 3–5% cases in the Western literature [4]. The diagnosis of TED is usually based on obvious clinical findings such as lid retraction and unilateral or bilateral proptosis in a person with systemic thyroid dysfunction [5]. Orbital imaging aids in ruling out the differential diagnosis, to assess disease activity (MRI), and surgical planning prior to orbital decompression [5]. It has been shown that orbital imaging reveals abnormalities in 90% of patients with Graves’ disease [6].
Correction to: Review of: Dabbagh, N., Marra, R. M., & Howland, J. L., (2019). Meaningful Online Learning: Integrating Strategies, Activities, and Learning Technologies for Effective Designs. Routledge

The title of the original version of this article and the reference list unfortunately contained an error.
Spatial Variations in Vitreous Oxygen Consumption

We investigated the spatial variation of vitreous oxygen consumption in enucleated porcine eyes. A custom made oxygen source was fabricated that could be localized to either the mid or posterior vitreous cavity and steady state vitreous oxygen tension was measured as a function of distance from the source using a commercially available probe. The reaction rate constant of ascorbate oxidation was estimated ex vivo by measuring the change in oxygen tension over time using vitreous harvested from porcine eyes. Vitreous ascorbate from mid and posterior vitreous was measured spectrophotometrically. When the oxygen source was placed in either the mid-vitreous (N = 6) or the posterior vitreous (N = 6), we measured a statistically significant decrease in vitreous oxygen tension as a function of distance from the oxygen source when compared to control experiments without an oxygen source; (p<0.005 for mid-vitreous and p<0.018 for posterior vitreous at all distances). The mid-vitreous oxygen tension change was significantly different from the posterior vitreous oxygen tension change at 2 and 3mm distances from the respective oxygen source (p<0.001). We also found a statistically significant lower concentration of ascorbate in the mid-vitreous as compared to posterior vitreous (p = 0.02). We determined the reaction rate constant, k = 1.61 M-1s-1 ± 0.708 M-1s-1 (SE), of the oxidation of ascorbate which was modeled following a second order rate equation. Our data demonstrates that vitreous oxygen consumption is higher in the posterior vitreous compared to the mid-vitreous. We also show spatial variations in vitreous ascorbate concentration.
High Threshold HR Coatings at 1064 nm

We have conducted an extensive series of laser damage measurements on highly reflective (HR) dielectric coatings which have yielded 1064-nm thresholds as high as 40 J/cm for 8to 10-ns pulses at pulse-repetition frequencies (PRF) of 10 Hz. Moreover, by laser conditioning these coatings with subthreshold pulses, the thresholds of some coatings were raised to levels exceeding 70 J/cm. These are the highest threshold dielectric HR coatings that we have tested in this regime. The coatings were originally developed to produce HR-overcoated metal mirrors for free-electronlaser (EEL) app1icationsat high PRF. Our tests included coatings deposited on both dielectric substrates and molybdenum (Mo) substrates. In each category we also examined coatings with a pre-coat of Mo between the substrate and the HR stack. The improved dielectric HR stacks effectively shielded the Mo from the laser irradiation so that the thresholds of virtually all Mo samples exceeded levels of the best dielectric-enhanced and dielectric-HR-coated metal mirrors we have tested to date. In addition to the low PRF measurements, we also conducted 1064-nm damage tests at 6-kHz PRF using 65-ns pulses from the Kilroy damage test facility. The coatings survived thermal loading of fluences ranging from 2 to 10 J/cm2 with respective small spot sizes on the order of 1 .2 to 0.3 mm (1 /e? diameter).
Modulation of Escherichia coli RecBCD activity by the bacteriophage lambda Gam and P22 Abc functions.

