cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Red Blood Cell Transfusion Is Not Associated with Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Review of Consecutive Transfusions in a Tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Objective To explore the association between red blood cell transfusion and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in a neonatal intensive care unit with liberal transfusion practices. Study design A retrospective cohort study was conducted for all infants weighing Results The study sample included 414 very low birth weight infants who received 2889 consecutive red blood cell transfusions. Twenty-four infants (5.8%) developed NEC. Four cases of NEC occurred within 48 hours of a previous transfusion event. Using multivariate Poisson regression, we did not find evidence of a temporal association between NEC and transfusion ( P = .32). Conclusion There was no association between NEC and red blood cell transfusion. Our results differ from previous studies and suggest that the association between NEC and transfusion may be contextual.
Montelukast in the treatment of duodenal eosinophilia in children with dyspepsia: Effect on eosinophil density and activation in relation to pharmacokinetics

We have previously demonstrated the clinical efficacy of montelukast in a randomized double-blind controlled cross-over trial in patients with dyspepsia in association with duodenal eosinophilia. The mechanism of this clinical response is unknown but could involve a decrease in eosinophil density or activation. Twenty-four dyspeptic patients 8–17 years of age underwent initial blood sampling and endoscopy with biopsy. Eighteen of these patients had elevated duodenal eosinophil density and underwent repeat blood sampling and endoscopy following 21 days of therapy with montelukast (10 mg/day). The following were determined: global clinical response on a 5-point Lickert-type scale, eosinophil density utilizing H & E staining, eosinophil activation determined by degranulation indices on electron microscopy, and serum cytokine concentrations. On day 21, pharmacokinetics and duodenal mucosal drug concentrations were determined. Eighty-three percent of the patients had a positive clinical response to montelukast with regard to relief of pain with 50% having a complete or nearly complete clinical response. The response was unrelated to systemic drug exposure or to mucosal drug concentration. Other than a mild decrease in eosinophil density in the second portion of the duodenum, there were no significant changes in eosinophil density, eosinophil activation, or serum cytokine concentrations following treatment with montelukast. Pre-treatment TNF-α concentration was negatively correlated with clinical response. The short-term clinical response to montelukast does not appear to result from changes in eosinophil density or activation. Whether the effect is mediated through specific mediators or non-inflammatory cells such as enteric nerves remains to be determined. ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT00148603
An algorithm to find agreement subtrees

Given two binary trees, a largest subtree contained in both of the original trees that has been obtained by pruning vertices is called an agreement subtree. An exact algorithm for finding an agreement subtree is presented.
Improvement of luminescent solar concentrators using liquid crystal polymer

Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) incorporating a dye doped thin film coating can be used as a wave-guide to absorb and redirect light to coupled solar cells. Coatings including dyes dispersed in a liquid crystalline host can be used to redirect absorbed light preferentially to the edges of a concentrator for collection by solar cells. The goal of this project is to demonstrate that a liquid crystalline host (UCL-‐018) can improve the gain of a solar concentrator, and to design an LSC based on this technology. To do this, various liquid crystal alignments are tested, as well as different designs that incorporate liquid crystalline thin films.
Behavioural interventions in coping with cancer-related pain

Abstract Pain is one of the most feared consequences of cancer, often causing significant psychological distress to the patient. The purposes of this paper are (a) to discuss the psychological implications of cancer-related pain, (b) to offer conceptual explanations of the roles behavioural interventions mayplay in reducing cancer-related pain, and (c) to review studies examining the effectiveness of behavioural interventions in reducing cancer-related pain. Clinical issues raised by recent research are addressed, and suggestions for future research are offered. It is concluded that behavioural techniques may serve as a useful adjunct to traditional medical interventions for cancer pain, although considerably more methodologically rigorous research is needed to determine the nature and extent of treatment efficacy.
PATTERN OF ORLISTAT EXPOSURES IN CHILDREN AGED 5 YEARS OR LESS

Abstract On February 7, 2007, orlistat became the first weight-loss drug approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for over-the-counter sales. However, information on exposures among young children is limited. The objective of this study was to describe the pattern of orlistat exposures among young children reported to poison control centers. The pattern of all exposures to orlistat alone among patients ≤ 5 years old reported to six poison control centers during 1999–2005 was identified with respect to various factors. There were 107 cases. The average age was 21.4 months. There were 55 males, 51 females, and 1 unknown. The dose was identified for 76 cases. The mean dose was 155 mg. Patients were managed on site in 88% of the cases, were already at a health care facility in 8%, and were referred to a health care facility in 5%. Of the 45 patients with a known medical outcome, the outcome was no effect for 91% and minor effect for 9% of the patients. Of the 92 cases reported during 2000–2005, the listed adverse clinical effects were diarrhea (n = 4) and vomiting (n = 1), and the listed treatments were decontamination by dilution (n = 62), food (n = 8), activated charcoal (n = 5), other emetic (n = 2), cathartic (n = 1), and ipecac (n = 1). Orlistat exposures among young children involving small doses encountered by poison control centers can usually be managed on site through decontamination, and have favorable outcomes with few adverse clinical effects, mainly gastrointestinal in nature.
Effects of Requiring Prior Authorization for Selected Antimicrobials: Expenditures, Susceptibilities, and Clinical Outcomes

