cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining metal-phosphorus bonds: Submillimeter spectroscopy of the CrP radical (X4Σ−)

Abstract The submillimeter spectrum of the CrP radical (X4Σ−) has been recorded using direct absorption techniques in the frequency range 347–545 GHz. This study is the first pure rotational measurement of a metal-phosphide species. CrP was synthesized in an AC discharge in argon by the reaction of gas-phase chromium with phosphorus vapor, produced by a novel source. Twelve rotational transitions of CrP were measured, each consisting of four fine structure components. The spectra were analyzed using a Hund’s case (b) Hamiltonian, and rotational, spin-spin, and spin-rotation constants determined. The 3d phosphides appear to resemble the corresponding nitrides in terms of bonding.
Sporadic transient atrioventricular block and slow heart rate in nervous pointer dogs. A genetic study.

Two behaviorally distinct strains of pointer dogs, one bred for nervousness (pronounced freezing behavior, withdrawal behavior), the other bred for normal behavior, exhibit prominent differences in their heart rates and incidence of sporadic occurrences of atrioventricular heart block. Of 67 nervous-line dogs, 70 per cent showed second degree AV-block on at least one occasion, and their heart rates averaged 65 beats/min. Only 15 per cent of 52 normal-line dogs displayed AV-block (generally fewer instances per dog) and their heart rates averaged 110 beats/min. Fifth generation nervous-line puppies, two to six weeks old, exhibited occasional AV-block even at heart rates averaging 183 beats/min. The incidence and “severity” increased as the puppies aged. Dogs crossbred from second and third generation parents of the two main lines show intermediate incidences of AV-block and intermediate heart rates. The incidence of AV-block is predominant in females. This is interpreted as a sex-influenced, agedependent, polygenic mode of inheritance. Humoral factors probably account for the sex-influence, and psychological stress probably also plays a role. No sex difference is noted in heart rates.
Analysis of biological networks in the endothelium with biomimetic microsystem platform

Here we describe a novel method for studying the protein “interactome” in primary human cells and apply this method to investigate the effect of posttranslational protein modifications (PTMs) on th...
Photosynthetic Utilization of Lightflecks by Tropical Forest Plants

The light environment in forest understory habitats is highly variable because of the punctuation of the very low diffuse light background by sunflecks lasting from fractions of a second to minutes. While they may strike a leaf for only a small fraction of a day, the importance of sunflecks is underscored by field observations showing that 40 to 60% of the daily assimilation (A) may be due to them (1,2). In this study, the responses of leaves to transient light changes designed to simulate sunflecks were investigated.
Genomic landscape of ductal carcinoma in situ and association with progression

The detection rate of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has increased significantly, raising the concern that DCIS is overdiagnosed and overtreated. Therefore, there is an unmet clinical need to better predict the risk of progression among DCIS patients. Our hypothesis is that by combining molecular signatures with clinicopathologic features, we can elucidate the biology of breast cancer progression, and risk-stratify patients with DCIS. Targeted exon sequencing with a custom panel of 223 genes/regions was performed for 125 DCIS cases. Among them, 60 were from cases having concurrent or subsequent invasive breast cancer (IBC) (DCIS + IBC group), and 65 from cases with no IBC development over a median follow-up of 13 years (DCIS-only group). Copy number alterations in chromosome 1q32, 8q24, and 11q13 were analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Multivariable logistic regression models were fit to the outcome of DCIS progression to IBC as functions of demographic and clinical features. We observed recurrent variants of known IBC-related mutations, and the most commonly mutated genes in DCIS were PIK3CA (34.4%) and TP53 (18.4%). There was an inverse association between PIK3CA kinase domain mutations and progression (Odds Ratio [OR] 10.2, p < 0.05). Copy number variations in 1q32 and 8q24 were associated with progression (OR 9.3 and 46, respectively; both p < 0.05). PIK3CA kinase domain mutations and the absence of copy number gains in DCIS are protective against progression to IBC. These results may guide efforts to distinguish low-risk from high-risk DCIS.
Preparation of microcrystalline cellulose from asparagus peel

Using asparagus as raw materials,microcrystalline cellulose was prepared in the best experimental conditions,determined by hydrochloric acid in different acidolysis time,acid concentration and proportion of material to acid,which took swelling as an index.And the best experimental conditions for preparation of microcrystalline cellulose provides a new way to process the asparagus.The results show that the best preparation conditions were the concentration of hydrochloric acid 4 mol/L,the proportion of material to acid 1∶5,acidolysis time 5 h,at 75 ℃.In the above conditions,the swelling of microcrystalline cellulose can be up to 6.90 mL/g,which is 2.10 mL/g more than the swelling(4.80 mL/g)of dietary fiber from the asparagus peel.
Developmental and postharvest physiological phenotypes of engineered potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown in the Columbia Basin

