cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic Level Description of GPCR Activation Revealed by Microsecond Time Scale Molecular Dynamics

Previously, we had reported the results of microsecond molecular dynamics simulations for the interaction of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG), the endogenous ligand of the Class A cannabinoid CB2 receptor, with the CB2 receptor in an explicit POPC lipid bilayer[1]. These results show the initial stages of agonist binding to and activation of the CB2 receptor. Analysis of these trajectories reveals that upon the binding of 2AG, which occurs via lipid between transmembrane helix 6 (TMH6) and TMH7, the intracellular portions of TMH3 and 6 separate with a concurrent breaking of an intracellular salt bridge. The latter event has been probed by an Essential Dynamics analysis of the trajectory during the binding event. This analysis indicates that a single eigenvector captures the motion of the breaking of this salt bridge and the opening of the intracellular surface of the receptor, events that are believed to be associated with activation. These results will be presented and discussed, particularly in light of recent experimental results of spin label measurements by Altenbach et al. [2] and the crystal structures of opsin [3,4] which both show an intracellular separation of between 6-7 A between the ends of TMH3/TMH6 of rhodopsin upon light activation.[1] Reggio, P. et al. Biophys. Supplement 94, 2676 (2008).[2] Altenbach, C. et al. PNAS, 105, 7439-7444 (2008).[3] Park, J.H. et al. Nature 454, 183-187 (2008).[4] Scheerer, P. et al. Nature 455, 497-502 (2008).
The rover sample cache system: Planetary protection for sample return missions

NASA Ames Research Center has designed and developed a Rover Sample Cache System (RSCS) for use on the Mars Science Laboratory. 12The RSCS is a small container that can accommodate rock samples, and be picked up by a future sample return mission. This hardware is the first NASA has built that could make a round trip to Mars. Although the decision has been made to not fly the RSCS, its development illustrates important Planetary Protection considerations. Policies for sample return missions have not yet been fully vetted by the international community, and will be the subject of future discussions at COSPAR. In this paper, we describe the development of new protocols and requirements for the RSCS. Testing consisted of two main components: the NASA Standard Assay of all mated and exposed surfaces, and the collection of samples for a DNA sequence-based genetic inventory of all microorganisms sampled from the RSCS and related assembly environments.
The development in the human liver of multiple desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) classes and their relationship to the age of the individual

Amounts of desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) in individual liver nuclei were determined microspectrophotometrically for 37 humans ranging in age from 2 weeks to 90 years. It was found that: 1. Until the age of about 6 the liver contains only diploid (2DNA) nuclei. 2. During the years 6–10 there is evidence of DNA synthesis in some nuclei. 3. During the years 11–14 a definite tetraploid (4DNA) class is established and until the age of about 20 the liver contains diploid and tetraploid nuclei. 4. At about the age of 20 an octaploid (8DNA) class is established and all three DNA classes coexist in the liver until death.
Solvent Resistant Hydrolyzed Polyacrylonitrile Membranes

Abstract We have studied the solvent resistance of polyacrylonitrile membranes hydrolyzed by NaOH. The hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile membranes provide a candidate material for either the selective layer or the supporting layer for the solvent resistant composite membrane. The origin of this solvent resistance is summarized. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) cation-exchange NF membranes were prepared from ultrafiltration (UF) membranes through a convenient way developed recently by us. Several explanations for the difference of various solvent permeability coefficients of the cation-exchange PAN NF membrane were also suggested. Relatively high permeability was observed for the solvents with a benzene ring structure. Furthermore, products of their viscosities and permeability, , are close to a constant.
A novel wood flour-filled composite based on microfibrillar high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/Nylon-6 blends.

A novel wood flour (WF)-filled composite based on the microfibrillar high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and Nylon-6 co-blend, in which both in situ formed Nylon-6 microfibrils and WF acted as reinforcing elements, was successfully developed using a two-step extrusion method. At the 30 wt.% WF loading level, WF-filled composite based on the microfibrillized HDPE/Nylon-6 blend exhibited higher strengths and moduli than the corresponding HDPE-based composite. The incorporation of WF reduced short-term creep response of HDPE matrix and the presence of Nylon-6 microfibrils further contributed to the creep reduction.
Structure and DNA sequence of the mouse MnSOD gene.

