cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating College-Text Readiness: Literacy Curriculum Audits to Research Practice

This is the author accepted manuscript version of an article published in College Teaching.
Mathematical models in biology : an introduction

This introductory textbook on mathematical biology focuses on discrete models across a variety of biological subdisciplines. Biological topics treated include linear and non-linear models of populations, Markov models of molecular evolution, phylogenetic tree construction, genetics, and infectious disease models. The coverage of models of molecular evolution and phylogenetic tree construction from DNA sequence data is unique among books at this level. Computer investigations with MATLAB are incorporated throughout, in both exercises and more extensive projects, to give readers hands-on experience with the mathematical models developed. MATLAB programs accompany the text. Mathematical tools, such as matrix algebra, eigenvector analysis, and basic probability, are motivated by biological models and given self-contained developments, so that mathematical prerequisites are minimal.
Two-Dimensional Air-Bubble Plume

Bubbles rising from a row of orifices along a pipe produce a water current which can be regarded as two-dimensional. This device is of great practical interest, e.g., for the protection of limited areas against sea waves or spreading of soil. This paper deals with the theory of the vertical current above the pipe, involving the use of the balance equations for momentum and kinetic energy and the conservation equation for the emitted air. The purpose is to calculate the vertical center line velocity and the lateral spread. Information from large-scale experiments of Kobus and Bulson is used to estimate the parameters in the theory.
Shelby County and the Vindication of Martin Luther King's Dream

In a year when we mark the 50th anniversary of Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech, civil rights leaders and elected officials bemoan what they consider to be a huge setback in the fight for racial equality: the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Shelby County v. Holder. You could thus be forgiven for thinking that Shelby County means that racial minorities are now disenfranchised. But all the court did was ease out an emergency provision enacted in 1965 to provide temporary federal oversight of state elections based on that era’s racial disparities. While politicians and pundits irresponsibly liken the ruling to sanctioning Bull Connor’s dogs, it actually shows the strength of our protections for voting rights.What the Supreme Court struck down was Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act, which is the “coverage formula” used to apply Section 5, a provision requiring certain jurisdictions to “preclear” with the federal government any changes in election regulations. The Court found that this formula was unconstitutional because it was based on 40-year-old data, such that the states and localities subject to preclearance no longer corresponded to incidence of racial discrimination in voting. Indeed, black voter registration and turnout is consistently higher in the formerly covered jurisdictions than in the rest of the country.Just as the Court was correct in 1966 to approve the constitutional deviation that preclearance represents as an “uncommon” remedy to the “exceptional conditions” in the Jim Crow South, it was correct now in restoring the constitutional order. As Justice Thomas wrote in another voting rights case four years ago, disabling Section 5 “represents a fulfillment of the Fifteenth Amendment’s promise of full enfranchisement and honors the success achieved by the VRA.”While Justice Ginsburg compared getting rid of Section 5 to “throwing away your umbrella in a rainstorm because you are not getting wet,” it’s actually more like stopping chemotherapy when the cancer is eradicated. There’s more to be done to achieve racial harmony in America, to be sure, but the best way to honor the heroes of 1963 is to build on their triumphs rather than pretend that we still live in their time.
WE-D-210-00: Advances in Ultrasound Contrast Agents for Diagnosis & Therapy

The utilization of ultrasound contrast agents offers significant promise in enhancing the diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound imaging as well as offering new, noninvasive approaches for therapeutic intervention. The presentations in this session will provide an overview of current and future clinical diagnostic applications of ultrasound contrast for patient management, recent advances in the design and development of ultrasound contrast agents for molecular imaging, as well as the development of novel microbubble agents for theragnostic applications. Learning Objectives: 1. Develop an understanding of the current and future applications of ultrasound contrast agents for clinical application and preclinical research. 2. Develop a general understanding of the underlying technologies associated with improving the diagnostic capabilities of contrast– enhanced ultrasound imaging as well as potential noninvasive approaches for therapeutic intervention. Dr. Rychak is an employee of Targeson, Inc; NIH RO1 NS047603 and NIH RO1 HL074002, Holland: NIH RO1 NS047603 and NIH RO1 HL074002
Elliptic curves cryptosystem implementation based on a look-up table sharing scheme

Projective point elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) involves many look-up table-based field multiplications. In this paper, a novel lookup table sharing scheme is proposed to significantly reduce the number of the field multiplications and number of lookup tables. By requiring much less lookup table generation time, the proposed system offers high-speed performance for hardware realizations. Its application in a reconfigurable PC-FPGA platform is investigated, which can efficiently handle requests for different ECC key length and curves and is useful for many computer network applications.
Enzymatic ω-Oxidation IV. PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE ω-HYDROXYLASE OF PSEUDOMONAS OLEOVORANS

