cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Estimated Excess Deaths in New York City During the COVID-19 and 1918 Influenza Pandemics.

During the 1918 H1N1 influenza pandemic, there were approximately 50 million influenza-related deaths worldwide, including 675 000 in the US. Few persons in the US have a frame of reference for the historic levels of excess mortality currently being observed during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.1 In this study, excess deaths in New York City during the peak of the 1918 H1N1 influenza pandemic were compared with those during the initial period of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Implicit and Explicit Anti-Fat Attitude Change Following Brief Cognitive Dissonance Intervention for Weight Stigma.

Objective Research has demonstrated that explicit anti-fat attitudes decrease immediately following a brief cognitive dissonance-based intervention targeting weight stigma. The current study explores changes in explicit and implicit anti-fat attitudes immediately following a cognitive dissonance-based weight stigma intervention and 1 week after. Methods College students (N = 156) were randomly assigned to a control or dissonance weight stigma intervention. Weight stigma attitudes were assessed at three time points, and participants completed a measure of values at baseline. Participants in the dissonance condition were told that they had anti-fat attitudes that were inconsistent with their values, whereas participants in the control group were told that their attitudes aligned with their values. All participants reviewed feedback at a follow-up visit before completing explicit and implicit weight stigma assessments a final time. Results Individuals in the dissonance condition reported statistically significant decreases in explicit attitudes from Visit 1 to Visit 3. In contrast, there was not a significant condition by time interaction on implicit attitudes. Conclusions This study provides support for cognitive dissonance-based interventions to reduce explicit, but not implicit, anti-fat attitudes following repeated exposure to dissonance induction.
Trends, Inpatient Outcomes and Readmissions in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome Admitted for Heart Failure

Background: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of clonal stem cell-derived disorders characterized by cytopenias, ineffective hemopoiesis, and a considerable risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patients with MDS have higher rates of cardiovascular mortality, when compared to age-matched population. This has been attributed to the effects of chronic anemia, iron overload and systemic inflammatory state. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) have also been implicated. The aim of this study is to compare inpatient outcomes and readmissions in MDS patients admitted with congestive heart failure (CHF), to those without MDS. Methods: Patients older than 65 years of age, with and without MDS, were queried for admissions of CHF between the years 2012 and 2017, from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. T-test was used to compare means of continuous variables and chi-square test to compare proportions of categorical variables. Statistical tests for trends of resource utilization across six years were performed. Multivariable logistic regression was used evaluate risk factors for inpatient mortality. Then, we utilized the Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) to evaluate the readmission rates, as well as, the causes of readmissions among patients, with and without MDS, admitted with CHF during index admission, from 2016 to 2017. Results: A total of around 4.3 million admissions met the inclusion criteria, of which, 0.75% had MDS, accounting for 32,305 admissions. Mean age was higher in those with MDS (82.3 v 79.8 years, p Patients with MDS had higher inpatient mortality (5% vs 3.5%, p There has been an increase in CHF admissions in MDS patients, from 7.96% in 2012 to 8.99% in 2017 (Trend p All-cause 30-day readmission rate was higher in those with MDS (27.7% vs 21.5%, p Conclusions: Therapy for MDS in the elderly is focused on improving quality of life, reducing deaths related to complications of cytopenias, or preventing progression to AML. Long-term survivors of MDS are more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease, attributed to MDS itself or from complications of treatment. In our study, we have shown that MDS patients have higher mortality and resource utilization, as well as, higher rates of readmissions. In addition, hospitalization rates for CHF in MDS patients have been increasing. Some authors have advocated for addressing anemia early in the course of MDS to prevent downstream cardiac remodeling. Furthermore, attention to traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with MDS is imperative. Download : Download high-res image (486KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Healing the Broken Mind: Transforming America’s Failed Mental Health System

AcknowledgementsList of Abbreviations 1 Men in Diapers: A System in Shambles 2 That Which Is Measured Improves 3 Monopolies Don't Work 4 Fair Is Fair: Parity for Mental Health Coverage 5 Let the People Speak 6 Transforming America's Mental Health System Postscript-Information on Mental Illness Notes ReferencesIndex About the Author
Discussion of “A Tuning-Free Robust and Efficient Approach to High-Dimensional Regression”

Despite considerable progress over the past two decades, a critical gap remains between the theory and applications of penalized estimation procedures for high-dimensional regression. On the one ha...
Law, Empire, and the Sultan: Ottoman Imperial Authority and Late Ḥanafī Jurisprudence: by Samy Ayoub, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020, 216 pp., £75.00/$99.00 (hardback), ISBN 9780190092924

Most Western scholarship on Ḥanafī legal discourse has been preoccupied with the early centuries of that school’s development, and Ḥanafī scholarship of the late Middle Ages and the early modern pe...
A new phase for enzyme kinetics.