Oxidative damage to the cell has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of disorders, including chronic inflammation, aging, and cancer. Manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) plays a major role in the protection of the mitochondrion from oxidative damage due to superoxide radicals and other excited oxygen species. In this report we describe the genomic organization and DNA sequence of the murine MnSOD gene. This gene is interrupted by four introns. The coding sequence of this gene was examined in C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ mice that are susceptible and resistant, respectively, to the pulmonary injuries induced by the inhaled oxidants, ozone, and hyperoxia. Since the predicted amino acid sequence for MnSOD does not differ for these strains, nor does the size or steady-state level of this transcript, biologic variability in the pulmonary inflammatory response to ozone and hyperoxia does not arise from an altered gene structure. Examination of the noncoding sequence revealed a dC·dA polymorphism in intron 2 and a Styl RFLV in intron 4 of the MnSOD gene. These sequence and mapping data provide the basis for continued study of biologic variability in the MnSOD gene as a cause of disease.
Performance model-directed data sieving for high-performance I/O

Many scientific computing applications and engineering simulations exhibit noncontiguous I/O access patterns. Data sieving is an important technique to improve the performance of noncontiguous I/O accesses by combining small and noncontiguous requests into a large and contiguous request. It has been proven effective even though more data are potentially accessed than demanded. In this study, we propose a new data sieving approach namely performance model-directed data sieving, or PMD data sieving in short. It improves the existing data sieving approach from two aspects: (1) dynamically determines when it is beneficial to perform data sieving; and (2) dynamically determines how to perform data sieving if beneficial. It improves the performance of the existing data sieving approach considerably and reduces the memory consumption as verified by both theoretical analysis and experimental results. Given the importance of supporting noncontiguous accesses effectively and reducing the memory pressure in a large-scale system, the proposed PMD data sieving approach in this research holds a great promise and will have an impact on high-performance I/O systems.
Kinetics of reaction and crystallization in condensed phases: The aqueous potassium dipicrylamine system

An apparatus and experimental technique were developed for the study of the kinetics of relatively rapid reaction and subsequent crystallization in condensed phases. The method employs batch experiments to establish the integral of crystallization rate over ranges of pertinent external variables. The crystallization of potassium dipicrylamine from aqueous solution, a system of potential interest in application to potassium recovery from brines, was studied experimentally. It is shown that both reaction and crystallization rate parameters may be determined from the data on the basis of the consecutive rate model developed; application of the Burton-Cabrera-Frank theory of crystal growth to this system is demonstrated.
Base substitutions in the wobble position of the anticodon inhibit aminoacylation of E. colitRNAfMet by E. coli Met-tRNA synthetase

Abstract Derivatives of E. coli tRNAfMet containing single base substitutions at the wobble position of the anticodon have been enzymatically synthesized in vitro. The procedure involves excision of the normal anticodon, CAU, by limited digestion of intact tRNAfMet with RNase A. RNA ligase is then used to join each of four trinucleotides, NAU, to the 5' half molecule and to subsequently link the 3' and modified 5' fragments to regenerate the anticodon loop. Synthesis of intact tRNAfMet containing the anticodon CAU by this procedure yields a product which is indistinguishable from native tRNAfMet with respect to its ability to be aminoacylated by E. coli methionyl-tRNA synthetase. Substitution of any other nucleotide at the wobble position of tRNAfMet drastically impairs the ability of the synthetase to recognize the tRNA. Measurement of methionine acceptance in the presence of high concentrations of pure enzyme has established that the rate of aminoacylation of the AAU, GAU and UAU anticodon derivatives of tRNAfMet is four to five orders of magnitude slower than that of the native or synthesized tRNA containing C as the wobble base. In addition, the inactive tRNA derivatives fail to inhibit aminoacylation of normal tRNAfMet, indicating that they bind poorly to the enzyme. These results support a model involving direct interaction between Met-tRNA synthetase and the C in the wobble position during aminoacylation of tRNAfMet.
Exchange and release of the bound nucleotide of F-actin☆

Abstract The slow release to Dowex-1 and exchange with ATP of the ADP bound to F-actin has been studied. The exchange is accompanied by the liberation of inorganic phosphate. Magnesium reduces the exchangeability and release; in combination with tropomyosin it essentially abolishes both exchange and release. Calcium reduces the release but not the exchange. The rate of release and exchange varies inversely with F-actin concentration. The stabilizing effect of dithiothreitol suggests that SH groups play a role in the stability of the bound nucleotide; the effect of chelators indicates that traces of heavy metals may reduce the stability. The results are discussed in relation to the structure of F-actin and its interaction with myosin.
Excitation of the auroral green line by dissociative recombination of the oxygen molecular ion: Analysis of two rocket experiments

Excitation of auroral green line by dissociative recombination of oxygen molecular ions, using photometric and electron flux rocket sounding data
The Average Workweek of Capital in Manufacturing

Abstract This article derives a quarterly series from 1952–1968 on the average workweek of capital in use in manufacturing. The basic information used is data on the number of production workers engaged on first, second, and third shifts and the average workweek on the first shift. The nationwide series is built up from periodic data on SMSA's for which results are also given. The series shows a different cyclical behavior from the Wharton capacity utilization index and a different long-run behavior from the Federal Reserve's index of capacity utilization.
Consequences of febrile seizures in childhood.

Purpose of reviewThere is a long-standing hypothesis that febrile status epilepticus (FSE) can cause brain injury, particularly to the hippocampus. This review will evaluate recent evidence on the relationships between FSE and later epilepsy and cognitive impairments. Potential strategies for minimi
Effect of inspiratory muscle strength training on inspiratory motor drive and RREP early peak components.