Abstract An inducible hydroxylase which catalyzes the conversion of fatty acids to their ω-hydroxy derivatives and n-alkanes to primary alcohols in the presence of molecular oxygen, a reduced pyridine nucleotide, rubredoxin, and a rubredoxin reductase has been solubilized and partially purified from Pseudomonas oleovorans. The bacterial reductase, which has higher activity with DPNH than with TPNH, may be replaced by highly purified ferredoxin reductase from spinach, for which TPNH is the preferred cofactor. The "ω-hydroxylase," unlike an enzyme of similar function occurring in liver microsomes, contains no cytochrome P-450. The enzyme is of high molecular weight (estimated as about 2 x 106 by chromatography on a calibrated agarose column), but appears to dissociate into smaller units in the presence of dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol. Iron was determined by emission spectroscopy to be present in the amount of 4.2 g atoms/2 x 106 g of protein, whereas only traces of FAD and heme were found. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum showed signals typical of rhombic iron (g = 4.3), a free radical (g = 2.003), and a labile sulfide-containing non-heme iron protein (g = 1.94), with a minor component at 2.03), but the significance of these resonances with respect to the catalytic function of the iron is not yet known. In the presence of rubredoxin, a rubredoxin reductase, and the ω-hydroxylase, the hydroxylation of octane was shown to yield n-octanol in equimolar amount to the amounts of TPNH and molecular oxygen consumed. This stoichiometry corresponds to that expected of a monooxygenase or mixed function oxidase, as follows: RCH3 + O2 + D(T)PNH + H+ → RCH2OH + D(T)PN+ + H2O. In addition to octane, which is the most active substrate, other n-alkanes from C6 to C14, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, dimethylhexane, fatty acids from C6 to C12, and certain glyceride derivatives of fatty acids all undergo hydroxylation as judged by the substrate-dependent disappearance of TPNH in the complete enzyme system. The ω-hydroxylase is extensively inhibited by cyanide and 8-hydroxyquinoline. Cyanide was shown to act as a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to laurate and to have a Ki of 3.1 x 10-4m. The Km values of hexanoate, heptanoate, and nonanoate are 2.2 x 10-2m, 5.2 x 10-3m, and 6.9 x 10-4m, respectively.
Countercurrent Immunoelectrophoresis in the Evaluation of Infants with Group B Streptococcal Disease

Admission specimens of CSF, serum, and urine from 67 patients with proved group B streptococcal (GBS) bacteremia and/or meningitis were evaluated by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Group B and type-specific antigens were detected in 81% of CSF, 63% of serum, and 96% of concentrated urine specimens by CIE. Each of 26 infants with meningitis from whom all three body fluids were available and ten with bacteremia from whom both serum and urine were collected at admission had GBS antigens detected by CIE in at least one specimen. No false positive reactions were observed. Among patients with type III, GBS meningeal infection, fatal outcome or neurologic sequelae were significantly correlated with concentration of type III antigen in admission CSF and duration of antigenuria when compared to normal survivors (P = less than .05, Mann-Whitney U tests). CIE appears to be a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool for infants with GBS infection if admission specimens from more than one source are examined and appropriately high-titered antisera are employed for testing.
Development and pilot test of pictograph-enhanced breast health-care instructions for community-residing immigrant women

Current written text-based health-care instructions are not suitable for presenting lengthy, complex breast health-care instructions and are difficult for immigrant women with limited literacy skills. The aims of this study were to develop breast health-care instructions enhanced by pictographs (simple line drawings representing health-care actions) and pilot test the instructions in a sample of six immigrant women with limited literacy skills. Based on the Mayer's Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning, pictographs were developed in addition to low-literacy text. The text and the pictographs were then pilot tested with six immigrant women in community health centres for clarity, comprehension and acceptability through face-to-face interviews. Participants perceived that the drawings were engaging and enhanced clarity of the intended health-care messages. The black and white simple line drawings were well received by participants of varying race and ethnicity. The pictograph-based approach might be an effective tool in developing health-care instructions for immigrant women with limited literacy skills. Future research is needed to compare the effect of pictograph-enhanced instructions with written text-based instructions on adherence to instructions and health outcomes.
Optimal object and edge localization in the presence of correlated noise

The ideal observer for the task of object localization in the presence of correlated noise is implemented by means of the minimum chi-squared method, which is equivalent to the maximum likelihood method when the noise is additive and normally distributed. The prewhitening approach is explored in which the noise in the data is made uncorrelated by filtering the data with the filter S-1/2, where S is the noise power spectrum. The location of the object is then found by fitting a model of the object to the prewhitened data. A measure of the goodness of fit is proposed that is based upon the serial correlation in the prewhitened residuals, the difference between the data and the fit. These concepts are demonstrated by applying them to simulated data that possess known noise characteristics. It is shown that the accuracies predicted for the ideal observer can be achieved by the prewhitening technique.
THE GEOMETRY OF GROWTH AND CELL DIVISION IN COLUMNAR PARENCHYMA