Antimicrobial control programs are widely used to decrease drug expenditures, but effects on antimicrobial resistance and outcomes for patients are unknown. When a requirement for prior authorization for selected parenteral antimicrobial agents was initiated at our urban, county teaching hospital, total parenteral antimicrobial expenditures decreased by 32%. Susceptibilities to all beta-lactam and quinolone antibiotics increased, with dramatic increased susceptibilities in isolates recovered in intensive care units, increased susceptibilities in isolates recovered in other inpatient sites, and little change in susceptibilities in isolates recovered in outpatient sites despite no change in infection control practices. For patients with bacteremia due to gram-negative organisms, overall survival did not change with restrictions. No differences occurred in the median time from initial positive blood culture to receipt of an appropriate antibiotic or in the median time from positive blood culture to discharge from the hospital. Thus, requiring preapproval for selected parenteral agents can decrease antimicrobial expenditures and improve susceptibilities to antibiotics without compromising patient outcomes or length of hospital stay.
Gender Study of Neuropsychological and Neuromotor Function in Children With Tourette Syndrome With and Without Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Neuropsychological and neuromotor functions were compared between boys and girls with Tourette syndrome (TS only), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD only), Tourette syndrome with ADHD (TS+ADHD), and a comparison group, in an age (mean = 10 years) and IQ (Wechsler Full-Scale mean = 111) matched sample (n = 116). There were no timed-task neuromotor differences among the groups. Analyses of variance revealed a group x gender interaction for Letter Word Fluency and the Rapid Automatized Naming test. Girls with ADHD only were faster than boys on both tasks. When data for girls only were analyzed, girls with Tourette syndrome with ADHD had the greatest variability of reaction time on the Test of Variables of Attention, and were slowest on Letter Word Fluency. Girls with TS only were slower than girls in the other three groups on Letter Word Fluency. Poor Letter Word Fluency is explained as a linguistic executive dysfunction involving speed and efficiency of memory search in this bright group of girls with Tourette syndrome, not otherwise at risk for linguistic difficulties.
Coloring certain proximity graphs

Abstract We examine the graph coloring problem for three families of Euclidean proximity graphs. Results include a linear-time 4-coloring algorithm for relative neighborhood graphs , a linear-time 3-coloring method for 3-chromatic Delaunay graphs , and two minimum-coloring heuristics for Gabriel graphs . The heuristics are shown to outperform other coloring methods when applied to these graphs. We also show that the 3-colorability problem for Delaunay graphs is polynomial-time solvable.
Microfluidic “jets” for generating steady-state gradients of soluble molecules on open surfaces

The ability to control the spatiotemporal microenvironment of cultured cells, such as cells in soluble gradients of signaling molecules, is critical for understanding the quantitative relationship between physicochemical signals and the induced biological responses. Existing methods for generating biomolecule gradients either offer little control, result in poor reproducibility, and/or place cells in potentially confounding or adverse conditions. Here the authors report the generation of soluble gradients by a system of microfluidic “jets” that inject picoliter amounts of fluid into an open pool with negligible exposure of the surface to flow. A stable, reproducible gradient can be formed in minutes.
A deformation model for non-rigid registration of the kidney

The development of an image-guided renal surgery system may aid tumor resection during partial nephrectomies. This system would require the registration of pre-operative kidney CT or MR scans to the physical kidney; however, the amount of non-rigid deformation occurring during surgery and whether it can be corrected for in an image-guided system is unknown. One possible source of non-rigid deformation is a change in pressure within the kidney: during surgery, clamping of the renal artery and vein results in a loss of perfusion, such that the subsequent cutting of the kidney and fluid outflow may cause a decrease in intrarenal pressure. In this work, we attempt to characterize the deformation due to cutting of the kidney and subsequent changes in intrarenal pr essure. To accomplish this, we perfused a resected porcine kidney at a physiolog ically realistic pressure, clamped the renal vessels, and cut the kidney using a tracked scalpel. The resulting deformation was tracked in a CT scanner using 15-20 glass bead fiducials attached to the kidney surface. A modified form of Bi ots consolidation model was used to si mulate the deformation, and the accuracy was assessed by calculating the target registration error and image similarity. Keywords : Modeling, biomechanics, finite element, consolidati on, renal cell carcinoma, partial nephrectomy, clamping, kidney perfusion
Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy Studies of Single-Crystalline V2O5 Nanowire Arrays

Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy is used to precisely probe the alignment, uniformity in crystal growth direction, and electronic structure of single-crystalline V2O5 nanowire arrays prepared by a cobalt-catalyzed vapor transport process. The dipole selection rules operational for core-level electron spectroscopy enable angle-dependent NEXAFS spectroscopy to be used as a sensitive probe of the anisotropy of these systems and provides detailed insight into bond orientation and the symmetry of the frontier orbital states. The experimental spectra are matched to previous theoretical predictions and allow experimental verification of features such as the origin of the split-off conduction band responsible for the semiconducting properties of V2O5 and the strongly anisotropic nature of vanadyl−oxygen-derived (V═O) states thought to be involved in catalysis. The strong anisotropy observed across thousands of nanowires in the NEXAFS measurements clearly demonstrates the uniformity ...
Pancreatic islet cell carcinoid: a highly malignant form of carcinoid tumor.