This study investigated the effect of inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) on inspiratory motor drive [mouth occlusion pressure at 0.1 s (P0.1)] and respiratory-related evoked potentials (RR...
Partial regularity for homogeneous complex Monge–Ampere equations

Abstract In this Note, we establish a new partial regularity theory on certain homogeneous complex Monge–Ampere equations. This partial regularity theory is obtained by studying foliations by holomorphic disks and their relation to these equations. To cite this article: X.X. Chen, G. Tian, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 340 (2005).
Design of wideband CIC compensator filter for a digital IF receiver

This paper presents the multiplierless CIC compensation filter based on the 2M-order filter and the sharpening technique. This technique proposed by Kaiser and Hamming attempts to improve the pass band and the stop band of a symmetric nonrecursive filter using the multiple copies of the same filter. We have considered the simplest sharpening polynomial that improves the frequency characteristic with minimum increase in computational complexity. The proposed filter provides wideband compensation over the specified CIC main lobe bandwidth. The design parameter is a single integer b which depends on K, the number of cascade CIC stages and is independent on the decimation factor M. The values of b tabulated here were obtained from MATLAB simulations. A number of demonstrated characteristics make the proposed structure a good candidate for software defined radio (SDR) applications.
The Crabs in a Barrel Syndrome: Structural Influence on Competitive Behavior

This paper introduces the concept of the Crab in the Barrel Syndrome (CBS)—a metaphor used to describe the mentality and behaviors of individuals belonging to or identifying with a particular commu...
Climacteric hot flash

No data are available on either quantitative or qualitative aspects of the climacteric hot flash, yet the phenomenon is widely treated despite unknown aetiology. A basic assumption of this study was that a more complete understanding and description of women with hot flashes would identify alternatives to oestrogens used by women for relief of the hot-flash symptom. An exploratory study was undertaken to answer the question: Who is the woman who has hot flashes and what are the characteristics of the hot flashes? The methodology employed was daily self-report by subjects of hot-flash frequency, duration, trigger, origin, spread, intensity and method of coping with it. Analysis of 20 randomly-selected 2 wk self-report record cards revealed no hot-flash pattern among women. A total of 1041 hot flashes were reported. Mean duration of the hot flash was 3.31 min (range 5 sec to 60 min). Neither hot flash origin nor spread was restricted to the upper body in all subjects. Subjects ranked their hot flash as either mild, moderate or severe. Coping strategies used by subjects (external and internal cooling methods) appeared to be related to both duration and severity of the hot flash.
Oxidative stress in two populations of killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) with differing contaminant exposure histories.

A population of killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) inhabiting a creosote-polluted inlet of the Elizabeth River demonstrates tolerance to the acute toxic effects exerted by contaminated sediments on reference site killifish. Previous data have suggested that upregulated antioxidant defenses contribute to short-term tolerance in killifish exposed to Elizabeth River sediments. This study investigated population differences in antioxidant defenses from wild caught Elizabeth River and reference population killifish in different seasons, and after being held in the laboratory. Parameters measured in the killifish were total glutathione concentrations (GSHT), activities of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lipid peroxidation (LPO), all in adult hepatic tissues. The Elizabeth River population exhibited greater GSHT, higher GPx activities, and increased LPO as compared to the reference population. Sex specific population differences were also observed in GSHT and GPx. Both populations displayed decreased GSHT and increased GR from early to late summer, as well as after being held in the laboratory. This study indicates that there are many factors that may contribute to differences in levels of antioxidant defenses in addition to exposure to contaminants, including reproductive status and environmental conditions.
Manufacturing Task Process Characterization Utilizing Response Surface Methodology

To meet today's business culture of rapid deployment of new products and processes, engineering and manufacturing personnel must utilize efficient means for process development. This paper discusses a novel approach to characterize a task driven manufacturing process. The approach utilized Response Surface Methodology RSM to investigate, identify, and prioritize the key process drivers and subsequently develop quantifiable methods for setting the operating levels for the process drivers to determine if the current levels of these key process drivers result in a process response value that is near optimum. The approach identifies the improved response region, generates a mathematical model of the process and specifies an operating window that would yield consistent results for each of the process drivers. A High Strength Fiber Splicing process was used to demonstrate this approach. This study led to the identification of the region that improved the process yield from 65% to 85%.
Prevention of Hydrosilation Cure Inhibition in a Polysiloxane Adhesive by Surface Oxidation