THE LAWS of growth and cell division in epithelial mosaics, considered as covering plane surfaces, have been discussed in an earlier paper (Lewis, 1943b). In extending that study to parenchymal cells in their three dimensions, the previous publication may be considered as Part I, and familiarity with its simple conclusions will be assumed. It was proposed to regard the plant body as a cylindrical shaft (root and stem in continuity), with rounded ends at the root tip and apical growing point respectively. The plant so constituted is a polyhedron with a countless number of facets, each of which is bounded by a polygonal cell-outline on the free surface. This massive polyhedron is composed of microscopic polyhedra (the cells), and the polygonal surface pattern of each of them obeys precisely the same law that governs the surface pattern of the entire plant. In a plane surface, the sum of the angles at any vertex, where the cellular polygons meet, must be the 3600 of the circle; and the same is true of the angles formed by lines drawn from the corners of any polygon to meet at a vertex within its interior. In three dimensions, as in a mass of parenchymal polyhedra, the sum of the solid angles meeting at any vertex must be 4 7r, the surface of a sphere (of any radius, considered as a unit); and the sum of the solid angles formed by projecting the edges of the surface polygons of a single polyhedron to a vertex in its interior must also be 4 7r. The ordinary number of sides which meet at a vertex in the plane mosaic is three, and hence the average shape of epidermal and epithelial cells on surface view is hexagonal. The smallest and the ordinary number of cells to meet at a vertex in a space-filling mass of polyhedra is four, which is consistent with an average of fourteen facets per cell. The necessity that the sum of the solid angles formed by projecting the edges of a polyhedron inward to meet at a central point shall equal 4 7r, is apparently the explanation of Euler's theorem, to which the polygonal surface pattern of every polyhedral cell must conform.2 Under these geometrical requirements parenchymal cells grow and divide according to a definite plan,
DIMENSIONS, TRANSACTIONS COSTS AND COALITIONS IN LEGISLATIVE VOTING*

Dimensional studies of Congressional voting have found a single dominant “ideological” dimension, while regression estimates find that constituency variables and party are dominant. Koford (1989b) recalibrated the dimensional studies, and found that several dimensions are important. This study reviews those findings, and then considers additional reasons why dimensional studies might understate the number of dimensions. It then examines the regression estimates for biases that overstate the number of dimensions. Overall, fewer dimensions are found than seem consistent with the wide variety of constituents' preferences on issues. A model is developed in which the transactions costs of building coalitions reduces the number of dimensions visible on roll-call votes below the underlying dimensionality of preferences in the issue space. When legislative parties build internal coalitions to pass and defeat bills, voting on randomly drawn bills has a single party-oriented dimension. Natural ideological dimensions are reinforced when parties write bills and logroll along natural lines of cohesion. Numerical examples suggest that these effects could be important, and suggest lines for empirical investigation of the underlying issue space.
Development and simulation analysis of real-time, dual-load yard truck control systems for seaport container transshipment terminals

We show how a seaport container terminal’s long-run average quay crane rate depends on the system that automatically assigns yard trucks to container transportation jobs in the terminal in real time. Several real-time, dual-load yard truck control systems are proposed and evaluated by a fully-integrated, discrete event simulation model of a vessel-to-vessel transshipment terminal. The model is designed to reproduce the microscopic, stochastic, real-time environment at a multiple-berth facility. Overall, the literature still lacks a comprehensive analysis that (1) considers different methods for controlling dual-load vehicles in real time within a fully-integrated, stochastic container terminal environment and (2) compares them in terms of an absolute global performance measure such as average quay crane rate. This paper provides such an analysis.
Scaling of high harmonic generation efficiencies with 400-nm and 800-nm driver pulses

Scaling of high order harmonic generation (HHG) efficiency with drive-wavelengths is investigated using 800-nm and 400-nm pulses. We demonstrate good agreement with a recently established model for HHG taking laser and material parameters into account.
A wavefield extrapolation method for simulating B-scan images

We describe an algorithm which improves the efficiency of simulations of B-scan images involving water path acoustical imaging systems. The method is a hybrid approach in which Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction theory is used to extrapolate the propagated part of the acoustic pressure field back to the transducer while the scattered field produced by the tissue is obtained using a time-domain scattering algorithm. Considerable savings in both CPU time and array storage are achieved by elimination of discrete time updates on the computational grid between the source and the tissue.
Source apportionment of organic and light-absorbing carbon using receptor modeling techniques

Abstract An intensive field-monitoring program designed to attribute visibility reducing aerosols to their sources or source regions was carried out in the western half of Washington state. Because of the perceived concern over the contribution of carbonaceous material from prescribed and wildfires to visibility impairment, this paper focuses on attribution of organic and light-absorbing carbon to known sources and source regions. A variety of receptor-oriented models was successfully exercised and reconciled with each other. It is shown that much of the organic and light-absorbing carbon is associated with urban emissions of the Seattle-Tacoma area. Fire tracers were not strongly linked to either organic or light-absorbing carbon; however, the fire-related tracers were shown to be primarily associated with transport from south of the Washington-Oregon state border.
Reconstruction of discrete resistivity targets using coupled artificial neural networks and watershed algorithms

