cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Rare Case of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma of the Thyroid Gland

Background: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) classically occurs in the lymph nodes and only in about 5% of cases occurs in extra-nodal sites. Primary thyroid lymphomas, most of which are non-Hodgkin lymphomas, comprise less than 5% of all thyroid malignancies. Only a few cases of HL of the thyroid have been reported in the literature, and in most of these cases, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was unreliable for diagnosis. We present a case of classical Hodgkin lymphoma of the thyroid that was falsely negative from both FNAB and core needle biopsy specimens and was diagnosed after surgery. Clinical Case: A 51-year-old female was seen for a rapidly enlarging neck mass associated with progressive dyspnea and dysphagia. Despite being a telemedicine visit due to the COVID-19 pandemic, significant enlargement and deformity of the neck were startling. The patient was clinically and biochemically euthyroid with a TSH of 2.49 mIU/L (0.5-5.0 mIU/L) and normal FT4. She denied a personal or family history of thyroid disease and neck irradiation. Thyroid ultrasound revealed a 5.3 cm hypoechoic, wider than tall nodule with smooth margins in the left lobe, and a 1.9 cm hypoechoic and taller than wide nodule in the right lobe of the thyroid. A CT scan of the neck also revealed a 1.2 cm lymph node in the left lateral aspect of the thyroid. FNAB of the nodules showed Hurthle cells in a background of crushed lymphocytes with occasional large atypical lymphoid cells. Flow cytometry performed on a repeat FNAB specimen revealed no evidence of lymphoma. A repeat CT scan of the neck performed 2 weeks later due to worsening symptoms demonstrated middle mediastinal lymphadenopathy and a large 8x4.7x4.7 cm mass contiguous with the thyroid with a 3.8 cm cystic collection within. The patient was scheduled for an oncology consultation due to the high likelihood of lymphoma but was admitted to another institution with symptoms. She underwent a thyroid core biopsy and flow cytometry, which again failed to reveal her diagnosis. She then underwent left partial thyroidectomy, and pathology demonstrated infiltrates of small lymphocytes with histiocytes, interspersed with clusters of large, irregular, multilobate cells consistent with Reed-Sternberg cells. She was diagnosed with nodular sclerosing variant of classical HL. Chemotherapy was instituted with rapid improvement in symptoms. Clinical Lesson: Primary HL of the thyroid is extremely rare and most often presents as a rapidly enlarging neck mass with or without compressive symptoms. Diagnosis with FNAB is challenging and can be misinterpreted as lymphocytic thyroiditis. In our patient, flow cytometry was performed twice and was falsely negative. The treatment of HL differs entirely from that of other primary thyroid cancers and thyroiditis. Hence, in patients presenting with classic symptoms, a high index of suspicion is needed to make an accurate and prompt diagnosis of HL.
A physics-informed variational DeepONet for predicting the crack path in brittle materials.

Failure trajectories, identifying the probable failure zones, and damage statistics are some of the key quantities of relevance in brittle fracture applications. High-fidelity numerical solvers that reliably estimate these relevant quantities exist but they are computationally demanding requiring a high resolution of the crack. Moreover, independent intensive simulations need to be carried out even for a small change in domain parameters and/or material properties. Therefore, fast and generalizable surrogate models are needed to alleviate the computational burden but the discontinuous nature of fracture mechanics presents a major challenge to developing such models. We propose a physics-informed variational formulation of DeepONet (V-DeepONet) for brittle fracture analysis. V-DeepONet is trained to map the initial configuration of the defect to the relevant fields of interests (e.g., damage and displacement fields). Once the network is trained, the entire global solution can be rapidly obtained for any initial crack configuration and loading steps on that domain. While the original DeepONet is solely data-driven, we take a different path to train the V-DeepONet by imposing the governing equations in variational form and we also use some labelled data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of V-DeepOnet through two benchmarks of brittle fracture, and we verify its accuracy using results from high-fidelity solvers. Encoding the physical laws and also some data to train the network renders the surrogate model capable of accurately performing both interpolation and extrapolation tasks, considering that fracture modeling is very sensitive to fluctuations. The proposed hybrid training of V-DeepONet is superior to state-of-the-art methods and can be applied to a wide array of dynamical systems with complex responses.
Helium bubble formation in nickel under in-situ krypton and helium ions dual-beam irradiation