Abstract For a variety of reasons epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide (ECO)-based compounds, in the form of rain erosion boots or sleeves, are bonded to aircraft radomes using a hydrosilation-cured RTV polysiloxane adhesive. Unfortunately, cure of the adhesive can be completely inhibited by unreacted vulcanizing agent and/or ECO cure by-products. We have earlier shown that this inhibition can be prevented by treating the ECO surface with hydrogen peroxide to oxidize the hydrosilation catalyst poisons to a harmless state. In this study we have used spectroscopic techniques to monitor the hydrosilation reaction kinetics and in turn to identify the poison, define the poisoning level and monitor the poison removal by hydrogen peroxide treatment. The degree of poison removal is also correlated with adhesive bond strength using a 180°; peel test. The critical poison in the system was excess ECO vulcanizing agent which can be completely removed from the surface using a 30 vol. % H2O2 treatment for 30 minutes as long ...
High resolution heat capacity measurements near the lambda point of helium

Abstract We report preliminary measurements of the heat capacity of a .03 cm high sample of helium over the range |t| ≈ 10−8to 10−5, wheret =1− T/Tλ. The data is consistent with a logarithmic singularity in Cp, but with a somewhat higher coefficient than is found further from Tλ. When combined with other measurements1 extending to |t| = 10−4, the total data indicate a possible small positive value for the exponent α.
Anomalous nuclear magnetic resonance spectra in Bi 2 Se 3 nanowires

We report $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ nuclear magnetic resonance spectra in nanowires and single crystals of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$. Crystals were powdered to simulate the random orientation of the nanowires, and the spectra are compared with theoretical expectations derived via an orientational study of a single crystal. The nanowire spectra are consistent with the randomly oriented powders; however, we find an unusual suppression of signal intensity as a function of field orientation that may be associated with screening by surface currents.
Synthesis of functionalized polyurethane foam using BES chain extender for lead ion removal from aqueous solutions

Polyurethane foams functionalized with sulphonic acid groups have been found to be strong cation exchangers. This novel property of the foam was used to exchange lead (Pb2+) ions from aqueous solutions. Polyurethane foam synthesis is based on addition polymerization of an isocyanate (–NCO) with a polyol. The primary reaction is due to the reaction of the highly reactive –NCO groups of the isocyanate with the hydroxyl (–OH) groups of the polyol to form the urethane species. Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate,2,6-diisocyanate (CAS: 584-84-9) was reacted with polypropylene glycol 1200 (CAS 25322-69-4) in 2:1 molar ratio to form a linear pre polymer. The linear pre-polymer was further polymerized using N,N-bis(2-hydorxyethyl)-2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid (CAS 10191-18-1) chain extender. An organotin catalyst was used to accelerate the reaction and distilled water was used as a foaming agent to synthesize the functionalized polyurethane foam. The synthesized foam has an open cell content ranging from 70% to 91% and the d...
Convective—diffusive transport with a wall reaction in Couette flows

Abstract Convective—diffusive mass transport coupled with a wall reaction in a planar Couette flow has been investigated. The system is isothermal and it features a first-order chemical reaction at the (upper) moving wall (or interface) combined with axial convective transport and lateral diffusion. The mathematical model defines a two-point boundary value problem in the lateral direction and an initial value problem in the axial direction. The solution to the model is obtained following an operator-theoretic approach whose Sturm—Liouville problem has been solved analytically in terms of Airy functions. The solution is illustrated with calculations for a wide range of parameter values and the effect of the reaction on the Sherwood number has also been investigated.
How well do specialist feeders regulate nutrient intake? Evidence from a gregarious tree-feeding caterpillar

Nutritional regulation is a powerful mechanism used by generalist feeders to obtain the balance of nutrients they require from nutritionally diverse, perhaps unbalanced, foods. We examined nutritional regulation in a species with a narrow individual diet breadth: the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria. Fourth instar caterpillars were provided with artificial foods consisting of different ratios of protein to digestible carbohydrate in no-choice, choice and compensatory feeding experiments. In the no-choice test, caterpillars were confined to a single food source of varying protein/carbohydrate ratio for the duration of the fourth larval stadium. Caterpillars performed best on equal-ratio and slightly protein-biased diets. Significant reductions in performance were only observed on extremely protein- or carbohydrate-biased diets. Daily consumption of the three acceptable intermediate diets was consistent with volumetric regulation, but the timing of the moult to the next instar appeared linked instead to protein intake. In the choice test, caterpillars were provided with two complementary foods, one biased toward protein and the other toward carbohydrate, for the duration of the stadium. The caterpillars fed randomly from the two food sources presented to them, except for the extremely protein-biased diet (P:C ratio of 35:7), which they avoided. The compensatory feeding experiment tested whether forest tent caterpillars deprived of either protein or digestible carbohydrate would select a food containing the deficient nutrient. Insects were conditioned on either protein-only, carbohydrate-only, protein-and-carbohydrate or no-nutrient foods, then offered a choice between protein-only and carbohydrate-only foods. Unlike previously studied generalist feeders, our caterpillars did not compensate for protein deficiency and showed only very weak evidence of compensation for carbohydrate deficiency. Forest tent caterpillars are colonial trail-laying forest folivores that are generally confined to a single host plant and hence do not experience much diversity in food nutrient ratios. We show that forest tent caterpillars do not independently regulate protein and carbohydrate intake. These findings are consistent with predictions that nutritional regulation abilities should be less important in animals with narrower diet breadths.
Uranium isotopic study of artesian and pluvial contributions to the Nubian Aquifer, Western Desert, Egypt

