cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Uniform Code of Military Justice Reform

How might military leaders better shepherd Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) reform? In response to the military’s sexual misconduct crisis, Congress made major reforms to the UCMJ in 2014 for the first time in forty-five years. Many members of Congress are calling for more. Military leaders, however, did not initiate any of these major reforms and are vehemently opposed to any further change. This divergence indicates that military leaders failed in their ethical duty as members of the profession of arms to guide the UCMJ through an ever-changing environment. This thesis is designed to help military leaders better perform this duty. Based upon an in-depth analysis of legislative history, media reports, and scholarship, it first sets forth a six-variable framework to explain when Congress will take unsolicited action to correct a problem with the UCMJ. It then shows that military leaders can use four easily accessible early indicators to diagnose problems years before Congress takes action. Finally, it incorporates both the framework and the four indicators into a revolutionary four-step approach to UCMJ reform designed to help military leaders guide the UCMJ through ever-changing times.
Trends in use of ovarian suppression (OS) for premenopausal patients with early-stage hormone positive breast cancer and Intermediate Risk (IR) Oncotype Recurrence Scores (RS) from 2006-2020: A retrospective database analysis.

e12522Background: Oncotype RS is a 21-gene assay used to predict the risk of recurrence and benefit from chemotherapy in early-stage, hormone positive (HR+), node-negative breast cancer (BC). The T...
Large deviation principles for a 2D stochastic Allen–Cahn–Navier–Stokes driven by jump noise

In this paper, we derive a large deviation principle for a stochastic 2D Allen–Cahn–Navier–Stokes system with a multiplicative noise of Levy type. The model consists of the Navier–Stokes equations ...
Data Interaction Method of Virtual Power Plant Participating in Spot Market for Massive Load

Virtual power plant can integrate all kinds of distributed generation, controllable load and energy storage devices, participate in the operation and dispatching of power grid, and bring value and benefit to both power grid and users. However, most of the load side resources have small capacity, wide distribution, independent control rights, and the cost of directly establishing physical control platform and communication network is high, which is not suitable for large-scale application. Based on the thinking of ‘mobile Internet business platform’, a construction method of virtual power plant technical support system suitable for massive load side resources is proposed in this paper, the overall architecture of virtual power plant technical support system is designed based on server client, and the functional deployment architecture of server, virtual power plant client and controllable resource client is proposed, The physical deployment architecture and its security protection scheme considering the security protection requirements of power grid are proposed. The key business processes and data interaction methods of virtual power plants participating in the spot market are designed from four aspects of access stage, planning stage, operation stage and settlement stage. It provides a feasible technical solution for massive load side resources to participate in the spot market in the form of virtual power plants, which is conducive to enriching the power grid regulation means and realizing the multi win of controllable resource users, virtual power plant users and power grid companies.
Enhancing Curriculum through Service Learning in the Social Determinants of Health Course.

Service learning bridges classroom learning and community volunteerism and is anchored in the curriculum, classroom discussion, and community. We incorporated service learning projects (SLP) into three Social Determinants of Health courses (2008-2010) to promote: experiential learning; undergraduate scholarship; faculty career development through the scholarship of teaching and learning; and collaborative university-community research to reduce social inequalities in health. We examined whether SLP facilitated student learning of course concepts. We used mixed methods analyzing students’ (n=25) pre-/post-test surveys, research papers, and site supervisors’ (n=17) interviews. Despite positive survey ratings, results showed decreased student agreement about SLP facilitating student learning. Content analysis revealed specific student themes: finding SLP rewarding for future public health careers; aligning student interests with community-based organizations (CBOs)’ goals; and valuing interactive experiences with CBOs’ clients. Students gained beneficial career development skills with CBOs but needed better preparation for their SLP by increased discussion of their and CBOs’ expectations.
Convergence Acceleration for Some Rootfinding Methods

Convergence Acceleration for Some Rootfinding Methods. We present simple, efficient extrapolation formulas to accelerate the convergence of super-linearly convergent sequences. Applications are given for some rootfinding methods such as Newton’s method and the secant method. Numerical examples are given showing the effectiveness of the extrapolation formulas.
NUTRITIONAL STRESS DURING EARLY SECONDARY OOCYTE GROWTH INDUCES FOLLICULAR ATRESIA AND CHANGES IN OVARIAN GENE EXPRESSION IN COHO SALMON

Background: Environmental stressors (e.g., reduced food availability, endocrine disrupting chemicals) are known to disrupt endocrine function in fishes, potentially delaying the age of puberty and affecting gamete quality. Recent experiments in our lab have revealed that prolonged fasting of previtellogenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch ) impairs endocrine function and increases follicular atresia [1]. However, little is known about the molecular processes in the ovary that either regulate atresia or are consequences of atresia. We hypothesized that a nutritional stress that perturbs normal ovarian growth and induces follicular atresia would alter the pattern of gene expression in the gonads. Indeed, in a recent fasting experiment we found that expression of some steroidogenesis-related genes (e.g., steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ) decreased in fasted salmon, while expression of apoptosis-related genes (e.g., caspase 3 , caspase 8 and fas-associated death domain ) were elevated in fasted fish relative to fed fish [1]. The primary aim of this study was to identify additional gene transcripts that are up- or downregulated in the previtellogenic salmon ovary when ovarian growth is impaired by prolonged fasting. A second goal of the study was to identify candidate genes that might serve as molecular markers of the initiation of atresia. Methods:
Periodic control of the individual-blade-control helicopter rotor

