cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
If you build it, will they come? Student preferences for Makerspace environments in higher education

The Maker Movement inspires people to express their creativity by making things in a self-directed and, often, collaborative learning endeavor. The excitement of the movement has spurred the development of various types of Makerspaces across the United States and the World to further enable people to make and innovate. The education community has recognized the potential for Makerspaces as learning environments that can foster interdisciplinary collaboration and self-directed learning. As such, there is much excitement to create Makerspaces within K-12 schools, libraries, colleges and universities. However, contrary to the formal design process used to build many school facilities, successful grass-roots makerspaces are most often created when those with like-minded interests come together and adapt the building around them to fit their needs. The research in this paper focuses on the design of such spaces by applying the environmental preferences predictors psychology construct. The study surveyed 276 students from art and design, engineering, and liberal arts majors to better understand their preferences as related to images of eight different Makerspaces. The results are broken down by the four predictors of preference, major, and gender. The results highlight differences among the images along with design considerations for creating spaces that welcome a broader audience.
Evaluation of the Level of Enterprise Risk Management Adoption and Maturity of Insurance Companies in Kenya

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which insurance companies in Kenya have adopted ERM process, and then to assess the maturity, challenges and strategies in the implementation of this process.Materials and methods: The research design adopted for the study is descriptive research. The researcher conducted a survey on the 49 insurance companies of Kenya to encapsulate the factors that are relevant in articulating the extent of adoption of ERM and the level of maturity. A sample of 196 respondents was selected from a population of 245 respondents. The study used quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 program was used for analysis. The results were presented using tables and pie charts. Similarly, qualitative data was summarized and categorized according to common themes and presentedin continuous prose form.Results: The study concluded that organizational related challenges hindered implementation of ERM programs. Results revealed that inadequate application of the risk management framework, ambiguity in roles and responsibilities in risk management, complexities in risk measurement, lack of embodiment of ERM in organizational culture, difficulty in risk quantification, linking risk information to strategic decision making, ensuring that all decisions remain within the organization’s risk tolerance, proactively identifying current and emerging risks, cost and budgetary constraints, misalignment of the risk and business operating models, risk management not seen as a priority by top management and inadequate information to make risk-based decisions hindered implementation of ERM frameworks among insurance firms in Kenya. The findings imply that organization related challenges have a significant effect on ERM implementation.Recommendations: The study recommends that there should be better organizational strategies to help improve implementation of ERM programs. It was found that building a strong risk culture, engaging consultants, building a dedicated ERM function, committed board of directors and top management, developing risk appetite statement, appointment of a Chief Risk Officer (CRO) and availing ERM budgets improved the implementation of ERM programs. Key words: enterprise risk management, adoption, maturity
A COMPARISON OF 4 ULTRASENSITIVE PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN ASSAYS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF RESIDUAL CANCER AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY

AbstractThe Yang Pros-Check, Abbott IMx, Tosoh AIA-PACK PA and Nichols Institute reference laboratory prostate specific antigen (PSA) assays were compared in 30 patients (138 sera) known to have no residual prostate cells. The mean + 3 standard deviations of these sera was used to define a level of PSA that would indicate residual cancer. This residual cancer detection limit for each of the 4 assays is 0.06, 0.01, 0.07 and 0.05 ng./ml., respectively, but the 0.01 level for the IMx assay is an artifact caused by setting the zero calibrator too high.All 4 assays were then used to compare the number of days from radical prostatectomy to the detection of residual cancer in 23 cases (211 sera) that ultimately failed radical prostatectomy. The Yang, Tosoh and Nichols Institute assays were all similar, with an average of 569 to 589 days. The Abbott IMx assay was relatively insensitive in detecting the first appearance of PSA after radical prostatectomy (average 821 days) and it showed the earliest detection amon...
The antihelminthic moxidectin enhances tonic GABA currents in rodent hippocampal pyramidal neurons.

We have identified a novel mechanism of action in the mammalian central nervous system for the antihelminthic moxidectin, commonly prescribed to animals worldwide and currently being evaluated for ...
Do Distracting Dashboards Matter? Evidence from an Eye Tracking Study

This paper analyzes the effect of distraction on using dashboards. Distraction in dashboards was introduced by increasing the non-pixel data and not highlighting the task relevant area. Eye tracking technology was used to precisely measure how much time and effort users make to understand the dashboards. Eye tracking technology was used as it provides the details of the mental processes by which users make decision regarding the tasks. A laboratory study was conducted using eye tracking technology to understand how subjects use two types of dashboards- distracted and non-distracted to perform certain tasks. Results show that although both distracted and non-distracted groups performed equally well in answering the tasks, the distracted group had significantly high overall fixation time and count. This shows that the distracted group spent more time and effort in answering the task. Also, it was found that the non-distracted group spent more time and effort on the specific area of the dashboard where the answer of the task was available.
The Effects of a Korean Ginseng, GINST15, on Perceptual Effort, Psychomotor Performance, and Physical Performance in Men and Women