Abstract The Innate® potato cultivars, Glaciate, Acclimate, and Hibernate are engineered for bruise and cold sweetening resistance, low acrylamide forming potential and increased Late Blight resistance. Phenotyping trials from 2015 to 2017 characterized the in-field performance, postharvest physiology, and process quality of these cultivars in the Columbia Basin of Washington. Plant growth, tuber yields and specific gravities of Acclimate and Hibernate were comparable to their respective parental cultivars, Ranger Russet and Atlantic. Glaciate exhibited lower yield and specific gravity compared with Russet Burbank. All Innate® cultivars had lower reducing sugars at harvest than their conventional counterparts resulting in superior process fry color. Asparagine (Asn) increased many-fold during development of Russet Burbank and Atlantic tubers but remained relatively low in Innate® tubers due to silenced Asn synthetase. Tuber respiration rates during sequential periods of low temperature sweetening (LTS, 4 °C), reconditioning (16 °C), and subsequent cold storage (4 °C) were largely comparable for Acclimate versus Ranger and for Hibernate versus Atlantic. Glaciate tubers, however, maintained significantly higher respiration rates than Russet Burbank tubers. Silenced invertase conferred resistance to reducing sugar buildup at 4 °C, resulting in superior process quality of the Innate® cultivars regardless of storage temperature. However, cold storage (4 °C) induced substantial increases in Suc concentration of Innate® tubers, which was then lowered 43–73 % by reconditioning at 16 °C. Subsequent storage at 4 °C had no further effect on Suc concentrations, demonstrating the efficacy of reconditioning as a management technique to reduce and minimize Suc levels during prolonged cold storage of Innate® tubers. While heat stress exacerbated the cold-induced buildup of Suc in Innate® tubers and reducing sugars in the parental cultivars, the increases in total sugar (Suc + Glc + Fru) concentrations remained equal, indicating similar elevated levels of starch catabolism during LTS of heat-stressed tubers. However, by virtue of silenced invertase, Innate® tubers were highly tolerant of heat stress for retention of process quality.
Spatial Patterns and Processes

Dynamics in nonlinear systems can be immensely complex, as we discuss in Chapter 17. Unfortunately for simple theories, time is only one dimension relevant to physical and biological systems. At every level of biological organization, from biochemistry to ecosystems, dynamics are embedded in the three physical dimensions of space. In principle, our models should account for this fact by explicitly incorporating spatial effects in the mathematics. Naturally, we can sometimes avoid these problems by appropriately defining our objectives, but for many biological phenomena this is not an option. Examples abound: flows of chemicals (toxic, nutrients, or signals) in fluids (air or water); movements of organisms (in continuous space or among discrete patches); population growth of sessile individuals; and development of morphological structure (coat color patterns in animals, microtubules within cells).
The association between the density of vaccination workers and immunization coverage in Zhejiang province, East China

Background: We aimed to evaluate whether the density of vaccination workers was associated with the immunization coverage in Zhejiang province.Methods: The immunization coverage of measles-containi...
Recruitment and retention of bilingual graduate students in school psychology: Efforts and challenges in increasing professional diversity:

The main goal of this paper is to illustrate recruitment efforts, strategies, and challenges in the process of training bilingual school psychologists to serve diverse schools. First, we address th...
Integrative multiomics-histopathology analysis for breast cancer classification.

Histopathologic evaluation of biopsy slides is a critical step in diagnosing and subtyping breast cancers. However, the connections between histology and multi-omics status have never been systematically explored or interpreted. We developed weakly supervised deep learning models over hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained slides to examine the relations between visual morphological signal, clinical subtyping, gene expression, and mutation status in breast cancer. We first designed fully automated models for tumor detection and pathology subtype classification, with the results validated in independent cohorts (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ≥ 0.950). Using only visual information, our models achieved strong predictive performance in estrogen/progesterone/HER2 receptor status, PAM50 status, and TP53 mutation status. We demonstrated that these models learned lymphocyte-specific morphological signals to identify estrogen receptor status. Examination of the PAM50 cohort revealed a subset of PAM50 genes whose expression reflects cancer morphology. This work demonstrates the utility of deep learning-based image models in both clinical and research regimes, through its ability to uncover connections between visual morphology and genetic statuses.
Feeds and Feed Additives, Pet Foods

Studies have provided extensive information about the nutritional requirements of dogs and cats. Commercial pet food is available in canned, semimoist, and dry forms; dry food may be either pelleted or extruded. Pet food formulations contain as many as 50 nutrient (amino acids, fats, fibers, etc) and nonnutrient (antioxidants, flavor enhancers, etc) additives. The Association of American Feed Control Officials has developed nutrient profiles for dog and cat foods. Labeling regulations as well as the safety of pet food is included. Keywords: pet foods; commercial pet foods; canned foods; semimoist foods; formulation; nutritive ingredients; additives; cat specific additives; nutrient profiles; dry foods; flavors; labeling; food safety; BSE; salvage food; distressed food
Activation of p38 stress-activated protein kinase during Rickettsia rickettsii infection of human endothelial cells: role in the induction of chemokine response.