Results of an investigation into methods of controller design for an individual helicopter rotor blade in the high forward-flight speed regime are described. This operating condition poses a unique control problem in that the perturbation equations of motion are linear with coefficients that vary periodically with time. The design of a control law was based on extensions to modern multivariate synthesis techniques and incorporated a novel approach to the reconstruction of the missing system state variables. The controller was tested on both an electronic analog computer simulation of the out-of-plane flapping dynamics, and on a four foot diameter single-bladed model helicopter rotor in the M.I.T. 5x7 subsonic wind tunnel at high levels of advance ratio. It is shown that modal control using the IBC concept is possible over a large range of advance ratios with only a modest amount of computational power required.
Does Listening to Music During Office-Based Flexible Cystoscopy Decrease Anxiety in Patients: A Prospective Randomized Trial.

Abstract Purpose: To validate the effect of listening to music on perceived anxiety and pain during office-based flexible cystoscopy using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), in a well-matched North American veteran patient population in a prospective, randomized fashion. Patients and Methods: A total of 137 veteran patients receiving routine urologic care in a North American Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system were recruited over a 2-year period (June 2011 to June 2013). All patients were prospectively randomized to undergo office-based flexible cystoscopy with or without music. The music group consisted of 73 patients who listened to the same excerpt of classical music at the time of flexible cystoscopy; the nonmusic group consisted of 64 patients. Results: The median postprocedural STAI anxiety scores between the music and nonmusic groups were statistically significantly different: 30 (range 23–39) and 35 (range 28–49), respectively (P=0.0017). The median pos...
Biosynthesis of Defensins and Other Antimicrobial Peptides

Defensins are small (about 30 amino acid residues) cationic antimicrobial peptides with a conserved framework of six disulphide-linked cysteines. Human defensin HNP-1 and the closely related HNP-3 are amphiphilic dimers that act in part by permeabilizing cell membranes. Defensin mRNAs, abundant in neutrophilic promyelocytes, certain non-human macrophages and Paneth cells, encode 94-100 amino acid prepropeptides. PreproHNP-1 is post-translationally processed to inactive proHNP-1 then to mature HNP-1 stored in granules. Bactenecin Bac-5 and perhaps other related neutrophil peptides are also synthesized as prepropeptides but are stored in granules as inactive propeptides. Their conserved cathelin-like propiece inhibits the cysteine protease, cathepsin L, and is removed only during granule release. Charge neutralization of mature peptide by the propiece is seen in both probactenecins and prodefensins. In contrast the propiece of cecropins is very short and proceropins are microbicidal. The pathways that convert myeloid preprodefensins to defensins are specific to myeloid cells but the signal for targeting to granules also functions in non-myeloid granulated cells. The truncation of the anionic propiece by deletion mutagenesis dramatically reduces defensin synthesis, suggesting that the propiece may assist in peptide stabilization, folding or subcellular transport. Despite some similarities in the mechanism of action of the various families of antimicrobial peptides, their precursors differ greatly, presumably owing to differing functions of the propieces.
Structure-Property Correlations for TiB2-Based Ceramics Densified using Active Liquid Metals

The compound TiB2 has numerous exceptional properties including high hardness, high melting temperature, high electrical conductivity, and nonreactivity with various liquid metals. These make it an attractive candidate for technological applications, such as cutting tools, valve trim for erosive environments, and cathodes in Hall-Heroult cells for aluminum smelting. In general, such applications require fabrication of TiB2 into various shapes, and the latter requirement dictates the production of high-density polycrystalline ceramic bodies. The preparation and characterization of TiB2-based materials have already been the subject of numerous previous works, exemplified by the references (1–9). These include data on the phase equilibria in TiB2 containing systems,1,3,9 the wettability of TiB2 by various metals,1,3,4 and the results of property determinations on TiB2-based specimens.
NAPA : Nearest Available Parking lot Application

With the advances in wireless communications and mobile device technologies, location-based applications or services will become an essential part of future applications. We have developed a location-based application called NAPA (Nearest Available Parking lot Application) that assists users to find the nearest parking space on campus. NAPA is an example of an application which combines a number of new features, such as location-based, wireless communication and a directory service like LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol).
Enabling technologies for telepresence

Due to the expense of doing business in the present marketplace, telemedicine will not be competitive even in the managed care environment unless it is multifunctional. The Mayo system has demonstrated since its inception that a network of communication services, although dedicated to telemedicine, finds multiple uses in an environment large enough to find applications to meet needs. A variety of management strategies were undertaken to utilize the system most efficiently. Given the great demands upon the utility for direct medical care, education, and administration, an operational structure based on clearly defined guidelines was established to allocate resources fairly, Clinicians are reliant on a sound technical system and cannot practice telemedicine in a vacuum. It is the cross functional nature of the practice and the interdependence on technology and support staff which allows for a telepresence. Telemedicine is not a medical specialty, it is both a method to access health services and a means to deliver medical care.
Glomus‐like bodies within a neurofibroma: a novel neoplasm arising in neurofibromatosis type 1 or a coincidence?

