cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aberration-corrected ADF-STEM depth sectioning and prospects for reliable 3D imaging in S/TEM

The short depth of focus of aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEMs) could potentially enable 3D reconstruction of nanomaterials through acquisition of a through-focal series. However, the contrast transfer function of annular dark-field (ADF)-STEM depth sectioning has a missing-cone problem similar to that of tilt-series tomography. The elongation as a function of the probe-forming angle is found to be (square root of 3/2) x 1/alphamax. For existing aberration-corrected STEMs operated at optimal imaging conditions, the elongation factor for depth sectioning is larger than 30. This large elongation factor results in highly distorted shapes of 3D objects and unexpected artifacts due to the loss of information. Depth-sectioning experiments using a 33-mrad 100 keV C(5)-corrected aberration-corrected STEM demonstrate the elongation effect and the missing-cone problem in real and reciprocal space. The performance limits of different S/TEM-based imaging modes are compared. There is a missing cone of information for bright-field S/TEM, ADF-STEM, hollow-cone ADF-STEM and coherent scanning confocal electron microscopy (SCEM). Only incoherent SCEM fills the missing cone.
Death to some clichés.

I agree with Dr Forgacs (December 2005 JRSM1) that referring to a patient as being `haemodynamically stable' is unacceptable and the offending practitioner should be requested to return to basics and provide actual values. However, I admit to being fond of `common things occur commonly' and the similar `when you hear the sound of hooves, don't look for zebras', both of which, in the thinking individual, do not exclude the uncommon diagnosis. I also believe that `irregular irregularity' is perfectly acceptable when describing a pulse or a magnified abnormal volar skin appearance. What about cliches in general? `See you later' annoys when, as is often the case, the speaker is unlikely to see you again. The simile cliche `bald as a coot' may sometimes be accurate but it is a rude expression ready for burial. `Quality of life' is expanding its meaning as it becomes overused, and its use should be restricted. Other cliches are no doubt `in the pipeline'. Unoriginal and trite they may be, but many still deserve `tender loving care' (Henry VI Part ii Act 3 Sc.2).
Diffuse Reflectance of Highly Anisotropic Nonconservative Media

With the use of methods described by Chandrasekhar, integrals have been tabulated which allow the diffuse reflectance of highly anisotropic nonconservative scattering media to be calculated. Solutions obtained in this way are compared for normally incident radiation with those given by an approximate formula due to Pitts. It is found that the Pitts formula is in excellent agreement with the exact solution and can be used to interpret reflectance data throughout the entire range of positive x values for which exact solutions exist for the phase function ω0 (1 + x cos θ).
Synchronizing Large Systolic Arrays

Parallel computing structures consist of many processors operating simultaneously. If a concurrent structure is regular, as in the case of a systolic array. it may be convenient to think of all processors as operating in lock step. This synchronized view, for example, often makes the definition of the structure and its correctness relatively easy to follow. However, large, totally synchronized systems controlled by central clocks are difficult to implement because of the inevitable problem of clock skews and delays. An alternative means of enforcing necessary synchronization is the use of self-timed, asynchronous schemes, at the cost of increased design complexity and hardware cost. Realizing that different circumstances call for different synchronization methods, this paper provides a spectrum of synchronization models; based on the assumptions made for each model, theoretical lower bounds on clock skew are derived, and appropriate or best-possible synchronization schemes for systolic arrays are proposed. In general, this paper represents a first step towards a systematic study of synchronization problems for large systolic arrays. One set of models is based on assumptions that allow the use of a pipelined clocking scheme, where more than one clock event is propagated at a time. In this case, it is shown that even assuming that physical variations along clock lines can produce skews between wires of the same length, any one-dimensional systolic array can be correctly synchronized by a global pipelined clock while enjoying desirable properties such as modularity, expandability and robustness in the synchronization scheme. This result cannot be extended to two-dimensional arrays, however--the paper shows that under this assumption, it is impossible to run a clock such that the maximum clock skew between two communicating cells will be bounded by a constant as systems grow. For such cases or where pipelined clocking is unworkable, a synchronization scheme incorporating both clocked and "asynchronous" elements is proposed.
Chronic Humoral Rejection: Identification of Antibody-Mediated Chronic Renal Allograft Rejection by C4d Deposits in Peritubular Capillaries