A 23-year-old man died four months after being admitted to the hospital because of back pain, 9.9 kg weight loss in 2 months, 8 to 10 loose stools per day, and periodic sweating. The carcinoid syndrome was present but no hypoglycemia. At autopsy, malignant carcinoid tumor was found in the pancreas. No other tumor was found in the usual primary sites for carcinoids. Biochemical findings and clinical data in retrospect support the morphologic diagnosis of pancreatic islet cell carcinoid tumor. Our case and a review of the literature emphasize that metastasizing tumors of the pancreas associated with excessive production of indolic compounds are frequently aggressive and the survival time is short (range 3 months to 4 years; mean 15 months).
Generality and specificity in cognitive control: conflict adaptation within and across selective-attention tasks but not across selective-attention and Simon tasks.

To explain how cognitive control is modulated contextually, Botvinick, Braver, Barch, Carter, and Cohen (Psychol Rev 108:624–652, 2001) proposed that detecting information-processing conflict attenuates the disruptive influence of information-processing conflicts encountered subsequently, by which time appropriate cognitive-control mechanisms already will have been engaged. This conflict-adaptation hypothesis has motivated extensive programs of research while also attracting vigorous methodological critiques that highlight alternative accounts of trial n × trial n − 1 sequential effects in cognitive-control tasks. Addressing those alternatives through precluding analyzing stimulus repetitions without creating any sort of confounds among any stimulus or trial characteristics, the present research observed significant conflict-adaptation effects within and across several selective-attention tasks. Moreover, across-task conflict-adaptation effects were largest when spanning tasks (i.e., a newly developed Stroop-trajectory task and a flanker task, which both require resolving conflict among stimulus elements) that presumably depend on the same mechanism of cognitive control (selective attention) than when spanning tasks that do not (i.e., the Stroop-trajectory task and a Simon task, the latter—but not former—of which requires resolving conflict between stimulus and response elements). These findings contribute to advancing beyond examining whether or not conflict adaptation exists to clarifying the conditions under which it is and is not observed.
James Kenney's Comedic Genius: Early Nineteenth‐century Character, Commerce, and the Arts in Raising the Wind, The World!, and Debtor and Creditor

Scholars have long perceived the early nineteenth century as an era of decline in the drama, a time when the literary and dramatic arts severed connections, and playwrighting for the Theatres Royal became subject wholly to popular sway. James Kenney's comedies reveal how such a view is symptomatic, in part, of the early nineteenth-century clash between advocates for the arts and promoters of commerce. Through an exploration of character and identity formation within commercial society, Kenney interrogates the seeming opposition between the arts and commerce and exposes, instead, their interdependency. By juxtaposing romance narrative convention and the modern marketplace, he shows that the early nineteenth-century stage was one of dynamism and growth, rather than failure and loss.
Evolución del pensamiento cubano sobre Cuba y la economía mundial a través de las revistas económicas

En el otono de 1991 Fidel Castro, Comandante en Jefe de la Revolucion Cubana, se expreso de una manera que hacia evidente su profunda irritacion y su amarga frustracion. En una reunion de sindicalistas latinoamericanos, el se refirio a que "estamos librando una batalla dura, dificil frente a la situacion en que nos han dejado. . . con toda esa gracia que nos han hecho nuestros amigos del llamado campo socialista. . . con el derrumbamiento del campo socialista."1 En un congreso de trabajadores agricolas cubanos, el se lamentaba que "a nosotros nos han dado nuestros antiguos aliados una embarcada muy grande, companeras y companeros, para decirlo en palabras populares."2 De manera formal, el predicamento actual de Cuba fue resumido en la resolucion sobre desarrollo economico adoptada por el Cuarto Congreso del Partido Comunista celebrado ese octubre, cuando apuntaba el enfrentamiento a "la coyuntura economica internacional mas desfavorable en que se haya visto envuelta la economia cubana en toda la historia de la Revolucion."3 Unos meses mas tarde, en el verano de 1992, el Buro Politico ofrecio una valoracion de los eventos transcurridos y las tareas venideras: "Durante un largo periodo la situacion demandara del pueblo cubano al mismo tiempo un esfuerzo tan colosal como inedito, cual es la reestructuracion de sus funciones economicas y comerciales a escala mundial, tras el desplome de la comunidad socialista europea y la desaparicion de la Union Sovietica, con todas sus devastadoras consecuencias no solo para Cuba, sino para las condiciones del intercambio, los precios mundiales y una nueva e injusta
Increased surface temperature effects on wall heat transfer during unsteady flame quenching