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a relatively common genetic disorder with variable phenotypes. Tumors with features of both glomus tumors and neurofibromas are exceedingly rare in literature. Herein, we report a not yet described neoplasm with features of both a glomangioma/glomus tumor and a neurofibroma arising in a patient with segmental neurofibromatosis. Our case report supports the theory of a common lineage/ancestor cell between neurofibromas and glomus tumors and adds it to the spectrum of neoplasms that may arise in the setting of Von Recklinghausen's disease.
Panel summary on the ultimate FEL bandwidth

Abstract Ten researchers present results of recent work in the area of the ultimate linewidth in the free electron laser (FEL). Experimental observations of fractional linewidth of 2 × 10 −7 and 3 × 10 −6 are reported, and new theoretical progress is made in the understanding of the UCSB linewidth.
Granulicatella adiacens bacteremia in an elderly trauma patient.

Abstract Background: Granulicatella adiacens is a normal commensal of human mucosal surfaces, inhabiting the oral cavity and urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts and only rarely causing disease. These gram-positive cocci can be difficult to identify. Case report: We report a first case of bacteremia caused by Granulicatella adiacens in an elderly female trauma victim. The infection was diagnosed accurately, and the patient was treated successfully. Conclusion: Granulicatella adiacens may be a more important pathogen than thus far recognized because of a lack of adequate diagnostic resources. Standards for sensitivity testing are needed urgently.
Marginal cardiac allografts do not have increased primary graft dysfunction in alternate list transplantation.

Background— Clinical success with modern heart transplantation (HT) has led to the development of an alternate list (AL) HT strategy, matching marginal cardiac allografts with recipients who do not meet standard criteria for HT. Marginal allografts may be at an increased risk for primary graft dysfunction (PGD), the leading cause of early mortality after HT.[1][1] The incidence of PGD in AL HT relative to standard list (SL) HT has not been evaluated, and may contribute to the greater mortality associated with AL HT.[2][2] The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of and predictors for PGD. Methods and Results— A retrospective analysis was performed on 260 consecutive adult patients undergoing either SL HT (n=207) or AL HT (n=53) at our institution from 1/2000 to 1/2005. PGD was defined by requirement for mechanical circulatory support immediately post-HT or more broadly as the need for either mechanical support or high-dose inotrope (epinephrine ≥0.07 μg/kg/min). Donor hearts allocated to AL recipients were turned down for SL HT for reasons that included coronary disease, left ventricular dysfunction or hypertrophy, and high-dose inotropic requirement. AL HT recipients were significantly older, with a higher proportion of diabetes mellitus and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Both groups experienced a similar incidence of significant rejection, but overall mortality was higher in the AL HT group.[2][2] The incidence of PGD did not differ between AL and SL HT recipients. Pre-transplant VAD and prolonged total ischemic times (≥4.5hours) were independent predictors of PGD. Conclusion— Select marginal donor hearts used in AL HT do not have an increased incidence of PGD. Pre-transplant VAD and prolonged ischemic times are more important determinants of PGD. These data support continued aggressive utilization of marginal donor hearts in AL HT. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2
Photoacoustic effect as a liquid absorbance detector

A theoretical treatment of the photoacoustic effect for a liquid enclosed in a cylindrical cell is given. Simple analytical expressions for the photoacoustic signal are derived for cw and pulse modulation schemes. Modulation frequency or pulse width dependence of the photoacoustic signal is discussed. For the cw modulation scheme it is found that more photoacoustic power is generated in a resonant cell than a nonresonant cell at the expense of bandwidth reduction. Conditions leading to 1/f dependence of the signal on modulation frequency are given. Experimental results are presented that support the simplified treatments. Eventual sensitivities of various excitation schemes under optimum conditions are calculated.
Tyrosine utilization by pigmented hamster melanoma cells cultured in vitro.