Plasmids that express the bacteriophage lambda gam gene or the P22 abc2 gene (with and without abc1) at controllable levels were placed in Escherichia coli and tested for effects on the activity of RecBCD. Like Gam, Abc2 inhibited the ATP-dependent exonuclease activity of RecBCD, apparently not by binding to DNA. However, Abc2-mediated inhibition was partial, while Gam-mediated inhibition was complete. Both Abc2 and Gam inhibited host system-mediated homologous recombination in a Chi-containing interval in the chromosome of a hybrid lambda phage; Abc2 inhibited it more strongly than Gam. Gam but not Abc2 spared a phage T4 gene 2 mutant from restriction by RecBCD; Abc2 exhibited weak sparing activity in combination with Abc1 and substantial activity in combination with both Abc1 and P22 homologous recombination function Erf. Either Gam or the combination of the lambda recombination functions Exo and Bet was sufficient to induce a mode of plasmid replication that produced linear multimers. The combination of Abc2, Abc1, and Erf also exhibited this activity. However, Erf was inactive, both by itself and in combination with Abc1; Abc2 had weak activity. These results indicate that Gam and Abc2 modulate the activity of RecBCD in significantly different ways. In comparison with lambda Gam, P22 Abc2 has a weak effect on RecBCD nuclease activity but a strong effect on its recombination-promoting activity. Images
Beyond Searching for Deficits -- Evidence that Physically and Emotionally Abused Women Are Nurturing Parents

Examined are the interrelationships between women's experience of physical and emotional abuse, their parenting stress, quality of maternal parenting, and children's behavioral adjustment. Eighty women who had a history of recent domestic violence and their children aged 7-11 participated in the study. Mothers and their children agreed that the mothers were emotionally available to their children, and that mothers were more likely to use noncorporal punishment with their children than corporal punishment. Multivariate analysis indicated that mothers' experience of physical and emotional abuse had no direct impact on their level of parenting stress or use of discipline with their children. Rather, assailants' abuse of mothers had a direct impact on children's behavioral adjustment. The study illuminates the importance of identifying battered women's parenting strengths and asssets. Research and policy implications are discussed.
The Management of HIV-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Since 1996, the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to improvements in immune status among HIV-infected persons, reducing AIDS-related morbidity and prolonging survival. However, despite the impact of HAART on HIV-related mortality, malignancies remain an important cause of death in the current era (Clin Infect Dis 48(5):633–639, 2009; Clin Infect Dis 49(3):481–482, 2009). The use of HAART was also associated with reduced incidence of the two major AIDS-associated malignancies – Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (AIDS 20:1645–1654, 2006). However, among non-AIDS-defining cancers, an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), anal cancer, lung cancer, and hepatocarcinoma has been observed recently (Blood 108:3786–3791, 2006).
Enhancing TCP performance for intersystem handoff within heterogeneous mobile networks

Various wireless access systems such as 2.5G/3G cellular systems and WLANs have quite different characteristics in terms of bandwidth, coverage, delay and cost. No single access system can provide every service satisfying all user's diverse needs with cost efficiency. Most of the heterogeneous mobile networks are combined and complementary constitute a hierarchical network. We consider the efficient and seamless TCP data transfer within the hierarchical network. We specify some problems that the current TCP experiences during an intersystem handoff and propose some simple modifications to enhance TCP performance and present the results.
Evaluation of Tire Wear Performance

A rbk od is presented to characterize wear in customer use. The procedure consists sampling 25 to 100 vehicles fitted with production tires for wear. The usage severity of each vehicle is determined. Then, development tires can be placed on a few of these vehicles chosen with the desired wear severity to represent the full range of customer usage correctly. Tread wear is measured in an annual cycle. The method takes into account road surface, weather, driving styles, routes, vehicles and other parameters that each can affect wear by factors of two to ten or more. Tire wear performance is presented as a statistical distribution. Mild, medium and severe usage tire life is highlighted. The wear performance of a tire is its ability to reach high mileaqes. One way of evaluating this wear performance is u n s i d e r the duration of tire service life, which is the mileage after which a point on the tread has reached the legal limit of the wear indicator. The duration of a tire's Service life depends on the mass loss from the tread, which is usually expressed in g/100km, and by the tansversa1 worn profile which enables the wear shape of the tread to be qualified. The duration of a tire's service life depends on the conditions in which the tire is used, that is the type of driver and the geographical area. The wear performance of the tirelvehicle combination in a Specific market zone is described by a statistical diptribution of tire service durations. This is a lognormal distribution (see figure 1). The curve F(x) shows the percentage of drivers whose t[r& have a mileage shorter than x. The derivative curve fh) shows the probability a specific driver has of reaching a certain mileage. Three points on the F(x) Qrve are currently used. The D l 0 (first percentile) " P w n t s severe use (10% of the drivers at most will attal this mileage), the D50 (median) represents ?oderate use (50% of the drivers will reach at least this mileage) and the D90 represents the mild use (10% of 43 the drivers will reach at least this mileage).
Performance of CDMA Cellular Networks with Base-Station Antenna Arrays