The groundwater systems of the Nubian Aquifer beneath six major oases (Baris, Kharga, Dakhla, Farafra, Bahariya, and Siwa) in the Western Desert of Egypt have been studied to establish their sources and mixing volumes using uranium isotopes. One hundred six groundwater samples from different depths of the Nubian Aquifer have been analyzed for uranium content and 234U/238U activity ratio (AR). The aquifer under the Western Desert is known to have more than one source of water. At Bahariya and Farafra Oases, the Nubian artesian water migrating from the south has been augmented by local recharge during pluvial times. At Siwa Oasis in the northwestern desert, a shallower aquifer component migrating from the north or west is also present. At Dakhla, Kharga and Baris Oases in the southwestern desert, the main source is the Nubian artesian water migrating from southeast Uweinat Upland and northwest Sudan. These water masses have distinctive uranium isotopic signatures. The Nubian Aquifer water is characterized by very low U concentrations ( 1.5). The shallow northwest aquifer water also has a high AR but a much higher U concentration. The locally recharged pluvial waters have high U concentrations (>0.1 ppb) but low ARs, near unity. A diagnostic derivative parameter is excess 234U content. The deep Nubian Aquifer water is characterized by a relatively low excess 234U (<0.02 ppb equivalent), while the shallow Siwa water has a very high excess 234U [(AR−1)(U conc.)]. The Bahariya and Farafara waters are also high in this component, probably because of pluvial water percolation through phosphate rich strata. At all oases, U isotopic mixing diagrams show that the deep aquifer sources predominate; however, the pluvial contributions are significant, ranging from about 5% at remote Baris Oasis to about 26% at the more northerly Farafra Oasis. The observed lowering of potentiometric surfaces in the Western Desert is caused not only by pumping at a rate greater than inflow from the aquifer systems, but also by the withdrawal of pluvial water which in modern times is not being replaced at all.
Effect of Triacontanol on Numbers and Functions of Cells Involved in Inflammatory Responses

AbstractA preparation of a triacontanol-containing compound was studied for its effect on cells involved in the inflammatory response. C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with various concentrations of this compound and investigated for total body weight, wet weight of thymus tissue, number of thymus cells and splenocytes, interleukin 1 production of spleen monocytes, and response of splenocytes to the T cell mitogen, phytohemagglutinin. Mice treated with the triacontanol preparation exhibited decreased total body weight, 24% reduction in thymus weights, 39% decrease in the number of thymus cells, and 21% depression in total splenocytes. Splenic monocytes of these animals produced a significantly reduced amount of interleukin 1 and splenocytes had a significantly depressed response to phytohemagglutinin. It is concluded that triacontanol has an inhibitory effect on at least some of the cells responsible for inflammation.
A generalization of the hartree‐fock one‐particle potential

By making the assumption that the addition (subtraction) of an electron from a many-body wave function may be represented by a single spin orbital, variationally determined, two distinct one-particle potentials are derived. They represent, respectively, the effective interaction of the (N - 1)-electron system with the Nth electron, and the effective interaction of the N-electron system with the (N + 1)th electron. Nonlocal exchange arises because of the indistinguishability of electrons. The “core” electrons are allowed to be correlated with each other and to be polarized by the electron in question. Eigenvalues to these potentials represent, respectively, ionization potentials and electron affinities, and the eigenfunctions are variationally determined spin orbitals (“standing-wave solutions”), termed the “natural transition orbitals.” The two-body density matrix of a reference state approximating an eigenfunction of the many-body Hamiltonian is required as input to the theory. Given this input, the method is linear, requiring no interations. In the limit of no correlation in the reference N-body state (provided the occupied orbitals span the Hartree-Fock space), the two potentials reduce to the unrestricted Hartree-Fock potential for occupied and virtual orbitals.
Stability of Volterra diffusion equations with time delays

This paper is concerned with asymptotic stability of a system of reaction-diffusion equations which is expressed in terms of Volterra integrals, under homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions. The effect of diffusion and delays on the stability of the system are analyzed, and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of positive solutions of the corresponding steady-state problem. Their global attraction with respect to nonnegative solutions of the time-dependent system is discussed. The main tools are Lyapunov functionals, positive definite kernels, and Laplace transforms.
Bioavailability of iron to Trichodesmium colonies in the western subtropical Atlantic Ocean

