cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and Characterization of Individually Controlled Multi-Pixel Carbon Nanotube Cathode Array Chip for Micro-RT Application for Cancer Research

We report here the development of a new carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission multi-pixel cathode array chip, a vital component for the multi-pixel beam x-ray micro-radiotherapy (microRT) system under development in our group for cancer research. The CNT field emission cathode array chip has up to 25 (5 × 5) individually addressable cathode pixels, each 1 mm in diameter and with center-to-center distance of 2 mm. The fabrication is a two-step process: first a Cr/Cu electrical contact was fabricated on Si substrates with a 5 μm SiO2 dielectric layer using photolithography; and second the CNTs were selectively deposited on 1 mm-diameter predefined Cr/Cu contact dots by using a combined photolithography/electrophoresis deposition technique. The electron pixel beams produced from the multi-pixel array chips are uniform and individually controllable. Each pixel beam is expected to generate a dose rate in the order of 100 cGy/min based on our Monte Carlo simulations.
On the futility of statistical power optimization

In response to the increasing variations in integrated-circuit manufacturing, the current trend is to create designs that take these variations into account statistically. In this paper we try to quantify the difference between the statistical and deterministic optima of leakage power while making no assumptions about the delay model. We develop a framework for deriving a theoretical upper-bound on the suboptimality that is incurred by using the deterministic optimum as an approximation for the statistical optimum. On average, the bound is 2.4% for a suite of benchmark circuits in a 45nm technology. We further give an intuitive explanation and show, by using solution rank orders, that the practical suboptimality gap is much lower. Therefore, the need for statistical power modeling for the purpose of optimization is questionable.
Congressional Innovation and Intervention in Defense Policy: Legislative Authorization of Weapons Systems.

Students of congressional-executive relations have long recognized the weakness of legislative oversight of the Executive, and in few areas of public policy has this weakness been more pronounced than in national defense. A recent and significant change in this relationship was made when the 86th Congress in 1959 imposed upon a reluctant executive and military establishment a major innovation in the established processes of making defense policy. The innovation was deliberately intended to alter the balance in executive-congressional controls over some strategic decisions, and was in the form of a new requirement for legislative authorization of the principal weapons programs of the military services.
Using mtDNA sequences to estimate SNP parameters in ESTs.

Discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) requires analysis of redundant sequences such as those available in large public databases. The ability to detect SNPs, especially those of low frequency, is dependent on the depth and scale of the discovery effort. Large numbers of SNPs have been identified by mining large-scale EST surveys and whole genome sequencing projects. These surveys however are subject to ascertainment bias and the inherent errors in large-scale single pass sequencing efforts. For example, the number of steps involved in the construction and sequencing of cDNA libraries make ESTs highly error prone, resulting in an increased frequency of nonvalid SNPs obtained in these surveys. Sequences of mtDNA genes are often incorporated into cDNA libraries as an artifact of the library construction process and are typically either subtracted from cDNA libraries or are considered superfluous when evaluating the information content of EST datasets. Sequences of mtDNA genes provide a unique r...
Towards a new model of abstraction in software engineering

Existing abstraction techniques lead to implementations which overly constrain their users. This happens because these techniques force the implementor to make all the decisions about how to implement the abstraction including some which would better be made by the user. The author has developed a new model of abstraction, which he calls the two-view approach; the first view is the traditional one, it provides the functionality of the abstraction, the second view allows the user to participate in some implementation decisions. This approach promises to be general enough to handle a wide range of applications. >
Effect of dietary cortisol administration on growth and reproductive success of channel catfish

The effect of cortisol administration on reproductive performance was investigated in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus broodfish. Cortisol was added to a commercial catfish feed by dissolving in ethanol and spraying the feed to yield a dietary concentration of 150 mg kg -1 feed. The cortisol diet and the control (no cortisol) diet were offered at a rate of 1% of biomass to three replicate ponds each containing 28 female and 14 male broodfish, respectively, three times per week for 11 weeks. Spawning began 10 days after the start of the experiment, and continued for 10 weeks. In fish fed cortisol. body mass and the hepato-somatic index were reduced (P ≤ 0.02) and concentrations of plasma cortisol and glucose were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.0003) compared to those of controls. The relative frequency of spawning was similar between the two treatments; however, cortisol-fed channel catfish had an average of 47.1% more spawns than the control-fed fish. On average, there were 25.5 spawns per pond in the treated groups compared to 12.3 spawns per control pond (P = 0.10). No effect was observed on egg production, with individual egg mass, fecundity, and hatching success being similar (P ≥ 0.27) for both treatments. Despite the observed negative effects of cortisol on somatic and hepatic growth, the increased reproductive output coupled with no observable effects on the eggs or hatching success demonstrates that cortisol does not suppress channel catfish reproduction.
Spatially Adapted Manifold Learning for Classification of Hyperspectral Imagery with Insufficient Labeled Data