The coupling of thermal and chemical processes is significant during laminar flame quenching. A direct thermal response of a quenching flame is the heat transfer to the wall. The unsteady heat transfer during premixed laminar flame quenching was measured in a constant volume chamber over a range of wall temperatures from 298 K to 423 K and a range of equivalence ratios from 0.8 For all of the measurements, the maximum heat flux could be correlated to the heat release rate in the steady flame prior to quenching. The fraction of the heat release rate attributed to heat transfer was independent of the equivalence ratio but dependent on the wall temperature. The experimental results were independent of buoyancy and catalytic effects and of whether the wall was locally heated or the entire bomb was globally heated. Calculations of the heat transfer were made for both one dimensional and two dimensional flame quenching using finite difference methods with chemistry specified as a single reaction step. Comparisons of the numerical results with the experimental data emphasized the sensitivity of the heat flux to the specifications of the reaction mechanism parameters. In particular, it was found that the single step mechanism and simplified chemical transport models could not predict the dependence of the wall heat transfer on the wall temperature. It was concluded that during quenching low activation energy recombination reactions may contribute significantly to the deviation between the single step thermal reaction mechanism and the observed experimental results.
Self-glucosylation of glycogenin, the initiator of glycogen biosynthesis, involves an inter-subunit reaction.

Abstract Glycogenin is a dimeric self-glucosylating protein involved in the initiation phase of glycogen biosynthesis. As an enzyme, glycogenin has the unusual property of transferring glucose residues from UDP-glucose to itself, forming an α-1,4-glycan of around 10 residues attached to Tyr194. Whether this self-glucosylation reaction is inter- or intramolecular has been debated. We used site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant rabbit muscle glycogenin-1 to address this question. Mutation of highly conserved Lys85 to Gln generated a glycogenin mutant (K85Q) that had only 1–2% of the self-glucosylating activity of wild-type enzyme. Consistent with previous work, mutation of Tyr194 to Phe in a GST-fusion protein yielded a mutant, Y194F, that was catalytically active but incapable of self-glucosylation. The Y194F mutant was able to glucosylate the K85Q mutant. However, there was an initial lag in the self-glucosylation reaction that was abolished by preincubation of the two mutant proteins. The interaction between glycogenin subunits was relatively weak, with a dissociation constant inferred from kinetic experiments of around 2 μM. We propose a model for the glucosylation of K85Q by Y194F in which mixing of the proteins is followed by rate-limiting formation of a species containing both subunit types. The results provide the most direct evidence to date that the self-glucosylation of glycogenin involves an inter-subunit reaction.
Aspects of emergent geometry in the AdS/CFT context

We study aspects of emergent geometry for the case of orbifold superconformal field theories in four dimensions, where the orbifolds are Abelian within the AdS/CFT proposal. In particular, we show that the realization of emergent geometry starting from the $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills (SYM) theory in terms of a gas of particles in the moduli space of vacua of a single D3 brane in flat space gets generalized to a gas of particles on the moduli space of the corresponding orbifold conformal field theory (a gas of D3 branes on the orbifold space). Our main purpose is to show that this can be analyzed using the same techniques as in the $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM case by using the method of images, including the measure effects associated to the volume of the gauge orbit of the configurations. This measure effect gives an effective repulsion between the particles that makes them condense into a nontrivial vacuum configuration, and it is exactly these configurations that lead to the geometry of $X$ in the $\mathrm{AdS}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}X$ dual field theory.
Bastards Abroad—Foreign Approaches to Illegitimacy

The fifty jurisdictions that are the United States differ widely on the subject of illegitimacy.l At one end of the spectrum, a few states have legislated illegitimacy out of existence.2 At the other end, some states do not even impose a support obligation on the father of the illegitimate child.8 This wide divergence in American law rests on legislative and judicial accident rather than intelligent design; facts and attitudes do not differ from state to state nearly as widely as does the law. Modernization is overdue.4 But left to themselves, many or most state legislatures have neither the opportunity nor the resources to rise to all of the challenges of the modern world. To provide impetus and expertise, the Commissioners on Uniform State Laws must act. No such action is now under consideration.
Gender Differences in Attitudes and Attitude Changes Among Mathematically Talented Youth

A survey form that assesses components of attitude thought to be relevant to success in a program for mathematically talented youth was administered to program participants on four occasions over a 2-year period. The reliabilities of the attitude scales and the pattem of correlations among the scales were quite similar for boys and girls who applied for the program. Among those who were selected for the program, boys showed a significantly higher level of motivation, confidence, and interest in mathematics than did girls. Over the first 2 years in the program, both boys and girls exhibited significant declines in attitudes on most scales,
Recent developments in dynamical oceanography

The classical view of the ocean circulation posits steady anticyclonic subtropical gyres in the major ocean basins above nearly quiescent deep water. Recent evidence from water mass analysis and from mesoscale velocity measurements contradicts this picture, showing that the water circulates in a more complex manner and that the flow must be regarded as turbulent. Numerical simulations of the mesoscale eddies show good agreement with the observed statistical structure, suggesting that the latter is locally determined in mid-ocean by nonlinear quasi-geostrophic dynamics above topographic irregularities of the same scale. The energy source for the eddies and the implications for the general circulation are still undetermined.
Prevalence of silent myocardial ischemia in survivors of cardiac arrest.