The rapid increase in demand for mobile telephones has resulted in shortfall of capacity in many urban areas. This is despite the recent improvement in network capacity resulting from use of digital transmission technology. Antenna arrays at the base station can further increase system capacity. In this paper we present a detailed model for uplink performance with base station antenna arrays. In particular, we study outage probability as a function of system loading in the presence of multipath.
A simulation scheme in rearrangeable networks

In this paper, we present a new simulation scheme for verifying the rearrangeability of the 2log/sub 2/N- or (2log/sub 2/N-1)-stage networks. Instead of the exhaustive method which is actually impossible due to the prohibitively large amount of cases, the proposed scheme simulates just for the representative cases for the possible permutations. First of all, a cyclic characteristic of the center stages in the network is discussed. From the graph theoretical point of view, we show that any permutation can be decomposed into two subpermutations and in addition, show that each subpermutation can be divided further into groups called loops so that they can match the center-stage cycles. By using these two concepts, it is shown that any possible permutation for N=16 falls into one of the categories and is proved that all of them can be realized without conflict on the network. >
The spectrum of seismic noise

The seismic noise spectrum in the frequency range 0.5 to 31.5 cycles per second is presented graphically for a number of sites over a wide geographical range. Except for a small anomalous effect near 2 or 3 cycles per second, the ground particle motion curves are observed to decrease smoothly with increasing frequency at a rate approximately proportional to the second power of frequency. The curves steepen at frequencies below 1 cycle per second.
Is there a new way to correct errors

The classic approach for error correction is to add controlled external redundancy to data. This approach, called error-correcting codes, has been studied extensively. And the rates of ECCs are approaching theoretical limits. We explore a second approach for error correction in this work, which is to use the redundancy inside data, even if it is just the residual redundancy after data compression. We focus on text data, and show that this approach based on language processing can significantly improve the error correction performance.
Expression of protein kinase C in postischemic brain: an in situ hybridization study.

Cerebral ischemia leads to a number of biochemical and molecular changes which include increase in intracellular calcium, arachidonic acid, and diacylglycerol, all of which are capable of activating protein kinase C (PKC). To investigate how the expression of PKC is affected in postischemic brain, ischemia was produced in gerbils by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 10 min followed by reperfusion for 15 min, 6 h, and 24 h. The brains of postischemic and normal control animals were removed, forebrains dissected, fresh frozen, and processed forin situ hybridization. The mRNA expression of PKC was analyzed by using oligonucleotide probes based on the sequences of PKC α and e isozymes in this preliminary study. There was no change observed in the expression of PKC α in any region of the brain in any of the postischemic groups examined. There was, however, a qualitative increase in the transcription for PKC e in two out of three brains of 15 min postischemic group which continued through 24 h of reperfusion. Since the protein itself was not examined, it can not be said how these observations regarding transcription relate to the synthesis of the protein and whether there are any changes in the subcellular distribution of PKC following ischemia. However, since there was no decrease in transcription demonstrated in our study, it appears that the reported decrease in PKC activity following ischemia is not due to decreased mRNA expression.
Total synthesis of (+)-mikrolin

Abstract The total synthesis of (+)-mikrolin ( 1a ), a novel fungal metabolite derived from Gilmaniella humicola Barron, has been achieved. The key step entailed a stereoselective hydroxyldirected cis -hydrogenation to set the requisite stereogenic center at C(9).
An analysis of drug-seeking behavior in animals

This article reviews the literature on the behavioral aspects of opiate dependence. Available data on the variables affecting drug-maintained behavior are presented. These variables are: (a) reinforcement variables, including parameters such as delay, magnitude, rate and duration of the reinforcing stimulus; (b) antecedent conditions, such as deprivation and satiation; (c) organismic variables, such as genotype, species, sex and age; (d) current environmental contingencies, such as the schedule of reinforcement in effect, or extinction; and (e) such experiential variables as pharmacological and behavioral history of the organism. The review ends with a discussion of the implications of these variables for the treatment of drug abuse.
Effects of intravenous glucose loading on oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and resting energy expenditure in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