Estimating the dimensions (defined here as width, height and depth of burial) of discrete targets within resistivity models produced as a result of applying smoothness constraints in most inversion algorithms is difficult, especially when targets are closely spaced. Here we couple an image processing technique (watershed algorithm) with a trained Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to arrive at predictions of the geometry and resistivity of discrete targets from an initial smoothness constraint resistivity model. These predictions are compared with those obtained from (1) applying the watershed algorithm alone, (2) inversion using the regular L1 norm and (3) when a smoothing disconnect is defined using image processing with data subsequently re-inverted to arrive at a revised model estimate. Synthetic studies were conducted on a single cavity model, a model for two widely spaced cavities (spacing >> unit electrode spacing), a model for two closely spaced cavities (spacing < unit electrode spacing) and a model for three closely spaced cavities (spacing < unit electrode spacing). In all model scenarios, the average root mean square (RMS) model error using our ANN approach is below 1 whilst the average combined RMS model error when including target resistivity is 35 for the single cavity, 30 for widely spaced targets and 75 for the closely spaced targets. Despite the higher errors in the closely spaced cavity models, application of the algorithm confirms the presence of multiple features, which is not ascertainable from the smooth inversion, or even when using a disconnect constraint. The ANN derived model significantly reduces the RMS misfit between synthetic and inverted models. We demonstrate the approach using field measurements collected over a precisely known void and also apply the method to smooth resistivity images obtained from measurements collected over an archaeological site at Qurnet Murai, Luxor city, Egypt.
Greenfield Inferior Vena Cava Filter Dislodged During Central Venous Catheter Placement

Two cases of a Greenfield inferior vena cava (IVC) filter being dislodged during central venous catheter placement are described. This event appears to be related to J-tip guidewire use during venous catheterization. To our knowledge, this occurrence previously has not been reported. One of the two filters was dislodged from the IVC to a new position in the right atrium. Dislodging of the filter in these two particular cases did not give rise to clinical signs or symptoms.
Nitrogen removal from wastewater using membrane aerated microbial fuel cell techniques.

Nitrogen removal mainly relies on sequential nitrification and denitrification in wastewater treatment. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are innovative wastewater treatment techniques for pollution control and energy generation. In this study, bench-scale wastewater treatment systems using membrane-aerated MFC (MAMFC) and diffuser-aerated MFC (DAMFC) techniques were constructed for simultaneous removal of carbonaceous and nitrogenous pollutants and electricity production from wastewater. During 210 days of continuous flow operation, when the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the cathodic compartment was kept at 2 mg/L, both reactors demonstrated high COD removal (>99%) and high ammonia removal (>99%) but low nitrogen removal ( 97%). However, the nitrogen removal of MAMFC (52%) was 2-fold higher than that of DAMFC (24%), indicating an enhanced performance of denitrification after DO reduction in the cathodic compartment of the MAMFC. Meanwhile, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) population in the MAMFC indicated the diversity of AOB with equally important Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas species present in the cathodic biofilm after DO reduction. The average voltage output in the MAMFC was significantly higher than that in DAMFC under both DO conditions. The results suggest that MAMFC systems have the potential for wastewater treatment with improved nitrogen removal and electricity production.
Abnormal single motor unit behavior in the upper motor neuron syndrome

We studied the discharge pattern of single motor units (SMUs) in the left and right biceps muscles from a patient with nonspastic weakness of the left arm. Detailed statistical analysis of the behavior of discharge patterns of 4 of 4 single motor units on the affected side showed abnormalities with characteristic features of an upper motor neuron lesion. Five out of 5 single motor units recorded from the right biceps were normal. An upper motor neuron lesion affecting the left arm, predicted by our results, was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which showed a lesion in the right precentral gyrus. It appears that changes in single motor unit firing characteristics, caused by an upper motor neuron lesion, can be detected at a time when there is no evidence of increased "tone" and/or hyperreflexia (spasticity) in the affected extremity.
Gene transfer of the inducible nos inhibits intimal hyperplasia in a model of diabetic vascular injury

Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular complications of diabetes contribute significantly to the morbidity of this disease. Intimal hyperplasia (IH), which limits our current therapies, is a disease process which disproportionately affects patients with diabetes. The pathophysiology of diabetic vascular disease may be, in part, secondary to decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). The purpose of these experiments was to test the hypothesis that gene transfer of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) prevents IH following balloon injury in a rodent model of diabetes. Methods: Obese Zucker rats were utilized as a model of Type II Diabetes. These rats carry a homozygous recessive gene (fa/fa) making them resistant to leptin. Their lean counterparts (fa/-) are leptin-sensitive and were used as controls. The obese rats underwent carotid artery balloon injury followed by either adenoviral iNOS or lacZ gene transfer at the time of injury (2x106 PFU per artery). The animals were sacrificed at 3, 7, and 21 days and the degree of injury assessed. Glucose, cholesterol, and insulin levels were also checked. Values are expressed as mean ± standard error and statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. Results: The obese Zucker rats had marked elevations in baseline glucose, cholesterol, and serum insulin levels compared to lean controls. IH was worse in obese rats compared to controls, with intima:media ratios (I:M) of 0.90 ± 0.14 vs 0.54 ± 0.08, respectively, at 21 days. AdlacZ treatment did not significantly affect the development of IH compared to untreated controls in both lean and obese rats. Adenoviral iNOS gene transfer significantly reduced IH by 37% in lean and 64% in obese rats, with I:M ratios of 0.34 ± 0.03 and 0.33 ± 0.07, respectively. Conclusion: Vascular injury resulted in greater IH in diabetic rodents, raising the concern that diabetes might also reduce the efficacy of therapies that have been shown to inhibit IH in normal animals. Adenoviral iNOS gene transfer effectively inhibits the formation of IH in control rats. The presence of diabetes did not reduce the efficacy of this treatment. Instead, iNOS gene transfer had a greater protective effect in obese diabetic Zucker rats. iNOS gene transfer may be a useful clinical adjunct to vascular interventions in diabetic patients.
The role of chemokines as inflammatory mediators in chronic hepatitis C virus infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease that can progress to cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Intrahepatic inflammation and liver cell injury are defining features of chronic HCV infection. Chemokines, chemotactic cytokines that attract leucocytes to inflammatory sites, may be important in the development of intrahepatic inflammation. As T-helper (Th)1 inflammatory cells, characterized by interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-2 secretion, predominate in the liver during chronic HCV infection, chemokines that attract these cells might be particularly important in disease progression. In this review, we focus on the role of Th1 chemokines, which are all members of the CXC or CC subfamilies. Among the CXC chemokines, the non-ELR group comprised of IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig) and IFN-inducible T-cell-alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC), attract Th1 cells through the interaction with their receptor, CXCR3. Among the CC subfamily, Th1-associated chemokines include regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP)1alpha and beta. These chemokines attract cells through an interaction with their receptor, CCR5. While peripheral blood and intrahepatic levels of all of these chemokines are elevated in chronic hepatitis C patients, only select chemokines have been found to be correlated with hepatic inflammation. Among the six chemokines, IP-10 has uniquely been shown to have prognostic utility as a marker of treatment outcome. In the future, chemokines might be used to monitor the natural course and progression of HCV-associated liver disease, to identify patients with a high likelihood of achieving a therapeutic response, and they may even have potential as therapeutic targets.
The two swords Religion–state connections and interstate disputes

Since the end of the Cold War, a global religious resurgence has transformed many aspects of world politics, including transnational activism, human rights, and terrorism. Yet, scholars still debat...
Comparative myocardial protection with calcium-free versus calcium-containing potassium cardioplegic solutions.

The present study was designed to determine if the addition of calcium to a potassium cardioplegic solution results in improved myocardial protection during ischemic arrest. An isolated perfused cat heart preparation was used. Hearts were made ischemic for 60 min and then reperfused for 45 min. Four groups were studied with the myocardial temperature during ischemia being maintained at 37°C in one and at 27°C in the remaining three groups. Two of these latter three groups received cardioplegic solutions while one remaining hypothermic group served as a hypothermic control. The cardioplegic solutions differed in that one was a calcium-free moderately hyperkalemic solution while the other contained 2 mM calcium, 16 mM magnesium, and 1 mM procaine in addition to being moderately hyperkalemic. Myocardial gas tensions were monitored by mass spectrometry and isovolumic ventricular function assessed by developed pressure and maximum dP/dt. Hypothermia alone resulted in significantly better recovery of ventricular function than normothermic ischemia. Recovery was further enhanced by the addition of cardioplegia. The best return of left ventricular function was seen in the group which had received the calcium-free cardioplegic solution and this group also developed the least myocardial edema following reperfusion. This study demonstrates that the omission of calcium as well as magnesium and procaine, from a cardioplegic solution, rather than being hazardous, may in fact be beneficial.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of gallium nitride nanowires on atomic layer deposited aluminum oxide

Abstract Semiconductor nanowires have received increasing focus from researchers due to their one dimensional characteristics, which offer new horizons for device designs. Nanowire growth has been shown to yield crystalline material on non-lattice matched substrates. Concerning gallium nitride nanowires, common growth substrates have been silicon (100) and (111) substrates. This manuscript discusses the successful molecular beam epitaxial growth of gallium nitride nanowires on amorphous aluminum oxide thin films, grown by atomic layer deposition. Results indicate that regardless of the amorphous nature of the oxide films, the gallium nitride nanowires grown are crystalline and free of defects even at the interface with the oxide. The results offer a method of realizing promising frontiers for device design in which a high quality crystalline material is desired on an amorphous substrate.
Bias and Accuracy of Children's Perceptions of Peer Acceptance: Prospective Associations with Depressive Symptoms

