cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Quality Control for Measuring the Blood Glucose in Epidemiological Investigation of Diabetes

Objective:At the base of the blood glucose(BG) of the 1 667 randomized cases of diabetes in country Guangning,Guangdong province,we introduced minutely the steps and importance of quality control(QC) during BG measurement.Methods:After the technician of BG measurement passed the technological exam,they used MONICA QC chart to supervise the quality for measure the BG,and evaluated the data by variance analysis.Results:When IGT investigator repeat IGT and compare the BG results of 2 hours after oral administrate glucose between two times,the difference is not significant, P ≥0 05.The intra person correlation coefficient is 0 900 9 .Conclusions:Strictly according to the QC throughout the BG measurement,we can get the precise and reliable data.\;
Vitamin E status of adolescent girls.

Approximately 89% of the subjects in this study had acceptable vitamin E status, as indicated by plasma total tocopherol levels.
Committee on Biographies

With this short biography of Professor Roland Vaile, the journal of marketing is inaugurating a new feature designed to pay tribute to outstanding men in the field of marketing. A Committee on Biog...
An analysis of e-book learning platforms: Affordances, architecture, functionality and analytics

Abstract E-book learning platforms are increasingly used as curriculum resources for independent reading at school and home, although benefits for students’ reading motivation and skill are unclear. Using a set of analytic tools, this study describes two e-book learning platforms in terms of platform affordances, digital architecture of e-books, functionality of screen pages and dashboard analytics. Qualitative analyses reveal patterns of strength and weakness along each dimension. Affordances rated highest in content and administration characteristics, but largely unmet in accessibility and communication. Architecture tends to maximize text access, but minimize text/media integration and active reader engagement. Functionality suggests a word-focused pattern that favors word learning over text comprehension. Analytics tend to inform skill building over self-awareness and progress. Analytic tools were designed and/or refined to develop and improve technical adequacy. Findings lay the groundwork for more controlled studies of the effectiveness of e-book platforms as literacy curriculum resources and more active collaboration among publishers, IT developers and educators to improve e-book platform quality.
Kommunalpolitische Antworten auf die Reformen: Partizipative Governance und lokale Zivilgesellschaft

Die Offnung der Kommunen gegenuber den BurgerInnen ausert sich empirisch in der Einbindung von neuen gesellschaftlichen Akteuren in Entscheidungsprozesse, neuen Uberschneidungen von staatlichen und offentlichen Handlungsfeldern sowie neuen Formen der Interaktion zwischen Staat und kollektiven gesellschaftlichen Akteuren (vgl. Benz 2004: 17).
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF):Biology and Clinical Status

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is one of the naturally-occurring glycoprotein hormones which regulate hematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow and peripheral blood effector cells. It is one of the original ‘colony-stimulating factors’ whose name is derived from its major target cell lineages (Table 1). Although it was initially purified from media used to culture a monoclonal T-lymphoblastoid cell line (Mo) [50], it has also since been found to be produced by a variety of cell types including macrophages, endothelial cells and certain mesenchymal cells. There are no basal serum levels of GM-CSF in normal adults, but its production is readily inducible by many of the mediators of inflammation. The gene for GM-CSF was sequenced and cloned in 1985 [26,151] and has been expressed in E.
Improvement of Salt Tolerance in Durum Wheat (Triticum Durum Desf.) by Auxin and Kenitin Application

The aim of this work is to study the effect of soil salinity using different levels of NaCl (0, 10, 15 g/ NaCl) on some morphological and physiological properties of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) var KEBIR in the vegetative stage. The results obtained allowed us to observe the negative impact of saline stress on the leaf area, Chlorophyll b, and carotenoids at moderate and higher salinity levels. The effect of salt on chlorophyll a content remains insignificant. On the other hand, proline content was highly affected by salt stress. It was excessively increased with the rise of osmotic stress levels, especially at higher salinity levels (15g/l NaCl). Phytohormones, such as auxin and cytokinin, are known to be involved in the regulation of plant responses to salinity stress. Also, it counteracts the adverse effect of stress conditions. Exogenous spraying of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin (K) with three various levels (10, 20, 30 p.p.m.), during the vegetative phase, indicated that an increase in the leaf area and pigments content are associated with a decrease in the proline content.
Opportunities, constraints, and choices for flood mitigation in rural areas: perspectives of municipalities in Massachusetts

While a portfolio approach to flood mitigation that combines structural and non-structural measures provides many benefits, in practice, the selection and implementation of flood mitigation measures is a complex process. This research examines the factors influencing the choice of flood mitigation measures by 27 rural municipalities in Western Massachusetts and the opportunities and constraints they face in implementing flood mitigation. The physical and institutional characteristics of these rural municipalities drive them to prioritise structural over non-structural flood mitigation measures. Yet implementation of those measures is often hindered by state and federal regulations and by barriers to accessing state and federal assistance programmes. Consequently, the municipalities engage in reactionary and ancillary flood mitigation, and remain vulnerable to future flood events. These findings point to the importance of tailoring government policies and programmes to the specific context in which flood mitigation occurs, including the unique characteristics of rural municipalities.
DISAPPEARING MANGROVES: The Epistemic Politics of Climate Adaptation in Guyana