Summary Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative and obligate intracellular bacterium, preferentially infects the vascular endothelium during human infections leading to inflammation and dysfunction. The aim of this study was to determine whether R. rickettsii infection of endothelial cells (EC) activates p38 and/or c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, key regulatory proteins that control the response to inflammatory stimuli. We show that infection of cultured human EC results in the dose-dependent activation of p38, as assessed by increased phosphorylation and activity, without affecting the status of JNK. Rickettsia inactivation by heat or formaldehyde abolished the activation of p38 kinase and inhibition of cellular invasion by infection at low temperature, pre-treatment of host EC with cytochalasin D, or pre-incubation of rickettsiae with an irreversible phospholipase inhibitor led to a diminished p38 phosphorylation, suggesting requirement of invasion by viable rickettsiae for this host cell response. SB 203580, a p38-specific inhibitor, had no effect on infection-induced activation of the ubiquitous transcriptional regulator nuclear factor-kappa B, but effectively reduced the expression and secretion of important chemoattractant cytokines interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 by R. rickettsii-infected EC. Selective inhibition of p38 activity may be exploited as an anti-inflammatory target to prevent rickettsial vasculitis and to develop new and improved chemotherapeutic agents.
Axial and peripheral bone density and nutrient intakes of postmenopausal vegetarian and omnivorous women

The study investigated whether differences exist between postmenopausal Caucasian vegetarian and omnivorous women regarding trabecular and cortical bone density measured with single- and dual-photon absorptiometry. Anthropometric measurements, blood and urine samples, and food intakes of the twenty-eight matched pairs were also compared. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated no significant differences in bone measurements between vegetarians and omnivores at any sites except the skull. The vegetarians' serum globulin and total protein measured higher. Urine calcium and creatinine were similar between the groups. The vegetarians consumed greater quantities of carbohydrate, fiber, magnesium, ascorbic acid, copper, and energy as percent carbohydrate, and lower quantities of protein, niacin, alcohol, vitamin B-12, cholesterol, and energy as percent protein. Despite several differences in dietary intakes, the results indicate that neither cortical nor trabecular bone density in these postmenopausal women was affected by a lactoovovegetarian diet.
Solar robotic material sampler system for chemical, biological and physical ocean observations

Public attention is frequently directed to visible macro-system impacts of events such as oil spills resulting in oil washing into estuaries, tar balls on beaches, and oiled megafauna. However oil and other types of accidental contaminants, such as radioactive particles, can have fundamental impacts on less-visible portions of delicate chemical and biological ecosystems. What happens to the contaminants after impact events? Where and how are the contaminants dispersed in the water column and over what distance? What long-term impacts do the contaminants have on chemical and biological ecosystems? These key questions need to be addressed over large spatial dimensions and over long time frames. This paper describes the initial steps of the development of an autonomous robotic sampling platform, deployable for long-term monitoring missions and capable of collecting samples to track contaminant dispersion.
Comparative solution chemistry of the 4f and 5f elements

Abstract The chemical behaviors of the lanthanide 4f and 5f elements are compared for similarities and differences. The relative stabilities are compared for the II, III, and IV oxidation states and are discussed in terms of the differences in the relative energies of the n f, ( n + 1)d and ( n + 2)p orbitals ( n = 4 and 5). Comparisons of the degree of inner sphere hydration and the thermodynamics of hydration as well as the rates of solvolysis and preferential solvation in mixed solvents are discussed. The thermodynamics of complexation of both families are compared and interpreted. A principal focus is the interpretation of such data in terms of relative degrees of covalency in the two families. The validity of the use of appropriate 4f elements as chemical analogs of the 5f elements is reviewed.
Effects of hypothyroidism on the enzymes for biogenic amines in the developing rat brain.

Summary The effects of neonatal radiothyroidectomy on the development of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), DOPA-decarboxylase (DOPAdC), 5-hydroxytryptophan-decarboxylase (5-HTPdC), catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in cerebral hemispheres (CH) and brainstem (BS) of rats have been studied in homogenates and subcellular fractions at two critical developmental stages. At 13 days of age, DOPAdC, 5-HTPdC, COMT and MAO activities were decreased in the CH of hypothyroid animals whereas TH activity tended to be increased. These changes were particularly evident in the subcellular compartments displaying the highest relative specific activity (RSA) of the individual enzymes. Less severe changes were observed in 32 day old rats perhaps because the brain had adapted to the hormonal deficiency. The RSA of the various enzymes was little affected by hypothyroidism and age. The preponderance of the synthesis over catabolism, as reflected by increased TH and decreased MAO and COMT activities, suggests an enzymatic compensatory response to hypothyroidism to normalize the levels of catecholamines, and probably serotonin, available to the brain.
“Waiting for Godot”? Contemporaneity, Feminism, Creativity

This article speaks to contemporary women and men, who both suffer from gender issues such as disconnection, separation, oppression and who forever wait for a so-called “tomorrow.” Through comparing process thought and Chinese philosophy, my study analyzes how process feminism synthesizes our demands for inter-connection and how it alerts our narrow desires in seeking “a way out.” I further challenge a fundamental weakness in this genre of Whitehead's organic multiplicity by contributing “creative harmony” of yin 陰 and yang 陽 in the Yijing《易經》cosmology. This contribution offers process feminism a humanistic “creative creativity,” which avoids the oversight in Whiteheadian philosophy of organism and therefore prospects that the mutual connectivity in Chinese cosmology is “a way through” the actual practicability of both men and women, who share a common goal.
Some criteria for uniform asymptotic equivalence of real probability distributions