A pigmented hamster melanoma cell line MM No. 2 (RPMI No. 3460), cultured in vitro for more than two years, showed a very high utilization of tyrosine in the culture medium as compared to a non-pigmented hamster melanoma cell line 3AA (RPMI No. 1856). The MM No. 2 cells used from 2.4 to 8.3 × 10−9 μmoles/cell/hr, and the 3AA cells used from 0.1 to 2.9 × 10−9 μmoles/cell/hr of tyrosine. Phenylalanine was not converted to tyrosine in any appreciable amounts at any levels of tyrosine in the medium. Increasing amounts of melanin were synthesized by the MM No. 2 cells cultured at increasing levels of tyrosine. The biosynthesis of melanin was maximal at a concentration of 0.60 mM of tyrosine in the medium and did not increase further if the tyrosine content was increased beyond this value. A higher tyrosine concentration than commonly employed in culture media thus seems necessary to secure a maximal melanin biosynthesis in a culture of cells capable of melanin formation. Melanin biosynthesis first began after 3 to 6 days of culture, probably coinciding with the cessation of cell multiplication in the cultures, supporting the concept that cell multiplication and differentiated function are antagonistic processes. UTILISATION DE LA TYROSINE PAR LES CELLULES PIGMENTEES DE MELANOME DE HAMSTER CULTIVEES IN VITRO Une lignee cellulaire pigmentee de melanome de hamster MM No 2 (RPMI No 3460), cultivee in vitro pendant plus de deux ans, a presente une tres forte utilisation de la tyrosine du milieu de culture par rapport a une lignee non pigmentee de melanome de hamster 3AA (RPMI No 1856): les cellules MM No 2 ont utilise de 2.4 a 8.3 × 10−9 μmoles/cellule/heure de tyrosine contre 0.1 a 2.9 × 10−9 pour les cellules 3AA. Quelle que fǔt la concentration de tyrosine dans le milieu, la phenylalanine n'etait pas transformee dans une mesure appreciable en tyrosine. Quand on augmentait la concentration de tyrosine, les cellules MM No 2 synthetisaient des quantites croissantes de melanine. La biosynthese de la melanine etait maximale a la concentration de 0.60 mM de tyrosine dans le milieu, n'augmentant plus au-dela de cette concentration. Il paraǐt donc necessaire de choisir une concentration de tyrosine plus elevee que celle qu'on emploie ordinairement dans les milieux de culture si l'on veut obtenir une synthese maximale de la melanine dans une culture de cellules appropriees. La biosynthese de la melanine commencait au bout de trois a six jours de culture, coincidant probablement avec l'arrět de la multiplication cellulaire dans les cultures, ce qui tend a confirmer que les fonctions de multiplication cellulaire et de differenciation sont antagonistes.
Attending to affect: appraisal strategies modulate the electrocortical response to arousing pictures

Arousing (unpleasant and pleasant) pictures elicit increased neurophysiological measures of perceptual processing. In particular, the electrocortical late positive potential (LPP) is enhanced for arousing, compared with neutral, pictures. To determine whether the magnitude of the LPP is sensitive to the way stimuli are appraised, 16 participants viewed both pleasant and unpleasant pictures and categorized them along an affective or nonaffective dimension. Results indicate that the LPP was reduced for both pleasant and unpleasant pictures when participants made nonaffective, compared with affective, judgments. These results are consistent with previous studies that have used functional neuroimaging to investigate the role of appraisal on emotional processing. The results are further discussed in terms of the utility of using the LPP to study emotion regulation.
A method for computing the fast Fourier transform with auxiliary memory and limited high-speed storage

A method is given for computing the fast Fourier transform of arbitrarily large size using auxiliary memory files, such as magnetic tape or disk, for data storage. Four data files are used, two in and two out. A multivariate complex Fourier transform of n=2^{m} data points is computed in m passes of the data, and the transformed result is permuted to normal order by m - 1 additional passes. With buffered input-output, computing can be overlapped with reading and writing of data. Computing time is proportional to n \log_{2} n . The method can be used with as few as three files, but file passing for permutation is reduced by using six or eight files. With eight files, the optimum number for a radix 2 transform, the transform is computed in m passes without need for additional permutation passes. An ALGOL procedure for computing the complex Fourier transform with four, six, or eight files is listed, and timing and accuracy test results are given. This procedure allows an arbitrary number of variables, each dimension a power of 2.
Base rates do not constrain nonprobability judgments

Base rates have no necessary relation to judgments that are not themselves probabilities. There is no logical imperative, for instance, that behavioral base rates must affect causal attributions or that base rate information should affect judgments of legal liability. Decision theorists should be cautious in arguing that base rates place normative constraints on judgments of anything other than posterior probabilities.
Losing and finding John Ford's ‘Sergeant Rutledge’ (1960)

(1997). Losing and finding John Ford's ‘Sergeant Rutledge’ (1960). Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 245-259.
Land use/land cover classification of the vicinity of Lake Chad using NigeriaSat-1 and Landsat data