To determine the effects of intravenous glucose loading on basal oxygen consumption, resting energy expenditure, and basal carbon dioxide production in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia who were still oxygen dependent, we administered intravenous glucose loads of 4 and 12 mg/kg −1 /min −1 on 2 consecutive days, under identical experimental conditions, to six infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and six healthy control subjects. Infants were not fed for 9 hours before and during the 4- to 6-hour study periods; the intravenous glucose infusion, along with an amino acid mixture (2 gm·kg −1 ·24 hr −1 ), was started at the beginning of the fasting period. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production and resting energy expenditure were measured by a flow-through indirect calorimetry technique under basal conditions. Infants with oxygen-dependent bronchopulmonary dysplasia had significantly higher basal oxygen consumption and resting energy expenditure than did control infants and significantly higher basal carbon dioxide production during the high glucose infusion. With glucose loading, infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia had a significant rise in basal oxygen consumption (7.91±0.91 ml·kg −1 ·min −1 to 9.65±1.35 ml·kg −1 ·min −1 , p −1 ·min −1 to 7.10±1.04 ml·kg −1 ·min −1 ), and resting energy expenditure (53.8±5.75 kcal·kg −1 ·24 hr −1 to 65.3±7.0 kcal·kg −1 ·24 hr −1 , all p values
Luminescence de l'azote solide (4,2 °K) contenant des atomes ou radicaux libres.Effet de traces d'oxygène, d'hydrogène et de vapeur d'eau

L'influence importante de traces d'oxygene sur le spectre de l'azote solide conduit a attribuer le groupe de raies β a l'atome d'oxygene (transition 1S— 1D). De petites quantites d'hydrogene et de vapeur d'eau n'ont qu'un effet tres reduit. Plusieurs raies, observees de part et d'autre de la raie α (transition 2D — 4S de l'atome d'azote) et des raies β sont en relation a la fois avec l'atome d'azote ou d'oxygene et la molecule d'azote La possibilite d'echanges d'energie de vibration a l'interieur du solide est envisagee.
Effect of graded doses of ACTH on parotid fluid corticosteroid levels.

Abstract Parotid fluid and serum free 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were measured in eighty apparently normal young adult males who received graded intramuscular doses of ACTH-gel ranging from 2.5 to 20 units. Parotid fluid steroid levels increased significantly at one hour after dosage for subjects receiving 5, 10, or 20 units of ACTH. For the two latter groups the levels remained significantly elevated at 2 hr after ACTH. Serum free 17-OHCS levels at 2 hr after dosage increased steadily with the increase in amount of ACTH administered. These results substantiate the premise that parotid fluid steroid levels may be employed to assess adrenocortical status. They also indicate that the presently employed two hour test period may be reduced to 1 hr, and that the ACTH-gel dosage may be decreased from 40 to 20 units.
Kinetics of physical adsorption of propane from helium on fixed beds of activated alumina

The kinetics of physical adsorption of propane from helium on fixed beds of activated alumina at 30°C. and at atmospheric pressure was studied. Two grades of activated alumina with the same average pore size distribution but different pore size distributions were used. Gas concentration, flow rate, and adsorbent particle size were also varied. The rate of internal diffusion controlled the adsorption process and was best described by Ficks' equation for unsteady state diffusion into a sphere. The internal diffusion appeared to be by a pore diffusion rather than by a surface diffusion mechanism.
Does Kant have a pre-Newtonian picture of force in the balance argument? An account of how the balance argument works

Abstract In this paper, I discuss whether the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science version of Kant’s argument that space-filling matter requires both attractive and repulsive forces betrays a pre-Newtonian picture of forces as Warren (2010) argues. More generally, I discuss Kant’s overall strategy for securing the possibility of space-filling matter and I describe what motivates Kant to think of the argument in the way, I believe, he does. Ultimately, I argue that Kant’s argument does not suggest a pre-Newtonian picture of forces. Along the way, I discuss the status of quantity of matter and the nature of forces in the Dynamics chapter of that work so as to better clarify what is at work in the balance argument.