The pathogenesis of chronic renal allograft rejection (CR) remains obscure. The hypothesis that a subset of CR is mediated by antidonor antibody was tested by determining whether C4d is deposited in peritubular capillaries (PTC) and whether it correlates with circulating antidonor antibodies. All cases (from January 1, 1990, to July 31, 1999) that met histologic criteria for CR and had frozen tissue (28 biopsies, 10 nephrectomies) were included. Controls were renal allograft biopsies with chronic cyclosporine toxicity (n = 21) or nonspecific interstitial fibrosis (n = 10), and native kidneys with end-stage renal disease (n = 10) or chronic interstitial fibrosis (n = 5). Frozen sections were stained by two-color immunofluorescence for C4d, type IV collagen and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I. Antidonor HLA antibody was sought by panel-reactive antibody analysis and/or donor cross matching in sera within 7 wk of biopsy. Overall, 23 of 38 CR cases (61%) had PTC staining for C4d, compared with 1 of 46 (2%) of controls (P < 0.001). C4d in PTC was localized at the interface of endothelium and basement membrane. Most of the C4d-positive CR tested had antidonor HLA antibody (15 of 17; 88%); none of the C4d-negative CR tested (0 of 8) had antidonor antibody (P < 0.0002). The histology of C4d-positive CR was similar to C4d-negative CR, and 1-yr graft survival rates were 62% and 25%, respectively (P = 0.05). Since August 1998, five of six C4d-positive CR cases have been treated with mycophenolate mofetil +/- tacrolimus with a 100% 1-yr graft survival, versus 40% before August 1998 (P < 0.03). These data support the hypothesis that a substantial fraction of CR is mediated by antibody (immunologically active). C4d can be used to separate this group of CR from the nonspecific category of chronic allograft nephropathy and may have the potential to guide successful therapeutic intervention.
Chronological and Clinical Characteristics of Apnea Associated With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Retrospective Case Series

Objective Infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection are at risk for developing apnea. The authors compared patients with RSV infection who develop apnea with those who do not, to help ambulatory physicians risk stratify their patients with RSV infection.Methods Entry criteria were age less than 1 year, RSV infection, and presentation to the authors' pediatric emergency departments. Random and weighted sampling techniques were used to identify the study group and provide the control sample. Charts were abstracted for 34 clinical variables.Results The study group consisted of 42 patients with apnea, and the control group consisted of 198 patients without apnea. Logistic regression analysis identified 2 independent variables associated with apnea: young age and presentation with apnea. Most patients with apnea were less than 2 months of age and were ill for less than 5 days.Conclusions Age and duration of illness may help clinicians determine which previously healthy infants are at risk for apnea.
L_1 Shortest Path Queries among Polygonal Obstacles in the Plane

Given a point s and a set of h pairwise disjoint polygonal obstacles with a total of n vertices in the plane, after the free space is triangulated, we present an O(n+h log h) time and O(n) space algorithm for building a data structure (called shortest path map) of size O(n) such that for any query point t, the length of the L_1 shortest obstacle-avoiding path from s to t can be reported in O(log n) time and the actual path can be found in additional time proportional to the number of edges of the path. Previously, the best algorithm computes such a shortest path map in O(n log n) time and O(n) space. In addition, our techniques also yield an improved algorithm for computing the L_1 geodesic Voronoi diagram of m point sites among the obstacles.
EPID-32PROTEIN-SPECIFIC ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO VARICELLA AND CYTOMEGALOVIRUS IN GLIOMA PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS.

An etiologic role of neurotropic viruses in glioma is supported by epidemiologic and clinical observations. Glioma patients consistently report a lower history of clinical responses to varicella (VZV, chickenpox and shingles). Pathologic and clinical evidence for an active role of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in gliomagenesis is also accumulating, though the subject remains controversial. We hypothesized that the neurotropic location of viral latency and subsequent patient-restricted response to these infections may impact efficacy of immune response against glioma, affecting incidence of the disease as well as survival in those afflicted. We explored the viral protein-restricted response against 99 VZV and 156 CMV protein antigens using Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Arrays (NAPPA) in serum samples from 45 glioma patients and 45 controls from the University of California, San Francisco Adult Glioma Study (AGS). The proportion of agreement between the NAPPA positivity for CMV and VZV reactivity with traditional ELISA whole virus serological assay was 86% and 95%, respectively (Cohen's Kappa 0.72 and 0.9, respectively). Cases were more likely to have complex reactions to 5 or more antigens of VZV (p = 0.03). Cases reacted more strongly to specific proteins including Orf12, Orf14, and Orf49 (p < 0.03), and antigen recognition was strikingly stronger among cases for Orf23 and Orf9, a viral capsid and tegument protein, respectively. Multivariable analysis pointed towards significant differences between cases and controls for Orf9, Orf37, and Orf44. For CMV, protein reactivity was also stronger in cases for the specific proteins UL25, TRS1, and UL48a, also capsid and tegument proteins. Ongoing studies will assess (1) anti-VZV antigens in prediagnostic sera from glioma cases and matched controls in the PLCO cohort study and (2) the role of antibody reactions in survival of glioma patients within AGS. Specific differences in reactivity to these Herpesviruses may promote strategies for glioma prevention and therapies.
Pathogen–Pathogen and Pathogen–Insecticide Interactions in Velvetbean Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Interactions among pathogens and chemical insecticides were evaluated in third instar Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner). Median lethal concentrations were 3.75 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/mm2 of diet for nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), 1.13 IU/mm2 for Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 4.9 × 105 spores per mm2 for Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer), 0.105 mg (AI)/250 ml of diet for permethrin, 0.142 mg (AI)/250 ml of diet for methyl parathion, and 1.132 mg (AI)/250 ml of diet for carbaryl. Mean times until death were 7.3 days for NPV, 4.7 days for B. thuringiensis , 5.3 days for V. necatrix , 2.6 days for permethrin, 3.4 days for methyl parathion, and 2.1 days for carbaryl. In tests of simultaneous exposure to two control agents, interactions of AgNPV plus carbaryl or permethrin and B. thuringiensis plus carbaryl were synergistic; interactions between V. necatrix plus AgNPV, B. thuringiensis , or methyl parathion were antagonistic. All other simultaneous interactions were additive. When larvae were treated with AgNPV 48 h before a second pathogen or chemical, all interactions were also additive. No combination resulted in significantly faster mortality than both agents individually.
Activation Strategies for Calcium-Based Sorbents for CO2 Capture: A Perspective