The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation was to examine the effects of a Korean Ginseng (GINST15) on measures of perception and physical performance following an acute bout of resistance exercise. Ten women (age: 38.7 ± 7.8 years; height: 1.64 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 76.0 ± 11.6 kg) and nine men (age: 41.2. ± 9.7 years; height: 1.77 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 88.5 ± 5.0 kg) completed the investigation. Participants were randomized to a three-cycle testing scheme consisting of high dose ginseng (HIGH: 960 mg/day), low dose ginseng (LOW: 160 mg/day) and placebo (PBO: 0 mg/day). After 14 days of supplementation participants returned to the laboratory for an acute resistance exercise trial (5 sets of 12 repetitions of the leg press at 70% of one-repetition-maximum [1RM]). Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed after each set. Muscle pain/soreness was assessed before exercise and 24 hours post exercise. Psychomotor performance and peak power were measured before exercise, immediately post exercise and 24 hours after exercise. Each treatment cycle was separated by a minimum one-week washout period. HIGH significantly reduced perceived exertion during exercise. HIGH and LOW significantly reduced change in muscle soreness at 24 hours post exercise. Analysis of peak power demonstrated the presence of responders (n = 13) and non-responders (n = 6). Responders showed a significant effect of HIGH GINST15 on maintenance of neuromuscular function. The appearance of responders and non-responders, could explain the mixed literature base on the ergogenic properties of ginseng.
Unhealthy Alcohol and Drug Use in Primary Care

We describe primary care practice and how the care of people with drug and alcohol use fits into it. The detection, evaluation, and short or long-term management of chronic behavioral problems are core functions of primary care that may be profoundly enhanced by the therapeutic relationship of primary care provider with patient. We describe screening for risky, unhealthy or problematic use of substances. The evaluation of patients who have positive screens dictates the next steps for provider and patient: this may include a brief intervention, the prescription of medications or referral for other specialty care. The management of concomitant or secondary psychiatric and medical illness is discussed. Finally, we provide guidance on the chronic management of routine medical conditions for patients in recovery.
Introduction to Mixed-Mode Simulation

Computer simulation is used in a variety of different fields to predict the behavior of physical systems whenever it is inappropriate, or too expensive, to build the actual system to observe its behavior. In electrical engineering, circuit simulation is used routinely in the design of integrated circuits (IC) to verify circuit correctness and to obtain detailed timing information before an expensive and time-consuming fabrication process is performed. In fact, it is one of the most heavily used computer-aided design (CAD) tools in terms of CPU-time in the IC design cycle. The popularity of this form of simulation is primarily due to its reliability and its ability to provide precise electrical waveform information for circuits containing complex devices and all associated parasitics.
Rheological Properties of Poly-p-Phenyleneterephthalamide/H2SO4 Solutions

ABSTRACT The rheological properties of solutions of poly-p-phenyleneterephthalamide in sulfuric acid (PPT/H 2 SO 4 ) have been studied in both the lyotropic and isotropic states to determine whether certain behavior can be attributed to liquid crystalline order. The rheological experiments include frequency sweeps, steady shear, creep, and start up of steady shear flow. Several of the phenomena commonly reported to describe liquid crystalline polymers (e.g., three region flow curve, negative steady state first normal stress difference, and oscillatory behavior upon inception of steady shear) are not observed in either solution. The solution in its anisotropic state exhibits a two region flow curve (at rates ranging from 10 -4 to 10 2 sec -1 ), a positive steady state first normal stress difference which increases with shear rate, a transient first normal stress difference which increases monotonically to a steady state value, and a transient shear stress which displays a single overshoot before reaching a steady state value. The small amplitude dynamic oscillatory material functions agree well with the corresponding functions measured in steady shear flow (e.g., η ≈η and N 1 2G′).
Postmemories of joy? Children of Holocaust survivors and alternative family memories:

Substantial research in multiple disciplines on Jewish Holocaust survivors and their postwar offspring has been dominated by the discourse of trauma, focusing on the intergenerational transmission ...
Imperial Maps of Xinjiang and Their Readers in Qing China, 1660–1860

This article explores information management in the Qing government, and the challenges confronted by the Qing authorities, through the prism of imperial maps of Xinjiang. To ensure that newly gathered geographical knowledge of Xinjiang was usable for the emperor and senior officials, technocrats and artisans in the Imperial Household Department collaborated with the Jesuits and border officials to produce maps that materialized it. Because of their utility in military campaigns and everyday governance, these maps were carefully maintained by the Imperial Household Department, which discreetly distributed them to a small coterie of Manchu and Mongol statesmen. Nevertheless, information leakage from the lower echelons of the bureaucracy challenged the department's monopoly and popularized knowledge of Xinjiang among the Han literati.
Chapter 25 – Solar Radiation, Black Bodies, Heat Budget, and Radiation Balance