Liquid–liquid phase separation can increase the rate of enzyme activity by concentrating reactants together. A phase-separating SUMOylation cascade offers conceptual and quantitative insight into the mechanisms underlying the activity enhancement.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) among Medicaid Recipients.

Objective We studied post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a severe trauma-related mental disorder, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) risk in a large, diverse population enrolled in Medicaid, a U.S. government-sponsored health insurance program for low-income individuals. Methods We identified SLE cases and controls among patients 18-65 years old enrolled in Medicaid for ≥ 12 months in the 29 most populated US states from 2007 to 2010. SLE and PTSD case status were defined based on validated patterns of ICD-9 codes. Index date was the date of the first SLE code. Controls had no SLE codes but had another inpatient or outpatient code on the index date, and were matched 1:10 to cases by age, sex and race. Conditional logistic regressions calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of PTSD with incident SLE, adjusting for smoking, obesity, oral contraceptive use, and other covariates. Results 10,942 incident SLE cases were matched to 109,420 controls. Prevalence of PTSD was higher in SLE cases at 10.74 cases of PTSD per 1,000 (95% CI 9.37-12.31) versus 7.83 (95% CI 7.42-8.27) in controls. The multivariable-adjusted OR for SLE among those with PTSD was 2.00 (95% CI 1.64-2.46). Conclusion In this large, racially and sociodemographic diverse US population, we found patients with prior PTSD diagnosis had twice the odds of a subsequent diagnosis of SLE. Studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms driving the observed association and to inform possible interventions.
High Dimensional CLT and its Applications

We study the behavior of empirical processes indexed by finite classes of functions but we allow that the cardinality of these classes tend to infinity. We prove general results showing that one can bootstrap these types of processes even if they do not converge. We show that these results can be used to construct novel statistical tests. To this end we offer a new goodness of fit test.
Cyclones and Westward Propagation in the Shedding of Anticyclonic Rings from the Loop Current

The modern Sea Surface Height database using altimetric observations from satellites contains very informative views of the Loop Current and its eddy field in the Gulf of Mexico. The synopsis for this book considers, among other topics, the state of the art in identifying the observed characteristics of a suite of local, regional, and remotely influenced phenomena associated with the composite process of the shedding of anticyclonic (warm-core) current rings from the Loop Current (LC). This composite process is observationally more complex than has been documented in the past. The present article contains a descriptive exploration of various databases, with emphasis on Sea Surface Height (SSH) maps. New findings are combined with a review of existing knowledge relative to some of the component phenomena involved in the diverse process of eddy-shedding from the LC. The shedding of anticyclones by the LC is well known to essentially involve its penetration into, as well as the westward propagation of warm-core eddies away from, the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Another basic element of the composite eddy-shedding process, in need of more attention and further development at the present time, is the specific role in the initial detachment of warm-core eddies from the LC by peripheral cyclonic (cold-core) features that move clockwise around the boundary of the LC. In addition, the modern SSH database is found to contain many examples of several kinds of reattachment between eddies and the LC, along with a variety of views of necking-down, leading to a second and less well publicized but frequently observed mode of detachment. Also, temporary blocking of the penetration of the LC into the Gulf of Mexico by cyclones (along with their arrangement in a peripheral shield around an extended LC) is documented by consideration of ∼ 15 examples (details are in the appendix on CD at the back of this volume).
Bridging the Beltway–Ivory Tower Gap

While some gap between the academic and policy worlds is inherent, it is neither necessary nor beneficial for the “Beltway-Ivory Tower” to be as wide as it is. Three principal factors explain the extent of the gap: academia's dominant organizational culture, which devalues policy relevance; increased role of think tanks as research transmission belts to the policy world; and limited interest of the policy community in academic research. The case for the value of greater policy relevance for the international relations scholarly community is based on the intellectual pluralism of bringing policy relevance in while not driving theory out, intellectual complementarity in the different relative strengths of scholars and policy professionals, and self-interest both in what individual scholars can learn and in being true to the mission of universities. We make three principal bridging the gap recommendations: increase disciplinary incentives for policy relevant scholarship, more programmatic and project-based connectivity, and more policy world experiential opportunities.
Readings in computer vision: issues, problems, principles, and paradigms

Each chapter of the book addresses a problem, provides a survey of major issues, ideas, and research projects, and presents reprints of key papers. In total, the book presents sixty research papers, most written since 1980.
One Hat Too Many? Investment Desegregation in Private Equity (symposium) (with M. Henderson)