Abstract Helium has profound effects on the microstructure and mechanical property of materials used in nuclear power systems. To understand the interaction between helium and irradiation-induced defects and its effect on bubble formation, single-beam and dual-beam irradiations on nickel were performed with 16 keV helium ions and 1 MeV krypton ions under in-situ TEM observation. For 1 MeV krypton single-beam irradiation, voids were observed at 600 °C but not at 500 °C and 700 °C. For helium single-beam irradiation at 500 °C, helium moved freely and formed bubble-loop complexes. For dual-beam irradiation at 500 °C, helium was trapped by vacancies and formed bubbles homogeneously. The structure of dislocation loops was also affected by the presence of helium. For krypton single-beam irradiation at 500 °C, the microstructure was {100} periodic wall of faulted and perfect dislocation loops. For dual-beam irradiation at 500 °C, periodic wall was not observed, and dislocation loops were predominantly perfect. For single-beam helium at 500 °C, dislocation loops were produced by athermal process of SIAs ejection or loop punching mechanisms. The interplay between helium and vacancies played an important role on the evolution of helium bubbles and defect microstructures.
Influence from Abroad: Foreign Voices, the Media, and U.S. Public Opinion

In Influence from Abroad, Danny Hayes and Matt Guardino show that United States public opinion about American foreign policy can be shaped by foreign leaders and representatives of international organizations. By studying news coverage, elite debate, and public opinion prior to the Iraq War, the authors demonstrate that US media outlets aired and published a significant amount of opposition to the invasion from official sources abroad, including British, French, and United Nations representatives. In turn, these foreign voices - to which millions of Americans were exposed - drove many Democrats and independents to signal opposition to the war, even as domestic elites supported it. Contrary to conventional wisdom that Americans care little about the views of foreigners, this book shows that international officials can alter domestic public opinion, but only when the media deem them newsworthy. Their conclusions raise significant questions about the democratic quality of United States foreign policy debates.
Stochastic Analysis of Nongenetic Cell-to-Cell Heterogeneity

Clonal populations of cells exhibit substantial phenotypic variation. Such heterogeneity can be essential for many biological processes and is thought to arise from stochasticity or intrinsic regulation in signal transduction and gene expression. Only recently have advances in single-cell analysis enabled detection of dynamic changes in transcription and biological signals at the systems level. The connection between different layers of cell-to-cell heterogeneity may reveal how it is harnessed to regulate cell-fate choice.
Overview of technical challenges of re-entry analysis of radioisotope heat sources

The analytical and experimental effort conducted by the Applied Physics Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University for the U.S. Department of Energy in predicting the re-entry ablation and thermostructural response of heat sources is described. The environment addressed is that posed by accidental entries of heat sources from an earth-gravity-assist trajectory, such as that of the Galileo mission. Also described are the analytical tools and limitations of the analytical methods used for thermal and thermostructural analysis and of the experimental databases used for material thermal and mechanical properties hi the analyses for these environments. These limitations are translated into challenges for improving re-entry predictions, for testing materials at very high temperatures, and for ablation tests at very high heating rates and pressures. Safety assessment for a mission is not addressed here.
Auditing of a Class 0 facility

Auditing a manufacturing facility which assembles devices with magnetoresistive readers requires finding and eliminating sources of both ESD and EOS pulses at levels below 1 V. A Discharge Event Audit tool was made to observe ESD and EOS pulses occur in tape head manufacturing line using MR readers.
Spectro-Spatial Gradients for Color-Based Object Recognition and Indexing

This paper presents illumination pose- and illumination color-invariant color feature descriptors for object recognition and indexing which are derived from spectral (color) and spatial derivatives of logarithmic image irradiance. While the use of spatial gradients and spatial ratios of image irradiance have been suggested for limited viewing-pose invariance and illumination-color invariance, respectively, gradients in the spectral direction and combination of spectral and spatial gradients have not been fully investigated. We present a unified framework for analyzing spatial and spectral gradients of logarithmic image irradiance, and suggest that spectro-spatial gradients have rich potential for developing local and global descriptors of object color. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed descriptors.
Peaceland: Conflict Resolution and the Everyday Politics of International Intervention

This book suggests a new explanation for why international peace interventions often fail to reach their full potential. Based on several years of ethnographic research in conflict zones around the world, it demonstrates that everyday elements - such as the expatriates' social habits and usual approaches to understanding their areas of operation - strongly influence peacebuilding effectiveness. Individuals from all over the world and all walks of life share numerous practices, habits, and narratives when they serve as interveners in conflict zones. These common attitudes and actions enable foreign peacebuilders to function in the field, but they also result in unintended consequences that thwart international efforts. Certain expatriates follow alternative modes of thinking and acting, often with notable results, but they remain in the minority. Through an in-depth analysis of the interveners' everyday life and work, this book proposes innovative ways to better help host populations build a sustainable peace.
Implementing cut elimination: A case study of simulating dependent types in Haskell