Abstract The prevalence and type of ischemia (silent vs painful) in survivors of cardiac arrest not associated with acute myocardial infarction were studied to test the hypothesis that survivors may have an increased prevalence of silent ischemia. Of 48 survivors of cardiac arrest over a 4-year period who had undergone exercise testing, 24 met inclusion criteria. These 24 subjects had documented ventricular fibrillation and coronary artery disease proven by cardiac catheterization or a previous electrocardiographic pattern of myocardial infarction. Thirteen of 24 (54%) had a positive treadmill stress test (≥1.0 mm flat or downsloping ST depression). The mean resting left ventricular ejection fraction was 43%. Nine of 11 patients (82%) who had exercise radionuclide studies performed had ischemic abnormalities (
Attenuation of ischemic efflux of endogenous amino acids by the novel 5-HT1A/5-HT2 receptor ligand adatanserin

Using sodium azide (NaN3)-induced anoxia plus aglycaemia as a model of chemically-induced ischemia in the hippocampal slice, we have evaluated the effects of the novel 5-HT1A partial agonist/5-HT2 receptor antagonist adatanserin and the 5-HT1A receptor agonist BAYx3702 on the efflux of endogenous glutamate, aspartate and GABA. BAYx3702 (10–1000 nM) produced a significant (P<0.05) dose-related attenuation of ischemic efflux of both glutamate and GABA with maximum decrease being observed at 100 nM (73 and 69%, respectively). This attenuation was completely reversed by the addition of the 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY-100635 (100 nM). Similarly, adatanserin (10–1000 nM) produced a significant (P<0.05) dose-related attenuation in glutamate and GABA efflux with a maximum of 72 and 81% at 100 nM, respectively. This effect was completely reversed by the 5-HT2A/C receptor agonist, DOI but unaffected by WAY-100635. The 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL-100907 produced a comparable attenuation of glutamate when compared to adatanserin, while the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, SB-206553, had no effect on ischemic efflux. None of these compounds significantly altered aspartate efflux from this preparation. In conclusion, the 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, adatanserin is able to attenuate ischemic amino acid efflux in a comparable manner to the full 5-HT1A agonist BAYx3702. However, in contrast to BAYx3702, adatanserin appears to produce it effects via blockade of the 5-HT2A receptor. This suggests that adatanserin may be an effective neuroprotectant, as has been previously demonstrated for full 5-HT1A receptor agonists such as BAYx3702.
Comparison of Upper Ocean VACM and VMCM Observations in the Equatorial Pacific

Abstract Measurements from a Savonius rotor and vane vector-averaging current meter (VACM) and dual orthogonal propeller vector-measuring current meter (VMCM) placed 1 m apart beneath a surface-following buoy moored on the Pacific equator for 6-month intervals are described. Experiments at 13, 98, 120 and 160 m depths were completed in light winds (≈5 m s−1), small surface wave heights (1–2 m), strong current speeds (monthly averaged speeds ≈65 cm s−1) and large current shears (0.0 1 s−1). Excellent coherence was found between each VACM-VMCM doublet's data. As expected, the near-surface VACM recorded slightly larger speeds (≈10% for monthly mean 15-min vector-averaged values) than the VMCM. The only kinetic energy density mismatch at the 95% confidence level was between the 13-14 m dyad and occurred above 1.3 cph. The most striking feature of them intercomparison tests was that the VACM and VMCM observations were virtually identical below the new-surface layer. Below 98 m the average rms amplitude differe...
A Probabilistic Method to Predict Fatigue Crack Initiation

A probabilistic method to predict macrocrack initiation due to fatigue damage is presented in this paper. Acoustic non-linearity is used to quantify pre-macrocrack initiation damage. This data is then used in a probabilistic analysis of fatigue damage. The probabilistic fatigue damage analysis consists of a suitably chosen damage evolution equation to model accumulated damage coupled with a procedure to calculate the probability of macrocrack initiation. The probability of macrocrack initiation is evaluated using the Monte Carlo Method with Importance Sampling. Numerical results for the probabilistic assessment of fatigue damage for a sample problem are presented and compared with experimental results.
Complement: Substitution of the Terminal Component in Immune Hemolysis by 1,10-Phenanthroline

The participation of metal ions in the terminal step of immune cytolysis was investigated with chelating agents. 1,10-Phenanthroline induced lysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes which had reacted with the first eight components of human complement. Hemolysis caused by 1,10-phenanthroline resembled lysis produced by the ninth component of complement in dependence on cell-bound eighth component and on temperature and in inhibition by 0.09 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Bivalent metal ions reduced the hemolytic capacity of 1,10-phenanthroline, and Fe++ inhibited the activity of the ninth component. Since trivalent iron had no such effects, it is postulated that the hemolytic activity of 1,10-phenanthroline and the ninth component of complement is a function of their affinity for Fe++.
Effects of Microjets in Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