The nature of private-equity investing has changed significantly as two dynamics have evolved in recent years: portfolio companies have begun to experience serious financial distress, and general partners have started to diversify and desegregate their investment strategies. Both developments have led private-equity shops—once exclusively interested in acquiring equity positions through leveraged buyouts—to invest in other tranches of the investment spectrum, most particularly public debt. By investing now in both private equity and public debt of the same issuer, general partners are generating a host of new conflicts of interest between themselves and their limited partners, between multiple general partners in the same consortia, and between private investors and public shareholders. In this Article, we identify and explore these various new tensions that have begun to arise in the private-equity industry. We then propose and examine an array of possible ways to eliminate or alleviate those conflicts, exploring the regulatory, fiduciary, and pragmatic strengths and weaknesses of each approach. General partners can seek investor unanimity or consent for follow-on investments, but certain tax and practical barriers complicate that approach. Alternatively, they can opt for a range of architectural prophylaxes to protect against conflicts. These add costs on everyone, however, and, experience in related fields shows, they do not work. Investors, for their part, can attempt to diversify their own investment holdings to counterbalance risk, but this still leaves some vulnerable to opportunistic fund managers, and may increase costs for all investors as well. We propose a less costly and more efficient solution: advisers and investors should work together to create a vibrant secondary market for private-equity interests to create a salutary exit option, which would in turn discipline the investment behavior of fund managers in this turbulent new investing environment.
Connecting Positive Psychology and Organizational Behavior Management: Achievement Motivation and the Power of Positive Reinforcement.

Abstract Positive psychology is becoming established as a reputable sub-discipline in psychology despite having neglected the role of positive reinforcement in enhancing quality of life. The authors discuss the relevance of positive reinforcement for positive psychology, with implications for broadening the content of organizational behavior management. Specifically, literature in achievement motivation is discussed, and ways to promote success-seeking over failure-avoiding are entertained.
Tyrosine and phenylalanine concentrations in the cockroaches Leucophaea maderae (F.) and Periplaneta americana (L.) in relation to cuticle formation and ecdysis

1. 1. Tyrosine concentrations in L. maderae and P. americana followed a cyclical pattern, remaining low during the interecdysial period, increasing rapidly in the pharate insect with a peak near ecdysis, and declining as tanning of the new cuticle proceeds. 2. 2. Tyrosine levels in integument, haemolymph and fat body reflected the cyclical patterns of the whole insect. 3. 3. Total free tyrosine released for tanning was proportional to body weight so that whole body concentrations were nearly equal in both species at ecdysis. L. maderae maintained higher post-ecdysial levels than P. americana. 4. 4. Phenylalanine concentrations remained very low in both species with only slight increases at ecdysis. 5. 5. Tyrosine and/or phenylalanine are apparently sequestered in a storage form during the larval feeding period.
Amazon Redshift and the Case for Simpler Data Warehouses

Amazon Redshift is a fast, fully managed, petabyte-scale data warehouse solution that makes it simple and cost-effective to efficiently analyze large volumes of data using existing business intelligence tools. Since launching in February 2013, it has been Amazon Web Service's (AWS) fastest growing service, with many thousands of customers and many petabytes of data under management. Amazon Redshift's pace of adoption has been a surprise to many participants in the data warehousing community. While Amazon Redshift was priced disruptively at launch, available for as little as $1000/TB/year, there are many open-source data warehousing technologies and many commercial data warehousing engines that provide free editions for development or under some usage limit. While Amazon Redshift provides a modern MPP, columnar, scale-out architecture, so too do many other data warehousing engines. And, while Amazon Redshift is available in the AWS cloud, one can build data warehouses using EC2 instances and the database engine of one's choice with either local or network-attached storage. In this paper, we discuss an oft-overlooked differentiating characteristic of Amazon Redshift -- simplicity. Our goal with Amazon Redshift was not to compete with other data warehousing engines, but to compete with non-consumption. We believe the vast majority of data is collected but not analyzed. We believe, while most database vendors target larger enterprises, there is little correlation in today's economy between data set size and company size. And, we believe the models used to procure and consume analytics technology need to support experimentation and evaluation. Amazon Redshift was designed to bring data warehousing to a mass market by making it easy to buy, easy to tune and easy to manage while also being fast and cost-effective.
Teaching complex language to autistic children