This article details the epistemic politics that shape the climate adaptation of sea defense in Guyana. Rethinking the material arrangements of expertise in the Anthropocene, I track the work of a group of technoscientific experts participating in the Guyana Mangrove Restoration Project (GMRP). In an attempt to redesign sea defense around mangrove ecosystems, GMRP participants recognize that climate adaptation is not solely dependent on their well-intentioned efforts. As research objects, mangroves are not only forms of evidence but also tools that guide expert action and distinctions in day-to-day labor. Moreover, mangroves draw out the explicit contingencies of modeling, placing expert groups in tension with one another as each seeks to advance their own ideas for mangrove protection, management, or change. I show that this relational ontology is emblematic of climate-adaptation policy’s broader operative logics, or what I call inverse performativity. This is a process whereby an unruly world forces one expert group to seek help from others, building a new ecology of expertise to adapt to a changing climate. Impermanent and wondrous, mangroves urge us to think more creatively about vulnerability to climate change and the kinds of practices that inspire knowledge about it.
Choosing Wisely: How To Fulfill The Promise In The Next 5 Years

Low-value care—the use of unnecessary and potentially harmful health care services—accounted for roughly $200 billion in wasteful spending in the United States in 2011. In 2012 the ABIM Foundation ...
An Immersed Weak Galerkin Method For Elliptic Interface Problems

Abstract In this paper, we present an immersed weak Galerkin method for solving second-order elliptic interface problems. The proposed method does not require solution meshes to be aligned with the interface. Consequently, uniform Cartesian meshes can be used for nontrivial interfacial geometry. We show the existence and uniqueness of the numerical algorithm, and provide the error analysis in the energy norm. Numerical results are reported to demonstrate the performance of the method.
Impact of Different Perfusion Modalities on Coronary and Carotid Blood Flow Velocities in an Adult ECLS Swine Model

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of nonpulsatile and ECG-synchronized pulsatile extracorporeal life support on coronary and carotid blood flow velocities using transthoracic echocardiography and vascular ultrasound, respectively. Nine adult swine were randomly separated into nonpulsatile (NP, n = 5) and pulsatile (P, N = 4) groups and placed on ECLS for 24 h using an i-cor ECLS system. Noninvasive transthoracic images of the left and right coronary artery and the left carotid artery were acquired at the pre-ECLS (baseline), 30 min, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h on-ECLS stages. The mean diastolic velocity of the left and right coronary arteries in the NP group significantly decreased after 24 h on ECLS compared to the baseline and 30 min ECLS stages (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the mean diastolic velocity of the coronary arteries in the P group at 30 min, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, and 24-h ECLS compared to baseline. The P group showed a smaller decrease in the mean diastolic velocity of coronary arteries between the 30-min ECLS and 3-, 6-, 9-, 13-, 24-h ECLS stages compared to the NP group. The diastolic velocity of the left carotid artery in the NP group significantly decreased during 24-h ECLS compared to the P group (P < 0.05). An ECG-synchronized pulsatile ECLS system appeared to maintain coronary and carotid artery diastolic velocities better than conventional nonpulsatile ECLS. Further investigation of the perfusion modes during ECLS is warranted.
Dead as They Come

I do not care for posturing women. But she struck me. I had to stop and look at her. The legs were well apart, the right foot boldly advanced, the left trailing with studied casualness. She held her right hand before her, al most touching the window, the fingers thrusting up like a beautiful flower. The left hand she held a little behind her and seemed to push down playful lapdogs. Head well back, a faint smile, eyes half-closed with boredom or pleasure. I could not tell. Very artificial the whole thing, but then I am not a simple man. She was a beautiful woman. I saw her most days, sometimes two or three times. And of course she struck other postures as the mood took her. Sometimes as I hurried by (I am a man in a hurry) I allowed my self a quick glance and she seemed to beckon me, to welcome me out of the cold. Other days I remember seeing her in that tired, dejected passivity which fools mistake for femininity. I began to take notice of the clothes she wore. She was a fashionable wo man, naturally. In a sense it was her job. But she had none of the sexless, mincing stiffness of those barely animated clothes-hangers who display haute couture in stuffy salons to the sound of execrable muzak. No, she was another class of being. She did not exist merely to present a style, a current mode. She was above that, she was beyond that. Her clothes were pe ripheral to her beauty. She would have looked good dressed in old paper bags. She disdained her clothes, she discarded them every day for others. Her beauty shone through those clothes . . . and yet they were beautiful clothes. It was autumn. She wore capes of deep russet browns, or twirling peasant skirts of orange and green, or harsh trouser suits of burnt ochre. It was spring. She wore skirts of passion-fruit gingham, white calico shirts or lavish dresses of cerulean green and blue. Yes, I noticed her clothes, for she under stood, as only the great portrait painters of the eighteenth century under stood, the sumptuous possibilities of fabric, the subtleties of folds, the nu ance of crease and hem. Her body in its rippling changes of posture, adapt ed itself to the unique demands of each creation; with breathless grace the lines of her perfect body played tender counterpoint with the shifting ara besques of sartorial artifice. But I digress. I bore you with lyricism. The days came and passed. I saw her this day and not that, and perhaps twice on another day. Imperceptibly seeing her and not seeing her became a factor in my life, and then before I 71
Polarimetrie calibration using the computational electromagnetics approach