Trichodesmium provides new nitrogen (N) to marine surface waters via N2 fixation, a process that requires a substantial amount of iron (Fe). Organic ligands in seawater that bind Fe could either increase or reduce the bioavailability of Fe. Electrochemical techniques indicate that these naturally occurring ligands have Fe-binding constants similar to those of siderophores and porphyrins, suggesting that these chelators play an important role in determining the bioavailability of Fe to cyanobacteria. We conducted Fe uptake experiments using model ligands labeled with 55Fe to compare the bioavailability of inorganic Fe(III), porphyrin-bound Fe(III), and siderophorebound Fe(III) to field-collected Trichodesmium colonies. Inorganic Fe(III) and siderophore-bound Fe(III) were more bioavailable to Trichodesmium colonies than was porphyrin-bound Fe(III). Furthermore, the bioavailability of the siderophore-bound Fe(III) can be characterized by the functional groups of the siderophore. The dihydroxamate siderophore and an uncharacterized ligand from a cultured Synechococcus sp. increased the bioavailability of Fe compared to the trihydroxamate siderophores. Except for experiments with desferrioxamine B, dark incubations resulted in lower Fe uptake rates for all treatments, relative to parallel lighted incubations. This suggests that light enhances the photochemical dissociation of most of the ligand complexes or that light energy is required for the active transport of Fe complexed to the model ligands. The Fe uptake rate of Trichodesmium colonies also differed slightly on the basis of colony morphology, with higher uptake rates with “puffs” than “tufts.” These experiments show that Trichodesmium colonies are capable of discriminating between Fe bound to different organic complexes.
Development and validation of an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) executive function and behavior rating screening battery

Attention problems are ubiquitous in clinical practice, commonly found in many childhood learning and behavior disorders. Practitioners need cost- and time-effective methods for determining whether children have attention problems due to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or numerous other conditions. This study examined the utility of a 15-minute ADHD screening battery designed to differentiate ADHD (including inattentive, IT, and combined, CT, subtypes), specific learning disability (SLD), and typical child samples. Results for the 368 children (age 6 to 12 years) revealed that the Trail Making Test-Part B (Time/Errors), Hale-Denckla Cancellation Test (Time/Correct), and Child Attention Profile (Inattention/Overactivity) teacher ratings discriminated between typical and ADHD groups (87% correct classification; sensitivity = .64; specificity = .92) and differentiated between IT, CT, and SLD groups (80% correct classification; IT sensitivity = .82, and specificity = .96; CT sensitivity = .84, and specificity = .82). Discriminant function and Bonferroni post hoc results revealed different neuropsychological and behavioral patterns among groups.
Calibration of a sampling total-absorption detector at 200 GeV

Abstract A sampling total-absorption detector was calibrated at NAL in a 200 GeV beam. An energy resolution of 8.6% was achieved, to be compared with a resolution of 21% at 28.5 GeV.
The distribution and severity of coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction among patients with single coronary artery disease and angina pectoris

The distribution and severity of coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction were evaluated in 103 patients with single coronary artery disease and angina pectoris. The coronary arterial patterns were separated into right (76), mixed (18), and left (9) systems depending upon the blood supply to the inferior surface of the left ventricle. The following relationships were noted: (1) In patients with single coronary artery disease and angina pectoris, coronary arterial lesions are similar among right, mixed, and left systems. (2) In order of frequency, single coronary artery disease occurred most commonly in the left anterior descending coronary artery (55), next most commonly in the right coronary artery (36), and least commonly in the circumflex/obtuse marginal coronary artery (12). (3) Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities were seen in descending order of frequency: patients with right coronary artery (50%), left anterior descending coronary artery (36%), and circumflex/obtuse marginal coronary artery (25%) disease.
Heart-shaped nuclei: Condensation of rotational-aligned octupole phonons

The strong octupole correlations in the mass region $A\ensuremath{\approx}226$ are interpreted as rotation-induced condensation of octupole phonons having their angular momentum aligned with the rotational axis. Discrete phonon energy and parity conservation generate oscillations of the energy difference between the lowest rotational bands with positive and negative parity. Anharmonicities tend to synchronize the rotation of the condensate and the quadrupole shape of the nucleus forming a rotating heart shape.
The first report of Spondias native to Madagascar: Spondias tefyi, sp. nov. (Anacardiaceae)

Spondias represents a genus new to Madagascar’s native flora. Like Campnosperma, it is now known from both American and Asian tropics and Madagascar but not from continental Africa. The new species Spondias tefyi is easily distinguished from all of its Asian congeners by having the stamens shorter than the pistil and fruits brown and lenticellate at maturity (vs. greenish, yellow, orange or red, and relatively smooth). The new species is one of several Anacardiaceae whose fruits are eaten by lemurs in the Analavelona Forest, highlighting the importance of conserving this threatened subhumid forest remnant in southern Madagascar.
Glycerol Toxicity and Hemoglobinuria in Relation to Vitamin G

SummaryThe administration of ascorbic acid prior to a parenteral dose of glycerol will raise the dose necessary to produce hemoglobinuria by 100% or more. The ascorbic acid may be effective in lowering the mortality rate from toxic doses of parenteral glycerol.The authors wish to express their appreciation for the helpful suggestions of Dr, E. M. K. Geiling.
The Literary Interview as Public Performance