Abstract Although there is a growing technology for teaching autistic children to engage in verbal imitation, to begin with nouns, verbs and pronouns, and to construct simple sentences, there is a continuing need for investigations of procedures that may be used to teach additional language skills. This article reports research conducted in a day school and treatment program for autistic children; the nine children who participated in these studies had acquired a basic set of language skills during the earlier stages of their treatment, but needed to develop more elaborate expressive speech. Thus, experiments were designed to evaluate the effectiveness of three language-programming strategies. Experiment I examined the effects of a procedure for shaping successively more complex utterances that ultimately included nouns, size/shape and color descriptors and verbs, and assessed generalization across a new teacher, a new classroom, a new set of materials and a new response modality (handwriting). Experiment 2 investigated a procedure for teaching children to answer wh-concept questions (what, why and how), and assessed a strategy for programming response generalization to untrained stimulus materials. Finally, Experiment 3 examined the effects of a program designed to teach children to report on temporally-remote (past) events, using “paragraphic” speech. All three investigations were conducted in children's regular classroom or home environments, during their regularly-scheduled activities, and using materials that are normally available in special education settings and homes. All three language programs were demonstrated to be effective in helping autistic children acquire more complex and sophisticated language skills needed to support their progress toward normalized social participation.
Identification of Pro- and Mature Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in Human Saliva

Objective Growth factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are polypeptides that are involved in the maintenance, survival, and death of central and peripheral cells. Numerous growth factors have been identified in saliva and are thought to promote wound healing and maintenance of the oral epithelium. The aim of this study was to determine if BDNF is also found in human saliva.
OS execution on multi-cores: is out-sourcing worthwhile?

Large-scale multi-core chips open up the possibility of implementing heterogeneous cores on a single chip, where some cores can be customized to execute common code patterns. The operating system is an example of a common code pattern that is constantly executing on every processor. It is therefore a prime candidate for core customization. Recent work has begun to explore this possibility, where some fraction of system calls and other OS functionality is off-loaded to a separate special-purpose core. Studies have shown that this can improve overall system performance and power consumption. However, our explorations in this arena reveal that the primary benefits of off-loading can be captured with alternative mechanisms that eliminate the negative effects of off-loading. This position paper articulates this alternative mechanism with initial results that demonstrate promise.
Using the vectorcardiogram to remove ECG noise

Electrocardiograms (ECGs) are prone to significant noise, including breathing and motion artifacts. Generally, for redundant lead systems, the noise is often correlated between leads. Using this redundancy, a simple image analysis pipeline was devised to improve the appearance of ECGs: (1) convert the ECG into a vectorcardiogram (VCG) representation, (2) filter in the VCG domain using a simple moving average filter, and (3) convert the VCG back into an ECG. The resulting ECG shows significantly improved P and T wave quality without loss of high frequency information in the QRS wave of the ECG. The implications of this approach for automated ECG monitoring and interpretation are described.
A moderating 6Li-glass neutron detector

Abstract A neutron detector with good detection efficiency in the neutron-energy range up to 1 MeV has been built using 2 mm thick 6 Li-glass plates immersed in a moderating liquid. The detector is compact, reasonably insensitive to gamma rays, and relatively fast.
Long-Term Potentiation in the Piriform Cortex Is Blocked by Lead

1. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a prolonged increase in synaptic efficacy that is triggered by a brief tetanic stimulation at certain central synapses. LTP is one of the best available model systems available to the neurophysiologist of neuronal plasticity such as that underlying learning and memory.
Factors influencing adjustment in siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders

Abstract Siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may be at an increased risk of adjustment problems. To examine possible predictors of adjustment difficulties in siblings, 70 mothers with at least one child with ASD and one typical child completed surveys of symptom severity in the child with ASD, impact of the child with ASD on the sibling, maternal depression, and broader autism phenotype (BAP) and behavioral adjustment in the typical sibling. A path analysis indicated that symptom severity in the children with ASD was positively associated with adjustment difficulties in the typical siblings; this relationship was mediated by maternal depression, but not sibling impact. Further, greater expression of the BAP in the siblings was associated with more adjustment difficulties, and this relationship was moderated by autism severity in the children with ASD, such that the relationship was stronger at high levels of ASD severity than at lower levels. These findings highlight the importance of assessing functioning of all family members when working with individuals with ASD and their families.
Superior temporal lesions and delayed auditory matching in monkeys

This study considers whether or not unilateral removal of superior temporal cortex in monkeys disrupts performance of a nonspatial delayed auditory matching task. Preliminary evidence of such an impairment has been suggested. Monkeys were evaluated before and after unilateral and serial bilateral removal of superior temporal cortex. No significant postoperative impairment was noted.
Inadequacy of the statistical many-body model for molecular infrared absorption in the far wings

It is known that the infrared absorption coefficient of CO2 in the far wings is far less than what is derived from the assumption of a Lorentzian absorption profile. Sorgen and Ben-Aryeh (1972) tried to show that by incorporating the statistical many-body model into impact theory, the discrepancy between the Lorentzian absorption profile and the experimental infrared absorption coefficient can be removed. This paper attempts to show that the high frequency or short-time property of the dipole-dipole interaction cannot be adequately explained by the many-body model; in other words, the statistical model as conventionally understood is not applicable to infrared spectral lines in the far wings.
The ``Problematic'' Hydrodynamic Performance of Gero's Great Barracuda