This chapter defines principles associated with a black body. They are necessary to know to understand solar and terrestrial radiation as well as infrared thermometry, discussed in a subsequent chapter. Kirchhoff's principle of radiation, which defines a black body, is derived. An example of a black body is illustrated. The Stefan–Boltzmann law, which gives the temperature of a black body, is given. The spectrum of a black body, which requires knowledge of Wien's displacement law, is discussed. The temperature of the earth and sun are calculated, assuming that they are black bodies. Solar and terrestrial radiation are compared. The equation for the heat budget at the surface of the earth is given, which includes the term of solar radiation. Solar radiation is further examined by presenting the equation for the radiation balance. Terms associated with this equation are defined, including albedo. Appendices give biographies of Kirchhoff, Stefan, Boltzmann, and Wien.
Nebulized Heparin for Adult Patients With Smoke Inhalation Injury: A Review of the Literature:

Objective: To review the clinical effects of nebulized heparin and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in patients with smoke inhalation injury (IHI) and provide recommendations for use. Data Sources: A search ...
Real-Time Slouch Detection and Human Posture Prediction from Pressure Mat

We present a system that is capable of real time slouch detection and posture prediction using a noninvasive pressure mat that lines the seat under a human user. Our contribution is that our final system requires neither wearable sensors nor external vision systems, although during system development, a motion capture system was used to collect ground truth data. We collected systematic seated posture data from four women aged 18 to 54 in order to build data-driven models using the seat pressure mat as sensory input. Due to the small number of subjects, it was found that individualized models were more effective than training one universal model for all participants. Our system is able to detect whether the user is slouching with up to 95% accuracy. Moreover, using just the pressure mat sensor readings as input, we successfully built models that could predict the positions of nine points on the body with an average position error of 8.84 cm. As long as one has access to a real-time stream of data from such a pressure mat, it is possible to perform real-time slouch detection and posture prediction with the pre-trained models investigated here.
Overgrowth Syndromes Associated with Vascular Anomalies

Overgrowth syndromes associated with vascular anomalies present special challenges to the patient and the treatment team. Proper diagnosis and management by a specialized interdisciplinary team offer the best functional outcome but require a thorough understanding of these diseases. Clinical exam remains essential for diagnosis as there is clinical overlap among various syndromes and variable severity and degrees of overgrowth. This chapter will cover major overgrowth syndromes along with diagnosis and current treatment options.
On prehistoric psychology: Reflections at the invitation of Göbekli Tepe.

The Neolithic Revolution has been heralded as the most significant sociocognitive change in human history, yet it is all but ignored by psychology. This gives rise to a reconsideration of the question "Where should the history of psychology begin?" Using the Neolithic archaeological site of Gobekli Tepe as a concrete case study, the advent of writing, organized religion, and our transition from being egalitarian bands of hunter-gatherers to socially stratified and specialized builders of "civilization" all stand as salient, but prehistoric, psychological topics. Such matters seem clearly crucial to understanding the full story of psychology, but nevertheless this vital segment of prehistory manages to be passed over by even evolutionary psychologists as well as historians of our discipline. How this problem is best addressed remains an open question. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Lack of psychotropic medication changes among mood disordered women across the peripartum period.

Objective Peripartum depression is a leading contributor to peripartum morbidity and mortality. Despite the evidence for relative safety, many patients and providers remain reluctant to use or modify psychotropics in the peripartum period. We hypothesized that depressed women in the peripartum period taking psychiatric medications would not experience dose adjustments. Methods Women with a prior history of either Major Depressive Disorder or Bipolar Affective Disorder were followed through pregnancy and the postpartum period (N = 229). Depressive symptoms were measured with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), with a score ≥ 13 indicating likely depression. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression. Results Antepartum depression was more common than postpartum depression (PPD; 29% vs. 20%); 38% of women with antepartum depression also had PPD. Regression analysis revealed that, although depressed women in pregnancy were not more likely to have a dose adjustment than nondepressed women (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 0.8-4.6), depressed women in the postpartum were more likely to receive a medication change than nondepressed women (OR: 6.3, 95% CI: 2.0-20.4). Conclusions In a naturalistic study, more medication adjustments for depression occurred in the postpartum than in pregnancy. This may indicate that antepartum depression is undertreated.
Counter-Intuitive Characteristics of Rational Decision-Making Using Biased Inputs in Information Networks