Presented is an illustration of polarimetric weather radar antenna calibration using the computational electromagnetic model. Process is illustrated with the all mathematical concepts required to carry the calibration out. Concept is adapted to use results of numerical simulations which is part of the paper's novelty. The paper evaluates the accuracy of WIPL-D software for polarimetric weather radar calibration use and illustrates behavior calibration parameters. Additionally a roadmap of polarimetric phased array calibration is proposed.
Reduction of C. jejuni may require complex approach

Abstract Campylobacter jejuni has emerged as the third leading cause of enteric infections in the developed world, but the measures that have been undertaken to decrease its prevalence in farm-raised poultry, which remain the predominant source of campylobacter infections worldwide, have been inconsistent. Based on the review of numerous publications on C. jejuni there is a clear traceable link between the prevalence of C. jejuni and poultry meat. This link is more apparent for industrialized nations. Because campylobacter, as pathogen, have been considered as less important compared to, for example, salmonella, whose immediate sequelae are far more severe than that of C. jejuni, food poisoning due to campylobacter have received far less attention. However, it has become clear that the long-term consequences of campylobacteriosis may result in considerable complications to an individual's health due to the growing antibiotic resistance. To date, elimination of campylobacter colonization of farm-raised chickens using preventive biosecurity measures or vaccinations have been unsuccessful because of the presence of campylobacter both in the environment and many animal species. Vaccination efforts have been unsuccessful due to inability to achieve clearance of bacteria during the lifespan of broilers and because of the wide diversity of serotypes of C. jejuni strains. Alternative methods of reduction of C. jejuni, such as administering probiotics and prebiotics in the chicken feed and phage therapy, have also been partially effective, which means that significant reduction of campylobacter in farm raised chickens may require application of all approaches mentioned above combined with improved biosecurity measures.
Evaluating models' response of tropical low clouds to SST forcings using CALIPSO observations

Abstract. Recent studies have shown that, in response to a surface warming, the marine tropical low-cloud cover (LCC) as observed by passive-sensor satellites substantially decreases, therefore generating a smaller negative value of the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) cloud radiative effect (CRE). Here we study the LCC and CRE interannual changes in response to sea surface temperature (SST) forcings in the GISS model E2 climate model, a developmental version of the GISS model E3 climate model, and in 12 other climate models, as a function of their ability to represent the vertical structure of the cloud response to SST change against 10 years of CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) observations. The more realistic models (those that satisfy the observational constraint) capture the observed interannual LCC change quite well ( Δ LCC / Δ SST = - 3.49 ± 1.01 % K −1 vs. Δ LCC / Δ SST obs = - 3.59 ± 0.28 % K −1 ) while the others largely underestimate it ( Δ LCC / Δ SST = - 1.32 ± 1.28 % K −1 ). Consequently, the more realistic models simulate more positive shortwave (SW) feedback ( Δ CRE / Δ SST = 2.60 ± 1.13 W m −2 K −1 ) than the less realistic models ( Δ CRE / Δ SST = 0.87 ± 2.63 W m −2 K −1 ), in better agreement with the observations ( Δ CRE / Δ SST obs = 3 ± 0.26 W m −2 K −1 ), although slightly underestimated. The ability of the models to represent moist processes within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and produce persistent stratocumulus (Sc) decks appears crucial to replicating the observed relationship between clouds, radiation and surface temperature. This relationship is different depending on the type of low clouds in the observations. Over stratocumulus regions, cloud-top height increases slightly with SST, accompanied by a large decrease in cloud fraction, whereas over trade cumulus (Cu) regions, cloud fraction decreases everywhere, to a smaller extent.
Caught between business, war and politics:late medieval roots of the early modern European news networks

This essay challenges the notion that the early modern news-gathering practices and networks in Europe crystallized only in the late fourteenth and throughout the fifteenth century, corresponding w...
Consider the Qing Locust