BAINBRIDGE1 rightly questioned Gero's2 data and calculations on the swimming performance of a great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum)) measured at Bimini, Bahamas, British West Indies, but suspicion was cast on the wrong datum. He doubted the validity of the swimming speed measurement of 12.16 m/sec or 10 body-lengths/sec for a 121.6 cm fish weighing 9.08 kg. This measurement must have been made on a swimming burst, since non-feeding solitary adult great barracudas which I have observed at Bimini either hover motionless in mid-water or slowly patrol their territories, visiting each location at nearly regular intervals. The great barracuda's burst speed is substantially less than the burst speeds of yellowfin tuna and wahoo of approximately the same body length which were measured by Walters and Fierstine3, so there is no particular reason to doubt Gero's measurement. Gero stated his fish had 1.816 kg of propulsive muscle, however, which is 20 per cent of the body weight. Bainbridge accepted this figure, although such a small muscle mass is otherwise unheard of among active epipelagic and littoral actinopterygians.
Fermi-surface harmonics: A general method for nonspherical problems. Application to Boltzmann and Eliashberg equations

A set of functions called Fermi-surface harmonics (FSH's) are defined to be polynomials of the Cartesian components of the electronic velocity orthonormalized on the Fermi surface. These functions have many desirable properties, such as cell periodicity and a simple correspondence to spherical harmonics. However, there are many more linearly independent polynomials on a general surface than occur on a sphere. It is shown that this set is complete for simple Fermi surfaces; on general surfaces the mathematical question is not resolved but seems unlikely to cause physical difficulties. In the FSH representation, many problems take a particularly simple form. In particular the Boltzmann and Eliashberg equations are studied. By truncating at first-order polynomials, a slightly improved version of the usual variational solution for dc electrical conductivity is found. A convenient definition of Landau Fermi-liquid coefficients for antisotropic metals is suggested.
IS RENAL DOSE DOPAMINE PROTECTIVE OR THERAPEUTIC

In conclusion, dopamine has the unique ability, compared with other catecholamines, to improve renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, sodium excretion, and creatinine clearance, independent of its cardiac effects. In addition, low-dose dopamine can decrease renal and systemic vascular resistance, suppress aldosterone secretion, and interact with atrial natriuretic factor. Because of these clinically significant properties, dopamine has been used successfully to improve and treat acute oliguric renal failure in a variety of clinical situations as just described. In addition, there were no adverse or toxic cardiac effects, such as tachyarrhythmias or hypertension, detected with low-dose dopamine in studies reviewed for this publication. By increasing renal and mesenteric vasodilation, dopamine has been shown to be beneficial in preserving renal function in cardiac surgery, vascular surgery, liver transplantation, contrast-induced nephropathy, hypertension, and pediatric patients. A therapeutic renal effect has been observed in patients with hepatorenal syndrome or severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, in patients requiring vasopressors and IABP, and in selected cases of acute oliguric renal failure and shock. Furthermore, the combination of low-dose dopamine with furosemide or prostaglandin results in enhanced renal effects. Further investigation is necessary to evaluate the important and specific therapeutic role of low-dose dopamine through prospective, randomized, double-blind studies. Until those data are available, the plethora of clinical evidence supporting the ability of low-dose dopamine to augment renal function continues to grow. For those who are skeptical, we offer the following suggestion: "The obscure we see eventually, the obvious takes a little longer"--E.R. Murrow.
Some observations on activities of a small group of confined ewes with single, twin, or triplet lambs☆

Abstract Lambs tended to suck one or two times per hour through the 24-h day. In general, ewes and lambs lay down together for about 1 h, the lamb would then suck, the ewe would feed and then stand for about an hour after which the cycle would repeat itself.
Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 is a major determinant of bile acid homeostasis in the liver and intestine

The transcription factor nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key regulator for induction of hepatic detoxification and antioxidant mechanisms, as well as for certain hepatobiliary transp...
Preparing beginning teachers to elicit and interpret students' mathematical thinking

Abstract This study investigated how teacher education assignments can be designed to support beginning teachers in learning to do the work of teaching. We examined beginners' formative assessment practices—in particular, their eliciting and interpreting of students' mathematical thinking—in the context of an elementary mathematics methods assignment, and the ways in which the scaffolds provided shaped their practice. We found that the scaffolds differentially supported their practice and suggest strategic improvement of the focus and organization of different types of scaffolds. Findings from the study contribute to the conceptualization and design of scaffolds for practice-based learning opportunities in teacher education.
Differential effects of body fatness and body fat distribution on risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women. Impact of weight loss.