Large eddy simulation is used to study the flow over a backward-facing step interacting with a periodic array of streamwise microjets emenating from the step at a 45° angle to the step face. Averaged streamwise velocity profiles are in good agreement with experimental data. A well defined turbulent inlet profile for the microjet is found to be important to obtain correct streamwise normal fluctuations near the step. To simulate cases as per the experimental setup a microjet inlet pipe section is necessary for the simulations. The studies with passive scalars need to be conducted to quantify scalar mixing. The monotonicity problem of simulating passive scalar can be overcome by simply clipping the unbounded values. This technique works because the volume occupied by overshoot values of passive scalar are small compared to the total volume of the backward-facing step geometry.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The L protein of a VSV mutant isolated from a persistent infection is responsible for viral interference and dominance over the wild-type.

Abstract The dominance of a mutant isolated from a persistent infection (VSV-Pi) over wild-type vesicular stomatitis virus (wt-VSV) in mixed infections was described previously ( J. A. Jordan and J. S. Youngner, 1987, Virology , 158, 407–413 ). In an attempt to identify the VSV-Pi gene product responsible for transcriptional interference, various combinations of purified VSV-Pi and wt-VSV transcribing core proteins were analyzed in an in vitro transcription assay and compared to homologous wild-type controls. The reconstitution studies revealed that the VSV-Pi RNA dependent-RNA polymerase (L protein) has a dominant activity which works in trans to inhibit wt-VSV transcription.
Counselor Intentions: A Critical Review of the Literature

Researchers have become increasingly interested in the role of counselor intentions in the psy-chotherapeutic process. This interest is rooted philosophically in a recognition that to understand human action, we must also understand motivation and intention. The author traces recent concepts of intentions and proposes a model that locates intentions on a continuum of counselor strategy. Techniques for measuring intentions are discussed, with an emphasis on reliability and validity problems. Published empirical studies are reviewed through 1991; a lack of findings of practical or theoretical significance are traced to methodological and design problems. Implications for practice are discussed, and recommendations for future research are suggested.
Resolution of |m l | and |m j | Levels in the Electric Field Ionization of Highly Excited d States of Na

In the electric field ionization of highly excited $s$, $p$, and $d$ states of Na, we have observed one, two, and three ionization thresholds, respectively, reflecting the number of high-field $|{m}_{l}|$ states coming from the $s$, $p$, and $d$ states. Our observations indicate that the passage from low to intermediate field is adiabatic, and as a consequence we are able to achieve selective ionization of essentially degenerate low-field $|{m}_{l}|$ fine-structure levels.
Friction and formability of galvannealed interstitial free sheet steel

Abstract Galvannealing is a process by which zinc-coated steel sheet is heat-treated. During heat treatment, the zinc and the iron diffuse into each other. The coating of a galvannealed steel sheet is composed of a mixture of Fe–Zn intermetallic compounds. The coefficient of friction and powdering of the coating are two important properties that need to be controlled in order to effectively use these coated sheet steels in stamping operations. The distribution of the intermetallic phases on the surface of the coating is a major factor affecting the friction and powdering behavior. A single interstitial-free steel with four different distributions of intermetallic phases in the coating as well as steels from commercial producers were examined. A flat-die tribometer and a bending-under-tension tribometer were used to investigate the frictional behavior of these sheet steels. The double-Olsen powdering test was used to investigate the powdering behavior of these sheet steels. As the amount of the zinc-rich (iron lean) ζ-phase (zeta phase) increased on the surface of the coating, the friction coefficient increased. The coefficient of friction also increased as the amount of iron content in the coating decreased. In contrast, with increased iron content in the coating the amount of powdering increased. In order to use a galvannealed sheet steel in a metalforming operation, there needs to be a compromised choice between frictional resistance and powdering behavior.
Religious orientation and health among active older adults in the United States

This study utilizes a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic Religious Orientation Scales to explore the connection between religion and health in a sample of physically active, older adults. The revised Religious Orientation Scale and the RAND Short Form 36 (SF-36) were adopted to relate religious orientation (intrinsic, extrinsic, pro-religious, and non-religious) and self-rated mental and physical health status. Individuals of pro-religious orientation reported significantly worse health for physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, and energy or fatigue when compared with those of all other religious orientations; however, no dose–response relationships were found between religious orientation and self-rated health. The results of this study indicate that deleterious health effects may accompany pro-religious orientation. Caution is provided for directors of religious programs for older adults.
Balloon-assisted coil embolization of small intracranial aneurysms

It is generally considered difficult and risky to treat a small aneurysm (less than 4 mm) by use of coil embolization. The main issues are related to the following factors: frequently broad-based aneurysm with shallow dome, complex in shape, difficult to maintain microcatheter stability in an aneurysm, difficult to achieve complete coil packing, and higher risk of intra-procedure rupture hemorrhage. However, routine use of balloon-assisted coiling technique will enable us to achieve successful aneurysm embolization with safety. This video demonstrates some key nuances in the balloon-assisted coil embolization of small aneurysms via three case examples. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/E1il3oPnUD8 .
Don Quixote Meets Ser and Estar: Multiple Perspectives on Language Learning in Spanish Literature Classes