Are depressive symptoms in middle childhood associated with more or less realistic social self-perceptions? At the beginning and end of the school year, children in grades 3 through 5 (n=667) rated how much they liked their classmates, predicted the acceptance ratings they would receive from each of their classmates, and completed self-report measures of perceived acceptance and depressive symptoms. Accuracy of perceived acceptance was indexed by the mean difference between pairs of predicted and received ratings (absolute values). Standardized residual scores created by regressing self-reported perceived acceptance (either predicted ratings or children's responses to a questionnaire measure of perceived peer acceptance) onto peer acceptance ratings formed two measures of bias. Bi-directional associations were found for accuracy of perceived acceptance and depressive symptoms; inaccurate perceptions predicted increases in depressive symptoms and depressive symptoms predicted decreased accuracy. Neither measure of bias predicted changes in depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms predicted increases in negatively biased perceptions as assessed via questionnaire.
Isolation of an MSP1-derived transcriptionally active nucleolar particle.

Abstract A discrete macromolecular structure with inherent transcription activity has been isolated from Novikoff nucleoli. The particle (350 A diameter) was released from the intact nucleoli by digestion with restriction endonuclease (Msp1) and is enriched in repetitive DNA sequences both 5′ and 3′ to the ribosomal genes. In vitro transcription analyses suggest that the particle contains the rDNA polymerase template, and that its 12–15 major proteins are responsible for transcriptional activity without added soluble protein factors.
The C825T polymorphism in the human G-protein β3 subunit gene is not associated with diabetic nephropathy in Type I diabetes mellitus

In Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus a genetic predisposition exists to nephropathy and is related to parental hypertension. Enhanced G-protein activation, a cellular phenotype observed in cultured cells from patients with essential hypertension, was recently documented in Type I diabetic subjects with nephropathy. This enhanced G-protein activation has been associated with a genetic variant in the G-protein β3 subunit, GNB3. A C→T polymorphism at position 825 in exon 10 is associated with G-protein activation, the T allele associated with enhanced activity. Furthermore the T allele was observed more frequently in a group with essential hypertension. In this report we have analysed the role of the C825T polymorphism in the predisposition to diabetic nephropathy in Type I diabetes. We have investigated the frequency of this polymorphism in a large case-control study and found no association of the T allele with diabetic nephropathy. Specifically carriage of the T allele as CT or TT was observed in 49 % of 200 Type I diabetic control subjects with normoalbuminuria (diabetes duration 24 years) compared with 53 % of 216 Type I diabetic subjects with nephropathy (overt proteinuria or end-stage renal failure). Within this group we have also examined the inheritance of C825T alleles in a family study and found no evidence for excess transmission of the T allele to Type I diabetic offspring with nephropathy (T allele transmitted to 51 % of nephropathy offspring, C allele transmitted to 49 % of nephropathy offspring, p = 0.79). In none of the Type I diabetic datasets examined was there any effect of genotype on variation in systolic or diastolic blood pressure. In conclusion we can find no evidence for the C825T polymorphism of the β3 G-protein subunit as a major gene in the susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in Type I diabetes. [Diabetologia (1998) 41: 1304–1308]
The Role of State Advertising in Latin American Newspapers: Was the Demise of Nicaragua’s Barricada Newspaper Political Sabotage?

Barricada, a daily newspaper in Nicaragua, closed in 1998. The editor said his newspaper was a victim of a government policy to remove state advertising from Barricada, which was the official newspaper of the opposition Sandinista political party. This study examines the role of state advertising as a means of governmental control of the news media. The study finds evidence to support the claim that Barricada was the victim of a partisan campaign to withhold advertising. But it also finds that the Sandinistas had done the same thing when they were in power in the 1980s.
Brain Proton MRS is Correlated with Financial Abilities in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

Persons with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) demonstrate frank impairments in the performance of everyday functional abilities. However, the neuroanatomic and neuro-metabolic correlates of these functional deficits in mild AD are largely unknown. Using 3-Tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) of the posterior cingulate gyrus in 14 patients with mild AD and 14 healthy adult controls, we sought to determine the brain metabolic correlates of financial impairments in mild AD. Both N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and choline-containing compounds (Cho) were found to be abnormal in mild AD. In AD patients, NAA showed a positive correlation with financial abilities, while Cho showed a possible negative correlation with financial abilities. These findings suggest that metabolic abnormalities of posterior cortical paralimbic regions may reflect the underlying neuropathological processes that are instrumental in the degradation of financial abilities in mild AD. Proton MRS could offer a means to track brain changes associated with functional change in mild AD.
Scheduling complex job shops using disjunctive graphs: A cycle elimination procedure