The interview is a genre “coming of age,” maturing into a serious art form. This essay presents a typology for understanding this growth and how diverse patterns of literary performance have contributed to it. Five types of interviewees are discussed at length: traditionalist, raconteur, advertiser, provocateur, and prevaricator. Some speculations about national and cultural types of interviewees are also broached.
Discrepancies Between Bone Ash and Toe Ash During Aflatoxicosis

Graded levels of aflatoxin (0, .625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 micrograms/g diet) were incorporated into a broiler-starter ration and fed to chicks from 1 day to 3 weeks of age. The tibias and middle toes were removed, and both bone ash and toe ash were determined. Toe ash significantly (P less than .05) increased at the aflatoxin levels of 2.5 ppm and above, while bone ash significantly (P less than .05) deceased at the same aflatoxin levels (2.5 ppm and above). The increase in toe ash could be partially attributed to a significant (P less than .05) decrease in toe lipid levels at the aflatoxin levels of 2.5 ppm and above. The data indicate that aflatoxin inhibits bone mineralization. The data also show that toe ash does not in all experimental designs reflect bone ash and that data interpreted solely on toe ash determination may not accurately reflect bone mineralization.
Printing Thin Films by Laser Decal Transfer

Laser printing relies in the laser forward transfer of functional materials for the direct-write of electronic, optical and sensor devices. Laser decal transfer can generate patterns and structures at the microscale for digital microfabrication.
Unraveling the ties that divide: Russian political succession

This work presents a clear picture of the domestic transformation which has followed the breakup of the Soviet Union. It demonstrates that the integrity of the Soviet Union was secondary to the integrity of Russia. The contest over economic reform was central in generating the Parliamentary Revolt in 1993 and in influencing the elections of 1996. However, it was only partially involved in the coup against Gorbachev in 1991 and was secondary in the development of the succession crisis in Chechnya. Yeltsin's political brilliance was in recognizing that support for reform by itself was insufficient to ensure the strength of the Presidency or even his reelection. A nationalistic posture on Russia did not contradict his anti‐nationalistic stance toward the Soviet Union. Our analysis shows that Yeltsin was able to strengthen the Presidency and ensure political stability because he adroitly cultivated support along reformist and nationalistic dimensions.
Hydrologic habitat preferences of select southeastern USA fishes resilient to river ecosystem fragmentation

Large-scale habitat preferences of riverine taxa are not always revealed by examining community data. Here, we show how lipid and growth can be used to evaluate hydrologic habitat preferences of fishes resilient to river fragmentation (i.e. species that can tolerate river fragmentation by dams, but not collapse). Lipid content was examined for seven fishes in a major southeastern USA reservoir and its largest lotic tributary over the 5 years. Controlling for effects of sex, size and year of collection, largemouth bass, spotted bass and black crappie had significantly higher lipid in lentic habitat. Conversely, channel catfish and freshwater drum had significantly higher lipid in lotic habitat. There were no significant differences in lipid of bluegill and blacktail shiner between hydrologic habitat types. Fish growth produced concordant results as largemouth bass and spotted bass had significantly faster growth in lentic habitat, whereas channel catfish and freshwater drum had significantly faster growth in lotic habitat. We were also able to document a synchronous spike in lipids of these species in both habitat types during a major drought. We surmise that the spike was driven by enhanced primary production, predator-prey concentration and possibly also reduced reproduction during intense drought. Two conclusions are drawn from this study as a whole. First, long-term lipid and growth observations hold promise for evaluating ecological effects of droughts over long time spans. Second, population characteristics are excellent indicators of habitat preferences and could be used more broadly to elucidate how organisms react to river ecosystem fragmentation and restoration initiatives.
Regulation of Uptake and Processing of the Quorum-Sensing Autoinducer AI-2 in Escherichia coli

AI-2 is a quorum-sensing signaling molecule proposed to be involved in interspecies communication. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, extracellular AI-2 accumulates in exponential phase, but the amount decreases drastically upon entry into stationary phase. In S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, the reduction in activity is due to import and processing of AI-2 by the Lsr transporter. We show that the Lsr transporter is functional in E. coli, and screening for mutants defective in AI-2 internalization revealed lsrK and glpD. Unlike the wild type, lsrK and glpD mutants do not activate transcription of the lsr operon in response to AI-2. lsrK encodes the AI-2 kinase, and the lsrK mutant fails to activate lsr expression because it cannot produce phospho-AI-2, which is the lsr operon inducer. glpD encodes the glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase, which is involved in glycerol and G3P metabolism. G3P accumulates in the glpD mutant and represses lsr transcription by preventing cyclic AMP (cAMP)-catabolite activator protein (CAP)-dependent activation. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) also accumulates in the glpD mutant, and DHAP represses lsr transcription by a cAMP-CAP-independent mechanism involving LsrR, the lsr operon repressor. The requirement for cAMP-CAP in lsr activation explains why AI-2 persists in culture fluids of bacteria grown in media containing sugars that cause catabolite repression. These findings show that, depending on the prevailing growth conditions, the amount of time that the AI-2 signal is present and, in turn, the time that a given community of bacteria remains exposed to this signal can vary greatly.
Deformation and burst of a liquid droplet freely suspended in a linear shear field