Gentzen’s Hauptsatz – cut elimination theorem – in sequent calculi reveals a fundamental property on logic connectives in various logics such as classical logic and intuitionistic logic. In this paper, we implement a procedure in Haskell to perform cut elimination for intuitionistic sequent calculus, where we use types to guarantee that the procedure can only return a cut-free proof of the same sequent when given a proof of a sequent that may contain cuts. The contribution of the paper is two-fold. On the one hand, we present an interesting (and somewhat unexpected) application of the current type system of Haskell, illustrating through a concrete example how some typical use of dependent types can be simulated in Haskell. On the other hand, we identify several problematic issues with such a simulation technique and then suggest some approaches to addressing these issues in Haskell.
Using Graph Theory to Represent a Spatio-Temporal Role-Based Access Control Model

Pervasive computing applications have unique characteristics that preclude the use of traditional access control models, such as Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), for their protection. Such models do not take into account contextual information before making access decisions and cannot handle the dynamism inherent in pervasive computing applications. Towards this end, we propose new spatio-temporal access control models for use in such applications and formally define their semantics using graph-theoretic notation. The dynamism inherent in pervasive computing applications may cause the access control configuration to change while the policies are deployed. Towards this end, we show how to perform incremental analysis to give assurance that security breaches do not occur as a result of changing the access control configuration. Our analysis makes clever use of data structures and achieves good time complexity results.
Comparable Effects of DIGIBIND and DigiFab in Thirteen Digoxin Immunoassays

Digoxin is widely prescribed for the treatment of cardiac conditions (1). Because of its narrow therapeutic range, digoxin-related toxicity resulting from acute or chronic overdose is common. Metabolites of digoxin as well as related compounds, including digitoxin, tanshinones, bufandienolide, and oleander, can contribute to or independently produce digoxin toxicity (2)(3). Digoxin toxicity can be rapidly and safely reversed by administration of anti-digoxin immune fragments (Fab) such as DIGIBIND®, which has been available in the US since 1986. Therapeutic Fab products act by binding digoxin with high affinity (109–1010 L/mol), favoring movement of digoxin out of tissue and thus promoting elimination. Factors that impact dosing with Fab products include known or suspected digoxin load, patient weight and history, and renal function (4)(5)(6)(7). Monitoring the free digoxin concentration after Fab administration may help ensure appropriate dosing, prevent deadly recrudescent toxicity, and determine when digoxin therapy should be resumed (8)(9)(10). Monitoring free digoxin in serum is challenged by the positive interference that has been extensively described with DIGIBIND, which interferes with immunoassays by competing with assay capture antibodies. The degree of interference depends on incubation times, washing steps, and the affinity of capture antibody for bound vs free digoxin (11)(12)(13). Consequently, monitoring of free digoxin in ultrafiltrates is a popular strategy for managing DIGIBIND-treated patients. Although ultrafiltration eliminates interference produced by large molecules, such as endogenous digoxin-like immunoreactive factors (DLIFs) and DIGIBIND, it does not eliminate interferences produced by small molecules known to interfere with digoxin immunoassays, such as spironolactone (14). In addition, ultrafiltration methods are not standardized, may require matrix-specific calibration, add expense and manual manipulation, and lengthen turnaround time (8)(15)(16). DigiFabTM is a …
Effects of Differential Selection in the Sexes on Cytonuclear Dynamics: Life Stages With Sex Differences

We extend our investigation of cytonuclear selection by determining when differential selection between the sexes will generate allele frequency changes or cytonuclear disequilibria in populations with constant viability selection and an adult census. We demonstrate analytically that there can be a cytonuclear hitchhiking effect upon a selectively neutral marker in either sex provided the other marker is selected in that sex and there is allelic disequilibrium between the loci in females. Cytonuclear disequilibria are generated de novo in both sexes when both loci affect fitness in females and there is a nonmultiplicative fitness interaction between them. Similar fitness interactions in males generate male disequilibria only. Through numerical analyses, we investigate the potential magnitude of such disequilibria, their qualitative dynamics, the expected frequency of detectable disequilibria under particular patterns or strengths of selection, and the possible disequilibrium sign patterns resulting from selection. These adult/viability results subsume those for populations with a gamete census and either constant fertility or viability selection. Although previous work suggests that the disequilibria generated by cytonuclear selection may be difficult to detect experimentally, this study shows that cytonuclear disequilibria at life stages with sex differences can be useful markers of the presence and strength of selection.
The clinical picture and diagnosis of diphtheritic carditis in children.