Lake Chad in Africa experienced severe droughts in the 1970s and 1980s and overexploitations of water resulting in a decline of water level in the Lake and surrounding rivers. Such droughts and overexploitation of water caused a significant change of land use and water management practices over the last 50 years. Understanding the change of land use and land cover is, therefore, crucial to understand disturbance of the water cycle around the Lake. The present study analyzed satellite images of Lake Chad from Landsat-MSS, Landsat-TM, and NigeriaSat-1 to investigate the change of land cover during three time periods: the 1970s, 1991, and 2006. Unsupervised and supervised classifications were performed for the land cover analysis. The overall accuracies of the classification of Landsat-TM and NigeriaSat-1 are 93.33 and 95.24 %, respectively. It is evident that a 35 % decrease of waterbodies occurred from the 1970s to 1991, but a slight increase of 0.9 % occurred between 1991 and 2006. The Shrubland has overtaken most of the waterlog areas, as much as seven times of what it was in the 1970s. The interpretation of NigeriaSat-1 images indicates that NigeriaSat-1 has similar capabilities to Landsat-TM and Landsat-MSS for the detection of various land cover types because land cover and land use features are discernible on the processed images, especially depletion of waterbodies and vegetation. These are similarities justify the quality of the NigeriaSat-1 images for land cover and land use analysis.
Experimental periodontal disease: Reverse passive arthus reactions

Abstract Reverse passive Arthus reactions were induced in the periodontium and skin of monkeys by the local injection of antisera to BSA following the systemic administration of BSA. Animals received intravenous injections of antigen ranging from 100 to 5000 mg. Challenged sites received 0.1 or 0.2 ml of 16, 8, or 4 units of antisera/ml for 1 to 7 days prior to sacrifice. Immunofluorescence tests revealed deposits of IgG, C3, and BSA in the challenged sites. The histopathology of challenged sites was consistent with that of an Arthus reaction. Animals receiving the highest dosage of BSA (i.e., 5000 mg) had osteoclastic resorption of alveolar bone. Such findings did not occur in sites challenged with PBS or antisera directed against OA. These findings suggest a possible role for Arthus reactions in human periodontal disease.
Semiparametric Contrasts of Cumulative Pre-Treatment Mortality in the Presence of Dependent Censoring

In clinical settings, the necessity of treatment is often measured in terms of the patient’s prognosis in the absence of treatment. Along these lines, it is often of interest to compare subgroups of patients (e.g., based on underlying diagnosis) with respect to pre-treatment survival. Such comparisons may be complicated by at least two important issues. First, mortality contrasts by subgroup may differ over follow-up time, as opposed to being constant, and may follow a form that is difficult to model parametrically. Moreover, in settings where the proportional hazards assumption fails, investigators tend to be more interested in cumulative (as opposed to instantaneous) effects on mortality. Second, pre-treatment death is censored by the receipt of treatment and in settings where treatment assignment depends on time-dependent factors that also affect mortality, such censoring is likely to be informative. We propose semiparametric methods for contrasting subgroup-specific cumulative mortality in the presence of dependent censoring. The proposed estimators are based on the cumulative hazard function, with pre-treatment mortality assumed to follow a stratified Cox model. No functional form is assumed for the nature of the non-proportionality. Asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators are derived, and simulation studies show that the proposed methods are applicable to practical sample sizes. The methods are then applied to contrast pre-transplant mortality for acute versus chronic End-Stage Liver Disease patients.
Honeydew foraging by birds in tropical montane forests and pastures of Mexico.

A honeydew-producing scale insect, Stigmacoccus garmilleri (Margarodidae), is associated with oak trees (Quercus spp.) in highland forests of Mexico. Although feeding by ants on scale-insect honeydew is more frequently documented in the literature, the honeydew produced by feeding instars of S. garmilleri is sufficient to provide nourishment for birds. This study elucidates bird use of honeydew in the tropical montane forests near Chiconquiaco, Veracruz, Mexico, and uncovers patterns in honeydew foraging. Over a 2-mo period, 40 trees harbouring scale insects, located in both forest and pasture areas, were intensely studied (160 h of bird-foraging observations along with quantitative measurements of honeydew production). Fifteen resident bird species and 18 migrant species were observedvisitingobservationtrees.Approximately72%oftheresidentbirdspeciesand83%ofthemigrantbirdspecies observed were recorded to forage on scale-insect honeydew. Audubon's warbler (Dendroica coronata auduboni) was the most active consumer and defender of the resource. Of 118 aggressive chases observed, only 9.65% occurred in forest observation trees, and 90.3% in pasture trees. Audubon's warbler demonstrated preferential defence and territorial patrolling of scale-insect honeydew in scattered pasture trees.
Acceleration/ejection time ratio in the fetal pulmonary artery predicts fetal lung maturity.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether sonographic fetal pulmonary artery flow velocity waveforms correlate with amniotic fluid biomarkers of fetal lung maturity. Study Design We studied women with singleton pregnancies undergoing clinically indicated amniocentesis for fetal lung maturity at Yale-New Haven Hospital. Fetal pulmonary artery flow velocity measurements, including systolic/diastolic ratio, pulsatility index, resistance index, and acceleration-time/ejection-time ratio were obtained using spectral Doppler ultrasound. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the association between fetal pulmonary artery flow velocity parameters and the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. Results Twenty-nine subjects met study criteria. The acceleration-time/ejection-time ratio was inversely correlated with the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (r = −0.76; P ≤ .001). This relationship was maintained after controlling for potential confounders. Other fetal pulmonary artery flow velocity measurements were not associated with the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. Conclusion There is an inverse correlation between the acceleration-time/ejection-time ratio in the fetal pulmonary artery and the amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. This suggests that ultrasound evaluation of fetal pulmonary artery blood flow may be a promising new noninvasive technique to evaluate fetal lung maturity.
Three new carotenoids isolated from algae