A classifier derived from labeled samples acquired over an extended area may not perform well for a specific sub-region if the spectral signatures of classes vary across the image. However, characterizing the local effects are an ill-posed problem, particularly for hyperspectral data, since an adequate number of labeled samples is not typically available for every location. This problem is addressed using semi-supervised learning and manifold learning, which both exploit the information provided by unlabeled samples in the image. A spatially adaptive classification method that uses Laplacian regularization is proposed, with the updating scheme using a combination of labeled and unlabeled samples.
Qualitative Perspectives in Translational Research

The rapid uptake of qualitative approaches in translational research can be best understood in the context of recent innovations in health services research, as well as an overarching concern with improving the quality of health care. Qualitative approaches highlight the human dimension in health care by foregrounding the perceptions, experiences, and behaviors of both consumers and providers of care. As such, these methods are particularly useful for addressing the complex issues related to improving health care quality and implementing system change. This overview traces a brief history of the factors contributing to the recent and rapid growth of qualitative methods in health research in general and translational research in particular; describes the varieties of qualitative approaches employed in this research; and illustrates the utility of these approaches for variable identification, instrument development, description/explanation of patient/provider perceptions and behaviors, individual/organizational change, and theory refinement.
When will larger‐sized female models in advertisements be viewed positively? The moderating effects of instructional frame, gender, and need for cognition

A variety of negative consequences for girls and women have been associated with women’s and men’s viewing unrealistic portrayals of women in advertising. However, research on the positive consequences of presenting larger-sized women in advertisements, and the conditions under which they are effective, has been lacking. The present research examined such positive effects and found that larger-sized female models in ads were rated as more attractive when an instructional frame activated nontraditional beliefs (a new women’s magazine that features larger-sized models) than when it activated traditional beliefs (a traditional women’s magazine). These effects were more pronounced for women than for men, and particularly for women who scored higher in their need for cognition. The degree to which women generated positive thoughts about themselves in response to the ads tended to correspond with their ratings of increased attractiveness of the models in the ads. Implications of findings for using positive larger-sized female models in ads are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emergent Salvage Direct Intrahepatic Portocaval Shunt Procedure for Acute Variceal Hemorrhage

Abstract Purpose To review the safety and effectiveness of direct intrahepatic portocaval shunt (DIPS) creation with variceal embolization for acute variceal hemorrhage after a failed transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation attempt or in patients with prohibitive anatomy. Materials and Methods Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and DIPS procedures performed for variceal hemorrhage between January 2008 and July 2014 were reviewed. The default procedure was TIPS creation, with DIPS creation reserved for patients with unfavorable anatomy or who had technically unsuccessful TIPS creation. Thirteen patients underwent DIPS creation (mean age, 60 y ± 12; Child–Pugh class A/B/C, 8%/62%/30%; Model for End-stage Liver Disease score, 15 ± 5; range, 8–26) and 117 underwent TIPS creation. Four patients underwent a TIPS attempt and were converted to DIPS creation upon technical failure; 9 were treated primarily with DIPS creation because of preprocedural imaging revealing unfavorable anatomy (intrahepatic portal thrombosis, n = 2; venous distortion from prior hepatic resections, n = 2; severely angulated hepatic veins, n = 5). Results Direct intrahepatic portocaval shunt creation with variceal embolization (six gastric or esophageal; seven stomal, duodenal, or rectal) was successful in all patients; 11 also had concomitant variceal sclerotherapy. Mean DIPS procedure time was less than 2 hours. There was 1 major procedural complication. During a mean follow-up of 13.0 months ± 15.5, 1 patient developed DIPS thrombosis and recurrent hemorrhage; 1 patient underwent successful transplantation. Two deaths were observed within 30 days, neither associated with recurrent hemorrhage. Conclusions Direct intrahepatic portocaval shunt creation appears to be a safe, expedient, and effective treatment for patients with acute variceal hemorrhage who are poor anatomic candidates for TIPS creation or who have undergone unsuccessful TIPS creation attempts.
Comparison of Velocity Vector Imaging Echocardiography With Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Mouse Models of Cardiomyopathy

Background— Myocardial strain imaging using echocardiography can be a cost-effective method to quantify ventricular wall motion objectively, but few studies have compared strain measured with echocardiography against magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in small animals. Methods and Results— We compared circumferential strain (CS) and radial strain (RS) measured with echocardiography (velocity vector imaging [VVI]) to displacement encoding with stimulated-echo MRI in 2 mouse models of cardiomyopathy. In 3-month-old mice with gene targeted deficiency of cardiac myosin-binding protein-C (cMyBP-C−/−, n=6) or muscle LIM protein (MLP−/−, n=6), and wild-type mice (n=8), myocardial strains were measured at 3 cross-sectional levels and averaged to obtain global strains. There was modest correlation between VVI and MRI measured strains, with global CS yielding stronger correlation compared with global RS (CS R2=0.4452 versus RS R2=0.2794, both P <0.05). Overall, strain measured by VVI was more variable than MRI ( P <0.05) and the limits of agreement were slightly, but not significantly ( P =0.14), closer for global CS than RS. Both VVI and MRI strain measurements showed significantly lower global CS strain in the knockout groups compared with the wild type. The VVI (but not MRI) CS strain measurements were different between the 2 knockout groups (−14.5±3.8% versus −6.6±4.0%, cMyBP-C−/− versus MLP−/− respectively, P <0.05). Conclusions— Measurements of left ventricular CS and RS are feasible in small animals using 2-dimensional echocardiography. VVI and MRI strain measurements correlated modestly and the agreement between the modalities tended to be greater for CS than RS. Although VVI and MRI strains were able to differentiate between wild-type and knockout mice, only global CS VVI differentiated between the 2 models of cardiomyopathy.
Cloud-Based Infrastructure for Managing and Analyzing Environmental Resources