This article examines a 1761 locust eradication operation involving both Mongol and Han personnel, within a larger context of issues related to mutually conditioning relations between people, plants and animals. Such locusts outbreaks, as products of complex environmental relations still not fully understood, could provide unexpected opportunities for intense trans-Great Wall cooperation and bonding among groups often rhetorically and analytically separated by idioms of steppe and sown. Environmental interdependencies that emerge from these incidents may form the analytical basis for empire as a ‘multi-environmental,’ rather than as an anthropocentric multi-ethnic, construct in which ecological factors play a constructive role that is often inadvertent or unacknowledged.
Radiation Effects Characterization of an Arm®-Based 32-bit Microcontroller

Single event effects and total ionizing dose test data on the newly designed and fabricated Cobham radiation-hardened UT32M0R500 ARM® Cortex™-M0+ 32-bit based micro-controller will be presented.
Comparison of Echocardiographic Assessment of Tricuspid Regurgitation Against Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to compare echocardiographic methods of determining tricuspid regurgitation (TR) severity against TR regurgitant volume (TRRV) by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). Background TR is usually assessed using echocardiography, but it is not known how this compares with quantitative measurements of TR severity by CMR. Methods Echocardiographic and CMR methods were compared in 337 patients. Echocardiographic methods included jet size, hepatic vein flow, inferior vena cava diameter, percentage change in inferior vena cava diameter with inspiration, right atrial end-systolic area and volume, right ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic areas and fractional area change, vena contracta diameter, effective regurgitant orifice area, and TRRV using the proximal isovelocity surface area method. TRRV by CMR was calculated as the difference between right ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and systolic flow through the pulmonic valve. Results Echocardiographic parameters of TR severity had variable accuracy against TRRV by CMR (area under the curve range 0.58 for jet area/right atrial end-systolic area to 0.79 for hepatic vein flow). A multiparametric approach to assessing TR severity according to the 2017 American Society of Echocardiography criteria had 65% agreement with TR severity by CMR. A hierarchal approach based on signals with higher feasibility and accuracy against CMR had 68% agreement, without missing cases of severe TR by CMR. Agreement with CMR by the hierarchal approach was higher than that by the 2017 American Society of Echocardiography guidelines (p = 0.016). Conclusions Several individual echocardiographic parameters of TR severity have satisfactory accuracy against TRRV by CMR. A multiparametric hierarchal approach resulted in 68% agreement with CMR and 100% agreement when a 1-grade difference in TR severity is considered acceptable.
Consolidated model for predicting flow boiling critical heat flux in single-sided and double-sided heated rectangular channels

Abstract Predicting critical heat flux is a crucial task when designing a heat flux controlled flow boiling thermal management system. In this study, a mechanistic CHF model based on parallel-to-flow and perpendicular-to-wall hydrodynamic instabilities is implemented to flow boiling in rectangular channels. This study is a comprehensive, consolidated investigation of the flow boiling CHF in single-sided and double-sided heated rectangular channels with subcooled and saturated inlet conditions and different orientations in Earth gravity and in microgravity. The model predictions are compared to highly subcooled, slightly subcooled, and saturated two-phase inlet CHF experimental data and show good agreement, evidenced by an MAE of 11.07%. The CHF model captures in all configurations with good accuracy, low-velocity gravity-dominated flows as well as high-velocity inertia-dominated flows. The hydrodynamic instabilities based CHF model offers an entirely theoretical approach to predicting CHF in such rectangular channels with superior performance capability.
Elastic scattering of pions from 4 He and 16 O near 1 GeV

The elastic scattering of pions from $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ is analyzed with a single-scattering optical potential, which is used in the solution of a relativistic integral scattering equation. Good agreement is obtained with available data near 1 GeV and choices are made for the nuclear and nucleon charge form factors and among the phase parameter sets at this energy.
Load Driven Branch Predictor (LDBP)

Author(s): Sridhar, Akash | Advisor(s): Renau, Jose | Abstract: A larger instruction window on Out-of-Order (OoO) cores facilitates better exploitation of inherent Instruction Level Parallelism (ILP). Branch miss-speculation penalty restricts scaling to larger instruction window in OoO cores. Branch instructions dependent on hard-to-predict load data are the leading misprediction contributors. Computer architects continuously strive to optimize branch prediction algorithms and increase predictor size to mitigate mispredictions. Current state-of-the-art history-based branch predictors have low prediction accuracy for these branches. Prior research backs this observation by showing that increasing the size of a 256-KBit history-based branch predictor to its 1-MBit variant has just a 10% reduction in branch mispredictions.In this dissertation, I present the novel Load Driven Branch Predictor (LDBP), specifically targeting hard-to-predict branches dependent on a load instruction. Though random load data determines these branches’ outcomes, most of these data’s load address have a predictable pattern. This is an observable template in data structures like arrays and maps. The LDBP predictor model exploits this behavior to trigger future loads associated with branches ahead of time and use its data to predict its outcome. The predictable loads are tracked, and the branch instruction’s precomputed outcomes are buffered for making predictions. The experimental results show that on a modern Zen2-like OoO core, compared to a standalone 256-Kbit IMLI predictor, when LDBP is augmented to it, the average branch mispredictions reduce by 12% and the average IPC improves 7.14% for benchmarks from SPEC CINT2006 and GAP benchmark suite.
Co-investigation and co-education in ‘family as faculty’ approaches: A repositioning of power