During 1992–1996 we observed 122 children with diphtheria, 49 with the toxic form, in the region of Nizhny Novgorod in Russia. Sixty-four patients suffered from diphtheric carditis, 9 died. The clinical picture was characterized by a rapid development of heart and circulatory failure. ECG showed QRS alterations with intraventricular conduction impairment, sinus node dysfunction, ectopic rhythm disturbances and repolarization disturbances in all patients with carditis. Infarction-like ECG changes were typical for the pseudocoronary form with the worst prognosis. Echocardiographically there was left ventricular (LV) dilatation and depressed LV function, whereas LV muscle mass was increased. Myoglobin, LDH and CPK levels were elevated in each patient demonstrating significant differences between the various courses of disease.
Measurement of Whole Soybean Fatty Acids by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Whole soybean fatty acid contents were measured by near infrared spectroscopy. Three calibration algorithms—partial least squares (PLS), artificial neural networks (ANN), and least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM)—were implemented. Three different validation strategies using independent sets and part of calibration samples as validation sets were created. There was a significant improvement of the prediction precision of all fatty acids measured on relative concentration of oil compared with previous literature using PLS (standard error of prediction of 0.85, 0.42, 1.64, 1.67, and 0.90% for palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids respectively). ANN and LS-SVM methods performed significantly better than PLS for palmitic, oleic and linolenic acids. Calibration models developed on relative concentrations (% of oil) were compared to prediction models created on absolute fatty acid concentration (% of weight) and corrected to relative concentration by multiplying by the predicted oil content. While models were easier to develop in absolute concentration (higher coefficients of determination), the multiplication of errors with the total oil content model resulted in no net precision improvement.
Nonlinear successive over-relaxation

We study the convergence of Gauss-Seidel and nonlinear successive overrelaxation methods for finding the minimum of a strictly convex functional defined onR n .
A framework for a research inventory of sustainability assessment in manufacturing

Abstract Numerous research papers have focused on the development of guidelines, indicators, metrics, methods, tools, and systems for sustainability performance assessment. However, manufacturing companies have had difficulty identifying those papers that are relevant to their desires to assess and improve the sustainability of their plants. A research inventory, a data repository for storing papers in a manner that makes them easy to retrieve, could be a tool to address this issue. To be successful, the inventory must have a system for organizing, indexing, and managing the results generated by a large number of researchers from around the world. In this paper, we propose a framework for a research inventory that focuses on papers related to sustainability assessment in manufacturing. The framework consists of two parts: an operational definition to distinguish between papers that belong in the inventory and those that do not, and a classification scheme to allow papers to be efficiently retrieved. We developed a prototype of the research inventory and its search engine based on the proposed framework. This paper demonstrates the prototype with three reference papers. The results show that our classification scheme expresses key meta-information that provides a basis for the search engine to identify the most suitable papers for the selected conditions. This meta-information is a significant improvement over the traditional indexing schemes used to search for journal papers. Our framework will enable the research inventory to be searched for the most relevant papers in an easy and practical way. Consequently, we believe that the proposed framework and inventory will be more useful for manufacturing companies trying to use the latest research results to improve their sustainability assessments and impacts.
Immunity to Ichthyophthirius infections in fish: a synopsis.

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a ciliated protozoan parasite that infects freshwater fish. It has been the subject of both applied and basic research for over 100years, which can be attributed to its world-wide distribution and its significant economic impact on both food and aquarium fish production. I. multifiliis serves as a model for studies in fish on innate and acquired immunity, as well as on mucosal immunity. Although an obligate parasite, I. multifiliis is relatively easily passaged from infected to naive fish in laboratory aquaria, and is easily observed and manipulated under laboratory conditions. It parasitizes the epithelia of the skin and gills, which facilitates in vivo experimentation and quantification of challenge. This review provides a description of both mucosal and systemic innate and adaptive immune responses to parasite infection, a synopsis of host-parasite immunobiology, vaccine research, and suggested areas for future research to address critical remaining questions. Studies in carp and rainbow trout have shown that extensive tissue damage occurs when the parasite invades the epithelia of the skin and gills and substantial focal and systemic inflammatory responses are elicited by the innate immune response. The adaptive immune response is initiated when phagocytic cells are activated by antigens released by the parasite. It is not known whether activated T and B cells proliferate locally in the skin and gills following infection or migrate to these sites from the spleen or anterior kidney. I. multifiliis infection elicits both mucosal and systemic antibody production. Fish that survive I. multifiliis infection acquire protective immunity. Memory B cells provide long-term humoral memory. This suggests that protective vaccines are theoretically possible, and substantial efforts have been made toward developing vaccines in various fish species. Exposure of fish to controlled surface infections or by intracoelomic injection of live theronts provides protection. Vaccination with purified immobilization antigens, which are GPI-anchored membrane proteins, also provides protection under laboratory conditions and immobilization antigens are currently the most promising candidates for subunit vaccines against I. multifiliis.
X-ray lithography and storage rings

Abstract An evaluation of specification for storage rings designed for X-ray lithography has been done, based on our experience with X-ray lithography at the NSLS VUV ring at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The useful flux (from a lithography standpoint) available from a storage has been reduced to a universal curve of power as a function of critical wavelength. Similar universal curves have been generated for contrast and efficiency of use. The effect of emittance on lithographic fidelity has been analyzed for beamline optics similar to the optics we now use at the NSLS, and tolerances on emittance are given.
Ethnicity and multi-ethnicity in the lives of Belizean rural youth