This study examines the role of obesity and body fat distribution (ie, waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in 50 nondiabetic, obese (body mass index [BMI], 31 +/- 2 kg/m2, mean +/- SD), 45 +/- 10-year-old women. The data obtained at baseline and after weight loss were analyzed after dividing subjects by WHR into upper-body (WHR > 0.80) and lower-body (WHR or = 31) and less obese (BMI 0.80, HDL-C increased by 11%, to 49 mg/dL (P < .001), and TGs decreased by 24%, to 134 mg/dL (P < .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Library Orientation and Instruction — 1975; An Annotated Review of the Literature

The following is an annotated bibliography of materials published in English in 1975 on orienting users to the library and on instructing them in the use of reference resources. Included are publications on user instruction in all types of libraries and for all types of users from elementary to graduate students. It should be noted that the literature on this subject is increasing and a growing number of the publications listed are concerned with evaluating library instruction and its effect on users and libraries. As in previous years, the library literature also includes many references to publications on user instruction in foreign countries. However, such publications, except for British and Australian references, have been omitted from this annual review.
William Osler and the New Psychiatry

Abstract William Osler steered medical education towards knowledge of the natural history of disease and the biological sciences that explain its course and characteristic symptoms. A psychiatric e...
Velocity characterization of particulate debris from laser-produced plasmas used for extreme-ultraviolet lithography

Debris from laser-produced plasmas created with solid Sn and Au targets has been characterized according to speed and particulate size. Conditions for the experiments were those appropriate for producing an optimum laser-produced plasma emission at 13.5 nm for use in extreme-ultraviolet lithography. Results in the form of histogram data show that the speed distribution of the debris particulates is quite varied and in general exhibits an upper limit of ~640 m/s. In the case of Sn a peak in the velocity distribution is observed near 300 m/s. Small particulates, of the order of 1 μm or less, constitute the majority of the particulate emission in both materials. The implications for debris reduction based on the measurements are also discussed.
Discussion of He et al. (2011, Geo-Marine Letters) Evidence of internal-wave and internal-tide deposits in the Middle Ordovician Xujiajuan Formation of the Xiangshan Group, Ningxia, China

This discussion of He et al. (Geo-Mar Lett (2011). doi:10.1007/s00367-011-0253-z, 2011) Evidence of internal-wave and internal-tide deposits in the Middle Ordovician Xujiajuan Formation of the Xiangshan Group, Ningxia, China, in Geo-Marine Letters, is placed within the broader context of what is known and what is unknown about the oceanographic phenomenon of internal tides and their deposits.
Analysis of cholinesterase inactivation and reactivation by systematic structural modification and enantiomeric selectivity

We show here with a congeneric series of Rp- and Sp-alkoxymethyl phosphonothiolates of known absolute stereochemistry that chiral selectivity in their reaction with acetylcholinesterase can be described in terms of discrete orientational and steric requirements. Stereoselectivity depends on acyl pocket dimensions, which govern leaving group orientation and a productive association of the phosphonyl oxygen in the oxyanion hole. Overall geometry is consistent with a pentavalent intermediate where the attacking serine and leaving group are at apical positions. Oxime reactivation of the phosphonylated enzyme occurs through a similar associative intermediate presumably forming an oxime phosphonate. The oximes of differing structure show distinct angles of attacking the phosphate where the attack angles and access to the phosphorus are constrained in the sterically impacted gorge. Hence, efficacy of oxime reactivation is dependent on both oxime and conjugated phosphonate structures.
A computational profiling of changes in gene expression and transcription factors induced by vFLIP K13 in primary effusion lymphoma

Infection with Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been linked to the development of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), a rare lymphoproliferative disorder that is characterized by loss of expression of most B cell markers and effusions in the body cavities. This unique clinical presentation of PEL has been attributed to their distinctive plasmablastic gene expression profile that shows overexpression of genes involved in inflammation, adhesion and invasion. KSHV-encoded latent protein vFLIP K13 has been previously shown to promote the survival and proliferation of PEL cells. In this study, we employed gene array analysis to characterize the effect of K13 on global gene expression in PEL-derived BCBL1 cells, which express negligible K13 endogenously. We demonstrate that K13 upregulates the expression of a number of NF-κB responsive genes involved in cytokine signaling, cell death, adhesion, inflammation and immune response, including two NF-κB subunits involved in the alternate NF-κB pathway, RELB and NFKB2. In contrast, CD19, a B cell marker, was one of the genes downregulated by K13. A comparison with K13-induced genes in human vascular endothelial cells revealed that although there was a considerable overlap among the genes induced by K13 in the two cell types, chemokines genes were preferentially induced in HUVEC with few exceptions, such as RANTES/CCL5, which was induced in both cell types. Functional studies confirmed that K13 activated the RANTES/CCL5 promoter through the NF-κB pathway. Taken collectively, our results suggest that K13 may contribute to the unique gene expression profile, immunophenotype and clinical presentation that are characteristics of KSHV-associated PEL.
Effects of intertrial partial reinforcement and level of acquisition on resistance to extinction