DURING an investigation of the carotenoids of some flagellates of the algal class Cryptophyceaell 2 three apparently new xanthophylls were encountered. Since carotenoid composition may provide important clues as to the taxonomy of the group, and as the results are in some respects at variance with the work of others (cf. Ref. 3), preliminary results concerning their identity are communicated below. The flagellates investigated were Cryptomonas ovata var. pahstris, Rhodomoruzs Strain D3 and Hemiselmis virescens (Droop’s Strain). They were obtained as axenic cultures from Dr. L. Provasoli and cultured as previously described.ls2 The carotenoids were extracted from freshly harvested cells in ethanol and passed into hexanediethyl ether after removal of the chlorophylls by sapotication. Preparatory to crystallization the carotenoids were fractionated and purified by successive chromatography on columns of CaCG3-Ca(OH)2diatomaceous earth (2:2:1 w/w) with O-20% acetone in benzene; microcel C (Johns Manville) with l&80% diethyl ether in petroleum ether and on ZnCO+hatomaceous earth (3 :l w/w) with &25 % acetone in petroleum ether. Mixed chromatography and the determination of Rf values were performed on thin-layer chromatograms of silica gel G-Also3 (1: 1 w/w) developed with 20,30 or 35 % acetone in hexane. Absorption spectra were recorded on a Cary model 14 spectrophotometer. Melting points were determined on a Rerl block and are given as corrected values. Diatoxanthin was prepared from Isochrysis gaZbana by similar chromatographic procedures after initial chromatography on silica gel (&15x n-propanol in hexane) to remove the abundant quantities of fucoxanthin. All three cryptomonads possessed the same strongly adsorbed major xanthophyll comprising 75-90 per cent of the total carotenoids. This new xanthophyll for which the name alloxanthin is proposed was first noted in Cryptomonar ovata var. palustris by Haxo and Fork4 who commented on its similarity to zeaxanthin and diatoxanthin. Allen et al.’ examined two strains of cryptomonads, including ‘Hemi.relmi.r virescens, and demonstrated that the major xanthophyll was not z.eaxanthin, and consequently inferred that it was diatoxanthin, although no direct comparison with diatoxanthin was made. Alloxanthin was crystalhxed from pyridine-water and recrystallized three times from acetone-petroleum ether. The crystals appear as rosettes of small needles. The spectra and adsorptive properties
Compact self-contained pulsed HF laser based on an auto-wave photon-branched chain reaction

The possible construction of a self-contained and compact pulsed chemical HF-laser based on an auto-wave photon-branched chain reaction initiated in a gaseous disperse medium composed of H2-F2-O2-He and Al particles by focused external IR radiation is studied theoretically. It is shown that minimization of the parameters of the main pulsed HF-laser units are achievable due to both the effect of ignition of the laser-chemical reaction in an auto-wave regime under the condition of external beam focusing and the effect of a huge laser energy gain of 1011. These effects provide strong reduction of the input pulse energy necessary for initiation, down to ~10-8 J, and make it possible to construct a self-contained laser with kilojoule output energy per pulse, which can be initiated by a small sub-microjoule master oscillator powered by an accumulator. Due to an increase in the general pressure of the working gases, up to P = 2.3 bar, and optimization of the parameters of the dispersed component (Al particles with a radius of r0 = 0.09 μm and a concentration of N0 = 1.4×109 cm-3), and the composition of the working mixture, the HF-laser system will ensure an output energy up to ~ 1.5 kJ in a pulse, produced in a small volume of ~ 2 L of active medium.
Connecting the Library's Patron Database to Campus Administrative Software: Simplifying the Library's Accounts Receivable Process

This article discusses the processes that occurred when the Library, Controller's Office, and Information Technology Department agreed to create an interface between the Library's Innovative Interfaces patron database and campus administrative software, Banner, using file transfer protocol, in an effort to streamline the Library's accounts receivable process. Procedures for the Library collections process changed for both the Library and campus Accounts Receivable Department. Outcomes were summarily positive, resulting in reduced paperwork for both departments, more timely payment of fines, and fewer patrons sent to collections.
A mesoscale semi-implicit numerical model