Some criteria are given for type (B) d or uniform asymptotic equivalence of real probability distributions in terms of characteristic functions and of probability density functions. This work is a contribution to the asymptotic equivalence theory which has been developed by the present author [1], [2].
Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: Somatic Mutations in Vascular Endothelial Cells

Objective Germline mutations in 3 genes have been found in familial cases of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). We previously discovered somatic and germline truncating mutations in the KRIT1 gene, supporting the "2-hit" mechanism of CCM lesion formation in a single lesion. The purpose of this study was to screen for somatic, nonheritable mutations in 3 more lesions from different patients and identify the cell type(s) in which somatic mutations occur. Methods Somatic mutations were sought in DNA from 3 surgically excised, fresh-frozen CCM lesions by cloning and screening polymerase chain reaction products generated from KRIT1 or PDCD10 coding regions. Laser capture microdissection was used on isolated endothelial and nonendothelial cells to determine whether somatic mutations were found in endothelial cells. Results CCM lesions harbor somatic and germline KRIT1 mutations on different chromosomes and are therefore biallelic. Both mutations are predicted to truncate the protein. The KRIT1 somatic mutations (novel c.1800delG mutation and previously identified 34 nucleotide deletion) in CCMs from 2 different patients were found only in the vascular endothelial cells lining caverns. No obvious somatic mutations were identified in the 2 other lesions; however, the results were inconclusive, possibly owing to the technical limitations or the fact that these specimens had a small proportion of vascular endothelial cells lining pristine caverns. Conclusion The "2-hit" mechanism occurs in vascular endothelial cells lining CCM caverns from 2 patients with somatic and Hispanic-American KRIT1 germline mutations. Methods for somatic mutation detection should focus on vascular endothelial cells lining pristine caverns.
Sex differences in juvenile mouse social behavior are influenced by sex chromosomes and social context

Play behavior in juvenile primates, rats and other species is sexually dimorphic, with males showing more play than females. In mice, sex differences in juvenile play have only been examined in out-bred CD-1 mice. In this strain, contrary to other animals, male mice display less play soliciting than females. Using an established same-sex dyadic interaction test, we examined play in in-bred C57BL/6J (B6) 21-day-old mice. When paired with non-siblings, males tended to be more social than females, spending more time exploring the test cage. Females displayed significantly more anogenital sniffing and solicited play more frequently than did males. To determine if the origin of the sex difference was sex chromosome genes or gonadal sex, next we used the four core genotype mouse. We found significant interactions between gonadal sex and genotype for several behaviors. Finally, we asked if sibling pairs (as compared to non-siblings) would display qualitatively or quantitatively different behavior. In fact, XX females paired with a sibling were more social and less exploratory or investigative, whereas XY males exhibited less investigative and play soliciting behaviors in tests with siblings. Many neurobehavioral disorders, like autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are sexually dimorphic in incidence and patients interact less than normal with other children. Our results suggest that sex chromosome genes interact with gonadal hormones to shape the development of juvenile social behavior, and that social context can drastically alter sex differences. These data may have relevance for understanding the etiology of sexually dimorphic disorders such as ASD.
Ethmozine: Electrophysiology, hemodynamics, and antiarrhythmic efficacy in patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias

Abstract Thirteen patients with drug-resistant, life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) at electrophysiologic study received moricizine HC1 (ethmozine), 10 mg/kg/day orally. Eight patients underwent electrophysiologic study before and after drug administration; the arrhythmia became noninducible in one. In five other patients, spontaneous sustained VT occurred after 1 to 5 days of drug therapy, and one patient had a worsening of arrhythmias on ethmozine. Ethmozine prolonged infranodal conduction time (HV interval) (51.4 ± 13.8 msec to 69.3 ± 17.7 msec [mean ± SD]), PR interval (201 ± 28.1 msec to 244 ± 62.2 msec), and QRS interval (123 ± 27 msec to 147 ± 32 msec). Ventricular refractory periods were not consistently affected, and only the one patient who became noninducible had an increase in effective ventricular refractory period (280 to 310 msec). The drug had no significant effect on sinus cycle length or sinus node recovery time, atrial conduction or refractoriness, or atrioventricular nodal refractoriness. Ethmozine had no effect on radionuclide ejection fraction (25.5 ± 12.7% to 28.2 ± 13.8%) or cardiac index (2.4 ± 0.7 to 3.0 ± 0.6 ml/min/m2) and caused no significant changes in mean aortic, right atrial, pulmonary arterial, or pulmonary capillary wedge pressures. Although the drug is well tolerated and produces no untoward hemodynamic effects, ethmozine is relatively ineffective in patients with sustained VT refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic agents.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NATURAL DISTRIBUTION OF EVERGREEN AND DECIDUOUS ERICACEOUS SHRUBS ON NORTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST SLOPES OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS. I. IRRADIANCE TOLERANCE