The chemical looping process (CLP) using calcium-based sorbents to capture CO2 through cyclic carbonation–calcination reaction (CCR) before, during, or after the conversion of carbonaceous fuel occurs, is a viable CO2 control technology. With extensive past and current research efforts, the basic process concept has been found to be attractive at larger scales. Additionally, process simulations based on experimental results indicate that the parasitic energy consumption for this high temperature process is relatively low compared to low temperature processes such as the amine-based process. The ability of the calcium-based sorbents to maintain stable reactivity and physical integrity in cyclic reaction under severe operating conditions is one of the most important criteria for the success of the calcium looping technology. Despite being abundant and cheap, calcium-based sorbents derived from naturally occurring precursors, such as limestone and dolomite, suffer from rapid reactivity deterioration after hi...
The Effect of PT Secondary Circuit Multi-point Earthing in Three-phase-four-wire System on the PT Secondary Voltage Drop and its Solution

Through the analysis of some PT secondary voltage drop over error-limit caused by the multi-point earthing of PT secondary circuit in three-phase-four-wire system,this paper discusses and summarizes the characteristics of PT secondary voltage drop when there is multi-point earthing in PT secondary circuit,and the corresponding solutions are given.
Experimental study on the acute toxicity and mutagenicity of a polypeptide complex

Objective To detect the acute toxicity and mutagenicity of a polypeptide comlex in mice.Methods Acute toxicity test,genetic toxicity test(micronucleus test of bone marrow in mice,sperm shape abnormality test in mice,Ames test)were applied in this study.Results The oral LD50 in mice was more than 21.5 g/kg·bw,belonging to an actual non-toxicity substance.All the results of genotoxicity test were negative.Conclusion Within the scope of this test dose,this polypeptide complex is a kind of healthy food product.
Improving Online Risk Assessment with Equipment Prognostics and Health Monitoring

The current approach to evaluating the risk of nuclear power plant (NPP) operation relies on static probabilities of component failure, which are based on industry experience with the existing fleet of nominally similar light water reactors (LWRs). As the nuclear industry looks to advanced reactor designs that feature non-light water coolants (e.g., liquid metal, high temperature gas, molten salt), this operating history is not available. Many advanced reactor designs use advanced components, such as electromagnetic pumps, that have not been used in the US commercial nuclear fleet. Given the lack of rich operating experience, we cannot accurately estimate the evolving probability of failure for basic components to populate the fault trees and event trees that typically comprise probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) models. Online equipment prognostics and health management (PHM) technologies can bridge this gap to estimate the failure probabilities for components under operation. The enhanced risk monitor (ERM) incorporates equipment condition assessment into the existing PRA and risk monitor framework to provide accurate and timely estimates of operational risk.
Exploring the role of the patient-physician relationship on insulin adherence and clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes: Insights from the MOSAIc study

Background The 2-year prospective MOSAIc (Multinational Observational Study assessing Insulin use: understanding the challenges associated with progression of therapy) study is investigating whether patient-, physician-, and health system-related factors affect outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This baseline subanalysis investigated how aspects of the patient–physician relationship are associated with diabetes-related distress, insulin adherence, and glycemic control. Methods Patients with T2D taking insulin for ≥3 months were recruited at primary care and specialty practice sites in 18 countries. Physicians provided usual care. Clinical history and most recent HbA1c values were collected; patients were surveyed regarding their perception of physician interactions, diabetes-related distress level, and insulin adherence. Results The analysis population comprised 4341 patients. Four (of six) domains showed a significant relationship with total diabetes-related distress (P < 0.01). Poor insulin adherence was associated with greater diabetes-related distress (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.22), higher Discrimination (aOR 1.13; 95% CI 1.02–1.27) and Hurried Communication (aOR 1.35; 95% CI 1.20–1.53) scores, and a lower Explained Results score (aOR 0.86; 95% CI 0.77–0.97). Poor insulin adherence was associated with a 0.43% increase in HbA1c, whereas a 1-unit increase in total diabetes-related distress and Hurried Communication scores was associated with a 0.171% and 0.145% increase in HbA1c, respectively. Conclusions Patients distressed about living with T2D, and dissatisfied with aspects of their interactions with physicians, exhibited poor insulin adherence. Perceived physician inattention and lack of engagement (and diabetes-related distress) directly affect insulin adherence and glycemic control.
Epigenetic regulation of hematopoietic stem cell development