In a factorial design, the effects of differential levels of acquisition training on the resistance to extinction generated by intertriai partial reinforcement (ITP) were examined. The results of the experiment indicated that resistance to extinction under conditions of ITP is an increasing function of level of acquisition training. This finding is in contrast to the effects of intertriai reinforcement (ITR) and intertriai nonreinforcement (ITN), which have been shown to attenuate following extended acquisition. The results of the present experiment were explained in terms of a modified discrimination hypothesis.
Precambrian oil inclusions in late veins and the role of hydrocarbons in copper mineralization at White Pine, Michigan

Liquid oil was trapped as primary fluid inclusions in calcite crystals in late Cu-Fe sulfide-bearing veins that crosscut and offset the cupriferous shale deposit at White Pine. The age of the calcite (1047 ±35 Ma) is an entrapment age and thus a minimum age for the oil. Close temporal and spatial associations of oil and metallic sulfides in the late veins suggest that liquid and solid hydrocarbons may have been dominant controls of the main-stage White Pine copper mineralization.
The role of representation in artificial intelligence(Tutorial Session)

In the effort to construct intelligent computer systems, a primary consideration is how to represent large amounts of knowledge in a fashion that permits their effective use and interaction. Indeed, many researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have come to believe that knowledge representation is the fundamental issue in the attempt to understand intelligence. The presentations in this session explore this issue and describe two current important knowledge representation methodologies, namely frames and semantic nets.
Formation of S-adenosylethionine by ethionine-treated rats.

Abstract S -Adenosylethionine was prepared from the livers of rats fed a basal diet containing 0.2% dl -ethionine, and was identified by Chromatographic, spectrophotometric, chemical, and isotope recovery procedures. The hepatic levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), and uridine triphosphate (UTP) in rats fed the ethionine diet for either 5 or 20 weeks were markedly diminished; they averaged 0.3–0.4 the values of control rats fed the same basal diet without ethionine. The hepatic level of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in the ethionine-fed rats was 1.4 times that of the control animals at both time periods. The level of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in the livers of rats fed ethionine was comparable with that of the control group at 5 weeks, but was only half that of the control group at 20 weeks. The hepatic levels of AMP, ADP, and ATP in rats injected with ethionine were lower than those of the control group, ATP being affected to the greatest extent. Accumulation of S -adenosylethionine in the livers of ethionine-injected rats could account for more than 85% of the decrease in adenosine phosphate compounds.
Quantitative Comparison of Plant Community Hydrology Using Large-Extent, Long-Term Data

Large-extent vegetation datasets that co-occur with long-term hydrology data provide new ways to develop biologically meaningful hydrologic variables and to determine plant community responses to hydrology. We analyzed the suitability of different hydrological variables to predict vegetation in two water conservation areas (WCAs) in the Florida Everglades, USA, and developed metrics to define realized hydrologic optima and tolerances. Using vegetation data spatially co-located with long-term hydrological records, we evaluated seven variables describing water depth, hydroperiod length, and number of wet/dry events; each variable was tested for 2-, 4- and 10-year intervals for Julian annual averages and environmentally-defined hydrologic intervals. Maximum length and maximum water depth during the wet period calculated for environmentally-defined hydrologic intervals over a 4-year period were the best predictors of vegetation type. Proportional abundance of vegetation types along hydrological gradients indicated that communities had different realized optima and tolerances across WCAs. Although in both WCAs, the trees/shrubs class was on the drier/shallower end of hydrological gradients, while slough communities occupied the wetter/deeper end, the distribution of Cladium, Typha, wet prairie and Salix communities, which were intermediate for most hydrological variables, varied in proportional abundance along hydrologic gradients between WCAs, indicating that realized optima and tolerances are context-dependent.
Index tuning for parameterized streaming groupby queries

Similar groupby queries are common in many stream processing applications. We propose the concept of the parameterized streaming groupby query template (PSGB template) as an abstraction for representing potentially infinite number of runtime instantiated groupby queries with customized results. To handle high-speed data streams and large numbers of PSGB queries, the IMP index is proposed for organizing the quickly evolving PSGB operator state to support query workloads. In this paper, we tackle the IMP index tuning problem. We propose the EPrune algorithm that is guaranteed to find the optimal IMP index configuration for a given query workload. To support frequent index tuning required for coping with dynamic stream environments, efficiency of index selection becomes more important than guaranteed optimality. To achieve this, we design a greedy index selection algorithm named RGreedy and equip it with three heuristics - OWL, PCL and Hybrid. Our experiments show that RGreedy finds the optimal IMP configuration in practically all of our extensive test cases. While EPrune takes hours to finish, RGreedy terminates within seconds.
Fungal endophyte symbiosis and plant diversity in successional fields.