Family as Faculty (FAF) approaches originate from family-centered healthcare models and have been adapted in special education teacher education programs to positively influence and impact pre-serv...
Using Dirichlet Marked Hawkes Processes for Insider Threat Detection

Malicious insiders cause significant loss to organizations. Due to an extremely small number of malicious activities from insiders, insider threat is hard to detect. In this paper, we present a Dirichlet Marked Hawkes Process (DMHP) to detect malicious activities from insiders in real-time. DMHP combines the Dirichlet process and marked Hawkes processes to model the sequence of user activities. Dirichlet process is capable of detecting unbounded user modes (patterns) of infinite user activities, while for each detected user mode, one set of marked Hawkes processes is adopted to model user activities from time and activity type (e.g., WWW visit or send email) information so that different user modes are modeled by different sets of marked Hawkes processes. To achieve real-time malicious insider activity detection, the likelihood of the most recent activity calculated by DMHP is adopted as a score to measure the maliciousness of the activity. Since the majority of user activities are benign, those activities with low likelihoods are labeled as malicious activities. Experimental results on two datasets show the effectiveness of DMHP.
Effectiveness of the Weighted Blanket With Psychiatric Patients in the Emergency Department: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUNDRestraint and seclusion continue to be used with patients demonstrating aggressive and violent behaviors while in the emergency department and as inpatients in behavioral health (BH) unit...
Charity, Logic, and Para-Clericalism: Agassi on Explaining Galileo’s Trial

This essay is a critical examination of Joseph Agassi’s article “On Explaining the Trial of Galileo,” which was a critical examination of Arthur Koestler’s account. It focuses partly on several of Agassi’s insightful substantive theses. These involve Galileo’s skill in the art of reasoning and critical thinking, reflected in Agassi’s claim that Galileo was “the greatest logical mind of his age”; Galileo’s technique of strengthening opponents’ arguments before criticizing them; and his efforts as a Catholic reformer. The essay also focuses on several of Agassi’s fruitful methodological approaches. These concern the principle of “charity,” when interpreting actions and arguments; an emphasis the role of logic in science and culture; and an approach to questions of science vs. religion that can be labeled “para-clerical,” meaning a secular orientation holding that some religious questions are too important to leave to religious believers.
Why have we been more successful in reducing tobacco use than violent crime

Tobacco control efforts have been associated with a significant reduction in the prevalence of tobacco use in the United States. Efforts to reduce the incidence of violent crime have been much less successful. This paper argues that progress on tobacco control stems from the existence of a clear, empirically based, and widely understood analysis of the tobacco problem that articulates (a) the harms associated with its use, (b) the causes of tobacco use, and (c) the programs and policies that could reduce tobacco use. This analysis has guided the development of a network of social organizations that have been advocating for policies and programs that are reducing tobacco use. In contrast, there is not a widely shared, cogent, and empirically based analysis of the problem of violent crime. As a result, efforts to combat violent crime are fragmented and it has proven difficult to generate support for preventive programs and policies. Substantial empirical progress has been made, however, on how violent crime could be prevented. That evidence is reviewed. It is argued that the articulation of this evidence is a critical first step for achieving widespread reduction in the incidence of violent crime. Communication of that evidence to audiences that matter will require that behavioral scientists become better organized to advocate for the adoption of empirically supported practices.
Heuristic and formal methods in automatic program debugging

TALUS is an automatic program debugging system that both detects and corrects nonsyntactic bugs in student programs written to solve small but nontrivial tasks in pure LISP. TALUS permits significant variability in student solutions by using heuristic methods to recognize different algorithms and formal methods to reason about computational equivalence of program fragments. A theorem prover intensionally represents an infinite database of rewrite rules, thus allowing for unanticipated implementations. TALUS detects bugs using formal methods in both symbolic evaluation and case analysis. Heuristic methods conjecture the exact location of bugs and alterations necessary to correct the bugs. Finally, formal methods establish or disprove these heuristic conjectures, reflecting a generate and test methodology.
Anomalous structure in drift-wave turbulence