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent self-renewing precursors with the capacity to differentiate into all adult blood cell lineages. HSC development is a highly orchestrated process regulated by multiple transcription factors and signaling pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic regulation is an additional essential component of HSC development. Powerful genetic and imaging approaches, combined with conservation of mammalian programs, have made zebrafish a prominent model for the study of HSC production. This chapter summarizes approaches that have been used to identify epigenetic regulators of HSC development in zebrafish and highlights additional strategies that are likely to facilitate progress in this promising field.
Minimal energetic expenditure of women walking burdened on gradients in urban environments

Objectives The objective is to understand the walking energy expenditure of women in urban environments (i.e., over-ground), using mass, velocity, gradient (incline and decline), and burden as predictors. In addition, we use an equation to determine the gradient associated with the minimum energy expenditure of walking. Methods To do this, we assessed the volumetric consumption of oxygen (VO2) of ten females (ages: 22–40 years) with a portable Cosmed K4b2 device. Participants walked at three self-selected, over-ground velocities (slow, normal, and fast) on five gradients (0%, +/−7.5%, +/− 12.4%) in different urban community settings burdened (10 kg) and unburdened. We performed a multilinear regression controlling for repeated measures to determine the best predictive equation for VO2. The first derivative of our equation was used to find the gradient for minimal VO2. Results Our equation explains 79% of the variation in VO2 and indicates that over-ground walking is similar to treadmill walking, except that the gradient associated with the minimal energy expenditure of walking is steeper (−11% to −20%) than that established from treadmill walking. Conclusions Although our overall equation is an accurate predictor of VO2 for all velocities, burden, incline, and decline in this group, further research needs to be conducted to examine kinetic, kinematic, and velocity interactions in over-ground walking.
Bladder debris on renal and bladder ultrasound: A significant predictor of positive urine culture.

Summary Background Renal and bladder ultrasound (RBUS) is recommended in evaluation of children after an initial, febrile urinary tract infection. Although it is not uncommon to observe debris within the bladder lumen on sonography, the significance of this finding is uncertain. Debris may be interpreted as an indication of ongoing infection, but there have been no studies to date investigating the association of bladder debris with a positive culture. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of bladder debris noted at the time of RBUS with positive urine culture results obtained from a catheterized specimen, among patients undergoing RBUS and voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) on the same day. Study design We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of 3995 patients who presented for same-day RBUS and VCUG. RBUS reports were reviewed for the presence of bladder debris, and analysis was limited to patients under 60 months of age with a catheterized urine specimen sent for culture at the time of the studies. Those with prior postnatal imaging or a diagnosis of prenatal hydronephrosis or other GU abnormalities were excluded. Thirty-four subjects with bladder debris on RBUS were identified and matched to 155 controls based on age, gender, circumcision status, and presence of vesicoureteral reflux. A positive urine culture was defined as ≥50,000 colony forming units per mL of at least one organism. A conditional logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between debris on RBUS and positive urine culture results. Results In conditional logistic regression stratifying by matching age, gender, circumcision status, and presence of vesicoureteral reflux, there was a statistically significant association between bladder debris on RBUS and positive urine culture result collected on the same day during VCUG (OR 7.88, 95% CI 1.88–33.04, p = 0.0048). This corresponds to a 688% increase in odds of positive urine culture for patients with debris (Table). Discussion This is the first study to evaluate the association between bladder debris on RBUS and positive urine culture, and it should serve as a starting point for future investigations. The study is limited in its generalizability to the sampled population; further work should evaluate the predictive value of RBUS debris among children without UTI history, with prior imaging or known genitourinary anomalies, or older children. Conclusion Among children younger than 60 months old undergoing initial imaging for history of UTI, there is a significant association between bladder debris and a positive urine culture. Table . Urine culture results for patients with and without bladder debris on renal bladder ultrasound ( p = 0.0048). Bladder debris ( n = 34) No bladder debris ( n = 155) Urine culture Positive 5 (14.7%) E. coli (1) Enterococcus (1) P. mirabilis (2) P. vulgaris (1) 3 (1.9%) E. coli (1) Enterococcus (1) E. cloacae (1) Negative 29 (85.3%) 152 (98.1%)
Effect of Tillage on Cotton Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae), Pathogenic Fungi, and Predators in South Central Georgia Cotton Fields