Companies are being required to manage and reduce their emissions to address the climate change problem. It is quite important to correctly monitor and calculate emissions from business activities for reliable emissions trading. Some programs for monitoring or calculations have been developed, but we believe that the IT system needs to manage emissions considering the entire energy management cycle, not just monitoring. We propose a Cloud-based energy management system that allows us to manage emissions according to the full cycle and output emissions reports in the XBRL format. These emissions results have been used as new evaluation indices with financial numbers. Applying XBRL to emissions reporting makes it easy to combine emissions data and financial numbers, and hence it is especially beneficial for interested third parties. We give an example of advanced analysis using emissions and financial data extracted from XBRL. Our approach can also be extended to other kinds of environmental resource management beyond emissions, such as water management.
An Iterative Learning Control Approach to Improving Fidelity in Internet-Distributed Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation

One of the main challenges of co-simulating hardware-in-the-loop systems in real-time over the Internet is the fidelity of the simulation. The dynamics of the Internet may significantly distort the dynamics of the network-integrated system. This paper presents the development of an iterative learning control based approach to improve fidelity of such networked system integration. Towards this end, a new metric for characterizing fidelity is proposed first, which, unlike some existing metrics, does not require knowledge about the reference dynamics (i.e., dynamics that would be observed, if the system was physically connected). Next, using this metric, the problem of improving fidelity is formulated as an iterative learning control problem. Finally, the proposed approach is illustrated on a purely simulation-based case study. The conclusion is that the proposed approach holds significant potential for achieving high fidelity levels.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Improving Outcome Measures Other Than Achievement

Research indicates that educational, economic, and life success reflect children’s nonacademic as well as academic competencies. Therefore, longitudinal surveys that assess educational progress and...
Time-course of the effects of thyroid hormone on respiration and Na+ + K+-ATPase activity in rat liver.

SummaryAs a further test of the hypothesis that increased energy expenditure in active Na+ transport mediates a major part of thyroid thermogenesis, time-course measurements were made of hepatic oxygen consumption (Qo2), Na+-dependent oxygen consumption [Qo2(t)] and Na+ + K+ adenosine-triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase) activity after a single or repeated injections of triiodothyronine (T3) into thyroidectomized and euthyroid rats. In both groups, after single injections, Qo2 and Qo2(t) increased to peak values at 48 hr and declined in parallel to close to the control level by the 6th day. In euthyroid rats, NaK-ATPase activity manifested the same time-course with a peak increase at 48 hr. In both groups, after repeated injections (every other day ×3), there were curvilinear increases in Qo2, Qo2(t) and NaK-ATPase activity to steady-state levels in 2-3 days. These findings are in accord with the inference that thyroidal stimulation of the Na+ pump mediates the increase in Qo2(t). In addition, we found that in hyp...
Analysis of Defects in Laser Annealed GaAs

The nature and depth distributions of residual damage in ion implanted and pulsed ruby laser annealed GaAs have been studied using both plan-view and cross-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens for high dose (1.0 × 1015 cm−2) Zn+, Se+ and Mg+ implants. It was found that laser energy densities above 0.36 J/cm2 were required to remove the implantation damage, this threshold energy density giving good agreement with that indicated by electrical activation measurements. Laser induced surface degradation of the GaAs was present even for energy densities as low as 0.25 J/cm2, and more severe damage, with the introduction of dislocations near the surface, was present for energy densities above 0.8 J/cm2. The use of thin SiO2 layers for encapsulation during laser annealing was found to substantially reduce this surface degradation.
Acute Decompression for Peroneal Nerve Palsy Following Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Report of Two Cases.