Deciduous and evergreen species are segregated on northeast and southwest slopes of the southern Appalachian Mountains. The segregated distributions of three ericaceous shrubs (Rhododendron maximum valley positions; Rhododendron periclymenoides on northeast slopes; Kalmia latifolia on southwest slopes) were compared to the respective irradiance environments. Growth patterns of field plants, and photosynthetic acclimation of each species to three irradiance treatments in a phytotron were studied. Rhododendron maximum, an evergreen species, was found to be most sensitive to high radiation. In phytotron experiments, quantum yield, light saturated photosynthetic capacity, photosynthesis per chlorophyll, and water use efficiency decreased at high ambient irradiance for R. maximum. These characteristics limit the growth of R. maximum on high irradiance southwestern slopes. Both K latifolia and R. periclymenoides were able to improve their photosynthetic performance at high ambient irradiance. Rhododendron periclymenoides, a deciduous species, was found to continue increasing leaf conductance at high irradiance without an increase in photosynthesis indicating a possible limitation by water in high light environments such as southwest slopes. Kalmia latifolia, an evergreen species, had reduced photosynthetic capacity and reduced water use efficiency when grown in low irradiance conditions which coincides with the higher K latifolia abundance on high light, southwestern slopes.
Dietary Arginine Requirements for Growth Are Dependent on the Rate of Citrulline Production in Mice

Here, we attempt to quantify the contribution of endogenous and dietary arginine to protein deposition and growth of BL6 mice. Contribution of endogenous arginine. The measured production of citrulline in ICR and BL6 mice was 124 and 98 μmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ h−1, respectively. If BL6 mice were able to sustain the same level of citrulline production as their ICR counterparts, it would amount to an extra 624-μmol citrulline ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ d−1 (26 μmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ h−1 × 24 h/d). Because the only known fate for citrulline is its conversion into arginine, we expect this difference to correspond to an endogenous production of 109-mg arginine ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ d−1 (624 μmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ d−1 × 174 mg/mmol). Therefore, for a 17-g mouse, this represents ∼1.9-mg arginine/d. The arginine concentration of protein is 4.4-g arginine/100-g protein (1), and thus, 1.9-mg arginine/d if used for protein synthesis represents 42-mg protein/d. Finally, protein is ∼19% of weight gain (2), and thus, it translates into 0.22-g weight gain/d. Contribution of dietary arginine. The calculated arginine requirement (2.3-g arginine/kg diet) at the observed feed intake (2.2 g/d) provides 5.1-mg arginine/d. Arginine undergoes a high first pass extraction [75% (3)], which reduces the amount of arginine available to the peripheral tissues (1.3-mg arginine/d). Performing similar calculations as above, this represent a 0.15-g weight gain/d. Although the implicit assumption of 100% efficiency in the use of arginine for protein synthesis is unlikely, a very high efficiency in the present scenarios (in which arginine is limiting) is reasonable. The first pass extraction rate used for these calculations was determined in mice fed an arginine-sufficient diet, and it is likely that in conditions of arginine deficiency the actual value is lower. This also assumes that first pass extraction implies a loss of arginine and ignores the use of arginine for protein synthesis (and other functions). Thus, the 0.15-g weight gain/d calculated is likely to be an underestimation. However, both calculations (contribution of endogenous and dietary arginine) give similar values that are remarkably close to the reduction in weight gain observed in the mice fed the arginine-free diet (0.21 g/d).
Rater effects: Ego engagement in rater decision-making

Abstract The decision-making behaviors of 8 raters when scoring 39 persuasive and 39 narrative essays written by second language learners were examined, first using Rasch analysis and then, through think aloud protocols. Results based on Rasch analysis and think aloud protocols recorded by raters as they were scoring holistically and analytically suggested that rater background may have contributed to rater expectations that might explain individual differences in the application of the performance criteria of the rubrics when rating essays. The results further suggested that rater ego engagement with the text and/or author may have helped mitigate rater severity and that self-monitoring behaviors by raters may have had a similar mitigating effect.
Dios ayuda a aquellos que se ayudan a sí mismos: la negociación de un milagro en la canonización de Delphine de Puimichel (siglo XIV)

While we know that medieval sufferers had health care options and knowledge about how to pursue those options, such “bottom up” evidence is rare. Using witness testimony from the canonization inquest for Countess Delphine de Puimichel, this essay explores how people negotiated for miraculous cures with a holy woman reluctant to heal. Testimonies reveal how witnesses used lack of access to medical care, unsuccessful medical care, immediate danger, and long-term suffering to get access to Countess Delphine’s healing touch or her relics.
Read-thrice DNF is hard to learn with membership and equivalence queries

A general technique is developed to obtain nonlearnability results in the model of exact learning from equivalence and membership queries. The technique is applied to show that, assuming NP not=co-NP, there does not exist a polynomial-time membership and equivalence query algorithm for exactly learning read-thrice DNF formulas-boolean formulas in disjunctive normal form where each variable appears at most three times. This result adds evidence to the conjecture that DNF is hard to learn in the membership and equivalence query model. >
Fast computation of optimal paths using a parallel Dijkstra algorithm with embedded constraints