This multiple case study examines language-focused instruction in 3 university Spanish literature classes to examine the students’ and instructors’ perspectives on language learning in this context. The classes were studied for a semester through observations, instructor interviews and stimulated recalls, and student questionnaires. Among the findings were that although both the instructors and the students had concerns about students’ language ability, the instructors had minimal language-related goals for their classes, and language issues were dealt with mostly incidentally. In addition, several themes emerged from both groups of participants: language learning as an incidental activity, problems with students’ oral proficiency and the role of study abroad in improving it, the importance of vocabulary, and the difficulties of reading complex texts. Changes in instruction and curriculum are suggested to better meet the needs and goals of both the students and the instructors.
Proposed Standard‐Weight Equations for Brook Trout

Abstract Weight and length data were obtained for 113 populations of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis across the species' geographic range in North America to estimate a standard-weight (Ws ) equation for this species. Estimation was done by applying the regression-line-percentile technique to fish of 120–620 mm total length (TL). The proposed metric-unit (g and mm) equation is log10 Ws = −5.186 + 3.103 log10TL; the English-unit (lb and in) equivalent is log10 Ws = −3.483 + 3.103 log10TL. No systematic length bias was evident in the relative-weight values calculated from these equations.
Posterior olecranon resection and ulnar collateral ligament strain.

Valgus extension overload is well described in the throwing athlete. The surgical treatment involves posterior olecranon osteophyte resection. It is not known how much of the posterior olecranon can be resected before increased stress is placed on the ulnar collateral ligament. Ten cadaveric arms underwent posterior olecranon resection in 4-mm increments. After each bone resection, three different valgus loads were applied to the elbow at 70° and 90° of flexion. Ulnar collateral ligament strain significantly increased with each load. Significantly more strain occurred on the ulnar collateral ligament at 90° compared with 70° of elbow flexion. This difference may be the result of the relative importance of the ulnar collateral ligament and the posterior olecranon at different positions of elbow flexion. The strain on the ulnar collateral ligament was slightly higher after the 8-mm and 12-mm cuts but not statistically significant. This study suggests that at moderate quasistatic valgus loads, ulnar collateral ligament strain is not significantly increased with posterior olecranon resection.
Synthesis of cystine in simulated primitive conditions

Cystine synthesis in simulated primitive conditions by UV irradiation of methane, ethane, ammonia, water vapor and hydrogen sulfide in spherical vessel
Heart development in Drosophila and its relationship to vertebrates.

The discovery of the vertebrate hox gene clusters and their structural and functional relationship to the Drosophila HOM-C cluster of homeotic genes revealed amazing similarities between the developmental mechanisms by which a major body axis is formed in vertebrates and those of many invertebrates, possibly encompassing all multicellular organisms. Recent data suggest that heart development in Drosophila also resembles vertebrate heart development in several fundamental aspects despite the drastic morphologic differences between them. The discovery of the homeobox gene tinman, which is expressed in the embryonic heart of Drosophila and is required for heart formation, made it possible to compare the determining factors of heart development between Drosophila and vertebrates. tinman has mouse, frog, and fish relatives with considerable sequence similarity, and one of these genes is also specifically expressed in the developing heart. It appears that embryologic orgins and morphogenic movements of heart progenitors, as well as gene expression patterns and possibly their functions, are similar in Drosophila and in vertebrates. If it is true that heart development is conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates, then Drosophila, once again, could serve as a model system for vertebrate development.
Reproductive Behavior of the Lovebug, Plecia nearctica (Diptera: Bibionidae)

Most lovebug eclosion takes place at 6–9 pm and 8 am–12 pm EDT. Male-male competition for females is severe in lovebugs, and males most commonly wrestle for females around emergence areas. Females may fly into hovering swarms of males, or females may be grasped before they fly from emergence sites. Males may also couple with females by disrupting copulating pairs. Male size is positively correlated with copulatory success around emergence sites. Lovebugs copulate for a mean of 56 h in the laboratory. Females may copulate more than once and a 2nd copulation, which precludes oviposition after the 1st copulation, extends female longevity because females usually lay eggs and die after the 1st copulation. Maximal sperm transfer apparently requires only 12.5 hours. Prolonged copulation in lovebugs is apparently costly for males because they do little feeding while in copulation and because extended copulation reduces the number of copulations a male may secure.
Surprise homecomings and vicarious sacrifices

The recent popularity of 'surprise military homecomings' on YouTube offers an opportunity to revisit debates about the role of online spectatorship in performances of citizenship, particularly during times of war. This article argues that these videos position spectatorship as a civic duty and allow for a mediated form of affective participation, which the author refers to as vicarious sacrifice. Language: en
28 Development of Milk-Targeted Transgenic Animals Expressing Coagulation Factor VIII Bioengineered for High Efficiency Secretion