Case: Two cases of peroneal nerve palsy following primary total knee arthroplasty are presented. Treatment included acute decompression of the peroneal nerve, with full neurological recovery. Conclusion: Acute peroneal nerve decompression is a viable option for patients with peroneal nerve palsy after primary total knee arthroplasty.
Short-Term Risk of Serious Fall Injuries in Older Adults Initiating and Intensifying Treatment With Antihypertensive Medication

Background— Antihypertensive medication use has been associated with an increased risk of falls in some but not all studies. Few data are available on the short-term risk of falls after antihypertensive medication initiation and intensification. Methods and Results— We examined the association between initiating and intensifying antihypertensive medication and serious fall injuries in a case-crossover study of 90 127 Medicare beneficiaries who were ≥65 years old and had a serious fall injury between July 1, 2007, and December 31, 2012, based on emergency department and inpatient claims. Antihypertensive medication initiation was defined by a prescription fill with no fills in the previous year. Intensification was defined by the addition of a new antihypertensive class, and separately, titration by the addition of a new class or increase in dosage of a current class. Exposures were ascertained for the 15 days before the fall (case period) and six 15-day earlier periods (control periods). Overall, 272, 1508, and 3113 Medicare beneficiaries initiated, added a new class of antihypertensive medication or titrated therapy within 15 days of their serious fall injury. The odds for a serious fall injury was increased during the 15 days after antihypertensive medication initiation (odds ratio, 1.36 [95% confidence interval, 1.19–1.55]), adding a new class (odds ratio, 1.16 [95% confidence interval, 1.10–1.23]), and titration [odds ratio, 1.13 [95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.18]). These associations were attenuated beyond 15 days. Conclusions— Antihypertensive medication initiation and intensification was associated with a short-term, but not long-term, increased risk of serious fall injuries among older adults.
Infection Status of HIV/AIDS,HCV and Syphilis among Drug Addicts in Community of Baoshan District of Shanghai City

[Objective]To understand the infection status of HIV/AIDS,HCV and syphilis among drug addicts in community of Baoshan District of Shanghai City.[Methods] Under the financial support of AIDS Prevention and Care Project funded by Ministry of Health and the State Council AIDS Working Committee Office and Melinda Gates Foundation(China and Bill Gates AIDS project),drug addicts who were encouraged by the organization of social workers were tested serologically for HIV,HCV and syphilis.[Results]Totally 357 male and 87 female were enrolled in this investigation.Of 444 blood samples,The positive rate of anti-HIV,syphilis RPR and anti-HCV was 0.23%(1 case),8.33%(37 cases) and 65.77%(292 cases),respectively.The syphilis RPR positive rate of male and female was 6.72% and 14.94%,the difference was significant(χ2=6.19,P0.05).Anti-HCV positive rate of intravenous drug addicts(69.59%) was significantly different with that of non-intravenous drug addicts(52.94%)(χ2=9.673,P0.05).[Conclusion]Drugs addicts is the high-risk group of HIV,HCV,and syphilis.It is the necessary to strengthen propaganda,education and behavioral intervention in this group.
The Well-Child Visit

Jack, a second year pediatric resident in continuity clinic, enters the exam room to see his first patient, Braxton, a six-year-old boy in kindergarten. Braxton performs poorly in school and has been suspended twice for spitting and fighting. He is markedly overweight. He spends his spare time watching TV and playing video games. Grandma watches him after school. Sadly, he reports no friends to play with in his neighborhood. Jack feels discouraged. He says to himself that he does not like well-child care and wants to go into neonatology.
Growth Hormone (GH) Secretory Dynamics in Animals Administered Estradiol Utilizing a Chemical Delivery System

We have utilized a redox chemical delivery system (CDS) for the brain targeting of estradiol (E2) to ascertain its effects on GH secretory patterns in adult intact male rats. The E2-CDS (1.0 mg/kg) dissolved in 20% hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin (HPCD), E2 (1.0 mg/kg) alone in 20% HPCD, or 20% HPCD was administered intravenously. GH secretory profiles, plasma steroid levels, and anterior pituitary levels of hormones were determined 1 week following steroid injection. Whereas E2 in HPCD and HPCD treatment did not alter masculine GH secretory patterns, animals administered the E2-CDS displayed disrupted GH patterns with attenuated individual pulse amplitudes and significantly elevated GH baseline levels. Moderate pituitary hyperplasia was evident only in the E2-CDS group of animals. Plasma testosterone (T) concentrations were reduced in only the E2-CDS group. T replacement reduced E2-CDS-associated pituitary hyperplasia and preserved the masculine GH secretory profiles, with only a slight reduction in individual GH peak amplitudes being observed. T replacement did not prevent the increase in pituitary and plasma levels of PRL associated with E2-CDS treatment but did block both the increase in pituitary GH content and the hyperplasia associated with prolonged E2 exposure. E2 given alone induced a significant increase in both GH and PRL in the pituitary without establishment of pituitary hyperplasia or elevated plasma PRL levels. These data indicate that E2-CDS is an effective mode of steroid administration. Changes in GH secretory dynamics, pituitary levels of GH, and degree of hyperplasia are dependent upon the chemical design of the delivery system for E2. Concomitant T therapy can prevent some of the changes in GH secretion associated with high-dose E2 exposure.
Speed-limited Particle-in-Cell (SLPIC) method

The Speed-Limited Particle-In-Cell (SLPIC) Method reduces computational requirements for simulations that evolve on ion time scales while keeping appropriate kinetic electron effects. This method works by introducing an ansatz for the distribution function that allows the new unknown phase-space function to be solved by the method of characteristics, where those characteristics move slowly through phase space. Therefore, the solution can be obtained by particle-in-cell (PIC) methods, where the electrons have speeds much smaller than their actual speeds, ultimately leading to a much relaxed numerical (CFL) stability condition on the time step. Ultimately, the time step can be increased by the square root of the ion-electron mass ratio. SLPIC can be easily implemented in existing PIC codes as it requires no changes to deposition and field solution. Its explicit nature makes it ideal for modern computing architectures with vector instruction sets.
The Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Substance P/NK-1R Interactions in Inflammatory CNS Disorders.