Abstract We have developed a new optimal path algorithm in which the paths are subjected to turning constraints. The restriction which we have incorporated is the next link in the path must not make an angle exceeding 45 ° in magnitude with the preceeding link. This algorithm has a natural implementation as an artificial neural system with either synchronous or asynchronous weight updating, and as an automata executing on a massively parallel array processor. At a given step in the path solution process our path planning artificial neural system keeps track of all constrained optimal paths flowing into the nodes of the network. This new algorithm has applications to any path planning problem where the vehicle traveling the path is subject to a limited turning capability. The ability of the network to solve for constrained paths is illustrated with both a graph theoretic example and a scenario involving an unmanned vehicle that must travel a constrained path through a real terrain area containing artificially generated keep out zones.
Generation of singlet delta oxygen: a technology overview

The rate of generation of O 2 ( 1 (Delta) g ) using the chlorine-basic hydrogen peroxide reaction is a key element to predict the performance of the chemical oxygen iodine laser. O 2 ( 1 (Delta) g ) carries the energy in the laser, thus is one of the prime determinants of power in the flow. To predict the performance of O 2 ( 1 (Delta) g ) generators requires the prediction of the utilization of chlorine, the yield of excited oxygen, and the concentration of potential contaminants in the chemical exhaust of the generator. In essence, this is a standard problem in two phase flow. This paper is in the spirit of a review and describes the author's approach to the analysis to O 2 ( 1 (Delta) g ) generators.
Geometrical factors in conductance through molecular films.

: We have studied the conductance of molecular films as a function of orientation of the molecules in the film with respect to electrodes. Depending on the angle between the axis of the molecules and the normal to the electrode, the conductance may change by more than an order of magnitude. This is a consequence of the strong directional character of p orbitals that determine the conductance through the conjugated molecules. We illustrate this general result on an exactly solvable model and also present the calculations for two different experimentally studied molecular films sandwiched between gold electrodes.
Cycloaddition and Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of the Monomeric Titanocene Sulfido Complex (η5-C5Me5)2(C5H5N)TiS

The titanocene sulfido complex Cp*2(py)TiS (1, py = pyridine) reacts reversibly with terminal alkynes to give the thiametallacyclobutenes Cp*2Ti(SC(R)CH) (R = H (2), Ph (3), Tol (4), TMS (5)). Comp...
Modeling an interferometer for non-null testing of aspheres

Aspheric surface testing would be greatly facilitated if the requirement for a null condition were removed. Testing an optic in a non-null configuration introduces aberrations into the wavefront. The wavefront measured at the sensor is different from the wavefront initially produced by the test surface, and the interferometer must be calibrated if useful measurements of aspheres are to be made. One potential calibration technique is reverse optimization, where a lens design program is used to retrieve the prescription of the interferometer. Various problems in modeling an interferometer, and potential solutions, are discussed. A defocused sphere was used to generate a non-null wavefront with 100(lambda) of departure at the surface. The reverse optimization results matched the experimental data to better than (lambda) /4 PV.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cloning, expression and functional role of a nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor in the porcine gastrointestinal tract

Abstract The heptadecapeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ is the cognate ligand for the opioid receptor-like orphanin FQ (OFQ) receptor, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. The gastrointestinal tract is a major site of opioid action, and preliminary evidence suggests that an OFQ receptor may be expressed in rat small intestine. We addressed the hypothesis that this receptor is expressed in the gastrointestinal tract of the pig, a model for the human digestive system. A 1205-bp cDNA was isolated from porcine forebrain which contained the 370 amino acid open reading frame encoding the OFQ receptor. The receptor mRNA is likely to arise from a single gene, as determined by Southern blotting of porcine genomic DNA restriction digests using a porcine OFQ receptor cDNA probe. A semi-nested reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction survey of receptor mRNA indicates that it is expressed in the porcine cerebral cortex and kidney, and along the length of the gastrointestinal tract. OFQ decreased initial contractile responses of porcine ileal smooth muscle strips to trains of electrical field stimulation with an IC 50 value of 1.3 nM; its effects were resistant to the opioid antagonist, naloxone. The peptide, at concentrations≥3 nM, also attenuated I sc elevations evoked by electrical transmural stimulation of mucosa–submucosa sheets from porcine ileum. The actions of OFQ appeared to differ from those previously reported for opioid receptor agonists in these tissue preparations. These results indicate that an OFQ receptor is expressed in the porcine intestine which modulates the neural control of intestinal smooth muscle contractility and mucosal transport.
Heat Transfer and Forces for Free-Molecule Flow on a Concave Cylindrical Surface

Heat transfer rate, adiabatic wall temperature and forces exerted for free molecule flow on concave cylindrical surface
To study physical compatibility between dibasic calcium phosphate and cohesive actives using powder rheometer and thermal methods

AbstractAim: An attempt is made to provide better understanding of the compatibility aspect of excipients with different properties of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) using various rheological, thermal and morphological studies conducted on binary mixtures of Dibasic Calcium Phosphate anhydrous (DCP-A) and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate dihydrate (DCP-D) forms with cohesive API’s (Acetaminophen and Aspirin).Method: Binary mixtures of DCP’s were prepared by addition of 0% w/w to 50% w/w of the API in each powder blend. Powder rheological analysis were conducted using FT4 powder rheometer, rotational shear cell and empirical approaches such as angle of repose (AOR), Hausner ratio (HR) and Carr’s index (CI). Thermal analysis was conducted using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal effusivity. Morphological studies were conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to determine the fundamental differences between powder materials.Result/Conclusions: Powder rheometer showed distinctive un...
Two-dimensional DNA electrophoresis applied to the study of DNA methylation and the analysis of genome size in Myxococcus xanthus.