We consider an information network comprised of nodes that are: rational-information-consumers (RICs) and/or biased-information-providers (BIPs). Making the reasonable abstraction that any external event is reported as an answer to a logical statement, we model each node’s information-sharing behavior as a binary channel. For various reasons, malicious or otherwise, BIPs might share incorrect reports of the event regardless of their private beliefs. In doing so, a BIP might favor one of the two outcomes, exhibiting intentional or unintentional bias (e.g. human cognitive biases). Inspired by the limitations of humans and low-memory devices in information networks, we previously investigated a graph-blind rational-information-consumer interested in identifying the ground truth. We concluded that to minimize its error probability, graph-blind RIC follows a counter-intuitive but tractable rule. In this work, we build on this foundational knowledge: “graph-blind RICs prefer the combination of information-providers that are all fully-biased against the a-priori likely input, over all other combinations.” Upon studying RICs with partial knowledge of the network graph, we find that they act similar to graph-blind RICs when their BIPs “listen to” sufficiently many information-providers of their own. Furthermore, if a common node is informing/influencing all $n$ BIPs of a partially-aware RIC, that RIC anticipates its discovery of the “influential node” to diminish the average error probability by a factor that increases exponentially with $n$ . However, from the partially-aware RIC’s perspective, choosing $n$ fully-, similarly-biased BIPs outweighs the discovery of influential nodes among its BIPs’ sources. These insights might inform the design of consumer-centric information networks.
Clinical spectrum of stiff person syndrome associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (5570)

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the clinical characteristics and associated diagnosis of the SPS. Background: Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is an immune-mediated neurological disorder that can cause rigidity of the axial and limb muscles. About 80% of patient with SPS have had high-titer antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and 15% have antibodies to glycine receptors. Design/Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients with SPS and positive GAD antibody who were seen over 5 years was performed. Demographics, detailed clinical information, and diagnostic data were recorded. Coexisting autoimmune diseases and serologies were reviewed. Results: Nine patients were included in this study, 7 women and 2 men. The median age at symptom onset was 47 years. Six patients had positive Gad antibody and 3 were negative. Primary diagnosis was stiff person syndrome (n=4), cerebellar ataxia (n=2), PERM (n=2) and sensory neuropathy/neuronopathy (n=1). Commonly associated antibodies were islet cell antibody and neuronal voltage-gated potassium channel. Type 1 diabetes, seizures, and thyroid disease were commonly associated with the diagnosis. Three patients had an EMG finding suggestive of SPS and two of these patients had negative GAD antibody. Conclusions: Women are commonly affected by the disease. There is a phenotypic variation of the disease as previously reported in the literature. EMG is helpful in the diagnosis of negative GAD antibody patients where clinical suspicion for SPS is high. Disclosure: Dr. Memon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rathnam has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zaman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sripathi has nothing to disclose.
STEM Degrees and Military Service: An Intersectional Analysis:

Given that the U.S. military uses science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) exposure as a key recruitment tool, one should expect that military service is associated with STEM outcomes. Whi...
A Surge Voltage Free Solid-State Circuit Breaker with Current Limiting Capability

During the current interruption of the conventional DC solid-state circuit breakers, significant surge voltages are introduced across the semiconductor switches for absorbing the energy stored in the system inductance. For this reason, the semiconductor devices in the solid-state circuit breakers are required to be overdesigned in their voltage ratings, which increases the material costs and conduction losses of the breakers. Besides, to perform selective protection in DC systems, inductive reactors are installed to limit the current increment during the breaker standby phase. However, this method retards the current breaking speed of the breakers and aggravates their surge voltage issue. To address these problems, a new Surge Voltage Free Solid-State Circuit Breaker with current limiting capability has been proposed. By properly isolating its fault source, the proposed breaker can interrupt fault current with faster speed without inducing surge voltage on its switches. Furthermore, with separate energy absorption methods of system and current-limiting inductors, the proposed breaker does not trade its isolation speed for the fault current limiting capability. Simulation models along with an experimental prototype is used to prove the technical feasibility and practical value of the proposed circuit breaker.
The SDGs and the Systems Approach to Sustainability

This chapter relates the current SDGs to their forerunner, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the systems approach to sustainability. We illustrate how each of the 17 SDGs can be characterized as a goal primarily attributed to the environmental, economic, or social system, as suggested by the basic principles of sustainability science. The systems approach is often captured in a Venn diagram, which depicts sustainable development as the intersection of the goals attributed to these three interlinked systems. One important insight is that attempting to maximize the goals for just one system may not achieve sustainability, because the impacts on the other systems are ignored. Analyzing such interactions is the foundation of our economic approach to assessing progress towards the SDGs.
Ten Ways of Looking at Movement Lawyering

History shows us that social change comes about when directly impacted people get together and demand justice in social movements. The world needs more lawyers who will partner with and learn alongside the people struggling for justice. That is what movement lawyering is. This is an introduction to Movement Lawyering for those who are just learning about it. And a refresher for those familiar with the idea who want more information.
Sparsity-Based Recovery of Three-Dimensional Photoacoustic Images from Compressed Single-Shot Optical Detection.