The inflammatory responses of resident central nervous system (CNS) cells are now known to play a critical role in the initiation and progression of an array of infectious and sterile neuroinflammatory disorders such as meningitis, encephalitis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis. Regulating glial inflammatory responses in a timely manner is therefore critical in preserving normal CNS functions. The neuropeptide substance P is produced at high levels within the CNS and its selective receptor, the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R), is abundantly expressed by neurons and is present on glial cell types including microglia and astrocytes. In addition to its functions as a neurotransmitter in the perception of pain and its essential role in gut motility, this tachykinin is widely recognized to exacerbate inflammation at peripheral sites including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and the lungs. Recently, a number of studies have identified a role for substance P and NK-1R interactions in neuroinflammation and described the ability of this neuropeptide to alter the immune functions of activated microglia and astrocytes. In this review, we describe the expression of substance P and its receptor by resident CNS cells, and we discuss the ability of this neuropeptide to exacerbate the inflammatory responses of glia and immune cells that are recruited to the brain during neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we discuss the available data indicating that the NK-1R-mediated augmentation of such responses appears to be detrimental during microbial infection and some sterile neurodegenerative disorders, and propose the repurposed use of NK-1R antagonists, of a type that are currently approved as anti-emetic and anti-anxiolytic agents, as an adjunct therapy to ameliorate the inflammatory CNS damage in these conditions.
Abstract 086: Insulin Receptor Signaling in the Subfornical Organ Protects Against the Development of Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome encompasses a combination of conditions including obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Brain insulin resistance has emerged as a contributor to the development of metabolic syndrome, although the neural regions involved remain unclear. While most studies have focused on hypothalamic areas, recent evidence suggests that the subfornical organ (SFO), a circumventricular organ well-known for cardiovascular control, is also involved in metabolic regulation. We therefore hypothesized that the SFO insulin receptor protects against the development of metabolic syndrome. Male mice (6.5 wks) harboring a conditional allele of the insulin receptor gene ( INSR) underwent SFO-targeted delivery of an adenovirus encoding a control vector (AdLacZ, n=7) or Cre-recombinase (AdCre, n=11) for selective removal of the SFO insulin receptor. Both groups remained on normal chow for 10 wks. Removal of the SFO insulin receptor did not influence food intake, but resulted in an ~40% greater increase in body weight (AdLacZ vs AdCre: Δ2.2±0.3 vs. 3.8±0.4 g; p<0.05). Consistent with the increased body weight, SFO insulin receptor deletion was associated with overall elevations in adiposity (e.g., abdominal fat, AdLacZ vs AdCre: 0.19±0.04 vs. 0.33±0.05 g; p<0.05). Analysis of the liver revealed substantial hepatic triglyceride accumulation in SFO-targeted AdCre mice (AdLacZ vs. AdCre: 62 ± 16 vs. 209 ± 29 mg/dl; p<0.05), with histological examinations (Oil Red O) revealing large lipid droplet accumulation following removal of the SFO insulin receptor. Parallel elevations in circulating triglycerides were also found (AdLacZ vs. AdCre: 1.4 ± 0.2 vs. 3.3 ± 0.6 mg/dl; p=0.05). These data demonstrate that ablation of SFO insulin receptors resulted in an overall deleterious metabolic state including increases in body weight, elevations in adiposity, hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia. These findings suggest that impairments in insulin signaling within the SFO contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome. Studies are ongoing to investigate the effect of SFO insulin receptor removal on blood pressure.
N2 -Substituted 2'-Deoxyguanosine Triphosphate Derivatives as Selective Substrates for Human DNA Polymerase κ.

N2 -Alkyl-2'-deoxyguanosine triphosphate (N2 -alkyl-dGTP) derivatives with methyl, butyl, benzyl, or 4-ethynylbenzyl substituents were prepared and tested as substrates for human DNA polymerases. N2 -Benzyl-dGTP was equal to dGTP as a substrate for DNA polymerase κ (pol κ), but was a poor substrate for pols β, δ, η, ι, or ν. In vivo reactivity was evaluated through incubation of N2 -4-ethynylbenzyl-dG with wild-type and pol κ deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. CuAAC reaction with 5(6)-FAM-azide demonstrated that only cells containing pol κ were able to incorporate N2 -4-ethynylbenzyl-dG into the nucleus. This is the first instance of a Y-family-polymerase-specific dNTP, and this method could be used to probe the activity of pol κ in vivo.
BULL'S EYE MACULOPATHY WITH MUTATIONS IN RDS/PRPH2 AND ROM-1.