The lifelong hemorrhagic diathesis of hemophilia A is treated successfully with recombinantly derived factor VIII (rFVIII). rFVIII is presently produced and purified from mammalian cell lines in liquid culture but has proven to be costly. The milk of transgenic livestock can yield an abundant source of complex therapeutic proteins such as recombinant coagulation proteins. Only the pig mammary gland has been shown to carry out all of the post-translational modifications necessary to generate the biological activity and long circulation half-life needed for complex glycoproteins. Velander and colleagues have demonstrated that human recombinant factor IX can be produced at levels up to 100 U/ml. However, yields of rFVIII have been much lower and subject to chain dissociation due to the harsh chelating environment and/or the absence of vWF. Through bioengineering strategies we have developed rFVIII variants with enhanced secretion (F309S/226aa/N6) and stability (IR8). Our goal is to express these rFVIII variants (F309S/226/N6 and IR8) in the milk of transgenic mice and pigs under the murine Whey Acidic Milk Protein (WAP) promoter and downstream 3' UTR elements. Transgenic mice provide both insight into the encoding fidelity of the transgene constructions as generally expressed by mammary epithelia but also provide useful amounts (ie. >1 ml per lactation at >20 ug/ml) of post-translationally modified, recombinant protein for evaluation. We have created 6 murine transgenic lineages that express the rFVIII variants either alone or in combination with vWF and/or alpha1-antitrypsin. We are co-expressing these constructions with vWF to help stabilize the rFVIII variants. We have expressed vWF previously in the milk of transgenic mice at greater than 100 ug/ml. We are also co-expressing alpha1-antitrypsin as this has been shown to dramatically reduce the amount of proteolytic degradation in milk. Trigenic and bigenic combinations of these constructs were mixed equal molar and microinjected into mouse zygotes to produce transgenic mice at the University of Michigan. Founder animal lineages are presently being outbred with wild-type mice. The resulting F1 lineages will undergo induced lactation and the milk analyzed for rFVIII content. Trigenic, transgenic pig fibroblast lines have also been made and lineages are awaiting nuclear transfer in August 2006.
Unconstrained and constrained minimization, localization, and the Grassmann manifold: Theory and application to electronic structure

Ford Motor Co. SRL MD 3083, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053~Received 2 February 2001; published 20 September 2001!An unconstrained minimization algorithm for electronic structure calculations using density functional forsystems with a gap is developed to solve for nonorthogonal Wannier-like orbitals in the spirit of E. B. Stechel,A. R. Williams, and P. J. Feibelman @Phys. Rev. B 49, 10 008 ~1994!#. The search for the occupied subspace isa Grassmann conjugate gradient algorithm generalized from the algorithm of A. Edelman, T. A. Arias, and S.T. Smith @SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 20, 303 ~1998!#. The gradient takes into account the nonorthogonality ofa local atom-centered basis, Gaussian in our implementation. With a localization constraint on the Wannier-likeorbitals, well-constructed sparse matrix multiplies lead toO(N) scaling of the computationally intensive partsof the algorithm. Using silicon carbide as a test system, the accuracy, convergence, and implementation of thisalgorithm as a quantitative alternative to diagonalization are investigated. Results up to 1458 atoms on a singleprocessor are presented.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.155203 PACS number~s!: 71.15.2m, 71.20.Nr, 31.15.Ar, 31.15.PfI. INTRODUCTION
Genomic comparison of invasive and rare non-invasive strains reveals Porphyromonas gingivalis genetic polymorphisms

Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis strains are shown to invade human cells in vitro with different invasion efficiencies, varying by up to three orders of magnitude. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that invasion-associated interstrain genomic polymorphisms are present in P. gingivalis and that putative invasion-associated genes can contribute to P. gingivalis invasion. Design: Using an invasive (W83) and the only available non-invasive P. gingivalis strain (AJW4) and whole genome microarrays followed by two separate software tools, we carried out comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis. Results: We identified 68 annotated and 51 hypothetical open reading frames (ORFs) that are polymorphic between these strains. Among these are surface proteins, lipoproteins, capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis enzymes, regulatory and immunoreactive proteins, integrases, and transposases often with abnormal GC content and clustered on the chromosome. Amplification of selected ORFs was used to validate the approach and the selection. Eleven clinical strains were investigated for the presence of selected ORFs. The putative invasion-associated ORFs were present in 10 of the isolates. The invasion ability of three isogenic mutants, carrying deletions in PG0185, PG0186, and PG0982 was tested. The PG0185 (ragA) and PG0186 (ragB) mutants had 5.1 x 10 3 -fold and 3.6 x 10 3 -fold decreased in vitro invasion ability, respectively. Conclusion: The annotation of divergent ORFs suggests deficiency in multiple genes as a basis for P. gingivalis non-invasive phenotype. Keywords: periodontitis; oral microbiology; Porphyromonas gingivalis; invasion; genomic polymorphisms; comparative genomic hybridization; RagA (Published: 8 March 2011) Citation: Journal of Oral Microbiology 2011, 3 : 5764 - DOI: 10.3402/jom.v3i0.5764 Access the supplementary material to this article: Supplement, table (see Supplementary files under Reading Tools online).