A three-dimensional semi-implicit mesoscale numerical model based on the Navier-Stokes equations is described and tested. Numerical techniques for achieving numerical stability with long time steps are discussed. In simulating flow over mountains the model accurately reproduces the results of an explicit model. Low vertical resolution causes moderate damping of the orographically forced responses, but adjustment rates are not seriously affected. the model is stable with time steps six times those of a similar explicit model and its computational efficiency is about three times greater. A cross-section version is used to examine the response characteristics. With four layers in the vertical, the phase speeds of external gravity waves with wavelengths 8 Δx to 30 Δx are slowed to 50% to 85% of the analytic phase speeds, respectively. Even so, simulations with eight and sixteen layers show that the semi-implicit model reproduces the features of simulations with the explicit model and has comparable mass and energy conservation characteristics. Adjustment rates of the mass and momentum fields towards a steady state are studied for mountain wave and jet stream circulations. Despite the reduced gravity wave phase speeds, root-mean-square error calculations show very little difference between the semi-implicit and explicit models. This is attributed to the fact that most of the adjustment is effected by relatively slow internal modes which are not greatly slowed in the semi-implicit model. the verification that the semi-implicit model produces adjustments between mass and momentum fields about as well as an explicit model is an important step in ensuring that the semi-implicit technique can be successfully applied to mesoscale forecasting.
Using the internet to communicate with immigrant/refugee communities about health

Our poster describes the use of the Web for communication between ethnic communities and their care providers.
Otolaryngology Residency Training: Resurgence of the Specialty

Five decades ago, otolaryngology dealt primarily with infectious diseases of the head and neck. The quality of otolaryngology residency training programs was inconsistent and mostly determined by the institution and local faculty. The specialty flourished by developing new expertise in all facets of head and neck medicine and surgery through the leadership of outstanding clinicians and scientists in private practice and universities. Otolaryngology programs subsequently grew from weak divisions within a department of surgery with few faculty members to departments of otolaryngology with full-time, mostly fellowship-trained faculty. Teaching shifted from resident-to-resident to faculty teaching. Organized medicine encouraged systematic quality improvement and periodic review of programs for accreditation. Residencies were also bolstered through Medicare, Medicaid, and Veterans Administration hospitals, which provided funds for growth but limited flexibility of the faculty schedules. The American Academy of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery shouldered an enormous load of teaching and maintaining unity of the specialty from its birth to the present.
Did Theophrastus Reject Aristotle’s Account of Place?

It is commonly held that Theophrastus criticized or rejected Aristotle’s account of place. The evidence that scholars put forward for this view, from Simplicius’ commentary on Aristotle’s Physics , comes in two parts: (1) Simplicius reports some aporiai that Theophrastus found for Aristotle’s account; (2) Simplicius cites a passage of Theophrastus which is said to ‘bear witness’ to the theory of place which Simplicius himself adopts (that of his teacher Damascius) ‐ a theory which is utterly different from Aristotle’s. But the aporiai have relatively straightforward solutions, and we have no reason to suppose that Theophrastus didn’t avail himself of them (and some reason to think that he did). Moreover, the text which Simplicius cites as bearing witness to Damascius’ view on closer inspection does not seem to be inconsistent with Aristotle’s account of place or natural motion.
Image understanding, visualization, registration, and data fusion of biomedical brain images (Abstract Only)

Applying distributed memory parallel systems to image processing provides the scaleability that is required to handle large real time applications. These systems can only be used efficiently with an architecture which is able to balance processing and memory with internal and external communication bandwidth. By efficiently harnessing the power of nodal heterogeneity and communication reconfigurability, systems with an ideal balance can be assembled and applied to achieve very high levels of efficiency. This paper outlines such a Heterogeneous Distributed Memory Parallel Processor (HDMPP) and discusses the software environment that is required to take advantage of it. Meiko's Application Center has considerable experience in applying these HDMPP systems to practical applications including: high definition television, radar, sonar, medical imaging, remote sensing, machine vision, data compression, image enhancement, and pattern recognition. These examples are used to illustrate how HDMPP systems have been successfully applied and how applications have been prototyped, developed, optimized and deployed on a single commercial off the shelf product.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An indirect method of measuring perceived distance from familiar size

Two methods of measuring perceived distance as a function of familiar size were compared in five experiments. The method which uses the perception of motion concomitant with a motion of the head, unlike the method of verbal report, is considered to provide a measure of perceived distance that is unaffected by factors of cognitive distance. The results of the experiments indicate that although the perceived egocentric distance of an object can vary somewhat as a function of the cue of familiar size, the larger variation often found with verbal reports of distance is based upon cognitive, not perceptual, information. The cognitive information is interpreted as resulting from the perception of the object as off-sized and the observer’s assumption that the perceived size of an object will vary inversely with its physical distance.
Variational Dynamics of Free Triple Junctions

We propose a level set framework for representing triple junctions either with or without free endpoints. For triple junctions without free endpoints, our method uses two level set functions to represent the three segments that constitute the structure. For free triple junctions, we extend our method using the free curve work of Schaeffer and Vese (J Math Imaging Vis, 1–17, 2013), Smereka (Phys D Nonlinear Phenom 138(3–4):282–301, 2000). For curves moving under length minimizing flows, it is well known that the endpoints either intersect perpendicularly to the boundary, do not intersect the boundary of the domain or the curve itself (free endpoints), or meet at triple junctions. Although many of these cases can be formulated within the level set framework, the case of free triple junctions does not appear in the literature. Therefore, the proposed free triple junction formulation completes the important curve structure representations within the level set framework. We derive an evolution equation for the dynamics of the triple junction under length and area minimizing flow. The resulting system of partial differential equations are both coupled and highly non-linear, so the system is solved numerically using the Sobolev preconditioned descent. Qualitative numerical experiments are presented on various triple junction and free triple junction configurations, as well as an example with a quadruple junction instability. Quantitative results show convergence of the preconditioned algorithm to the correct solutions.
An essential component to brainstem cough gating identified in anesthetized guinea pigs