Purpose To report a case of bull's eye maculopathy associated with mutations in RDS/PRPH2 and ROM-1 genes. Methods We present a case report of a patient with a characteristic maculopathy and describe the multimodal retinal imaging findings including spectral domain optical coherence tomography and fundus autofluorescence and full-field electrophysiology. The results of genetic testing are also reported. Results A 60-year-old woman presented with decreased vision and a remarkable bull's eye maculopathy with retinal examination. Fundus autofluorescence illustrated a striking pattern of speckled hyperautofluorescence and hypoautofluorescence that highlighted the bull's eye maculopathy in each eye and guided genetic testing, which confirmed a mutation of the RDS/PRPH2 gene and a novel mutation of the ROM-1 gene. Conclusion Multimodal imaging including fundus autofluorescence may guide genetic testing in patients with a characteristic maculopathy. RDS/PRPH2 genetic mutation can be associated with a bull's eye maculopathy with a signature fundus autofluorescence presentation.
Scintillation and Semiconductor Counters

As stated in Chapter 7, the detection efficiency of γ- and x-rays in gas detectors is very low, because these penetrating radiations travel through the low-density gas with little interaction. To improve counting efficiency for these radiations, solid and liquid scintillation detectors with high density are used. These detectors have the unique property of emitting scintillations or flashes of light after absorbing γ- or x-radiations. The light photons produced are converted to an electrical pulse by means of a photomultiplier (PM) tube (described later). The pulse is then amplified by a linear amplifier, sorted by a pulse-height analyzer (PHA) and then registered as a count. Different solid or liquid detectors are used for different types of radiation. For example, sodium iodide crystals containing a trace of thallium (NaI[Tl]) are used for γ- and x-ray detection, whereas organic crystals such as anthracene and plastic fluors are used for β-particle detection.
Confirmation of Echinococcus canadensis G8 and G10 in Idaho Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) and Cervids

Abstract: We confirm the presence of Echinococcus canadensis genotypes G8 and G10 in gray wolves (Canis lupus) and cervids in Idaho, US. Our results demonstrated that cystic echinococcosis remains a potential public health issue, indicating the need for regular deworming of domestic dogs, who often act as potential bridge hosts.
Noninvasive Fungal Sinusitis

The severity of fungal rhinosinusitis ranges from benign fungal balls to life-threatening acute invasive fungal sinusitis. Fortunately, the most commonly encountered forms of fungal rhinosinusitis are on the benign end of the spectrum: fungal balls and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS). While fungal balls and AFRS share a common feature— fungus—the pathophysiology, management, and outcomes are considerably different. This chapter reviews these two types of noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis, with an emphasis on pathophysiology and clinical management.
Designing for Animal Welfare

Zoo design throughout the world continues to be inspired by the words of Henry Beston who so eloquently articulated the familiar mantra that engenders such deep respect for the natural world. Building on Beston’s remarkable insight, Robert Sommer understood that animals and people alike are victimized or venerated by the quality of their communities. Sommer’s dichotomy between hard and soft architecture delineated the deficiencies of many traditional institutional settings including mental hospitals, prisons and traditional zoos. The antithesis of the hard zoo is defined by the revolutionary design movement known as “landscape immersion,” an approach pioneered and branded in the 1970s by the Seattle design firm of Jones and Jones. Landscape immersion emphasizes quality over quantity, embodied in the design mantra: “Fewer animals living large.” Living large is living well. Future zoos will likely exhibit fewer species, but larger groups will be necessary, as we have seen in the trend to larger herds of elephants and larger groups of gorillas. A naturalistic simulation requires group size that is sufficient for natural behavior to unfold. Animals require sufficient social complexity to live a normal life. Therefore, facilities should provide additional holding space for other social partners or additional pairs. Such features, on exhibit and behind the scenes, will provide visitors with a more authentic and compelling simulation of the natural world, encourage rotation on the exhibit stage, and provide keepers the flexibility to manage social relationships. Superior zoo animal welfare should be an easy sell for our visitors, our members, and our donors as they cannot enjoy zoos and aquariums that do not meet their expectations. At no time in the history of zoos have so many creative scientists, designers, and leaders been assembled to propel our institutions forward.
Evidence-Based Methods of Dealing with Social Deficits in Conduct Disorder

A Conduct Disorder diagnosis may be warranted when children exhibit a repetitive or persistent pattern of behavior in which they violate the basic rights of others and/or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules. Given the significant stability of the symptom profile that is present in Conduct Disorder as well as the emotional, behavioral, and social difficulties that can accompany this diagnosis, health service providers must become familiar with diagnostic criteria and their potential etiology, appropriate assessment measures for maximizing diagnostic accuracy, and evidence-based interventions that can most effectively serve children who are assigned a diagnosis of Conduct Disorder and their families. As children and their families likely will benefit most from an evidence-based approach that also is tailored to meeting their specific needs, this chapter will provide health service providers with information regarding the Conduct Disorder diagnostic criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, information relevant to a thorough approach to assessment, and information regarding an array of evidence-based interventions that have demonstrated research support.
Multi-Country Knowledge Generation: Evolving Relationships and Global Innovation within MNCs