Abstract Methylation changes in the DNA of Myxococcus xanthus were studied using a twodimensional DNA electrophoresis technique in which one-dimensional polyacrylamide separations of HpaII digests of DNA extracted from different stages of development were re-digested in situ with MspI and then run in a second dimension. Specific methylation events were seen to be associated with the slowing down of cell growth as vegetative cells entered stationary phase, and also as cells on starvation agar progressed through developmental stages. Two-dimensional agarose electrophoresis was employed to obtain an unambiguous estimate of the genome size of this organism, approximately 5690 × 103 base-pairs (±9%). Using the same method, the Escherichia coli genome was measured to be 3520 × 103 base-pairs (±7%).
The effect of red light on backward masking in individuals with psychometrically defined schizotypy

Introduction. Previous research has suggested that individuals with schizophrenia and their relatives show a change in backward masking performance with a red background that is in the opposite qualitative direction as that found in nonpsychiatric controls. The present study examines this effect in individuals with psychometrically defined schizotypy to explore the potential of this effect to be a useful new qualitative endophenotype for schizophrenia-spectrum traits. Methods. The Abbreviated Youth Psychosis At-Risk Questionnaire was used to screen a large number of undergraduates for schizotypy symptoms. A sample of 23 participants scoring high on this measure were compared to a sample of 26 controls on a location backward masking task that was presented on both red and green backgrounds. Results. Consistent with findings in patients with schizophrenia, the participants reporting a high number of schizotypy features showed a decrease in performance to the red (compared to green) background and the contro...
Analysis of IgA1 N-glycosylation and its contribution to FcαRI binding

The IgA isotype of human antibodies triggers inflammatory responses via the IgA-specific receptor FcαRI (CD89). Structural studies have suggested that IgA1 N-glycans could modulate the interaction with FcαRI. We have carried out detailed biophysical analyses of three IgA1 samples purified from human serum and recombinant IgA1-Fc and compared their binding to FcαRI. Analytical ultracentrifugation revealed wide variation in the distribution of polymeric species between IgA1 samples, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry showed overlapping but distinct populations of N-glycan species between IgA1 samples. Kinetic and equilibrium data from surface plasmon resonance experiments revealed that variation in the IgA1 CH2 N-glycans had no effect on the kinetics or affinity constants for binding to FcαRI. Indeed, complete enzymatic removal of the IgA1 N-glycans yielded superimposable binding curves. These findings have implications for renal diseases such as IgA nephropathy.
Effects of Ε11-Testolactone on the Pituitary-Testicular Axis In Oligospermic Men

Ten men with idiopathic oligospermia were treated with E1testolactone (Teslac), a potent inhibitor of conversion of androgens to estrogens. Teslac therapy caused a fall i n serum estradiol and estrone levels of 34%(P < 0.01) and 41% (P< 0.01), respectively, and a rise in serum testosterone and androstenedione of 47% (p < 0.02) and 70%(P < 0.01), respectively. The testosterone:estradiol ratio increased by 126% (23.5 ± 2.5 × HT(1) to 45.2 ± 5.0 × 10-1; P < 0.01) and the androstene-dione:estrone ratio increased 231% (4.7 ± 0.6 × 10-1 to 12.9 ± 2.0 × 10-1; P< 0.01). Basal and LRH-stimulated serum gonadotro-pin levels were unaffected by these changes. Sperm density rose from 10.8 ± 2.5 to 19.8 ± 4.7 × 107ml (P < 0.01) and total sperm count from 26.8 ± 6.5 to 60.6 ± 14.3 × 106 (P < 0.001). There was no significant change in motility or semen volume. Three of the wives became pregnant. There were no adverse effects of Teslac administration. These data suggest that Teslac may be an effective treatment for men wit...
Laser Raman Investigation of Solid State Rearrangement of bis(O-lodobenzoyl) peroxide into 1-(2'-Iodobenzoyloxy)-1, 2-benziodoxolin-3-one

Abstract In solid state, the thermal rearrangement of bis(O-iodobenzoyl) peroxide which yields 1-(2'-iodobenzoyloxy)-1,2-benziodoxolin-3-one,is investigated by laser Raman spectroscopy. The intramolecular vibration spectra are used to characterize this chemical rearrangement. The phonon spectra obtained as a function of the rearrangement progress show that, in spite of the reported topotactic nature of the reaction, it proceeds by a heterogeneous mechanism. A temperature dependence study of the phonon spectra reveal no mode-softening for any optical phonons. Therefore, no evidence has been found for this reaction to be phonon-assisted.
Small volume albumin administration protects against hemorrhagic shock-induced bone marrow dysfunction.