Two species of fungi, Neozygites fresenii Nowakowski (Batko) and Pandora neoaphidis Remaudiere and Hennebert (Humber), pathogens of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, were studied in 12 south central Georgia cotton fields under conservation or conventional tillage in 2003 and 2004. Aphids and ants on cotton plants were enumerated in both years, and aphid predators (coccinellids, lacewings, and spiders) were counted in 2004. Plant sampling began the first week of June and continued for 16 wks in 2003 and for 14 wks in 2004. Numbers of aphids on cotton plants increased until the first week of July and declined thereafter. More aphids were present on plants in 2004 than in 2003 for the first 9 wks of sampling, but did not differ thereafter. More aphids were present on plants under conservation tillage than under conventional tillage only between weeks 3-8. Pandora neoaphidis was detected in aphids in mid-March by monitoring with pan traps on field margins. Neozygites fresenii, in contrast, was not observed until 18 June 2003 and 16 June 2004, and peaked simultaneously with the aphid population and then declined. The incidence of P. neoaphidis was less than that of N. fresenii, but peaked simultaneously with it in the first week of July. Ants, primarily the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, occurred in larger numbers in fields under conservation tillage than under conventional tillage, apparently because of greater disruption of soil and weed habitat under conventional tillage. In both tillage types, coccinellids peaked early in the season and lacewings late in the season, with larger numbers of coccinellids present in fields under conservation tillage. Although there was a sharp peak in lacewing numbers late in the season under conservation tillage, overall lacewing numbers were not different under the 2 types of management. Spider numbers increased gradually throughout the growing season, with only slightly higher numbers present under conservation tillage. The effects of different tillage methods were more evident on the aphids and their predators than on the fungal pathogens.
James Baldwin, Lionel Trilling, American Studies, and the Freudian Tragic

The intellectual connection between James Baldwin and Lionel Trilling, and the resonances across their criticism, are more substantial than scholarly and biographical treatments have disclosed. For Trilling, Baldwin’s writings were notable for their deviation from most humanistic inquiry, which he considered insufficiently alert to the harms and depredations of culture. Baldwin’s work became for Trilling a promising indication that American criticism could be remade along the lines of a tragic conception of culture deriving from Freud. This essay concentrates on a relevant but neglected dynamic in American letters—the mid-twentieth-century tension between Freudian thought and American humanistic inquiry evident in fields like American Studies—to explain the intellectual coordinates within which Trilling developed an affinity for Baldwin’s work. The essay concludes by suggesting that the twilight of Freud’s tragic conception of culture, which figured centrally in the modernist critical environment in which Baldwin and Trilling encountered one another, contributed to an estrangement whereby the two came to be seen as unrelated and different kinds of critics, despite the consonance of their critical idioms during the 1940s and 1950s.
The Uses of Vastey: Reading Black Sovereignty in the Atlantic Public Sphere

By looking at largely contemporaneous nineteenth-century writing about Vastey from England, the United States, and France, this chapter examines how Baron de Vastey’s writings became the signs and symbols of the promises of black sovereignty in the Atlantic World. The author also shows the way in which Vastey’s ideas positively inflected international attitudes towards Haitian independence. By reading reviews of Vastey’s works, Daut argues, we can see how journalists, politicians, scientists, and abolitionists used Vastey’s writing to make the case for Haitian sovereignty.
Physiological Evaluation of the U.S. Army One-Handed Tourniquet

ABSTRACT Objective: To provide a physiological assessment of the U.S. Army one-handed tourniquet (OHT). Methods: An OHT was self-applied by 26 subjects, to maximal tolerable tightness, to the proximal arm or thigh under different conditions and positions, and the presence of blood flow was assessed using Doppler ultrasonography or occlusion plethysmography. Results: Doppler sound was eliminated at the radial artery for all subjects with OHT application but was not stopped at the popliteal or dorsalis pedis artery for any subjects. The OHT reduced forearm blood flow by 79% but decreased leg blood flow by only ∼50%, regardless of condition and position of application to the thigh. Conclusions: The OHT appears to effectively minimize blood flow in the arm but not in the lower extremities, and clinical assessment of blood flow disappearance by Doppler ultrasonography may underestimate the magnitude of actual blood flow to the limb.
Role of stents in hemodialysis vascular access