Summary form only given. We report the first experimental observations of a two-point correlation function in driftwave fluctuations resolved in the ion phase-space. A high optical efficiency two-point scanning LIF system that resolves ion velocity along the fixed magnetic field of the plasma cylinder is used to observe correlations in drift-wave fluctuations. Tests are performed to demonstrate the validity of the measurement despite the effects of photon statistical fluctuations. The plasma is a CW 2 meter length, five centimeter radius singly-ionized Argon gas discharge with n/spl sim/10/sup 9/ cm/sup -3/, T/sub e//spl sim/ 2 eV and T/sub i//spl sim/0.1 eV. The neutral pressure is 2/spl times/10/sup -4/ torr. Driftwaves are observed in the few kHz frequency range with spectra that are typical of low density gas discharges. What is new is the possibility to measure the two-point correlation as a function of ion particle velocity along the magnetic field. What we observe is firstly the contribution of the long-parallel wavelength driftwaves, in agreement with their usual description. The correlation length along the magnetic field is long compared with 20 cm. A phase velocity on the order of 10/sup 6/ cm/s is observed for the drift wave. However, the data also have a slow phase velocity component that travels at a velocity near the ion thermal speed (a hundred times slower) and varies with the ion velocity selected by the laser. This component has no conventional explanation, though there have been theories of ion holes/clumps which could be relevant to the experiment. The two components are readily observed through the phase dependence of the complex cross-power. Plots of phase as a function of spatial separation along the magnetic field clearly reveal the two wave-lengths. We will present the status of the measurements and discuss possible points of contact with theory.
How Much is Too Much? A Theoretical Analysis of Executive Compensation from the Standpoint of Distributive Justice

In analyzing the ethics of executive compensation, this paper examines the issue from the standpoint of three prominent theories of distributive justice. Applying each of these "ideal" theories to the question of how to structure CEO pay illustrates a variety of different objections and considerations. Surveying the theories together in one analysis - rather than considering each one independently - reveals a certain amount of common ground among them. The theoretical analysis reveals a convergent conclusion about the importance of open and fair executive selection and compensation-setting processes to the establishment of an ethically appropriate level of executive pay.
Wood engraving and the illustration of American surgical texts during the nineteenth century.

Wood engraving as a medium of book illustration emerged at the end of the eighteenth century. In spite of its immediate technical and economic advantages to publishers of medical and surgical books, engraving on metal continued to dominate book illustration until the fourth decade of the nineteenth century. This study examines the two phenomena principally responsible for propelling wood engraving to the forefront of surgical book illustration, i.e., the emergence of the mass-circulation illustrated periodical, and the use of wood engraving in the illustration of British surgical texts post-1840, the source of most surgical literature published in the United States until the 1860s. This study also examines the use of wood engraving in surgical book illustration after the universal acceptance of the medium by American publishers.
Does God Exist?: Hegel and Things

This paper addresses God's existence, according to Hegel. Does God exist? For Hegel, the question does not make sense, because existence (basically the symbolic realm of language and thought - the realm of things) is inadequate to God's concept. People who ask the question, Does God exist? are in search of a proof or a ground in which to assure the questioner that God does or does not exist. Hegel argues, however, that any such ground is by definition finite. What Hegel does is to attack the question Does God exist? on the side of existence. Since existence implies finite things, any adduced ground of God is a finite thing that must waft away, like all other finite things. The paper analysis the middle chapters of essence in Hegel's monumental Science of Logic. It is the fifth nstallment of the author's attempt to explicate this neglected work with a pictographic system that illustrates every logical step Hegel makes in his master work. The middle chapters of essence analyze the nature of things and show them to be finite. The import of Hegel's analysis upon the metaphysics is that any purported ground of God - some specific proof - is itself a thing that is finite and must waft away. Only when the deck is cleared of all finite things can God (in its infinitude) be appreciated in its true notion. The paper defers, however, for a later day, Hegel's ultimate ontological proof of God which exceeds the mediocre realm of mere existence.
Terahertz/millimeter wave characterizations of soils for mine detection: transmission and scattering

The detection of anti-personnel mines depends on the soil transmission and scattering at a given wavelength. Transmission spectra were measured over the range 90–4200 GHz for 19 soil samples that span a number of soil orders that have extensive worldwide distribution using a vector network analyzer (90–140 GHz) and a Fourier spectrometer (120–4200 GHz). Transmission drops to nearly zero for wavelengths shorter than the characteristic particle size of the sample as a consequence of scattering. This interpretation is supported by a fit to a standard scattering model with physically reasonable fitting parameters. Transmission spectra were also measured for various liquids (90–600 GHz) for possible index matching. These liquids were mixed with the soil sample and were found to reduce scattering and increase transmission through the soil at higher frequencies. This work is relevant to mine detection using terahertz and millimeter wave radiation for high resolution images through the soil.
Empirical relations for tensile properties of austenitic stainless steels irradiated in mixed spectrum reactors

Abstract An assessment has been made of available tensile property data relevant to the design of fusion reactors, especially near term devices expected to operate at lower temperatures than power reactors. Empirical relations have been developed for the tensile properties as a function of irradiation temperature for neutron exposures of 10–15, 20, 30, and 50 dpa. It was found that yield strength depends little on the particular austenitic alloy and little on the helium concentration. Strength depends upon initial condition of the alloy only for exposures of less than 30 dpa. Uniform elongation was found to be more sensitive to alloy and condition. It was also more sensitive than strength to helium level. However, below 500°C, helium only appeared to have an effect at 10–15 dpa. At higher temperatures, helium embrittlement was apparent, and its threshold temperature decreased with increasing neutron exposure level.
Kinetics of chlorinated ethylene dehalogenation under methanogenic conditions