Abstract This paper focuses on children's identity in the rural community of Punta Gorda, Belize. My purpose is to discuss the nature of ethnicity in Punta Gorda and to contrast government policy towards children's identity with children's own life experiences as described by the children themselves. Belize became independent from Great Britain only in 1981, and its population includes six different ethnic groups. Consequently, identity has become a particularly urgent issue to government leaders and policy makers, and the Belizean government actively promotes ethnicity and nationalism in its schools through a curriculum designed to teach about the ethnic diversity of the country. The children of Punta Gorda, however, have little in common with the lessons taught in the schools because the rigid curriculum that does not resemble children's lives. This is particularly true for ethnically mixed children whom the government has so far not acknowledged. Children must, as individuals, discover a meaningful ethnic identity through their own understandings of the world, without the help of teachers and schools. That many have done so is one of the primary reasons that the community life of Punta Gorda is being gradually transformed from one that focuses on ethnic identities as separate and distinct from one another, to a more amalgamated and blended identity of Punta Gordans as primarily Belizean, rather than ethnic.
After 73 years, still the foundation of diving physiology research.

![Figure][1] > Paul Ponganis discusses Per Scholander's classic monograph, ‘Experimental investigations on the respiratory function in diving mammals and birds’, published in Hvalradets Skrifter in 1940. Per Scholander's 1940 monograph ([Scholander, 1940][2]) has been the foundation of
Economic Systems of Developing Nations

This essay employs a database of covering 31 different types of economic institutions for 41 developing nations. Defining an economic system in terms of clusters of complementary institutions and performing a cluster analysis, I derive four different types of economic systems. Then I explore the impact of the economic system on the economic growth, inflation rate, and production volatility of the nations with each system.
Thermal Contact Conductance of Packed Beds in Contact With a Flat Surface

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the thermal contact conductance of packed beds of spherical particles in contact with flat surfaces. Beds comprised of four materials, Aluminum 2017-T4, Yellow Brass, Stainless Steel 304, and Chromium Alloy AISI 52100, all in contact with flat Stainless Steel 304, surfaces were evaluated in a vacuum environment, at a mean interface temperature of 66C. In addition to the experimental program, an analytical expression was developed by combining previous work performed by other investigators. The results of the experimental investigation are compared with the analytical expression and indicate that an accurate method of predicting the thermal contact conductance at the interface between beds of spherical particles and nominally flat surfaces has been identified.
Ventricular Fibrillation: Its Effect on Myocardial Flow, Distribution, and Performance

Abstract Subendocardial ischemia develops in hearts that are fibrillated during cardiopulmonary bypass when: (1) the normal ventricle is fibrillated with a sustained electrical stimulus, (2) the hypertrophied ventricle is allowed to fibrillate spontaneously, (3) the fibrillating heart becomes distended, or (4) the perfusion pressure is reduced to approximately 50 mm Hg. Myocardial hypothermia reduces cardiac oxygen requirements during fibrillation but does not prevent ischemia when perfusion pressure falls to levels frequently attained during clinical open-heart operations. The ischemia occurs because flow cannot rise sufficiently to meet the metabolic demands of ventricular fibrillation. The forces interacting to impede adequate flow to the subendocardium during ventricular fibrillation are: (1) the compressive forces exerted on subendocardial muscle by the strength of fibrillation, (2) the compressive forces resulting from raised intracavitary pressure due to occlusion or malfunction of the ventricular vent, and (3) the evolution of myocardial edema as ischemia is prolonged. We have abandoned the use of ventricular fibrillation in clinical open-heart operations and now allow the heart to beat continually with adequate perfusion pressure. We have not needed to use inotropic drugs postoperatively after aortic or mitral valve replacement since adopting this technique.
Application of anodized aluminum in fluorescence detection of biological species

Thin nanoporous alumina obtained by anodization of aluminum films offers promising advantages for application in fluorescence-based biological sensors including convenient preparation, increased density of binding sites, and improved collection efficiency of fluorescence. These advantages are illustrated in the detection of streptavidin using biotin covalently bound to the surface of alumina nanopores. Fluorescence intensity enhancement as high as 7 times is observed in nanopores in comparison to flat glass surface.
Two separate domains in the golli myelin basic proteins are responsible for nuclear targeting and process extension in transfected cells.