Wafer fabrication is the most complex phase in the semiconductor manufacturing process. Semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities (wafer fabs) contain re-entrant product flow through machines operating in parallel. Some of these machines incur sequence-dependent set-ups, while others are capable of processing multiple jobs in batches. This complex job shop can be modelled as a disjunctive graph, and then scheduled using a modified Shifting Bottleneck heuristic. The existence of the batch-processing machines in the complex job shop creates the potential for cyclic schedules to be produced by the modified Shifting Bottleneck approach, primarily due to the existence of dummy batching nodes and delayed precedence constraints. We propose a cycle elimination procedure to assist in maintaining schedule feasibility during the modified Shifting Bottleneck procedure.
Structure and magnetic properties of Ca14MnP11

Abstract The compound Ca14MnP11 crystallizes in the Ca14AlSb11 structure type with the tetragonal space group I 4 1 / acd ( Z = 8 ) and lattice parameters of a = 15.3255 ( 7 ) A , c = 20.7565 ( 9 ) at 90 K. The structure consists of MnP49− tetrahedron, P37− trimer, 4 P3− isolated anions and 14 Ca2+ cations. Similar to other compounds of this structure type containing phosphorous, the P37− trimer has a central P atom that is best modeled in the structure as being equally split between two sites. In addition, there is no additional distortion of the manganese-containing tetrahedron compared with the main group analog, Ca14GaP11, suggesting that the Mn oxidation state is Mn2+. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility shows that the compound is paramagnetic over the entire temperature range measured (2–300 K). The data can be fit with a modified Curie–Weiss law and provide an effective magnetic moment of 5.80 (2) B.M. with a Weiss constant of −2.13(2) K and χ 0 = - 9 ( 1 ) × 1 - 5 emu / mol . This moment is significantly higher than those measured for any of the Mn-containing analogs and is consistent with Mn2+. This result will be discussed in light of the electron counting scheme for Mn compounds of the Ca14AlSb11 structure-type.
The small molecule ISRIB reverses the effects of eIF2α phosphorylation on translation and stress granule assembly

Previously, we identified ISRIB as a potent inhibitor of the integrated stress response (ISR) and showed that ISRIB makes cells resistant to the effects of eIF2α phosphorylation and enhances long-term memory in rodents (Sidrauski et al., 2013). Here, we show by genome-wide in vivo ribosome profiling that translation of a restricted subset of mRNAs is induced upon ISR activation. ISRIB substantially reversed the translational effects elicited by phosphorylation of eIF2α and induced no major changes in translation or mRNA levels in unstressed cells. eIF2α phosphorylation-induced stress granule (SG) formation was blocked by ISRIB. Strikingly, ISRIB addition to stressed cells with pre-formed SGs induced their rapid disassembly, liberating mRNAs into the actively translating pool. Restoration of mRNA translation and modulation of SG dynamics may be an effective treatment of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by eIF2α phosphorylation, SG formation, and cognitive loss.
Some aspects of simultaneous inference

In this paper the problem of simultaneous inference regarding the components of a multinormal mean vector is addressed. Properties of a step-down test procedure and an optimum test procedure are compared through local power, overall power, and expected sample sizes. An application to a laboratory problem is indicated.
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders

The nosology of neuromyelitis optica has evolved dramatically over the past decade but only after more than a century of slowly accumulating knowledge about the disorder. It has historically been defined as a severe, monophasic disease consisting of optic neuritis and myelitis occurring in close temporal proximity and without brain involvement [1, 2].
Long-term follow-up of IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.

The current study was conducted to determine the risk of adverse outcomes among patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) of the IgM class. Two hundred thirteen patients with IgM MGUS were identified in southeastern Minnesota from 1960 to 1994. The primary end point was progression to lymphoma or a related disorder assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Patients were followed for a total of 1,567 person-years (median, 6.3 years per subject). Seventeen patients developed lymphoma (relative risk [RR], 14.8) and six progressed to Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (RR, 262), while three developed primary amyloidosis (RR, 16.3) and three others had chronic lymphocytic leukemia (RR, 5.7). The relative risk of progression was 16-fold higher in the IgM MGUS patients compared to the white population of the Iowa Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. The risk of progression of MGUS of IgM type to lymphoma or related disorders averaged 1.5% per year throughout the period of observation.
Transient response behavior of an axisymmetric stagnation flow on a circular cylinder due to time dependent free stream velocity

Abstract An analysis is presented to investigate the unsteady response behavior of an axisymmetric stagnation flow on a circular cylinder due to transient free stream velocity. The governing boundary layer equations are integrated by the steepest descent method. Numerical results have been presented for the unsteady wall stress by assuming explicit time dependent forms for the free stream velocity.
Jeffrey Conditioning and External Bayesianity