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging combines optical excitation with ultrasonic detection to achieve high-resolution imaging of biological samples. A high-energy pulsed laser is often used for imaging at multi-centimeter depths in tissue. These lasers typically have a low pulse repetition rate, so to acquire images in real-time, only one pulse of the laser can be used per image. This single pulse necessitates the use of many individual detectors and receive electronics to adequately record the resulting acoustic waves and form an image. Such requirements make many PA imaging systems both costly and complex. This investigation proposes and models a method of volumetric PA imaging using a state-of-the-art compressed sensing approach to achieve real-time acquisition of the initial pressure distribution (IPD) at a reduced level of cost and complexity. In particular, a single exposure of an optical image sensor is used to capture an entire Fabry–Perot interferometric acoustic sensor. Time resolved encoding as achieved through spatial sweeping with a galvanometer. This optical system further makes use of a random binary mask to set a predetermined subset of pixels to zero, thus enabling recovery of the time-resolved signals. The Two-Step Iterative Shrinking and Thresholding algorithm is used to reconstruct the IPD, harnessing the sparsity naturally occurring in the IPD as well as the additional structure provided by the binary mask. We conduct experiments on simulated data and analyze the performance of our new approach.
Lipopolysaccharide induces hyporesponsiveness to its own action in RAW 264.7 cells.

Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) has the property of inducing hyporesponsiveness or tolerance to its own effects. This phenomenon has been demonstrated in man and experimental animals. The cellular changes that contribute to LPS tolerance are not understood. One mechanism of tolerance could involve a diminished response to LPS by key effector cells such as macrophages. Here we describe experiments designed to determine the mechanism whereby LPS produces a hyporesponsive state to its own effects. Because of the importance of the monokine known as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in mediating many of the diverse effects of LPS, we have studied induction of TNF-α at the mRNA and activity level in the murine macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7. Hyporesponsiveness can be induced by exposure of RAW 264.7 cells to low doses of LPS for more than 6 h prior to challenge with a second, normally stimulatory dose of LPS. This hyporesponsiveness is characterized by a diminished ability of LPS to increase steady state levels of TNF-α mRNA, is not due to an increased rate of TNF-α mRNA degradation, and is specific for LPS since LPS-pretreated and control cells produce similar amounts of TNF-α in response to challenge with heat-killed Staphylococcal aureus. The presence of indomethacin during the primary and/or challenge LPS treatment has no effect on the induction of acquired hyporesponsiveness. Thus, cyclooxygenase products are probably not involved in the development of LPS-induced hyporesponsiveness. These studies provide the basis for a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms that contribute to LPS tolerance.
Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: Recognition and differentiation from conventional leukoplakia and mimics

The majority of conventional leukoplakia remains constant and only a subset progress to high-grade dysplasia or invasive carcinoma. A less recognized form known as proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) represents a unique progressive and elusive variant. Identifying patients with this form can only be achieved through the keen clinical observation of the temporal gross and histologic progression in individual patients with squamous cell carcinoma. The difficulty in the early diagnosis of PVL stems from the overlapping clinical and pathologic features with conventional multifocal leukoplakia with dysplasia. We present the current view on the clinicopathologic and biological characteristics of PVL and discuss their diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management.
Integral Positive Ternary Quadratic Forms

We discuss some families of integral positive ternary quadratic forms. Our main example is \(f(x,y,z) = {x}^{2} + {y}^{2} + 16n{z}^{2},\) where n is positive, squarefree, and \(n = {u}^{2} + {v}^{2}\) with \(u,v \in \mathbf{Z}.\)
The Case Against Maritime Class Arbitration: A Brief Policy Argument

On April 27, 2010, the United States Supreme Court decided a case that will have far-reaching implications for virtually all sectors within the arbitration industry, including the subject of this article—maritime arbitration. The question presented in Stolt-Nielsen v. AnimalFeeds International Corp. dealt with class arbitration and whether its imposition on parties whose arbitration clauses are silent on that issue is consistent with the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). The Court’s primary focus and concern in deciding Stolt-Nielsen was with the broader issues of class arbitration, as well as more complicated interpretations of contract law and the FAA. Although the parties to the case were privy to a maritime contract, this fact was more or less incidental to the Court’s discussion and focus. Indeed, some claim that even though
Distribution and targeting of a mu-opioid receptor (MOR1) in brain and spinal cord

Opioid receptors regulate neuronal activity by both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. We recently reported that the cloned delta- opioid receptor (DOR1) is primarily targeted to axons, suggesting a presynaptic role. In the present study we have studied the distribution and targeting of another opioid receptor, the mu-opioid receptor (MOR1), by raising anti-peptide antisera to the C-terminal peptide of MOR1. The specificity of the antisera was determined by analysis of transfected cells, Western blots, and immunoisolation studies. Immunohistochemistry showed that MOR1 immunoreactivity was enriched in many brain areas including cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, locus coeruleus, and the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn. Moreover, MOR1-expressing neurons seem to target this receptor preferentially to their somatodendritic domain as determined by double- labeling experiments with MAP2. However, discrete populations of neurons target MOR1 to their axons, including some primary afferent neurons that express DOR1. In many regions enkephalin-containing axons were complementary to MOR1, suggesting by their proximity that enkephalins may be physiologically relevant ligands for this receptor. Thus, these results provide a morphological basis for understanding pre- and postsynaptic functions mediated by MOR1.
Mechanisms for Limbic Modification of Cerebellar and Cortical Afferent Information