The golli products of the myelin basic protein (MBP) gene are expressed in neurons and oligodendrocytes (OLs). In certain neuronal populations, golli proteins undergo translocation between the nucleus and cytoplasm/processes during development. The proteins consist of two domains, a golli domain of 133 amino acids and an MBP domain of variable length. One objective of this study was to identify the sequences responsible for nuclear targeting. Site-directed mutagenesis and deletion analyses were used to generate a series of golli-green fluorescent protein (GFP) DNA constructs that were transfected into OL and neuronal cell lines to follow localization by confocal microscopy. The results indicated that a 36-residue stretch in the MBP domain is essential for nuclear targeting, and the sequence appears to be a nontraditional localization signal motif. The studies also revealed that overexpression of golli proteins could induce dramatic changes in cell morphology. In OL lines, overexpression of intact golli proteins, or golli peptide alone, caused an increase in the length and number of processes, and the elaboration of membrane sheets. In the neuronal lines, there was a dramatic increase in number and length of extensions. The results, consistent with the timing of golli expression in cells during neural development, suggest that golli proteins may be involved in process formation/extension in OLs and neurons during development. These studies have defined two functional domains in the golli protein. Sequences in the MBP domain target the protein into the nucleus and sequences within the golli domain induce process sheet extension in OLs and neurons.
Algorithms for quaternion polynomial root-finding

Abstract In 1941 Niven pioneered root-finding for a quaternion polynomial P ( x ) , proving the fundamental theorem of algebra (FTA) and proposing an algorithm, practical if the norm and trace of a solution are known. We present novel results on theory, algorithms and applications of quaternion root-finding. Firstly, we give a new proof of the FTA resulting in explicit formulas for both exact and approximate quaternion roots of P ( x ) in terms of exact and approximate complex roots of the real polynomial F ( x ) = P ( x ) P ¯ ( x ) , where P ¯ ( x ) is the conjugate polynomial. In particular, if | F ( c ) | ≤ ϵ , then for a computable quaternion conjugate q of c , | P ( q ) | ≤ ϵ . Consequences of these include relevance of root-finding methods for complex polynomials, computation of bounds on zeros, and algebraic solution of special quaternion equations. Secondly, working directly in the quaternion space, we develop Newton and Halley methods and analyze their local behavior. Surprisingly, even for a quadratic quaternion polynomial Newton’s method may not converge locally. Finally, we derive an analogue of the Bernoulli method in the quaternion space for computing the dominant root in certain cases. This requires the development of an independent theory for the solution of quaternion homogeneous linear recurrence relations. These results also lay a foundation for quaternion polynomiography.
Educating for Both Art and Technology

Universities have traditionally drawn firm lines between classes in art and those in technology based fields such as computer science, placing them in separate departments, schools, and colleges. Human resources departments of companies have drawn similar lines between their "creative" and their "tech" employees, recruiting from different universities and creating different job titles and pay structures. In this talk, I will argue that the leaders of the next generation are going to be "hybrids" who each contribute to both sides of the art and tech divide and find it natural to interact and collaborate with co-workers with varied and mixed educational and work backgrounds. As an example of this style of education, I will report on an interdisciplinary course entitled Animation Art and Technology, which I have co-taught with Professor James Duesing in the School of Art for the past ten years at Carnegie Mellon University. The students are an interdisciplinary mix drawn from the traditional majors of art, computer science as well as a computer science and art bachelors degree program. The class produces four or five animations each semester, most of which have a substantive technical component, and the students are challenged to consider content innovation as equal to the technical aspects of their projects. Building on this style of education, Carnegie Mellon has recently created a program called IDeATE (Integrative Design, Arts and Technology Network) that offers a variety of minors and concentrations to students interested in blending art and technology in a variety of ways. 120 students enrolled in the first year indicating that the students recognize the need for these "hybrid" skill sets. As an example of the success of these efforts in industry, I will report on several research projects completed at Disney Research that would not have been possible without the highly collaborative efforts of teams of creative and techies.
The Development and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Student Orientation to Humanistic Instructional Values

IN an attempt to identify the essential components in humanistic instruction, a content analysis of the writings of 40 well-known and representative humanistic educators yielded 15 major operating values. An interrater index of agreement of .83 was found. Preliminary construct validity on two of the 15 variables was demonstrated in that a sample of Master of Arts (MA) students in Confluent Education (involving a humanistic orientation) at the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) showed significantly higher scores than did other MA groups of comparable ability and educational background. In the current study all 15 variables were measured in two 135-item equivalent forms A and B of the Orientation to Learning (OTL) scale. Predictions were that Confluent Education students would score highest, that Counseling Psychology students would fall at an intermediate level, and that three remaining MA and Credential groups would score lowest. Further, to establish external validity, Forms A and B were co...
Continuous piezoelectric pulse-sensor monitoring of peripheral vascular reconstructions

Postoperative assessment of vascular surgical reconstructive procedures is most commonly performed by means of Doppler flowmetry or manual pulse palpation. Because these techniques are intermittent and can be subjective, the authors have investigated the application of a piezoelectric pulse sensor in monitoring distal pulses continuously in patients undergoing limb revascularization. By placing a piezoelectric sensor on the skin overlying an artery, systolic displacement of the underlying vessel wall and tissue is converted into a graphically displayed real-time waveform. Hardcopies of the waveforms (n = 90) were obtained at hourly postoperative intervals from a total of 10 patients undergoing vascular surgery for occlusive disease.In all cases, continuous monitoring confirmed ongoing patency of the reconstructions, despite impalpable distal pulses in 60% of the patients. The amplitudes of the waveforms increased (mean = 18%, range = 6% to 33%) during the first eight postoperative hours. Because of the sm...
Precedent-based legal reasoning and knowledge acquisition in contract law: A process model