Kinetics were determined for methanogenic activity and chlorinated ethylene dehalogenation by a methanol-enriched, anaerobic sediment consortium. The culture reductively dechlorinated perchloroethylene (PCE) to trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), vinylchloride (VC), and ethylene and ethane. The absence : of methanol or the addition of 2-bromoethanesulfonic. acid in the presence of methanol suppressed both methanogenic activity and dechlorination. In contrast, acetate production continued in the presence of 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid. These results suggest that dechlorination was strongly linked to methane formation and not to acetate production. A kinetic model, developed to describe both methanogenesis and dechlorination, successfully predicted experimentally measured concentrations of biomass, methane, substrate, and chlorinated ethylenes. The average maximum specific dehalogenation rates for PCE, TCE, 1,1-DCE, and VC were 0.9 +/- 0.6, 0.4 +/- 0.1, 12 +/- 0.1, and 2.5 +/- 1.7 mumol contaminant/ g. DW/day, respectively. This pattern for dechlorination rates is distinctly different than that reported for transition metal cofactors, where rates drop by approximately one order of magnitude as each successive chlorine is removed. The experimental results and kinetic analysis suggest that it will be impractical to targeting methanol consuming methanogenic organisms for in situ ground-water restoration. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Scaling up: How Thirty-two Students Collaborated and Succeeded in Developing a Prototype Software Design Environment

Virtually all software engineering courses employ class projects in which students practice their newly-learned skills. By necessity, these projects tend to be of a small scale. In efforts to better educate students in the many aspects and pitfalls of the software process, different alternatives have been tried over time. In this paper, we describe one such experience in which we put all thirty-two students in the course on a single, large project and gave them the open-ended task of building a prototype of "a better software design environment. " This lead to a completely new set of dynamics and interesting opportunities to teach topics that normally would not be covered or illustrated by students' experiences in a regular software project. We introduce our course design, present its progression over the quarter, illustrate its strengths and weaknesses, and discuss critical factors for its repeatability
RADOS: a scalable, reliable storage service for petabyte-scale storage clusters

Brick and object-based storage architectures have emerged as a means of improving the scalability of storage clusters. However, existing systems continue to treat storage nodes as passive devices, despite their ability to exhibit significant intelligence and autonomy. We present the design and implementation of RADOS, a reliable object storage service that can scales to many thousands of devices by leveraging the intelligence present in individual storage nodes. RADOS preserves consistent data access and strong safety semantics while allowing nodes to act semi-autonomously to self-manage replication, failure detection, and failure recovery through the use of a small cluster map. Our implementation offers excellent performance, reliability, and scalability while providing clients with the illusion of a single logical object store.
Women in steel: The case of Ciudad Guayana, Venezuela

This paper analyzes the incorporation of women into heavy industry during the Ciudad Guayana employment boom of 1974–1979 and the reduction in female employment during the post-boom period. The first and second sections outline the features of female incorporation at a specialty steel plant and the state-owned steel mill. The third section describes the discrimination to which two groups of women, day laborers and engineers, were subjected. The fourth analyzes the response of women to discrimination. The study suggests that male discriminatory behavior and female coping mechanisms result from the interaction of gender roles and stereotypes on the one hand, and institutional/structural factors on the other. Discriminatory practices and women's responses to them are mediated by class and age differences. These are shaped by the individuals' prior experiences and the historical context in which discrimination evolved.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF ORTHOTROPIC SHELLS

A method of analysis is presented for stresses in axisymmetrica lly loaded orthotropic surfaces of revolution. The equations are given in a form readily adaptable to a computer solution by a process of numerical integration. Particular emphasis is given to filament-wound pressure vessels where a method of minimizing the discontinuity stresses at the cylinder to dome juncture is described. Numerical results of the analysis are compared with values obtained from the hydro test of a filament-wound structure. A tj a G h K M TV p Q r S v w Xj Z y = = Nomenclature elastic constants of material [defined by Eq. (5)] radius of cylinder; radius of dome at tangent point Young's modulus shear modulus thickness curvature moment membrane force internal pressure shear radius of curvature slope deflection in meridional direction deflection normal to surface coordinates of dome contour dome form factor coordinate in direction of thickness helix angle shear strain strain stress defined in Eq. (1) Poisson's ratio (ratio of contraction in A direction to elongation in B direction when loaded in B direction) shear stress reference angle (defined in Fig. 3)
Well worth the wait

Abstract The Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces (Vol. 3, Cell Cycle and Cell Biology) edited by J. R. Pringle, J. R. Broach and E. W. Jones, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1997. $75.00 (1131 pages) ISBN 0 87969 364 9
Extrauterine migration of a mirena® intrauterine device: a case report.