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the studies related to the mechanisms for limbic modification of cerebellar and cortical afferent information. The principal aim of these studies was to attempt to elucidate and describe limbic, especially hippocampal effects on cerebellar and cortical activity. Previous work has shown inhibitory and facilitatory effects of hippocampal origin on evoked potentials in the cortex and in dorsal tegmentum. As an extension of earlier work showing hippocampal modification of visual cortical afferents in these studies the effects of hippocampal and amygdala stimulation on sensory responses of the cortex and the cerebellum is investigated. More recent studies, however, have indicated that stimulation of a more direct hippocampal-cerebellar path modifies both cerebellar visual and auditory afferents. While there is no known direct anatomical connection between the hippocampus and the cerebellum, several functional studies have suggested that such a pathway does exist. Hippocampal low voltage fast activity induced by stimulation of the contralateral hippocampus could also be changed to slow activity of moderate voltage by stimulation of the vermis.
A representation language for mechanical behavior

Mechanism design automation support requires developing a representation language for describing mechanism behavior. The language is necessary to specify design requirements, to describe existing mechanisms, and to catalog them for design reuse. This paper presents a simple and expressive language for describing the behavior of fixed-axes mechanisms. The language symbolically captures the important aspects of the kinematics and simple dynamics. It uses predicates and algebraic relations to describe the configurations and motions of each part of the mechanism and the relationships between them. It allows both accurate and complete descriptions and partial, abstract, and underspecified descriptions. We show that the language is computationally viable by describing how to automatically derive behavioral descriptions stated in the language from the mechanism structure. To test its usefulness, we describe a design validation program that determines if a given mechanism structure can produce desired behaviors stated in the language.
University finances in India * A review of problems and prospects

There are about 130 universities and 5 thousand colleges in India. About 1/5 of the plan expenditure and 1/3 of total government recurring expenditure on education goes to this sector. While this is not adequate to provide meaningful higher education to the 3.5 million students enrolled, this is also not trivial. The resources that are being poured into the university system have been increasing at a fast rate, faster than the general economic indicators, but the requirements of the universities have been increasing at a much faster rate, widening the gap between the two continuously. This situation of ‘increased cost and diminished income’, leading to a crisis or a near-crisis has been a basic characteristic of the Indian universities. The present paper presents a critical review some of the crucial aspects of university finances in India, including the pattern of flow of resources into the university system and the pattern of allocation of resources by the university between its different functions and faculties. In sum, the paper, based on a quick review of the macro scene of the university system in India as a whole, and a critical survey of the few case studies that were conducted earlier on individual universities, presents an analysis of growth of university finances in India during the post-independence period, an overall short appraisal of the case studies, and analyses of income and expenditure patterns of the universities and the problems involved therein, including managerial aspects of finances.
The effect of arginine deprivation on DNA, thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase synthesis in simian virus 40-infected monkey kidney cells

In arginine-deprived cells infected with simian virus 40 (SV40), both viral DNA and viral structural proteins were synthesized but infectious virus was not produced. The syntheses of cellular DNA, thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase were induced in virus-infected cells deprived of arginine but the maximum rate of synthesis of these enzymes occurred much later than that in infected cells incubated in the presence of arginine.
The morphology of canine lymphatic valves

The architecture of 60 valves from thoracic ducts and from renal hilar and mesenteric collecting lymph vessels of dogs were studied by scanning electron microscopy as well as by light and transmission electron microscopy. All of the valves seen in hilar and mesenteric lymph vessels and most of those studied in the thoracic duct were bicuspid. An occasional tricuspid and one monocuspid valve was seen in the thoracic duct. The semilunar cusps of the valves extended from the vessel wall, to which they were attached, towards the valve outlet where adjacent cusps fused. Coincident to the area of fusion was the formation of mesenteric-like folds or buttresses that anchored the cusps to the vessel wall. These folds extended 50-100 micrometers beyond the cusp margins on the outflow side of the valve. The attachments of the cusps, buttresses, and vessel wall to one another resulted in the formation of postvalvular sinuses, such that raised intraluminal pressure downstream to valve areas would distend the sinuses, causing leaflet apposition and hence valvular closure. The morphology of the valves was such that they were not considered to provide any significant impediment to the antegrade flow of lymph.
Early Maya geometric planning conventions at El Palmar, Guatemala