In the law, decisions in previous cases play a significant role in the presentation, understanding, and outcome of new cases. This is particularly true in the area of contract law where few statutes (explicit legal rules) exist. When presented with a new case, a lawyer must be able to identify important issues and make some predictions about how the case might be decided. The lawyer will often recall past cases which bear similarities to the current case and reason analogically to make these predictions. In order to perform these tasks, a lawyer must be able to remember past cases, organize them in memory so that cases that are conceptually similar are stored together (a lawyer normally won't be reminded of an irrelevant case), and make analogies between cases. Thus the organization and representation of knowledge in memory is crucial in building a model of lawyer's cognitive processes. This paper describes a process model, implemented in a computer program called STARE, which addresses these issues in the context of first-year law students learning contract law.
Translating Animal Doses of Task-Specific Training to People With Chronic Stroke in 1-Hour Therapy Sessions: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Objective. The purposes of this study were to (1) examine the feasibility of translating high-repetition doses of upper-extremity (UE) task-specific training to people with stroke within the confin...
SU-FF-T-607: Immobilization, Treatment Planning and Treatment Delivery for Breast Irradiation with Protons

Purpose: To describe a technique for partial breast irradiation with proton beam radiotherapy.Method and Materials: A breast patient post lumpectomy is fitted with a special brassiere to reproducibly support the ipsilateral breast while compressing the contralateral breast. The patient then lies prone in a PVC half cylindrical pipe, supported from shoulder up and below the abdomen by foam bead cushions. The air from the cushions is evacuated resulting in rigid immobilization. The breast area is then immobilized with a urethane based foaming agent producing custom immobilization of the ipsilateral breast. Next, the patient undergoes a treatment planningCT scan of the thorax. The physician contours the tumor bed to include surgical clips and then contours organs at risk. A 3D conformal treatment plan is then developed. For every treatment, the patient is fitted with the treatment brassiere, and positioned prone in the custom immobilization device. Orthogonal and treatment angle diagnostic x‐ray images are taken prior to treatment and are compared with the treatment planning DRRs to reproduce the treatment position according to the plan. The titanium clips are used in the alignment process. At least two fields are treated each day delivering a daily dose of 4.0 cobalt Gray equivalent, and a total dose of 40 cobalt Gray equivalent in 10 fractions. Results: 60 patients have been treated so far. Immobilization procedure is highly reproducible. A comparison with a photon plan demonstrates the clear advantage of a protontreatment to spare the organs at risk, including a significant decrease in skindose.Conclusion: The immobilization procedure provides an accurate and reproducible breast positioning, and minimizes respiratory motion. The procedure has been well tolerated by most patients treated so far. Protons provide significant normal tissue sparing as compared to photontreatments and the clinical results look encouraging.
Changes in stereotyped central motor patterns controlling vocalization are induced by peripheral nerve injury

Adult male zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ), as closed-ended learners, normally crystallize their songs at 90 days of age, and the song remains fixed throughout life ( Price, 1979 ). We show that injuring the tracheosyringeal nerve(s) (each of which innervates the ipsilateral half of the syrinx, the avian vocal organ) results in a short-term deficit in the syllables forming adult male song; this deficit disappears after is nerve regeneration. However, when adult males were followed for a period of several weeks after unilateral tracheosyringeal nerve injury, long-term changes occurred in the temporal patterning of song. Syllables were deleted, remaining portions of the song were linked, and new syllables were added. Syllables with call-like morphology were less likely to be deleted from and more likely to be added to the song. Deletions were most often contiguous chunks of syllables. Changes in the temporal patterning of song occurred during specific periods following nerve injury, were completed within 100 days after nerve transection, and were not dependent upon regeneration of the is nerve. The resulting newly formed song patterns were stable, remaining unchanged up to 1 year later. The ability of adult male zebra finches to make specific types of changes to crystallized song indicates that some form of vocal plasticity remains even after song learning is completed, though this plasticity may be restricted to a subset of song characteristics. The limitations on the types of changes that are possible may reflect how song is centrally organized.
In Vivo Characterization of Mutants of the Bacteriophage f1 Gene V Protein Isolated by Saturation Mutagenesis