Abstract. Suppose that several individuals who have separately assessed prior probability distributions over a set of possible states of the world wish to pool their individual distributions into a single group distribution, while taking into account jointly perceived new evidence. They have the option of (i) first updating their individual priors and then pooling the resulting posteriors or (ii) first pooling their priors and then updating the resulting group prior. If the pooling method that they employ is such that they arrive at the same final distribution in both cases, the method is said to be externally Bayesian, a property first studied by Madansky (1964). We show that a pooling method for discrete distributions is externally Bayesian if and only if it commutes with Jeffrey conditioning, parameterized in terms of certain ratios of new to old odds, as in Wagner (2002), rather than in terms of the posterior probabilities of members of the disjoint family of events on which such conditioning originates.
Microdosimetry in fast-neutron therapy by automatic readout of CR-39 solid state nuclear track detectors

Abstract The development of the solid state nuclear track detector CR-39 as a microdosimeter for high-energy neutron cancer therapy is given. The irradiation, etching and readout procedures are described and measured track size distributions are presented. The mathematical basis for converting a track size distribution to a microdosimetric spectrum is explained, and microdosimetric spectra as measured using both CR-39 and a tissue-equivalent Rossi-type proportional counter are compared.
Use of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as a probe for the presence of hydrodisulfide groups in proteins

Abstract The use of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) as a probe for the presence of hydrodisulfide groups in proteins is described. The technique involves derivatization of the protein with FDNB and subsequent treatment with dithiothreitol (DTT). The 2,4-dinitrothiophenol (DNTP) released from the FDNB-derivatized protein on treatment with DTT is determined spectrophotometrically. Using this technique, approximately 95% of the cyanolyzable sulfur of sulfurbound rhodanese was found to be released as DNTP. FDNB-derivatized xanthine oxidase was found to release DNTP on treatment with DTT. However, no significant release of DNTP was detected on the treatment of either bis(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)trisulfide (cystine trisulfide) or potassium thiomolybdate with DTT following incubation with FDNB.
Fracture Toughness of Composite and Unfilled Restorative Resins

Fracture toughness, critical strain energy release rate, and critical stress intensity factor were determined for experimental and commercial restorative resins. A composite resin had lower resistance to crack initiation than an unfilled acrylic resin. The data were consistent with surface failure observed in single-pass wear studies of these resins.
Electromagnetic Form-factor of the Neutrinos

A zero-mass two-component theory for the neutrino and the existence of an intermediate boson W/sup plus or minus / are assumed. The scalar function, on which the matrix element of the electromagnetic current operator evaluated between states of a single neutrino depends, is calculated. A marked difference is found between the form factors, f(q/sup 2/), for nu /sub e/ and nu /sub mu / at small q/sup 2/ (where q/sup 2/ is the difference in the initial and final four-momenta of the neutrino squared). (R.E.U.) Electrons in the process of BETA decay were found to be longitudinally polarized. The mechanism by which a spin angular momentum of a polarized particle can be converted into macroscopic rotation of a body is considered. A layer of BETA activity on one end of a cylinder imparts a momentum M = (1/2)(v/c)(1/2)hN, where N is the number of electrons absorbed by the cylinder which acquires a rotational energy E = M/sup 2/ /2I, where I is the moment of inertia of the body. The value of E/N is only 10/ sup -18/ ev, but what is the source of the rotational energy? It is shown that the thermal energy of the cylinder is themore » energy source. If it is assumed that a beam of polarized electrons is completely depolarized, the thermal motion of the atoms of a body is partially convented to an ordered motion with a velocity v = OMEGA r, where OMEGA is the angalar velocity, and T = M/I. The decrease in entropy on converting thermal energy to rotational energy is DELTA S = -- (E/T) = - (N/sup 2//8IT), and change in temperature T is approximates 10/sup -18/ ev. However, a body with a rotational moment mu has an energy -- mu OMEGA associated with the coriolis field about a rotating body. As T yields 0 at very small values of T, the resulting coriolis field prevents the occurrence of further depolarization. (TTT)« less
Climb dissociation of dislocations in sapphire (α-Al2O3) revisited: Crystallography of dislocation dipoles

Abstract Dislocation dipoles formed during high-temperature basal slip in sapphire (α-Al2O3) are unstable and break up by several different climb processes. Dipoles with perfect 1/3 Burgers vector can break up by successive pinching-off of their ends to produce strings of loops. Alternatively, the dipoles can break up into faulted loops and dipoles by climb dissociation into 1/3 partials; these faulted dipoles are first formed on {1210} prism planes and subsequently rotate into their new edge orientation on the {1100} prism planes. All faulted rotated dipoles are of interstitial character, suggesting that the faults produced by vacancy and interstitial dipoles have a different structure, and hence a different energy. Free dislocations are also dissociated by climb; the separation distance of the partials suggests a fault energy of 0.2 J/m2. Dissociation by glide has not been observed.