Archeology of complex societies has long focused on the actors behind the planning and engineering of architecture in monumental centers. However, the motivations for and conventions used in ancient planning are often lost to modern scholars without the aid of texts of the builders. This is especially true with the early ancient Maya, where large centers with evidence of extensive planning existed as early the Late Preclassic period (ca. 300 BC–250 AD). The current Focus article addresses site planning of monumental Late Preclassic settlements with a case study at El Palmar, Guatemala. Results suggest that apart from cardinal alignments based on solar movement, conventions of planar geometry formed a large part of the planning toolkit. The discussion argues that the dimensions of repeating similar rectangles probably related to the ideal size of ancient Maya agricultural spaces.
Sports injuries at the 1985 Junior Olympics An epidemiologic analysis

The XIX Junior Olympic Games, hosted in Iowa City, Iowa, in August of 1985, involved 3,028 athletes who participated for 7 days in 13 different sports at 8 separate sites. Medical coverage for the Games was provided by the University of Iowa Sports Medicine Service. Staffing for the events involved approximately 75 physicians, 60 athletic trainers, and other health care personnel. A triage protocol was established prior to the Games whereby the athletic trainer would make first contact with the injured athlete and would evaluate and treat the injury based on standing orders. If in the judgment of the trainer, the athlete needed to be referred to a physician, one would be available, either on site or on call. During the Games, 1,113 medical encounters were recorded, 121 of those being deemed serious enough to withhold an athlete from competition pending further evaluation and treatment. The 121 significant injuries and illnesses involved 116 athletes (66% male, 34% female). Thirty-four percent of the significant injuries only required treatment by the trainer, while 46% were referred to an on site physician and 20% needed a specialty consultant. Seventeen percent of the significant injuries resulted in the athlete being medically disqualified for the remainder of the event. The most common injuries/illnesses were contusions (26%), sprains (21%), heat (17%), strains (9%), and other illnesses (12%). According to body region, 44% of the 121 injuries were to the lower extremity, 26% to the head, neck, and trunk, and 12% to the upper extremity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pulmonary vascular input impedance is a combined measure of pulmonary vascular resistance and stiffness and predicts clinical outcomes better than pulmonary vascular resistance alone in pediatric patients with pulmonary hypertension

Background Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is the current standard for evaluating reactivity in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, PVR measures only the mean component of right ventricular afterload and neglects pulsatile effects. We recently developed and validated a method to measure pulmonary vascular input impedance, which revealed excellent correlation between the zero harmonic impedance value and PVR and suggested a correlation between higher-harmonic impedance values and pulmonary vascular stiffness. Here we show that input impedance can be measured routinely and easily in the catheterization laboratory, that impedance provides PVR and pulmonary vascular stiffness from a single measurement, and that impedance is a better predictor of disease outcomes compared with PVR. Methods Pressure and velocity waveforms within the main pulmonary artery were measured during right heart catheterization of patients with normal pulmonary artery hemodynamics (n = 14) and those with PAH undergoing reactivity evaluation (49 subjects, 95 conditions). A correction factor needed to transform velocity into flow was obtained by calibrating against cardiac output. Input impedance was obtained off-line by dividing Fourier-transformed pressure and flow waveforms. Results Exceptional correlation was found between the indexed zero harmonic of impedance and indexed PVR ( y = 1.095 x + 1.381, R 2 = 0.9620). In addition, the modulus sum of the first 2 harmonics of impedance was found to best correlate with indexed pulse pressure over stroke volume ( y = 13.39 x − 0.8058, R 2 = 0.7962). among a subset of patients with PAH (n = 25), cumulative logistic regression between outcomes to total indexed impedance was better ( R L 2 = 0.4012) than between outcomes and indexed PVR ( R L 2 = 0.3131). Conclusions Input impedance can be consistently and easily obtained from pulse-wave Doppler and a single catheter pressure measurement, provides comprehensive characterization of the main components of RV afterload, and better predicts patient outcomes compared with PVR alone.
The effect of venous occlusion on serum cholesterol and total protein concentration-a warning.

Serum total cholesterol and total protein concentrations are increased with venous occlusion lasting longer than 2 minutes probably due to hemoconcentration. The range of per cent increase in cholesterol and total protein is as large as 19.8 and 41.0 and 20.0 and 33.5 respectively at the end of 5- and 10-minute periods of venous occlusion. This error introduces serious mistakes in the measurement of this important component of the mechanism of atherogenesis.
Directionally sensitive photorefractive interferometric line receiver for ultrasound detection on rough surfaces

An adaptive heterodyne interferometer is configured as a line receiver using wave mixing in photorefractive bismuth silicate crystal. The line receiver is directionally most sensitive to ultrasound impinging normal to the line, and is significantly less sensitive to ultrasound impinging in other directions. Such a system is attractive in situations where the ultrasonic scatter from a specific direction is to be selectively pulled out in the presence of scatter from other “noise” sources. It is also demonstrated that the line probe system can be used to bridge the sensitivity gap that optical detection thus far has suffered vis-a-vis piezoelectric detection.
Esterification of vitamin A by an acetone powder from pancreas