Abstract The gene V protein of bacteriophage f1 binds to single-stranded nucleic acids and is essential for propagation of phage f1. We tested the function of gene V protein mutants with single amino acid substitutions in two ways: by the ability of the mutant proteins to support phage growth, and by the ability of the mutant proteins, when expressed at high levels, to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli . The results of the tests were used to identify sites in the protein that are relatively tolerant or intolerant to subsitution, where tolerant sites are defined as those where most substitutions do not affect the function of the protein. The two assays generally yielded similar results for the tolerance of sites to substitution. Many sites that are less than 10% exposed to the solvent are relatively intolerant of substitution, with even very conservation substitutions leading to loss of function in some cases such as Ile to Leu at residue 6. Some buried sites such as Ile47 are more tolerant, with even a substitution of Ile to Thr leading to a functional protein based on the ability of the proteins to inhibit the growth of E. coli . Some surface sites in the protein (>10% exposure to solvent) that are thought to be near the location of bound oligonucleotides, such as Arg16, Val19, Ser20, Arg21, Tyr26, Lys46 and Arg80, are sensitive to substitution. Other side-chains thought to be close to bound oligonucleotides, including Leu28, can be replaced with a number of amino acids with little loss of function based on either assay. Most non-Gly/Pro surface residues thought to be distant from the locations of bound oligonucleotides are relatively tolerant of substitution, except for two small residues (Ala11 and Thr14), two aromatic residues (Tyr34 and Tyr56), two residues that are only partially exposed to solvent (Asn29 and Val170), and three residues that have been proposed to be at the dimer-dimer interface formed when gene V protein binds to nucleic acids (Glu40, Try41 and Arg82).
Directions in border security research

Abstract This research note offers an appraisal of the contemporary state of U.S.-Mexico border security studies. An overview of recent literature on this subject is connected through two landmark political developments impacting the U.S.-Mexico frontier: the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the terrorist attacks on the United States of September 11, 2001. These two political events have had a major effect both on the ground and in the academy as scholars attempt to come to terms with the contradictions, complexities, and general problems of border security under neoliberal free trade and the threat of terrorism. The analysis concludes that while some important research in U.S.-Mexico border security exists, recent developments—coupled with pre-existing gaps in the literature—suggest that much crucial work remains to be done to understand and evaluate the complex dynamics of the new border security environment.
Enzymic hydrolysis of saturated and unsaturated acid esters of choline.

Abstract Rates of hydrolysis of several saturated and unsaturated acid esters of choline by purified serum and erythrocyte cholinesterase have been examined. In general, the introduction of a double bond in the α, β-position markedly reduced the rate of hydrolysis by both enzymes, as compared with that of the saturated homolog. The results are discussed in the light of the current concepts of enzymic hydrolysis of cholinesters and the principles of physical organic chemistry.
On Orbit Commissioning of the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder (EOS MLS) On the Aura Spacecraft

The Microwave Limb Sounder instrument was launched aboard NASA's EOS AURA satellite in July, 2004. The overall scientific objectives for MLS are to measure temperature, pressure, and several important chemical species in the upper troposphere and stratosphere relevant to ozone processes and climate change. MLS consists of a suite of radiometers designed to operate from 11 8 GHz to 2.5 THz, with two antennas (one for 2.5 THz, the other for the lower frequencies) that scan vertically through the atmospheric limb, and spectrometers with spectral resolution of 6 MHz at spectral line centers. This paper describes the on-orbit commissioning the MLS instrument which includes activation and engineering functional verifications and calibrations.
Deposition and properties of yttria-stabilized Bi[sub 2]O[sub 3] thin films using reactive direct current magnetron cosputtering

In this paper, yttria-stabilized Bi[sub 2]O[sub 3] (YSB) thin films are deposited using reactive direct current (d.c.) magnetron cosputtering from Y and Bi targets. The films were deposited in argon/oxygen sputtering gas mixtures onto silica glass, NaCl, and MgO substrates. (Y[sub 2]O[sub 3])[sub x](Bi[sub 2]O[sub 3])[sub 1 [minus] x] thin films with x = 0.25-0.5 were obtained under metallic mode sputtering conditions, but were found to be [approx]10% oxygen deficient. Post-deposition annealing in air at T[approx gt] 500[degrees]C led to fully stoichiometric films. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies showed that the structure of the annealed films was cubic with lattice parameters following Vegar's law. The films were dense as judged by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and TEM. Complex impedance spectroscopy measurements were carried out in air on x = 0.25 films with Ag-(La[sub 0.7]Sr[sub 0.3])CoO[sub 3] cermet electrodes. The temperature dependent ionic conductivity exhibited a knee point at T[sub d] [approx]870[degrees]K, with activation energies of 1.2 eV below T[sub d] and 0.96 eV above T[sub d], in good agreement with values for bulk YSB with the same composition. The interfacial resistance of the cermet with 30 volume percent (v/o) AG on a YSB electrolyte thin film [approx]0.3more » [Omega] cm[sup 2] at 750[degrees]C.« less