I examine how more basic relationships associated with product integration can lead to higher level relationships that involve multi-country innovations within MNCs. I argue that product linkages p...
Yoda: Sample Planning Session

The objective of this chapter is to bring together the general VLSI System Planning concepts discussed in Chapters 1 through 4 and the specific details of the digital signal processing planner discussed in Chapters 5 and 6 by presenting a sample planning session with Yoda. The discussion of the sample planning session will be supported by figures illustrating the content of the terminal screen. In this manner, some “user-oriented” features of Yoda will also be explained. It should be noted that the figures illustrating the terminal screen are intended to convey the general nature of the Mx display. Hence, the figures do not include all the details of the screen about the various menus and windows.
Fibrinolytic Activation in Patients with Progressive Intracranial Hemorrhage after Traumatic Brain Injury

Progression of intracranial hemorrhage (PICH) is a significant cause of secondary brain injury in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous studies have implicated a variety of mediators...
Human Milk Retains Important Immunologic Properties After Defatting.

Background In neonatal chylothorax, thoracic lymphatic drainage is ineffective. The resultant effusions often require drainage, leading to a loss of immune components. Affected infants can be managed with formula or defatted human milk feedings low in long-chain triglycerides to decrease lymph production. We hypothesized that there is no significant difference in the immunological profile or antibacterial effect of full-fat and defatted human milk. Methods Milk from lactating mothers was divided into 1 aliquot that was defatted via centrifugation with the full-fat aliquot as control. Macronutrient content was analyzed with mid-infrared spectroscopy. Flow cytometry was used to measure immune cell populations. Lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin (Ig)A, and IgG values were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The antibacterial properties were determined by inoculating paired full-fat and defatted milk samples with Escherichia coli or Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria and performing colony counts. Results Compared with full-fat milk, defatted milk demonstrated decreased total energy and fat and increased carbohydrate concentrations. Defatted milk demonstrated a significant decrease in all immune cell populations. There was no difference in IgA, IgG, lysozyme, or lactoferrin concentrations. Both aliquots demonstrated equivalent growth inhibition of E. coli and S. pneumoniae. Conclusions Unexpectedly, defatted human milk contained significantly less leukocytes than full-fat milk. IgA, IgG, lysozyme, and lactoferrin concentrations were preserved. The ability of defatted milk to inhibit bacterial growth was unaffected, suggesting that the antibacterial benefits of human milk remain after the defatting process. Further investigation regarding the clinical effect of leukocyte loss in defatted milk is warranted.
Spontaneous brain arteriovenous malformation rupture with atrioventricular block in a pediatric patient.

Abstract This case reports 9 year-old-female with atrioventricular block and seizure. Careful evaluation, including electrocardiogram (ECG) and computerized tomography (CT) revealed a high-grade atrioventricular block and spontaneous brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) rupture. The patient had complete resolution of her bradycardia and AV block following atropine. This case is to our knowledge the first description of a pediatric spontaneous brain AVM rupture presenting with high degree AV block responsive to intravenous atropine.
Renewing vows: a diachronic analysis of as ideograph

During the height of same-sex marriage debate, the authors' research identified as an ideograph. This ideograph was defined synchronically by participants with shared concepts of commitm...
Comment on obstructive lung disease and obstructive sleep apnea (OLDOSA) cohort study: 10-year assessment.

CITATIONHunasikatti M. Comment on obstructive lung disease and obstructive sleep apnea (OLDOSA) cohort study: 10-year assessment. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(8):1389.
Multimodal x-ray nanotomography

The available x-ray brightness from accelerator-based light sources has been increasing at a rate faster than Moore’s Law. This is enabling new developments in x-ray tomography, using nanoscale x-ray beams on materials ranging in size from micrometers to centimeters. With scanning, one can record x-ray diffraction patterns to view nanoscale structure beyond the optic resolution, or fluorescence signals to study elemental distributions in three dimensions. These approaches are being used in various applications, for example, to study the redistribution of intrinsic metals in biological cells and tissues during biological processes, to compare as-fabricated versus as-designed integrated circuits, and to see the domain structure of soft ferromagnetic materials. While some applications face challenges, including radiation dose, new developments in sparse sampling and reconstruction algorithms, along with a new generation of diffraction-limited storage rings, offer exciting opportunities for materials research.
Ronald Melzack Award Lecture: Putting the brain to work in cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain.