Abstract Background: The extrauterine migration of an intrauterine device (IUD) can be life threatening and require emergent surgical intervention and treatment. Migration is usually the result of IUD expulsion or uterine perforation. Objective: This case report describes a presentation of extrauterine migration of an IUD due to probable perforation. Case Report: This is a case report of an uncommon but potentially dangerous outcome of IUD placement and use. The potential migration of an IUD and resultant uterine perforation must be considered in the differential diagnosis of any woman using this type of contraception who presents with abdominal pain. This report is unique due to the subtle presentation of a potentially life-threatening diagnosis. Conclusion: This article presents the case, discusses the incidence, potential causes, predisposing factors, diagnostic modalities, and the course of treatment for this particular diagnosis.
Physiological Changes in Sorghum Antifungal Proteins

Changes in sorghum caryopsis antifungal proteins (AFP) in different tissues and during development, imbibition, and germination, were determined. Sormatin, chitinase, and glucanase levels increased during caryopsis development and peaked at physiological maturity (30 days after anthesis (DAA)). Ribosome-inactivating protein levels were higher at 15 DAA and decreased subsequently. Sormatin and chitinase levels were significantly different between sorghum cultivars. Sormatin content at physiological maturity correlated with mold rating (R2 = 0.65). Seed AFPs were present in the endosperm and migrated toward the exterior of caryopsis upon imbibition. AFPs leached out of immature seeds but were retained in the pericarp of mature seeds. Levels of these proteins also changed significantly during seed germination and were present in the shoots of germinating caryopsis. Keywords: Sorghum; chitinase; sormatin; glucanase; RIP; seed development; germination; grain molding
Shiny spheres of placozoans (Trichoplax) function in anti‐predator defense

Abstract. When individual placozoans, Trichoplax adhaerens, were fed to polyps of the hydroid Podocoryna carnea, the polyps became paralyzed in all 27 trials. In one instance the hydroid polyp died and in five instances a fragment of the placozoan survived. The time to recovery from paralysis varied with the relative size of the polyp and the placozoan. Placozoans were disassociated into separate cells and then reaggregated by centrifugation to produce pellets of tissue lacking the vesicles called shiny spheres, normally abundant in the upper epithelium. We fed pellets of two size classes to the hydroid polyps. When the placozoan pellet was smaller than the hydroid, paralysis was eliminated in nine of ten trials. When the placozoan pellet was comparable in size to the polyp, paralysis occurred but the recovery time was substantially reduced, compared with trials in which polyps were fed intact placozoans possessing shiny spheres. These results support a function of shiny spheres in anti-predator defense.
Epidemiology of HIV‐related oral manifestations in women: A review

OBJECTIVE: (1) To assess the extent of knowledge acquired since 1981 on the epidemiology of HIV-related oral manifestations in women; (2) to determine if these findings differ by gender; and (3) to assess the needs and direction for future epidemiologic research on oral disease and HIV infection in women in relation to men. DATA IDENTIFICATION: A computer-assisted search was conducted to identify epidemiologic studies reporting the frequency of various oral conditions in HIV-infected women. Studies on periodontal disease as manifestation of HIV infection were not included. DATA EXTRACTION: Methods used in the retrieved articles were reviewed with respect to target population, study design, sampling scheme, outcomes, measurements, and statistical issues. Results were summarized in relation to oral findings in HIV-infected men. RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Most studies were prospective, and sample selection was non-random. Studies differed with respect to geographic location, risk category for HIV transmission, and stage of HIV disease. Despite these differences, oral lesions were found in at least 15% of HIV-infected women, and the most common oral lesion in all studies was candidiasis. Women differed from men with respect to the prevalence of hairy leukoplakia and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) both of which were significantly less common in women. CONCLUSION: Future epidemiologic studies should be directed at identifying cofactors involved in addition to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the development of hairy leukoplakia, and in addition to KS herpes virus (KSHV) in the occurrence of KS.
Antioxidative activity measurement in lipid peroxidation systems with malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxy nonenal

Antioxidative activities of vitamin E, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), ferulic acid, and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) were monitored with lipid peroxidation systems. Formation of malonaldehyde (MA) and 4-hydroxy nonenal (4-HN) from ethyl linoleate or rat liver microsome oxidized by FeCl2/H2O2 or ADP/FeSO4 was measured by gas chromatography. Over 90% of MA and 4-HN formation was inhibited by 100 mmol/L of vitamin E. A synthetic antioxidant, BHT, showed the strongest antioxidative activity, followed by that of vitamin E, whereas EDTA accelerated formation of MA and 4-HN in the ethyl linoleate/FeCl2/H2O2 system. Vitamin E did not suppress lipid peroxidation significantly when microsome was oxidized by ADP/FeSO4. EDTA inhibited oxidation of microsome by ADP/FeSO4 considerably; in contrast, it did not in the case of oxidation by FeCl2/H2O2.