Abstract An enzyme which esterifies vitamin A with free fatty acids is described. An acetone powder from pancreas was the source of the enzyme. Optimum conditions for the reaction are given. Coenzyme A and adenosine triphosphate caused no increase in the esterification nor was a requirement for bile salts found. The possibility of two mechanisms for the esterification of vitamin A in tissues is suggested.
Diversity of the mouse T cell receptor Cγ1 gene: structural analysis in C57BL/Ka

We have isolated an unusual T cell receptor γ chain cDNA clone (γ7.1) from a library made from RNA derived from adult thymus of C57BL/Ka mice. This cDNA clone corresponds to the appropriately processed Cγ1 constant region exons preceded by 1.5 kb of J-Cγ1 intron. The γ7.1 coding region is extremely homologous to the Cγ1 gene of BALB/c mice, differing at the protein level by a single deletion (alanine 139) and a single substitution. This latter change eliminates the sole N-linked sugar attachment site, providing a basis for strain-specific glycosylation patterns. The J-Cγ1 intronic region contains two DNA segments (termed ΨJγ1 and ΨJγ2) that are highly reminiscent of joining (J) segments; both have potentially functional recombination and donor splice sequences flanking an open reading frame. Northern analysis suggests that γ7.1 may be derived from a large, variable region-containing precursor.
Nitric Oxide Blockade Enhances Renal Responses to Superoxide Dismutase Inhibition in Dogs

To examine the potential role of superoxide anion (O 2 − ) and its interaction with NO in the regulation of renal hemodynamics and excretory function, we have evaluated the renal responses to enhancement in O 2 − activity before and during NO synthase inhibition in anesthetized dogs (n=6). Intraarterial infusion of a superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor, diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC; 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg per min) was made to enhance O 2 − activity in the kidney. Cortical (CBF), medullary (MBF), and total renal blood flow (RBF) responses were assessed using laser-Doppler needle flow probes and an electromagnetic flow probe. DETC caused dose-dependent changes in renal parameters, which were recovered within 30 minutes after the termination of DETC infusion. The high-dose infusion of DETC for 25 minutes resulted in an increase of 29±10% in renal vascular resistance (control, 35.4±4.4 mm Hg/mL per min per g) and decreases of 21±5% in RBF (control, 3.5±0.5 mL/min per g), 20±5% in CBF, 21±7% in MBF, 62±11% in urine flow (control, 10.5±2.2 μL/min per g), and 47±11% in sodium excretion (control, 2.1±0.2 μmol/min per g), without a significant change (−10±6%) in glomerular filtration rate (control, 0.74±0.09 mL/min per g). During NO synthase inhibition with intraarterial administration of nitro-l-arginine (50 μg/kg per min), the same dose of DETC showed a greater increase in renal vascular resistance (73±15%) and reductions in RBF (39±4%), CBF (32±5%), MBF (34±6%), urine flow (78±5%), and sodium excretion (67±10%), with a marked reduction in glomerular filtration rate (59±7%). These data indicate that O 2 − exerts renal vasoconstriction as well as antidiuretic and antinatriuretic effects. These responses are enhanced during NO synthase blockade, suggesting that NO serves a renoprotective effect against these action of O 2 − .
Neutral solvent/crown ether interactions, 4. Crystallization and low temperature (−150°C) structural characterization of 18-crown-6 · 2(CH3CN)

The crystal structure of 18-crown-6 · 2(CH3CN) has been determined via data collection at −150°C. The structure consists of two crown molecules each hydrogen bonded to two acetonitrile moieties in the asymmetric unit, each residing around a center of inversion. The crown ethers display their fullD3d symmetry; methyl ... O contacts range from 3.189(8) to 3.598(8) A. There are no close contacts indicative of any interaction between the crown/2(CH3CN) units.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: 2008 update

Unfractionated heparin (UFH) and the low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) preparations are two of the most commonly prescribed medications in the hospital, and indications for their use are increasing. An increasingly recognized untoward effect of either UFH or LMWH is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), a transient, prothrombotic condition that may result in venous or arterial thrombosis and amputation or death. This immune-mediated process generally develops within 4 to 14 days of administration, although it may occur more rapidly if there has been a recent exposure; it may even occur days to weeks after UFH or LMWH has been discontinued. Although once considered necessary for the diagnosis of HIT, thrombocytopenia is no longer essential. A 50% reduction in the platelet count from pre-heparin treatment levels is now considered a more specific finding. Prompt recognition, discontinuation of the offending agent, and initiation of an alternative anticoagulant are essential for prevention and/or treatment of these potentially devastating complications.