Coughing protects and clears the airways and lungs of inhaled irritants, particulates, pathogens, and accumulated secretions. An initial urge to cough, and an almost binary output suggests gating mechanisms that encode and modulate this defensive reflex. Whether this “gate” has a physical location for the physiological barrier it poses to cough is unknown. Here we describe a critical component to cough gating, the central terminations of the cough receptors. A novel microinjection strategy defined coordinates for microinjection of glutamate receptor antagonists that nearly abolished cough evoked from the trachea and larynx in anesthetized guinea pigs while having no effect on basal respiratory rate and little or no effect on reflexes attributed to activating other afferent nerve subtypes. Comparable microinjections in adjacent brainstem locations (0.5–2 mm distal) were without effect on coughing. Subsequent transganglionic and dual tracing studies confirmed that the central terminations of the cough receptors and their primary relay neurons are found bilaterally within nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS), lateral to the commissural subnucleus and perhaps in the medial subnuclei. These synapses possess the physiological characteristics of a cough gate. Their localization should facilitate more mechanistic studies of the encoding and gating of cough.—Canning, B. J., Nanako Mori. An essential component to brainstem cough gating identified in anesthetized guinea pigs.
Smad7 Stabilizes β-Catenin Binding to E-cadherin Complex and Promotes Cell-Cell Adhesion

β-Catenin functions both as an adherens junction adhesion protein and as an essential mediator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Wnts stabilize β-catenin and promote its accumulation in the nucleus, where it regulates transcription of the target genes. Here we show that Smad7 promotes cell-cell adhesion by stabilizing β-catenin and consequently increases the β-catenin-E-cadherin complex level at the plasma membrane. A Smad7-Axin interaction disassociates GSK-3β and β-catenin from Axin, as well as inhibits the recruitment of Smurf2, an E3 ligase, to β-catenin, thus protecting β-catenin from phosphorylation and degradation. Smad7 increases the stabilized β-catenin to form a complex with E-cadherin and stabilizes the E-cadherin-β-catenin complex. Thereby, rather than being translocated to the nucleus for regulating the target gene transcription, Smad7-stabilized-β-catenin is shunted to the E-cadherin complex to modulate cell-cell adhesion.
Residues of Diazinon, Coumaphos, Ciodrin, Methoxychlor, and Rotenone in Cow’s Milk from Treatments Similar to Those Used for Ectoparasite and Fly Control on Dairy Cattle, with Notes on Safety of Diazinon and Ciodrin to Calves

Studies were of 3 types: insecticide application to 2 or 3 cows and milk samples carefully taken from individual cows, insecticide application to whole dairy herds and milk samples taken from cans or bulk tanks following milking by normal farm practice, and spraying of insecticide onto calves to note toxicity. Individual cow experiments showed no detectable residue in milk caused by suspensions in water of 0.25% or less methoxychlor at 2 quarts or less per cow, or by dry application of methoxychlor wettable powder. Residues of 0.15 ppm or less were caused by 0.5 or 0.2% methoxychlor suspension in a large-volume spray. Dusting whole herds with 50% methoxychlor wettable powder caused extremely small but definite residues which were probably the result of external contamination. Individual cow experiments showed very small short-lived residues in milk subsequent to spraying cows with a large volume of 0.06% diazinon suspension. Maximum apparent diazinon in milk was 0.33 ppm 1 day after a second spray treatment. In a similar experiment, 0.1 and 0.25% coumaphos sprays caused a maximum of 0.03 ppm residue in milk, with no residue found after the first 2 milkings subsequent to spraying. In a similar experiment, 0.03% Ciodrin® (alpha -methylbenzyl 3-hydroxycrotonate dimethyl phosphate) spray caused a maximum of 0.007 ppm residue in milk, which decreased rapidly within 2 days. No detectable residues in milk were caused by spraying or misting whole dairy herds with rotenone suspensions or emulsions. Complete soaking of young calves with 0.15 to 0.6% Ciodrin caused no symptoms of toxicity. Spraying calves twice with 1% diazinon emulsion (210 ml followed by 405 ml 2 days later) caused no symptoms of toxicity.
Photophysical Studies of Organic Molecules Included Within Zeolites

Abstract Results of photophysical studies of organic molecules included in zeolites are presented. Influence of cations through heavy atom effect and Iight atom effect on the photophysical properties of organic molecules is emphasized. Use of photophysical probes to understand the interior features of zeolites has been demonstrated.