Stents are ubiquitously utilized in coronary and peripheral arterial disease. Interventional nephrologists, however, place stents in the venous outflow of the arteriovenous access. Stenosis is the predominant pathology that causes access dysfunction and will ultimately lead to thrombosis if uncorrected. Angioplasty and stent deployment are the current techniques available to combat stenosis. From initial bare metal stainless steel stents, the current generations of stents used are predominately covered nitinol stents. The latest randomized control trials reveal that stents decrease the number of interventions required to maintain patency but do not improve the overall access survival. Furthermore, bare metal stents have been shown to be inferior to stent grafts. This review discusses indications for stent deployment in the hemodialysis access, the current evidence for their use, and briefly touches on their complications.
A Method for Canceling Force Transducer Mass and Inertia Effects

Experimental modal analysis via shaker testing introduces errors in the measured structural response that can be attributed to the force transducer assembly fixed on the vibrating structure. Previous studies developed transducer mass-cancellation techniques for systems with translational degrees of freedom; however, studies addressing this problem when rotations cannot be neglected are sparse. In situations where rotations cannot be neglected, the apparent mass of the transducer is dependent on its geometry and is not the same in all directions. This paper investigates a method for correcting the measured system response that is contaminated with the effects of the attached force transducer mass and inertia. Experimental modal substructuring facilitated estimations of the translational and rotational mode shapes at the transducer connection point, thus enabling removal of an analytical transducer model from the measured test structure resulting in the corrected response. A numerical analysis showed the feasibility of the proposed approach in estimating the correct modal frequencies and forced response. To provide further validation, an experimental analysis showed the proposed approach applied to results obtained from a shaker test more accurately reflected results obtained from a hammer test.
Modeling Brain Growth and Development

Early brain development is characterized by rapid organization and structuring. Magnetic resonance–diffusion tensor imaging (MR-DTI) provides the possibility of capturing these changes noninvasively by following individuals longitudinally to better understand departures from normal brain development in subjects at risk for mental illness. This article illustrates the modeling of neurodevelopmental trajectories using a recently developed framework. Descriptions include the estimation of normative models for healthy singletons and twins and a statistical framework to predict development at 2 years of age only based on neonatal image data – a capability with excellent potential for preclinical diagnosis and eventual early therapeutic intervention.
Morphology of Renal Epithelium

In the mammalian kidney, there are two general populations of nephrons; the principal anatomic difference between them is the length of the loop of Henle (Fig. 1). Superficial or cortical nephrons have short loops with abbreviated (sometimes absent) thin-limb segments, while juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle with well-developed descending and ascending thin-limb segments that extend into the medulla. In man, shortlooped nephrons predominate by a ratio of 7:1. In many mammals, there is evidence for a direct association between the relative length of the renal medulla, hence the length of the long-looped nephrons, and the ability to concentrate urine maximally (1).
Thomas S. Dabagh and the Institutional Beginnings of the UCLA Law Library: A Cautionary Tale

Ms. Rastorfer tells the story of the memorable set of characters and political circumstances involved in the creation and early development of the law library of the University of California, Los Angeles School of Law. It is a story of loyalty oaths, decanal power, and a principled law librarian.
Query language for large-scale P4 network debugging

Diagnosing and solving problems in a contemporary data-center can be a daunting task. By merging network topology information with state collection, this poster abstract explores a new way to look at the network monitoring and troubleshooting problem. Abstracting the entire network as an entity simplifies the debugging process, making possible comprehensive root-cause analysis and exonerating the network administrator from dealing with many devices, delivering gains in productivity and efficiency. Such an amalgamation allows the translation of a performance query expressed in a domain specific language to small pieces of code operating on different devices in the network collecting necessary state. This merging results in lesser overhead per switch and reduces the strain on devices and provides a simple abstraction to the administrator.
Teaching Climate Change Science to High School Students Using Computer Games in an Intermedia Narrative

We explored how computer games developed as part of an innovative set of climate change education materials helped students learn and gain interest in global climate change (GCC) science by making it personally relevant and understandable. This research was conducted in a public school district in the southeastern United States. The curriculum, Climate Change Narrative Game Education (CHANGE), used a local, place-based approach using scientific data gathered from the Gulf of Mexico coast and incorporated (a) computer games, (b) a scientifically web-based science fiction novel about future Gulf coast residents, and (c) hands-on laboratory activities. This paper focuses on how the computer games affected students’ learning, validity of their beliefs about GCC, and understanding of the effects of GCC on the region’s sea level and storms. The data collected included students’ exam scores, and surveys about student perceptions of climate change science and perceptions of the materials. On exam questions related to GCC science, students who participated in the CHANGE curriculum scored significantly higher than their peers who did not. Also, their beliefs about GCC increased in validity. The nature and design of the computer games had a strong impact on students’ understanding of sea level rise and storms.
Assessment of physical functioning in the clinical care of the patient with advanced kidney disease