A theoretical method is presented for predicting the deformation and the conditions for breakup of a liquid droplet freely suspended in a general linear shear field. This is achieved by expanding the solution to the creeping-flow equations in powers of the deformation parameter epsilon and using linear stability theory to determine the onset of bursting. When compared with numerical solutions and with the available experimental data, the theoretical results are generally found to be of acceptable accuracy although, in some cases, the agreement is only qualitative.
Directly Lower Bounding the Information Capacity for Channels With I.I.D. Deletions and Duplications

In this paper, we directly lower bound the information capacity for channels with independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) deletions and duplications. Our approach differs from previous work in that we focus on the information capacity using ideas from renewal theory, rather than focusing on the transmission capacity by analyzing the error probability of some randomly generated code using a combinatorial argument. Of course, the transmission and information capacities are equal, but our change of perspective allows for a much simpler analysis that gives more general theoretical results. We then apply these results to the binary deletion channel to improve existing lower bounds on its capacity.
Bio-compatible implantable micro-LC sensor for tissue characterization

Wireless bio-telemetry links using implanted sensors and antennas are promising for a continuous monitoring of physiological data and for analyzing tissues. However these sensors need to be very small and biocompatible. The present work focuses on the design of bio-compatible passive micro LC sensors. Materials necessary for an implanted sensor are analyzed, as well as their impacts on the design. It is queried by an external antenna and from the input admittance measurements, the characteristics of the encapsulating tissue is obtained Simulations have been performed with realistic tissue models which are readily available for experimental testing.
Application of a two-stage algorithm for adaptive detection in hyperspectral imaging

Adaptive detection has a rich history in the radar community, and a number of other areas have borrowed heavily from constructs developed in this field. The task of target detection in hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is one such area that has recently begun to take advantage of parallels from the field of radar array processing. While there are key differences between the physical setup and data collected by radar and hyperspectral systems, the formulation of the adaptive detection problem is remarkably similar. In this paper we apply a two-stage detection approach originally developed for STAP in airborne radar to adaptive target detection in hyperspectral imaging. Touching first on the component algorithms involved, and then on their similarities and differences, we show that this two-stage approach has an interesting conceptual interpretation for HSI that comes from the multi-dimensional Euclidean geometry of the spectral measurement space. However, due to the nature of hyper-spectral target signatures and background statistics, we propose that there are many scenarios where HSI detection may be better served by reversing the order of stages applied to the data as laid out in previous formulations. Detection results for ground targets are presented to illustrate the potential of this new two-stage approach in hyperspectral adaptive detection
Impact of Guardband Reduction On Design Outcomes: A Quantitative Approach

The value of guardband reduction is a critical open issue for the semiconductor industry. For example, due to competitive pressure, foundries have started to incent the design of manufacturing-friendly ICs through reduced model guardbands when designers adopt layout restrictions. The industry also continuously weighs the economic viability of relaxing process variation limits in the technology roadmap (available: http://public.itrs.net). Our work gives the first-ever quantification of the impact of model guardband reduction on outcomes from the synthesis, place and route (SPR 40% is the amount of guardband reduction reported by IBM for a variation-aware timing methodology. For the embedded processor core we observe up to 8% standard-cell area reduction, 7% routed wirelength reduction, 5% dynamic power reduction, and 10% leakage power reduction at 30% guardband reduction. We also report a set of fine-grain SPICE simulations that accurately assesses the impact of process guardband reduction, as distinguished from overall guardband reductions, on yield. We observe up to 4% increase in number of good dies per wafer at 27% process guardband reduction (i.e., with fixed voltage and temperature). Our results suggest that there is justification for the design, EDA and process communities to enable guardband reduction as an economic incentive for manufacturing-friendly design practices.
A decision framework for managing risk to airports from terrorist attack

This article presents an asset-level security risk management framework to assist stakeholders of critical assets with allocating limited budgets for enhancing their safety and security against terrorist attack. The proposed framework models the security system of an asset, considers various threat scenarios, and models the sequential decision framework of attackers during the attack. Its novel contributions are the introduction of the notion of partial neutralization of attackers by defenders, estimation of total loss from successful, partially successful, and unsuccessful actions of attackers at various stages of an attack, and inclusion of the effects of these losses on the choices made by terrorists at various stages of the attack. The application of the proposed method is demonstrated in an example dealing with security risk management of a U.S. commercial airport, in which a set of plausible threat scenarios and risk mitigation options are considered. It is found that a combination of providing blast-resistant cargo containers and a video surveillance system on the airport perimeter fence is the best option based on minimum expected life-cycle cost considering a 10-year service period.