Increasing evidence suggests that microbial interactions are important determinants of plant biodiversity. The hypothesis that fungal endophyte symbiosis reduces diversity in successional fields was tested by manipulating infection of tall fescue, the most abundant perennial grass in the eastern United States. Over a 4-year period, species richness declined and tall fescue dominance increased in infected plots relative to uninfected plots without differences in total productivity. A host-specific endophyte, with negligible biomass, altered plant community structure in this long-term field experiment and may be reducing plant diversity throughout its expanding range.
Tensorial surface anisotropy and the excitation of non-propagating surface exchange modes in YIG films

Abstract As many as two non-propagating surface exchange modes, k pure imaginary, have been observed in YIG films. The degree of localization is influenced by the annealing sequence to which the film is subjected. The properties of these surface modes are consistent with a modified Puszkarski surface inhomogeneity model in which the surface spins are subjected to a tensorial anisotropy field.
810 – Zolpidem-induced galactorrhea via gabaergic inhibition of dopamine: a case report

Objective To discuss a case of zolpidem-induced galactorrhea. Introduction The prevalence of insomnia can be as high as 32 to 33%. Non-benzodiazepines (such as zolpidem) have become more commonly used to treat insomnia. Case report The patient is a 29-year-old woman with a history of (PTSD) who presented with PTSD associated insomnia. She was started on zolpidem 5 mg po qhs. Two months after the initiation of zolpidem treatment, the patient presented with breast tenderness and galactorrhea. Zolpidem was discontinued and the galactorrhea resolved after two weeks. A serum prolactin level drawn shortly after discontinuation of zolpidem was 15.67 mg/ml. Discussion Zolpidem has a high affinity at the α1 containing GABAA receptors, with reduced affinity for those containing the α2- and α3- GABAA receptor subunits and minimal affinity for α5 receptor subunit. Psychotropic drugs have been well recognized to produce hyperprolactinemia. However, there has been no reported case of zolpidem-induced hyperprolactinemia. Specifically, zolpidem has been noted to activate GABAergic neurons within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), where there is a sizable population of GABAergic neurons. These GABAergic neurons regulate the firing of dopaminergic counterparts, also located in the VTA, which send projections throughout the brain. This inhibition results in a decrease in the dopaminergic inhibitory influence on prolactin and an increase in prolactin releasing factors which act on the anterior pituitary, leading to hyperprolactinemia and thus galactorrhea. Conclusion Pharmacologically induced hyperprolactinemia may be a problem of underestimated prevalence due to the lack of externally visible symptoms.
Immunoglobulin A: Localization in Rectal Mucosal Epithelial Cells

Immunofluorescence studies with monospecific antiserums to human serum immunoglobulins consistently revealed immunoglobulin A within the apical portion of the cytoplasm of rectal mucosal epithelial cells in normal subjects, as well as in patients with various bowel diseases. Immunoglobulins M, G, and D were not demonstrated within mucosal epithelial cells. The predominance of lymphoid cells containing immunoglobulin A in the lamina propria of intestinal tissues was confirmed.
Tibial interference screw removal following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

A small number of patients developed pain and tenderness at the tibial tunnel following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Twenty-three knees in 22 patients underwent removal of the tibial interference screw. Ten knees had a preoperative flexion contracture and underwent a concomitant procedure to address the loss of motion at the time of hardware removal. In the 13 knees with full extension, the interval between ligament reconstruction and screw removal averaged 16 months. Eleven of these knees also underwent arthroscopy, but no intra-articular causes of pain were identified. Roentgenographic analysis showed protrusion of the interference screw above the tibial cortex in three cases. Follow-up after hardware removal averaged 2 years. Tibial tunnel tenderness resolved in 21 of 23 knees, including those of the two patients who underwent hardware removal alone. Although it cannot be stated with certainty that tibial interferences screws may cause pain, this review suggests an association. This is an uncommon problem and it is estimated to be a factor in less than 3% of the author's anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. More common causes of knee pain should be sought before electing to remove the tibial interference screw.
The over-capitalization effect with diversification and cross subsidization

Abstract This paper examines diversification and cross subsidization in the context of an Averch-Johnson model. Even if the allowed rate of return is less than the cost of capital, the over-capitalization effect exists provided the firm is sufficiently diversified.