Healthcare practitioners may not be familiar with biopsychosocial therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and may view psychosocial treatments as only appropriate for those with mental illness. Further, practitioners may not know that treatments based on a biopsychosocial model have a biological basis. Treating patients with pain as if all pain is related to ongoing tissue damage that must be located and repaired (a biomedical model) has led to the false impression that hurt = harm and that “real” pain is detectable with a biomedical marker and correctable with the right biomedical intervention. Many of our patients do not know that the brain is critically important to the perception of pain and in pain self-management. In this review, I describe recent research using a simplified gate-control schematic as a treatment rationale for biopsychosocial pain education and CBT with low-income, multiply disadvantaged patients. Using the cognitive model of pain (simplified as “Think → Feel → Act”), I provide examples of how psychosocial health care providers train patients in skills they can independently use to work with their thoughts to motivate and implement pain self-management behaviors. Moving into a brief examination of treatment mechanism (mediation, moderation), I will conclude with the argument that effective psychosocial interventions share more commonalities than sometimes acknowledged, and that these treatments can be used as part of interdisciplinary treatment to help patients self-manage their pain.
Metabolic flux signatures of the ER unfolded protein response in vivo reveal decreased hepatic de novo lipogenesis and mobilization of lipids from adipose tissue to liver

Abstract The unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER) is involved in a number of metabolic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Here, we characterize the UPRER induced metabolic changes in mouse liver through in vivo metabolic labeling and mass spectrometric analysis of proteome and lipid fluxes. We induced ER stress in vivo via tunicamycin treatment and measured rates of proteome-wide protein synthesis, de novo lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis serially over a three-day period, thereby generating a metabolic “signature” of the UPRER over time. Synthesis of most proteins was suppressed under ER stress conditions, including proteins involved in lipogenesis, consistent with reduced de novo lipogenesis at 48 and 72 hours. Electron microscopy revealed striking morphological changes to ER and H&E staining showed lipid droplet enriched livers under ER stress. Pre-labeling of adipose tissue prior to ER stress induction revealed mobilization of lipids from adipose to the liver. Interestingly, the source of these lipids was uptake of free fatty acids, not whole triglycerides or phospholipids from lipoproteins, as demonstrated by replacement of the triglyceride-glycerol moiety in liver concurrently with increased incorporation of labeled palmitate from adipose. We also induced ER stress by a high-fat diet and observed similar metabolic flux signatures, suggesting that this mechanism may play a role in the progression of fatty liver disease. This flux-based approach provides a powerful tool to identify novel regulators of ER stress and potential targets for pharmacological intervention.
A Case Study Exploring Learning Experiences in a Science Summer Camp for Middle Level Students From Taiwan and the United States

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore how young adolescents participated in various activities in a science summer camp. A total of 26 Taiwanese students and 16 U.S. students pa...
Evaluating the applicability of a screen diffraction approximation to local volcano infrasound

Atmospheric acoustic waves from volcanoes at infrasonic frequencies (0.01–20 Hz) can be used to estimate source parameters for hazard modeling, but signals are often distorted by wavefield interactions with topography, even at local recording distances (<15 km). We present new developments toward a simple empirical approach to estimate attenuation by topographic diffraction at reduced computational cost. We investigate the applicability of a thin screen diffraction relationship developed by Maekawa [1968, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-682X(68)90020- 0]. We use a 2D axisymmetric finite-difference method to show that this relationship accurately predicts power losses for infrasound diffraction over an idealized kilometer-scale screen; thus validating the scaling to infrasonic wavelengths. However, the Maekawa relationship overestimates attenuation for realistic volcano topography (using Sakurajima Volcano as an example). The attenuating effect of diffraction may be counteracted by constructive interference of multiple reflections along concave volcano slopes. We conclude that the Maekawa relationship is insufficient as formulated for volcano infrasound, and suggest modifications that may improve the prediction capability.
Presumed Choline Chloride Toxicosis in Cats With Positive Ethylene Glycol Tests After Consuming a Recalled Cat Food

Abstract Four previously healthy adult domestic shorthair cats (2 male, 2 female) from one household developed acute vomiting and ataxia less than 12 hours after consuming a commercial canned cat food. Blood work abnormalities included mild hyperglycemia with increased alanine aminotransferase (n = 1) and decreased blood urea nitrogen (n = 2). The veterinarian conducted whole blood ethylene glycol (EG) tests, which were positive for all cats. There were no known EG exposures. All cats were treated for suspected EG toxicosis and fully recovered after 48 hours. Separately from the cats’ case, the same food was voluntarily recalled by the manufacturer 5 days later due to a higher-than-formulated amount of choline chloride added to the food. The 4 cats’ canned cat food was tested for choline, choline chloride, EG, diethylene glycol, and propylene glycol to look for causes of the positive whole blood EG test. The cat food contained an average of 165,300 ppm (165,300 mg/kg) choline and 221,600 ppm (221,600 mg/kg) choline chloride on a dry matter basis, which is at least 65 times the recommended choline amount for adult cats. No glycols were detected. This case documents suspected choline toxicosis in cats after consuming a commercial canned cat food with a higher-than-formulated amount of choline chloride, and it suggests that choline toxicosis may cause a positive result on some EG whole blood tests. Choline toxicosis could be a possible differential diagnosis when a cat has a positive EG test and no known exposure to antifreeze.