Maintenance of independent living is the top health priority among patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Mobility limitation is often the first sign of functional limitation leading to loss of independence. Regular assessments of physical capacity can help provide kidney health providers identify patients at risk of frailty and other adverse health-related outcomes that contribute to the loss of functional independence. These physical capacities can be measured with commonly used self-reported measures of physical function or by objective physical performance testing. The current review describes commonly used assessments of self-reported physical function and physical performance. First, we describe the disablement process and how these assessments can be performed with commonly used quality of life instruments measuring self-reported physical function or objective physical performance tests. Second, we identify the determinants and correlates of self-reported physical function and physical performance and their contribution to the frailty phenotype. Third, we describe the association of physical capacities with clinical outcomes. We conclude with on possible approach to identifying and intervening on persons with CKD at high risk of functional decline.
Measuring Abstract Mind-Sets Through Syntax: Automating the Linguistic Category Model:

Abstraction in language has critical implications for memory, judgment, and learning and can provide an important window into a person’s cognitive abstraction level. The linguistic category model (...
Securing AES against Localized EM Attacks through Spatial Randomization of Dataflow

A localized electromagnetic (EM) attack is a potent threat to security of embedded cryptographic implementations. The attack utilizes high resolution EM probes to localize and exploit information leakage in sub-circuits of a system, providing information not available in traditional EM and power attacks. In this paper, we propose a countermeasure based on randomizing the assignment of sensitive data to parallel datapath components in a high-performance implementation of AES. In contrast to a conventional design where each state register byte is routed to a fixed S-box, a permutation network, controlled by a transient random value, creates a dynamic random mapping between the state registers and the set of S-boxes. This randomization results in a significant reduction of exploitable leakage.We demonstrate the countermeasure’s effectiveness under two attack scenarios: a more powerful attack that assumes a fully controlled access to an attacked implementation for building a priori EM-profiles, and a generic attack based on the black-box model. Spatial randomization leads to a 150X increase of the minimum traces to disclosure (MTD) for the profiled attack and a 3.25X increase of MTD for the black-box model attack.
Low Gravity on the Rise: A Sociocultural Examination of Low Alcohol Beer in the United States

Although the trend in craft brewing over the past several decades has been toward bigger, bolder brews, often positioned as a specific counterpoint to bland, light-colored, mass-distributed macro brands, “small”, low gravity, and nonalcoholic beer varieties are on the rise. Using examples from the United States (US), this paper explores the increasing demand for low- to no-alcohol beer, surveying the sociocultural motivations for, and contemporary patterns of, the production and consumption of “near” or “session” beer. Based on a review of scholarly and popular literature, social media mentions, and regulatory restrictions, this paper identifies and describes the factors driving the growing demand for low gravity beers, such as: dietary and health preferences, regulation and taxation, mounting awareness and acknowledgment of the dangers of drinking and driving, and an overall decrease in social stigma associated with non-alcoholic beverages. In the competitive craft brewing industry, it is imperative that producers understand their markets. Indeed, the benefits of expanding low- to no-alcohol beer production could be significant for breweries of any size. This paper explores both opportunities and challenges associated with the rise in popularity of low- to no-alcohol beer, and traces the contours of who stands to gain from growth within this particular beer segment.
The inertial sea wave energy converter (ISWEC) technology: Device-physics, multiphase modeling and simulations

Abstract In this paper we investigate the dynamics of the inertial sea wave energy converter (ISWEC) device using fully-resolved computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Originally prototyped by the Polytechnic University of Turin, the device consists of a floating, boat-shaped hull that is slack-moored to the sea bed. Internally, a gyroscopic power take-off (PTO) unit converts the wave-induced pitch motion of the hull into electrical energy. The CFD model is based on the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations and utilizes the fictitious domain Brinkman penalization (FD/BP) technique to couple the device physics and water wave dynamics. A numerical wave tank is used to generate both regular waves based on fifth-order Stokes theory and irregular waves based on the JONSWAP spectrum to emulate realistic sea operating conditions. A Froude scaling analysis is performed to enable two- and three-dimensional simulations for a scaled-down (1:20) ISWEC model. It is demonstrated that the scaled-down 2D model is sufficient to accurately simulate the hull’s pitching motion and to predict the power generation capability of the converter. A systematic parameter study of the ISWEC is conducted, and its optimal performance in terms of power generation is determined based on the hull and gyroscope control parameters. It is demonstrated that the device achieves peak performance when the gyroscope specifications are chosen based on the reactive control theory. It is shown that a proportional control of the PTO control torque is required to generate continuous gyroscopic precession effects, without which the device generates no power. In an inertial reference frame, it is demonstrated that the yaw and pitch torques acting on the hull are of the same order of magnitude, informing future design investigations of the ISWEC technology. Further, an energy transfer pathway from the water waves to the hull, the hull to the gyroscope, and the gyroscope to the PTO unit is analytically described and numerically verified. Additional parametric analysis demonstrates that a hull length to wavelength ratio between one-half and one-third yields high conversion efficiency (ratio of power absorbed by the PTO unit to wave power per unit crest width). Finally, device protection during inclement weather conditions is emulated by gradually reducing the gyroscope flywheel speed to zero, and the resulting dynamics are investigated.
Americans' COVID-19 Stress, Coping, and Adherence to CDC Guidelines.