Background: Unexpected immuno-modulatory effects of colloids and crystalloids prompted an investigation of albumin's ability to prevent bone marrow (BM) suppression following trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS: laparotomy + MAP 30 for 90 mins). Methods: In vitro: Normal rat BM was plated for granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and erythrocyte colony forming units (BFU-E) with 2% v/v plasma from sham (T/SS) or T/HS rats and albumin (2-8 mg/mL). In vivo: Male rats (n = 4/group) were subjected to T/SS or T/HS and resuscitated with shed blood and twice the volume as Lactated Ringer's (LR) or blood and 1, 2, or 3 mL of albumin (50 mg/mL). Bone marrow harvested 3 hours post-resuscitation was plated for CFU-GM and BFU-E. Results: In vitro: T/HS plasma decreased both CFU-GM and BFU-E growth as compared with T/SS, whereas increasing doses of albumin showed dose-dependent improvement in progenitor growth (p < 0.05). In vivo: The suppression of BM red and white cell progenitor growth seen in T/HS+LR rats as compared with T/SS was fully prevented by as little as 1 mL of albumin (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Small doses of albumin fully restore CFU-GM and BFU-E to sham values. We postulate that the binding of circulating toxic factors by albumin may play a role in this prevention of T/HS-induced BM suppression.
A reply to lormand

I am indebted to Lormand (this issue) for his gracious and valuable commentary.He objects that my arguments against competing theories of consciousness hinge onassumptions that are independent of the empirical considerations I bring to bear indefending the AIR theory. In response, I will surely disappoint, for I think that thischarge is largely well founded. The arguments against competing theories are bestregarded, not as demonstrative empirical refutations, but as illustrations of the waya fully speciﬁed AIR account might come into conﬂict with views that are under morewidespread consideration. There are several points in his discussion where Lormandinsulates other views by challenging the evidence I give for central tenets of the AIRtheory. These challenges are welcome, and I will indicate how they might be met.1. The Smear CampaignAs Lormand sees it, the central point of contention between the AIR theory andDennett’s multiple drafts account concerns the claim that consciousness is restrictedto the intermediate level of experience. That claim is, he argues, insufﬁciently sup-ported because the presented evidence does not rule out the possibility that low-levelstates partially constitute experience. In particular, experience could be ‘‘smeared’’across low and intermediate levels of processing. When experience is retained afterdestruction of the low level, and when the low level leaves out features present inexperience, the intermediate level may simply take up the slack.This is not an unreasonable hypothesis, but evidence seems to weigh against it.The problem with the low level is not simply that it omits features found in experience(such as illusory contours); it also registers features not found in experience. Theprimary example, emphasized by Crick and Koch (1995), is color constancy. Low-level cells that are responsive to color fail to make adjustments based on anything butvery local contrasts. We often experience colors that have the same local reﬂectanceproperties as radically different due to information in the surround. The differenceis a conscious difference. Low-level color cells treat such color patches as alike,which is at odds with phenomenology. Such reasoning echoes Lormand’s strategyin arguing against consciousness of retinal states. Further evidence against the lowlevel comes from some neuroimaging studies. For example, an fMRI study identiﬁes
Information Needs of Illiterate Female Farmers in Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State

Purpose – This study aimed to find out the information needs of illiterate female farmers in Ethiope East local government area of Delta State, Nigeria. Agriculture is the mainstay of people in the rural areas, and is mostly for subsistence living. To bring about improvement in practice requires finding out: at what stages of farming illiterate female farmers need agricultural information; through which channels they receive agricultural information; the problems they encounter when they need information; and how the problem can be solve.Design/methodology/approach – The study sample consisted of 200 illiterate female farmers. Data was collected via structured questionnaire, which was read and translated to the illiterate female farmers in their local dialect, Urhobo.Findings – Analysis of the data revealed that the illiterate female farmers do not have access to information because the agricultural extension services unit fails to visit them and provide the required agricultural information. Cassava is t...
A dynamic optimization method for a smart grid

The power systems of the future - smart grid - will see an increase in both renewable energy sources and load demand increasing the need for fast dynamic reconfiguration of system parameters. Advanced simulation capabilities are needed to support future planning and to implement real-time dynamic optimization. To achieve this, intelligent algorithms are needed for prediction and system monitoring along with advanced hardware to provide speed. FASTSIM capabilities allows for fast prediction of how a proposed reconfiguration will affect the system permitting implementation of radical reconfigurations without fear of disturbing vital system settings since the proposed solution will be checked before being implemented. Power systems will need to be continuously monitored for power losses and system contingencies. A combination of system states prediction, dynamic load flow, system optimization, and solution stability checking will allow for a more reliable, affordable and clean power grid. This paper presents a dynamic optimization method based on adaptive critic designs for the smart grid environment.