Documenting Americans’ stress responses to an unprecedented pandemic and their degree of adherence to CDC guidelines is essential for mental health interventions and policy-making. To provide the first snapshot of immediate impact of COVID-19 on Americans’ stress, coping, and guideline adherence. Data were collected from an online workers’ platform for survey research (Amazon’s Mechanical Turk) from April 7 to 9, 2020. The current data represents the baseline of a longitudinal study. Best practices for ensuring high-quality data were employed. Individuals who are 18 years of age or older, living in the USA, and English-speaking were eligible for the study. Of 1086 unique responses, 1015 completed responses are included. Population-based. Exposure to and stressfulness of COVID-19 stressors, coping strategies, and adherence to CDC guidelines. The sample was 53.9% women (n = 547), with an average age of 38.9 years (SD = 13.50, range = 18–88), most of whom were White (n = 836, 82.4%), non-Hispanic (n = 929, 91.5%), and straight/heterosexual (n = 895, 88.2%); 40% were currently married (n = 407), and 21.6% (n = 219) were caregivers. About half (50.5%) endorsed having at least “mostly” enough money to meet their needs. Respondents’ locations across the USA ranged from 18.5% in the Northeast to 37.8% in the South. The most commonly experienced stressors were reading/hearing about the severity and contagiousness of COVID-19, uncertainty about length of quarantine and social distancing requirements, and changes to social and daily personal care routines. Financial concerns were rated most stressful. Younger age, female gender, and caregiver status increased risk for stressor exposure and greater degree of stressfulness. The most frequently reported strategies to manage stress were distraction, active coping, and seeking emotional social support. CDC guideline adherence was generally high, but several key social distancing and hygiene behaviors showed suboptimal adherence, particularly for men and younger adults. Americans have high COVID-19 stress exposure and some demographic subgroups appear particularly vulnerable to stress effects. Subgroups less likely to adhere to CDC guidelines may benefit from targeted information campaigns. these findings may guide mental health interventions and inform policy-making regarding implications of specific public health measures.
Seeing the whole elephant – How lobstermen's local ecological knowledge can inform fisheries management

Lobstermen in Southern New England come from a longstanding intergenerational fishing tradition. Their local ecological knowledge (LEK) on the American lobster, Homarus americanus can be an important source of information for management. This paper examines lobstermen's LEK as it relates to stock assessment and the overlap to science based ecological knowledge (SEK). Although in recent years, using vent-less trap assessments and conducting young of the year surveys, has set the stage for more cooperative research, in our opinion, lobstermen's LEK remains underutilized in fisheries management. There has been a steady decline in the lobster stocks over the years, raising concerns regarding fisheries management. For this reason, we turn to lobstermen's knowledge as an important source that could inform fisheries management. Using a semi-structured approach, the stakeholders' LEK and open discussions were recorded during three meetings where lobstermen participated with managers and scientists. LEK was transcribed and categorized and matched to the corresponding SEK described in the literature. Results generally found that the lobstermen's LEK corresponded with the best available SEK. LEK is compatible with an ecosystem view of the fishery that integrates the complexities of interacting systems. The lobstermen explained that they viewed their fishing grounds as "managed landscapes", areas used productively, maintained and protected by them. These results are a starting point to broaden the base of the knowledge used in fisheries management enabling us to see the whole picture. Topics of LEK and SEK convergence are promising common ground, while topics where lobstermen and managers' views differ, can serve as points of entry to enable research and cooperative management. Both can be the basis for cooperative hypothesis testing.
Suppression-Replacement KCNQ1 Gene Therapy for Type 1 Long QT Syndrome.

Background: Type 1 long QT syndrome (LQT1) is caused by loss-of-function variants in the KCNQ1-encoded Kv7.1 potassium channel α-subunit that is essential for cardiac repolarization, providing the ...
Crystal structure of the RuPhos ligand.

Palladium 2-di­cyclo­hexyl­phosphanyl-2′,6′-diisopropoxybiphenyl (Pd–RuPhos) catalysts demonstrate high catalytic activity for Negishi cross-couplings of sterically hindered aryl halides, for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-couplings of tosyl­ated olefins, and for Buchwald–Hartwig amination of sterically hindered amines. The solid-state structure of the free RuPhos ligand, C30H43O2P, is reported herein for the first time. RuPhos crystallizes in a triclinic cell containing two independent mol­ecules of the phosphine without any lattice solvent. Pertinent bond metrics and comparisons to other phosphine ligands are presented. The structure of RuPhos will be of assistance in the use of this ligand in the design of cross-coupling catalysts.